cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch was a three-hour block of children's cartoons on the television channel PBS. The block was usually shown on Saturday or Sunday mornings. It began showing on 30 September 2000. It was last aired on 4 September 2004.

Programs
Timothy Goes to School
Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse
Seven Little Monsters
George Shrinks
Peep and the Big Wide World
Mama Mriabelle's Home Movies
The Zula Patrol
Reading Rainbow
Storytime
Bob the Builder
Thomas & Friends
Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks
Animalia
The Big Comfy Couch
Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Handy Manny
Bewitched
The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn
New Adventures of Superman
Pixie and Dixie Mr. Jinks
Yogi Bear
Top Cat
Atom Ant
Scooby-Doo

PBS Kids shows
The Paris-Saint-Lazare railway station is a railway station in Paris. It is in the eighth arrondissement of Paris. It was built between 1842 and 1853. It serves the major city of Normandy, and the western suburbs and northwest of Paris.

It is served by metro lines 3, 9, 12, 13, and 14. 

Buildings and structures in Paris
Railway stations in Europe
Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple is a temple dedicated to the deity Vasantha Vallabharaya (the Hindu god Vishnu). It is in Vasantapura in Bangalore. It dates back to the Chola period.

References 

Hindu temples
Bangalore
Temples in India
The Labrador duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius) is an extinct duck that lived in North America.

Habitat 
The Labrador duck lived along the sandy coasts and bays of New Jersey and New England. Audubon's son reported seeing a nest belonging to the species. Some believe that it may have laid its eggs on the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was a rare bird before European settlement, and the increase in humans probably finished it off.

Extinction 
The duck became extinct after settlers became common along the eastern coast of North America. The reasons are not clear. The duck was eaten, although its flesh tasted bad. its eggs were probably harvested. It depended considerably on shellfish, which humans may have eaten in large quantities.

Sources 
 Cokinos, Christopher 2000. Hope is the thing with feathers. New York: Putnam, pp. 281–304. 
 Forbush, Edward Howe 1912. A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, pp. 411–416.
 Fuller, Errol 2001. ''Extinct birds. Comstock Publishing, pp. 85–87. 

Anatidae
The Tahiti rail (Gallirallus pacificus), also known as the  Tahiti red-billed rail, or Pacific red-billed rail, is an extinct species of rail. It once lived on Tahiti. The second voyage of James Cook in 1773 got one. It was described by Johann Reinhold Forster and painted by his son, Georg. The Tahitian name was ebōnā or ōmnā.

Name 
 
Due to confusion about the name, the name Rallus ecaudatus was commonly used in the mid-late 20th century to refer to this bird. This is, however, in error, as the name is a subspecies of the buff-banded rail. Today it is known as Gallirallus philippensis ecaudatus. Also, at least once, the Tahitian bird has been referred to by the scientific name of the Samoan wood rail, Gallinula pacifica, in a major scientific work.

Extinction 
Not much is known about the bird's extinction. One idea is that the bird might have been prey to other species. The bird's habitat had active volcanos.

Sources 
  Database entry of the bird includes justification for why this species is extinct.
 Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1879): [Description of Gallirallus pacificus]. In: Systema Naturae (13th edition) 1, part 2: 717.

Flightless birds
Extinct species
Gruiformes
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a sexual condition that is characterized by the lack of sexual fantasy and desire for sexual activity. For this to be judged as a disorder, the condition has to cause strong distress or interpersonal troubles, and should not be better accounted for by another mental disorder or drugs. The condition was first discovered around the late 1960s or early 1970s. The subtypes include women or men earlier having sexual interests for their partner, though that interest has since cooled down or faded away. In some cases, sexual partners, female or male, may have never had sexual desire to begin with. The condition may be triggered through other health problems.

Human sexuality
Disorders
Sir Percival was one of King Arthur's knights and a member of the Round Table. He proved himself to be one of Arthur's most loyal knights. Percival is most commonly known for retrieving Excalibur from a clan of mischievous faery creatures, whose only distinguishing characteristics were their brightly colored headwear and small stature. This eventually led to the present day Anglo-Saxon folklore of garden gnomes.

Percival is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous medieval and modern stories of the Grail quest. Percival first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished Percivale or Conte del Graal (c. 1190). The incomplete story prompted a series of "continuations," in the third of which (c. 1230), by an author named Manessier, Percival achieves the Grail. (An analogue to Chrétien's tale is found in the thirteenth-century Welsh romance Peredur.)

In popular culture
The main character in the book Ready Player One has a virtual avatar named after Percival, but with a different spelling (Parzival).

Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Fictional knights
Roger Johansson (born April 17, 1967, in Ljungby, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey defenceman that played a total of 4 seasons in the NHL.

Johansson started his playing career with the Färjestads BK of the Swedish Hockey League. He played 3 seasons with them and signed with the Calgary Flames of the NHL. He played 2 seasons with the Flames and went back to the SEL to join the Leksands IF for 1 season. After the season ended, Johansson rejoined the Flames. After his season with the Flames was over, he rejoined Leksands IF again for 1 season. He played 38 games with them and then signed with the Chicago Blackhawks after the 1994–95 NHL lockout was over and played 11 games with them before once again returning to the SEL to play with Leksands IF. He played 6 seasons with Farjestads BK Karlstad and was forced to retire because of an injury.

He also played with the Sweden men's national ice hockey team at the 1994 Winter Olympics when they won the gold medal.

Other websites

Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Swedish ice hockey players
1967 births
Living people
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls (sometimes, Oliver Optic's Magazine) was a 19th-century American weekly children's magazine. It was edited by boys' book writer, William Taylor Adams. Adams used the pen name "Oliver Optic". At its demise in December 1875, it was being published monthly. It became the most popular children's monthly in the United States.

The magazine was published in Boston, Massachusetts by Lee & Shepard. Publication began in January 1867. It had a nine year run, folding in December 1875. A 16-page single copy cost 6 cents; a yearly subscription was $2.50. Issues were reprinted in 1872 as Our Boys and Girls Mirror.  

Contents included puzzles, rebuses, exercises in declamation with illustrations of appropriate gestures, dialogues, etc. Adams' serial story, Our Starry Flag, brought forth at least 100 letters from the magazine's readers. Adams felt compelled to write another story featuring the same characters  in order not to "disappoint his young friends". The magazine was hugely popular.

References

19th-century American children's magazines
Weekly magazines
Monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston, Massachusetts
Defunct magazines of the United States
The Outerbridge Crossing, also known as the Outerbridge, is a cantilever bridge that connects Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell and built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Goethals Bridge to Elizabeth, New Jersey opened. It was named after Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge, the first chairman of the Port of New York Authority. The bridge is of one of three bridges for cars that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Goethals Bridge and the Bayonne Bridge to Bayonne, New Jersey.

References

Bridges in New York City
Cantilever bridges
Staten Island
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
The Goethals Bridge is a cantilever bridge that connects Elizabeth, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell, who also designed the Outerbridge Crossing, and built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Outerbridge Crossing opened. It was named after George Washington Goethals, who looked over the construction of the Panama Canal and was the first consulting engineer of the Port Authority.

The bridge of one of three bridges that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Outerbridge Crossing and the Bayonne Bridge in Bayonne, New Jersey.

The bridge was replaced in 2018 with a pair of cable stayed bridges and the old bridge was demolished soon after. The new bridge currently has pedestrian and bicycle access, which the old one lacked.

References

Bridges in New York City
Cantilever bridges
Staten Island
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
2017 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in New York (state)
2017 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in New York (state)
Robert Merry's Museum was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was founded in 1841 by Samuel Griswold Goodrich in Boston, Massachusetts. The original Boston publisher was Bradbury & Soden. The monthly began publication as a 12.5 cent, 32 page magazine in February 1841. The number of pages had grown to 48 by November 1872, at which time the magazine was absorbed by The Youthful Companion.

The magazine was edited in the beginning by Goodrich. A number of editors followed him. Children's writer Louisa May Alcott edited between 1867 and 1869. She edited under her own name though other editors of the magazine used fictional names like "Aunt Sue", "Uncle Miles", "Hiram Hatchet", etc. Goodrich edited under "Robert Merry" and "Peter Parley".

References

19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston, Massachusetts
Defunct magazines of the United States
Gyula Horn (5 July 1932 – 19 June 2013) was a Hungarian socialist politician who was Prime Minister of Hungary from 15 July 1994 until 6 July 1998.

Horn was born in Budapest. He played a major role in the demolishing of the Iron Curtain (Berlin Wall) in the German Democratic Republic in 1989.

In 1990, Horn won the Charlemagne Prize.

Horn died in Budapest on 19 June 2013 from frontotemporal dementia, at the age of 80.

References

1932 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from frontotemporal dementia
Politicians from Budapest
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Socialists
Emilio Colombo (11 April 1920 – 24 June 2013) was an Italian politician who was Prime Minister of Italy from 1970 to 1972. In 2003 he was appointed to be an Italian senator-for-life, a seat which he held until his death. In the first five years as senator, he was an independent. During the 16th term of the Senate in 2008-2013, he opted to join the parliamentary group UDC-independence.

Colombo was born on 11 April 1920 in Potenza, Basilicata, Italy. In November 2003, he admitted to have used cocaine (for "therapeutic purposes") over a 12- to 18-month period, and to be a homosexual. Colombo died on 24 June 2013 from natural causes in Rome, Italy, aged 93.

References

1920 births
2013 deaths
Basilicata
Deaths from natural causes
Gay men
Italian LGBT people
LGBT politicians
Prime Ministers of Italy
The Little Pilgrim was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between October 1853 and December 1868 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Leander K. Lippincott. It was edited by his wife, Sara Jane Lippincott, under the pen name, "Grace Greenwood". 

The Little Pilgrim was intended to replace the discontinued children's  magazine, Friend of Youth. F. O. C. Darley drew the picture of the boy pilgrim on the cover. In January 1857, the page size was reduced to about a third of its original height because "it was found that our paper was too long to fit on the book-shelves". The number of pages increased from 8 to 12 with the height reduction. The Little Pilgrim was absorbed by The Little Corporal in 1869.

References

Defunct magazines of the United States
19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1853 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Pennsylvania
1860s disestablishments in the United States
19th-century disestablishments in Pennsylvania
1868 disestablishments
Tod Browning (born Charles Albert Browning, Jr.; July 12, 1880 – October 6, 1962) was an American motion picture actor, director and screenwriter. Browning's career spanned the silent and talkie eras. Best known as the director of Dracula (1931), the cult classic Freaks (1932), and classic silent movies with Lon Chaney. Browning directed many movies in a wide range of genres.

References

Other websites

Tod Browning bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center

Tod Browning at Virtual History

1880 births
1962 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
William Dodd Hathaway (February 21, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an American Democratic Party politician from Maine.

Early life
Hathaway was born on February 21, 1924 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University and at Harvard Law School.

Career
A Maine Democratic Party, in 1964 he was elected to the U.S. House, and he served from 1965 until 1973. This was a time of resurgence for Democrats in Maine, at that time a traditionally Maine Republican Party state. This same period saw the growth of the political careers of Edmund S. Muskie and Kenneth M. Curtis.

In 1972 Hathaway was the successful Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat held by Margaret Chase Smith.  In 1973, Hathaway was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. (The other two were Thomas Eagleton and Gaylord Nelson.) Hathaway served from 1973 to 1979.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, losing to William Cohen.

Personal life
Hathaway resided in the Washington, D.C. area after leaving the Senate. In 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to the Federal Maritime Commission, and he served as Chairman from 1993 to 1996.

Death
Hathaway died on June 24, 2013 in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 89.

References

1924 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Massachusetts
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie (28 March 191426 March 1996) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine to a Polish family.

He was the Governor of Maine serving from 1955 to 1959, and a United States Senator from 1959 to 1980. He served as United States Secretary of State from 1980 to 1981 under the Carter administration. President Jimmy Carter gave Muskie the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981.

Muskie died in Washington, D.C. from congestive heart failure. He was 81 years old.

Early life
Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine on 28 March 1914. His father, Stephen Marciszewski (mar-chih-SHEF-ski) immigrated to the United States in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie.

Education
Muskie graduated from Bates College in 1936. He graduated from Cornell University Law School in 1939. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He served in the Atlantic and Asiatic-Pacific Theaters from 1942 to 1945.

Career
Muskie was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 1968 presidential election. Muskie later ran for President in the 1972 presidential election. After announcing that Muskie had lost, Muskie chocked with anger and began to cry. Afterwards, Muskie refused the fact that he cried at simply said that "melted snow flakes" in eyes and not tears. Muskie later said the reason he cried was that because newspapers insulted his wife.

Muskie held the highest office (Secretary of State) by a Polish American in U.S. history. If Muskie won the Presidential election in 1972, Muskie would have been the first Polish-American President of the United States.

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan appointed Muskie to serve in the Tower Commission to investigate the Iran-Contra affair.

Personal life
He was married to Jane Gray from 1940 until his death in 1996. He died of congestive heart failure. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

References

Other websites

The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation
Edmund Muskie at Findagrave

1914 births
1996 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Governors of Maine
1972 United States presidential candidates
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from Maine
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Lewiston is a city in Androscoggin County in Maine, and the second-largest city in the state. The population was 36,592 at the 2010 census. 

It is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area and the Lewiston-Auburn Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area. 

As of 2006 census estimates has a combined population of 107,702. It is also part of the extended Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area, which has a combined population 621,219 as of 2006 estimates.

Other websites

 City of Lewiston, Maine
 Lewiston Public Library
 Lewiston Sun-Journal Online
 L/A Arts
 Lewiston, Maine detailed profile
  The Public Theatre
BC Place is a sports stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on June 19, 1983, and is the current home to the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer.

History
The stadium was originally built for the Expo 86 which was held in Vancouver. Until May 4, 2010, the stadium was the world's largest air-supported domed stadium. It was deflated and replaced with a retractable roof. The Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League played in the arena from 1983 to 1984. There have been 8 Grey Cup championship games held in BC Place in 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2005, and 2011. The Vancouver Nighthawks of the World Basketball League played in the stadium for their 1988 season. 

The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympic Winter Games and the opening ceremonies of the X Paralympic Winter Games. The stadium is set to host the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final game.

References

Other websites
Official website

Soccer stadiums in Canada
Vancouver
1983 establishments in Canada
The term anxiety disorder  is a term for a number of psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be classified into two very broad groups:

Disorders that are marked by extreme worry about the past, present or future.
Disorders that are marked by fear of a given object or situation. 

Anxiety conditions include phobia, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other anxiety disorders include agoraphobia and panic disorder. Stress from life events, including past abuse, being intimidated or health worries, can trigger anxiety problems for many people. Symptoms include headache, spasms in the muscle, trembling, fatigue and exhaustion. There are various manners for treating anxiety disorders. These include medication and therapy. There is some recent research.

References 

Anxiety disorders
Steven Dubinsky (born July 9, 1970 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a total of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Nashville Predators, and St. Louis Blues

Career
Before he played in the NHL, Dubinsky played 4 seasons at Clarkson University.

He was drafted 226th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. From 1993 to 1998, Dubinsky would play for both the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League and the Chicago Blackhawks. He was traded to the Calgary Flames and played 2 seasons with them. He rejoined the Blackhawks in the 2000-01 NHL season and played 2 seasons with them before being traded by the Blackhawks to the Nashville Predators. He played 1 season with the Predators and signed with the St. Louis Blues. He only played half of the season with the Blues because of a head injury. He would retire from playing professional hockey the next season.

Personal life
Dubinsky is Jewish. He has 3 sons and his middle son plays for the Junior Blackhawks.

References

Other websites 

1970 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Jews
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Jewish sportspeople
Nashville Predators players
People from Montreal
St. Louis Blues players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911 – January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.

McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of  bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.

McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.

The work 
The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.

Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.

References 

1911 births
2005 deaths
American academics
American geneticists
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from heart failure
Scientists from Indiana
Wolf Prize winners
Educators from Indiana
People from South Bend, Indiana
Céline is a French luxury fashion house. It was founded in 1945 by Céline Vipiana. Today, it is an international brand owned by LVMH. It was sold to LVMH in July 1988 for 2.7 billion francs (US$540 million).  

Céline started as a children's shoe business. It later began selling  women's shoes and accessories. It began selling ready-to-wear shoes in the 1960s. Celine Vipiana remained the designer until 1997. American fashion designer Michael Kors then took over as creative director for the brand. Kors turned the fashion house into a highly successful brand. The current creative director of Céline is Hedi Slimane, who replaced Phoebe Philo at the beginning of 2018.

Chief designers
Céline Vipiana (1945–1997)
Michael Kors (1997–2004)
Roberto Menichetti (2004–2005)
Ivana Omazic (2005–2008)
Phoebe Philo (2008–2018)
Hedi Slimane (2018-Present)

References

French fashion houses
Clothing companies
Companies of France
1945 establishments in France
In economics, price control is the idea that the government fixes the prices that can be charged for a given product or service, in a given market. The government either fixes an absolute price that is charged, or a price range, with a minimum and a maxium. Usually this is done so that goods such as staple food remain affordable. It can also be done to avoid people charging way too much for a good or service, which is known as price gouging. Another field where it is done is to ensure a minimum wage or salary that employers must pay.

The problem with the approach is that according to the Law of Supply and Demand, the price of a good or service depends on its supply compared with the demand for it. If the price is fixed below the price the market would normally ask, the demand will increase - the product is "cheaper" than it should be. In general, the supply is fixed- at some point it is not possible to increase the production, and the supply. In the long term, it will therefore not be possible to meet the demand, and there will be a shortage.

In the 4th century BC, Lactantius wrote that Diocletian "by various taxes he had made all things exceedingly expensive, attempted by a law to limit their prices. Then much blood [of merchants] was shed for trifles, men were afraid to offer anything for sale, and the scarcity became more excessive and grievous than ever. Until, in the end, the [price limit] law, after having proved destructive to many people, was from mere necessity abolished."  As with Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices, shortages lead to black markets where prices for the same good exceed those of an uncontrolled market. Furthermore, once controls are removed, prices will immediately increase, which can temporarily shock the economic system.

The Arab oil embargo between October 19, 1973 and March 17, 1974 is another example on how price controls cause shortages: Long lines of cars and trucks quickly appeared at retail gas stations in the U.S. and some stations closed because of a shortage of fuel at the low price set by the U.S. Cost of Living Council. The fixed price was below what the market would otherwise pay and, as a result, the inventory disappeared. It made no difference whether prices were voluntarily or involuntarily posted below the market clearing price. Scarcity resulted in either case. Price controls fail to achieve their proximate aim, which is to reduce prices paid by retail consumers, but such controls do manage to reduce supply. When price controls on gasoline were lifted, the shortage ended and the long lines of cars at gas pumps disappeared.

Nobel prize winner Milton Friedman said "We economists don't know much, but we do know how to create a shortage. If you want to create a shortage of tomatoes, for example, just pass a law that retailers can't sell tomatoes for more than two cents per pound. Instantly you'll have a tomato shortage. It's the same with oil or gas."

References

Microeconomics
Apathy (also called impassivity) is a state of indifference or suppression of concern, not being excited or having no passion to perform things. Apathy is often expressed by people with schizoid personality disorder, depression and schizophrenia.

References 

Emotions
Everyday life
Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) was a member of the Kennedy family. She was the first sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy.  She was said to have substandard intelligence, with a mental age of between age 8 and 13.

Early life

Rosemary was born at her parents' home in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the third child and first daughter of Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald. Although named after her mother, she was commonly called "Rosemary" or "Rosie".

Rose Kennedy sent Rosemary to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, at age 15, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a special teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new tennis court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level. She studied hard but felt she disappointed her parents, whom she wanted to please. During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother Jack to accompany her to a tea-dance. Thanks to him, she appeared "not different at all" during the tea-dance.

Death
Rosemary Kennedy died from natural causes on January 7, 2005, at the Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, at the age of 86, with her sisters Jean, Eunice, and Patricia, and brother Ted, by her side. She was buried beside her parents in Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Related pages
Kennedy family

References

Other websites

"Rosemary Kennedy, JFK's sister, dies at 86 – Born Mentally Disabled, She Was Inspiration for Special Olympics" obituary by The Associated Press at MSNBC, January 8, 2005

People from Massachusetts
1918 births
2005 deaths
Kennedy family
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
Patricia Helen "Pat" Kennedy Lawford  (May 6, 1924 – September 17, 2006) was an American socialite and the sixth of nine children of Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. She was married to actor Peter Lawford from 1954 to 1966.

Early life
She was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the sixth of nine children born to Rose (nee Fitzgerald) and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr..

Marriage and family
She met English actor Peter Lawford through her sister Eunice in the 1940s. They met again in 1949, and again in 1953. They courted briefly and officially announced their engagement in February 1954. They married on April 24, 1954, at the Roman Catholic Church of St. Thomas More in New York City, twelve days before her thirtieth birthday. They settled in Santa Monica, California, and often socialized with actress Judy Garland and her family. Garland gave birth to her son Joseph at the same hospital and on the same day Kennedy gave birth to her son Christopher. 

The couple had four children, all born in Santa Monica, California:
 Christopher Kennedy Lawford –
 Sydney Maleia Kennedy Lawford born 
 Victoria Francis Lawford born 
 Robin Elizabeth Lawford born

Personal life

After her divorce, Kennedy battled alcoholism and suffered from tongue cancer. She worked with the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, as well as with the National Center on Addiction, and was a founder of the National Committee for the Literary Arts, for which she arranged a series of author lectures and scholarships.

Death
Lawford died at her Manhattan home from pneumonia at the age of 82. She was survived by her four children and ten grandchildren, as well as, at the time, her sisters Eunice and Jean, and her brother Ted.

Related pages
Kennedy family

References

Other websites
Patricia Kennedy Lawford obituary

People from Brookline, Massachusetts
1924 births
2006 deaths
Kennedy family
The Student and Schoolmate was a 19th-century monthly American children's magazine. It was the product of a merger between the children's magazines, The Student and The Schoolmate. It began publication in New York City by Calkins & Stiles in 1855, and in Boston the same year by James Robinson.

The magazine went through various name changes: The Student and Schoolmate (November 1855-1865); The Student and Schoolmate, and Forrester’s Boy's and Girl's Magazine (1865-1866); and The Student and Schoolmate (1866-1871); and The Schoolmate (1872). 

Boys' book writer William Taylor Adams ("Oliver Optic") edited the magazine between 1858 and 1862. He first published some of his boys' books as serials in its pages. Many of Horatio Alger, Jr.'s boys' books were first published as serials in the magazine, including his all-time bestseller, Ragged Dick.

References

19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston, Massachusetts
Defunct magazines of the United States
Air America (also called Air America Radio or Air America Media) was an American radio network which represented in liberal and progressive talk radio. 

Air America began in March 2004. It dissolved in January 2010. The network had discussion and information programs from the liberal perspectives. Several shows had audiences over one million. Liberal and progressive personalities included Rachel Maddow and Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr. The network was financially troubled, however, and the radio network declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy once. The radio group resumed. However, financial problems caused the radio group to stop programming in early 2010.

References

Radio programs
Politics
2004 establishments in the United States
2010 disestablishments in the United States
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. It is the model on which most modern central banks have been based. It was set up to act as the government's banker, and is still the banker for the British Government. The Bank was privately owned from 1694. The Government took it over in 1946.

It is the second oldest central bank in the world (after the Swedish Riksbank), and the world's 8th oldest bank. 

In 1998 it became an independent public organisation. Though wholly owned by the government, it has independence in setting monetary policy.

The Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom. It has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee manages money supply and interest rates. The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days. 

The Bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, on Threadneedle Street, since 1734. It is sometimes known as The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street or The Old Lady. 

Mark Carney assumed the post of Governor of the Bank of England on 1 July 2013. He succeeded Sir Mervyn King, who took over on 30 June 2003. Carney will serve an initial five-year term, and will seek UK citizenship. He is the first non-Briton to hold the post.

References 

Banks of England
City of London
The Northeastern United States, or simply the North or the Northeast, is a U.S. region defined by the United States Census Bureau. It consists of the Mid-Atlantic (New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey) and New England (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Maine). The border states of Delaware and Maryland and other states are sometimes included in other definitions of the Northeast, but the Census Bureau considers both states to be part of the Southern United States. Cities in the Northeast include Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City.

The following table provides information about the population, size (land area) and population density of states in the Northeast region as defined by the U.S. Census bureau. Population density is defined as the population divided by the area of land in the state or region. The rank column in the table shows how the states rank among the entire 50 states in population density. Note that New Jersey has the highest population density of any state and that the 4 highest density states are all in the Northeast. The rank for the Census divisions (in pink) is the rank in population density among the 9 total divisions in the country. Note that the two divisions in the Northeast (New England and Middle Atlantic) are ranked #1 and #2 in the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region was close behind New England and is projected to surpass New England in the next population estimate because it is growing faster.  Finally, note that the entire Northeast region is ranked #1 among the 4 Census Bureau regions. With 345.5 people per square mile, the population density of the Northeast is about 2.5 times the density or the #2 ranked region which is the South.

Census Regions of the United States
The Open Road was a 20th-century American monthly magazine for teen boys. It focused on outdoor life, sports, and other subjects of interest to teen males. It was published from November 1919 to 1954. 

The magazine went through several title changes: The Open Road (November 1919); The Open Road for Boys (October 1925); Open Road: The Young People's Magazine (April 1950); and American Boy and Open Road (July 1953). 

American children's magazines
American teen magazines
Monthly magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
The little auk, or dovekie (Alle alle), is a small auk, the only member of the genus, Alle. It breeds on islands in the high Arctic. There are two subspecies: A. a. alle breeds in Greenland, Iceland, Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen, and A. a. polaris on  Franz Josef Land.

References

Charadriiformes
The Seychelles parakeet (Psittacula wardi) is an extinct bird. It used to live on the Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean.

References

Parakeets
Cadillac CTS is a mid-size luxury vehicle that was manufactured by Cadillac. The car was available as a saloon or coupé. The vehicle was introduced in early 2002 as a 2003 model. It entered its second generation in late 2007 as a 2008 model, with the coupé versions being added later on. The third generation arrived in late 2013 as a 2014 model and was discontinued in 2019.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
CTS
Sedans
Coupes
The destrier is the best-known type of Warhorse of the medieval era. It carried knights in battles, tournaments, and jousts. It was described by contemporary sources as the Great Horse, due to its significance.

The word destrier comes from the Vulgar Latin dextarius, meaning "right-sided" (the same root as our modern dexterous and dexterity). This may refer to it being led by the squire at the knight's right side (or led by the right hand) or to the horse's gait, (possibly leading with the right).

While highly prized by knights and men-at-arms, the destrier was not very common. Most knights and mounted men-at-arms rode other war horses, such as coursers and rounceys.  These three types of horse were often called chargers.

Characteristics of the destrier
The word destrier does not refer to a breed, but to a type of horse: the finest and strongest warhorse. These horses were usually stallions, bred and raised from colts specifically for the needs of war. The destrier was also considered the most suited to the joust; coursers seem to have been preferred for other forms of warfare. They had powerful hindquarters, able to easily coil and spring to stop, spin, turn or sprint forward. They also had a short back and well-muscled loin, strong bone, and a well-arched neck. From medieval art, the head of the destrier appears to have had a straight or slightly convex profile, strong, wide jaw, and good width between the eyes.

The destrier was specifically for use in battle or tournament; for everyday riding, a knight would use a palfrey, and his baggage would be carried on a sumpter horse (or packhorse), or possibly in wagons.

References

Horses
Yukio Hatoyama (born 11 February 1947) is a Japanese politician. He was born in Bunkyō, Tokyo. He was Prime Minister of Japan starting in 2009 and resigned in 2010. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Japan until 2012. His brother, Kunio, is also a politician. He is married to Miyuki Hatoyama. In 2013 Japan's defense minister called Hatoyama a 'traitor' for his acknowledgement of the land dispute between China and Japan.

References

Prime Ministers of Japan
1947 births
Living people
Politicians from Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
The  was a centre to centre-left political party in Japan. It was founded in April 1998. It used to be the second largest political party in Japan after Jiminto. It was led by Katsuya Okada. The party dissolved in March 2016.

References

Other websites
Official website

Political parties in Japan
Banri Kaieda is a Japanese politician. He was born in 1949 in Tokyo and went to Keio University. He is as of 2013 the leader of the Democratic Party of Japan.

Other websites
Profile

Living people
1949 births
Politicians from Tokyo
Sir Henry de Bohun (died 23 June 1314) was an English knight, the nephew of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford. He was killed on the first day of the Battle of Bannockburn by King Robert the Bruce.
Riding in the vanguard of heavy cavalry, de Bohun caught sight of the Scottish king who was mounted on a small palfrey (ane gay palfray Li till and joly) armed only with a battle-axe. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged, but Bruce stood his ground. At the last moment Bruce manoeuvred his mount nimbly to one side, stood up in his stirrups and hit de Bohun so hard with his axe that he split his helmet and head in two. Despite the great risk the King had taken, he merely expressed regret that he had broken the shaft of his favorite axe.

References

1314 deaths
English people
Knights
Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Spanish architect. He was born in Reus, in Catalonia, and became a leader of Catalan modernism. Gaudí's works are in his own  style. Most are in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, especially his greatest work, the Sagrada Família.

He got some ideas from neo-Gothic art, Art Deco and Oriental techniques, and became part of the modernist movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Between 1984 and 2005, seven of his works were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The seven works were:  the Park Güell, the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà; the Nativity facade, the crypt and the apse of the Sagrada Família, the Casa Vicens and the Casa Batlló in Barcelona, and the crypt of the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló.

Gaudí's Roman Catholic faith grew during his life, and religious images are found in his work. This earned him the nickname "God's Architect", and eventually led to his beatification in 2011.

His work had a style inspired by nature. Gaudí rarely drew detailed plans of his works, instead preferring to create them as three-dimensional scale models and molding the details as he was conceiving them.

Gaudí died on 10 June 1926 in Barcelona, Spain, after being hit by a tram, aged 73.

References

Other websites

 Overview of Gaudí's major works 
 Sagrada Família information and discussion of lesser-known Gaudí works 
 Sagrada Família image gallery
 Casa Batlló information and image gallery
 Analysis of fractals and other mathematical elements in Gaudí's architectural style 
 Pàgina del Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc
 Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet

1852 births
1926 deaths
Architects
People from Catalonia
Road accident deaths in Spain
Ramona and Beezus is a 2010 Fox-Walden comedy movie adaptation of the Ramona series of novels by Beverly Cleary. It stars Selena Gomez, Joey King, Josh Duhamel, and Sandra Oh. It was released on July 23, 2010.

Plot 
This is a kids movie and rated PG by the movie MPAA board. Ramona and Beezus are two sisters living together. They get into a lot of trouble while having fun with their teacher, their parents, and other children in the neighborhood.

Other websites
 
 

2010 comedy movies
American comedy movies
American family movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
The Children's Magazine was the first magazine for children published in the United States. Its run was brief, however; it only appeared between January and April 1789. Contents included pieces on school subjects (like geography), verses, and articles on social values. 
 
Lack of contributions from competent writers forced the editor to republish material from The Juvenile Magazine, a monthly London magazine of 1788. The Children's Magazine folded after four issues, probably in part because the United States postal system in 1789 was not up to handling the distribution of magazines.

The Children's Magazine was published in Hartford, Connecticut and printed by Hudson & Goodwin. A notice in Hartford's Connecticut Courant on February 2, 1789 alerted readers to its publication and intent:Calculated for the Use of Families and Schools ... Each Number of this work will contain 48 Pages, duodecimo, printed on good paper and letter, and will be sold at Four Shillings and Six-Pence a dozen, or Six Pence a single number. This work is designed to furnish Children, from seven to twelve years of age, with a variety of lessons on various subjects, written in a plain, familiar style, and proper to lead them from the easy language of Spelling-Books up to the more difficult style of the best writers. Teachers of Schools have long complained of the want of such a work, and the Publishers are happy that they are now enabled to furnish it at a small expence.

References

American children's magazines
Monthly magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
The Philadelphia International Airport (code: PHL) is an important airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the biggest airport in the state and in the Delaware Valley. Starting around 1924 or 1925, the Pennsylvania National Guard began using what is now known as PHL (also called Hog Island) for a practice airfield. The site was later named the Philadelphia Municipal Airport, though it had no proper terminal building until around 1940. The name changed to Philadelphia International near the end of World War II. The airport has grown a lot over the decades.

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Transport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Robert E. Gilka (July 12, 1916 – June 25, 2013) was an American photojournalist best known for being an editor and director of photography at National Geographic for 27 years.

Gilka was born on July 12, 1916 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was married to Janet Gilka from 1941 until her death in 2004. They had four children. Gilka died on June 25, 2013 from pneumonia in Arlington, Virginia, aged 96.

References

1916 births
2013 deaths
American photojournalists
Chief executives
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Writers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih (born September 11, 1987 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B1/S11 type swimmer. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 400 meter Freestyle and 100 meter Butterfly races. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished number one in the 50 meter Freestyle, 100 meter Freestyle and 400 meter Freestyle races.  He was the number one swimmer in the 100 meter Butterfly race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  He was the number two person to finish in the 400 meter Freestyle race. He was the number three person to finish in the 50 meter Freestyle and the 100 meter Butterfly races.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.  Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

He raced at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany.

References

Other websites 
 Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih's website

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1982 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S11
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
People from the Canary Islands
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. is a book of essays and short stories by Washington Irving. It was published in 1819. "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" are two of the collection's short stories. Both have been adapted to comic books, animated movies, plays, television programs, and other media.  

Works by Washington Irving
Essays
1810s books
19th-century American short stories