cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Don (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870 km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov.

From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.

History 

In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs, and has been a major trading route ever since.

Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes.  The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) Dānu "river", akin to modern Ossetic don "river".

At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.

The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya.

Views of Don River

Footnotes 

Rivers of Russia
Grace Murray Hopper (December 9 1906 – January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer.

Early Life
Hopper was born in New York, USA. Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.D degree in mathematics. She joined the US Navy during the World War II in 1943. She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years. She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992. 

She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator.  She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.

She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy. It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it. The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding. It became used in government, industry, and commerce.

Hopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began. She joined the Navy.  Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943. The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944.

After the War
Hopper retired from the Navy in 1986. After the war, she was still interested in computers. Hopper worked at Remington Rand. She worked at Sperry Corporation later. She did not return to her teaching career after the war. She continued working on software for the other computers. She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve. She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC. The  FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler. Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). Hopper’s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand.

Grace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992. She had retired from the navy six years before. 

A park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor.  The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.

On December 9, 2013, Google had an animation of Hopper for their Google Doodle.

References

American computer scientists
American military people
Scientists from New York City
1906 births
1992 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
The United Nation Environment Programme's Indian Solar Loan Programme has won the World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems.
 
Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, mainly in areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.

Related pages
Energy policy of India

References

Other websites
Solar loans light up rural India

India
Solar energy
Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French Louis and modern German Ludwig) (c. 466 – November 27, 511) was the first king of the Franks who united that nation. He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of two main groups of Frankish tribes, They were occupying the area west of the lower Rhine at that time, with their centre around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighbouring Frankish tribes and established himself as sole king before his death.

Clovis converted to Catholicism, as opposed to the Arian Christianity that was common among Germanic peoples, because his wife, the Burgundian Clotilde, was a Catholic. He was baptized in the Cathedral of Reims. This act was very important in the following history of France and Western Europe in general, because he expanded his reign over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France). He is considered to be the founder both of France (which his state closely resembled geographically at his death) and the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries.

Place of birth : Tournai (Belgium),  Place of death : Paris (France).

Notes

Sources 

 Daly, William M., "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" Speculum 69.3 July 1994, pp. 619–664.
 James, Edward. The Origins of France: Clovis to the Capetians 500-1000. Macmillan, 1982.
 Kaiser, Reinhold. Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich. München 2004. (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26)
 Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476-918. Rivingtons: London, 1914.
 Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Long-haired Kings. London, 1962.
 The Oxford Merovingian Page.

466 births
511 deaths
Converts to Christianity
Kings and Queens of France
The Merovingians were a dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled in the region of ancient Gaul (more or less modern France), from the fifth to the 8th century when the Carolingian dynasty took control.

They were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin reges criniti) by people of the time, for their symbolically uncut hair (traditionally the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, while the warriors trimmed theirs short). The term is drawn directly from Germanic, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing.

The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech (or Merowig, sometimes Latinised as Meroveus or Merovius), leader of the Salian Franks from c.447 to 457. Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts.

Related pages
 Franks (main history of Frankish kingdoms)

References 
 Beyerle, F and R. Buchner: Lex Ribuaria in MGH, Hannover 1954.
 Eugen Ewig: Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2001.
 Patrick J. Geary: Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
 Kaiser, Reinhold: Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich, (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26) (München, 2004)
 Rouche, Michael: "Private life conquers State and Society" in Paul Veyne (ed.), A History of Private Life: 1. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1987.
 Werner, Karl Ferdinand: Die Ursprünge Frankreichs bis zum Jahr 1000, Stuttgart 1989.
 Oman, Charles: The Dark Ages 476-918, London, 1914.
 Wood, Ian: "The Merovingian Kingdoms: 450-751", New York: Longman Press, 1994.

Other websites 
 The Oxford Merovingian Page .
 From Merovingians to Carolingians: Dynastic Change in Frankia .
 Dr Deborah Vess: Merovingian and Carolingian bibliography, sources and web links .

History of Europe
Royal dynasties
History of France
Salland is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch province of Overijssel.

History
The history of Salland goes back to the early Middle Ages, when the four quarters of Oversticht (Salland, Twente, Land van Vollenhove and Drenthe) came together.
Salland (and nearby areas) may have been the early seat of the Salian Franks, the founders of the modern Dutch and French nations.

Geography
Salland is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland, which is partly formed by river IJssel; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial border with Drenthe, which partly consists of the Reest stream; to the east by the borders with the German state of Lower Saxony and the eastern Overijssel region of Twente; and to the south by the border with the Gelderland region of Achterhoek, part of which is formed by the Schipbeek stream.

Geologically, most of Salland's landscape consists of a lowland covered with river sediment.

Municipalities 
These 13 municipalities belong to Salland region:

 Dalfsen
 Deventer (also part of IJsselvallei region)
 Hardenberg
 Hellendoorn (small part in Twente region)
 Kampen (also part of IJsselvallei and Kop van Overijssel regions)
 Olst-Wijhe (also part of IJsselvallei region)
 Ommen

 Raalte
 Rijssen-Holten (partially in Twente)
 Staphorst (also part of Kop van Overijssel region)
 Twenterand (partially in Twente)
 Zwartewaterland (also part of Kop van Overijssel region)
 Zwolle (also part of IJsselvallei region)

Related pages 
 Achterhoek
 Kop van Overijssel
 Twente

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Other websites 
 Salland Natuurlijk Gastvrij, pages of the Salland Board of Tourism (in Dutch)

 
Regions of the Netherlands
Darkthrone is a black metal band from Norway.

Albums 
Soulside Journey
A Blaze In The Northern Sky
Under A Funeral Moon
Transilvanian Hunger
Panzerfaust
Total Death
Goatlord
Ravishing Grimness
Plaguevielder
Hate Them
The Cult Is Alive 
F.O.A.D.
Dark Thrones and Black Flags
Circle the Wagons
The Underground Resistance
Arctic Thunder
Old Star
Eternal Hails......

References

Norwegian heavy metal bands
Black metal bands
Death metal bands
The Minutemen were a very well known American hardcore punk band from the 1980s.  The people in the band were D. Boon on guitar, Mike Watt on bass guitar and George Hurley on drums.

The Minutemen were formed in January of 1980 and began to record music that same year.  They gave to the public their first EP, called Paranoid Time, that year.  Over the next five years, the Minutemen went on many music playing trips and made many albums.  Some of their most well kown albums are What Makes a Man Start Fires? and Double Nickels on the Dime.

The band was forced to split in 1985 due to the death of D. Boon.  Boon was killed in a car crash when his girlfriend fell asleep at the wheel.  After Boon's death, Watt and Hurley formed the band fIREHOSE with Minutemen fan Ed Crawford.  fIREHOSE played until 1994 when they broke up.  Since the breakup of fIREHOSE, Mike Watt has played in several bands and also his own solo career.

1980s American music groups
American punk bands
American rock bands
Musical groups from California
Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, meaning "the kinsman is a healer," from ˤAmmu, meaning "paternal kinsman", and Rāpi, meaning "healer"), was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. He became king after his father abdicated, and was the first ruler of Babylonia. By winning wars against other kingdoms in Mesopotamia, Hammurabi created a large Babylonian empire. However, his son Samsu-iluna and later Babylonian rulers lost much of the land he had gained. 

Hammurabi is most famous for his laws, which are known as the Hammurabi's Code. Hammurabi's Code was one of the first written codes of law in history.

History 

Hammurabi became king of Babylon in around 1792 BC, when his father Sin-Muballit abdicated. Babylon was one of many small independent cities in ancient Mesopotamia. These cities often fought each other for control of land. Babylon was already one of the more powerful cities when Hammurabi became king. Earlier kings of Babylon had taken over the nearby city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar. 

Hammurabi did not fight any important wars in the early part of his reign. He instead improved the buildings of Babylon. He built taller city walls to make the city more difficult to attack, and expanded the temples. In around 1771 BC, the kingdom of Elam attacked Mesopotamia from the east. Elam invaded Eshnunna, a city-state to the north-east of Babylon, and destroyed its cities. It also tried to start a war between Babylon and Larsa, a city in southern Mesopotamia. However, Hammurabi instead made an alliance with Larsa against Elam. Hammurabi defeated Elam, but felt that Larsa had not given him enough help. He therefore attacked Larsa. Babylon had entirely conquered southern Mesopotamia by c. 1763 BC.

Hammurabi's allies in northern Mesopotamia had sent their armies to the south to help Babylon. This caused unrest in the northern area.  Hammurabi therefore returned north, stopping the unrest, and defeating Eshnunna. He then attacked and conquered the remaining cities in northern Mesopotamia, including Babylon's former ally Mari. It is possible that Mari surrendered to Babylon without any fighting happening. After this, Hammurabi was in control of most of Mesopotamia. Only Aleppo and Qatna, two western cities in modern Syria remained independent. When Hammurabi died in c. 1750 BC, his son Samsu-iluna became king.

Notes

Other websites

Mesopotamian people
18th century BC
Kings and queens
Double Nickels on the Dime is a hardcore punk album made by the Minutemen.  The album was recorded in 1984 and was given to the public in the same year.  The album is very long and has 43 songs.  It is thought to be a very good album and one of the best of the genre.

Song List
D.'s Car Jam/Anxious Mofo
Theatre Is the Life of You
Viet Nam
Cohesion
It's Expected I'm Gone
 #1 Hit Song
Two Beads at the End
Do You Want New Wave or Do You Want the Truth?
Don't Look Now (Song was first by Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Shit from an Old Notebook
Nature Without Man
One Reporter's Opinion
Political Song for Michael Jackson to Sing
Maybe Partying Will Help
Toadies
Retreat
The Big Foist
God Bows to Math
Corona
The Glory of Man
Take 5, D.
My Heart and the Real World
History Lesson, Pt. 2
You Need the Glory
The Roar of the Masses Could Be Farts
West Germany
The Politics of Time
Themselves
Please Don't Be Gentle With Me
Nothing Indeed
No Exchange
There Ain't Shit on T.V. Tonight
This Ain't No Picnic
Spillage
Untitled Song for Latin America
Jesus and Tequila
June 16th
Storm in My House
Martin's Story
Doctor Wu (Song was first by Steely Dan)
The World According to Nouns
Love Dance
Three Car Jam

1984 albums
Punk albums
Timothy Zachery Mosley, also known as Timbaland, (born March 10, 1972) is a Grammy Award-winning American record producer, record executive, rapper, singer, songwriter and DJ. He is from Norfolk, Virginia.

Timbaland owns his own record label, Mosley Music Group, which is under Universal Music Group. Timbaland has also taught and nurtured other record producers like Danja, Polow da Don, Ryan Tedder and Jim Beanz.

Single

Solo

As featured performer

References

Other websites
Official site
Mosley Music Group site 

African American musicians
Rap musicians from Virginia
American R&B musicians
American record producers
People from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Singers from Virginia
1972 births
Living people
The Melvins are an American rock band. They are from the city of Aberdeen, Washington. The only members who have been in the band for a long time are Buzz "King Buzzo" Osborne who plays guitar and Dale Crover who plays drums. Coady Willis who plays drums (in addition to Dale) and Jared Warren who plays bass guitar are also currently in the band. A variety of terms have been used to describe their style of music, including 'sludge metal', 'grunge', and 'stoner rock'.

Buzz Osborne started Melvins in early 1983.

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Washington
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
A birth name is the family name someone has when he or she is born, or at least from the time he or she is a child. This term can be used by a man or a woman who changes a name later in life for any reason.

A maiden name is the family name—usually the birth name—a woman has before she marries.

A married name is the family name taken by a married person at the time of the marriage. The most common example is when a woman takes the family name of her spouse at the time of marriage. But sometimes a man changes his name at marriage. Also, sometimes both people change their names, such as to a hyphenated or other mixed name.

Sometimes the words "né" (for a man) or "née" (for a woman) are used to show a birth name or maiden name. These words mean "born", and are borrowedv.2 from French.

Surnames
Tom Whedon is an American television writer. He has written for many series, for example, Benson, Alice and The Golden Girls. Whedon also wrote for the children's series The Electric Company. 

He is the father of Deadwood script writer Zack Whedon. Whedon is also the father of writer/producer/director Joss Whedon, the creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, and Firefly.

Other websites 
 

American screenwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Langnau im Emmental ('Langnau in the Emmental') is a small village in the Emmental, in the canton of Bern. It is by the river Ilfis between the cities of Bern and Luzern. It has a population of about 8800 people. Most of the people of the village work in the building trades.

Langnau has an Ice hockey Club, called the SCL Tigers. They have their home stadium in Langnau.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Langnau 

Municipalities of Bern
Muri bei Bern is a township in Switzerland near Bern. In December 2005, it had a population of 12458 people. The township Muri is two small towns: Muri and Gümligen

History
Muri has been populated since the time of the Romans, but it has only had the name Muri since 1180. It started as a little township with a little castle and some farmhouses. Between the 13th and 15th century it became a very rich township.

Places of interest
The Aare flows through Muri
The castle of Muri
The Villa Mettlen (a villa that is build from a rich man and now it is a music school)
The church Muri
The Auguetbrücke (an old bridge over the Aare)

Geography
In Muri it has two big woods; The Hüendli-Wald and the Dentenberg-Wald. Around the Aare it has also a little woods. All together it has 150 hectares of woods, 190 hectares of grassland and 339 hectares of building land. Also Muri has a total area of 760 hectares.

References

Other websites 

Official site

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Bern
is a video game in The Legend of Zelda group of games. The game is both for the Nintendo GameCube and for the Wii. The game is played like most of the past Zelda games, but in this game a player can also change into a wolf using the magic power of Midna, a Twili who helps the player defeat Zant, a crazy Twili under the influence of Ganondorf, who he believed to be a dark god. The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess was liked by many people and sold more than a million copies. Players still get the Master Sword like in many other Zelda games. The Official Nintendo Magazine said it was the 16th best Nintendo game of all time.  A remake for the Wii U was released in March 2016 known as The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD.

References

2006 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Twilight Princess
Wii games
is the first video game in The Legend of Zelda series of games. The game was made by a Japanese man named Shigeru Miyamoto. It was sold to stores by Nintendo in 1986. The game was sold to be played on the Nintendo Entertainment System. In the game the player plays as a hero named Link. Link must save Princess Zelda from a powerful person named Ganon. It was the first game to let the player continue where they last played the game after they had turned the game off. The game also let the player go wherever they wanted to go at any time in the game's world. The game was very popular. Many more Zelda games were made because of it.

Related pages
Legend of Zelda

References

Notes

1986 video games
The Legend of Zelda games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, known in Japan as  is the tenth game in The Legend of Zelda group of games. It was made for the Nintendo GameCube and was sold in stores in the year 2002 in Japan and the year 2003 in America. The game takes place on a big ocean with a few small islands that the player can sail to on a boat. The game is similar to The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. The game is the first Cel-shaded Legend of Zelda game, which means the game looks like a cartoon. The game's story takes place hundreds of years after The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time and the story also continues with the game's sequels, The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass and The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, both released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 and 2009, respectively.

On January 23, 2013, Nintendo announced a high definition remake of the game for the Wii U called The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker HD. It was released in North America on September 20, 2013, in Japan on September 26, 2013, in Europe on October 4, 2013, and in Australia on October 5, 2013. It includes an updated art style and Miiverse support.

References

2003 video games
2013 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Wii U games
Wind Waker
The Deadliest Catch is a reality television series on the Discovery Channel, about Alaskan king crab fishing. The series shows people fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea near Alaska. The series is named "Deadliest Catch" because the crew of these boats are at a high risk of death or injury due to the dangerous places and weather of the sea during the seasons they fish, earning the title of most dangerous job in the world.

2005 television series debuts
American reality television series
English-language television programs
Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that was popular in the mid-1960s in the United States,  Canada, and other countries.  It has experienced several more recent revivals.  In the beginning, it was not yet defined as a musical genre. Attention to the sound from rock critics in the early 1970s helped it become appreciated as a genre.

It is called "garage rock" because many of the groups that played it were made up of young amateurs, often in high school and college, who sometimes rehearsed in their families' garages. Some of the bands were older and professional.  The groups in this genre are often referred to as "garage bands".

The style, which led up to psychedelic rock, often had simple lyrics and sometimes used guitars distorted through a device called a fuzzbox.  Surf rock was an early influence. Later the Beatles and the beat groups of the British Invasion became popular. This led to many aspiring musicians to form bands in the United States and elsewhere between 1963 and 1968.  Some bands produced regional hits, and a few even had national chart hits.  

With the rise of psychedelia, a number of garage bands started to add strange and exotic elements to their sound, but after 1968, as more complex forms of rock music took over, garage rock records declined in popularity.

In the early 1970s certain critics began to refer to the style as "punk rock", which made it the first form of music to use that name. It is sometimes called "garage punk", "protopunk", or "'60s punk" to set it apart from the more well-known punk rock movement that came later in 1970s. The garage rock style has been revived several times in recent decades and continues to influence many modern groups who prefer a "back to basics" and "do it yourself" musical approach.

Other websites 
 '60s Garage Bands – histories of local and regional bands of the 1960s
 Beyond the Beat Generation – interviews with former members of 1960s garage bands
 Everett True's Australian Garage Rock Primer - about Australian garage rock bands of the 1960s and later
 G45 Central  - website and blog with discussions about garage rock 
 Garage Hangover – garage bands of the 1960s by state, province and country
 GS  - about the 'group sounds' garage/beat boom in Japan
It's Psychedelic Baby - articles, interviews, and reviews of 1960s psychedelic and garage acts
 Start - Website covering as many as 1400 Dutch 'Nederbeat' bands of the 1960s (in both Dutch and English)
 Ugly Things - magazine with information on garage rock and vintage from the 1960s and other eras

Rock music
Absurd is a national socialistic black metal band from Germany. The band was formed in 1992. Frontman of this band is Neo Nazi and former Satanist Hendrik Möbus

The band became notable after its (original) members murdered the 15-year-old Sandro Beyer in 1993. These members are no longer in the band. It is believed that Beyer knew of a relationship between Schauseil's and a married woman. She had been spreading rumors about this and other things the band was doing. On 29 April in Sondershausen, Möbus, Schauseil, and Kirchner met with Beyer. The strangled him there with an electrical cord. Kirchner was reported as saying: “Oh shit—now I’ve completely ruined my life.” Schauseil said he heard voices in his head saying “Kuster Maier”. This made no sense but was interpreted by him as “töte Beyer” (‘kill Beyer’).

Discography

Demos 
 Eternal Winter (1992)
 God's Death (1992)
 Death from the Forest (1993)
 Sadness (1993)
 Out of the Dungeon (1994)
 Ubungsraum (1994)
 Thuringian Pagan Madness (1995)
 Sonnenritter (1999)

Albums 
 Facta Loquuntur (No Colours, 1996)
 Werwolfthron (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2001)
 Totenlieder (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2003)
 Blutgericht (Nebelfee Klangwerke 2005)
 Der Fünfzehnjährige Krieg (Darker Than Black / Nebelklang, 2008)
 Das neue Blutgericht (2018)

EPs/splits 
 God's Death / Sadness (self-released, 1994)
 Totenburg / Die Eiche split with Heldentum (Burznazg / Silencelike Death, 1997)
 Asgardsrei EP (IG Farben, 1999)
 Wolfskrieger/Galdur Vikodlaks split with Pantheon (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2002)
 Raubritter (EP) EP (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2004)
 Ein kleiner Vorgeschmack single (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2005)
 Grimmige Volksmusik EP (Nebelfee Klangwerke, 2005)
 Raubritter / Grimmige Volksmusik (Darker Than Black, 2007)
 Mein schwarzer schwuler Liebhaber EP (Pink triangle records, 2008)
 Weltenfeind split with Grand Belial's Key and Sigrblot (WTC, 2008)

References

German heavy metal bands
Black metal bands
Rock Against Communism
Nokturnal Mortum is a pagan black metal band from Ukraine. It is one of the major black metal bands from eastern Europe, along with Graveland and Lucifugum.

Band members
 Knjaz Varggoth - vocals, guitars
 Saturious - keyboard
 Vrolok - bass
 Astargh - guitars
 Odalv - drums

Former members
 Sataroth - keyboard
 Karpath - guitars
 Munruthel - drums
 Alzeth - Guitar
 Wortherax - Guitar
 Xaarquath - bass

Discography

Albums
 Lunar Poetry - 1996 (re-released several times in different formats)
 Goat Horns - 1997
 To The Gates Of Blasphemous Fire - 1998
 NeChrist - 1999
  Weltanschauung - 2005 (aka Mirovozzrenie featuring Russian and Ukrainian lyrics)
 The Voice Of Steel - 2009
 Істина 2017

EPs
 Return Of The Vampire Lord - 1997 (re-released with Marble Moon on CD in 2003)
 Marble Moon - 1997 (re-released with Return Of The Vampire Lord on CD in 2003)
 The Taste Of Victory - 2003
 Eastern Hammer - 2007 (4 way split with Graveland, North, and Temnozor featuring a new version of Kolyada)
 Orathania / Kolyada - 2017

Demos
 Twilightfall - 1995 (re-released on CD in 2003)
 Black Clouds Over Slavonic Lands - 1995 (re-released as bonus tracks on 2005 CD re-release of Lunar Poetry)

Other
 Eleven Years Among The Sheep - 2004 (compilation of old, unreleased, demo, and Suppuration & Crystalline Darkness songs)

Other websites
 http://www.oriana-music.com 
 Rockdetector.com Nokturnal Mortum entry

Black metal bands
Ukrainian entertainers
Reginald Wayne Miller (August 24, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. Miller was known for being a great jump shooter during his career. He played his entire career for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is from Riverside, California.

Basketball players from California
Indiana Pacers players
1965 births
Living people
People from Riverside, California
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
The Code of Hammurabi was a legal code of Babylonia written about 1700 BC.

It was written on a stele (a large stone monument), and put in a public place where everyone could see it. The stele was later captured by the Elamites and taken to their capital, Susa. It was found there again in 1901, and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris.

The code of Hammurabi had 282 laws written by scribes on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia.

The Code of Hammurabi is the longest-surviving text from the Old Babylonian period.
The code is an early example of a law regulating a government: a kind of primitive constitution.  The code is also one of the earliest examples of the "presumption of innocence" (innocent until proven otherwise). It suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence.

History 
The Code of Hammurabi was one of several sets of laws in the ancient Near East.
The code of laws was arranged in groups, so that everyone who read the laws would know what was required of them.
There were earlier laws, and later laws such as the Law of Moses in the Hebrew Bible.
These codes come from cultures in a relatively small geographical area, and they have passages which resemble each other.

The content 
Nearly half the Code deals with contracts. It sets the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon. Other passages set the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another.

A third of the code concerns household and family matters such as inheritance, divorce, paternity and sexual behaviour.

An eye for an eye 
For each crime, a specific punishment is listed. Many of them look harsh to people now. The punishments included death, cutting off a body part, and the use of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" ideas. The penalties of Hammurabi's laws may seem cruel to modern readers, but the fact that he put into writing the laws of his kingdom is considered an important step forward in the growth of civilization.

The Code of Hammurabi was one of many sets of laws in the Ancient Near East.

Examples 
 If any one steal the property of a temple or of the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death. (6)
 If a man takes a woman to marry, but have no sexual intercourse with her, this woman is no wife to him. (128)
 If a son strike[s] his father, his hands shall be cut off. (195)
 If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. (196)
 If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken. (197)
 If he put out the eye of a freed man, or break the bone of a freed man, he shall pay one gold mina. (198)
 If he put out the eye of a man's slave, or break the bone of a man's slave, he shall pay one-half of the slave's value. (199)
 If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. (200)

References

Other websites 

 Clear and detailed images and description in French from the Louvre Museum

Mesopotamia
Legislation
A microcontroller (abbreviated MCU or µC) is a computer system on a chip that does a job. It contains an integrated processor, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), and programmable input/output peripherals, which are used to interact with things connected to the chip. A microcontroller is different than a microprocessor, which only contains a CPU (the kind used in a Personal Computer).

First released in 1971 by the Intel company, microcontrollers began to become popular in their first few years. The extremely useful Intel 8008 microprocessor was then released, but it was still impractical because of high cost for each chip. These first microcontrollers combined different types of computer memory on one unit. After people began to see how useful they were, micro controllers were constantly being upgraded, with people trying to find new ways to make them better. Cost was reduced over time and by the early 2000s, microcontrollers were widely used across the world.

Other terms for a microcontroller are embedded system and embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, a single chip.

In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general microprocessor, the microcontroller also has additional elements such as RAM for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, flash memory for permanent data storage, and other devices (peripherals).

Microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors used in smartphones and personal computers. Clock speeds may be as little as 32 kHz, but this is useful for typical applications. They consume very little power (milliwatts or even micro watts).

Microcontrollers are used in automatic products and devices, such as car engine systems, remote controls, machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. These are called embedded systems. Microcontrollers can also be found at work in solar power and energy harvesting, anti-lock braking systems in cars, and have many uses in the medical field as well.

Related pages
 Arduino
 Atmel AVR
 Intel
 Microprocessor
 CPU
Texas Instruments

References 

Computer science
Zerah Colburn (born Cabot, Vermont, 1804; died 1839) was a child prodigy.  He became famous when he was a little boy because he could do unbelievably difficult sums very easily.  However, he wasted his talent and never became a useful mathematician.

Zerah’s father was a carpenter.  He and his wife had six children, and they had very little money.

When he was five he started to go to school.  After six weeks his father heard him doing multiplication sums.  His father asked him what 13 times 97 was.  The boy immediately said “1261”.

His father took him to Boston to show him to famous people.  They asked the boy questions: what is 1449 times 1449?  The boy said “2,099,601”.  Someone else asked him how many seconds there were in 2000 years.  He said “63,072,000,000”.

His father looked for rich people who would pay for the boy’s education.  In Boston $5000 was raised so that he did not have to be shown off in public all the time.  Nevertheless, his father took him to Europe.  In London people asked him more questions, e.g. is 4,294,967,297 a prime number?  The boy said “No, it can be divided by 641”.

People wanted the boy to explain how he did these calculations, but he could not say how he did it.  He became famous.  Napoleon was going to meet him, but he lost the Battle of Waterloo and was not able to make the visit.  He went to school in Paris and then in London, but by the time he was 15 people were not interested in helping him any more.  He joined a touring group of actors and got the part of Richard III in the play by Shakespeare.  He met William Rowan Hamilton who was also a prodigy and who did become a famous mathematician.  Zerah soon got fed up with mathematics and became a Methodist minister.  He taught languages at Norwich University in Vermont.  He wrote an autobiography in which he tried to explain how he did his calculations.

When he died most people had forgotten about him.

His nephew, also named Zerah Colburn, was a famous locomotive designer.

Trivia

Zerah, like his father, had 12 fingers and 12 toes.

Other websites 
 Famous Americans: article on him and his nephew
 Account of his life 

Child prodigies
Autobiographers
1839 deaths
1804 births
American teachers
People educated at Westminster School, London
Educators from Vermont
Quedlinburg (); Low Saxon: Queddelnborg) is a city in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its area is . 22,795 people lived there in 2005. Quedlinburg is 8 kilometers north of the Harz mountains. A small river called Bode flows through the city. In 1994 UNESCO added the old town Quedlinburg on the list of World Heritage Sites.

History 
In the year 922 the name Quedlinburg was first mentioned in a paper from King Henry I the Fowler of Germany. In the first half of the 10th century the Hungarians with their horses attacked many places all over central Europe. King Henry built up a castle to give the farmers around a place to hide. In 936 the king died and his body was buried on the castle hill in Quedlinburg. His widow Matilda and his son King Otto I set up a convent for ladies. The tasks of this convent included the commemoration of King Henry I and the education of young ladies to get better chances to get married. This convent on the hill was dissolved in 1803. First abbess of the ladies-convent was Matilda, the daughter of King Otto I and granddaughter of Queen Matilda.
In the valley north of that hill in 994 King Otto III founded the old town. He was asked to do so by his aunt abbess Matilda.

This old town was used by merchants to sell and buy textiles and so it grew larger. In the middle of the 12th century a new town was created by the abbess of the ladies-convent. In 1330 both towns were united. They got stronger in power and in 1477 they tried to get totally independent of the abbess. But military troops sent by the brothers of the abbess occupied both towns.
All the citizens got under control of the abbess again. In 1541 the Protestant Reformation reached the convent and the town and everybody changed their beliefs to the Protestant religion.
Surprisingly during the Thirty Years' War the town was not destroyed because the abbess made diplomatic arrangements with all the bypassing military leaders.

Geography and Climate 
The city is 8 kilometers north of the Harz mountains around 123 meters above sea water level . The nearby mountains reached about 180 meters above sea level. Most of the town is on the western side of the river Bode's bank. The town area covers around 78,15 square kilometers.

The average temperature of the year is 8,8 °C. January and February are the coldest months of the year, with an average temperature of 0,1 °C and 0,4 °C. July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 17,8 °C (63 °F) and 17,2 °C. The average annual rainfall is about 438 millimetres. The rainfall occurs usually between May and September. Rain in Quedlinburg is among the lowest in Germany, which has an annual average around 800 millimetres.

Sister cities 
Quedlinburg has partnerships with 5 cities. Each of the 5 boroughs also has their sister cities, sometimes called twin towns.

References

Other websites 
 Official page
 Private homepage (in English) 

Harz Rural District
DreamWorks Pictures, officially called DW II Distribution Co., LLC, also known as DreamWorks, LLC, DreamWorks SKG, DreamWorks Studios or DW Studios, LLC, is an American movie studio. It has made or sold more than ten movies which made more than $100 million each at the box-office.

History
DreamWorks began in 1994. It was founded by Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen (making the SKG at the bottom of the DreamWorks logo). They own 72% of the company. In December 2005, the founders agreed to sell the studio to Viacom. The sale was done in February 2006. In 2008, DreamWorks announced that it would split from Paramount. It signed a $1.5 billion deal to make movies with India's Reliance ADA Group. Reliance gave $325M to help recreate DreamWorks studio as its own company. Clark Hallren led the Reliance team in making plans for the company. The movie studio is 50% owned by Reliance. Reliance is led by Anil Ambani.

The part of DreamWorks which makes animations was made into DreamWorks Animation SKG in 2004.

References

Other websites 
 Official site

Movie studios
1994 establishments in the United States
The Second Punic War was a conflict fought in 218 BC - 201 BC between Rome and Carthage. The majority of Carthaginian forces were led by Hannibal. Hannibal scared the Romans by invading them over the mountains from Hispania with war elephants. He won the Battle of the Trebia and kept winning battles by being a good general. In the Battle of Cannae he destroyed the biggest army the Romans had ever used. After that, the Romans avoided fighting Hannibal, and concentrated on defeating his allies. This became known as the Fabian strategy. Each side had many allies, but most of Rome's allies were loyal whilst Carthage's allies switched sides.

Hannibal, even though he was doing well, eventually had to leave and go back to defend Carthage. In North Africa, Scipio Africanus won the Battle of Zama, which cemented Rome's victory over Carthage.

The Second Punic War ruined the power of Carthage. Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin for the next 600 years.

Punic Wars
3rd century BC
Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Zama was a battle in Carthage around 19 October 202 BC. There were elephants as well as ground infantry. Scipio Africanus won. Hannibal lost. It was the last battle in the Second Punic War.

Other websites

Zama
200s BC
October events
The United States Coast Guard is one of the 5 branches of the military of the United States.  It is a part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Coast Guard's purpose is to protect the people, environment, industry and security of the United States on seas, lakes and rivers.  To do this, the Coast Guard uses boats, ships, helicopters and airplanes to stop smuggling and other crime and terrorism, and to rescue ships and boats in danger.

The Coast Guard traces its roots back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was created by Congress on 4 August 1790. As such, the Coast Guard is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. 

The modern United States Coast Guard was started on January 28, 1915. This is when the U. S. Congress ordered the United States Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service to merge into a single service. The Coast Guard can become part of the Department of the Navy during war, but it is not now. It became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003.

History 
The U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS) was set up in 1790 when President George Washington signed an act allowing the building of 10 boats called "cutters". The service was first suggested in a letter by Alexander Hamilton as a way to collect tariffs which were being lost to smuggling. They were also tasked with making sure shipments of goods from the United States were getting through to markets in other countries. The first Coast Guard station was in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798, the Revenue Cutter Service was the only naval force of the early United States. 

The modern Coast Guard can be said to date to 1915, when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life-Saving Service when Congress formalized the existence of the new organization. In 1939, the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard's purview. In 1942, the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard.
In 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation, an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001.

In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy. This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War, in which the cutter Harriet Lane fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter. The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II. More often, military and combat units within the Coast Guard will operate under Navy or joint operational control while other Coast Guard units will remain under the Department of Homeland Security.

Notes

References 

 
1790 establishments in the United States
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born 9 January 1973), otherwise known as Sean Paul, is a Jamaican reggae and dancehall musician. Paul played himself in the 1998 movie Belly. In 2000 he released his first album, Stage One. In 2003 Paul had his first number one single. He rapped on Beyoncé Knowles' 2003 number one single "Baby Boy". In 2003 he also rapped on Blue Cantrell's UK number one single "Breathe". In 2006 Paul rapped in Rihanna's single "Break It Off". He rapped on Pitbull's 2011 single "Shake Señora" with T-Pain. Paul's sixth album Full Frequency will be released on February 18, 2014. The first single off the album, "Other Side of Love", was released to iTunes on September 10, 2013. It reached number one in the UK R&B Chart. Full Frequency includes songs with Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Juicy J, and Iggy Azalea.

Discography 
 Stage One (2000)
 Dutty Rock (2002)
 The Trinity (2005)
 Imperial Blaze (2009)
 Tomahawk Technique (2012)
 Other Side of Love (2014)

Awards 
 2004: Grammy Award - Best Reggae Album (Dutty Rock)
 2005: Billboard Music Award - Best selling Reggae Artist of the Year
 2005: Billboard Music Award - Top Selling Reggae Album of the Year (The Trinity)
 2006: Priya Awards - Best Hardman
 2006: American Music Awards- Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
 2006: Billboard Music Awards - Hot 100 single of the year "Temperature"
 2007: Jamaican Awards - Best male reggae singer
 2012: MTV Video Music Awards Japan - Best Reggae Video
 2012: MOBO Awards - Best Reggae Act
 2013: MOBO Awards - Best reggae act

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 

Grammy Award winners
Jamaican singers
Reggae musicians
1973 births
Living people
The Italian Plague of 1629-1631 was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631. This epidemic, often called the Great Plague of Milan, killed about 280,000 people. Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy. This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death.

German and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people.  

In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people.  It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy. 

Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657.

References
 Cipolla, Carlo M. Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy.  Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.
 Prinzing, Freidrich. Epidemics Resulting from Wars.  Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1916.

1620s in Europe
History of Italy
Plague pandemics
1630s in Europe
1629
1630
1631

it:Peste#La peste del Nord Italia del 1630