cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Legnica () is a city in Poland. The river Katzbach runs through Legnica. There live over 100,000 people. The city is in west part of Poland (near Germany and Czech border). Legnica is near a bigger city, Wrocław.

Legnica is in the middle of Silesia. The area used to be part of Prussia, and Legnica was the capital of one of the three Silesian government areas (Regierungsbezirk).

History

Silesia, a Prussian Province, is divided in 3 administrative regions (Regierungsbezirk): Liegnitz, Breslau and Oppeln.

The Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz comprised the following districts:

Urban districts ()
Glogau
Görlitz
Hirschberg
Liegnitz

Rural districts ()
Bunzlau
Fraustadt
Freystadt
Glogau
Görlitz
Goldberg
Grünberg
Hirschberg
Hoyerswerda
Jauer
Landeshut
Lauban
Liegnitz
Löwenberg
Lüben
Rothenburg
Sprottau

Education

National Colleges 
 Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Legnicy
 Politechnika Wrocławska (affiliate in Legnica)
 Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych w Legnicy

Not national Colleges 
 Wyższa Szkoła Medyczna w Legnicy
 Wyższa Szkoła Menedżerska w Legnicy
 Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania/ The Polish Open University
 Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu
 Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Legnickiej

Secondary schools 

 I Liceum Ogólnokształcące 
 II Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 III Liceum Ogólnokształcące 
 IV Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 V Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 VI Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 VII Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 Akademickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 Katolickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Zespole Szkół Integracyjnych im. Piastów Śląskich
 Zespół Szkół Budowlanych
 Zespół Szkół Ekonomicznych
 Zespół Szkół Elektryczno-Mechanicznych
 Zespół Szkół Medycznych
 Zespół Szkół Przemysłu Spożywczego
 Zespół Szkół Rolniczych im. Wincentego Witosa
 Zespół Szkół Samochodowych
 Zespół Szkół Technicznych i Ogólnokształcących im. H. Pobożnego
 Zespół Szkół Włókienniczych

Junior highs 
 Gimnazjum nr 1
 Gimnazjum nr 2
 Gimnazjum nr 3
 Gimnazjum nr 4
 Gimnazjum nr 5
 Gimnazjum nr 6
 Gimnazjum nr 7
 Gimnazjum nr 8
 Gimnazjum nr 9
 Gimnazjum nr 10
 Gimnazjum nr 11
 Gimnazjum nr 12
 Gimnazjum nr 13
 Gimnazjum nr 14
 Gimnazjum im. św. Franciszka z Asyżu
 Gimnazjum Ośrodka Szkolno-Wychowawczego
 Prywatne Gimnazjum
 Gimnazjum TWP (at I Liceum Ogólnokształce)

Primary schools 
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 1
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 2
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 4
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 6
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 7
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 9
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 10
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 12 (belongs to borstal)
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 13 (at welfare aid)
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 16
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 18
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 19;
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 20
 Szkoła Podstawowa Ośrodka Szkolno-Wychowawczego
 Szkoła Podstawowa (private school)

Cities in Poland
The flag of Estonia has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured blue (top), black, and white (bottom). Blue mirrors the sky, black the colour of the soil and national coat, and white the peoples' happiness and light. In Estonian language it is called the "sinimustvalge" (literally "blue-black-white"), after the colours of the bands. The flag was designed in the 1880s and adopted when Estonia became independent in 1918.

Estonia
Estonia
The coat of arms of Estonia is a golden shield which includes three slim, blue leopards (or lions passant guardant) in the middle, with oak branches along the side of the shield.

The coat of arms of Estonia has existed long before they were official recognized after the War of Independence between 1918 and 1920, when the Republic of Estonia was internationally recognized.

The symbol has been in use since the 13th century, where  the big coat of arms was used for the capital city, Tallinn. The origin of the slim blue lions can be traced back to the King of Denmark at the time, Valdemar the Second. As Denmark was the ruling power of Northern Estonia at the time, it imposed the coat of arms upon the state.

Estonia
Estonia
Indre is a city in France at the Atlantic Ocean. It is the south eastern end of the Brittany.
Indre has about 3,643 inhabitants.

St.Hermeland's Church 

Cities in France
Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Apatosaurus is a sauropod dinosaur which lived in the Upper Jurassic period. It is in the same family as Diplodocus. Brontosaurus was once thought a later name for Apatosaurus, but is now proved to be a separate genus.

Apatosaurus grew as big as 21 meters long, 4.5 meters tall at the hip, and weighed up to 23 metric tons. It ate plants. Its bones have been found in Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Utah.

When it was first found, scientists thought that Apatosaurus lived partly under water, since it could not hold its own weight on dry land. Now they think it lived on dry land, probably in herds.

The cervical vertebrae were less elongated and more solid than those of Diplodocus. The bones of the leg were much stockier (despite being longer), implying a more robust animal. The tail was held above the ground during normal locomotion. Like most sauropods, Apatosaurus had only a single large claw on each forelimb, with the first three toes on the hind limb possessing claws.

There are at least two species of Apatosaurus:
 A. ajax was discovered by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877.
 A. louisae was discovered by William Holland in 1915.
 Another dinosaur species discovered in 1994 was at first named A. yahnahpin, but in 1998, it was renamed Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin.

Lifestyle 

It was believed throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries that sauropods like Apatosaurus were too massive to support their own weight on dry land. It was theorized that they lived partly submerged in water, perhaps in swamps. Recent findings do not support this. Sauropods are now thought to have been fully terrestrial animals. A study of diplodocid snouts showed that the square snout, large proportion of pits, and fine, subparallel scratches of the teeth of Apatosaurus suggests it was a ground-height, nonselective browser. It may have eaten ferns, cycads, seed ferns, horsetails, and algae.

Important issues like heat control, metabolic rate and respiration are still unclear. Some scientists state that the heart would have had trouble sustaining sufficient blood pressure to oxygenate the brain. Others suggest that the near-horizontal posture of the head and neck would have eliminated the problem of supplying blood to the brain because it would not have been elevated.

James Farlow calculates that an Apatosaurus-sized dinosaur about  would have had  of fermentation contents (food being digested). "The heat of fermentation may have been a significant source of thermoregulatory heat for these reptiles".

References 

Diplodocids
The Hanseatic League (German: die Hanse, Dutch: de Hanze, Estonian: hansa, Latvian: Hanza Polish: Hanza, Swedish: Hansan) was an alliance of trading guilds. These guilds established and maintained a trade monopoly over the Baltic Sea and most of Northern Europe. This monopoly lasted for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, between the 13th and 17th centuries.

Many cities were part of it.

Cities that are still called Hansestadt 
The following cities were part of the Hanse. They carry the word Hansestadt (Hanseatic City) as part of their official city name:

Anklam
Bremen
Demmin
Greifswald
Hamburg
Lübeck
Lüneburg
Rostock
Stralsund
Wismar

 
1358 establishments
1350s establishments in Europe
Condom (), also called Condom-en-Armagnac or Condom-sur-Baïse, is a commune in southwestern France in the department of Gers, Occitanie region, of which it is a subprefecture.

Name of the city
The name Condom comes from the Gaulish (an ancient Celtic language spoken in parts of Europe) words condate-ó-magos which means "market of the confluence". Condatómagos later became Condatóm and then Conddóm. The spelling Condom first came from Latin in the 10th century as  or .

The name of the town has nothing to do with the condom, which in French is called . There used to be a museum of condoms in Condom, but it closed in 2005.

History
After the colonization of the area by the Romans, the Abbey of Saint Pierre was built in 1011. During the Hundred Years' War, the city was taken twice by the English. The Saint Pierre Cathedral was begun in 1507.

Way of St. James
Condom is a town on the Via Podiensis (the Le Puy Route), one of the three major French pilgrimage routes of the Way of St. James. This particular route begins in Le Puy and ends in Santiago de Compostela in northwest Spain. Pilgrims came to Condom from Miradoux and continue on to Larressingle.

Geography
Condom is a commune found along the Baïse river, between Armagnac and Agenais. Condom is the main town of the Condomès or Ténarèze region.

The commune has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Condom is surrounded by the communes:
 Gers department: Gazaupouy, Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon, Caussens, Béraut, Maignaut-Tauzia, Cassaigne, Larressingle and Larroque-sur-l'Osse,
 Lot-et-Garonne department: Lannes et Moncrabeau.

Climate
The climate of Condom, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Condom are known, in French, as Condomois (women: Condomoises).

With a population of 6,835 (2014), Condom has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Condom

Economy
The commune of Condom depends mainly of the agriculture, the tourism and the trade.

Important agricultural products are Armagnac (an alcoholic beverage like a brandy), Floc de Gascogne (a regional apéritif) and foie gras.

Places of interest
Some of places of interest are:
 Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Condom (Saint Peter's Cathedral)
 The cloister of the Cathedral.
 Saint-Jacques church
 Musée de l'Armagnac, a museum of the Armagnac drink.

Gallery

Sister cities
Condom is twinned with:
  Grünberg, Hesse, Germany
  Toro, Castile and León, Spain

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Condom
 Communes of the Gers department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Office de Tourisme - Condom/La Ténarèze 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Gers
Now You See It... is a Disney Channel Original Movie starring Alyson "Aly" Michalka and Johnny Pacar. This movie first aired January 2005 on the American version of Disney Channel.

Plot 

A young girl named Allyson Miller (Aly) is on the search for the world's next greatest young magician for a TV show where they allow young children to try skills of magic and other tricks.

Allyson finds a boy named Danny (Johnny Pacar) and selects him after a mystery happens to her and her crew.

Danny meets a man who has power to make any magician do anything, framing him and making him confused.

Main cast 
Aly Michalka - Allyson
Johnny Pacar - Danny

Other websites

2005 movies
Disney movies
For the original from Greek mythology, see Trojan Horse.

In computing, a Trojan horse (also written as trojan) is malicious software that misleads users of its true purpose. Sometimes a Trojan horse does exactly what it claims to do but it also does something else. This is because its real hidden purpose is to perform malicious actions in the background, such as allow a stranger to read and change the computer's information. In some cases the user notices, in other cases they do not. Although a Trojan horse can contain any type of harmful code, many modern forms act as a backdoor, which bypasses normal authentication or encryption in a computer.

Trojans are generally spread by some form of trickery, for example getting users to click on bad popups, Email, text,  attachments, advertisements, or fake device driver updates. A trojan may act as a "backdoor" to the computer, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer. Trojans may also access users' personal information such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity.  It can infect other devices connected to their networks. 

It is rare to get a trojan on your computer by merely visiting a website, though it can happen. Usually, though, trojans are attached to something the user downloads, such as music, wallpapers, backgrounds, games, and especially programs (apps). 

Trojans were named after the Trojan Horse in Greek mythology, which was a large wooden horse, given by the Trojans (from Troy) to the Greeks (from Greece) as a gift, but when the Greeks brought it inside their city walls, Trojan soldiers came out and defeated the city.

References 

Malware
is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands. It is in the province of North Holland. Den Helder is at the northernmost point of the province, excluding the island Texel. About 60,000 people live there.

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Municipalities of North Holland
Barbecue (or Barbeque, BBQ) is a special type of grill. It is also a way to prepare meat which is then cooked with a barbecue sauce. It is especially popular in Australia and in certain parts of the United States.  

Barbecue cooking is often done very slowly.  It is not as hot as grilling.  Some meats must be cooked slowly to be tender, and easy to chew.  Sometimes, meat may be slowly cooked for 8 to 24 hours on a barbecue.

Variation

United States
In the United States, people barbecue chicken, beef and pork, depending on the part of the country.  Barbecuing is very popular in the Central and Southern U.S., especially in Texas with beef and Kansas City and North Carolina with pork.  In the United States barbecued meat is usually covered in barbecue sauce, a type of thick, dark red sauce that often contains spices, tomatoes, and honey.  Very often, American barbecue grills get heat from hickory wood.

In California, it was common to barbecue beef in a hole in the ground rather than a grill.  This is called a "pit barbecue".

Greece 
In Greek cuisine, a barbecue is called a skara.
A Greek skara is typically used to grill various cuts of meat, such as steak, koftas, pork, souvlaki, chicken wings and chicken breasts. Greek salad and other cold foods accompany the meal.

Brazil 
A Brazilian barbecue is called a Churrascaria.

Images

Related pages 
 Asado

References

Cooking methods
American food
Cow Belles is an American produced Disney Channel original movie. It was shown on television on March 26, 2006. This movie stars Aly and AJ of Aly & AJ.

Plot
Two spoiled sisters (Aly & AJ) are rich, but their father and the family have many losses, forcing the girls to do dairy and farm work. Courtney (AJ) still saves party money enough to save the family. Taylor (Aly) decides to give up the money after she was told not to just to save the family. Soon the girls learn a lesson about friendship, sisterhood, and love, and that it is better to choose brains of bronze.

Disney movies
2006 movies
Television movies
English-language movies
In law, a legacy is something that someone gets by inheritance, or by a will.  In historical terms, a legacy is something that is handed down from one period of time to another period of time. Often it means something handed down from an ancestor or predecessor.

In loose terms, it is sometimes said that a countries or civilizations can leave a legacy, such as an idea that will be remembered for a long time. That is clearly an extension of its original meaning(s) which were about individual people.

Buddha and Confucius and other religious and philosophical teachers have left moral legacies. 

More than 2000 years ago the Greek Mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, collected and wrote down ideas about geometry and measurement in a text called Elements. Students still use these ideas when they learn about mathematics. Other sciences also owe inherited much from Ancient Greece, and science, in general, is a system of legacies. Greek science developed from Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian science, as Islamic science used its own legacy rather than of those of other cultures. Renaissance science built on its predecessors, as did modern science.

In Athens, citizens voted on what the city would do. This early form of democracy is a cultural legacy. Ancient Rome elected some of their leaders and made Roman laws that became a legal legacy for later civilizations. Roman and Greek architecture are also often imitated, as another kind of legacy.

Some families pass objects and ideas down from generation to generation.  These heirlooms and ideas can also be called legacies.  It may have to do with a person or many people.  Individuals can leave a historical legacy.

Legacy is a similar concept as inheritance and heritage. It is something we inherit from past generations and pass to our future generations. Usually, heritage refers to material and economical inheritance, while legacy refers to immaterial and cultural inheritance.

When software source code is reused in new software development, the old code is often called legacy code.

References 

History
Law
Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie (born 3 November 1948), best known by her stage name Lulu, is a Scottish pop singer and actress. Her most famous hit is the song "Shout". Lulu's first hit was the song "To Sir with Love", which was the title song of the 1967 movie To Sir, with Love, which was also her movie debut. She sang the title song of the 1974 James Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun.

She was a contestant in the 2011 series of Strictly Come Dancing.

Other websites 

1948 births
Living people
Actors from Glasgow
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish movie actors
Scottish pop singers
Scottish television actors
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Catanzaro () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 95,099 people.

Regional capitals in Italy
Cities in Calabria
Vibo Valentia () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 33,957 people.

Other websites
News and photos about Vibo Valentia 

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Reggio di Calabria (, ;  ) is a city in southern Italy, capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, and the  twenty-first most populous city in Italy after Modena. Reggio was the capital of Magna Graecia. It was the first city to take the name of Italy, founder of the ononymous name, formerly populated by Italics. It is the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy, the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over , while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants. About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city and is the 100th most populated city in the EU.

Geography
Reggio is located on the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region.

As a major functional pole in the region, it has strong historical, cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina, which lies across the strait in Sicily, forming a metro city of less than 1 million people.

History
Reggio is the oldest city in the region, and during ancient times, it was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia. Reggio has a modern urban system, set up after the catastrophic earthquake of 1908, which destroyed most of the city. The region has been subject to earthquakes.

Economy
It is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia, dedicated to Ancient Greece (which houses the Bronzes of Riace, rare example of Greek bronze sculpture, which became one of the symbols of the city). Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania.

The city centre, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a linear development along the coast with parallel streets, and the promenade is dotted with rare magnolias and exotic palms. Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The "city of Bronzes", after the Bronzes of Riace that are testimonials of its Greek origins; the "city of bergamot", which is exclusively cultivated in the region; and the "city of Fatamorgana", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside.

References

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Crotone () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 60,517 people.

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Cosenza is an Italian city in Calabria. 72,998 people live there.

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Common Era (CE; )  is a method used to identify a year. It means "a year in our time" (rather than a year a very long time ago). It is the system for recording dates used almost everywhere around the world today: it is in common use. 

CE is an alternative to the AD, system used by Christians but the numbers are the same: this year is  CE or equally AD  (but usually we just say "this year is ").  AD is an abbreviation of . There are people who are not Christian, so another way to write a date was created. The name Christian Era () is another name for Common Era.

When writing about calendars, an era is span of dates, starting from a particular moment in time. In the case of both CE and AD, that start date is approximately the date of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Neither system uses a year zero (0): the year before 1 CE was 1 BCE.

Before Common Era 
Before Common Era (BCE) is the system for the years "Before the Common Era". BCE uses the same numbering as BC (Before Christ). "CE" and "BCE" are placed after the year number. Thus we write "Right now our year is  CE" or "Artaxerxes III of Persia was born in 425 BCE."

Usage of Common Era notation began about 1615 among Christians in Europe, and has been growing among non-Christians and among Christians who desire to be sensitive to non-Christians.

Related pages
 Calendar
Gregorian calendar
 Jewish calendar
Islamic calendar

Time
Score or scorer may refer to:

Test score, the result of an exam or test

Business
 Score Digital, now part of Bauer Radio
 Score Entertainment, a former American trading card design and manufacturing company
 Score Media, a former Canadian media company

Mathematics
Score (statistics), a quantity in statistics
Score, the number twenty (20); see also vigesimal
Raw score, an original datum that has not been transformed
Score test, a statistical test
Scorer's function, solutions to differential equations
Standard score, a quantity derived from the raw score

Science and technology
Single colour reflectometry, an optical technique for monitoring biomolecular interactions

Arts, entertainment, and media 
Event score, written or printed instructions for a visual art performance
Musical score

Movies
 Score (1974 movie), an American adult movie
 Score (2016 movie), a documentary movie
 Score: A Hockey Musical, a 2010 Canadian musical movie

Music
 Movie score, original music written specifically to accompany a movie.

Albums
 Score (Randy Brecker album), 1969
 Score (Paul Haslinger album), 1999
 Score (Carol Lloyd album), 1979
 Score (Dream Theater album), 2006
 Score (2Cellos album), 2017

Periodicals
 Score, a football comic which became Scorcher in 1971
 Score, a pornographic magazine by The Score Group

Sports and games
Score (game), a number of points achieved in a game
Score (sport), a number of points achieved in a sporting event
Scoring (cricket)
Score bug, a graphic displayed on a screen during sports game broadcasts to display the current score and other statistics
Herb Score (1933–2008), baseball player
A radian is a unit of measuring angles. It is shown by the symbol "rad" or, less often, c (for circular measure). The radian was once an SI supplementary unit, but was changed to a derived unit in 1995.

Usage
Most people who do mathematics or physics use radians, rather than degrees, because some kinds of calculations, mostly in trigonometry and calculus, are simpler when using radians rather than degrees. Thus, most calculations related to angular frequency (such as angular velocity) use radians per second. 

People who look through a telescope or sniper scope often use milliradians to describe distances as seen through it.

Conversion
1 radian is equal to about 57.3°. There are 2π radians (about 6.28 radians) in a full circle. The formula for turning radians to degrees and vice versa is:

or:

we can also say that:

.

Related pages 

 Steradian
 Tau, the measure of a full circle in radian

References 

Angles
Taoyuan City () is a special municipality of Taiwan, Republic of China, in the northwestern part of the island, next to New Taipei City. Taoyuan District is in this municipality and serves as the seat of Taoyuan City.

"Taoyuan" means "peach garden," since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Taipei Taoyuan International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.

Administrative divisions
Taoyuan City controls 13 districts.

Education 
Chien Hsin University

Related pages
List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
Official website 

Counties of Taiwan
Xindian City (Chinese: 新店市; POJ: Sin-tiàm-chhī) is a city in the southern part of Taipei County, Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It has been historically spelt as Sindian (Tongyong Pinyin) or Hsintien (Wade-Giles) and Xindian (Hanyu Pinyin) on road signs in Taipei City. Sindian is the Tongyong Pinyin spelling of the city's name.

Geography 
 Location: Latitude 24.57°N, Longitude 121.32°E
 Area : 
 Population: 300,283 people ()
 Households: 107,878

Attractions 
 Bitan (碧潭) 
 Bitan Bridge {碧潭橋)
 Chung-yiang villages (中央新村)
 Feitsui reservoir(翡翠水庫)
 Wulai (烏來)

Other websites 
 Household registration office 

Cities in Taiwan
Apia, is the capital of Samoa. In 2001, it had 380,800 people. It is part of the Tuamasaga district. The city is on the northern coast of Upolu Island. It is the nation's major port and only city. Fish and copra are the country's major exports, and cotton goods, motor vehicles, meats, and sugar are the major imports.

Location 
Apia () is on a natural dock at the mouth of the Vaisigano River. It is on a narrow coastal plain with Mount Vaea (height 472 m) directly to its south. Two main ridges run south on either side of the Vaisigano River, with roads on each sides. The more western of these is Cross Island Road, the fewer roads crossing to the south coast of Upolu.

Other city 
Mulinu'u, the old capital, is the location of the Parliament House (Fale Fono) and the historic observatory, which is now the meteorology office. In 1983, the Apia Samoa Temple was built here by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Transport 

Capital cities in Oceania
Samoa
Funafuti is the capital of the small island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 4,492 (2002), making it the most populated atoll in this country. It is a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 meters wide. There is an airstrip, hotel (Vaiaku Langi Hotel), and administrative buildings, as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Church of Tuvalu. Other sites of interest are the remains of American aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II, when the airstrip was used by the American forces to defend the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati). The United States claimed Funafuti until a treaty of friendship was concluded in the late 70's or early 80's.

The largest island is Fongafale. On this island, there are four villages, of which one is Vaiaku, where the government is. The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is actually the capital.

Islands in Funafuti 
There are at least 33 islands in the atoll. The biggest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three islands are inhabited, which are Fongafale, Funafala and Motuloa. 

 Amatuku
 Avalau
 Falaoigo
 Fale Fatu (or Falefatu)
 Fatato
 Fongafale
 Fuafatu
 Fuagea
 Fualefeke (or Fualifeke)
 Fualopa
 Funafala
 Funamanu
 Luamotu
 Mateika
 Motugie
 Motuloa
 Mulitefala
 Nukvalevale
 Papa Elise (or Funangongo)
 Pukasavilivili
 Te Afuafou
 Te Afualiku
 Tefala
 Telele
 Tengako (peninsula of the island of Fongafale)
 Tengasu
 Tepuka
 Tepuka Vili Vili
 Tutanga
 Vasafua
 And at least 5 other islands

Bays and streets in Funafuti 
 Te Ava Pua Pua
 Te Ava Tepuka Vili

TeNamo Lagoon 
The lagoon surrounded by the atoll is TeNamo. It has a vertical length of more than 20 km.

Location 

Capital cities in Oceania
Tuvalu
Atolls
Cantonese is an East Asian language which comes from Canton, southern China. Often, people use the word 'Cantonese' to refer to the Guangzhou dialect, Hong Kong dialect, Xiguan dialect, Wuzhou dialect and Tanka dialect of Yue. However, linguists prefer to keep the name 'Cantonese' for the Yue dialect of Guangzhou (Canton) and Hong Kong. Using this classification, Cantonese is the prestige dialect of Yue.

Cantonese is spoken by people in Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as places with many overseas Chinese who came from Cantonese-speaking parts of China, such as Melbourne. It is also the most common language of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America. It is said that over 100,000,000 people speak Cantonese. It is a tonal language with 6 kinds of tones. While Cantonese is only the third most spoken dialect of Chinese, only behind Mandarin and Wu, its official status in Hong Kong and Macau make it widely known among other Chinese dialects.

Even though Cantonese is called a dialect of Chinese, Cantonese is so different from Mandarin, the most spoken dialect of Chinese, that they are mutually unintelligible, meaning that speakers of one language cannot understand the other language without learning it beforehand. It is said that Cantonese is more closely related to Classical Chinese than Mandarin.

Cantonese is from the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.

Hong Kong and Macau
In Hong Kong, the official languages are English and Chinese, according to the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The vagueness of listing Chinese as the official language allows for the wide use of Cantonese, as it is called a dialect of Chinese. In Hong Kong, many people speak Cantonese instead of Mandarin, and some may even get offended if you speak Mandarin. Most schools in Hong Kong teach in Cantonese, rather than the language that they speak in Mainland China. 

In Macau, the majority speak Cantonese and it is also the official language with the other being Portuguese. But here the people speak lots of other languages as it is popular with tourists because of its casinos.

References

Sino-Tibetan languages
Linguistics
Languages of China
Kaohsiung County (Chinese:高雄縣; POJ: Ko-hiông-kōan) is a county in southern Taiwan administered as part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It contains Kaohsiung City.

District

City

Township

Related pages
 List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
 Government website  | (English) 

Cities in Taiwan
Red blood cells (also known as RBCs, red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes) are cells in the blood which transport oxygen. In women, there are about 4.8 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. In men, there are 5.4 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. Red blood cells are red because they have hemoglobin in them.

Function  
The most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen (O2) to the tissues. The hemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs. Then it travels through blood vessels and brings oxygen to all other cells via the heart. The blood cells go through the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to give all cells oxygen). They go back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), so the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.

Red blood cells are doughnut-shaped, but without the hole. This shape is called a bi-concave disc. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle-cell disease can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins. Plasma is got from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant (such as citrate) is added to the blood immediately after it is taken.

Discussion 
Mammalian RBCs are unique in that they have no cell nucleus in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during development, but push them out as they mature. This gives more space for haemoglobin. Mammalian RBCs also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells.

As a result of not having mitochondria, the cells use none of the oxygen they carry. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP. Because they lack nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA. They cannot divide, and have limited repair capabilities. This also makes sure no virus can target mammalian red blood cells.

Transport of CO2 in the blood 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in blood in three different ways. The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood.
 Most of it (about 68% to 83%) is converted to bicarbonate ions  by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells. by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + .
 5% – 10% is dissolved in the blood plasma.
 5% – 10% is bound to haemoglobin as carbamino compounds.

References 

 
Physiology
Jöns Jakob Berzelius (20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. He invented the modern chemical notation. Berzelius, John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier are said to be the fathers of modern chemistry.

Berzelius was born in Linköping in Östergötland in Sweden. He graduated from Uppsala University as a physician. He became a professor in medicine and surgery at the Stockholm School of Surgery in 1807. In 1810, this became part of Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet (later the Karolinska Institute) and Berzelius became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy.

Not long after going to Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. While doing experiments for the textbook, he found that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. On this table, oxygen was set to 100. The table had all of the elements known at the time. This work gave evidence of the atomic hypothesis that 
chemical compounds are made of atoms combined in whole number amounts. 

In order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written labels, for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. This is the same basic system used today. The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (for example, H2O), Berzelius used a superscript.

Berzelius found the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius laboratory also found lithium and vanadium.

Berzelius was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. He helped Gerhardus Johannes Mulder in his analysis of organic compounds such as coffee, tea and many proteins. The term "protein" itself was created by Berzelius, after Mulder noticed that all proteins seemed to have the same formula and might be made of a single type of a (very large) molecule.

Berzelius wrote a great deal. He helped many leading scientists (such as Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler and Eilhard Mitscherlich), and many less-notable scientists.

Summary of achievements 
Law of definte proportions
Chemical formula
Discovered chemical elements
Recognised organic compounds; named proteins.

Sources 
Crosland M.P. 1962. Historical studies in the language of chemistry.  Chapter 4: The symbols of Berzelius. London: Heinemann.
von Meyer, Ernst 1906. A history of chemistry from the earliest times to the present day. p212 et seq: Berzelius: a survey of his work. London: Macmillan.
Partington J.R. 1964 History of chemistry, vol 4. London: Macmillan; pp. 142–77.
Leicester, Henry 1970–80. Berzelius, Jöns Jacob. In Dictionary of scientific biography, vol 2, p90–97. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9

1779 births
1848 deaths
Swedish chemists
Noel Ernest Edmonds (born 22 December 1948) is an English television presenter. He is best known for hosting the television programmes Noel's House Party and Deal or No Deal. Edmonds is host of a game show called Are You Smarter Than A Ten Year Old (the British version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?). 

He was a DJ on BBC Radio 1 throughout the 1970s. Edmonds also presented Swap Shop.

Personal life
Edmonds was married to Gillian Slater in 1971. The marriage ended in divorce after eleven years. In July 1986, he married Helen Soby.  They have four daughters: Charlotte, Lorna, Olivia and Alice. The couple bought an  estate at Jacobstowe, near Okehampton, Devon as a family home. In 2004, he and Soby divorced.  There was much tabloid publicity because of her extramarital affair.

It was reported that Edmonds was involved with English teacher and former Miss England Pauline Bull. 

On July 23, 2009 Edmonds married his third wife, Liz Davies.  She was a make-up artist on the programme Deal or No Deal. 

As a result of his success on Deal or No Deal, Edmonds purchased a new home in Devon, a £1.7 million Grade-II manor house.

Edmonds was one of the trio Brown Sauce, along with Maggie Philbin and Keith Chegwin.  They released the single "I Wanna Be a Winner" in 1981.  It reached number 15 in the UK singles chart.

References

1948 births
Living people
British game show hosts
British radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Ilford
Television personalities from Essex
Quizmania was a quiz television show on ITV Play. Viewers at home phoned in to guess answers to questions to win money.

Quizmania was on ITV from 2005-2007. It has been online since 2008.

Presenters
Debbie King
Greg Scott
Lee Baldry
Nigel Mitchell
Chuck Thomas
Lottie Mayor
Tim Lichfield
Stuart Headlam
Kirsty Duffy
Lee Clark

2005 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
Davina Lucy Pascale McCall (born 16 October 1967) is an English television presenter. She was born in London to a French mother and British father. She is best known for having presented the UK version of Big Brother through its time on Channel 4 (2000–2010). She is the presenter of quiz show ''The Million Pound Drop Live.

References 
The real mcCall
Profile Davina McCall

Other websites 

Actors from London
Channel 4 presenters
English television actors
English television presenters
ITV presenters
Television personalities from London
1967 births
Living people
The Artiodactyla are even-toed ungulates, an order of mammals. They have an even number of toes: two or four. For example, camelids or animals of the Giraffidae family have two toes, but hippopotami have four toes.

Whales are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related super-order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.

Digestion 
The ruminants (Ruminantia and Tylopoda) ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. This is a very important evolutionary advance.  Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections. 

After eating, the food re-enters the mouth, where it is chewed again.  The food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where it is kept in continual motion by rhythmic contractions.  Microbes (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) produce cellulase. The cellulase breaks down the cellulose found in plant material. 

This form of digestion has two advantages: ruminants can digest plants that are indigestible to other species, and they can take less time in eating.  The animal spends only a short time out in the open with his head to the ground—rumination can happen later, in a sheltered area.

Taxonomy 
 Order Artiodactyla
 Suborder Suina
 Family Suidae
 Family Tayassuidae
 Family Hippopotamidae
 Subfamily Maiaboarinae
 Suborder Tylopoda
 Family Camelidae
 Suborder Ruminantia
 Family Tragulidae
 Family Moschidae
 Family Cervidae
 Family Giraffidae
 Family Antilocapridae
 Family Bovidae

Related pages
Odd-toed ungulate

References

Other websites
Condor is the name for two species of New World vultures. Each is the only species in its genus. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere. They are:

 The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus), which lives over the Andes.
 The California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), now found only on the western coastal mountains of the United States and Mexico.

Condors are part of the family Cathartidae, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, that also includes falcons, hawks, and eagles. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors. 

Condors are scavengers. They feed on carrion (dead animals). Their distinctive bare heads are an adaptation to their feeding method. It helps to keep them clean as they feed inside a carcass.

The Andean Condor has a wingspan of between 274 and 310 cm, and weights around 11–15 kg. The California Condor is smaller.

Fossil record 
Fossils from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida. California Condors or their ancestors once lived on the west coast of North America as well as all the way to the eastern coast. An ancient relative of the condor, Argentavis magnificens from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of .

References

Other websites 

Andean Condor postage stamps
Californian Condor stamps

Vultures
Ciconiiformes

bpy:কোনডোর্
Carrion is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tasmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores. 

The Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion- they hunt and kill the animals they eat.

Animals
Death
Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆, Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is a city and a district in Central China.
The Chongqing district is the most populated district of China and has 31,442,300 inhabitants (2005).

History 

Chongqing is said to be the semi-mythical State of Ba that began in 11th century BC, when the Ba people began living here until they were destroyed by the State of Qin in 316 BC. 
The Qin emperor ordered a new city to be constructed, called Jiang (江州) and Chu Prefecture (楚州).

In 581 AD (Sui Dynasty), Chongqing was renamed to Yu Prefecture (渝州).

In 1102 the city was renamed Gong Prefecture.

In 1189 renamed Yu Prefecture to Chongqing Subprefecture.

In 1362 (Yuan Dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time.

In 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established there.

In 1891, Chongqing became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.

Since 1929, Chongqing was a municipality of the Republic of China. 
Chongqing was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during the Second Chinese-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945.
The Japanese bombed Chongqing very hard in World War II.

In 1954, the municipality was reduced to a provincial city of the People's Republic.

Geography 

 Geographic coordinates: 105°17'-110°11' East, 28°10'－32°13' North
 Annual average temperature: 18 °C (64 °F)
 Temperature range: 0 to 47 °C
 Total annual hours of sunshine: 1000-1200
 Annual precipitation: 1000–1400 mm
 Neighbours: Hubei (east), Hunan (east), Guizhou (south), Sichuan (west), Shaanxi (north)

Twin cities 
 Washington, D.C., United States
 Düsseldorf, Germany
 Seattle, United States
 Hiroshima, Japan
 Toronto, Canada
 Brisbane, Australia
 Toulouse, France
 Leicester, England
 Detroit, Michigan, United States

Universities and Colleges 

 Chongqing Institute of Technology 
 Chongqing Jiaotong University 
 Chongqing Medical University 
 Chongqing Normal University 
 Chongqing Technology and Business University 
 Chongqing Three Gorges University 
 Chongqing University (founded in 1929)
 Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications 
 Fuling Teachers College 
 Sichuan Fine Arts Institute 
 Sichuan International Studies University 
 Southwest University 
 Southwest University of Political Science and Law 
 Third Military Medical University 
 Western Chongqing University

References 

Cities in China
4th-century BC establishments
Bologna (Emilian and Romagnol: Bulåggna) is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. It has about 390,000 inhabitants.

History
Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (c. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 BC.

In the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.

The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.

After being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.

In 1980, 85 people were killed in a bombing at Bologna Centrale railway station. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

Weather
Bologna has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

6th-century BC establishments
 
Regional capitals in Italy
Oviedo () is a city in the North of Spain and capital of the Principality of Asturias. In 2020 it had 220,406 inhabitants.

History 

Oviedo was founded about 761 A.D. by two monks Maximus and Fromestanus who built a monastery dedicated to Saint Vincent. King Fruela I (757-768) confirmed the foundation and also built a palace and a cathedral dedicated to Saint Saviour.

King Alfonso II the Chaste (791-842) moved the capital of the kingdom of Asturias to Oviedo in 791. He enlarged the city with a new cathedral, palaces, churches and city walls. Examples of these buildings which are still existing are: San Julián de los Prados, (St Julian in the fields), also called Santullano, the head of the church dedicated to San Tirso, (Saint Thyrsus), and the Cámara Santa, (Holy Chamber) which is a chapel which belonged to the palace of the king.
During this period, it was discovered the tomb of the Apostle St James. The king sponsored and create the St James's Way to Santiago de Compostela in order to improve communications of the city and the kingdom as a way to open them to new ideas and influences from the rest of Europe. Its known that ambassadors from Charlemagne or Carles the Great visited Oviedo at the beginning of s. IX.

King Ramiro I (842-850) built the most important and brilliant buildings of the Kingdom of Asturias: Santa María del Naranco, (St Mary of Naranco), a hall for the king's rest, and San Miguel de Lillo, (St Michael of Lillo). These buildings are at the top of the Pre-Romanesque Asturian Art.

King Alfonso III the Great (866-910), built the only civil building of this period, the water fountain La Foncalada. 

King García I (910-914) moved the capital of the kingdom to León in 910. Since then, the bishops of Oviedo will take the responsibility of the development of the city and also the population and the importance of the city decreased. Even the St James's Way moved to León and Oviedo was left apart.

Culture 

The Arts Academy of Oviedo started in the 17th century.

Capital cities in Spain
Events 
 Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
 Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny
 Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
 Mansur ibn Nasir succeeds Nasir ibn Alnas as ruler of the Hammadid dynasty
 University of Bologna was founded.

Deaths 
 January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian
 July 3 – Robert of Rhuddlan, Norman ruler of most of North Wales
 Naser Khosrow, Persian theologian
 William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Norman aristocrat