cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rubén Sierra (b. October 6, 1965) is a retired Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player.  Sierra was an outfielder.

1965 births
American League All-Stars
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
Minnesota Twins players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Puerto Rico
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Marin County, California is a county in the US state of California. It is north of the San Francisco Bay.

Notable sites
The Marin County Civic Center is a historic landmark. The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
Mount Tamalpais is  high. From the top, people can see great distances.
Muir Woods National Monument has 1000-year-old redwood trees that are over  high.
The north end of the Golden Gate Bridge is in Marin County.

Cities
Some of the cities in Marin County are:
Mill Valley
Novato
San Rafael
Sausalito

References

Other websites

 
1850 establishments in California
Transitional fossils (or missing links) are the fossilised remains of lifeforms that show features typical of two distinct groups. It may be a rare fossil, such as Archaeopteryx, which shows early features  of a group which later becomes widespread.

The rarity of transitional forms is interesting. It suggests the new forms are not yet dominant in the ecology of their time, and their populations are relatively small. It follows that their fossils would be scarce. In the Solnhofen limestone where Archaeopteryx was found, there are more examples of pterosaurs of several genera than there are of the proto-bird. In the Jurassic, the pterosaurs were dominant in the air.

But in the Lower Cretaceous the situation is reversed. The pterosaurs are in decline, and large numbers of different bird species are found in the famous Chinese lagerstatten deposits such as the Jehol biota. The Lower Cretaceous birds are clearly more bird-like, and the features they developed enabled them to invade habitat niches which had been the preserve of pterosaurs, or maybe were not previously exploited at all.

Mosaic evolution 
Typical of transitional fossils is that some features are clearly basal or primitive. Other features are advanced ('derived'). With Archaeopteryx, the front legs are derived, and show clearly the capacity for flight. Also, the feathers had the rachus (stem) off-centre, a feature of all bird flight feathers. The rest of the skeleton was just like any other small carnivorous dinosaur.p35

When transition takes place between one group and another, not all features change at the same time. This is called mosaic evolution.408 Transitions between higher groups would involve a series of transitional species, only a few of which may be found as fossils.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Fossils
Mariner 1 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 1 was planned to do a Venus fly-by. However, it was destroyed by the Range Safety Officer 293 seconds after launch. It was destroyed because the rocket moved off course and was a safety risk. Mariner 1 was followed by Mariner 2.

Why it was destroyed 

The Atlas-Agena rocket was controlled by a hand-written formula:

Which means "the th smoothed value of the time derivative of a radius R". However, for this mission, an overline (‾) was missing in the formula, which looks something like this:

Because the smoothing function was missing, the rocket became sensitive at minor changes. Then, the rocket became out of control and destroyed by the Range Safety Officer. Few years later, Arthur C. Clarke wrote that Mariner 1 was "wrecked by the most expensive hyphen in history".

References

Other websites 

Mariner 01

de:Mariner#Mariner 1 und 2
Cornish cookery denotes the cooking styles, traditions and recipes associated with Cornwall. It has been heavily influenced by the geography of the county as well as its social history.

Being a peninsula, fish dishes form a major part of the historical and modern recipes in Cornwall, with the fishing industry playing a major part in its economy. The iconic dish of Cornwall, the pasty, has its roots in the mining industry. 

Cornwall's cookery has influenced and been influenced by other British cuisine, as well as having similarities with the cuisine of its neighbour, Devon.

Much of Cornwall's farming land is suitable for milk production and one of the by products is clotted cream (cream thickened by cooking). This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream and is used in Cornish cream teas. Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law, and cannot be made anywhere else.

Pasties
Cornwall is perhaps best known for its pasties, a savoury baked dish made from pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies.

References

Cornwall
Cooking
Pedro Eliezer Rodríguez Ledesma, commonly known as Pedro (born 28 July 1987) is a Spanish footballer who plays for AS Roma and the Spanish national team.

Club career statistics

Honours

Barcelona
La Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
Copa del Rey (1): 2008–09
Supercopa de España (2): 2009, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009

Spain
FIFA World Cup (1): 2010

References

Other websites
FC Barcelona profile 

1987 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Sergio Busquets i Burgos (born 16 July 1988) is a Spanish footballer who plays for FC Barcelona and the Spanish national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2008/09 || rowspan="4"| FC Barcelona ||rowspan="3"| La Liga || 24 || 1
|-
|2009/10||33||0
|-
|2010/11||28||1
|-
85||2

Honours

Barcelona
La Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
Copa del Rey (1): 2008–09
Supercopa de España (2): 2009, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009

Spain
FIFA World Cup (1): 2010

References

1988 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Edifício Itália  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 165 meters (550 feet) tall and has 46 floors. It was built in 1965.

Related pages
 Downtown São Paulo
 Mirante do Vale

Other websites 

 Edifício Itália Official Page

Skyscrapers in Brazil
São Paulo
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
was a Japanese politician and thinker. He served as the 1st, 5th, 7th, 10th Prime Minister of Japan.

Ito was the first Japanese Governor General of Korea 1896–1909.

Political life 
In 1874, Ito became the Interior Minister, and from 1878 to 1880, he served as the Second Interior Minister. From 1884 to 1887, Ito was Imperial Household Minister. 

From 1885 to 1888, he was first Prime Minister of Japan, and also, in 1887, was the  Adjunct Foreign Minister of Japan. He served again as Prime Minister from 1892 to 1896, and again in 1898, and his final term was in 1900-1901 as the 10th Prime Minister.

He was killed for political reasons.

Related pages 
 Meiji period

References

Other websites 

1841 births
1909 deaths
Anti-Communists
Japanese educators
Japanese politicians
Murder victims
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi (born June 25, 1972) is one of the sons of Muammar al-Gaddafi. He is a candidate for President of Libya.

Saif studied architecture and political science. He holds a PhD from the London School of Economics. Saif presides the Gaddafi International Foundation of Charitable Associations. In 2011, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Saif. The court said that Saif may have committed crimes against humanity. According to the court, the Gaddafi regime used torture, killed people and raped women to incite the population to support the regime.

After the Libyan civil war, Gaddafi was arrested.  He tried to flee but was caught. He was flown to Zintan and has stayed there.

References

1972 births
Living people
People from Tripoli
Mariner 2 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 2 was the first successful mission from Earth to another planet.

Mission 
Mariner 2 was launched on August 27, 1962 aboard an Atlas-Agena B rocket at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.  The aim of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly-by the planet Venus and return information on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass.  Mariner 2 was at its closest to Venus, at a distance of 34,773 km, on December 14, 1962.  Orbital perihelion was on December 27, 105,464,560 km away.  The last radio signal from Mariner 2 was received on January 3, 1963.  Mariner 2 is still orbiting around the Sun today.

Design
The spacecraft's design was exactly the same as that of Mariner 1. Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program, but it had to be destroyed shortly after launch because its trajectory was wrong.

Discoveries
The spacecraft found out that the surface temperature on Venus was at least 425 °C (797 °F), on both the day and night sides. It discovered that Venus rotates in the opposite direction from most planets in the Solar System. The spacecraft also found that the atmosphere of Venus is mostly of carbon dioxide and that there is a very high pressure at the planet's surface. Continuous cloud cover was detected but no magnetic field was, however. It also found that solar wind is  continuous and that the density of cosmic dust between planets is much lower than it is near Earth.

References

Other websites

Mariner 02

de:Mariner#Mariner 1 und 2
The Peugeot 5008 is a MPV automobile produced by Peugeot since 2009. It is a longer version of the Peugeot 3008 and a MPV version of the Peugeot 308.

Engines 
 1.6 VTi 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.6 THP 115 kW (156 hp)
 1.6 HDi 80 kW (109 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
 2.0 HDi 110 kW (150 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)

5008
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg is a football club from Hartberg, Styria. The club is playing in the First league, the second division in Austrian football. Beside the football section the club has 14 others, like chess, Judo and gymnastics.

History
The club was founded on 29 April 1946. Then the club had two parts, football and handball. In the meantime there are 14.

After a long time in lower classes Hartberg was first promoted to the Landesliga, the highest class in Styrian football, in 1978. 1978/79 the club won the Landesliga, but failed in the relegation tournament for promotion. A year later the club reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Cup. 1994/95 the club became champion again and was promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division). 2006 the team became champion of the Regionalliga Mitte and was promoted to the Ersten Liga (2nd division). Due to reforms of the league Hartberg was relegated the same season. On the last day of the season 2008–2009, TSV Hartberg finished in first poisition of the Austrian third division and was promoted to the 2009–2010 second division where they play at the moment.

Team in the 2011/12 season
.

The second squad is playing together with FSC Eggendorf (TSV Hartberg Amateure/FSC Eggendorf ).

Honours
 3 x promotion to the second division:1996, 2006, 2009
 4 x Champion Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division):1996, 1999, 2006, 2009
 3 x Styrian Landesliga:1988, 1990, 1995
 Cup Semifinals: 1995
 Cup Quarterfinals: 1989

Stadium

The club plays in the Hartberg stadium. It is a multi-purpose stadium for 6000 visitors.

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Styria
Candidatus  is a term in the taxonomy (scientific classification) of bacteria.

It is a label put before the name of a bacterium which cannot be grown on an agar plate or in any other bacteriology culture. An example would be "Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae". Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well studied but cannot be cultured. Nowadays much information is got by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis.

History 
For correct publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a bacteriology culture collection. However, some bacteria require special tissue culture conditions and cannot be maintained in Bacteriology Culture Collections. This includes bacteria which live inside other organisms or cells. These include obligately intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts, insect symbionts, and populations from oceans or sludge. 

In 1994, Murray and Schleifer published a taxonomic note. They recommended that the new category of indefinite rank (Candidatus) be established for certain putative taxa that could not be described in sufficient detail to warrant establishment of a new taxon. It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.

According to the "IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group" the abbreviation for Candidatus should be Ca.

References 

Bacteria
Taxonomy
Candidatus Carsonella ruddii is an endosymbiotic gamma proteobacterium. It has the smallest known genome of any bacterium.

The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap-feeding insects known as psyllids. The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome.

In 2006 the genome of one strain of Ca. C. ruddi was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona. The genome is a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted genes was 182, also the lowest on record (NCBI-Genome). Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like status.

In comparison, Mycoplasma genitalium, which has the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has a genome of 521 genes.

References

Other websites 
Scientific American – Tiny genome may reflect organelle in the making

Gram-negative bacteria
Büsingen am Hochrhein often just known as Busingen, is a German village. It is part of the German state (Bundesland) of Baden-Württemberg. The village belongs to the district (Kreis) of Konstanz. Büsingen has an area of about . About 1,350 people live there. The village is the only exclave of Germany. It is surrounded by territory that belongs to Switzerland.

A 680-metre wide strip of Swiss land separates the village from the rest of Germany. The village next to Büsingen is the Swiss village Dörflingen.

There are no border controls between Büsingen and Switzerland because Büsingen is in a customs union with this country. The two countries agreed this in 1964 and the treaty became law in 1967. At the same time another even small part of West Germany separated from the rest of the country by land belonging to Switzerland, called Verenahof became part of the Swiss village of Büttenhardt.

Because the village is completely surrounded by Swiss territory, but is politically German, many things exist twice there. Büsingen has for example two postal codes and residents may have phone numbers from two countries. The official currency is the Euro. However, most things like electricity and cable television come from Switzerland and have to be paid in Swiss francs. Büsingen depends heavily on Switzerland in economics.

Büsingen only has one elementary school. Pupils can attend the school there up to the fourth grade. After this, the parents have to decide whether the children should attend a German or a Swiss school.

A Swiss Postbus connects the village to the Swiss city Schaffhausen the Swiss villages Dörflingen, Buch and Ramsen and the German village Randegg.

Most people who live in Büsingen, work in Switzerland and earn their salary in Swiss francs. 

Büsingen has a large proportion of residents who are retired people, many are Swiss, because they pay little or no tax on their pensions. 

About 30% of the resident population of Büsingen hold a Swiss passport.

History 
The oldest finds in the area of Büsingen date back to the Bronze Age. The village was first mentioned in historical documents in 1090. The area belonging to the village contains the sites of two abandoned villages.

References

Other websites 

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Konstanz (district)
CAE Global Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center) is a private flight school (airline pilot training) in Mesa, Arizona, USA. The school is located at Falcon Field airport and has 49 aircraft including 15 Diamond DA20-C1, 10 Diamond DA40, 4 Diamond DA42-L360, 11 Piper Archer, 8 Piper Arrow and one Beechcraft 90. The school has also three flight simulators.

History 

In 1991, Belgian government gives the École d’aviation civile created in 1953 to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center. The same year, it was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Following that decisions, the school is created as a subsidiary of Sabena Flight Academy and under the name of Sabena Airline Training Center.
In 2008, following the absorption of the Belgian school by CAE, the US subsidiary is also purchased. The school becomes part of the CAE Global Academy network and is renamed CAE Global Academy Phoenix.

References

Bibliography 
 Nicolas Tenoux (CAE Phoenix 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 13

Aviation
Mesa, Arizona
1995 establishments in the United States
A Mastère Spécialisé (MS), also called Specialized Master or Advanced Master, is a French degree (created in 1986) that a person gets after completing a Master's degree and then continuing to study in a Grande École in some specific field. These students are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they study, as compared to those who only get a Master's degree.

The course takes one year to complete, including at least four months of practical internship.

History 

The history of the Mastère Spécialisé starts in 1986. During the end of the 1980s, the Commission des titres d'ingénieur required that a student spend two years in a school to graduate with the French Master's degree. But a lot of foreign students sometimes came one entirely year in the French schools and came back to their own country without a degree. Also, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System was not yet adopted by all the schools.

Otherwise, companies in France was looking for graduated students with specialized skills, for jobs in key sectors.

For these two reasons, the French Conférence des Grandes Écoles has created the Mastère Spécialisé.

References 

Qualifications
1986 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in France
Beaumaris Castle (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) was a castle built in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales by King Edward I of England. King Edward built the castle to help him take over North Wales. It was one of several castles built along the North Wales coast.

History 

The castle was started in 1295 and work stopped in 1330. The castle was left unfinished. Small amounts of money were spent in the 1330s and 1400s to maintain (keep up) the castle. However, these payments were stopped. By 1609, the castle was a ruin. In 1642, money was spent on repairs. No more work was done and it became a ruin again. In 1925, Richard Williams-Bulkeley placed Beaumaris Castle in state care. Since then, it has been fixed and maintained. In 1986, the castle was placed on the World Heritage List. Today, Beaumaris is cared for by Cadw, an environmental service run by the Welsh Government. It is open to visitors.

More reading

Other websites 

 

Castles in Wales
1330 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Wales
Saint Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth. Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, his cult being centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.

Biography
In 676 he began the life of a hermit and retired to a cave on Lindisfarne. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and made his life more simple. 

In 684, Cuthbert was chosen to be bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was unwilling to leave his retirement and take up his charge. It was only after a visit from a large group, including King Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York on 26 March 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later moved to Durham Cathedral.

References

Monks
Christian saints
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham (usually known as Durham Cathedral) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093. The cathedral is known as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The present cathedral replaces the 10th century "White Church" built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede. 

Durham Cathedral occupies a strategic position on a promontory high above the River Wear. The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the central tower of 217 feet (66 m) giving views of Durham and the surrounding area.

There are many famous people who are interred (buried) in the Cathedral and in the surrounding grounds including Bishop Alfred Tucker.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

1090s establishments
Anglican Cathedrals
Durham
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Lofoten is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Though lying within the Arctic Circle, Lofoten has one of the world's largest higher temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.

Lofoten is well known for its natural beauty within Norway. Lofoten includes the municipalities of . The main islands, running from north to south, are
Southern tip of Hinnøya.
Southern 60% (approx.) of Austvågøy (526.7 km² in total ),
Gimsøy (46.4 km² ),
Vestvågøy (411.1 km² ),
Flakstadøya (109.8 km² ),
Moskenesøya (185.9 km² ),
whilst further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy and Røst. The total land area amounts to 1,227 km², and the population totals 24,500.

Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago is the vast, open Vestfjord, and to the north is Vesterålen. The main towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy and Svolvær in Vågan.

The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture is important and has been so since the Bronze Age.

Other websites 

 Lofotrådet (in Norwegian)
 Turisme- og begivenhetsinformasjon om Lofoten (in Norwegian)
 Miljøstatus i Norge: Lofoten og Barentshavet (in Norwegian)
 Lofot-Tidende online (in Norwegian)

Islands of Norway
CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy is a Belgian flight school created in 1953. It is in Steenokkerzeel (Brussels Airport). The school trains airline pilot and is part of CAE Global Academy.

History

The Belgian national aviation school 

The origins of the creation of a school providing training for future airline pilots start in 1953, when the Belgian government, which owns the aircraft, contracted the operation thereof to Sabena under the name École d’aviation civile (EAC). The theoretical and flight training parts are conducted at the airfield of Grimbergen in a building which no longer exists. Basic training is done through the De Havilland DH82A "Tiger Moth" replaced in 1968 by Siai Marchetti SF260, while the advanced training is entrusted to the Saab Safir 91B, replaced in 1958 by the Cessna 310B and in 1981 by the Embraer Xingu.

The Sabena airline flight school 

In 1991, the government gives the École d’aviation civile  to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center, and the school moved into a new building at Brussels National Airport. It was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Despite the bankruptcy of Sabena in 2001, the activities didn't stop. In 2004, the school was sold to two former managers of Sabena and became the Sabena Flight Academy.

The acquisition by CAE 

It is finally absorbed in 2008 by the Canadian group CAE. The acquisition of SFA by CAE was conducted as part of a larger program to complete a global training network: the CAE Global Academy.

Bibliography 

 Olivier Wilmart, De Sabena à Air France, Éditions Racine, 2002, 285 p. ()
 Olivier Wilmart, La nuque bleue, Éditions Racine, 2007, 196 p. ()
 Willy Buysse, Marguerite Coppens, Etienne Reunis, Frans Van Humbeek, Michel Wautelet, Sabena, le progrès venait du ciel, Bruxelles, Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2011, 224 p. ()
 Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 12
 Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 12

References

Other websites 
 CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Sabena Flight Academy website
 CAE

Aviation
Colleges and universities in Europe
1953 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Belgium
The 1988 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1988 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1988 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1988. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being twenty-three tropical cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only four storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Tropical Storm Aletta and Hurricane Kristy both caused minor flooding in Mexico. Elsewhere, Uleki was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon. In addition, Tropical Depression Seventeen-E and Tropical Storm Miriam both entered from the Atlantic Ocean, were they were called Hurricane Debby and Hurricane Joan, respectively.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Other websites 
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1988
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Luke Mitchell (born 17 April 1985) is an Australian actor from Queensland. Now living in Sydney, he is known for his role as Romeo Smith on the soap opera Home and Away. He is presently dating his co-star Rebecca Breeds who plays Ruby Buckton on Home and Away.

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Queensland
Christopher Lloyd Smalling (born 22 November 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Manchester United.

1989 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
Sportspeople from London
Rafael Pereira da Silva (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.

1990 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Rio de Janeiro
Fábio Pereira da Silva (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.
He's the twin brother of Rafael Pereira da Saliva

1990 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Rio de Janeiro
An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) is an area of countryside considered to have significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Natural England designates them on behalf of the United Kingdom government. Natural Resources Wales designates them on behalf of the Welsh Government. The Northern Ireland Environment Agency designates them on behalf of the Northern Ireland Executive.

The chief purpose of the AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, with two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management.

As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have their own authorities, have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development, and are well known to many inhabitants of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

There are 35 AONBs in England, four in Wales, one (Wye Valley) that is in both England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland. The first AONB was awarded in 1956 to the Gower Peninsula, south Wales. The most recently confirmed is the Tamar Valley AONB in 1994. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly (1976), , and the largest AONB is the Cotswolds (1966), . The AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries.

Other websites
 National Association for AONBs
 Interactive map of AONBs
Chaturanga is the earliest known form of chess, 6th century AD.

This precursor of modern chess originated in the northern Indian subcontinent during the Gupta empire. 'Chaturanga' translates as 'the four divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry. They were the four divisions of an Indian army at the time, and no doubt the game was thought of as a war-game. At that time the game had no female piece: what we now call the queen was called Mantri, meaning a minister or advisor.

The game eventually spread to the rest of the world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. It was then called Shatranj.

From the beginning until the end of the 15th century the pieces we call bishops and queens had limited movement, and it took longer to get the pieces into action. In modern chess, the original pieces evolved into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.p173; p74

References 

Chess variants
Chatrang, or Shatranj, was the name given to the early game of chess when it travelled to Persia and then to the Arab world.

In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became Chatrang and the rules were developed further, and players started calling Shāh! (Persian for 'King') when threatening the opponent's king, and Shāh māt! (Persian for 'the king is finished') when the king could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands.

The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names; in Arabic "māt" or "māta" مَاتَ means "died", "is dead". In Arabic, the game became Shatranj. In all other languages, the name of the game is derived either from shatranj or from shah.

One interesting fact is that the Arabs divided their game into the same three stages which we do today: opening, middlegame and endgame.p234

Tabiyat 
At the start of a game, the Arabic masters took a number of moves before the pieces were in contact with the other side.
"The result of this was that... the final position of the opening was the important one to memorise. Hence in almost all older Muslim chess-works we find... a collection of type-positions, each with its own distinctive name. [These] are recommended to the player as models for his imitation. Diagrams of these type-positions were a regular feature of Arabic chess-works down to the 17th century. These positions were called ta'biya (plural: ta'biyat or ta'abi)... which may be translated as battle-array".p234-5

The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in the names and character of chess pieces, as they passed from one culture to another, from India through Persia to Europe:p221

References 

Chess variants
An  ice cap is a large mass of ice. 

Ice caps cover less than 50 000 km² of land area. Sheets of ice covering more than 50 000 km² are called ice sheets. 

Ice caps are usually in high areas, but they are not limited to them.

References

Landforms

es:Campos de hielo
Egyptian literature is some of the earliest known literature. The Egyptians were the first culture to develop the book.

Ancient Egyptian literature

The ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus. They also wrote on walls, tombs, pyramids, obelisks, and more. A well-known example of ancient Egyptian literature is the Story of Sinuhe;

Christian Egyptian literature
Alexandria became an important center of early Christianity from around the 1st to 4th century CE. Writing by Coptic Christians was important to Christian literature at that time.The Nag Hammadi library protected some books from being lost or destroyed.

Islamic Egyptian literature
Muslim Arabs controlled Egypt by the eighth century. Libraries and literature were important in Arab Egypt. Several important changes for writers happened at this time. Cloth paper replaced papyrus. Writers began using calligraphy. Also, writers began to write mostly about Islam. The earliest novel written in Egypt was Ibn al-Nafis' Theologus Autodidactus. It was an early science fiction and religious novel.

Modern Egyptian literature
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Arab world experienced a cultural change like the Renaissance. This was called al-Nahda movement. It touched nearly all areas of life, including literature. One of the most important people from this time was Naguib Mahfouz. He was first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another important modern writer was Muhammad Husayn Haykal. He wrote Zaynab in 1914. It is an Islamic novel and is called the first modern Egyptian novel.

Notable Egyptian writers
Taha Husayn
Yūsuf Idrīs
Sonallah Ibrahim
Tawfiq al-Hakim
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Naguib Mahfouz
Nawal El Saadawi
Bahaa Taher
Alaa Al Aswany
Abdel Hakim Qasem
Miral al-Tahawy

Related pages
Wisdom literature
Culture of Egypt
Music of Egypt
Cairo Geniza

References

Other websites
 Literature in Ancient Egypt

Egypt
Literature by nationality
Asian literature
Phormium tenax (harakeke in Māori, New Zealand flax) is an evergreen perennial plant from New Zealand and Norfolk Island. It is an important fibre plant and also a popular garden plant.

The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves up to two meters long. It grows a much taller flowering shoot, with dramatic yellow or red flowers.

The fibre from the plant was used by the Māori of New Zealand to make baskets. It was also used in rope and sail making. after the arrival of Europeans up until at least WWII

In other countries Phormium tenax is an invasive species. On Saint Helena it is taking over the land from the critically endangered species Elaphoglossum dimorphum.

Ecology
The jumping spider Trite planiceps lives in the rolled-up leaves of this species. Phormium tenax grows on the coast where it is important in the breeding habitat for the endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin.

Cultivars
Several forms of this species have been selected for cultivation as decorative garden plants including: The Royal Horticultural Society in England gave an Award of Garden Merit to the plant.

'Bronze Baby' - arching bronze leaves,  plant.
'Dazzler' - arching leaves that are bronze-maroon with red and pink stripes, plant reaches 3 feet in height.
'Sundowner' -  plant, leaves are striped with bronze, green and rose-pink.

References

Further reading
 James Hector 1889. Phormium tenax as a fibrous plant. 2nd ed,  Geological Survey Dept, New Zealand. G. Didsbury, Government Printer, 95 pages.

Medicinal plants
New Zealand
Extensive reading is a way of learning a language, especially a second or foreign language, by reading large mount of texts.

First language and second language
Free voluntary reading is one name for extensive reading in first language education. Learners can choose a book that they like and to read it quickly or slowly. A free voluntary reading program is to help students to enjoy reading, so there are often no grades. In some schools this approach is also called Drop Everything and Read (DEAR).

In 1988, Day and Bamford described extensive reading for learning a second or foreign language. Students read as much as possible. Reading materials should use simple grammar and vocabulary so learners feel comfortable. Learners should read many different kinds of writing about different subjects.

Graded Readers
Many extensive reading programs use special series of books. These books use simplified grammar and vocabulary. They may be original stories, but many are shorter, easier versions of classic books.

Effectiveness
Many teachers and some learners believe that extensive reading alone is enough to improve vocabulary. McQuillan and Krashen also believe this.However, other researchers say that extensive reading alone is not enough. Cobb and Parry have done research to show that there is a limit. Extensive reading may not improve vocabulary as much as people thought, especially for less common words.

References

Learning
Chemistry education is the study of the teaching and learning of chemistry. Topics in chemistry education include understanding how students learn chemistry and how best to teach chemistry. Researchers in chemistry education try to improve learning results by improving teaching methods and training chemistry teachers. Researchers study many teaching modes, including: classroom lecture, demonstrations, and laboratory activities.

There is a world-wide shortage of chemistry teachers. This is because people with science training can get jobs that pay more outside of teaching. It is hard to keep science teachers. More than 45,000 math and science teachers left teaching in the United States just after the 1999–2000 school year.

Overview 

There are several different ways of thinking about chemistry education. One is a practitioner’s perspective. The people who teach chemistry define chemistry education by their actions.

Another is defined by a self-identified group of chemical educators (faculty members and instructors who focus on teaching rather than focus on chemical research). Dr. Robert L. Lichter, then-Executive Director of the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, speaking in a plenary session at the 16th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (recent BCCE meetings:  ,), posed the question “why do terms like ‘chemical educator’ even exist in higher education, when there is a perfectly respectable term for this activity, namely, ‘chemistry professor.’"  One criticism of this view is that few professors bring any formal preparation in education or background about education to their jobs. Most chemistry professors do not have a professional perspective on teaching and learning efforts. They may not know about effective teaching methods and how students learn.

A third perspective is chemical education research (CER).  Following the example of physics education research (PER), CER tends to take the theories and methods developed in pre-college science education research and applies them to understanding comparable problems in post-secondary settings. (CER also tries to improve pre-college chemistry instruction). Like science education researchers, CER practitioners tend to study the teaching practices of others as opposed to focusing on their own classroom practices. Chemical education research is typically carried out in situ using human subjects from secondary and post-secondary schools. Chemical education research collects both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative methods typically involve collecting data that can then be analyzed using various statistical methods. Qualitative methods include interviews, observations, journaling, and other methods common to social science research.

References

Other websites
Welcome to ChemConnections

Education by subject
Chemistry
The SC Rheindorf Altach is a football club from Altach,Vorarlberg. The club is playing in the Austrian First league, the second division in Austrian football. The official name is Cashpoint Sportclub Rheindorf Altach, due to sponsorship of Austrian sports betting company Cashpoint.

The second team (SC Altach Juniors) is playing in the Vorarlbergliga (4th level).

History
The club was founded on 26 December 1929 as the football section of the gymnastics and sports club Turnerbund Altach. 1930 they started to play in Vorarlberg football. In 1937 the club was dissolved and started again in 1946 as  Sportvereinigung Altach . In 1949 this club was dissolved and the football section started under today's name SC Rheindorf Altach. 

In 1986 they won the Landesliga for the first time and were promoted to Regionalliga West (3rd division). After some up and downs they could establish themselfe in the first league at the beginning of the 2000s. 2005/06 they won the league and were promoted to the Bundesliga where they played till the 2008/09 season. Since then they played again in the first league where they always played for the champion title but they failed every time marginal . In the 2010/11 season they finished second only one point behind Admira/Wacker Mödling.

In the 2013–14 season they won the league and were promoted to the Bundesliga. 2014–15 they finished 3rd in and qualified to UEFA European League. In the 2015-16 season they finished 8th and avoided relegation by five points. 2018-19 and 2019-20 they finished 8th, 2020-21 10th. The 2021-22 season was not good. Due to the fact that Altach is at the end of the table headcoach Damir Canadi was dismissed in December 2021. In January 2022 Ludovic Magnin became new headcoach of the team.

Current squad 

The club has also a amateur team playing in the Vorarlbergliga (4th division). A football academy is also part of the club. ( AKA Hypo Vorarlberg).

Coaches
 Head coach: Ludovic Magnin
 Assistance coach: Jonas Hammerschmidt
 Assistance coach: Louis Ngwat-Mahop
 Assistance coach:Manu Hervás
 Goalkeeper coach: Sebastian Brandner

Ground
The team is playing in the Cashpoint Arena (Stadion Schnabelholz).

Honours
 1 x Champion 2nd division: 2006 (Erste Liga)
 3 x Champion third division: 1991, 1997, 2004 (Regionalliga West)
 1 x Champion fourth division: 1986 (Vorarlbergliga)
 5 x Vorarlberg Cup: 1987, 1988, 1993, 2002, 2003

Other websites

 Official Homepage

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vorarlberg
Hurricane Irene was a 2011 Atlantic hurricane, which reached Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, that struck the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and the Bahamas, resulting in very serious damage. It also struck the East Coast of the United States and Canada. It formed on August 20 and dissolved on August 29. In summer/autumn 2011, the name Irene was retired from future use. It was replaced by Irma for 2017.

References 

2011 in weather
Hurricanes in the United States
2011 in the United States
21st century in Puerto Rico
2010s in the Bahamas
Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse (1741—1788) was a French navigator who explored the Pacific Ocean. He died when his ship was wrecked in the New Hebrides during 1788. He met the English when they arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in January 1788. After a short stay in Botany Bay, he sailed away into the Pacific.

References

1741 births
1788 deaths
French people
Simone Weil (3 February 1909 in Paris, France – 24 August 1943 in Ashford, Kent, England), was a French philosopher, gnostic, Christian mystic, and activist for social justice and soteriology of Jewish descent.

Books
 Simone Weil, Œuvres complètes. (Paris: Gallimard, 1989–2006, 6 vols.) (complete works)
1947: La Pesanteur et la grâce (Gravity and grace)
1949: L'Enracinement (Rootedness)
1950 Attente de Dieu (Waiting for God)
1951: Lettre à un religieux (Letter to a monk)
1951: Les Intuitions pré-chrétiennes (Paris: Les Éditions de la Colombe) (Pre-Christian intuitions)
1952: La Source grecque (Paris: Gallimard) (The Greek source)
1955: Oppression et liberté (Oppression and liberty)
2006: Note sur la suppression générale des partis politiques (Paris: Climats) (Note on the general suppression of political parties)

Other websites 
Some texts from Simone Weil (translated to Catalan)

1909 births
1943 deaths
20th-century French philosophers
Jewish activists
Jewish philosophers
Jews who converted to Christianity
Nonviolence advocates
Scientists from Paris
Song Jin-woo ( Hanja 宋鎭禹, May 8 1889-December 30 1945), the Republic of Korean (대한민국; 大韓民國) politician, educationist, journalist, and founder of Korean Democratic party (한국민주당; 韓國民主黨), the Dong-A Ilbo(동아일보; 東亞日報). He is also known by his pen name Goha (고하; 古下).

when 1945, He was assassinated Provisional Government of Republic of Koreas(대한민국 임시정부; 大韓民國임시정부) Guard a terrorist organizations Baekuisa(백의사; 白衣社), aged 56. After he died he was given the Order of Merit for National Foundation(건국훈장; 建國勳章) in 1962.

Related pages

 Kim Seong-su
 Dong-A Ilbo
 Jungang high School
 Korean Democratic Party
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Gu
 Kim Kyusik
 Shin Ik-hye
 Chang Myon
 Yun Chi-Young
 Yun Chi-Ho
 Yun Posun

referens

Other websites 
 송진우 (Song Jin-woo on Doopedia
 Goha Song Jin-woo Memorial Conference
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=5449 
 Song Jin-woo 

1889 births
1945 deaths
Anti-Communists
South Korean politicians
South Korean journalists
Karl Decker  (September 5, 1921 - September 27, 2005) was an Austrian footballer and football coach. He played most of his active time for First Vienna FC as midfielder.

Career
He started with minor clubs in Vienna and came to First Vienna FC in 1937. He played in this team until 1952. During the occupation of Austria by Nazi-Germany he and his team were very successful. They won three times the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland of the Ostmark, as Austria was called at this time (1942, 1943, 1944), and the Tschammer-Pokal (German Cup) in 1943. 8 times he played for the German football national team. After the end of the war he played 25 matches for the Austrian team between 1945 and 1952. 1944 and 1950 he was the top scorer of the league. He also played for S.K. Sturm Graz, then for Sochaux in France and  for Grenchen in Swizerland.

Coach
He was coach of Sturm Graz (1952–1954),FC Grenchen (1956–1958) and SK Rapid Wien (1968–1970). With Rapid he reached the Quarterfinals of the European Champion Cup and won in the third round against Real Madrid. In the quarterfinals they lost versus Manchester United.

Between 1958 and 1964 he was coach of the Austrian national football team. In this time the team was very successful. They won versus Scotland(4:1), UdSSR (3:1 and 1:0), Spain(3:0 in front of 90.726 visitors-this is the record in Austria), Italy(2:1), England (3:1)  and Hungary(2:1 and 2:1).  They qualified for the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile but the ÖFB had not enough money to send the team to the competition. Nevertheless the era Decker was one of the best for Austria's national football team.

References

1921 births
2005 deaths
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
Mohammed bin Hammam (Arabic: محمد بن همّام; born 8 May 1949) is a Qatari who used to be a football administrator and the AFC President (1 August 2002 to 14 June 2011).

During the 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding, Mohammed bin Hammam was rumored to have bribed officials, so that Qatar can host.

References 

Qatari people
Doha
Asian sportspeople