cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chandler Riggs is an American actor. He is most well known for his role on the AMC original series The Walking Dead, as Carl Grimes. He was born in June 27, 1999 in Atlanta, Georgia. Along with his role in The Walking Dead, he has starred in several other movies such as Get Low and Mercy. Chandler has been nominated for Best Child Actor in both 2012 and 2013.

References

1999 births
Living people
American child actors
American television actors
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Myliobatiformes is one of the four groups of batoids. It is made up of cartilaginous fishes. They are related to the shark family. They were recently re-classified as part of the monophyletic group, after being part of the Rajiformes group.  Another relative to Myliobatiformes is the common form of skates.

Genera
 Platyrhinidae
 Zanobatidae 
 Myliobatoidei
 Hexatrygonidae
 Plesiobatidae
 Urolophidae
 Urotrygonidae
 Dasyatidae

References

Ray-finned fish
Celtic shields were used in battle by the Celts and other ancient tribes as their main weapon for defense. They are often found in Iron Age male burial sites. The Witham shield and the Battersea shield are two of the most well-known Celtic shields.

Design 

Celtic shields were usually oval or elongated oval in shape. They could also be round or hexagon shaped. On the front was usually a hollow wood shield boss to protect the hand. The boss was usually elongated to make the shield stronger and was sometimes covered by a metal plate. On the inside of the boss hole was a handle to hold the shield. The shields were made of wood, usually oak or linden (also called lime). Most often they were covered with leather.

Battle shields 

Battle shields were often individually decorated with various symbols. They were designed to be both light and strong. Celts used their shields defensively but also as an offensive weapon. A favorite tactic of a Celtic warrior was to strike the enemy with his shield. The Celts in Britain used smaller shields in battle while continental Celts used larger shields. Shields sometimes shattered in combat and were an expendable item.

Parade shields 

Celtic shields have been found in the River Thames at Battersea. Some were also found in Lincolnshire in the River Witham. They were covered with thin sheets of metal with Celtic designs embossed on them. They were larger, but like others constructed of wood. These were clearly for use in ceremonies and not designed for battle.

Notes

References 

Weapons
"My Story" is a song by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was the first single on his studio album Black Panties, released in 2013. The song charted at number #89 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

2013 songs
Alexander Kerensky (4 May 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a major political leader before and during the Russian Revolution. Kerensky served as the Second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin in the October Revolution. He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in New York City in 1970 at the age of 89.

1881 births
1970 deaths
Russian Revolution
Prime Ministers of Russia
Captain EO is an American short 3D science fiction movie. It is 17 minutes long. It is about an astronaut and hero called "Captain EO". He is played by Michael Jackson. Anjelica Huston plays the alien villain called the "Supreme Leader". The executive producer was George Lucas and the movie director was Francis Ford Coppola (who came up with the name "Captain EO" from Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn). Captain EO is one of the first 4D movies. The movie played at Disneyland and Epcot. In 1996 Captain EO was shown on MTV. This is the only time it was shown on television. It has never been released on video or DVD. The movie can be watched on the internet from video sharing websites such as YouTube.

1986 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Michael Jackson
Paris Lees is a British journalist and activist for transgender rights. She is a bisexual trans woman. She is an editor for META magazine. She has written for newspapers including The Independent, The Guardian, and The Daily Telegraph. She works with Trans Media Watch. In October 2013 Lees was the first transgender person to be on Question Time. That month she was named by The Independent as the most influential LGBT person in the UK.

Early life
Lees grew up in Hucknall in Nottingham. Until she was eighteen she thought that she was gay.

When Lees was eighteen she was in prison for 8 months for robbery. While she was there she stopped smoking and decided she wanted to live as a woman and go back to college to do her A Levels. She moved to Brighton to study English at university after getting her A Levels.

References

BBC 100 Women
British journalists
Living people
LGBT rights activists
Transgender and transsexual people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Reagan is an American documentary movie from 2011. It is directed and written by Eugene Jarecki. It is about the life and presidency of Ronald Reagan. It was released to honor Reagan's 100 birthday. It received positive reviews by the New York Times.

2011 movies
American documentary movies
English-language movies
Christine Cavanaugh (August 16, 1963 – December 22, 2014) was an American voice actress. During her career, she has voiced many different animated characters. Her best known roles were as the voice of the main character Babe in the movie Babe (1995), Chuckie Finster in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats and original voice of Dexter in the Cartoon Network series Dexter's Laboratory and The Powerpuff Girls.

In 2000, she won an Annie Award for Voice Acting By a Female Performer in an Animated Television Production for her performance of Dexter in the television special Dexter's Laboratory: Ego Trip.

Cavanaugh retired from voice acting for personal reasons.

She was born in Layton, Utah. Cavanaugh died on December 22, 2014 in Cedar City, Utah from unknown causes, aged 51. Her death was announced on December 30, 2014. Her cause of death was said to be leukemia.

References

Other websites

1963 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Actors from Utah
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Annie Award winners
James "Jay" Carney (born May 22, 1965) is an American journalist. He was the 26th White House Press Secretary. He worked for President Barack Obama's cabinet. His term began in February 2011. He resigned (decided to start working in a new place) in May 2014 and left office in June 2014. He was succeeded by Josh Earnest.

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
White House Press Secretaries
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
The White House Press Secretary is a job at the White House. Press secretaries act as the primary spokesperson for the United States Government and the President, senior executives, and policies. Jen Psaki is the current White House Press Secretary.

List of Press Secretaries

1 Did not brief the press after being wounded in the Reagan assassination attempt.2 De facto Press Secretary (as White House Deputy Press Secretary).3 Did not brief the press while Stephanopoulos was Communications Director. First female Press Secretary.4 De facto Press Secretary (as White House Communications Director).

Other websites
Briefing Room at the official White House website
George W. Bush Administration Press Briefings at the National Archives and Records Administration's archive of the official White House website
Clinton administration archives  at the William J. Clinton Presidential Center

 
1929 establishments in the United States
Loretta De Luca (September 17, 1940 – January 9, 2014) was an Italian movie and television actress. She began acting in movies at age 14. De Luca played Marcella Corella in the 1957 comedy Fathers and Sons (or A Tailor's Maid). Most of her movies were made in 1984 or before.

De Luca was born in Florence, Italy. She died of a brain tumour in Civitavecchia, Lazio, aged 73.

Other websites 

1940 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Tuscany
Cancer deaths in Italy

Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
People from Florence
Bangerz is a pop, southern hip hop and R&B album by Miley Cyrus. It was released in 2013. The album contains hit songs "Wrecking Ball" and "We Can't Stop". The record has received mixed reviews from music critics.

2013 albums
Miley Cyrus albums
"We Can't Stop" is a popular hit song from singer and songwriter Miley Cyrus. The lyrics are about recreational drug use at house parties. The single sold well beyond two million units in the United States. The song managed to reach number one in the UK, number two in the US, and number three on the charts in Canada.  Cyrus performed the song at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards with American-Canadian singer-songwriter Robin Thicke as a medley with his 2013 hit song, "Blurred Lines".  This performance was very provocative and was widely reported following the award show.

A music video of the song came out on June 19, 2013. The video got mixed reviews from the critics.

2013 songs
Pop songs
Songs about drugs
The 1982 Lebanon war was part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Lebanese Civil War. It began on 6 June 1982. Israel called it Operation Peace for Galilee. It was later known as the Lebanon war or First Lebanon war. The war started when the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) attacked southern Lebanon. On 3 June 1982 the Abu Nadal Organization tried to assassinate Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov. This may have been done to hurt the PLO's reputation. At the time, however, Israel blamed the PLO for the attempt. The shooting of the ambassador was the trigger that caused Israel’s invasion of Lebanon.

References

1982
1983 in Asia
1984 in Asia
1985
Wars involving Israel
Wars involving Lebanon
Wars involving Syria
20th century in Israel
20th century in Lebanon
20th century in Syria
Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (born October 4, 1921) is a Peruvian general and politician. Bermudez was President of Peru from August 1975 through July 1980. His grandfather and all his original family were from the old Peruvian department of Tarapacá, which is now part of Chile. Unable to control the political and economic troubles that the nation faced, he was forced to return power to civilian rule, marking the end of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces installed by a coup d'etat on 3 October 1968. At age , he is currently the oldest living former Peruvian president.

Early years 
Born in Lima in 1921, he is the son of Army Colonel Remigio Morales Bermúdez and grandson of ex-President Remigio Morales Bermúdez. He received most of his education at Lima's Colegio Inmaculada. In 1939, he was accepted to the Escuela Militar de Chorrillos (Chorrillos Military School). After his graduation, he was an important member of the Centro de Altos Estudios Militares (CAEM).

References

1921 births
Living people
Presidents of Peru
Prime Ministers of Peru
People from Lima
Centenarians
Sir Cuthbert Montraville Sebastian, GCMG, OBE (22 October 1921 – 25 March 2017) was the former Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis. He was appointed Governor-General in 1995 and was sworn in on 1 January 1996. While in office, he was the world's oldest de facto head of state.

His retirement was announced on 25 December 2012. He left office on 1 January 2013.

Sebastian died on 25 March 2017 in Basseterre from complications of pneumonia at the age of 95.

References

1921 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Politicians from Miami, Florida
Luis Echeverría Álvarez (born January 17, 1922) is an Mexican politician and writer. He was President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976. He wrote several books about his years in office and about his retirement. During his presidency, his administration was criticized because of their handling of the Mexican Dirty War. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Presidency
When he was president, Echeverría banned almost every form of rock music in Mexico because of the rise of youth protestors in the 1970s. In 1971, he created the country's first environmental law.

He was a critic of dictators such as Augusto Pinochet and gave refugees asylum in Mexico. He also had a close partnership with Chairman Mao Zedong. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Echeverría did not have good relations with Israel after supporting a UN resolution that made Zionism the same as racism.

When he was president, Echeverría brought economic growth to the Mexican economy, as it grew by 6.1% and fixed the country's infrastructure. However, many saw that his presidency was authoritarian. Many blamed him for the 1971 Corpus Christi massacre against student protesters, the Dirty War against leftist critics in the country, and the economic crisis that happened in Mexico towards the end of his term.

Personal life
Echeverría was born in Mexico City, Mexico and studied at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He turned 100 in January 2022. He was married to María Esther Zuno from 1945 until her death in 1999. They had eight children.

In 2006, he was indicted and ordered under house arrest for his role in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre and the 1971 Corpus Christi massacre, but in 2009 the charges against him were dropped.

More readings
Bizzarro, Salvatore. "Mexico under Echeverría." Current History (pre-1986) 66.000393 (1974): 212.
Castañeda, Jorge G. Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen. New York: The New Press 2000. 
Grindle, Merilee S. "Policy change in an authoritarian regime: Mexico under Echeverria." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 19.4 (1977): 523–555.
Kiddle, Amelia Marie, ed. Populism in Twentieth Century Mexico: The Presidencies of Lázaro Cáárdenas and Luis Echeverría. University of Arizona Press, 2010.
Looney, Robert E. "Mexican Economic Performance during the Echeverría Administration: Bad Luck or Poor Planning?." Bulletin of Latin American Research (1983): 57-68.
Krauze, Enrique, Mexico: Biography of Power. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 
Olcott, Jocelyn. "The politics of opportunity: Mexican populism under Lázaro Cárdenas and Luis Echeverría." Gender and Populism in Latin America: Passionate Politics'' (2010): 25-46.

References

1922 births
Living people
Presidents of Mexico
Centenarians
Writers from Mexico City
Politicians from Mexico City
Benefits Street is a documentary series on the British television channel Channel 4. It started on 6 January 2014. Five episodes will be shown. It is about some of the people who live on James Turner Street in Birmingham. 90% of the people on the street claim benefits. 4.3 million people watched the first episode. It was Channel 4's most-watched shown in more than a year. It shows some people who claim benefits (claimants) doing crimes.

Criticism
Almost 300 complaints were made to Ofcom after the first episode was shown. Dee Roberts complained that she had been tricked into being on the programme. She said that the people on the programme thought the show was about a working class community, but that instead they had been portrayed as "complete scum". Almost 10,000 people signed a petition asking Channel 4 to show no more episodes of the show. Steve Haywood, a friend of an alcoholic in the programme known as Fungi, said that Channel 4 gave Fungi beer so that he would be on the show.

References

Other websites
Official website

2014 television series debuts
2010s British television series
British documentaries
Channel 4 television programmes
2010s establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
Ferde Grofé (27 March 1892 – 3 April 1972) was an American musician. He is a composer, arranger and pianist. During the 1920s and 1930s, he went by the name Ferdie Grofé.

1892 births
1972 deaths
American composers
American pianists
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (11 November 1882-15 September 1973) was King of Sweden from 29 October 1950 until his death.

Career
Gustaf VI was the eldest son of Gustaf V and his wife, Victoria of Baden. Before becoming king he had been Crown Prince of Sweden. During this long period of time he became a scholar and an archaeologist. He was also a well regarded expert on Chinese art. At his death he left his large collection of Chinese art to the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (Östasiatiska Museet) in Stockholm, Sweden. In World War II Gustaf, as Crown Prince, spoke out publicly against sending Jews to Auschwitz. This was after the public learned of the extermination camps in Germany. He was the last king to rule under a Constitutional Monarchy with any power. Gustaf VI died in 1973. His grandson, Carl XVI Gustaf, succeeded him as king.

Family
Gustaf VI married Margaret of Connaught in 1905. She died in 1920. Together they had four sons and one daughter:

 Gustaf Adolf. He died in 1947 in an airplane accident.
 Sigvard.
 Bertil.
 Carl Johan.
 Ingrid, married King Frederik IV of Denmark.

Gustaf VI married as his second wife, Lady Louise Mountbatten, in 1923. She died in 1965.

Notes

References

Other websites
 The Swedish Monarchy

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1882 births
1973 deaths
Abebe Bikila (7 August 1932 - 25 October 1973) was a double Olympic marathon champion from Ethiopia. He was the first black African Olympian to win a gold medal representing his own country. He is most famous for the gold medal he won in the 1960 Summer Olympics at Rome. He won the marathon while running barefoot. He won his second Gold medal in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. This made him the first man ever to win two Olympic marathons. He competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics. Bikila was injured in an automobile accident in 1970. It left him a paraplegic. He died at the age of forty-one on 23 October 1973. This was due to complications from his earlier accident. A stadium in Addis Ababa is named after him.

References 

1973 deaths
1932 births
1968 Summer Olympics
Ethiopian people
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics 
Olympic gold medalists
David Oistrakh (30 September 1908 - 24 October 1974) was a classical violinist. He is considered one of the most important violinists of the 20th century. Oistrakh worked with major orchestras and musicians from many parts of the world, including the Soviet Union, Europe, and the United States. Many musical pieces for the violin have been dedicated to Oistrakh. This includes both of Dmitri Shostakovich's violin concerti, and the violin concerto by Adam Khachaturian.

1908 births
1974 deaths
Violinists
Pier Paolo Pasolini (5 March 1922 – 2 November 1975) was an Italian movie director, poet and writer. Pasolini was born in Bologna and raised in Veneto and Fruili. His poetry was first published when he was 19 years old. He wrote many novels and essays. He wrote his first screenplay in 1954. The first movie he directed was Accattone in 1961. This and many of his other works were controversial during his lifetime. In the years since his death, however, Pasolini has come to be valued by many as a visionary thinker and a major figure in Italian literature and art. Literary critic Harold Bloom considered Pasolini to be a major European poet and a major voice in 20th-century poetry.

Pasolini was gay. He was murdered on 2 November 1975. He was run over several times with his own car. He died on the beach at Ostia, near Rome. He was buried in Casarsa, in Friuli.

References

Other websites
 
 Pasolini on Filmgalerie451 

1922 births
1975 deaths
Actors from Emilia-Romagna
Italian communists
Gay men
Italian LGBT people
Italian movie actors
Italian movie directors
Italian murder victims
Italian poets
Italian screenwriters
LGBT actors
LGBT directors
LGBT poets
LGBT screenwriters
People from Bologna
People from Veneto
People murdered in Italy
Unsolved murders
Paul Leroy Robeson (  April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an African-American singer and actor who became involved with the Civil Rights Movement. He was a consensus first-team All-American football player at Rutgers, as well as class valedictorian. He had an international career in singing, as well as acting in theater and movies. He was politically involved in many issues, including the Spanish Civil War, fascism, and social injustices. His supported anti-imperialism and communism. Because he was critical of the U.S. government he was blacklisted during McCarthyism. He was forced to retire because of poor health.

Sources

Other websites 

1898 births
1976 deaths
American civil rights activists
American movie actors
Singers from New Jersey
American stage actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke
Actors from New Jersey
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Joseph Edgar Foreman (born July 28, 1974 in Palmdale, California) is an American rapper. He is better known by his stage name Afroman.

He was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his song "Because I Got High" in 2002. He released his first studio album Because I Got High on June 20, 2000. The album featured the song "Because I Got High". His second studio album Sell Your Dope was released on September 12, 2000. It featured the song "Crazy Rap" which is also called "Colt 45 and 2 Zig Zags".

Discography

Studio albums

References

Other websites
 Official website

1974 births
Living people
African American musicians
Bass guitarists
American drummers
Rap musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
Cree Summer Francks (born July 7, 1969), best known as Cree Summer, is an American-Canadian voice actress, actress and singer. Her career began in 1983 when she was cast as the voice of Penny in the cartoon Inspector Gadget. Between 1983 and 2006 she did the voices of over 100 animated characters in TV shows, movies, and video games. In 1991 she started a band called Subject to Change. The band broke up in 1993. In 1999 Summer released her first album, Street Faërie. other CN roles include, The Powerpuff Girls, Codename KND, etc.

Early life
Summer was born to the white actor Don Francks and African American actress Lili Francks. She started school when she was 8 years old.

Other websites 
Cree Summer Biography, IMDb

1969 births
African American actors
African American musicians
Living people
was a Japanese movie actress. She was known for her role in Akira Kurosawa's Stray Dog and as Kimiko in The Bridges at Toko-Ri. In The Bridges at Toko-Ri, she acted alongside William Holden and Mickey Rooney.

She died of esophageal cancer in Tokyo.

References

Other websites

 AllCinema database 
 Yahoo talent profile 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Actors from Tokyo
45 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Sabinus.

Events
 The emperor Claudius removes the Jews from Rome.
 Paul of Tarsus begins his missionary travels
 The city of Savaria is founded.  It is now the Hungarian city of Szombathely.

Births 
 Statius, Latin poet (approximate date) (d. c. 96)
 Plutarch, Greek historian/biographer (approximate date) (d. 120)

Deaths 
 Claudia Julia

40s
46 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Asiaticus and Silanus.

Events 
 Dobruja is added into Roman Moesia
 A census shows more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens
 After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province
 A drought and locusts cause a famine and a revolt at Xiongnu

Births 
 Plutarch, Greek historian (approximate date)

Deaths 
 Roimitalkes III of the Thracian Kingdom of Sapes

40s
Anything Else is an American romantic comedy movie. It was released on August 27, 2003. The story is about an aspiring writer who falls in love at first sight. Stockard Channing plays Paula Chase, Christina Ricci plays Amanda Chase and Erica Leerhsen plays Connie. This movie was directed and produced by Woody Allen, who also stars in the movie.

Critics gave it mixed reviews. Leonard Maltin gave it a "BOMB" rating.

2000s romantic comedy movies
2003 romance movies
2003 comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies directed by Woody Allen
Chocolat is a British-American romance and drama movie. It was released December 15, 2000. It is about events in a fictional dull French village during the autumn-winter of 1959. A woman opens a chocolate shop. One customer, Armande, is diabetic. She, however, continues eating chocolate. Armande later dies from her illness. Juliette Binoche plays Vianne, Carrie-Anne Moss plays Caroline Clairmont and Judi Dench plays Armande (the diabetic woman).

The reviews from critics were very positive. It was nominated for several Academy Awards. It did not win any.

2000 drama movies
2000 romance movies
2000s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
Buena Vista International movies
English-language movies
Movies about families
Movies set in France
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies directed by Lasse Hallström
Marly Marley (5 April 1938 – 10 January 2014) was a Brazilian actress. She was known for her roles in Chega de Saudade (2007), O Puritano da Rua Augusta (1965) and Casinha Pequenina (1963). She also appeared on many Brazilian sitcoms and telenovelas.

Marley died from pancreatic cancer on 10 January 2014. She was aged 75. She died in São Paulo. Her widower is the actor and comedian Ary Toledo.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
The Babysitter is an American melodrama and erotic thriller movie from 1995. It is about a teenage babysitter who is fantasized about by several people. Her name, Jennifer, is revealed 83 minutes into the movie. Alicia Silverstone plays Jennifer.

This movie was released on October 17, 1995. Reviews were very negative. Paramount Pictures released this movie in the United States.

1995 drama movies
1995 thriller movies
1990s drama thriller movies
1990s erotic movies
American drama thriller movies
American erotic movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Barbados is a dansband from Sweden. It was formed in 1992. They have had several successes in the Swedish record charts. The band's original lead singer was Magnus Carlsson. They became widely known after winning second place in Melodifestivalen contest in 2000. The band has replaced their lead singer three times. Carlsson left the group in 2002 and later became a member of the group Alcazar. Mathias Holmgren, a former Fame Factory student, replaced Carlsson. He was forced to leave the band in 2004. Chris Lindh replaced him, before leaving the band in 2007. The current lead singer is Björn Lagerström.

The band won its first Grammis Award in February of the year 2000.

Melodifestivalen
The band has participated in the Melodifestivalen music contest four times:
2000: Se mig, placed second
2001: Allt som jag ser, placed second
2002: Världen utanför, placed fourth
2003: Bye, Bye, placed tenth and last

Both lead singer Mathias Holmgren and Magnus Carlsson have participated in Melodifestivalen as solo singers.

Discography

With Magnus Carlsson
1994: Barbados
1997: The Lion Sleeps Tonight
1998: Nu kommer flickorna
1999: Belinda
1999: Rosalita
2000: Kom hem
2000: When the Summer is Gone
2002: Världen utanför

With Mathias Holmgren
2003: Hela himlen

With Chris Lindh
2005: Stolt

Collections
2001: Collection 1994-2001
2003: Rewinder
2005: The Best of Barbados
2009: Upp til dans (Expressen)

References

Other websites
 Official website

Musical groups established in 1992
Dansbands
Swedish musical groups
Social stigma is when society thinks that something is bad.

The sociologist Erving Goffman wrote that there are three kinds of social stigma:
1. Physical differences such as obesity, scars, and leprosy.
2. Differences in personal traits, such as mental illness, drug addiction, and alcoholism.
3. "Tribal stigmas" are traits of ethnic group, nationality, or of religion that are thought as different to that of the majority ethnicity, nationality or religion.

References

Other page
Discrimination
Dehumanization

Sociology
Christine Chubbuck (August 24, 1944 – July 15, 1974) was the host of a morning talk show in Sarasota, Florida. She was also a volunteer at a local hospital. There she gave puppet shows for the mentally handicapped children. She is  best known as the television broadcaster who committed suicide during a live television program.

Career 

Chubbuck was born in Hudson, Ohio, on 24 August 1944. She grew up in a middle-class family and attended Laurel School for Girls. She went to college at Ohio State University. Then she graduated from Boston University with a degree in broadcasting. She held several jobs with small television stations. In 1973 she was hired by WXLT-TV in Sarasota, Florida as the host of a morning talk show. According to her co-workers she was pretty, easy to get along with and did a good job. According to her mother she wanted a family but had not found the right person to marry yet. In her spare time she held puppet shows for mentally handicapped children at a local hospital.

Death  

Three weeks before her death she had received approval to do a program on suicide. On the morning of Monday, July 15, 1974, during her broadcast, Chubbuck read a prepared script. She said: "In keeping with Channel 40's policy of bringing you the latest in blood and guts, and in living color, you are going to see another first, an attempted suicide." Chubbuck then shot herself with a handgun. It was not a quick decision but an event she had planned for months. Chubbuck had even joked about shooting herself on the air but nobody had apparently paid much attention. She had been dealing with depression for several years before she died. Chubbuck was 29 years old.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Constantino Diaz-Duran, Why Do People Broadcast Their Suicides?, The Daily Beast (12.02.08)

1944 births
1974 deaths
Boston University alumni
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Television personalities from Ohio
Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982) was a Canadian sociologist and writer. He moved to the United States. Goffman wrote about social stigma. 

His first book was published in 1959. In 1961, Goffman published the book Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. In 1968 he became a Chair in Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. His last book, Forms of Talk, was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle award. He died November 20, 1982 of stomach cancer.

References

1922 births
1982 deaths
American sociologists
Christine Pascal (November 29, 1953 – August 30, 1996) was a French actress and director. She played Sylvie in Round Midnight (1986). She also acted in other movies. Most of those movies were French. Pascal was also a writer.

Pascal was born, Lyon, Rhône. She died after jumping from the window of a psychiatric ward near Paris. She was aged 42.

People who committed suicide
French movie actors
French writers
1953 births
1996 deaths
The Eelam War III began on 19 April 1995 when the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also called Tamil Tigers) sank two Sri Lankan naval craft in Sri Lanka. This was the third armed conflict between the military of Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers. There were also Eelam Wars I and II before this conflict and Eelam war IV afterwards.

Battles 

On the night of 18 July 1996 LTTE forces attacked and overran the military base at Mullaithivu. It was the brigade headquarters of the 215 Sri Lankan Army. About 1,600 soldiers were killed or missing. In April 2000 the LTTE Sea Tigers captured Elephant Pass. This was a major victory since they had lost the last battle at Elephant Pass in 1991. By 2001 both sides were exhausted and ended the war. The LTTE came away with a reputation for their fighting skills. But this led to an Eelam War IV.

Civilian killings

Kallarawa massacre 

On 25 May 1995, LTTE (Liberation of Tamil Tigers) killed 42 men, women, and children in Kallarawa, Sri Lanka. Everyone else who lived there escaped the bloodshed.

Gonagala massacre 

In the Ampara District of Sri Lanka on 18 September 1999, another massacre took place. Over 50 women, men, and children were hacked to death in the middle of the night in their sleep.

References

Other websites 
 Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka 
   GoSL Peace Secretariat 
LTTE Peace Secretariat

Sri Lankan Civil War
Evan Chandler (born Evan Robert Charmatz) (January 25, 1944 – November 5, 2009) was an American screenwriter and dentist. He is best known for accusing Michael Jackson of sexually abusing his son Jordan Chandler in 1993.

Early life
Chandler was born in the Bronx to Jewish parents. He changed his name from Charmatz to Chandler because he thought Charmatz was “too Jewish-sounding”.

Career
Chandler wrote the 1993 movie Robin Hood: Men in Tights. In her book Shockaholic, Carrie Fisher said that Chandler was her dentist.

Accusations against Michael Jackson
In 1993, Chandler accused Michael Jackson of molesting his son Jordan. Jordan had made the hebephilia allegations after taking sodium amytal. The 1993 molestation case ended in 1994 after Jackson reached a settlement with Chandler for a reported U.S. $20 million. Jordan legally emancipated himself from his parents in 1995.

An article in USA Today said that Chandler tried to sue Jackson again in 1996 but the case was dismissed in 1998. In 2006, Jordan took out a restraining order against Evan after claiming that he attacked him with a dumbbell weight.

Death
Fourteen weeks after the death of Michael Jackson, Chandler shot himself in the head on November 5 2009. He suffered with depression for many years.

References

1944 births
2009 deaths
American Jews
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Michael Jackson
Ewarton is a town in the Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica.

It had about 14,000 people in 2009.

Towns in Jamaica
Michael Ealy (born August 3, 1973) is an American  actor. His real name is Michael Brown; Ealy is the name he uses for acting. He is perhaps best known for his roles in the movies Barbershop (2002), its sequel Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004), 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003), Their Eyes Were Watching God (2005), Seven Pounds (2008),  For Colored Girls (2010), and Underworld: Awakening (2012). On television, Ealy stars as Dorian in the science-fiction police drama, Almost Human.

Life and career
Ealy was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Silver Spring, Maryland. His mother worked for IBM. His father worked in the grocery business. He attended the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland.

He started his acting career in the late 1990s. He appeared in Off-Broadway stage productions. Among his first movie roles were Bad Company and Kissing Jessica Stein. His breakout role was in 2002's Barbershop, in which he played a reformed street criminal named Ricky Nash. He played that role again in the sequel, Barbershop 2: Back in Business, in 2004. In 2003, he played Slap Jack in  2 Fast 2 Furious. Later in 2004, Ealy appeared in Never Die Alone with DMX. He appeared in Mariah Carey's music video for her hit single "Get Your Number". He played Dominic in "Think like a Man" in 2012.

Personal life
In October 2012, Ealy married Khatira Rafiqzada, in Los Angeles. They had been together for four years before this.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 
 'The People Speak' – article from the Los Angeles Times
 

1973 births
Living people
Actors from Maryland
American movie actors
American television actors
African American actors
American stage actors
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Leslie "Les" H. Martinson (born January 16, 1915) is an American television and movie director. He is known for directing Maverick, PT 109, Temple Houston, Batman, Mission: Impossible, Mannix, Diff'rent Strokes, and Airwolf.

Martinson is President of the West Coast Jewish Theatre, although he is no longer active in the role.

References

Other websites
Official site

Episodes on TV 

1915 births
Living people
American movie directors
American television directors
People from Boston, Massachusetts
Mission Impossible was an American spy television series that originally aired on CBS from September 17, 1966 to March 30, 1973. The first season starred Steven Hill as Dan Briggs. From the second season on it starred Peter Graves as Jim Phelps. The show was a creation of Bruce Geller.  The music was composed by Lalo Schifrin. When the series ended and reran in syndication in 1973, it was distributed by Paramount Domestic Television, which was formerly named Paramount Television Sales through 1973-1987.

Plot 
The series is about an elite group that specializes in intelligence. In addition to Hill (first season) and Graves (second and following seasons), the other group members were played by Martin Landau (Rollin Hand, expert in disguise), Barbara Bain (seductress Cinnamon Carter, the bait to lure rivals), Greg Morris (Barney Collier, electronics expert), and Peter Lupus (Willy Armitage, the strong man). Landau and Bain left after the third season. In the fourth season, Leonard Nimoy joined the cast as Paris. Later cast members included Lee Meriwether (who guest-starred in 8 episodes as Tracey), Lesley Ann Warren as Dana Lambert, and Sam Elliott as Doug Robert. The last episode aired March 30, 1973.

Mission: Impossible 1988 
Mission: Impossible 1988-1990 was an ABC TV series. Peter Graves again played Jim Phelps. The co-stars in this version were Thaao Penghlis as Nicholas Black, Tony Hamilton as Max Harte, Phil Morris as Grant Collier. Greg Morris and Linda Day George from the first series also appeared.

Bob Johnson was the voice on the tape.

Related pages
Mission: Impossible -1996 movie
Mission: Impossible II - 2000 movie

References 
 Magazine Ebony Dic 1967
 The Stimulus Package: Why Men Cheat, by Sheila Whalum

Other websites 
 
 

1966 television series debuts
1973 television series endings
American drama television series
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Leonard Clemence "Leo" Tindemans () (16 April 1922 – 26 December 2014) was a Belgian politician. Tindemans was the 43rd Prime Minister of Belgium. 

He was also mayor of Edegem.

He was born in Zwijndrecht on 16 April 1922. Tindemans died on 26 December 2014 in Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 Leo Tindemans at the Dutch-language version of the site of the Belgium government (Dutch)
 Leo Tindemans at the French-language version of the site of the Belgium government (French)

1922 births
2014 deaths
Belgian mayors
Belgian Roman Catholics
Christelijke Volkspartij politicians
Disease-related deaths in Belgium
Flemish politicians
Former MEPs
Government ministers of Belgium
MEPs for Belgium
People from Antwerp (province)
Prime Ministers of Belgium
Steven Adler (born Michael Coletti, January 22, 1965) is an American musician. He is best known as the drummer and co-songwriter of the hard rock band Guns N' Roses during the late 1980s. He is the current drummer for the rock band Adler.

During his time in Guns N' Roses, Adler suffered from drug addiction. In 1990, the band fired Adler. He later rejoined the band after he signed a contract in which he promised to stop taking drugs. He was fired from the band again on July 11, 1990, after his addiction left him unable to perform.

Adler appeared on the second and fifth seasons of the reality television show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew for his drug rehabilitation. He also appeared on the first season of its spin-off show Sober House.

References

Other websites
Official website

American drummers
American heavy metal musicians
American rock musicians
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Cleveland, Ohio
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
1965 births
A black operation (black op for short) is a covert operation which is done by a government or military. Black operations are secret and whoever does them does not admit that they ever happened. There are differences between black operations and ones which are just secret. The main difference is that a black operation often uses deception. This deception might be not telling anybody who did the operation. It might also be blaming the operation on someone else ("false flag" operations). 

One example of a black operation is a "black bag operation". A black bag operation is when agents or soldiers secretly go into buildings and collect intelligence. It is known that the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, Mossad, MI6 and other intelligence services have done operations like these.

Where the word comes from
The word "black" can be used for any secret action done by a government. For example, some militaries and intelligence services have classified "black budgets" to carry out black operations. Almost all details about this budget is hidden from the public.

Examples of black operations
 In 2007, the Central Intelligence Agency declassified some secret records. In these records, it was found that CIA had illegally spied on people in the United States. It had also planned assassinations, kidnapping and other black operations.

 In May 2007 ABC News and the Daily Telegraph said that United States president George W. Bush let CIA do "black operations" in Iran. These operations tried to change the Iranian Government's regime. They also sabotaged Iran's nuclear program.

Related pages 
 Covert operation

References

Espionage
Dame Enid Diana Elizabeth Rigg DBE (20 July 1938 – 10 September 2020) was an English actress, known professionally as Diana Rigg. Rigg played Emma Peel in the television thriller The Avengers (1965–68). She played Helena in a Midsummer Night's Dream and Arlene Marshall in Evil under the Sun. She also performed on stage.

Rigg was born in Doncaster, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. Rigg was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1988. She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1994.

In 1990, she won a BAFTA Award. In 1994, Rigg won a Tony Award. In 1997, she won an Emmy Award. 

In March 2020, Rigg was diagnosed with lung cancer. She died on 10 September 2020 in London from the disease, aged 82.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Actors from Yorkshire
Actresses who played Bond girls
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
People from Doncaster
Cancer deaths in London
The Steubenville High School rape happened in Steubenville, Ohio, United States, on the night of August 11, 2012. A 16-year-old girl was raped at a party by two 16-year-old high school footballer players, Trent Mays and Ma'lik Richmond. The girl did not remember because she was very drunk at the time. On August 12, 2012 Mays was sentenced to at least two years in prison for juvenile criminals. Richmond was sentenced to at least a year there. He was released in January 2014. The case got attention all over the United States after it was written about by the New York Times.

References

2012 crimes in the United States
2010s in Ohio
August events

Rape
Trials in the United States
Violence in the United States
The Count of Soissons (French: comte de Soissons) was a member of the French court when the country was still a monarchy. They held the rank of Prince of the blood and as a result entitled to the style of Serene Highness but this was used in writing only.  The Counts were the owners of the one time famous Hôtel de Soissons in Paris. The title is unique in the sense that it was later inherited by a woman which was actually forbidden in France at the time. 

François de Bourbon, the first Prince of Conti was also the brother of the founder of the Soissons line. Charles de Bourbon, Count of Soissons. The Counts Soissons were addressed at court as Monsieur le Comte and their wives as Madame la Comtesse. The members of the house were: 

 1487–1495: François, Count of Vendôme (1470–1495);
 1495-1537: Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme (1489–1537), son of the preceding;
 1547–1557: Jean de Bourbon (1528–1557), son of the preceding;
 1557-1569: Louis  de Bourbon, prince of Condé (1535–1569), brother of the preceding;
 1569-1612: Charles de Bourbon  (1566–1612), son of the preceding;
 1612-1641: Louis de Bourbon (1604–1641), son of the preceding;
 1641-1656: Marie de Bourbon, Princess of Carignano and Countess of Soissons (Countess in her own right) (1606–1692), sister of the preceding.

Related pages
Prince of Conti
Prince of Condé
Duke of Orléans
Premier Prince du Sang

Titles in the old Kingdom of France
Pink Floyd - The Wall is a British movie from 1982. It was inspired by Pink Floyd's album The Wall. It was directed by Alan Parker (for the non-animation) and Gerald Scarfe (for the animation). It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (for the original version) and Warner Bros. (for the current version).

The movie is about a rock star named "Pink", after the band. He builds a wall to separate everyone from his life. But when Pink is on trial the judge orders the wall to be pulled down. At the Cannes Film Festival in 1982, the movie was shown "out of competition". This means it was shown in the Festival theatre but could not win the main prize. 

Pink Floyd
1982 movies
Movies directed by Alan Parker
Margot Elise Robbie ( ; born 2 July 1990) is an Australian movie and TV actress and movie producer. She played Charlotte in the comedy movie About Time (2013). She played Harley Quinn in the 2016 action movie Suicide Squad and in the upcoming 2020 movie Birds of Prey. She also starred as Sharon Tate in the 2019 Quentin Tarantino movie Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.

In 2017, Robbie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Tonya Harding in I, Tonya.

Robbie was born in Gold Coast, Queensland and grew up in Dalby. In 2016, she married Tom Ackerley.

Filmography

Movie

Television

References

Other websites

 

1990 births
Living people
Actors from Queensland
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Australian movie producers
Gold Coast, Queensland
Maria de la Soledad Teresa O'Brien (born September 19, 1966) is an American broadcast journalist. She does broadcasts for CNN and HBO. She has received an Emmy Award.

O'Brien was born in St. James, New York.

References

Television personalities from New York
American journalists
1966 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
"Do What U Want" is a song by Lady Gaga. It is the second single from her third studio album, Artpop. The song features the R&B singer R. Kelly. The song was written by both Kelly and Gaga. "Do What U Want" has reached the top ten in Canada and the UK and the top twenty on the Billboard Hot 100. It charted moderately on other charts around the world. A music video has been made for the single but was never commercially released.

A remix was released on January 1, 2014, featuring fellow pop singer Christina Aguilera, after she and Gaga performed the song on the competition series The Voice, where Aguilera was a coach.

In January 2019, a documentary called Surviving R. Kelly was released which talked about Kelly's alleged relationships with women.  Gaga later regretted working with him on the song and had the album version removed from all music stores and streaming services.  She also claimed that she was a supporter for Kelly's alleged victims.  Other than remixes, only the Christina Aguilera version of the song is still available.

References

Lady Gaga songs
2013 songs
Clifford A. Carpenter (March 2, 1915 – January 9, 2014) was an American actor. He was known for his radio role in Terry and the Pirates. The show was adapted from the comic strip of the same name. Carpenter provided the voice for the main character Terry Lee.

Carpenter died on January 9, 2014 in New Milford, Connecticut from natural causes. He was aged 98.

References

Other websites
 

1915 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
American movie actors
American television actors
American radio actors
Actors from San Francisco