cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chivalric romances are stories, poems or songs. They were written about marvel-filled adventures. Knights  having heroic qualities went on quests. It is the emphasis on love and courtly manners which distinguishes it from other kinds of epic. Other types of epic are about masculine military heroism.

Romances were written in European languages of the Middle Ages.

The best known romance was King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is another example.

References 

Literary terms
Genres
Comet Swift–Tuttle (109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 133 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with a period between 20 and 200 years. It was independently discovered by Lewis Swift  and Horace Parnell Tuttle in July 1862. It has a well-known orbit and has a comet nucleus 26 km in diameter.

Chinese records show that in 188 AD the comet reached apparent magnitude 0.1. In 1862, the comet was as bright as Polaris. The comet made a return appearance in 1992, and became visible with binoculars. In 2126 it will be a bright naked-eye comet reaching about apparent magnitude 0.7.

It is the parent body of the Perseid meteor shower, perhaps the best known shower and among the most reliable in performance.

Near-Earth orbit 
A close encounter with Earth is predicted for the comet's return to the inner Solar System in the year 4479, around Sept. 15; the closest approach is estimated to be 0.03–0.05 AU, with a probability of impact of 1, or 0.0001%.

Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as "the single most dangerous object known to humanity". However, the probability of Earth impact per orbit is about a million to one against. It is estimated as 2 (0.000002%). It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth with a relative velocity of 60 km/s.

An unusual aspect of its orbit is that it is captured into a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter; it completes one orbit for every 11 of Jupiter.

References 

Comets
The African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) or the African sea eagle is a large species of eagle.

It is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa where there are large bodies of open water with plenty of fish. It is the national bird of Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Sudan.

This species looks a bit like the bald eagle. They are related, but live on different continents. The bald eagle lives in North America.

References 

Accipitriformes
Caracol Televisión is the most viewed national television network in Colombia, founded in 1969 and Caracol Internacional (television channel).

The Grupo Santodomingo is the Caracol Televisión's (or Canal Caracol) main actionist.

References

Other websites
Caracol Televisión 
 Caracol TV Official Site
 Caracol TV International
 GOL Caracol
http://www.wgentv.com/ 
https://www.jumptv.com/es/channel/caracoltv/ 

Colombian culture
Television
1969 establishments
20th-century establishments in Colombia
Fatima Naoot (Arabic: فاطمة ناعوت ) (born September 18, 1964) is an Egyptian writer and poet. In January 2016, the Egyptian government sentenced Naoot to jail for 3 years after she wrote on Facebook about killing sheep for the Eid holiday.

Work 

Naoot was a candidate for the Egyptian parliament.

Naoot wrote several books of poetry and a book of poetry analysis. She also translated collections of poems from English into Arabic.

Insulting religion
Fatima Naoot always seeks for freedom without any authority even if this authority will belong to any religion. In October she published a post on Facebook was describing "the Eid Al-Adha’s tradition of slaughtering sheep as the “greatest massacre committed by human beings.” Then one candidate from parliament said that "Her aim is to insult Islam". Thus she wrote through Ahram Online report "that humans justified their lust for killing and enjoying the smell of cooking game by attempting to bestow a divine meaning to their actions.” And because of the law that added in 1982 a legislation which stated that there is from six months to five years and fines of LE500 to LE1000 for anyone who uses religion to promote, through speech, writing, or any other medium, extremist ideas with the aim of spreading discord or to belittle one of the monotheistic religions or their different sects, or to harm national unity. she put in jail for 3 years and fined 20.000 LE. Although she said in front of the court that "she did not aim to insult Islam, but she just explained her point of view. Naoot said through Middle east online "I’m not sad about the sentencing as I don’t care about going to jail. I’m sad that the efforts of reformists have been wasted,”. As a result, THE ARAB NETWORK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION issued a statement which is "“the recent surge in the prosecution of opinion makers comes in conjunction with a fierce security campaign launched by security bodies against freedom of opinion and expression, with the aim of narrowing the overall climate of freedom of opinion and expression. Such a matter, in turn, makes Egypt one of the most Arab countries that show hostility to freedom of expression as well as press freedom, especially that about 59 journalists have remained in prison so far.” Fatma is not a political figure, she is an Egyptian writer, poet, translator and journalist who always says her point of view.

References

Other websites 
 Fatima Naoot (Fāṭimah Nāʻūt) on WorldCat

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Egyptian writers
Poets
Egyptian poets
Shita-kiri Suzume (which means The Tongue-Cut Sparrow) is a Japanese folk legend. It is told by many parents to their children. The story is about being kind and helping someone who is hurt. It is also about being mean and greedy.

The story

Shita-kiri Suzume is the story of an old man and an old woman who find a sparrow. The old man takes care of the sparrow and gives it food. The old woman treats the sparrow badly and cuts out the sparrow's tongue. After the sparrow flies away, the old man goes to find it in the mountains. When he does, the sparrows give him a choice between two baskets to take home. The basket he picks is filled with many good things. The old woman sees the good things and goes to the sparrows to get a basket for herself. She is greedy and mean when she talks to the sparrows, but they still give her a basket. She is not patient and opens the basket before she gets home. It is filled with bad and scary things.

References

Folklore
Children's literature
Lester D. Menke (December 16, 1918 – March 5, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in O'Brien County, Iowa. He was a state Representative from the Iowa's 5th and 7th Districts. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1985. He served as Speaker pro Tempore from 1981 to 1985.

Menke died in Des Moines, Iowa on March 5, 2016 from dementia. He was aged 97.

References

Other websites
Iowa General Assembly - Lester Menke  official government website
Lester Menke Obituary Des Moines Register

1918 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Politicians from Iowa
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Michael White (16 January 1936 – 7 March 2016) was a Scottish movie and theatre producer. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. White won two Tony Awards in 1971 and in 1973. White was known for his works in The Rocky Horror Picture Show and Monty Python and the Holy Grail. 

White died on 7 March 2016 in Ojai, California. He died of heart failure. White was aged 80.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2016 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from heart failure
Movie producers
People from Glasgow
Tony Award winners
Donald Wayne Riegle, Jr. (born February 4, 1938) is an American politician. He was born in Flint, Michigan. He served for five terms as a Representative from 1967 through 1976. He served for three terms as a Senator in the U.S. Congress from 1976 through 1995. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

In 2016 and 2020, Riegle endorsed Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.

References

1938 births
Living people
American Methodists
Harvard University alumni
People from Flint, Michigan
United States representatives from Michigan
United States senators from Michigan
US Democratic Party politicians
Southern American English (aka Southern U.S. English or Southern drawl) is a group of American English dialects used in the Southern United States. Southern English is usually used in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia and parts of Florida. Modern day Southern English dialects have been used in states including Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, southern Iowa, south central Indiana, southern Ohio and Kansas.

The dialects are also used in some parts of the Mid-Atlantic States.

In Southern English, people use terms like ain't, you was, been (rather than have been) and that there.

References

American English
New York City English (also called New York English) is a regional dialect of American English. It is spoken by many people in New York City and the New York metropolitan area. The dialect is known through its use in media. It is most often used in New York City itself and its nearby suburbs. However, it is used all across the metropolitan area.

The dialect is known for dropping the "r" in some words. For example, the word cart in New York sounds similar to cot or caught. Some New York area people say tawk for talk.

There are many well known people and fictional characters who speak New York English. They include Archie Bunker, Bugs Bunny, Fran Drescher and Marisa Tomei.

References

New York City
American English
In mathematics, a root of a function f is a number x that turns the value of f to 0:

Because polynomials are also functions, roots are real things.

The fundamental theorem of algebra says every polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one (complex) root. Using the fundamental theorem of algebra and the polynomial remainder theorem together shows that every complex polynomial of degree n has exactly n complex roots, and some of them may be equal.

Mathematics
In mathematics, de Moivre's formula or de Moivre's theorem is an equation named after Abraham de Moivre. It states that for any real number x and integer n, 

 

The formulation of De Moivre's formula for any complex numbers  (with modulus  and angle ) is as follows:

Here,  is Euler's number, and  is often called the polar form of the complex number .

The formula is very important because it connects complex numbers and trigonometry. It can be proved using the trigonometry form of complex numbers by mathematical induction, with the help of some trigonometrical identities. It can also be proved using Euler's formula as well. 

By using this formula, any equation of the form , where w is complex, can be solved.

Related pages 
 Euler's formula

References 

Mathematics
Jonathan James "Jon" English (26 March 1949 – 9 March 2016) was an English-born Australian singer, songwriter, musician and actor. He was an early member of the band Sebastian Hardie. He played the role of Judas Iscariot in the Australian production of the stage musical Jesus Christ Superstar in 1972. He also performed in Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance, The Mikado and H.M.S. Pinafore from 1984. He also acted in a number of television series. As a solo singer, his best known songs were "Turn the Page", "Hollywood Seven", "Words are Not Enough", "Six Ribbons" and "Hot Town".

English was born in Hampstead, London. He moved to Sydney as a child in 1961. He had four children. He was a fan of the Parramatta Eels.

English died from an aortic aneurysm caused by surgery problems on 9 March 2016 in Newcastle, New South Wales. He was 66.

References

Other websites
 
 

1949 births
2016 deaths
Actors from London
Actors from Sydney
Australian comedians
Australian guitarists
Australian movie actors
Australian rock singers
Australian songwriters
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New South Wales
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Deaths from surgical complications
Musicians from Sydney
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Hampstead
Singers from London
Writers from Sydney
The Beechcraft King Air is a twin-engines aircraft designed and built in USA. It built in two majors series: King Air 90 and King Air 100. It used as light business aircraft and light transport aircraft. 

Beechcraft Super King Air is a modern variant.

Military variants 

Beechcraft King Air are known in the US Army as U-21 Ute, for light transport duties. In US Navy it known as T-44 Pegasus, a trainer.

Civil aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
United States Army aircraft
Airbus Helicopters is a French and German company that designs and produces civilians and militaries helicopters. The headquarters is in Marignane, France. Factories are in France, Germany, and for some helicopters in the United States. 

The company was previously named Eurocopter. The name change was made 1 January 2014. It's a part of the Airbus company.

References 

Aircraft companies
Companies of Europe
Je suis Charlie (French for "I am Charlie") is a French slogan. It appeared at the moment of the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris. Very quickly it became known all over the world. These three words were never translated and used as French language. It was created by French artist Joachim Roncin.

Mottos
History of Paris
Frederick Walter Stephen "Fred" West (29 September 1941 – 1 January 1995) was an English serial killer. West was born in Much Marcle, Herefordshire. His convictions included sexual assault and theft.

Between 1967 and 1987, West – alone and later with his second wife, serial killer Rosemary West – tortured and raped young women and girls, murdering at least 12, including their own family members. Fred killed at least two people before collaborating with Rose, while Rose murdered Fred's stepdaughter (his first wife's biological daughter) when he was in prison for theft. Most of the murders occurred between May 1973 and August 1979, in their homes at 25 Midland Road and 25 Cromwell Street in Gloucester. Many bodies were buried at or near these homes and sometimes even in the walls of their home.

The couple were apprehended and charged in 1994. Fred West hanged himself in his prison cell before going to trial. Rose West was imprisoned for life, in November 1995, found guilty on 10+ counts of murder. Their house at Cromwell Street was demolished in 1996 and the space converted into a landscaped footpath.

1941 births
1995 deaths
British rapists
English prisoners
English serial killers
Incest
People from Herefordshire
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Serial killers who committed suicide
Suicide in the 1990s
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Thieves
Twenty One Pilots (often written as twenty one pilots or TØP) is an American band from Columbus, Ohio. The band was formed in 2009. Its members are Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun. They put out two albums that they released themselves, Twenty One Pilots in 2009 and Regional at Best in 2011, before being signed by Fueled by Ramen in 2012. Their first album through a record label, Vessel, was released with Fueled by Ramen in 2013. Their next album, Blurryface, was released on May 15, 2015 through the same label. There was also rumors of a new album release with an email to their fans that had a GIF of a horse galloping through an eye that had the caption, "ARE YOU STILL SLEEPING?" Leading to many theories that their year-long hiatus had ended. The theories were right, and the band released two songs not too long after, coming from the studio album going by the name Trench, which has a yellow theme, and was released on the 5th of October, 2018. They released a single named "Level of Concern" on April 9, 2020. They released four singles which are named "Shy Away", "Choker", "Saturday" and "The Outside". in 2021, and also an album, named Scaled and Icy on May 21 in that same year.

References

Other websites 

 
 

2010s American music groups
Musical groups from Ohio
Musicians from Columbus, Ohio
2009 establishments in the United States
Hip hop bands
2000s establishments in Ohio
The yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) is an arboreal and nocturnal gliding possum. It lives in the native eucalypt forests right down eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to Victoria.

Habitat
The yellow-bellied glider lives in forests and woodlands in eastern Australia and is found at a range of altitudes from sea level to 1400 metres.

In North Queensland, the sub-species lives at over 700 m above sea level. There are 13 different populations in three places where this glider lives in North Queensland. One population lives on Mount Windsor Tableland, another on Mount Carbine Tableland, and the third lives in a linear habitat from Atherton to Kirrama on the Atherton Tableland. These three populations together have about 6000 individual gliders. With their habitat in danger, the yellow-bellied glider is classified as uncommon to rare and is named vulnerable to the tropics. This species is more widespread in southern Queensland, NSW and Victoria.

The yellow-bellied glider is gregarious and spends the day in a leaf-lined tree hole, which is usually shared with other members of the same family.  It is also one of the most vocal possum gliders. It has a distinctive growling call that it uses as means of communication. A recording of the distinctive call can be heard at 

It eats nectar, honeydew, insects, pollen and a wide spread of tree sap.

References 

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts
Sir Kenneth Hugo Adam (born Klaus Hugo Adam; 5 February 1921 – 10 March 2016) was a German-born British movie production designer. He was born in Berlin. Adam was best known for his set designs for the James Bond movies of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as for Dr. Strangelove. He won two Academy Awards (1975, 1994) and two BAFTA Awards (1964, 1965).

Adam died in London on 10 March 2016, aged 90.

References

Other websites

Ken Adam at BFI Screenonline
Ken Adam at Web of Stories
Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
Imperial War Museum Interview from 2009

Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
1921 births
2016 deaths
People from Berlin
Set designers
Lloyd Stowell Shapley (June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and economist. He was known for his work on mathematical economics and especially game theory. Since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1940s, Shapley has been thought by many experts as the very creator of game theory. 

With Alvin E. Roth, Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design". In recent years, he worked at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Shapley was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard University. Shapley died on March 12, 2016 in Tucson, Arizona from complications of a broken hip. He was aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Deaths from fractured hip
American economists
Educators from Massachusetts
American mathematicians
Harvard University alumni
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Princeton University alumni
Scientists from Massachusetts
Aldo Ferrer (April 15, 1927 – March 8, 2016) was an Argentine economist and policy maker. Ferrer was one of the leading figures of economic nationalism in Argentina. He served as Minister of Economy from 1970 through 1971. He later served as an ambassador to France from Argentine. He served as ambassador from 2011 through 2013. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Ferrer died in Buenos Aires on March 8, 2016. He was aged 88.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Argentine politicians
Argentine economists
People from Buenos Aires
David Stifler Johnson (December 9, 1945 – March 8, 2016) was an American computer scientist. He was known for his works in algorithms and optimization. He was the head of the Algorithms and Optimization Department of AT&T Labs Research from 1988 to 2013. He was a visiting professor at Columbia University from 2014 to 2016. He was awarded the 2010 Knuth Prize.

Johnson died on March 8, 2016 at the age of 70.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
American computer scientists
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Alfred Erich Senn (April 12, 1932 – March 8, 2016) was an American professor of history. He worked at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Senn was born in Madison, Wisconsin. Senn was the author of eight books. He taught about the history of Lithuania.

Senn died in Madison, Wisconsin at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
Alfred Erich Senn  – short bio

1932 births
2016 deaths
American historians
Educators from Wisconsin
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Claude Estier (8 June 1925 – 10 March 2016), born Claude Hasday Ezratty, was a French politician and journalist. He was deputy of Paris in 1967-1968 and again in 1981-1986. He was then Senator from 1986 to 2004 and was President of the Socialist group in the Senate from 1988 to 2004. In 1955 he joined the political redaction of Le Monde. He quit in 1958.

Note

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
French politicians
French journalists
Socialists
People from Paris
Louis Jay Meyers (June 21, 1955 – March 11, 2016) was an American festival organizer and co-founder of South By Southwest. He was born in Austin, Texas. Meyers was the event’s primary music booker until he sold his share in the event after the 1994 conference. Meyers was also an multi-instrumentalist and producer. From 2005 to 2013, Meyers was executive director of Folk Alliance International. 

Meyers was admitted to a hospital in Austin on March 10, 2016 and initially was diagnosed with blood clots. He then died of a suspected heart attack the next day at his home. He was aged 60.

References

1950s births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Myrtle Audrey Arinsberg (September 20, 1924 – March 10, 2016), known as Gogi Grant, was an American popular singer. She was best known for her No. 1 hit in 1956, "The Wayward Wind". She was voted the most popular female vocalist by Billboard magazine. This single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Grant died on March 10, 2016 in Philadelphia, aged 91. Her death was announced by her son, Joshua Beckett. She also had a daughter, Jeri Brown.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
South Gyeongsang is a province in South Korea. It has cities including its capital Changwon, Gimhae, and Sangju. South Gyeongsang's governor is Hong Jun-pyo.

History

In 1895, Gyeongsang-do divided. In the south, the west was called Jinju, and the east Dongnae. In 1896, Jinju and Dongnae joined, making Gyeongsangnam-do. In 1896 the provincial capital was Jinju, but it changed to Busan in 1925. In 1963, Busan separated, so in 1983 the provincial capital moved to Changwon. Ulsan separated in 1997.

Geography
South Gyeongsang's area is 10531.1km². It occupies 10.6% of South Korea's whole area. South Gyeongsang's area is the fourth largest of the 16 cities and provinces.

Population
South Gyeongsang's population is 3,364,695 and the population density is 307/km².

District
There are 8 cities and 10 counties in South Gyeongsang.

Website
http://www.gyeongnam.go.kr/jsp/main/main.jsp 

Provinces of South Korea
The Saxony-Anhalt state election was held on 13 March 2016 in the German State of Saxony-Anhalt for the next composition of the Parliament of Saxony-Anhalt. The incumbent Governor is Reiner Haseloff of the CDU, governing with the SPD.

Issues and campaign

Results
30 CDU MPs were elected (down 12) - 29.8%
24 AfD MPs were elected (up 24) - 24.2%
17 The Left MPs were elected (down 9) - 16.3%
11 SPD MPs were elected (down 17) - 10.6%
5 Green MPs were elected (down 4) - 5.2%

Post-election
The only realistic possibility would be a coalition government of the CDU, SPD and the Greens. Together, they would have a 2-seat majority . Other combinations (such as the CDU and The Left or CDU and AfD) are highly unlikely. The stark differences among the parties will make it harder for negotiations to create a coalition.

Polls before the election
The reference for the polls is wahlrecht.de.

References

Other websites
Saxony-Anhalt Electoral Office

2016 in Germany
Elections in Germany
2016 elections in Europe
March 2016 events
Saxony-Anhalt
Ratified on January 23, 1933, the Twentieth Amendment (Amendment XX) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20. It moved the start and end dates for members of Congress from March 1 to January 21. In both cases the start and end time is at noon. It also gives the procedure to follow if for some reason there is no president-elect.

Text

Background 
In the later part of the eighteenth century, when the Constitution was written, travel and communications were both very slow by modern standards. To cross the Atlantic Ocean could take several weeks. Traveling by horseback or by carriage on crude roads in the US could take even longer. Communications were mainly by letter or messenger. For these reasons the framers of the Constitution allowed for the longer periods of time it took to send and receive messages. Four months, the time from the election in November to the swearing-in in March, was necessary at the time.

By the 1930s, a railroad passenger could cross the country in 3 days. The Post Office had been using airmail since 1918. But vastly improved travel times and communications were not the only reasons behind the Twentieth Amendment. The joint resolution calling for the amendment was sponsored by Republican Senator George William Norris of Nebraska. Called the "Lame Duck" Amendment, it acquired this name because Norris wanted to eliminate the lame-duck sessions of Congress where outgoing members still held office and voted on bills for several months before the new members could be sworn in. The bill he wrote applied to both houses of Congress, the offices of President and Vice-President.

Another area the amendment addressed was with the succession of the president if the president-elect died before taking office. It provides for the vice-president elect to become the president-elect and take office on January 20. The amendment also give Congress the power to legislate on other issues dealing with the succession of the president.

Effects of the Twentieth Amendment 
The sessions of Congress between the election and the beginning of a new term are called "lame duck" sessions because members of Congress who were voted out of office still attend and can still vote. Originally the term "lame duck" was a financial term meaning those who could not repay a loan. As used in politics, a representative who lost an election was no longer accountable to the voters. As the framers of the Twentieth Amendment saw it, lame duck representatives should not be able to vote since voters had already rejected their views. The Twentieth Amendment only shortened the lame duck period by six weeks. Between 1933 and 2012, 18 lame-duck sessions of Congress have passed laws.

Notes

References 

  
 The Constitution and the Inauguration of the President
 Twentieth Amendment: Limiting Lame Duck Mischief

20
Noura Ghazi (نورة غازي) also Noura Ghazi al-Safadi ( نورة غازي الصفدي ) was born September 30 1981 in Damascus, Syria.  She is a Syrian lawyer.  Her husband, Bassel disappeared in Syria in 2014.

Life 

Ghazi's father was an activist for workers. When Ghazi was five years old, her father was sent to prison by the Supreme Court of State Security. Noura Ghazi studied law at Damascus University.

Work 

Ghazi became a human rights lawyer in 2004. She defends people who are in jail because they are prisoners of conscience in Syria.

Ghazi's husband Bassel Khartabil (Arabic: باسل خرطبيل‎), or Bassel Safadi (Arabic: باسل صفدي‎), a Syrian-Palestinian who wrote open-source software, was arrested on March 15, 2012. They were married at Adra prison on January 7, 2013.

While Bassel was in prison, from 2012-2015, Ghazi wrote a book about him called Waiting.  Bassel translated the book into English.

References

Other websites 

  
 "Read the story of Bassel Khartabil, Syrian prisoner who lives and risks dying for a free Internet" on Creative Commons
 
 

1981 births
Living people
Syrian people
Lawyers
Women lawyers
Thelma Aldana or Thelma Esperanza Aldana Hernández de López (born September 27, 1955), is a Guatemalan lawyer. She became a judge in the Supreme Court in 2009. She was elected president of the Supreme Court from 2011 to 2011. In 2013 she replaced Claudia Paz y Paz as Guatemala’s attorney general.

Work 
Aldana graduated from the University of San Carlos in Guatemala. She has a Master's degree in Civil and Procedural Law.

Courts for violence against women 
In 2011, when she was president of the Supreme Court, Aldana started special courts in Guatemala for femicide cases. Killing women, and violence against women became a crime in Guatemala. Eleven districts now have the special courts. Judges and police officers receive special gender crime training. Every year there are 56,000 reports of violence against women.

Against corruption 
In 2015 Aldana led an investigation into government corruption. As a result, the president of Guatemala resigned.

Awards 
 In 2015 Aldana won the Jaime Brunet Prize for the Promotion of Human Rights from the Public University of Navarra. the prize was for her work for women's rights, against gender violence, and for the rights of the indigenous peoples, as well as against political corruption. The prize was for 36,000 euros.
 In 2016, Aldana received the International Women of Courage Award

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

Judges
Guatemalan politicians
Living people
1955 births
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Women judges
Jayasinghe Rajapakse Mohottige Don Suranimala Rajapaksha (Sinhala:සුරනිමල රාජපක්ෂ) (5 January 1949 – 14 March 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was first elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka in 1994. He was the Minister of School Education in Republic Socialist of Sri Lanka in 2001 to 2004. He was a member of the United National Party (UNP) and a member of UNP Working Committee. He was appointed as the Coordinating secretary to the Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe on 27 January 2015.

Rajapaksha died on 14 March 2016 at a hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka from renal failure. He was aged 67.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Sri Lankan politicians
Civil servants
Doreen Barbara Massey FRSA FBA FAcSS (3 January 1944 – 11 March 2016) was a British social scientist and geographer. She was working among others on topics involving Marxist geography, feminist geography, and cultural geography.  Her work on space, place and power has been highly helpful within a range of related disciplines and research fields.  She served as Emeritus Professor of Geography at the Open University.

Massey died on 11 March 2016 from pancreatic cancer. She was aged 72.

References

Other websites
Profile at Open University
Open University Radio transcript and mp3 file

1944 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
British scientists
People from Manchester
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist. He was a central figure in analytic philosophy from the 1960s. He worked in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. Until his death, Putnam was Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.

Putnam was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Harvard University, at University of Pennsylvania and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Putnam died on March 13, 2016 from mesothelioma at his home in Boston, Massachusetts. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites

 
 An extensive bibliography
 An extensive directory
 London Review of Books contributor page
 Hilary Putnam: On Mind, Meaning and Reality, Interview by Josh Harlan, The Harvard Review of Philosophy, spring 1992.
 "To Think with Integrity", Hilary Putnam's Farewell Lecture, The Harvard Review of Philosophy, Spring 2000.

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from mesothelioma
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American philosophers
American mathematicians
American computer scientists
Scientists from Chicago
Harvard University faculty
Sergio Arellano Stark (10 June 1921 – 9 March 2016) was a Chilean military officer. He led the so-called “Caravan of Death". It killed many Chileans from helicopters and established Augusto Pinochet’s hold on power. He was born in Santiago, Chile.

Stark died in Santiago, Chile on 9 March 2016 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Chilean military people
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Chile
Generals
People from Santiago
Martha Wright, born Martha Lucile Wiederrecht (March 23, 1923 – March 1, 2016), was an American actress and singer. She performed on Broadway and on television. She was in South Pacific and The Sound of Music. 

Wright died at the age of 92 in Newburyport, Massachusetts on March 1, 2016.

References

Other websites
 

Broadway At Its Best!: Martha Wright (archived version)

1923 births
2016 deaths
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Seattle, Washington
Singers from Seattle, Washington
Thomas Gayle Morris (August 20, 1919 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Eastland County, Texas. Morris served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1953 to 1958. He was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1958. Morris began serving on January 3, 1959, and left office January 3, 1969, after being defeated for re-election.

Morris died in Amarillo, Texas on March 4, 2016 at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Texas
United States representatives from New Mexico
US Democratic Party politicians
Morgan Francis Murphy (April 16, 1932 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Illinois's 2nd district. He served from 1973 through 1981. He replaced Abner J. Mikva. He later served as a U.S. representative for Illinois's 3rd district. He served from 1971 through 1973.

Murphy died in Chicago, Illinois from prostate cancer on March 4, 2016. He was aged 83.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Chicago
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion in a legal case. It is written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. In some cases, they simply declare a disagreement with the majority opinion. In other cases they may be used to instruct, prod, or otherwise try to convince other justices of the point of view expressed by the minority.

When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a minority report.

Dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions. They are also delivered and published at the same time.  A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law. However, they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned. In some cases, a previous dissent is used to spur a change in the law. A later case may result in a majority opinion adopting a particular rule of law formerly advocated in dissent.  As with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often highlight the precise holding of the majority opinion. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated in 1936: "A dissent in a Court of last resort is an appeal".

The dissent may disagree with the majority for any number of reasons: a different interpretation of the existing case law, the application of different principles, or a different interpretation of the facts.

References 

Law
In law, a legal opinion is usually a written explanation by a judge or group of judges that accompanies an order or ruling in a case. Legal opinions  may also be written by legal experts. A legal opinion is used to lay out the rationale (reasons for) and legal principles for the ruling.

Opinions are usually published at the direction of the court. They may be used to reinforce, explain, change, establish, or overturn legal precedent. If a court decides that an opinion should be published, the opinion is included in a volume from a series of books called law reports or case reports. Published opinions of courts are also collectively referred to as case law, which is one of the major sources of law in common law legal systems.

References 

Law
A judicial opinion is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a panel of judges explaining how they resolved a legal dispute. It cites the decision reached to resolve the dispute. A judicial opinion usually includes the reasons behind the decision. Where there are three or more judges, it may take the form of a majority opinion, minority opinion or a concurring opinion.

Kinds of judicial opinions
 A majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court.  A majority opinion sets becomes the decision of the court in a particular case.

 A concurring opinion is written to agree with a decision, but for giving different reasons for the agreement. When it is joined by the greatest number of judges, it is referred to as the plurality opinion.

 A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law.

References 

Law
In law, a concurring opinion is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. It may also be used to add comments. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions. The concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is called the plurality opinion.

Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect).  The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion.  Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule. In turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944).

Concurring opinions by region
In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts. Concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion and a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment

Terminology at the various courts
At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.
The Law Lords of the United Kingdom give each an opinion of their own. No aggregated judgment is provided.
 In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to conc. opn.

Notes

References

Law
In law, seriatim (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order that the issues were originally presented to the court.

Legal usage 
A seriatim opinion describes an opinion delivered by a court with multiple judges, in which each judge reads his or her own opinion rather than a single judge writing an opinion on behalf of the entire court. This is a practice generally used when a legal case does not have a majority opinion.

Use of the word, and other Latin phrases, has become less frequent in legal communications as a result of, among other factors, efforts by groups such as the Plain Language Movement to promote the use of "plain English" in legal discourse.

In the United Kingdom 
In modern use pleadings is used for "one by one in sequence".  For example, in English civil cases, defence statements generally used to conclude with the phrase "save as expressly admitted herein, each allegation of the plaintiffs is denied as if set out in full and traversed herein seriatim." This formulation is now discouraged under the English Civil Procedure Rules, especially rule 16.5 (3)-(5).

It is sometimes seen in older deeds and contracts as a more traditional way of using terms of reference.  For example "the railway by-laws shall apply to the contract as if set out herein seriatim." It is sometimes found as part of the longer phrase brevatim et seriatim, meaning "briefly and in series".

The term is also used when replying to a communication that contains a number of points, issues or questions to show that the responses are in the same order in which they were raised in the original document: "To deal with your queries seriatim..."

In the United States 
During the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall, 1801 to 1835, the practice of judicial opinions being delivered in seriatim was discontinued.

In 2009, Title III, Rule 15(a)(1) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding Amended and Supplemental Pleadings (part of pretrial procedure) was amended to allow three changes in the time previously allowed to make one change. 
This provision will force the pleader to consider carefully and promptly the wisdom of amending to meet the arguments in the motion... and will expedite determination of issues that otherwise might be raised seriatim.
The right to make changes now ends 21 days after service of a motion.

References

Law
In law, a memorandum opinion is usually an unpublished legal opinion that cannot be cited as precedent.  It is formally defined as: "[1] unanimous appellate opinion that succinctly states the decision of the court; an opinion that briefly reports the court's conclusion, usu. without elaboration because the decision follows a well-established legal principle or does not relate to any point of law."  There is no elaboration or explanation because the decision either follows a well-known legal principle or it does not relate to a point of law. A memorandum opinion is also not subject to appeal.

Generally, memorandum opinions follow ordinary rules, including the application of precedent and the rule of stare decisis.

References 

Law
In law, a per curiam decision (or opinion) is a ruling issued by an appellate court in which the decision rendered is made by the court (or at least, a majority of the court) acting collectively and unanimously. In contrast to regular opinions, a per curiam does not list the individual judge responsible for authoring the decision, but minority dissenting and concurring decisions are signed.

Per curiams are not the only type of decision that can reflect the opinion of the court. Other types of decisions can also reflect the opinion of the entire court, such as unanimous decisions, in which the opinion of the court is expressed with an author listed. The Latin term per curiam literally means "by the court".

United States

Federal
The decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are usually not per curiam. Their decisions more commonly take the form of one or more opinions signed by individual justices which are then joined in by other justices. Unanimous and signed opinions are not considered per curiam decisions, as only the court can officially designate opinions as per curiam. Per curiam decisions tend to be brief in length. The designation is stated at the beginning of the opinion.

The notable exception to the usual characteristics for a per curiam decision is the case of Bush v. Gore. Although it was per curiam, there were multiple concurrences and dissents.

State
The Supreme Court of California occasionally releases decisions in the name of "The Court". But these are not necessarily unanimous.  Sometimes an opinion in the name of the Court may be accompanied by extensive concurring and dissenting opinions.

Canada
The Supreme Court of Canada also attributes some decisions to "The Court" but does not use the phrase per curiam. In the U.S. the term is used primarily for uncontroversial cases. In Canada, however, it has been used for important and controversial cases to emphasize that the entire Court is speaking with a single voice.

Notes

References

Law
Anita Brookner, CBE (16 July 1928 – 10 March 2016) was a British award-winning novelist and art historian. She was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cambridge from 1967 to 1968. She was the first woman to hold this visiting professorship. She was awarded the 1984 Man Booker Prize for her novel Hotel du Lac.

References

Other websites
Anita Brookner Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
 

1928 births
2016 deaths
British historians
Writers from London
Tamara D. Grigsby (November 19, 1974 – March 15, 2016) was an American social worker. She was a university professor from Wisconsin. She served as a Democratic Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 18th Assembly District, from 2005 until 2013.

Grigby's staff announced on December 22, 2011 that she was hospitalized in intensive care, battling cancer. In April 2012, Grigsby announced she would be retiring from the Assembly to recover her strength.
Her death was announced on March 15, 2016.

References

1974 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Politicians from Wisconsin
Educators from Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Earline W. Parmon (Nonember 18, 1943 – March 15, 2016) was an American Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly. She represented the state's seventy-second House district 

Parmon has served five terms in the state House. She announced in 2012 that she would run for a seat in the North Carolina Senate. Parmon served in the North Carolina State Senate and resigned in 2015. Parmon also served as Forsyth County, North Carolina commissioner. 

Parmon died on March 15, 2016 from a short-illness in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She was aged 72.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
African American politicians
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Politicians from North Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs (7 May 1921 – 15 March 2016) was an English historian. He was a leading specialist on the Victorian era. He was a well-known historian of broadcasting in Britain. He was made a life peer in 1976. Briggs was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire.

Briggs died in Lewes, East Sussex on 15 March 2016. He was aged 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
English historians
People from Yorkshire