cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973. Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

Frazier was born in Beaufort, South Carolina. He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned to box in Philadelphia.

Frazier won the vacant world heavyweight title by beating Buster Mathis. He lost the title to George Foreman whom had knocked out Frazier in a 3 punch combo, breaking his eye socket, jaw, and collar bone. Frazier's most famous fights were rematches with Muhammad Ali. He beat Ali in their first fight in 1971 but lost the other two. The third fight was known as the "Thrilla in Manila".

Frazier died in Philadelphia on November 7, 2011 from liver cancer, aged 67.

References

Other websites 

Official website

1944 births
2011 deaths
African-American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from liver cancer
Sportspeople from South Carolina
Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a cancer of the lymphatic system, also known as a lymphoma. It was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. It is one of many kinds of cancers of the lymphatic system. Most of the time, the cancer develops in a single lymph node before it spreads to the rest of the body. The symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma change as the disease progresses. At the first stage of the disease, the person may feel a lump on the affected lymph node that does not hurt when touched. The person may have strange fevers, sweating during the night, and itchy skin. In the later stages of the disease, the person may feel very tired and their spleen may grow larger. In simple words Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm with features resembling an inflammatory disorder, such features include fever, and inflammatory cell infiltrates.
It mainly affects the young adults especially young men with exception of nodular sclerosis which frequently affects young women. The important histological finding is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

Cancer
Diseases caused by viruses
The Sierra Nevada, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is a mountain range in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain, Mulhacén at 3,479 m.

It is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in Europe's most southern ski resort after Ski Centre on the island of Crete in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada and, a little farther, Málaga and Almería.

Other websites 

 Google Maps Satellite Photo
 Maps of the Sierra Nevada 
 XVII sport week -Old Pictures -
 Sierra Nevada Official Website (In Spanish) 
 Sierra Nevada Piste Map

References

Bibliography 
 Francisco Pérez Raya, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Francisco Valle Tendero, 1992: "Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada. Paisaje, fauna, flora, itinerarios". Ed. Rueda. Madrid. 
 "Flora de la Tundra de Sierra Nevada". Pablo Prieto Fernández, Ed. Universidad de Granada. 
 "Sierra Nevada: Guía de Montaña". Aurelio del Castillo y Antonio del Castillo. Ed. Penibética, 2003. 

Mountains of Europe
Geography of Spain
Andalusia
National parks in Spain
Wax is an organic chemical substance.  It is a type of lipid. 
Waxes have the following properties:
 They are soft, and easy to shape at room temperature
 Their melting point is above 45 °C
 They cannot be dissolved in water
 They are hydrophobic, repelling and repelled by water.
 
Some waxes, like beeswax, vegetable wax, and paraffin (a petroleum wax) occur naturally. Another such wax is earwax, which occurs in the ear. Other waxes may be manufactured. People use waxes for various purposes:

 Waxed paper
 Wax tablet
 Waxing

Chemical compounds
Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET, PETE or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family. The chemical industry makes it. It is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers. It is also used as the dielectric in multi-purpose capacitors (K73-16 series).

Depending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. Its monomer can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or the transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with ethylene glycol as the byproduct (the ethylene glycol is recycled in production).

The majority of the world's PET production is for man-made fibers (in excess of 60%) with bottle-making accounting for around 30% of global demand. In discussing cloth uses, PET is generally referred to as simply "polyester" while "PET" is used most often to refer to packaging applications.

Thermoplastics
Nuclear energy  is the energy that holds together the nucleus of atoms. Atoms are the most simple blocks that make up matter. Every atom has in its center a very small nucleus. Normally, nuclear energy is hidden inside the atoms. However, some atoms are radioactive and send off part of their nuclear energy as radiation. Radiation is given off from the nucleus of unstable isotopes of radioactive substances.

Nuclear energy can also be freed in two other ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion is the combining of two light atoms into a heavier one and nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy atom. Both ways make big amounts of energy. They sometimes take place in nature. Fusion is the source of heat in the sun. Fission is also used in nuclear power plants to make electricity. Both fusion and fission can be used in nuclear weapons.
  Nuclear power generates a number of radioactive by-products, including tritium, cesium, krypton, neptunium and forms of iodine some of which can be dangerous for millions of years.

Nuclear energy production and use has been a controversial topic over the years. Nuclear energy can supply a very large amount of electrical power for use in cities, but the nuclear materials that make the electricity can be very dangerous for thousands or millions of years after they have been used. Countries have made decisions to use nuclear power based on their current energy demands as well as environmental conservation demands. Countries could venture into nuclear energy production to help meet the rising energy demand, to help conserve the environment by avoiding air pollution, and also as a long lasting replacement for the depleting fossil fuels sources of energy, but would have to ensure the ongoing safety of production and waste storage. There have been upgrades to reactor design to avoid nuclear energy accidents like those of Chernobyl and Fukushima, but accidents still continue to occur and ageing reactors are a safety concern. Countries using the nuclear energy production process to make dangerous weapons of mass destruction is a related concern.

Related pages
 Nuclear accidents
 Nuclear power

References

Other websites 
 What is nuclear energy?
Card Sharks is a game show that has aired in different versions since 1978.

The main game
Two contestants fought against each other in the main game—the returning champion and a challenging contestant.  The returning champion was represented by the color red.  The challenger was represented by the color blue. The host, Jim Perry, then asked a toss-up question, which was asked to 100 people before the show (example: "We surveyed 100 lawyers: Have you ever defended a person who you believed was guilty?  How many lawyers said they have?").  The contestant he asked it to would provide what they thought the number of people who gave the answer the host gave.  The other contestant would then say whether they thought the actual number was higher or lower than the first contestant's guess.  Whoever is closer to the number got a chance at the cards.

There were two rows of five cards: the top red row (for the champion) and the bottom blue row (for the challenger).  The contestant in control had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the card before it.

There were two games.  Whoever won both games would go on to play the Money Cards.

The Money Cards
The winning contestant would then play the Money Cards to win more money.  He/she was given $200 to start out with.  They then had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the one before it, just like before.  This time, they had to bet money on each guess (example: $200 higher than a 2). The contestant worked their way across the bottom row, in which there were four cards, and then made it to the second row and were given $200 more. The least a person could bet on each card for the first two rows was $50. They then worked their way across that row, until they reached the top row, where there was only one card.  That row was called the "Big Bet" row.  There, the contestant had to bet at least half of what they won before.

Other versions
Card Sharks aired on NBC from 1978 to 1981 and was hosted by Jim Perry.  It returned on CBS and in syndication in 1986.  The CBS version was hosted by Bob Eubanks and ran until 1989.  The syndicated version was hosted by comedian Bill Rafferty, but ran until 1987.

In 2001, Card Sharks came back, hosted by Pat Bullard.  However, this version had different rules than the other ones.  In this one, two teams of two contestants (two at a time) had to guess higher or lower (or predict if the next card had exactly the same number as the previous one) on one row of seven cards. This version was not very popular and was cancelled after 13 weeks.  Many Card Sharks fans say this version is the worst game show revival of all time.

Card Sharks returned to television in 2019 as an hour-long series hosted by Joel McHale, airing on ABC. The gameplay is similar to the 1978-81 and 1986-89 versions.

Television game shows
ABC network shows
NBC network shows
CBS network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a luxury car company that was started in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford.

The company name is derived from the Aston Clinton hill climb and one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin.

The company went in and out of business a few times between World War I and World War II.  Lionel Martin left the company in 1926. The company was sold from one person to another many times until 1947, when David Brown bought it.  David Brown also bought Lagonda, and used Lagonda engines in his cars.  Aston Martin cars built when David Brown owned the company had the letters "DB" in the name. An Aston Martin won the 24-hour race at Le Mans in 1959.

David Brown sold the company again.  The company was having trouble staying open in the 1970s. Victor Gauntlett bought part of the company and kept it going with help from buyers of other parts of the company. In 1991 the Ford Motor Company bought Aston Martin and started making DB cars again. Ford owned Aston Martin until 2007 when they sold it to Investment Dar and Adeem Investments.

References

British automobile companies
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the United Kingdom
The Sydney Opera House is an opera house and iconic building on the shores of Sydney Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. It is shaped like the sails of a boat. Many concerts and events take place there, with 2000 performances a year presented by Opera Australia, Australia's national opera company. It is a famous tourist attraction.

History
The land where the Sydney Opera House stands is called Bennelong Point. Bennelong Point was once home to Fort Macquarie (the fort was built in 1817 and knocked down in 1901). On 10 August 1902, the Fort Macquarie Tram Depot was opened at Bennelong Point. The depot was knocked down in 1958. The Sydney Opera House was built on the same spot and the work began in 1959.

It was designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon. He won a design competition in 1957. Utzon left the project in February 1966 because the government was not paying his invoices. The building finally opened on 20 October in 1973. The project was completed ten years later and cost more than fourteen times the original budget. In 2001, Utzon was invited back to restore the building and change it back towards his original designs.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

Opera House
Opera houses
World Heritage Sites in Australia
1973 establishments in Australia
The Sydney Harbour Bridge, in Sydney Harbour, is a bridge that joins north Sydney with south Sydney. People can cross the bridge by car, walking or by train. It now carries eight traffic lanes. Using six intended traffic lanes and an additional two that were formally tram tracks. 

There are two railway lanes that head in opposite directions. There is a tunnel that goes underneath. The bridge is an important tourist attraction. The scenery attracts many tourists and people living in or near the city. One of the many attractions of the Harbour Bridge is its famous 'BridgeClimb'. Luna Park Sydney is located next to the bridge.

The bridge is  long and  wide. The highest point of the arch is  tall. Building began on 19 March 1923 and ended in 1932. John Bradfield led the bridge's building. 

The standards of industrial safety during construction were poor by today's standards. Sixteen workers died during construction,[31] but surprisingly only two from falling off the bridge. Several more were injured from unsafe working practices undertaken whilst heating and inserting its rivets, and the deafness experienced by many of the workers in later years was blamed on the project. 

Henri Mallard between 1930 and 1932 produced hundreds of stills[32] and film footage[33] which reveal at close quarters the bravery of the workers in tough Depression-era conditions.[citation needed]

The total financial cost of the bridge was AU£6.25 million, which was not paid off in full until 1988.[34]

Other websites 
Harbour Bridge
Harbour Bridge
Bridges in Australia
Steel bridges
1932 establishments
1930s establishments in Australia
Bondi Beach is a beach in Sydney, Australia, about one kilometre long and roughly seven kilometres from the centre of the city.
Bondi beach is one of the world's greatest beaches, and is one of Sydney's main tourist attractions.

Large numbers of tourists visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, and many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day there.

History 
The word "Bondi" is an aboriginal (native) word which means water breaking over rocks or noise of water breaking over rocks.

In 1809, a road builder William Roberts received a grant of land in the Bondi area. In 1851 Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien bought  of Bondi and named it the "Bondi Estate." Hall was O'Brien's father-in-law. In between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien bought his father-in-laws share of the land and named it the "O'Brien Estate". He made the beach and surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became more popular, O'Brien wanted to stop public access. The Government believed that the Municipal council needed to step in. On the 9th June 1882, Bondi Beach became a public beach.

Today 
Many people visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, ranging from 4000 people to 9000 people. Bondi Beach has an underwater shark net that they share with other beaches along the southern coast. In 2004, Surf Lifesaving Australia gave different hazard ratings to each end of the beach. The northern end was rated a gentle 4 with 10 as the most hazardous, while the southern end was rated a dangerous 7 due to the famous rip current known as the "Backpackers Rip". The south end is generally reserved for surf board riding. Bondi Beach was added to the Australia National Heritage list in 2008.

Pods of whales and dolphins are sometimes sighted. Fairy penguins while rare are sometimes also seen.

Lifesavers 

Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club was the world's first livesaving club. North Bondi Surf Livesaving Club is a federation club. Both clubs were founded in 1907. Both clubs were involved in the biggest rescue ever on one day known as 'Black Sunday'.

References

Other websites 
 Bondi Chill - Music Made in Bondi Beach 

Geography of New South Wales
Beaches
Sydney
Stadium Australia, known for sponsorship reasons as ANZ Stadium, formerly Telstra Stadium, is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. The 2000 Summer Olympics took place there. Now it is used for many other sports, like rugby and AFL. The stadium opened in March 1999.

In 2002, the stadium was named after the sponsor Telstra. 1 January 2008 it was renamed the ANZ Stadium.

As "Stadium Australia", the name was sometimes confused with the Sydney Football Stadium, which was formerly known as Aussie Stadium.

References 

Football stadiums
Football in Australia
Sports buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
1999 establishments in Australia
Sports in Sydney
Nigga is a term derived from the racial slur "nigger". It is generally used by African-Americans (especially young adults), because other ethnic groups using it is considered offensive. The use for this word is for a good friend, it can also be defined as a substitute for "nigger" in a less serious tone.

Note that this version of the word does not use a "hard R."

Pejoratives
Slang
English profanity
Germans () are the people of Germany. Descendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren) of Germans in other countries are often called "ethnic Germans". There are many ethnic Germans in Belgium, Denmark, Russia, Poland and France, but also in countries such as the United States, Brazil, and Canada. In total, there are about 100 million Germans in the world. Germans speak the German language (Hochdeutsch = Standard German) and dialects such as Low German and Upper German. Most people in Switzerland and Austria are native speakers of the German language.

References
The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a proposed U.S. law in the U.S. Congress.  If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations.  It is also known as H.R. 2015. It was introduced on April 24, 2007.

The first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, but none were voted into law.  In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote.  This is the first time a law has included "gender identity" in addition to "sexual orientation".

Currently, California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.

This is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender ("GLBT") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.  These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts.

Opponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is "unnatural" or "immoral". They also often present religious arguments against the law.

Previous bills have not included transgender people.  The new bill would protect transgender people, and its inclusion has been debated in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign – an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill – said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people.

In 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people.  It participated in redrafting the current "trans-inclusive" bill.

Related pages
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy

References

American civil rights
American civil rights
Cthulhu is a fictional deity created by the horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Cthulhu is a powerful monster from another planet. It (Cthulhu is neither male nor female) is very ancient compared to humans, being around since the dinosaurs. It has the alien appearance of a large green dragon with the head of an octopus and human-like hands. There are said to be many people who worship it as their deity because of his powers over the mind.

Cthulhu is one of the Great Old Ones, a group of powerful beings from another place that now inhabit Earth, waiting to rise up(when the stars are right) and destroy the human race so they can rule the planet. The Old Ones are neither good nor evil, meaning that they do not hate humans, they just do not care about them. They think of humans as if they could be ants. Also, their appearance is so unlike anything of this world, that it is said that any human who so much as gazes upon one of them will go insane.

In one of Lovecraft's stories, The Call of Cthulhu, he said that Cthulhu currently lies in a dreamlike state in the underwater sunken city of R'lyeh (rill-ee-yeh), waiting for the time when the Old Ones shall rise again. In the story, R'lyeh is located in the southern Pacific Ocean.

Characters in written fiction
Diabetes insipidus is a medical condition caused when vasopressin does not appear in a person's blood. Vasopressin is released from the brain, and travels in the blood to the kidneys. There, it pulls water out of the urine, which reduces the amount of urine stored in the bladder.

If there is no vasopressin in the blood, the kidneys leave the water in the urine, and the bladder holds more liquid. This means a person needs to urinate more often. It also causes thirst. Increased thirst and urination are symptoms of regular diabetes (diabetes mellitus). That's why diabetes insipidus shares the name "diabetes."

Related pages
 Diabetes mellitus

Diseases
Endocrinology
A bullet-proof vest (also called "bulletproof vest", "body armor" or "body armour") is a protective piece of clothing that covers the torso (chest, abdomen, and back) of a person. It protects the wearer from most pistol and revolver bullets and from fragments of explosive devices such as grenades. Bullet-proof vests are worn by police officers, soldiers, security guards, and people who are at risk of being shot (such as the leader of a country).

How do they work? 
Bullet-proof vests contain many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar (or hard, strong materials such as ceramic or titanium) which can stop the metal pistol or revolver bullets or metal shell fragments from going into a person's body.

How much protection does a bullet-proof vest provide? 
When a bullet hits a bullet-proof vest, the forceful impact of the bullet can seriously hurt, or even kill, the person wearing the vest even if the vest stops the bullet. 

A bullet from a strong sniper or rifle can pierce a bullet-proof vest. 

If a bullet hits a body part that the bullet-proof vest does not cover, the bullet can hurt or kill the person wearing the vest.

Types of vests
The bullet-proof vests worn by most police officers and security guards are made with many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar.

Bullet-proof vests for soldiers are heavier and stronger than the bullet-proof vests worn by police officers and security guards, because soldiers need protection from rifle and machine gun bullets. Bullet-proof vests for soldiers often have flat pieces of ceramic material or a strong metal such as titanium. These materials can stop bullets from many rifles and handguns.

Related pages
 Helmet- soldiers and some types of police officers (called tactical police officers) also wear helmets to protect themselves

Protective clothing
Armour
Military
A dry suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers who are swimming in very cold water, such as in the Arctic ocean or the North Atlantic ocean. A dry suit is similar to a wetsuit, in that it helps to insulate the diver's body from the cold of the ocean. However, a wetsuit lets water to touch the diver's body, but a dry suit is sealed so it does not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that a dry suit offers more protection from the cold ocean water.

Protective clothing

de:Tauchanzug#Trockenanzug
fr:Combinaison de plongée#Combinaison étanche
A gauntlet is a protective covering that is used in some gloves and mittens. A gauntlet protects the wrists and the lower part of the forearm. Gloves or mittens for motorcycle drivers, snowmobile drivers, construction workers, forestry workers, and mountain climbers often have gauntlets. The gauntlet helps to protect the wrist and forearm from cold, and from being scraped or cut if there is an accident.

How they are made
The gauntlet of a glove or mitten is usually made from a material that is similar to the protective fabric or material used elsewhere on the glove or mitten. A pair of leather motorcycle gloves with gauntlets will usually have leather gauntlets. A pair of insulated nylon snowmobilers' mittens with gauntlets will usually have gauntlets made from insulated nylon fabric.

Other meanings
The word "gauntlet" is sometimes used in the following figure of speech: "to throw down the gauntlet." If a person says that "Fred threw down the gauntlet at the committee meeting last night", they mean that Fred issued a public challenge at the committee meeting.

Another figure of speech is the phrase "run the gauntlet." This means to "face a trial or test." For example, if a sailor commits an offense, his comrades may form a line, and each comrade will hit the sailor as he passes by the line. This is called "running the gauntlet."

Protective clothing
Sports equipment
Mountain climbing  is a hobby/job where people climb mountains. It may involve hiking, rock climbing, as well as crossing glaciers. Someone who does mountain climbing is called a mountain climber or mountaineer.

 Mountain climbers are sage to use the strength of their arms and legs to climb up mountains. Many mountain climbers use ropes and wear special shoes and safety equipment. Most mountain climbers go up mountains as a hobby or as a recreational activity. A small number of mountain climbers do mountain climbing as an occupation or job. They get paid by outdoor clothing companies or universities to climb up mountains, or they are hired as a guide by recreational mountain climbers.the first woman climbed Mount Everest: Sangeetha Aroa

Risks 
Climbing mountains can be dangerous as each year, people are seriously injured or even killed from falling, being covered in an avalanche of snow, or getting too cold. To reduce the risks, mountain climbers learn how to climb safely. As well, they wear safety equipment such as helmets and use ropes, compasses, and first aid kits.

 Mountain climbers in snowy areas who face the danger of being buried in an avalanche of snow also bring other equipment, such as shovels, radio transmitters, and long poles (for finding people who are buried in the snow) and emergency G.P.S.

References
A figure of speech is an indirect way of communicating an idea. Many figures of speech are not meant to be understood exactly as they are said: they are not literal, factual statements. They use indirect language, and mean something different from ordinary language.

Linguists call these figures of speech "tropes"—a play on words, using words in a way that is different from its accepted literal or normal form. DiYanni wrote: "Rhetoricians have catalogued more than 250 different figures of speech, expressions or ways of using words in a nonliteral sense".

Metaphors are very common examples. A common figure of speech is to say that someone "threw down the gauntlet". This does not mean that a person threw a protective wrist-covering down on the ground. Instead, it usually means that the person issued a public challenge to another person (or many persons).

There is no one easy way to distinguish plain speech from figures of speech.

List of common figures of speech  

Allegory — A sustained metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject. May be continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse. For example: "The ship of state has sailed through rougher storms than the tempest of these lobbyists".
 Alliteration — when a sentence or phrase has many words that start with the same sound.
Antanaclasis — Repeating a single word, but with a different meaning each time. Antanaclasis is a common type of pun, and like other kinds of pun, it is often found in slogans.
 Aphorism — A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion, an adage
 Euphemism — Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
 Hyperbole — Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
 Innuendo — Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
 Irony — Implying the opposite of the standard meaning, such as describing a bad situation as "good times".
 Metonymy — A trope through proximity or correspondence, for example referring to actions of the U.S. President as "actions of the White House".
 Metaphor — an explanation of an object or idea through juxtaposition of disparate things with a similar characteristic, such as describing a courageous person as having a "heart of a lion".
 Paradox — Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
 Proverb — Succinct or pithy expression of what is commonly observed and believed to be true
 Pun — Play on words that will have two meanings
 Rhetorical question — statement in the form of a question, asked and answered without a needed reply
 Synecdoche — Related to metonymy and metaphor, creates a play on words by referring to something with a related concept. For example, referring to the whole with the name of a part, such as "hired hands" for workers; a part with the name of the whole, such as "the law" for police officers; the general with the specific, such as "bread" for food; the specific with the general, such as "cat" for a lion; or an object with the material it is made from, such as "bricks and mortar" for a building.
 Truism — a self-evident statement

References 

Language
Writing
Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash) was a rich internet application distributed by Adobe Systems. Adobe Flash and Adobe Flash Player were used to create and view animated content that could be placed on web pages. Adobe Flash was used commonly on the Internet by web browsers.

Flash was created by FutureWave (a multimedia company) in 1995. Then it was called "FutureSplash Animator" (this was Flash 1.0). FutureWave along with Flash were soon bought by Macromedia around 1997, who in December 2005 was again bought by Adobe Systems. From Flash version 2 to 8 it was called "Macromedia Flash", now it is called "Adobe Flash".

In 2012, Adobe discontinued the Solaris version of Flash Player, and made the Linux version only for Google Chrome. The Android version was removed from Google Play.

In 2020, Adobe discontinued Adobe Flash, because Adobe claims that WebGL, HTML5, and WebAssembly serve as good alternatives for Adobe Flash.

How Adobe Flash was used

Video games 

Flash video games are popular on the Internet, with websites like Newgrounds, Kongregate, and Armor Games are dedicated to Flash-based games. Popular Flash games include Transformice, Farmville, Alien Hominid, QWOP and Club Penguin.

Adobe AIR allows the creation of Flash-based mobile games, which can be published to the Google Play and the Apple App Store.

References

Graphics software
Internet
Adobe software
2002 software
In Object-oriented programming languages, inheritance is a way to add functionality. Object-oriented programming has the notion of classes (and perhaps interfaces). A derived class inherits most fields and methods from its parent class. It can modify the behaviour of the parent, by adding new fields and methods, or by modifying existing ones. Depending on the programming language used, there may be certain restrictions when extending a class. 

Inheritance can be used to solve different types of problems:
 Specialisation: The child class extends the functionality of the parent. That way a Bank account may have fields for balance, account number and owner; a subclass interest-earning account may add fields like interest rate and interest received.
 Overriding: The child class can redefine the behaviour of the parent class.
 Code reuse: Code that is common to many classes can be placed in a parent class, and reused.

An example can be a Car class. You could create a Ferrari class which would inherit from Car, and also make a Toyota class which would also inherit from Car. This way, all the fields and methods (drive method, brake method, color field...) would also be inside of Ferrari and Toyota, and you wouldn't need to copy the code twice. However, maybe inside of Car you could have a brand field. This brand field would be equal to nothing, but inside of Ferrari the field might be equal to "ferrari" and in Toyota to "toyota". Of course, you could not just create a Car, because otherwise that field would be missing. In order to prevent people from just creating a Car, you turn the Car into an abstract class.

Computer science
The New York Giants are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Giants they do not play in New York. They play in East Rutherford, New Jersey. New York is right across the Hudson river from East Rutherford, so they consider New York as home. The Giants play in MetLife Stadium, which they share with the New York Jets.

History
The New York Giants started playing in 1925. They were named for the baseball team also called the New York Giants. They have won six NFL championships, including some before the Super Bowl era. On February 3, 2008, the Giants beat the previously unbeaten New England Patriots (17-14) to win their third Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLII as well as stopping them from achieving the NFL's first 19-0 season. The previous two Super Bowl victories came against the Denver Broncos and the Buffalo Bills (when they won the game on a missed last second field goal that went "wide right".) The Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the Patriots but this time the Patriots went 13-3 in the regular season. The Giants beat them in Foxborough during the 2011 season.

Other websites
 Official site

 
1925 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
1920s establishments in New Jersey
Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon (born January 21, 1963 in Lagos, Nigeria; pronounced ah-KEEM ah-LAH-zhoo-wahn), formerly Akeem Olajuwon, is a retired Nigerian-American basketball player. He is considered by some to be the greatest defensive player in basketball history.  Hakeem Olajuwon travelled all the way from his home country of Nigeria to play basketball in the United States. He won two National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Houston Rockets. During his career, he was nicknamed "The Dream", often extended to "Hakeem the Dream", due to his grace both on and off the court.  His best move was called the "Dream Shake".  He also called himself "Little Moses" after one of his biggest idols, Moses Malone, who played for the Houston Rockets while Olajuwon played for the University of Houston Cougars men's basketball team.

Other websites

Hakeem Olajuwon's NBA legends profile

References

1963 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American Muslims
American Olympic gold medalists
Houston Rockets players
Nigerian sportspeople
People from Lagos
Toronto Raptors players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Scottie Maurice Pippen (born September 25, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. He played for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for most of his career and won six championships with the Bulls, although he also played with Charles Barkley in 1999 for the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers near the end of his career.

In addition to his chemistry with Michael Jordan, Pippen was known for his defense.  His unusually long wingspan allowed him to clog passing lanes and make chase-down blocks.

Pippen went by Scott Pippen early in his NBA career.  Later on he earned the nicknames Pip, Robin (to Michael Jordan's Batman) and later Batman (Jordan was then called Superman).  Off the court, Pippen developed a reputation for not leaving tips at restaurants, and got the nickname No Tippin' Pippen.

Pippen's nephew Kavion Pippen currently plays basketball for the Southern Illinois Salukis.

References

Other websites

NBA legends profile

1965 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American Olympic gold medalists
Chicago Bulls players
Houston Rockets players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sportspeople from Chicago
Sportspeople from Arkansas
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team. They play in Chicago, Illinois at the United Center. The Bulls are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were named the Bulls in reference to the Chicago Union Stockyards, which was once a major business in Chicago. The current head coach is Billy Donovan.

Michael Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls from 1984 until 1993 and from 1995 until 1998, leading the team to six NBA championships. In the 21st Century, Derrick Rose was the star of the Bulls until his injuries prevented him to play.

References

Other websites
Barry Bonds (born July 24, 1964, in Riverside, California) is an American Major League Baseball player. Barry Bonds was a left fielder for the Pirates (1986-1992) and Giants (1993-2007)He holds the Major League Baseball career home run record with 762 home runs. He is currently a free agent. He is not signed with any team and is currently not playing baseball. He played his debut on May 30, 1986, for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

References

Other websites 
 

1964 births
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from California
Living people
National League All-Stars
Pittsburgh Pirates players
San Francisco Giants players
William Felton Russell (born February 12, 1934) is a retired American basketball player. Russell played for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won 11 championships; 11 is the most anyone has ever won in American basketball history.

African-American basketball players
Boston Celtics players
Sportspeople from Louisiana
1934 births
Living people
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII is a third-person shooter roleplaying video game.  It is a sequel to Final Fantasy VII.

Story
Three years after the what happened in Final Fantasy VII, a group of powerful SOLDIERs that nobody had seen before appear, stopping the peace enjoyed by the people of world. The members of this mysterious group are the ones who were trapped under the ruins of Midgar for three years- the Deepground SOLDIERs. The Deepground SOLDIERs want to call forth the final WEAPON, Omega, before it is supposed to be. But to do that, the DGS need Vincent Valentine to lead the way to Omega.

Vincent Valentine is chased by many members of the mysterious group. An chain of events leads Vincent to the truth about his past and forces him to be the leader again in a battle for the planet itself and all those living in it.

Reeve Tuesti, who used to be the Head of Urban Development at Shinra (and the remote controller of Cait Sith), is now the leader of the World Regenesis Organization, which looks after the planet and stops people from hurting it any more. Yuffie Kisaragi is another member of the organization, and several other characters from the original game provide the World Regenesis Organization with more help.

The game begins with a Full Motion Video showing the attack on the town of Kalm by Deepground soldiers. Vincent stops the attack, but encounters Azul and Shelke. Azul and Shelke are members of the Tsviets, Deepground's elite force of supersoldiers.

Shooter video games
2006 video games
Final Fantasy games
A kilt is a ceremonial article of clothing worn in Scotland. It is made of a thick, woven fabric with a tartan (checkered) pattern. It resembles a pleated skirt except that it is worn by men. It is still worn during ceremonies by some Scottish and Canadian military units and by people who play the bagpipes (a Scottish wind instrument). It is also quite commonly worn by men at weddings.

Clothing
Scotland
A spacesuit is the specialised covering of protective clothing worn by astronauts when they travel into outer space occasional cases such as extravehicular activity (EVA) or into the upper atmosphere. Spacesuits are completely sealed, so that an astronaut can survive in the harsh, cold, and airless environment of space. Spacesuits have their own heating and cooling systems and a radio communication system. Spacesuits also provide a supply of fresh air for the astronauts to breathe and create a normal atmospheric pressure. Spacesuits cover the entire body, and they have gloves for the hands and a helmet for the head, including a clear visor for the face. Astronauts wear spacesuits when they fly in the space shuttle, rockets, or space stations. For Extravehicular activity they wear a heavier, more complex kind of spacesuit.

Parts of Space suit 

A generalised, typical space suit is made of several pieces which has various properties. 
Protective clothing
Spaceflight
A passport is a travel document that says that the person who owns it is a citizen of the country on the passport. A passport asks that the person carrying it be allowed to enter and pass through other countries. They also allow a person to re-enter their country. Passports are given by national governments.

Passports usually have a person's picture, signature, date of birth, nationality and country of birth. Many countries are now issuing passports with biometric properties. This helps confirm that the person carrying a passport is the real owner. These countries have passports that use biometrics: Malaysia, Australia, Greece, Israel, New Zealand, Japan, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Singapore, Thailand, India and the Republic of Korea .Many more countries are switching over to biometric passports because it can easily confirm the authenticity of the holder's identity. Passports are used so a stamp can be placed in it to prove that the identity of the holder has been confirmed with the immigration officials in the country of travel.

In 1920, the International Conference on Passports, Customs Formalities and Through Tickets made a law that said passports must be issued in French and at least one other language. Now, many countries issue passports in English and the language(s) of the issuing country.

References
 Lloyd, Martin (2003). The Passport: The History of Man's Most Travelled Document.  Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. .
 Salter, Mark B. (2003). "Rights of Passage: The Passport in International Relations." Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
 Torpey, John (2000). "The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Travel
Identification documents
The University of Nottingham is a university in the city of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. It has four different sites in the United Kingdom. It also has a site in China and a site in Malaysia. It was named the 'University of the Year' in 2006 by the London newspaper, The Times.

The University of Nottingham is ranked in the UK's Top 10 and the World's Top 100 universities by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the Times Higher Education - Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings.

Associations 
Nottingham University is the fifth largest university in the UK. It is a member of:
 the Russell Group,
 Universitas 21,
 the Association of Commonwealth Universities,
 and the European University Association.

References

Other websites 

 University of Nottingham website

Nottingham
Nottingham
1798 establishments
18th-century establishments in England
1790s establishments in Europe
The dingo (plural: dingoes or dingos) is a mammal found in Australia and South-East Asia. Dingos are similar to domestic dogs. Dingoes were brought to Australia from South-East Asia about 4000 years ago. They are not found in Tasmania as the sea levels cut the island off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago. Most dingos in the wild are no longer purebreed dingos. Their scientific name, Canis lupus (wolf) dingo, changed recently from Canis familiaris (dog) dingo. This was to show it is related to the white footed wolf which lives in Asia.

Description 
Dingoes are usually between 117 cm to 124 cm in length. Their tail is about 30 cm in length. They usually weigh between 10 kg and 20 kg. The colour of their fur is usually yellow-ginger, but can sometimes include tan, black, white or sandy colours. They live for about 14 years.

Dingos live in packs of between 3 and 12, but they can be seen alone as well. The leaders are the alpha male and the alpha female and are usually the only pair to breed. Young dingos are called "cubs". The breeding season is in March and April. After a gestation of 63 days, the adult females usually give birth to 4-5 cubs in a litter. Mothers will regurgitate food for the cubs to eat. They become independent of their mother after four to eight months of age.

Dingos do not bark like other dogs, but they do howl.

Diet 
Dingos are carnivores and eat other animals such as kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, rabbits, rodents, lizards, sheep, calves, poultry and carrion. It believed to have hunted several animal species to extinction including some species of bandicoots and rat kangaroos. They often hunt in packs.

Managing dingos 
While some people keep dingos as pets, they are regarded as a pest by farmers. They are controlled by trapping, shooting, poisoning (with Sodium monofluoroacetate), and fences. The dingo fence which runs through South Australia, and then along the New South Wales border through to central Queensland is the world's longest fence. Dingos are protected in national parks and reserves.

It is illegal to have a dingo as a pet in South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania. In Victoria and the Northern Territory you have to have a special permit to keep a dingo. The dingo can be a dangerous animal and have attacked people at times. On April 30, 2001, a nine-year-old boy was attacked and killed on Fraser Island by a dingo. A dingo is believed to have killed a baby, Azaria Chamberlain, at Uluru in August, 1980. This became a world famous case when her mother was sent to jail for murdering the baby. She was later found innocent and released. Evil Angels, a book about Azaria by John Bryson, was made into a movie starring Meryl Streep.

References 

Mammals of Australia
Canids