cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Long range shooting is a relative term generally meaning accurate shooting at distances ordinary shooters with ordinary rifles could not hit. For example, Daniel Boone, using a flintlock rifle could probably hit a target at up to . Today, expert marksmen are hitting targets well over  away. Modern long range shooting is more than just using modern machined actions and precision gun barrels. These produce a rifle that a decent shooter can hit targets at about 250 yards, ranges that were unheard of by black powder shooters.

Calculations 
The ability to hit a target at  (or 10 football fields away) requires the shooter to become an expert in ballistics. First, the shooter has to know exactly how far away target is. They have to be able to compensate for windage (the effects of wind on a bullet). Next, the shooter has to compute the "elevation". This is how far above the target the shooter must aim to compensate for the force of gravity on the bullet at a given distance.  Shooters have to compensate also for shots uphill or downhill from their position. 

Other factors include "bullet Drift".  This means a bullet that fired out of the barrel with a muzzle velocity (speed at the muzzle) of 2800 FPS that exits a barrel with 1:12 rifling is spinning at 168,000 RPMs.  At just  the bullet will drift about  in the direction it was spinning.  If the rifle has a right-hand twist, the bullet will go to the right of the target.

Spotter 
Long range shooters, and especially snipers, operate as a team.  As difficult as long range shooting is, it would be even harder without a spotter. Spotters are also trained snipers or long range shooters.  The spotter has a number of jobs.  He helps locate the target.  He does most of the calculations for elevation, windage, and hitting a moving target.  With several targets, the spotter decides which to hit first.  Spotters also measure the humidity, temperature, and the angle of the shot.  He then tells the sniper/shooter what adjustments to make to the rifle scope.  Finally, the spotter tells the shooter where the round hit—on target or a miss—and what adjustments to make to get back on-target.

References

Other websites 
 New long range shooting record - 3720 yards: YouTube
 Shooting Fundamentals - Long Range Shooting Technique; YouTube

Firearms
A battle rifle is a select fire rifle that fires a powerful bullet such as 7.62×51mm NATO. The FAL, G3, and M14 are the most common battle rifles used in the Cold War. They are more powerful than assault rifles. Assault rifles shoots a 5.56×45mm NATO which is less powerful than a 7.62×51mm NATO.

Battle rifles
The Ofanto () is a river in South Italy that flows through the regions of Campania, Basilicata, and Apulia, and into the Adriatic Sea.

Geography
The Ofanto river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Ofanto river starts in the Apennines mountains, within the Irpinia (a historical region of the southern Apennines around Avellino), at an elevation of about , in the comune of Torella dei Lombardi, Province of Avellino, Campania. From there it runs southeast flowing into Lago di Conza, a man-made reservoir.

The river forms the border between the province of Avellino and the province of Potenza and then turns to the north, forming the border between the province of Foggia and the province of Potenza. It then turns to the northeast and forms the border between the province of Foggia and the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani.

Finallly, the river flows, in the community of Fiumara between Margherita di Savoia and Barletta, into the Adriatic Sea near the Gulf of Manfredonia.

The Ofanto flows through 3 regions, 4 provinces and 33 comuni, all in South Italy:
 Campania region
 Avellino, 15 comuni: Aquilonia, Bisaccia, Cairano, Calitri, Conza della Campania, Lacedonia, Lioni, Monteverde, Morra De Sanctis, Nusco, Sant'Andrea di Conza, Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Teora, Torella dei Lombardi.
 Basilicata region
Potenza, 7 comuni: Atella, Melfi, Lavello, Pescopagano, Rapone, Rionero in Vulture, Ruvo del Monte.
 Apulia region
 Foggia, 4 comuni: Ascoli Satriano, Candela, Cerignola, Rocchetta Sant'Antonio.
 Barletta-Andria-Trani, 7 comuni: Barletta, Canosa di Puglia, Margherita di Savoia (foce), Minervino Murge, San Ferdinando di Puglia, Spinazzola, Trinitapoli.

Main tributaries 
Most tributaries of the Ofanto river are small streams. Some of them are:

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Rivers of Italy
The Parent Trap is a 1998 American romantic comedy movie co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 movie of the same name.

Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her movie debut) as both twins.

References

1998 romance movies
1998 comedy movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Disney movies
Seftigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Signau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Villages
Signau, Schüpbach, Höhe, Mutten and Häleschwand.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities of Bern
The administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the Swiss canton of Bern has 29 municipalities in an area of 1,229 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Interlaken-Oberhasli
Shermine Shahrivar (; born on 20 November 1982) is a German model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Europe in 2005. She was born in Tehran, Iran.

Career 

She became Miss Germany in 2004 and then won the overall title of Miss Europe in 2005 while competing in France. She then participated in the Miss Universe 2004. Shermine currently lives in New York City where she is studying acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute.

She was born to Iranian parents. Her family moved to Germany when she was one year old. Her mother and brothers live in Germany.  She was raised speaking German and Persian, and she is also fluent in French and English. Shahrivar has a university degree in social sciences. She was chosen to be the host of a Nowruz celebration in Oberhausen, Germany on March 19, 2005. She hosted Traumpartner TV in Germany from December 2004 to August 2005. She was also in an October edition of the German Playboy.

She dated German actor Thomas Kretschmann in 2008 and then Australian actor Xavier Samuel in 2010. She is now dating Lapo Elkann.

References

Other websites 
 Shermine at Model Management 
 At Iranian.com
 Iran-Plus photos 
 Persian Mirror article 
 American Apparel Models 

1982 births
Living people
German models
People from Tehran
Sigriswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Villages
Aeschlen ob Gunten, Gunten, Meiersmaad, Merligen, Ringoldswil, Schwanden, Sigriswil, Tschingel ob Gunten, Wiler, Endorf, Reust and Justistal.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Sigriswil 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Social structure is the framework of a society founded by a distinct tradition of hierarchy by birth in the social group and by occupation or tradition of work as a distinct social class.

Related pages 
Institution
Sociology
Structure

References 
Sociology
Social Investments are resource inputs in any social groups or society that may bring about a social change.

Related pages
 Investment
 Social influence
 Social interaction

References

Other websites
UN Principles for Responsible Investment
Moskowitz Prize -Quantitative Research in the field of Socially Responsible Investing 
Socially Responsible Investing at Appropedia
Socially Responsible Investing facts from the Social Investment Forum
 The World Bank, (2010) Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions.
Invest with Values – The Investor's Gateway to Socially Responsible Investing resources, topics and organizations 

Finance
Social sciences
Siselen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Sonceboz-Sombeval is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality of Sonceboz-Sombeval 

Municipalities of Bern
Sonvilier is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the Swiss canton of Berne.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality of Sonvilier 

Municipalities of Bern
Villages in Bern
This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Azerbaijan at the Olympics.

Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.

Related pages
Azerbaijan at the Olympics

References

Olympics-related lists
Sport in Azerbaijan
Olympics
Azerbaijan-related lists
Combat boots are military boots designed to be worn by soldiers during combat or combat training. They are not intended for wear during parades and other ceremonial duties. 

Modern combat boots are designed to provide a combination of grip, ankle stability, and foot protection suitable for a rugged environment. They are traditionally made of hardened and sometimes waterproofed leather. Today, many combat boots incorporate technologies originating in civilian hiking boots, such as Gore-Tex nylon side panels, which improve ventilation and comfort. They are also often specialized for certain climates and conditions, such as jungle boots, desert boots, and cold weather boots as well as specific uses, such as tanker boots and jump boots.

Footwear
Military
Jump boots are the combat boots worn by paratroopers. They have calf-length lacing and hard toes. During World War II, many countries came up with their own type of jump boots. The uppers are usually made of smooth black leather that is easy to shine. It is also a paratrooper tradition to lace jump boots in a ladder or cobweb style which increases ankle support during a parachute jump.

References

Footwear
"Vogue" is a 1990 dance-pop song by Madonna. The song is about Hollywood fashion. The song's rap section talks about 16 stars from the 1920s to the 1950s, such as Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn and Marilyn Monroe.

The song hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1990. The song also hit #1 on several other charts worldwide.

The song won awards for Best Single and Best Video in the Rolling Stone Reader's Poll Awards.

The song comes in many remixes. One of them is eight minutes/twenty five seconds long.

References

Madonna songs
Dance-pop songs
1990 songs
The Assassination of Orlando Letelier was a car bombing which killed Orlando Letelier, a Chilean socialist political figure when Salvador Allende was president of Chile during those years. It all starts when he was based in the United States as an activist but Letelier was assassinated in Washington, D.C. with mainly his American assistant, Ronni Karpen Moffitt and her husband Michael (who worked for Letelier) by some Chilean DINA agents in September 21, 1976. Until 9/11, it was known as the most infamous act of international terrorism in the capital of the US.

Declassified U.S. intelligence documents show and confirm that Pinochet ordered the killing.

Related pages 
 Chilean political scandals
 Chile under Pinochet
 Espionage
 State terrorism
 National Security Archive

References

Bibliography 
 Dinges, John, and Landau, Saul. Assassination on Embassy Row (London, 1981) , (McGraw-Hill, 1981)
 Dinges, John. The Condor Years (The New Press: 2004) 
 Hitchens, Christopher, The Trial of Henry Kissinger, (Verso: 2001) 
 Taylor Branch and Eugene M Propper Labyrinth (Viking Press 1983, Penguin Books1983 )

Other websites 
 Orlando Letelier Archive held by the Transnational Institute.
 MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Nine legal documents from the trials of Letelier's assassins. Includes trial transcripts.
 Institute for Policy Studies, where Letelier and Moffitt worked at the time, gives circumstances surrounding bombing.
 John Dinges John Dinges was a correspondent for the "Washington Post" in South America from 1975 to 1983, author of The Condor Years: How Pinochet and his Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (The New Press 2004) and (with Saul Landau Assassination on Embassy Row (Pantheon 1980), (Asesinato en Washington, Lasser 1980, Planeta 1990)

1976 in the United States
1970s explosions
1970s in South America
1970s in Washington, D.C.
20th century in Chile
Assassinations in the United States
Car and truck bombings
Crime in Washington, D.C.
Explosions in the United States
Murder in the 1970s
Murder in the United States
Political scandals
September events
Terrorist attacks in the United States
Terrorist incidents in the 1970s
The Beauty of Loulan (楼兰美女) or Loulan Beauty (Other aliases: Loulan middle-aged woman(楼兰長女)) is the preserved dead body of a woman who lived about 4000 years ago, during the Bronze Age.  She was found on April 1, 1980 near the Silk Road in the Xinjiang region of China, by Chinese archaeologists Mu Sun-ing (穆舜英) and members of the Archaeological Institute of the Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. She is one of the Tarim mummies, named after where they were found, the Tarim Basin.

Unlike Egyptian mummies, which were preserved on purpose, the Loulan Beauty was preserved almost by accident. She was buried near a salt lake in a desert, where the arid and dry conditions preserved even the finer details of her face such as her eyelashes.

For many years, the Chinese government forebode the testing of the mummy's DNA, due to fears that it would lead to it being used by nationalist local Uighurs. In 1993, Victor H. Mair and Italian geneticist Paolo Francalacci, were able to test some tissue samples, and although the Chinese government confiscated the samples, Mair claims a Chinese scientist later 'slipped in to their hands' as they were leaving. They found that the Loulan Beauty probably came from Siberia. Later, in 2007 and 2009, scientists from China's Jilin University and Fudan University both tested the Loulan Beauty's DNA. . They found she was at least part European, but her people might have lived in Siberia before migrating to Xinjiang. But they all found that the Loulan Beauty was not an Uighur woman, which meant there was less reason for people to argue about her. In 2015, the Chinese government let the Loulan Beauty and other mummies tour foreign museums as an exhibit about the Silk Road.

The woman is estimated to have been between 40 and 48 years old at the time of her death. The body is 152-155 cm in stature, and her blood type was O. 

Scientists learned things about her life by looking at her body and clothes. Her shoes and clothing had been worn out and fixed repeatedly. Her hair was infested with lice. She had inhaled a great amount of sand, dust and charcoal and she may have died of lung problems. She lived around B.C 1900~B.C 1800.

The mummy is wrapped in a wool cloth, cowhide leather, and linen. She is wearing leather shoes. Several items made out of clay and some grain were found with her.

In 1980, she was restored by a Japanese painter named Yamaguchi Terunari(山本耀也). The mummy is currently displayed on the second floor of the Xinjiang Museum, "Mummy Hall"(古尸馆).

Related pages
 Beauty of Xiaohe

References

Other websites 
 Xinjiang discovery provides intriguing DNA link xinhuanet, 2010-04-29.
 楼兰美女系列二：4000年前美女长啥样
 3800歲樓蘭美女將在新疆文物大展亮相
 http://info.wenweipo.com/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-47541-page-3 
 楼兰美女3800年面容之下的血缘之谜  北方新闻网2014-06-23
 相似率可达90%以上 专家复原出古楼兰美女原貌  人民网2004年5月31日
 木乃伊复原出“楼兰美女”

History of China
Xinjiang
European people
Orlando Letelier del Solar (April 13, 1932 – September 21, 1976) was a Chilean socialist politician during the presidency of Salvador Allende.

Looking for a refuge from the military regime of General Augusto Pinochet, Letelier accepted academic positions in Washington, D.C. He was assassinated by agents of the Pinochet regime's secret police (DINA) in 1976, in collaboration with members of the "Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations".

Related pages 
 Terrorism
 Espionage

References

Other websites

Biography at Memoria Chilena  

1932 births
1976 deaths
Ambassadors
Chilean politicians
The 2015 Rugby World Cup was the 8th Rugby World Cup tournament. It was played in England from 18 September to 31 October. Scotland won the tournament over Australia to win their 3rd title. 20 nations competed in the tournament.

Host nation 

On 28 July 2009, the International Rugby Board chose England as the host for the 205 tournament, and Japan for the 2019 competition. Italy, Japan and South Africa all wanted to host the tournament.

Venues 

The final venues and schedule were all confirmed on on 2 May 2013.

Teams 

12 of these teams qualified just from playing well in the last tournament, and the other 8 played in regional tournaments to qualify.

Pool stage

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Pool D

Knockout stage

Statistics

Overall
 Total number of points scored: 2,439
 Average points per match: 50.8
 Total number of tries scored: 271 (including 6 penalty tries)
 Average tries per match: 5.65
 Total number of braces: 26
 Total number of hat-tricks: 8
 Total number of conversions missed: 77
 Total number of conversions scored: 194
 Conversion success rate: 71.6%
 Total number of penalty goals missed: 64
 Total number of penalty goals scored: 227
 Penalty goal success rate: 78.0%
 Total number of drop goals scored: 8
 Total number of penalty tries awarded: 6

References

Other websites 

 

2015 in sports
2015 in the United Kingdom
Rugby union
Sport in the United Kingdom
September 2015 events
October 2015 events
Qarabağ Futbol Klubu (usually just called Qarabağ) is a professional association football club from Baku, Azerbaijan. The club was originally from Agdam, but moved to Baku because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The club plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League.

Qarabağ was formed in 1951, and were the founding members of the Azerbaijan Premier League in 1992. A season later they won their first league championship, which made them the first non-Baku based club to win the Azerbaijan Premier League title.

The clubs plays at the Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium, which has a capacity of around 31,200. The Azerbaijan national football team also uses that stadium. They used to play at the Imarat Stadium, but it was destroyed by the Armenian military during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

The club won their first league title in 21 years in 2014. Qarabağ  have won the Premier league four times and Azerbaijan Cup five times. In the same year, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition after they beat Twente in the play-off round of the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League.

Honours 

Azerbaijan League
 Winners (4): 1993, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Azerbaijan Cup
 Winners (5): 1993, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2014–15, 2015–16
 'Azerbaijan Supercup
 Winners (1)'': 1994

References

Other websites 

 Official Website
 Official UEFA profile

Football clubs
1951 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Azerbaijan
1951 establishments in Asia
Sornetan is a former municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Sornetan, Châtelat, Monible and Souboz merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.

Former municipalities of Bern
This is a list of programs on Discovery Kids.

Programming
 Bindi the Jungle Girl (2007–10)
 Kenny the Shark (2003–10)
 Growing Up Creepie (2006–10)
 Tracey McBean (2002–06)
 Flight 29 Down (2005–10)
 Darcy's Wild Life (2004–09)
 Grossology (2007–10)
 Polar Horse Hunters (2003–10)
 Endurance (2002–10)
 Crash, Bang, Splat! (2004–09)
 Dinosapien (2007–10)
 The Paz Show (2003–10)
 Wilbur (2007–10)
 Hip Hop Harry (2006–10)
 Bigfoot Presents: Meteor and the Mighty Monster Trucks (2006–10)
 Peep and the Big Wide World (2004–10)
 ToddWorld (2004–08)
 Hi-5 (2003–10)
 The Save-Ums (2003–08)
 The Magic School Bus (2003–09)
 Timothy Goes to School (2004–06)
 Brum (2003–06)
 Animal Jam (2003–06)
 Balamory (2005–07)

Lists of television series by network
Sorvilier is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

The municipality is in the Tavannes valley on both sides of the Birs river.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Sun Myung Moon (25 February 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, businessman and political activist. He believed he was the second coming of Jesus Christ. He founded the Unification Church. He was an ardent anti-communist and advocate for Korean reunification. He was recognized by the governments of North and South Korea. His business interests included New World Communications, an American news group that owned The Washington Times.

Moon was born in what is now North Korea. He moved to the United States in 1971. He became well-known after giving a series of public speeches based on his beliefs.

Critics called Moon a cult leader because he made high demands on his followers. He was criticized for his relationships with political and religious people, such as Presidents of the United States Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush. His wedding ceremonies drew criticism, especially when they involved members of other churches, such as the Roman Catholic bishop Emmanuel Milingo.

Moon died on 3 September 2012 of pneumonia and its complications.

References

Korean people
Conservatives
1920 births
2012 deaths
The Dream Job (Chinese: 绝世好工) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It began its run from 28 June 2016. There are 30 episodes. It stars Hugo Ng, Shaun Chen, Jeanette Aw, Rebecca Lim, Zhang Zhenhuan and Ian Fang as the main characters.

A vast fortune and inheritance is at stake when a mysterious man offers three young candidates a dream job at his horticulture estate. They are eventually discovered to be his illegitimate children from the many affairs he had during his younger days. In the beginning, revenge and family politics are at play, but when one of them gets falsely accused of committing murder, the "siblings" finally overcome differences and band together.

Some scenes of this drama were shot in Perth, Australia.

Cast
Hugo Ng as Zhang Qingdong
Shaun Chen as Li Junfeng / Zhang Junfeng
Jeanette Aw as Cheng Huishan
Zhang Zhenhuan as Zhang Lixing
Rebecca Lim as Jiang Xinya
Ian Fang as Lin Zijie
Aileen Tan as Wang Bizhi
Pan Lingling as Lin Meilan
Romeo Tan as Tim Goh
Sheila Sim as Chen Yiqing
Hong Ling as Pan Xiaoxue
Bonnie Loo as Qiu Xinling
Brandon Wong as Liang Yongqiang
Chen Tianwen as Zhang Mingde
Lawrence Wong as Qiu Zhiying (Earthworm)

References

singaporean television programs
Chinese language
2010s television series
Drama television series
Souboz was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Souboz, Châtelat, Monible and Sornetan merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.

Former municipalities of Bern
Villages in Bern
The administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Bern has 50 municipalities in an area of 354 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Oberaargau
Sirkazhi is the major town in the Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The town covers an area of 13.21sq.km. The population according to 2011 census is 34,927. This city is the part of Cauvery delta region.

Sirkazhi is the motherland of the shaiva saint Thirugnanasambandhar, world renowned actor Sivaji Ganesan and many famous people.

The literacy rate of Sirkazhi population is 81.5%.87% of the population is Hindus, 9.5% are Muslim, 2.1% are Christians and 1% are others.

Famous temples here are the Bhrammapureeshwarar temple, also known as Sattainathar Temple,Vaitheeswaran temple and Kazheesirama Vinnagaram temple.

Settlements in Tamil Nadu
Nagapattinam district
Rafida Bonya Ahmed, better known as Bonya Ahmed, (Bengali: রাফিদা আহমেদ বন্যা, b. 1969), is a Bangladeshi-American author, humanist activist, and blogger.

On February 26, 2015, Bonya and her husband Avijit Roy were attacked by machete wielding Islamic extremists while they were visiting Dhaka, Bangladesh, on a book signing trip. They were attacked in the middle of the street at a very crowded book fair. Avijit died after he was taken to the hospital, and Bonya was seriously injured.

Life and work

Bonya was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She completed her undergraduate degree in Computer Information Science at Minnesota State University in Mankato.

Bonya met Avijit through their writing on Mukto-Mona, the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers founded by Avijit. This group started the first celebration of Darwin Day in Bangladesh. Mukto-Mona was internationally recognized in 2015 and received The BOBS jury award.
Bonya wrote one of the first popular science books in Bangladesh about biological evolution, named Bibortoner Path Dhore ("Along the Evolutionary Path", 2007). She is one of the moderators of Mukto-Mona.

Bonya has a daughter, Trisha Ahmed, from her first marriage. Trisha wrote an article with her stepfather Avijit for the Free Inquiry magazine about imprisoned secularist bloggers. Ahmed has been diagnosed with thyroid cancer.

Bonya decided to take a leave of absence from her job as a Senior Director at a credit bureau in the US after the attack on her and Avijit. She started working with the humanist associations in Europe and the US to raise awareness about the attacks on the secular intellectuals in Bangladesh by Islamic fundamentalists. She is currently doing research work on Islamic fundamentalism as a visiting research scholar at University of Texas, Austin. A week after her husband's death, Bonya started meeting with humanist associations in Europe, and working to get other activists out of Bangladesh, before they could be killed.

In 2016, Bonya received the Freedom From Religion Foundation's "Forward" award. She is on the jury of Deutsche Welle's The BOBS Best of Online Activism Award.

Works and activism
 Bibortoner Path Dhore ("Along the Evolutionary Path"), 2007, Abosor Prakashani, Dhaka.
 "Fighting Machetes with Pens", Voltaire Lecture 2015.
 Rafida Ahmed Bonya on the UN panel "Ending Impunity for Crimes against Journalists".
 Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission Briefing on Human Rights in Bangladesh .
 Talk at Harvard Humanist Hub .
 Keynote address at Reason Rally 2016.
 Talk at American Humanist Association Annual Conference 2016.
 Lecture in the 4th Women in Secularism Conference 2016.

References

Other websites
 Profile on Mukto-Mona 
 Rafida Bonya Ahmed's blog
 Rafida Bonya Ahmed on Facebook

Bangladeshi bloggers
Bangladeshi writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Dhaka
Writers from Minnesota
American activists
Petit-Val is a new municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged into the new municipality of Petit-Val.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality of Petit-Val 

Municipalities of Bern
2015 establishments in Switzerland
The administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 7 municipalities in an area of 575 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Obersimmental-Saanen
Spiez is a town and municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

It is located on Lake Thun.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website of the city of Spiez 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Cities in Switzerland
Lego Ninjago is a line of sets (video games, television series, and toys) produced by Lego. It is based on the sets of six Ninja: Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Nya, Zane, and Cole,  and many other characters from the television series.

Television series 

The television series is about all characters in the land of Ninjago. The television series first aired in 2011. It was a major success and airs on Cartoon Network

The animated television series is based on The Ninja (Lloyd, Kai, Jay, Zane, Nya and Cole) fighting with every villain who wants to take over Ninjago

Toys 
There are many toys of Lego Ninjago which all are based on a certain character. The toys are Lego Ninjago's first success.

Video games 
Lego Ninjago video games are usually based on the television series. Lego Ninjago games are produced by Lego System A/S. Most Lego Ninjago video games are placed in Google Play.

Related pages 
Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
Lego
Video game

Lego
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Illustration Ceratonia siliqua0.jpg
|image_caption = Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
|taxon = Ceratonia
|authority = L.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = Selected species
Ceratonia oreothauma
†Ceratonia emarginataCeratonia siliqua}}Ceratonia is small genus of flowering trees in the pea family, Fabaceae, endemic to the Mediterranean region and the Middle East.  Its best known member, the carob tree, is cultivated for its fruits (called pods) and has been widely introduced to regions with similar climates.

It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

The genus was created by Carl Linnaeus and published in Species Plantarum 2: 1026 en 1753.Ceratonia in PlantList The type specimen is Ceratonia siliqua.

The genus was long considered monotypic (with only one species), but a second species, Ceratonia  oreothauma, was identified in 1979 from Oman and Somalia.

Images
Some photos of Ceratonia siliqua'' (the carob tree):

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Ceratonia in Encyclopedia of Life
 Ceratonia L. in Global Biodiversity Information Facility

Fabaceae
The IX Araucanía Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. Its capital and largest city is Temuco.

The Auracanía means "place where the Araucanians live". Araucanian () was the name given by the Spanish to the Mapuche people that live in the region.

Geography
The Araucanía region has an area of .

It borders the Bío Bío region (Bío Bío and Arauco provinces), to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Ríos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The two main rivers in the region are the Imperial and the Toltén rivers.

The highest mountain in the region is the Lanín volcano (), , on the border with Argentina (Neuquén Province); it is .

Population
The Auracanía had a population of 869,535 inhabitants (2002 census) and its population density was .

The largest city in the region is its capital, Temuco, with 227,086 inhabitants (2002 census). The other provincial capital, Angol had 43,801 inhabitants.

Administration
The Auracanía region is further subdivided into two provinces: Cautín and Malleco.

Related pages
Regions of Chile

References

Other websites
 
 Territorial division of Chile 
Gobierno Regional de la Araucanía Official website 

Regions of Chile
The XIV Los Ríos Region (, Region of the Rivers) is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. Its capital and largest city is Valdivia.

It began to operate as a region on 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the new El Ranco province, that was part of the Valdivia province.

Geography
The Los Ríos region has an area of .

It borders the La Araucanía region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Lagos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The two main rivers in the region are the Valdivia river, in the northern part of the region, and the Bueno river, in the southern part of the region.

The highest mountain in the region is the Villarrica volcano () (),  high, near the border with Argentina.

Population
The Los Ríos had a population of 356,396 inhabitants (2002 census) and its population density was .

The largest city in the region is its capital, Valdivia, with 127,750 inhabitants (2002 census). The other provincial capital, La Unión had 25,615 inhabitants.

Administration
The Los Ríos region is further subdivided into two provinces: Valdivia and El Ranco.

Gallery

Related pages
Regions of Chile

References

Other websites
 
Gobierno Regional de Los Ríos Official website 

Regions of Chile
The X Los Lagos Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.

The capital city of the region is Puerto Montt. Other towns are Puerto Varas, Ancud and Frutillar.

Provinces of the region 
 Province of Llanquihue: capital Puerto Montt.
 Province of Chiloé: capital Castro.
 Province of Osorno: capital Osorno.
 Province of Palena: capital Chaitén

Related pages 
 Chiloé Island

Regions of Chile
The VII Maule Region () is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Talca.

The region is named after its main river: the Maule river.

History
The city of Talca was founded in 1692 by General Governor Tomás Marín de Poveda. On 17 February 1742 it got the name of Villa San Agustín de Talca by Governor José Antonio Manso de Velasco. Curicó followed in 1743, Linares and Parral in 1794.

In Talca is the house where Bernardo O'Higgins signed the proclamation of the independence of Chile on 12 February 1818. It is now a museum.

Geography
The Maule region borders the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Ñuble region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The two main rivers in the region are the Maule and the Mataquito rivers.

Population
, there were (estimated) 1,042,989 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

People from this region are known as Maulinos (women: Maulinas).

The largest city in the region is Talca, with 189,505 inhabitants (2002 census).

Administration
The Maule region is further subdivided into four provinces: Talca, Curicó, Linares and Cauquenes.

Related pages
Regions of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
Gobierno Regional del Maule  Official website 

Regions of Chile
Hurricane Earl was a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico in August 2016. The storm struck Belize and Mexico with wind of around 80 mph.

The storm caused 13 deaths in the Dominican Republic. More than fifty other deaths took place, mostly in Mexico. Damage totaled over $115 million.

References

2016 in weather
August 2016 events
Earl
2010s in Mexico
21st century in the Dominican Republic
2010s in Belize
2016 in North America
Kerckhoffs's principle (axiom, or law) is an idea in cryptography. It was stated by Dutch cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century. It is:
"A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge".

Kerckhoffs's principle was more briefly stated by American mathematician Claude Shannon as "the enemy knows the system", that is, "one ought to design systems under the assumption that the enemy will immediately gain full familiarity with them". In that form, it is called Shannon's maxim. It is opposite to the idea of "security through obscurity".

More details 
 The system must be practically, if not mathematically, indecipherable;
 It should not require secrecy, and it should not be a problem if it falls into enemy hands;
 It must be possible to communicate and remember the key without using written notes, and correspondents must be able to change or modify it at will;
 It must be applicable to telegraph communications;
 It must be portable, and should not require several persons to handle or operate;
 Lastly, given the circumstances in which it is to be used, the system must be easy to use and should not be stressful to use or require its users to know and comply with a long list of rules.

Some are no longer relevant given the ability of computers to perform complex encryption. The second axiom, Kerckhoffs's principle, is still vitally important.

References 

Cryptography
There are 5 arrondissements in the Charente-Maritime department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 5 arrondissements of Charente-Maritime are:

History
Since its creation, the Charente-Maritime department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the department, with the name Charente-Inférieure (changed in 1941 to the present Charente-Maritime), with seven districts: Marennes, Montlieu, Pons, Rochefort, La Rochelle, Saintes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély. The capital of the department Saintes alternating with La Rochelle and Saint-Jean-d'Angély but soon was changed and Saintes was kept as the only capital.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Jonzac, Marennes, Rochefort, La Rochelle, Saintes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély. Montlieu and Pons were left out but Jonzac was created.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Marennes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély were eliminated.
 1943 : the Saint-Jean-d'Angély was made again an arrondissement.

References

Related pages
List of arrondissements of France

Charente-Maritime
This article is about the Atacama Region; for the desert, see Atacama Desert.

The III Atacama Region Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. The southern portion of the Atacama Desert is in the region; the rest of the desert is in the other regions to the north (Norte Grande natural region).

The capital of the region is the city of Copiapó; it is at  north of Santiago, the capital of country.

History
From 1843, Atacama was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of those regions.

Geography
The Atacama region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Argentina (provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan), on the east, the Coquimbo region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The highest mountains of the region are: Nevados Ojos del Salado,  high, and Nevado Tres Cruces,  high; they are in the Andes, in the border with Argentina.

Population
, there were (estimated) 312,486 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city in the region is its capital, Copiapó, with 125,983 inhabitants (2002 census).

Administration
The Atacama region is divided in three provinces: Chañaral, Copiapó and Huasco.

Related pages
Atacama Desert
Regions of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 

Regions of Chile
The IV Coquimbo Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.

The capital of the region is the city of La Serena; it is at  north of Santiago, the capital of the country. Other important cities include the seaport Coquimbo and the agricultural centre Ovalle.

History
From 1826, Coquimbo was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of the Chilean regions.

Geography
The Coquimbo region borders the Atacama region to the north, Argentina on the east, the Valparaíso region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The three main rivers are Elqui, Limarí and Choapa.

Population
, there were (estimated) 771,085 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city in the region is its capital, La Serena, with 160,148 inhabitants (2002 census). The port of Coquimbo had 148,438 inhabitants.

Administration
The Coquimbo region is divided in three provinces: Choapa, Elqui and Limarí.

Related pages
Regions of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 

Regions of Chile
The V Valparaiso Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.

The capital of the region is the city of Valparaiso, an important Chilean seaport. Other important cities are Viña del Mar, Quillota, Quilpué and Villa Alemana.

History
Valparaíso was made a province in 1842. In January 1928, Valparaíso was made part of the new province of Aconcagua but in 1936 was made again a province. In 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, Valparaíso became one of the Chilean regions.

Geography
The Valparaíso region borders the Coquimbo region to the north, Argentina and Santiago Metropolitan Region on the east, the Santiago Metropolitan Region region on the south, the O'Higgins region on the southwestern and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The three main rivers are:
 Petorca,  long.
 La Ligua,  long.
 Aconcagua,  long.

Population
, there were (estimated) 1,825,757 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city in the region is Viña del Mar, with 286, 931 inhabitants (2002 census). The capital of the region, Valparaíso, had in 2002 263,499 inhabitants.

Administration
The Valparaíso region is divided in eight provinces:

Gallery

Related pages
Regions of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
Gobierno Regional de Valparaíso  Official website 

Regions of Chile
The arrondissement of La Rochelle is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of La Rochelle.

History
When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the arrondissement of La Rochelle was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of La Rochelle is the smallest of the arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department but the one with more people living in it. It has an area of , and a population of 210,151 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².

La Rochelle is the northernmost arrondissement of the department. It is formed from the old province of Aunis, with centre in La Rochelle, its historical capital.

It is bordered to the north by the Vendée department, to the east by the Deux-Sèvres department, to the south by the arrondissement of Rochefort, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of La Rochelle, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: the Châtelaillon-Plage and La Jarrie cantons. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of La Rochelle has 58 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Andilly (17008)
 Angliers (17009)
 Angoulins (17010)
 Ars-en-Ré (17019)
 Aytré (17028)
 Benon (17041)
 Le Bois-Plage-en-Ré (17051)
 Bourgneuf (17059)
 Charron (17091)
 Châtelaillon-Plage (17094)
 Clavette (17109)
 La Couarde-sur-Mer (17121)
 Courçon (17127)
 Cramchaban (17132)
 Croix-Chapeau (17136)
 Dompierre-sur-Mer (17142)
 Esnandes (17153)
 Ferrières (17158)
 La Flotte (17161)
 La Grève-sur-Mignon (17182)
 Le Gué-d'Alleré (17186)
 L'Houmeau (17190)
 La Jarne (17193)
 La Jarrie (17194)
 Lagord (17200)
 La Laigne (17201)
 Loix (17207)
 Longèves (17208)
 Marans (17218)
 Marsilly (17222)
 Montroy (17245)
 Nieul-sur-Mer (17264)
 Nuaillé-d'Aunis (17267)
 Périgny (17274)
 Les Portes-en-Ré (17286)
 Puilboreau (17291)
 Rivedoux-Plage (17297)
 La Rochelle (17300)
 La Ronde (17303)
 Saint-Christophe (17315)
 Saint-Clément-des-Baleines (17318)
 Saint-Cyr-du-Doret (17322)
 Saint-Jean-de-Liversay (17349)
 Sainte-Marie-de-Ré (17360)
 Saint-Martin-de-Ré (17369)
 Saint-Médard-d'Aunis (17373)
 Saint-Ouen-d'Aunis (17376)
 Saint-Rogatien (17391)
 Saint-Sauveur-d'Aunis (17396)
 Sainte-Soulle (17407)
 Saint-Vivien (17413)
 Saint-Xandre (17414)
 Salles-sur-Mer (17420)
 Taugon (17439)
 Thairé (17443)
 Vérines (17466)
 Villedoux (17472)
 Yves (17483) 

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

La Rochelle
St. Stephan is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Stettlen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Studen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Sumiswald is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Sutz-Lattrigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

It is on the southern shore of Lake Biel.

It is home to a number of Neolithic and Bronze Age lake shore archeological sites, including one that is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
Tägertschi is a former municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017 the former municipality of Tägertschi merged into the municipality of Münsingen.

References 

Former municipalities of Bern
In 2015, Islamic extremists killed four bloggers and a publisher in Bangladesh. A report by the Committee to Protect Journalists said Bangladesh was the fourth most deadly country for journalists.

In 2013, a local al-Qaeda group called Ansarullah Bengali Team had a list of 84 names of people it wanted silenced. By 2015, 8 of them were dead: Avajit Roy, Rajeeb Haider, Jafar Munshi, Mamun Hossain, Jagatjyoti Talukder, Arif Hossain Dwip, Ziauddin Zakaria Babu and Wasikur Rahman.

Jafar Munshi ( জাফর মুন্সি ) and Anjali Devi ( অঞ্জলী দেবীর ) were killed for supposed "defamation of religion", such as refusing to enforce hijab on students. Some of the people murdered were supporter of the Shahbag movement (শাহবাগ আন্দোলন ) named for the Shahbag (শাহবাগ) district: Ashraful Alam (আশরাফুল আলম ), Arif Raihan Deep (আরিফ রায়হান দীপ ), Nurul Islam Faruki (নুরুল ইসলাম ফারুকী), Jagat Jyoti Talukder (জগৎজ্যোতি তালুকদার ), and Jakaria Babu (জাকারিয়া বাবু ).

Deaths in 2016

March 
Nazimuddin Samad, a law student, was hacked and shot to death on a busy street in Dhaka.

April 
Xulhaz Mannan, editor Of Bangladesh’s only LGBT magazine was hacked to death.

Rezaul Karim Siddique, English professor was hacked to death in the city of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, after he organized a music school.

Deaths in 2015

February 
Avijit Roy, a writer who started the blog Mukto-Mona, was hacked to death with machetes in Dhaka after a book fair. His wife, Rafida Bonya Ahmed, was hurt.

March 
Washiqur Rahman Babu was killed with knives at his house in Dhaka. Police said he wrote about religion on Facebook under the name Washiqur Babu.

May 
Ananta Bijoy Das was a blogger with Avaijit Roy's Mukto-Mona. He was hacked to death with machetes in Sylhet.

August 
Niladri Chakrabarti wrote under the name Niloy Neel. He was killed in his apartment.

October 
Faisal Abedin Deepan was killed in his office. He was a publisher who published Roy's books. Another publisher, Ahmed Rahim Tutal, was attacked, but he lived.

Deaths in 2013 
Ahmed Rajib Haider was hacked to death near his home in Dhaka in February 2013. He wrote under the name Thaba Baba on his blog Somewhere in Blog.

References 

Bangladesh
Secularism
Islamic terrorism
Journalism
The XI Aysén Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.

The capital city of the region is Coyhaique. Other towns are Puerto Cisnes and Río Ibáñez.

Provinces of the region 
 Province of Coyhaique: capital Coyhaique.
 Province of General Carrera: capital Chile Chico.
 Province of Aysén: capital Puerto Aysén.
 Province of Capitán Prat: capital Cochrane

Regions of Chile