cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City.  It is the second largest public library in the United States.

The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx and Staten Island.  The branch libraries are open to the general public.

History

John Astor gave $400,000 for the creation of a public library. which was built in 1854.

The size and importance of the library grew along with the city.

References

Other websites

 New York Public Library website
 New York Times, "British Architect to Redesign City Library," October 22, 2008; "Sacking a Palace of Culture,"  April 21, 2012

Buildings and structures in New York City
Libraries in the United States
1854 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) people in Myanmar face legal challenges and discrimination not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity is illegal within the Union of Myanmar and punishable by fines and imprisonment for ten years to life. The past authoritarian nature of the government made it difficult to obtain accurate information about the legal or social status of LGBT citizens of Myanmar. However, along with the ongoing political reforms, improvements in media and civil freedoms have allowed LGBT people to gain more and more recognition in the country.

During the Military regime, no organised Bangladeshi LGBT political or social life was able to exist. Burma's social mores about human sexuality have been described as being "extremely conservative." Aung Myo Min is an openly gay man and has been involved in the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF). In 2005 he talked about his coming out process and the homophobia that exists, even with the pro-democracy opposition. Today he is involved with exile Burma human rights organizations, including the Campaign for Lesbian Gay Rights in Burma. In 2003, Focus Asia (Star TV) aired a story about the Nat Kadaws. The "Utopia Guide to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar & Vietnam" references "Transgender shaman channelling spirits at Myanmar sacred festivals." Yet, within Burma itself, no formal gay bars or LGBT human rights organisations exist as of yet. There are only some unconfirmed reports that certain nightclubs in the cities that are a reputation for both heterosexual and LGBT clientele. Burma also celebrated its first gay pride in several cities around the country in 2012, to mark the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia. 

Myanmar
Politics of Myanmar
Year 369 (CCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Spring – Emperor Valens crosses the Danube at Noviodunum (Romania), and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi). Their king Athanaric is defeated and ‘forced to flee for his life’. He asks for peace. The treaty includes free trade and an agreement to provide troops for tribute.
 Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths. He asked Valens and the Thracian army for help. They end the civil war, and Fritigern becomes Christian.

Persia

 Persian King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia.

Asia 
 Chinese troops of the Jin Dynasty are defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei.
 Goguryeo invades Baekje.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 Wulfila makes a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to ("Arian") Christianity.
</onlyinclude>

Births 
 Huan Xuan, warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)

Deaths 

360s
Boogie Nights is a 1997 American drama movie written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, and starring Mark Wahlberg, Julianne Moore, Burt Reynolds, Don Cheadle, John C. Reilly, Philip Seymour Hoffman, William H. Macy and Heather Graham. It follows the life of a pornographic actor in San Fernando Valley.

Release dates

Other websites 

1997 drama movies
1990s buddy movies
1990s LGBT movies
American buddy movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies about pornography
Movies about prostitution
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 1980s
Murder-suicide in movies
NC-17 rated movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Paul Thomas Anderson
is a Japanese city in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History
The Isonokami Shrine is in Tenri.  A town grew up around the shrine.

According to tradition, Tenri was the site of the  Hirotaka Palace (Hirotak no miya) when Emperor Ninken lived there.

Tenri is the center of the Tenrikyo sect.

Gallery

Related pages
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites 

 Tenri City website 

Cities in Nara Prefecture
UTC+04:00 makes clocks 4 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.
 
These are the places who are on the UTC−04:00 time zone.

As standard time (all year round)
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Georgia (Georgia moved from zone UTC+04 to UTC+03 on June 27, 2004, then back to UTC+04 on March 27, 2005)
 Mauritius (Mauritius tried DST in 2008 but decided not to continue)
 Oman
 Réunion (France)
 Russia  (Samara Time)
 Seychelles
 United Arab Emirates (including Dubai, Abu Dhabi)

References

UTC offsets

cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+4 D
es:Huso horario#UTC+04:00, D
Ashtarak is an industrial city in Armenia.  It is on the left bank of Kasagh River. It is the capital of Aragatsotn Province. There are 21,600 people.

Ashtarak is one of the oldest cities of Armenia. It was formed in the 9th century and reconstructed in the 17th century.

An interesting sight is an unusual bridge that crosses the Kasagh River. It was built in 1664.  It has three arches that are unequal in size.

References

Cities in Armenia
The 20th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC.

Events

 2000 BC: Arrival of the ancestors of the Latins in Italy.
 2000 BC: Town of Mantua was presumably founded.
 2000 BC: Stonehenge is believed to have been completed.
 2000 BC: Farmers and herders traveled south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya.
 2000 BC: Horses were tamed and used for transport.
 c. 2000 BC: First of the Minoan palaces on Crete.
 c. 2000 BC: Site of palace complex Knossos started to become occupied.
 c. 2000 BC: Decline of Harappan civilization began.
 c. 2000 BC: Bronze Age began in north Ancient China.
 c. 2000 BC – Torso, from Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization, was made. It is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi.
 c. 2000 BC-1900 BC – Torso of a "priest-king", from Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization, was made. It is now kept at National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi.
 2000 BC: possible date when, according to religious scriptures, Abraham founded Judaism.
 2040 BC – 1556 BC: Xia Dynasty in China, Olmec civilization (Mesoamerica).
 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
 c. 2000 BC: Middle Jōmon period ended in Japan.
 c. 2000 BC: Vessel, from Asahi Mound, Toyama Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Collection of Tokyo University.
 c. 2000 BC: Dogū, from Kurokoma, Yamanashi Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Tokyo National Museum.
 1991 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty.
 c. 1985 BC: Political authority became less centralized in Ancient Egypt.
c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: Rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan were made. Twelfth Dynasty.
5c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: "Hippopotamus", from the tomb of Senbi (governor) (Tomb B.3) at Meir was made. Twelfth Dynasty. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
February 27, 1953 BC: A very close alignment of the naked-eye planets took place in which these planets are together in a span of 4.3 degrees.
c. 1942 BC: The so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Sömmerda) was buried in a large barrow within a  stone cairn inside a ring ditch.
1932 BC: Amorite conquest of Ur.
c. 1928 BC – 1895 BC: "Harvest scene", tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty.
1913 BC – 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 2000 BC—First written accounts of schizophrenia.
 c. 2000 BC – Glass appears.
 1950 BC—The copper bar cubit of Nippur defines the Sumerian cubit as 51.72 cm.

In fiction
~1600 BC: Setting for Valley of the Kings (Cecilia Holland)
2000 BC: See Stonehenge (novel)

-0
The 19th century BC was the century that lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC.

Events

 Hittite empire in Hattusa, Anatolia.
 1900 BC: Proto-Greek invasions of Greece.
 c. 1900 BC: Minoan Old Palace (Protopalatial) period starts in Crete.
 c. 1900 BC: Fall of last Sumerian dynasty.
 c. 1900 BC: Late Harappan Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
 c. 1900 BC: The Mokaya along the Pacific coast of present-day Chiapas, Mexico were preparing cacao beverages.
 c. 1900 BC: Port of Lothal is abandoned.
 c. 1897 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule. He built Kahun near his pyramide tomb complex at el-Lahun.
 c. 1895–1878 BC: "Pectoral of Senwosret II", from the tomb of princess Sithathoryunet at el-Lahun was made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
 c. 1880 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II starts to rule (other date is 1897 BC).
 c. 1878 BC: Senwosret III started to rule.
 1876 BC: Israelites enter Egypt after two years of famine (according to one interpretation of internal Biblical chronology; an alternate date is 1986 BC).
 c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II dies (other date is 1878 BC).
 c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III starts to rule (other date is 1878 BC).
 c. 1860 BC: Senusret III inspects the Nubian frontier, he leads four battles against the Nubians.
 c. 1855 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III dies (other date is 1839 BC).
 1836 BC-1818 BC: Head statue of Senusret III is made. It is now at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.

Significant persons
 1807–1797 BC—Amenemhat III of Egypt

References

-1
The 18th century BCE was the century which lasted from 1800 BCE to 1701 BCE.

Events

 1800 BCE: Iron Age in India
 1800 BCE: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius.
 1800 BCE – 1300 BCE: Troy VI flourishes.
  c. 1800 BCE: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica
  c. 1800 BCE: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. The capital was at Avaris.
 c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari.
 c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
 1787 BCE – 1784 BCE: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin.
 1786 BCE: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.
 1779 BCE: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule.
 1770 BCE: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.
 1766 BCE: Shang conquest of Xia Dynasty. China.
 1764 BCE – 1750 BCE: Wars of Hammurabi.
 1757 BCE: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed.
 1757 BCE: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies.
 1750 BCE: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt.
 1750 BCE: A large volcano eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska.
 c. 1750 BCE: Nomadic shepherds, the Aryans, enter India from Central Asia and the Russian steppes.
 c. 1750 BCE: Vedic period starts in India.
 c. 1750 BCE: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimiri-Lim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Iraq), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
 1749 BCE – 1712 BCE: Mesopotamian Rebellions.
 Early Unetice culture, beginning of the Bronze Age in Central Europe.
 Minoan civilization: phase II of the Middle period (MM II).
 c. 1700 BC: The last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island.
 c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture
 c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete.
 c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects that may be better than Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow.
 c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.
 c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China.
 c. 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty starts in China.
 1800 BCE – 1700 BCE: Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

Significant persons
 Hammurabi (1792 BCE–1750 BCE), ruler of the Babylonian Empire
 Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of the Xia dynasty.

Deaths
1750 BCE—Hammurabi (middle chronology)

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 c. 1700 BCE—date for the building of the Phaistos Disc. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture is unknown. This makes it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology.

References

-2
Events and trends 
 Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years. He is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother Metion. Metion took power. Pandion II went to Megara. He married the King's daughter and eventually inherited the throne. After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion.
 1307 BC—Adad-nirari I becomes king of Assyria.
 1300 BC—Pangeng moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin.
 c. 1300 BC—Rise of the Urnfield culture.
 c. 1300 BC—1312 BC—the revelation of the Torah to Moses occurred.
 c. 1300 BC—Some people of "Eastern Woodlands" begin to build massive earthworks, mounds of earth and stone. Poverty Point, Louisiana is the earliest one.
 c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, is built. Excavated by Christos Stamatakis in 1878.
 c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—The palace at Pylos is built.
 c. 1300 BC–1100 BC—Warrior vase, from Mycenae, Ancient Greece, is made. It is now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

Significant people 
 Pangeng of China
The 21st century BC is a century which lasted from the year 2100 BC to 2001 BC.

Events 

 c. 2100 BC – c. 2050 BC: Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) was built.
 2091 BC: Beginning of the Patriarchal Age was traditionally set in this year.
 2080 BC: Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt.
 2080 BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt ended. Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
 2071 BC: Magh Ithe, first recorded battle in Ireland myths.
 2070 BC (disputable): Yu the Great set up the Xia Dynasty.
 c. 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
 c. 2055 BC: End of First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
 c. 2055 BC: Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
 c. 2055 BC: Mentuhotep II from Thebes got Ancient Egypt together.  He began to rule (other date is 2040 BC).
 c. 2055 BC – 1985 BC: Funerary Stele of Amenemhat I was made. Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Excavated in 1915–1916. It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
 c. 2049 BC: Oak trees for Seahenge felled.
 2040 BC: Beginning of the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty and government system in China.
 2040 BC: Pharaoh Merykare died. End of Tenth dynasty of Egypt. Pharaoh Mentuhotep II started to rule. Start of Eleventh Dynasty.
 2034 BC – 2004 BC: Ur–Amorite wars.
 c. 2009 BC – 1997 BC: Funerary temple of Mentuhotep III was built. Eleventh Dynasty.
 2004 BC: Elamite destruction of Ur.
 c. 2004 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies.
 c. 2000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age ended.

Significant persons 

 Ur-Nammu, 3rd dynasty of Ur
 Shulgi of Urim

Legendary people

 According to Abrahamic religious tradition, the era of the Patriarch Abraham (however, other dates include 19th century BC, and/or 17th century through 15th century BC)
 According to Hindu tradition, lifetime of Rama, the 7th Avatar of Vishnu

Inventions, discoveries, introductions 
2100 BC—Earliest law code in Mesopotamia, the Code of Ur-Nammu
2037 BC—Emperor Shen Nong makes first (perhaps mythical) tea drink by boiling fresh leaves

-9
is a Japanese town in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū. The town has a population of 33,606 people.

History
According to tradition, Kōryō was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
 Umayasaka Palace or Umayasaka-no-miya, 640.
 Kudara Palace or Kudara-no-miya, 640–642   Kudara is related to an ancient name of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.

Related pages
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

 Kōryō website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Nara Prefecture
Year 1249 (MCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Africa 
 King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt. It is the first major military battle of the Seventh Crusade.

Asia 
 Pho Khun Si Indrathit is the first king of the Sukhothai kingdom. This is the start of the modern Thai nation.
 The Hikitsuke, a judicial organ of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates of Japan, is started.
 The Japanese Hōji era ends, and the Kenchō era begins.

Europe 
 February 16 – Andrew of Longjumeau is sent by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols.
 June 13 – coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
 August 15 – The First Battle of Athenry is fought in Galway, Ireland.
 The city of Stralsund (in present-day Germany) is burned to the ground by forces from the rival city of Lübeck.
 Swedish statesman Birger Jarl takes over the province of Tavastia in Finland. This gives Sweden power in Finland.
 Alphonse of Toulouse orders Jews from Poitou, France to leave.
 The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda.

Mediterranean 
 May 26 – The Battle of Fossalta is fought between the Holy Roman Empire and the Lombard League. The Lombards capture the German commander.
 The Moors lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
 King Afonso III of Portugal recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Moors. This ends the Portuguese Reconquista.
 The city of Mystras, Greece is strengthened and a palace is built there by William II Villehardouin.

By topic

Education 
 University College, the first College at Oxford, is founded with money gifted from the estate of William of Durham.

Science 
 Roger Bacon publishes a major scientific work. It includes writings of convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness. It is the first publication of the formula for gunpowder in the western world.

Births 
 Eric V of Denmark (d. 1286)
 Robert III of Flanders
 Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1268)
 Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (d. 1297)
 Pope John XXII (d. 1334)
 Menachem Meiri, rabbi

Deaths 
 July 6 – King Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1198)
 July 19 – Jacopo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice
 September 27 – Count Raymond VII of Toulouse (b. 1197)
 As-Salih Ayyub, ruler of Egypt
 Abu Zakariya, ruler of the Maghreb (b. 1203)
 William of Sherwood, English logician (b. 1190)
 Wuzhun Shifan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1178)
 Song Ci, Chinese physician and judge (b. 1186)

References 

 
1240s
A cub is the young of some large predatory animals such as bears, lions, wolves, and big cats.

Cub may mean:

 Cub, a member of Cub Scouts
 Cub player, a member of certain sports teams, e.g. the Chicago Cubs baseball club
 A novice or learner, particularly in newspaper reporting
 Cub (band), an indie rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia, which formed in 1992 and disbanded in 1997
 Cub (Happy Tree Friends), a character in Happy Tree Friends
 Cub Foods, a division of the U.S. Supervalu company
 Piper Cub, a line of light aircraft built from the 1930s to the 1980s
 "Cub": NATO reporting name for the Antonov An-12 Russian Turboprop transport
 Honda Super Cub, a range of small motorcycles produced by Honda
 "Cashed Up Bogan", a slang term used in Australia and New Zealand 
 Kapcai, a class of mini motorcycles of Malaysia and Southeast Asia - Malaysian Cub Prix
 LDV Cub, a rebadged version of the Nissan Vanette van sold by LDV Limited
 Cub Records, a record label
 Farmall Cub, a model in the Farmall tractor model line
 Cub Buck (1892–1966), professional American football player
 Carlton & United Breweries, an Australian Alcohol Manufacturer
Year 321 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Macedonian Empire 
 Antipater makes Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor.  He sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas.
 Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy. When he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Ptolemy is in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.
 The main generals of the late Alexander the Great agree to the Partition of Triparadisus. 
 Ptolemy strengthens his position by marrying Eurydice, the third daughter of Antipater.
 Antigonus and Craterus defeat Eumenes in battle.  Eumenes escapes.

Roman Republic 
 Successes by Rome's armies force the Samnites to ask for peace. The terms are harsh so peace does not happen.
 Two Roman consuls, Spurius Postumius Albinus and Titus Veturius Calvinus, leading a force into Samnium.  They are trapped in a mountain pass known as the Caudine Forks.  They make a five-year treaty with the Samnites.

India 
 Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire, makes himself king of Magadha.

Deaths 

 Craterus, Macedonian general (b. c. 370 BC)
 Perdiccas, Macedonian general and regent after the death of Alexander the Great (b. c. 365 BC)
 Zhou Xian Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

320s BC
In the United States, a state is a political entity. There are currently 50 of them, and they are bound together in a federation.  Each has a government and can make laws over a particular area that the state covers. All states have a shared sovereignty with the U.S. federal government. People who were born or naturalized in states are citizens of both the United States and the state they are in.  People can move between states without asking or saying so, unless a court has said they can't.  Four states call themselves "commonwealths" in their official names.  Washington, D.C. is a federal district and not a state nor in a state.

States divide their territory into counties, or something similar with different name, which are not sovereign.  Most states give their counties some government authority; a few states give them none.  State governments get their power from the people of that state.  States have a number of States' rights under the United States Constitution.  States and the people that live in them are represented in the United States Congress in the Senate and House of Representatives.  Each state also selects electors (an equal number to the number of Senators and Representatives from that state) to vote in the Electoral College, which elects the President of the United States. Puerto Rico a territory of the United States is considered as a possible 51st state for the future.

States of the United States 

The 50 states, in alphabetical order, along with each state's flag:

References
University of Paris-Seine is a group of higher education institutes in France. It groups public universities and national research centers. These places teach nearly every field of sciences (fundamental, engineering, business).

History
The Université du grand ouest parisien was created on 6 February 2012.
The name has changed the 1st of March 2015. It is now called « Université Paris-Seine ».

Colleges and institutes

The member universities and institutes are :

 Cergy-Pontoise University - UCP ;
 ESSEC ;
 École internationale des sciences du traitement de l'information - EISTI ;
 ISIPCA ;
 École nationale supérieure d’architecture de Versailles - ENSA-V ;
 École nationale supérieure du paysage - ENSP-V ;
 École nationale supérieure d'arts de Paris-Cergy - ENSAPC ;
 École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (ENSEA) ;
 Supméca ;
 École de Biologie Industrielle - EBI ;
 École d'électricité, de production et des méthodes industrielles - ECAM-EPMI ;
 Institut libre d'éducation physique supérieur - ILEPS ;
 École supérieure d'Informatique, réseaux et systèmes d'information - ITESCIA ;
 École pratique de service social - EPSS ;
 École d'ingénieur d'agro-développement international - ISTOM.

References

Colleges and universities in France
2012 establishments in Europe
Île-de-France
2010s establishments in France
The common barn owl (Tyto alba) is a species of owl in the genus Tyto. It is the most widely distributed species of owl, and one of the most widespread of all birds. The barn owl family Tytonidae is one of two main lineages of living owls, the other being the typical owls (Strigidae). It is known by many other names in different parts of the world, which is one of the problems with 'common names'. It is one of the main reasons Linnaeus invented his system of scientific naming.

This owl has long wings, a pale face, and a square-shaped tail. It lives in rural areas like farms and woodland. The barn owl has a wing span of 75–110 cm and its body length measures up to around 25–50 cm. It weighs between 187 and 800 grams.

Barn owls' breeding season is spring and it breeds in nests in trees. It eats small mammals, reptiles, fish, insects and smaller birds.

Ecology

Tyto alba is nocturnal, as usual for owls. However, it often becomes active shortly before dusk and can sometimes be seen during the day, when it moves from a sleeping place it does not like.

This is a bird of open country such as farmland or grassland with some interspersed woodland. This owl prefers to hunt along the edges of woods. It has an effortless wavering flight as it moves over pastures or similar hunting grounds. Like most owls, the Barn Owl flies silently; tiny serrations on the leading edges of its flight feathers help to break up the flow of air over its wings, thereby reducing turbulence and the noise that accompanies it.

Diet and feeding

It hunts by flying low and slowly over an area of open ground, hovering over spots that conceal potential prey. They may also use fence posts or other lookouts to ambush prey. The Barn Owl feeds primarily on small vertebrates such as rodents.

Studies have shown that an individual Barn Owl may eat one or more rodents per night; a nesting pair and their young can eat more than 1,000 rodents per year. Locally superabundant rodent species in the weight class of several grams per individual usually make up most of the prey. Such animals probably make up at least three-quarters of the biomass eaten by each and every T. alba, except in some island populations. In Ireland, the accidental introduction of the Bank vole in the 1950s has led to a major shift in the Barn Owl's diet: where their ranges overlap the vole is now by far the largest prey item. The diet is supplemented with local small vertebrate and large invertebrate life.

References

Other websites 

Strigiformes
is a Japanese city in Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History
According to tradition, Kyōtanabe was the site of an Imperial Palace, including the Tsutsuki Palace during the reign of Emperor Keitai.

Related pages
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

Kyotanabe City website ; 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Kyoto Prefecture
The ancient Kingdom of Armenia was an independent monarchy from 331 BC to AD 428. When the kingdom was the most powerful it was also called the "Armenian Empire".

After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the former Satrapy of Armenia was divided in about 120 clan territories.  After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, a Helenistic Greek successor state of Alexander the Great's short-lived empire, a Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC by Artaxias I.  At its height, from 95 to 66 BC, Armenia extended its rule through areas of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. Armenia was one of the weakest states in the Roman East. It was under the Roman sphere of influence in 66 BC.

Armenia reached its greatest size and influence under King Tigranes II.  It went from the Mediterranean Sea northeast to the Kura River. The Artaxiads were overthrown by the Romans in AD 12.  This started a period of civil war.  After AD 54, the kingdom was ruled by the Arsacid Dynasty. In AD 387, Armenia was divided into Byzantine Armenia in the west and Persian Armenia in the east. Persian Armenia remained under the rule of Arsacid client kings until AD 428.

From the second century BC, the people of Lower Armenia (including today’s Karabakh) spoke Armenian.  This implies that today’s Armenians are the descendants of those speakers.

Other websites 
 Armenian Empire

Ancient Armenia
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
Former empires
History of Armenia
History of Georgia (country)
History of Iran
History of Iraq
History of Syria
History of Turkey
4th-century BC establishments
5th-century disestablishments
was a  after Reiki and before Jinki.  This period started in November 717 and ended in February 724. The reigning empress was .

Events of the Yōrō era
 717 (Yōrō 1, 9th month): Empress Genshō traveled through Ōmi Province where she was met by the lords of the San'indō, the San'yōdō and the Nankaidō.  Also, she traveled to Mino Province where the lords of the Tōkaidō, Tōsandō and Hokurikudō met with her.
 718 (Yōrō 2): Changes in the Taihō Code are made. The  combines comments with changes and additions.
 720 (Yōrō 4): Nihon Shoki completed.
 721 (Yōrō 5, 5th month): Nihon Shoki in 30 volumes was given to the Empress.
 721 (Yōrō 5, 5th month): Fujiwara no Fuhito died at age 62.
 721 (Yōrō 5, 5th month): Former-Empress Gemmei died at age 61.

Nara period
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
710s establishments in Japan
720s disestablishments in Japan
717 establishments
724 disestablishments
Ijevan is a city in northern Armenia.  It was named Istibulagh and Karavansara.  It is the capital of Tavush region.  The city's current name, Ijevan means "inn" in Armenian. The former name Karavansara means "inn" in Persian. In 2009 there were 20,500 people.  This made it the most populated city in the province. Ijevan has had a railway station since 1870.

Tradition says that about 2000 years ago,  King Artavasdes I built a city here.

A branch of Yerevan State University is in the city.

Notable locations
Makaravank Monastery was built in the 10th century in Achajur village, 16 km north of Ijevan. This purple and green stone complex in the forest above the village is a very popular destination. 
Arakelots Monastery was built in the 13th century, a few kilometers north of Ijevan near Kirants village.
Kirants Monastery was built in the 8th century, 10 km north of Ijevan.
The monastery of Gandzakar village was built a few kilometers south of Ijevan.
Yenokavan Canyon, near Yenokavan village north of Ijevan is characterized with beautiful cliffs, caves, forests, rivers and cascades. "Anapat cave" has a style of pre-Christian unique carvings which resemble Mayan and Aztec works. There are small rest houses and a modern resort in Yenokavan canyon.

References

Cities in Armenia
The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of Australia. The lower house is the House of Representatives. Senators are elected for a term that is usually six years. But some senators have three year terms. The Senate has a lot of power from the Australian Constitution.

There are currently 76 people in the Senate.

Senate, Australian
Australia
The House of Representatives is the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The upper house is the Senate. Members of Parliament (MPs) serve for terms of about three years.  There are 150 members.  Each member represents one electorate. The number of electorates is figured out so that it is in proportion to the population of each state/territory. and so that each one has roughly the same population. This is determined by the AEC  (Australian Electoral Commission)

References

Parliament of Australia
Austral
UTC+06:30 is the timezone in places below.  The time is 6.5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

As standard time (all year round)
Australia
Cocos Islands
Myanmar

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+06:30, F†
UTC+07:00 is the timezone in places below.  The time is 7 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.  This timezone is also known as Indochina Time (ICT).

As standard time (all year round)
Australia
Christmas Island
Cambodia
Indonesia (Western)
Central Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra, West Kalimantan

 Mongolia  (Far Western)
Khovd, Uvs, and Bayan-Ölgii

Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Russia - Omsk Time
Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast.

East Asia
It is considered the westernmost time zone in East Asia.

Discrepancies between official UTC+07 and geographical UTC+07
Although usually time zones are made based on longitude, there are some differences.

Areas located within UTC+07 longitudes using other time zones
Many parts of China, including for example Guangxi Province and Hainan Island
Most of central Mongolia including the capital Ulaanbaatar
Peninsular Malaysia
Western part of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo including Kuching
Singapore

Areas located outside UTC+07 longitudes using UTC+07 time

Areas between 82°30′ W and 97°30′ E ("physical" UTC+06)
The westernmost part of Indonesia including Banda Aceh.

Areas between 102°30′ W and 117°30′ E ("physical" UTC+08)
The easternmost part of Java including Surabaya, Malang, and Banyuwangi.

References
Asian time zones

UTC offsets

cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+7 G
es:Huso horario#UTC+07:00, G
Usually, an automatic rifle is a rifle that continuously fires bullet as long as the trigger is pressed. Cartridge shells are ejected and new cartridges are loaded into the chamber automatically. However, most automatic rifles are designed to give both semi- and fully automatic fire. This is called selective fire. They also rifle bullets from a magazine. These features makes them different from other automatic firearms like the machine gun and submachine gun.

Use
Soldiers in the United States Army who carry the M249 SAW are called automatic riflemen. The weapon is also called an automatic rifle. However, it is a fully automatic firearm. These are normally called squad automatic weapons (SAW) or light machine guns.

An assault rifle is quite similar to an automatic rifle. However, it uses less powerful bullets than the machine gun or battle rifle. This allows the soldier using it to control the recoil of the weapon without using a bipod or something similar. Bullets like these are called "intermediate" bullets. For example, the AK-47 assault rifle often uses a 7.62x39mm bullet. The bullet is the same diameter. However, it is smaller and less powerful compared to the 7.62x54mmR. The 7.62x54mmR was what was being used with rifles when the AK-47 was brought in to service.

History 

The very first automatic rifle was the Mexican Mondragón rifle. It was designed by General Manuel Mondragón. He began working on the weapon in 1882. He patented it in 1887. In the 20th century, automatic rifles go back to World War I. This is where the Browning Automatic Rifle (B.A.R.) and Huot were first used. They were supposed to be used like light machine guns to help soldiers attack. However, only the Mondragón rifle and the B.A.R. were used in World War I.

Examples
Farquhar-Hill rifle
Federov Avtomat
Cei-Rigotti
Browning Automatic Rifle
M1946 Sieg automatic rifle
MTB 1925

Related pages 
Semi-automatic rifle
Assault rifle
Sniper rifle
Light machine gun
Squad automatic weapon

References

Other websites
UTC+06:00 is the timezone in places below. The time is 6 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

As standard time (all year round)
Bangladesh - previously used this as standard time and UTC+07:00 as daylight saving time
Bhutan
British Indian Ocean Territory (including Chagos Archipelago and Diego Garcia)
Kazakhstan - most of country (including Nur-Sultan and Almaty)
Kyrgyzstan
Russia - Yekaterinburg Time - Asia/Yekaterinburg
Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast
China, Unofficial time zone in Tibet and XUAR

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+06:00, F
Country Code: +61
International Call Prefix: 0011
Trunk Prefix: 0

The Australian telephone numbering plan is how phone numbers work in Australia.  It has changed many times.  The most recent major change was between 1994 and 1998.

Present numbering plan Overview 
Australia is divided geographically into four large area codes. The standard telephone number in Australia has ten digits.  The first digit is '0'.

The first digits are for the type of service. The following list is a high level of numbering plan presented in domestic format. Geographical region boundaries do not exactly follow state borders.

00 Emergency and International access
01 Alternative phone services
02 Geographic: Central East region (NSW, ACT)
03 Geographic: South-east region (VIC, TAS)
04 Digital Mobile services (GSM and 3G)
05 Universal/Personal numberings
07 Geographic: North-east region (QLD)
08 Geographic: Central and West region (SA, NT, WA)
1 Non-geographic numbers (mostly for domestic use only)

Overview of plan between 1980s and 1994 
 00 TAS, toll-free, premium, satellite telephones
 01 AMPS mobile services
 02 Sydney
 03 Melbourne
 04 NSW regional areas less than 200 km away from Sydney
 05 VIC regional areas
 06 ACT, NSW regional areas more than 200 km away from Sydney
 07 QLD
 08 SA, NT
 09 WA

000 is the emergency telephone number in Australia.

References

Australia
Australia
The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.  It was passed on 11 December 1931.  The Act gave equality to the self-governing dominions of the British Empire.  It is still law in each of the Commonwealth realms.

The Statute is important because it gave legislative freedom to these countries.  Its current relevance is that it sets the basis for the continuing relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.

References

1931
1930s in Europe
20th century in the United Kingdom
Commonwealth realms
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 is an Act of the Australian Parliament.  They formally accepted the Statute of Westminster 1931. It happened on 9 October 1942.

The Act is more important for its symbolic value than for the legal effect of its provisions. Australia was becoming more independent from the United Kingdom.  This Statute showed the independence to the world.

1942
1940s in Australia
Legislation
The Australia Act 1986 is the name of a pair of separate but related pieces of legislation. One was an Act of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia.  The other was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These nearly identical Acts were passed by the two parliaments because no one knew which one had the power to do so.

The Australia Act ended the possibility for the UK to make laws for Australia.  Also the UK could not be involved in Australian government. And no one could appeal from any Australian court to a British court.

1986
Politics of Australia
Legislation
1980s in Australia
1980s in the United Kingdom
Blue Mountains may mean:

Geography
Blue Mountains (New South Wales), Australia
City of Blue Mountains, a local government area west of Sydney
Blue Mountains railway line
Electoral district of Blue Mountains
Greater Blue Mountains Area, a World Heritage Site
Blue Mountains (Nunavut), Canada
The Blue Mountains, Ontario, a town in Canada
Blue Mountains (Congo), northwest of Lake Albert
Sinimäed Hills (Blue Mountains) in Estonia, near Narva
Nilgiri mountains (Blue Mountains), southern India
Blue Mountains (Jamaica) 
Blue Mountains (New Zealand), in West Otago
Blue Mountains (Niger), a mountain range near the Aïr Mountains in Niger
Blue Mountains (Oregon), United States
Blue Mountains (ecoregion), a Level III ecoregion
Blue Mountains or Abajo Mountains, Utah, United States

Fictional
The Blue Mountains (Elgar), a song about Australia by Sir Edward Elgar to a poem by Alfred Noyes
The Blue Mountains (fairy tale), a fairy tale by Andrew Lang in The Yellow Fairy Book
Blue Mountains (Middle-earth) or Ered Luin, fictional mountains in Tolkien's Middle-earth
Robert Lee Griffin III (born February 12, 1990), nicknamed RG3, is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football for Baylor University, and won the 2011 Heisman Trophy for being the best college player that year.  He was the second person taken  by the Washington Redskins with the second pick of the 2012 NFL Draft.Later in 2016 he was traded to the Cleveland  Browns. He is now the secondary quarterback behind Lamar Jackson.

References

1990 births
Living people
African American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Texas
Washington Redskins players
Heisman Trophy winners
The Blue Mountains is a region in New South Wales, Australia. The foothills start about  west of the state capital, Sydney. The area begins on the west side of the Nepean River.  It goes west as far as Coxs River. The Blue Mountains is an Australian natural wonder and World Heritage-listed area.

Geography 
It is mainly a sandstone plateau. The highest point of the range is Mount Werong.  It is  above sea level. A large part of the Blue Mountains is in the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site.  The area has seven national park areas and a conservation reserve.

The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury, the City of Lithgow and Oberon.

Fauna
The Greater Blue Mountains Area has over 400 different forms of animals. Among them are rare mammal species like Spotted-tailed Quoll, the Koala, the yellow-bellied Glider, and Long-nosed Potoroo. There are also some rare reptiles, like the Blue Mountain Water Skink. There are also some dingos in the area.  They are the top predators and hunt for grey kangaroos.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Geography of New South Wales
Gregory Blaxland (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853) was a pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia.

Early life 
Gregory Blaxland was born 17 June 1778 at Fordwich, Kent, England.  He was the fourth son of John Blaxland, mayor from 1767 to 1774. His mother was Mary, daughter of Captain Parker, R.N. Gregory attended The King's School, Canterbury. In July 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Spurdon.  They had five sons and two daughters.

The Blaxlands were friends of Sir Joseph Banks.  Banks influenced Gregory and his older brother, John, to move from England. The government promised them land, convict servants and free passages. Gregory sailed in the William Pitt on 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, bees, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these goods for a good amount of money.  He bought eighty head of cattle.

Blue Mountains expedition 

In 1813, he led the first known European trip across the Blue Mountains.  He went along with William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth.  Their trip opened up the inland of the continent.

Blaxland visited England and in February 1823 he published his Journal Of A Tour Of Discovery Across The Blue Mountains. Later the same year Blaxland was awarded the silver medal of the Royal Society of Arts for some wine he had sent to London.  Five years later he got the gold medal. In January 1827 Blaxland was elected by a public meeting with two others to ask Governor Darling for "Trial by jury" and "Taxation by Representation" for the colony.

Blaxland is noted as one of the first settlers to plant grapes for wine-making purposes. 

He died by his own hand in 1 January 1853 in New South Wales. He is buried in All Saints Cemetery in Parramatta.

Recognition 
The township of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after him.  So is the Division of Blaxland.

In 1963 he was honoured, together with Lawson and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

Romeo Smith has a boat on Home and away called the Blaxland.

References 

1778 births
1853 deaths
Australian explorers
People from Kent
William Lawson (2 June 1774 – 16 June 1850) was an explorer of New South Wales, Australia.  He helped discover a passage inland through the Blue Mountains from Sydney.

Lawson was born in Finchley, Middlesex, England.  He is the son of Scottish parents. Lawson came to Sydney as an ensign with the New South Wales Corps in November 1800.  He was soon posted to Norfolk Island.

After 1808, Lawson was appointed aide-de-camp to George Johnston.  He was given 500 acres (2 km²) at Prospect. He built a 40-room mansion there.

In 1813 Lawson, with Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth, led a trip west from Sydney to cross the Blue Mountains. 

They left on 11 May 1813 with four servants, five dogs and four horses. The route they travelled is still the one used by travellers today. On 31 May 1813 they reached Mount Blaxland and could see the plains to the west. 

Lawson was rewarded with a grant of 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land.  He ended up one of the largest land-holders in Australia. He was made a magistrate and was appointed commandant at Newcastle. 

In 1819 Governor Lachlan Macquarie made a new settlement, Bathurst.  He made Lawson commander of the Bathurst settlement.  Lawson had this job until 1823. From Bathurst, Lawson explored as far north as Mudgee. 

After leaving the army, Lawson was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1843 to 1848. He died at Veteran Hall on 16 June 1850.  The town of Lawson in the Blue Mountains is named for him.

In 1963 Lawson was honoured, together with Blaxland and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

References

1774 births
1850 deaths
Australian explorers
People from London
People from Middlesex
William Ray Guy (born December 22, 1949) is a retired American football punter for the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders. Coming from the University of Southern Mississippi, he was the only pure punter ever to be selected in the first round of the NFL Draft when the Oakland Raiders selected him in 1973. He won three Super Bowls with the Oakland Raiders also.

On August 2, 2014, Guy was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame and became the second pure kicker (after Jan Stenerud) and the first pure punter to be inducted.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1949 births
American football punters
Living people
Oakland Raiders players
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
In baseball statistics, an error, abbreviated E and then the defensive positional designation, is the act, in the judgment of the official scorer, of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batter or baserunner to reach one or more additional bases, when such an advance would have been prevented given ordinary effort by the fielder.

An error does not count as a hit but still counts as an at bat for the batter unless, in the scorer's judgment, the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base(s) reached was the result of the fielder's mistake. In that case, the play will be scored both as a hit (for the number of bases the fielders should have limited the batter to) and an error. However, if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder's mistake, it is scored as a "hit on error," and treated the same as if a batter was put out, which would lower his batting average.

Similarly, a batter does not receive credit for an RBI when runs score on an error, unless the scorer rules that a run would have scored even if the fielder had not made a mistake. For example, if a batter hits a ball to the outfield for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error, the batter will still receive credit for the sacrifice fly and the run batted in.

If a play should have resulted in a fielder's choice with a runner being put out and the batter reaching base safely but the runner is safe due to an error, the play will be scored as a fielder's choice, with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder.

Passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors.

Baseball statistics