cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Newfoundland is an island off the east Coast of North America, and is part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The capital city of Newfoundland is St. John's, on the north-east part of the island. Over 500,000 people live in Newfoundland (these people are called Newfoundlanders). It, along with Labrador on the mainland, became part of Canada on March 31, 1949. There is no bridge or tunnel from Newfoundland to the rest of the country but there is a ferry to Nova Scotia.

In Newfoundland, most people speak English, but there are also French speakers on the island, mostly in the south-west. In some areas of Newfoundland, people speak with an accent and use words that are not in standard English. There is even a dictionary of Newfoundland English.

The first people in Newfoundland were the First Nations. Settlers came from countries like Norway, England, Portugal, France, and Ireland in the 16th century. The first European explorers were the Vikings from Norway and they settled in L'Anse aux Meadows. They came because of the good fishing off the coast, especially off the south-east coast. Eventually they left because of disagreements with aboriginals. Today, there is still fishing, but not very much because people fished too much, and now there are not many fish left.

Cutting down trees and mining have also been attractions of the island. There are some paper mills (paper factories) in a few cities in Newfoundland.

Other websites 
 Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
 Welcome Page for Newfoundland and Labrador 
 Newfoundland Tourism

Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
Islands of Canada
Kiss is an American hard rock/heavy metal band. The band started in the 1970s. They formed in New York City on January 4th 1973. The original members are Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Peter Criss, and Ace Frehley. They are most famous for their stage show and songs like "Rock and Roll All Nite" (1975), "Strutter" (1974) and "Detroit Rock City" (1976).

Current members 
 Paul Stanley - rhythm guitar, vocals
 Gene Simmons - bass guitar, vocals
 Tommy Thayer - lead guitar
 Eric Singer - drums, vocals

Past members 
 Ace Frehley - lead guitar, vocals
 Peter Criss - drums, vocals
 Eric Carr - drums, vocals
 Vinnie Vincent - lead guitar, vocals
 Mark St. John - lead guitar, vocals
 Bruce Kulick - lead guitar, vocals

Albums 
Kiss has had several changes in style and lineup. Their more famous era was in the mid 1970s, particularly the first 6 studio albums, and the first live album, Alive! which was widely popular. In the 1980s, Kiss started to follow the trend taking place with more synthesizers, and songs that many fans didn't like because of a big change in style. In the 1990s, Kiss changed toward the grunge and heavier trend with Revenge and Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions. The original members reunited for Psycho Circus and then parted ways again in 2002. Tommy Thayer and Eric Singer replaced Frehley and Criss, and the current lineup has made the 2009 album Sonic Boom, which was a return to the classic style of the 70's, and many fans liked it. The follow up to that is going to be released in June 2012, titled Monster. 
 Kiss
 Hotter Than Hell
 Dressed to Kill
 Alive!
 Destroyer
 Rock and Roll Over
 Love Gun
 Alive II
 Gene Simmons
 Paul Stanley
 Ace Frehley
 Peter Criss
 Dynasty
 Unmasked
 Music from "The Elder"
 Creatures of the Night
 Lick It Up
 Animalize
 Asylum
 Crazy Nights
 Hot in the Shade
 Revenge
 Alive III
 Kiss Unplugged
 Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions
 Psycho Circus
 Kiss Symphony: Alive IV
 Sonic Boom
 Monster

Other websites 
 Kiss Online
 Kiss Army 
 Kiss Dressed to Play - Brazilian Page 

1973 establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2020s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Glam metal bands
 
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups from New York City
The Visioner's Tale is one of the little-known writings of Geoffrey Chaucer.   Only parts of the story were left from when Chaucer wrote it in the 14th century, so it is not normally included in modern versions of the Canterbury Tales.

Here is the tale, as put together by someone from Denmark who studied the parts of the story, and tried to put them together:

My lady's touch upon the lute is light,
yet she weaves the streams of melody,
with such profound synchicity,
that the river of time spills into dream,
into that ocean of unspoken promise,
where lives primordial the memory of future things,
here vision and voice and sound,
and meaning emerge at last as one.

British poems
Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–25 October 1400) was an English writer, poet, and philosopher. He is most famous for writing Canterbury Tales which had 24 stories but was not completed. He was one of the first writers to write in English. He wrote in Middle English.

Early life 
Chaucer was probably born in London. His father, John, and grandfather were prosperous wine merchants in London. The name Chaucer is French and means shoemaker. However, not many details are known of his early life and education.

By 1357, Chaucer was a page to Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, wife of Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence. In 1360, he was captured by the French near Reims during a battle in the Hundred Years' War. He was then ransomed and released. King Edward III gave £16 towards his release. Chaucer married Phillipa (de) Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to the queen and had close family connections to John of Gaunt. He had about three or four children.

The king's squire 
Chaucer may have studied law in the Inner Temple.  He joined the Royal court and travelled around Europe on business for the king. He became one of the king's esquires. One of his first known poems was written in 1369. It was called The Book of The Duchess, and was written after the death of John of Gaunt's wife, Blanche. In 1374, he became Comptroller (in charge of the money) of the Customs for the Port of London. He did this job for 12 years. It was a well paid job and Chaucer was quite rich.

When Richard II became king, Chaucer continued to work in Customs. He was also sent to Europe on several more diplomatic jobs for the king.

Country life 
Chaucer moved to Kent in 1385 where he had a new position as Justice of the Peace. He was also elected as one of two knights of the shire to be a member of parliament. At the end of the year he lost his customs jobs. His wife, Phillipa, died in 1387. But on 12 July 1389, he was made the Clerk of the Kings Works, looking after repairs to the royal palaces. He was given other small positions, including looking after the river banks of the Thames, and as a deputy forester in the Royal Forest. Over the next few years, Chaucer became poorer and often was given small payments and pensions from the king.

Death 
He died at St.Mary's Chapel in Sevenoaks on 25 October 1400. Chaucer is buried in Westminster Abbey, in what is now called the Poets' Corner.

His writings 
Chaucer did most of his writing between 1369 and 1393. He is famous for his collection of stories in verse called the Canterbury Tales. He also wrote The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame and Troilus and Criseyde.

References 

1340s births
1400 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
English writers
English poets
Medieval poets
British poets laureate
The 2002 Bali terrorist bombings took place in Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack was the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia. Kuta is a popular tourist destination. 202 people were killed. 164 of them were foreigners, 38 were Indonesian citizens. Most of those killed were Australians, Britons and Indonesians. In addition, 209 people were injured.

The bombings 
At around 11 in the evening, a bomb destroyed a bar on Bali. The bomb was in a backpack, and only the person that owned it died. A few seconds later, a larger bomb went off. This bomb was close to 1,000 kilograms.

Attackers 
A terrorist group called Jemaah Islamiyah are believed to be responsible for making and exploding the device.

In total, four people were charged with the terrorist attack. An Indonesian court sentenced three of them to death. One person received a long prison sentence.

2002 in Asia
2000s building bombings
2000s in Indonesia

2002 bombings
Building bombings in Asia

Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2000s
Mass murder in the 2000s
Massacres in Asia
Murder in 2002
October events
Suicide bombings in Asia
Suicide car and truck bombings
Suicide in the 2000s
The Boeing 17 Flying Fortress was a heavy bomber, that was used by the United States Strategic Air Force during World War II. It first flew in 1935, and was introduced in 1938. It had a shorter range, and a smaller bomb load, than its sister bomber the B-24 Liberator, but it had more defensive armament. It dropped large amounts of bombs during air raids against Germany, such as the raid on Dresden. The B-17 was also used in the Pacific, including  the Battle of Midway. The Flying Fortress had its name for a good reason, it could survive the hits and was able to fly while under enemy fire. The B-17 was a heavy bomber plane that carried 2 tons of bombs. The reason why few B-17's survived WWII was because lack of escort by allied fighters and enemy fire. Later in WWII, the U.S. increased escort fighters for the bombers giving more protection. The escort fights flew until the end of WWII.

Technical data (Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress)

References

Boeing aircraft
United States Air Force aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
World War II American aircraft
Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith is a science fiction movie. It is the third film in the Star Wars saga produced by Lucasfilms. It was released in 2005.

Story

The movie shows the events that led to the transformation of Anakin Skywalker to Darth Vader of the original trilogy. It also shows how Palpatine turned the Galactic Republic into the Galactic Empire as well as showing the destruction of the Jedi because of Order 66.

Cast
 Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi
 Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker
 Natalie Portman as Senator Padmé Amidala
 Ian McDiarmid as Supreme Chancellor Palpatine
 Frank Oz as the voice of Yoda
 Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu
 Jimmy Smits as Senator Bail Organa
 Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
 Kenny Baker as R2-D2
 Christopher Lee as Count Dooku
 Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
 Matthew Wood as General Grievous
 Silas Carson as Nute Gunray
 Temuera Morrison as Commander Cody and other clone troopers

Related pages

Other websites
 Episode III on Wookiepedia
 Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at StarWars.com
 
 
 
 Film screenplay  at MovieScriptPlace.com
 Star Wars Episode III -Revenge of the Sith at The Movie Database

2005 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Pregnancy movies
Prequel movies
Revenge of the Sith
Movies directed by George Lucas
Screenplays by George Lucas
Movies composed by John Williams
American sequel movies
2000s sequel movies
Midway Atoll was the site of a famous battle in World War II, the Battle of Midway. The United States of America took control of the atoll in the 19th century when nobody lived there.

Wildlife 

Midway Atoll is now home to 67-70% of the world's Laysan Albatross population, and 34-39% of the global Black-footed Albatross.

While Midway supports nearly three million birds, each seabird species has carved out a specific site on the atoll in which to nest.  Seventeen different species of seabird can be found, the rarest of which is the Short-tailed Albatross, otherwise known as the “Golden Gooney.”  Fewer than 2,200 are believed to exist due to excessive feather hunting in the late nineteenth century.

Over 250 different species of looli marine life are found in the  of lagoon and surrounding waters. The critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals raise their pups on the beaches. Monk seals are benthic foragers and rely on the Midway Atoll’s reef fish, squid, octopus and crustaceans. Green sea turtles, another threatened species, occasionally nest on the island. The first was found in 2006 on Spitsy Rinaia Island and another in 2007 on Sand Island. A resident pod of 300 spinner dolphins live in the lagoons and nearshore waters.

Other websites 

 Satellite Map and NOAA Chart of Midway  on BlooSee
 AirNav - Henderson Field Airport : Airport facilities and navigational aids.
 Diary from the middle of nowhere BBC's environment correspondent David Shukman reports on the threat of plastic rubbish drifting in the North Pacific Gyre to Midway. Accessed 2008-03-26.
 Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (this article incorporated some content from this public domain site)
 NOAA Midway Island Hawaiian Monk Seal Captive Care & Release Project
 The Battle of Midway: Turning the Tide in the Pacific, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
 Marines at Midway: by Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Heinl, Jr., USMC Historical Section, Division of Public Information Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps 1948,
 Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
 Past residents of Midway Discussion of Midway related topics by former residents and those interested in Midway.
 U.S. Unincorporated Possessions. Accessed 2008-03-26.

Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Polynesia
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Chino Hills is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is in San Bernardino County. Almost 75,000 people live in Chino Hills. It is named for the hills that cover most of the city.

Cities in California
Settlements in San Bernardino County, California
Learning is getting new things into your brain. 

There are a number of different types of learning: 
Classical conditioning: where two stimuli come together, the organism learns they are related.
Operant conditioning: an organism changes its behaviour when behaviour has consequences.
Play: an inherited mechanism whereby mammals speed up learning in the young.
Gestalt learning: learning by insight
Imitation, emulation or observational learning: mimicking the behaviour of others
Implicit learning or unconscious learning: learning which is done without conscious awareness of the learning process.
Imprinting: a very rapid type of early learning.
Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early in development. According to James Zull, Professor of Biology and Biochemistry at Case Western University, "Learn­ing is phys­i­cal. Learn­ing means the mod­i­fi­ca­tion, growth, and prun­ing of our neu­rons, connectionscalled synapsesand neu­ronal net­works, through expe­ri­ence".

References

Other websites 

 Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database 
 Articles about Natural Learning  from Natural Life magazine
 Interview with James Zull, Ph.D.
Acrocorinth is the acropolis of the Greek city Corinth.

Other websites 
 Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Fortress of Acrocorinth 

Buildings and structures in Greece
Neutrons, with protons and electrons, make up an atom. Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus of an atom. Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, or electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons have zero charge which means they are  neutral particles. Neutrons bind with protons with the residual strong force.

Neutrons were predicted by Ernest Rutherford, and discovered by James Chadwick, in 1932. Atoms were fired at a thin pane of beryllium. Particles emerged which had no charge, and he called these 'neutrons'. They were later added to the modern image of the atom. 

Neutrons have a mass of 1.675 × 10-24g, which is a little heavier than the proton. Neutrons are 1839 times heavier than electrons. 

Like all hadrons, neutrons are made of quarks. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. One up quark has a charge of +2/3, and the two down quarks each have a charge of -1/3. The fact that these charges cancel out is why neutrons have a neutral (0) charge. Quarks are held together by gluons.

Isotopes 
Neutrons can be found in almost all atoms together with protons and electrons. Hydrogen-1 is the only exception. Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element. 

The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect its chemical properties. However it affects its half-life, a measure of its stability. An unstable isotope has a short half-life, in which half of it decays to lighter elements. By contrast, a stable isotope has a long half-life, much longer than that of an unstable isotope. The stability of an isotope is related to radioactivity: an unstable isotope can be highly radioactive.

Atomic reactions  
Neutrons are the key to nuclear chain reactions, nuclear power and nuclear weapons.

Related pages
 Proton
 Electron

References 

Subatomic particles
Basic physics ideas
LiveJournal (often called LJ) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog. It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it. LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk). It is based in San Francisco, California.

LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.

Features 

LiveJournal has a service called a "friends list", which makes the site a way to socialise with friends and other people, even though it is a blog service too.

LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways. A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different. Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called userpics, which appear next to the username. People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.

Each user also has a "User Info" page, which may contain contact information, a biography of the user, and lists of friends, interests, communities, and even schools the user had attended.

Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts. About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts). People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000. There are also permanent accounts. Most people can not get a permanent account. LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.

1999 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Websites
Gabriel in the Bible is an angel, specifically an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief").  The name means "God is my strength" or "man of God", 

The greeting of the Angel Gabriel opens the prayer Ave Maria.

In the Christian calendar, the Archangel Gabriel is celebrated together with the Archangels Michael and Raphael on September 29th. 

Gabriel is also a given name.  Cognates: Hungarian: Gábor. Italian: Gabriele. Finnish: Kaapo.  The feminine form of the name Gabriel is Gabrielle.

Archangel Gabriel in the Bible 
Gabriel is first mentioned in the Bible, in the book of Daniel, when he appeared to Daniel. In the New Testament, St. Gabriel appears first in the book of Daniel in the Old Testament, the angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. And most famously, to Mary to announce the coming birth of Jesus. The Catholic feast of the Annunciation celebrates this visit every year, nine months before Christmas. 

The Bible does not say angels have wings, but Christian artists usually show them that way.

References 

Angels
Biblical people
Christian saints
A post office is a place that is made available by the postal system to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver mail. postage stamps can be bought to mail things like packages  or letters and drop them off there, and the employees deliver it to the destination.

References

Other websites 

 
 GRC Database Information: worldwide post office website links
 Photos of post offices around the world
 Royal Mail Chat 
 The British Postal Museum & Archive
 United Kingdom Post Office site
 United States Postal Service
 Universal Postal Union

Postal service
Morna Anne Murrary  (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian Pop and Country musician. She was born in Nova Scotia. She was a teacher in physical education. “I wasn’t all that young,” as she told later. “I did go to university and I did teach school for a year. I had my feet planted fairly firmly on the ground when it all began.” But also sang and made records. One of her records, "Snowbird", became a hit late in 1970. The song was not about Christmas, but was popular during the Christmas season. The record became a perennial through association with the holiday.

Murray later had hits with remakes of Beatles ("I'm Happy Just to Dance With You") and Monkees songs ("Daydream Believer"). She also recorded "Shadows in the Moonlight" and "A Little Good News", which became popular.

She publicly retired from a singer in the music industry in 2008 when she had the last concert tour.

Suggested reading 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Murray
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-murray-emc

Notes

Outer links 
Anne Murray - Official Website

1945 births
Living people
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian pop singers
Country musicians
Grammy Award winners
People from Nova Scotia
A personal computer (PC) is the common name for a type of computer that is most popular in offices and homes. The first PC called the "IBM PC" was made by the company called IBM in 1981, although many computers were made before like the Commodore PET. Smartphones and tablets are also computers for personal use, but they are not often called "personal computers".

Operating Systems 
Today, most PCs usually have a basic set of software called an operating system. The operating system is responsible for several tasks including providing a user interface (UI). The most popular operating system on PCs is Windows, sold by Microsoft Corporation. PCs made by a company called Apple Inc. use a different system of software called Mac OS that is also made by Apple Inc.

Many free operating systems are available. Some are called Linux operating systems. There are over 300 different Linux "distributions". Each one has a different purpose/feel. Ubuntu Linux is the most-used Linux distribution.

Parts of a personal computer 
A modern PC has a minimum set of parts to be useful. The "base unit" or "tower" (case) houses the computer parts. Usually, a mouse and keyboard are used for input, however some operating systems need only a keyboard. A monitor is usually needed to view output. In a laptop computer these parts are all together.

Inside the base unit or tower there are many electronic parts. The main parts are the motherboard, CPU, memory, and a data storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) follows the instructions in the operating system and application programs. The memory, or RAM (random access memory), is for moving information (or data) quickly to and from the processor. The hard disk or solid-state drive hold programs and data while the computer is powered off. Floppy drives, CD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives are used for portable data storage.

Computers sometimes have a modem to send and receive data over a phone line, or more recently, over cable television lines. Computers can also be connected to a computer network using a network card.

Modern PCs have various sockets called ports. The most common ports are known as USB ports.

Uses for personal computers 
Computers may be used for work, including doing research using the internet, keeping records; or writing documents. Other uses include communicating, with people across the world using Instant messaging, e-mail or Skype or recreation activity such as playing computer games.

Computers
Time People of the Year
MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System", and came from an operating system Microsoft bought called 86-DOS, originally called QDOS, or "Quick and Dirty Operating System."  The operating system used a command-line interface for the user to input commands.  It was popularly used in PCs before a GUI operating system called Microsoft Windows came out, and still is used in some places today.

OS/2 was made to replace MS-DOS, but that replacement did not succeed.  MS-DOS was the framework behind Windows operating systems until an operating system known as Windows XP.

MS-DOS is a text-based operating system, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text.  Later, MS-DOS often had programs using a mouse and graphics to make work more simple and quick.  (Some people still believe that working without graphics is really more efficient.) It is called a disk operating system because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each time the computer is started (booted) up.

MS-DOS was released as proprietary software, but decades later after most users had gone to other systems, it was released as free software.

How-To Books 

Many books were written on how to use MS-DOS.  A popular introductory book was MS-DOS for Dummies, by Dan Gookin, the book in the For Dummies series of easy to follow instruction books.

References

Microsoft operating systems
A disk operating system (DOS) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.

DOSes are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.

Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his or her computer into a DOS.

Operating systems
An Internet service provider, or ISP, maintains, installs and provides internet connection to residential or commercial areas. Some examples of ISP clients include - homes, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, offices. They usually charge a fee for installing the connection and a monthly fee for maintaining it.

The internet is basically a web of interconnected networks - which are maintained by a huge number of different ISPs. They keep connected around the world by giving their clients access to other ISP networks. This is called peering.

Many ISPs have other services such as e-mail and web hosting service. 

ISPs offer different types of connections such as dial-up, DSL, through optical fiber wires, through a cable television connection, or wireless. Communications satellite connections are used mainly in remote areas. Dial-up is the slowest connection, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest.
The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 1999 and ended in 2007.  The best female players in the world played in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League.  The mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Susan Fennell, was the NWHL's commissioner (president).

Teams in the NWHL

Brampton Thunder
British Columbia Breakers
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Edmonton Chimos
Montreal Axion
Montreal Jofa Titan
Minnesota Whitecaps
Oakville Ice
Ottawa Raiders
Laval Le Mistral
Quebec Avalanche
Saskatchewan Prairie Ice
Scarborough Sting
Strathmore Rockies
TELUS Lightning
Toronto Aeros
Vancouver Griffins

NWHL Champions

1999–2000 - Beatrice Aeros
2000-01  - Beatrice Aeros
2001-02  - Beatrice Aeros
2002-03 - Calgary X-Treme
2003-04 - Calgary X-Treme
2004-05 - Toronto Aeros
2005-06 - Montreal Axion
2006-07 - Brampton Thunder

Other websites 
NWHL/COWHL website for 2000-01
NWHL website

Ice hockey leagues in Canada]
The Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America.  It was formed in 2004.  The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).  Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL. The Minnesota Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs continue to be active teams and are playing a number of exhibition games as the league expands to include several new teams.

Teams in the WWHL
 Manitoba Maple Leafs
 Minnesota Whitecaps

Champions
 2010-11 - Minnesota Whitecaps
 2009-10 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
 2008-09 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
 2007-08 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2006-07 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2005-06 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2004-05 - Calgary Oval X-Treme

Other websites 
WWHL website
Manitoba Maple Leafs 
Minnesota Whitecaps

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Yukon is a territory of Canada, north of British Columbia, west of the Northwest Territories, and east of the American state of Alaska. Its population is 31,000. Most of the territory's people live in the capital of Whitehorse. Many of the people are native Canadians (First Nations).

The Yukon became a territory in 1898. It was part of the Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1898. Many people came to live in the Yukon during the Yukon Gold Rush of the 1890s.

Mount Logan, at 5959 metres above sea level, is Canada's highest mountain.

The most important industry in the Yukon is mining.

References

 
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
Provinces and territories of Canada
Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.

Biography
Emily Carr was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1871.  Her parents died while she was a young teenager.  She began art lessons when she was sixteen.  When she was nineteen, she went to study art in San Francisco. She also studied art in England but she got sick and came back to Victoria.  After she got better, she went to France to continue her art studies.  She saw paintings by many French artists who were experimenting with new ways of painting.  She was most influenced by French impressionism and post-impressionism, though.

When Carr came back to Canada, she had trouble selling her paintings because they looked unusual to many people.  Her paintings were even laughed at.  She had to make money to support herself so she ran a small apartment house.  She was so busy that she did not have much time to paint.

In 1927, she met a famous group of Canadian painters called the Group of Seven.  They were impressed by her paintings and she became respected for her art.

In the later years of her life, Carr started writing books.  Klee Wyck was the title of one of these books.  It won the Governor General's Award which is an important award for literature in Canada.  She also wrote The Book of Small. She died in 1945 in Victoria.

Themes and influences
Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture.  For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles.  The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one."  She went on long trips by canoe to visit First Nations villages.

She also liked to paint Canadian nature.  She believed it was important that Canadian paintings have a different style than paintings from Europe.  She liked the paintings of the Group of Seven because of their originality.

One of Carr's most famous paintings is The Raven.  The Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design was named after her and two schools are also named after her.  She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.

References

1871 births
1945 deaths
Canadian painters
People from Victoria, British Columbia
Writers from British Columbia
Hatikvah (also transliterated as Hatikva, ; meaning: The Hope) is the national anthem of Israel. The song tells about the 2000-year-old hope of the Jewish people to return to their homeland, Israel. The song lyrics (words) were originally a 9-stanza poem called תקותנו (Tikvatenu), or "Our Hope," written by Naphtali Imber. "Hatikvah" uses only the first stanza and the refrain of Imber's poem. The last line of the refrain was changed, and the words were put to music. The music is from a very old—and very popular—folk song that Samuel Cohen, a Jew born in Spain, found himself humming one day. It is in a minor key, which is usually not used for national anthems, because it sounds sad, but the words to the song are about the Jews' hope that one day their sadness will be turned into joy.

Lyrics

Literal English translation
As long as in the heart, within,
A Jewish soul still yearns,
And onward, towards the ends of the east,
An eye still looks toward Zion;
Our hope is not yet lost,
The hope of two thousand years,
To be a free nation in our land,
The land of Zion and Jerusalem.

References

Other websites
Hatikvah performed by Xander Greene
Hatikvah on guitar
Hatikva by Enrico Macias
MIDI versions

Israeli music
National anthems
The Stanley Cup is a trophy given to the champion of the National Hockey League (NHL) every year.

It was bought by Lord Stanley, the Governor General of Canada, in 1892, for $50.  The first team to win it was the Montreal A.A.A. in 1893.  Other teams could challenge for it. By 1915, it was awarded on a yearly basis.

The names of players and others such as coaches are put on the cup every year.  As a result, the NHL had to make the cup bigger, by adding layers to the bottom.  When the first cup was full of names, they made a copy of it, which is now what is awarded.

Today, there are 31 teams in the NHL.  They play 82 games per year, and then 16 teams make the playoffs.  These teams play best-of-seven series until there is only one champion.

The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times, the most of any team.  They also won the most in a row:  five between 1955-56 and 1959-60.

Henri Richard of the Montreal Canadiens appears the most on the Stanley Cup, 11 times.

The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 2005:  there was no NHL season because of a labour disagreement.  It was not awarded in 1919, either, because of the influenza epidemic.

Recent Stanley Cup winners 
 2021 Tampa Bay Lightning
 2020 Tampa Bay Lightning
2019 St. Louis Blues
 2018 Washington Capitals
 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins
 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins
 2015 Chicago Blackhawks
 2014  Los Angeles Kings
 2013  Chicago Blackhawks
 2012  Los Angeles Kings
 2011  Boston Bruins
 2010  Chicago Blackhawks
 2009  Pittsburgh Penguins
 2008  Detroit Red Wings
 2007  Anaheim Ducks
 2006  Carolina Hurricanes
 2005  Season cancelled
 2004  Tampa Bay Lightning
 2003  New Jersey Devils
 2002  Detroit Red Wings
 2001  Colorado Avalanche
 2000  New Jersey Devils
 1999  Dallas Stars
 1998  Detroit Red Wings
 1997  Detroit Red Wings
 1996  Colorado Avalanche
 1995  New Jersey Devils
 1994  New York Rangers
 1993  Montreal Canadiens
 1992  Pittsburgh Penguins
 1991  Pittsburgh Penguins
 1990  Edmonton Oilers
 1989  Calgary Flames
 1988  Edmonton Oilers
 1987  Edmonton Oilers
 1986  Montreal Canadiens
 1985  Edmonton Oilers
 1984  Edmonton Oilers
 1983  New York Islanders
 1982  New York Islanders
 1981  New York Islanders
 1980  New York Islanders
 1979  Montreal Canadiens
 1978  Montreal Canadiens
 1977  Montreal Canadiens
 1976  Montreal Canadiens
 1975  Philadelphia Flyers
 1974  Philadelphia Flyers
 1973  Montreal Canadiens
 1972  Boston Bruins
 1971  Montreal Canadiens
 1970  Boston Bruins
 1969  Montreal Canadiens
 1968  Montreal Canadiens
 1967  Toronto Maple Leafs

 
Ice hockey trophies and awards
National Hockey League trophies and awards
Militarization is the general movement of a country to focus its production on war. This includes production of war machines such as tanks and aircraft as well as arms for infantry. There is a focus of the population to produce these goods. An example of this is seen when females during the Second World War would work in factories to produce planes and tanks. Militarism is simply a country that is focusing on increasing their military might through production and concentration of capital resources. 
This movement can be started in either a country at war already or in a country that is newly entering a conflict. Example of this include the one stated earlier, since the United States entered the Second World War they shifted from supplying Britain to producing their own weapons. When Germany was about to begin their invasion of Europe they started militarization. They broke the Treaty and began to produce weapons. Their focus changed from economic progress to fascism and militarism.

Military
The Tour de France () is a well known bicycle race. It began in 1903. It is held in France, every summer. In recent years it has ended with a race through the centre of Paris, past the Eiffel Tower. It is among the most famous, and has some of the highest prizes, of bike races in Europe. Recently, it was in the media, because some athletes were doping. The race goes around France, but can have some parts in other countries, including England, Belgium, or Spain as they race in the Pyrenees mountains.

The tour lasts about three weeks. At the end of each day's race the leader is given a yellow shirt, the best sprinter is given a green shirt, and the best rider in the mountain races is given a polka dot jersey. He is sometimes called the King of the Mountains. The best young rider, who must be under 26, gets a white jersey. The winner is the one who finishes the race to Paris in the fastest time. There is a lot of prize money for the teams of the winners of the Tour, but the winner of each day's race also gets prize money.

Related pages
 List of Tour de France winners

1903 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in France
Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader. He started the Latter Day Saint movement (also called Mormonism). Latter Day Saints believe that Smith was a prophet.

Book of Mormon 
According to Joseph Smith's own story, when he was 17 years old, he was visited by an angel named Moroni. Moroni told him about a really old book written upon Golden Plates. It was buried in a hill. A few years later, Joseph said that he received those plates and translated them into the book that today is called The Book of Mormon. He instructed a man named Martin Harris to write down the words that he said was a translation of the plates. He said Moroni gave him seer stones which would help him translate the golden plates. Harris took home the pages and told his wife all about what had happened, but she did not believe him. Those pages were lost, and Joseph told Martin that God was very angry with them.  Eventually, Joseph was allowed to translate the rest of the book, with help from Oliver Cowdery instead of Martin Harris.

Mormon Church 
On April 6, 1830, he started The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is often called the Mormon Church. Joseph Smith said that God wanted him to be a prophet and teach other people the things that he learned from God. This church still exists today, with millions of members around the world.

Joseph Smith taught some things that some people did not like. He said that other churches were only partly true. He also said that men could have more than one wife if God commanded them, just like was taught in the Old Testament of the Bible. The Mormons also did not always get along with their neighbors.

Death
On June 7, 1844, some people who were upset with Smith created a newspaper in Nauvoo, Illinois called the Nauvoo Expositor This newspaper was filled with bad things about Smith, such as how Smith secretly had many wives. Some men even said that Smith tried to take their wives. Smith did nothing about it. Smith was arrested after being accused of trying to start a riot, and was put in jail in Carthage, Illinois as he waited for his trial to start. On June 27, a group of angry men entered the jail and killed Smith and his brother, Hyrum.

References

1805 births
1844 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Religious leaders
Anastasia or Anastacia is a woman's name that comes from the Koine Greek. In English, it means "She who shall rise up again", but it is also used to mean "resurrection". The name, and its similar male name, Anastasius, were given to children born during Easter in the early years of Christianity.

The names "Stacey" (also spelled "Stacie", "Stacy" or "Stacee"),"Annie", "Tasia", and "Stasia" are short for Anastasia. The names "Ana" or “Nastya” are also common nicknames for those named Anastasia. 

It is also the name of several important women in history.

 Anastasia, daughter of Constantius I (a Roman emperor) and Flavia Maximiana Theodora
 Anastacia of Russia (died 1560), married to Ivan the Terrible
 Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901-1918), daughter of Nicholas II of Russia.
 Eugenia Smith said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
 Anna Anderson said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
 Anastasia is the title of a movie telling the story of a pretender to the identity of the Grand Duchess.
 An animated movie version of the story was made in 1997.
 Albert Anastasia (1902-1957) was a Mafia boss who headed Murder, Inc. with Louis Buchalter.

Anastasia is also the name of:
 
 a 1956 song by Alfred Newman and Paul Francis Webster
 an American pop singer (a.k.a. Anastacia Newkirk) from Chicago, Illinois
 a music band from Macedonia
 a play.

Given names
In music, a band is a group of people (usually musicians) that get together to sing songs, or perform music. There are different kinds of bands that use different groups of instruments.

Types of bands
A rock band is usually a group of 4 people with 1 or 2 electric guitars, a bass guitar, a drum kit and a singer. Some rock bands have only 3 members, like Rush.
A brass band is a group of about 20 - 30 people with brass instruments and drums.
A concert band is a large group of 20 - 60 people with woodwind instruments, brass instruments, drums and percussion instruments.
A marching band has similar instruments to the concert band. Instead of sitting down to play, they march in parades or at American football matches.
A folk band uses traditional styles of music from around the world. It can include a guitar, violin, tin whistle, flute, accordion, lagerphone and tea chest bass, and many other makeshift instruments. A lagerphone is a percussion instrument which uses bottle tops to make a sound. A tea chest bass is a one string instrument that uses a large wooden tea box to make the sound louder.

References

Other websites 

 
Basic English 850 words
About 86 per cent of Nicaraguans are European (but not limited to Spanish) or mixed European and of native ancestry. Most Nicaraguans have Spanish ancestors, but the 19th century saw several waves of immigration from other European countries (mainly from Germany). Most of the Mestizo and European population live in the western and central regions of the country and especially in the cities of Managua, Leon and Granada.

About 9 per cent of Nicaragua's population is black or afro-nicaragüense and they are concentrated in the country's eastern coast, and were brought mostly from Jamaica and Haiti when the region was a British protectorate. There is also a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed African, Caribbean, Angolan, Congoan and Arawak descent.

Just 5 per cent of the population are of pure native descent. Nicaragua's pre-Columbian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west, and six ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos in the Caribbean region. While very few pure-blooded Nicarao people still exist, the Caribbean peoples have remained distinct. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the eastern half of the country - the former department of Zelaya - into two autonomous regions and granted the African and indigenous people of the region limited self-rule.

There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian, Armenian, Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000, and an East Asian community of Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese people of almost 8,000. The minorities speak Spanish and maintain their ancestral languages as well.

Spanish is spoken by about 90% of Nicaraguans; the Nicaraguan dialect has many similarities to Galician, and also has similarities to Argentinian Spanish which uses "vos" instead of "tu", along with the "vos" conjugation. The black population of the east coast region has English as its first language. Several indigenous peoples of the east still use their original languages.

Roman Catholicism is the major religion, but evangelical Protestant groups have grown recently, and there are strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast. 0.1% of Nicaragua is Buddhist and the religion has been growing in recent years.

Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands. The population is 54% urban.

Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Barry Sadler (November 1, 1940 – November 5, 1989) was an American soldier, songwriter and author. In 1966, He recorded a song called "The Ballad of The Green Berets". It was the biggest selling song that year. He later helped write the "Casca" series of books. He died after being shot in the head by a robber.

American singer-songwriters
Writers from New Mexico
American military people
Singers from New Mexico
1940 births
1989 deaths
Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra. She is best known for the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'".

She had a younger brother, Frank Sinatra, Jr. and has a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.

Related pages
List of country musicians from New Jersey

References 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Frank Sinatra
The Rascals (formerly known as The Young Rascals) were an American pop-soul group popular in the 1960s.

Other websites

Rascals, the
Soul bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Tommy Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American singer and guitarist. He was popular in the 1960s. His best known songs were "Sweet Pea" and "Dizzy".

Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
American guitarists
1942 births
Living people
THX 1138 is a 1971 movie and was the first feature movie directed by George Lucas and executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and Coppola's production company American Zoetrope.

It was based on a short film Lucas made in college in 1967 called Electric Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB.

Other websites 
 

1971 movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Dystopian movies