cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bembridge is a village on the Isle of Wight. It is the village which is farthest to the east on the island. According to the 2001 census of the United Kingdom it had a population of 3,848. The large population (for a village) means that some people have said that it has the biggest population of any village in the United Kingdom. Many of the most rich people who live on the Isle of Wight live in Bembridge.

History 

The villages of Bembridge and Yaverland were once a separate island, off the coast of the rest of the Isle of Wight. There was a channel of water called Brading Haven, which separated the two islands. Before the time in which Queen Victoria was the queen of the United Kingdom, the village of Bembridge only had a few huts and farm houses. It was only when a church was built in 1827 that the village started to grow.

Geography 

The most old buildings in the village are found close to the church in the north of the village. In this part of the village there are a number of shops, pubs (places to buy and drink alcohol), and restaurants (places to buy food). There is also the village hall (a place for meetings, sales and events).

In the south of the village there is an area which is called 'Lane End'. It is a more modern part of the village and has its own shops. In this part of the village there is a lifeboat station. There are two schools in Bembridge, one is for children of ages 4–8, and the other is for children of ages 9–13.

References 

Villages on the Isle of Wight
The United States Secret Service (which is often just called the Secret Service in the United States) is part of the United States government. Part of its job is to investigate when people make fake money. (Making fake money is called counterfeiting). However, the United States Secret Service is more well known for protecting important government leaders. Secret Service agents work as bodyguards and protect people like the President, Vice President, members of the United States Cabinet, people who are running for high office, and the family members of these people, and leaders from other countries who are visiting the United States. There are other people whom the Secret Service protects, too. A United States President would never be seen in public without Secret Service agents protecting him or her at all times.

It is often not easy to recognize Secret Service agents, because they often dress to blend in wherever they are. This means that they will often be dressed the same way as everybody else in a crowd.

They employ about a total of 5,000 people.

History 
The United States Secret Service was created in 1865 to stop counterfeiters. It did not start protecting the President until after President William McKinley was shot and killed in 1901. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt became the first President of the United States to be protected by Secret Service agents. Since then, every president has received Secret Service Protection. In 1981 when Ronald Reagan was shot, Timothy McCarthy became one of four Secret Service agents to take a bullet of a President.

The Secret Service used to be part of the Treasury Department, but is now part of the Department of Homeland Security.

Other websites 
Secretservice.gov: The official Secret Service website

References

Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States
The Matthew Shepard Act, officially called the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, is an Act of Congress that was passed on October 22, 2009, and signed into law by President Barack Obama on October 28. The act adds crimes that are committed because of the victims gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability to the 1969 federal hate-crime law.

The Act is the first federal law that gives legal protection to people who are transgender.

The bill also:
 protects a victim even if they were not engaging in a federally-protected activity, such as voting or going to school;
 gives federal law enforcement a greater ability to look into possible hate crimes that local law enforcement decides not to;
 gives $5 million per year in funding for 2010 through 2012 to help both state and local governments pay for the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes; 
 makes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) track how many hate crimes are committed against transgender persons

References 

United States federal legislation
LGBT in the United States
2009 in the United States
The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand. It is separated from the South Island by Cook Strait. The island is  in area, making it the world's 14th-largest island. It has a population of 3,287,600 (June 2009). Its Māori name is Te Ika a Māui.

Twelve cities are in the North Island. The biggest is Auckland, New Zealand's largest city. Wellington, the capital, is at the southern end of the island. About 76% of New Zealand's population live in the North Island.

Related pages
Battle of Kororāreka

References

Geography of New Zealand
Pacific islands
The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand. It is separated from the North Island by Cook Strait. The South Island covers 151,215 square kilometres (58,384 sq mi) and has a temperate climate. It is also known by its Māori name, Te Wai Pounamu.

The South Island is sometimes called the "mainland", because it is 33% bigger than the North Island. Only 24% of New Zealand's population live in the South Island.

Geography of New Zealand
Pacific islands
Cook Strait is the body of water between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. It connects the Tasman Sea on the west with the South Pacific Ocean on the east.

The strait is named after James Cook, who was the first European commander to sail through it. The strait has an average depth of 128 metres (420 feet). The weather and tide patterns are often very strange there. The most common way to get across is by ferry.

Bodies of water of New Zealand
The Tasman Sea is the sea between Australia and New Zealand. It was named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman. It is about 2000 kilometres (1250 miles) across, and 2800 km from north to south. The sea is part of the south Pacific Ocean. It is sometimes called The Ditch by Australians and New Zealanders.

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Oceania
Bodies of water of Australia
Geography of New Zealand
Leeroy Jenkins is the name of a player character who was in the game World of Warcraft, created by Ben Shultz. He made a video which was put onto Youtube, and it became very popular. He has become known and even has his own achievement on World of Warcraft for pretending to be him in the video. Leeroy’s name is often spelt wrong as Leroy Jenkins who is a real different person.

The video which made Leeroy so famous shows him and his friends, doing a friendly activity known as a Raid in World of Warcraft, but this activity is hard to do, so the leader of the group that Leeroy is with has to explain what to do. But Leeroy is not around for the explanation, preparing some chicken, and when he comes back, he ends up running in the area, shouting his own name as he goes, which begins the activity, and ruining the plan which his friends made. This causes everyone to panic, and no-one knows what to do, and so, everyone dies. Everyone blames Leeroy for this, and he says "At least I got chicken."

Leeroy has become very well known and his name is now used by people to show that they are running in but have no idea what to do. These people should be avoided, as they may cause you to die as well, as the video shows. Because of this, people now consider the video to be a lesson.

Other websites 
Leeroy Jenkins on YouTube

Blizzard Entertainment
Video game characters
Internet memes
William Patrick "Billy" Corgan, Jr. (born March 17, 1967) is an American singer and musicians. He is the singer and guitarist for the American band The Smashing Pumpkins. Corgan and James Iha formed the band in 1988.

References

1967 births
Living people
American guitarists
Singers from Illinois
Musicians from Illinois
American rock musicians
American bloggers
Duncan Keith (born July 16, 1983 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defencemen for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was picked by the Blackhawks with the fifty-fourth overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played college hockey at the Michigan State University. 

He was chosen along with Brent Seabrook and Jonathan Toews to play for Team Canada in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010 and was also awarded the 2010 Norris Trophy. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites 

1983 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Kelowna Rockets players
Living people
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Stanley Cup champions
A minor (usually shortened to Am) is a minor scale based on A, which is made up of the pitches A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and A.  The harmonic minor scale raises the G to G. Its key signature has no sharps or flats (see below: Scales and keys).

Its relative major is C major, and its parallel major is A major. A scale in both A minor and C major can be played on a piano or other keyboard instrument using only the white keys.

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals when needed.

Most of the time key signatures were cancelled whenever the new key signature had fewer sharps or flats than the old key signature, in modern popular music, this is only done when C major or A minor replace another key.

Well-known classical music in this key 

Violin Concerto in A minor BWV1041 - Johann Sebastian Bach
Piano Sonata in A minor, K. 310 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Bagatelle in A minor "Für Elise" - Ludwig van Beethoven
Violin Sonata No. 4 Op.23 - Ludwig van Beethoven
String Quartet No. 15 Op.132  - Ludwig van Beethoven
Caprice No. 24 (Paganini) - Niccolo Paganini
Prelude #2 in A minor, Op. 28 #2 - Frédéric Chopin
Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 54 - Robert Schumann
Variations on a Theme by Paganini, Op. 35 - Johannes Brahms
Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 16 - Edvard Grieg
Oboe Concerto in A Minor - Ralph Vaughan Williams
Symphony No. 6 - Gustav Mahler
Symphony No. 4 - Jean Sibelius
Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini - Sergei Rachmaninoff

References 

Minor scales
You, Me and Dupree is a 2006 American comedy movie. It was produced by Mary Parent, Scott Stuber and Owen Wilson. It was directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo.

The movie is about newlyweds Carl and Molly Peterson (played by Matt Dillon and Kate Hudson). After Carl's best man and friend Randolph Dupree (Owen Wilson) loses his job and apartment, the couple allow him to move in. Dupree overstays his welcome.

Cast 
 Owen Wilson as Randolph "Randy" Dupree
 Matt Dillon as Carl Peterson
 Kate Hudson as Molly Thompson Peterson
 Michael Douglas as Bob Thompson
 Seth Rogen as Neil
 Amanda Detmer as Annie
 Ralph Ting as Toshi
 Todd Stashwick as Tony
 Bill Hader as Mark
 Lance Armstrong as himself

Release dates

Other websites
You, Me and Dupree's official website 

2004 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about weddings
Universal Pictures movies
Eric Lynn Wright (September 7, 1963 – March 26, 1995), better known by his stage name Eazy-E, was an American rapper and actor. He was born in Compton, California. He rose to fame with the Rap group N.W.A. and is one of the founders of the "Gangsta rap" subgenre. He usually rapped about guns, drugs, relations between residents and the police, and sexual activity. He was known as the "Godfather of Gangsta Rap".

In 1987, he founded Ruthless Records.

On March 26, 1995, Eazy-E died of AIDS-related pneumonia.

He was buried at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.

Discography 

During his career, Eazy-E released 2 studio albums and 3 EPs:

(*) albums or EPs were released posthumously (after death)

References

Other websites 
  Official website
 Eazy-E's find-a-grave page

1964 births
1995 deaths
African American musicians
Rap musicians from California
Criminals from California
Deaths from AIDS
Drug dealers
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
People from Compton, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
Actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Tyranni is a suborder of passerine birds. They are also known as the suboscines. There are about 1,000 species in this suborder. Most of them live in South America.

These birds are different to the passeri (songbirds) because they have a different syrinx. This is part of the bird's voice box which makes bird song. Scientists have also done studies on DNA and fossils to show that the tyranni suborder is different to the passeri suborder.

Taxonomy
The tyranni suborder can be split into three infraorders: Acanthisittides, Eurylaimides, and Tyrannide.

The first group, the Acanthisittidae, are also known as the New Zealand "wrens". At the moment, scientists are unsure whether they should belong to the tyranni or not. Some scientists think they are too different and they should be in their own suborder.

The Eurylaimides contains two superfamilies: the Eurylaimoidea and the Pittoidea. The Euryaimoidea contains three families. They are also known as the Old World suboscines. Most of them live in tropical places around the Indian Ocean. One species, the Broad-billed Sapayoa, lives in the Americas. The three families are:
 Superfamily: Eurylaimoidea
 Eurylaimidae: broadbills
 Philepittidae: asities
 Sapayoidae: Broad-billed Sapayoa
 Superfamily: Pittoidea
 Pittidae: pittas

The Tyrannides contain all sub-oscine birds from the Americas, except the Broad-billed Sapayoa:
 Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers
 Thamnophilidae: antbirds
 Formicariidae: antpittas and antthrushes
 Rhinocryptidae: tapaculos
 Conopophagidae: gnateaters and gnatpittas
 Tyrannidae: tyrant-flycatchers
 Tityridae: tityras and allies
 Cotingidae: cotingas
 Pipridae: manakins

Footnotes
Decision theory is a mathematical theory about how to best reach a decision. This is done using probability theory, statistics and logical reasoning. A decision can be made in different ways. Decision theory usually picks the best decision by looking at the consequences each way to decide might have. 

In most cases, decision theory is normative and prescriptive. Most of the time, it assumes the decision maker has perfect knowledge. Decision makers know all the consequences, and case take the best pick. 

There are three branches of decision theory:
 Normative decision theory: The decision makers take rational choices. There is also a set of axioms that describe the decision process. This allows to reach a decision through the use of logic. This describes how to reach a decision.
 Prescriptive decision theory: This tries to help people reach better decisions, through the use of models to follow. Humans have only limited capabilities to reach a decision. This is taken into account. 
 Descriptive decision theory looks at the way decisions are taken in real life, and tries to improve the process. 

Decision theory can also be classified as follows:
 Choice under certainty: The decision maker knows all possible alternatives, and can exactly say at what probability each occurs. The decision maker chooses the action that will result in the most desirable outcome.
 Choice under uncertainty: There are several outcomes for each action, depending on the state of nature. The outcome corresponding to the chosen action are uncertain, but the probabilities associated with each outcome is known. 

Fields of mathematics
The University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany is a national university in France. It is located in the city of Rennes. It was created in 1969.

Faculties 
They are 5 faculties:
Faculty of foreign languages
Faculty of social sciences
Faculty of Human sciences
Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and communication
Faculty of sports.

Other websites 
official website

Colleges and universities in France
Rennes
1969 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in France
Gypsophila paniculata is a species of perennial plant, a plant that lives for more than two years. The common name, a name that is in general use, is baby's breath.

Description
The height of the species 2 to 3 feet long and the width of the species is 2 to 3 feet long. The species blooms anytime from April to August. The color of the flowers are white. The plant needs sunlight from the full sun meaning direct sunlight. The species is a herbaceous plant, has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level and have no woody stem above the ground.

Habitat
The species is native to Central Europe and Siberia.

Poisonous
The species is poisonous. The poisonous parts of the plant are the flowers and the rest of the plant are poisonous when they are dry. The species can cause eye irritation, sinus irritation meaning in the nasal cavity, or asthma after the plant is repeatedly handled. The plant can also cause minor, a lesser effect, skin irritation that only lasts for a few minutes.

References

Caryophyllaceae
The Xiongnu () were nomads who lived north of China from about 3rd century BC to 460s AD. Their lands were very infertile, so they tried to attack China many times. As this was very irritating, the first emperor of China (Qin Shi Huang) built the Great Wall of China around 214 to 206 BC to keep them out. Some Han dynasty emperors tried to stop the wars and make friends with them, but they still tried to attack the Chinese borders.

At first, it was believed that they were related to the Huns, and currently many people still believe this. In old times, nomadic tribes often travelled and lived together, even tribes speaking different languages. Around 60 BC, there was a struggle for power, and the Xiongnu broke up into five smaller tribes.

In 202 AD, the leader of the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to Prime Minister Cao Cao of the Han dynasty.

They are part of the Mongolian people now, or some of them have migrated to China for a better life.

The Han dynasty sent unrelated women falsely labeled as princesses and members of the Han imperial family when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu.

The Xiongnu practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials. The older sister of the Chanyu (the Xiongnu ruler) was married to the Xiongnu General Zhao Xin, the Marquis of Xi who was serving the Han dynasty. The daughter of the Qiedihou Chanyu was married to the Han Chinese General Li Ling after he surrendered and defected. The Yenisei Kirghiz Khagans claimed descent from Li Ling. Another Han Chinese General who defected to the Xiongnu was Li Guangli who also married a daughter of the Chanyu. The Han Chinese diplomat Su Wu married a Xiongnu woman given by Li Ling when he was arrested and taken captive. Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian married a Xiongnu woman and had a child with her when he was taken captive by the Xiongnu. Han Emperor Wu dispatched the Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.

The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the Chinese general Li Ling, grandson of the famous Han dynasty general Li Guang. Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang royal Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang Imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan Are (阿熱) invaded Uyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to Chang'an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).

References

Ethnic groups in Asia
History of China
Nomadic people
3rd-century BC establishments
5th-century disestablishments
Litmus paper is a mixture which is made from different dyes which can be taken from lichens. It is water-soluble. It is used to tell whether a solution is an acid or an alkali.

Litmus paper is put onto filter paper. The paper can then be used to give a rough indication of the pH value of a solution. Blue litmus paper will turn red, when acid is present; red litmus paper will turn blue when alkalines are present. At room temperature, this usually happens for PH values between 4.5 and 8.3.

Alternatively, a solution can be prepared which works the same way, but does not need the paper.

Related pages 
pH Indicator

Chemical compounds
Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
The Scottsboro Boys were 9 young African-American men who were accused of a rape that they did not do and who were punished for it. A jury found them guilty even though the woman who accused them of rape admitted during the trial that it did not happen. This happened in Alabama in the 1930s.

American civil rights
Independence Hall is a historic building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  It is called Independence Hall because the Declaration of Independence was passed there.  The United States Constitution was also written there.  It served as the capital of the United States several times, mostly during the Revolutionary War.  It was also the meeting place of the state legislature of Pennsylvania.  It is a World Heritage Site.  It is on the back of the $100 bill.

The Liberty Bell was originally in the bell tower of the building.

Abraham Lincoln's funeral included coming to Independence Hall, where over 300,000 people viewed the president's body.

Inside the building 

Buildings and structures in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
World Heritage Sites in the United States
"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" is the first episode for the first season of South Park. It was first shown on Comedy Central in the United States on August 13, 1997. The episode introduces the main characters, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. They try to rescue Kyle's brother Ike from a group of aliens.

Plot
Stan, Kenny, Cartman, Kyle and his little brother, Ike, are standing at the bus stop. Cartman tells them about the dream about getting abducted by aliens. The boys tell Cartman that it was not a dream and that he was actually abducted by aliens, but Cartman refuses to believe them. Chef drives up and asks the boys if they saw the space ship appearing in the sky. He tells stories about aliens performing anal probes. As the boys get on the bus and drive off they discover the aliens abducting Ike.

The boys are in the cafeteria and after Chef sees a machine emerge from Cartman's rear-end, Chef helps the boys escape the school to save Ike by pulling the fire alarm. They escape outside and Cartman believes that being abducted by aliens was a dream until he is hit by a beam that makes him sing and dance and space ship appears. When Kyle throws a rock at the ship, it fires back and hits Kenny, who ends up getting killed by a herd of cows and a police car.

Stan, Kyle and Wendy Testaburger meet at Stark's Pond and Wendy suggests that they use the device in Cartman's rear-end to contact the aliens, the boys tie Cartman to a tree and a big satellite dish emerges from Cartman's rear-end. The spaceship appears and Ike leaps to safety. The aliens then begin to talk to the cows seeing them as the smartest species on the planet and Cartman is abducted once again, but is returned to the bus stop the next day.

Other websites
Episode's official page 

South Park episodes
1997 television episodes

it:Episodi di South Park (prima stagione)#Cartman si becca una sonda anale
sv:Lista över avsnitt av South Park#Säsong 1: 1997–1998
Jordan Hendry (born  February 23, 1984 in Nokomis, Saskatchewan) is an Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Straubing Tigers of the DEL.

He played college ice hockey with the University of Alaska Fairbanks Nanooks. Hendry has played in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Blackhawks from four seasons and the Anaheim Ducks for 2 games. He has also played for HC Lugano of the National League A.

Hendry won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks on June 9, 2010 which he took to his hometown of Nokomis.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
American Hockey League players
Swedish Hockey League players
In mathematics, the absolute value of a real number , written as  or , is the value of  when the sign is dropped (or  without its sign). That is,   for a positive ,   for a negative , and   

For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3 (). The absolute value of a real number may be thought of as its distance from zero. It can be defined as follows:

Because a distance is always positive, the absolute value of a number is always positive.

Similarly, the absolute value of a complex number may be thought of as its distance from the origin.

It is defined by the equation

Properties of the absolute value

Real numbers 
For any real number , the absolute value of  is denoted by  (a vertical bar on each side of the quantity), and is defined as

The absolute value of  is always either positive or zero, but never negative. From an analytic geometry point of view, the absolute value of a real number is that number's distance from zero along the real number line. The absolute value of the difference of two real numbers is the distance between them.

In calculus, the absolute value function is differentiable except at 0. It is continuous everywhere.

In linear algebra, the norm of a vector is defined similarly as the distance from the tip of the vector to the origin. This is similar to the way the absolute value of a complex number is defined.

The square root notation without sign represents the positive square root. So, it follows that:

which is another definition of absolute value.

The absolute value has the following four main properties:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
| Non-negativity (the absolute value of a number is never negative)
|-
|
| ()
|Zero-definiteness (the absolute value of a number is zero if and only if this number is zero)
|-
|
| ()
|Subadditivity (the absolute value of  plus  is less than or equal to the absolute value of  plus the absolute value of )
|-
|
| ()
|Multiplicativeness (the absolute value of  times  is equal to the absolute value of  times the absolute value of )
|}

Other important properties of the absolute value include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width:250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
|Idempotence (the absolute value of the absolute value is the absolute value)
|-
| style="width:250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
|Symmetry (the absolute value of a number is the same as the absolute value of its opposite)
|-
|
| ()
|Identity of indiscernibles (equivalent to zero-definiteness)
|-
|
| ()
|Triangle inequality (equivalent to subadditivity)
|-
|
| ()
|Double absolute value (equivalent to subadditivity)
|-
|
| ()
|Preservation of division (equivalent to multiplicativeness)
|}

Two other useful properties related to inequalities are:

These relations may be used to solve inequalities involving absolute values. For example:

Complex numbers 
For a complex number , where  is the real part of  and  is the imaginary part of ,

Related pages 

 Magnitude (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
Art Garfunkel (born November 5, 1941) is an American singer of Jewish descent. Along with Paul Simon, he was part of the duo Simon and Garfunkel, a popular group in the 1960s and early 1970s. After that, he made several solo albums. He has also acted in a few movies.

Albums
 The Animal's Christmas - (1986) with Amy Grant, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Kings College School Choir, songs by Jimmy Webb.
 Angel Clare, (1973)
 Breakaway, (1975)
 Watermark, (1978)
 Fate For Breakfast, (1979)
 Scissors Cut, (1981)
 The Art Garfunkel Album, (1984)
 Garfunkel, (1988)
 Lefty, (1988)
 Up 'Til Now, (1993)
 Across America, (1996)
 Songs From A Parent To A Child, (1997)
 The Best of Art Garfunkel, (1998)
 Everything Waits To Be Noticed, (2002)
 Some Enchanted Evening, (2007)

Movies
 Catch-22, (1970), directed by Mike Nichols, with Alan Arkin, Orson Wells, Martin Sheen, Anthony Perkins, Martin Balsam and Jon Voight.
 Carnal Knowledge, (1971), directed by Mike Nichols, with Jack Nicholson.
 Bad Timing - A Sensual Obsession, (1980), by Nicholas Roeg, with Theresa Russell and Harvey Keitel.
 Good to Go, also called Short Fuse, (1986), by Blaine Novak.

Other websites
 The official Art Garfunkel website

References

1941 births
Living people
American pop singers
Jewish American musicians
Singers from New York City
Plattsburgh is a town in New York in the U.S.  It is in upstate New York, near Lake Champlain.

Cities in New York
County seats in New York
Stewie Griffin (born September 11, 1998) is a character in the television comedy Family Guy. At age 1, he is the youngest child of Lois and Peter Griffin. He has two older siblings. They are an American family although Stewie is the only one in his family with an English accent. Seth MacFarlane, is the man responsible for voicing (imitating) and creating the voice for Stewie Griffin.

References

Family Guy characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
MSX was the name of a home computer in the 1980s. It was Microsoft's attempt to create a standard for hardware makers, conceived by Microsoft Japan executive Kazuhiko Nishi. Even with Microsoft's involvement, MSX machines were rare in the United States and Britain, but they were popular in other markets. Eventually 5 million MSX-based units were sold worldwide.

Computers
The Family Computer Disk System was a disc add-on for the Nintendo Entertainment System that was only released in Japan despite being announced in America. It used floppy disks which made it very easy for piracy to occur.

Other websites 
 Video of Disk System features at Powet.TV
 More Disk System video at Powet.TV
 Video Game Den - Disk System game reviews, screenshots, boxart
 Famicom World - More information on the Disk System
 N-sider.com - NintendOnline  - 4 page article about Nintendo's online history

Computers
Nintendo hardware
Fashion in the 15th century, in Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous gowns called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were swagged, draped, jewelled, and feathered. Full-bodied houppelandes with voluminous sleeves worn with elaborate headdresses are characteristic of the earlier 15th century.

As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the century. 

Wool was the most popular fabric for all classes by far, followed by linen and hemp. Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense broadcloth with a velvety nap; high-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe. Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues, although the actual blue colour achievable with dyeing with woad (and less frequently indigo) could not match the characteristic rich lapis lazuli pigment blues depicted in contemporary illuminated manuscripts such as the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.

Silk-weaving was well-established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the rich throughout Europe. Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the previous century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia and Seville in this period. 

Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular. Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.

Fashion
Fashion
A Markov chain is a model of some random process that happens over time. Markov chains are called that because they follow a rule called the Markov property. The Markov property says that whatever happens next in a process only depends on how it is right now (the state). It doesn't have a "memory" of how it was before. It is helpful to think of a Markov chain as evolving through discrete steps in time, although the "step" doesn't need to have anything to do with time.

Markov chains can be discrete or continuous. Discrete Time Markov Chains are split up into discrete time steps, like t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, and so on. The probability that a chain will go from one state to another state depends only on the state that it's in right now. Continuous Time Markov Chains are chains where the time spent in each state is a real number. The amount of time the chain stays in a certain state is randomly picked from an exponential distribution, which basically means there's an average time a chain will stay in some state, plus or minus some random variation.

An example of a Markov chain are the dietary habits of a creature who only eats grapes, cheese or lettuce, and whose dietary habits conform to the following (artificial) rules:
 It eats exactly once a day.
 If it ate cheese yesterday, it will eat lettuce or grapes today with equal probability for each, and zero chance of eating cheese.
 If it ate grapes yesterday, it will eat grapes today with probability 1/10, cheese with probability 4/10 and lettuce with probability 5/10.
 Finally, if it ate lettuce yesterday, it won't eat it again today, but will eat grapes with probability 4/10 or cheese with probability 6/10.

This creature's eating habits can be modeled with a Markov chain since its choice depends on what it ate yesterday, not additionally on what it ate 2 or 3 (or 4, etc...) days ago. One statistical property one could calculate is the expected percentage of the time the creature will eat cheese over a long period.

Another classical example of a Markov chain is the 1995 model of cocaine use in Los Angeles designed by the RAND Corporation. The model is governed by a series of equations, which describe the probability of a person being a non-user, light user (L) or heavy user (H) of cocaine at time t+1, given their prior probabilities at time t:

L(t+1) = I(t)-aL(t) +fH(t)-bL(t)

H(t+1) = bL(t)-fH(t)-gH(t)

I(t)+L(t)+H(t)=1

References

Mathematics
Statistics
Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV) is a list of all the pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach that are known.  In English it means Bach Works Catalogue.

The catalogue was made by Wolfgang Schmieder in 1950.  He took all the music that is known by Johann Sebastian Bach (some of Bach's music has been lost) and gave each piece a number.  Each piece of music by Bach therefore has a BWV number.   For example, the Mass in B minor is BWV 232.  Giving each piece a number helps musicians to know exactly which piece of music we are talking about.  For example, there are several Preludes and Fugues in G major, but putting Prelude and Fugue in G major BWV550 makes it clear which one it is.

The BWV numbers are not listed chronologically (in the order they were written).  They are grouped according to what kind of music it is: all the cantatas together, all the concertos together, etc.

Some pieces of music may be written by Bach, but we are not sure.  Those doubtful pieces of music are listed separately as BWV Anhang (BWV appendix).  Some of what Schmieder wrote in 1950 has been updated because some new music by Bach has been discovered.  Other pieces of music have now been proved not to be by Bach.

Bach, like many composers from long ago, did not use opus numbers, because very few of his works were published during his lifetime.

Some older books write "S" instead of "BWV" (S for Schmieder), but Schmieder did not want this.  He wanted Bach's name to be used, not his own.

Other websites
BWV catalogue (downloadable PDF)
Han Fei Zi (281 BC – 233 BC) was an early Chinese philosopher.  He is part of a group said to have created of doctrine of the School of Law or Legalism.

280s BC births
233 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Chinese philosophers
The Holodomor (, which means "murder by hunger") was a man-made famine that happened in Ukraine in 1932 and in 1933. At that time, Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union. About seven million people starved to death in the Holodomor.

Joseph Stalin was the leader and dictator of the Soviet Union, which was a communist country. He made farmers in the Soviet Union change the way they farmed, then he tried to make the farmers work harder for the government-owned farms, for less money. Many people in the Ukraine did not want to go along with this. When the Ukraine had a famine, Stalin refused to help the people in the Ukraine. Instead, the government took food away from people. It became illegal (against the law) to pick up food from the ground of fields. The government also tried to stop people from moving around the country to look for food.

Scholars and politicians using the word Holodomor say the man-made aspects of the famine, was  a genocide; some consider the huge loss of life comparable to the Holocaust. They argue that the Soviet policies were an attack on the rise of Ukrainian nationalism and therefore is a genocide.

Other scholars say that the Holodomor was an unexpected consequence of the rapid and massive industrialization started by Stalin, that brought radical economic changes to the farmers and the country, and which was not done on purpose.

Images of Holodomor victims

Images of Holodomor memorials

Other websites 

 Ukrainian Genocide Famine Foundation USA  
 Famine Genocide Commemorative Committee Ukrainian Canadian Congress 
 Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine , U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988 
 Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 
 Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933

References 

1932
1933
1930s in Europe
1930s in the Soviet Union
20th century in Ukraine
Genocides in Europe
Hunger
Castling is a special move in chess that uses both a rook and the king. In castling, the king is moved two squares toward the rook, and the rook moves past the king to the square right next to where the king has moved. Castling takes one move, and is the only way for a player to move two of his own pieces on the same move. Castling can be done on either side of the board. Castling can either be done on the king-side (also known as castling short) or on the queen-side (also known as castling long).

Rules for castling
Castling is only possible if each of the following things are true:

Neither the king nor the rook being used to castle have moved in the game.
The king is not in check, and is not moving into check or through check. (It is okay if the rook is being attacked, though).
There are no pieces between the king and the rook.

Benefits of Castling 
Good players castle in most of their games. It is normally a good idea because it often moves the king into a safer place. The middle of the board is normally not a very safe place for the king to be early in the game. It also makes it easier to get the rook into the game. Castling king-side is generally viewed as being safer, while castling queen-side is viewed as being more aggressive. 

Chess
False consensus or the effect of the false consensus is the tendency for people to assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do.

It is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates the "agreement grade" that the other people have with them. In other words, people tend to think that others agree with them. Most of the time, a person thinks that their own attitudes, beliefs, values and habits are the most common ones. In reality, the person's thoughts may not be shared by others.  

Another effect which can occur with false consensus is called pluralistic ignorance. In pluralistic ignorance, people support a norm or a belief in public, even though they really think it is wrong.

Related pages
 Intensity of preference

References

Other websites
 Changing minds: the false consensus effect

Psychology
Eudimorphodon is a recently discovered pterosaur, and comes from shale laid down Upper Triassic rocks in Italy.

A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1973. This showed it was a member of the long-tailed sub-order of pterosaurs, the Rhamphorhynchoidea. Eudimorphodon was small in size, with 110 teeth packed into a jaw only 6 cms long. Teeth at the front are fangs, further back the teeth are small and multipointed, many with five cusps. This is unique among pterosaurs, whose teeth are usually of a simple conical form.

Stomach contents showed it had eaten a small fish, Parapholidophorus. The top and bottom teeth of Eudimorphodon came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw. The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that Eudimorphodon was able to crush or chew its food to some degree. Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that Eudimorphodon also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates.

Juvenile Eudimorphodon had somewhat different and fewer teeth, and may have eaten insects.

An unsolved puzzle is the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs have. This flexibility is a basal trait; its functional significance in this genus is unknown. However, it is known that the stiffened tail of Rhamphorhynchus-like pterosaurs is a device which adds stability to their flight. Without this stability, the animal would be more manoeuvrable, but their flight would need more control by the brain.

References 

Pterosaurs
The Myall Creek Massacre  was an incident which involved the murders of approximately 30 Wirrayaraay indigenous people by European settlers.  It happened on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara in northern New South Wales.

References 

1838
New South Wales
19th century in Australia
Massacres
Siren Song of the Counter Culture is the third album by American punk rock band Rise Against, released on August 10, 2004. It is the band's first release on a major label. The album sold very well, mainly because of the success of its single, "Swing Life Away", which reached number 12 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, making it the band's highest-ranking single at the time. Also faring well were the album's other three singles, "Give It All" (number 37) and "Life Less Frightening" (number 33) and "Paper Wings". Despite its big commercial success, Siren Song of the Counter Culture is not Rise Against's highest charting album on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 136; subsequent albums The Sufferer & The Witness and Appeal to Reason both charted higher, peaking at number 10 and number 3. The album was awarded Gold by the RIAA on March 10, 2009.

Track listing
 "State of the Union" – 2:19
 "The First Drop" – 2:39
 "Life Less Frightening" – 3:44
 "Paper Wings" – 3:43
 "Blood to Bleed" – 3:48
 "To Them These Streets Belong" – 2:49
 "Tip the Scales" – 3:49
 "Anywhere But Here" – 3:38
 "Give It All" – 2:50
 "Dancing for Rain" – 4:01
 "Swing Life Away" – 3:20
 "Rumors of My Demise Have Been Greatly Exaggerated" – 4:14

Bonus tracks 
13. "Obstructed View" - 2:01 
14. "Fix Me (Black Flag cover)" - 0:54

Rise Against
2004 albums
A Redbone Hound is a breed of dog. The breed is used for hunting bear, raccoon, and other wild game.

Dog breeds
Roger Goodell (born February 19, 1959) is the current commissioner of the National Football League (NFL).  He has held this position since August 8, 2006 when he took over duties for the retiring Paul Tagliabue.

As the commissioner, he has focused on how players behave off of the field, making more rules that can lead to players who get into trouble off of the field or with the law being fined or suspended.

References

1952 births
National Football League
Businesspeople from New York
Living people
Nick Jr. is a children's television channel. It was launched on 1999 in the United States.

International versions

United States 
Launched on January 4, 1999. The US version did not had the similar graphs, promos or design as the UK, Italy or Australia except the logo. The mascots were Moose A. Moose and Zee from April 7, 2003 until February 29, 2012. Currently it airs some early and late Nick Jr. shows. The new logo is a lot different then the block's logo.

United Kingdom 
Launched on September 1, 1988 as the first Nick Jr. channel. Until 2005 it aired from 6:00a.m. to 8:00p.m. Then in 2005 a classic children's programming block called Nick Jr. Classics was launched, airing was also increased to 10:00p.m. After Nick Jr. Classics was dropped, it began airing for 24 hours.

There is a similar service titled Nick Jr. Too. It launched in April 2006 as Nick Jr. 2, but the name was changed in November 2014.

Australia 
Launched on March 2004. The Australian version includes some PBS Kids series like WordWorld, Sid the Science Kid, or Martha Speaks, and original programming like Ollie.

France 
Similar to the US version. Launched on January 26, 2010. Name stylized as Nickelodeon Junior.

Latin america 
Launched on July 1, 2018, like US versión it have the late Nick JR shows, name stylized as Nick JR.

References

Other websites
 

Viacom
Nickelodeon
1988 establishments in the United States
A commune is a minor administrative subdivision corresponding to an urban or rural zone, or mixed. It is the equivalent of a municipality, a council, or other instances of local administration.

Communes in the world 
Many countries have adopted the name of commune (or similar) for their minor and basic administrative unit. Some countries are Germany (Gemeinde), Belgium (commune/gemeente), Chile (comuna), Colombia (Comuna), Denmark (kommune), France (commune), Italy (comune), Luxembourg (commune), Netherlands (gemeente), Poland (gmina), Sweden (kommun) and Switzerland (Gemeinde/commune/comune).

Community
Government