cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Josef Albers (March 19, 1888 – March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and educator. His work in Europe and the United States was highly influential and far-reaching. His ideas formed the basis of many art education programs in the 20th century.

Life
Albers was born in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany. He studied art in Berlin, Essen, and Munich, before enrolling as a student at the prestigious Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. He began teaching in the preliminary course of the Department of Design in 1922, and was promoted to Professor in 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau. His work at this time included designing furniture and working with glass.

With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States. In 1950 Albers was appointed head of the Department of Design at Yale University. In 1963 he published Interaction of color which presented his theory that colors were governed by an internal and deceptive logic. A key idea, which he proved by examples, was that our perception of color is not constant. It is influenced by the juxtaposition (placing together) of one color with another. This interested artists interested in optical illusions (Op art).

Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. Most famous of all are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series Homage to the Square. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged inside each other. This was a union of geometric abstraction with experiments in color.

References

Other websites 
Joseph & Anni Albers Foundation  

1888 births
1976 deaths
American painters
German painters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
France has a multi-party system, which means that several political parties must form coalitions in order to form a government. This is because it would be very difficult for any one party to win a majority of seats in the French National Assembly. Since the 1980s, there have been two major coalitions; one is a collection of right-wing parties and the other is a collection of left-wing parties.

Parties

Right-wing
National Rally (Rassemblement National; RN): nationalism, conservatism, euro-scepticism. 

The Republicans (Les Républicains; LR) - Promotes conservatism, liberal-conservatism and nationalism. Replaced the Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire) in 2015.

Centrist
La République En Marche! - Promotes neoliberalism, economic liberalism, centrism, and pro-Europeanism. Founded by current French President Emmanuel Macron in 2016.

Left-wing
Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste) - Promotes social democracy.

La France Insoumise - Promotes democratic socialism.

French Communist Party (Parti Communiste Français) - Promotes communism.

Royalists
Royal Alliance (Alliance Royale)

Nouvelle Action Royaliste

Democratic rally (Rassemblement démocrate)

Communists
Worker's Communist Party of France (Parti Communiste des Ouvriers de France)

Independent Worker's Party (Parti ouvrier indépendant) - Trotskyist

Pole of Communist Rebirth in France (Pôle de Renaissance Communiste en France)

Others
Pirate Party (Parti Pirate)

Frexit
Popular Republican Union (Union Populaire Républicaine) - Promotes movement of national liberation and Frexit.

Regionalist Parties

 Abertzaleen Batasuna - Basque nationalist
 Alsace d'abord (In English:Alsace First) - Alsace nationalist
 Savoyan League (Ligue savoisienne) - Savoy nationalist
 Breton Democratic Union (Union Démocratique Bretonne) - Breton nationalism
 Party of the Corsican Nation (U Partitu di a Nazione Corsa) - Corsican nationalism
 Corsica Libera - Corsican nationalism

France
 
France-related lists
Dae Jung-sang, also called Qiqi Zhongxiang or Geolgeol Jungsang (, ? – 698), was a Korean Goguryeos soldier. He was the father of Dae Jo-Young.founder of Balhae (in Manchuria and Northern Korean Peninsula).

690s deaths
Korean military people
Korean monarchs
Philip V of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746) was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. He was a grandson of Louis XIV and Marie Therese of Austria and was King of Spain from 1700 – 1724 and again from 1724 – 1746. He succeeded Charles II of Spain who was childless and mad. 

He was born at the Palace of Versailles, France. He lost the Kingdom of Naples to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and the Kingdom of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II. He died at his the Royal Palace of Madrid.

Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. He died in Madrid, Spain. His reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history. He was also the father of three Kings of Spain.

First marriage

He married Maria Luisa of Savoy in 1701 and had four children:

Issue

Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no children.
Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Maria Barbara of Portugal, no children.

Second marriage

He remarried in 1714 to Elisabeth Farnese and had seven children:

Issue

Charles III of Spain (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had children.
Infante Francisco (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had children.
Infante Felipe (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had children.
Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had children.
Infante Luis (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had children.

1683 births
1746 deaths
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Spain
People from Versailles
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy. His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history. It is often considered unremarkable. However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France. His wife was a  minor French princess.

Louis was born in Madrid. He was the heir to the throne from birth. He held the title Prince of Asturias. He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father. He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months. During his short reign he was nicknamed The beloved and The liberal (El Bien Amado and El Liberal in Spanish). His reign ended when he died of smallpox. He had no children.

Titles and styles
25 August 1707 – 2 April 1709: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain
2 April 1709 – 14 January 1724: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias
14 January 1724 – 31 August 1724: His Majesty The King

Kings and Queens of Spain
Spanish House of Bourbon
1707 births
1724 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish infantes and infantas
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was the wife of Louis I of Spain. She was a daughter of Françoise Marie de Bourbon and Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France. She married Louis, then known as the Prince of Asturias on 20 January 1722. She had no children and became Queen of Spain in January 1724 before her husband died the same year of smallpox. She was sent back to France where she died alone and ignored in Paris in 1742. She is noted as one of the shortest reigning royal consorts in history.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
11 December 1709 - 20 January 1722 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Montpensier
20 January 1722 - 15 January 1724 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Asturias
15 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty the Queen of Spain
6 September 1724 - 16 June 1742 Her Majesty the Dowager Queen of Spain

Other websites

1709 births
People from Versailles
Spanish House of Bourbon
1742 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
House of Orléans
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish infantes and infantas
Maria Luisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) was the first wife of Philip V of Spain. She loved her husband a lot and gave him four children. She had a lot of influence in the government but died exhausted in 1714. Her husband remarried to Elisabeth Farnese in December 1714. She was very popular in Spain.

Life

Named after her aunt the former Queen of Spain she was the second daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Savoy. At her fathers court it was well known that her father was having an affair with the Countess of Verua. This therefore put strain on her parents marriage. She was always close to her sister Marie Adélaïde.

Family

She married Philip V in 1701 and had four children:
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no issue.
Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Barbara of Portugal, no issue.

1688 births
1714 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Deaths from tuberculosis
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Regents
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
People from Turin
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was the second wife of Philip V of Spain. Phillip's first wife, Maria Luisa of Savoy, had died in February 1714. Elisabetta married the king in December 1714. She had lots of influence over the state till her husband's death in 1746. She acted as Regent in 1759 when her eldest son Charles III of Spain became king and was travelling from Naples. There were plans for her to marry Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont but the marriage never occurred.

Issue

 Infante Carlos of Spain (later King Carlos III) (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, then King of Naples and Sicily, then King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had issue.
 Infante Francisco of Spain (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
 Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had issue.
 Infante Felipe of Spain (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had issue.
 Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had issue.
 Infante Luis of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
 Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had issue.

Titles and styles

 25 October 1692 - 24 December 1714 Her Highness Princess Elisabetta
 24 December 1714 – 14 January 1724 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
 14 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth
 6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
 9 July 1746 - 10 August 1759 Her Majesty The Dowager Queen
 10 August 1759 - 7 October 1759 Her Majesty The Queen regent
 7 October 1759 - 11 July 1766 Her Majesty The Queen mother

1692 births
1766 deaths
House of Bourbon
Spanish House of Bourbon
House of Farnese
Italian people
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Regents
Most political parties in Scotland can be put into two groups: Unionists and Nationalists. Nationalists want Scotland to become an independent country and to stop being part of the United Kingdom whereas Unionists want Scotland to stay in the United Kingdom.

Parties currently represented
The following parties are parties represented at either the British House of Commons and/or the Scottish Parliament.

Parties formerly represented in the Scottish Parliament

 Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party - 1 MSP from 2003–2007

 Scottish Socialist Party - 6 MSPs elected in 2003, 4 at dissolution of last parliament in 2007

 Solidarity - 2 Scottish Socialist MSPs changed parties in 2006 when this party was formed and lost their seats in 2007

Minor parties in Scotland

These are parties who contested the 2007 Scottish Parliament election but did not gain representation:

 Scottish Christian Party - A Christian right party that endorses traditional social conservative Christian values.

 British National Party (BNP) - A far-right UK-wide party which promotes policies of anti-immigration, right-wing populism, Euroscepticism and Third position economics with many combinations 

 Christian Peoples Alliance - A centrist party that promotes Christian democracy people with disabilities was made to die and pay

 Socialist Labour Party - A left-wing UK-wide party that promotes socialism and Trade Unionism.

 UK Independence Party (UKIP) - A right-wing to far-right UK-wide party which promotes taking the UK out of the European Union as well as having conservative and right wing populist policies.

 Scottish Unionist Party - A centre-right protestant party which promotes abolishing the Scottish parliament.

 Free Scotland Party - A party in favour of an independent Scotland free from both the United Kingdom and the European Union.
Supernatural is an American horror, drama, fantasy, fiction TV series created by Eric Kripke. It first aired on September 13, 2005 on The WB and now it is part of The CW series. The show stars Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester. The show follows the two brothers (Sam and Dean) as they hunt demons and other figures of the paranormal, but not Bigfoot and aliens. The series is produced by the Warner Bros. Company with the help of Wonderland Sound and Vision. The current executive producers are Eric Kripke and McG, who also directs, and Robert Singer. The fourth producer, Kim Manners died of cancer in the production of the fourth season.

Cast
 Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
 Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
 Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer
 Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester
 Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
 Alona Tal as Jo Harvelle
 Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
 Chad Lindberg as Ash
 Sterling K. Brown as Gordon Walker
 Mitch Pileggi as Samuel Campbell
 Misha Collins as Castiel
 Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer
 Richard Speight, Jr. as Gabriel
 Kurt Fuller as Zachariah
 Julie McNiven as Anna Milton
 Robert Wisdom as Uriel
 Fredric Lehne as Azazel
 Katie Cassidy as Ruby
 Genevieve Cortese as Ruby
 Nicki Aycox as  Meg Masters
 Mark Rolston as Alastair
 Christopher Heyerdahl as Alastair
 Mark Sheppard as Crowley

Other websites 

2005 television series debuts
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American drama television series
American horror television series
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
Cosimo III de' Medici (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate Grand Duke of Tuscany. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. Cosimo's fifty long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of regulatory laws. His reign also saw Tuscany's bad finances become even worse. He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone de' Medici, when he died, in 1723. 

He married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of Louis XIV. It was a bad marriage and Marguerite Louise eventually left Tuscany to remain at the Convent of Montmartre in Paris. Together, they had 3 children. In later life, he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it. Tuscany passed it to the House of Lorraine in 1737.

Issue

Cosimo III had three children with Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France:

Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

14 August 1642 – 23 May 1670: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo III's official style was "Cosimo the Third, By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Tuscany."

Grand Dukes of Tuscany
Grand Princes of Tuscany
1642 births
1723 deaths
Gian Gastone de' Medici (24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was the second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. His sister, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the Electress Palatine, married him to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1697. The two remained childless and it was common knowledge that Gian Gastone was homosexual. Gian Gastone succeeded his father as Grand Duke in 1723.

In his reign he reversed all his father's laws and stopped taxes for poorer people, repealed (got rid of) the anti-Jewish laws and stopped public executions. His father, Cosimo III, wanted the his sister to succeed him but Spain, Great Britain, Austria and the Dutch Republic disregarded and made Charles III of Spain his heir. Charles changed his claim to Francis III of Lorraine. Francis then became the Grand Duke on 9 July 1737 ending almost 300 years of Medici rule over Florence.

Titles and styles 
 24 May 1671 - 30 October 1713: His Highness Prince Gian Gastone
 30 October 1713 - 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Grand Prince [of Tuscany]
 31 October 1723 - 9 July 1737: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke [of Tuscany]

1671 births
1737 deaths
Grand Princes of Tuscany
LGBT royalty
Grand Dukes of Tuscany
Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici. Deprived of her lover, Charles V of Lorraine, Marguerite Louise despised her husband and his family, whom she often quarrelled with and falsely suspected of attempting to poison her. Marguerite Louise reconciled with the Medici on more than one occasion, however, only to promptly resume hostilities.

Having become Grand Duke of Tuscany upon his father's death, in 1670, Cosimo III, under the sway of his mother, Vittoria della Rovere, refused to grant Marguerite Louise entry to the Privy Council. Thus without political influence, Marguerite Louise sorted the education of her eldest son, Grand Prince Ferdinando. Two more children followed: Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine, and Gian Gastone, the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany.

In June 1675, Marguerite Louise was allowed to return to France to live in a convent in Paris. She was a daughter of Gaston de France, Duke of Orléans. Although the contract, banned her from leaving the convent, Marguerite Louise often went to her cousin Louis XIV's court at Versailles. She was at the centre of many scandals at the convent, including an attempt to burn it down, which greatly irritated her husband, who, despite the separation, took great interest in Marguerite Louise's life. While still technically married, Marguerite Louise had several affairs.

Children
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

28 July 1645 – 12 June 1661 Her Royal Highness "Mademoiselle d'Orléans" [Grand daughter of France] 
12 June 1661 – 23 May 1670 Her Royal Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
23 May 1670 - 5 February 1691 His Highness  The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany
5 February 1691 - 17 September 1721 Her Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany

1645 births
1721 deaths
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
House of Orléans
House of Bourbon
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (11 August 1667 – 18 February 1743) was the last of the House of Medici. A patron of the arts, she gave the Medici's large art collection (including the contents of the Uffizi, Palazzo Pitti and Medici villas) which she inherited upon her brother Gian Gastone’s death in 1737, and her Palatine treasures to the Tuscan state, on the condition that none of it be removed.

Life
Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIII of France. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress Palatine, and, patronised a lot of musicians. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis, the union with Anna Maria Luisa produced no children. In 1713 Cosimo III altered the Tuscan laws of succession to allow the accession of his daughter, and spent his final years canvassing the European powers to agree to recognise this statute. However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. After the death of Johann Wilhelm, Anna Maria Luisa returned to Florence, where she enjoyed the rank of first lady until the accession of her brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, who banished her to the Villa La Quiete.

When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of regent of Tuscany but she declined. Her death, in 1743, brought the House of Medici to an end.

1667 births
1743 deaths
House of Medici
House of Wittelsbach
Tuscan princes and princesses
Electors and Electresses
PQ, meaning "Practical Intelligence Quotient", or "Intelligent License" in Japan, is a video game that measures your intelligence through 3-D puzzles involving everyday objects. The player tries to reach the pillar of light at the end of the level while avoiding obstacles and traps.

Gameplay
A game has 10 stages, which have 10 levels each. The light at the end of a level is your destination. Obstacles and traps try to fail you your way to the goal at the same time.

Other modes

Practice
In the game, the player can practice their skills in the levels with no worries about time.

Tutorial
Five basic steps to help you play the game.

Reception
The game received fairly good reviews from critics. For example the game was given a 69 on Metacritic and a 7.4/10 on Gamespot, as well as a 71% on GameRankings Aggregation.

Sequel
A sequel was released for the game in 2007. It was PQ2: Practical Intelligence Quotient 2 or Intelligent License 2 and worked pretty much the same, but had a puzzle creator.

References

Other websites
 Metacritic: Media Critic: Official Site

2005 video games
St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School is a Catholic high school in Clinton, Ontario, Canada. It is known for it's sports teams and good marks. It serves students from grades nine to twelve. The motto of St. Anne's is "in alis aquilae" which is Latin for "on eagle's wings". This motto comes from the Bible (the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40).

Beginnings

St. Anne's was built in the town of Clinton, Ontario. When the school opened only 139 students went there. The students came from Huron County. In 2009, 600 people went there. The school was built to provide a French and faith-based education. St. Anne's is the only French-Immersion Catholic school in the county.

The school board is the Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board (HPCDSB).

Uniforms

St. Anne's is a uniform school, the only in the region and school board. The uniform consists of what a teen would normally wear, however the clothes are either plaid, navy, burgundy, kaki or white.

Faith-Based Education

St. Anne's is a Catholic school. Most students are Roman Catholics, however students of other religions are allowed and welcome in the school. All students must take a religion course each school year. To graduate, students need four religion credits. This course is offered in French Immersion.

Extra Curricular

St. Anne's has many sports teams and clubs. The most popular team are the boy's rugby and hockey teams. Girls' teams consists of the popular field hockey and rugby teams.

Sports Teams

St. Anne's sports teams include:
Badminton
Basketball
Cross-country running
Curling
Golf
Hockey 
Rugby
Swimming
Track-and-field.

Clubs

St. Anne's has numerous clubs and groups. They include:
Band (An extension of music class, it is responsible for music at masses, assemblies and concerts)
Chess Club
Enviro-Club
God-Squad (A religious group)
The Math Team
Me to We
Students for Life (Anti-abortion group)
Writers' Guild (Creative writing)

St. Anne's also has a Student Cabinet. Elections are held in the spring. Student Cabinet is in charge projects like dances and fundraisers. Each member of Student Cabinet has their own job relating to their elected position.

References

Other websites
 St. Anne's official website 
 The Ministry of Education of Ontario's website
 The Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board's website

Schools in Canada
1995 establishments in Canada
Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 13 June 1676) was the wife of the Elector of Bavaria Ferdinand Maria. She had much influence and with her husband did much to improve the Electorate of Bavaria, her adopted country.  She was a daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.

She was the older of twins. Her twin sister was Catherine Beatrice of Savoy. Her mother was Christine of France, daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Christine was regent for her brother Charles Emmanuel II. 

On 8 December 1650 she married Ferdinand Maria, future Elector of Bavaria. The next year Ferdinand Maria became Elector, when his father Maximilian died. Henriette Adelaide had a lot of influence on Bavarian politics, in favor of France. This led to her eldest daughter marrying the Grand Dauphin in 1680. She also had a great part in the building of Nymphenburg Palace and the Theatinerkirche.

Issue

 Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) married Louis, Grand Dauphin and had issue; present King of Spain descends from her.
 Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), next Elector of Bavaria; married Maria Antonia of Austria and had issue; married Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska and had issue.
 Luise Margarete Antonie of Bavaria.
 Ludwig Amadeus Victor of Bavaria.
 Kajetan Maria Franz of Bavaria.
 Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (5 December 1671 – 12 November 1723) Elector and Archbishop of Cologne.
 Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (3 April 1673 – 3 June 1731) married Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.

Other websites

1636 births
1676 deaths
House of Savoy
House of Wettin
Twin people
Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) sometimes Maria Anna Victoria was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven. Rejected due to her age, the marriage never took place and she was sent back to Spain. In 1729 she was married to the son of John V of Portugal. Her husband became the King on 31 July 1750. The mother of Maria I of Portugal she also acted as regent of Portugal during the last months of her husbands life and acted as advisor to her daughter in her reign.

Life in France

Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young King Louis XV of France at the age of seven when she moved to the Palace of Versailles and was placed in the care of the Dowager Princess of Conti. Eventually due to her age she was unable to have children and was sent back to Spain in 1729. This caused a rift between the royal courts of Spain and France.

Issue
Maria I of Portugal (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) married Infante Pedro of Portugal and had issue. Later queen of Portugal.
Mariana Francisca of Portugal (7 October 1736 – 6 May 1813) died unmarried.
Doroteia of Portugal (21 September 1739 – 14 January 1771) died unmarried.
Benedita of Portugal (25 July 1746 – 18 August 1829) married Infante Joseph, Prince of Beira, no issue.

Titles and styles
 31 March 1718 – 19 January 1729: Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona Mariana Victoria of Spain
 19 January 1729 – 31 July 1750: Her Royal Highness the Princess of Brazil, Duchess of Braganza
 31 July 1750 – 29 November 1776: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
 29 November 1776 – 24 February 1777: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen Regent of Portugal and the Algarves
 24 February 1777 – 15 January 1781: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen Mother of Portugal and the Algarves

Other websites
 

1718 births
1781 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Regents
People from Madrid
Spanish infantes and infantas
House of Braganza
Kings and Queens consort of Portugal
Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (María Teresa Antonia Rafaela; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the wife of Louis of France, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. She died during  childbirth aged 20, She gave birth to a daughter who died at two years of age leaving the Dauphine with no surviving descendants. She used the names "Marie Thérèse" (see right)

Life

She was the second daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Baptised with the names María Teresa Antonia Rafaela, she was known as María Teresa. She was engaged to Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France. The official marriage took place at the Palace of Versailles on 23 February 1745. The marriage was an idea to try and better relations between France and Spain after Louis XV had not married Mariana Victoria of Spain, María Teresa Rafaela's older sister. 

On 19 July 1746, Marie Thérèse Raphaëlle (as she was known in France) gave birth to a daughter before dying herself on 22 July at Versailles. The child died in 1748. Her husband married again to Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony and was the mother of Louis XVI of France. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris.

Children

Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died in infancy and was known simply as "Madame Royale".

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

11 June 1726 – 23 February 1745 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Doña María Teresa Antonia Rafaela of Spain. 
23 February 1745 – 22 July 1746 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)

Other websites

1726 births
1748 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
House of Bourbon
Deaths in childbirth
People from Madrid
Spanish infantes and infantas
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Maria Antonia of Spain (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was an Infanta of Spain and the youngest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. She was the wife of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia whom she married in 1750. She was the mother of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia. In Italy she is known as Maria Antonietta but sometimes known incorrectly as Maria Ferdinanda. Her name was Maria Antonia Fernanda. 
She married the future Victor Amadeus III officially on 31 May 1750. The couple were very happy and had 12 children.

Issue
 Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (24 May 1751 – 6 October 1819) married Princess Marie Clotilde of France in 1773, no issue.
 Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy (16 July 1752 – 17 April 1755) died in infancy.
 Maria Giuseppina of Savoy (2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) married Louis Xavier of France, Count of Provence in 1771, no issue.
 Amedeus Alexander of Savoy (5 October 1754 – 29 April 1755) died in infancy.
 Maria Teresa of Savoy (31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) married Charles of France, Count of Artois in 1773, had issue.
 Maria Anna of Savoy (17 December 1757 – 11 October 1824) married Prince Benedetto of Savoy, Duke of Chablais in 1775, no issue.
 Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (24 July 1759 – 10 January 1824) married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este in 1789, had issue.
 Maria Cristina Ferdinanda of Savoy (21 November 1760 – 19 May 1768) died in infancy.
 Maurizio of Savoy (13 December 1762 – 1 September 1799) died unmarried of malaria.
 Maria Carolina of Savoy (17 January 1764 – 28 December 1782) married Antony, Electoral Prince of Saxony in 1781, no issue.
 Charles Felix of Sardinia (6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) married Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily in 1807, no issue.
 Giuseppe of Savoy (5 October 1766 – 29 October 1802) died unmarried of malaria.

Titles and styles

17 November 1729 – 31 May 1750 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Doña Maria Antonia of Spain
31 May 1750 – 20 February 1773 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Savoy
20 February 1773 – 19 September 1785 Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia

References

Other websites
 

1729 births
1785 deaths
People from Seville
Spanish infantes and infantas
Spanish House of Bourbon
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Cleisthenes was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He reformed the constitution of Athens, and set it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC.  For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy".  He also increased the power of the Assembly, and he broke up power of the Athenian nobility.

With help from the his clan, he overthrew Hippias the tyrant (dictatorial ruler). After the collapse of Hippias' tyranny, Isagoras and Cleisthenes were rivals for power. Isagoras won the upper hand by appealing to the Spartan king Cleomenes I to help him expel Cleisthenes.

So Cleisthenes left Athens as an exile, and Isagoras held power in the city. Isagoras uprooted hundreds of people from their homes on the pretext that they were cursed, and attempted to dissolve the Council (βουλή, boulé). However, the Council resisted, and the Athenian people declared their support of it. Hence Isagoras and his supporters were forced to flee to the Acropolis, remaining besieged there for two days. On the third, they fled and were banished. Cleisthenes was subsequently recalled, along with hundreds of exiles, and he assumed leadership of Athens.

References 

6th-century BC births
6th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek politicians
Walter Menzies "Ming" Campbell, Baron Campbell of Pittenweem CH CBE PC QC (born 22 May 1941 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician and retired sprinter. He was the leader of the Liberal Democrats from March 2006 to October 2007. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North East Fife and the Chancellor of the University of St Andrews.

Between 1967 and 1974, Menzies Campbell held the British record for the 100 metres sprint as he was able to do it in 10.2 seconds. He was also the captain of the Great Britain athletics team between 1965 and 1966. In 1975, Campbell became the Chairman of the Scottish Liberals and was elected as an MP at the 1987 General Election. He became the Liberal Democrat's chief spokesperson on foreign affairs and defence in 1992 and became the Liberal Democrat's deputy leader in 2003. He was elected leader of the Liberal Democrats in March 2006 but had to resign in October 2007 and was replaced by Nick Clegg.

Campbell married Elspeth, Lady Grant-Suttie, daughter of Major General Roy Urquhart, in June 1970. The couple have no children. Lady Campbell has a child from her previous marriage.

References

1941 births
Living people
British male athletes
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
Members of the House of Lords
Politicians from Glasgow
Sportspeople from Glasgow
Toonzai was a group of cartoons broadcast on Saturday morning on The CW. It was first broadcast on August 14, 2010. It used to be named The CW4Kids. The programs were broadcast on weekday afternoons. 

The block is programmed by 4Kids Entertainment. They also programmed the 4Kids TV on Fox until December 2008. 4Kids also indicated that it will retain Yu-Gi-Oh! and Sonic X in its lineup, along with adding Dragon Ball Z Kai, a redone version of Dragon Ball Z from Funimation Entertainment that is shared with Nicktoons.

Programming
In most markets, most affiliates use the network's current Saturday morning schedule. Some, such as Atlanta's WUPA-TV broadcast the block on Sundays. This is usually done because the stations were at one time UPN affiliates and UPN did not have children's television programming on Saturday mornings. Former WB affiliate WCCT-TV in Hartford airs the first three hours of the block on Saturday mornings and the last two hours on Sunday mornings to make room for their own programing.

KMYS in San Antonio, currently the newest CW affiliate has decided to air the block during early Sunday morning and early Monday morning (split into a two-hour and three-hour block) airing before 5am due to its previous commitment of airing Fox's Weekend Marketplace infomercial block on Saturday mornings (a holdover from its MyNetworkTV affiliation), along with already existing religious and paid programming on Sunday mornings; this by default will force most younger viewers of the block in that market to record it overnight for later viewing.

Schedule
All times Pacific. Actual times may vary, depending on affiliate.

Shows
 Dragon Ball Z Kai (TV-Y7-FV) (also airs on Nicktoons in the USA)    
 Sonic X (TV-Y7-FV)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! (TV-Y7-FV) (previously aired on Fox Kids and 4Kids TV in the USA)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's (TV-Y7-FV)

Former shows
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Back to the Sewer (TV-Y7-FV) (August 14, 2010 - August 21, 2010)
 Dinosaur King (TV-Y7-FV) (August 14, 2010 - October 9, 2010)

Former "Popcorn For Breakfast" Movies
 Turtles Forever (TV-Y7-FV)  (August 28, 2010)

Related pages
 4Kids Entertainment

References

Other websites
  (Defunct)

2010 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
American children's television series
John Smith (13 September 1938 – 12 May 1994) was a British politician who was the leader of the Labour Party from July 1992 until his death from a heart attack. 

John Smith was born in the Scottish town of Dalmally in Argyll and Bute. He became a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) at the 1970 General Election for the constituency of North Lanarkshire (Monklands East from 1983). In 1978, he was given a cabinet post however lost this after Labour's defeat at the 1979 General Election. He continued in the shadow cabinet until 1992, when Labour leader Neil Kinnock resigned and Smith was elected leader. During Smith's time as leader, opinion polls showed that Labour were becoming more likely to win an election than the Conservatives.

On 12 May 1994 in London, Smith died of a heart attack and was buried on the Scottish isle of Iona. Tony Blair replaced Smith as Labour leader on 21 July 1994.

1938 births
1994 deaths
British lawyers
British Protestants
Calvinists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Scottish Christians
Scottish politicians
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Serie C is the third highest division of Football in Italy after the Serie A and Serie B. It has its headquarters in Florence. In the past, it also had a club from San Marino in it. The league in the past was divided as Lega Pro Prima Divisione and Lega Pro Seconda Divisione. However, it was combined as only one division: Serie C, in 2017. It was originally founded as the Serie C in 1935, rebranded in 2014 to Lega Pro, and then rebranded again to Serie C in 2017.

Football in Italy
1959 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Italy
The TERGV (for Regional Express Train on high-speed line) is a model to run trains in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The idea is to run regional trains on lines constructed for "express trains", instead of the "classic lines". This works only in the case that the high-speed line is used only rarely. Running regional trains on such lines slows down the express trains, and costs more than running them on the classic lines. Despite these problems, the concept is very promising for distances between 100 and 200 km.  

There are currently two lines that operate in this manner:
Lille-Dunkerque (30 minutes)
Lille-Calais-Boulogne-sur-Mer (55 min, 30 min to Calais)
To use these connections, an extra fee must be paid, which is three euros, per day. Another line, Lille to Arras has been opened. This line does not require the extra fee, and has proved very successful. 

Transport in France
High-speed rail
Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction movie released on February 8, 1968, directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, and produced by Arthur P. Jacobs. It was based on the novel La planète des singes written by Pierre Boulle and released in 1963. The movie stars Charlton Heston and features Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly, and Linda Harrison. It was released by 20th Century Fox.

Plot
The film's story is about an astronaut crew who leave Earth on a deep space mission and crash land on a supposedly alien planet in the 40th century. Ony three out of the four crew members survive the crash and the survivors find the world to be home to a society of apes; including gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees. These apes have the intelligence of human beings as well as the ability to speak and walk upright like humans. Humans in this society are treated like slaves and live in the wilderness without the ability to speak. At the end of the movie, one of the crew members finds the Statue of Liberty and realizes they were on Earth all along.

Reception and influence
Planet of the Apes was a box office success, meaning it earned a good amount of money and got highly favourable reviews from critics. The movie was given praise for exploring ideas such as class differences, religion, slavery, racism, and nuclear technology. Liberal online magazine Fadewblogs included the film in their list of must-watch movies for atheists. It was followed by four sequels: Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), and Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973). A live action television show was shown in 1974 and an animated television show called Return to the Planet of the Apes came out in 1975. In the animated cartoon The Fairly OddParents episode Abra-Catastrophe! has a segment where humans are slave cavemen and the apes are their overlords!

In 2001, a remake of the movie was made directed by Tim Burton and starred Mark Wahlberg, Helena Bonham Carter, Tim Roth, Michael Clarke Duncan, and Kris Kristofferson. In August 2011, the series was rebooted with Rise of the Planet of the Apes, followed by two sequels Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and 2017. A third sequel is planned.

References

Other websites

1968 movies
1968 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Planet of the Apes movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Time travel movies
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Movies directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
20th Century Fox movies
Dystopian movies
A small business, sometimes called a mom and pop store by some in the United States, is a business that is privately owned and operated. They have a small number of employees and do not sell many things. Whether or not the law says that a business is "small" is different in different countries and industries.
 The Australian Fair Work Act 2009 says that a small business is a business with less than 15 employees.
 In the European Union, to be called "small", a business must have fewer than 50 employees.
 In the United States, a business must have fewer than 500 employees to qualify for some Small Business Administration programs.
 In India businesses with fewer than ten employees are in the "Unorganised sector".

Small businesses are common in many countries.  Some examples include: convenience stores, other small shops (such as a bakery), hairdressers, tradesmen, lawyers, accountants, restaurants, guest houses, photographers, small-scale manufacturing, and online business, such as web design and programming.

Good things about small business
A small business can be started at a very low cost. It also does not need to be open all the time.

Independence is another good thing about owning a small business.   Being able to operate by themselves is a good thing for small business owners. Small business owners can make their own decisions about what they want to do with their company.  However, entrepreneurs often must work very long hours and understand that their customers are their bosses.

Many organizations in the United States also give help to small businesses, such as the Internal Revenue Service's Small Business and Self-Employed One-Stop Resource.

Problems for small businesses
Small businesses often face a lot of problems because of their size.

In the United States, some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs, high energy costs and taxes.

Another problem for several small businesses is the fact that much larger businesses can influence their chances for success.

References 
Business
Hydration is the adding of water molecules to a chemical substance. The anhydrous (without water) form and the hydrated (with water) form can be quite different. The hydrated form is called a "hydrate". For example, anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a liquid, while the pentahydrate (with 5 water molecules) is a solid. Anhydrous copper sulfate is white or light green, while the hydrated form is blue. Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, while the hydrated form is red. Anhydrous copper(II) chloride is brown, while the dihydrate is green.

The number of water molecules for each atom is given by a prefix. Mono- means 1, di- means 2, tri- means 3, tetra- means 4, penta- means 5, hexa- means 6, hepta- means 7, octo- means 8, nona- means 9, deca- means 10.

Chemistry
Rival Lovers is a dialogue that was thought to have been written by Plato. In Rival Lovers, Socrates is the main character who asks questions.

Works of philosophy
Literature
The name Leah has biblical roots, and means wild cow in Hebrew. 

In Genesis, the first book of the Bible, Leah is the older sister of Rachel. Leah marries Jacob and becomes the mother of six sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, and a daughter, Dinah.

Given names
Conceptual art is art in which the concepts or ideas involved in the work are more important than traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Many of the works, sometimes called installations, may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions. This method was fundamental to one of the first to appear in print:

"In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art".

Conceptual art even questions the nature of art. Joseph Kosuth elevated this into a definition of art itself in his early manifesto of conceptual art. 

The notion that art should examine its own nature was already part of art critic Clement Greenberg's vision of modern art during the 1950s. With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s, however, conceptual artists began a far more radical analysis of art than was previously done. One of the first things they questioned was the assumption that the role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects.

Conceptual art has come to mean all contemporary art which does not use the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.

References 

Conceptual art