cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Joker is a fictional character, a comic book supervillain published by DC Comics. He is an archenemy of Batman. The character's creator has been disputed between Jerry Robinson, Bill Finger, and Bob Kane, even though many believe Robinson created the character. The Joker first appeared in Batman #1 (Spring 1940).

Background
Throughout his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a master criminal whose characterization has varied from that of a violent psychopath to a goofy trickster-thief. He is the archenemy of Batman, having been directly responsible for numerous tragedies in Batman's life, including the paralysis of Barbara Gordon and the death of Jason Todd, the second Robin.

Joker's creation was inspired by Conrad Veidt's role in the 1928 silent movie The Man Who Laughs.

The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities, instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions and thematic weaponry, including razor-tipped playing cards, deadly joy buzzers, and acid-spraying lapel flowers. The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillains, such as the Penguin and Two-Face, and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League, but these relationships often collapse due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos. The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist, Harley Quinn, who becomes his villainous sidekick. Although his primary obsession is Batman, the Joker has also fought other heroes, including Superman and Wonder Woman.

Origin
Throughout the character's long history, there have been several different origin tales; they most commonly depict him as falling into a vat of chemical waste, which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red, giving him the appearance of a clown.

Portrayals
The Joker has appeared in movies, TV series and video games; he was played by Cesar Romero, Jack Nicholson, Heath Ledger, Jared Leto and Joaquin Phoenix in movies. On animated shows/movies he is portrayed by Mark Hamill, Richard Epcar, Kevin Michael Richardson, Larry Storch, Jeff Bennett, and John DiMaggio.

Both Ledger and Phoenix won an Academy Award for their portrayal of the character, making the Joker the second character to have its actor win an Academy Award more than once.

Attractions 
Joker's Joyride - A Diving LIM Shuttle Loop Coaster that was located at Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Great America, Six Flags Over Georgia and Six Flags New England
 Joker - RMC Hybrid Wood-Steel coaster at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom

References

DC Comics supervillains
DC Comics adapted into movies
Batman characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1940
Fictional mass murderers
Mortal Kombat guest characters
The Joker
Iceman is a superhero. He is a member of the X-Men. His real name is Bobby Drake. Iceman has the power to freeze anything around him. He can also turn his body into ice.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in 1963
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional gay males
Marvel Comics characters
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Terrance "Terry" Gerin (born October 7, 1975) is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Federation, Extreme Championship Wrestling, and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring names Rhino and Rhyno. He currently works for Ring of Honor. His finishing move is called the Gore (spear).

Other websites
WWE profile

American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Michigan
1975 births
Living people
70 Virginis b is an extrasolar planet that is around 60 light-years away from the Earth in the constellation of Virgo.  The finding of this planet was announced in 1996 by astronomers Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler. 70 Virginis was one of the first stars that was known to have planets orbiting it.  When first announced, 70 Virginis b was thought to be inside its star's habitable zone, but proof was later found that the planet has an eccentric orbit, closer to its parent.

Characteristics 

70 Virginis b is a Jupiter-type extrasolar planet that orbits around 70 Virginis every 116 days. It has 7.5 times the mass of Jupiter. Its surface gravity is thought to be about two to three times that of Jupiter's.  At the time that it was found in January 1996, it was thought that the star was only 29 light years away from the Earth. This could explain why the star was less bright based on its apparent magnitude (measure of brightness).  As a result, the planet's orbit was thought to be in the habitable zone and the planet was given the nickname "Goldilocks" (not too cold or too hot). The Hipparcos satellite later showed that the star was farther away from 70 Virginis and therefore its brightness was a result of the planet being too hot to be in the habitable zone.

Related pages
 Exoplanet 51 Pegasi b

References

Other websites
 SolStation: 70 Virginis
 70 Virginis b 

Exoplanets
15385 Dallolmo (1997 SP4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 25, 1997 by the Osservatorio San Vittore at Bologna, Italy

It is named after Umberto Dall'Olmo (1925-1980), who was an amateur astronomer with college degrees in both law and physics, who spent most of his time observing Jupiter and studying flare stars. He was also interested in the history of astronomy and worked as a technician at the University of Bologna's Institute of Astronomy.

Notes 

Dallolmo
The Operation Downfall was a planned military action, called "Operation Downfall". This was to be the Allied forces invasion of Japan to end the Second World War. It would have two main parts, Operation Olympic would be the biggest amphibious invasion in history, in Kyūshū. Airplanes based in Kyushu would then be used for an even bigger invasion called Operation Coronet. This would invade Honshū. After the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered, so there was no need for an invasion. Operation Downfall was canceled.

Invasions of World War II
F.C. Martigues is a football club which plays in France.

1920s establishments in France
1921 establishments in Europe
French football clubs
Blade is a 1998 American vampire superhero horror movie starring Wesley Snipes. It was followed by Blade II and Blade: Trinity.

Other websites 
 

1998 horror movies
1990s superhero movies
African-American superhero movies
American action movies
American horror movies
Blade movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies about revenge
Movies based on comics
New Line Cinema movies
Superhero horror movies
Vampires in movies
American superhero movies
Cascada is a German pop group. They are most famous for their songs "Everytime We Touch" in 2005, "What Hurts the Most" in 2007 and "Evacuate the Dancefloor" in 2009. Members of the group are the female singer Natalie Horler  and the two Record Producers DJ Manian and Yanou.

Carrer beginnings and Everytime We Touch (2004-2006) 
They started writing songs for the album in late 2003, like, the title track (Everytime We Touch), Miracle and Bad Boy, they recorded a slow version of Everytime We Touch around the same time. Then, in 2004, the studio released Miracle and Bad Boy as singles and released the album in early 2005, the title track for the album released in 2005 (both original and slow versions), then they had a tour for the album from summer of 2005 to fall of 2006, They ended the tour in favor for their second album in 2007.

Perfect Day and Evacuate The Dancefloor (2007-2010) 
Their second album, Perfect Day started to get worked on, right after the Everytime We Touch tour concluded in fall 2006. They released the album in 2007. They had a tour for the album in 2007-2008. Then in fall 2008, they started to work on their third album, Evacuate the Dancefloor. They released this album in 2009, had a tour in 2009-2010 and like every album, stops in favor for a new album.

Original Me, Back on the Dancefloor, It's Christmas Time and miscellaneous singles (2011-present) 
In fall 2010, they started to work on their fourth and final studio album, Original Me. Then, they released it in 2011, had a tour in 2011-2012, but this time, it didn't stop because they're was gonna be a new album in 2013 (which there isn't), The reason is unknown. In 2012, they released two other albums (which are NOT studio albums). In 2013, they released an acoustic album. After that, they released other singles, which she was in from other people.

Discography

Studio albums 
2005: Everytime We Touch (30 March)
2007: Perfect Day (3 December)
2009: Evacuate The Dancefloor (3 July)
2011: Original Me (17 June)

Other albums 
2006: The Remix Album
2009: Greatest Hits
2010: Just The Hits
2012: Back On The Dancefloor
2012: It's Christmas Time
2013: The Best Of Cascada
2013: Acoustic Sessions

Singles 
2004: Bad Boy (1 September), Miracle (23 November)
2005: Everytime We Touch (16 August), How Do You Do (30 September)
2006: Truly, Madly, Deeply (31 January), A Neverending Dream (4 March),  Ready For Love (16 September)
2007: What Hurts The Most (21 November)
2008: What Do You Want From Me (7 March), Because The Night (18 July), Faded (26 August), Perfect Day (5 October)
2009: Evacuate The Dancefloor (29 June), Fever (9 October)
2010: Dangerous (3 March), Pyromania (2 August)
2011: San Francisco (20 June), Au Revoir (23 September), Night Nurse (16 December)

Awards and nominations

References 

2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
German pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2004
North Rhine-Westphalia
Scholasticism is a way of thinking and teaching knowledge. It was developed in the Middle Ages. It started when people wanted to bring together what is called classical philosophy with the teachings of 
Christian theology. Classical philosophy is the philosophy developed in Ancient Greece. 
Scholasticism is not a philosophy or a theology, but rather a way of teaching and learning. Scholasticism emphasises the use of dialectic. The main purpose of dialectic is to find an answer to a question, or to show that a contradiction can be resolved.

Scholasticism was started by people like Saint Ambrose and St. Augustine. They tried to use philosophy to help explain the doctrine and mysteries of the church. Ambrose and Augustine were among the first Church fathers who brought Christian ideas and Greek philosophy together.

The main figures of scholasticism were Peter Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure and, most importantly, Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica is an ambitious synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine.

In the 13th century, the teachings of Aristotle were considered more important than those of Plato. Scholastic education was very much based on written texts, and with arguments for and against ideas in those texts. In this way it differed greatly from modern science, which is based on observations from nature. In Aristotle the scholastics chose someone who was himself quite an original investigator of the natural world. But the scholastics themselves dealt almost entirely with the world in manuscripts written in two ancient languages. One was in Latin, the language of the Vulgate Bible and the other was Ancient Greek. Greek opened the doors to the writings of the Greek philosophers in their own language, at least so far as their works survived. The motto of Boethius “As far as you are able, join faith to reason” reminds us that all scholastics were mediaeval Christians. Their main concern was to see how the Greek ideas could be fitted into their religious view of the world.

Other websites
 "Scholasticism". In Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

Philosophical movements and positions
Theology
Donald is a masculine given name. Other common forms are Don, Donny and Donnie.

Famous Donalds 
Don Cheadle, American actor
Donald Dewar, first First Minister of Scotland
Don Drysdale, Major League Baseball player
Donald Duck, fictional duck created by Walt Disney
Don Edwards, American politician
Don Ho, Hawaiian musician
Don LaFontaine, American voice actor
Don Regan, American politician
Don Knotts, American comedic actor
Don McLean, American singer and musician
Don Meredith, former American NFL quarterback.
Don Quixote, fictional knight in the book of the same name.
Donald Rumsfeld, United States Secretary of Defense
Donald Sutherland, American actor
Donald A. Glaser, American scientist
Donald Pleasence, British actor
Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States
Donald Tusk, Prime Minister of Poland

Related pages
Don, a disamgiguation page

Given names
Johnstone (, ) is a town in the council area of Renfrewshire, Scotland.

References

Towns in Scotland
Dallas Page (born Page Joseph Falkinburg, Jr.; April 5, 1956 in Point Pleasant, New Jersey) is a retired American professional wrestler, fitness instructor and actor who is probably best known for wrestling with World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name, "Diamond" Dallas Page or "DDP" for short.

Championships
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2006)
PWI ranked him #4 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in (1997, 1998)
PWI Feud of the Year in 1997 (vs. Macho Man Randy Savage)
PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1999)
PWI ranked him #65 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" (2003)

Swiss Wrestling Federation
SWF Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Championship Wrestling
WCW World Heavyweight Championship (three times)
WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (two times)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Kevin Nash (two), Chris Kanyon and Bam Bam Bigelow as the Jersey Triad (two))
WCW World Television Championship (one time)

World Wrestling Federation
WWF European Championship (one time)
WWF World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Kanyon)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Best Wrestling Maneuver (1997) (Diamond Cutter)
Most Improved Wrestler (1996)
Worst Gimmick (2001)

Other websites
Official website 
DDP's WWE Alumni page

1956 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Scarborough is a town in Maine. It has aharness racing event called the Scarborough Downs. Scarborough High School is here.

References

Towns in Maine
Luna, is a given name meaning "moon"

People named Luna

 Luna Celeste (born 1963), American voice actress
 Luna Leopold (1915-2006), American scientist
 Luna Vachon (1962–2010), Canadian professional wrestler

Fictional

 Luna Lovegood, in the Harry Potter series
 Luna Inverse, oldest sister of Lina Inverse of the series Slayers
 Luna Moody, a minor character in One Life to Live
 Luna Platz, a character in Mega Man Star Force
 Mrs Luna, in the Henry James book The Bostonians
 Princess Luna, a character in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic

References

Given names
Susan Magdalane Boyle (born 1 April 1961) is a Scottish singer who became famous through Britain's Got Talent. Her version of "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables has many video views on YouTube. She appeared on America's Got Talent. Boyle's first album I Dreamed a Dream was released on 23 November 2009. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. It sold more copies than any other album in the UK in 2009.

She has had two no. 1 albums in the United States.

Personal life
Boyle was born at Bangour General Hospital in Blackburn, West Lothian, She is youngest daughter of Patrick Boyle and his wife, She have four brothers and five sisters by her family.

She has lived in the same council house in Blackburn, West Lothian, Scotland all her life. She has a cat named Pebbles. Boyle's autobiography, The Woman I Was Born to Be: My Story, was published in 2010. She was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in 2012. She is a Roman Catholic.

References 

1961 births
Living people
British Roman Catholics
Scottish Christians
Scottish singers
"Beat It" is a popular song written and performed by singer Michael Jackson. It appears on his sixth album Thriller. It was released as the album's third single. There is also a video that goes with the song. The song features a guitar solo by Eddie Van Halen. He chose to do the solo without getting paid. It got the Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance in 1984.

"Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of it called "Eat It". Fall Out Boy covered the song with John Mayer on their 2008 album Folie à Deux.

Michael Jackson songs
1983 songs
Gambit is a fictional character who appears in the X men series.  His mutant power is the ability to control, change and create kinetic energy (moving energy) which means he can make things move at his command.  Many scenes in X men Origins: Wolverine can demonstrate this.

Marvel Comics superheroes
Coblentz is a small crater that can be found on the far side of the Moon, to the south of the much larger crater Bolyai. This crater has a circular edge, but it has been worn away by asteroid impacts. This is most noticeable at the southern end where a gap exists in the rim. The interior floor has very few features except for several tiny craterlets.

A ridge arcs from the northwest rim of Coblentz to join the southern rim of Bolyai. There are several patches of dark (low albedo) material just to the south and southwest of Coblentz.

References
 
 
 

Surface features of the Moon
Impact craters
Scarface: The World Is Yours is a video game based on the events from the movie Scarface. It was released for the PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Wii in 2006 and 2007.

2006 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Wii games
Windows games
The Diomede Islands are two islands in the Bering Strait, about halfway between mainland Alaska and Siberia. They are also called Gvozdev Islands in Russian. There are two islands, called Big Diomede and Little Diomede respectively. 

Little Diomede is also known as Krusenstern Island, but there are also other places with this name. The Eskimos who live there call it Ignaluk. 

The other island, Big Diomede, is also known as Imaqliq, Inaliq, Nunarbuk or Ratmanov Island. 

Big Diomede belongs to Siberia, Little Diomede is part of Alaska.

The Chukchi Sea is to the north and the Bering Sea to the south of the islands.  to the southeast is Fairway Rock, an islet which is usually not considered part of the Diomede Islands.

The islands are separated by an international border and the International Date Line which is approximately  from each island. At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede, the two islands are only about  apart. 

People who live on Little Diomede Island do so in a small village called Diomede, on the west side of the island.

There are plans to build a connection between Siberia and Alaska, either as a bridge or a tunnel (Bering Strait bridge spanning the Bering Strait). In that case, the Diomede Islands would be a halfway point, as they are about the middle of the Bering Strait.

They are sometimes called Tomorrow Island (Big Diomede) and Yesterday Isle (Little Diomede) because the big island is 21 hours ahead of the small one (except when changing daylight saving time, done on different dates).

The people who lived on Big Diomede Island were moved to mainland Russia by the Soviet government. A small Russian military base is currently on the island. Little Diomede has an Inupiat population of 170, mostly in the City of Diomede. This village there has a school, and a local store. Some Eskimos there are famous for their ivory carving. Mail is delivered by helicopter, weather permitting.

References 

Pacific islands
Islands of Alaska
Islands of Russia
Siberia
Clay animation is one of many ways to make a stop motion animation. Each animated piece, either character or background, can be formed and reformed into different shapes. People making a clay animation usually use something soft, like Plasticine clay. 

Most animation is made the same way, whether it is cel animation or stop motion. Each frame, or still picture, is recorded on film or digital media and then played back quickly. When played back at a frame rate of more than 10–12 frames per second, the human mind sees the series of slightly changing, rapidly playing images as movement. To us it seems as if the object is moving by itself. This way of tricking the mind into seeing "movement" is the way that all moving images work, from zoetrope to movies to videogames. The way CGI animations are made is different from the frame by frame method.

How it is done 
In clay animation, each object is made in clay, usually around a wire skeleton called an armature. The object is put on the set (background) and a still picture (one frame of film) is taken. The object or character is then moved slightly by hand. Another picture is taken, and the object is moved slightly again. This is repeated over and over. To get the best results, special care is taken to make sure that each frame is the same as the one before. For example, the lighting has to be the same and the object has to be put back in exactly the right place. The only thing that should be different is the slight change the animator makes to the object.

Making a stop-motion animation using clay is hard work. Normal movies use 24 frames per second (frame/s). Animation usually uses "doubles" or "twos"; that is using two frames for each shot. This means that 12 changes are made for one second of movie. For a 30-minute movie, there would be about 21,600 stops to change the objects for the next frame. For a full-length (90-minute) movie, there would be about 64,800 stops. IF some of the parts were done with only a single, not double frame, there would be even more stops. Great care must be taken to make sure that the object is not moved by accident. For full-length movies, animators now use rubber silicone and resin-cast objects. One foam-rubber method has been called Foamation by Will Vinton.

Examples of clay animation 
Some famous clay animation movies have been made. Examples include:
 Gumby
 Wallace and Gromit
 Robot Chicken
 Bob the Builder
 Clay Studio of Sviridov Max

Claymation 
The word "Claymation" is a registered trademark in the United States. It was registered by Will Vinton in 1978 to describe his clay animation films. The word is often used incorrectly to describe any clay animation movie.

References 

Animation
Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior (born 15 September 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="9"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||28||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||39||28
|-
|2004||39||37||2||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||39
|-
|2005||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||31||16||1||2||6||4||colspan="2"|-||38||22
|-
|2006||29||20||2||2||10||6||colspan="2"|-||41||28
|-
|2007||31||22||4||2||5||4||7||3||47||31
|-
|2008||32||12||2||0||6||4||colspan="2"|-||40||16
|-
|2009||33||17||1||1||5||3||9||3||48||24
|-
|2010||19||14||2||1||4||1||0||0||25||16
|-
|2011||32||9||1||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||36||10
|-
|2012|||Kashima Antlers||||||||||||||colspan="2"|-|||||
285||175||15||10||39||23||16||6||355||214
285||175||15||10||39||23||16||6||355||214

References
Kawasaki Frontale

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Salvador, Bahia
The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War enemies, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve better spaceflight capability than the other. It had its origins in the intercontinental ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. Both governments saw having better spaceflight technology as necessary for national security. The Space Race enabled the first launches of artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.

The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites during the "International Geophysical Year" (July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958), by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union achieved the first successful artificial satellite launch on October 4, 1957 of Sputnik 1, and sent the first human to space with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The USSR demonstrated an early lead in the race with these and other early firsts over the next few years, including flight durations measured in days instead of hours, the first multi-person crewed spaceflight, and the first spacewalk.

But the USSR lost its early lead after US president John F. Kennedy raised the stakes by setting a goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth". American spaceflight capability overtook that of the Soviets with flights up to two weeks long; two craft meeting in space (rendezvous) and joining (docking); astronauts working outside spacecraft; and using high-energy liquid hydrogen as rocket fuel in the Saturn family of rockets. Kennedy's Moon landing goal was acheived in July 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11, which sent and returned three men and landed two of them, a singular achievement far outweighing any combination of Soviet achievements. The USSR pursued two crewed lunar programs, but failed to develop a launch vehicle powerful enough to land one human on the Moon before the US, and eventually canceled them to concentrate on Earth orbital space stations, while the US landed five more Apollo crews on the Moon.

A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and joint development of an international docking standard APAS-75. Apollo–Soyuz began a period of transition from the Space Race to an age of US / Russian space cooperation by December 1991, when the dissolution of the Soviet Union brought the end of the Cold War and enabled the Shuttle-Mir and International Space Station programs between the US and the newly founded Russian Federation.

References

Other websites 
 The Space Race 
 Space Race -Citizendium

Spaceflight
1950s in the United States
1960s in the United States
1950s in the Soviet Union
Supersaturation in chemical solutions is when a solution contains more of a solute than can be dissolved in it. This usually makes some of the solute separate itself from the solution.

Examples 
Rain happens in a supersaturated solution of water in air.
Carbonated water is a supersaturated solution of carbon dioxide gas in water.  It is stored at very high pressure in a bottle.  This lets the water dissolve more carbon dioxide gas than it can at normal pressure.  When the bottle is opened, the pressure falls to the normal atmospheric pressure, and the carbon dioxide gas escapes slowly.  Certain things such as small bubbles in the bottle can make this process faster.  Such bubbles can be caused by shaking the bottle.  Another solute such as sugar powder or a widget can also trigger precipitation.

 A Diet Coke and Mentos eruption is an extreme example. Some drinks such as ales and stouts rely on this effect to produce the 'head' on the surface of the poured product. 

Chemistry
Thermodynamics
Dyspnea or dyspnoea (said disp-nee-ah) is shortness of breath. Some research says that about 27% of people suffer it.

Causes
There are many different causes of dyspnea. Some include:

Pulmonary disorders
 Obstructive lung diseases
 Asthma
 Bronchitis
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 
 Cystic fibrosis
 Emphysema 
 Laryngeal edema due to allergies
 Hookworm disease
 Diseases of lung parenchyma and pleura
 Contagious
 Anthrax through inhalation of Bacillus anthracis
 Pneumonia
 Non-contagious
 Fibrosing alveolitis
 Atelectasis
 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 Interstitial lung disease
 Lung cancer
 Pleural effusion
 Pneumoconiosis
 Pneumothorax
 Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome
 Sarcoidosis
 Pulmonary vascular diseases
 Acute or recurrent pulmonary emboli
 Pulmonary hypertension, primary or secondary
 Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
 Superior vena cava syndrome

Other causes of diminished breathing
 Obstruction of the airway
 Cancer of the larynx or pharynx
 Empty nose syndrome
 Pulmonary aspiration
 Epiglottitis
 Vocal cord dysfunction
 Immobilization of the diaphragm
 Lesion of the phrenic nerve
 Polycystic liver disease
 Tumor in the diaphragm
 Restriction of the chest volume
 Ankylosing spondylitis
 Broken ribs
 Kyphosis of the spine
 Obesity
 Pregnancy
 Pectus excavatum
 Scoliosis
 Disorders of the cardiovascular system
 Aortic dissection
 Cardiomyopathy
 Congenital heart disease
 CREST syndrome
 Heart failure
 Ischaemic heart disease
 Malignant hypertension
 Pericardium disorders, including:
 Cardiac tamponade
 Constrictive pericarditis
 Pericardial effusion
 Pulmonary edema
 Pulmonary embolism
 Valvular heart disease
 Disorders of the blood and metabolism
 Anemia
 Hypothyroidism
 Adrenal insufficiency
 Metabolic acidosis
 Sepsis
 Leukemia
 Disorders affecting breathing nerves and muscles
 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
 Guillain-Barré syndrome
 Multiple sclerosis
 Myasthenia gravis
 Parsonage Turner syndrome
 Eaton-Lambert syndrome
 Chronic fatigue syndrome
 Psychological conditions
 Anxiety disorders and panic attacks
 Medications
 Fentanyl
 Other
 Carbon monoxide poisoning

Health problems
Lyme disease or borreliosis, is an infectious disease. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia. The disease is carried by ticks which are parasitic on mammals such as mice and deer. In other words, ticks are the vector which transmits the disease.

It is the most common tick-borne infection in the United States. Although Allen Steere realized in 1978 that Lyme disease was a tick-borne disease, the cause of the disease remained a mystery until 1982. It can cause joint swelling, rashes, and neurological disorders. It remains controversial whether if left untreated, Lyme disease can become a chronic condition.

Symptoms 

Fever
A bulls-eye rash, also known as Erythema migrans.
Cranial nerve palsies
Arthritis
Fatigue
Headache
Myalgias (muscle pain) and arthralgias (joint pain)
Stiff neck
Meningitis
Chills

References 

Diseases caused by bacteria
Diseases spread by insects
Travis Wayne Childers (born March 29, 1958 in Booneville, Mississippi, United States) is an American politician. He represented Mississippi's 1st district in the U.S. House of Representatives from the May 2008 special election until 2011. 

Childers did not win re-election in on November 2, 2010, he was defeated by former state senator Alan Nunnelee.

References

Other websites
Official Campaign Website
The Online Office of Congressman Travis Childers 

1958 births
Living people
United States representatives from Mississippi
US Democratic Party politicians
Carbonated water, also known as sparkling water, fizzy water, seltzer, and water with gas, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved. Most soft drinks have carbonated water as a base. The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation of carbonic acid.

There are special machines that allow to make soda water at home.

The process of carbonation can also occur naturally to produce carbonated mineral water. Beer and wine are carbonated by fermentation.

Carbonated water was discovered by Joseph Pristly in 1767.

References 

Drinks
Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone. This zone is 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used as a summer daylight saving time in some European, North African, and Middle Eastern countries. During the winter, the Eastern European Time (UTC+2) is used.

Usage 

The following countries and territories use Eastern European Summer Time during the summer:

 Belarus, from 1991-2011, now observes Moscow Time all year long
 Bulgaria, regularly since 1979
 Cyprus, regularly since 1979, Northern Cyprus returned to EET on 29 October 2017
 Egypt, used from 1970- 20 April 2011 and again from 16 May 2014- 20 April 2015
 Estonia, in years 1981-88 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1989
 Finland, regularly since 1981
 Greece, regularly since 1975
 Israel, regularly since 1948
 Jordan, since 1985
 Latvia, in years 1981-88 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1989
 Lebanon, since 1984
 Lithuania, in years 1981-88 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1989, in years 1998 was changed to Central European Summer Time, but returned to EEST since 2003
 Moldova, in years 1981-89 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1991
 Romania, regularly since 1979
 Russia (Kaliningrad), in years 1981-90 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1991
 Syria, since 1983
 Turkey, from 1970-78 and 1985-2016, now observes Turkey Time all year long
 Ukraine, in years 1981-89 Moscow Summer Time, regularly EEST since 1992, but sections of Ukraine including Crimea, Dontesk, and Luhansk have switched to Moscow Time all year long in March 2014.

In 1991 EEST was used also in Moscow and Samara time zones of Russia.

Time zones

it:UTC+3#Eastern European Summer Time
David Fanshawe (born 19 April 1942 in Devon, England; died 5 July 2010) was an English composer and explorer. He wrote a large amount of music, especially for television programmes.  His best-known composition is a choral work called African Sanctus.

Life 
Fanshawe went to school at St George's School, Windsor Castle and Stowe School.   He started his career as a musician and producer for documentary films. He studied composition at the Royal College of Music. He became known for the music he wrote for films and TV.  In 1970 he performed Salaams in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London.  This was a work based on the rhythms of pearl divers in Bahrain.

He spent several years travelling to many parts of the world collecting recordings of people singing their own traditional music.  He travelled to the Middle East, then to Africa and to islands of the Pacific Ocean.  In all these places he had to get to know the people and get them to trust him so that they would let him record their music.

His African Sanctus was a result of his trip down the Nile.  It combines recordings he made there with a choir and orchestra singing.  It has been performed thousands of times all over the world.

Fanshawe died on 5 July 2010.

References

Other websites 
 composer's website  
 African Sanctus website

1942 births
2010 deaths
English composers
World music
Haley Reeves Barbour (born October 22, 1947) is an American politician. He was the governor of Mississippi from 2004 to 2012. He was mentioned as a possible candidate for President of the United States in the 2012. In April 2011, Barbour said he will not run for president.

Early years
Barbour was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, where he was raised as the youngest of three sons of Grace LeFlore (née Johnson) and Jeptha Fowlkes Barbour, Jr. Haley's father, a lawyer, died when Barbour was two years old. Barbour's father who was a Circuit Judge had an inmate to assist him when Judge Barbour became ill. Leon Turner, who was given a posthumous pardon by Barbour in the closing days of his administration, had helped to raise him.

References

Other websites
 Haley Barbour's official website 
 

1947 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Mississippi
US Republican Party politicians
People from Yazoo City, Mississippi
Governors of Mississippi
21st-century American politicians
A playpen is where a baby plays in an enclosed structure. It is designed to keep the baby safe when the parent is not there. The earliest use of the word playpen in the Oxford English Dictionary was in 1902.

History
Playpens were once made of wood. They were square shaped, with vertical wooden bars on four sides, so that the child can see out. The floor of the playpen is usually a soft mat. The walls of the playpen are usually higher than the height of the child, so the child can not climb out.

Modern playpens can be moved easily. They are usually made of a basic metal and plastic support system with mesh, soft plastic or nylon sides.  Sometimes a bassinet can be put on the top for the baby to sleep in, or be changed in, until four months of age.  Some have mobiles, side pockets for supplies and toys, night lights, music boxes, or a CD player for the child to listen to music while sleeping or playing. Portable playpens come in different sizes, but most can be rolled or folded up for easy storage and transport.

It is important that the playpen being used is safe for the child. Unsafe playpens may collapse which could injure the baby.

References

Other websites
 Playpen safety information  from Seattle Children's Hospital.

Children
Furniture
Don't Stop may be:

Songs 
 "Don't Stop" (Baby Bash song)
 "Don't Stop" (Fleetwood Mac song)
 "Don't Stop" (Gloria Estefan song)
 "Don't Stop" (Innerpartysystem song)
 "Don't Stop" (The Rolling Stones song)
 "Don't Stop" (Wade Hayes song)
 "Don't Stop!", by ATB
 "Don't Stop (Color on the Walls)", by Foster the People
 "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)", by Mariah Carey
 "Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle)", by The Outhere Brothers
 "All Nite (Don't Stop)", by Janet Jackson
 "Gonna Make Ya Move (Don't Stop)", by Pink
 "Don't Stop", by Ace of Base from Da Capo
 "Don't Stop", 1981 song by Bucks Fizz. B-side to "Making Your Mind Up"
 "Don't Stop", by Chali 2na from Fish Outta Water
 "Don't Stop", by Charles Karel Bouley
 "Don't Stop!", by Child Rebel Soldier
 "Don't Stop", by Diana Ross from Take Me Higher
 "Don't Stop", by Geraint Watkins
 "Don't Stop", by MC Hammer from The Funky Headhunter
 "Don't Stop", by Our Lady Peace from Healthy in Paranoid Times
 "Don't Stop", by Stone Roses from The Stone Roses
 "Don't Stop (Doin' It)", by Anastacia from Freak of Nature
 "Don’t Stop...", by Oasis (band)

Albums 
 Don't Stop (Annie album)
 Don't Stop (Billy Idol album)
 Don't Stop (Jolin Tsai album)
 Don't Stop (Rockets album)
 Don't Stop (Status Quo album)
 Don't Stop, by Bloodstone
 Don't Stop, by Jeffrey Osborne
The Planets Op. 32 is a seven-movement orchestral musical series by the British composer Gustav Holst, written between 1914 and 1916. The first complete public performance happened during World War I on 10 October 1918 in Birmingham, with Appleby Matthews directing the orchestra. However, an earlier premiere for only a small group of people was held on 29 September 1918 in the Queen's Hall in London, with the orchestra directed by Adrian Boult.

References 

Compositions by Gustav Holst
Orchestral works
It's A Big Big World is a children's television show on PBS Kids.

American children's television series
PBS Kids shows
2006 television series debuts
2010 television series endings
The Temple of Jupiter, Capitolium, or Temple of the Capitoline Triad was a temple in the Roman city of Pompeii in Italy. At the beginning this temple was dedicated to Jupiter alone, it was built in the mid 2nd century BC at the same time as the temple of Apollo was being worked on - this was the era at which Roman influence over Pompeii was at its height and so Roman Jupiter beat out the Greek Apollo and Jupiter(, Juno, and Minerva) in towns newly taken over by the Romans.  This was also true for Pompeii, where the Temple of Jupiter that was already there was enlarged and made more Roman when the Romans took over.

Pompeii was taken over by the Romans beginning in 310 BC.  It was still allowed to mostly run itself, however, until the Italic Revolt against Rome at the beginning of the 1st century BC.

The building style of the town was largely borrowed from the Greeks, but Roman rule would soon lead to changes in this style.  As opposed to the previous Samnite rulers of Pompeii, the Romans thought that the building style was very important in religious as well as everyday life. Pompeii was changed into a much more public and open place.  Public buildings and spaces would eventually be able to be found all over the city.  

The temple had been built in 150 BC to be a very noticeable part of the forum, and it became Pompeii's main temple after Rome took over. The inside of the temple housed the main room of the temple, which held the statues of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and which only the priests were allowed to enter.

In 62 an earthquake shook the city of Pompeii, destroying much of the Temple of Jupiter.  After this, the much smaller Temple of Jupiter Meilichios became the main place of worship to Jupiter and his group of three ().  The first Temple of Jupiter was still waiting to be fixed when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79, burying the town of Pompeii under lava and ash.  The hollow temple can still be seen in Pompeii today. also in pompeii the had intercoure (sex) on the porch that indicated wealth.

References 

“Jupiter.”  Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire.  Matthew Bunson.  Facts on File, Inc., 1994.  Page 221.
“Pompeii.”  The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition Revised.  Edited by Simon Hornblower and Anton Spawforth.  Oxford University Press, 2003.  Pages 1214-1215.  
Description and Analysis of Roman Cities - Pompeii 
Temples of Pompeii, including photographs of excavated temples
Temples and Buildings of Pompeii, including rough map of Pompeii 
Photograph and Mapped Location of Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii
More photographed views of Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Minowa was born in Kawasaki on June 2, 1976. After graduating from Sendai University, he joined J1 League club Júbilo Iwata in 1999. However he did not play in the match, he moved to his local club Kawasaki Frontale in September 2000. The club was relegated to J2 League end of 2000 season. From 2001, although the club in J2 League, he became a regular player as defender. The club won the champions in 2004 and was promoted to J1 League. The club won the 2nd place in the 2006 J1 League and 2007 J.League Cup. In 2008, he lost his opportunity to play for injury and moved to Consadole Sapporo in June. The club was relegated to J2 League end of 2008 season. From 2009, he could not play for injury and he left the club end of 2010 season. He announced his retirement in September 2011.

On April 25, 2005, when Minowa was 29 aged, he debuted for Japan national team in a friendly match against Ukraine.

Statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="9"|Kawasaki Frontale||J1 League||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|J2 League||36||5||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||5
|-
|2002||40||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||40||4
|-
|2003||41||1||4||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||45||2
|-
|2004||36||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|J1 League||30||2||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||39||2
|-
|2006||30||3||2||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||42||3
|-
|2007||30||1||4||0||5||0||7||0||46||1
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Consadole Sapporo||J1 League||12||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J2 League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2010||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
256||17||16||1||22||0||7||0||301||18
256||17||16||1||22||0||7||0||301||18
|}

|-
|2005||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Júbilo Iwata players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Nishikawa was born in Usa on June 18, 1986. He joined J1 League club Oita Trinita in 2005. In summer 2005, he debuted and became a first choice goalkeeper instead veteran goalkkeper Hayato Okanaka. Oita won the champions in the 2008 J.League Cup with young players, Masato Morishige, Hiroshi Kiyotake and Mu Kanazaki. However Oita was relegated to J2 League end of 2009 season and Oita released their main players including Nishikawa due to their financial problems. Nishikawa moved to Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2010. Hiroshima won the J1 League champions in 2012 and 2013. In 2014, he moved to Urawa Reds. Urawa won the 2nd place in the 2014 and 2016 J1 League. In 2017, Urawa won the champions at 2017 AFC Champions League.

In 2005, Nishikawa was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship and he played all 4 matches. In 2008, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics and he played all 3 matches. In October 2019, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Hong Kong on October 8. However he could not play many matches behind Eiji Kawashima. In 2011, he participated 2011 Asian Cup. He played 2 matches and Japan won the champions. He also participated 2014 World Cup. From 2015, he played many matches instead Kawashima. He played 31 games for Japan until 2016.

Statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="5"|J1 League||21||0||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|-
|2006||30||0||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|-
|2007||11||0||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2008||22||0||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2009||34||0||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|-
|2010||rowspan="4"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="4"|J1 League||34||0||1||0||4||0||5||0||44||0
|-
|2011||34||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2012||34||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|-
|2013||33||0||3||0||1||0||5||0||42||0
|-
|2014||rowspan="8"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="8"|J1 League||34||0||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|-
|2015||34||0||3||0||0||0||5||0||42||0
|-
|2016||34||0||0||0||1||0||8||0||43||0
|-
|2017||34||0||0||0||2||0||13||0||49||0
|-
|2018||34||0||6||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||45||0
|-
|2019||33||0||2||0||2||0||13||0||37||0
|-
|2020||34||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
490||0||23||0||39||0||49||0||601||0
490||0||23||0||39||0||49||0||601||0
|}

|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||2||0
|-
|2011||4||0
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
|2013||4||0
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
|2015||8||0
|-
|2016||8||0
|-
!Total||31||0
|}

References

Other websites

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Oita Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Oita Trinita players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
A GV star, or  yellow dwarf, is a main-sequence star. It is of spectral type G and  luminosity class V on the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. The term yellow dwarf is a misnomer, because G-type stars actually range in color from white, for more luminous types like the Sun, to only very slightly yellow for the less massive and luminous G-type main-sequence stars. See spectral classification for a chart of star color by light type. 

GV stars are small (about 0.8 to 1.0 solar masses) and have a surface temperature of between 5,300 and 6,000 K. Like other main-sequence stars, a GV star turns hydrogen to helium in its core by means of nuclear fusion.

Our Sun is the most commonly known (and most easily seen) example of a GV star. Each second, it combines around 600 million tons of hydrogen to helium, changing about 4 million tons of matter to energy. Other GV stars include Alpha Centauri A, Tau Ceti, and 51 Pegasi.

Our own Sun looks yellow through the Earth's atmosphere due to Rayleigh scattering. Without that, it would look white. Even though the name "dwarf" is used to compare yellow main sequence stars from giant stars, yellow dwarfs like the Sun are 90% brighter than all of the stars in the Milky Way (which are largely orange dwarfs, red dwarfs, and white dwarfs).

A GV star fuses hydrogen nuclei together and release energy for around 10 billion years. After the hydrogen is used up, the star will grow to many times its earlier size and become a red giant like  Aldebaran. Eventually the red giant will lose its outer layers of gas, which will become a planetary nebula, while the inside of the star (also known as the core) will cool and shrink into a small, very dense white dwarf.

Notes

Other articles 
 Red dwarf
 Brown dwarf

Types of stars