cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. It separates Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean.  The Sea has an area of 11,350 km² (280 km x 80 km) with the greatest depth reaching 1,370 m.

Geography
The salinity of the sea averages about 22 parts per thousand.  This is slightly greater than that of the Black Sea but only about two-thirds that of most oceans. The water is much more saline at the sea-bottom, averaging salinities of around 38 parts per thousand — similar to that of the Mediterranean Sea. Water from the  Susurluk, Biga (Granicus) and Gonen Rivers reduces the salinity of the sea.

There are two major island groups known as the Princes' and Marmara islands.

The south coast of the sea includes the Gulf of Izmit, the Gulf of Gemlik and the Gulf of Erdek.

The North Anatolian fault, which has started many major earthquakes in recent years, such as the 1999 İzmit earthquake, runs under the sea.

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Waterways
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Sea of Marmara
The Sargasso Sea is a region in the gyre in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream; on the north, by the North Atlantic Current; on the east, by the Canary Current; and on the south, by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current. This system of ocean currents forms the North Atlantic Gyre. All the currents deposit the marine plants and garbage they carry into this sea.

The Sargasso Sea is 700 statute miles wide and 2,000 statute miles long (1,100 km wide and  3,200 km long). Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea. The Sargasso Sea is the only "sea" without shores. The ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is different for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity.  Underwater visibility is up to .

Portuguese sailors were among the first to discover this region in the 15th century.  They named it after the Sargassum seaweed growing there. 

The Sargasso Sea plays a major role in the migration of the European eel and the American eel. The larvae of both species hatch there and go to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, they try to return to the Sargasso Sea to lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young Loggerhead Sea Turtles use currents, such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the Sargassum as cover from predation until they are mature.

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Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
, or   is a Japanese university in Kyoto. It is the second oldest Japanese university.  It is in the city of Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture

History 
 was established on June 1897 as a part of the Imperial university system.

The College of Law and the College of Medicine were founded in 1899, and the College of Letters was established in 1906.

In October 1947, Kyoto Imperial University was renamed Kyoto University.

Organization
Kyoto University has the following schools.
 Faculty of Integrated Human Studies
 Faculty & Graduate School of Letters
 Faculty & Graduate School of Education
 Faculty & Graduate School of Law
 Faculty & Graduate School of Economics
 Faculty & Graduate School of Science
 Faculty & Graduate School of Medicine
 Faculty & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Faculty & Graduate School of Engineering
 Faculty & Graduate School of Agriculture

Related pages
 List of national universities in Japan
 University of Tokyo

Notable alumni
 Kenichi Fukui
 Susumu Tonegawa
 Shinya Yamanaka
 Yoshinori Ohsumi
 Tasuku Honjo
 Akira Yoshino

References

Other websites 

 Kyoto University website 

1897 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
or TMDU in short, is a Japanese national university in Tokyo.

Structure 
TMDU has three campuses. One is the Kounodai (国府台) campus. The closest station to the campus is Ichikawa Station. Freshmen learn liberal arts and sciences there. By being on the outskirts of Tokyo, Kounodai campus is in a rich natural environment. The others are  Yushima (湯島) and Surugadai （駿河台） campus. The closest station to the campuses is Ochanomizu Station. Upperclassmen learn their speciality there.

TMDU has faculty of medicine and faculty of dentistry. There are also two graduate schools, medical and dental sciences and health care sciences; four undergraduate faculties - medicine, dentistry, health care sciences and oral health care sciences; two university hospitals; an undergraduate college of liberal arts and sciences; and two research institutes, the institute of biomaterials and bioengineering and the medical research institute.

Outline 
The university was founded under the name of "Tokyo National School of Dentistry" as the first dental education institution in 1928. Then in 1951, it was reestablished with the faculty of medicine as Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

In world university ranking in 2011-2012 of Times Higher Education, TMDU is the 276~300th place, the 35th place in Asia, the 10th place in Japan.

Goals
TMDU's education philosophy is:
 To give students a broad education and a rich sensibility
 To teach creative people who can diagnose and solve problems by themselves
 To teach medical professionals with a rich international quality

Notable alumni 
Muscle Kitamura
Koichiro Fujita
Tomomi Himeno
Minoru Kamata

Getting into TMDU 
To enter TMDU, students should pass 2 types of exams: the common test for university admissions and the university's own exam.

Access

Yushima campus
 2-minute walk from Marunouchi Line, Ochanomizu Station
 3-minute walk from JR Chūō-Sōbu Line, Ochanomizu Station
 4-minute walk from Chiyoda Line, Shin-Ochanomizu Station

Kounodai campus
 10-minute walk from Keisei line, Konodai Station  
 20 mitutes by bus from JR Chuo / Sobu Line, Ichikawa Station

Features
Sparkling lights from the TMDU laboratories until midnight all year round is one of the features of Ochanomizu.
On Christmas Day, there are sparkling lights in the shape of a Christmas tree on M&D Tower.
Akio Suzuki (the previous president of TMDU) was known as a respected doctor of cardiac surgery. In Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack (a Japanese manga), he was introduced as "Prof. 'S' of University 'J'". Prof. 'S' refers to Akio Suzuki and University 'J' refers to Juntendo University in Tokyo.

Yushima campus buildings 
 M&D Tower 
　…on your left side when looking from Ochanomizu Station.
 Medical Building 
　…in the middle of M&D Tower and Dental Building.
 Dental Building 
　…on your right side when looking from Ochanomizu Station.

References

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 TMDU website 

Colleges and universities in Tokyo
1928 establishments
1920s establishments in Japan
John Paul Cusack (born June 28, 1966) is an American actor, movie producer, and screenwriter. He was born in Evanston, Illinois. He is the fourth of five children of actor Dick Cusack (1925-2003) and Nancy (née Carolan). His siblings Ann (born 1961), Joan (born 1962), Bill (born 1964) and Susie (born 1971) are actors.

His movies include: The Sure Thing, Better Off Dead, One Crazy Summer, Say Anything..., Bullets Over Broadway, City Hall, Grosse Pointe Blank, Con Air, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, The Thin Red Line, Pushing Tin, Being John Malkovich, High Fidelity, America's Sweethearts, Serendipity, Identity, Runaway Jury, Must Love Dogs, The Ice Harvest, 1408, 2012, Hot Tub Time Machine, The Raven, and in The Butler.

Movies

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1966 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from Illinois
People from Evanston, Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois
American bloggers
The Andaman Sea or Burma Sea  is a body of water to the southeast of the Bay of Bengal.  It is south of Burma, west of Thailand and east of the Andaman Islands, India. It is part of the Indian Ocean.

The sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries.  Its coral reefs and islands are popular for tourism. Many building were badly  damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

The average depth of the sea is about 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). The northern and eastern parts are shallower than 180 meters (600 ft) due to the silt deposited by the Irrawaddy River. This major river flows into the sea from the north through Burma. The western and central areas are 900–3,000 meters deep (3,000–10,000 ft). Less than 5% of the sea is deeper than 3,000 meters (10,000 ft).  In a system of submarine valleys east of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, the depth is more than 4,000 meters (13,200 ft). The sea floor is covered with pebbles, gravel and sand.

Flora
The coastal areas of the Andaman Sea have mangrove forests and seagrass meadows. The mangrove roots trap soil and sediment.  They provide shelter and are a nursery for fish and small aquatic organisms. Their body protects the shore from the wind and waves. Their detritus are a part of the aquatic food chain.

Other important sources of nutrients in the Andaman Sea are seagrass and the mud bottoms of lagoons and coastal areas. Many aquatic species move from and to seagrass either daily or at certain stages of their life cycle.

Fauna

The sea waters along the Malay Peninsula favor molluscan growth. There are about 280 edible fish species belonging to 75 families. Of those, 232 species (69 families) are found in mangroves and 149 species (51 families) live in seagrass. 101 species are common to both places. The sea also has many vulnerable fauna species, including dugong, several dolphin species, such as Irrawaddy Dolphin and four species of sea turtles: critically endangered leatherback turtle and hawksbill turtle and threatened green turtle and Olive Ridley turtle. There are only about 150 dugongs in the Andaman Sea, scattered between Ranong and Satun provinces.

Volcanic activity

To the east of the main Great Andaman island group, is Barren Island.  Barren Island is the only presently active volcano associated with the Indian subcontinent. This island-volcano is  in diameter and rises 354 meters above the seal level. Its recent activity started again in 1991 after a quiet period of almost 200 years. The last eruption has started on 13 May 2008 and still continues. The volcanic island of Narcondam which is further to the north.  No records exist of its activity.

References

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Seas of the Indian Ocean
Geography of Thailand
Geography of Myanmar
The Timor Sea is a relatively shallow sea.  It is bounded to the north by the island of Timor, to the east by the Arafura Sea, to the south by Australia and to the west by the Indian Ocean.

The sea has a number of reefs, islands where no one lives and significant hydrocarbon reserves. The Timor Sea was hit by the worst oil spill for 25 years in 2009.

Geography 

The waters to the east are known as the Arafura Sea. The Timor Sea is next to three large inlets on the north Australian coast, the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Beagle Gulf and the Van Diemen Gulf. The Australian city of Darwin is the only large city by the sea. The small town of Wyndham is on the west arm of Cambridge Gulf, an inlet of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf.

Rivers that enter the Timor Sea from the Northern Territory include Fish River, King River, Dry River, Victoria River and the Alligator Rivers. Rivers in the Kimberley region that flow into the Timor Sea include the Ord River, Forrest River, Pentecost River and Durack River.

The sea is about 480 km (300 statute miles) wide, covering an area of about 610,000 km². (235,000 square miles). Its deepest point is the Timor Trough  in the northern part of the sea, which reaches a depth of 3,300 m (10,800 ft). The rest of the sea is much shallower, much of it averaging less than 200 m (650 ft) deep.

In May 2010, it was said that a crater about 50 km wide has been found on the seabed of the Timor Sea.

Reefs and islands 

A number of important islands are in the sea.  Two of the islands are Melville Island, part of the Tiwi Islands, off Australia and the Australian-governed Ashmore and Cartier Islands. It is thought that early humans reached Australia by "island-hopping" across the Timor Sea.

Scott and Seringapatam Reefs formed in the area. To the west on the same underwater platform is the Rowley Shoals.

References

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Seas of the Indian Ocean
Bodies of water of Australia
East Timor
Geography of Indonesia
The Arafura Sea is west of the Pacific Ocean.  It overlys the continental shelf between Australia and New Guinea.

Geography
The Arafura Sea is bordered by Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is  long and  wide. The depth of the sea is mostly 50–80 metres (165–265 feet) with the depth increasing to the west. As a shallow tropical sea, its waters are the start for tropical cyclones.

The sea is over the Arafura Shelf, part of the Sahul Shelf. When sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait formed a large flat land bridge.  The bridge connected Australia and New Guinea and let humans move from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul.

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Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Asia
Bodies of water of Australia
Geography of the Northern Territory
Geography of Indonesia
Joan Mary Cusack Burke (born October 11, 1962 ) is an American actress. Her movies include Working Girl, Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3, Married to the Mob, Say Anything, Runaway Bride, and Chicken Little. She was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for her work in Working Girl and In & Out.

Early and personal life
Cusack is the sister of John Cusack, Ann Cusack, Bill Cusack, and Susie Cusack. Cusack was born on October 11, 1962 in New York City, New York  and was raised in Evanston, Illinois. Cusack married Richard Burke in 1993. They have two children together. They currently live in Chicago, Illinois.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 American Dad! - Widows Support Group Member
 Peep and the Big Wide World - Narrator
 Phineas and Ferb - Glenda Wiggins

Film Roles
 Arthur Christmas - Lead Elves
 Chicken Little - Abby Mallard
 Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil - Verushka the Witch
 Mars Needs Moms - Mom
 Toy Story 2 - Jessie
 Toy Story 3 - Jessie
 Toy Story 4 - Jessie
 Woody's Roundup: The Movie - Jessie
Martha Speaks (reboot)-Martha Lorraine

Video Game Roles
 Kinect Disneyland Adventures - Jessie

References

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1962 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Chicago
People from Evanston, Illinois
The Celebes Sea is a sea of the western Pacific Ocean.  It is bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sulu Sea and Mindanao Island of the Philippines.  It is bordered on the east by the Sangihe Islands chain, on the south by Sulawesi, and on the west by Kalimantan in Indonesia. It is 420 miles (675 km) north-south by 520 miles (837 km) east-west.  It has a total surface area of . The maximum depth is 20,300 feet (6,200 m). The sea opens southwest through the Makassar Strait into the Java Sea.

Marine life 

The Celebes Sea is home to a wide variety of fish and aquatic creatures. The tropical setting and warm clear waters give it about 580 of the world's 793 species of reef-building corals.  There is a large amount of marine life, including whales and dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, eagle rays, barracuda, marlin and other reef and pelagic species. Tuna and yellowfin tuna are  also abundant.

Pirates
The Celebes Sea is known for its pirates.  They prey not only on small time fishermen but also giant container ships. Nowadays, these pirates have high-tech weapons and equipment like radar and GPS navigation devices and ride on high-speed motorboats. It is the second most pirated body of water after the Gulf of Aden near Somalia.

Commercial significance 
The Celebes Sea is an important sea route for regional trade. The sea is also popular for scuba diving and luxury ocean cruising.

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Geography of Indonesia
Geography of the Philippines
Geography of Malaysia
The Gulf of Thailand is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.

Geography
The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The gulf is about 320,000 km². The boundary of the gulf is defined by the line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam to the city Kota Baru on the Malaysian coast.

The Gulf of Thailand is relatively shallow. Its average depth is 45 m, and the maximum depth only 80 m. This makes water exchange slow.  The strong water inflow from the rivers make the Gulf low in salinity (3.05-3.25%) and rich in sediments. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya (including its distributary Tha Chin River), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.

Tourism
The Gulf of Thailand has many coral reefs, and several diving resorts. Due to the tropical warmth of the water, it is popular with tourists. Some of the most important tourist places in the Gulf of Thailand are the islands of Ko Samui and Ko Pha Ngan in Surat Thani province, Pattaya in Chonburi province, Cha-am in Phetchaburi Province,  Hua Hin in  Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Ko Samet in Rayong Province,and Ko Chang in Trat Province

References

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Thailand
Pacific Ocean
Geography of Thailand
The Java Sea is a large shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf. It is 320,000 km². It was formed as sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age. The Java Sea is between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south; Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its northwest links it to the South China Sea.

Fishing is an important economic activity in the Java Sea. There are over 3,000 species of marine life in the area. A number of national parks are in the area such as Karimunjawa. The Thousand Islands are north of the mainland Jakarta. The area around the Java Sea is a popular tourist destination. Scuba diving lets people explore and photograph underwater caverns, wrecks, coral, sponges, and other marine life.

The Battle of the Java Sea, during February and March 1942, was one of the costliest naval battles of World War II. The naval forces of the Netherlands, Britain, Australia, and the U.S. were nearly completely destroyed trying to defend Java from Japanese attack.

References

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Seas of the Indian Ocean
Geography of Indonesia
The Koro Sea or Sea of Koro is a sea in the Pacific Ocean.  It is  between Viti Levu island, Fiji to the west and the Lau Islands to the east.  It is surrounded by the islands of the Fijian archipelago.

The sea is named after Koro Island.

References 
 Kontynenty i państwa : Australazja, Antarktyka, wyd. Fogra, Kraków, 2000, p. 239-240, .

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Oceania
Fiji
The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast (including the Shantar Islands) along the west and north. The northeast corner is Shelikhov Gulf. It is named after Okhotsk, the first Russian town in the Far East.

Geography

The Sea of Okhotsk covers 611,000 sq.mi. (1,583,000 km2).  The average depth is 2,818 feet (859 metres). Its maximum depth is 11,063 feet (3,372 metres). It is connected to the Sea of Japan on the west through the Sakhalin Gulf and the Gulf of Tartary; on the south, through the La Pérouse Strait.

In winter, travelling on the Sea of Okhotsk becomes difficult, or even impossible, due tolarge ice floes.

Except for Hokkaidō, one of the Japanese home islands, the sea is surrounded on all sides by land of the Russian Federation. For this reason, it is generally said to be part of Russia.

Islands
Some of the Sea of Okhotsk's islands are quite large.  These include Japan's second largest island, Hokkaidō, as well as Russia's largest island, Sakhalin. Iony Island is the only island in open waters.  It belongs to the Khabarovsk Krai of the Russian Federation. Most of the sea's islands are have no people making them ideal breeding grounds for seals, sea lions, seabirds, and other sea island fauna.

Notable seaports

Abashiri, Hokkaidō, Japan
Magadan, Magadan, Russia
Monbetsu, Hokkaidō, Japan
Palana, Kamchatka, Russia
Wakkanai, Hokkaidō, Japan

References

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Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Geography of Russia
The Solomon Sea is a sea in the Pacific Ocean. It is between Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Many major battles were fought there during World War II.

The Solomon Sea includes the New Britain Trench. It reaches its maximum depth at 29,988 feet (9,140 m) below sea level.

References

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Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Oceania
Geography of Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
The African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is an elephant which lives in the forests of the Congo Basin. 

It is often considered a separate species from the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana); a 2010 study said that the two elephants were two different species. However, since the two groups can interbreed successfully, they may only be separate subspecies of Loxodonta africana. They are probably forest elephants whose small size is adapted to  the rainforest conditions.

Differences
The differences include that the African forest elephant has a long, narrow mandible (the African bush elephant's is short and wide), it has rounded ears (an African bush elephant's ears are more pointed), straighter and downward tusks, smaller size, and more toenails. The male African forest elephant rarely grows more than 2.5 metres (8 ft) in height, while the African bush elephant is usually over 3 metres (just under 10 feet) and sometimes almost 4 metres (13 ft) tall. The African bush elephant normally has 4 toenails on the frontfoot and 3 on the hindfoot, the African forest elephant normally has 5 toenails on the frontfoot and 4 on the hindfoot (like the Asian elephant).

Diet
The African forest elephant is a herbivore (plant eater) and commonly eats leaves, grass, fruit, and bark, and sometimes visits places where it can lick salt.

Other websites

BBC Wildlife Finder - video clips from the BBC archive 
ARKive - Images and movies of the forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) 
PBS Nature: Tracking Forest Elephants 
Forest Elephant Program
Elephant Information Repository - An in-depth resource on elephants
The Elephant Listening Project - Information on forest elephants and their vocalizations.

Elephants
The Amundsen Sea is an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. It is bounded by Cape Flying Fish, the northwestern tip of Thurston Island to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. East of Cape Flying Fish starts the Bellingshausen Sea. The sea is named for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.

The sea is mostly ice-covered. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about  in thickness.  It is roughly the size of the state of Texas.  The area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE).  It forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Pine Island Bay 
Pine Island Bay () is a bay about  long and  wide.  The ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast end of the Amundsen Sea flows into it. It was named for USS Pine Island.

Russell Bay 
Russell Bay () is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea.  It goes along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It is named for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations.

References

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Seas of the Southern Ocean
The Great Australian Bight is a large bight, or open bay.  It is off the central and western parts of the southern coastline of mainland Australia.

The Bight's boundaries are from Cape Pasley, Western Australia, to Cape Carnot, South Australia.  This is a distance of 1,160 km or 720 miles.

The much more accepted name in Australia for the connected waterbody is the Southern Ocean rather than the Indian Ocean.

The settlements along the coastline with access to the Bight and facilities are Ceduna and Eucla. Some other locations on the Eyre Highway or on the Nullarbor do not have facilities or easy access.

Natural history

The coast line of the Great Australian Bight has cliff faces (up to 60 m high), surfing beaches and rock platforms, ideal for whale-watching. The Great Australian Bight receives very little of the runoff that fertilises most continental shelves.  It is essentially a marine desert. It is probably best noted for the large number of sharks that frequent its coastal waters, as well as the increasing numbers of Southern Right Whales that migrate in the region.

One location on the bight that is for the understanding of the natural history on its coastline is the Eyre Bird Observatory.

References

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Bays of Australia
Southern Ocean
The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land.

Description
The Ross Sea was discovered by James Ross in 1841. In the west of the Ross Sea is Ross Island. In the east is Roosevelt Island. The southern part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf. In the west of the Ross sea, McMurdo Sound is a port which is usually free of ice during the summer. The southernmost part of the Ross Sea is Gould Coast, which is about two hundred miles from the Geographic South Pole.

All land masses in the Ross Sea are claimed by New Zealand.

A 10 metre (32.8 feet) long colossal squid weighing 495 kilograms (1,091 lb) was captured in the Ross Sea on February 22, 2007.

Ecological importance and conservation
The flora and fauna are similar to other southern Antarctic marine regions. In summer there are a lot of plankton.  They provide food for larger species, such as fish, seals, whales, and sea- and shore-birds.

The coastal parts of the sea have a number of rookeries of Adélie and Emperor penguins.  They have been seen at a number of places around the Ross Sea, both towards the coast and outwards in open sea.

The Ross Sea is one of the last parts of seas on Earth that is mostly unaffected by human activities. Because of this, it is almost totally free from pollution, overfishing and the introduction of invasive species. Some people want to make the area a world marine reserve.

References

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Bays
Seas of the Southern Ocean
The Scotia Sea is partly in the Southern Ocean and mostly in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Location and description
Normally stormy and cold, the Scotia Sea is the area of water between Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula.  It is bordered on the west by Drake Passage. These island groups all sit on top of the Scotia Ridge. The Scotia Sea covers an area of about 900,000 km². About half of the sea stands above the continental shelf.

The islands are rocky and partly covered in ice and snow year round.

Flora and fauna
The islands do have vegetation.  They have been called Scotia Sea Islands tundra ecoregion.  These include South Georgia, the volcanic South Sandwich Islands and the South Orkneys in the Scotia Sea as well as the remote South Shetland Islands near the Antarctic Peninsula and the small isolated volcano Bouvet Island. All these islands are in the cold seas below the Antarctic convergence. These areas have tundra vegetation of mosses, lichen and algae. Seabirds, penguins and seals feed in the surrounding waters. 

Seabirds include four species of albatross: Black-browed Albatross (Diomedea melanophris), Grey-headed Albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma), Light-mantled Albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata), and Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans). There are only five species of bird that stay on land.  These include two endemic species: a race of the Yellow-billed Pintail duck(Anas georgica) and South Georgia Pipit (Anthus antarcticus).

Penguin species found here include large numbers of King Penguins, as well as Chinstrap Penguin, Macaroni Penguin, Gentoo penguin, Adelie Penguin, and Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome). 

Seals include the Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella) and Sub-Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) in large numbers, Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the huge Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina), and Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus).

South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and Bouvet Island are protected as nature reserves. Bird Island, South Georgia is a site of special scientific interest.

References

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Seas of the Southern Ocean
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
The Bab-el-Mandeb, meaning "Gate of Tears" in Arabic, is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, Djibouti and Eritrea, north of Somalia, in the Horn of Africa, and connecting the Red Sea to the Guardafui Channel and Gulf of Aden. It is sometimes called the Mandab Strait in the English language.

The strait gets its name from the dangers of traveling on it.  Or, according to an Arab legend, from the numbers who were drowned by the earthquake which separated Asia and Africa.

Bab el-Mandab acts is an important link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In 2006, about  of oil passed through the strait per day, out of a world total of about .

The distance across is about 20 miles (30 km) from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyan in Djibouti.  The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels. The eastern channel, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is 2 miles (3 km) wide and 16 fathoms (30 m) deep. The western channel, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of about 16 miles (25 km) and a depth of 170 fathoms (310 m).  Near the coast of Djibouti is a group of smaller islands known as the "Seven Brothers".

References

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Straits
Indian Ocean
Middle East
Geography of Yemen
Bass Strait is a sea strait separating Tasmania from the south of the Australian mainland, specifically the state of Victoria.  The strait was named after George Bass who travelled it in 1798.

It is about 240 km wide at its narrowest point and generally around 50 metres deep. It has many islands, with King Island and Flinders Island home to many towns.

The water is very rough, with many ships lost in the 19th century. A lighthouse was built on Deal Island in 1848 to help ships in the eastern part of the Straits.  On the west, the Cape Otway Lighthouse was first lit in 1848. Another lighthouse was at Cape Wickham at the northern end of King Island in 1861.

Islands

There are over 50 islands in Bass Strait. Major islands include:

Western section:
King Island
Three Hummock Island
Hunter Island
Robbins Island

South eastern section:
Furneaux Group
Flinders Island
Cape Barren Island
Clark Island
and several other islands

North eastern section:
Kent Group
Deal Island
and 3 smaller islands
Hogan Island
 Curtis Island

References

Other websites

Straits
Bodies of water of Australia
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Geography of Tasmania
The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), or the nine-banded, long-nosed armadillo, is a species of armadillo. The nine-banded armadillo is an insectivorous animal. Ants, termites, and other small invertebrates make up most of its diet. The armadillo can jump  in the air when scared.

Range 

The nine-banded armadillo is spreading more far out in both the north and east of the United States. It crossed the Rio Grande from Mexico in the late 19th century. At the same time, it was introduced in Florida by humans. By 1995, the species was found in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, and recently seen as far north as southern Nebraska, Illinois, and Indiana.
The main reason of this fast expansion is because the species have few or no natural predators in the United States. It is also because Americans do not hunt or eat the armadillo. In late 2009, the state of North Carolina considered a hunting season for armadillo to slow them down.
Outside the United States, the nine-banded armadillo is in Central and South America and northern Argentina and Uruguay.

Diet
Nine-banded armadillos are mostly insectivores. They find their meals by pushing their snouts into soil and digging. They dig up grubs, beetles, ants, termites, and worms. They sometimes also eat amphibians, small reptiles, fungi, and carrion.

Behavior

Nine-banded armadillos do not live in groups. They are nocturnal, which means that they are lively at night instead of the day. The burrows they make are about  wide,  deep, and  long.
Armadillos usually mark their territory. The armadillo can jump  in the air when scared. This may be dangerous on roads, because it could get hit by a car.

Reproduction 
Mating is usually done from July to August in the Northern Hemisphere and November to January in the Southern Hemisphere. A single egg is fertilized. Then it splits into four identical embryos, each which makes its own placenta. The nine-banded armadillo gives birth to genetically identical quadruplets.

After birth, the quadruplets remain in the burrow, drinking the mother's milk for about three months. Then they begin to hunt for their meals with the mother. After six months to a year, they leave.

A single female can produce up to 56 young over the course of her life.

References

Louise H. Emmons and Francois Feer, 1997 - Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide.
eNature entry 
Nixon, Joshua. Armadillo Expansion , September 14, 2006, retrieved December 3, 2006.
Trapping the nine-banded armadillo 

Xenarthrans
The  is a Japanese professional baseball team in the city of Hiroshima and Hiroshima Prefecture.  The Carp play in Japan's Central League or .

The team's  ballpark is Mazda Stadium.

The Carp is a team with the greatest number of perfect games Japanese professional baseball.

History
The team joined the Central League as the Hiroshima Carp in 1949.
Carp Won Central League Championship for the first time in 1975.

The team mascot "Slyly" bears resemblance to the Phillie Phanatic of the Philadelphia Phillies. "Carp Boya" is another team mascot.

League titles
 Japan series titles(3) 1979,1980,1984
 Central League Championship (6) 1975,1979,1980,1984,1986,1991

Notable players

Current manager

Current players

MLB players
 
 Alfonso Guilleard Soriano
 Colby Lewis

Gallery

Related pages
 Sports in Japan

References

Other websites 

  Hiroshima Carp official web site
  japanesebaseball.com Carp page
  Carp train (operated by Hiroden) 

Baseball teams
Baseball in Japan
Hiroshima Prefecture
1949 establishments
Hiroshima
Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture, in Japan also known as Moyashimon (もやしもん), is a manga series created by Masayuki Ishikawa. It won the 2008 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize for Grand Prize and the 2008 Kodansha Manga Award for general manga.

It is said that the setting is based on Tokyo University of Agriculture. However, the author has said that it is just any agricultural college, and is unrelated to a real university.

Plot 
Moyasimon follows the life of Tadayasu Sawaki, a first-year college student at an agricultural university.

He can see and communicate with microorganisms and bacteria.

Characters

Human
 Tadayasu Souemon Sawaki
 Kei Yūki 
 Keizō Itsuki
 Haruka Hasegawa
 Kaoru Misato
 Takuma Kawahama
 Aoi Mutō
 Hazuki Oikawa

Bacteria
 A.Orize (Aspergillus oryzae)
 A.Sōe (Aspergillus sojae)
 C.torikoidesu (Cladosporium trichoides)
 E.Kori (Escherichia coli)
 P.kurisogenumu (Penicillium chrysogenum)
 S.Serebishie (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Other websites 
 Moyasimon official website  
 Telecom Animation Film's official Moyasimon website  
 Moyashimon: Tales of Agriculture  Funimation Channel on YouTube

References

Comedy anime and manga
The Staffordshire Hoard is the largest find of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork in Britain. It was discovered in a field near the village of Hammerwich, Lichfield, in Staffordshire on 5 July 2009. It consists of over 3,500 items. 

The objects are nearly all martial (military) in character, and there are no objects which are specifically female. The artefacts are dated as 7th or 8th centuries, at the time of the Kingdom of Mercia. 

The hoard has been described by Leslie Webster, former keeper of the department of prehistory at the British Museum, as "absolutely the metalwork equivalent of finding a new Lindisfarne Gospels or Book of Kells", and "this is going to alter our perceptions of Anglo-Saxon England as radically, if not more so, as the Sutton Hoo discoveries".  

Dr Roger Bland, Head of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, said: "It is a fantastically important discovery. It is assumed that the items were buried by their owners at a time of danger with the intention of later coming back and recovering them".

The average quality of the workmanship is extremely high. 
The hoard was valued at £3.285 million, and has now been purchased by the Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery and the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery.

References 

Staffordshire
Archaeological sites in England
Anglo-Saxons
History of England
Works of art
Treasure troves
A dietary supplement (or food supplement or nutritional supplement) is anything taken by mouth which helps enhance food that a person or animal eats. It can be in pill, powder, or a liquid form. 

The supplement provides nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids. People may want to take supplements because they may not have enough nutrients in their body or may want to get more healthier. Some countries define supplements as food. Others define them as drugs or natural health products. 

Bodybuilding supplements are dietary supplements for those involved in bodybuilding and athletics. These supplements can help with weight gain or weight loss, or to improve their performance.

Sources of advice 

 Natural Standard Research Collaboration
 Dietary Supplements Labels Database, from the United States National Library of Medicine
 International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements database from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements and USDA National Agricultural Library
 Dietary Supplement Information  from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
 What's in the Bottle? An Introduction to Dietary Supplements , from the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
 Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by the American Public : A report of the Institute of Medicine
 EPC Evidence Reports on Dietary Supplements
Dietary Supplements: General Resources for Consumers (PDF|131 KB) , Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library. List of resources that provides an overview of herbal and dietary supplements, including use, regulation, research, and cautionary information.
Questions to Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements , Nutrition.gov.

Drugs
 
Healthy lifestyle
Eating disorders
Rana is a genus of frogs. There are over 90 species of these frogs. These include the pond frogs such as the common frog which lives in Europe. The brown frog, leopard frog, and the American bullfrog are also included. Members of Rana can be found in Eurasia, North American, Africa, Central America, and the northern parts of South America.

Species of Rana are very large in length. They have slim waists and wrinkled skin. Most of Rana frogs do not have warts like many toads. Rana frogs are great jumpers because of their long slender legs. All of the Rana frogs, including most frogs, have webbed feet. This allows them to swim in water. Rana frogs are mostly green and have brown on the top. They have darker and yellowish spots on their bodies.

Books
 Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1995) Frogs of the subgenus Pelophylax (Amphibia, Anura, genus Rana): a catalogue of available and valid scientific names, with comments on the name-bearing types, complete synonymies. proposed common names, and maps showing all type localities. In: : II International Symposium on Ecology and Genetics of European water frogs, 18-25 September 1994, Wroclaw, Poland. Zoologica Poloniae 39(3-4): 139-204
 Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 4, 2006-AUG-17.
 Hillis, D. M. & Wilcox, T. P. (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34(2): 299–314.  PDF fulltext 
 Matsui, Masafumi (2007): Unmasking Rana okinavana Boettger, 1895 from the Ryukyus, Japan (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). Zool. Sci. 24: 199–204.  (HTML abstract)
 Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115-128.  PDF fulltext 
 Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49-60.  (HTMl abstract)

Other websites

AmphibiaWeb
Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia 

Frogs
A roar is a sound that is made from certain animals. This sound is a deep outburst from an open mouth. Roaring is made by using the hyoid. The hyoid is a small bone that is not completely rigid in adults. Animals roar for a few reasons. These include when animals claim their territory (such as territorial dispute), communication with other members, and when they are angry.

Other websites 

 Ananthakrishnan, Gopal, Robert Eklund, Gustav Peters, Gopal & Evans Mabiza. 2011. An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics. In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 5–8.Download PDF from http://roberteklund.info.
 Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters, Gopal Ananthakrishnan & Evans Mabiza. 2011. An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses. In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 1–4. Download PDF from http://roberteklund.info.

Animal communication
is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Kyoto.

History
The earliest structures were built in the early Heian period as a villa of Emperor Saga (785-842). Osawa pond, the artificial lake in the Japanese garden, was created in Saga's lifetime.

After Saga's death, a Buddhist temple complex was established at the site.  Imperial princes were often appointed as abbot of the temple.

In the 14th century, the temple came to be associated with the Kameyama branch of the Imperial family.

Timeline
 July 16, 1324 (Genkō 4, 22nd day of the 6th month):: Former-Emperor Go-Uda died at the temple.
 August 38, 1338 (Ryakuō 1, 13th day of the 7th month): Ashikaga forces burned the temple.
 1626 (Kan'ei 3): Emperor Go-Mizunoo added an Edo period shinden.

Related pages
 History of Japan
 Daikakuji Seamount

References

Other websites

  Daikaku-ji website 
 Japan-guide.com, Daikaku-ji
 Kyoto National Museum  -- "Treasures of Daikaku-ji," including portrait of Go-Uda and the former-emperor's will 

Buddhist temples in Japan
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet is a British drama television programme about English migrant builders. The show was created by Franc Roddam and mostly written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais. It was shown on ITV from 1983-1986 and on BBC One from 2002-2004. It stars Christopher Fairbank, Christopher Holton, Tim Healy, Gary Holton, Jimmy Nail, Pat Roach, Timothy Spall and Kevin Whately.

In the first series, the men work on a building site in Duesseldorf, Germany.

Other websites 

The Auf Wiedersehen, Pet homepage

1983 television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
1980s British television series
1980s drama television series
2000s British television series
2000s drama television series
BBC Television programmes
British drama television series
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs
Robert William Hoskins (26 October 1942 - 29 April 2014) was a British actor. He was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk and raised in Finsbury Park, London. 

Hoskins' movies include: The Long Good Friday, Mona Lisa and Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He won a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for his role as George in Mona Lisa. 

He was also awarded a doctorate degree (degree in acting) at the graduation ceremony of Royal Central School of Speech and Drama in London, England. 

On 8 August 2012, Hoskins said he had retired, having being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in late 2011. He died of pneumonia on the morning of 29 April 2014 in London.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

1942 births
2014 deaths
Actors from London
Actors from Suffolk
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from pneumonia
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People with Parkinson's disease
was a  after the Taika era and before Shuchō in 686.  This period started in February 650 and ended in December 654.  The reigning emperor was .

History
In 650 (Taika 6,  The daimyo of Nagato Province brought a white pheasant to the court as a gift for the emperor.  It was considered to be a good omen, and the emperor caused the nengō to be changed to Hakuchi (meaning "white pheasant").

In Japan, this was the second nengō, which was developed from the Chinese system of eras (nianhao).   It became an example of growth in political power.

Timeline

The system of Japanese era names was not the same as Imperial reign dates.

Events of the Hakuchi era
 650 (Hakuchi 1):  Kōtoku commanded that all prisoners were to be granted liberty throughout the country.
 654 (Hakuchi 5, 1st month): A great number of rats moved into Yamato Province; and this was construed as a sign that the capital should be moved.
 654 (Hakuchi 5): Kōtoku died at the age of 59 after a reign of 5 years during Taika and 5 years during Hakuchi.

Related pages
 Asuka period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 

Japanese eras
7th-century establishments in Japan
7th-century disestablishments in Japan
650 establishments
654 disestablishments
lego big morl is a Japanese rock band from Osaka, made up of four men: Takehiro Kanata(guitar & vocal), Hiroki Tanaka (guitar), Hiro Asakawa (drum), Shintarou Yamamoto (bass).
It is called merely "lego".

They started the band in Osaka in 2006, and had a tour a year later. After that, their song "Ray" was adopted as the featured song of a drama, "Akai ito". This made them a little famous and they made a major debut next year.

"Ray" was covered by Kou Shibasaki in 2010.

Members 
 Takehiro Kanata (1984.5.24)
 Hiroki Tanaka (1984.10.25)
 Shintarou Yamamoto (1984.10.18)
 Hiro Asakawa (1984.11.10)

History 
2006:

After Asakawa's band split up in March, he asked Kanata to form a band with him. Tanaka, who was in the same band as Kanata joined the new band, followed by Yamamoto, who was a friend of Kanata from high school.
They started to go into action mainly in Osaka.

2007:

They held a first live tour in Tokyo, Yokohama, Ibaraki, and Gunma in March.
They gave out free CDs "テキーラグッバイ(tequila goodbye)" at live studios.

2008:
The year of getting people to know them.
...They released a ¥100 SINGLE"moonwalk for a week", which reached number four on the indies chart.
They also released a first mini album "Tuesday and Thursday".
Starting from here, they attended many big music festivals and events.
In December, they released their first single "Ray", which became one of the soundtracks of the Fuji TV drama, and movie "赤い糸(akai ito)".

Discography

Single CDs
 ワープ(warp) (only sold at TSUTAYA)
 moonwalk for a week (only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
 Ray (1st single)
 溢れる (afureru) (2nd single) 
 ドリルドリル (drill drill) (3rd single)
 バランス (balance) (4th single)
 Flowers(5th single)
 knock to me (6th single)

Albums
 Tuesday and Thursday (1st mini album)
 Quartette Parade (1st full album)
 Mother Ship (2nd full album)
 for Flowers (studio album; only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
 Re:Union (3rd full album)

References

Japanese rock bands