cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Satyagraha ( satyāgraha) is the idea of non-violent resistance (fighting with peace) started by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as "Mahatma" Gandhi). Gandhi used satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggle in South Africa. 

Satyagraha helped shape Nelson Mandela's struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s campaigns during the civil rights movement in the United States, and many other similar movements.  Someone who does satyagraha is a satyagraha.

He also used in his peculiar movements and numerous non - violent struggles in the motherland of India. Like Daandi March, Non - Cooperation Movement, Salt March; etc.

Meaning of the term

The word Satyagraha is from the Sanskrit words satya meaning truth and Agraha insistence", or "holding firmly to"). For Gandhi, Satyagraha went far beyond just "passive resistance" (resisting without taking action) according to him it was a moral force born of truth and non-violence. His non-violence also became his strength. He said that he chose the name because Truth means Love, and Insistence means Force, and the Sanskrit name showed it was a force born from Truth and Love (non-violence).

He also wrote that he liked the term "Civil Resistance" better than "Civil disobedience". Gandhi also translated it as "love force" or "soul force".

Idea of Satyagraha
Main Points of Satyagraha 
In Satyagraha', the goal, Gandhi said, is to change the mind of the wrong-doer, not to force him.  Winning means getting along with the enemy to make what is wrong right again, which they might not realize is wrong. For this to happen, the enemy's mind must change to realize that he is stopping a goal that is right.

 Nonviolence (ahimsa)
 Truth — this includes honesty, but also means living fully for what is true, and agreeing with it
 Not stealing
 Chastity (brahmacharya) — this means keeping moral sexually, but also giving more attention to following truth than to satisfying urges.   
 Non-possession or nor owning (not the same as being poor)
 Body-labor or bread-labor
 Not eating much that is not good
 Not being afraid
 Equal respect for all religions
 Fighting with boycotts (not spending or buying from those who are a problem)
 Freedom from untouchability, or the idea of a caste (a group of people with the same amounts of money and power) that is so low that it "cannot be touched".

Another time, Gandhi gave seven important rules: A satyagrahi:
 must have a living faith in God
 must believe in truth and non-violence, and have faith in the goodness of human nature 
 must be leading a chaste (moral) life, and be willing to die or lose all he owns
 must be a khadi wearer and spinner
 must stay away from alcohol
 must follow all other rules of discipline he gave them .
 if he is put in jail, he must obay the jail rules, unless they are specially made to hurt his self-respect

 References

 Other websites 
 'Satyagraha 100 Years Later', with Arun Gandhi from Democracy Now!'''
 The Story of Satyagraha by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat

India
Philosophy
Peace
Violence
Binter Canarias is an airline operating in the Canary Islands, part of Spain. Their headquarters is on the island of Gran Canaria. Most of their flights are between the islands of the Canary Islands.

Binter Canarias flies to Morocco and Madeira as well as to all seven Canary Islands

The Binter Canarias fleet is 21 ATR-72s. 3 of them are the older 200 series and the other 18 are the newer 500 series.

Airlines of Spain
Canary Islands
Air Europa is a Spanish airline based on the Balearic island of Mallorca. It operates flights within Spain but also to other places in Europe and further away, it concentrates on the holiday market.

Destinations 

Air Europa flies to destinations in Europe, Africa and both North and South America.

Fleet 
The Air Europa fleet is:

6x Airbus A330-200
26x Boeing 737-800
2x Boeing 767-300ER
6x Embraer E-195

Airlines of Spain
Air Nostrum (trading as Iberia Regional) is a regional airline based in Spain. It is not actually owned by Iberia however it works in very close partnership with them. Another interesting fact is that Air Nostrum's main base is Valencia Airport, not Madrid Airport the main base of Iberia Airlines.

Destinations 

As well as flying to many airports in Spain Air Nostrum operates flights to other European countries, for example Italy, Belgium, France, Croatia and Portugal.

Fleet 

Air Nostrum has a total fleet size of 70 aeroplanes:

 5x ATR 72-500
 35x Bombardier CRJ200
 11x Bombardier CRJ900
 19x Bombardier Dash-8 -Q300

Airlines of Spain
Cycads are seed plants whose fossils are first found in the early Permian period.

They were very common in the Mesozoic era, the age of the dinosaurs, and are still living, but are now much less common. Only 9 genera (about 100 species) of cycads are found to be extant nowadays. Cycads are thought to have evolved from order Pteridospermae (seed ferns) of angiosperms, now totally extinct.

They are different from most plants because they have large crowns of compound leaves and a stout trunk. They are evergreen, dioecious plants having large pinnately compound leaves. 

They are frequently confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are only distantly related to both, and instead belong to the division Cycadophyta.

Cycads are gymnosperms (naked seeded). Their unfertilized seeds are open to the air to be directly fertilized by pollination. This contrasts with angiosperms, which have enclosed seeds and more complex fertilization arrangements. Cycads have very specialized pollinators, usually a specific species of beetle. 

They have been reported to fix nitrogen in association with various cyanobacteria living in the roots (the "coralloid" roots). 

These photosynthetic cyanobacteria produce a neurotoxin called BMAA that is found in the seeds of cycads. This neurotoxin may enter a  human food chain if the cycad seeds are eaten, and may cause some neurological diseases.

Notes 

Gymnosperms
Manuel Pasqual (born 13 March 1982) is an Italian football player. He plays for Fiorentina.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||Derthona||Nazionale Dilettanti||0||0
|-
|2000/01||Pordenone||Serie D||30||1
|-
|2001/02||Treviso||Serie C1||2||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Arezzo||rowspan="3"|Serie C1||10||0
|-
|2002/03||31||1
|-
|2003/04||28||1
|-
|2004/05||Serie B||38||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Fiorentina||rowspan="5"|Serie A||35||1
|-
|2006/07||34||0
|-
|2007/08||29||0
|-
|2008/09||19||1
|-
|2009/10||||
256||5
256||5
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Enzo Maresca (born 10 February 1980) is an Italian football player. He plays for Olympiacos.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|West Bromwich Albion||rowspan="2"|First Division||22||2||||||||||colspan="2"|-||22||2
|-
|1999/00||19||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3

|-
|2000/01||Juventus||Serie A||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||1||0
|-
|2000/01||Bologna||Serie A||23||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2001/02||Juventus||Serie A||16||1||4||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||28||2
|-
|2002/03||Piacenza||Serie A||31||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||9
|-
|2003/04||Juventus||Serie A||20||3||7||0||colspan="2"|-||2||1||29||4
|-
|2004/05||Fiorentina||Serie A||25||6||3||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||28||7

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="4"|Sevilla||rowspan="4"|La Liga||29||8||2||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3||42||11
|-
|2006/07||25||2||7||1||colspan="2"|-||8||3||40||6
|-
|2007/08||21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||30||1
|-
|2008/09||21||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||5||0||29||3

|-
|2009/10||Olympiacos||Super League||||||||||||||||||||
41||5||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||42||5
116||19||14||1||colspan="2"|-||10||1||140||21
96||13||16||2||colspan="2"|-||29||6||141||21
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
253||37||31||3||0||0||39||7||323||47

1980 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Calum Davenport (born 1 January 1983) is an English footballer.

On 22 August 2009, Davenport was stabbed by his sister's boyfriend, who was convicted of grievous bodily harm with intent for the attack.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Coventry City||Premier League||1||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|First Division||3||0
|-
|2002/03||32||3
|-
|2003/04||33||0
|-
|2004/05||League Championship||6||0
|-
|2004/05||Tottenham Hotspur||Premier League||1||0
|-
|2004/05||West Ham United||League Championship||10||0
|-
|2004/05||Southampton||Premier League||7||0
|-
|2005/06||Tottenham Hotspur||Premier League||4||0
|-
|2005/06||Norwich City||League Championship||15||1
|-
|2006/07||Tottenham Hotspur||Premier League||10||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||6||0
|-
|2007/08||0||0
|-
|2007/08||Watford||League Championship||1||0
|-
|2008/09||West Ham United||Premier League||7||1
|-
|2008/09||Sunderland||Premier League||8||0
|-
|2009/10||West Ham United||Premier League||||
144||6
144||6
|}

1983 births
Living people
British crime victims
English footballers
Sportspeople from Bedfordshire
Premier League players
Gary O'Neil (born 18 May 1983) is an English football player. He plays for Middlesbrough.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Portsmouth||rowspan="4"|First Division||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2000/01||10||1||0||0||2||0||12||1
|-
|2001/02||33||1||1||0||1||0||35||1
|-
|2002/03||31||3||1||0||1||0||33||3
|-
|2003/04||Premier League||3||2||0||0||2||0||5||2
|-
|2003/04||Walsall||First Division||7||0||0||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|2004/05||Portsmouth||Premier League||24||2||2||0||2||0||28||2
|-
|2004/05||Cardiff City||League Championship||9||1||0||0||0||0||9||1
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Portsmouth||rowspan="3"|Premier League||36||6||2||0||1||1||39||7
|-
|2006/07||35||1||2||0||0||0||37||1
|-
|2007/08||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||26||0||3||0||0||0||29||0
|-
|2008/09||29||4||4||0||2||0||35||4
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||
246||21||15||0||12||1||273||22
246||21||15||0||12||1||273||22
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
English footballers
People from the London Borough of Bromley
Sportspeople from London
Premier League players
Yuki Fukaya (born 1 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||32||1||2||0||5||0||39||1
|-
|2006||31||1||2||0||5||1||38||2
|-
|2007||31||3||2||0||5||1||38||3
|-
|2008||32||1||0||0||9||0||41||1
|-
|2009||14||1||2||0||3||0||19||1
|-
|2010||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
140||7||8||0||27||2||175||9
140||7||8||0||27||2||175||9
|}

References
Omiya Ardija

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Aichi Prefecture
is a Japanese football player.

Biography
Yamamoto was born in Shizuoka on July 10, 1985. He joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse from their youth team in 2004. He played many matches from 2008. In 2013, he moved to J2 League club Vissel Kobe. He played many matches and Vissel was promoted to J1 from 2014. However he lost his position in 2016. From 2017, he played for JEF United Chiba, Yokohama FC, Roasso Kumamoto and Fukushima United FC.

In June 2005, Yamamoto was selected Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship. In August 2008, he was selected Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. But he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Shusaku Nishikawa in both tournaments.

Statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="9"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="9"|J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2005||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2007||1||0||1||0||2||0||4||0
|-
|2008||13||0||1||0||3||0||17||0
|-
|2009||20||0||1||0||8||0||29||0
|-
|2010||0||0||3||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2011||20||0||3||0||2||0||25||0
|-
|2012||8||0||3||0||9||0||20||0
|-
|2013||rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe||J2 League||18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2014||rowspan="3"|J1 League||27||0||0||0||8||0||35||0
|-
|2015||29||0||1||0||8||0||38||0
|-
|2016||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2017||JEF United Chiba||J2 League||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2018||Yokohama FC||J2 League||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2019||rowspan="2"|Roasso Kumamoto||rowspan="2"|J3 League||34||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2020||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2021||Fukushima United FC||J3 League||||||||||||||||
179||0||14||0||42||0||235||0
179||0||14||0||42||0||235||0
|}

References

Other websites

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Vissel Kobe players
JEF United Chiba players
Yokohama FC players
Roasso Kumamoto players
Fukushima United FC players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Alessandro Scarlatti (born Palermo, 2 May 1660; died 24 October 1725) was an Italian composer.  He lived in the Baroque period.  He is especially famous for his operas and chamber cantatas.  He is thought of as the founder of the Neapolitan school of opera.  He was the father of the famous composer Domenico Scarlatti.

Life
Scarlatti was born in Palermo. At that time it was part of the Kingdom of Sicily.  We know nothing about his musical education. When his opera Gli Equivoci nell sembiante was produced in Rome in 1679 the Queen of Sweden, who was living in Rome at the time, was very impressed and gave him the job of being her Maestro di cappella. In February 1684 he became Maestro di Cappella to the viceroy of Naples. He wrote many operas for him, as well as some music for important state occasions.

In 1702 Scarlatti left Naples and went to Florence where he composed operas for Ferdinando de' Medici and for Cardinal Ottoboni, who made him his maestro di cappella. In 1703 he also got a similar job in Rome at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.

After visiting Venice and Urbino in 1707, Scarlatti went back to Naples in 1708, and stayed there until 1717. However, the audiences in Naples no longer seemed interested in his music.  They liked their serious operas to include comic music.  Some of his best operas were written for Rome where they were produced at the Teatro Capranica.  He also wrote some church music and music for royal weddings. He died in Naples.

Scarlatti's music
Scarlatti's music forms an important link between the early Baroque Italian vocal styles of the 17th century and the classical period of the 18th century, which led to the music of Haydn and Mozart.

Perhaps his greatest work is Mitridate Eupatore. Many of his later operas are full of music which allows the singers to show off.   In his opera Teodora (1697) he was the first composer to use the orchestral ritornello (a tune which keeps coming back after sections of solo singing).

Some of his later operas written for Rome make the orchestra sound much more modern. He uses horns in the orchestra.  This was a new idea.

As well as operas, Scarlatti composed at least five hundred chamber-cantatas. These are works for solo voice accompanied by the orchestra.  Hardly any of them were published, but they contain a lot of good music.

He also wrote masses including the St Cecilia Mass (1721).

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980; 

1660 births
1725 deaths
Baroque composers
Italian composers
People from Palermo
Alison Barros Moraes (born 30 June 1982) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||8||1||1||0||0||0||9||1
|-
|2007||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
10||1||1||0||0||0||11||1
10||1||1||0||0||0||11||1
|}

1982 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Junya Tanaka (born 24 April 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for HOYO Atletico ELAN Oita.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2006||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2008||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
|}

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Gábor Csupó (, ; born 29 September 1952) is a Hungarian-born animator and co-founder of the animation studio Klasky Csupo, which has produced shows like Rugrats, Duckman, and Aaahh!!! Real Monsters.

He was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1952, and after four years at the Pannónia animation studios, fled to the West in 1975. While working in Sweden he met Arlene Klasky, an American-born animator. The two subsequently started their own company, Klasky Csupo, which produced many popular animated television shows. He was credited as "animation executive producer" and "supervising animation director" for several episodes of The Simpsons in the early seasons before the show switched over to Film Roman.

References

1952 births
Living people
Hungarian people
Animators
Katherine Paterson (born October 31, 1932) is a Newbery Award-winning American author of books for children.

Selected works
In a summary of writings by and about Katherine Paterson, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 200+ works in 1,100+ publications in 29 languages and 99,000+ library holdings. 

 The Sign of the Chrysanthemum (1973)
 Of Nightingales That Weep (1974)
 The Master Puppeteer (1975)
 Bridge to Terabithia (1977)
 The Great Gilly Hopkins (1978)
 Jacob Have I Loved (1980)
 Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom (1983)
 Come Sing, Jimmy Jo (1985)
 Park's Quest (1988)
 Lyddie (1991)
 Flip-Flop Girl (1994)
 Jip, His Story (1996)
 Parzival: The Quest of the Grail Knight (1998)
 Preacher’s Boy (1999)
 The Same Stuff as Stars (2002)
 Bread and Roses, Too (2006)
 The Day of the Pelican (2009)

References

Other websites 
 Katherine Paterson's Home Page 
 The Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award
 NCBLA Katherine Paterson bio 
 Katherine Paterson interview
 Public School Insights Katherine Paterson Interview  February 11, 2010

1932 births
Living people
Bridge to Terabithia is a novel by Katherine Paterson.

Summary
Bridge to Terabithia is about two children who create a fictional kingdom in a forest.  The two main characters are Leslie Burke and Jess Aarons.

The author thought of writing this book after her son David L. Paterson's friend Lisa Hill died from being struck by lightning in 1974.

Honors
In 1978, the book won the Newbery Medal. 

The work was also awarded an ALA Notable Children's Book, which is given to the best children's books of the year.

Related pages
Bridge to Terabithia (2007 movie)

References

Children's books
1977 books
Fantasy books
Newbery Medal winning books
Shohei Abe (born 1 December 1982) is a Japanese football player. He played for Nagoya Grampus Eight.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||9||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2007||27||0||2||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2008||34||0||2||0||8||1||colspan="2"|-||44||1
|-
|2009||32||0||5||0||1||0||8||0||46||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
102||0||9||0||17||1||8||0||136||1
102||0||9||0||17||1||8||0||136||1
|}

References
 Nagoya Grampus Eight 

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Association football defenders
FC Gifu players
J1 League players
J2 League players
JEF United Chiba players
Japanese football managers
Nagoya Grampus players
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Ventforet Kofu players
Hurricane Elena was a category 3 major hurricane that caused heavy damage along the Gulf Coast of the United States in August and September of the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season.

Elena's unusual path through the Gulf of Mexico, which included a loop, caused many people to evacuate from the coastline.

Meteorological history

Before Hurricane Elena, there was a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 23. It remained weak due to its fast westward motion and Saharan Air Layer around the circulation. As it moved through the Greater Antilles, it slowed and a tropical depression formed on August 28 between Cuba and Haiti. It paralleled the northern cost of Cuba, and became Tropical Storm Elena that night. Conditions were good for the storm to develop in the Gulf of Mexico, and Elena became a hurricane on the 29th.

Elena
Elena (1985)
Hurricanes in the United States
20th century in Cuba
1980s in Florida
20th century in Alabama
20th century in Mississippi
1980s in Louisiana
Wu-Tang Clan is a hip-hop group from USA. They formed in Staten Island, New York in 1992. As a group, they debuted in 1993 with their first album Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers). GZA started the group.

Members

Current 
 Ghostface Killah
 GZA
 Inspectah Deck
 Masta Killa
 Method Man
 Raekwon
 RZA
 U-God

Past 
 Ol' Dirty Bastard (deceased)

Sometimes 
 Cappadonna (he has appeared on some albums as an official member)

Discography
Studio albums
 Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (1993)
 Wu-Tang Forever (1997)
 The W (2000)
 Iron Flag (2001)
 8 Diagrams (2007)
 A Better Tomorrow (2014)

References

Other websites 
 Wu-Tang Clan Website 
 Wu-Tang Name Generator

Hip hop bands
1990s American music groups
1992 establishments in New York (state)
Many countries have created legislation or have passed laws about the use of computers and data.

These laws are usually concerned 
 Protecting data about people;
 Hacking computer systems;
 Protecting copyright and patents.
 Censorship of the internet
 Health and safety

Legislation and laws in various countries

Australia
 Privacy Act 1988 - concerns data about people
 Copyright Act 1968
 Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Act 2000

Canada
 Criminal Code of Canada

Germany
 Bundesdatenschutzgesetz BDSG (Federal Data Protection Act) - concerns data about people
 202(c) - anti hacking legislation

United States
 FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act) - describes how government organisations should handle data about people
 GLBA (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act) - describes how financial organisations should handle data about people
 HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) - describes how medical insurance organisations should handle data about people
 Data Security Act 2007
 Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998
 USA PATRIOT Act 2002
 Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act
 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

United Kingdom
 The Data Protection Act 1998 - will prevent people's information getting spread around the world, preventing the likeliness of crimes toward said person. 
 The Computer Misuse Act 1990 - covers hacking with amendments that were added later.
 The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 - covers copyright.
 The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 - covers central and local government looking at workers' email security etc.
 The Communications Act 2003 is often used when people send offensive emails etc.
 The Digital Economy Act 2010 - covers software piracy.
 The Malicious Communication Act 1988 - Covers sending mail, physical or electronic, with the intent of causing distress or anxiety.
Law
Computers
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder that can affect multiple organs. The lungs are affected most often. The cause is not known. Corticosteroids such as prednisone are often used to treat sarcoidosis. In some cases, the immuosuppressive drug methotrexate may be also used. Antimalarial drugs have also been used.

Sarcoidosis may involve the brain. If it does, it is called neurosarcoidosis. In some cases, pulmonary fibrosis is a complication of sarcoidosis.

References

Diseases
Neurosarcoidosis is sarcoidosis in the brain. It can be treated with Corticosteroids including Prednisone.

References

Diseases
Prednisone is a corticosteroid. It can be used to treat sarcoidosis, autoimmune disease, and a variety of other conditions.

Diseases treated by prednisone
Sarcoidosis
Allergies
Autoimmune disease
Polymyalgia rheumatica

Drugs
Italian irredentism in Istria was the political movement dedicated to the unification of Istria to Italy.

Characteristics

When Napoleon defeated Venice in 1797 he found that Istria was populated by Italians on the coast and in the main cities, but the interior was populated mainly by Croats and Slovenians.

This dual ethnicity in the same peninsula created a situation of antagonism (hostility) between Slavs and Italians for the supremacy of Istria, which started the first nationalisms after Napoleon's fall.

Since 1815 Istria was a part of the Austrian monarchy, and Croats/Slovenians and Italians engaged in a nationalistic fight with each other.

As a consequence Istria has been the theater of an ethnic struggle between them, with bloody nationalistic wars, during the XIX and XX centuries. The Italian irredentism was actively followed by many Italians in Istria (called Istrian Italians), like the Italian hero Nazario Sauro of Capodistria (actual Koper).

Indeed, between 1918 and 1947 Istria was part of the Kingdom of Italy, but after WWII was part of Yugoslavia. Now the Istrian Italians are reduced to a small minority, who has survived the Istrian exodus and the Foibe massacres during and after WWII.

Furthermore, after the war was created the Free Territory of Trieste in north-western Istria: in the years following the division of the territory between Italy and Yugoslavia, up to 40,000 Istrian Italians chose to leave the Yugoslav "B zone" and move to the "A zone" or Italy for various reasons - some were intimidated into leaving and some simply preferred not to live in Tito's Yugoslavia.

Since the end of WWII the irredentism has totally disappeared in Istria, even because of the Istrian exodus.

Actually Istria is populated mainly by Slavs, but nearly 50,000 Italians still live there (divided between the areas of Istria belonging to Croatia, Slovenia and Italy).

Capodistria and Muggia

Capodistria (actual Koper) and Muggia were the centers of the irredentism in Istria.  In these cities there was the main Comitato istriano (Istrian Committee for Union to Italy), the meeting place of the most famous istrian irredentists like Carlo Combi e Antonio Madonizza. From there sailed, in 1848, many Istrian Italians to fight for Venice against the Austrians with the Legione Istriano-dalmata.

After 1866 - when Venice and the Veneto region were united to Italy - in all Istria there was full support for the irredentism. The Italian hero Nazario Sauro was born in Capodistria.

Actually only Muggia remains Italian, as part of the Province of Trieste.

Notes

Bibliography
 Večerina, Duško. Talijanski Iredentizam ( Italian Irredentism ) , Zagreb, 2001
 Vignoli, Giulio. I territori italofoni non appartenenti alla Repubblica Italiana. Giuffrè Editoriale. Milano, 1995.
 Vivante, Angelo. Irredentismo adriatico. Venezia, 1984

Related pages
Istrian Italians
Italian irredentism
Italian irredentism in Dalmatia

History of Italy
Perestroika, which means "restructuring" in the Russian language, was a series of changes to the economy of the Soviet Union. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started it in 1986. This happened only a few years before the Soviet Union fell apart into 15 countries. Many historians argue that it was a major reason that the Soviet Union fell apart. It happened at about the same time as Gorbachev's "glasnost" reforms, which made what the government did not as much of a secret.

The Soviet Union was a communist country. The government controlled the economy. People did not own their own land or businesses. Under perestroika, some people could even start to own their own businesses. Gorbachev wanted perestroika to help out the Soviet economy, which had been having problems. However, in the end, it could not save the country's economy.

Related pages
History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)

References 

1980s in the Soviet Union
Mikhail Gorbachev
1986 establishments
1980s establishments in the Soviet Union
Gettysburg is a borough in and the county seat of Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. There were about 7,490 people at the 2000 United States census (counting of the people).

It is known mostly because it is near to where the Battle of Gettysburg was held.  Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address at Gettysburg.  It is seen as one of the most historic sites in American history.  Dwight Eisenhower lived at Gettysburg in his later years.

However, it is also known for the Lutheran Theological Seminary, founded in 1826, Gettysburg College (originally Pennsylvania College), which began operating in 1832, and
Harrisburg Area Community College.

Many roads come from Gettysburg.  It is at the junction of U.S. Route 15, U.S. Route 30 (the Lincoln Highway). Today it is a 2½ hour drive from Philadelphia. It is also a 3½ hour drive from Pittsburgh by the Pennsylvania Turnpike and U.S. Route 15. Gettysburg Regional Airport, a small general aviation airport, is  west of Gettysburg. Gettysburg has weather that changes from around  in the winter months to almost  in the summer.

References

County seats in Pennsylvania
 
Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Gettysburg National Cemetery is on Cemetery Hill in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. A short time after the Battle of Gettysburg the place was bought. The Union dead were moved from shallow (not deep) burial places on the battlefield to the cemetery. It was supported by Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin. The local attorney David Wills was the person who mostly bought the land, managed the building of the cemetery, and planned its ceremony. However, the basic concept and early organizing efforts were led by rival lawyer David McConaughy. The landscape architect William Saunders designed the cemetery. It was called the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg at first.

It was dedicated on November 19, 1863. Edward Everett spoke at the ceremony.  Abraham Lincoln followed with the shorter but much more famous Gettysburg Address.

3,512 Union soldiers were buried in the cemetery. 979 are unknown.

Cemeteries in the United States
National cemeteries
Military monuments and memorials in the United States
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
1863 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Pennsylvania
M&Ms are round chocolates with an “m” printed on each one. They are available in many different colors.  These colors are green, yellow, blue, red, brown, and orange.  They also come in different flavors such as milk chocolate, dark chocolate, mint chocolate, peanuts, almonds, orange chocolate, coconut, and peanut butter. M&Ms have also been included in many other candy products.

History 

Forrest Mars is the founder of the Mars Company.  He got the idea for M&M’s during the 1930 Spanish Civil War.  He saw soldiers eating chocolate pellets with hard chocolate shells.  He decided to make his own chocolate candies. He got the patent for these on March 3, 1941.  
The name M&M comes from the founders name Forrest E. Mars Sr.  The other M comes from the name of the president of the Hershey Company, William F. R. Murrie.  The Mars Company started printing the white M on the candy in 1950.
In 1954 the world famous M&M characters made their first television appearance.  In 1980 M&M’s were sold across the world.

Resources 
M&M’s History. M&M’s. Mars Chocolate NA.  2010 (28 April 2010)

Other websites
M&M's Official website 

Candy
Yusuke Kawabuchi (born 21 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for NEC TOKIN.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||Banditonce Kobe||Regional Leagues||7||1||3||4||colspan="2"|-||10||5
|-
|2008||Banditonce Kakogawa||Regional Leagues||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2009||Fukushima United||Regional Leagues||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2010||NEC TOKIN||Regional Leagues||||||||||||||||
10||1||3||4||0||0||13||5
10||1||3||4||0||0||13||5
|}

References

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Kosuke Nakahara (born 13 March 1987) is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||Kamatamare Sanuki||Regional Leagues||11||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||6
11||6||0||0||0||0||11||6
11||6||0||0||0||0||11||6
|}

References

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Honda was born in Sagamihara on April 17, 1985. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse in 2008. He played many matches as defensive midfielder from first season. Shimizu won the 2nd place in the 2008 J.League Cup and 2010 Emperor's Cup. In 2011, he moved to Kashima Antlers. However he could not play many matches for injury. In July 2013, he returned to Shimizu S-Pulse. Although he played many matches, Shimizu was relegated to J2 League first time in the club history end of the 2015 seasons. In 2017, he moved to Montedio Yamagata and played in 4 seasons. In 2021, he moved to J3 League club FC Gifu.

In 2008, Honda was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. He played 2 matches as defensive midfielder. In January 2011, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against Saudi Arabia on January 17. At this tournament, he played 2 matches and Japan won the champions.

Statistics

|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J1 League||16||1||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
|-
|2009||18||0||5||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|2010||31||1||4||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||42||1
|-
|2011||rowspan="3"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="3"|J1 League||3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2012||8||0||3||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2013||7||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2013||rowspan="4"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J1 League||15||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2014||24||1||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|2015||23||1||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||25||1
|-
|2016||J2 League||19||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2017||rowspan="4"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="4"|J2 League||36||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|-
|2018||28||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|2019||39||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|-
|2020||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2021||FC Gifu||J3 League||||||||||||||||||||
285||5||24||0||29||0||1||0||339||5
285||5||24||0||29||0||1||0||339||5
|}

|-
|2011||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

Other websites

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Kashima Antlers players
Montedio Yamagata players
FC Gifu players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Yohei Takeda (born 30 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References
Shimizu S-Pulse 

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Cosmic rays are very high-energy radiation, mostly from outside the Solar System.

The term ray is a historical accident, as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation.

They are particles. Most are protons and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. Some are electrons (beta particles), gamma rays or photons and a tiny fraction are even heavier particles.

Origin 
Their origin is not exactly known. There is evidence that many primary cosmic rays come from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays.  Galactic cosmic rays are Particles trapped in the magnetic field of Earth, Particles sent flying into space during a solar flare, and High-energy protons and heavy ions that originate outside our solar system

Secondary cosmic rays 
Cosmic rays can have as much energy as 1020 eV, far higher than the 1012 to 1013 eV that man-made particle accelerators can produce. 
When cosmic ray particles enter the Earth's atmosphere they hit other particles, like molecules of oxygen and nitrogen. This causes a shower of lighter particles, a so-called 'air shower'.

The number of particles made in an air shower event can reach billions. All of the particles in the shower stay within about one degree of the first particle's path. In a shower are x-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons. 

Typical particles produced in such collisions are neutrons and charged mesons such as positive or negative pions and kaons. Some of these decay into muons. These are able to reach the surface of the Earth, and even penetrate for some distance into shallow mines. The muons can be easily detected by many types of particle detectors. The observation of a secondary shower of particles in different detectors at the same time shows that all of the particles came from that event.

Practical importance

Effects on Earth chemistry 
Cosmic rays are responsible for the continuous production of certain unstable isotopes in the Earth's atmosphere, such as carbon-14, by the reaction:

 n + 14N → p + 14C

Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere roughly constant (70 tons) for at least the past 100,000 years, until the beginning of above-ground nuclear weapons testing in the early 1950s. This is an important fact used in radiocarbon dating used in archaeology.

Effect on space vehicles 
Cosmic rays are of  great practical interest, because they can damage microelectronics and life outside the protection of the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field.

References 

Astrophysics
Nuclear physics
Cyclophosphamide is a drug used in the treatment of lymphoma, some types of leukemia, and some solid cancers, as well as for some forms of Nephritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.

Drugs
Cancer treatment
Mostazal is a Chilean commune in the Province of Cachapoal, Region of O'Higgins. According to the census of 2002, the population of the commune was 21,866 and it has an area of .

References

Other websites 
Official site

Cities in Chile
Settlements in the Region of O'Higgins
The word Janeite has been used by people who love the works of Jane Austen. However, it can also be used to show disapproval. Claudia Johnson says that Janeitism is "the self-consciously idolatrous enthusiasm (love) for 'Jane' and every detail relative to her (about her)".

Janeitism did not begin until after J. E. Austen-Leigh published A Memoir of Jane Austen in 1870. When this was published, Jane Austen became much more popular. This worried the literary elite. They felt they had to separate their liking of Austen from the "masses". The word Janeite was first begun by the literary scholar George Saintsbury in his 1894 introduction to a new edition of Pride and Prejudice. Austen scholar Deidre Lynch explains, "he meant to equip himself with a badge of honor he could jubilantly (triumphantly, happily) pin". In the early twentieth century, Janeitism was "principally (mostly) a male enthusiasm shared among publishers, professors, and literati". Rudyard Kipling even printed a short story called "Janeites" about a group of World War I soldiers who were fans of Austen's novels.

In the 1930s and 1940s,Austen's works were accepted at school, and the word began to change its meaning. It began to mean the people who liked Austen in the "wrong" way. The word, according to Lynch, is now " and against other people".

Notes

Bibliography
Johnson, Claudia L. "Austen cults and cultures". The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Eds. Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.  .
Lynch, Deidre. "Cult of Jane Austen". Jane Austen In Context. Ed. Janet Todd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
Lynch, Deidre. "Introduction: Sharing with Our Neighbors". Janeites: Austen's Disciples and Devotees. Ed. Deidre Lynch. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. .
Lynch, Deidre. "Sequels". Jane Austen In Context. Ed. Janet Todd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
MacDonald, Gina and Andrew MacDonald, eds. Jane Austen on Screen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Jane Austen
Histones are proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, the active component of chromosomes. 

Histones act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA, but wound on the histones it has about 90 millimeters of chromatin, which, when duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes.

Functions

Compacting DNA strands 
Histones act as spools around which DNA winds. This packs in the large genomes of eukaryotes to fit inside cell nuclei. The compacted molecule is 40,000 times shorter than an unpacked molecule.

Chromatin regulation 

Histones undergo changes which alter their interaction with DNA and nuclear proteins. Long-term changes in histone/DNA interaction cause epigenetic effects. Combinations of modifications are thought to constitute a code, the so-called histone code. Histone modifications act in diverse biological processes such as gene regulation, DNA repair and chromosome condensation (mitosis).

Examples 
Examples of histone modifications in transcription regulation include:

History
Histones were discovered in 1884 by Albrecht Kossel.  The word "histone" dates from the late 19th century and is from the German "Histon", of uncertain origin: perhaps from Greek histanai or from histos. Until the early 1990s, histones were dismissed as merely packing material for nuclear DNA. During the early 1990s, the regulatory functions of histones were discovered.

The discovery of the  H5 histone appears to date back to 1970's.

Conservation across species 
Histones are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, and in certain Archaea, namely Euryarchaea, but not in bacteria. Histone proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes, which suggests they are vital to the biology of the nucleus. In contrast, mature sperm cells largely use protamines to package their genomic DNA, most likely to achieve an even higher packaging ratio.

Core histones are highly conserved proteins, that is, there are very few differences among the amino acid sequences of the histone proteins of different species. Linker histone usually has more than one form within a species and is also less conserved than the core histones.

References 

Molecular biology
Cell biology
Heurelho Gomes (born 15 February 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||14||0||||||||||||||14||0
|-
|2003||40||0||||||||||||||40||0
|-
|2004||5||0||||||||||||||5||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||30||0||||||||||11||0||41||0
|-
|2005/06||32||0||||||||||8||0||40||0
|-
|2006/07||32||0||||||||||10||0||42||0
|-
|2007/08||34||0||||||||||12||0||46||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||34||0||1||0||5||0||8||0||48||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
59||0||||||||||||||59||0
128||0||||||||||41||0||169||0
34||0||1||0||5||0||8||0||48||0
221||0||1||0||5||0||49||0||276||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||9||0
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Carlo Mazzone (born 19 March 1937) is a former Italian football player.

1937 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Sportspeople from Rome
Maciej Rataj (born 19 February 1884 - died 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician of peasants movement. He was Speaker of the Parliament (Sejm). He was Acting President of Poland twice.

Rataj was an independence and peasant activist before Poland regained an independence in 1918. He became Member of Sejm in 1918. He was elected Speaker in the first regular term and held that post from 1922 to 1928. Previously, he was Minister for Religious Affairs in Wincenty Witos cabinet.

He was Acting President twice: from 16 December to 22 December 1922 and from 15 May to June 4 1926. For the first time he served between assassination of Poland's first President Gabriel Narutowicz and election of his successor Stanisław Wojciechowski. For the second, between Wojciechowski resignation after a May coup and election of Ignacy Mościcki.

After outbreak of the World War II, Rataj remained in occupied Poland and was murdered, along other prominent citizens, by Nazis in Palmiry.

Presidents of Poland
1884 births
1940 deaths
Activists
Legislative speakers
Murder victims
A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (-C(=O)OH), with a long unbranched hydrocarbon tail. It is studied in organic chemistry and biochemistry. 

Fatty acids are important sources of body fuel. When metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose. In particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer fatty acids. 

Fatty acids may be either saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated compounds have reactive double bonds; saturated ones do not.
 
Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from, or contained in, an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of four to 28 carbon atoms (usually unbranched and even numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. This would include acetic acid, although this is not usually considered a fatty acid (not a lipid). 

The blend of fatty acids in mammalian skin, together with lactic acid and pyruvic acid, are  distinctive. They allow animals with a keen sense of smell to identify individuals.

Related pages 
Essential fatty acid

References 

Chemical compounds
Biochemistry
Debt consolidation involves taking out a loan to pay off multiple loans. This is usually done to secure a lower interest rate and for the convenience of paying only one loan.

Debt consolidation usually entails taking a secured loan against an asset, such as a house, and using this to pay off higher-interest unsecured loans and credit card debts. However this puts the individuals assets at risk if they do not keep up payment.

Sometimes, debt consolidation companies will discount the amount of the loan. When the debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, the debt consolidator will buy the loan at a discount. A prudent debtor can shop around for consolidators who will pass along some of the savings. Consolidation can affect the ability of the debtor to discharge debts in bankruptcy, so the decision to consolidate must be weighed carefully. The overall debt can reach the point where a debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, insolvency, or other fiscal emergency. Options available to overburdened debtors include credit counseling and personal bankruptcy.

References 

Economics
Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a form of Lymphoma affecting the Central nervous system. It is more common in those with weak immune systems, such as those with AIDS.

Brain tumors
Nervous system
Kya Dark Lineage is an action adventure game for the PlayStation 2.

Kya Dark Lineage is about a girl named Kya. Kya gets thrown into another world with her brother Frank. Kya ends up helping creatures called Nativs. Nativs are little cat people. The Nativs are being attacked by Brazul, Kya's father who has powerful magic and turns Nativs into creatures called Wolfun. Wolfun are bad, Kya can fight Wolfun and defeat them. She can also turn them back into Nativs.
Kya goes on a mission to save her brother Frank who was captured by Brazul, fight Wolfun and turn them back into Nativs, beat up Brazul and find a way back home.

In America, Wolfun is Wolfen.

Other websites 
Kya-Gam.com 
Kya Wiki
Moby-games Kya

PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
2003 video games