cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Knob and tube wiring (abbreviated K&T) was an early type of electrical wiring. It was commonly used from the 1880s to the early 1940s, and is occasionally, but very rarely, still used today. In knob and tube wiring, wires were held to the wooden structure by ceramic knobs, and were protected by ceramic tubes when they went through a piece of wood. Wires were held to the knobs by another piece of non-conducting wire. A material called loom protected the wire when it entered a junction box, which usually contained an outlet, switch, or light fixture. Splices were soldered together and wrapped in cloth electrical tape. The insulation on knob and tube wiring was usually cotton cloth soaked in asphalt. To prevent short circuits, the hot and neutral wires were kept far apart. This is not necessary on modern wiring because modern insulation alone is enough to prevent short circuits. Knob and tube wiring did not have a ground wire and therefore did not have three-prong outlets. Most electrical codes allow the use of a GFCI to update knob and tube outlets to three-prong without installing any new wire.

Safety 
Knob and tube wiring used cloth insulation. Over time this insulation can wear out, become brittle, and fall off, leaving bare wire. The ceramic knobs and tubes provide some protection because even if the insulation does fall off, the bare wire can not touch the wooden structure. The insulation is also somewhat flammable. Some knob and tube insulation intended for industrial use contained asbestos, which reduced the risk of fire, but can cause cancer. Unlike modern wiring, splices were not contained in a protective box. If a splice failed, it could make a spark and start a fire. The fuse boxes usually had no protection from using an incorrect fuse. An incorrect fuse could cause the wiring to overheat and become damaged or start a fire. Another problem is that when a fuse blew, people who didn't know or didn't care about the hazards would sometimes replace it with a coin or a ball of foil if a replacement fuse wasn't available, leaving no overload protection at all. These issues can be partially corrected by installing a modern circuit breaker panel with arc fault circuit interrupter breakers. There was also no ground wire. Knob and tube can be updated with a GFCI to add the equivalent of grounding. There is generally no need to replace knob and tube wiring if it is in good condition.

Unusual wiring layouts 
Unlike modern wiring, knob and tube supply and return wires were not always alongside each other. In the oldest installations, several branch circuits could share the same neutral wire, which can cause overloads. To prevent overloads in this layout, the neutral wires were protected with fuses. If a neutral fuse blew or was removed, it could create a dangerous condition where the power appeared to be off, but was in fact still present. Three-way switches could also be wired in such a way that the outer ring of a lamp socket, which is normally connected to neutral, could be connected to hot, which is an electric shock hazard.

Related pages
Aluminum wiring
National Electrical Code

Electrical wiring
Construction
Post-postmodernism is a general term used to describe new developments emerging from postmodernism. A similar term is metamodernism. These terms are not always accepted: for example, they are not in the Tate Guide to modern art terms.

History
Modernism began around 1900. It was a rejection of tradition and an attempt to see the world differently. Events such as World War 2 and the Great Depression made many feel modernism had failed. This led to postmodernism, which is cold and skeptical of the grand narrative of Western Society. This grand narrative is explained by Jean-François Lyotard as something. Postmodernism is a very broad term that cannot be defined by specific themes. It is an all-encompassing way of thinking.

Postmodernism is seen as a theory for explaining 20th Century culture. With the 20th Century now behind us and a new century beginning, many have suggested that Postmodernism is outdated in our current world. Advances such as the internet have changed the way we live, making the world a smaller place but also making communication and interaction with things around us less intimate. Post-Postmodernism takes this as a key reason why a return to sincerity and authentic expression is the way forward for the 21st Century.

Definitions
Post-postmodernism is a very new idea that is still forming. There are many different ideas about how post-postmodernism could evolve and shape culture. They look to where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to overcome postmodern irony.

References

Art movements
Philosophical movements and positions
A short circuit is a problem in an electrical circuit where two or more wires that are not supposed to come in contact with each other touch.  A short circuit can result in a very high current flowing through the circuit. The high current can destroy components, melt insulation and start a fire. If there is enough voltage, it can also cause an explosion called arc flash. Circuit breakers and fuses are devices that detect short circuits and (usually) shut the power off before any damage can be done.

A "short circuit" also happens when there is a bypass of electrical current. As electricity is "lazy", when there is a bypass without a "load" (e.g. Bulb), it will travel that route of least electrical impedance.

The term "short circuit" is frequently  misused to describe any electrical problem.

Electricity
A circuit breaker is a device designed to shut off an electrical circuit when too much current is flowing. This usually occurs if too many devices are plugged in or if there is a short circuit. Circuit breakers are usually installed in the electrical panel. Some circuit breakers also have GFCI protection. Inside the circuit breaker, there is usually an electromagnetic coil. When too much current flows through the coil, it pulls on the switch, shutting the power off. The coil reacts to immediate short circuits. There is also a bimetal strip that will bend and pull on the switch if it gets too hot. This reacts to extended periods of too much current. 

Some advanced circuit breakers monitor current electronically, and shut the power off when an electronic sensor detects too much current. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker does not need to be replaced to be reset, except in some severe cases such as very high-current short circuits and lightning strikes that may damage the circuit breaker.

Types

By voltage level
 Low voltage circuit breaker.
 Medium voltage circuit breaker.
 High voltage circuit breaker.

By medium of arc suppression
 Air circuit breaker
 CO2 circuit breaker
 Disconnecting circuit breaker 
 Oil circuit breaker
 Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker

Related pages
 Electricity

Electrical wiring
The Merchant of Venice is a play written by William Shakespeare. The date the play was written in unknown, but the play was mentioned in 1598 in Francis Mere's Wit's Treasury. A date of 1596-1597 is now accepted. Shakespeare's source was Il Pecorone by Ser Giovanni, a 14th century  Florentine writer.

The Merchant of Venice was first published in 1600. It was published again in 1619, and then in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. The play has been made into television programs many times and also into some movies. Three operas are based on the play.

Story
Bassanio is an aristocratic but poor young man of Venice. He has fallen in love with Portia, a beautiful young lady of Belmont.  Bassanio needs money to woo the lady. He asks his friend Antonio, the merchant of Venice, for a loan. 

Antonio's money is tied-up in business ventures. Antonio borrows money from a Jewish moneylender named Shylock. Antonio signs a bond agreeing to give Shylock a pound of his flesh if the money is not repaid on a certain date. Bassanio uses the money to travel to Belmont. He wins Portia's love.

Antonio cannot repay the borrowed money on time. Shylock insists on the pound of flesh as stated in the bond. The case goes to court. Portia disguises herself as a lawyer. She says that Shylock's bond is cruel. His insistence on the terms of the bond is just, but justice must be softened with mercy but Shylock does not relent. Portia then traps Shylock in the loopholes of his own bond and thus Shylock is not only forced to release Antonio but also give away his wealth and religion.

Plays by William Shakespeare
is a Japanese naval officer, academic, writer and senior fellow in the Asia Center at Harvard University.

Early life
Koda was born in December 1949 at Tokushima Prefecture.  He studied at the Defense Academy at Yokosuka in 1968-1972.

Career
Koda served on several JMSDF ships, including the Yudachi (DD-108), the Shirayuki (DD-123), and the Sawayuki (DD-125).

Timeline
 1973: Commissioned as Ensign in the  or JMSDF
 1982-1984: Exchange officer at United States Naval Academy
 1983: Lieutenant Commander
 1987: Commander
 1990-1991: Commanding Officer, Destroyer Sawayuki (DD-125)
 1991-1992: Naval Command College at U.S. Naval War College
 1997: Rear Admiral
 1997-1999: Chief of Staff, Commander Fleet Escort Force
 2003: Vice Admiral
 2005-2007: Commandant, Sasebo JMSDF District
 2007-2008: Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet

Admiral Koda retired from JMSDF in August 2008.

Selected works
  "The Russo-Japanese War: Primary Causes of Japanese Success,"  Naval War College Review (Spring 2005)
 "A New Carrier Race? Strategy, Force Planning, and JS Hyuga,"  Naval War College Review (Summer 2011)

Honours
 Griffith Asia Institute in Brisbane, Australia: 2011 Synnot Lecture

References

More reading 
 Chun, Tarryn.  "Profile: Retired Vice-Admiral Yoji Koda, Asia Center Senior Fellow, 2009-2011," Harvard Asia Newsletter (Winter 2010), p. 5.

1949 births
Living people
Admirals
Japanese academics
Japanese military people
Japanese writers
People from Tokushima Prefecture
The Regionalliga Mitteis one of three 3rd level leagues in Austrian football. It is formed by teams from Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia and East Tyrol. It is the highest level of amateur football in Austria. The champion plays a relegation match versus the champion of the Regionalliga West. In the 2010/11 season the champion was the LASK Juniors team. In Austria second teams of professional clubs are not allowed to promot to professional football. In the relegation match versus WSG Wattens Blau Weiß Linz, the second of the season won and was promoted to Austrian Football First League .

Teams of the 2011/12 season
  Grazer AK   from Styria
  SAK Klagenfurt   from Carinthia
  SV Allerheiligen  from Styria
  Villacher SV  from Carinthia
  Austria Klagenfurt  from Carinthia
  FC Gratkorn  from Styria-relegated from First League
  Union St. Florian from Upper Austria  
  DSV Leoben  from Styria
  [[SV Kapfenberg|Kapfenberger SV Amateure]]   from Styria
  SV Gleinstätten  from Styria 
  UVB Vöcklamarkt  from Upper Austria 
  Sturm Graz Amateure   from Styria
  FC Wels   from Upper Austria
  Vorwärts Steyr   from Upper Austria
  FC Pasching   from Upper Austria
  LASK Juniors   from Upper Austria

Other websites 
Regionalliga Mitte (german)

References

Football in Austria
Football leagues
Tawakel Karman (born 7 February 1979) came to international attention as a leader in the 2011 Yemeni uprising, part of the Arab Spring. Yemenis have called her "Iron Woman" and "Mother of the Revolution." She won the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize with two other women. She is the first Yemeni and the first Arab  woman to win the prize. She is the second Muslim woman to win any Nobel Prize and the youngest Nobel Peace Laureate.

Journalist, politician, and rights worker
Karman is a journalist. She is also politician and senior member of the of Al-Islah political party. She is also works to improve human rights. She is one of the people who started the group "Women Journalists Without Chains". She became well known in Yemen after 2005. As a journalist, she helped a mobile phone news service after the government did not give them a license. She led protests for press freedom and organized weekly protests for reform. She lead the Yemini protests to support the Arab Spring after the Tunisian people overthrew the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. She has opposed President Ali Abdullah Saleh and thinks he should not be president any longer.

Personal
Karman earned a college degree in commerce from the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a. She also completed a graduate degree in political science from the  University of Sana'a. She is married to Mohammed al-Nahmi

Spelling her name in English
Tawakel is sometimes spelled differently in English, for example:  Tawakul, Tawakkol, Tawakkul or Tawakel Abdel-Salam Karman

Some of her writing in English
Karman, Tawakkol. "Our revolution's doing what Saleh can't - uniting Yemen." The Guardian, 9 April 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "Yemen’s unfinished revolution." New York Times, 18 June 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "The world must not forsake Yemen's struggle for freedom." The Guardian, 1 November 2011. (Includes a link to the Arabic version.)

Karman, Tawakkol. "Tawakkol Karman - Nobel Lecture." Nobelprize.org. 10 Dec 2011. (Includes links to the English, Norwegian, and Arabic versions.)

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 Leymah Gbowee 
 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf

References

Other websites 
 Renowned activist and press freedom advocate Tawakul Karman , interviewed by Nadia Al-Sakkaf, Yemen Times, 17 June 2010
 Tawakel Karman interview with Al Jazeera
 Press Conference of 2011 Nobel Laureate, Tawakkul Karman Women's eNews.
 Tawakkol Karman's Official Facebook
 Tawakkol Karman's official Twitter
 Tawakkol Karman's Official website

1979 births
Living people
Human rights activists
Journalists
Yemeni people
Anthropometry is the study of measurement and proportions of the human body.

Alphonse Bertillon and Criminology 

Anthropometry was first created by Alphonse Bertillon (April 24, 1853 – February 13, 1914). He was born in Paris, France. When he became a police officer, he created Anthropometry so that criminals could be easily identified. The system helped the police to get through many criminal records quicker. Having produced a set of characteristics of criminals, it became easier for the police to identify offenders.

Anthropometric measurements 

The system involves 10 measurements:
Height
Stretch
Bust  
Head length (crown to forehead)
Head width (temple to temple)
Cheek width
Ear length (both left and right)
Middle finger
Foot length
Cubit (length from elbow to middle finger)

References 
Burnett, “Introduction to Human factors, Human anatomy and Biomechanics”.  Web.10 Dec.2011
 "Anthropometry." Ergonomics4schools. Web. 10 Dec. 2011
 Webster's Online Dictionary  - Web. 11 Dec. 2011

Anatomy
Measurement
Anthropology
Physical anthropology
Copenhagen Airport  () or Copenhagen Airport (; ) is international airport in Denmark and has 3 terminals. This airport is largest in the Nordic countries.

Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle are the largest airlines in Copenhagen.

It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Copenhagen city centre, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Malmö city centre.

There are three runways: 3,600m, 3,300m and 2,800m, all are asphalt.

The most popular flight destinations from Copenhagen are London, Oslo and Stockholm.

History

1925 - Opens for service.
1982 - The Cargo terminal opens.
2006 - 20 million passengers for the first time.
2007 - A metro station opens, connecting the airport to the Copenhagen Metro.
2010 - The new low cost terminal CPH Go opens the 31st of October.

Passengers (2010)  21,501,750

Sources

1925 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Denmark
Airports in Denmark
Copenhagen
A gentlemen's agreement is an agreement made between two or more people. It can be written down, spoken, or just understood. A gentlemen's agreement needs people to be honourable and stick to the agreement, instead of enforcing the agreement. Because of this, it is different from a legal agreement or contract, because a legal agreement or contract can be enforced if needed.

Everyday life
Hovenia dulcis is also called the oriental raisin tree. It is a plant that lives in Japan, Korea, Eastern China and the Himalayas.

Life cycle 
The oriental raisin tree grows about 10 meters tall. Its bark of the tree is dark gray. Its flowers are white, and they open between June and July. The tree grows fruit in September and October. The fruits are brown, and they are shaped like a chicken's claw.  Its seeds fall off from February to March.  Its germination rate, which is the number of seeds that begin to spore or grow, is about 2 – 15%. Most trees begin to grow their own fruit when they are two years old.

Living conditions 
The oriental raisin tree can grow with shade or light. Cold does not hurt the tree, but too much time without rain does hurt it. Unlike many other plants, the oriental raisin tree can grow even if the soil has lots of salt in it, so often lives near the sea. Pollution does not hurt the oriental raisin tree either, so it can live in cities and other industrial areas.

Uses and effects 
The wood of the oriental raisin tree can be used to make buildings, musical instruments, ships, and furniture. Because the stem tastes sweet, people like to eat it and make drinks from it. This stem is also used for medicine.

Rhamnaceae
Mesosaurus is an extinct marine  reptile from the early Permian of southern Africa and South America. It was one of the first known marine reptiles, and had many adaptations to a fully aquatic lifestyle. 

It is sometimes considered an anapsid, but there is some disagreement about that. It is described by Benton as a 'parareptile', that is, a sauropsid.

Palaeobiology
Mesosaurus was one of the first reptiles to return to the water after early tetrapods came to land in the later Devonian. 

It was around  in length, with webbed feet, a streamlined body, and a long tail that may have supported a fin. It probably propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and flexible tail. Its body was also flexible and could easily move sideways, but it had heavily thickened ribs, which would have prevented it from twisting its body. Specimens show it was viviparous, bearing live young.

Mesosaurus had a small skull with long jaws. The nostrils were located at the top, allowing the creature to breathe with only the upper side of its head breaking the surface. Its teeth were suitable for catching small nektonic prey such as crustaceans.

Distribution
Mesosaurus was significant in providing evidence for the theory of continental drift, because its remains were found in southern Africa and eastern South America, two far away places. As Mesosaurus was a coastal animal, and therefore could not have crossed the Atlantic Ocean, this distribution indicated that the two continents used to be joined together.

References 

Fossils
Marine reptiles
A hangwa is a Korean traditional cookie. Hangwa includes Yumilgwa Yugwa, Dasik Dasik and Yeot Gangjeong. Hangwa is also called Jogwa since it is made of diverse grains and looks like fruits.

Origin 
Hangwa was very popular among people over the Shilla and Goryeo because the yield of grains had went up a lot and people tried not to eat meat for religious reasons. The religion at that time was Buddhism. Since then, Hangwa has become necessary in wedding ceremonies, memorial sacrifice days, and social dinners.

Types of Hangwa 
The basic materials of Hangwa are mostly natural and based on the materials Hangwa is primarily divided into seven kinds and the recipes are slightly different.

Characteristics 
Hangwa does not go bad easily because it is very good at preservation. This comes from the fermentation of grains and use of honey. Also, Hangwa is very nutritious. Ancestors thought that food was natural medicine and the idea was reflected on the nutrition of Hangwa too. Also, Hangwa shows Korean traditional virtue and emotions. It represents the warmth of neighbors. In ancient times, when people had ceremonies or social meetings, they made their guest go back with some food, which was mostly Tteok and Hangwa. In other words, Hangwa talks about the kindness and the affection between people in Korea.

References 
한과의 디저트 상품화를 위한 브랜드아이덴티티 디자인 개발 연구
International Strategy of Rice Cake and Korean Traditional Cookie

Other websites 

 What is Hangwa
 The origin of Hangwa 

Korean food
was a  after Genroku and before Shōtoku. This period started in March 1704 and ended in April 1711. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Hōei era

 11 November 1707 (Hōei 4, 14th day of the 10th month): 1707 Hōei earthquake, also called the "Great Hōei Earthquake".
 16 December 1707 (Hōei 4, 23nd day of the 11th month): After the eruption of Mount Fuji, cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.
 1708 (Hōei 5): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with the Hōei nengō name (Hōei Tsubo).
 28 April 1708 (Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.
 19 February 1709 (Hōei 6, 10th day of the 1st month): Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi died.
 1709 (Hōei 6, 4th month): Tokugawa Ienobu became the head of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 7 August 1709 (Hōei 6, 2nd day of the 7th month): Emperor Higashiyama abdicated; and his son received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Nakamikado's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 16 January 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Former-Emperor Higashiyama died.
 7 July 1710-22 March 1711 (Hōei 7, 11th day of the 6th month – Shōtoku 1, 4th day of the 2nd month): Diplomatic mission from Ryukyuan Kingdom was received in Edo.

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1704 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1711 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1700s establishments in Asia
The Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps) is a small bird. It is the only species in the genus Auriparus, and the only species in the family found in the New World.

The Verdin is a very small bird. At 4.5 inches in length, it rivals the Bushtit as one of the smallest passerines in North America. It is gray overall, and adults have a bright yellow head and rusty "shoulder patch" (the lesser coverts). Unlike the tits, it has a sharply pointed bill.

Verdins are insectivores. They keep looking among the desert trees and scrubs. They usually live alone except when they pair up to make their nests. They are very friendly birds. Verdins occasionally try to get tidbits of dried sugar water from hummingbird feeders.

Verdins always have and will live in southwestern United States and northern Mexico, ranging from southeastern California to Texas, throughout Baja California and into central Mexico, north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.

Birds of North America
The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Eje Volcánico Transversal) also known as the Transvolcanic Belt and locally as the Sierra Nevada (Snowy Mountain Range), is a volcanic belt that extends 900 km from west to east across central-southern Mexico. Several of its highest peaks have snow all year long, and during clear weather, they can be seen bythose who live in Mexico on the many high plateaus from which these volcanoes rise.

References

Volcanic landforms
Volcanoes of Mexico
Sikhae is a salted fermented food with grains in Korean cuisine as one of jeotgal. Sikhae is made with various fish, such as flat fish, shellfish, pollack, squid and fish intestines, and cooked grains, such as rice, glutinous rice,  glutinous foxtail millet and nonglutinous millet. Sikhae is less salty than jeotgal because most jeotgal is made with seafood and salt, but sikhae is made with not only the ingredients of jeotgal but also grains, shredded radish, etc. Therefore, sikhae is stored for short-term, while jeotgal is able to be stored for rather long-term because of the large amount of salt.

The types of sikhae can be different, depending on the main ingredients, regions, what the family and the person like. In past times, because of the limited transportation, regions near the sea had more types of sikhae compared to the inland areas. Koreans usually eat this food as a banchan (small dishes of food).

History (Documentaries on Sikhae)
Sikhae was not included in any literature before the early part of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. However, that doesn't mean there was not sikhae and rather it guesses that sikhae was not written down. After the middle of Joseon Dynasty, sikhae have been mentioned in literature.

Recipe
Sikhae is made with fish, salt, cooked rice, Korean traditional spices, etc. First, wash fishes and put drained fishes with salt in a pot. After about 10 days, take the salted fishes out of the pot, cut them into bite-size pieces and then put them with cooked rice and chili powder in the pot again. Lastly, put shredded radish into the pot after another four days and finally eat sikhae as 10 more days are passing.

Types
Gajamisikhae (가자미식해) - gajamisikhae made with flat fish(gajami, 가자미) in Hamgyong-do
- Gajamisikhae is the typical and popular Korean sikhae. It is made mostly in the region of North Korea. 
Dorumooksikhae (도루묵식해) - dorumooksikhae made with sailfin-sandfish(dorumook, 도루묵) in Gangwon-do
Boogasikhae (북어식해) - boogasikhae made with dried pollack(Booga, 북어) in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do
Mareungogisikhae (마른고기식해) - Mareungogisikhae made with dried squid(mareun ojingeo, 마른 오징어) in Gyeongsang-do
Yeonansikhae (연안식해) - Yeonansikhae made with the flesh of a shellfish or clam meat(joegaetsal, 조갯살) in Hwanghae-do

Effects
Sikhae has a lot of effects. First, sikhae, as one of fermented food, is easily digested by creating peptone, peptide, and free amino acid through the process of decomposition of protein and so good nourishing food for patients, the old and the infirm and children. Also, millet, one of ingredients of Sikhae, helps people warm body in the winter when people have cold hands or feet due to the very cold weather.

Other websites

 Information about Sikhae

Korean food
December Boys is a 2007 Australian movie. It was directed by Rod Hardy and written by Marc Rosenberg. It was taken from the 1963 novel of the same name by Michael Noonan. It was released on 14 September 2007 in the UK and US and 20 September 2007 in Australia. December Boys is Daniel Radcliffe's first non-Harry Potter movie role since 2001's The Tailor of Panama.

References 

2007 drama movies
2007 romance movies
2000s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Australian drama movies
Australian romance movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1960s
Warner Bros. movies
The bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) is a long-tailed tit found in North America. It is the only species in the family found in the New World, and the only member of the genus Psaltriparus.

The bushtit lives in mixed open woodlands. It also lives in parks and gardens. It lives in the western United States and highland parts of Mexico all year, ranging from Vancouver through the Great Basin and the lowlands and foothills of California to southern Mexico and Guatemala.

The bushtit is one of the smallest passerines in North America, at 11 cm in length and 5.3 g in weight. It is gray-brown overall, with a large head, a short neck, a long tail, and a short stubby bill. The male has dark eyes and the adult female, yellow.

The bushtit is active and gregarious, searching for small insects and spiders in mixed-species feeding flocks with species such as chickadees and warblers, of 10 to over 40 birds. Members of the group keep making calls to each other that can be described as a short tsit.

Birds of North America
Birds of Central America
Birds of the United States
IUCN Red List least concern species
Heydar Aliyev International Airport (IATA: GYD, ICAO: UBBB) is the international airport in Azerbaijan. It is 20 km (12 mi) northeast of the capital city Baku. The airport is the home of Azerbaijan Airlines (AZAL).

Runways: 2,700x60m (8,858 ft) Asphalt, 3,200x45m (10,499 ft) Asphalt/Concrete

Other websites 

 Heydar Aliyev International Airport Renovation Project 
 Baku International Airport Official Website 

Buildings and structures in Azerbaijan
Airports in Europe
Buildings and structures in Baku
Transport in Azerbaijan
Major advances were made to weapon technology during World War I.  There were better grenades, flame throwers,  poison gas, and artillery. The submarine, warplane and the tank were new weapons. 

Both sides used a much better heavy machine gun than they had used before in Europe. Four to six people worked one. They fired 400 to 600 bullets per minute. The machine guns got too hot and needed water on them. This kind of  gun was invented in 1884 by Hiram Maxim. The German version was the MG08. The British used the Vickers machine gun, which was very safe and easy to use.  The machine guns changed how war went; and killed many soldiers.  Because they sometimes got too hot, they could be slow. In case that one of the crew of the machine gun were shot, the whole squad were trained to fill their spot. As the war progressed, more machine guns were used in trench warfare in combination with barbed wire defensive positions, making them the most deadly weapon on the battle field.

The normal British army rifle was the Lee Enfield 0.303. This was made in 1907 by James Lee. The Lee Enfield could fire twelve bullets per minute. The Germans used the Mauser rifle made in 1898 by Paul Mauser. This was an excellent rifle, but it only held five bullets.

References 

Firearms
is a PC game. It was made in 2007 by a Japanese game creator named Kikiyama. It was created using RPG Maker 2003. It is about a girl named  who has odd dreams when she falls asleep.

The game is known for its strange and sometimes scary content.

Gameplay
The player controls Madotsuki and can move her using the arrow keys. If you make her go to sleep by interacting with the bed, she goes into a dream version of her room. From there, you can make her explore 12 different dream worlds by going through doors that are in a large, dark place north of her room.

To beat the game, the player has to find all 24 "effects" that are hidden in Madotsuki's dreams.

Other websites 
Yume Nikki & KIKIYAMA's Official Website
Download Yume Nikki 

2005 video games
Freeware games
Windows games
Adventure games
Suncheon is  a city in South Korea. It belongs to Jeollanam-do. 70% of Suncheon  is composed of mountains and the city has the greatest number of mountains in the province. The average temperature for the year is 12.5℃. The average temperature in January is -0.5℃ and the average temperature in August is 25.2℃. Since Suncheon fronts the southern sea, the city is relatively warm during the winter by the effect of oceanic climate.

Suncheon is famous among Korean travelers due to its beautiful tourist attractions and local food of great taste. Among many spots, Suncheon bay is the most well-known. It was selected as one of the top 5 coastal wetlands in the world. The large mud flat stretches out and several kinds of birds and other living creatures live there. Also, the wide field of reeds along the waterside forms magnificent view. The Suncheon bay reeds festival is held every October and it gets great reputation.

Since the city is located near to the sea, dishes made of diverse fresh fish highly attract those who visit Suncheon. Especially, thanks to the well-protected ecological environment, mudskippers which exist usually in the very clean mud flat are seen in the Suncheon bay. They are used  for cooking in Suncheon and the dish is  very famous for its greater taste than any other region in the country.

Cities in South Korea
Dean Edwards (born July 30, 1970) is an American actor and comedian. Edwards joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in 2001. He created several impressions. These include Michael Jackson, Wayne Brady, Chris Tucker, Don Cheadle, Colin Powell, Serena Williams, Nipsey Russell, Denzel Washington, Grace Jones, and Billy Ocean. Chris Tucker was Edwards' first impression. This was also the an impression done by Jay Pharoah on his first SNL episode on September 25, 2010. Even though Edwards was very good at impressions, he was not used much during his time working on the program. He left after the program's 28th season. He said it was because of creative differences. He also appeared in Tony N' Tina's Wedding, The Sopranos, Robotomy, and Scared Shrekless. In Scared Shrekless and Thriller Night, he voiced the part of Donkey.

Many feel that Edwards voice and style is very similar to that of Eddie Murphy. 
 
On YouTube, Edwards currently has his own channel known as "deanedwardscomedy".

References

Other websites
 Official website
 
 Dailycomedy.com

African American actors
American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
1970 births
Living people
American Internet celebrities
Comedians from New York City
was a  after Hōei and before Kyōhō.  This period started in April 1711 and ended in June 1716.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Shōtoku means "Correct Virtue".

Events of the Shōtoku Era

 1711 (Shōtoku 1): An ambassador from Korea was received at Court.
 12 November 1712 (Shōtoku 2, 14th day of the 10th month): Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu died.
 1713 (Shōtoku 3): Tokugawa Ietsugu became the 7th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The shogunate introduced new gold and silver coins into circulation.
 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The poet Nozawa Bonchō died. 
 20 April 1715 (Shōtoku 5, 17th day of the 3rd month): The 100th anniversary of the death of Tokugawa Ieyasu was celebrated.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1711 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1716 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1710s establishments in Asia
José Miguel Cabrera Torres, commonly known as Miguel Cabrera, is a baseball player for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born on April 18, 1983 in Maracay, Venezuela. He is a first baseman and a right-handed player; he bats and throws right-handed.  At the beginning of his career, he was a third baseman.  Cabrera is regarded as one of the best batters of all time - he currently holds the highest batting average among active players and is 2nd among active players in career home runs.

Cabrera has played a total of 2,226 games and compiled .317 average with 462 homers and 1,613 RBIs from 2003 to 2017. He is a seven-time Silver Slugger Award winner. Also, he was an American League (AL) Home run leader in 2008, a AL RBI Champion in 2010, a AL leading hitter in 2011.  In 2012, Cabrera won the AL Triple Crown, leading the league in home runs, RBI and average.  He won the 2012 AL MVP.  In 2013, he improved on the previous year's performance, and won a second AL MVP.

Also, Cabrera is a popular MLB player. He is an 11-time All Star. He was a National League All Star in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and an AL All Star every year from 2010 to 2016. He is nicknamed 'Miggy' by his fans.

Cabrera is well known for his ability to drive pitches.  He hits for power to all fields, and is able to hit every type of pitch.

Cabrera's wife is named Rosangel. They have two daughters and one son. Cabrera and his family live in Birmingham, Michigan.

References 

Batting stats at Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
Biography.  Jockbio.com. Retrieved December 13, 2011.

1983 births
Detroit Tigers players
Living people
National League All-Stars
American League All-Stars
Florida Marlins players
Venezuelan sportspeople
The heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is  a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) which uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. The HBT  can handle signals of much higher frequencies, (up to several hundred GHz) than BJT. HBT is commonly used in modern ultrafast circuits, mostly radio-frequency (RF) systems, and in applications requiring a high power efficiency, such as RF power amplifiers in mobile  phones. The idea of using a heterojunction is as old as the conventional BJT, dating back to a patent from 1951.

Materials

The principal difference between the BJT and HBT is in the use of different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. This limits the injection of holes from the base into the emitter region, since the potential barrier in the valence band is higher than in the conduction band. Unlike BJT technology, this allows a high doping density to be used in the base. The high doping density reduces the base resistance while maintaining gain. The efficiency of the heterojunction is measured by the Kroemer factor.

References

Other websites
 
 HBT Optoelectronic Circuits developed in the Technion (15Mb, 230p)
 New Material Structure Produces World's Fastest Transistor  604 GHz Early 2005

Electronic components
Wet chemistry studies chemical reactions that occur in the liquid phase. It is also called bench chemistry because many of the tests performed are done at a lab bench.

Materials
Wet chemistry uses laboratory glassware, such as beakers and flasks, without quantitative chemical analysis using instrumentation. Many high school and college laboratories teach students basic wet chemistry methods.

History
Before the age of theoretical and computational chemistry, it was the main form of scientific discovery in the chemical field. So, some people call wet chemistry classic chemistry or classical chemistry. Today's society and quality control requirements need a high volume of wet chemistry. So, many wet chemistry methods have been automated and computerized for faster analysis.

Uses
Wet chemistry techniques can be used for qualitative chemical measurements, such as changes in color (colorimetry), but often involves more quantitative chemical measurements, using methods such as gravimetry and titrimetry. Some uses for wet chemistry include tests for:

 pH (acidity, alkalinity)
 concentration
 conductivity (Specific Conductance)
 cloud point (nonionic surfactants)
 hardness
 solids or dissolved solids
 salinity
 specific gravity
 density
 turbidity
 viscosity
 moisture (Karl Fischer titration)

Wet chemistry is also used in environmental chemistry settings and is used for to test:

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Chemical Oxygen Demand
 eutrophication
 coating identification

It can also involve the elemental analysis of samples, e.g., water sources, for items like:

 Ammonia Nitrogen
 Chloride
 Chromium
 Cyanide
 dissolved Oxygen
 Fluoride
 Nitrogen
 Nitrate
 Phenols
 Phosphate
 Phosphorus
 Silica
 Sulfate, Sulfide

Further reading

Other websites
Wet Chemistry Lab Photo 

Branches of chemistry
Placodonts were a group of Triassic marine reptiles which had heavy flat teeth. These teeth were used for crushing shellfish. Placodonts are in the Order Sauropterygia, the group that includes Plesiosaurs. Placodonts were mostly between  in length, up to a maximum  long. They are found in marine sediments of the Middle and Upper Triassic, 235–250 million years ago.

The first specimen was discovered in 1830, and the group was very widely distributed. Shellfish were common throughout the Mesozoic period, but this group of shellfish-eaters went extinct at the end of the Triassic. They were clearly a victim of some event which disturbed their lifestyle. The end-Triassic had several extinction events which are not well understood.

Palaeobiology
The earliest forms like Placodus, in the early to middle Triassic, looked rather barrel-shaped. Later placodonts had bony plates on their backs which protected their bodies while they were feeding.

By the Upper Triassic, these plates had grown so that some placodonts of the time looked like the sea turtles of modern day.  Other placodonts developed plates that resembled the shells of horseshoe crabs and trilobites rather than those of sea turtles. These adaptations are examples of convergent evolution. 

Because of their dense bone and heavy armour plating, these creatures would have been too heavy to float in the ocean. They would have used a lot of energy to reach the water surface. For this reason, and because of the type of sediment found with the fossils, it is suggested placodonts lived in shallow waters and not in deep oceans.

Feeding 
The placodonts ate shellfish. Their front teeth stuck out: they would be used to dig up the shellfish, and pull them from any attachment to the ground. Inside their mouth, the teeth were large and flat: they were used to crush the shells.

"Spade-like incisors at the front, for snipping and scraping oysters from the rocks; and broad circular back teeth that acted as a pounding board to crush the shells, before the flesh was swallowed". Benton.p119

Their diet consisted of marine bivalves, brachiopods, and other invertebrates.

References 

Sauropterygia
Marine reptiles
Becoming Jane is a movie directed by Julian Jarrold in 2007. The setting of this movie is Hampshire, England in the 1700s. The movie’s story was based on a fictional biography written by Jon Spence. Anne Hathaway played Jane Austen. James McAvoy played Thomas Lefroy. This movie won the 2007 People's Choice Award for "Favorite Independent Movie". It was nominated for 2008 Ivor Novello Award for Best Original Film Score.

Plot
Jane (played by Anne Hathaway) is a writer. She lives in a rural area. Her father is a pastor of small church. Her her family is poor. She is under a lot of stress since her mother wants her to marry Mr. Wisley (Laurence Fox). He is the nephew of the wealthy Lady Gresham (Maggie Smith).

Meanwhile, Thomas Lefroy (played by James McAvoy) is working with his uncle as a lawyer in London. He is ordered to go Hampshire due to his dissipated life. When they meet the first time, Tom criticizes Jane’s works and she becomes angry about that. Both of them have hostile feelings toward each other. However, the feelings changes into affection as they meet several times. Finally they decide to marry. With a lot of expectation, they visits Tom’s uncle Judge Langlois. The uncle does not approve of the marriage due to Jane’s poverty. They break up, but since they love each other deeply, they elope. But after knowing about the fact that Tom is the only hope of his family, Jane gives up their elopement and leaves to go home.

Twenty years later, Jane becomes famous writer and after a gathering, Jane and Tom meet again. There, Tom is with his daughter who likes Jane’s book a lot. His daughter asks Jane to read the novel. To stop her Tom called his daughter’s name – Jane. Knowing that Tom named his daughter after her, Jane accepts her request and reads her book, Pride and Prejudice.

Jane Austen
2007 movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
People's Choice Award winners
Pororo the Little Penguin is a South Korean 3D computer animation series planned by Iconix Entertainment and produced by Ocon, SK Broadband, and EBS. Each season has 52 episodes and three seasons have been aired in South Korea until now. In 2003, Season 1 was aired in 27 November 2003 in Korean channel, EBS. In the beginning, 22 episodes of season 1 were made by North Korean company, Samcholli. About 110 countries imported Pororo and aired it. Pororo is so loved by children in Korea and he is perceived as an idol of children, so he is called Bbo-tong-ryung(뽀통령 in Korean)which means president Pororo.

Story 
Pororo and little animal friends live together in the town covered all over with snow and ice. Pororo, a little curious penguin,  and his friends are all different, so great and small commotions occur in this little town. Then one day, when Pororo and his friends hang out as usual, they find novelty egg under a tree in the woods. Pororo takes that egg to his house. Surprisingly, the egg hatches out and the little dinosaur is born, whose name is Crong. Crong becomes new friends of Pororo. Pororo and his friends learn lessons and form a friendship through adventures and events.

Danish Voice Cast
 Silas Victor Phillipson – Eddy

Additional Voices
 Bjarke Seitzberg Sørensen
 Gustav Johannes Hoder
 Kit Eichler
 Malte Milner Find
 Nis Bank-Mikkelsen
 Sidsel Agensø
 Søren Spanning
 Tillie Bech

Characters 
Pororo - The main character of this animation. He is little blue penguin. He always acts on impulse, because he is very curious. He is obsessed about unusual stuff. He enjoys adventures and challenges.

Crong - A little dinosaur who is found in the snow. He is a troublemaker. He wants to know many things and do many things.

Eddy - A little fox who wants to be a scientist. He invents many things that cause problems. He shows off himself and his inventions.

Rody - A robot who is strong. He has arms and legs stretch. Eddy made Rody, imitating before.

Poby - A big polar bear. He is so kind that he is always there to help his friends when they are in trouble.

Tongtong - A little dragon who has magical powers. He can fly and transform before. He appears in the animation from season 3.

Loopy - A little beaver. She is a crybaby who is very timid. However, she is nice to her friends and takes care of them. 

Petty - A little female penguin. She is good at sports although bad at cooking.

Harry - A little bird who is pleasant. Even though he is tone-deaf, he enjoys singing. He always brightens up the atmosphere.

Popo and Pipi - Funny aliens. Popo is timid and feminine and Pipi is eager and outgoing. 

Animation
South Korean culture
Queen Seondeok of Silla (606 – 8 January 647) was 27th ruler of Silla, one of the three ancient kingdoms of Korea. She was a daughter of King Jinpyeong and Lady Maya of the Kim clan. Because King Jinpyeong did not have any sons, Queen Seondeok became the first female ruler in Korean history after her father died. Besides the name Seondeok, she was also called Sung-Jo Hwang-Go which means "sacred and dedicated queen".

Queen Seondeok was an intelligent and capable ruler who established the foundation of Silla's unity of Korea peninsula. She ruled her kingdom wisely and improved her people’s life. Also, she made a lot of effort to accept advanced culture of ancient China by sending international students and monks. The star-gazing tower named Cheomseongdae and wooden tower with nine floors in Hwangnyongsa temple are the results of her effort.

According to some legend (in Korean history book Samguk Sagi) related to her, Queen Seondeok had great intuition and foresight. She noticed where the enemy was hiding by natural phenomena, predicted many incidents before it happened, and even knew when she would die a couple of days ago and left her will before death. Because of her extraordinary and heroic life, many Korean people make novels, plays, musicals and so on till now.

606 births
647 deaths
Kings and queens
Korean monarchs
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c 50) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which has now been repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010 (), except in Northern Ireland where the Act still applies. Formerly, it made it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport.  

1995 in the United Kingdom
Disability
Discrimination
Education in the United Kingdom
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Rights