cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ludmilla Radchenko  (, born November 11, 1978 in Omsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian model, artist and actress. She is best known in Italy and Anglo-Saxon countries.

Biography
Radchenko was born in Omsk. She graduated in fashion design in 1999. In 1997 she was elected Miss Charm at the national competition Miss Russia. She had television experiences in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

After she arrived in Italy, she began her career in an Italian spot during the television program Paperissima. In 2001, she was a dancer in  and, the following year, in the TV quiz Passaparola.

In 2003, she hosted Spicy Tg on Antenna 3. During this time, she still modeled. In  2004 she was in the Fox magazine calendar. In 2005, she took part in the reality program la Talpa. She was eliminated during the semi-finals.

In the summer of 2006, she was the main character of On the Road, a TV program filmed in Miami. It was broadcast on the Italian television channel Italia 1. The next year, she hosted Tuning and fanatics, a Diva's Production program on SKY. She was also a competitor in the reality program Reality Game on Sky Vivo.

She was chosen by window manufacturer Fapim for calendar 2008. She posed for Luca Cattoretti in the most famous erotic poses in the history of international cinema. She also works on All Music in the fashion program Modeland. It is hosted by Jonathan Kashanian.

As an actress, she starred in the TV movie Il viaggio (2005). She was also in two episodes of the TV series RIS - Delitti imperfetti and some small roles in other Italian productions. In 2008, she stars in the movie A Light Of Passion.

After La Talpa, she began painting. She has had some exhibitions in Milan and decides to devote herself to art.

In 2010, Radchenko made a giant cow for the "Cow Parade 2010", an international design exhibition. She also took part in an art installation at the Milan Triennale and exhibited in a solo show at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Lucca. A few months after her exhibition at Teatro alla Scala, she was chosen for the international painting Gemlucart of Monaco, where she began her collaboration with the Opera Gallery. In December 2010, Skira published her first catalog, "Power Pop". 

In February 2011, the province of Milan supported Radchenko's exhibition at the House of World Cultures. In May 2011, a New York gallery showed her work at the Eating Art festival. Her works were also exhibited at the Crown Fine Art gallery in Soho.

Television
 La sai l'ultima? (2001)
 Passaparola (2001-2002)
 Spicy Tg (2003)
 La talpa (2005)
 On the Road (2006)
 Tuning and Fanatics (2007)
 Reality Game (2007)
 Modeland (2008)

Filmography

Fashion Agencies 
 Urban Management
 Gwen Management

Bibliography
 Pop Art, Edizioni Skira-Feltrinelli  (2010) EAN 9788857208923

References

Other websites

 
 
 Ludmilla Radchenko on Fashion Model Directory

Russian actors
Reality television participants
Russian artists
Russian models
Living people
1978 births
Manfred Gerlach (8 May 1928—17 October 2011) was the last President of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), and the only non-communist to be president.

Born in Leipzig in 1928, Gerlach was arrested at school in 1944 for starting an anti-fascist youth group. After World War Two he joined the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). This was one of the small political parties that the communist government allowed to exist. He studied law at the Walter Ulbricht German Academy of State Sciences and Law. During the 1950s he became General Secretary of the LDP and the mayor of Leipzig. From 1967 to 1990 he was on the Council of State, and its vice-chairman. He became chairman of the LDP in 1967 until it merged with two other parties in 1990, to take part in the first free elections in East Germany.

When Egon Krenz resigned as chaiman of the Council of State on 6 December, 1989, Gerlach became acting chairman ( as head of state he was effectively the President. After the 1990 elections, the new government reorganized, and removed the Council of State, and Gerlach resigned on 5 April 1990. He died in Berlin in 2011 after a long illness.

References

1928 births
2011 deaths
German mayors
Members of the Volkskammer
People from Leipzig
Politicians from Saxony
Presidents of East Germany
Don Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011) was an American song publisher and rock producer. He managed successful pop groups such as The Monkees, Kansas, and The Archies. Kirshner was born and raised in the Bronx. He studied at the Bronx High School of Science. One of his classmates there was Bobby Darin.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s Kirshner and his partner Al Nevins had a successful music publishing company called Aldon Music. They managed songwriters from the "Brill Building", including Carole King, Gerry Goffin, Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil and Jack Keller. He also had three record labels: Chairman, Calendar, and Kirshner Records.

ABC Television asked Kirshner to produce a new music TV program call "In Concert". He left after one year to produce his own show called Don Kirshner's Rock Concert. This show featured live rock music performances and was very successful.

He died of heart failure in Boca Raton, Florida on January 17, 2011. He was 76 years old.

References

1934 births
2011 deaths
American songwriters
Record producers
Park Gyu-ri (born on May 21, 1988 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer. She is often known by the mononym Gyuri. She was a member of the girl group Kara, which was formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007. As the leader of the group, she is reported to have come up with its name.

References

Other websites 
 
 Park Gyu-ri  at Dain Entertainment
 

1988 births
Living people
K-pop singers
South Korean singers
People from Seoul
Clifford Parker "Cliff" Robertson, III (September 9, 1923 – September 10, 2011) was an American actor with a long movie and television career. Robertson played the role of John F. Kennedy in the 1963 movie PT 109. He won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie Charly. On television, he acted as retired astronaut Buzz Aldrin in the 1976 movie Return to Earth. He played a role based on Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms in the 1977 movie based on John Ehrlichman's Watergate novel The Company. He played Henry Ford in the 1987 Ford: The Man and the Machine. His last well-known role was Uncle Ben in the three Spider-Man movies made between 2002 and 2007.

References

Other websites

Interview in the Archive of American Television
Warbird Registry entry on MK923

1923 births
2011 deaths
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Actors from San Diego, California
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Jagjit Singh (8 February 1941 — 10 October 2011) was an Indian singer. He was known as the "Ghazal King". Ghazal is a classical type of song, dating back to ancient Persia. It uses a special rhyming pattern and the words are written using a special pattern of stanzas. The songs are always about love. Singh, and his wife Chitra Singh who is also a ghazal singer, achieved a lot of commercial success in the 1970s and 1980s. He recorded more than 50 albums.

The ghazal is very popular in Pakistan, and Singh was one of the few Indian singers to become a success in that country. His music was described as "...gentle and soothing, and went to your heart."  Ghazal was once a classical, elite type of music and poetry. Singh was able to make ghazal popular by singing in many different languages, singing ghazal in movies and music videos. He used modern technology and was the first ghazal singer to use multi-tracking.

He died in Mumbai, after a stroke in 2011.

References

1941 births
2011 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Indian singers
Grete Waitz (1 October 1953 – 19 April 2011) was a Norwegian marathon runner and former world record holder. Waitz won nine New York City Marathons between 1978 and 1988, more than any other runner in history. She won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She won a gold medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki.
 
Waitz also won the London Marathon in 1983 and 1986. The win in 1986 was her personal best time of 2:24:54). She won the Stockholm Marathon in 1988 at 2:28:24. (As of 2011 this is the Stockholm course record for women).
 
In 2000, Waitz was inducted into the United States National Distance Running Hall of Fame. She died from cancer in 2011.

References

Audio interview
TheFinalSprint.com's interview with running pioneer Grete Waitz

Other websites
Biography of Grete Waitz
Grete Waitz talking about her (and Fred Lebow's), last NYC Marathon 

1953 births
2011 deaths
Cancer deaths in Norway
Competitors in athletics
Female athletes
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Norwegian Olympians
Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Oslo
Ryan Matthew Dunn (June 11, 1977 – June 20, 2011) was an American reality television personality and stuntman. He was best known for being a member of the Jackass and Viva La Bam television programs. He died in car crash in West Goshen Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Police reported that Dunn was the driver. His blood alcohol level was 0.196%. That is more than twice the state's legal limit of 0.08%.

References

1977 births
2011 deaths
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania
American television personalities
Entertainers from Ohio
Road accident deaths in the United States
People from Medina, Ohio
Knut Steen (19 November 1924 – 22 September 2011) was a Norwegian sculptor. He spent much of his life living between Sandefjord, Norway, and Carrara, Italy. He began sculpting in 1946 and worked with a range of materials including marble, granite, bronze, steel and concrete. In 2011 a small museum was opened in Sandefjord to display some of his work. The collection holds 12 marble sculptures and four works.

References

Other websites
 Norwegian website about the museum, including photos of Steen's work

1924 births
2011 deaths
Norwegian people
Sculptors
Alberto Granado Jiménez (8 August 1922 — 5 March 2011) was an Argentine biochemist. He traveled through South America in 1951 with his friend Che Guevara on a motorcycle. They kept a journal about the trip and what they saw. These writings were the basis for Walter Salle's movie, The Motorcycle Diaries (2004).

Granado was born in Hernando, Argentina, and later studied chemistry and pharmacology at the University of Córdoba. Active in politics, he spent time in prison after taking part in student protests against the government. He met Che at university, and in 1951 they traveled thousands of miles and finally ended up in Caracas, Venezuela. Che went back home to finish his medical degree, but Granado stayed and worked in a leprosy clinic.

Granada moved to Cuba in 1961 and set up the school of medicine at the University of Santiago. He later moved to Havana and was able to work on scientific research. He died in Havana in 2011. He asked for his ashes to be scattered in Cuba, Argentina and Venezuela.

References

1922 births
2011 deaths

Argentine scientists
Biochemists
Cuban people
Nguyễn Cao Kỳ (8 September 1930–23 July 2011) was a South Vietnamese military leader, politician and Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967.

References

Other websites

Speech by General Nguyen Cao Ky
Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam by General Nguyen Cao Ky
Book Review "Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam" by the Washington Post
Who's Who in Vietnam in 1967

|-

 

|-

|-

1930 births
2011 deaths
Vietnamese people
Prime ministers
"Thriller" is a 1983 song by Michael Jackson. It was on this album Thriller. It was written by Rod Temperton. The song has been featured on many of his greatest hits albums. It has been covered by other musicians. It was narrated by Vincent Price.

The music video was made by John Landis, George J. Folsey, Jr., and Jackson. It is 13 minutes long and was MTV's first world premiere video. In it Jackson turns into a werecat and a zombie. The video was nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. It won Viewers Choice, Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography. It did not win Best Concept Video, Best Male Video, or Video of the Year. In 1985 it won the Grammy Award for Best Video, Long Form.

In 1999 MTV put "Thriller" #1 in their 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made list.

In 2009 the video for "Thriller" was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. It was the first music video ever to be added to it.

In 2013 entered the Billboard Hot 100 again.

References

Pop songs
1984 songs
Michael Jackson songs
In mathematics, an equivalence relation  on a set is a mathematical relation that is symmetric, transitive and reflexive. For a given element  on that set, the set of all elements related to  (in the sense of ) is called the equivalence class of , and written as . 

With an equivalence relation, it is possible to partition a set into distinct equivalence classes. As an example, consider the set of all animals on a farm and define the following relation: two animals are related if they belong to the same species. Under this relation, a cow is related to an ox, but not to a chicken. In fact, this relation is an equivalence relation because:
It is reflexive: each animal is of the same species as itself
It is symmetric: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, then the second animal is also in the same species as the first animal.
It is transitive: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, and the second animal is in the same species as a third animal, then the first animal is in the same species as the third animal.
In this example, the set of all animals related to a particular ox forms an equivalence class—it is the set of cattle. In fact, the set of all animals on this farm can be partitioned into different equivalence classes (in this case species).

Related pages 

 Congruence
 Equality (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device, typically used in a computer. It uses flash memory to store data even after power is turned off. SSDs are designed to access data in the same way as traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). A HDD can usually be directly replaced with an SSD.

The best thing about solid state drives is that they have a much faster read/write speed than hard disk drives. They also have no moving parts, which means they don't make noise or break as easily. However, SSDs are can be more expensive than a hard drive. This also means that for the same price, someone can get much more capacity if they select a HDD instead.

A hybrid drive combines the features of an HDD and an SSD into one unit. It contains a large HDD and a smaller SSD cache to improve performance of frequently accessed files. A hybrid drive can offer almost the same performance as an SSD and it can contain more capacity. The price is also lower than of an SSD. The main market for this drive are the laptop users as these devices can accommodate no more than one drive. 

The solid state drive technology is improving quickly and new SSD models are being introduced often. However, they have not gained popularity among many users. We still find that HDDs are still dominating the market. Sales of SSDs are expected to escalate and overturn that of HDDs after 2020. The biggest draw back to SSDs over hard disk drives is that SSDs have a limited amount of read and writes it can take before the sector fails as is not a large issue with traditional hard disk drives.

SSD form factors
When SSDs were first introduced into the market, manufacturers' made sure that they fit into the slots and bays initially used by the HDDs. As such they had the 3.5 and 2.5 inch form factors. However, as technology advances, more form factors emerged. Smaller form factors that directly interfaces with PCIe and NVMe slots emerged. These included the mSATA, PCIe and M.2, form factors.

NVME SSDs
NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) is a communications interface and driver for PCie SSDs and NVME SSDs have higher transfer rates than traditional SATA SSDs up to 32,0000MB/s. Also has a new mechanism called “Submission and Completion Queue” that manages and controls data flow into queues. Like a computer with 6 cores might have 6 queues and are kept in the cores cache. The traditional form factors 2.5 inch and M.2 as well as being able to slot into a PCI x16 with an expansion card. Also pushing the max capacity of a consumer NVME SSD to 2TB as of 2021.

References 

Storage devices
The Norwegian Crusade was one of several religious wars in which European countries fought against Muslims in Turkey and the Middle East. The First Crusade was 1095-1099. The Norwegian Crusade was next, from 1107 to 1110. King Sigurd I led the crusade. Sigurd was the first European king to go on crusade to the Holy Land. He did not lose any battles. The Norwegian crusade seems to have been similar to earlier Viking raids.

References

Other reading

 (Old Norse: )

Notes

History of Norway
Crusades
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. (December 9, 1919– April 14, 2011) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist. He worked in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry.

Lipscomb was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His family moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1920.He lived there until he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at the University of Kentucky in 1941. Then he earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1946.

From 1946 to 1959, he taught at the University of Minnesota. From 1959 to 1990, he was a professor of chemistry at Harvard University. After 1990, he became a professor emeritus at Harvard.

Lipscomb went to live in Cambridge, Massachusetts until his death in 2011 from pneumonia.

Lipscomb was one of the first people to use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study chemical structures. He learned out how to look at NMR data to find what atoms are connected together in a molecule.  This is called "chemical shift".

Lipscomb studied molecules. These molecules included boron atoms. Lipscomb used this work to learn basic ideas about how atoms form chemical bonds. Lipscomb and his students created many important ideas in the field of theoretical chemistry. His work on boron compounds won a Nobel Prize in 1976. Three of his students went on to also win separate Nobel Prizes in Chemistry.

Lipscomb's later research was on the atomic structure of proteins. He studied how enzymes work. His group used x-ray diffraction to measure the three-dimensional structure of these proteins. He calculated the exact location of every single atom in these large molecules. Lipscomb then studied these details to learn how the molecules work in biological systems.

Carboxypeptidase A  was the first protein structure from Lipscomb's group.

Awards and Honors
 Guggenheim Fellow, 1954
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.
 Member of National Academy of Sciences, (1961)
 Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, (1976)
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, (1976)

Five books and published collections of writings are dedicated to Lipscomb.

References

Other websites
"Reflections" on Linus Pauling: Video of a talk by Lipscomb.  See especially the "Linus and Me" section.
World War 2 research in brief audio clips by Lipscomb, which include his attempt to save the life of Elizabeth Swingle.  Technical description of the Swingle accident.
Scientific Character of W. Lipscomb Curriculum Vitae, publication list, science humor, Nobel Prize scrapbook, scientific aggression, family stories, portraits, eulogy.

1919 births
2011 deaths
American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Scientists from Cleveland, Ohio
Harvard University faculty
Educators from Massachusetts
Educators from Cleveland, Ohio
I Am Weasel (also spelled as I.M. Weasel because of the character) is an American animated television series produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Hanna-Barbera, created by David Feiss and aired on Cartoon Network. The show is about a very smart weasel named I.M. Weasel who uses his talents to help people in all different ways, and because of this is adored by everybody in the world.  There is also a stupid baboon named I.R. Baboon who wants to be more admired than the weasel by trying to help people in his own way, but this often has bad results and makes everyone dislike him.

I Am Weasel was originally a series of segments in its sister series Cow and Chicken, usually being aired as the third of three segments in a Cow and Chicken episode. The series started on July 15, 1997 and its first four seasons premiered in that format. In 1999, I Am Weasel was separated and got its own half-hour show, premiering as an independent series on June 10, 1999. All of the 52 episodes of I Am Weasel that originally aired on Cow and Chicken began to air in the new independent show, and were later joined by a fifth season with 27 new episodes, for a total of 79 episodes. The series ended in 2000.

Danish Voice Cast
 Lars Thiesgaard – Væsel / Den Røde Fyr
 Timm Mehrens – I.R. Bavian

Additional Voices
 Pauline Rehné
 Ann Hjort
 Peter Røschke
 Peter Zhelder

References

Other websites

Channel Links

Cartoon Network series
Animated television series
1990s television series
1997 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Hélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse (2 February 1918 – 29 September 2011) was a Dutch writer. She was often called "the Grand Old Lady" of Dutch literature.

Many people think her greatest book is Heren van de Thee (The Tea Lords). It is famous in many countries around the world. In 1988 Haasse interviewed the Dutch Queen for her 50th birthday.

Honors 
Haasse has received many awards for her writing. She received the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1981 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1984. She also won the Annie Romein Prize, the Dirk Martens Prize, and the Prize of the Public of the NS. She is the only author who has written for Boekenweek (Book Week) three times, in 1948, 1959 and 1994.

Many of Haasse's books have been translated into French. The Académie française gave Hasse an award called the Diplôme de médaille Argent in 1984. In 2000, she received another award. It was the Officier dans l’Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur.

The Chilean Ministry of Education gave her a prize in 1996. In 1989 the city of Boston awarded her the Boston Certificate of Recognition for her book In a Dark Wood Wandering. In 1992, Haasse went to the opening of the IKAPI International (Worldwide) Book Fair in Jakarta and visited Java, where she was born.

Gallery

References 

1918 births
2011 deaths
Dutch novelists
People from Batavia
The International House of Pancakes, better known by its acronym IHOP, is a restaurant chain. It serves mostly breakfast foods but also serves lunch and dinner. There are more than 1,500 restaurants in all 50 states as well as in Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

History 
IHOP was founded in 1958 by Jerry Lapin, Al Lapin and Albert Kallis. The first IHOP opened in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California.

Other websites
 

1958 establishments in the United States
Companies based in California
Glendale, California
American restaurants
Otmar Gutmann (April 24, 1937 in Münstertal - October 13, 1993 in Russikon) was a German television producer, animator and director. He is best known for making the cartoon Pingu.

1937 births
1993 deaths
Animators
German entertainers
People from Baden-Württemberg
Television directors
Television producers
was a Japanese academic, author, historian, librarian, curator and peace advocate.

Early life 
He was born in Nihonmatsu, Japan.  He studied at Waseda University in Tokyo.

In 1899, he earned a bachelor's degree (B.A.) at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.  He continued his studies at Yale University.  He earned a doctor's degree (Ph.D.) in 1902.

Career 
He lectured at Dartmouth in 1902.  In 1906–1907, he was a professor at Waseda.

In 1907, Asakawa was appointed curator of the East Asian Collection at Yale's Sterling Memorial Library.

Asakawa was an instructor at Yale from 1907 through 1910 when became an assistant professor. He became the first Japanese professor at a major American university. He taught history at Yale for 35 years.  Among those he influenced was John Whitney Hall.

Asakawa helped found Japan studies and Asian studies in the United States.

Politics 
After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Asakawa began to speak out against the growth of militarism in Japan. In 1941, he tried to prevent war between the US and Japan.

Selected works 
In an overview of writings by and about Kan'ichi Asakawa, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 110+ works in 220+ publications in 5 languages and 2,400+ library holdings.
 The Early Institutional Life of Japan. (1903)
 The Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes and Issues  (1905)
 The Origin of Feudal Land-Tenure in Japan (1914)
 The life of a monastic shō in medieval Japan (1919)
 The documents of Iriki, illustrative of the development of the feudal institutions of Japan (1922)

His works also included contributions to the publications Japan edited by Frank Brinkley (1904); the History of Nations Series (1907); China and the Far East (1910); Japan and Japanese-American Relations (1912); and The Pacific Ocean in History (1917).

Legacy 
Asakawa lived most of his life in the United States.  In the history of the Japanese-Americans, he is considered among the Issei who were immigrants born in Japan.

In 2007 the Asakawa Japanese garden at Yale, designed by Shinichiro Abe,  was dedicated to mark the centennial of Asakawa's appointment as an instructor of history at Yale.

Related pages 
 List of historians by continent

References

Further reading

Other websites 
  Asakawa, Kanʾichi, 1873–1948 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
 The Asakawa Centennial at Yale 
 "Utsukushima Fukushima Story – The dreamer : Kan'ichi Asakawa" 
 "The Treaty of Portsmouth by Kan'ichi Asakawa" 
  "Asakawa Web-Museum by Asakawa Peace Association" 
 Kanichi Asakawa gravesite

1873 births
1948 deaths
Asian historians
Japanese scientists
Japanologists
People from Fukushima Prefecture
Waseda University alumni
Yale University alumni
Ian Hill Nish CBE (born 3 June 1926) is a British academic, a specialist in Japanese studies, and  Emeritus Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
He is an expert on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Japanese foreign policy.

Early life
Nish was born in Edinburgh in 1926.

World War II gave opportunity to many young non-Japanese to become specialists in Japanese studies; and Ian Nish was one of them..

He studied at the School of Japanese Studies in Simla and Karachi in British India. 

He earned a master's degree (M.A.) at the University of Edinburgh.  He was awarded a doctorate degree (Ph.D.) at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London.

Career
Nish taught in the history department of the University of Sydney from 1957 to 1962. 

From 1962 through 1991, Nish taught at the London School of Economics in London.  He retired in 1991.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Ian Nish, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 200+ works in 300+ publications in 4 languages and 7,000+ library holdings. 

 Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits (1994), with James Hoare
 The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations: The Political-diplomatic Dimension (2000)
 The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5] (2003)

Honours
Nish argues that "a foreign scholar of Japan is often only a middleman attempting to distill the ideas of Japanese scholars". 
 Japan Academy (Honorary member), 2007.
 Commander of the British Empire.
 Order of the Rising Sun, 1991.
 Japan Foundation: Japan Foundation Award, 1991.

References

Other websites
 Nish, Ian Hill at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

Living people
British historians
Japanologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1926 births
University of Sydney faculty
The India-Pakistan War of 1947-48 is also known as the First Kashmir War. It was fought between the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan over the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. 

This was the first of four wars fought between the two newly independent nations. The result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both the countries. The result of the war was inconclusive. However, neutral assessments seem to agree that India was the victor of the war because it was able to successfully defend about two-thirds of the Kashmir, including Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh.

References 

Wars involving Pakistan
1947 in Asia
Wars involving India
Jammu and Kashmir
1940s in India
[[Category:20th century in Pakistan
The Indo-Pakistani Fight of 1965 was a war that took place between April 1965 and 23 September 1965 between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War. Both countries fought over the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir. The first Kashmir War took place in 1947. The war began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar. In this operation, Pakistan wanted to bring forces into Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir to conquer the area of Kashmir ruled by India. The five-week war caused thousands of deaths on both sides. It ended when United Nations (UN)  asked for ceasefire.

Details 
The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters were pushed across the ceasefire line into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. India retaliated by crossing the international border at Lahore. At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when UN asked for ceasefire. Pakistan army had to face very heavy causalities.

The war affected a lot of people and the thousands of Pakistani families had to leave their house and belongings and move to safer areas because of India's capture of Lahore.

Who won the war? 
It has been a real confusion on who won the war. Both nations believe it has been won by them but no one is sure who really won the war.

India won the war 
India believes it won the war as it successfully  occupied 1800 km2 of Pakistani territory while Pakistan occupied 250 km2 of Indian territory . The Indian army killed 3,800 Pakistanis and Pakistan army killed 3,000 Indian soldiers.
 Retired American diplomat Dennis Kux: "Although both sides lost heavily in men and material, and neither gained a decisive military advantage, India had the better of the war. Delhi achieved its basic goal of thwarting Pakistan's attempt to seize Kashmir by force. Pakistan gained nothing from a conflict which it had instigated."

Pakistan won the war 
Most Pakistanis believe that Pakistan was victorious . In Pakistan, it is celebrated as a public holiday known as Defense Day on 6 September.

Records and achievements
 M.M.Alam of Pakistan Army shot five Indian jets in 30 seconds
 The war was the second largest tank battle since World War 2.

References 

1965
1960s in Asia
Jammu and Kashmir
Wars involving India
Wars involving Pakistan
Begum Nusrat Bhutto (, , March 23, 1929 – October 23, 2011) was an Iranian-Pakistani who was the former First Lady of Pakistan and widow of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She became her husband's successor as the chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from 1979 to 1983. The couple had four children: PPP chairman and the first and only female Pakistani Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996), Sanam Bhutto (born 1957) and Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985). She died on October 23, 2011.

References 

Pakistani people
1929 births
2011 deaths
Japanese studies (or Japanology) is a term generally used to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan.  In North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies.  The term "Japanology" is more often used in Europe.

Japanology is the study of many subjects, including
 Japanese language
 Japanese calligraphy
 Japanese culture
 Japanese divinities
 Japanese history
 Japanese literature
 Japanese art
 Music of Japan
 Manga
 Anime
 Science and technology in Japan

The roots of Japanology begin with the Dutch at Dejima, Nagasaki in the Edo period.

Japanology was encouraged by the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama which was established in 1872.

Notable Japanologists
 Edwin O. Reischauer
 Edward Seidensticker
 Ruth Benedict
Lafcadio Hearn
 Donald Keene
 Helen Hardacre
 Francis Xavier
 Ernest Mason Satow
 Richard Ponsonby-Fane

Notable foreign centers of Japanese studies
 University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative
 Harvard University - Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies
 University of California, Berkeley - Center for Japanese Studies
 Columbia University - The Center for Japanese Legal Studies
 Oxford University -  Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies
 School of Oriental and African Studies - The Japan Research Centre and Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures
 School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences – Centre de Recherches sur le Japon
 Leiden University - Japanese Languages and Cultures
 Universitas Indonesia - Japanese Area Studies Program

Associations for Japan Studies overseas
 European Association for Japanese Studies
 British Association for Japanese studies
 The Society for Japanese Studies (United States)

Notable Academic Journals
 Journal of Japanese Studies (The Society for Japanese Studies)
 Monumenta Nipponica (Sophia University)
 Social Science Japan Journal (Oxford University Press)

Related pages
 Bushido
 Oriental studies

References

Other websites 
Electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
European Association for Japanese Studies 

Japan
Codelco-Chile () is a state mining company in Chile that uses and exploits copper.

History 
It was founded in 1955 like the Copper Office. In 1966, under President Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Copper Office changes the name to Copper Corporation of Chile (Codelco). It was nationalized on July 11, 1971 under Salvador Allende. In 1976 was created the Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile under the Augusto Pinochet administration.

Features 
Considering the size of installations and volume of production, it is considered one of the largest mining companies in the world.

Related pages 
 Chilean Nationalization of Copper

Other websites 

 Official Site of Codelco-Chile

Metals
Chile
Santiago de Chile
Planet Dinosaur is a six-part documentary television series produced by the BBC, narrated by John Hurt, first aired in the United Kingdom in 2011, produced by VFX studio Jellyfish Pictures. It is the first major dinosaur-related series for BBC One since Walking with Dinosaurs. There are more than 50 different prehistoric species featured, and they and their environments were created entirely as computer-generated images, for only a third of the production cost that was needed a decade earlier for Walking with Dinosaurs. By the time the third episode aired, the companion book to the series was released accompany it. The DVD will be released after the series finishes.

Spin-off 
CBBC aired a spin-off, Planet Dinosaur Files, from 29 September, 2011, hosted by Jem Stansfield. Each episode compares three Mesozoic creatures and involves practical tests to replicate certain behaviours in an attempt to find out which creature holds a certain title, such as the "most powerful" theropod.

Reception
Tom Sutcliffe in the Independent found that it was visually "polished and jazzed up" but that  the "knowledge and science generally take second place to B-movie spectacle".

List of episodes

References

Other websites 
 BBC website
 Production website 

2011 British television series debuts
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
Dinosaurs
Documentaries
English-language television programs
On July 28, 2011, the United States House Judiciary Committee passed the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011 (HR 1981). The bill passed by a vote of 19-10. Next the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives. Some people are against this bill because it gives a lot of access to personal information. Some people have said that the bill will not become a law, but the Congressional Budget Office put out a report on October 12, 2011, with the cost of making the changes in the bill. The next step is that the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives.

History
On May 25, 2011, Representative Lamar Smith of Texas introduced the bill.  It was co-sponsored by 25 other Representatives of the House. On July 28, 2011 the bill was passed by the House Judiciary Committee. It has to go through more approvals before it becomes a law.

Purpose
The purpose of the bill is to protect children. The bill would give the police more access to information in order to find and catch people who make and/or distribute child pornography.

This bill would create laws that give bigger punishments for people charged with child pornography. The bill also makes companies that people in the United States get internet service from (internet service providers or ISPs) keep records of all of their customers' internet use for twelve months. They would have to keep this information in case it needs to be used to investigate people.

Cost
On October 12, 2011 a report on the costs of the bill was released. This report said that the cost to the government would be very small and that the internet service companies would have to pay more than $200 million. That money includes the cost of storing the extra information about their customers.

Controversy
Some say that because of the Patriot Act, this law could mean that people could lose some of their civil rights. Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.) is very against the bill and asked for it to be renamed the "Keep Every American's Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act."  She believes that people will have a lot less privacy if this is passed.

People who are in favor of the bill say that the police and other law enforcers need to be able to go back and look at the records of  IP addresses, because these addresses can change over time. So the police need to be able to check the records in order to catch people. occurred. Lamar Smith, the bill's sponsor, said that: ""Some Internet service providers currently retain these [IP] addresses for business purposes. But the period of retention varies widely among providers, from a few days to a few months. The lack of uniform data retention impedes the investigation of Internet crimes." Smith said that the number of child pornography cases grew by 150% a year every year for the past ten years.

References

Internet
Pornography
United States law
Children
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress. She won the Miss World 1994 pageant.  Her acting has made her one of the most popular celebrities in India. She has won many awards, including two Filmfare Awards. Bachchan also was given the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012. Some parts of the media have called her "the most beautiful woman in the world".

Biography 
She was born into the family of merchant navy officer Krishnaraj Raja and writer Vrinda Rai. The actress has an older brother - a merchant navy engineer Aditya.

Aishwarya's native language is Tulu, and she also speaks English, Hindi, Marathi, and Tamil. As a child she studied classical music and dance. At an early age, she moved with her family to Bombay, where she studied at Arya Vidya Mandir high school in the suburbs of Santacruz. After graduating from Ruparel College (before that she studied at Jai Hind College for a year), she entered the university, where she began to study architecture, but then became a model. In 1994 she won the Miss World contest. After participating in the Pepsi advertising campaign, she starred for Vogue magazine.  

Aishwarya's first role in a film was the well-received film "Tandem" in 1997, where she played a dual role: a rural beauty and an actress.

Personal life 
She dated Salman Khan for several years. After a while she started dating actor Vivek Oberoi. On January 14, 2007, she announced her engagement to actor Abhishek Bachchan, the son of the famous actor Amitabh Bachchan, and married him on April 20 of that year. On November 16, 2011, Aishwarya Rai gave birth to a daughter at a clinic in Mumbai. The girl was named Aaradhia Bachchan.

References

Other websites 

1973 births
Indian movie actors
Indian models
Miss World winners
Indian beauty pageant winners
Mariner 9 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the ninth spacecraft in the Mariner programme. It was sent to study and orbit the planet Mars. It was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 9 reached Mars on November 13, 1971, after a ~170 day flight. The spacecraft was sent to map 70 % of the surface of Mars and to study the temperature changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface. When it arrived, a dust storm hid the surface of Mars. After a few months the dust settled and Mariner 9 discovered the Valles Marineris.

Mariner 09
Mars
William George Aston (9 April 1841 – 22 November 1911) was a British diplomat, author and scholar-expert in the language and history of Japan and Korea.

Early life
Aston was born near Londonderry in  Ireland. In 1859-1863, he studied at Queen's College in Belfast, which is now Queen's University Belfast.

Career
Aston was an interpreter in the British Legation in Japan in 1864. He studied with Ernest Mason Satow. 

Aston worked in the British consular service in Tokyo, Kobe and Nagasaki. He retired in 1889.

Japan
Along with  Satow and Basil Hall Chamberlain, Aston was one of three major British Japanologists during the 19th century.

Aston was the first translator of the Nihongi into the English language (1896).

Korea
In 1884, Aston was the first Western diplomat to live in Korea. 

Aston donated his translations of Korean folk tales to the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersberg, Russia and they were published in 2004. This part of Aston's personal collection is now at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about William George Aston, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 90+ works in 200+ publications in 4 languages and 3,000+ library holdings.

 A Short Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language (1869)
 A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language (1877)
 A Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language (1877)
 Early Japanese history (1889)
 Nihongi; Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 (1896)
 A History of Japanese Literature (1898)
 Littérature japonaise (1902)
 Shinto, the Way of the Gods (1905)
 Shinto, the Ancient Religion of Japan (1907)

References

Other websites

  Aston, W. G. (William George), 1841-1911 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

The History of Japanese Literature by W.G. Aston (Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1899)

Japanologists
British historians
1841 births
1911 deaths
British diplomats
was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 823 and ended in 833.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Junna's life
Junna was Crown Prince for 13 years.

 810 (Kōnin 1): Prince Ōtomo was named the heir of Emperor Saga at 25 years of age.

 30 May 823 (Kōnin 14, 17th day of the 4th month): In the 14th year of Emperor Saga's reign, the monarch abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by Prince Ōtomo, who was Saga's younger brother. Soon afterwards, the prince is said to have said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 22 March 833 (Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a his adopted son, who would be known as Emperor Ninmyō.

 11 June 840 (Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Junna is in Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

Eras of reign
The years of Junna's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Kōnin (810-824)
 Tenchō            (824-834)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan
786 births
840 deaths
was the eldest son of Japanese Emperor Richū; and he was the father of sons who would become known as Emperor Kenzō and Emperor Ninken.

No firm dates can be assigned to the lives or reigns of this period, but the reign of Emperor Ankō is considered to have lasted from 456 to 479; and Oshiwa died during Ankō's reign.

Traditional history 
According to the Nihonshoki, Oshiwa was killed in a hunting accident by Emperor Yūryaku.  His sons were adopted as heirs by Emperor Seinei.  They are known as Prince Woke  (or Kenzō-tennō) and as Prince Oke (or Ninken-tennō).

References 

5th-century births
5th-century deaths
Japanese imperial family
Accidental deaths
Dinosaur Ridge is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.

The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil localities. In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Stegosaurus, and Allosaurus. 

In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.  In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.

The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.

The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation.  When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints.  These were found to include mostly Iguanodon-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.

The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.

References

Other websites 
 Friends of Dinosaur Ridge
 Photos
 Dinosaur Ridge Information 

Colorado
Dinosaurs of North America
Museums in the United States
Nexus might mean:

Google Nexus
Nexus One
Nexus S
Galaxy Nexus
 Nexus (professional wrestling)