cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A shire is an administrative area of Great Britain (also county) and Australia. It is a kind of local government.

History
The first shires were created by the Anglo-Saxons in central and southern England.  Shires were controlled by a royal official known as a "shire reeve" or sheriff. In modern English usage shires are sub-divided into districts.

Individually, or as a suffix in Scotland, the word is pronounced  (to rhyme with "fire"). As a suffix in an English or Welsh place name it is pronounced  (rhymes with "fir").

Shires in Great Britain 
In England and Wales, the term "shire county" is used to refer to counties which are not metropolitan counties.

It can also be used in a narrower sense, referring only to traditional counties ending in "shire".  These counties are typically (though not always) named after their county town.

Shires in England
Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, Yorkshire.

Of these, all but Huntingdonshire and Yorkshire are also administrative counties (but with different boundaries).  Huntingdonshire is now administered as a district of Cambridgeshire, and Yorkshire is split between East, North, South and West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Cumbria and County Durham.

Shires in Wales
Brecknockshire, Caernarvonshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Monmouthshire, Montgomeryshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire

In Wales, the counties of Merioneth and Glamorgan are occasionally referred to with the "shire" suffix. The only traditional Welsh county that never takes "shire" is Anglesey.

Shires in Scotland
Aberdeenshire, Ayrshire, Banffshire, Berwickshire, Clackmannanshire, Cromartyshire, Dumfriesshire, Dunbartonshire, Fifeshire, Inverness-shire, Kincardineshire, Kinross-shire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Lanarkshire, Morayshire, Nairnshire, Peeblesshire, Perthshire, Renfrewshire, Ross-shire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Stirlingshire, Wigtownshire

Shires in Australia
Shire is the most common word in Australia for the smallest local government areas by population. The states of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia use shire for this unit. South Australia and Tasmania use district. A shire has the same powers as the next largest units, the town and city.  In NSW, the expression 'The Shire' commonly refers to the Sutherland shire.

Related pages
Counties of England

Counties of the United Kingdom
Fairy Tail is a shonen manga published in the Weekly Shônen Magazine from August 2, 2006 to July 26, 2017. It was created by Hiro Mashima. It has 545 chapters and 63 tankōbon volumes. The series is also aired. Some video games are released by Konami. In August 2012 The Phoenix Priestess, a Fairy Tail movie, was released.

Story 
The story of Fairy Tail focuses around the adventures of main characters Natsu and Lucy, who are sometimes with the members of the Fairy Tail Guild.

In the beginning, Lucy is a young sorceress (a "mage"), who wants to join Fairy Tail Guild. On her trip, she meets Natsu, a young boy, who is looking for Igneel the Salamander. She offers Natsu and Happy (his partner) a lunch and Natsu explains that Igneel is a dragon. Lucy talks about her dream to join a famous guild, which she later told him was the Fairy Tail Guild. Later, she is tricked and taken by Bora of Prominence to be sold as a slave. She is rescued by Natsu, who is the real Salamander, and a true member of Fairy Tail Guild. He offers her to be a member of Fairy Tail. Lucy says yes and joins the guild. Since then, Natsu and Lucy formed a team. This is the beginning of the adventures that the two have while carrying out missions from the guild.

Reception

According to Oricon, Fairy Tail was the eighth best-selling manga series in Japan for 2009. It became the fourth best in 2010 and 2011 and the fifth best of 2012. It also won the 2009 Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen manga.

In 2012, the anime series won the "Meilleur Anime Japonais" (best Japanese anime) award and the best French dubbing award at the 19th Anime & Manga Grand Prix in Paris, France.

References

Other websites 
 Fairy Tail World (US)

2012 anime OVAs
Geir Ivarsøy (June 27, 1957 – March 9, 2006) was the main programmer at Opera Software. He and Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner were part of a research group at the Norwegian state telephone company (now known as Telenor). They made browsing software called MultiTorg Opera. Telenor stopped them from working on the program, but in 1995 Ivarsøy and Stephenson von Tetzchner got the rights to the software. They created a company of their own, and continued working on it.

Now known as Opera, the Internet browser has become very popular. Opera Software has grown to more than 380 employees since it first moved to its present offices in Oslo.

In January of 2004, Geir Ivarsøy said he wanted to resign as a board member in Opera Software, though he kept working in the company after that. In June of 2005 he was elected as a member of the nomination committee of the company.

Geir died in March 2006 after a long battle with cancer.

Other websites 
Death in the Family — an obituary

Computer scientists
1957 births
2006 deaths
Opera ASA
Norwegian people
Cherie Blair CBE QC (born 23 September 1954) is a British barrister, sometimes known as Cherie Booth. She is the wife of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair. She was born at Fairfield General Hospital in Bury, Lancashire, and grew up in Waterloo, Lancashire. She is a daughter of actor Antony Booth.

She gained a first class degree from the London School of Economics.

She qualified as a barrister in 1976, and took silk in 1995. In 1999 she became a Recorder in the County Court and Crown Court. 

Blair specialises in Human Rights law. She is a Catholic.

References

Other websites 
Brief biog on her Chamber's website 

1954 births
Living people
Spouses of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British lawyers
English Roman Catholics
People from Bury
Women lawyers
BBC 100 Women
Since 1949 (except 1990-1996), Slovakia has been divided into a number of kraje (singular kraj, usually translated as Regions, but mean rather county). Slovakia is currently divided into 8 regions. Each kraj is then divided into many okresy (singular okres, usually translated as districts). Slovakia currently has 79 districts.

Each region is named after its capital.

The following list shows: name of the region, its capital, number of districts, population (as of 2001) and area.

 Bratislava Region, capital Bratislava - 8 districts, pop. 599,015, 2053km²
 Trnava Region, capital Trnava - 7 districts, pop. 550,103, 4108km²
 Trenčín Region, capital Trenčín - 9 districts, pop. 605,582, 4501km²
 Nitra Region, capital Nitra - 7 districts, pop. 713,442, 6343km²
 Žilina Region, capital Žilina - 11 districts, pop. 692,232, 6788²
 Banská Bystrica Region, capital Banská Bystrica - 13 districts, pop. 662,121, 9455km²
 Prešov Region, capital Prešov - 13 districts, pop. 789,968, 8993km²
 Košice Region, capital Košice - 11 districts, pop. 766,012, 6753km²

Geography of Slovakia

ro:Împărțirea administrativă a Slovaciei
An okres (in English district) is an administrative unit of Slovakia.

Several districts form one region. On the other hand, one district is made of several municipalities, which are further divided into cadastral areas. The current districts exist since 1996, which at first had their own offices, but in 2004, they were abolished and replaced by the Circuit Offices, which are usually responsible for several districts (except for the Nové Zámky District, which has two Circuit Offices), reducing districts to a little more than statistical units.

Slovakia currently has 79 districts, with the city of Bratislava divided into 5 districts and the city of Košice divided into 4 districts.

Alphabetical list of all Slovak districts

Banská Bystrica
Banská Štiavnica
Bardejov
Bánovce nad Bebravou
Brezno
Bratislava I
Bratislava II, Bratislava III
Bratislava IV, Bratislava V
Bytča
Čadca
Detva
Dolný Kubín
Dunajská Streda
Galanta
Gelnica
Hlohovec
Humenné
Ilava
Kežmarok
Komárno
Košice I

Košice II
Košice III
Košice IV
Košice - okolie
Krupina
Kysucké Nové Mesto
Levice
Levoča
Liptovský Mikuláš
Lučenec
Malacky
Martin
Medzilaborce
Michalovce
Myjava
Námestovo
Nitra
Nové Mesto nad Váhom
Nové Zámky
Partizánske

Pezinok
Piešťany
Poltár
Poprad
Považská Bystrica
Prešov
Prievidza
Púchov
Revúca
Rimavská Sobota
Rožňava
Ružomberok
Sabinov
Senec
Senica
Skalica
Snina
Sobrance
Spišská Nová Ves
Stará Ľubovňa
Stropkov

Svidník
Šaľa
Topoľčany
Trebišov
Trenčín
Trnava
Turčianske Teplice
Tvrdošín
Veľký Krtíš
Vranov nad Topľou
Zlaté Moravce
Zvolen
Žarnovica
Žiar nad Hronom
Žilina

Geography of Slovakia
Žilina (German: Sillein, Hungarian: Zsolna) is a city in northwestern Slovakia.

Geography 
The city is located in the northwestern Slovakia, at the confluence of Váh, Kysuca and Rajčanka rivers. It is surrounded by numerous mountains ranges, for example Lesser Fatra, Strážov Mountains and many others.

History 
People have lived here since the Neolithic age. The Slavs started to move here in the 5th century. German colonists started to live here since the 13th century. When the Hussites burned the city down, it declined it for some time. It regained its position in the 19th century, when it became an important railway junction. Today, it is the fifth largest town in Slovakia and the third most important industrial centre in Slovakia.

Sights 
The centre of the city is the Mariánske námestie, with the city hall, baroque statue of the Virgin Mary and so on. Other sights include:

 The Budatín Castle
 Wooden church of St. George (one of the few outside north-eastern Slovakia)
 Church of St. Stephen the King
 Orthodox synagogue

Economy 
Žilina is the main industrial and business centre of the Váh river. The biggest employer is the Kia Motors company, which invested here 1 billion dollars and created 3000 work positions.

Twin towns 
  Bielsko-Biała, Poland
  Corby, England
  Ferrara, Italy
  Changchun, China
  Maykop, Russia
  Nanterre(part of Paris), France
  Piatra Neamţ, Romania

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 Photo gallery of Žilina
 Žilina information 

Cities in Slovakia
Renting (also called leasing) is where someone pays money to use something for a definite amount of time. This can be anything from a car or house to a DVD.  The document that has all the details written on it is called the lease. The person who owns the item that will be leased or rented is called the lessor. The person who is paying the money to use the item is called the lessee. If it is a house, building, or land that is being leased, the person who pays the money is called the tenant. For example, a tenant farmer is a person who rents a farm from its owner.

In a closed-end lease (like a car), it is best to drive a vehicle with a residual value of at least 55%.

References

Economics
Property
Prešov (; ) is a city in eastern Slovakia. With a population of approximately 91,000 it is the third-largest city in the country.

Geography 
Prešov is a city lying in the Torysa river valley, in the historical Šariš region. It is located 33 km north of Košice, connected by the motorway D1.

History 
People have lived in the area since the Paleolithic period. Prešov is first mentioned in 1247. It became a free royal town in 1374. Salt mining started here in the 16th century, in the nearby town of Solivar (which is now part of Prešov).

Twin towns 
  Nyíregyháza, Hungary
  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
  Nowy Sącz, Poland
  Mukacheve, Ukraine
  Prague 10, Czech Republic
  Remscheid, Germany
  Keratsini, Greece
  La Courneuve, France
  Comune di Brugherio, Italy

Other websites 
 Official site 

Cities in Slovakia
Nitra (Hungarian: Nyitra / Nyitria [archaic]; German: Neutra ()) is a city in western Slovakia (and the fifth largest urban settlement in Slovakia) situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the Nitra River valley.

Nitra is one of the oldest cities in Slovakia. It existed as a town since at least the early 9th century.

History 
Nitra is a city with special history. People have lived there for at least 6000 years. It was an important center of the Celts (in the last few hundred years BC), and later the seat of the first known rulers of what is today Slovak territory, i.e. of : 
 the Germanic Quadi around 396? (disputed) 
 the Slavic/Slovak Principality of Nitra:
 an independent state (late 8th century - 833)
 Principality of Nitra as part of Great Moravia (833 - ?907)
 Principality of Nitra under Hungarian rule (?925/970 - 1107) [between 1000 and 1030 temporarily under Polish rule ]

Nitra is also site of the first known Church in Central and Eastern Europe, built in 828.

Sister cities 
 Bački Petrovac, Serbia
 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
 Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
 Naperville, Illinois, USA
 Osijek, Croatia
 Spišská Nová Ves, Slovakia
 Zielona Góra, Poland
 Zoetermeer, Netherlands

References

Other websites 

 Official site

Cities in Slovakia
Social realism is a style of art, fiction, movies and plays. It describes the daily life of workers and poor people. Social realist artists try to show people and their lives in a realistic way. This means that they often show things which are not beautiful or attractive. They may show people who are elderly, sick, sad, insane or have a disability. This does not mean that a Realist work of art or literature is ugly. It can be made beautiful by the way that the artist or writer creates it.

Social realism art does not belong to one period of history, but has been the style of some artists in different centuries and different countries. Caravaggio, who was a late Renaissance artist, painted "Realist" pictures. Several Spanish painters were "Realists": Velazquez, Esteban Murillo and Francisco de Goya. There were many realist painters in the 19th century, including Gustave Courbet in France and Luke Fildes in England. 

Social Realism was popular in Russian art and literature. In the 20th century it became the main type of literature in the Soviet Union.  It was also used by David Siqueiros to depict daily struggles of the people in his country, Mexico.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Gustave Courbet
 Edouard Manet 
 Impressionism 

Genres
Russia
Art movements
There are six metropolitan counties in England, which each cover large urban areas, typically with populations of 1.2 to 2.8 million. They were created in 1974 and are each divided into several metropolitan districts. 

There are no county councils any more since 1986. Most of their functions were taken over by the individual boroughs. So the boroughs became unitary authorities. The remaining functions were taken over by so-called joint-boards.

The metropolitan counties have population densities of between 838 (South Yorkshire) and 28 (West Midlands) people/km². Individual metropolitan districts range from 4 people/km² in Liverpool to only 500 people/km² in Doncaster.

Counties and districts
The six metropolitan counties and their metropolitan districts are:

The structure of Greater London is similar to the metropolitan counties, but it is not one.  It was created earlier in 1965, by the London Government Act 1963.
The idea for creating administrative areas based upon the large conurbations outside London based on the model of the County of London or Greater London.  

The metropolitan counties were established by the Local Government Act 1972, the county councils were first elected in 1973, and were formally established in April 1974.

Since 1995, the cities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield have come together in the English Core Cities Group. This organisation has no distinct legal status but seems to move towards a role of these cities as regional capitals outside of London.

References
A county council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.

British Isles
County councils were responsible for more strategic services in a region, with smaller urban district councils and rural district councils responsible for other activities. The new system was a major modernisation, which became necessary because of the increase of functions carried out by local government in late Victorian Britain.

England and Wales

In England and Wales, a county council is the local government that governs a county.

County Councils were introduced in 1889 in England and Wales by the Local Government Act 1888. They took over the administrative functions of the unelected Quarter Sessions.

Scotland 
The system was soon extended to Scotland, by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, and the island of Ireland by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.  Except in Scotland, the areas they covered were called administrative counties and were not always the same as the traditional shire counties.

United States

In the United States, most of the individual states have counties as a form of local government; in nine states, they are headed by a county council.  In other states, each county is headed by a county commission or a county board of supervisors.

References

Political systems
History of the United Kingdom
Scotland
Local government in England
Local government in the United States

fi:Kunnanvaltuusto Suomessa
sv:Kommunfullmäktige (Finland)
Lafayette Ronald Hubbard  (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986) was an American pulp fiction writer. He created Dianetics and Scientology. Hubbard was born in Tilden, Nebraska to Harry Ross Hubbard and Ledora May Hubbard. He died of a stroke in Creston, California.

References

1911 births
1986 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from stroke
Scientologists
Writers from Nebraska
The East Midlands is one of the regions of England and is the eastern half of the Midlands. 

The counties of Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire and most of Lincolnshire belong to this region.

The highest point in the region is Kinder Scout, in Derbyshire at 2,088 ft (636 m).

Population and settlement
Its main cities are Nottingham, Leicester, Lincoln, Derby, Northampton, Mansfield and Chesterfield. Leicester is officially the largest city in the region, although the largest area is the Nottingham Urban Area.

East Midlands Airport is situated between the three main cities of Derby, Leicester and Nottingham.

Midland Mainline and GNER trains go to London and to Birmingham and the South West. 

The M1 motorway serves the three largest cities.

History
A historical basis for such an area exists in the Five Burghs of the Danelaw. The current government office region was created in 1994.

Local government

The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Other websites 
 East Midlands Development Agency 
 East Midland Directory  
 East Midlands Regional Assembly 
 Government Office for the East Midlands 
 Government's list of councils in the East Midlands 
 East Midland Network Exchange
Greater Nottingham is a conurbation based around the city of Nottingham in Nottinghamshire, England.  

Unlike Greater Manchester, which is a metropolitan county and Greater London, which is a region, Greater Nottingham not officially an administrative area.  But it is an own Nottingham Urban Area with a population of 666,358 at the time of the 2001 census.

The Nottingham Urban Area includes Nottingham itself and the surrounding towns and villages of Arnold, Beeston, Breaston, Carlton, Clifton,  Eastwood, Heanor, Hucknall, Ilkeston, Kimberley,  Long Eaton, Ripley, Ruddington, Stapleford, and West Bridgford.  This Nottingham Urban Area is separated from the Derby Urban Area only by a narrow gap between Breaston and Borrowash.  Similar narrow gaps exist between the Nottingham urban area and the Mansfield Urban Area and Alfreton Urban Area.

Other websites 
Greater Nottingham partnership (GNP)
Office for National Statistics: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas
map depicting ONS definition 

Nottinghamshire
Hanau is a town in Hesse, Germany. It is 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main, where the little river Kinzig joins the river Main. About 100,000 people live in Hanau.

History
Hanau was first mentioned in 1143 and became a city in 1303.

During World War II, Hanau was almost completely destroyed by British airstrikes in March 1945.

Nine people were killed in two shootings in Hanau on 19 February 2020.

Famous people
 Brothers Grimm
 Rudi Völler
 Paul Hindemith

References

Towns in Hesse
Cities in Hesse
Neuhof may refer to:

Places

In Austria 
 Neuhof, Austria, a part of Untersiebenbrunn

In the Czech Republic 
 Neuhof, the old German name of Nový Dvůr, near Nymburk

In France 
 Neuhof, Strasbourg, a district in the south of Strasbourg

In Germany 
 , a district in the port area of Hamburg, Germany
 Neuhof, Hesse, a municipality near Fulda, Hesse
 Neuhof, Lower Saxony, in the Hildesheim district, Lower Saxony
 Neuhof an der Zenn, in the Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim district, Bavaria
 Penkun-Neuhof, a part of Penkun in the Uecker-Randow district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Neuhöfer Karpfenteiche, ponds in the west of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Neuhofer See, a lake in Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Neuhof Substation, was a 110 kV electrical substation in Neuhof, Bad Sachsa, Lower Saxony
 Bahnhof Neuhof bei Zossen station, a railway station in the village of Neuhof, Brandenburg

In Romania 
 Neuhof, the German name for Bogda Commune, Timiș County

In United States 
 Neuhof Hutterite Colony in Mountain Lake Township, Cottonwood County, Minnesota

Related pages 
 Neuhofen
 Neuenhof (disambiguation)
Robert College, also called RC, is an American high school in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the most prestigious, private high school in Turkey. The institution was founded by Cyrus Hamlin, with the financial help of Christopher Rhinelander Robert, in 1863 (during the Ottoman Empire). Robert College is also the first American educational institution founded outside the United States. It was founded as a boys' college for Christian minority of the empire. Later the girls section was opened as American College for Girls. Then the Muslims were allowed to be educated in the schools. Hüseyin Pektaş became the first Muslim boy to graduate from college. In 19th century, many additions were made to college including, middle school and high school.

After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the school continued to educate young people, who later became the leaders of the country. Prime ministers Bülent Ecevit and Tansu Çiller are among the school's graduates.

In 1971, Robert College donated one of its two campuses (Boys' campus or Bebek campus) to the Republic of Turkey. A new, public university was founded on this campus. The other campus (Girls' campus or Arnavutköy campus) has since been serving the society as a coeducational high school.

Other websites 
 Robert College

References 
 This article is the abridged and simplified form of Robert College article on English Wikipedia.

Schools
Buildings and structures in Turkey
A music critic is someone who writes about concerts that have taken place or new music that has been written. They write reviews about this in newspapers or journals. What they write is called musical criticism.

When people write about the history of music or compare musical styles, this is called musicology. Musical criticism is about what is going on in the musical world at the moment.

Responsibilities 
Music critics can have a lot of influence on a musician’s success. If a musician gets a bad review people may not bother to go and hear him. If he has a very good review people will think he must be good and they will all want to hear him.

Occasionally it can happen that a new piece of music has such a terrible review that everyone wants to go and hear how terrible it is. They may then find that they like it and the music might become famous. This is called a “succès de scandale” (French for “scandalous success”). Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring (1913) is a good example.

Example of music critics 
Music critics will spend a lot of time listening to music. They often do other jobs with music such as teaching. Some famous music critics include:

 The German composer Robert Schumann. He published a music journal called Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. He wrote an article which has become famous called Neue Bahnen (New Paths) in which he said that there was a young man called Johannes Brahms who would become a great composer. Schumann was right.
 The French composer Hector Berlioz was a good music critic. He wrote a lot of music reviews in order to earn some money.
 The Austrian musicologist Eduard Hanslick. He became famous for saying that Johannes Brahms was a good composer and Wagner, Liszt and Bruckner were bad composers.
 The Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. He wrote some interesting musical criticisms using the pseudonym (made-up name) Corno di Bassetto. There were some musicians he did not like and he said so. This made him quite a few enemies.

Other websites 
 International Federation of Music Journalists - an international group of media professionals who treat any aspect of music on any media. Publishes the "Directory of Music Journalists" and confers "Music Journalist Award".
 Music Media Directory - an international publication with over 40.000 contacts of music journalists and music media.
Peter Press Maravich (June 22, 1947 - January 5, 1988), also known as "Pistol Pete" Maravich, was an American basketball player. He played for Lousisana State University and averaged 44.2 points per game. That is the highest average ever in the history of college basketball. Then Maravich played for ten seasons in the NBA. He played for the Atlanta Hawks, New Orleans Jazz, Utah Jazz, and the Boston Celtics.  He once scored 68 points in an NBA game against the New York Knicks.

He was known for his great dribbling, passing and shooting abilities. Maravich died from a heart attack on January 5, 1988.

Maravich's father, Press Maravich, also played in the NBA.

Other websites 
ESPN biography
Maravich Book (Jackie Maravich)
Rare Pete Maravich Film and Video Clips

Maravich, Pete
Atlanta Hawks players
Boston Celtics players
Utah Jazz players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
1947 births
1988 deaths
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
John Batman (21 January 1801 – 6 May 1839) was an Australian farmer and businessman who was one of the first white people to live in Melbourne.

Batman was born in Rosehill, Parramatta (part of Sydney), and spent time in Tasmania (then called Van Diemen's Land). In Tasmania he started farming on land the government gave him. He brought more land. During this time, he was involved in conflicts with the Tasmanian Aborigines.

In December 1825, or early 1826, Batman captured the notorious bushranger (a kind of robber), Matthew Brady.

Batman asked to be given land in the Westernport area of Victoria, but the government rejected him. So, in 1835, as a leading member of the Port Phillip Association he sailed for the mainland of Australia in the schooner Rebecca and explored much of Port Phillip Bay. Batman made an agreement, now known as Batman's Treaty, with some local Aborigines to rent their land in return for things like knives and flour every year. Probably the Wurundjeri people did not understand the agreement. In any case, the Governor of New South Wales said the agreement was not legal the land was owned by the Government rather than the Aborigines.

Batman became very unhealthy after 1835, and he separated from his wife, convict Elizabeth Callaghan. They had had seven daughters and a son. His son drowned in the Yarra River. In his last months the local Aborigines looked after him.

Batman is remembered by some statues around Melbourne, and is buried in the Fawkner Cemetery, a cemetery named after his fellow colonist John Pascoe Fawkner. There is also a memorial in the Old Melbourne Cemetery.

Melbourne was called Batmania for a very brief time, in 1835, after John Batman.

He was also one of the first Australians to take part in the Common wealth Games 1823.

His direct descendant is Australian sprinter Daniel Batman.

Related pages 
 History of Melbourne

Other websites 
 http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogBa.html#batman1
 Batmania: a fun way to explore the people and events surrounding the foundation of Melbourne, images of the Batman Land Deed and other historical documents  at the National Museum of Australia.

References 
 A Pictorial History of Bushrangers, Prior, Wannan and Nunn, 1968, Paul Hamlyn Pty Ltd, Melbourne

1801 births
1839 deaths
Australian explorers
People from Sydney
Australian businesspeople
Australian politicians
Royal Leamington Spa (or Leamington Spa) is a town in Warwickshire, UK. In 2001 it had a population of 45,300. Until 1784 it was not a town but a village. It was in this year that two local men called Benjamin Satchwell and William Abbott discovered a spring in the village. The two men, and others from the town, began to use the water for treatment of illnesses, which was a common practice in those times. The town quickly developed into a spa town with many rich people visiting to 'take the waters'. Because of this the town grew quickly. The town soon became famous and a popular holiday resort. When spa water stopped being fashionable fewer people came on holiday to the town, but rich people still went to live there when they were old. In modern times Leamington does not treat many people with the water but it is still known as a pleasant place to live.  It is also popular for shopping.

The town is built by a river called the River Leam which flows through the middle of the town from east to west. The town is now connected to another town called Warwick. Other nearby settlements include Kenilworth (about six miles away), Rugby (about sixteen miles away) and Coventry (about ten miles away).

Architecture 
The Parade (main street) and surrounding streets feature large Regency town houses which are normally white coloured, vertical sliding windows and high ceilings.  Most of the buildings in the centre are protected by the government from being changed or replaced.

Other websites 
 

Spa towns in the United Kingdom
Towns in Warwickshire
Royal Towns in the United Kingdom
Violence is when someone attacks someone else, often to get them to do something they do not want to do by making them feel pain or fear. Violence can mean anything from one person hitting another to a war between many countries that causes millions of deaths. Different people may see different acts as violent. Laws are created often to control violence.

Types of violence 
Violence can be:

 verbal: insults, name calling or anything that hurts another's feelings. 
 physical: fighting, killing, or hurting another;
 sexual: when a person makes someone else subject to sexual actions they do not want; e.g. rape
 symbolic: acts done to show you are against a leader or group whose ideas one opposes;
 racial: when a victim of a violent act is chosen because of his or her race or nationality.

Violence
The Pegnitz is a small river in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.

The Pegnitz has its source in the city of the same name at an altitude of 425 m and meets the Rednitz at 283 m northwest of Fürth. From that point on the river is called Regnitz.

The Pegnitz is about 115 km long.

Animal life
The river is inhabited by numerous ducks, swans, and gulls.

Affluences
 Högenbach (creek) (left affluence from the Pommelsbrunn direction)
 Röthenbach (creek)

Cities on the Pegnitz

From source to mouth:

 Pegnitz
 Neuhaus on the Pegnitz
 Hersbruck
 Lauf an der Pegnitz
 Röthenbach an der Pegnitz
 Nuremberg: Within city limits (about 14 km), the river forms secondary arms. Numerous bridges and footbridges cross the river, such as the iron suspension bridge Kettensteg, dating from 1824. To the west of the Maxbrücke there is a weir.

History

After the big flood in February 1909 the river was shortened by four kilometers within the Nuremberg city limits. Since 1996 planning and actions are progressing trying to lengthen the course of the river between Nuremberg and Fürth again and to shape it in a nature-oriented way.

Other websites 
 http://www.bayern.de/wwa-n/stadtamfluss.htm - Wasserwirtschaftsamt Nürnberg: "Die Umgestaltung der Pegnitz in Nürnberg" (in German)

Geography of Bavaria
Rivers of Germany
Palaemon was a minor Greek sea god. He was originally named Melikertes, son of Ino (Leukothea). He was made a god when his mother, Ino,  jumped off of a cliff into the sea while holding him. Legends say that she was trying to get away from Athanas who was made insane by Hera.

Greek gods and goddesses
The Short Parliament in English history lasted from April 13 to May 5 1640. It is called "Short" because it only lasted for three weeks.

Background
Charles I of England, who was also king of Scotland, was having problems with the Church of Scotland and war with them was breaking out again.  Charles had spent the last 11 years ruling directly, without calling a Parliament even once.  He did this because he had little use for elected representatives trying to decide policy. But now with the problems with the Scots, Charles needed money to pay for his war. To get more money for war meant he had to call a Parliament so they could vote on it.

Problem
The problem was that the members of Parliament were unhappy about the things he had done since 1629, when he was ruling without them.  They wanted to talk about these things instead of giving the king his money.  John Pym, member for Tavistock, gave fiery speeches refusing to give money unless the abuses were talked about. Charles responded by closing the Parliament and sending them home again, and he tried to fight the Scots without the money.  But when this did not work and as a result of his defeat had to agree to pay the Scots, he was forced to call Parliament again.  This became known as the Long Parliament, and the Constitutional crisis that followed led to the bloody English Civil War.

History of the British Isles
Parliaments
Edson Arantes do Nascimento, more commonly known as just Pelé, was born 23 October 1940 in Três Corações, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

He is a former Brazilian football player. Pelé is the most successful league goal scorer in the world, with 678 league goals. In total Pelé scored 1283 goals in 1363 games, including unofficial friendlies and tour games, for which he was listed in the Guinness World Records for most career goals scored in the history of football.

He was given the title "Football Player of the Century" by FIFA. Many believe that he is the best player in the history of football.

Teams 
From 1956 to 1974 he played for Santos, had 605 appearances, and scored 589 goals. From 1975 to 1977 he played for New York Cosmos, when he had 64 appearances, and scored 37 goals. Then from 1978 to 1980 he played for XI Classic till he retired p

Club career statistics 

|-
|1971||rowspan="4"|Santos||rowspan="4"|Série A||21||1
|-
|1972||16||5
|-
|1973||30||19
|-
|1974||17||9

|-
|1975||rowspan="3"|New York Cosmos||rowspan="3"|NASL||9||5
|-
|1976||22||13
|-
|1977||25||13
84||34
56||31
140||65
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1957||2||2
|-
|1958||7||9
|-
|1959||9||11
|-
|1960||6||4
|-
|1961||0||0
|-
|1962||8||8
|-
|1963||7||7
|-
|1964||3||2
|-
|1965||8||9
|-
|1966||9||5
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||7||4
|-
|1969||9||7
|-
|1970||15||8
|-
|1971||2||1
|-
!Total||92||77
|}

Health
In September 2021, Pelé had surgery to remove a tumour on the right side of his colon. He began chemotherapy treatment a few weeks later.

Honours

Club 
  Santos (Official Tournaments)
 Campeonato Paulista: 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1973
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1959, 1963 and 1964
 Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa (Taça de Prata): 1968
 Taça Brasil: 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1965
 Copa Libertadores: 1962 and 1963
 Intercontinental Cup: 1962 and 1963
 South-American Recopa: 1968
 Recopa Intercontinental: 1968
  New York Cosmos
 NASL Champions: 1977

Country 
  Brazil
 Roca Cup:
 Winner (2): 1957, 1963
 FIFA World Cup:
 Winner (3): 1958, 1962, 1970
 Appearances (4): 1958, 1962, 1966, 1970

References 

1940 births
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
Brazilian footballers
Living people
People with cancer
A rain shadow is an area of land that lies behind a mountain which gets almost no rainfall. This side of a mountainous area is away from the wind. The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them.

As shown by the diagram to the right, the incoming warm and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains. As it does so, it cools, condenses and rain falls before it crosses the top. The air, without much moisture left, goes on over the mountains creating a dry side called the "rain shadow".

Meteorology
Mountains
Marián Hossa (born 12 January 1979, in Stará Ľubovňa, Czechoslovakia, now Slovakia) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player.

His current club is the Chicago Blackhawks, an ice hockey team in the NHL.
He plays in attack, preferably in right-wing. He is considered as one of the fastest skating players of the sport. He wears number 81 on his jersey.

After the 2007-2008 season when his team, the Pittsburgh Penguins, lost to the Detroit Red Wings in the Stanley Cup he switched teams to the Detroit Red Wings because he felt he had a better chance of winning the Stanley Cup with them.  When the Penguins again met the Red Wings in the Stanley Cup after the 2008-2009 season, Hossa was once again on the losing team as the Penguins won in 7 games.

Hossa signed a 12-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks that's worth 62.8 million dollars.

In his career in the NHL he also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Ottawa Senators.

After losing two straight Stanley Cup finals with the Pittsburgh Penguins and Detroit Red Wings, He finally won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

Career statistics

International

All-Star Games

References

Other websites

1979 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Living people
Ottawa Senators players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Portland Winterhawks players
Slovak ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
Memorial Cup winners
Swedish Hockey League players
Fashion is the form of clothing, accessories, and furniture. It can be used by everyone. It is related to culture, For example, we have warm clothes in the Swedish fashion and we have thin clothes in the African fashion.

Fashion is a source of looking better/attractive.

Related pages 
Fashion design
Haute couture

References
South West England is one of the regions of England.  It has the largest area of all regions, and reaches from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.  This includes the area often known as the West Country, and much of Wessex. The size of the region is shown by the fact that the northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall.  

Agriculture and tourism are the important industries of the region. Mining of tin and copper was also formerly very important in Devon and Cornwall. Traditionally, the South West of England has been well known for producing Cheddar cheese, named after Cheddar, Somerset in the Mendip Hills, for Devon cream teas, and for Somerset cider.  It is now probably equally well known as the home of the Eden Project (in Cornwall), Aardman Animations, the Glastonbury festival (in Somerset), trip hop music, Cornwall's seafood restaurants, and surfing beaches.  Two National Parks (Dartmoor and Exmoor) and four World Heritage Sites lie in this region.

Local government
The official region consists of the following geographic counties and local government areas:

Other websites 
Government Office for the South West 
South West Regional Assembly 
South West Regional Development Agency 
Government's list of councils in the South West 
Campaign for a Cornish Assembly
Attractions South West 

Photographs
 Bristol   
 Cornwall:    
 Devon:   
 Dorset:     
 Somerset:
Sussex is a historic county in South East England. Its area is more or less the same as that of the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. It is divided for local government into West Sussex and East Sussex and the City of Brighton and Hove. The city of Brighton and Hove became a unitary authority in 1997; and got City status in 2000. Until then Chichester had been Sussex's only city.

Sussex still has a strong local identity and the county's unofficial anthem is Sussex by the Sea. The county's motto, "We wun't be druv", shows the  strong-willed nature of its people in past centuries.

Towns and cities
Major towns and cities of Sussex include:

Arundel
Bognor Regis
Brighton (home of the University of Sussex and the University of Brighton)
Burgess Hill
Chichester (home of the University of Chichester)
Crawley
Eastbourne
East Grinstead
Hastings
Haywards Heath
Horsham
Lewes
Littlehampton
Midhurst
Worthing

Further reading 

"Angels in the Sussex Air", an anthology of poetry by Sussex authors chosen and edited by Patrick Garland, 
"An Historical Atlas of Sussex", An Atlas of the History of the Counties of East and West Sussex, edited by Kim Leslie and Brian Short, with maps by Susan Rowland, published by Phillimore & Co. Ltd, Chichester, 1999,

Links and references 
The Sussex Association 
The Sussex Local Internet Portal  Justsussex
Sussex Community Website 
Sussex County Cricket Club
Sussex County Football Association
Sussex Enterprise 
Sussex Past (The Sussex Archaeological Society)
Sussex Wildlife Trust
Sussex Police
The Royal Sussex Regimental Association
The Kingdom of Sussex, (Suth Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons), was one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, its area was more or less that of the later county of Sussex. A large part of that district, however, was covered in early times by the forest called Andred.  It was ruled by the kings of Sussex.

History

According to the traditional account given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, it was in 477 that a certain Ælle led the invaders ashore at a place called Cymenes ora and defeated the inhabitants. A further battle at a place called Mearcredes burne is recorded under the year 485, and in the annal for 491 we read that Ælle and his son Cissa robbed Anderitum (Pevensey Castle) and killed all the inhabitants. 

Based on a 1911 encyclopedia article.

Anglo-Saxons
Petty kingdoms of England
Annals (Latin Annales, from annus, a year) are a short form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year.

History

Ancient Rome
Cicero ( in De Oratore, ii. 12. 52) tells that from the earliest period down to the pontificate of Publius Mucius Scaevola (c. 131 BC), it was usual for the pontifex maximus to record on a white tablet (album), which was exhibited in an open place at his house, so that the people might read it. On this tablet were written down (according to Cicero) the name of the consuls and other magistrates, and then the important events of the year.  

In Cicero's time these records were called Annales Maximi. The practice of writing annals was carried on by several unofficial writers. Cicero speaks of Cato, Pictor and Piso.

Medieval
In the Middle Ages in the Western Church there were written tables to show that date of Easter for a certain number of years or even centuries. These Paschal tables were thin books in which each annual date was separated from the next by a more or less considerable blank space. In these spaces some monks wrote down the important events of the year. The writing of these Annals was begun at the end of the 7th century and among the Irish – see the Annals of the Four Masters, the Annals of Ulster, the Annals of Innisfallen and the Annales Cambriae or Annals of Wales, one of the earliest sources for King Arthur. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is also in annalistic, year-by-year form.  

In the 9th century, during the Carolingian Renaissance, these Annals became the usual form of contemporary history. There were the Annales Einhardi, the Annales Laureshamenses (or "of Lorsch"), and the Annales S. Bertini. They were written officially in order to preserve the memory of the more interesting acts of Charlemagne, his ancestors and his successors. At this stage, the Annals now began to lose their primitive character, and became more and more Chronicles. But the term was still used for many documents, such as the Annals of Waverley.

History
Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, consul, lawyer, political theorist and philosopher. He is often thought to be one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.

His Latin is thought to be the model of Classical Latin. He introduced Greek philosophy to the Romans.

Cicero was heavily involved in the politics of the Roman Republic. After Julius Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony. In the power struggle, Cicero attacked Antony in a series of speeches. Cicero was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate. He was executed in 43 BC by soldiers working for the Triumvirate.

References

Sources 
 Everitt, Anthony 2001, Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician, Random House, hardback, 359 pages,  
 Haskell, H.J.: (1946) This was Cicero,  Fawcett publications, Inc. Greenwich, Conn. USA
 Rawson, Elizabeth (1975) Cicero, A portrait, Allen Lane, London  
 Taylor, H. (1918). Cicero: A sketch of his life and works. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.

Other websites

General 
 Links to Cicero resources 
 University of Texas Cicero Homepage  
  The Internet Encyclopædia of Philosophy

Works by Cicero 
 
 Perseus Project (Latin and English): Classics Collection (see: M. Tullius Cicero)
 The Latin Library (Latin): Works of Cicero
 UAH (Latin, with translation notes): Cicero Page 
 De Officiis, translated by Walter Miller
 Cicero's works: text, concordances and frequency list
 Biographies and descriptions of Cicero's time:
 At Project Gutenberg
 Plutarch's biography of Cicero contained in the Parallel Lives
 Life of Cicero by Anthony Trollope, Volume I – Volume II
 Cicero by Rev. W. Lucas Collins (Ancient Classics for English Readers)
 Roman life in the days of Cicero by Rev. Alfred J. Church
 Social life at Rome in the Age of Cicero by W. Warde Fowler
 At Heraklia website 
 Dryden's translation of Cicero from Plutarch's Parallel Lives
 At Middlebury College website
  Prætor Brutus 
 News article on a museum-guide robot named after him

106 BC births
43 BC deaths
Roman people
Ancient Roman writers
In boxing, the term heavyweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A heavyweight is a boxer who weighs more than 201 lbs. At 201 pounds 91 kg and below is cruiserweight. Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size but mostly because more champions are created thus more profit. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.

The first heavyweight champion under modern rules was John L. Sullivan. Famous heavyweight champions have included Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano, Muhammad Ali, Larry Holmes, Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, Vitali Klitshko, Tyson Fury and Lennox Lewis.

Boxing