cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In popular music marketing, a single is a record release with only one or two songs. The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an A-side, while any other song on the single is called a B-side.

The pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of  and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.

Many times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other. George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "Something" for the band. 

In the days of vinyl singles,  for both A- and B-sides were paid equally. Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides. Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. Phil Spector sometimes used short  by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced. 

Michael Nesmith of the Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles. He would settle for B-sides, if he could not get an A-side. Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.

Records that include more than two or three songs are usually called EPs (for "extended play"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album.

Related pages
 Album
 Extended play
 Vinyl (or gramophone record)

Marketing
Songs
Captain America is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics. He made his first appearance in the comic book Captain America Comics #1 in 1941. He wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star. His suit is blue. He also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it. He is also known as his alter ego Steve Rogers. Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily. Captain America has an nemesis called Red Skull. He later joins a team called the Avengers to help protect the world.

Power and abilities 
Captain America has superhuman strength, superhuman stamina, and can live without eating, sleeping and resting.

Film and TV 
He first appeared in the serial (film) Captain America, which was from 1940.

He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, played by Chris Evans. He was in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Captain America: Civil War (2016), as well as Marvel's The Avengers (2012), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019).

In Real Life 
In 1966, Joe Simon (one of the people who helped make Captain America) sued Marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them. It was agreed that Captain America was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them. This meant that Marvel won.

References 

Comic books
Fictional characters introduced in 1941
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Fictional American people
Fictional characters
Objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. It involves presenting information that can be relied upon.

Objectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. "Fairness" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. "Disinterestedness" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. "Factuality" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. "Nonpartisanship" means not taking sides, especially on political matters. Depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.

The editorial board of media outlets such as the press or broadcast news chooses what information to present, so the editors' selection may be biased toward one position or belief system.

In many countries, "advocacy journalism," which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism. These stories may be either news or analysis. They may or may not be objective.

Definitions 
Few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality.  However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work.  In Discovering the News (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation."  In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric. 
 
Journalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (See, for example, Noam Chomsky, The Journalist from Mars.)

Related pages
Objectivity
Objectivity (philosophy) for a general discussion of objectivity
Objectivity (science)

References 
Herman, Edward and Noam Chomsky.  1988.  Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.  New York: Pantheon.
Mindich, David T. Z.  1998.  Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism.  New York: New York University Press.
Schudson, Michael.  1978.  Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers.  New York: Basic Books.
Schudson, Michael.  1997.  "The Sociology of News Production."  In Social Meaning of News: A Text-Reader.  Dan Berkowitz, ed.  Pp. 7-22. Thousand Oaks: Sage. 

Mass media
Journalism
Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) (August 25, 1934 – January 8, 2017) was an influential Iranian politician. He has been the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran from 1989 until his death in 2017.

Forbes magazine listed Rafsanjani in their list of richest people in the world and has written that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years."  His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of Akbar Shah in Iran.

He served as President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, losing on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. After this, he has tried to use his position in the Expediency Council to denounce President Ahmadinejad's administration.  He said he would do some  privatizations and change foreign policy. However, President Ahmadinejad has noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between  privatization and self takeover of government-owned companies. Ahmadinejad has also commmented on  the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration which lead to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.

Currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe. Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however. 

Rafsanjani died on January 8, 2017 in Tehran from a heart attack, aged 82.

References

Other websites 
Profile: Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani at BBC News
Profile:  Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani  at www.aljazeera.com

Video clips
Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 1
Rafsanjani and Al-Qaradhawi on Muslim Unity - Part 2

1934 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Iranian clerics
Iranian Muslims
Speakers of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
Presidents of Iran
Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer. He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Holyfield was born in Atmore, Alabama. He became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986. He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James "Buster" Douglas in 1990. He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired. He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996. He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999. 

In 2005, Holyfield  was a contestant on season 1 of Dancing with the Stars. He was a housemate in the January 2014 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK).

Other websites
Boxing record

African-American boxers
American Olympic bronze medalists
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Dancing with the Stars participants
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Alabama
1962 births
Living people
Porthmadog Football Club is a football team, playing in the League of Wales. The club was started in 1884.

Current squad

Other websites 
 Official website

Welsh football clubs
1884 establishments in the United Kingdom
1880s establishments in Wales
Wadowice  () is a town in Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in the mountainous range known as Zakopane region,  southeast of Krakow - (former Polish capital).

Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was born there on May 18 1920. He also attended elementary and high school there, graduating with honors in 1938.

The town is twinned with 4 others, all in Italy.

Other websites 
History of Wadowice

Cities in Poland
Alcopops are alcoholic drinks. They are also known as Ready-to-drink (RTD), Flavored Alcoholic Beverage (FAB) or Flavored Malt Beverage (FMB). They are usually available in bottles or cans. They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted. 

There are two different kinds of this drinks. In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted),  or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.

Because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).

Related pages
Mixed drink

Alcoholic drink
Pedals on musical instruments are used to control parts of the instrument, or provide extra notes.

There are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.

Piano

The piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three.  The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed. It does this by lifting the dampers from the strings.  Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").

The pedal on the left makes the sound quieter.  It is called the "una corda" pedal (Italian for "one string").  This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound).  On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one.  They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead.  On an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.

On pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord which the player is holding down when the pedal is pressed will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected.

Organ

On pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes.  An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes.  These are low notes written in the bass clef.  An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands.  He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes.  It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.

Harp

There are seven pedals on a concert harp.  Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position.  The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc.).  Each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower. For example: the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position).  From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.

Timpani

Pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead.  This will make the note go up or down in pitch.  It is a fairly new invention.  Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani.  Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side.  Composers like Béla Bartók wrote for pedal timpani.

Harpsichord
Modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound.  In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.

Related pages
Pedal point

Musical terminology
A sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side affects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.

Degrees 

The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.

The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.

The third degree is a complete rupture.

Signs and symptoms 
The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the main signs of inflammation: 
 localized pain
 swelling
 loss of function

Joints involved 
Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include:
 the ankle. It is the most common.
 the knee. Perhaps one of the more talked about sprains is that to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee. This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially basketball, soccer, and judo players. 
 the fingers.
 the wrist. The wrist is also a popular sprain area.

Prevention 
Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.

Other websites 
 More information and treatment at nhsdirect.nhs.uk 

Skeletal system
A county (Polish: powiat, pronounced "povyat"; plural, powiaty) is the Polish  second-level unit of  administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.  A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, województwo. One would call it in English "province").

Names 
Most Polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat. 
If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County."  Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives "bielski," "grodziski," "ostrowski" and "tomaszowski" each denote two distinct counties.

History and functioning

Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" (powiat grodzki), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.  

The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.  

In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German "Kreis" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań. 

After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. Powiats (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999.  There are now 314 "land counties" (powiat ziemski) and 65 "urban counties" (powiat grodzki), more formally "municipalities with county status" (miasto na prawach powiatu).

Poland
1. FC Köln is a football club that is from Cologne, Germany. The 1. FC KOLN was created in 1948. It was a connection of two football clubs in Cologne (Kölner BC 01 und SpVgg Sülz 07).
In the present day, 1.FC Köln plays in the Bundesliga, the first teir of German football. The club's main rival is Borussia Mönchengladbach, though their Ultrá group WH96 does have friendly connections to The Unity of Borussia Dortmund.

League title 
 Bundesliga : 2
 1963/64, 1977/78

League position

Former position

Head coaches since 1963

Current squad 
Squad in August 2011:

Popular ex-players 
 Toni Polster
 Bernd Cullmann
 Thomas Häßler
 Bodo Illgner
 Pierre Littbarski
 Dieter Müller
 Morten Olsen
 Wolfgang Overath
 Anton Polster from 1993 – 1998
 Harald "Toni" Schumacher from 1972 – 1987
 Bernd Schuster from 1978 – 1980 (Coach 1998 – 1999)
 Lukas Podolski from 1995 - 2006 and from 2009 to 2012

References

Cologne
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1948 establishments in Germany
Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is a US country singer-songwriter and actress. She won the fourth season of American Idol. Her first album, Some Hearts, has sold 7 million copies. Underwood has won one American Music Award, eight Billboard Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards (including Best New Artist) and more.

Carrie Underwood grew up in Oklahoma, on her family's farm in Checotah. She started singing at a young age, initially at church and later in school plays and talent shows. In 2002 she entered Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with intentions to pursue a career in broadcast journalism. She has had fourteen songs reach number one on charts in the United States and Canada, including "Inside Your Heaven", "Jesus, Take the Wheel", and "Before He Cheats". In 2007, Underwood sang during one of the live shows of American Idol, season 6. On December 5, 2013, Underwood appeared in The Sound of Music Live on NBC television. She played the heroine Maria von Trapp in the three-hour production. She received critical praise in the New York Times for her singing, but was reviewed negatively for her acting.

Personal life
She is married to Nashville Predators ice hockey player, Mike Fisher. They married on July 10, 2010 in Greensboro, Georgia.

Discography
Singles
"Church Bells" (2016)

Albums
She has released six albums.
 Some Hearts
 Carnival Ride
 Play On
 Blown Away
 Storyteller
 Cry Pretty

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

References

Other websites 
 Arista Records Official site of Carrie Underwood from Arista Records
 Carrie Underwood music, videos, news and more at CMT.com
 Arista Nashville Résumé of Carrie Underwood's autobiography, accomplishments, and personal interests
 
 

1983 births
Living people
American Idol winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Oklahoma
Christian music singers
Country musicians
American Music Awards
Nicole Camille Richie (born September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, actress, and author She is the adopted daughter of Lionel Richie, and is best known for being in the reality show The Simple Life. During late 2007 Nicole Richie faced charges of drunk driving and risked a jail sentence similar to Paris Hilton, her co-star and friend in The Simple Life. She has had two children with Joel Madden: Harlow and Sparrow Madden. On February 15, 2010, she announced that she was engaged with Madden. They got married later in 2010.

In 2013, Richie was in the video for the song "Let There Be Love" by Christina Aguilera.

Richie is of black, Creole, English, French, French-Canadian, Indigenous Mexican, Mexican, Cherokee Native American, Scottish and Spanish descent.

References

Other websites 
IMDb - Nicole Richie

American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
American socialites
Participants in American reality television series
Singers from California
Actors from San Francisco

1981 births
Living people
All Saints' Day is celebrated by Catholic Christians on November 1. Other Christians celebrate it as well. (May not be on the same day) It is a mandatory Catholic holiday. It is celebrated in the Catholic Church.
The next day, November 2 is celebrated as All Souls' Day, souls in Purgatory are especially remembered. Both days are considered important and they are integrated with each other. 
The older name is All Hallows or Hallowmas 

All Saints is also a Christian formula involving all the faithful saints and martyrs, known and unknown.

Customs 

In Portugal, Spain and Mexico, ofrendas (offerings) are made on this day. In Spain, the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed. In Spain, Portugal, Italy and France, people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives. In Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Croatia, Austria and Germany, the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. In the Philippines, the day is spent visiting the graves of deceased relatives, where they offer prayers, lay flowers, and light candles, often in a picnic-like atmosphere. In English speaking countries the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn "For All the Saints" by William Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is Sine Nomine by Ralph Vaughan Williams. 

The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Church of England and in many Lutheran churches.

References

Other websites 
	 
 American Catholic - Saints FAQs, All Saints and All Souls Day  	 
 All Saints' Day article in the Catholic Encyclopedia 	 
 All Saints Sunday Orthodox England
 All Saints Church, Barbados 

Christian holidays
November events
Ishy Bilady is the national anthem (a song that represents the country) of the seven United Arab Emirates. The tune was written in the year 1971 without words to sing. Then, in the year 1986 Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan Sahab came up with words for the song. The song is dedicated to the UAE. In the song, the people praise their country by stating that "the unity of the Emirates has lived" and "the United Arab Emirates has lived to be the nation, whose religion is Islam and whose guide is the Quran" the people also vow to forever work hard and sincerely for the country. The people also state that they "supply their country with their body, blood and souls." The song is a representation of love and submission of the Emirati people to country. It music was composed by Mohammed Abdul Wahab.

Lyrics 
These are the words in Arabic, and English.

National anthems
United Arab Emirates
1971 establishments in Asia
Establishments in the United Arab Emirates
JSPWiki is a feature-rich and extensible WikiWiki software built around the standard J2EE components (Java, servlets, JSP).
It was created by Janne Jalkanen.

Other websites 

JSPWiki Homepage

Wiki software
A polyhedron (one polyhedron, many polyhedra, or polyhedrons) is a geometrical shape. It is a 3D shape with flat faces, and straight edges. Each face is a polygon surrounded by edges. Usually it is defined by the number of faces, or edges. 

Two types of polyhedron are convex and concave. The line connecting any two points of a convex polyhedron is inside the polyhedron. The line connecting two points of a concave polyhedron may go outside the polyhedron. 

Mathematicians do not agree on what makes a polyhedron. They do agree that there are five Platonic solids, which are regular polyhedra. On a regular polyhedron, all faces are the same and all vertices are the same.

Naming 
Usually, polyhedra are named by the number of faces they have. The first polyhedra are the tetrahedron, which is made of four triangles, pentahedron (five faces, can look like a four-sided pyramid), hexahedron (six faces, a cube if it is regular), heptahedron (seven faces) and octahedron (eight faces). Prisms, pyramids and other shapes can also be named according to how many faces they have.

Other websites 

 Making Polyhedra
 Polyhedra Pages
 Stella: Polyhedron Navigator – Software for exploring polyhedra and printing nets for their physical construction.  Includes uniform polyhedra, stellations, compounds, Johnson solids, etc.
 The Uniform Polyhedra
 Virtual Reality Polyhedra – The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra
 Polyhedra and Pyramids
 Paper Models of Polyhedra Many links
 Paper Models of Uniform (and other) Polyhedra
 Interactive 3D  polyhedra in Java 
 World of Polyhedra  – Comprehensive polyhedra in flash applet, showing vertices and edges (but not shaded faces)
 Polyhedra software, die-cast models, and posters
 Electronic Geometry Models – Contains a peer reviewed selection of polyhedra with unusual properties
 Symmetry, Crystals and Polyhedra 
 uniform solution for uniform polyhedra by Dr. Zvi Har'El 
 Java applet with the use of kaleido 
 Origami Polyhedra – Models made with Modular Origami
 Polyhedra Collection – Various virtual and physical polyhedra models
A pentagon is a polygon with five edges. It is defined by five points, which are all on a plane. If all the edges have the same length and the angles at the corners are all 108°, the pentagon is called regular. If the pentagon intersects itself, it is called a pentagram.

Pentagons also occur in nature: Fruits of the Okra are pentangular. The flowers of Ipomoea are pentagular. In chemistry, many Cyclic compounds are pentangles: Cyclopentane and Furan are examples for this. In architecture, many bastions are pentangular: Bourtange, in the Netherlands has been completely restored, and is a pentangle.  The Citadel of Lille, Nyenschantz, near St. Petersburg, or the Citadel of Pamplona are . The Villa Farnese is a palace in the form of a pentagon, so is the castle of Nowy Wiśnicz. The Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk near Žďár nad Sázavou  also uses a pentangular design.

Formulas 
Note: these formulas only work for regular pentagons.

R is the radius of the circumcircle.

Examples of pentagons

Plants

Animals

Artificial

5
A Calendar date is a way to refer to a certain day in a calendar. With the calendar date and the calendar, the exact day can be identified. With a different calendar, the same calendar date may refer to a different day. This can be seen easiest when comparing the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar. 

Calendar dates are important to refer to events (most holidays are fixed with reference to a particular event or calendar date.) One example may be Easter. In the Middle Ages, it has been fixed that Easter is to be the first Sunday that is (on or after) the 14th day after the spring equinox. 

Most calendar systems have a date format that has three parts, the day of a certain month, the month and the year. Sometimes the week is added.

Other websites
On This Day In History

Calendars
The Iranian calendar  also known as Persian calendar or the Jalāli Calendar is a solar calendar. It is currently used in Iran and Afghanistan. It is observation-based, rather than rule-based. Each year starts on the vernal equinox as precisely determined by astronomical observations from Tehran (or the 52.5°E meridian, which also defines IRST) and Kabul. This makes it more accurate than the Gregorian Calendar.

The current Iranian Calendar year is 1400AP (AP = Anno Persico/Anno Persarum = Persian year).

Other websites 
 An online Persian/Gregorian date convertor, Persian calendar for mobile (j2me) 

Calendars
A hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides and 6 corners (vertices). Like regular triangles and squares, hexagons fit together without gaps, which are known as tesselations. They therefore are often used for tiling floors. They are also quite common in nature. The honeycombs in beehives are hexagons, for example.

Hexagons: in nature and by humankind

Related pages
 Polygon
 Triangle
 Square
 Pentagon
 Heptagon
 Octagon

Other websites 
 Definition and properties of a hexagon With interactive animation
 Cassini Images Bizarre Hexagon on Saturn 
 Saturn's Strange Hexagon
 A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole
 "Bizarre Hexagon Spotted on Saturn" - from Space.com (27 March 2007)

6
The West Edmonton Mall (WEM) is the second-largest shopping centre in North America. It is in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is one of the main tourist attractions in Alberta. The mall is also the fourth largest in the world. WEM first opened on September 15, 1981.

Attractions 

In addition to the over 500 shops in the West Edmonton Mall, there are many other things which people go to the mall for. 

Galaxyland: The worlds largest indoor Amusement park. The park has 24 rides. These rides include a triple loop rollercoaster.
World Waterpark: world's largest indoor waterpark. The park includes the worlds largest indoor wavepool. The wavepool can create waves up to 5–6 feet in height. It also has ten water slides. Its tallest water slide is 83 feet high.
Deep Sea Adventure: An indoor salt water lake with performing sea lions. The lake also has a structure built to look like Christopher Columbus' Santa María.

The mall also has an Ice skating rink, miniature golf course, casino, skate park, hotel, petting zoo, three movie theaters and many other things to see.

Other websites 

Official site 
A map of the mall 
The list of shops in the mall 
Hours of Operation 

Malls
Alberta
Ayatollah Sayyid Ahmad Khatami () is a member of the Iranian Assembly of Experts.

Although his name resembles that of Mohammad Khatami, the reformist former president of Iran, the two men are not related.  In fact, they have opposite points of view on many issues, such as democracy and velayate faqih in Iran.

Other websites

Ahmad Khatami
The Republicans in the U.S. Are in a Crisis; Sanctions on Iran Will Harm the West More than Iran
Iran warns France: US rope decaying 

Muslims
Iranian people
Religious leaders
1960 births
Living people
A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is built to withstand tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together. They can only create a pulling force.

Anatomy 
The beginning of a tendon is where it connects to a muscle. Collagen fibers from the inside of the muscle are the same as those of the tendon. A tendon inserts into bone at an enthesis. At this point, the collagen fibers are changed into bone tissue. Tendons can not create any pulling force of their own. The tendons transfer the movement of muscles. They can create an elastic force if stretched. Tendons are part of the human body often connected to joints.

Skeletal system
Coffee substitutes are products that try to taste like coffee. The idea for using them is to have a drink that tastes like coffee, but has no caffeine in it. The main reasons for making coffee substitutes are medical, economic and barbaric. In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, however it tasted foul. It was also hard to get. In the American Civil War there was a similar story -

"For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value, there is unfortunately no substitute; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain, and cheat the palate, if we cannot deceive the nerves." The Southern Banner, 1865

Ingredients
Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.

Some ingredients used include: almond, acorn, asparagus, barley and malt, beech nut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, cotton seed, dandelion root, fig, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras nut, sweet potato.

Chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970, and it has become a mainstream product. It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides.

Postum is an instant type beverage used in place of coffee. It reached the height of its popularity during World War II. For popular usage on the sitcom Seinfeld George says to Jerry he does not know why postum is not a more popular beverage.

Related pages
 Coffee

References

Coffee
Kuzcham Dherai (also sometimes called Dherai, Dehrai or Derai) is a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is located on the bank of the river Swat and a couple of miles away from Swat Saidu Sharif airport. The population of Dherai is about 10,000 people.

History
It is believed that Alexander the Great once passed through this area.

Towns in Pakistan
Class could mean:

Social class refers to the differences between groups in societies or cultures, and is a basic idea in economics, sociology and other social sciences
Class (education), a group of students in a course or lesson
 class, a lesson, in education
 class, short for a classroom

Class (biology), a rank used in taxonomy
Class (philosophy), distinguishes between classes and types
Class (set theory), in mathematics
Travel class

Media, entertainment and sport 
Character class in role-playing games and other genres
Class (film), a romantic comedy released in 1983
Class: A Guide Through the American Status System, a book by Paul Fussell
The Class, a CBS sitcom which began in fall 2006
Class, known as one-design in sailing, where boats built the same way race against each other

Technology 
Appliance classes, in making electric appliances
Class (emission), a type of radio emission
Ship class, in a navy, a set of vessels that are built the same way

Computer science 
Class (programming), related to object-oriented programming
Class (file format), a Java file format
Class (warez), a warez group that stopped being used
Class attribute, a part of many HTML and XHTML elements, such as span and div, often to help apply styles

Railroads 
Class (locomotive), a railroad locomotive design as assigned by the railroad
The classification of United States railroads by income:
Class I railroad
Class II railroad
Class III railroad

Other 
Classes of United States Senators
CLASS, Community Leaders At Service of Society, a non-profit organization in Silicon Valley, California.
 "Class", British slang word meaning "great" or "fabulous".
Church could mean:

Religion
Church, a building used for religious services, usually referring specifically to those for Christian worship.
Christian Church, the worldwide body of Christians.
Christian church, the body of people who share a faith or denomination within a community.
Religious denomination, an organization of churches sharing the same faith.

Places
 Church, Lancashire, a city in England

People
 Albert T. Church (born 1947), a Vice-Admiral in the United States Navy
 Alonzo Church (1905–1995), a logician, (famous for the Church-Turing thesis and lambda calculus)
 Benjamin Church (1734–1776), the first Surgeon General of the Continental Army and grandson of Captain Benjamin Church
 Captain Benjamin Church (1639–1718), a colonial officer during King Philip's War
 Bill Church, an American musician
 Brad Church
 Charlotte Church (born 1986), British soprano singer and talk show host
 Doug Church, a video-game designer
 Ellen Church
Forrester Church (born 1948), an  American minister, son of Senator Frank Church
 Francis Pharcellus Church (1839–1906), an American writer (famous for the editorial Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus)
Frank Church (1924–1984), a four-term U.S. Senator from Idaho
 Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900)), a landscape painter
 George W. Church, Sr., founder of Church's Chicken, a chain of franchised fried chicken restaurants
 John A. Church, an expert on sea-level and its changes
 Judith Church (born 1953), a politician in the United Kingdom
 Louis K. Church
 Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954), an American writer and civil-rights activist
 Mike Church (born 1962), a Southern US radio commentator often considered a shock jock
 Richard Church (general) (1784–1873), a British military officer and general in the Greek army
 Richard William Church (1825–1890), an English divine, nephew of the general
 Richard Church (poet) (1893–1972), an English poet and man of letters
 Robert Reed Church (1839–1912), the first African-American millionaire
 Ryan Church (born 1978), an American baseball player
 Thomas Dolliver Church (1902–1978), an American landscape architect
 Thomas Haden Church (born 1961), an American actor in television and movies
 Thomas Langton Church (1870–1950), a Canadian politician
 Walter G. Church, Sr., member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 William Church (circa 1778 - 1863), American inventor who patented a typesetting machine in 1822

Music
The Church, an Australian rock band
Church, weekly meetings of the Hells Angels motorcycle club
"The Church", a song by Hawkwind from their 1982 album Church of Hawkwind
"Church", a song by Outkast from their 2003 album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below
"Church", a song by Galactic from their 1998 album Coolin' Off
Chvrches, an electropop trio from Glasgow, Scotland

Fiction
Church (Red vs. Blue), a fictional character
Church, the family cat in Stephen King's novel Pet Sematary
The Church, set up by The Order in Silent Hill
Christendom or the Christian world, in the widest sense, means Christianity as a territorial phenomenon. That means: those countries where most people are Christians and because of that are part of Christendom.

People have used the term Christendom for the medieval and Renaissance understanding of the Christian world as one single Body of Christ with Christ as the head.  With the rise of Modernity and the Reformation during the early 16th century the understanding changed to a modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society that consists of many different communities.

Related pages
 Caliphate (an Islamic analog to the Medieval political concept)
 Muslim World and Ummah

References

Other websites
Catholic Encyclopedia: Christendom

Christian terminology
Christianity of the Middle Ages
A creed is a statement of belief, usually religious.

Creed may also refer to:

Religion 
 Apostles' Creed, an early statement of Christian belief
 Nicene Creed, the most widespread or ecumenical Christian statement of faith
 Athanasian Creed, a statement of Christian Trinitarian doctrine
 Chalcedonian Creed, adopted at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 in Asia Minor
 Social Creed (Methodist), a social creed of the American Methodist Episcopal Church
 Masai Creed, a creed composed in about 1960 by Western Christian missionaries for the Masai people of East Africa
 A New Creed, an affirmation of faith used widely in the worship services of the United Church of Canada
 Islamic Creed, see Shahada or Aqidah

Government 
 American's Creed, a forerunner to the Pledge of Allegiance
 United States Postal Service creed (unofficial)

Military
 Rifleman's Creed, also known as "the Creed of the United States Marine," though unofficial
 Ranger Creed, official creed of the US Army Rangers
 U.S. Soldier's Creed, a set of values and morals that all U.S. Army personnel are encouraged to live by

People 
 Creed Bratton, American singer and actor
 Frederick G. Creed, Canadian inventor, founder of Creed & Company
 Helios Creed, American musician, guitarist of Chrome
 Linda Creed, Philadelphia songwriter
 Percy Redfern Creed
 Martin Creed, British artist
 Michael Creed, Irish politician
 Creed Taylor, American record producer

Fictional
 Creed Bratton (The Office character), a character from the U.S. television series, The Office
 Graydon Creed, a character in Marvel Comics
 Ursarkar E. Creed, a character from Warhammer 40,000 universe
 Apollo Creed, a boxer
 Creed Diskenth, the antagonist in anime and manga series Black Cat (manga)

Other 
 Assassin's Creed, a video game

Companies
 Creed (perfume), a perfume manufacturer
 Creed & Company, a British telecommunications company

Literature
 Creed, a poem by Steve Turner (writer)
 Creed (comics), a Lightning Comics series

Music
 Creed (band), a post-grunge rock band
 Creed, one of the most popular songs from Christian rock group, Petra on their album, Beyond Belief

Places
 Creed, Cornwall, a village in Cornwall, England
 Creede, Colorado

Related pages
 Credo, a musical setting of the Nicene Creed
The Shahadah (, ) is the first pillar of Islam. The saying is "Lā ʾIlāha ʾIllā Allah, Muḥammadun Rasūl Allah", meaning "There is no deity but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God". The Shia and Quraniyoon sects may have slight differences in their shahada.

Quranist
The Quranist sources comes from verse 3:18 of the Quran. It  states: "God bears witness that there is no other god besides Him, and so do the angels and those who possess knowledge."

Sunni
 Arabic text:

 English rendering:
 I bear witness that there is no god but Allah
 And I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God

Shia
In addition to the first two testimonies, Shia Muslims may also recite the third testimony of:

 Arabic text:

 English rendering:
 And I bear witness that Ali is the vicegerent of God

A single honest recitation of the shahadah in Arabic is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools of Islam.

References

Other websites 
 LivingHalal.com Islamic audio glossary
 AbdurRahman.org
 Audio
 Basic Form
 Longer Form

Arabic words and phrases
Islam
According to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, Purgatory is the "final purification of the elect": "All who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven." 

“In Purgatory there are different levels; the lowest is close to hell and the highest gradually draws near to Heaven. It is not All Souls Day, but, Christmas, that the greatest number of souls leave Purgatory.

There are in Purgatory, souls who pray ardently to God, but for whom no relative or friend prays on earth. God makes them benefit from the prayers of other people.

It happens that God permits them to manifest themselves in different way, close to their relatives on earth, in order to remind men of the existence of Purgatory and to solicit their prayers to come close to God who is just, but good.

Purgatory in art and culture 

Perhaps the best-known instance of purgatory in the arts is Dante's Purgatorio, the second book of his Divine Comedy. Likewise, the Ghost in William Shakespeare's Hamlet may also presuppose a belief in purgatory,

Related pages
 The Divine Comedy
 Hades
 Heaven
 Hell

Footnotes

Sources 
 Akin, James. How to explain Purgatory to Protestants
  Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity  (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999)
 Catechism of the Catholic Church, available online 
  Catechism of St. Philaret (Drozdov) of Moscow
 Catholic Encyclopedia of 1914, Purgatory
 Clendenin, Daniel B.  (ed.). Eastern Orthodox Theology  (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1995)
 Demetry, Constas H. Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church
 Dragani, Anthony. From East to West: Purgatory
 O' Collins, Gerald and Mario Farrugia. Catholicism: the story of Catholic Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

Other websites 

 CatholicBridge.com, Purgatory  — Ecumenical article by David MacDonald concerning Evangelical and Catholic belief
 Catholic Answers, Purgatory  — Catholic apologetic article
 NewAdvent.org, Purgatory — 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article
 philvaz.com/apologetics — Readings from the Church Fathers and other sources on Purgatory, by Phil Porvaznik
 EWTN.com library, Heaven, Hell and Purgatory according to Pope John Paul II  — Article from the newspaper of the Holy See, L'Osservatore Romano, July-August 1999
 JewishEncyclopedia.com, Purgatory — Article by Kaufmann Kohler in the online Jewish Encyclopedia 
 New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Purgatory — Article by C. A. Beckwith in the 19th century Protestant encyclopedia (ed. Philip Schaff)
 Purgatory account in the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.
 I Believe in Purgatory... — excerpt from C. S. Lewis's Letters To Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer, chapter 20 
 Frequently Asked Questions  at Holy Souls Online
 Purgatory and praying for the dead on Catholic Apologetic
 "Prisoner of the King: Thoughts on the Catholic Doctrine of Purgatory", H. J. Coleridge, 1889. retrieved 24 May 2007

Roman Catholicism
Afterlife
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker. He was born and died in London.

During his lifetime he was not very well known. Today Blake's work is thought to be important in the history of both poetry and the visual arts. Blake's first collection of poems, Poetical Sketches, was printed around 1783. His most famous poem "And did those feet in ancient time" was, over 100 years later, put to music by Hubert Parry. The hymn is called "Jerusalem".

Blake was voted 38th in a poll of the 100 Greatest Britons organised by the BBC in 2002.

Books about Blake

References

Other websites 

 Recent Discovery of the Location of William Blake's Grave. 
 The William Blake Archive, a multi-media archive, sponsored by the Library of Congress
 
 Blake250: 2007 London festival celebrating 250 years of William Blake's influence 
 Paintings of William Blake 
 William Blake Society 
 Friends of William Blake 
 Blake Society
 Making facsimiles of Blake's prints
 William Blake at the British Library
Profiles
 Profile at the Academy of American Poets
 Profile at the Poetry Foundation
  William Blake profile, video on BBC Poetry Season and BBC etching gallery
 Tate William Blake learning resource
 Profile at Jacob Boehme Online
Archives
 The William Blake Archive – A Comprehensive Academic Archive of Blake's works with scans from multiple collections
 Single Institution Holdings:
 The G.E. Bentley: William Blake Collection Special Collections | Victoria University Library in the University of Toronto
 The G.E. Bentley: William Blake Collection Digital Collections | Victoria University Library in the University of Toronto
 William Blake collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
 Links to articles, manuscripts and films relating to William Blake. From the British Library's Discovering Literature website.
 William Blake Digital Material From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
Digital editions and research
 
 
 
 Settings of William Blake's poetry in the Choral Public Domain Library
 William Blake's America and Europe at Auckland Libraries

1757 births
1827 deaths
Artists from London
British abolitionists
British esotericists
Christian mystics
Christian theologians
English activists
English painters
English poets
English Protestants
English theologians
Printmakers
Writers from London