cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Missouri General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Missouri. The bicameral General Assembly is made up of a 32-member Senate, and a 163-member House of Representatives. Members of both houses of the General Assembly are subject to term limits. Senators are limited to two four-year terms. Representatives are limited to four two-year terms. This is a total of 8 years for members of both houses. The General Assembly meets at the State Capitol in Jefferson City.

Qualifications
Members of the House of Representatives must be 24 years of age to be elected. Representatives also must be a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district they are to represent for one year. Senators must be 30 years of age, a qualified Missouri voter for three years. They must be a resident of the area they are to represent for one year prior to their election.

Sessions and quorum
According to Article III, Section 20 of the Constitution of Missouri, the General Assembly must convene (meet) on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January following the state general election. It adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May. If the Governor returns a bill with his objections after adjournment, the General Assembly is automatically reconvened on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten days to consider vetoed bills.

The Governor may call the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a special message may be considered. The President Pro Tem and the Speaker may convene a 30-day special session upon petition of three-fourths of the members of each chamber.

Neither the House nor Senate, without the consent of the other chamber, adjourn for more than ten days at any one time. They may not be called to any other place than that in which the two houses may be sitting.

As a part-time legislature, compensation is low with the General Assembly. Most senators and representatives hold jobs outside their legislative duties. Law makers are paid $35,915 per legislative year and receive $104 per day in expenses. They also receive full health benefits

Related pages 
Missouri State Capitol
Missouri House of Representatives
Missouri State Senate

References

Other websites 
Official General Assembly Website 
Missouri Senate Website
Missouri House of Representatives Website

State legislatures of the United States
1821 establishments in Missouri
Monteceneri is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 21 November 2010 when the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
2010 establishments in Switzerland
An interrupt is when a microprocessor does something that it is not told to do because of things that happen outside what the program is supposed to do. Interrupts happen most often because the processor gets a signal from hardware, but they can also come from software that is running along with the program. Among the many things can cause interrupts are pressing keys on a keyboard, the built-in timer going off, a data transfer taking place, or any other event that needs an action from the processor right away. Interrupts can happen at any time while the processor is running a program, no matter where in the program's source code it is.

How interrupts work 
A hardware or software call for an interrupt (known as an interrupt request, or IRQ) is taken care of by an "interrupt handler" or "interrupt service routine" (ISR) in the processor. It puts what is it doing at the time onto a stack and then follows certain instructions that does a given task on behalf of the system, which does not have to be part of the program it does. Once it is done following the instructions, the ISR then takes back what it put on the stack and continues with what it was doing before the interrupt happened.

Many interrupt controllers from today's processors use an interrupt vector to sort interrupts based on where it came from, among other ways. The vector typically contains the code that has to be run when the interrupt happens. ISRs are generally responsible for dealing with, or "servicing", the interrupt, along with keeping itself in working order.

Uses of interrupts 
 Triggering tasks at regular intervals
 Servicing an external device that can happen at any time
 Remove the need for synchronous polling
 Triggering an operating system (OS) to take action

References 

Computing
Vianden () is a commune with city status in north-eastern Luxembourg, capital of the canton Vianden.

History
The name of the town of Vianden is derived from the Gallic word vien which means "rocky". Already in the year 1256, Vianden is cited as a city, but it is only since 1308 that legally holds the title of city.

Geography
The commune is in the Oesling, a region within the greater Ardennes area. Vianden is in the valley of the river Our, a  tributary of the Sauer river, near the border between Luxembourg and Germany.

It has an area of . The altitude is  high. At the church, the altitude  is  high.

Vianden is surrounded by two communes of Luxembourg: Tandel to the south and west; and Putscheid to the northwest. To the north, west and southwest, Vianden borders with four municipalities of the Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm district of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinateː Waldhof-Falkenstein and Bauler to the north, Körperich to the east and Roth an der Our to the southeast.

Population
There were 2,008 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in Vianden

Places of interest
Some historic buildings in the commune areː
 The Vianden Castle (, German: Burg Vianden, ) is one of the largest fortified castles west of the Rhine river. With origins dating from the 10th century, the castle was built in the Romanesque style from the 11th to 14th centuries.
 The Church of the Trinitarians, built in 1248 with its Gothic cloister.
 The City Hall, built in 1679.
 The St. Nicolas Church, built in the thirteenth century.

People from or related to Vianden
 Yolanda of Vianden, (1231–83), youngest daughter of Count Henry I, who joined the Convent of Marienthal.
 Victor Hugo (1802–85), the famous French author, who stayed in Vianden on several occasions between 1862 and 1871.
 Edmond de la Fontaine (1823–91) otherwise known as Dicks, Luxembourg's national poet, who also wrote Vianden's first travel guide.
 René Engelmann (1880–1915), a linguist and novelist, who established the basic grammar of the Luxembourgish dialect, later to become a national language.

Twin towns 
Vianden is twinned withː
 Compiègne, France.

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Vianden Castle

Communes in Luxembourg
Cornelia Maria "Corry" Brokken (3 December 1932 – 2 June 2016) was a Dutch singer and TV presenter. She was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1957 for her song "Net als toen". She was known for her songs "Snip en Snap", "Voorgoed voorbij" and "Heel de wereld".

She presented the Eurovision Song Contest in 1976.

After her singing career she studied law at Utrecht University in the 1970s. Afterwards she was a lawyer and later on a judge.

Brokken died on 2 June 2016 in Laren, Netherlands at the age of 83.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2016 deaths
Dutch jurists
Dutch lawyers
Dutch singers
Dutch television presenters
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Judges
Women judges
Yevhen Lemeshko (; 11 December 1929 – 2 June 2016) was a Ukrainian football coach. He was born in Mykolaiv. He was chairman of the Council of Veteran Footballers. He started his football career as a player for FC Dynamo Kyiv, but due to an injury he continued his football career as a coach.

In 1956 Lemeshko played couple of games for the Ukraine at the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR. In 1980 he became a Merited Coach of Ukraine.

Lemeshko died on 2 June 2016 in Kiev, Ukraine from a stroke, aged 86.

References

Other websites
  Lemeshko only five years younger than Metalist (Obozrevatel, December 14, 2005)
  Brief profile at klisf
  History of Karpaty Lviv
  Interview to the Ukrainian daily "Den" (July 23, 1998)

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Ukrainian footballers
Ukrainian football managers
Boyce Ficklen Martin, Jr. (October 23, 1935 – June 1, 2016) was an American judge. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the  United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. He was appointed by Jimmy Carter in 1979. Martin served as Chief Judge of the circuit from 1996 to 2003. He wrote more than 1100 opinions during his 34-year career.

Martin, Jr. died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky from brain cancer on June 1, 2016, aged 80.

References

Other websites
Biography of Boyce F. Martin on the 6th Circuit website

1935 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
American judges
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Acquarossa is the capital of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

It was created on 4 April 2004 when the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco merged to form the new municipality of Acquarossa.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2000s establishments in Switzerland
2004 establishments in Europe
Municipalities of Ticino
Buchholterberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Bern
Büetigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Bern
Büren an der Aare (Bueren on the Aare, ) is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Arni is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne, Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Büren zum Hof was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

Former municipalities of Bern
Remich () is a commune with city status in south-eastern Luxembourg, capital of the canton Remich.

It is called the Pearl of the Moselle.

History
Remich was a Roman settlement called Remacum. This name changed to the present nameː Remich.

On 24 February 1843, Remich was officially made a city together with Luxembourg City, Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Echternach, Wiltz and Vianden.

Geography

Remich lies on the left bank of the Moselle river, which forms part of the border between Luxembourg and Germany.

The commune is the smallest in Luxembourg in area. It has an area of . The altitude is  high.

Remich is surrounded by three communes of Luxembourg: Stadtbredimus to the north, Schengen to the south and Bous to the west. To the northeast, the commune borders the Palzem municipality of the  Germersheim district in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate; and to the southeast Perl of the Merzig-Wadern district in the German state of Saarland.

Population
There were 3,632 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in Remich

Twin towns 
Remich is twinned with:
 Bessan, Hérault, France.

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Communes in Luxembourg
The Copa América Centenario (English: Centennial Copa America) was a men's association football tournament that took place from 3 June to 26 June 2016. The tournament was made to celebrate 100 years of the Copa América. It was hosted in the United States for the first time.

Chile won the final in penalties over Argentina (which was a repeat of the 2015 Copa América Final).

The winner of the tournament will not qualify for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup because Chile already won the 2015 Copa América.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place

Finals

Statistics

Goalscorers
6 goals

 Eduardo Vargas

5 goals
 Lionel Messi

4 goals
 Gonzalo Higuaín

3 goals

 Philippe Coutinho
 Alexis Sánchez
 Clint Dempsey

2 goals

 Ezequiel Lavezzi
 Érik Lamela
 Renato Augusto
 Edson Puch
 Arturo Vidal
 James Rodríguez
 Enner Valencia
 Blas Pérez
 Salomón Rondón

1 goal

 Sergio Agüero
 Éver Banega
 Víctor Cuesta
 Ángel Di María
 Nicolás Otamendi
 Juan Carlos Arce
 Jhasmani Campos
 Gabriel
 Lucas Lima
 José Pedro Fuenzalida
 Carlos Bacca
 Frank Fabra
 Marlos Moreno
 Cristián Zapata
 Celso Borges
 Johan Venegas
 Michael Arroyo
 Jaime Ayoví
 Miller Bolaños
 Christian Noboa
 Antonio Valencia
 James Marcelin
 Jesús Manuel Corona
 Javier Hernández
 Héctor Herrera
 Rafael Márquez
 Oribe Peralta
 Abdiel Arroyo
 Miguel Camargo
 Víctor Ayala
 Christian Cueva
 Edison Flores
 Paolo Guerrero
 Raúl Ruidíaz
 Jermaine Jones
 Bobby Wood
 Gyasi Zardes
 Graham Zusi
 Mathías Corujo
 Diego Godín
 Abel Hernández
 Josef Martínez
 José Manuel Velázquez

1 own goal
 Frank Fabra (playing against Costa Rica)
 Je-Vaughn Watson (playing against Uruguay)
 Álvaro Pereira (playing against Mexico)

Tournament rankings

References 

2016 in association football
2016 in the United States
June 2016 events
Soccer in the United States
Burgdorf () is the largest city in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 http://www.schloss-burgdorf.ch 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Cities in Switzerland
Bruno Stanisław Gruszka (6 October 1881 - 4 March 1941) was a Polish representative and politician. He worked as a councilman in Radymno. He was born in Skołoszów. He died in prison in Przemyśl.

Youth   
Gruszka was born in a poor family. He was the only child of Ewa Bartoszewska and Michał Gruszka. He started his education in a middle school in Jarosław. Later he went to the teacher-training college in Tarnów. He studied law at the university in Lviv and Cracow. 

When he studied, he joined “The Polish People's Party” (, abbreviated to PSL).
In 1937 he was arrested and sent to prison in Lviv by peasant strike. (1937)

Works  
Bruno Gruszka took part in building-up PSL “Piast" (1913-1931). He was also a member of the Executive Board in Cracow and the District Executive Board in Jarosław. In 1922 he was the leader of the Senate committee and created the statute of the parliament.

Activity  
He was the founder of the Farmers and Craftspeople’s Bank in Radymno and Przemyśl and Włościański Bank in Jarosław.  

He led The Ropework Association in Radymno. 

He was the chairman  of the Gymnastics Association Sokół.

He was the chairman of The Agriculture Association of the Małopolska province in Lviv.

Life in Radymno  
There is a street named after him. He was buried in the cemetery in Radymno.

References 
http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Gruszka-Bruno-Stanislaw;3908341.html
http://gazetaradymno.pl/bruno-stanislaw-gruszka-radymianski-polityk-ludowy/

1881 births
1941 deaths
Polish politicians
Polish lawyers
Busswil bei Büren was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the municipality of Busswil bei Büren merged into the municipality of Lyss.

Former municipalities of Bern
Busswil bei Melchnau is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Pepper&Carrot is an open source webcomic series. Its author is the French artist David Revoy. The series consists of small episodes about teenage witch Pepper and her cat Carrot. The comic is translated into more than 28 different languages. The stories do not contain violence. That's because Revoy wants Pepper&Carrot to be accessible for everyone.

Revoy says he makes the series only with free software, such as Krita and Inkscape. You can download Krita source files for every image.

License
Anyone can use the images. They are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Revoy says he likes fanart and other works based on Pepper&Carrot.

List of episodes
Revoy aims to draw one episode every month.

Funding
Revoy wants to change the comic book industry by removing intermediate steps in the production process. Pepper&Carrot is free, but Revoy lets people support him on the Patreon crowdfunding platform. You can sign up to give a small amount of money per episode that he makes. Patreon takes 5% of the money. The credit card companies take another part. This is still less than a traditional comic production, where the publisher, distributors and retailers want money.

References

Webcomics
Champoz is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

It is located on the southern slope of Moron mountain.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Châtelat was a municipality in the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val.

Former municipalities of Bern
Berndt Arvid Freddie Wadling (August 2, 1951 – June 2, 2016) was a Swedish singer, actor and opera writer. He was born in Gothenburg. His 30-year musical career extended from punk to classical ballads. 

In the 1980s and 1990s, he was vocalist of the Swedish alternative pop/rock duo Blue for Two. The duo started in Gothenburg in 1984 with him on vocals.

After Two for Blue stopped performing by the end of the 1990s, Wadling developed a solo career. He released a great number of albums, and very notably the highly acclaimed En skiva till kaffet (1999) and Jag är monstret (2005). He also recorded songs by John Dowland with the Forge Players in 1998.

Wadling died on June 2, 2016 in Västra Frölunda, Sweden at the age of 64.

Other websites
 
 Swedish fansite: http://www.freddiewadling.net
 Official MySpace: http://www.myspace.com/freddiewadling

1951 births
2016 deaths
Swedish movie actors
Swedish singers
Swedish writers
People from Gothenburg
Luis Jaime Salom Horrach (7 August 1991 – 3 June 2016) was a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He was born in Palma, Majorca. 

Salom won his first Grand Prix in Indianapolis in 2012, beating Sandro Cortese and Maverick Viñales in a last-lap fight. He also won at Aragon. He finished the championship in second behind Cortese.

Salom died on 3 June 2016 while racing in the 2016 Catalan Moto2 Grand Prix in Barcelona after crashing against a wall, aged 24.

References

Other websites
 Profile on motogp.com
 

1991 births
2016 deaths
Deaths in sport
Spanish sportspeople
The WWE Raw Women's Championship is a wrestling championship in WWE competed for by women of the Raw brand. It was created on April 3, 2016 at WrestleMania 32 and was originally called the WWE Women's Championship. However, this title does not share the title history of the original Women's Championship. It replaced the WWE Divas Championship as the women title in WWE.

History 

At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, 2016, Lita announced that a new WWE Women's Championship would be created. In the process, the Divas Championship would be retired. Later in the night, the Divas Champion Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new Women's Championship.

The title shared its name with the original Women's Championship. However, the new title does not share the same title history as the original. The first Women's Championship was unified with the Divas Championship in 2010. As result, they combined their lineage and history.

In the draft that took place on July 19, 2016, Charlotte was drafted to Raw and the title was called "WWE Raw Women's Championship".

Reigns 

Last updated on October 26th, 2018.

Combined reigns 

Last updated on October 26th, 2018.

Related pages
WWE Divas Championship
WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)
WWE SmackDown Women's Championship
List of current champions in WWE

References

Other websites 
 Official Raw Women's Title History

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
Clavaleyres is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Corcelles is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Adligenswil is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is east of the city of Lucerne and borders on canton Schwyz.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Adligenswil 

Municipalities of Lucerne
The Salt March was part of the Indian independence movement. It was a non-violent protest against the salt tax by British government. The Indians were upset that the government increased the price of salt.

Mahatma Gandhi led the march. It started on March 12, 1930. It went from sabarmati Ashram to the village of Dandi. Marchers took a handful of salt from the shore. They then announced that they had broken the law by making salt. This was a major but peaceful challenge against Britain colony. This move enraged the British and they called for his arrest. 

The British then came to the beach and beat Gandhi and anyone with him, but the Indians didn't fight back. They stood there, to prove their point.

Protests in the 20th century
Indian independence movement
1930
Saint Louis County (abbreviated St. Louis County) is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 200,226. Its county seat is Duluth. It is the largest county by total area in Minnesota. It is largest in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

Saint Louis County is included in the Duluth, MN-WI Metropolitan statistical area. Major industries include pulpwood production and tourism. Surface mining of high-grade iron-ore remains an important part of the economy of the Iron Range. Parts of the Bois Forte and Fond du Lac Indian reservations are in the county.

History
St. Louis County was created on March 3, 1855 by acts of the territorial legislature. It was named for the St. Louis River, the largest river entering Lake Superior. It is a major river flowing through the county. As of 1860 the population was only 406. By 1870 it was 4,561. According to the state census, by 1895 the population had grown to 78,575.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (8.9%) is water. By area, it is the largest county in Minnesota and the second largest in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

St. Louis County is known for its spectacular natural beauty. It includes Voyageurs National Park,Superior National Forest and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. It is the gateway to the North Shore of Lake Superior. St. Louis county has 1,000 lakes and hundreds of miles of rivers and trout streams.

Saint Louis County has one of the most important fresh water ports in the United States, located in Duluth on Lake Superior. The county is part of the Iron Range, which has a significant taconite mining industry. Three-fourths of the iron ore in the United States comes from this area.

References 

Minnesota counties
1855 establishments in the United States
Protoplast in modern biology, is what is left of a cell when the cell wall is dissolved. That leaves the cell's nucleus and the surrounding protoplasmic materials.

Definition: a protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means.

Because cell walls are made differently in the different kingdoms, different enzymes are used to remove them.

Enzymes for the preparation of protoplasts
Cell walls are made of a variety of polysaccharides.  Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes:

The reason for removing the cell walls is to allow many different experimental techniques to be used.

Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. In the case of plant cells, protoplasts can be regenerated into whole plants.

References 

Genetic engineering
Research methods
Plant physiology
This Is What the Truth Feels Like is the third studio album by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It was released on March 18, 2016 by Interscope Records, and is her first solo album in ten years.

Critical reception 

This Is What the Truth Feels Like has received favorable reviews from music critics.

Tour 
On April 18, 2016; Stefani announced that she will tour with American rapper Eve to promote the album, the tour was mainly around America and Canada and started at Mansfield, Massachusetts on July 12, 2016.

Track listing

References

2016 albums
Gwen Stefani albums
Dance-pop albums
reggae albums
R&B albums
Can't Take Me Home is the debut studio album by American singer Pink, released in the United States on April 4, 2000 by LaFace Records. The music on the album was "urban" and featured mainly hip hop, hip hop soul and R&B type songs, all of Pink's following albums would mainly be pop rock and R&B sounding. The UK version of the album featured the artwork in blue and two UK garage remixes on it.

Reviews

Can't Take Me Home received mainly positive reviews from music critics.

Track listing

Personnel
 Alecia Moore – vocals
 Terence "Tramp Baby" Abney – keyboards, producer, drum programming
 Babyface – producer
 Harold Frasier – producer, keyboards
 Steve "Rhythm" Clarke – producer, drum programming
 Will Baker – vocal arrangement
 Steve Baughman – assistant
 Kerren Berz – strings, string arrangements
 Elliot Blakely – assistant
 Paul Boutin – engineer
 Jason Boyd – arranger
 Josh Butler – engineer
 Ralph Cacciurri – assistant
 Chris Champion – engineer
 Rob Chiarelli – mixing
 Chrissy Conway – backing vocals
 Lysa Cooper – stylist
 Sharon A. Daley – A&R
 Regina Davenport – artist coordination
 Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing
 Blake Eiseman – engineer
 Daniela Federici – photography
 Paul Foley – engineer
 Sherree Ford-Payne – backing vocals
 John Frye – engineer

Charts

References

2000 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
Pink (singer)
The start menu is a part of the graphical user interfaces found in many operating systems. It is well known for its use in Microsoft Windows, where it is used to start programs, open files, change system settings, and get help if a user doesn't know how to do what they want to do.

Since Windows 95, the button used to show the start menu, called the "start button", is found at the bottom left corner of the screen, on the far left side of the taskbar. Clicking this button will make a list of menu items appear, from which the user can find a list of programs, documents or settings, search their computer for something by name (Find), enter the location of a file to open it (Run), get help on using Windows, or turn off the computer (Shut Down).

The Start menu has, for the most part, stayed more or less like this, although there were changes in later versions of Windows such as Windows XP. But for Windows 8 (and its follow-up version, Windows 8.1), Microsoft replaced the menu with a "Start screen" that covers the entire screen rather than just part of it. Here, programs and files show up as large "tiles" that can show information from the program or the contents of the file without the need to open it. For many people, this was a big change that they did not like as they were used to the older look of the Start menu, and so when Microsoft designed Windows 10, the company brought back this look while keeping the "live tiles" from Windows 8.

Computing
"What You Waiting For?" is a single by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It is from her first solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby.. It was the first single from the album. It was written by Stefani and Linda Perry.

Track listings

 European CD single
 "What You Waiting For?" (Album Version) – 3:41
 "What You Waiting For?" (Jacques Lu Cont's TWD Mix) – 8:02

 European and Australian enhanced CD maxi single
 "What You Waiting For?" (Album Version) – 3:41
 "What You Waiting For?" (Jacques Lu Cont's TWD Mix) – 8:02
 "What You Waiting For?" (Jacques Lu Cont's TWD Dub) – 8:22
 "What You Waiting For?" (Music Video) (Director's Cut) – 8:37

 European enhanced CD maxi single
 "What You Waiting For?" (Album Version) – 3:41
 "What You Waiting For?" (Jacques Lu Cont's TWD Mix) – 8:02
 "What You Waiting For?" (Instrumental) – 3:41
 "What You Waiting For?" (Music Video) (Director's Cut) – 8:37

 US 12" single
 "What You Waiting For?" (Armand Van Helden Remix) – 8:39
 "What You Waiting For?" (The Rude Ho Mix by Felix da Housecat) – 5:07
 "What You Waiting For?" (Armand Van Helden Dub) – 7:55

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Rusty Anderson – additional guitar
 Greg Collins – recording
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 Rob Haggett – second assistant engineer
 Nellee Hooper – production
 Sam Littlemore – programming

 Kevin Mills – assistant engineering
 Mimi (Audia) Parker – backing vocals
 Linda Perry – guitar, guitar recording, keyboard recording, keyboards, songwriting
 Ian Rossiter – recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References

2004 songs
Debut singles
Gwen Stefani songs
Pop songs
Dance songs
R&B songs
Lemonade is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Beyoncé. It was released on April  23, 2016, by Parkwood Entertainment. Lemonade is Beyoncé's second "visual album", following her self titled 2013 album. It is also a concept album.

Critical reception

Lemonade received generally positive reviews from music critics.

Track listing
Credits adapted from Tidal.

  signifies a co-producer.
  signifies an additional producer.

Sample credits
 "Hold Up" contains a sample of "Can't Get Used to Losing You", written by Jerome "Doc" Pomus and Mort Shuman, performed by Andy Williams; an interpolation of "Maps", written by Brian Chase, Karen Orzolek and Nick Zinner, performed by Yeah Yeah Yeahs; and an interpolation of "Turn My Swag On", written by DeAndre Way, performed by Soulja Boy.
 "Don't Hurt Yourself" contains samples of "When the Levee Breaks", written by James Page, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham, performed by Led Zeppelin.
 "6 Inch" contains samples of "Walk On By", written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, performed by Isaac Hayes via "2Wicky", performed by Hooverphonic; and an interpolation of "My Girls", written by David Portner, Noah Lennox and Brian Weitz, performed by Animal Collective.
 "Freedom" contains samples of "Let Me Try", written by Frank Tirado, performed by Kaleidoscope; samples of "Collection Speech/Unidentified Lining Hymn", recorded by Alan Lomax in 1959, performed by Reverend R.C. Crenshaw; and samples of "Stewball", recorded by Alan Lomax and John Lomax, Sr. in 1947, performed by Prisoner "22" at Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman.
 "All Night" contains a sample of "SpottieOttieDopaliscious", written by André Benjamin, Patrick Brown and Antwan Patton, performed by OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown.
 "Lemonade" contains a sample of "The Court of the Crimson King", written by Ian McDonald and Peter Sinfield, performed by King Crimson.

References

2016 albums
Beyoncé albums
R&B albums
Handshaking is the connection between the computer and a device. Handshaking is required in order to allow both the computer and device to send protocols to each other.  During a handshake, the two devices make sure that they know certain connection requirements of each other. For instance, they will need to find out a suitable bit rate and latency for each other. 

Examples of devices that use this method include a modem or another computer. Normally, handshaking happens between two devices. Although, a TCP three-way handshake is a special type of handshake that involves sending a connection from one computer to another, just done three times.

Examples

TCP three-way handshake
This method is used to connect two hosts on a computer network together, each host known as the client (the main host) and the server (a distant host), respectively. Once the client wants to make a connection to the server, the client can start a TCP three-way handshake with the server. This will allow the client computer (the main device) to send and receive messages to and from the server (a distant device) once the process is complete. Starting a normal TCP connection requires three separate steps:

 The first host (Alice) sends the second host (Bob) a "synchronize" (SYN) message with its own sequence number . Bob will then receives Alice's sequence number.
 Bob replies with a synchronize-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message with its own sequence number  and acknowledgement number . Alice will then receive Bob's message, which contains both his sequence number and his modified acknowledgement number.
 Alice replies with an acknowledgment (ACK) message with acknowledgement number . Bob will receive this message, but at this stage he doesn't need to reply.
In this setup, a synchronize message will request a server to make a connection with each other, while the acknowledgement messages return to the requesting server to let it know the message was received. Letting both hosts send synchronize messages to each other will allow the two hosts to connect with each other in both directions. Each acknowledgement message sent to each other ensures they are still connected with each other.

Telecommunications
Computer networking
Corgémont is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is in the French-speaking part of the canton. Corgémont is in the Jura mountains.

Demographics 
Corgémont has a population of 1,650 as of 2014. There are 689 families living in Corgémont. Males make up 50.1% of the population while females make up 49.9%. The average age is 41.6 years old.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
A term limit is a law that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected  office. When term limits are found in presidential systems, they act as a method to reduce the potential for monopoly. This is when a leader effectively becomes a "president for life". Term limits are intended to protect a democracy from becoming a de facto dictatorship. Sometimes, there is an absolute limit on the number of terms an officeholder can serve. In other cases, the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive (one directly following the other) terms.

History 
Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, two early civilizations which had elected offices, both imposed limits on some positions. In the ancient Athenian democracy, only offices selected by sortition were subject to terms limits. They included one term of one year for each office, except members of the Council of Five Hundred, where the council was changed every year.

In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of censor. The annual magistrates - tribune of the plebs, aedile, quaestor, praetor, and consul—were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed. Also there was a term limit of 6 months for a dictator.

In the United States 
The United States Constitution and many state constitutions have term limits for certain offices. The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution sets a term limit for the office of President of the United States. It states that "no person may be elected more than twice". It adds, "no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once." In addition, 23 states passed laws on term limits for their representatives in Congress. These laws are no longer enforceable, however. In 1995, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton. They ruled that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.

References 

Legal terms
Hawaii has a law that addresses hate crime protection for both actual and/or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity or expression.

According to statute:

Sexual orientation is defined as heterosexuality, homosexuality or bisexuality and those "having a history of any one or more of these preferences or being identified with any one or more of these preferences."

"'Gender identity or expression' includes a person's actual or perceived gender, as well as a person's gender identity, gender-related self image, gender-related appearance, or gender-related expression; regardless of whether that gender identity, gender-related self image, gender-related appearance, or gender-related expression is different from that traditionally associated with the person's sex at birth."

Summary Table

References

LGBT in the United States
Hawaii
Cormoret is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Cortébert is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Court is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

References

Municipalities of Bern
The Missouri Constitution is the state constitution of the state of Missouri in the United States. It is the highest law which forms the laws and government of Missouri. It is subject only to the United States Constitution, and the people of Missouri. The fourth and current Missouri Constitution was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government. The legislative branch is the Missouri General Assembly). The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri. The judicial branch is the Supreme Court of Missouri and the Missouri state courts. It also sets up local governments in the form of counties and cities.

History
The first constitution was written in 1820 in only 38 days. In 1845 the state outgrew its own constitutional limits on creating new counties. A second convention was called in Jefferson City and met from November 1845 until January 1846. But voters would not ratify the proposed constitution in August 1846. The Missouri Constitutional Convention was elected to decide on the issue of secession. But no changes were made to the constitution.

In 1865, delegates met in St. Louis from January 6 to April 8, 1865 to form a new constitution. It was called the 
“Draconian Constitution” and required an oath of loyalty to the Union. It was ratified on June 6, 1865. In 1867, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down the loyalty oath in Cummings v. Missouri (71 U.S. 277 (1867)).

Missouri citizens approved a new fourth constitutional convention in 1874. Delegates met in Jefferson City from May 5th to August 2nd, 1875. The changes to the Constitution were mainly about schools. It required 25% of the general revenue be used to support public schools. It also required separate schools for children of African descent. The constitution was ratified on October 30, 1875.

The fifth constitutional convention met in Jefferson City from May 15, 1922 to November 6, 1923. But instead of a new constitution the convention proposed 21 amendments. But the voters refused to approve all 21 amendments at the special election called for February 26, 1924. As a result, none of the amendments were ratified.

The fifth convention was called in Jefferson City on September 21, 1943. The new constitution was approved by the delegates on September 28, 1944 and ratified on February 27, 1945. It has been amended several times since then.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Missouri Constitution 

Constitutions
History of Missouri
1820 establishments in Missouri Territory
Tor putitora, the Putitor mahseer, Himalayan mahseer or golden mahseer, is an endangered species of cyprinid fish that is found in rapid streams, riverine pools and lakes in the Himalayan region and south Asia, ranging from Iran south to Sri Lanka, and east to Thailand. It is a popular gamefish.

References

Plants and animals of Kashmir
National symbols of Pakistan
Creative writing is a type of writing that involves writing in an artistic way. Creative writing usually follows the rules of formal writing, except it may not follow the rules of formal writing to achieve effect in the writing. Within schools, creative writing typically has a focus on writing in an original style, using original ideas and writing.

References

2.Why is Article Writing Important?

Literature
"Music" is a dance-pop and electropop ballad by singer Madonna. Its lyrics are about how music can bring people together.

"Music" was released in August 2000. It peaked at #1 on Billboard Hot 100. It also hit #1 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Italy. 

The song received many positive reviews from critics. It was nominated at the Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

References

Pop songs
Madonna songs
2000 songs
Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820) was an Argentine lawyer, general,  politician, economist and journalist. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His parents were Domenico Belgrano Peri, he was Italian;  and María Josefa González Casero, she was born in Buenos Aires but her family was from Santiago del Estero. He had 8 brothers and 7 sisters. His children were called Pedro Rosas y Belgrano and Manuela Mónica Belgrano. He studied Laws in Salamanca and Valladolid. He also studied Latin, Philosophy and Theology. 

He was a member of the "Primera Junta" and he participated in May Revolution.  He created the Flag of Argentina on 27 February,1812. He was a great defender of colonialism and freedom of expression. He fought in the wars of Independence against the Spanish Army. He met José de San Martín, who became Commander in Chief of the Army of the North in January, 1814.

1770 births
1820 deaths
Argentine generals
Argentine lawyers
Argentine politicians
Disease-related deaths in Argentina
People from Buenos Aires
Esch-sur-Alzette ( ,   or Esch an der Alzig, ) is a commune with city status in south-western Luxembourg, capital of the canton Esch-sur-Alzette.

The  town is usually referred to just as Esch, but there is also a village and commune further north, in the Wiltz canton, named Esch-sur-Sûre from which to distinguish it.

History
For a long time  Esch-sur-Alzette was a small farming village in the valley of the Alzette river. This changed when important amounts of iron ore were found in the area in the 1850s. With the development of the mines and the steel industry the town's population multiplied tenfold in a couple of decades.

On 29 May 1906, Esch-sur-Alzette was promoted to city.

Geography
Esch-sur-Alzette is in the south-west of the country, on the border with France. It is the capital of the Red Lands region.

The commune is in the valley of the Alzette river, a right tributary of the Sauer river and which flows through the town, and has an area of . The altitude is  high. At the city hall, the altitude  is  high.

Esch-sur-Alzette is surrounded by six communes of Luxembourg: Mondercange to the north, Schifflange to the northeast, Kayl to the east, Rumelange to the southeast and Sanem to the northwest. To the southwest, the commune borders the Audun-le-Tiche commune in the  Moselle department of France; and to the west Russange also in the Moselle department.

Population
There were 34,378 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in Esch-sur-Alzette

Twinned and partner towns
Esch-sur-Alzette is twinned withː

  Coimbra, Portugal
  Cologne, Germany
  Liège, Belgium
  Lille, France
  Mödling, Austria
  Offenbach am Main, Germany
  Puteaux, France
  Rotterdam, Netherlands
  Turin, Italy
  Velletri, Italy
  Zemun, Serbia

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Communes in Luxembourg
Diana, Lady Mosley (née Freeman-Mitford; 17 June 191011 August 2003), usually known as Diana Mitford was one of the noted Mitford sisters. 

She was married first to Bryan Walter Guinness, son and heir to the Baron Moyne. Secondly, she married Sir Oswald Mosley,  leader of the British Union of Fascists. She was divorced from her first marriage on the grounds of adultery with Mosely.

Her second marriage, in 1936, took place at the home of Joseph Goebbels, with Adolf Hitler as guest of honour. Later her involvement with fascist political causes resulted in three years' internment during the Second World War. 

She later moved to Paris and enjoyed some success as a writer. In the 1950s she contributed stories to Tatler magazine. She edited the magazine The European. In 1977 she published her autobiography, A Life of Contrasts. She died in Paris on 11 August 2003.

Her son Max Mosley became president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA),

References 

1910 births
2003 deaths
British writers
Sebastiano Castagna was an Italian engineer. He was born in 1868 in Aidone, Sicily. He was murdered in Ethiopia during a peace mission in 1938.

Castagna designed St George's Cathedral, an Ethiopian Orthodox cathedral in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is known for its octagonal shape. It is in the northern part of the city. He built it with the work of Italian prisoners of war who were defeated at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. It is named for Saint George.

References 

Italian engineers
1868 births
1938 deaths
People from Sicily
A quorum is the minimum number of members of an organization who must be present in order for their meeting to be legal or official. The word is often used in legislative assemblies, corporations and societies who make official decisions. The by-laws of an organization will usually say how many members make up a quorum. 

In the case of legislatures and government bodies, the requirements for a quorum are often set by statute or in their constitution. Some bodies use a fixed number for a quorum while others use a percentage of the members. It is usually the responsibility of the chairperson to make sure there is a quorum present. If there is not a quorum at a meeting, then in most cases the only business that can be discussed is taking steps to obtain a quorum, to decide on a time when to adjourn the meeting and to adjourn the meeting. 

The noun quorum is the plural of the Latin word qui, meaning "of whom."

A similar term, "quorum-busting", is a tactic used by members of a group when they know they will lose a vote. If enough members do not show up for a meeting, a vote cannot take place if there is no quorum. It is a delaying tactic similar to a filibuster. Both are used in the hopes that if a vote is delayed long enough, it may not take place at all.

References 

Legal terms