Chess Records was an American record label from Chicago, Illinois. It was founded by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess. The label was important for blues, R&B, soul, gospel music and early Rock and roll. The label soon was very successful because it recorded music the major labels did not. The label was originally at 2120 S. Michigan Avenue. The site is now home of Willie Dixons Blues Heaven Foundation.

A critic said, that without Chess Record today's music would sound different. Another calls Chess Records "America's greatest blues label".

History
In 1947 Leonard Chess bought a label called Aristocrat Records. In 1950 Leonard brought in his brother Phil and they renamed tha label to Chess Records. The first release was "My Foolish Heart" b/w "Bless You" by Gene Ammon, which became a hit. In 1952 they started Checker Records for radio play because the stations only played a limited number  of songs from one label and in December 1955 the started Argo Records for jazz music. The first LP was produced in 1958.

In the beginning Leonard Chess was the producer, but later the business was handled by Ralph Bass for the gospel section and Willie Dixon for blues. Dixon wrote a lot of songs which became hits and also played bass on many recordings. The label was also famous for its session musicans who played on most of the company's Chicago soul recordings, such as drummer Maurice White and bassist Louis Satterfield, both later shaped the  funk group Earth, Wind, & Fire, guitarists Pete Cosey, Gerald Sims and Phil Upchurch, pianist Leonard Caston, later a producer with Motown and organist Sonny Thompson. 1953 they begun to work together with Sam Phillips' Memphis Recording Service. One of the musicians from Memphis was Howlin' Wolf, who did many hits for Chess.

In 1969 the label was sold to General Recorded Tape (GRT)  and 1972 the only part of the business which still existed was the recording studio, Ter-Mar Studios. In the mid-eighties the catalogue of Chess Records was sold to MCA Records. The 50th anniversary of Chess Records was celebrated by a number of Cds featuring great artist who had recorded for Chess. In the 2000s, Universal's limited-edition re-issue label, Hip-O Select began releasing a series of box-sets celebrating the work of Chess artists as Muddy Waters, Little Walter, Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry.

Cadillac Records
Chess Records was subject of the 2008 film "Cadillac Records" by Darnell Martin. Beside the portrait of Leonard Chess (Adrien Brody) it brought to the cinema the characters of Willie Dixon (Cedric the Entertainer), Muddy Waters (Jeffrey Wright), Little Walter (Columbus Short) and Etta James (Beyoncé Knowles).

List of Chess Records artists

1950s

Gene Ammons
Chuck Berry
Eddie Bo
Big Bill Broonzy
Bobby Charles
Bo Diddley
Willie Dixon (songwriter)
The Flamingos
Lowell Fulson
Benny Goodman
Buddy Guy
Dale Hawkins
Clarence "Frogman" Henry
Howlin' Wolf
Etta James
Lafayette Leake
John Lee Hooker
J. B. Lenoir
Willie Mabon
Jimmy McCracklin
Memphis Slim
Little Milton
The Moonglows
Jimmy Rogers
Little Walter
Washboard Sam
Muddy Waters
Jody Williams
Sonny Boy Williamson II

1960s

Fontella Bass
Jan Bradley
Gene Chandler
Tony Clarke
Mitty Collier
Dave "Baby" Cortez
Sugar Pie DeSanto
The Dells
Clarence 'Frogman' Henry
Knight Brothers
Denise LaSalle
Laura Lee
Ramsey Lewis Trio
Moms Mabley
Pigmeat Markham
Bobby Moore & The Rhythm Aces
James Phelps
Sidney Pinchback
The Radiants
Jackie Ross
Rotary Connection
Shel Silverstein
Billy Stewart
Sonny Stitt
Koko Taylor
Tommy Tucker
Slappy White
Larry Williams

Reading
Cohodas, Nadine (2000). Spinning Blues into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records. New York: St. Martins.

References

Other websites 
 Former Chess Records Studio Historic Landmark 
 The Chess Story
  Chess Records
 Willie Dixon's Blues Heaven Foundation
Interview with Marshall Chess

Blues music
American record labels
Blues labels
Music in Chicago
1950 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Illinois