cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
is a city in Kanagawa, Japan. It is about  south of Tokyo.  It was the functioning capital of Japan during the Kamakura period (1203-1333).

In 1250, Kamakura was the 4th largest city in the world with 200,000 people.  The other two large cities in Japan at this time were Kyoto and Nara.

Kamakura was made a municipality on November 3, 1939.  

Today, Kamakura is famous as an upper-class area for people to live. This is because of the history and because it is close to the mountains and the sea.

History
 1192 (Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month): Kamakura Shogunate founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo

 1252 (Kenchō 4): Large bronze statue of Buddha is completed.

 1293 (Einin 1, 4th month): A severe earthquake; fatalities in Kamakura were estimated to be 10,000 people.

 1923 (Taishō 12): Sagami Bay was the center of the Great Kantō earthquake. The disaster caused widespread damage in the region.  Fatalities in Kamakura were more than 2,000 victims.

Tourism
Kamakura has many Buddhist temples.  The huge outdoor bronze statue of Buddha at Kamakura is world famous. 

The city has many Shinto shrines, including 
 Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū Shinto shrine

Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine is one of the three major Hachimangu located in Kamakura. It is the most popular spot in Kamakura, especially, Yabusame in September is very famous. Tsurugaoka Hachimangu was built in 1063 and became the capital and center of Kamakura Government established by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Turugaoka Hachiman-gu has many beautiful maple and ginkgo trees. In autumn, the vew at this shrine is nice. In June, hydrangeas grow. Many temples have beautiful gardens of hydrangeas. The Hase temple is the most well-known of these temples.

Sister cities
Kamakura has international sister cities. 
 Nice in France
 Dunhuang in the People's Republic of China

References

Other websites 

 Rudyard Kipling poem, "The Buddha at Kamakura", 1892
 Official web site 
 Kamakura's Daibutsu 
 Kamakura's History - Chronological table 
 
 

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
1192 establishments
1190s establishments in Japan
In the physical sciences, mass and weight are different. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in the object. Weight is a measure of the force on the object caused by a gravitational field. In other words, weight is how hard gravity pulls on an object. This means the mass of an object will remain at wherever it is on the earth's surface, but if it is moved from the equator to the North Pole, its weight will grow by 0.5% because of the increase in the earth's gravitational field.

Mass is measured in kilograms or pounds. A one-liter volume of water has a mass of one kilogram. Weight is measured in newtons, the standard unit for force. A one-kilogram mass placed on  a bench presses down on the bench with almost ten newtons of force.

Overview
The weight of something is the value measured at the Earth's surface. Unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. For almost all of human history weight has been measured on the surface of the Earth. Here, the weight is proportional to the mass. Objects which have the same mass have the same weight. An object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. As a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing, and to use kilograms or pounds as the units for both mass and weight. Using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. Mass and weight are not the same thing.

Generally, mass refers to how "heavy" something is. However, mass is really an inertial property; that is, the tendency of an object to remain at constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. According to Newton's second law of motion, as expressed in the formula an object with a mass, m, of one kilogram will accelerate, a, at one meter per second per second (about one-tenth the acceleration due to Earth's gravity) when acted upon by a force, F, of one newton.

Feeling the difference
It is possible to feel the difference between weight and mass by suspending an object with a mass of over ten kilograms on a rope with a length of two or more meters. If a person pushes upwards against the underneath of the object with one finger they will feel the weight of the object. If they push momentarily against the side of the suspended object with one finger they will feel the mass of the object. (It is important that they do not push the object sideways far enough to begin to raise it.)

Matter
Physics
Wisdom teeth are a set of four teeth, farthest back in a person's mouth. Most people get them late in their teenage years or in their early twenties.  Many people have to have surgery to get rid of them because they often grow in a crooked way.

References

Teeth

tr:Diş#Yirmi yaş dişleri
Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique; born December 1, 1949) is the President of Chile since 2018. He previously served as President of Chile from 2010 to 2014. He was elected once again in the 2017 presidential election. 

He won the second round of the presidential election that took place on January 17, 2010, and subsequently took office on March 11, 2010. He is a well-known economist, investor, businessperson, politician, former Senator, and leader of the presidential and parliamentary electoral coalition Coalition for Change. He is a billionaire and one of the richest people in Chile.

Presidential Elections 2009–2010
Piñera ran for President of Chile in the 2009-2010 election. Since August 2009, he led in opinion polls, competing with Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Marco Enríquez-Ominami and Jorge Arrate; all of whom are left-of-center candidates. In the election of December 13, 2009, Piñera placed first in the results by obtaining 44.05 % of the votes, while Frei placed second by obtaining 29.6 % of the votes. Since neither candidate received more than half of the total votes, Chileans returned to the polls for a final run-off election on Sunday, January 17, 2010.

In popular culture 
Actor Bob Gunton portrays Piñera in the 2015 movie The 33, which is about the 2006 Copiapó mining accident.

References

Relating page
2019 Chilean protests

1949 births
Living people
Chilean politicians
Current national leaders
Presidents of Chile
Chilean businesspeople
Billionaires
People from Santiago
The   is a time in the Japanese history from 1185 through 1333 in the history of Japan.  This grouping of years is named after city of Kamakura which was the center of power of the Kamakura shogunate.

The government of shoguns which was functionally established in 1192 by Minamoto no Yoritomo.

The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate. Imperial rule was re-established under Emperor Go-Daigo.

Mongol Invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) also happened in this period.

Flourishing of Buddhism
Buddhism expanded during this period. A number of monks founded separate Buddhist sects, including
• Hōnen, founder of the Jōdo shū sect
• Shinran, disciple of Hōnen; founder of Jōdo Shinshū
• Ippen, founder of the Ji sect
• Dōgen, founder of the Sōtō school of Zen
• Eisai, founder of the Rinzai school of Zen
• Nichiren, founder of the sect of Buddhism named after him

The older Buddhist sects such as Shingon and Tendai continued to thrive.

Timeline 
 1185 (Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month): Taira clan (Heike) defeated at sea by Minamoto Yoshitsune
 1191 (Kenkyū 2): Esai establishes Zen in Japan
 1192 (Kenkyū 3): Minamoto Yoritomo  appointed as shogun
 1207 (Ken'ei 1): Hōnen and his followers are exiled
 1221 (Jōkyū 3): In the , Emperor Go-Toba tried to take power from the Kamakura shogunate. The effort did not succeed.
 1252 (Kenchō 2): Great Buddha of Kamakura was put in place at Kōtoku-in.
 November 19, 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan;  or the "Bun'ei War".
 1281 (Kōan 4):  or the "Kōan War".
 1293 (Einin 1):  Disastrous  earthquake and tsunami hit Sagami Bay and Kamakura, killing 23,034 people.
 1333 (Genkō 3): Nitta Yoshisada destroys the Kamakura shogunate in the .

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of Japanese eras

References

Other websites 

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392)
 British Museum, Kamakura period (AD 1185-1333) 
 Japan-guide.com,  Kamakura Period (1192 - 1333)

Periods in Japanese history
Samurai
12th-century establishments in Japan
1330s disestablishments in Japan
1333 disestablishments
1185 establishments
Nelsinho Baptista (born 22 July 1950) is a Brazilian football manager. He manages for Kashiwa Reysol.

References
sambafoot 
Kashiwa Reysol 

1950 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Cesare Prandelli (born 19 August 1957) is a former Italian football player. He has played for some Italian clubs (e.g. Atalanta, Juventus). He manages for Fiorentina.

1957 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Italian football managers
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk  (October 30 1895 — April 24 1964) was a German doctor. He won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,  for discovering the antibacterial effect of protonsil.

References

1895 births
1964 deaths

German doctors
German Nobel Prize winners
Josip Kuže (13 November 1952 – 16 June 2013) was a Croatian football manager. He manages for Albania national team.

References

1952 births
2013 deaths
Croatian footballers
was a  after Kōchō and before Kenji.  This period started in February 1264 and ended in April 1275. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Bun'ei era 

 17 March 1272 (Bun'ei 9, 17th day of the 2nd month): Former Emperor Go-Saga died.

 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 1st month): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, the emperor resigned.  

 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 3rd month):  Emperor Go-Uda became the monarch of Japan.  The retired Emperor Kameyama continued to be important and powerful.

 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 10th month): Former Emperor Go-Fukakusa's son Hirohito-shinnō was named Crown Prince and heir to Emperor Go-Uda.  Hirohito and Go-Uda were first cousins.

 19 November 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces are landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.  However, a storm sank many of the ships.  The major part of the invading army was drowned. The invaders retreated to Korea.  During the brief fighting, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.  This 1274 event was called Bun'ei no eki.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Bun'ei
1260s in Japan
1270s in Japan
The Boston Police Strike happened in Massachusetts during 1919. Over a thousand police officers went on strike. They wanted to  be paid more money. The Governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, said it was wrong to "strike against the public safety". Coolidge fired the police officers who went on strike.  He hired veterans from World War I to replace them and gave them same bonuses that the striking policemen asked for to the veterans. This was the event which made Coolidge popular enough to become Vice President of the United States and then President of the United States of America after the death of Harding.

1919 in the United States
20th century in Boston, Massachusetts
Law enforcement in the United States
Protests in the 1910s
Panama City is the capital of Panama.  813,097 people live there.  It is now a popular place for elderly people to retire.

National capitals in North America
Cities in Central America
Settlements in Panama
Nobuyuki Uenoyama (born 26 May 1957) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yanmar Diesel.

References

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Henk ten Cate (born 9 December 1954) is a former Dutch football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1979/80||Go Ahead Eagles||Eredivisie||27||4

|-
|1980||Edmonton Drillers||NASL||21||5

|-
|1980/81||rowspan="2"|Go Ahead Eagles||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||19||3
|-
|1981/82||1||0
|-
|1981/82||Telstar||Eerste Divisie||30||7
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="3"|Go Ahead Eagles||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||31||10
|-
|1983/84||24||2
|-
|1984/85||30||2
|-
|1985/86||Heracles||Eredivisie||19||1
181||29
21||5
202||34
|}

References

1954 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Dutch football managers
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Eredivisie managers
KFC Uerdingen 05 managers
Edson Rodrigues (born March 13, 1967) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||9||0||9||0
|-
|1993||29||3||3||0||4||0||36||3
|-
|1994||23||1||2||0||0||0||25||1
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
|}

1967 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Samarkand  It is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.

The city is on the old Silk Road between China and the West, and is an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum, the Gur-e Amir. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most famous landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.

Most of the inhabitants of this city are Persian-speaking and speak the Tajik Persian dialect. This city is one of the historical centers of the Tajik people in Central Asia, which in the past was one of the important cities of the great empires of Iran.

In 2001, UNESCO added the 2,750-year-old city to its World Heritage Site list as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.

History 
Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean (Silk Road). At times Samarkand has been one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.

Started about 700 BC by the Persians, Samarkand has been one of the main centres of Persian civilization from its early days. Maracanda was the ancient Greek name for it Alexander the Great conquered the city in 329 BC.

Medieval history 
At the start of the 8th century, Samarkand came under Arab control. Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes, the secret of papermaking was learned from two Chinese prisoners in 751. This led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.

Samarkand was sacked by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220. Some of the people survived, but later, Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol attack. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters. In The Travels of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road, Samarkand is described as "a very large and splendid city..." He also writes about a Christian church in Samarkand, which miraculously remained standing after a portion of its central supporting column was removed.

In 1370, Timur the Lame, or Tamerlane, decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire, stretching from India to Turkey. During the next 35 years, he built a new city and populated it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had conquered. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts, and Samarkand grew to have a population of about 150,000.

Modern history
In 1499, the Uzbek Turks took control of Samarkand. They moved the capital to Bukhara and Samarkand went into decline. The city came under Russian rule in 1868. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely to the west of the old city.

The city later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930.

References 

World Heritage Sites in Asia
Cities in Uzbekistan
Arovell Verlag is an Austrian publishing house for modern literature. It was founded in 1991 by the Austrian writer, artist and musician, Paul Jaeg. Today, Jaeg is still the director.

Each year, Arovell prints between ten and twenty new books. Some authors, such as Peter Paul Wiplinger, have already published several books with Arovell, but others use Arovell to publish their first book(s).

Arovell publishes modern literature in the German language. They include short prose, stories and poetry. The covers of all books show a painting by Paul Jaeg.

Arovell also publishes a magazine about literature, music and art, which gives information about new books and public events. The magazine prints sometimes short texts from the books by Arovell.

The publisher organizes literary, musical and artistic events, especially in Upper Austria and Salzburg, but also in Vienna.

Arovell's headquarter is in Gosau in Upper Austria and has branch offices in Vienna and Salzburg.

Published authors (examples)
Hans Dieter Aigner
Peter Assmann
Reinhold Aumaier
Klaus Ebner
Karin Gayer
Constantin Göttfert
de:Fritz Huber
Paul Jaeg
Christoph Janacs
Günther Kaip
Wolfgang Kauer
de:Hermann Knapp
Dorothea Macheiner
Dirk Ofner
Wolfgang Pollanz
Fritz Popp
Herbert Reiter
Christine Roiter
Leopold Spoliti
Nikolai Vogel
Wolfgang Wenger
Christine Werner
Peter Paul Wiplinger

Other websites
Website of Arovell publishing house
Information at the center for German Philology Germanistik im Netz 

Book publishing companies
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Austria
Powder monkeys were boys or young teenagers who used to work on board the old sailing ships when they went to war.  When there was a battle it was the powder monkeys'  job to carry bags of gunpowder from the place where it was stored to the people who were operating the guns.  This had to be done quickly, so young boys were ideal because they could run fast and they were small.  It was not unknown for girls to disguise themselves as boys and get a job as a powder monkey.

Other websites
 HMS Victory: The Crew 

Childhood
War
Occupations
Sailing
Seismic performance analysis or seismic analysis is an intellectual tool of earthquake engineering which breaks the complex topic into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and non-building structures or their models.

In general, seismic analysis is based on the methods of structural dynamics. For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake response spectrum method  which, also, contributed to the proposed building code's concept of today.

However, those response spectra are good, mostly, for single-degree-of-freedom systems. Numerical step-by-step integration, applied with the charts of seismic performance, seems to be a more effective method of analysis for multi-degree-of-freedom structural systems at severe process of earthquake excitation.

The design of structures rests on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to design or retrofit structures subject to earthquake exposure. Those criteria are consistent just with the contemporary state of the knowledge about building structures. Therefore, the building design which blindly follows some seismic code regulations does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.

The price of poor seismic analysis may be enormous. Nevertheless, seismic analysis has always been a trial and error process no matter it was based upon physical laws or empirical knowledge.

References

Earthquake engineering
Modeling
Research
Petting is a village near Traunstein, in Bavaria. It is next to the Waginger See, Lake Waging. The village was built on what was once an island, during the last Ice Age. The island was known as safe, and secure, and was inhabited even at that time. According to the records, the place name means place where there is water, at times. There used to be a church in the village, around 800 AD. Unfortunately, this church was destroyed by the Hungarians around the year 900. There had been a castle in what was then the churchyard; the owners of the castle can be traced back to the 6th century. It is believed that Petting had already existed during the time of the Romans, with the same name. 

The part of the village called Ringham can be traced to 788 AD, when it's mentioned by a chronicle of the bishop of Salzburg. In 1970, about 1,700 people lived in Petting; in 2000 they were about 2,200.

References 

Villages in Bavaria
The Feldkirch Poetry Prize, in German Feldkircher Lyrikpreis, started by Erika Kronabitter, an Austrian artist and writer, is given every year by the theater Theater am Saumarkt in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg/Austria. Among the sponsors, there are the Austrian government, the local administration of Vorarlberg and private banks. In 2003, the poetry prize was organized for the first time.

Poets from all countries may send in their poems. German philologists and poets are the jury. The winners are presented to the public during Fall. The winning poems are archived in the Library of Vorarlberg.

Winners

2012 
 Elisabeth Steinkellner
 Sascha Kokot und Andra Schwarz

2011 
 Tobias Falberg
 C. H. Huber
 Claudia Scherer

2010 
 Kenah Cusanit
 Regina Hilber
 Udo Kawasser

2009 
 Marcus Pöttler
 Silke Peters and Thilo Krause (ex aequo)

2008 
 Andreas Neeser
 Martin Strauß
 Lina Hofstädter

2007
 Klaus Händl
 Bernhard Saupe
 Alexandra Lavizzari
 Thomas Steiner

2006
 Adelheid Dahimène
 Christine Haidegger
 Ludwig Laher
 Hans Eichhorn

2005
 Knut Schaflinger
 Julia Rhomberg
 Udo Kawasser
 Klaus Ebner

2004
 Elsbeth Maag
 Knut Schaflinger
 Lisa Mayer
 Gertrude Pieber-Prem
 Sabine Eschgfäller
 Udo Kawasser und Walter Pucher

2003
 Elfriede Kehrer
 Norbert Mayer
 Walter Pucher
 Mechthild Podzeit-Lütjen
 Ulrike Ulrich

Other websites
Theater am Saumarkt
Article of the Austrian television on the 5th Poetry Prize

Sources
Austrian newspaper Vorarlberger Nachrichten

Literary awards
Austrian culture
Vorarlberg
A sailing ship is a big boat with sails which catch the wind.  The wind pushes the boat along.  A sailing ship had a rig of at least three masts, square rigged on all of them.  The great days of sailing ships was from around the 15th century to the middle of the 19th century.  They were very important for trade as well as for war.  All large boats became known as "ships", so when steam power was invented people talked about "steam ships" to distinguish them from "sailing ships".

Small boats with sails are called "yachts" or sailboats.  They are used today for leisure activities.

Ships
A weather radar is a type of radar used to show where precipitation is. Weather radar can tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future.

Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, which can find the movement of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they will cause any severe weather.

Other websites

 Radar tutorial
 Weather Underground
 Canadian weather radar FAQ 

Meteorology
Naïve (pronounce: "na-EEV") is a French word which is used in English to mean that someone is very simple and does not understand about the dangers around them.  Someone who is naïve does not have enough experience of life to know about things he or she ought to know; for example, they may be very trusting, not realizing that some people in the world are evil and that some situations are perilous.

The word is sometimes spelt in English without the French double dot on the letter i, "naive", due to the default settings for typing in English lacking it.   It is an adjective.  The noun is naïveté, but is sometimes spelt naïvety in English.  It is similar in meaning to the word "innocent" and is not always a negative quality in that being naïve implies a lack of acquired prejudice.

The word naïve is used in other special ways in the arts and sciences.  It often means "lack of experience", but it does not necessarily mean it in a critical way.

 Naïve art is art which is created by people who have not been trained as artists.
 Naïve realism is the way that most people see and understand the world.
 In ecology it can mean animals that have not learned to be afraid of other animals that might attack and eat them.

Related pages
Innocent

Human behavior
Strength training is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the physical strength and endurance. There are many different methods of strength training, the most common being the weight/gravity training and the training with the help of resistive equipment.

When properly performed, strength training can provide significant functional benefits and improvement in overall health and well-being, including increased bone, muscle, tendon and ligament strength, improved joint function, reduced potential for injury, increased bone density, a temporary increase in metabolism, improved cardiac function.

Training commonly uses the technique of progressively increasing the force output of the muscle through incremental increases of weight, elastic tension or other resistance, and uses a variety of exercises and types of training equipment to target specific muscle groups. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity.

Strength training differs from bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting, and strongman, which are sports rather than forms of exercise, although training for them totally depends on strength training. Many other sports use strength training as a part of their training regimen, notably football, lacrosse, basketball, hockey and track and field.

Some samples
Some samples of strength training exercises in a gym are presented in the picture gallery below.

Basic principles 
The basic principles of strength training involve a number of repetitions (reps), sets, tempo, exercises and force to cause desired changes in strength, endurance, size or shape by overloading of a group of muscles. Specific combination of reps, sets, exercises, resistance and force depend on the purpose of the individual performing the exercise: sets with fewer reps can be performed using more force, but have a reduced impact on endurance.

Related pages
 Calisthenics
 Exercise
 Flexibility training
 Healthy lifestyle
 Jogging
 Mixed martial arts
 Physical fitness
 Training
 Weight training

References

Fitness
Hitoshi Nakata (born 17 January 1962) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Fujita and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals.

References
Tokushima Vortis

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Franzobel is the pseudonym of the Austrian writer Stefan Griebl. He was born on March 1, 1967 in Vöcklabruck. He now lives in Vienna.

Books 
 Der Wimmerldrucker. Ein Lexikaroman. Eigenverlag, 1990.
 Thesaurus. Ein Gleiches. Gedichte. Eigenverlag, 1992.
 Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Prosa. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
 Überin. Die Gosche. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
 Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - Eine Durchführung & Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. Klagenfurt: Edition Selene, 1993.
 Die Musenpresse. Aus einem Roman von Margarete Lanner. Mit mehreren Bildnachweisen. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1994.
 Elle und Speiche. Modelle der Liebe. Gedichte und Prosa. Wien: Das Fröhliche Wohnzimmer, 1994.
 Ranken. Prosa. Ill.: Carla Degenhardt. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1994.
 Hundshirn. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Linz: Blattwerk, 1995.
 Die Krautflut. Erzählung. Nachw.: Thomas Eder. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1995.
 Schinkensünden. Ein Katalog. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1996.
 Unter Binsen. [Mit Christian Steinbacher] Graz: edition gegensätze, 1996.
 Linz. Eine Obsession. München, Berlin: Janus Press, 1996.
 Der Trottelkongreß. Commedia dell'pape. Ein minimalistischer Heimatroman. Klagenfurt, Wien: Ritter, 1998.
 m. T. [mit Klangwerkstatt Berlin]. Siegendorf: NN-Fabrik, 1998.
 Böselkraut und Ferdinand. Ein Bestseller von Karol Alois. Wien: Zsolnay, 1998.
 Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. & Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - eine Durchführung. Wien: Edition Selene, 1998.
 Met ana oanders schwoarzn Tintn. Dulli-Dialektgedichte. Weitra: Bibliothek der Provinz, 1999. (In Anspielung auf H. C. Artmann)
 Scala Santa oder Josefine Wurznbachers Höhepunkt. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2000.
 Best of. Die Highlights. o. O: Edition Aramo, 2001.
 Shooting Star. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 2001 (aufgrund rechtlicher Auseinandersetzungen vom Markt genommen)
 Mayerling . Die österreichische Tragödie. Stück. Materialien. Collagen. Wien: Passagen, 2002.
 Lusthaus oder Die Schule der Gemeinheit. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2002.
 Mundial. Gebete an den Fußballgott. Graz, Wien: Droschl, 2002.
 Austrian Psycho oder Der Rabiat Hödlmoser. Ein Trashroman in memoriam Franz Fuchs. Bibliothek der Provinz, 2002.
 Luna Park. Vergnügungsgedichte. Wien: Zsolnay 2003.
 Das Fest der Steine oder Die Wunderkammer der Extentrik. Wien: Zsolnay 2005.

Plays 
 1996 Das Beuschelgeflecht
 1998 Paradies
 1998 Nathans Dackel oder Die Geradebiegung der Ring-Parabel. Eine Lessingvollstreckung
 1997 Kafka. Eine Komödie
 1998 Bibapoh
 1999 Phettberg. Eine Hermes-Tragödie
 1999 Der Ficus spricht. Minidrama für A, B, einen Volkssänger, ein Blumenmädchen und einen Gummibaum
 1999 Volksoper
 2000 Olympia. Eine Kärntner Zauberposse samt Striptease 2003 Black Jack 2004 Flugangst 2008 Der Impressario von Schmierna''

Other websites 

 Franzobel's homepage
 Franzobel: New German dramatic art. Goethe-Instituts Website

1967 births
Austrian writers
Austrian poets
Living people
In linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words. (Compare tone.) Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.

All languages use pitch semantically, that is, as intonation, for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use pitch to distinguish words in addition to intonation. 

Rising intonation means the pitch of the voice increases over time; falling intonation means that the pitch decreases with time. A dipping intonation falls and then rises, whereas a peaking intonation rises and then falls.

The classic example of intonation is the question-statement distinction.
For example, northeastern American English, like very many languages (Hirst & DiCristo, eds. 1998), has a rising intonation for echo or declarative questions (He found it on the street?), and a falling intonation for wh- questions (Where did he find it?) and statements (He found it on the street.). Yes or no questions (Did he find it on the street?) often have a rising end, but not always. Some languages like Chikasaw and kalaallisut have the opposite pattern: rising for statements and falling with questions.

Dialects of British and Irish English vary substantially, with rises on many statements in urban Belfast, and falls on most questions in urban Leeds.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, "global" rising and falling intonation are marked with a diagonal arrow rising left-to-right  and falling left-to-right , respectively. These may be written as part of a syllable, or separated with a space when they have a broader scope:

He found it on the street?

Here the rising pitch on street indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it. 

Yes, he found it on the street.

How did you ever escape?

Here, as is common with wh- questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling intonation at the end of the question.

References

Linguistics
Heinz Gerstinger (born October 13, 1919 in Vienna; died April 28, 2016 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer, playwright and historian.

Life 
Heinz Gerstinger studied history and dramatics at the University of Vienna. He has worked for the universities of Graz and Vienna, as well as for theaters in Graz, Augsburg and Vienna. As he published in literary magazines and newspapers, he worked for the Austrian radio and television. Heinz Gerstinger was a member of the Austrian P.E.N. and the writers' association Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband.

Works

Movie 
 As an actor: Bernhard Wicki (director): Das falsche Gewicht following the book by Joseph Roth

Literature 
 Calderón, Velber Hannover, Friedrich 1967
 Spanische Komödie - Lope de Vega und seine Zeitgenossen, Friedrich Velber Verlag, Hannover 1968
 Theater und Religion heute, 1972
 Der Dramatiker Anton Wildgans, 1981
 Österreich, holdes Märchen und böser Traum - August Strindbergs Ehe mit Frida Uhl, Herold, Vienna 1981
 Der Dramatiker Hans Krendlesberger, Wagner, Innsbruck 1981
 Wien von gestern - ein literarischer Streifzug durch die Kaiserstadt, Edition Wien, Vienna 1991, 
 Frau Venus reitet... - Die phantastische Geschichte des Ulrich von Lichtenstein, 1995
 Ausflugsziel Burgen - 30 Burgen rund um Wien, Pichler, Vienna 1998, 
 Altwiener literarische Salons - Wiener Salonkultur vom Rokoko bis zur Neoromantik (1777-1907), Akademische Verlagsanstalt Salzburg 2002, 
 Der heilige Dämon - Pope Gregory VII,  Faksimile Verlag, Graz/Salzburg,

Notes

Other websites 

Critical review on Ausflugsziel Burgen , in German

1919 births
2016 deaths
Austrian historians
Austrian playwrights
Writers from Vienna
Ingrid Reichel (born 1961 in St. Pölten, Lower Austria) is an Austrian artist, painter, essayist, and a reviewer of arts and literature.

Biography
Ingrid Reichel has grown up in Kabul, Afghanistan and between 1967 and 1981 in Paris, France. Then she moved to St. Pölten, the capital of Lower Austria, where she still lives with her family. She had her first art exhibitions in 1991. Her works address sociopolitical topics. Ingrid Reichel is very active in the cultural life of St. Pölten and introduces children to arts and literature. Since 2005 she writes critical reviews, essays and portraits of artists. She is a directing member of the Literary Society St. Pölten (Literarische Gesellschaft) and writes also for its literary magazine etcetera.

Exhibitions
 1998: Cycle Nackte Gedanken, Prehistoric Museum/Castle of Traismauer and Gallery Kleiner Bischofshof in Vienna
 1999: Reflections, group exhibitions
 2000: Cycle ZOOM, ORF Landesstudio Niederösterreich (TV of Lower Austria), St. Pölten
 2000: IM_PULS, Dentist Congress, Melk
 2001: Cycle TABU, Communal Museum of St. Pölten
 2002: Cycle Geh.ende, Gallery fein.sinn, St. Pölten
 2003: Cycle isen formunge, Haus Kremayr, Museum Ybbsitz
 2005: zart beseitigt, poster series, exposition stock.WERK, St. Pölten, and Library of Lower Austria
 2007: high.matt.ade, Aktionsradius, Vienna
 2008: Zwischen Sein & Schein, 30 Meter Sonnenschein, façade of the Communal Museum of St. Pölten

Other websites
Homepage of the artist, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Literary magazine etcetera, St. Pölten, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Eva Riebler interviews Ingrid Reichel (in German), retrieved on 2009-09-14
Artistic project Zwischen Sein & Schein in the communal museum of St. Pölten, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Critical review on the drama Her mit den Prinzen und weg mit dem Speck, Landestheater of Lower Austria, retrieved on 2009-09-14

1961 births
Living people
Austrian painters
Austrian writers
Essayists
People from Lower Austria
Absurdism is a type of philosophy. People who support and argue for absurdism are known as 'absurdists'. Absurdists think that the human condition is essentially absurd because humans are always looking for meaning, but are completely unable to find meaning because no such meaning exists. In philosophy, this is called ‘the Absurd’. In this case absurd means that it is not possible to be done by humans.

Absurdists, most notably Albert Camus, believe that when human beings realize this fundamental absurdity they have different reactions. One reaction is suicide, but this is not generally considered to be a viable solution by Absurdists; suicide is in and of itself the most absurd action possible. Another reaction is to believe in something higher (Camus gave religion as an example of this, although he went on to criticize its merit as a solution to fundamental absurdity) when they see that there is no meaning they can find in the universe (which is what absurdism says is the basic state of human experience). The final reaction is to accept the absurd, and also to keep trying to overcome it. Camus believed that a human being could become happy by finding meaning in their relationship with the absurdity of their existence.

Perhaps the most notable absurdist philosopher is Albert Camus. Søren Kierkegaard's ideas contributed to the development of Absurdist philosophy, although he was himself an existentialist.

References

Related pages
Nihilism

Philosophical movements and positions
Takahiro Shimada (born 9 February 1965) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Gamba Osaka.

Club career statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Matsushita Electric||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||21||0||||||1||0||22||0
|-
|1991/92||19||1||||||3||0||22||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||12||0||0||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1994||16||2||0||0||3||1||19||3
|-
|1995||38||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|1996||10||1||4||0||11||0||25||1
|-
|1997||15||0||1||0||6||0||22||0
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
|}

References

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Amar Osim (born 18 July 1967) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina former football player. He is the manager of Željezničar Sarajevo. He is one of the most successful Bosnian-Herzegovinian football managers.

References

1967 births
Living people
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
People from Sarajevo
(9 July 1249 – 4 October 1305), was the 90th emperor of Japan, in the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 1259 and ended in 1274.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was .  The posthumous name of Kameyama comes from the place name of the emperor's tomb, in a section of Kyoto.

He was the seventh son of Emperor Go-Saga and the younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

Kameyama was the father of 36 children, including the son and heir who became Emperor Go-Uda.

Events of Kameyama's life
 1258 (Shōka 2): Kameyama's son, Prince Tsunehito was named Crown Prince and heir at age nine.
 1259 (Shōgen 1, 11th month): In the 14th year of Go-Fukakusa's reign, he abdicated.  Go-Fukakusa's younger brother got the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Kameyama accepted the monarch's role, duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 1268 (Bun'ei 5): Kameyama did not answer a letter from Kublai Khan which demanded tribute.  Khan, the leader of China, saw this non-response as rude and not respectful.
 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 1st month): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, he abdicated.
 19 November 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Yuan China (Kublai Khan) sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.   This was the "Battle of Bun'ei" or the 1st Mongol Invasion.  The same day, a storm sank many of the ships with the main part of the invading army. The invaders ran away to Korea.  During the short fight, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.
 1281 (Kōan 4): This is called the "Battle of Kōan" or the 2nd Mongol Invasion. A typhoon broke up the invading fleet; and this act of 'divine wind' was called kamekaze.
 1291 (Shōō 4): Kameyama helped to found the Buddhist temple Nanzen-ji in Kyōto.

 1305 (Kagen 3): Kameyama died.

After his death
The Imperial Household Agency say the mausoleum (misasagi) of Kameyama is in Kyoto.  The emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine there.

Eras of reign
The years of Kameyama's reign cover more than one era name.
 Bun'ō, 1260-1261
 Kōchō, 1261-1264
 Bun'ei, 1264-1275

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Kameyama

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1249 births
1305 deaths
The  is the only national library in Japan. It was established in 1948.

The purpose of the library is to assist members of the . The library is similar in purpose and scope to the U.S. Library of Congress.

The National Diet Library has two main facilities. One is in Tokyo and the other is in Kyoto. There are also several branch libraries in Japan.

Related pages 
 National Archives of Japan

References

Other websites 

 NDL Japanese website
 NDL English website
 NDL Digital Archive Portal (English)
 Kansai-kan of the NDL (English)
 Digital Library from the Meiji Era (English summary only) 
 Digital Library from the Meiji Era (Japanese)
 Rare Books Image Database (Japanese) 
 NDL image viewer .
 NDL-OPAC Japanese Index 
 NDL-OPAC English Index 
 Database of National Diet Minutes (Japanese)
 Database of Imperial Diet Minutes (Japanese)
 NDL Interlibrary Loan Application Procedures 
 NDL Photoreproduction Service 
 NDL Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures

National libraries in Asia
Buildings and structures in Japan
1948 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in Japan
A gang is a group of people who do things together. The word "gang" comes from the Old English gan, which means "to go". It is also related to Old Norse gangr "a group of men". In modern times the word gang is often used to refer to a group of people who commit crimes together. Members of criminal gangs may be called gangsters.

There are several reasons why people join gangs. Lots of people who join gangs are young people. One reason that people join gangs is a chance to make money through doing things like selling illegal drugs or stealing. Another reason, especially for younger people, is a chance to have a place where they belong. A third reason is boredom.

African Americans and Hispanics constitute the majority of gang members.

Gang identification 
Gang members often use graffiti to tell other gangs that an area is part of their "territory" and that other gangs should stay away. Graffiti is also used to send other messages. Members of a gang often dress similarly or have the same tattoos.

Gang violence 

Gang violence refers to illegal acts of violence performed by gangs. The violence may be against innocent people, property, or other gangs. Gang violence is extremely prevalent across the world in cities like Moscow, Detroit, Chicago and Los Angeles. Nearly every major city has seen gang violence at some point in its history.

Related pages 
Mara Salvatrucha

References
Folk metal is a type of heavy metal music that started in Europe in the 1990s. This music is a mixture of heavy metal and traditional folk music. Folk instruments are used a lot and sometimes traditional singing styles are also used.

The earliest example of folk metal was the English band Skyclad. Their first album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth was made in 1990. In 1994 and 1995 more folk metal bands appeared in Europe and Israel. Some of these early bands were the Irish band Cruachan, the Israeli band Orphaned Land, and the German band Subway to Sally. Each band started to develop their own kind of folk metal. These styles became Celtic metal, Oriental metal and Medieval metal.

In the 1990s, folk metal was not well known and there were not many folk metal bands. In the early 2000s, folk metal became a lot more popular. It was especially popular in Finland. Some bands in Finland were Ensiferum, Turisas, Korpiklaani, Finntroll and Moonsorrow.

Different bands play folk metal music in different ways. A lot of different instruments are also used. Many bands have six or more members so they can play many different instruments at the same time. A few bands also use keyboards to make the sound of folk instruments. Lyrics in folk metal are normally about nature, fantasy, mythology and history.

Heavy metal subgenres
Ensiferum is a folk metal band from Helsinki, Finland. The name comes from the Latin word ensĭfĕrum which means "sword bearer". (someone who carries a sword) The members of the band call their music "heroic folk metal." Ensiferum has made four albums, one EP, one compilation, three singles, and three demo albums.

Musical style
Ensiferum's music has harsh vocals. They are normally mixed with clean vocals for choruses and bridges. The band often plays Metal and folk tunes on lead guitar or keyboard with heavier traditional heavy metal sounds such as gallop rhythm. It is common for them to use acoustic guitar at the start of songs. Their lyrics often deal with fantastical, or historic stories. These stories usually have heroic themes.

Albums
 Ensiferum  (2001)
 Iron  (2004)
 Victory Songs  (2007)
 From Afar  (2009)
 Unsung Heroes  (2012)
 One Man Army  (2015)
 Two Paths  (2017)
 Thalassic (2020)

References

Finnish heavy metal bands
Folk metal bands
Musical groups from Helsinki
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Gahkuch is the capital city of the Ghizar District in Pakistan. It is at 36°10′N, 73°45′E.

Cities in Pakistan
Barbed wire (also called barb wire) is a kind of wire that is used to make cheap fences. It has sharp metal points (barbs),  which make climbing over it painful.

The first patent in the United States for barbed wire was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor. Joseph Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions.

It was first used for controlling cattle and later in trench warfare.

References

Security
Ranching
War
The English opening, usually just called the English, is a chess opening for players with the white pieces. It has become the third most popular opening move, after 1.e4 and 1.d4. The opening was developed by the English master Howard Staunton, and played in his match against Saint-Amant.p124

 1. c4
As a first move this may transpose back to a QP opening: 1.c4 Nf6 2.d4. That would not be an English opening. The English is a system of development, flexible but including some or all of these moves:
 QN to c3 
 KB fianchettoed on g2
 KN to f3 or e2
 0-0
 QP to d3
 R to b1 followed by b2-b4-b5

 Variation 1.
1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6 3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 0-0 5.d3 d6 6.Nf3 e5 7.0-0 Nc6 8.Rb1 a5 9.a3 h6 10.b4 axb4 11.axb4 Be6 12.b5 This sequence shows the system fully in operation. White operates in the centre and Q-side; Black operates more on the K-side.

 Variation 2.
1.c4 e5 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.d3 This has the character of a Sicilian defence reversed.

 Variation 3. 
1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 d5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.e5 Here 5...d4, 5...Ne4 and 5...Nfd7 are most often played. This is a quite different line, where the two sides clash early in the centre. Since White does not have to play 3.e4, he could avoid this line.

Each of these lines has its own distinct character, and needs to be learnt by the player.

References 

Chess openings
Claiton Fontoura dos Santos (born 25 January 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Atlético Paranaense.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||Bahia||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|1999||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2000||Vitória||Série A||20||2||||||||||20||2
|-
|2001||Bahia||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|2001/02||Servette||Nationalliga A||15||1||||||||||15||1

|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|2003||41||0||||||||||41||0
|-
|2004||Santos||Série A||9||1||||||||||9||1

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||3||2||0||4||0||19||3
|-
|2005||31||4||1||0||6||0||38||4

|-
|2006||Botafogo||Série A||31||3||||||||||31||3
|-
|2007||Flamengo||Série A||5||1||||||||||5||1
|-
|2007||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||22||2||||||||||22||2

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||30||2||1||0||6||0||37||2
|-
|2009||J. League 2||23||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||4

|-
|2009||Clube Atlético Paranaense||Série A||||||||||||||||
189||11||||||||||189||11
15||1||||||||||15||1
97||13||4||0||16||0||117||13
301||25||4||0||16||0||321||25

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Porto Alegre