cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sid Caesar (Isaac Sidney Caesar; September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2014) was an American comedian and actor. Caesar stared in Your Show of Shows from 1950 until 1954 and in Grease as Coach Calhoun. Before becoming a comedian, Caesar was a musician. He won two Emmy Awards during his career.

Caesar was born on September 8, 1922 in Yonkers, New York. He was of Polish-Russian-Jewish descent. Caesar was married to Florence Levy from 1943 until her death in 2010. They had three children.

Caesar died on the morning of February 12, 2014 in Beverly Hills, California from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites

 Official Sid Caesar website
 
 
 
 Sid Caesar Biography from Museum of Broadcast Communications 
 Sid Caesar Biography from New York Times 
 Archival Television Audio on Sid Caesar

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York
People from Yonkers, New York
Deaths from natural causes
Emmy Award winning actors
Jewish American actors
Musicians from New York
Clara Ann Fowler, better known as Patti Page, (November 8, 1927 - January 1, 2013) was an American singer. She is one of the best known female singers of traditional pop. She was the best selling female artist in the 1950s. She will win an honorary Grammy Award in 2013.

Page was born in Claremore, Oklahoma. Page died on January 1, 2013 in Encinitas, California from natural causes, aged 85.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

References

Other websites

 The Official Patti Page Website
 Patti Page Official Biography
 Interview with Patti Page
 Songwriters' Hall of Fame article on Patti Page 

1927 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Country musicians from Oklahoma
American pop musicians
Singers from Oklahoma
All My Children was an American soap opera set in a fictional suburb of Philadelphia. Susan Lucci plays Erica Kane. Other famous people have starred, including Sarah Michelle Gellar. The show aired on ABC for 43 years since its beginning until September 23, 2011 when cancellation was announced on April 2011. It was canceled on April 14, 2011 along with One Life to Live due to low ratings and production costs. Another series was shown in 2013.

References

Other websites

1970 establishments in the United States
1970 television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
1970s American television series
1980s American drama television series
1990s American drama television series
2000s American drama television series
2010s American drama television series
ABC network shows
American soap operas
Fiction about suburbia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
English-language television programs
Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 – 10 January 2017) was a British-American geneticist and Nobel laureate,

He invented gel electrophoresis in 1955, which is now one of the basic techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology.

Much later, he worked on the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA. This is the most reliable method of altering animal genomes at present, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice.

Martin Evans and Mario Capecchi were also working on this idea, and they were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.

References 

1925 births
2017 deaths
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
British Nobel Prize winners
English geneticists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Yorkshire
Danica Mae McKellar (born January 3, 1975) is an American actress and mathematician. She is best known for playing Winnie Cooper in The Wonder Years. She also starred in several television movies.

She is also a New York Times bestselling author. She wrote four popular non-fiction books: Math Doesn't Suck, Kiss My Math, Hot X: Algebra Exposed and Girls Get Curves: Geometry Takes Shape. The books are meant to encourage middle-school and high-school girls to have confidence and succeed in mathematics.

Personal life 
She married composer Mike Verta on March 22, 2009, in La Jolla, California. The couple had dated since 2001. They had their first child on September 7, 2010, a boy they named Draco. McKellar filed for divorce from Verta in June 2012.

Filmography

References 

1975 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from San Diego, California
American mathematicians
Scientists from San Diego, California
American child actors
American television writers
American movie actors
Movie directors from California
Screenwriters from California
Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, is a disorder belonging to the parasomnia family of sleeping problems.

People with this disorder leave bed, without waking up, and walk around. In certain cases, people do things they also do in everyday life. According to research done, sleepwalking seems to be a problem related to the mechanism of waking up.

What people do while sleepwalking 
The activities can be as simple as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, and cleaning. Sometimes they are dangerous; examples include  cooking, driving, extremely violent gesture or grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide.

Generally, sleepwalking cases consist of simple, repeated behaviours; occasionally there are reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, but the legitimacy of these claims is often disputed. In 2004, sleep medicine experts in Australia claimed to have successfully treated a woman who claimed to have sex with strangers in her sleep. In December 2008, reports were published of a woman who sent semi-coherent emails while sleepwalking, including one inviting a friend around for dinner and drinks. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the what they do, because they are not truly conscious. Their eyes are open, but their expression is dim and glazed over. Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as thirty minutes.

How common is sleepwalking? 
There is no data about how common sleepwalking is. Estimates say that one to two percent of adults are sleepwalkers. Sleepwalking seems to be more common in children, between ten and thirty percent of children are affected; in most cases, they stop sleepwalking during puberty. Most cases of sleepwalking are temporary, they occur once, or only a few times. It looks like some sleepwalking may be inherited; very often, people who are sleepwalkers have other sleepwalkers in the family.

Treatment 
Because people can hurt themselves while sleepwalking, it is a good idea to either wake a sleepwalker, or to guide the person back to bed. There are drugs that can be given to treat the condition. As there is no therapy, many experts are against the use of drugs.

In culture 

 La Sonnambula, Italian opera by Vincenzo Bellini
 Lucy Westenra, a fictional character in Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, is sleepwalker

References 

Sleep disorders
Psychology
This is a list of cities in Iran.

cities by population

list of cities

A
 Abadan 
 Abadeh 
 Abyek 
 Abhar 
 Abyaneh 
 Ahar 
 Ahvaz 
 Alavi 
 Aligudarz 
 Alvand 
 Amlash 
 Amol 
 Andimeshk 
 Andisheh 
 Arak 
 Ardabil 
 Ardakan 
 Asalem 
 Asalouyeh 
 Ashkezar 
 Ashlagh 
 Ashtiyan 
 Astaneh Arak 
 Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh 
 Astara

B
 Babol
 Babolsar
 Baharestan
 Balov
 Bam
 Bampur
 Bandar Abbas
 Bandar Anzali
 Bandar Charak
 Bandar Imam
 Bandar Kong
 Bandar Lengeh
 Bandar Torkman
 Baneh
 Bastak
 Behbahan
 Behshahr
 Bijar
 Binalud
 Birjand
 Bistam
 Bojnourd
 Bonab
 Borazjan
 Borujerd
 Bukan
 Bushehr

D
 Damghan
 Darab
 Dargaz
 Daryan
 Darreh Shahr
 Deylam
 Deyr
 Dezful
 Dezghan
 Dibaj
 Doroud

E
 Eghlid
 Esfarayen
 Eslamabad
 Eslamshahr
 Evaz

F
 Farahan
 Fasa
 Ferdows
 Feshk
 Firouzabad
 Fouman

G
 Gachsaran
 Garmeh-Jajarm
 Garmsar
 Ghale Ganj
 Gerash
 Genaveh
 Ghaemshahr
 Golbahar
 Golpayegan
 Gonabad
 Gonbad-e Kavous
 Gorgan

H
 Hamadan
 Hashtgerd 
 Hashtpar
 Hashtrud
 Heris
 Hidaj

I
 Ij
 Ilam
 Iranshahr
 Isfahan
 Islamshahr
 Izadkhast
 Izeh

J
 Jajarm
 Jask
 Jahrom
 Jaleq
 Javanroud
 Jiroft
 Jolfa

K
 Kahnuj
 Kamyaran
 Kangan
 Kangavar
 Karaj
 Kashan
 Kashmar
 Kazeroun
 Kerman
 Kermanshah
 Khalkhal
 Khomein
 Khomeynishahr
 Khonj
 Khormuj
 Khorramabad
 Khorramshahr
 Khorashad
 Koumleh
 Khvoy
 Kilan
 Kish
 Koker
 Kosar
 Kordkuy
 Kong
 Kuhdasht

L
 Laft 
 Lahijan 
 Langaroud 
 Lar
 Latian 
 Lavasan

M
 Mahabad
 Mahan
 Mahshahr
 Majlesi
 Maku
 Malard
 Malayer
 Manjil
dad

 Manoojan
 Maragheh
 Marand
 Marivan
 Marvdasht
 Masal
 Mashhad
 Masjed Soleyman
 Mehran
 Meshkinshahr
 Meybod
 Miandoab
 Mianeh
 Minab
 Minoodasht
 Mohajeran

N
 Naghadeh
 Nahavand
 Nain
 Najafabad
 Namin
 Natanz
 Nazarabad
 Neishabur
 Nir
 Nowshahr
 Nurabad

O
 Omidiyeh 
 Oshnaviyeh 
 Oskou
 Ormand
 Orumiyeh

P
 Pakdasht
 Parand
 Pardis
 Parsabad
 Paveh
 Piranshahr
 Pishva
 Poldasht
 Poulad-shahr

Q
 Qaemshahr
 Qaen
 Qamsar
 Qasr-e Shirin
 Qazvin (city)
 Qods
 Qom
 Qorveh
 Quchan

R
 Rafsanjan
 Ramin
 Ramsar
 Ramshar
 Rasht
 Ray
 Rezvanshahr
 Roudbar
 Roodbar-e-Jonoub
 Roudsar
 Runiz

S
 Sabzevar
 Sadra
 Sahand
 Salmas
 Sanandaj
 Saqqez
 Sarab
 Sarableh
 Sarakhs
 Saravan
 Sardasht
 Sari
 Saveh
 Senejan
 Semnan
 Shabestar
 Shaft
 Shahinshahr
 Shahr-e Kord
 Shahrezā
 Shahriar
 Shahroud
 Shahsavar
 Shiraz
 Shirvan
 Shushtar
 Siahkal
 Sirjan
 Sourmagh
 Sowme'eh Sara
 Sarpole Zahab
 Shahriar

T
 Tabas
 Tabriz
 Tafresh
 Takab
 Tehran
 Tis
 Torbat-e Heydarieh
 Torbat-e Jam
 Touyserkan
 Tous

V
 Varamin

Y
 Yasouj
 Yazd

Z
 Zabol
 Zahedan
 Zanjan
 Zarand
 Zarrinshahr

Related pages
 Iran
 Tehran

References

Sources
 Lists by province 

Iran
Iran
Mashhad () is a city in the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Mashhad is the second largest city in Iran. It is close to Iran's border with Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.

Mashhad is primarily known as the resting place of Imam Reza and also the great Persian poet, Ferdowsi.

History
Before the 9th century, Mashhad was a small village but became prosperous after imam Reza was killed and buried there by Al-Ma'mun the Abbasid caliph. Mashhad turned into a famous town, in the time of Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty  (1501) and later Nader Shah of his Empire chose Mashhad as his capital. Mashhad has remained one of Iran's most important cities to this day even with the relocation of the capital to Tehran.

Related pages
 List of cities in Iran

References

Cities in Iran
Razavi Khorasan Province
Calhoun County is a county in Iowa.  Its county seat is Rockwell City.

Iowa counties
1850s establishments in Iowa
1855 establishments in the United States
True Jackson, VP is an American teen sitcom created by Andy Gordon for Nickelodeon. The series starred Keke Palmer, Ashley Argota, Matt Shively, Danielle Bisutti, Greg Proops, Robbie Amell, and Ron Butler. It aired from November 8, 2008, to August 20, 2011.

Cast
Keke Palmer as True Jackson
Ashley Argota as Lulu
Matt Shively as Ryan Leslie Laserbeam
Danielle Bisutti as Amanda Cantwell
Greg Proops as Max Madigan
Ron Butler as Oscar
Robbie Amell as Jimmy Madigan

Other websites
True Jackson, VP's Official Website

2008 American television series debuts
Children's television series
American sitcoms
2011 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Richard Steven Valenzuela, better known as Ritchie Valens (May 13, 1941 - February 3, 1959) was an American singer-songwriter and musician who died with Buddy Holly, and "Big Bopper" Richardson in a plane crash in Iowa on 3 February 1959, in an event that would become known as The Day the Music Died. He was 17 years old.

He was born to Mexican parents.

Valens most notable work include recordings of “La Bamba” a Mexican folk song which became a hit in the U.S. “Donna” a song dedicated to his girlfriend and “Come on let’s go”

References 

1941 births
1959 deaths
American guitarists
American rock musicians
Singer-songwriters from California
Aviation deaths in the United States
Singers from Los Angeles
Calhoun County is a county in South Carolina.

South Carolina counties
1908 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in South Carolina
Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas.

Texas counties
1846 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Texas
Kenny vs. Spenny was a Canadian reality-comedy television series created by Kenny Hotz. It starred Kenny Hotz and Spencer Rice.

In Canada reruns are still shown on the Showcase. The series had six seasons and ran from August 26, 2003 to December 23, 2010. Matt Stone and Trey Parker, creators of South Park, were executive producers for 10 episodes in the fourth season of the show. The series was about two friends who competed in numerous competitions. The loser of the competition would have to do a humiliation that the winner picked out. The show ended with an hour-long Christmas special that aired on December 23, 2010 on Showcase.

The show spawned many many replicas including Frank vs Girard in French Canadian on VRAK.TV, Ed vs. Spencer in the United Kingdom, Juan vs. Roman in Latin America, Elton vs. Simon in Germany, Katja vs. Bridget and Dennis vs. Valerio in the Netherlands, and Sid vs. Varun in India.

TV.com rated the series a 8.4. It was ranked as at #8 among the top 10 Canadian television shows of the 21st century.

References

Other websites
Official website

2000s television series
2003 television series debuts
2010 television series endings
Canadian television series
Comedy television series
2003 establishments in Canada
2010 disestablishments in North America
2010s disestablishments in Canada
1000 Ways to Die is an American docufiction black comedy series which was first shown on the television channel Spike on May 14, 2008. It shows unusual deaths and uses black humor.

Cast 
 Thom Beers in the Pilot of the U.S. broadcast
 Ron Perlman in the Seasons 1, 2, 3 & 4 of the U.S. broadcast
 Alisdair Simpson in the Pilot & series 1, 2, 3 & 4 of the UK broadcast

Sources

Other websites 
 1000 Ways to Die at Spike.com

2008 American television series debuts
American comedy television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
Black comedy
English-language television programs
The Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) is a large stork found in the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, except west of the Andes. It is most common in the Pantanal region of Brazil and the Eastern Chaco region of Paraguay. It is the only member of the genus Jabiru. The name comes from the Tupi-Guaraní language and means "swollen neck".

Birds of South America
Ciconiiformes
Big Dipper is the American name for the seven brightest stars of Ursa Major. It is called the Plough in Britain.

Big Dipper also may refer to:
 Big Dipper, alternative name for a roller coaster ride, especially in the United Kingdom. Several roller coasters are specifically known by this name, including;
 Big Dipper (Blackpool), a wooden roller coaster at Blackpool Pleasure Beach
 Big Dipper (Geauga Lake), a wooden roller coaster at Geauga Lake
 Big Dipper (Luna Park Sydney), a wooden roller coaster operating at Luna Park Sydney from 1935 until 1981
 Cyclone (Dreamworld), a steel roller coaster which operated as Big Dipper at Luna Park Sydney from 1995 to 2001
 For other uses of the big dipper see Starry Plough (disambiguation)

As a nickname in sport, Big Dipper may also refer to:
 Wilt Chamberlain (1936–1999), American basketball player
 Melvin Turpin (1960–2010), American basketball player
 Jeff Wilkins (born 1955), American basketball player
 Robert DiPierdomenico (born 1958), Australian rules footballer 
 Chris Duncan (born 1981), American baseball player

In music:
 Big Dipper (band), a 1980s-1990s Boston alternative-rock band
 Big Dipper (Elton John song), a 1978 song by Elton John
 Big Dipper (album), a 2003 album by Drop Trio
"Big Dipper", a song by Jethro Tull from their 1976 album Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!
"Big Dipper", a song by Built to Spill from their 1994 album There's Nothing Wrong with Love 
Big Dipper (Michigan's Adventure)

Related pages
 Beidou (disambiguation), Chinese name of Big Dipper
The Vancouver Grizzlies were a Canadian professional basketball team that played in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team started playing in 1995. They started with the Toronto Raptors, as part of the NBA's expansion into Canada. They relocated to Memphis, Tennessee in 2001 and became the Memphis Grizzlies. The Grizzlies played their home games at the General Motors Place (Now Rogers Arena). The Grizzlies were originally going to be called the Vancouver Mounties but were forced to find a new name because the RCMP objected it.

The team had struggled in their early years and they finished last in their division in five of their six seasons. Over their six seasons, they had an overall record of 101 wins and 359 loses and were never able to make it to the playoffs.

After the 1998–99 lockout, the team suffered low attendance and a weak Canadian dollar was making the owner Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment lose money on the franchise. After they failed to sell the team to Bill Laurie, it was instead sold to Michael Heisley. At the time, Heisley said that he was going to keep the team in Vancouver, but he then immediately started looking for a suitable relocation city in the US. He would eventually move the team to Memphis, Tennessee for the 2001-02 season.

References

Other websites 
Official website (Archived)
Vancouver Grizzlies history at sportsecyclopedia.com

1995 establishments in Canada
2001 disestablishments in Canada
Defunct sports teams
Sport in Vancouver
Rango is a 2011 American computer-animated action comedy movie that was produced by Gore Verbinski, Graham King and John B. Carls and was directed by Gore Verbinski. Rango was released on March 4, 2011 in North America. Rango was positively received from audience. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.

Cast 
Johnny Depp as Rango
Isla Fisher as Beans
James Ward Bykrit as Waffles
Abigail Breslin as Priscilla
Alfred Molina as Roadkill
Bill Nighy as Rattlesnake Jake
Harry Dean Stanton as Balthazar
Maile Flanagan as Boo
Ray Winstone as Bad Bill
Nika Futterman as Akiano
Claudia Black as Angélique
Ned Beatty as Tortoise John
Timothy Olyphant as The Spirit of the West
Alanna Ubach as Fresca
Lew Temple as Furgus
Ian Abercrombie as Ambrose
Stephen Root as Doc and Merrimack
John Cothran, Jr. as Elgin
Beth Grant as Bonnie
Gil Birmingham as Wounded Bird
Blake Clark as Buford
Joe Nunez as Rockeye
Daisy Eckersley as Melonee
Alex Manugian as Spoons
Logan Grove as Mouse Boy #1
Kwesi Boakye as Mouse Boy #2
Kyla Rae Kowalewski as Mouse Girl

Other websites 
Rango's Official website

2011 comedy movies
2011 animated movies
2010s action comedy movies
American animated movies
American action comedy movies
Computer-animated movies
English-language movies
Academy Award winning movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Movies set in deserts
Abigail Kathleen Breslin (born April 14, 1996) is an American actress. Breslin was born in New York City, New York. She first appeared in the 2002 science fiction movie, Signs. Breslin had her breakthrough role in the 2006 comedy-drama Little Miss Sunshine where she played Olive Hoover. At age 10, she was one of the youngest people to be nominated for an Academy Award.

Movies

References

Other websites 
 

Actors from New York City
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1996 births
Living people
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. 

A desiccant is a hygroscopic (water-attracting) substance that causes desiccation in a moderately sealed container.

Biology 
Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions. 

Plants and animals living in arid or periodically arid environments such as temporary streams or ponds may face desiccation, therefore physiological or behavioural adaptations are necessary to ensure survival. In particular, insects occupy a wide range of ecologically diverse niches and so have a variety of strategies to avoid desiccation. 

Desiccation resistance in insects is generally measured by the change in mass during dry conditions.  The overall mass difference between measurements before and after aridity exposure is attributed to body water loss.

Extreme cases 
Cryptobiosis refers to the state of an organism that has no detectable metabolic activity, resulting from extreme and unfavorable environmental conditions. Anhydrobiosis refers to the state of surviving the loss of (almost) all body water.

Tardigrades  
Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals. In 2007, scientists discovered that some tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water.

Rotifers 
Rotifers are specialists at living in habitats where water dries up regularly. 

The Monogononta, which have males, produce fertilised 'resting eggs' which can resist desiccation (drought) for long periods. 

The Bdelloids, who have no males, contract into an inert form and lose almost all body water, a process known as cryptobiosis. Bdelloids can also survive the dry state for long periods: the longest well-documented dormancy is nine years. After they have dried, they may be revived by adding water.

References 

Physiology
Ecology
Space Jam is a 1996 American live-action/animated sports comedy movie directed by Joe Pytka, produced by Ivan Reitman, Joe Medjuck, and Daniel Goldberg, and stars former basketball star Michael Jordan and the Looney Tunes. The movie won a Grammy Award in 1997 for Best Song Written Specifically for Motion Picture or for Television for R. Kelly's "I Believe I Can Fly". The stand-alone sequel Space Jam: A New Legacy,  starring current NBA star LeBron James, was theatrically released on July 16, 2021.

Cast

Live-action 
 Michael Jordan as a fictional version of himself
 Bill Murray as himself
 Wayne Knight as Stan Podolak
 Thom Barry as James Jordan, Michael Jordan's father
 Theresa Randle as Juanita Jordan
 Kenn Michael as Adult Jeffrey Jordan
 Faizon Love as Adult Marcus Jordan
 Reagan Gomez-Preston as Adult Jasmine Jordan
 Manner Washington as Jeffrey Jordan
 Eric Gordon as Marcus Jordan
 Penny Bae Bridges as Jasmine Jordan
 Dan Castellaneta as a basketball fan
 Patricia Heaton as a basketball fan
 Trey Parker as a basketball fan
 Matt Stone as a basketball fan
 Noah Segan as a young boy
 Julia McIlvaine as a young boy
 Cedric Ceballos as himself
 Vlade Divac as himself
 Jeff Malone as himself
 Anthony Miller as himself
 A.C. Green as himself
 Sharone Wright as himself
 Alonzo Mourning as himself
 Charles Barkley as himself
 Muggsy Bogues as himself
 Patrick Ewing as himself 
 Larry Johnson as himself  
 Shawn Bradley as himself
 Larry Bird as himself

Voices 
 Billy West as Bugs Bunny / Elmer Fudd
 Dee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck / Tasmanian Devil
 Danny DeVito as Swackhammer
 Bob Bergen as Porky Pig / Tweety / Marvin the Martian
 Bill Farmer as Sylvester the Cat / Foghorn Leghorn / Yosemite Sam
 Maurice LaMarche as Pepe le Pew
 Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny
 Colleen Wainwright as Nerdluck Nawt, and Sniffles
 Jocelyn Blue as Nerdluck Pound
 June Melby as Nerdluck Bang
 Charity James as Nerdluck Blanko
 Catherine Reitman as Nerdluck Bupkus
 T.K. Carter as Monstar Nawt
 Darnell Suttles as Monstar Pound
 Joey Camen as Monstar Bang
 Steve Kehela as Announcer, and Monstar Blanko
 Dorian Harewood as Monstar Bupkus
 June Foray as Granny, and Witch Hazel
 Frank Welker as Charles the Dog

References

Other websites
 Space Jam's Official website
 
 

1996 movies
1990s comedy movies
Alternate history movies
Basketball movies
Space Jam
Grammy Award winners
English-language movies
Movies featuring the Tasmanian Devil (Looney Tunes)
Movies set in New York City
Warner Bros. movies
DeMarcus Cousins (born August 13, 1990 in Mobile, Alabama) is a professional basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His position is center. The Kings chose Cousins with the fifth pick in the first round of the 2010 NBA Draft. Cousins played basketball at the University of Kentucky with the Wildcats.

Career highlights
 He was selected to the McDonald's All-American team selection in 2009.
 He was selected to the Jordan Brand High School All-American team selection in 2009.
 He was named the 2009–10 SEC Freshman of the Year.
 He was named the Rookie of the Month in July of 2010.

1990 births
African-American basketball players
American Olympians
American Olympic gold medalists
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Golden State Warriors players
Living people
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
New Orleans Pelicans players
People from Mobile, Alabama
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from Alabama
American basketball players
Fettuccine Alfredo is a pasta dish made from fettuccine pasta tossed with Parmesan cheese and butter.

This is an old and simple recipe, in Italy it is simply called Fettuccine al burro ().  The Italian restaurateur Alfredo Di Lelio doubled the amount of butter used.  Alfredo invented his recipe in 1908 in the “trattoria” run by his mother Angelina in Rome, Piazza Rosa. This made it easier for his pregnant wife Ines to eat.  He then in 1914 started selling his variation at his restaurant Alfredo" in via della scrofa in Rome. 
Alfredo Di Lelio's family since 1950 continue to serve the fettuccine Alfredo in the restaurant "Il Vero Alfredo" in Piazza Augusto Imperatore in Rome.

Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks ate in 1927 at Alfredo alla Scrofa on their honeymoon, and this helped make the restaurant, and Fettuccine alfredo, popular with tourists.

American version 
In U.S. cuisine, cream is used as a sauce base. it may be mixed with other ingredients such as broccoli, parsley, garlic, shrimp, or chicken. Fettuccine Alfredo has now become ubiquitous in Italian-style restaurants in the United States and internationally, although in Italy this dish is not popular at all, as wrongly believed, and it is better known if called "Fettuccine al burro" instead of "Fettuccine Alfredo".

History
Fettuccine Alfredo is named for Alfredo di Lelio, an Italian restaurant owner. He ran a restaurant in Rome in the first half of the 20th century.

In 1914, his wife, who was pregnant, was having difficulty eating so he adapted a meal of pasta and butter, pasta al burro, for her. Later, he put the dish on the menu at his restaurant, the Alfredo alla Scrofa, and called his version Fettuccine Alfredo.  Hollywood celebrities Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks visited his restaurant on their honeymoon and eat the dish. When they returned home, they talked often about the dish. This caused the restaurant and the dish to become popular with American tourists.

In 1943, Di Lelio sold the restaurant but kept the right to the name and menu. In 1950, Alfredo Di Lelio reopened a new  restaurant "Il Vero Alfredo" in Rome, Piazza Augusto Imperatore 30. He worked there until his death in 1959. "Il Vero Alfredo" is now managed by his nephews Alfredo and Ines, with the famous “gold cutlery”” (fork and spoon gold) donated in 1927 by two well-known American actors Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks (in gratitude for the hospitality).

References

Dishes named after people
Pasta
A knockout mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been turned off by a gene knockout. 

Knockout mice are important animal models for studying the role of genes which have been sequenced but whose functions are not yet known. By causing a specific gene to be inactive in the mouse, and observing any differences from normal behaviour or condition, researchers can infer its probable function.

Mice are currently the most closely related laboratory animal species to humans for which the knockout technique can easily be applied. They are widely used in knockout experiments, especially those genetic questions which relate to human physiology. 

Gene knockout in rats is much harder and has only been possible since 2003.

The first knockout mouse was created by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies in 1989, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.  

A detailed explanation of how knockout (KO) mice are produced is at the website of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007.

Aspects of the technology for generating knockout mice, and the mice themselves have been patented in many countries by private companies.

References 

Genetic engineering
The Chinese water chestnut (or simply water chestnut) is a plant. The corms of the plant are the water chestnuts and is a crispy white flesh and can be eaten raw, slightly boiled, grilled, pickled, or tinned. This plant comes from China. They are grown in flooded paddy fields.

References 

Poales
A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is switched off or replaced by one which does not work. 

The organisms, such as knockout mice, are used to learn about a gene that has been sequenced, but whose function is unknown or incompletely known. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals. Knockout is often abbreviated as KO.

Gene knock-in is the opposite term. There a gene is switched on, or a working gene inserted.

Method
Knockout is accomplished through a combination of techniques. It starts in the test tube with a plasmid, or other DNA construct, and proceeding to cell culture. 

Individual cells are genetically transformed with the DNA construct. Often the goal is to create an animal that has the altered gene. 

If so, embryonic stem cells are genetically transformed and inserted into early embryos. Resulting animals with the genetic change in their germline cells can then often pass the gene knockout to future generations.

Genetic engineering
Molecular biology
Stewart Haas Racing is a NASCAR racing team based in Kannapolis, North Carolina. The team is co-owned by Tony Stewart and Gene Haas. There are currently four Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series drivers on the team: Kevin Harvick, Aric Almirola, Clint Bowyer, and Kurt Busch. Two Xfinity Series drivers drive for the team: Harvick and Chase Briscoe.

References

NASCAR
Temple Square is a National Historic Landmark and religious center in Salt Lake City, Utah, and is owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).  Temple Square contains the Salt Lake Temple, Salt Lake Tabernacle, Salt Lake Assembly Hall, the Seagull Monument and two visitors' centers.  With 3 million to 5 million visitors a year, Temple Square is the most popular tourist attraction in Utah.

Other websites
 Official website - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Official Site - Temple Square at lds.org

References

Mormonism
Buildings and structures in Utah
Salt Lake City
Town squares
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
A DNA construct is an artificially constructed segment of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell.  

It often contains a DNA insert, which contains the gene sequence encoding a protein of interest. The DNA insert has been subcloned into a molecular biology vector. 

A DNA construct may express wildtype protein, or prevent the expression of certain genes by expressing competitors or inhibitors. It may express mutant proteins, such as deletion mutations or missense mutations. A DNA construct is often used in molecular biology to analyze macromolecules such as proteins or RNA in more detail.

Molecular biology vectors 

A molecular biology vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. 

The main types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages and other viruses, and artificial chromosomes. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker. 

The vector itself is generally a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the 'backbone' of the vector. The backbone will include bacterial resistance genes for growth in bacteria, and promoters for expression in the organism.  

The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell. 

Insertion of a vector into the target cell is usually called transformation for bacterial cells, or transfection for eukaryotic cells. Insertion of a viral vector is often called transduction.

DNA
Genetic engineering
Gene targeting is a genetic technique for replacing an existing gene with a mutated (changed) one. It can be done in lab mice or some other model organism.

The method can be used to delete a gene, remove control sections, add a gene, and introduce point mutations. 

Gene targeting can be permanent or conditional. Conditions, for example, can be a specific time during development in the life of the organism or limited to a specific tissue.

To date, this method has been applied to a number of species including Drosophila melanogaster, tobacco, corn, human cells. mice, and rats.

2007 Nobel prize
Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on "principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells", in other words, gene targeting.

Method for mice 
First a DNA construct is made, usually in bacteria. The construct has the mutated gene or part of it, and a reporter gene, which may be a selectable marker. Mutated DNA is put into a stem cell genome derived from an embryo.

To target genes in mice, the construct is inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells in tissue culture. Cells with the correct insertion can be selected, because they carry a visible marker (such as a gene for white fur where the normal is brown). The treated cells can be added a mouse's tissue by embryo injection. Finally, chimeric mice where the modified cells make up the reproductive organs are selected for breeding. After breeding to others of the same kind, the entire body of the offspring mice has the altered gene.

In practice, large numbers of the injected mice are mated, which produces a few white mice (this only occurs when there are white-type cells in the germ line). Cross-breeding the white mice produces 50% of offspring which are homozygous for the marker, and so pure-bred for the experimental gene being inserted. Tests on the mice with the gene insertion can now take place.

References 

Genetic engineering
Developmental biology
The pipits are a cosmopolitan genus Anthus, of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. Along with the wagtails and longclaws, the pipits make up the family Motacillidae. The genus is widespread, occurring across most of the world, except the driest deserts, rainforests and the mainland of Antarctica.

They are slender, often drab, ground-feeding insectivores of open country. Like their relatives in the family, the pipits are monogamous and territorial. Pipits are ground nesters, laying up to six speckled eggs.

Passeriformes
The 2011 Tucson shooting was a mass murder in Tucson, Arizona. 

The mass shooting happened on January 8, 2011. Nineteen people were shot. Six of the nineteen people died. Another person was injured.  

U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords was holding a public meeting in the parking lot of a Safeway store.  

Giffords was shot through the head from a very short distance. Her condition was said to be very bad just after the shooting. The six killed included John Roll, a chief judge for the District of Arizona. 

22 year old schizophrenic Jared Lee Loughner was arrested at the scene with five charges filed against him. Loughner pleaded guilty to 19 crimes. He never gave a reason for the shooting. In November 2012, Loughner was sentenced to life in prison.

References

2011 in the United States
2010s in Arizona
2010s murders in the United States
January 2011 events
Mass murder in the 2010s
Mass murder in the United States
2010s mass shootings in the United States
Murder in 2011
Murders by firearm in the United States
2011 shooting
Tremaine Aldon Neverson (born November 28, 1984 ), better known by his stage name Trey Songz. 
Songz was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and raised in a military family,  He did not intend having a musical career as a child due to his shyness, saying "Singing wasn't a reality for me, until other people started noticing I sounded good." He recognized his vocal abilities at the age of 14 in 1998 (jobs). 
A
Some refer to him as 'The Prince of R&B'. His 2010 album, Passion, Pain and Pleasure, entered the Billboard magazine charts at Number 2 in September 2010. the song "Bottoms Up" from the album got into the Top Ten songs.

Recordings
 Step Up 3D - Soundtrack Appearance  
 I Gotta Make It - 2005
 Trey Day- 2007
 Ready - 2009
 Passion, Pain and Pleasure - 2010
   Chapter V - 2012
   Trigga - 2014
   Tremaine: The Album - 2017

References

Other websites
 Trey Songz website

1984 births
Living people
Singers from New Jersey
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
American R&B singers
African American musicians
Singers from Virginia
Go Ask Alice is a controversial book from 1971. The book is said to be the actual diary of an anonymous teenage girl who became addicted to drugs. The diarist's name is never given in the book. The title is from the lyrics to the Jefferson Airplane song "White Rabbit". Grace Slick wrote the song based on drug references in the classic novel Alice's Adventures In Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.

The story caused a sensation when published and remains in print as of 2011. Revelations about the book's origin have caused much doubt as to its authenticity and factual accounts, and the publishers have listed it as a work of fiction since at least the mid-late 1980s. Although it is still published under the byline "Anonymous", press interviews and copyright records suggest that it is largely or wholly the work of its purported editor, Beatrice Sparks. Some of the days and dates referenced in the book put the timeline from 1968 until 1970.

The teenage girl is insecure and wants more friends. She does this by taking drugs. Because of this she gets all kind of problems and is not a 'real' child anymore.

Plot 
A 15-year-old girl begins keeping a diary. With a sensitive, observant style, she records her thoughts and concerns about issues such as crushes, weight loss, sexuality, social acceptance, and difficulty relating to her parents. The diarist's father, a college professor, accepts a teaching position at a new college. After the move the diarist feels like an outcast at the new school, with no friends. She then meets Beth and they become best friends. When Beth leaves for summer camp the diarist returns to her hometown to stay with her grandparents. She reunites with an old school neighbor, Jill. Jill is impressed by the diarist's move to a larger town, and invites her to a party. At the party, bottles of sodas—some of which are labeled with LSD—were served. The diarist was not known about LSD and has an intense and pleasure trip. Over the following days the diarist continues friendships with the people from the party and willingly uses more drugs. She loses her virginity while on LSD. She worries she may be pregnant, and her grandfather has a small heart attack. Gullets and lies were overwhelming her.

1971 books
The United States National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in Asheville, North Carolina is the world's largest active archive of weather data.  The center became established in late 1951, and moved into a new facility  in early 1952. The center collects data on climate change, science, and transportation.

References

North Carolina
Climate change
Scientific organizations based in the United States
1951 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in North Carolina
A model organism is a non-human species that is studied over many years, building up a lot of knowledge about it in order to understand fundamental biological phenomena. The hope is that discoveries made in the model will give insight into how other organisms work.

In particular, model organisms are widely used in animal testing to explore potential causes and treatments for human disease when experimenting on humans would be impossible or less ethical.

This strategy is made possible by the similarities of all living organisms. They are similar because of their common descent and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genes  over the course of evolution.

Model organisms in genetics

Drosophila melanogaster 
Drosophila melanogaster was one of the first animals used for genetics. Today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best-known of all eukaryotic organisms.

All organisms use common genetic systems; understanding  transcription and replication in fruit flies helps to understand these processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.

Studies of X-linked traits confirmed that genes are found on chromosomes. Studies of linked traits led to the first maps of genetic loci on chromosomes. The first maps of Drosophila chromosomes were done by Alfred Sturtevant.

Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most studied organisms in biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. Its complete genome was sequenced and first published in 2000.

Because great deal is known about its development from egg to larva to adult, it is a key model for developmental genetics, or evo-devo. The hox genes, or homeobox, which control development in metazoa, were worked out first of all in Drosophila.

Escherischia coli 
In 1946, Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum first described the phenomenon known as bacterial conjugation using Escherichia coli as a model bacterium.

E. coli was an integral part of the first experiments to understand phage genetics, and early researchers, such as Seymour Benzer, used E. coli and phage T4 to understand the topography of gene structure. Before Benzer's research, it was not known whether the gene was a linear structure, or if it had a branching pattern.

E. coli was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of E. coli K12 was published by Science in 1997.
 
The long-term evolution experiments using E. coli, begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of major evolutionary shifts in the laboratory.

Other model organisms 
 Viruses 
 Phage Lamda
 Tobacco Mosaic Virus
 Protists
 Emiliana huxlei: coccolithophore alga, extensively studied as a model phytoplankton species
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
 Fungi
 Aspergillus nidulans
 Neurospora crassa
 Plants
 Arabidopsis thalliana
 Zea mays Maize
 Pisum sativum, Pea
 Animals
 Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode
 Tribolium castaneum, flour beetle
 Drosophila melanogaster
 Mus musculus, the mouse
 Rattus norvegicus, the Norwegian rat

References 

Cell biology
Genetics
 
Experiments
HuffPost (used to be called The Huffington Post) is an American news website and political blog. It was founded in 2005 by Andrew Breitbart, Arianna Huffington, Kenneth Lerer, and Jonah Peretti. The website prints news stories and columns (called blogs) by celebrities, politicians, academics, and other well known people who have been invited to write for them.

HuffPost has around 25 million visitors each month and is the most well known political blog in the world. Der Spiegel calls The Huffington Post the most important source of information for millions of Americans.

On February 7, 2011, AOL announced it would acquire The Huffington Post for US$315 million.

Contributors

HuffPost has both staff writers, and other individuals they have invited to write for them, from politicians and celebrities to academics and policy experts, who contribute on a wide range of topics. The term blog is used for columns written by both staff and invited columnists.

References

Other websites
 

 
American websites
2005 establishments in New York (state)
The Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez is a Mexican Formula One circuit near Mexico City. It was named after racing driver Ricardo Rodríguez (the brother of Pedro Rodríguez, a Formula One driver). It was finished in 1962 and held its first Formula One race there in the same year, though it did not count for the championship. A year later, the Mexican Grand Prix started, and continued from 1963 to 1970, where F1 did not return until 1986, and left once again 1992. The track still hosts various events, and even hosted the Nationwide Series from 2005 to 2008, before leaving once again.

Formula One circuits
1962 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Mexico
Loretta Lynn (born April 14, 1932 known as The First Known Lady of Country Music) is an American country music singer and songwriter born in Kentucky. She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville during the 1960s; in 1967 she charted her first of 16 number 1 songs overall. Certain country music radio stations would not play her songs, however, due to subject matter. Despite that, she had become the "First Known Lady of Country Music" and continues being one of the most successful vocalists of all time.

Personal life
She is named after film star Loretta Young. Lynn's sisters are Crystal Gayle and Peggy Sue, who are also country singers. She was married to Oliver Lynn (August 26, 1926-August 22, 1996).

Discography
Singles
"Coal Miner's Daughter" (1970)

Studio albums

Loretta Lynn Sings (1963)
Before I'm Over You (1964)
Songs from My Heart.... (1965)
Blue Kentucky Girl (1965)
Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be  (1965)
Hymns (1965)
I Like 'Em Country (1966)
You Ain't Woman Enough (1966)
Country Christmas (1966)
Don't Come Home a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind) (1967)
Singin' Again  (1967)
Singin' with Feelin' (1967)
Who Says God Is Dead! (1968)
Fist City (1968)
Your Squaw Is on the Warpath (1969)
If We Put Our Heads Together  (1969)
Woman of the World/To Make a Man (1969)
Wings Upon Your Horns (1970)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1971)
We Only Make Believe  (1971)
I Wanna Be Free (1971)
You're Lookin' at Country (1971)
Lead Me On  (1972)
One's on the Way (1972)
God Bless America Again (1972)
Here I Am Again (1972)
Entertainer of the Year (1973)
Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man  (1973)
Love Is the Foundation (1973)
Country Partners  (1974)
They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy (1974)
Back to the Country (1975)
Feelins'  (1975)
Home (1975)
When the Tingle Becomes a Chill (1976)
United Talent  (1976)
Somebody Somewhere (1976)
I Remember Patsy (1977)
Dynamic Duo  (1977)
Out of My Head and Back in My Bed (1978)
Honky Tonk Heroes  (1978)
We've Come a Long Way, Baby (1979)
Diamond Duet  (1979)
Loretta (1980)
Lookin' Good (1980)
Two's a Party  (1981)
I Lie (1981)
Making Love from Memory (1982)
Lyin', Cheatin', Woman Chasin', Honky Tonkin', Whiskey Drinkin' You (1983)
Just a Woman (1985)
Who Was That Stranger (1988)
Honky Tonk Angels  (1993)
Making More Memories (1994)
All Time Gospel Favorites (1997)
Still Country (2000)
Van Lear Rose (2004)
Full Circle (2016)
White Christmas Blue (2016)
Wouldn't It Be Great (2018)
Still Woman Enough (2021)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Kentucky

References

Other websites
Official website

1932 births
Living people
Country musicians
Singers from Kentucky