cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Seasonal breeders are animal species that mate only during certain times of the year. These times of year are usually best for the survival of the young. Factors include ambient temperature, food and water availability, and even changes in the predation behaviors of other species. The sexual interest and mating behavior goes on only during this period.

Breeding seasons 
Female seasonal breeders will have one or more oestrous cycles only when she is "in season" or fertile At this time she is naturally ready to mate.  At other times of the year they are not sexually interested. Male seasonal breeders may have changes in testosterone levels, testes weight, and fertility depending on the time of year. For example, male greater sage-grouse actually gain weight as their bodies get ready for the spring breeding season. Seasonal breeders are different than opportunistic breeders. These are species which mate whenever conditions allow it. They are also different from continuous breeders like humans that mate year-round.

Communal breeding 
Many species breed in colonies or large communities which is known as communal breeding. It is common to see large groups of these species during their breeding seasons. These breeding colonies and their location are generally protected by wildlife conservation laws. This is to keep the species from going extinct. Some species have evolved to communal breeding in large breeding colonies. They cannot breed in smaller numbers or pairs alone. These species can be threatened by extinction if they are hunted on their breeding grounds or if their breeding colonies are destroyed. The Passenger pigeon is a famous example. They were probably the most numerous land bird on the American continent which had evolved for communal breeding. They became extinct due to large scale hunting in its communal breeding grounds. They were not able to  breed in smaller numbers.

References

Other websites 
 Dog Breeding Cycles and Seasons
 When Birds Mate

Animals
Reproductive system
Opistognathidae, the jawfishes, are a family of fishes classified within the order Perciformes, suborder Percoidei. The family includes about 80 species. 

They are native to warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, where found from the shallows to depths of a few hundred meters.

Other websites

Perciformes
Justin Boyd Wilson (31 July 1978 – 24 August 2015) was a British professional open-wheel driver. Just before his death, he was competing part-time in the IndyCar Series, driving the No. 25 Honda for Andretti Autosport. Earlier, he competed in the Champ Car series from 2004–07, scoring four wins. 

He also competed in Formula One in the 2003 season with Minardi and Jaguar and was the winner of the 2001 International Formula 3000 championship. He was also a winner of the 24 Hours of Daytona. To date, he is the tallest person to have raced in Formula One.

On 23 August 2015, Wilson suffered a traumatic brain injury in an accident at the Pocono Raceway, which caused his death the following day.

References

1978 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania
British racecar drivers
Deaths in sport
Sportspeople from Sheffield
Sayreville, New Jersey is a borough on the Raritan River near Raritan Bay in New Jersey.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Sayreville include:
 Barry T. Albin (born 1952), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court.
 Jon Bon Jovi (born 1962), lead singer of the rock band Bon Jovi.
 Randy Corman (born 1960), Sayreville councilmember who served in the New Jersey Senate.
 Patrick Crosby (born 1985), professional indoor lacrosse player.
 Bob Dustal (born 1935), former pitcher for the Detroit Tigers.
 Greg Evigan (born 1953), actor who appeared in B.J. and the Bear and My Two Dads.
 Marilyn Ghigliotti (born 1961), actress who played the character Veronica Loughran in Kevin Smith's cult hit Clerks.
 Dulé Hill (born 1975), actor who has appeared in The West Wing and Psych.
 Tom Kelly (born 1950), former manager for the Minnesota Twins.
 Bill Loguidice (born 1972), video game collector, producer, and technology book author.
 Kevin Mulvey (born 1985), former pitcher for the Minnesota Twins and Arizona Diamondbacks.
 Eddie Popowski (1913–2001), coach and two-time interim manager of the Boston Red Sox.
 Lea Bayers Rapp (born 1946), writer of non-fiction and children's fiction.
 Rhonda Rompola (born 1960), coach of the Southern Methodist University women's basketball team since 1991.
 Dave Sabo (born 1964), rock guitarist who plays in the heavy metal band Skid Row.
 Mohamed Sanu (born 1989), wide receiver for the Cincinnati Bengals.
 James R. Sayre, Jr., and Peter Fisher, co-founders of Sayre and Fisher Brick Company in the 1850s, for which the town was named in 1876.
 Edward D. Thalmann (1945–2004), leading expert in diving medicine.
 John S. Wisniewski (born 1962), New Jersey General Assemblyman, Deputy Speaker since 2004.
 Victor J. Wolski (born 1962), federal judge.

References

Other websites
 Official Sayreville website
 Sayreville Historical Society website

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1876 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Jersey
This is a list of the 565 municipalities in the U.S. state of New Jersey, ordered by population. There are five types of municipality in the state:
 boroughs (250)
 cities (52)
 towns (15)
 townships (245)
 villages (3)

New Jersey covers . That makes the average land size of a municipality in the state about . However, but note in the map at right that the sizes are very different.

Notes

References

2000 U.S. Census

New Jersey
The lesser prairie chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) is a bird in the grouse family. It is similar to the greater prairie chicken but is slightly smaller and paler in color.

About half of this species live in western Kansas. They are also found in Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas.

References

Other websites 

BirdLife Species Factsheet 
Lesser Prairie-Chicken videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Birds of the United States
Blanding's turtle  (Emys blandingii or Emydoidea blandingii) is a North American turtle; it mainly lives near and south of the Great Lakes.

Description 
The Blanding's turtle is characterized by its dark dome shaped upper shell, also known as the carapace, and its distinct bright yellow neck. The dark shell of the turtle is often scattered with yellow specks. The Blanding’s turtle is commonly referred to as a semi-box turtle due to its bottom shell, known as the plastron, which is hinged across the front third. The hinge going across the shell allows the turtle to pull the front of the plastron strongly against the top half of the shell helping it to hide when threatened.

Habitat 
The Blanding’s turtle lives in wetland areas with shallow waters-such as rivers and streams- that are near sandy uplands. These wetland areas support the turtles with their rich, aquatic vegetation. 

Blanding’s turtles are known to live in the Upper Midwest, New England, and Southeastern Canada regions.

Life cycle 
Blanding’s turtles tend to spend the winter months in the muddy areas of deep marshes, backwater pools, ponds and streams. But in early spring they come out and move to temporary wetlands that allow for mating and breeding habitats. Mating will typically occur around early evening, but can go on until late night. They become sexually mature around the age of 12 years. When breeding, they breed only once a year and they typically have an egg clutch of about 10-26 eggs.

Eggs are laid far from water in preferably sandy areas. The hatchlings leave the nest starting around mid-August to early October. Blanding’s turtles have a life expectancy of over 70 years.

References 
 

Animals of North America
Turtles
The bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) is a turtle found only in the eastern United States (northeast and Appalachian Mountains). It is the smallest North American turtle. It measures about  long when fully grown. Bog turtles are threatened from loss of habitat and collection as pets.

Appearance 
It looks similar to the painted or spotted turtles. But it is more closely related to the larger wood turtle. The bog turtle is identified by the yellow or orange spot on each side of its head and neck.

Habitat 
The bog turtle lives in bogs and other wetlands. They are a rare and endangered species. It mostly eats insects and their larva. It is unknown how long they live in the wild. In captivity they live up to 30 years.

References 

Reptiles of North America
Turtles
Endangered species
The spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata) is a turtle found in eastern North America. They are found in the eastern Great Lakes and east of the Appalachian Mountains. They are aquatic omnivores that live in shallow fresh water. These are places such as flooded forests, marshes, wet meadows, bogs and woodland streams.

References 

Reptiles of North America
Turtles
The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is a North American rabbit. It is found in the desert areas of the Great Basin and Montana.

The pygmy rabbit is the world's smallest leporid. An average adult weights about . It has a body length of . The female rabbit is slightly larger than the male.

The pygmy rabbit is different from other leporids by its small size, short ears, gray color and small hind legs. It also does not have any white fur on its tail.

Weasels are the main predators of pygmy rabbits. Coyotes, red foxes, badgers, bobcats, owls and hawks also hunt pygmy rabbits.

Endangered species 
One isolated population, the Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit,  is listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Federal government.  The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the species as lower risk. This species only lives naturally in the Columbia Basin of Washington State.

The last male purebred Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit died March 30, 2006, at the Oregon Zoo in Portland. The last purebred female died in 2008. A program by the Oregon Zoo, Washington State University and Northwest Trek is trying to preserve the genes by breeding surviving females with the Idaho pygmy rabbit.

References

Other websites 
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Pygmy Rabbit 
Western Watersheds Project

Mammals of North America
Lagomorphs
The San'yō Region is an area in the south of Honshū, the main island of Japan.

References

Geography of Japan
A stimulus in psychology is an energy change (such as light or sound) which is received by the senses. The usage changes somewhat according to which school of psychology is using it:

In classical conditioning and behaviorism, a stimulus is the basis for behavior. 
In perceptual psychology it is the basis for perception.  In this context, a distinction is made between the distal stimulus (the external, perceived object) and the proximal stimulus (the stimulation of sensory organs).
In experimental psychology, the term 'stimulus' is used to describe the event or object to which a response is measured. In this case, not everything that is presented to participants is a stimulus. For example, a fixation cross is not said to be a stimulus, because it merely serves to center subject's gaze at the center of the screen. Also, longer events are usually not called 'stimuli', even when a response to such an event is measured.

A stimulus or stimuli might be used to see if a person is in a coma and what type of coma.

References 

Psychology
Riccardo III is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Luigi Canepa and libretto by Fulvio Fulgonio, after William Shakespeare's play Richard III. It was first performed in Milan, on November 10, 1879.

Principal characters

 Riccardo III - bass
 Rismondo - tenor
 Scroop - baritone
 Rutlando - comprimary tenor
 Elisabetta, queen - soprano or mezzo-soprano
 Elisabetta, daughter - soprano

Discography

 1962: Nicola Rossi-Lemeni (Riccardo III), Franco Bonisolli (Rismondo), Walter Alberti (Scroop), Tommaso Frascati (Rutlando), Lucilla Udovich (Regina), Antonietta Pastori (Elisabetta); Corale “Luigi Canepa” Sassari, Orchestra dell’Ente Concerti “Marialisa de Carolis”, Nino Bonavolontà - (Opera d'Oro, later Decca)

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

operas
Christina Milian is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Christina Milian. It was released by Def Jam on October 9, 2001. The album features the hit singles "AM to PM" and "When You Look at Me".

Track listing

Personnel 

 Executive producers – Christina Milian, Jeff Fenster, Carmen Milian
 Vocal assistance – Montell Jordan, Jeanette Olsson, Christina Milian
 Vocal arrangements – Christina Milian, Bloodshy, Avant, Focus, Montell Jordan
 Engineers – Joe Chiccarelli, Brian Frye, Al Hemberger, Glenn Matullo, Carlisle Young
 Assistant engineers – Tom Bender, Stephanie Vonarx
 Conductors – Janson & Janson
 Mixing – Mick Guzauski, Tony Maserati, Peter Mokran, Brian Springer, Phil Tan
 A&R – Hector "Rick Boogie" Aviles, Simon Collins, Jeff Fenster
 Design – Shanna Busman
 Art direction – Shanna Busman
 Photography – Tony Duran

 Bass – LaMarquis Mark Jefferson, Thomas Lindberg
 Cello – Asa Forsberg
 Guitar – Henrik Jonback 
 Viola – Hans Akeson, Elisabeth Arnberg Ranmo, Monika Stanikowska
 Violin – Dag Alin, Torbjorn Bernhardsson, Hanna Gähran, Per Hammarstrom, Annette Mannheimer, Svein H. Martinsen, Martin Stensson

Charts

References 

2001 albums
2002 albums
Debut albums
Christina Milian albums
Pop albums
Dance albums
R&B albums
It's About Time is the second studio album by American singer Christina Milian. It has more of an R&B feel to it than her 2001 debut album Christina Milian.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the liner notes of It's About Time.

Charts

References

2004 albums
Christina Milian albums
Pop albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
So Amazin' is the third studio album by American singer Christina Milian. The album featured the hit "Say I" which featured rapper Young Jeezy.

Track listing
 "Say I" (featuring Jeezy) (Bunny Sigler, Jay Jenkins, Phil Hurtt, Andre Lyon, Marcello Valenzano, Jazmine Sullivan) – 3:33
 "Twisted" (Lyon, Sullivan, Valenzano, Leon Ware) – 4:00
 "Gonna Tell Everybody" (Anthony Henderson, Steven Howse, Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Ronald Isley, Lyon, Milian, Eddie Montilla, Valenzano) – 4:20
 "Who's Gonna Ride" (featuring Three 6 Mafia) (Paul Beauregard, Albert Bouchard, Jordan Houston, Lyon, Milian, David Roter, Valenzano) – 4:10
 "So Amazing" (featuring Dre) (Lyon, Milian, Valenzano) – 3:20
 "Hot Boy" (featuring Dre) (Lyon, Milian, Valenzano) – 3:53
 "Foolin'" (Lyon, Milian, Pam Sawyer, Valenzano, Ware) – 4:05
 "My Lovin' Goes" (Lyon, Milian, Valenzano) – 4:00
 "Just a Little Bit" (Vinnie Barrett, Bobby Eli, John Freeman Jr., Lyon, Milian, Valenzano) – 3:05
 "Y'all Ain't Nothin'" (Milian, Ne-Yo, Melvin Sparkman) – 4:18
 "She Don't Know" (Jeff Barnell, Bernard Dahan, Lyon, Milian, Fabio Valenzano) – 4:35

Bonus tracks
<li> "Wind You Up" (Lyon, Milian, Valenzano) (Japanese bonus track) – 3:42
<li> "Tonight" (Lyon, Milian, Valenzano) (UK/Japanese bonus track) – 3:40

Personnel

John D.S. Adams – engineer
Mathu Anderson – make-up
Carol Corless – package coordinator
April DeVona – assistant engineer
Tony Duran – photography
Thomas "T" Hatcher – bass
Jean-Marie Horvat – mixing
Patrick Magee – assistant engineer
Alan Mason – assistant engineer
Renson Mateo – engineer
Kevin Mayer – mixing assistant
Carmen Milian – management
Christina Milian – executive producer
Eddie Montilla – bass, keyboards

Adrienne Muhammad – A&R
Gary Noble – engineer
Herb Powers – mastering
Derrick "Swol" Ray – bass
Eric Rennaker – assistant engineer
Nico Solis – engineer
Shakir Stewart – A&R
Randy Stodghill – hair stylist
Alli Truch – creative director
Eric Weissman – sample clearance
Andy West – art direction, design
James M. Wisner – mixing assistant
Eric Wong – marketing

Charts

References

2006 albums
Christina Milian albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
(born Thorbjørn Johansen, 5 November 1950) is a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He was the Secretary General of the Council of Europe from 2009 through 2019. He served as the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 2009 to 2015.

Jagland studied economics at the University of Oslo. He started his political career in the Workers' Youth League, and served as national leader from 1977 to 1981.

Jagland served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1996 to 1997, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2001, Chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Storting from 2001 to 2005 and President of the Storting from 2005 to 2009.

References

Other websites
Norway's Prime Ministers – A pictorial with portraits of Norway's Prime Ministers (Aftenposten)

1950 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian Nobel Committee
Presidents of the Storting
José María "Txiki" Benegas Haddad (25 July 1948 – 25 August 2015) was a Spanish politician. He was a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He was born in Caracas, Venezuela.

Benegas died in Madrid, Spain from cancer at the age of 67.

References

1948 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Spain
Civil servants
Disease-related deaths in Madrid
People from Caracas
Socialist politicians
Spanish politicians
Spanish socialists
"Make America Great Again" (MAGA) is a campaign slogan used by American politicians. It was first used by Ronald Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign.  The phrase is reactionary.

The term was created in 1979 during a time in which the United States was suffering from a worsening economy at home marked by high unemployment and inflation. Usually when the term is used, people use it as a reflection to the Presidency of Ronald Reagan.

Since Reagan left office, the slogan has been used by a variety of politicians. Donald Trump trademarked the slogan and used it in his own presidential campaign.

References

Other websites
 Rawstory.com
 Donald J. Trump for President
 Reagan at the 1980 GOP convention

Political slogans
Ronald Reagan
Donald Trump
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group     = Mexican Canadian
|image     =
|caption   = Raffi Torres 
|pop       = By birth: 69,695By ancestry: 26,360Total: 96,055 (0.3%)
||popplace = Canada
|region1 = Provinces:|region2 = Ontario
|pop2 = 31,685 (0.25%)
|region3 = Quebec
|pop3 = 25,040 (0.32%)
|region4 = British Columbia
|pop4 = 15,950 (0.37%)
|region5 = Alberta
|pop5 = 14,465 (0.41%)
|region6 = Manitoba
|pop6 = 6,420 (0.55%)
|languages = English, French, Spanish, and a minority of Indigenous Mexican languages.
|religions =Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Indigenous beliefs.
|related-c  = Mexican people, Mestizo, Spanish people, Latin, Native Americans.
}}Mexican Canadians''' are Canadians of Mexican descent.

Statistics

Related pages
Mexican American
Chicano

References

Ethnic groups in Canada
The Itaipu Dam is a hydroelectric (making electricity by the movement of water) dam on the Paraná River, on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. 

It is listed as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. It is the world's second largest dam behind the Three Gorges Dam and is 7919 metres long and 196 metres high. It is the second-largest power plant in the world by nameplate capacity and the largest by power production in 2015-2016.

The Itaipu Dam is owned by the Brazilian Goverment.

References

Dams in South America
Buildings and structures in Brazil
Paraguay
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
La Llorona is a well known Mexican folk tale that originated in the 1800s to early 1900s.(The La Llorona tale actually dates back to the conquistadores and is thought to have originated in prehispanic times. A more complete and accurate article about La Llorona can be found in regular wikipedia.)

Although several variations exist, the most basic story tells of a beautiful woman by the name of Maria who drowns her children in the river out of rage because her husband left her for a younger woman. She soon comes to her senses and regrets her decision to kill her children, so she drowns herself in a river in Latin America. She then becomes stuck between the physical and spiritual world on an eternal search for her children, not permitted to enter heaven without them. Her incessant weeping throughout the night gives her the title "La Llorona" (The Weeping Woman). 

Parents often use this story to prevent their children from wandering out at night. In some versions of this tale and legend, La Llorona will kidnap wandering children who resemble her missing children, asking her children for forgiveness and drowning these other children to take their place but they never forgive her yet  still she keeps trying. 

People who claim to have seen her say she appears at night, or in the late evenings from rivers or lakes throughout Latin America. Some believe that those who hear the wails of La Llorona are marked for death. She is said to cry,"¡Ay, mis hijos!" (Oh, my children!). 

People saw her in the city of Los Angeles in The Small Town Of Watts

A movie about the folk tale titled The Curse of La Llorona was released in April 2019.

Related pages
 La Llorona (song)

Folklore
Mexican culture
The Guri Dam, officially called the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant, is a dam in Bolívar State, Venezuela. It is on the Caroni River.

References

Dams in South America
Venezuela
Cheryline Ernestine Lim (born 10 March 1983), better known by her stage name Che'Nelle, is a Malaysian Australian recording artist signed to Universal Music Japan. Her debut single "I Fell in Love with the DJ" was released in 2007 and reached the top twenty in France.

Beginning, early career with the Dear Summer albums and Things Happen for a Reason
Lim moved to Perth, Western Australia at age 10. Before breaking out on the music scene in 2007, Che'Nelle was featured on English hip hop and R&B music producer S4DK's "Dear Summer" albums including the first installment in 2005 with a R&B ballad called "Slow Down" which sampled fellow R&B singer Bobby V's song of the same name, two years later she appeared on the second and final installment called "Dear Summer Volume Two" with the R&B ballad "Hooked Up".

Her debut album Things Happen for a Reason was released on 25 September 2007 in Japan and 29 October 2007 in Australia.
The first single from this album was "I Fell in Love with the DJ" featuring reggae artist Cham.

2008 - 2010: Songwriting, Feel Good

Che'Nelle has written songs for herself and also co-wrote Carmit Bachar's single "Fierce", Ricki-Lee's debut single "Hell No!" and Leona Lewis's song "Can't Breathe".

Her second album was later confirmed as Feel Good, which it was named after the first single from the album, the song and album was strongly influenced by R&B and reggae much like Things Happen for a Reason, however Feel Good and (to date) all her other albums wre only released in Japan.

2011: Luv Songs 

In 2011, Che'Nelle released her third album Luv Songs which saw a departure from Che'Nelle's reggae sound for an R&B, soul sound. The album consisted of mainly R&B cover ballads from American singers like Ne-Yo, Whitney Houston and Minnie Riperton as well as cover of many Japanese known songs.

2012: Believe 

In 2012, Che'Nelle released her forth album Believe; much like 2011's Luv Songs it was heavily rooted in an R&B and Japanese music sound.

2013: Aishiteru (I Love You) 

In 2013, Che'Nelle released her fifth album Aishiteru which is Japanese for the phrase "I Love You", the album was her first album to be mainly recorded in Japanese with a few English songs.

2014: Luv Songs 2 

In 2014, Che'Nelle released her sixth album Luv Songs 2; it was her second installment in the Luv Songs series and like 2011's Luv Songs, it features a mixture of traditional Japanese love songs with several covers of R&B songs including "We Found Love" by Barbadian R&B singer Rihanna.

2015: @chenelleworld 

In 2015, Che'Nelle released her seventh album @chenelleworld, it is her most recent album.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

 * RIAJ Digital Track Chart was established in April 2009 and cancelled in July 2012.

As featured artist

Non-album tracks

Awards and nominations

References

 
 

1983 births
Living people
Australian singer-songwriters
Entertainers from Perth, Western Australia
Malaysian people
Naturalised citizens of Australia
R&B musicians
Old Bridge Township, New Jersey is a township of New Jersey.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Old Bridge Township include:
 Josh Ansley, bass player for Streetlight Manifesto and Catch 22.
 T. Frank Appleby (1864–1924), represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1921 to 1923.
 Louis Consalvo (born 1958), reputed soldier in the DeCavalcante crime family.
 Junot Diaz (born 1968), Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist.
 Colleen Fitzpatrick (born 1969), a pop music artist, dancer and actress, better known by her stage name, Vitamin C.
 Caren Lissner (born 1972), novelist.
 Brian O'Halloran (born 1969), actor. Appeared in Clerks and Clerks 2.
 Jodi Lyn O'Keefe (born 1978), actress.
 Overkill, thrash metal band.
 Tab Ramos (born 1966), retired soccer midfielder.
 R. J. Allen (born 1990), soccer player for NYCFC.
 George Rizzi (born 1951), guitarist and musical director of the 1960s pop/rock group The Happenings, whose hits include "See You In September" and "Go Away Little Girl".
 Diane Ruggiero, screen writer for Veronica Mars.
 Ed Sanicki (1923–1998), outfielder who played for the Philadelphia Phillies.
 Donna Simpson (born 1967), Guinness World Record holder for largest mother.
 Shannon Sohn (born 1974), first helicopter reporter to earn a national Emmy Award.
 William H. Sutphin (1887–1972) represented  from 1931-1943.

Education
The Old Bridge Township Public Schools serve students in Kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's 15 schools had an enrollment of 9,197 students and 684.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.45:1. Schools in the district (with 2011-12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are twelve K-5 elementary schools — 
M. Scott Carpenter Elementary School (278 students), 
Cheesequake Elementary School (302), 
Leroy Gordon Cooper Elementary School (262), 
Virgil I. Grissom Elementary School (231), 
Madison Park Elementary School (298), 
James A. McDivitt Elementary School (552), 
Memorial Elementary School (417), 
William A. Miller Elementary School (313), 
Walter M. Schirra Elementary School (332), 
Alan B. Shepard Elementary School (282), 
Southwood Elementary School (292) and
Raymond E. Voorhees Elementary School (390) — 
both 
Jonas Salk Middle School (1,035) and 
Carl Sandburg Middle School (1,182) for grades 6-8 and
Old Bridge High School for grades 9-12 (3,031).

References

Other websites
Old Bridge Township Official Website
Old Bridge Township Public Schools 

School Data for the Old Bridge Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics

Townships in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
"Super Bass" is a song by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj, taken from her 2010 debut album Pink Friday.  The song is listed as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of the album.  It was released as a single from Pink Friday in 2011.  The song was able to cross over into many genres on radio, such as pop, urban, and rhythmic.  "Super Bass" was written by Minaj, Daniel Johnson, and Ester Dean, who also helps write songs for other recording artists such as Rihanna.  The song was produced by Kane Beatz.

The song reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 2011, as well as on the Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs airplay chart.  It topped the US Rhythmic Songs chart and reached number two on the Rap Songs chart.  In Australia and Canada, the song reached number six, while it peaked at number eight in the United Kingdom.  "Super Bass" finished as the eighth-best performing song of 2011 in the United States.

On November 9, 2021, the song was certified Diamond by the RIAA for consumption of 10 million copies in the United States alone.

Certifications

References

2011 songs
Nicki Minaj songs
Pop songs
Dance songs
Hip hop songs
Dovrefjell is a mountain range which forms a natural barrier between Southern Norway and the Trøndelag region.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   In 1974 the Norwegian government established a national park measuring 256 square kilometers, to protect its beautiful nature and the rich plant and animal life.                                                                                                                                                             The size was increased in 2002 to 1693 square kilometers to cover a larger portion of the mountain range.

The highest mountain peak in the range is Snøhetta. It is 2,286 meters above sea level. There was once a gold mine on the mountain but it closed at the end of the 17th century.

The main south-north highway (European route E6) in Norway and a railway both travel over Dovrefjell.  The highway is open all year, but is sometimes closed for short periods during heavy winter snowfall. The railway line is named Donvrebane and it began operating in 1921.

Eidsvoll oath - 1814 
"Enige og tro til Dovre faller" (United and loyal until the mountains of Dovre crumble).

The mountain Dovre was chosen since it has an important part in Norwegian history, where Dovrefjell represents the eternal, unity and democracy.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

The oath was used during a difficult period in the 1800s when Norway was trying to get a new identiity after going out of a union with Denmark and when the union with Sweden came to an end in 1905.

Other websites 
Dovrefjell - the official travel guide to Norway

Mountain ranges
Mountains of Norway
On August 26, 2015, 24-year-old news reporter Alison Parker and 27-year-old photojournalist Adam Ward, both of Roanoke, Virginia, CBS affiliate WDBJ, were conducting a live television interview near Smith Mountain Lake in Moneta, Virginia, when they were murdered by a gunman. The person they were interviewing, Vicki Gardner of the Smith Mountain Lake Regional Chamber of Commerce, was shot in the back during the attack but survived. Parker and Ward died at the scene. They are the seventh and eighth journalists to be killed while in the line of work in the U.S. since 1992.

The assailant was later confirmed to be Vester Lee Flanagan II, also known as Bryce Williams, a former reporter at WDBJ who had been forced to leave the station two years prior. After a manhunt and car chase, Flanagan shot himself and later died at a hospital.

References

2015 murders in the United States
2010s in Virginia
Murder-suicides in the United States
Hans Walter Conrad Veidt (22 January 1893 – 3 April 1943) was a German actor. He best remembered for his roles in movies such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The Man Who Laughs (1928), The Thief of Bagdad (1940), and in Casablanca (1942).

Veidt was against Nazism, and fled with his Jewish wife to the United Kingdom after Hitler had come to power in 1933. He moved to the United States in 1941.

Conrad Veidt died in Hollywood, California from a heart attack, aged 50.

References 
 Conrad Veidt: The Cinema's Master. The Conrad Veidt Society
 Conrad Veidt . A History of Horror

Other websites 

 
Pictures of Conrad Veidt.
Conrad Veidt - The German-Hollywood Connection
Pictures of Conrad Veidt
The Conrad Veidt Home Page
Conrad Veidt Biography 

1893 births
1943 births
Actors from Berlin
British movie actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German military personnel of World War I
German movie actors
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Refugees from Nazism
Silent movie actors
Albert Deane Grover (born February 18, 1865 in Boston, Massachusetts; died October 23, 1927 in Manhattan, New York) was an American banjo player. He also wrote music, taught, and invented musical parts and accessories for stringed instruments. He helped set up the Boston Ideal Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Club. He also started the musical accessories company A. D. Grover & Son. 

Grover held over 50 patents for musical instrument parts. 

Grover was born on February 18, 1865 in  Boston, Massachusetts. His father, Stephen Grover (1820–1885), was a Boston piano maker.

Grover died on October 23, 1927 in Manhattan, New York

In 1952, A.D. Grover & Son was renamed to Grover Musical Products, Inc.

Selected musical pieces 
 Magog Quickstep, written by Grover, Boston: Thompson & Odell (1887) 
 Marguerite Waltz, written by Grover, Boston: Thompson & Odell (1889)

Other publications 
 Grover's Progressive Method for the Banjo, Boston: Thompson & Odell Company (1892)

References

Other websites 
 The Maverick schottische / by A. D. Grover

Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
1865 births
1927 deaths
The Honorable Frankie Muse Freeman (born Marie Frankie Muse, November 24, 1916 – January 12, 2018) was an American civil rights attorney, and the first woman to be appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights (1964 to 1979).

On February 5, 2015, President Barack Obama appointed Freeman to serve as a Member of the Commission on Presidential Scholars.

Freeman died on January 12, 2018 in Danville, Virginia at the age of 101.

References

Other websites
 The History Maker: Frankie Muse Freeman bio 
 St. Louis Character: Frankie Freeman, St. Louis Business Journal

1916 births
2018 deaths
African American lawyers
American centenarians
American civil rights activists
Civil servants
Lawyers from Virginia
James Charles Evers (September 11, 1922 – July 22, 2020) was an American civil rights activist.  In 1969, he became the first African American since the Reconstruction era to have been elected as mayor in a Mississippi city.

He served as mayor of Fayette in Jefferson County. Thereafter, he ran for governor in 1971 and the United States Senate in 1978. He ran both times as an Independent candidate.

Evers died on July 22, 2020 in Brandon, Mississippi at the age of 97.

References

Other websites
 The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow, PBS 
 90.1 WMPR,   Jackson Mississippi, Charles Evers station manager : blues, urban contemporary gospel, talk, variety
 Oral History Interview with Charles Evers, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library 

1922 births
2020 deaths
American civil rights activists
American mayors
Politicians from Mississippi
Businesspeople from Mississippi
US Republican Party politicians
Piermario Morosini (5 July 1986 – 14 April 2012) was an Italian football player.

On 14 April 2012 he suffered a cardiac arrest while he was playing a match with his team Livorno against the team Pescara. He died minutes after in the Civil Hospital of Pescara.

References

1986 births
2012 deaths
Italian footballers
Sportspeople from Lombardy
Synthetic fabrics are fabrics manufactured in factories using chemical synthesis. They are also known as artificial or man-made fabrics. These include nylon, polyester, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rayon. Synthetic fibers are made by the joining of monomers into polymers, by the process of polymerization.

References 

Chemical compounds
Kongesangen "The King's song" is a tribute song to Norway's King. It is based on the English royal song "God Save the King" from 1741. The Norwegian author Henrik Wergeland wrote a Norwegian lyric to the English song in 1841 called "Gud signe Kongen vor" It was later rewritten by P. Vogtmann under the name "Gud sign vor Konge god". A simplified version of this was later written by Gustav Jensen.

Song lyrics

1st verse 
 Gud sign vår Konge god!
 Sign ham med kraft og mot
 sign hjem og slott!
 Lys for ham ved din Ånd,
 knytt med din sterke hånd
 hellige troskapsbånd
 om folk og drott!

2nd verse 
 Høyt sverger Norges mann
 hver i sitt kall, sin stand,
 troskap sin drott.
 Trofast i liv og død,
 tapper i krig og nød,
 alltid vårt Norge lød
 Gud og sin drott.

References

Other websites 
 Royal Anthem of Norway (Kongeriket Norge) - "Kongesangen" , YouTube

Norwegian royalty
National anthems
A transfer case is a part of the drivetrain of four-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, and other multiple powered axle vehicles. Typically a transfer case is used to engage (and disengage) the four-wheel drive function. When disengaged, most four-wheel drive systems operate in two wheel drive (engaging just the rear axle and wheels). For that reason two-wheel drive vehicles do not need a transfer case. 

The transfer case transfers the power from the transmission to the front and rear axles by means of drive shafts. The transfer case synchronizes the rotation of the front and rear wheels so they turn at exactly the same speed. It usually contains two or more sets of gears. It has a 1:1 ratio drive (usually called high range) for normal city and highway use. Then it contains a low range gear for off-road use. A common low range gear ratios is 2.72:1. That means for every 2.72 rotations of the transmission output shaft, the transfer case will turn both driveshafts 1 rotation. The Jeep Wrangler Rubicon model uses a 4:1 low range gearing.

Drive types
There are two different types of internal power-transfer mechanism found in most transfer cases.

Gear-driven
Gear-driven transfer cases use sets of gears to transmit power to the front and rear driveshafts. These are generally strong, heavy units that are used in large trucks. There are currently gear drive cases in production for light trucks and SUVs.

Chain-driven
Chain-driven transfer cases use a chain to transmit power to the axles. Chain-driven transfer cases are quieter,  lighter and less expensive to manufacture than gear-driven units.  They are used in vehicles such as compact trucks, full size trucks, Jeeps and SUVs.  Some off-road driving enthusiasts modify their vehicles to use gear-driven transfer casesto gain the extra strength they provide.

References 

Automotive technologies
Kanesha Nichole Brookes (born October 5, 1984) best known by her stage name Brooke Valentine or Valentine is an American R&B singer, songwriter, actress, model and dancer. She broke out on the music scene in 2005 with the song "Girlfight" which features fellow Southern hip hop acts Lil Jon and Big Boi.

1984–2004: Early life and career beginnings
Valentine was born in Houston, Texas She started her musical career as a member of the female R&B group Best Kept Secret. To start up a solo singing career, she moved to Los Angeles, California with producer and Subliminal Entertainment CEO Deja the Great and signed to Virgin Records.

2004–06: Chain Letter
Brooke Valentine released her debut album Chain Letter in 2005. The album's first song was the hit single, "Girlfight", which features Lil Jon and Big Boi.

2006–09: Physical Education and Physical Education Mixtape
In 2006, Valentine planned a second album, Physical Education. Its first single was "D-Girl", which featured rapper Pimp C. She then released the second single "Pimped Out", which featured Dem Franchize Boyz. Her second album "Physical Education" was almost ready to be released but Virgin Records ended up being merged with Capitol Records. The album was temporarily put on hold. However the album ended up being released as a bootleg album. Instead some of its songs were put on a mixtape which was called "Physical Education: The Mixtape".

2010–present: "Forever" and change to B. Valentine
As of 2010, Brooke Valentine changed her stage name to B. Valentine. The first single from her yet-to-be-released third album, "Forever," was released on February 14, 2012.

Discography 
Studio albums
 Chain Letter (2005)

References

1984 births
Living people
African-American singers
American R&B singers
American hip hop singers
Singers from Houston, Texas
Reign Over Me is a 2007 American buddy comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Mike Binder and it was produced by Jack Binder and Michael Rotenberg. Reign Over Me was released on March 22, 2007 in Australia and on March 23, 2007 in the United States.

The movie got mixed reviews from critics. It has a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. A. O. Scott of The New York Times said "It's rare to see so many moments of grace followed by so many stumbles and fumbles, or to see intelligence and discretion undone so thoroughly by glibness and grossness. And it is puzzling, and ultimately draining, to see a film that waves the flag of honesty—Face your demons! Speak from your heart! Open up!—turn out to be so phony."

Cast 
 Adam Sandler as Dr. Charlie Fineman
 Don Cheadle as Dr. Alan Johnson
 Jada Pinkett Smith as Janeane Johnson  
 Liv Tyler as Dr. Angela Oakhurst
 Saffron Burrows as Donna Remar
 Donald Sutherland as Judge David Raines
 Robert Klein as Jonathan Timpleman
 Melinda Dillon as Ginger Timpleman
 Mike Binder as Bryan Sugarman
 Jonathan Banks as Stelter
 John de Lancie as Nigel Pennington
 Rae Allen as Adell Modell
 Paula Newsome as Melanie
 Ted Raimi as Peter Saravino
 B. J. Novak as Fallon
 Joey King as Gina Fineman (uncredited)

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2007 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Buddy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Darryl Dawkins (January 11, 1957 – August 27, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He was known for his days with the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets. He also played briefly for the Detroit Pistons and Utah Jazz late in his career. His nickname was "Chocolate Thunder". It was given to him by Stevie Wonder. He was known for his powerful dunks, which led the NBA to adopt breakaway rims because he shattered the backboard two times in 1979.

Dawkins died on August 27, 2015 from a heart attack in Allentown, Pennsylvania, at the age of 58.

References

1957 births
2015 deaths
African-American basketball players
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Detroit Pistons players
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
New Jersey Nets players
Philadelphia 76ers players
Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida
Utah Jazz players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
American basketball players
Magna Carta Holy Grail (sometimes written as Magna Carta... Holy Grail) is an album created by the American rapper, Jay Z. It is his 12th album. It was released for digital download on 4 July 2013. It was then released in album form on 8 July 2013 by Roc-A-Fella and Roc Nation while being shared by Universal Records. Justin Timberlake, Nas, Rick Ross, Frank Ocean and Beyoncé also sang in the album. The album was promoted with commercials that were presented by Samsung. Even though some critics didn't like the album, it still reached #1 on the American, British, Swiss and Canadian music charts. It debuted at #1 on the US Billboard 200 Chart.

Songs 
 Holy Grail (with Justin Timberlake)
 Picasso Baby
 Tom Ford
 FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt (with Rick Ross)
 Oceans (with Frank Ocean)
 F.U.T.V. 
 SomewhereInAmerica
 Crown
 Heaven
 Versus
 Part II (On the Run) (with Beyoncé)
 Beach Is Better
 BBC
 JAY Z Blue
 La Familia
 Nickels and Dimes

References

Other websites 
 Magna Carta Holy Grail on Discogs.com
 Magna Carta Holy Grail review on AllMusic.com
 Magna Carta Holy Grail review on Los Angeles Times

2013 albums
Rap music
Jay Z
Chain Letter is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Brooke Valentine. It was released on March 15, 2005 through the American imprint of Virgin Records. The album has the hit song "Girlfight" which includes Big Boi and Lil Jon.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2005 albums
Debut albums
R&B albums
Pop albums
Hip hop albums
Józef Wesołowski (15 July 1948 – 27 August 2015) was a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was forcibly laicized by the Holy See in 2014. He was the Apostolic Nuncio to the Dominican Republic from January 2008 until he was recalled in August 2013. 

Authorities in the Dominican Republic are investigating allegations of child abuse against him. In June 2015, it was announced by the Vatican that he would stand trial for charges of possessing child pornography, and faced a possible prison term.

Wesołowski was found dead in his residence in the Vatican on 27 August 2015. A Vatican statement said that he likely died of natural causes.

References

1948 births
2015 deaths
Ambassadors of Poland
Polish Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic bishops
Alger Joseph "Radar" Arbour (November 1, 1932 – August 28, 2015) was a Canadian National Hockey League player, coach, and executive. He played for the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Black Hawks, and the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was known for being the coach of the New York Islanders.

Arbour died on August 28, 2015 in Sarasota, Florida after being treated for Parkinson's disease and dementia, aged 82.

Career statistics

Playing career

Coaching record

References

1932 births
2015 deaths
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Jack Adams Award winners
People with Parkinson's disease
Sportspeople from Toronto
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ontario Hockey League players
Eastern Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
"Auld Lang Syne" is a Scots poem written  by Robert Burns in 1788 and set to the tune of a traditional folk song (Roud # 6294). It is well known in many countries, especially in the English-speaking world, its traditional use being to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight.

References

Poems
Sir Neville Marriner (15 April 1924 – 2 October 2016) was an English conductor and violinist. He was the first music director of the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, from 1969 to 1978. From 1979 to 1986, he was music director of the Minnesota Orchestra. He was principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1986 to 1989.

Marriner was born in Lincoln, England, and studied at the Royal College of Music and the Paris Conservatoire.

References

Other websites

 

1924 births
2016 deaths
English musicians
Conductors
Violinists
Joseph Claude Roger LaForge (July 1, 1936 – May 4, 2015) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played parts of 8 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Detroit Red Wings, and Philadelphia Flyers.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, LaForge played 2 games with the Montreal Royals and 1 season with the Shawinigan-Falls Cataracts of the Quebec Hockey League (QHL) and 1 season with the Cincinnati Mohawks of the International Hockey League (IHL). In 1958, LaForge was chosen to play on the QHL Second All-Star Team.

He started his NHL career with the Montreal Canadiens during the 1957–58 season. He would play a total of 5 games with the Canadiens. On June 3, 1958, the Canadiens traded LaForge along with Gene Achtymichuk and Bud MacPherson to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for money.

LeForge spent time between the Red Wings and their AHL-affiliates, the Hershey Bears and Pittsburgh Hornets. After spending parts of 5 years with Detroit, he was sent down to the Hornets and was then traded to the Quebec Aces of the American Hockey League (AHL) in exchange for Terry Gray on March 1, 1966.

When the Philadelphia Flyers bough the Aces on May 8, 1967, LaForge's NHL rights were transferred to the team. He played 65 regular season games with the Flyers. In August 1970, the Flyers traded LaForge to the Denver Spurs of the Western Hockey League (WHL) in exchange for money. After spending 3 seasons with the Spurs, LaForge retired from playing professional ice hockey.

References

Other websites 

1936 births
2015 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Philadelphia Flyers players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Central Professional Hockey League players