cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
KGB  is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee. It was the main internal security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. It was formed in 1954 as a successor of earlier agencies, the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB. 

During the Cold War, the KGB suppressed "ideological subversion". This meant suppressing unorthodox political and religious ideas, and the people who held those ideas. It was Soviet policy for the KGB (and the secret services of the satellite states) to monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible counter-revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc.

The KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face", in 1968 Czechoslovakia. A record of some of its doings is contained in the Mitrokin Archive.

Different stages 
From 13 March 1954 to 6 November 1991, KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.

In March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agencythe MVD.  In December of that year, Beria and six associates were executed and the MVD split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers. 

On 5 July 1978 the KGB was renamed as the "KGB of the Soviet Union", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat.  The KGB ended when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources to help the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairmanand mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On 6 November 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although Russia's new national security organisation, the Russian Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti (FSB), works in the same things that the Soviet KGB did.

Belarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the national security organization is still called "KGB". Belarus is where Felix Dzerzhinsky started a group called the Cheka, which was an organization in the Soviet Union before the MVD or the KGB was started.

Notes

Other websites 
 KGB Info from FAS.org
 Chebrikov, Viktor M., et al., eds. Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti. (1977) 
 Committee for State Security -Citizendium

Soviet Union
Intelligence agencies
1954 establishments
1950s establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
The FSB (ФСБ) is an organisation in Russia that takes care of security of the country. It is the organisation that came after the KGB, relating to internal affairs inside the country.  It is usually simply called the FSB in English-language sources. 

Its main responsibilities are within the country. It does counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance. It also investigates some other types of serious crimes. Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB. The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov.

Notes

Other websites 
 Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, official homepage in Russian
 Poison pins, rocks and fake logs: the secret arsenal of a long, silent war by Jeremy Page, The Times, March 02, 2006

Russia
National security
Intelligence agencies
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Polish astronomer. People know Copernicus for his ideas about the sun and the earth. His main idea was that our world is heliocentric (helios = sun). His theory was that the sun is in the middle of the solar system, and the planets go around it. This was published in his book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year that he died.

Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, a mainly German-speaking state that was ruled by the Polish king since 1466. He was the son of the merchant Niklas Koppernigk and his wife Barbara Koppernigk (born Barbara Watzenrode). His native language was German. He was taught first in Cracow and then in Italy, where he graduated as a lawyer of the church. He also studied medicine to serve his fellow clerics. Copernicus spent most of his life working and researching in Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia, where he died in 1543.

Copernicus was one of the great polymaths of his age. He was a priest, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, jurist, physician, classical scholar, governor, administrator, diplomat, economist and soldier. During all these jobs, he treated astronomy as a hobby. However, his doctrine of heliocentrism that the sun, rather than the earth, is at the center of the solar system, is one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. It was the beginning of modern astronomy.

Related pages
Copernicium

Other websites 

Primary sources

 

General
 Portraits of Copernicus: Portrait ; Nicolaus Copernicus 
 Copernicus and Astrology  — Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers.
 Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus
 'Body of Copernicus' identified — BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull

About De Revolutionibus
 The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus
 De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition — Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
 The text of the De Revolutionibus

Legacy
 Chasing Copernicus: The book nobody read — was one of the greatest scientific works really ignored? All things considered. NPR
 Copernicus and his Revolutions — A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
 Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition

Notes

References 

1473 births
1543 deaths
Astronomers
A projection in geometry is something like a shadow, that an object casts onto another object. When a three-dimensional sphere is projected onto a plane, its projection will either be a circle or an ellipse.

In higher mathematics, projections are changes of one thing into something else. They may also be applications of functions.

Mathematics
For the NHL team, see Tampa Bay Lightning
For the World War II fighter, see P-38 Lightning

Lightning is a very powerful electrical discharge made during a thunderstorm. The electric current makes the air very hot.  The suddenly heated air expands very quickly, which causes thunder.  Sometimes lightning happens between clouds.  Sometimes (in the rain) lighting goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year. About 50 to 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second. Lightning has hit the Empire State Building as many as 500 times a year.

When lightning strikes, the surface rubs electrons from the lightning, and a spark of electricity shoots from the lightning to the surface. In a thunderstorm, the lower cloud has as many as 100 million volts of electricity. This electricity is given out either within the cloud, to the ground, to another cloud, or into the air. Lightning has been known to travel from the ground upwards to the cloud. In 1993, scientists discovered lightning bolts that shot upward from the top of a cumulonimbus cloud.

People can make and study lightning with a Tesla coil or a Van de Graaff Generator.

Franklin experiment 
Benjamin Franklin experimented with electricity and was interested in lightning. He discovered many things about lightning. In 1772, he was the first to show that a thunderstorm lets out electricity. In his book he suggested an experiment to test it. Joseph Priestley said that Franklin flew a kite to prove the presence of electricity in the storm, using a dry silk string to protect himself from the electricity in the wet hemp kitestring.

Related pages 
 Ball lightning
Helicopter-triggered lightning strikes

References

Other websites 

 Central Florida's "Lightning Stalker" photography 
 How Lightning Works at HowStuffWorks
 Positive lightning photography from Florida

Weather
Electricity
Roseau is the capital city of the Caribbean island of Dominica. It is home to more than fourteen thousand people.

National capitals in North America
Geography of Dominica

Roseau (Dominican Creole: Wozo) is the capital and largest city of Dominica, with a population of 14,725 as of 2011.[1] It is a small and compact urban settlement, in the Saint George parish and surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, the Roseau River and Morne Bruce. Built on the site of the ancient Island Carib village of Sairi, it is the oldest and most important urban settlement on the island of Dominica.

It is on the west (leeward) coast of Dominica and has a combination of modern and colonial French architecture.

Roseau is Dominica's most important port for foreign trade. Some exports include bananas, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges, and cocoa. The service sector is also a large part of the local economy. There are several private institutions registered in Dominica, like Ross University, Ballsbridge University, international university for graduate studies, All Saints University, New World University, Western Orthodox University.

There is a prominent diocese called Roman Catholic Diocese of Roseau.
An event is something which happens or takes place. An event is brief, possibly extremely brief. Contrast with a process, which takes time. 

Alternate meaning: an important activity, an item in a program, or the program as a whole.

Culture
 A special occasion, such as a wedding or other party, is a social event.

Science 
 In physics (and in some kinds of philosophy), an event occurs at a point in time which can be distinguished because the state of the world changed.  Something was different before and after the event. 
 In special relativity (and general relativity), an event is a point in the spacetime continuum, i.e. it has a position in space and time.
 In experimental particle physics, an event refers to a set of elementary particle interactions recorded in a brief span of time.
 In probability a possible outcome of an experiment is called an elementary event, while a set of those (a subset of all) is called simply an event. (See event (probability theory).)
 In palaeontology, one speaks of extinction events.

Telecommunications 
 In information processing, an event is a change in the properties received by an observer after being transmitted from an object.
 In computer science, an event is a software message that indicates something has happened. See event-driven programming. A number of protocols, such as MIDI, are also event-based.
For the American singer, please see Marc Anthony.

Mark Antony (Latin: Marcus Antonius, 14 January circa 82 BC – 1 August 30 BC), was a Roman patrician from an upper-class family. He became a general and politician. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator.

Enemy of the state, and the second triumvirate

After Caesar's assassination, Antony, left as sole Consul, surrounded himself with a bodyguard of Caesar's veterans. He forced the senate to transfer to him the province of Cisalpine Gaul, at the time administered by Brutus, one of the conspirators. Brutus refused to surrender the province and Antony set out to attack him in the beginning of 43 BC, besieging him at Mutina. 

Encouraged by Cicero, the Senate denounced Antony. In January 43 they granted Octavian imperium (commanding power), and sent him to relieve the siege. In April 43, Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. 

News came that Brutus and Cassius were assembling an army in order to march on Rome. Antony, Octavian and Lepidus joined as allies, in November 43 BC, to stop Caesar's assassins. The trio were the Second Triumvirate. Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC. After the battle, a new arrangement was made: while Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went on to govern the east of the Republic. Lepidus went to govern Hispania (Spain) and the province of Africa. The triumvirate's enemies were subjected to proscription, including Mark Antony's archenemy Cicero, who was killed on 7 December 43 BC.

Egypt 
Antony followed in Caesar's footsteps by going to Egypt and becoming Cleopatra's lover. They had three children together. His absence from Rome allowed the intelligent Octavian to build up support. 

The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC, and disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. He committed suicide, as did his lover, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC.

William Shakespeare wrote a play "Antony and Cleopatra" based on this historical event.

References 

Antony, Mark
83 BC births
30 BC deaths
A crossword, or crossword puzzle, is a popular type of puzzle that uses words. They are usually found in newspapers, magazines, and in books which contain a collection of them. They can also be played over the Internet and using mobile apps.

The first crossword puzzle was created by Arthur Wynne, a journalist from Liverpool. It first appeared in the December 21, 1913 issue of the New York World. Today, there are many newspapers and magazines that are known for their crossword puzzles, such as the New York Times.  A different crossword is typically printed every day or in every issue, and the answer (or solution) is either found somewhere else or often is not seen until the next day or issue.

How to play
A traditional crossword is made up of black and white squares, called a grid. All the white squares appear in horizontal rows or vertical columns, but are not always separated with black squares. Another way to say this is that every white square must have at least one other white square touching it on any side. The kind of crossword that appears in newspapers and magazines, such as the one in the image, often has lots of white squares beside each other.

The goal of solving the puzzle is to write different words, letter-by-letter, in the white squares. Next to the grid is a list of clues. The answer to each clue is a word or sometimes a phrase. The place in the grid where the answer to each clue should go is shown by a number and the direction in which the answer appears, for example, "1 Across" or "15 Down". Many computer programs have been created to find the answers to these clues.

There are many types of crosswords. Straight (or Quick) crosswords are usually made up of simple definitions - which means that other words are used to describe the answer. Some crosswords, called cryptic crosswords, use riddles and word play and are usually more difficult than straight crosswords.

Example
Here is a small example of a (British-style) straight crossword:

Across
1.  Sheep sound (3)
3.  Neither liquid nor gas (5)
5.  Humour (3)

Down
1.  Road passenger transport (3)
2.  Permit (5)
4.  Short for "Dorothy" (3)

The solution (answer) to this crossword is:

Related pages
Word games
Puzzles
Sudoku

Other websites 

The Crossword Centre
Daily crossword puzzles, Online crossword help and Crossword solutions
FindTheWord.info Online crossword help

Puzzles
Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof,  (; born 5 October 1951) is an Irish singer, songwriter, and political activist. He was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin. Geldof is a member of the band the Boomtown Rats. He also helped to organise the Live Aid and Live 8 events, and to form the Band Aid charity group. He also served as an actor for the Pink Floyd film The Wall, a musical about the album titled the same.

Geldof was married to Paula Yates from 1986 until they divorced in 1996. They had three daughters together, Fifi Trixibelle (born 1983), Peaches (1989-2014) and Little Pixie (born 1990). In 1996, Yates had a daughter called Tiger by her partner Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997. Yates died in 2000. Geldof adopted their daughter. He lives in Battersea, London with Tiger and his partner Jeanne Marine.

He has an honorary knighthood. Because he is not a British citizen, he should never be called "Sir". He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and 2008.

References

Other websites 

Brit Award winners
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
Musicians from Dublin
Political activists
1951 births
Living people
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Bullseye is a British television game show. It is hosted by Jim Bowen. In Bullseye, people play darts and answer questions to win money. The person who wins the most money has a chance to win Bully's special prize. It ran from 1981-1995 on ITV and there was another series in 2006 on Challenge, hosted by Dave Spikey. The series ran on ATN in Great Transmanitain from 1987-1996, hosted by Robert Shukoff.

Other websites 

1981 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
Darts
English-language television programs
Coronation Street (commonly known as Corrie) is the longest-running television soap opera in the United Kingdom. It is one of the two most popular soap operas in the UK, the other being EastEnders (since 1985). It has won many awards. It is set in Weatherfield, a fictional town based on inner-city Salford. It is currently filmed in Salford Quays, It used to be filmed at Granada Studios in Manchester from 1960 to 2014. William Roache has played Ken Barlow in it since the very first episode in 1960 by Tony Warren. He has acted in the show for longer than anyone else. Eileen Derbyshire, who played Emily Bishop, started in 1961 and departed in 2016 and returned for one appearance in 2019. Rita Sullivan played by Barbara Knox first appeared in one episode in 1964 and returned in 1972 and has continued as a regular cast member ever since. Gail Platt played by Helen Worth, who was at first meant to be a very small character, has appeared continuously since 1974. There are six half-hour episodes a week: two on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. There have been more than 5000 characters in the show's history.

The soap opera is shown in many countries around the world. In the UK it is on ITV, the third television channel.

Compare The Market was the show's sponsor from 2012 until 2020. Since 2021, Argos has been the show's sponsor.

The video of the 1984 Queen single "I Want to Break Free" parodies the show's characters.

Characters

References

Other websites 

1960 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960 television series debuts‏‎
1960s British television series
1960s drama television series
1970s British television series
1970s drama television series
1980s British drama television series
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2010s British drama television series
British soap operas
ITV television programmes
Television series set in Manchester
Greater Manchester
Coronation Street
English-language television programs
European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) is the name for a kind of fish. They are a commercially important flatfish. They live on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf.  Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean. Plaice are characterised by their smooth, brown skin, red spots and bony ridge behind the eyes.
The fish  feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves. They can be found down to about 200 m.

Gastronomy
In England they are often used as the fish in fish and chips.

In Danish cuisine they are one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants.  Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, are readily available in supermarkets.  Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.

Other websites 
 Information about plaice 

Flatfish
Edible fish
Flatfish are a type of fish. There are several different kinds of flatfish. Some of them are fished commercially, like flounder, sole, turbot, plaice, and halibut.

All flatfish are rather flat, and have rays. They swim sideways. Some can hide on the ocean floor, waiting for prey. They have a capacity for dynamic camouflage, which is under nervous control, and can change in 'real time'.

The Order Pleuronectiformes is in the infraclass Teleostei. But it is best to look upon it as a group of fish which are adapted to the same habitat. They share those features which suit their life-style. They have both eyes on one side of the head: the upper side. This is their main adaptation to living on the seabed (benthos). Other distinguishing features are the protrusible eyes: they can stick the eyes up a bit to see round.

Evolution 

The flatfish life-style or 'habit' evolved several times independently, and so the group is polyphyletic. Their young are perfectly symmetrical, but the head is remodelled during a metamorphosis. One eye moves to the other side, close to the other eye. Some species have both eyes on the left (turbot), some on the right (halibut, sole); all living and most fossil flatfish to date show an 'eyed' side and a 'blind' side.

Charles Darwin predicted a gradual migration of the eye in evolution, mirroring the metamorphosis of the living forms. A recent examination of two fossil species from the Eocene shows "the assembly of the flatfish bodyplan occurred in a gradual, stepwise fashion". The intermediate stages survived for quite a long time: over two geological stages. They are found in sites together with flatfish with the full cranial asymmetry. That shows the intermediate stages were at no particular disadvantage. Eventually, the more complete forms did survive. The evolution of flatfish falls squarely within the evolutionary synthesis.

Amphistium is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish which has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil. In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetrical head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top-center of the head. Paleontologists concluded that "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution by natural selection.

References 

 
Edible fish
Mimicry
Trey could mean:

People

 Trey Anastasio, an American guitarist, composer and singer
 Trey Azagthoth, a guitarist for death metal band Morbid Angel
 Trey Gunn, a member of the band King Crimson
 Trey Junkin, a former American football player
 Trey Parker, creator of South Park
 Trey Spruance, an American musician
 Trey Teague, an American football player
 Trey Wingo, an American sportscaster

Other
 Trey of Triforia, a character in Power Rangers: Zeo
 Trey, Vaud, a commune in Vaud, Switzerland
 Standard Anglo-American playing cards of rank three, as in "the trey of hearts"
Pluto is a fictional dog that belongs to Mickey Mouse. He is a golden-yellow mutt with a green collar. He was introduced in the 1930s and got his name from the planet Pluto which had recently been discovered.

Pluto taught many kids lessons such as sharing, not to have jealousy, and many others.  Pluto was very energetic. Pluto was created by Walt Disney.

Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Fictional dogs
Mickey Mouse universe characters
An even number is an integer that can be divided by two and remain an integer or has no remainder.

An integer that is not an even number is an odd number. If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a non-integer.

Since even numbers are integers, negative numbers can be even.

Related pages

 Odd number

Mathematics
Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday) is a festival held the day before Ash Wednesday (shrove Tuesday) which signifies the end of the Carnival season and the start of Lent. Many cities (especially those with large Catholic populations) like New Orleans are famous for their Mardi Gras. 

During Mardi Gras, almost everyone takes part in celebrating with lavish parades and parties. Many different people celebrate Mardi Gras in their own way, some people have small parties and eat many of the tasty pastries and some people have huge parties and celebrate in a big way. Some of the pastries they eat are called king's cake, hot cross buns, punchskis, tricolor scrolls and thick sugar cookies. There are many more things that other people eat but these are the usual American celebration food for mardi gras. There are so many different parades and kinds of celebrations.

In some countries, including the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, the day is called Shrove Tuesday, Fat Tuesday, Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day.

Mardi Gras is also celebrated in French speaking countries. 

Festivals
Røldalsvatnet is a lake in Odda, Hordaland, Norway. The length around it is 20.64 km, its area is 6.99 km² and it is 380 meters above sea level.

Lakes of Europe
Geography of Norway
Technorati was a search engine for weblogs.  As of August 2006, Technorati indexed over 55 million sites. 

Technorati was founded by Dave Sifry and its headquarters was in San Francisco, California, USA.

Other websites
Technorati

Websites
San Francisco
The Goonies is a 1985 American movie about of a group of children living in a part of Astoria, Oregon called The "Goon Docks", who go on a search for a pirate's treasure, to save their neighborhood from being bought and destroyed, to enlarge the (fictional) Astoria Country Club and golf course. The movie was produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Richard Donner. It stars Sean Astin, Josh Brolin, Corey Feldman, Jonathan Ke Huy Quan, Martha Plimpton, Anne Ramsey, Robert Davi, Joe Pantoliano and Lupe Ontiveros.

Cast 

 Sean Astin as Michael "Mikey" Walsh, the asthmatic leader of the Goonies
 Josh Brolin as Brandon "Brand" Walsh, a high-school athlete and Mikey's older brother and minder
 Jeff Cohen as Lawrence "Chunk" Cohen, a clumsy, obese member of the Goonies and habitual fabulist
 Corey Feldman as Clark "Mouth" Devereaux, a Goonie nicknamed for his cheeky tongue
 Jonathan Ke Huy Quan as Richard "Data" Wang, a James Bond fanatic and amateur gadgeteer Goonie
 Kerri Green as Andrea Theresa "Andy" Carmichael, a high-school cheerleader and Brand's love interest
 Martha Plimpton as Stephanie "Stef" Steinbrenner, Andy's best friend
 John Matuszak as Lotney "Sloth" Fratelli, the deformed and abused, but child-hearted son of the Fratelli family who Chunk befriends
 Anne Ramsey as Mama Fratelli, an Italian-born crime matriarch
 Robert Davi as Jake Fratelli, Mama Fratelli's son and a counterfeiter
 Joe Pantoliano as Francis Fratelli, Mama Fratelli's son
 Mary Ellen Trainor as Irene Walsh, Mikey and Brand's fussy mother
 Keith Walker as Irving Walsh, Mikey and Brand's father and a curator at the local history museum
 Lupe Ontiveros as Rosalita, the Walsh family's Mexican housekeeper
 Steve Antin as Troy Perkins, the spoiled son of the Astoria Country Club's millionaire owner
 Curt Hanson as Mr. Perkins, Troy's millionaire father
 Michael Paul Chan as Mr. Wang, Data's father
 Charles McDaniel as Mr. Cohen, Chunk's father
 Paul Tuerpe as the Sheriff
 George Robotham as Prison Guard

Director Richard Donner makes a cameo appearance as a sheriff's deputy. The movie's cinematographer, Nick McLean, also has a cameo as Mouth's father. The part of the dead FBI agent was played by stuntman Ted Grossman.

References

Other websites 

1985 movies
1980s adventure movies
1980s family movies
American adventure movies
American family movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Oregon
Movies directed by Richard Donner
Press Your Luck was an American game show that aired from 1983 to 1986 and later in reruns, and was hosted by Peter Tomarken.  The three contestants on each show would earn spins by answering questions that they could later use on The Big Board.  On the board, they could earn thousands of dollars in cash and prizes, but had to beware of the Whammy, a cartoon demon who stole players' money and prizes.  If a Whammy was hit, the contestant lost all earnings up to that point.  Four Whammies took a player out of the game.  The winner returned on the next show.

The show came back on the air in 2002 on Game Show Network as Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck.  It featured a new "Big Bank" feature, which gave the player a chance to earn all the money and prizes lost to the Whammy. It was hosted by Todd Newton and ran until 2003.

The original version of Press Your Luck was called Second Chance, which aired on television in 1977.  Instead of the Whammy, players had to face a cartoon "Devil." It was hosted by Jim Peck, but did not last very long.

Other websites
  (1983–86) (US)
  (1987–88) (Australia)

Television game shows
English-language television programs
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. It happens when the nervous system does not work properly. People with narcolepsy tend to fall asleep during the daytime, even if they do not want to. Very often, they do not sleep well at night, and during the day they fall asleep uncontrollably.  There are two different forms. The classical (more common) form is the one with muscle failure (called cataplexy). There is also a less common form without cataplexy.

Narcolepsy affects the way the nerves work. It is not a mental illness, or caused by psychological problems. It is estimated that between 25 and 50 people, per 100,000 suffer from narcolepsy. Very few cases are reported.

The first description was given in 1877. Jean-Baptiste Gélineau, a military doctor, first used the name narcolepsy in 1880.

In certain countries, people diagnosed with narcolepsy may not drive a car.

Symptoms 
Things that people with narcolepsy may experience:
 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Being very tired during the day even after a full night of sleep. This is the most common symptom of narcolepsy.
 Cataplexy: Suddenly having a muscle fail them. This can range from a slight weakness, and problems speaking clearly, to completely collapsing.
 Sleep paralysis: When waking up, people are paralysed  (unable to move) for a certain time. The paralysis eventually goes away.
 Hallucinations, while falling asleep or waking up.
Automatic behaviour: People continue doing things while they are asleep. Later on they do not remember.

Hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and automatic behaviour can also occur in people who are not narcoleptics. This usually happens when people are very tired, and have not slept for a long time.

Causes 
Some scientists think that narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain which wakes people up and regulates sleep. However, It is not yet known for sure what causes it. Quite a few sufferers also have another family member with the disease. This may point to the fact that some of the things that cause the disease may be passed from the parents to the children through genes.

Treatments 
There are certain drugs that can treat the effects of narcolepsy. They can not treat the cause, since it is unknown. In general those drugs are special kinds of stimulants. General stimulants, like coffee, usually do not help. Some strategies for treatment do not rely on drugs:
Adapting the behaviour to avoid situations that trigger daytime sleep; this is generally known as Coping. It also involves changing the daytime rhythm to accommodate the sleeping phases
Sleep hygiene

References

Other websites 
 Narcolepsy Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
 Narcolepsy Network
 http://www.narcolepsy.org.uk/index_html 
 Read about Narcolepsy in the Sleeptionary
 What is Narcolepsy 
 Narcolepsy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment 
 Harvard Division of Sleep Medicine Module on Narcolepsy

Neurology
Sleep disorders
Homicide is when one person kills (causes the death of) another person. Homicide is sometimes a crime and sometimes not. If the killer wanted to cause death, it can be a crime called murder. If the killer did not want to cause death, but had no care for their own behavior, it can be a crime called manslaughter. Fighting to keep oneself safe from harm is called self-defense. If a person needed to kill for self-defense, it is usually not a crime. If a person killed in self-defense when they did not need to kill, it may be a crime.

References

Crime
Amazon.com, Inc., known as Amazon (), is an American online business and cloud computing company. It was founded on July 5, 1994 by Jeff Bezos. It is based in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based store in the world by total sales and market capitalization. Amazon.com started as an online bookstore. When it got bigger, it started selling DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, video downloads/streaming, MP3s, audiobooks, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. It also makes consumer electronics like Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo. It is the world's largest provider of cloud computing services.  Amazon also sells products like USB cables using the name AmazonBasics.

Amazon has separate retail websites for the United States,  Argentina,  Brazil, United Kingdom, France, Ireland,  Canada, Colombia,  Germany,  Australia, Italia,  Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Japan,  Poland,  Mexico,  Sweden, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Republic of India. Amazon also offers international shipping to some countries for some of its products. In 2016, Dutch, Polish, and Tamil languages versions of the German Amazon website were launched.

Subsidiaries 
Amazon owns over 40 smaller companies, including Zappos, Shopbop, Diapers.com, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), Audible, Goodreads, Teachstreet and IMDb.

Other reading

References

Other websites 

 
 

All articles with unsourced statements
1994 establishments in Washington (state)
Websites
Alpha Centauri is the brightest star in the southern Centaurus constellation. It is the fourth brightest star in the night sky, with a magnitude of -0.01. It is visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and is too far south for most of the Northern Hemisphere to see.

Alpha Centauri is a binary star system of two stars A & B. The distance between them is quite close. To the naked eye, the stars are too close for the eye to be able to see them as separate. Their orbit is about the distance of the giant planets from our Sun.

There is a third star, Proxima Centauri (or Alpha Centauri C). This is usually considered separately, but in fact it is also gravitationally connected to the other two. It is actually slightly closer to us, with a very much larger orbit around A and B.

System 

Viewed as a triple star system, Alpha Centauri is the closest to our own, being 4.2-4.4 light years (ly) away. It consists of two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B (which form a binary star together) at a distance of 4.36 ly, and a dimmer red dwarf named Proxima Centauri at a distance of 4.22 ly. Both of the two main stars are rather similar to the Sun. The larger star, Alpha Centauri A, is the most similar to the Sun, but a little larger and brighter.

The next closest star is Barnard's Star.

Related pages 
 Nature timeline

Notes 

Binary stars
Red dwarfs
The TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, French for "high-speed train"), is a category of high speed trains. They are used in France. They are also used for some travel between France and England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. The trains normally travel at speeds between 270 km/h and 320 km/h. They are the fastest normal trains in the world, their average travel speed is at 279,4 km/h.

In 2007, a special TGV set the speed record for rail vehicles, reaching 574,8 km/h.

Inside France, there are the following high speed lines
 Paris to Lyon, later to Valence, Avignon and Marseille.
 Paris to Tours and Le Mans. Also used to run trains to Poitiers and Bordeaux.
 Paris to Lille, later Brussels (known as Thalys) and Calais, Dover, London (known as Eurostar).
 Paris to Strasbourg, sometimes to Frankfurt am Main, Basel and Zürich. The first part of this line has been built. The high-speed track ends at a station, about half-way between Nancy and Metz. Strasbourg is currently reachable from Paris is about two and a half hours, Basel takes 3.20, and Zürich about 4.30. The extension of the line to Strasbourg has been started,

Lines to Spain and Italy are being planned. A High speed line to Germany is being built.

The building of the network has made travel times much shorter. Paris to Marseille (750 km) can now be done in 3 hours. Two thirds of the traffic volume is done by the TGV, only one third is done by airplanes.

TGVs for other uses 
Since the beginning of the high-speed rail network, the French Poste uses TGVs to transport mail, mostly  between Paris, Mâcon and Cavaillon.But the train was retired in 2015. These use the high-speed lines (LGV Sud-Est) during the night.

In the north of France, the high-speed lines are also used to run regional trains over longer distances. There are currently train  from Lille to Dunkerque. This takes half an hour.  Other lines run to Calais, in forty minutes, or to Boulogne-sur-Mer in 55. In 2007, a line to Arras was opened, which is also very successful. Unfortunately, there are some problems with this approach. First, only high-speed lines can be used that are not saturated, because these trains run slower than regular TGVs. Secondly, using a TGV line costs more to the client, they have to pay extra. This makes these services more expensive.

References 

Transport in France
Rapid transit systems
High-speed trains
A caregiver, or carer, is someone who has the job of caring for people. They usually care for people who are unable to care for themselves, for example, children, disabled people, or the elderly. When a caregiver is assigned to look after a baby or a child they are sometimes called a babysitter.

Related pages
Parent
Infant attachment

Social sciences
Personal service occupations
Binoculars are a kind of tool that lets people see far-away things more clearly, using a technology called optics. They are made of a pair of matched telescopes that are held in front of the user's eyes. 

The two telescopes of the pair have lenses that focus light and magnify the image. This is called magnification. When someone looks through the binoculars at a far-away object, it looks much closer. 

Early binoculars had two Galilean telescopes without prisms. Some modern ones work that way but most have prisms inside, which fold the light path to shorten the length of the tubes. That is why a binocular is shorter than standard telescopes of similar power.

Binoculars were invented in the 17th century. They allow a telescope user to use both eyes.  The Royal Navy used single telescopes, but now all ships have heavy binoculars.  Heavy ones can be mounted on swivels to scan the horizon.  Binoculars are also standard issue in all armies.  Night vision binoculars use photocathode electronics to intensify the image.

Binoculars are also used for theatre (opera glasses), birdwatching  amateur astronomy and watching scenery.

Features 

These features are present in some or all binoculars:
Focussing is usually by turning knobs.
Large binoculars have independent focussing for each 'telescope' (each side).
Eye relief: Eye relief is the distance from the rear eyepiece lens to the exit pupil or eye point. It is the distance the observer must position his or her eye behind the eyepiece in order to see the image. The longer the focal length of the eyepiece, the greater the eye relief. Binoculars may have eye relief ranging from a few millimeters to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) or more. Eye relief can be particularly important for eyeglass wearers. 
Range finding. Many binoculars have range finding reticle (scale) superimposed on the view. This scale allows the distance to the object to be estimated if the object height is known. 
Image stabilisation. On top-range models, by electronics.
Optical coatings
Anti-reflective: not just relections off the front lens, but every lens and prism. Anti-reflective coatings reduce light lost at every optical surface through reflection at each surface. Reducing reflection via anti-reflective coatings also reduces the amount of "lost" light bouncing around inside the binocular which can making the image appear hazy (low contrast).  
Metallic mirror coating for its prisms.

 Warships used very large binocular naval rangefinders (up to 15 metres separation of the two objective lenses, weight 10 tons) for ranging gun targets 25 km away in World War II.  Late-20th century technology made this application redundant (radar; laser sights; guided missiles &c).

 Modern military binoculars have filters that block laser weapons used against them. Some are equipped for night vision.

Optics
Tools
An odd number is an integer when divided by two, either leaves a remainder or the result is a fraction. One is the first odd positive number but it does not leave a remainder 1. Some examples of odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
 
An integer that is not an odd number is an even number.
If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer.
On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a fraction. 

Since odd numbers are integers, negative numbers can be odd.

Related pages 

 Even number 

Numbers
Events 
 English king Edward III creates three new gold coins, the florin. leopard, and helm. Unfortunately the amount of gold in the coins is different from their worth of six shillings, three shillings, one shilling, and sixpence. Because of this, they had to be taken back and many were melted down by August.

Births 
 Meinhard III, Count of Tyrol
 Parameswara, Malay Srivijayan prince (died 1424)

Deaths 
 Constantine IV of Armenia
 Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician (born 1288)
 Jaghmini, Persian physician
 Simone Martini, Sienese painter (born 1284)
 William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury (born 1301)
A tent is a movable, lightweight shelter which uses thin fabric to protect people from wind, rain and from the cold. The fabric walls of a tent are supported by wood or metal poles and thin ropes (called "guy lines"), and the tent or the ropes are usually attached to the ground with plastic or metal pointed stakes.

Uses 
Tents are usually used as shelter during camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. Large tents are also used to provide temporary shelter for events such as outdoor weddings or circuses. Tents are also used to provide temporary sleeping quarters for military personnel or homeless, or for people who have been displaced by a disaster (such as refugees).

Accommodations
camping
Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus) are salt water fish that live in the north Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographical range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. Alaska plaice feed mostly on polychaetes, but also eat amphipods and echiurans.

Most commercial fisheries do not want to catch Alaska plaice; but many are caught by trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. So many Alaska plaice get caught anyway that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.

Alaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30 cm (12 in).

Related pages
American plaice
European Plaice

References
1998 Marine Fisheries Review article
Bulletin announcing reaching the total allowable catch of Alaska plaice for 2005 (National Marine Fisheries Service)

Flatfish
When people are dreaming, their muscles do not move, even if in their dream they are moving. This is a natural process which prevents that people actually perform the movements they do in their sleep. In general, people are not aware of this inability to move, as it usually stops as soon as they wake up. People suffering from sleep paralysis wake up and find that they are unable to move. This is because the paralysis has not stopped. Usually it lasts for only a few minutes, and people have said they feel a "presence" or "ghost" during it.

Possible causes 
Little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic (neurons sending signals to other neurons) inhibition (restraint) of nerves in the pons (back) region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which stops stimulation of the muscles.

Hallucinations of ghosts, demons and Out of Body Experiences during sleep paralysis may be caused by a part of the brain called the parietal lobe (top-middle part of the brain), and by neurons known as mirror neurons.

Studies suggest that many people get sleep paralysis at least once in their lives. People who have narcolepsy often get it much more. Many people try to induce sleep paralysis, to have an Out of Body Experience. 

Some report that various factors make paralysis and hallucinations happen more. These include:
 Sleeping on your back
 Irregular sleeping schedules; naps, sleeping in, sleep deprivation
 Increased stress
 Sudden changes of lifestyle or environment
 A lucid dream just before it
 Medium to long-term imagining of involuntary movements with your eyes closed before sleep.

Treatment 
There are few treatments available for sleep paralysis. One treatment is called Meditation-Relaxation Therapy. The treatment includes four steps: (1) one should close one's eyes and remind oneself that the experience is not dangerous in any way and common around the world; (2) and that since it is not dangerous one should not be afraid as that will only make the experience worse. (3) One should then focus very strongly on a positive thought or mental image (meditate); (4) and also relax ones muscles and avoid movement.

References

Other websites
The Guardian - The waking nightmare of sleep paralysis
On the Neuroscience of Sleep Paralysis 

Symptoms
American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) are salt water fish that live in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 700 metres deep, but spend most of the time at 90 to 200 meters. Their geographical range is from the coast of Labrador, south to the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The most are found off the eastern tip of Newfoundland. American plaice feed on sand dollars, brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, and fish such as capelin and launce.

Like many flatfish, American plaice are sometimes said to be a flounder or dab, even though both are names for other fish species.

The U.K.-based Marine Conservation Society rates American plaice as 5, the most threatened category of over-harvested animals.

Related pages
Alaska plaice
European Plaice

References 
American plaice information (Northeast Fisheries Science Center (U.S.))
American plaice information (National Marine Fisheries Service (Canada))
FishBase article
Ecological status of American plaice (Marine Conservation Society)

Flatfish
Melissa Joan Catherine Hart (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress. She was born and raised in Long Island, New York.

She played the title roles in the television series Clarissa Explains It All and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. In 1999 she played the lead role in the movie Drive Me Crazy. From 2010-2015, she starred as Mel Burke in the ABC Family show Melissa & Joey.

Personal life 
Since July 19, 2003, Hart has been married to musician Mark Wilkerson (born 1976). They have three sons together: Mason Walter Wilkerson (born January 11, 2006), Braydon Hart Wilkerson (born March 12, 2008) and Tucker McFadden Wilkerson (born September 18, 2012).

Other websites 
Melissa Joan Hart at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Melissa Joan Hart News and Video 

Actors from New York
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Entertainers from New York
1976 births
Living people