cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Professor Satyendra Nath Bose  laid down the basics for the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. The boson, a kind of particle of matter, is named in his honor. He was a member of the Royal Society and was awarded India's second highest civilian award (called the Padma Vibhushan) in 1954.

Bose’s works helped statistical mechanics, the electromagnetic properties of the ionosphere, the theories of X-ray crystallography, and unified field theory. This work also led Einstein to work with him.

Bose was interested in many subjects including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature and music. He worked on many research and development projects for India and England. He mostly spent his life in London.

References 

1894 births
1974 deaths
Indian mathematicians
People from Kolkata
Theoretical physicists
Richard Dawson (20 November 1932 – 2 June 2012) was an English-American actor and television presenter. 

Dawson was born Colin Lionel Emm in Gosport, Hampshire to an American father and English mother. Dawson married Diana Dors in 1959; they lived in California. The couple had two sons, entertainment manager Mark (born 1960) and Gary (born 1962). She left him and in 1967 the couple divorced. His second marriage lasted from 1991 until his death from esopheageal cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Dawson played a prisoner of war in Hogan's Heroes and hosted Family Feud.

References

Other websites 

American game show hosts
American movie actors
American television actors
American television presenters
British game show hosts
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from esophageal cancer
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
Television personalities from Hampshire
1932 births
2012 deaths
Chelsea Bridge is a bridge over the River Thames in west London. It connects Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank.

History
There have been two Chelsea Bridges, on the site of what was an ancient crossing.

The first Chelsea Bridge was called Victoria Bridge. It opened in 1857.

The old bridge was replaced by the current one in 1937.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

1937 establishments in England
Battersea
Bridges and tunnels in London
Chelsea, London
Swindon is a large town in the Borough of Swindon in the county of Wiltshire, South West England. It is the largest settlement in Wiltshire. About 160,000 people live there. It is 81 miles west of London, 40 miles west of Reading, Berkshire, and 40 miles east of Bristol.

References

Other websites 
Borough Council site
Strusta Lake is a lake of Vitebsk Province, Belarus. It is part of the Braslau Lakes national park.

Geography of Belarus
Lakes of Europe
Vitebsk, also known as Viciebsk or Vitsyebsk is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia. It is the capital of the Vitebsk Oblast. In 2004 it had 342,381 people. This makes it the country's fourth largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk air base.

The main universities of Vitebsk are Vitebsk State Technological University, Vitebsk State Medical University and Vitebsk State University named in honor of Pyotr Masherov.

In 1919, Vitebsk was made a part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. Then it was transferred to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later to the short-lived Litbel. In 1924, it was returned to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

History 
According to a legend, the city was founded by the Kyiv princess Olga in 974. The first mention of Vitebsk is dated 1021 AD, where it is said that Yaroslav the Wise handed over two cities ("Vosvyach and Vidbesk") to Prince Bryachislav Izyaslavych. 

In 1165-1167, due to feudal strife, the Vitebsk principality gradually began to lose importance and fell under the rule of the Smolensk princes.

References 

Cities in Belarus
The Armed Forces of Belarus are the Ground Forces and the Belarusian Air Force. All are under the command of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus. Lieutenant general Yurij Viktorovich Zhadobin is the Minister of Defense since December 4, 2009. Being a landlocked country, Belarus has no navy.

The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus is the government group that has the duties of raising and maintaining the Armed Forces of Belarus. The formation of the ministry began in 1992.  This was a year after the end of the Soviet Union and Belarus becoming an independent state.

References

Belarusian Army: Capacity And Its Role In The Region 

Belarus
Belarus
Brest Voblast (Province) or Brest Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus. The administrative center is Brest. Important cities in the voblast include: Baranovichi, Brest, and Pinsk.

The region was formed in 1939 after Western Belarus rejoined the Byelorussian SSR. Today it has 16 districts (raions), 225 selsovets, 20 cities, 5 city municipalities, 9 urban-type settlements, and 2178 villages.

Regions of Belarus
Homiel Voblast or Gomel Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus. Its administrative center is Homyel.

Important cities in the voblast include: Gomel, Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svetlahorsk, Rechytsia, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow, Dobrush

Homiel Province and Mahilyow Voblast were hurt severely after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor catastrophe. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places. Part of it is a mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.

The Homiel Voblast has 21 districts (raions), 278 selsovets, 17 cities, and 8 city municipalities.

References

Regions of Belarus
Gomel (also Homiel, Homel) is the administrative center of Gomel Voblast.  It is the second-largest city in Belarus. It has a population of 482,652 (2009 census). Gomel is in the southeastern part of the country, on the right bank of Sozh river.  It is  to the South-East from Minsk,  to the East from Brest,  to the South from Mogilev,  to the West from Bryansk and  to the North from Chernihiv. The city's area is 121 km2.

Other websites
Homel Region: Epicentre Of Troubles That Bore Celebrities 

Cities in Belarus
The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II was an event to celebrate the reign of Queen Elizabeth II for 60 years since 1952.

River pageant
A royal pageant on the Thames was one of several events which marked the special anniversary.  The Queen and members of her family were on board the Spirit of Chartwell royal barge.  The barge was joined by a 1,000-boat parade down the river Thames.

References

Other websites

 Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant 

2012 in the United Kingdom
British monarchy
House of Windsor
The Long Good Friday is a 1980 British crime movie. It is set in London. It was directed by John Mackenzie and written by Barrie Keeffe. It stars Bob Hoskins as gangster Harold Shand and Helen Mirren as Victoria.

Other websites 

1980 movies
1980s crime drama movies
British crime drama movies
English-language movies
Gangster movies
Movies set in London
1980 mystery movies
Grodno/Hrodna Region is a voblast (province) in northwestern Belarus.

The capital Grodno is the biggest city of the province. It is on the Neman River. Two castles from the 14th - 18th centuries are on the steep right bank of the Nemen. Many say this city is one of the most beautiful in Belarus. The Orthodox St Boris & St Gleb (Kalozhskaya) Church dating back to the 12th century, is the second oldest in Belarus.

The Mir Castle Complex, a 16th-century historical landmark as well as part of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha nature reserve, both UNESCO World Heritage sites are in this region.

The Grodno Region is divided into 17 districts (raions), 194 selsovets, 12 cities, 6 city municipalities, and 21 urban-type settlements.

References

Regions of Belarus
Mogilev Region, also Mahilyow Voblasts (Province) or Mogilyov Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Mogilyov (Mahilyow).

Mogilev and Homyel Voblasts suffered severely after the Chernobyl nuclear radioactive reactor catastrophe in April 1986.

Important cities in the voblast are: Mogilyov, Asipovichy, and Babruysk.

Many rivers flow through the Mahilyow Voblast. They include the: Dnieper River (Dniapro), Berezina, Sozh, Druts, Pronya and Ptsich rivers.

There are 21 districts (raions), 195 selsovets, 14 towns, 3 city municipalities, and 12 urban-type settlements.

Regions of Belarus
1938 establishments
Geography of Belarus
Mogilyov (also spelled Mahilyow) is a city in eastern Belarus.  It is about 76 km from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km from the border with Russia's Bryansk Oblast. As of 2011, its population was 360,918.  It is the administrative centre of Mahilyow Voblast.  It is the third largest city in Belarus.

References

Cities in Belarus
Have I Got News for You is a British comedy television panel game shown on the BBC. It began on 28 September 1990. During each episode, two teams compete to win points by answering questions on recent news events. Each team has a captain and two celebrity guests. One captain is Ian Hislop, the other is Paul Merton. The host was Angus Deayton until he was sacked in October 2002. Since then, there have been many guest presenters.

Series 61 ended in 2021.

Guest appearance tallies
Many guests have appeared on the programme multiple times.

Other websites 

1990 British television series debuts
1990s British comedy television series
1990s satirical television series
2000s British comedy television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s British comedy television series
2010s satirical television series
2020s British comedy television series
2020s satirical television series
BBC television comedy
British satirical television series
British television game shows
English-language television programs
Panel games
Terrell is a city in Kaufman County, Texas, United States.  It is a southeastern suburb of Dallas. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 13,606. Terrell is  east of Dallas.

Terrell is the home of the Terrell State Hospital, a psychiatric inpatient hospital with 316 beds operated under the direction of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

Jamie Foxx, an actor, grew up in Terrell and graduated in 1986 from Terrell High School, along with Cynthea Rhodes, a member of the USA Track & Field team in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Joe Doucet a notable American designer graduated in 1988. Terrell High School has also graduated four NFL players which are: Brice McCain, who was drafted in the NFL by the Houston Texans; C.J. Wilson, who is currently playing for the Los Angeles Angels; and Kenoy Kennedy, who played for the Denver Broncos and Detroit Lions; and Darius Johnson who played for the Denver Broncos.

Current Texas State Representative Lance Gooden is a native of Terrell.

References

Cities in Texas
1874 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Texas
Minsk Voblasc (Province) or Minsk Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Minsk. As of 2019, the voblast's population is 1,503,000, which has 15.3% of the national total.

In the northern part of the oblast is the Lake Narach, the largest lake of the country.

There are 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements.

Minsk Region covers 39,900 km², which stands about 19.44% of the total area of Belarus Republic. There is the largest lake in the country called Narach located in the Minsk Region.

References

Other websites
Minsk Region – The Heart Of Belarus 

Regions of Belarus
Francysk Skaryna  was a Belarusian famous as one of the first publishers in Eastern Europe.  He helped develop the Belarusian language.

He was born in the historical Belarusian city of Polotsk into the family of a rich merchant. The exact dates of birth and death are unknown.  It was about 1485–1540 or 1490–1551.

Skaryna graduated from the arts faculty at the University of Kraków in 1504. In 1512 he received doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua in Italy. In 1517 he made a printing press in Prague. He published his first book called The Psalter, in the Old Belarusian language on 6 August 1517. The most important part of his life's work was printing a translation of the Bible in 22 books during 1517 to 1519.

Around 1522 he moved to Vilnius.  He made the first printing house in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first book published there was The Little Travel Guide. The printing house closed down. Skaryna spent his last years working as a doctor for Ferdinand I of Germany.

Other websites 
 Francysk Skaryna, the Martin Luther of Belarus // The Economist

15th century births
16th-century deaths
Publishers
Belarusian people
Yanka Kupala ( – June 28, 1942) was the pen name of Ivan Daminikavich Lutsevich.  He was a Belarusian poet and writer. Kupala is said to be one of the greatest Belarusian-language writers of the 20th century.

Biography

Early life
Kupala was born on July 7, 1882 in Viazynka. His family was of Szlachta origins. Both of his parents were tenant farmers. Kupala received a traditional Belarusian education.  He finished his studies in 1898. After the death of his father in 1902, Kupala worked several short-term jobs.  These included being a tutor, a shop assistant, and a record keeper.

Kupala's first serious try at writing was Ziarno.  It was a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904. His first Belarusian-language work ("Мая доля") was dated July 15, 1904. Kupala's first published poem, "Мужык" ("Peasant"), was published about a year later.  It was in the newspaper on May 11, 1905. Several more poems by Kupala were in the Belarusian-language newspaper Nasha Niva from 1906 to 1907.

In Vilnius and St. Petersburg

Kupala moved from Belarus to Vilnius in 1908.  He continued with his career as a poet. The first published collection of his poems, Жалейка (The Little Flute) made the czarist government mad. The order for Kupala's arrest was ended in 1909.

Kupala left for St. Petersburg in 1909. In 1910 he published several works.  He left St. Petersburg and returned to Vilnius in 1913. Among those influencing Kupala in the 1910s was Maxim Gorky.

During the Soviet period
Kupala's writing changed to an optimistic tone after the Great October Revolution of 1917. 

Kupala was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1941 for the poetry collection Ад сэрца (From the Heart).

In 1941 he moved to Moscow and then to Tatarstan. But even from there he wrote poems supporting Belarus fighting against Nazi Germany. He died mysteriously in 1942 in Moscow.  He fell down the stairwell in Hotel Moskva. The death was said to be accidental.  Some people think it was suicide or murder.
 

1882 births
1942 deaths
Belarusian writers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Ryan Sypek (born August 6, 1982) is an American actor.

Filmography
 Wildfire (2005–2008) - Junior Davis
 Private Valentine: Blonde & Dangerous (2008) - Sgt. Mills Evans
 Greek (2008), episode: A Tale of Two Parties - Ryan Prince
 How I Met Your Mother (2009), episode: Mosbius Designs - PJ
 Christmas Cupid (2010) - Jason
 Squatters (2010), 3 episodes - Robert
 Happy Endings (2011) - Todd
 The Nine Lives of Chloe King (2011) - Jesse

References

Other websites
 

1971 births
Living people
American stage actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Las Vegas is an American television series broadcast by NBC from September 22, 2003 to February 15, 2008.

Cast 
 James Caan as Edward Melvin Deline
 Josh Duhamel as Danny McCoy
 James Lesure as Mike Cannon
 Vanessa Marcil as Samantha Jane "Sam" Marquez
 Molly Sims as Delinda Deline
 Nikki Cox as Mary Connell
 Marsha Thomason as Nessa Holt
 Tom Selleck as A.J. Cooper

Other websites 
 
 

2000s American television series
2003 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
American comedy television series
American drama television series
American crime television series
NBC network shows
Las Vegas, Nevada in fiction
English-language television programs
Marsha Thomason (born January 19, 1976 ) is an English actress. She acted on the television series Las Vegas.

References

Other websites
 

1976 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Manchester
The Corps of Bridges (Corps des Ponts) is a French civil service corps.

People entering the Corps are trained at the . Most of them are from the . The rest come from the .

In 2002, the corps of the engineers of Bridges and Roads (Ponts et Chaussées), the engineers of civil aviation, the engineers-geographs and the meteorological engineers merged. Students who choose the corps of engineers of civil aviation are trained at the French Civil Aviation University.

Former or current members
 Paul-Louis Arslanian
 Henri Becquerel
 Michel Bernard
 Gérard Mestrallet
 Jean Peyrelevade
 Marie François Sadi Carnot (former president of the French Republic)
 Jacques Villiers

References

Further reading
 Official site of the Corps  

Politics of France
Aviation in France
Transport engineering
Vasil Uładzimiravič Bykaŭ (June 19, 1924 – June 22, 2003) was an author of many novels and novellas about World War II. He is a big figure in Belarusian literature and civic thought. The writer's talent earned him endorsements for the Nobel Prize nomination from, among others, Nobel Prize laureates Joseph Brodsky and Czesław Miłosz.

Life and career
Vasil Bykaŭ was born in the village Byčki, not far from Viciebsk in 1924. In 1941 he was in Ukraine when Germany attacked the USSR. He volunteered for the Red Army. For years after the war he continued to serve.  He returned to the USSR only in the mid-1950s. There he started to work as a journalist for the Hrodna Pravda newspaper. In that same decade his first novellas were published.

Bykaŭ was one of the most admired writers in the Soviet Union. In 1980 he was awarded the title of People's Writer of the Belarusian SSR. Vasil Bykaŭ is the most widely read Belarusian writer outside of Belarus.

Bibliography 
 1960 - "Crane's Cry" ("Жураўліны крык")
 1960 - "Knight move" ("Ход канём")
 1962 - "Third Rocket" ("Трэцяя ракета")
 1964 - "The Alpine Ballad" ("Альпійская балада")
 1965 - "One Night" ("Адна ноч") 
 1970 - "The Ordeal" ("Сотнікаў")
 1971 - "The Obelisk" ("Абеліск")
 1973 - "To Live till Sunrise" ("Дажыць да світання")
 1974 - "Wolf Pack" ("Воўчая зграя")
 1975 - "His Battalion" ("Яго батальён") 
 1978 - "To Go and not Return" ("Пайсці і не вярнуцца")
 1983 - "Sign of Misfortune" ("Знак бяды")
 1989 - "In the Fog" ("У тумане")
 1997 - "The Wall" ("Сьцяна")
 2003 - "The Long Road Home" ("Доўгая дарога да дому")

1924 births
2003 deaths
Belarusian writers
World War II people
A supervolcano is a volcano that can make a volcanic eruption where the things being thrown out of the volcano have a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8. If the definition is expanded, supervolcanoes also include volcanoes that have volcanic eruptions with a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. This is thousands of times bigger than most volcanic eruptions which happened a long time. Supervolcanoes can occur when magma in the Earth rises into the crust from a hotspot, but can not break through the crust. More and more pressure builds up in a large and growing magma pool until the crust can no longer take the pressure. 

Although there are not many Quaternary supervolcanoes, supervolcanic eruptions usually cover very big areas with lava and volcanic ash. They can also cause a long-lasting change to weather (such as the triggering of a small ice age), enough to possibly make species extinct.

Terminology 

The term "supervolcano" was first used in the BBC popular science television program Horizon in 2000 to mean eruptions of this type. 

Volcanologists (who study with volcanoes) and geologists do not say "supervolcanoes" in their scientific work. This is because the word can mean many different geothermal conditions.  Since 2003, however, the term has been used by professionals when showing things to the public.  The term megacaldera is sometimes used for calderas which are quite similar to supervolcanoes, such as the Blake River Megacaldera Complex in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Quebec, Canada.

Super Eruptions 

VEI 8 eruptions are considered super-eruptions due to their large scale. The Earth's most recent supereruption is the Oruanui eruption, occurring 26,500 years ago.

Related pages 
 Toba catastrophe theory

References

More reading

Other websites 

 Information on the original BBC program
 Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World 
 USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
 Discovery Channel's site on "Supervolcano"
 Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
 

Volcanology
The Benois de la Danse is one of the most prestigious ballet competitions. It was started by the International Dance Association in Moscow in 1991.  It takes place each year on or around April 29 and is jury-based in its judging. The members of this jury change every year and have only top ballet personages.

Statuettes are given to the winners in the categories of lifelong achievement, ballerina, danseur, choreographer, composer and designer.

History 

The idea for the Benois de la Danse was started in Moscow.  The founders got support of UNESCO in the autumn of 1992.  Its scheduling at the end of April is to match with the birthday of Alexandre Benois (1870–1960).

French sculptor Igor Ustinov designed the statuette of the Benois de la Danse award in 1992. He is the son of the famous actor Peter Ustinov, a great-nephew of Alexandre Benois.

Goals of competition 
 To give the Benois audience the best performances of the works that have been entered, regardless of whom they were made by.
 To bring the best representatives of different dance styles and schools together.
 To support veterans of ballet financially, with funds from the gala concerts

References

Ballet
Competitions
Moscow
Bread and salt is a Slavic welcome greeting ceremony and also a type of food.

When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are given a loaf of bread placed on a rushnik (embroidered towel). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf. 
In modern Russia, on official occasions, the "bread and salt" is presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik).

When this tradition is observed in spaceflight, small packages of bread and salt are used.

References

Traditions
Foods
Kvass is a fermented beverage made from black or regular rye bread. The colour of the bread used helps to make the colour of the drink. It is a non-alcoholic drink by Russian standards.  This is because the alcohol content from fermentation is less than 1.2%. Overall, the alcohol content is low (0.05% - 1.0%). It is often flavoured with fruits or herbs such as strawberries, raisins or mint. Kvass is also used for preparing a cold summertime soup called okroshka.

It is popular in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and other Eastern and Central European countries,  It is also popular in former Soviet states, such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, where one can see many kvass vendors in the streets. Kvass is also popular in Harbin and Xinjiang, areas within China that are influenced by Russian culture.

References

Fermented drinks
Beer
Okróshka is a cold soup from Russia. It is also found in Ukraine and Belarus. The name is probably from "kroshit'" (крошить), which means to crumble into small pieces.

The classic soup is a mix of mostly raw vegetables (like cucumbers and spring onions), boiled potatoes, eggs, and a cooked meat such as beef, veal, sausages, or ham with kvass.  Kvass is a mildly alcoholic beverage made from fermented black or rye bread. Okroshka is usually served with sour cream. Later versions use light or diluted kefir, vinegar, mineral water, or even beer instead of kvass.

The ingredients are diced and then mixed with kvass just before eating. The ratio of chopped food to kvass is similar to that of cereal to milk.  This lets the vegetables to keep their texture. Even though the ingredients are similar to those in a Russian salad, the taste of okroshka is quite different.

Okroshka is mostly served in summer.  This is because the soup adds the taste of kvass and the lightness of a salad. Salt and sugar can be added according to taste.

Okroshka is always served cold. Sometimes ice cubes are added to keep the soup cold in hot weather.

References

Soups
A transit of Venus across the Sun happens when the planet Venus goes between the Sun and Earth. It is a syzygy and a partial occultation of the Sun. When a transit happens, Venus can be seen as a small black dot going across the Sun. Transits of Venus usually take several hours.

Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable events which happen in astronomy. They occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years.

The most recent transit of Venus happened on 5 and 6 June 2012. It was the last Venus transit this century. The one before took place on 8 June 2004. The next transits of Venus will be in December 2117 and December 2125.

The transit on 5 and 6 June 2012 was broadcast live on the Internet.

During the 18th century, astronomers tried to use transits of Venus to measure the astronomical unit, the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Many countries sent expeditions to distant lands to observe the transits from places as far apart as possible for maximum parallax.

One of the most famous expeditions was the voyage of Lieutenant James Cook in the HMS Endeavour.

References 

Venus (planet)
The Mir Castle Complex (, Łacinka: Mirski zamak, , ) is a UNESCO World Heritage site in Belarus.  It is in the town of Mir.

The building of the castle began at the end of the 15th century.  It is in the Gothic architecture style. Building of the castle was completed by Duke Ilinich in the early 16th century. Around 1568 the Mir Castle was owned by Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł.  He finished building the castle in the Renaissance style. A three-storey palace was built along the eastern and northern walls of the castle. 

After being not lived in for nearly a century,  and having severe damage during the Napoleonic period, the castle was restored at the end of the 19th century. In 1813, after the death of Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł, his daughter Stefania got the castle.  She married Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.  The castle later went to their daughter Maria, who married Prince Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.  

Their son, Maurice Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst sold the castle to Nikolai Sviatopolk-Mirski in 1895. Nikolaj's son Michail began to rebuild the castle according to the plans of architect Teodor Bursze. The Sviatopolk-Mirski family owned the castle up to 1939.

During WWII, it came under Nazi control.  It was a ghetto for the local Jewish population. Between 1944 and 1956, the castle was used as a housing facility.  This partly damaged the castle's inside. 

In December, 2000, the Mir Castle was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Other websites

Belarus
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Gothic architecture
Nesvizh Castle or Niasvizh Castle is a castle of the Radziwill family in Nesvizh in Belarus.

History
The estate was owned by the Radziwiłł Belarus magnate family starting in 1533.  It was given to Mikołaj Radziwiłł and his brother Jan Radziwiłł after the Kiszka family died. Since the Radziwills were one of the most important and rich clans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it was there that the Lithuanian Archive was moved in 1551. In 1586 the estate was made into an ordynacja.

In 1582 Mikołaj Krzysztof "Sierotka" Radziwiłł started to build a large square three-storey chateau. Building was completed by 1604. They added several galleries half a century later. The château's corners had four octagonal towers.

In 1706, during the Great Northern War, Charles XII's army sacked the castle.  The destroyed its fortifications. Several decades later, the Radziwills asked some German and Italian architects to fix and enlarge the chateau. Antoni Zaleski decorated its yellow facades with baroque stucco work. The 16th-century castle gates were also reconstructed. It was at this time that the three separate buildings surrounding the central courtyard were joined into a single structure.

The most important building in Nesvizh is the Corpus Christi Church.  It is connected with the castle by a dam over a ditch.  It has coffins of 72 members of the Radziwill family, each in a simple coffin made of birch and marked with Trąby Coat of Arms. Designed by the Italian architect Gian Maria Bernardoni, the church is said to be the first Jesuit temple patterned after Il Gesù in Rome.  It is the first domed basilica with Baroque facade in the world and the first baroque piece of architecture in Eastern Europe.

In 1770 the castle was taken by Russian forces. The Radziwill family was removed. The Lithuanian Archive was moved to Saint Petersburg (where it remains).  The works of art in the palace were given to various Russian nobles. The Russian army left. The palace slowly fell into disrepair. It was restored by the Radziwills.  Between 1881 and 1886 the castle's insides were fixed by Prince Anton Radizwill and his French wife, Marie de Castellane. They also made a landscape park in English style. With an area of more than one square kilometre, the park is one of the biggest in Europe.

In 1939, the Radziwill family was removed from the castle by the invading Red Army. In Soviet times, the chateau was used a sanatorium.

In 1994, the castle complex was made a national historical and cultural reserve. Twelve years later, the castle complex was added on the World Heritage List.

Other websites

Belarus
World Heritage Sites in Europe
NWA Wildside was an American professional wrestling company based in Cornelia, Georgia. It operated between September 1999 and April 2005. While in operation, NWA Wildside was one of the main associates of the National Wrestling Alliance and was one of the most-watched  wrestling companies in the United States. Wildside was at first named National Championship Wrestling in 1997 and was owned by Steve Martin. In December 1999 NCW merged with NWA Georgia to form NWA Wildside under the ownership of Bill Behrens.

World Championship Wrestling hired NWA Wildside to be its development territory, and sent their training wrestlers like Shannon Moore, Jamie Noble, Sean O'Haire, Mark Jindrak and Elix Skipper to compete there. Soon, World Championship Wrestling hired some NWA Wildside wrestlers for their shows including A.J. Styles, Frank Paris, Onyx, David Young and Rick Michaels appearing on World Wrestling Federation.

With Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, some NWA Wildside stars such as Styles, Abyss, Young, Onyx, Slim J, Hotstuff Hernandez, Jason Cross, Jimmy Rave, Altar Boy Luke, Matt Sydal, Delirious and Tony Mamaluke appeared for the company. Wildside's weekly wrestling show aired nationally in the U.S. and was available to as much as 40% of the United States.

In 2004, Wildside was shown by The Wrestling Channel in the United Kingdom giving them a bigger audience. Two of the main sellers of Wildside were the fact that their wrestlers were allowed to be more creative in the ring, and the announcers gave a correct showing to the product rather than treating it as a joke.

NWA Wildside closed down after 300 weeks of television because owner Behrens accepted a job with WWE. He then worked with Jody Hamilton, the owner of DSW, a former WWE developmental territory in McDonough, Georgia. Behrens left DSW after getting the promotion ready to show TV but before TV production began due to creative differences with Hamilton, and was employed by TNA as Director of Third Party Bookings.

American professional wrestling promotions
Companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
1997 establishments in the United States
2005 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
Lambeth Bridge is a road traffic and footbridge crossing the River Thames in an east-west direction in central London, England.

On the east side of the bridge is the London Borough of Lambeth and Lambeth Palace which is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. On the west side of the bridge is the City of Westminster and Thames House, which is the headquarters of MI5). The Palace of Westminster is a short walk downstream to the north through the Victoria Tower Garden.

The river flows north at the crossing point.  Downstream, the next bridge is Westminster Bridge.  Upstream the next is Vauxhall Bridge.

History
The first crossing at this site was a suspension bridge which was built in 1862. The current bridge opened in 1932

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

Survey of London entry
 
 
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
 
 

Bridges and tunnels in London
Club Atlético Boca Juniors () is professional football club in La Boca, a neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. They play their home games at La Bombonera. 

Boca Juniors and River Plate have an intense rivalry, and matches between them are sometimes very heated. Matches between them are known as the Superclásico, and both teams are from Buenos Aires.

Current squad

Honours

International

  Club World Cup (3): 1977, 2000, 2003 
 Copa Libertadores (6): 1977, 1978, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 
 Copa Sudamericana (2): 2004, 2005 
 Recopa Sudamericana (4): 1990, 2005, 2006, 2008 
 Supercopa Sudamericana (1): 1989 
 Copa de Oro (1): 1993 
 Copa Master de Supercopa (1): 1992 
 Tie Cup (1): 1919 
 Copa de Honor Cousenier (1) : 1920 
 Copa de Confraternidad Escobar-Gerona (2): 1945, 1946

National

League
 Primera División (34): 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1930, 1931 LAF, 1934 LAF, 1935, 1940, 1943, 1944, 1954, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 Nacional, 1970 Nacional, 1976 Metropolitano, 1976 Nacional, 1981 Metropolitano, 1992 Apertura, 1998 Apertura, 1999 Clausura, 2000 Apertura, 2003 Apertura, 2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2008 Apertura, 2011 Apertura, 2015, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20

National cups
 Supercopa Argentina (1): 2018
 Copa Diego Armando Maradona (1): 2020
 Copa Argentina (3): 1969, 2012, 2015
 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (2): 1919, 1925 
 Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren (5): 1919, 1923, 1924, 1940, 1944 
 Copa Estímulo (1): 1926 
 Copa de Competencia Británica George VI (1): 1946

Related pages 
 List of Argentine football teams

References 

Argentine football clubs
Buenos Aires
1905 establishments in Argentina
Prime is a 2005 American romantic comedy-drama movie set in Manhattan, New York City. It was written and directed by Ben Younger. It stars Uma Thurman, Meryl Streep and Bryan Greenberg.

Thurman plays 37 year old divorced photographer Rafi Gardet, who begins a sexual relationship with 23 year old David Bloomberg, who is Jewish. Streep plays her psychiatrist Lisa Metzger, whom she tells about the relationship. Both women find out that the man involved is Lisa's son. Lisa disapproves of the relationship because of the age-gap and because Rafi is not Jewish.

Other websites 

2005 romance movies
2005 comedy-drama movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Isaac Ilyich Levitan (; August 30, 1860 – ) was a Lithuanian-Russian landscape painter of Jewish descent.

Biography
Levitan was born in 1860 in Kibarty, Lithuania. His father worked for a railroad company. From 1873 to 1885, Levitan went to school at the Moscow College of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow, Russia. He learned painting form the painters Savrasov and Polenov. Starting in 1884 his paintings went on display with the Society for Circulating Art Exhibitions. He became a member of the society in 1891. Levitan taught landscape painting at the Moscow College of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture starting in 1898. He died in Moscow in 1900.

Work
In his career as a painter, Levitan painted many landscapes which were later thought of as masterpieces of Russian art. Levitan painted simple landscapes from Russia. Early in his career he painted scenes from around Moscow. Next he painted scenes from around the Volga River. His later paintings came from Vladimir, Vyshny Volochek, and the Tver region of Russia.

References

1860 births
1900 deaths
Lithuanian Jews
Russian Jews
Russian painters
Southwark Bridge is an arch bridge across the River Thames in London, England.  The bridge makes it possible to travel back and forth between Southwark and the City of London  

At the north-west side is Vintners Court.

The south end is near the Tate Modern and Globe Theatre

The next bridge upstream is the London Millennium Bridge. The next downstream is Cannon Street Railway Bridge.

History
Southwark Bridge opened in 1921.  A previous bridge on this site opened in 1819

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 
 

Bridges and tunnels in London
The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations that go from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea.  They go through ten countries and over 2,820 km.  It made the first accurate measurement of a meridian arc.

The chain was made and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.  He did this to find the exact size and shape of the earth. At that time, the chain passed through two countries: Union of Sweden-Norway and the Russian Empire. The Arc's first point is in Tartu Observatory.  This is where Struve did much of his research.

In 2005, the chain was added on the World Heritage List. There are 34 plaques or obelisks out of the original 265.

Chain

Norway
Fuglenes in Hammerfest
Raipas in Alta
Luvdiidcohkka in Kautokeino
Baelljasvarri in Kautokeino

Sweden
"Pajtas-vaara" (Tynnyrilaki) in Kiruna
"Kerrojupukka" (Jupukka) in Pajala
Pullinki in Övertorneå
"Perra-vaara" (Perävaara) in Haparanda

Finland
Stuor-Oivi (currently Stuorrahanoaivi) in Enontekiö ()
Avasaksa (currently Aavasaksa) in Ylitornio ()
Torneå (currently Alatornion kirkko) in Tornio ()
Puolakka (currently Oravivuori) in Korpilahti ()
Porlom II (currently Tornikallio) in Lapinjärvi ()
Svartvira (currently Mustaviiri) in Pyhtää ()

Russia
"Mäki-päälys" (Mäkipäällys (Finland 1917/1920-1940) in Hogland (Suursaari)
"Hogland, Z" (Gogland, Tochka Z) in Hogland ()

Estonia
"Woibifer" (Võivere) in Väike-Maarja Parish ()
"Katko" (Simuna) in Väike-Maarja Parish ()
"Dorpat" (Tartu Observatory) in Tartu. ()

Latvia
"Sestu-Kalns" (Ziestu) in Ērgļu novads ()
"Jacobstadt" in Jēkabpils ()

Lithuania
"Karischki" (Gireišiai) in Panemunėlis ()
"Meschkanzi" (Meškonys) in Nemenčinė ()
"Beresnäki" (Paliepiukai) in Nemėžis ()

Belarus
"Tupischki" (Tupishki) in Oshmyany district ()
"Lopati" (Lopaty) in Zelva district ()
"Ossownitza" (Ossovnitsa) in Ivanovo district ()
"Tchekutsk" (Chekutsk) in Ivanovo district ()
"Leskowitschi" (Leskovichi) in Ivanovo district ()

Moldova
"Rudi" near Rudi village, Soroca district ()

Ukraine
Katerinowka in Antonivka, Khmelnytsky Oblast ( )
Felschtin in Hvardiiske, Khmelnytsky Oblast ( )
Baranowka in Baranivka, Khmelnytsky Oblast ( )
Staro-Nekrassowka (Stara Nekrasivka) in Nekrasivka, Odessa Oblast ( )

Other websites

Geodesy
World Heritage Sites in Sweden
World Heritage Sites in Russia
For lists of World Heritage Sites in Europe, see:
List of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden)
List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden
List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom)
List of World Heritage Sites in France
List of World Heritage Sites in Ireland
List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands
List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and the European part of Russia)
List of World Heritage Sites in Armenia
List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria
List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary
List of World Heritage Sites in Poland
List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
List of World Heritage Sites in Russia
List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine
List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Europe (Albania, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, and Spain)
List of World Heritage Sites in Albania
List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of World Heritage Sites in Greece
List of World Heritage Sites in Italy
List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia
List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia

 *
Europe
Europe-related lists
There are fourteen official UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Sweden.  There are twelve cultural sites, one natural site and one mixed site.

Inscribed sites
Name: name as listed by the World Heritage Committee
Coordinates: geographic coordinates of the site's location
County: County of Sweden where the site is at
Year: year the site was added to the World Heritage List
UNESCO ref: the site's reference number
UNESCO criteria: the criteria it was listed under (criteria i through vi are cultural, while vii through x are natural)
Description: brief description of the site

References

Sweden
Europe-related lists
World Heritage Sites in Ireland are places that are in the UNESCO World Heritage Programme.  These are places of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind.

Existing sites

Brú na Bóinne
Located in County Meath, the site is several Neolithic chamber tombs, standing stones, henges and other prehistoric enclosures.  Some date to as early as 35th century BC - 32nd century BC. The site came before the Egyptian pyramids.  It was built with a knowledge of science and astronomy.  This is most evident in the passage grave of Newgrange. The site is often called the "Bend of the Boyne".  Some people think this is what Brú na Bóinne means, but it does not.  It means "Palace of the Boyne". It was made a World Heritage Site in 1993.

Skellig Michael
Off the coast of west County Kerry, Skellig Michael was probably founded in the 7th century. For 600 years the island was a centre of monastic life for Irish Christian monks. The Gaelic monastery is almost at the top of the 230-metre-high rock. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. It is one of Europe's better known but hardest to reach monasteries.

Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Europe-related lists
This is a list of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands with properties of cultural and natural heritage in the Netherlands that are on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Currently, nine properties in the Netherlands and Curaçao are on the World Heritage List. Eight of these are cultural properties and one is a natural property. The first was added to the list in 1995 and the latest in 2010. Seven properties are in the Netherlands, one is in Curaçao, and one is in both the Netherlands and Germany. The Wadden Sea is in the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark, but only the Dutch and German parts are on the World Heritage List.

Properties on the World Heritage List

Notes

References

Netherlands
Europe-related lists
There are currently 3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Armenia.

World Heritage Sites
The table lists information about each World Heritage Site:
Name; as listed by the World Heritage Committee
Location; in one of Greece's regions, with co-ordinates provided by UNESCO
Period; time period of significance, typically of construction
UNESCO data; Site reference number, the year the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List, and the criteria it was listed under
Description; brief description of the site

References

Armenia
Armenia
Armenia
The List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Bulgaria agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1974.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

There are nine WHS places in Bulgaria. The first four properties were added in the World Heritage List in 1979, and the last in 1985.

Cultural

Natural

Tentative list
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.
 Two neolithic dwellings with their interior and household furnishings and utensils completely preserved
 The Magoura cave with drawings from the bronze age
 The ancient town of Nicopolis ad Istrum
 The late ancient tomb of Silistra
 The Bachkovo Monastery
 The town of Melnik and the Rozhen Monastery
 The Roussensky Lom National Park
 The Ancient Plovdiv
 Thracian Tomb with Wall Paintings beside Alexandrovo village
 Vratsa Karst Nature Reserve
 Rocks of Belogradchik
 Central Balkan National Park
 Pobiti Kamani Natural Monument

Gallery

Related pages
World Heritage Committee
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Table of World Heritage Sites by country
List of World Heritage Sites in Europe

References

Other websites

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Europe-related lists
The List of World Heritage Sites in Romania is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Romania agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1990.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

There are seven WHS places in Romania.

Cultural

Natural

Tentative list
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.
 Le Monastère de Neamt
 Eglises byzantines et post-byzantines de Curtea de Arges
 L'ensemble monumental de Tirgu Jiu
 L'ensemble rupestre de Basarabi
 L'église des Trois Hiérarques de Iassy
 Les "coules" de Petite Valachie
 L'église de Densus
 Le noyau historique de la ville d'Alba Julia
 Massif du Retezat
 Pietrosul Rodnei (sommet de montagne)
 Sinpetru (site paléontologique)
 Codrul secular Slatiora (forêt séculaire)
 The Historic Centre of Sibiu and its Ensemble of Squares
 The old villages of Hollókő and Rimetea and their surroundings

Related pages
World Heritage Committee
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Table of World Heritage Sites by country
List of World Heritage Sites in Europe

References

Other websites

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Romania

Romania
Romania
Romania-related lists