cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
'Garhwal Land ' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttrakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.

History 

The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that are known are very vague and unreliable.
MARODA is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only  from Devpryag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settlled in Delhi for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the uttarakhand.

Religious Aspect 

Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Deoparyag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.

People  

Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture.Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states.Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.

Culture 

The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.

Uttarakhand
The Singapore's National Pledge was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

The pledge 
These are the words of the pledge:

We, the citizens of Singapore, pledge ourselves as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion, to build a democratic society based on justice and equality so as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our nation.

Malay original
Kami, warganegara Singapura, sebagai rakyat yang bersatu padu, tidak kira apa bangsa, bahasa, atau agama, berikrar untuk membina suatu masyarakat yang berdemokratik, berdasarkan kepada keadilan dan persamaan untuk mencapai kebahagiaan, kemakmuran dan kemajuan bagi negara kami.

Chinese translation 
{| cell padding=6
!
!Pinyin
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|
我們是新加坡公民，
誓愿不分种族、言语、宗教， 
团结一致， 
建设公正平等的民主社会， 
并为实现国家之幸福、繁荣与进步， 
共同努力。
|

Wǒmen shì Xīnjō gōngmín, 
shìyuàn bù fēn zhǒngzú, yányǔ, zōngjiào, 
tuánjié yīzhì, 
jiànshè gōngzhèng píngděng de mínzhǔ shèhuì, 
bìng wèi shíxiàn guójiā zhī xìngfú, fánróng yǔ jìnbù, 
gòngtóng nǔlì. 
|}

Tamil translation
சிங்கப்பூர் குடிமக்களாகிய நாம் இனம், மொழி, மதம் ஆகிய வேற்றுமைகளை மறந்து ஒன்றுபட்டு, நம் நாடு மகிழ்ச்சி, வளம், முன்னேற்றம் ஆகியவற்றை அடையும், வண்ணம் சமத்துவத்தையும் நீதியையும் அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஜனாயக சமுதாயத்தை உருவாக்குவதற்கு உறுதி மேற்கொள்வோம்!

Rules for using the Pledge

These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.

We will recite the pledge in schools, on SAF Day and during the National Day Parade (NDP).
Everyone should put their right fist at their left part of the chest to be loyal to Singapore.
We cannot use the pledge for what it should not be used as.

Singaporean culture
Fish pie is a savory pie that has fish in it. It is normally eaten by British people, and made with white fish (cod, haddock, or halibut) in a white sauce. Hard boiled eggs are sometimes added as well, and the pie is made in a deep dish. The fish is not covered by a pie crust, but there are mashed potatos over it instead. The pie is sometimes also called the "fisherman's pie" because it is similar to the shepherd's pie.

Related pages
Pot pie
Sweet potato pie

Other websites 
Recipes for luxury fish pie and fisherman's pie  from BBC Food.

Savoury pies
A boiled egg is an egg boiled in its shell. This is a common way of cooking eggs. If the shells are broken, it is called a poached egg. There are two different types of boiled eggs: hard boiled eggs and soft-boiled eggs.

Hard-boiled eggs
Hard-boiled eggs are completely cooked. The egg yolk is solid. They can be eaten warm or cold. Some dishes use them like egg salad. They can be stored for a long time in the refrigerator. Some machines called egg slicers can slice these easily.

Soft-boiled eggs
Soft-boiled eggs have firmly cooked eggwhites, while at the same time, the yolks are liquid. They can have salmonella in them if you don't prepare them correctly. In Europe, soft-boiled eggs are a traditional breakfast cousin, and you normally scoop them out of the shell and eat. In Asia, the soft-boiled egg is cracked into a cup with soy sauce and black pepper.
To make the perfect soft boiled egg, bring the water up to a boil, then lower it to a rapid simmer. Add the eggs to the pot, and then begin timing. If you're just cooking one or two eggs, five minutes is perfect for a runny yolk, or cook as long as seven minutes for a more firmly set, but still spoonable, yolk.

Related pages
Fried egg

Egg dishes
The year 1861 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings
 Arlington Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts, United States is completed.

Awards
 Royal Gold Medal - J. B. Leseur.
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: (unknown).

Births
 January 6 - Victor Horta (died 1947)

Deaths
Sleepy Hollow is a 1999 American horror movie directed by Tim Burton. It stars Johnny Depp, Christina Ricci, Christopher Walken, Ian McDiarmid, Sir Michael Gambon, Sir Christopher Lee, Michael Gough, Richard Griffiths, Jeffrey Jones, Martin Landau and Miranda Richardson. The movie is based on a book by Washington Irving called The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The story is set in 1799. It is about the murders of Sleepy Hollow, New York which Ichabod Crane (Johnny Depp) has to investigate and find out who is the killer. When the movie went to box office it was a success and it made roughly $207 million worldwide.

Awards

References

Other websites 
 

1999 horror movies
1999 mystery movies
1990s supernatural movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
Ghost movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Tim Burton
Movies set in New York
The Republic of Maryland (also known as the Independent State of Maryland) was a small nation of African Americans from 1854 to 1857. It was in Africa. After this, it joined what is now Liberia. 

The area was first settled in 1834<ref name="Repository p.42">[https://books.google.com/books?id=jx8SAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42 The African Repository, Volume 14, p.42.] Retrieved March 13, 2010</ref> by freed African-American slaves and African-Americans who were born free. Most of them were from the U.S. state of Maryland, and were there under the authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. In 1838, other African-American settlements were joined to the Commonwealth of Liberia, which said that it was independent and not a part of Liberia in 1847. The Maryland in Liberia colony remained apart, as the state colonization society did not want anyone else to be able to trade goods. On 2 February 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. The state said that it was independent on 29 May 1854, and that it would be called Maryland in Liberia with its capital at Harper.

History
In  December 1831, the Maryland state legislature said that it would give US$10,000 for 26 years to take free blacks and former slaves from the United States to Africa, and the Maryland State Colonization Society was started for this purpose.

Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia

On 29 May 1854 The State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia (it was also known as the Republic of Maryland), with its capital at Harper, Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. However, it would last just three years as its own country.

Soon afterwards, local tribes, including the Grebo and the Kru, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to defend itself, Maryland asked Liberia, its more powerful neighbor, for help. President Roberts sent military help, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops stopped the local tribesmen. However, it was now clear that the Republic of Maryland could not survive on its own, and 18 March 1857 Maryland was added by Liberia, and became known as Maryland County.

References
Freehling, William H., The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 Retrieved March 12, 2010
 Hall, Richard, On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857''
 Latrobe, John H. B., p.125, Maryland in Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South - West Coast of Africa, 1833-1853 (1885). Retrieved Feb 16 2010

Notes

Former countries in Africa
1854 establishments
1857 disestablishments
1850s establishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Africa
Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British-Indian drama movie based on Vikas Swarup's novel Q&A and directed by Danny Boyle. The movie has a different story from the book. It follows a homeless Mumbai resident who becomes a contestant for the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.

Slumdog Millionaire was nominated for ten Academy Awards. It won the following eight:
 Best Picture, Christian Colson
 Best Director, Danny Boyle
 Best Adapted Screenplay, Simon Beaufoy
 Best Cinematography, Anthony Dod Mantle
 Best Original Score, A. R. Rahman,
 Best Original Song – "Jai Ho", Music by A. R. Rahman, Lyric by Gulzar (lyricist)
 Best Film Editing, Chris Dickens
 Best Sound Mixing, Resul Pookutty, Richard Pryke, and Ian Tapp
It was also the highest-grossing film ever of an Indian film.

Cast 

 Dev Patel as Jamal Malik
 Ayush Mahesh Khedekar as toddler Jamal
 Tanay Chheda as teenage Jamal
 Freida Pinto as Latika
 Rubina Ali as toddler Latika
 Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar as teenage Latika
 Madhur Mittal as Salim K. Malik, Jamal's elder brother
 Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail as toddler Salim
 Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala as teenage Salim
 Anil Kapoor as Prem Kumar
 Irrfan Khan as Police Inspector
 Saurabh Shukla as Police Constable Srinivas
 Mahesh Manjrekar as Javed Khan
 Ankur Vikal as Maman
 Rajendranath Zutshi as Millionaire show producer
 Sanchita Choudhary as Jamal's mother
 Mia Drake Inderbitzin as Adele, an American tourist
 Siddhesh Patil as Arvind, blind beggar
 Shruti Seth as Call center instructor
 Arfi Lamba as Bardi
 Anjum Sharma as one of the Call center operators

References

Other websites 
 

2008 romance movies
2008 drama movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s romantic drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Picture Oscar
British romantic drama movies
Indian movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
Coming-of-age romance movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in India
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Mumbai
Movies directed by Danny Boyle
The Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Conservative Party. The party's policies usually promote conservatism and the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party holds 31 out of 129 seats. The party's leader is Douglas Ross. The Conservatives have six out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

In Scotland, the Conservatives used to be known as the Unionist Party and were Scotland's largest party during the 1950s. However in 1965, the Scottish Unionist Party merged with the Conservative Party which triggered a decline in Conservative support across Scotland. At the 1987 General Election, the Conservatives were reduced from 21 to 10 Scottish seats, and the party lost all of its Scottish seats in 1997.

Other websites
Official website

Conservative parties
Political parties in Scotland
Conservative Party (UK)
The Scottish Labour Party is a political party in Scotland. It is part of the British Labour Party. The party's policies usually promote social democracy and democratic socialism. It also supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, it is the third party. It controls 22 out of 129 seats. The party also control 1 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (having previously held 41)  

Following a heavy defeat in Scotland in the United Kingdom general election, 2015, Jim Murphy announced his resignation as party leader on 16 May 2015. On 15 August 2015 Kezia Dugdale was elected leader of the party, with Alex Rowley as her deputy. In 2017 Dugdale resigned and Rowley became acting leader. Richard Leonard was elected as the party's leader on 18 November 2017.

List of leaders since 1999 
 Donald Dewar (1999–2000), 1st First Minister of Scotland, died in office
 Henry McLeish (2000–2001), 2nd First Minister of Scotland, resigned
 Jack McConnell (2001–2007), 3rd First Minister of Scotland, lost Scottish Parliament election
 Wendy Alexander (2007–2008), resigned
 Iain Gray (2008–2011), lost Scottish Parliament election
 Johann Lamont (2011–2014), resigned
 Jim Murphy (2014–2015), resigned following the United Kingdom general election, 2015
 Kezia Dugdale (2015–2017), resigned
 Richard Leonard (2017–2021), resigned
 Anas Sarwar (2021–present)

Representation 
 House of Commons - 1 out of 59 Scottish MPs
 Scottish Parliament - 22 out of 129 seats

Other websites
Official website

1900s establishments in Scotland
1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political parties in Scotland
Social democratic parties
Labour Party (UK)
The Scottish Liberal Democrats is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Liberal Democrats. The party's policies usually promote liberalism and progressivism as well as the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party's leader is Willie Rennie and the party is an opposition party with 4 out of 129 seats. The party has 4 seats out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

References

Other websites
Official website

Liberal parties
Liberal Democrats (UK)
Political parties in Scotland
The Scottish Green Party (also known as the Scottish Greens) is a political party in Scotland that has close relations to the Green Party of England and Wales. The party's policies usually promote green politics, nuclear disarmament, anti-nuclear power, proportional representation, and the creation of an independent Scotland free from the United Kingdom but within the European Union. If Scotland becomes an independent country the party wants the country to be a republic, and no longer be part of the monarchy of the United Kingdom. It also wants an independent Scotland to have its own currency.

In the Scottish Parliament the party is an opposition party with 6 out of 129 seats. It does not have any seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The co-leaders of the party are Patrick Harvie (MSP) and Lorna Slater (MSP).

Other websites
Official website

Political parties in Scotland
Green political parties
The Group 15 elements, also called the pnictogens, Group V elements, or Group VB elements, are a group on the periodic table. They have many different properties. Nitrogen is a colorless unreactive gas that helps us breathe. Phosphorus is a super reactive white or red solid nonmetal. Arsenic is a highly toxic semimetal. Antimony is also a semimetal. Bismuth is a radioactive metal. Moscovium is a man made element that is radioactive. They all have 5 valence electrons but most of them form +5 or -3 chemical compounds.  
 

Periodic table
Chemical elements
Phosphonium is an ion. It is rare. Its chemical formula is PH4+. It is similar to ammonium. It is almost never found outside of an organic compound. Its molar mass is 35.01 g/mol. 

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphide is an ion. Its chemical formula is sometimes P3-, but it does not always have that formula. It is a reducing agent. Phosphides (chemical compounds having the phosphide ion in them) react with acids to make phosphine gas.  Sodium phosphide is an example. Some phosphides are semiconductors and are not ionic with P3- ions. They are less reactive. Some metals form alloys with phosphorus to make phosphides. If it is ionic, then the phosphorus is in the -3 oxidation state.

Phosphorus compounds
Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Although it is generally considered poisonous, deaths from its consumption are extremely rare, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling. Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia; however, such traditions are far less well documented.

Other websites 

 Webpages on Amanita species by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang
 Amanita on erowid.org
 Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026) by IPCS INCHEM

Foods
Fungi
Medicinal plants
Vulnerable species
Dilma Vana Rousseff (born 14 December 1947) is an economist and politician. She was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until 2016. 

In 2003, in the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, she was the minister of Mines and Energy. She became Lula's Chief of Staff in 2005, after her predecessor, José Dirceu, resigned because of charges of corruption. On 31 October 2010, Rousseff won 55% of the vote. Her main contender was José Serra who won 44%. Serra was the candidate of the Brazilian Social Democratic Party. On 1 January 2011, she became the first woman president of the country. In August 2016, she was impeached and removed from office.

Early career
She was against the military dictatorship that governed Brazil from 1964 to 1985.  In January 1970 she was sent to prison for being a member of a Marxist group which had carried out bank robberies and murders. She was released after three years. She joined the Workers Party in 1986.

Presidency
Rousseff was an important ally of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a labour activist who became President of Brazil. A left wing candidate, Lula was a popular president and Rousseff became his chosen successor. She won the 2010 Presidential election.

As President, Rousseff kept with many of Lula's policies. She also became known for bringing the World Cup and the Olympics to Brazil. Many Brazilians were against this, and felt that the money spent on these events would be better spent on other things. Rousseff was on the board of Petrobras, an oil company, in the 2000s. In 2015, reports of corruption at Petrobras became known. Although not named in the investigation, many people in her government were, and there were large protests against Rousseff's government, including Lula da Silva. She has also been accused of lying about economic numbers during her campaign to be reelected. On 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially approved by the Chamber of Deputies.

Impeachment

On 12 May 2016, the impeachment process began when the Senate of Brazil temporarily suspended President Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reaches a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged. Vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension. Rousseff said she is innocent and that the impeachment is a coup. Rousseff was removed from office on 31 August 2016 when the Brazilian Senate voted 61-20 in favor of impeachment. She was succeeded by Vice President Michel Temer.

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Belo Horizonte
Presidents of Brazil
Servius Sulpicius Galba (; ; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69 AD) was a Roman Emperor for seven months from AD 68 to 69. Galba was an governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, which was the province near the Pyrenees. He was the first emperor of Year of the Four Emperors.

He was born near Terracina, "On the left as you travel towards Fundi" in the words of Suetonius. Galba was adopted by Livia Ocellina and took her family name until becoming emperor.

References

Other websites

 
 

 
 

 
 

Roman Emperors
0s BC births
69 deaths
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus  {September 24, 15-December 22, AD 69} was later known as Vitellius was an Roman Emperor and general for eight months from 16 April to 22 December 69.
Vitellius was acclaimed emperor following quick succession of previous emperors Galba and Marcus Salvius Otho, in the year of civil war known as Year of the Four Emperors
Vitellius was the first add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name was instead of Caesar upon his accession; the latter name had fallen into disrepute in many quarters because of the actions of Roman Emperor Nero.

Portrait

Invading Britain
Vitellius was an Roman military commander of Germania Inferior. In AD 43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers Britannia, Aulus Plautius, governor of Britannia. Roman conquest of Britain, and Claudius defeats Caratacus

Rebellion
On 16 April 69 After Marcus Salvius Otho's death in Rome, He became in Roman Emperor of Rome. he was an third emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. He ate a lot  He did a quick succession with Galba and Otho. After Otho's friend Nero's death.

References

Roman Emperors
10s births
69 deaths
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 17 November 9 AD – 23 June 79), was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79.

Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years. Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander. He took part in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD,p16 and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.p29–38

While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.

In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.p43 In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus.

References

Further reading 
 Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

9 births
79 deaths
Roman Emperors
RTL Television or short RTL is a German television station. It is belongs to the RTL Group. It started on 2 January 1984.

Other websites
 Official website 

German television networks
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva, 8 November 30 – 25 January 98) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98.

Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.

Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively.

On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.

Nerva's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army.

A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.

Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.

Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan. This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

References 

30 births
98 deaths
Roman Emperors
James Bradley McLeod (April 8, 1937 – May 18, 2019) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. McLeod started his career with the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League during the 1972. Later in his career he played in the World Hockey Association for the Chicago Cougars, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and New York Golden Blades.

Other websites

1937 births
2019 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
People from Thunder Bay
St. Louis Blues players
World Hockey Association players
Jeffrey Donald 'Jeff' McDill (born March 16, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1976–77 NHL season.

Other websites

1956 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Flin Flon Bombers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Victoria Cougars (1971–94) players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Murdo John MacKay (born 8 August 1917 in Fort William, Ontario - d. August 8, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.

Other websites

1917 births
2000 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
People from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Eastern Hockey League players
Bernadette Soubirous (7 January 1844 – 16 April 1879) was a young girl who had religious visions at Lourdes, France. During 1858 she said she saw the Virgin Mary 18 times. The Roman Catholic Church later made her a saint, and Lourdes has become one of the most visited places for pilgrims.

References

1844 births
1879 deaths
Christian saints
French Roman Catholics
Marian apparitions
People from Occitanie
The Green Party of England and Wales is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales. The party's policies promote environmentalism and progressive social reform. It wants to create a system of proportional representation for British elections. It has progressive policies on animal rights, LGBT rights and believes in drug policy reform. The party also supports a universal basic income (UBI).

Since May 2010, the party has 1 out of 573 English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, two members of the London Assembly and hundreds of elected members of local government. The party is close to the Scottish Green Party and the Green Party of Northern Ireland. The party's first leader was Caroline Lucas from 2008 until 2012. Its current leaders are Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay, who were elected as co-leaders on 1 October 2021.

The Green Party includes several regional parties. The Cornish Green Party supports autonomy for Cornwall.

References

Political parties in England
Political parties in Wales
Green political parties
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) is an organic chemical substance. It is a derivative of Piperazine. It is sometimes used as a part of other illegal drugs. It is sometimes used as a replacement for the drug MDMA, or as a component of Ecstasy pills. TFMPP has no known use in the chemical industry. 

Chemical compounds
Aliens is an American science fiction-action horror movie released in 1986. It is a science fiction movie because it takes place in outer space and there are alien creatures. It was directed by James Cameron and stars Sigourney Weaver, Michael Biehn and Lance Henriksen. Aliens is a sequel to Alien (1979) and was followed by two more sequels; Alien³ (1992) and Alien: Resurrection (1997).

This one is different than the original movie because instead of it being just a horror movie, it has more action in it and there is more than one alien in it, as said in the title of the movie.

Other websites
 

1986 horror movies
1986 science fiction movies
1986 action movies
1980s monster movies
1980s science fiction horror movies
1980s sequel movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alien movies
American action movies
American monster movies
American sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies set on fictional planets
Movies directed by James Cameron
Evolutionary suicide is not a standard term in evolutionary biology. It is not used in any standard textbook on evolution.

It is the incorrect idea that the adaptation of an individual animal works in such a way that an entire species dies out. The idea is that evolution makes plants and animals pass on their genes to the next generation more efficiently, but it does not guarantee the survival of the population or the species. Obviously, that is true, and extinction occurs often. Evolution cannot foresee the future. This is, however, nothing at all to do with suicide.

A candidate for a future evolutionary suicide might be cod. Cod is caught as fish by humans. The fish do not weigh as much as they used to, mostly because they do not survive long enough. They do, however, mature earlier. Although this means the number of eggs per female fish is reduced, its effect depends rather on the extent of overfishing. Data suggests that when fishing is controlled, cod numbers return to their former level. This was the lesson of World War II, when cod fishing in many areas was greatly reduced, and pre-war cod numbers recovered.

References

Evolutionary biology
Jewish Virtual Library (JVL) is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (the AICE). Established in 1993, it is a comprehensive website covering Israel, the Jewish people, and Jewish culture.

History
The website was first made in the late 1990s. It was first called The Jewish Student Online Research Center (JSOURCE).According to the website, the Library covers material that cannot be found anywhere else in the world, such as information about projects where the United States and Israel worked together, and how Americans were treated during the Holocaust.  It explains that it got permission to use materials from the Library of Congress, from the American Jewish Historical Society, the Anti-Defamation League, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the Israeli Foreign Ministry, and Prime Minister’s Office, Rabbi Joseph Telushkin (author of Jewish Literacy), and dozens of other sources.

It has more than 13,000 articles and 6,000 photographs and maps about Jewish history, Israel, U.S.-Israel relations, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Judaism.  The website has all of the words of the Tanakh.  The Jewish Virtual Library also has the Israel advocacy text "Myths and Facts", edited by Mitchell Bard, in several languages.

Critical reception
John Jaeger, in an article published by the Association of College and Research Libraries, said of the Jewish Virtual Library: 
"This library, once it is entered, is more like a living encyclopedia than it is anything else. One has options to click on, such as history, women, biography, politics, Israel, maps, and Judaic Treasures at the Library of Congress, with each launching a person into a different realm. The site is extremely well put together.

Karen Evans of Indiana State University wrote that the site covers many different topics, with "easily accessible, balanced information".

The Jewish Virtual Library has been used as a source by CNN, New York Times, BBC, CBS News, Fox News, The Los Angeles Times, USA Today, Business Week, and Bloomberg, among others.  JVL got awards from Britannica Internet Guide Selection, USA Today Hot Site, and the Best of the Jewish Web from the Jewish Agency for Israel, the Academic Excellence Award from Study Web and others.

Other websites 
 Jewish Virtual Library

References

Judaism
Jacob Taio Cruz is an English R&B singer. He has released three studio albums and his single, "Break Your Heart" which was featured on his Rokstarr album was a number one hit in both the U.K. and the U.S. In 2014 his fourth album #Black will be released.

Albums 
Taio Cruz has released 3 studio albums:

Other websites
Taio Cruz's Official website

Black British musicians
Brit Award winners
British R&B musicians
Singers from London
Living people
Martin Lee Truex Jr. (born June 29, 1980 in Mayetta, New Jersey) is an American racecar driver. Truex Jr. drives the No. 19 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Truex won the 2004 and 2005 Nationwide Series championships. Truex's brother Ryan Truex is also a race car driver.

References

Other websites
Official website

1980 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from New Jersey
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was a conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the abolition of slavery in Haiti and the formation of Haiti as the first modern republic ruled by Africans.  It was the biggest slave rebellion since the Zanj rebellion in Iraq, which also lasted 14 years. Its leaders were former slaves who decided to fight for freedom, like Toussaint L'ouverture, Cécile Fatiman, Dutty Boukman, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines.  The Haitian Revolution led to Haiti being the second nation in the Americas (after the United States) formed from a European colony, and the first one to ban slavery.

References

Wars of independence
History of Haiti
Rebellions in North America
19th century rebellions
Slave rebellions
1790s in North America 

18th century rebellions
Revolutions
1800s in North America
Anti-imperialism
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus, 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138.

He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon and the Temple of Venus and Roma.

In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and a lover of Greek culture in all his tastes. Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.

Hadrian was born to a Hispano-Roman family, probably in Italica (near Seville). His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father. Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.

During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the empire. Hadrian sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire: he ordered the construction of many temples in the city.

Hadrian spent much of his time with the military. He usually wore military attire, and dined and slept amongst the soldiers. He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert. Despite his fondness for the army, there was little military activity throughout the empire while Hadrian reigned. After he became emperor, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia. Late in his reign, he stopped the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina.

In 136 an ailing Hadrian adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir, but he died suddenly two years later. In 138, Hadrian promised to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Aelius' son Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors. Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at his villa near Tibur.

References 

76 births
138 deaths
Roman Emperors
Paul Revere (January 1, 1735 - May 10, 1818) was an early United States Patriot and a leader of the American Revolution.  He was born in Boston, Massachusetts and worked there as a silversmith. He was married twice and became the father of 16 children.

Revere was a member of a group called The Sons of Liberty. This group wanted better treatment for the American colonies from the British government. Revere made a silver engraving of the Boston Massacre. This engraving made Americans even more angry with the British.

Revere was a courier and soldier in the American Revolution. After the Revolutionary War, he operated a metal foundry in Boston. He died in Boston, and was buried in the Granary Burying Ground. He is most famous for alerting the colonial militia that British soldiers were coming before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. In 1860, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem about this called "Paul Revere's Ride."

Midnight Ride 
Revere is most famous for his "Midnight Ride". It happened on the night of April 1819, 1775.  British officials had learned that American Patriots (the leaders of the American Revolution) were storing guns in Concord, Massachusetts.  They wanted to destroy the guns. The Patriots thought the British also wanted to capture Patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The two leaders were staying in Lexington, Massachusetts.  Revere and a man named William Dawes rode on horseback from Boston to Lexington, Massachusetts to warn Adams and Hancock that the British were coming. Revere warned other Patriots along the way. 

When Paul Revere arrived in Lexington, he shouted loudly to wake up and warn the people.  Revere was soon joined by Dawes, who also told the people that the British soldiers were coming.  In Concord, Samuel Prescott joined Revere and Dawes.  All three were stopped by British soldiers in a field in the city of Lincoln, Massachusetts. Prescott and Dawes escaped quickly.  However, the British soldiers held Revere for about an hour before letting him go. Because his horse was gone, Revere ran back to Lexington, where the fighting had already begun. Almost a hundred years later, Paul Revere's Ride (poem) revived his fame.

References

1734 births
1818 deaths
American revolutionaries
People from Boston, Massachusetts
Zwarte Piet (, Dutch for "Black Pete"; , , ) is the friend of Saint Nicholas (, , , ) in the folklore of the Low Countries. 

The character first appeared in an 1850 book by Amsterdam schoolteacher Jan Schenkman. 

Zwarte Piet is black because he is a Moor from Spain. People playing Zwarte Piet usually put on blackface and colourful suits along with curly wigs and bright red lipstick.

Recently, the character has become controversial with many saying it was racist towards people of African descent.

References

Christmas
An auto mechanic is a mechanic that works with cars, car parts, and special car changes that make the car work differently called modifications. Auto mechanics can either know all about all the different parts that let the car work, or they can specialize in one specific kind of part or car. People go to auto mechanics for many reasons: They might need to get a new car part, they might need to find out what is wrong with their car, or they might want to add something new to the car to make it better. Auto mechanics almost always work in places called garages, that are made for the work that auto mechanics do.

Occupations
The 2007 Scottish Parliament election was an election held on 3 May 2007 to elect members to the Scottish Parliament.

Going into the election, the Scottish Labour Party had the largest number of seats and had a coalition agreement with the Scottish Liberal Democrats with Jack McConnell as First Minister. The Scottish National Party won 47 seats in the election, which was the largest number of seats for any party in the election, but was not enough to form a majority government. The Scottish National Party then formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister.

This was the first time since the 1964 UK General Election in which the Labour Party did not get the highest number of votes in Scotland and it also gave the Scottish National Party it's largest ever number of votes. The final results were: Scottish National Party (47 Seats), Scottish Labour Party (46 Seats), Scottish Conservative Party (17 Seats), Scottish Liberal Democrats (16 Seats) and the Scottish Green Party (2 Seats). Parties which had won seats in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election including the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Senior Citizens Party, lost all of their seats.

Voting system

Scotland is divided into 73 constituencies with roughly the same number of people in each one. Each of these constituencies elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) using the First Past the Post voting system. These 73 constituencies are grouped into eight regions. Each of these regions elects seven MSPs using proportional representation which means that the total number of MSPs is 129.

Party leaders

Scottish National Party - Alex Salmond

Scottish Labour Party - Jack McConnell

Scottish Conservative Party - Annabel Goldie

Scottish Liberal Democrats - Nicol Stephen

Scottish Green Party - Robin Harper / Shiona Baird

Next election

The next election to the Scottish parliament was held on 5 May 2011.

2007 in the United Kingdom

2007 elections
2000s elections in the United Kingdom
Politics of Scotland
2000s in Scotland
May events
Gabbi Alon Tuft (born Gabriel Allan Tuft; November 1, 1978 in San Francisco, California) is an American retired professional wrestler who is best known for working for WWE where he competed under the ring name Tyler Reks. He wrestled on their Raw, SmackDown and ECW brands. During his time in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), Tuft was a one-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion and a one-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champion with Johnny Curtis.

Tuft debuted on ECW and was also in a pre-show battle royal at WrestleMania XXVI which was won by Yoshi Tatsu. Recently Tuft was on Team SmackDown at the 2010 version of Bragging Rights when they won the trophy for the second time in a row.

He asked to be released from his WWE contract on August 21, 2012 because he wanted to retire from professional wrestling and spend more time with his family.

Assigned male at birth, Gabbi Tuft publicly came out as a trans woman in February 2021.

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1978 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Transgender and transsexual people
LGBT sportspeople
LGBT people from California
Blake Austin Griffin (born March 16, 1989) is an American basketball player. He is a power forward for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). 

Griffin played college basketball for two years at the University of Oklahoma, then decided to enter the NBA Draft.

NBA career

In the 2009 NBA Draft, the Clippers chose him with the first pick. However, Griffin broke a kneecap during the preseason and missed the entire 2009-2010 season. He finally played his first regular season NBA game on October 27, 2010. Griffin scored 20 points and had 14 rebounds, although the Clippers lost to the Portland Trail Blazers, 98-88. 

Griffin quickly became known as a hard working player and a good dunker. He was chosen to be in the slam dunk contest during the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, and was also chosen to play in the 2011 NBA All-Star Game.

References

Other websites
Blake Griffin's Official website 
Blake Griffin at NBA.com

1989 births
American basketball players
Living people
Los Angeles Clippers players
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
A hedge or hedgerow is a close-knit row of shrubs and sometimes tree species. They were usually planted and "trained" to form a barrier. They marked the boundary of an area, and so were a sign of possession. 

Livestock farmers use them to prevent cattle straying out of fields. Animals which cannot usually be contained in fields (hill sheep for example) need a man and dog to look after them, which is an expense. Hedges were much more common before modern agriculture. Modern crop farming uses machines to gather the crop, and so hedges have almost disappeared in some areas.

When hedges are first laid, they are usually all of one species. But over hundreds of years, the number of species in a hedge gradually increases, and often includes fully-grown trees. There are many hedges in Europe which have been there for 500 or a thousand years.

Making hedges into ornaments is a skill called topiary.  Sometimes, hedges are made into mazes.

Hedges are vitally important to small birds and mammals. In the modern world they play the role which thick forest undergrowth would have played in an ancient ecology. The nests in a hedge or thicket often cannot be got at by larger predators. Obviously tiny birds like robins or finches choose safe places to nest, and if they cannot, then their brood is unlikely to survive.

References 

Trees
Ecology
In mathematics, the Cauchy-Lorentz distribution (after Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Hendrik Lorentz) is a continuous probability distribution with two parameters: a location parameter and a scale parameter. As a probability distribution, it is usually called a Cauchy distribution. Physicists know it as a Lorentz distribution. 

When the location parameter is 0 and the scale parameter is 1, the probability density function of the Cauchy distribution reduces to . This is called the standard Cauchy distribution. 

The Cauchy distribution is used in spectroscopy to describe the spectral lines found there, and to describe resonance. It is also often used in statistics as the canonical example of a "pathological" distribution, since both its mean and its variance are undefined. The look of a Cauchy distribution is similar to that of a normal distribution, though with longer "tails". 

Due to this, estimating the mean value may not converge to any single value with more data (law of large numbers) unlike a normal distribution; due to a higher chance of getting extreme values (the tails of a frequency plot).

Related pages 

 Student's t-distribution

References

Physics
Probability distributions