cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Blake Ellender Lively (née Brown; born August 25, 1987) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and model who is known for her television role as Serena van der Woodsen in Gossip Girl. She is also known for her roles in Accepted, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, The Private Lives of Pippa Lee, The Town, Green Lantern, The Age of Adaline, and Savages.

Lively was born on August 25, 1987 in Tarzana, California. She studied at Beverly Hills High School. She married Ryan Reynolds in September 2012.

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Queen Heonae(; 962-1029) was a queen of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. She was also a politician. She was the second wife of the 5th king, Gyungjong. She was also mother of the 7th king, Mokjong, and the elder sister of the 6th king, Seongjong. Heonae ruled as Regent from 997 to 999 during the early years of her son King Mokjong's reign.

Other websites 
 Queen Heonae:Navercast 
 남성우월 시각이 만든 ‘음탕한 천추태후’ 중앙일보 2009.02.20 
 헌애·헌정 자매의 싸움… 고려 王씨 왕조가 김씨 왕조가 될 뻔 조선일보 2009.09.19 

964 births
1029 deaths
Korean politicians
Murder victims
Autobiographers
Kings and Queens consort
Korean monarchs
Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing DNA or RNA into cells. The word is formed from
transformation and infection. 
The term is used for:
Transformation of bacterial cells with viral nucleic acids
Transformation of animals cells in tissue culture with purified DNA. The DNA is added to the cells' genome.
Transformation of cells or embryos with single or double-stranded RNA. This causes the building of particular proteins, or the silencing of particular genes. 
Gene therapy using a modified virus as a vector.

Transfection can result in unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells. Transfection with RNA molecules produces changes which cannot be permanently transmitted down a line of cells.

DNA constructs 
A DNA construct is an artificially constructed bit of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. It may include a DNA insert, which contains the gene sequence coding for a protein of interest.

The DNA insert is the heart of the molecular biology vector. This is a general term for a vehicle used to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Transfection of animal cells usually involves opening temporary pores (holes) in the cell membrane, to allow the cells to take up the vector.

References 

Cell biology
Genetics
Peter Mark Richman (born Marvin Jack Richman, April 16, 1927 – January 14, 2021) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who was known for his roles in productions like Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear, Friendly Persuasion, Agent for H.A.R.M and Dark Intruder. He also provided his voice in cartoons such as Spider-Man: The Animated Series. His career began in 1949.

Richman was born on April 16, 1927 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Yetta Dora Peck and to Benjamin Richman. Richman studied at the Actors Studio. He married to Helen Richman in 1953. They had five children. Richman died of natural causes on January 14, 2021 at his Los Angeles home, aged 93.

References

Other websites 
 
 Peter Mark Richman Official Site

1927 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from natural causes in the United States
Jewish American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
John Carradine (Richmond Reed Carradine; February 5, 1906 – November 27, 1988) was an American movie, television, voice, stage, and radio actor who is known for his roles in House of Dracula, House of Frankenstein, The Grapes Wrath, Stagecoach, Billy the Kid vs. Dracula, and in House of the Long Shadows. He has won an Daytime Emmy Award.

Carradine was born on February 5, 1906 in New York City, New York. Carradine was married to Ardanelle McCool from 1935 until they divorced in 1944. Then he was married to Sonia Sorel from 1944 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Doris Rich from 1957 until her death in 1971. Then he was last married to Emily Cisneros from 1975 until his death in 1988. He has five children, Bruce (his McCool's son whom he adopted), David, Christopher, Keith and Robert.

Carradine died on November 27, 1988 in Milan, Italy from multiple organ failure, aged 82.

References

Other websites

1906 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Emmy Award winning actors
Addison Mitchell "Mitch" McConnell, Jr. (born February 20, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. A member of the Republican Party, he is the Minority Leader of the Senate, succeeding Chuck Schumer. He is the longest-serving U.S. Senator in Kentucky history.

Early life
Mitch McConnell was born to Julia (née Shockley) and Addison Mitchell McConnell at Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama on February 20, 1942. He grew up in segregated Athens, Alabama. They moved to southern Louisville, Kentucky and McConnell attended the duPont Manual High School. In 1964, he graduated with honors from the University of Louisville with a B.A. in political science. He graduated in 1967 from the University of Kentucky College of Law.

Career
In 1984, McConnell ran for the United States Senate against two-term Democratic incumbent Walter "Dee" Huddleston. The election race wasn't decided until the last polls returned came in, and McConnell won by a thin margin—only 5,200 votes out of more than 1.8 million votes cast, just over 0.4%. 

McConnell was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in the presidential election. Part of McConnell's success came from a series of television campaign spots called "Where's Dee", which featured a group of bloodhounds trying to find Huddleston, implying that Huddleston's attendance record in the Senate was less than stellar. It is likely that he was helped by Ronald Reagan's 21-point win in Kentucky that year. His campaign bumper stickers and television ads asked voters to "Switch to Mitch".

McConnell has repeatedly been found to have the lowest home state approval rating of any sitting senator.

Personal life
McConnell is a member of the Baptist Church. His first wife was Sherrill Redmon, from whom he was later divorced; they have three daughters.  His second wife, whom he married in 1993, is Elaine Chao, the current Secretary of Transportation under Donald Trump and the former Secretary of Labor under George W. Bush (the first Asian American woman to serve in the Cabinet).

Senator McConnell's personal fortune was between $9,839,049 to $44,587,000 in 2010 and he was ranked as the 10th wealthiest member of the U.S. Senate.

References

Other websites
 Senator Mitch McConnell official U.S. Senate site
 Mitch McConnell For U.S. Senate official campaign site

1942 births
Living people
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Kentucky
Lawyers from Alabama
Minority leaders of the United States Senate
Majority leaders of the United States Senate
Politicians from Alabama
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
People from Tuscumbia, Alabama
People from Sheffield, Alabama
Lawyers from Kentucky
Pitchblende is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore. It has a chemical composition that is largely UO2, but also contains UO3 and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements. It is known as pitchblende due to its black color and high density. It is also commonly referred to as Uraninite.  The mineral has been known at least since the 15th century from silver mines in the Ore Mountains, on the German/Czech border.  Pitchblende found in Germany was used by M. Klaproth in 1789 to discover the element uranium.

Pitchblende contains a small amount of radium as a radioactive decay product of uranium. Because the uranium isotopes 238U and   235U will decay to form the lead isotopes 206Pb and 207Pb, pitchblende also always contains small amounts of lead. Small amounts of helium are also present in pitchblend as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in pitchblende after having been discovered  in the Sun's atmosphere.

Occurrence

Pitchblende is a major ore of uranium. Some of the highest grade uranium ores in the world were found in the Shinkolobwe mine in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the initial source for the Manhattan Project) and in the Athabasca Basin in northern Canada.  Another important source of pitchblende is at Great Bear Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada, where it is found in large quantities associated with silver. It also occurs in Australia, Germany, England, and South Africa. In the United States it can be found in the states of New Hampshire, Connecticut, North Carolina, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.

Uranium ore is generally processed close to the mine into yellowcake, which is an intermediate step in the processing of uranium.

Related pages
Thorianite
Uranium ore deposits
List of minerals
List of uranium mines

References

Other websites

Minerals
Larry Hankin (born August 31, 1940) is an American movie, television, radio, stage, voice actor, movie director and movie producer who is known for his role as Mr. Heckles in Friends.

Hankin was born on August 31, 1940 in New York City, New York. He studied at Syracuse University.

References

Other websites
 Official website

 YouTube page

1940 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Actors from New York City
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New York
Theodore Huebner Roethke ( ; May 25, 1908 – August 1, 1963) was an American poet.

Roethke's parents were German immigrants, who settled in Michigan and started a highly prosperous floral business. He was born in Michigan.  He grew up in an atmosphere of greenhouses and plants.  These images stayed with him, and he often alluded to it in his work. 

He was educated at the Michigan State University and then Harvard. He became a teacher and sports coach. He began to publish his poetry later, around 1941, with the publication of Open House. However, according to critics and scholars, he really began to 'mature' with his second book, The Lost Son and Other Poems (1948) which was followed by other critically acclaimed volumes. 

Roethke joined the University of Washington as a lecturer in 1947. He stayed there until his sudden death in 1963. 

Among other prizes and awards, he won the Pulitzer Prize (1953) the Bollinger Prize (1958) and a posthumous National Book Award (1964).

References

1908 births
1963 deaths
Writers from Michigan
American poets
Khan Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, Khan Sahib, OBE (1877–1939) was a prominent magistrate, judge and later MLA, of the NWFP assembly, in British India.

Background 
He was the son of a tribal Tarin (or Tareen) chieftain and cavalry officer, Sardar Habib Khan (1829–1888), Nawab-Bahadur, Risaldar; and was born in Talokar village, near Haripur,  in what was later to be the Hazara area of the NWFP, in British India. After his father's death he was educated by English tutors and then sent to Aitchison College, Lahore for studies. Later, he was sent to England and became a Barrister.

Career 
Abdul Majid Khan Tarin was a Magistrate and Judge in the Punjab service from 1902 to 1934 and then, after his retirement, he joined the All India Muslim League. In 1937 he was elected an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) of the North-West Frontier Province but could not complete his tenure there as he died in September 1939, after a short illness.

Legacy 
His son Khan Abdus Salim Khan was a Pakistani diplomat who was ambassador in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Japan, USA and the UK and his daughter-in-law Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan was later Pakistan's first woman minister during the regime of General Ayub Khan. One of his great-grandsons is the Pakistani poet and scholar, Omer Tarin.

Majid Khan Tarin was also a very active early philanthropist of his area and opened many educational institutions and set up a medical ward for Tuberculosis patients at the Haripur government hospital. His family has continued this charitable tradition.

References 

1877 births
1939 deaths
People of British India
Indian politicians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Indian judges
Muslims
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Khattar is a tribe found in northern part of Punjab mainly in Rawalpindi and Attock districts and some parts of KPK in  Pakistan

Notable people

Pakistan 
 Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, a punjabi muslim administrator in British rule.
 Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, First Prime Minister of Punjab Province in British India.
 Shaukat Hayat Khan, a senior Muslim league politician
 Yawar Hayat Khan senior director/producer of Pakistan Television
 General (retd) Ahsan Azhar Hayat, former senior officer of the Pakistan Army and ex-ambassador to Jordan 
 Major (retd) Tahir Sadiq. (MNA NA-55 and Ex district nazim Attock)
 Ghulam Sarwar Khan. (Federal petroleum minister,MNA NA-59 and senior leader PTI party)

References 

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in India
Pakistani tribes
Punjabi people
Major Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan (1915-1998) was a leader of the All India Muslim League from the Punjab province of British India, later Pakistan; and he worked as a close assistant to Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Independence Movement from circa 1942/43 to 1947.

Background
He was the eldest son of the former Punjabi statesman and leader, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. As a young man, he joined the British Indian Army and served up to the rank of Major before resigning in 1942, on his father's death.

Pakistan Movement
From 1942 to 1947, Khan was active as a leading Punjabi member of the All India Muslim League and assisted the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in the efforts to obtain a separate Muslim nation-state when the British left India. In 1946, he was given the title of Shaukat i Punjab (The pride of the Punjab: a play on his name) by Jinnah himself.

Later politics
After 1947, for quite some time he remained an active political figure and member of parliament. However, gradually between the 1960s and 1980s he became increasingly disillusioned by the corruption and dishonesty of politics in Pakistan and finally quit. He died in September 1998, at Islamabad.

References

1915 births
1998 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Indian politicians
Pakistani politicians
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Muslims
The Aitchison College is Pakistan's most prestigious school and college. It is in the old and historical Punjabi city of Lahore. The school was started during British colonial rule, in 1886. It was first called the 'Punjab Chiefs' School and College'. It is named after Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison, who was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab. Only boys aged 4 to 19 go there.

References

Education in Pakistan
Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Lahore
1886 establishments
19th-century establishments in Pakistan
Kim is a famous children's book.  It is a novel by the Nobel Prize winning English writer, Rudyard Kipling.  It was first published in 1901.

Background
The book is set after the Second Anglo-Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893–98  The novel is notable for its detailed picture of the people, culture, and varied religions of India.

Summary
The novel tells the story of a young Irish orphan, Kimball O'Hara, better known as 'Kim'. He is living in British India and brought up by his ayah (nursemaid) in the old Punjabi city of Lahore (now in Pakistan). Kim meets a Buddhist Lama (priest) and has many exciting adventures, traveling along the Grand Trunk Road. Some other interesting characters in this story are Mahbub Ali, Colonel Creighton, Lurgan-sahib and Hurree Chandar Mukerjee.

Critical View
Kim is Kipling's most important work and a significant work about India and the British Raj, and the famous 'Great Game' of espionage played there between the British Empire and Russia in the 19th century. It is also his most 'enchanting' prose work and may well be compared to other great English literary classics by Geoffrey Chaucer, Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.

References

1901
English novels
English-language novels
1900s books
Children's books
British India
Works by Rudyard Kipling
Maamme (in Finnish) or Vårt land (in Swedish) are the titles of the national anthem of Finland, in the country's two official languages which both mean 'Our Land' in English. In the mid-19th century, the lyrics (words) written by Johan Ludvig Runeberg in what was then known as the Grand Duchy of Finland (while under Russian occupation) were originally in Swedish, and the music—the same one used in Estonia's national anthem Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm—was composed by German-born musician Fredrich Pacius around the same time. In 1889, the anthem was translated into Finnish by poet Paavo Cajander.

Lyrics
The original text to the song has eleven verses, but nowadays only the first and last verses (in bold) are part of the national anthem. However, three verses – the first in Finnish and in Swedish, and the last in Finnish – can be sung if among the singers are Swedes and Finns together.

Phonetic transcriptions

Trivia
The national anthem of Estonia, Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm, and the ethnic anthem of the Livonians, Min izāmō, use the melody of Maamme.

References

Finland
National anthems
1848 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Finland
WebCite is a service that archives web pages. A user asks WebCite to archive a certain URL, and then WebCite will make a copy of what the page looks like at that time. Authors use this when writing citations. If the webpage changes or is removed ("link rot"), there is still a copy on WebCite. This is very important when writing papers for academic journals or for school. Using the WebCite service is free (it costs no money.)

WebCite saves many kinds of internet content. Some of these are:
 HTML web pages
 PDF files
 CSS style sheets
 JavaScript
 digital images (pictures)
It also saves some information ("metadata") about the original content. This information includes the time it was saved, the MIME type, and how long it is. This information is useful because it can prove that the archive version is authentic.

Sources 

Websites
jQuery is a JavaScript library created to make it easier and simpler to write JavaScript and HTML. It works on most web browsers and was invented by John Resig. The first release was in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC. Today there is a team of developers working on jQuery, which is led by Dave Methvin.

Today, more than 55% of the 10,000 most-visited websites use jQuery, hence it is the most popular JavaScript library being used today. It is free and open source software and licensed under the MIT License.

jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to write complicated JavaScript. Some things that are easier to do using jQuery are:
 navigate (move around) a web page
 select (choose) elements on a web page using the Document Object Model
 create animations
 handle events like user actions
 create Ajax applications.
It also allows developers to make their own jQuery plug-ins. 

Companies like Microsoft and Nokia have said that they are going to include jQuery on their mobile platforms. In addition, Microsoft is including jQuery in its Visual Studio software to use with the ASP.NET AJAX framework and ASP.NET MVC Framework. Nokia has included it in their Web Run-Time widget development platform. jQuery has also been used in MediaWiki since version 1.16.

Release history

References

Other websites
 
 Quick API Reference
 jQuery UI
 

JavaScript
Free software
Little Mix are a British girl band consisting of Perrie Edwards, Leigh-Anne Pinnock and Jade Thirlwall. Former member Jesy Nelson left the band in December 2020 due to mental health issues.   They are the winners of the 2011 series of Britain's television competition The X Factor. Their winning single was called 'Cannonball' peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart becoming their first number-one single. Their first album was released on 18 November 2012 and is called 'DNA'.

The band has sold over 60 million records making them one of the best-selling girl groups of all-time. Little Mix was the first girl band to win The X Factor.

The X Factor
Little Mix entered the competition as four separate acts in the "Girls" category. They were put together as a group by the judges later on in the competition. They were originally called Rhythmix. Their mentor in the competition was Tulisa Contostavlos, an R&B singer and songwriter best known as part of hip hop trio N-Dubz. Little Mix won the competition in December 2011, beating Marcus Collins and Amelia Lily in the final.

Singles
"Cannonball" (December 2011) - The X Factor Winners Single - Peaked at No.1 on charts
"Wings" (May 2012) - Peaked at No.1 on charts
"DNA" (October 2012) - Peaked at No.3 on charts
"Change Your Life" (January 2013) - Peaked at No.12 on charts
"How Ya Doin'?" (April 2013) - Peaked at No.16 on charts
"Move" (November 2013) - Peaked at No.3 on charts
"Little Me" (November 2013) - Peaked at No.14 on charts
"Word up" (March 2014) - Peaked at No.6 on charts
"Salute" (May 2014) - Peaked at No.6 on the charts
"Black Magic" (July 2015) - Peaked at No.1 on the charts 
"Love Me Like You" (October 2015) - Peaked at No.11 on the charts
"Secret Love Song" (February 2016) 
"Hair" (April 2016) - Peaked at No. 11 on the charts
"Shout Out To My Ex" (October 2016)
"Touch" (December 2016)
"No More Sad Songs" (March 2017)
"Power" (May 2017)
"Reggaeton lento (Remix)"  (August 2017)
"Only You" (June 2019)
"Woman Like Me" (October 2018)
"Think About Us" (January 2019)
"Bounce Back" (June 2019)
"Break Up Song" (March 2020)
"Holiday" (July 2020)
"Sweet Melody" (October 2020)
"Confetti" (April 2021)
"Heartbreak Anthem" (May 2021)

Other websites
Official website 

2011 establishments in England
2010s British music groups
British girl groups
English R&B bands
English pop music groups
English hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 2011
Musical groups from London
The X Factor winners
The marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) is a small wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Its head and body length is 45 – 62 cm (18 - 24") and it weighs 2 – 5 kg (4 - 11 lb). 

Genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related with the Asian golden cat and the bay cat, which diverged from the other felids about 9.4 million years ago. Therefore, it may probably be transferred to the genus Catopuma.

Description 
Its tail is extremely long and bushy. The background color of its fur varies from dark gray-brown through yellowish gray to red-brown. The flanks and back are strikingly marked with large, irregular, dark-edged blotches. The legs and underparts are marked with black dots, and the tail is marked with black spots and rings. There are spots on the forehead and crown, which merge into narrow longitudinal stripes on the neck and irregular stripes on the back.

Habitat 
The marbled cat is found in northern India, Nepal, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in China, and south through Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Borneo. Throughout its range it is thought to be rare, although it has also been suggested that the perception of the marbled cat's rarity may be caused by its secretive nature and its preference for remote forest areas.

References 

Mammals of Asia
Felines
Cheng Shuang (; born February 11, 1987) is a Chinese female aerial skier who took part in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Cheng won the gold medal at the 2011 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships.

References

1987 births
Living people
Chinese sportspeople
Skiers
Hakim Ahmad Shuja MBE (1893-1969) was an Urdu poet, playwright, scholar and early movie writer and lyricist of British India, later Pakistan.

He was born in Lahore's old 'walled city'. Shuja wrote about the history and ethos of its Bhaati Gate and Bazaar i Hakiman areas in his memoirs Lahore ka Chelsea(circa 1960s). He is accounted to be one of the old city's notable Lahoris.

He is best known today for writing the screenplays for many early Indian and Pakistani movies and for composing romantic lyrics and songs for some of them. His son, Anwar Kamal Pasha, later became a major Pakistani film director and producer.

References

1893 births
1969 deaths
Muslims
Urdu poets
Indian screenwriters
Pakistani writers
Lyricists
Cinema of Pakistan
Members of the Order of the British Empire
"Wide Awake" is a song by American pop singer-songwriter Katy Perry. The single was released May 22, 2012, via Capitol Records as the second and final single from Teenage Dream: The Complete Connection, a re-release of Perry's third studio album, Teenage Dream. The song was well acclaimed by music critics, many of whom gave the maturity of Perry as a reason for citing. The song hit number 1 in several countries, including Canada, Poland, New Zealand, and Venezuela, while it peaked at number 2 in the United States. The single is among a string of hits by Perry. It is an electronic song about moving on and taking hardships when breaking up.  The song was certified quintuple-platinum in the US for sales and streams of over five million copies.  It ranked at number 15 on Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 of 2012 in the US.

Music video
The video for "Wide Awake" begins with Perry behind the scenes on the set of the music video for "California Gurls".  She goes to her dressing room and stares at her reflection in the mirror.  Perry is then seen in a dark forest, holding a lantern and trying to escape it like a maze.  She meets a younger version of herself and eats a strawberry from a tree, which poisons her.  Later, Katy and her younger self exit to find Katy's "Prince Charming" who crosses his fingers behind his back in distrust.  Katy punches him, and her younger self is seen riding away on a bike with a name plate reading "Katheryn," Katy Perry's first name.  The video ends with Katy singing "Teenage Dream" on the California Dreams Tour.

References 

2012 songs
Katy Perry songs
Taufiq Rafat was born in 1927 in Sialkot. He got his education from  Dehra Dun, Aligarh and Lahore. He was a famous Pakistani poet and writer as well. He was regarded as pioneer of English language poetry and writing in Pakistan. He has depicted the real culture of Pakistan in his writings. He was an admirer of Ezra Pound, T. S Eliot and W. H Auden. Taufiq Rafat is the one poet whose work has appeared in all three of Pakistan's major anthologies. First Voices (1965), Pieces of Eight (1971) and Wordfall (1975). He also wrote a full-length play in verse: The Foothold, which remains unpublished but was performed by The Government College Dramatic Club in Lahore. He has been a guide, mentor and critic to many younger poets. His major work is considered his collection of poems Arrival of the Monsoon.  He also translated the epic Puran Bhagat (1983) of Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah and Qadir Yar into lyrical English.

1927 births
1998 deaths
Daud Kamal (1935–1987) was a Pakistani poet and academic, from Peshawar city. He was a Professor of English Literature at University of Peshawar.

References

1935 births
1987 deaths
Pakistani people
Pakistani writers
People from Peshawar
Alamgir Hashmi (also Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi; born 15 November 1951) is a significant Pakistani poet who writes in English.   His poems have received critical acclaim. 

He lived many years abroad and is now based in Islamabad, Pakistan.

References

1951 births
Living people
Pakistani people
Pakistani writers
This is a list of writers from Pakistan. It is only partly complete. It includes writers of both fiction and non-fiction, writing in any language.



A
Agha Shorish Kashmiri
Ahmad Ali
Ahmad Faraz, Urdu poet
Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi
Akhtar Raza Saleemi
Aijaz Ahmad Mangi
Alamgir Hashmi, poet
Alauddin Masood
Altaf Fatima
Ali Moeen
Altaf Gauhar
Amar Jaleel
Amjad Islam Amjad
Amjad Parvez
Anna Molka Ahmed, poet
Anwar Maqsood
Anwaar Ahmad
Anwer Zahidi
Ashfaq Ahmed
Arshad Sharif
Ata ul Haq Qasmi

B
Bano Qudsia
Bapsi Sidhwa, fiction writer
Bina Shah, fiction writer
Bushra Rahman

C
Chaudhry Afzal Haq
Colonel Muhammad Khan

D
Daud Kamal, poet

E
 Ehsan Sehgal

F
Faiz Ahmad Faiz
Farooq Qaiser
Fatima Surayya Bajia
Muhammad Farooq
Fatima Bhutto
Farman Fatehpuri

G
Ghazala Rafi
Ghulam Muhammad Qasir

H
Hajra Masroor
Hakim Ahmad Shuja
Hakim Said
Hina Faisal Imam, poet

I
Ibn-e-Insha
Idris Azad
Iftikhar Arif
Ihsan Danish
Imdad Hussaini
Imtiaz Ali Taj
Intizar Hussain
Ishtiaq Ahmed
Ibn-e-Safi
Israr Ahmed

J
Javed Chaudhry
Janbaz Mirza
Jazib Qureshi
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
Jocelyn Orc-Saeed

K
Khadija Mastoor
Khalid Hussein
Kaleem Omar, poet
Kamila Shamsie, fiction writer
Khakan Sajid
Kishwar Naheed

M
Mahmood Shaam
Maki Kureishi, poet
Masood Ashraf Raja
Mazhar ul Islam
Mohammed Hanif, fiction writer
Muhammad Iqbal, National poet of Pakistan
Muhammad Asad  
Muhammad Taqi Usmani
Mohsin Bhopali
Mohsin Hamid, fiction writer
Muhammad Asim Butt
Muhammad Munawwar Mirza
Muhammad Umar Memon
Mumtaz Mufti
Muneeza Shamsie
Muniruddin Ahmed
Musharraf Ali Farooqi
Mustansar Hussain Tarar
Mushtaq Ahmed Yousfi
M. Athar Tahir

N
Nadeem Aslam, fiction writer
Najam Hussain Syed
Naseem Hijazi
Nasir Kazmi

O
Allama Kaukab Noorani Okarvi
Omer Tarin, poet
Osman Khalid Butt

P
Patras Bokhari
Partawi Shah

Q
Qudrat Ullah Shahab
Qurat-ul-Ain Haider

R
Raees Warsi
Rahim Gul
Rasheed Ahmed Siddique
Rasheed Hasrat

S
Saadat Hasan Manto
Saeed Rashid
Sarfraz Manzoor
Shaikh Ayaz
Shaukat Siddiqui
Shaukat Thanvi
Shafiq-ur-Rehman
Sheikh fasih uddin

T
Tanwir Phool
Tariq Ismail Sagar
Tahir Alauddin
Tahir Naqvi
Tariq Rahman
Taufiq Rafat, poet

U
Umera Ahmed
Usman Peerzada

W
Waqas Ahmad Khwaja, poet
Wasif Ali Wasif
Wazir Agha

Z
Zaib-un-nissa Hamidullah
Zulfikar Ghose, fiction writer
Zulkaif Riaz
Zafar Mairaj

Other websites

 
Lists of writers by nationality
Writers
The Gheba tribe are a tribe from the Punjab, mostly located in the Fateh Jang Tehsil of Attock District of Pakistan. They are generally classified as Rajput. But some of them claim that they are Barlas Mughals in Census Report 1901

Origins 
The origins of the Ghebas is subject to some dispute or controversy for quite some time; according to most scholars, historians and early British Indian administrators of their native areas, the Ghebas, like their close kin the Jodhra tribe and Alpial, are of Hindu origins, probably Rajputs. They were at one time spread out over a broader area, in both Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa areas of what is now Pakistan but over time, their main population came to live in Attock and Rawalpindi districts of northern Punjab. They were most probably descended from one Raja Dayanand, a Chauhan Rajput, through Rai Shankar, whose offspring 'Rai Gheba' converted to Islam and was given the title of 'Gheba Khan'. They have been Muslims since then and sizable landowners in the districts they live in.

There is another view, often believed by some Gheba families, that they are not really Rajputs or Jatts but are Barlas Mughals, although this view is not historically substantiated.

Villages 
Whatever their origins, the Ghebas continue to be among the biggest landowners of northern Punjab, in present-day Pakistan. Their biggest and most important village in Attock area is Kot Fateh Khan, which is part of the Jagir estate of the Sardar of Kot.

Occupations 
Most of the Ghebas are landowners and engaged in agricultural activities.

Related pages

References 

Punjabi people
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
The Jodhra are  a North Punjabi Rajput tribe who are located in Punjab's district of Attock, they are densely populated in Tehsil Pindi Gheb. Jodhra Rajputs are closely allied with the Ghebas,Khans of Makhad.

Sir Lepel Griffins book extensively talks about their history and characteristics. 
The Jodhra tribe converted to Islam in the hand of Mahmud of Ghazni, they came to Attock in the end 16th Century and got their hands on  much of the land of north Punjab mainly the 'illaquas' of Sohan, Sill, Talagang and Chakwal. The Jodhra were independent Chiefs keeping up a large body of armed retainers. They saw their peak in the times of Malik Aulia Khan after which owing to family feuds and other causes the tribe has lost much of its original prosperity.
Their fights with Gheba tribe were an essential part of their history and were known as 'arch-rivals' and enemies but now the two tribes inter-marry and are on friendly terms.In Sir Lepel Griffins book it is stated that the Jodhra are men of principles who could kill for their prestige, they are strong, proud of their culture and traditions. They also breed horses and are fond of hawking and field sports, they prefer service in cavalry to infantry. 
There are two major and powerful jodhra families in Pindi Gheb and Khunda: "The Kamrial Family" & "The Khunda Family"

"The Kamrial Family" is a prominent family not only in Attock but in whole Pakistan, their business spreads all over Pakistan plus they are landlords and also politicians.
The Kamrial Family's chief or the "Gaddi Nasheen" is Malik Sajjad Khan Kamrial as he is the elder son of Malik Ahmed Khan who was the previous "Pagg Dastaar", Malik Shabbar khan is Malik Ahmed Khan's younger son who is currently the deputy Chief of 'Citizen Police Liaison Committee'. This family is not small Malik Ahmed Khan's younger brother Malik Lal Khan was a prominent politician and two time MNA who also became Parliamentary secretary before the military coup of General Musharraf. Malik Lal Khan's elder son Malik Sohail khan is currently MNA and was previously vice chairman of district Attock and is Pakistan Muslim League's strong candidate.
This family is very strong not only in Attock but in whole Pakistan but it is said that they hold grudges among themselves.

"The Khunda Family" is also a very prominent family who are landlords and politicians, they and the Kamrial family go along well. Their main man was Malik Allahyar Khan who was rumored to be the Chief Minister of Punjab, his younger brother Malik Atta Muhammad khan who is the chief of Khunda family was also Attock district's chairman. Malik Allahyar Khan's younger son Malik Aitebar Khan is a previous MPA and MNA, his elder brother Malik Sheheryar Khan also contested 2018's general election, he has also been a civil officer. 

The jodhra are strong and powerful in Attock who use the Title Malik which was traditionally 'MALAK'.

References

Punjabi people
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan (May 1913 – June 2007) was an early pioneer woman social activist of Pakistan, especially active in promoting women's rights and their access to better educational and health facilities. She briefly remained Pakistan's first woman cabinet minister during the General Ayub Khan regime, between 1962 and 1967, before quitting politics and returning full-time to public service. 

She died on 17 June 2007 aged 94 years.

References

1913 births
2007 deaths
Pakistani people
Pakistani politicians
Activists
Amir Ahmed Khan, Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad (5 November 1914 – 14 October 1973) was a prominent politician and leader of the All India Muslim League, during the Pakistan Movement.  He was against the partition of India. When the Muslim League passed the resolution at Lahore for a separate Pakistan, he stood against it and formed All India Jamhur Muslim League to counter the move. The first session of this party was held at Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Raja Saheb was elected its President and Dr. Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi as General Secretary.
Later on he changed his mind under the influence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and supported the idea of a separate Muslim state. He said that "...the idea of a separate Muslim state in India [sic] stirred the imagination of the Muslims as nothing else had done before." Khan migrated to Pakistan. He did not like the political turmoil in Pakistan, so he moved to Iraq and finally to England. He was Director of the Islamic Cultural Centre in London. He died in London in 1973. Later on his descendants went back to live in India.

References 

1914 births
1973 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Princes and princesses
Pakistan Movement
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot (1883 - March 28, 1942) was a Punjabi landowner and supporter of the All India Muslim League (AIML) in its demand for a separate Pakistan. In March 1940, he was one of the principal hosts for the AIML's famous Lahore Conference.

Punjabi people
Pakistani politicians
1942 deaths
1883 births
Muslim League
Sir Abdullah Haroon (1873–1942) was a Muslim League leader from Sindh province of British India, and active in the Pakistan Movement. 

1873 births
1942 deaths

People of British India
Indian politicians
Muslims
Pakistan Movement
Muslim League
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Kensington is a district in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It may also be:

Places

In Australia 
 Kensington, New South Wales
 Kensington, Western Australia
 Kensington, Victoria
 Kensington railway station, Melbourne
 Kensington, South Australia
 Kensington Gardens, South Australia
 Kensington Park, South Australia

In Canada 
 Kensington, Calgary, a neighbourhood of central Calgary, Alberta
 Kensington Market in Toronto
 Kensington, Prince Edward Island
 Kensington (Edmonton), a neighborhood in Edmonton, Alberta
 Kensington Park (Burnaby), British Columbia

In New Zealand 
 Kensington, New Zealand, a suburb of Dunedin

In South Africa 
 Kensington, Gauteng
 Kensington, Cape Town

In the United Kingdom 
 Kensington, London
 Kensington (UK Parliament constituency)
 North Kensington
 South Kensington
 West Kensington, London
 West Kensington tube station
 Kensington Gardens
 Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
 Metropolitan Borough of Kensington
 Kensington and Chelsea parks and open spaces
 Kensington Gardens
 Kensington Palace was the home of Princess Diana
 Kensington, Liverpool

In the United States
Kensington, California (San Francisco Bay Area)
Kensington, San Diego, California
Kensington, Connecticut
Kensington, Illinois
Kensington, Kansas
Kensington, Maryland
Kensington, Michigan
Kensington, Minnesota
Kensington, New Hampshire
Kensington, New York (Long Island)
Kensington, Brooklyn, New York
Kensington, Ohio
New Kensington, Pennsylvania
Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
West Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Olde Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kensington District, Pennsylvania

Roads

London 
 Kensington Gore, location of the Royal Albert Hall
 Kensington High Street
 Kensington Road
 Kensington Palace Gardens contains some of the grandest and most expensive houses in the world

Elsewhere 
 Kensington Road, Adelaide

Other items 
Kensington may also be:
 Kensington Books, a publishing company
 Kensington Expressway, an expressway in Buffalo, New York
 Kensington (game), a board game
 Kensington (MARTA station), a passenger rail station in Decatur, Georgia
 Kensington Market, a Canadian musical group 
 Kensington, a Dutch musical group 
 Kensington Oval, a major cricket stadium located in Bridgetown, Barbados
 Kensington Prairie Elementary School in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
 Kensington Pride (mango), a commercial mango cultivar from Australia.
 The Kensington Runestone, a rune stone found in Minnesota, possibly carved by Viking explorers or a hoax
 Kensington Computer Products Group, a security and computer accessories company
 their Kensington Security Slot, a slot and lock system for securing computer hardware
 Kensington MARC Station, A Commuter Rail station in Kensington, Maryland
 Kensington/115th Street (Metra), a commuter railroad station in Chicago, Illinois
 KenSingTon, the company who made fake games consoles such as the Vii
Molana Muhammad Akram Khan (1869–1968) was a Muslim scholar and religious-political figure of British India who supported the Pakistan Movement. 

1869 births
1968 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Muslims
Religious leaders
People of British India
Pakistan Movement
Saadullah Khan Umarzai (1880-1948) was a Pashtun political figure from the NWFP region of British India and active in the Muslim demand for a separate state of Pakistan. 

1880 births
1948 deaths
Pakistani politicians
People of British India
Pakistan Movement
Malik Barkat Ali (April 1885 - 5 April 1946) was an Indian politician, lawyer and journalist.

Early life 
Malik was from Lahore, Punjab, British India.

Career 
Ali supported the All India Muslim League at first. Later, he developed more radical and extreme Islamic views. 

1885 births
1946 deaths
Indian journalists
Indian politicians
Indian lawyers
People from Lahore
The Riemann sphere is a mathematical model of the extended complex plane. The model is named after Bernhard Riemann. The extended complex plane is the plane of the complex numbers, plus a point at infinity. With this model, this point at infinity is "close" to very large numbers in the same way zero is "close" to very small ones. The extended complex numbers are useful for Complex analysis: in certain cases, the division by zero is "well-behaved", in the sense that dividing by zero gives this point at infinity. With this model, it is possible to change certain functions, so that they become continuous, which simplifies calculation.

In geometry, the Riemann sphere is a simple example of a Riemann surface. It is also one of the simplest complex manifolds.

Mathematics
Geometry
In geometry, a stereographic projection is a function that maps the points of a sphere onto a plane. The projection is defined on the entire sphere, except for one point, called the projection point.

Intuitively, the stereographic projection is a way of picturing a sphere as a plane, with some inevitable compromises. Because the sphere and the plane appear in many areas of mathematics and its applications, so does the stereographic projection; it finds use in diverse fields including complex analysis, cartography, geology, and photography. In practice, the projection is carried out by computer or by hand using a special kind of graph paper called a stereonet or Wulff net.

A simple example of such a projection, encountered in everyday life is the sun casting a shadow of a globe onto the ground. 

Map projections
P.G. Wodehouse, in full Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 - 14 February 1975) was an English comic novelist, short-story writer and playwright, best known as the creator of the 'Jeeves' character and series of novels. He was born in Guildford, Surrey. He died of a heart attack in Southampton, New York.

Inspiration
Wodehouse claims to have gotten inspiration for his characters by being like them: born into a rich family, and inheriting much money, making him rich and financially free. 

1881 births
1975 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English novelists
English playwrights
Writers from Surrey
Sardar Aurangzeb Khan (1899-1965) was a politician from the Dera Ismail Khan district of NWFP, British India. He belonged to the Gandapur Pashtun tribe and belonged to a landowning family. 

Khan joined the All India Muslim League party in 1937 and in the same year was appointed to the NWFP Legislative Assembly. In 1940, he was one of the provincial delegates to the Lahore session of the League and was a member of the Working Committee  set up there to draft what was to become the 'Lahore Resolution'. 

Between 1943-45 he also briefly remained provincial Chief Minister before being removed. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he served for some time as the new country's ambassador to Burma.

1899 births
1965 deaths
Muslim League
Pakistani politicians
People of British India
Ambassadors
Ursus is a genus in the family Ursidae (bears) that includes the widely distributed brown bears, the polar bear, and black bears. The name comes from the Latin ursus, meaning bear.

Ursidaes
The savant syndrome is a rare condition in which people with neurodevelopmental disorders, notably autism spectrum disorders, and/or brain injuries, demonstrate profound and prodigious capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal. In spite of the name syndrome, it is not recognized as a mental disorder, or as a part of mental disorder. In simple terms these are very gifted individuals with fewer than 50 alive today.

Characteristics
These individuals in some cases may not be able to tie their shoes, however they may memorize an entire book in days.

Notable savants
The following are well-known people with savant syndrome, noted for their talent in their identified fields: 
 Wesley Willis, American musician, savant levels of visual recall.
 Kim Peek, mnemonist, speed reader and calculator, although not autistic
 Mark Boerebach, Australian internet Disk jockey, subject of the documentary Rainman goes to Rockwiz
 Alonzo Clemons, American clay sculptor
 Tony DeBlois, blind American musician
 Leslie Lemke, blind American musician
 Jonathan Lerman, American artist
 Thristan Mendoza, Filipino marimba prodigy
 Gottfried Mind, Swiss artist known as the "Raphael of Cats"
 Derek Paravicini, blind British musician
 Anthony Torrone, American Christian writer
 Gilles Tréhin, artist, author
 James Henry Pullen, gifted British carpenter
 Matt Savage, American autistic jazz prodigy
 Henriett Seth F., Hungarian autistic savant, poet, writer, and artist
 Stephen Wiltshire, British architectural artist
 Richard Wawro, British artist
 George and Charles Finn, calendar calculator twins
 Florence 'Flo' and Katherine 'Kay' Lyman, calendar calculator twins. Featured in a documentary produced by TV network TLC entitled Twin Savants: Flo & Kay
 Jason D. Padgett, American mathematical artist
 Daniel Tammet, British author.
 Rex Lewis-Clack, blind American pianist.
 Blind Tom Wiggins, blind African American pianist.
 Orlando Serrell, sudden savant, calendrical calculation, mnemonist, featured on English version of Expedition ins Gehirn.

References

Other websites
 The Wisconsin Medical Society lists 29 savant profiles .

Giftedness
Syndromes
Dr Jason Kelly Hughes (born 21 October 1943 in Glastonbury, UK) is currently a senior lecturer at Brunel University in West London. Previously he worked at the Centre for Labour Market Studies at the University of Leicester and is a Prodigious Savant. 

Hughes's current research interests include the sociology of emotions; the sociology of the body and health; sociological theory; and organisational sociology. Specifically he has written about emotional reflexivity in the ‘new’ workplace; emotional labour and aesthetic labour; new managerial discourses, particularly emotional intelligence, high performance work practices, knowledge management, and organisational learning. In addition he has also published a book on smoking called “Learning to Smoke.” Hughes has also written extensively about the work of Norbert Elias, social Darwinism and linguistics. His other interests include evolutionary biology, as well as collecting antique clocks, sundials, ear trumpets and other novelties.

References 

1943 births
British academics
Living people
British sociologists
English people