cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Catwoman or Selina Kyle is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. She is sometimes a villain or Batman's assistant in fighting crime. She is sometimes called "Batman's girlfriend" because of her love-hate with Batman. Catwoman wears leather clothing and has a whip.  

She is played by Lee Meriwether, Julie Newmar, Eartha Kitt, Michelle Pfeiffer, Halle Berry, Anne Hathaway in The Dark Knight Rises, Camren Bicondova in Gotham and will be played by Zoë Kravitz in The Batman.

Batman characters
DC Comics adapted into movies
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in 1940
Yawar Hayat Khan (born 18th October 1943- died 3rd November 2016), was a senior former producer and director of the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and one of the early founders and creative entities of this channel from 1964-65 onwards, when its serialized dramas were immensely popular in Pakistan.

Khan was born in Lahore, in October 1943 and educated at the Aitchison College and the Forman Christian College, there.

In November 1964, the Pakistan Television Corporation made its first test-transmission from Lahore, and in that same year Khan was selected as a trainee with the fledgling state TV channel. 

In 1967, he was transferred back to Lahore, and it is at the Lahore TV studios that he produced his best work. Khan's first major dramatic success came when he directed the immensely popular rural folk drama Jhok Siyaal (1973). This was followed by Waris (1978–79) and then a host of hit serials such as Bandaar Jaati aur Mamta, Samandar, Nasheman, Dehleez, Sahil, Lazawaal and others, between the 1980s and 1990s.

Khan retired from active television service in 2004. He died in Lahore, on 3rd November 2016, after a prolonged illness.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Pakistani entertainers
Buckingham Fountain is a landmark that is in the center of Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. The fountain was finished in 1927 and was one of the largest fountains in the world. The fountain was also one of the first large fountains during that time. The fountain is in the eastern part from Route 66.

References

Other websites

 Chicago Landmarks: Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden
 Chicago Park District: Buckingham Fountain 
 Restore Buckingham Fountain 

1927 establishments in Illinois
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
Landmarks in Chicago
Biblical inerrancy is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate inerrancy with infallibility; others do not.

In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not.

Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible.

There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture."

Reference

Other websites
Full text of Chicago statement 

Christian theology
Christian terminology
Independent Catholic Churches is the name for a few Christian churches which say that they have the traditions of the Catholic Church, but who are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them say that their bishops have apostolic succession, that is that their legitimacy comes from an apostle. The first of these churches was the Old Catholic Church, who did not agree that the pope was infallible, in religious matters. This was agreed at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Most of the independent Catholic churches split  from the Old Catholic church. A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests, founded in the 1970s.

Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, or the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Roman Catholic Church.  Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870.

Catholicism
Old Catholicism
The Battle of Cambrai was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad hub. In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as Siegfried Line

Cambrai
1917 in the United Kingdom
1910s in Germany
1910s in France
November 1917 events
December events
Indian Mujahideen is a terrorist group, which has carried out several attacks in India. The group may be related to Students Islamic Movement of India. The Student Islamic Movement of India may be involved in several terrorist organisations, and is therefore banned. Indian Mujahideen said they carried out the Jaipur bombings of 2008. The leader is Abdul Subhan Qureshi.

Islamic terrorism
Religion in India
Bhopal State (pronounced ) was an independent state of 18th century India. It was founded in 1723. It was a princely state of the British Raj from 1818 to 1947. It was an independent country from 1947 to 1949. At first, the capital was Islamnagar. Later the capital moved to the city of Bhopal.

Rule of the Begums
Bhopal was the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad. Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan Begum. Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots.

Sources

Indian princely states
1723 establishments
1949 disestablishments in Asia
18th-century establishments in India
1940s disestablishments in India
1720s establishments in Asia
Cassius Fairchild (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer.  he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds.

References

Other websites
Political Graveyard: Fairchild

People from Ohio
People from Wisconsin
1829 births
1868 deaths
State legislators of the United States
is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called Issei; and their children born in the new country are called Nisei (second generation).  The grandchildren of Issei are called Sansei (third generation).

The character and uniqueness of the Issei is recognized in its social history.

History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Imigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community established by the Issei has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other Issei established themselves in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru. 

In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use.  The word replaced the term "immigrant" (ijusha).  This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the Issei looked at themselves.  The label Issei also included the idea of belonging to the new country.  Other terns like Nisei were modeled after this Issei pattern or template.

Cultural profile 
The term Nikkei (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century.  The Nikkei include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice.  Their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents.

Although the Issei kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.

The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.

Select list of notable Issei 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Kan'ichi Asakawa (1873-1948), academic, author, peace advocate, historian and librarian
 Makoto Hagiwara ( -1925), made the fortune cookie popular
 Mazie Hirono (1947-  ), 1st US Senator born in Japan
 Fujitaro Kubota (1879-1973), American Seattle gardener and philanthropist
 Isamu Noguchi (1904–1988), American sculptor and landscape architect
 Yoko Ono Lennon (1933-  ) artist and musician.
 George Masa (1881–1933), activist in creation of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
 Yoichiro Nambu (1921 - ), American Nobel Prize winner (2008), Physicist
 Jokichi Takamine (1854 – 1922), chemist who isolated adrenaline

Related pages
 Japanese American Internment

References

Other websites

 Japanese American National Museum
 Japanese American Historical Society
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Discover Nikkei

Japanese culture
Aluminium iodide  is any chemical compound made up of only aluminium and iodine. It is formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine, or the action of hydrogen iodide on aluminium metal.

Sources

Chemical compounds
Aluminium compounds
The Japan Gold Disc Awards (日本ゴールドディスク大賞) are honors which are promoted by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).  The awards recognize CD music sales in Japan.

History
It was established 1987.

It is made much of the number of the downloading and sales.

There are many prizes such as "Single of the Year"' and "Album of the Year" or "Artists of the Year".

List of the Artists of the Year 【Traditional Japanese music】

 1987  Akina Nakamori
 1988  Rebecca
 1989  Boowy
 1990  Southern all stars
 1991  Yumi Matsutoya
 1992  Chage and Aska
 1993 Chage and Aska
 1994  Wands
 1995  TRF
 1996  TRF
 1997  Namie Amuro
 1998 GLAY
 1999  B'z

 2000  Hikaru Utada
 2001  Ayumi Hamasaki
 2002  Ayumi Hamasaki
 2003  Hikaru Utada
 2004  Ayumi Hamasaki
 2005  Orange Range
 2006  Kumi Koda
 2007  Kumi Koda
 2008  Exile
 2009  Exile
 2010  Arashi
 2011  Arashi
 2012  AKB48
 2013  AKB48

List of the Artists of the Year  【Western music】

1987  Madonna
1988  The Beatles
1989  Bon Jovi
1990  Madonna
1991  Madonna
1992  Guns N' Roses
1993  Madonna
1994  The Beatles
1995  Mariah Carey
1996  Mariah Carey
1997  Me and My
1998  Celine Dion
1999  Celine Dion

2000  Celine Dion
2001  The Beatles
2002  Backstreet Boys
2003  Avril Lavigne
2004  12 Girls Band
2005  Queen
2006  O-zone
2007  Daniel Powter
2008  Avril Lavigne
2009  Madonna
2010  The Beatles
2011  Lady Gaga
2012  Lady Gaga
2013  Che'Nelle

References

Other websites
Gold Disc Awards official site

J-pop
1987 establishments in Japan
Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1 March 1757 – 13 August 1808) was a French botanist born in Limoges. He was the brother of naturalist Louis Ventenat (1765–1794).  

Ventenat took a trip to England while he was employed as director of the ecclesiastic library Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. While in England, he visited the country's botanical gardens. This inspired him to pursue a career in science. Later he studied under and worked with a botanist named Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle (1746–1800). In 1795, he was elected a member of the Institut national des sciences et des arts. They later changed their name to be the Académie des sciences. 

In 1794 he wrote a treatise on the principles of botany. It was called Principes de botanique, expliqués au Lycée républicain par Ventenat. It did not receive much interest when it was released, and Ventenat became so disappointed that he reportedly made efforts to buy all copies of the book and have them destroyed. In 1798 he published a French translation of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's Genera plantarum as Tableau du règne végétal selon la méthode de Jussieu. In his translation of the work, Ventenat added information about the properties and uses of plants.

In 1799 he published Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J.-M. Cels. This book described plants in the botanical garden of Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806). In 1803 he published Le Jardin de la Malmaison because Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) asked him to write it. He wanted to make sure the rare species of plants found in the gardens and greenhouses of Château de Malmaison were remembered forever. The pictures and drawings in the two aforementioned works were performed by famed botanical artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840). Ventenat is also credited with continuing the work on Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard's Histoire des champignons de la France. This was a landmark (very important) work on mushrooms native to France.

Other works
 Decas Generum Novorum, 1808.

References 

 This article is based on a translation of an article from the French Wikipedia.

1808 deaths
1757 births
French botanists
French writers
People from Limoges
In botany, a bract is a modified leaf, especially one associated with a flower or inflorescence. Bracts are usually different from normal leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Usually, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals and/or sepals.

Variants 
Some bracts are brightly colored like petals, and attract pollinators like bees,. Examples of this type of bract include Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) and Bougainvillea: both of these have large colorful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colorful flowers. 

In grasses, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called glumes.  These bracts are the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing. 

A prophyll is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending a single flower or pedicel. The term can also mean the lower bract on a peduncle.

The frequently showy pair of bracts of Euphorbia species in subgenus Lacanthis are the cyathophylls.

Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers, and in some cases, such as Pseudotsuga, they extend beyond the cone scales.

Bracts that appear in a whorl under an inflorescence are called an involucre. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts.  Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.

The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence.

Epicalyx 
 

An epicalyx, an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles. In other words, the epicalyx is a group of bracts resembling a calyx or bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx. It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. They are present in family Malvaceae, the Hibiscus family. Fragaria (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx.

Spathe 

A spathe is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers.  In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a spadix.

Gallery

References 

Plants
is a Japanese form of archery.  It is a martial art.

History
Kyūdō is based on ancient archery (kyū-jutsu). Archery in Japanese began in the Jōmon period; and it developed in the samurai or military class. At the beginning of the Meiji era (1868-1912), the samurai lost their position because the Emperor Meiji replaced the Tokugawa family, the samurai, as a ruler of the nation. Therefore, all martial arts, including kyudo, declined. Before the Meiji Restoration, only the military class was allowed to do Kyūdō. But after it, ordinally people could also do archery, so it spread outside the military class and it became an amusement. Now, All Japan Kyudo Federation plays a role in the promotion of kyudo as a sport.

Style
There are many styles, but most of kyudo players are learning the technique ruled by All Japan Kyudo Federation (Shaho-Hassetsu). In most cases, style means the kind of movement (called Taihai).

Ogasawara style
This is a major style and is known as the style of mannar. Most of the kyudo players play based on it.

Heki style
This style places importance on hitting and power.

Honda style
This style is derived from Heki style and Ogasawara style.

Yamato style
This style is derived from Heki style.

Technique
There are the Eight Stages of Shooting (Shaho-Hassetsu); which is a fundamental movement.

 Ashibumi; placing the footing
 Dozukuri; forming the body
 Yugamae; readying the bow
 Uchiokoshi; raising the bow straightly (Ogasawara and Honda style) or slantwise (Heki and Yamato style)
 Hikiwake; drawing apart
 Kai; the full draw
 Hanare; the release
 Zanshin: "the remaining body or mind" or "the continuation of the shot"

Equipment
The equipment of kyūdō has evolved from ancient times.

Bow
 is the Japanese term for the bows used in kyūdō.
Yumi is traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather. But, recently, many yumi are made from  fiberglass and carbon fiber. They are cheaper than those made of bamboo. Generally, there are two sizes. One is nami and the other is nobi. Nobi is longer than Nami.

Arrow
 is the Japanese term for the arrows of kyūdō.  The arrow's shaft is traditionally made of bamboo. Recently, many shafts are made of aluminum or carbon fibers.  The traditional fletching is made with three fins or vanes of  eagle or hawk feathers.  The modern ya may be made with turkey or swan feathers.

Clothing
People wear special clothes called Kyūdōgi when they practice kyudo or play a game.
In a formal place, people wear Wahuku.

 is the  glove worn on the right hand. It is typically made of deerskin.

References

Related pages 

 International Kyudo Federation

Archery
Martial arts
Henry Cranke Andrews (fl. 1794 - 1830), was an English botanist, and an artist who illustrated plants. As he always published as Henry C. Andrews, and due to difficulty finding records, the C. was referred to as Charles, from 1961 until a record of his marriage registration was found in 2017.

Early life and career 
He lived in Knightsbridge. He was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who helped Andrews to write descriptions of the plants he illustrated.

Andrews was a good and unusual botanical artist. He was not only an artist, but also engraver, colorist, and publisher in a time when most artists were only employed to make small drawings. The Botanist's Repository was his first publication. It was issued in London in a series of ten volumes between 1797 and 1812. It provided affordable images of plants to the growing population of amateur gardeners in Britain.

Works 
The Kew publication, Curtis's Botanical Magazine, wrote that Andrews' work was very accurate. Andrews' images have a more artistic appeal compared to the publications of his rival, which were focused more on scientific descriptions.

Publications
Botanists Repository, Comprising Colour'd Engravings of New and Rare Plants (10 vols.) (London, 1797–1812)
Coloured Engravings of Heaths 1794-1830 4 vols.
The Heathery 1804-1812 6 vols.
Geraniums or A Monograph of the Genus Geranium (London 1805-1806 2 vols.)
Roses 1805-1828

References

1830 deaths
English botanists
English artists
Engravers
Talia al Ghul is a fictional Batman character who is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. Ghul might be a villain that might want to either finish his father's work or to avenge his death. She may sometimes help Batman to stop his father's work. She is the mother of Bruce Wayne's son, Damian Wayne.

Marion Cotillard played Talia in The Dark Knight Rises, but she had a fake name Miranda Tate and was the chairman of Wayne Enterprises.

Other websites

 Talia al Ghul on the DC Animated Universe Wiki

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Guckkasten (Hangul: 국카스텐) is a South Korean Indie rock group that is known for psychedelic music.  The members are Ha Hyun-woo (Hangul: 하현우, vocal), Jeon Kyu-ho (Hangul: 전규호), Lee Jung-gil (Hangul: 이정길) and Kim Ki-bum (Hangul: 김기범).  The group formed in 2003 and their band was called "The C.O.M" at the time.  In 2007, they renamed their band "Guckkasten," a German word that means "Chinese-style kaleidoscope".  The renaming of the band as "Guckkasten" was to reflect how their psychedelic music is like looking through a Chinese-style kaleidoscope with its beautiful and constantly changing pictures. This band tries to express their experimental mindset by playing music like psychedelic videos hidden under an analogous style.

Members 
Ha Hyun-woo (하현우) : vocals, guitar
Jeon Kyu-ho (전규호) : guitar
Lee Jung-gil (이정길) : drums
Kim Ki-bum (김기범) : bass guitar

History of Guckkasten 
Lee Jung-gil and Ha Hyun-woo started a school band together. After quitting school, they moved to Seoul. Then they scouted Jeon Kyu-ho through the Internet and started a band "New Unbalance".  
In 2003, they realigned their members and created a band named  "The C.O.M".  However, "The C.O.M" broke up that year after the "Ssamji sound festival". 
Then in 2007, they formed the band again, but changed the name to "Guckkasten," a German word for Chinese-style kaleidoscope.  A year later, in 2008, Kim Ki-bum joined the band.
Since then, they have performed as the band "Guckkasten" and never looked back.

Musical style and artistry 
The music of Guckkasten can be classified as psychedelic. They try to express their music as psychedelic videos which is hidden under analogue.It is because their music is inspired by Hague's piece called Art and Fire. Although their music can be classified as psychedelic music in some points, their genre can't be defined clearly. Their music is expressed in various ways and the songs are very changeable.They are skilled guitar players, and their sound is guitar focused. But they have said that this will change on their 2nd album.

Other websites 

South Korean musical groups
2003 establishments in South Korea
Tjungkara Ken (born 1 October 1969) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Amaṯa, South Australia. She began painting in 1997, when Minymaku Arts was opened by the women of Amaṯa. She started doing it professionally (as a job) in 2008. By that time, the artists' co-operative had been renamed to Tjala Arts.

Ken's paintings depict stories and figures from her personal  (Dreaming), the spirituality that is associated with her ancestor's homeland. Her father is from the country around Amaṯa and Walitjara, and Ken most often depicts this country and its  in her paintings. She also illustrates her mother's country, which is further west, near Irrunytju.

Ken's paintings have been featured in group exhibitions in many of Australia's major cities. Some of her work was also part of an exhibition in Graz, Austria in 2002. One of her paintings, titled  – My Country, was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010. It was bought by a private collector. Another of Ken's works, a painting depicting the  (Seven Sisters Dreaming), was chosen by the Art Gallery of South Australia as the winner of its "Desert Country" competition in 2011. The exhibition featured works by several artists from across the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, including Maringka Baker, Nura Rupert and Jimmy Baker.

Examples of Ken's work are shown in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the National Gallery of Australia. It is also held in several major private galleries in Australia.

References

1969 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Neo-impressionism is a term coined by a French art critic in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurat’s greatest masterpiece, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, marked the beginning of this movement when it appeared at an exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris.

Around this time, many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of neo-impressionism were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colours influenced neo-impressionists’ characterization of their own contemporary art. 
Pointillism is often mentioned, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the movement.

The art critic Félix Fénéon first used the term neo-impressionism in an article he wrote for the Belgian journal L’art Moderne in 1886. With the term he wanted to show that the way Seurat painted was different from the ways painting was done in Impressionism. In total, the movement lasted about five years.

References 

Art movements
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) studied fungus who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.

Early life
Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. He was the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education.

Education
He started his education studying theology at Halle. In 1784 at the age 22 Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799.

Later years
He moved to Paris in 1802 where he spent the rest of his life. He rented an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. In his later life he was unemployed, unmarried, poor and kept to himself. He did correspond with botanists throughout Europe however. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life.

Academic career
The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his writings was Abbildungen der Schwämme (Illustrations of the fungi). It was published in three parts. The first was published in 1790. The second in 1791. The third was published and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his Synopsis plantarum . This was a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in fungi. He wrote several things related to mushrooms and other forms of fungi. Beginning with the Synopsis methodica fungorum (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The genus Persoonia is a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs and was named after him.

References
 Duane Isely, One hundred and one botanists (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 124–126.

Other websites

Christian Hendrik Persoon
Persoonia 
Hunt Institute-botanical archives 

1761 births
1836 deaths
South African scientists
Botanists
Nura Rupert is an Australian Aboriginal artist from north-west South Australia. She produces her works using intaglio methods of printmaking. The designs are drawn by etching and linocutting, and the prints are done on paper.

Nura was born about 1933, in north-western South Australia. The place of her birth is a rock hole called Tjitapiti, which is northeast of Nyapaṟi, and close to what is now the outstation of Angatja. Nura was a "bush baby" (she was born in the bush), and her family lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert around Angatja. Nura was a baby when her parents and elder brother settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time.

Nura worked in crafts from a young age. Growing up at the mission, she learned weaving and knitting to make rugs and clothes. She also learned to make artistic objects from wood carving and poker work. She began painting around 2000, producing acrylic paintings on canvases. She started using printmaking techniques a few years later.

Most of Nura's designs depict stories from her childhood. They are usually images of children or animals, such as dingos and goats, but she is best known for her depictions of  (spirits). These are from traditional Pitjantjatjara stories told to children to make sure they stay away from trouble. Her style is often described as "child-like", because the shapes are very simple and look like a child's drawings.

Works by Nura have been featured in exhibitions since 2000, in many of Australia's major cities and also in cities in the United Kingdom. Her work is held in several major collections, including Flinders University, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and Parliament House in Canberra. Prints by Nura were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2006 and 2007, and the Western Australian Indigenous Art Awards in 2010.

References

1933 births
Living people
Australian printmakers
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
The Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) is an online database of all published names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names, whether current names, synonyms or invalid names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, links to other resources, and data from the Census of Australian Vascular Plants divided by state. Users can also make notes and comments on other details.

Overview
The APNI is recognised by Australian herbaria as the official source for Australian plant descriptions. It is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, which is a collaborative project with A$10-million funding. The project is aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria.

Two search interfaces are offered:
 Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), a full search interface that delivers full results, with no automatic interpretation, and
 What's Its Name (WIN), a less powerful search interface that delivers concise results, together with automatic (and not always correct) inference as to the currency.

Originally the idea of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work of 3,055 pages. It contains over 60,000 plant names. It was compiled by Arthur Chapman, and was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database, and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance has given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.

References

Other websites
 Official Australian Plant Name Index website — full detail search.
 What's Its Name (WIN) — full detail search.

Databases
Plants of Australia
Science websites
Mantidflies are insects in the family Mantispidae. They are small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of Mantispa occur in Europe.

Description and ecology
Some mantidflies are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. 

They get their name from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" (raptor-like) front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids. The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights. They have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers.

Their larvae are either parasitoids or predators. Subfamily Symphrasinae larvae are parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the subfamily Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods. 

Larvae of the subfamily Mantispinae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarab-like larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube. Then they pupate in the egg sac.

References 

Neuroptera
The Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research (CESAER) is an association of engineering universities in Europe. CESAER started on the 10th of May 1990, based in Leuven, Belgium.

Members

Notes

Further reading
Official website

Education
Technical colleges and universities in Europe
Ginger Nobby Wikilyiri is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Nyapaṟi, South Australia.

Life 
Wikilyiri was born around 1932, in the desert of north-western South Australia. The place where he was born is Kunamata, a rock hole south of what is now the community of Nyapaṟi. His father had three wives, and Wikilyiri is the son of the second wife. He has an elder sister, Wingu, who was borne to his father's first wife. Wikilyiri and his family, who are Pitjantjatjara, were all born and lived in the bush, living a traditional way of life. After settling at Ernabella, Wikilyiri worked in land management and horticulture. He worked for many years as a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, living at Muṯitjulu.

Artwork 
Wikilyiri paints stories from his Dreaming, the spirituality that defines his kinship with the land. The Dreaming associated with his birth place, Kunumata, carries the  (a kind of python) as its totem. Wikilyiri's paintings depict sacred legends about his ancestors and how they created the land around Kunumata. He also paints similar stories about Piltati, another rock hole nearby and a sacred site for Pitjantjatjara men. Pink dominates many of Wikilyiri's major paintings, which is an unusual choice of colour for the Western Desert style of art.

His work has been shown in major exhibitions in many cities around Australia and other countries. Examples are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Paintings by Wikilyiri were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

References

1932 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
North Queensland or the Northern Region is the northern part of the state of Queensland in Australia. It is just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state and is larger than many countries. The tropical northern part of it has been historically remote and undeveloped. This has resulted in a regional character and identity that is quite different to the rest of the state.

Townsville is the largest community in North Queensland. It is regarded as an unofficial capital. The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km².

Geography
There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially, its southern border is usually considered to begin south of the Mackay Region. To the north is the Far North Queensland region. The centre of the region is around Cairns. To the west west is the Gulf Country.

North Queensland is a coastal region. Its largest settlement is the city of Townsville, where there is a major seaport.

State of North Queensland
There have been many groups saying that North Queensland should become its own state.

References

Geography of Queensland
Regions of Australia
Payari is a village in Bangladesh. It is in the Magura district of the Khulna Division. It is almost 14 km away from Magura Sadar Upazila. The Nabaganga river flows nearby the village.

References 

Bangladesh
Villages in Asia
Phidippus audax is a jumping spider that comes from North America. The spider is often called the daring jumping spider or bold jumping spider in English. A spider of this species will usually be black with white patterns on its abdomen. In younger spiders, the spots on the abdomen will be a orange, red or yellow colour, which will become white as the spider becomes older. The average size of an adult is between 13 and 20 millimetres and the male is slightly smaller than the female.

Spiders
Animals of North America
Mikio Hasemoto (July 13, 1916-November 29, 1943)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Hasemoto was born at Honolulu, Hawaii.  He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hasemoto joined the US Army in June 1941.

Hasemoto volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in November 1943, Hasemoto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hasemoto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Hasemoto's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1943.  With his squad leader, he destroyed an enemy force despite having to run through heavy fire twice to retrieve new weapons

The words of Hasemoto's citation explain:
Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of his platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran 10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire. Private Hasemoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
 

1916 births
1943 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Italian food is the food created by traditional Italian cooking. It is not any one thing, because it is strongly regionalised. This means that the cooking is different in different parts of Italy.

Naturally there are some basic foods which can be found all over Italy, and now in many other countries. These are pasta, pizza, cannoli pastry desserts, ice cream and red or white wine. Calamari dishes of  fried squid (fried calamari) are often on the menu.

Olives have been grown in Italy for thousands of years. They are eaten, and also are the basis of olive oil. Olive oil and vinaigrette or balsamic vinegar are always on the table or nearby. Italians also make many kinds of breads in a different style from French bread. Their styles of coffee have also become internationally famous. Some of their liqueurs, like limoncello, are very distinctive.

Italian food is one of the most refined and varied in Europe, from the piquant flavours of Naples and Calabria to the pesto dishes of Liguria and the cheese and risotto dishes of the Italian Alps.

References
, also known as Kashima-jinja, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kashima, Ibaraki on the island of Honshu.

History
Kashima was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Hitachi Province.  It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Ibaraki Prefecture.  
  This place is special to the kami named .

In the modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, Kashima was listed in the middle range of ranked Imperial shrines or  which included  23 sanctuaries.

References

Other websites

Kashima Jingu website 

Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Japan
Christoph Carl Friedrich von Wurmb (2 July 1742-March 1781) was a German botanist. His official shorthand is „Wurmb“. He was a descendant of the noble family von Wurmb. At some point in time, his elder brother Ludwig and he himself fell in love with the same woman. After a long decision process, he decided to emigrate, and leave the woman to his brother. He joined the Dutch East India Company, and emigrated to Amsterdam, and later to Batavia, the modern-day Jakarta. His brother later married this woman, Christiane von Werthern. His sister's brother in law, Friedrich Schiller, wrote a short story about it, A magnanimous act (Eine Grossmütige Handlung).

In biology, he is known for his taxonomy of palm trees. and for his writing about a Bornean Oranggutan.

The species Wurmbea in the Colchicaceae is named after him.

Baron von Wurmb was also an important member of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (now National Museum) and the founder of its well-known library, now the National Library. He lived in a house in the old Batavia area, known as the Yellow Lions building, due to the two golden (now faded) lion statues that guard the entrance of the house. Though now slightly run down, the building still stands next to Kali Besar in Jakarta.

References

1742 births
1781 deaths
German biologists
is a defined class or category of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.  All core cities have a population greater than 300,000.

History
The core cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan.  Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures.

List
Core cities were recognized starting in 1996. There are 40+ of these cities, including
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Akita, 1997
 Amagasaki, 2009
 Aomori, 2006
 Asahikawa, 2000
 Fukuyama, 1998
 Funabashi, 2003
 Gifu, 1996
 Hakodate, 2005
 Higashiōsaka, 2005
 Himeji, 1996
 Iwaki, 1999
 Kagoshima, 1996
 Kanazawa, 1996
 Kashiwa, 2008 
 Kawagoe, 2003
 Kōchi, 1998
 Kōriyama, 1997
 Kurashiki, 2002
 Kurume, 2008
 Maebashi, 2009
 Matsuyama, 2000
 Miyazaki, 1998
 Morioka, 2008
 Nagano, 1999
 Nagasaki, 1997
 Naha, 2013
 Nara, 2002
 Nishinomiya, 2008
 Ōita, 1997
 Okazaki, 2003
 Okayama
 Ōtsu, 2009
 Shimonoseki, 2005
 Takamatsu, 1999
 Takasaki, 2011
 Takatsuki, 2003
 Toyama, 1996
 Toyohashi, 1999
 Toyonaka
 Toyota, 1998
 Utsunomiya, 1996
 Wakayama, 1997
 Yokosuka, 2001

Related pages

 Administrative division
 Urban area
 Municipalities in Japan

References

Other websites
 "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows core cities in context [PDF 7 of 40]
In microeconomics an oligopsony is a market form where there are few buyers. There may be many sellers, but because there are few buyers, the decision each buyer makes influences the whole market. Therefore this is an example of imperfect competition.

Oligopsony works just like oligopoly involving a few number of sellers. This market has a few big buyers willing to buy a product or service. The number being limited enables the purchasers to have a sense of control over the sellers, and lets them negotiate with product prices.

One example of this is the market for cocoa: Three companies (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland and Callebaut) buy most of the world production, usually from small farmers. Other examples are that of tobacco or that of bananas. By extension the "market for work" also has this characteristic: there are few companies (employers, "buying work") and many people "offering to work".

References

Bhaskar, V., A. Manning and T. To (2002) 'Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in Labor Markets,' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 155–174.
Bhaskar, V. and T. To (2004) 'Oligopsony and the Distribution of Wages,' European Economic Review, 47, 371-399.

Market forms
A natural monopoly is a type of monopoly in which it is the only seller and producer of a good or service. It is impossible for a new firm to enter the market as there are very high barriers to entry and very high startup costs, similar to that of a normal monopoly. The natural monopoly term is usually used to describe markets that have very high fixed costs compared to the marginal costs of selling the good or service, creating economies of scale that are large compared to the size of the market and hence resulting in very high barriers to entry. Examples of natural monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

A natural monopoly often keeps getting economies of scale as more of a good or service is produced.

References