cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Futebol Clube do Porto (pron. ) – short: FC Porto or FCP – is a Portuguese sports club best known for its football team. It was created in Porto in 1893. It holds the best International record by a Portuguese team (7 international titles), having won the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup twice each. In 2003, it brought Portugal's first UEFA Cup and in 1987 it brought Portugal's first UEFA Supercup. Domestically they hold the best record of five titles in a row, having won the Portuguese Liga 26 times, the Portuguese Cup 16 times and Portuguese Supercup 18 times.

History
It was founded in the northern city of Porto on September 28, 1893, by wine-salesman António Nicolau d'Almeida who had his first contact with the game of football on one of his trips to England. The club was revived in 1906 by José Monteiro da Costa.

Trophies
Liga Portuguesa: 26
Taça de Portugal: 16
Supertaça Portuguesa: 19
UEFA Champions League: 2
UEFA Europa League: 2
European Super Cup: 1
Intercontinental Cup: 2

Portuguese football clubs
Porto
1893 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Portugal
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg (Russian: ФК "Зенит" Санкт-Петербург) is a Russian football club from Saint Petersburg. Founded in 1925 (or in 1914 according to some Russian sources), the club plays in the Russian Premier League and currently is the richest in the country, due to the sponsorship of Gazprom.

Zenit are the 2007 champions of the Russian Premier League, the holders of the 2008 UEFA Cup and of the 2008 UEFA Super Cup after beating Manchester United 2-1 in Monaco. Zenit won Russian Cup in 2010. They defeated Sibir in the final with the score 1-0.

Titles

Europe 

 UEFA Europa League : 1 (2008)
 UEFA Super Cup : 1 (2008)

Russia 

 Russian Premier League : 6 (2007, 2010, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2018–19, 2019–20)
 Russian Cup : 3  (1999, 2010, 2015)
 Russian Premier League Cup : 1 (2003)
 Russian Super Cup : 3 (2008, 2011, 2015, 2016)

Soviet Union 

 Soviet Top League : 1 (1984)
 Soviet Cup : 1 (1944)
 Soviet Super Cup : 1 (1984)

References 

Russian football clubs
1925 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
Steve Bruce (born 31 December 1960) is an English football manager and former player who is the current manager of Championship club West Bromwich Albion. He was born in Corbridge, Northumberland. Bruce was best known for playing for Manchester United where he was captain.

1960 births
Living people
English football managers
English footballers
Sportspeople from Northumberland
Premier League players
Stockport County F.C. is an English football club. They currently play in the Blue Square North, in English football. The club plays their home games at Edgeley Park. At home they play in Blue.

Name
1883-1888 Heaton Norris Rovers F.C.
1888-1890 Heaton Norris F.C.
1890-present Stockport County F.C.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
Stockport, Greater Manchester
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
George Leake (3 December 1856 – 24 June 1902) was the 3rd Premier of Western Australia from 27 May 1901 to 21 November 1901 and then from 23 December 1901 to 24 June 1902.

References

1856 births
1902 deaths
Independent politicians in Australia
Leake, George
People from Perth, Western Australia
Into the Fire is the fifth studio album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. Released on March 30, 1987 through A&M Records, the album was a huge commercial success selling over 2 million units worldwide, peaking at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 chart and reaching high positions in charts worldwide. It was recorded at Adams' home in London, England.

Six singles were released from the album: "Heat of the Night", "Hearts on Fire", "Victim of Love", "Only the Strong Survive", "Into the Fire" and "Another Day".

Into the Fire Tour
On May, 1987 Adams started the Into the Fire tour. His first performance was in Shreveport, Louisianna with his backing band. Adams first stop of the UK leg of the tour at the Prince’s Trust charity concert at Wembley Stadium, London. Adams later went back to the United States to continue the American leg of the tour He appeared on The David Letterman Show. Adams sold out two nights in a row at Madison Square Garden in New York City and was visited backstage by Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys. He got a sold-out show in Toronto, Ontario. The tour continued through the Western United States. Adams headed back to the UK on October 13 in Newcastle, England. Adams sold out four nights in a row at Wembley Arena in London. Adams started his tour in mainland Europe and Adams previous album Reckless achieved gold status in Sweden and Into The Fire achieves gold status in Switzerland and later he traveled to Dublin, Ireland. Adams started the Asian leg of the tour and ended up selling out ten concerts, five of which were in Tokyo's Budokan. Into the Fire was certified platinum with sales over 100,000 copies sold in Japan. Adams headed back to Europe and played in East Berlin and later West Berlin. The last concert part of the Into the Fire tour was in Locarno, Switzerland.

Track listing

Personnel
 Bryan Adams - guitar, piano, keyboards, vocals
 Keith Scott - lead guitar, backing vocals
 Mickey Curry - drums
 Dave Taylor - bass
 Tommy Mandel - organ, keyboards
 Robbie King - organ
 Jim Vallance - piano, percussion, sequencer
 Dave Pickell - piano
 Ian Stanley - keyboards

Chart positions

References

Bryan Adams albums
1987 albums
You Want It You Got It is the second album by Bryan Adams, and was released in 1981 (see 1981 in music). The album was to be called Bryan Adams Hasn't Heard Of You Either but the record company wanted him to change the title to something safer.

The first single, "Lonely Nights", was a big hit in the US. Two other singles "Coming Home" and "Fits Ya Good" were top 40 hits in Canada.

Many songs from this album were covered by other artists, they are "Lonely Nights" by Uriah Heep, "Jealousy" by Prism, "Tonight" by Randy Meisner and "Fits Ya Good" by Tove Naess and others.

After Dave Taylor listened to this album, he decided to become Bryan Adams' bass player.

Track listing

Personnel 
 Bryan Adams - guitars, piano, vocals, producer
 Mickey Curry - drums
 Jamie Glaser - guitars
 Tommy Mandel   - keyboards, organ, synthesizer
 Jimmy Maelen - percussion
 G.E. Smith       - guitars
 Brian Stanley - bass
 Jonathan Gerber - saxophone
 Cindy Bullens - background vocals
 Bob Clearmountain - producer, mixing

Bryan Adams albums
1981 albums
Rock albums
Bryan Adams is the first album by Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams. It was released in February 1980 by A&M Records. "Hidin' From Love" went to #64 on Canada's RPM 100 Singles chart and "Give Me Your Love" went to #91 on the same chart.

In early 1978, Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance made a song-writing duo together. They made the album in 1979 and released it in February 1980.

The first single was "Hidin' from Love" in 1980 (#43 on the Billboard dance charts) the next one was "Give Me Your Love" and then "Remember".

Track listing

References
 MTV Biography

Bryan Adams albums
1980 albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
Room Service is a rock album by Canadian singer/songwriter Bryan Adams released internationally in 2004 and in the U.S. the following year. "Open Road" was the first single taken from the album, followed by "Flying", "Room Service" and, as an American release, "This Side of Paradise".  In the summer of 2005, "Open Road" was used the theme song in ESPN's SportsCenter series 50 States in 50 Days.

"East Side Story" was originally going to be released on Chicane's canceled Album Easy To Assemble with Bryan Adams on vocals, although with a completely different composition.

Track listings

Personnel
Bryan Adams - guitar, dobro, harmonica, piano and bass
Keith Scott - guitars
Mickey Curry - drums
Norm Fisher - bass
Gary Breit - piano and organ
Phil Tornalley - additional production, guitars and keyboards
Yoad Nevo - additional production, programming, percussion, guitars
Declan Masterson - Irish whistle on "Flying"
Maurice Seezer - accordion and piano on "Flying"
Gavin Greenway - string arrangement on "Flying"
Michael Kamen - string arrangement and oboe on "I Was Only Dreaming"
Ben Dobie, Avril Mackintosh, and Olle Romo - protocols editing
The Pointless Brothers - background vocals on "Flying"
Bob Clearmountain - Mixing
Ben Dobie - engineering

Other websites 
 Bryan Adams interview

Bryan Adams albums
2004 albums
11 is the eleventh studio album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. It was released on March 7, 2008 through Universal Music Group. The album was a number 1 hit in Canada, Switzerland and India and on number 6 in the UK. It was recorded at The Warehouse Studio, Vancouver, Canada, and additionally at hotel rooms and backstage concerts around Europe.

Three singles have been released from the album: "I Thought I'd Seen Everything", "Tonight We Have the Stars" and "She's Got a Way". The album was also released in the US exclusively through Wal-Mart and Sam's Club retail stores on May 13, 2008. To promote the album, Adams toured around Europe on the "11 Days, 11 Cities" acoustic tour, playing new songs and old classics.

11 Tour 
In support of the release of 11, Adams started the ‘11 concerts, 11 cities’ tour, having concerts in 11 different countries in just 11 days. The intimate shows at some spectacular venues will see Adams perform an acoustic set, on stage, with just his guitar and harmonica. The London show was on March 11, 2008 at St. James Church in Piccadilly. The last stop of his 11 days concert tour was in Copenhagen, Denmark on 17 March. After the ‘11 concerts, 11 cities’ Adams went and acoustic tour where he toured with Foreigner and Rod Stewart to support his new album. Zimbio asked Adams: "With the acoustic tour, which of your songs do you feel sound best acoustically?"

Track listing

Personnel 
 Bryan Adams - guitar, vocals, bass (on tracks 1, 2, 3), producer
 Keith Scott - guitar (tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9)
 Colin Cripps - guitar (all but tracks 8 and 11), backing vocals on track 7
 Gary Breit - hammond organ, piano (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10)
 Eliot Kennedy - bass (tracks 4, 6, 9 and 10), piano on track 6, backing vocals on track 7
 Robert John "Mutt" Lange - bass (track 5), producer on tracks 1 & 5
 Mickey Curry - drums (tracks 1, 6, 7, 9)
 Pat Stewart - drums (tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 8)
 Jim Vallance - drums (track 10)
 Máire Breatnach - fiddle on track 8, viola on track 11

Additional Personnel 
 Pointless Brothers - backing vocals on track 6
 Kathleen Edwards - backing vocals on track 7
 Teese Gohl - string arragement on tracks 7 & 8
 Gavin Greenway - string arragement on track 11
 Hal Beckett - string conductor on tracks 7, 8, & 11
 Bob Clearmountain - Mixing
 Olle Romo - editing
 Ben Dobie - recording
 Bryan Gallant - additional recording
 Kirk Mcnally - additional recording
 Roger Monk - string recording on track 8

Charts

Album

References 

2008 albums
Bryan Adams albums
Rock albums
A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is a model for cryptanalysis which assumes that the attacker can choose random plaintexts to be encrypted and obtain the corresponding ciphertexts. The goal of the attack is to gain some further information which reduces the security of the encryption scheme.  In the worst case, a chosen-plaintext attack could expose secret information after calculating the secret key. 

Modern cryptography is implemented in software or hardware and is used for a diverse range of applications; for many applications, a chosen-plaintext attack is often very feasible.  Chosen-plaintext attacks become extremely important in the context of public key cryptography, where the encryption key is public and attackers can encrypt any plaintext they choose.

Any cipher that can prevent chosen-plaintext attacks is then also guaranteed to be secure against known-plaintext and ciphertext-only attacks; this is a conservative approach to security.

Two forms of chosen-plaintext attack can be distinguished:

Batch chosen-plaintext attack, where the cryptanalyst chooses all plaintexts before any of them are encrypted.
Adaptive chosen-plaintext attack, where the professional cryptanalyst makes a series of interactive queries, choosing subsequent plaintexts based on the information from the previous encryptions.

Related pages
Ciphertext-only attack
Chosen-ciphertext attack
Known-plaintext attack

References

Cryptography
In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts. 

The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced (extracted) or, even better, the key. The ability to obtain any amount of information from the underlying ciphertext is considered a success. 

Every modern cipher attempts to provide protection against ciphertext-only attacks. The process of selecting a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical different approach from random noise. On the other hand, poor cipher depends on home-grown proprietary algorithms that have not been subjected to extensive testing and inspection; for this reason, many computer-age encryption systems are still subject to ciphertext-only attack but still in use. Examples include:

 Early versions of Microsoft's PPTP virtual private network software used the same RC4 key for the sender and the receiver (later versions solved this problem but may still have other problems). In any case where a stream cipher like RC4 is used twice with the same key, it is open to ciphertext-only attack. 
 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), the first security protocol for Wi-Fi, proved susceptible to several attacks, most of them ciphertext-only.
 Some modern cipher designs have later been shown to be suspect to ciphertext-only attacks. For example, Akelarre.

Related pages 
 Chosen-plaintext attack
 Chosen-ciphertext attack
 Known-plaintext attack

References 

 Alex Biryukov and Eyal Kushilevitz, "From Differential Cryptanalysis to Ciphertext-Only Attacks," CRYPTO 1998, pp 72–88;

Cryptography
Kambly is a Swiss biscuit factory. It was founded in 1910 by Oscar Kambly.

History
He got to know a girl that lived in Trubschachen. It was a real lovestory. When he went at her home he had the idea to make a biscuit after his grandmother's recipe, this was in 1906. In 1910 he could absorb the store of his instructor.

The factory today
Today, Kambly is Switzerland's largest biscuit producer and leading exporter. 
Kambly is represented in more than 30 different countries. 
It is the most famous and most liked biscuit brand of Switzerland's. 
There are two factories, one in Trubschachen and one in Lyss, both in the canton of Berne. 
Today it's Oscar Kambly the third who administrates the factory, he has done this since 1983. 
Oscar Kambly who founded the factory leaded it from 1910-1953. 
The first factory was only in Trubschachen, but because Kambly bought 
the Arni AG in Lyss in 1999, they now have got another station. 
There are 420 employees. 2007, there was a conversion of 164 million Swiss francs. Kambly got  the award "Brand Excellence Swiss Trophy" in 2003. In 2003, 2005,2007 & 2008 the international price "Saveur de l'Année".

Factory stores
There are 2 factory stores. One in Lyss and another one in Trubschachen.
There you can buy the biscuits much cheaper.

Products
The oldest product is the "Bretzeli", that has been produced since 1906 and that was invented by Oscar Kambly the first.
Some other known products are: "Biscuits Butterfly", "Caprice", "Mignon" and the "Petit Beurre".
They also produce salted biscuits.

Other websites
Webpage of Kambly.ch 

Food companies of Switzerland
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
1910 establishments in Europe
Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith; December 3, 1960) is a an American actress with Scottish origins. She was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina. She has been nominated for four Oscars, six Golden Globes, three BAFTAs and nine Screen Actors Guild Awards.

After studying theatre at Boston University Moore began her acting career in 1983 with minor roles.  She then joined the soap opera As the World Turns.  She had several supporting roles in movies. Her performance in Boogie Nights (1997) brought her fame.

Her success continued with movies such as The Big Lebowski (1998), The End of the Affair (1999) and Magnolia (1999). She received particular praise for acting as a betrayed wife in Far from Heaven (2002).  This won several awards. The same year, she was also nominated for several awards for her work in The Hours. The critics have liked her for her recent performances in The Kids Are All Right and portraying Sarah Palin in Game Change.

She won an Oscar for Best Actress for her performance in Still Alice (2014).

Personal life 
Moore was born to an American father and a Scottish mother.

Moore was married to John Gould Rubin from 1986 until they divorced in 1995.

Since August 23, 2003 she has been married to Bart Freundlich. They have a son, Caleb Moore Freundlich (born on December 4, 1997) and a daughter, Liv Helen Moore Freundlich (born on April 11, 2002).

Her mother had emigrated from Scotland. Her father was a military in the US Army.

Filmography

Awards

References

Other websites 

 

1960 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
Actors from North Carolina
American children's writers
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Scottish movie actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
AES (Rijndael) uses a key schedule to expand a short key into a number of separate round keys. This is known as the Rijndael key schedule.

The three AES variants have a different number of rounds. Each variant requires a separate 128-bit round key for each round plus one more. The key schedule produces the needed round keys from the initial key.

Cryptography
Gorillaz are an animated British rock band. The band was invented by Damon Albarn, a member of the band Blur, and Jamie Hewlett, who has worked on the comic book series Tank Girl. Even though the band members are fictional, they have released a large amount of albums and music videos. The band's animated members are 2-D, Noodle, Russell Hobbs, and Murdoc Niccals.

The band's genre is mostly a combination of alternative rock, alternative hip hop, and electronica. It also has elements of experimental, trip hop, dub, and psychedelic rock.

Live performances
Since they are an animated group, they cannot perform live, like other bands can. At Gorillaz concerts, the real members of the band stand behind screens which show computer-generated images of the animated group performing.

Despite the animated performances, the actual band members did go on tour as the Gorillaz (which the animated band referred to as that Gorillaz tribute band), playing at various venues across the states, headlining at Coachella. The live Gorillaz band played at the 2010 Glastonbury Festival, performing in place of u2 due to Bono's emergency back surgery. Nevertheless, they were a hit with the crowd.

List of albums

Studio albums
2001 - Gorillaz
2005 - Demon Days
2010 - Plastic Beach
2010 - The Fall
2017 - Humanz
2018 - The Now Now
2020 - The Song Machine, Season 1: Strange Timez

Compilation albums
2002 - G-Sides
2002 - Laika Come Home (album with Spacemonkeyz)
2007 - D-Sides
2011 - The Singles Collection 2001-2011

1998 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Animated characters
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from Essex
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Pantanal is the world's largest wetland or swamp.

It covers a region of 140,000 km2, larger than the area covered by the country Greece.

The Pantanal is in South America and shared by Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.

There are many threats to the Pantanal such as pollution, mercury from gold mining and ranching. Although the Pantanal can wash some of the chemicals away, the increased amount is becoming a concern.

Wildlife is surprisingly diverse: about 3,500 species of plants, 650 species of birds, 230 species of fish, 80 species of mammals, 50 species of reptiles. In 1996, there were about 10 million crocodiles. Within the Pantanal there are a number of specially protected natural areas, including the Pantanal Nature Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In winter nearly 80% of the area is flooded.

References 

Geography of Bolivia
Geography of Brazil
Paraguay
Biosphere reserves
Wetlands
Erich Mende (28 October 1916 - 6 May 1998 in Bonn) was a German jurist and politician for the Christian-Democratic Union of Germany and the Free Democratic Party of Germany.

Mende was born in Groß Strehlitz, near Oppolne.
1936 he made his abitur. Afterwards he had to do his working service for the state and then his military service.
Up from 1938 he was an officer. At the end of World War II he was major.
After he was set free as prisoner of war, his hometown was made Polish. He found a new home in the Ruhr area. Then he studied laws in Cologne and Bonn.
In 1949 he finished his doctorade thesis.

In 1946 he joined the FDP.
He was Secretary for Intra-German Relations (Bundesminister für gesamtdeutsche Fragen) from 1963 to 1966.
In the same time he was Vice Chancellor of West Germany.

1916 births
1998 deaths
German military personnel of World War II
Majors
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Petra Karin Kelly (November 23, 1947 – October 1, 1992) was a German politician, peace activist and one of the founders of the Green Party of Germany.

Kelly was born in Günzburg. Her stepfather was a US officer. Her original father and her mother were German.
Her family moved to the US in 1959.
She went to school in both countries.
From 1966 to 1970 he studied political sciences in Washington, D.C..
Kelly campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy in the 1968 U.S. elections.
She admired Martin Luther King and was an anti-Vietnam War protester.
She graduated in 1970 in Washington and got another exam in 1971 in Amsterdam.
Then she returned to West Germany.
She worked for the European Commission in Brussels from 1971 to 1983.

She was one of the founders of the Green Party in Germany in 1979 – the first Green Party worldwide. 
From 1983 to 1990 she was a member of the Bundestag for the Greens.
Kelly received the Right Livelihood Award in 1982.

Petra Kelly, who was seriously ill, died in Bonn in 1992, aged 44. She had been shot by her partner, politician and former general Bert Bastian, who committed suicide afterwards.

Other websites 
 The Life and Death of Petra Kelly by Sara Parkin, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora, 1995 ()
 Thinking Green! Essays on Environmentalism, Feminism, and Nonviolence by Petra K. Kelly, Parallax Press, Berkeley, California, 1994 ()
 Nonviolence Speaks to Power by Petra K. Kelly, online book , almost complete text (also, out of print, published by Matsunaga Institute for Peace, University of Hawaii, 1992, )
 Curriculum Vitae with picture 
 Happiness is a Warm Gun. Film on Petra Kelly's death
 Right Livelihood Award website 
 Petra Kelly Archives at the Heinrich Böll Foundation 
 Petra Kelly prize for human rights, ecology and non-violence 

1947 births
1992 deaths
Civil servants
Feminists
Former members of the German Bundestag
German essayists
German murder victims
German politicians of Alliance '90/The Greens
Green thinkers
Murders by firearm in Germany
Nonviolence advocates
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Along the River During Qingming Festival is a well known panoramic Chinese painting by artist Zhang Zeduan (1085-1145). It was painted during the Song Dynasty.  The painting is among the most famous of all Chinese paintings. It is kept at the Forbidden City, also known as the "Palace Museum" in Beijing.

Chinese culture
Paintings
Kaiserswerth is a settlement with a more than 1,000-year history.
It is one of the oldest parts of Düsseldorf.

Geography 
It is in the north of Düsseldorf, next to the river Rhine. Kaiserswerth has 7,712 inhabitants and an area of 4.71 km².

History 
About the year 700 the monk St. Suitbert founded a Benedictine-abbey there.
It was destroyed 88 years later.

The Kaiserpfalz (temporary seat of the Holy Roman Emperor) was built in 1045.

In 1062 the young German King Heinrich IV (still a child) was kidnapped by the archbishop of Cologne.

In 1174 Friederick I Barbarossa moved the Rhine customs collection to Kaiserswerth. So the bishop took over control over the whole empire.

Following emperors used Kaiserswerth as temporary seat like as prison for high-range prisoners.

Between 1212 and 1215 the Count of Berg tried to get out prisoners and made the ground around the Castle dry.

In 1273 the Emperor pledged Kaiserswerth to the archbishop of Cologne.

In 1689 Kaiserswerth was particularly destroyed by France during the War of the Palatine Succession. During the Spanish war of succession the Bishop of Cologne stayed with France.

Kaiserswerth got a French garrison. In 1702 the city was therefore besieged by the Grand Alliance. After that war the castle was mostly destroyed.

In the 19th century Kaiserswerth was famous by its deaconess clinic. Florence Nightingale visited in 1850 and learned from Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working there for the sick and the deprived. Nightingale published The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. in 1851 - her first publication.

Kaiserswerth became a part of Düsseldorf in 1929.

References

Other websites 

 Kaiserswerth in Spanish succession war 1702

Boroughs of Germany
Düsseldorf
Vichy () is a commune in central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, along the Allier river. It is the commune in the department with second largest population after Montluçon. It is in the historic province of Bourbonnais.

History
Vichy has lots of Spas and resorts. This site was inhabited before the Roman conquest of Gaul.

In 1861, Napoleon III visited Vichy several times.

During World War II, it was the capital city of Vichy France.

Geography 
The commune of Vichy is on the southern part of the Allier department. The city is on the right side of the Allier river.

The commune has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Vichy to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Lyon, the regional capital - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Strasbourg - ;
 Nantes - ;
 Marseille - .

Vichy is surrounded by the communes Creuzier-le-Vieux, Cusset, Le Vernet, Abrest, Bellerive-sur-Allier and Charmeil.

Climate 
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Vichy is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

Population
The inhabitants of Vichy are known, in French, as Vichyssois (women: Vichyssoises).

With a population of 25,279, Vichy is the second largest city of the Allier department. It has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Vichy

Administration 
Vichy is a subprefecture of the Allier department since 1941; before that year, the subprefecture was in Lapalisse. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Vichy and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
 Vichy-1 formed by 3 communes and part of Vichy, with 18,420 inhabitants (2014).
 Vichy-2 formed by 2 communes and part of Vichy, with 18,763 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Vichy Communauté.

Sister cities 
Vichy is twinned with:
  Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony, Germany
  Bad Tölz, Bavaria, Germany
  Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
  Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
  Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
  San Giuliano Terme, Tuscany, Italy

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Vichy
 Communes of the Allier department
 Capital of France

References

Other websites

 Ville de Vichy council website 
 Official Website of the Tourist Office of Hydrotherapy and Vichy

Former national capitals
Subprefectures in France
Capital of France
Communes in Allier
Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. 

It lies roughly east of India, south of China. 
 
Indochina comprises the territory of the following countries:
 Cambodia
 Laos
 Vietnam

These countries have been known as Indochina since the time of French Colonialism.

Often also included in the scope of the term are:
 Peninsular Malaysia (comprising the southern end of the Malay peninsula but not any of the Malay islands)
 Myanmar (formerly known as Burma, Monip and Potiop.)
 Singapore
 Thailand (formerly Siam and Furom)

References 

Ao Nishimura

Other websites 

Southeast Asia
Peninsulas
In physics, mechanical energy describes the potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system.

When a given amount of mechanical energy is transferred (such as when throwing a ball, lifting a box, crushing a soda can, or stirring a beverage) it is said that this amount of mechanical work has been done. Both mechanical energy and mechanical work are measured in the same units as energy in general. It is usually said that a component of a system has a certain amount of "mechanical energy" (i.e. it is a state function), whereas "mechanical work" describes the amount of mechanical energy a component has gained or lost.

The conservation of mechanical energy is a principle which states that under certain conditions, the total mechanical energy of a system is constant. This rule does not hold when mechanical energy is converted to other forms, such as chemical, nuclear, or electromagnetic. However, the principle of general conservation of energy is so far an unbroken rule of physics - as far as we know, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form ..

.

Mechanics
Energy
Vitiligo is a skin disease that causes the skin to lose its color.  It occurs when the melanocytes, cells that give skin their color, die or do not work. This is a problem because these cells protect against the light from the sun.

How is it caught? 
The exact cause of vitiligo is complex and not fully understood. It may be caused by the immune system, genetic, and environmental factors. 
Vitiligo may also be caused by stress that affects the immune system, leading the body to react and start eliminating skin pigment.

People over 20 years old rarely develop this disease. These patches often occur to both sides symmetrically and may change shape.

Effects of vitiligo 
 color of the skin is lighter because there are no pigments
 purple or golden brown patches on and around the eyes, nose, and mouth 
 puffiness of the middle layer of the eye 
 quicker graying of hair 
 more sensitive to sun

This disease can also affect the mental state of the patient.

Curing it 
As of 2020, doctors do not understand what causes the disease, so right now, it can not be cured. Some things can be done to fight its effects, though. Makeup or cosmetics can cover up the parts of the skin with vitiligo. Also, staying out of the sun to prevent tanning is good. But the treatment given by most skin doctors is cortico steroid cream.
Breakthrough discovery in 2004 allowed for the transplant of melanocytes to vitiligo affected areas, repigmenting the region.

Famous people with vitiligo 
Michael Jackson told Oprah in a 1993 interview that he had vitiligo. He is the most well known person to have had the disease. A lot of people thought that he was lying. He died in 2009, and his autopsy found that he was telling the truth. Apparently, when it got past the point where makeup could have hidden it, he chose to have the rest of the pigment removed.
Jon Hamm got vitilgo when he was filmed acting for Mad Men because of stress.

References

Related pages
Albinism

Diseases
Greyhound Lines (commonly called Greyhound) is a company in the United States that runs bus services between cities. It was founded in 1914. Its parent company is on the London Stock Exchange.  The buses use air brakes and hold over 200 gallons of diesel.

American transport companies
1914 establishments in the United States
Bus transport
Companies based in Dallas, Texas
In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key lengths up to 256 bits. 

In 1997, the NIST announced for competition to choose a successor to DES to be known as AES, Twofish was one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption Standard competition, but was not selected as a standard. 

Twofish is related to the earlier block cipher Blowfish. Twofish's main features are the use of pre-computed key-dependent S-boxes, and a relatively complex key schedule. One half of an n-bit key is used as the actual encryption key and the other half of the n-bit key is used to modify the encryption algorithm (key-dependent S-boxes). Twofish uses some elements from other designs; for example, the pseudo-Hadamard transform (PHT) from the SAFER family of ciphers. Twofish uses the same Feistel structure as the DES.

On most software platforms Twofish is slightly slower than Rijndael (the chosen algorithm for Advanced Encryption Standard) for 128-bit keys, but somewhat faster for 256-bit keys.

Creators 
Twofish was designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David Wagner, Chris Hall, and  Niels Ferguson; the "extended Twofish team" who met to made further cryptanalysis of Twofish and other AES competitors included Stefan Lucks, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Mike Stay.

Twofish algorithm is free for anyone to use without any restrictions whatsoever. The Twofish cipher has not been patented and the software example of its specification has been placed in the public domain. However, Twofish is not widely used like the Blowfish, which has been available for a longer period of time.

Cryptanalysis 
As of 2008, the best published cryptanalysis on the Twofish block cipher is a truncated differential cryptanalysis of the full 16-round version. The paper claims that the probability of truncated differentials attacks is 2-57.3 per block and that it will take about 251 chosen plaintexts (32 PiB worth of data) to find a good pair of truncated differentials.

Bruce Schneier responds in a 2005 blog entry that this paper does not present a full cryptanalytic attack, but only some hypothesized differential characteristics: "But even from a theoretical perspective, Twofish is not even remotely broken. There have been no extensions to these results since they were published" in 2000.

Related pages
 Blowfish (cipher)
 Advanced Encryption Standard
 Data Encryption Standard

References

Additional reading

Other websites 
 Twofish web page with full specifications, free source code, and other Twofish resources.
 David Wagner's sci.crypt post recommending AES over Twofish  — Wagner was one of the designers of Twofish.
 SCAN's entry for Twofish
  List of products using TwoFish

Cryptography
In cryptography, truncated differential cryptanalysis is a generalization of differential cryptanalysis, an attack model against block ciphers. In 1994 Lars Knudsen designed the technique, during this period ordinary differential cryptanalysis analyzes the full difference between two texts, the truncated version considers differences that are only determined to some extent. It has been applied to SAFER, IDEA, Skipjack, E2, Twofish, Camellia, CRYPTON, and the stream cipher Salsa20 as well.

References
 
 
  
  
  
 
 

Cryptography
The Fatimid Caliphate was ruled by the al-Fātimiyyūn () dynasty  from 5 January 909 to 1171. It was an Arab Shi'a dynasty It ruled the fourth and final Arab caliphate. In different times different areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant belonged to the caliphate.

Egyptian city of Cairo was made the capital. The term Fatimite is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate as well. The ruling elite belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders were also Shia Ismaili Imams. They had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of Caliph, as recognized by most Muslims, the only period in which the Shia Imamate and the Caliphate were united to any degree. There was only one other exception: the Caliphate of Ali himself.

The Fatimids were famous for religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam as well as towards Jews, Maltese Christians and Coptic Christians, but there were some exceptions nevertheless.

Rise of the Fatimids 

The Fatimids came from Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia and eastern Algeria. The dynasty was founded in 909 by , who legitimised his claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter Fātima as-Zahra and her husband , the first  Imām, hence the name al-Fātimiyyūn "Fatimid".

Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, which he ruled from Mahdia, his newly-built capital in Tunisia.

Decay and fall 
In the 1040s, the Zirids (governors of North Africa under the Fatimids) declared their independence from the Fatimids and their conversion to Sunni Islam, which led to the devastating Banū Hilal invasions.  After about 1070, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria was challenged first by Turkic (Seljuk) invasions, then the Crusades, so that Fatimid territory shrank until it consisted only of Egypt.

After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s, the Zengid ruler Nūr ad-Dīn had his general, Shirkuh, seize Egypt from the vizier Shawar in 1169.  Shirkuh died two months after taking power, and the rule went to his nephew, Saladin.  This began the Kurdish Ayyubid Dynasty.

Fatimid caliphs 
  (909-934) founder Fatimid dynasty
  (934-946)
  (946-953)
  (953-975) Egypt is conquered during his reign
  (975-996)
  (996-1021)
  (1021-1036)
  (1036-1094)
  (1094-1101) Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari split.
  (1101-1130) The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali Taiyabi Ismailis.
  (1130-1149)
  (1149-1154)
  (1154-1160)
  (1160-1171).

Notes

Other websites 
 Fatimids entry in the Encyclopaedia of the Orient. 
 Institute of Ismaili Studies London. 

Arab people
Caliphates
Former countries in the Middle East
Former monarchies
Former monarchies of Africa
Former monarchies of Asia
Royal dynasties
909 establishments
12th-century disestablishments in Africa
12th-century disestablishments in Asia
10th-century establishments in Africa
10th-century establishments in Asia
1171 disestablishments
In cryptography, plaintext is the information which the sender want to transmit to the receiver(s).  

Before computers, plaintext meant text in the language of the communicating parties.  Since computers, the definition has been expanded. It now includes not only the electronic representation of text, such as emails and word processor documents, but also the computer representation of speech, music, pictures, videos, ATM and credit card transactions, sensor data, and so forth. That is basically any information which the communicating parties might wish to hide from others.  The plaintext is the normal representation of the data before any action has been taken to hide it.

The plaintext is used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext.  Some systems, however, use a cascade of layers of encryption (called 'rounds') in which case the ciphertext output of one encryption algorithm becomes the plaintext input to the next. Triple DES is an example.

Related pages
 Cleartext

Cryptography
Azad Kashmir Day celebrates the 67th day of the Azad Jammu Kashmir government, created on 24 October 1947. However, most people celebrate it on 26 October as they class it as a lucky day once all the papers were signed and settled.

Kashmir
Holidays
Nyon is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is found 25 kilometers north of Geneva, and is part of the Geneva metropolitan area. The town has (as of 2006) 17,267 people.

History 
Nyon was built by the Romans between 50 BCE and 44 BCE, and was called "Colonia Iulia Equestris" or "Colonia Equestris Noiodunum". It grew to be one of the most important Roman colonies in modern-day Switzerland, with a forum, a basilica and an amphitheater that was discovered in 1996.

Modern Day Nyon 
Today, Nyon has a high school (Gymnase de Nyon), a hospital, a movie theatre, hotels, restaurants, cafes and a popular tourist attraction - the castle. 
In the last week of July each year, Nyon hosts the Paléo Festival - a huge music festival.

Other websites 

Official website of the town (available in French, English and German)
Web site of the Roman Museum of Nyon (same languages as above link)
Paléo Festival
Rugby Club Nyon
Ultimate Frisbee Club, Les Mange-Disques de Nyon
La Redoute, Popular neighbourhood of Nyon

Municipalities of Vaud
Cities in Switzerland
Thalwil is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

History
Early Middle Ages Thalwil was Alemannic farmland.

Thalwil was originally four Wachten, or hamlets:
 Ludretikon, the oldest hamlet (mentioned in 915), bordering Rüschlikon
 Oberdorf (Upper Village), the area around the church
 Unterdorf (Lower Village), the area roughly south of the railway station
 Langnau am Albis, (which separated from Thalwil around 1713)

In the Middle Ages, most income was made in farming, vineyards and a small amount of fishing on the lake. 
Thalwil also has the oldest wood corporation in the Canton of Zurich, the Bannegg-Waldung. It was first mentioned in 1483.

Modern day Thalwil
Today, the economy of Thalwil is mostly some small and medium-sized businesses, and a wide range of shops. Most of the shops are located around Gotthardstrasse- the town centre.

The main source of Thalwil's wealth lies with its 7,000 commuters. These people live in Thalwil, but work in Zurich city. Today, Thalwil has left most of its farming past behind in exchange for a town of commuters, with its public transportation links, low tax and good quality of life.

Other websites 

Official website of the Thalwil Gemeinde 

Blog about life in Thalwil 
Thalwiler Anzeiger newspaper 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Zürich
A Jack-o'-lantern is a carved pumpkin, turnip, beet, or potato. In the 19th and 20th centuries people in Scotland and Ireland carved Halloween lanterns from large yellow turnips. This custom has become less prevalent in recent years as supermarkets have begun selling the larger and easier-to-carve American pumpkins. 

In Irish lore, the Jack-o'-lantern is from the story of Stingy Jack. Jack was a clever man who cheated the devil several times. Once when Jack was leaving hell, the devil threw him a glowing coal to light his way. Jack put the coal in a hollowed-out turnip to make the first "Jack-o'-lantern". Lore says Jack can still be seen wandering the world with his turnip lantern, especially around All Saints Day, November 1.

In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became an emblem of Halloween. In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit Jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities.

To make a Jack-o'-lantern, the top of the pumpkin surrounding the stump of the vine is cut off. This top will be used as a "lid" when the Jack-o'-lantern is completed. The seeds and pulp inside the pumpkin are scooped out using a spoon or one's hands. The seeds may be roasted in a hot oven, and then salted to make a snack.

Once the inside of the pumpkin is clean, a face is carved into one side of the pumpkin. The eyes and nose are usually triangles. The mouth is usually filled with jagged teeth. A candle, devotional candle in a candle-holder, or a flashlight is put inside the Jack-o'-lantern and lit. The "lid" is replaced. The lid may be placed slightly askew to keep the candle alit. 

In the United States, a completely carved and lit Jack-o'-lantern is put on the porch, the porch steps, or in a window to welcome trick-or-treaters on Halloween. Once the pumpkin is carved, it is good for nothing else and lasts only a day or two before it starts to rot. Pumpkins used to make Jack-o'-lanterns are inedible. In the United States, mischief-makers steal the Jack-o'-lanterns of their neighbors. The pumpkins are smashed in the street, dropped from a bridge, or otherwise destroyed.

References

  

Cucurbitaceae
The West Coast blues is a type of blues music related to jazz and jump blues, with lots of piano sounds and jazz guitar solos, which originated from Texas blues musicians that moved to California in the 1940s.  West Coast blues also uses smooth, honey-toned vocals, often sounding similar to urban blues.

Texas and the West Coast

The best known West Coast blues musicians may be guitarist T-Bone Walker, famous for the song "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just As Bad)", originally from Texas, he had made his first recordings in the late 1920s. During the early 1940's Walker moved to Los Angeles, where he recorded a lot of music for Capital, Black & White, and Imperial. Walker an electric guitar sound to the blues, prossibly doing more to make the use of electric guitar popular in blues than anyone else. Much of his material had a jazzy jump blues feel, which is typical of popular blues from California in the 1940s and 1950s. Other Texas bluesmen followed: Pianist/songwriter Amos Milburn, singer Percy Mayfield, famous for the song "Hit the Road Jack", and Charles Brown moved to Los Angeles. Guitarist Pee Wee Crayton divided his time between Los Angeles and San Francisco, while Lowell Fulson, from Texas by way of Oklahoma, moved to Oakland.
 
After the efforts of Tom Mazzolini, producer of the San Francisco Blues Festival, started in 1974, and the efforts of recording companies like Arhoolie and HighTone, the West Coast is one of the most important blues areas in the country.

Artist/Musicians

Footnotes

Other websites
Bay Area Blues Society 

Blues music
Artificial selection is the intentional breeding of plants or animals. It means the same thing as selective breeding and is an ancient method of genetic engineering. 

Selective breeding is a technique used when breeding domesticated animals, such as dogs, pigeons or cattle. Some of these animals may have traits that a breeder will want to carry over to the next generation. The breeder will therefore select those animals to breed which have that quality, rather than those that do not.

Inbreeding is a particular kind of selective breeding, designed to produce a population which is genetically virtually identical.  Such populations are rarely viable outside the laboratory.  They lose fertility.  To control this, most breeds are outcrossed or backcrossed to wild-type individuals, or at least less inbred stock. The details differ from breed to breed.  The improvement when outcrossing is done is called hybrid vigour.

Charles Darwin used the example of artificial selection to introduce his idea of natural selection. Artificial selection may be contrasted with the process of natural selection. In natural selection, the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits happens. This is because some variations help the organism to have better survival and reproduction. The process maintains or enhances the fitness of a population in its natural habitat. 

Artificial selection may sometimes be unintentional; it is thought that domestication of crops by early humans was largely unintentional.

References 

Classical genetics
Domesticated animals
Agriculture