cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kristen Jaymes Stewart (April 9, 1990) is an American actress working in television and movies. She is known for roles in the films Catch That Kid, Panic Room, Zathura, In the Land of Women, Adventureland, Into the Wild, The Messengers, Twilight, The Twilight Saga: New Moon and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. In 2021, she played Princess Diana of Wales in the biopic drama Spencer and the role earned her her first Academy Award nomination.

Early life 
Kristen was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Her father, John Stewart works as a stage manager and television producer. Kristen's mother, Jules Mann-Stewart, is a script supervisor and was born in Australia. Kristen has an older brother, Cameron Stewart.

Career 
Kristen started acting when she was eight years old, after an agent saw her perform at her school's Christmas event. Her first minor roles were in programs such as The Thirteenth Year and The Safety Of Objects and her first major role was in a movie called Panic Room. Since then, Kristen has appeared in films such as Cold Creek Manor, Catch That Kid, Undertow and Speak.

She won the Orange Rising Star Award in 2010.

References

Other websites 

 
Kristen Stewart Breaks Down Her Career, Vanity Fair, published by YouTube July 30, 2019

Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
BAFTA Award winners
1990 births
Living people
LGBT entertainers
Bisexual people
Catch That Kid! is a 2004 American criminal comedy movie. It was directed by Bart Freundlich. It is a remake of the Danish movie Klatretøsen (2002). The movie's working titles were Mission Without Permission (also the movie's United Kingdom title) and Catch That Girl.

Release dates

2004 comedy movies

2000s criminal comedy movies
2000s movie remakes
20th Century Fox movies
American criminal comedy movies
American family movies
American heist movies
American movie remakes
English-language movies
Movies about families
Police Academy is a popular movie and television series.

Movies 
 Police Academy - 1984
 Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment - 1985
 Police Academy 3: Back in Training - 1986
 Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol - 1987
 Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach - 1988
 Police Academy 6: City Under Siege - 1989
 Police Academy: Mission to Moscow - 1994
 Police Academy 8 - 2013

Television series 
 Police Academy - 1988, 2 season, for a total of 64 episodes.
 Police Academy - The Series - 1997, 26 episodes.

Main characters 
 Carey Mahoney (4 films; animated series)
 Moses Hightower (6 films; animated series; television series)
 Eugene Tackleberry (7 films; animated series; television series)
 Larvell Jones (7 films; animated series; television series)
 Douglas Fackler (1, 2, 3 and 6 films; animated series; television series)
 Laverne Hooks (6 films; animated series)
 Debbie Callahan (1, 3 at 7 films; animated series; television series)
 Com. Eric Lassard (7 films; animated series)
 Sweetchuck (2 at 4 films; animated series)
 Zed (2 at 4 films; animated series)
 House (4 and 5 films; animated series)
 Capt. Thaddeus Harris (1, 4 at 7 films; animated series)
 Proctor (2 at 6 films; animated series; television series)
 Mauser (2 and 3 films; animated series; television series)
 Nick Lassard (5 and 6 films)
The Indian National Congress is a major Indian political party. The party was founded in 1885. It is the largest constituent party of the UPA, a coalition of Indian political parties that form the opposition against the ruling NDA coalition. The party's chairperson is Sonia Gandhi. It has registered its worst performance in an election in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.

References

1885 establishments
Social democratic parties in Asia
Political parties in India
1880s establishments in India
Pentium is an x86 microprocessor, first made in 1993. It is a brand name by Intel who developed the Pentium I (1993-1999), Pentium II (1997-1999), Pentium III (1999-2003), Pentium 4 (2000-2008), Pentium M (2003-2008), Pentium D (2005-2008) and Pentium Extreme Edition (2005-2008) processors. Today, it is the medium range microprocessor in the Intel microprocessor lineup, above the Celeron and Atom and below the Core family of microprocessors.

Intel processors
His Dark Materials is a fantasy novel series by British author, Philip Pullman.

Books 
 Northern Lights
 The Subtle Knife
 The Amber Spyglass

Fantasy books
Series of books
In mathematics and statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a measure of correlation, named after its maker, Charles Spearman. It is written in short as the Greek letter rho () or sometimes as . It is a number that shows how closely two sets of data are linked. It only can be used for data which can be put in order, such as highest to lowest.

The general formula for  is .

For example, if you have data for how expensive different computers are, and data for how fast the computers are, you could see if they are linked, and how closely they are linked, using .

Working it out

Step one 
To work out  you first have to rank each piece of data. We are going to use the example from the intro of computers and their speed.

So, the computer with the lowest price would be rank 1. The one higher than that would have 2. Then, it goes up until it is all ranked. You have to do this to both sets of data.

Step two 
Next, we have to find the difference between the two ranks. Then, you multiply the difference by itself, which is called squaring. The difference is called , and the number you get when you square  is called .

Step three 
Count how much data we have. This data has ranks 1 to 5, so we have 5 pieces of data. This number is called .

Step four 
Finally, use everything we have worked out so far in this formula: .

 means that we take the total of all the numbers that were in the column . This is because  means total.

So,  is  which is 4. The formula says multiply it by 6, which is 24.

 is  which is 120.

So, to find out , we simply do .

Therefore, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is 0.8 for this set of data.

What the numbers mean 
 always gives an answer between −1 and 1. The numbers between are like a scale, where −1 is a very strong link, 0 is no link, and 1 is also a very strong link. The difference between 1 and −1 is that 1 is a positive correlation, and −1 is a negative correlation.  A graph of data with a  value of −1 would look like the graph shown except the line and points would be going from top left to bottom right.

For example, for the data that we did above,  was 0.8. So this means that there is a positive correlation. Because it is close to 1, it means that the link is strong between the two sets of data. So, we can say that those two sets of data are linked, and go up together. If it was −0.8, we could say it was linked and as one goes up, the other goes down.

If two numbers are the same 
Sometimes, when ranking data, there are two or more numbers that are the same. When this happens in , we take the mean or average of the ranks that are the same. These are called tied ranks. To do this, we rank the tied numbers as if they were not tied. Then, we add up all the ranks that they would have, and divide it by how many there are.  For example, say we were ranking how well different people did in a spelling test.

These numbers are used in exactly the same way as normal ranks.

Related pages
Correlation

Notes and references 

Statistics
Mathematics
Killzone 2 is a is a first-person shooter for the PlayStation 3, made by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the third game in the Killzone series that began on the PlayStation 2 with Killzone and continued on the PlayStation Portable with Killzone: Liberation. The game was first announced at E3 2005, with a technology demo on display, while the first gameplay video was shown two years later at E3 2007.

2009 video games
PlayStation 3 games
is a traditional kind of Japanese comedy. Manzai is a special kind of stand-up comedy.  It is both dialogue and performance.

A comedy team brings together a straight man (tsukkomi) who feeds punchlines to a funny man (boke).  A pair of comedians with a special back-and-forth style is called kakeai manzai.

History 
The history of manzai began in the Nara period.

In the Edo period, the traditional dialogue was performed on stage.

In modern times, manzai performances are televised in Japan.

New Year's tradition
In Japan's past, traditional manzai performers would go from house to house in the New Year's season.  They would sing songs and perform good-luck dances in return for a small amount of rice or money.

Related pages
 Xiangsheng
 Stand-up comedy

References

More reading

 Davis, Jessica Milner. (2005). Understanding Humor in Japan.  Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ;  OCLC 475380964

Comedy
Japanese culture
Entertainment in Japan
Arsenal tube station is a London Underground station in Highbury, north London. The station is on the Piccadilly line. It is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is between Holloway Road and Finsbury Park tube stations. The station was originally known as Gillespie Road. In 1932, it was renamed after Arsenal Football Club. It is the only Tube station named directly after a football club.

History
Gillespie Road station was opened by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR) on 15 December 1906. When the different London Underground companies were joined together, the GNP&BR became the Piccadilly line. The original station building and ticket hall were designed by Leslie Green. The buildings had red terracotta on the outside. The station is similar to Holloway Road and Caledonian Road stations, also on the Piccadilly line. The station was renamed to Arsenal in 1932.

References

Other websites 

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 .

Piccadilly line stations
Tube stations in the London Borough of Islington
Arsenal F.C.
London Travelcard zone 2
Railway stations opened in 1906
1906 establishments in England
Vostok 1 (, East or Orient 1) was the first flight to take a human into space. It used a Vostok 3KA spacecraft, and was launched on April 12, 1961. It took into space Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time a person went into outer space and the first time anyone had entered into orbit. The flight made one orbit and lasted for 1 hour, 48 minutes. The Vostok 1 was launched by the Soviet space program and made by the Soviet rocket scientists Sergei Korolev and Kerim Kerimov.

The Vostok spacecraft weighed , was  long and  in diameter. The cosmonaut flew inside a spherical module. He sat on a seat which was also an ejection seat which allowed the cosmonaut to escape from the spacecraft in case of an emergency. The flight was simple, the cosmonaut was simply a passenger. There were controls for use in an emergency. The spacecraft had a food locker, radio, a cabinet with experiments inside, and two windows, one above the ejection seat and one to the right.. Gagarin ejected from the spacecraft after re-entry and landed by parachute.

There were six manned Vostok flights, the last one, Vostok 6, carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to go into space on June 16, 1963.

References

Soviet spacecraft
Red Faction: Guerrilla is a third-person shooter video game made by Volition, Inc. and published by THQ, with the PC version being made by Reactor Zero. The game first came out on June 2, 2009 in North America for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. In the European countries it was released on June 5 2009 and the Microsoft Windows version will be released on August 25 2009. The game is the third game in the Red Faction series.

Gameplay
Red Faction: Guerrilla has a third person perspective, the first two games had a first-person perspective. This was changed because Volition though that the third-person view would be better because the player would be able to see more of the environment. In Red Faction: Guerrilla, the hero, Alec Mason, can run, jump, steal vehicles, and use weapons to explore the open world of Mars and fight the EDF (Earth Defense Force).

Reception
Red Faction: Guerrilla has gotten good reviews. The Metacritic score is 85/100. The GameSpot reviewer Randolph Ramsey gave the game a, 8.5/10. He said that the physics and the realism of the game were good, but also said that the game is repetitive and that the story was not good. IGN reviewer Charles Onyett gave the game an 8/10. He said that the game is fun, but that the storyline, graphics, and voice acting are weak.

References

2009 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
A glazed tile is a tile with glaze. It is made by putting chemical glazes on the tile, let it dry, and putting it into a kiln (an oven that heats up to high temperatures). The kiln heats to about 2000 degrees turning the chemical glaze to colors. It is often framed and sold. This is a popular form of art.

Glazed tiles can also come in a range of textures, from more coarse matte tiles which are good for flooring since they provide traction to high gloss, very smooth tiles which work well for countertops and splashbacks.

Glazed tiles were used to make the roof  on buildings in China.

Ceramics
Phil Jackson (born September 17, 1945) is a coach in the NBA. He has won eleven championships as coach in the NBA, six with the Chicago Bulls and five with the Los Angeles Lakers. With his 10th championship, Phil Jackson surpassed Red Auerbach, who won 9 championships before 1966. As of March 4, 2010, Phil Jackson has the highest winning percentage in regular season games of any coach in NBA history who coached at least 500 games.  Before he was a coach, Jackson was a player for the New York Knicks and the New Jersey Nets.  Jackson is from Montana.

References

1945 births
Living people
Chicago Bulls head coaches
New Jersey Nets players
New York Knicks players
Sportspeople from Montana
Kennel cough or tracheobronchitis is a very easily caught dog illness. The dogs have swelling and pain  of the upper breathing passages.  It can be caused by viral infections such as canine distemper, canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus, or canine respiratory coronavirus, or bacterial infections such as Bordetella bronchiseptica.  It is called kennel cough because the infection can spread very quickly among dogs, who live together as in a kennel or an animal shelter.

Infection
Both viral and bacterial causes of kennel cough are spread through the air by infected dogs sneezing and coughing.  It can also be spread through contact with things that have the bacteria or virus on them.  It can still be spread days or weeks after symptoms disappear.  Symptoms  usually begin about 3 to 5 days after the dog is around the infected animal or object.  The disease can turn into pneumonia.

Symptoms
Symptoms can include a harsh, dry coughing, retching, sneezing, snorting (noise made with the nose), gagging or vomiting in response to light pressing of the trachea or after excitement or exercise.  The symptoms are caused by the inflammation of the airways.  It can increase after excitement or exercise because of the quick breathing that takes place which causes the nerves of airway to become more stimulated.  A fever is not always present.  The disease can last 10–20 days and can come back when the dog is put into a stressful situation which puts stress on the dog's immune system.  Medical diagnosis is made by seeing these symptoms, having a history of exposure is also helpful but not always found as kennel cough is easily spread through contact with the ground, toys, sidewalks, dog parks.

Treatment and prevention
Antibiotics are given to treat any bacterial infection present.  Cough suppressants are used if the cough is not productive (nothing is being coughed up).  The usual outcome is good.  Prevention is by vaccinating for canine adenovirus, distemper, parainfluenza, and Bordetella.  In kennels, the best prevention is to keep all the cages clean.  Most kennels will not board dogs without proof of vaccination.

Related pages
Bronchitis

References

Other websites
Kennel Cough Home Remedy 
Kennel Cough from The Pet Health Library
Merck Veterinary Manual Entry on Kennel Cough
Kennel Cough 

Dogs
Animal diseases
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French musician and other things, like an inventor and engineer, and more. He was born in Nancy. He created a kind of music called musique concrète (which in the French speak means "concrete music"). This music was different from regular music, and had many sounds from things in the real world.

Schaeffer died of Alzheimer's disease in Aix-en-Provence.

1910 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in France
French musicians
People from Nancy
Area 51 is a military base, and a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base. It is in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles (133 km) north-northwest of downtown Las Vegas. At its center, on the southern shore of Groom Lake, is a large military airfield. The base's primary purpose is to support development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems. The base is in the United States Air Force's Nevada Test and Training Range NTTR, formerly called the Nellis Air Force Range NAFR. Although the facilities at the range are managed by the 99th Air Base Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, the Groom facility appears to be run as an adjunct of the Air Force Flight Test Center AFFTC at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert, around 186 miles (300 km) southwest of Groom, and as such the base is known as Air Force Flight Test Center Detachment 3.

Though the name Area 51 is used in official Central Intelligence Agency documentation, other names used for the facility include Dreamland, Paradise Ranch, Home Base, Watertown Strip, Groom Lake, and most recently Homey Airport. The area is part of the Nellis Military Operations Area, and the restricted airspace around the field is referred to as R- 4808N, known by the military pilots in the area as "The Box" or "the Container ".

The facility is not a conventional airbase, as frontline operational units are not normally deployed there. It instead appears to be used for highly classified military/defense Special Access Programs SAP, which are unacknowledged publicly by the government, military personnel, and defense contractors. Its mission may be to support the development, testing, and training phases for new aircraft weapons systems or research projects. Once these projects have been approved by the United States Air Force or other agencies such as the CIA, and are ready to be announced to the public, operations of the aircraft are then moved to a normal air force base. 

There was intense secrecy surrounding the base. The U.S. government did not acknowledge its existence until July 14, 2003. This secrecy made it the frequent subject of fiction and conspiracy theories and a central component to unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore. Testing the U-2 plane in the 1950s – at altitudes much higher than commercial aeroplanes then flew – provoked "a tremendous increase in reports of unidentified flying objects (UFOs)". 

The presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said she would release information about Area 51, as long as it did not threaten national security.

In July 2019, more than 1,700,000 people responded to a joke proposal to storm Area 51 which appeared in an anonymous Facebook post. A further 1,300,000 people said they were interested in the event, scheduled for 20 September 2019, and billed as "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us", an attempt to "see them aliens."

References 

Buildings and structures in Nevada
United States Air Force
Conspiracy theories
1942 establishments in the United States
UFOs
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Ding Liren (born 1992) is a Chinese chess grandmaster. He won the Chinese Chess Championship in 2009. On 6 June 2009, at the age of 16, he became the youngest ever person to win the national title. In October 2009, he became China's 30th Grandmaster.

In April 2011, Ding won the Chinese Championship for a second time.

References

Other websites

gallery of images
Sina.com.cn

Chinese chess players
1992 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress (1838) is Charles Dickens's second novel. It was first published as a book by Richard Bentley in 1838. It tells the story of an orphan boy and his adventures among London's slums. Oliver is captured by, and forced to work among, pickpockets and thieves until redeemed by a gentleman who has taken an interest in him. Characters include Fagin, Nancy, Bill Sykes, and the Artful Dodger. The book is one of the earliest examples of the social novel. It draws the reader's attention to evils such as child labour, the recruitment of children as criminals, and the presence of street children.

The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of hardships as a child labourer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. It is likely that Dickens's own early youth as a child labourer contributed to the story's development. The book influenced American writer Horatio Alger, Jr. and his stories of poor boys living on the streets of nineteenth-century New York City.

The book has been adapted to a popular musical play called Oliver! and several movies, notably a 1948 production starring Alec Guiness as Fagin. A Disney animated feature about alley cats called Oliver & Company has also been released.

1830s books
Books by Charles Dickens
Books first published in serial form
English novels
English-language novels
Danish Prabha Shanker Kaneria (born 16 December 1980) is a Pakistani cricketer. He was born in Karachi and made his first cricket entrance in 2000 against England in Faisalabad. He is generally a leg spin bowler and is famous for his googlies. 

His best bowling figures are getting 7 wickets for 77 runs against Bangladesh. Kaneria was born into a Gujarati family of Marwari origin.

On June 22, 2012 Kaneria was banned for life from any involvement in the playing, organisation or administration of any cricket under the jurisdiction of the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). Kaneria was found guilty of two charges of spot fixing.

References

Pakistani people
Pakistani cricketers
Living people
1980 births
People from Karachi
Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar   (born 24 April 1973 in Mumbai) is a former Indian cricketer. He has the highest number of runs in both Test cricket and One Day Internationals. He also has the highest number of centuries in both formats of the game. His last Test match being played against the West Indies.He always honoured better players than him like Garfield Sobers or Don Bradman.

100th international century
Tendulkar scored his much awaited 100th international hundred on 16 March 2012 against Bangladesh in the Asia Cup. He became the first person in history to achieve this feat. Incidentally, it was Tendulkar's first ODI hundred against Bangladesh. He said "It's been a tough phase for me ... I was not thinking about the milestone, the media started all this, wherever I went, the restaurant, room service, everyone was talking about the 100th hundred. Nobody talked about my 99 hundreds. It became mentally tough for me because nobody talked about my 99 hundreds."

National honours of sachin 
 1994 - Arjuna Award, by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports.
 1997-98 - Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, India's highest honour given for achievement in sports.
 1999 - Padma Shri, India's 'fourth' highest civilian award.
 2001 - Maharashtra Bhushan Award, Maharashtra State's highest Civilian Award.
 2008 - Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award.
 2014 - Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Full Information about sachin in simple 

1973 births
Living people
People from Mumbai
Indian cricketers
Ethelbert Woodbridge Nevin (born near Pittsburgh, November 25, 1862; died in New Haven, Connecticut, February 17, 1901) was an American pianist and composer.  He is remembered for a small number of romantic songs and piano pieces which became extremely popular in the early 20th century.

Life

Nevin was born  in 1862, at Vineacre, on the river Ohio, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He grew up there.  His father was a newspaper editor and he taught the young boy most subjects.  His mother played the piano.  The family bought a grand piano, which was the first grand piano ever to be taken across the Allegheny Mountains.

Ethelbert showed musical promise when he was very young.  His brother and cousins were also musical.  When he was four he was playing the piano with cushions on the floor so that he could reach the pedals.  His father took him to Dresden for two years to study music.  He also studied in Pittsburgh and in Boston.

He started his career giving piano lessons.  When he had earned enough money he went to Berlin where he had lessons from Karl Klindworth, who was a good teacher for him.  He showed Nevin how important it was to have a good general knowledge, and not just to spend hours and hours practising the piano.  This helped Nevin, who had good tastes in literature and he chose some good poems to make into songs.

In 1885 he was invited to join a group who had lessons from  Hans von Bülow.  He played works by of Brahms, Liszt, and Raff. Cosima Wagner and Joseph Joachim often came to the concerts given by this group.

In 1887 he went back to America and lived in Boston, where he taught and played in some concerts.  He asked Richard Strauss to teach him composition but Strauss did not accept him.

In 1892 he went to Paris, where he taught singing, and helped many American and French opera singers to learn their parts for singing in operas.   He worked very hard and his health got bad.  He spent his last years in several European places and then he went back to America.  He died in 1901.

His music

Nevin's music is romantic, and sometimes rather sentimental for modern tastes.  His best known piece is "Narcissus" from Water Scenes.  These pieces were used by the dancer Isadora Duncan to dance to.  He also wrote a famous song called "The Rosary" and "Mighty Lak' a Rose".
 
Nevin was pictured on a 1940 ten cent U.S. postage stamp.

Bibliography
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980,

Other websites
  online book

1862 births
1901 deaths
American composers
American pianists
Bahía Lomas is a protected wetland area in Chile. It was declared as a legal measure of protecting the site, which is expected to be nominated as a Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve under the RAMSAR Convention.

References

Other websites

Complete List Ramsar Wetlands
Gallery 
RAMSAR Chile

Conservation
Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon is the 4th Destroy All Humans! in the series first released December 1, 2008 in North America for the Xbox 360. The game is made by THQ's Sandblast Games studio for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

Gameplay 
Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon has around 30 story missions, 20 side quests, and multiplayer modes. As with previous games in the series, most story missions can be played in any order. Creative director Jon Knoles said that the side quests would have something to do with the story.

The player plays as Crypto, an alien. He can shoot humans, use the jet pack, and use Psychokinesis at the same time. There are now flying enemies, like helicopters and Nexo UFO's that can attack Crypto while he is in his UFO. Buildings can be destroyed and scarred in different ways when attacked with different weapons. The game has a new alert scheme with police, SWAT, military awareness, and Nexo alert. Electricity goes through power lines when damage is caused to them. The player can exit and enter some buildings during some missions.

Reception 

The game was given 34/100 by the site Metacritic.

Sources 

2008 video games
Destroy All Humans!
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 3 games
THQ games
The Simpsons Hit & Run is an action-adventure video game based on the animated sitcom (comedy TV show) The Simpsons. It was released for the Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Windows in the United States on September 16, 2003 and in Europe on October 31, 2003. The game was developed or made by Radical Entertainment and published or was put out to be sold by Vivendi Universal. To make the game harder and more fun, the story and dialogue were written by the writers of the TV show. The voices were supplied by the cast of The Simpsons.

The game follows the Simpson family and the people who live in Springfield, who see many strange things that happen in their town. When the Simpsons themselves decide to find out what is going on, they find out that aliens Kang and Kodos are filming a reality television series about the city. To make the show more interesting, the aliens release Buzz Cola, a soda that makes people go crazy, into Springfield's water supply. With help from Professor Frink, Homer is able to  destroy the aliens' spaceship, and Springfield and its people are returned to normal.

The game received mostly positive, or good reviews from video game critics. Praise was given mostly on how much the game is was like the show and its funny take on the Grand Theft Auto III video game. The game received the award for Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards. More than three million copies of the game were sold as of June 2007.

Gameplay
Hit & Run has seven levels, each with missions and a unique plot. The player can only move, or control one certain character in each level. The game's playable characters are Homer Simpson, Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson, Marge Simpson, and Apu Nahasapeemapetilon. When walking, the playing character can walk, run, and perform many attacks: a normal kick, a jumping kick, and a smashing move. To drive, the player can either drive one of the many vehicles that are on the road, a feature taken from Grand Theft Auto 3, or use a phone booth to choose a car. The game's driving missions are also similar to those of Grand Theft Auto 3. In both games, the player races against other characters, gets items before a timer runs out, and wrecks other cars.

References

Notes

Other websites
 
 

2003 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Windows games
Nintendo GameCube games
Video games based on television shows
The Simpsons
Brandy is a type of alcoholic beverage. It has about 36%-60% alcohol (60-120 proof). It is from a distillation of fermented fruit juices or fruit mash. The color is amber/brown. It has a sweet flavor. It is normally an after dinner drink.

Labelling of grades 
Brandy has a traditional age grading system, although its use is unregulated outside of Cognac and Armagnac. These indicators can usually be found on the label near the brand name:

 V.S. ("very special") or ✯✯✯ (three stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been stored for at least two years in a cask.
 V.S.O.P. ("very superior old pale"), Reserve or ✯✯✯✯✯ (five stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least four years in a cask.
 XO ("extra old") or Napoléon designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least six years.
 Hors d'âge ("beyond age") is a designation which is formally equal to XO for Cognac, but for Armagnac designates brandy that is at least ten years old. In practice the term is used by producers to market a high-quality product beyond the official age scale.

References

Related pages
Regency (brandy)

Alcoholic spirits
Iranian Arabs عربان ايرانی are the Arabic-speaking peoples of Iran. Most Iranian Arabs live in the coastal regions of southern Iran by the Persian Gulf. Iranian Arab communities are also found in Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.

Arab people
Iran
Ethnic groups in Asia
The Tibetan Muslims, also known as the Kachee (Kache), are a small minority in Tibet. Despite being Muslim, they are classified as Tibetans. The Tibetan word Kachee literally means Kashmiri and Kashmir was known as Kachee Yul (Yul = Country).

The small number of Tibetan Muslims live throughout Tibet. ,Many of them can be found in Lhasa and Shigatse. Some live outside the Tibet Autonomous Region. These ethnic groups such as the Balti (indigenous people) and Burig are of Tibetan origin and consider themselves to be ethnically Tibetan, are Muslims as well. These other groups, however, are mainly found in the Occupied Kashmir's Ladakh area and the Pakistani-admnistered Baltistan.

Tibet
Ethnic groups in China
Islam
Lure is a French city in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.

Cities in France
Communes in Haute-Saône
Subprefectures in France
Henryk Szeryng (pronounce: SHERR-ing), (born Żelazowa Wola, Poland, 22 September 1918; died Kassel, 8 March 1988) was a Polish-born violinist who later became Mexican. He is thought to be one of the greatest violinists of his time.

Early Years 

Szeryng was born in a very small village called Żelazowa Wola in Poland. The famous composer Chopin had also been born in this village. Henryk started to learn the piano from his mother when he was five. When he was seven he changed to the violin. His violin teacher was Maurice Frenkel who had been an assistant to the famous violin teacher Leopold Auer. Four years later he went to Berlin to study with Carl Flesch who was a wonderful teacher for him. Szerynk later said: “Everything I know about the violin I learned from him. After three years he went to Paris to have lessons with Jacques Thibaud at the Paris Conservatory. He got the first prize in 1937. He also studied composition in Paris with Nadia Boulanger, and continued studying with her until 1939.

Career 

He gave his first solo performance on 6 January 1933 playing the Brahms Violin Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Szeryng spoke seven languages fluently, so when World War II broke out he became an official interpreter for the Polish government which was based in exile in London. He went with the prime minister to Mexico to find a home for refugees. During the war he gave more than 300 concerts for Allied troops all over the world. During one of these concerts in Mexico City he was given the job of being head of the string department of the university there.

In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of Mexico.

Szeryng spent several years teaching the violin. Then the pianist Artur Rubinstein told him he ought to perform again, so in 1954 he started to give concerts once more. He spent the rest of his life touring all over the world playing the violin. He made many recordings, and also played many works by Mexican composers, helping them to make their music better known. He became Mexico’s special advisor at UNESCO in Paris. He continued to spend some time teaching, especially in Mexico. He owned several wonderful violins, some of which he gave away.

He died in Kassel.

His playing 
Szeryng is remembered for the beautiful tone that he made. He had an amazing technique. He always played very precisely in tune, even “bending” notes slightly to make his intonation very expressive. He could get different qualities of sound by turning the bow slightly or by changing the speed of his vibrato. He was able to play with great emotion in a very individual way.

References 
Legendary Violinists

Mexican musicians
Polish musicians
1918 births
1988 deaths
Ivana Trump  (born Ivana Marie Zelníčková; (); February 20, 1949) is a Czech businesswoman, former Olympic skiier and model. She is best known for her marriage to Donald Trump, which ended in divorce. They had three children together, Donald Trump Jr, Ivanka Trump, and Eric Trump.

In 2010, she was a contestant in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother.

References

1949 births
Living people
Czech businesspeople
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Czech sportspeople
Trump family
Elasmotherium is an extinct giant rhinoceros.

It lived from 2.6 million years ago (mya) to about 50,000 years ago. Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia. This giant lived and grazed on the Eurasian steppes (grasslands).

Description 
Elasmotherium was a heavily-built quadruped that walked on four hoofed legs.  Its legs were longer than those of other rhinos and were adapted for galloping, giving it a horse-like gait.

It probably had a large horn on its forehead, but fossils of the horn have not been found. The teeth were tall-crowned and were covered with cement and wrinkled enamel. Its mouth at the front was a beak; there are no teeth in front of the molars.

Morphology
The specimens of E. sibiricum are up to  in body length with shoulder heights over . E. caucasicum was at least  in body length with an estimated mass of . This is based on isolated molars which are larger than those of the Siberian species. 

Both species were among the largest in the family Rhinocerotidae, comparable in size to the woolly mammoth and larger than the woolly rhinoceros. The feet were unguligrade, the front larger than the rear, with 4 digits at the front and 3 at the rear.

References 

Rhinoceroses
There are some sciences that are used to study nature. According to these sciences, the things that can be observed in nature follow certain rules. These rules are often unknown, and natural sciences are about finding them. They often use what is called the scientific method to do this.

 Physics looks at how nature is made, and how different fields of nature relate to each other.
 Chemistry is about the elements, their combinations, and their reactions.
 Biology looks at living organisms, their development, and how they interact with each other.
 Geology looks at how the earth developed and what it looks like.

Some sciences, like Mathematics, can help in all of the above. They make it easier to talk about rules and models.

Other sciences that mainly look at how humans think and behave, and about their society are called social sciences.

Overview
The natural sciences are used to make new things (applied science). The natural sciences are guides to test new ideas. They are used to solve engineering problems and technology problems. Math helps the natural sciences to solve problems and make new things. Computers do this too. Computers and math are tools for the natural sciences.

The following sciences are natural sciences: 
 Astronomy 
 Biology 
 Chemistry 
 Earth science 
 Physics 
 Atmospheric science 
 Oceanography 
 Materials sciences
The Concentric zone model, or Burgess model is a model to explain how a settlement, such as a city, will grow. It was developed by Ernest W. Burgess between 1925 and 1929. Burgess looked at the growth of Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century. Many people moved to Chicago at that time. 

The model was the first to explain why certain groups of people lived in certain areas of the city. Burgess said that there were circles around the center of the city. The circle a piece of land was in determined how it was used. Burgess saw different zones, starting at the center:
The Central Business District - the center of the city
A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
Low-class residential homes; these were later called inner suburbs - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
Higher-class residential zone; later called outer suburbs. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
Commuter zone

Burgess saw that richer people tended to live farther away from the city center. When the city grew, the city center would grow; the rings would also shift outwards.

The model also has some problems, for example:
It assumes that the city can grow in every direction; physical features often limit city growth, though.
Commuter villages cannot be explained with the model; they are far from the city, but often have cheap housing.

Related pages 
 Grid plan
 Sector model
 Multiple nuclei model
 Linear city model

Urban planning
Urban geography
In Information technology, a packet is collection of data that can be used by computers which need to communicate with each other, usually as part of a  network. Some computers and networks do not use packets to communicate. But most currently do, including nearly all computers on the Internet. Packets allow many computers on a  network to communicate more quickly and easily.

Structure 
A packet consists of two kinds of data: packet information and packet data (or payload). If you think of a packet like a letter in the mail, the control information is like the outside of the envelope. There's an address that says where to send the letter, and a stamp that says how to send it (fast or slow). Similarly, the computer uses the control information in the packet to decide where, and how, to send the data. People aren't usually interested in the control information.

The user data is like the inside of the envelope. It is the actual information the computer is trying to send. This might be any kind of digital data, such as words, pictures, music, or computer programs. It's generally for people or computers to use, but not for the packet system to use. 

Different communication protocols put the control information and user information in different places, or make it look different. But they still do the same thing.

Problems 
Sometimes the computers make mistakes while transmitting data, or have trouble "hearing" each other. So many packets use a checksum or cyclic redundancy check to make sure they have the right information. This is usually one component of the control information. This helps to make sure the packets themselves have the right information. But then computers also need to get the right packets.

Designing computer networks can be difficult. Even though today's computers are very advanced, sometimes information doesn't arrive where it's supposed to. Sometimes computers try to fix this and end up sending it twice. And sometimes the information doesn't arrive in the right order. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, was invented to fix these problems. But since it is complex, some computers use the User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, instead.

Computers
Statistical errors and residuals occur because measurement is never exact.

It is not possible to do an exact measurement, but it is possible to say how accurate a measurement is. One can measure the same thing again and again, and collect all the data together. This allows us to do statistics on the data. What is meant by errors and residuals is the difference between the observed or measured value and the real value, which is unknown. 

If there is only one random variable, the difference between statistical errors and residuals is the difference between the mean of the population against the mean of the (observed) sample. In that case the residual is the difference between what the probability distribution says, and what was actually measured.

Suppose there is an experiment to measure the height of 21-year-old men from a certain area. The mean of the distribution is 1.75 m. If one man chosen at random is 1.80 m tall, the "(statistical) error" is 0.05 m (5 cm); if he is 1.70 tall, the error is −5 cm.

A residual (or fitting error), on the other hand, is an observable estimate of the unobservable statistical error.  The simplest case involves a random sample of n men whose heights are measured.  The sample mean is used as an estimate of the population mean.  Then we have:

The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the unobservable population mean is a statistical error, and
The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the observable sample mean is a residual.

The sum of the residuals within a random sample must be zero. The residuals are therefore not independent. The sum of the statistical errors within a random sample need not be zero; the statistical errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.

In sum:
Residuals are observable; statistical errors are not.
Statistical errors are often independent of each other; residuals are not (at least in the simple situation described above, and in most others).

Related pages
 Standard error
Generally speaking, a quartet is a group of four. In music, a quartet is a group of four people playing or singing four different parts to make a piece of music, such as a string quartet or a barbershop quartet.

References 

Music
Bank and Monument are interlinked stations, officially one station known operationally as the "Bank-Monument complex". However, separate names are used on station entrances, platforms and the tube map. The complex spans the length of King William Street in the City of London. Together they form the eighth busiest station on the network, being served by five London Underground lines and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). 
The two parts of the combined station take their names from the nearby Bank of England and the Monument to the Great Fire of London. The complex is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Bus connections 
London Buses routes  8, 11, 21, 23, 25, 26, 40, 43, 76, 133, 141, 242 and 388 and night bus routes N8, N11, N21, N26, N76, N133, N550 and N551 serve the station.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of London Underground stations

References

Other websites 

 A diagram of the Bank/Monument station complex
 Another diagram (in colour)
 Bank Station  from the Open Guide to London
 History of Bank station, including a picture just after the 1941 bomb
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 More photographs of Bank station

Tube stations in the City of London
Central line stations
Northern line stations
Circle line stations
District line stations
Docklands Light Railway stations
Beckton DLR station is the eastern terminus of the Beckton branch of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The DLR branch from Poplar was opened on 28 March 1994.

Gallery

Other websites

Docklands Light Railway website - Beckton station page

Docklands Light Railway stations
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
London Travelcard zone 3
Beckton Park DLR station is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The station is located by the north quay (wharf) of the Royal Albert Dock (though no foot access is possible). The station is opposite Beckton District South Park, which is open space leading to housing in South Beckton.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Docklands Light Railway website – Beckton Park station page

Docklands Light Railway stations
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
London Travelcard zone 3
Balham station is the name given to the London Underground and the National Rail stations in the Balham area of south London, England.  The station is on the A24 Balham High Road in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is in Travelcard Zone 3.

References

Other websites 

 London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive

Gallery 

Northern line stations
Transport in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Railway stations opened in 1863
Methadone is a synthetic opioid. It is used as an analgesic. Besides relieving pain, it is also used to treat addiction to certain narcotics, and some illegal drugs. Methadone can also lead to: memory loss, shortness of breath, throat pains, stomach aches, and anxiety attacks.

References 

Opioids
Addiction