cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eastern Francia () was the land of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. That treaty divided Carolingian Empire of the Franks into an East, West, and Middle. Over the centuries it changed into the Holy Roman Empire and modern Germany.Until the beginning of the 12. Century it was known as Francia Orientalis or the Kingdom of the East Franks. If the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire is thought to have happened at the same time as the rise of the Ottonian dynasty, the kingdom of East Francia lasted from 843  to when Duke Henry I of Saxony became a monarch on in 919; or it could have began in 962, when Otto I the Great became a monarch (translatio imperii).

East Francia was divided into four duchies: Swabia (Alamannia), Franconia, Saxony and Bavaria (with Carinthia). And after the death of Lothair II in 869, these were added the eastern parts of Lotharingia.

This division have there until 1268, the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

From the 10th century, East Francia was also known as Regnum Teutonicum ("Teutonic kingdom", "Kingdom of Germany"), a term in Salian times.

References

Francia, Eastern
History of Germany
History of Switzerland
History of Austria
History of Europe
843 establishments
919 disestablishments
9th-century establishments in Europe
Colm is a masculine given name. It comes from the Irish word for "dove". There are three ways to pronounce this name. Colm is the short form of the Roman name Columba, which also means "dove". Saint Columba was a 6th-century Irish monk who founded a monastery on the Island of Iona in Scotland.

Famous Colms include television and movie actor Colm Meaney, actor Colm Feore, and novelists Colm Toibin and Colum McCann.

People
 Colm Brogan (1902-1977), Scottish writer
 Colm Byrne (born 1971), Irish playwright
 Colm Condon (1921-2008), Irish lawyer
 Colm Cooper (born 1983), Irish Gaelic football player
 Colm Coyle, Irish Gaelic football player and manager
 Colm Feore (born 1958), American-born Canadian actor
 Colm Hilliard (1936-2002), Irish politician
 Colm Imbert (born 1957), Trinidad and Tobago politician
 Colm Magner (born 1961), Canadian actor
 Colm Mangan (born 1942), Irish general
 Colm O'Shaughnessy (born 1996), Irish Gaelic football player and rugby player
 Colm Meaney (born 1953), Irish actor
 Colm Ó Cíosóig (born 1964), Irish drummer
 Colm Ó hEocha (1926-1997), Irish scientist
 Colm O'Gorman (born 1966), Irish activist
 Colm Ó Maonlaí (born 1966), Irish actor
 Colm Tóibín (born 1955), Irish novelist

Given names
Balochi (also called Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranic language. It is the main language of the Baloch of Balochistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. It is also spoken as a second language by some Brahui. It is one of nine official languages of Pakistan.

Dialects 
Balochi has several dialects. The Ethnologue lists three dialects: Balochi, Eastern, Balochi, Northern, Balochi, Southern and Balochi, Western while the Encyclopædia Iranica (from Elfenbein) lists six dialects: Rakhshani (subdialects: Kalati, Panjguri and Sarhaddi), Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, Coastal Dialects, and Eastern Hill Balochi.

Northern Balochi dialects are settled north of Iranian Balochistan and Golestān Province of Iran, north of Nimruz Province in Afghanistan and north Chagai District of Balochistan and north of Sindh in Pakistan. Northern Balochi dialects are similar to northern Rakhshani and southern Makkorani dialects.

Related pages
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of Iran
Languages of Afghanistan

References

Iranian languages
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of Afghanistan
The Jadgal people are a tribe which live in Pakistan and Iran. The Jadgal people speak the Jadgali language. The population of Jadgal people living in Pakistan was at about 100,000 in 1998. Jadgal people are mostly Muslim.

Iranian people
Querétaro is a state of Mexico.

The word Querétaro dates back to pre-Hispanic times. Some of the people who arrived in the area now occupied by the state gave it different names based on its geographic features. The Tarascans of Michoacán called the spot now known as La Cañada, Crettaro or Queréndaro, which means the place of the crags; they probably gave it this name because there is lots of pink stone there. The Otomíes called it Mxei, which means the place where the ballgame is played. It was also called Ndamaxei, which means the great ballcourt; the Aztecs named it Tlaxco, which has the same meaning. Finally, the Chichimecs called this spot Xico, which also means great ballcourt in their language; it received this name because the La Cañada area is shaped like an enormous pre-Hispanic ballcourt.

References

 
States of Mexico
Fatima Jinnah (31 July 1893 – 9 July 1967) was a Pakistani dental surgeon, writer, stateswoman and one of the founders of Pakistan. She was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah who became the first Governor General of Pakistan. 

She was a strong critic of the British Raj, and a leading member of the All-India Muslim League. She advocated the separation of Pakistan as an independent state when the Raj ended.

After the independence of Pakistan, Jinnah co-founded the All Pakistan Women's Association, which helped settle the migrants in the new country. After the death of her brother, she was a prominent philanthropist, but was not politically active until 1965. Then she took part in the Pakistani presidential election against the  military Dictator Ayub Khan. She lost the primary because of election rigging by the Pakistan Army.

Her legacy is her support for civil rights, her struggle in Pakistan Movement and her devotion to her brother. Many institutions and public spaces have been named in her honour.

References 

1893 births
1967 deaths
Pakistani people
Pakistani culture
National symbols of Pakistan
Campeche is a state in the south-east of Mexico. Its capital is also called Campeche. About 750,000 people live in Campeche.

 
States of Mexico
The 1940–41 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1940–41 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Max Bentley, Chicago Black Hawks
John Mariucci, Chicago Black Hawks
Joe Carveth, Detroit Red Wings
Elmer Lach, Montreal Canadiens
Ken Reardon, Montreal Canadiens
John Quilty, Montreal Canadiens
Chuck Rayner, New York Americans
Bill Juzda, New York Rangers

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1940–41 (listed with their last team):
Paul Haynes, Montreal Canadiens
Georges Mantha, Montreal Canadiens
Hooley Smith, New York Americans
Charlie Conacher, New York Americans
Dave Kerr, New York Rangers

References

Hockey Database
NHL.com

1940
1941 in North America
1940s in North America
Khetrani is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken in northeast Balochistan province (Pakistan). About 4,000 people speak it. It is member of Lahnda group. It is related to Saraiki and to Sindhi. The literacy rate for native speakers is below 1% and below 5% for those speaking it as a second language.

References

Languages of Pakistan
Indo-Aryan languages
Balochistan (Pakistan)
Population 102,000 in Jammu and Kashmir (1997). Population includes 29,800 to 33,300 Shamma (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977.328). Population total all countries: 114,000. 

Region Maqbuza Kashmir, Ladakh District, 250 villages and hamlets. Also spoken in China. 
Alternate names   Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladak, Ladwags 

Dialects Leh (Central Ladakhi), Shamma (Sham, Shamskat, Lower Ladakhi), Nubra Ladakhi. Perhaps 30% to 40% intelligibility of Tibetan. Leh is used as the medium of communication. Leh speakers understand Zangskari and Changthang at more than 90% on recorded text tests. Not known if speakers of all dialects understand Leh well. Leh is in Leh and surrounding areas. Shamma is west of Leh along the Indus Valley and to the south of Khaltse. Nubra is in Nubra Tahsil north of Leh. Lexical similarity 71% to 83% with Purik, 53% to 60% with Tibetan, 84% to 94% among 5 main dialects. 

Classification Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western, Ladakhi 
Language use All ages. Many speakers in urban areas use Urdu, or English, but rural speakers are mainly monolingual in Ladakhi. 
Language development Literacy rate in second language: Men: 36%, women: 12% in Urdu, Tibetan, or English (1991). Tibetan script. Grammar. Bible: 1948. 
Comments Written Ladakhi is distinct from the spoken forms. The dialect of Leh has been acknowledged as standard spoken Ladakhi. It is the medium of Leh radio broadcasts and the standard medium of communication among all Ladakh dialects, including Changthang and Zangskari (Paldan 2002). SOV; postpositions; genitives, relatives before noun heads; articles, adjectives numerals after noun heads; suffixes indicate case of noun phrase; ergative; causatives; comparative; CCVCC or CCCVV maximum; nontonal. Mountain valleys. 2,400 to 5,000 meters. Agriculturalists: wheat, barley; pastoralists: yaks, goats, sheep (cashmere wool); cottage industries: weaving, jewelry making, religious artifact production. Buddhist, Muslim, Christian.

Also spoken in China 
Language name   Ladakhi 
Population 12,000 in China (1995). 
Region Western Tibet. 
Alternate names   Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladak, Ladwags 
Dialects Leh (Central Ladakhi), Shamma (Sham, Shamskat, Lower Ladakhi), Nubra Ladakhi. 
Comments Part of the Tibetan nationality. Mountain valleys. 2,400 to 5,000 meters. Agriculturalists: wheat, barley; pastoralists: yaks, goats, sheep (cashmere wool). Buddhist (Lamaist).

Sino-Tibetan languages
OD is a two-letter abbreviation and can mean any of the following:
 Order of Distinction, a civil honour of Jamaica
 Object Desktop, a suite of skinning and customization programs by Stardock, or ObjectDock, another program by the same company
 Oblivion Dust, a Japanese rock band
 On Demand, when it is available on demand
 Officer of the day
 Old Dragon, former pupil of the Dragon School
 Old Derbeian, a former pupil of Derby School
 Olive Drab, as in OD Green
 Oneness Darkness, a Texas rock band
 OpenDocument, the only ISO acknowledged standard document file format
 One Day Match, a type of shorter match in cricket
 Optical density
 Ordnance Datum, a vertical datum used in Great Britain as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps.
 Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)
 Organization development
 Orphei Drängar, a Swedish male choir
 "Ocular dextra," medical terminology meaning "right eye" ("ocular sinistra" is the term for the left eye). Abbreviated O.D. and O.S. and commonly used in ophthalmology and optometry.
 Outside diameter, a dimension commonly used to specify the size of tubing or pipe
 Od language, a language based in Pakistan.
 Overdose, related to Drugs
 OverDrive CPUs
 Odessa, TX, a small city in West Texas
 On Duty, mostly used in colleges and schools in the attendance sheets to indicate the time the student spent on other extracurricular activities (Cultural Programs etc.)
 Original dance, the second part of an ice dancing competition
 Octavian Droobers, an orienteering club.
 Oringin Destination fare, used for calculating airfares
 O.D. (musician) a founding member of the Finnish industrial band Velcra
 Official Dress in the popular agriculture club: National FFA Organization

Non abbreviated meanings of OD are as follows:
 For the Norse god Od, see Óðr
 For the life force Od, see Odic force
 For the Unix program od, see od (Unix)
 Od, a replacement for "God" in some minced oaths
A sunspot is an area of high magnetic activity, on the surface of the Sun. Sunspots produce bright light, but not as much as the surface around them, so they appear dark by comparison. They are cooler than the rest of the sun. Some are small, and some are ten times bigger than Earth. 

A sunspot cycle of eleven years has been found, with changes in activity. Every 11 years the number of sunspots increases, and later declines. Sunspots on one cycle are magnetically different from the next, so the total sunspot cycle is 22 years. This cycle has been seen since the 18th century. Before that time, for over a hundred years, there were very few sunspots. Astronomers do not know what caused this "Maunder Minimum".

History

Chinese astronomers said they could see sunspots. On 17 March 802 the monk Adelmus saw a big sunspot, which he could see for eight days. Adelmus thought that Mercury was going in front of the Sun and making a black spot. When astronomers started using telescopes, most agreed that something was passing in front of the Sun. Galileo Galilei in 1612 guessed that there were actual spots on the Sun and that they showed that the Sun was turning.

The first cyclic changes of sunspots was seen by Heinrich Schwabe, and made Rudolf Wolf study them carefully, starting in 1848. Also in 1848, Joseph Henry showed a picture of the Sun and made sure that sunspots were cooler than the rest of the Sun (they are about 7000 degrees Fahrenheit, 4000 C). They are still very hot, but much cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

Effect on Earth 
Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the Sun.  But many scientists think that when there are many sunspots, the Sun actually gets hotter.  This affects the weather here on Earth, and also radio reception.  If this is true, then without sunspots, the Earth might become cooler.  In the same way, if there were more sunspots, the Earth might become hotter, and there could be less rain.  This would make more droughts on the Earth.  Droughts are a long time with no rain.  Without rain, crops that people eat would not grow.  Scientists study sunspots and other solar phenomena, so they can know what they do to Earth.  The temperature of a sunspot is 4780°K.  This is cold when compared to other areas on the surface of sun.

References

Other websites 
 "Sunspots" at Exploratorium
 Sunspot data at NASA Online

Weather
Sun
Astrophysics
A crystal radio, sometimes called a crystal set, is a very simple AM (or rarely FM) radio receiver, that does not need batteries to work. A long wire antenna gathers enough of the radio signals from nearby transmitters to power a crystal diode, which demodulates the signals, and plays them as sound through an earphone or small headset. 

Crystal radios have come and gone many times in history. They were built in the early days of radio broadcasting by amateurs, and people who could not afford a well-made radio. They became popular again during the Great Depression, when money was scarce. During World War II, American soldiers built "foxhole radios" that used a razor blade and pencil point instead of a crystal. (German and Italian troops had equipment to detect normal superheterodyne radio receivers working, so an alternate choice was a wise one.)

After the war ended, amateurs built more crystal sets, and children began to make them as science and hobby projects. Later during the Vietnam War prisoners of war again built simple radios, and soldiers used Slinky springs as antennas.

Hobby clubs still exist, that give information to persons who want to build a crystal radio or similar radio project.

Other websites 
 Stay Tuned
 Xtal Set Society
 Foxhole Radio article at Bizarre Stuff 

Radio receivers
Hobbies
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a rally held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. on 28 August 1963. It was where Martin Luther King, Jr gave his famous I Have a Dream speech. After the march, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the National Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed. There were over 200,000 people there, both black and white.

Organization and planning 
The march was first planned by A. Philip Randolph, who was the president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO. He had planned another civil rights march in 1941, but it never happened. However, the threat of the march was a big reason why President Roosevelt wrote Executive Order 8802. This forced equal opportunity in the defense industry, which meant that all workers had to be treated the same, no matter what their race was.

Other leaders of civil rights movement helped Randolph plan the march and spread the word to their members. Some of the most important were James Farmer, (president of the Congress of Racial Equality), John Lewis (president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Martin Luther King, Jr. (president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference), Roy Wilkins (president of the NAACP), and Whitney Young (president of the National Urban League)..

Protection 
Many people were worried for the marchers' safety.  Black nationalist leader Malcolm X sent an open telegram to George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the Nazi Party in the United States.  Malcolm wrote:

The Washington DC Police department looked for black police officers from around the country to protect King during the march and speeches. They thought the presence of black officers would be more calming if trouble broke out.

References

Other websites 
 Official program for the March on Washington
 Witnesses to History, 50 Years Later

1960s in Washington, D.C.
Martin Luther King Jr.
1963 in the United States
August events
A doll is a child's toy that looks like a baby or other human being. Dolls have been around since the beginning of human civilization, and have been made from many different types of materials, like stone, clay, wood, bone, cloth and paper, to porcelain, china, rubber and plastic.

While dolls are usually for children, they are also collected by adults, for remembering things from the past, their beauty, their historical importance or their financial value (being worth money). In ancient times, dolls were used as symbols of a deity (god), and played an important role in religious ceremonies and rituals. 

Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by health professionals, medical schools, and social workers to train doctors and nurses in different health procedures or to find out about cases of sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes use jointed mannequins or ball-jointed dolls in drawing the human body. Action figures are types of dolls that represent superheroes and military people are particularly popular among boys. There are baby dolls, paper dolls, rag dolls, talking dolls, fashion dolls and many others.
The bobcat (Lynx rufus) is a fierce cat that lives in forests, swamps, mountains, prairie, and deserts in much of North America. Bobcats are generally nocturnal (most active at night), but are most active at dawn and dusk. They spend the day in their den (a cave, hollow log or rock crevice). They are very good climbers and swimmers. Bobcats usually live from 10 to 14 years. Bobcats and lynxes are closely related.

Description 
The Bobcat has powerful jaws and long, pointed canine teeth. It has sharp, retractable claws, big short ears, and a spotted coat. Many bobcats have long tufts of hair at the tip of the ears that improve the cat's hearing. The brown eyes have round pupils. These graceful cats are from 24 to 40 inches (60–100 cm) long (including the tail). The stubby tail is only 4 to 7 inches (10–18 cm) long, and looks as though it was cut off (or bobbed). This is what this cat is named for. They are nocturnal (active at night) and elusive so they are rarely seen by humans.

Diet 
Bobcats are carnivores (meat-eaters). These fast, solitary hunters eat small mammals (like rabbits, hares, rodents, weasels and even deer), birds, fish, and eggs. Bobcats stalk their prey, and then pounce onto it. They can leap up to 10 feet (3 m). They can often kill their prey in one powerful bite.

References 

Felines
Mammals of North America
An emergency medical technician (EMT) is someone who works on an ambulance and takes care of sick and hurt people. EMTs used to be called "ambulance drivers," since much of their work is bringing people to an emergency room. Their other main duty is first aid including:
 Doing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and give electric shocks to a person's chest if their heart is beating in a way that could kill them
 Giving oxygen (or force oxygen into a person's lungs) if they stop breathing or are not breathing well enough to survive
 Inserting a breathing tube down someone's windpipe to help them breathe better. 
 Stopping hemorrhaging (bleeding so bad that it will kill a person if not stopped)
 Treating burns 
 Treat very bad physical trauma (injuries)
 Helping people who are pregnant give birth
 Treating broken bones, dislocated joints, sprains, and wounds

In the United States 
In the United States, each state decides what their EMTs can do. EMTs in every state are allowed to perform first aid. Each state has different rules for exactly what their EMTs can do. These rules are called treatment protocols. For example:
 In Massachusetts, EMTs can give medicines to treat heart attacks, breathing emergencies (like asthma attacks), anaphylaxis, very low blood sugar, and overdoses on opiates like heroin and oxycodone.
 In New Hampshire, EMTs are allowed to place a rescue airway in a patient who cannot breathe.  This means they will place a tube down the patient's throat, then force oxygen into the lungs through the tube.

Related pages 
 Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites 
National EMS Memorial Service

Healthcare occupations
Kuru is a disease caused by cannibalism, formerly thought to be caused by specifically eating human brains, but is actually caused by eating any human meat. It is also known as the "laughing sickness" due to the pathologic bursts of laughter that the patient displays.

Kuru was found in Papua New Guinea, among members of the Fore tribe. The word kuru means "trembling with fear" in the Fore language.

References 

Neurology
Infectious diseases
Kuru is a former municipality in the Pirkanmaa, Finland. As of 2005, there were 2,774 people living in Kuru.
Tampere is 50 km to the south.

Most of the Seitseminen National Park is in the municipality of Kuru.

Other websites 
Parkkuun kylä

Towns in Finland
Former municipalities of Finland
It Is Well with My Soul

When peace like a river, attendeth my way,
When sorrows like sea billows roll;
Whatever my lot, Thou hast taught me to say,
It is well, it is well, with my soul.

Refrain:
It is well, with my soul,
It is well, with my soul,
It is well, it is well, with my soul.

Though Satan should buffet, though trials should come,
Let this blest assurance control,
That Christ has regarded my helpless estate,
And hath shed His own blood for my soul.

My sin, oh, the bliss of this glorious thought!
My sin, not in part but the whole,
Is nailed to the cross, and I bear it no more,
Praise the Lord, praise the Lord, O my soul!

And Lord, haste the day when my faith shall be sight,
The clouds be rolled back as a scroll;
The trump shall resound, and the Lord shall descend,
Even so, it is well with my soul.

Horatio Spafford

"It Is Well With My Soul" is a hymn written by hymn-writer Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. Spafford wrote the song right after his four daughters died by the sinking of the S.S. Ville Du Havre.

Other websites 
The original Hymn written by Horatio Spafford

Christian hymns
Jackson Township is a township in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States.  The Township of Jackson was named after Andrew Jackson.  About 43,000 people lived there as of the year 2002.

References

Other websites
Jackson Township website
Jackson Township Police 
Jackson Township Fire Co #1
Jackson Township First Aid Squad
Cassville Fire Co
Jackson Mills Fire Co
Whitesville Fire Company
Jackson School District 

School Data for the Jackson School District, National Center for Education Statistics
Jackson Branch of Ocean County Library
Map of Jackson, NJ
Jackson, NJ Community Pages

Townships in New Jersey
Ocean County, New Jersey
Jackson may refer to:

Name 
 Jackson (name)

Place names

Australia 
 Jackson, Queensland

United States 
 Jackson, Alabama
 Jackson, California
 Jackson, Georgia
 Jackson, Kentucky
 Jackson, Louisiana
 Jackson, Maine
 Jackson, Michigan
 Jackson, Minnesota
 Jackson, Mississippi
 Jackson, Missouri
 Jackson, Nebraska
 Jackson, New Hampshire
 Jackson, New Jersey
 Jackson, New York
 Jackson, North Carolina
 Jackson, Ohio
 Jackson, Rhode Island
 Jackson, South Carolina
 Jackson, Tennessee
 Jackson, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
 Jackson, Wyoming

Train stations 
 Jackson (Amtrak station disambiguation)
 Jackson (CTA disambiguation), Chicago Transit Authority stations

Others 

 "Jackson" (song), about hot times in the city
 United States twenty-dollar bill, nicknamed for Andrew Jackson, who appears on the obverse side

Related pages 
 Jackson Guitars
 Jackson Structured Programming
 The Jackson Twins, a comic strip

Geography:
 Cities, towns and villages:
 Jackson Center, Ohio
 Jackson Center, Pennsylvania
 Jackson Junction, Iowa
 Lake Jackson, Texas
 Mount Jackson, Virginia
 Other geography:
 Jackson metropolitan area, of Jackson, Mississippi
 Jackson Township (disambiguation)
 Jackson County (disambiguation)
 Jackson Parish, Louisiana
The LNER Class A4 was a type of steam locomotive made in England in 1935. It was designed by Sir Nigel Gresley for the London North Eastern Railway. 35 locomotives were built in total. 

They were designed to be very fast and had a very sleek shape. One of them, 4468 "Mallard", is the fastest steam locomotive ever made. It set a world speed record of 125 mph (201.16 km/h) on July 3, 1938.

Six A4s still exist today. The rest were scrapped when steam stopped being used to power trains in Britain.

Sources

Other websites

 LNER Encyclopedia Page covering the history and development of the LNER A4 Pacifics

Rail transport in the United Kingdom
The Old Firm is the name given to the relationship between two football teams in Scotland, Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.

Head to head record 

1888-1999 statistics obtained from RSSSF. Remaining stats obtained from Soccerbase

History 

The Old Firm have a lot of history, possibly dating back to around 1888, Celtic's first match, which was against Rangers, when a newspaper report stated that both sets of players "got on so well that you would believe that they were old firm friends." However, William J. Murray states that the term comes from the commercial benefits of the two clubs' rivalry, which were viewed with distaste in some parts in the early days of the game

The two clubs are the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 63 Scottish Cups and 93 Scottish Premier League championships (as of 2007). The two clubs normally compete four times a year in the SPL and are regularly drawn against each other in the two Scottish cup competitions.

The clubs' have large support bases around Glasgow, but also have supporters clubs in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world. The presence of Rangers and Celtic has been estimated to be worth £120 million to the Scottish economy.

The two clubs' fan bases have historically been divided on religious lines. Celtic are supported by Catholics, while Rangers are supported by Protestants.

Players 
There have been many high profile players to play for both sides of the Old Firm. The most recent players to do so are Kenny Miller, Maurice Johnston, Steven Pressley, Mark Brown and Barry Robson. Kenny Miller is the first player in the modern era to cross the Old Firm divide twice, having played for Rangers then Celtic, then moving back to Rangers.

References 

Football in Scotland
Gretna Football Club is a former Scottish football club from Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway that was founded in 1946.

Despite being based in Scotland, the club played in English football between 1947 and 2002. The club was elected to the Scottish Football League at the third attempt in 2002. Under the ownership of businessman Brooks Mileson, who invested millions of pounds in what was a village team, the club went from the Third Division side to the Scottish Premier League (SPL) in less than five years.

While in the SPL, however, the club were placed in administration after Mileson withdrew his financial support. The club finished in the relegation position in the SPL. At the end of the season, all of the club's staff were made redundant and the club was initially relegated to the Third Division due to their inability to guarantee fulfilment of their 2008-09 fixtures. 

After this demotion, the one remaining potential buyer withdrew their offer to buy the club. In the belief that Gretna has ceased to exist, they resigned their place in the Scottish Football League on June 3.

References

Scottish football clubs
1946 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Scotland
Labor might mean:
Labour (economics)
Labour (constituency), a constituency in Hong Kong
Labor Day, a holiday in Canada and the United States
Childbirth, the process of a mother about to give birth

Political parties
Labour Party (UK), a British political party
Norwegian Labour Party

Related pages
Work (a disambiguation page)
The Labors of Herakles
Benjamin Todd Roethlisberger (born March 2, 1982, in Lima, Ohio), nicknamed Big Ben, is an American football quarterback. He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League.

Roethlisberger was the captain of his high school's football team, basketball team, and baseball team. He did not play football as a quarterback until his last year in high school.

Roethlisberger played college football for Miami University in Oxford. In 2003, Roethlisberger led his team to an unbeaten record, a Number 10 ranking in the Associated Press poll and a 49-28 victory over Louisville in the 2003 GMAC Bowl.

Roethlisberger was chosen by the Steelers in the 2004 NFL Draft. He earned the National Football League's "Rookie of the Year Award" in 2005.

On February 5, 2006, Roethlisberger became the youngest quarterback in NFL history to win a Super Bowl. He helped the Steelers to a 21-10 victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the fortieth Super Bowl. He was only 23 years old at the time. He played in his first Pro Bowl in 2007. Roethlisberger led the Steelers to a second Super Bowl title in four seasons as they defeated the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, 27-23, after he made a game-winning touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes in the final 35 seconds.

On January 27, 2022, Roethlisberger announced that he was retiring from the NFL.

References 

1982 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Sportspeople from Ohio
People from Lima, Ohio
American bloggers
Bubble could mean:

Traditional bubbles 
 Liquid bubble, a globule of one substance encased in another, usually air in a liquid
 Soap bubble, a bubble formed by soapy water
 Antibubble, a droplet of liquid surrounded by a thin film of gas

Arts and Literature 
 Bubbles (painting), a painting by Sir John Everett Millais
 Bubbles Yablonsky, the protagonist in a series of mystery novels
 Dome, an architectural element representing the upper half of a sphere
 Speech bubble, a graphic convention used primarily in comics and cartoons
 Bubbles, a monkey in the Dragon Ball series

Economics 
 Bubble (economics), a situation where market prices are unsustainably high
 Dot-com bubble
 Real estate bubble
 Stock market bubble
 "South Sea Bubble"

Film 
 The Bubble (1966 film), a science fiction film
 Bubble Boy, a 2001 comedy film directed by Blair Hayes
 Bubble (film), a 2006 improvised thriller directed by Stephen Soderbergh
 The Bubble (2006 film), an Israeli drama about a gay romance

Food and Drink 
 Bubble and squeak, a traditional English vegetable dish
 Bubble tea, a Taiwanese beverage
 A colloquial term for sparkling wine, particularly champagne
 Bubble gum, a candy often used to chew and blow bubbles.

Television 
 Bubble, a character in the TV series Absolutely Fabulous
 Bubbles, a character in the animated TV series Jabberjaw
 Bubbles (The Powerpuff Girls)
 Bubbles (Trailer Park Boys character)
 Bubbles (The Wire)
 Bubbles the Clown, a doll used in a BBC test card
 Bubbles DeVere, a character in the TV series Little Britain
 Bubbles (The Adventures of Little Carp),an anthropomorphic fish from The Adventures of Little Carp.

Video games 
 Bubble Bobble
 Bubbles (video game)
 The main character in the video game Clu Clu Land
 An enemy in the Legend of Zelda video game series

People and animals 
 Bubble Eye, a variety of goldfish
 Bubbles (chimpanzee), a chimpanzee who lived with Michael Jackson
 Pamela Harmsworth, Viscountess Rothermere, an English socialite and actress
 William Milbourne James, the child model for the painting and soap advertisement Bubbles
 Beverly Sills, opera singer

Other meanings 
 Bubble (automobile), a special sedan also called a Hi-Riser
 Bubble (computing), an error in program execution
 Bubbles (band), a Swedish girl group
 Bubble Act, an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain requiring all joint-stock companies to have a Royal Charter
 Bubble chamber, a particle detector in physics
 Bubble wrap, a packaging material
 Westminster Bubble, a term used to describe isolation among United Kingdom government employees
 A symbol used in logic gate diagrams
 A term used in poker tournaments for the last finishing position before entering the payout structure (See Glossary of poker terms)
 Refers to a college basketball team that has a significant, but not assured, chance to be awarded an at-large bid to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship or NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections. It is a round bacterium, often living on the skin or in the nose of a person. About one third of the U.S. population are carriers of Staph. Aureus  Staphylococcus aureus can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections to life-threatening diseases.

S. aureus can be treated with antibiotics, but they easily get resistance to antibiotics. When they are resistant, they are called MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus).

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
The 1950–51 NHL season was the 34th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to one for the Stanley Cup to win their fifth Cup in seven years.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading Goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; SO = Shut outs; AVG = Goals against average

Stanley Cup Playoffs
All dates in 1951

The second ranked Toronto Maple Leafs eliminated the fourth ranked Boston Bruins in five games, and the third ranked Montreal Canadiens upset first overall Detroit Red Wings in six, setting up a Leafs – Canadiens Stanley Cup final series, won by the Leafs 4–1.

Playoff bracket

Semi-finals
Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

1 <small>Note: March 31st game called after one overtime due to curfew
Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

Montreal Canadiens vs. Detroit Red Wings

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2

Finals
 see 1951 Stanley Cup Finals

Montreal Canadiens vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

NHL Awards

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1950–51 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Alex Delvecchio, Detroit Red Wings
Bernie Geoffrion, Montreal Canadiens
Jean Beliveau, Montreal Canadiens
Dollard St. Laurent, Montreal Canadiens
Danny Lewicki, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1950–51 (listed with their last team):
Joe Carveth, Detroit Red Wings
Glen Harmon, Montreal Canadiens
Wally Stanowski, New York Rangers
Pat Egan, New York Rangers
Buddy O'Connor, New York Rangers
Bill Barilko, Toronto Maple Leafs

References

Hockey Database
NHL.com

1950 in North America
1951 in North America
Housing is used in connection with places to live, such as  dwellings and houses

Housing can be:
 Housing in British Columbia
 Housing in Hong Kong
 Housing in Toronto
 Housing in the United States
 Housing in Vancouver
 Affordable housing,  places to live that the average person can afford to purchase or rent
 Homelessness
 Homeless shelter
 Right to housing
 Warming center
 A shortened version of the United States Federal Housing Administration
 An enclosure containing some equipment or mechanism
The Athanasian Creed is a Christian statement of faith. It is also often referred to as Quicumque vult (can be translated as Whoever wants, the first two words of the statement). It is the first known creed to talk about trinity. It has been in use since the 6th century, mainly in the western part of the Church. It is not used very much today, the Nicene Creed has largely replaced it.

From about the 9th century people thought that St. Athanasius had written it. Athanasus lived in the 4th century in Egypt.
Today, this view is largely seen as false. This is because of the following:
 The original text is in Latin. Athanasius wrote mainly in Greek.
 Neither Athanasius nor other people who lived at the same time as him mention it.
 It talks about problems that were only discovered after Athanasius' death.

Today, most people think it came from Gaul around the year 500. Its positions are similar to those taken by St. Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo or Vincent of Lérins. J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary patristics scholar, believes that St. Vincent of Lérins was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same bacground, namely the area of Lerins in southern Gaul. Caesarius of Arles is one of the possible authors. 

The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian creed date from the late 8th century.

Martin Luther said there were three statements of faith, the Nicene Creed (Credo in unum deum, I believe in one god..), the Te Deum (Te Deum Laudamus,..., Thee, O Lord, we praise), and the Athanasian Creed. 

The creed starts:

It explains Trinity, in such a way to stand against positions such as Arianism. It has the filioque.

It ends

References

Other websites 

Christian creeds
Ancient Christianity
Acanthopolis (meaning "spiny scales") was an armoured ankylosaurian dinosaur. This quadrupedal (walked on four legs), plant-eating dinosaur had its armour in rows of oval plates set into its skin. It also had spikes jutting out of its neck and shoulder area along the spine. It was about 15 feet long (4 m) and weighed roughly 380 kg.

The first specimen was found in 1865 by fossil collector John Griffiths on the shoreline at Folkestone. The stratum was Cambridge Greensand, a formation in the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. At the time England was part of a huge tropical river delta, and the Greensand was laid down just offshore. It seems that dinosaurs were on the shoreline or the river delta, and sometimes their bodies washed out to sea.

References 
 Carpenter, Kenneth 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of Ankylosauria. In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed): The armored dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, 455–480. 

Ankylosauria
Dirty could mean:
being like dirt (and the word meaning not clean)
violating accepted standards or rules: cheating
considered morally corrupt: dishonesty, ethics
considered obscene or indecent: see obscenity
 Dirty, a song by Korn from their album Issues
 Dirty, an album by Sonic Youth
 Dirty (group), a rap duo from Alabama
 "Dirrty", a song by Christina Aguilera
 Dirty, a song by Lemon Interrupt
 Dirty Records, a record label
 Dirty (film), a 2004 crime-drama
 Dirty data, a computing term
 Dirty cache, a computing term
 Corrupt, illegal, or improper.
dirty bomb
dirty dancing
dirty word: see profanity
chocolate pipe

Basic English 850 words
openSUSE () is a community project, sponsored by Novell and AMD, to develop and maintain a general purpose Linux distribution. After taking over SUSE Linux in January 2004, Novell decided to release the SUSE Linux Professional product as a 100% open source project, involving the community in the development process.  The initial release was a beta version of SUSE Linux 10.0, and as of Janury 2016 the current stable release is openSUSE Leap 42.1

System requirements 

OpenSUSE 11.1 has full support for 32-bit i586 and 64-bit x86-64 PC hardware, as well as PowerPC (PPC) processors. The basic requirements for non-PPC hardware is as follows:

 CPU: Intel—Pentium 1-4 or Xeon; AMD—Duron, Athlon, Athlon XP, Athlon MP, Athlon 64, Sempron or Opteron
 RAM: 256 MB minimum, 512 MB recommended
 Hard drive: 500 MB for minimal system; 3 GB recommended for standard system

Older processors that still belong to the i586 family can be used, for example the AMD K6/2. When extra language/translation files and documentation are removed and X is not needed, decent console-based router systems can be made using 300 MB disk space. Most console workloads also cope with 128 MB of RAM at the cost of increased swap activity in tight situations.

Package
OpenSUSE's official software package repository includes, for example, UNetbootin.

References 

Linux distributions
X86-64 Linux distributions
Pioneer movements are movements for children and adolescents. They were founded in countries where there is a Communist party. Many of the ideas are taken from the scout movement.
In most socialist countries, people can choose if they want to be members of the pioneer movement or not. There are many differences between a pioneer movement, and the scout movement. Scout movements are independent of governments. They are also not controlled by the state. For example, there were no separate organizations for boys and girls. During the time of the USSR, thousands of Young Pioneer camps and Young Pioneer Palaces were built. These could only be used by Young Pioneers. The camps and palaces were also free of charge, it did not cost any money to use them. The government and trade unions sponsored them. There were many newspapers and magazines published for Young Pioneers. Some sold millions of copies.

Certain features, however, are similar to the Scout movement. The two movements share some principles like preparedness and promotion of sports and outdoor skills. The pioneer movement also includes teaching of communist principles. Opponents of Communist states claim that this is a form of indoctrination.

A member of the movement is known as a pioneer, and a scarf – typically red, but sometimes light blue – is the traditional item of clothing worn by a pioneer. The pioneer organization is often named after a famous party member that is considered a suitable role model for young communists. 

In the USSR it was Lenin; in East Germany, it was Ernst Thälmann. The Thälmann pioneers were taught the slogan "Ernst Thälmann is my role model. We wear our red scarf with pride."Albania, which had severed diplomatic relations with the USSR since 1961, also had a certain variant of Pioneer organization, called Pioneers of Enver, named after the communist ruler of Albania, Enver Hoxha.

Today, the following countries have pioneer movements:
Belarus (Belarusian Republican Pioneer Organization)
Belgium (Pioneers of the Workers Party of Belgium)
People's Republic of China (Young Pioneers of China)
Cuba (José Martí Pioneer Organization) Established in 1961; in 2001 it was elected to the Global 500 Roll of Honour of the United Nations Environment Programme for its environmental activities.
Cyprus (EDON)
Finland (Democratic Union of Finnish Pioneers)
The Czech Republic – Nowadays Pionýr is a non-political organisation organizing leisure time for children, part of the IFM-SEI.
North Korea (Young Pioneer Corps)
Russia
Spain (Pioneers of the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands)
Tajikistan (King Somoni Inheritance)
Syria (Baath Party Pioneers)
Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneers, established on May 15, 1941)

Older children could continue in other communist organizations, but that would typically be done only by a limited number of people.

Related pages
Scout movement

References

Other websites

 Pioneers (Belgium) 
 Rules of Thälmann Pioneers (GDR)
 Young Pioneers (People's Republic of China)
 Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union (Vietnam)  

Communism
Youth organizations
Knoppix, or KNOPPIX, is a Linux distribution based on Debian designed to be started directly from a CD / DVD. Knoppix is one of the best-known LiveDistros. It was developed by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper. When starting a program it is loaded from the optical disc and decompressed into a RAM drive. The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

References 

 
Debian-based Linux distributions
The clavicle is a long bone that is part of the shoulder. It connects the arm to the main part of the body. It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely. This allows the arm to have a lot of movement. The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone. Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles.

Other websites 
 Image of the clavicle

Bones
Torso
Emergency contraception is a form of contraception that can be taken by the woman after sex. Emergency contraception can not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Emergency contraception may prevent a pregnancy. The drugs that are used for emergency contraception are based on hormones. 

Emergency contraception needs to be applied soon after the unprotected sex. If it is not applied within about 3 days (72 hours) after the event, it will no longer help to prevent pregnancy. The sooner the drug is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it is.

The drugs work by either:
 Stopping or delaying ovulation, the ovaries from releasing an egg or ovum;
 Preventing sperm from fertilising any egg already released; or
 Stopping a fertilised egg from attaching itself to the lining of the womb.

It is estimated that these drugs may prevent 85% of expected pregnancies.

The drugs will not work if the woman is already pregnant.  The drugs will also not work for preventing pregnancy from unprotected sex again in the same menstrual cycle.

Emergency contraception is illegal in some countries and for some circumstances (for example, outside the context of rape). Often the drugs are available in pharmacies. In some countries, the affected person needs to talk to a healthcare professional (a doctor or a pharmacist). After this counseling, the drugs can be obtained.

Note that this is different from pills containing Mifepristone, which are taken during the pregnancy, as a form of abortion.

Related pages
 Rape
 Contraception

References

Other websites 
 WHO Factsheet on Emergency contraception
 The Emergency Contraception Website (not-2-late.com)  – by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals	
 International Consortium for Emergency Contraception	
 Go 2 EC  – Emergency Contraception News
 The Morning-After Pill Conspiracy – A United States group whose goal is to have Plan B available over the counter (not just behind pharmacy counters) to women of all ages.
 Emergency contraception  by the Adolescent Medecine Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS), Paediatrics and Child Health ACSA-CAAH

Human sexuality

ja:避妊#緊急避妊
Reason or reasoning is a way of thinking that uses logic and facts.  People can use reason to decide what is true or best.  It is different from obeying tradition or emotions to decide what things are best or true.  In common English, it is using your head instead of your heart.  

Reason has been an important part of philosophy since Ancient Greece.  Many philosophers have thought about what reason is, and how to think using reason (Logic). Also, they have thought if religious thinking and faith are ways of reasoning, what we can know if we only use reason (Epistemology), and if animals or computers can think using reason. 

Philosophy