cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pope Gregory XI (; 1331 –27 March 1378), born Pierre Roger de Beaufort, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 202nd Pope from 1370 until his death.

He was the seventh and last of the popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life 
Pierre Roger de Beaufort was born in 1331 in Limousin in France. The Rosier or Roger family were important in Limousin in central France.

Beaufort was a nephew of Pope Clement VI.

Cardinal
Clement VI raised Beaufort to the rank of cardinal in 1348.

Pope 
Cardinal Beaufort was elected pope in 1370; and he chose to be called Gergory XI.  He was ordained as a priest on January 4, 1371; and was crowned pope on the following day, January 5, 13271 

In 1377, Gregory XI was persuaded by Catherine of Siena to return to Rome.  He reestablished the papacy in Italy.

Gregory is also remembered as the Pope who condemned John Wycliffe.

Western Schism
When Gregory died on March 27, 1378, the cardinals in Rome elected an Italian-born pope named Urban VI as his successor.  

In Avignon, the cardinals elected a French-born pope who they named Clement VII.

The Western Schism begins with the dispute between the supporters of the Italian-born pope and the French-born pope.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Roger family
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites 

 
   "Gregory XI", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Gregory XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Roger de Beaufort

French popes
1331 births
1378 deaths
Carbon diet is the process of reducing the production of greenhouse gas, primarily carbon dioxide, to reduce effects on climate change and global warming.

Carbon dioxide is produced from heating, driving and consuming products.

The production of carbon dioxide can be reduced by decreasing the intake of carbon, and eventually reduces the effects of climate change.

According to Deborah Jones, her family undergoes carbon diet. They are already in week two of the Globe and Mail assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to see how her family can reduces the emissions of greenhouse gas to reach the provincial goal of 33 percent reduction. It is different from a low carbon diet which is done by choosing what to eat to reduce greenhouse gas discharge.

Etymology 
Carbon is from Latin word carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.

The term "carbon diet" is used in book Gore:A Political Life. There are steps in carbon diet:
 Calculate a carbon footprint to understand the amount of carbon dioxide emissions
 
 Measure the carbon footprint against peers (e.g., similar company size or for individuals, a national average)
 
 Determine the ideal carbon footprint
 
 Identify the source of the most significant carbon dioxide emissions [3]
 
 Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by starting with the most significant sources first

References 
 Zelnick, Robert (1999). Gore: a political life. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub.. pp. 330. ISBN 0-89526-326-2.
 Deborah Jones, "Stepping Towards Greener Pastures: Part 2 of BC family's carbon diet focuses on transportation," The Globe and Mail, March 30, 2007
 Data and studies on CO2 emissions from common goods and services are at CO2List.org

Environment
Green politics
Pope Innocent IX (; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 231st Pope from 29 October 1591 to his death on 30 December of the same year.

Early life
Facchinetti was born in Bologna on 20 July 1519.

He entered the service of Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, brother of the Duke of Parma and grandson of Pope Paul III.  Farnese appointed Fasccinetti as the acting governor of Parma from 1556 to 1558.

Bishop
In 1560, Facchinetti was named Bishop of Nicastro in Calabria.

In 1562, Facchinetti as present at the Council of Trent.

Pope Pius V sent him as papal nuncio to Venice in 1566.

Faccinetti gave up his bishop's role when he was named Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1572.

Cardinal
Facchinetti was raised to the rank of Cardinal in 1583.

Pope
Facchinetti was elected pope in 1591;  and he chose to be called Innocent IX.  He died two months after his election.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent IX
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Facchinetti

Italian popes
1519 births
1591 deaths
Pope Innocent X (;  6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 237th Pope from 1644 to 1655.

Early life
Pamphilij was born in Rome in 1574.  He was a great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

He graduated from the Collegio Romano before entering a career in the church.

Cardinal 
In 1629, he was raised to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Pamphilij was elected pope in 1644; and he chose to be called Innocent X.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Borgia family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent X
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pamphilj

Italian popes
People from Rome
1574 births
1655 deaths
House of Borgia
Yuko Kavaguti , born November 20, 1981– ),  also known as , is a Japanese-Russian Olympic athlete and international ice skating competitor.

In December 2008, she became a Russian citizen and her Russian name is Kavaguti. Kawaguchi gave up her Japanese citizenship.

Early life 
Kawaguchi was born in Funabashi, Chiba in Japan.  She began skating at the age of five because her mother was a fan of ice dancing. 

She studied international relations at St. Petersburg State University, completing her degree in June 2007. In addition to her native Japanese, she is also fluent in Russian and English.

Career 
In international competition, Kavaguti is pairs skater.  She represents Russia with Alexander Smirnov.  

Kavaguti became a Russian citizen so that she would qualify for a spot on the Russian Olympic team. Japan does not allow dual nationality, so she was obliged to give up her Japanese citizenship in order to compete for Russia.

Kawaguchi
As a Japanese citizen, Kawaguchi competed as a singles skater. She switched to pairs after the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.

Kavaguti

As a Russian citizen, Kavagui has won many medals, including gold  at 2008 Skate Canada International. 

2010
Kavaguti was a partner in the pairs team which won the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships,  Kavaguti and Smirnov won the 2010 Cup of Russia,  They placed third in the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships.

2011
Kavaguti and her partner won the 2011 Cup of China  and the 2011 NHK Trophy.

Awards and titles
 Order of the President of the Russian Federation ’For services to the development of physical culture and sports, high athletic achievements at the XXI Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver’ (March 5, 2010) 
 The Best in the Sport of St. Petersburg (February 2010) 
 Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2009)

Related pages
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites 

   Yuko Kavaguti at International Skating Union (ISU)

1981 births
Living people
Japanese figure skaters
Russian sportspeople
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
Big Bang is the name of a scientific theory that explains how the Universe started and made the groups of stars, called galaxies, we see today.

"Big Bang" may also refer to:

 Big Bang (band) - South Korean music group
 BIGBANG - Big Bang (band) second Japanese album
 BIGBANG 2 - Big Bang (band) third Japanese album

 The Big Bang Theory - an American situation comedy TV series
Boron carbide is a chemical compound with the formula B4C. It is an extremely hard ceramic. It is often used as an abrasive, as armor, as a scratch-proof coating, as a neutron absorber in the control rods of nuclear reactors, and as an additive in the cut-resistant shackle in some padlocks.
Carbon compounds
Armour
Numerical Control (NC) is a way to automate machines. In numerical control, the commands these machines get come from a storage medium; they are not controlled and operated manually. The first such machines were Jacquard looms controlled by punched cards. Machine tools for cutting metal were built in the 1940s and 1950s. They used punched tape instructions. Soon, the tools were changed, to use computers. Numerical control with computers is known as Computer Numerical Control, or CNC.

Nowadays, it is possible to make a program that can run on such machine tools, based on a CAD drawing of the piece to be produced.

Attempts to automate machines in the 19th century, for example copying-lathes, used cams. These are basically wheels that change the position of notches to control a machine. The basic difference to modern NC is that these cams only automated one given task; modern NC and CNC machines can be programmed to a greater extent.

History of the NC 
The invention of numerical control has been due to the pioneering works of John T. Parsons in the year 1940, when he tried to generate a curve automatically by milling cutters by providing coordinate motions.  In the late 1940s Parsons conceived the method of using punched cards containing coordinate position system to control a machine tool.  The machine directed to move in small increments and generate the desired finish.  In 1948, Parsons demonstrated this concept to the US Air Force, who sponsored the series of project at laboratories of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  After research MIT was able to demonstrate first NC prototype in 1952 and in the next year they were able to prove the potential applications of the NC.

CNC Milling Materials 
One of the most usual material types for milling are metals, and there are many to select from.

 Aluminum - Perhaps the most widely used CNC milling material, for both mechanical and aspect components.  Aluminum is generally able to be machined quicker than other metals, making it the most economically viable. 
 Stainless Steel - Stainless steel alloys can be heat treated and supply corrosion resistant properties.  Uses include surgical equipment, electronics hardware, and other parts that need formability and weldability.
 Titanium - What makes titanium unique is its high temperature melting point, making it useful for many industries and applications.  It’s considered to be corrosion resistant, and impervious to ductile, salt, and water.  Despite being biocompatible and lightweight, titanium material provides strength and sturdiness that makes it well-suited for applications like medical implants, aircraft components, and even jewelry.

References 

Tools
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is where seafloor spreading takes place in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of a world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges. These ridges make up the longest mountain range in the world, all underwater except for short stretches like Iceland. On Iceland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reaches the surface.

The ridge separates oceanic tectonic plates, and moves the plates apart at about 2.5 cm per year.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro.

History 
The ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS Challenger in 1872. A team of scientists on board discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic. They were planning the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925

In the 1950s, mapping of the Earth’s ocean floors showed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to have valleys and ridges. Its central valley is seismologically active and the epicentre of many earthquakes. Ewing and Heezen discovered the ridge to be part of a 40,000-km-long essentially continuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth’s oceans. The discovery of this worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and general acceptance of Wegener's theory of continental drift and expansion as plate tectonics.

Geology 
The ridge started forming in at the end of the Triassic period, and was responsible for the separation of the Americas from Africa and Europe with the breakup of Pangaea.

The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the Mid-Atlantic Rise which is a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge. This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing up the oceanic crust and lithosphere.

References 

Atlantic Ocean
Plate tectonics
Geography of Iceland
Pope Innocent XI (; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 240th Pope from 1676 to 1689.

Early life
Benedetto Odescalchi was born at Como in 1611. He was the son of a Como nobleman, Livio Odescalchi

Cardinal
In 1645, Pope Innocent X raised Odescalchi to the rank of cardinal.

Bishop
In 1650, Odescalchi became Bishop of Novara.

Pope
Cardinal Odescalchi was elected pope on 21 September 1676; and he chose to be called Innocent XI.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes, chiefly with Louis XIV of France

In December 1688, Innocent received the diplomatic mission sent to the Vatican by Narai, the King of Siam.

After his death
After Innocent XI in 1689, he was buried in St. Peter's Basilica.

The process of canonization was begun in 1714 and suspended in 1744. Pope Pius XII announced his beatification in 1956.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Odescalchi
 Video footage showing the beatification of Pope Innocent XI

Italian popes
1611 births
1689 deaths
Beatified people
People from Como
The Honda Accord is a midsize car that is built by the Honda company. The car has changed over time. It has had ten different basic designs. The Honda Accord has been made and sold since 1976. The car later spawned a station wagon crossover SUV called the Crosstour in 2009. However, very low sales prompted Honda to discontinue the Crosstour in 2015. 

Honda automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Sri Lanka first took part in the Olympic Games in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sri Lanka is SRI.  In 1964, it was CEY for Ceylon.

History
Teams took part in all Summer Olympic Games since then, but not the 1976 Games.  Sri Lanka never took part in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Sri Lanka was formed in 1937 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.  The nation was called Ceylon until 1972.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Sri Lanka profile at London2012.com

Sport in Sri Lanka
Nations at the Olympics
Syria was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  The nation came back to the Games in 1968.  They also missed the 1976 Games.  The nation has not been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Syria was formed in 1948.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Syrian Arab Republic profile at London2012.com

Syria
Nations at the Olympics
Chinese Taipei has been in many Olympic Games.  The country first competed with the Chinese National Olympic Committee.  From 1960 to now the country now takes part as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Taipei (Chinese Taipei) profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Tajikistan was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996.  They have been to every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has been at the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Before, Tajik athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics until 1988. Tajikistan was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

The National Olympic Committee for Tajikistan was formed in 1992 and recognized  by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Tajikistan profile at London2012.com

Sport in Tajikistan
Nations at the Olympics
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste was first at the Olympic Games in 2000.  They have not won any medals.

The National Olympic Committee was formed in 2003.  It is called Comitê Olímpico Nacional de Timor-Leste.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste profile at London2012.com

East Timor
Nations at the Olympics
Naypyidaw (), also known Nay Pyi Taw or Naypyitaw, is the capital city of Myanmar, also known as Burma. 

Construction in the planned city is on-going.

History
In 2005, the capital of Myanmar was officially moved inland and away from the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea.

Geography
The former capital, Yangon (Rangoon), is about 385 kilometers (240 miles) south of the new city.

The new capital is located between middle mountain range of Bago Yoma and eastern mountain range of Shan Yoma. Naypyidaw covers an area of 7,054.37 square-km.

References

More reading
  "Welcome to Naypyidaw, Madam Secretary; Hillary Clinton visits Myanmar's Potemkin capital," Foreign Policy (US). December 1, 2011.
 McElroy, Damien.  "Burma: welcome to Naypyidaw - the home of kings - and the world's weirdest capital city," The Telegraph (UK). 18 November 2011.

Other websites

  Global Security.org, Naypyidaw 
  "Naypyidaw, An Unconventional Capital," 2011 

Cities in Myanmar
Capital cities in Asia
Metabolism is a kind of architecture that began in Japan around 1960. This way of designing buildings came out of the rebuilding of Japan after World War II. Members of the group include: Kiyoshi Awazu, Noboru Kawazoe, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, and Kenzō Tange. They wrote a short book in English and Japanese called "The proposals for a New Urbanism" for the World Design Conference in 1960. Many Metabolist projects or designs were very large city plans called megastructures. The members thought of cities as living things that changed over long periods of time.

These architects were interested in building housing for large numbers of people. They often planned buildings that could be changed. One example is the Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kurokawa (1972). Each apartment was a rectangular block with one round window. These blocks could be added, moved, or removed as needed. It was a "plug-in building". Kurokawa planned for new, better capsules to be added to replace old ones. However, people living in the tower plan to tear it down and rebuild a larger building.

References

Architectural styles
The  is a building designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. It has apartments and offices in it. The tower is in Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan. Nakagin Capsule Tower is an example of the Metabolism style of architecture. It was the first modular capsule building.

Design and construction

The building is actually two towers. One is eleven and the other is thirteen floors. These towers are the utility cores. They have the elevators, stairs, electric, and water services in them. They also support the whole building. 140 capsules are attached to the two cores. Each capsule unit is one apartment or office. They are  ×  ×  and have one round window. Just four bolts connect each unit to a tower. The units are made from lightweight steel. They were built in Shiga Prefecture and brought to Tokyo on trucks. The capsules are not connected to each other, so any capsule can be removed or replaced without moving the others.

The towers are the permanent part of the building and the capsules were temporary. Kurokawa planned for new units to be built to replace old ones. As building technology improved, better units could be added. Also, units could be changed as people moved in or out. Capsules could even be moved from one building to another. This part of the plan never happened. No new capsules were ever built.

Residents plan to tear down the building. They say there are problems with asbestos and that the building is too old and has not been repaired well. Kurokawa and other architects want to keep the building as an historic example.

References

Towers in Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword is a video game made in 2011 for the Wii. Unlike the other Legend of Zelda games, it focuses more on combat, keeping the role-playing and puzzle elements seen in earlier games. The story is connected with the rest of the Legend of Zelda series, and this game is about how the master sword was made. The player travels between two worlds: Skyloft, an area in the sky with floating islands which is the main area in the game, and Hyrule, which is located on the Earth. It makes use of the Wii MotionPlus add-on for the Wii Remote. The player uses the Wii Remote to swing Link's sword.

Link is the hero in this game. Zelda is Link's childhood friend, and the heroine in the story. Ghirahim: is the bad person who schemes to revive an ancient evil boss. In this game, you can go to four different "realms", such as the Faron Province, the Elden Province, and the Lanyuru Province, as well as Skyloft.

A limited edition bundle with a gold  Wii MotionPlus and a CD with orchestrated versions of the series' well-known music tracks was sold to mark the 25th anniversary of The Legend of Zelda.

A port, titled The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword HD, will be released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on July 16, 2021.

Skyward Sword
2011 video games
2021 video games
Adventure games
Nintendo video games
The Legend of Zelda
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with time travel
Wii games
Nintendo Switch games
Australia at the Olympics is a history which includes 45 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes. Since 1895, Australia has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Australia is AUS.

History
The Australia National Olympic Committee was formed in 1895.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1895.

Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Australia has sent athletes to almost all of the modern Olympic Games.  Australia has competed in every Summer Olympic Games, and most Winter Olympic Games.

In 1908 and 1912, Australia competed with New Zealand under the name Australasia.

Host country

Australia has hosted the Olympics twice:

The 1956 Summer Olympics were at Melbourne in Victoria.

The 2000 Summer Olympics were at Sydney in New South Wales.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport (both Summer and Winter)

References

Other websites

 Australian Olympic Committee 
 Australia profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Australia
Adela Noriega  (), born Adela Amalia Noriega Méndez on October 24, 1969, in Mexico City, Mexico, is a Mexican television actress. Noriega gained popularity as a teenager participating in telenovelas as a lead actress. Some of her most famous works include Quinceañera (1987), Dulce Desafío (1989), María Isabel (1997), El Privilegio de Amar (1999), El Manantial (2001) and Amor Real (2003). She is known as the "Queen of telenovelas".

Personal life 
Noriega was born in Mexico City, Mexico, on October 24, 1969. At the age of 12, she was discovered by a talent scout. She started working as a child model and appearing in commercials and music videos. Her father died when Noriega was in her early adolescence. Her mother died in 1995 from cancer. She has two siblings; an older sister, Reyna, and a younger brother, Alejandro. Noriega takes long breaks between projects and avoids publicity. She lives in the United States.

Career 
Noriega made her television debut at the age of 14 in the telenovela, Principessa. Soon after, she appeared in another telenovela, Juana Iris, and on a comic show, Cachún cachún ra ra!. In 1986, she got her first leading role in the telenovela Yesenia where she played a role of a young gypsy. Shortly after, she starred as a leading character of Quinceañera. Quinceañera is considered to be the first telenovela made for teenagers because it dealt with the problems of youth (drugs, date rape and gangs) for the first time in the television genre. A year later, she appeared in another teen drama, Dulce Desafío.

In 1993, Noriega signed a contract with the U.S. network, Telemundo, and starred in a successful telenovela, Guadalupe. In 1995, she moved to Colombia and played the leading role in Maria Bonita, co-produced by RTI Colombia and Telemundo network. Noriega returned to Mexico in 1997 and starred as the lead of María Isabel, where she portrayed an indigenous woman. A year after, she played the leading female character in El Privilegio de Amar, the highest rated television program in Mexico to date.

In 2001, Noriega played the leading role in El Manantial. In 2003, she portrayed an aristocrat, Matilde Peñalver y Beristáin, in Amor Real. This historical telenovela received critical acclaim and was highly successful.  In 2005, she played the leading role in La esposa virgen. Her most recent starring role was in the telenovela, Fuego en la sangre, from 2008.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

The following table shows some of the nominations and wins for Adela Noriega.

Notes

References

Other websites
Adela Noriega  – official website 

Mexican television actors
1969 births
Living people
Actors from Mexico City
Gas discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources (or lamps). These lamps produce light by sending electricity through an ionized gas. Most of these lamps use a noble gas (usually argon or neon gas), or a combination of noble gases, but they often contain other materials, such as mercury, sodium or metal halides. The gases in these lamps are ionized in operation. This means that there are free electrons. When an electric current is sent through the gas, electrons collide with atoms of the gas and the metals. This will mean that some reach a higher energy state. When they fall back into the lower energy state, they will emit the energy in the form of light. 

The fluorescent lamp is probably the best known gas discharge lamp. Sodium vapor lamps are commonplace as streetlights.

Gas-discharge lamps have a long life and a high efficiency, but they are more complicated to manufacture, which makes them more expensive to buy than incandescent lamps. Due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps replacing incandescent light bulbs for many purposes in the late 20th century. Early in the 21st century, light-emitting diodes improved, with even higher efficiency. They began to replace some gas discharge lamps.  

Lamps
Nineveh was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern side of the Tigris River. It was the capital and a major city of the Assyrian empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day city of Mosul, Iraq.

The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700 BC. The wall was bout 12 km in length. The stone retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every . The stone wall and towers were topped by three-step parapets.

The city wall had fifteen monumental gateways. They were checkpoints for people entering and exiting the city. They probably had  barracks and armouries. With the inner and outer doors shut, the gateways were fortresses. The gateways had passages and interior chambers lined with finely cut stone. A stairway led from one of the interior chambers to the top of the mudbrick wall.

The city wall was destroyed by ISIS by February, 2015. The wall was destroyed during an effort to destroy historical buildings and monuments in the province by the jihadist rebel group.

References

Assyria
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Cities in Iraq
Mesopotamia
Pope Innocent XII (; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 243rd Pope from 1691 to 1700.

Early life
Pignatelli was born at Spinazzola in Puglia.

He was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome.

Pignatelli developed diplomatic experience when he was papal legate to Poland and to Austria.

He gained administrative experience when he was governor of Perugia.

Bishop
Piganatelli was made Bishop of Faenza in 1681.  Pope Innocent XI made him Archbishop of Naples in 1687.

Cardinal
Pope Innocent XI raised Pignatelli to the rank of Cardinal in 1682.

Pope
Cardinal Pignatelli was elected pope on 12 July 1691; and he chose to be called Innocent XII.

In 1692, Innocent XII issued the papal bull Romanum decet Pontificem which banned the curial office of the cardinal-nephew.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In the Papal States, Innocent invested in public works.  For example, he caused the harbor of Porto d'Anzo to be constructed on the ruins of Antium.  Also, he constructed the aqueduct of Civitavecchia.

After his death
The tomb of Innocent XII at St. Peter's Basilica was sculpted by Filippo della Valle.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pignatellit 

Italian popes
1615 births
1700 deaths
Pope Innocent XIII (; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born Michelangelo Conti, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 245th Pope from 1721 until his death.

Michelangelo Conti was born in Poli, near Rome.

Conti was born into a family that which included several popes including Pope Innocent III. (1198–1216), he was a member of the family of the counts and dukes of Segni.

Bishop
In 1695, Conti was made Archbishop of Tarsus.

Cardinal
In 1706, Pope Clement XI raised Conti to the rank of cardinal.

Pope 
Cardinal Conti was elected pope on May 8, 1721; and he chose to be called Innocent XIII.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Innocent XIII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Conti

Italian popes
1655 births
1724 deaths
The M. H. de Young Memorial Museum is an art museum in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. It is often called  just the de Young Museum. It is named for early San Francisco newspaper publisher M. H. de Young. The museum opened in 1895. It was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. A new museum building opened in 2005.

References

Other websites

Official website 

Art museums in the United States
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
1895 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in California
Hurricane Roxanne was a destructive storm that hit the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula during October 1995. The hurricane had winds next to 115 miles per hour when it hit. Because of its impact, the name Roxanne was later retired and replaced by Rebekah.

1995 Atlantic hurricane season
1995 in Mexico
October events
Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton (November 12, 1926, Montgomery, Alabama – July 25, 1984 in Los Angeles, California) was an American blues singer, harp player and songwriter. 

Thornton was the first who recorded "Hound Dog" by Leiber and Stoller. Another song which is often covered is "Ball ´n Chain". It is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".  It is one of her best-known songs because of being performed and recorded by Janis Joplin.

Career
She was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She got her musical education in a Baptist church, where her father was a minister and her mother a choir singer. At the age of 14 she joined Sammy Green's Georgia-based Hot Harlem Revue and toured the south. She was also a self-taught drummer and harmonica player. She often played each instrument onstage.

1948 she settled in Houston. In 1951  she was signing a recording contract with Peacock Records. For this label she recorded "Hound Dog" which became #1 in the Rhythm ´n Blues charts. Then she toured with  Junior Parker and Esther Phillips. At the end of the 1950s her career faded. She relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area, where she mostly played local blues clubs.

In 1966 she  recorded Big Mama Thornton With The Muddy Waters Blues Band featuring Muddy Waters (guitar), Sammy Lawhorn (guitar), James Cotton(harmonica), Otis Spann (piano), Luther Johnson (bass guitar), and Francis Clay (drums). Her Ball 'n' Chain album in 1968 with Lightnin' Hopkins (guitar) and Larry Williams (vocals), included the songs "Hound Dog", "Wade in the Water", "Little Red Rooster", "Ball 'n' Chain", "Money Taker", and "Prison Blues".

One of Thornton's last albums was Jail (1975) for Vanguard Records.The album was recorded in the mid-1970s at two prisons. She became the leader of a blues ensemble .Thornton performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1966 and 1968, and at the San Francisco Blues Festival in 1979. In 1965 she performed with the American Folk Blues Festival package in Europe where she recorded her album Big Mama Thornton in Europe and followed it up the next year in San Francisco with Big Mama Thornton with the Chicago Blues Band. Both albums came out on the Arhoolie label. Thornton continued to record for Vanguard, Mercury, and other small labels in the 1970s and to work the blues festival circuit until her death in 1984. She was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1984.

Thornton died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on 25 July 1984 at the age of  57.

Selected discography
 1965  Big Mama Thornton in Europe  Arhoolie
 1967  Big Mama the Queen at Monterey  MCA
 1968  She's Back
 1969  Stronger Than Dirt
 1970  Maybe  Roulette Records
 1970  The Way It Is  Mercury
 1973  Saved  Pentagram Records
 1975  Jail  Vanguard
 1975  Sassy Mama!
 1978  Mama's Pride  Vanguard

References

Other websites
 

Blues harp players
American blues musicians
American blues singers
Singers from Alabama
Musicians from Alabama
1926 births
1984 deaths
People from Montgomery, Alabama
A piano concerto is a concerto written for piano and orchestra.

Characteristics

Form
A classical piano concerto is often in three movements.

A quick opening movement in sonata form including a cadenza (which may be improvised by the soloist).
A slow, free expressive movement
A faster rondo

Examples by Mozart and Beethoven follow this model, but there are many others which do not. Beethoven's fourth piano concerto includes a last-movement cadenza, and many composers have made innovations – for example Liszt's single-movement concerti.

Other websites 
Classical and Romantic Piano Concertos , a list of Classical and Romantic piano concertos, and other music for piano and orchestra from the same period.

Musical forms
Piano
was a  after Meitoku and before Shōchō. This period started in July 1394 and ended in April 1428. During this time, the  emperors were   and .

Events of the Ōei era

 27 August 1394 (Ōei 1, 1st day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Chōkei died.
 1398 (Ōei 5): Kinkaku-ji or "Gold Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
 September 1398 (Ōei 5, 8th month): In the 6th year of the reign of King Taejong of Joseon, a Korean diplomatic mission was received in Japan.
 1399 (Ōei 6):  began. Ōuchi Yoshiharu raised an army against Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
 1401 (Ōei 8, 2nd month): The Imperial Palace was destroyed by fire.
 1402 (Ōei 9): A letter from the emperor of China was received by Yoshimitsu; and this formal communication mistakenly gives the title "king of Japan" to the Japanese shogun.
 1419 (Ōei 26) :  was a Joseon military action in Tsushima Province (Tsushima Island).  More than 200 ships and 17,000 fighting men took part in this military expedition.
 10 May 1424 (Ōei 31, 12th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Go-Kameyama died.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1394 establishments
14th-century establishments in Japan
1428 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Japan
Fashion Bug is a women's clothing retailer.  It owned by the Lane Bryant company.  Like Lane Bryant, it is focused on plus-sized clothing.

History

Fashion Bug was founded in 1960.  It is headquartered in Margate, Florida.

Clothing companies
1960 establishments in the United States
was a  after Bunshō and before Bunmei. This period started in March 1467 and ended in April 1469. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Ōnin era

In the Ōnin era, the emperor gave Yoshimasa's villa with a special name -- Higashiyama-dono., Construction work was interrupted by the Ōnin War.

Ōnin War 
The Ōnin War started in 1467.  This conflict is called Ōnin no ran because of the nengō in which it began. The fighting began as a dispute over who should follow Ashikaga Yoshimasa as shogun after his retirement – whether it would be his brother (Yoshimi) or his son (Yoshihisa).
 1467 (Ōnin 1, 1st month): Yamana Souzen and Hatakeyama Yoshinari took up positions around Muromachi-dono in Heian-kyo.  This was the headquarters of the Ashikaga Shogunate.
Rival groups of daimyo fought for military supremacy. In the end, there was no winner. The war stopped because the factions simply exhausted themselves.

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Honoré de Balzac  (; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His most famous work is La Comédie humaine. It is a collection of novels and short stories and is about French life after 1815. La Peau de chagrin (1831), Eugénie Grandet (1833) and Le Père Goriot (1835) are some of the most famous works from this collection. His books influenced many other people such as Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Gustave Flaubert, Charles Dickens and Edgar Allan Poe.

Works

Tragic verse

Cromwell (1819)

Incomplete at time of death

Le Corsaire (opera)
Sténie
Falthurne
Corsino

Published pseudonymously

As "Lord R'Hoone", in collaboration

L'Héritière de Birague (1822)
Jean-Louis (1822)

As "Horace de Saint-Aubin"

Clotilde de Lusignan (1822)
Le Centenaire (1822)
Le Vicaire des Ardennes (1822)
La Dernière Fée (1823)
Annette et le Criminal (Argow le Pirate) (1824)
Wann-Chlore (1826)

Published anonymously

Du Droit d'aînesse (1824)
Histoire impartiale des Jésuites (1824)
Code des gens honnêtes (1826)

Selected titles from La Comédie humaine

Les Chouans (1829)
Sarrasine (1830)
La Peau de chagrin (1831)
Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu (1831)
Le Colonel Chabert (1832)
Le Curé de Tours (1832)
La Fille aux yeux d'or (1833)
Eugénie Grandet (1833)
Le Contrat de mariage (1835)
Le Père Goriot (1835)
Le Lys dans la vallée (1835)
La Rabouilleuse (1842)
Illusions perdues (I, 1837; II, 1839; III, 1843)
La Cousine Bette (1846)
Le Cousin Pons (1847)
Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes (1847)

Plays

L'École des ménages (1839)
Vautrin (1839)
Les Ressources de Quinola (1842)
Paméla Giraud (1842)
La Marâtre (1848)
Mercadet ou le faiseur (1848)

Tales

Contes drolatiques (1832–37)
La Grande Bretèche
An Episode of terror

Other websites
La Comedie Humaine - extra information about Balzac's works

1799 births
1850 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French novelists
French Roman Catholics
Leona Cavalli (stage name Alleyona Canedo da Silva, November 6, 1969 in Rosário do Sul) is a Brazilian actress.

Biography 

Her father politician, lawyer and poet and teacher mother's name, has three brothers. At birth, was named Alleyona. His mother wanted it to be Leona, but the father thought the name too strong for a baby and decided to adapt - it. Cavalli comes from their sponsors.

His childhood was in nature, playing fields by the gauchos, where the horse ran, climbed trees, swam praticaca and many other sports. With his father, who was twice mayor of the city, learned early to live with a lot of people climbing on the stump, attending rallies without bothering to be the daughter of a public person alive. With his mother, learned to appreciate the beauty and love freedom.

At age ten he was traveling, had boyfriends and wanted to be an actress.

He participated in several parts as, A Divina Sarah, As Lágrimas Amargas de Petra Von Kant, Brincando em cima Daquilo, O Homem e o Cavalo, etc.

Then came the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), in the course of Performing Arts and the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC), in the course of law. But, dropped everything and went to St. Paul in an attempt to do theater professionally.

Participated in several movies such as, Um Céu de Estrelas, Amarelo Manga, Carandiru, Olga, Antônia, Aparecida - O Milagre, etc.

Is also participated in several telenovelas and miniseries as, Belíssima, Bang Bang, the miniseries Amazônia, de Galvez a Chico Mendes, Duas Caras, Negócio da China, etc.

In 2011, he made a cameo on the soap opera, Araguaia. Currently, this air, soap opera, A Vida da Gente as Dra. Celina.

References

Other websites 

1969 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
People from Rio Grande do Sul
, also known as Mei-ō, was a  after Entoku and before Bunki. This period started in July 1492 and ended in February 1501. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Meiō era 

 1492 (Meiō 1, 8th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimura led an army into Ōmi Province.
 1492 (Meiō 2, 1st month): The kampaku Ichijō Fuyuyoshi was named daijō-daijin.
 1492 (Meiō 2, 2nd month): Shogun Yoshimura led an army against the daimyo of Kawachi Province.

 1495 (Meiō 4):  Statue of Kannon carved in the 8th century was lost to fire at Hase-dera in Nara.
 12 September 1495 (Meiō 4, 24th day of the 8th month): Earthquake at Kashima (Latitude: 35.100/Longitude: 139.500), 7.1 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

 9 July 1498 (Meiō 7, 20th day of the 6th month): Earthquake in the Enshunada Sea (Latitude: 34.400/Longitude: 137.700), 6.4 on the Richter Scale.
 20 September 1498 (Meiō 7, 2nd day of the 7th month): Earthquake in the Enshunada Sea (Latitude: 34.000/Longitude: 138.100), 8.6 on the Richter Scale; and also on that same day, another earthquake in Nankaido (Latitude: 33.500/Longitude: 135.200), 7.5 on the Richter Scale.

 21 October 1500 (Meiō 9, 28th day of the 9th month): Emperor Go-Tuschimikado died.

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Hurricane Hortense cut across Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico in September of 1996. The storm took next to 40 lives and did $139 million in damage. The storm also affected portions of eastern Canada, striking southeastern Nova Scotia as a Category 1 hurricane. The name Hortense was later retired.

Hurricanes
, also known as Taiei or Dai-ei, was a   after Eishō and before Kyōroku. This period started in August 1521 and ended in August 1528.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Daiei era

 24 January 1525 (Daiei 5, on the 1st day of the 1st month):  All ceremonies in the court were suspended because of the lack of funds to support them.

 29 April 1525 (Daiei 5, 7th day of the 4th month): Emperor Go-Kashiwabara died.

 1526 (Daiei 6, 4th month): Emperor Go-Nara was made emperor at age 31.

 1526 (Daiei 6, 7th month): An army from Awa Province was stopped before it reached Kyoto (Heian-kyō).

 1526 (Daiei 6, 12th month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiharu invited archers from neighboring provinces to come to the capital for an archery contest.

 1526 (Daiei 6, 12th month): Large-scale mining operations started at the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in what is now Shimane Prefecture.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Michael Christopher "Mike" Starr (April 4, 1966 – March 8, 2011) was an American musician. He is best known as the playing bass guitar in Alice in Chains. 

Starr was an original member of Alice in Chains since they were formed in 1987. Starr left Alice in Chains in 1993 which lead singer Layne Staley said to be "just a difference in priorities. We wanted to continue intense touring and press, Mike was ready to go home.".

Starr appeared on the VH1 television series Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew in 2010. 

Police found Starr dead on March 8, 2011. Dr. Drew said that Starr's death was caused from "a prescription-drug overdose."

References

1966 births
2011 deaths
American rock musicians
Bassists
Drug-related deaths
Musicians from Hawaii
People from Honolulu
So Weird was a Disney Channel television show about a girl of 14 called Fiona Phillips, played by Cara Delizia. She was obsessed with the occult. She was the daughter of a singer named Molly Phillips, played by Mackenzie Phillips, and had a brother, age 16, named Jack. Fiona was played by Cara Delizia.

In the series her singer mother homeschools her and they travel around the country by bus. In the series Fi's brother is skeptical of the occult. Their father was obsessed with it but died when Fi was only 3. Later on in the series Fi meets an entity called a will o' the wisp who seems to know her father and gives her information about him. He takes possession of her brother Jack's body in one episode until she expels him by discovering his name and saying it through a computer puzzle based on a hint he gives her. His name is Bricriu. Bricriu in a later episode takes possession of her mother's body and tries to prevent her from meeting a man who knows who killed her father. Bricriu lets slip to her that his allies in the spirit, although not Bricriu himself, murdered her father because of his investigations into their world. He finally meets Fi again in the first episode of season 3 and convinces her to give up interest in the occult in order to protect her family. Fi stopped appearing in the show after that episode. Fi met her father by time traveling to her third year in the episode Fountain. The first two seasons of the show, particularly the second, were dark. In the second season Fi even meets vampires. However, in the third season Disney decided to choose a lighter tone. Also Delizia left the show in the third season so she was replaced by Alex Johnson who played a new character called Annie who replaced Fi.

Television series by Disney
English-language television programs
1999 television series debuts
2001 television series endings