cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Most Haunted Live is a British paranormal television program based on investigating possible paranormal activity.  It is shown on the satellite and cable channels Living, Living2 and Virgin 1 (Formerly Ftn), mainly for the UK market. It is the Live version of Most Haunted which is going into its 10th series on February 19, 2008. It is made by Antix Productions, and is led by Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie.

Production
The team's latest series leads them to travel to Italy, Turin. Investigating possible paranormal 'hotspots' for 24 hours witihn the city.

Episodes (Satan's City)

Team (Satan's City)
Investigators 

Presenters

Related pages
List of Most Haunted episodes
Most Haunted

References

Other websites
 The Official Most Haunted Live Homepage 
 The Official Most Haunted Homepage
 Antix Productions  - Production company for Most Haunted
 The Official Site and Forum for Karl Beattie 
 The Official Fansite and Forum for David Wells 
 Most Haunted blog Offers an alternative view on Most Haunted

British reality television series
English-language television programs
Gerolamo Cardano or Girolamo Cardano (English Jerome Cardan, Latin Hieronymus Cardanus; September 24, 1501 - September 21, 1576) was a celebrated Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, and astrologer.

As he was an illegitimate child, he could not enter the college of physicians. Despite this he was a relatively successful physician. The first description of Typhoid fever is attributed to him. 

Today he is mainly known as a mathematician. He made some discoveries in algebra. He proposed ways to solve cubic and quartic equations. Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia told him about the solution of one particular cubic equation, . This caused a long fight. His student Lodovico Ferrari solved the quartic equations. Cardano also speaks about imaginary numbers in the same book, Ars Magna.

Cardano was often short of money, and gambled compulsively. A book of his, Liber de ludo aleae (Book on Games of Chance in the English), contains the first systematic treatment of probability, as well as a section on cheating. He wrote it c. 1564, but it was first published posthumously, in 1663.

He invented various things, including the  and the . He also believed that perpetual motion was impossible, except for stars.

1501 births
1576 deaths
Astrologers
Italian esotericists
Italian mathematicians
Italian physicians
Roentgenium (, ) is a chemical element. It is a transition metal. Its symbol is Rg, and its atomic number is 111.

The element is named in honor of a German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen.

So far, it has not been found in nature. There seem to be 7 isotopes. All of them are radioactive. They have a half life of between 1.6 milliseconds and 26 seconds. Because of the Inert pair effect, it could have a color similar to that of gold.

Transition metals
International health means two different, but related, things. It means care of people who travel from one country to another, and knowledge of diseases foreign to the traveler. It also means people from one country trying to improve health in another.

Groups 
There are different kinds of groups that are involved in international health. They engage in international health for different reasons and with different ethics and rules.

Governments of rich, "developed" countries are often interested in the health of other countries. They are especially interested in the health of neighbor countries. The reasons for this are many: if they have extra resources, they may want to share them with their neighbors; but also they may want to stop spread of diseases from their neighbor country across the border. For example, the United States is a richer country than Mexico and has little problem with measles (in children) or rabies (in mammals) in the interior, but along the border with Mexico these diseases are more common.

The Western Hemisphere's countries have formed PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, to deal with these kinds of problems  in an organized way. PAHO knows that people and goods flow across borders in both directions, and a problem in one country will soon be a problem in its partner countries. PAHO is an example of an international organization.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are associations organized outside of the government by volunteers and others, and which serve a particular interest. Often, NGOs interested in health perform important functions in international health, both in direct care and in development.

References 

Health
Travel
Salam (, ), sometimes spelled salaam, is an Arabic word that literally means "peace", but is also used as a general greeting, above all in Arabian countries and by the Muslim countries around the world in general. 

As-salamu ʿalaykum () is a greeting in Arabic that means "peace be upon you". The greeting is a standard salutation among Muslims, whether socially or within worship and other contexts.  The typical response to the greeting is wa-ʿalaykumu as-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ; "and upon you be peace"). The full version of the greeting is as-salamu ʿalaykum wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh (, "peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings"), with the full response being wa-ʿalaykum as-salam wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh (). It is also preferred to use the greeting when arriving and also while leaving. It was reported that Abu Hurairah said "When one of you joins a gathering, let him say 'Peace'. When he wants to get up and leave, let him say 'Peace'. The former is not more important than the latter" (Hasan hadith reported in Jāmiʿ at-Tirmidhi). 
 According to hadith, Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) was asked who should begin the greeting and he said, "The one who is riding should greet the one who is walking and the one who is walking should greet the one who is sitting and the smaller group should greet the larger group" (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 6234; Muslim, 2160).
 It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: "But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from God blessed and good" (An-Nur24:61).
 Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S., As'kum (in Malaysia), or AsA is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of ṣallá l-Lāhi ʿalayhi wa s-salām.
In addition, As-Salam is one of the 99 Names of God.

Islam
Arabic words and phrases
Tekken is a fighting video game series made by Namco (now Bandai Namco Games).

Games 
 Tekken - Arcade/PlayStation
 Tekken 2 - Arcade/PlayStation
 Tekken 3 - Arcade/PlayStation
 Tekken Tag Tournament - Arcade/PlayStation 2
 Tekken Advance - GameBoy Advance
 Tekken Card Challenge - WonderSwan
 Tekken 4 - Arcade/PlayStation 2
 Death By Degrees - PlayStation 2
 Tekken 5 - Arcade/PlayStation2
 Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection - Arcade/PlayStation Portable/PlayStation 3
 Tekken 6 - Arcade/PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/PlayStation Portable
 Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion - Arcade
 Tekken Hybrid - PlayStation 3
 Tekken Tag Tournament 2 - PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/Wii U
 Tekken Revolution - PlayStation 3
 Tekken 7 - Arcade/PlayStation 4/Xbox One/Microsoft Windows
 Tekken 8 - Arcade/PlayStation 5/PlayStation 4/Xbox Series X/S/Xbox One/Microsoft Windows

Movies 
 Tekken: The Motion Picture
 Tekken (2010)
 Tekken: Blood Vengeance
 Tekken 2: Kazuya's Revenge

Others 
 Urban Reign
 Death by Degress
 Capcom X Namco
 Project X Zone
 Project X Zone 2
 Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2

Characters
 Kazuya Mishima
 Marshall Law
 Paul Phoenix
 Jin Kazama
 Jun Kazama
 Michelle Chang
 King
 Jack
 Combot
 Mokujin
 Kuma and Panda
 Ling Xiaoyu
 Anna Williams

Tekken
Video game series
Tekken 3 is a 1998 fighting video game made by Namco.

Characters

Returning Characters 
 Paul Phoenix
 Nina Williams
 Yoshimitsu
 Lei Wulong
 Anna Williams (unlockable)
 Heihachi Mishima (unlockable)

New Characters 

 King
 Jin Kazama
 Ling Xiaoyu
 Hwoarang
 Eddy Gordo
 Forrest Law
 Kuma (unlockable)
 Panda (unlockable)

 Julia Chang (unlockable)
 Bryan Fury (unlockable)
 Gun Jack (unlockable)
 Mokujin (unlockable)
 Ogre (unlockable)
 True Ogre (unlockable)
 Tiger Jackson (unlockable, extra costume for Eddy Gordo)
 King (succesor to the first King)
|}

Bonus Characters (PlayStation version)
 Gon (unlockable)
 Doctor Boskonovitch (unlockable)

Tekken
1998 video games
Tekken Tag Tournament is an update to Tekken 3. It has most of the characters from the past games. It was released for PlayStation 2 in 2000.

Story 
The game does not have a story, but it is considered non-canonical.

Characters
Marshall Law, the Jack robot from the original Tekken game, King, Kuma, Doctor Boskonovitch and Gon, (the manga character who appeared in the PlayStation version of Tekken 3) were excluded as characters in Tekken Tag Tournament. However, Doctor Boskonovitch makes a cameo in the Tekken Bowling minigame.

Returning characters 

|width=28% valign=top|
Heihachi Mishima
Paul Phoenix
Yoshimitsu
Nina Williams
Michelle Chang
Armor King
Ganryu
Anna Williams
Lei Wulong
Jun Kazama
Baek Doo San
Eddy Gordo
King
|width=28% valign=top|
Hwoarang
Ling Xiaoyu
Jin Kazama
Bryan Fury
Forrest Law
Julia Chang
Gun Jack
Kunimitsu (unlockable)
Bruce Irvin (unlockable)
Jack-2 (unlockable)
Lee Chaolan (unlockable)
Wang Jinrei (unlockable)
|width=44% valign=top|
Roger (unlockable)
Alex (unlockable)
Kuma (unlockable)
Panda (unlockable)
Kazuya Mishima (unlockable)
Ogre (unlockable)
True Ogre (unlockable)
Prototype Jack (unlockable)
Mokujin (unlockable)
Devil (unlockable)
Angel (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Devil)
Tiger Jackson (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Eddy Gordo)
|}

New characters 
Tetsujin (unlockable)
Unknown (unlockable)

Trivia 
 If the player chooses Kazuya and Devil on the same Tag Team, Kazuya will transform into Devil (and vice-versa) instead of them tagging.
 If Unknown and Devil are on the same team and Unknown is using Kazuya's moves, instead of tagging out, she will transform into Devil.

Tekken
2000 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Sola scriptura (Latin for "by scripture alone") means "The Bible only". Protestants believe that they should only read the Bible to find out what God wants. They do this instead of listening to the Pope or the Roman Catholic Church.

Sola scriptura was a principle of the Protestant Reformation of the reformer Martin Luther and is a principle of Protestants today (see Five solas).

Related pages
Quranism, the Islamic equivalent
Sola fide
Muwahhidism, the concept of returning the Islamic faith back to its original foundations
Ijtihad, the Islamic concept of interpretation of religion and law not limited by tradition

Other websites
Many articles on Sola scriptura from a Protestant perspective
Many articles on Sola scriptura  from a Catholic perspective
"A Critique of the Evangelical Doctrine of Sola Scriptura", an excerpt from The Shape of Sola Scriptura (2001) by Keith Mathison (himself a Calvinistic evangelical)
A written debate on Sola scriptura between Douglas Jones and Gerald Matatics from Antithesis Magazine
A formal written debate on Sola scriptura  between Julie Staples and Apolonio Latar
A Catholic rebuttal to Sola scriptura 
An Orthodox Christian rebuttal to Sola scriptura

Protestant theology
Sola fide means "Faith only". Most protestants believe that people must trust Jesus. They have to trust that Jesus brings people back into relationship with God. Christians believe that sin creates a gap between people and God, and Jesus, who was perfect, died, taking the punishment for sin in place of people, bridging the gap. This is called salvation because Jesus 'saves' people from a life and afterlife without God. The idea of sola fide means that trust in Jesus is the only way to get salvation and finally get into heaven after death.

This belief in faith as the only way to be saved was a principle of the Protestant Reformation of the reformer of the Catholic Church Martin Luther and is a principle of Protestants today (see Five solas). Some groups like the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians believe Jesus died to bridge the gap between God and people, but they must also try to be good people in order to get salvation. Protestants also believe that Christians need to do what is right, but their salvation only depends on their faith.

Related pages
Sola scriptura

Protestant theology
The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu, S.J. and S.I. or SJ, SI ) is a Roman Catholic Church religious order whose members are called Jesuits, Soldiers of Christ, and Foot soldiers of the Pope, because the founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a priest.

Jesuits are the largest male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church with 19,216 members (13,491 priests, 3,049 scholastic students, 1,810 brothers and 866 novices).

The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of the Madonna Della Strada.  It is led by a Superior General, currently Arturo Sosa.

The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome.

Within the Catholic Church, there has been a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the Vatican.  This is due to questioning of official Church teaching and papal directives, such as those on abortion, birth control, women deacons, homosexuality, and liberation theology.
However, as of 2013, the current Pope, Pope Francis, is a Jesuit himself.

References

Other websites

Jesuit documents 
 The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599 
 The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591-1610

Jesuit websites 
 The Jesuit Portal - Jesuit Worldwide Homepage

Africa
 Jesuits in South Africa

Asia-Oceania
 Jesuits in the Philippines

Europe
 Jesuits in Britain

North America
 Jesuits in Canada
 United States Jesuit Conference

South America
Jesuits in Chile

Media 
 The BBC Radio 4 In Our Time programme on 18 January 2007 was devoted to the early history and educational role of the Jesuits; the programme's website offers a free podcast and 'listen again' service In Our Time website
 Pray-as-you-go: latest initiative by the British Jesuits, providing daily prayer in MP3 format for use "on the go"
 Documentary by the Society of Jesus Province of Chicago (Windows Media Player)
The Rosenhan experiment is a test in psychiatry. It wants to see how good a psychiatric diagnosis really is. The first person to do the test was David Rosenhan. The test is named after him. It was first conducted in 1972. Rosenhan published the results in the journal Science under the title "On being sane in insane places."

The test is made of two parts. In the first part, psychiatrically sane people said they heard hallucinations, to get admitted to a psychiatric ward. This was done to test how the psychiatric hospitals would react. The second part was the reverse. Rosahan told the hospitals, he would send fake patients. But he did not send any fake patients. 

The results of the study were very controversial. When Rosenhan sent the people, the hospitals was unable to detect them. On the other hand, when he told them he had sent some patients, but really did not, the hospitals recognised a large number of fake patients.  The study said that it was impossible to tell a difference between the sane and the insane.

References

Psychiatry
Experiments
The Authorized King James Version is a translation of the Bible into the English language.  This version of the Bible is also called the Authorized Version (AV) or as the King James Version (KJV) in the United States.

The name "King James" comes from King James I of England, who told the Church of England to begin working on it in 1604. The first book was published in 1611.

Although it is one of the oldest English translations of the Bible, it is still one of the most widely read versions today. A 2014 survey in the United States found that 55% people who read the Bible were using the King James Version. The next most widely-read version was the New International Version at 19%, while other versions were used by less than 10%.

Source

Other websites 
 Online Searchable King James Dictionary
 King James Version  -Gutenberg Project

Bible versions
1611
17th-century works
809 Lundia is a small, binary, V-type asteroid orbiting in the Flora family in the Main Belt. It is named after Lund Observatory, Sweden.

The V-type spectrum says that it is not genetically related to the Flora family, but rather is probably a piece (actually two pieces) blown off the surface of nearby 4 Vesta by a big impact in the past. Its orbit is too far from Vesta for it to actually be a member of the Vesta family It is not clear how it came at an orbit so far from Vesta, but other examples of V-type asteroids fairly far from their parent body are known. A mechanism of interplay between the Yarkovsky effect and nonlinear secular resonances (mainly involving Jupiter and Saturn) has been suggested.

Binary 
A moon, designated S/2005 (809) 1, was seen based on lightcurve sightings in 2005. In fact, the size of the two bodies appear to be close in size, because during mutual occultations the brightness drops by a similar amount independently of which body is hidden. Assuming an albedo similar to 4 Vesta (around 0.4), suggests that the bodies are about 7 km across. It takes 15.4 hours to orbit each other, which says that the binary is very close — the separation being of the order of 10–20 km, if normal asteroid albedo and density values are assumed.

References

Other websites 
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets
 Johnston Archive entry for 809 Lundia
 Lightcurve showing signature of the binary 

Asteroids
Rheine is a city in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the biggest city in the district.

Geography 
Rheine is on the river Ems, about 40 kilometers north of Münster, about 45 kilometers west of Osnabrück and 45 kilometers east of Enschede (Netherlands).

Division of the town 
Rheine consists of 15 districts:

Neighbouring municipalities 
 Salzbergen
 Spelle
 Hörstel
 Emsdetten 
 Neuenkirchen

History 
Although a lot of people have lived in the area around the city since prehistorical times, Rheine was first mentioned in a document signed by Louis the Pious only in 838. On 15 August 1327 it got its town charter from Louis II, Bishop of Münster. 

The settlement was founded by reason of two old merchant roads crossing nearby, as well as a ford crossing the river Ems. Frankish soldiers secured this strategic point by a barrack yard at first. Later a church and more buildings were added to this outpost. 

In the end of Thirty Years' War the city burned down almost completely. Swedish and Hessian troops besieged imperial soldiers who entrenched themselves in Rheine. On 20th/21st September and 19th October 1647 glowing cannonballs set fire to the city, 365 houses got razed.

During the industrialisation textile industry prospered. It continued to be an important economical factor until the second half of the 20th century. Today engineering industries and services form the largest part of economy in Rheine.

Twin towns 
  Borne (Netherlands) -- since 1983
  Bernburg (Saale) (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) -- since 1990
  Leiria (Portugal) -- since 1996
  Trakai (Lithuania) -- since 1996

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 Association for Rheine's twin towns

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Steinfurt Rural District
Recke is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography 
Recke is about 20 km north-east of Rheine and 25 km north-west of Osnabrück.

Municipalities near Recke 
 Ibbenbüren
 Hopsten
 Mettingen 
 Voltlage
 Neuenkirchen

Twin town
  Ommen (Overijssel, Netherlands)

References

Other websites

 Official site 

Steinfurt Rural District
Westerkappeln is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is about 15 km north-west of Osnabrück.

References

Other websites

Steinfurt Rural District
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons in producing a variety of signals at the surface of a solid specimen. The signals produced by the interacting electrons contain useful information such as the shape, atomic structure and conductivity.

Introduction
When an electron hits the surface, it may be reflected (backscattered), absorbed, or conducted away. Electrons that are absorbed can cause the atom that they hit to become unstable, forcing it to give off another electron (a secondary electron), or to give off light in order to stabilize. Different detectors, for the different types of reactions, may be fitted to an electron microscope, depending on what is being looked for.

The magnification that can be achieved in a scanning electron microscope depends on how narrow the beam of electrons that strikes the surface can be, and can reach 1 nanometer, about the size of 3 to 5 atoms. The control of the beam is achieved using magnetic fields, with other magnetic fields being used to shape the beam, and to move it across the sample. The range of magnification may range from 30x to as high as 500,000x.

Sample
The electron beam is affected by air and water molecules, so the sample must be placed in a vacuum. The sample must also be conductive to allow the electrons not reflected or absorbed to be conducted away. This gives some limits on the type of sample that can be used. In the case of samples from plants or animals, it often means that they must first be coated in gold before they can be placed in the microscope. This is done in order to preserve the sample and keep it from changing or decaying throughout the scanning process.

Components
The scanning electron microscope is made up of several components:

1. The electron gun is located at the very top or bottom of an SEM and is used to fire a beam of electrons at the object that we are looking at under SEM.

2. The lenses are used to focus electron beams so that we can get clear and detailed images of the examined object. They are not made of glass, but they are made of magnets that change the path of electrons created from the electron gun.

3. The sample chamber is the area where the specimen of interest is examined under SEM. As the technique is very sensitive, the chamber must be very sturdy and have no vibrations happen. This is to allow for the specimen to be kept very still in order for the SEM to produce good images.

4. The detector is the "eyes" of the microscope. It is able to produce the most detailed images of a specimen's surface. Many different detectors can be used depending upon the information wanted from the sample used.

5. The vacuum chamber is used to keep the electron beam from constant interference from air. The air particles are bad for electron beams in that the electrons would be knocked out of the air and onto the specimen, which will produce bad distorted surfaces of the specimen.

Microscopes
Leporidae is a mammal family in the order Lagomorpha. It has about 60 species of rabbits and hares. The animals of the family Leporidae are called Leporids. The names "rabbit" and "hare" are not names of separate biological groups, but are "randomly" given to different leporid species.

Taxonomy 
 Family Leporidae
 Genus Brachylagus
 Pygmy Rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis
 Genus Bunolagus
 Riverine Rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis
 Genus Caprolagus
 Hispid Hare, Caprolagus hispidus
 Genus Lepus (true hares, ca. 30 species)
 Antelope Jackrabbit, Lepus alleni
 Cape Hare, Lepus capensis
 European Hare, Lepus europaeus
 Granada Hare, Lepus granatensis
 Mountain Hare, Lepus timidus
 White-tailed Jackrabbit, Lepus townsendii
 Genus Nesolagus
 Annamite Striped Rabbit, Nesolagus timminsi
 Sumatran Striped Rabbit, Nesolagus netscheri
 Genus Oryctolagus
 European Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (includes the domestic rabbit)
 Genus Pentalagus
 Amami Rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi
 Genus Poelagus
 Bunyoro Rabbit, Poelagus marjorita
 Genus Pronolagus
 Natal Red Rock Hare, Pronolagus crassicaudatus
 Jameson's Red Rock Hare, Pronolagus randensis
 Smith's Red Rock Hare, Pronolagus rupestris
 Genus Romerolagus
 Volcano Rabbit, Romerolagus diazi
 Genus Sylvilagus (Cottontail rabbits, ca. 14 species)
 Swamp Rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus
 Brush Rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani
 Tapeti, Sylvilagus brasiliensis

Other websites 

Lagomorphs
Casimir III the Great () (April 30, 1310 – November 5, 1370) was the King of Poland from 1333 until 1370. He was the son of Wladyslaw I the Short. He was the last king of the Piast dynasty, his daughter Jadwiga having married the Lithuanian duke Wladyslaw Jagiello.

Casimir III is the only Polish king to ever receive the title of "the Great". His reign was a time of prosperity and growth for the Polish kingdom. He focused on the economy and strengthening of the country and not on wars and expansion. He kept peace with the Teutonic Order during his reign, for he knew that Poland was weak and would not survive the confrontation with the knights. Because of that, he focused his attention on the south-eastern borders of the country and expanded there. In 1340, he conquered Red Ruthenia (Lviv along with it) from Hungary. Various trade laws created by him made it easier for Polish cities to gather more wealth. Cracow and Lviv gained in importance during his reign.

Curiosities 
 There is a proverb about the king: "Zastał Polskę drewnianą, a zostawił murowaną" (When he ascended Poland was wooden, when he left us, it was from stone) – he had raised many castles during his reign.
 The old Jewish part of Cracow is called "Kazimierz". It was one of the many cities established by the king.

Other websites 
 Poland during the reign of king Casimir III 

1310 births
1370 deaths
Kings of Poland
Piast dynasty
The Pillows (or the pillows) is a Japanese rock band made in 1989. They sang FLCL's theme song.

Members 
 Sawao Yamanaka - vocals, guitar, the leader.
 Yoshiaki Manabe - guitar.
 Shinichirou Sato - drums.
 Jun Suzuki - bass.

Albums 
 Moon Gold (1991)
 White Incarnation (1992)
 Kool Spice (1994)
 Living Field (1995)
 Please Mr. Lostman (1997)
 Little Busters (1998)
 Runners High (1999)
 Happy Bivouac (1999)
 Smile (2001)
 Thank You, My Twilight (2002)
 Penalty Life (ペナルティーライフ, 2003)
 90's My Life Returns (2004)
 Good Dreams (2004)
 My Foot (2006)
 Wake Up! Wake Up! Wake Up! (2007)
 Pied Piper (2008)

Other websites 
 Official website

Japanese musical groups
People from Hokkaido
Sri Krishnadevaraya (, , 1509-1529 CE) was the most famous king of Vijayanagara Empire. He ruled the Vijayangara empire at the most important time. He is considered to be one of the great kings of India. Emperor Krishnadevaraya also earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (ಕನ್ನಡರಾಜ್ಯರಮಾರಮಣ), Moorurayaraganda (ಮೂರುರಾಯರಗಂಡ) (what means King of three kings) and Andhra Bhoja (ఆంధ్రభోజ). Much of our information about his reign comes from the accounts of Portuguese travelers Domingos Paes and Nuniz. King krishnadeva Ray and was the 3rd and the greatest ruler of the Tulava empire 

Paes describes the king's attitude to law and order by the sentence, "The king maintains the law by killing."  Offences against property (designed to maintain stability) and for murder ranged from cutting of a foot and hand for theft and beheading for murder (except for those occurring as a result of duel). Paes could not estimate the size of Vijaynagar as his view was obscured by the hills but estimated the city to be at least as large as Rome. Furthermore, he considered Vijaynagar to be "the best provided city in the world" with a population of not less than a half a million.

Paes praises Krishnadevaraya as, “the most feared and perfect King… a great ruler and a man of much justice”. 

The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of good literature in many languages. But it is known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many  Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishnadevaraya was fluent in many languages.

References
 Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, Fourth Edition, pgs. 306-307, and 312-313.
 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
 Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

Other websites
 The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
 (Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati) 
 Statutes of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati. 
 http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm  (gold coins during his reign.)
 Hampi - History and Tourism
 Incredible India Hampi Guide 
 A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga" written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell).''available freely at Project Gutenberg

1509 births
1529 deaths
Indian monarchs
Kings and queens
Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE) (also known as Bukka Raya I was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Bukka patronised Telugu poet Nachana Soma.
It is said that Bukka also sent a mission to China during his reign.

Important works of literature were also written during his rule. Dozens of scholars lived under the guidance of Vidyaranya and Sayana. Sayana's commentary on the Vedas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas was written under the patronage of Bukka.

References
 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
 Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003.

Other websites
AP Online: Medieval history 

Emperors and empresses
Indian monarchs
1356 births
1377 deaths
McGill University or just McGill is an English language university in Montreal, Canada. It was created in 1821, few years before the country Canada existed. McGill University ranks first in Canada for 16 consecutive years according to Maclean's University Rankings.

References

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Canada
1821 establishments in North America
1820s establishments in Canada
Montreal
The Beagle is a breed of small to medium-sized dog. It is a Hound, and it has short legs and long, soft ears. Beagles are mostly developed for hunting and finding hare, rabbit, and other kinds of game. They can do this because they can smell well and have very quick instincts. They are also popular as pets because of their good size, sweet temper, and health. This kind of character also makes them be used very much for animal testing. 

Beagles can have coats of different colors. Some variations can be tri-colored, orange, red, or lemon, although they are widely known for sporting the tri-colored look (Black, brown, and white). They usually have brown eyes.

Although beagle-type dogs have existed for over 2,000 years, the modern kind came from Great Britain around the 1830s.

Beagles have been included in popular culture since the times when Queen Elizabeth began to rule, in literature and paintings, and more recently in movie, television and comic books. Snoopy of the comic strip Peanuts has been picked as "the world's most famous beagle".

History

Early beagles 
Dogs that look almost the same as the modern Beagle can be traced in Ancient Greece
back to around the 5th century BC. In the Treatise on Hunting or Cynegeticus, written by Xenophon, who said there was a hound that hunted hares by scent and was followed by foot. Small hounds were mentioned in the Forest Laws. If these laws were true, it would be enough proof that beagle-type dogs lived in England before 1016, but it is likely that the laws were written in the Middle Ages for tradition. 

In the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the Talbot hound to Britain. The Talbot was a white, slow hound. Once, English Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to make them faster in running. They are extinct now, but once they had made the Southern Hound more popular, which helped the Southern Hound descend to the Beagle.

From medieval times, beagle was used as a general description for small hounds, even though they are actually very different from the modern breed. Small breeds of beagle-type dogs were living even from the times of Edward II and Henry VII. Edward and Henry both had packs of Glove Beagles, who were named because of their small size. Also, Queen Elizabeth I kept a breed known as a Pocket Beagle, which stood  at the shoulder. It was named so because it could fit in a "pocket" or saddlebag, when they rode along on the hunt. Elizabeth I called the dogs her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates and cups. Ever since then, it is possible that the name was used to refer to the same kind of small hounds. In George Jesse's Researches into the History of the British Dog from 1866, Gervase Markham is quoted referring to the Beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand and to the:

References 

Dog breeds
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (Telugu:నందమూరి తారక రామా రావు)(28 May 1923–18 January 1996), more commonly known as N.T. Rama Rao, NTR by his fans, or Anna garu, was an Indian movie actor, director, producer, and politician. He founded the Telugu Desam Party and served three times as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His movies included mythological, social, and folk themes. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in the 1960s for his work in Telugu cinema. After acting, Rao became a political activist and party leader.

References 

1923 births
1996 deaths
Indian actors
Indian movie directors
Indian movie producers
Indian politicians
Scrooge McDuck or Uncle Scrooge is a fictional character first appearing in the Disney comic book Christmas on Bear Mountain. The character was created by Carl Barks and has appeared in many comic books, television shows (most notably in his own animated television series DuckTales) movies, and video games. Since 1952 Scrooge McDuck has appeared in his own comic book series, called Uncle Scrooge. He is partially based on the fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge, from Charles Dickens' novel, A Christmas Carol and on the real Scottish-born American businessman Andrew Carnegie, whose life story resembles that of Scrooge McDuck. 

Scrooge was born in Scotland in 1867, the son of Fergus McDuck. His family is very poor, so Scrooge emigrates to USA where he finds gold and becomes rich. In 1902 he moves to Duckburg and builds the Money Bin on Killmotor Hill in the center of Duckburg. Over the next years, Scrooge travels the world, learning about many cultures. In 1930, Scrooge became the richest duck on Earth. 

In 1942, Scrooge retires and buys a mansion called the Manor McDuck. In 1947, he invites his nephew Donald Duck and his grand-nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie to spend Christmas at his mansion. His main enemies include the criminal gang called the Beagle Boys who keep trying to steal Scrooge's money, and Flintheart Glomgold, the second richest duck in the world, who tries to destroy Scrooge's wealth and become the richest duck in the world. 

Despite his huge wealth, Scrooge does not like to spend his money, and instead likes to swim in his "Money Bin" full of coins. Although he is well-meaning and cares about his relatives and other people, he reluctantly gives allowance to his grand-nephews, with the condition that they spend it wisely.

References

Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s
Fictional ducks
Disney characters
Bolesław I the Brave (Polish Bolesław I Chrobry) (967 - June 17, 1025) was the duke of Poland from 992 to April 18, 1025 and King of Poland from April 18 to June 17, 1025.He was also a duke of Bohemia known as Boleslav IV from 1003 to 1004. He was the son of Mieszko I, first known ruler of Poland.

Conquests
Boleslav wasn't aggressive as long as his friend - the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire lived. After his death in 1002, Boleslav started the imperial policy. During the chaos in Reich, duke conquered the border areas : Lusatia and Meissen. When finally Henry II took over the German Throne, he accepted annexiation of Lusatia, giving it to Bolslav as a fiefdom, and giving Meissen to his ally - Gunzelin. In 1003 the duke of Bohemia - Vladivoj, died. This death caused intervention in Czechia, where Boleslav put on the throne Boleslav III, that was banished before. In the same year, probably thanks to requests of the czech oposition, Boleslav (Polish one) put out the Boleslav's (Czech one) eyes and become the Duke of Bohemia himself. He wouldn't like to pay tribute to the German Emperor, like did the czech dukes, and that was an excuse, that started Polish - German War from 1003 -1018.

We know 7 children of Bolesław I. Two of them, Mieszko II Lambert and Bezprym ruled Poland after his death.

Interesting Facts 
 The King introduced new law - any man that will sleep with multiple woman will be taken to the bridge and his private areas will be nailed to it. Then he will be left with knife and choice - either die on the bridge over the time or cut himself. This simple rule caused - until now pogan - culture to promote sacred life with one partner only.
 Image of Bolesław the Brave is on 20 zlotys paper money

References 

967 births
1025 deaths
Polish dukes
Kings of Poland
Piast dynasty
All Grown Up! was a Nickelodeon animated television series. It was set in California. It was a spin-off of the Rugrats series. The series was about the original Rugrats characters being nine to thirteen years older. It was first shown on April 12, 2003.

Characters

Children 
Thomas "Tommy" Malcolm Pickles, American person of Russian and French descent, leader, filmmaker, songwriter, play-writer, keyboardist, singer
Dylan "Dil" Prescott Pickles, dancer, keyboardist, singer, songwriter
Charles "Chuckie" Crandall Finster, drummer, best friend of Tommy
Kimberly "Kimi" Watanabe-Finster (friend of Tommy), tomboy, best friend of Susie
 Phil and Lil DeVille (friends of Tommy)
Angelica Charlotte Pickles (tomboyish cousin and frenemy of Tommy), singer
Susanna "Susie" Yvonne Carmichael (friend of Tommy), singer, best friend of Kimi
Harold Frumkin, guitarist

Adults 
Didi and Stu Pickles
Chas Finster
Kira Finster
Betty and Howard DeVille
Drew Pickles
Charlotte Pickles

2003 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
2000s American television series
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
Television series set in California
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Battlestar Galactica is a science fiction franchise. It includes two separate television series, one sequel series, movies, books, comic books, toy and other merchandise. The series are named after the main spacecraft, the Battlestar (a large type of warship in space) Galactica.

Original series
The first series was created in 1978 after the successful theater release of Star Wars. The series was shown on the American network ABC. The series lasted for eight months and 17 episodes before it ended. The cost of making the series was said to be one of the reasons for it ending. The series starred Lorne Greene as Commander Adama, captain of the Galactica. Richard Hatch played his son, the pilot Apollo. Dirk Benedict played Apollo's friend and fellow pilot, Starbuck.

In 1980, ABC made the sequel series Galactica 1980. This series took place after the fleet got to Earth. The series did not do well in the ratings and quickly ended. Several movies were made using edited version of both series.

Remake series
In 2003, Universal Television along with the Sci-Fi Channel and Sky One created a three-hour mini-series based on the original television series. This series was very well liked by both the audience and critics. This led to the Sci-Fi Channel making it into a series in 2004. After the 2007 season of Battlestar Galactica, the Nielsen ratings said that over 119 million people watched the series. This made it the highest rated and most watched series on cable networks. Edward James Olmos plays Commander William Adama. Jamie Bamber plays his son, Lee "Apollo" Adama. Katee Sackhoff plays Kara "Starbuck" Thrace. Starbuck was one of several characters to be changed from a male character into a female character.

Story
All of the Battlestar Galactica series have the same basic setting. In a far away part of the universe, a civilization of humans live on planets known as the "Twelve Colonies". In the past, the Colonies were at war with a cybernetic race known as the Cylons. With the help of a human named Gaius Baltar, the Cylons attacked on the Colonies. This surprise attack caused much damage to the planets where the humans lived and killed most of their populations. A few thousand of humans did not die in the attacks. They fled into space aboard any spacecraft they could. Of all the Colonial Fleet, the battlestar Galactica appears to be the only military ship that was not destroyed in the attack. Under the leadership of military leader Commander Adama, the Battlestar Galactica and its crew lead and protect the fleet of survivors into space in search of a fabled Thirteenth Colony and its home planet, Earth.

Other websites 
Official site 

Battlestar Wiki

Amazon.com interview with Battlestar Galactica star Katee Sackhoff

 
1978 television series debuts
1979 television series endings
The black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a passerine songbird of the family Paridae. It lives in Canada, Alaska and the northern United States. This is a small, common bird which sings a simple song.

Appearance 
The bird is about 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long and weighs 9-15 g (0.32-0.49 oz).

The male and female black-capped chickadees look the same. The black-capped chickadee has black and white on its head. The top of the head and throat are black, and the sides are white. It has a short, black beak.

The back of the bird is gray. The front of the body is white and light brown. The bird has short wings and a short tail.

Song 
The song of the black-capped chickadee is a clear whistle.

Behavior 
In the summer, the birds eat many insects. In the winter, they eat seeds and berries. They will hide seeds in different places and return later to eat
them. When two chickadees want to build a nest, they use a hole in a tree.

References 

Birds of North America
Passeriformes
Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE) also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. He was the eldest son of Bhavana Sangama and was founder of the Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara. Immediately after coming to power, he built a fort at Barkuru, on the west coast of present day Karnataka. Kannada inscriptions of his time call him Karnataka Vidya Vilas (master of great knowledge and skills), Bhashegetappuvarayaraganda (punisher of those feudatories who do not keep their promise), Arirayavibhada (fire to enemy kings). Among his brothers, Kampana governed Nellur region, Muddppa administered Mulabagalu region, Marappa oversaw Chandragutti and Bukka Raya was his second in command.

At first he conquered the valley of Tungabhadra River, then he expanded his control to certain regions of Konkan and Malabar Coast. By that time Hoysala Empire had lost its last ruler  and Harihara I could gain power.

An inscription of 1346 speaks of Harihara I as the ruler of “whole country between the eastern and the western seas, and the inscription describes Vidya Nagara (that is, the city of learning) as his capital.

Harihara I was succeeded by Bukka I who was the most distinguished amongst the five rulers (Panchasangamas) of the Sangama dynasty.

References
 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
 Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. 

Indian monarchs
1336 births
1356 deaths
Emperors and empresses
The Tibetan people () are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet. They number about 7.8 million. In 2014, there were 7.5 million Tibetans living in Tibet and the 10 Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. Large populations of Tibetans live outside of Tibet, in other parts of China, and in India, Nepal and Bhutan.

Tibetans speak the Tibetic languages. Many of these languages are cannot be understood by each other. These languages are also spoken by people in Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. The main language among Tibetans in Tibet is the Central Tibetan language.

Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism. Some practice the native Bön religion. There is a small Muslim minority.

The American botanist Joseph Rock saw the fighting between the Hui Muslim warlord Ma Qi and the Tibetan Buddhist of Labrang monastery. Even more brutal fighting broke out when war between Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian clique happened against the Guominjun warlord Feng Yuxiang in 1925, autumn. The position of Gansu governor was taken by Feng Yuxiang. Only Muslim warlords were left after many of the non-Muslim warlords were expelled by Liu Yufen's Guominjun army of 15,000 soldiers as acting governor under Feng Yuxiang. A huge amount of taxes were squeezed for Feng by Liu Yufen after an earthquake and famine brought about by drought. The in Hezhou a revolt against Liu Yufen was led in Liangzhou by Hui Muslim warlord Ma Tingxing (son of Ma Anliang) in 1928, Spring. Hui, Dongxiang and Salar Muslims were recruited to also siege Hezhou in the army of 10,000 by Ma Zhongying, who was related to Ma Qi. Ma Zhongying's Muslim soldiers were starving and numbered 25,000 by November so that attacked the Tao river valley in the south, slaughtering Tibetan Buddhist monks, burning the palace of the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing, sacking the Tibetan city of Chone and defeated Yang Jiqing's 3,000 strong Tibetan militia. Tibetan areas all across southern Gansu were laid waste to. Tibetan militias defeated Taozhou from Ma Tingxing. The Tibetans inflicted heavy casualties upon Ma Tingxian so he supposed Ma Zhongying's Muslim forces and together they ravaged and destroyed the Taozhou-Chone region destroying and burning Tibetan areas. The Muslims burned the printing presses and temple of the Tibetan Buddhists in Chone. The Muslims then looted the gompa and massacred the Tibetan Buddhist monks of the Labrang monastery after fleeting from Liu Yufen in January 1929. 2 million died in the war as villages and towns across Gansu's south and east were destroyed during the war when Ma Zhongying was fighting as Feng Yuxiang attacked him. The Chone temple and palaces were rebuilt by the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing after the 1928-1929 war. The rebellion was put down by Feng Yuxiang and Gansu became peaceful again until the 1935 when the communist Long March came.

Related pages
 Sherpa people
 Burig

References

 
Ethnic groups in China
Altes Museum (German for Old Museum) is a museum in Berlin. It is on an island of the Spree River. The museum is made of Greek columns but it is not of Greek origin. It was created between 1822-1830 in a major German city.

Other websites 

 Altes Museum on GreatBuildings.com
 Altes Museum on Archiseek 
 Altes Museum on museum-location.de (in German) 

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Museums in Germany