cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mass Effect is an award-winning 2007 science fiction video game published by Microsoft and developed by BioWare. It was released for the Xbox 360 and later on the PC. The game takes place in the year 2183. Players control an elite human soldier called Commander Shepard and are able to explore the galaxy on his or her spacecraft, the SSV Normandy.

Plot and Universe 

Mass Effect has a very detailed fictional universe, with many of the concepts based on real science. There are over 20 alien races the player can meet in Mass Effect, with more planned for the sequels.

Themes 

The game has a science fiction setting and explores themes such as space, racism,  religion and the state of humanity. The main plot of the game involves the classic science fiction idea of robots or AI that have got out of control. According to the lead writer of Bioware, Star Wars, Aliens and Blade Runner were all influences on the games setting and plot.

Setting 

Mass Effect  is set 180 years in the future in the year 2183. According to the back story humans discovered some ancient technology on Mars. This enabled them to build faster than light spacecraft. With this technology humans explored the whole Solar System. Twenty years before the game begins human explorers find that Pluto's moon Charon, is really a Mass Relay. Mass Relays are the only way to travel from one distant end of the galaxy to the other. Mass Relays are ancient technology created by the Protheans, the now exctict race that once ruled the galaxy. This enables spacecraft and people to be sent across the galaxy.

References 

Microsoft video games
2007 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Science fiction
Free and open source software (for short: FOSS, means free software and/or open source software) is software whose source code is open and available to anyone who wishes to:
 improve it,
 study it,
 modify it, and
 share the original and the modifications with others.

These additional rights are generally granted to the user through the GPL, LGPL, or BSD license.

Related pages
 Free software
 Open source
 Free software movement
 Free Software Foundation
 Linux

Software
"How to Save a Life" is an alternative rock song off the album by The Fray called How to Save a Life. The single contains various music videos. How to Save a Life was written by Isaac Slade and Joe King.

2006 songs
Mount Chimborazo is a mountain and an extinct volcano in Ecuador. Its last eruption is thought to have been over a thousand years ago.

The top of Mount Chimborazo is the farthest away from the centre of the Earth as is possible to get on land. Although Mount Everest is higher, Chimborazo is farther from Earth's center due to the fact that the earth bulges at the equator.

References 

Volcanoes of Ecuador
Mountains of Ecuador
OpenOffice Draw is a vector graphics editor and is part of the OpenOffice office suite. It has "connectors" between shapes, that are available in many types of line styles and allow people to build drawings such as flowchart. It also includes many features found in desktop publishing software.

OpenOffice users can also install the Open Clip Art Library, which adds a lot of flags, logos, icons and banners for general presentation and drawing projects. Linux distributions Debian and Ubuntu also have ready-to-use openclipart packages for easy download and install from their online software repositories.

Released under the terms of the Apache License, Draw is free software.

Related pages
 Microsoft Publisher
 Scribus
 Scalable Vector Graphics
 Open Clip Art Library
 OpenOffice

References

Other websites 
Draw information page
 Graphics Applications Project
 Draw FAQ
User resources at OOo Wiki

How to use Draw 
 OOo2.0 Draw Guide (6.5MB PDF) 
 How-to: Get to Grips with OpenOffice.org Draw (PDF, free download from official How-tos)
 Sample Reference Card for OpenOffice.org Draw 2.0 made by cluesheets.com
 OpenOffice.org Draw Templates for designing and drawing labels
 OpenOffice Custom Shapes, a repository of custom shapes you can use with OpenOffice Draw
 Clker online clipart, offers public domain images in ODG & SVG format, directly usable by openoffice

OpenOffice
Diagramming software
Graphics software
Vector graphics editors
OpenOffice Math is a tool for creating and editing mathematical formulas, similar to  Microsoft Equation Editor and is part of the OpenOffice office suite. The created formulas can then be put into other OpenOffice.org documents, for example, those created by Writer. It allows multiple fonts and can export to PDF.

Released under the terms of the Apache License, Math is free software.

Related pages
 OpenOffice
Microsoft Equation Editor

References

Other websites 
 Product information page from the OpenOffice.org website
 Official FAQ from the OpenOffice.org website
 Formula Reference and How-to from the official How-to documentation
  - includes lots of examples of how to use OOMath

Related Applications 
Dmaths is a Math enhancement package for OpenOffice.org licensed under GPL.
OOoLateX is a set of OpenOffice.org macros designed to integrate LaTeX equations (OOoForum discussion )

OpenOffice
Revolution Studios is a Los Angeles-based independent movie and television production company founded on January 12, 2000 by Joe Roth, and closed in 2007. In 2017, the company returned to production of films with their release XXX: Return of Xander Cage.

References 

Movie studios
Nose-picking is the act of sticking a finger into the nose and digging inside. It is a taboo subject in most countries. It is considered to be very gross and disgusting despite being a very common habit. Nose-picking can also cause nose bleeds. Some people also eat boogers, which can be even more disgusting. If someone is seen picking their nose, it can be very embarrassing.

Other websites 
 BBC home: The Truth About Nose-picking
 Toddlers and Nose Picking
 
  
 
 (In fact) Nose-picking favorite occupation of the Dutch  (March 2007)  Translated version
 Another article on same topic (August 2008)  Translated version
 For an elaborate spoof, see "Nose-picking in the Pongidae and Its Implication for Human Evolution", said to be from the American Journal of Nasal Anatomy, (1987)

Habits
An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process where a fluid becomes warmer or cooler without getting heat from, or giving it to, something else. Usually the temperature instead changes because of changes in pressure.

Adiabatic cooling is the usual cause of clouds. When warm, humid air rises due to convection or other cause, water condenses to make clouds, and in some cases precipitation.  Convection also causes  cold air to sink. This warms it adiabatically, often destroying a cloud and sometimes causing any precipitation to evaporate before hitting the ground.

Description

If we take some fluids in an insulated system and expand or compress the system very fast, the system won't be able to gain or loose any heat (from outside of the system). (In reality, you can't get a perfectly insulated system. But in some cases, the heat transfer is so low that we can call them adiabatic process.)

From the first law of thermodynamics, we know that,

Here,  is the change of internal energy;  is the change of heat and  is the change of work.

Since there occurs no heat transfer in adiabatic process, the  becomes 0. So, for adiabatic process, the equation is,

Again, we know that .(;; ; so, )

Here,  is volume;  is force;  is pressure;  is the area and  is the distance.

So, the equation stands as,

Which means, by doing work (changing volume), one can change the internal energy (and so the temperature) in a adiabatic process.

Adiabatic process for ideal gas (for reversible adiabatic process)

In the case of Adiabatic process (see the upper section), 

Again, in constant volume, the heat capacity of one mole gas is, 
 

Here,  is the change of temperature and  is the temperature।

But, in constant volume (as no work is done),

So,
 

From the first (1) equation, 

Now, the Ideal gas law for one mole gas is,
 

Here,  is the gas constant.

By differentiating the last equation,

Or,

Now from equation (2), we get, 
 

Since,  (Mayer's relation),
 

Here,  is the heat capacity of gas at constant pressure.

Simplifying the equation (3),
 

If,
 , 
Then,
 

By dividing both sides of the equation (4) with  we get,
 

Integrating (Integration leaves a constant) the equation (5),
 

If we assume that,
 ,

We get,
  

Simplifying the equation (6),
 

This is the relation between pressure and volume in adiabatic process.

References

 

Thermodynamics
The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.

Native American
The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). 

Fuel
Kata (型, 形 means: "the form") is a Japanese word which is used in some martial arts and theatre (as kabuki). In karate, this word describes a simulation of combat—the sequence of movements—which is given in detail and is trained individually or in group. Before learning it, the martial artist has to try the training of basic technique called kihon.

Such simulation represents a sequence of movements, the attack and the defence in an imagined combat. Every attack must be made as if there were an opponent in front of the karateka (the karate fighter) in order to reach him, and every defence must be made as if the opponent attacked in a real situation of danger. Every movement has an interpretation. The karateka has to show the consideration for its timing and ability to use it.

The goal of the kata is help in the development of the qualities and the abilities both psychological and of the body. These abilities are necessary for the real combat.

Martial arts
DSLinux is a port of the Linux operating system to the Nintendo DS platform. It requires only a device capable of writing to a DS Game Cart.

DSLinux is not the same as DSL (Damn Small Linux.)

Criticism 
DSLinux has been criticized, some of these thing are for:
 Hard to use
 Hard to install (few devices capable of writing to a DS Game Cart), not really true if your using a 2DS or 3DS.

Related pages
 Linux
 Embedded Linux

Other websites 
 Official Website
DSLinux Wiki

Linux distributions
A virtual machine is a program on a computer that works like it is a separate computer inside the main computer.  The program that controls virtual machines is called a hypervisor and the computer that is running the virtual machine is called the host.  The hypervisor controls how the virtual machine can access memory, hard drive space, and other resources on the host computer.  Virtual machines can be created through software known as virtualization software (such as VMware Workstation and VirtualBox).

There are many reasons to run a virtual machine:
It is a simple way to run more than one operating system on the same computer.
A very powerful server can be split into several smaller virtual machines to use its resources better.
It can help with security.  If the virtual machine is affected by a virus, the host operating system is unaffected.
A virtual machine can be completely emulated, such as Java. This lets a program run on different types of computer without having to be converted into a code specific for it. They can communicate even though the programming languages are not the same.

Related pages
 Grid computing: many computers work together to work like a "virtual supercomputer"

Computers
gNewSense is a free software-only Debian based distro. The project aims to contain only free software in their distribution.

Related pages
 Ubuntu

References
 

Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives
Free software
The Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is an antelope found in Asia. It commonly seen in India, Nepal and eastern Pakistan. The mature males appear ox-like and are also known as blue bulls. The nilgai is the biggest Asian antelope.

The species was described in 1766.

References

Other websites
 
 

Bovines
Mammals of Asia
Boys Like Girls is an American alternative-pop rock band formed in Boston. In 2006 Boys Like Girls's self-titled first album was released. They are mostly famous for the songs "Thunder", "Hero/Heroine", "Five Minutes to Midnight", and "The Great Escape".

Members of Boys Like Girls 
Current members
 Martin Johnson – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2005–present)
 Paul DiGiovanni – lead guitar, backing vocals (2005–present)
 Morgan Dorr – bass guitar, backing vocals  (2011–present)
 John Keefe –  drums, percussion (2005–present)
Former members
 Bryan Donahue – bass guitar, backing vocals (2005–2011)

Discography

Albums 
 2006 - Boys Like Girls
 2009 - Love Drunk
 2012: Crazy World

Singles 
 2006 - The Great Escape
 2007 - Hero/Herione
 2008 - Thunder
 2009 - Love Drunk
 2009 - Two Is Better Than One (featuring Taylor Swift)
 2010 - Heart Heart Heartbreak
 2012 - Be Your Everything
 2012 - Life of the Party
 2013 - Red Cup, Hands Up, Long Brown Hair

References 

 
American rock bands
Emo bands
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Musical groups established in 2005
2005 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Massachusetts
Continental climate is a climate that is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of snow cover each year, and is not arid or semi-arid. Summers are hot or warm.

In the Köppen climate classification, this climate is split into Dfa (hot summer, no dry season), Dfb (warm summer, no dry season), Dwa (hot summer, dry winter), Dwb (warm summer, dry winter), Dsa (hot dry summer) and Dsb (warm dry summer).

Dfa cities include Chicago and Volgograd and New York City.

Dfb cities include Warsaw and Moscow and Guelph.

Dsa cities include Salt Lake City.

Dsb cities include Idaho City and Spokane.

Dwa cities include Beijing.

Dwb cities include Calgary.

Climate
The American Indoor Soccer League or AISL originally considered itself a minor indoor soccer league. In the 2005-06 season, they recognized themselves as a major soccer league.

Football leagues
Soccer in the United States
2003 establishments in the United States
The U.S. Highway 66 Association was organized in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1927.  Its purpose was to get U.S. Highway 66 paved from end to end and to promote tourism on the highway.

Organizations based in the United States
Transport in the United States
1927 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oklahoma
Cultural heritage, often called "national heritage" or just "heritage", is the legacy of tangible artifacts and intangible attributes, activities or events of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed upon future generations.

Related pages
Architecture

Culture
A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a tribe, or the head of a tribal form of government. A tribal chief is also called a Chieftain.

Government
The "Dust Bowl" is a phrase used to describe prairie regions of the United States and Canada in the 1930s.  The Dust Bowl spread from Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, all the way to Oklahoma and parts of Texas and New Mexico in the south. In these areas, there were many serious dust storms and droughts during the 1930s.  These caused major damage to the Dust Bowl areas' economies, ecology, and agriculture. The dust bowl was the worst man made disaster in U.S history. It was many dust storms that happened for many years.

Causes

The people who lived in the Dust Bowl area were mostly farmers. Many years of intense farming without rain left the soil dry. When strong winds blew, they covered cities, towns, and farms in dried, dusty soil, ruining the farmland.

"Black Sunday"

One famous storm on April 14, 1935, called Black Sunday, was so bad it covered dozens of cities in black clouds of dust and made it impossible to see the sky or even a few feet ahead.  Writer Timothy Egan says that the Black Sunday storm "carried away twice as much dirt as was dug out of the earth to create the Panama Canal."

Effects

The Dust Bowl period is still considered one of the worst environmental disasters in United States history. Many thousands of people died from breathing in the dust, or from starvation. Many others who survived lost everything they had, and left the Dust Bowl to look for work in other parts of the country. These people were called "Dust Bowl refugees."

The seriousness of the Dust Bowl disaster later led to greater use of crop rotation, reforesting and other techniques to preserve the quality and quantity of topsoil in American and Canadian farms. Many songs, books, and works of art were created to tell stories of the people affected by the dust storms. Some of the most famous of these works are the novels The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, the songs of folk music singer Woody Guthrie, and the photography of Dorothea Lange, who took pictures of many Dust Bowl refugees and their families.

Photo gallery

References

1930s in the United States
1930s in Canada
Weather
Forced migration
Nevermind is the second studio album by the American rock band, Nirvana. It was released on September 24, 1991 by DGC Records. It was produced by Butch Vig and was the first release by the band on the record label. It was also the first release with drummer Dave Grohl.

Even though it wasn't thought to have been very popular before its release, Nevermind was a very big success. On January 11, 1992, it had reached number one on the US Billboard 200.  The main single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" was very successful and reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100. The three other singles were: "Come as You Are", "Lithium", and "In Bloom". Nevermind was selling up to 300,000 copies a week between 1991 and 1992.

Nevermind has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums ever. Nevermind helped to make both grunge music and alternative rock popular. It has been known as one of the greatest albums of all time.

Background
Nirvana was a rock band from Aberdeen, Washington, formed by Kurt Cobain (vocals and guitar) and Krist Novoselic (bass guitar) in 1987. They first signed to the Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their first album on this label called Bleach in 1989 with Chad Channing on drums. Channing left Nirvana after this album in 1990, and the band needed a drummer. After seeing punk band Scream, Cobain and Novoselic liked the drumming by Dave Grohl. When Scream broke up after this, Grohl joined Nirvana as the drummer.

During the start of the 1990s, Sub Pop was having a difficult time with money. Because of this, Nirvana looked for a new record label. They ended up signing with DGC Records

Title and cover
The first name for the album before its release was Sheep. This came from the kind of people Cobain thought were going to buy the album (sheep is a word meaning someone who does what other people do). The title was later changed to Nevermind as it was what Cobain thought about bad things in his life.

The album cover of Nevermind shows a naked baby (Spencer Elden) swimming underwater with a U.S. dollar bill on a fishhook. This is just out of the baby's reach. Cobain wanted to have a photo of a water birth on the cover but the record label wouldn't let him.

Track listing

References

Nirvana albums
1991 albums
Timothy James McVeigh (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001) was a United States Army veteran and security guard who bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. He was convicted of 11 United States federal offenses, and was sentenced to death and executed for his role in the April 19, 1995 bombing.  Immediately prior to his execution, McVeigh observed the Last Rites with a Catholic priest.

References 

American murderers
American terrorists
Criminals from New York
Executed American people
People executed by lethal injection
1968 births
2001 deaths
People from Lockport, New York
American Roman Catholics
The Oklahoma City bombing was a terrorist attack on April 19, 1995 on the U.S. government. The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, was attacked by Timothy McVeigh. The truck bombing destroyed much of the building. As a result it had to be demolished. McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated a truck bomb, killing 168 people and injuring over 800 people. Until the September 11 attacks, it was the deadliest act of terrorism in the US.

1995 in the United States
1990s building bombings
1990s murders in the United States
20th century in Oklahoma
April events
Building bombings in the United States
Car and truck bombings
Mass murder in the 1990s
Massacres in the United States
Murder in 1995
Bombing
Terrorist incidents in the 1990s
A reservoir is a lake that is usually man-made (meaning it was made by people).  Reservoirs are used to store water for various uses like drinking.

Examples 
Hoover Dam
Aswan High Dam
Carsington Water

Bodies of water
Terry Lynn Nichols (born April 1, 1955) is a U.S. Army veteran who was convicted of being an accomplice of Timothy McVeigh, the man convicted of murder in the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, April 19, 1995), which killed 168 people.

References

1955 births
Living people
American military people
American murderers
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American terrorists
Arsonists
Carpenters
Criminals from Michigan
Cimarron County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  The 2000 census shows it has the least people of any county in Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 3,148 people lived there.  Its county seat is Boise City.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,841 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Lethal injection is injecting a person, particularly a dangerous criminal with poison, usually a fatal dose of drugs so the person will die. This is usually done as capital punishment. It is the main way to execute prisoners in the United States. The idea of lethal injection was first suggested in New York in 1888, but Oklahoma was the first place to make a law that said it could use it in 1977. Texas was the first state to actually use lethal injection for an execution. This first happened when Charlie Brooks was executed in 1982. Thirty-four US states now use it for capital punishment. Other countries to use it are China, Taiwan, and Guatemala.

Lethal injection is usually done by using three chemicals. The chemicals are usually sodium thiopental (an anesthetic), pancuronium bromide (used to paralyze the person being injected), and potassium chloride (to stop the heart so that the person being injected dies). In the United States, a chemical shortage has made some states have to wait to inject criminals. Other states have changed what chemicals they use.

Other websites
Time.com: A Brief History of Lethal Injection

References

Capital punishment
Punishments
James Mountain "Jim" Inhofe (born November 17, 1934) is an American politician from Oklahoma. He is the senior senator of Oklahoma to the United States Senate, beginning in January 2015.

Notes

Other websites

 Official U.S. Senate Site

1934 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Iowa
Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American aviators
American Presbyterians
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American mayors
State legislators of the United States
United States representatives from Oklahoma
United States senators from Oklahoma
Oklahoma was admitted to the Union on November 16, 1907. The 2 senators from this state are in 2 different classes. A class gets re-elected every 2 years. For example, Class 3 got re-elected in 2010, Class 1 got re-elected in 2012, and Class 2 got re-elected in 2014. Then the cycle will start over with Class 3 getting re-elected in 2016.

Class 2

Class 3

Senators from Oklahoma
Thomas Allen Coburn (March 14, 1948 – March 28, 2020) was an American politician and medical doctor. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a U.S. Senator of Oklahoma from 2005 to 2015. He was nicknamed Dr. No because of he blocked many spending bills many times.

He announced in January 2014 that he would leave the senate at the end of the 113th United States Congress and submitted his resignation letter to Governor of Oklahoma  Mary Fallin.

Coburn died on March 28, 2020 in Tulsa, Oklahoma from prostate cancer, aged 72.

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
American Baptists
American physicians
Deaths from prostate cancer
People from Casper, Wyoming
Politicians from Wyoming
Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Scientists from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Scientists from Wyoming
United States representatives from Oklahoma
United States senators from Oklahoma
US Republican Party politicians
The council-manager government is one of two main variations of representative municipal government in the United States that began in Staunton, Virginia in 1908. This system of government is used in the majority of American cities with populations over 12,000. When a city has a council-manager form of government, the elected city council usually hires a city manager to oversee the day-to-day management of the city employees. In these cities, the position of Mayor is either a ceremonial position, or does not exist.

References

Forms of government
Powys, officially the County of Powys (Welsh: Sir Powys), is the largest principal area and county in Wales. It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that was founded during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.

Modern day Powys covers the historic counties of Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire, most of Brecknockshire, and a small part of Denbighshire. With an area of about 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2), it is the largest unitary authority in Wales by land area and about the same size as the country of Trinidad and Tobago. It is bordered by English counties of Shropshire and Herefordshire to the east, Gwynedd, Wrexham and Denbighshire to the north, Ceredigion to the west and Rhondda Cynon Taf, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphilly, Blaenau Gwent, Monmouthshire and Neath Port Talbot to the south.

The county's largest towns are:
 Newtown, population 11,357
 Ystradgynlais, population 8,092
 Brecon, population 8,250
 Welshpool, population 6,664

It has the lowest population density of all the principal areas of Wales. Most of Powys is mountainous making north–south travel fairly difficult.
Cimabue, (c.1240 - c.1302), was a painter from Florence in Italy who worked in the Late Medieval period. His real name was Cenni di Peppi. He painted large icons in the Byzantine style and was the first great painter in the city of Florence. The only works of art that are known to be definitely by Cimabue are the mosaic of Christ in Majesty in Pisa Cathedral and two very large ruined frescos in the Church of St Francis in Assisi.

The most famous painting that is believed to be by Cimabue is the "Madonna of Santa Trinita" which is an altarpiece that was done for the Church of the Holy Trinity. It is now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. He is also believed to have painted two large crucifixes which hung in the Church of St Domenic in Arezzo and the Church of the Holy Cross (Santa Croce, Florence). The crucifix of Santa Croce was ruined in a flood and is now in the church's museum.

The biographer Giorgio Vasari wrote about Cimabue's life, 250 years after his death. He wrote that one day Cimabue was walking in the country when he saw a little shepherd boy scratching a picture of a sheep onto a rock. The drawing was so good that Cimabue went to the boy's father and begged that he might take the boy as his apprentice and teach him to paint. The boy was Giotto, who became a very famous painter, and who is thought of as the very first painter of the Italian Renaissance.

References 
 Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, (1568), 1965 edition, trans George Bull, Penguin,  
 Frederick Hartt, A History of Italian Renaissance Art, (1970) Thames and Hudson,  
 Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, (1970) Harcourt, Brace and World,  
 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, (1979) Octopus,  
 Luciano Berti, Florence: the city and its art, (1971) Scala, 
 Luciano Berti, The Ufizzi, (1971) Scala, Florence.

1240 births
1302 deaths
13th-century Italian painters
Pietro Cavallini (1259 – c. 1330) was a painter who lived and worked in Rome in Italy in the Late Medieval period. He may have also worked in Naples. He is thought of as one of the greatest painters of his day, but has never been as well known as Giotto from Florence, who was alive at the same time. This is probably because only two pictures by Cavallini still exist. One of them is a mosaic in the Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The other is a fresco in the nearby convent of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. ("in Trastevere" means "in the part of the Rome that is across the Tiber River".)

The fresco at Santa Cecilia's is a large picture of the Last Judgement with Jesus sitting between rows of saints. (see right) Unfortunately, the room, which was quite tall, had a new level added, and the floor cut across the fresco. It is in ruins, but the parts that remain show that Cavallini was trying to make the figures that he painted look solid and three-dimensional like the frescos of Ancient Rome. Pietro Cavallini probably influenced the artists who travelled from Rome to work at the Basilica of St Francis of Assisi. It is not known if he painted any of the frescos there.

Related pages
 Italian Renaissance art
 List of Renaissance artists
 List of Italian painters
 Coppo di Marcovaldo
 Cimabue
 Duccio
 Giotto

References 
 Diana Davies (editor), Harrap's Encyclopedia of Art and Artists, (1990), 
 Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, (1970) Harcourt, Brace and World, 

1250 births
1330 deaths
13th-century Italian painters
14th-century Italian painters
The Flag of Thailand has five stripes red, white, and blue. Red-white-blue stand for nation-religion-king, an unofficial motto of Thailand. The flag was made official on 28 September 1917 by a royal decree. The Thai name for the flag is ธงไตรรงค์ ("Thong Trairong"), means "tricolour flag".

References 

Thailand
Thai culture
This is a list of names used for flags

Aappalaartoq (the red), Denmark
Aappalaartoq (the red), Greenland
Alsancak (Holy Red Standard), Turkey
Albayrak (Red Flag), Turkey
Ay Yıldız (Crescent Star), Turkey
Bandeira Auriverde (gold and green flag), Brazil
Bandeira das Quinas (flag of the quinas, the five blue shields of the Portuguese arms), Portugal
Blue Sky with a White Sun, canton of the flag of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Bonnie Blue Flag, official flag of the now-defunct Republic of West Florida, also used in some places as an unofficial banner of the Confederate States of America.
Bundesflagge, (Federal Flag), Germany, official designation
Dannebrog, Denmark
Y Ddraig Goch (the red dragon), Wales
Erfalasorput (our flag), Greenland
La Estrella Solitaria (the lonely star), Chile
La Estrella Solitaria (the lonely star), Cuba
Eureka Flag
Five-Starred Red Flag, People's Republic of China
Gwenn-ha-du (white and black), Brittany
Hinomaru (sun disc), Japan
Galanolefki, (light blue and white), Greece
Golden Arrowhead, Guyana
Hvítbláinn, a former unofficial flag, Iceland
Ikurriña, Basque Country, Spain and more generally the Basque people
Jalur Gemilang (glorious stripes), Malaysia
Jolly Roger, pirate flag
Maple Leaf, Canada
Fleurdelisé, Québec
Merkið, Faroe Islands
Nisshōki (sun flag), Japan
Old Glory, United States
Parcham-e-Sitāra-o-Hilāl, Pakistan
Rainbow flag
Šahovnica 
Saint George's Cross, England
Saint Piran's Flag, Cornwall, England
Saltire, Scotland
Sang Merah Putih (the red white), Indonesia
Senyera, Aragon and Barcelona, Spain
Schwarz-Rot-Gold, (black-red-gold), Germany, colloquial
Shqiponja Dykrenare (the two-headed eagle), Albania
Sinimustvalge (blue-black-white), Estonia (unofficial)
Siniristilippu, Finland
Shir-o-Khorshid (the lion and the sun), former flag of Iran
Southern Cross can refer to the blue saltire as used in various flags of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War
Stars and Bars, Confederate States of America
Stars and Stripes, United States
Star-Spangled Banner, United States
Taegeukgi, South Korea
Tjúgufáni, state flag of Iceland
Tiranga, India
Tricolore (tricolour), a term for several national flags
Union Flag, flag of the United Kingdom
Union Jack, flag of the United Kingdom
Union Jack, state jack and former naval jack of the United States
Flag of South Africa The Rainbow Flag, Unity Flag, or Interim Flag (all unofficial)
Звездата од Кутлеш - Вергина (Sun of Kutlesh - Vergina), former state flag of Republic of Macedonia and national flag of Macedonian Slavs
Wiphala, flag of Andean peoples in Bolivia and Peru

Names
"Just Stand Up!" is a song featuring the vocals of an all-star group of pop and R&B performers, including this is the order in which they are listed on the cover Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Mary J. Blige, Rihanna, Fergie, Sheryl Crow, Melissa Etheridge, Natasha Bedingfield, Miley Cyrus, Leona Lewis, Carrie Underwood, Keyshia Cole, LeAnn Rimes, Ashanti and Ciara. The song was made to make money for a charity called Stand Up to Cancer.

Charts

Beyoncé songs
Mariah Carey songs
Leona Lewis
2008 songs
Sam Houston State University is a university in Huntsville, Texas. It was named after Sam Houston, the founder of Houston, Texas.

Colleges and universities in Texas
Jeffery Michael Gordon  (born August 4, 1971) is a retired professional American race car driver in NASCAR. He is a four-time Nascar Cup Series champion, and a three-time Daytona 500 winner. When he drove in NASCAR, he was the driver of the #24 Chevrolet SS for Hendrick Motorsports. His main sponsor was AARP Drive to End Hunger, though his earlier sponsor was DuPont. He has 93 career wins, the third most of all NASCAR drivers. He and Hendrick Motorsports owner Rick Hendrick are the owners of Jimmie Johnson's #48 Lowe's Chevrolet, who has won five championships in a row from 2006 to 2010. Gordon has appeared in various popular media, including a self-titled video game, Jeff Gordon XS Racing. He also appeared on the covers of NASCAR 98, NASCAR Thunder 2002, NASCAR 09, and NASCAR 06: Total Team Control with Jimmie Johnson. Gordon also was in Gran Turismo 5 to help players in NASCAR driving. In 2015, Gordon decided he was going to retire from driving in NASCAR. Since 2016, Gordon has worked for Fox Sports to help broadcast NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races. He currently works in the TV broadcast booth with Mike Joy and Clint Bowyer.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 NASCAR bio 

1971 births
Living people
American Christians
Daytona 500 winners
Sportspeople from California
American racecar drivers
Vallejo, California
NASCAR drivers
The common collared lizard or Oklahoma lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, is a North American lizard that can reach a foot (30 cm) long in length (including the tail), with a large head and powerful jaws. It is the state lizard of Oklahoma.

Iguania
symbols of Oklahoma
"Oklahoma" is the title song from and the finale to the Broadway musical Oklahoma! It is also the state song of Oklahoma.

Songs
symbols of Oklahoma
United States state songs
Queens of the Stone Age are a rock band from California, USA. They formed in 1997. The band has released five studio albums, three extended plays (EP), fifteen singles and one live/video album. Between 2003 and 2008, they were nominated for the Grammy Award four times. 

American rock bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from California
"Minority" was the first single from Green Day's album, Warning. It was a #1 on the Modern Rock chart in late 2000.

Track listing
"Minority" (Radio Version)
"Brat" (Live From Tokyo)
"86" (Live From Prague)

AU Single:
"Minority" (Album Version) - 2:49
"Brat" (Live from Tokyo) - 1:42
"86" (Live from Prague) - 2:59
"Jackass" (Album Version) - 2:47

7":
Side A.
"Minority"
"Brat" (Live Version)

Side B.
"Jackass"
"86" (Live Version)

2000 songs
Green Day songs
This article discusses the Green Day song. For the phrase itself, see Nice guys finish last.

"Nice Guys Finish Last" was a single released by the American punk band Green Day's fifth album Nimrod''.

Track listing
AU Single:
Nice Guys Finish Last
Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)
The Grouch (Live)
She (Live)

Chart Positions

1999 songs
Green Day songs
"Hitchin' a Ride" was the first single that American punk band Green Day released from their album Nimrod in 1997.

Track listing
Hitchin' a Ride
Sick (Non-LP Track)
Espionage (Non-LP Track From Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me original motion picture soundtrack)

Chart Positions

1997 songs
Green Day songs
Proteus (; Ancient Greek: Πρωτεύς, Prōteus) is a sea-god or god of rivers and oceans In Greek mythology. It is one of several gods which Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" (halios gerôn). 

Proteus can change form, and only answers those who can capture him. From this comes the adjective protean, meaning "versatile", "changeable", or "capable of assuming many forms". "Protean" suggests flexibility, versatility and adaptability.

References 

Words
Greek gods and goddesses
The Sphenodontia is a diverse group of reptile. It includes only one living genus, the tuatara (Sphenodon). An alternative name for the order is the Rhynchocephalia. 

They are an offshoot from the  evolutionary  line leading to the true lizards and snakes. They had many families during the late  Triassic and  Jurassic periods but then declined, and are the least successful of the lepidosaurs. 

The only surviving member today is the New Zealand tuatara.

References 

Scaled reptiles
Lleyton Glynn Hewitt (born 24 February 1981) is an Australian former tennis player. He was born in Adelaide, South Australia. His father is retired Australian rules footballer Glynn Hewitt (born 1953).

Hewitt was ranked the No.1 in the world and was the youngest ever male player to reach this rank. He played for Australia in the Davis Cup. In August 2000, the Australian Government gave him the Australian Sports Medal. Hewitt won the US Open in 2001 and the Wimbledon Championships in 2002.

Grand slam record 
This table shows Hewitt's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

References

1981 births
2008 Summer Olympics
2012 Summer Olympics
Australian male tennis players
Australian Olympians
Living people
Sportspeople from Adelaide
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
A word processor is a computer program (often a text editor) or a special computer intended to edit texts with colours and different font sizes and styles, or texts which will be printed.

Most such programs now have helpful instruments (tools) to make good texts. Important instruments include spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines). Moreover, with such programs one can make attractive documents, add pictures into documents, make webpages, graphs etc. Also, they show synonyms (similar words) of words and some can read the text aloud. Many word processors, similar to many new programs, have configurable printing facilities. Some of the more versatile ones are called Desktop publishing programs.

Examples include:
 Microsoft Word, one of the few commonly sold in shops
 OpenOffice.org Writer, usually downloaded with OpenOffice.org
 KWord for KDE
 WordPad is among the simplest and most widespread
Jim Keltner is an American musician (drummer). His career began in the early 1960s, playing at recording sessions for other musicians, and even for bands, including Gary Lewis and the Playboys.

Keltner played on recordings by members of The Beatles, after they disbanded. He and Ringo Starr played drums as a team during George Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh in 1971, and got along well. Keltner even played drums on some of Starr's solo records, and Starr was thought of as one of the best drummers in rock and roll music.

John Lennon counted on Keltner to play drums on his solo records, when Starr was not available. In 1973, he helped Lennon's wife Yoko Ono put a band together to record and tour with her.

Keltner toured the United States with George Harrison during 1974. He told Harrison he did not want to be paid to play on the tour. Harrison wanted to give him something for his work. Keltner was tired of driving his old car, so Harrison bought him a new Mercedes-Benz, as payment.

While Keltner had played for many artists and bands, he had never been a member of a band, until Little Village formed in the late 1980s.

1942 births
Living people

American drummers
Musicians from Oklahoma
American R&B musicians
American rock musicians
American jazz musicians
Marcella "Marcy" Levy (born June 21, 1952 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American musician and singer (soprano). She is well-known both under her real name, and as Marcella Detroit.

As Marcy Levy, she was a member of Eric Clapton's band in the 1970s, and wrote the song "Lay Down Sally", which was a hit for Clapton. She also sang with Randy Meisner and the Silverados in the early 1980s. She later moved to England, and renamed herself after her hometown.

As Marcella Detroit, she was a member of Shakespear's Sister, a duo with former Bananarama member Siobhan Fahey. They recorded two albums together, and several of the songs from the albums became hits. The two split during the recording of the third Shakespear's Sister album, in the mid-1990s.

She began a solo career as Marcella Detroit, but later went back to her original name. She appeared as an angel in Absolutely Fabulous: The Last Shout.

1959 births
Living people
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
American rock guitarists
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
American pop musicians
Mastering is the process of moving audio from recording device to the storage device. All copies after that are made from the master copy. Master recordings (usually called just "masters") can be made on discs, tapes, and computer data storage formats.

A multitrack master is an original multitrack recording, which may be worked on over time. This may have four, eight, sixteen or more tracks. This kind of recording cannot be played on an ordinary machine, and needs a special machine to be played or recorded.

Multitrack recordings are mixed when they are finished, into a mono (monaural), stereo, or Surround Sound recording. This is called a mixed master. Copies of the mixed master can be played on an ordinary machine.

Master recordings are often valuable, especially if the recording artist is popular. Most masters are owned by record companies, but many artists and bands own their own master recordings, or are able to buy them later.

Recordings are sometimes remastered, to copy them to another format, or to make them sound better. Digital recording allows for older analog recordings to be "cleaned up", and preserved.

Musical terminology
Audio technology
In Major League Baseball, the All-Star Game is the game between the best players from the American League (AL) and the National League (NL). The game is held in July of each season.  From 2003 to 2016, The winner of the game got home field advantage in the World Series.  Prior to that, home field advantage alternated every year between the two leagues.  Starting in 2017, the pennant winner with the better regular season record now gets home field advantage in the World Series.  The National League and the American League have both won the All-Star game forty-three times . There have been two ties.

Recent results 

Major League Baseball
All-star games
Glyptodon is part of the placental group of mammals known as Xenarthra. This order of mammals includes anteaters, tree sloths, extinct ground sloths, extinct pampatheres, and armadillos.

Glyptodon came from South America. A related genus, Glyptotherium,  first appeared in the south-west of the modern USA about 2.5 million years ago as a result of the Great American Interchange.

These herbivores (plant-eaters) would not have been vulnerable to the Sparassodont carnivores of the day. The native human population in their range is believed to have hunted them and used the shells for shelter in bad weather.

References 

 David Lambert and the Diagram Group. 1985. The field guide to prehistoric life. New York: Facts on File Publications.

Gallery 

Xenarthrans
Fossils
Megafauna
Mammals of South America
Stegodon is a genus of the extinct subfamily Stegodontinae of the order Proboscidea. Stegodonts were present from 11.6 million years ago (mya) to the late Pleistocene. There are unconfirmed records of regional survival until 4,100 years ago. Fossils are found in Asian and African strata dating from the late Miocene. They lived in large parts of Asia,  East and Central Africa and North America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. 

Some Stegodon species were among the largest of all elephants. Some adults were 13 feet (4 m) high at the shoulder and 26 feet (8 m) long, not including 10 feet (3m) long nearly straight tusks. Some were much smaller due to island dwarfism.

The teeth of Stegodon show that it was mainly a browser.

References 

Fossils
Extinct elephants
Miocene
Bakhshali is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°17'0N 72°9'0E and has a height of 307 metres (1010 ft).

History
The village is famous for being the place where the Bakhshali manuscript was found. This is an ancient mathematical work written on birch bark and is the oldest surviving document in South Asia of Indian mathematics. It was discovered in 1881 during British rule by a tenant of Mian An-Wan-Udin, a police inspector. The  tenant discovered it while he was digging in an abandoned building.

Bakhshali today
In March 2007 there were attacks made on music shops in Bakhshali. Two people were injured and one was killed in attacks by an unidentified extremist group who attacked the bazaar shooting and killing the watchman of the Seven Stars music centre.

In August 2007 the people of Bakhshali observed a strike against power cuts. They blocked the main Mardan to Bakshali road in protest. The protectors said that the power cuts were harming business and their children's studies. The village has also been affected by violence between the Taliban and the government; on 24 January 2008 the militants attacked the vehicle of former Health minister Syed Kamal Shah injuring his guard. The rebels have also been pressuring local people to stop listening to music as well launching bomb attacks in the area.

On 15 August a meeting of elders in Mardan decided to set up anti-Taliban group similar to one that has been stated in neighbouring Buner District. According to Shakoor Khan, an elder from Bakhshali who attended the meeting, "Before the Taliban resorts to torching more schools, we have decided to resist them".

Related pages
 Bakhshali manuscript

References

Union Councils of Mardan District