cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) is a passerine songbird in the family Paridae. It is 10.5 to 12 cm (4.2 to 4.8 inches) long. 

The blue tit is a widespread and common resident breeder. It lives throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and western Asia in deciduous or mixed woodlands. It is a resident bird; most do not migrate.

Behaviour
Blue and great tits form mixed winter flocks, and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts on the slender twigs. A blue tit will often ascend a trunk in short jerky hops, imitating a treecreeper. As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens, but in hard weather will shelter in a hole. Blue tits are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere.

The blue tit has an average life expectancy of 1.5 years

Diet

The blue tit is a destroyer of pests. It is fond of young buds of various trees, and may pull them to bits in the hope of finding insects. No species, however, destroys more coccids and aphids, the worst foes of many plants. It also eats leaf miner grubs and green tortrix moths (Tortricidae). Seeds are eaten, as with all this family.

Learning
An interesting example of culturally transmitted learning in birds was the phenomenon dating from the 1960s of blue tits teaching one another how to open traditional British milk bottles with foil tops, to get at the cream underneath. This behaviour has declined recently because of the replacement of doorstep delivery by supermarket purchases of milk, and by hard-topped containers instead of the old bottles.

Sources

Other websites 

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Blue tit)
 Blue tit videos, photos & sounds  on the Internet Bird Collection.

Passeriformes
Crows form the genus Corvus in the family Corvidae. They are medium to large sized birds, carnivores and scavengers.

The genus includes the crow (carrion crow or hooded crow), the rook, jackdaw, and the large common raven. The genus has 40 or so members on all temperate continents except for South America, and some islands. 

The Corvus makes up a third of the species in the Corvidae. Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from corvid stock which had evolved in Australia. The collective name for a group of crows is a flock or, more poetically, a murder.

Intelligence 
Some crow species not only use tools but also make tools.  Crows are now thought to be, with parrots, among the world's most intelligent birds. 

They have a brain size (adjusted for body size) as large as some apes. The jackdaw and the European magpie have a nidopallium about the same relative size as the equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees, and significantly larger than is found in the gibbon.

A story of how a girl fed crows, and in return they brought her tiny gifts, shows what the birds are capable of.

References 

Corvids
Silver nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgNO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state as an ion. It also has nitrate.

Properties
Silver nitrate is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. Most silver compounds do not dissolve in water. It can get dark if light shines on it. It is an oxidizing agent. Most of the times the silver ion is reduced, but sometimes the nitrate ion is reduced. It reacts with copper to make silver crystals and copper(II) nitrate. It turns into silver, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when it is heated. It is the least expensive silver compound. It reacts with bases to make dark brown silver(I) oxide.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving silver in nitric acid. This produces nitrogen dioxide, so it should be done where the person can get fresh air.

Uses
It was used to separate silver and gold. Gold does not dissolve in nitric acid. It is used to make other silver compounds. It reacts with chloride, bromide, and iodides to make white, cream, and yellow-colored solids. It is also used as an oxidizing agent. It can also be used to kill germs.

Safety
Silver nitrate is an oxidizing agent and should be kept away from chemicals that can burn. It can burn and stain skin. If too much is eaten, it can turn the skin blue.

Related pages
Silver bromide
Silver iodide
Silver chloride
Silver(II) fluoride

Silver compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Burt Munro (25 March 1899 – 6 January 1978) was a motorcycle racer from New Zealand. He began riding motorcycles when he was 15. He is famous for setting a world record on 26 August 1967 with his motorcycle. The speed was 295.453 km/h (183.59 mph). To qualify he made a one-way run of 305.89 km/h (190.07 mph), the fastest-ever officially recorded speed on an Indian.

References

Other websites 
  Letters from the hand of Burt Munro
Burt Munro: A New Zealand Legend
E Hayes and Sons: The World's Fastest Indian Exhibition (original motorcycles), The World's Fastest Indian Legend 
A Tribute to H.J Munro, a.k.a "Burt" Munro
Indian Motorcycle website

, a documentary

1899 births
1978 deaths
New Zealand sportspeople
Lilongwe River is a river in Malawi flowing through Lilongwe. Its length is near 200 kms and at mouth of the Lilongwe River is as lake called the Malawi Lake.

Rivers of Africa
Geography of Malawi
Finches are passerine songbirds in the family Fringillidae. They are mostly seed-eaters. The scientific name Fringillidae comes from the Latin word fringilla for the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), which is common in Europe.

Most species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, but one subfamily is endemic to the Neotropics, one to the Hawaiian Islands, and one genus is found only in the Palaearctic (Eurasia and north Africa).

Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches" They include 
• some species in the very similar-looking waxbills (family Passeridae, of the Old World tropics and Australia;
• several groups of the bunting and American sparrow family (Emberizidae);
• Darwin's 'finches' of the Galapagos Islands, which provided evidence of natural selection. They are now recognized to be peculiar tanagers (Thraupidae).

Some species are being imported or smuggled into other countries and sold as exotic pets.

Sub-families 
Fringillinae: Fringilla
Carduelinae:
Grosbeaks
American rosefinches
Bullfinches
Arid-zone clade
Asian rosefinches
Goldfinch-canary-crossbill clade
Drepanidinae: Hawaiian honeycreepers
Euphoniinae: Euphonious finches

References
Silver(II) fluoride, also known as argentic fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgF2. It has silver in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a white or gray crystalline solid. It is usually black or brown because of impurities. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is one of the only silver compounds that is in the +2 oxidation state. Most of the silver compounds are in the +1 oxidation state. It can react with glass. It should be stored in certain fluorinated plastics.

It is extremely reactive. It reacts with xenon. It also reacts with water to make oxygen and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with acids to make ozone. It reacts with iodide to make iodide. It also reacts with hydrogen peroxide to make oxygen.

It is very expensive. Only a little is made each year.

Preparation
Silver(II) fluoride is made by reacting fluorine with silver(I) oxide. It can also be made by reacting silver(I) fluoride or silver chloride with fluorine.

Uses
Silver(II) fluoride is used to add fluoride to certain chemical compounds. It is not used much because it is very expensive.

Safety
Silver(II) fluoride is very corrosive and toxic. It reacts with water to make toxic hydrofluoric acid. It also corrodes glass.

Related pages
Potassium fluoride

Fluorine compounds
Silver compounds
Katrina cottages are small houses designed and marketed in the United States in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005). They were designed as a response to the inadequacies of the trailers issued to flood victims by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The homes are designed to attempt to fulfill the needs of their occupants in a more permanent and weather-resistant manner, while addressing the challenges of building and protecting a home in the Gulf Coast region. Some of the homes are elevated, on stilts, particularly in southern Louisiana and Mississippi, where much of the land currently used is near sea level, protected by levees, or prone to flooding by nearby rivers or coastal storm surges or high tides.

Though designs differ somewhat, the main factor for appearance is that Katrina cottages look like traditional homes in the area, reduced in size to lower costs and ease construction so that multiple units can be built quickly as needed. The Katrina cottages are usually one-bedroom, shotgun-house designs, with a front porch that helps stabilize the house from strong winds. Hence, they tend to be smaller than many house trailers, which have 2 or 3 bedrooms (as in a double wide trailer); however, the cottages are constructed of heavier materials to resist winds that would buckle the light-weight walls of mobile homes.

The best-known of these designs are those by Marianne Cusato, whose original "Katrina Cottage" made the term popular and received in 2006 the first annual People's Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution. As Cusato's design and others gained increasing media attention, the number of designs has increased.  The home-improvement retailer Lowe's offers pre-packaged Katrina Cottage kits, including plans and all materials needed for construction. A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pilot program accommodating 900 Mississippi coast families encountered some opposition from local government officials opposed to permanent small housing units, although Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour urged local officials to accept the cottages as safer than trailers, in high winds or moderate floods.

Other websites
 "The house that Katrina built", St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 2006.
 "The little house that roared", San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 2006.
 "Lowe's Makes Katrina Cottages Available for Purchase", Architectural Record Digest, November 3, 2006.

Notes

Houses in the United States
Hurricane Katrina
Silver(I) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgF. It contains silver in its +1 oxidations state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a yellow-brown solid. It can turn black when in moist air. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent because of the silver ion.

Preparation
It is made by reacting silver(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

Uses
It is used to add fluoride to organic compounds.

Safety
Silver compounds can stain skin. They are also oxidizing agents and should be kept away from metal.

Related pages
Silver(II) fluoride
Silver chloride

Fluorine compounds
Silver compounds
Silver(I) carbonate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ag2CO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

Properties
It is a yellow solid. It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide and a silver(I) salt. It does not dissolve in water.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium carbonate with silver nitrate.

Uses
It is used as a catalyst.

Safety
Silver compounds can irritate skin. If consumed, they may turn the skin blue.

Related pages
Silver oxide
Silver chloride

Silver compounds
Silver iodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgI. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains iodide ions.

Properties
Silver iodide is a yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It turns dark when light is shined on it. The darkening is caused by a chemical reaction. The silver iodide turns into silver and iodine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting an iodide such as sodium iodide with silver nitrate.

Uses

Silver iodide is sprinkled in clouds to make rain. It can also be used in photographic film.

Safety
Silver iodide is toxic. It can stain skin. It is not as toxic as other silver compounds that dissolve in water. The iodide also is toxic.

Related pages
Silver fluoride
Silver chloride
Silver bromide

Silver compounds
Kasana are a part of the Gurjar clan. They mostly live in Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan.

Ethnic groups in Asia
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Drosera regia, also known as the King sundew, is a carnivorous plant of the sundew family. In the wild, it only grows in two places in a single valley in South Africa. Its leaves can grow to a size of 70 cm in length. It also has features which are not found in many other sundews, such as wooded rhizomes and special covered pollen. These features have been combined with a genetic analysis, and it was found that D. regia is among the older species of sundew. The Venus Flytrap, another carnivorous plant, shares some of the features, which suggests a close relationship between the two. 

The leaves of the plant are covered with tentacles. They are able to capture large prey, such as beetles, moths and butterflies. The tentacles of all Drosera species are specialized glands, capable of producing sticky mucus. The leaves are active flypaper traps: they capture prey by surrounding it. In its native habitat, the plants compete for space with native marsh grasses and low evergreen shrubs. There are two known populations of the plant in the wild. The higher-altitude site is overgrown, and D. regia no longer grows there. On the lower-altitude site, there are about 50 mature plants. For this reason, D. regia is the most endangered Drosera species, since it is threatened with extinction in the wild. It is often grown by people who like carnivorous plants and a single cultivar, "Big Easy", has been registered.

References

Other websites 

Caryophyllales
Morelia viridis, also called the green tree python, is a species of python found in New Guinea, islands in Indonesia, and Cape York Peninsula in Australia.

References

Pythons
There are some materials which offer some resistance to the current flow; they are not good Electrical conductors or good Electrical insulators. They are resistive materials, for example graphite, iron, and certain synthetic materials.

The magnitude that represents this characteristic is the resistance, and it is measured in ohms. An ohm (referred to by the Greek letter Ω (Omega)) is the SI unit of resistance (R). It can be defined by Ohm's law and the equation: 

where  is resistance in ohms,  is voltage in volts, and  the current in amperes.

The ohm was named after Georg Ohm.

Further reading 

    Resistors Basics : Everybody is able to understand electronics

SI units
Electricity
Haute couture (pronounced 'OHT koo-TOOR') is a French term for high fashion. It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. The term refers to: 
 the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions.
 the fashions created by them.

Haute couture is made to order for a specific customer. It is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Couture is a common abbreviation of haute couture.

In France, haute couture is une appellation juridiquement protégée (a legally protected name). It may only be used by firms which meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is also used to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing in other 'fashion capitals' such as Milan, London, New York, Tokyo and Madrid.

History 
The couturier Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1826–10 March 1895), is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today. Although born in Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry. He revolutionized how dressmaking was organised. Worth made it so the dressmaker became an artist: a fashion designer. He created one-of-a-kind designs to please his titled or rich customers. More importantly, he prepared designs which were shown on live models at the House of Worth. Clients selected a design, specified colours and fabrics, and had a version tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period.

Chambre syndicale 
To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture, members of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture must follow these rules:

Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.
Have a workshop (atelier) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time.
Each season (that's twice a year), present a collection to the Paris press, with at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear.

Membership is seldom given. Outside the Chambre syndicale are many successful fashion houses which deal in prêt-à-porter (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion). They have their own Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter.

Related pages 
Coco Chanel
Christian Dior
Madeleine Vionnet
House of Worth

References 

Fashion
Paris
Joanna Caroline Newsom is an indie singer and a harpist. She was born in Nevada City, California in 1982.

Early life
Newsom was not allowed to watch television or listen to the radio when she was a child. She went to a Waldorf school. After high school Newsom studied composition and creative writing at Mills College in Oakland, California.

Career
Newsom's first album The Milk-Eyed Mender was released by Drag City on the 23rd of February 2003. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10. Newsom's second album Ys was given a score of 9.4 out of 10.

Personal life
She married comedian Andy Samberg in September 2013.

Recordings
Albums
The Milk-Eyed Mender (Drag City, 2004)
Ys (Drag City, 2006) US #134, UK #41
Have One on Me (Drag City, 2010) US #75, UK #28
Divers (Drag City, 2015)
Early unofficial recordings
Walnut Whales (self-released, 2002)
Yarn and Glue (self-released, 2003)
EPs
Joanna Newsom and the Ys Street Band (Drag City, 2007) UK #135
Singles
"Sprout and the Bean" (Drag City, 2004)
"What We Have Known" (Drag City, 2011)

References

1982 births
Living people
Singers from California
Musicians from California
When Night is Falling is a 1995 Canadian romantic drama movie. It is about a university professor dealing with a bad relationship who gets confused when she starts having romantic feelings for a female circus performer. The MPAA rated the movie as NC-17. The movie was released without a rating rather than deal with the problems of being rated as NC-17. The movie was later released with two versions: the original unrated version, and an R rated version. Patricia Rozema directed the movie.

Other websites 

1995 LGBT movies
1995 romance movies
1995 drama movies
1990s romantic drama movies
Canadian romance movies
Canadian drama movies
English-language movies
Canadian LGBT movies
Hurricane Bob was an Atlantic tropical cyclone during August 1991. It was one of the costliest hurricanes in the history of New England.

The storm began from an area of low pressure near the Bahamas. The area steadily became stronger and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bob later on August 16.

It curved to the north-northwest at first. However, after the storm became a hurricane, it turned to the north-northeast on August 17. 

The track of Hurricane Bob by August 18 and 19 was similar to 1954's Hurricane Carol, another storm that affected North Carolina and New England. Bob brushed eastern North Carolina on August 18 and early on the 19th.

The storm moved up the Mid Atlantic on August 19; it passed just east of Long Island. The storm then crossed Block Island, Rhode Island, and later hit near Newport that afternoon.

While Bob affected Rhode Island, the strong winds moved westward into Connecticut. In that state, winds peaked near 75 mph.

The most damage happened in Massachusetts. Total damage there was $1 billion.

The storm weakened to a strong tropical storm; it then hit Maine with 70 mph winds and heavy rain.

Damage from Bob totaled $1.5 billion. Eighteen people were killed as a result of the storm.

The name Bob was retired in the spring of 1992 and replaced with Bill.

References

Hurricanes in New York
1991 in the United States
1991 in Canada
1990s in North Carolina
Hurricanes in New England
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Imber is a village in Wiltshire, England, which has no people. It is on Salisbury Plain, a flat area in Southern England. The people of Imber were moved out in 1943, and rehoused elsewhere. The whole area was needed as a training ground for the military. Imber is now part of the British Army's largest training area in England.

The area around Imber has been settled since the Iron Age, before the Romans came to Britain. The first mention of the village was in Saxon times, in 967. The village is also listed in the Domesday Book. At that time, around fifty people lived there. The village has a church that was built in the 13th century. In the 14th century, about 250 people lived in the village. In 1851, the population reached its peak at about 440 people. When they left in 1943, about 150 people had to move.

Other websites
 Google Satellite mapThe link does not deliver to the exact place, The actual area is north-west of the green arrow, and best got by typing "Imber, Wiltshire" into the Google search box.

Villages in Wiltshire
Not to be confused with Innuendo (album).

An innuendo is an indirect or implied statement of ideas or opinions. It can also be a remark or question, often disparaging  (also called insinuation), that works indirectly by allusion. In the latter sense, the intention is often to insult or accuse someone in such a way that the words as used, taken literally, seem to be innocent in the direct meaning (but have a negative unspoken meaning).

An innuendo is "an oblique hint or remark"; The word is often used to express disapproval.

The term sexual innuendo has a specific meaning, namely that of a "risqué" double sens (double meaning) by playing on a possibly sexual meaning of an otherwise innocent statement.

Bullying
Innuendo is a tool of bullying.

In popular culture
Many TV shows\movies aimed at little kids often use innuendoes as a way of attracting older people. Shows\movies such as The Fairly OddParents, Spongebob Squarepants,The Penguins of Madagascar, Shrek, Bee Movie,  the Walt Disney Animated Classics, Rocko's Modern Life, The Muppet Show, Cow & Chicken, Ren & Stimpy, Animaniacs and Looney Tunes have been known to do this over the years. Also many prime-time shows use an extensive amount of innuendo to the point that they are rated U.S. TV PG/14 D for dialogue. Some TV shows using innuendoes are: The Simpsons, Futurama, Son of the Beach,  The Office, Jersey Shore (TV series), King of the Hill, Beavis and Butthead, Everybody Hates Chris, American Dad, Tosh.0, Family Guy and South Park.

Also, many radio shows are known for use of innuendo, including: The Gallo Radio Show, most of the songs played on Southern Crossroads, sometimes The Rick & Bubba Show, The Howard Stern Show, The Steve and DC Morning Show, especially  The JT & Dave Show, Air Bubba and The Bob & Tom Show''.

References

Comedy
Rhetoric
Orogeny is the process of mountain-building. It takes place when two tectonic plates come together. Orogens develop while a continental plate is crumpled and thickened to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis. 

A convergent boundary is a frequent cause:
Where a continent rides over an oceanic plate (non-collisional): 
 Andes in South America
Where two continental plates converge (collide):
 Alps
 Himalayas 
Another, less common cause is when a plate moves over a hot spot in the Earth's mantle. Examples:
Hawaiian chain of islands
Yellowstone National Park
There is a third process, called delamination. Here an unstable portion of cold root of the lithosphere drips down into the mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift. Example:
 The Sierra Nevada in California.
Areas that are rifting apart, such as mid-ocean ridges and the East African Rift have mountains due to thermal buoyancy caused by the hot mantle underneath them, which pushes them up. This thermal buoyancy is known as dynamic topography. Examples:
 Iceland (Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
 East African Rift

Variscan orogeny: older mountain belts caused by the formation of Pangaea.

References 

Earth sciences
There are many different ethnic groups in the United States. Most people in the United States have ancestors who came from somewhere else, often from multiple places. Some people say their ancestry is "American"; often these are people from the Southern United States whose families have been living in America since before the American Revolution.

There are several races in the United States:

 White is the most common race in the United States.  It usually refers to people from Europe or the Middle East (such as Germany, England and Italy) Some were indentured servants at various periods of history.
 Black or African-American refers to people from most parts of Africa. They were indentured servants and slaves at various periods of history.  
 Asian refers to people from countries in Asia (such as China, Japan, South Asia, or the Philippines). 
 Native American or American Indian refers to people who are part of Native American groups that have lived for thousands of years in the lands now controlled by the U.S.. These are the only people who did not come to the United States during or after Europe learned of the Americas.
Hispanic Americans, such as Mexican, are often of this category.  Hispanics can also be any other the other races listed above. Hispanic is an ethnicity, not a race.
Other refers to people who are a unlisted ethnic group such as Romani people.

Race is not the same as ethnicity, however. Here are the top three ethnic groups in the United States. Since many Asian and Hispanic are classified differently, most of the groups listed are white.

 The most common is German-American, which 42.8 million Americans identify with. Many people came to the U.S. from Germany in the 19th and early 20th century. German American is the most common ethnic group in over half the states. The largest number of Germans are found in the Midwest, West, and Pennsylvania.
 Irish-American is the second-largest ethnic group found in the United States, at 30.5 million people.
The third-largest ethnic group is African-American, at 24.9 million people. The largest number of African-Americans are found in the Southern

References
Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is a form of open-wheeled auto racing. It is the highest class defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules. These rules tell the builders and drivers of the cars what they may and may not do. The F1 world championship season is a series of races. These races are known as Grands Prix. They are usually held on purpose-built circuits. In a few places, they are held on closed city streets. The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo. The top finisher of each race are awarded championship points. The points are added up at the end of they year. There are two yearly Championships. The one for drivers and one for constructors.

Ferrari hold the record for the most Grands Prix victories. They have won 216 times. McLaren are second with 173 wins, and Williams are third with 113 wins. British teams have won the most Grands Prix. Twelve British teams have won a total of 499 races between them. Italian teams are second with 237 wins between five teams. French teams are third with 53 Grands Prix wins between three teams.

By constructor 
All figures correct as of 26 June 2011

Key

By nationality 
List of races won by nationality of constructor.

Related pages
List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
List of Formula One constructors
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

Notes 
A.  Renault held a French licence from 1977 to 2010 and a British licence from 2011 to present.
B.  Benetton held a British licence from 1986 to 1995 and an Italian licence from 1996 to 2001.
C.  Only one of Benetton's 27 wins were scored with their Italian licence. All the others count towards the British totals.
D.  Renault's first 35 wins were with their French licence.

References 

Grand Prix winners
Formula One lists
The South African Grand Prix was first run as a Grand Prix motor racing handicap race in 1934 at the Prince George Circuit at East London, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 

The races were stopped because of World War II. It was started again in 1962 as part of the Formula One circuit. It was a popular F1 event. It was stopped again after the 1985 race. Some nations began boycotting (not participating) South African events because of racial segregation policy of apartheid. 

After apartheid was ended in 1991, there were two more races held in 1992 and 1993.

Winners of the South African Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by Cosworth

By year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

References

Resource 
ChicaneF1 

Formula One Grands Prix
Margaret Cushing Whitman (born August 4, 1956) is an American billionaire.  She is the president and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard.  

She was CEO of the online auction site eBay from 1998 to 2008.  She also worked for DreamWorks, Procter & Gamble, and Hasbro. In 2010, she ran for Governor of California as a Republican.  Her campaign was paid for mostly by millions of her own money.  Even though she spent over $100 million, she still lost to Jerry Brown.

On December 8, 2021, Joe Biden nominated Whitman to serve as United States ambassador to Kenya.

References

1956 births
Living people
American billionaires
Politicians from California
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from New York
Businesspeople from New York
Businesspeople from California
American chief executives
The Red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea), also known as the red-billed weaver or red-billed dioch, is a small passerine bird of the Ploceidae family. It is found only in Africa.

There are more quelea than any other bird species in the world: they number over 1.5 billion. Single colonies may have as many as 30 million. Queleas can migrate as far as 2,000 kilometres (1,243 miles). Single flocks can destroy as much as 50 tons of grain a day. Queleas have destroyed over US$22 million of grain in a single year.

Males grow to a length of about 4.75 inches (12 cm) with a 1.75 inch (4.45 cm) tail and weigh 19.47 grams (0.69 oz).  Females are a little smaller growing to about 4.60 inches (11.68 cm) with a 1.70 inch (4.32 cm) tail and weigh 18.34 grams (0.65 oz).

Nests are built by the males and take about seven days to complete. Males defend the nest while building it and become very angry when something gets too close.  After it is complete, females lay 3 to 7 eggs. Eggs hatch in about two weeks. Males continue to defend the nest after the eggs hatch.

Footnotes

References

Other websites 

Passeriformes
The Argentine Grand Prix was Formula One Grand Prix motor race. It was held off and on from  to . Argentine president Juan Perón was the driving force behind the creation of the circuit, after seeing the success of the country's own Juan Manuel Fangio. 

The circuit was built just outside of Buenos Aires on swampland in 1952.In 1953, the Autodrome hosted the first ever Formula One race held outside Europe. The exile of Perón in 1955 lead to an unstable government. The Argentine Grand Prix left the F1 calendar in 1961 for over a decade.

In  the Argentine Grand Prix returned to the World Championship. Carlos Reutemann became the new homegrown hero.  Reutemann took pole position in his world championship debut. He become only the second driver to do this.  The Grand Prix remained in Argentina through , but the 1982 event was canceled.

A private group purchased the track in 1991 and began to upgrade it. The modernized Argentine Grand Prix returned in . Because of financial problems, the  race was the last running of the Argentine Grand Prix.

Winners

Repeat winners (drivers)

Repeat winners (constructors)

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 

* Designed and built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

By year 

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Argentine
In typesetting by hand compositing, a sort is a piece of type representing a specific letter or symbol, cast from a matrix mould and assembled with other sorts bearing additional letters into lines of type to make up a forme, from which a page is printed.

Related pages
 Sort - other uses of the word
 Typeface
 Typography

References
 Nesbitt, Alexander The History and Technique of Lettering (c) 1957, Dover Publications, Inc. , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 57-13116. The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. under the title Lettering: The History and Technique of Lettering as Design.

Other websites
Typowiki , a type wiki at typophile.com
Metal Type - For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting

Typography
Typesetting
Salisbury Plain is in the central southern England covering . It largely lies within the county of Wiltshire, with a little in Hampshire. 

The Plain is famous for its rich archaeology, including Avebury and Stonehenge, which are a joint World Heritage Site. The Plain is sparsely populated and is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. The Plain also has arable land, and a few small areas of  beech trees and coniferous woodland.

On the Plain is the British Army's largest training ground in England. It is suitable terrain for tank manoeuvres; buildings such as Imber are used for urban warfare training.

Boundaries 
The boundaries of Salisbury Plain have never been defined, and there is some difference of opinion as to its exact area. The river valleys surrounding it, and other downs and plains beyond them loosely define its boundaries.  To the north the scarp of the downs overlooks the Vale of Pewsey, and to the north west the  Avon. The River Wylye runs along the south west, and the River Bourne runs to the east.

Google satellite map centered on Stonehenge: 
Access to military site:

References 

Wiltshire
Plateaus
Hot pants, or 'short shorts', are a fashion item from the 1960s which is still popular today. They first appeared as a design item in so-called 'Swinging London'. The trend for shorter, brighter shorts for young women was started by designers in London such as Mary Quant.

Running or gym shorts are worn by girls as normal wear in some places. Many gym shorts have an inlay made of a comfortable fabric such as cotton, similar to swim shorts (swimming trunks). These are designed to be worn without underwear.

If a person cuts off the legs of a pair of jeans, that's known as a 'cut-off'.

The character Daisy Duke from The Dukes of Hazzard was known for wearing low cut blue jeans. The popularity of the character led to the term "Daisy Dukes" being used for short shorts.

References 

1960s
Trousers and shorts

en:Shorts#Styles
The mini-skirt, or miniskirt, is a skirt well above the knees, close to the buttocks. If the top and skirt are all-in-one, then it is a minidress. Microskirts are extremely brief, and usually worn only for publicity events.

Mini-skirts were invented by Mary Quant, who also invented, or promoted, hot pants. There is disagreement as to who came up with the idea first; some say André Courrèges or John Bates. The short- and ever-shorter skirt was evolving already among fashion-minded young women: the designers who adapted it just helped spread the style. In Quant's case, she gave it the name. Mary Quant named the mini-skirt after her favorite make of car, the Mini. She loved the car so much, she had one designed especially for her.

Gallery

References 

1960s
Clothing
The Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race. The first event was held in 1964 at a race track on the Zeltweg Airfield. The track was deemed too dangerous. It was narrow and very bumpy. Spectators complained of poor viewing areas. The FIA removed the race from the F1 calendar until a better circuit was built.

From 1970 until 1987, the event was held at the Österreichring, near Zeltweg. In 1975, it was called the European Grand Prix. In 1987, the FIA decided that the circuit was too dangerous. The race was dropped for a decade.

In 1995 and 1996, the track was modified and brought up to modern standards. The race returned to F1 in 1997. The circuit was renamed the A1-Ring, after a sponsor. Most of the new track is in Spielberg. Spielberg was now used as the location of the Grand Prix. The final Austrian Grand Prix was held in 2003. The Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2014.

Winners of the Austrian Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers) 
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Shared win with Kurt Ahrens, Jr.

Repeat winners (constructors) 
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford (except 1967)

** Between 1998-2001 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

*** Built by  Porsche

Year by year 

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Austrian Grand Prix records 
Driver
Most wins - Alain Prost, 3
Most podiums - David Coulthard, 5
Most points - David Coulthard, 39
Most poles - René Arnoux, Nelson Piquet & Niki Lauda, 3 (tied)
Most grands prix - Jacques Laffite, 12
Team
Most wins - McLaren, 6
Most podiums - Ferrari, 20
Most points - Ferrari, 142.5
Most poles - Ferrari, 7
Most grands prix - Ferrari & McLaren, 25 (tied)

References

Formula One Grands Prix
The Moroccan Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor racing event. It began in 1925 in Casablanca, Morocco. The official name was "Casablanca Grand Prix".

In 1930, the race was moved to the new Anfa Racecourse. There was no race in 1933. There were no races between 1935 and 1953. When it returned in 1954, it was held on a circuit at the city of Agadir for sports cars.

A new circuit at Ain-Diab near Casablanca was ready for the 1957 Moroccan Grand Prix Formula One race. This race did not counttoward the World Championship. The only World Championship F1 race was in 1958. The race was marred by the death of Stuart Lewis-Evans. This was the last Grand Prix organized in Morocco.

Winners of the Moroccan Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers) 
No driver won the Moroccan Grand Prix more than one time.

 Repeat winners (constructors) 

Active constructors are in bold.Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

 By year Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a'' pink background.

Formula One Grands Prix
Casablanca
1925 establishments
20th-century establishments in Morocco
1958 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Africa
Swinging London is a catch-all term applied to the fashion and cultural scene which flourished in London, in the 1960s.

It was a phenomenon which emphasized the young, the new and the modern. It was a period of optimism and  hedonism, and a cultural revolution. One catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II hard times had lasted through much of the 1950s. Journalist Christopher Booker, a founder of the satirical magazine Private Eye, recalled the "bewitching" character of the swinging sixties: "There seemed to be no one standing outside the bubble, and observing just how odd and shallow and egocentric and even rather horrible it was".

"Swinging London" was defined by Time magazine in its issue of 15 April 1966,<ref name="Gilbert-3">'Most famous (if not the first) identification of Swinging London Gilbert, David (2006) "'The youngest legend in history': cultures of consumption and the mythologies of Swinging London" The London Journal 31(1): 1–14 doi:10.1179/174963206X113089</ref> and celebrated in the name of the pirate radio station, Swinging Radio England, that began shortly afterward. However, "swinging" in the sense of hip or fashionable, had been used since the early 1960s. In 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of  Vogue magazine, said "London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment".

Although The Beatles came from Liverpool, The Rolling Stones,  and the rest of the new culture was London-based. Most of the new fashion designers, models and photographers were young, and packed into a small area in Soho around Carnaby Street, W1., and another area round the King's Road, Chelsea.Decharne, Max 2005. King's Road, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London.

Fashion & symbols
During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in Queen magazine, which drew attention to fashion designer Mary Quant.Ros Horton, Sally Simmons, 2007. Women Who Changed the World

The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the world's first supermodels. She was the world's highest paid and most photographed model of the time. Shrimpton was called "The face of the '60s", in which she has been considered by many as "the symbol of Swinging London", and the "embodiment of the 1960s". Other popular models of the era included Veruschka, and Twiggy. Twiggy was called "the Queen of Mod", a label she shared with others, such as Cathy McGowan, who hosted the television rock show, Ready Steady Go!'' from 1964 to 1966.

Mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and the Kings Road, Chelsea. The fashion was a symbol of youth culture.

The British flag, the Union Flag, became a symbol, assisted by events such as England's home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini car (launched in 1959) was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising which covered their paintwork.

References 

1960s in the United Kingdom
British culture
Fashion
London
Manon Lescaut is an Italian opera in four acts by Giacomo Puccini, first performed in Turin, on February 1, 1893, libretto by Luigi Illica, Giuseppe Giacosa, Giulio Ricordi, Marco Praga and  Domenico Oliva. Puccini's third opera and the work that established his reputation.

Principal roles

 Manon - soprano
 des Grieux - tenor
 Lescaut - baritone
 Geronte - bass  
 Edmondo - tenor

Reference

The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

operas
The Caesars Palace Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race in 1981 and 1982. Nissan/Datsun was a presenting sponsor of both races.

When Watkins Glen left the F1 schedule after 1980, the Caesars Palace GP took its place. The track was set up in the parking lot of the Caesars Palace hotel. It was surprisingly well set up for a temporary circuit. It was wide enough for passing, provided ample run-off areas filled with sand, and had a surface that was as smooth as glass. Its counter-clockwise direction put a tremendous strain on the drivers' necks. 1982 was the end of Formula One racing in Las Vegas. The races had drawn only tiny crowds.

In 1983 and 1984, CART ran Grands Prix races on the same circuit.

Winners of the Caesars Palace Grand Prix 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Related pages
 United States Grand Prix

References

Other websites 
F1 Rejects article 

Formula One Grands Prix
1981 in sports
1982 in sports
1981 in the United States
1982 in the United States
20th century in Nevada
The Detroit Grand Prix is a car racing event held in Detroit, Michigan, USA. From 1982 to 1988 it was a part of the Formula One series. It has been a part of the IndyCar Series since 1988.

In 1982, the U.S. became the first country to host three World Championship Grands Prix in one season. As of 2010, it is the only one to do so. In addition to the US GP West and Caesars Palace GP races, the new event was held on another street course, in the Renaissance Center of Detroit.

The original circuit had seventeen corners in 2.493 miles, and included a tunnel and a railroad track crossing. For 1989, it was planned to move the Grand Prix to a new circuit at Belle Isle. However, an agreement could not be reached, and the Grand Prix moved to Phoenix in 1989. Upon the departure of F1, the Detroit race was replaced by an event sanctioned by CART, which was held on the same track except the 18th turn, a chicane, was removed. In 1992, the race was moved to Belle Isle, an island in the Detroit River. Since then, the race has been held at Belle Isle. It was canceled after the 2001 race before being held in 2007 and 2008. The race returned for 2012 and has been on the IndyCar series schedule since.

Winners

Repeat winners (drivers)

Repeat winners (constructors)

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)

* Built by Cosworth

By year

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Related pages
 United States Grand Prix
 United States Grand Prix West
 Caesars Palace Grand Prix
 Dallas Grand Prix

Formula One Grands Prix
Detroit, Michigan
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Michigan
1988 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Michigan
The Swiss Grand Prix (, ) was the motor race of Switzerland. In its later years it was a Formula One race.

Grand Prix racing started in Switzerland in 1934. The Bremgarten circuit was just outside the town of Bremgarten, near Bern. The Swiss Grand Prix counted toward the European Championship from 1935 to 1939.

The Bremgarten track remained the home of the Swiss Grand Prix until 1954. In 1958, motor racing was banned by the Swiss government as an unsafe spectator sport. The was in reaction following the death of 80 people at the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans race. The Swiss Grand Prix did return for two more races, but at the Dijon-Prenois circuit, just across the border in France. In 1975 it was a non-Championship Grand Prix. One Championship F1 race was held in 1982.

Winners of the Swiss Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Year by year

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Formula One Grands Prix