cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Otradnoye (, 59°47'N 30°49'E) is a town in northwestern Russia near Saint Petersburg. Its population is about 23,900 (2011). The territory of Otradnoye is about 70 square kilometers.

Other websites

Towns in Russia
Airexpo is a French airshow created in 1987. It is the third most important airshow of France. It is organized by the students of the universities École nationale de l'aviation civile and those of the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace. It is yearly organized and most of the time on the Muret - Lherm Aerodrome.

Presentation 
The aircraft are representative of the world of aviation, from the Supermarine Spitfire to the F-18 Super Hornet, through the little Robin DR400. Proof of its quality and originality, the airliners are also regularly represented with the participation of Airbus and ATR, with the Airbus A380 and A340-600 or the ATR 72-500.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Aviation in France
Festivals in Europe
French Civil Aviation University
1987 establishments in France
The King Fahd Causeway is a causeway joining Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The idea to make the causeway was to improve the links and bonds between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Surveying began in 1968. Construction began in 1981.  In 1986 it was opened to the public.

In 2008 there was an average of 48,600 passengers per day.

References 

Buildings and structures in Saudi Arabia
Buildings and structures in Bahrain
Bridges
1986 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Saudi Arabia
Greater Kashmir is an English-language newspaper published in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The newspaper started as a weekly newspaper in 1987. Since 1989, it is published daily. It is among the most widely read English-language newspapers in the state.

References 

Kashmir
English-language newspapers published in India
The Qatar Bahrain Causeway (also called the Qatar Bahrain Friendship Bridge) is a planned causeway between the two Arab states of Qatar and Bahrain. It was announced on the 13th of December 2008 that construction would start in early 2009. As of November 2010, construction had not started. On April 27, 2011, an announcement was made that building the causeway would start in 2011 for completion in 2015.

References 

Qatar
Buildings and structures in Bahrain
Bridges
The national flag of Bahrain is a white band on the left, with a red area on the right split by five triangles.

Red is the traditional colour for flags of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The five points are for the five pillars of Islam.

It is very similar to the flag of Qatar.

History
The oldest known flags of Bahrain were plain red. In 1820, Bahrain made a treaty with the United Kingdom.  A white stripe was added to show the truce. In 1932, a serrated edge was added to make the flag of Bahrain different from its neighbours.

The flag first had twenty-eight white points. This was changed to eight in 1972. In 2002 the number was changed to five.  This was so that each of the points could stand for one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

Flag
Bahrain
The current coat of arms  of Bahrain is a coat of arms that was originally designed in 1932 by Charles Belgrave, the British adviser to the then-Shaikh of Bahrain. The design has undergone slight modifications since then, namely in 1971 in 2002 when mantling and the indentations of the chief were modified respectively, but the influence of the original design is still clearly visible in the modern blazon.

The arms act as a governmental and national symbol in addition to being the personal arms of the king; only the king, however, may display the royal crown ensigning the coat of arms.

History
The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 gave Bahrain protected status (not as a protectorate of the United Kingdom). In 1932, the advisor to the Ruler, Charles Belgrave, designed a coat of arms for the Ruler, Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa. The original heraldic achievement was red with a white chief dancetée of three ensigned by an heraldic ancient crown of eight points, with five being visible in renditions.

After the United Kingdom withdrew from Bahrain in 1971, red mantling with a white lining was added to the coat of arms as a symbol of the island nation's newly acquired independent sovereignty. The mantling is displayed around the shield without a helm or torse, in a manner unusual to traditional heraldic practice. The Princely coat of arms still displayed the Crown when used as the personal arms of Emir, though the Crown was modified to have smaller points displayed between the space of each point. The arms displayed with the mantling sans Crown became the arms of dominion for Bahrain.

The heraldic device has been most recently altered in 2002, when the emirate was declared a kingdom by Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa. The shield remains red, but the white chief dancetée now includes five indentations to represent the five pillars of the Muslim faith, rather than the three as was originally assumed in 1932.
 
The design on the shield is nearly identical to the design of the national flag, the only difference being that the whole of the design is rotated so that the chief of the shield appears as the hoist of the flag. The current coat of arms  of Bahrain was made in 1932 by Charles Belgrave.

Related pages 
Flag of Bahrain

References

Bahrain
Bahrain
"Baħrajnonâ", which means "Our Bahrain", is the national anthem of Bahrain. 
Several changes were made to this song by a national police band which was formerly led by Colonel Moħammed Ṣedqi Għajâẋ. The lyrics (words of the song) were written by Jusef Għaṭṭeja ar-Rimâwi. The melody comes from at least the 1940s, but its composer remains unknown. It was later rearranged by singer and composer ‘Aħmad al-Ġomajri.

Lyrics

Arabic original

Literal English translation
Our Bahrain,
Our King
The symbol of harmony.

High-ranking in its Constitution
Thy Charter represents the Shari'a way, Arabism, :and the values
Long live thy Kingdom of Bahrain!

Thy country of nobles
and cradle of peace.

High-ranking in its Constitution
Thy Charter represents the Shari'a way, Arabism, and the values
Long live thy Kingdom of Bahrain!

References

National anthems
Bahrain
A Constitutional Monarchy is a form of government, in which a king or queen is the official head of state, although their powers are limited by a constitution and often lack much real power, as the legislative branch is the primary governing body. A constitutional monarchy differs from an absolute monarchy in that in an absolute monarchy the monarch is able to rule with unchecked power, and are able to change the laws at their whim.

Creation 
Constitutional Monarchy first emerged in England. Initially the British monarchy was absolute, however, the nobility under King John felt that the king had abused his power, and had forced him to sign a document called the Magna Carta. This document limited the powers of the king and made him somewhat responsible for the wellbeing of his subjects. The document, however was more focused on maintaining the ability of the nobles to have a say in what the king did.

Contemporary constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms, Belgium, Bhutan, Bahrain, Cambodia, Denmark, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Eswatini, Sweden, and Thailand.

List of current reigning monarchies
The following is a list of reigning monarchies. Except where noted, monarch selection is hereditary as directed by the state's constitution.

References

Monarchy

hu:Monarchia#Alkotmányos monarchia
Teide National Park is the most visited National Park in Spain and also one of the most visited National Parks in the world. 

Located in Tenerife (Canary Islands), it is centered around 3718m Mount Teide, the highest mountain of Spain and the islands of the Atlantic (it is the third largest volcano in the world from its base). It was declared a National Park on 22 January 1954, making it one of the oldest national parks in Spain. 

The park has an area of 18,990 hectares and was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 28 June 2007. Since the end of 2007, it has also been one of the 12 Treasures of Spain. Midway up the mountain are the telescopes of the Observatorio del Teide. Territorially, it belongs to the municipality of La Orotava.

Other websites

Canary Islands
National parks in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
1954 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Spain
Synecdoche  is a figure of speech.  It uses a part for the whole thing, or the whole for one of its parts. Examples:
"Boots" meaning soldiers
"America" for the United States
"Number 10" for the Office of the Prime Minister
These three examples, and most other cases, use the part for the whole. But an expression like "The West" might just mean the U.S.A. It depends on context.
"The Government made a statement on the issue yesterday".
The Government did not actually make the statement: a spokesperson did.

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy, because it refers to its target by using a related term. It is similar to metaphor in its use in prose.

Related pages
 Eponym
 Euphemism 
 Metonymy
 Newspeak
 Pun
 Trope

References

Communication
Rhetoric
Figures of speech
Metonymy  is a term for a figure of speech.   Metonymy a thing or concept is indirectly named.  It is not called by its own name, but by the name of something which is closely related or implicit in the context. 

One of the most common metonyms is the use of the capital city of a country to mean the government of that country, which is usually in the capital city. For example, mass media uses the word "Washington" to talk about the federal government and national politics of the United States, Other examples of metonyms often use place names to mean major industries which are based there. For example, the stock markets of the US are located on Wall Street in New York City, so "Wall Street" is used as a general word for the US economy. Here is a list of some well-known metonyms:

 Brussels as a metonym for the European Union 
 Casa Rosada ("Pink House") as a metonym for the President of Argentina
 Élysée Palace as a metonym for the President of France 
 Hollywood as a metonym for US cinema
 Westminster as a metonym for the Parliament of the United Kingdom
 White House used as a metonym for the President of the United States

Related pages
 Eponym
 Euphemism 
 Newspeak
 Pun
 Synecdoche
 Trope

References

Communication
Rhetoric
Figures of speech
The National Assembly is the name of both chambers of the Bahraini parliament.  This is in the Constitution of 2002.

It has 80 seats.  There are 40 elected members of the Council of Representatives (the lower house).  There are 40 royally-appointed members of the Consultative Council (the upper house).

It is chaired by the Speaker of the Consultative Council.  If that person is gone the chair is the Speaker of the Council of Representatives.

1973 establishments in Asia
Bahrain
Politics of Bahrain
History of Bahrain
The 23rd century BC is a century which was from the year 2300 BC to 2201 BC.

Events

2334 BC – 2279 BC: (short chronology) Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Mesopotamia.
 2333 BC: Beginning of the Gojoseon, the first dynasty and government system in Korea.
c. 2300 BC: Bronze Age starts.
c. 2300 BC – 2184 BC: Disk of Enheduanna, from Ur, (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) is made. It is now in University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
c. 2300 BC – 2200 BC: Head of a man from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq) is made. It is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
c. 2300 BC: Canal Bahr Yusuf (current name) is made when the waterway from the Nile to the natural lake (now Lake Moeris) is widened and deepened to create a canal.
c. 2288 BC – 2224/2194 BC: Pepy II and his mother, Queen Merye-ankhnes, Sixth dynasty of Egypt, is made. It is now at The Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York City.
c. 2285 BC: Enheduanna, high priestess of the moon god Nanna in Ur, was born.
c. 2278 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II starts to rule (other date is 2383 BC).
c. 2254 BC – 2218 BC: Stela of Naram-Sin, probably from Sippar, discovered in Susa (modern Shush, Iran), is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
c. 2250 BC Earliest proof of growing maize in Central America.
c. 2240 BC: Akkad, capital of the Akkadian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world
c. 2220 BC Scord of Brouster farmstead made in Shetland, Scotland
c. 2215 BC:  Comet Hale-Bopp appeared. A Guti army swept down from the Zagros Mountains and defeated the Akkadian army. They took Agade, the capital of Akkad, and destroyed it.
c. 2300 BC: Metals started to be used in Northern Europe.

Significant persons
 Sargon of Akkad, founder of the Akkadian Empire and the earliest empire builder in recorded history
2279 BC—Death of Sargon I

References

-7
The 24th century BC is a century which was from the year 2400 BC to 2301 BC.

Events

c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
c. 2360 BC: Hekla-4 eruption.
c. 2400 BC: 2000 BC- Large painted jar with birds in the border (Indus valley civilization)  now at the Boston Art Museum.
c. 2350 BC: End of the Early Dynastic III period in Mesopotamia.
c. 2350 BC: First destruction of the city of Mari.
c. 2345 BC: End of Fifth Dynasty. Pharaoh Unas died.
c. 2345 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt starts (other date is 2460 BC).
c. 2340 BC – 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire.
c. 2334 BC – 2279 BC: Semitic chieftain Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Sumer and Mesopotamia.

City of Lothal founded under the Indus valley civilization.

Significant persons
Urukagina
c. 2332 BC—Sargon of Akkad starts to rule
Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon, priestess and the first author known by name
Ptahhotep, ancient Egyptian Vizier, author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep

Inventions, discoveries and introductions
The first official mentioning of beekeeping in Egypt
The first documented use of an organized courier service for distributing written documents in Egypt

In popular culture
In modern South Korean national mythology, the character Dangun founded the state Gojoseon in 2333 BC.  Danjun ruled it for about 2000 years.

References

-6
The 22nd century BC is a century which was from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC.

Events

4.2 kiloyear event – the land became very dry, an event that probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC and caused the end of several Old World civilizations.
2217 BC – 2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of Akkad.
2200 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt ended.
c. 2190 BC: Caused by a severe drought, Old Kingdom finished in Ancient Egypt. Start of First Intermediate Period. 7th–10th Dynasties.
c. 2184 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare dies (other date is 2289 BC?).
c. 2181 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
c. 2181 BC: First Intermediate Period starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
2181 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Nitocris died. End of Sixth Dynasty, start of Seventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkara I started to reign.
2180 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt. First Intermediate Period of Egypt starts.
c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire fell under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast.
2173 BC: Egypt: End of Seventh Dynasty, start of Eighth Dynasty.
2160 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Neferirkara died. End of Eighth Dynasty, start of Ninth Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkare started to reign.
c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.
c. 2150–2030 BC: Gilgamesh epic was written.
c. 2150 BC: Lagash.
c. 2144 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, started to reign.
2138 BC: Babylon: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occurred and are believed to be the double eclipse that took place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.
2130 BC: Egypt: End of Ninth Dynasty, start of Tenth Dynasty. Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt started.
c. 2125 BC – 2055 BC: "Model of a house and garden, from Thebes". Eleventh dynasty of Egypt. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
2124 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, died.
c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) was made. It is now in the Musée du Louvre.
2119 BC – 2113 BC: (middle chronology), Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur.
2116 BC – 2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war.
2112 BC – 2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu.
2104 BC – 2103 BC: Date of the Biblical flood according to the Hebrew Calendar.

Significant persons
 Gudea
 Ur-Nammu

-8
The 29th century BC is a century which was from the year 2900 BC to 2801 BC.

Events

c. 2900 BC – 2400 BC: Sumerian pictographs evolve into phonograms.
2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
c. 2900 BC – 2600 BC: Votive statues, from the Square Temple, Eshnunna (modern Tell Ashmar, Iraq) was made. It is now in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Excavated 1932–1933.
2897 BC: Hùng Vương established the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang). 
2890 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Qa'a died. End of First Dynasty, start of Second Dynasty. Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy started to rule.
2880 BC: Estimated germination of the Prometheus Tree
c. 2874 B.C.: The 365-day calendar year was started in ancient Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days.
2852 BC: The beginning of the period of the Three August Ones and Five Emperors in China.
2832 BC: Estimated germination of the Methuselah Tree, the oldest known living organism
2807 BC: Possible date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on flood stories. Possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron.
Ur becomes one of the richest cities in Sumer

References

-1
The 26th century BC is a century which was from the year 2600 BC to 2501 BC.

Events

c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
c. 2600 BC: The Harappan civilization rises to become a powerful civilization.
c. 2600 BC: Pre-Palace Period, phase I, in Crete 
c. 2600 BC – 2500 BC: Wild horses still provide hunting feasts in Denmark. )
c. 2600 BC – 1900 BC: Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization, Harappan, is made.
c. 2589 BC: Pharaoh Khufu starts to rule (other date is 2601 BC).
c. 2578 BC: Khufu died.
c. 2575 BC: Old Kingdom in Egypt 4th Dynasty Snofru is Pharaoh. 
c. 2570 BC: Khafra started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2566 BC: Pharaoh Khufu dies (other date is 2578 BC).
c. 2558 BC: Pharaoh Khafra starts to rule (other date is 2570 BC).
c. 2550 BC: Completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
c. 2550 BC: Egyptian rulers contact Western Desert oases, such as Dakhla Oasis.
c. 2550 BC: About this time, Mesannepada is king of Ur (followed by his son, A-annepadda) who founds the First dynasty of Ur and overthrows the last king of Uruk, as well as Mesalim of Kish. 
c. 2550 BC – 2400 BC: Great Lyre with bull's head, from the tomb of King Meskalamdug, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq, is made. It is now kept at University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.
c. 2544 BC: Khafra died.
c. 2533 BC: Menkaura started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2532 BC: Pharaoh Khafra dies (other date is 2544 BC).
c. 2532 BC: Pharaoh Menkaura starts to rule (other date is 2533 BC).
c. 2515 BC: Menkaura died.
c. 2510 BC – 2460 BC: Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, tomb of Ti, Saqqara, Fifth dynasty of Egypt, is made. Discovered by French archeologist Auguste Mariette in 1865.
c. 2503 BC: Pharaoh Menkaura dies (other date is 2515 BC).
c. 2500 BC: The legendary line of Sanhuangwudi rulers of China is founded by Huang Di.
c. 2500 BC: The construction of the stone circle at Stonehenge begins and continues for the next five hundred years.
c. 2500 BC: "Menkaura and a Queen, perhaps his wife, Queen Khamerernebty II" sculpture, later found at Giza. Fourth Dynasty. It is now in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Significant people
c. 2601 BC–2578 BC—reign of Pharaoh Khufu of Egypt's Fourth Dynasty

2599 BC—Huni is Pharaoh. 
2575 BC—Old Kingdom in Egypt; 4th Dynasty; Sneferu is Pharaoh. 
2528 BC—Ra'djedef is Pharaoh. 
2520 BC—Khep-heren (Ra'kha'ef) is Pharaoh.

Deaths
Khufu dies

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Rock drawings at Rødøy in Norway show the use of skis
Bactrian Camel and Dromedary are domesticated

-4
Xenon difluoride is a chemical compound with the formula XeF2. This noble gas compound can be used as a good fluorinating agent. Xenon difluoride is the most stable compound of all xenon compounds.

The compound shows a trigonal bipyramidal pseudostructure or a linear real structure in VSEPR theory.

Xenon difluoride is solid in state of matter. It is achromatic (without color) and in crystal form. Under high pressure and temperature, the compound can be produced from xenon and fluorine directly.

Xenon difluoride is used in organic syntheses as fluorinating agent.

Xenon difluoride can be destroyed by heating. It then results in the pure substances fluorine and xenon. This reactions happens explosively, even though that the enthalpy of reaction is negative (). That is because the reaction changes the state of matter from solid to gas. The gas needs more space in room.

Further readings 
 Synthesis, Properties and Chemistry of Xenon(II) Fluoride 

Fluorine compounds
Events and trends
 609 BC—The Babylonians defeat the Assyrian army of Ashur-uballit II and gain Harran. Ashur-uballit, the last Assyrian king, disappears from history.
 609 BC—King Josiah of Judah dies in the Battle of Megiddo against Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt, who is on his way north to aid the Assyrian state of Ashur-uballit II. Jehoahaz succeeds his father Josiah as King of Judah.  He is quickly deposed by Necho, who puts Jehoahaz's brother Jehoiakim in his place.
 607 BC—Death of Zhou Kuang Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 606 BC—Zhou Ding Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty.
 605 BC—Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon defeats the army of Necho II of Egypt, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria. The Babylonians pursue through Syria and Palestine.
 605 BC—Nebuchadnezzar II succeeds his father Nabopolassar as King of Babylon. 
 601 BC—Foundation of Perinthus by settlers from Samos.
 600 BC— Foundation of Marseille by Focei winners in a naval clash on Carthaginians; It was the beginning of Greek-punic Wars. 
 600 BC—Radiocarbon dating for first circular inhabitation enclosure at Emain Macha.
 600 BC—Creation of Armenia.
 600 BC—Foundation of Capua.
 600 BC—Foundation of Milan by Celts (approximate date).
 600 BC—Smyrna sacked and destroyed.
 600 BC—Nebuchadnezzar builds the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 
 c. 600 BC—Orientalizing period of vases ends in Ancient Greece.
 c. 600 BC—Archaic period of sculpture starts in Ancient Greece.
 c. 600 BC—Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London.
 c. 600 BC—Kouros is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
 c. 600 BC–580 BC—Temple of Artemis, Korkyra (Corfu) is built.
 c. 600 BC—Pompeii is founded.
 c. 600 BC—Zarathustra's religion becomes popular in Persia.
 c. 600 BC—Beginning of the construction of the largest Mound at Cahokia, near East St. Louis, Illinois. Construction continues until AD 200.
 c. 600 BC—The Etruscans take the settlement of Rome, making it into a prosperous trading centre.
 c. 600 BC—Athens had severe economic problems.
 c. 600 BC—Doric order and Ionic order are well developed.
 c. 600 BC - 500 BC - Calendrical system appears in areas with strong Olmec influence in Mesoamerica.

Significant people
605 BC—Death of Nabopolassar, first ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
c. 600 BC—Birth of King Cambyses I of Anshan, head of the Achaemenid dynasty.
c. 600 BC—Thales, Greek philosopher.
Events and trends
 589 BC—Apries succeeds Psamtik II as king of Egypt.
 588 BC—Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon begins siege of Jerusalem; the opera Nabucco sets the date at 587 BC.
 587 BC—Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians, ending the Kingdom of Judah. The conquerors destroy the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem and exile some of the land's inhabitants.
 586 BC—Death of Zhou ding wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 28 May 585 BC—A solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes II is battling Cyaxares. This leads to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated.
 585 BC—Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, defeats the Sabines, takes the town of Collatia, and celebrates a triumph for his victories on 13th September.
 585/584 BC—Astyages succeeds Cyaxares as King of the Medes.
 585 BC—Zhou jian wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 585 BC—Fall of the Kingdom of Urartu following a Median invasion. (The Scythians ruined the Kingdom of Urartu.)
 582 BC—Military battle of the major Classical antiquity powers Egypt and Babylon.
 582 BC—Pythian Games reorganised at Delphi. (This is the traditional date.)
 581 BC—Isthmian Games founded at Corinth.
 580 BC—Cambyses I succeeds Cyrus I as king of Anshan and head of the Achaemenid dynasty. (approximate date)
 c. 580 BC—Gorgon Medusa, detail of sculpture from the west pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Korkyra, is made. It is now at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
c. 580 BC—Standing Youth (Kouros) is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Significant people
 Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon
 585 BC—Birth of Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (d. 525 BC)
 585 BC—Death of Emperor Jimmu of Japan
 582 BC—Birth of Pythagoras in Samos, Greek philosopher and mathematician (d. 496 BC)
 580 BC—Death of Cyrus I of Anshan (approximate date)
Year 200 (CC) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

World 
 Human population reaches about 257 million.

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Septimius Severus visits Syria, Palestine and Arabia.
 Palestine, benefiting from the kind policies of Severus, sees a big economic return.
 The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province.

India 
 Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India.

Asia 
 Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu.
 In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans.
 Empress Jingu sends a Japanese fleet to invade Korea. The Koreans surrender at the sight of the huge multi-oared ships and offer tribute.

America 
 The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).
 The Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end (around this year).

By topic

Art 
 Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

Religion 
 Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi puts together tracts of the Mishnah.  This begins the making of Talmudic law.
 Clement of Alexandria says to not use musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music.
 Brahmanism changes into Hinduism (approximate date).

Births 
 Fei Yi, an official of Shu (approximate date) (d. 253)
 Ma Jun (d. 265)
 Wang Ling, general of Wei (d. 250)
 Sun Shao, general of Wu (d. 242)
 Zhou Fang, general of Wu (d. 240)
 Diophantus, Greek mathematician
 Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor (d. 276)
 Valerian I, Roman Emperor

Deaths 
 Chunyu Qiong (executed by Yuan Shao)
 Dong Cheng (executed by Cao Cao)
 Gan Ji, Taoist priest
 Han Juzi, general under Yuan Shao
 Ji Ping (executed by Cao Cao)
 Ju Shou (officer of Yuan Shao)
 Lü Weihuang
 Mi Heng, renowned scholar and friend of Kong Rong (executed by Huang Zu) (b. 173)
 Sui Yuanjin
 Sun Ce, 25, elder brother of the founder of Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan (b. 175)
 Tian Feng (executed by Yuan Shao)
 Wen Chou, general under Yuan Shao
 Xu Gong
 Yan Liang, general under Yuan Shao
 Zheng Xuan (b. 127)

References
Year 253 (CCLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire. 
 Aemilianus is called "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate. 
 Aemilianus rules for 3 months the Roman Empire.  He promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus. 
 Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium. Publius Valerianus made new emperor by the Rhine legions. 
 Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two.
 Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats the Roman army (70,000 men) under Valerianus I at Barbalissos in Syria.

By topic

Religion 
 Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.
 June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.
 Lucius is arrested almost immediately after his election and also exiled.

Births

Deaths 
 Pope Cornelius
 Aemilianus, Roman emperor
 Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor
 Volusianus, Roman emperor
 Saint Babylas, Patriarch of Antioch
 Fei Yi, general-in-chief of the Shu Kingdom
 Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, nephew of Zhuge Liang, officer of the Wu Kingdom (b. 203) 
 Sun He, son of Sun Quan
 Ehe Shaoge, a general of Qiang

References 

250s
Viktor Troicki (pronounced , , , ; born 10 February 1986 in Belgrade) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Viktor became pro in 2006. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Viktor play tennis right hand, two hand backhand.

Sources

Other websites

 
 
 
 Troicki`s official website

1986 births
Living people
Male tennis players
Serbian tennis players
People from Belgrade
Janko Tipsarević (born June 22, 1984) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Janko became pro in 2002. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Janko plays tennis right handed. He has a two-handed backhand.

Sources
 ATP Profile

Other websites

 Tipsarevic`s official website

1984 births
Living people
Male tennis players
Serbian tennis players
People from Belgrade
Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing is a book of essays about writing. The author is Joseph Epstein. 

Kirkus Reviews and Los Angeles Times wrote about the book. The Chicago Tribune also had good things to say about the book. It said that Epstein's essays of literary criticism are his most interesting works and that they were definitely worth preserving together in a collection.

References

Essays
Stranger with My Face is a fiction book. The author is Lois Duncan. It won an award called ALA Best Book for Young Adults.

Other websites

Fiction books
Horror and fiction
The Delhi Daredevils are a team in the Indian Premier League. In 2012 they qualified for the playoffs.

References

Cricket clubs
Indian Premier League
Year 406 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Greece 
 Callicratidas becomes the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. 
 Athens wins the Battle of Arginusae.
 Returning to Athens after the battle, Theramenes leads Athenian anger against the eight generals who were in the battle. They did not get survivors from the broken ships after the battle. The Athenian generals are put to death.
 Sparta asks for peace. Cleophon says no.

Roman Republic 
 The Roman forces begin a decade-long siege against Veii.

Carthage 
 The Carthaginians again invade Sicily and attack Agrigentum. Plague breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies.

Deaths 

 Euripides, Athenian playwright (b. c. 480 BC)
 Hannibal Mago, Carthaginian general
 Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and politician (b. c. 495 BC)

400s BC
Year 240 (CCXL) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time.  Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.

Asia 
 Maharaja Sri-Gupta becomes Emperor of Gupta.
 Ardashir I, Sassanid king of Persia, destroys Hatra.
 Shapur I becomes co-emperor with his father Ardashir I
 The Kushan Empire falls.

By topic

Religion 
 At the court of Ardashir I, Mani, a young mystic of Ctesiphon, calls himself a prophet and preaches his doctrine, Manichaeism, throughout the Persian Empire.

Births 
 Lactantius, Christian writer (d. 320) (approximate date)
 Sporus of Nicaea,  Greek mathematician and astronomer (approximate date)
 Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire (d. 274)

Deaths 
 Ammonius Saccas, Neoplatonic philosopher (approximate date)
 Huang Quan, general of the Kingdom of Shu
 King Midang, king of the Qiang tribe
 Zhou Fang, general of the Kingdom of Wu

240s
Year 276 (CCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Tacitus doubled the silver content of the Roman currency.
 Marcus Annius Florianus defeats the Goths and Alans who have invaded Asia Minor. Tacitus dies of illness or is murdered at Tyana in Cappadocia.
 Florianus becomes Roman Emperor. He stops his battles against the Heruli and marches from the Bosporus.  He has support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.  No one is the winner in a battle with Marcus Aurelius Probus in Cilicia.
 Florianus keeps power for some weeks.  Then he is assassinated by his own troops near Tarsus (Turkey). Probus, age 44, is the new Emperor of Rome.
 Probus  picks Marcus Aurelius Carus to Prefect of the Praetorian Guard.

Asia 
 King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.
 Reign of Mahasena in Ceylon. He tries to introduce Mahayana Buddhism to the country.

By topic

Religion 
 Mani, a sage from Persia, dies at Gundeshapur.

Births 
 Gregory the Elder, bishop of Nazianzus (approximate date)
 Guo Pu, Chinese writer (d. 324)
 Jin Yuandi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 323)
 Wang Dao, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (d. 339)

Deaths 
 Bahram I, king of Persia
 Mani, prophet and founder of Manichaeism
 Marcus Annius Florianus, Roman Emperor
 Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor

270s
Events and trends
 546 BC—Croesus, Lydian king, is defeated by Cyrus of Persia near the River Halys.
 546 BC—Cyrus of Persia completes his conquest of Lydia, and makes Pasargadae his capital.
 546 BC—Cyrus makes a garrison in Sardis.  He adds the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor into Persian Empire. He gains the important ports that look out to the Mediterranean world.
 546 BC—Pisistratus takes power in Athens from the aristocratic party.
 546 BC—The architect Eupalinos of Megara built aqueducts that supply water to Athens.
 546 BC—The peace conference between the kingdoms in China. A treaty between Jin, Chu and some other kingdoms was signed.
 546 BC—A coup d'état in Qi kingdom.
 544 BC—People of Teos move to Abdera, Thrace to escape Persia.
 544 BC—King Jing becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 543 BC—North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon.  He makes a Sri Lankan dynasty.
 543 BC—Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos (approximate date).
 543 BC—Guided by the Chinese statesman Zi Chan, the State of Zheng starts a formal code of law.
 540 BC—Cyrus attacks Babylonia.
 540 BC—Greek city of Elea of southern Italy founded (approximate date).
 540 BC—Persians conquer Lycian city of Xanthos now in southern Turkey (approximate date).
 c. 540 BC—Amasis Painter makes Dionysos with maenads, black-figure decoration on an amphora. It is now at Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
 c. 540 BC—Exekias makes The Suicide of Ajax, black-figure decoration on a amphora. It is now at Chateau-Musee, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.

Significant people
 549 BC—Birth of Darius I
 547 BC—Death of Croesus
 546 BC—Death of Anaximander, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
 545 BC—Death of Zhou ling wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
 544 BC—Birth of Sun Tzu
 543 BC—Death of Gautama Buddha (traditional in Thailand and elsewhere—basis of the Thai solar calendar)
 543 BC—Death of Thales, Greek philosopher
 540 BC—Amyntas I becomes king of Macedonia (approximate date)
 Amasis Painter, Greek painter
 Exekias, Greek painter
Year 203 (CCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Septimius Severus rebuilds Byzantium.
 Gaius Fulvius Plautianus and Publius Septimius Geta become Roman Consuls.
 An arch dedicated to Severus is put up near the Forum.
 The Portico of Octavia is rebuilt.

Asia 
 Reign in India of Vijaya, Satavahana king of the Andhra.
 The Andhra empire is being broken apart into smaller and smaller independent sections.

By topic

Religion 
 Origen of Alexandria replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria.

Births 
 November – Mahavatar Babaji in Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
 Probable birth of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known as Elagabalus (d. 222)
 Cao Rui, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (approximate date) (d. 239)
 Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, officer of the Wu Kingdom (d. 253)

Deaths 
 Perpetua, Christian saint (martyred)
 Felicitas, Christian saint (martyred)
 Ling Cao, general under Sun Ce and father of Ling Tong (killed by pirate Gan Ning)
 Wu Jing
Thiruvalluvar ( in Tamil), was a Tamil poet and philosopher who wrote the  classic of couplets  of  Tamil, Thirukkural.

Memorials 
 A temple-like memorial to Thiruvalluvar, Valluvar Kottam, was built in Chennai in 1976.
 There is a 133-foot tall statue of Thiruvalluvar erected at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent Kanyakumari where the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean converge, the 133 feet denote Tirukkuṛaḷ's 133 Chapters or athikarams and the show of three fingers denote the three themes Aram, Porul, and Inbam, i.e. the sections on Morals, Wealth and Love.
 There is also a statue of Thiruvalluvar outside the School of Oriental and African Studies in Russell Square, London.

References

Other websites 
 Thirukkural Oli Pathipu: Thirukkural Audio book
 Dialogue and History Constructing South India,1795–1895, Eugene F.Irschick,UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
  Page 70
 Thirukural – Another site which is categorized by chapters

Tamil people
Philosophers
Poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
This is a family tree of the Emperors of Japan (tenno) from Jimmu to the present day.

Legendary
The legendary genealogy of the emperors includes Shinto deities.

SHINTO DEITIES

Traditional
The traditional order of succession begins with Emperor Jimmu.

In the graphic chart, the names of Jimmu and his successors are highlighted in yellow.  The ordinal numbers of the Japanese monarchs are in red; and these are also highlighted in yellow.

The pretenders of the Nanboku-chō period are highlighted in beige.

EMPERORS and EMPRESSES

Related pages 
 List of emperors of Japan
 Line of succession to the Japanese throne

References

Other websites
 Imperial Household Agency (Kunaicho), Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan

 
Japanese imperial family
The Carina nebula (NGC 3372 or the Great Nebula in Carina, the Eta Carina nebula) is a large, bright nebula. It is around 7,500 light years from Earth and has over 14,000 stars. It appears in the constellation of Carina in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way. The Carina nebula was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751 from the Cape of Good Hope. The French astronomer had made an astronomical expedition to record objects in the southern sky.

From the description in WP Commons:
"Trumpler 16 is an open cluster that contains the massive luminous blue variable Eta Carinae, one of the brightest stars in the galaxy. It is possibly as much as 120 times the mass of the Sun, and emits the light of 4,000,000 Suns. Eta Carinae is nearing the end of its life, and is surrounded by a huge nebula, cast off by numerous eruptions of the star over the last several centuries. It is expected to explode into a supernova at any time. Trumpler 14 (annotated) contains the huge double star HD 93129 A/B. The young O3 class star HD 93129 A is one of the brightest stars in the galaxy that is still on the main sequence, and with a luminosity equivalent to 3,000,000 Suns. It is very nearly as bright as Eta Carinae, but this is not obvious in the photo due to obscuring nebulosities".

References 

Nebulae
"" is a famous Naples song written in 1898. The lyrics were written by Giovanni Capurro and the music was composed by Eduardo di Capua.

It has been performed and covered by many artists as Enrico Caruso, Beniamino Gigli, Mario Lanza and The Three Tenors. It has also been performed by rock/pop artists such as Dalida, Anna Oxa, Bryan Adams, Me First, SF9, Vitas Al Bano, Elvis Presley ("It's Now or Never"). Luciano Pavarotti won the 1980 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance for his rendition of "’O Sole Mio."

Lyrics 

19th-century songs
Gian Carlo Menotti (, ; July 7, 1911 – February 1, 2007) was an Italian-American composer and librettist. Although he often referred to himself as an American composer, he kept his Italian citizenship.

He is well-known for his 1951 one-act opera, Amahl and the Night Visitors. It was commissioned by NBC for broadcast on television. Menotti wrote the music and the words.

Italian composers
1911 births
2007 deaths
Year 260 (CCLX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Battle of Edessa: Emperor Valerian is defeated by the Persians.
 Valerianus I has a meeting with Shapur to talk about peace. The truce is betrayed and he is taken prisoner for the rest of his life.
 Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur. The Roman army builds the Band-e Kaisar (Bridge of Valerian).
 Gallienus becomes the new emperor of Rome.
 Gallienus leaves the fortifications in the Black Forest area because of invading Alamanni.              
 Gallienus lives at Mediolanum (modern Milan).
 Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire.
 Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is made Augustus by his troops. 
 Postumus kills Saloninus. He is made emperor.
 Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.       
 The Roman fort  of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.
 The Franks take control over the Scheldt estuary (approximate date).

Asia 
 Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.
 Cao Huan succeeds Cao Mao as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei.
 Syria, Egypt and Palestine break off from the Roman Empire to form the Persian-supported Palmyrene Empire.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 Earliest known date of chess.

Religion 
 Pope Dionysius makes bishop Dionysius of Alexandria explain why he is separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct gods.  
 Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch.

Births 
 Jin Huidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (approximate date)
 Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman Emperor (d. 311)

Deaths 
 Cao Mao, ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei (killed in an abortive coup d'état against Sima Zhao) (b. 241) 
 Chen Tai, minister of the Kingdom of Wei
 Saloninus, Roman emperor and son of Gallienus 
 Sun Liang, Emperor of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu (b. 243) 
 Valerianus I, Roman emperor (approximate date)

260s
Year 480 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Greece 
 May – King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace and Macedonia.
 A force of 10,000 Greeks goes to the Vale of Tempe.  
 August 11 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. 
 Pausanias becomes regent for Leonidas' son, Pleistarchus, after Leonidas I is killed at Thermopylae.
 Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are ruined by the Persians. Thebes and most of Boeotia join Xerxes.
 King Alexander I of Macedon must join Xerxes in a battle through Greece.
 August – The Persians win over the Greeks in the Battle of Artemisium.
 September 21 – The Persians sack Athens.  The people leave to Salamis and then Peloponnesus.
 September 28 – The Battle of Salamis brings victory to the Greeks.

Roman Republic 
 Roman troops march against the Veintes.

Sicily 
 Xerxes wants the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Carthage sends across a large army.
 The Greek city of Himera asks for Carthaginian support in its fight with Akragas. With the help of Gelo, the Carthaginians are defeated in the Battle of Himera. After the defeat, Hamilcar kills himself.

Persian empire 
 The Imperial treasury at the Persepolis Palace is completed after a building time of thirty years.

By topic

Arts 
 The archaic period of sculpture ends in Greece.  The Severe (Early Classical) period starts(approximate date).
 A sculpture of a Dying warrior is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is kept at the Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.
 The sculpture of a Kritios Boy is made on Acropolis, Athens (approximate date). It is now kept in the Acropolis Museum in Athens.
 Work begins on the detail Musicians and Dancers on a wall painting in the Tomb of the Lionesses in Tarquinia. It is finished about ten years later.

Births 

 Euripides, Greek playwright (d. 406 BC)
 Antiphon, Attic orator (d. 411 BC)
 Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (d. c. 405 BC)

Deaths 

 August 11 – Leonidas I, Agiad King of Sparta (died at Thermopylae)
 Xenophanes, Greek philosopher (b. 570 BC)
 Hamilcar, Carthaginian general
David James Arquette is an American actor, movie director, and producer. He was born in Winchester, Virginia to actor Lewis Arquette (1935-2001) and poet Mardi (née Nowak, died 1997). He is best known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Dewey Riley in the Scream movies. 

Arquette played a wrestling fan in the movie Ready to Rumble. To market this movie, WCW hired Arquette to appear on their TV show and win their world title. Arquette argued he should not win the belt because he is not a real wrestler but WCW talked him into it. The attention received was only negative and the backlash eventually caused WCW to go out of business. The movie was also a critical disaster that ruined the careers of some of the actors in it, like Oliver Platt.

Because Arquette is also a wrestling fan in real life, he regretted making a mockery of wrestling and donated the money he made from WCW to families of dead wrestlers Owen Hart and Brian Pillman and also to Darren Drozdov, who was paralyzed in a wrestling match.

Arquette was a contestant on the 13th season of Dancing with the Stars in fall 2011.

References

Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Virginia
Actors from Los Angeles
Movie directors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
American wrestlers
Arquette family
Participants in American reality television series
Sportspeople from Virginia
Year 320 (CCCXX) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Crispus wins against the Franks.
 Licinius stopped the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan.  He persecutes Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire.

Asia 
 King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India.
 The Huns appear in Persia.

By topic

Art 
 Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is started to be built (approximate date).

Culture and Religion 
 In Nydam Mose (Denmark) the Nydam oak boat is sacrificed by the Danes. The boat is excavated in the 1830s, when a local farmer finds weapons including swords and spears.  
 December 25 is introduced as the birthday of Jesus.

Science 
 October 18 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, sees an eclipse of the sun.  He writes on The Great Astronomer (Almagest).

Births 
 Aurelius Victor, historian and politician (approximate date)
 Constans I, Roman emperor (d. 350)
 Flavian I, Patriarch of Antioch (d. 404)
 Jin Jianwendi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 372)
 Oribasius, Greek physician (approximate date)
 Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (d. 376)
 Xie An, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (d. 385)

Deaths 
 Lactantius, Christian writer (approximate date)
 Sima Bao, prince of the Jin Dynasty (b. 294)

320s