cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The 12 Treasures of Spain () was a project that selected the "Twelve Treasures of the Kingdom of Spain". The contest was done by two companies: Antena 3 and Cope. The final results were announced on 31 December 2007. Nine architectural monuments, two natural monuments and a monument pictorial were chosen.

Contest 
In 2007 there was an international competition to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World. Four months later, Antena 3 and Onda Cero started a contest to choose the 12 Treasures of Spain. The people voted in the contest. People voted via internet and mobile phones. They received over 9,000 applications. The candidates were drawn down to 20. They were going to choose 7 Treasures of Spain. Later that number was changed to 12.

Winners 
The twelve winners in order of votes were:

Other finalists

References

Other websites 
 http://www.touristeye.com/12-Treasures-in-Spain-g-146144 - 12 Treasures of Spain
The Cathedral of Santa María () is a cathedral in Calahorra, Spain.

The building is protected for its historic interest and has been since 1931. In Spanish it is called a Bien de Interés Cultural (property of cultural interest).

References

Other websites

Virtual Tour of the Cathedral of Santa María

Cathedrals in Spain
La Rioja
The Opel Karl is a small car from the German carmaker Opel. It is sold in the UK as a Vauxhall Viva, a name last used on a medium-sized car sold for 3 generations between 1963 and 1979. 

Karl
Front wheel drive vehicles
2010s automobiles
Pamplona Cathedral is a famous Roman catholic cathedral in Spain. It is the seat of archdiocese of Pamplona, Spain. It is famous for its Gothic architecture.

Bibliography

Navallas, Arturo; Jusué, Carmen (eds.): La catedral de Pamplona (2 vols.), Pamplona: Caja de Ahorros de Navarra, 1994
Arraiza, Jesús: Catedral de Pamplona: la otra historia, Pamplona: Ediciones y Libros, 1994

Other websites

 Cathedral of Pamplona's web page

Cathedrals in Spain
Pamplona
The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Holy Assumption (), better known as Valladolid Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Valladolid, Spain. It was designed by Juan de Herrera.

Images

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Valladolid
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist of Badajoz () is a Roman Catholic cathedral church in Badajoz, Extremadura, western Spain. It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz.

Notes

References
.

Other websites
 Page with history and a video of the construction phases 
 Page at Ciudades Catedrals website  
 Detailed guide of the Catedral of Badajoz 

Cathedrals in Spain
Extremadura
1276 establishments
13th-century establishments in Spain
1270s establishments in Europe
The Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Saviour or Cathedral of San Salvador (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral and minor basilica in the centre of Oviedo, in the Asturias region of northern  Spain.

Many styles of architectural styles were used in building the cathedral. They include Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance. It began as a large Pre-Romanesque basilica in the present location of the Gothic cathedral. That first building was built by order of King Alfonso II of Asturias.

History
The Cathedral was founded by King Fruela I of Asturias in 781 AD. In 802, his son Alfonso II of Asturias made it bigger. He made Oviedo the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias.

People buried at Oviedo Cathedral 
Saint Eulogius of Córdoba
Fruela I of Asturias
Munia Lopez de Gascogne, wife of Fruela I
Teresa de Leon, wife of Sancho I of León
Jimena De Pamplona, wife of Alfonso III of León
Saint Leocadia, relics later moved from Oviedo
Saint Pelagius (912-925)

References

Other websites 

 Página Oficial de la Catedral
 Mirabilia Ovetensia:Ficha, reconstrucciones infográficas y visita virtual al monumento 
 Campanas de la Catedral de Oviedo
 Catedral en Google Earth

Cathedrals in Spain
Oviedo
9th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain
The Cathedral of the Savior () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zaragoza, Spain. It is part of the World Heritage Site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.

References

Other websites

Page of the Cathedral Council 
Page about Zaragoza and Aragón
The shrine 
Herensuge the Basque dragon 

Cathedrals in Spain
Zaragoza
1318 establishments
Establishments in Spain
1310s establishments in Europe
The Alcazaba of Almería is a fortified complex in Almería, southern Spain.  The word alcazaba, from the Arabic word Kasbah|al-qasbah, means a walled-fortification in a city.

The Alcazaba of Almería was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Images

References

Other websites

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Andalusia
Castles in Spain
10th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain
Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park is in the south-eastern corner of Spain. It is Andalusia's largest coastal protected area. It is a wild and isolated landscape with some of Europe's most original geological features. It is the only region in Europe with a Warm Desert climate.

Cabo de Gata-Níjar was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Andalusia
Parks in Europe
1997 establishments in Europe
The Cathedral of Málaga is a Renaissance cathedral in the city of Málaga in Andalusia, Spain. It was constructed between 1528 and 1782.

Description
The cathedral, built on a rectangular floor plan, is composed of a nave and two aisles. The nave is wider but has the same height as the aisles. The choir stalls are the work of Pedro de Mena.

Gallery

References

 EISMAN, E. L.: "Traducción de una bula de la catedral de Málaga", Jábega, nº 41, Diputación Provincial de Málaga, 1983, pp. 17–21.
 GONZÁLEZ SÁNCHEZ, V.: Catálogo general de la documentación del Archivo Histórico de la Iglesia Catedral de Málaga. Málaga: Edinford, 1994.
 RIESCO TERRERO, Á.: "El Archivo Catedral de Málaga: hacia una nueva reorganización y catalogación de fondos", Baetica: Estudios de arte, geografía e historia, nº 9, Universidad de Málaga, 1985, pp. 269–286.
 RIESCO TERRERO, Á.: "Colaboración del Obispo y Cabildo Catedral de Málaga a la empresa real de selección y edición de obras de San Isidoro de Sevilla (Edic. Regia 1597–99) y al enriquecimiento de dos grandes centros documentales: El Archivo General de Simancas y a la Biblioteca de El Escorial", Baetica, nº 11, Universidad de Málaga, 1988, pp. 301–322.
 SÁNCHEZ MAIRENA, A.: "El Archivo de la Catedral de Málaga: su primera organización a partir del inventario de 1523", E-Spania: Revue électronique d'études hispaniques médiévales, ISSN 1951-6169, nº 4, 2007. 
 SÁNCHEZ MAIRENA, A.: "Notas sobre el Archivo de la Catedral de Málaga en el siglo XVI" en M.ª Val González de la Peña (ed.), Estudios en memoria del profesor Dr. Carlos Sáez: Homenaje. Madrid: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 2007; pp. 621–650.
 VEGA GARCÍA-FERRER, M.ª J.: "Los cantorales de gregoriano en la catedral de Málaga", F. J. Giménez Rodríguez et alii (coord.), El patrimonio musical de Andalucía y sus relaciones con el contexto ibérico. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2008; pp. 111–126.

Other websites

History
Quick guide to visit: The Cathedral of Málaga 

Cathedrals in Spain
Malaga
1782 establishments
18th-century establishments in Spain
1780s establishments in Europe
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of Girona is the  cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona, located in Girona, Catalonia, Spain.  Its interior includes the widest  Gothic nave in the world. It has a width of . In size it is second only to St. Peter's Basilica. By comparison, the width of the nave of Reims is , Saint-Étienne de Sens,  m and , in Notre Dame de Paris.

Images

References

Other websites
Official website  
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this cathedral (see index) 

Cathedrals in Spain
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain
Garajonay National Park () is one of the national parks of Spain. It is located in the center and north of the island of La Gomera which is one of the Canary Islands off the coast of Morocco.

It is named for Alto de Garajonay which is the highest peak on the island. The park is usually covered by clouds which helps preserve over 150 species of plants. Garajonay became a national park in 1981. It was declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. It occupies 40 km2 (15 sq mi) and it extends into each of the six municipalities on the island.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Garajonay National Park 
 Legend of Gara and Jonay 

National parks in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
1981 establishments in Europe
Canary Islands
1980s establishments in Spain
The church of St Mary at Mount Naranco () is a Roman Catholic church in Oviedo, northern Spain. It was built in 848 as a royal palace for King Ramiro I of Asturias. It was changed into a church during the 13th century. Santa María church is an example of Asturian pre-Romanesque architecture. In 1985 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1885. The Church of St Mary at Mount Naranco was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Asturian art

References

Additional reading 
 James Fergusson, A history of architecture in all countries, Book VII: Spanish and Portugal 
 Lorenzo Arias Paramo, 'Geometría y proporción en la arquitectura prerrománica asturiana', Actas del III Congreso de Arqueología Medieval Española, Universidad de Oviedo, pp. 27–37

Other websites
 Official page of Santa María del Naranco and San Miguel de Lillo
 3D model on Google Earth
 A photo essay about the Santa María del Naranco 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
Churches in Spain
Asturias
848 establishments
Establishments in Spain
9th-century establishments in Europe
The Royal Palace of Aranjuez () is one of the places the King of Spain lives. It is located in the town of Aranjuez, Community of Madrid, Spain. The palace is open to the public as one of the Spanish royal sites.

It was originally the site of a medieval hunting lodge. Philip II built it as a modest summer palace. The palace was designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera who also designed El Escorial. Later kings kept adding to it. It was completed during the reign of Ferdinand VI in the mid-18th century. Charles III added two wings to it. By that time the palace had over 300 rooms.

The Royal Palace of Aranjuez was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 
Real Sitio de Aranjuez 
Jardin del Palacio de Aranjuez - a Gardens Guide review 
Pictures of Royal Palace in Aranjuez

Palaces in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Art museums in Spain
Community of Madrid
A Host defence peptide (or antimicrobial peptide)  is one of a part of the innate immune response. They are found among all classes of life.

They act against invading microorganisms. The peptides kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. This includes strains which are resistant to conventional antibiotics. The peptides also work against mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.

These peptides are excellent candidates for medical use. They complement conventional antibiotic therapy. They have a broad range of activity, and are bactericidal as opposed to bacteriostatic. They need only a short contact time to kill bacteria.

There are big differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics. Unlike most antibiotics it seems that antimicrobial peptides may also improve immunity by working as immunomodulators (beefing up the immune system).

Related pages 
Defensins
Lysozyme
Innate immune system

References 

Immunology
Proteins
Mar Menor (, "Minor sea") is a salty lagoon, in the southeast of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain. It separated from the Mediterranean sea by La Manga, a sandbar  in length and with a width ranging from  to .

Municipalities 
It belongs to four municipalities: Cartagena, Los Alcázares, San Javier and San Pedro del Pinatar. It has a surface area of . It has a perimeter of . The warm and clear water is no more than  in depth. It was called "the largest swimming pool in the world", by famous swimmer and Hollywood actress Esther Williams.

The water has a high salt content which aids in flotation. It is one of the most popular places in Europe for a wide variety of water sports.

First the Phoenicians and then the Moorish kings, chose this "small sea" as the site of their summer residences. Today, this area attracts all those who seek a quiet place to rest and relax. There are ideal weather conditions all year round.

Ecological importance of the Mar Menor
At the northern end there are salt marshes which include a wetland of international importance. This area is conserved as a natural park run by the local government.  Its Spanish name is "Salinas y Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar". The microbes that live in this coastal lagoon have been recently described.

In 1994 the Mar Menor was on the Ramsar Convention list for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The Mar Menor is also part of a Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance and is a Special Protection Area (ZEPA in Spanish) for bird life.

The Mar Menor was one of the top 100 finalists for 12 Treasures of Spain announced on 31 December 2007.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Mar Menor Tourism Site 
Un-official La Manga del Mar Menor Tourism guide 
Mar Menor Activities 

Geography of Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Fury is a 2014 American war movie starring Brad Pitt. It is set in Germany in April 1945. The release date was October 17, 2014.

Cast 

 Brad Pitt as US Army S/Sgt. Don "Wardaddy" Collier
 Shia LaBeouf as T/5 Boyd "Bible" Swan
 Logan Lerman as Pvt. Norman "Machine" Ellison
 Michael Peña as Cpl. Trini "Gordo" Garcia
 Jon Bernthal as Pfc. Grady "Coon-Ass" Travis
 Jason Isaacs as Cpt. "Old Man" Waggoner
 Scott Eastwood as Sgt. Miles
 Xavier Samuel as 2nd Lt. Parker
 Brad William Henke as Sgt. Davis
 Anamaria Marinca as Irma
 Alicia von Rittberg as Emma
 Kevin Vance as Sgt. Peterson
 Branko Tomović as German Corporal
 Iain Garrett as Sgt. Foster
 Eugenia Kuzmina as Hilda Meier
 Stella Stocker as Edith

References

Other websites 

2014 movies
2010s war movies
American war movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in the 1940s
World War II movies
The Palacio de Galiana is a palace in Toledo, Spain. It is on the borders of the Tagus River. It was built where there had been a summer house and garden of the king Al-Mamun, the king of the Taifa of Toledo. It was built in the thirteenth century by king Alphonso X.

Other websites
 Thorough report and extensive references on the early history of the palace, photos and map at the bottom, on Middle East Gardens.com  (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
Photos of the Palacio de Galiana  on Oronoz.com (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
Jésus Téllez Rubio,  "Dos Agrónomos Toledanos: Ibn Wâfid e Ibn Bassâl, y la Huerta del Rey" in: Tulaytula: Revista de la Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico, ISSN 1575-653X, Nº. 4, 1999, pags. 49-58 (click on 'descargar' PDF). Retrieved on November 30, 2008. 
Julián Ramos Ramos, "Las almunias de la ciudad de Toledo". Tulaytula: Revista de la Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico, ISSN 1575-653X, Nº. 3, 1998, pags. 51-76 (click on 'descargar' PDF) 
Palacio de Galiana on Wikimapia (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
"La Historia de Fermosa"  Abraham S. Marrache, Hebraica Ediciones 2009 : Palacio de Galiana was the backdrop to the love affair that took place in 1179, between King Alfonso VIII of Castille and Fermosa, the young Jewess from Toledo. 

Palaces in Spain
Castile-La Mancha
The Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet () is a Cistercian monastery. The abbey is located at the feet of the Prades Mountains, in the comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia (Spain). It was founded in 1150 by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona. It was the first of three monasteries that made up the "Cistercian triangle". The other two were Vallbona de les Monges and Santes Creus. The main architect was Arnau Bargués.

Burials
The following kings and queens of Aragon are buried at the Poblet Monastery:

Alfonso II (1196)
James I (1276)
Peter IV (1387), and his first three wives Maria of Navarre, Eleanor of Portugal, and Eleanor of Sicily
John I (1396), and his wives, Martha of Armagnac and Violant of Bar 
Martin (1410), and his first wife, Maria de Luna
Ferdinand I (1416), and his wife, Eleanor of Alburquerque
Alfonso V (1458)
John II (1479), and his second wife, Joana Enríquez

Images

References

Other websites

Monestir de Poblet Official website
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Poblet Pages (photos) 
Monestirs de Catalunya. Poblet 
Poblet photos  

World Heritage Sites in Spain
Catalonia
Buildings and structures in Spain
Monasteries
12th-century establishments in Spain
Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is an α-amino acid. It has the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH. 

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that humans can make it. The codons UGU and UGC code for cysteine. The thiol side chain in cysteine often does enzyme reactions as a nucleophile. The thiol oxidises to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which is important in many protein structures. When used as a food additive, cysteine has the E number E920.

References 

.

Amino acids
Saint Mary's Cathedral (), better known as Lugo Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral and basilica. It is located in Lugo, Galicia (Spain). It was built starting from the early 12th century. It was started in the Romanesque style. During its construction the style changed to Gothic and Baroque architecture.

Structure
The cathedral has a Latin cross floor plan, with a length of . It has a nave, covered by a barrel vault, and two aisles, with an ambulatory and five apse chapels.

References

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Terrassa Cathedral, or the Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Spirit (, ), is a Roman Catholic cathedral on the plaça Vella of Terrassa. It is the seat of the Diocese of Terrassa.

Other websites 

  

Cathedrals in Spain
Catalonia
The Cathedral of Teruel is a church in Teruel, Aragon, Spain. It belongs to St. Mary. It is a notable example of Mudéjar architecture. Since 1986, it has been part of the UNESCO Heritage site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.

Overview
The bell tower is one of the best preserved Mudéjar towers in Spain. It is square. It has three floors. It is decorated with azulejos (painted tiles) and ceramic glaze. At the top is an octagonal lantern from the 18th century.

Images

Other websites 

Description and images of the cathedral 
Page with virtual visit and photos 

Cathedrals in Spain
Aragon
Monfragüe is a comarca (country, with no administrative role) of Extremadura, western Spain. It contains one of the country's fifteen National Parks, .

Since 1979, the area has been protected as a natural park.

Monfragüe was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites 

Magazine about Monfragüe

Extremadura
National parks in Spain
2007 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Spain
The Cathedral of Baeza (), in full the Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady of Baeza () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Baeza, Andalusia, Spain. It was built in the styles of the Renaissance. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site with other monuments in Baeza and the nearby city of Úbeda. The cathedral was one of 100 nominees for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Cathedrals in Spain
Andalusia
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
The Tower of Hercules (Galician and ) is an ancient Roman lighthouse in Spain. It is on a peninsula about  from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia.

The tower is a National Monument of Spain. Since June 27, 2009, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  It is the second tallest lighthouse in Spain, after the Faro de Chipiona.

The Tower of Hercules was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References
Specific references

General references
"Documentos para estudiar la Torre de Hércules"  
Mareblucamogli.com
Tower of Hercules  from Spain.info
Torre de Hércules  (in English) from the Universidade da Coruña website
Tower of Hercules Visitor Services and Interpretive Center

Other websites

 Torre foto 
 Official website
 Images of the Roman Tower of Hercules and futuristic visual legends
 Historical timeline of the Tower of Brigantia, from galicianflag.com

Lighthouses
World Heritage Sites in Spain
The monasteries of San Millán de Suso (6th century) and San Millán de Yuso (11th century) are two monasteries in the village of San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja, Spain.  They were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in December 1997.
The first written text in spanish and euskera was found there in the book called “glosas Emilianenses”.This treasure is the reason why this place is part of the human patrimony.

The monasteries were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

 http://www.monasteriodeyuso.org 

La Rioja
Monasteries
World Heritage Sites in Spain
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is a type of ceiling. It is an architectural element formed by the extension of a simple arch. It forms the shape of a semicircle over parallel walls.

References 

Architectural elements
Hunter Andrew Pence (born April 13, 1983) is an American Major League Baseball player.  Pence plays for the San Francisco Giants.  He plays the position outfielder.  He previously played for the Houston Astros and Philadelphia Phillies. Pence is  tall. He weighs . He bats and throws right-handed. Pence was with the San Francisco Giants when they won the World Series in 2012.

References

Houston Astros players
Philadelphia Phillies players
San Francisco Giants players
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas
National League All-Stars
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (short PUC-MG) is a university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It was established in 1958. It is one of the five largest universities in Brazil. In 2010 it was nominated the best private university in Brazil by Best Universities.

Related pages
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

References

Other websites
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Minas Gerais
1958 establishments
1950s establishments in Brazil
The Walls of Ávila in central Spain were completed between the 11th and 12th centuries. They are the city's principal historic feature.

About 
The work was started in 1090 by Raymond of Burgundy. Most of the walls appear to have been rebuilt in the 12th century. The enclosed area is a rectangle of  with a perimeter of some , including 90 semicircular crenellated towers. The walls have an average width of . They have an average height of . The wall has nine fortified gates. The Puerta de San Vicente (Gate of St Vincent) and Puerta del Alcazar (Gate of the Fortress) are flanked by twin towers,  high, linked by a semicircular arch. The apse of the cathedral also forms one of the towers. The fortifications are the most complete in Spain.

It is possible to walk on the walls for about half their circumference. Some of the walls will never be able to be walked on because they are connected to other buildings. There is a large section of the walls that have not been made safe for people.

The site was registered as a National Monument in 1884. In 1985, the old city of Ávila and its extramural churches were declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.

The walls were one of finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

References

Sources
The information in this article is based on that in its Spanish equivalent.

Other websites
 Walls of Ávila in Artegias.com 
http://muralladeavila.com/en/ - Muralla de

Buildings and structures in Spain
12th-century establishments in Spain
Intersection is a 1994 drama movie. The movie is about an architect who has flashbacks when his Mercedes crashes. Lolita Davidovich plays Olivia Marshak. Sharon Stone plays Sally Eastman. Jennifer Morrison also stars in the movie.

The reviews of the movie were negative. It did poorly in the box office.

References

1994 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Mark Rydell
The Casas Colgadas (Hanging Houses), also known as Casas Voladas, Casas del Rey is a complex of houses located in Cuenca, Spain. Houses of this kind were frequent along the eastern border of the ancient city in the past. They hang on the cliffs over the Huécar River gorge. Today there are only a few of the houses still there. The most well known is a group of three with wooden balconies. The houses date to the 14th century. Through the years they have been refurbished a few times. The most recent took place during the 1920s. They have been used as individual homes. They have also been used as council houses. Now they are the host to a mesón, a type of restaurant, and the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español (Spanish Abstract Art Museum), in Cuenca.

The Casas Colgadas were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Cuenca Spain: A Visit to the Hanging Houses 
 The Hanging Houses of Cuenca

Architecture
Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain
Blink is a 1994 American neo noir crime drama mystery movie. It is set in Chicago. The movie is about a young blind musician. She has surgery that makes her see again. Madeleine Stowe plays Emma Brody. Laurie Metcalf plays Candice.

This movie got mixed to positive reviews.

1994 crime movies
1994 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
1994 mystery movies
American crime drama movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies about entertainers
Movies about murderers
Movies about stalking
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies directed by Michael Apted
Prince David Chavchavadze (20 May 1924 – 5 October 2014) was an British-born American author and civil servant. He was a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer for the United States. He is of Georgian-Russian origin. He was born in London, England.

Chavchavadze died in his sleep on 5 October 2014 in Washington, D.C., after a long illness, aged 90.

Other websites

 Vladimir F. Wertsman, Georgian Americans. Multicultural America. Every Culture.
 “Chavchavadze, David”. NameBase. (Archive)

 Genealogy of David Prince Chavchavadze on Genealogics.org.

1924 births
2014 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Civil servants
Writers from London
The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma is a Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral located in Palma, Majorca, Spain. It was built on the site of a pre-existing Arab mosque. It is 121 metres long and 55 metres wide. Its nave is 44 metres tall. 

The cathedral was styled in the Catalan Gothic style. It has Northern European influences. The building was it was started by King James I of Aragon in 1229. It was finished building in 1601. It sits within the old city of Palma. It is on top of the former citadel of the Roman city. It is between the Royal Palace of La Almudaina and the episcopal palace. It overlooks the Parc de la Mar and the Mediterranean Sea.

Fifty years after a restoration of the cathedral had started in 1901 Antoni Gaudí was invited to take over the project. Some of his ideas were adopted. He moved the choir stalls from the middle nave to be closer to the altar. He also made a large canopy. Gaudí abandoned his work in 1914 after an argument with the contractor. The planned changes were cosmetic rather than structural. The project was cancelled soon after.

The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites
 "Cathedral of Palma: La Seu", Video in english, 3:33 min., Mallorca TV Teleweb+ 
 La Seu Cathedral History 
 La Seu Cathedral in www.mallorcawebsite.com
 Almudaina Palace 

Cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
1600s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain
1601 establishments
NY1 (also known as Time Warner Cable News NY1 and spoken as "New York One") is an American cable news television channel. It is owned by Time Warner Cable. The channel provides 24-hour news coverage, with a focus on the five boroughs of New York City. Its programming primarily features news and weather forecasts. NY1 also features specialty programs such as Inside City Hall (which is renamed Road to City Hall during New York City mayoral elections).

References 

American television channels
News channels
Entertainment in New York City
Winter Solstice is an American christian metalcore band formed in 2000. The group split up in 2006.The Band never mentioned the performance with Elton John, That Occurred in 2007. This performance was their final.

Discography
Studio albums
 Winter Solstice (2002)
 The Pulse Is Overrate (2004)
 The Fall of Rome (2005)

References 

2000 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2006 disestablishments in the United States
Metalcore bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups from Virginia
The Palmeral or Palm Grove of Elche (Spanish: Palmeral de Elche, Valencian: Palmerar d'Elx) is the generic name for the date palm orchards in the city of Elche (Spain).

In the urban area of Elche there are a total of 97 different orchards. They contain about 70,000 date palms. Most of them are in the east bank of the Vinalopó. This number does not include other large plantations located around the city. The total may be near 200,000 palms. The Palm Grove covers over , including  in the city of Elche.

It is the only palm grove of its type anywhere in Europe. It is the largest in the world. The Palm Grove of Elche was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

Elche Spain - City overview with detailed map  
Information on the picudo rojo (red palm weevil)
 Palmeral of Elche from UNESCO
 El Palmeral de Elche - A Cultural Landscape Inherited from Al-Andalus

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Alicante Province
World Heritage Sites in Spain
The Park Güell (Catalan: Parc Güell) is a public park system of gardens and architectonic elements. It is located on Carmelo Hill, in Barcelona (Spain). Carmelo Hill belongs to the mountain range of Sierra de Collserola — the Parque del Carmelo (Catalan: Parc del Carmel) is located on the northern face. Park Güell is located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona. With urbanization in mind, Eusebi Güell gave the design of the park to architect Antoni Gaudí. He designed the park in the Catalonian modernism style. The park was built between 1900 and 1914. It opened as a public park in 1926. 

In 1984, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site under “Works of Antoni Gaudí”.
Park Güell was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery of Images

References

Other websites

 Park Güell at Google Maps
 UNESCO World Heritage Sites Works of Antoni Gaudí
 Park Güell Barcelona - Gardens Guide 
 Park Güell Photo Gallery
 Park Güell at Great Buildings
 Interactive Panorama: Park Güell
 Photographic walk through the Gaudí Park 

Buildings and structures in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
1914 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Spain
Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright. He was known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), and a rewrite of the book for the unsuccessful musical Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966), an adaptation of Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name.

Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.

Albee died on September 16, 2016 at his home in Montauck, New York from complications of diabetes, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 Edward F. Albee Foundation 
 The Edward Albee Society
 
 

Pulitzer Prize winners
1928 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in New York
American playwrights
Gay men
LGBT writers
LGBT people from New York
Writers from New York
Writers from Virginia
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Besmilr Brigham (born Bess Miller Moore; September 28, 1913 – September 30, 2000) was an American poet.  She also wrote short stories.

Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi. She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin–Baylor) in Belton, Texas. After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York. In New York she met Roy Brigham. Then she married him.

According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, "She came to prominence during the women’s movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."

Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham.  The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.

Works
 1969. Agony dance: death of the dancing dolls (poetry)
 2000. Run through rock: selected short poems of Besmilr Brigham (C. D. Wright, ed.)
 1971. Heaved from the earth. (poetry)

For further reading
 Kenyon Review

References

1913 births
2000 deaths
American poets
Writers from Mississippi
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule, or  transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion. For example, the rule of inference called modus ponens takes two premises, one in the form "If p then q" and another in the form "p", and returns the conclusion "q". The rule is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic, in the sense that if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion.

Typically, a rule of inference preserves truth, a semantic property. In many-valued logic, it preserves a general designation. But a rule of inference's action is purely syntactic, and does not need to preserve any semantic property: any function from sets of formulae to formulae counts as a rule of inference. Usually only rules that are recursive are important; i.e. rules such that there is an effective procedure for determining whether any given formula is the conclusion of a given set of formulae according to the rule.

Popular rules of inference in propositional logic include modus ponens, modus tollens, and contraposition. First-order predicate logic uses rules of inference to deal with logical quantifiers.
In mathematics, the universe of discourse or domain of discourse is a set of all elements to which a function applies. A variable can take any of the values in its universe of discourse. 

The term is also used informally. 
"In every discourse, whether of the mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined. The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself. But more usually we confine ourselves to a less spacious field. Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilized men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation. Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed the universe of discourse. Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse".

References 

Mathematics
Communication
Maid in Manhattan is a 2002 romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a hotel maid and a politician who fall in love with each other. Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa. Ralph Fiennes plays Christopher. Natasha Richardson plays Caroline.

This movie got negative reviews from critics. It made lots of money anyway. This movie was released in December 2002.

2002 comedy-drama movies
2002 romance movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Manhattan in fiction
Movies set in New York City
Jean-Yves Leroux (born June 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a career total of 220 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Chicago Blackhawks.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Leroux played 4 seasons with the Beauport Harfangs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Before he played with the Blackhawks, he played a seasons with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL). During his time with the Blackhawks, he recorded an overall total of 16 goals, 22 assists, 38 points, 146 penalty minutes. On October 01, 2001, the Blackhawks sent Leroux down to their AHL-affiliate Norfolk Admirals. Leroux left the NHL after the 2000–01 NHL season.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2010.

References

Other websites 

1976 births
American Hockey League players
Beauport Harfangs players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Sportspeople from Montreal
The Maspalomas Dunes are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve. They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Canary Islands
Santa María de León Cathedral, also called The House of Light or the Pulchra Leonina is in the city of León in north-western Spain. It is the third Roman Catholic cathedral to be built on the site of what was originally a Roman bath. The first cathedral was built by King Ordoño II of León. It was probably built in the Mozarabic style but was damaged in the 990s. The second cathedral was consecrated in 1073. It was built in the Romanesque style of architecture. The present Gothic style cathedral was started in 1255. It was completed about 50 years later. The cathedral has some of the finest examples of stained glass windows in all of Europe.

References

Other websites 
 InFocus: León Cathedral (León, Spain) at HitchHikers Handbook
Official Site of León Cathedral
Webcam of León Cathedral 

Cathedrals in Spain
Las Médulas (As Médulas or As Meduas in Galician language) is a historical site  near the town of Ponferrada, Spain. It used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire. In order to remove the gold, the Romans washed away an entire mountain. From the 2nd to the 4th century AD the Romans used slaves to mine about 900 tons of gold. It left a series of rock pinnacles, gullies, caves and tunnels. Las Médulas is listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites.

References

Further reading 

Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169-85
Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G., Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972): 59-74.
Domergue, C. and Hérail, G., Conditions de gisement et exploitation antique à Las Médulas (León, Espagne) in L'or dans l'antiquité: de la mine à l'objet, B. Cauuet, ed., Aquitania Supplement, 9 (Bordeaux 1999): 93-116.
Journeys Through European Landscapes/Voyages dans les Paysages Européens. COST-ESF, Ponferrada: 101-104.

Other websites 
Webpage of Fundación Las Médulas, with itineraries, virtual visit and practical information 
UNESCO official website
Photo gallery and explanation of the explotaition system  
"Las Médulas, the Roman El Dorado".   and  Article by the Leonese writer Julio Llamazares.
Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines 
Social Structure and Territory-Landscape Archaeology research group 

 Action COST A27: Understanding pre-industrial rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS) European research project, a platform for scientific dissemination of Las Médulas 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
The Roman Walls of Lugo (Spanish, Galician: Muralla Romana de Lugo) were constructed in the 3rd century AD. The walls were created as late Roman Empire fortifications. They are still largely intact today. They stretch over  around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain). Located on a hilltop the walls have a wide ditch directly in front of them. The walls average about  in height and are up to  thick. At the front of the wall there are a series of semicircular towers up to  in diameter. The walls are constructed of schist from the local area. The walls have been declared a World Heritage site.

Images

References 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
The La Seu Vella (also called Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella; Catalan and Spanish: Catedral de Santa Maria de la Seu Vella, ) is the Roman catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Lleida. It is in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, on top of Lleida hill.

Sources
 Consorci Del Turó De La Seu Vella De Lleida - Official website

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Catalonia
The RSHA, or Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office or Reich Security Main Office or Reich Security Head Office) was an organization headed by Heinrich Himmler. This was in his dual capacities as Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and Reichsführer-SS. The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany.

References 

 
1930s in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia (), commonly called the Cathedral of Murcia, is a church in Murcia, Spain. It is the only cathedral in use in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena in Spain.

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Murcia
The Roman Theatre is an ancient Roman theatre in Cartagena, Spain. The theatre was built between 5 BC and 1 BC.

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
Region of Murcia
1st-century BC establishments
The Assumption of the Virgin Cathedral is a Spanish Renaissance cathedral located in Santa María Square in Jaén, Spain. It is across from the Town Hall and the Episcopal Palace (Archbishop's palace). The Santa María Square is one of the historical sites in Jaén. The cathedral stands on the same ground that was once occupied by an early mosque. 

Construction of the cathedral began in 1249. It was built on the ruins of an early Spanish mosque. It was damaged and rebuilt on numerous occasions during the following two centuries. In the sixteenth century Andrés de Vandelvira built the biggest part of the Cathedral. It was consecrated in 1724.

The more representative architectural element is its façade. It was designed by Eufrasio López de Rojas. It was sculpted by Pedro Roldán. It houses the Veil of Veronica. In 1545 the young Francisco Guerrero was the maestro de capilla.

Jaén Cathedral is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other books

Other websites
 JAÉN CATHEDRAL 

Cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
1724 establishments
18th-century establishments in Spain
1720s establishments in Europe
Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington (6 June 1919 – 9 July 2018) was a British Conservative politician.

He served as British Defence Secretary between 1970 and 1974, Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as the sixth Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He was the last surviving member of the Cabinets of both Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home.

Carington died on 9 July 2018, aged 99.

References

Other websites
Announcement of his taking the oath under his new title at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 17 November 1999
 Lord Carrington's views on the EU from the Daily Telegraph 
Thatcher's First Cabinet

1919 births
2018 deaths
Civil servants
Secretaries General of NATO
Politicians from Buckinghamshire
Sergio Silvio Balanzino (born 20 June 1934, died 25 February 2018) was an Italian diplomat. Balanzino was born in Bologna, Italy.

He served as the Italian ambassador to Canada from May 1990 to January 1994. He then became the Deputy Secretary General of NATO before briefly becoming acting Secretary General twice. Firstly by replacing Manfred Wörner on August 13, 1994 after the latter resigned in the last stages of cancer. He was then replaced by Willy Claes on October 17, 1994 who resigned on alleged corruption charges on October 20, 1995. 

Balanzino, who had gone back to being Deputy, again took over the reins until he was replaced on December 5, 1995 by Javier Solana. He died in Rome in February 2018.

References

1934 births
Living people
Secretaries General of NATO
Italian politicians
People from Bologna
Ambassadors to Canada
Martin Walser (born 24 March 1927) is a German writer. He became famous for talking about the troubles for anti-heroes he had in his novels and stories. In 1998 he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in Frankfurt. Walser was born in Wasserburg am Bodensee, on Lake Constance.

References

Other websites

 
 
Audio clip from the novel "Ein liebender Mann" (2008), read out on Literaturport.de by Martin Walser himself (in German) 
Audio clip from the novel "Angstblüte" (2006) on Literaturport.de (in German) 

1927 births
Living people
German writers
Hans Magnus Enzensberger (born 11 November 1929) is a German author, poet, translator and editor. He has also written under the pseudonym Andreas Thalmayr. He was born in Kaufbeuren, Bavaria. He moved to Nuremberg in 1931. Enzensberger has a sarcastic, ironic tone in many of his poems.

References

Other websites
 In conversation with Charles Simic  December 11, 2002
 The radical loser: English translation of an article originally appearing in Der Spiegel on November 7, 2005.
 Enzensberger at PEN American Center  Participated in the 2006 PEN World Voices Conference in NYC
 Poesieautomat  (Poetry-Machine) realized by Christian Bauer, 2006
 Griffin Poetry Prize Lifetime Recognition Award profile (including audio and video of tribute and acceptance speech)
 Interview: A life in writing Talking with Enzensberger at The Guardian; appeared online May 15, 2010

1929 births
Living people
German poets
People from Nuremberg
Writers from Bavaria
is a city in southeastern Iwate, Japan.

The city of Ōfunato was originally part of the ancient Mutsu Province. It has been settled since the Jōmon period. The modern village of Ōfunato was made within Kesen District, Iwate on April 1, 1889. In 1896, the Meiji-Sanriku earthquake caused a 25-meter tsunami that killed 27,000 people in Sanriku. Ōfunato was promoted officially promoted to town status on April 1, 1932. In 1933, a 8.4 magnitude earthquake stuck the town and caused a 28-meter tsunami that killed 1522 people. On April 1, 1952, the town of Sakari, and villages of Akasaki, Takkon, Massaki, Ikawa and Hikoroichi all merged with Ōfunato to form the city. On November 15, 2001, the town of Sanriku (from Kesen District) also merged into Ōfunato.

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Ōfunato was very badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The wave that hit the city was estimated to have reached 23.6 meters in height.

It was listed that 3,498 out of 15,138 houses in the town were destroyed by the tsunami and 305 people were confirmed dead. At least six of Ōfunato's 58 designated evacuation sites were flooded by the tsunami.

References

Other websites

 Official website  

Settlements in Iwate Prefecture