cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Point Hicks, once called Cape Everard, is a coastal headland on the east coast of Victoria, Australia. It is now a part of the Croajingolong National Park.

Name 
Point Hicks is where, on 19 April 1770, the continent of Australia was first sighted by the men on Captain Cook's Endeavour voyage. Cook wrote that it was Lieutenant Zachary Hickes who first saw land, and Cook named the point after him.  Hickes spelt his name with an "e", Cook wrote both Hicks and Hickes in different places. The spelling Hicks is now in use for the point.

When George Bass sailed past the area at the end of 1797 he did not locate the point. It did not appear on the charts Matthew Flinders made of their voyages, and the name fell into disuse.

The point came to be known as Cape Everard. The first use of that name is said to be by hydrographer John Lort Stokes who surveyed the coast in the Beagle in 1843. It is thought he named it after fellow naval officer John Everard Home, but his maps do not use the name.

The first map showing Cape Everard was by surveyor George Douglas Smythe, made in 1852 and published in 1853. If he thought of the name, he may have named it after William Everard, commissioner of crown lands.

The name Cape Everard was used until 1970. There has been doubt and arguments about exactly what Cook saw. The actual latitude and longitude he gave () is a location many miles out to sea.

Point Hicks was renamed as part of Cook's bicentenary.  Victorian Premier Henry Bolte announced the new name in a ceremony at the point on 20 April 1970 (this was the 200th anniversary; Cook's 19 April was by nautical time, i.e. not adjusted for the International Date Line).

Lighthouse 
A lighthouse was built on the point in 1887/8 and started operation in 1890. It was built from concrete and with wooden lighthouse keepers houses. It was connected to mains electricity in 1965, and then to solar power recently.  The keepers' cottages are today used as holiday houses. With 37 metres of height it is the tallest lighthouse on Australia's mainland. Its light is a double white flash every ten seconds, from a height of 56 metres above sea level.

Related pages

 Point Hicks Marine Park is the waters off Point Hicks

References 
A Beacon on the Wilderness Coast: The Story of Point Hicks (Cape Everard)  by Robert Haldane
Point Hicks page  at Geoscience Australia

Other websites
Point Hicks lighthouse  at Parks Victoria

Geography of Victoria, Australia
A Hobo Spider is a spider like funnel-web spiders. Their bite is very bad and could send you to the hospital. It can be found in North America, Europe and Central Asia.

Spiders
Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April 1941), better known as Fethullah Gülen, is a Turkish preacher, author, educator and Muslim scholar. He lives in self-imposed exile in Pennsylvania (USA). 

Gülen teaches a moderate version of Sunni / Hanafi Islam, deriving from that of Said Nursi's teachings and modernizing them. Gülen condemns terrorism, supports communication between people of different religions, and has initiated such dialogue with the Vatican and some Jewish organisations. Until 2013 he was an ally of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who later blamed him for the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. He operates a worldwide organisation called the Gülen Movement also known as FETÖ.

Teachings
Fethullah Gülen's attitude towards hijab has changed over time. In the past, Gülen, who regarded the unwinding of even a strand of women's hair as a great sin, suggested that women should cover their whole body by using veils and gloves. In his last speeches, Gülen evaluated the headscarf as a füruat (minor details).

 Creationism: According to Gülen, Universe is a work of creation that has a purpose, and the purpose of existence is to know Allah and science can gain value if it serves this purpose.

For Fethullah Gülen, to allow views opposed to belief in creation is a devastating delusion and evolution, a Darwin fallacy.

According to Gülene, the creation of Adam as the first human and Eve from Adam's file bone are miracle creations that should not be addressed in the context of cause-effect relationship.

He wrote his anti-evolutionary ideas in his book "The Truth of Creation and Evolution". This book was prepared by compiling his speeches at the meetings he held against Darwinism and evolution. In the book; He states that biology science is a  "fantasy" , and that the greatest biology fantasy is the theory of evolution.

References

1941 births
Living people
Creationists
Turkish educators
Islamic religious leaders
Turkish writers
Thrace  (: Thráke; ; Trakiya, ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. It was bounded by the Balkan Mountains on the north, Rhodope Mountains and the Aegean Sea on the south, and by the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara on the east. Thrace included areas which are now southeastern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and the European part of Turkey. The Thracians were an ancient Indo-European people. They lived in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe.

Ancient history 
The indigenous population of Thrace was a people called the Thracians. They were divided into many tribal groups. Thracian troops were known to be used in the Persian army. Many of them went with neighbouring ruler Alexander the Great when he crossed the Hellespont (which is next to Thrace) during his invasion of the Persian Empire.

The Thracians were divided into separate tribes. They did not form a lasting political organization until the Odrysian state was founded in the 4th century BC. Like Illyrians, Thracian tribes of the mountainous regions had a warrior tradition. The tribes based in the plains were more peaceable. Recent funeral mounds in Bulgaria suggest that Thracian kings did rule regions of Thrace with distinct Thracian national identity.

Thrace was conquered by Alexander. It later regained its freedom. It was conquered after several attempts by the Romans in 46 AD, in the reign of Claudius. They became a province, and later four provinces, of the Roman Empire. Finally, as the Empire crumbled, Thrace suffered more than a thousand years of conflict and conquest by stronger forces. It never regained its independence.

The Thracians did not describe themselves as such and Thrace and Thracians are simply the names  given them by the Greeks.

References 

Ancient history
Places of Ancient Rome
History of Europe
Regions of Europe
David Draiman (born March 13, 1973) is singer and founding member of the hard rock band Disturbed

Discography

Disturbed

Albums
Perfect Insanity EP (1998)
Stupify EP (1998)
The Sickness (2000)
Believe (2002)
Ten Thousand Fists (2005)
Indestructible (2008)
Asylum (2010)

Singles
2000: "Stupify"
2000: "Voices"
2000: "Down with the Sickness"
2002: "Awaken"
2002: "Devour"
2002: "Darkness"
2002: "Remember"
2002: "Liberate"
2002: "Prayer"
2005: "Guarded"
2005: "Stricken"
2006: "Land of Confusion"
2008: "Inside the Fire"
2008: "Indestructible"
2009: "The Night"
2010: "Another Way to Die"
2010: "The Animal"
2011: "Warrior"

DVD 
 2002: M.O.L.
 2004: Music as a Weapon (CD+DVD)

Music Videos 
2000: "Voices"
2000: "Stupify"
2002: "Remember"
2002: "Prayer"
2005: "Stricken"
2006: "Land of Confusion"
2008: "Inside the Fire"
2008: "Indestructible"
2009: "The Night"
2010: "Another Way to Die"
2010: "Asylum"
2010: "The Animal"

Other
Forsaken (2002) – a song released on the Queen of the Damned soundtrack

Other websites 

 Official Website

Living people
1973 births
American Jews
Alan "Al" Jackson, Jr. (November 27, 1935 - December 1, 1975) was an American jazz musician and drummer. He formed the funk and jazz group, Booker T & the MG's.

Jackson was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1935. He played drums in recording sessions for many other musicians, including Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett. Booker T. & the MG's had several successful records including Green Onions, Hip Hug-Her, Hang 'Em High and Time Is Tight.

Jackson was murdered at his home in 1975.

Death
A few months before his death, he was attacked and wounded by his girlfriend and manager, Denise LaSalle.

Jackson was shot dead in his home at 3 am. His wife, who before this had shot him in the chest, said that a burglar came into their house, tied her up, and shot him when he came home. Police said that nothing had been taken from the house, and Jackson's wallet was still on his body. Official investigations ruled out robbery.

Police believe the person who shot Jackson was killed after a gun battle with police on July 15, 1976.

References

African American musicians
American jazz musicians
American soul musicians
American murder victims
American drummers
Deaths by firearm
American funk musicians
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
1935 births
1975 deaths
Zesh Rehman or Zeshan Rehman (born 14 October 1983) is a Pakistani football player. He has played for Pakistan national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||Fulham||Premier League||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2003/04||Brighton & Hove Albion||Second Division||11||2||0||0||0||0||11||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|Premier League||17||0||2||0||4||0||23||0
|-
|2005/06||3||0||0||0||2||1||5||1
|-
|2005/06||Norwich City||League Championship||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2006/07||Queens Park Rangers||League Championship||25||0||1||0||1||0||27||0
|-
|2006/07||Brighton & Hove Albion||League One||8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2007/08||Queens Park Rangers||League Championship||21||0||0||0||1||0||22||0
|-
|2008/09||Blackpool||League Championship||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Bradford City||rowspan="2"|League Two||17||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
111||2||3||0||9||1||123||3
111||2||3||0||9||1||123||3
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Pakistani people
Asian footballers
Abdoulaye Méïté (born 6 October 1980) is a Côte d'Ivoire football player. He plays for West Bromwich Albion and Côte d'Ivoire national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||Red Star||Championnat National||14||0||||||||||||||14||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||1||0||||||||||||||1||0
|-
|2001/02||10||0||||||||||||||10||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||28||0||||||||||||||28||0
|-
|2003/04||30||0||||||||||17||1||47||1
|-
|2004/05||34||1||||||||||1||1||35||2
|-
|2005/06||13||0||||||||||7||2||20||2

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Bolton Wanderers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||35||0||3||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||1
|-
|2007/08||21||0||1||0||2||0||6||1||30||1
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|West Bromwich Albion||Premier League||18||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
130||1||||||||||25||4||155||5
74||0||4||1||5||0||6||1||89||2
204||1||4||1||5||0||31||4||244||7
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||13||1
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||46||1
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Ivorian footballers
Sportspeople from Paris
Istanbul Park, also known as the Istanbul Racing Circuit or initially Istanbul Otodrom, is a motor sports racetrack(a place where cars drive with each other to see who is fastest) in Akfırat County east of Istanbul, Turkey. It opened on 21 August 2005. It has been called "the best race track in the world" by Formula One(a type of sport) leader Bernie Ecclestone. The main use of the circuit (track) is the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix.

Istanbul Park is in Pendik district on the Asian side of Istanbul(a city). It is close to the TEM motorway (a highway), that connects Istanbul to Ankara, the capital of Turkey. It is near the new Sabiha Gökçen International Airport(a place where planes(stuff that can fly) fly to and from). It is in an area with a lot of trees and fields.

The track is  long, and has an average width of . The main straight is over  in length. The track has 14 corners. 

Istanbul Park were designed by the racetrack architect Hermann Tilke. It can hold 155,000 people to watch a race. The main grandstand(a place where people sit) has seats for 25,000 people. 

The track does have some critics(people who do not like it). After qualifying(a thing in Formula One, which is a type of sport), Jenson Button(a person who is doing Formula One, a sport) said the track was too bumpy. Jarno Trulli(also a person doing Formula One, a sport) did not think the track as hard enough to challenge(making it hard for people) the drivers.

Features 
Designer - Hermann Tilke 
Capacity - 26,250 permanent covered seats, 125,000 temporary seats 
Building Area - 220 hectare (10,000 square metres) 
Race Track Area - 8 hectare (10,000 square metres)

Major Motorsports Events 
The main race at Istanbul Park is the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix. The track also hosts the GP2 series, and the Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix.

The track has also hosted FIA World Touring Car Championship, Formula-G, Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) and the Le Mans Series 1,000 km race.

Use in simulations / games 
The track is included in the 2008 video game(a thing where people can play against each other and make as if it is real life), Race Driver: GRID from Codemasters, as well as in the 2008 PC simulator GTR Evolution by SimBin.

References and notes

Other websites

 Istanbul Park homepage 
 Track info from the official Formula1 website

Formula One circuits
Istanbul
Kota Fujimoto (born 2 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||0||1||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2006||14||4||0||0||4||0||18||4
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||18||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|-
|2008||14||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|-
|2009||27||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||4
|-
|2010||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
80||10||4||0||4||0||88||10
80||10||4||0||4||0||88||10
|}

References
Cerezo Osaka

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture
Scantron is a company from Eagan, Minnesota, USA, that makes and sells machine-readable papers on which students mark answers to test questions, the machines to check those answers, survey and test scoring systems, systems for school attendance (with a mark meaning a missing student) and image-based data collection software and scanners.

Background
A Scantron test scoring system is a multiple-choice, fill-in-the-bubble form. It can have different length and width, from one column, 15-answer tests, to several 8.5×11-inch pages used in standardized testing, such as the SAT and the ACT.

How it works
Students often use Scantrons on finals, midterms, standardized tests, such as the SAT and ACT, etc. Students fill in the appropriate bubble corresponding to their answer. Scantrons are then fed through a machine that grades them. The Scantron is a very progressive form of grading. It eliminates human error on the grader's behalf, and takes much less time.

History 
The technology of this system dates back to the nineteenth century using optical mark recognition, telegraph lines, and punch tape. Students ranging from elementary school through college know how to use these forms. However, Learner Response Systems are becoming more popular in the college setting and may soon make scantrons a thing of the past.

Related pages
 Mark sense
 Tabulating machine
 Optical Mark Recognition
 Optical Character Recognition
 Course evaluation

Other websites
Scantron

Companies based in California
Data input
Kara was a South Korean pop girl group. Its members are Gyuri, Seungyeon, Hara and Youngji. They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown in 2007 and belong to DSP Media. Kara means sweet melody and adds 'CHARA' in Greek, a feeling to want to give joy through music is put. From 2010, they began activity in Japan. They appeared on NHK Red and White Singing Contest in 2011 (第62回NHK紅白歌合戦). They had a big concert at TOKYO DOME on January 6, 2013.  In 2014, Jiyoung and Nicole left and were replaced by Heo Youngji, who was selected via a reality show made to give Kara a new member. The contracts with Gyuri, Seungyeon and Hara expired and they decided not to renew their contracts. With their departure from the label, it is unknown if KARA has disbanded or not.

Members 
 Kim Sung-hee (), singer
 Nicole (, Korean name Jung Yongju, ), singer, rapper, dancer
 Kang Jiyoung (), singer, rapper
 Park Gyu-ri (), leader, singer, visual
 Han Seung-Yeon (), singer
 Goo Hara (), singer, visual, dancer
 Heo Youngji (), singer, rapper, dancer

Korean Discography

Albums
 The First Blooming (2007)
 Revolution (2009)
 Step (2011)
 Full Bloom (2013)

Mini-Albums
 Rock U (2008)
 Pretty Girl (2008)
 Honey (2009)
 Lupin (2010)
 Jumping (2010)
 Pandora (2012)
 Day & Night (2014)
 In Love (2015)

Japanese Discography 
 Girl's Talk (2010)
 Super Girl (2011)
 Girls Forever (2012)
 Fantastic Girls! (2013)
 Girl's Story (2015)

Awards 
 Cyworld Digital Music Awards: Rookie Of The Month (2007)
 M.net Asian Music Awards : Dance Music Awards "Honey" (2009)
 Melon Music Awards Top 10 (2009)
 High1 Seoul Music Awards Bonsang

Other websites 

 Kara Official Site 
 Kara Official Internet Cafe 

K-pop music groups
South Korean girl groups
2007 establishments in South Korea
Jerry Alan West (born May 28, 1938) is a former American basketball player. He is thought to be one of the best guards who ever played in the NBA.  He played from 1960 to 1974, all with the Los Angeles Lakers.  He wore number 44, which was retired by the Lakers.  He had scored the most points in a Laker jersey before Kobe Bryant ended his record in 2010.  He is the model for the NBA logo.  After playing, he was a coach and general manager for the Lakers.  He was also the general manager of the Memphis Grizzlies and organized golf tournaments.  He was originally from West Virginia.  His most famous nicknames are "The Logo", "Mr. Clutch" and "Zeke from Cabin Creek".

References

Notes

1938 births
Living people
American basketball players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Sportspeople from West Virginia
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Noida () also known as New Okhla Industrial Development Authority is newly emerged and one of the most important city of Uttar Pradesh. The name has been essentially derived from New Okhla Industrial Area (Noida).  It is at the border of Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi. It comes under the Delhi-NCR region. With many IT Parks growing, it is one of the major contributor for Uttar Pradesh state revenue. The city is comparatively new, it started developing in early1980s. It now has all major facilities including hospitals, schools, shopping malls, markets, offices, active police force, well maintained roads and well built residential areas. Noida's connectivity to Delhi was improved by Delhi-Noida Direct Flyway or DND which was completed by 2001. By 2009, Noida was connected to New Delhi via metro lines which made the commute for locals much easier.

Mahesh Sharma is the present Lok Sabha MP of Gautam Buddha Nagar and Pankaj Singh is the present MLA of Noida.

References

Cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh
Carlos Diogo (born 18 July 1983) is an Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|River Plate Montevideo||rowspan="4"|Primera División||2||0
|-
|2001||15||0
|-
|2002||25||2
|-
|2003||32||1
|-
|2004||Peñarol||Primera División||16||0

|-
|2004/05||River Plate||Primera División||11||1

|-
|2005/06||Real Madrid||La Liga||13||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Real Zaragoza||rowspan="2"|La Liga||30||4
|-
|2007/08||29||0
|-
|2008/09||Segunda División||0||0
|-
|2009/10||La Liga||||
90||3
11||1
72||4
173||8
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
!Total||22||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Uruguayan footballers
Sportspeople from Montevideo
Fumiya Yamamoto (born 12 July 1988) is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||Grulla Morioka||Regional Leagues||14||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||3
14||3||1||0||0||0||15||3
14||3||1||0||0||0||15||3
|}

References

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
GMA Network is the leading television network in the Philippines in Quezon City. It was started in the 1950s by Robert Larue Stewart.

Official Website 
Corporate Website

Philippine television networks
Quezon City
1950s establishments in Asia
Elisérgio da Silva (born 5 January 1978), commonly known as Serginho Baiano, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a left winger.

Club career statistics

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Salvador, Bahia
Claudio Biaggio (born 2 July 1967) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|San Lorenzo Almagro||rowspan="4"|Primera División||10||5
|-
|1993/94||30||5
|-
|1994/95||33||15
|-
|1995/96||22||11

|-
|1996/97||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||16||2

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|San Lorenzo Almagro||rowspan="3"|Primera División||16||8
|-
|1997/98||34||16
|-
|1998/99||24||5
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Colón||rowspan="2"|Primera División||28||11
|-
|2000/01||22||5

|-
|2001||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||13||2

|-
|2002||Deportivo Cuenca||Serie A||0||0

|-
|2002||Danubio||Primera División||12||5

|-
|2003||Bolívar||Liga Profesional||0||0
219||81
16||2
13||2
0||0
12||5
0||0
260||90
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Eduardo Bustos Montoya (born 3 October 1976) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Temperley.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||28||9||2||0||3||0||33||9
28||9||2||0||3||0||33||9
28||9||2||0||3||0||33||9

1976 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Patrick Müller (born 17 December 1976) is a Swiss football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|Servette||rowspan="4"|Nationalliga A||28||0
|-
|1996/97||31||0
|-
|1997/98||35||1
|-
|1998/99||22||3
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga A||12||0
|-
|1999/00||24||1

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Division 1||30||1
|-
|2001/02||30||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||35||0
|-
|2003/04||36||1

|-
|2004/05||Mallorca||La Liga||6||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Basel||rowspan="2"|Super League||15||0
|-
|2005/06||13||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||12||1
|-
|2006/07||10||0
|-
|2007/08||1||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Monaco||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||7||0
|-
|2009/10||||
180||5
161||3
6||0
247||8
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||5||1
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||7||1
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||11||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
!Total||81||3
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Sportspeople from Geneva
Ulrich Ramé (born 19 September 1972) is a French football player. He plays for Girondins Bordeaux.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="6"|Angers||rowspan="2"|Division 2||1||0
|-
|1992/93||1||0
|-
|1993/94||Division 1||2||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Division 2||9||0
|-
|1995/96||28||0
|-
|1996/97||National||34||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="13"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="5"|Division 1||23||0
|-
|1998/99||32||0
|-
|1999/00||34||0
|-
|2000/01||34||0
|-
|2001/02||34||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Ligue 1||28||0
|-
|2003/04||35||0
|-
|2004/05||37||0
|-
|2005/06||35||0
|-
|2006/07||38||0
|-
|2007/08||36||0
|-
|2008/09||26||0
|-
|2009/10||||
465||0
465||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||11||0
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
French footballers
Association football goalkeepers
People from Nantes
David Jemmali (born 13 December 1974) is a Tunisian football player. He has played for Tunisia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Cannes||rowspan="3"|Division 1||1||0
|-
|1995/96||20||0
|-
|1996/97||35||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="11"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="5"|Division 1||24||0
|-
|1998/99||13||1
|-
|1999/00||12||0
|-
|2000/01||16||0
|-
|2001/02||28||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="6"|Ligue 1||29||2
|-
|2003/04||23||1
|-
|2004/05||26||0
|-
|2005/06||33||1
|-
|2006/07||28||0
|-
|2007/08||8||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Grenoble||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||20||0
|-
|2009/10||||
316||5
316||5
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Tunisian footballers
People from Tunis
The chickpea (Cicer arietinum)  is a yellow edible legume (bean). It can be used for cooking. The peas can be bought canned or dried. It was one of the earliest fruits to be grown. The first chickpea was grown in the Middle East about 7,500 years ago. 

The most popular place for chickpeas to grow is in Pakistan. In 2008, nearly 6 million tonnes of chickpeas were produced there. Because the growth is so popular there, it is also known as the Indian pea. 

Chickpeas contain a great deal of protein, zinc and folic acid. They can be an important part of a vegetarian or vegan diet, since they come from a plant. 

The dried bean is boiled and served whole or mashed, such as in the popular dish hummus. Chickpeas are ground into a flour, called "besan" or "gram" flour, used in South Asian cooking.

References

Beans
Fabaceae
Philippe Christanval (born 31 August 1978) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Monaco||rowspan="5"|Division 1||1||0
|-
|1997/98||10||0
|-
|1998/99||23||1
|-
|1999/00||25||0
|-
|2000/01||23||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||26||0
|-
|2002/03||5||0

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||13||0
|-
|2004/05||0||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Fulham||rowspan="3"|Premier League||15||0
|-
|2006/07||20||1
|-
|2007/08||1||0
121||1
31||0
36||1
187||2
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
French footballers
Sportspeople from Paris
Hexameter is a metrical line of verse. It is usually made of six parts, called feet. It is the standard verse form used in Ancient Greek and Latin literature. The Iliad and Aeneid use it, and so do Ovid's Metamorphoses. English poetry rarely uses hexameter.

Dactylic hexameter 

The meter consists of lines made from six ("hex") feet. In strict dactylic hexameter, each of these feet would be a dactyl, but classical meter allows for the substitution of a spondee (two long syllables) in place of a dactyl in most positions. Specifically, the first four feet can either be dactyls or spondees more or less freely. The fifth foot is frequently a dactyl (around 95% of the time in Homer). 

Because of the strong pause at the end of the line, it is traditionally regarded as a spondee. Thus the dactylic line most normally looks as follows:

— U | — U | — U | — U | — u u | — X
(note that — is a long syllable, u a short syllable and U either one long or two shorts and X anceps syllable)

As in all classical verse forms, the last syllable can actually be short or long.

Poetry
Viktor Orbán (31 May 1963) is a Hungarian right-wing politician and current Prime Minister of Hungary. He is a member of the right-wing political group, the Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Union. Orbán had also served as Prime Minister from 1998 to 2002.

He was born in the small village of Alcsútdoboz. He studied law at the Eötvös Loránd University of  Budapest and graduated in 1987.

During his second period (or time) as prime minister: he said (during Russia's invasion of Ukraine) that "Hungary will support all European Union sanctions against Russia".

References

1963 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Current national leaders
Vetus Latina is the name given to a collection of Biblical texts that were translated into Latin before the Vulgate became the standard version used in the Latin-speaking world. The texts themselves are written in Late Latin, not in Old Latin. They often use different words than the Vulgate. No complete manuscript survives,  only fragments are known. Many text passages are known because Church fathers such as Augustine of Hippo cited from them. 

Since the Council of Trent, held in the 16th century, the Vulgate is the official Bible translation for the Roman Catholic Church. 

Some of the Vetus Latin texts survives in the Liturgy, however:

The Old Latin text means, "Glory [belongs] to God among the high, and peace [belongs] to men of good will on earth". The Vulgate text means "Glory [belongs] to God among the most high and peace among men of good will on earth".

Probably the best known difference between the Old Latin and the Vulgate is in the Pater Noster, where the phrase from the Vetus Latina, quotidianum panem, "daily bread", becomes supersubstantialem panem, "supersubstantial bread" in the Vulgate.

References

Latin language
Bible versions
Joseph Carl Bailey, Jr. (August 23, 1983 – August 30, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He was better known as J. C. Bailey. He has wrestled for numerous American-based professional wrestling promotions, including Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), IWA Mid-South and IWA East Coast. He has been known as a hardcore wrestler.

Bailey made his debut in 2001. In June 2003, along with the owner of the promotion IWA Mid-South Ian Rotten and Corporal Robinson, he "invaded" CZW on behalf of IWA Mid-South. In the same year, he competed in the 2nd CZW Tournament of Death where he lost to Nick Mondo in a deathmatch involving light tubes, and the 5th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch where he lost to Mad Man Pondo after defeating 2 Tuff Tony, Necro Butcher and Ian Rotten.

In 2004, he competed in the 3rd CZW Tournament of Death where he lost to Wifebeater after defeating Chri$ Ca$h, and the 6th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch where he lost to Mad Man Pondo and Toby Klein.

Since then, he competed in many deathmatch tournaments including the 4th CZW Tournament of Death, 7th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch, 8th IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch, 5th CZW Tournament of Death and 6.5th CZW Tournament of Death titled "Fast Forward".

On December 11, 2004, he teamed with Chri$ Ca$h, Nate Webb and Sexxxy Eddy, winning the CZW World Tag Team Championship.

On February 5, 2005, he became the first-ever CZW Ultraviolent Underground Champion. On August 13, 2005, he won his second CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship.

On August 20, 2006, he went to Japan and competed in the professional wrestling tournament WRESTLE EXPO 2006 where he lost to 2 Tuff Tony after defeating Mad Man Pondo. On September 16, 2006, he competed in the 1st IWA East Coast Masters of Pain where he lost to Jun Kasai after defeating 2 Tuff Tony and Corporal Robinson.

In 2007, Bailey was arrested for stealing a television set from a Bardstown, Kentucky Walmart. He made his official return to CZW in early 2010.

On August 30, 2010, Bailey was found dead. He died in his sleep. Before he died, Bailey complained that he had been getting headaches and numbness in his hands. The cause of his death was later determined to be because of a brain aneurysm that was caused by complications from multiple concussions and traumas to his brain. His brain is expected to be donated for research at Boston University.

References

Other websites

1983 births
2010 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
The Reconstruction  was after the American Civil War. It was the remaking of the Southern United States, after it had lost its war of rebellion and slavery was ended. The southern states were occupied territory. Andrew Johnson became President of the U.S. after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. He wanted to make it easy to restore local rule in the previously rebellious states, and he permitted some of them to hold elections in 1865. Former leaders of the Confederate States of America who ran as Democrats were elected to Congress, and states passed laws that denied rights to former slaves.

Many members of the Republican Party wanted stricter terms before local rule was returned to the South. After the Republicans won a large majority of the Congressional seats in the 1866 elections, they refused to let former Confederate leaders take seats in the United States Congress. The Republicans passed laws that former leaders of the rebellion were temporarily denied suffrage, the right to hold office or vote in elections. Three new amendments to the U.S. Constitution were passed that ended slavery, made former slaves citizens, and gave them the right to vote. Some newly freed black slaves won elected offices. Many Northern carpetbaggers also went to the occupied territories to lead the people. Some became rich.

Many white people in the Southern United States resisted allowing former slaves to have equal rights and to vote. The Ku Klux Klan was formed to force black people out of political and economic power. After Reconstruction ended in 1877, white people in the South used their regained political rights to pass Jim Crow Laws. These laws enforced segregation (keeping blacks and whites separate) and took the vote away from African Americans whose parents or grandparents were slaves. After Reconstruction, white Southerners voted mostly for the Democratic Party for about 80 years.

Other websites 
 Reconstruction -Citizendium 

African-American history
American Civil War
1860s in the United States
1870s in the United States
Andrew Johnson
Rutherford B. Hayes
Troodontidae is a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They were found mainly in Mongolia, China and North America. The first specimen, just a single tooth, was found in central Montana in 1855 by Ferdinand Hayden.

For a long time, troodontid fossils were few and scrappy.  Recently more complete specimens have been found. There are now complete and articulated specimens, including  feathers, eggs and embryos, and complete juveniles. In 1994 a fossil of an adult Troodon was found sitting on a nest with eight eggs.

Anatomical studies of the most primitive troodontids, like Sinovenator, demonstrate striking similarities with Archaeopteryx and primitive dromaeosaurids. This proves they are relatives: they are a clade called Paraves. 

The family have relatively large brains, a skull with many air pockets, a retractable second toe claw (it could be pulled in) and many teeth. The number of teeth ranges from 96 in Saurornithoides mongoliensis to 120 in the Troodon.

Taxonomy 
 Family Troodontidae
Almas
Anchiornis
Archaeornithoides
Borogovia
Byronosaurus
Halszkaraptor
Jinfengopteryx
?Koparion
Latenivenatrix
Mei
Saurornithoides
Sinornithoides
Sinusonasus
Sinovenator
Stenonychosaurus
Tochisaurus
Troodon (nomen dubium)
Urbacodon
Xixiasaurus
Zanabazar
 Undescribed/unnamed specimens
SPS 100/44 = EK troodontid
SPV 300/45 ("Lesse")
WDC DML 001 ("Lori")

References 

Theropods
The Praetorian Guard  was a force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors. The title was first used for the guards of generals in the Roman Republic. Their commander, the Praetorian Prefect, was often an important figure in the political planning in Rome. The Guard was stopped and disbanded by Emperor Constantine I in the fourth century AD.

History
The term Praetorian derived from the tent of the commanding general or praetor of a Roman army in the field, known as the praetorium. It was a habit of many Roman generals to choose from the ranks a private force of soldiers to act as guards of their person. This elite group of Roman citizens consisted of both infantry and cavalry. In time, this cohort came to be known as the cohors praetoria, and various notable figures had one of those guard groups, including Julius Caesar, Mark Antony and Augustus (Octavian). 

As Caesar discovered with the 10th Legion Equestris, a powerful mounted unit was desirable in the field. When Augustus became the first ruler of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, he decided such a formation was useful not only on the battlefield but in politics also. Thus, from the ranks of the legions throughout the provinces, Augustus recruited the Praetorian Guard.

Entry into politics 
Through the cunning of their ambitious prefect, Sejanus, the Guard was brought from their Italian barracks into Rome itself. In AD 23, Sejanus convinced Tiberius to have the Praetorian fort built just outside Rome. One of the cohorts held the daily guard at the imperial palace. Henceforth the entire Guard was at the disposal of the emperors, but the rulers were now equally at the mercy of the Praetorians. The reality of this was seen in AD 31 when Tiberius was forced to rely upon his own cohors praetoria against partisans of Sejanus. Although the Praetorian Guard proved faithful to the aging Tiberius, their potential political power had been made clear.

While campaigning, the Praetorians were the equal of any formation in the Roman Army. Seldom used in the early reigns, they were quite active by AD 69. Under Domitian and Trajan, the guard took part in wars from Dacia to Mesopotamia, while with Marcus Aurelius, years were spent on the Danube frontier. Throughout the 3rd century, the Praetorians assisted the emperors in various campaigns.

The relationship between the Guard and their Emperor was always sensitive. Bribing the Guard was a common theme in Imperial history. Sejanus almost took over the running of the Empire, before Tiberius overcame, and later executed, him. A number of Roman Emperors were murdered or otherwise deposed by the Guard, or with their knowledge. The first was Caligula.

References 

Ancient Rome
Claudio Pizarro (born 3 October 1978) is a Peruvian football player. He has played for the Peruvian national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Deportivo Pesquero||rowspan="2"|Primera División||16||3||||||||||||||16||3
|-
|1997||25||8||||||||||||||25||8
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Alianza Lima||rowspan="2"|Primera División||22||7||||||||||||||22||7
|-
|1999||22||18||||||||||||||22||18

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||25||10||5||2||colspan="2"|-||9||3||39||15
|-
|2000/01||31||20||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||4||37||24
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="6"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||30||15||4||0||colspan="2"|-||14||4||48||19
|-
|2002/03||31||14||6||2||colspan="2"|-||7||2||44||18
|-
|2003/04||31||11||4||1||colspan="2"|-||7||0||42||12
|-
|2004/05||23||11||5||6||colspan="2"|-||7||4||35||21
|-
|2005/06||26||11||5||5||colspan="2"|-||6||1||37||17
|-
|2006/07||33||8||2||0||colspan="2"|-||10||4||45||12

|-
|2007/08||Chelsea||Premier League||21||2||3||0||4||0||3||0||31||2

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||26||17||5||4||colspan="2"|-||15||7||46||28
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
85||36||||||||||||||85||36
256||117||37||20||colspan="2"|-||66||29||359||166
21||2||3||0||4||0||3||0||31||2
362||155||40||20||4||0||69||29||475||204
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1999||11||3
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||6||2
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||8||3
|-
|2004||6||2
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||2||1
|-
|2007||10||2
|-
!Total||55||13
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Peruvian footballers
Petri Pasanen (born 24 September 1980) is a Finnish football player. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga and the Finland national team.
He plays as central defender but also can play left or right back.

Career
He started with Kuusysi Lahti and soon raised the interest of European top teams. In 2000 he went to Ajax Amsterdam and became a regular player in the first squad. In August 2001 he broke his leg and missed most of the 2001/02 season. After his injury he came back to the team. With Ajax he reached the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League in the 2003/04 season. During the second half of the 2003/04 season he was on loan at English club Portsmouth in the Premier League. Portsmouth manager Harry Redknapp was interested in buing Pasanen at the end of the season, but the price was to high. So Pasanen signed with SV Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga.  After the end of his contract on 30 June 2011 he left Werder Bremen and signed for Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He became a regular player from the beginning.

Pasanen is also a regular for the Finland national team. He made his international debut on 15 November 2000 against the Republic of Ireland. Pasanen has mostly played at right back for Finland, and has also served as the national team's captain, when Sami Hyypiä and Jari Litmanen have not played.

Pasanen has also played in Finland national futsal team, where he has six caps and two goals.

Honours
Ajax
Eredivisie: 2001–02
KNVB Cup: 2001–02
Johan Cruijff Shield: 2002

Werder Bremen
DFB Ligapokal: 2006
DFB-Pokal: 2008–09

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||Kuusysi Lahti||Ykkönen||2||0
|-
|1997||Lahti||Ykkönen||15||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Hämeenlinna||rowspan="2"|Ykkönen||4||0
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Lahti||Ykkönen||15||1
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Veikkausliiga||27||0
|-
|2000||15||1

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Ajax||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||29||4
|-
|2001/02||1||0
|-
|2002/03||22||3
|-
|2003/04||7||0

|-
|2003/04||Portsmouth||Premier League||11||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||23||1
|-
|2005/06||17||0
|-
|2006/07||17||0
|-
|2007/08||28||2
|-
|2008/09||16||0
|-
|2009/10||||
79||2
59||7
11||0
101||3
250||12
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||8||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||10||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||9||0
|-
!Total||57||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Finnish footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Anthony Réveillère (born 10 November 1979) is a French football player. He plays for Olympique Lyonnais.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="6"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||0
|-
|1998/99||32||0
|-
|1999/00||16||0
|-
|2000/01||32||0
|-
|2001/02||32||1
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||20||1

|-
|2002/03||Valencia||La Liga||18||2

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="7"|Ligue 1||31||1
|-
|2004/05||33||0
|-
|2005/06||20||0
|-
|2006/07||30||0
|-
|2007/08||28||1
|-
|2008/09||19||0
|-
|2009/10||||
301||4
18||2
319||6
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
French footballers
Sébastien Squillaci (born 11 August 1980) is a French football player. He plays for Sevilla and France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||Toulon||Division 2||6||0
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Monaco||rowspan="2"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1999/00||0||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Ajaccio||rowspan="2"|Division 2||36||2
|-
|2001/02||33||5
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Monaco||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||35||3
|-
|2003/04||27||5
|-
|2004/05||28||2
|-
|2005/06||27||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||28||3
|-
|2007/08||34||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Sevilla||rowspan="2"|La Liga||33||0
|-
|2009/10||||
254||21
33||0
287||21
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||18||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
French footballers
Julien Faubert (born 1 August 1983) is a French-Martiniquais football player. He plays for West Ham United.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Cannes||rowspan="3"|National||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|2002/03||26||1||||||||||26||1
|-
|2003/04||19||3||||||||||19||3
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||36||1||||||||||36||1
|-
|2005/06||34||5||||||||||34||5
|-
|2006/07||26||3||||||||||26||3

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||7||0||1||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2008/09||20||0||2||0||2||0||24||0

|-
|2008/09||Real Madrid||La Liga||2||0||||||||||2||0

|-
|2009/10||West Ham United||Premier League||||||||||||||||
142||13||||||||||142||13
27||0||3||0||2||0||32||0
2||0||||||||||2||0
171||13||3||0||2||0||176||13
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||1
|-
!Total||1||1
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
French footballers
People from Le Havre
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Kurata was born in Fujieda on February 1, 1963. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Honda in 1986. He played 77 matches and scored 5 goals for the club. In 1991, he moved to Yomiuri and played in 1 season. The club won 1991 JSL Cup and 1991/92 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1992.

In September 1986, Kurata was selected the Japan national team for 1986 Asian Games. At this competition, on September 20, he debuted against Nepal. In 1987, he played at 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 6 games for Japan until 1987.

In 1989, Kurata selected Japan national futsal team for 1989 Futsal World Championship in Netherlands.

After retirement, Kurata started coaching career at Avispa Fukuoka in 1995. He mainly served as an assistant coach until 2006. In 2007, he moved to Vissel Kobe. In 2010, he moved to J2 League club FC Gifu and became a manager. In 2012, he moved to China and signed with Dalian Aerbin. In 2014, he became a manager at the club. He returned to Japan in 2015 and he became a manager for J2 club Tochigi SC in July and managed the club until end of 2015 season. In 2021, he signed with J3 League club Fujieda MYFC.

Statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="5"|Honda||rowspan="5"|JSL Division 1||20||1||3||1||4||3||27||5
|-
|1987/88||15||2||3||0||3||1||21||3
|-
|1988/89||17||0||||||1||0||18||0
|-
|1989/90||8||1||2||1||0||0||10||2
|-
|1990/91||17||1||||||0||0||17||1
|-
|1991/92||Yomiuri||JSL Division 1||2||0||1||0||4||0||7||0
79||5||9||2||12||4||100||11
79||5||9||2||12||4||100||11
|}

|-
|1986||1||0
|-
|1987||5||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

References

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
Honda FC players
Tokyo Verdy players
Non-penetrative sex is a form of sexual activity which does not involve penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth, unlike doing penetration in sex. 
Medical professionals accept the term of non-penetrative sex. It is a way to practice safer sex and of birth control as bodily fluids are not exchanged between partners. The form of sex is practised between partners who do not feel ready, are not physically able, cannot or simply do not want to have socially appropriate penetrative sex, but still wish to do a sexual act.

Non-penetrative sex among others includes types
 Dry humping; the rubbing of genitals through clothes
 Armpit sex; stimulating the penis in the other person's armpit.
 Erotic massage; rubbing all over the body, with or without oil. 
 Handjob; stimulating the penis with the hand.
 Footjob; stimulating genitals with the feet.
 penis-to-penis rubbing.
 penis stimulation between the other partner's thighs.
 penis stimulation between the other partner's buttocks. 
 penis stimulation between the other partner's breasts.
 Oral stimulation of nipples.
 Fingering; stimulating the vagina or anus with the fingers.

References

Notes

Further reading
Kama Sutra
The Perfumed Garden
The Joy of Sex

Contraception
Sexual acts
The greatest common divisor (gcd) or highest common factor (HCF) of two integers x and y, usually written as , is the greatest (largest) number that divides both of the integers evenly. GCDs are useful in simplifying fractions to the lowest terms. Euclid came up with the idea of GCDs.

Algorithm
The GCD of any two positive integers can be defined as a recursive function: 

In fact, this is the basis of Euclidean algorithm, which uses repeated long division in order to find the greatest common factor of two numbers.

Examples

The GCD of 20 and 12 is 4, since 4 times 5 equals 20 and 4 times 3 equals 12. And since 3 and 5 have no common factor, their GCD is 1.

As another example, the GCD of 81 and 21 is 3.

Related pages 

 Coprime
 Euclid's Elements
 Least common multiple

References 

Arithmetics