cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alexander "Alex" Zickler (born 28 February 1974 in Bad Salzungen, then German Democratic Republic) is a German football manager and former football player. He played as a striker. During his career he played for FC Bayern Munich.

Career
He started playing at the age of six with Dynamo Dresden. He played in all youth ranks. His debut in the first team was on 23 October 1992 against 1. FC Nuremberg. In July 1993 Zickler went to FC Bayern Munich  where he stayed as a player for 11 seasons. During this time he was often injured. He scored 18 goals as substitute which is record in the German Bundesliga.

In June 2005 he went to FC Red Bull Salzburg together with his team mate Thomas Linke. With Red Bull Salzburg he won three Austrian titles. 2006 he was elected Austrian footballer of the year by the coaches of the Austrian Bundesliga. 2010 he went to LASK Linz. After the end of the 2010/11 season he retired from football. He went back to Red Bull Salzburg where he works as contact partner for fans and partner firms.

Alexander Zickler played 17 times for Germanys U21 national team and scored 7 goals. In 12 matches for the German national football team he scored two goals.

Honours

Club
 Bayern Munich
 Bundesliga (7): 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05
 DFB-Pokal (4): 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05
 DFB-Ligapokal (5): 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2003–04
 UEFA Champions League (1): 2000–01
 UEFA Cup (1): 1995–96
 Intercontinental Cup (1): 2001

 Red Bull Salzburg
 Austrian Bundesliga (3): 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10

Individual
 Austrian League Topscorer (2): 2006-07, 2007–08
 Austrian Footballer of the Year (1): 2005–06
 Austrian Footballers Association Player of the Year (1): 2006–07

References

Other websites

 Players profile Fußballdaten.de (German)

1974 births
German football managers
German footballers
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Apollo 5 was the first unmanned test flight of the Apollo Lunar Module. The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander part of Apollo spacecraft. The module was launched on January 22, 1968 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

References 

Apollo program
Hallucigenia is an extinct genus of animal found as fossils in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada. Another species is found in the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shale of China.  

Hallucigenia was thought by Stephen Jay Gould to be unrelated to any living species, but most palaeontologists now believe that the species was a velvet worm, a relative of modern arthropods.

Unlike its contemporary Aysheaia, Hallucigenia has very little resemblance to modern Onychophora. The elongated, and clawed legs bear little resemblance to the paired annulated legs of the Onychophora. It is unknown what the spines were made of and how much 'protection' they offered. It is not easy to explain why 30 or more specimens — each thought to have seven pairs of rather long, flexible legs — do not show even one example of paired legs. But at least this reconstruction of the animal can plausibly walk, and the spines serve a reasonable purpose. A picture of this reconstruction as well as a photograph of an actual fossil can be seen on the Geological Survey of Canada's website.

References 

Invertebrates
Fossils
Cambrian
was a  after Ten'an and before Gangyō.  This period started in April 859 and ended in April 877. During this time, the emperors were  and  .

Events of the Jōgan era

 859 (Jōgan 1, 1st month): New Year's festivities were suspended during national mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku.

 864 (Jōgan 6, 5th month): Mount Fuji erupted during 10 days. Cinders and ash fell to earth as far away as Kai Province.

 869 (Jōgan 10): Prince Sadaakira was born.  He will later become Emperor Yōzei.

 9 July 869 (May 26, Jōgan 11). The 869 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami causes damage at the Sanriku coast near Sendai.

 870 (Jōgan 11): Sadaakira was named Seiwa's heir.

 876 (Jōgan 17, 11th month): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, the emperor abdicated.  His five-year-old son received the succession (senso).   Soon after, Emperor Yōzei accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

A collection of laws issued after 811 was published during this era.  It was called the Jōgan kyaku-siki.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
850s establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
859 establishments
877 disestablishments
Software testing takes place during software engineering. It is done before the release to the final audience.

Software testing is meant to see how the software works under different conditions. These conditions might be different depending on what the audience is. Testing is done to understand if it will work  correctly, partially fail to work properly, or totally fail to work properly. Each test may be used to see how one, or many, parts of the software work at a point in its development.

Proper performance may be based on  specific (written)  requirements or standards (which might, for example, be usability). Bad performance, or poor quality, might cause an unhappy audience. This could cause more work needing to be done on the software and higher costs.

A review of the results of tests may show that some parts of the software system may need to be done again, or may work well. Some bad performances or software bugs may need to be fixed.  After more work on the software, testing may be done again.

For larger software systems, tracking may take place checking completeness of the set of tests, test results, and how quickly any problems are fixed. All this information can be used for decision making about how ready the software is, and when it could be released to the final audience.

Software testing may be done with separate parts of the software, with a group of these parts, or with the entire software. Software testing may be done by allowing the software to be used by a small number of people who the software is meant for, under controlled settings. It is then tested with a larger group of people under less controlled settings (beta testing).

Some related terms are unit testing, white box testing, black box testing, regression testing, manual testing, automated testing, testing tools, test plan, test case, test data and test coverage.

Software
Josef Škvorecký (September 27, 1924 – January 3, 2012) was a Czech writer and publisher based in Canada. He left Czechoslovakia after the Soviet invasion in 1968. Skvorecky helped banned Czech writers have their books printed and then smuggled back in to the country.

He was born at Nachod. During World War II he worked in a factory making Messerschmitt airplanes. After the war he studied philosophy at Charles University in Prague. He worked for a government publisher. His job there was to translate books by authors such as Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and Raymond Chandler. He began to write his own detective stories based on a character called Lieutenant Boruvka.

His first novel, The Cowards (1958), was banned because it did not agree with the government about the communist resistance to the Nazis in the war. The book did not talk about heroism and sacrifice. The characters are interested in girls and jazz. He was about to publish his second novel, The Tank Battalion (1968), when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968. Skvorecky and his wife left the country and moved to Canada where he had been offered a job at the University of Toronto. With his wife they set up their own publishing company. They reprinted The Tank Battalion. Copies were sold to Czech people living in exile. Some copies were smuggled back into Czechoslovakia. His publishing company specialized in printing books by banned Czech writers.

He was awarded the Order of the White Lion, by Vaclav Havel in 1990, and in 1992 was appointed to the Order of Canada.

Works by Josef Skvorecky
 The Cowards (1958)
 The Tank Battalion (1968)
 The Engineer of Human Souls
 The Miracle Game (1972)

References

Other websites
 Josef Skvorecky's official website 

1924 births
2012 deaths
Czechoslovak writers
Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism deals with left-wing forms of anarchism. It wants a future society that replaces private property with reciprocity. In this society, no one owns things. People do not work for money to buy things. They do their work because it is the best for society and the things they need are given to them without cost. It wants a society where there is no one in charge. Each person does what they need to without others to lead them. The term left anarchism is sometimes used with the same meaning as libertarian socialism, left libertarianism, or socialist anarchism. Left-wing anarchists have been a part of anti-globalization protests. For example, the protest in 1999 against the World Trade Organization in Seattle.

Ulrike Heider, a syndicalist, categorizes anarchism into left anarchism, right anarchism (anarcho-capitalism), and green anarchism. People who study anarchists, including Bryan Caplan and Murray Bookchin, do not agree with him. They feel his research is of bad quality. Left-wing anarchism is distinguished from free-market anarchism and right-wing anarchism (such as that of Murray Rothbard).

References

Other websites
 Defining anarchism  from An Anarchist FAQ, written by social anarchists
 Anarchist Theory FAQ, in which anarcho-capitalist Bryan Caplan argues that a broad division in anarchism exists between "left-anarchism" and anarcho-capitalism
 Anarchism: Two Kinds by Wendy McElroy, an individualist anarchist
 Collectivist-Anarchism and Communist-Anarchism from The Conquest of Power, by Albert Weisbord
 Canning Reactionary Leftism a criticism of left-anarchism by Keith Preston
 The Incredible Lameness of Left Anarchism  by Jason McQuinn. A critique from a post-left anarchist perspective.
 Learning the Hard Way: My Life as an Anarcho-Leftoid by Keith Preston

Anarchism
Wiener FC 1898 (Vienna Football Club 1898) was one of the first football clubs in Austrias capital Vienna. The club existed from 1897 till 1903.

History
The club was the football section of the Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein Wien (German-Austrian gymnastic club). The Turnverein was founded by Jewish members of the  Ersten Wiener Turnverein 1861 (First Vienna gymnastic club). In the 1880s the club allowed only members of German origin to be members. So did other sports clubs. The Jewish members formed the Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein.

In 1898 the football section became a club of its own. In the first year they reached the final of the Challenge-Cup, a football competition for clubs from the Austrian- Hungary Empire. They lost 7-0 to  Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. In the next editions the club reached the semi finals. In 1900/01 the Österreichischen Fußball-Union organized a league and Wiener FC was put in the 1. Klasse. They played for the Tagblatt-Pokal (Tagblatt-Cup, "Tagblatt" was a newspaper from Vienna)

The reason for quitting the league was that the club suffered often from a lack of players.

Honours
 Challenge-Cup-Final: 1898
 Challenge-Cup-semi finals: 1899, 1900, 1903

Notable player
Julius Wiesner 1 international match 1902

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vienna
was a  after Kyūju and before Heiji.  This period started in April 1156 and ended in April 1159.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Hōgen era
 20 July 1156 (Hōgen 1, 2nd day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Toba died at age 54.

 28 July–16 August 1156 (Hōgen 1, 10th-29th days of the 7th month): The Hōgen Rebellion, also known as the Hōgen Insurrection or the Hōgen War.

 1156 (Hōgen 1, 9th month): A special building was constructed in Kyoto, where—as in the days of Emperor Go-Sanjo, requests and complaints were received and examined.

 1157 (Hōgen 2, 10th month): The foundations are laid for a grand audience hall (dairi) in the palace.  Three had not been such a structure within the palace compound since the time of Emperor Shirakawa.

 6 August 1158 (Hōgen 3, 11th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Go-Shirakawa's reign, the emperor abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by his eldest son.

 1158 (Hōgen 4, 8th month):  Emperor Nijō is officially established as monarch (sokui).

The Tale of Hōgen is about this era. The work tells the story of the samurai who were part of the Hōgen Rebellion. Along with the Tale of Heiji and the Tale of Heike, these three war stories tell about the rise and fall of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Teleology is a philosophical idea that things have goals or causes. It is the "view that developments are due to the purpose or design which is served by them".

An example would be Aristotle's view of nature, later adopted by the Catholic Church.  The word "teleological" comes from the Ancient Greek telos, which means "end" or "purpose". A simpler example would be a tool such as the clock, which is designed by man to tell the time.

Whether or not an entity (man or god) is needed to cause teleology to happen is one of the most important questions. All cultures we know of have creation stories in their religions. However, much of science operates on the principle that the natural world is self-organising. This applies particularly  to astronomy and biology, which were once explained as the action of a deity, and are now seen as natural and automatically self-organising. Cybernetics is the basic science of self-organising systems.

The general issue of whether the original sense of teleology applies to the natural world is still a matter of controversy between religion and science.

References 

Philosophy
Nature
The Oracle of Delphi was an institution in Ancient Greece, dedicated to the god Apollo. Only one priestess operated at Delphi at any one time, and the name given to her was 'the Pythia'. The woman gave up her own name when she became priestess.

The Temple of Apollo was at Delphi, on the slopes of Mount Parnassus in Greece. According to legend, the god answered questions through the medium of the priestess, who was famous for her ambiguous predictions. Scholars from time to time have suggested that burning Oleander or volcanic gases played their part in her strange utterings.

Croesus of Lydia 
In 560 BC Croesus, King of Lydia in 580 BC, went to the Delphic Oracle and the Oracle at Thebes for advice. He asked if he should make war on the Persians. Both oracles gave the same response, that if Croesus crossed the river (made war on the Persians), a mighty empire would be destroyed. They also advised him to seek out the most powerful Greek peoples and make alliance with them.

Famous for ambiguity 
An example of her ambiguity is You will go you will return never in war will you perish. This can be read with a comma either before or after the word never. Thus it covers both outcomes.

References 

Greek mythology
The Cuba Revolution was an armed revolt in the mid 1950's. It was led by Fidel Castro
against the government of Fulgencio Batista. The revolt took place between 1953 and 1959. Batista was finally removed from office on January 1, 1959. He was replaced by a revolutionary government led by Fidel. This government changed along communist lines, and became the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965.

The revolt began with the assault on the Moncada Barracks on July 26, 1953.  It ended on December 31st, 1958, when Batista was forced to leave the country and Santa Clara and Santiago de Cuba were taken by rebels. Che Guevara and Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro and Huber Matos led the rebels.  Guevara led the group at Santa Clara. Raúl Castro and Matos led the rebels at Santiago de Cuba. Castro used guerilla warfare methods. 

The United States of America tried to sabotage the new government (Led by Fidel Castro) by sending in outcasts from Cuba. These outcasts were outlawed by their own home. The U.S tried to send them and more soldiers to the Bay of Pigs to try and create a surprise attack. Somehow, Fidel Castro got wind of their attack and sent his army to the bay to fight. The U.S's army was outnumbered and faced defeat. Many soldiers were captured and killed in public.  

1950s in Cuba
20th century rebellions
Rebellions in North America
Revolutions
Anti-imperialism
George Robert Stephanopoulos (; born February 10, 1961) is an American television journalist and a former political advisor.

Stephanopoulos is the chief political correspondent for the news division at ABC-TV– and a co-anchor of ABC-TVs morning news program, Good Morning America (GMA). He returned as host of ABC-TV's This Week in January 2012, a Sunday morning news program produced by ABC-TV's news division. He is the main replacement anchor for ABC-TV's newscast program, World News with Diane Sawyer.

In recent years, he has co-hosted ABC Newss special live coverage of political events with Charles Gibson and Diane Sawyer. He and has often been on GMA and World News. He launched George's Bottom Line, an ABCNews.com blog.

Before he started working for ABC News, he was a senior political adviser to the 1992 U.S. presidential campaign of Bill Clinton. He later became the White House Communications Director for two years. He was replaced by David Gergen. This change came after the Republican party getting control of the U.S. House and Senate in the mid-term elections of 1994.

In April 2020, Stephanopoulos was diagnosed with COVID-19.

References

Further reading
Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage (New York City). .
Stephanopoulos, George (1999).  All Too Human – A Political Education. Little, Brown (Boston, Massachusetts). .

Other websites
abcnews.com/thisweek, This Week with George Stephanopoulos official website
blogs.abcnews.com/george, George's Bottom Line, an ABC News blog by Stephanopoulos

1961 births
Living people
American television news anchors
White House Communications Directors
American journalists
American television personalities
Columbia University alumni
Writers from New York City
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Ohio
Writers from Massachusetts
Democrats (United States)
American bloggers
Platt is a surname, and may refer to:

People
 Alyce Platt, Australian actress
 Campion Platt, American architect
 Casper Platt (1892 – 1965), a United States federal judge.
 Charles Platt (science-fiction author), American writer
 Charles A. Platt, American architect
 Charles Z. Platt, NYS Treasurer 1813-1817
 Clive Platt, footballer
 Conal Platt, Irish footballer
 David Platt, English footballer
 Edward Platt, American character actor best known for his portrayal of "The Chief" in the 1965-70 television series Get Smart
 Geoff Platt, Canadian ice hockey player
 Howard Platt, stage and screen actor known for his role as "Officer Hopkins" on the hit NBC-TV series Sanford and Son
 Jenny Platt, British actress
 John Platt, computer scientist
 John Platt (MP), textile machine manufacturer from Oldham
 John Platt, partner in Mather and Platt in Salford
 Jonas Platt, New York politician
 J. Platt Goodsell (1819-1869), NY State Engineer and Surveyor 1866-1867
 Ken Platt, British north-country comedian
 Kin Platt, American writer for radio
 "General" Larry Platt, American civil rights advocate and musician 
 Lewis Platt, American, CEO of Hewlett-Packard
 Marc Platt, British writer
 Marc Platt (dancer), American
 Marc E. Platt, American film producer 
 Moss K. Platt (1808-1876), New York politician
 Nicholas Platt, American diplomat
 Oliver Platt, American actor
 Orville H. Platt, American politician, proponent of the Platt Amendment
 Steve Platt, British journalist, former editor of The New Statesman
 Tristan Platt, British anthropologist
 Thomas C. Platt, American politician
 Zephaniah Platt, American lawyer

Fictional characters
 Bethany Platt, from Coronation Street
 David Platt (Coronation Street)
 Gail Platt, from Coronation Street
 Martin Platt, from Coronation Street
 Sarah-Louise Platt, from Coronation Street
 Yardley Platt, from Harry Potter
 Esme Anne Platt, from Twilight (her maiden name)

Related pages
Platt
Platts McGraw Hill
Platt Brothers Textile Machine Manufacturers
Ciara Quinn Bravo (born March 18, 1997 in Alexandria, Kentucky) is an American actress, singer, and voice actress. She is best known for her role in Big Time Rush as Katie Knight. Bravo is also known for voicing Giselita in Open Season 3 and Peaches in Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas.

Filmography

Movies
 Big Time Audition - Katie Knight (2009)
 Big Time Concert - (2010)
 Big Time Christmas - (2010)
 Open Season 3 - Giselita (2010) (voice)
 Big Time Beach Party - Katie Knight (2011)
 Happiness Is a Warm Blanket, Charlie Brown - Patty (2011) (voice)
 My Dog's Christmas Miracle - Heather (2011)
 Big Time Break-Up - Katie Knight (2011)

Television

2008
 Can You Teach My Alligator Manners? - Additional Voices (voice)

2009
 Special Agent Oso - Sarah (voice)
 The Cafeteria - Caroline (short)
 Washed Up - Sarah
 Big Time Rush - Katie Knight

2011
 Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas - Peaches (TV special) (voice)
 BrainSurge - Herself

References

Other websites
 

American child actors
American movie actors
American pop musicians
Singers from Kentucky
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Kentucky
1997 births
Living people
Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run is a 2006 American 3D computer-animated short movie from Sony Pictures Animation. The movie is a spin-off of the movie Open Season and stars Boog and Elliot, the main characters of the Open Season franchise.

Plot 
One summer night, Bob and Bobbie (Georgia Engel) leave the trailer to go skinny-dipping, leaving Mr. Weenie (Cody Cameron) to guard the cinnamon buns they left on the counter. Boog (Martin Lawrence) and Elliot (Ashton Kutcher) sneak into the camp and discover there's buns in trailer. Unfortunately, Weenie is guarding the door.

To avoid the waking Weenie, Boog and Elliot climb onto the roof and Boog ties Elliot to the end of a rope and lowers him through the open skylight. Unfortunately, Elliot is distracted by the buns and salivates, waking Mr. Weenie, who bites his backside, accidentally pulling Boog into the trailer. Bob and Bobbie is hear noises from outside and think that Weenie is being nightmarly attacked. Bobbie puts on a towel to go investigate. Shocked by what she sees, she accidentally drops her towel, revealing her bare tattooed buttocks (as well as everything else her breasts, abdomen, and crotch, which are off-screen) to the passing police car, whose driver pulls over, startled away by the screaming and naked woman. Elliot runs out of the window looking for a place to hide, leaving Boog incriminatingly holding Weenie by the tail when the police officer, Gordy (Gordon Tootoosis), breaks into the RV camper. Then Mr. Weenie laughs to Boog, "You are so busted?!" and Boog responds, "Tell me about it?.."

Voice cast

 Martin Lawrence as Boog
 Ashton Kutcher as Elliot
 Georgia Engel as Bobbie
 Gordon Tootoosis as Sheriff Gordy
 Cody Cameron as Mr. Weenie

Release

Home media 
·        Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run was exclusively released on December 15, 2006, as a special feature on the Open Season DVD and Blu-ray.

·        The DVD copy of the short film was released on May 9, 2007 in China and the DVD copy of the short film was released on March 18, 2008 in Japan. The DVD copy of the short film was debuted on TV in Sweden on December 27, 2009.

References 

 ↑ McCutcheon, David (January 4, 2007). "Open Season's DVD Hunt". IGN. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
 ↑ "Open Season Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved August 23, 2011.

2006 movies
English-language movies
Open Season (franchise)
Robert Max Berdahl (born March 15, 1937) is an American historian, author and the interim President of the University of Oregon (OU). He was chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley from 1997 to 2004. He was president of the Association of American Universities (AAU) from May 2006 to June 2011. In addition to his duties as interim President, he serves on the Board of Directors of Lam Research Corporation.

Biography
Berdahl was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota in 1937. He received his B.A. degree from Augustana College (South Dakota). Berdahl got an M.A. degree from the University of Illinois. He earned a Ph.D. in history from the University of Minnesota in 1965.

Berdahl taught history at OU from 1967 to 1986. During that time he was dean of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1981 to 1986 while Paul Olum was OU president.  Olum also was forced to retire in a fight over resources for the university.  Berdahl then was vice chancellor for academic affairs at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for seven years.  He then was president of the University of Texas for four years.

On December 9, 2011, Berdahl announced that he had been asked by the Oregon State Board of Higher Education to serve as the interim president of the University of Oregon.   On November 28, 2011, the board gave Richard W. Lariviere 30 days to leave his office. Berdahl had written an editorial supporting Lariviere. Berdahl took office on December 29, 2011 and will serve until fall 2012 when his successor is named.

References

Other websites
 OU official webpage

1937 births
American historians
Living people
People from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Richard W. Lariviere (born 1950) was President of the University of Oregon (OU) from 2009 to 2011. He is a Life Member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
He became president of OU in 2009. Lariviere's contract was not renewed in 2011 amid a racketeering scandal in the OU Dean of Students office. 

Lariviere has stated that he will remain at OU as a tenured faculty member.

Biography
Lariviere was Visiting Lecturer in the South Asia Regional Studies Department of the University of Pennsylvania from 1978-79. He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Iowa from 1980-1982. Lariviere was dean of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Austin from 1999 to 2006. He was executive vice chancellor and provost at the University of Kansas from 2006 to 2009.

As OU president, Lariviere answered to a number of different groups.  He ran into two problems: OU salaries and OU governance. Before Lariviere arrived at OU, salaries were frozen for several years. OU could not compete with other colleges. In February 2011, Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber asked all the public universities in Oregon to limit payroll increases to six percent. But Lariviere found OU money that did not come from Oregon to give bigger pay increases to faculty and staff. This caused the unions to demand a pay increase from OU for their members.

All seven public colleges in Oregon are run by a single Oregon state board of higher education. Lariviere agreed to work with other public colleges to seek more independence in a plan that resulted in Senate Bill 242. Governor Kitzhaber signed that law on July 20, 2011 to give public college more control over how they spend money. At the same time, OU developed a separate legislative proposal (the "New Partnership") to start a separate 15-person board of trustees for OU and a $800 million state bond issue to match private donations to a new OU endowment fund. The governor and state board asked Lariviere to delay pushing for the OU legislation while Senate Bill 242 went through the legislature first.  Because Lariviere and OU seemed to be working separately from the Governor and state board, the board voted to fire him on November 28, 2011. He was given 30 days to leave his office. The board hired Robert M. Berdahl as interim president.

Education
Ph.D. Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1978
B.A. History of Religion, University of Iowa, 1972

References

Other websites
Presidential website
vitae  (PDF)
OU biography

1950 births
Living people
Asian studies
People from Chicago
The Oxford Movement was a religious movement within the Church of England, based at the University of Oxford, which began in 1833. Members of this movement were known as 'Tractarians' (from Tracts for the Times, a collection of books, pamphlets and essays that described their beliefs); opponents of the movement called them Newmanites (before 1845) and Puseyites (from 1845), after John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey, two leading Tractarians. The members of the movement tried to bring back Catholic doctrine and forms of service (how Sunday services and other forms of worship were carried out in Anglican churches, the Oxford Movement wanting to make these  more like a Catholic Mass) into the Church of England. They also believed the Anglican church was an 'apostolic' church, connected directly to the Church of Saint Peter and the other Apostles. John Keble was another leader of the movement.

After publishing ninety Tracts, Newman decided, in Tract 90, that the Branch Theory (that the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Churches were all part of the one Church) was not enough, and converted to Catholicism, and later became a Cardinal. Enemies of the Movement thought this proved that they were trying to reunify with Rome. Others followed Newman to Rome (for example, Henry Edward Manning, another important Tractarian, converted in 1851) while others, such as Pusey and John Keble, remained in the Anglican Church to continue the work of reforming it.

Today, it is represented in the 'Anglo-Catholic' or High Church (more Catholic, as opposed to Low Church, more Protestant) part of the Anglican Church, the smaller, conservative part. Recently, with the Anglican Church debating if female clergymen should be allowed, some Anglo-Catholics, such as Bishop Burnham, Bishop Newton and sixty priests have left the Church and converted to Rome in protest, as they do not believe female bishops, or female priests should be allowed.

More information
Michael Chandler An Introduction to the Oxford Movement. New York: Church Publishing, 2003

Other websites
 Tracts for the Times
 Tractarianism (Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge)

Anglicanism
England
Graphics Interchange Format (often shortened to GIF) is a file format for images.

It is a raster graphics format; that is the image has a fixed size. CompuServe developed and introduced the format in 1987. Today, it is widely used on the World Wide Web.The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel, or 256 colors. It also supports animations. Each frame of an animation can have its own set of 256 colors. GIF is not used to show photographs very much, because having only 256 colors is limiting for such a task.

To reduce their size, images are compressed using Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression. Lempel-Ziv-Welch, or LZW, is a lossless compression. No information is lost when compressing or uncompressing. There were some problems with the patent of the LZW compression. That patent was not held by CompuServe, but by Unisys. These issues led to the development of another format, called PNG. This is no longer a problem, because the patents have expired.

A GIF may often represent a small clip of a favorite scene from a show or video.

Pronunciation of GIF 
The creators of the format pronounced the word as "jif" with a soft "G" /dʒɪf/ as in "gin". Steve Wilhite says that the intended pronunciation deliberately echoes the American peanut butter brand Jif, and CompuServe employees would often say "Choosy developers choose GIF", spoofing this brand's television commercials.

The disagreement over the pronunciation led to heated Internet debate. On the occasion of receiving a lifetime achievement award at the 2013 Webby Award ceremony, Wilhite rejected the hard-"G" pronunciation, and his speech led to 17,000 posts on Twitter and 50 news articles.

References

Computer science
, also romanized as Kyū-an, was a  after Ten'yō and before Ninpei.  This period spanned the years from July 1145 through January 1151. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kyūan Era
 1145 (Kyūan 1, 8th month): Taiken-mon In, died. She was mother of former-Emperor Sutoku.  

 1146 (Kyūan 2, 2nd month), The emperor visited the home of former Emperor Toba.

 1146 (Kyūan 2, 12th month), Konoe joined Fujiwara no Tadamichi in celebrating his 58th birthday.

 1148 (Kyūan 4, 6th month): In Heian-kyō (Kyoto), the imperial palace was destroyed by fire.

 1150 (Kyūan 6, 1st month): Konoe married Fujiwara-no Tokoku.  This bride became kōgū (first empress).

 1150 (Kyūan 6, 3rd month): Konoe took a second wife; and this bride became chūgyo (second empress).  Konoe caused discord when he neglected his first wife.

 1150 (Kyūan 6, 12th month): Minamoto no Yoshikane became head of the Ashikaga clan in Shimotsuke province.

Related pages 
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Tabuaeran is one of the Line Islands of the central Pacific Ocean. It is an atoll. Tabueran is part of Kiribati.  The highest point on the island is about 3 m (10 ft) above high tide.

Tabuaeran is the name in Gilbertese language. The island is also called Fanning Island or Fanning Atoll in English.

Other websites
Map of Tabuaeran 
Fanning Island on Jane Resture's Oceania Home Page  A strong resource including geography, history, photos, and links.
Fanning-Island.com 
Ancient Polynesian remains
Atoll Institute, proposed Field Station
 Edmund Fanning in Explorers of the Pacific by Buck (eText)

Pacific islands
Atolls
Kiribati
Augustana University is a private, liberal arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The school is in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. The 100-acre (40 ha) campus makes the school the largest private university in South Dakota. Some people call the college “Augie.”

It was first called "The Lutheran Normal School". It was started for the purpose of educating teachers. In 1918, the college got its current name after joining with Augustana College in Canton. This happened because synod officials worried about having enough money to run two institutions so close together. The schools were only 20 miles (32 km) apart. The college claims its founding as 1860, the same as its sister-school (which shares the same name) in Rock Island, Illinois. Augustana gets its name from the Confessio Augustana, the Latin name for the Augsburg Confession of 1530.

Augustana regularly gets high rankings among other Midwestern schools. Publications such as The Princeton Review named Augustana a "Best Midwestern College" and U.S. News & World Report listed Augustana as a "Best Buy" in 2009. U.S. News & World Report has listed the school a top tier baccalaureate college in the Midwest for 13 years in a row, with Augustana placing third as of 2009. It got this ranking again in 2010.

References

Other websites

Augustana College, official website
Augustana Choir 
Augustana Computer Organization 
KAUR FM , Minnesota Public Radio's talk radio station (owned in name by Augustana College).
Augustana Pre-Med Club 
The Mirror , Augustana's student newspaper
Augustana College Theatre Company
Circle K , Circle K International-Augustana chapter
ACSJ Augustana Coalition for Social Justice Blog
 Mikkelsen Library
Hillsboro Academy , Historical Society of Montgomery County Illinois

Colleges and universities in South Dakota
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
1860s establishments in Illinois
1900s establishments in South Dakota
Chiodos (pronounced  ) is an American post hardcore band. They formed in Davison, Michigan in 2001. The band was first known as "The Chiodos Bros." This was a tribute to the filmmakers Stephen, Charles, and Edward Chiodo. Chiodos released their first full-length album on July 26, 2005. It was titled All's Well That Ends Well. Their second album was titled Bone Palace Ballet. 

It was released in North America on September 4, 2007.  Later on, Warner Bros. Records released Bone Palace Ballet in the United Kingdom on January 26, 2009. It debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200. 

It also reached number 1 on the Independent Albums chart. In 2010, they released their third studio titled Illuminaudio. This is the first album without lead vocalist Craig Owens. Chiodos has not said why they let Owens leave the band. On February 2, 2010, Chiodos announced Brandon Bolmer from Yesterday's Rising would be their new lead vocalist. Illuminaudio has received very positive reviews. It reached #37 on the Billboard 200 and #5 on Top Alternative Albums.

Band members
Current
Pat McManaman - rhythm guitar (since 2001)
Bradley Bell - keyboards, synthesizers, piano, backing vocals (since 2001)
Matt Goddard - bass guitar (since 2001)
Jason Hale - lead guitar (since 2004)
Brandon Bolmer - lead vocals (since 2010)
Tanner Wayne - drums (since 2010)

Former
Craig Owens - lead vocals (2001–2009)
Crosby Clark - drums (2002–2004)
Dane Spencer - lead guitar (2002–2003)
Patrick "Chip" Kelly - lead guitar (2003–2004)
Derrick Frost - drums (2004–2009)
Mike Catalano - drums (2009)

Discography
EP's
 The Chiodos Bros. (2001)
 The Best Way to Ruin Your Life (2002)
 The Heartless Control Everything (2003)
Studio albums
 All's Well That Ends Well (2005)
 Bone Palace Ballet (2007)
 Illuminaudio (2010)

References

Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups from Michigan
Yun Seon-do (Korean:윤선도, June 22 1587 - June 11 1671) was a Korean politician, philosopher, and poet during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also called Gosan (고산, 孤山), Haeong (해옹, 海翁), or Yakyi (약이, 約而).

Work book 
 Gosansunsaengyugo(고산선생유고, 孤山先生遺稿)
 Byuljip(별집, 別集)
 Yakhwaje(약화제, 藥和劑)
 Chubangjeonsunchangyak(처방전선창약, 癬瘡藥)
 Hwaechungyak(회충약, 蛔蟲藥)
 Haesuyak(해수약, 咳嗽藥)
 Bokhakshinbang(복학신방, 腹학神方)
 Wooyukshinbang(우역신방, 牛疫神方)
 Ohseonjubang(오선주방, 五仙酒方)

Related pages
 Heo Mok
 Yun Hyu
 Jeong Gu
 Song Siyeol
 Jeong Yak-yong

Other websites 

 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=123646
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A1587_1_0008531 
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=689760
 http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=465

1587 births
1671 deaths
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Poets
For other uses, see Koan

The kōan (; ) are groupings of related questions and answers which are a paradox. The kōan may be a story which cannot be understood or explained easily.

The kōan can be a special kind of metaphor with a hidden meaning, such as "the sound of one hand clapping".

History
Kōans originate in the sayings and events in the lives of wise men and legendary figures. 
  
A kōan can refer to a story selected from Buddhist historical records and sutras.

The kōan is a fundamental part of the history and practice of Zen Buddhism.

Select examples
 "Firewood becomes ash and it does not become firewood again".
 "The verbal and the nonverbal are like vines clinging to a tree".

Classical kōan collections
 Blue Cliff Record or Account of the Blue Montains ; , is a collection of 100 kōans compiled in 1125 by Yuanwu Keqin (圜悟克勤 1063–1135).
 The Book of Equanimity or Book of Serenity ;   is a collection of 100 Kōans compiled in the 12th century by Hongzhi Zhengjue (宏智正覺 1091–1157)
 The Gateless Gate or the Gate with no Entrance ;  is a collection of 48 kōans and commentaries published in 1228 by Chinese monk Wumen (無門 1183–1260). The title may be more accurately rendered as Gateless Barrier or Gateless Checkpoint.

References

Other websites 
 The Gateless Gate 48 Zen kōans compiled in the early 13th century
 Book of Serenity  A collection of 100 kōans, originally compiled in the 12th century
 Life at the Monastery  – a humorous look at kōans
 Zen Buddhism Koan Study Pages
 Koan Collections and Studies
 Short Zen Poems, Koans – Collection of modern koans.
 Zen Koans: Transcending Duality – a list of kōans
 What is the sound of one hand clapping?

Metaphors
Buddhism
Cinematic Sunrise was an American rock band signed to Equal Vision Records. The members of the band were Craig Owens (vocals), Bradley Bell (piano), Bryan Beeler (guitar), Marcus VanKirk (bass), Nick Martin (guitar), and Dave Shapiro (drums). Their only released work, "A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record" included a coloring book and four colored pencils with the purchase of the EP. "Basically, the whole idea - everything about Cinematic Sunrise - is just happy and fun. And there's nothing more fun than coloring," explains vocalist Craig Owens about the decision to include the coloring book  with the EP.

History
Owens and Bell were both in Chiodos at the time Cinematic Sunrise formed. The group differs majorly from Chiodos's post-hardcore sound, as Cinematic Sunrise plays more of pop rock and pop punk. The group's debut EP, titled A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record, was released on May 13, 2008. Beeler recorded, and produced the EP. The EP barely reached the Billboard charts, at #196. The EP also hit #8 on the Top Heatseekers chart. It also got to #26 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The EP was re-released in late October 2008, with two new songs. This was because they ran out of the original copies, selling past 10,000 copies.

A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record

A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record is the first and only EP by the band Cinematic Sunrise, who is a side project of Chiodos' Bradley Bell and Craig Owens. The pair's pop rock project is all about having a good time and making music that is innocent and fun to play. The record was first released with four color pencils. These would be used in a book that includes drawings of animals with pictures of the band members hidden somewhere in the coloring page. Craig Owens said in an interview that he wanted crayons, not colored pencils. He was supposedly not happy with Equal Vision's mistake.

On October 14, 2008, Equal Vision Records re-released A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record. The re-release includes two bonus tracks. They were titled "If Lilly Isn't Back by Sunset" and "Crossing Our Fingers for Summer".

Track listing 
Source: Amazon

Other websites
Official Site

References

American rock bands
American pop music groups
Emo bands
Musical groups from Detroit, Michigan
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of building a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, meteorology) and engineering disciplines (e.g. computer science, artificial intelligence). They are also used in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology and political science). Physicists, engineers, statisticians, operations research analysts and economists use mathematical models a lot.

Mathematical models can take many forms.  The types of models include: 
dynamical systems - for systems that change,
statistical models - for finding patterns in large groups of measurements or data, 
differential equations - to study how variables change over time, or 
game theoretic models - for studying how many independent decision makers can interact.
These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. Mathematical models can include logical models.  In many cases, the quality of a scientific field depends on how well the mathematical models built on theory agree with results of repeatable experiments.  When theoretical mathematical models do not match experimental measurements, scientists try to correct the model.  Such corrections lead the way to better theories to explain the facts.

More reading 
Books
 Bender, E.A. [ 1978 ] ( 2000 ). An Introduction to Mathematical Modeling, New York : Dover. 
 Gershenfeld, N., The Nature of Mathematical Modeling, Cambridge University Press, (1998). 
 Yang, X.-S., Mathematical Modelling for Earth Sciences, Dudedin Academic, (2008). 

Specific applications
 Peierls, Rudolf. Model-making in physics, Contemporary Physics, Volume 21 (1), January 1980, 3-17
 Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. ( 2006 ). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow : Editorial URSS.

Other websites 
General reference material
 McLaughlin, Michael P. ( 1999 )
 Plus teacher and student package: Mathematical Modelling. Brings together all articles on mathematical modeling from Plus, the online mathematics magazine produced by the Millennium Mathematics Project at the University of Cambridge.

Philosophical background
 Frigg, R. and S. Hartmann, Models in Science, in: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (Spring 2006 Edition)
 Griffiths, E. C. (2010) What is a model?

References 

Mathematics
Galactose (from the Greek stem γάλακτ– galakt–, "milk") is a sugar. It has almost the same chemical structure as glucose. Large amounts of pure galactose do not exist in nature. Instead, galactose is usually found with glucose in lactose, a sugar found in milk and other milk products. After lactose is digested and absorbed, galactose arrives in the liver. There it is changed into either glucose or glycogen.

References

Carbohydrates
Chemical compounds
Apuleius was a philosopher and rhetorician tried for using magic to win an older and richer bride. He's better known for his novel about the cult of Isis, the tale of Cupid and Psyche, and the adventures of its hero, Lucius.

Apuleius was born in about 125, in Madauros, Numidia. It is not known what his first name was, although writers in the Middle Ages often called him "Lucius Apuleius" because the hero of his novel was called Lucius. Apuleius was educated in Carthage and Athens, and then traveled around the Mediterranean learning about religious cults. In 158 he delivered a speech recorded as Apologia Apuleii 'The Apology of Apuleius' in the town of Sabratha, Tripolitania (modern Libya), as a defense against the charge of using magic to win a richer and older bride called Pudentilla. Apuleius, in his Apology, provides a glimpse into second century Roman law, the economic and social conditions of Roman North Africa, and the attitude towards magic.

Apuleius died in about 175 A.D., having written his novel, known as either The Golden Ass or The Metamorphoses (also Transformations of Lucius), and the Apology, as well as books on Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle.

References

Other websites 

Apuleius (123–180 CE) the Famous Berber writer 
Apulei Opera (Latin texts of all the surviving works of Apuleius) at The Latin Library
English translation of Florida by H. E. Butler (PDF)
English translation of the Apologia by H. E. Butler 
English translation of the God of Socrates by Thomas Taylor
English translation of the Apologia by H. E. Butler (PDF)
Apuleius – Apologia: Seminar  (Latin text of the Apologia with H. E. Butler's English translation and an English crib with discussion and commentary)
Apology as Prosecution: The Trial of Apuleius
 Apuleius' works: text, concordances and frequency list
 

120s births
170s deaths
Philosophers
Roman people
Novelists
Magic (paranormal)
Berber people
Rioting took place in several English cities, and towns, between 6 and 10 August 2011. Looting and arson also took place at this time. The riots started when a demonstration took place, on 6 August, about the police's shooting of Mark Duggan in Tottenham, North London. It turned into a riot. Over the next few days, the riots spread to other places in London and then to other areas of England. The riots caused five deaths. 186 police officers were hurt. The University of Nottingham found that British people became more racist after the riots.

Shooting of Mark Duggan

On 4 August, a police officer shot and killed 29-year-old Mark Duggan during a traffic stop on the Ferry Lane bridge next to Tottenham Hale station. Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed, but he was carrying a gun which a man was convicted of supplying to him.

Causes
On 12 August, historian David Starkey blamed black gangster culture. He said that "whites have become black". Max Hastings of the Daily Mail blamed a culture of welfare dependence.

References

2011 crimes
2011 in the United Kingdom
2010s crimes in London 
2010s crimes in the United Kingdom
2010s riots
Arson
August 2011 events
Looting
2011