cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Civil Disobedience (Resistance to Civil Government) is a text by Henry David Thoreau. It was first printed in 1849. It says that people should not allow a government to order them to do wrong things.

About "Civil Disobedience" 
In 1848, Thoreau lectured at the Concord Lyceum (a place for people to meet and learn in the town of Concord, Massachusetts). The words of the lecture were later printed with the name Resistance to Civil Government in 1849. Now many people call it "Civil Disobedience" which means: "not doing what the government orders you to do."

In the early 1840s Thoreau stopped paying his "poll tax" (a tax that is the same amount for everybody). He was angry that the government used tax money to make people slaves and to war with Mexico. Thoreau did not want to help them do these things. In 1846 the tax agent put Thoreau in prison for one night. Thoreau wrote Civil Disobedience to say why he would not pay.

Summary 
Thoreau says governments are more bad than good, and society without government would be more good. Letting people vote does not make government good, because people may vote for bad things. One person with their conscience (their feeling of right and wrong) may make decisions that are more good than decisions made by governments or by most of the people who vote.

Thoreau says the United States government, because it makes people slaves, cannot be his government. People should end such a government. To end a government is difficult, but because the government is so bad, we must end it anyway.

Most of the people Thoreau was talking to also did not like slavery or the war with Mexico. But Thoreau said they must do more than to dislike these things, or to vote against these things, or to hope these things will end. They must also stop supporting these things by paying taxes. If the government puts you in prison because you do not pay taxes, then it is good to be in prison because, if the government is bad, prison is the right place for good people. If the government attempted to put all good people in prison, the government would end first, and this would be a revolution of peace.

It is easier to be brave if you have less that the government can take from you. So Thoreau suggests that people own less, and that they value what is good and not value property only.

Famous people who liked "Civil Disobedience"

Mohandas Gandhi 
Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi (or Mahatma Gandhi) liked what Thoreau wrote. In 1907, when Gandhi was starting his first satyagraha fight in South Africa, he printed a short outline of Civil Disobedience that he wrote in an Indian language. He said that Civil Disobedience was the largest cause for the end of slavery in America, and that Indians in South Africa should learn from that example.

Martin Luther King, Jr. 
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. also liked what Thoreau wrote. In his autobiography, he wrote that Thoreau taught him that it is as important not to help bad people as it is to help good people. He said that Thoreau's lessons "came alive" in the civil rights movement.

References

Essays
1849
Civil disobedience
Osvaldo Ardiles (born 3 August 1952) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1973||Instituto Córdoba||Primera División||14||3
|-
|1974||Belgrano||Primera División||16||2
|-
|1975||rowspan="4"|Huracán||rowspan="4"|Primera División||||
|-
|1976||||
|-
|1977||||
|-
|1978||||

|-
|1978/79||rowspan="5"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="5"|First Division||38||3
|-
|1979/80||40||3
|-
|1980/81||36||5
|-
|1981/82||26||2
|-
|1982/83||2||0

|-
|1982/83||Paris Saint-Germain||Division 1||14||1

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="5"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="5"|First Division||9||0
|-
|1984/85||11||2
|-
|1985/86||23||1
|-
|1986/87||25||0
|-
|1987/88||28||0
|-
|1987/88||Blackburn Rovers||Second Division||5||0
|-
|1988/89||Queens Park Rangers||First Division||8||0
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Swindon Town||rowspan="2"|Second Division||2||0
|-
|1990/91||0||0
143||16
253||16
14||1
410||33
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||53||8
|}

References

1952 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentine football managers
The Lehigh Valley Ironpigs is a minor league baseball affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies.  They play in Coca-Cola Park in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The brand new Coca-Cola Park, which opened for the start of the IronPigs' first season in 2008, seats up to 8,100, with a capacity of 10,000, and cost $50.25 million to complete. In 2012, Forbes ranked the IronPigs as the second most valuable franchise in Minor League Baseball.

References

Other websites 
Lehigh Valley IronPigs official website
Lehigh Valley IronPigs at The (Allentown) Morning Call
"The Hog Blog," a blog on the Lehigh Valley IronPigs by The (Allentown) Morning Call
Bacon & Biscuits – Blog about the Lehigh Valley IronPigs 
Noise Nation's The Horn & Bell – Blog about the Lehigh Valley Sports

Baseball teams
Philadelphia Phillies
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Jack Bauer is the main character in the television series 24.  He works at the Counter Terrorist Unit as a field agent.

Other websites
Jack Bauer's Official Character Profile

Television characters
Christine Schürrer, (born  30 June 1976 in Hannover) is a German criminal. On March 17, 2008, she murdered two Swedish children and seriously injured their mother after attacking them in their Arboga, Sweden home. The reason for the murders has been identified as jealousy as Christine had dated the children's stepfather on a holiday in 2006. 

On August 26, 2008, Christine was found guilty of the murders and the assault on the mother.

References 

1976 births
Living people
German criminals
People from Hanover
Kampen is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 54,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in Salland, Kop van Overijssel and IJsselvallei regions.

It is home of football team DOS Kampen.

The city of Kampen 
The city of Kampen lies on the western side of the IJssel river. On the other side lies IJsselmuiden, which is the second largest settlement in the municipality of Kampen.

Kampen received city rights in 1236. It joined the Hanseatic League around 1440 and used to be an important port. Kampen has one of the old town centres in best condition of the Netherlands.

Famous people from Kampen 
 Hendrick Avercamp (27 January 1585, - 15 May 1634, nicknamed "de Stomme van Kampen" (The Mute of Kampen)), is a painter best known for his small winter landscapes. Thea Beckman showed him as a character in some books. In Kampen, a street (Avercampstraat) and a café are named after him.
 Dr. Willem Johan Kolff, (born: 14 February 1911, Leiden) inventor of the artificial kidney. A street in Kampen is named after him (Dr. Kolfflaan).
 Petra van Staveren (born: 1966, Kampen), a swimmer who won the golden medal in the 100 metres breaststroke at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.

Sister cities 
The sister cities of Kampen are:

  Soest
  Meinerzhagen
  Pápa
  Eilat

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Other websites 
 Kampen in Oude ansichten (Old postcards from Kampen)
 7 Medieval Cities Website
 A Windmill in Kampen

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Spiro Mounds is an archaeological site run by the Oklahoma Historical Society and open to the public. It is in Eastern Oklahoma, near the modern town of Spiro. It is one of the most important pre-Columbian sites in the United States.

Other websites 
 Spiro Mounds Archaeological Park 

Oklahoma
Archaeological sites in the United States
The Loire River is the longest river in France. It is 1,013 km long. It originates in the Massif Central. Its mouth is near Nantes by the Atlantic Ocean. The Loire gives its name to 6 French departments. For years, the Loire was very important for France's commerce. When the railway developed in the 19th century, it put an end to its importance.

Tributaries

The Loire's tributaries include the following rivers, in order going upstream:
 Acheneau (near Le Pellerin)
 Sèvre Nantaise (in Nantes)
 Erdre (in Nantes)
 Layon (in Chalonnes-sur-Loire)

Maine (near Angers) 
Mayenne (near Angers)
Sarthe (near Angers)
Loir (near Angers)
Ernée (in Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne)
Braye (in Pont-de-Braye)
Aigre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
Yerre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
Conie (near Châteaudun)
Ozanne (in Bonneval)
Huisne (in Le Mans)
Thouet (near Saumur)
Dive (near Saint-Just-sur-Dive)
Losse (near Montreuil-Bellay)
Argenton (near Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay)
Thouaret (near Taizé)
Cébron (near Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet)
Palais (near Parthenay)
Viette (near Parthenay)
Vienne (in Candes-Saint-Martin)
Creuse (north of Châtellerault)
Gartempe (in La Roche-Posay)
Clain (in Châtellerault)
Indre (east of Montsoreau)
Cher (in Villandry)
Sauldre (in Selles-sur-Cher)
Arnon (near Vierzon)
Yèvre (in Vierzon)
Auron (in Bourges)
Beuvron (in Chaumont-sur-Loire)
Loiret (in Orléans)
Allier (near Nevers)
Sioule (near Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule)
Dore (near Puy-Guillaume)
Allagnon (near Jumeaux)
Ance (in Monistrol-d'Allier)
Nièvre (in Nevers)
Acolin (near Decize)
Aron (in Decize)
Besbre (near Dompierre-sur-Besbre)
Arroux (in Digoin)
Furan (in Andrézieux-Bouthéon)

Rivers of France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Centre-Val de Loire
Pays de la Loire
The Massif Central is a high region in south-central France. It has  mountains and plateaux. it covers 15% of the country. The geological history of the massif is complicated. It is ancient, and many things have happened to it.

Many extinct volcanos can be found there. It has the largest concentration in the world with 450 volcanos. The Auvergne Volcanoes National Park is in the massif. The Massif is separated from the Alps by the valley of the Rhone.

These departments are usually considered as part of the Massif Central: Allier, Ardèche, Aveyron, Cantal, Corrèze, Creuse, Haute-Loire, Haute-Vienne, Loire, Lot, Lozère, and Puy-de-Dôme.

Mountains 
Here are some well-known mountains in the massif central:
Puy de Dôme (1464 m)
Puy de Sancy (1886 m)
Plomb du Cantal (1855 m)
Mont Lozère (1702 m), the highest non-volcanic summit
Mont Aigoual (1567 m), near Le Vigan

Geography 
The Massif Central is a very important mountain range in France. It is the fourth highest, the Alps, the Pyrénées, and Corsica are higher; Jura, Vosges, Morvan and Ardennes are lower.

References 

Mountain ranges
Volcanoes of Europe
Mountains of France
The aricle about a game played for entertainment is at game
Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated. Small birds, ground game (such as squirrels and rabbits), and big game (such as deer and moose) are usually hunted. Game animals are also hunted for sport. In Britain, game birds usually means partridge, grouse, and quail. Today, most countries have game laws. In some countries hunting is a part of well preserved tradition that is kept alive as a part of national identity.

References 

Animals
Meat
Johnny Shines (April 26, 1915 – April 20, 1992) was an American blues singer and guitarist.

Life 
He was called John Ned Shines when he was born, in Frayser, Tennessee.  He spent most of his childhood in Memphis playing slide guitar for money on the streets.  He listened to and was inspired by Blind Lemon Jefferson and Howlin’ Wolf, but he was taught to play the guitar by his mother.  Shines moved to Hughes, Arkansas in 1932 and worked on farms for three years. "First time I came to Helena was 1932, I think it was. That's the time I met Robert the first time." When he met Robert Johnson, his greatest influence, that gave him inspiration to return to music.  In 1935, Shines began playing with Johnson around the south and heading as far north as Ontario where they appeared on a local radio program.  The two split up in 1937, one year before Johnson died. "He (Johnson) was alright to travel with, he was a good companion to travel with, 'cos he talked a lot and I didn't."

Shines played more in the U.S. South until 1941 when he decided to go back to Canada and then to Africa. He never made it past Chicago. In Chicago, Shines found work in the construction trade and continued to play in  bars.

He made his first recording in 1946 for Columbia Records, but the music was never released.  He later recorded for Chess was still the music was never released.  He kept playing with blues musicians in the Chicago area for several more years. In 1952, Shines recorded for J.O.B. Records record label. The recordings were a failure and Shines sold his guitar and went back to construction.

In 1966, Vanguard Records found Shines taking photographs in a Chicago blues club and had him record tracks for the third installment of Chicago/The Blues/Today! The album has since then become a blues classic.

Shines played with the Chicago All Stars and Lee Jackson, Big Walter Horton and Willie Dixon.  In the late 1960s and 1970s, Shines played with Robert Johnson's stepson, Robert Lockwood, Jr..  In 1980, Shines stopped played after he suffered a stroke. He managed to release one last album, Back To The Country.

In 1989, Shines met a young, blues player called Kent Duchaine, and the two of them played together for the next several years until Shines died.

Shines died on April 20, 1992, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He was put into the Blues Hall of Fame later the same year.

References

Further reading
 
 The Search for Robert Johnson, John Hammond, Columbia Legacy, 1982,

Other websites 
 Illustrated Johnny Shines discography
 1977 live recording of "Kind Hearted Woman" from the Florida Folklife Collection, the State Archives of Florida
 Fan biography

1915 births
1992 deaths
Blues guitarists
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
American guitarists
Chicago blues musicians
The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. It is  long. The bridge goes over the East River. It connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. It is one of the leading landmarks of New York City.

The bridge was built from 1869 to 1883. It was the first fixed crossing of the East River. It was designed by John Roebling. The construction was directed by his son Washington Roebling and Washington's wife, Emily. When it was finished, it was the tallest structure in North America.

The bridge is an official landmark. It has been a National Historic Landmark since 1964. It became a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.

References 

Notes

Other websites
 
 Brooklyn Bridge at New York City Department of Transportation

Bridges in New York City
National Register of Historic Places
Concrete bridges
Brooklyn
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Suspension bridges
1883 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
A red card in sport is a punishment to a player of a team. It is usually given to a player who has broken the rules of the game.

In football (soccer)
In football rules, a red card means that the player is sent off the field, and is not allowed to play in the rest of the match. A player with a red card is automatically banned from his team's next game. In some cases, the player may be banned for multiple games.

Football (soccer) terminology

en:Penalty card#Red card
es:Tarjeta penal#Tarjeta roja
sl:Kazenski karton#Rdeči karton
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Women's Championship was an official championship in World Wrestling Entertainment fought for by divas. The title was unified with the WWE Diva's Championship.

History 
The WWE Women's Championship has descended from the National Wrestling Alliance World Women's Championship when The Fabulous Moolah became champion and held the title close to 30 years. The Title became inactive in 1990 when Rockin' Robin Vacated the Title after departing from the WWF. In 1993 Alundra Blayze won the Title after Winning a Tournament. However the Title became Inactive after Alundra Blayze dropped the Title into a Garbage Can live on WCW Monday Nitro this incident forced her to give up the title.

The WWE Women's Championship was then reactivated in September 1998 when Jacqueline Moore won a match against Sable.

Currently Michelle McCool, Mickie James, Melina Perez and Beth Phoenix are the only divas in the history of the WWE to hold both the WWE Women's Championship and WWE Divas Championship.

Final champion
The final champion was Layla El who defeated Beth Phoenix in a two-on-one handicap match with Michelle McCool on Smackdown and McCool self-proclaimed herself as the co-Women's Champion. The title was unified with the WWE Diva's Championship on September 19, 2010 and retired.

Related pages
 World Wrestling Entertainment
 WWE Diva's Championship
 WWE Women's Championship
 WWE Raw Women's Championship

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 Official Title History at WWE.com

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
KWord is a free word processor, a part of the KOffice project and of the K Desktop Environment.

The text-layout scheme in KWord is based on frames, making it look like Adobe FrameMaker. These can be placed anywhere on the page, and can include text, graphics and embedded objects. Each new page is a new frame, but the text is able to flow through KWord’s ability to link frames together. The use of frames means that complex graphical layouts can be achieved easily in KWord.

History 
KWord was created as part of the KOffice project in 1998 using some ideas from FrameMaker such as the frames approach. The first author said that the application and its code were not the best since it was his first object-oriented application.

In 2000 the KWord application was created in a way that made it very hard to fix problems and nobody was working on the problems anymore. There had not been any official release of the application in all this time. In the same year a new maintainer started working on the application and over the duration of 2000 and the beginning of 2001 they worked to fix any problems in the code of the application.

Related pages
KOffice

Other websites 
Project Homepage 
KWord user manual
koffice.org/filters - List of supported file formats in KWord 
KWord in Windows 

KOffice
Word processors
The 1964–65 NHL season was the 48th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. Jean Beliveau was the winner of the newly introduced Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs. The Montreal Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup since 1960 as they were victorious over the Chicago Black Hawks in a seven-game final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs
For the third straight playoffs, it was Montreal vs. Toronto and Detroit vs. Chicago in the first round. The Canadiens came beat the Leafs in six games, while the Hawks beat the Wings in seven.

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1960s in North America
The Nation of Islam is a religious group. It was founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1930 by Master Fard Muhammad. The main goal of the Nation of Islam is to bring back the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of blacks in the United States. Since 1981, the group has been led by Louis Farrakhan. Malcolm X also was a member.

Basis
The current headquarters for the Nation of Islam is located in Chicago, Illinois. The Nation of Islam is currently lead by the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan through the teachings of the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad. Elijah Muhammad meet Master Farad Muhammad and was directly given lost knowledge to rebuild the children of slavery and bring them back to their original selves.

Main belief 
The main belief of The Nation of Islam is that there is no God but Allah. They say that "Allah" “came in the person of W. D. Fard", who founded the Nation of Islam. Their type of Islam is different from Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. Their teachings under Islamic standards do not allow making any person divine, or treating God as human.

The flag 
The flag of the Nation of Islam has the symbols of the sun, moon, and the stars. It represents the universe. It is also a banner of universal peace and harmony.

What the Nation of Islam believes 

They believe in the One God. This God is called Allah which means "God" in Arabic 
They believe in the Holy Qur'an and in the scriptures of all the prophets of God
They believe in the truth of the Bible, but they believe that it must be reinterpreted
They believe this is the time in history for the separation of the Black children of slavery and the children of their former slave-masters.
They believe that they should have their own names. These names should not be the names they were given by their former slave masters
They believe that God (Allah) appeared in the person of Master W. Fard Muhammad in 1930. They believe that he is the Christian "Messiah" and the Muslim's "Mahdi".
They believe that all people are equal. 
They see and accept the American people as independent. They respect their laws.

References

Other websites 

 Nation of Islam

1930 establishments in the United States
African-American history
Chicago, Illinois
Islam in the United States
Islamic organizations
New religious movements
Organizations based in the United States
The World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling tag team championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is the original world tag team title of WWE. Currently, it is exclusive to the Raw brand and is unified with the WWE Tag Team Championship to make up the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship.

History 
The championship was first introduced into the then World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in 1971. Following its introduction into the WWF Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler became the first WWWF Tag Team Champions on June 3. In 1979 the title became known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Tag Team Championship when the promotion renamed itself World Wrestling Federation

In 2001 at the Survivor Series Pay-per-view during the Invasion Storyline The Hardy Boyz, Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy who were the current World Tag Team Champions and were competing for the World Wrestling Federation took on The Dudley Boys, Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley who were the current WCW World Tag Team Champions and were competing for The Alliance in a title unification match inside a Steel Cage, The Dudley Boys defeated The Hardy Boyz and were named the last WCW Tag Team Champions while also becoming the WWF Tag Team Champions

After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship was referred to as the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Tag Team Championship. After a period where the championship was to be freely defended on either WWE Monday Night Raw or WWE Thursday Night Smackdown the championship became exclusive to the Raw Brand. The current General Manager at this time Stephanie McMahon created new WWE Tag Team Titles which were to be exclusive to the Smackdown Brand.

Related pages
 World Wrestling Entertainment

WWE Raw
Results
Heat Pre-Show: Lance Storm and Chief Morley (champions) defeated Kane and Rob Van Dam
Tag team match for the World Tag Team Championship.
Matt Hardy (champion) (with Shannon Moore) defeated Rey Mysterio
Singles match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship
The Undertaker defeated The Big Show and A-Train.
Handicap Match
Trish Stratus defeated Victoria (champion) (with Steven Richards) and Jazz.
Triple threat for the WWE Women's Championship
Team Angle (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) (champion) defeated Los Guerreros (Eddie and Chavo Guerrero) and Chris Benoit and Rhyno.
Triple threat tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship
Shawn Michaels defeated Chris Jericho.
Stacy Keibler and Torrie Wilson and the Miller Lite Catfight girls, Kitana Baker and Tanya Ballinger fought to a no contest.
Pillow Fight
Triple H (champion) (with Ric Flair) defeated Booker T.
Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)
Hulk Hogan defeated Vince McMahon.
Street Fight Match
The Rock defeated Steve Austin.
Brock Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle (champion).
Singles match for the WWE Championship

2003 in professional wrestling
Sports in Seattle, Washington
WrestleMania 19
2003 in the United States
2000s in Washington (U.S. state)
21st century in Seattle, Washington
WrestleMania 2 was the second annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (although the first WrestleMania was only on pay-per-view in select areas). It took place on April 7, 1986 at three venues: the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, the Rosemont Horizon in Rosemont, Illinois, and the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles, California.

Results

Notes 

 

WrestleMania 02
Sports in Los Angeles
Sports in Chicago, Illinois
Sports in New York
1986 in sports
1986 in the United States
1980s in Chicago
1980s in New York (state)
20th century in Los Angeles, California
1980s in California
April 1986 events
Kill 'Em All is thrash metal band Metallica's first album.  It was released on July 29, 1983. It has sold over three million copies in the United States. When it was released most of the reviews were good. Two singles were released from the album, "Whiplash" and "Jump in the Fire". The album was going to be called Metal Up Your Ass. However, the record label did not want this. The bass player, Cliff Burton said about the record label, "why don't we just kill 'em all?" Then the band decided to use "Kill 'em All" as the album's name.

Track listing
Hit the Lights
The Four Horsemen
Motorbreath
Jump in the Fire
(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth
Whiplash
Phantom Lord
No Remorse
Seek and Destroy
Metal Militia

References

Metallica albums
1983 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
The Red Army Faction or RAF (German Rote Armee Fraktion), was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups. 
It described itself as a communist "urban guerrilla" group engaged in armed resistance, while it was described by the West German government as a terrorist group.
The RAF was formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Möller and others.
The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1993, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn".
It was responsible for 34 deaths including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards—and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence. It ceased activities in 1993 and disbanded in 1998.

1970 establishments in Europe
1998 disestablishments
1970s establishments in Germany
20th-century disestablishments in Germany
Communism
Crime in Germany
West Germany
 
1990s disestablishments in Europe
Loupfougères is a commune of 368 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Mayenne
Madré is a commune of 356 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Parallel ATA is a way to connect storage devices, such as Hard disks, solid-state drives, and CD-ROM drives inside personal computers. The standard is maintained by X3/INCITS committee T13. 

It used to be called Advanced Technology Attachment with Packet Interface (ATA/ATAPI). ATA/ATAPI is the result of a long history of development. It is an evolution of the AT Attachment Interface, which was itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital's original Integrated Drive Electronics interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations exist, including abbreviations such as IDE which are still in common informal use. With the market introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was retroactively renamed Parallel ATA (PATA).

Parallel ATA standards allow cable lengths up to only 18 inches (46 centimeters). Because of this length limit the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface. 
For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application. 
As of 2007, it has largely been replaced by Serial ATA (SATA) in new systems. Older computers based on Parallel ATA are still widely-used in embedded and industrial applications.

Other websites
T13.org

Computer hardware
Computer buses
All the Greatest Hits is an album from the band McFly. They released it on November 5, 2007 and it features all of McFly's UK singles. The album also includes 3 new songs: "The Heart Never Lies", "The Way You Make Me Feel" and "Don't Wake Me Up".

Track listing

Greatest Hits
 Five Colours In Her Hair
 All About You/You've Got A Friend
 Star Girl
 Obviously
 The Heart Never Lies (radio edit)
 Please, Please
 Room On The 3rd Floor
 Don't Stop Me Now
 I'll Be OK
 That Girl
 Baby's Coming Back
 Transylvania
 The Way You Make Me Feel
 Don't Wake Me Up

All the Greatest Hits - Deluxe Fan Edition
 Five Colours In Her Hair
 Obviously
 That Girl
 Room On The 3rd Floor
 All About You
 I'll Be OK
 I Wanna Hold You
 The Ballad Of Paul K
 Ultraviolet
 Please, Please
 Don't Stop Me Now
 Star Girl
 Friday Night
 Sorry's Not Good Enough
 Transylvania
 Baby's Coming Back
 The Heart Never Lies
 The Way You Make Me Feel
 Don't Wake Me Up
 Five Colours In Her Hair (US Version)
 You've Got a Friend
 Memory Lane (Live at the Manchester Arena 2006)

2007 albums
McFly albums
Greatest hits albums
Island Records albums
Death Magnetic is the ninth studio album by heavy metal band Metallica. The album was released September 12, 2008 with the hits The Day That Never Comes, Cyanide, My Apocalypse, The Unforgiven III, and The Judas Kiss.

Track listing 
 That Was Just Your Life
 The End of the Line
 Broken, Beat & Scarred
 The Day That Never Comes
 All Nightmare Long
 Cyanide
 The Unforgiven III
 The Judas Kiss
 Suicide & Redemption
 My Apocalypse

Awards

2009 Grammy nominations 
Death Magnetic was nominated for four Grammy awards. Rick Rubin won "Producer of the Year, Non-Classical" for his work on Death Magnetic, as well as other albums this past year.
 Best Rock Album
 Best Metal Performance ("My Apocalypse")
 Best Rock Instrumental Performance ("Suicide & Redemption")
 Best Recording Package

The album won two Grammys for "Best Metal Performance" and "Best Recording Package" at the 51st Grammy Awards on February 8, 2009.

Chart performance

Album

Singles

Non-singles

References 

Rock albums
2008 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Heavy metal albums
Metallica albums
Tagged Command Queueing (TCQ) is a technology that allows to send multiple read and write requests to a hard drive simultaneously.  ATA TCQ is not identical in function to the more efficient Native Command Queuing (NCQ) used by SATA drives. SCSI TCQ does not suffer from the same limitations as ATA TCQ.

Before TCQ, an operating system was only able to send one request at a time.  In order to boost performance, it had to decide the order of the requests based on its own, possibly incorrect, idea of what the hard drive was doing. With TCQ, the drive can make its own decisions about how to order the requests (and in turn relieve the operating system from having to do so). The result is that TCQ can improve the overall performance of a hard drive if it is implemented correctly.

Overview
For efficiency the sectors should be serviced in order of proximity to the current head position, rather than in the order received. The queue is constantly receiving new requests and fulfilling and removing existing requests, and re-ordering the queue according to the current pending read/write requests and the changing position of the head. The exact reordering algorithm may depend upon the controller and the drive itself, but the host computer simply makes requests as needed, leaving the controller to handle the details.

This queuing mechanism is sometimes referred to as "elevator seeking", as the image of a modern elevator in a building servicing multiple calls and processing them to minimise travel illustrates the idea well.

If the buttons for floors 5, 2, and 4 are pressed in that order with the elevator starting on floor 1, an old elevator would go to the floors in the order requested. A modern elevator processes the requests to stop at floors in the logical order 2, 4, and 5, without unnecessary travel. Non-queueing disk drives service the requests in the order received, like an old elevator; queueing drives service requests in the most efficient order. This may improve performance slightly in a system used by a single user, but really comes into its own in a system with many users, making requests all over the disk surface.

References

Computer science
Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is a technology designed to increase performance of SATA hard disks on computers. It can do this under certain situations by allowing the individual hard disk to internally optimize the order in which it executes the read and write requests it received. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement and resulting in better performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple read/write requests are outstanding at the same time. This situation most often occurs in server-type applications. However, the current (as of 2004) technology actually slows down HD access in certain applications, like games and sequential reads and writes, because of the added latency induced by NCQ logic.

Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ). ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system. The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for TCQ. 

NCQ differs from PATA TCQ in that the command re-ordering is performed by the drive rather than the operating system, and each command is equal in importance. This is preferable since the drive has the most knowledge of its performance characteristics, and is able to take rotational position into account. NCQ and PATA TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 in-flight commands (31 in practice), while SCSI TCQ has a maximum queue length of 264 in-flight commands.

For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself. The appropriate device driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter. Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which should allow a generic driver supplied by the operating system to control them and enable NCQ. In fact, newer mainstream Linux kernels support AHCI natively. Unfortunately, Windows XP requires the installation of a vendor-specific driver even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter. Windows Vista corrects this situation by including a generic AHCI driver.

Related pages
 Tagged Command Queuing

References

Other websites 
Tom's Hardware Analysis of Hype vs. Reality

Storage devices
La Pellerine is a commune of 291 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Mayenne
The Orne (61) is a department in France. It is in the Normandy region. Its prefecture is Alençon and its sub-prefectures are Argentan and Mortagne-au-Perche. The department's name comes from the river Orne which flows through it.

History 
The Orne was one of the original 83 departments created in 1790.

Geography 

The department borders several other departments:
 Calvados
 Manche
 Mayenne
 Sarthe
 Eure-et-Loir
 Eure

There is also a 105,000 ha forest called forêt des Andaines (Andaines Forest).

Culture 

The Orne is famous for its:
 Camembert
 Pommeau
 Poiré
 Cidre
 Calvados

It is also known to be famous for its trotting horses.

Monuments 

(A château is a castle in French)
 Château of Sassy
 Château médiéval de Domfront
 Château of Couterne
 Château of La Ferté-Fresnel at La Ferté-Frênel
 Château of Carrouges

Departments in Normandy
Carlos Edwin "Carly" Colón, Jr. (born on February 21 1979) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler better known internationally by his ring name Carlito. 

He was best known for his time that he spent with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he won the Intercontinental Championship, the United States Championship and the World Tag Team Championship and WWE Tag Team Championship with his brother Primo. Colon was released by the WWE on 21 May 2010. Since then, he is wrestling on the independent circuit.

He is also a Canadian citizen since the new citizenship laws went into effect in Canada on April 18, 2009, which automatically gave him citizenship as well as citizenship (retroactive to date of birth) to all individuals born outside of Canada in the first generation born abroad to a Canadian parent (he was born in the first generation abroad – Puerto Rico – to a Canadian mother).

References

1979 births
Canadian professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Puerto Rican professional wrestlers
People from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Steven John "Steve" Carell (born August 16, 1962) is an American actor, comedian, producer, writer and director. His father is of Italian and German descent, and his mother was of Polish ancestry. Carell is best known for his comedic work as Michael Scott in The Office and The Daily Show. 

He played Andy Stitzer in The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Gru in Despicable Me and Despicable Me 2 and John Eleuthère du Pont in Foxcatcher.  He has appeared on Saturday Night Live.

He starred as Donald Rumsfeld in the 2018 comedy Vice. In 2020, he starred as General Mark R. Naird in the Netflix sitcom Space Force.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Comedians from Massachusetts
Comedy Central personalities
Movie producers from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
1962 births
Living people
Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori () (1149 – March 15, 1206) was sultan of the Ghurid Empire. He ruled from 1173 to 1202 along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad. He also ruled from 1202 to 1206. He was known as Muhammad of Ghor. His birth name was Shihab ad-Din.

Mu'izz ad-Din was one of greatest ruler of the Ghurid dynasty. He is also known as founder of Muslim rule in Indian subcontinent. He ruled over a large part of subcontinent, which is now part of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, north India, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

In 1173 Mu'izz ad-Din took the city of Ghazni from Mahmud of Ghazni which he did to avenge the death of his ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri. He used this city as a base for expansion into northern India. In the meantime, he helped his brother Ghiyath to win over Khwarazmian Empire for the lordship of Khorasan in Western Asia. In 1175, Mu'izz captured Multan from the Hamid Ludi dynasty, which were Muslim Pashtun, and also took Uch in 1175. He also occupied the Ghaznavid principality of Lahore in 1186, which was the last place of safety of his Persianised enemies. After the death of Ghiyath in 1202, he became the successor of the Ghurid Empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206.

After struggle among the remaining Ghuri leaders, Khwarizmi took over the Ghurid Sultanate in about 1215. Though the Ghurid's empire was short, and after them Timurids took over the Ghurid empire. Mu'izz's laid the foundations of Muslim rule in India. Qutbu l-Din Aibak, a former slave (Mamluk) of Mu'izz, was the first Sultan of Delhi.

Early life 
Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad was born in 1149 in the Ghor region, which is now Afghanistan. The exact date of his birth is unknown. His father, Baha al-Din Sam I, was the local ruler of the Ghor region at that time. Mu'izz also had an elder brother named Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. During their early life, Mu'izz and Ghiyath were imprisoned by their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn, but were later released by their uncle's son Sayf al-Din Muhammad. When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid nobles supported Ghiyath as their leader, and helped him to took over the throne. Ghiyath shortly gave Mu'izz control over Istiyan and Kajuran. However, the throne was challenged by many Ghurid chiefs during which Mu'izz helped his brother Ghiyath in defeating and killing a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas.

References 

1206 deaths
1149 births
Vincent Anthony "Vince" Vaughn (born March 28, 1970) is an American movie actor.

Movies

References 

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Actors from Chicago
Comedians from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Comedians from Chicago
Owen Cunningham Wilson (born November 18, 1968) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor, comedian, producer and screenwriter.

Early life
Wilson was born in Dallas, to photographer Laura (Cunningham) Wilson and Robert Andrew Wilson. He has an older brother, Andrew, and a younger brother, Luke. Both brothers are also involved in movie making.

Wilson went to the University of Texas at Austin. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English.

Personal life
The Sheryl Crow album C'mon C'mon has the song "Safe and Sound". The liner notes say it is about Wilson and Crow's relationship.

On August 26, 2007, Wilson was taken to St. John's Health Center. It was reported as a suicide attempt. He was later moved to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. His lawyer later said that Wilson had depression. A few days later, Wilson withdrew from starring in Tropic Thunder.

He dated Kate Hudson in 2006. The pair broke up. It was widely reported that he tried to commit suicide in 2007 after the relationship with Hudson ended. In 2008, it was reported the pair were to marry. However the two would again break up and make up a number of times over 2008 and 2009.

On January 10, 2011, Wilson's representative said that Wilson and his girlfriend, Jade Duell, were expecting a baby. Just four days later, on January 14, it was Duell gave birth in Hawaii to a baby boy, Robert Ford Wilson.

Wilson is a fan of several Dallas-area professional sports teams. He has been spotted at Dallas Cowboys, Dallas Mavericks and Texas Rangers games. He is also a supporter of the English football team Chelsea F.C..

Wilson's bumped nose is because he broke it twice. Once was during a high school fight, and once playing football with friends.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

References

Actors from Dallas, Texas
American movie actors
American screenwriters
Writers from Texas
1968 births
Living people
People's Choice Award winners
Luke Cunningham Wilson (born September 21, 1971) is an American movie actor.

Movies 

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Seth Aaron Rogen (born April 15, 1982) is a Canadian actor, comedian, director, producer, and writer.

Early life
Rogen was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. His parents are Sandy Belogus and Mark Rogen.

Filmography

References 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian comedians
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Canadian voice actors
Jewish actors
Writers from British Columbia
Rainn Dietrich Wilson (born January 20, 1966) is an Emmy-nominated and Screen Actors Guild Award-winning American actor. He is known for his roles as the egomaniacal Dwight Schrute on the American television sitcom The Office.

Wilson follows the Bahá'í Faith, and has spoken publicly about other Bahá'ís who have been punished in Iran for being Bahá'ís.

References

Other websites

Actors from Seattle, Washington
American television actors
American television directors
1966 births
Living people
Bahá'ís
American bloggers
The Office is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American television sitcom airing on National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and developed by Greg Daniels. It is an American adaptation of the BBC series with the same name. It is set in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Characters
Michael Scott is played by Steve Carell
Dwight Schrute is played by Rainn Wilson
Andy Bernard is played by Ed Helms
Pam Halpert is played by Jenna Fischer
Jim Halpert is played by John Krasinski
Stanley Hudson is played by Leslie David Baker
Phyllis Lapin-Vance is played by Phyllis Smith
Angela Martin is played by Angela Kinsey
Kevin Malone is played by Brian Baumgartner
Oscar Martinez is played by Oscar Nunez
Erin Hannon is played by Ellie Kemper
Ryan Howard is played by B. J. Novak
Meredith Palmer is played by Kate Flannery 
Creed Bratton is played by Creed Bratton 
Toby Flenderson is played by Paul Lieberstein
Kelly Kapoor is played by Mindy Kaling 
Darryl Philbin is played by Craig Robinson
Nellie Bertram is played by Catherine Tate
Karen Filippelli is played by Rashida Jones
Holly Flax is played by Amy Ryan
Robert California is played by James Spader
Jo Bennett is played by Kathy Bates
Gabe Lewis is played by Zach Woods
Hank the security guard is played by Hugh Dane
Jan Levinson is played by Melora Hardin
David Wallace is played by Andy Buckley

2005 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
2000s American workplace television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace television series
2010s satirical television series
American satirical television series
American television series based on British television series
American workplace comedy television series
Emmy Award winning programs
NBC network shows
Office comedy television series
Peabody Award winners
Pennsylvania in fiction
Scranton, Pennsylvania
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
English-language television programs
Kevin George Knipfing (born April 26, 1965), known professionally as Kevin James, is an American comedian and Emmy Award-nominated actor. He is known for his portrayal of lead character Doug Heffernan on the television sitcom The King Of Queens, and Eric Lamonsoff in Grown Ups and Grown Ups 2.

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York
Comedians from New York