cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Taung Child is a fossil of a skull. The skull also has an imprint of the brain. It belongs to an Australopithecus africanus. It was discovered in 1924 by a quarryman working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, looked at the fossil, and saw its importance. Dart published his account in the journal Nature in 1925, describing it as a new species. 

British anthropologists at the time believed in the Piltdown Man. This hoax had a large brain and ape-like teeth – the exact opposite of the Taung Child – so Dart's finding was not appreciated for decades.

Description
The fossil consists of most of the skull, face and mandible with teeth. It also has a natural endocast (imprint) of the braincase. It is about 2.5 million years old.

Taung Child is believed to have been about three years old at the time of its death. It was a creature standing 3' 6" (105 cm) at approximately 20-24 pounds. Taung Child had a cranial capacity of 340 cc, living mainly in a savanna habitat. Examinations of Taung Child compared to that of an equivalent 9-year-old child suggest that A. africanus had a growth rate to adolescence which is about the same as that found in modern apes like chimpanzees rather than that of modern Homo sapiens. However, later species such as Homo ergaster/Homo erectus went through growth at rates between modern humans and apes. The evidence has mostly been based on that of Turkana boy discovered in 1984.

In early 2006 it was announced  that the Taung Child was likely killed by an eagle (or similar large predatory bird). This conclusion was reached by noting similarities in the damage to the skull and eye sockets of the Taung Child to the skulls of primates known to have been killed by modern eagles.

The left hand side of the endocast of the Taung child is covered in beautiful calcium carbonate crystals.

History
Its significance lies in the fact that this was the first of the fossils which had been found in the twenties and thirties to provide evidence that humans indeed have a 'natural history' all of their own – just as Darwin had predicted. 

The skull is now in repository at the University of Witwatersrand.

References

Other websites 
 Radiolab "The Skull" podcast 

Hominins
Fossils
Prehistoric Africa
Dennis Keith Rodman (born May 13, 1961) played basketball in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1986 to 2000. He won two championships with the Detroit Pistons and three more with the Chicago Bulls. Even though he was only 6'7" tall, many people think he was the best rebounder in NBA history. He led the NBA in rebounding for a record seven straight seasons.  Only Wilt Chamberlain led the NBA in rebounding for more total seasons in a career.  Rodman has the highest rebound rate since the statistic began in 1970-71.  Although Rodman began his career as a bench player, he holds the highest rebounds per game average since offensive and defensive rebounds began in 1973-74.  When he became a full-time starter, Rodman often got more rebounds than the other team's starting players got combined.  He could predict where missed shots would go and knew how to tip the ball to himself for a rebound.  Rodman watched film of player's shots to become a better rebounder.  Rodman is also known as one of the greatest defensive players of all time, and not just for his defensive rebounds, but his hustle defense.  During his time with the Detroit Pistons, Rodman was considered by many to be the best defensive basketball player in the world (Hakeem Olajuwon was the other main contender for the title), as highlighted by his back-to-back NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards in 1990 and 1991.

Rodman was famous for dyeing his hair different colors and having many tattoos and body piercings, which he began to have after being traded by the Detroit Pistons. He has been in a few movies and television programs.

His nicknames are Worm (later called The Worm), Dennis the Menace, D-Rod, Rodzilla (which he named himself towards the end of the Bulls championship dynasty), Demolition Man, and El Loco (given to him by Spanish-language announcers, which translates as "The Madman").

Other websites
Dennis Rodman's official website
NBA.com page

References

African-American basketball players
Chicago Bulls players
Dallas Mavericks players
Detroit Pistons players
Los Angeles Lakers players
San Antonio Spurs players
Sportspeople from New Jersey
1961 births
Living people
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Coconut water is the liquid inside young coconuts. Coconut water is a popular drink in tropical islands especially in tropical Asia, Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean. It is packaged and sold. It is sometimes sold as a sports drink, but not everyone agrees that it should be called a sports drink. Coconuts hold the most water when they are young and green. Coconuts in different parts of the world do not taste the same. Pakistani Coconuts are salty, and Brazilian Coconuts have sweeter water. The water inside dark brown rotted coconuts is bitter.

References 
Drinks
Coconuts
Draco Lucius Malfoy is a fictional character from the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. Malfoy is an antagonist, a Slytherin student in Harry Potter's year and Harry's main rival in school. In the Harry Potter movies, he is played by Tom Felton.

Appearance

The fictional Draco Malfoy is described as having a pale, pointed face, sleek white-blond hair and light icy gray eyes that seem cold.

Character

Draco Malfoy is depicted as a manipulative villain, exhibiting cunning use of magic and an ambitious attitude to get what he wants in the stories.

Family

Draco Malfoy is the only child of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy, a member of the Black family, whose cousin is Harry Potter's godfather. Draco’s family was “one of the first to come back to the good side after the Wizarding War ended and Voldemort was defeated.” In a stage play towards the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2, Malfoy married Astoria Greengrass, a fellow housemate and had an only child, Scorpius Malfoy, who is identical to Draco. Astoria later died from blood malediction in 2017, which leaves Draco devastated.

Story

Draco Malfoy's father taught Draco Malfoy to bully Harry and his friends Ron, Hermione and Neville Longbottom. In the second book, he mocks Hermione by calling her "Mudblood", insulting her for her Muggle origins. In the sixth book of the Harry Potter series, Draco becomes a Death Eater, thinking it will make his father proud.  But, he realizes his mistake and when asked by Voldemort to murder Professor Dumbledore, he is unable to do so. Severus Snape commits the murder after he took the unbreakable vow to protect Malfoy. With Dumbledore's death, Malfoy becomes the master of the powerful Elder Wand.  He disarms Dumbledore and he is later disarmed by Harry Potter. 

Harry Potter characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1997

de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Draco Malfoy
Nutrition provides the cells of an organism with food, in a form they can use. Organisms need food to be able to keep their bodies working properly. They also need food to be able to do certain things. Malnutrition can happen when a person does not eat the right amount of nutrients. They can get better by changing their diet to have the right amount of the various nutrients.

Different organisms have different food requirements, and they eat different things in order to meet those requirements. Animals that do not eat meat, for example, will have to get certain nutrients like protein from other foods.

A nutrition expert is called a dietician. Nutritionists are different because they do not need the government to recognize them as experts. Anyone can call themselves a nutritionist.

The six main types of nutrient are carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water. A macronutrient is a nutrient that needs to be eaten a lot. A micronutrient, such as a vitamin, is needed in smaller amounts, but it is still important. Carbohydrates are not needed by the body but most people eat a lot of them. Complex carbohydrates are more nutritious than simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are found in vegetables while simple carbohydrates are found in processed foods. They take longer to digest because they have more fiber. Because they stay in the stomach for longer they leave the person who has eaten them feeling fuller for longer. Protein is needed for building cells. It is found in milk, meat, fish, beans, eggs and other foods like quinoa. Protein is made of amino acids.

Fat is found naturally in some foods. People often eat it in processed foods such as cakes and chocolate. It is  high in energy. Omega 3 and omega 6 fats are needed by the body. There are saturated fats and unsaturated fats. It is recommended that people avoid the saturated type. It has been linked with heart disease. Trans fats is also a fat people should avoid. A lot of people think that fat is bad in general, but it is still controversial. People are also advised not to eat too much sugar or salt.

Most people eat three meals a day. Eating every few hours keeps blood sugar stable. Some foods are good for us and some foods are bad.

Related pages
 Digestion
 Enzyme
 Diabetes
 Food group
 Malnutrition
 Obesity
 Starvation

Notes

 
Healthy lifestyle
Physiques
"Leis" redirects here.  "LEIS" is an abbreviation for low-energy ion scattering.

Lei could mean:

 Lei, the singular formal form of "you" in Italian (informal : tu)
 Lei, the plural form of Leu, the name of two currencies. See Romanian leu and Moldovan leu.
 Lei (Hawaii), a Hawaiian flower necklace
 Lei (surname), a Chinese name
 Lei (Italy), a town in Sardinia
 Lei Fang, a character in the Dead or Alive game series
 Lei Wulong, a character in the Tekken game series
 Lei (magazine), an Italian magazine
 Lei, the Portuguese language word meaning "law"
 L.e.i., a clothing company

LEI could mean:
 LEI, the ATA Airport Code for the Spanish city Almería
 Legal Expenses Insurance, a policy which covers the holder for legal costs
Survey could mean:

Geography
Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and distances on Earth
Aerial survey, a method of collecting information using aerial photography
Cadastral survey, used to document land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, plats, and maps
Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes
Public Land Survey System, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels 
Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, used by the U.S. Public Land Survey System

Statistics
Statistical survey, a collection of quantitative information about members of a population
Census, a collection of information about every member of a population
Sampling (statistics), collecting information on only a sample of a population
Opinion poll, an informal collection of opinions using sampling
Quantitative marketing research, the use of surveys to collect data for marketing purposes
Paid survey, statistical survey which rewards the participant, often used to collect information for marketing purposes
Questionnaire, a series of questions used to gather information
  Information Technology , a collection of surveys on IT

Earth Sciences
Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model
Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies
Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area
Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists prior to excavation
Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels
Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of underground caverns; the resulting map is also referred to as a survey

Astronomy
Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky
Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or data, generally used in astronomy
Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to calculate the distance of objects from Earth

Academia
Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research

Organizations
The Institut Géographique National, a French state establishment which produces and maintains geographical information for France and its territories
The Survey of India, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying
The Zoological Survey of India studies the fauna of India
The British Geological Survey, a body which carries out geological survey and monitoring of the UK landmass
The Ordnance Survey, national mapping agency for Great Britain
The British Antarctic Survey, conducts scientific research in and around Antarctica for the United Kingdom
The United States Geological Survey, government scientific research agency which studies the landscape of the United States
The U.S. National Geodetic Survey, performs geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce
The Province of Trento (), also called Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy.

Data

Trentino is an alpine region of northern Italy. The population has always been neolatin since the fall of the Roman empire.

During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church controlled Trento, while Austria controlled the area since the beginning of the Renaissance.

In the 16th century Trento became notable for the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which gave rise to the Counter-Reformation. The introduction of the Counter-Reformation in Trentino brought also a general recover of Italian language over German, as the Protestant ideas had found more followers in the small German-speaking population.

During WWI, Trentino was at the center of bloody battles between Italians and Austrians: Trentino was united to Italy in 1918. Italian irredentists welcomed the union, that was followed by fascist improvements of the Italian nationalism in all the Trentino.

In the 1960s and 1970s Trentino witnessed strong economic development, spurred mainly by the tourism sector and by the new autonomy. It is currently one of the richest and most developed Italian provinces.

Its capital is the town of Trento, historically known in English as Trent. The province covers an area of more than , with a total population of about 0.5 million.

In 1996, the "Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino" was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of Alto Adige/South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common liaison office to the European Union in Brussels.

Nowadays Trentino and Trento are famous tourist locations.

Related pages
 Trento
 Italy

Notes

Other websites

Autonomous areas
Tyrol
Provinces of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
The King Power Stadium is a football stadium in Leicester, England, where Leicester City Football Club play their home football matches. Built to replace the aging filbert street ground, it can have up to 32,500 people inside it, more than 10,000 more than the ground it replaced. Originally called  the Walkers Stadium, it was renamed to the King Power Stadium in 2011 following the end of the sponsorship deal, and re-branded the King Power Stadium following a take over by the current club owners and consultation with fans.

Football stadiums in England
Botoşani (pronunciation in Romanian:  is the capital city of Botoşani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania.  It has a population of 115,609 people as of the year 2002

Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu and Nicolae Iorga.

Sport 
Football is represented in Botoşani by the team FC Botoşani.

References 

County capitals of Romania
A trade route is a series of paths or roads that is used for the commercial transport of cargo.

Historically, the period from 1500 BC–1 AD saw the Western Asian, Mediterranean, Chinese and Indian societies develop major networks for trade, such as the silk road. Europe's early trading routes included the amber road, which served as a network for long distance trade. Maritime trade along the spice route became prominent during the Middle Ages; nations tried to control this influential route. During the Middle Ages organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, also became increasingly important.

In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of the modern times includes pipeline transport, and the relatively well known trade using rail routes, automobiles and cargo airlines.

Other websites 
 Trade routes: the growth of global trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. 
 Ancient trade routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Notes

References 

Business
Zircon is a silicate mineral. It is found in many different places in almost all kinds of rock. The chemical it is made up of is called  zirconium silicate:  ZrSiO4. Clear zircon may look like diamond and has been used as a cheaper replacement for diamond.  It is not the same as cubic zirconia, which is man-made zirconium dioxide.  In the United States, zircon is considered to be the birth stone for the month of December.

Long lasting zircons 
Zircons from the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U–Pb (uranium–lead radioactive dating) ages up to 4.404 billion years. This is judged to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth. In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data, but is also the subject of debate.

References 

Gemstones
Minerals
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic on the Mayflower, looking for the freedom to belive in Christianity according to their own beliefs in God. It was signed on 11 November 1620 (OS) by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, where they first landed.  According to the customs of the time, the signers were all male. Of the 41 men who signed the Compact, 21 died during the first year in United States of America.

List of men who signed 
This is a list of names of the 41 men who signed the Compact.
 John Carver
 William Bradford 
 Edward Winslow 
 William Brewster 
 Isaac Allerton 
 Myles Standish 
 John Alden 
 John Turner
 Francis Eaton 
 James Chilton
 John Crackston
 John Billington 
 Moses Fletcher
 John Goodman
 Samuel Fuller 
 Christopher Martin 
 William Mullins
 William White 
 Richard Warren 
 John Howland
 Stephen Hopkins 
 Degory Priest
 Thomas Williams
 Gilbert Winslow 
 Edmund Margeson 
 Peter Browne 
 Richard Britteridge
 George Soule 
 Edward Tilley
 John Tilley
 Francis Cooke 
 Thomas Rogers
 Thomas Tinker 
 John Ridgdale
 Edward Fuller
 Richard Clarke
 Richard Gardiner 
 John Allerton 
 Thomas English
 Edward Doty 
 Edward Leister

References 

Official documents of the United States
1620
1620s in the Thirteen Colonies
November events
A Fibula is an ancient brooch.  (Plural: fibulae).  Technically, the latin term fibulae meant Roman brooches, but the term is widely used for brooches from the entire ancient and early medieval world.  Unlike modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative, they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothes, including cloaks.  Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in the Neolithic period and Bronze Age.  In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners in the Middle Ages by buttons.  Their descendent, the modern safety-pin, remains in use today.

There are hundreds of different types and variations of fibulae.  They are usually divided into families or groups based on historical period, geography and/or cultural grouping.  Fibulae are also divided into classes based on their general forms.

Further reading 

 Hattatt, Richard.  A Visual catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.  Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000.

Archaeology
Jewelry
The Bethlehem Baptist Church (BBC) is a megachurch in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The church was started in 1871 as the First Swedish Baptist Church of Minneapolis. Since 1980, their pastor has been John Piper.

Other websites 
Bethlehem Baptist Church

Baptist churches
Churches in the United States
Minneapolis, Minnesota
1871 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Minnesota
Impact Wrestling is a professional wrestling company founded in 2002 shortly after World Championship Wrestling closed down. They are the main rivals for World Wrestling Entertainment.  They made a video game called TNA iMPACT! and a sequel to it called TNA Impact! 2011 after it's weekly program which was of the same name before it was renamed Impact Wrestling.

Jeff Jarrett left the company in December 2013 and announced that he was starting his own professional wrestling promotion called Global Force Wrestling. It was later clarified that he still remains an "investor" of TNA.

On November 19, 2014, it was announced that TNA would be ending their relationship with Spike, and that they would instead partner with Discovery Communications to distribute their shows beginning in January 2015. In the United States, TNA programs, which include Impact Wrestling, will move to Destination America. Discovery will also hold rights in selected international markets. Spike's outreach at the time was estimated to be more than 97 million homes while Destination America was only estimated to reach 59 million households.

Champions

References

Other websites

 Official website

2002 establishments in the United States
Impact Wrestling
Nothing is a concept of being without any form of matter.
.

Related pages 
 Existentialism
 Nihilism
 No
 Vacuum
 Zero

Matter
William Frank Ryan (May 21, 1949 – November 19, 2021) was an American actor, singer and musician.

Career
His music career first began when he was in high school. He then signed the first of two recording contracts with CBS Records.

He got back into music and after moving to California. He began to write and record wacky songs for Disney. He did the voice of Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore in Disney Channel's Welcome to Pooh Corner. Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.) for the Focus on the Family radio series Adventures in Odyssey. 

He also voiced Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore. He was also the original voice of Petrie in The Land Before Time.

Death
Ryan died from cancer in Santa Monica, California on November 19, 2021, at the age of 72.

Some movies
Mickey's Christmas Carol - Mole, Willie the Giant, Pete, Big Bad Wolf, Weasel #2 (1983)
Welcome to Pooh Corner - Rabbit, Tigger (1983)
Dumbo's Circus - Barnaby (1985)
Frog and Toad Are Friends (1985)
An American Tail - Digit (1986)
Mother Goose's Treasury - Bertram the Goose (1987)
Frog and Toad Together (1987)
DuckTales - Pete, Dangerous Dan (1987)
The Land Before Time - Petrie (1988)
Stanley and the Dinosaurs - (1989)
The Little Mermaid - Seahorse (1989)
Rock-a-Doodle - Stuey (1991)
Garfield and Friends (episode 88 Ghost of a Chance, as McKraven (or McCraven) The Ghost) (1992)
Thumbelina - Hero, Reverend Rat (1994)
A Troll in Central Park - Boss (1994)
The Pebble and the Penguin - Royal, Tika (1995)
Disney's House of Mouse - Willie the Giant (2001–2003)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) - Papa Bear
Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (2004)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse - Willie the Giant (2006–present)
Family Guy (episode Road to the North Pole, as Winnie The Pooh) (2010)
It's A Frame-Up! - Shooster (2013)
Get a Horse! - Peg-Leg Pete (2013)

Discography
Eugene Sings!
Eugene Sings! Christmas
Am I Cool or What?
Goin' Quackers
Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective!
Elmo Aardvark: Vintage Cartoon Sound Tracks
Elmo Aardvark: Classic Cartoon Soundtracks
Classic Songs for Leonard Reed's Shim Sham Shimmy
Adventures in Odyssey (Eugene Meltsner/Harlow Doyle)

References

Other websites 

1939 births
2021 deaths
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
Adventures in Odyssey
American voice actors
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
Musicians from Cleveland, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in California
The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the southeastern United States.

References 

Native American
Native Americans in the United States (also known as American Indians) are the indigenous peoples from the areas of North America now part of the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. The Cherokee were the first Native Americans to be recognized as US citizens. In the 19th century white colonists called the Cherokee one of the Five Civilized Tribes. The others were Chicksaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole. 

There are about 310 Indian reservations in the US. Most Native Americans do not live on a reservation anymore. 

Native Americans are affected by some problems more than White Americans. For example Native Americans are six times more likely to suffer from alcoholism than average.  About 24% live in extreme poverty.  Native American and Native Alaskan women are more likely to be targets of sexual violence than other women.

References 

Native American
Ethnic groups in the United States
The British Grand Prix is a grand prix motor race organised in Great Britain by the Royal Automobile Club. First held in 1950 and after that every year since today.

Winners

Multiple winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Multiple winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.Multiple winners (engine manufacturers)Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1999-2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

*** Built by  Porsche

By year

A green background indicates an event which was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship.A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Formula One Grands Prix
1920s establishments in the United Kingdom
The Ob is a river in Siberia. Together with the Lena and the Jenissei, it is one of the most important rivers of Siberia. Depending upon how its length is measured, it can be between 3.650 km and 6.210 km long. Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard. The Irtysh is the Ob river's main tributary. Other tributaries include the Omsk, Parabel, Chaya, Tobol and Ishim.

Rivers of Russia
Siberia
Deduction is one of the two main types of reasoning. The other is induction. In deduction, we apply a general rule to a particular case.

Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion must follow from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

Aristotle, the first person we know who wrote down laws of deduction, gives this example of deduction:

 All men are mortal.
 Socrates is a man.
 Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

The first two statements are called "premises". The last statement is called the "conclusion". The conclusion is taken from the premises. 
If the conclusion is wrong, then at least one of the premises is wrong
If one of the premises is wrong, the conclusion may also be wrong.

Deductive reasoning is often called "top-down logic", whereas inductive reasoning is called "bottom-up reasoning".

Logic

th:อีดักต์
Induction is one of the main forms of logical reasoning.  The other is deduction.  In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases.  For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.

Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science. Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky. Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do. We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism). What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations. That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained. What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one.  

Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants. If he had stopped there, his name might not be known today. What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained. It was an hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible. It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it. Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation. The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.

Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science. The philosopher Hume said it meant “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience”. Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question “Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?”  Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions? A way to say it is: "If all known As are B, then probably all As whatever are B".

Criticism 

Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true. This is illustrated in the following example:

1. Humans exist.2. Birds also exist.3. Therefore, birds are human.  

This example shows that even though all the premises are correct, the conclusion can be false.

References

Other websites 
Discussions suitable for students of philosophy can be found in the usual places, especially:
Vickers, John 2014. The problem of induction. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 

Logic
Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state. It was made up of the western area of what is now the state of Oklahoma. The eastern area consisted of the last remaining part of Indian Territory.

Lands that came to make up Oklahoma Territory 
 Old Oklahoma – April, 22, 1889 – opened by land run.
 No Man's Land – May 2, 1890, assigned to Oklahoma Territory by Organic Act.
 Iowa reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
 Sac and Fox reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
 Tonkawa reserve – 1891 – allotment.
 Citizen Potawatomi and Absentee Shawnee reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
 Cheyenne Arapaho reserve – April 19, 1892 – opened by land run.
 Cherokee Outlet – September 17, 1893 – opened by land run.
 Kickapoo reserve – May 4, 1896 – opened by land run.
 Greer County – March 16, 1896 – officially assigned to Oklahoma Territory (Supreme Court decision May 23, 1895, separated the county from Texas).
 Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
 Wichita and Caddo reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
 Ponca and Otoe–Misouria reserve – 1904 – allotment.
 Kaw reserve – 1906 – allotment.
 Osage reserve – 1906 – allotment.
 Big Pasture – December 1906 – sealed bid.

Other websites
 History of the State of Oklahoma, 1908 

19th century in Oklahoma
1890 establishments in the United States
1907 disestablishments
1900s disestablishments in the United States
Former territories of the United States
Marin-Epagnier is a former municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Epagnier and Marin to form Marin-Epagnier. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène.

It lies at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel close to Biel, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways.

The Iron Age archaeological site of La Tène is within Marin-Epagnier's communal boundaries. (See also La Tène culture.) La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland. La Tène has a sandy beach, unique in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Marin-Epagnier

Former municipalities of Neuchâtel
2009 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
Magdalenenberg is the name for a tumulus grave. It dates from the Iron Age. It lies at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, in Germany. The nobleman who is buried there was part of the Hallstatt culture. With a volume of 33.000 cubic metres it is the biggest grave from that time in Central Europe.

In his first-hand account of the Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico), Julius Caesar observes that the Gallic people have a moon- based calendar, and that the big event for them was what astronomers now call the Lunar Standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years. Lunar Standstills are marked in several ancient cultures (including sites in Colorado and Ohio), usually by standing stones that indicate the point where the moon seems to rise and set in the same place, instead of rising in one place and appearing to move across the sky to set in another. Now a German scholar, Dr Allard Mees, a researcher at the Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz, has discovered evidence to back Caesar’s observation: a huge royal tomb that functions as a lunar calendar and that preserves a map of the sky at Midsummer 618 BC, the presumed date of the burial.

Dr Mees said that Magdalenenberg was ‘the earliest and most complete example of a Celtic calendar focused on the moon’, and that following Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, ‘Gallic culture was destroyed and these types of calendar were completely forgotten in Europe, to be replaced by the Roman sun-based calendar’.

Ancient history
A cenote is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater. It is typical in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands. The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at.

Definition and description 

Cenotes are surface connections to underground water bodies. While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst  features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes. 

Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers. They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.

Cause 
Cenotes in or near the Yukatán may have been caused by the Chicxulub meteor impact 60 million years ago.

Famous cenotes

Mexico 
Yucatán Peninsula:
  Dos Ojos, near Tulum, Mexico
 Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico
 Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza, Mexico
 Xtacunbilxunan, Bolonchen, Mexico

Central and Northern Region:
 Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Canada 
 Devil's Bath, northern Vancouver Island, Canada

United States 
 Bottomless Lakes, near Roswell, New Mexico

References

Other websites 

 Sistema Zacatón 
 Volcanic karstification of Sistema Zacaton, Mexico (Gary, Sharp, 2006) 
 Stages in the Formation of a Cenote
 Doline, Sinkhole, Cenote
 Cenotes of Chichén Itzá
 Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS)
 Year 1999 Cenotes Conference in Perugia, Italy
 Maps of Chicxulub and Ring of Cenotes 

Geology
Physical geography
Mexico
Monkton is an English village on the Canterbury-Ramsgate road. It is at the southwestern edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet. The church there is dedicated to Mary Magdalene. Inside the Church is a plaque, commemorating a local soldier, Euncie Rochelle, who died in the Iraq war. Monkton is no longer thought of as a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.

In the November of 2007, the village exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters attempting to put out the blaze, but having so few people and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unable to reach it in time. However, fortunately, all of Monkton's twenty people were evacuated into safety to nearby Minster. However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement. Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single storey house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new place, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old one.

References

Other websites
 Monkton 

Villages in Kent
An electric chair is a specially built chair which is used to execute condemned criminals by electrocuting (giving them a strong electric shock) them. This means that they are being killed as a punishment for a crime that they were accused of, usually murder.

An electric chair is a strong wooden chair which has electrodes (which are objects often made out of metal that conduct electricity) for running electric current through the convict's body. One electrode is placed on the convict's head, and another is placed  on the convict's right shin. When the switch is turned on, a 2,000 volt current goes through the convict. The current is to stop the heartbeat, cause unconsciousness, and cause death. Sometimes, the chair was made from the wood of the gallows which it replaced.

The electric chair is sometimes used as the very symbol of death penalty. It is also a part of Americana (that is: cultural symbols of USA) and the electric chairs of many states have ironic nicknames like Old Sparky, Yellow Mama, Gruesome Gertie, Sizzling Sally or Hot Seat. The execution itself is sometimes called "riding the lightning".

History of the electric chair

The electric chair was designed by Dr. Alfred Southwick, and first built by Harold Brown in 1888. Dr. Southwick had seen a drunk man falling in a generator and dying immediately from electric shock. There had been a very gruesome hanging in New York in 1886 that did not go right. The drop had been too long and the convict's head was torn off. Many people wanted a less cruel method of execution. The state of New York chose the electric chair.

This execution method has been used only in the United States and, for several decades, in the Philippines (its first use there in 1924, last in 1976). The electric chair has become a symbol of the death penalty, and a part of American folklore. However, it is becoming replaced as a method of executing criminals in the United States by lethal injection. Altogether, 25 US states and the US federal government have used the electric chair.

The decline of the electric chair

Death in the electric chair is usually quick as the convict dies from electric shock which stops the heart. However, if something goes wrong, the death is more like frying the convict alive. The electric chair has been declared as a cruel and unusual punishment in many states and is no longer used in most states. In fact, there are no longer any states that use the electric chair as its main way of executing criminals. All states that use the death penalty use lethal injection as its main way of executing criminals now.

So far, the latest person executed in an electric chair has been Lee Hall aka. Leroy Hall Jr. a man who killed his ex girlfriend, Traci Crosier, in 1991. He was executed in Tennessee at the Riverbend Maximum Security Prison on December 5, 2019. Lee chose the electric chair over lethal injection believing that electrocution would be a faster and less painful death.

References

Capital punishment
The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium is a football stadium in Madrid, Spain. It is the second largest stadium in Spain after the Camp Nou. It has a capacity for 81,044 people. The stadium is called Estadio Santiago Bernabéu in Spanish.

The 1982 FIFA World Cup and the final, were held at the Santiago Bernabéu.

History

The stadium was built at the same site of Campo de Chamartín. Construction began in 1945. On December 14, 1947, the stadium officially opened. The first match was against Portuguese champions Os Belenenses (3-1).

At that time, the stadium consisted of two uncovered tiers that could hold about 75,000 spectators. Capacity was further increased to 125,000 in 1954, when one of the long sides got expanded with a third tier. The Bernabéu was together with the Camp Nou as the playing venue of the UEFA 1964 European Nations' Cup, hosting one of the two semi-finals and the final between Spain and the Soviet Union (2-1).

Towards the end of the 1970s, the stadium had already started to age. Club officials started making plans to build a new stadium in the north of the city.

However, with the coming of the 1982 World Cup it was instead decided to renovate the Bernabéu. The renovation included the construction of a roof over the three two-tiered stands and the installation of seats in half of the stadium. As a result, capacity was reduced to 90,800. During the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the Santiago Bernabéu hosted three matches in the second group stage and the final between Italy and West Germany (3-1).

In the 1990s, UEFA required the stadium to become an all-seater, which would have reduced capacity to 50,000 seats. The club president therefore started a redevelopment program. The changes included extending the third tier over the entire stadium, the creation of corporate facilities, and four access towers in each corner of the stadium. Works started in 1992 and were completed two years later.

The stadium was further refurbished and upgraded between 2001 and 2006. Works most of all focused on improving corporate facilities. Construction was concluded in 2006 with the construction of a roof over the one remaining uncovered stand. The expansion design was done by Madrid-based architect Antonio Lamela.

Additional improvements, such as a retractable roof, were delayed due to financial reasons. In 2013 club president Florentino Pérez announced Real was seeking to sell the naming rights for its stadium. In 2014 German architects GMP revealed a plan for the improvements. A sponsorship agreement was finally made with IPIC.

References

   

Buildings and structures in Madrid
Football stadiums in Spain
1947 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Spain
Electrocution or electric shock is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity. Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock". 

The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes). If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive.   In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current.  Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle.  A large Tesla coil can burn and kill. 

Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA  (0.005 to 0.03 Amps).   Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him. At around 20 mA breathing is difficult. At about 75mA breathing stops. At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick. At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.

Electricity
Torture
Death
Stora Enso is a Finnish-Swedish cellulose and paper making corporation. It is the one of the largest paper making firms in the world. It was formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998. 

Its head office is in Helsinki, and it has some 46,000 employees. In 2002 it was the fifth largest pulp and paper maker in money income and in 2005 it was the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of tonnes. The Finnish State is the biggest owner in the company.

The Stora corporation originally began as a copper mine (whole name Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag (Big Copper Mountain's Mining Works)). It was founded in 1288 and it is the oldest corporation in the world. It later became also a paper and cellulose maker. Enso-Gutzeit was founded by Mr. Hans Gutzeit in a small town called Enso in Finland. It was founded in 19th century. Both companies were the largest paper and cellulose makers of both countries. It is the second largest corporation in Scandinavia after Nokia.

Other websites
 Stora Enso

Companies of Finland
Helsinki
The bard probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe. Bards were poets or singers and were most likely were in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer". It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.

Well known bards 
 Taliesin, lived in the 7th century, wrote the Book of Taliesin
 Aneirin, a late 6th century Brythonic poet who wrote the Book of Aneirin.
 Dafydd ap Gwilym, a 14th-century Welsh poet, generally regarded as the greatest Welsh poet of all time.
 Iolo Morganwg, an 18th-century Welsh rogue and bard, famous for his forgeries and lies.
 Iolo Goch, a 14th-century Welsh poet and bard, famous for several surviving works, especially 'The Labourer'.

Ancient history
Operation may refer to:

 Surgery
An arithmetic operation:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
 A planned military engagement, such as a battle
 A business or franchise

Basic English 850 words