cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vampirates is a series of young adult fantasy books. It is written by British author Justin Somper. The series is about two twin children, Connor and Grace Tempest, who get separated at sea. They are saved by two very different ships. Connor is saved by a normal pirate ship called the Diablo, Grace by the mythical Vampirate ship called the Nocturne. The word Vampirate refers to a vampire living on the Nocturne.

References

Other websites

Series of books
Fantasy books
Young adult novels
Fiction books
Sidney Lumet (June 25, 1924 - April 9, 2011) was an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He directed more than 200 plays for live television. He also directed more than 40 movies. His movies include Serpico, Dog Day Afternoon, 12 Angry Men, Network, Prince of the City and Q&A. He died of lymphoma in New York City.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2011 deaths
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American television actors
American theatre directors
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from lymphoma
Golden Globe Award winners
Movie directors from Pennsylvania
Movie producers from Pennsylvania
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Moeritherium is a extinct genus of primitive mammals. It represents a very early stage in the evolution of elephants.  These prehistoric mammals are related to the elephant and, more distantly, the sea cow. They lived during the later Eocene in what is now North Africa.

Moeritherium did not resemble living elephants. It was about as large as a tapir. It had short, strong legs, a relatively long body, and a short tail. The feet of Moeritherium were broad and had flat-hoofed toes. 

Fossils
Extinct elephants
The National Basketball League is a basketball competition in Australasia.
It's current sponsor is Hungry Jack's, so it is also known as the Hungry Jack's NBL Championship. It is the top-level basketball competition in Australasia. The Singapore Slingers once played in this league, meaning it is the first Australasian sporting league ever to have a team from Asia. The league started in 1979, and its most successful time is during the 1980s and 1990s. However, it started to struggle in the 20th century. At the start of the 2004/05 season the league had a deal with Fox Sports of Australia. On September 18, 2007, the National Basketball League had Hummer as their sponsor. one HD started broadcasting in 2010, the first time a game has been on TV for eight years.

Clubs

Current

 Sydney Kings
 Adelaide 36ers
 Brisbane Bullets
 Cairns Taipans
 Illawara Hawks
 Melbourne United
 New Zealand Breakers
 Perth Wildcats
 South East Melbourne Phoenix

Defunct

 Bankstown Bruins
 Canberra Cannons
 Sydney Astronauts
 Frankston Bears
 Forestville Eagles
 Geelong Supercats
 Gold Coast Blaze
 Gold Coast Rollers
 Hobart Devils
 Hunter Pirates
 Launceston Casino City
 Newcastle Falcons
 Singapore Slingers
 South Dragons
 South East Melbourne Magic
 Southern Melbourne Saints
 Victoria Giants
 West Adelaide Bearcats
 West Sydney Razorbacks

Sponsors

Naming rights 

 1979 to 1987: none
 1988 to 1991: Hungry Jack's
 1992 to 2001–02: Mitsubishi
 2002–03 to 2003–04: none
 2004–05 to 2006–07: Philips
 2007–08: Hummer
 2008–09 to 2009–10: none
 2010–11 to 2012–13: iiNet
 2013–14 to 2016–17: none
 2017–18 to present: Hungry Jack's

Broadcasting 
Since 1995, the league has had a broadcasting deal for paid programming with Fox Sports of Australia. For free TV, they were first sponsored by ABC from 1979 to 1987. Then they were sponsored by Seven Network for three years, and then from Network Ten from 1992 to 1997. From 1998 to 2001, they were again sponsored by ABC. The league did not have free TV for almost a decade, until in 2010 when Network Ten HD started broadcasting. This contract ended in 2015. The current broadcasting rights are owned by SBS.

NBLxNBA 
NBLxNBA is an annual series involving clubs from the NBL and the National Basketball Association (NBA) of the United States. The series started in 2017 for each league's 2017–18 season, and each season includes between three and seven games. The games have previously always been held in the US and Canada, and are normally held during September and early October.

References

Basketball leagues
1979 establishments
1970s establishments in Oceania
The Westports Malaysia Dragons are a team in the ASEAN Basketball League. They are based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were previously known as the Kuala Lumpur Dragons and Westports KL Dragons. They are coached by Goh Cheng Huat. They play home games in the MABA stadium.

Other websites
http://www.kldragons.com/

Basketball teams
Kuala Lumpur
The Republican People's Party (, CHP) is the oldest political party in Turkey. Their ideologies are social democracy and Kemalism.

They are currently the second largest party in the Turkish Parliament, with 132 out of 550 seats and they form the Main Opposition of Turkey. Their founder is Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and their current leader is Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu.

On September 7, 1919, Turkish nationalists established a resistance organisation against the invasion of Turkey. On September 9, 1923, the organisation officially declared itself as a political party and it was the Republican People's Party.

Leaders of the CHP 
 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1923–1938); known as the "Great Leader and Eternal Chief"
 İsmet İnönü (1938–1972); known as the "Everlasting Leader and National Chief"
 Bülent Ecevit (1972–1980); known as the "Legendary Leader"
 Deniz Baykal (1992–1995)
 Hikmet Çetin (1995)
 Deniz Baykal (1995–1999)
 Altan Öymen (1999–2000)
 Deniz Baykal (2000–2010)
 Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (2010–present)

Other websites 

 Party official website  

1923 establishments
Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Asia
Social democratic parties in Europe
Politics of Turkey
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (born 17 December 1948) is a Turkish politician. He is the currently leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and the leader of the Main Opposition in Turkey. He has been the Member of Parliament for İstanbul since 2002.

He became popular with the documents about lawlessness. The CHP nominated him as candidate for Mayor of Istanbul in 2009 local elections, in which he gained 36.8% of all votes. Despite this result he could not be first. However this result was a big success for social democrats because they had not ruled Istanbul for many years and this city had become the power centre of AK Parti for long years. This popularity provided him with a great advantage. Upon Deniz Baykal's resignation in 2010, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu became the leader with a record voting rate.

Firstly he took part in the Turkish general election in 2011. The Republican People's Party gained 25.98% of all votes with an increase of about 6 points. However, this was not enough to be ruling party.

Other websites 

 CHP official website  

1948 births
Living people
Turkish politicians
A polemic is a forceful argument or controversy made against one opinion, doctrine, or person. 

It is one-sided and extreme, not a debate or discussion. It often occurs in disputes. 

The word is derived from the Greek polemikos (πολεμικός),  meaning "warlike, hostile".

History
Polemic journalism was common in continental Europe, when defamation laws were less strict as they are now. 

To support study of the polemics and controversies of the 17th-19th centuries, a British research project has placed thousands of pamphlets of that era online.

Related pages
Apologia
Critic
Devil's advocate
Dialectic
Dispute

Notes

References

Communication
Conflicts
Rhetoric
Human issues
A thesis (plural: 'theses') is a document written in support of an idea that is presented for discussion or disputation.  In modern usage it usually refers to a document presented as a requirement for an academic degree or professional qualification. It presents the author's research and findings. In the academic context it means the same as dissertation. The term dissertation can be used to describe an argument without relation to academic degrees. The term thesis may also be used for  the central claim of an essay or other work.

Thesis Types 
Senior thesis:

There are different types of thesis paper for different fields, for example, if you are an English major then for your thesis you can be asked to write a short story, a media student can be asked to submit a short film.

Graduate thesis:

A graduate thesis also known as graduate dissertation is something a student works on with a member of the faculty who has specialized in the relevant field. A dissertation is 50-100 pages long. In fields such as science, it is based on an experiment whereas, for humanities, it is an extended version of your college paper.

History 
Originally, the words "dissertation" and "thesis" had separate meanings.  When, at ancient universities, the professor had completed his lecture, there would be a disputation. During this, students could take up certain points and argue them.  The position that one took during a disputation was the thesis, while the dissertation was the line of reasoning with which one supported it.

Etymology
The word "thesis" comes from the Greek , meaning "position", and refers to an intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin dissertātiō, meaning "discourse".

Other websites 
 en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ETD_Guide Guide to electronic theses and dissertations on Wikibooks
 Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations  (NDLTD)
 How to write a PhD thesis  with mind maps (tutorial).
 Free thesis indexing service 
 EThOS Database Database of Theses available through the British Library

References

Academia
Genres

fi:Tieteellisten yliopistotutkintojen opinnäytetyöt#Väitöskirja
Charmin () is a brand of toilet paper. It is made by Procter & Gamble.

History
The Charmin name was first created in 1928 by the Hoberg Paper Company in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In 1950, Hoberg changed its name to Charmin Paper Company and kept making toilet paper, paper napkins, and other paper products. Procter & Gamble (P&G) bought Charmin Paper Company in 1957, but sold the right to make and sell it in Europe (where it is now called Cushelle) to SCA in 2008.

Advertising 
Older American adverts had actor Dick Wilson in them. He played the fake grocer Mr. George Whipple. He told customers "Please don't squeeze the Charmin!" in more than 500 commercials between 1964 and 1985. 

The Charmin Bear began being used in 2000. This happened at the same time that Charmin became available in Canada. The Charmin Bear is now the mascot for Charmin Ultra Strong and Charmin Ultra Soft.

European name change to "Cushelle" 
From February 2010, Charmin's European name was changed to Cushelle by SCA.
There is also a new mascot, Koala which is a koala. Cushelle adverts are voiced-over by Robert Webb.

Environment
In February 2009, Greenpeace asked people not to use Charmin toilet paper. They said that it does not use recycled paper and uses ECF bleaching.

German rename to Zewa 
In 2008, Charmin was renamed to Zewa in Germany. There was no mascot in the adverts. However, in the first Zewa advert, the Charmin Bear was seen.

References

Other websites
 Charmin website
 Cushelle website

1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Wisconsin
Follicle-stimulating hormone (abbreviated FSH, sometimes called Follitropine) is a glycoprotein and sex steroid. It is synthesised in the adeno hypophysis of pituitary gland. In females, it controls the synthesising process of progesteron and will cause the growth of follicles in the ovaries. In males, it will lead to the production of sperm. Other hormones control the release of FSH. Luteinizing hormone will cause ovulation in females, or the production of testosterone in males.

This hormone is made by the pituitary glands in the brain.

Hormones
Female reproductive system
Henderson is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States. The population of Henderson was 332,258 in 2019. The mayor of Henderson is Debra March. Henderson is the second largest city in the state of Nevada behind Las Vegas. The city of Henderson is named after Senator Charles B. Henderson.

Other websites
Official City of Henderson website

Cities in Nevada
Primm is a small city in Clark County, Nevada, United States. Primm was featured in the video game, Fallout: New Vegas where it had Vikki and Vance Casino which was based on Primm's Whiskey Pete's and the Bison Steve Hotel which was based on Buffalo Bill's Casino and had the roller coaster.

References

Other websites
Primm  on travelnevada.com

Cities in Nevada
Baloch Lions is a member internal hockey team for the Balochistan Province in Pakistan part of Pakistan Hockey Federation.

Sport in Pakistan
Platybelodon was a Gomphothere. These are extinct  large herbivores related to modern elephants. They are commonly known as  shovel tuskers. Platybelodon lived during the Miocene, about 154 million years ago in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America.

Palaeobiology
Platybelodon was previously believed to have fed in the swampy areas of grassy savannas, using its teeth to shovel up aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. 

However, wear patterns on the teeth suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees. They may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

References 

Extinct elephants
George Reeves (January 5, 1914 – June 16, 1959) was an American actor.

Biography 
Reeves was born with the name of George Keefer Brewer in Woolstock, Iowa, U.S., son of Don Brewer and Helen Lescher. He moved to California at a young age with his mother Helen. Reeves started acting in high school and then continued to serve on student productions. In 1943, 17 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Reeves enrolled in aviation until the end of World War II, putting his acting career on hold. 

After a successful career, Reeves died on June 16, 1959. However, the manner of death is controversial. He was officially found to have committed suicide, but some people think he was murdered or a shooting victim.

Career 
He began his career playing small roles in short movies and movies as Ride, Cowboy, Ride (1939 short). In the classic movie starring Clark Gable, Gone with the Wind (1939), Reeves played of role Stuart Tarleton. In the 1940 Reeves continued to make appearances in movies such as Blood and Sand (1941) with Tyrone Power, So Proudly We Hail! (1943), Winged Victory (1944), Samson and Delilah (1949), and the Western starring by William Boyd Border Patrol (1943), Colt Comrades (1943), Bar 20 (1943). George Reeves got his first starring role in 1948 movie Jungle Goddess (1948), as Mike Patton, an explorer rescuing a young woman who has been kidnapped by an African tribe. He also accompanied Johnny Weissmuller in the Tarzan saga Jungle Jim (1948).

In the 1950s Reeves starred in several movies including Rancho Notorious (1952) with Marlene Dietrich - Arthur Kennedy and directed by Fritz Lang, Bugles in the Afternoon (1952) with Ray Milland, The Blue Gardenia (1953) by Fritz Lang, and without being listed in the credits had a role in Fred Zinnemann movie, From Here to Eternity (1953) with Burt Lancaster, Reeves as Sgt. Maylon Stark.

Superman 
He started work in television in 1948, and in 1952 he was hired to play the double character of Superman and Clark Kent in Adventures of Superman. The series was a success without precedent in American television and made Reeves famous. George Reeves played Superman for 102 episodes broadcast between 1952 and 1958.

Television work 
Reeves had guest appearances in television series such as Kraft Television Theatre (1949-1952), Believe It or Not (1950), The Ford Television Theatre (1952), Fireside Theatre (1952), and I Love Lucy (1957) playing Superman.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1914 births
1959 deaths
Actors from Iowa
Actors who committed suicide
American movie actors
American television actors
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Goodsprings is a census-designated place in Clark County, Nevada, United States. The population of Goodsprings was 232 at the 2000 census. Goodsprings was featured in the video game, Fallout: New Vegas where it is the first place the player wakes up in.

Other websites
Goodsprings Historical Society 

Census-designated places in Nevada
Johnny Guitar is a 1954 western movie. It was directed by Nicholas Ray. It stars Joan Crawford and Sterling Hayden. The movie received mixed reviews. The movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Johnny Guitar was adapted to a campy stage musical in 2004.

Story 
Vienna is a strong-willed, aggressive woman. She has built a saloon near an Arizona cattle town with money earned in her past life as a prostitute. She has a fiery relationship with the local cattlemen and townsfolk for many reasons. She supports the construction of a railroad across her land. This construction will make her land very valuable. The cattlemen oppose the railroad because it will bring sheepmen into the area. Sheepmen fence the land, making it difficult to herd cattle. She also permits a suspected stage robber called The Dancin' Kid to share her bed. His gang members hang out in her saloon. Vienna summons her ex-lover and reformed gunslinger Johnny Guitar to her side. She needs protection. The two renew their love.

One day The Dancin' Kid and his gang rob the town bank. The townsfolk suspect Vienna has played a part in the heist. Emma Small is a cattle rancher who has long hated Vienna. She leads the posse to Vienna's saloon and burns it to the ground. Emma persuades the men to hang Vienna. At the last second she is saved by Johnny Guitar. Vienna and Johnny escape. They find refuge in The Dancin' Kid's secret hideaway. The posse tracks them. The Kid and his men are killed. Emma challenges Vienna to a showdown. Vienna is wounded in the duel, but she kills Emma. A halt is called to the bloodbath by the posse's leader, McIvers. Vienna and Johnny depart, hopeful that better days lie ahead.

Cast 
 Joan Crawford as Vienna
 Sterling Hayden as Johnny Guitar/Johnny Logan
 Mercedes McCambridge as Emma Small
 Scott Brady as The Dancin' Kid
 Ward Bond as John McIvers
 Ben Cooper as Turkey Ralston
 Ernest Borgnine as Bart Lonergan
 John Carradine as Old Tom
 Royal Dano as Corey
 Frank Ferguson as Marshal Williams
 Paul Fix as Eddie
 Rhys Williams as Mr. Andrews
 Ian MacDonald as Pete

Other websites 
The Johnny Guitar Musical's Official website 

1954 movies
1950s western movies
American western movies
Women's movies
English-language movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Nicholas Ray
Tequixquiac is a municipality in the state of México in Mexico. About 30,000 people live there.

Municipalities of Mexico (state)
Boyz n the Hood is a 1991 American hood movie that was produced by Steven Nicolaides and DJ Pooh and was directed by John Singleton. Boyz n the Hood was released on July 12, 1991 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 73 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was selected to be in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress to be preserved because it was considered to be "culturally significant" in 2002. This movie was the directorial debut for John Singleton.

Cast 
 Cuba Gooding, Jr. (Desi Arnez Hines II, young) as Tré Styles
 Ice Cube (Baha Jackson, young) as Darrin "Doughboy" Baker
 Morris Chestnut (Donovan McCrary, young) as Ricky Baker
 Laurence Fishburne as Jason "Furious" Styles
 Nia Long as Brandi
 Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker
 Angela Bassett as Reva Devereaux-Styles
 Redge Green (Kenneth A. Brown, young) as Chris
 Dedrick D. Gobert as Dookie
 Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster
 Tracey Lewis-Sinclair as Shaniqua
 Alysia Rogers as Shanice
 Regina King as Shalika
 Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog
 Raymond Turner as Ferris

Other websites 
Boyz n the Hood at the Internet Movie Database

‏‎

1991 crime movies
1991 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American gangster movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1980s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by John Singleton
Top Gun is a 1986 American action-drama movie set in San Diego, California. It was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. Top Gun was released on May 16, 1986 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie a 2.5 out of 4 stars. The movie won an Academy Award in 1987 for Best Music, Original Song – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away" and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist) – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".

Cast 
 Tom Cruise as Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell
 Kelly McGillis as Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood
 Anthony Edwards as Lt. (j.g.) Nick "Goose" Bradshaw
 Val Kilmer as Lt. Tom "Iceman" Kazansky
 Tom Skerritt as Cmdr. Mike "Viper" Metcalf
 Meg Ryan as Carol Bradshaw
 Michael Ironside as Lt. Cmdr. Rick "Jester" Heatherly
 John Stockwell as Lt. Bill "Cougar" Cortell
 Barry Tubb as Lt.(j.g.) Leonard "Wolfman" Wolfe
 Rick Rossovich as Lt. (j.g.) Ron "Slider" Kerner
 Tim Robbins as Lt. (j.g.) Sam "Merlin" Wells
 Clarence Gilyard, Jr. as Lt. (j.g.) Marcus "Sundown" Williams
 Whip Hubley as Lt. Rick "Hollywood" Neven
 James Tolkan as Cmdr. Tom "Stinger" Jordan
 Adrian Pasdar as Lt. Charlie "Chipper" Piper
 Linda Rae Jurgens as Mrs. Metcalf
 Ron Clark as the Inquiry Commanding Officer
 Brian Sheehan as "Sprawl"
 Duke Stroud as "Air Boss Johnson"
 Randall Brady as Lt. Davis

Release dates

Other websites 

1986 action movies
1986 romance movies
1986 drama movies
1980s romantic drama movies
American action movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by Tony Scott
Movies set in San Diego, California
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Crimson Tide is an 1995 submarine action/thriller movie that was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. Crimson Tide was released on May 12, 1995 in North America.

The movie received positive reviews with a 87% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Sound, and Best Sound Editing.

Cast 
Denzel Washington as Lt. Commander Ron Hunter, Executive Officer
Gene Hackman as Capt. Frank Ramsey, Commanding Officer
George Dzundza as Chief of the Boat
James Gandolfini as Lt. Bobby Dougherty, Supply Officer
Matt Craven as Lt. Roy Zimmer, Communications Officer
Viggo Mortensen as Lt. Peter 'Weps' Ince, Weapons Officer
Rocky Carroll as Lt. Darik Westergard, Operations Officer
Danny Nucci as Petty Officer Danny Rivetti, SONAR Supervisor
Rick Schroder as Lt. Paul Hellerman

Release Dates

References

Other websites 

 

1995 movies
1995 action movies
1995 thriller movies
American action thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies with underwater settings
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies directed by Tony Scott
Face/Off is an 1997 American science fiction action crime thriller movie that was directed by John Woo. Face/Off was released on June 27, 1997 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 82 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
John Travolta as Sean Archer/Castor Troy
Nicolas Cage as Castor Troy/Sean Archer
Joan Allen as Dr. Eve Archer
Alessandro Nivola as Pollux Troy
Gina Gershon as Sasha Hassler
Dominique Swain as Jamie Archer
Nick Cassavetes as Dietrich Hassler
Harve Presnell as Victor Lazarro
Colm Feore as Dr. Malcolm Walsh
C. C. H. Pounder as Dr. Hollis Miller
John Carroll Lynch as Walton
Robert Wisdom as Tito
Thomas Jane as Burke Hicks
James Denton as Buzz
Margaret Cho as Wanda
Matt Ross as Loomis
Chris Bauer as Dubov
Danny Masterson as Karl
Tommy Flanagan as Leo

Release dates

Other websites 
Face/Off at the Internet Movie Database

1997 action movies
1997 crime movies
1997 thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1997 science fiction movies
American action thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
American science fiction movies
Body swapping in fiction
English-language movies
Movies about revenge
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by John Woo
Broken Arrow is an 1996 action/thriller movie that was produced by Bill Badalato, Terence Chang and Mark Gordon and was directed by John Woo. Broken Arrow was released on February 9, 1996 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 57% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 61 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
 John Travolta as USAF Major Vic "Deak" Deakins
 Christian Slater as USAF Captain Riley Hale
 Samantha Mathis as Park Ranger Terry Carmichael
 Delroy Lindo as USAF Colonel Max Wilkins
 Bob Gunton as Pritchett
 Frank Whaley as Giles Prentice
 Howie Long as USAF Master Sergeant Aaron Kelly
 Vondie Curtis-Hall as USAF Chief Master Sergeant Sam Rhodes
 Kurtwood Smith as Secretary of Defense Baird
 Carmen Argenziano as USAF Brigadier General Boone
 Jack Thompson as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Other websites 
Broken Arrow at the Internet Movie Database

1996 action movies
1996 thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
American action thriller movies
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by John Woo
Windtalkers is an 2002 action war movie that was produced by John Woo, Terence Chang, Tracie Graham-Rice and Alison Rosenzweig and was directed by John Woo. Windtalkers was released on June 14, 2002 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 33% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie 2 stars out of 5.

Cast 
Nicolas Cage as Sergeant Joe Enders
Adam Beach as Private Ben Yahzee
Roger Willie as Private Charlie Whitehorse
Peter Stormare as Gunnery Sergeant Hjelmstad
Noah Emmerich as Private First Class Chick
Mark Ruffalo as Corporal Pappas
Brian Van Holt as Private Harrigan
Martin Henderson as Private First Class Nellie
Christian Slater as Sergeant Pete "Ox" Anderson
Frances O'Connor as Rita
Jason Isaacs as Major Mellitz
Billy Morts as Fortino
Cameron Thor as Mertens

Other websites 
Windtalkers' Official website
 
 

2002 movies
American action movies
American drama movies
American war movies
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by John Woo
Ghost Rider is a 2007 American supernatural superhero horror fantasy action movie that was produced by Avi Arad, Stan Lee, David S. Goyer, Michael DeLuca and Gary Foster and was directed by Mark Steven Johnson. Ghost Rider was released on February 16, 2007 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 27% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave the movie a 35 out of 100.

Cast 
 Matt Long as Young Johnny Blaze
 Raquel Alessi (born March 1983) (who was a Kidsongs girl with blonde hair (who replaced Divita Wright with blonde hair Kidsongs who was departed from there in 1987) in 1989-1990 to be departed from Kidsongs in 1990 and replaced by Ashley Nation with blonde hair on Kidsongs in 1992) as Young Roxanne Simpson
 Brett Cullen as Barton Blaze
 Peter Fonda as Mephistopheles
 Nicolas Cage as Johnny Blaze/Ghost Rider
 Donal Logue as Mack
 Matt Norman as Team Blaze
 Wes Bentley as Blackheart
 Jessica Napier as Broken Spoke Waitress
 Eva Mendes as Roxanne Simpson
 Ryan Johnson as Waiter
 Rebel Wilson as Girl in Alley
 Sam Elliott as Caretaker
 David Roberts as Captain Dolan
 Brett Swain as Guard
 Duncan Young as Skinhead
 Joel Tobeck as Redneck
 Richard Cox as Helicoper Pilot
 Ling-Hsueh Tang as News Reporter

Other websites 
Ghost Rider's Official website
 
 

2007 movies
2007 horror movies
2000s superhero movies
Supernatural horror movies
American action movies
American fantasy movies
American ghost movies
Australian movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Mark Steven Johnson
Multilingual movies
Screenplays by Mark Steven Johnson
Columbia Pictures movies
American superhero movies
Caillou is an Canadian children's TV show based on the series of books by author Christine L'Heureux and illustrator Hélène Desputeaux. Caillou was first voiced by Bryn McAuley, then Jaclyn Linetsky, but due to her death in 2003, Jaclyn was replaced with Annie Bovaird.

About the show
The show is about a young boy named Caillou who lives with his mom, Doris; his dad, Boris; his little sister, Rosie; and his pet cat, Gilbert. Mr. Hinkle lives next door to Caillou's house and Caillou has a babysitter named Julie. In the first season, Caillou was 4 years old and wore a light gray t-shirt in season 1, but later, he wore a golden yellow t-shirt in season 2, 3, 4, and 5. In season 4 and 5, Caillou started going to pre-school. Many parents have criticized the show, due to Caillou's behavior.

Broadcast airs
The series originally aired on PBS Kids in the United States and Teletoon in Canada.

Episodes 
 
Caillou has a total of five seasons of 96 half-hour episodes, as well as the 90-minute movie Caillou's Holiday Movie.

 Caillou at Daycare  (April 2, 1997)  
 Caillou and Gilbert  (April 2, 1997)  
 Caillou Goes to the Zoo  (April 2, 1997)  
 Caillou's New Babysitter  (April 2, 1997)   
 Caillou and Daddy           (April 2, 1997)  
 Caillou's Big Slide            (April 2, 1997)
 Caillou Walks a Dog    (April 2, 1997)
 Caillou Is Sick            (April 2, 1997)
 Caillou's Phone Call    (April 2, 1997)
 Caillou Makes Cookies  (December 15, 1997)   
 Caillou's Not Afraid Anymore   (April 3, 1998)

Book series 
In 1987, the first Caillou book of the Caillou book series was made.

References 

Canadian animated television series
1997 television series debuts
2013 television series endings
1997 establishments in Canada
2013 disestablishments in North America
2010s disestablishments in Canada
English-language television programs
The Maya pyramids are structures built in the jungles of Central America by the Maya civilization between 200 and 900 AD. Unlike the straight sides of the more commonly known Egyptian pyramids, the sides of Maya pyramids are stepped–sometimes for the purpose of enabling people to ascend to the top. Moreover, Egyptian pyramids have sharper tips, while Mesoamerican (including Maya) pyramids tend to have flatter tops. These flatter tops accommodate certain ceremonies, such as sacrificial rituals, and temples for gods. 

The pyramids served a variety of very important functions. Apart from the religious ceremonies, Maya pyramids were used as landmarks to aid in navigation. In the jungle where these pyramids were built, the pyramids were so tall that they could be seen above the trees. Finally, inside some of the pyramids, there were burial chambers for the highest-ranking officials, just as in Egyptian pyramids.

Tikal

A whole complex of Maya pyramids can be found at the ruins of the ancient Maya city of Tikal. The pyramids at Tikal were the tallest structures in all of the Americas for around 1,000  years, until 1903, when the Flatiron building was constructed in New York City. There are a total of sixteen pyramids at Tikal, which is now a national park in Guatemala. 

Tikal was one of the largest urban centers of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Its population may have reached 90,000 people, which is surprising because the swampland at Tikal was unstable for habitation or agriculture. It is located in the tropical rainforests which today is northern Guatemala. The name Tikal comes from ti ak'al which means "water hole". 

The pyramids at Tikal all face one another. The rooms at the top of the pyramids have depressions in the walls which amplify sound and project it in all directions. Because of this, the normal speaking voice of a person at the top of one pyramid can be heard by someone standing at the top of another pyramid a great distance away.

References 

Central America
Buildings and structures in North America
Maya civilization
Pyramids
Edward Lawrie Tatum (December 14, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist. 

He shared half of the  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg.

Beadle and Tatum's experiments exposed the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. They showed the mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments, published in 1941, led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.

Tatum went on to study genetics in bacteria. Tatum and his student Lederberg showed that Escherichia coli could share genetic information through recombination.

Ed Tatum was born in Boulder, Colorado. He attended college at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1934.  Starting in 1937, he worked at Stanford University, where he began his collaboration with Beadle.  He then moved to Yale University in 1945 where he mentored Lederberg.  He returned to Stanford in 1948 and then joined the faculty of Rockefeller Institute in 1957. A heavy cigarette smoker, he died in New York City of heart failure complicated by chronic emphysema.

References
Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964
Biographical Memoirs: National Academy of Sciences, Volume 59, National Academy Press, 1990

Other websites
Nobel biography

1909 births
1975 deaths
American geneticists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Boulder, Colorado
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Colorado
Capital Dynamos is the internal hockey team for the Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan. It is part of the Pakistan Hockey Federation.

Sport in Pakistan
Northern Cavaliers is a field hockey team for the Gilgit–Baltistan in Pakistan.  They are part of the Pakistan Hockey Federation.

Sport in Pakistan
Jaclyn Linetsky (January 8, 1986 – September 8, 2003) was a Canadian teenage actress who has voiced many different people. She was best known for voicing Caillou in the animated television show between 2000–2003. She later played as Megan in the television show 15/love. She died in a car crash on September 8, 2003 at the age of 17.

References

Other websites

1986 births
2003 deaths
Accidental deaths in Canada
Actors from Quebec
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Child actors
Road accident deaths
A Lego minifigure (a.k.a. Lego person) is a small figure as part of Lego toys. Minifigures are found in Lego sets, although they are also sold separately as keychains and magnets. Minifigures in 1975 were the same size as minifigures today, but did not have any moving arms or legs. They had a small variety of headpieces, including caps, pigtail hair and cowboy hats. Since 1978, Lego minifigures have had more clothing, hats, shirts and pants to choose from. They started packing them in sets, including Star Wars.

Minifigures are still used in many Lego sets we know today. There are many minifigures such as mermaid with a identical tail to the ocean king and many shorter characters such as the evil dwarf.

Lego
The Pacific Electric Railway Company was a private transportation system in Los Angeles, California. It started when Henry E. Huntington began building and buying streetcar railroads in and around Los Angeles to help people reach his properties.

Most of its lines carried people but there was also some freight. Pacific Electric also owned a mountain tourist attraction called the Mount Lowe Railway.

In the 1920s, with hundreds of miles of track, it was the largest system in the world. While Huntington lost money running Pacific Electric, he made money by selling the land it reached.  

After Henry Huntington died and the land was all sold, the system started to break down and there was no money coming in to repair it. The city of Los Angeles decided it would be cheaper to move passengers with buses and close the whole system. 

And so the last Pacific Electric train ran in 1961. The tracks were all ripped up and all of the old trains were either destroyed or sold to other countries.

Almost thirty years after the last train, with traffic becoming worse and buses becoming slower, the city remembered the old system. They decided to start rebuilding it because they realized trains do not slow down when there is a traffic jam.

Today, a small part of the old Pacific Electric rail network is now part of the new and growing Los Angeles Metro and people are riding trains again.

Network

The Pacific Electric ran lines from Los Angeles to the following cities:
Pasadena
Glendora
Pomona
Ontario
San Bernardino
Riverside
Whittier
Fullerton
Santa Ana
Huntington Beach
Newport Beach
Long Beach
San Pedro
Redondo Beach
Inglewood
Venice
Santa Monica  
Canoga Park
San Fernando
Hollywood
Burbank
Glendale

Rail transport in the United States
Los Angeles
Transport in California
A Brickfilm is a stop-motion movie using Legos, Mega Blocks, or  other Lego-like products. Brickfilms are often used to help the Lego Group advertise more sets and themes. The first known Brickfilm was called "The Magic Portal". It was made 1980–1989 in Perth, Western Australia by Lindsay Fleay.

A brickfilm can be made by taking a Lego character, and placing it on a board. The creator takes a picture, and slightly moves the character, and Repeats this step many times. The easiest way to stream the pictures together, is to use video editing software, adding the pictures, and finally, setting them to a very short time. Fifteen frames per second (15 fps) is common, if a video editor only uses fps instead of changing time length.

Related pages
Lego
Lego Group
stop-motion
Lego: The Motion Picture

Other websites
Official website of the Lego Group

Animation
Dorgon (, 1612 - 1650) was the Prince empire of Qing Dynasty. His surname was Aisin Gioro. His reign names were Sing Cong and Chong De.

Dorgon was the 4th illegitimate  son of Taizu Emperor (Nurhaci). Half brother of Huang Taiji, Half Uncle of Shunzhi Emperor.

1612 births
1650 deaths
Emperors of Qing Dynasty
Mortal Kombat is an 1995 live-action/adventure movie that was produced by Lauri Apelian and Lawrence Kasanoff and was directed by Paul W.S. Anderson. It is based on the video game franchise, Mortal Kombat. Mortal Kombat was released on July 13, 1995 in Argentina & Israel, August 18, 1995 in North America, October 20, 1995 in the United Kingdom and on December 26, 1995 in Australia. The movie received mixed reviews with a 35% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave it a 58 out of 100. The movie gained a sequel called Mortal Kombat: Annihilation and it was released in 1997.

Cast 
Robin Shou as Liu Kang
Linden Ashby as Johnny Cage (doubled by Brad Martin and J.J. Perry)
Bridgette Wilson as Sonya Blade
Christopher Lambert as Raiden
Talisa Soto as Princess Kitana (doubled by Dana Hee)
Trevor Goddard as Kano
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Shang Tsung
François Petit as Sub-Zero (doubled by Mark Caso)
Chris Casamassa as Scorpion (doubled by Mitchell Gaylord and Jeff Imada)
Keith H. Cooke as Reptile
Kevin Michael Richardson as the voice of Goro
Gregory McKinney as Jax
Frank Welker as the voice of Shao Kahn
Steven Ho as Chan Kang
Hakim Alston as Fighting Monk
Sandy Helberg as the director of Johnny Cage's latest movie

Other websites 

1995 action movies
1990s fantasy movies
1990s American action movies
English-language movies
Mortal Kombat movies
New Line Cinema movies
Movies set in Thailand
Movies directed by Paul W.S. Anderson
The X-wing is a starfighter from the Star Wars fictional universe. It is seen in the original trilogy movies and many books, games, toys, and other things. It is shown as a main starfighter for the Rebellion and later the New Republic.

Creation
The X-wing was first made for the movie Star Wars: A New Hope by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Joe Johnston drew and Colin Cantwell made models that became the final X-wing fighter in A New Hope. ILM made miniatures in different sizes, with wing markings showing which prop was for each pilot. Each X-wing model was built around a hollow core to hold parts for effects such as lighting.

Besides the models, the crew made one full-size X-wing for scenes in the Rebels' Yavin IV base hangar; they used editing and cardboard cutouts to make it seem as if there are dozens of fighters. The crew also made a full-size X-wing cockpit that was used for all actors; the astromech droid behind each actor was changed for each starfighter.

Story
According to Star Wars backstory, the X-wing was designed by Incom Corporation, who left the Empire and gave the X-wing design to the rebels. It is a one-man starfighter which also has a socket for a droid.

The starfighter has four laser cannons and two proton torpedo launchers. Its four wings (called s-foils) can fold open or closed. It has four engines and can use hyperspace travel. It also has energy shields for defense.

Related pages
TIE fighter

References

Other websites
 Intricate Illustrations of Star Wars Spacecraft Cutouts Reveal Their Inner Mechanics by Leah Pellegrini April 23, 2016

Star Wars

sv:Lista över farkoster i Star Wars#X-wing
"One Step Closer" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released as the first single and second track off the band's first album, Hybrid Theory.

Tracks
All songs are written by Linkin Park except for "High Voltage", which is written by Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson and Joe Hahn; and "My December", which is also written by Shinoda.

 One Step Closer
 My December
 High Voltage
 One Step Closer (Video)

US promo:
 One Step Closer (Album Version)
 One Step Closer (Rock Mix)

10" vinyl:
 "One Step Closer"
 "My December"

Music video
The video starts out with a group of teenage friends hanging out around a dark alley. Two of them follow a strange man wearing a black hooded robe into a door which leads them to an underground room where the band is playing. Strange figures are around doing martial-arts moves. Midway through the song, they knock over a box, and run away when the martial arts people notice them. Towards the end of the song, lead singer Chester Bennington is upside-down.

Joe Hahn, the band's DJ, made the story of the video. Since bassist Dave Farrell has not returned to the band yet, Scott Koziol plays the bass. Gregory Dark directed the video.

Live shows
"One Step Closer" is the ending song the band's concerts until 2007, where the song was always performed first. In 2008, the band's concerts ended with either the song or "Bleed It Out". From 2003 to 2007, the performances of the song has the verse of Jonathan Davis from his remix of the song in Reanimation. In their recent concert tour, A Thousand Suns World Tour, the song is either the final song of the concert or the final song of the main set.

Charts

References

Other websites
 One Step Closer, My December and High Voltage lyrics 

2000 songs
Linkin Park songs
The Phoenix Park Murders were the fatal stabbings on 6 May 1882 in Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland. Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke were killed. Cavendish was the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Burke was the Permanent Undersecretary, the most senior Irish civil servant. The assassination was carried out by members of the "Irish National Invincibles".

Murders
Cavendish and Burke were attacked as they walked through Phoenix Park to the Viceregal Lodge. This was the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (the King's representative and head of the Irish affairs). Thomas Myles, surgeon at the nearby Dr Steevens' Hospital, was called to help the victims.
The Lord Lieutenant, Lord Spencer, described suddenly hearing screams, before seeing a man running to the Lodge grounds shouting "Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke are killed." Responsibility for the political murders was claimed by a small, until then unknown Republican organisation called the Irish National Invincibles.

Investigation
The hunt for the murderers was led by Superintendent John Mallon, a Catholic who came from Armagh.  Mallon had a pretty good idea of who was involved. He suspected a number of former Fenian activists.  A large number of suspects were arrested and kept in prison by claiming they were connected with other crimes. Mallon got several of them to reveal what they knew about the murders.

The Invincibles' leader James Carey, Michael Kavanagh and Joe Hanlon agreed to testify against the others. Joe Brady, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey, Dan Curley and Tim Kelly were convicted of the murder. They were hanged in Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin between 14 May and 4 June 1883. Others were sentenced to serve long prison terms.

Political results

Irish politician Charles Stewart Parnell made a speech condemning the murders in 1882. This increased his popularity in both Britain and Ireland.

In March 1887, The Times printed letters that said they were written by Parnell. The letters said that he agreed with the murderers of the English politicians, and that his speech saying otherwise was not true. It later came to light that the letters were not written by Parnell. They were forgeries written by journalist Richard Pigott. Parnell was personally shown to be innocent by the Parnell Commission in 1888-89.

Notes

References

1882
1880s in Europe
19th century in the United Kingdom
Assassinations in Europe
History of Dublin
Irish republicanism
May events
Murder in the 19th century
Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom
Melatonin is a hormone found in animals, plants, and microbes. In animals, levels of melatonin have a daily cycle. It drives the circadian rhythms of several biological functions.

Melatonin is produced in the pineal gland which is outside of the blood–brain barrier. It acts as a hormone, and is released into the blood.

Melatonin acts on melatonin receptors. It also acts directly because it is a powerful antioxidant, which protects DNA.

Melatonin supplements for humans can be given. Melatonin is categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a dietary supplement, not a drug.  A prescription-only, timed release melatonin product for people aged 55 and over was approved for use by the European Medicines Agency in 2007, despite having shown only small effects, and in Australia in 2009.

References 

Hormones
The Luria–Delbrück experiment, 1943, also called the 'Fluctuation Test', asks the question: are mutations independent of natural selection? Or are they directed by the selection?

Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria showed that in bacteria, DNA mutations happen randomly. This means they happen at any time, rather than being a response to selection. 

So, Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. 

Delbrück and Luria won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine partly for this work.

The experiment 
In their experiment, Luria and Delbrück grew bacteria in tubes. After a period of growth, they split up the bacteria into separate cultures and put them onto agar containing phage (virus). If virus resistance were not due to random gene mutations, then each plate should contain roughly the same number of resistant colonies. This, however was not what Delbrück and Luria found. Instead, the number of resistant colonies on each plate varied to a great extent.

Luria and Delbrück proposed that these results could be explained by the occurrence of a constant rate of random mutations in each generation of bacteria growing in the initial culture tubes.

References

Other websites
 On Mutation lab 

Microbiology
Genetics experiments