cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Béarnaise sauce ()  is a sauce made of clarified butter, egg yolks, and  herbs.  It is considered to be a 'child' of the mother Hollandaise sauce, one of the five mother sauces in French haute cuisine. The difference is only in their flavouring: Béarnaise uses shallot, chervil, peppercorn, and tarragon, while Hollandaise uses lemon juice.

In appearance it is light yellow and opaque, smooth and creamy.

Béarnaise is a traditional sauce for steak.

History
Although a similar recipe was published in 1818, Béarnaise sauce was likely first created by the chef Collinet, the inventor of puffed potatoes (), and served at the 1836 opening of Le Pavillon Henri IV, a restaurant at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, not far from Paris. Evidence for this is reinforced by the fact that the restaurant was named for Henry IV of France, a gourmet himself, who was born in the former province of Béarn.

Preparation
A Béarnaise sauce is simply clarified butter, an egg yolk, a shallot, a little tarragon vinegar. It takes years of practice for the result to be perfect.

Like Hollandaise sauce, there are several methods for the preparation of Béarnaise sauce.  Please refer to the Preparation section of that article for basics.  Here we highlight the differences.

The most common preparation is a Bain-marie method where a reduction of vinegar is used to acidify the yolks.  Escoffier calls for a reduction of wine, vinegar, shallots, fresh chervil, fresh tarragon and crushed peppercorns (later strained out), with fresh tarragon and chervil to finish instead of lemon juice.  Others are similar.  Alternatively, the flavourings may be added to a finished Hollandaise (sans lemon juice).

Derivatives of Béarnaise sauce
Sauce Choron is a variation of béarnaise without tarragon or chervil, plus added tomato purée.  It is named after Alexandre Étienne Choron.
Sauce Foyot (a.k.a. Valois) is béarnaise with meat glaze (Glace de Viande) added.
Sauce Colbert is Sauce Foyot with the addition of reduced white wine.
Sauce Paloise is a version of béarnaise with mint substituted for tarragon.

Mis-association
Béarnaise sauce is often wrongly called Bernaise sauce, as if it were from Bern, the capital city of Switzerland, which is in no way connected with this sauce or its origins.

Some assume Béarnaise refers to the Béarn region, a former province now in the département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in southwestern Franceto refer to the region of Béarn However, the sauce has no tradition in the cooking of the area, and Larousse has the name honouring Henri IV of France, a native of Béarn, and for whom the restaurant where the sauce was first shown was named.  Henri IV was often known as le Grand Béarnais

A la béarnaise 
Some recipes are called à la béarnaise even when they are not accompanied by a Béarnaise sauce.  This is because the recipes themselves are linked to the Béarn region.  This added to confusion over the naming of the sauce.

Notes

References

Other websites

Béarnaise sauce from the British Good Food TV channel
Blender Béarnaise sauce recipe
Grilled New York Steak with Béarnaise Sauce 

Sauces
Dishes named after people
French food
Old Dominion University (ODU) is a public university in Norfolk, Virginia. The university has about 24,125 students. It was founded in 1930. The current president of the university is John R. Broderick.

Center for Teacher Quality and Education Leadership
In 2006, ODU started the Center to "“train teachers for success in urban school environments.” The Center connects communities with ODU's Program for Research and Evaluation in Public Schools (PREPS). PREPS helps schools comply with the No Child Left Behind Act. Both the Center and PREPS are parts of the Darden College of Education.

Phillip A. Hamilton was Vice Chairman of the Appropriations Committee of the Virginia House of Delegates. Hamilton and three other people wanted the part-time job of leading the center. ODU hired Hamilton. Hamilton then sponsored amendments to the Virginia budget that gave the Center $500,000. ODU paid Hamilton about $80,000 between 2007 and 2009. In 2009, the United States federal government began investigating Hamilton for bribery and extortion. Hamilton left ODU in August 2009. Later that year, Hamilton lost his reelection. In January 2011, Hamilton was indicted in federal court. Prosecutors used Hamilton's emails to show how his job was tied to the budget increase. On August 12, 2011, Hamilton was sentenced to 114 months in prison.

Sports
The sports teams of the university are called the Monarchs (men) and Lady Monarchs. They have 18 varsity teams. most of which compete in Conference USA (C-USA). Three ODU women's sports and one men's sport play in other conferences because C-USA does not have enough teams in those sports to run a league. Women's field hockey plays in the Big East Conference, women's lacrosse in the Atlantic Sun Conference, women's rowing in the Big 12 Conference, and men's wrestling in the Mid-American Conference.

References

Other websites
Old Dominion University's Official website
Old Dominion Monarchs' Official athletics website 

Conference USA
Colleges and universities in Virginia
Norfolk, Virginia
1930 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Virginia
Towson University (TU) is a public university in Towson, Maryland. The university has about 21,117 students. It was founded in 1866. The current president of the university is Robert L. Caret.

History
It started in Baltimore as State Norman School in 1866.  TU moved to Towson in 1915. In 1935, the name was changed to State Teachers College at Towson because Maryland opened more colleges.  In 1963, TU became Towson State College. In 1976 the name changed to Towson State University. Finally, in 1997, it became Towson University.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Tigers. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the Colonial Athletic Association.

References

Other websites
Towson University's Official website
Towson Tigers' Official athletics website

Colonial Athletic Association
Colleges and universities in Maryland
1866 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
The University of North Carolina Wilmington is a public, coeducational university in Wilmington, North Carolina. The university has about 16,000 students. It was founded in 1947. The current chancellor of the university is Jose V. Sartarelli.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Seahawks. They have 19 varsity teams and they compete in the Colonial Athletic Association.

Notable people 
Faculty include Herbert Berg, philosophy and religion.

Other websites
University of North Carolina Wilmington's Official website
UNCW Seahawks' Official athletics website

Unc Wilmington
Colleges and universities in North Carolina
1947 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Şebnem Sönmez (full name Tevhide Şebnem Sönmez, born June 5, 1968) in Istanbul, Turkey. She is a Turkish theatre and cinema actress.

Professional life
Sönmez started to develop her experience of playing in a theatre in Istanbul Pendik Youth Theatre while she was a student in high school. Sönmez took part in the theatre plays at the Kartal Art Theatre and Taner Barlas Mim Theatre. After completing her diploma from Istanbul State Conservatory, she worked at Dormen Theatre.  Sönmez made appearances in numerous television series and continued her theatre experience at Besiktas Cultural Center. She taught theatre in kindergarten, primary and high school. While she was teaching in a school as a grade teacher, she founded a theatre group named "Yaz Tiyatrosu" (Summer Theatre) in her school and she continued her acting.

Plays
Bana Mastikayı Çalsana
Cimri
Ben Anadolu
Sen Hiç Ateş Böceği Gördün mü?
Le Balkon

Movies
Aşk Tesadüfleri Sever - 2011
Beş Şehir - 2009
İyi Seneler Londra - 2007
Döngel Karhanesi - 2005
Abdülhamit Düşerken - 2002
Vizontele - 2000

Television
Acemi Müezzin (TV) - 2009
Elveda Rumeli (TV) - 2007
Bir Demet Tiyatro (TV) - 2006
Erkekler Ağlamaz (TV) - 2006
Sen misin Değil misin? (TV) - 2005
Perili Ev (TV) - 2004
Avrupa Yakası (TV) (konuk oyuncu, 2 bölüm) - 2004
Çarli İş Başında (TV) - 2000
Güneş Yanıkları (TV) - 2000
Yedi Numara (TV) - 2000
Dış Kapının Mandalları (TV) - 1998
Bir Demet Tiyatro (TV) - 1997
Yaz Evi (TV) - 1993

Personal life
Şebnem Sönmez was married to Olgun Şimşek.

Award nominations 
Yesilcam Awards - 2010 - Nominated - Best Supporting Actress in Bes Sehir (2009)

References

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Istanbul
Turkish stage actors
Turkish movie actors
Turkish television actors
The Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) is a NCAA conference that play in the NCAA Division I. The conference is headquartered in Richmond, Virginia and features universities and colleges from the Eastern United States.

The CAA was founded in 1979 when the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) split its basketball league into several conferences. It was first known as the ECAC South Basketball League, and became the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added other sports.

Members
These colleges and universities are "full members" of the CAA, meaning that they play almost all of the sports that the CAA sponsors.

Football
The CAA has run a football conference since the 2007 season. CAA football plays in Division I FCS (Football Championship Subdivision), the lower of two levels of NCAA Division I football. Although the CAA as a whole dates only to 1979, the football conference can trace its history to the late 1930s.

In 1938, five schools in New England formed the New England Conference. When one of the schools left in 1945, the other schools joined with two other New England schools to form the Yankee Conference, which began play in 1947. In 1975, the Yankee Conference dropped all sports other than football, and over time many schools outside of New England joined the league. Due to changes in NCAA rules in 1997, the Yankee Conference merged into the Atlantic 10 Conference (A10). After the CAA announced plans to start a football league in 2007, all of the A10 football teams decided to join the CAA for that sport.

Of the full members of the CAA, Delaware, Elon, James Madison, Towson, and William & Mary have football teams. The other schools that play football in the CAA, sometimes called "associate members", are:

Other associate members
The CAA has several other associate members, each of which plays one sport in the conference. In addition to these, football associate Villanova became a CAA member in a second sport in 2015.

References

 
NCAA Division I athletics conferences
Richmond, Virginia
1979 establishments in the United States
Campbell University is a private, coeducational baptist university in Buies Creek, North Carolina. The university has about 10,471 students. It was founded in 1887. The current president of the university is Jerry M. Wallace.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Fighting Camels. They have 18 varsity teams which mostly compete in the Big South Conference. Despite the Big South sponsoring football, the Campbell football team plays in the Pioneer Football League (PFL). That league is made up of schools that choose not to offer scholarships for football, despite offering them in other sports.

Other websites
Campbell University's Official website
Campbell Fighting Camels' Official athletics website

Colleges and universities in North Carolina
1887 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in North Carolina
Belmont University is a private, coeducational university in Nashville, Tennessee. The university has about 5,936 students. It was founded in 1890. The current president of the university is Robert Fisher.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university, called the Bruins, mostly play in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC). The men's soccer team plays in the Horizon League because the OVC does not run a men's soccer league.

Other websites
Belmont University's Official website
Belmont Bruins Official athletics website

Ohio Valley Conference
Colleges and universities in Nashville, Tennessee
1890 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Tennessee
Clay County is a county in Illinois.

Illinois counties
1824 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Illinois
Clay County is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Brazil.

Indiana counties
1825 establishments in the United States
Brazil, Indiana
1820s establishments in Indiana
The University of North Florida (UNF) is a public university in Jacksonville, Florida. The university has about 16,509 students. Its campus comprises 1,300 acres amid a natural preserve on Jacksonville's Southside. It was founded in 1969. The current president is David Szymanski.

UNF was established in 1965 and began offering classes in 1972. UNF was initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors. It began admitting freshmen in 1984.

The university has 220 clubs and organizations for students as well as an active student government and Greek life. The student-run newspaper The Spinnaker is published monthly. The university's intercollegiate athletics teams are known as the Ospreys, and are currently members of the Atlantic Sun Conference in NCAA Division I.

History
The university was founded in 1969 after  midway between downtown Jacksonville and the Jacksonville Beaches were set aside for the campus,  of which were donated by the Skinner family of Jacksonville. Construction on classrooms and buildings began in 1971 and UNF opened in the fall of 1972 with an initial enrollment of 2,027 juniors, seniors and graduate students, supported by 117 faculty and more than 150 staff. Originally, like the other Florida state institutions opened around this time, UNF was designated as a "senior" college, meaning that it would enroll only upperclassmen and graduate students.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Ospreys. They have 10 varsity teams. They compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference.

Other sources

Other websites
 
North Florida Ospreys' Official athletics website

Atlantic Sun Conference
Colleges and universities in Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
Stetson University is a private, co-educational university in DeLand, Florida. The university has about 2,200 students. It was founded in 1883. The current president of the university is Wendy B. Libby.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Hatters. They compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference.

Other websites
Stetson University's Official website
Stetson Hatters' Official athletics website

Atlantic Sun Conference
Colleges and universities in Florida
1883 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Florida
The ASUN Conference is a NCAA conference whose members play in NCAA Division I. The conference is headquartered in Atlanta and mostly features universities and colleges from the southeastern United States. The ASUN does not play football, but plans to add that sport in 2022 in the second level of Division I football, the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).

The ASUN began in 1978 as the Trans America Athletic Conference (TAAC). It became the Atlantic Sun Conference in 2001 and rebranded itself as the ASUN Conference in 2016.

Members
As of the 2021–22 school year, the ASUN has 12 full members, or schools that play almost all of their sports in the conference.

The most recent membership changes took effect in July 2021 with the arrival of two completely new members and one returning member. The first-time members were the University of Central Arkansas and Eastern Kentucky University, which respectively arrived from the Southland Conference and Ohio Valley Conference (OVC). Jacksonville State University, which had been an ASUN member from 1995 to 2003, returned after spending 18 years in the OVC. At that time, the ASUN technically began sponsoring football, but did not start conference play. It partnered with the Western Athletic Conference, which was launching an FCS football league in the fall 2021 season. Under the agreement, the three newest members, all of which play FCS football, became de facto WAC football members for that season only.

Future members
The next membership change comes in July 2022 when Austin Peay State University joins from the OVC. This will give the ASUN six members that play FCS football and award scholarships for that sport, which is the number of teams needed for a conference to receive an automatic bid to the FCS playoffs. The new ASUN football league, launching in 2022, will feature Austin Peay, the three 2021 arrivals, Kennesaw State, and North Alabama. Two other ASUN schools sponsor football but will not play that sport in the ASUN; Stetson plays in the Pioneer Football League, whose members do not award football scholarships, and Liberty plays as an independent in the top level of D-I football, the Football Bowl Subdivision.

Associate members
The ASUN also has 10 "associate members" that play one or two sports in the conference while being full members of another conference. Five of these schools, plus full member Bellarmine, make up the ASUN men's lacrosse league, restarted in the 2021–22 school year (2022 season) after having been shut down when the ASUN began a lacrosse partnership with the Southern Conference (SoCon).Four more schools joined in July 2021. Two returned women's lacrosse to the ASUN after the SoCon shut down its women's volleyball league, and two joined in beach volleyball.

The "Joined" column shows the year in which a school joined the ASUN. Since all ASUN sports that have associate members (beach volleyball and men's and women's lacrosse) are spring sports, this means the year of joining is the calendar year before the first season of ASUN play.

References

 
NCAA Division I athletics conferences
1978 establishments in the United States
Higher Learning is a 1995 American drama movie directed by John Singleton and starring Ice Cube, Laurence Fishburne, Tyra Banks, Jennifer Connelly, Kristy Swanson and Omar Epps. Its subjects include racial prejudice, crime and struggles with sexuality taking place at a fictional university.

Other websites 

1995 crime movies
1995 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
1995 LGBT movies
American crime drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by John Singleton‏‎
The Oomycota are a class in a huge phylum of eukaryotic microorganisms called the Heterokonts. Oomycetes are a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like microorganisms.

They are not actually fungi, though some have filaments as fungi do. Like fungi, they are saprophytic and pathogenic. also like fungi, oomycetes rarely have septa, and if they do, they are scarce.

They are microscopic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Oomycetes are some of the most prolific pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as potato blight and sudden oak death.

They are often referred to as water moulds (or moulds), although the water-loving nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens.

Reproduction 

Most oomycetes produce two types of spores. The main dispersing spores are asexual, self-mobile spores called zoospores. These do chemotaxis (movement toward, for example, a food source) in surface water. A few oomycetes produce asexual spores that are distributed by wind. Oomycetes also produce sexual spores, called oospores. These are translucent, double-walled, spherical structures which can survive adverse conditions.

Notes 

Protista
The garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is a Colubrid snake.

It is common across North America between Alaska/Canada and Central America. It is the single most widely distributed genus of reptiles in North America. It is famous for its resistance to the poison produced by the rough-skinned newt. Garter snakes are actually venomous, just not to humans, since the amount of toxin in their saliva is too weak to really cause damage to a human. The worst they could do to you is musk on you or bite you and leave a harmless rash. In fact, cat bites are probably more serious than garter snake bites. They prey on rodents, small fish, small birds, salamanders, earthworms (not red wigglers, as they are bad for them) insects, and insect larva. They are attracted to water sources and hiding spots. You can identify a garter snake because almost every species has a stripe running down its back, the color varying and depending on the species, as there are many different species of garter snakes. They are incredibly common animals, settling in backyards and local woods. As you read this, there is probably at least one garter slithering in the nature-filled area behind you, whatever that may be. All snakes like to hide, and garters are no exception, even if they are incredibly common and small. They hide under leaves, trees, bricks and rocks stacked up, plants, sticks, and anything they can find. If you are trying to catch a garter, look for them under these places, and you just might find them. Like most snakes, female garters tend to be longer than the males, so that's one form of sexing them.

Related pages 
Rough-skinned newt
Warning colouration#Toxin resistance

Colubrids
James Allan Black (born June 1, 1977 in Franklin, Tennessee) is an American professional wrestler who is better known by the ring name, James Storm and is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he was once one-half of the wrestling stable, Beer Money, Inc. with Robert Roode. Storm is a six-time NWA World Tag Team Champion with Chris Harris (six) and Christopher Daniels (one), five-time and current TNA World Tag Team Champion with Gunner (one and current) and Robert Roode, two-time World Beer Drinking Champion. Storm also won the Asylum Alliance Tag Team Tournament in 2003 with Harris, the Team 3D Invitational Tag Team Tournament in 2009 with Roode and the TNA Tag Team Championship Series in 2010 with Roode.

Other websites 
James Storm's Official website
James Storm's TNA profile 

1977 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Tennessee
TNA wrestlers
Shawn Hernandez (born February 11, 1973 in Houston, Texas) is an American professional wrestler who is better known by the ring name, Hernandez and is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Hernandez is also known for forming the tag team stable, The Latin American Xchange with Homicide which ended when he was betrayed by Homicide and was attacked by him on the September 10 edition of TNA Impact!. 

He has been a two time NWA World Tag Team Champion with Homicide and a two time TNA World Tag Team Champion with Homicide (once) and Matt Morgan (once). He also won the Deuces Wild Tournament in 2008 with Homicide.

His finishing move is called the Border Toss which is a throwing crucifix powerbomb.

References

Other websites 
Shawn Hernandez's Official website 
Shawn Hernandez's TNA profile 

1973 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Houston, Texas
Nuclear engineering is a field of engineering dealing with application of atomic nuclei breakdown and other sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics. It includes the interaction and maintenance of nuclear fission systems and components such as nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants, and nuclear weapons.

Nuclear engineering also includes the study of nuclear fusion, medical and other applications of radiation, radiation safety, heat transport, nuclear fuel and other related technologies, nuclear proliferation, and the effect of radioactive waste or radioactivity on the environment.

Other websites 
 Major: Nuclear Engineering 
 Nuclear Science and Engineering

Notes 

Engineering disciplines
Edie Falco (born July 5, 1963 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American movie, television and stage actress. She plays Carmela in HBO's The Sopranos. She starred in Nurse Jackie as the title character. She also acted in many movies.

Other websites 

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1963 births
Living people
The Tragedy of Cymbeline  is a play by William Shakespeare. It is based on a story in a book called Holinshed's Chronicles by Raphael Holinshed. Shakespeare also used History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth about the real-life British king Cunobelinus. Shakespeare also used a story in a book by Giovanni Boccaccio called Decameron for some details. The first known performance was in April 1611. It was first printed in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.

References

Other websites

 Cymbeline  – searchable, indexed e-text
 Cymbeline  – Full text at M.I.T.
 Cymbeline  – Scene-indexed play
 Cymbeline – HTML version.
 Cymbeline – Scene-indexed and searchable version of the text.
 Cymbeline  – plain text from Project Gutenberg
 Cymbeline – different plain text edition

Plays by William Shakespeare
Hurricane Flora was among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes. This hurricane happened in Autumn 1963. The storm hit southwestern Haiti at peak intensity (her winds peaked at 145 miles per hour). Flora then drifted over Cuba for almost four days before heading northeast into the Atlantic. Between seven thousand and eight thousand people died due to Flora. At that time, the death toll was the most from any storm since the Galveston Hurricane in September 1900. The name Flora was later retired.

Deadly storms
1963
20th centuy in Haiti
1960s in Cuba
Hurricanes in Haiti
Doc Walker is a country music band from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada, which is near Winnipeg. Band members are Murray Pulver - guitars and vocals, Chris Thorsteinson - lead vocals and guitars, Dave Wasyliw - vocals and guitars. They have been together since the band formed in 1995, have been called "the hardest working country band in Canada".

They have had several Top 10 songs on the charts. Hits include "Beautiful Life", "From Here", and "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me". Other great songs are "That Train", "North Dakota Boy", "Rocket Girl", "Driving With the Breaks On", "Coming Home", and "Whoever Made Those Rules". 

“Simplicity is the best hook sometimes,” -Chris Thorsteinson.

Other websites
http://www.cmt.ca/Artist/DocWalker  
http://docwalker.ca/

Country bands
Three's Company is an American situation comedy. It aired on the ABC network. It began in March 1977 and ended in September 1984.

The show is a remake of the British sitcom Man About the House. Nowadays the domestic distribution rights are handled by creator Don L. Taffner's estate and the international rights are handled by FremantleMedia (whose company Thames originated the sitcom Man About the House).

The show is set in Santa Monica, California. It is about a man pretending to be gay so his landlord won't evict him, it is also about financial struggling such as the roommates not being able to pay their rent. The sitcom heavily relies on innuendo and sexy misunderstandings. It is also a comedy of errors. The show had two spinoffs also based on Britcoms: The Ropers (George & Mildred) & Three's a Crowd (Robin's Nest).

The series was later the subject of the made-for-TV movie Behind the Camera: the Unauthorized Story of Three's Company. The movie showed how cast changes led to the show ending.

Cast
John Ritter,
Joyce DeWitt
Suzanne Somers, 
Jenilee Harrison
Priscilla Barnes
Richard Kline
Ann Wedgeworth (who only appeared in eleven episodes of season four)
Norman Fell
Audra Lindley (Fell and Lindley left after season three for their own series)
Don Knotts (who played the new landlord)

Other websites 

1977 establishments in the United States
1977 television series debuts
1984 disestablishments in the United States
1984 television series endings
1970s American sitcoms
1980s American sitcoms
ABC network shows
American television series based on British television series
Santa Monica, California
Television series about friendship
Television series set in Los Angeles County, California
English-language television programs
Theriodonts  are a major group of therapsids. They are a clade which include not only the traditional theriodonts, but also their descendants the mammals as well (in the same way that theropod dinosaurs include the birds as a sub-clade).

They can be defined in traditional terms as a suborder of Synapsida that lived from the Middle Permian to the Middle Cretaceous. Theriodonts appeared about 265 million years ago, in the Middle Permian. Even these early theriodonts were more mammal-like than their relatives. 

Theriodonts fall into three main groups: Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia and Cynodontia. Early theriodonts may have been warm-blooded. Early forms were carnivorous, but several later groups became herbivorous during the Triassic. 

Theriodont jaws were more mammal-like than was the case of other therapsids, because their dentary (lower jaw) was larger, which gave them more efficient chewing. Several other bones that were previously on the lower jaw, moved into the ears, allowing the theriodonts to hear better and their mouths to open wider. This made the theriodonts the most successful group of synapsids. 

Eutheriodonts refer to all theriodonts except the gorgonopsians (the most primitive group). They included the therocephalians, cynodonts and their descendants – the mammals. The name means "true beast tooth". The eutheriodonts have larger skulls, accommodating larger brains and improved jaw muscles. 

The theriodonts (eutheriodonts) are one of the two synapsid survivors of the great Permian–Triassic extinction event, the other being the dicynodonts. Therocephalians included both carnivorous and herbivorous forms; both died out after the Lower Triassic.  

The remaining theriodonts, the cynodonts, also included carrnivores such as Cynognathus, as well as newly evolved herbivorous Traversodonts.  While Traversodonts for the most part remained medium-sized to reasonably large (length of largest species up to 2 meters), the carnivorous forms became progressively smaller as the Triassic progressed.  

By the Upper Triassic the small cynodonts included the rodent-like tritylodonts (possibly related to or descended from travsersodonts), and the tiny, shrew-like, trithelodonts, which evolved into the first mammals. The trithelodonts died out during the Jurassic, and the tritylodonts survived in the Cretaceous, but the mammals continued to evolve. Many mammal groups managed to survive the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, allowing the mammals to diversify and dominate the Earth.

Notes
Laura Ingraham (born 19 June 1964) is an American conservative political commentator, author and radio host. Her nationally syndicated talk show The Laura Ingraham Show was broadcast for nine years on the Talk Radio Network. She has been known for her controversial statements against the left wing party.

References

1964 births
Living people
American radio personalities
Writers from Connecticut
American political commentators
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American conservatives
A peptide bond is a special chemical bond that happens between two amino acids. In the reaction (called condensation), the two amino acids are combined into a dipeptide. 

Biochemistry
Repenomamus is the largest known mammal from the Cretaceous period. Its fossil was found in Manchuria.

There is good evidence that it fed on dinosaurs. It is not known whether Repenomamus was a hunter or a scavenger.

Life style 
Repenomamus was carnivorous.  A specimen of R. robustus has been discovered with the fragmentary skeleton of a juvenile Psittacosaurus preserved in its stomach. 

This is the strongest evidence that Mesozoic mammals fed on dinosaurs, though there were earlier indications of this.

The larger species, R. giganticus, is the largest mammal known from the Cretaceous. R. giganticus was more than 1 metre (39 inches) long and weighed about 12–14 kg (26–31 lb). Its skull measures 16 cm (6.25 in) long, its body 52 cm (20.5 in), and the preserved part of its tail 36 cm (14 in).

Discovery 
The fossils were recovered from the lagerstätte of the Yixian Formation in the Liaoning Province of China, renowned for its extraordinarily well-preserved fossils of feathered dinosaurs. They have been dated to 130 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous period.

Repenomamus is a genus of triconodonts, a group of mammaliaformes with no modern relatives.

References 

Theriodonts
Frederick William III () (3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was king of Prussia from 1797 to 1840.

Life
Frederick William was born in Potsdam in 1770 as the son of Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia and Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was considered to be a shy and reserved boy,

As a soldier he received the usual training of a Prussian prince, obtained his lieutenancy in 1784, became a colonel in 1790, and took part in the campaigns against France of 1792-1794. On December 24, 1793, Frederick William married Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. They had ten children. In the Kronprinzenpalais (Crown Prince's palace) in Berlin, Frederick William lived a civil life with a problem-free marriage, which did not change even when he became King of Prussia in 1797.

Reign

He succeeded to the throne on 16 November 1797 and took over personal power without giving responsibility to his ministers. Unfortunately he was not able to follow a consistent course for himself.
His sense of duty can be seen from this quote:

At first Frederick William tried to follow a policy of neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars. But in the end he entered into war in October 1806. On 14 October 1806, at the Battle of Jena-Auerstädt, the French defeated the Prussian army, and it collapsed.  The royal family fled to East Prussia, where  Emperor Alexander I of Russia (who, rumour has it, had fallen in love with Queen Louise) helped them against Napoleon.

But Alexander was defeated as well. At Tilsit France made peace with Russia and Prussia. Napoleon dealt with Prussia very harshly, Prussia lost many of its Polish territories, as well as all territory west of the Elbe, and had to pay for French troops that occupied Prussia.

Although Frederick William himself resigned to Prussia's fate, his ministers set about a reform of Prussia's administration and military.
After Napoleon's defeat in Russia (1813) Frederick William turned against France and signed an alliance with Russia.  Prussian troops played a key part in the victories of the allies in 1813 and 1814.

At the Congress of Vienna, Frederick William's ministers succeeded in securing important territorial increases for Prussia. After the war, Frederick William did not keep the promises he had made in 1813 to supply Prussia with a constitution.

He died on 7 June 1840. His eldest son, Frederick William IV, succeeded him.

Ancestry

Further reading 
 Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann: König in Preußens großer Zeit. Friedrich Wilhelm III., der Melancholiker auf dem Thron. Siedler,  Berlin 1992.
 Dagmar von Gersdorff: Königin Luise und Friedrich Wilhelm III. Eine Liebe in Preußen. Rowohlt, Reinbek 2001. .

Related pages

 Kingdom of Prussia

Notes 

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1770 births
1840 deaths
Electors and Electresses
House of Hohenzollern
Kings and Queens of Prussia
People from Potsdam
Population growth is the rate at which a population grows or expands. For example, if a population increased from 100 to 110 in a year, then it would have had a population growth of 10% per year.

World population 
World population has been rising since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350. 

Population began growing rapidly in the Western world during the industrial revolution. Several factors were notable: the coming of modern agriculture, and the control of epidemic diseases (black death, cholera, typhus). Modern water engineering brought clean water to many large cities. Deaths from world wars, especially WWI, reversed the trend, but only for a while. 

The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s in Asia and Latin America. Medical advances, and increases in farming, have been the main causes.

A single example is both astonishing and revealing. Since 1945, half the forests of Indonesia have been replaced with farmland. As late as 1900, Indonesia was still a densely forested country: forests covered 84 percent of the total land area. Deforestation became serious in the 1970s, and has gone faster since then. About 170 million hectares (estimated in 1900) decreased to less than 100 million hectares by the end of the 20th century. In 2008, it was estimated that tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in a decade. Of the total logging in Indonesia, up to 80% is said to be done illegally.

Related pages
Overpopulation

Further reading

 YAN Kun(2011). The tendency equation of the population and its limit value in the United Kingdom (Brief annotation of the connection equation(R)), Xi'an: Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute.

References

Other websites

Population
The Twenty-Third United States Census, known as Census 2010 or 2010 Census was a count of the population of the United States. It was done by the Census Bureau. It found that the population of the United States on April 1, 2010 was 308,745,538. This was an increase of 9.7 percent over the 281,421,906 people counted during the 2000 Census. This was the twenty-third federal census.

The Census Bureau did not use a long form for the 2010 Census. The 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions.

Cost
The 2010 census cost $13 billion. It cost about $42 per capita. To compare, the 2010 census per-capita cost for China was about US$1; for India, the cost was US$0.40. Operational costs were $5.4 billion, under the $7 billion budget. In December 2010 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) noted that the cost of doing the census has doubled each decade since 1970. In a detailed 2004 report to Congress, the GAO asked the Census Bureau to fix cost and design problems. They estimated the 2010 Census cost to be $11 billion.

In August 2010, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke said that the census operational costs were a lot less than what they thought it would be. Their budget was almost $7 billion, but they saved:
$650 million was saved in the budget for the door-to-door questioning (NRFU) phase because 72% of households returned mailed questionnaires;
$150 million was saved because of lower-than-planned costs in areas including Alaska and tribal lands; and
the $800 million emergency fund was not needed.

References

Other websites

2010 Census
2010 United States Census Form
U.S. Census Bureau
The 2010 Census: Winners and Losers  – slideshow by Life magazine
How to deep link into US Census Bureau FactFinder2 , see FactFinder2 info
Census: As Red States Grow, So Do Hispanic Populations Within – video report by Democracy Now!

2010 in the United States
United States Census
The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is an agency that is in control of many types of transport, including buses, commuter rail, elevated rail and subways. It operates 13 "Regional Rail" services in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area.

References 

 
1965 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania

es:Metro de Filadelfia
Mount Pinatubo is a stratovolcano on Luzon in the Philippines. It is near the Tri-Cabusilan Mountain range, separating Luzon's west coast from the central plains. 

Before 1991 the volcano was inconspicuous and heavily eroded. It was covered with dense forest, and several thousand indigenous people lived there. The volcano erupted in June 1991, destroying thousands of buildings and houses and killing over 800 people. Mount Pinatubo's eruption effects were felt worldwide. There is now a caldera where before was the central cone.

It erupted in June 15, 1991 and is located on the island of Luzon in the Phillipines. Many Lahars and pyroclastic flows damaged much of the infrastructure of the country. They also killed upwards of 800 people. Officials at the US marine base were able to evacuate many people, but property damage was costly, totaling billions of phillipine pesos.

Volcanoes of Asia
Geography of the Philippines
Mama's Family was an American sitcom that aired beginning January 22, 1983 and ended February 24, 1990. The show was first canceled in May 1984, but returned in September 1986 in first run syndication; between its cancellation and September 1985 NBC aired reruns of the sitcom.

The show's theme song is "Bless My Happy Home" by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz (music) and Vicki Lawrence (lyrics). The show's producers chose to use an instrumental version.

References

Other websites

 
 
 The Mama's Family Site

American sitcoms
NBC network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
DJ Hero is a music video game, released on October 27, 2009 in North America, October 28, 2009 in Australia and on October 29, 2009 in Europe. The game was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii video game consoles. The game uses a turntable-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the motions of a DJ. The game is a spin-off of the Guitar Hero video game series. It was well-received by journalists. GameSpot gave the game a 8.0 for both the 360 and PS3 and IGN gave the game a 9.0 for both the 360 and PS3. The game had such good sales that it produced a sequel called DJ Hero 2.

References

Other websites
DJ Hero's official website 

2009 video games
Music video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Wii games
The NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, or NCAA Tournament is a single-elimination (if you lose a game, you stop playing) college basketball tournament with 68 college teams playing each other. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created it in 1939. When it was started in 1939, it only had eight teams. It has grown slowly, but steadily.

The tournament is played from mid-March to early April, so basketball around that time is sometimes called "March Madness".

There are two ways to get in. You can win your conference (a group of about 8 to 12 basketball teams) championship, or get voted in by the NCAA. At first, only one team was allowed in from each conference, but now more can come from each conference.

Layout
The tournament is split into four groups called regionals. Each regional has 17 teams, seeded (numbered from best to worst) 1 through 17. The 16 and 17 seeds play each other at the beginning. Then the 1 seed plays the 16 seed, the 2 seed plays the 15 seed, and so on. Then the winners advance to the next round. There are six rounds.

List of NCAA Tournament champions

College basketball
National Collegiate Athletic Association
"These Words" is a pop and R&B single. It is sung by Natasha Bedingfield. It comes from Bedingfield's debut record Unwritten. It was the album's 2nd international single. The song hit top forty worldwide and was certified platinum for the United States and Australia. It was released in 2005 in the United States.

Songs by Natasha Bedingfield
2004 songs
Jarome Arthur-Leigh Adekunle Tig Junior Elvis Iginla (born July 1, 1977) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He played in the WHL for the Kamloops Blazers where he played three seasons. He was drafted by the Dallas Stars with the 11th overall pick in the 1995 NHL Draft but did not play a game with them. He also played for the Calgary Flames for 16 years where he was the captain. He was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins on March 28, 2013 in exchange for Kenneth Agostino, Ben Hanowski, and a first-round draft pick in the 2013 NHL Draft. He played 28 combined games with the Penguins. He is a Christian of his father's faith.

On July 5, 2013, Iginla signed a one-year, $6 million contract with the Boston Bruins.

On July 1, 2014, Iginla signed three-year, $16 million contract with the Colorado Avalanche.

References

Other websites

1977 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian Christians
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Colorado Avalanche players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Kamloops Blazers players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Memorial Cup winners
Susan Lynn Orman, better known as Suze Orman (born June 5, 1951) is an American financial advisor, motivational speaker, and television host. Orman was born in Chicago. She received her B.A. in social work. She worked as a financial advisor for Merrill Lynch. In 1983 she became the vice-president of investments at Prudential Bache Securities. In 1987, she founded the Suze Orman Financial Group. She hosts The Suze Orman Show on CNBC since 2002. Orman has written seven New York Times best seller books. She also hosted six PBS specials based on her books, for which she won two daytime Emmy Awards. In addition to this, she also hosts programs on QVC.

References

1951 births
Living people
American journalists
Writers from Chicago
Emmy Award winners
Estelle Getty (July 25, 1923  July 22, 2008) was an American actress. She was born in New York City to Polish immigrants and was Jewish. She is best known for playing Sophia on the television show The Golden Girls from 19851992. She also starred in several motion pictures and other television sitcoms.

Early life
Estelle Scher was the daughter of the Polish-Jewish immigrants Sarah and Charles Scher. Her father opened a glass business in New York City.

Career
She had an acting career and got a job in New York and then, she began to appear in films.

From 1985-1992 she played in The Golden Girls as Sophia Petrillo. In 1986 she was awarded a Golden Globe Award and in 1988, an Emmy Award.
In the spinoff series The Golden Palace (1992-1993), she played the same role
After the end of The Golden Girls and The Golden Palace she played the role of Sophia in Empty Nest.

She was also in films like Stuart Little and Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot with Sylvester Stallone.

Personal life and death
In 1947 she married Arthur Gettleman and took the surname of her husband. She changed the surname in Getty. In 2000 she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and didn't appear in public. In 2004,  her husband died and she moved to Los Angeles.  She died in 2008,  just 3 days before her birthday. In her later years, after retiring from acting, she also battled Lewy body dementia.

References

Other websites 

 
 
Telegraph obituary

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York City
Emmy Award winning actors
Jewish American actors
Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies
1923 births
2008 deaths
Aqua is a Danish-Norwegian group who sing dance-pop music. The group were first signed in 1994. They have made two studio albums, two compilation albums, two remix albums and sixteen singles. The group split up in 2001 and reformed in 2007.

Discography 

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
20th-century establishments in Denmark
Copenhagen
Danish musical entertainers
Musical groups established in 1994
Pop music groups
1994 establishments in Europe
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2001 establishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2007
21st-century establishments in Denmark
2007 establishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Denmark