cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), better known by his stage name, Joe Strummer, was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist of the British punk rock band The Clash.

He was also member of The 101ers, Latino Rockabilly War, The Mescaleros and The Pogues, in addition to his own solo music career. Strummer's work included acting, creating film scores, songwriting, radio broadcasting, and a position as a radio host. He is one of the most iconic figures of the British punk movement.

He died of heart disease at his home in Broomfield, Somerset, England.

1952 births
2002 deaths
British punk musicians
British rock musicians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
English guitarists
English singers
The Clash
A premise is a statement which an argument claims will justify a conclusion. The proof of a conclusion depends on both the truth of the premises and the validity of the argument.

Aristotelian logic 
Aristotle held that any logical argument could be reduced to three premises and a conclusion. Premises are sometimes left unstated in which case they are called missing premises, for example:

Socrates is mortal, since all men are mortal.

It is understood that Socrates is a man.  The fully expressed reasoning is thus:

Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal.

In this example, the first two independent clauses before the comma (namely, "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man") are the premises, while "Socrates is mortal" is the conclusion.

Mathematical logic 
In logic, an argument requires a set of two declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises, with another declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion. This structure of two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure.

More complex arguments can use a series of rules to connect several premises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises. An example of this is the use of the rules of inference found within symbolic logic.

Related pages
 Apples and oranges
 False dilemma
 Falsifiability

References 

Logic
Arturo Erasmo Vidal Pardo (born 22 May 1987) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Bayern Munich and the Chile national team.

1987 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
People from Santiago
Illustrissimi (To the Illustrious Ones) is a book written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice. 

The book is a collection of letters which were first published in the Italian Christian paper Messaggero di S. Antonio between 1972 and 1975.  They were re-printed in book form in Italy in 1976. 

The work was first published in English in 1978 when Cardinal Luciani was elected Pope, but it only reached the public after the death of John Paul I.

The letters
The 40 letters in all are addressed to people in Italian history and fiction, including

Charles Dickens
Mark Twain
G. K. Chesterton
Maria Theresa of Austria
Charles Peguy
Trilussa
St Bernard of Clairvaux
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
King David
Penelope
Figaro
The Pickwick Club
Pinocchio
Paolo Diacono
Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova
St Bernardino of Siena
St Francis de Sales
St Romedio's Bear
P.I. Chichikov
King Lemuel
Sir Walter Scott
The Unknown Painter at the Castle
Hippocrates
St Thérèse de Lisieux
Alessandro Manzoni
Casella
Luigi Cornaro
St Bonaventure
Christopher Marlowe
St Luke
Quintilian
Guglielmo Marconi
Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli
Félix Dupanloup
Petrarch
St Theresa of Avila
Carlo Goldoni
Andreas Hofer
Jesus

References

1978 books
The Space Launch System (SLS) is a NASA rocket. It is a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. It is the second most powerful rocket ever built, less powerful than Starship. The SLS is a replacement for the retired Space Shuttle.  Many parts are modified versions of parts designed for the Space Shuttle. Others are new designs.

The first flight of the SLS will be in November 2021.However, the first crewed (carrying people) flight will be in 2023.

Types 

The Space Launch System comes in many different types meant to launch different kinds of missions.

Block 1 
The least powerful kind of the SLS is the Block 1. The core stage will use the parts of the Space Shuttle External Tank. It will also use four Space Shuttle Main Engines. The rocket boosters are connected to the sides are the 5-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. The top stage will use is the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS).

Block 1B 
Block 1B is similar to the Block 1. The top stage will change with Exploration Upper Stage (EUS). A crew version and a cargo version will be made.

Block 2 
Block 2 is similar to Block 1B. The 5-segment SRBs will be changed with advanced boosters.

Related pages 
 Artemis program
 NASA
 Orion (spacecraft)

References 

Artemis program
Orion program
Rockets
Knuth's up-arrow notation is a way of expressing very big numbers.  It was made by Donald Knuth in 1976.  It is related to the hyperoperation sequence.  The notation is used in Graham's number. 

One arrow represents exponentiation, 2 arrows represent tetration, 3 for pentation, etc.:
Exponentiation

a multiplied by itself, b times.
Tetration

a exponentiated by itself, b times. 
Third level 

etc

This notation is used to describe the incredibly large Graham's Number.

References 

Hyperoperations
Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff (; April 29, 1938 – April 14, 2021) was an American former investor, former stockbroker and former non-executive chairman for NASDAQ Stock Market. He was the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme which is the largest financial fraud in United States history.

Ponzi scheme
In March 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies and admitted to turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme. Thousands of investors lost billions of dollars. Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s. However, federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the 1970s. The people who are hunting for the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate. The amount missing from client accounts, including fabricated gains, was almost $65 billion. The court-appointed trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $18 billion. On June 29, 2009, he was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed.

Personal life
Madoff was of Jewish descent. He was married to Ruth. The elder of their two sons committed suicide by hanging in 2010. The younger son died of lymphoma in 2014.

Health
In December 2013, Madoff suffered from a heart attack. In January 2014, he said he had stage 4 kidney cancer.

Death
Madoff died on April 14, 2021 at a prison medical center in Butner, North Carolina after suffering from kidney disease for many years, at the age of 82. His cause of death was hypertension caused by heart and kidney disease.

References

Other websites

Criminal complaint, transcripts of hearings and other documents from the United States Department of Justice
Archive of the Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities website
Madoff's current location within the Bureau of Prisons system 
The Independent: Madoff reveals his suffering

1938 births
2021 deaths
American fraudsters
American prisoners
Businesspeople from New York City
Criminals from New York City
Deaths from kidney disease
Jewish American criminals
Jewish businesspeople
People from Queens
People with cancer
People who died in prison custody in the United States
Stockbrokers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in North Carolina
Deaths from hypertension
"Jingle Bells" is a popular American winter song about riding through the snow in a sleigh. It was written by James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) of Medford, Massachusetts. It was published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857. It was written to be sung for Thanksgiving. It is also sung at Christmas. It is sung at Christmas so much that most people believe it is a Christmas song, but it is not.

Gallery

19th-century American songs
"I'll Be Home for Christmas" is a holiday song written via Buck Ram, Walter Kent and Kim Gannon. It was first sung by Bing Crosby beginning in 1943. It's been covered by many other artists, such as The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant and Jordin Sparks throughout the years.

Christmas music
"Jingle Bell Rock" is a popular Christmas song.  It was first sung by Bobby Helms in 1957. It is often played on the radio during the Christmas season. "Jingle Bell Rock" was composed (written) by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967) and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).

Since 1957, other singers have recorded their own versions of this song including, Jessica Simpson, Hilary Duff, Johnny Mathis, Hall & Oates and Brenda Lee.  Many others have done so as well.

In popular culture

It is the opening song from the 1987 film Lethal Weapon.
 Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed the song in the 1987 Christmas television special A Muppet Family Christmas.
 Helms' original recording is featured in the film Cookie (1989).
 The song was featured in the 1992 film Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.
 Jingle Bell Rock is an animated (cartoon) Christmas special first seen in 1995 on ABC, which featured Milton Berle as one of the voice actors.
 In the 2004 teen comedy film Mean Girls, the song is performed by several characters in their annual Christmas talent show.

References

Christmas music
Sam Chelladurai () (born 7 December 1952) is the Senior Pastor of the Apostolic Fellowship Tabernacle, a church in Chennai, India. His sermons at the church are televised in both Tamil and English. Also, all his church services are "webcast" live on his website, www.revsam.org. He also leads the Full Gospel Bible Institute and an Evangelistic Outreach Program (Campaign India). He prints a Monthly Magazine in Tamil (Vettriyum Vaazhvum). He speaks at Teaching Seminars throughout South India.

Sermon Titles
Sam Chelladurai taught on many different topics, including the following:
 The Law of Faith (Continues)
 God's Kingdom
 Amazing Grace
 Who we are, What we have and What we can do 
 Authority of the Believer
 Abundant Life
 Establishing your heart on God's word
 The Book of Ephesians (A verse-by-verse Exposition) (Continues)
 Prayer
 The God-Kind of Faith 
 Living Under an Open Heaven
 Biblical Parenting
 Fatherhood
 God's laws of Increase
 God's laws of Success
 Divine Healing
 Faith To Change Your Circumstances
 Elijah
 The Glory Of The Cross
 Husbands and Fathers
 The Innerman
 Believer's Prosperity
 The Blessing of the Lord
 Sermon on the mount 
 Renewing of the Mind
 Righteousness
 Joy
 Knowing Jesus Christ
 Knowing the Heavenly Father
 Guidance of the Holy Spirit
 Life of Excellence
 Long Life
 Meditation
 Nature of Man
 Paul's Prayer
 Potential
 Importance of God's word
 Power of Purpose
 God's Will
 Family
 God Is Good
 Psalm 23
 Psalm 91
 Knowing the Holy Spirit
 Principles from the Beginnings
 Rapture
 Revelation
 Spiritual Depression
 The blood of Jesus
 The Cross
 The Doctrine of Man
 Who we are in Christ
 The Winning Husband
 Word of God 
 The Book of Romans (A verse-by-verse Exposition)
 Prosperity: God's will for you

References

Other websites
Official Website  

Living people
1952 births
Indian people
Christian clergy
"Rockin' around the Christmas Tree" is an extremely popular Christmas song first performed by Brenda Lee. It was released in 1958 and 1959, although it was not until 1960 that the song became popular. Other musicians have covered the song through the years, including, however not limited to Amy Grant, Jessica Simpson, LeAnn Rimes and Miley Cyrus.

Christmas music
Pope Paul may mean:
Pope Paul I (757–767)
Pope Paul II (1464–1471)
Pope Paul III (1534–1549)
Pope Paul IV (1555–1559)
Pope Paul V (1605–1621)
Pope Paul VI (1963–1978)

See also:
 Pope John Paul I (1978)
 Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)

Paul

id:Paulus#Paus Katolik Roma
Pope Pius II (; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), born Enea Silvio Piccolomini ,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 211th Pope from August 19, 1458 until his death in 1464.

Early life
Pius II was born at Corsignano, which is near Siena.  He was the oldest of 18 children.

He studied at the University of Siena.

He was ordained in 1446.

Bishop
In 1447, Pope Nicholas V made Piccolomini Bishop of Trieste.  In 1450, he was made Bishop of Siena.

Cardinal
In 1456, Pope Calixtus III raised Bishop Piccolomini to the rank of cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope in 1458.  The pope chose to be called "Pius" because of the adjective pious which recurs in the phrase "pius Aeneas" in Virgil's  Aeneid.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

According to Niccolò Machiavelli, "Pius showed himself mindful above all of the welfare of Christendom and of the honour of the Church, independent of any private passion or interest of his own."

St. Catherine of Siena was canonized during his reign.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Pope Pius II, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 20+ works in 30+ publications in 5 languages and 120+ library holdings.
 De miseria curialium (1485)
 Epistolæ in pontificatu editæ (1487)
 Aeneas Siluius in Europam (1490)
 Eneas siluius de remedio amoris Somniu fortune eiusdem (1490)
 Epistolae familiares (1492)
 Lystoire de Eurialus et Lucresse, vrays amoureux (1493)
 Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae temporibus suis contigerunt (1584)

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
 Tomb of Pius II 
 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius II
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Piccolomini
  "The Piccolomini Library"

1405 births
1464 deaths
Italian popes
Pope Pius III (; 29 May 1439 – 18 October 1503), born Franchesco Todeschini and also known as Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 216th Pope  from 22 September to 18 October 1503.

Early life
Francesco Todeschini was born in Siena.  He was the nephew of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who would become Pope Pius II.  He was allowed by uncle to take his mother's maiden name of Piccolomini.  His studies in law at the University of Perugia led to a doctorate degree.

Bishop
In 1460, Pius II appointed Todeschini to be Bishop of Siena.

Cardinal
Todeschini was named Cardinal of St. Eustachio in 1460.  He was sent on diplomatic missions by Pope Paul II, Pope Sixtus IV and Pope Alexander VI.

Pope
Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope on September 22, 1503, His choice of name honors his uncle Pius II.

This pope's reign lasted less than a month.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius III
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Piccolomini
  "The Piccolomini Library"

Italian popes
People from Siena
1439 births
1503 deaths
Tidal stream power is electricity made from the tidal movement of water.  A tidal stream generator is a machine that extracts energy from moving water in tides. Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as wind turbines draw energy from air currents.

Tidal stream power is the cheapest and the least ecologically damaging among the three main forms of tidal power generation.

Tidal stream power is a relatively new technology. It was first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.

The potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of similarly rated wind energy turbine. Water is about 800 times the density of air. So, water pushing against a turbine can provide much more power than air pushing against a similar turbine at the same speed. Also, the lowest water speeds needed for an economic power project is lower than the wind speed needed for a wind turbine project. In practice, the tide must move at speeds of at least 2 knots (1 m/s) even close to neap tides to be a source of power. 

As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between islands or other land masses.

Environmental impact
The main concern has been whether the turbines kill fish. Very little direct environmental research or observation of tidal stream systems exists. Most direct observations consist of releasing tagged fish upstream of the device(s) and direct observation of mortality or impact on the fish.

One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), utilized 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (scientific echosounder) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.

Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.

References 

Hydropower
Patty Smyth (born June 26, 1957 in New York City) is an American rock and roll singer. She first had success as lead singer of the group Scandal. Her solo hit songs include Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough.

Singers from New York City
1957 births
Living people
American composers
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
American rock singers
Pope Pius IV (; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 225th Pope from 1559 to 1565.

Early life
Giovanni Angelo Medici was born in Milan. He was not closely related to the Medicis of Florence.

He studied at University of Pavia and the University of Bologna where he earned a law degree.

In 1527, Medici went to Rome where he joined the church bureaucracy.

Cardinal
In 1549, Pope Paul III made Medici a cardinal. Pope Leo III sent him on diplomatic missions to Germany and to Hungary.

During the reign of Pope Paul IV, Cardinal Medici was out of favor.

Pope
Cardinal Medici was elected Pope on 25 December 1559.

In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope moderated the Inquisition in Italy.

Council of Trent
Pope Paul III presided over the last session of the Council of Trent  which was the major event of his papacy.

In part, the Tridentine Creed reflects the thinking of church leaders at the Council of Trent.

After his death
After his death in 1565, the body of Pope Pius IV was entombed at the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Medici family

References

Other websites

 
  "Pius," Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici

Italian popes
House of Medici
1499 births
1565 deaths
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a way of expressing information.  JSON is usually easy to understand.  It can express information like XML.  It is based on JavaScript's notation for object literals.  However, JSON is stricter.  

JSON and XML are both often used in AJAX. Even though JSON is named after JavaScript, it can be used in other programming languages, such as Python (PHP, etc.)

Example 
This is an example of JSON:
{
     "firstName": "John",
     "lastName" : "Smith",
     "age"      : 25,
     "address"  :
     {
         "streetAddress": "21 2nd Street",
         "city"         : "New York",
         "state"        : "NY",
         "postalCode"   : "10021"
     },
     "phoneNumber":
     [
         {
           "type"  : "",
           "number": "212 555-1234"
         },
         {
           "type"  : "fax",
           "number": "646 555-4567"
         }
     ]
 }

JSON Encoding and Decoding in Python

Encoding:
import json

sampleDict = {
  "firstName": "John",
  "lastName" : "Smith"
}

sampleJson = json.dumps(sampleDict, indent=4)

Decoding:
import json

# A JSON string or can be a JSON response
sampleJson = """{ "firstName": "John", "lastName" : "Smith"}"""

sampleDict = json.loads(sampleJson)
print(sampleDict['firstName'])
print(sampleDict['lastName'])

References

Other websites 
 JSON website
 JSON Formatter
 Python JSON encoding/decoding
 what is JSON?

JavaScript
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" is a 1944 song. Frank Loesser wrote the words. This song was sold to MGM. The song does not mention any holiday, but it is regarded as a Christmas song because of the lyrics' depiction of a snowy backdrop. The song is often heard on radio at Christmas time. It has been recorded by multiple musicians, including Dean Martin, Ray Charles and Barry Manilow.

Christmas music
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
1940s songs
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" is a Christmas song with words and music by British songwriter Tommie Connor. The original recording by 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd rose to #1 on the Billboard charts in December 1952. The words tell of a child who sees Mommy kissing Santa Claus underneath the mistletoe.

The Roman Catholic Church in Boston hated the song because it is a Christmas song that also mentions sex. Radio stations in several markets banned it. Boyd went to church leaders to talk about the words. The ban on the song was lifted.

The song has been performed by various musicians, including but not limited to the Ronettes, Jackson 5, Jessica Simpson, John Mellencamp, Amy Winehouse and other singers throughout the years.

References

Christmas music
The Ronettes were an American girl group. They were based in New York City and were popular in the 1960s. The girls began singing as adolescents around Spanish Harlem in 1959.

They were originally a five-member group, Ronnie and the Relatives, who became a permanent act at the Peppermint Lounge, earning $10 a night per girl to dance The Twist and sing a song during the show. Later, Ronnie and the Relatives became 'The Ronettes'. They had eight songs on the Billboard Top 100. They were the only girl group to tour with the Beatles, in August 1966. The group broke up in 1967.

Influence of Phil Spector 
The trio worked with Phil Spector from 1963. Veronica Bennett was married to Phil Spector from 1968 to 1974, and took his name professionally. She claimed he abused her physically and mentally. Ronnie stated in her autobiography that she walked out of the house through the closed and locked rear sliding glass door, shoeless, shattering the glass as she left, and feet all cut up by the time she got to the gate. She never returned. Ronnie Spector filed for divorce in 1972. She wrote a book about her experiences, and said years later: "I can only say that when I left in the early 1970s, I knew that if I didn't leave at that time, I was going to die there". She and Spector separated in 1973 and divorced one year later. In August 2011, Spector admitted that she went to rehab in order to escape living with Phil.

Top hits 
The first top hit credited to the Ronettes was Be My Baby in 1963. They had already recorded several hits which were issued and credited to another group, the Crystals. Walking in the Rain (Ronette version) won a Grammy Award in 1965, and Be My Baby went into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. Other hits were Silhouettes, Baby, I Love You', (The Best Part of) Breakin' Up.

Albums

Studio albumsPresenting the Fabulous Ronettes featuring Veronica'' (1964)

References 

1959 establishments in the United States
1967 disestablishments
1950s American music groups
1960s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1959
Musical groups from New York City
1950s establishments in New York (state)
1960s disestablishments in New York (state)
Yahoo! Search is an Internet search engine. It is owned by Yahoo! Inc. and was, as of December 2009, the 2nd largest search engine on the web by query volume, at 6.42%, after its competitor Google at 85.35% and before Baidu at 3.67%, according to Net Applications.

Originally, Yahoo! Search started as a web directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In the late 1990s, Yahoo! evolved into a full-fledged portal with a search interface and, by 2007, a limited version of selection-based search.

Yahoo! Search, originally referred to as Yahoo! provided Search interface, would send queries to a searchable index of pages supplemented with its directory of sites. The results were presented to the user under the Yahoo! brand. Originally, none of the actual web crawling and storage/retrieval of data was done by Yahoo! itself. In 2001 the searchable index was powered by Inktomi and later was powered by Google until 2004, when Yahoo! Search became independent.

On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners will be shifted to Bing by early 2012.

Related pages
OceanHero

References

Other websites 
 Yahoo! Search
 Search Engines: costs vs. benefits

Websites
Search engines
Andretti Autosport is an American car racing team that races in the IZOD IndyCar Series. They have won many series titles, the last one with Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2007. They were called Andretti Green Racing until 2010. It is owned by Mario Andretti and his son Michael Andretti. Their 2011 drivers were 

Danica Patrick the first woman to win an IndyCar race. She is being replaced for 2012 and will move to NASCAR. she drove the #7 car sponsored by domain name provider GoDaddy.com. Patrick was supposed to be replaced by Dan Wheldon but he was killed in an accident before his first race with the team.

Marco Andretti the son of the team owner who won the 2011 Iowa Corn Indy 200. He drives the #26 car sponsored by Dr. Pepper and Venom Energy Drink.

Mike Conway is a British driver that joined the team for 2011. He won the Long Beach Grand Prix. Conway drives the #27 Buffalo Wild Wings car. The team replaced him with James Hinchcliffe for 2012.

Ryan Hunter Reay also drives for the team, which he joined in 2010. His car is No. 28 and is sponsored by Sun Drop and DHL. He won the 2012 IndyCar Series championship.

Currently, their drivers for 2014 are Marco Andretti, Kurt Busch, James Hinchcliffe, Ryan Hunter-Reay, and Carlos Muñoz.

References 

IndyCar Series
Sicel was an ancient language. It was spoken by the Sicels, a tribe that lived on Sicily. Sicel is an Indo-European language. Not much is known about Sicel because very few inscriptions have been found.

References

Indo-European languages
Sicily
"The Closer I Get to You" is an American song first performed by Donny Hathaway and Roberta Flack. The original version was released in February 1978. The song was a major crossover hit for Flack. It peaked near #2 on Billboard Hot 100. It has been covered by other musicians, including Luther Vandross and Beyoncé.

Beyoncé songs
Rhythm and blues ballads
1978 songs
The Congo Free State () was a large area in Central Africa. It was privately owned by Leopold II, King of the Belgians. Leopold convinced the international community that he was involved in humanitarian work. He attracted scientific and humanitarian backing for the International African Association (), which he formed during a Brussels Geographic Conference of geographic societies, explorers, and leaders he hosted in 1876. Leopold used the Association and the defunct "Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo" () as a way to claim most of the Congo Basin. 

Leopold created the International Association of the Congo () as a new organization. The entity was officially recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 and various governments. On May 29, 1885, the king named his new colony the Congo Free State () and ruled it as a dictator (even though he never visited his colony and Africa).

The Congo Free State under Leopold II used slave labor and mutilation of their hands, in order to get full control and force the natives to work at extracting natural resources, mainly rubber and ivory, for Leopold II's personal profit.

His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five to 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. The Belgian government took control in 1908 and created the Belgian Congo.

References

History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1885 establishments
1900s disestablishments in Africa
The national flag of the Republic of Ireland () is a tricolour vertical flag of green, white, and orange. It is also known as the Irish tricolour. The flag proportion is 1:2 (length twice the width). To unionists it is frequently seen as antagonistic to their history and culture.

Its meaning is not explained in the Irish Constitution, but the Irish government has stated that:
 the green represents the Gaelic (catholic) tradition of Ireland;
 the orange represents the followers of William of Orange in Ireland who were supporters of the Protestant Anglo-Irish loyalist tradition.
 and the white represents the hope of peace, or a truce, between them.

References

Ireland
Republic of Ireland
The Gallipoli peninsula (; ; ) is in Turkish Thrace, the European part of Turkey.  To the west there is the Aegean Sea and to the east there are the Dardanelles straits.

History
After an earthquake in 1354, the Greek city of Gallipoli was abandoned, then occupied by Turks from Anatolia.  This made it the first Ottoman position in Europe.

The peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly conquered it from 13th century to the 15th century.  By the 19th century, thirty thousand people lived in the city: Greeks, Turks, Armenians, Jews and Xoraxane Roma.

It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War (1854).  It was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.

In World War I, Gallipoli was the site of the Gallipoli Campaign.

Etymology
The name is from Greek "Καλλίπολις" (Kallipolis), meaning "Beautiful City".
In antiquity, it was called the Thracian Chersonese (, ).

References

Geography of Turkey
God Save the Queen is a song by English punk rock band The Sex Pistols.  It was the band's second single, and featured on their only album, Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.  The lyrics, as well as the cover, were controversial at the time.  The BBC banned the song.

It has been covered by various bands, including Motorhead.

References

1977 songs
Sex Pistols
Wessex Sound Studios was a recording studio in Highbury New Park, London, England.

Many renowned music artists recorded there, including The Sex Pistols, King Crimson, The Clash, Theatre of Hate, XTC, The Sinceros, Queen, Talk Talk and The Rolling Stones.  It was sold to a residential development company in 2003.

Music industry
Pope Pius V (; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri and from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 226th Pope from 1566 to 1572.  He is a saint of the Catholic Church.

Early Life 
Antonio Ghislieri was born at Bosco in what is now the province of Alessandria, Piedmont), Italy. As a youth, he entered the Dominican Order, and he took the name Michele.

Priest
Ghislieri was ordained as a priest in 1528.

Bishop
Pope Paul IV made him Bishop of Sutri.

Cardinal
Paul IV raised Ghislieri to the rank of cardinal.

Pope Pius IV (1559–65) made Cardinal Ghislieri the Bishop of Mondovi in Piedmont.  When Bishop Ghislieri became a cardinal, he did not replace his white Dominican habit with the red robes which most cardinals wore.

Pope
Cardinal Ghislieri was elected pope on 7 January 1566; and he chose to be called Pius V.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.

Pope Pius excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England.

Pius V is credited as the first pope to wear white robes; and since his papacy, white clothing has become traditional.

After his death
Pius V died on 1 May 1572.  His tomb is located in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore; and the pope's body was placed in it in 1698.

Saint
Pius V was beatified by Pope Clement X in the year 1672.

Pope Clement XI made Pius a saint on 24 May 1712.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius V
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ghislieri

Italian popes
1504 births
1572 deaths
Poynings' Law (official title 10 Henry 7.c22) was a law passed by the Irish Parliament in 1495 during the reign of Henry VII of England, King of England and Lord of Ireland sponsored by his Lord Deputy Sir Edward Poynings at a session in Drogheda. It limited the power of the Irish Parliament and gave the English Parliament and monarch veto power over its legislation. The overall points of the law were:
no Parliament in Ireland would convene until the King of England and the English Parliament had been informed of its reasons for meeting and its legislation and its laws would have to then be approved by both King and the English Parliament to become.
All previous English Parliament laws would also become law in Ireland, although new English Parliament laws would not
the Statute of Kilkenny was restored, except for the ban on using the Irish language
it was a felony to allow anti-government rebels on march lands
coyne and livery were outlawed
Irish war cries were now outlawed. 

The primary reason for its passage was because the Wars of the Roses had weakened England's stance in Ireland and Sir Edward wanted to restore order and English control to Ireland. It was repealed in 1782.

References 

History of Ireland
1495
1490s in England
Zell Miller (born February 24, 1932 – March 23, 2018) was a former United States Senator from Georgia.  Miller was Lieutenant Governor from 1975 to 1991, 79th Governor of Georgia from 1991 to 1999, and as United States Senator from 2000 to 2005.

He wrote a book A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat.  The book spent nine weeks in the New York Times Best Seller list for hardback non-fiction.

Miller died on March 23, 2018, at his home in Young Harris, Georgia from Parkinson's disease, aged 86.

Books
By Zell Miller:
1975: Mountains Within Me
1983: Great Georgians
1985: They Heard Georgia Singing
1997: Corps Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned In the Marines
1999: The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-By-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, With Complete Muster Rolls, also by Robert E. Allen
2003: A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat
2003: foreword to What'll Ya Have: A History of the Varsity by Dick Parker
2005: A Deficit Of Decency
2005: foreword to "Indivisible: Uniting Values for a Divided America" by Martha Zoller
2007: "The Miracle of Brasstown Valley"
2009: "Purt Nigh Gone: The Old Mountain Ways"

About Zell Miller:
1998: "Listen to this Voice" Selected Speeches of Governor Zell Miller
1999: Zell, The Governor Who Gave Georgia HOPE by Richard Hyatt
1999: Signed, Sealed, and Delivered: The Miller Record

References

Miller, Zell (1997). Corps Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned in the Marines. Atlanta, Georgia: Longstreet Press. .

1932 births
2018 deaths
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
United States senators from Georgia
US Democratic Party politicians
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
John D. Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is a retired Democratic politician. He served as a United States senator of West Virginia from 1985 to 2015. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, he was Governor of West Virginia from 1977 to 1985.

In April 1992, he was the Democratic Party's finance chairman. He considered running for president, but decided not to after asking friends and advisors. He went on to strongly endorse Bill Clinton as the Democratic candidate.

He is the great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. He is the only member of the Rockefeller family who was a government official to not be a Republican as the family dynasty are mostly left-wing Republicans.

He accused President Obama's critics of racism.

On January 11, 2013, Rockefeller announced that he would not seek reelection for the United States Senate in 2014.

References

Living people
1937 births
Governors of West Virginia
United States senators from West Virginia
Rockefeller family
People from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
David Rockefeller, Sr. (June 12, 1915 – March 20, 2017) was the patriarch of the Rockefeller family. He founded the Trilateral Commission. He was the only surviving grandchild of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil. His five siblings were Abby, John D. III, Nelson, Laurance and Winthrop.

He was a member of the advisory board for the Bilderberg Group.

His net wealth was about 2.5 billion dollars. This ranked him among the 300 richest people in the world.

Wife and children 
He married Margaret "Peggy" McGrath on September 7, 1940; (September 28, 1915 – March 26, 1996), she was the daughter of a partner in a prominent Wall Street law firm. They had six children:
 David Rockefeller, Jr. (b. July 24, 1941) — Vice Chairman, Rockefeller Family & Associates (the family office, Room 5600); Chairman of Rockefeller Financial Services; Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation; former Chairman of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Rockefeller & Co., Inc., among many other family institutions.
 Abby Rockefeller (b. 1943) — The eldest and most rebellious daughter, she was drawn to Marxism and was an strong admirer of Fidel Castro and a late 1960s/early 1970s radical feminist who belonged to the organization Female Liberation, later forming a group called Cell 16. An environmentalist and ecologist, she was an active supporter of the women's liberation movement.
 Neva Rockefeller Goodwin (b. 1944) — Economist and philanthropist. She is Director of the Global Development and Environment Institute; Trustee and Vice Chair of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Director of the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.
 Peggy Dulany (b. 1947) — Founder of the Synergos Institute in 1986; Board member of the Council on Foreign Relations; serves on the Advisory Committee of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University.
 Richard Rockefeller (1949 – 2014) — A physician and philanthropist; chairman of the United States advisory board of the international aid group Doctors Without Borders; Trustee and Chair of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. He was killed in an airplane crash on June 13, 2014.
 Eileen Rockefeller Growald (b. 1952) — Venture philanthropist; Founding Chair of Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, established in New York City in 2002.

Margaret died in 1996. As of 2002, David had ten grandchildren: (by David) Ariana, Camilla; (by Neva) David, Miranda; (by Peggy) Michael; (by Richard) Clay, Rebecca; (by Abby) Christopher; (by Eileen) Danny and Adam.

Death
Rockefeller died on March 20, 2017 at his home in Pocantico Hills, New York from congestive heart failure at the age of 101.

References

Other websites

1915 births
2017 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American billionaires
American centenarians
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Harvard University alumni
Rockefeller family
University of Chicago alumni
Pellegrino Ernetti (1925-1994) was a Roman Catholic priest; having joined the Benedictine order at the age of 16. He later became the most famous exorcist from Venice. He was also a musician and wrote books on music theory. He claimed to have invented a time machine called the Chronovisor; however he would later go back on this. In 1994, he died at age 68. 

Francois Brune, another priest, and journalist Peter Krassa argued Ernetti was pressured into refuting his claims about the Chronovisor.

References

1925 births
1994 deaths
Roman Catholic priests
Benedictines
Wilhelm Fliess (, born 24 October 1858, Arnswalde, Province of Brandenburg–died 13 October 1928, Berlin) was a German Jewish otolaryngologist in Berlin. Fliess became friends with Sigmund Freud in 1887 after they attended a conference together. Fliess researched psychoanalysis with Freud.

1858 births
1928 deaths
German scientists
The British South Africa Company was founded by Cecil Rhodes and chartered by the UK government in 1889 to administer British colonies in southern Africa that later became Rhodesia.

19th century in Africa
1880s in the United Kingdom
Companies of the United Kingdom
1889 establishments in the United Kingdom
Pope Pius VII (; 14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 252nd Pope from 14 March 1800 to 20 August 1823.

Early life
Chiaramonti was born at Cesena, the son of Count Scipione Chiaramonti.  His mother, Giovanna was related to the Braschi family.

At the age of 16, he joined the Benedictine Order in 1756; and he was called Brother Gregory.

Priest
Chiaramonte was ordained on 21 September 1765.

Bishop
In 1782, Pius VI made Brother Gregory Bishop of Tivoli, which is near Rome.  Later, he became the Bishop of Imola.

Cardinal
Pius VI raised Bishop Chiaramonte to the rank of Cardinal in 1785.  The see (titular church) of Cardinal Chiaramonte was the Basilica of St. Callistus.

Pope
Cardinal Chiaramonti was elected pope on March 14 1800; and he chose to be called Pius VII.  He appointed Ercole Consalvi as his Secretary of State.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pius traveled from Rome to Paris to crown Napoleon as Emperor of the French in 1804.  Before leaving Rome, he signed abdication papers which would take effect if he were put in prison in France.  He was not put in prison; and he did not abdicate.

After his death
Pius VII's monument (1831) in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius VII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Chiaramonti

Italian popes
1742 births
1823 deaths
Benedictines
Sexual harassment is bullying, coercing or making threats of sexual natures toward other people. The behavior is not appropriate and in some circumstances it is illegal. Ranges of behavior go from seemingly minor annoyances to actual sexual abuse or assault. For most businesses, the prevention of sexual harassment and defending employees and others from sexual harassment has become a key goal for legal decision-making.

The phrase appeared in print in a 1972 issue of The Globe and Mail newspaper published in Toronto.  The term 'sexual harassment' was also used in 1973 in a report by Mary Rowe called Saturn's Rings.

A 2011 study found that 48% of the 1,965 students surveyed had been sexually harassed. 9% reported the harassment to an adult who worked at school. Girls were more likely to be sexually harassed than boys. Girls are more likely to say that sexual harassment has affected them in a bad way.

References

Other page
Me Too movement
Violence against women

Sexual abuse
Women's rights
Stephanie Natalie Marie Cole (February 6, 1950 – December 31, 2015), better known as simply Natalie Cole, was an American singer-songwriter. She was a daughter of Nat King Cole and Maria Cole and the niece of Freddy Cole. She became successful during the mid to late 1970s as an R&B musician. After a period of low musical sales due to heavy drug addiction, she reemerged as a pop artist in 1987. During the 1990s, Cole won multiple Grammy Awards. She also appeared in many TV programs.

Cole died in Los Angeles, California on December 31, 2015 from congestive heart failure caused by heart disease. She was 65.

References

Other websites 

1950 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
African American actors
African-American singers
American jazz musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Los Angeles
"The Christmas Song", also named "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" is a song that is played during the Christmas holiday season. It was written by Mel Tormé in 1944 and recorded in 1946 under Nat King Cole, who also did the song during 1953 and 1961. Other musicians, including though not limited to, The Carpenters, Christina Aguilera, Chicago, Hootie & the Blowfish and Jessica Simpson have covered the song throughout the years.

Christmas music
Christina Aguilera songs
The SV Wacker Burghausen is a professional football club from Burghausen, Bavaria. Burghausen plays in the 3rd German league. The club is part of the SV Wacker Burghausen, a sports club with 24 different sports.

History
The club was founded in 1930 for the workers in the Wacker Chemie, a chemical factory which was founded in 1914. The firm is still main sponsor of the club.

During its history the club promoted up to the Second Bundesliga, where thy played from 2002/03 till 2006/07. 2007/08 they were 7th in the Regionalliga and qualified for the new 3.Liga.  It finished the 2008–09 season in 18th place, on a relegation rank but was saved from having to step down to the Regionalliga by the withdrawal from the league of Kickers Emden for financial reasons.The next season the  club finished in 18th place,on a relegation rank but was again saved from having step down to the Regionalliga by the financial problems of Rot Weiss Ahlen.

Current squad
As of 20 May 2011

Managers
Recent managers of the club:

References

Other websites 
Official Homepage-football

German football clubs
Sport in Bavaria
The Irish Parliamentary Party was a nationalist political party in Ireland. The Party wanted Ireland to be able to govern itself, instead of being governed by the United Kingdom. The Party was created in the nineteenth century by Isaac Butt. Its most famous leader was Charles Stewart Parnell. 

In 1886, the Party helped convince British Prime Minister, William Gladstone, to announce a Home Rule bill. The bill would make Ireland leave the United Kingdom. Ireland would become a British colony which could govern itself. Ireland would have its own parliament, instead of having representatives in the British Parliament.  The bill did not get passed. 

Other Home rule bills were presented later on. They were different from the original because they would have kept Ireland's representation in the British Parliament (instead of giving Ireland its own parliament). None of these bills succeeded. One was passed in 1914, but it was canceled because of the First World War. Another was enacted in 1920, but it failed because of Irish rebellion. It was replaced by an independent Irish Free State, which included most of the island. A Home Ruled Northern Ireland was also created in six counties of Ulster that stayed in the United Kingdom.

References

Nationalist organizations in Europe
Politics of Ireland
Political parties in Europe
Scotiabank Arena, formerly known as Air Canada Centre, is a sports arena in Toronto, Ontario. The arena opened in 1999, and is the current home to the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). It holds 19,800 seats for basketball and 18,819 for hockey. The arena has also been the host of many concerts and WWE events over the years.

When the arena was sponsored by Air Canada, it was nicknamed the ACC and the Hangar. The new nickname of "The Vault" was in use shortly after the new sponsorship was announced.

In August 2017, as the arena's sponsorship contract with Air Canada was nearing its end, MLSE announced that it had made a new deal with Scotiabank that took effect on July 1, 2018. The current deal runs for 20 years and is worth C$800 million.

References

Other websites

Official website

1999 establishments in Canada
Indoor arenas
Music venues
Sports buildings in Canada
Sport in Toronto
Toronto Raptors
Buildings and structures in Toronto
Toronto Maple Leafs