cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Klaus Friedrich Roth (29 October 1925 – 10 November 2015) was a German-British mathematician. He was known for his work on diophantine approximation, the large sieve, and irregularities of distribution.

Early life
He was born in Breslau, Prussia. He studied at St Paul's School in London from 1939 to 1943 and then attended Cambridge University, graduating from Peterhouse, Cambridge in 1945. In 1946 he began research at University College London, under the supervision of Theodor Estermann.

Career
He became a professor at University College London in 1961, and moved to a chair at Imperial College London in 1966, a position he held until official retirement in 1988. He then  remained at Imperial College as Visiting Professor until 1996.

Death
Roth died in Iverness, Scotland on 10 November 2015 at the age of 90.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
Fields Medalists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British mathematicians
German mathematicians
Gene Myron Amdahl (November 16, 1922 – November 10, 2015) was an American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur. He was known for his work on mainframe computers at IBM alongside Fred Brooks and Gerrit Blaauw and later his own companies, especially Amdahl Corporation.  He formulated Amdahl's law, which states a fundamental limitation of parallel computing.

In 1998, he was made a Fellow  of the Computer History Museum "for his fundamental work in computer architecture and design, project management, and leadership."

Amdahl died of pneumonia after suffering from Alzheimer's disease during the last years of his life in Palo Alto, California, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 Oral history interview with Gene M. Amdahl Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Amdahl discusses his graduate work at the University of Wisconsin and his design of WISC. Discusses his role in the designing of several computers for IBM including the STRETCH, IBM 701, and IBM 704. He discusses his work with Nathaniel Rochester and IBM's management of the design process. Mentions work with Ramo-Wooldridge, Aeronutronic, and Computer Sciences Corporation

1922 births
2015 deaths
American computer scientists
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in California
Scientists from South Dakota
People with Alzheimer's disease
An individual retirement account or IRA is a form of "individual retirement plan". It is simply a savings account with large tax advantages. An IRA is not itself an investment. It is where an investor keeps assets such as stocks, bonds and mutual funds. A 401(k) is set up by an employer, but an IRA may be started by an individual. Other IRAs may be opened by small business owners and those who are self-employed.

Types of IRAs 
There are different types of IRAs: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, SEP-IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs. They vary as to tax filing status. Also they have different rules and conditions. 
Traditional IRA - Contributions to a traditional IRA are, depending on income, tax status and whether the taxpayer has a retirement plan sponsored by his or her employer. In both 2015 and 2016, a taxpayer can contribute to a traditional or Roth IRA up to $ 5,500. If over age 50, the contribution can be up to $ 6,500. Either amount can be reduced if the taxable compensation (wages for example) are less than limit set for the IRA contribution.
Roth IRA - contributions to Roth IRAs are not tax deductible. The amount that can be contributed is usually the same as a Traditional IRA.
SEP-IRA - Businesses of any size who want to set up an IRA for employees can use the SEP (Simplified Employee Pension Plan) IRA .
SIMPLE IRA - A SIMPLE (Savings Incentive Match PLan for Employees) IRA is for employees and employers to set up an IRA. This is for small businesses that do not have a retirement plan.

Prohibited asset types
Internal Revenue Code Section 408 prohibits IRA investments in life insurance and in collectibles  such as artwork, rugs, antiques, metals (there are exceptions for certain kinds of bullion), gems, stamps, coins, alcoholic beverages, and certain other tangible personal property.

Participant-directed accounts 
A participant-directed account (also called a self-directed IRA) is an IRA which is provided by some financial institutions in the United States. It allows alternative investments for retirement savings. Some examples of such alternative investments are: real estate, private mortgages, private company stock, oil and gas limited partnerships, precious metals, horses, and intellectual property. There is a risk of fraud when investing in Self-Directed retirement accounts.

References

Other websites 
 What Is an IRA? Fidelity
 IRA vs. 401(k) - What's the Difference? DailyWorth

Finance
Justin Wakeland High School is a public high school that is in the city of Frisco, Texas, United States.  It is a part of the Frisco Independent School District in the west center area of Collin County.  It opened for the first time to students on August 14, 2006. 

Most sophomores and juniors came from Frisco High School because of the city and district's growth. Freshmen come from Griffin Middle School most of the time, and others come from Staley Middle School.  In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

The school is named for Justin Wakeland, who was the superintendent of the Frisco ISD for 19 years from 1978 to 1997.

The school has a television show called Win-TV. It comes on every two weeks. It has many segments and interviews about events happening at Wakeland High School. Wakeland Access, the school newspaper, has articles about events happening at the school.

A lot of sports are offered at Wakeland.

References 

Schools in Texas
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Texas
Defense in Depth (also known as layered security and layered defense) is an information assurance (IA) concept. It uses multiple layers of security controls (defenses) placed throughout an information technology (IT) system. The multiple layers are not of the same security tool. It uses several different kinds of security with each protecting against a different security attack.

Background
Defense in depth is originally a military strategy. It seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker by yielding space to buy time.  The National Security Agency (NSA) changed the concept to be a comprehensive approach to information and electronic security.

The placement of protection mechanisms, procedures and policies is intended to increase the dependability of an IT system. Multiple layers of defense can prevent espionage. They also prevent direct attacks against critical systems. In terms of computer network defense, defense in depth measures should not only prevent security breaches but also buy an organization time to detect and respond to an attack.

Onion model 
Defense in depth has long been explained by using the onion as an example of the various layers of security. The outer layer contains the firewall. Middle layers contain various controls. The data is in the center protected by the other defenses.

A newer concept is the kill chain. Borrowed from the military it is a method of detecting and breaking an opponent's kill chain. Lockheed Martin adapted this concept to information security, using it as a method for modeling intrusions on a computer network.

Related pages 
Using more than one of the following layers constitutes defense in depth.

 Antivirus software
 Authentication and password security
 Biometrics
 Encryption
 Firewall (networking)
 Hashing passwords
 Intrusion detection systems (IDS)
 Logging and auditing
 Multi-factor authentication
 Vulnerability scanners
 Physical security (e.g. deadbolt locks)
 Internet Security Awareness Training
 Virtual private network (VPN)
 Sandboxing
 Intrusion Protection System (IPS)

References

Other websites 
Defense in Depth has Always Been a Valid Concept

Networks
Computer security
Nicole Francine Aiello (born June 9, 1983) is an American  R&B singer-songwriter and model known by her stage name, Frankee. She grew up with her parents, Matthew and Francine, and her two siblings, elder brother Matthew Jr. and younger sister Monique. Nicole was given the nickname "Frankee," which came from her middle name (and is also her grandfather's nickname). She is best known for her debut single "F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)" which is a answer back to fellow American R&B singer-songwriter Eamons debut single "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)".

Career
"F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)" reached number one in the United Kingdom in May 2004, and Australia in June 2004. She then released her debut studio album later on that year.
She then left her label in 2006 and signed with Big Management She has also modelled for FHM and Maxim magazines.

Discography

Albums
2004: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly
2006: Watch Me (shelved)

Singles

References

1983 births
Living people
American hip hop musicians
American R&B singers
American songwriters
American soul musicians
Models from New York City
Musicians from Staten Island
Singers from New York City
{{Infobox Album
| name = The Good, the Bad, the Ugly
| type = studio
| cover = 
| artist = Frankee
| released = 2004
| recorded = 2004
| length =
| label = Marro
| genre = R&B, hip hop
, the Bad, the Ugly(2004)
| next_title =
|misc=
}}The Good, the Bad, the Ugly''''' is the debut studio album by American recording artist Frankee, released in 2004. Her debut single "F.U.R.B." is an answer song to Eamon's "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)". To date it is the only album released by Frankee.

Track listing
"I Do Me"
"How You Do"
"In Love with Me"
"I'm Leaving"
"Gotta Man"
"Who the Hell Are You"
"Him"
"I Told You So"
"Hell No"
"Don't Be Mad"
"F.U.R.B. (Fuck You Right Back)"

References

2004 albums
Debut albums
R&B albums
Hip hop albums
Soul albums
Zurab Konstantines dze Tsereteli (, ;  born January 4, 1934) is a Georgian-Russian painter, sculptor and architect. He holds the office of President of the Russian Academy of Arts.

Other websites

 http://www.tsereteli.ru/ - the artist's official site
 http://www.911monument.com/ - the official site of "To the Struggle Against World Terrorism" monument by Zurab Tsereteli
 Artwork by Zurab Tsereteli at The Cold War Museum 
 Good Defeats Evil at the New York Public Art Curriculum
 Monument to Peter the First from Inside and Above. Pictures

1934 births
Living people
People from Tbilisi
Architects
Russian painters
Soviet people
Roland Dumas (born 23 August 1922 in Limoges, Haute-Vienne) is a French lawyer and Socialist politician. He served as the Foreign Minister under President François Mitterrand from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1993. He was also President of the Constitutional Council from 1995 to 1999.

References

Other websites

1922 births
Living people
French politicians
French lawyers
Civil servants
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
Eagles of Death Metal is an American rock band from Palm Desert, California.

Career
The band released their debut studio album, Peace, Love, Death Metal on March 23, 2004 through AntAcidAudio. The song "I Only Want You" was featured in the 2004 racing game Gran Turismo 4, the television series Queer as Folk, an advertisement for Windows 8, and was a downloadable song for the Rock Band series.

Their second studio album Death by Sexy was released on April 11, 2006 in the United States and on July 3, 2006 in Europe through Downtown Records and Columbia Records. In the fall of 2006, they shared an opening support slot with Guns N' Roses, but it only lasted one show. Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses called the band "Pigeons of Shit Metal" from the stage that night and Eagles of Death Metal used the phrase on a T-shirt. 

The band performed a live concert for the launch of the 2008 video game Midnight Club: Los Angeles at the Hollywood & Highland Virgin Megastore in Los Angeles. The band's third studio album Heart On was released on October 28, 2008.

Their fourth studio album Zipper Down was released on October 2, 2015. The album's first single "Complexity" was made available to stream on Pitchfork Media's website.

On November 13, 2015, the band performed a concert for a sell-out crowd of 1,500 people at Le Bataclan theatre in Paris. During the concert, four gunmen with AK-47 assault rifles entered the theatre. They opened fire and threw explosives into the crowd. The attack lasted about 20 minutes. They killed 87 people in the theatre. Four of the attackers died, three of them by blowing up their suicide vests. The fourth killed by police gunfire, and his vest blew up when he fell. Lead singer Jesse Hughes was able to escape the attack through the backstage and the rest of the band survived.

Discography

Studio albums
Peace, Love, Death Metal (2004)
Death by Sexy (2006)
Heart On (2008)
Zipper Down (2015)

References

Other websites

1998 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical duos
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from California
A schnauzer is a type of dog breed that originated in Germany in about the 14th century. The Standard Schnauzer is the oldest of the three Schnauzer varieties: Miniature, Standard, and Giant. All three varieties have the distinctive whiskers, mustache and eyebrows, which is where they take their name from as in German schnauzer means moustache.

History 
The Standard Schnauzer is the prototype from which the other two were bred. From the middle ages on they guarded the livestock and family members. They are descended from European herding and guard dogs. As a distinctive breed, they appear in pictures of the 14th and 15th centuries. As far as can be determined they were bred from the Gray Wolf Spitz, the German poodle (pudel) and the Wirehaired Pinscher. About the middle of the 19th century German dog enthusiasts took an interest in the Schnauzer. Dog breeders experimented by crossing them with other breeds. First the Miniature Schnauzer was developed, then the Giant Schnauzer.

Three varieties 
 A Miniature Schnauzer is an energetic and sturdy little dog. Miniature Schnauzers are also very intelligent dogs. They stand between  tall at the shoulder. They normally weigh between . The normal colors are salt and pepper (a mix of off-white, gray and black), all black, and black and silver. They resemble the Standard Schnauzer from which they were bred. They were first shown as early as 1889.

 The Standard Schnauzer is the original breed of Schnauzer. German farmers in  kept them as hunting dogs, rat catchers and watchdogs. They are a medium-sized dog with a hard, wire-like coat. It is a strong and very quick dog for its size. It is able to cover distances easily. Like all Schnauzers they have the same whiskers, eyebrows and mustache. They stand between  tall at the shoulder. Standard Schnauzers normally weigh between . The colors are usually salt and pepper or solid black. 

 The Giant Schnauzer resembles the Standard Schnauzer, only they are bigger and stronger. They are very muscular dogs. They stand as much as  tall at the shoulder. They can weigh about . The double coat is either solid black or “pepper and salt.” Much the same as their two smaller cousins they have the distinctive whiskers, eyebrows and mustache. The breed was developed in the areas around Württemberg and Bavaria as a farm dog. They were used to drive livestock to market. During World War I they were used as military guard dogs and as police dogs. They still work with police today and also as Search and rescue dogs. They are also popular as guard dogs.

References

Other websites 

The Three Varieties of the Schnauzer Dog Breed
The Behavioral Differences Between a Miniature, Standard & Giant Schnauzer

Dog breeds
Harrods is an upmarket department store on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London. The Harrods brand also applies to Harrods enterprises, including Harrods Bank, Harrods Estates, Harrods Aviation and Air Harrods.

The store has a  site. It has 330 departments covering one million square feet () of retail space. It is said to be the biggest department store in Europe.

Harrods was founded by Charles Henry Harrod in 1834. In the 20th century they bought other stores in the UK. In 1959, the British department store holding company, House of Fraser, bought Harrods. Later, in 1985, the Egyptian Mohamed Al-Fayed bought Harrods. In 2010, the store was sold to Qatar Investment Authority (QIA). This company invests the wealth of the Qatar royal family. Harrods is also known for their annual Christmas bears which are very popular. 

1834 establishments in Europe
Department stores
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
1830s establishments in England
Odo, Earl of Kent (ca 1030 – 1097) and Bishop of Bayeux, was the half-brother of William the Conqueror. For a time he was second in power after William became King of England.

Career

Early life 
Odo was born about 1030. He was the son of William the Conqueror's mother Herleva and Herluin de Conteville. Count Robert of Mortain was his younger brother.

Norman Conquest and after 
Although he was an ordained Christian cleric, he is best known as a warrior and greedy nobleman. He provided 100 ships for his brother's invasion of England. Odo is one of the very few proven companions of William the Conqueror, known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He probably commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry. In 1067, Odo became the Earl of Kent. For several years he was a trusted royal minister. On some occasions when William was absent (back in Normandy), he served as the de facto regent of England. At times he led the royal forces against rebellions. There are also other occasions when he accompanied William back to Normandy. During this time Odo acquired vast estates in England. He held land in twenty-three counties, mainly in the southeast and in East Anglia.

Character 
As the Earl of Kent he became infamous for being greedy, ruthless and a tyrant. Odo obtained a large fortune in land and gold by plundering the landowners of Kent. One chronicler, Thomas of Marlborough, called him a "ravening wolf". Orderic Vitalis, writing nearly a century after Odo's death, he showed him to be a very complex man. On the one hand Odo had great ambition. He was the perfect example of Norman oppression on a conquered England. Yet he was deeply religious and contributed to the ecclesiastical growth of England. Orderic wrote of him:

Fall from grace 
In 1076 Odo was placed on trial. He was accused of defrauding the Crown and the Diocese of Canterbury. At the conclusion of the trial he was forced to return a number of properties he had taken. Most of his wealth was redistributed.

In 1082, he was suddenly disgraced and put in prison. This time it was for having planned a military expedition to Italy. He wanted to crown himself the Pope. His brother, the king, disapproved of the plan and put a stop to it. Odo spent the next five years in prison in Rouen. His English estates were taken back by the king, as was his office as Earl of Kent. He was allowed to remain the Bishop of Bayeux, however. Odo was released from prison after William died. In 1096 Odo set off on the First Crusade with his nephew, Robert Curthose. He died in Palermo while wintering there in early 1097. He was buried in the Cathedral there.

References 

1030s births
1097 deaths
Crusaders
Earls and countesses
Normans
Roman Catholic bishops
The Scottish Terrier is one of the five breeds of terrier that originated in Scotland. It is also known as Aberdeen Terrier. The other four breeds of terrier from Scotland are Skye, Cairn, Dandie Dinmont, and West Highland White Terrier. Originally scottish terriers were  used for hunting, but because of their small size, they are often kept as pets. 

Terriers
Vincent Roy Margera (July 3, 1956 – November 15, 2015), more commonly known as Don Vito, was an American reality television personality. He was known for his appearances in Viva La Bam, Jackass, Haggard and the CKY videos alongside his nephew Bam.

Child sexual abuse conviction
His career was ended with his conviction for child sexual abuse in 2006. He was found groping two 12-year-old girls at an autograph signing and was subsequently held with bail set at $50,000. On October 31, he was found guilty of two counts of sexual assault on a minor and acquitted on one count. On November 1, 2007, he was put on suicide watch. He was held at the Jefferson County Detention Facility until his sentencing on December 20, 2007. He faced between two years to life in prison. He was sentenced to 10 years probation.

Death
Margera died on November 15, 2015, from kidney and liver failure in West Chester, Pennsylvania at the age of 59.

References

Other websites
 

1956 births
2015 deaths
American sex offenders
American television personalities
Child sexual abusers
Criminals from Pennsylvania
Deaths from liver failure
Deaths from renal failure
Entertainers from Pennsylvania
People acquitted of sex crimes
Moira Orfei (; 21 December 1931 – 15 November 2015), a.k.a. Miranda Orfei, was a popular Italian actress and television personality. Moira was considered the queen of the Italian circus. She was also an actress who was known for her role as Giorgia Casellato in The Birds, the Bees and the Italians.

On 4 August 2006 Moira Orfei had an Ischemic stroke during a show in Gioiosa Ionica. She was still under medical care when she died on 15 November 2015 in Brescia, Italy from complications of the stroke, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 
 

1931 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Deaths from stroke
Italian movie actors
People from Friuli Venezia-Giulia
Heber Hugo Carámbula, (31 October 1945 – 14 November 2015), also known under the stage name of Berugo Carámbula, was a Uruguayan actor, comedian and TV host. He was born in Las Piedras in 1945. He was known for his role in the Argentine telenovela Son Amores from which he starred in from 2002 through 2003.

Carámbula died in Montevideo, Uruguay from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 70.

references

Other websites
Berugo Carámbula en cinenacional (Spanish) 
Berugo Carámbula (Spanish) 
Un único: Berugo Carámbula recordado en Buenos Aires (Spanish)

1945 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Uruguayan entertainers
Movie actors
Television actors
Comedians
Wikimapia is a geographic online encyclopedia project. It utilizes an interactive "clickable" web map with a geographically-referenced wiki-based system. Its aim is to mark and describe all geographical objects in the world. Wikimapia was created by Alexandre Koriakine and Evgeniy Saveliev on May 2006.

Other websites
Wikimapia website

Websites
Free content
Orbital resonance is a resonance of two orbiting bodies exerting a regular, periodic gravitational effect on each other. Their orbital periods may be related by a ratio of two small integers. It is caused by the changing gravitational forces of bodies which go round each other. The stability of the Solar System was first investigated by Laplace, and there is still much that is not known about it.

As a satellite goes round a planet or two stars go round each other, the gravitational forces can change, sometimes hugely. This is partly because orbits are usually ellipses, not circular, and so the forces change accordingly. Also, the planets and stars are usually not spherical. They spin, and vary in their degree of oblateness. This also changes the forces on an orbiting body.

In particular, the forces may be unstable, so the smaller partner may change until the forces are stable (do not change with time). Satellites often end up with one face towards their planet, because that is the most stable position (tidal locking).

There are other stability effects. Gaps in Saturn's rings are caused by the particles shifting into more stable positions. In the rings of Saturn, the Cassini Division is a gap between the inner B Ring and the outer A Ring. It was cleared by a 2:1 resonance with the moon Mimas. Jupiter makes similar Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt.

There is a stability ratio for Neptune and Pluto: the 2:3 ratio means Pluto completes two orbits in the time it takes Neptune to complete three.

The area of mechanics which is used for these studies is called celestial mechanics.

References 

Solar System
Orbits
The New Zealand national men's rugby union team, officially nicknamed the All Blacks, represents New Zealand in men's rugby union. This is regarded as the country's national sport. The All Blacks are the holders of the Rugby World Cup, since 2011. They are the 2014 World Rugby Team of the Year. They have won over 76% of their test matches and are the leading test match points scorers of all time. Their win ratio puts them amongst the most successful teams of any sport in history. They are the only international side with a winning record against every country they have played. Since their international debut in 1903 only five nations have defeated New Zealand in test matches. Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in October 2003, New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined. The All Blacks are also the first team to set their hands on the Webb Ellis Cup.  the first team to successfully defend the Rugby World Cup. They were the first team to win back to back Rugby World Cups and the first team to win the cup on 3 separate occasions.

New Zealand competes with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship. The All Blacks have won the trophy thirteen times in the competition's nineteen-year history. They also hold the Bledisloe Cup, which is contested annually with Australia. They hold the Freedom Cup, contested annually with South Africa. New Zealand has achieved a Grand Slam (defeating England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales in one tour) four times1978, 2005, 2008 and 2010.

They have also been named the "World Rugby Team of the Year" seven times since 2005. Four members have won the "World Rugby Player of the Year" awardcurrent captain Richie McCaw, Dan Carter, Kieran Read, and Brodie Retallick. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame. Four of these are also inductees of the World Rugby Hall of Fame.

The team's first match was in 1884. Their first international match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney. The following year they hosted their first ever home Test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. This was followed by a tour of Europe and North America in 1905 where the team suffered their first test defeatto Wales in Cardiff.

Notes

References 

Rugby union
Eamon Jonathan Doyle, professionally known as Eamon, is an American R&B singer-songwriter and harmonicist. He is known for his hit single, "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)".

Early years
Eamon was born Eamon Jonathan Doyle in Staten Island, New York City. His mother Diane was a nurse and his father Walter Doyle was a counselor.

He began singing at age nine and started to perform and tour with his father's group a R&B group called "The Elations". When he was 15 he began to work with songwriter and producer, Milk Dee, who had worked with many hip hop and R&B artists such as MC Lyte, Janet Jackson and Mary J. Blige.

Relationship with Frankee
After Eamon had released his debut single "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)", a female R&B singer from Staten Island called Frankee released her debut single which was an answer back to "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)". She claimed that they were in a relationship. Eamon claimed in an interview that they were not in relationship and that he didn't know who she was. He was only involved with her song because it sampled his. Eamon was asked for the licensing permission which made him one of her song's songwriters.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

Other websites

 
 

1984 births
Living people
American hip hop musicians
American R&B singers
American songwriters
Musicians from Staten Island
Singers from New York City
Derogation (Latin derogatio) is the relaxation or exemption from of a rule of law. This is as opposed to a repeal or ending of a law.  The term is used in both civil law and common law.  It is sometimes used, loosely, to mean abrogation. For example in the legal maxim: Lex posterior derogat priori which means a more recent law may overrule an earlier law. Derogation is different from dispensation (an exception to a law) in that it applies to the law. A dispensation applies to specific people who are affected by the law.

In terms of European Union legislation, a derogation can also imply that a member state delays putting into effect a part of an European Union regulation (etc.) into their own legal system. This can be for a period of time such as five years. Or that a member state has decided not to enforce a specific provision in a treaty due to internal circumstances (typically a state of emergency).

Related pages 
 Repeal
 Implied repeal
 Canon law

References

Other websites 
 Catholic Encyclopedia Derogation

Law
Legal terms
Rudy Markussen (born July 24, 1977 in Copenhagen) is a retired Danish professional boxer. 

His nickname is The Hard Hitter. On November 16, 2002 Markussen was the number 1 challenger for the IBF Super Middleweight World title. He lost to Sven Ottke. On October 24, 2003 he won the WBO title against American James Crawford. Then on July 24, 2004 he won the EBU (European) Super Middleweight title. He beat Danilo Häussler by a 12 round unanimous decision.

In 2006 Markussen was in a car accident. He was unable to box for several years. Markussen made a comeback in 2010 and had 6 fights in the years 2010-2012. His last fight was December 12, 2015 against fellow Dane Patrick Nielsen.

References

Boxers
Sportspeople from Copenhagen
1977 births
Living people
Willie Howard Mays, Jr. (born May 6, 1931), nicknamed "The Say Hey Kid" is a retired American Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder. He spent almost all of his 22 season career playing for the New York and San Francisco Giants before finishing with the New York Mets. His career began in 1951 and he retired in 1973.

Mays was born in Westfield, Alabama, near Bessemer, Alabama.

Other websites

Willie Mays article, Encyclopedia of Alabama 
May 1951: Minneapolis Tribune account of Mays' first home game as a Minneapolis Miller
Willie Mays: Say Hey!  – slideshow by Life magazine

1931 births
African-American baseball players
American military personnel of the Korean War
Living people
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
National League All-Stars
New York Giants (NL) players
New York Mets players
People from Bessemer, Alabama
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Alabama
Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (13 April 1794 – 6 December 1867) proved that the effects of "the mind" were caused by the brain, not the heart.

He was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anesthesia. He use brain surgery on animals, and studied their effects. His kind of surgery is called "ablative surgery": in most cases ablative brain surgery does not mean removing brain tissue, but rather destroying tissue and leaving it in place.

In 1825, Flourens pioneered the experimental method of ablating parts of the brain in living rabbits and pigeons. He carefully observed their effects. His intention was to find out whether different parts of the brain had different functions.

Flourens was able to show for the first time that the main parts of the brain were responsible for largely different functions. By removing the cerebral hemispheres, for instance, all perceptions, voluntary action, and judgment were abolished. The removal of the cerebellum affected the animal's equilibrium and motor coordination, while the destruction of the brainstem (medulla oblongata) caused death. These experiments led Flourens to conclude that:
 the cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher cognitive functions,
 the cerebellum regulates and integrates movements,
 that the medulla controls vital functions, such as circulation, respiration and general bodily stability.

References 

1794 births
1867 deaths
French neuroscientists
Members of the Académie française
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Physiologists
A packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC) is a kind of self-contained heating and air conditioning system. It is commonly found in hotels, motels, senior housing facilities, hospitals, condominiums, apartment buildings, add-on rooms & sunrooms. Many PTACs are designed to be installed in a wall. They have vents and heat sinks both inside and outside. Different standard dimensions are found in the market including 42×16 inches, 36x15 inches, and 40x15 inches.

The older units usually use mechanical control with mechanical push buttons to select the mode of operation and fan speed control. Another rotary knob is used to set the desired temperature of the unit. This was the most cost effective and simplest method of control in the past.The development and the reduction in cost of electronic controls have enabled manufacturers to implement electronic control touch pad that comes with remote control. Some of the electronic controls that have been built into the system include:Timer Control where you will be able to set when to ON or OFF the unit.Mode control is operated by pushing the same button to select the mode of operation.Temperature setting is displayed by the use of 7 segment display and buttons used to change the settings.Energy saving feature such as sleep or economizer function where the set temperature will be automatically adjusted according to the duration that has elapsed.

History
The first practical packaged terminal air conditioner was invented by engineers at Chrysler Motors.

Sources

Engineering
In the parliamentary systems of government, primary legislation and secondary legislation are two forms of law. Primary legislation consists of Acts of Parliament or statute. Secondary legislation (also called delegated legislation) is the granting of additional law-making powers to another branch of government by an Act or statute. In the European Union, primary and secondary legislation are two of the three processes of law. The third is supplementary law which includes International law and covers any gaps between primary and secondary legislation.

Primary legislations 
In parliamentary systems, of three branches of government—executive, legislative and judicial—the legislative branch is the most powerful. In other forms of government, such as democracy for example, the three branches of government are equal in power. When a parliament makes a law, called an act, it is binding on the other two branches of government. Acts are made by a majority vote of the legislature. The exact process differs in different parliamentary systems. In a bicameral (two-chamber) system there is usually a lower house (such as the House of Commons in the UK) and an upper house (such as the House of Lords). A new law starts out as a bill, usually in the lower house. It must pass both houses before it can become an act. Other systems use a unicameral or one-chamber legislation. In either system, an act becomes the law. Judges and the courts have almost no authority to challenge the validity of a law.

In the United States, primary legislation is, at the federal level, an Act of Congress. A statute that delegates authority or responsibility to an agency is called an authorizing statute. A law created by the executive branch of the United States Government or that of a state government as the result of primary legislation is called a regulatory law.

Secondary legislation 
Secondary (also called subordinate) legislation is all other forms of legislation that are not Acts of Parliament. It is very similar to administrative law in the United States. The legislative branch of governments often delegates power to allow ministers to make secondary legislation. Secondary legislation also includes directives, regulations and decisions by commissions or councils. Most Acts of Parliament in the UK contain provisions to allow secondary legislation. 

The two types of secondary legislation are delegated legislation and prerogative legislation.
 Delegated legislation allows other branches of a government to make changes to a law as they become necessary. There is no need to start a new bill in a parliament.
 Prerogative legislation are those powers given to certain officials to create laws, rules or regulations.

References 

Law
A statute is a written law passed by a state or federal legislature that creates a rule or regulation. Statutes (also called legal codes) provide the authority for other laws. Many state and federal agencies, such as the IRS, EPA and state Secretaries of State may issue regulations for the areas of the law they cover. A statute usually commands something, prohibits something or declares something to be policy. When there is a dispute over the meaning of a statute, a state or federal court may issue a judgment that interprets the statute more clearly. When this happens it also becomes case law.

Before a statute becomes law in some countries, it must be agreed upon by the highest executive in the government. Then it is published as part of a legal code. In many countries, statutes are organized (or codified) for a particular jurisdiction. In many nations statutory law is distinguished from and is subordinate to constitutional law.

References 

Law
Legal terms
Androula Christofidou Henriques (born 1936) is an activist from Cyprus. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

Henriques started "Cyprus Stop Trafficking", a group to fight human trafficking. She became the president of the group. She also worked to get the government of Cyprus to stop human trafficking.

In 2008, Cyprus Stop Trafficking had a conference in Cyprus to help stop human trafficking.  There were speakers from the United States and the European Union.  There were also people from the National Police, the House of Representatives, the Attorney General's Office, the Turkish-Cypriot community, several NGOs, and many journalists.

Awards 

 She received an International Women of Courage Award in 2010.

 In 2012, she received the rank of Commander in the National Order of Merit from Jean-Luc Florentby, France's ambassador to Cyprus.

Other websites 

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Political activists
Living people
1936 births
Cypriot people
Solange Pierre or Sonia Pierre, (1963 – December 4, 2011), was a human rights activist in the Dominican Republic.  She worked to end antihaitianismo, which is discrimination against people of Haitian origin either born in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic. For this work, she won the 2006 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award.

In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

Life 

Pierre was born in Villa Altagracia, San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic, in 1963.  Her parents were from Haiti.   Her mother came to the Dominican Republic in 1957 with a temporary work permit.  Her father came to the Dominican territory illegally).

There were twelve  children in Pierre's family The family lived in a migrant worker camp.  The name of the camp is batey.  Many people from Haiti live here. Pierre's birth certificate said her name was Solain Pie.  Pierre said that was a mistake by a government clerk."

On December 4, 2011, Pierre died at the age of 48.  She had a heart attack on the way to the hospital in Villa Altagracia.

Work 

At the age of 14, Pierre started a protest by sugar cane workers. Pierre went to jail, but the protest received some attention. After the protest, the workers got better tools and more money. 

Pierre worked as director of the non-governmental organization Movement for Dominican Women of Haitian Descent (MUDHA).  The goal of the group is to stop "antihaitianism", or discrimination against people from Haiti in the Dominican Republic.

In 2005, Pierre went to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case of two ethnic Haitian children who did not receive Dominican birth certificates. The name of the case was Yean and Bosico v. Dominican Republic. The court told the Dominican government to give birth certificates to the children.  However, later, the Dominican Supreme Court later said the Haitian workers were 'in transit,' so their children could not be citizens. "

Awards 

 For her work, Pierre received the 2006 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award from Senator Edward Kennedy.  

 Pierre also received Amnesty International's 2003 Human Rights Ginetta Sagan Fund Award.

 She and MUDHA were nominated for the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education in 2002.

 In 2008, she received the Giuseppe Motta Meda] for working for human rights.

 She was also honored by the United States Department of State with a 2010 International Women of Courage Award.

References

Other websites 

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Human rights activists
Haitian people
1963 births
2011 deaths
Ferdinando "Nando" Gazzolo (16 October 1928 – 16 November 2015) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was born in Savona, Italy. Gazzolo was known for his roles in West and Soda (1965), He Who Shoots First (1966) and La ragione degli altri (1965).

Gazzolo died in Nepi, Italy from complications of pneumonia at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

1928 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian voice actors
Liguria
Edwin Jacob "Jake" Garn (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He served as a U.S. Senator representing Utah from 1974 to 1993.

Garn became the first sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a Payload Specialist during NASA mission STS-51-D (April 12–19, 1985).

References

Other websites
NASA biography of Garn
IMNO Interviews Jake Garn 
Spacefacts biography of Jake Garn 
Page with true origin of "Garn scale" 

1932 births
Living people
American astronauts
American Latter Day Saints
Mayors of Salt Lake City
United States senators from Utah
US Republican Party politicians
Robert Foster "Bob" Bennett (September 18, 1933 – May 4, 2016) was an American politician. He is the former United States Senator from Utah serving from January 3, 1993 through January 3, 2011. He was a member of the Republican Party. Bennett held chairmanships and senior positions on a number of key Senate committees, including the Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Appropriations Committee, Rules and Administration Committee, Energy and Natural Resources Committee, and Joint Economic Committee.

Bennett was a popular conservative senator for most of his tenure, earning high ratings from conservative activist groups such as the National Rifle Association, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and American Conservative Union. However, in 2010 Bennett became one of the most prominent targets of the Tea Party Movement, which criticized his support of George W. Bush.

Bennett died on May 4, 2016 at his home Arlington, Virginia after suffering from pancreatic cancer and a stroke. He was 82 years old.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
United States senators from Utah
US Republican Party politicians
For Isaac Newton's book containing basic laws of physics, see Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

The Principia Mathematica is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell. It was published in 1910, 1912, and 1913. In 1927, it appeared in a second edition with an important Introduction to the second edition, and different notes at the end. It is often known as PM.

The book was an attempt to describe a set of axioms, inference rules and law of noncontradiction in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proved. This ambitious project is of great importance in the history of mathematics and philosophy. The authors believed that such a project could be done. However, in 1931, Gödel's incompleteness theorem proved that PM, and any other attempt, could never reach this goal. For any set of axioms and inference rules proposed, either the system must be inconsistent, or there must in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them.

One of the main inspirations and motivations for PM was the earlier work of Gottlob Frege on logic.

PM is not to be confused with Russell's 1903 Principles of Mathematics. PM states: "The present work was originally intended by us to be ... a second volume of Principles of Mathematics... But as we advanced, it became increasingly evident that the subject is a very much larger one than we had supposed..."

The Modern Library placed it 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century.

References 

Mathematics books
Someday at Christmas is a Christmas album and the eighth studio album by Stevie Wonder. It was released on November 27, 1967 under Tamla. It was his second album to be released in 1967. It followed I Was Made to Love Her.

Reviews

Track listing
"Someday at Christmas" (Ron Miller and Bryan Wells) – 2:49
"Silver Bells" (Jay Livingston and Ray Evans) – 2:22
"Ave Maria" (Franz Schubert) – 3:56
"The Little Drummer Boy" (Katherine K. Davis, Henry Onorati and Harry Simeone) – 3:05
"One Little Christmas Tree" (Ron Miller and Bryan Wells) – 2:41
"The Day That Love Began" (Ron Miller and Deborah Wells) – 3:33
"The Christmas Song" (Mel Tormé and Robert Wells) – 3:06
"Bedtime for Toys" (Ron Miller and Orlando Murden) – 3:28
"Christmastime" (Sol Selegna) – 2:32
"Twinkle Twinkle Little Me" (Ron Miller and William O'Malley) – 3:13
"A Warm Little Home on a Hill" (Ron Miller and Bryan Wells) – 3:26
"What Christmas Means to Me" (Anna Gaye, Allen Story and George Gordy) – 2:27

2003 20th Century Masters bonus tracks
(Both first appeared on the CD collection, Christmas in the City).

"The Miracles of Christmas" (Ron Miller and Aurora Miller) - 2:24 (B-side from the single "Someday at Christmas")
"Everyone's a Kid at Christmas" (Ron Miller and Aurora Miller) - 2:46

References

1967 albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Christmas albums
For Once in My Life is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder on Motown Records. It was released in December 1968, his second album that year.

Track listing
"For Once in My Life" (Ron Miller, Orlando Murden) 2:48
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" (Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy, Stevie Wonder) 2:45
"You Met Your Match" (Lula Mae Hardaway, Don Hunter, Stevie Wonder) 2:37
"I Wanna Make Her Love Me" (Henry Cosby, Lula Mae Hardaway, Sylvia Moy, Stevie Wonder) 2:52
"I'm More Than Happy (I'm Satisfied)" (Henry Cosby, Cameron Grant, Sylvia Moy, Stevie Wonder) 2:56
"I Don't Know Why" (Lula Mae Hardaway, Don Hunter, Paul Riser, Stevie Wonder) 2:46
"Sunny" (Bobby Hebb) 4:00
"I'd Be a Fool Right Now" (Henry Cosby, Sylvia Moy, Stevie Wonder) 2:54
"Ain't No Lovin'" (Lula Mae Hardaway, Don Hunter, Paul Riser, Stevie Wonder) 2:36
"God Bless the Child" (Arthur Herzog Jr., Billie Holiday) 3:27
"Do I Love Her" (Stevie Wonder) 2:58
"The House on the Hill" (L. Brown, Berry Gordy, Allen Story) 2:36

References

1968 albums
R&B albums
Soul albums