cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The 2004 United States presidential election happened on November 2, 2004. George W. Bush, the incumbent president and Republican candidate, won reelection. He defeated John Kerry, the Democratic candidate, who was the junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Foreign policy was the biggest issue during the election mainly because of the War on Terrorism and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.

Since the last presidential election, there were concerns about voting. The winner was not determined until the following day when Kerry decided not to dispute Bush's win in the state of Ohio. The state held enough electoral votes to determine the winner of the presidency. Both Kerry and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean have stated their opinion that voting in Ohio did not proceed fairly and that, had it done so, the Democratic ticket might have won that state and therefore the election.

Only three states changed which party to vote for. New Mexico and Iowa voted Democratic in 2000, but those states voted Republican in 2004. New Hampshire voted Republican in 2000 but the state voted Democratic in 2004. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 electoral votes, and Kerry received 251 electoral votes. Kerry was supposed to have 252, but one electoral vote that was supposed to go for Kerry went for his running mate, John Edwards.

Candidates

Republican

Nominees

Democrats

Nominees

Withdraw candidates
John Edwards, U.S. Senator from North Carolina (withdrew on March 2, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont (withdrew on February 18, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Wesley Clark, retired U.S. General from Arkansas (withdrew on February 11, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Dennis Kucinich, U.S. Representative from Ohio (withdrew on July 22, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Al Sharpton, Reverend and civil rights activist from New York (withdrew on March 15, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Joe Lieberman, U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 2000 US Election Democratic vice-presidential nominee (withdrew on February 3, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Dick Gephardt, U.S. Representative from Missouri (withdrew on January 20, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Carol Moseley Braun, former U.S. Senator from Illinois (withdrew on January 15, 2004, and endorsed Howard Dean. She then endorsed John Kerry)
Bob Graham, U.S. Senator from Florida (withdrew on October 6, 2003, and endorsed John Kerry)

References

2004 in the United States
2004 elections
John Kerry
2004
2000s elections in the United States
Chesterfield is a market town and borough in the county of Derbyshire in the East Midlands of England. It is on the River Rother and the River Hipper. It is Derbyshire's largest town (Derby is a city).

It is a very old town and was founded between 70–100 AD. The town received its market charter from King John in 1204.

It is 24 miles (39 km) north of Derby and 11 miles (18 km) south of Sheffield.

The town is located on the A61 between Derby and Thirsk in North Yorkshire. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) from the M1.

A 2019 census estimated that the borough has around 104,900 residents.

Chesterfield's most famous landmark is Church of St Mary and All Saints. It is famous because of its "crooked spire". The town's football club, Chesterfield F.C., are nicknamed The Spireites due to this.

Chesterfield railway station is on the Midland Main Line. Passengers can get local trains to towns and villages around the East Midlands as well as long-distance trains, operated by East Midlands Railway, to London, Sheffield and Nottingham. CrossCountry trains also stop at Chesterfield, providing passengers with direct trains to Birmingham, the North East, Scotland and Cornwall.

Twin towns
Chesterfield is twinned with:
 Darmstadt, Germany
 Troyes, France
 Tsumeb, Namibia
 Yangquan, China

Gallery

Unitary authorities
Towns in Derbyshire
Market towns in England
Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers (born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown, Barbados) is a former West Indian cricketer. He is often known as Garry.

Sobers was a very good batsman and highly effective bowler. He was able to bowl both fast and as a spinner. Sobers is widely regarded as the greatest all rounder of all time and, with Sir Donald Bradman, as one of the greatest cricketers of any type.

1936 births
Living people

West Indies cricketers
Barbadian sportspeople
Rogério Mücke Ceni (born 22 January 1973) better known as Rogério Ceni, is a retired Brazilian football player. He was a goalkeeper. He played for the football team São Paulo from 1990 to 2015. Ceni had been the holder of his position since 1997. He retired in December 2015.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1992||rowspan="19"|São Paulo||rowspan="19"|Série A||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1994||5||0||0||0||8||0||13||0
|-
|1995||3||0||4||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||25||1||4||0||11||0||40||1
|-
|1998||22||0||6||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1999||18||2||3||0||8||1||29||3
|-
|2000||22||3||12||1||5||0||39||4
|-
|2001||21||0||6||0||4||0||31||0
|-
|2002||19||1||8||1||0||0||27||2
|-
|2003||40||2||6||0||8||0||54||2
|-
|2004||44||3||0||0||16||2||60||5
|-
|2005||38||10||0||0||16||5||54||15
|-
|2006||29||8||0||0||13||3||41||11
|-
|2007||35||7||0||0||13||0||48||7
|-
|2008||35||4||0||0||11||0||46||4
|-
|2009||16||2||0||0||3||0||19||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
373||43||49||2||121||11||543||56
373||43||49||2||121||11||543||56
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||2||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||15||0
|}

Other websites 
 Official Site 
 IFFHS Top Division goal scorer ranking among Goalkeepers

References 

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
Brazilian football managers
Inauguration is a ceremony marking the beginning of a politician taking office or the opening of, for example, a bridge.

When a politician, for example a President, takes office, he may make an oath of office in front of an audience as part of the inauguration ceremony.

The Inauguration of the President of the United States takes place on January 20 in the year after an election.

Related pages
 Coronation
 Incumbent

Politics
Ceremonies
Dr. Fahmida Mirza (), sometimes also spelled as Fehmida Mirza (born December 20, 1956), is a medical doctor, agriculturist and businesswoman from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. She was elected as the first female Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan on March 19, 2008. She is also the first female parliamentary speaker in the Muslim world.

1956 births
Living people
Pakistani politicians
Physicians
Pakistani businesspeople
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Pakistani scientists
The Dominion of Pakistan was an independent federal dominion in South Asia that was created in 1947 in the partition of British India into two sovereign dominions (the other being the Union of India).

The dominion included modern-day Pakistan (called West Pakistan) and Bangladesh (East Pakistan). It was supposed to be a homeland for the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent.  It became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. The eastern part of the country became independent as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.

20th century in Pakistan
20th century in Bangladesh
Partition of India
1947 establishments in Asia
1956 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in Asia
Rubens Gonçalves "Rubinho" Barrichello (born May 23, 1972 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver. Driving for the Brawn GP team, Barrichello finished third in the 2009 championship. He raced for WilliamsF1 in 2010, and will race for Williams in 2011.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races 
in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

References 

1972 births
Living people
Brazilian racecar drivers
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
A digital signal processor (DSP or DSP micro) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally used in real-time computing.

Digital signal processing algorithms require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly on a set of data.  Signals are converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to form digital to analog, as shown in the diagram.  Many digital signal processing applications have real-time constraints; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some time limit.

The microarchitecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing applications.

Related pages
Digital Signal Controller

References

Other websites
DSP Processor - Core-Based Wireless System Design
Microcontroller.com
DSP Engineering Magazine
Introduction to DSP - Processor tutorial 
Improv Systems Homepage
Analog Devices Homepage
DSP Discussion Groups
DSP Online Book
DSPs and VLIW
Pocket Guide to Processors for DSP - Berkeley Design Technology, INC
DSP Online eBooks
Texas Instruments Homepage
CEVA, Inc. Homepage
Freescale Semiconductor Homepage
 BDTi 
BDTI DSP Kernel Benchmarks™ Results
The 2008 EDN DSP directory 
DSP-FPGA.com Magazine
 AR Parameter Estimation using TMS320C30

Digital signal processing
Lies for the Liars is a full-length album released in 2007 by The Used.

Track listing
 All songs written by The Used.
 "The Ripper" – 2:56
 "Pretty Handsome Awkward" – 3:32
 "The Bird and the Worm" – 3:46
 "Earthquake" – 3:29
 "Hospital" – 2:57
 "Paralyzed" – 3:13
 "With Me Tonight" – 3:06
 "Wake the Dead" – 4:14
 "Find a Way" – 3:23
 "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" – 2:52
 "Smother Me" – 4:20

Hidden track
"Smother Me" ends at 4:20 but runs to 6:17 due to the addition of a hidden track titled "Queso". "Queso" is a 30 second song that is about a quesadilla. Though it was first released on The Used's MySpace in late 2006, most fans talked about it on message boards and thought of it as a joke - it was not expected to actually be on the album.

The music
Lies for the Liars contains emotive, heartfelt and sometimes sarcastic or Gothic lyrics. It has more swearing than previous The Used albums, but this is used on fewer songs. For example, "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" swears 10 times.

The first song "The Ripper" has an ending that makes the CD appear to be stuck, but its only part of the song.

2007 albums
Reprise Records albums
The Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, usually called Estádio da Ressacada or just Ressacada, is a football stadium inaugurated on November 15, 1983 in Carianos neighborhood, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a maximum capacity of approximately 19,000 people. The stadium is owned by Avaí. Its formal name honors Aderbal Ramos da Silva, who was president of the Santa Catarina Football Federation and was also governor of the state.

Several matches of the Brazilian football team, as well as the Brazilian Olympic team were played at Ressacada Stadium.

This stadium should not be confused with Blumenau's stadium, which is also called Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, however it is nicknamed DEBA, and has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people.

History

In 1982, to replace the old Estádio Adolfo Konder, Avaí bought a groundplot close to the city's airport (Hercílio Luz International Airport). The construction works were led by Cairo Bueno, and the stadium was designed by the architect Davi Ferreira Lima.

The inaugural match was played on November 15, 1983, when Vasco da Gama beat Avaí 6-1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Vasco da Gama's Wilson Tadei.

On May 31, 1986, the stadium lights were inaugurated.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 19,000, set on July 17, 1988 when Avaí beat Blumenau 2-0, for the Campeonato Catarinense final.

References

Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.

Other websites

Templos do Futebol
Avaí's Official website

Ressacada
Santa Catarina
1983 establishments
1980s establishments in Brazil
The Flag of France is called the "Tricolour" (). It was adopted 15 February 1794. It is blue, white and red. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing chose the current colors.

References

France
France
The national emblem of France has been a symbol of the country since 1953. It is not officially the coat of Arms but it appears on French passports.

On it you can see:
 A wide shield with the head of a lion and two letters, "RF". This means République Française (French Republic in french).
 A laurel branch that symbolises victory of the Republic.
 An oak branch that symbolises perenity or wisdom.
 The fasces is a symbol associated with justice (from Roman axes.

France
France
Democratic socialism is a socialism where government is organized by democracy. In short, it believes that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect. 

The combination of the two ideologies of democracy and socialism make democratic socialism. Democratic socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few. To achieve a more just society, many structures of the government and economy must be radically transformed through greater economic and social democracy so that ordinary citizens can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives. Democratic socialists do not want to create an all-powerful government bureaucracy, but at the same time do not want big corporate bureaucracies to control our society either.  

Examples of democratic socialist include Salvador Allende, the democratically elected President of Chile who was overthrown by a US-backed coup de etat; Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia; and the United Kingdom Parliament's former Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.

Democratic socialism is not the same as Marxism-Leninism, which believes in single party rule.

References

Related pages 

 socialism
social democracy (do not confuse with democratic socialism)

Socialism
Democracy
Political systems
The Opel Sintra is a large MPV produced by the German automaker Opel from 1996 to 1999. The Sintra is branded as Opel in Europe and Vauxhall in Great Britain. It was a European version of GM’s U-Body minivans and built on the same production line in Doraville, Georgia. 

The reason the Sintra was not a success was because EuroNCAP tested a 1998 model and found it only scored 2.5 Stars, forcing Opel and Vauxhall to drop the model in early 1999. The model was criticised for its dull styling and poor build quality as well as being unsatisfying to own. Because the Astra-Based Zafira MPV debuted when the Sintra finished production in 1999, sometimes it is said that the Zafira replaced the Sintra, but actually Opel never had another Large MPV after the Sintra and then eventually Opel abandoned the Large MPV market in Europe.

1990s automobiles
Sintra
Opel Zafira is a car produced by the German carmaker Opel since 1999, and is branded as Vauxhall Zafira in Great Britain. It currently in its third generation.

Replacement of the Sintra

The Zafira is sometimes said to be the replacement of the Sintra, because it was introduced roughly around the same time it was discontinued. Also, they were both minivans. However, the Zafira was in a different segment, and Opel had not intended this.

Gallery

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Zafira
Opel Vectra was a car produced by the German carmaker Opel from 1988 to 2008 and branded as Opel in Europe (except for the United Kingdom), Vauxhall in the United Kingdom and The Republic of Ireland, Holden in Australia and in New Zealand, and Chevrolet in Latin America.

It was produced from August 1988 to September 2008, when it was replaced by the European Car of the Year award-winning Insignia.

First Generation (1988–1995) 

The first generation was made between October 1988 and October 1995, it was sold In the UK as the third and last generation Vauxhall Cavalier. There was no estate/wagon version of it and was facelifted in 1992.

Versions

Engines

Petrol

Carburetted 
 1.4 S 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 S 60 kW (82 hp)
 1.8 S 65 kW (88 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)

Fuel-injected 
 1.6 i 52 kW (71 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.8 i 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 i 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.0 i 16V 100 kW (136 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 i 16V Turbo 150 kW (204 hp)
 2.5 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)

Diesel 
 1.7 D 42 kW (57 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.7 TD 60 kW (82 hp)

Second generation (1995–2002) 
The second generation was made between October 1995 and May 2002 and was sold as a Vauxhall in the UK. An estate/wagon version was added in October 1996 and was facelifted in April 1999. In the UK, the car was heavily criticised by well known motoring journalist and TV presenter Jeremy Clarkson, but that didn't stop it from being popular there.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.6 i 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 i 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.8 i 16V 85 kW (115 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
 2.0 i 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.2 i 16V 108 kW (147 hp)
 2.5 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)
 2.6 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)

Diesel 
 1.7 TD 60 kW (82 hp)
 2.0 DI 16V 60 kW (82 hp)
 2.0 DTI 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
 2.2 DTI 16V 92 kW (125 hp)

Third generation (2002–2008) 
The third and final generation launched in June 2002 with hatchback and saloon/sedan models while the related Signum hatchback appeared in June 2003 with an estate/wagon launching that October, as usual, it's sold as a Vauxhall in the UK. It was facelifted in October 2005 and was replaced by the Insignia in late 2008.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.6 i 16V 74 kW (100 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8 i 16V 81 kW (110 hp), 90 kW (122 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 i 16V Turbo 129 kW (175 hp)
 2.2 i 16V 108 kW (147 hp)
 2.2 i 16V Direct 114 kW (155 hp)
 2.8 i V6 Turbo 169 kW (230 hp) and 184 kW (250 hp)
 2.8 i V6 Turbo OPC 188 kW (255 hp) and 206 kW (280 hp)
 3.2 i V6 155 kW (211 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 CDTI 74 kW (100 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.9 CDTI 16V 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 DTI 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
 2.2 DTI 16V 92 kW (125 hp)
 3.0 CDTI V6 130 kW (177 hp) and 135 kW (184 hp)

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Vectra
A is the first letter of the alphabet. It may also refer to:

In English, it is one of the two indefinite articles, the other being an.
 In measurement, A is a symbol for area.
 In medicine, A is one of the human blood types.
 In music, A is a note.
 In the International System of Units, A is the symbol for the ampere (which is also shortened to amp).
 In school, an A+ is the highest grade you can get, with an A being the grade below.
 In transport, A is the international license plate code for Austria.
In the New York Stock Exchange, A is the symbol for Agilent Technologies.
Poison dart frog  is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. They are native to Central and South America. 

Unlike many frogs, these are active during the day. They often have brightly-coloured bodies, which act as warning colouration. All dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic.  In the wild, frog of different species and in different places may have very different levels of toxicity.  Many species are critically endangered. 

Poison dart frogs are poisonous because they eat ants and other small insects that have toxins in their bodies. If an animal eats the frog, it will become very sick.

Toxicity 
Many poison dart frogs secrete alkaloid toxins through their skin. Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation. They are able to be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs.  

The most toxic of poison dart frog species is Phyllobates terribilis. As mentioned above, dart frogs do not make their own poisons, but keep (sequester) the chemicals from arthropod prey, such as ants, centipedes and mites. This is the diet-toxicity hypothesis. Because of this, captive-bred animals do not have significant levels of toxins: they are reared on diets that do not have the alkaloids used by wild populations.  Nonetheless, the captive-bred frogs can store up alkaloids if they get an alkaloid-containing diet. 

Most wild species are not lethal to their predators, but rather taste foul enough that frogs are released immediately. Despite the toxins used by some poison dart frogs, some predators can withstand them. One is the snake Leimadophis epinephelus, which has developed immunity to the poison.

Taxonomy
Dart frogs are the focus of many studies. Their scientific names may sometimes change. Family Dendrobatidae was revised in 2006 and now has 12 genera, with about 170 species.

Colour morphs
Some poison dart frogs species include a number of colour morphs that evolved as recently as 6,000 years ago. 

Predation does influence the evolution of polymorphism, for example, in O. granulifera. Sexual selection has contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of Oophaga pumilio.

References

Grant, Taran. "Poison dart frog." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013.Web. 10 Jan. 2013.

Other websites 

Dyeing Poison Frog. ARKive, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.arkive.org/ >.

Venomous animals
The golden dart frog (Phyllobates terribilis) is a poison dart frog. It lives in the Pacific coast of Colombia. 

In captivity, poison dart frogs are not poisonous. It is in the wild where they are poisonous because of what they eat. This amphibian of the Dendrobatidae family is considered the most poisonous vertebrate in the world.  The optimal habitat of P. terribilis is the rainforest with high rain rates (5 m. or more), altitude between 100-200 m, temperature of 26 °C, and relative humidity of 80-90%.

"In a 20-gram white mouse, the minimal lethal dose of batrachotoxin/homobatrachotoxin is about 0.05 µg, when injected subcutaneously. Thus, one frog, P. terribilis, with typical 1100 µg of these compounds, contains enough poison to kill more than 20,000 mice. Although extrapolating toxicity parameters from mouse to man has errors, if we suppose that man is at least as susceptible as mice to these compounds, the lethal dose is about 180 µg for a person. Larger animals are often more susceptible to toxins that smaller organisms, so that the lethal dose for man may be even less. Myers et al. [1] anticipated a lethal dose of batrachotoxin for man of only 2.0 to 7.5 µg, when administered by injection. 
"The oral potency of batrachotoxin is much lower; therefore, Indians can eat animals captured by their darts without of risk of intoxication. In additions, the small amount of poison used is metabolized and the metabolites are not poisonous; most importantly, cooking may also destroy the toxins, although not all toxins are heat labile".

The high toxicity of P. terribilis may be due to eating small insects or other arthropods, and one of these may truly be the most poisonous creature on Earth. Scientists have suggested the crucial insect may be a small beetle from the family Melyridae. At least one species of these beetles produces the same toxin found in P. terribilis. Their relatives in Colombian rainforests could be the source of the batrachotoxins found in the highly toxic Phyllobates frogs of that region.

References 

Poison dart frogs
Mercedes-Benz R-Class is a car made by Mercedes-Benz introduced in 2005. The model wasn't a strong seller for Mecedes-Benz and was discontinued in 2012 without a replacement. 

2000s automobiles
R-Class
2010s automobiles
Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a luxury car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993. It is currently in its fourth generation. The C-Class is the most popular Mercedes-Benz. It is the main competitor of the BMW 3 Series and Audi A4. The interior is made up of soft-touch leather and aluminium. It is priced in between the A-Class and the E–Class. To be more specific, a base model C-Class can be priced at around 41,000 dollars.

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
C-Class
2010s automobiles
Nicholas Jerry Jonas (born September 16, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter and actor.

Jonas formed a band with his older brothers, Joe and Kevin, known as the Jonas Brothers. The group released their debut studio album It's About Time. The band became a Disney favorite and later starred in Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two of their own series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).

In 2017, Jonas appeared in the adventure comedy movie Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.

Jonas is married to Indian actress and singer Priyanka Chopra. In January 2022, the couple had their first child, via surrogacy.

Television
 The Voice (2020-2021) - Coach

References

1992 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American pop singers
American R&B singers
American rock singers
American pianists
American rock guitarists
American pop musicians
American R&B musicians
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Singers from Dallas, Texas
Musicians from Dallas, Texas
Writers from Dallas, Texas
Singers from New Jersey
Musicians from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
People from Wyckoff, New Jersey
Joseph Adam Jonas (born August 15, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, and actor. He became known as a member of the pop rock band the Jonas Brothers, alongside his brothers Kevin and Nick.

He starred in Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two television series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).

After the Jonas Brothers officially split-up, Jonas formed the funk-pop band DNCE in 2015. The group became well known for their debut single "Cake by the Ocean", which peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States.

In 2019, he married English actress Sophie Turner.

References

1989 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American pop singers
American R&B singers
American rock singers
American pianists
American rock guitarists
American pop musicians
American R&B musicians
American funk singers
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Singers from Arizona
Writers from Arizona
Musicians from Arizona
Actors from Arizona
Singers from New Jersey
Musicians from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
People from Wyckoff, New Jersey
INSEE () is the French national institute for Statistics and Economic studies. The INSEE was created in 1946. It replaced the National Statistics Service (SNS) which was created under the Vichy government during World War II.

INSEE Code 
INSEE codes (or COG) are given to Communes in France. They consist of 8 digits (numbers) but there is a simple version with 5 digits. The first two digits (3 for Overseas France) are the number of the department. The other 2 (or 3) numbers are the number of the commune. The INSEE code is not the same as the postcode.

France
The CFP franc (usually just called franc) is the currency used in some of France's overseas colonies (French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna). It was created in December 1945. The initials CFP originally stood for Colonies françaises du Pacifique ("French colonies of the Pacific") but now officially stand for Change Franc Pacifique ("Pacific Franc Exchange"). There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 CFP franc coins and 500, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 CFP franc banknotes.

Currency of Oceania
Economy of France
French Polynesia
"Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper"  is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published anonymously in Paris in 1697  in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault.

The story is about an ill-treated girl who, with the help of her fairy godmother, travels to a ball in a pumpkin coach.  She flees the ball at midnight and loses her glass slipper. A prince, who has fallen in love with her, finds her lost slipper and uses it later to find her.

Similar European tales are found in Bonaventure des Periers's New Recreations and Joyous Games (1558) and Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1634-6). The Brothers Grimm included their version, "Aschenputtel", in Children's and Household Tales (1812). Tales similar to "Cinderella" exist in Chinese, Indian, African, Javanese, Australian, and Japanese literature and folklore. The tale has been adapted to the stage, movies, television, and other media.

Story 
A widower marries a proud and haughty woman. She already has two daughters of her own. They despise the man's daughter by his first marriage, but she is gentle and beautiful, They treat her meanly. She is assigned all the housework and sleeps in the attic. She gave her the name Cinderella because she sits in the chimney corner.

A prince gives a ball and all the ladies of quality are invited. Cinderella's stepsisters go to the ball, but Cinderella remains at home crying. Her fairy godmother appears and transforms a pumpkin into a golden coach to take Cinderella to the ball. The fairy turns mice, lizards, and a rat into horses and coachmen with a wave of her wand. She gives Cinderella a gown of gold and silver and slippers made of glass. She orders Cinderella to return home by midnight for the charm ends at that time. Cinderella goes to the ball and dazzles everyone. The prince pays her special attention. Her stepsisters do not recognize her. She leaves at midnight and returns home.  The next evening she again goes to the prince's ball. She loses track of time, hurries away just at midnight, but loses one of her glass slippers. At home, Cinderella's gown turns to rags, but the other glass slipper remains as it is.

The stepsisters tell her that the prince is in love with the unknown beautiful lady. The prince orders the slipper to be tried on all the ladies in the land. He will marry only the girl whose foot will fit the slipper. The stepsisters try it on but it does not fit. Cinderella tries it on and it fits. She pulls the other slipper from her pocket and puts it on. The Godmother appears and touches Cinderella's clothes with her wand. They are transformed into a gown more beautiful than that she wore to the ball.  A few days later, the prince marries her. She forgives her stepsisters for their past meanness and finds husbands for them at the court.

References 

 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. 

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is an electronic integrated circuit that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital number. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number. The size of the number grows with an increase in the input voltage or current.  However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs.

References

More websites

 Counting Type ADC  A simple tutorial showing how to build your first ADC.
 An Introduction to Delta Sigma Converters A very nice overview of Delta-Sigma converter theory.
 Digital Dynamic Analysis of A/D Conversion Systems through Evaluation Software based on FFT/DFT Analysis RF Expo East, 1987
 Which ADC Architecture Is Right for Your Application? article by Walt Kester
 AN71 - The Care and Feeding of High Performance ADCs Real world circuit and layout advice
 ADC and DAC Glossary  Defines commonly used technical terms.
 Signal processing and system aspects of time-interleaved ADCs. 
 Introduction to ADC in AVR - Analog to digital conversion with Atmel microcontrollers

Electronic circuits
Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is different from the drug naloxone. Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose. Naltrexone is for longer-term control of dependence. Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends naltrexone for people who are fully detoxed from alcohol or opioids and are highly motivated to remain abstinent. Naltrexone is also sometimes used off-label to treat opioid and nicotine withdrawal as well. Although naltrexone is a helpful medication, it is not a cure for alcohol or opioid dependence. To be effective, naltrexone must be combined with other psychosocial therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy or motivational interviewing, or with a 12-step program such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous.

History 
Naloxone was first synthesized and subsequently patented in 1961 by Drs. Jack Fischman and Mozez Lewenstein of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, based on a theory proposed by their colleague, Dr. Harold Blumberg at the Long Island-based Endo Laboratories. Intravenous naloxone (Envizio) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for opioid overdose reversal in 1971 and was shortly adopted as a standard emergency treatment at many of the nation’s premier academic medical centers.

Naltrexone Side Effects 

 Abdominal pain and cramps
 Anxiety
 Headache
 Joint and muscle pains
 Nausea and vomiting
 Sleep problems
 Tiredness

Drugs
Addiction

References
PT Boats were motor torpedo boats ("PT", for "Patrol Torpedo"). They were small, fast ships used by the United States Navy in World War II to attack larger surface ships. The PT boat squadrons were nicknamed "the mosquito fleet".

Naval ships of the United States
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons non-violently occupying an area for a protest.

Social sciences
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a plan created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on defense instead on the offensive mutual assured destruction (MAD).

Notes 

Cold War
Military of the United States
War
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Military-industrial complex
Circa is Latin for "around" or "about". It is often used to show when something approximately happened. It is often shortened to c., ca., ca or cca.

An encyclopedia entry may begin with circa in the date of birth, for example: "Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227)". The "c." means that he was born in about 1162, but the exact date is not certain. Sometimes the circa symbol is italicized to show that it is not in the English language.

Estimated values of different units may also begin with circa in research reports and scientific articles, for example "it involved c.450 kg of carved ivory". The "c." means that it was an estimated value based on an average value or any other coefficient that the researcher will generally define in the methodology.

Latin words used in English
Varg Vikernes (legal name Louis Cachet, born Kristian Vikernes on February 11, 1973 near Bergen, Norway) is a black metal musician, convicted murderer, arsonist and political activist. In 1991, Vikernes created the one-man music project Burzum. Burzum quickly became important within the early Norwegian black metal scene. Later he became a part of the Heathen Front and wrote several writings on Germanic neopaganism.

In the early 1990s, there were black metal bands who believed in burning churches to prove their hatred for Christianity. Vikernes was found guilty of arson and the murder of Mayhem band member Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth. He was sent to prison for 21 years. Vikernes was up for parole in 2008 but it was denied. He was released in March 2009.

On July 16th 2013, Vikernes and his wife, a French national, were arrested in Corrèze, France, on suspicion of planning acts of terrorism because his wife had purchased four rifles. They were released with no charges after police could not identify any terrorist plans or targets.

References

Other websites
Official website for Varg Vikernes and Burzum

1973 births
Living people
Arsonists
Murderers
Norwegian musical entertainers
Political activists
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French post-Impressionist painter. He was not well appreciated until after his death. Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of color and style that were different from Impressionism. His work was influential among the French avant-garde and fauvism, as well later artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Gauguin’s art became popular after his death; partly from the efforts of art dealer Ambroise Vollard. 

Gaugin gave up his family and life to live in Tahiti in 1891. He died of syphilis in 1903.

Related pages 
 List of French painters

References 

1848 births
1903 deaths
Artists from Paris
Deaths from infectious disease
French painters
French printmakers
The Three Musketeers () is a novel of adventure fiction by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan. He leaves home to become a musketeer of the guard of King Louis XIII of France. He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ().

The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne. Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the D'Artagnan Romances.

The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844. All the books sold well and made plenty of money for Dumas. The story was later made into several plays and movies.

1841 books
French novels
Pasties (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.

The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape.  This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.

Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance. 

Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt.

Pasties in law
The United States Supreme Court held in Erie v. Pap's A.M. that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.

References

Clothing
Body art
Henri-Marie Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842) is better known by his pen name Stendhal. He was a 19th century French writer. He is known for his precise analysis of his characters' psychology. His two most famous novels are Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).

Stendhal was born in Grenoble. He died in Paris.

1783 births
1842 deaths
French novelists
People from Grenoble
Pen names
Travis Landon Barker (born November 14, 1975) is an American drummer. He is better known for being in the band Blink-182. He is also the drummer for +44 and has several side projects such as Box Car Racer, Transplants and Expensive Taste.

Plane crash
Just before midnight on September 19, 2008, Barker and Adam "DJ AM" Goldstein were involved in a plane crash. Barker and Goldstein survived but the pilot, Sarah Lemmon, the co-pilot, James Bland, Chris Baker and security guard, Charles "Che" Still all died in the crash. Barker suffered both second and third degree burns that covered around 1/3 of his body.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1975 births
Living people
American drummers
American rock musicians
American punk musicians
Musicians from California
Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a popular 19th century French writer. He is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story. 

He was an apprentice of Flaubert. Maupassant's stories have a common economy of style and their efficient, effortless dénouement (ending). Many of the stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War. Many more describe the war. He also wrote six short novels.

1850 births
1893 deaths

French writers
Prairie dogs are a genus of ground squirrels. They are  small, burrowing rodents which live in short-grass prairies and the high plains of western North America. The explorers Lewis and Clark sent a prairie dog to President Thomas Jefferson during their expedition; it was quite strange to him.

Prairie dogs are found in North America. In Mexico, they are mostly found in the northern states, which are the southern end of the great plains: northeastern Sonora, north and northeastern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo León, and northern Tamaulipas; in the U.S., they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the Canadian Prairies. They will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits.

Diet 
Prairie dogs are mostly herbivores (plant-eaters). They eat grasses, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruit, eggs, and some insects.

Biology and behavior

Highly social, prairie dogs live in large colonies – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. Families usually are made up of one male and two to four females living in a strict social hierarchy. Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony. The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved by fighting. Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes. 

Prairie dogs are social animals, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss. Prairie dogs employ a complex form of communication that involves barks and rhythmic chirps.

Prairie dog tunnel systems usually have several rooms. Tunnels can go down as far as , and can extend laterally as much as . Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance. The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts.

The prairie dog is well adapted to predators. They can detect predators from a far distance and alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call. Prairie dogs use different calls to identify specific predators. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators. Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.

The prairie dog is chiefly herbivorous, though it eats some insects. It feeds primarily on grasses and, in the fall, broadleaf plants. Prairie dogs have 1-6 pups (babies) yearly, which are born blind and furless and need about 30 days of close nurturing from their mother.

Sometimes two prairie dogs touch teeth with each other. Researchers think they do this as a way of recognizing each other.

Predators 
Prairie dogs are hunted by many animals, including wolves, dogs, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and humans.

References 

Squirrels
Mammals of North America
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (, "Our Lady of Paris") is a 1831 French novel written by Victor Hugo. It is set in 1482 Paris. The story is about a Gypsy (Esmeralda), a bell-ringer in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris (Quasimodo) and the archdeacon (Claude Frollo).

Other websites

 The Hunchback of Notre Dame at Internet Archive and Google Books, multiple English translations (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
 , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (plain text and HTML)
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame at LibriVox, 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (audiobook)
 Notre Dame de Paris Harvard Classics
  Notre-Dame de Paris at Wikisource (HTML)

1831 books
French novels
Works by Victor Hugo
Jean-Antoine Watteau (10 October 1684 – 18 July 1721) was a French painter. His brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. It brought back the almost forgotten Baroque idiom, which, in time became known as Rococo. He invented the genre of fêtes galantes: scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, with an air of theatricality. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.

Gallery

Other websites 

Watteau paintings at the Web Gallery of Art

1684 births
1721 deaths

French painters
Soggy biscuit (also called “limp biscuit”, “landscapers lunch”, “crispy cookie”, “ookie cookie”, “jizzcuit” or “jogo do pão”) is a male masturbation game played mostly by teenage groups in which the participants stand around a biscuit masturbating until ejaculating onto it; the last person to do so must eat the biscuit.

Although the way it is spelled may differ slightly, the notability of the game is shown by the variations of it being referred to in popular culture, examples including Stephen Fry's The Liar, the German movie Crazy, the 2006 film Sleeping Dogs Lie, the "Chains" episode of Blackadder II, the "Freaks & Greeks" episode of Drawn Together (2004-2006), the "Sleepover" episode of Big Mouth, Limp Bizkit, and Skinless's song "Scum Cookie".

References 

Games
Human sexuality
Hurricane Isabel was the costliest and deadliest hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season. Isabel formed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) on September 11. After weakening and strengthening for four days, Isabel slowly weakened. It moved onto the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 18. It quickly weakened over land.

In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed away part of Hatteras Island. This area of washed away land was sometimes known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was highest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed. The worst effects happened in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and on the shores of the James River. Virginia had the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the total damage and 68% of the total deaths from the storm happened in North Carolina and Virginia.

There was moderate to severe damage up the Atlantic coastline and as far west as West Virginia. About six million lost power in the eastern United States. Rain fell from South Carolina to Maine, and westward to Michigan. In total, damage is estimated at $3.6 billion (2003 USD, $4.1 billion 2008 USD). 16 deaths in seven states are blamed directly on the hurricane. 35 more deaths in six states and one province were not directly related to the hurricane.

2003 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in North Carolina
2000s in the Bahamas
2000s in North Carolina
2000s in Virginia
2000s in Maryland
2000s in South Carolina
History of West Virginia
History of Delaware
2000s in New Jersey
2000s in New York (state)
2000s in Pennsylvania
2000s in Ohio
2000s in Washington, D.C.
2003 in Canada
2003 in the United States
Hurricanes in Virginia