cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Richard James Bragnalo (born December 1, 1951 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey centre.

Signed by the Washington Capitals as a free agent in 1976, Bragnalo played parts of four seasons for the Capitals. After playing a few years in the minors, Bragnalo moved onto playing hockey in Italy with the team of the Val Pusteria Wolves, former EV Bruneck. He signed for HC Milano Saima in 1990, scoring the goal that permitted Milano to win the league in 1990/91. He retired in 1992.

Other websites

 Val Pusteria Wolves

1951 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Washington Capitals players
American Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Bizaar is the sixth studio album by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse and is the second half of Bizzar. It was released on October 31, 2000. The producers of the album were Mike E. Clark. While on the Howard Stern show, ICP talked with Sharon Osbourne who bet $50,000 they could not sell more than 200,000 copies, and that it would be subsequently dropped from its distributor. Violent J predicted that the group's next album would sell at least 500,000 units and they sold 400,000 units but Sharon never paid them. They left Island Records after Bizaar and Bizzar because their contract expired.

2000 albums
Insane Clown Posse albums
"Hokus Pokus'" is a 1997 midwest hip hop song by the American Horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse and is the third single from their fourth studio album The Great Milenko, which was released in 1997. The song was produced by Mike Clark.

The song also featured a remix that Insane Clown Posse titled "Hokus Pokus (Headhunta'z Remix)" and there are also two other versions of the song a red cover and a green cover which are both featured on the rarities album, Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2.

Other websites
 

Insane Clown Posse songs
1997 songs
Kenneth Murray Brown (born December 19, 1948 in Port Arthur, Ontario) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender.  Despite winning the CMJHL Goaltender of the Year and being on the CMJHL First All-Star Team in 1967, Brown went undrafted coming out of junior, so he signed a free agent contract with the Dallas Black Hawks of the CHL, the Chicago Black Hawks minor league affiliate.  He played one game with Chicago, where he was behind Tony Esposito and Gerry Desjardins on the depth chart, and this was his only time game in the National Hockey League.  He was selected by Calgary-Cleveland in the 1972 WHA General Player Draft, although his rights were traded to the Alberta/Edmonton Oilers for cash.  Brown won 21 games over two seasons as the backup to Jacques Plante.

Other websites

Article on WHA featuring Brown 

1948 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
World Hockey Association players
David Bruce (born October 7, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played for the Vancouver Canucks, St. Louis Blues, and San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career statistics

Other websites
 

1964 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
San Jose Sharks players
St. Louis Blues players
Vancouver Canucks players
Psychiatrist Ian Stevenson, from the University of Virginia, interviewed young children who claimed to remember a past life. He did more than 2,500 interviews over a period of 40 years and wrote twelve books, including Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation.  

Stevenson found that childhood memories possibly related to reincarnation normally occurred between the ages of three and seven years. He compared the memories with reports of people known to the deceased, attempting to do so before any contact between the child and the deceased's family had occurred. 

Some 35 per cent of the children examined by Stevenson had birthmarks or birth defects.  Stevenson believed  that the existence of birth marks and deformities on children, when they occurred at the location of fatal wounds in the deceased, provided the best evidence for reincarnation. However,  Stevenson has never claimed that he had proved the existence of reincarnation, and cautiously referred to his cases as being "of the reincarnation type" or "suggestive of reincarnation". 

Stevenson retired in 2002, and psychiatrist Jim B. Tucker took over his work, and wrote Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children’s Memories of Previous Lives.

Related pages
 Bruce Greyson
 Parapsychology
 Life After Life

References

Psychology
Psychiatry
Jim B. Tucker is medical director of the Child and Family Psychiatric Clinic, and associate professor at the Division of Perceptual Studies, at the University of Virginia. His main research interests are reincarnation research, and prenatal and birth memories. Tucker, a child psychiatrist, worked for several years on this research with Ian Stevenson before taking over upon Stevenson’s retirement in 2002. Tucker is the author of Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children’s Memories of Previous Lives. He has been interviewed about reincarnation in print and broadcast media in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.

Related pages
 Jane Roberts

References

Other websites 

Official website

American parapsychologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
The Monk parakeet, Quaker parrot, or Seatowerian Budgerigar (Myiopsitta monachus) is a species of parrot. It lives in Argentina and the countries around South America. The bird is also known for passing one of its tail feathers through its bill to reconnect the barbules. This locking process is similar to pressing Velcro strips together.

Description 
The parakeet is on average 29 cm long, with a 48 cm wingspan, and weighs 100 g. Females tend to be 10-20% smaller, but it is hard to tell the sexes apart, unless they test the feather or blood DNA. It has bright green upperparts. The forehead and breast are pale grey. The bill is orange, and when it calls, it makes a loud and throaty chape(-yee) or quak quaki quak-wi quarr. Sometimes, it also screeches, skveet.

Domestic kinds of Monk parakeets may have different colors such as white, blue, and yellow instead of green.

As pets 
Monk parakeets are very intelligent and social birds. When they are kept as pets, they can memorize large vocabularies. They are also able to learn many words and phrases.

References

Further reading
 Johnson, Steve A. & Sam Logue 2009: Florida's introduced birds: Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus). University of Florida/IFAS
  (2004): Parrots in the city: one bird's struggle for a place on the planet . Quaker Parakeet Society, Framingham, Mass. 
  (2002): Field guide to the Birds of North America. National Geographic, Washington DC. 
  2000: The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 

Parakeets
Ronald Edward Busniuk (born August 13, 1948 in Fort William, Ontario), is a Canadian hockey player. He played NCAA hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth and was an All-American his senior year. After graduation, he played in the AHL with the Nova Scotia Voyageurs and the Cincinnati Swords.  He took First Team AHL All-Star honors.  Bosniuk played most of his career in the WHA with the Minnesota Fighting Saints, New England Whalers and Edmonton Oilers. He played only 6 NHL games, all with the Buffalo Sabres. 

After retiring as a player, Busniuk became a coach.  He led the Thunder Bay Twins Senior Hockey Team to two consecutive championships in the 1980s.  He was later inducted into the Northern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame and the University of Minnesota Duluth Athletic Hall of Fame. 

He is the older brother of Mike Busniuk of the Philadelphia Flyers.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
World Hockey Association players
American Hockey League players
Samantha Gwendoline Cameron (née Sheffield; born 18 April 1971) is a British businesswoman. She is the wife of David Cameron, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016.

Until 13 May 2010, Cameron was the Creative Director of Smythson of Bond Street.

References

Businesspeople from London
British philanthropists
Spouses of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
1971 births
Living people
Lawrence Louis Henry "Hank" Cahan (December 25, 1933 – June 25, 1992) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played in several Canadian and U.S. teams, including Fort William Hurricanes, Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Hornets, New York Rangers, Vancouver Canucks, Baltimore Clippers, Los Angeles Kings and Chicago Cougars.

Cahan was born in Fort William, Ontario. His career as a player began in 1949 and ended in 1974.

On January 13, 1968, Cahan, playing with the Oakland Seals against the Minnesota North Stars, was involved in the accident that caused the death of Bill Masterton.

Other websites

1933 births
1992 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Rangers players
Oakland Seals players
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
World Hockey Association players
American Hockey League players
Şehrazat Kemalî Söylemezoğlu (born September 3, 1952), known by her stage name Şehrazat or Şehro, is a well-known Turkish television personality, composer, songwriter, producer, and singer.

References

1952 births
Living people
Turkish singers
Songwriters
People from Ankara
Sodium azide, also known as sodium trinitride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaN3.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It is an explosive. It can be detonated by an electric spark. It contains sodium and azide ions. It reacts with acids to produce hydrazoic acid. It can be destroyed by reacting it with nitrous acid. This reaction produces nitric oxide, nitrogen, and sodium hydroxide. It is a powerful reducing agent, which makes it explosive. It contains nitrogen in its -1/3 oxidation state.

Preparation
It is made by reacting ammonia with sodium to make sodium amide. The sodium amide then reacts with nitrous oxide to make sodium azide. It can also be made by reacting sodium nitrate with sodium amide. Another process is reacting sodium nitrite with hydrazine.

Uses
It is used in airbags. It makes the airbags puff out. A computer detects that the car is crashing and ignites the sodium azide. This makes sodium metal and a lot of nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas inflates the airbag. It can be used to make other explosives, such as lead azide.

Safety
Sodium azide is very toxic. It reacts with acids to make the explosive hydrazoic acid, which also is a very toxic gas. It is similar to cyanide poisoning. It attacks the respiratory system and the circulatory system.

Related pages
Lithium nitride, Li3N (sodium nitride does not exist)
Nitrate
Nitrite

Sodium compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Azide, also known as trinitride, is an ion. It is formed when hydrazoic acid is deprotonated. It is a powerful reducing agent. Its chemical formula is N3-. The most common azide is sodium azide. Many azides are explosive and very toxic.

Related pages
Hydrazine
Nitrite
Nitrate

Nitrogen compounds
Sodium nitrite is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and nitrite ions. Its chemical formula is NaNO2.

Properties
It is a white or yellowish crystalline compound. It is a strong oxidizing agent, being reduced to nitrogen. It is also a weak reducing agent, being oxidized to nitrate. It contains nitrogen in its +3 oxidation state. It is toxic in large amounts.

Occurrence
It is found in some vegetables. It is also found in some meat in small amounts. Otherwise, it is manmade.

Uses
It is used in meat like ham to preserve it. The nitrites are disinfecting, which helps preserve the meat. Almost all processed meat (like cold cuts, hot dogs) contains nitrites. Some people get headaches when they eat nitrites. These headaches have been named "hot dog headaches". It is used to make other chemicals and to get rid of sodium azide. It also can be used when someone is poisoned by cyanide.

Safety
Nitrites can form toxic chemicals when heated. These toxic chemicals are carcinogens, which means they can cause cancer. That is why some people do not want nitrites in foods. Others say that because nitrites kill bacteria, they should be included in foods. Sodium nitrite used in food is colored bright pink so it is not mistaken for salt or sugar.

Related pages
Sodium nitrate
Nitrate

Sodium compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Nitrite is an ion. Its chemical formula is NO2–. It contains nitrogen in its +3 oxidation state. Nitrites are normally strong oxidizing agents. Most of them are colorless crystalline compounds. Sodium nitrite is a common nitrite. They are also weak reducing agents, being oxidized to nitrates (NO3–).

Related pages
Nitrate
Nitride
Azide

Nitrogen compounds
Arteriosclerosis is a diseased condition of the arteries. The artery walls are thickened, hardened and lose stretchiness, called elasticity.

There are three main types:
Atherosclerosis is the most common type. It is the narrowing of arteries from a buildup of plaque, usually made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin, inside the arteries. This affects large and medium-sized arteries; however, its positioning varies person to person. 
Mönckeberg Arteriosclerosis. This is when the middle layer of the artery stiffens. This is because of calcium deposits. 
Arteriolosclerosis. This affects the body's smaller arteries.

The effects of arteriosclerosis can lead to lack of regular blood flow. Low blood flow to the brain can make you dizzy, numb, have slurred speech, and have other symptoms. Thromboses can further block the blood flow. This causes you to be at risk of getting stroke, or a heart attack.

Arteriosclerosis is a major health problem. Arteriosclerosis can be prevented by reducing risks. Risks are smoking, obesity, and low amounts of exercise. Doctors recommend dieting and exercise. Diets that are low in cholesterol and saturated fats. Some patients may take drugs that lower the amount of cholesterol in their blood.

References

Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Georges Braque (Argenteuil, 13 May 1882 – Paris, 31 August 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed the art movement known as Cubism.

French art critic Louis Vauxcelles first used the term Cubism, or "bizarre cubiques", in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as 'full of little cubes', after which the term quickly gained wide use. Art historian Ernst Gombrich described cubism as "the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity, and to enforce one reading of the picture – that of a man-made construction, a colored canvas". The Cubist movement spread quickly throughout Paris and Europe.

A major idea of Braque's was the fractured stringed instrument as a cubist model. This he painted a number of times with variations, and made sculptures with fractured violins, guitars, etc., inside transparent acrylic (perspex) blocks. Examples:

Violin and Candlestick, Paris, spring 1910, at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
Woman with a Guitar, 1913. Musée National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.

Notes

Other websites 
Features an excellent selection of Braque paintings, with a rather weak text: The course of a painter in the representation of the landscape: Georges Braque 

1882 births
1963 deaths
French painters
French sculptors
Nitric oxide also known as nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound. It contains nitrogen in its +2 oxidation state. It contains nitrogen and oxide ions. Its chemical formula is often given as ·N=O.

Properties
It is a colorless gas. It is easily oxidized to nitrogen dioxide by air. It can react with a mixture of air and water to make nitrous acid. It glows when reacted with ozone.

Preparation
It is made by reacting ammonia with oxygen with a catalyst. It is also made in lightning. It can be made in small amounts by reacting copper with nitric acid. It can also be made by reducing nitrous acid with compounds such as iron(II) sulfate.

Uses
Nitric oxide is used in making nitric acid from ammonia. Ammonia is reacted with air to make nitric oxide, and the nitric oxide is oxidized by air to make nitrogen dioxide. The nitrogen dioxide is dissolved in water to make nitric acid and more nitric oxide.

It is also used as a stimulant in the human body. It has many actions in the human body that are being studied.

Safety
Nitric oxide is toxic when breathed in. It also easily is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, a toxic brown choking substance.

Related pages
Nitrous oxide
Nitrite
Sodium nitrite

Nitrogen compounds
Oxides
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NO2. It contains nitrogen and oxide ions. The nitrogen is in the +4 oxidation state.

Properties

Nitrogen Dioxide is a reddish-brown gas with a distinct, pungent odor similar to that of Chlorine. It causes significant and damaging pulmonary effects when it is inhaled, due to the formation of both Nitric (HNO3) & Nitrous (HNO2) acids when it reacts with Water present in the lungs. When Nitrogen Dioxide is compressed or cooled to near 0° C, two molecules of the Dioxide bond, forming the colorless Dinitrogen Tetroxide. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Upon heating, Nitrogen Dioxide decomposes back into lower oxides of Nitrogen (NO) as well as Oxygen. It reacts with iodides to form nitrites and elemental iodine. The presence of NO2 in concentrated Nitric acid causes the acid to take on a yellow color, depending on the concentration of the dissolved gas.

Preparation
Nitrogen dioxide is normally made by oxidation of nitric oxide by oxygen in air. It can also be made by heating some nitrates. It can be made by reacting concentrated nitric acid with copper or tin.

Uses
It is used to make nitric acid by dissolving it in water. Nitric oxide is also released.

Safety
Nitrogen dioxide is very toxic. It has a foul odor, which aids in its detection. Much care should be taken to avoid contact with this compound.

Related pages
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous acid

Nitrogen compounds
Oxides
Dinitrogen tetroxide, also known as nitrogen tetroxide or dinitrogen tetraoxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is N2O4. It contains nitrogen in its +4 oxidation state. It contains nitrogen and oxide ions.

Properties
It is a colorless gas, although it is sometimes polluted with nitrogen dioxide. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It can ignite on contact with hydrazine. It can be made by bonding two nitrogen dioxide molecules together at a low temperature or a high pressure.

Preparation
It is made by bonding nitrogen dioxide molecules together in pairs.

Uses
It is used as a rocket propellant, along with hydrazine. This mixture is good since it does not have to be ignited. It is used similar to nitrogen dioxide to make nitric acid. It can react with metals to make nitrates.

Safety
Dinitrogen is highly toxic and corrosive. Some astronauts breathed it and had to go to a hospital.

Related pages
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen oxide
List of nitrogen compounds

Sources

Nitrogen compounds
Oxides
Sodium amide, also known as sodamide, is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and amide ions. Its chemical formula is NaNH2. It is a very strong base, even stronger than hydroxides like sodium hydroxide. It reacts violently with water. It is a white solid, although it can be gray. It is made by reacting sodium metal with liquid or gaseous ammonia. It is used to make hydrazine and sodium azide. It is used to make various chemicals. It reacts with water to make ammonia and sodium hydroxide. It burns in air to make oxides of sodium and nitrogen, such as nitrogen dioxide. If there is only a little air, explosive chemicals may form. If it turns yellow or brown, get rid of it immediately. It is corrosive because it is a strong base.

Related pages
Sodium chloride
Ammonium
Nitrate

Sodium compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Sodium nitrate, also known as caliche, Chile saltpeter, and soda niter, is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and nitrate ions. Its chemical formula is NaNO3.

Properties
It can dissolve in water very easily. It is an oxidizing agent. It is a white crystalline solid.

Occurrence and preparation
It is found in very dry areas. If it was wet, then the sodium nitrate would dissolve. But it is normally made artificially by reacting sodium hydroxide and nitric acid. Chile used to have much sodium nitrate naturally in the very dry Atacama Desert. It is found in small amounts in leafy green vegetables.

Uses
It is used to supply nitrogen to the soil. It is also used in making gunpowder. Some other explosives use it. It can be used to make nitric acid by reaction with sulfuric acid. It is used in rockets and smoke bombs. Sometimes it can be a food preservative.

Related pages
 Sodium nitrite
 Nitrite
 Ammonium

Sodium compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Lead azide, also known as lead(II) azide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Pb(N3)2. It contains lead and azide ions. It contains lead in its +2 oxidation state.

Lead azide is an explosive. Most other azides just burn rapidly. It is used as a detonator to detonate other explosives. It is made by reacting lead(II) nitrate and sodium azide. It can be destroyed by sodium dichromate. It can react with other metals such as copper to make even more sensitive azide explosives. It does not become less of an explosive when wet. It will explode if it is dropped .

Related pages
Lead(II) oxide
Sodium amide

Chemical compounds
Cobalt(II) chloride, also known as cobaltous chloride and cobalt dichloride, is a chemical compound. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CoCl2. It contains cobalt and chloride ions.

Properties
Cobalt(II) chloride is normally found in the red (or pink) form. The red form has water in it. It can be heated to turn it into the blue form, without water. The blue form will absorb water from the air and turn red again. 

A different blue form is made when cobalt(II) chloride is reacted with a chemical compound that has chloride in it. Hydrochloric acid works the best, but sodium chloride can be used too. When it is heated, it turns more blue than when it is cooled. 

 for an example. Cobalt chloride can be used to test for chloride ions in this way.

It can be oxidized to cobalt(III) compounds, although cobalt(III) chloride does not exist. If it is made, it just drops a Cl from CoCl3, making CoCl2 (cobalt(II) chloride) again.

Preparation
The anhydrous (without water) blue form can be made by reacting cobalt with chlorine. The hydrated (with water) red form can be made by reacting cobalt(II) oxide or cobalt(II) hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

Uses
It is used to place cobalt into other chemical compounds. It can be used to make other cobalt compounds. It is the most common cobalt compound in the lab.

Safety
It is a weak oxidizing agent, too weak to ignite things. Cobalt compounds are toxic in large quantities, like any other transition metal compounds. They are not toxic like lead or mercury compounds, though.

References

Related pages
Cobalt(III) oxide
Cobalt(II) sulfate

Chlorine compounds
Cobalt compounds
Man of the Match is an award given to one player from each School Cup match (game). This award was created and first awarded for the 2021 School Cup tournament. The award is sponsored by City mark, a large world-wide beer company.

The winner of the award is decided by all playes votes. The players vote during the match. Voting closed when the match is over. The Man of the Match trophy will be awarded to the winning player at the end of the game.

References
The Prohibition Era was a period in United States history when alcohol was outlawed.  Police would arrest anyone who was found making or selling alcohol illegally. The Women's Christian Temperance Union and other reformist organizations agitated for this change in order to improve the lives of the people. Prohibition lasted from 1920 to 1933. It was established by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It was ratified (approved by the states) by January 16, 1919. It came into effect at January 16, 1920. 
The punishment for being caught with an alcoholic beverage was jail time. The millions of people becoming criminals in such a short period of time led to overflowing prisons and it was common to have a case dismissed. Prohibition was a constitutional experiment set up by the American government in an effort to decrease crime rates, reduce tax burden, and improve health in Americans. It had little to do with the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
     
Prohibition was good as the consumption of alcohol was reduced, but it was bad in that the Mafia and other underground organizations took up rum-running. They became big and powerful and made trouble. Prohibition was repealed December 5, 1933 by the Twenty-first Amendment. Now states can regulate the selling of liquor by themselves.
1920 establishments in the United States
1933 disestablishments
1920s in the United States
1930s in the United States
Alcohol drinking habits
United States law
1930s disestablishments in the United States
Cobalt(III) oxide is a chemical compound. It contains cobalt in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Co2O3. It can be made by reacting a cobalt(II) salt with sodium hypochlorite. This reaction also makes some chlorine. It is used as a catalyst. It is an oxidizing agent. It is not as strong an oxidizing agent as other cobalt(III) compounds.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) oxide
Cobalt(II) chloride
Cobalt(II) sulfate

Cobalt compounds
Oxides
Cobalt(II) sulfate, also known as cobaltous sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoSO4. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. It contains cobalt and sulfate ions.

Properties
It is a reddish crystalline solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is reddish without water (anhydrous) and pink with water (hydrated).

Preparation
It can be made by reacting cobalt, cobalt(II) oxide, or cobalt(II) hydroxide with sulfuric acid. It is very rarely found in the earth.

Uses
It is used as a pigment. It is also used to make other cobalt salts. It can be used in electroplating cobalt. It was added to beer in the past but that poisoned people.

Safety
Cobalt(II) sulfate is slightly carcinogenic. It is poisonous in large quantities.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) chloride
Cobalt(III) oxide

Sulfur compounds
Cobalt compounds
Cobalt(II) fluoride, also known as cobaltous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoF2. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a reddish crystalline solid. It only dissolves a little in water. The hydrate (type with water molecules attached) can dissolve in water. It can dissolve in acid. It can react with hydrogen at  to make cobalt and hydrogen fluoride.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting anhydrous (without any water molecules attached) cobalt(II) oxide or cobalt(II) chloride with a stream of hydrogen fluoride. This reaction makes the anhydrous form. The hydrated (with water molecules attached) form is made by reacting any cobalt(II) compound with hydrofluoric acid. When fluorine is reacted with cobalt at a high temperature, it makes both cobalt(II) fluoride and cobalt(III) fluoride.

Uses
It is used as a catalyst. It can be used as a source of the fluoride ion in dentist care. It is used in lenses.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) hydroxide
Cobalt(III) oxide

Cobalt compounds
Fluorine compounds
Cobalt(III) fluoride, also known as cobaltic fluoride and cobalt trifluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoF3. It contains cobalt in its +3 oxidation state. It contains cobalt and fluoride ions. It is used to add fluoride ion to other chemicals. It is a brown solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid, oxygen, and cobalt(II) fluoride. It is made by reacting cobalt(II) chloride and fluorine at . Cobalt(II) oxide and cobalt(II) fluoride can be used instead of the cobalt(II) chloride. It is used to make some chemicals.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) hydroxide

Cobalt compounds
Fluorine compounds
An eyeborg or eye-borg is an electronic eye that allows people to hear colors. It is mostly used by blind people or by people with color blindness. It works by using a head mounted camera that reads the colors directly in front of a person, and converts them into musical notes.

The first eyeborg was made in England in 2003 by Adam Montandon in collaboration with colourblind artist Neil Harbisson. The invention won a British award in Innovation (Submerge 2004) and a European award in Content Tools and Interface Design (Europrix 2004). In 2007, Peter Kese, a software developer from Slovenia, made further developments to the eyeborg by increasing the number of colors to 360 and adding color intensity through different volume levels. Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya is currently developing the eyeborg into a smaller chip as part of his final year project. The new chip will allow users to hear colors in stereo and to embed the device.

Other websites
Eyeborg Website  Eyeborg chip development site
Cyborg Enables Color-Blind Artist to Hear His Palette Article about an eyeborg user on Wired (USA 2008)
Eyeborg user example  on The Sunday Times (UK, 2008)
Seeing things in a different light Information from BBC (UK, 2005)
Neil Harbisson's personal website

References

Vision
Christian Dior (Granville, Manche, Basse-Normandie, 21 January 1905 –  Montecatini, Italy, 24 October 1957), was the leading French fashion designer of the post-war world. He was the founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, the House of Dior (now Christian Dior).

Career 
During the German occupation of France in World War II, Christian Dior dressed the wives of Nazi officers and French collaborators. On 8 October 1946 he founded his own fashion house, backed by Marcel Boussac, the cotton-fabric magnate.

The New Look 
For his first collection, in early 1947, the phrase The New Look was coined by Harper's Bazaar, the fashion monthly. Dior's designs were more voluptuous than the economy shapes of World War II, when fabric was rationed. 

Dior was a master at creating shapes and silhouettes; he said "I have designed flower women". His look employed fabrics lined with percale (a closely woven plain-weave fabric), boned, bustier-style bodices, hip padding, wasp-waisted corsets and petticoats. This made his dresses flare out from the waist, giving his models a very curvaceous form. 

Some women protested, because his designs covered up their legs, which they did not during wartime. There was also criticism of Dior's designs, which used a lot of fabric. Opposition ceased as soon as wartime shortages ended. The New Look revolutionized women's dress and reestablished Paris as the center of the fashion world.

A-line 
The term was first used by Dior as the label for his collection of spring 1955. The  A-Line collection's feature item, then the "most wanted silhouette in Paris", was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his "Trapeze Line" of spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. 

A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s, disappeared from fashion almost completely by the early 1980s and were revived by the retro trend of the late 1990s. By that time, 'A-line' was used more loosely to describe any dress wider at the hips than at the bust or waist, as well as a number of flared skirt styles. 'True' A-line shapes on the pattern of Dior and Saint Laurent saw a revival in the early 2000s.

References 

1905 births
1957 deaths
French fashion designers
French fashion houses
Ferromanganese, also known as spiegeleisen, is an alloy. It is made of iron and manganese. It is normally 15% manganese and 85% iron. It is made by reduction of a mixture of iron ore and manganese ore. Normally carbon is the reducing agent. It is normally how manganese is sold.

Related pages
Cobalt

Alloys
Manganese(II) sulfate, also known as manganous sulfate, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese in its +2 oxidation state. It contains manganese and sulfate ions. Its chemical formula is MnSO4. It is a pink crystalline solid. It normally is bonded with some water molecules. It is part of a process to make manganese metal. It can be made separately though. If sulfur dioxide and manganese dioxide are reacted, it produces manganese(II) sulfate. It reacts with potassium permanganate to make manganese dioxide. It is used to add manganese to soil.

Related pages
Manganese(II) carbonate
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(VII) oxide

Sulfur compounds
Manganese compounds
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco is the  sequel to the 1993 movie Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey.

Plot
The owners of Shadow the Golden Retriever, Sassy the Himalayan cat (Sally Field), and Chance the American Bulldog (Michael J. Fox) decide to take a trip to Canada. At the San Francisco International Airport, the animals run away after Chance gets free from his carrier. After getting away from airport police, the animals are in San Francisco, with home on the other side of the Golden Gate bridge.

As they are trying to get home, Chance falls in love with a street Kuvasz named Delilah (Carla Gugino) who's never had a human family. He thinks humans are bad since he was left alone by his owners, and at first does not agree to help Shadow, Sassy, and Chance because they are "pets". After they return home, a sad Chance is soon together with Delilah. The family accepts her as their newest pet.

Cast
 Robert Hays - Bob Seaver
 Kim Griest - Laura Seaver
 Kevin Chevalia - Jamie Seaver
 Veronica Lauren - Hope Seaver
 Benj Thall - Peter Seaver

Voice cast
 Ralph Waite - Shadow
 Michael J. Fox - Chance
 Sally Field - Sassy
 Michael Bell - Stokey
 Tisha Campbell - Sledge
 Adam Goldberg - Pete
 Carla Gugino - Delilah
 Tommy Lasorda - Lucky Lasorda
 Tress MacNeille - French Poodle
 Ross Malinger - Spike
 Al Michaels - Sparky Michaels
 Jon Polito - Ashcan
 Sinbad - Riley
 Stephen Tobolowsky - Bando
 Bob Uecker - Trixie Uecker

Other websites
 

Disney movies
1996 movies
American family movies
Movies about animals
Movies set in California
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a United States government agency that protects and promotes public health, by regulating food safety, tobacco, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, vaccines, and cosmetics. The FDA enforces federal laws along with other agencies, such as the DEA. The agency was made in 1906, and is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

The head of the FDA is proposed by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate. He reports to the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.

History 
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Clean Food and Drug Administration Act of 1906, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its main advocate.

Responsibility for screening food and drug products for "tampering" or "mislabelling" has been assigned to the USDA Chemical Bureau. In 1927, the regulatory powers of the Bureau of Chemistry were reorganized under the new agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, the FDA.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed into law the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act on June 24, 1938. In 1962, the Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics Act was passed and it became a global change in the FDA regulatory body.

One of the most important laws in creating the modern American pharmaceutical market was the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Reinstatement Act 1984, better known as the Hatch-Waxman Act after its main sponsors.

Structure 
Subordinate FDA Agencies:

 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research;
Center for Devices and Radiological Health;
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research;
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition;
Center for Tobacco Products;
Center for Veterinary Medicine;
National Center for Toxicological Research;
Office of Criminal Investigations;
Office of Regulatory Affairs.

Activity 
The FDA is responsible for maintaining public health through  

 regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, food additives, drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and veterinary drugs;  
 monitoring accordance to legislation in the field of maintaining the quality of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. 

The FDA also controls some laws.

References

Other websites
FDA Home Page
Critics — 143 Sudden Deaths Did Not Stop Approval // LATimes, 2000-12-20 
Critics — Statement of Larry D. Sasich, Pharm. D, M.P.H. And Sidney M. Wolfe, MD of Public Citizen’s Health Research Group on the Withdrawal of the Calcium Channel Blocker Mibefradil (Posicor) From the Market. (1998). Public Citizen, 1,2.

United States government agencies
Motorola DynaTAC - first mobile telephone from 1973 year, company Motorola.

Gallery

Telephone

DynaTAC. The world's first commercial portable cellular phone, the Motorola DynaTAC phone, receives approval from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. The 28-ounce handheld phone becomes available to consumers in 1984. Also that year, after many years of development, the company's first DynaTAC cellular system begins commercial operation. Over 15 years, Motorola has devoted $100 million to the development of its cellular program
Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet GCB PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. Banks was President of the Royal Society 1778–1820; baronet 1781; Privy Counsellor 1797. His collections were given to the British Museum.

Banks took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage  from 1768 to 1771. He inherited a large fortune, and was able to hire his own team to help collect, package and transport his finds. Banks discovered and collected Eucalyptus, Acacia, Mimosa, and Banksia. About 80 species of plants are named after Banks.

Education 
Banks was educated at Harrow School, Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

Exploration

Newfoundland and Labrador 
In 1766 Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year he accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador to study their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Endeavour voyage 
Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour, 1768–1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks joined the ship with a staff of eight: Daniel Solander and H.D. Spöring, naturalists; Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson, artists; James Roberts and Peter Briscoe, tenants from Revesby; Thomas Richmond and George Dorlton (Dollin), negro servants. Only four of this party survived the voyage, Banks himself, Solander and the two Revesby men.

This voyage went first to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, Bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America.

The voyage then went to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the purpose of the mission), to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after damage on the Great Barrier Reef.

While they were in Australia Banks, Solander and Spöring made the first collection of Australian plants, describing many that were new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium, finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990.
Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous.

Banks in popular culture
There are many things in Australia named after Banks. These include the Division of Banks, a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The species Banksia is named after him.

References 

1743 births
1820 deaths
English naturalists
English botanists
English explorers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Baronets
The Church of Christ with the Elijah Message is a Mormon religious movement. In addition to the Book of Mormon, the group bases itself on 117 messages received by resurrected John the Baptist.

Main differences to other Mormon movements
They call the book of Mormon "The Record of the Nephites" and only accept the first edition of 1830
They call themselves "Christians", and not "Saints"
The movement sees itself as led by Christ. Worldly affairs are led by a college of elders, and not a president
There are no "spititual marriages" that last for eternity
There are no baptisms of the dead
They reject the idea that god develops to become a higher being
The Church of Christ with Elijah Message accepts all the messages as given by John the Baptist to Otto Fetting and W.A Draves unlike the other movements.It believes that the Gospel is complete by the three books namely;The Record of the Nephites,The word of the Lord brought to mankind by an Angel and the Bible(Klng James version)

Mormonism
A petticoat is a woman's undergarment, shaped like a skirt or skirt+bodice. Think of it as a skirt underneath a regular skirt. The purpose is possibly insulation, and certainly to make the skirt fly out in an attractive way. 

Petticoats which are starched, with ruffles, or made with stiff fabric, can support a wider skirt. The ultimate in this trend is the crinoline, which is a petticoat structure which includes hoops of whalebone. Crinolines are not worn today, but petticoats are sometimes worn with ballgowns.

Petticoats in the 20th century 
For most of the first half of the 20th century, with a few exceptions, petticoats were out of fashion. Certainly multiple petticoats were not needed for the narrow skirts and dresses which were fashionable. Some evening gowns needed petticoats, but they were finished off by WWII wartime rationing and shortages.

Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted New Look of 1947. Tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, especially with teenage girls. Typically, at least three single petticoats were worn, until manufacturers began making double and triple layer petticoats. A narrow slip was usually worn under the petticoats, especially the crinoline type, because they tended to be 'scratchy'.

Dior continued this theme with his A-Line collection of Spring 1955, which featured  the "most wanted silhouette in Paris". This was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his Trapeze Line of Spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s.

References 

Underwear
Paul the Octopus (said to be hatched January 2008 at Oberhausen, Germany– 26 October 2010) was an octopus living in a tank at a Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany. Paul became famous around the world for correctly "choosing" the winner of Germany's seven matches at the 2010 World Cup, as well as the final.

During the divinations, Paul was shown two boxes with a mussel inside them, for food. Each box had, on the outside, a flag of a football team. Paul would eat the mussel from the box with the flag of the winning team. He did this correctly in four of Germany's six Euro 2008 matches, and in all seven of their matches in the 2010 World Cup. He correctly chose a win for Spain against the Netherlands in the World Cup final. His predictions were 100% (8/8) right for the 2010 World Cup and 86% (12/14) correct overall. Paul was retired after the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Career 

It was at first said that Paul's career as an oracle began during the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. In the lead-up to Germany's international football matches, Paul (or a similar octopus) was presented with two clear plastic boxes, each containing food: a mussel or an oyster. Each container was marked with the flag of a team, one the flag of Germany, and the other the flag of Germany's opponent. The box which Paul opened first (and ate the contents of) was judged to be the predicted winner of the game.

Some people had doubt about the octopus' abilities.

Under the thought that Paul had the same chances of choosing the winner or the loser of a match, and not considering the chance of a draw, he had a 1/2 chance of rightly choosing any single game and a 1/256 chance of rightly choosing eight in a row.

On October 26 2010, Paul died of natural causes after being inactive for the last few days.

References 

Cephalopods
Individual animals
FIFA World Cup
Oberhausen
Saint Xavier High School ( ), or simply St. X, is a private, all-boys high school near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The school is one of four all-boys Catholic high schools in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, but it is run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) instead of the archdiocese. St. Xavier has 1,535 students, making it the largest private high school in Ohio and one of the 100 largest high schools in that state.

St. Xavier is the oldest high school in the Cincinnati area and one of the oldest in the nation, even older than many universities. It started as the Athenaeum, which opened in 1831 in downtown Cincinnati. From 1869 to 1934, the high school was part of St. Xavier College, which is now called Xavier University. In 1960, the high school moved to its current location on a  campus.

The "Bombers" football team and "Aquabombers" swimming and diving team are ranked nationally and often compete at state championships. The graduates of St. Xavier include many professional athletes, three Olympians, state and national politicians, and well-known authors and actors.

Famous people from St. Xavier

Graduates
Arts and literature:
John Diehl (1968) – actor
Joey Kern (1995) – movie actor
David Quammen (1966) – writer about science

Politics:
Jim Bunning (1949) – Republican in the U.S. Senate representing Kentucky; also a baseball player in the Hall of Fame
John J. Gilligan (1939) – Democratic governor of Ohio; father of Kathleen Sebelius, the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary
Charles H. Keating Jr. (1941) – lawyer and banker who was convicted of fraud as one of the "Keating Five" in the 1989 Savings and Loan scandal
William J. Keating (1945) – businessman and Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio
Bill Kraus (1965) – activist for gay rights and for people with AIDS
Brad Wenstrup (1976) – Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio

Sports:
Jayme Cramer (2001) – swimmer who won the bronze medal at the 2003 Pan American Games and the silver medal at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships
Joe Hudepohl (1992) – swimmer who won the gold medal at the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games
Pat Todd (1998) – rower in the semifinals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics

Others
St. Xavier gave an honorary degree to Nick Clooney, a television news reporter, game show host, and politician who would have graduated in 1952.

In 1985, Urban Meyer worked as a football coach at St. Xavier. Later, he was the head football coach at the University of Utah, Bowling Green State University, and the University of Florida.

Sources

Books

Related pages
Elder High School
La Salle High School
Moeller High School

Other websites

St. Xavier High School

The St. Xavier Blueprint  – the school newspaper

Cincinnati, Ohio
Schools in Ohio
1831 establishments in Ohio