cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
"The Nightingale" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was published in 1844 in Andersen's New Fairy Tales (Nye Eventyr) with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Ugly Duckling". The critics liked these stories. Andersen's inspiration for "The Nightingale" was Tivoli Gardens, an amusement park with Chinese decorations in Copenhagen which opened in the summer of 1843.  Another inspiration was Jenny Lind, a Swedish opera singer. Andersen was infatuated with her. She was known as the "Swedish Nightingale". Andersen began writing the tale on 11 October 1843 and completed it within 24 hours.

Story
The nightingale is the best thing of all in the lands of the Emperor of China. The Emperor orders one brought to him. The bird charms him with her song. One day the Emperor of Japan sends the Emperor of China a mechanical bird decorated with jewels. The toy is wound up. Its song delights the Emperor. He neglects the real nightingale. She flies away to the forest. The toy bird breaks down. The Emperor becomes deathly ill. The nightingale returns to the palace. She sings and Death departs.  The Emperor recovers.

Notes

References 
 Frank, Diane Crone and Jeffrey. 2005. The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen. Duke UP. .
 Wullschlager, Jackie. 2000. Hans Christian Andersen. Knopf. .

Other websites
 "Nattergalen" : Original Danish text
 "The Nightingale": English translation by Jean Hersholt

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) players who have played at least one game in the NHL from 1917 to present and have a last name that starts with "J".

JAB-JAY 
 Pat Jablonski
 Greg Jacina
 Barret Jackman
 Richard Jackman
 Arthur Morris 'Art' Jackson
 Dane Jackson
 Don Jackson
 Doug Jackson
 Harold Jackson
 Harvey "Busher" Jackson
 Jack Jackson
 Jeff Jackson
 Jim Jackson
 Lloyd Jackson
 Percy Jackson
 Stan Jackson
 Walter "Red" Jackson
 Paul Jacobs
 Tim Jacobs
 Jean-Francois Jacques
 Jaromir Jagr
 John Jakopin
 Pauli Jaks
 Risto Jalo
 Kari Jalonen
 Connor James
 Gerry James
 Val James
 James Jamieson
 Steve Janaszak
 Dan Jancevski
 Bob Janecyk
 Doug Janik
 Lou Jankowski
 Craig Janney
 Cam Janssen
 Mark Janssens
 Marko Jantunen
 Ryan Jardine
 Cole Jarrett
 Doug Jarrett
 Gary Jarrett
 Pierre Jarry
 Hannu Jarvenpaa
 Martti Jarventie
 Iiro Jarvi
 Doug Jarvis
 James "Bud" Jarvis
 Wes Jarvis
 Jason Jaspers
 Arto Javanainen
 Bob Jay

JEF-JOD 

 Larry Jeffrey
 Tomas Jelinek
 Dean Jenkins
 Roger Jenkins
 Bill Jennings
 Grant Jennings
 Al Jensen
 Chris Jensen
 Darren Jensen
 David A. Jensen
 David H. Jensen
 Steve Jensen
 Eddie Jeremiah
 Paul Jerrard
 Frank Jerwa
 Joe Jerwa
 Jeff Jillson
 Jaroslav Jirik
 Rosario "Kitoute" Joannette
 Rick Jodzio

JOH 

 Glenn Johannesen
 Jonas Johansson
 John Johannson
 Bill Johansen
 Trevor Johansen
 Andreas Johansson
 Bjorn Johansson
 Calle Johansson
 Mathias Johansson
 Roger Johansson
 Don Johns
 Aaron Johnson
 Al Johnson
 Bob Johnson
 Brent Johnson
 Brian Johnson
 Craig Johnson
 Dan Johnson
 Earl Johnson
 Greg Johnson
 Ivan "Ching" Johnson
 Jim Johnson (b.1942)
 Jim Johnson (b.1962)
 Mark Johnson
 Matt Johnson
 Mike Johnson
 Norm Johnson
 Ryan Johnson
 Terry Johnson
 Tom Johnson
 Virgil Johnson
 Kim Johnsson
 Bernie Johnston
 Eddie Johnston
 George "Wingy" Johnston
 Greg Johnston
 Jay Johnston
 Joey Johnston
 Larry Johnston
 Marshall Johnston
 Randy Johnston
 Ed Johnstone
 Ross Johnstone

JOK-JUZ 
 Mikko Jokela
 Jussi Jokinen
 Olli Jokinen
 Aurel Joliat
 Bobby Joliat
 Greg Joly
 Yvan Joly
 Jean-Francois Jomphe
 Stan Jonathan
 Alvin "Buck" Jones
 Bob Jones
 Brad Jones
 Jim Jones
 Jimmy Jones
 Keith Jones
 Matt Jones
 Randy Jones
 Ron Jones
 Ty Jones
 Hans Jonsson
 Jorgen Jonsson
 Kenny Jonsson
 Tomas Jonsson
 Chris Joseph
 Curtis Joseph
 Tony Joseph
 Ed Jovanovski
 Eddie Joyal
 Bob Joyce
 Duane Joyce
 Winston "Bing" Juckes
 Patrik Juhlin
 Claude Julien
 Joe Juneau
 Steve Junker
 Joe Junkin
 Milan Jurcina
 Timo Jutila
 Bill Juzda

J
Little Britain is a British television sketch comedy show. It was shown on the BBC from 2003–2006. It was created by and stars Matt Lucas and David Walliams. It is narrated by Tom Baker. It has been taken off streaming services due to racist humor as a result of the George Floyd protests.

Other websites 

2003 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British comedy television series
2000s LGBT television series
2000s satirical television series
BBC television comedy
British LGBT television programmes
British satirical television series
Cross-dressing
LGBT comedy television series
Television sketch shows
English-language television programs
Tyrod Taylor (b. August 3, 1989) is an American football player. He plays as a  quarterback for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League. He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies. He played relatively well with Virginia Tech, where he wore number 5, but was not drafted until the 6th round by the Baltimore Ravens in 2011.

With the Ravens, Taylor moved on from a preseason injury and played in three games as the backup to starter Joe Flacco. He rushed for two yards in one game, lined up as a wide receiver in another, and completed an 18-yard pass to Anquan Boldin as well. He was on the roster when the Ravens won Super Bowl XLVII and defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

Taylor left Baltimore after four years for the Buffalo Bills, becoming the starter for three years. He was named to a Pro Bowl after a strong first season as the starting quarterback, then in 2017, helped the team make the playoffs for the first time since 1999. Following that season, the Bills traded him to the Cleveland Browns, where he played one year before joining the Chargers in 2019.

References

Other websites
Tyrod Taylor at NFL.com

1989 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Buffalo Bills players
Cleveland Browns players
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Virginia
People from Hampton, Virginia
The French Suites are six suites composed by Johann Sebastian Bach between 1722 and 1725. They were written to be played on the harpsichord or clavichord.  A suite is a group of dances. Bach did not call them French Suites. That title was given to the group by someone else. They were called the French Suites to distinguish them from another group of suites by Bach called the English Suites. 

The French Suites are largely based on Italian models, and are written in the keys of D minor, C minor, B minor, E-flat major, G major, and E major. All six suites open with an Allemagne and are followed by a Courante and a Sarabande. All six suites end with a Gigue (jig). Between the Sarabande and the Gigue are found a variety of dances that include Minuets, Bourrées, Gavottes, and others. 

There is no definitive manuscript. The ornamentation varies from one manuscript to another. Two other suites  one in A minor and the other in E-flat major  sometimes appear in the manuscripts. Bach's French Overture is also a suite but is not connected to the French Suites.

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Suites
{{Infobox NFL team
| name = Baltimore Colts
| logo =
| wordmark = Indianapolis Colts 2002-2020 wordmark.svg
| established = 1953
| ended = 1983
| city = Baltimore, Maryland
| misc =
| uniform =
| colors = Royal Blue, White
 
| owner = Carroll Rosenbloom (1953–1972)Robert Irsay (1972–1983)
| general manager =
| coach = Keith Molesworth (1953)Weeb Ewbank (1954–1962)Don Shula (1963–1969)Don McCafferty (1970–1972)John Sandusky (1972)Howard Schnellenberger (1973–1974)Joe Thomas (1974)Ted Marchibroda (1975–1979)Mike McCormack (1980–1981)Frank Kush (1982–1983)
| mascot =
| nicknames =
| hist_yr = 1953
| hist_misc2 =
 Indianapolis Colts (1984–present)
| NFL_start_yr = 1953
| division_hist =
 Western Conference (1953–1969)
 Coastal Division (1967–1969)
 American Football Conference (1970–1983)
 AFC East (1970–1983)
| no_league_champs = 3†
| no_pre1970sb_champs = 1
| no_sb_champs = 1
| no_conf_champs = 5
| no_div_champs = 5
| league_champs =
 NFL Championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (3)1958, 1959, 1968
| sb_champs = 1970
| conf_champs =
 NFL Western: 1958, 1959, 1964, 1968
 AFC: 1970
| div_champs =
 NFL Coastal: 1968
 AFC East: 1970, 1975, 1976, 1977
† – Does not include the AFL or NFL Championships won during the same seasons as the AFL–NFL Super Bowl Championships prior to the 1970 AFL–NFL merger
| playoff_appearances =
 NFL: 1958, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1976, 1977
| no_playoff_appearances = 10
| stadium_years =
 Memorial Stadium (1953–1983)
}}The Baltimore Colts'''  were an American football franchise in the National Football League. The team was based in Baltimore. The logo was a white horseshoe (blue uniforms). The team had success since 1953 when it began, winning four NFL championships, including Super Bowl V. The most famous player was quarterback Johnny Unitas .  However, in 1984, Bob Irsay secretly (meaning in the middle of a March night without an announcement) moved the team to Indianapolis to begin play as the Indianapolis Colts.

References 

Indianapolis Colts
Sports in Baltimore
1953 establishments in the United States
1984 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Maryland
A cultigen is a plant that is the result of artificial selection by humans. Liberty Hyde Bailey, an American botanist was the first to use the term, in 1918. Bailey noticed that the classification Linné introduced for plants was not useful for classifying plants which came from human cultivation and selection. He called the plants which grow in the wild without human selection indigens. A cultigen was: " ... a domesticated group of which the origin may be unknown...  [It has] such characters as to separate it from known indigens, and is probably not represented by any type specimen or exact description".  The point is that a cultigen cannot always be placed in the traditional Linnean system of botanical classification.

Bailey later changed his definition to "Plant or group known only in cultivation; presumably originating under domestication; contrast with indigen", which is the definition used above. Examples of cultigens are maize and cabbage.

Cultigens and cultivars 
Cultigen and cultivar may be confused with one-another. Cultigen is a general-purpose term encompassing not only plants with cultivar names but others as well (see introductory text above). Cultivar is a formal classification category in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).

Although in his 1923 paper Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, it was clear to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species and so he established a new classification category for these, the cultivar, generally assumed to be a contraction of the words “cultivated” and “variety”. He defined cultivar in his 1923 paper as:  ... "a race subordinate to species, that has originated and persisted under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognised botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin".

This definition and understanding of cultivar has changed over time.

Definition of cultigen 
The definition has been discussed:
The selection process is called artificial if humans cause it. This does not mean humans are not part of nature, it is simply a way to distinguish natural selection from human-influenced (artificial selection)
What is the meaning of altered? The whole flora is changing because of climate change, which humans inflenced, yet no one would say that all the plants changing because of climate change are cultigens.
Some plants are used in gardens or parks. They are the same that those that occur in nature.
There may be gene flow from a cultigen that escaped into the wild and an indigen. There may be a practical problem of how to name such plants. 
Some plants have an unknown origin; it is therefore impossible to say if they are cultigens.
Some crossings that are used in cultivation, may also occur in the wild. This makes the classification problematic.

References

Botany
Oil from ships and oil tankers can spill onto the sea water and pollute the water. Oil poisons and harms the aquatic organisms and sea birds. The fur of sea mammals and the feathers of sea birds can be damaged by the oil. The animals may suffer, and the effect may be fatal for them. When birds get soaked in oil they can't fly and they can't go in water.

The pollution of the environment with crude or mineral oil or their by-products is called an oil spill. Most often the term is used for marine environments, where coasts, lakes, rivers and oceans are polluted. There are three main ways to combat such pollution once it has occurred:
 Use of barriers to limit the pollution to a given zone.
 Skimming of the oil with specially constructed ships
 Chemical dispersion of the oil
 Controlled burning of the oil
 Bioremediation, using microogranisms that consume the oil or oil-related products

An oil spill can not only affect the coasts, lakes, rivers and oceans but also the environment and the ecosystems. Many animals could get injured and later die without help. Also all the vegetation  could be affected by the oil.

Water pollution
A lenticular galaxy is a type of galaxy. These galaxies have an elliptical shape and ill-defined spiral arms. Basically, they are a combinations of spiral and elliptical galaxies. Examples include the Cartwheel Galaxy and NGC 4479. They are disk galaxies that have lost most of its interstellar matter, therefore have very little ongoing star formation. Because of this, they contain a lot of aging stars like elliptical galaxies.

Despite being different shapes and a different galaxy type, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties such as spectral features and sizes. They are also early-type galaxies that are slowly evolving.

Morphology and structure

Classification 

Lenticular galaxies are unique, they have a visible disk component and also a prominent bulge component. The bulge is larger than the disk in ratio than a normal spiral galaxy and do not have spiral arms. The large bulge is what makes them looks like an elliptical galaxy. Like spiral galaxies, they can also have a central bar.

Lenticular galaxies are often considered to be a poorly understood transition state between spiral and elliptical galaxies, which makes its position in the Hubble sequence. The disk have no unique features like spiral arms, which makes them not a spiral galaxies. Its bulge is usually spherical, which makes them not an elliptical galaxies. Lenticular galaxy are divided into subclasses based on their either the amount of dust present or the prominence of a central bar. Galaxies with no central bars are S01, S02 and S03, the numbers indicate the amount of gas absorption in the disk. While the barred galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03.

Bars 
Like spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies can also have a central bar. The subclasses for the barred lenticular galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03. Although the numbers represents the amount of gas absorption, they can also indicate the prominence of the central bar. SB01, have the least prominent bar. SB02, have a slightly prominent bar. SB03, has the most prominent bar. Examples:

References
All activities that are concerned with growing, catching, processing or transporting fish either as a hobby or as an economic activity is called Fishing industry.

According to the FAO  definition it includes  recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.

References

Industries
John Wesley Hillman (March 29, 1832 – March 19, 1915) was an American prospector during the California Gold Rush. He was also an explorer who was among the first European Americans to see Crater Lake in the U.S. state of Oregon. He is credited with discovering the lake.

References 

1832 births
1915 deaths
People from New York
In biology, a type specimen is a particular specimen to which a scientific name is formally attached. For this purpose a specimen is something that can be kept, unchanging, for a long time (for centuries). A specimen may be an organism, a part of an organism, or many small organisms together. 

Preferably a type specimen should be kept where researchers may have a chance to study it. Often, type specimens are kept in museums and the like. A type specimen need not be typical, that is, it need not be representative.

A type specimen can be assigned when a name is first published, or it can be assigned later. Besides type specimens there are other form of types. 

One particular type specimen may have any number of scientific names attached to it. For example the names Fabaceae (family), Faboideae (subfamily), and Faba (genus) all have the same specimen as the type. For any one circumscription, position, and rank of a taxon only one name can be correct (for a genus that includes the type specimens of the names Vicia and Faba, both, the correct name will be Vicia).

A type specimen is only one of several possible kinds of type. For example, the type of the name of a genus of animals is a type species. But the type specimen is the most famous kind of type.

Taxonomy
The List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players is evolving.  The history of the team is created by its players.

Sanfrecce Hiroshima  is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima.

List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Toshihiro Aoyama
 Kota Hattori
 Shinichiro Kuwada
 Tadanari Lee
 Tomoaki Makino
 Kazuyuki Morisaki
 Kōji Morisaki
 Kohei Morita
 Ryota Moriwaki
 Hirotsugu Nakabayashi
 Koji Nakajima
 Shusaku Nishikawa
 Hisato Satō
 Takashi Shimoda
 Ilian Stoyanov
 Yojiro Takahagi
 Issei Takayanagi
 Kazuyuki Toda
 Satoru Yamagishi
 Masato Yamazaki

Select list of players by position 
GK
Kazuya Maekawa

DF
Dan Calichman
Hayden Foxe
Yūichi Komano
Ryuji Michiki
Yoshiro Moriyama
Marcus Tulio Tanaka as Brazilian.
Michel Pensée
Oleg Pashinin
Tore Pedersen
Tony Popovic
Kenichi Uemura
Hiroshige Yanagimoto

MF
Beto
Steve Corica
Chikara Fujimoto
Ivan Hašek
Yosuke Kashiwagi
Yahiro Kazama
Hajime Moriyasu 
Noh Jung-Yoon
César Sampaio

FW
Graham Arnold
Tomislav Erceg
Tatsuhiko Kubo
Yasuyuki Moriyama
Marcelo
Serhiy Skachenko
Takuya Takagi
John van Loen
Aurelio Vidmar
Toshihiro Yamaguchi

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams

References

Other websites

  Sanfrecce Hiroshima website 
 J.League Club Guide 

Sanfrecce Hiroshima
Nuclear fusion is when two atoms merge to form a new one. This reaction generates energy. The idea behind a fusion reactor is to build a nuclear power plant that uses this process to produce electricity. Nowadays,  nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce energy. Nuclear fission is not the same as nuclear fusion. 

Nuclear fusion is the same type of process the Sun uses to generate heat. The most powerful nuclear weapons also use fusion.

As of 2012, there are no commercial power plants that use this technology; there are a few academic ones; these include the Joint European Torus, in England. This reactor uses a principle called Tokamak. A tokamak uses magnets that are shaped like a doughnut to squish the atoms. 

As of 2021, there have never been any nuclear fusion reactors.

References

Nuclear energy
The Buddhist Crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam. The crisis was characterized by a series of discriminating acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance mainly led by Buddhist monks.

The crisis was started when the President Ngô Đình Diệm banned the flying of the Buddhist flag. That led to the shooting of nine unarmed civilians who were protesting a ban of the Buddhist flag on May 8 and suicide by burning of Thích Quảng Đức on June 11. The crisis ended when Ngô Đình Diệm was assassinated on November 2, 1963.

Background 
A survey said that about 70-90 percent of South Vietnamese people were Buddhist. The President called it biased. A member of the Catholic minority, his government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions etc. Diem once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) converted to Catholicism believing that their career prospects depended on it. Many were also refused promotion if they did not convert. Also, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Viet Cong guerrillas was done so that weapons were only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran private armies, and in some areas forced conversion and looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas. Some Buddhist villages converted to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diem's regime. The Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions. In 1959, Ngô Đình Diệm dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary. The Vatican flag was usually flown in public services and events while the Buddhist flag was not allowed to be flown in public services and/or events.

Vietnam War
1960s conflicts
1960s in Asia
Concorde was a passenger airplane that flew faster than the speed of sound. It was made by the French company Aérospatiale and the British company British Aircraft Corporation. Concorde carried passengers from 1976 to 2003. Twenty aircraft were built.

Concorde flew across the Atlantic Ocean in a little less than 3.5 hours. Other airplanes take about eight hours.

When Concorde was being developed, orders from airlines to buy the plane was high. At the time, passenger planes that flew faster than the speed of sound were considered to be a big technological leap.

Some people did not like the sonic booms caused by Concorde flying faster than the speed of sound. They also complained of the noise Concorde made when taking off and landing. It was twice as loud as conventional passenger jets. Concorde was not allowed to fly over certain countries because of this. There were also concerns that having many Concordes in the air at once could damage the ozone layer. The price of fuel increased many times in the 1970s, but the Concorde also consumed much more fuel than a conventional passenger jet.

Many airlines later considered Concorde too expensive for the cost and were no longer interested in the plane. They cancelled their orders. Another supersonic airliner, the Boeing 2707 was cancelled for similar reasons.

The first scheduled flights were on 21 January 1976. Concorde flew between several different cities in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Concorde initially did not make a profit because of the high costs to run the plane. From the 1980s onwards, ticket prices became much higher. Concorde was mainly used by rich people who could pay the high ticket price.

The high running costs, the crash of Air France Flight 4590 in 2000 and the September 11 attacks caused Concorde to be retired in 2003.

Concorde is considered to be an engineering marvel and a symbol of pride for Britain and France.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 British Airways Concorde page
 Braniff Airways Concorde page 
 Design Museum (UK) Concorde page
 Concorde Experience at the National Museum of Flight, Scotland
 Pathé film of 002's maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1967 

Aircraft
Aviation in France
William Ernest Powell Giles (7 July 1835 – 13 November 1897), best known as Ernest Giles, was an Australian explorer. He led three long expeditions in central Australia.

Early life 
Giles was born in Bristol, England. He moved to Adelaide, South Australia when he was 15. He was one of the first Europeans to explore the empty desert of central Australia during the 1870s. Giles was the first European to explore Lake Amadeus and The Olgas. He named them after Amadeus, King of Spain Olga, Queen of Wurttemberg.

Career 
He has written works about his journeys. In 1880, he published The Journal of a Forgotten Expedition, an account of his third expedition. In 1889, he wrote Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration, the story of his five main expeditions. Giles died of pneumonia on 13 November 1897. Mount Giles, the third highest mountain in the Northern Territory was named after him.

References

Other websites
 Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration  at eBooks @ Adelaide 
 
 William Ernest Powell Giles at Flinders Ranges Research

1835 births
1897 deaths
English explorers
People from Bristol
Deaths from pneumonia
Adolphe Charles Adam (24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. He composed many operas and ballets. He is best known today for his ballets Giselle (1841) and Le corsaire (1856, his last work), and his operas Le postillon de Lonjumeau (1836), Le toréador (1849), and Si j'étais roi (1852, often regarded as his finest work). He also composed the popular Christmas carol "Minuit, chrétiens!" ("O Holy Night") (1847). Adam was also a  teacher. Léo Delibes was among his pupils.

References 

1803 births
1856 deaths
French composers
Writers from Paris
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Bushfood (also called bush tucker in Australia) is any food native to Australia eaten by the original inhabitants, the Australian Aborigines. Most bushfoods are very nutritious. Examples of native animal foods (meats) are kangaroo, emu and crocodile. These are quite common and can be found in many supermarkets and restaurants. Other animals, like lizards and grubs, were eaten by aboriginal (native) Australians, long before white people came to the area. It also includes fruits and berries. The most famous native bushfood plant is the macadamia nut. This is farmed and sold in large numbers.

By the end of the 19th century, there were only less than 100.000 Aboriginal people. Since the arrival of the settlers, the native population died from new diseases, alcohol and poverty, as their native land was taken away from them. They had to move to places where they could not live in their traditional way. Most of their languages died out. Until the 1960s, children were taken away from their families and forced to live in children's homes („Stolen Generation“). The idea was to make them „good“ Australians by educating them „properly“.

References

Other websites
 Bush tucker , from Travel Northern Territory
 Australian Bushfoods magazine

Australian culture
Foods
Indigenous Australian culture
This is a list of J. League players - football players who have played in the J. League Division 1 and J. League Division 2, the professional football league in Japan.

In the first 20 years of the league, more than 900 foreign players have been members of Japanese teams.

The table is up to date as of the beginning of the 2012 season.

Players

References

Other websites
 
 

Lists of Japanese football players
Station is the term for a big agricultural property (owned land) that is used for raising livestock. The word is used in Australian and New Zealand English. The owner of a station is called a grazier. They are also sometimes called pastoralists. Its workers are called stockmen. The stations may be called sheep stations or cattle stations, depending on what type of animal it raises.

Related pages
Ranch

References

Agriculture in Australia
Australian culture
Mikhail Fokine ( – 22 August 1942) was a Russian choreographer and dancer. He was born in St Petersburg, the son of a prosperous middle-class merchant. At the age of nine, he was accepted into the St Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. In 1898, on his 18th birthday, he debuted on the stage of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Paquita, with the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1902, he became a teacher with the ballet school.

Fokine hoped to go beyond the older ballet traditions. To him virtuoso ballet techniques were not an end in themselves, but a means of expression. He believed that many of the ballets of his time used costuming and mime which did not reflect the themes of the ballets. Therefore, he tried to strip ballets of their artificial miming and outdated costumes. In addition, as a choreographer, he started a reform that took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes. Also, he experimented with a freer use of the arms and torso. He presented his reformist ideas to the management of the Imperial theatre, but did not get their support. Some of his early works include the ballet Acis and Galatea (1905) and The Dying Swan (1907), which was a solo dance for Anna Pavlova, choreographed to the music of Saint-Saëns' Le Cygne.

In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the choreographer of his Ballets Russes in Paris. Fokine broke off the collaboration in 1912, jealous of Diaghilev's close relationship with Vaslav Nijinsky. He moved to Sweden in 1918 and later established his home in New York City, where he founded a ballet school and continued to appear with his wife, Vera Fokina. He became a United States citizen in 1932. Fokine died in New York on 22 August 1942.

Fokine staged more than 70 ballets in Europe and the United States. His best known works were Chopiniana (later revised as Les Sylphides), Le Carnaval and Le Pavillon d'Armide. Among his works for the Ballets Russes were The Firebird, Petrushka, Le Spectre de la Rose and Daphnis et Chloé. Also, for the Ballets Russes, he created a ballet out of Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade. His pieces are still performed by the leading ballet troupes of the world.

References

 Beaumont C.W. Michel Fokine and his ballets. 
 Sunday NY Times, Jack Anderson (dance critic), September 7th, 1980

Other websites 
 Fokine, Michel, 1880-1942. Papers: Guide. in the Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library 
 Fokine, Michel (1880 - 1942) at Australia Dancing 
 The Fokine Estate archive
 

1880 births
1942 deaths
Choreographers
Russian people
Ballets Russes
Lasseter's Reef was a legendary rich gold deposit that was said to be in remote central Australia. A prospector, Harold Bell Lasseter, claimed to have discovered the site in 1897. But Lasseter forgot the exact location of it. He died when he went back into the desert to look for it again. The gold's location remains a mystery—nobody even knows whether it really exists.

Lasseter told the story in 1929. He said that he had found the gold near the border of the Northern Territory and Western Australia. This area at the time was uncharted (no maps had been made of it). When he came out of the desert, he spent the next thirty years trying to get people to fund an expedition to go back and look for it. But people ignored him because people were already making fortune from the gold rush at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. Nobody wanted to risk going into unchartered desert.

But during the Great Depression, people became interested. Lasseter got enough money for an expedition to relocate the gold. But the expedition was hard—there were long distances involved, no maps to guide them, and it was very hard to find water. When the expedition party became lost, the people who went with Lasseter called him a liar. They left him, but Lasseter continued, with one other man. The man later said that Lasseter became crazy in the desert, and he too left him.

Now alone, Lasseter continued in the desert, but eventually became exhausted and dehydrated. He died from exhaustion and malnutrition in early 1931. He was on his way to Uluru or Kata Tjuta. His body was found in March 1931 by a bushman. The story of Lasseter's expedition is known from the stories of his travelling group. The later part of the story is known from Lasseter's diary, which was found on his body. No maps showing the location of the fabled gold reef were ever found. The tale of the reef has become legend. It is probably the most famous "lost mine" legend in Australia.

References 
 Account of the possible rediscovery of the reef 
 Reef Rediscovery & Planned Mining

Australian folklore
History of Australia
is a Japanese professional football club in Machida in the Tokyo region.

History
The club was founded in 1989.

In 2010, Machida Zelvia formed a partnership with Major League Soccer's D.C. United.  This was the first partnership between a Japanese football club and American soccer club.

In 2012, the club was promoted to the J.League in its second division.

1989-1996 FC Machida Top
1997-present FC Machida Zelvia

League position
2009 : Football League - 6th
2010 : Football League - 3rd
2011 : Football League - 3rd
2012 : J2 League - 22nd
2013 : Football League - 4th
2014 : J3 League - 3rd
2015 : J3 League - 2nd
2016 : J2 League - 7th
2017 : J2 League - 16th
2018 : J2 League - 4th
2019 : J2 League - 18th
2020 : J2 League - 19th

Managers
 Minoru Moriya, 2002-2007
 Tetsuya Totsuka, 2008-2009
 Naoki Soma, 2010
 Ranko Popović, 2011
 Osvaldo Ardiles, 2012-

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of FC Machida Zelvia players

References

Other websites

 http://www.zelvia.jp/ 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
1977 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Japan
Dunscaith Castle (also called Dun Scaich, Dun Sgathaich Castle or Tokavaig) is a ruined castle on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. The castle is the legendary home of Queen Scáthach in Scottish mythology.

Castles in Scotland
Ruins
This is about the Korean athlete born in 1981.  For the Japanese athlete born in 1974, see Pak Yong-Ho.

Park Yong-Ho (born March 25, 1981) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was part of the South Korean team in 2004 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites
 FIFA, Park Yong-Ho 
 NationalFootballTeams.com, Park Yong-Ho

1981 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
People from Incheon
Les Sylphides () is a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine to the music of Frederic Chopin. The music was orchestrated by Stravinsky among others. The scenery and costumes were designed by Alexandre Benois. 

The ballet was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 2 June 1909. It starred Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina, Anna Pavlova, and Maria Baldina. The ballet is non-narrative. It does not tell a story. It is a series of dances meant to evoke the atmosphere and ambiance of a romantic ballet.

Les Sylphides was developed from a Fokine ballet called Chopiniana. This ballet was performed in St Petersburg on 21 March 1908. It was a series of imagined scenes from Chopin's life that included a Polish wedding and a ballroom polonaise. It was revised. All characters and any suggestion of a plot were dropped to create instead an evocation of the romantic ballet. 

The revised ballet (still called Chopiniana) was performed in St Petersburg on 6 April 1908. This second version was costumed in the long white ballet tutu made famous by Marie Taglioni in La Sylphide.  Chopiniana was renamed Les Sylphides when it was presented in Paris.

Les Sylphides generally includes the following musical numbers:
 Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1 ("Military", the Prelude in A major, Op. 28, No. 7 is sometimes substituted)
 Nocturne in A flat major, Op. 32, No. 2
 Waltz in G flat major, Op. 70, No. 1
 Mazurka in D major, Op. 33, No. 2
 Mazurka in C major, Op. 67, No. 3
 Prelude in A major, Op. 28, No. 7
 Waltz in C sharp minor, Op. 64, No. 2
 Grande valse brillante in E flat major, Op. 18

References 
 Balanchine, George. 1975. 101 Stories of the Great Ballets. Anchor Books. pp. 473-9.

Other websites 
NYCB website
Margot Fonteyn performing in Les Sylphides 
ExploreDance.com
The Ballet Encyclopedia
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Glazunov 
MusicWeb

Ballets choreographed by Michel Fokine
Ballets Russes productions
Ballets starring Nijinsky
Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon (; born 8 November 1935) is a French actor. He became famous quickly, and by the age of 23, he was already being compared to French actors like Gérard Philipe and Jean Marais. He was also compared to American actor James Dean. He was even called the male Brigitte Bardot. During his career, Delon has worked with many well-known directors. Some of these are Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Pierre Melville, Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle. 

Delon was given Swiss citizenship in 1999. He has a company managing product company, and it is based in Geneva.

Early life
Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), Île-de-France, which is a suburb of Paris. His parents, Édith (née Arnold) and Fabien Delon, divorced when Delon was four. Both remarried, and Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers. He went to a Roman Catholic boarding school. This was the first school he was removed from because of bad behavior. 

When he was 14, Delon left school. He then worked for at his stepfather's butcher shop for some time. He joined the French Navy three years later. In 1953 and 54 he served as a fusilier marin in the First Indochina War. Delon has said that out of his four years of military service he spent eleven months in prison for being "undisciplined", meaning that his bad behaviour ended up getting him jailed. In 1956, he returned to France after being dishonourably discharged from the navy. He did not have any money, and lived on whatever money he could find.

Products
Since his perfume company was started, Delon has had many products sold under his name. Some of these are wristwatches, clothes, eyewear, stationery and cigarettes.

Delon's sunglasses brand became very popular in Hong Kong after actor Chow Yun-fat wore them in the 1986 movie A Better Tomorrow. He wore these in two movies after this. It is said that Delon wrote a letter to thank Chow for helping the sunglasses sell out in the region. The movie's director John Woo has said that Delon is one of his idols. He wrote a short essay on Le Samourai as well as Le Cercle Rou for the Criterion Collection DVDs.

Honours 
At the 45th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Honorary Golden Bear.
Delon is on the cover of the 1986 album The Queen Is Dead by The Smiths.
 He was made Officier (Officer) of the Ordre national du Mérite in 1995.
 He was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur on 21 February 1991. He was promoted to Officier (Officer) in 2005.

Movies

References

Other websites

 alaindelon.ch , his official website
 

1935 births
Living people
Actors from Ile-de-France
French movie actors
French movie directors
French movie producers
French screenwriters
French television actors
Swiss movie actors
Swiss screenwriters
Television producers
Writers from Ile-de-France
Frederick George Peter Ingle Finch (28 September 1916 - 14 January 1977) was a British-born Australian actor. He was born in South Kensington, London. He was raised in Vaucresson, France and Sydney, Australia. He was married to ballet dancer Tamara Tchinarova.

Finch is best known for his role in Network, for which he won an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award. He died of a heart attack in Beverly Hills, California.

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian radio personalities
Australian stage actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1916 births
1977 deaths
Depressants are a group of drugs that depress or slow down the activity of certain areas of the brain.  Functionally, depressants counter the effects of stimulants, which increase brain activity. Drugs of the depressant type are widely used around the world, as prescription drugs.  They can help with the following:
 Reduce feelings of anxiety or panic
 Reduce insomnia and other sleeping-problems, and help people sleep better
 As analgetics they reduce pain and fever
 To reduce convulsions and seizures, especially in the case of epilepsy
 Relax muscles, for those with muscle spasms  
 To boost the mood, and cause euphoria
 To reduce anxiety, that is help people who feel unwell in certain situations    
 To just calm down if needed
 In addition, they are used (often as illegal drugs)

Big groups
Among the big groups of depressants are:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Opioids
Antipsychotics
Dissociatives

Drugs
Barbiturates are a group of drugs that are derivates of Barbituric acid. Adolf von Baeyer was the first to produce Barbituric acid, in 1863. For many years, barbiturates were used as sedatives. Today, their use is very limited in many countries, mainly because they cause addiction and people soon develop a tolerance. People with a drug tolerance will need a higher dosage of the drug to get the same effect as before. After a while, the drug becomes useless for such people. This increased use often leads to physical dependence as the body becomes used to the constant presence of barbiturates. When the person abruptly stops taking the drug or reduces the dose, withdrawal symptoms may arise. 

Barbiturates were once used as a primary treatment for Epilepsy; this is especially true for the substance called Phenobarbitol or Phenobarbitone.  The sedative side effect of the drug made it increasingly unpopular, and it is now prescribed less for epilepsy, in favor of other drugs that do not have sedative effects.

Benzodiazepines are another group of drugs, which have sedative properties: They make people sleepy, and help them sleep. In contrast, Barbiturates force people to sleep. In the case of severe sleeping problems which cannot be controlled by other drugs, Barbiturates are sometimes used as off-label drugs.

Symptoms of Barbiturate Withdrawal 

Barbiturate withdrawal symptoms may include:

 Abdominal cramps
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Restlessness
 Insomnia
 Fatigue
 Anxiety
 Tremors
 Seizures
 Delirium
 Hallucinations

Some of these withdrawal symptoms can be fatal. Seizures can be dangerous, and the delirium some users experience can lead to agitation, hyperthermia, and cardiovascular failure.

References 

Drugs
Drugs used in psychiatry
The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is a Catholic university based in the city of Santiago de Chile. It was founded in 1888 through a decree issued by the Santiago Archbishop. This university was one of the first Chilean universities taughting strong entrepreneurship starting with two subjects: law and mathematics.

Other websites 

 Official Website  

Colleges and universities in Chile
Santiago de Chile
1888 establishments
19th-century establishments in Chile
Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. It comes from tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, Mexico, South America (especially Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay), and the Caribbean. It is also found in Asia, especially in Nepal. It is found throughout the Americas and Caribbean. It has also been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, India, Fiji and parts of Africa. The genus name is also used as the common name.

Growth
Jacaranda can be shrubs to large trees. They range in size from  tall.

Genus
The genus is separated into two sections, Jacaranda and Dilobos DC. Section Jacaranda (which includes Blue Jacarandas) has 18 species. It is found mostly in western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Section Dilobos, which is thought to be the oldest form, has 31 species. It is found mostly in southeastern Brazil. This includes the Paraná River valley. The kind of wood in the two sections is also different.

Notes

Other websites 

 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Jacaranda 

Bignoniaceae
Olaf Volker Bernhard Rose Rose (born 1958 in Arnsberg) is a German historian and politician. He is member of the National Democratic Party of Germany. Rose works as an adviser for the party in the Landtag of Saxony. He is co-founder of Gesellschaft für Freie Publizistik and city councilor in Pirna.

In 2012 he was a candidate in the German presidential election.

References

Other websites 
 Olaf Rose 

1956 births
Living people
German historians
German politicians
Neo-Nazis
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
The Honeymooners is a 30-minute American television sitcom series. Jackie Gleason plays  New York City bus driver named Ralph Kramden, Audrey Meadows plays his wife Alice, Art Carney plays his friend Ed Norton, a sewer worker, and Joyce Randolph plays Ed's wife Trixie. The show aired on CBS from 1 October 1955 to 22 September 1956. It was a great success. The Honeymooners dropped in the ratings after 39 episodes and its run ended.

American sitcoms
Black and white television series
1950s television series
1955 television series debuts
1956 television series endings
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
What's My Line? is a panel game show. It ran weekly in the United States. The show aired on Sunday at 10:30 p.m. EST on CBS from 1 October 1950 to 3 September 1967. Lady panelists wore floor-length dresses and jewelry. Gentleman panelists wore tuxedos. They tried to guess the jobs of everyday people by asking "yes" or "no" questions.  Repartee between panelists and host John Charles Daly was witty, tasteful, and sophisticated. Regular panelists included Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, and Bennett Cerf. A chair was open for a guest panelist. The high point of the program was the Mystery Guest. This guest was usually a well-known celebrity such as a Broadway or movie star. Sometimes the Mystery Guest was a little known person in the news such as an astronaut. Panelists wore blindfolds and tried to guess who the Mystery Guest was by asking "yes" or "no" questions. Mystery Guests changed their voices to make it hard for the panelists to know who they were. Baseball great Mickey Mantle, movie star Zsa Zsa Gabor, and future President of the United States Ronald Reagan were three of the many Mystery Guests. What's My Line?' won three Emmy Awards for "Best Quiz or Audience Participation Show", in 1952, 1953, and 1958. The show won a Golden Globe for "Best TV Show" in 1962. CBS stopped broadcasting the program in 1967. It returned in syndication as a daily program. This program was shown from 1968 until 1975. There have been several international versions, radio versions, and a live stage version. It is the longest-running U.S. primetime network television game program (51st).

Television game shows
CBS network shows
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
1950s television series
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Queen for a Day was a radio and television game series. It was one of the first big-prize giveaway television programs. Queen for a Day had its launch on the radio on April 30, 1945. It ran on the radio until 1957. The program then ran on television's NBC from 1956 to 1964.  The program is something of an early "reality show". The program was so popular that NBC increased its running time from 30 minutes to 45 minutes.

The format was simple. Host Jack Bailey interviewed four women contestants. Each told of her personal troubles. These troubles might involve a terminally sick child at home, a husband disabled and out of work, or the need for a hearing aid or a new washing machine. The audience chose the winner by applauding their favorite. She who received the greatest amount of applause as registered by the "applause meter" was Queen for a Day. The winner was crowned, escorted by attendants to a throne, and given not only what she wanted, but juicy prizes like high-end appliances, upscale fashions, and exotic vacation trips as well. Mark Evanier, veteran television writer, writes that Queen for a Day was "one of the most ghastly shows ever produced" and further stated it was "tasteless, demeaning to women, demeaning to anyone who watched it, cheap, insulting and utterly degrading to the human spirit."

References 

Television game shows
1950s television series
English-language television programs