cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV.

Infante of Spain

Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.

Duke of Parma

His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.

As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.

Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.

Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.

Marriage

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.

Issue

Isabella of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) married Maria Amalia of Austria and had issue.
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) married her cousin, the Charles IV of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

15 March 1720  18 October 1748 His Royal Highness The Infante Don Felipe of Spain.
18 October 1748  18 July 1765 His Royal Highness The Duke of Parma, Infante of Spain.

Other websites

Bourbons of Parma
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
Spanish infantes and infantas
1720 births
1765 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Heligoland is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name. It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010  (US and Canada on 9 February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, 100th Window. It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.

Personnel
The record has the singing of Horace Andy plus invited vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV On The Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval And The Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.

The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the Blue Lines co-producer, Jonny Dollar.

References

Massive Attack albums
2010 albums
Trip hop albums
Jacques-Yves Cousteau known as Jacques Cousteau (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".

Life

Early life 
Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École Navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.

In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

Death
On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. Despite rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

Honors
During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these awards:
 Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur
 Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite
 Croix de guerre 1939–1945
 Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime
 Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia.
 National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961
 BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award - a lifetime achievement award for his movies

Related pages
List of ecologists

References

Other websites

Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction
French biologists
French movie directors
French movie producers
French writers
Members of the Académie française
Oceanographers
Ecologists
Order of Australia
People from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
French photographers
Television directors
Television producers
1910 births
1997 deaths
PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase. PepsiCo manufactures, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc.

References

American food companies
Companies based in New York
1965 establishments in the United States
Drink companies
Creative destruction (German: schöpferische Zerstörung) is a term that came from Marxism. It talks about how wealth is gathered and lost under capitalism. The term was first used in Werner Sombart's  Krieg und Kapitalismus ("War and Capitalism", 1913) These ideas were first discussed in books The Communist Manifesto (1848), in Grundrisse (1857) "Volume IV" of Das Kapital (1863).

Origin and meaning 

Creative destruction is supposed to describe a theory of how the destruction of economic order leads to capitalistic economic ideals. A German Marxist sociologist (Sombart) is credited for using it first in his 1913 book Krieg und Kapitalismus, which means "War and Capitalism" in English. The works and publications of Marxists such as Karl Marx himself, and Friedrich Engels, a socialist scientist, discuss the ideas of creative destruction.

In and after the 1950s, the term became associated with Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter is credited for making the theory popular. However, his idea of creative destruction was quite different from Marx's original theory. The term gained popularity within neoliberal or free-market economics where it is used to described processes such as downsizing. The original Marxist usage has, however, been maintained in the work of influential social scientists such as David Harvey, Marshall Berman, and Manuel Castells.

Marxism
Capitalism
Economics
William Sanford Nye (born November 27, 1955), often known as Bill Nye the Science Guy, is an American engineer, scientist and educator.  He is most known for hosting the TV show Bill Nye the Science Guy. Nye is also the CEO of The Planetary Society. Nye was born in Washington, D.C. and went to school at Cornell University. Early in his life, Nye worked as an engineer for Boeing in Seattle. He also was a member of the Seattle comedy troupe Almost Live!.  He hosted Bill Nye the Science Guy from 1993 to 1997.  Since then, he has hosted several TV shows and specials concerned with science and the environment.  He also designed the sundial on the Mars Rover.  Nye currently lives in the San Fernando Valley.

References 

1955 births
Living people
American engineers
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Cornell University alumni
The Coca-Cola Company is a publicly-traded company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock symbol is KO. It is on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and makes up a large portion of the holdings of Berkshire Hathaway.

Soft drinks
The company is most known for making the drink Coca-Cola, the most drank soft drink in the world. It also makes other soft drinks, including:

 Barq's
 Diet Coke
 Coca-Cola Cherry (Cherry Coke)
 Fanta
 Sprite
 Tab
 Mr. Pibb
 Mello Yellow
 Vault

Business
The company offers 500 different brands and sells more than a billion drinks each day. Most of this is sold in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan and the UK.

Besides soft drinks, the company also makes Minute Maid and Odwalla fruit juices, Powerade, and Dasani bottled water. At one time, the company owned Columbia Pictures, but they are now owned by Sony and also Rockstar energy drink now owned by PepsiCo.

Sources

1892 establishments in the United States
Drink companies
Companies based in Atlanta, Georgia
Coca-Cola
19th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), originally called al-Jihad, is an Egyptian terrorist group based on an extreme interpretation of Islam. It has been active since the late 1970s. It is under worldwide embargo by the United Nations as a group linked to al-Qaeda. It is also banned by several governments around the world, including that of the Russian Federation.  

Since 1991 it has been led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is now the leader of al-Qaeda. According to Zawahiri, the EIJ was "different from the Takfir wal Hijra group as we do not consider people infidels because of their sins. And we are different from the Muslim Brotherhood because sometimes they do not oppose the government".

The organization's original main goal was to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state based on the way it thought Islam should be. Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel, and other interests in Egypt and abroad.

Islamic Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel, which recognized the Jewish state, made them very angry.

Link with Al Qaeda 
In June 2001, Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into 'Qaeda al-Jihad'.

"...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure, Ayman al-Zawahiri, have provided the backbone of [al-Quaeda's] leadership. According to officials in the C.I.A. and the F.B.I., Zawahiri has been responsible for much of the planning of the terrorist operations against the United States".

References 

Islamic organizations
Islamic terrorism
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Religion in Egypt
1970s establishments in Egypt
Joseph Henry "Bad Joe" Hall (May 3, 1881 – April 5, 1919) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Hall played senior and professional hockey from 1902 to 1919, when he died as a result of the influenza epidemic of 1918. He won the Stanley Cup twice with the Quebec Bulldogs and once with the Kenora Thistles.

Playing career

Hall was born in Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom and grew up in Brandon, Manitoba. Nicknamed "Bad Joe" for his aggressiveness on the ice, he played in the Manitoba Hockey Association with the Brandon Wheat Kings, Winnipeg Rowing Club and the Kenora Thistles, and in the National Hockey Association as a member of the Quebec Bulldogs. He played for the Montreal Canadiens in their first two seasons in the National Hockey League from 1917-1919.

Hall won the Stanley Cup with the Kenora Thistles in 1907, for which he received a "loving cup" which is on display in the Hockey Hall of Fame. He won the Cup with the Quebec Bulldogs in 1912 and 1913.  He also challenged for the Stanley Cup in 1904 with the Winnipeg Rowing Club.

1919 Stanley Cup Final

In 1919, Hall was part of the Montreal Canadiens team that made it to the Stanley Cup Finals.  The Finals were interrupted and eventually cancelled due to an outbreak of Spanish influenza. The flu was contracted by several players on both the Canadiens and their opponents, the Seattle Metropolitans. Hall would eventually succumb to pneumonia, related to his influenza, in a hospital in Seattle, Washington just four days after the Stanley Cup Final series was abandoned.

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961.

Career statistics

Awards and achievements
IHL First Team All-Star (1906)
Stanley Cup Championships (1907 - Kenora, 1912 & 1913 - Quebec)
Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961
"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

In fiction
In Roy MacGregor's The Ghost of the Stanley Cup in his The Screech Owls series of hockey books, "Bad" Joe Hall is named as the haunting spirit.

Other websites
 
Joe Hall's biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

1881 births
1919 deaths
Deaths from influenza
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Wanderers players
People from Manitoba
Stanley Cup champions
Quebec Bulldogs (NHA) players
Glen A. Hanlon (; born February 20, 1957 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired National Hockey League (NHL) goaltender and a former head coach of the Washington Capitals of the NHL, Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and the Belarusian national ice hockey team. He was a goaltender scout for the Vancouver Canucks. On March 24, 2010 he was named head coach of Slovak national ice hockey team.

Career statistics

Regular season

Post season

NHL coaching record

SM-Liiga coaching record

Awards and achievements
WCJHL First All-Star Team (1976 & 1977)
WCJHL Goaltender of the Year (1977)
CHL Rookie of the Year (1978)
CHL First All-Star Team (1978)
“Honoured Member” of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

References

Other websites

Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

1957 births
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Central Professional Hockey League players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
New York Rangers players
St. Louis Blues players
Vancouver Canucks players
Shane Johnson (born January 1, 1974 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian-born British ice hockey defenceman.

Playing career
Johnson spent four seasons at Boston University before spending a year with the Canadian National Ice Hockey Team.  In 1998, Johnson moved to the United Kingdom's British Ice Hockey Superleague with the London Knights.  He then moved to the Bracknell Bees and won the Superleague title with the team.  Johnson then moved to the Belfast Giants in 2000 and became a huge fan favourite during a six-year spell which saw him win another Superleague title in 2002, the playoff cup in 2003 and the Elite League title in 2006 as well as becoming an all-star.  In 2006, Johnson moved to the Sheffield Steelers, but midway through the season, Johnson signed with the Slough Jets.  In 2007, Johnson returned to Sheffield for a brief spell and had another brief spell with the Cardiff Devils before he rejoined the Giants.  Johnson retired at the end of the 2009-2010 season. Johnson also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team and is now a British citizen.

Other websites

1974 births
British ice hockey players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Minute Maid is an American drink company, It is owned by The Coca-Cola Company. Minute Maid makes juices, lemonade and other soft drinks. Minute Maid was the first company to make orange juice from concentrate. It makes an orange drink called 'Minute Maid Pulpy'. It contains juice with a large amount of orange pulp. Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy' comes in four variants, orange, tropical, o'mango (orange mango) and lemon. Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy Aloe Vera' contains juice with a lot of aloe vera pieces. It came in white grape.

1945 establishments in the United States
American food companies
Companies based in Texas
Drink companies
Edward Lavern "Eddie" Johnstone (born March 2, 1954) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Playing career
Johnstone played major junior with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League from 1971 to 1974. After two 100 point seasons in a row with Medicine Hat, Johnstone was drafted 104th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft, and 78th overall by the Michigan Stags in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft. He played 23 games for the Stags in 1974–75 and played in the American Hockey League for the Providence Reds. Johnstone started his National Hockey League career in 1975–76, scoring 3 points in 10 games. Johnstone played for the Rangers until the end of the 1982–83 season, before being traded to the Detroit Red Wings along with Ron Duguay and Eddie Mio for Mike Blaisdell, Willie Huber, and Mark Osborne. He played for the Red Wings and their AHL minor league affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings before retiring in 1987.

Awards and achievements
Named to the AHL First All-Star Team in 1977.
Played in NHL All-Star Game (1981)

Career statistics

Other websites
 

1954 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New York Rangers players
World Hockey Association players
No Protection is the name of a dub remix of Massive Attack's second album Protection.  The remix was done by the British dub producer Mad Professor.  Mad Professor was contacted by Massive Attack after Protection was released to remix a song for a single.  After the single was remixed, the band asked Mad Professor to listen to more of the album to find the possibility of more remixes.  The project then became a track by track remix of almost the entire album. Mad Professor heavily edited the original material to form a slow, pulsating mix in which the beat is emphasized, reverb is extensively used and the occasional vocals (many of the tracks are almost entirely instrumental) fade in-and-out in normal dub fashion, making a hypnotic, if hi

nice

repetitive, mix. The result is, on paper, more textured than the original, but loses any sense of the jazzy feel of Protection.

Track listing

"Radiation Ruling the Nation" (based on "Protection") – 1:35
"Bumper Ball Dub" (based on "Karmacoma") – 5:59
"Trinity Dub" (based on "Three") – 4:22
"Cool Monsoon" (based on "Weather Storm") – 7:10
"Eternal Feedback" (based on "Sly") – 6:26
"Moving Dub" (based on "Better Things") – 5:57
"I Spy" (based on "Spying Glass") – 5:07
"Backward Sucking" (based on "Heat Miser") – 6:17

Reviews
Ink Blot Magazine
Rolling Stone Magazine 
Trouser Press

Other websites
Mad Professor MySpace Page
Massive Attack Home Page

References

Massive Attack albums
1995 albums
Trip hop albums
Bauhaus were an English gothic rock band formed in Northampton in 1978. The group was of Peter Murphy (vocals), Daniel Ash (guitar), Kevin Haskins (drums) and David J (bass). The band was originally Bauhaus 1919 before they dropped the number part of their name within a year of formation. With their dark and gloomy sound and image, Bauhaus are generally known the first gothic rock group.

Bauhaus first broke up in 1983. Peter Murphy began a solo career while the other members continued as Tones on Tail and, later, Love and Rockets. Both enjoyed greater commercial success in the United States than Bauhaus had, but disappeared from the charts in their homeland. The band reunited for a 1998 tour and on a more permanent basis in 2005. The group announced plans to break up again following the release of their final album, Go Away White, in 2008.

References

English musical groups
Gordon Thomas Lawrence Lane (born March 31, 1953 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.

References

Other websites

Gord Lane's biography  at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame 

1953 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
New Westminster Bruins players
New York Islanders players
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Maria Josepha of Saxony (Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria; 4 November 1731 – 13 March 1767) was a Dauphine of France and daughter-in-law of Louis XV. Marie Josèphe was the mother of three kings of France, including the doomed Louis XVI, who died under the guillotine during the French Revolution. Her youngest daughter, Madame Élisabeth, also was beheaded during the Revolution.

Family

Maria Josepha was born at Dresden Castle to Augustus III of Poland. She was named after her mother Maria Josepha of Austria. Her mother was a first cousin of Maria Theresa of Austria. Maria Josepha was the eighth of fifteen children and the fourth daughter. Her oldest sister Maria Amalia had married the future Charles III of Spain.

Marriage

She was married to the Dauphin of France on 9 February 1747, Maria Josepha of Saxony married Louis of France. The dauphin had been married to Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain who had died in childbirth in 1746. In France the Saxon princess was known as Marie-Josèphe de Saxe. The dauphin mourned the death of his first wife but would eventually fall in love with Marie Josèphe. Like her husband, Marie Josèphe was very devout. She was the mother of some eight children, her favourite being Louis, Duke of Burgundy who died young. Politically reserved, she exerted herself only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France. The Society had been dissolved by the King on the initiative of the duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour.

The death of her husband, in December 1765, she sank into a deep depression for the rest of her life. Her health declined and she died on 13 March 1767 of tuberculosis and was buried at Sens Cathedral and her heart was taken to the Basilica of Saint Denis.

Issue

Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in infancy.
Louis Joseph Xavier of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died in infancy.
Xavier of France, Duke of Aquitaine (8 September 1753 -22 February 1754_
Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had issue.
Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no issue.
Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had issue
Marie Clotilde of France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no issue.
Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) died unmarried.

Maria Josepha also had a stillborn son in 1748 and again in 1749. A stillborn daughter in 1752; Stillborn son in 1756. She also miscarried a son in 1762.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

4 November, 1731 - 9 February 1747 Her Highness Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony
9 February 1747 – 20 December 1765 Her Royal Highness The Dauphine of France
 20 December 1765 – 13 March 1767 Her Royal Highness The Dowager Dauphine of France

References

Other websites

1731 births
1767 deaths
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
House of Bourbon
House of Wettin
People from Saxony
Robert McVicar (born January 15, 1982 in Hay River, Northwest Territories) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender with one game of NHL experience.

Playing career 
McVicar grew up in Brandon, Manitoba, where he played junior hockey for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL for the four seasons 1999-2000 to 2002-2003. He was the 151st overall pick of the Canucks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. For most of three seasons, from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, McVicar played in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose; with the exception of 19 games played in the ECHL with the Columbia Inferno during the 2003-2004 season; 33 games played in the ECHL with the Victoria Salmon Kings during the 2005-2006 season; and one game played in the NHL with the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005-2006 season. In McVicar's only NHL appearance, on December 1, 2005 against the Edmonton Oilers, he played 3 minutes without facing a shot.

During the 2006-2007 season he played in the ECHL with the Utah Grizzlies, and during the 2007-2008 season he played in the CHL with the Arizona Sundogs. He signed with TOTEMPO HvIK for the 2008-2009 season.

On February 2, 2009 McVicar joined the Hamburg Freezers. His contract was confirmed after bankruptcy from Totempo.

References

Other websites

1982 births
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
ECHL players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Vancouver Canucks players
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (6 July 1923 - 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was the first President of Poland from July 1989 to December 1990.

Personal life
Jaruzelski came from a family of Polish gentry. He was a son of Władysław Jaruzelski.

Military and political career
Selected by the Soviets for officer training in 1943, he served in the military until 1989. He was the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie) and chairman of the Polish United Workers Party 1981-1989. Jaruzelski was the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland from 1981-1985 and remained as head of state until 1990 as Poland's last communist leader. He resigned to allow for democratic elections.

In 1981, Jaruzelski ordered a brutal crackdown on people who did not agree with the Communist government of Poland. Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 to stop pro-democracy movements including Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in the Warsaw Pact.

In 2005, Jaruzelski said he was happy that Poland joined NATO for reasons of security and the European Union for reasons of economic development.

Death
Jaruzelski died on 25 May 2014, in a Warsaw hospital after having a stroke earlier that month.

References

Other websites

Jaruzelski's official website

1923 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Poland
Generals
Polish communist politicians
Polish military people
Presidents of Poland
Prime Ministers of Poland
Former dictators
World War II people
Charles Emmanuel IV (Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria; 24 May 1751 – 6 October 1819) was King of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802. He abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I. He was the brother-in-law of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X of France.

Biography

Carlo Emanuele was born at the Royal Palace of Turin, the eldest son of Victor Amadeus, "Duke of Savoy" and Maria Antonia of Spain. From his birth till his succession he was styled "Prince of Piedmont". He was named after his grandfather Charles Emmanuel III and baptised Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria. 

In 1775 Charles Emmanuel married Marie Clotilde of France, the daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France and Marie Josèphe of Saxony, and sister of Louis XVI.  Although the union was arranged for political reasons, Charles Emmanuel and his wife became devoted to each other. Their attempts to have children, however, were unsuccessful.

He became king at the death of his father on 14 October 1796. In December 1798, the French occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel to abdicate all his territories on the Italian mainland and to withdraw to the island of Sardinia. The following year he tried unsuccessfully to regain Piedmont. He and his wife lived in Rome and in Naples as guests of the rich Colonna family. 

On 7 March 1802 Charles Emmanuel's wife Marie Clothilde died. He was so moved by her death that he decided to abdicate on 4 June 1802 in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel. Charles Emmanuel retained the personal title of King.  
He died at the Palazzo Colonna in Rome and was buried in the Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

24 May 1751 – 16 October 1796 His Royal Highness The Prince of Piedmont
16 October 1796 – 4 June 1802 His Majesty The King of Sardinia
4 June 1802 – 6 October 1819 His Majesty King Charles Emmanuel

Other websites

1751 births
1819 deaths
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
House of Savoy
Jacobite pretenders
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Victor Emmanuel I (Vittorio Emanuele; 24 July 1759–10 January 1824) was King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821.

Biography

Born at the  Royal Palace of Turin, he was the second son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was known as the Duke of Aosta. His older brother Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated in 1802 and Victor Emmanuel succeeded him. He ruled Sardinia from Cagliari for the next twelve years as the mainland Kingdom of Sardinia had been captured by the French. 

Victor Emmanuel returned to Turin only in 1814, his realm reconstituted by the Congress of Vienna with the addition of the territories of the former Republic of Genoa. After the outbreak of the liberal revolution in his lands in 1821, he abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix. Victor Emmanuel died in the Castle of Moncalieri. He is buried in the Basilica of Superga.

Family and children

On 21 April 1789, he married Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Modena.

 Maria Beatrice of Savoy (1792–1840) married Francis IV, Duke of Modena and had issue.
 Maria Adelaide Clothilde Xaveria Borbonia of Savoy (1794-1802) died in infancy.
 Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (1796-1799) died of smallpox.
 A daughter (1800-1801) died in infancy.
 Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803-1879) married Charles II, Duke of Parma and had issue.
 Maria Anna of Savoy (1803–1884) married Ferdinand I of Austria.
 Maria Christina of Savoy (1812–1836) married Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

24 July 1759–4 June 1802 His Royal Highness The Duke of Aosta
4 June 1802–12 March 1821 His Majesty The King of Sardinia
12 March 1821–10 January 1824 His Majesty King Victor Emmanuel

Other websites

1759 births
People from Turin
Dukes and duchesses
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Jacobite pretenders
1824 deaths
Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB  (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was an English army officer most known for starting the Scout movement. He was born in Paddington, London and went to British public schools before joining the army. Baden-Powell served in South Africa during the Anglo-Ashanti and Boer Wars, and also served in Malta. Baden-Powell's most notable service was at the Siege of Mafeking. For that, he became a major general, and later a lieutenant general, which he was until 1910. In 1907, he founded the Boy Scouts, and wrote the first Handbook for Boys.  He also started the Woodbadge program, which is based on Scoutcraft and things he learned from the Zulus. He also spied in Germany, Austria and Russia. 

1857 births
1941 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Order of Merit
People from London
Scouting
United Kingdom Barons
Taejong Muyeol of Silla (, Hanja:太宗武烈王, 602 - June 661) was the 29th king of Silla. He was named Kim Chun Chu.

He was the grandson of King Chinji. He went to Kokuryeo, asking for help to destroy Baekje.

After he went to Tang for help in destroying Baekje and Koguryo so that the Three Kingdoms could become one kingdom. In 660 he led the military with Kim Yu-sin to fight against Baekje. They won the fight, but he died that year.

Related pages
 Kim Yu-sin
 Munmu of Silla

Notes

Other websites 
 http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b22t2283a

602 births
661 deaths
Korean military people
Korean monarchs
Events 
 A series of wars begin between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire.

 June Taejong muyeol of Silla, 29th King of Silla(Korean of ancient kingdom, B.C 57 – A.D 935)
An antiseptic is a substance that is applied to lesions or wounds of the skin to kill germs. This helps prevent the wound becoming infected.

Commonly used antiseptics include alcohol, iodine and mercury compounds. Antiseptics are different from antibiotics. Antiseptics can only be used on the skin, antibiotics can also be used internally, through the blood and lymphatic systems. They are also different from disinfectants: Disinfectants are used on non-living objects only, because they are dangerous to the living.

Medicine
Gwanggaeto the Great (, , 374 - 413) was an ancient Korean monarch. He was the 19th King of Goguryo and reigned from 393 to 413 CE. During his reign the Goguryeo territory widened with the conquests of SukSin, Mohe, Khitan, Buyeo. His era name was Yuungrak (, ).

King Gwanggaeto died from a sickness in the year 413.

References 
 Les Coréens dans l'histoire, Gwanggaeto le Grand, l’esprit de Goguryeo, KBSworld, le 27 aout 2010. 

374 births
413 deaths
Korean military people
Korean monarchs
Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri was born June 19, 1951. He is an Egyptian physician, Islamic theologian and current leader of the militant Islamist organization al-Qaeda. Ayman al-Zawahiri is a former member of Islamist organizations which have organised and carried out attacks in North America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. In 2012 he called on fellow Muslims to kidnap western tourists in Muslim countries.

Since the September 11 attacks, U.S. State Department has offered a US$25 million reward for information leading to al-Zawahiri's arrest. He is under worldwide sanctions by the United Nations Security Council 1267 Committee as a member or affiliate of al-Qaeda.

Earlier life
al-Zawahiri studied medicine in Cairo. He successfully completed his studies in 1974. For three years, he worked as a surgeon in the Egyptian army. After that, he worked in a hospital in Cairo. In 1980 and 1981, al-Zawahiri travelled to Pakistan to help the Red Crescent movement.

al-Zawahiri is the author of several works including numerous al-Qaeda statements. He speaks Arabic, English and French.

References

1951 births
Living people
Al-Qaeda people
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian scientists
People from Cairo
Physicians
Cadmium sulfide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdS. It has cadmium and sulfide ions in it.

Properties
Cadmium sulfide is a yellow orange solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make hydrogen sulfide and cadmium chloride. It is used in an odd reaction where cadmium sulfide is sprinkled into a sulfide solution and light is shined on it. It starts making small amounts of hydrogen gas.

Occurrence
Cadmium sulfide is only found in two rare minerals. It is normally made artificially.

Preparation

Cadmium sulfide is made several different ways. Cadmium salts, normally the sulfate or the chloride (cadmium chloride), are reacted with hydrogen sulfide to make a bright yellow cadmium sulfide solid. When it is made for pigment, the cadmium sulfide is then washed, heated (to change it into the right form), and ground to a powder. It is then mixed with paint.

Uses
Cadmium sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium yellow is the name of the pigment. If selenide is added during the roasting process (seen above in "preparation" section), it can make an orange or a yellow pigment. Cadmium sulfide is a good pigment because it does not break down easily, is very bright, and does not react with air like other pigments can. It is toxic, though. 

It is also used in photoresistors that are sensitive to infrared and red light. Cadmium sulfide is found around some bacteria that reduce sulfate to sulfide.

Related pages
Cadmium telluride, semiconductor
Mercury sulfide, bright red pigment, too toxic to be used
Zinc sulfide, phosphor

Cadmium compounds
Sulfur compounds
"One Sweet Day" is a song by American singer Mariah Carey. It is a duet with American boy-group Boyz II Men. The song was written by Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff and the members of Boyz II Men. "One Sweet Day" was produced by Carey and Afanasieff for her sixth album Daydream. It was released as the album's second single in late 1995. The song speaks about losing a loved one, and one day seeing them in heaven once again. Both Carey and Boyz II Men wrote the song about specific people in their lives. "One Sweet Day" was positively reviewed by music critcs. The song became a hit in many countries around the world, especially in the United States. It spent sixteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. It also became number one in Canada and New Zealand, and reached the top-ten in Australia, Belgium, France, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The music video for "One Sweet Day" featured clips of Carey and Boyz II Men in the studio recording the song.

1995 songs
Mariah Carey songs
Confuciusornis is a genus of primitive crow-sized birds from the Lower Cretaceous. It was found in the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations of China, dating from 125 to 120 million years ago. The bird was named after the Chinese moral philosopher Confucius (551–479 BC).

Like modern birds, Confuciusornis had a toothless beak, but close relatives of modern birds such as Hesperornis and Ichthyornis were toothed. This shows that the loss of teeth occurred more than once, in Confuciusornis and in ancestors of modern birds. This is an example of convergent evolution.

Confuciusornis is the oldest known bird to have a beak. It is also the first known bird to have lost the long tail of Archaeopteryx and develop fused tail vertebrae (a pygostyle).

Confuciusornis is one of the most abundant vertebrates found in the Yixian Formation, and several hundred complete, articulated specimens have been found.

The proportions of the toes suggest that they were used for both walking and perching, while the large claws of the thumb and third finger were probably used for climbing. The head probably had a small crest or tuft.

Flight 
The orientation of the shoulder joint was sideways, instead of angled upward as in modern birds; this means that Confuciusornis was unable to lift its wings above its back. Like Archaeopteryx, it was thus incapable of the upstroke required for flapping flight. This conclusion is not established at present. Peters sees Confuciusornis as capable of flapping flight but specialising in soaring flight. The bird's weight has also been debated. 

An argument from Gregory Paul noted that Confuciusornis is commonly found as large groups in lake bottom sediments with little to no evidence of the bodies being moved after death. It would be highly unusual for gliding animals to be found in such large numbers in deep water. Rather, this evidence suggests that Confuciusornis traveled in large flocks over the lake surfaces, a habitat consistent with a flying animal.

Colour 
In early 2010, a group of scientists led by Zhang Fucheng examined fossils with preserved melanosomes (organelles which contain colour pigments). By studying the fossils with an electron microscope, they found melanosomes preserved in a fossil Confuciusornis specimen.
The melanosomes where of two types, which indicates that Confuciusornis had hues of grey, red/brown and black, possibly something like the modern zebra finch.

References 

Cretaceous birds
Fossils
The Manifesto of the Communist Party (German: Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei), more commonly known as The Communist Manifesto, is a short book. It was written by the German Marxist-Engelist political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. The book was originally written in the German language. Since it was first published, it became one of the world's most influential and controversial political manuscripts, and has been translated into many languages. The book is about analyzing approaches to class struggles (from both the past and present), and problems with capitalism.

The book does not talk about or predict how communism would be in the future. It is a mixture of both Marx and Engels' theories and opinions on society and politics. It also has their written ideas of how the capitalist society of their time would be replaced by dictatorship of the proletariat, and after that, communism. Especially by the abolition of private property and child labour and by making means of production common, strong progressive income tax and free education for all.

The manuscript of the book is registered in the Memory of the World Programme together with the volume I of The Capital by Karl Marx in June 2013.

Notes 
 

Capitalism
Communism
Socialism
Marxism
Economics books
Werner Sombart (January 19, 1863–May 18, 1941) was a German economist and sociologist and was an important social scientist to Europe during the early 20th century.

Life and work
Sombart was born in Ermsleben, Harz. He was the son of Anton Ludwig Sombart, a rich liberal politician, industrialist. 
Werner studied at the universities in Pisa, Berlin, and Rome, learning both law and economics. In 1888, he received his Ph.D. from Berlin.

1863 births
1941 deaths
German academics
German economists
German sociologists
People from Saxony-Anhalt
Midnight is a fantasy novel, the first book in Erin Hunter's Warriors: The New Prophecy series. Following The Darkest Hour and Firestar's Quest, and preceding Moonrise, it was released May 10, 2005. The novel centers on a group of feral cats living in four Clans: ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, and ShadowClan.

Plot summary
More than a year has passed since the previous book, The Darkest Hour. Bramblepaw, Tigerstar's son, has received his warrior name, Brambleclaw. Firestar has had two kits with Sandstorm, named Squirrelpaw and Leafpaw. Squirrelpaw is apprenticed to Dustpelt, and Leafpaw is apprenticed to Cinderpelt, in training to become the next medicine cat of ThunderClan. While Leafpaw and Cinderpelt search for herbs, StarClan, the cats' ancestors, sends Cinderpelt an ominous warning in some burning bracken, a picture of a tiger running through fire, which she interprets to mean that fire and tiger will destroy the forest. Cinderpelt concludes that the warning must be about Squirrelpaw and Brambleclaw, the daughter of Firestar and the son of Tigerstar. They share the warning with Firestar, who later decides to keep Brambleclaw and Squirrelpaw separated.

In a dream, StarClan tells Brambleclaw, Feathertail (Graystripe's daughter), Crowpaw, and Tawnypelt (formerly Tawnypaw, Brambleclaw's sister) to listen to what "midnight" has to say. Eventually, they begin a journey in the direction of the setting sun. Squirrelpaw tags along and Stormfur insists on accompanying them to protect his sister, Feathertail, as the six cats trek into the unknown world. On their journey, they meet an old loner named Purdy who helps the Clan cats get to the sun-drown place (ocean). Eventually, they reach the sun-drown-place and enter a cavern inhabited by a highly intelligent American badger known as Midnight, able to speak the languages of cats, foxes and rabbits, who reveals to them that humans will destroy the forest and that the cats must either leave the forest or die. She also tells them that a dying warrior will lead the Clans to their new home. The book ends with a short epilogue back in the forest, where the humans begin to destroy ThunderClan's territory.

Publication history
Midnight was first released in the US and Canada in hardcover on May 10, 2005. It was released in the UK on October 25, 2006. It was released in paperback on April 4, 2006. It was also released for the Amazon Kindle on November 6, 2007.

Critical reception
The reception of Midnight was mixed. Children's Literature gave a negative review. Points raised in the review include the demotion of Firestar to a simple spokesman, the huge volume of characters, and the "wimpy" group of traveling cats. However, the review did praise the character of Squirrelpaw.
On the other hand, Kirkus Reviews said the novel was "structurally solid". BookLoons called the new generation "engaging".

Inspiration and influences
The forest depicted in the book is based on New Forest, a forest in southern England. The herbs that the cats use for healing is based on information found in Culpeper's Herbal by Nicholas Culpeper.

References

American novels
Warriors books
Children's books
2005 books
Richard McLaren Nash (born June 16, 1984 in Brampton, Ontario), better known as Rick Nash, is a former Canadian professional ice hockey right winger for the Columbus Blue Jackets where he is the team's captain. He also played for the New York Rangers and Boston Bruins of the NHL as well as the HC Davos. He was picked by the Blue Jackets with the first overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the London Knights.

He was on the Team Canada's men's ice hockey team in the 2010 Winter Olympics where they won the gold medal.

Rick Nash retired from playing hockey in 2018 due to concussion symptoms.

Awards 
Nash was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 2003
Nash won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in 2004 and shared the trophy with Ilya Kovalchuk and Jarome Iginla.
Nash has appeared in 4 NHL All-Star Games in 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2009
Nash won the NHL Foundation Player Award in 2009

Other websites 
Rick Nash's NHL Player Page

1984 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Ontario Hockey League players