cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Herbert W. Boyer (born July 10, 1936 in Derry, Pennsylvania) received the 1990 National Medal of Science, and is a co-founder of Genentech. He served as Vice President of Genentech from 1976 until his retirement in 1991.

With Stanley Cohen, he did possibly the first piece of genetic engineering.

Career 
Boyer was a Professor of Biochemistry from 1976 to 1991, where he discovered that genes from bacteria could be combined with genes from eukaryotes. In 1977, Boyer's laboratory and collaborators described the first-ever synthesis and expression of a peptide-coding gene. In August 1978, he produced synthetic insulin using his new transgenic genetically modified bacteria, followed in 1979 by a growth hormone.

In 1976, Boyer founded Genentech with venture capitalist Robert A. Swanson.  Genentech's approach to the first synthesis of insulin beat Walter Gilbert's approach at Biogen which used genes from natural sources. Boyer built his gene from its individual nucleotides. 

In 1990 April, Boyer and his wife Grace gave the single largest donation ($10,000,000) bestowed on the Yale School of Medicine by an individual. The Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine was named after the Boyer family in 1991.

In 2007, St. Vincent College announced that they had renamed the School of Natural Science, Mathematics, and Computing the Herbert W. Boyer School.

Among his professional activities, Boyer is on the Board of Scientific Governors of The Scripps Research Institute.

Awards
1980 the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
1989 the National Medal of Technology
1990 the National Medal of Science from President George H. W. Bush
2009 CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree

References

1936 births
American biochemists
American civil rights activists
Living people
Scientists from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Park Gyu-su (korean:박규수, hanja:朴珪壽, 1807 – 1877) was a Korean politician, Silhak and Neo-Confucianism philosopher, thinker, and liberal activist. One of his pennames was Hwanjae. His grandfather was Park Ji-won, a famous Silhak and Neo-Confucianism philosopher and novelist.

Writing 
 Hwanjaejip (환재집 瓛齋集)
 Hwanjaejikgye (환재직계 瓛齋織啓)
 Hangjaesugye (환재수계 瓛齋繡啓)
 Geogajapbokgo (거가잡복고 居家雜服攷)

1807 births
1877 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Korean writers
Susana Martinez (born July 14, 1959) is an American politician who served as the thirty-first Governor of New Mexico. She was the first female governor of New Mexico and the first female Hispanic governor in the United States. Martinez was a Democrat before the mid 1990s, around which time she became a Republican.

Martinez is from El Paso, Texas.

References

1959 births
Living people
American Roman Catholics
Governors of New Mexico
Politicians from El Paso, Texas
US Republican Party politicians
21st-century American politicians
Kirby's Epic Yarn is a platformer video game for the Nintendo Wii console. It was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on October 14, 2010, in North America on October 17, 2010, in Australia on February 24, 2011, and in Europe on February 25, 2011.

The game was ported to Nintendo 3DS in March 2019 as Kirby's Extra Epic Yarn which was last Kirby game for the system.

Plot
One day, Kirby finds a tomato and eats it. While doing so, an evil being named Yin-Yarn takes Kirby into Patch Land, a place made out of yarn. There, Kirby's body becomes yarn. Kirby also has the ability to transform. This was given to Kirby by the tomato he ate earlier. Kirby uses this ability to rescue a boy named Prince Fluff. Prince Fluff says that Yin-Yarn broke Patch Land into different pieces that were held together by magic yarn. Kirby has to help him find the pieces of the magic yarn to restore Patch Land to normal.

Gameplay
In Kirby's Epic Yarn, Kirby does not have his inhale ability. Instead, Kirby has a whip-like attack. Kirby can use it both to attack enemies and turn them into yarn. Kirby can also no longer float in air with his breath. Instead, he transforms into an parachute. Kirby can also transform into a car and a dolphin. The car makes Kirby faster, while the dolphin allows him to go underwater.

Each level has three treasure chests to collect. There are also colored beads, which increases the player's score. Having a high score earns medals. The chests and medals unlock extra levels. Beads can be used to purchase furniture and wallpapers. These can be used to change Kirby's living space.

Unlike the other Kirby games, Kirby does not have health or lives. If Kirby is damaged or falls into a bottomless pit, he loses some of his beads.

References

2010 video games
2019 video games
Kirby
Wii games
Wii U games
Nintendo 3DS games
Platform games
Shizuka Gozen (1165–1211), or Lady Shizuka, was one of the most famous women in Japanese history and literature. She was a shirabyōshi (court dancer) of the 12th century, and a mistress of Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Since she, like many others, are featured largely in the Heike Monogatari (Tale of Heike), Gikeiki (Chronicle of Yoshitsune), and a number of plays of various traditions, her story is quite well known, but it is difficult to separate fact from fiction within it.

1165 births
1211 deaths
Japanese people
Dancers
Hōjō Masako (1156 – August 16, 1225) was the eldest child of Hōjō Tokimasa by his wife Hōjō no Maki, the first shikken, or ruler, of the Kamakura shogunate. She was the sister of Hōjō Yoshitoki, and was married to Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura period. She was also the mother of Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo, the second and third shoguns.

1156 births
1225 deaths
Japanese people
Mochizuki Chiyome （望月千代女） is a name of female ninja who did not exist. Although some non-academic books claim that  Chiyome existed in Sengoku period, she did not exist in fact, according to Katuya YoshimaruY17; He is an associate professor of Mie University and studies ninja.

According to Yoshimaru, the name of Chiyome was appeared first time  in 1971 at a book "考証日本史"("Investigation of Japanese history"); this book was written by non-academic writer 稲垣史生(Shisei Inagaki)Y17.

References
 [Y17] 

Japanese people
Essie Mae Washington-Williams (October 12, 1925 – February 4, 2013) was an American school teacher. She is best known as the oldest and natural child of Strom Thurmond, Governor of South Carolina and longtime United States Senator. 

In 2003, she came forward and announced that she was the daughter of United States Senator, Strom Thurmond. Williams said that Thurmond paid for her college. She was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.

Early life
Williams was born on October 12, 1925 in Edgefield, South Carolina to Strom Thurmond and his family's 16-year-old African American servant, Carrie Butler. She studied at New York University and the University of South Carolina.

Marriage and family
Williams was married to Julius T. Williams from 1948 until his death in 1964. They had four children.

Death
Williams died on February 4, 2013 in her home in Columbia, South Carolina. She was 87.

References

Other websites
Gross, Terry, "'Dear Senator', from Strom Thurmond's Daughter", Interview, National Public Radio, February 1, 2005.
Rather, Dan, "Essie Mae Washington-Williams" , Interview, CBS 60 Minutes II, December 17, 2003
"South Carolina: Biracial Child Added To Thurmond Monument", New York Times, June 29, 2004
More about Essie Mae Washington-Williams , Frank Wheaton Official Website

1925 births
2013 deaths
African American writers
American teachers
Deaths from natural causes
New York University alumni
Writers from South Carolina
Educators from South Carolina
Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294) was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle and later Arabic works, such as the works of Muslim scientist Alhazen.

However, more recent studies emphasize that he was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his "experimental" knowledge obtained from books, in the scholastic tradition. A survey of the reception of Bacon's work over centuries found that it often reflects the concerns and controversies central to the receivers.

Life

Roger Bacon was educated at Oxford University. He studied modern science, theology, and philosophy. His family was rich, which helped pay for the many experiments he conducted. After lecturing at Oxford he moved to Paris to learn and study. Bacon was one of the first people to teach about Aristotle in Paris. During his time he wrote a book named On the Marvelous Power of art and nature. He wrote a long list of inventions he had in mind, naming steamships, telescope, eye glasses, and microscopes. 

He was apparently so intently concentrated in his experiments and he had an aggressive personality, he was known to be socially awkward. In 1247 he stopped teaching because of bad health and proceeded to study, experiment, and become a friar. Years later, he was sent to a monastery because of upsetting fellow friars and superiors. He was there for about 10 years, and was unable to conduct experiments and studies. He was then sponsored by Pope Clement IV, but shortly after the Pope’s death in 1278 Bacon was accused of being a “magician”. He was imprisoned in a convent in Paris for 12 years, until 1292. He died around 1294 when he was about 80 years old.

References 

1214 births
1294 deaths
English philosophers
English Roman Catholics
Franciscans
Rabiah is a neighborhood in Amman, Jordan. Notable landmarks include the Kalooti Mosque and the Kilo Circle Bridge. The area is comprised of both residential and non-residential communities. Popular cafes and restaurants make Rabiah a commercial hotspot, especially during holiday seasons such as Eid al-Adha. Major streets include Mecca Street, Medinah Street, and Wasfi Al Tall Street.

Settlements in Jordan
Ella Tambussi Grasso (May 10, 1919 – February 5, 1981) was a Democratic Party American politician. She was the first female governor of the state of Connecticut. Grasso was in office from 1975 to 1980. She was elected governor in November 1974. She was the first female governor elected in her own right. From 1971 to 1975, she was a member of the United States House of Representatives. Grasso was born in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.

Grasso died on February 5, 1981 in Hartford, Connecticut of a heart attack and multiple organ failure caused by ovarian cancer, aged 61.

In 1984, President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

References

US Democratic Party politicians
United States representatives from Connecticut
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Governors of Connecticut
1919 births
1981 deaths
PlayStation 4 (also known by the abbreviated name PS4) is the fourth home video game console produced by Sony Computer Entertainment and is compatible with the PlayStation 3. It was officially announced at a press conference on February 20, 2013 and launched on November 15, 2013. The PS4 console features many games including Minecraft, Just Cause 3, and Call of Duty, Fortnite Battle Royale, Ratchet & Clank, and Spider-Man 3. It doesn't support any audio streaming Bluetooth profile or Advance Audio Distribution Profile, that's why there are many Bluetooth devices which you can't connect to the PS4. It was first discontinued in Brazil on January 9, 2016 as the Xbox One was also discontinued, the current firmware of the console is 9.0.3.

History

Presentation
Sony has invited press to a New York City event on 20 February 2013. The company announced the event on Thursday 31 January, inviting us to "see the future".

Add-ons
In 2016, Sony unveiled the PlayStation VR, a virtual reality headset add-on for the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation VR is not included in the pack if you buy a PS4 for yourself If you buy a PlayStation 4, it comes with a Mono Headset. If you have a PlayStation VR along with your PlayStation, it also has a PlayStation Camera to visualize what are you doing in the VR so it could be able to program the PS4 to move the player or any object in the game.

Models
There are three different models of the PS4:

PS4 (2013, first model): 1.84 TFLOPS, 8 GB GDDR5 RAM, 256 GB DDR3 RAM, 2 x USB 3.0, 500 GB storage, 399 €.
PS4 Slim (2016, replaced PS4): Same technical specifications, smaller housing, more quiet and more energy efficient in operation, 500 GB or 1 TB storage, 249 € (500 GB model), 299 (1 TB model).
PS4 Pro (2016, more powerful model): 4.198 TFLOPS, 8 GB GDDR5 RAM, 1 GB DDR3 RAM, more powerful GPU, higher clocked CPU, 3 x USB 3.1, 1 TB storage, 399 €.

Related pages
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 5
Sony
PlayStation Portable also known as PSP.
PlayStation Vita

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
Also see Realism (art movement)

Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realist movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have used a similar approach over the centuries. One example of Naturalism is the artwork of American artist William Bliss Baker, whose landscape paintings are considered some of the best examples of the naturalist movement. Another example is the French Albert Charpin, from the Barbizon School, with his paintings of sheep in their natural settings.

Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and developed itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine School.

Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are.

Controversies about terms
Some writers restrict the terms "Naturalism" and "Realism" for use as labels for period styles of the middle and late nineteenth century in Europe and America, thus making available the terms "naturalism" and "realism," all lowercase, for tendencies of art of any period so long as the works strive for an accurate representation of the visible world. Thus, "Naturalism" is tied to a time and place, whereas "naturalism" is timeless. As well as a major turning point in art.

Sources
 
 “History of Art: Study Guide 14th Century to the Present”. 18th Century Naturalism and The Enlightenment Era Natural Painting. 22 April 2011.

References 

Art movements
Reg Presley (12 June 1941 - 4 February 2013) was a British singer-songwriter. He was born Reginald Maurice Ball in Andover, Hampshire, where he lived all his life. He was the lead singer of rock band The Troggs. In January 2012, Presley said he was retiring due to being diagnosed with lung cancer. Thirteen months later, he died at his house in Andover of lung cancer and strokes.

References 

1941 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Hampshire
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Hampshire
Stheno is a gorgon in Greek mythology. She has 2 sisters. She and her sister Eurale was immortal, and the third sister Medusa was mortal.  Medusa is the queen who turns people to stone with her eyes. Eurale could jump high. Stheno was very strong. She had snake hair, metal arms, and wings. She was the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto.

Greek legendary creatures
Edwin John "Eddie" Fisher (August 10, 1928 – September 22, 2010) was an American singer, actor, writer, musician, and entertainer. Fisher had made hundreds of recording albums. 

Fisher was born on August 10, 1928 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a Russian-Jewish family. He studied at Thomas Junior High School, South Philadelphia High School, and at Simon Gratz High School. It was during high school many people discovered that Fisher had a talent for singing. 

Fisher was married to Debbie Reynolds from 1955 until they divorced in 1959. They had two children; including actress Carrie Fisher. Then he was married to Elizabeth Taylor from 1959 until they divorced in 1964. Then he was married to Connie Stevens from 1967 until they divorced in 1969. They had two children. Then he was married to Terry Richard from 1975 until they divorced in 1976. Then he was last married to Betty Lin from 1993 until her death in 2001. 

Fisher died on September 22, 2010 in Berkeley, California after going into surgery, aged 82. Fisher broke his hip thirteen days before. He had hearing and seeing problems. His remains were cremated and were later buried. He was buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park next to his wife Betty Lin.

References

Other websites

Thinking Of You: Eddie Fisher  on The Interlude Era site
New York Times Obituary
Eddie Fisher: Life and Times  – slideshow by Life magazine

1928 births
2010 deaths
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Deaths from surgical complications
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American writers
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
John William Warner, Jr. (February 18, 1927 – May 25, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was the Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974. He was a United States Senator from Virginia from January 2, 1979, to January 3, 2009. 

He did not run for office in 2008. He has rejoined the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he worked before joining the United States Department of Defense. 

Warner was also the sixth husband to actress Elizabeth Taylor, whom he married before being elected to the Senate. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2009.

Warner was born on February 18, 1927 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Washington, D.C.. Warner studied at St. Albans School, at Woodrow Wilson High School, at Washington-Lee University, at University of Virginia Law School, and at George Washington University. 

Warner was married to Catherine Mellon in 1957 until they divorced in 1973, they had three children. Then he was married to Elizabeth Taylor from 1976 until they divorced in 1982. In 2003, he married Jeanne Vander Myde.

A critic of President Donald Trump, he supported Democrats Hillary Clinton in 2016 and Joe Biden in 2020.

Warner died on May 25, 2021 at his home in Alexandria, Virginia from heart failure at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
Warner Backs Resolution Opposing Troop Increase Jonathan Weisman, Washington Post, January 23, 2007
Secretaries of the Navy  official list
A public servant returns to private life 

1927 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
United States senators from Virginia
US Republican Party politicians
United States Secretaries of the Navy
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Daniel Kahikina Akaka (September 11, 1924 – April 6, 2018) was an American politician who was a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1990 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Akaka is the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry. He was the Senior Senator of Hawaii for a few weeks when Daniel Inouye died in December 2012.

He studied at the University of Hawaii. In 1969, he was hired by the Department of Education as a chief program planner. In the 1970s he served in various governmental positions. He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 to represent Hawaii's Second Congressional District, and he served for 13 years.

Akaka died in Honolulu of multiple organ failure on April 6, 2018 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
American Calvinists
Congregationalists
Politicians from Honolulu
United States senators from Hawaii
US Democratic Party politicians
John Betjeman (28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984) was a English poet. He was Poet Laureate known for his light humorous verse. One of his most famous poems was about Slough, a town in Berkshire. 
It begins with the rhyme:
'Come friendly bombs and fall on Slough
It isn't fit for humans now...'

Betjeman was born in Highgate, London. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1933 he married Penelope Chetwode; they separated in the late 1940s. The couple's son, Paul was born in 1937. Their daughter was Candida Lycett Green (1942–2014). Betjeman's partner from 1951 until his death was Lady Elizabeth Cavendish.

Betjeman died of Parkinson's disease in Trebetherick, Cornwall. He was replaced as Poet Laureate by Ted Hughes. Betjeman was also known as an architectural and cultural critic. He is buried at St Enodoc in Cornwall, near Trebetherick.

1906 births
1984 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British poets laureate
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in England
English Anglicans
English poets
Writers from London
American literature is poetry, fiction, drama, or essays written by Americans. It also includes literature written by people living in the United States (who are not American citizens).

19th Century 
The 19th century was a fertile era for the American novel and American poetry. The most popular American novelists of the 19th Century were women. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin about slavery in America. Luisa May Alcott wrote the popular novel Little Women about the dreams and hardships of sisters growing up in rural America. 

Herman Melville wrote the famous novel Moby Dick, about a whaling in America. Moby Dick is often called the greatest American novels.  Emily Dickinson is one of the greatest American poets. Dickinson wrote many lyrical, religious, philosophical poems.  Walt Whitman wrote the epic poem Leaves of Grass. Masterpieces of Gothic fiction  include Nathaniel Hawthorn's Fall of the House of Usher and The Scarlet Letter).  Charlotte Perkins Gilman's feminist classic "The Yellow Wallpaper" is also Gothic fiction.  Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau wrote philosophical essays. Their philosophical school of thought is called Transcendentalism.

20th Century 
The 20th Century is often called The American Century in art. Novelists of the modern era include William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, and Pearl Buck.

Toni Morrison, Eugene O'Neill, Saul Bellow, Joseph Brodsky and Isaac Bashevis Singer won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

21st Century 
Contemporary fiction writers of include Don Delillo, Paul Auster, Jennifer Egan, Colson Whitehead, Giannina Braschi, David Foster Wallace, and Jonathan Frazen. These writers are often called Postmodern authors. 

There are many popular literary genres. Humorist David Sedaris writes funny short stories about his personal life and odd things about strangers.
Shel Silverstein and Dr.Seuss wrote rhyming poems for children’s books. Judy Bloom writes emotional stories about young girls for young readers. R.L.Stine writes scary stories (Goosebump Series) about monsters and ghosts for boys and girls. Stephen King writes horror novels for adults about murder, monsters, and kidnapping.

References
Saul Bellow (June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was a Canadian-American writer. He was born Solomon Bellows in Lachine, Montreal to Russian parents. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, when he was nine. He became an American citizen in 1941. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976. He wrote the books Henderson the Rain King and Herzog. He died in Brookline, Massachusetts.

1915 births
2005 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American novelists
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Montreal
O. Henry Award winners
Averroës (also known as Ibn Rušd or Ibn Rushd; 14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198) was a Muslim polymath from Al-Andalus. He was a scholar of Greek and Islamic philosophy. He also studied Islamic theology, law, politics, classical music, and the sciences of medicine, psychology, physics, astronomy, geography and mathematics.

Averroes was born in Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He lived during a unique period in academic history. Interest in philosophy and theology was failing in the Muslim world but just beginning to become influential in Christian Europe. Averroes himself was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle. His philosophy was often criticised by fellow Muslims. He had a larger influence on Western European society. He has been described as the founder of secular thought in Western Europe.

Averroes is most famous for his commentaries of Aristotle's works. Aristotle had been mostly forgotten in the West since the 6th century. Averroes' interpretations of Aristotle's ideas revived Western scholarly interest in Aristotle and ancient Greek philosophy in general. They also led to the development of scholasticism in medieval Europe.

Averroes's life

Averroes was born as ʾSan sebastián De La Cruz ʾAḥmad bin Rušd. He was born in 1126 in Andalusia, which at the time was a Muslim country called Al-Andalus. At a young age Averroes had many teachers who helped him begin his study of Islam. He excelled in this and was also interested in law. He began studying medicine in Seville under a man named Abu Jafar al-Turjali.

Averroes began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail, a physician at the caliph's court in Marrakesh. He was able to go to Marrakesh and become a physician because of his knowledge of physics. Averroes was granted many honors and became a Qadi (judge) in Seville in 1169.

Two years later he became the Qadi of Córdoba. In his free time he studied and wrote. In 1195, Averroes wrote a paper about how he thought philosophy was less than useful for the discovery of religious truth. He was disgraced and many of his papers were burned. The Caliph imprisoned Averroes and exiled him from the country. He lived in Lucena for a short time, then he was brought back by the Caliph to be a judge. He died in 1198.

References

Other websites 

1126 births
1198 deaths
Arab people
Astronomers
Muslims
Philosophers
People from Córdoba, Andalusia
Polymaths
Christine Gregoire (March 24, 1947) is an American politician. She was the 22nd Governor of Washington from  2005 until 2013. She was a member for United States Democratic Party and the second female Governor of Washington. She was born near Auburn, Washington.

Governors of Washington
1947 births
Living people
After Earth is a 2013 American action adventure science fiction movie that M. Night Shyamalan made with Will Smith. Columbia Pictures produced it.

Plot
1,000 years in the future, astronauts from another planet (played by Will Smith and his son Jaden Smith) go back to Earth for some reason. Their space ship wrecks and Will Smith gets hurt, so Jaden Smith then has to go signal for help. There are also really mean aliens that are trying to kill Jaden Smith. Will and Jaden hope to eventually escape and go back to their alien planet.

Cast
 Will Smith as Cypher Raige
 Jaden Smith as Kitai Raige
 Isabelle Fuhrman as Rayna
 Kristofer Hivju as Security Chief
 Gabriel Caste as Ranger
 Zoe Kravitz as Senshi Raige
 Sophie Okonedo as Faia Raige
 David Denman as McQuarrie
 Lincoln Lewis as Bo

Production
M. Night Shyamalan started filming After Earth in February 2012. Before that, Gary Whitta wrote the first script, then M. Night Shyamalan rewrote it, then Stephen Gaghan improved M. Night Shyamalan's script at the end of 2011. M. Night Shyamalan filmed most of the movie in Costa Rica, California, and Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 

2013 action movies
2010s adventure movies
2013 science fiction movies
American action movies
American adventure movies
American science fiction movies
Movies about families
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Movies directed by M. Night Shyamalan
Movies set in the future
Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan
Post-apocalyptic movies
Zanskar () is a sub-district of the Kargil District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
International  trade is when countries agree to allow their businesses to exchange products or resources, also known as importing and exporting goods. Businesses in one country will then buy (import) or sell (export) goods to the businesses in other countries. Alternatively, the government of a country will sometimes directly buy from (or sell to) the government of another country.

When import of goods affects the prices of those same goods in the receiving country, that country's government may pass special laws to regulate the trading. They may then try to use protectionist methods such as high tariffs to discourage import.
As a form of punishment or political pressure, some countries may impose economic sanctions, or embargoes that prevent trading altogether with a target country.
To promote relations, countries may agree to trade with each other without protectionism. This is called "free trade". Free trade reduces trade barriers in exporting items.

References 

Economics
Trade
The Division of Higgins is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. 

It was created in 1949 and is named after Justice H. B. Higgins (1851–1929). Higgins was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1894), president of the Carlton Football Club (1904), a member of the Australian House of Representatives (1901–1906), and a judge of the High Court of Australia (1906–1929).

The Division of Higgins covers the inner eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Armadale, Ashburton, Malvern, Toorak and parts of Glen Iris, Camberwell, Carnegie, Murrumbeena, Prahran, and South Yarra.

Members 

Higgins has been important in Australian federal politics and for the Liberal Party of Australia. The seat's first two members, Harold Holt and Sir John Gorton, were the 17th and 19th Prime Ministers of Australia. Higgins is the only Division to have been held by two Prime Ministers. 

Peter Costello the longest serving Treasurer of Australia and former Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party also held the seat from 1990–2009. He resigned in 2009 which meant a by-election had to be held. There had also been a by-election in 1967, after Harold Holt disappeared in the sea.

Election results 
2013 election results 
2010 election results
2009 by-election results
 2007 election results
2004 election results

References
Division of Higgins – Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Kelly O'Dwyer's website

Higgins
1949 establishments in Australia
The Great Artesian Basin in Australia is the largest and deepest aquifer (artesian basin) in the world. It stretches over  , which is 22% of the surface area of Australia. This includes most of Queensland, the south-east corner of the Northern Territory, the north-east part of South Australia, and northern New South Wales. The basin is  deep in places. It may contain  of groundwater. Its temperature ranges from 30°C to 100°C. 

The basin is the only reliable source of freshwater through much of inland Australia. The Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee (GABCC) coordinates activity between the various levels of government and community organisations.

Geology
The water of the GAB is held in a sandstone layer laid down by continental erosion of higher ground during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous periods. At the time when much of what is now Australia was below sea level. The sandstone was then covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock. This formed a confining layer, trapping water in the sandstone aquifer.  The eastern edge of the basin was uplifted when the Great Dividing Range formed. The other side was created from the landforms of the Central Eastern Lowlands and the Great Western Plateau to the west. 

Most water enters the rock formations from the higher ground near the eastern edge of the basin (in Queensland and New South Wales). It very gradually flows towards the south and west. A much smaller amount enters along the western margin in arid central Australia, flowing to the south and east. Because the sandstones are permeable, water gradually makes its way through the pores between the sand grains, flowing at a rate of one to five metres per year. 

Discharge water eventually exits through a number of springs and seeps, mostly in the southern part of the basin. The age of the groundwater is got by measuring carbon-14 and chlorine-36. It ranges from several thousand years for the recharge areas in the north to nearly 2 million years in the south-western discharge zones.

References 

Aquifers
Drainage basins
Regions of Australia
Melancholia is a mental illness. A person with melancholia has intense or long-lasting feelings of sadness, for no clear reason. In the 20th century, the term "melancholia" was mostly replaced by "depression" (also called Major Depressive Disorder).

History

The first person to describe melancholia was Hippocrates, in the 4th century BC. In his Aphorisms, Hippocrates wrote that all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time", are symptoms of melancholia.

The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief that there are four basic liquids in the body (called humors). According to this belief, diseases happen when the humors are not balanced correctly in a person's body. Humors were also thought to determine personality types. According to Hippocrates, melancholia was caused by having too much black bile in the body.  The name "melancholia" means 'black bile'. It comes from the Ancient Greek words μέλας (melas), meaning "dark, black", and  χολή (kholé), meaning "bile".

Robert Burton, a16th century scholar, wrote in detail about the condition in The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621). It discussed melancholia from both literary and medical points of view. Burton wrote that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.

References

Related pages
Melancholic depression

Mental illnesses
State Route 1 (SR 1) is a major north-south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U.S. state of California.

Highway 1 includes parts called Pacific Coast Highway (PCH), Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern end is at Interstate 5 (I-5) near Dana Point in Orange County. Its northern end is at U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) near Leggett in Mendocino County. Highway 1 also at times runs together with US 101, through a  stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge.

The highway is famous for running along some of the most beautiful coastlines in the USA. This is why people sometimes call it an 'All-American Road'. In addition to its scenic route to attractions along the coast, it is also  a major thoroughfare in the Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and several other coastal urban areas.

References 

Roads in California
1934 establishments in the United States
left|thumb|Standing stone at Spittal of Glenshee
The Spittal of Glenshee lies at the head of Glenshee in the highlands of eastern Perth and Kinross, Scotland where the confluence of many small streams flowing south out of the Grampians form the Shee Water.  For centuries, there has been a hostel or inn at the site and, in modern times, the small village has become a centre for travel, tourism and winter sports in the region, sited at a bend on the A93 trunk road which leads from Blairgowrie north past the Spittal to the Glenshee Ski Centre and on to Braemar.

Inhabitation in the Neolithic period is indicated by a Megalithic standing stone behind the old kirk, and the Four Poster stone circle on a nearby mound.

When interest in ski mountaineering revived after the First World War and the Scottish Ski Club was resuscitated in 1929, they restarted weekly snow reports with reporters appointed at Lix Toll near Killin, Dalwhinnie, Braemar and the Spittal of Glenshee. The Dundee Ski Club used the Spittal Hotel as its meeting place, and pioneered improvements, setting up the first ski tows in Britain at Glenshee in December 1950. The hotel burnt down in 1959, but Spittal of Glenshee has continued to provide accommodation near to the slopes.

The village also provides a stopping place on the Cateran Trail waymarked long distance footpath which provides a 64 mile (103km) circuit in the glens of Perthshire and Angus.

References

Villages in Scotland
An improvised explosive device (IED), more commonly known as roadside bomb, is a bomb that is constructed by people for other purposes than military action. Paramilitary groups often use such devices for terrorist activities. Unconventional warfare which is done by guerilla forces also uses such devices.

Terrorism
Explosives
Mario Party 2 is a party board video game for the Nintendo 64 console. It is the second game in the Mario Party series. It was published by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 17, 1999 in Japan, on January 24, 2000 in North America, and on November 6, 2000 in Europe. It was later re-released for the Nintendo Wii's Virtual Console in November and December 2010.

Gameplay

Mario Party 2 is played like the first Mario Party game. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player that wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game.  It introduces the item system. Players can buy items by going into an item shop. Items can also be gotten through an item mini-game. Item mini-games are done when a player lands on an Item Space. Players can hold one item at a time. Also introduced are battle mini-games. Battle mini-games are done when a player lands on a Battle Space. Before playing the mini-game, a certain number of coins are taken from all players. The first place player gets 70 percent of the total coins, while the second place player gets 30 percent. The other two players get nothing. Duel mini-games are introduced in this game. A Duel mini-game is played when a player uses the Dueling Glove item. The player chooses an opponent to play against and the amount of coins they want to wager. The wager is taken from both player's coin totals. Whichever player wins gets the total coin amount. The Koopa Bank is also introduced in this game. When a player passes by the Bank Space, they have to pay five coins. If a player lands on the Bank Space, they get the total that was in the bank at the time.

Six boards are in the game. In every board but the last one, the characters wear a costume. The costume is themed to the board.

References

1999 video games
Mario Party games
Nintendo 64 games
Virtual Console games
Stuart Freeborn (September 5, 1914 – February 5, 2013) was a British make-up artist. He was known for his works in Star Wars and for Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. He had designed the make-up for Yoda.

Freeborn was born on September 5, 1914 in Leytonstone, London, England. He was married to Kay Freeborn until her death in 2012. They had three children, all who died before him. Freeborn died on February 5, 2013 in his home in London, England from natural causes, aged 98.

References

Other websites

An article looking at Stuart's work on the creatures and makeup of the Star Wars Trilogy

1914 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Make-up artists
People from London
Edgar Domingo Evia y Joutard (July 30, 1910 – February 10, 2003) was a Mexican-born American photographer. He took photos for Town & Country, House & Garden, Look, and The New York Times Magazine.

Evia was born on July 30, 1910 in Mérida, Yucatán. His father was Mexican, and his mother was French. In 1912, his family immigrated to New York City. Evia was partners with Robert Denning from the 1950s until the 1960s. Then he was partners with David McJonathan-Swarm from 1966 until his death in 2003. Evia died in New York City, New York on February 10, 2003 from pneumonia after a broken hip, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 Edgar de Evia's Official Homepage
 Edgar de Evia's biographic sketch at Find A Grave

1910 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American photographers
American artists
People from New York City
LGBT artists
American LGBT people
Peter Gilmore (August 25, 1931 – February 3, 2013) was a British actor. He was known for his roles in Warlords of Atlantis, The Onedin Line, and in Oh! What A Lovely War.

Gilmore was born on August 25, 1931 in Leipzig, Germany to British parents. He was raised in North Riding of Yorkshire. He was married to Una Stubbs from 1958 until they divorced in 1969. Then he was married to Jan Waters from 1970 until they divorced in 1976. Then he was married to Anne Stallybrass from 1987 until his death in 2013. He had a son with Stubbs. Gilmore died on February 3, 2013 in his home in London, England, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 
 Anne Stallybrass and Peter Gilmore A site dedicated to the actors Anne Stallybrass and Peter Gilmore.

1931 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Yorkshire
British movie actors
British radio actors
British stage actors
British television actors
British voice actors
People from Leipzig
La Serena is a Chilean city, the capital of the Coquimbo Region and the Elqui Province. In the INE 2002 census, the city had 160,148 people.

References

Other websites 

 Municipality of La Serena 
 La Serena tourism guide
 Tourism La Serena 

Cities in Chile
The Division of Wannon is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. 

It is in the south-west of the state, and includes much of the western part of Victoria. It is next to the South Australian border in the west, and the Bass Strait coast in the south. The Division includes the towns of Warnambool, Portland, Ararat, Hamilton, Stawell and Halls Gap. The Grampians and the Port Campbell National Parks are in the Division. Maryborough and Avoca will become part of Wannon at the 2013 federal election after changes that took place on December 24, 2010. 

The Division was one of the 75 divisions drawn up for the first federal election in 1901. It was named after the Wannon River, which had been named by Major Mitchell in 1836.

Members

For the first 50 years the division was held by both the Australian Labor Party and the conservative parties.  However, changes in 1955 removed most of the seat's Labor-friendly territory, and it has been a safe Liberal seat since then. The seat was held by former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.

Election results
 2013 election results 
 2010 election result
 2007 election result
 2004 election result

References
Division of Wannon - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Dan Tehan's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
The Eritrean–Ethiopian War was a war between Ethiopia and Eritrea. It lasted from May 1998 to June 2000. Both countries spent hundreds of millions of dollars on the war, and tens of thousands of people were killed by the conflict. The war resulted in small changes to the border between the two countries.

Eritrea's war of independence lasted for 30 years, on and off; it was started in 1961 and finished in 1991 when Eritrea finally became independent.  While this was going on, there was also a civil war in Ethiopia, which began in 1975.  This war was started by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) as a rebellion to overthrow the Marxist military dictatorship of Derg (a military committee that had overthrown Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974).  TPLF and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front were formidable allies during the civil war, but then Ethiopia and Eritrea could not agree on where the border was after Eritrea's independence.  One of the main areas of conflict was focused on Badme.

Events 
The war took place from May 1998 to June 2000. It become one of the most violent wars in Africa. Ethiopia and Eritrea are some of the poorest countries in the world, but hundreds of millions of dollars were spent on the wars. Tens of thousands of people were killed in the conflicts.

The fighting quickly increased to using artillery and tanks. On 5 June 1998, the Ethiopians launched air attacks on the airport in Asmara and the Eritreans retaliated by attacking the airport of Mekele. These raids caused civilian casualties and deaths on both sides of the border. The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1177 condemning the use of force and welcomed statements from both sides to end the air strikes.

After the war 
The border dispute was settled on 13 April 2002, when an international court heard the case and made a decision. It was decided that the area around Badme belonged to Eritrea. This area, however, was occupied by Ethiopian forces. On 10 December 2005, Ethiopia announced that it was withdrawing some of its forces from the border. As of 2013, Ethiopia still occupies Badme.

References 

1998
Conflicts in 1999
2000
1990s in Africa
Eritrea
History of Ethiopia
Wars involving Africa
The Division of Wills is an Australian Electoral Division of Victoria. 

The division includes the northern Melbourne suburbs of Brunswick, Coburg, Pascoe Vale, Fawkner, Glenroy, and Essendon Airport. It was named after William John Wills, of the Burke and Wills expedition.

Members

Wills has been one of the safest Labor seats in the country. It has been held by Labor except between the 1992 by-election and the 1996 federal election. During this time it was held by independent Phil Cleary. The seat was held by Prime Minister Bob Hawke.

The 1992 by-election is remarkable for a number of reasons. It was caused by Bob Hawke's retirement from parliament. A record 22 people stood for election. It was won by an independent, Phil Cleary. However he was on unpaid leave from the state education system and the Australian Constitution forbids people employed by the government from standing for election. No replacement by-election was held as the court decision which threw out the results was made shortly before a general election was due.

Election results
 2013 election results 
 2010 election result
 2007 election result
 2004 election result

References
Division of Wills – Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Kelvin Thomson's website

Wills
1949 establishments in Australia
The Mall  is a short but important road in London. It runs from Buckingham Palace at its western end to Whitehall, right near Trafalgar Square. On the way, it runs through Admiralty Arch. It is closed to traffic on Sundays and public holidays, and on ceremonial occasions. 

The Mall was built as a ceremonial route in the early 20th century. There are similar ceremonial routes in cities such as Berlin, Mexico City, Oslo, Paris, Saint Petersburg, Vienna and Washington, D.C.. These routes are often used for major national ceremonies. When the Mall was built, a new façade (front face) was constructed for Buckingham Palace, and the Victoria Memorial was erected. 

The Queen Victoria Memorial is in front of the gates of the Palace, whilst Admiralty Arch at the far end leads into Trafalgar Square. The length of The Mall from where it joins Constitution Hill at the Victoria Memorial end to Admiralty Arch is exactly . St. James's Park is on the south side of The Mall, opposite Green Park and St James's Palace, on the north side. Running off The Mall at its eastern end is Horse Guards Parade, where the Trooping the Colour ceremony is held.

The surface of The Mall is coloured red to give the effect of a giant red carpet leading up to Buckingham Palace. This colour was obtained using synthetic iron oxide pigment from Deanshanger Oxide Works (Deanox), which was created using the Deanox Process devised by chemist Ernest Lovell. 

On VE Day – 8 May 1945 – the Palace was the centre of British celebrations. The King, Queen and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret were on the balcony behind them, to the cheers from a vast crowd on The Mall.

During state visits, the monarch and the visiting head of state are escorted in a state carriage up The Mall, and the street is decorated with Union Flags and the flags of the visiting head of state's country. During the Golden Jubilee celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II in 2002, over one million people packed The Mall to watch the public displays and the appearance of the Royal Family on the palace balcony. These scenes were repeated in 2011 for the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, and again in 2012 for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, and the Diamond Jubilee concert.

References 

Roads in London