cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Avon River is a perennial river in the West Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia. When rain falls on the south eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the water flows down the river to form the Gippsland Lakes.

Location and features
The Avon River begins on the south eastern slopes of Mount Wellington, part of the Great Dividing Range. The river meanders to the south, then east, then south by southeast, before reaching its mouth to form Lake Wellington.  The Avon has ten tributaries including the Turton River and the Perry River. The Latrobe River also flows into Lake Wellington. This lake empties into Bass Strait through the Mitchell River south of Lakes Entrance. The Avon River drops  over its  course.

The upper parts of the river are inside the rugged, forested and largely inaccessible Avon Wilderness Park. The river then passes through hills covered in forest, and then through cleared farm land. Around Stratford the river is up to  across, flowing through sand and pebble banks. Along the edge of the river is the Macallister Irrigation District. The water from this irrigation area flows into the river along Nuntin Creek which joins  downstream of Stratford. 

The Avon does not have any large dams, and its water is mostly unused. Nearby, the Latrobe and Thomson Rivers supply Melbourne's drinking water, Australia's largest pulp and paper mill, the power industry in the Latrobe Valley, and irrigation, 

The Avon River was important to the indigenous Gunai/Kurnai people. At Knob Reserve,  south of Stratford, is the Gunai/Kurnai Bataluk Cultural Trail. This trail follows the paths used by the indigenous people of East Gippsland for 30,000 years.

Names
In the Australian Aboriginal Brataualung language the river has two names, the first, Dooyeedang, has no known meaning. The second name, Kutbuntaura-wurk, means "fire carriers" and wurk, meaning "land" or "country".

The river was named the Avoca River by the explorer Thomas Mitchell. It was named the Avon by Angus McMillan in about 1840.

Related pages
List of rivers of Victoria

References

Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
John Maxwell Coetzee (born 9 February 1940) is a South African-Australian novelist, essayist, linguist, literacy critic, activist and translator. He won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He has won the Booker Prize twice for The Life and Times of Michael K (1983) and Disgrace (1999). He writes his works in English, Afrikaans and Dutch. He moved to Australia in 2002 and became a citizen in 2006.

Coetzee was born in Cape Town to Afrikaner parents. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Cape Town. He lives in Adelaide, South Australia with his partner Dorothy Driver. He was married to Philippa Jubber from 1963 to 1980. They had two children, son Nicholas (died 1989) and daughter Gisela.

References

Other websites

 

1940 births
Living people
Animal rights activists
Australian activists
Australian Nobel Prize winners
Australian novelists
Australian critics
Australian essayists
Australian linguists
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Adelaide
People from Cape Town
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African writers
Australian translators
White South African people
Québec En Alerte (Alert Ready Quebec) is a public emergency communication system of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is also an additional system to those already used in the municipalities. This system will be used to distribute to the population of the province or a particular area the emergency notifications, or alerts, issued by the Ministry of Public Security and Environment Canada. The notifications are transmitted to the population via the television stations, the radio stations and the Internet.

At the moment, the system seems to be on trial.

Tests 
On May 5, 2015 at 13:58 EDT, a test was done. However, it was not successful. An other simulation will be planned soon.

Example of an emergency notification 
The messages are, at the moment, in French only.

Television 
A text in white on a red background interrupts the program. The message begins and ends with an audio signal, such as this one. In case of a test, there is a test message. In case of a real alert, there is a message including the information about the event and the instructions to the population.

Radio 
The notification begins and ends with an audio signal. The message is read by a person or a special system.

References 
 Official website of the Ministry of Public Security (French)
 Le Journal de Québec (French)

Emergency services
Communication
Quebec
Lester Errol Brown MBE (12 November 1943 – 6 May 2015) was a British-Jamaican singer and songwriter. He was best known as the frontman of soul band Hot Chocolate. Hot Chocolate's hits included "You Sexy Thing", "Emma", "So You Win Again" and "Brother Louie". Brown was born in Kingston, Jamaica.

Brown died of liver cancer at his home in the Bahamas on 6 May 2015, aged 71.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1943 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
British singer-songwriters
People from Kingston, Jamaica
William S. "Bill" Broomfield, (April 28, 1922 – February 20, 2019) was an American politician. He represented the U.S. state of Michigan in the United States House of Representatives from 1957 through 1993.

Broomfield died on February 20, 2019 in Kensington, Maryland at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
H.R. 4884 renaming post office for Broomfield

1922 births
2019 deaths
United States representatives from Michigan
US Republican Party politicians
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Arno Schmidt (18 January 1914 – 3 June 1979) was a German author and translator.  He was born in Hamburg, Germany.  He is considered to be one of the most important postwar German authors.  His writing "ranges from (seemingly) straightforward stories to writing that assails the reader with a literary and linguistic density of the highest degree."
To make his most famous work, Zettels Traum [Bottom's Dream], Schmidt wrote 130,000 note cards (Zettel). The novel is written in an unusual way.  The text is written in three columns on each page.  Each column has a different theme.  In addition, Schmidt used physical constructs in the novel that had to be added by hand.

Further reading
 Langbehn, Volker Max, 2003, Arno Schmidt's Zettel's Traum: An Analysis (Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture)

References

Other websites 
 Arno Schmidt at the complete review
 Arno Schmidt, German author

German writers
1914 births
1979 deaths
German translators
People from Hamburg
The Lyceum was originally a public meeting place in classical Athens. It became the meeting place for the discussion group or "school" of Aristotle. He founded the Peripatetic school there in 334/335 BC. The school was called "peripatetic" because they used to walk around as they discussed things. It was more like a college for young adults than what we now call a school.

The word "Lyceum" now means a school in most parts of Europe. Usually, it covers the last two or three years and prepares the pupils for university.

Aristotle's school and library 
The school started when Athens fell under Macedonian rule, and the 50-year old Aristotle returned from Asia. Aristotle had been the tutor of Alexander of Macedonia, Alexander the Great. 
In Athens, he began teaching regularly in the morning in the Lyceum. The group of scholars who took part came to be known as the Peripatetics.

Aristotle encouraged cooperative research.  His students were given projects as part of their studies. The school was also student run. They elected a new student administrator every ten days, which allowed the students to become involved in turn.  

During his conquests of Asian regions, Alexander collected plant and animal specimens for Aristotle’s research. Aristotle developed the first zoo and botanical garden in existence. Alexander may also have given money to the Lyceum.  In 322 BC, Aristotle was forced to flee Athens with his family when the political leaders reacted against the Macedonians. Aristotle's published works supporting Macedonian rule left him a target. He passed on his Lyceum to Theophrastus and died later that year near his hometown.

References 

Ancient Athens
Education
Schools
Jesús Hermida Pineda (27 June 1947 – 4 May 2015) was a Spanish journalist. He worked as a U.S. correspondent for Televisión Española in New York City. Hermida was born in Ayamonte, Huelva.

Hermida died from a stroke in Madrid at the age of 77.

References

1947 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Madrid
Deaths from stroke
Spanish journalists
People from Andalusia
The Archdiocese of Ottawa () is a Catholic archdiocese in Canada. It includes part of the province of Ontario. It is also in charge of three other smaller dioceses: Hearst, Pembroke, and Timmins. Its leader is Archbishop Terrence Prendergast. It became an archdiocese on June 8, 1886.

 As of 2004, there are 111 parishes, 177 active diocesan priests, 102 religious priests, and 400,000 Catholics in the Archdiocese of Ottawa.There are also 848 women religious, 147 religious brothers, and 60 permanent deacons.

Diocesan bishops
Here is a list of the bishops and archbishops of Ottawa:
Joseph-Eugène-Bruno Guigues (1847–1874)
Joseph-Thomas Duhamel (1874–1909)
Charles-Hughes Gauthier (1910–1922)
Joseph-Médard Émard (1922–1927)
Joseph-Guillaume-Laurent Forbes (1928–1940)
Alexandre Vachon (1940–1953)
Marie-Joseph Lemieux (1953–1966)
Joseph-Aurèle Plourde (1967–1989)
Marcel André J. Gervais (1989–2007)
Terrence Prendergast (2007–)

References

Bibliography

Archdiocese of Ottawa page at catholichierarchy.org  retrieved July 13, 2006
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online - Guigues 
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online - Duhamel

Other websites 
Official site

Religion in Canada
Ottawa
1886 establishments in North America
1880s establishments in Canada
Emil Jones, Jr. (born October 18, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) was the President of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to 2009. A Democrat, Jones served in the Illinois Senate from 1983 to 2009, where he served as President of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to the end of his term. He was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 until 1983.

Jones was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Loop Junior College (now Harold Washington College) and at Roosevelt University. He was married twice. His first wife, Patricia Jones died. He had four children with her. He is now married to Lorrie Jones.

References

Other websites

Illinois General Assembly - Senator Emil Jones Jr. (D) 14th District — official IL Senate website
Bills Committees
Project Vote Smart - Senator Emil Jones Jr. (IL)  profile
Follow the Money — Emil Jones Jr
2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions
Illinois State Senate Democrats - Senate President Emil Jones, Jr.  profile

1935 births
Living people
African American politicians
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
John J. Cullerton (born October 28, 1948) is an American politician. He is a Democratic member of the Illinois Senate. He represents the 6th district since his appointment in 1991. He was elected President of the Illinois Senate in 2009.

References

Other websites
Biography, bills and committees at the 98th Illinois General Assembly
By session: 98th, 97th, 96th, 95th, 94th, 93rd
Illinois Senate President John Cullerton legislative website
Senate President John J. Cullerton  at Illinois Senate Democrats

Collected news and commentary at the Chicago Tribune

1948 births
Living people
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (; 7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 until 22 August 1994. He was the youngest and longest serving Prime Minister in Dutch history.

In January 2001, Lubbers became the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. He resigned in February 2005 after a worker accused Lubbers of sexual harassment.

Lubbers died on 14 February 2018 in Rotterdam, at the age of 78.

References

Other websites

  Dr. R.F.M. (Ruud) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek
  Drs. R.F.M. Lubbers Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

1939 births
2018 deaths
Catholic People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch academics
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch diplomats
Dutch economists
Dutch Roman Catholics
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from Rotterdam
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt (; born 2 February 1931) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977, until 4 November 1982.

References

Other websites

  Mr. A.A.M. (Dries) van Agt Parlement & Politiek
  Kabinet-Van Agt I Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Van Agt II Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Van Agt III Rijksoverheid

1931 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the Netherlands
Catholic People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch academics
Dutch activists
Dutch jurists
Dutch lawyers
Dutch lobbyists
Dutch Roman Catholics
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from North Brabant
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Writers from North Brabant
Raymond Jean Bourque (born December 28, 1960) is a former Canadian ice hockey player. He played for the Boston Bruins team. Bourque is also an Olympian. He played for 21 seasons for the Boston Bruins. He was their longest-serving captain. On March 6, 2000 the Bruins traded Bourque to Colorado with Dave Andreychuk for Brian Rolston, Martin Grenier, Samuel Pahlsson and New Jersey's 1st round choice (previously acquired by Colorado) in 2000 Entry Draft. Bourque finished his career with the Colorado Avalanche. There he won his only Stanley Cup in his final NHL game. He officially announced his retirement on June 26, 2001.

Honors

Bourque was awarded the Norris Trophy as the NHL's best defenseman five times (1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994) . His jersey, #77 for both the Boston Bruins and the Colorado Avalanche, was retired by both teams in his honor. In his first year of eligibility, 2004, Bourque was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Complete List of Career Awards:

QMJHL First All-Star Team (1978, 1979)

NHL First All-Star Team (1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2001)

NHL Second All-Star Team (1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1995, 1999)

James Norris Memorial Trophy (1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994)

King Clancy Memorial Trophy (1992)

Lester Patrick Trophy (2003)

References

1960 births
Boston Bruins players
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Avalanche players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
Trois-Rivières Draveurs players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Thaliacea are free-floating animals with a ton-like appearance. Thaliaceae are Tunicates. They are filter feeders and live from plankton. Their reproduction is special, there is alternation of generations: One of the generations reproduces sexually, the following does not. Some of them form colonies.

Invertebrates
Józef Pazdur (22 November 1924 – 7 May 2015) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1951. He was later named auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław in 1984, and retired in 2000.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Polish people
Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic priests
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is the name for the government that ruled Afghanistan between 2004 and 2021. In August 2021 during the Fall of Kabul, most of the city fell to the Taliban, and president Ashraf Ghani escaped from Afghanistan. On August 31, the Taliban had also taken the airport in Kabul.

History 
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was founded following the United States invasion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in the earlier phases of the War in Afghanistan. In 2014, Ashraf Ghani was elected to be the President of Afghanistan. On 15 August 2021, the city of Kabul fell to the Taliban.

Related pages
 Cabinet of Afghanistan

References 

2004 establishments in Asia
21st century in Afghanistan
Asian countries
Central Asian countries
Former countries in Asia
Former countries in Central Asia
Former countries in South Asia
Former republics
Governments in exile
Landlocked countries
Least developed countries
Occupied territories
Politics of Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (since 1978)
Atanas Georgiev Semerdzhiev (21 May 1924 – 8 May 2015) was a Bulgarian politician. He served as the Vice President of Bulgaria from 1 August 1990 to 22 January 1992, under Zhelyu Zhelev. He was Army Chief of Staff from 1962 until the fall of communism in 1989. He was a member of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP).

Semerdzhiev was born near Velingrad. He was a soldier during World War II.

Semerdzhiev died on 8 May 2015, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Bulgarian politicians
European military people
Generals
Military personnel of World War II
Vice presidents
Kava is a plant of the pepper family. It comes from Polynesia and other lands in the Pacific Islands.

The roots of the plant are used to make a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Kava is used in many cultures in the Pacific Ocean, besides its native Polynesia. These include Hawaii, Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia. 

Kava is pain-relieving, calming. and is usually taken as a drug to relax without losing mental clarity in thinking and remembering . Evidence collected in studies show it is likely to be more effective than a placebo at helping calm some mild anxiety.

References 

Medicinal plants
Opioids
John Dangar Dixon (20 February 1929 – 7 May 2015) was an Australian comic book artist and writer. He was best known for his comic strip creation, Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors, which ran from 1959 until 1986.

Dixon was born in Newcastle, New South Wales. He moved to the United States in the 1980s. In 2012, he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia (LBD), a type of dementia related to Parkinson's disease. He was married to Sue and had two children.

Dixon had a stroke on 18 April 2015 at his home in the U.S. state of California. He died on 7 May, aged 86.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies
Artists from New South Wales
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Cartoonists
Comics artists
Deaths from stroke
Illustrators
Writers from New South Wales
Lo Wing-lok  (; 13 September 1954 – 9 May 2015) was a Hong Kong doctor and politician. He was a member of the Legislative Council for Medical from 2000 to 2004.

Lo was born in British Hong Kong. He graduated from the University of Hong Kong. His wife, Anna Yung Hiu-yan, died in 2013. They had a son.

Lo died from lung cancer on 9 May 2015 in Hong Kong, aged 60.

References

1954 births
2015 deaths
Chinese politicians
Deaths from lung cancer
Politicians from Hong Kong
Physicians
The 2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash happened on 8 May 2015 when a Pakistan Army helicopter crashed in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Of the 17 passengers and three crew, eight people died, including ambassadors Domingo Lucenario, Jr. from the Philippines, Leif Holger Larsen from Norway, and Burhan Muhammad from Indonesia.

References

2015 aviation disasters
2015 disasters in Asia
Aviation disasters in Asia
2010s disasters in Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
May 2015 events
Transport in Pakistan
Sir Maurice Flanagan  (17 October 1928 – 7 May 2015) was a British businessman. He was the founding CEO of Emirates. He was also the Executive Vice-Chairman of The Emirates Group.

Flanagan was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He was married to Audrey Bolton from 1955 until his death. They had three children. He lived in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Flanagan died on 7 May 2015 in London, aged 86.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English businesspeople
People from Lancashire
.5: The Gray Chapter is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band, Slipknot. .5: The Gray Chapter was released on October 17, 2014 through Roadrunner Records. 

It is Slipknot's first album to not feature bassist Paul Gray who died on May 24, 2010. It also did not feature drummer Joey Jordison who was fired from the band in December 2013.

The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200, #18 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, and at #2 on the Top Rock Albums. In 2014, the song "The Negative One" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance.

Songs

References

Other websites 
 

2014 albums
Slipknot albums
"My Immortal" is the third single off American rock band Evanescence's first studio album Fallen. The song was released in December 8, 2003. 

The song was written by guitarist Ben Moody except for the bridge. It is a piano and power ballad. The lyrics of the song are about a spirit that haunts the memory of a grieving loved one. It is based on a short story that Moody had written before.

On the Billboard charts, "My Immortal" was able to peak at #7 on Hot 100, #2 on the Mainstream Top 40, #1 on the Adult Top 40, and #19 on the Adult Contemporary charts. In 2005, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

References

Other websites
"My Immortal" on YouTube

2003 songs
Evanescence songs
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
, also known as , is a university in Nagoya, Japan. Its first name was "Nagoya Imperial University".

Six alumni and faculties of Nagoya University have received the Nobel Prize.
Hiroshi Amano, 2014 Physics.
Isamu Akasaki, 2014 Physics
Makoto Kobayashi, 2008 Physics.
Toshihide Maskawa, 2008 Physics.
Osamu Shimomura, 2008 Chemistry.
Ryōji Noyori, 2001 Chemistry.

Related pages

 List of national universities in Japan

Colleges and universities in Japan
Nagoya
Igor Vasilievich Gorynin (; 10 March 1926 – 9 May 2015) was a Russian metallurgist and politician. He was the creator of many new titanium and aluminium alloys, and reactor steels. He was also the inventor of the radiation hardened steels. He was the director of the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials (CRISM).

Gorynin was born in Leningrad. He died after a long illness on 9 May 2015 in Saint Petersburg, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Russia
Russian engineers
Russian inventors
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Soviet politicians
Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider Plesiometa argyra. The wasp modifies the spider's web building behavior to make a web of very strong lines. This supports the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain.

Reproduction 
The adult female wasp temporarily paralyzes the spider and lays an egg on its abdomen. The egg hatches into a larva. The larva sucks the spider's blood through small holes, while the spider goes on about its normal web building and insect catching behavior.

When the larva is ready to pupate, it injects a chemical into the spider. This causes the spider to build a web whose design is completely different from any it has ever made. Then the spider sits still in the middle of the web.

The wasp larva then moults, kills the spider with a poison and sucks its body dry before discarding it and building a cocoon that hangs from the middle of the web the spider has just built. The larva pupates inside the cocoon, then emerges to mate and begin the cycle over again.

References 

Wasps
Parasitoids
Donald Ross "Don" Getty, (August 30, 1933 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian politician and football quarterback. He served as the 11th Premier of Alberta between 1985 and 1992.

Career 
A member of the Progressive Conservatives, he served as Energy Minister and Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister in the government of Peter Lougheed before leaving politics for the private sector in 1979.

Before entering politics, Getty had been a quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.  He passed for more than eight thousand yards over his ten-year career, and was put on the team's Wall of Fame in 1992.

Getty died of heart failure at a hospital in Edmonton, Alberta on February 26, 2016 at the age of 82.

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Premiers of Alberta
People from Westmount, Quebec
Politicians from Quebec
Sportspeople from Quebec
Glyptapanteles is a genus of endoparasitoid wasp found in Central and North America. The larvae of the members of Glyptapanteles manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards.

Reproduction 

Female Glyptapanteles stick their ovipositor into caterpillar hosts. The eggs hatch inside the caterpillar. The caterpillar feeds and grows normally until the 4th or 5th instar. Then up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate.

Behaviour changes 
After the larvae of Glyptapanteles emerge, the caterpillar takes up position near the cocoons of the pupae, arches its back, and ceases to move or feed. It will occasionally spin silk over the pupae. However, when disturbed, it begins to thrash violently. This behavior is to strike at and repel possible predators of the pupae, so improving the survival odds of the wasp pupae. Only about one in twenty non-parasitized caterpillars responded in this fashion. In 60% of cases, the parasitized caterpillars successfully warded off these potential predators. No longer eating, the affected caterpillar eventually dies.

Mortality rates for pupae not guarded by parasitized caterpillars were significantly higher.

Mechanism
In the course of Grosman's research, it was discovered that not all larval Glyptapanteles emerge from their caterpillar host. One or two remain behind and active. Probably these larvae manipulate the host. It is a kind of altruism, since these larvae miss their own chance of pupating in order to protect the brood.

References 

Wasps
Parasitoids
Jacques Parizeau, GOQ, (; August 9, 1930 – June 1, 2015) was a Canadian economist and noted Quebec sovereigntist. He was born in Montreal. He was the 26th Premier of the province of Quebec from September 26, 1994, to January 29, 1996.

References

Other websites

 Political blog  (in French)

1930 births
2015 deaths
Canadian economists
Premiers of Quebec
Politicians from Montreal
The polydnaviruses (PDV) are a family of insect viruses. There are two genera: ichnoviruses (IV) and bracoviruses (BV). The ichnoviruses occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses in braconid wasps.  

The genome of the virus is composed of multiple segments of double-stranded DNA packed in capsid proteins and a double or single layer envelope. The sequences are quite different between BV and IV, suggesting that the two types evolved independently.

Biology 

These viruses are part of a unique biological system with three parts: a parasitoid wasp, an insect (usually lepidopteran) larva, and the virus. The full genome of the virus is integrated into the genome of the wasp and the virus only replicates in a particular part of the ovary of pupal and adult female wasps. 

The virus is injected with the wasp egg into the body cavity of a host caterpillar and infects cells of the caterpillar.  The infection does not lead to replication of new viruses, rather it affects the caterpillar's immune system. Without the virus infection, phagocytic haemocytes (blood cells) will kill the wasp egg. The immune suppression caused by the virus allows the wasp egg to survive. It hatches and develops in the caterpillar.  Also, genes from the polydnavirus in the host alter host development and metabolism to be good for the growth and survival of the parasitoid larva. Thus the virus and wasp have a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship.

References 

Viruses
William Grenville "Bill" Davis, (July 30, 1929 – August 8, 2021) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Toronto. He was the 18th Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1971 to 1985. 

In a 2012 edition, the Institute for Research on Public Policy's magazine, Policy Options, named Davis the second-best Canadian premier of the last forty years, beaten only by Peter Lougheed.

Davis died on August 8, 2021 in Brampton, Ontario at the age of 92.

References

1929 births
2021 deaths
Premiers of Ontario
David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018), commonly known as Dave Barrett, was a Canadian retired politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th Premier of British Columbia for three years between 1972 and 1975. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

In 2014, it was announced that Barrett had Alzheimer's disease and was living in a care facility in Victoria, British Columbia. He died o 2, 2018, aged 87.

References

1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
People from Vancouver
Premiers of British Columbia
Howard Russell Pawley (November 21, 1934 – December 30, 2015) was a Canadian politician and professor. He was born in Brampton, Ontario. He moved to Winnipeg at age 17. He was the 18th Premier of Manitoba from 1981 to 1988.

Pawley died in a hospital in Windsor, Ontario from a short-illness on December 30, 2015 at the age of 81.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Premiers of Manitoba
Politicians from Ontario
Gerald Augustine Paul Regan  (February 13, 1928 – November 26, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He served as the 19th Premier of Nova Scotia from 1970 to 1978.

Acquitted sex crimes
On October 27, 1993, CBC News revealed that the RCMP were investigating Regan for sexual misconduct. In March 1995 and May 1995 he was charged with a total of nineteen counts of sexual offences. Regan faced trial on eight charges including rape and attempted rape, for crimes committed in 1956 and 1969 against victims aged 14 and 18 at the time. 

On December 18, 1998, he was acquitted on all eight charges by a jury.

Death
Regan died on November 26, 2019 in Bedford, Nova Scotia at the age of 91.

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
People acquitted of rape
Canadian lawyers
Premiers of Nova Scotia
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Martin Nag (30 July 1927 – 2 May 2015) was a Norwegian literary historian, literary critic, poet, essayist, translator and biographer. He was born in Stavanger. Nag was known for his books Uro, Rød lørdag (1976) and Steingjerde (1991).

Nag died of a severe stroke in Oslo at the age of 88.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Norwegian historians
Norwegian writers
People from Stavanger
Poets
Kinnie is a carbonated soft drink from Malta. It was first developed in 1952 by Simonds Farsons Cisk in Malta. Kinnie is amber in colour. It has a bittersweet flavour. Kinnie is drunk straight or mixed with alcohol to create a mixed drink. Unlike cola products Kennie actually quenches thirst. The taste takes some getting used to. But it is very popular with locals and visitors.

History
Kinnie was first produced in 1952. It was an alternative to the cola drinks that were popular in post-war Europe. Kinnie's recipe is kept secret. The official website has more information about its ingredients. Kinnie may owe its bittersweet taste to a blend of Mediterranean chinotto bitter oranges. It may be combined with a dozen different aromatic herbs and spices. These include anise, ginseng, vanilla, rhubarb and liquorice. A sales slogan was: "The problem with drinking kinnie is that you just can not get enough".

A diet version for Kinnie appeared in 1984. In 2007, a new low calorie version of Kinnie called Kinnie Zest was made available. This has a slightly darker colour and a stronger orange flavour. It is advertised as only having one calorie per bottle. The latest Kinnie variant is Kinnie Vita which is naturally sweetened using a blend of sugar and stevia leaf extract.

Sales locations
Kinnie is exported to the UK, Italy, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands, It is also exported to Libya and Canada. In recent years, Simonds Farsons Cisk also started to franchise Kinnie production overseas. As a result, Kinnie is now produced under licence in Australia. In March 2009, it was announced that Farsons were going to start exporting Kinnie into Russia. In the summer of 2010, Farsons and Kinnie UK Limited soft-launched Kinnie and its two variants in London's West End. They reached almost 100 trial outlets by September 2010.

References

Other websites 

 Kinnie: Malta's Own Favourite Soft Drink
 Kennie Home Page

Soft drinks
Malta
The UNAD or Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia is a public institution in Colombia. It has 75,000 students, of which 60,000 students study undergraduate programs (higher education) and 15,000 study other courses.

References 

Educational institutions
Colombia
Russell Carrington Wilson (born November 29, 1988) in Cincinnati, Ohio is the starting quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks. He wears the number 3.

Wilson was selected by the Seahawks in the third round in the 2012 National Football League draft. He lead the Seahawks to a Super Bowl win in 2014 against the Denver Broncos lead by Peyton Manning.

References 

1988 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
Seattle Seahawks players
The hairy water lily or pink water-lily (Nymphaea pubescens) is a species of water lily. It is the Official National flower of Bangladesh respectively.

References

Heraldry

Plants of Asia
Nymphaeales
National symbols of Bangladesh
Elizabeth "Nana" Shineflug (1935 - 15 January 2015) was an American dancer and choreographer. She started and led the Chicago Moving Company, a modern-dance troupe. Her style was not traditional: "Shineflug nurtured our God-given right to weirdness...," according to critic Laura Molzahn.

Shineflug's maiden name was Elizabeth Strohmeier. She grew up in Evanston, Illinois.

Career
Shineflug graduated from Northwestern University with a degree in mathematics. Later, she was awarded an M.A. (1986) and Graduate Certificate in Laban Movement Analysis from Columbia College, Chicago.
In 1972, she started the Chicago Moving Company. She taught at Columbia College Chicago in the Interdisciplinary Arts Graduate Program and the Theater Department.  Shineflug also taught modern dance, Qi Gong, and Psychocalesthenics through the Chicago Moving Company.  She also performed and taught in other countries.

Nana Shineflug died of cancer in her Glenview, Illinois home on 15 January 2015. She was seventy-nine years old.

Awards
 Four Choreographic Fellowships from National Endowment for the Arts
 The Katherine Dunham Award for Excellence and Dedication to the Arts
 Chicago Dance Coalition/Ruth Page Lifetime Service to the Field Award
 Three Illinois Arts Council Choreographic Fellowships
 Chicago Dance Award for Outstanding Contribution
 Ruth Page Award, Honorable Mention for the Dance Legacy Project
 Boulevard Arts Center's Presidents Award
 Two Illinois Alliance for Arts Education Service Recognition Awards
 Prestigious National Endowment for Arts Arts-Plus Partnership
 Columbia College Chicago Lifetime Achievement Award

Further sources

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
American choreographers
American dancers
Cancer deaths in Illinois
People from Evanston, Illinois
Ficus benghalensis, commonly known as the banyan, banyan fig and Indian banyan, is a tree that grows in India and Bangladesh. Some Indian banyan trees are among the largest trees in the world. It is recognized as the National trees of both the countries of the Indian subcontinent. It is the largest canopy-holder tree of the world. It can spread up to 2000 feet of land. It is said by its scientific name that, this mammoth tree is native and endemic to the Great Bengal Region (both Bangladesh and West Bengal of India). In Buddhism the banyan’s habit of supplanting its host tree is likened to the manner in which humans are overcome by sensual desire. Interestingly, the name ‘banyan’ came about when early Portuguese travellers to India noted that traders, or banias, set up shop in the shade of these enormous trees. Eventually the Gujarati word for ‘merchant’ became the name of the tree itself. When traveling in the fascinating country of Bangladesh, be sure to take note of the most unusual banyan tree.

References

Other websites

Plants of Asia
National symbols of India
National symbols of Bangladesh
John Paul "Johnny" Gimble (May 30, 1926 – May 9, 2015) was an American country musician. He played the fiddle and worked in the Western swing genre. From the 1970s, he won five Best Instrumentalist awards from the Country Music Awards and eight Best Fiddle Player awards from the Academy of Country Music. 

He worked with musicians including Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Chet Atkins, Carrie Underwood and Ray Price. He appeared on Austin City Limits and Garrison Keillor's broadcasts. He was also a member of the Million Dollar Band and his last album was Celebrating with Friends (2010). Gimble was nominated for a Grammy Award.

Gimble was born in Tyler, Texas. He had many strokes in his later life and died on May 9, 2015 in Dripping Springs, Texas. He was 88.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Country musicians from Texas
American singer-songwriters
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Texas
Deaths from stroke
Fiddlers
The Ontario Heritage Act is a law that was made on March 5, 1975. It lets the Province of Ontario and cities protect important buildings and other places. These places are called designated heritage properties.

Listing a place under the Act
If a place is listed as an important place under the Act, the person who owns the place needs to ask the government of their city to let them change any of the important parts of the place. They also need to ask the government to let them destroy any buildings.

Changes to the law 
Before 2005, people could still destroy buildings that were listed as important, even if the government of the city did not want to let them. They did this by waiting for 180 days after asking to destroy the building. Once 180 days were over, if the people who owned the buildings did not agree with the government of the city, the people who owned the buildings could destroy the building.

In 2005, the provincial government changed the Act.  People who own important buildings are not allowed to destroy the buildings any more if the government of the city does not let them. If the government of the city does not let them destroy the building, they are allowed to ask the Conservation Review Board to let them do it anyway. If the Conservation Review Board does not let them destroy the building, then the person who owns the building is not allowed to destroy the building.

The change also says that people who own important buildings must take care of them so that the buildings will not fall.

Problems
There are some problems with the Ontario Heritage Act. Sometimes the government of a city will say that a place is important because they do not want anyone to make changes to the place, even though the place is not important. For example, one city said that a golf course was important because someone wanted to build houses there instead.

Another problem is that there are a lot of old churches that are important, but the people who use the churches sometimes need to make changes to the buildings because of their religion. The government of the city needs to be careful to let the people practice their religion but also needs to take care of the building.

Another problem is that there are a lot of buildings in Ontario that belong to the Government of Canada. These buildings are not protected by the Act. The Government of Canada has laws that protect some of these buildings, but not all of them.

References

Other websites 
Ontario Heritage Act
Canadian Register of Historic Places, search for sites designated under the Ontario Heritage Act
Ontario Heritage Toolkit
List of designated heritage properties in Toronto 

Legislation
Ontario
Terrence Thomas Prendergast, SJ (born 19 February 1944) is the Archbishop of Ottawa, Canada. He was formerly the Archbishop of Halifax. Prior to that he was the titular (in title only) Bishop of Slebte and Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto.

Early life
Prendergast was born in Montreal. He became a Jesuit priest in 1972. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Fordham University. He then studied at Regis College, Toronto School of Theology, which was a part of Saint Mary's University in Halifax. There he earned a Master of Divinity and a Doctor of Theology degree.

Professor
Prendergast taught Latin and Greek at Loyola High School in Montreal from 1967 to 1969. After he became a priest and earned his Doctor of Theology degree, he taught in Halifax at the Atlantic School of Theology from 1975 to 1981. He was the rector of Toronto's Regis College from 1981 to 1987, and its Dean of Theology from 1991 to 1994.  From 1992 to 1994 he helped Bishop Frederick Henry visit English-language Canadian seminaries for the Vatican. When he was asked to be Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto in 1995, he was a Visiting Professor at the École Biblique in Jerusalem.

Bishop
  
Prendergast was chosen to become titular Bishop of Slebte and Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto on February 22, 1995. Prendergast was consecrated in St. Michael's Cathedral, Toronto, on April 25, 1995.

He became Archbishop of Halifax on September 14, 1998.  The Archbishop of Halifax is in charge of dioceses in the provinces of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Prendergast also became the Chancellor of Saint Mary's University in Halifax. This is because the university always had the archbishop as its chancellor. In 2007 the archdiocese and the university decided that the Archbishop would not be the chancellor anymore. Instead, he would be called the "Visitor" to the university.

Prendergast became the ninth Archbishop of Ottawa on June 26, 2007. He is also the Chancellor of Saint Paul University as the university has always had the archbishop as its chancellor.

Other
Archbishop Prendergast has a sister and three brothers. He is devoted to his many nieces and nephews, as well as to his Jesuit religious family. His hobbies include squash, cycling, skating, foreign films and Italian cooking.

References

1944 births
Living people
Canadian Christians
Jesuits
People from Montreal
Roman Catholic archbishops
Craig Gruber (June 22, 1951 – May 5, 2015) was an American rock bassist and musician. He was best known as the original bassist in the English band band Rainbow. He also played in Elf with vocalist Ronnie James Dio, keyboardist Mickey Lee Soule, drummer Gary Driscoll and guitarist David Feinstein.

Gruber died from prostate cancer on May 5, 2015 in Florida, aged 63.

References

1951 births
2015 deaths
American bass guitarists
American rock musicians
Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from prostate cancer
The Young Europeans Literary Award started in 2008.  Its goal is to promote European culture. The European Union National Institutes for Culture organises it. Each year 26 books are short listed, one book from each member of the European Union.

Selected books for 2016

Organisations that help 
 Goethe-Institut
 Instituto Camões
 Instituto Cervantès
 Instituto italiano
 British Council
 Maison de l’Europe et des Européens

Awards given already
 2009 - The Nubian Princess by Juan Bonilla, a Spanish author.
 2014 - Le blues du braqueur de banque by Flemming Jensen
 2015 -  Maurice and Mahmoud by Flemming Jensen.

References

Other websites 
 Site officiel
 BBA INSEEC 
 Page Youtube officielle PLJE

Literary awards
Archostemata is the smallest suborder of beetles. There are less than fifty known species.

Archostemata is an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics.  They are similar to the first beetles, which appear in the fossil record about 250 million years ago. The suborder contains the only paedogenic beetles, Micromalthus debilis.

These beetles are rare. Fossil deposits from the Permian suggest that Archostemata were once much more common and were widespread over the globe. The species which remain are just scattered vestiges of their former population.

"Abundant cladistic and fossil evidence shows the Archostematans are the basal suborder of [true] beetles",

References 

 White, Richard E. 1983. A field guide to beetles of North America. Houghton Mifflin.

Other websites

 Tree of Life - Archostemata

Beetles
Mark Leduc (May 4, 1962 – July 22, 2009) was a Canadian boxer. He competed for Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Career
Leduc began his training in the East End of Toronto. His parents divorced when he was 15 and he had to live on the streets. Leduc was arrested for robbing a jewellery store at gunpoint and he was sentenced to spend six years at the Collins Bay Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario. He was released from prison after serving 3 years.

At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, Leduc competed for Canada and was able to win a silver medal. He defeated Leonard Doroftei 13-6 and was defeated by Héctor Vinent 1-11. In 1992, he turned pro and he had limited success. He recorded a record of 4-1-0 after losing to Michel Galarneau and retired.

In 1993, Leduc spoke on CBC Radio's documentary "The Last Closet" about being a gay athlete. He was not ready to come out yet and he spoke anonymously and through a voice filter. He officially came out as gay on the the TV documentary For the Love of the Game in 1994.

On July 22, 2009, Leduc collapsed in the sauna of a local hotel in Toronto and died. Doctors said that he may have died due to heat stroke.

References

Other websites
Canadian Olympic team profile

1962 births
2009 deaths
Canadian boxers
Canadian Olympic silver medalists
Gay men
LGBT Olympians
Sportspeople from Toronto
"Everybody's Fool" is the fourth and last single off American rock band Evanescence's first studio album Fallen. The song was released in June 7, 2004. 

The song was written five years before the album was released. Amy Lee said that the song is about celebrities that have false images. Lee said in an interview: "My little sister was really getting into these, I don't want to offend anyone, but like really fake, cheesy, slutty female cracker-box idols, and it really pissed me off. She started dressing like them and she was like 8 years old. So I gave her the talk and I wrote a song." She also later revealed that it was written for pop singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera saying, "At this point, everybody knows that Britney is fake. The song is not about Britney Spears; it's about a lot of people in this industry. It's so fake, the whole Hollywood thing. 'Look at how perfect I am!' Nobody looks like that. It's all fake and it's really hurting a lot of girls' and women's self images. Where are all the normal people?".

On the Billboard charts, "Everybody's Fool" was able to peak at #36 on Alternative Songs chart.

References

Other websites
"Everybody's Fool" on YouTube

2004 songs
Evanescence songs