cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The National Gallery of Art is an art museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was built in 1938 by the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon gave money and art to help the museum. Many lovers of art have given the National Gallery their art collections, like Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel H. Kress, and Joseph E. Widener. This has made the National Gallery one of the best art museums for Western art painting and sculpture in the world.

Other websites 

1937 establishments in the United States
Museums in Washington, D.C.
Buildings on the National Mall
Art museums in the United States
National museums
20th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
The 1999 İzmit earthquake was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999. It happened at around 3:01 am local time. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing 15,135 people and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. The epicenter was in İzmit, which was heavily damaged and where most of the deaths and injuries occurred.

After the earthquake, international support came to the area including former United States President Bill Clinton who visited the people who had been affected from the quake in Adapazarı. The quake also caused damage and the deaths of hundreds of people in Istanbul.

References 

1999 disasters
1999 in Asia
Earthquakes in Asia
Earthquakes in the 1990s
20th century in Turkey
August events
Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855 – August 27, 1937) was an American banker who also owned many industrial businesses. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.

Personal life 
Mellon was a lover of art, and had a large collection which he gave to the National Gallery of Art. Mellon was also a philanthropist - someone who gives to charity in order to make the world a better place.

American philanthropists
Bankers
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
US Republican Party politicians
1855 births
1937 deaths
Taksim Square is an area in Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turkey. Sometimes it is called the heart of Istanbul. On 1 May 1977 at a Labour Day celebration, there were more than 500,000 people in the square.

Taksim Square has a Republican Monument which was built in 1928.

Istanbul
National squares
A street market is an open-air market. Generally in an open-air market clothing, fruits and vegetables are sold. In Greece and Turkey, as well as in the Netherlands, street markets stands in several days weekly.

Retail markets
The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is the biggest reflecting pool in Washington, D.C. It is right next to the Lincoln Memorial.  The reflecting pool is long and can be seen in many photographs of the Washington Monument. There are paths and trees on both sides, and many people exercise around it.  It reflects both the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, which means that you can see both if you look into the water.

It is on the west side of the National Mall, and is about 2,029 feet (618 m) long and 167 feet (51 m) wide. It is about 18 inches (46 cm) deep on the sides and 30 inches (76 cm) deep in the middle. It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S. gallons (25,500,000 L) of water.

Events
Because the reflecting pool is right in front of the Lincoln Memorial, many famous events have happened there.

In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was not allowed to sing in the Constitution Hall in Washington, because of her race.  Instead, she sang on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. Over 75,000 people went to the Reflecting Pool area to listen to her. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, helped make her concert at the Lincoln Memorial possible.

In 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom held a large Civil Rights rally around the reflecting pool.  This was where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to a quarter million people standing around and in the Reflecting Pool.

National Mall
Monuments and memorials in the United States
Washington, D.C.
Gebze is an industrial town in the provience Kocaeli, Turkey.  It is the largest industrial area of Kocaeli.  There is a project to build the İzmit Bay Bridge to connect Yalova and Gebze.

Cities in Turkey
Alanya is a seaside resort in the south of Turkey and also a district of Antalya. Alanya has 300,000 permanent inhabitants. In summer, lots of tourists come to town for beach and sun. In summer, the population rises suddenly. Alanya has 10,000 European inhabitants and the number of European inhabitants rises year to year.

Cities in Turkey
Imrali is an island in the Marmara Sea in Turkey. There is only a jail in the island and no other buildings. Abdullah Öcalan is imprisoned there since 1999. Adnan Menderes the former prime minister of Turkey was executed there in 1961.

Islands of Turkey
Prisons
The Backyardigans is a Canadian-American animated musical TV series created by Janice Burgess aired on Nickelodeon from October 11, 2004 to July 12, 2013 in the United States.

Characters
Uniqua, a pink Uniqua (name of the species). Voiced by LaShawn Jefferies.
Pablo, a blue and yellow feathered penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler in Season 1, Jake Goldberg in Season 2-4.
Tyrone, a red-haired orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis, Jr. in Season 1, Jordan Coleman in Seasons 2-3 and Chris Grant, Jr. in Season 4.
Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae in Seasons 1-2 and Gianna Bruzesse in Seasons 3-4.
Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo.

References

2004 television series debuts
Children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
ATV could mean:

Television channels and stations:
ATV (Aruba), the NBC affiliate of Aruba.
ATV Turkey
ATV, student TV at American University

Other TV-related:
Apple TV, digital media receiver
Bodrum is a tourist resort in Turkey. It is in western Turkey along the Aegean Sea. Thousands of tourists come every year for sun and beach tourism. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Famous singer Zeki Müren died in Bodrum. Herodotus, an Ancient Greek Historian, lived in Bodrum. Turgut Reis was a Bodrumer who was an Ottoman admiral.

Further reading 
Bodream, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2010, ()

Cities in Turkey
Phenomenology is a way of thinking about ourselves. Instead of asking about what we really are, it focuses on phenomena. These are experiences that we get from the senses - what we see, taste, smell, touch, hear, and feel. Phenomenology does not ask if what we are seeing is actually there: for example it is not where we see an object (whether in real life, a dream or a hallucination) that is important, but it is the significance of the object that is important to the phenomenologist. It also does not ask if we are missing something, or if we have all the facts. Instead, phenomenologists (those who do phenomenology) believe we should look at the world just as it appears to us. 

Martin Heidegger, a famous phenomenologist, said that philosophers should be looking at how we live in our "average everydayness."  In his book Being and Time, he uses many examples of how people live in their normal lives. Jean-Paul Sartre did the same in his book Being and Nothingness. For example, he writes about meeting a friend at a cafe. However, the friend, named Pierre, never shows up. Sartre writes that he can feel the absence of Pierre in the cafe. Because of this, he says that non-Pierre (or the lack of Pierre) is something that exists, at least for him. It exists because he can feel it.

References

Books 
 
 

Philosophical movements and positions
Dalaman is a town in southwestern Turkey. It is a district of Mugla Province.  Dalaman has an international airport, Dalaman International Airport, which serves a gateway to tourists who are coming Mugla and the surrounding area.

Cities in Turkey

it:Distretto di Dalaman
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (also known as Second Bosphorus Bridge) is a bridge between Asia and Europe in Istanbul, Turkey.  The bridge carries 8 lanes of E80 (European Route) that spans across the Bosporus strait. It is 1,510 m long.

Buildings and structures in Turkey
Istanbul
Steel bridges
Transport in Turkey
Atatürk International Airport (formerly Yesilkoy International Airport) is the major international airport in Turkey. It is in the European part of Istanbul. In 2010, about 32 million passengers used Atatürk Airport. It was the 8th busiest airport in Europe in 2010.

The airport has three terminals – Terminal 1 for international passengers, 2 for domestic passengers, and 3 for cargo.
Atatürk Airport has three runways - runways 3000x45m (17L/35R & 17R/35L) and runway 2600x60m (05/23).

To get to the city center from Istanbul Atatürk Airport (IST), there is a light rail service, airport shuttle service, municipal buses, taxi, or hire cars.

References

Airports in Europe
Buildings and structures in Turkey
Transport in Turkey
Kemal Sunal (1944–2000) was a Turkish actor. He played Şaban, a character, in several movies. Generally his characters comes from middle-working class so the audience can understand how the working class lived when the movie was made. He died in 2000 of a heart attack on a plane in Turkey. He has a daughter named Ezo Sunal and a son named Ali Sunal who is an actor too.

Films 
 Propaganda (1999)
 Varyemez (1991)
 Koltuk Belası (1990)
 Boynu Bükük Küheylan (1990)
 Abuk Sabuk Bir Film (1990)
 Zehir Hafiye (1989)
 Talih Kuşu (1989)
 Gülen Adam (1989)
 Uyanık Gazeteci (1988)
 Polizei (1988)
 Öğretmen (1988)
 Düttürü Dünya (1988)
 Bıçkın (1988)
 Yakışıklı (1987)
 Kiracı (1987)
 Yoksul (1986)
 Tarzan Rıfkı (1986)
 Japon İşi (1987)
 Garip (1986)
 Deli Deli Küpeli (1986)
 Davacı (1986)
 Şendul Şaban (1985)
 Şaban Papuçu Yarım (1985)
 Sosyete Şaban (1985)
 Gurbetçi Şaban (1985)
 Katma Değer Şaban (1985)
 Keriz (1985)
 Atla Gel Şaban (1984)
 Ortadirek Şaban (1984)
 Postacı (1984)
 Şabaniye (1984)
 Tokatçı (1983)
 Kılıbık (1983)
 En Büyük Şaban (1983)
 Çarıklı Milyoner (1983)
 Yedi Bela Hüsnü (1982)
 Doktor Civanım (1982)
 Üç Kağıtçı (1981)
 Kanlı Nigar (1981)
 Davaro (1981)
 Zübük (1980)
 Gol Kralı (1980)
 Gerzek Şaban (1980)
 Devlet Kuşu (1980)
 Korkusuz Korkak (1979)
 Umudumuz Şaban (1979)
 Şark Bülbülü (1979)
 Dokunmayın Şabanıma (1979)
 Bekçiler Kralı (1979)
 Yüz Numaralı Adam (1978)
 Kibar Feyzo (1978)
 İyi Aile Çocuğu (1978)
 İnek Şaban (1978)
 Avanak Apti (1978)
 Şabanoğlu Şaban (1977)
 Sakar Şakir (1977)
 Hababam Sınıfı Tatilde (1977)
 Çöpçüler Kralı (1977)
 İbo Güllüşah İle İbo (1977)
 Tosun Paşa (1976)
 Süt Kardeşler (1976)
 Meraklı Köfteci (1976)
 Kapıcılar Kralı (1976)
 Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor (1976)
 Şaşkın Damat (1975)
 Hanzo (1975)
 Hababam Sınıfı Sınıfta Kaldı (1975)
 Hababam Sınıfı (1975)
 Köyden İndim Şehire (1974)
 Salako (1974)
 Salak Milyoner (1974)
 Mavi Boncuk (1974)
 Hasret (1974)
 Canım Kardeşim (1973)
 Oh Olsun (1973)
 Güllü Geliyor Güllü (1973)
 Yalancı Yarim (1973)
 Tatlı Dillim (1972)

Other websites 
 

1944 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Turkish actors
Barilla Group is a large Italian food company that makes pasta. They are the world's leading pasta maker. Barilla also provides pasta products to restaurants worldwide. They are the leading seller of bakery products in Italy. By purchasing the Swedish bakery company Wasabröd, they became the leading producer of flatbread in the world.

History 

The company was founded in 1877 in Ponte Taro, Italy by Pietro Barilla. The company is privately held, and is now in the fourth generation of Barilla family ownership. It is controlled by three brothers, Chairman Guido Barilla, and Vice Chairmen Luca Barilla and Paolo Barilla.

Company 

Barilla Group has many production plants all over the world. These are in Italy, Greece, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the United States and Mexico. The company also operates mills in Italy, Greece, Sweden, Turkey, and the US, while its central office is in Parma, Italy. Barilla's trademarks are Wasabröd (in Sweden), Misko (in Greece), Filiz (in Turkey), Yemina and Vesta (in Mexico). The wheat used to make the final product is purchased from around the world.

Controversy 

In 2013 the owner of Barilla, Guido Barilla, made controversial remarks about being for traditional family values and not gays. In a few hours Twitter had hundreds of messages protesting the company. This made the brand Barilla one of the top topics. Many messages called for a boycott of all the company's products. Guido later apologized by saying, “I apologise if my words generated misunderstandings or arguments, or if they offended the sensibilities of some people. In the interview I simply wished to underline the central role the woman plays within the family.”

In November of 2013 the Barilla Group announced they would start a "more active, global leadership position on diversity, inclusion and social responsibility." This included creating a board of experts to advise Barilla on these sensitive issues. Barilla also created of a new position in the company, a Chief Diversity Officer.

References

Other websites 
 Pasta maker Barilla tries to make amends... NYDailyNews.com

1877 establishments in Europe
Food companies of Italy
19th-century establishments in Italy
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) is one of the leading British orchestras. It is based in the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England. It became particularly famous during the years when it was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.

The orchestra was founded in 1920 by Neville Chamberlain, the man who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At that time it was called City of Birmingham Orchestra. Appleby Matthews conducted its first concert. In November of the same year the composer Edward Elgar conducted the orchestra in a programme of his own music in Birmingham Town Hall. Adrian Boult was chief conductor from 1924 to 1930.

History 
The CBO became a full-time organisation in 1944. It changed its name to the "City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra" (CBSO) in 1948. Chief conductors since then included Rudolf Schwarz and the composer Andrzej Panufnik.

The CBSO became internationally famous when Simon Rattle became chief conductor in 1980. The orchestra became known for their playing of late romantic and 20th century works, especially those of Sibelius and Gustav Mahler. During this period, the orchestra moved from Birmingham Town Hall to a new concert hall: the Symphony Hall, which was inside Birmingham's International Convention Centre.

Rattle was named music director of the CBSO in 1990. That same year, a new job was created for a composer who would be associated with the orchestra. It was called "Radcliffe Composer in Association", and the first person to have this post was Mark-Anthony Turnage. In 1995 Judith Weir became Fairbairn Composer in Association, followed in 2001 by Julian Anderson.

After Rattle gave up his job with the CBSO in 1998 and the Finnish conductor Sakari Oramo became chief conductor that year, and music director in 1999.

In October 2007, the orchestra named the Latvian conductor Andris Nelsons as the CBSO's 12th music director, starting with the 2008-2009 season.

The CBSO has made many recordings for EMI Classics and Warner Classics, as well as smaller labels. The Orchestra's chief executive is Stephen Maddock.

Conductors of the CBSO

Other websites 
 City of Birmingham Symphony official site

British orchestras
Egon Krenz (born 19 March 1937 in Kolberg) was a politician of the German Democratic Republic. He served in the East German Army, NVA (Nationale Volkes Armee), where he attained the rank of Unteroffizere (Corporal). He was a high-ranking member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He was the successor to Erich Honecker as leader of East Germany from 18 October 1989 until 3 December 1989, for a few weeks. Later, he was sentenced to six and a half years in prison and released in 2003.

1937 births
Living people
German criminals
German prisoners
Members of the Volkskammer
People from former German territories
Presidents of East Germany
Peyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is a retired American football quarterback. He played college football at University of Tennessee  and a total of 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Manning was with the Indianapolis Colts for 14 seasons and his last 4 seasons was with the Denver Broncos. Many people think that Peyton Manning is one of the best quarterbacks in National Football League history. He joined the team in 1998 when he was drafted ahead of Ryan Leaf, who was a bust. Peyton is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the older brother of former New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning. 

Manning has been in many television commercials. He has represented Papa Johns and Nationwide. He has also had his picture on the covers of some video games for the Xbox, and was on an episode of Saturday Night Live. Manning has also made a lot donations to charities and he has his own charitable group, called the Peyback foundation.

On February 4, 2007, Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a victory over the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. He was called the Most Valuable Player of that game. Manning was released by the Colts after missing all of the 2011 season with a neck injury. He signed with the Denver Broncos. Manning is also famous for his yelling and pointing before the snap while making last-second changes.

Peyton's father Archie Manning and brother Eli Manning have also played quarterback, but Peyton is the most successful.

Peyton Manning became the second quarterback after Brett Favre to beat the other 32 teams, after the Denver Broncos defeated the Indianapolis Colts (Manning's former team), in their season opener.  He is one of the 3 quarterbacks who defeated the other 31 teams after Tom Brady and Brett Favre.

On March 7, 2016, Manning announced that he was retiring from professional football.

References

 Peyton Manning picks Denver Broncos

1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
American football quarterbacks
The Statue of Freedom is a statue of a woman that is on top of the United States Capitol.  It was made in 1863 by Thomas Crawford.  The woman is a symbol - she was not an actual person but stands for the idea of freedom.  She is holding a shield and a laurel wreath in one hand.  In the other hand, she is holding a sword that is sheathed (in its case).

The statue stands on the peak of the dome, beckoning ideas and statutes that will be for the good of America and humanity.

Washington, D.C.
The Murray River is the largest river in Australia. It starts high in the Snowy Mountains and flows mainly west until it gets to the sea near Goolwa, South Australia.

For much of its length it forms the boundary between Victoria and New South Wales. Other rivers join the Murray, the Darling River, the Lachlan River, the Murrumbidgee River and the Goulburn River.

History
For thousands of years, the Murray River has been known to Aboriginal Australians, who called it various names such as Millewa and Tongala.

The river was later called the Hume River after it was visited by European explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in November 1824. Explorer Charles Sturt renamed the river in January 1830 after a British politician, Sir George Murray. In 1852, the government offered a bonus of $8,000 for the first paddlesteamer to reach Echuca. This was achieved by both William Randell and Francis Cadell.

Randell built a steamboat the Mary Ann, named after his mother, to start trading in 1853. Soon it was racing Captain Francis Cadell's steamer and river trading began. This provided many new jobs and started new settlements and industries along the entire length of the river Murray system. G.B. Johnston sailed a steam boat as far as Albury in 1855. The river was very important for carrying people and goods until the railways took over. By 1900 the river trade was just about over.

References

Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers of South Australia
A buffer solution is chemical solution which resists change to its pH or acidity.

It is a solution in water of a mixture of a weak acid or base and its salt. The pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms have a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

Buffer solutions may be of two types: acidic and basic.
Acidic : A solution of mixture of weak acid and a salt of this acid with a strong base. 
eg. CH3COOH+CH3COONa
Basic : A solution of a mixture of weak base and its salt with a strong acid .
eg. NH4OH+NH4Cl

If you add acid to the solution, the concentration of H+ ions will increase; to keep equilibrium a small number of ions will be combined (forming salt and reducing the concentration of H+ ion in the solution). If you add base the concentration of H+ ion will reduce (by consumption  or combining) and so a small amount of salt will break into ions and maintain the pH.

Buffer index is the number of moles of acid or base added to 1 litre of buffer solution to change its ph by 1 unit

Acids
Azad Jammu and Kashmir, () also just called Azad Kashmir is a self-governing region that comes under Pakistan and is disputed region with India. In terms of land area it is bigger than Trinidad and Tobago but smaller than Brunei.

Geographically, to the north, is the Gilgit-Baltistan province, while to the south borders the province of Pakistani Punjabi, and to the east being the Indian-administered Kashmir.

The capital city of Azad Kashmir is Muzaffarabad. Azad Jammu and Kashmir has an area of 5,134 mi² (13,297 km²). The inhabitants of this region are  Kashmiri citizens of ethnic Pahari origin. About 4 million people live there.

Government and politics 

Azad Kashmir is a self-governing state under Pakistan. It has its own elected president, prime minister, legislature, high court, emblem and official flag. However, the highest body in the state is the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council. This council has six members from the government of Azad Kashmir (including the President and the Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir) and five members from the government of Pakistan, including the President of Pakistan who is the chairman/chief executive of the council. Azad Kashmir is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts.

The Government of Azad Kashmir and Jammu is based in Muzaffarabad, the interim state capital of the Azad Kashmir disputed territory.

Divisions

The state is divided into three divisions. The divisions are further divided into districts. There are 10 districts.

Geography 
The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower area of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (). However, Hari Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. Fertile, green, mountainous valleys are characteristic of Azad Kashmir's geography, making it one of the most beautiful regions of the subcontinent.

The region receives rainfall in both the winter and the summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of Pakistan. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm). During the summer season, monsoon floods of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.

References

1949 establishments
Autonomous areas
 
Territorial disputes
Territories of Pakistan
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (or NNPT) is a treaty that was made to stop nuclear weapons from being built. It was written in 1968, entered into force in 1970, and 190 countries have signed it since then. Only four nations have not signed it: India, Israel, Pakistan South Sudan. North Korea withdrew in 2003.

Terms 
The treaty says that only five countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons. These are called nuclear weapons states. The five nuclear weapons states are China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. All five of these nations have all signed the treaty. They are not supposed to help any other nation build nuclear weapons. All other nations who sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty promise not to build more nuclear weapons for themselves or others.

The treaty also says that every nation is able to build nuclear power plants and have nuclear technology. However, nations who sign the treaty, but are not nuclear weapons states, promise to not use their nuclear power plants to make nuclear weapons.

The main corporations that made this treaty happen were the United Nations and the IAEA.

1960s treaties
Nuclear weapons
1968
1970
1970s treaties
Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper (born June 22, 1953) is an American Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, and MTV VMA-winning video and Emmy Award-winning movie, television and theater actress. She became very well known in the mid-1980s with the release of the album, She's So Unusual. Lauper became the first artist in history to have four top-five singles released from one album. She has released 11 albums, over 40 singles, and has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide.  She continues to tour the world in support of human rights.

Discography
She's So Unusual (1983)
True Colors (1986)
A Night to Remember (1989)
Hat Full of Stars (1993)
Sisters of Avalon (1996)
Merry Christmas... Have a Nice Life (1998)
Shine (2001)
At Last (2003)
The Body Acoustic (2005)
Bring Ya to the Brink (2008)
Memphis Blues (2010)

Tours

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Lauper has won one award from 15 nominations.

|-
|rowspan="5"|1985
|Cyndi Lauper
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|She's So Unusual
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|"Time After Time"
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Girls Just Want To Have Fun"
|Record of the Year
|
|-
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|"What A Thrill"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"Cyndi: Live in Paris"
|Best Long Form Music Video
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|"True Colors"
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"911"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1988
|"Cyndi Lauper in Paris"
|Best Performance Music Video
|
|-
|1990
|"I Drove All Night"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1999
|"Disco Inferno"
|Best Dance Recording
|
|-
|2005
|"Unchained Melody"
|Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
|
|-
|2009
|Bring Ya To The Brink
|Best Electronic/Dance Album
|
|-
|2011
|Memphis Blues
|Best Traditional Blues Album
|
|}

References

Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
1953 births
Living people
The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, was the Dutch colony that is now modern Indonesia. The main city was Batavia, now called Jakarta.

It was made from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company that came under the control of the Netherlands in 1800. 

In the Java War (1741–1743), Chinese rebels worked with Javanese Muslim rebels who forcibly circumcised Dutch men and enslaved Dutch women and children.

During World War II it was part of the Japanese Empire. In 1945 the Japanese had surrendered their colonies in the pacific, thus losing control of Indonesia, and Indonesian leaders made a declaration of independence. They fought a war of independence until the Netherlands gave Indonesia sovereignty in December 1949.

References 

1949 disestablishments in Asia

History of Indonesia
History of the Netherlands
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old Dutch), started in 1602, when the Netherlands gave a group of small trading companies a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The VOC had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money, and start new colonies.

It was an important company for almost 200 years until it became bankrupt in 1800. The VOC's colonies became the Dutch East Indies which later became Indonesia.

Founding: 1602-1620 
In the 16th century, trade with Asia was mostly controlled by Portugal. The Dutch government wished to take a foothold in the spice market, as Portugal could not keep up with the demand and rising prices in Europe. With government funding, the VOC set up its first trading post in what is now Jakarta, which eventually became its main base of operations in the continent.

Expansion: 1620-1669 
In 1620, the VOC created a trade agreement with their biggest rival in Asia, the English East India Company. This lasted until 1623, when the Amboyna Massacre forced the EEIC to move its trading posts from Indonesia to other areas in the continent.

In the 1620's, the VOC extended their reach to the remaining Indonesian Islands, and established plantations on the colonised islands to increase the volume of their exports. This expansion continued, until eventually the VOC was the richest company in the world.

In 1640, the VOC founded a trading post in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the last place where the Portuguese had a foothold. The VOC now had a total monopoly over trade between Europe and Southern Asia.

Exploration of Australia 
Ships from the VOC were among the early explorers of Australia. The first Europeans to live in Australia were left behind after the mutiny on the VOC ship Batavia in 1629. Many of the sailors who took part in the mutiny were executed, but two, Wouter Loos, a soldier, and Jan Pelgrom de Bye, a cabin boy, were left at Wittecarra Gully, near the mouth of the Murchison River. They were never seen again.

References 

1602 establishments
Companies of Europe
1800 disestablishments
1600s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Indonesia
1600s establishments in Asia
17th-century establishments in the Netherlands
1800s disestablishments in Europe
1800s disestablishments in Asia
Baja California Sur is a state of Mexico. It is on the Baja California peninsula. Its capital is La Paz. About 500,000 people live there. Its name means "South Lower California".

 
States of Mexico
Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (born August 17, 1952), more commonly known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian racing driver who was Formula One world champion in 1981, 1983, and 1987. He is one of the few men to win at least three world championships in the history of Formula One. The others are Jack Brabham, Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna (3 each), Alain Prost (4), Juan Manuel Fangio (5), Lewis Hamilton (7) and Michael Schumacher (7).

1952 births
Living people
Brazilian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
The term baby boomer most commonly refers to people born during the years 1946 to 1964 worldwide. In Canada it is anyone born between 1960 and 1980. Australia identifies baby boomers as those born between 1946 and 1961. Generally, after 1960 the birth rate started falling. In 1951, Sylvia F. Porter, a columnist for the New York Post, first used the term baby boom for the rapid rise in birthrate after Word War II.

Economic impact 
From 1945 to 1964 about seventy-seven million babies were born in the United States. In the 1950s baby boomers bought Mouse-ear hats after they watched "The Mickey Mouse Club". They danced to rock and roll and idolized singers like Elvis Presley. Hula hoops and Barbie dolls were wildly popular.

By the 1960s many baby boomers were teenagers. They spent nearly $20 million on things including food, clothing, and recorded music. Businesses were eager to find ways to meet their demands. By the 1970s entire industries were changing because of baby boomers.

Aging and end-of-life issues 
In 1998 the baby boomers began to discuss about their end-of-life issues; but many commentators think they have became burdens for their children and society. According to the 2011 Associated Press and LifeGoesStrong.com surveys:

60% lost value in investments because of the economic crisis
42% are delaying retirement
25% claim they will never retire (currently still working)

Baby boomer today 
The oldest baby boomers were 67 years old in 2013 and one in five Americans will be 65 years old in 2030. Many people believe they will become a stress on social welfare systems.

References 

Cultural anthropology
Time People of the Year
Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham, AO, OBE (2 April 1926 – 19 May 2014) was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966. He won the Australian Grand Prix in 1955, 1963 and 1964. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car builder that carried his name.

In 2000 the Australian Government gave him the Australian Sports Medal, and in 2001 he was given the Australian Centenary Medal for services to motor sport.

Brabham died at his home on the Gold Coast, Queensland on 19 May 2014 from liver failure, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
Australian racecar drivers
Deaths from liver failure
Disease-related deaths in Queensland
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Sydney
WilliamsF1, the trading name of Williams Grand Prix Engineering Ltd., is a Formula One (F1) motor racing team and constructor. It was founded and run by Sir Frank Williams and Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after two earlier and, compared with WilliamsF1's achievements, unsuccessful F1 operations, Frank Williams Racing Cars and Walter Wolf Racing. All of WilliamsF1 chassis are called "FW" then a number, the FW being the initials of team owner, Frank Williams.

Williams' first race was the  Argentine Grand Prix, and Switzerland's Clay Regazzoni won Williams' first race at the  British Grand Prix. At the  British Grand Prix, Canadian Jacques Villeneuve won the team's 100th race, making Williams one of only three teams in Formula One, alongside Ferrari and fellow British team McLaren, to win 100 races. Williams won nine Constructor's titles between 1980 and 1997. This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000.

Many famous racing drivers have driven for Williams, including Finland's Keke Rosberg; Britain's Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill; France's Alain Prost and Brazil's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna, and Canada's Jacques Villeneuve, each of whom, with the exception of Senna, have captured one Drivers' title with the team. After Senna died in a Williams car in a crash at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, Frank Williams, Patrick Head and designer Adrian Newey were all accused of manslaughter. The trial finally closed in 2005, when Williams, Head and Newey were all cleared of any wrongdoing.

Williams have worked with many notable engine manufacturers, most successfully with Renault: Williams won five of their nine constructors' titles with the French company. Along with Ferrari, McLaren, and Renault (formerly Benetton), Williams is one of the "Big Four" teams that have won every constructors' championship since 1979 and every driver's championship since 1984. Williams remains the only one independently owned, as the other three are "factory teams" either setup or bought out by major auto manufacturers.

Formula One World Championship results

References 

Formula One constructors
Formula One current
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.

It was the largest empire in the world at the time. It is the fifth largest empire in history.

It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (, Banu Umayyah) who came from Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. Damascus was the capital from 661–744, Harrran from 744–750, and in exile their capital was Córdoba (756–1031).

Origins 
According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and the Islamic Prophet Muhammad both have a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai.  Muhammad descended from Abd Munaf via his son Hashim, the Umayyads descended from Abd Munaf via a different son, Abd-Shams. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same Arabian tribe (that of the Quraish).
 

The Umayyads and the Hashimites were bitter rivals. The rivalry came from the initial opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. He tried to get rid of the new religion by waging a series of battles. But eventually he accepted Islam, as did his son (the future caliph Muawiyah I), and the two provided much-needed political and diplomatic skills for the management of the quickly expanding Islamic empire.

The origins of Umayyad rule date back to the assassination of Uthman in 656. At this time Ali, a member of the Hashim clan and a cousin of Prophet Muhammad, became the caliph.  He soon met with resistance from several factions, and moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("time of trial").

Ali was first opposed by an alliance led by Aisha, the widow of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the Companions of the Prophet. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.

When Ali was assassinated in 661, Muawiyah marched to Kufa. There he persuaded a number of Ali's supporters to accept him as caliph instead of Ali's son, Hasan. Then he moved the capital of the caliphate to Damascus. Syria would remain the base of Umayyad power until the end of the dynasty.

Related pages
 Muslim history

Notes

References 
 Previté-Orton, C. W (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Further reading 
 G.R. Hawting, The first dynasty of Islam: the Umayyad caliphate, AD 661-750 (London, 2000).
 H. Kennedy, The Prophet and the age of the caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century (London, 1986).

Other websites 
 Ummayad Lineage Chart 
 Ummayads 
 Umayyads - First caliphate dynasty

Former countries in Africa
Former countries in Europe
Former countries in Asia
Royal dynasties
661 establishments
750 disestablishments
7th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Europe
7th-century establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in Asia
Medieval Azerbaijan
London Gatwick Airport  is London's second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. It is the world's 22nd busiest airport in terms of passengers per year (7th in terms of international passengers). It is also often quoted as the world's busiest single runway airport, although strictly speaking it now has a second 'stand-by' runway, which can only be used when the main runway is out of use.

Overview 
Gatwick is in Crawley, West Sussex (it used to be Charlwood, Surrey) 5 km (3 miles) north of the town centre, 46 km (28 miles) south of London and 40 km (25 miles) north of Brighton.

Gatwick is owned and operated by a group of companies, led by Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), after it's previous owner BAA was forced to sell the airport by the Competition Commission due to its dominance in London and the South East, also owning Heathrow Airport.

With about 200 destinations, the airport handled over 34 million passengers with 263,363 aircraft movements in 2006. It was said that during 2007 Gatwick broke through the 35 million barrier for the first time in its history.

Usually, Charter airlines do not operate from Heathrow and therefore use Gatwick as their main base for London and the South East.

For the past 30 years, many flights to and from the USA have also used Gatwick because of the restrictions on access to Heathrow that were enshrined in the 1977 Bermuda II bilateral air services agreement between the UK and the US.

The airport is a major operational base for British Airways, easyJet and Virgin Atlantic. The airport is also a major base for a number of charter airlines including First Choice Airways, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomsonfly and XL Airways. Runway 8L/26R is mostly used as a taxiway. 

London Gatwick has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P528) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.

References

Other websites 
 Gatwick Airport

Gatwick
The 2002–03 NHL season was the 86th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the New Jersey Devils, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. This was the last season before the NHL switched home and away jerseys.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

Stanley Cup Playoffs

Note: All dates in 2003.

Playoff bracket

Conference Quarterfinals

Eastern Conference Quarterfinals

1<small>As of 2008, this playoff game is the 19th longest NHL overtime game ever. 53 minutes and 34 seconds of overtime were played before Mark Recchi scored the game-winning goal.

Western Conference Quarterfinals

Conference Semifinals

Eastern Conference Semifinals

Western Conference Semifinals

2As of 2006, this playoff game is the 4th longest NHL overtime game. 80 minutes and 48 seconds of overtime were played before Petr Sykora scored the game-winning goal.

Conference Finals

Finals

Scoring leaders 
''Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

NHL awards
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 2002–03 (listed with their first team):
Martin Gerber, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Tim Thomas, Boston Bruins
Ryan Miller, Buffalo Sabres
Jordan Leopold, Calgary Flames
Rick Nash, Columbus Blue Jackets
Steve Ott, Dallas Stars
Henrik Zetterberg, Detroit Red Wings
Ales Hemsky, Edmonton Oilers
Fernando Pisani, Edmonton Oilers
Jarret Stoll, Edmonton Oilers
Marc-Andre Bergeron, Edmonton Oilers
Jay Bouwmeester, Florida Panthers
Alexander Frolov, Los Angeles Kings
Cristobal Huet, Los Angeles Kings
Joe Corvo, Los Angeles Kings
Mike Cammalleri, Los Angeles Kings
Pierre-Marc Bouchard, Minnesota Wild
Francois Beauchemin, Montreal Canadiens
Vernon Fiddler, Nashville Predators
Anton Volchenkov, Ottawa Senators
Jason Spezza, Ottawa Senators
Ray Emery, Ottawa Senators
Jonathan Cheechoo, San Jose Sharks
Christian Backman, St. Louis Blues
Petr Cajanek, St. Louis Blues

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 2002–03 (listed with their last team):
Theoren Fleury, Chicago Blackhawks
Claude Lemieux, Dallas Stars
Mike Richter, New York Rangers
Pavel Bure, New York Rangers
Adam Graves, San Jose Sharks
Phil Housley, Toronto Maple Leafs
Doug Gilmour, Toronto Maple Leafs

References

Hockey Database
NHL Official Website
The 2000–01 NHL season was the 84th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the New Jersey Devils. The focus of Colorado's Stanley Cup run was on defenceman Raymond Bourque who was on a quest to win his first Stanley Cup championship in his 22-year career.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading goaltenders
Wins: Martin Brodeur (42);
Shutouts: Dominik Hasek (11);
GAA: Roman Cechmanek (2.01);
SV%: Sean Burke (.922)

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Conference quarterfinals

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Conference semifinals

Conference finals

Finals

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

NHL Awards
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 2000–01 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Andy McDonald, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Andrew Raycroft, Boston Bruins
Samuel Pahlsson, Boston Bruins
David Vyborny, Columbus Blue Jackets
Jody Shelley, Columbus Blue Jackets
Marty Turco, Dallas Stars
Mike Comrie, Edmonton Oilers
Shawn Horcoff, Edmonton Oilers
Lubomir Visnovsky, Los Angeles Kings
Marian Gaborik, Minnesota Wild
Mathieu Garon, Montreal Canadiens
Andrei Markov, Montreal Canadiens
Rick DiPietro, New York Islanders
Martin Havlat, Ottawa Senators
Justin Williams, Philadelphia Flyers
Miikka Kiprusoff, San Jose Sharks
Mikael Samuelsson, San Jose Sharks
Brad Richards, Tampa Bay Lightning
Daniel Sedin, Vancouver Canucks
Henrik Sedin, Vancouver Canucks

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 2000–01 (listed with their last team):
Paul Coffey, Boston Bruins
Ray Bourque, Colorado Avalanche
Larry Murphy, Detroit Red Wings
Joe Murphy, Washington Capitals

References

Hockey Database
http://nhl.com/
London City Airport  is a single-runway airport, intended for use by STOL (short take-off and landing) planes, mainly serving the financial districts of London. It is on a former Docklands site, in the London Borough of Newham in East London. It is near Canary Wharf and the O2 arena in an area called Silvertown.

The airport serves European destinations, though there is one flight to New York JFK airport.

The airport has tough rules to limit the noise from aircraft operations. This limits the aircraft types that can be used, and so does the length of the runway and the steep glideslope. The steep 5.5 degree approache requires special training for crew. Only multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft with special crew and aircraft certification can operate at London City Airport. London City Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P728). 

London City Airport was developed by the engineering company Mowlem in 1986/87. It is the fifth-largest international airport in size serving the London area, after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton. London City Airport claims lower check-in times than any other airport in London.

The airport has produced a master plan outlining their vision for growth up to 2030. The plan shows a phased expansion of the airport to a maximum capacity of 8 million passengers per annum, without the addition of a second runway, or significant expansion of the current airport boundaries.

London City Airport was purchased in October 2006 by a consortium comprising AIG Financial Products Corp. and Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) for an undisclosed sum. Speculation suggests the sale was valued at over £750 million. In 2007, London City Airport had 2.9 million passengers; by 2017 this had risen to 4,530,439.

Helicopters use another airport called London Heliport.

References

City