cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Subtropical Storm Nicole was the fourteenth named storm and first subtropical cyclone to form during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first subtropical storm to be given a name from the standard hurricane naming list and be considered a subtropical cyclone in real-time. The storm never made landfall as a subtropical cyclone, though its remnants affected Anticosti Island, just off of the provinces of Prince Edward Island and Quebec.

Storm history

Nicole began with an upper tropospheric trough and a decaying frontal system over the southwestern North Atlantic in early October. By October 8, a broad area of surface low pressure formed about 400 miles (640 km) southeast of Bermuda. The system soon began to produce gale-force winds, affecting Bermuda on October 9. Early the next day, the National Hurricane Center said that the low-pressure system had sufficient tropical characteristics to be classified as a subtropical storm, and was given the name Nicole.

Steadily tracking over cooler waters toward the northwest, Nicole lost all of its tropical characteristics and was declared fully extratropical on October 11, 345 miles (555 km) south-southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Canadian Hurricane Centre continued to issue advisories on what was then called Post-tropical Storm Nicole, which had now merged with a stronger mid-latitude cyclone. This  weather system produced heavy rainfall across the Maritimes near Anticosti Island on October 14.

Impact
No damage or fatalities were reported, for that Nicole never made landfall or directly affected any land areas. It brought light rain to Bermuda and briefly threatened it before heading northeast. Its remnants combined with a stronger cyclone affecting Anticosti Island in Canada; however, no significant damage was caused in the area.

Records 
Since 2002, subtropical storms have been given names from the same naming sequence as tropical storms. As such, Nicole was the first named subtropical storm to get a name under this rule. Many subtropical cyclones between 1975 and 2001 with a sufficiently tropical nature were either considered fully tropical storms or numbered. Initially, however, the phonetic alphabet was used to name subtropical cyclones.

Related pages
Subtropical cyclone
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Other websites 
For official forecasts, see the NHC's public advisory archive on Subtropical Storm Nicole.

 NHC 2004 Tropical Cyclone Archive
U.S. Rainfall from Tropical Cyclones in 2004 
 NOAA hurricane season outlook 
 William Gray's 2004 preseason forecast 
 Tropical cyclone images and movies - Northern hemisphere 2004, from the United Kingdom Met Office 
 Effects of the Third-Quarter Hurricanes on Income Measures 
 Gary Padgett May 2004 Summary - Hispaniola Low 
 The Hurricane Hut  - Detailed Information on All the Storms of 2004
 Nicole's Tropical Cyclone Report 

Subtropical cyclones
Hurricanes in Bermuda
2004 Atlantic hurricane season
2004 in Canada
2000s in Bermuda
2004 in the United States
Cyanides are chemicals that contain the cyano-group C≡N. Organic compounds that contain the CN group are called nitriles. In that group a carbon atom has three chemical bonds to a nitrogen atom. The group is present in many substances. Those substances that can release the compound CN are highly poisonous.

Certain bacteria, fungi and algae are able to produce cyanides. Cyanides are also found in certain foods or plants, such as cassava. The cyanides serve as a defense against being eaten by herbivores. 

In popular culture, cyanides are said to be highly toxic. There are some cyanides that  are, but others that are not. Prussian blue, a cyanide compound, is given as a treatment to poisoning with thallium and caesium, for example.

The poisons referred to are usually hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the chemicals which are similar to it, like potassium cyanide (KCN), and sodium cyanide (NaCN). They are derivatives of hydrogen cyanide. The single most hazardous compound is hydrogen cyanide, which is a gas and kills by inhalation.

Antidote 
Hydroxocobalamin reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This antidote kit is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006.

References 

Chemical compounds
Poisons
Kindergarten, literally meaning "children's garden", is the first stage in the move from home to formal education. Children learn through play. In most countries kindergarten is part of the pre-school system. In North America and some parts of Australia kindergarten is the first year of school. Kindergarten children are usually between three and seven years of age. Kindergarten ages vary from country to country. In Malaysia, for example, kindergarten children are six and when they are seven years old they go to primary school.

The name kindergarten was coined by Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852). His work influenced early-years education around the world. 

Sometimes, children go to pre-kindergarten for a year, before they go to kindergarten. Pre-kindergarten is more common in United States, Canada, and Turkey than other countries.

Education
Elblag ( ) is a city in northern Poland on the eastern edge of the Żuławy region with 124,257 inhabitants (December 31, 2011). Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province and in Poland.

Geometry
Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east of Gdańsk and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city is a port on the river Elbląg, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km (6 mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is located on the river Elbląg connecting Lake Drużno to the Vistula Lagoon, about 10 km (6 mi) from the lagoon and 60 km (37 mi) from Gdańsk.

Famous people who live there
 Hans von Bodeck (1582–1658), diplomat and Chancellor of Brandenburg
 John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), educator
 Ursula Karusseit (1939– ), actress

Cities in Poland
Balaton is the largest lake in Hungary and in Central Europe. Every year many tourists come to Balaton from Germany. There are many places to be visited. Balaton is a shallow lake, because its average depth is 3.2 meters and its maximum depth is 12.2 meters. The northern part of Balaton is deeper than the southern part.

The so-called capital of the Lake Balaton is Siófok. During the summer the streets are full of life, and at night there are several discos.

Images

References

Lakes of Europe
Geography of Hungary
Ceres, also known as 1 Ceres (symbol: ), is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt.

It was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres, as the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.

With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. It was once thought to be smaller than Vesta, which is brighter.  The asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta. In 2015, Dawn became the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before NASA's New Horizons spacecraft visited Pluto, another dwarf planet.

Ceres has an unusual crater, Occator which contains bright salts.

Images

Related pages 
 Ceres
 List of planets

References 

Ceres
Ronin (浪人) is the word used to describe a kind of samurai without a master. Hundreds of years ago in Japan, it was very important for every samurai to have a master.

It also refers to somebody who has failed their university entrance exams and is studying for the next year's exams.

Japanese culture
The coat of arms of Russia (Russian: Герб России/Transkription Gerb rossi) was used since the year 1993 as coat of arms of Russia. Since the year 2000, the coat of arms was defined by court decision to the coat of arms of Russia. It is based on the coat of arms used before the Soviet Union. The coat of arms has been changed many time, but can be traced back for centuries.

Objects

Double Eagle
The double eagle was added Ivan IIII after his marriage with the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleologue. She was the niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor. The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Byzantine Empire. The orb and scepter held by the eagle are heraldic symbols of sovereign power and autocracy.

Other part
The horse's rider is Saint George fighting a dragon. The three crowns were added in 1625.  Through time, their meaning has changed. They have been seen as the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, or as the coming together of 'All the Russias' - Grand Russia (Russia), Little Russia (today's Ukraine) and White Russia (Belarus). In the modern time, they became the symbol for the three parts of government: Executive, legislative and Judiciary.

Russia
Russia
Metallica (also known informally as The Black Album) is the fifth studio album by thrash metal band Metallica. It was released in 1991 by Elektra Records. It debuted at #1 in the Billboard 200, making Metallica the band's first album to do so. Currently, Metallica has sold over 15 million copies in the United States alone. It is the band's most successful album.

The album was hard for the band to make. Ulrich, Hammett and Newsted got divorces with their wives because of the stress.

Six singles were released from the album: "Enter Sandman", "The Unforgiven", "Nothing Else Matters", "Wherever I May Roam", "Sad but True", and "Don't Tread on Me". "Enter Sandman" was the best-selling. It won Best Metal Video at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.

The album won a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992.

In 2012 Metallica played the whole album in their 2012 European Black Album Tour from the end to the start.

Track listing 
 "Enter Sandman" - 5:29
 "Sad But True" - 5:24
 "Holier Than Thou" - 3:47
 "The Unforgiven" - 6:26
 "Wherever I May Roam" - 6:42
 "Don't Tread On Me" - 3:59
 "Through the Never" - 4:01
 "Nothing Else Matters" - 6:29
 "Of Wolf And Man" - 4:16
 "The God That Failed" - 5:05
 "My Friend of Misery" - 6:47
 "The Struggle Within" - 3:51

Metallica albums
1991 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of fish. It is farmed in some places. Like species of trout, the rainbow trout is related to salmon. The rainbow trout is one of many different kinds of trout. It is called a rainbow trout because its scales are colorful and shiny.

Other websites

Map showing endangered species status of West Coast steelhead 

Teleosts
Edible fish
Goku is a major character in the manga and anime Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama. He is a Saiyan who likes having a great challenge towards enemies.

Appearances 
Goku is the main protagonist of the dragon Ball franchise. He starts off as young boy and meets a teenage girl named Bulma.

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Flowers for Algernon is a book written by Daniel Keyes in 1960.

The main character of the book is Charlie Gordon, an unintelligent but lovable person. Charlie is used in part of a new experiment to triple his IQ.  He becomes intelligent, and learns to read and enjoy the world around him better.  But later, people stop liking him as much because he makes them feel bad.  He learns that it is more important to be a good person than a smart person. He frequents a class for feeble minded folks taught by a teacher named Miss Kinnian. While Charlie's IQ grows so does his love for her. He finds himself in a state of depression, unhappy and unsatisfied with his new artificial IQ.

The title of the book comes from a mouse in the story named Algernon who also has the experiment done on him.

Flowers for Algernon is on many schools' lists of books that students must read.

References 

1960 books
Fiction books
20th-century American novels
Science fiction
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in which they decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between the two of them, no matter who was already living there. Pope Alexander VI, who was Spanish, was the Pope at the time of the treaty. The Pope drew an imaginary line on a map 2,193 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile were the rulers of Spain at the time and together they signed this treaty in Tordesillas, Spain, which is how the treaty got its name. This also changed Spanish and Portuguese exploration of the New World, which in part explains why the Portuguese-speaking part of South America became one country called Brazil and the Spanish-speaking colonies split up into many different independent countries including Argentina, Colombia, and many others.This treaty took place during the age of discovery and was one a very important part of it.   

This was the justification of Spain for occupying the French colony of Port St Louis established on the Falklands Islands in 1764, saying it was on their side of the world.   

Spain governed the territories West of the line and Portugal governed the territories east of the line.

After Great Britain (1600) and the Netherlands (1602) joined the Portuguese and Spanish in exploring the world at the beginning of the 17th century, the Treaty was breached and more or less 'cancelled'. By this time, Portugal's limited resources had already reduced its ability to hold its Asian colonies and trade superiority. In time, the French, Danes, Swedes and eventually the Americans joined the earlier Europeans in looking to have a presence in South and East Asia. 

15th century in Spain
History of South America
Tordesillas
1494
History of Portugal
Jam is a condiment. It is usually made from pressed fruit, sugar, and sometimes pectin. Most jams are cooked. After making, jam is normally put into an airtight jar.

Usually a jam contains as much sugar as it contains fruit. The two parts are then cooked together to form a gel.

In the European Union, the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) sets minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam.  It also expanded the definition of fruit.  This was done to take several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU into account.  For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated as fruits, such as tomatoes; fruits that are not normally made into jams, such as melons and watermelons; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as: rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins.  This definition continues to apply in a later directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001).

According to Canadian food and drug regulation (CRC), jam and jam products must at least have 45% of the named fruit and 66% of water-soluble solids. In addition, it may contain added pectin, pectinous preparation, or acid ingredient. Also, reasonable amount of a Class II preservative, a pH adjusting agent, and an antifoaming agent is acceptable. However, the jam product shall not contain apple or rhubarb.

Marmalade is jam made from oranges and tends to have pulp and peels.

Jelly is different from jam as it is made from mostly juice instead of fruit.

Fruit butters are made from slow cooking fruit to a smooth consistency.

Joan Miró used blackberry jam as an art medium.

As a gel, jam is neither a solid or a liquid. It can contain chunks of fruit which are solids. Once opened and out of the fridge the gel becomes more like a liquid, and is able to decay.

References

Other websites 
 National Center for Home Food Preservation - How do I...Jam & Jelly
 Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001)

Spreads
Vanilla is a spice and a flavoring. The plant it grows on is the orchid Vanilla, which is a vine.

The main species picked for vanilla is called Vanilla planifolia. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.

Today, most of the flavoring is done in chemical laboratories because real vanilla beans are expensive. The pure (man-made) form of the flavoring is known as 'vanillin'.

History
The plant was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 1520s. Vanilla was a well-regarded spice in Mesoamerica.

The first people to grow vanilla were the Totonac people.  They lived the east part of Mexico, by the sea. The Totonac people say that the vanilla plant was first made when a royal daughter and her lover were killed.

In the 15th century, Aztecs fought a war with the Totonacs.  The Totonacs lost the war.  The Aztecs liked the taste of vanilla. They named the fruit tlilxochitl, which means "black flower", because vanilla fruits turn black and dry after they are picked.

Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the biggest producer of vanilla. In 1819, however, French businessmen shipped vanilla to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hope of growing vanilla there. Vanilla did not grow well there, because these places did not have the right kind of bees to take pollen between the plants. A young slave, Edmond Albius, discovered how to do pollination of the flowers quickly by hand. Then vanilla began to grow well in the new places.  Soon, vanilla plants were sent from Réunion Island to the Comoros Islands and to Madagascar. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla fruits, about 80% of the vanilla grown in the world.

In the 1930s, businesses made a group to choose prices.  The price of vanilla rose very high in the late 1970s after a big storm hurt important croplands. Prices remained high through the early 1980s, but then the group ended.  Prices dropped 70% in a few years, to nearly US$20 for one kilogram. In 2000, prices rose sharply again after another big storm struck Madagascar. The storm, political problems, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices up to US$500 for one kilogram in 2004.  In 2005, the price went down to about $40 for one kilogram.  By 2010, prices were down to US$20 for one kilogram. It remains one of the most expensive spices.

Today, most Bourbon vanilla and vanilla fruit is produced in Indonesia.  Madagascar also grows a lot of vanilla.  Mexico, once the biggest producer of natural vanilla, used to grow 500 tons of vanilla in a year.  In 2006, it made only 10 tons of vanilla.

About 95% of "vanilla" foods are flavored with man-made vanillin instead of with vanilla fruits.  Vanillin can be produced synthetically from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood.

References

Spices
Orchids
The Glatzer Neiße (Polish Nysa Kłodzka) is a river that flows into the Oder river from the left.

It is 150 km long, and flows through the cities of the central forest (Miedzylesie): Habelschwerdt (Bystrzyca Kłodzka) and Glatz (Kłodzko). It then runs eastward. Other cities on the river are Patschkau (Paczków), Ottmachau (Otmuchów), Lausitzer Neiße (Lewin Brzeski) and Schurgast (Skorogoszcz). Finally, it flows at the village of Riebnig (Rybna) southeast from Brieg (Brzeg) into the Oder.

Floods
The Glatzer Neiße has often left its banks and flooded nearby cities, at times destroying them completely. City chronicles from Kłodzko mention floods in the following years:

 14th century: 1310

 15th century: 1441, 1464, 1474

 16th century: 1500, 1522, 1524, 1560, 1566, 1570, 1587, 1589, 1591, 1598,

 17th century: 1602, 1603, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1625, 1646, 1652, 1655, 1689, 1693, 1696

 18th century: 1702, 1703, 1713, 1724, 1735, 1736, 1740, 1755, 1763, 1767, 1775, 1785, 1787, 1789, 1799

 19th century: 1804, 1806, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1850, 1854, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1891, 1897

 20th century: 1900, 1903, 1907, 1938, 1952, 1997, 1998

Rivers of Poland
The Oder River (; Czech/) is a river in Central Europe. It starts in the Czech Republic and flows through Poland and Germany. It forms 187 kilometers of the border between Poland and Germany. The river is 854 kilometres long and ends in the Szczecin Lagoon in the Baltic Sea.

Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police. The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Names 
The Oder River has different names in different languages. Most of these names are very similar, or almost the same:
 English and 
 Czech, Polish, and 
 
 
These names come from the Latin language names. In Medieval Latin the river was called Od(d)era. In Renaissance Latin, which was invented in 1534, the river was called Viadrus.

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the name of the river was Vjodr.

Geography 
The Oder is 854 km long. 112 km pass through the Czech Republic. 742 km pass through Poland. 187 km make up part of the border between Germany and Poland.

The Oder is the second-longest river in Poland. (The Vistula is the longest river.)

It begins in a watershed in the Oder Mountains that is 118,861 km². This basin is mostly in Poland, but a little bit is in the Czech Republic and Germany. The river runs through five voivodeships in Poland, and two states in Germany.

The river ends in the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. Here the Oder splits into three other rivers: the Dziwna River, the Świna River, and the Peene River. These three rivers start in Szczecin Lagoon and end Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.

The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Cities 

The Oder passes through 28 major cities and towns. These are:
 Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Kostrzyn – Cedynia  – Schwedt – Vierraden – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police

After the river splits, the Dziwna River branch passes through 3 towns:
 Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów

The Świna River branch passes through:
 Świnoujście

The Peene River branch passes through:
 Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast

These towns sit on the Szczecin Lagoon:
 Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde

Related pages

 Oder-Neisse line

References 

Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Poland
A lecture is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting.  It is like a lesson.  At college or university students go to lectures to learn things.  The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the lecturer.  The lecturer may accept questions from the audience.

Sometimes we say that someone was "given a lecture".  This means that he was told off for doing something wrong.

Learning
Clara Schumann (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann. She was a famous pianist and composer.

Clara was born Clara Wieck. Her father taught her the piano. She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.

She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university. Robert Schumann’s family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician. He took piano lessons from Clara’s father, Friedrich Wieck.

Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition. By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.

Clara’s father did not want them to marry. He did everything he could to stop the marriage. For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.they married by court permission

They had a happy marriage and had eight children. Clara played her husband’s piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano). She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing. Life was not always easy. When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him. Robert often had depression. They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.

Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum. Clara was left with seven small children to bring up. Nevertheless, she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert’s piano works. She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.

Clara’s own compositions are all from her early years. She was a very gifted composer. In those days people thought that women should not be composers. Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer. Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband’s music.

Clara’s compositions include more than 20 piano works, a piano concerto, some chamber music and several songs.

German composers
Romantic composers
Women composers
German pianists
1819 births
1896 deaths
The Four Noble Truths are a Buddhist teaching. They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.

The Four Noble Truths

The First Noble Truth

The first noble truth is called Dukkha, which means suffering. It says that life is full of suffering. To say it a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death. People can not keep what they want. People can not avoid what they do not want. If that is all a person learns, they suffer.

The Second Noble Truth

The second noble truth is Samudaya, which says that there is a reason for the suffering in the world. It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things. It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real. They do this because they are ignorant. People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real. Those evil actions lead to suffering.

The Third Noble Truth

The third noble truth is Nirodha. It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.

The Fourth Noble Truth

The fourth noble truth is called Magga. It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules. The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.

The Eightfold Path
See main article: Noble Eightfold Path

The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way. A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path. The eight parts are these:

Right Vision. A person should try to see things the way they really are.
Right Values. A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
Right Speech. A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
Right Actions. A person should try to do good things. If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
Right Livelihood. A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
Right Effort. A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
Right Mindfulness. A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
Right Meditation. A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.

Other websites
The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide

The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths

Buddhist terminology
The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 1900s. There are two theories of relativity. The first is special relativity and the second is general relativity.

The theory aims to solve problems which could not be solved by classical physics, or by 19th century physics. Certain observations, like the orbit of Mercury or the way light from distant sources bends as it passes a star, cannot be explained by the physics of 1900. Einstein set out to revise the basic ideas of physics. His work was done in two stages, and each stage has a separate page on this wiki.

Special relativity
General relativity

References 
 Hawking, Stephen. The Universe in a nutshell. Bantam Books, 2001.

Other websites 

 Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or Less
  New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe. 
  Relativity Calculator – Learn Special Relativity Mathematics The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.

Relativity
Albert Einstein
BIOS, computing, stands for Basic Input/Output System. The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. It brings life to the computer, and the term is a pun on the Greek word , bios meaning "life".

"Booting", sometimes called "Booting up" is the process that the computer completes to get it ready to use when it is first turned on. When the computer turns on, the BIOS starts up and performs a Power-On Self Test (POST). During the POST, the BIOS will check various devices in the computer like the computer processor, memory, the video card and others to make sure they are present and functioning. Once the POST has completed successfully, the BIOS looks for an operating system to load, which is usually located on the computer's hard drive. When it finds one, it starts to load it. At this point, the operating system takes over control of the system.

Overclocking
Some people try to configure their computer to run faster than it was designed to do. This is called "overclocking". Since the BIOS controls the computer processor, entering the BIOS setup screen while it is booting up gives people access to advanced computer settings. For most computers, pressing the delete or F12 button while the computer is booting up will bring up the BIOS setup screen. There are many ways a computer can be overclocked to run faster, but most involve simply turning up the speed of the computer processor. Doing this will usually make your computer run much hotter, though, and can sometimes break your computer, which is why overclocking will usually void your computer's warranty. Only people who are computer hardware experts should attempt to overclock their computers.

References

Software
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist. Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper Novaya Gazeta. She was born in the New York City, United States. Her parents were diplomats and her mother was Ukrainian. Her birth name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa (Russian:Анна Степановна Мазепа).

Journalism 
She was best known for her thoughts about the war in Chechnya, a Russian state. She was also against the leader of Russia, president Vladimir Putin. Many of her texts asked for human rights.

In 2002 Politkovskaya won the Courage in Journalism Award.

In 2007 her set of memoirs A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia was published in English.

Death 
On 7 October 2006, she was shot dead at her house in Moscow. It is possible she was murdered for political reasons. Some Western countries have asked for a thorough investigation of her death. They see it as an attempt to end opposition to the current Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia. The Noyava Gazeta has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.

Related pages
American people of Ukrainian descent
Boris Berezovsky

References 

1958 births
2006 deaths
Activists
Russian journalists
Murders by firearm in Russia
Russian murder victims
Russian writers
Unsolved murders
Writers from New York City
Bengali is the most eastern Indo-Aryan language from South Asia. It developed from a language called Pali. 

Bengali is spoken in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura. 

There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh.

Almost all of the people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous books and poems are written in Bengali. Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali. Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were written in this language.

References 

Indo-Aryan languages
The peso is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines. Originating in Spain, the word peso translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines).

The silver peso worth eight reales was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Countries that use pesos

Current

Former

Relared pages 
 Thaler

Currency
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the 12th Prime Minister of Australia.

Australia

He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944 he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949 he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.

Commonwealth
According to his biography in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."

Honours
 Knight of the Thistle, 1963
 Constable of Dover Castle, 1965
 Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965

References

1894 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Attorneys General of Australia
Monarchists
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
United Australia Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Pauline Fowler was a character in EastEnders. She was played by English actress Wendy Richard (1943-2009).

In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square. She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin. Mark died in 2004 of AIDS.

She was married to a man called Joe Macer in 2006, and she also had three grandchildren called Vicki, Mark and Rebecca and a dog called Betty.

When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale. She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who was the father of her children. He died in 1996.

Pauline's father Albert and mother Lou Beale are both dead. She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie. Pete and Ronnie are both dead.

Pauline worked at a launderette with her best friend Dot Branning.

Pauline was in the show since it started in 1985 until her death at Christmas 2006.

EastEnders characters
Will Young (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor. He was born in Berkshire.

He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, Pop Idol. Since then, he has had a successful music career.

Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He acted in the film Mrs. Henderson Presents.

He is openly gay.

Discography 

Albums
From Now On
Friday's Child
Keep On

Singles

"Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
"Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Official Myspace
 Will Young interview at musicOMH.com 
 

Actors from Berkshire
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
Musicians from Berkshire
1979 births
Living people
The nightshades (Solanaceae) are a family of flowering plants. 

Many members of the family contain strong alkaloids, and some are very toxic. Well-known members of this family are chili peppers, petunias, deadly nightshade, mandrakes, potatoes, tomatoes, aubergines (eggplants) and tobacco.

Because it is thought that nightshades can cause or increase swelling and pain, many people do not eat them. The poisons in the plants are defence against animals that might eat them.

 
Plant families
Solanaceae
Chessmaster is a series of chess-playing computer games. It is made by Ubisoft. It is the best-selling chess franchise in history, with more than five million games sold . The first version of the game, Chessmaster 2000, was released in 1986. This first version and the next one, Chessmaster 2100, were produced by the now-defunct Software Toolworks company.

The Chessmaster chess engine is called "The King". It is written by Johan de Koning of the Netherlands. It was introduced in Chessmaster 4000. Earlier releases had a chess engine written by David Kittinger. One version of the game, Chessmaster 9000, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known American chess grandmaster and former multiple U.S. champion.

Timeline
1986-88: The Chessmaster series started with Chessmaster 2000 by The Software Toolworks. It was published for Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Macintosh and DOS on a 3.5 disk in February of 1988. 
1988: Chessmaster 2100 was published for the Apple IIGS.
1989: Chessmaster 2100 was published for DOS.
1990: The Chessmaster was published for the NES.
1991: The Chessmaster was published for the SNES.
1991: Chessmaster 3000 was published for DOS, Windows 3.x.
1993: Chessmaster 4000 Turbo was published for Windows 3.x.
1995: Chessmaster 4000 was published for Windows 95.
1995: Chessmaster 3D for PlayStation had the Chessmaster 4000 engine.
1996: Chessmaster 5000 was published for Windows 95.
1997: Chessmaster 5500 was published for Windows 95.
1998: Chessmaster 6000 was published for Windows 95 and Windows 98.
1999: Chessmaster 7000 was published for Windows 98 and Chessmaster II was published for PlayStation.
2000: Chessmaster 8000 was published for Windows 98.
2002: Chessmaster 9000 was published for Windows 98/ME/XP
2004: Chessmaster 10th Edition was published for Windows XP.
2007: The current version, Chessmaster XI, was released for PC (titled Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition) and Nintendo DS (titled Chessmaster: The Art of Learning) on 30 October.

References

Other websites 
chessmaster (2000) on chessgames
Chessmaster XI website
Chessmaster 9000 at Feral Interactive

1986 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Game Boy games
Mobile games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Game Gear games
Ubisoft games
Saint Francis of Assisi (September 26, 1181 – October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint. He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action. He was born in Assisi, Italy where a large basilica was built in his honor. 

On his feast day, October 4, many churches have a ceremony for people to bring their pets and working animals to church.

Early life
Saint Francis was born to Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant, and his wife Pica. He was originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone.  In his youth, he was first interested by French troubadours, known as wanderers who improvised songs on a stringed instrument. He later planned a career in military. When he was serving in the war between Assisi and Perugia in 1202, at the battle of Ponte Saint Giovanni,  he was captured and imprisoned for a year. 

When Francis returned to Assisi he had a religious conversion experience, including a reported message from Christ calling him to leave this worldly life.  He began taking his Christianity faith seriously.  He acted towards people as if the Gospels were his law, taking Jesus Christ as a literal example for loving one another.  He dressed in rough clothes, ask and begged for his sustenance, and preached purity and peace.  His family disapproved, and his father disinherited him, so Francis renounced his wealth and inheritance. After that Francis started visiting hospitals and caring for the sick including of leprosy. 

In 1209 Francis started to attract followers, and with a blessing from the pope, he founded the Franciscans based on a simple statement by Jesus: “Leave all and follow me”. In 1219, he went to Egypt to convert the Sultan so the conflict of the Crusades could end.

References 

1182 births
1226 deaths
Christian saints
Franciscans
Italian Roman Catholics
The Dark Side Of The Moon is an album by the band Pink Floyd. The album has sold over 45 million copies. It is believed to be one of the best-selling albums ever, behind Thriller. It is also widely considered one of the greatest albums of all time.

History 
It was released in 1973 and is their ninth album. It is one of the most famous albums of all time, frequently placing in the top five whenever a rock music authority makes a list of the greatest albums of all time.

Cover 
Its cover, which features a ray of white light going through a prism, is also one of the most famous album covers of all time. Analysts say that statistically, Dark Side Of The Moon is always playing somewhere on planet Earth. It is one of the most famous concept albums (albums where all the songs are about a central theme. Some concept albums tell a specific story), and used to be the best-selling album of all time. There is an album-pressing plant in Germany that does nothing but create copies of Dark Side Of The Moon.

Wizard of Oz

Some say that when synchronized with the movie The Wizard of Oz, there are many similarities between the two.

Sales
The Dark Side of the Moon became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It is in the top 25 of a list of best selling albums in the United States.  It held the number one spot in the US for only a week. But, it remained in the Billboard album chart for a total of 778 weeks (nearly 14 years). This is the longest any album has spent on the Billboard charts. The album came back on the Billboard charts when the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart was introduced in May 1991. It has stayed there since then.  In the UK it is the sixth-best-selling album of all time.

Track listing

References 

1973 albums
Pink Floyd albums
Concept albums
Progressive rock albums
John Joseph Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was Prime Minister of Australia from 1941-1945. He went to St Abrose's School. His background is Irish 

1885 births
1945 deaths
Curtin, John
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from Western Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
The Governor-General of Australia is the representative in Australia of Australia's head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. The current Governor-General is David Hurley.

The Governor-General of Australia is a powerful person in the country. The Governor-General is leader of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Forces.

List of governors-general

Living former governors-general
 there are five living former governors-general of Australia. The most recently deceased governor-general, Michael Jeffery (2003–2005), died on 18 December 2020.

Other websites
 Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia

References

 
australia
Australia-related lists
Major-General Philip Michael Jeffery (12 December 1937 – 18 December 2020) was the 24th Governor-General of Australia from 11 August 2003 until 5 September 2008. He was appointed by John Howard. Before this he was Governor of Western Australia. He quit the army in 1993 when he became Governor.

Biography 
Jeffery was born in 1937 in Wiluna, Western Australia, and he was educated at Cannington, East Victoria Park State Schools, and Kent Street High School. When he was 16 years old, he left Perth to go to the Royal Military College, which was Duntroon. After he graduated there in 1958, he went to Malaya in 1962 for a special service with the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment. In 1965, he was seconded to go to the British SASR (Special Air Service Regiment) for a tour in Borneo. Then he returned to Australia as the leader of the SASR in Perth. From 1966 to 1969, he worked in Papua New Guinea with the 1st Battalion. He married Marlena Kerr, who lived in Sydney during this work. After that, in 1972, he was chosen to go to the British Army Staff College at Camberley. Then he was chosen as the person to help with the 2nd Battalion in Wewak PNG. In 1976, he became the commander of the SASR and was appointed as the member of the order in Australia. He was also chosen to attend the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1985.

From 1986, he became the commander of the Army's 1st Division. In June 1988, he even became the Officer of the Order of Australia for his services to the Army, and in 1989, he became the Assistant Chief of the General Staff.

In January 1990 he became the Chief of the General Staff, and he was responsible for the Army. Later in 1991 he became appointed as the Assistant Chief of the General Staff for Material, which also included taking care of the Army equipment and building projects. On the first of November 1993, he was sworn in as the 27th governor of Western Australia, and he also became a Companion of the Order of Australia, until 2000. General Jeffery's interests were about young people, education, environment, and national security. Also, the Queen made him the Prior for Australia, and a Knight of Justice of the Order.

He and his wife Marlena had seven grandchildren, three sons, and a daughter. His hobbies were listening to music, reading, golf, and fishing.

Jeffrey died on 18 December 2020, six days after his 83rd birthday.

References 

1937 births
2020 deaths
Australian Governors-General
Governors of Western Australia
Order of Australia
People from Western Australia
Australian military people
Viceroys in Australia
Francis Michael Forde (18 July 1890 – 28 January 1983) was the 15th Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister for only a week after John Curtin died. He lost a leadership contest to Ben Chifley. He was prime minister for only eight days, less than any other Prime Minister from Australia. He also lived longer than any other Prime Minister, until Gough Whitlam, who passed Forde's age on January 21, 2009. He died at 92 years old.

Forde was from the Australian Labor Party. He was the Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin government (1929–1931). When Scullin retired in 1935, Forde tried to become the leader of the Labor Party, but he lost by one vote to John Curtin. When Labor won the 1941 elections and Curtin became Prime Minister, Forde was made Minister for the Army. On 5 July 1945 Curtin died; because he was Deputy Leader, Forde was then made Prime Minister until the Labor Party chose a new leader. At the leadership election on 13 July, Ben Chifley was voted leader, and Forde was made Deputy Leader again.

References

1890 births
1983 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Queensland
Australian Labor Party politicians
Government ministers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
The High Court of Australia is the most powerful court in Australia. It was created in 1903 and is located in the capital city of Canberra.  It currently has seven judges who are called "Justices". It mainly hears appeals by people who are not happy with the decision of another court.

Government of Australia
Australia
1903 establishments in Australia