cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gerard Kitchen “Gerry” O’Neill (February 6, 1927–April 27, 1992) was an American scientist. He taught physics at Princeton University. He invented a machine for holding subatomic particles. He also invented the mass driver, a machine used to launch things into outer space. He wrote about building cities in space.
His space station design is known as the O’Neill cylinder. He started the Space Studies Institute (SSI). SSI is a group focused on learning about space manufacturing and colonization.

In 1954 O'Neill finished school at Cornell University. Then he began his work on particle physics at Princeton.
Two years later he wrote about a device to hold very fast moving subatomic particles. In 1965 he used his device to shoot two beams of particles at each other for the first time. This experiment was done at Stanford University. Scientists used the experiment to discover the size of the electron.

While he was teaching, O’Neill became excited about humans living in outer space. He wrote about the O’Neill cylinder in “The Colonization of Space”. This was his first paper about people living in space. He met with other scientists at Princeton in 1975. There he talked with them about manufacturing in outer space. O’Neill built his first mass driver with help from scientist Henry Kolm in 1976. Mass drivers were part of his plan to mine the Moon and asteroids. His book The High Frontier won an award and got people excited about outer space. He died in 1992 after a seven year fight against leukemia.

Books

References 
 

1927 births
1992 deaths
American physicists
Cornell University alumni
Scientists from New York City
The Rosary is a Catholic form of prayer using beads.  It is a cycle of repeated formal prayers, such as the Lord's Prayer and the Hail Mary, done while thinking about important events in the lives of Jesus and Mary.  This is called "saying the Rosary" or "praying the Rosary." A rosary can also be the series of joined beads that a person holds while saying these prayers.

The Church has always recognized the efficacy of this devotion John Paul II said “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer. Pope John Paul II, Rosarium virginis Mariae, 16 October 2002, Libreria Editrice Vaticana

Prayer is for every person to obtain graces and consolations for oneself or for others, for the diffusion of good actions in the world, for the solution of international conflicts, for conversion and spiritual growth. Prayer, in the room of your home or into the church, at any time of the day,  is a moment of peace and serenity that distracts from the worries of the day and it is a moment of communication with Divine Mercy through the most beautiful prayers. The graces result from the experience not only of saints and religious but also of ordinary people who have left public witness of the graces received requested to the Virgin Mary.

A person who says a Rosary usually thinks about certain events from the Bible.  Each day has a traditional list of these events, called "Mysteries of the Rosary."

Related pages
 The Lord's Prayer
 The Hail Mary
 Roman Catholicism

References

Roman Catholicism
Kazakh is a Turkic language that is spoken in Kazakhstan, a country in central Asia. It, along with Russian, is one of Kazakhstan's official languages.

History
The Kazakh language had been written in the Cyrillic alphabet since the Russian Empire started to occupy that country in the 19th century. In 1917, people began to use the Arabic alphabet, but the Russians were not able to make them use Cyrillic.

After World War I, the Turkic countries started to use the Latin alphabet, led by Kemal Atatürk of Turkey. Because of this, from 1927 to 1939, Kazakhstan, then part of the Soviet Union, changed from the Arabic to the Latin alphabet. But Stalin made a law in 1940 that all the countries that were part of the Soviet Union had to use Cyrillic, in order to bring Kazakhstan and the rest of the countries in Central Asia in line with the Russian style.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly-independent Republic of Kazakhstan allowed the old Latin alphabet to be used, but continued to use Cyrillic as the main alphabet. In 2006, president Nursultan Nazarbayev started a project to introduce a standard form of the Latin alphabet as the official script of his country. A version of the new Latin alphabet, which used apostrophes for certain sounds, was created in April 2017, but was replaced with another one in February 2018 which instead uses diacritics on certain letters. If all goes as planned, the Cyrillic alphabet will be fully replaced with Latin by 2025.

Kazakh letters 

The proposed Kazakh Latin alphabet has 38 letters:

Sources

Other websites

Website of the government of Kazakhstan 

Languages of Asia
Greenock Morton Football Club are a football team, who currently play in the Ladbrokes sponsored Scottish Championship. The club was founded as Morton Football Club in 1874, making it one of the oldest senior Scottish clubs.

Greenock Morton are popularly known as "The Pride of the Clyde" - a tradition which pre-dates the club's renaming in 1994 to celebrate the links with its home town of Greenock. The club has a traditional local rivalry with St Mirren F.C.

Name 
 1874-1994 Morton F.C.
 1994-present Greenock Morton F.C.

References 

Scottish football clubs
1874 establishments in Scotland
Livingston Football Club is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian. They currently play in the Scottish Premiership.

Name
1943-1974 Ferranti Thistle
1974-1995 Meadowbank Thistle
1995-present Livingston

Managers
 Jim Leishman (1995–1997)
 Ray Stewart (1997–2000)
 Jim Leishman (2000–2003)
 Marcio Maximo Barcellos (2003)
 David Hay (2003–2004)
 Allan Preston (2004)
 Richard Gough (2004–2005)
 Paul Lambert (2005–2006)
 Alec Cleland (Caretaker, 2006)
 John Robertson (2006–2007)
 Dave Bowman (Caretaker, 2007)
 Mark Proctor (2007–2008)
 Roberto Landi (2008–)

Famous players
  Neil Alexander
  Rab Douglas
  David Bingham
  John Robertson
  Marvin Andrews
  David Fernández
  Javier Sánchez Broto
  Stuart Lovell
  Quino
  Oscar Rubio
  Davide Xausa
  Jamie McAllister
  David McNamee
  Hassan Kachloul
  Paul Dalglish
  Paul Lambert
  Guillermo Amor
  Rolando Zarate

Current squad 
As of August 26, 2008

Scottish football clubs
1943 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Scotland
Queen of the South Football Club is a Scottish professional football club founded in 1919. It is in Dumfries in southwest Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish First Division.

Officially nicknamed The Doonhamers, but usually referred to as Queens and sometimes as QoS (as also listed on the club badge), they have played their entire existence based at Palmerston Park on Terregles Street. 

The club has won national honours, namely the 1950-51 B Division, the 2001-02  Scottish Second Division and the 2002-03 Scottish Challenge Cup. While Queens topped Scotland's top division until Christmas in season 1953-54 their highest-ever finish in the Scottish top flight was fourth in 1933-34. Their longest cup run was in the 2007-08 Scottish Cup, in which they reached the final and finished runners up.

The club is currently managed by Gordon Chisholm.

Sources

Scottish football clubs
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Ross County F.C. are a Scottish professional football team who currently play in the Scottish Football League. They play their home matches at Victoria Park in the Highland town of Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty. 

Their manager, up until October 2005, was former Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Heart of Midlothian manager John Robertson. He left the club on the 24 October 2005, due to differences of opinion on a number of fundamental issues with the chairman. Gardner Spiers, a former Aberdeen coach, was appointed caretaker manager, but he too left in April 2006 after being told he would not be considered for appointment on a permanent basis. Director of Football George Adams took temporary charge before former Motherwell player Scott Leitch was appointed on 18 April 2006. Leitch, after winning the Challenge Cup but suffering relegation, stood down at the end of the 2006-2007 season, almost exactly one year after his appointment. Former Partick Thistle manager Dick Campbell was announced as his replacement in May 2007. However, after a good run of results to start their Division 2 campaign, Campbell and the Ross County board decided to part company on 2 October 2007. Derek Adams (son of George Adams) took over as caretaker, and was confirmed as permanent manager a month later, after the side's good form continued.

References 

Scottish Premier League clubs
1929 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Scotland
The  Irn-Bru Scottish Football League First Division (or Scottish First Division) is a professional football competition in Scotland. It is found on the second level of the Scottish football system, below the Scottish Premier League. It is the top level of the Scottish Football League.

Promotion and relegation
The club who wins the Scottish First Division is promoted to the Scottish Premier League (SPL), if they meet stadium criteria. They must have at least 6,000 seats in their stadium. The team who finishes last in the SPL is relegated to the Scottish First Division.

The bottom club in the First Division is relegated to the Second Division. While the second bottom club goes to a play-off with the second, third and fourth placed clubs from the Second Division.

The teams play each other four times with three points for a victory and one point each for a drawn game.

Sponsorship
On July 20, 2007, it was announced that the Scottish Football League would be sponsored by Scottish soft drink company Irn-Bru for the next three seasons.

Teams
The following is a list of the managers for the 2011–12 season in the Scottish First Division.
Airdrie
Cowdenbeath
Dumbarton
Dunfermline Athletic
Falkirk
Greenock Morton
Hamilton Academical
Livingston
Partick Thistle
Raith Rovers

Related pages
Scottish Premier League
Scottish Football League Second Division
Scottish Football League Third Division

Scottish Football League
1890 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in Scotland
A rain gauge is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to measure  liquid precipitation (rain) in a certain amount of time. It is usually measured in millimetres and inches. Rain gauge is a meteorological instrument for determining the depth of precipitation (usually in mm) that occurs over a unit area (usually one metre square) and thus measuring rainfall amount. One millimetre of measured precipitation is the equivalent to one litre of rainfall per metre square. 

Usually a tapering funnel of copper or polyester of standard dimension allows the rain water to collect in an enclosed bottle or cylinder for subsequent measurement. The gauge is set in open ground with the funnel rim up to 30 cm above the ground surface. Some gauges are calibrated to allow the amount of rainfall to be read directly; with others it must be calculated from the depth of water in the container and the dimensions of the funnel.

The second type of rain gauge is the autographic gauge which can be either of the tilting-siphon type or the tipping-bucket type. The recording chart on an autographic rain gauge is mounted on a drum which is driven by clockwork and typically rotates round a vertical axis once per day. For a tilting-siphon rain gauge, the rainwater in a collector displaces a float so that a marking pen attached to the float makes a continuous trace on the paper. The two buckets in a tipping-bucket rain gauge rest on a pivot so that when one bucket has received 0.2 (or 0.5 mm) of rain it tips by gravity, empties the rainwater and allows the other bucket to start collection. During the tip, an electrical switch is closed and triggers a nearby autographic recorder to register each 'tilt', thus giving a fairly continuous record of precipitation and, in a more sophisticated form, even rainfall intensity. Rain gauges must be sited in as representative a location as possible, but the choice of location is difficult, since many precipitation events are highly aggregate. King Sejong the Great was the man who introduced rain gauge to the world. There are advantages and disadvantages of this instrument.

Measuring tools
Zürich S-Bahn (German S-Bahn Zürich) is a suburban rail system that links Zürich to its metropolitan area. The system started in 1990, when it was the first suburban rail system to begin operating in Switzerland.

Mid 2008, there were 380 kilometres of railway track, 171 stations and 28 lines. In 2007, about 355’653 passengers used the system every day.

Each line generally has two trains an hour. 

Since 2002, there are also 7 lines that run at night during weekends, in the nights Friday-Saturday, and Saturday-Sunday. Usually, there is one train per hour. Some lines only have one train every two hours. There are also some bus lines. Usually, traveling with these night lines requires an extra fare, which has to be bought in addition to the normal ticket.

Between 75 and 80 million people use the system every year. About 70% of the people living in the area use the system. Plans include gradually introducing 4 trains per hour on most lines, and to extend the offer to 4 trains per hour between Zürich and Winterthur during the whole day, and not just during rush hour. A new tunnel was built in Zürich main station. This tunnel allows a direct connection from Zürich main station to Oerlikon and the airport, without a change of direction.

References 

Rapid transit systems
Zürich
Transport in Switzerland
Thousand Foot Krutch is a Canadian Christian hard rock band who formed in 1997.

They have released a number of albums, (including 2 remix albums)the latest being Exhale, sequel to Oxygen: Inhale.

While TFK had rap influences, obvious with Trevors vocals in earlier TFK albums, "The Flame In All Of Us" and "Welcome To the Masquerade" have moved away from that, and used a more rock based sound. But "The End Is Where We Begin" returns to the band's Rap roots.

While "The Last Song" from "The Flame In All Of Us", has been thought by some to be an outro from the band, TFK still continues touring, and Trevor has said that they were very tired and it's only a sarcastic "Here it all is: love it or hate it".

Touring 

The band is known for a lot of touring. They usually do 200 concerts in a year.

Spring 2008 (march to may) is when TFK went on the comatose Tour (see Concert) and performed in over 30 cities. They have toured with bands such as skillet.

About the band 

The name Thousand Foot Krutch came from the belief that God is a crutch you can lean on, even if your problems pile a thousand feet high. What they mean is, you can ask God for help even if you have very serious or many problems in your life.

They have gone through certain line-up changes. For example, Steve Augustine has not always been a part of the band, and Christian Harvey was their original drummer.

Studio albums

 That's What People Do - 1997
 Set it Off - 2001
 Phenomenon - 2003
 The Art of Breaking - 2005
 The Flame in All of Us - 2007
 Welcome To The Masquerade - 2009
 The End Is Where We Begin - 2012
 Made In Canada: The 1998-2010 Collection - 2013
 Oxygen: Inhale - 2014
Exhale - 2016

References

2000s music groups
1990s music groups
Christian music bands
Canadian rock bands
Nu metal bands
In linguistics, a mass noun is a common noun that refers to an amount, not an item or unit. Common mass nouns are water, chocolate, meat, time, and space. Mass nouns are always singular and uncountable. The set of uncountable nouns and mass nouns is not identical. There are uncountable nouns, such as scissors which refer to an item, are plural, and are not mass nouns.

In some languages like English, mass nouns have different grammar than countable nouns. Their requirements for determiners, for example differ. Other languages, such as Japanese, do not treat mass nouns in any special way.

Grammar
The American Dream is the hope that in the United States of America, anyone can become successful if they work hard and try their very best.

Immigration 
Many migrants, people who come to America from other countries, come to America because they hope for a better life. America is attractive to migrants, because often there is more freedom to become rich or famous than the country that they leave. The standard icon of the American Dream is the Statue of Liberty.

To Live Freely 
American Dream also meant to live freely and equally with all other people in the United States. 

The American Dream is also a main theme in the book by John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men. The two friends George and Lennie dream of their own piece of land with a ranch, so they can "live off the fatta the lan'" and just enjoy a better life. 

But the symbolism shows this is futile due to the fact that it will never happen, and Lennie ends up being shot in the back of the head as a mercy killing, like Candy's dog. This shows that not everyone can achieve the American dream, thus proving by contradiction it is not possible.

The Great Gatsby 
Although it is possible to achieve the American dream for few. A lot of people follow the American dream to achieve a greater chance of becoming rich. This was easier in the 1900s and now it is really hard to achieve the American dream because of all the competition and hard work required to achieve this dream. This is also shown in The Great Gatsby.

References 

Dream
Jason Upton (born December 15, 1973) is an independent Christian worship leader and musician. He has a large underground following. 

He has released 12 albums since the year 2000:
Key of David (2000)
Faith (2001)
Jacob's Dream (2002)
Dying Star (2002)
Remember (2003)
Trusting the Angels (2004)
Great River Road (2005)
Open Up the Earth (2005)
Beautiful People (2007)
Between Earth and Sky (2007)
1200 FT Below Sea Level (2008)
On the Rim of the Visible World (2009) w/ the Good Land Band

1973 births
Living people
Singers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
American singer-songwriters
Christian music singers
Richard Dean Anderson (born January 23, 1950, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American television actor. He is best known for his role as the title character in the television series MacGyver, and for his role as Jack O'Neill in the television series Stargate SG-1.

References

Other websites

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Ohio University alumni
Michael Garrett Shanks (born December 15, 1970, Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actor, writer and director. He became famous for his role as Dr. Daniel Jackson on the television series Stargate SG-1. He also provided the voice of the character Thor for this show. He is a film and television actor.

Other websites
 Michael Shanks Online - The Official Michael Shanks Website

 Michael Shanks TV Guide Blog 

1970 births
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Living people
People from Vancouver
"Smells Like Teen Spirit" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana, from their second album Nevermind. It is their most famous song, and one of the most famous songs ever. Many people thought the song represented the ideas of the people in Generation X (people born in the United States between 1965 and 1980.)

Writing the song 
The song was written by all three members of Nirvana. It was written to sound like a song that the Pixies (a band that Kurt Cobain enjoyed) wrote. It was originally a much faster song than the final version was. The title "Smells Like Teen Spirit" came from when Cobain's friend Kathleen Hanna spray painted "Kurt Smells Like Teen Spirit" on his wall. "Teen Spirit" was the name of the deodorant that Cobain's girlfriend Tobi Vail wore. But Cobain thought it was a symbol for a "revolutionary" song or a "punk rock anthem."

People's opinions of the song 
Smells Like Teen Spirit was released in 1991. It was the first single from Nevermind. Nirvana expected the song to not become very famous. They expected the next single, "Come as You Are", to be their big hit. However, radio stations in Seattle played Smells Like Teen Spirit, and it became a hit. Come as You Are was not as popular.

Many people who listened to the song were not able to understand what Kurt Cobain was singing. This was because he mumbled throughout the song, and the lyrics did not make sense to them. Because of this, "Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of the song called "Smells Like Nirvana".

1991 songs
Nirvana songs
Billabong is an Australian brand of surf clothing which is popular with young people, in particular the Australian surf community, however, more recently of the skating, and other sporting communities.

History 
Billabong started in the Gold Coast in 1973 when surfing culture in Australia was popular. Surfers Gordon and Rena Merchant wanted to create board shorts that were strong enough to withstand the weather conditions of surfing. The name Billabong comes from the Wiradjuri word 'bilaban', which means a creek that runs during the rainy season. 

Billabong is known for their brand mottos "Life's better in boardshorts" and "A bikini kinda life".

References

Companies of Australia
Clothing companies
The Nuremberg Laws is the name for three (historically: two laws) that were set into practice in Germany in 1935, and that were valid until 1945. They are named after the city of Nuremberg where the legislative assembly met.

They were:
 Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre (Often called Blutschutzgesetz, law concerning the protection of German blood and honour). This law made it illegal for Jews to marry non-Jews. It also made it illegal for these people to have sex with each other. The law provided for long prison terms for men who did not obey it. Women could go away without prison term (if they told about it). This law also forbade Jews to show the national flag, and guaranteed their right to show Jewish symbols.
 Reich Citizenship Law : This law basically said that only people of German or closely-related blood could become citizens - in other words: Jews (and some others) could not. All Jews employed by the government had to quit their job. They also lost their right to vote and to be in the army.
 Reichsflaggengesetz Strictly speaking this flag law is not one of the Nuremberg Laws, but it was published with the others. It made the swastika the official flag of Germany.
On the 14th of November 1935, the Nuremberg laws were expanded prohibiting Roma (Gypsies), Blacks or any of their offspring from engaging in marriage or sexual relations with 'Those of German or German related blood'.History of Germany
Legislation
Thrice is an American experimental rock band formed in 1998. They are always changing their sound from different albums. The four members in Thrice are the same four people as when they started 10 years ago.

In 2004, the band released a DVD about the band. In the DVD, it talks about the members. They talk about experiences with touring and being in the band. They also talk about their ideas about the future direction of the music.

Dustin Kensrue, the lead singer for the band, released a solo album in 2007.

Most recently, Thrice have released a four disc album titled The Alchemy Index (volumes Earth, Fire, Water and Air). At the end of each disc, there is a song written in a similar poem style. The  last line in that song is always sung in the same way.

Albums
 First Impressions (1999)
 Identity Crisis (2001)
 The Illusion of Safety (2002)
 The Artist in the Ambulance (2003)
 Vheissu (2005)
 The Alchemy Index, volumes: Fire and Water (2007)
 The Alchemy Index, volumes: Earth and Air (2008)

References

American rock bands
Musical groups from California
Irvine, California
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California
Pavement redirects here. For the American rock band, see Pavement (band).

A sidewalk is a path for pedestrians that runs along the side of a road. It is called a sidewalk in American English, but can also be called a pavement (mainly British English and  South African English), a footpath (Australian English, Irish English, Indian English and New Zealand English) or footway (Engineering term).

Pedestrians use sidewalks to keep them safe from vehicles on the road. Sidewalks can be made of bricks or from tarmac.

Transport infrastructure
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW, ) is a German automobile and motorcycle maker founded on 7 March 1916. It is one of the most famous automobile makers in the world. The headquarters is in Munich, Bavaria. BMW is part of the "German Big 3" luxury automobile manufacturers, along with Audi and Mercedes-Benz.

BMW makes these automobiles:
 BMW 1 Series (2004–present)
 BMW 2 Series (2014–present)
 BMW 3 Series (1975–present)
 BMW 4 Series (2014–present)
 BMW 5 Series (1972–present)
 BMW 6 Series (1976–present)
 BMW 7 Series (1977–present)
 BMW 8 Series (2018–present)
 BMW X1 (2009–present)
 BMW X2 (2017–present)
 BMW X3 (2004–present)
 BMW X4 (2014–present)
 BMW X5 (1999–present)
 BMW X6 (2008–present)
 BMW X7 (2019–present)
 BMW Z4 (1989–present)
 BMW M2 (2016–present)
 BMW M3 (1986–present)
 BMW M4 (2014–present)
 BMW M5 (1984–present)
 BMW M8 (2019–present)
 BMW i3 (2013–present)
 BMW i4 (2021–present)

BMW's automobiles are tuned and modified by several German Tuning Companies such as AC Schnitzer, M, and Alpina.

References

 
Companies listed on the DAX
1916 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Mazda Motor Corporation is a car manufacturer or maker based in Hiroshima, Japan. Mazda is the 15th largest car maker in the world, and 12th largest in U.S. sales. The company was started in 1920. Today it has about 44,000 employees. Sales are 2,057,614,000,000 yen.

History
In 1920,Toyo Koruku Kogyo was established. In 1984, it changed its name to Toyora Motor Corporation. The company is unique in using rotary engines in some of its cars. A rotary engine has more power for its weight than ordinary engines. In 1991, the Mazda 787B (which had a rotary engine) won the 24 Heures du LeMans. From 1979 to 2010, Mazda had a partnership with Ford Motor Company. At one point, Volkswagen owned 1/3 of Mazda's stock.  Since 2000, Mazda has grown, especially in Europe and North America, and it is now completely separate from Ford.  In 2015, Mazda and Toyota agreed to work together.

Brand
Mazda produces cars only in Japan and Mexico, but 80% of its sales are outside of Japan. Mazda is the only company that produces cars which have rotary engines (but most of its cars do not have rotary engines). The cars are popular in Australia and Europe, especially Germany and U.K. Nowadays, Mazda's slogan is ZOOM-ZOOM. It is famous for the movie Only Strong. ZOOM-ZOOM comes from English-speaking children calling cars ZOOM-ZOOM.

Name
Mazda's company name is derived from Matsuda Jujirou who was the founder of this company, and the Zoroastrian god, Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda is a symbol of wisdom, reason, and harmony.

References

Other websites
 Mazda Global Web Site - includes links to Mazda operations worldwide
 Mazda Dealerships  - North America

Automobile companies of Japan
Hiroshima
1920 establishments in Asia
1920s establishments in Japan
was the 123rd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 30 July 1912 and ended with his death in 1926.

Emperor Taishō (meaning "Great Justice") was the name given to Yoshihito at the time of his coronation. Emperors of Japan receive a new name at the time of their coronation, and people start using the new name, both to refer to the emperor himself and the name of the era during which he reigned.

Events of Taishō's life
Taishō's early life was marked by many changes in the role of emperor; and his reign was a period of consolidation.

Timeline

A timeline of major events includes:

 1879 (Meiji 12): A son called Harunomiya (also named Yoshihito) is born to Emperor Meiji
 1900 (Meiji 33): Prince Yoshihito marries Kujō Sadako, who becomes Empress Teimei.
 1901 (Meiji 34): Prince Michinomiya (also named Hirohito) is born.
 1912 (Taishō 1):  Prince Yoshihito became emperor; also, the Japanese era name becomes the first year of Taishō.
 1914-1918 (Taishō 3-7): World War I
 1921 (Taishō 10): Taishō's son Prince Hirohito became regent.
 1923 (Taishō 12): Great Kantō earthquake
 1926 (Taishō 15): The emperor dies and the responsibility of the throne passes to Crown Prince Hirohito; also, the era name became the first year of Shōwa.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Taishō period

References

Further reading
 Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ; OCLC 247018161
 Young, Arthur Morgan. (1928). Japan under Taisho Tenno: 1912-1926.  London: George Allen & Unwin.  OCLC 2158641

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1879 births
1926 deaths
People from Kyoto Prefecture
was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign lasted from 1867 until his death.

Events of Meiji's life
Meiji's reign was marked by many changes including the move of the Imperial court from Kyoto to Tokyo.

Timeline
A timeline of major events includes:

 1852 (Kaei 5): A son called Sachinomiya is born to Emperor Kōmei
 1860 (Ansei 7): Sachinomiya becomes official heir and his personal name (imina) becomes Mutsuhito.
 1867 (Keiō 3): Kōmei dies and the responsibility of the throne passes to Crown Prince Mutsuhito.
 1868 (Meiji 1): Official beginning of the emperor's reign and Japanese era name becomes the first year of Meiji.
 1869 (meiji 2): Marriage to Ichijo Haruko, who becomes Empress Shoken.
 1879 (meiji 12): Prince Yoshihito (the future Taisho Tenno) is born.

 1889 (Meiji 22): Meiji Constitution is proclaimed
 1894 (Meiji 27): Sino-Japanese War
 1904–1905 (Meiji 37-38):: Russo-Japanese War
 1912 (Meiji 45): The emperor dies

After death
He died in Tokyo. A detailed account of the state funeral in the New York Times concluded with an observation: "The contrast between that which preceded the funeral car and that which followed it was striking indeed.  Before it went old Japan; after it came new Japan."

The spirits of Emperor Meiji and his wife are honored at the  in Tokyo.

Honors
 Order of the Garter, 1906

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Meiji period
 Meiji Seamount

References

Further reading
Jansen, Marius. (1995). The Emergence of Meiji Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; ;  OCLC 31515308
Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ;  OCLC 46731178

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
People from Kyoto Prefecture
1852 births
1912 deaths
Trivium is a heavy metal band from Orlando, Florida. They started in 1999 and became very successful. The members are: Matt Heafy (vocals, guitars), Corey Beaulieu (guitars), Paolo Gregoletto (bass) and Alex Bent (drums).

Band members 
Current lineup
 Matt Heafy – guitars (1999–present); lead vocals (2000–present); backing vocals (1999–2000)
 Corey Beaulieu – guitars, harsh backing vocals (2003–present)
 Paolo Gregoletto – bass, clean backing vocals (2004–present)
 Alex Bent – drums, percussion (2017–present)

Former
 Brad Lewter – bass, lead vocals (1999–2000)
 Jarred Bonaparte – guitars (1999–2000); bass (2000–2001)
 Travis Smith – drums, percussion (1999–2009)
 Brent Young – guitars (2000–2001); bass (2001–2004); backing vocals (2000–2004)
 Nick Augusto – drums, percussion (2009–2014)
 Mat Madiro – drums, percussion (2014–2015)

Timeline

Discography 

 Ember to Inferno (2003)
 Ascendancy (2005)
 The Crusade (2006)
 Shogun (2008)
 In Waves (2011)
 Vengeance Falls (2013)
 Silence In The Snow (2015)
 The Sin And The Sentence (2017)
 What the Dead Men Say (2020)
 In the Court of the Dragon (2021)

Extended Plays 
 Trivium EP (2003)

Other websites 

 Official website
 

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Orlando, Florida
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Florida
Emily Jane Browning (born 7 December 1988) is an Australian movie actress and singer. Browning made her movie start in the Australian television movie The Echo of Thunder. Later, she played recurring roles in Australian television shows Blue Heelers and Something in the Air. Her breakthrough role was in the 2002 horror movie Ghost Ship, which introduced her to a wider audience. In 2005, Browning won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Violet Baudelaire in the comedy movie Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004).

Browning is also known for her roles in the horror movie The Uninvited (2009), the action movie Sucker Punch (2011), and the independent movie Sleeping Beauty (2011). Her role in Sleeping Beauty was highly praised and in 2011 was named the Breakthrough performer of the year by Hamptons International Film Festival.

References 

1988 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Actors from Melbourne
Australian child actors
The word trivium, from Latin, is made of two parts. The first part tres meant "three" and the second part vía meant "way".  

In antiquity and the High Middle Ages, there were different ways of teaching young men at the university. The trivium was three simplest ways to study the world, and so young men learned them first. After the trivium, they studied the quadrivium. Together, these subjects were called the seven liberal arts. The most difficult, and final subject studied was theology.

The three subjects were related to talking about the world. These subjects were grammar, logic and rhetoric.  They were ways of preparing for the quadrivium, which includes arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy.

Grammar 
One way of studying the world is to look at the form of the words. Grammar is the mechanics of the language.
When a man studied grammar, he studied how words were put together, and how words were combined to make sentences, paragraphs, chapters, and stories.

The word "grammar" has a more limited meaning now than it did before now. Many subjects, such as syntax and phonetics were part of grammar.

Logic 
One way of studying the world is to look at the meaning of words. Logic is the mechanics of thought and analysis. Logic is the study of how meanings are related to each other, and how to make good decisions. A fallacy is when someone does not draw a conclusion according to the rules of logic. An old name for logic was dialectics.

Rhetoric 
One way of studying the world is to look at communicating with words. Rhetoric is the mechanics of discourse. Discourse is the process of two or more people communicating about an idea. Young men studied rhetoric in order to learn how to instruct and to persuade.

Related pages
Liberal arts
Quadrivium

Middle Ages
Liberal arts
Cultural history

es:Artes liberales#Las siete artes: Trivium et Quadrivium
he:בוגר אוניברסיטה#מקור השם
pl:Siedem sztuk wyzwolonych#Trivium
The London School of Economics and Political Science (more commonly London School of Economics or LSE) is a college of the University of London in Westminster. The college opened in 1895. It joined the University of London in 1900. Today it is one of the leading universities for Law, Economics and Political Sciences. QS ranked it as the second best university in the world for social science in 2013. 

Some of the most notable people who attended the college are:

 Bertrand Russell
 Ed Miliband
 John Fitzgerald Kennedy
 John Richard Hicks
 Friedrich August von Hayek
 George Bernard Shaw
 Mick Jagger
 Monica Lewinsky

It is a member of the Russell Group. In 2011 17,654 people applied for 1,271 undergraduate places. This means there were 13.8 applicants for every place. Over half of LSE's students are postgraduates. 16 Nobel Prize winners have been LSE students or staff. It has the highest percentage of students from another country in the world and 46% of staff are from other countries.

References

1895 establishments in England
City of Westminster
Colleges and universities in London
Friedrich August von Hayek, CH (8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992) was an Austrian-British economist and political philosopher. He became known because he strongly defended liberalism and free-market capitalism. He was against too much central control of the economy and society. He thought that forms of government like socialism were not good for the economy, and damaged freedom of the individual. Hayek's signature work, The Road to Serfdom, refers to the consequences of socialism.

He was one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the 20th century. He was one of the most important members of the Austrian School of economics. He also had many ideas in the fields of jurisprudence and cognitive science. He shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics with his rival Gunnar Myrdal. The award was for their work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations; also for their analysis of the inter-dependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. He also received the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991. He is thought to be one of the major causes of change from the Keynesian policies of the first part of the 20th century. Instead of governments handling the details of the economy, they went back towards classical liberalism in the 1980s and later. This happened most clearly in the 1980s in the U.S.A. (under Ronald Reagan) and the U.K. (under Margaret Thatcher).

Main books 
 Profits, interest and investment: and other essays on the theory of industrial fluctuations, 1939.
 The road to serfdom, 1944. 
 Individualism and economic order, 1948. 
 The counter-revolution of science: studies on the abuse of reason, 1952. 
 
 Law, legislation and liberty (3 volumes)
Volume I. Rules and order, 1973. 
Volume II. The mirage of social justice, 1976. 
Volume III. The political order of a free people, 1979. 
 The fatal conceit: the errors of socialism, 1988.

Related pages
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy

References 

1899 births
1992 deaths
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
British academics
British economists
British Nobel Prize winners
British philosophers
Companions of Honour
Liberals
Libertarians
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian philosophers
The Ancient Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions held between the city-states of Ancient Greece. They used to be called the Olympic Games (; Olympiakoi Agones) until the modern day Olympic Games started. The Ancient Olympic Games began in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. They ran until 393 AD. Then the stadium got buried by landslides and other natural disasters.
Prizes at the games were olive wreaths, palm branches and woollen ribbons. The ancient Olympics were played in the honour of the God Zeus.  

Women were not allowed to participate or even to see the competitions.

Famous athletes 

Here are athletes that competed at the Games:
 from Athens:
 Aurelios Zopyros (Junior boxing)
 from Sparta:
 Acanthus of Sparta (Running: diaulos)
 Chionis of Sparta (Running: stadium, diaulos. Long and Triple Jump)
 Cynisca of Sparta (first woman to be listed as an Olympic victor)
 from Rhodes:
 Diagoras of Rhodes (Boxing 79th Olympiad, 464 BCE) and his sons Akusilaos and Damagetos (Boxing and Pankration)
 Leonidas of Rhodes (Running: stadium, diaulos and hoplitodromos)
 from Croton:
 Astylos of Croton (Running: stadium, diaulos and hoplitodromos)
 Milo of Croton (wrestling)
 Timasitheos of Croton (wrestling)
 from other cities:
 Koroibos of Elis (Stadion)
 Orsippus of Megara (Runner: diaulos)
 Theagenes of Thasos (Pankration)
 non-Greek:
 Tiberius (steerer of a four-horse chariot)
 Nero (steerer of a ten-horse chariot)
 Varastades, Prince and future King of Armenia, (last known Ancient Olympic victor (boxing) during the 291st Olympic Games in the fourth century.

Related pages
 Olympic Games

References

Other websites 

 The Ancient Olympic Games Virtual Museum (requires registration) 
 Ancient Olympics (General and detailed information)
 The Ancient Olympics (A special exhibit)
 The Real Story of the Ancient Olympic Games
 The Origin of the Olympics
 The Original Olympic Movement Since 776 B.C.
 List of Macedonian Olympic winners (in Greek) 
 Webquest The ancient and modern Olympic Games 

Olympic Games
Manhattan is a 1979 American romantic comedy-drama movie by director Woody Allen. The movie is set in New York City. The movie is about Issac Davis (played by Allen), a divorced 42-year old dating a 17-year-old girl. His ex-wife is openly lesbian.

The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress (Mariel Hemingway) and Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen. It also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The movie was #46 on American Film Institute's "100 Years...100 Laughs". In 2001, the United States Library of Congress said the movie was "culturally significant" and selected it to keep in the National Film Registry.

The movie had mostly positive reviews.

Cast
 Woody Allen as Isaac Davis
 Diane Keaton as Mary Wilkie
 Michael Murphy as Yale Pollack
 Mariel Hemingway as Tracy
 Meryl Streep as Jill
 Anne Byrne as Emily
 Michael O'Donoghue as Dennis
 Wallace Shawn as Jeremiah
 Karen Ludwig as Connie
 Charles Levin, Karen Allen, and David Rasche as Television actors
 Mark Linn-Baker and Frances Conroy as Shakespearean actors

References

Other websites 

1979 comedy movies
1979 drama movies
1979 romance movies
1970s comedy-drama movies
1970s LGBT movies
1970s romantic comedy movies
1970s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
BAFTA Award winners
English-language movies
Movies directed by Woody Allen
Movies set in New York City
Screenplays by Woody Allen
United States National Film Registry movies
Match Point is a 2005 British crime drama thriller movie by director Woody Allen. It is set in London and stars Scarlett Johansson and Jonathan Rhys Meyers.

References

Other websites 

2005 crime movies
2005 drama movies

2000s crime drama movies
2000s crime thriller movies

Adultery in movies
British crime drama movies
British thriller movies
American crime drama movies
American thriller movies
Irish movies
Luxembourgian movies
French crime movies
French drama movies
French thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies directed by Woody Allen
Movies set in London
Nocera Inferiore, is a town and comune in Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno, at the foot of Monte Albino, 20 km east-south-east of Naples by rail, . above sea-level.

Nuceria Alfaterna  appears to have been the chief town in the valley of the Sarnus, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabiae and Surrentum all being dependent upon it. 

Hannibal destroyed the town in 216.

In 1385 Pope Urban VI was besieged in the castle of Charles of Durazzo.

At Nocera had sped a big part of they life the painter Francesco Solimena, and the writers Jacopo Sannazzaro and Domenico Rea.

Is the birthplace of the footballers Simone Barone and Raffaele De Martino.
Originally from Nocera are the parents of Italian American Warren Cuccurullo and Mario Cuomo.

References 

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Campania
Vitaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including the grape and Virginia creeper. The family name comes from the genus Vitis.  The name sometimes appears as Vitidaceae, but Vitaceae is a conserved name and therefore has priority over both Vitidaceae and another name sometimes found in the older literature, Ampelidaceae.

The relationships of Vitaceae are unclear and the family does not appear to have any close relatives. In the Cronquist system, the family was placed near the family Rhamnaceae in order Rhamnales. The family was placed in the Rosid clade, but not classified in an order, by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Web places Vitaceae in its own order, Vitales. Recent phylogenetic analyses support Vitaceae as the sister-group to all other rosids (Jansen et al. 2006).

Most Vitis species have 38 chromosomes (n=19), but 40 (n=20) in subgenus Muscadinia, while Ampelocissus, Parthenocissus, and Ampelopsis also have 40 chromosomes (n=20) and Cissus has 24 chromosomes (n=12).

The family is economically important as grapes (Vitis species) are an important fruit crop and, when fermented, produce wine.

Species of the genus Tetrastigma serve as hosts to parasitic plants in the family Rafflesiaceae.

Leea, sometimes classified in its own family, Leeaceae, is included in Vitaceae by the APG and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web.

Plant families
Smiley Smile is the twelfth studio album by The Beach Boys. It was released in 1967.

The Beach Boys albums
1967 albums
Rock albums
Pop albums
A country's foreign policy (also called the international relations policy) is a set of goals about how the country will work with other countries economically, politically, socially and militarily. It includes such matters as international trade, foreign aid, military alliances, and war.  

Foreign policy also involves dealing with groups that are not countries but that are still important. These are called non-state actors, and might include religious groups, large companies, or even terrorist groups. The study of foreign relations is known as foreign policy analysis (FPA) and the work is called diplomacy. Most counties have a foreign minister who directs these things, with help from other officials.
  Foreing policy is basically the way a government deals with other nations. The policy and behavior of other states, as well as domestic consideration and interests is what influences the development of foreign policy. According to Lumen Learning, foreign policy consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its own goals through relations with other countries. This means that foreign policies are arrangements made by the government to benefit them.

References 

International relations