cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is part of the popular "TCP/IP" combination used by the Internet. The Internet Protocol, or IP, makes sure data on the internet gets to the right place. Then TCP makes sure the data is put in the right order, and none of it is missing. TCP also helps to control traffic on the internet so it does not get overloaded. These protocols, which are kind of like languages that computers use, are designed so that any computer, and any program (such as a Web browser or e-mail client), can use them.

Importance of TCP 
TCP makes it easier for computer programs to communicate with each other, typically over a computer network. When a program wants to send a lot of data, TCP is in charge of dividing the data, sending it through the network, and putting it back together correctly on a different computer. In the process, IP chooses which wires and "intersections" get used to send all the data pieces in the fastest way. It does this using packets.

If there are a lot of people using the network, it can get overloaded. Also sometimes weather, power outages, and other problems can make communication hard. Routers on the Internet use something called load balancing to try to fix some of these problems. But still, information can be delivered out of order, get lost, or even duplicated. TCP is designed to notice all of these problems and try to fix them. This can take a while, which is why the Internet sometimes seems slow. Once the TCP receiver has finally reassembled a perfect copy of the data originally transmitted, it passes that data to the computer program that asked for it. In this way, the program does not have to know about the network, and TCP does not have to know about the program's data.

Further reading 
 W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. 
 W. Richard Stevens and Gary R. Wright. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. 
 W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Protocols.

Other websites 
 Dissertation about TCP improvements in wired and wireless networks  (Dissertation)
 IANA Port Assignments
 John Kristoff's Overview of TCP (Fundamental concepts behind TCP and how it is used to transport data between two endpoints)
 RFC 675 - Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
 RFC 793 - TCP v4
 RFC 1122 - includes some error corrections for TCP
 RFC 1323 - TCP-Extensions
 RFC 1379 - Extending TCP for Transactions—Concepts
 RFC 1948 - Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks
 RFC 2018 - TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options
 RFC 2581 - TCP Congestion Control
 RFC 2988 - Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer
 RFC 4614 - A Roadmap for TCP Specification Documents
 TCP, Transmission Control Protocol
 TCP EFSM diagram - A detailed description of TCP states.
 The basics of Transmission Control Protocol 
 The Law of Leaky Abstractions by Joel Spolsky
 Checksum example

Computer protocols
A monologue is a long, uninterrupted speech or poem by one person. The person may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a character, reader, or inanimate object.

The term 'dramatic monologue' is used both for monologues in plays and for the poetic genre.

Rant
A rant (also called harangue or declamation) is a monologue that does not present a well-researched and calm argument; rather, it is typically an attack on an idea, a person, or an institution, and very often lacks proven claims.  

Some rants are used not to attack something, but to defend an individual, idea or organization. Rants of this type generally occur after the subject has been attacked by another individual or group.

Rants are used often in situations requiring monologue. Comedians, such as Lewis Black, Adam Carolla, and Rick Mercer, use rants as a way to get their message or punch-line across to the listening audience.

A rant can be used to flame members of an email group or electronic mailing list that are failing to reach a consensus on an issue.

Related pages
 Debate
 Rhetoric
 Dialectic
 Stream of consciousness writing

Literature
Drama
Comedy
Figures of speech
Movie terminology
Poetry
Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist. She was later known as, Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro (after her second divorce) and finally as Ann Dunham. Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas. Dunham spent her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington. Much of her adult life was spent in Hawaii.

Early life
Dunham was born in Ascension Via Christi Hospital St. Francis in Wichita, Kansas. She is the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham. She was mostly of English ancestry, with some German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin, five times removed.

Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother may have been descended from African John Punch, who was an indentured servant/slave in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.

Death
In 1995 in Hawaii, she died of uterine cancer which spread to her ovaries. Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu. Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.

Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills. The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:

I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.

References

American anthropologists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from uterine cancer
Obama family
Scientists from Wichita, Kansas
Scientists from Washington
1942 births
1995 deaths
Toothpaste is a part liquid paste, applied to the bristles of a toothbrush in order to aid oneself with the act of toothbrushing.

This substance has several purposes, such as removing plaque from one's teeth, whitening one's teeth and freshening one's breath.

Several toothpaste brands specialize in caring for teeth sensitive to certain conditions (for example heat, cold) or flavours (such as sweetness). The majority of these products work by strengthening the tooth enamel, thus easing discomfort and providing the teeth with a protective outer layer.

Traditionally, toothpaste has a minty flavour, as this is said to allow a sense of freshness in the mouth. However, fruit and flavours have been popular in the past. Fruit toothpastes, however, are discouraged by dentists due to their acidic and tooth-eroding properties.

Swallowing 
Swallowing big amounts of toothpaste can make humans very sick and is poisonous. Due to this, the FDA started making toothpaste companies to put a notice about swallowing from 1997 to present.

References 

Dentistry
Karl Goldmark (born Keszthely, Hungary, 18 May 1830; died Vienna 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian composer.  His music was largely forgotten for a long time after his death, but is now starting to be played much more.

Life and career
Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. He was one of 20 children. His father was a chazan to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely. He learned to play the violin and was sent to Vienna to study music.  After the Revolution of 1848 the Conservatory had to close down and so he had to teach himself how to compose. He earned money by playing the violin in theatre orchestras and by teaching music.  For a short time one of his pupils was Jean Sibelius.

Wagner's music was an influence on his compositional style.  However, he could not form a proper friendship with Wagner because of Wagner's antisemitism.

Goldmark composed six operas, including Die Königin von Saba ("The Queen of Sheba").  It was very popular during his lifetime and continued to be performed by the Vienna State Opera until 1938.  His Violin Concerto No. 1 was also very popular indeed, then it lay forgotten for many years.  It is very Romantic and sounds very Hungarian.
     
Other works include a symphony called Ländliche Hochzeit (Rustic Wedding) and several other orchestral works, some chamber music and choral music.

1830 births
1915 deaths
Hungarian composers
Romantic composers
Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 - 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, teacher and conductor.

His life
Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy.  His parents were both musicians.  His father played the clarinet and his mother played the piano.  They were often touring when Ferruccio was young.  He spent most of his childhood in Trieste.

Busoni was a child prodigy. He first played the piano in public at the age of seven. Two years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna.  The composer Franz Liszt heard him.  He also met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.

For a short time he studied in Graz, then in Leipzig. He taught in several places including Helsinki, where he met Jean Sibelius as well as a young lady was to be his wife. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra.  He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.

In 1894 he went to Berlin where he stayed.  He performed as a pianist and conductor and taught many gifted pianists. 
He wrote a book called Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music.  He did not agree with the strict rules that were used by most teachers for teaching composition.  He thought that music was "born to be free".  His thinking influenced his composition pupils who included Percy Grainger, Kurt Weill and Edgard Varèse.

During World War I, Busoni lived first in Bologna, where he was director of the conservatory, and later in Zürich. He refused to perform in any countries that were involved in the war. He returned to Berlin in 1920 where he gave master classes in composition.  

Busoni died in Berlin from a kidney disease.

Music

Busoni's music is based on the Romantic style, but it also starts to sound quite modern.  He uses a lot of complicated counterpoint. Sometimes it is quite atonal.  A lot of it is based on music of the past.  He made many transcriptions, including piano transcriptions of several works by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Busoni was a virtuoso pianist, and his works for piano are difficult to perform. His Piano Concerto is extremely hard to play as well as being extremely long (about 70 minutes).  The British pianist John Ogdon, who played it, called it "the longest and grandest piano concerto of all".

Some of his best known works include his suite for orchestra Turandot which he made into an opera, and his opera Doktor Faust which he had not finished when he died.  It was finished by his student Philipp Jarnach, but in the 1980s Anthony Beaumont made a better version of it.

Recordings
Busoni made a number of piano rolls, and a small number of these have been re-recorded onto CD. People who knew him disagree about whether these piano roll recordings show his playing at his best.

1866 births
1924 deaths
20th-century Italian composers
Deaths from kidney disease
Disease-related deaths in Berlin
Italian conductors
Musicians from Tuscany
Italian pianists
Romantic composers
In biology, an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.

Organs and their tissue systems 
These specific systems are widely studied in anatomy. They are present in many types of animals.

 Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
 Integumentary system: skin, hair, fat, and nails.
 Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
 Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
 Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
 Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
 Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
 Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands.
 Immune system: protects the organism from foreign bodies
 Lymphatic system: the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. The system includes the functions of immune responses and the development of antibodies.
 Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.
 Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
The following is a list of volcanoes in Canada, by territory:

Alberta

British Columbia

New Brunswick

Newfoundland and Labrador

Northwest Territories

Nunavut

Ontario

Quebec

Yukon

Related pages
 List of mountains in Canada

Other websites 
 Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes 

Canada

Canada-related lists
The following is a list of the 547 communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France, by letter:

Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Arricau-Bordes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Arricau-Bordes
Bayonne (Gascon Baiona; ; ) is a city and commune in southwestern France at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, of which it is a subprefecture.

Geography
Bayonne has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Bayonne is surrounded by the communes Boucau, Tarnos (in the Landes department), Lahonce, Mouguerre, Saint-Pierre-d'Irube, Villefranque, Bassussarry and Anglet.

Population
With a population of 47,492, Bayonne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Bayonne are known, in French, as Bayonnais (women: Bayonnaises).

Administration
Bayonne is a sous-préfecture in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1800. It is also the capital of three cantons.
 Bayonne-1, formed with a part of Bayonne and part of Anglet.
 Bayonne-2, formed with a part of Bayonne and the commune Boucau.
 Bayonne-3, formed with the parts of Bayonne not included in the other two cantons.

Gallery

Twin towns
Bayonne is twinned with:
  Pamplona, Spain
  Daytona Beach, Florida, United States

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Bayonne
 Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Bayonne - Official site 
 General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques  
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Aquitaine  

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Escou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Escou
Guinarthe-Parenties is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département and the Aquitaine region in the southwestern part of France.

Geography
The Saison river, which joins the gave d'Oloron, crosses the commune's land.

Localities and Hamlets
 Guinarthe
 Parenties

Bordering communes
 Sauveterre-de-Béarn north
 Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren northwest
 Saint-Gladie-Arrive-Munein southwest
 Osserain-Rivareyte southwest

History
Paul Raymond said in 1385 that Guinarthe had 13 feux, Parenties had 9. They depended upon the Sauveterre bailiwick. There was an abbey in Parenties.

Guinarthe et Parenties joined on June 20 1842, and on May 16 1845.

Name
Guinarthe was called  
Guinarte (1385 ), 
Guinarta (around 1540 ),  
Sanctus Martinus de Guinarte (1612 ), 
Parenties-Guinarthe when it joined Parenties on June 20 1842 and
Guinarthe-Parenties on May 16 1845.
Parenties existed  as Paranthies (1385), Paranthias (around1540) and Saint-Pierre de Paranties (1612 ).

The béarnais name is Guinarte-Parentias''.

Demography

Economy
Mostly agricultural activities.

Monuments
There are two churches in this commune: one is in Guinarthe, the other in Parenties.

References

Guinarthe-Parenties
Ledeuix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Ledeuix
Loubieng is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Loubieng
Moncla is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Moncla
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is a city and commune in southwestern France in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, of which it is a sub-prefecture.

In 1858, the communes of Saint-Marie-Legugnon and Oloron were combined to make the new commune of Oloron-Sainte-Marie.

Geography
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is situated at the feet of the Pyrénées,  to the south of Pau,  from the Spanish border and  from the Atlantic Ocean.

The commune has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Through Oloron-Sainte-Marie flows the Gave d'Oloron formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Gave d'Aspe and the Gave d'Ossau that merge to form the Gave d'Oloron. The word gave is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western Pyrenees.

Population
With a population of 10,794, Oloron-Sainte-Marie has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Oloron-Sainte-Marie are known, in French, as Oloronais (women: Oloronaises).

Administration
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is a sous-préfecture in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1800. It is also the capital of two cantons:
 Oloron-Sainte-Marie-1, formed with a part of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and several communes.
 Oloron-Sainte-Marie-2, formed with a part of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and several communes.

Gallery

Twin towns
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is twinned with:
  Jaca, Spain

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie
 Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

References

Other websites

 Ville d'Oloron-Sainte-Marie - Official site 
 General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques  
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Aquitaine  

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
A rocket engine is a device that produces a force by pushing gases at high speed out of a nozzle. Rocket engines burn chemicals such as petroleum and liquid oxygen at very high pressures and temperatures to turn the chemical energy into motion. In some cases (such as NASA rockets), the force created can be over .

A garden hose shows how moving fluid can create a force. When a hose is turned up the hose will snake around unless it is held still. The exiting water is creating a force on the hose just like how the rocket engine gases push on the rocket engine.

Liquids, solids and hybrids 
Some rocket engines burn liquid fuels while some burn solid fuels. Solid fuel rocket engines are sometimes called "rocket motors".

Liquid fuel rocket engines often require complex pumps and valves to properly move (and pressurize) the liquids from the fuel tank to the actual engine. These machines must work in extreme temperatures and pressures. Liquid oxygen is very cold (-223˚C) while the engine is very hot (3000˚C), and the pressure is oftentimes hundreds of times higher than normal air pressure. Because of these conditions, liquid fuel rocket engines are often very complex and require very specialised materials (metals, ceramics, etc.).

Solid fuel rocket motors have the fuel (called propellant) as a solid mixture of an oxidizer and fuel. An oxidizer supports the burning of fuel much like oxygen supports burning. The common oxidizer is powdered Ammonium Perchlorate, while the common fuel is powdered aluminum metal. The two powders are stuck together with a third component known as the binder. The binder is a rubbery solid that also burns as a fuel. The simple idea makes solid rocket engines cheaper, but they cannot be turned off or controlled, and are more likely to explode than liquid rocket engines. Solid rockets also provide a smaller specific impulse, hence must be heavier to launch the same payload.

Military missiles commonly use solid rockets because they can be kept ready for many years. Many satellite launchers use solid rocket boosters when they start, but liquid rockets for the majority of the flight. 

Hybrid rocket engines combine the two ideas. The two propellants are different states of matter, often with liquid oxidisers and solid fuels. They are not used much, but might be safer than solid rocket motors or liquid rocket motors

References and notes 

Rockets
The Penny Red was a postage stamp issued in 1841 to replace the Penny Black. It was the main type of postage stamp in the United Kingdom until 1879. The design was hardly changed at all. 

The colour was changed from black to red because it was hard to see the red cancellation mark on the Penny Black. It was easier to see a black cancelling on a Penny Red. It is not a very rare stamp.

Related pages 
 Penny Black
 Penny Lilac
 Queen Victoria
 Twelve Penny Black
 Two Penny Blue

Postage stamps
Philately of the United Kingdom
1841 establishments in Europe
1840s establishments in the United Kingdom
Fiesole is a town in Tuscany, near Florence. In 2003, 14.100 people lived there.

Towns in Tuscany
Mugello is a landscape in northern Italy. Mugello is north of Florence. The Santerno River's valley is nearby. The two valleys are separated by the Futa Pass (a path or way to cross over the mountain between those two valleys).

In ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the Ligurians (also called the Magelli tribe), the Etruscans and the Gauls. The Roman colonization left very few signs behind because the Mugello was mostly an agricultural area. In the Middle Ages it was home to many castles. Later on, Mugello was taken over by the Republic of Florence. Several families of the city built villas (large houses) there. They were similar to ones built by the Medici royal family.

Villages / cities
Borgo San Lorenzo
Scarperia
Barberino di Mugello 
San Piero a Sieve 
Vicchio
San Godenzo

Geography of Italy
Friars are special monks that do a service to a community and that lead a simple life, rather than living like ascets in a monastery.

Orders
There are two classes of orders known as friars, or mendicant orders: the four "great orders" and the so-called "lesser orders".

Four great orders
The four great orders were mentioned by the Second Council of Lyons (1274), and are:

 The Dominicans, founded ca. 1215. The Dominicans are also known as the "Friar Preachers", or the "Black Friars", from the black mantle ("cappa") worn over their white habit. The Dominicans were founded by St. Dominic and received papal approval from Honorius III, in 1216 as the "Ordo Praedicatorum" under the Rule of St. Augustine. They became a mendicant order in 1221.
 The Franciscans, founded in 1209. The Franciscans are also known as the "Friars Minor" or the "Grey Friars". The Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi and received oral papal approval by Innocent III in 1209 and formal papal confirmation by Honorius III in 1223.
 The Carmelites, founded ca. 1155. The Carmelites are also known as the "White Friars" because of the white cloak which covers their brown habit. They received papal approval from Honorius III in 1226 and later by Innocent IV in 1247. The Carmelites were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245. There are two types of Carmelites, the Calced and Discalced Carmelites.
 The Augustinians, founded in 1255. The Augustinians are also known as the "Hermits of St. Augustine", or the "Austin Friars". Their rule is based on the writings of Augustine of Hippo. The Augustinians were assembled from  various groups of hermits as a mendicant order by Alexander IV, from whom they obtained papal approval in 1255.

Lesser orders
The lesser orders are: 
 the Minims, established in 1474
 the Conventual Franciscans, established in 1517
 the Third Order Regular of St. Francis, established in 1521
 the Capuchin, established in 1525
 the Discalced Carmelites, established in 1568
 the Discalced Trinitarians, established in 1599
 the Order of Penance, established in 1781

Notes 

Christian religious occupations
The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel; ) is a Roman Catholic religious order. It was founded in the 12th century on Mount Carmel, from which the order receives its name. Saint Bertold has traditionally been associated with the founding of the order, but few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived.

Roman Catholic religious orders
Orvieto is a city in Umbria. As of 2008, about 21,000 people lived there. The city has a history going back to Roman times.

References 

Cities in Umbria
The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the main Franciscan church in Florence, Italy. It is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south east of the Duomo. When the site was chosen, it was a marshland outside the city walls. Many very famous Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile, Rossini, and Marconi are buried inside the church. For this reason, the church is also known as the Pantheon of the Italian Glories (Tempio dell'Itale Glorie or Pantheon dell'Itale Glorie).

Churches in Italy
Buildings and structures in Florence
Roman Catholic churches
"Halo" is a song by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was written by Ryan Tedder, Evan Bogart and Knowles for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce. In the United States, the song was released on January 20, 2009 as the album's fourth single. Even before its official release the song debuted on the Billboard Pop 100 at number 87.

It references her husband Jay-Z. It was a successful song worldwide, reaching the Top 10 in several countries.

Background 
Ryan Tedder wrote the song for Leona Lewis to sing. However, in an interview, Leona Lewis stated that she did not have the time to record the track for her album and felt that it better suited Beyoncé.

The video premiered exclusively on iTunes on December 23, at the same time as the music video for "Diva".

Beyoncé songs
2008 songs
2009 songs
R&B ballads
Ian Gillan (born 19 August 1945) is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Deep Purple. He is famous for his high-pitched falsettos and the ability to reach notes much higher than most people. He also wrote lyrics to many of their famous songs, including "Smoke on the Water." Gillan is also noted for singing the part of Jesus on the original rock opera concept album Jesus Christ Superstar. Gillan later became lead singer of Black Sabbath.

1945 births
Living people
English songwriters
A dandy (also known as a beau or gallant) is a man who dresses elegantly and fashionably, but that was not necessarily of aristocratic origin. He exaggerates his manners, including the way he stands and moves, and the way he speaks. He promotes himself. This is called dandyism. The word 'Dandy' was originally a version of 'Andrew'. The female equivalent is a dandizette.

The word dandy first came out in the Scottish verse of about 1780:
I've heard my granny crack
O' sixty twa years back
When there were sic a stock of Dandies O.

Dandies in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States and Great Britain were often men from middle-class backgrounds who were trying to become people from high society.

The model, or archetype, of a dandy was Beau Brummell from the Regency period of George IVth. He was a friend of the then Prince of Wales. Lord Byron is also an example. The writer Oscar Wilde is another, later example. Less extreme versions were the American artist who lived in London, James McNeill Whistler, and the French composer Maurice Ravel. The Scarlet Pimpernel is a famous example from literature.

Today, in the 21st century, the word dandy is often used as a joke word to mean "fine" or "great".

References 

Fashion
Words
Cultural history
In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin, provincia, pl. provinciae) was the basic and, until around 300, largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of Italy. The word province in modern English came from the term used by the Romans.

References
 Early Imperial Roman provinces, at livius.org
 
 Chris Scarre, "The Eastern Provinces," The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 74-75.

Other websites

 Map of the Roman Empire 
 Map of the Roman Empire in year 300
The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly includeded the territory of present-day northern Tunisia, north-eastern Algeria and the Mediterranean coast of modern-day western Libya along the Syrtis Minor. The Arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province Ifriqiya, an other word for Africa.

Economics 
The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", North Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the second century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery and wool.

Other websites 
 Roman Africa at www.unrv.com

Places of Ancient Rome
History of Libya
History of Algeria
History of Tunisia
The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. They were probably the largest wars in the ancient world. The term "Punic" comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus). This was the word the Romans used for the Carthaginians, due to their Phoenician ancestry. 

The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing empire of Carthage and the expanding Roman Republic. What was at stake was control of the trading around the Mediterranean sea. Carthage lost the three wars.
 
 First Punic War 264 to 241 BC. Hannibal's father Hamilcar Barca was the Carthaginian general. Mainly fought on the sea and in Sicily. Rome came out on top as a dominant naval power, and Sicily was ceded to Rome.
 Second Punic War 218 to 201 BC. Hannibal was the Carthaginian general. Hannibal crossed the Alps with war elephants in order to attack Rome on land, because they had put their fortifications on the coast, expecting a naval attack. Carthage lost when Romans invaded Africa. This war cemented Rome as the most powerful state in the Western Mediterranean.
 Third Punic War 149 to 146 BC. Carthage lost again and their city was completely destroyed by the Romans.

Context 
Carthage was a trading nation founded by Phoenicians. It was the dominant sea power in the western Mediterranean. It was a maritime empire, in contrast to the land-based Roman empire. The Romans decided they needed Sicily, which was then in Carthaginian hands. The consequence was a series of wars which lasted over a hundred years, and ended in the utter destruction of Carthage.

References

Other websites 
 Punic Wars Timeline
Scooby-Doo is the main character in the long running series Scooby-Doo. He is a speaking dog that has a very sweet tooth. His best friend is Shaggy.

Portrayals
Scooby was first voiced by Don Messick before being replaced by Neil Fanning and Frank Welker

Scooby-Doo characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1969
Fictional dogs
Notts County Football Club is a football club in Nottingham, England, and also the oldest professional association football club in the world. The club now plays in Football League One of the EFL, part of the English football league system. "The Magpies" play at the Meadow Lane stadium in black and white striped shirts.

The club has also played many times in the top division of English football, the most recent in 1991–92, when they played in the last season of the old First Division before the creation of the Premier League.

Well-known past managers of Notts County have been Jimmy Sirrel, Neil Warnock, and Sam Allardyce.

Formation and early years

Notts County started in 1862. The club was started before The Football Association and in the beginning they played a game with club rules, rather than association football. When it started, Notts County, like most sports teams, were considered to be a "gentlemen-only" club. Notts County are thought to be to be one of the starters of the current game, even being credited with the invention of the offside trap. Notts County is the oldest of the world's professional association football clubs (There are older professional clubs in other codes of football.)

The club in the beginning played at Park Hollow at Nottingham Castle. In December 1864, the decision was made to play games against outside teams, and it was decided that the club needed to find a larger stadium. After playing at several places, The Magpies settled at Trent Bridge Cricket Ground in 1883. When the ground was used for Cricket, they played at Castle Ground or Nottingham Forest's Town Ground. The club moved to their current stadium, Meadow Lane, in 1910.

Football League

In 1888, Notts County, along with eleven other football clubs, became a founding member of The Football League. They finished their first league season in eleventh place. Notts County got their highest ever league finish of third in 1890-91, and they also finished third ten seasons later.

FA Cup finals

On 25 March 1891, Notts County reached the FA Cup final for the first time but did not win. They lost 3-1 to Blackburn Rovers.

Notts County made up for this in 1894, when they won the FA Cup at Goodison Park for the first time in their history. The Magpies beat Bolton Wanderers 4-1 and Jimmy Logan scored the first hat-trick in FA Cup final history. Notts County became the first club outside the top division to win the FA Cup - they finished in third place in the Second Division that season.

League position

Former position

Other websites

Notts County features and opinion site
History of NCFC shirts
Notts County Official Website
Notts County Supporters Trust 
List of ex Notts players 
A Fan`s View Of Notts County FC

References

English football clubs
Nottingham
1862 establishments in the United Kingdom
2 Girls 1 Cup is the title of the trailer for Hungry Bitches, a scat-pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The trailer features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns eating the feces, and throwing it up into each other's mouths. "Lovers Theme"  from Hervé Roy's Romantic Themes  album released by Tele Music in 1992   plays throughout the trailer.

This one-minute video is a viral video that became a well-known Internet meme among bloggers and message boards for its viewers reaction to the content. Around mid-October 2007, video sites such as YouTube were flooded with videos that show others' reactions to watching the video for the first time.

Origin 
The video came from a Brazilian, Marco Fiorito, who talks of himself as a "compulsive fetishist". Fiorito first produced foot fetish videos but soon moved on to coprophagia. The movie was made by MFX-Video, one of several businesses owned by Fiorito. Fiorito says his movies are legal in Brazil, but authorities in the United States have branded some of his movies as dirty and filed charges against Danilo Croce, a Brazilian lawyer living in Florida, listed as an officer of a company shipping Fiorito's movies in the United States. Croce accepted a plea bargain and was sentenced to 3 years of unsupervised probation and forfeiture of $98,000. Fiorito said he did not know his movies were illegal in the United States and that his movies often contained chocolate instead of feces to appease some of his actors who were willing to appear in scat movies but not actually eat fecal matter.

The first few seconds of the 2 Girls 1 Cup video contain the text "MFX 1209" (the product code for Hungry Bitches) and the URL mfxvideos.com. The website is Fiorito's MFX-Video.  This causes some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many Croce had to surrender to the Department of Justice but was somehow leaked in the process.

Reactions 
2 Girls 1 Cup's spread because of the reactions it causes. Hundreds of videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video to their friends and recording their reactions. Even Joe Rogan, host of Fear Factor, a show known for the nasty things its players eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog. A reaction video starring Kermit the Frog proved very popular on the Digg. In January 2008, Slate magazine wrote about the reaction video with a slideshow about the reactions.

Violet Blue, an author, stated this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one nasty moment of choco-poo-love" in a San Francisco Chronicle article.

References 

Brazilian movies
Pornographic movies
Shock sites
2007 movies
LGBT movies
Bridgeport is a city of Connecticut in the United States. It is the most populated city in the state of Connecticut with a population of 137,912 as of 2006 and is also the fifth largest city in New England being part of the New York combined statistical area.

The very first Subway restaurant was opened in Bridgeport.

References

Other websites
 Official City of Bridgeport website

 
County seats in Connecticut
Bristol is a city in Connecticut in the United States. ESPN's headquarters are there. It is  southwest of Hartford. Its population of 2005 is 61,353. It has 10 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, and 2 high schools.

Cities in Connecticut
Danbury is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is  northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area. Danbury's population at the 2010 census was 80,893. 

The city is named for Danbury in Essex, England. It is nicknamed the "Hat City".

References

Cities in Connecticut
Norwalk is a city in Connecticut in the United States. In 2006, 84,437 people lived in Norwalk, making it the third largest city in Fairfield County and the sixth largest city in Connecticut.

Cities in Connecticut
Stamford () is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. According to the US Census Bureau, the population of the city is 129,775 in 2018. It the third-largest city in the state (behind Bridgeport and New Haven). It is about   from Manhattan.

References
Delaware City is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County in the north part of the state. Delaware City had 1,453 people in 2000.

References

Cities in Delaware
Harrington is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in the southwest part of Kent County, which is in the middle of the state. Harrington had 3,174 people in 2000.

Other websites
Website

References

Cities in Delaware
Lewes ( ) is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. The city is next to the Delaware Bay and is near the Atlantic Ocean. Lewes had 2,932 people in 2000.

References

Cities in Delaware
1631 establishments
1630s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Milford is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is on the line of Kent County to the north and Sussex County to the south. Milford had 6,732 people in 2000.

References

Cities in Delaware
New Castle is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Delaware River in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. New Castle had 4,862 people in 2000.

References

Cities in Delaware
Newark is a city of Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. The city has the University of Delaware. Newark had 28,547 people in 2000.

References
Rehoboth Beach is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Rehoboth Beach had 1,495 people in 2000.

References

Cities in Delaware
Seaford is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Seaford had 6,699 people in 2000.

References

Cities in Delaware
Certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. This means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see  more memory that is actually there. A Page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated. 

Some of the algorithms used are:

Not recently used: The algorithm wants to keep pages that have recently been used in memory. It has two bits it sets. One of the bits is set if the page has been used, the other if the page has been modified (written to). The modified bits are cleared periodically. 
First-in, First-out (FIFO): All the pages are kept in a queue, if a new page is allocated it is put at the back of the queue; the page at the front is the oldest one, and can be written to disk. The algorithm is easy and cheap to implement, but it does not have a good performance. Belady's anomaly may also be a problem.
Second-chance: Small improvement over First-in,First-out: If the page at the front of the queue has the modified bit set, the page is moved to the back of the queue, and the bit is cleared. 
Clock: A modification of FIFO, the buffer is circular, and there is a pointer. The pointer points to the oldest page. When a new page is needed, and the one at the pointer was not modified, the new page can be inserted there. 
Least-recently-used
Random: Take a page at random to swap out

Computer science
Altamonte Springs is a city of Florida in the United States. The population of this town was about 41,200 in 2000.

References

Cities in Florida
1920 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Florida
Arcadia is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of DeSoto County

References 

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
1886 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Florida
Belle Glade is a small city of Palm Beach County, Florida in the United States on the south shore of Lake Okeechobee. To the north of Belle Glade is another small city called Pahokee. In 2007, the number of people in Belle Glade was guessed to be around 16,739. 

Cities in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida
Belleview is a city of Florida in the United States. The city had a population of 3,478 people in the 2000 census. In 2009, the city had a population about 4,500. It is part of the Ocala Metropolitan Statistical Area. The name Belleview means beautiful view. The name of the city came from one of the first settlers whose daughter was named “Belle”.

Cities in Florida
Blountstown is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Calhoun County.

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Boca Raton is a city in Southern Palm Beach County, Florida. Boca Raton is has the second highest number of people in Palm Beach County. As of 2018, the city of Boca Raton had nearly 100,000 people living within the city. The southern end of the city borders Deerfield Beach in Broward County. The mayor of Boca Raton is Scott Singer.

The main campuses of Florida Atlantic University and Everglades University are in Boca Raton. The headquarters of Office Depot is also in the city.

References

Other websites 
City of Boca Raton
Greater Boca Raton Chamber of Commerce

 
Palm Beach County, Florida
Boynton Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 68,217 at the 2010 census. Boynton Beach was the second highest number of people in the county, with about 66,714 people. Boynton Beach was founded in 1920.

References

Other websites 
City Website - Boynton Beach

Cities in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a core member of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, known as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768.

Ports

UDP applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. Sockets bind the application to service ports that functions as the endpoints of data transmission. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535. Port 0 is reserved, but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response.

Ports 1 through 1023 (hexadecimal 0x3FF) are named "well-known" ports and on Unix-like operating systems, binding to one of these ports requires superuser (root) access.

Ports 1024 through 49,151 (0xBFFF) are registered ports.

Ports 49,152 through 65,535 (0xFFFF)  are used as temporary ports usually by clients when communicating to servers.

Uses
There are many uses for UDP, for example BitTorrent optionally uses it for peer-to-peer file sharing. The Teredo tunneling protocol uses UDP.

Further reading
 RFC 768, "User Datagram Protocol", J. Postel, August 1980

Other websites
IANA Port Assignments
The Trouble with UDP Scanning (PDF)
Breakdown of UDP frame
UDP on MSDN Magazine Sockets and WCF

Internet protocols
Internet standards
Bradenton is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Manatee County.

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Brooksville is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Hernando County.

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Bushnell is a city in Sumter County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,050 at the 2000 census. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2005, the city had a population of 2,119. It is the county seat of Sumter County.

References

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Cape Coral is a city in Lee County, Florida in the United States. 154,305 people live in the city.

References

Cities in Florida
Clermont is a city in Lake County, Florida in the United States. The city is famous for the Citrus Tower.

Cities in Florida

Famous professor lived here.
Cocoa is a city of Florida in the United States. The city had a population of 17,041 at the 2010 census. The city was first settled by fishermen around 1860, who named it Indian River City. The name would eventually be changed to Cocoa.

Cities in Florida
Coconut Creek is a city of Florida in the United States. In 2012, 55,001 people lived there.

References

Cities in Florida
Cutler Bay is a city of Florida in the United States. The area covers about 9.7 square miles. Before, people called it Cutler Ridge. In 2000, the city had a total population of 24,781.

References 

Cities in Florida
Dade City is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Pasco County.

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Delray Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cities in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida