cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Bhaati Gate is one of the 12 old gates of Lahore's walled city, now in Pakistan. It dates from Mughal times.

Origins and sights
The Bhaati Gate was named after the Bhatti tribe of Rajputs who used to live here in large numbers. It also has an old bazaar, or market called Bazaar i Hakiman (Bazaar of the Doctors) where traditional doctors or medical experts, used to help sick people. Another famous place here is the Fakir Khana Museum, made by the Fakir Family.

Literary importance
For a long time, the Bhaati Gate area was also the 'literary home' to many famous writers, living here. These included Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad (a student of Mirza Ghalib), Pakistan's national poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Hakim Ahmad Shuja, Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj, Agha Hashr and others.

Bhaati area also has many other old buildings and shops etc., that are of interest to tourists.

References

History of Pakistan
Mughal architecture
Lahore
The Bhatti (sometimes also written Bhaati) are a tribe of Rajputs and Jats. They live in India and Pakistan. 

In the past, this tribe was quite famous. The Bhaati Gate in Lahore is named after them. A famous Folk hero from this tribe was Dulla Bhatti.

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in India
Naturalism was a 19th century literary movement. It was a development of the realism movement. Realism attempted to show subjects as they actually were, honestly and naturally. Naturalism added scientific elements such as environment and heredity to fictional characters. Unlike realism, naturalism used characters who were of the lower classes. It was also known for themes including taboo and violence. Émile Zola was the best-known writer of the literary school of naturalism. He was joined by other writers such as Gustave Flaubert, and Alphonse Daudet.

References

Related pages 
Naturalism (arts)
Naturalism (philosophy)

Literature
Writing
Jerrie Mock (November 22, 1925 – September 30, 2014) was the first woman who flew around the world by herself. She did so in 1964. She flew a single engine Cessna 180. It was named "Spirit of Columbus" and nicknamed "Charlie". The trip began on March 19, 1964 in Columbus, Ohio. It ended on April 17, 1964, also in Columbus. The trip took 29 days.

Mock was born in Newark, Ohio. She was found dead in Quincy, Florida.

References

People from Ohio
American aviators
1925 births
2014 deaths
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (28 July 1971 – 26 October 2019) was an Iraqi terrorist and politician. His followers in the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) call him their Caliph.  On 4 October 2011, the US State Department listed al-Baghdadi as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist, and announced a reward of up to US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.

On , the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights was quoted by Reuters and AFP as saying that it had "confirmed information" that al-Baghdadi has been killed by a Russian airstrike in Syria sometime in June 2017 at the either age of 45.

However, on 28 September 2017, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a 46-minute audio recording of al-Baghdadi in which he refers to events that had happened since the death rumors, including North Korean threats against Japan and United States and the recapture of Mosul by U.S. backed Iraqi forces in July.

On 26 October 2019, Baghdadi killed himself by detonating a suicide vest during a United States special operations raid in Syria's northwestern Idlib province  in a village called Barisha. This is confirmed by US President Donald Trump at 9am EST (1300 GMT).

Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi replaced him as the leader of ISIS.

References

1971 births
2019 deaths
Caliphs 
Iraqi politicians
Islamic State people
Murderers who committed suicide
Suicide in 2019
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Sacrifice (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was held on May 24, 2009 at the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the fifth Sacrifice event that TNA held.

There were eight matches on the card. The main event was known as the Four Way Ultimate Sacrifice match, which was between TNA World Heavyweight Champion, Mick Foley, against Sting, Kurt Angle, and Jeff Jarrett. Each of the competitors in the match wagered an important aspect of their career: Foley's title, Sting's career, Angle's leadership of the Main Event Mafia, and Jarrett's shares in the company. Two other important matches saw A.J. Styles retaining the TNA Legends Championship against Booker T in an "I Quit" match and Beer Money, Inc. defeating The British Invasion to win the "Team 3D Invitational Tag Team Tournament".

Sacrifice gained positive reviews. Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter thought that the show, "overachieved". Melzer gave attention to the "Team 3D Invitational Tag Team Tournament" finals match and the "I Quit" match. The only thing he criticized was some of the illogical booking tactics that were made by the company. James Caldwell of the Pro Wrestling Torch also gave the event a good review but criticized the show in a number of spots, mainly the "I Quit" match: "Best match of the PPV until the finish with Sharmell-Jenna continuing their feud on PPV TV. Keep it on free TV (if TNA is so adamant about continuing this), but don't put that dumb storyline on pay TV. As usual, TNA tries to find a way out of a stipulation. Sucks to rant on that, because the match was awesome and one of Booker's best performances in years."

Matches

References

Other websites
Official TNA Sacrifice website

2009 in American television
2009 in professional wrestling
Sports in Orlando, Florida
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view events
2000s in Orlando, Florida
2009 in Florida
The pincer movement, or double envelopment, is a tactic in which forces attack both flanks (sides) of an enemy formation at the same time. The pincer movement can be used when opposing forces advance towards the center of an army. That army responds by moving its outside forces to the enemy's flanks to surround it. At the same time, a second layer of pincers may attack on the more distant flanks to cut off the enemy reinforcements.

Description 

A full pincer movement leads to the attacking army facing the enemy in front, on both flanks, and in the rear.  If attacking pincers link up in the enemy's rear, the enemy is encircled.  Such battles often end in surrender or destruction of the enemy force. The encircled force can try to break out or counterattack. A successful flanking maneuver can be difficult to accomplish.

History 

Sun Tzu, in The Art of War, talked about the maneuver. But he made the point to leave a surrounded enemy an escape route. Otherwise, faced with death, a surrounded enemy would fight much harder. This advice seems to have been followed by General George Patton when his sweeping pincer movement trapped the German army in the Falaise pocket in August 1944.

 The maneuver may have first been used at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC.  The historian Herodotus describes how the Athenian general Miltiades used it. During the battle, the weaker central formations retreated. this allowed the wings to come together behind the Persian battle line. It drove the Persians to retreat in panic.

 A famous example is at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC by Hannibal. Military historians view this as one of the greater battlefield maneuvers in history.

 It was a favorite tactic used by Charlemagne against his enemies. He routinely divided his command into two armies in order to trap his enemy between them. 

 Daniel Morgan used it effectively  at the Battle of Cowpens in 1781 in South Carolina. The British troops thought Morgan's men were retreating and charged right into the trap.

 Flanking maneuvers were a major part of the German blitzkrieg during World War II. It involved fast movement by tanks, artillery and aircraft to overwhelm their enemies.

Related pages 

 Flanking maneuver
 Turning movement
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Oblique order 
 Shock tactics
 Envelopment
 Rearguard
 Ambush

References

Other websites 

 Pincer Movement
 Blitzkrieg

Military terminology
Military tactics
A narrative is a literary term for the events that make up a story. It is the way the events connect and make up the plot of a story or book.

A narrative reports connected events, presented to the person reading or listener in a sequence of written or spoken words.

A common term for narrative is plot. The study on structure in narratives is called narratology.

Related pages
Narrative poetry

References

Fiction
Writing
Narratology
Unbreakable was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was held on September 11, 2005 at the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the first and only Unbreakable event that TNA held and was also the ninth event in TNA's 2005 pay-per-view schedule.

There were nine matches on the card and two pre-show matches. The main event was a Three Way match between then-champion Christopher Daniels, A.J. Styles and Samoa Joe. Styles ended up winning the match and became the new X Division Champion. Another top card match saw Raven defeat Rhino in a Raven's Rules match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship.

Unbreakable gained positive reviews. The Three Way TNA X Division Championship match earned a rare 5 star rating from Dave Meltzer which was the first that the promotion had received. Corey David Lacroix of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show 8 out of 10, and said "TNA's Unbreakable PPV was an astounding buffet of action, catering to the variety of tastes among professional wrestling fans."

Matches

References

2005 in American television
2005 in professional wrestling
Sports in Orlando, Florida
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view events
2005 in Orlando, Florida
September 2005 events
Step Up All In is an American 2014 romantic and musical drama movie. The movie is about a dance crew that are rejected at every audition they go to. The crew decide to leave Los Angeles and come back to Miami. Briana Evigan plays Andie. Alyson Stoner plays Camille.

This movie was released on August 8, 2014. It got mixed reviews from critics. It made more than $86 million in the box office.

2010s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
2014 movies
Lynsey de Paul (11 June 1948 – 1 October 2014) was an English singer-songwriter. She was known for representing the U.K. in the 1977 with Mike Moran on "Rock Bottom" at Eurovision. She was also known for her songs, "Sugar Me", "Getting a Drag","Won't Somebody Dance With Me", ''Ooh I Do", "No Honestly", "My Man and Me", "Storm In A Teacup" and "Sleeping Blue Nights".

De Paul was born in London, England. She was never married, but was known for being in relationships with Ringo Starr, Roy Wood, James Coburn, Sean Connery, Bill Kenwright, Bernie Taupin, Chas Chandler and Dudley Moore.

De Paul suffered a brain hemorrhage on the morning of 1 October 2014. She died in a London hospital hours later, aged 66.

References

Other websites
Official website

1948 births
2014 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
English singer-songwriters
Singers from London
Writers from London
"Losing My Religion" is a 1991 rock song from R.E.M.. The song became R.E.M.'s highest charting song for the United States. It hit #4 on Billboard Hot 100. It was nominated for several Grammy Awards. It won two.

The song was released on February 19, 1991.

R.E.M. guitarist Peter Buck wrote the riff and chorus to the song on a mandolin while learning to play it. Buck had just bought the instrument and was recording the music as he practiced. Buck said that "when I listened back to it the next day, there was a bunch of stuff that was really just me learning how to play mandolin, and then there's what became 'Losing My Religion', and then a whole bunch more of me learning to play the mandolin."

Further reading 
 Black, Johnny. Reveal: The Story of R.E.M. Backbeat Books, 2004.

References 

Rock songs
1991 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
A literary term is a word that is used in talking or writing about books and stories. They are words used to describe various forms of writing by an author.

References

Writing
Literature
Literary terms
"Joyride" is a 1991 song from Roxette. The song is about falling in love.

The single topped the charts in Europe, the United States and Australia. It hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The song was released on February 27, 1991.

1991 songs
Pop songs
Frieda Szwillus (née Hennig; 30 March 1902 – 21 September 2014) was a German supercentenarian. She had been Germany's oldest living person from 22 April 2014 until her death almost 5 months later. She lived to be 112 years old and 175 days.

Szwillus died in Raschau-Markersbach, Saxony, Germany.

References

1902 births
2014 deaths
German centenarians
People from Saxony-Anhalt
Supercentenarians
Pope Shenouda III (3 August 1923 – 17 March 2012) was the 117th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His papacy lasted for forty years, four months, and four days from 14 November 1971 until his death on 17 March 2012.

Pope Shenouda III died on 17 March 2012 in Cairo, Egypt from respiratory and kidney failure, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Pope Shenouda III – Coptic Orthodox Church Network: Biography, Online Books, and Audio Sermons
 Some Articles by Pope Shenouda III in English 
 More information about the life of Pope Shenouda III – from Saint Takla Haymanout the Ethiopian Church, Alexandria, Egypt
 Common declaration of Pope Shenouda III and Pope Paul VI (1973)
 Pope Shenouda III's story and life in Arabic and English 
 Pope Shenouda III's Life 

1923 births
2012 deaths
Copts
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
Popes
Theme in writing is what you think is important in a story. It is the big idea of the work. 

In contemporary literary studies, a theme is how the central topic a text, book, or story is treated. Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's thematic concept is what readers "think the work is about" and its thematic statement being "what the work says about the subject".

The most common understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story. It can be summed in a single word (e.g. love, death, betrayal). Some examples of themes of this type are conflict between the person and society; getting to adult age; humans in conflict with technology; nostalgia.

A theme may be shown by the actions, words said, or thoughts of a character in a novel. An example of this would be the theme loneliness in John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men. Many of the characters are lonely. It may be different from the book's or author's view of the world. From the source we found we can see that the themes can be at a variety of state as the worldwide web

References

Other websites
http://terribleminds.com/ramble/2011/09/26/25-things-writers-should-know-about-theme/ - 25 THINGS WRITERS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THEME
https://acemyassignment.co.uk/blog/what-is-a-thematic-essay-and-how-to-write-thematic-essay/  - A GUIDE FOR THEMATIC ESSAY

Writing
Literary terms
Fiction
Figurative language is when a writer describes something by comparing it with something else. It is writing that goes from the actual meaning of words at face value to get a special meaning. The figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning. For example, consider the sentence, "When she heard the news, she was over the moon and jumped for joy". The meaning is that she was very happy, but not flying above the Moon nor jumping up and down.
 
Figurative language is a difference in fields of language analysis. Literal language is about words that do not go away from their meaning.  Non-literal or figurative language refers to words, and groups of words, that change the normal meanings of the words. A literal usage is the "normal" meanings of the words. It has the same meaning regardless of the context. The intended meaning is the same as the real meaning of the individual words. Figurative use of language is the use of words or phrases in a manner where the literal meaning of the words is not true or does not make sense. It "implies a non-literal meaning which does make sense or that could be true".

References

Writing
Literary terms
The Jack Hills are a range of hills in Western Australia. They include the oldest material of terrestrial origin found on Earth. These are zircons which formed about 4.4 billion years ago (bya). The oldest zircon with the most consistent date is closer to 4.35 bya.

This zircon is part of a population of zircons in the metamorphosed conglomerate. They were deposited about 3.060 bya, which is the age of the youngest detrital zircon in the rock. 

The zircons are used in research on the conditions on Earth in the Hadean eon.

Comparisons 
We have samples of rock from the Moon which are older than these zircons. The "Genesis Rock", got from the Moon by astronauts in the Apollo 15 mission, has been dated at 4.46 billion years. This is one of the oldest known rocks on Earth, though it originated on the Moon. During Apollo 16, older rocks were brought back.

The Allan Hills 84001 meteorite was blasted off from Mars by meteorite impact about 4.5 bya, and crystallised 4.091 bya. It arrived on Earth about 13,000 years ago. These figures were got by a number of radiometric dating techniques.

References 

Hadean
Geography of Western Australia
The Province of Quebec was a colony in North America. It was created by Great Britain after the Seven Years' War. Great Britain acquired French Canada by the Treaty of Paris (1763). After a long debate France negotiated to keep the small island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean. Guadeloupe was rich in sugar. By Britain's Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada (part of New France) was renamed the Province of Quebec. The province extended from the coast of Labrador on the Atlantic Ocean, southwest through the Saint Lawrence River Valley to the Great Lakes and beyond to the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Portions of its southwest (below the Great Lakes) were later ceded to the United States in a later Treaty of Paris (1783) at the conclusion of the American Revolution.

References 

Quebec
Bryant Reeves (born June 8, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played six seasons with the Vancouver Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was nicknamed Big Country by his college teammate Byron Houston after he was amazed through his first cross-country flight over the United States, having grown up in the small town of Gans, Oklahoma.

Reeves played college basketball at the Oklahoma State University–Stillwater with the Cowboys. During his time with the Cowboys, Reeves led the team to the 1995 Final Four and averaged 21.5 points per game as a senior player.

He was selected 6th overall by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the 1996 NBA Draft. He was the Grizzlies' first-ever draft choice. During his six seasons with the Grizzlies, he had averaged 13.3 points per game in his rookie season and he averaged 16.2 points per game in 1997. On July 8, 1997, Reeves was given a six-year, $61.8 million contract extension. Reeves' best season came in 1997-98, when averaged 16.3 points, 7.9 rebounds, 1.08 blocked shots per game, and scored a career-high 41 points against the Boston Celtics.

After 1998, he began suffering from both weight-control problems and injuries. His production numbers had fell off severely. The Grizzlies were still using Reeves as their starting center but both his minutes per game dropped and his field goal percentage had dropped. When the Grizzlies were moved to Memphis in 2001, Reeves had to start the season on the injured list because of continuing back pain and he was never able to play another game after only playing two preseason games with Memphis. Reeves retired from playing professional basketball on January 29, 2002.

Since retiring, Reeves moved back to Gans, Oklahoma where he owns a large cattle ranch just outside of Gans and lives with his wife and three children.

References

Other websites
NBA profile

1973 births
American basketball players
Living people
Sportspeople from Arkansas
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Vancouver Grizzlies players
Narratology is the study of structure in narratives. The theory of narrative or narratology was developed in the 1960s. Narratology is based on the idea of a common literary language. Narratives are found and told through oral and written language. Narratology has helped to make it easier to understand the how and why of narrative.

References

Other websites
http://wikis.sub.uni-hamburg.de/lhn/index.php/Main_Page  - The Living Handbook of Narratology
http://www.units.miamioh.edu/technologyandhumanities/narratology.htm  - Notes on Narratology
http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1975a-theonarreme.pdf - THBORIE DES NARRGMES ET ALGORITHMES NARRATIFS

Narratology
Writing
Redshirts or Red coats is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was an Italian revolutionary who unified Italy by conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1861. 
The name came from the color of their shirts.

References 

History of Italy
Man Against Machine is the eleventh studio album by Garth Brooks. The album was released on 11 November 2014. It was Brooks' second studio album on his new label Pearl Records. It was his first studio album new material in nine years. Two of the singles, "People Loving People," and "Send 'Em on Down the Road" were released early and made available digitally on Brooks' official website and GhostTunes.com.

References

Other websites 
 Garth Brooks official website

2014 albums
Garth Brooks albums
Granada Cathedral (also called Cathedral of the Incarnation) is a cathedral in Granada, Spain. It is a Roman Catholic cathedral and is the seat of the Archdiocese of Granada. The site was once the center of Muslim Spain. In 1532 the Archbishop of Granada laid the cornerstone for the cathedral. The cathedral features a large number of paintings by the artist, sculptor and architect Alonso Cano.

References

Other websites

 Guide to monuments of Granada: the Cathedral 
 Granada Pictures
 Del arte árabe en España Book about Arab Art in Spain by Rafael Contreras y Muñoz, pages 1 to 7.
 Information on the Cathedrals of Granada on the Spain.info website. 
 History of the monuments of Granada in English 
 Detailed maps of Granada
 Information on the Cathedrals of Granada on a Nicaraguan website
 Tourist Guide to Granada Cathedral and other places of tourist interest in Spain. 
 Photo Gallery: Granada Cathedral of Incarnation ~ Spain
 Ixigo Granada Cathedral Photos 

Cathedrals in Spain
Granada
1560s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Spain
1561 establishments
The Russian First Army was a World War I Russian field army that fought on the Eastern Front for two years.

August 1914 
It was commanded by General Paul Rennenkampf when Russia invaded East Prussia at the outbreak of war in 1914. They were accompanied by the Second Army commanded by General Alexander Samsonov. The plan was to trap the German army in a Pincer movement between the two armies. On 17 August the First Army engaged the Germans at Stallupönen. They fought the Germans again on 20 August at Gumbinnen and defeated them. Rennenkampf thought the Germans could be finished off by Samsonov's Second Army and did not move quickly enough to help them. In late August 1914 the German and Russian second army met at Tannenberg. The Second Army was encircled and suffered complete destruction.

September 1914  

Let by General Paul von Hindenburg the Germans turned north to attack the Russian First army at First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in September 1914. The Russians fought hard but were driven back to the Russian border. Rennenkampf kept his troops in good order as they retreated. They set up defensive lines on the Russian border.

November 1914 

After another defeat near Silesia on November 11, Rennenkampf was dismissed. He was replaced by General Litvinov. The First Army again fought at Thorn and Lódź but there was no clear cut winner.

December 1914 

The First army evacuated Lódź and returned to their own lines for the remainder of the winter. The First Army served on the Northwestern front for the rest of the war.

References 

Armies
Military of Russia
20th century in Russia
An offensive is an aggressive military operation usually aimed at an enemy force. It is also called an attack, an advance or an invasion. An offensive can be conducted on land, at sea or in the air. A common goal of an offensive is to engage the enemy in a battle. It can also be used to get an enemy to withdraw and avoid a battle.

A tactical offensive is an operation that is usually smaller or more limited. It often involves the use of Special forces (or specialized forces). It often has a limited task such as the capture of a bridge or stronghold. A strategic offensive usually involves larger forces and usually has long-range goals.

References 

Military terminology
David Ewen Gilmour ( 1963 – 2 October 2014), commonly known as Ewen Gilmour, was a New Zealand comedian and television presenter. 

Gilmour began his comedy career in 1995. He shared the first Billy T Award with Cal Wilson in 1997. He won the Decade Award - Best Male Comedian - 2000 to 2010 at the 2010 NZ Comedy Guild Awards.  In 2012, he returned to the New Zealand International Comedy Festival "for the first time in a couple of years" with a one hour show called "S'Truth".

He has made many appearances on New Zealand television, including Pulp Comedy (1995),  Intrepid Journeys - Peru (2003), Celebrity Treasure Island (2003), Dancing with the Stars series one (2005), and  Comedy Christmas Cracker (2010). He was the host of the TV3 show "Road Madness", mainly about dangerous driving on New Zealand roads, which first aired in 2012.

On 3 October 2014 it was reported Gilmour died in his sleep, aged 51.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

1963 births
2014 deaths
New Zealand entertainers
Kevin Metheny (c. 1954 – October 3, 2014) was an American radio executive. He was played by Paul Giamatti in the 1997 movie, Private Parts. His final job in the radio industry was as operations manager of KGO-AM/KSFO-AM (San Francisco).

Metheny died in San Francisco, California from a suspected heart attack, aged 60.

References

1954 births
2014 deaths
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in San Francisco
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Raymond De Belser (17 June 1929 – 3 October 2014), pseudonym Ward Ruyslinck, was a Belgian writer. He was born in Berchem, Belgium. He was known for his book Wierook en tranen ("Incense and Tears"). He won the Prijs voor Letterkunde van de Vlaamse provincies for this work. In 1966, he wrote the bittersweet fairy tale Golden Ophelia.

Ward Ruyslinck retired in 1984. His wife committed suicide in 1980. Afterwards, he moved to Meise to live with his mistress Monika Lo Cascio. Ruyslinck and Cascio wrote the autobiographical novel De speeltuin ("The Playground") in 1992.

Ruyslinck, who had from Alzheimer's disease, died on 3 October 2014 in a retirement home in Meise.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Autobiographers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Belgian novelists
Writers from Antwerp
Jean-Jacques Marcel (13 June 1931 – 3 October 2014) was a French international footballer. He played as a midfielder. He played for some of the French national teams of the 1950s. He played naturally in the FIFA World Cup 1954 and 1958. 

On 3 October 2014, it was announced by his former football club that Marcel died. He was 83.

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
French footballers
The splake or slake (Salvelinus namaeycush X Salvelinus fontinalis) is a fish. It is the hybrid of a male brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and a female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).  The name is a combination of speckled trout (another name for brook trout) and lake trout. The name may have been used as early as the 1880s. Hybrids of the male lake trout with the female brook trout (the so-called "brookinaw") have also been produced, but are not as successful.

References

Fish
Seville Cathedral is one of the famous Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain. It is in Seville state. It is the third largest cathedral in the word and the largest Gothic style cathedral. It was consecrated in 1507.  In 1987, UNESCO added this church as a World Heritage site. 

In the early 16th century, Hagia Sophia made the church into a mosque. At that time, the cathedral was the largest church or cathedral in the world. Christopher Columbus is buried in this church.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Offical website
 Interactive 360° panorama from Plaza del Triunfo with Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo General de Indias (Java, highres, 0,9 MB)  
 acred-destinations 
 More information of Seville Cathedral as the monument of Spain 
 Great Building Website with more information about Seville Cathedral
 Bluffton University images and details pertaining to Catedral de Sevilla

Cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
1500s establishments in Europe
Alcántara Bridge (also called Puente Trajan at Alcantara) is a Roman stone arch bridge. It was built over the Tagus River, Alcántara, Spain between 104 and 106 AD. The Roman emperor Trajan ordered this bridge built in 98 AD.

The original length of this bridge was . It is now  long  The clear spans of the six arches from the right to the left riverside are , , , ,  and 

The Alcántara Bridge was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

General references 
 David J. Brown, Bridges (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993), p. 25
 Manuel Durán Fuentes, La Construcción de Puentes Romanos en Hispania (Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia, 2004), pp. 194–200
 Vittorio Galliazzo, I ponti romani, Catalogo generale Vol. 2 (Treviso: Edizioni Canova, 1994), pp. 353–358 (No. 754)
 Bernhard Graf, Bridges that Changed the World (Munich: Prestel, 2002), pp. 20–21
 Colin O’Connor, Roman Bridges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 109–111 (SP21)

Other websites 

 
 
 

Bridges
Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Transport in Spain
1st-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain
A cloud chamber is a sealed box with a supersaturated vapour of water or alcohol. When a charged particle (e.g. an alpha or beta particle) goes through it, the vapour is ionized. The resulting ions act as nuclei, around which a mist forms from the vapour.

The high energies of alpha and beta particles mean that a trail is left by ions produced along the path of the charged particle. These tracks have distinctive shapes (for example, an alpha particle's track is broad and shows more evidence of deflection by collisions, while an electron's is thinner and straight). When any uniform magnetic field is applied across the cloud chamber, positively and negatively charged particles will curve in opposite directions, according to the Lorentz force law.

The cloud chamber was invented by Charles Wilson (1869–1959), a Scottish physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for this work. The first cloud chamber was made in 1911. The invention was used in the early days of atomic physics. It is often called the 'Wilson chamber'. Since then a number of other types of particle detectors have been invented.

References 
 Das Gupta N.N. & Ghosh S.K. 1946. A report on the Wilson cloud chamber and its applications in physics. Reviews of Modern Physics. 18, 225–365.

Other websites
Many pictures of nuclear interaction and experiences
Video demonstration of a cloud chamber , Peter Wothers, Royal Institution, December 2012
Wilson's Original Apparatus 
Radiation tracks in Cloud Chambers

Nuclear physics
Machines
Tools
Uric acid is what reptiles and birds excrete. It is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides. 

High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout. The chemical is associated with other medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and the formation of kidney stones (ammonium acid urate).

Related pages 
Guano

Notes 

Organic compounds
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern art.  It is in Abando, Bilbao, Spain. The museum was opened in 1997. It is one of the several museums belonging to Solomon R. Guggenheim foundation. This museum was designed by the architect Frank Gehry.  There are no flat surfaces in this building. The structure of the building is made of glass, titanium, and limestone.

"Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao not only changed the way that architects and people think about museums, but also boosted Bilbao’s economy with its astounding success."

The museum has three aims in its mission. The museum wants to bring together and help the public to interpret the arts of our time. They want to encourage art education. They also want to increase the knowledge of the public's understanding of the arts. The collections at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao have works by the some of the most famous artists of the past four decades. There are works of many genres including Minimalism, Pop Art, Conceptual Art and Abstract Expressionism. Spanish contemporary and Basque art are also displayed from some of the local and regional artists. 

There are over one hundred exhibitions in the museum. There have been approximately ten million visitors to the museum.

References

Other websites

http://www.guggenheim.org/bilbao  - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20131218-when-the-museum-is-the-art - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao: Art inside and out

Art museums in Spain
Basque Country
12 Treasures of Spain
1997 establishments in Europe
Purines include two of the bases in DNA and RNA.

A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It is a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycles in nature.

Purines and pyrimidines are the two groups of nitrogenous bases, and the two groups of nucleotide bases.

Purines 
Adenine
Guanine
Hypoxanthine
Xanthine

References 

Organic compounds
Telecommunications in Azerbaijan is about television, radio, fixed and mobile telephones, and Internet in Azerbaijan.

Telephones
Telephones - main lines in use: 1,820,000 (2014)
Country comparison to the world: 64

Telephones - mobile cellular: 11,000,000 (2014)
Country comparison to the world: 75

Radio
As of 2014, Azerbaijan has 9 AM radio stations, 17 FM radio stations, and one shortwave radio station. There are also about 4,350,000 radios.

Radio broadcast stations: 26 (2014) 
Radio Respublika - FM 105.0 MHz
İctimai FM  - FM 90 MHz
Naxçıvan Dövlət radiosu (Nakhchivan State Radio) - FM 103 MHz
Naxçıvanın səsi (Voice of Nakhchivan) - FM 103 MHz
ARAZ FM     - FM 103.3 MHz
Antenn FM   - FM 101 MHz
ANS ChM     - FM 102 MHz
Avto FM     - FM 107.7 MHz
Azad Azərbaycan FM - FM 106 MHz
Bürc FM     - FM 100.5 MHz
Kəpəz FM    - FM 90.3 MHz
Lider FM    - FM 107 MHz
Media FM    - FM 105.5 MHz
Space FM    - FM 104 MHz
Xəzər FM    - FM 103 MHz
Radios: 175,000 (1997)

Television
Azerbaijan has a total of 47 television channels. Four of them are public and 43 are private. Twelve are national television channels and 31 are regional.

Television broadcast stations: 43 (2014)
Televisions: 170,000 (1997)

Internet
Internet service providers (ISPs): 15 (2005) 29 (2009)
Country code: AZE
Internet TLD: .az
Internet hosts: 46,856 (2011)
Country comparison to the world: 98
Internet users: 2.200,000 (2014)
Country comparison to the world: 70
Internet acess: 31.26% (2014)

Related pages
 Telecommunication
 Azerbaijan

Notes

References
CIA World Factbook

Further reading
 Sidorenko, Alexey: "The Internet in Azerbaijan" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 15 
 Kazimova, Arifa: "Media in Azerbaijan: The Ruling Family Dominates TV, the Opposition Has Some Papers" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 25

Other websites
Telecommunication Companies in Azerbaijan 
Azerbaijan Companies 

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Pyrimidines include three of the bases in DNA and RNA.

A pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound, similar to purine. It has nitrogens at positions 1 and 3 in the ring.

Pyrimidines 
The pyrimidine ring system occurs widely in nature.
Cytosine (C), 
Thymine (T), 
Uracil (U).
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
 
It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Uric acid is a pyrimidine derivative.

References 

Organic compounds
The State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan Republic () is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of collection, processing and publishing statistical data on the economy, demographics and other sectors in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The State Statistics Committee was established on February 18, 1994 by President Heydar Aliyev. Its headquarters is located in the Azerbaijani capital city of Baku.

Related pages
 Statistics
 Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
Official website

Government agencies
1994 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Azerbaijan
The Colbys was an American primetime soap opera. It was a spin-off of Dynasty. It aired on ABC from November 1985 to March 1987. The stars of the series included Charlton Heston, John James, Emma Samms, Maxwell Caulfield, and Stephanie Beacham. This show was focused on the fictional rich Colby family from Los Angeles, California.

Other websites 

1985 American television series debuts
1987 television series endings
1980s American television series
American drama television series
Television series set in Los Angeles
1987 disestablishments in the United States
English-language television programs
Paul Revere Dick (January 7, 1938 - October 4, 2014) was an American musician and organ player. In 1958, he and other musicians founded the group Paul Revere & the Raiders. They recorded many hits. He worked with the group until his death in 2014. Revere was born in Harvard, Nebraska.

Revere died from cancer in Garden Valley, Idaho, aged 76.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2014 deaths
American pianists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Disease-related deaths in Idaho
Musicians from Nebraska
Musicians from Idaho
David Cawthorne Haines (9 May 1970 –  13 September 2014) was a British aid worker. He was captured by the Islamic State in early 2013. He was later executed by beheading in early September 2014.

References

1970 births
2014 deaths
British people murdered abroad
English murder victims
Humanitarians
Kidnapped British people
Murders by blade weapons
People from Yorkshire
People murdered in Syria
John J. Lloyd (1922 – October 4, 2014) was an American art director and production designer. He was known for his work on such movies as National Lampoon's Animal House, The Blues Brothers, The Thing, Big Trouble in Little China, and The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Lloyd died in Santa Monica, California, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2014 deaths
People from Detroit, Michigan
Vaughn Olin Lang (November 10, 1927 – October 2, 2014) was an American lieutenant general in the United States Army. Lang began his service as 2LT at the Officers’ Basic Course at Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey in 1952. He served in the Radio-Radar Procurement Branch and in the European Trans-Atlantic Project. Lang was a general during the Vietnam War. Lang was born in Williamsburg, Pennsylvania.

Lang died on October 2, 2014, at his home in Vienna, Virginia, aged 86.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
American military people
People from Pennsylvania
Fyodor Fyodorovich Cherenkov () (25 July 1959 — 4 October 2014) was a Soviet and Russian football midfielder. He played for Spartak Moscow (1977–90 and 1991–94) and Red Star Football Club (1990–91). Cherenkov made 34 appearances for USSR national football team, scoring 12 goals. He was born in Moscow, Russia.

Cherenkov died in Moscow, Russia, aged 55.

References

Other websites

  Fyodor Cherenkov's profile  at Spartak's official website
  Profile and interview

1959 births
2014 deaths
Russian footballers
People from Moscow
Jules Bianchi (3 August 1989 – 17 July 2015) was a French racing driver. He drove for the Marussia F1 team. He made his Formula One debut in 2013, driving for Marussia alongside Max Chilton. He previously raced in Formula Renault 3.5, the GP2 Series and Formula Three.

During the Japanese Grand Prix on 5 October, Bianchi's car crashed with a recovery vehicle which was helping to the car of Adrian Sutil, who had crashed the lap before. The race was cancelled after the crash. The FIA released a statement that CT scans have shown Bianchi suffered a "severe head injury" in the crash, and he will be transferred to intensive care following surgery. Bianchi died in Nice, France on 17 July 2015 from complications of his injuries at the age of 25.

References

Other websites

 
 Jules Bianchi career statistics at Driver Database

1989 births
2015 deaths
Deaths in sport
French sportspeople
People from Nice
Racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
The Niagara Movement, was a civil rights group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. It was led by W. E. B. Du Bois. The movement opposed the Atlanta Compromise by Booker T. Washington.

Civil rights organizations
Organizations based in the United States
Harvard is a city in Clay County, Nebraska, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,013.

References

Cities in Nebraska
The Division of Moncrieff is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. The division was created in 1984 and is named after Gladys Moncrieff (1892-1976), an Australian singer who lived in the area.

Moncrieff is located in south east Queensland, and includes the central area of the Gold Coast, including Surfers Paradise.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Moncrieff (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1984 establishments in Australia
Elissa's Quest is a children's fantasy novel written by Erica Verillo. The book was first published on June 26, 2007 and has been printed again twice since then on June 24, 2008 and March 12, 2009. 

The novel is the first in Verillo's The Phoenix Rising trilogy, and is followed by Elissa's Odyssey and World's End. The trilogy follows 13 year old Elissa in a fantasy world where she must team up with several other gifted youngsters and grant the phoenix another regeneration- but even she does not know this. Fate must show her.

The book also has cover art by Omar Rayyan and is aimed for children ages 9 to 12.

Children's books
Almansa is a Spanish town and municipality in the province of Albacete.  The municipality borders with Alicante, Valencia and Murcia. Almansa is famous for its Moros y Cristianos festival celebrated from the 1st to the 6th of May.

Almansa is built at the foot of a white limestone cliff. It has a Moorish castle at the top. It is in the middle of a fertile and irrigated plain. About  south of the town centre there is an obelisk to remind people of the Battle of Almansa. The battle was fought there on the 25 April 1707 during the War of Spanish Succession. The Duke of Berwick who the son of James II defeated the allied British, Portuguese and Spanish troops.

The Sierra del Mugrón is located in the Almansa city limits.

Main sights

The main sightseeing attraction is the 14th-century Castle of Almansa.

There are other important monuments, such as:
Assumption Church (16th-19th century)
Palace of Los Condes de Cirat (16th century), today the Town  Hall
Church of the Agustinas Convent (18th century)
The Convent of San Francisco (17th century)
Clock Tower (1780)

8 km from the city is the  reservoir of Almansa,  built in 1584. This reservoir is the oldest one in Europe. 12 km from the city is the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Belen (17th century).

References

Other websites

http://www.almansa.com/ Portal of Almansa

Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Hoot is a young adult novel written by Carl Hiaasen. It was originally published in 2002. Hoot won the Newbery Medal in 2003.

The novel is about a boy named Roy Eberhardt and his friends, Beatrice Leep and Mullet Fingers. They work to save a nest of burrowing owls at a construction site. 

The book was turned into a movie in 2006. The movie starred Logan Lerman as Roy, Brie Larson as Beatrice, Cody Linley as Mullet Fingers, Luke Wilson as David Delinko, Tim Blake Nelson as Curly Brannit, and Clark Gregg as Chuck Muckle.

Newbery Medal winning books
Young adult novels
2002 books
Dophin Song is a children's novel by Lauren St. John. It is the second in the Legend of the Animal Healer series. The other books in the series are The White Giraffe, The Last Leopard, and The Elephant's Tale.

Dophin Song was first published on August 1, 2007. It was published nine times from 2008 to 2010. 

The story is about a girl named Martine. She has the ability to heal animals. She has many adventures because of her that. In this book, she and several of her schoolmates get stuck on island out in the middle of nowhere. They have to learn to get along and survive alone.

References

Children's books
Novels
2007 books
The Beach of La Concha (, ) is a beach in the Bay of La Concha (Shell Bay, in Spanish, named for its shape) in San Sebastián, Basque Country. It is one of the most famous urban beaches in Europe.

The beach is sandy. The sand doesn't go very deep. The tide going in and out changes the amount of area that can be used. By the beach there is a long walkway. The beach is known as an urban beach in wide use.

"The Concha stretches out for a kilometre and a half, with the accent on elegance and delightful city views."

References

Other websites

- PLAYA DE LA CONCHA 

Beaches of Europe
Geography of Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela () is a cathedral in Galicia in Spain. It is in the World Heritage Site of Santiago de Compostela. People believe that Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus, is buried there. The building is a Romanesque structure with later Gothic and Baroque additions.

References

Other websites

 
 Reconstruction of the swinging motion of the Botafumeiro
 Photographs of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain 
 Pictures of Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 
 HyperSculpture - Pórtico de la Gloria 
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (p. 175-183)
 Video clip in Youtube

12 Treasures of Spain
Galicia
Cathedrals in Spain
1210s establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Spain
1211 establishments
The City of Arts and Sciences (; ) is an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex in the city of Valencia, Spain. It is the most important modern tourist place in the city of Valencia. It is one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

References

Tzonis, Alexander. Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works. New York: Rizzoli, 2004. Print.
Jodidio, Philip. Santiago Calatrava. Köln: Taschen, 1998. Print.
Sharp, Dennis. Santiago Calatrava. London: E & FN SPON, 1994. Print.

Other websites

Official website
Official tourism website of Valencia 
Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències at Google Maps
Architectural photo

12 Treasures of Spain
Valencia
Entertainment venues
The Basilica–Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar () is a Roman Catholic church in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. The Basilica venerates Blessed Virgin Mary, under her title of “Our Lady of the Pillar”. This church is the first church dedicated to Mary.  

This building is one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

References

Other websites 

 
 Famous churches of Mary 
 Sacred Destinations
 Spiritual Travels

Cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
Marian shrines
Zaragoza