cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Assemblywomen is a satirical comedy by Aristophanes on the idea that women might be better than men at running the state.

The play is about a group of women, and their leader Praxagora. She has decided that the women must convince the men to give them control of Athens, because they could rule it better. The women, in the guise of men, sneak into the assembly and vote the measure, convincing some of the men to vote for it because it is the only thing they have not tried.

The women set up a government in which the state feeds, houses, and generally takes care of every Athenian. They enforce an idea of equality by allowing every man to sleep with every woman, but that the man must sleep with an ugly woman before he may sleep with a beautiful one.

There is a scene in which two men are talking. One of them is going along with the new government, giving his property to the women, and obeying their orders. The other does not wish to give up his property, but he is more than willing to take advantage of the free food.

The following scene has a pair of young lovers unable to make their tryst, as a succession of ever older and more hideous women attempt to and eventually succeed in dragging the man off to make love to him first, as laid down by the new laws.

Background 
After the oligarchy put in place after the war fell, Athenians asserted their democracy and equality very strongly. The play makes its point that excessive democracy has its problems.

Longest word 
In the play is what appears to be an exceptionally long word:
Lopado­­temacho­­selacho­­galeo­­kranio­­leipsano­­drim­­hypo­­trimmato­­silphio­­parao­­melito­­katakechy­­meno­­kichl­­epi­­kossypho­­phatto­­perister­­alektryon­­opte­­kephallio­­kigklo­­peleio­­lagoio­­siraio­­baphe­­tragano­­pterygon

In reality it is a series of words stuck together, not a genuine word. It describes a fictional food dish. Liddell and Scott translate this as "name of a dish compounded of all kinds of dainties, fish, flesh, fowl, and sauces". The Greek word contains 171 letters, which far surpasses that of Shakespeare's 27-letter long word, "honorificabilitudinitatibus" in his Love's Labour's Lost V.I.

It is a transliteration of the Ancient Greek word λοπαδο­τεμαχο­σελαχο­γαλεο­κρανιο­λειψανο­δριμ­υπο­τριμματο­σιλφιο­καραβο­μελιτο­κατακεχυ­μενο­κιχλ­επι­κοσσυφο­φαττο­περιστερ­αλεκτρυον­οπτο­κεφαλλιο­κιγκλο­πελειο­λαγῳο­σιραιο­βαφη­τραγανο­πτερύγων. It is the longest word to appear in literature.

The dish has at least 16 ingredients, including:

fish slices
fish of the elasmobranchii subclass (a shark or ray)
rotted dogfish or small shark's head
a dish of several ingredients grated and pounded together
silphium (a type of plant used in classical antiquity as a seasoning and medicine, also called "laserwort"), a type of giant fennel plant
a kind of crab, shrimp, or crayfish
honey poured down
wrasse (or thrush)
a kind of sea fish or blackbird as a topping
wood pigeon
domestic pigeon
chicken
roasted head of dabchick
hare, which could be a type of bird or sea hare
new wine boiled down
wing and/or fin

References

Long words
Ancient Greece
L'Orfeo is a three-act opera. The music was written by Claudio Monteverdi. The words were written by Alessandro Striggio. The opera is based on the myth of Orpheus, his descent to Hades and his attempt to bring his dead wife Eurydice back. It was first performed in February 1607. It is a transitional work between the music of the Renaissance and the music of the Baroque. It is one of the earliest operas that is still performed.

Compositions by Claudio Monteverdi
17th-century operas
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria () is an opera in a prologue and five acts (later revised to three acts). The music was written by Claudio Monteverdi. The words were written in Italian by Giacomo Badoaro. It was first performed in Venice during the 1639–1640 carnival season. It was not performed very much until the 20th century. The opera is based on the story of Odysseus' return to Ithaca and his contest with the unwanted suitors of his loyal wife Penelope.

Compositions by Claudio Monteverdi
17th-century operas
Dmitri Vladimirovich Kulikov (; born October 29, 1990) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Florida Panthers and Buffalo Sabres.

Career
He started his hockey career with Lokomotiv-2 Yaroslavl in the Pervaya Liga and played a season with them. 

He then moved to North America to play for the Drummondville Voltigeurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. During his time in the QMJHL, he led all of the Quebec League blueliners with 62 points in 57 games and won a bunch of trophies which included the Emile Bouchard Trophy as the QMJHL Defenceman of the Year; the Raymond Lagacé Trophy as the Defensive Rookie of the Year; and the Mike Bossy Trophy as the league's best pro prospect.

He was drafted with the 14th overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft by the Florida Panthers. The Panthers signed Kulikov on September 29, 2009. He has shown high levels of skill and confidence after playing in 68 games with the Florida Panthers.

References

Other websites 

Buffalo Sabres players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Russian ice hockey players
Winnipeg Jets players
1990 births
A land bridge is a term in biogeography. It is a narrow land connection between otherwise separate areas, sometimes called an isthmus. 

Its significance is that animals and plants may cross over it when the sea level is lower. They cannot easily cross when the sea level is higher, and water covers the land bridge. The separation of a once connected population often leads to speciation, the splitting of one species into two and the two species change over time to be different but have distant similarities.

Several kinds of change can cause a land bridge to rise above or sink below the water. Plate tectonics may cause the rise or lowering of land. The causes of general sea level changes are not fully understood, but often big polar ice caps lower sea level by locking up much of the water. When sea levels fall, shallow sections of continental shelf may get exposed. Sometimes the sea floor rises due to "post-glacial rebound" after an ice age.

Notable examples 
 The Bering land bridge, which connected Asia with North America when the sea level dropped in the ice age, but went under water when the ice melted.
 Doggerland, a former landmass in the southern North Sea which connected the island of Great Britain to mainland Europe during the last ice age
 The Isthmus of Panama whose appearance three million years ago allowed the Great American Interchange
Adam's Bridge (known as Rama Setu), connecting India and Sri Lanka.

Landforms
Biology
Nathan MacKinnon (born September 1, 1995) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NL). He was drafted 1st overall by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft.

Career
When he was playing an atom aged player, he recorded 200 points in 50 games. He started his hockey career with the Cole Harbour Red Wings in Bantam AAA and played 2 seasons with them. During that time, he recorded 145 points  in 110 seasons respectively. He also played for Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Bantam AAA and Midget AAA for 2 seasons. He scored 101 points in 58 games played that he played to finish second in team scoring in their Bantam Tier I program.

On June 4, 2011, He was drafted first overall by the Baie-Comeau Drakkar in the 2011 QMJHL Draft. On July 13, 2011, His rights were traded to the Halifax Mooseheads for Carl Gélinas, Francis Turbide, the Mooseheads' first round draft picks in 2012 and 2013, and the Quebec Remparts' first round draft pick in 2013 which was previously acquired by Halifax. On May 26, 2013, He led the Mooseheads to their first Memorial Cup championship win and scored a hat-trick in the final game against the Portland Winterhawks. He was named the Most Valuable Player and scored a tournament-best seven goals and six assists in four games as well earned a spot on the Tournament All-Star Team.

On June 30, 2013, he was drafted by the Colorado Avalanche with the 1st overall pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. On July 9, 2013, the Avalanche signed MacKinnon to his first NHL contract, a three-year entry level deal.

References

Other websites 

1995 births
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Colorado Avalanche players
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
Living people
People from Nova Scotia
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Memorial Cup winners
A molecular chaperone is a protein which does things to other proteins. They are mostly concerned with protein folding.  

Some help assemble or take apart other macromolecular structures. They do not occur in these structures when the structures go about their normal functions. 
What they do is:
Fold over half of all mammalian proteins.
Unfold proteins.
Assemble proteins.
Disassemble proteins.

The first protein to be called a chaperone assists the assembly of nucleosomes from folded histones and DNA. Those assembly chaperones, especially in the nucleus, assemble folded subunits into larger structures such as cell organelles.

One major function of chaperones is to prevent polypeptide chains and subunits sticking together in clumps which do not function. Some chaperones are "holdases" which act to stop aggregation. Others, called "foldases", do help fold proteins which cannot do it themselves. Such proteins violate Anfinsen's dogma, which said protein folding was automatic.

References 

Molecular biology
Proteins
Baucau (Tetum: Baukau), is the name of one of the 13 municipalities of East Timor, on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The municipality was the same during colonial times.

The capital is the city of Baucau (formerly Vila Salazar), the second city of East Timor after Dili that is at about  to the west; it lies at about 512 meters above sea level.

Geography
Its north edge is to the Wetar Strait, opposite the island of Wetar; it also borders the municipalities of Lautém to the east, Viqueque to the south, and Manatuto to the west.

The municipality has an area of . The largest part of the municipality is at an altitude between . Just right on the coast, the country is falling fast at sea level.

The highest mountain of Baucau, and the third highest in East Timor, is Matebian, with  high; it is in the Quelicai subdistrict.

The rivers Laleia and Manuleiden, in the west of the district, flow to the north into the Wetar Strait. The rivers Seiçal, Borauai, Lequinamo, Binagua and other small rivers are to the east of the city of Baucau; only the Seiçal has water all year round.

Baucau also has a wide shoreline with sandy beaches that are ideal for swimming and other water sports.

Population
In 2015, about 123,000 people lived in Baucau. The average age is 18.5 years.

Besides the national official languages of Tetum and Portuguese, most of the inhabitants speak the Papuan language Makasae. While most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, a few Muslims also live there.

Subdivisions administratives 
It is divided in six administrative posts:Baucau, Laga, and Vemasse with a coastal plain, while Venilale, Quelicai, and Baguia are located inland.

Economy
Baucau has the most highly developed agriculture in East Timor. Besides the staples rice and corn, Baucau produces beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, coconuts, candlenut and manioc. It also raises buffalo and goats.

References

Other websites

 Ministry of State Administration 
 Bacau District Development Plan 2002/2003 

Municipalities of East Timor
Jesse Clark White (born June 23, 1934) is a Democratic American politician.  He is currently the 37th and the longest serving Secretary of State of Illinois and the first African American to hold this position.

Early life
White was born in Alton, Illinois on June 23, 1934. He attended Alabama State University.

As Secretary of State
First elected to Secretary of State of Illinois in 1998, White was re-elected in 2002 by winning all 102 counties and garnering more than 2.3 million votes, the largest vote total by any candidate for Illinois statewide office in a quarter of a century.  In 2006, White was re-elected to a third term, having received 63 percent of the vote statewide. White was elected to a fourth term in 2010, the leading vote-getter in the entire state.

Electoral history
2010 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D) (inc.), 70%
Robert Enriquez (R), 27%
2006 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D) (inc.), 62%
Dan Rutherford (R), 34%
2002 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D) (inc.), 69%
Kristine O'Rourke Cohn (R), 29%
1998 Race for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D), 57%
Al Salvi (R), 43%

References

Other websites
Illinois Secretary of State – official site
biography 
Follow the Money – Jesse White: 2006 campaign cycle, 2008 "campaign" cycle contributions
Project Vote Smart – Jesse White (IL) profile
Jesse White Tumbling Team official site
Jesse White 2010 official 2010 campaign site

1934 births
Living people
Politicians from Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
Jesse Marc Weidenfeld (January 4, 1917 – January 9, 1997) was an American television, movie, and stage character actor. He is best remembered for playing the Maytag repairman in television commercials, a role that he starred from 1967 to 1988.

Early life
White was born Jesse Marc Weidenfeld on January 4, 1917 in Buffalo, New York. He was raised in Akron, Ohio and in Cleveland, Ohio.

Career
In 1947, White starred in his first movie called Kiss of Death. White appeared in The Bad Seed (1956); Designing Woman (1957), with Lauren Bacall; and Marjorie Morningstar (1958), with Natalie Wood and Gene Kelly. He also appeared in the epic comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

On October 2, 1958, White played the fast-talking, dishonest, used-car salesman San Fernando Harry in the segment "The New Car" of the ABC sitcom, The Real McCoys, starring Walter Brennan, Richard Crenna, and Kathleen Nolan.

His last movie was in the 1993 comedy Matinee. His last television appearance was on Seinfeld.

Personal life
White was married to Celia Cohn from 1942 until his death in 1997. They had two children. One of his daughters is actress Carole Ita White. He lived in Beverley Hills, California.

Death
White died on January 9, 1997 from complications of a heart attack following a surgical operation. He was 80 years old. He died 5 days after his birthday. He was buried at Mount Sinai Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Jesse White at Find a Grave
 A writeup about the Maytag Repairman, with photo 

1917 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from surgical complications
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American television personalities
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Actors from Akron, Ohio
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
Lisa Madigan (born July 30, 1966) was the 41st Attorney General of the US state of Illinois from 2003, when she became the first female attorney general for Illinois, until 2019.

She is a Democrat and the daughter of Michael Madigan, who has been Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives for most of the last 50 years.

On December 12, 2008, she attracted national attention after filing a motion with the Supreme Court of Illinois to remove Governor Rod Blagojevich from office. The motion was denied by the court without a hearing.

Madigan was born on July 30, 1966 in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at Georgetown University and at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. Madigan has been married to Pat Byrnes.

She was once said by The New York Times to be among the seventeen most likely women to become the first female President of the United States.

On July 14, 2013 Madigan, who was widely expected to run, announced she would not run for governor in 2014 because of her father’s decision to stay in his post as speaker of the Illinois House, but that she would run for reelection instead.

References

Other websites

Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan official government website
Biography
Lisa Madigan for Attorney General official campaign website

1966 births
Living people
Politicians from Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Sheila J. Simon (born March 13, 1961) is an American politician and educator who was the 46th Lieutenant Governor of the state of Illinois. 

She was a Professor of Law at the Southern Illinois University School of Law. Simon is the daughter of former U.S. Senator Paul Simon, who had previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (1969-1973), and his first wife, former Illinois State Representative Jeanne Hurley Simon.

On September 7, 2015, Simon announced her candidacy for the Illinois Senate. Simon was defeated by her Republican opponent Paul Schimpf.

Simon was born on March 31, 1961 in Springfield, Illinois. She studied at Georgetown Law School. Simon has been married to Perry Knop since 1987. They have two children. She lives in Carbondale, Illinois.

References

Other websites

 Illinois Lieutenant Governor website 
 Sheila Simon campaign website 

1961 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
People from Carbondale, Illinois
Politicians from Springfield, Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
Judy Baar Topinka (January 16, 1944 – December 10, 2014) was an American politician. She served as the Illinois Comptroller and Illinois Treasurer, having served as Treasurer from 1995 to 2007, and former chairwoman of the Illinois Republican Party.

Early life
Topinka was born on January 16, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois.

Career
She was the first woman to become state treasurer, first to be elected to three consecutive terms and the first Republican to hold the post in more than thirty-two years. During her last term, she was the only elected statewide official from the Republican Party, in Illinois.

In November 2005, Topinka announced her decision to run for Governor of Illinois. In March 2006, she was nominated as the Republican candidate. She was the second woman (after 1994 Democratic nominee Dawn Clark Netsch) and first Republican woman to be nominated for governor of Illinois. She went on to lose the election to Rod Blagojevich.

In 2010, she successfully ran for the office of Illinois State Comptroller and was re-elected in 2014, one month before her death.

Death
Topinka died in Berwyn, Illinois from a stroke, aged 70.

References

Other websites
State of Illinois Comptroller 
 Official campaign website

1944 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Chicago
United States representatives from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Dan Rutherford (born May 26, 1955) is an American politician. Rutherford is a former Illinois Treasurer. He served as a Republican member of the Illinois Senate, representing the 53rd district, from 2003 to 2011, in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003, and as the Treasurer of Illinois from 2011 to 2015.

Early life
Rutherford was born in Pontiac, Illinois on May 16, 1955. He attended Pontiac Township High School. Following high school, Rutherford attended Illinois State University.

Illinois Treasurer
Rutherford won the open seat of Illinois Treasurer. Also running were Democratic nominee Robin Kelly, Constitution Party nominee Dawn Czarny, Green Party Party nominee Scott K. Summers, Libertarian nominee James Pauly, and Independent Conservative Christopher Pedersen.

2014 Gubernatorial election
On June 2, 2013, Dan Rutherford officially announced his candidacy for Governor of Illinois. His running mate is attorney Steve Kim.

Electoral history
2010 election for Treasurer of Illinois
Dan Rutherford (R), 49.9%
Robin Kelly (D), 45.1%
Scott Summers (G), 3.2%
James Pauly (L), 1.9%
2006 election for Secretary of State of Illinois
Jesse White (D) (inc.), 62%
Dan Rutherford (R), 34%

References

Other websites
Illinois State Treasurer 
Dan Rutherford for Governor  
Profile  at Illinois State Senate Republicans

1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Michael J. Madigan (born April 19, 1942) is an American politician. He was the Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives and Chairman of the Democratic Party of Illinois. A Democrat, he has held the position of Speaker of the House for all but two years since 1983—those two years being a brief interregnum of Republican majority and is the longest serving Speaker.
He has been a member of the Illinois House since 1971, and currently represents the 22nd district. He is known for having a rough relationship with former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich.

On January 11, 2021, Madigan announced he would be ending his bid to be elected to a nineteenth term as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives.

Early life
Madigan was born on April 19, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at University of Notre Dame and graduated from the Loyola University Chicago School of Law.

Speaker of the House of Illinois
He has been Speaker of the Illinois House since 1982, with the exception of 1995–1996 when Republicans took control of the chamber.  Madigan engineered a Democratic comeback and regained his majority at the elections of November 1996, which he continues to defend today. He has feuded with other Democratic leaders since 2002when Democrats took control of all branches of the state governmentmost notably Governor Rod Blagojevich and Senate President Emil Jones.

One of Madigan's chief Democratic deputies in the House is Gary Hannig, who often handles budget issues.

He is the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years since 1983.

In January 2021, Madigan refused to run for State House Speaker again following bribery allegations.

On February 18, 2021 Madigan resigned from the state legislature.

Personal life
Madigan is married to Shirley Madigan. They had one daughter. His daughter is Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan. He lives and represents West Lawn, Chicago.

References

Other websites
Representative Michael J. Madigan (D) 22nd District at the 98th Illinois General Assembly
Previous sessions: 97th, 96th, 95th, 94th, 93rd
Chairman Michael J. Madigan  of the Democratic Party of Illinois

1942 births
Living people
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
A thematic map is a kind of map. Different from normal maps, a thematic map is designed to show the distribution of human or natural features or data. The information may or may not be related to geography. For example, a map which shows population is a thematic map.

Thematic maps are called so because they show features relating to a particular theme or aspect of geography.

Examples 
An early contributor to thematic mapping in England was the English astronomer Edmond Halley (1656–1742). His first important map was a star chart of the constellations of the Southern Hemisphere, published in 1686. In the same year he also published something new, a map of the globe (Earth) in an article about trade winds. This map is sometimes called the first weather map.

Another example of early thematic mapping comes from London physician John Snow. Snow’s cholera map of 1854 is the best known example of using thematic maps for analysis of data. His method anticipates the principles of a geographic information system (GIS). He started with an accurate map of a London neighborhood which included streets and water pump locations. Onto this Snow placed a dot for each cholera death. The pattern centered around one particular pump on Broad Street. At Snow’s request, the handle of the pump was removed, and new cholera cases ceased almost at once. Further investigation of the area revealed the Broad Street pump was near a cesspit under the home of the outbreak's first cholera victim.

References 

Cartography
David Luiz Moreira Marinho (born 22 April 1987), known as David Luiz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Arsenal F.C. in English Premier League and as vice-captain for the Brazil national team.

Honours

Team
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano (1): 2005

Benfica
Primeira Liga (1): 2009–10
Taça da Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11

Chelsea
FA Cup (1): 2011–12
 UEFA Champions League (1):2011-12
UEFA Europa League (1): 2012–13

Paris Saint-Germain
Ligue 1: 2014–15, 2015–16
Coupe de France: 2014–15
Coupe de la Ligue: 2014–15
Trophée des Champions: 2014, 2015

International
Brazil
FIFA Confederations Cup (1): 2013

Individual
Primeira Liga Player of the Year: 2009–10
Premier League Player of the Month: March 2011
PFA Fans Player of the Month: March 2011
FIFA Club World Cup: Silver Ball 2012

Career statistics

Club

1Continental competitions include the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup / Europa League and UEFA Super Cup.
2Other tournaments include the Trophée des Champions, FA Community Shield, FIFA Club World Cup, Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and Campeonato Baiano.

International

International goals
Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first:

References

Other websites

Chelsea official profile
Stats and profile at Zerozero
Stats at ForaDeJogo
PortuGOAL profile

Transfermarkt profile

1987 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Jack Andrew Garry Wilshere (born 1 January 1992) is an English footballer who plays for West Ham United F.C. and the England national team.

Career statistics

Club

National team

Honours

Arsenal

Premier Academy League (1): 2008–09
FA Youth Cup (1): 2008–09

International
Victory Shield (2): 2006, 2007

Individual
PFA Young Player of the Year (1): 2010–11
PFA Team of the Year (1): 2010–11
Arsenal Player of the Season (1): 2010–11

References

Other websites
Jack Wilshire Profile Official PFA Profile
Jack Wilshere profile at Arsenal.com

ESPNsoccernet profile 

1992 births
Living people
English footballers
Arsenal F.C. players
Premier League players
Ruggero Leoncavallo (April 23, 1857 – August 9, 1919) was an Italian opera composer and librettist. He is best known for his 1892 opera, I pagliacci. In 1906, he toured the United States with success. He was born in Naples, and died in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany.

1857 births
1919 deaths
Entertainers from Campania
20th-century Italian composers
Librettists
People from Naples
I pagliacci or Pagliacci () is a short two-act opera with libretto and music by Ruggero Leoncavallo. It was first performed in the Teatro Dal Verme in Milan, Italy on May 21, 1892. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. 

The opera is about an adulterous love affair between the wife of a traveling actor and a village man that ends in the murders of both.

The role of Canio became Enrico Caruso's signature role. Pagliacci is the only opera by Leoncavallo still performed. It is usually paired with Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana.
 
Operas
Beorhtric (also Brihtric; meaning 'Magnificent ruler') († 802) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802. He ruled Wessex as a figurehead king. His wife and father-in-law exercised most of the power.

King of Wessex 

The names of his parents and his ancestry are unknown. In 786, Cynewulf, king of Wessex, was killed by Cyneheard, brother of the former King Sigeberht. Either with help of Offa of Mercia or quickly coming under his influence, Beorhtric became King of Wessex. In 787, he held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa. In 789 he married Eadburh, Offa's daughter. That same year Vikings appeared off the coast of Devon. Believing they were traders the local reeve went to meet them and was killed. This was the first encounter with Vikings in southern England.

After Offa's death in 796, Mercian power over England was weakened. There was a period of three years when some West Saxons tried to break free of Mercian control. But Beorhtric and Cenfulf, the new king, signed a peace treaty. From that time on Wessex remained subordinate to Mercia. Three West Saxon coins have survived from Beorhtric's reign. In style they are very similar to coins struck by Offa. They were probably minted at Southampton after Offa's death.

His queen 

Queen Eadburh, as Offa's daughter, seems to have held all the power in Wessex. She had a reputation for great cruelty. In later years Asser, a scholar at Alfred the Great's court, recorded the story that Beorhtric had died from being accidentally poisoned by his wife, Eadburh. She fled to a nunnery in Francia, from which she was later ejected after being found with a man. It was a good story but probably more myth than real. But she was the reason Wessex would not have another queen for several generations. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802. He left no heirs.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
800s deaths
Kings of Wessex
American Airlines Flight 191 was a scheduled commercial flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport. The aircraft used was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10. On May 25, 1979, the aircraft crashed into an open field in Des Plaines, Illinois. All 271 people (258 passengers and 13 crew) on the flight were killed. Two people on the ground were killed and five others were hurt. The crash was caused by the loss of one of the engines, which caused damage to the left wing. The loss of the engine happened because of bad maintenance to the aircraft that had been done eight weeks before the crash. It is the worst plane crash to happen in the United States.

Airplane involved 

The airplane that crashed was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10, tail number N110AA. It was delivered new to American Airlines after its first flight in 1972, and at time of accident it has flown for 19871 hours. It was powered by 3 General Electric CF6-6D engines.

Accident 
The plane, which just arrived from Phoenix, was assigned to fly flight 191 from Chicago to Los Angeles. At 2.59pm (local time GMT-6) the plane began its taxi to runway 32 right (32R) and at 3.02pm was cleared to takeoff from the runway. However, as the pilots began to raise the nose of the plane, the number one engine, located on the left wing, broke off from the plane. With the remaining length of the runway, stopping the plane would be impossible, so the pilots continued with the takeoff, knowing that two engines are enough to fly a DC-10.

Shortly after the engine broke off, the plane climbed to 300 ft. It then began to roll to the left and turn. The pilots could not control the plane as the plane turned further left and began to fall. The plane crashed into a trailer park 4680 feet northwest from the end of runway 32R, with the left wing hitting the ground first. All 258 passengers, 13 crew and 2 others on the ground were killed. This became the worst ever plane crash in the United States, not counting the September 11 attacks which were crashed by hijackers and had more ground fatalities than those passengers killed in the planes.

References

Other websites

 "Public Lessons Learned from Accidents – American Airlines Flight 191" (archive)
 PlaneCrashInfo.Com – American Airlines Flight 191
 Flight 191 Remembered (Fox Chicago website, archive)

1979 in the United States
Aviation disasters in the 1970s
1970s in Illinois
Aviation disasters in the United States
May events
Kenneth Howard Norton Sr. (August 9, 1943 – September 18, 2013) was an American heavyweight boxer and WBC world Heavyweight Champion. 

He was best known for his 12-round victory over Muhammad Ali, when he famously broke Ali's jaw, on March 31, 1973, becoming only the second man to defeat a peak Ali as a professional (after Joe Frazier, who won a 15-round unanimous decision against Ali on March 8, 1971).

Norton was born on August 9, 1943 in Jackson, Illinois. He studied at Northeast Missouri State University. Norton had two sons. 

Norton died on September 18, 2013, at a care facility in Las Vegas, Nevada from heart failure. He was 70 years old and had suffered a series of strokes in later life.

References

Other websites

Ken Norton's Biography at BoxRec Boxing Encyclopedia
Ken Norton Gallery from BoxRec Boxing Encyclopedia
International Boxing Hall of Fame's page about Ken Norton
Marine Corps Community Services: Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame's article about Ken Norton

1943 births
2013 deaths
African-American boxers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Sportspeople from Illinois
Marcel Reich-Ranicki (2 June 1920 – 18 September 2013) was a Polish-German literary critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47. He was regarded as one of the most influential contemporary literary critics in the field of German literature and has often been called Literaturpapst ("Pope of Literature") in Germany.

Reich-Ranicki was born on 2 June 1920 in Włocławek, Poland. He was raised in Berlin, Germany. Reich-Ranicki was married to Teofila Reich-Ranicki from 1942 until her death in 2011. They had no children. Reich-Ranicki died on 18 September 2013 in Frankfurt, having previously been diagnosed with prostate cancer.

References

Other websites

Reich-Ranicki.com 
Marcel Reich-Ranicki on literaturkritik.de 

1920 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Critics
Deaths from prostate cancer
Polish writers
Writers from Berlin
was a Japanese industrialist. He was largely responsible for bringing Toyota Motor Corporation to profitability and worldwide prominence during his tenure as president and later, as chairman.

Toyoda was born on 12 September 1913 in Nagoya, Japan. He studied at Tokyo Imperial University. Toyoda was married to Kazuko Toyoda until her death in 2002. They had three children. Toyoda died on 17 September 2013 in Toyota, Aichi from natural causes, aged 100.

References

Other websites
 

1913 births
2013 deaths
Japanese businesspeople
Deaths from natural causes
Japanese centenarians
Toyota
People from Aichi Prefecture
Erich Loest (24 February 1926 – 12 September 2013) was a German writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Hans Walldorf, Bernd Diksen, and Waldemar Naß. From 1965 to 1975, he wrote eleven novels and 30 short stories, some under pseudonyms. In 1979 he was ostracized from East Germany and did not return until after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990.

Loest was born on 24 February 1926 in Mittweida, Saxony. In his later years, Loest became seriously ill and announced at an Academy of Arts ceremony in 2010 that he did not have the strength to write another novel. On the morning of 12 September 2013, he committed suicide by falling from a second-floor hospital window in Leipzig, Saxony. He was 87 years old.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2013 deaths
Writers who committed suicide
German writers
People from Saxony
Cynewulf († 786) was a West Saxon nobleman, a member of the West Saxon witan, and was King of Wessex from 757 until his death in 786.

Career 

Cynewulf was a member of the West Saxon witan. He led that council in expelling Sigeberht. Cynewulf was elected by the witan to rule Wessex in place of Sigeberht. He attested a charter at the court of King Æthelbald of Mercia. The charter was for Cynewulf to grant land to an abbot in Wiltshire. This indicates Wessex was still a dependency of Mercia. Æthelbald died a few months later. Taking advantage of this Cynewulf took back lands he lost in Berkshire and Wiltshire. Cynewulf was occupied during much of his reign in wars against the Welsh of Dumnonia. He was never able to conqueror Cornwall however. In 779, Cynewulf was defeated by Offa of Mercia at the Battle of Bensington.  and Offa then retook Berkshire, and perhaps also London. Despite this defeat, there is no evidence to suggest Cynewulf became subject to Offa (as his successor, Beorhtric was).

In 786 Cynewulf was surprised and killed by Cyneheard, the brother of the deposed king Sigeberht. The entry for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 784 (actual date 786) was: "This year Cyneheard slew [killed] king Cenewulf, and he was there slain, and eighty-four men with him; then Beorhtric succeeded to the kingdom of the West Saxons..." Cynewulf had a long reign of twenty-nine years. He died leaving no heirs.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Cynewulf and Cyneheard , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
780s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Mengjiang United Autonomous Government () was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire. It was located in inter Mongolia. The capital city was Kalgan.

It existed from 1939 to 1945. The ruler of the state is Demchugdongrub.

References 

Former countries in Asia
1939 establishments
1945 disestablishments in Asia
20th century in Japan
20th century in China
20th century in Mongolia
Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580) was an Italian architect. He was born in Padua and died at Maser, near Treviso. He worked in and around Venice. He was influenced by Greek and Roman architecture. He influenced architects for centuries.

He wrote several books about architecture. His most famous buildings are: Villa Barbaro, Villa Capra "La Rotonda", Basilica Palladiana, Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Il Redentore, and Teatro Olimpico.

1508 births
1580 deaths
Italian architects
Sigeberht († ) was a West Saxon nobleman and atheling. He was King of Wessex from 756 to 757.

King of Wessex 

Sigeberht was a West Saxon atheling (prince) who in 756 succeeded Cuthred as King of Wessex. in 756. After ruling a year he was accused of unlawful acts and removed from power by the witan. This council was led by Cynewulf. This same council then elected Cynewulf to replace Sigeberht as king. Sigeberht was allowed to keep Hampshire and was supported there by the ealdorman Cumbra. But Sigeberht then killed Cumbra and as a result was driven out of Hampshire. Sigeberht met his end while wandering in the great forest of the Weald, killed by a herdsman. The herdsman killed Sigeberht in revenge for killing Cumbra.

This series of events formed the basis for the story of Cynewulf and Cyneheard. Thirty years later Cynewulf was killed by Cyneheard, the brother of Sigeberht. This was either in revenge for killing his brother or because Cyneheard was about to be expelled from Wessex.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Cynewulf and Cyneheard , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
750s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Enrico Caruso (February 25, 1873 – August 2, 1921) was an Italian operic tenor. He was born and died in Naples. He sang at La Scala and the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1987, he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

References

1873 births
1921 deaths
Entertainers from Campania
Italian opera singers
People from Naples
Enough Said is a 2013 American comedy movie directed and written by Nicole Holofcener. It is a romantic comedy with Julia Louis-Dreyfus, James Gandolfini (in one of his final film roles), Toni Collette, Catherine Keener, Ben Falcone, and Toby Huss. The movie was released to very positive reviews on September 18, 2013.

2013 movies
American romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is an 2014 superhero-action movie directed by Marc Webb. It is a sequel to the 2012 Spider-Man movie The Amazing Spider-Man. Andrew Garfield, Emma Stone, Jamie Foxx, Dane DeHaan, Paul Giamatti, Martin Sheen, Denis Leary, Colm Feore, Chris Cooper, Sally Field, Chris Zylka, Marton Csokas, and Felicity Jones are in the cast.

Hans Zimmer composed the music for the movie. Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee once again had a cameo appearance as a graduation guest. It was released on May 2, 2014. A sequel to the film, which will be titled The Amazing Spider-Man 3, will be released in 2022.

Plot
Confident in his powers as Spider-Man, Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield) embraces his new role as a hero and spends time with Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone) in between protecting New York from criminals. However, his greatest battle yet is about to begin. With the emergence of Electro (Jamie Foxx), Peter must confront an enemy far more powerful than he is. And when his old friend Harry Osborn (Dane DeHaan) returns, Peter comes to realize that all his enemies have one thing in common: Oscorp.

Release Dates

References

Other websites
 

2014 action movies
2014 science fiction movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
English-language movies
Spider-Man movies
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 movie series)
2010s superhero movies
Cuthred († )  was a West Saxon nobleman and atheling. He was King of Wessex from 740 to 756.  Cuthred succeeded in restoring much of the prestige of Wessex.

King of Wessex 

At the death of King Athelheard, his kinsman Cuthred became king. During the time of Athelheard much of Wessex had been lost to King Aethelbald of Mercia. Cuthred made it known he was not as weak a ruler as Athelheard and struggled against Aethelbald being his overlord. In the first three years of Cuthred's rule he warred with Mercia. In 743 Cuthred joined Aethelbald in fighting the Welsh. By all appearances this was a friendly alliance between the two kings. But the friendship soon ended. In 748 Cuthred's son, Cynric, tried to depose his father and died in the rebellion. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the rebellion was encouraged by the Mercian king.

Two years later in 750 Cuthred put down another rebellion by Athelhun, one of his ealdormen. In the day-long battle, Athelhun had fewer men but was winning until he was severely wounded. In 752, Cuthred again tried to get free of King Aethelbald. This led to a battle at Burford where Cuthred, assisted by a now faithful Athelhun, met Aethelbald and his army. The battle ended up with Aethelbald fleeing the battlefield. From that time on Cuthred maintained independence from Mercia for the rest of his reign. Cuthred died in 756. But he left a much stronger Wessex free of Mercian rule. He was succeeded by Sigeberht.

Family 

The name of Cuthred's wife is unknown. His son:

 Cynric was killed in 746.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
750s deaths
Kings of Wessex
The 2011 Joplin tornado was a very violent EF5 tornado that hit Joplin, Missouri on the afternoon of May 22, 2011. It had winds of over 200 miles per hour. It killed 158 people and hurt 1,150 others. It caused $2.8 billion in damage. It is the costliest tornado to hit the United States. It was the third tornado to hit Joplin since May 1971.

References

Other websites
Time-lapse of the May 22 tornado outbreak
Radar loop of the Joplin tornado
NOAA's Aerial Survey of Joplin, Missouri 
Slideshow of damage from the tornado 

2011 in the United States
2010s in Missouri
Tornadoes in the United States
2011 in weather
Alex Henrique da Silva, better known as Alex (; born 6 January 1982), is an Armenian-Brazilian football player. He played as a defender for the club Mika Yerevan in the Armenian Premier League. He also played for the Armenian national team.

Club career
Alex Henrique da Silva started playing football for Botafogo-SP in 2011. This is his hometown's club. In 2005, he moved to São Carlos. After getting an Armenian passport, Alex moved to Armenia in the next season. He joined Mika Yerevan. Alex, with Mika, won the Armenian Cup in 2011 and the Armenian Supercup in 2012–13.

International career
He became a member of the Armenian national team in 2012. Alex played in two 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches that year. The matches were against Malta and Bulgaria.

Honours

Club
 Mika Yerevan
Armenian Premier League Runner-up (2): 2009, 2012–13
Armenian Cup (1): 2011
Armenian Supercup (1): 2012–13

References

Other websites
FootballDatabase.eu
Transfermarkt.co
Soccerway.com

1982 births
Living people
Armenian sportspeople
Brazilian footballers
is a Japanese actor and musician. 

He is a member of the J-pop duo Tackey & Tsubasa from Tokyo. In 2012 he reached the age of 20 and completed his graduation from Johnny's Junior. In the same year he debuted with Tsubasa Imai in the group Tackey & Tsubasa under the record label Avex Trax.

Dramas 
 Ai Love Jr. variety show
 Mokuyou no Kaidan Kaiki Curabu ~ Shogakusei Hen ~ (1995)
 Mokuyou no Kaidan Kaiki Curabu ~ Chuugakusei Hen ~ (1995)
 The Chef (1995)
 Shin Mokuyou no Kaidan ~ Gakko no Nanafushigi Hen ~ (1996)
 Dareka ga Dareka ni Koishiteru [Drama SP] (1996)
 Mokuyou no Kaidan: Time keepers (1997)
 News no Onna (1998)
 Kokoro No Tobira (1998)
 Majou no Jōken (1999)
 Genroku Ryoran (1999)
 Taiyou wa Shizumanai (2000)
 Antique (based on manga, Antique Bakery) (2001)
 Strawberry on the Shortcake (2001)
 Taiyō no Kisetsu (2002)|Taiyō no Kisetsu (2002)
 Boku Dake no Madonna (2003)
 My Father's Ocean, My Sky (Chichi no Umi, Boku no Sora) (2004)
 Yoshitsune (2005–2006)
 Satomi Hakkenden" (2006)
 Kimi ga Kureta Natsu (2007)
 Romeo and Juliet (2007)
 Yukinojo Henge (2008)
 Kokuchisezu (2008)
 Orthros no Inu (2010)
 Akutou (2012)
 Mayonaka no Panya San (2013)

Songs written by Takki 
 Words of Love
 Everlasting Love
 894…Hakushi
 Madonna (for DreamBoy musical in 2004)
 Futari no Yoru
 My Angel, You are Angel (for KAT-TUN; released in Cartoon KAT-TUN II You album 2007)
 Fight All Night (for KAT-TUN; for DreamBoy musical in 2004; released in Cartoon KAT-TUN II You album 2007)
 Da.ke.do
 Jūnigatsu no Hana
 With Love
 Ai.Kakumei
 Mugen no Hane

References

Other websites
 Tackey & Tsubasa official webite

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Tokyo
Musicians from Tokyo
Pietro Antonio Stefano Mascagni (December 7, 1863 – August 2, 1945) was an Italian composer. He was born in Livorno, Tuscany and died in Rome. In 1890, he wrote the one-act opera, Cavalleria rusticana. This famous opera is often paired with Ruggero Leoncavallo's I pagliacci. Mascagni also wrote Iris, L'amico Fritz, and other operas. He married Lina Carbognani in 1889. They had two sons and one daughter.

1863 births
1945 deaths
Italian composers
People from Livorno
Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) is an independent professional wrestling company founded in 1999 by John Zandig. The company is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They are known for their hardcore wrestling style which is dubbed as "ultraviolence". The company holds an annual Tournament of Death show that highlights the ultraviolent style of CZW and their annual Best of the Best highlights the technical and aerial style of professional wrestling. They hold annual shows at the Asylum Arena which was the former home to Extreme Championship Wrestling.

Champions

References

Other websites

Official CZW website

1999 establishments in the United States
American professional wrestling promotions
Sports in Philadelphia
1990s establishments in Pennsylvania