cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A context switch is the computing process of saving and restoring the state (context) of a CPU such that multiple processes can share a single CPU resource. The context switch is an essential feature of a multitasking operating system. 

Context switches are usually time consuming and much of the design of operating systems is to minimize the time of context switches. 

A context switch can mean a register context switch, a task context switch, a thread context switch, or a process context switch. What will be switched is determined by the processor and the operating system.

The scheduler is the part of the operating systems that manage context switching, it perform context switching in one of the following conditions:

Multitasking: One process needs to be switched out of (termed "yield" which means "give up") the CPU so another process can run. Within a preemptive multitasking operating system, the scheduler allows every task (according to its priority level) to run for some certain amount of time, called its time slice where a timer interrupt triggers the operating system to schedule another process for execution instead.If a process will wait for one of the computer resources or will perform an I/O operation, the operating system schedules another process for execution instead. 
Interrupt handling: Some CPU architectures (like the Intel x86 architecture) are interrupt driven. When an interrupt occurs, the scheduler calls its interrupt handler in order to serve the interrupt after switching contexts; the scheduler suspended the currently running process till executing the interrupt handler.
User and kernel mode switching: When a transition between user mode and kernel mode is required in an operating system, a context switch is not necessary; a mode transition is not by itself a context switch.  However, depending on the operating system, a context switch may also take place at this time.

Context switching can be performed primarily by software or hardware. Some CPUs have hardware support for context switches, else if not, it is performed totally by the operating system software. In a context switch, the state of a process must be saved somehow before running another process, so that, the scheduler resume the execution of the process from the point it was suspended; after restoring its complete state before running it again.

Other websites
  Context Switch Definition - by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)

Computer science
King Louie is a fictional orangutan who kidnaps Mowgli in Disney's 1967 animated musical adaptation of The Jungle Book. He does not appear in Rudyard Kipling's original book, as orangutans are not native to India. But the movie is "inspired by" rather than "based on" the Kipling stories. King Louie has been called an example of a racial stereotype in Disney movies.

References 

Disney characters
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True is the first sequel to Disney's animated movie Cinderella. It was going to be a TV show but it was canceled. no Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure. Another sequel, Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, was made in 2007.

Summary 

The movie explores Cinderella's "happily ever after" life as a princess in three stories, with help from the Fairy Godmother. First, Cinderella's awkward first days at the palace, when she tried so hard to fit in that she forgot to be herself. Second, how Jaq felt so left out that he wished to be a human. Third, how Cinderella taught one of her nasty stepsisters how to smile which leads to her own true love.

Voice Cast 
 Corey Burton as Gus
 Holland Taylor as Prudence
 Jennifer Hale as Cinderella
 Tress MacNeille as Anastasia
 Susanne Blakeslee as Lady Tremaine
 Frank Welker as Lucifer/Pom-Pom/Bruno
 Rob Paulsen as Jaq/Grand Duke/The Baker
 Christopher Daniel Barnes as Prince Charming
 Russi Taylor as Fairy Godmother, Drizella Tremaine, Mary Mouse, Beatrice, and Daphne

DVD Features 
 Race to the Royal Banquet Game (Special Edition only)
 Musical Magic Featurette
 Cinderella Storybook
 Cinderella's Enchanted Castle Activity
 "Put It Together" Music Video By Brooke Allison

Other websites 
 
 
 Cinderella II: Dreams Come True at Rotten Tomatoes
  Cinderella II: Dreams Come True - The Official Disney DVD Website

References

Disney animated movies
Disney direct-to-video movies
2002 movies
Cindy Lou Hensley McCain (born May 20, 1954) is an American businesswoman and politician. McCain is the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture since 2021. She was the wife of Republican Senator John McCain. During the Donald Trump presidency, she became a critic of the president and the Republican Party.

In the 2020 presidential election, she was one of the few key Republicans who supported form Vice President Joe Biden over President Trump.

In late November 2020, McCain was seen as a possible pick for an ambassador role in the Biden administration. In May 2021, it was reported that President Biden would nominate McCain to be the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture. McCain was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on October 26, 2021.

References

1954 births
Living people
American Baptists
Businesspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
US Republican Party politicians
Ambassadors of the United States
United Nations officials
A thread in computer science is short for a thread of execution. Threads are a way for a program to split itself into two or more simultaneously (or pseudo-simultaneously) running tasks. Threads and processes differ from one operating system to another but, in general, a thread is contained inside a process and different threads in the same process share the same resources while different processes in the same multitasking operating system do not. Threads are lightweight, in terms of the system resources they consume, as compared with processes.

Sources
David R. Butenhof: Programming with POSIX Threads, Addison-Wesley, 
Bradford Nichols, Dick Buttlar, Jacqueline Proulx Farell: Pthreads Programming, O'Reilly & Associates, 
Charles J. Northrup: Programming with UNIX Threads, John Wiley & Sons, 
Mark Walmsley: Multi-Threaded Programming in C++, Springer, 
Paul Hyde: Java Thread Programming, Sams, 
Bill Lewis: Threads Primer: A Guide to Multithreaded Programming, Prentice Hall, 
Steve Kleiman, Devang Shah, Bart Smaalders: Programming With Threads, SunSoft Press, 
Pat Villani: Advanced WIN32 Programming: Files, Threads, and Process Synchronization, Harpercollins Publishers, 
Jim Beveridge, Robert Wiener: Multithreading Applications in Win32, Addison-Wesley, 
Thuan Q. Pham, Pankaj K. Garg: Multithreaded Programming with Windows NT,  Prentice Hall, 
Len Dorfman, Marc J. Neuberger: Effective Multithreading in OS/2, McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 
Alan Burns, Andy Wellings: Concurrency in ADA, Cambridge University Press, 
Uresh Vahalia: Unix Internals: the New Frontiers, Prentice Hall, 
Alan L. Dennis:  .Net Multithreading , Manning Publications Company, 
Tobin Titus, Fabio Claudio Ferracchiati, Srinivasa Sivakumar, Tejaswi Redkar, Sandra Gopikrishna: C# Threading Handbook, Peer Information Inc, 
Tobin Titus, Fabio Claudio Ferracchiati, Srinivasa Sivakumar, Tejaswi Redkar, Sandra Gopikrishna: Visual Basic .Net Threading Handbook, Wrox Press Inc,

Other websites 
 Multiple Threading in C# , Association for Technotechmedia, August 2016, by Isha Chopra
Article "Query by Slice, Parallel Execute, and Join: A Thread Pool Pattern in Java " by Binildas C. A.
Ars Technica article about multithreading, etc
Answers to frequently asked questions for comp.programming.threads
The C10K problem
Article "The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software" by Herb Sutter
Article "The Problem with Threads " by Edward Lee
parallel computing community 
POSIX threads explained by Daniel Robbins
Multithreading in the Solaris Operating Environment 
Developer's Reference and tutorial 

Computer science
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time is the second sequel to Disney's animated movie Cinderella.

Summary 

Frollo gets the fairy godmother's wand and reverses all of which the fairy godmother did. Everything that she had made (the dress, the horses and the carriage) which were the reasons why and how Cinderella went to "The Ball". So when all the magic is gone will there be a happily ever after all? What will Cinderella do?

Voice cast 
 Jennifer Hale as Cinderella
 Tami Tappan as Cinderella (singing voice)
 Tony Jay as Frollo
 Rob Paulsen as Jaq/Grand Duke/Bishop
 Corey Burton as Gus
 C.D Barnes as Prince Charming
 Tress MacNeille as Anastasia
 Russi Taylor as The Fairy Godmother/Drizella
 Andre Stojka as The King
 Frank Welker as Lucifer
 Holland Taylor as Prudence

Release 
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time was released on February 6, 2007 and went back to the Disney Vault on January 31, 2008.

DVD Features 
 Games and Activities
Bibbidi-Bobbidi Game

Cinderella's Ballroom (DVD-ROM)
 Music and More
"I Still Believe" Music Video By: Hayden Panettiere
 Backstage Disney
Backstage At Disney Cruise Line's "Twice Charmed"

First Look At The New DVD, "Disney Princess Enchanted Tales"

Other websites 
 Cinderella 3 DVD Official Disney Website
 Times site trailers and 8 minutes of the movie.
 Director Frank Nissen on Cinderella III: A Twist in Time
 
 

Disney animated movies
Disney direct-to-video movies
2007 movies
American movies
Tilde de Paula (November 14, 1972) is a Swedish television host and presenter. She was born and raised in Chile and has won many awards for her television work in Sweden.

1954 births
Living people
Swedish television presenters
Chilean television presenters
Cynthia McKinney (born March 17, 1955) is an American politician. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She was the 2008 presidential candidate for the Green Party.

References

1955 births
Living people
African American politicians
Greens politicians
Politicians from Atlanta, Georgia
A task is a set of program instructions that are loaded in memory, then the address registers is loaded with the initial address to start running the task. It is defined as "an execution path through address space where part of a plan will be accomplished after executing the task'". 

Processes are often called tasks in embedded operating systems so "task" gives a meaning of a real-time (also small) application, which differs from a process. A process is an instance of a computer program. The kernel creates a process by allocating some memory (in kernel address space and user address space), loading program code from a disk or another part of memory into the newly allocated space, building the process tables and other operating systems structures, calculating the initial address then executes the process as one or more tasks.

Both "task" and "process" should be distinguished from event, which takes place at a specific time and place, and which can be planned for in a computer program. In a computer graphical user interface (GUI), an event can be as simple as a mouse click or keystroke.

Notes
Today, "tasks" and "processes" refer essentially to the same entity. although they have somewhat different terminological histories, now they are used by most peoples as synonyms. 
Today, the term "process" is generally preferred over "task", except when referring to "multitasking", since the alternative term, "multiprocessing", is too easy to confuse with "multiprocessor" (which is a computer with two or more CPUs), so if "multiprocessing" is used, it is always refers to "multiprocessor".

Related pages
 Thread (computer science)
 Process (computing)
 Multitasking

Computer science
Eddie Brock is a fictional character from the Spider-Man comic book universe.  He made his first appearance in Amazing Spider-Man #299 (April 1988).  He is best known for being the host of Venom.

Portayals
He was portrayed in films by Topher Grace and Tom Hardy.

Fictional characters introduced in 1988
Marvel Comics characters
In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being sequentially executed by a computer system that has the ability to run several computer programs concurrently.

A computer program itself is just a passive collection of instructions, while a process is the actual execution of those instructions. 

Several processes may be associated with the same program; for example, opening up several windows of the same program often means more than one process is being executed. In the computing world, processes are formally defined by the operating systems (OS) running them and so may differ in detail from one OS to another; for example in Microsoft Windows environment each instance of the same application is called a task.

Related pages
 Thread (computer science)
 Task (computers)
 Multitasking

References

Gary D. Knott (1974) A proposal for certain process management and intercommunication primitives ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. Volume 8 ,  Issue 4  (October 1974). pp. 7 - 44

Other websites 
 What Is Process - Computer Process Information Database

Computer science
Abdul Aziz aka Imam Samudra aka Qudama (January 14, 1970, Serang, Banten - November 9, 2008, Bali, Indonesia) was an Indonesian criminal. He was sentenced to execution for his part in the 2002 Bali bombings. The execution was expected to be made during early November 2008. It was done on November 9. Samudra is one of three in a network of the Bali bombers who were sentenced to death.

1970 births
Criminals
Indonesian people
Huda bin Abdul Haq (February 1960 – 9 November 2008) was an Indonesian sentenced to death for his role in the 2002 Bali bombings. He is a senior and influential Jemaah Islamiah leader with ties to Osama bin Laden. The exectution of Huda and Imam Samudra are expected to happened in early November 2008,and was handed down on November 9 by a firing squad.

1960 births
Criminals
Ali Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim (also known as Amrozi; 5 July 1962 - 9 November 2008) was an Indonesian who was convicted for his part in the 2002 Bali terrorist bombing. He was executed along with two other men involved in the bombing in early November 2008. Ali was executed on November 9 by a firing squad.

1962 births
2008 deaths
Indonesian people
Muslim terrorists
People executed by firearm
Louis "Studs" Terkel (May 16, 1912 – October 31, 2008) was an American author, historian, actor, and broadcaster who lived in Chicago. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1985 for his work The Good War. This book collected stories from average people about their memory of World War Two.

The nickname "Studs" came from his character in a play, after the director would call him that to avoid confusion with another actor called Louis.

Selected works
 Giants of Jazz (1957) ISBN 1-56584-769-5
 Division Street: America (1967)  ISBN  0-394-42267-8
 Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (1970)  
 Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do (1974)  
 Talking to Myself: A Memoir of My Times (1977)  
 American Dreams: Lost and Found (1983)  ISBN  
 The Good War (1984) 
 Chicago (1986) 
 The Great Divide: Second Thoughts on the American Dream (1988) 
 Race: What Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession (1992) 
 Coming of Age: The Story of Our Century by Those Who’ve Lived It (1995)  
 My American Century (1997)  
 The Spectator: Talk About Movies and Plays With Those Who Make Them (1999)   
 Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Reflections on Death, Rebirth and Hunger for a Faith (2001)   
 Hope Dies Last: Keeping the Faith in Difficult Times (2003)   
 And They All Sang: Adventures of an Eclectic Disc Jockey (2005)  ISBN |1-59558-003-4 
 Touch and Go (2007)   
 P.S. Further Thoughts From a Lifetime of Listening (2008)

References

Other websites
Studs Terkel's Official Site

Audio & Video Archive of Studs Terkel Interviews on Democracy Now!
2005 video of WFMT Critic-at-Large Andrew Patner's interview with Studs Terkel at the University of Chicago
Direct link to Studs Terkel Video on InDepth of C-SPAN
1988 audio interview with Studs Terkel by Don Swaim of CBS Radio - RealAudio 
Studs Terkel - The Last Touch - interviews with Terkel by Alan Hall in 2004 and 2005 - streaming and podcast audio on ABC Radio National
In October, 2008 looking forward to the historic election in America, he gave his last interview.
2007 video interview with Studs Terkel by Amy Goodman of Democracy Now! 
 The Legacy.com page for Studs Terkel
 Video: Remembering Studs Terkel
 BBC Obituary: Pulitzer winner Terkel dies at 96 
Signature of Studs Terkel
news.bbc.co.uk, BBC, Obituary: Studs Terkel

American historians
Jewish American actors
American journalists
Actors from New York City
Actors from Chicago
Writers from New York City
Writers from Chicago
1912 births
2008 deaths
Pulitzer Prize winners
American movie actors
American television actors
Robert Laurence "Bob" Barr, Jr.
(born November 5, 1948) is the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election.  He is  a  former federal prosecutor
and a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Republican from 1995 to 2003.

Barr is known as one of the leaders of the impeachment of President Bill Clinton.  Barr joined the Libertarian Party in 2006,
and until May 2008 served on its National Committee.

References

Other websites

Official 2008 Presidential Campaign website 
Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues.org
Video interview/discussion with Jane Hamsher on Bloggingheads.tv

1948 births
Living people
American Methodists
Politicians from Iowa
2008 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Georgia
US Libertarian Party politicians
US Republican Party politicians
Flying squirrels are a tribe of 44 species in the squirrel family Sciuridae. Despite the name, none use powered flight: all are gliders.

They are sociable, noisy rodents that glide from tree to tree, using a flap of loose skin that connects their front and hind legs. They can glide up to 150 feet (46 m), steering with their tail, and landing on tree trunks, gripping it with all four feet.

These squirrels are nocturnal (most active at night). They have a life span of about five years in the wild, and about 13 years in captivity. Flying squirrels live in forests in North America, Europe and Asia. 

Flying squirrels eat mostly plants, like seeds, nuts, leaves, maple sap, bulbs, bark, flowers, and roots. Less often, they eat insects, eggs, worms, small birds, and other small animals.

Flying squirrels are hunted by weasels, foxes, hawks, and coyotes.

Evolution 
Before the 21st century, the evolutionary history of the flying squirrel was often debated. This debate was clarified by two recent molecular studies.  These studies found that the living flying squirrels originated 18–20 million years ago, are monophyletic, and have a sister relationship with tree squirrels. 

There are reasons which may explain why gliding has evolved in mammals: 
economical locomotion: moving between trees using as little energy as possible. 
finding food: economical searching.  
avoiding predators.
reducing landing forces as compared to simple jumping.

References 

Squirrels

mr:शेकरू
S1m0ne is a 2002 American comedy-drama science fiction movie. It was directed by Andrew Niccol and released to movie theaters by Warner Bros. It stars Al Pacino.

Plot 
Viktor Taransky (Al Pacino) is working on a movie project. He is running out of money and his star decided not to do it anymore, so his movie is in trouble. A computer programmer named Hank approaches Viktor and tells him that he is able to create a computer-generated character. Hank soon dies of cancer and gives the program to Viktor. Viktor uses the program to insert an actress in place of his original star and the movie is a huge hit. The program, titled "Simulation One," is simplified to "Simone."

Viktor is at first very happy that this is a success, and has her star in more movies. For her voice, he simply speaks into a microphone and the computer makes it a female voice. He conducts interviews. Simone goes on to win an Academy Award and is wildly famous. However, Viktor soon becomes unhappy with Simone and tries to make her unpopular by having her star in a bad movie. However, the people still love Simone and the movie is still a success. Finally, Viktor uses a virus and erases her program from the computer. He then throws a trunk full of CDs into the ocean.

The police come and arrest Viktor and charge her for the murder of Simone. They have a video showing him dragging the trunk into the ocean; they believe that there was a body inside. He tells them that Simone was never real, but they don't believe him. His ex-wife Elaine (Catherine Keener) and his daughter Lainey (Evan Rachel Wood) enter his studio. Lainey ejects the floppy disk, restoring the Simone program, and they create a short movie that shows that Simone is alive and well. The police let him go. Elaine and Lainey convince Viktor that Simone is a symbol now and that they should continue to keep her alive. The last scene shows Viktor and Simone together, with Viktor announcing that Simone and he just had a child.

2002 comedy-drama movies
2002 science fiction movies
American comedy-drama movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
College basketball is basketball played between teams from colleges or universities, usually in the United States. The most popular American college basketball league is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).  Basketball in the NCAA is put into three divisions: Division I, Division II and Division III. However, there are other college basketball leagues, such as the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). College basketball teams are split into conferences, which are groups of about 10 teams.

Division I of the NCAA has two tournaments to determine who the national champion. One tournament is for men and one is for women. The men's tournament has 68 teams, and the women's tournament has 64 teams. These tournaments are often called "March Madness".

Compared to professional basketball
NCAA basketball and NBA basketball are different in some ways:
In NCAA basketball, there are more teams.
In NCAA basketball, there are fewer games.
In NCAA basketball, the 3-point line is farther back.
In NCAA basketball, the game is split into two 20 minute halves instead of four 12 minute quarters.
In NCAA basketball, the shot clock is 35 seconds instead of 24 seconds.
In NCAA basketball, the scores are usually lower.
Shirley Mount Hufstedler (August 24, 1925 – March 30, 2016) was United States Secretary of Education under President Jimmy Carter. She was born in Denver, Colorado.

In 1966, she was appointed Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal. President Lyndon Johnson appointed her Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1968. She served for eleven years before President Jimmy Carter appointed her U.S. Secretary of Education.

Hufstedler was considered to be a candidate for the Supreme Court if a vacancy had occurred under a Jimmy Carter Presidency.

On March 30, 2016, Hufstedler died in Glendale, California from cerebrovascular disease at the age of 90.

References

United States Secretaries of Education
Politicians from Denver, Colorado
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
1925 births
2016 deaths
Margaret Spellings (born Margaret Dudar on November 30, 1957) was the second  Secretary of Education under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. She was previously Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy to President Bush. 

She was one of the principal authors of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act.

United States Secretaries of Education
Politicians from Michigan
Politicians from Texas
US Republican Party politicians

1957 births
Living people
Nundle is a village in the New England area of New South Wales, Australia.  It was once the centre of Nundle Shire. Most of this area, including the village of Nundle, was added to the new Tamworth Regional Council in 2004. The village is 400 km north of Sydney and about 56 km south east of Tamworth. In 2006 there were 289 people living in Nundle.

History
Nundle was settled when gold was found nearby at “The Hanging Rock” and Swamp Creek in 1852. By June 1852 there were 300 people digging for gold at Oakenville Creek. People from California, Europe and China were also digging along the Peel River and up the mountain slopes. By 1865 there were about 500 people living there and about 50 shops and small businesses had started. A  school building was put up in December 1871. Lessons started in 1872.  Nundle was made a town in 1885. In 1924 the Peel River Bridge was built. In 1941 electricity was connected to the town. During 1966 the swimming pool was opened by the Rt Hon. Ian Sinclair. There were 1350 people living in the area in 1969. In 1979 the Premier of New South Wales, Neville Wran, opened the new Chaffey Dam. Sheep, cattle and timber are now the main business activities in Nundle.

There are many old buildings: the Nundle Woollen Mill, old Court House, Peel Inn and Primitive Methodist Church. The old Nundle Courthouse and Police Station have been placed on the Register of the National Estate.

Nundle is of the best areas in the State for finding crystals. Some gold and other precious stones can be found including zircons, green jasper, sapphires and serpentine minerals. Nundle is a popular tourist destination for both casual travellers and motorcycle riders. Nearby is the interesting Hanging Rock mining village with good views of the Nundle valley.

A new bridge across the Peel River at Nundle was finished in 2008. The cost of $683,000 was paid by the NSW State Government.

In July 2008 the rare Euphrasia arguta was rediscovered in a State Forest near Nundle. This plant was last recorded in 1904. It is believed to have grown after fire control burning the previous summer.

Facilities
	Caravan and cabin park
	Bus service to Tamworth secondary schools
	General Store
	Nundle Pre-School
	Nundle Public School
	Rural Health Service
	Post office
	Pony Club
	Golf and Bowling Club
	Tennis Club with synthetic surface tennis courts

Events
The annual Go for Gold Festival is held each Easter with around 4,000 visitors. The State Member for Tamworth told the NSW Parliament “that visitors had come to Nundle from all points of the compass during the Easter weekend to enjoy the relaxed atmosphere and the beautiful setting.”    The Great Nundle Dog Race, only open to working dogs, is run on the first Sunday in May and attracts many visitors. This event helps to raise money for sporting equipment, computers, books and trips for students at the Nundle Public School.

References
 
 Tamworth Information, Tamworth City Council
 Explore Australia, 20th edition, 2002, Viking

Towns in New South Wales
The National Library of Australia is Australia's largest reference library. It was started by the National Library Act. The library has to keep and develop a national collection of library material. This includes a broad and complete collection of library material about Australia and the Australian people. It is in Canberra, the capital of Australia.

History

The National Library of Australia, was officially set up with the National Library Act, 1960. It had been working as a National Library, not just a Parliamentary Library, since 1901.

In 1901, a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was started to help the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia. From its beginning, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library began to develop of a truly national collection. In 1907 the chairman of the Joint Parliamentary Library Committee,  Sir Frederick Holder, gave the reasons for having the library. Australia should have a great public library, like the famous Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. It would be a home for the literature of the world, for ever.

The library building was opened in 1968.

Collections
The Library's collections of Australian objects has become the nation's single most important collection of materials recording the Australian cultural history. The Library collects Australian materials of all kinds including:
 books
 serials
 newspapers
 maps
 music
 ephemera (small unimportant things that are not usually kept)
 online publications
 unpublished material like manuscripts, pictures and oral histories.

The Library has good collections in the performing arts, including dance. The Library also has big collections of general overseas and rare book materials, as well as world-class Asian and Pacific collections which add to the Australian collections.

The print collections include large collections of microform. The Library keeps the National Reserve Braille Collection. In total, over 5 million items are held. Films and sound recordings are kept in a separate collection run by the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra.

The Library has digitised over 130,000 items from its collection. The 100,000th was a photo . These digital items can be seen on the Internet. The Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques. It keeps an Internet archive of selected Australian websites, called the Pandora Archive.

References

Museums in Australia
National libraries
Government agencies of Australia
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1960 establishments in Australia
Libraries in Australia
Breeza is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is about 43 kms south of Gunnedah and 393 km north of Sydney. It is a part of the Gunnedah Shire Local Government Area.  Breeza is in the Liverpool Plains agricultural area. The area around Breeza is called the "Breeza Plains". There are about 25 people who live in Breeza, and 133 who live in the area.

Breeza is on the Kamilaroi Highway about halfway between Gunnedah and Quirindi. It is also on the North-west railway line, close to where it crosses the Mooki River.  Breeza has a grain silo.

It is often erroneously said that the bushranger Ben Hall was born at Breeza.  He was in fact born near Maitland, NSW but his father, Ben HAll Snr worked on Breeza Station at one time. There is a Ben Hall wall with a painting at the roadside rest area/picnic spot. The mural was painted by Bronwyn Bassett. 

The bushranger, Frederick Ward, known as 'Thunderbolt',  robbed a Mr Matthews on the Breeza Plain in 1865. 

Dow AgroSciences has established an agricultural research field station at Breeza which researches wheat breeds.

References

Other websites 
 Breeza Information - website
 Breeza Travel Australia -  website
 River conditions - Mooki River at Breeza

Towns in New South Wales
Retail is selling goods or items to the people who will use them. This is different from wholesale, which is selling to a retailer.

According to Oxford Dictionary, Retail is the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale.

Retailers buy finished goods or items directly from a manufacturer or a wholesaler and then distribute in smaller quantities to the final consumer who has a need for such items.

For instance, when we buy shoes to wear or food to eat, we buy from a retailer.

Retailing can be done at shops and stores. This includes department stores, malls and markets where stalls or stands are set up at a cleared area.

Another way of purchasing retail items is by ordering them by mail, telephone, Internet or other methods, to be delivered by post or package delivery service such as United Parcel Service. Some items are sold door-to-door, in which a sales person goes to a possible customers home and tries to sell an item.

References

Shops
Retail markets
Mauro Zàrate (born March 18 1987 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine football player (footballer). He plays for Lazio.

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires
Argentine footballers
Gunnedah is a town in north-western New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 7,542 people living in the town.

Gunnedah is on the Oxley and Kamilaroi Highways. It is 475 kms from  Sydney. There is also a railway to Sydney. There is a daily train service, the Countrylink Xplorer, between Sydney and Moree.

The major business is agriculture. Gunnedah produces cotton, coal, beef, lamb, pork, and cereal and oilseed grains.
Gunnedah is also the home of AgQuip, Australia's largest annual exhibition of agricultural equipment.

History
The Gunnedah area was the home of the Australian Aborigines who spoke the Kamilaroi (Gamilaraay) language. The area of the town was settled by Europeans in 1833 or 1834.

Dorothea Mackellar wrote her famous poem My Country (popularly known as I Love a Sunburnt Country) about her family's farm near Gunnedah. Every year the Dorothea Mackellar Poetry Awards for school students are held in Gunnedah.

Coal was found on Black Jack Hill in 1877. By 1891, 6,000 tons of coal had been dug from shafts. The Gunnedah Colliery Company was registered in May, 1899. One month later a private railway some 5.7 km in length had been completed from the railway station to their mine. In September, 1957, the Government Railway took over the working of the line.

"The Red Chief," by great Australian author Ion L. Idriess, tells the true story of "Red Kangaroo" and his tribe, from this area.

Geography
Gunnedah Shire is 264 metres above sea level on the Liverpool Plains in the Namoi River valley. It is very flat. The tallest hills are only 200 metres above the flat plains. The climate is hot in summer, mild in winter and dry. Rainstorms occasionally cause flooding of the Namoi River. Floods can cut transport links to the town and cut it off from the outside world.

The Gunnedah area has a lot of Australian wildlife, including kangaroos, echidnas and koalas. Koalas can often be seen in trees within the town.

Media 
There is a newspaper, the Namoi Valley Independent. There are 2 radio stations 2MO and 2GGG. 2MO claims to be the first station started in Australia outside the capital cities.

Railway station 
Gunnedah railway station is on the Mungindi (or North West) railway line, 475 km from Sydney. The station was opened in 1879. There is a large station building with single platform.  There is also a passing loop and small goods yard. There is a single daily Xplorer diesel railmotor operating between Sydney and Moree.

Other websites 
Info Gunnedah 
AgQuip
Gunnedah Shire Profile 
Gunnedah Speedway
Gunnedah High School
Gunnedah South Public School

References 

Towns in New South Wales
Sami Hyypiä (born 7 October 1973 in Porvoo) is a Finnish football player. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen and the Finland national team.  He is a defender in both of his teams and is captain of Finland and used to be the captain of Liverpool.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Myllykosken Pallo||rowspan="4"|Veikkausliiga||33||0||||||||||0||0||33||0
|-
|1993||12||0||||||||||1||0||13||0
|-
|1994||25||5||||||||||4||0||29||5
|-
|1995||26||3||||||||||4||0||30||3

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|Willem II||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||14||0
|-
|1996/97||30||1||5||1||colspan="2"|-||0||0||35||2
|-
|1997/98||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||33||0
|-
|1998/99||26||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0||31||2

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="10"|Liverpool||rowspan="10"|Premier League||38||2||2||0||2||0||0||0||42||2
|-
|2000/01||35||3||6||0||6||1||11||0||58||4
|-
|2001/02||37||3||2||0||1||0||16||2||56||5
|-
|2002/03||36||3||3||0||4||0||12||2||55||5
|-
|2003/04||38||4||4||0||1||0||8||1||51||5
|-
|2004/05||32||2||1||0||1||0||15||1||49||3
|-
|2005/06||36||1||6||1||1||0||14||0||57||2
|-
|2006/07||23||2||0||0||1||1||5||0||29||3
|-
|2007/08||27||1||4||1||0||0||13||2||44||4
|-
|2008/09||16||1||1||0||2||1||0||0||19||2

|-
|2009/10||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||||||
96||8||||||||||9||0||105||8
100||3||9||1||colspan="2"|-||4||0||113||4
318||22||29||2||19||3||94||8||460||35
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
514||32||38||3||19||3||107||8||678||47
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||0||0
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||4||0
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
|1999||7||1
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||6||1
|-
|2003||9||2
|-
|2004||8||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||7||1
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
!Total||103||5
|}

Other websites
Thisisanfield.com player profile
Profile at ESPNsoccernet.com

References

1973 births
Living people
Finnish footballers
Now That's What I Call Music! 29 is the 29th album in the original Now series. This compilation album was released in November 2008. Songs include "Thunder" by Boys Like Girls, "Whatever You Like" by T.I., "Got Money" by Lil Wayne, and "Dangerous" by Kardinal Offishall and Akon and 16 other tracks.

Tracks
 P!nk – "So What"
 E.G. Daily – "Changing Faces"
 Pussycat Dolls – "When I Grow Up"
 Sarah Robertson – "Exhausted"
 Ne-Yo – "Closer"
 Chris Brown – "Forever"
 Kardinal Offishall featuring Akon – "Dangerous"
 T.I. – "Whatever You Like"
 Lil Wayne featuring T-Pain – "Got Money"
 Savage featuring Soulja Boy Tell 'Em – "Swing"
 Young Jeezy featuring Kanye West – "Put On"
 Yung Berg featuring Casha – "The Business"
 Jordin Sparks – "One Step at a Time"
 Leona Lewis – "Better In Time"
 Boys Like Girls – "Thunder"
 Saving Abel – "Addicted"
 Daughtry – "What About Now"
 Matt Nathanson – "Come On Get Higher"
 Darius Rucker – "Don't Think I Don't Think About It"
 Keith Anderson – "I Still Miss You"
Christina Aguilera - "Reflection"
Rihanna - "Disturbia"
Katy Perry - "Hot 'n' Cold"

Related pages
 Now That's What I Call Music! (U.S. Series)

2009 albums
Compilation albums
Thrissur is one of the fourteen districts of Kerala in southwest India. It is the second largest city in Kerala and 20th largest city in India. At the center of the city is a temple, the Vadakkumnathan temple which has Lord Siva as its presiding deity. It is known as the cultural capital of Kerala because of the city's association with history, culture and archaeological remains. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometers (186 mi) towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. It is famous for Thrissur Pooram which is a temple festival. Thrissur is also known as the “cultural capital of Kerala” as its well known for its cultural, spiritual and religious learnings throughout history.

Other websites 
 Satellite image of Thrissur
 Thrissur District Information- Hotels, Hospitals, Thrissur Places, Shops, Doctors, Banks, etc.

Kerala
Michigan Territory was a territory of the United States in the early 19th century, between June 30, 1805 and January 26, 1837, when it became Michigan, the 26th state of the Union. Detroit was the territory's capital.

History

The Treaty of Detroit was signed on November 17, 1807 between William Hurt and American Indians from the Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot people. Those Indian tribes agreed to give the United States the area of Southeast Michigan and a part of Ohio near the Maumee River. The Indians were allowed to own small amounts of land in the area. This helped expand the territory.

Population
These numbers do not count most Native Americans.  In 1800, the whole of the Northwest Territory had 43,365 people living in it. Under the Northwest Ordinance, a territory could apply to become a state once it had 60,000 people living in it.

Governors

References

Other websites
An act to divide Indiana Territory  (the law which created the Michigan Territory)

History of Michigan
1805 establishments in the United States
1837 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in the United States
Former territories of the United States
The Jurassic Coast is a stretch of  coast in south-west England. It is between Orcombe Point near Exmouth in East Devon and Old Harry Rocks near Swanage in East Dorset. This is 96 miles long (154 km).

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Its entire length can be walked on the South West Coast Path.

Major fossil finds 
Some of the greatest fossil discoveries were made in this area. 
The first ichthyosaur skeleton
The first plesiosaur
The first pterosaur outside Germany
These finds were by Mary Anning in the first part of the 19th century. This area was home to Mary, a collector who searched for fossils of the coastline around Lyme Regis and discovered several complete Ichthyosaur fossils.

Geology 

The Jurassic Coast is made of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous cliffs, spanning 185 million years of geological history.

The site contains a number of special features and shows different landforms, including the natural arch at Durdle Door, the cove and limestone folding at Lulworth Cove and an island, the Isle of Portland.

Chesil Beach (or Chesil Bank) is one of England's three shingle (gravel) beaches. It is a barrier beach which runs parallel to the coastline and connects to Portland Bill (see photo). Between the barrier and the regular coastline is a lagoon.

Golden Cap is the highest place on the south coast of England. It is  high.

Sequence of rocks 
This section notes the main rocks found on the coast, starting with the lowest (earliest).

Blue Lias 

The Blue Lias is a geologic formation in the Jurassic Coast and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Lias Group.

The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur Dimorphodon.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone.

Gateway towns 
These are special towns that are related to the Jurassic Coast:
 Weymouth
 West Bay
 Abbotsbury
 Bridport
 Budleigh Salterton
 Charmouth — Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre
 Exmouth
 Lulworth
 Lyme Regis
 Seaton
 Sidmouth
 Swanage

Gallery

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites 

 Jurassic Coast official website 
 The South West Coast Path National Trail
 Jurassic Coast UNESCO World Heritage site datasheet

Devon
Dorset
Geography of England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
In computer science, an instruction is a single operation of a processor defined by the processor instruction set.

The size or length of an instruction varies widely, from as little as 4-bits in some microcontrollers to many as multiples of a bytes in some very long instruction word (VLIW) systems.  Most modern processors used in personal computers, mainframes, and supercomputers have instruction sizes between 16 and 64 bits. In some architectures, especially Reduced instruction set computers, instructions are of fixed length, typically corresponding with that architecture's word size.

On traditional architectures, an instruction includes an opcode specifying the operation to be performed, such as "add contents of memory to register", and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations, or literal data. The operand specifiers may have addressing modes determining their meaning or may be in fixed fields.

In VLIW architectures, which include many microcode architectures, multiple simultaneous operations and operands are specified in a single instruction.

Instructions are rarely specified using their machine code form; they may be specified by programmers using an assembly language or, more commonly, may be generated by compilers.

There is another more general definition for an "instruction" not only related to the processor instruction set, which is: An "instruction" may be any representation of an element of an executable computer program.

Related pages
Machine language

Microprocessor design
Piacenza is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital city of the province of Piacenza. 99,897 people live there. Piacenza is famous for its palazzi.

References 

Cities in Emilia-Romagna
Capital cities in Italy
SA80 (Small Arms for the 80s) is the name of a weapons family used by the British Army and Royal Marines. All are of bullpup design: this means the magazine is behind the trigger so the weapon is shorter yet still has a long barrel.

The series includes an assault rifle known as the L85 and a Light Support Weapon (LSW) designated the L86 as well as a carbine variant for helicopter crews and a bolt action army cadet variant. 

The LSW variant is far more accurate than its predecessor, and is used in army FSGs (Fire Support Groups). They are amazingly accurate for their size (Army marksmanship tests were redesigned after the SA80 introduction because it was so accurate). Nevertheless, the SA80 family has been plagued by poor reliability. They have had an upgrade by the German arms company H&K when it was British owned. This resulted in the A2 series, but not all models have been upgraded. 

The SA80 also has a cadet force variant (L98 A2 Cadet GP) that is the same size, and is used throughout the ACF. It has a success rate far higher than the old, bolt-action A1 version.

Firearms
British Army equipment
Frederick Joseph Yates (25 July 1922 – 7 July 2008) was an English artist. His work was very much in the style of the late L. S. Lowry.  Yates lived and worked all over England but in later years he was based in France.

References 

1922 births
2008 deaths
English painters
People from Lancashire
The Economist is a magazine published each week in England. It was founded in 1843. It currently has about 1.3 million subscribers.

It was founded in 1843 by Scotsman James Wilson with assistance from the Anti-Corn Law League as a voice against England’s Corn Laws, regulations governing the import and export of grain. Wilson’s son-in-law Walter Bagehot, who served as editor of The Economist from 1861 to 1877, expanded the publication’s coverage into politics and strengthened its focus on U.S. affairs. A later admirer of Bagehot's was Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

In 1992 WT Layton was appointed as editor. His editorship was of profound importance to the newspaper, and he was probably the person to whom it owes most thanks for its survival and continued independence.The Economist is classically liberal and economically liberal. It supports free trade, globalization, and the legalization of same-sex marriage and illegal drugs. It targets highly educated readers, as well as famous people such as Bill Gates, Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Ted Turner.

Tone and voice 
The Economist has a consistent voice, partly because its writers are anonymous. It assumes its readers have a basic understanding of economics. Its articles are often witty.

References 

Magazines of the United Kingdom
Our Lady of Guadalupe (Spanish: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe) is a name for the Virgin Mary who is said to have appeared at Tepeyac Hills in Guadalupe, a town near Mexico City. She is said to have appeared to a poor native American named Juan Diego. Our Lady of Guadalupe is one of the most popular cultural and religious icons in the Hispanic world. The feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe is celebrated each year by the Catholic Church on December 12, the anniversary of her appearance.

Roman Catholicism
Christian symbols
Mexico City
Marian apparitions
1531
Latin