cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In some eastern religions, a Satguru (or Sadguru) is a person who is considered to have achieved enlightenment, and who can help others to achieve the same. The word means "true teacher" in Sanskrit (), sat meaning "true" and a guru meaning "teacher". The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, nirvana or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu understandings about the importance of the guru.

Ancient and  traditional sources 
In  the Guru Gita, Shiva says to Parvati:

The body, the senses, the Prana, wealth, one’s own relations, the self, wife etc., all these should be surrendered to the Satguru. (38)
One who cuts asunder, for the disciple, the eight kinds of attachment (doubts, pity, fear, shyness, censure, position in society, high birth and wealth), by the sword of mercy and bestows absolute Bliss is called Satguru. (57)
Just as the ocean is the king of waters, the Param Guru(Satguru) is the King among Gurus. (179)
A Param Guru is free from attachment, etc.; peaceful, always contented in Himself, independent, and one who considers the status of *Brahma and Vishnu like a blade of grass. (180)
One who is independent at all times and places, who possess an unshakable mind and always blissful, who experiences the homogenous essence of the Self, such a one is the Param Guru. (181)
One who is free from the feeling of duality and non-duality, who shines by the light of His self-realization, who is able to destroy the deep darkness of ignorance, and is omniscient, He is a Param Guru. (182)
By whose mere Darshan, one attains calmness, cheerfulness, and peace and steadfastness, and peace of mind, such a one is Param Guru. (183)
One who looks upon his own body as a corpse, and his Self as the non-dual Brahman, and who has killed the infatuation for  wealth and women, such a person is a Param Guru. (184)
Family traditions, wealth, strength, shastras, relatives, brothers, - none of these are useful to you at the time of death. Satguru is the only saviour. (188)

The Kularnava Tantra (XIV/65) states,
"It is very rare to find a Satguru who can give Shaktipat and rare to find a disciple worthy of receiving it.  One gets such a Guru only as a result of past meritorious actions."

In the Upanishads, five signs of satguru (true guru) are mentioned.

In the presence of the satguru; Knowledge flourishes (Gyana raksha); Sorrow diminishes (Dukha kshaya); Joy wells up without any reason (Sukha aavirbhava); Abundance dawns (Samriddhi); All talents manifest (Sarva samvardhan).

According to Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu Satguru is always a sannyasin, an unmarried renunciate.

Related pages
 Guru
 Guru-shishya tradition
 Parampara
 Sampradaya

References

Hinduism
The Western Roman Empire was the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 286 AD. The other half of the Roman Empire became known as the Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the Byzantine Empire.

The whole Roman Empire had been in difficulties since 190 AD when large Gothic tribes began moving into areas under Roman control. The leadership of Rome was weak and there was instability. Various power groups in the Roman armies kept trying to install their own Emperors, and murdering Emperors who belonged to other groups. This meant the invasions by the Germanic tribes were not successfully stopped.

The Emperor Diocletian tried to bring stability back into government by dividing the Empire into sections. These became the Western Empire which included Iberia, France, Southern Britain, Italy, North Africa and parts of Germany, and the Eastern Empire which included the Balkans, Turkey, the Levant and Egypt.

Rome ceased to be the capital from the time of the division.  In 286, the capital of the Western Roman Empire became Mediolanum (modern Milan).  In 402, the capital was again moved, this time to Ravenna.

The Fall of the Empire

This division did not help the Western Empire which came under increasing invasions from the north from the Ostrogoths, Huns, Franks, Visigoths, and Burgundians. The armies were brought back towards Rome, abandoning England and France. The economy could not cope: the increased need for military spending caused inflation. The citizens were unhappy with rising taxes and rising prices.

In AD 398, Alaric and his Visigoths began making attacks closer and closer to the capital. By 410 he had sacked the city of Rome. In 455, the Vandals captured Rome. In 476 the Goths captured the capital.

The fall of the Western Roman Empire took place in 476 AD when the leader of the Goths, Odoacer, removed Emperor Romulus. He became King of Italy, and Roman control over the Empire in the west ended. By this time the Western Empire existed in name only, the Emperor no longer could use military, financial or political power.

Related pages
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Holy Roman Empire

Other websites
www.roman-empire.net
De Imperatoribus Romanis

Places of Ancient Rome
Roman Empire
Social democracy is a government system that has similar values to socialism, but within a capitalist framework. The ideology, named from democracy where people have a say in government actions, supports a competitive economy with money while also helping people whose jobs don't pay a lot. This makes it easier for people to support themselves in society by having more protection if they lose their jobs.  Socialism places an emphasis on equal rights for everyone, and there is plenty of government ownership or regulation of various industries that make companies play by the government's rules. This way of governing is appreciated by people living in countries who have to battle the cold more than others, like the northern Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Iceland. The ideology's movement has seen some interest in other countries whose systems do not work this way, because it has worked well for those who have it. 

Despite a common belief that social democracy is socialist by principle, its policies keep capitalism in place and socialists often dislike social democrats. Social democrats support Keynesian economics, where the government should step in and help people without jobs. In social democracy entrepreneurs own the industries just like they would in a standard capitalist economy. In socialism the workers own them instead which is very different.

Practice versus theory 
In practice no political theory works out in a simple way. The Soviet Union and its various satellites are a good example. The workers did not own either their place of work or their own homes, in any meaningful way. 

Neither were capitalist systems empty of help for the poor and the needy. A good example is England, where relief for the poor was available in every parish in the land, long before there were any government social services. The practice was known as charity. Also, Britain saw the growth of an important middle class after industrialisation took hold. So it is not right to think of such societies as simply composed of owners and workers, or rich and poor.

Social democrats are divided in how they see their theory. Terms like "market socialism" and "the third way" are efforts to rethink what social democracy means today.

Related pages 
Socialist International
Welfare state

References 

Socialism
Democracy
Political systems
The UEFA Europa League is a football tournament for teams that did not make the UEFA Champions League. They qualify by being not the best in the country and not making the best competition. For example in England, teams that finish after the first four teams can go to the Europa League. There is another option, which if you finish 3rd in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, you will qualify for the last 32 in the Europa League, and the 3rd option is when a club which being eliminated from the UEFA Champions League 3rd round (Into the UEFA Europa League Playoff Round). In 2009, it was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League. It was previously known as the UEFA Cup. The winner of the UEFA Europa League plays the winner of the UEFA Champions League in the UEFA Super Cup.

The Competition Winners

Other websites
 

UEFA
1955 establishments in Europe
Magliaso is a municipality in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Mairengo is a former municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Malvaglia is a former municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of  Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle. The reservoir Bacino di Val Malvaglia is found above the village.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Manno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Maroggia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Massagno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Medeglia is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2010 disestablishments in Switzerland
Melano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Melide is a municipality  of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Melide is known world-wide for the famous Swissminiatur, a museum that shows famous buildings in Switzerland presented in miniature form.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Web site of Swissminiatur

Municipalities of Ticino
The Able Label was an independent record label from Brisbane, Australia.

Grant McLennan & Robert Forster of The Go-Betweens 
released their first two singles "Lee Remick" & "People Say" on it in 1978 and 1979. Later, it allowed other Brisbane groups, The Numbers (later to become The Riptides), The Apartments and the Four Gods to make their own records using the Able Label logo.

Discography

Related pages
 List of record labels

References

Other websites 
 Able Logo image

Companies of Australia
Independent record labels
Defunct companies
Indie music record labels
Goosebumps is a collection of children's horror fiction books written by R. L. Stine.

The Goosebumps series sometimes contained too much violence, so some American libraries disagreed with having the books there; the novels were fifteenth on the American Library Association's list of most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 1999.

After the series, many different spinoffs were made, also written by Stine, including Give Yourself Goosebumps and Goosebumps: Series 2000 which appeared in 1995 and 1998.

Two board games were created after the Goosebumps series, these were called "Terror in the Graveyard" and "Escape from Horrorland". a 1996 PC game was also produced, entitled Goosebumps: Escape from Horrorland.

Front covers and most other Goosebumps-related art was done by artist Tim Jacobus, while the covers for the later Give Yourself Goosebumps series were digitally created by Craig White.

In 2015, a movie based on the book was released starring Jack Black as R. L. Stine.

References

Children's books
Fiction books
Azuli Records is an independent record label, focusing on house music and other forms of electronic dance music. The label was founded by DJ Dave Piccioni in London, England in the early 1990s.

Releases include the Late Night Tales / Another Late Night DJ mix albums, and the "Choice" series.

Related pages
 List of record labels

Other websites
 Official site

British record labels
Independent record labels
Electronic music record labels
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
Kreuzberg, south of Berlin-Mitte, was one of the best-known boroughs of Berlin, famous for its nightlife and its left-leaning electorate as well as its problems with crime the drug scene and a very high number of immigrants.

Kreuzberg consists of two different parts, the southeastern 'SO 36' (or simply '36') part and the southwest 'SW 61' (or simply '61'). Until the Berlin Wall fell, these were the last two numbers of the postal codes for the two areas.

It was a separate borough from 1920, when it became a part of Groß-Berlin, until the borughs were changed in 2001. Then it was joined with Friedrichshain to form the new borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Since these two localities are linked only by a single bridge over the Spree river, the Oberbaumbrücke, this joining seemed awkward to many residents. The two areas could not agree on where the new borough's town hall should be. Friedrichshain was chosen by tossing a five-Mark coin.

Summary 

Kreuzberg is known to many for numerous Turkish immigrants from eastern parts of Turkey, and the yearly May Day riots. This is because before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Kreuzberg was isolated. Its eastern parts were almost entirely surrounded by the Wall. This area consequently had cheap rents and lower-income families as well as squatters from the radical left. The western part of Kreuzberg also bordered onto the wall, and it was here where Checkpoint Charlie was.

History 
Kreuzberg got its name is from its highest point, the Kreuzberg (literally, "cross hill"). It is of  above sea level.. The hill was a traditional place for weekend trips, and had a lot of small restaurants for the visitors. The hill got its name from a monument built in 1821 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. It was to remember the wars against Napoleon I of France.

After 1860 industry began moving into Kreuzburg. There was also an Exportviertel (export quarter) along Ritterstraße which had a lot of many profitable small businesses, and the "press quarter" along Kochstraße was the home of most of Germany's large newspapers as well as the Ullstein, Scherl, and Mosse book publishers.

Both of these industrial quarters were almost entirely destroyed during World War II, with the bombings of a single night from 3 February 1945. To remember old tradition, the Axel Springer press company built its new headquarters at Kochstraße again, right next to the Berlin Wall.

After World War II, Kreuzberg's housing rents were regulated by law, which made investments unattractive. As a result, housing was of low quality, but cheap, which made the borough a prime target for immigrants coming to Germany (and Berlin).

Other websites 

 friedrichshain-kreuzberg.de, the website of the combined borough (in German)

Districts of Berlin
Civil War was a large comic book story created by Marvel Comics. The story was the main focus of a seven issue series that started in May 2006 and ended in February 2007. It involved every major Marvel character and a large number of minor ones. Nearly every main Marvel title during this time dealt with this story. 

The story was about the United States dealing with an accident during a superhero battle that caused 613 deaths. To prevent this from happening again, the government created the Superhero Registration Act (SRA). This was a law that forced all people with superhuman powers to identify them self to the government. Many superheroes believed this was a good thing and that it would save lives. Others believed it was bad. They felt that if the government knew who they were, they would be in danger of others finding out. They believed that the SRA took away many of their freedoms. This caused the superheros to split into two groups. Those supporting the SRA were led by Iron Man. Those against it were led by Captain America.

Many people have compared the story of Civil War to that of the United States after 9/11 and the Patriot Act.

Marvel Comics
Brunstad Conference Center (BCC) is a conference centre in Stokke, Vestfold in Norway. The centre is owned and managed by the Christian fellowship called Den Kristelige menighet. They are often called Smith's Friends. The Smith's friends bought the farm at Brunstad near Stokke in Melsomvik in 1956.

The center was used for their own conferences. In 2000 Smith's Friends, decided to let others use the building. The old meeting hall which seated 4,700 was replaced by a new meeting hall, with space for 6,800 people, and a tent camp with over 600 caravan spots was fixed and replaced with just as many cabins, which were rented by the members of the church.

Maintenance and development of Brunstad is still done by volunteers. During the building project and during arrangements, members are used as voluntary workers, or paid expenses. Money for the expansion project came for the most from the effort from the "A-lag" (A-team), where the church's youth from all over the world participate and do voluntarily work.

BCC is now a modern location for events and conferences. Brunstad has several restaurants, a cafeteria style restaurant, a large coffee bar, and a grocery store.

BCC got a lot of stories in the media in 2004 when BCC bought Østre Bolærne island from the Norwegian Military. After a lot of media attention, BCC agreed to cancel the sale, and the town of Vestfold Fylkeskommune became the new owner. Instead, BCC was able to buy property on Syningen in Hallingdal.

Events 
Every year one of the biggest shows at Brunstad Conference Center is the Arctic Equestrian Games, Norway's biggest horse show. It was first held in February, 2006.

Other websites
 brunstad.org  The Christian Church on Brunstad, Stokke, Norway, Smith's Friends
 bcc.no Brunstad Conference Center AS

References

Buildings and structures in Norway
Dagens Nyheter (DN) is a daily newspaper in Sweden. Based in the town of Stockholm, it was started on 23 December 1864.

Other websites

Official website

1864 establishments in Europe
Newspapers published in Sweden
Stockholm
19th-century establishments in Sweden
Chihuahua is a state in Mexico.

Other websites 
  Chihuahua state government

 
States of Mexico
Public administration has two meanings. First it means putting into action government policy. Second, academics study this, and prepare civil servants for working in the public service (the non-political part of the government).

Public administration helps improve management and improve policies so that government can work better. Public administrators manage public programs, translate politics into the programs and services that citizens use every day. In universities, professors of public administration study government decision making, analyze policies, and think about how to improve policies and programs.

Other websites 

Canada
The Institute of Public Administration of Canada

Hong Kong SAR, China
Hong Kong Public Administration Association

Europe
National Institute of Public Administration - Europe/Portugal
EAPAA European Association for Public Administration Accreditation
EGPA European Group of Public Administration 
NISPAcee Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe
EUPAN European Public Administration Network
EPSA European Public Service Award 

Holland
Dutch Association for Public Administration (In Dutch)
Public Administration starting page  (In Dutch)

India
Indian Institute of Public Administration 

Philippines
University of the Philippines - National College of Public Administration and Governance 

Poland
National School of Public Administration, Warsaw, Poland

Turkey
Faculty of Political Science - Public Administration (Turkey)

United Kingdom
How to be a civil servant under the British or Westminster system

United States
Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
American Society for Public Administration 
National Academy of Public Administration
National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration

Suggested reading
Smith,  Kevin B. and Licari, Michael J. Public Administration - Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government, 

Government
European Space Agency or ESA (ESA; , ASE) is an international organisation with 22 member countries. Its job is to explore space. 

Its headquarters are in Paris, France. ESA has a staff of more than 2,000 with an annual budget of about €4.43 billion / US$5.51 billion (2015).

The member countries of ESA are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

ESA's space flight programme includes 
human spaceflight,  
the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon, 
Earth observation.
running a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana, 
designing launch vehicles. 

The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle.

References

Other websites 

 ESA website
Space agencies
International organizations
Paris
Management means directing and controlling a group of people or an organization to reach a goal. Management often means the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. In other word Management can also mean the person or people who manage, the managers.  European Management is specifically defined by academic Andreas M. Kaplan as a cross-cultural, societal management approach based on interdisciplinary principles.

Other websites 
 Association of Professionals in Business Management (APBM)
  Management Courses  at MIT Sloan, OpenCourseWare
 Research on Organizations: Bibliography Database and Maps 
 (United States) Academy of Management: dedicated to the scholarship and practice of management
 Institute of Certified Professional Managers

References
The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to 1845. It was started on March 2 1836, when the people living in Texas declared themselves independent from Mexico. The Mexican army led by Santa Anna marched into Texas and attacked the new country. However the Mexican army was defeated and Santa Anna was captured at a battle near the site of Houston. The new republic did not have an easy time. It did not have a proper government, or any money. Its borders were often raided by Mexico, and there was fighting between the settlers and the Native Americans. The US government did not recognize the Republic of Texas.

In 1841, Santa Anna again became president of Mexico and the border attacks increased. By this time, thousands of new settlers had moved into Texas, and people in the US supported the people of Texas. The idea of annexation of Texas into the US became popular.

The Republic of Texas ended on December 29, 1845, when Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America.

Former countries in North America
1836 establishments in North America
1845 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in North America
History of Texas
In Japan, Daikokuten (大黒天), is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. Daikokuten came from the Indian god, Shiva. Daikoku wears Japanese robes and has a happy and smiling personality.

Location 
Daikoku's pictures are found in the temples of Tibet and China and the god enjoys a high position as a household god in Japan. Daikoku's connection with wealth and success started a strange ritual known as Fuku-nusubi. This ritual started with the belief that the person who stole figures of gods and goddesses was promised good luck, if they were not caught while stealing. Eventually, stealing divine figures became so common that the Toshi-no-ichi or the ‘year-end-market’ held in the Asakusa Kannon temple became the main place where the sale of these images was held.

Purpose 
Daikoku is considered to be the god of wealth or the household, mostly the kitchen. He is recognised from his wide face, smile, and a flat black hat. He is often shown holding a golden mallet and sitting on bales of rice.

References 
 Japan and Indian Asia by Hajime Nakamura. Publisher: Firma KLM, 1961. Publication Date: 1961
 India and Japan: A Study in interaction during 5th cent - 14th century - By Upendra Thakur . 

Japanese deities

zh:大黑天
Antipsychotic drugs or Neuroleptics are drugs that act on the central nervous system, and that usually have sedating properties. The name neuroleptic was introduced in 1955, from the 1990s, the term antipsychotic is used more frequently. Neuroleptics make the patient calm. Today, they are mostly used for the treatment of psychosis, as it occurs in schizophrenia and  bipolar disorder. They can also be used to treat depression and mood swings. Very strong antipsychotics can be combined with an opioid to produce a special analgesic; the patient will be conscious, but heavily sedated, and feel very little pain.

History 
The main inventor of this drug was Andrew J. Smith whom at the time was 16 when he made it. He created this drug that has saved hundreds of people with schizophrenia.

Drugs used in psychiatry
490 Veritas

490 Veritas is a big asteroid, which may have been involved in one of the more huge asteroid-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years.

At 115 and 125 km in diameter, Veritas and 92 Undina are the biggest of the 300-strong Veritas family of asteroids. David Nesvorný of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder traced the orbits of these bodies back in time, and calculated that they formed in a collision of a body at least 150 km in diameter with a smaller asteroid some 8 million years ago. Veritas and Undina would have been the biggest pieces of that collision.

The thought Veritas collision would have been too far from Jupiter for the pieces to have been slung into a collision course with Earth. However, solar radiation would have caused the resulting dust to drift inward to Earth orbit over a time span consistent with the record of dust in the ocean sediment.

Today continuing collisions among Veritas-family asteroids are estimated to send five thousand tons of cosmic dust to Earth each year, 15% of the total.

It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JP.

References 
 Kenneth A. Farley, David Vokrouhlický, William F. Bottke, David Nesvorný, "A late Miocene dust shower from the break-up of an asteroid in the main belt." Nature 439, 295-297 (19 January 2006) Nature article

Other websites 
 "Asteroid Smashup Yields Dust Shower on Earth"  from SkyandTelescope.com, Jan. 20, 2006.

Asteroids
Lanark Grammar School is a medium-sized secondary school in Lanark, South Lanarkshire which has over 1000 students.

Available subjects
Art and Design
Biology
Business Education
Chemistry
Classical Studies
Computing Studies
Craft and Design
English
French
German
Geography
Graphics Communications
History
Home Economics
Mathematics
Physics
Religious Education

Library
The school library has lots of books on all the subjects studied at the school. It also has a wide range of fiction books for juniors and seniors. There are 15 computers in the library which can be used by any of the students who need to do work.

Grammar schools in the United Kingdom
Schools in Scotland
Johannes Vermeer or Jan Vermeer (baptised 31 October 1632, died December 1675) was a Dutch Baroque painter. He spent his life in the town of Delft. Vermeer came from a Protestant family but he married a Catholic, named Catherina Bolnes, in April 1653. They had eleven children.

Vermeer mainly painted people in daily life. He painted people in detail and used rich colors. He kept the backgrounds simple. This contrast makes the viewer focus on the main point. 

He used perspective technique to draw lines from one dot on the canvas. He used this technique on his 17 paintings. Those paintings have a little dot which may be used for perspective. 

Vermeer’s painted women often wear blue clothes. This color blue is made from a natural mineral called lapis lazuli.

There is no self portrait of Jan Vermeer. His face may be in some other paintings, especially The Art of Painting (De Schilderkunst) and The Procuress (De Koppelaarste), but there is no proof that the man is Vermeer.

Sources  
Essential Vermeer, This site covers much of Vermeer's life, works, and environment
Virtual Vermeer , Familiar biography, interesting entries
Van Meegeren's Fake Vermeers at Arttube (Museum Boijmans) 
Vermeercentrum , Short biography of Vermeer and his life in Delft.
Entry in Britannica encyclopaedia

Further reading 

1632 births
1675 deaths
Dutch painters
People from Delft
Richard George Adams (9 May 1920 – 24 December 2016) was an English author. His most famous book, Watership Down, began as a story to tell his daughters. Adams won both important British children's book awards, the Carnegie Medal and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.

Adams was in the British Army during World War II. Later he joined the British Civil Service. Two years after Watership Down was published, Adams became a full-time author. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1975.

Adams died on 24 December 2016 at the age of 96 in Oxford, England from complications of a blood disorder.

Select books 
 Watership Down
 Shardik
 Nature Through the Seasons
 The Tyger Voyage
 The Plague Dogs
 Voyage Through the Antarctic (with Ronald Lockley)
 Daniel (2006)

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
English writers
English novelists
Literature since 1500
Mergoscia is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village is found above Lago di Vogorno in the Verzasca valley.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Meride is a former municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Mezzovico-Vira is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Miglieglia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Minusio is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Moleno is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Monte Carasso is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged to form the municipality of Bellinzona.

The Swiss Heritage Society chose Monte Carasso for the 1993 Wakker Prize.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is a music producer from London, England. Ronson has released two albums. His first, released in 2003, was mainly hip hop music. His second, in 2007, featured British singers and musicians performing many different genres and styles.

Early life
Ronson's mother, Ann Dexter-Jones, is a writer, and his father used to work in the music industry. He has two twin sisters, Charlotte and Samantha. Samantha is also a musical artist, and a well known LA DJ.
Charlotte is a well known clothing designer and owns several clothing stores.

Ronson's family are ethnically Jewish.

Ronson became interested in hip hop when he moved to New York City, aged 8. He went New York University, and became a popular DJ in New York during the 1990s.

Albums
Ronson's first album was called Here Comes the Fuzz, a hip hop album featuring artists such as Ghostface Killah. It was released in 2003. It reached #70 in the music charts.

His second album, Version, was more successful. It sold more, and was nominated for a number of awards. It featured lead vocals by the likes of Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, and others famous British singers too. Jordan Galland, an American musican also contributed to it.  The artists performed cover songs, (which means the songs were new 'versions' of old songs - the word "version" was originally used in this context by the Reggae scene) but what made this second album stand out was the return to the use of professional arrangers and a full brass section.  At a time when other producers such as Timbaland had made a name for themselves by producing simple stripped down backing beats, the sound was a complete change of direction.  The brass section that Ronson used was the Dap-Kings who usually performed with Sharon Jones.  It reached #2 in the British charts.

Other websites
 MarkRonson.co.uk Official home page
 MySpace.com/MarkRonson Ronson's MySpace page

References

1977 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Shardik is a fantasy novel written by Richard Adams in 1974.

Plot
Shardik takes place in an imaginary region called the Beklan Empire.  A lonely hunter, Kelderek, pursues Shardik, a giant bear. Both of them become unwillingly drawn into the politics of the entire empire. The story's key themes include the personal struggles of sin and atonement, the strength and potential of children, and the responsibility of adults to protect and nurture children in hope of a better future.

1974 books
Books by Richard Adams
Fantasy books
English novels
The Warsaw Uprising of 1794 (also called the "Warsaw Insurrection") was started by a group of Polish people who lived in Warsaw. With help from the Polish Army, they tried to stop Russia from controlling the biggest city in Poland. It started on April 17, 1794, which was soon after Tadeusz Kościuszko's victory at an important battle.

Although the Russian army was larger, had better weapons, and killed many Polish people, Russian soldiers started to lose a lot of land and suffered from many deaths.

The Polish people had been preparing to fight in the uprising since the spring of 1793. They managed to become very popular: they formed a large army of volunteers who were led by a shoemaker, Jan Kiliński. Apart from this army, the most famous group to take part in giving the Polish people their freedom were the Poles who had been forced to join the Russian army. A person who watched the fighting was a French artist, Jan Piotr Norblin, who drew pictures of the uprising.

References 

History of Poland
History of Russia
1794
1790s in Europe
Fugazi were an American alternative rock band that became active in 1987.

History
Singer and songwriter Ian MacKaye had been in two bands before he joined Fugazi. These bands were Embrace, a band that existed from 1985 to 1986, and the more well-known Minor Threat. Guy Picciotto, who played guitar, was in famous punk/emo band Rites of Spring from 1984 to 1986. Brendan Canty, who played drums, was also in Rites of Spring. For Joe Lally, it was his first major band.

Style of music
Fugazi are known for their aggressive, "chunky" music. It is difficult to call them one genre of music, as they play many different musical styles. The band wanted to sound different to other bands they knew and had been in. MacKaye and Picciotto also have different styles of singing and songwriting. MacKaye prefers songs that people can sing along to, whereas Picciotto prefers more complex songs.

The members of Fugazi did not use illegal drugs, drink alcohol, or have casual sex. This was called being "straight edge". The term "straight edge" was invented by Minor Threat, MacKaye's previous band.

Today
Fugazi have not officially split up. However, they have not played since late 2002. This is because some of the band members have settled down with their families.

Albums
 13 Songs (1989) - A collection of songs from the band's first two EPs.
 Repeater (1990)
 Steady Diet of Nothing (1991)
 In on the Kill Taker (1993)
 Red Medicine (1995)
 End Hits (1998)
 The Argument (2001)

References

1980s establishments in Washington, D.C.
1987 establishments in the United States
American rock bands
Musical groups from Washington, D.C.
Musical groups established in 1987
Post-hardcore bands
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
Benzaiten (弁才天, 弁財天) is the Japanese name of the goddess Saraswati. Worship of Benzaiten arrived in Japan in the 6th to 8th centuries, mainly through the Chinese translations of the Sutra of Golden Light .

Her Sanskrit name is "Sarasvatî Devî", which means "flowing water". This is why Benzaiten is the goddess of everything that flows: water, words, speech, and music. The characters used to write her name showed her as the goddess of eloquence. Because of the Sutra of Golden Light, in Japan she became a protector of the people. Lastly, she became one of the Seven Lucky Gods.

In the Rig-Veda (6.61.7) Sarasvati killed the three-headed snake, also known as Vritra. This is probably one of the sources of Sarasvati/Benzaiten's close link with snakes and dragons in Japan. She has a shrine on the Island of Enoshima in Sagami Bay, about 50 kilometers south of Tokyo; and a five-headed dragon and her are the main people in the Enoshima Engi, a history of the shrines on Enoshima written by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kokei (皇慶). According to Kokei, Benzaiten is the third daughter of the dragon-king of Munetsuchi (無熱池; literally "lake without heat"), the lake which is at the center of the world in an ancient Buddhist view.

Other websites
  A Study of the Enoshima Engi 
 Sacred Texts account of Benzaiten

Sources
Japan and Indian Asia by Hajime Nakamura. Publisher: Firma KLM, 1961. Publication date: 1961
India and Japan: A Study in interaction during 5th cent - 14th century – By Upendra Thakur.

Japanese deities
There are two ways to measure GDP (total income of a country) of different countries and compare them. One way, called GDP at exchange rate, is when the currencies of all countries are converted into USD (United States Dollar). The second way is GDP (PPP) or GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP).

PPP

Uses 
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is measured by finding the values (in USD) of a basket of consumer goods that are present in each country (such as pineapple juice, pencils, etc.). If that basket costs $100 in the US and $200 in the United Kingdom, then the purchasing power parity exchange rate is 1:2.

Examples 
For example, suppose that Japan has a higher GDP per capita (US$18) than the US (US$16). This means that the average Japanese person makes $2 more than the average American. However, this does not necessarily imply that the Japanese are more affluent. Suppose that one gallon of orange juice costs $6 in Japan, and $2 in the US, i.e. $6 buys a good in Japan that can be purchased in the US for $2. 1 gallon of orange juice is taken as a reference good in this example. Simply, 1 gallon of orange juice can be bought in Japan, versus 3 gallons in America, with an equivalent amount of money. We can calculate a PPP index for Japan vs. the US equal to 1/3.  According to orange juice prices, Americans have stronger purchasing power, or are able to buy more value with their money. The US has a PPP-adjusted GDP of $16, which has not changed since it is the reference currency. Japan's GDP, however, is only $6 when adjusted for PPP. This is calculated by multiplying Japan's unadjusted GDP by the PPP index. In reality, a much wider range of goods that includes much more than just orange juice is taken to calculate the PPP index, so that it accurately reflects the average cost of living.

Daily life (application) 
Now apply this to daily life. The orange juice represents the previously mentioned "basket of goods" which represents the cost of living in a country. Therefore, even if a country has a higher GDP per capita (individual income), that country's people may still live poorer if the cost of living is higher.

There are some problems with how PPP is calculated using the market basket. Because people in different countries buy different goods, it can be very hard to create an accurate market basket. This means that PPP does not always represent the exact real value of money in different countries.

References

Economics
Warren could mean:

Animal husbandry and related

Animal husbandry
 Warren (domestic), a rabbitry for the breeding and raising of domestic rabbits.  Warren is also used for rabbit or hare burrows in the wild.

Forest law
 Warren (free) ("Free warren"), a type of hunting franchise under the Anglo-Norman Forest law

Metaphor
 In metaphoric use, warren refers to a tight agglomeration of inferior accommodations, such as a slum.

People
 Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States
 Warren Beatty, American actor
 Warren Christopher, former Secretary of State of the United States
 Warren E. Burger, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 Warren Buffett, American businessman and entrepreneur 
 Warren Hastings, first Governor-General of India
 Warren Zevon, American singer and musician
 Warren Truss, Australian politician

Other
 Warren abstract machine, a Prolog (software) engine
 Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy
 Warren Cup, a Roman antiquity
 Warren's Gate, an archaeological site
 Warren's Skipper, a type of butterfly
 Warren Wagon Train Raid, historic incident in Texas
A burrow is a hole or tunnel in the ground made by an animal. Animals dig burrows to live in. Sometimes animals only use burrows for a short time. Many animals dig burrows.

There are many different kinds of burrows. Different kinds of animals make different kinds of burrows. Lots of mammals make burrows. Some mammals that make burrows are moles, gophers, groundhogs, rabbits, meerkats, and kangaroo mice. The biggest mammal that makes a burrow is the polar bear.

Other kinds of animals that make burrows are: mammals, amphibians, fish (lungfish), crustaceans, reptiles, birds, small dinosaurs, insects, spiders, sea urchins, crustaceans, clams, and worms.

Burrows can be made in different materials. Kangaroo mice make burrows in sand. Termites make burrows in wood. Some sea urchins and clams make burrows in rock. Burrows can also be make in different shapes and sizes. Some burrows are simple tubes a few centimeters long. Others are many tunnels and rooms that connect to each other.

Sometimes a burrow has a special name when it is made by a certain kind of animal. For example, a rabbit's burrow is called a warren.

References 

Animals
Soma is a drink used in ancient India, in the (Vedic) culture. It is written of in the Vedas, in which there are many hymns praising it. 

It was probably a juice made from a mountain plant or the haoma plant. In the Vedas, Soma is both the sacred drink and also a god (deva). It is not known for sure what Soma actually was.

Soma is similar to the Greek drink, ambrosia. According to their beliefs it is what the gods drink, and what made them gods. Indra and Agni are known for drinking a lot of Soma. Mortals also drink it, giving them visions that are thought to be divine. The Rig-Veda (8.48) states, "We have drunk the Soma; we have become immortal; we have gone to the light; we have found the gods." The Ninth Mandala of the Rig Veda is known as the Soma Mandala. It is mostly hymns to Soma.

Hindu mythology
Left Hand Path is a term used in occultism for one kind of spiritual path. It is the opposite of the Right Hand Path, which is what most people think of when they think of religion or spirituality.

The use of this term in occultism came from a term used in Hindu Tantra, Vama marga in Sanskrit. This ancient form of tantra used the breaking of rules (taboos) as part of the practice. Rules about diet and sex were broken on purpose. For example, rules against eating meat and drinking alcohol might be broken. Such a practice might require eating meat and drinking alcohol while having sex in a graveyard or cremation ground.

People who follow the Left Hand Path in the West are not interested in giving up pleasure or the world in order to be spiritual. They are not interested in worshiping God or following rules made up by others. They seek to gain power and freedom by breaking through taboos, fears and restrictions.

Many people link this term with Satanism and black magic, but they are not the same. The Left Hand Path is sometimes described as amoral.

Related pages
 Thelema
 The Satanic Bible

References 
 Evans, Dave. The History of British Magic After Crowley. Hidden Publishing, 2007. 
 Grant, Kenneth. Cults of the Shadow. London: Muller, 1975.
 Hine, Phil. Black magic and the left-hand path .

Spirituality
This is a Chinese name. The surname is Wu (吳)

Wu Zun (traditional Chinese: 吳尊; simplified Chinese: 吴尊; pinyin: Wú Zūn) is a Brunei-born actor and singer. He is the only non-Taiwanese member of the boy band Fahrenheit. He is also known for his roles in the Taiwanese TV shows Hanazakarino Kimitachihe and Tokyo Juliet.

Biography
Born Goh Kiat Chun (traditional Chinese: 吳吉俊; Pinyin: Wú Jí Jùn) in Brunei on 10 October 1979, Wu studied at the Chung Hwa Middle School in Bandar Seri Begawan. He later graduated from the RMIT University in Melbourne with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration. Wu also played basketball for Brunei's national team . Before joining Fahrenheit (band), he was a model for 伊林 Yi Lin in Taiwan and for Diva Models in Singapore. He manages a gym club called Fitness Zone in Brunei.

Television roles

Fahrenheit
Wu was the last and oldest member to join Fahrenheit (band). He is the bass vocalist of the group. He also plays the drums. His personality is represented by a cool Autumn at 59 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. He also represented by the word "Mysterious" (traditional Chinese: 神; Pinyin: shén).

References

Other websites 
 Chinese H.I.M International Music
 Japanese Fahrenheit: Official Japan Site
 Wu Zun's Blog

1979 births
Living people
C-pop singers
Actors
Singers
Bruneian people
Twice-cooked pork (, literally: meat that has been returned to the wok) is probably the best-known Sichuan-style Chinese dish. Twice-cooked pork is cooked by boiling pork rib steak chunks in hot water with slices of ginger and salt first, then after being cut into thin slices, the pork is put back into a wok and shallow-fried in hot oil.

Legend 
Twice-cooked pork is said to have started in the Qing Dynasty, while the Qianlong Emperor toured Sichuan. Qianlong wanted a feast at every stop that he made, and, when he arrived at one particular village, the villagers were very worried. The crops had not been harvesting well that year and there may not have been enough to host the emperor. They were worried that the emperor would do bad things to them if they did not give him a feast, so they quickly put the food they had not yet eaten back into the pot, cooked it again (thus "twice-cooking" them) and served the food to the emperor. To their surprise, the emperor enjoyed it, and so the "Twice Cooked Pork" became a famous Sichuan dish.

Types
Common vegetables to add to twice-cooked pork are cabbage, peppers and garlic shoots. Pixian, a thick broad-bean sauce, is also a common ingredient. 

Chinese food
Pork
Sichuan
Meat dishes