cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) also known as the ring-necked parakeet, is a tropical species of bird, with a wide range in Africa and  south Asia (the Indian subcontinent).

The rose-ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic. The adult male has a red or black neck ring and the hen and immature birds of both sexes show little or no neck rings. Both sexes have a distinctive green colour. 

Rose-ringed parakeets measure on average  in length, including the tail feathers, a large portion of their total length. Their average single-wing length is about . In the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawk. Captive birds can be taught to speak. It is herbivorous and not migratory.

Birds of Asia
Animals of Africa
Parakeets
Saludos Amigos is a 1942 movie that takes place in Latin America, produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The sixth animated feature in the Disney animated features canon, it is made up of four different segments; Donald Duck stars in two of them and Goofy stars in one. It also features the first appearance of José Carioca. Saludos Amigos was popular enough for a sequel, The Three Caballeros, to be produced two years later. The movie premiered in Rio de Janeiro on August 24, 1942. It was released in the United States on February 6, 1943. It got mixed reviews and was only rereleased once, in 1949, when it was shown on a double bill with the first rerelease of Dumbo.

Its title in Spanish means, "Hello, Friends". This was the first Disney animated feature to be shown in South America before it was shown in the USA. At 42 minutes, this is the shortest Disney feature to date.

Segments 
The movie features four different parts, or segments. Each of them begin with different clips of the Disney artists roaming the country drawing cartoons of some of the local cultures and scenery:

 In Lake Titicaca, American tourist Donald Duck visits the Lake Titicaca and meets with some of the local yokels, including a llama.

 Pedro involves the title character, a small airplane from Chile, in his very first flight to pick up air mail from Mendoza, with almost disastrous results.

 In El Gaucho Goofy, American cowboy Goofy gets taken mysteriously to the Uruguayan pampas to learn the ways of the native gaucho. This segment was later edited for the movie's video release, to get rid of one scene of Goofy smoking a cigarette.

 Aquarela do Brasil (or "Watercolor of Brazil"), the finale of the movie, involves a brand-new character, José Carioca, showing Donald Duck around South America and introducing him to the samba (to the tunes of "Brazil" and "Tico-Tico no Fubá").

Cast 
 Lee Blair - Himself
 Mary Blair - Herself
 Pinto Colvig - Goofy
 Walt Disney - Himself
 Norman Ferguson - Himself
 Frank Graham - Himself
 Clarence Nash - Donald Duck
 José Oliveira - José Carioca
 Fred Shields - Narrator
 Frank Thomas - Himself

Worldwide release dates

Titles in other languages 
 
 
 
 
  (also known as )
 
 Japanese: ラテン・アメリカの旅 (Raten Amerika no Tabi, Journey to the Latin America)
 
 
 
  (also known as )

References

Other websites 
 
 

1942 movies
Disney animated movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Movies composed by Oliver Wallace
Multilingual movies
The Birthday Massacre is a synthpop band, based in Toronto, Canada. The band was officially formed in 1999, known at that time as Imagica, a name taken from a novel by Clive Barker called Imajica. In 2001 they changed their name to The Birthday Massacre. They have released 5 studio albums and they announced in January 2013 that they are working on a 6th album. In 2013 they did a tour with Emilie Autumn. In 2014 The Birthday Massacre will release their sixth album.

Career
In 2002 The Birthday Massacre released their first album, Nothing and Nowhere. In 2005 Violet was released. Walking with Strangers was released in 2007. During the spring and summer of 2009, the band went on tour with bands I Am Ghost and Dommin in North America and Europe.

Members 

 Chibi - Vocals (1999-present)
 Rainbow - Guitar and Programming (1999-present)
 Michael Falcore - Guitar (1999-present)
 Rhim - Drums (2003-Present)
 O-en - Keyboards (2004-present)
 Nate Manor – bass (2010-present)

Former members 

 Dank - Keyboards (2000-2001)
 Aslan - Bass (2000-2007)
 Adm - Keyboards (2002-2004)
 Brett Carruthers (2004)
 O.E. - Drums (2001-2003), Bass (2007-2010)

Discography

Demos 
 Demo 1 (2000) (as Imagica)
 Demo 2 (2001) (as Imagica)

Albums 

 Nothing and Nowhere (2002)
 Violet (2004)
 Walking with Strangers (2007)
 Looking Glass EP (2008)
 Pins and Needles (2010)
 Hide and Seek (2012)

DVD 
 Blue (2005)
 ""Live Bootleg DVD"" (2006)

References 

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian rock bands
New wave bands
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Canada
Clive Barker (born 5 October 1952) is an English author, movie director and visual artist. He was born in Liverpool. He is openly gay.

Novels
 (1985) The Damnation Game
 (1986) The Hellbound Heart
 (1987) Weaveworld
 (1988) Cabal
 (1989) The Great and Secret Show (first "Book of the Art")
 (1991) Imajica
 (1992) The Thief of Always
 (1994) Everville (second "Book of the Art")
 (1996) Sacrament
 (1998) Galilee
 (2001) Coldheart Canyon: A Hollywood Ghost Story
 (2001) Tortured Souls (novelette)
 (2002) Abarat (first book of the Abarat Quintet)
 (2004) Abarat: Days of Magic, Nights of War (second book of the Abarat Quintet)
 (2007) Mister B. Gone (2008) Absolute Midnight (third book of the Abarat Quintet)
 (2008) The Scarlet Gospels''

Filmography

Directed
 (1973) Salome
 (1978) The Forbidden
 (1987) Hellraiser
 (1990) Nightbreed
 (1995) Lord of Illusions
 (2009) Tortured Souls: Animae Damnatae

Produced
 (1988) Hellbound: Hellraiser II
 (1992) Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth
 (1992) Candyman
 (2006) The Plague
 (2008) The Midnight Meat Train
 (2008) Born (pre-production)
 (2009) Clive Barker Presents Hellraiser (pre-production)

Written
 (1986) Rawhead Rex
 (1987) Transmutations
 (2008) Book of Blood (post-production)
 (2008) Born (pre-production)

References

Other websites

Actors from Liverpool
English artists
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English novelists
English screenwriters
English voice actors
LGBT actors
LGBT artists
LGBT directors
LGBT writers
Writers from Liverpool
1952 births
Living people
Hellraiser is a 1987 British horror movie exploring the themes of sadomasochism, pain as a source of pleasure, and morality under duress and fear. It is based on the novella The Hellbound Heart by Clive Barker, who also wrote the screenplay and directed the movie.

Hellraiser was number 19 on the cable channel Bravo's list of the 100 Scariest Movie Moments.

This movie had a sequel, Hellbound: Hellraiser II.

References

Other websites

1987 horror movies
British horror movies
Movies based on books

es:Hellraiser
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. It grows to a height of 2-3 feet.

Lamiales
Spices
Pedaliaceae (pedalium family or sesame family) is a flowering plant in the Scrophulariales family.

Sesame, Sesamum indicum, is the source of sesame seeds.

Lamiales
Organized crime is an act committed by a group or groups of people, usually mobsters and other criminals, who work to make money or achieve certain motive illegally.

Related pages
 Corruption
Nathan Karl Kress also Nate Kress (born November 18, 1992) is an American teen actor and voice actor.

Biography

Early life
Nathan Kress was born in Glendale, California and resides in Southern California. He acts on the hit Nickelodeon show iCarly as Freddie Benson.

Career
When Kress was young, he would quote lines and monologues from television and perform for his family and friends. He began modeling, acting and voiceover work at 3 years old. At age 6, he took a break from acting, and at about age 10, asked his mom to begin homeschooling him so that he could pursue acting again. He voiced the role of Eizan Kaburagi from Nickelodeon's animated series, Shuriken School. He has also guest starred in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody as Jamie.  Kress has enjoyed playing dramatic roles in House, Standoff, and Without a Trace.

In early 2007, Nathan performed in a short film, Bag, for which he won a Jury Honorable Mention Award at the 168 Hour Film Festival for the role of Albert. Bag also won the Festival award for Best Comedy.

iCarly
On iCarly, Nathan's role is that of Freddie Benson, the technical producer for Carly's webshow, iCarly. Freddie is a computer whiz kid who has a crush on Carly (Miranda Cosgrove) and an ongoing feud with Sam (Jennette McCurdy). "It's weird," says Kress, "I have to pretend to love Carly and kiss Sam when actually we are just all really good friends." He co-stars with Miranda Cosgrove, Jennette McCurdy, and Jerry Trainor on iCarly.

Television and film roles

References

Other websites
 
 Nathan Kress Profile 
   Fansite

1992 births
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
Actors from Glendale, California
The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism and comedy. They are a "barnstorming" team, which means they travel around the world playing basketball in many different places.  Sometimes they play college or pro teams, but usually they play a team called the Washington Generals.

They were founded in 1925 in Chicago.  Almost all their players are African-American, which was unusual at the time of their founding (at that time, most professional basketball players were white).  In the 1930s and 1940s, they were one of the best basketball teams in the country, along with the New York Rens, another African-American basketball team.  By the 1950s, a lot of black players started playing in the NBA, and the Globetrobbers became a clown team.  

The best-known Globetrotter is Meadowlark Lemon.  Wilt Chamberlain played for the Globetrotters for a while.  They were placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame as a team in 2001.

Basketball teams
American entertainers
African-American people
Batman is a 1960s American television series, based on the DC comic book character Batman. It aired on the ABC network for two and a half seasons from 1966 to 1968. Even though it was on TV for such a short time, the series had two new episodes each week, giving the show a total of 120 episodes (the equivalent of roughly five regular seasons).

Cast 
 Adam West - Batman/Bruce Wayne - A caped crusader whose parents were murdered when he was a child.
 Burt Ward - Robin/Dick Grayson - Batman's faithful partner and "boy wonder".
 Alan Napier - Alfred - Batman's loyal butler.
 Neil Hamilton - Commissioner James Worthington Gordon - Gotham City Commissioner of Police.
 Stafford Repp - Chief Miles O'Hara - Gotham City Chief of Police.
 Madge Blake - Aunt Harriet Cooper - Dick Grayson's maternal aunt.
 Yvonne Craig - Batgirl/Barbara Gordon - Commissioner Gordon's daughter and Batman's partner (Season 3).
 Byron Keith - Mayor John Linseed - Mayor of Gotham City (recurring).
 William Dozier - "Desmond Doomsday," the Narrator
The Big Four Supervillains:
  Cesar Romero --- aka Jack "The Joker" Napier
  Burgess Meredith- aka Oswald "The Penguin" Cobblepot
  Frank Gorshin   - aka Edward "The Riddler" Nygma  {also played by John Austin in one episode}
  Julie Newmar   -  aka Shelia "The Catwoman" Caryle {also played by Eartha Kitt and Lee Meriweather}

Other websites 
 Batmania UK :: 1966 Batman
 
 
 Museum of Broadcast Communications 
 The 1966 Batman TV Tribute Site
 The BatCave Fan Site
 The Bat Pages Note: this website contains the original screentests of Adam West, Burt Ward, and Lyle Waggoner.
 Batman: The Series @ Batman: Yesterday, Today, & Beyond
 Batman: The Movie @ Batman: Yesterday, Today, & Beyond 
 BATMAN ON FILM
 Television Obscurities - Batgirl Promotional Short

Action television series
Comedy television series
1966 television series debuts
1968 television series endings
Batman
ABC network shows
Superhero television shows
English-language television programs
A graduate school (or grad school) is a school that gives advanced academic degrees, such as Master's degrees (M.S. or M.B.A.) and Doctoral degrees (Ph.D. or L.L.D. or D.D.S. etc.). A graduate student (or grad student) is a student who has earned a Bachelor's degree and is pursuing additional education in a specific field, though this is not always the case. In British English, the term "postgraduate student" is more common. 

A graduate school is not always a separate school.

The term "graduate school" could be confusing because the verb "graduate" is also used to mean completing high school education or earning a Bachelor's degree. The verb is used for all those types of schools, but the meaning of the adjective "graduate" is changed to mean "postgraduate" in the term "graduate school". The small change in meaning can be viewed with an air of sophistication, where experienced students are often more aware of the issue, while novice students might not be aware, as being more naive.

Related pages 
 Business school
 Law school
 Medical school

Colleges and universities
The SAT Reasoning Test (used to be called Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test) is a test for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned, published, and created by the College Board, a non-profit organization in the United States, and was once owned by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). ETS now administers the exam. The SAT is usually taken by high school juniors and seniors.

As of March 5, 2016, the College Board has begun using a new SAT, which has four sections (reading, writing, math without calculator, math with calculator) plus an optional essay. 

The reading section comes first. It is 65 minutes long, and has 52 questions. Unlike on the pre-2016 SAT, there are no vocabulary words or sentences to fill in.

The writing section, which is 35 minutes long and has 44 questions, comes next. It is similar to the old writing section.

The math section is split into two parts: one which lets students use calculators, and one which does not. The no-calculator section comes before the calculator section, and has 20 problems to be finished in 25 minutes. The calculator section has 38 problems to be done in 55 minutes.

Finally, the essay is 50 minutes long, but does not have to be taken by every student. The new essay is based on analyzing a passage, instead of answering a question about life experiences.

Scores on the new SAT range from 400 to 1600, as on the pre-2005 SAT.

Older versions

Before 2005 
On the old SAT administered before 2005, the top score was 1600. The two sections were Critical Reading and Mathematics. The scores in each area ranged from 200 to 800, 800 being the best score. The two scores were added together.

From 2005 to 2016 
From 2005 to 2016, the SAT had questions in three areas: Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. Writing included a new essay section. The scores in each area go from 200 to 800, 800 being the best score. The scores in the three areas are added up, for a score between 600 and 2400. The average score is about 1500 in total. Getting near the highest or lowest scores is rare.

The test had ten sections, with the essay always coming first. There is also a section that is not scored. College Board said:

The sections are mostly 25 minutes long, but the later sections start to get shorter, with fewer questions. The whole test lasted 3 hours and 45 minutes.

Related tests 
The PSAT is also fee-based, and is practice for the real SAT.

The NMSQT is the National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. It's a qualifying test for the National Merit Scholarship Program.

The SAT Subject Tests were one hour long tests in mathematics, science, history, English, and foreign languages. They were all multiple choice and scores ranged from 200 to 800 points. No subject tests will be held after June 2021.

Similar articles
ACT (test), a college entrance exam, competitor to the SAT
 SHSAT, a high school entrance exam in New York

Notes

Other websites
SAT and SAT Subject Tests

Education in the United States
Charles "Lucky" Luciano (born Salvatore Lucania; November 24, 1897 – January 26, 1962) was a Sicilian mobster. Luciano is considered to have been the father of modern organized crime and the mastermind of the postwar expansion of the international heroin trade. He was the first official boss of the modern Genovese crime family. 

Time magazine named Luciano among the top 20 most influential builders and titans of the 20th century.

References 

1897 births
1962 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Drug traffickers
Mobsters
People from Sicily
The Genovese crime family is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities in New York City, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). The Genovese crime family has been nicknamed the "Ivy League" and "Rolls Royce" of organized crime.

Bosses of the Genovese crime family
 1922–1931 – Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria (Boss, murdered in 1931 during the Castellammarese War)
 1931–1946 – Salvatore 'Charlie "Lucky" Luciano' Lucania (Boss, jailed in 1936)
 1936–1946 – Frank "Frankie the Prime Minister" Costello (acting boss)
 1946–1957 – Frank "Frankie the Prime Minister" Costello (Boss, retired)
 1957–1969 – Vito "Don Vito" Genovese (Boss, jailed 1959, died in prison in 1969)
 Circa 1959–1972 – Thomas "Tommy Ryan" Eboli (acting boss, turned front boss sometime in the mid 1960s, murdered 1972)
 Circa 1965–1972 – Gerardo "Jerry" Catena (jailed 1970-72, retired 1973, died 2000 at age 98)
 Circa 1965–1981 – Philip "Benny Squint" Lombardo (retired)
 1972–1981 – Frank "Funzi" Tieri (acting boss, turned front boss sometime in the early 1970s by the family)
 1981–1987 – Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno (front boss for Vincent Gigante, jailed 1987, died in prison)
 1981–2005 – Vincent "Chin" Gigante (Boss, jailed 1997, died in prison of heart failure on December 19, 2005)
 1990–1996 – Liborio "Barney" Bellomo (street boss, jailed)
 1996–1998 – Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (street boss, steps down)
 1997–2003 – Matthew "Matty the Horse" Ianniello (acting boss, jailed)
 2003–2005 – Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (acting boss, jailed)
 2005–2006 – Mario Gigante (acting boss, possible in retirement after the death of his brother in 2005)
 2006–2007 – Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo (acting boss) (indicted May 31, 2007, remanded without bail before being sentenced to 5 years in prison in early 2008), Venero "Benny Eggs" Mangano (underboss) (released from prison December, 2006 after serving 15 years), Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (consigliere) (Sentenced to 46 months on March 3, 2006), Lawrence "Little Larry" Dentico (acting consigliere) (promoted prior to coping a plea and being sentenced to 4 1/2 years in early 2006)
 2007–present – Paul "Paulie Stripes" DiMarco (alleged acting boss, next in line coming from the midwest?), Venero "Benny Eggs" Mangano (underboss), Dominick "Quiet Dom" Cirillo (consigliere?)

Criminals from New York City
The ACT is an achievement test for college admissions in the United States made by ACT, Inc.  It was first given in Fall 1959 by Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the College Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test, now the SAT Reasoning Test.  Some students who perform poorly on the SAT find that they perform better on the ACT and vice versa.  The ACT test is made of 4 tests: English, Math, Reading, and Science reasoning.  In February 2005, an optional writing test was added to the ACT, like changes to the SAT that took place later in March of the same year.  All four-year colleges and universities in the U.S. accept the ACT.

Related pages
 Global Assessment Certificate
 SAT, the main competitor to ACT's examination

References

Other websites
 ACT, Inc.
 Website for test takers
 ACT Club
 ACT Education Solutions
 ACT International Services

Education in the United States
The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time.

The pamphlet was written when Pakistan was part of British India. The pamphlet asked that "the five Northern units of India"  - Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan) become an independent state and not part of India.

After the pamphlet was published the name of Pakistan became very popular and led to the Pakistan Movement. Fourteen years after the pamphlet was published, in 1947, Pakistan became an independent state.

References

Pakistan Movement
Pamphlets
A pamphlet is a small book without a hard cover or binding. It can be made up of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet).

It can also be made up of a few pages that are folded in half and stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires the pamphlet to have 'at least 5 but not more than 48 pages' not including the cover page; a longer item is a book.

Pamphlets can contain anything, such as user instructions information for kitchen appliances, or religious and political ideas. Pamphlets have been important in history, publishing a lot of pamphlets can help spread ideas, for instance during revolutions pamphlets were used to influence people. A famous example is "Common Sense", a political pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775, which advocated for America's independence from Great Britain. Because pamphlets are easy to produce and share, they can spread new ideas quickly. Pamphlets are also important in advertising as they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers.

References
A pilgrimage is a journey or travel, that is often done for a religious purpose

The Pilgrims is the name for the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony, which is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. In 1620 they traveled to New England on a ship called the Mayflower. There were 102 passengers on the ship. They were English Puritans who had left England years earlier to live in Leiden because of religious differences with the Church of England. Unlike other Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England, they wanted to separate from it, so they were called Separatists. The original settlers of Plymouth Colony are known as the Pilgrim Fathers, or simply as the Pilgrims.

The Mayflower was a cargo ship and was not meant for passengers.  It was uncomfortable and small.  Many Pilgrims got sick on the journey or soon after they arrived.  One child was born on the Mayflower.

When they arrived in America, they built homes and farms.  They received help from the Wampanoag people.  The Wampanoag people taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, hunt, and fish in the new land. They had a big feast for 3 days, which was the first thanksgiving.

Foods commonly eaten by the Pilgrims included bread, grains, corn, venison, turkey, mussels, lobster, eel, and clams.

References

People from Massachusetts
English people
G major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E,F, and G. Its key signature has one sharp, F.

Its relative minor is E minor, and its parallel minor is G minor.

Musical keys
The Delta blues is one of the earliest types of blues music. It started in the Mississippi Delta (a place in the US that goes from Memphis to Mississippi). Guitar and harmonica are usually used to play it.

Beginning 
Delta blues music was first played in the 1920s. Tommy Johnson and Ishman Bracey were recorded by Victor in 1928. Robert Wilkins was first recorded by Victor in Memphis in 1928, and  Big Joe Williams and Garfield Akers were also recorded in Memphis in 1929 by Brunswick/Vocalion.

List of artists

Ishman Bracey
Willie Brown
R. L. Burnside
Sam Chatmon
Bob Cobb
James Cotton
Arthur Crudup 
CeDell Davis
David Honeyboy Edwards
Earl Hooker
John Lee Hooker
Son House
Mississippi John Hurt
Skip James
Robert Johnson
Tommy Johnson
Blind Willie Johnson
Junior Kimbrough

Robert Lockwood, Jr.
Robert Lowery
Tommy McClennan
Mississippi Fred McDowell
Blind Willie McTell
Charley Patton
Paul Pena
Pinetop Perkins
Snooky Pryor
Jimmie Rodgers
Charles David Sharp
Johnny Shines
Sunnyland Slim
Henry Sloan
Willie "Big Eyes" Smith
Hound Dog Taylor
Chaz Van Gogh
Muddy Waters
Bukka White
Big Joe Williams
Howlin' Wolf

Other websites 
Trail of the Hellhound - Delta Blues in the lower Mississippi Valley 
The Mississippi Delta Blues Society of Indianola

Blues music
Sexual dimorphism is an idea in biology. It means that the male and the female of a species look different enough to see. The word comes from the Greek: di (two) and morphe (form).

It is the most common type of polymorphism. It may be caused by  sexual selection, that is, competition between members of the same species for partners to reproduce. Sexual dimorphism is inherited, which means the differences between males and females help the animal stay alive in some way.

The things that make the two sexes of a species different are called secondary sex characteristics. They are not directly part of the reproductive system. They are the product of sexual selection for traits that give an animal an advantage over others in staying alive and reproduction.  In humans, beards are a secondary sex characteristic.  Human beings do not use beards to make babies.  A man can even shave off his beard and he will still be able to have children.  But men grow beards and women do not, and they are easy to see.

The difference between sexes can include:
 Size: Males in some species have harems ('ownership' of a group of females). In this case the males are usually larger than the females, e.g. gorillas, lions.  In other species, the female is larger, usually because she makes the eggs.  E.g. some vultures and frogs.
Sexual dimorphism is extreme in rotifers, with the males (if present) always much smaller than the females. Even more extreme are the sea devils, whose tiny males physically fuse with the females to form a chimaera. 
 Sometimes, one sex has additional features (used in courtship): antlers of deer, breasts of women,..
 Hair (males often have more hair, e.g. the Gorilla)
 Teeth: Asian elephants: only the males have tusks. African elephant: both sexes have tusks. pigs and walrusses: the males have very pronounced canines
 Horns or antlers are often carried only by males.
 Colouring: sexual dimorphism in butterflies is common. Batesian mimicry is often seen only on females, while the males have the typical colours of their type. This is the usual explanation: females, often carrying the precious eggs, get the most benefit from looking like something that predators do not want to eat or by being hard to see at all. Males, which need to be recognised by females before mating takes place, need to be easy to see.

The main functions of sexual dimorphism are to improve the individual's chance of mating in various ways:
 Mate selection. In this case, usually the males display, and the females select.
 Territory defence. Males may signal to other males that they 'own' an area.
 Fighting. If males carry weapons, they may use them to fight for mates. Weapons and size are multi-functional: they are used for defence against predators as well as against other males of their species.

Some animals show these differences only during mating season. Deer shed their antlers and peacocks shed their tails out of season. This minimises the key disadvantage of sexual dimorphism, which is, it makes the male much easier to be seen by predators.

References 

Animals
Evolutionary biology
Classical genetics
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for the Tories), poet and cleric. He became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. 

He is remembered for books and poems he wrote like: Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the most well known prose satirist in the English language. He is less well known for his poetry.

Swift originally published all of his work under pseudonyms — such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier — or anonymously. He is known for being a master of two styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

Works

Swift was a good writer, famous for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Legacy 
John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.

References

Other websites 
 e-texts of Swift's works
 at The Online Books Page
 
 at Gulliver's Travels

1667 births
1745 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Anglican priests
Christian writers
English Anglicans
Essayists
Irish poets
Writers from Dublin
The Magellan goose (Chloephaga picta picta) or upland goose is a bird of Anatidae family. It is most commonly found in the southern part of South America, Tierra del Fuego. The Upland goose is a subspecies of Chloephaga picta leucoptera. The Upland Goose is one of the most conspicuous birds in the Falklands. The subspecies Chloephaga picta leucoptera is only found in the Falklands. It is slightly larger than the South American subspecies.

References

Other websites 
 Stamp of Falklands
 facts sheet

Geese
The Rocker is a comedy movie. It was released on August 20, 2008. The movie stars Rainn Wilson, Josh Gad, Christina Applegate, Teddy Geiger, Will Arnett, Emma Stone, and Bradley Cooper.  It was written by Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky. Wolodarsky is best known for his work on writing for The Simpsons.

Opinions of the movie
Based on 92 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, The Rocker had an overall approval rating of 36 percent, with a weighted average score of 5.1/10.  Entertainment Weekly gave it a C-, saying "the movie ... shamelessly ... rips off School of Rock, recycling its flaky-educator loser-of-the-gods premise, only this time in high school"

Box office
The Rocker was released on August 20, 2008 in the United States. It did not make as much money at the box office as it was expected to make. It opening at #12 with $2.64 million for its first weekend. The movie earned less than $7 million overall during its entire theatrical run. One of the stars of the movie, Emma Stone, had another movie (The House Bunny) open the same weekend. It earned much more than The Rocker, opening at #2.

Cast
 Rainn Wilson as Robert “Fish” Fishman, drummer
 Christina Applegate as Kim
 Josh Gad as Matt Gadman, keyboardist
 Teddy Geiger as Curtis Wood, lead vocalist and guitarist
 Emma Stone as Amelia, bassist
 Will Arnett as Lex

References

Other websites

 

2008 movies
American comedy movies
American musical movies
20th Century Fox movies
Fierce Creatures is a 1997 British comedy movie. The movie was written by John Cleese and directed by Fred Schepisi and Robert Young.

The story is based around a British zoo. It has recently been bought by New Zealand businessman Rod McCain (played by Kevin Kline) and put under the management of Rollo Lee (Cleese). In order to gain more money, Lee decides to use a "fierce creatures" policy. This means that only animals which could kill people would be kept in the zoo.

The movie was a Spiritual sequel to A Fish Called Wanda and used the same main cast.

Cast
 John Cleese as Rollo Lee
 Jamie Lee Curtis as Willa Weston
 Kevin Kline as Vince McCain/Rod McCain
 Michael Palin as Adrian 'Bugsy' Malone
 Robert Lindsay as Sydney Lotterby
 Ronnie Corbett as Reggie Sea Lions
 Carey Lowell as Cub Felines
 Bille Brown as Neville
 Derek Griffiths as Garry Ungulates
 Cynthia Cleese as Pip Small Mammals
 Richard Ridings as Hugh Primates
 Maria Aitken as Di Harding

Other websites
 

1997 comedy movies
British comedy movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Fred Schepisi
Shōjo (少女) is a Japanese word meaning "girl". The characters, or kanji, mean "little" and "woman". The word is mainly used to describe a demographic for anime and manga- girls 7-19.

Origin 
Like many Japanese words, the characters of the word shōjo come from Chinese. The first known use of the word comes from a Chinese book called The Book of the Later Han. In Chapter 86, young girls are mentioned:盤瓠種，昔帝嚳時患犬戎入寇, 乃訪募天下，有能得犬戎之將吳將軍頭者，購黃金千鎰，邑萬家，又妻以少女

Translation: The myth of Yao: the country is being invaded by barbarians, the king is looking for warriors who are able to take the head of the general of the invading army, and for this the king will award a thousand Yi of gold, many houses, and young girl(s) as their wife/wives.The word was brought to Japan in the 7th century, when they began using a Chinese-style legal system. During this time, shōjo meant girls from 17 to 20.

Modern Use 
Nowadays, the word shōjo is legally used to mean any woman or girl under 20. This is like how shounen is used to mean men or boys under 20.

Outside of legal use, the word shōjo is used to refer to things for girls or about girls, like shōjo manga, shōjo anime, and shōjo fashion.

Related pages
Shounen (media)

Manga
The Five Families are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have controlled organized crime in New York City since the 1930s. The Five Families, under the suggestion of Salvatore Maranzano and Charles "Lucky" Luciano, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council that changed how things worked with Mafia activities in the United States. 
   
The five families and their bosses are (currently):
Bonanno: Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano (Salvatore Montagna is the acting boss)
Gambino: Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo and Jackie "Nose" D'Amico 
Colombo: Carmine "Junior" Persico (Thomas Gioeli is the acting boss)
Genovese: Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo
Lucchese: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso (Steven "Wonderboy" Crea is the acting boss)
The Colombo family was once known as the Profaci Crime Family, until a coup caused a name change in the early 1960s. Former Godfather Joe Massino had wanted to change the name of the Bonanno Family to the Massino Family but since his arrest and defection it is unlikely to happen. The DeCavalcante crime family, based in nearby Elizabeth, NJ, also has ties to the five New York families.

In pop culture 
In The Godfather, five crime families control the Mafia of New York, but the families have different names.  The Corleones, go to war with the other members of the Five Families, the Tattaglias, the Barzinis, the Cuneos, and the Straccis.
In The Sopranos, the DiMeo Crime Family of New Jersey have close business connections with the Lupertazzi Crime Family of Brooklyn, one of the five families in New York. Members of the DeCavalcante family believed themselves to be the ones used for the DiMeo family.

References

Mafia
People from New York City
Crime in the United States
Carlo Gambino (; August 24, 1902 – October 15, 1976) was a Mafioso who became Boss of the Gambino crime family, that is still takes the name today. No one expected Gambino to seize control over the Commission of La Cosa Nostra in the US, at 1957 Apalachin Convention. Gambino was known for being low-key and secretive and unlike many modern mobsters, Gambino served no time in prison, but lived to the age of 74, when he died of a heart attack in bed.

Notes

People from New York
Gambino crime family
1902 births
1976 deaths
People from Palermo
John Joseph Gotti, Jr. (October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002), commonly known by the media as "The Dapper Don" and "The Teflon Don" after the murder of his former boss Paul Castellano, was the boss of the well known Gambino crime family.

1940 births
2002 deaths
American criminals
People from New York City
Gambino crime family
Galagos, also known as bushbabies or  (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa. There are 21 species, and they form the family Galagidae.

Geography 
Range varies with species but includes most of the forested and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara including some of the nearby islands such as Zanzibar. Their range does not extend to Madagascar.

There are many kinds of bush babies. There are also many of the animals. Bush babies are the most successful prosimian primates in Africa.

Habitat 
Galagos are all arboreal and are able to jump very far between branches.

Diet 
Galagos are omnivorous but mainly eat insects. Their favorite food is grasshoppers, but they also eat small birds, eggs, fruits, seeds and flowers. Euoticus has specialized front teeth for removing tree bark so it can eat tree gum.

References 

Lorisoidea
The Mongolic languages are a group of languages that are spoken in Central Asia. Some linguists propose to put Mongolic languages in the same group as the  Turkic and Tungusic languages. They call this group the Altaic languages, but not all linguists agreed upon this.

The best-known member of this language family is Mongolian. In Cyrillic orthography as it is used in Mongolia it is written Монгол Хэл, and in the vertical Uygur-derived script as used in it is Inner Mongolia in China it is written Mongγol Kele). It is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia, and is spoken by around 5.7 million people in Mongolia, Russia, and China.

References

 Γarudi (2002): Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul [The study of grammatical forms in Middle Mongolian]. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
 Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge.
 Janhunen, Juha (2003a): Written Mongol. In: Janhunen 2003: 30-56.
 Janhunen, Juha (2003b): Para-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 391-402.
 Janhunen, Juha (2003c): Proto-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 1-29.
 Poppe, Nicholas (1964 [1954]): Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
 Rybatzki, Volker (2003): Middle Mongol. In: Janhunen 2003: 47-82.
 Sechenbaatar, Borjigin (2003): The Chakhar dialect of Mongol - A morphological description. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.

Other websites
Ethnologue report on Mongolic languages
Ethnic groups of Mongolia
Ethnic map of Mongolia
The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Some linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages but many others do not think so.

Many Tungusic languages are in danger, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain.

Classification
Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. 
 
Northern Tungusic
 Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Ewenkis in central Siberia and northeastern China and
 Even (Lamut) of eastern Siberia

These languages can be considered dialects or related languages of Evenki:
 Oroqen
 Negidal
 Solon
 Manegir

Southern Tungusic
Southeast Tungusic
 Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen)
 Akani
 Birar
 Kile
 Samagir
 Orok
 Ulch
 Oroch
 Udege

Southwest Tungusic (or the Jurchen-Manchu group)
 Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Dynasty of China.  
 Sibe - spoken in Xinjiang autonomous region by descendants of a Manchurian tribe dispatched by the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang as a military garrison.
Jurchen - an extinct language of the Jin Dynasty of China. 
Jurchen-Manchu (Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language).

References

 Ethnologue entry for Tungus languages
Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989.

Other websites
Monumenta Altaica - Altaic Linguistics. Grammars, Texts, Dictionaries, Bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages 
Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College 

Languages of Asia
The Pioneer program is the name of a few unmanned space missions done by NASA between 1958 and 1978. Problably the best-known of these probes were Pioneer 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively.
Both carried a plaque as shown.
Cystitis is the infection of the urinary bladder. Women get this more often than men, but men can get it also. It also affects all age groups.

Infectious diseases
Urinary system
The Last Judgment is a fresco by Michelangelo painted on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. Clement VII commissioned the painting in 1534, the last year of his papacy. After the election of Paul III Farnese, Michelangelo, aged 61, began work in 1536. He completed the Last Judgement in the autumn of 1541. 

The Last Judgment shows the Second Coming of Christ, as described by John the Evangelist in the apocalypse. The painting depicts the moment when the living and dead are judged by Christ, and their souls consigned to heaven or hell.

The painting was not unanimously admired at the time. Due to his depiction of holy persons in the nude, with exposed genitals, Michelangelo was accused of immorality and obscenity. The cardinal said that this could not be tolerated inside the most important church of Christianity. A censorship campaign was started, known as the "Fig-leaf campaign". Carafa and Monsignor Sernini (Mantua's ambassador) launched the campaign to remove the frescoes.  When the Pope's own Master of Ceremonies, Biagio da Cesena, said "it was mostly disgraceful that in so sacred a place there should have been depicted all those nude figures, exposing themselves so shamefully," and that it was no work for a papal chapel but rather "for the public baths and taverns," Michelangelo worked the Cesena's semblance into the scene as Minos, judge of the underworld (far bottom-right corner of the painting). It is said that when Cesena complained to the Pope, the pontiff responded that his jurisdiction did not extend to hell, so the portrait would have to remain.

The genitalia in the fresco were later covered by the artist Daniele da Volterra, whom history remembers by the derogatory nickname "Il Braghettone" ("the breeches-painter").

In the painting, Michelangelo does a self portrait depicting himself as St. Bartholomew after he had been flayed (skinned alive) This is reflective of the feelings of contempt Michelangelo had for being commissioned to paint the Last Judgement.

References

Paintings with Christian themes
16th-century paintings
The fancy rat or pet rat is a type of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) that is bred to be a pet.  The name fancy rat has nothing to do with the "fanciness" of how they look. It comes from the phrase animal fancy.  A person who keeps pet rats is said to be involved in "rat fancy."  Some people domesticate black rats (Rattus rattus), and Gambian pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus). These types of rats are not usually called fancy rats because the hobby does not center around them.

Fancy rats have been bred as pets at least since the late 19th century. They can have many different colors and coat types.  They are sociable, intelligent animals. They can learn to come when called, use a litter box, and do many different tricks. Pet rats act differently from rats found in nature. The number of generations since they have been removed from the wild and how they were bred has an effect on how much they act differently. They are not any more of a health risk than other common pets. 

In the 19th century france, Fancy Rats were quite a popular attraction of entertainment, they could be taughtt a handfull of tricks.

Fancy rats do not have the diseases and illness as a wild rat would have.
Fancy rats can have ears on the top of their head (standard) or at the side (dumbo)

Old World rats and mice
In Ancient Greece the Gymnasion (or Gymnasium, romanized name) was a place where athletes could train for the competitions in public games, such as the Olympic Games. Gymnos means naked. Only men were allowed to enter, and train; they did so fully naked (as the name implies). Athletes also competed in the nude. This was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body. It was believed to be a tribute to the Gods. Gymnasia and palestrae were under the protection and patronage of Heracles, Hermes and, in Athens, Theseus.

Layout 
 The picture above shows the Pompeii gymnasium from the top of the stadium wall. The depression in the center-left of the picture was filled with water and used for swimming practice as well. Mock sea battles (naumachiae) took place in the flooded arena floor or a specially dug pool in the arena. According to Oscar Brockett in his History of the Theatre, 5th Ed. (1987), p. 70, "Perhaps the most spectacular of all entertainments were the naumachiae, or sea battles. The first was given in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar on a lake dug for the occasion; it featured a battle involving 2,000 marines and 6,000 oarsmen. Later the amphitheatres were sometimes flooded for such events. By far the most ambitious of all the naumachiae was given in 52 A.D. on the Fucine Lake east of Rome to celebrate the completion of a water conduit. On that occasion, 19,000 participants fought and many died. To the right of the picture (partially behind a tree trunk) is a line of carbonized tree stumps. These are the remains of trees (each hundreds of years old) that were part of the palaistra. They were burned in the volcanic eruption of 79. Between these and the colonnade is a line of saplings recently planted as a replacement.

References 

Ancient Greece
Buildings and structures in Greece
Sports buildings
Nudity
Arnold Rikli (1823-1906) was a healer. He proposed various therapies, mostly based on exposing the body to sun and air (called Sun tanning, preferably done while naked). He is one of the forefathers of a movement called naturism today.

1823 births
1906 deaths
Swiss people
Myosotis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae that are commonly called Forget-me-nots. Similar names and variations are found in many different languages.

Flowers
Boraginaceae
The willow grouse (Europe) or willow ptarmigan (North America) (Lagopus lagopus) is a medium-sized gamebird in the grouse family. It is a sedentary species, breeding in birch and other forests and tundra across northern Eurasia, and in Alaska and northern Canada. It is the state bird of Alaska. During the last ice age, the species occurred in continental Europe (Tomek & Bocheński 2005).

Galliformes
The spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) is a member of the pelican family. It breeds in southern Asia from southern Pakistan. It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters, especially shallow lakes. The nest is a heap of vegetation in a tree. Three to four eggs is the usual clutch size.

Birds of Pakistan
Pelecaniformes
Lake Manasarovar or Lake Manasa Sarovar (, Mapham Yutso; ) is a fresh-water lake. It is in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China,  from Lhasa. Lake Manasarovar is the source of the Pakistani river Sindhu. Sindhu flows west to the Arabian Sea.

Geography of China