cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware modules that can generate randomness. Their operation is based on "locked" randomness, stemming from tiny imperfections (mistakes) in the manufacturing process of hardware, which result in the production (output) of a bit-string which appears random and can be considered as unique per hardware instance (device).

Essentially, in each PUF circuit, electric current may move through this circuit in two distinct ways/paths, such as two wires. If it goes mostly through one of these ways/paths, a logical zero is produced, whereas if it goes through the other way/path, a logical one is produced. The prevalent path is chosen according to tiny details (characteristics) of the circuit, such as which wire is thicker or longer. However, the two wires have been designed to be exactly the same, and only differ because of imperfections of the manufacturing process, which cause random tiny mistakes (imperfections), such as one wire being 5 mm, and the other 5.00001 mm. Therefore, and as the choice of the prevalent path is dependent on a large number of tiny details (thickness, length, resistance of the wires, etc.), which are very difficult to determine beforehand, this choice appears as random, and can be considered as chaotic. The tiny production mistakes that affect the path choice cannot be predicted as they happen randomly in the manufacturing process. Nevertheless, after they happen, they stay like that, for example, the small difference in length between two wires will always exist after they have been manufactured, so the aforementioned path choice is "locked", although it is "random" (chaotic), and will always give the same result.

Since most contemporary hardware devices consist of millions of circuits, millions of individual choices can be made at the same time, resulting in a string (series) of bits (zeros and ones) of a very large length. Since each choice is independent and "random", the probability that two such strings will be the same becomes extremely small due to their very large length. Therefore, a PUF can be used to produce a large bit-string that will be unique per device and always the same, when measured under exactly the same conditions. Such a bit string can then be used in cryptography as an inherently occurring cryptographic token, such as a key for encryption. As external (environmental) conditions may affect the result of a PUF (its "random" unique bit-string output), error correction may be needed to force this result to be the same between different measurements.

Hardware, which by its nature allows for a choice of path for electricity, such as memory cells, can be easily employed in order to implement a PUF in a device, without the need of additional circuitry. Therefore, PUFs can be quite cost-efficient and lightweight.

Cryptography
Numbers
Amar Singh Thapa also known as Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa(), Budha Kazi Amar Singh Thapa or, Amar Singh Thapa The Elder was the senior commander of Nepal Army in the conquest of Western Provinces. He is often hailed as Living Lion of Nepal and was posthumously awarded with National heroes of Nepal, who often led great battles of conquest and defence for Gurkhas in person.

References

Footnotes

Notes

Sources
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1751 births
1816 deaths
History of Nepal
Fredy Schmidtke (1 July 1961 – 1 December 2017) was a German track cyclist. He won a gold medal in the 1000 metres time trial at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He also finished eighth in the sprint event at that Olympics. He was born in Worringen, Cologne.

Schmidtke died of a heart attack on 1 December 2017, at the age of 56.

References

Other websites

 
 

1961 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German cyclists
German Olympic gold medalists
People from Cologne
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Philipp Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld (25 May 1952 – 1 December 2017) was a German politician. He was member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). He was a member of the Landtag of Bavaria from 2003 to 2013. He then served as a member of the Bundestag from 2013 to 2017. Besides being a politician, he was also a farmer, accountant and tax consultant.

Lerchenfeld was born in Köfering, Regensburg District, Bavaria. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Marie Therese.

Lerchenfeld died of lung cancer on 1 December 2017, at the age of 65.

References

Other websites

  
 Philipp Graf Lerchenfeld at Parliamentwatch 

1952 births
2017 deaths
Accountants
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from lung cancer
Former members of the German Bundestag
German Roman Catholics
People from Regensburg
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria
Grand Prix was a British television programme based on the Formula One World Championship. It was primarily presented by the "Voice of F1" Murray Walker, who was also the lead commentator.

BBC Television programmes
Sports television series
1970s British television series
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
Crato is a city in the south of state of Ceará in Cariri. Crato is called the "Oasis do Cariri". It is next to the state of Pernambuco. Is at the foot of the Araripe Plateau. Have a population formed by 130.064 According to IBGE

Climate 
The rainfall in the municipality is 1,086 millimeters per year. Much of the rain falls from December to April.

Average temperatures throughout the year vary between 24° C and 27° C, with minimums of 14° C up to averages maximum of 33° C

History 
The Region was discovered during the 17th century by Capuchin Friars. After an intense exploration of the region was founded "Mission Miranda" in honor of a chief of the local tribe baptized by that name. Later it would be called "Miranda" and "New Cariris"Later it would be called "Miranda" and "New Cariris"

References 

Cities in Ceará
Trun is a municipality in Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the former municipality of Schlans became part of Trun.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Municipalities of Graubünden
Rondon Pacheco (31 July 1919 – 4 July 2016) was a Brazilian politician. He served as Chief of Staff of Brazil to President Artur da Costa e Silva from 1967 to 1969 during the Brazilian military government. He later served as Governor of his home state of Minas Gerais from 1971 to 1975.

Pacheco was born in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. He was married to Marina de Freitas Pacheco. They had three children.

Pacheco died from pneumonia on 4 July 2016 in Uberlândia, at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian politicians
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
Minas Gerais
Tujetsch is a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

Villages 
Tschamut, Selva, Dieni, Rueras, Zarcuns, Camischolas, Gonda, Sedrun, Bugnei, Surrein and Cavorgia.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 
 

Municipalities of Graubünden
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Valendas is a former municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Versam is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Versam,
Valendas,
Safien and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Safien is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Safien, Valendas, Versam and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Garth Ennis (born 16 January 1970) is a Northern Irish-American comics writer. He is best known for Preacher, The Boys, Hellblazer, Marvel Comics' The Punisher and DC Comics' Hitman. He worked a lot with artist Steve Dillon. In 1998, he was awarded the Eisner Award for Best Writer.

Ennis was born in Holywood, County Down. He is an atheist.

References

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1970 births
Living people
American atheists
American comics writers
British atheists
British writers
People from County Down
Schmitten () is a municipality of the district Albula. It is in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Graubünden
Alain Jessua (16 January 1932 – 30 November 2017) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Évreux, France. He directed ten movies between 1956 and 1997.

He worked as assistant director for Jacques Becker on the set of Casque d'or, with Max Ophüls for Madame de... and Lola Montès and with Marcel Carné on Wasteland.

His 1967 movie Jeu de massacre was entered into the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Screenplay.

Jessua died from cancer on 30 November 2017 at the age of 85.

References

Other websites 
Alain Jessua biography

1932 births
2017 deaths
French movie directors
French screenwriters
Writers from Paris
The 2017-18 Premier League is the 26th premier league as Chelsea are the defending Champions. The season started on 11 August 2017 and finished on 13 May 2018. Newcastle United F.C. Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town got promoted to the Premier League from the English Football League. Brighton are playing in the Premier League for the first time in their history.

League table

Results

Season record

Scoring

Top scorers

Hat-tricks

Note
4 Player scored 4 goals; (H) – Home ; (A) – Away

Top assists

Clean sheets

Discipline

Player

Most yellow cards: 11
 Oriol Romeu (Southampton)

Most red cards: 2
 Wilfred Ndidi (Leicester City)
 Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United)

Club

Most yellow cards: 73 
West Bromwich Albion
West Ham United

Most red cards: 5
Leicester City

Awards

Monthly awards

PFA Team of the Year
The PFA Team of the Year was:
Goalkeeper: David de Gea (Manchester United)
Defence: Kyle Walker (Manchester City), Nicolas Otamendi (Manchester City), Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham Hotspur), Marcos Alonso (Chelsea)
Midfield: David Silva (Manchester City), Christian Eriksen (Tottenham Hotspur), Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City)
Attack: Mohamed Salah (Liverpool), Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur), Sergio Agüero (Manchester City)

PFA Player of the Year
The PFA Players' Player of the Year was awarded to Mohamed Salah.

PFA Young Player of the Year
The PFA Young Player of the Year was awarded to Leroy Sané.

FWA Footballer of the Year
The FWA Footballer of the Year was awarded to Mohamed Salah.ref>ref>

Other websites
Official website

References 

Eng
England
2018 in association football
Premier League
Saint-Michel-sur-Orge is a commune. It is found in the region Île-de-France in the Essonne department in the north of France.

The inhabitants are Saint-Michellois.

It’s the smallest commune in France. (or city.) It has 20,057 population.

Communes in Essonne
Jerzy Kazimierz Kłoczowski (29 December 1924 – 2 December 2017) was a Polish historian. He was a professor at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. He was member of the Polish Senate from 1989 to 1991. During World War II, he was a soldier of the Home Army and was involved in the Warsaw Uprising. He was badly injured in the attack and lost his right hand. In 2004, he was awarded with the Order of the White Eagle by President Aleksander Kwasniewski. He was born in Bogdany Wielkie, Masovian Voivodeship.

Kłoczowski died on 2 December 2017, at the age of 92.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Military personnel of World War II
Polish academics
Polish historians
Polish military people
Takam Kingdom () Takam of Bagalyas or Bagalyadesh or 4000 Parvat Kingdom was a historical Thapa kingdom founded by King Kalu Thapa Kshatri of the Bagale Thapa clan belonging to Khas community. This Thapa dynasty ruled for 300 years between 1246 B.S. - 1545 B.S. (1189 CE - 1488 CE), only to be conquered it into Chaubise Parbat State by King Dimba Bam of Samalvanshi Thakuri clan .

References
Berne is a municipality of the district Wesermarsch in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Weser, about 20 km east of Oldenburg, and 25 km northwest of Bremen.

Berne is the birthplace of musician, producer and songwriter Dieter Bohlen.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Tenna used to be a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Tenna,
Valendas, Versam and Safien joined and became the new municipality of Safiental.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Safiental () is a municipality in Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna joined together to become the new municipality, Safiental.

References

Other websites 

 

Municipalities of Graubünden
2013 establishments in Switzerland
Morissen () is a former municipality, in the new municipality of Lumnezia and the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Mahsun Kırmızıgül (born Abdullah Bazencir; March 26, 1969 in Bingöl, Turkey) is a Turkish actor, movie director, screenwriter and musician.

Early life and career 
Kırmızıgül was born on 26 March 1969 in Bingöl. He studied at primary and secondary schools in Diyarbakır. He started his career as a musician by singing for the weddings. In 1984, he was invited to Istanbul to make an album for Güneş Plak. The artist won acclaim with his movie Beyaz Melek which he wrote, directed and played.

Filmography

TV series 
 Alem Buysa... (1993)
 Bu Sevda Bitmez (1996)
 Hemşerim (1996)
 Yıkılmadım (1999)
 Zalım (2003)
 Aşka Sürgün (2005) 
 Hayat Devam Ediyor (2011-2013) General Director - Story
 Benim İçin Üzülme (2012) General Director - Story
 Babalar ve Evlatlar  (2012) - Story Cinema 
 Vezir Parmağı (2017) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 The Miracle (2015) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 New York'ta Beş Minare (2010) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 Gecenin Kanatları (2009) as screenwriter.
 Güneşi Gördüm (2009) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 Beyaz Melek (2007) as actor, director, screnwriter.
 Yaşamak Haram Oldu'' (1987)

References 

1968 births
Living people
Turkish movie actors
Turkish singers
Turkish screenwriters
Waltensburg/Vuorz is a former municipality of the district Surselva. It is in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Michelin is a French tyre company. It is based in Clermont-Ferrand, France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Tigar, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal (in North America) tyre brands. The mascot is Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man.

In 2012, the Group produced 166 million tyres at 69 facilities located in 18 countries.

The company was founded in 1889.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1880s establishments in France
1889 establishments in Europe
Tire manufacturers
Companies of France
Clermont-Ferrand
Arriva Southern Counties is a bus company. It is a division of Arriva, which operates services in East Sussex, Essex, Kent, Surrey and West Sussex.

It is made up of Arriva Guildford & West Surrey, Arriva Kent & Sussex, Arriva Kent Thameside, Arriva Medway Towns and Arriva Southend.

Divisions

Arriva Guildford & West Surrey
Arriva Guildford & West Surrey operate in parts of West Sussex and Surrey. Buses go to Redhill, Weybridge, Horsham and Camberley.

Arriva Kent Thameside
Arriva Kent Thameside operate in parts of Kent. Buses go to Bluewater shopping centre, Dartford, Orpington, Greenhithe, Gravesend.

Fastrack

Arriva Kent Thameside also operate two Fastrack services, The buses serve Route A from Dartford and to Bluewater Shopping Centre, and Route B from Temple Hill to Gravesend. The buses used are Wright StreetLites. The buses are painted light purple and dark purple.

Arriva Medway Towns
Arriva Medway Towns operate in the Medway Towns and parts of Kent. Buses go to the Medway Towns, Bluewater shopping centre and Gravesend.

Arriva Southend
Arriva Soundend operate in Essex. Buses go to Southend-On-Sea, Rochford and Hadleigh.

Arriva Sapphire
Arriva Southern Counties operates two Sapphire routes in Kent, These buses have luxury seats, free WIFI, charging points (to charge your laptop or phone), display screens to show what stops are next and CCTV screens,

The buses serve route 101 from Gillingham to Maidstone  and routes 480 and 490 from Valley Drive to Dartford. The buses used are Alexander Dennis Enviro400 and Wright StreetLite. The buses are painted light blue and dark blue.

References

Other websites
Arriva website

Bus transport
Ewald Schurer (15 April 1954 – 2 December 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Ebersberg, Germany. He was a member of the SPD.

Schurer died on 2 December 2017 at his home in Ebersberg, at the age of 63.

References

Other websites

 Website from Ewald Schurer
 Biography by German Bundestag

1954 births
2017 deaths
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Politicians from Bavaria
Kjell Olav Opseth (2 January 1936 – 3 December 2017) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Transport and Communications from 1990 to 1996. He was also Minister of Local Government Affairs from 1996 to 1997. He was born in Førde, Sunnfjord, Vestland.

Opseth died on 3 December 2017 in Førde, at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

 Kjell Opseth at Storting.no 

1936 births
2017 deaths
Government ministers
Norwegian politicians
St. Martin (, ) is a former municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipality of St. Martin merged into the municipality of Vals.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Vignogn is a former municipality, in the new municipality of Lumnezia and the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
San Martín de Trevejo (Fala: Sa Martín de Trevellu) is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.

In 2008, 926 people lived there.

Municipalities in Extremadura
Oliva de Plasencia is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.

In 2005, 252 people lived there.

Municipalities in Extremadura
Nava Semel (; born Nava Artzi; 15 September 1954 – 2 December 2017) was an Israeli author, playwright, screenwriter and translator. Her short story collection Kova Zekhukhit  (Hat of Glass) was the first work of fiction published in Israel. It addressed the topic of the "Second Generation" - children of Holocaust survivors.

She received "The Israeli Prime Minister's Award for Literature" in 1996, "The Women Writers of the Mediterranean Award" in France 1994, and "Women of the Year in Literature of the City of Tel Aviv" 2006.

References

Other websites
 Nava Semel Official website
 Nava Semel at the Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature (ITHL)
 "Nava Semel talks about the Jewish tragedy and the act of remembering", Interview with Bookaholic Romania, 23 March 2015

1954 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Jewish Israeli writers
Jewish screenwriters
Novelists
People from Tel Aviv
Playwrights
Buangkok MRT Station (NE15) is a MRT station in Sengkang, Singapore. It opened on 15 January 2006. It opened after the public wanted it to be opened. It is part of the North East MRT Line.

History
When the North East Line opened, it was one of the 2 completed MRT stations of North East Line that was not open, the other being Woodleigh which opened on 20 June 2011. This station was originally planned to be opened with 15 other stations on the North East Line. However, a few days before the opening, the operator SBS Transit decided not to open the station as the area around the station was undeveloped and the company claimed that the number of passengers would be too low to cover operating costs.

The opening date of the station was 15 January 2006. The station was well maintained like any other station throughout the time before it was opened. To prepare for the station's opening, the programming had to be updated to include Buangkok. Residents had said they would be willing to walk 400 metres to the station every day.

The station opened on 15 January 2006. SBS Transit expected around 3,500 passengers to use the station daily, which would be the lowest among all the stations along the line, resulting in the station making a loss. However, the actual numbers was much lower than expected during its first week of operation. Only an average of 1,386 passengers used the station each day. For comparison, Clarke Quay station, which is the second most unused station, already had more than 6,000 passenger trips each day. However, Clarke Quay was located in the Central Business District with considerable development in the area. This was because the station was located over 400 metres from most residents' homes.

From 5 January 2018, cash top ups are not accepted at the passenger service centres at this station.

Art in Transit 
There is an artwork in the station. It was made by Vincent Leow. It is called Water, Nature and the Contemporary (current).

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Sengkang
Hermann Schwörer (1 May 1922 – 24 November 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Berlin. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany.

Schwörer served in the Bundestag between 1958 and 1994. From 1970 to 1979, Schwörer was a member of the European Parliament.

Schwörer died in Berlin on 24 November 2017 at the age of 95.

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
Former MEPs
MEPs for Germany
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
All the Money in the World is a 2017 British-American historical crime drama movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Scarpa. It is based on John Pearson's 1995 book Painfully Rich: The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty.

It stars Michelle Williams, Christopher Plummer, Mark Wahlberg, Romain Duris, Charlie Plummer, Stacy Martin, Andrew Buchan, and Timothy Hutton. The movie tells the story of how J. Paul Getty refused to cooperate with the group of kidnappers, from the organized crime Mafia group 'Ndrangheta, who kidnapped his grandson John Paul Getty III in the 1970s.

Kevin Spacey originally portrayed Getty Sr. However, after multiple sexual assault allegations were revealed against Spacey, his scenes were cut and re-shot with Christopher Plummer. Though re-shoots began on November 20, 2017, TriStar Pictures has the movie's United States release scheduled for December 22, 2017, but moved the date to December 25.

For their roles, Williams and Plummer are nominated for a Golden Globe Award with Plummer being nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

References

Other websites

2017 movies
2010s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
British crime drama movies
English-language movies
J. Paul Getty
Kidnapping in fiction
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about extortion
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in Rome
David Reece Bowen (born October 21, 1932) is an American politician. He was born in Houston, Mississippi. Bowen was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. He served for 2nd congressional district. He served from January 3, 1973 through January 3, 1983. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Other websites
 

1932 births
Living people
United States representatives from Mississippi
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Emily Jean Spencer Ashbrook (née Spencer; September 21, 1934) is an American politician. She is the widow of Congressman John M. Ashbrook, Republican of Ohio. She is also a former member of the United States House of Representatives herself, having completed her late husband's final term of office, also as a Republican from June 29, 1982 through January 3, 1983.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Edward Ford "Ed" Weber (born July 26, 1931) is an American politician. He served one term in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican from January 3, 1981 through January 3, 1983. He won his district in 1980 due to Ronald Reagan's success in Ohio in the 1980 presidential election. In 1982, however, he lost his re-election bid to Marcy Kaptur.

Other websites

 

1931 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
People from Toledo, Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Willis David "Bill" Gradison Jr. (born December 28, 1928) is an American politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1993.

References

Other websites

1928 births
Living people
Mayors of Cincinnati
United States representatives from Ohio
Jewish American politicians
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
Ronald Milton Mottl (born February 6, 1934) is an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He had been a member of the state House of Representatives of Ohio from 1987 to 1997. 

A conservative Democrat, Mottl was an ally of Ronald Reagan's legislative agenda. He lost the Democratic primary to Ed Feighan in 1982, thereby losing his seat.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
American conservatives
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Cleveland, Ohio
Thomas Andrew Luken (July 9, 1925 – January 10, 2018) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He also was the mayor of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1972.

In 1974, Luken won a special election in the Cincinnati-based 1st congressional district to fill out the term of William J. Keating, a Republican who resigned his seat. However, Luken was defeated later that year in his bid for a full term by Republican Bill Gradison.

Luken died on January 10, 2018 in Cincinnati at the age of 92.

References

1925 births
2018 deaths
Mayors of Cincinnati
American military personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel
United States representatives from Ohio
US Democratic Party politicians
William John Keating (March 30, 1927 – May 20, 2020) was an American businessman and politician of the Republican Party. From 1967-70, he served on the Cincinnati City Council.

Keating served in the United States House of Representatives from 1971-74, representing Ohio's 1st congressional district. Keating resigned from Congress to become President and CEO of The Cincinnati Enquirer.

Keating was a founding member of the law firm Keating, Muething and Klekamp.

Keating died on May 20, 2020 in Cincinnati at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 

1927 births
2020 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
Businesspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Jeannette Marie Schmidt (born November 29, 1951) is a former U.S. Representative for , serving from 2005 to 2013. She is a member of the Republican Party.

On March 6, 2012, Schmidt was defeated for re-election in the GOP primary by Brad Wenstrup.

References

Other websites
 Jean Schmidt for Congress official campaign site
 Profile on the Ohio Ladies' Gallery website 
 
Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template:
 Biography at Ballotpedia
 Congressional profile at GovTrack
 Congressional profile at OpenCongress
 Financial information (federal office) at OpenSecrets.org

1951 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Brad Robert Wenstrup  (born June 17, 1958) is an American politician, Army Reserve officer, and Doctor of Podiatric Medicine, who has been the U.S. Representative for  since 2013. 

Wenstrup is a member of the Republican Party. He defeated U.S. Representative Jean Schmidt in the 2012 Republican primary election and Democrat William R. Smith in the 2012 general election. 

Wenstrup is a colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve and an Iraq War veteran. 

After the shooting of Congressman Steve Scalise on the morning of June 14, 2017, Wenstrup attended to the wounded congressman until he was transported to MedStar Washington Hospital Center.

References

1958 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
American physicians
American military people
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
The biology behind Reinforcement learning can be found at Operant conditioning, and Reward
Reinforcement learning (RL) is teaching a software agent how to behave in an environment by telling it how good it's doing. It is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviorist psychology.

Reinforcement learning is different from supervised learning because the correct inputs and outputs are never shown. Also, reinforcement learning usually learns as it goes (online learning) unlike supervised learning. This means an agent has to choose between exploring and sticking with what it knows best.

Introduction 

A reinforcement learning system is made of a policy (), a reward function (), a value function (), and an optional model of the environment.

A policy tells the agent what to do in a certain situation. It can be a simple table of rules, or a complicated search for the correct action. Policies can even be stochastic, which means instead of rules the policy assigns probabilities to each action. A policy by itself can make an agent do things, but it can't learn on its own.

A reward function defines the goal for an agent. It takes in a state (or a state and the action taken at that state) and gives back a number called the reward, which tells the agent how good it is to be in that state. The agent's job is to get the biggest amount of reward it possibly can in the long run. If an action yields a low reward, the agent will probably take a better action in the future. Biology uses reward signals like pleasure or pain to make sure organisms stay alive to reproduce. Reward signals can also be stochastic, like a slot machine at a casino, where sometimes they pay and sometimes they don't.

A value function tells an agent how much reward it will get following a policy  starting from state . It represents how desirable it is to be in a certain state. Since the value function isn't given to the agent directly, it needs to come up with a good guess or estimate based on the reward it's gotten so far. Value function estimation is the most important part of most reinforcement learning algorithms.

A model is the agent's mental copy of the environment. It's used to plan future actions.

Knowing this, we can talk about the main loop for a reinforcement learning episode. The agent interacts with the environment in discrete time steps. Think of it like the "tick-tock" of a clock. With discrete time, things only happen during the "ticks" and the "tocks", and not in between. At each time , the agent observes the environment's state  and picks an action  based on a policy . The next time step, the agent receives a reward signal  and a new observation . The value function  is updated using the reward. This continues until a terminal state  is reached.

Artificial intelligence
Learning
Sylvester Emeka Igbonu (usually known as Sylvester Igboun; born 8 September 1990) is a Nigerian professional association football player. He currently plays for FC Ufa in Russia. His last name is Igbonu, but was misspelled when registering for a passport. He has also played for the Danish club, FC Midtjylland.

Career statistics

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References

Other websites 

 FC Midtjylland profile 
 Career statistics  at Danmarks Radio

1990 births
Living people
Nigerian footballers
People from Lagos
Luka Đorđević (Cyrillic: Лукa Ђорђевић; born 9 July 1994) is a Montenegrin professional association football player. He is currently on loan with FC Arsenal Tula.

Career 

He played for FK Mogren in the 2011/2012 season. He played 24 league matches with the club, and made one appearance in a UEFA Champions League qualification match against PFC Litex Lovech.

He made his first appearance with Zenit St. Petersburg on 11 August 2012 against Spartak Moscow.

On 22 July 2017, he was loaned to FC Arsenal Tula.

He played his first international match for Montenegro on 27 August 2012 against San Marino. He also scored his first international goal in that match.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

 Luka Đorđević at Soccerway
 Voetbal International profile 

1994 births
Living people
Montenegrin footballers
Edwin Orlando Mosquera Roa (26 July 1985 – 2 December 2017) was a Colombian weightlifter. He competed in the 69 kg weight division. He won a silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games. He also won two gold medals (2008 and 2010) and a silver medal (2016) at the Pan American Weightlifting Championships. He was at the 2008 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He was born in El Carmen de Atrato.

Mosquera died after being shot twice on 2 December 2017 in Palmira, Valle del Cauca. He was 32.

References

Other websites

 Edwin Mosquera  at Sports-Reference.com

1985 births
2017 deaths
Colombian people
Murders by firearm
Weightlifters
Rizvan Rashitovich Utsiyev (Russian: Ризван Рашитович Уциев; born 7 February 1988) is a Russian professional association football player of Chechen descent. He is currently the captain of Akhmat Grozny.

Career 

He was called up by the Russia national football B team on 19 August 2011 for a match against the Belarusian Olympic team.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

 Profile by Russian Premier League website 
 Player profile on FC Terek website

1988 births
Living people
Russian footballers
Moscow "Southern Gate" Central Bus Terminal is the main bus station of Moscow, located in the south side of the city and opened in 2015. The station is replacing the Old Moscow Central Bus Terminal that opened in 1971.

Other websites  

  Moscow "Southern Gate" Central Bus Terminal - official site

Buildings and structures in Moscow
Bus transport
Victor Vinícius Coelho dos Santos (also known as Vitinho; born 9 October 1993) is a Brazilian professional association football player. He currently plays for Flamengo.

Career 

He has played for the Brazilian club, Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas. In the 2013 season, he scored 4 goals in 16 Série A games.

Vitinho signed a 5-year contract with PFC CSKA Moscow on 2 September 2013. He was usually just used as a substitute. Botafogo was interested in loaning Vitinho back to the club.

On 16 January 2015, Vitinho joined Sport Club Internacional on a one-year loan deal. The loan was extended to the end of 2016. He also extended his contract with CSKA Moscow to 2020. He returned to CSKA Moscow in January 2017.

He made two appearances with the Brazilian Olympic team in 2012.

Honours 

Botafogo
Campeonato Carioca (1): 2013

CSKA
 Russian Premier League (1): 2013–14
 Russian Super Cup (1): 2014

Internacional
Campeonato Gaúcho (2): 2015, 2016

References

Other websites 

 Vitinho at Soccerway

1993 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian sportspeople
The Old Moscow Central Bus Terminal was the main bus station of Moscow from 1971 until 2015. The station was closed in 2015 when the new Moscow "Southern Gate" Central Bus Terminal was open. The station was located in the eastern side of the city and demolished.

Other websites  

  Old Moscow Central Bus Terminal - official site (Russian)

Buildings and structures in Moscow
Bus transport
The PSL Research University (PSL) is a public university in Paris, France. PSL has ten members. The university also has six research departments. Called a mega-university, their goal is to reach the same level of excellence as MIT, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities. It is a center for scientific and technological research. PSL students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards. The university has been started in 2010. It is one of the most selective universities. The most popular major is engineering.

References

Other websites
 PSL, official web site

Colleges and universities in France
2010 establishments in Europe
Paris
2010s establishments in France
Sir James Marriott (29 October 1730 – 21 March 1803) was a famous British judge, politician and scholar. He is famous for being in the highest court in Britain. He judged a lot of legal trials involving boats and the British Navy, he most helped lawyers by writing a book about American law.

Life 
James Marriott was born on 29 October 1730. In June 1746 he was sent to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and graduated in 1751. Although he had wanted a job in the church, he decided to switch to law in 1755, maybe because his stepfather, a very good lawyer, told him to. He spent three years as librarian to the Duke of Newcastle. He joined the College of Advocates and began his legal job in which he wrote two books on law.

While he served the Duke of Newcastle, he began to flatter others with nice words, which gave him the job of Receiver of Land Tax for Suffolk, but did not do much else until King George III was made king in 1760, when he left Newcastle for the new king. In 1767 he was made king's advocate, mostly because there was no one else to do it. In 1767 he served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge for a year and in 1768.

For the next ten years he kept trying to get a better job, making Lord Grafton very angry in the process.In 1778 he was knighted and made the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty, responsible for cases involving boats and the Navy. His work as king's advocate was not impressive, because of his lack of good choice-making and bad courtroom behaviors, as well as his aggressive speeches against his own co-workers. In 1781 he was elected to Parliament for Sudbury. Marriott worked for Lord Shelburne, who strongly opposed war.

The French Revolutionary Wars in 1793 caused the Navy to be used more and more, which made Marriott judge on more cases than he normally would, even though he was able to make some important decisions. He was also re-elected for his Parliament job in 1796. he had supported someone else, but then changed his mind and ran for election himself. Marriott remained in Parliament until 1802, shortly before he died.

Marriott quit his job in 1798. He returned to Twinstead Hall and stayed there until he died on 21 March 1803, having rebuilt the local church. The year before he died he wrote his most important book, Formulare instrumentarum, a book about his job with Naval law that caused Naval law in the United States to change. He also made a lot of poems and legal books that were not important. He never married, his one try in 1760 causing both the girl and her father to say "no." Instead he took care of his mother until her death.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 James Marriott at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

CS1 errors: external links
1730 births
1803 deaths
Knights Bachelor
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Swiss Federal Railways (short: SBB, , , , ) is the national railway company of Switzerland. It is also called SBB CFF FFS. The company was founded in 1902.

The company headquarters is in Bern.

In the Zurich-Bern-Basel triangle, travel times between the cities is under one hour.

SBB also operates international EuroCity and EuroNight trains in Switzerland.

Other websites
 The SBB website 
 The SBB website 
 The SBB cargo website 
 The CityNightLine website 

Transport companies of Switzerland
Train operating companies
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
1902 establishments in Europe
Bern
Nufenen (, ) is a former municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

It is on the San Bernardino tunnel road.

On 1 January 2019 the former municipalities of Hinterrhein, Nufenen and Splügen merged to form the new municipality of Rheinwald.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Carles Santos () (1 July 1940 – 4 December 2017) was a Spanish artist. He began his career as a pianist and later worked in many other creative areas, including musical composition, filmmaking, screenwriting, acting, scenic musical shows, graphics, montage, sculpture, photography,  poetry, and prose. He was born in Vinaròs, Valencian Community (Spain).

Santos was commissioned to compose works for a variety of special occasions, including the opening ceremonies of the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona and the opening of the 2001 Biennial of Arts in Valencia.

Santos died on 4 December 2017 at the age of 77.

References

Other websites
Un dit és un dit (a finger is a finger). 36 minutes piece for Cave Canis number 9. MP3. 
Official website.

1940 births
2017 deaths
Spanish movie directors
Spanish actors
Spanish artists
Spanish screenwriters
Photographers
Arif Dirlik (1940 – December 1, 2017) was a Turkish-American historian. He has published many works on historiography and political ideology in modern China, as well as issues in modernity, globalization, and post-colonial criticism. Dirlik received a BSc in Electrical Engineering at Robert College, Istanbul in 1964 and a PhD in History at the University of Rochester in 1973.

Dirlik died in Eugene, Oregon on December 1, 2017 at the age of 77.

References

Other websites
http://www.pwias.ubc.ca/information/ar-05-06.pdf 
https://web.archive.org/web/20051113023514/http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTBK/PDFs/AAA_02_Dirlik.PDF
https://web.archive.org/web/20040507055510/http://sociology.snu.ac.kr/isdpr/publication/journal/28-2/1Arif.pdf
Dimensions of Chinese Anarchism: An Interview with Arif Dirlik 

1940 births
2017 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American historians
Turkish writers
Educators from Oregon
James Hood (16 May 1948 – 4 December 2017) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) from 1987 until 2015. He represented the Clydesdale constituency until 2005, and the Lanark and Hamilton East thereafter. 

Hood died on 4 December 2017 of a heart attack in Lanarkshire, Scotland, aged 69.

References

Other websites
 constituency website in use while Hood was an MP

1948 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Scottish politicians
Ian Robert Twitchin (22 January 1952 – 3 December 2017) was an English footballer. He played as a right back and midfielder. He spent his entire professional career with Torquay United, making 401 appearances in The Football League. He later played for Minehead and Newton Abbot Spurs (where he was player-manager). He was born in Teignmouth, Devon.

Twitchin died on 3 December 2017, at the age of 65.

References

1952 births
2017 deaths
English footballers
English football managers
People from Devon
The Office is a British mockumentary sitcom. It was shown on BBC Two. It began on 9 July 2001 and ended on 27 December 2003. The series was created, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. The series starred Gervais, Martin Freeman, Mackenzie Crook, Lucy Davis, Oliver Chris, Patrick Baladi, Stacey Roca, Ralph Ineson, Stirling Gallacher, Joel Beckett and Ewen MacIntosh.

The Office is about David Brent (Gervais), an office manager in Slough, and his employees dealing with his cringe personality.

The series was adapted into an American version of the same name, starring Steve Carell.

Other websites
 

2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
2001 television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
2000s British sitcoms
2000s British workplace television series
2000s satirical television series
2000s workplace comedy television series
BBC television sitcoms
Berkshire
British satirical television series
British workplace comedy television series
Office comedy television series
English-language television programs
Bocconi University () is a private university in Milan, Italy. It  provides undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate education. The university's main subjects are economics, business management, finance, law, political science and public administration.

Bocconi University was founded in 1902 by Ferdinando Bocconi, an Italian politician and business man. He named the university after his son Luigi. Luigi was a soldier in the Italian army. He was killed in 1896 in a war between Italy and Ethiopia. The center of the present campus of Bocconi University is on Via Sarfatti. It was built in 1941. Since then several new buildings have been added.

In 2017 the university had a total of 14,396 students. About 1600 students come from outside Italy. The president of the university is Mario Monti.

References

Other websites
 

Colleges and universities in Italy
Milan
1902 establishments in Italy
Elmar Faber (1 April 1934 – 3 December 2017) was a German book publisher. He was the head publisher of Aufbau-Verlag from 1983 to 1992. In 1990, he co-founded publisher Faber & Faber with his son Michael. He was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2007. His autobiography was published in 2014. He was born in Deesbach, Thuringia.

Faber died on 3 December 2017 in Leipzig, at the age of 83.

References

Other websites

 Elmar Faber at Perlentaucher.de 

1934 births
2017 deaths
German autobiographers
Publishers
People from Thuringia
Mutten () is a former municipality of the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Mutten merged into the municipality of Thusis.

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Tiefencastel () was a municipality in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It was the capital of the Albula district. It is next to the Albula and Julier passes. In 2013, 254 people lived there.

On 1 January 2015 the municipalities of Alvaschein, Mon, Stierva, Tiefencastel, Alvaneu, Brienz/Brinzauls and Surava joined together to become the new municipality of Albula/Alvra.

Other websites 

 Official Website  

Former municipalities of Graubünden
St. Margrethen (Saint Margrethen/Sankt Margrethen) is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

It is on the border to Austria.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of St. Gallen
Rudolf "Rudi" Gramlich (6 June 1908 – 14 March 1988) was a German football player.

1908 births
1988 deaths
German footballers
Sportspeople from Frankfurt
The Lateran Treaty was established between Benito Mussolini and the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church in the year 1929. It made Vatican City an actual country and gave it independence from the affairs of Italy. Vatican City is one of the smallest countries in the world.

1929 in Europe
Vatican City
1920s treaties
20th century in Italy
Ali Amini (12 September 1905 – 12 December 1992) was an Iranian politician and writer. He was the Prime Minister of Iran from 6 May 1961 to 19 July 1962.

Early life 
Amini was born on 12 September 1905 in Tehran. He was a grandson of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar  through his mother, Fakhr ol dowleh .

Later years and death 
In 1979, Amini moved to Paris,  France. There he headed the Front for the Liberation of Iran, a monarchist opposition group . He complained about internal struggle among the exiled Iranian monachists. He said "We're not even back in Tehran [and] they quarrel over the name of the country's future Prime Minister".

Amini died in Paris on 12 December 1992, aged 87. His body was buried in Passy Cemetery .

Other websites  
 Transcript of Amini interview as part of Harvard Iranian Oral History Project directed by Habib Ladjevardi 

1905 births
1992 deaths
People from Tehran
Prime Ministers of Iran