cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Freedom from Fear is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the Four Freedoms. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the Four Freedoms Speech of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background 
This painting was made public in The Saturday Evening Post of March 13, 1943, along with an essay of Stephen Vincent Benét. The other paintings of the Four Freedoms series are Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship and Freedom from Want, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

The painting portrays children laying in bed, a mother  tucking them in and a father watching with a newspaper in his hand, telling the stories of the war with the headlines "Bombings Kill... Horrors Hit...". The children are free from fearing these horrors of the war. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

This painting is the only one in the Four Freedoms series he had not specially painted for this subject. He first made it to illustrate the Battle of Britain of 1940. He did not want it to be published though, because he distasted the idea that American children were resting safely in their beds as Europe burned.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto Buy War Bonds. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

References 
Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

1943 paintings
American paintings
Francis ("Frank") Owen Salisbury (18 December 1874 – 31 August 1962) was an English artist painter and designer of stained glass.

Life 
as a son of a plumber and glazier. He learned the art of stained glass in the workshop of his brother in St Albans.

A visit to the London Drawing Academy woke up his interest for painting. He won a scholarship when he was 18 years old and so he was able to study at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1892 to 1897. In between he went on a scholarship to Italy where he was impressed by the fresco's of the Renaissance. This trip shaped his taste for pageant scenes.

On the Royal Academy he won several medals. He also returned there several times with expositions.

Salisbury made many murals in buildings, especially in London. He also painted many religious works and illustrations of historical events. He was well known for his portraits, especially of famous people like five British prime ministers, five American presidents and several others like Benito Mussolini when he visited Italy in 1934. His portraits were painted in a traditional style.

Salisbury died on August 31, 1962, in Hampstead, London, when he was 87 years old.

Paintings of Salisbury

Bibliography 
1944: Portrait and Pageant: The Art of Frank O. Salisbury, memoirs
1953: Sarum Chase

Literature 
Barber, Benjamin Aquila (1936) The Art of Frank O. Salisbury, F. Lewis
Christie, Manson & Woods (1985) The Studio of Frank O. Salisbury: (1874 - 1962); the Property of the British Council of Churches
McMurray, Nigel (2003) Frank O. Salisbury: Painter Laureate,

References 
A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (Oxford University Press), biography
University of Manchester, Frank O. Salisbury Papers

Other websites 

Bridgeman Art Library, overview of his work

English painters
1874 births
1962 deaths
Umeå is a town in northern Sweden. The town is known for the large number of birch trees. About 116,465 people were living in Umeå Municipality in late 2011.

The town had to recover from a very large fire in 1888.
Umeå is the biggest city in Norrland, the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. The town had about 80,000 people living there in 2010. The town opened a university in 1965. In the last 50 years the number of houses has doubled. About 700 buildings are built every year.

The city was elected European Capital of Culture in 2014. The city is the most norhtern location to have ever been a European city of culture. The city is partnering with a large number of voluntary organisations and the concept of open source

History
Umeå became a city in 1622. The King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, made the new city for Swedish merchants. He made the merchants to move north so that taxes could be increased. The city was burnt by Russian troops in 1714 and then again in 1720. In 1809 the city was briefly occupied again by the Russian army before peace was agreed. In 1888 the great fire destroyed the homes of over 2,000 people. The fire started in a brewery and destroyed part of the city including the shipyards at Teg and buildings on the island of Ön. Less than 1,000 of the people had a house after the fire. After the fire the town was rebuilt and many new birch trees were planted to stop future fires. The town is known for these trees.

In 1951 the city's library was recognised as important for northern Sweden. The library has a copy of every new book printed in Sweden. In 1962 the city opened its first airport. Umeå has been the biggest city in the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. Before 1962 the largest city was Sundsvall.

References

Other websites

 homepage
Billy Wara (c. 1920 – November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers.

Life
Wara was born at Aṟan, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book The People In Between (1968).

When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maṟuku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Muṯitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands.

Artwork
Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures ( in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem.

His depictions of the perentie are taken from his , a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the  and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The  forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aṟan. Most of the knowledge of  is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that  fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aṟan and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it.

Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States.

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
Australian sculptors
Woodworkers
Artists from the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Jämsä (in the local dialect, Jämpsä) is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 223 km from Helsinki, and 58 km from Jyväskylä. There were about 22,125 people living there in January 2014. Jämsä municipality was established in 1866. It is next to the municipalities of Juupajoki, Jyväskylä, Keuruu, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Petäjävesi. Isojärvi National Park, a popular hiking place, is near to Jämsä.

The former municipality of Kuorevesi was merged with Jämsä in 2001. The former municipality of Längelmäki was partly merged with Jämsä in 2007. The former municipality of Jämsänkoski was merged with Jämsä in 2009.

Other websites

 Jämsä city pages 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Central Finland
1866 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in Finland
Werner Leich (born January 31, 1927 in Mühlhausen) is a Protestant clergyman. From 1978 to 1992 he was the bishop of the Evangelical Church in Thuringia, for the greater part during the era of the German Democratic Republic.

Life 
From 1942 to 1945 Leich was a voluntary member of the German Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker. He volunteered to "battle for the salvation of Germany". After World War II he finished his school and from 1947 he started studying theology at the University of Marburg and Heidelberg University.

In 1951 he started his career as a clergyman. A year later he married Trautel, with whom he has a son and daughter. Since 1960 he was a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church. He was vice-president of the synod from 1967 to 1978 and bishop of the state of Thuringia from 1978 to 1992. In that year he retired.

During a lot of his career, he had to deal with being able to worship God in an environment of anti-religious communism. He described it as "a lot of times we did hide being Christians".

Autobiography 
1992: Wechselnde Horizonte. Mein Leben in vier politischen Systemen.

References 

1927 births
Living people
Christian ministers
Christian theologians
East German people
German Lutherans
German military personnel of World War II
German theologians
Lutheran bishops
People from Thuringia
Emile (Emiel) van Lennep was a Dutch official (treasurer general), diplomat and Minister of State.

Life
Van Lennep was born in Amsterdam on 20 January 1915, as a son of Louis Henri van Lennep and Catharina Hildegonda Enschede. He studied law from 1932 to 1937 at the Municipal University of Amsterdam.
 
From 1951 to 1969 he was the highest official of the Dutch Ministry of Finance. From 1969 to 1984 he was secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At the OECD Van Lennep is remembered for making the organization a more effective forum for international cooperation. In the seventies he was named several times to be a candidate for a post in the government of the Netherlands, but he did not want to be a politician. After his career at the OECD he was appointed to be Minister of State from 1986 until his death in 1996.

He was married with met Alexa Labberton and they had two sons and two daughters. In 1990 he was rewarded with a Four Freedoms Award in the category freedom from want. Van Lennep died on October 2, 1996, when he was 81 years old.

References 
Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 6, biography 

1915 births
1996 deaths
Dutch civil servants
Dutch diplomats
Politicians from Amsterdam
Secretaries General of OECD
Limbdi is a city in Surendranagar district in India.  It is in the state of Gujarat.

Cities in India
Settlements in Gujarat
The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is a museum in Moscow, Russia. The museum is dedicated to architecture and urban planning in Russia. It is the largest architecture museum in Russia. It includes an archive, library, and study center. The museum was opened in 1934. It is named for Soviet architect Alexey Shchusev.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Shchusev State Museum of Architecture

Architecture
Urban planning
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Museums in Europe
Education in Russia
Cable cars in Haifa go from Mount Carmel to the Mediterranean beaches. In 2007 the City Hall of Haifa decided to extend the line to the University of Haifa and open a new line from Mount Carmel to Haifa Bay. The new projects will involve building a new central bus station and new bus routes across the city. The project is still under construction.

Other websites 

 Haifa Bay – Technion – University cable car  at Yefeh Nof 

Transport in Israel
Haifa
Cableways
Earl Eugene Scruggs (January 6, 1924 – March 28, 2012) was an American musician. He was known for playing a banjo in bluegrass. Playing the banjo in bluegrass is now known as "Scruggs Style". He is known for his songs such as Dueling Banjos, Foggy Mountain Breakdown, Earl's Breakdown, The Swimming Song, and in Fireball Mail. He won four Grammy Awards.

Scruggs was born on January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina. He was raised in Shelby, North Carolina. Scruggs was married to Louise Certain from 1948 until her death in 2006. They had two sons. Scruggs died on March 28, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee from natural causes, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 
 Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com  Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com
 at the Country Music Hall of Fame

1924 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Musicians from North Carolina
American bluegrass musicians
American guitarists
Banjo players
Grammy Award winners
Jenni Rivera (Jenni Dolores Rivera Saavedra), July 12, 1969 – December 9, 2012) was an Mexican-American singer who is known for her spanish albums such as La Gran Señora, Jenni, Parrandera, Rebelde Y Atrevida, Joyas Prestadas She was nominated for four Latin Grammys.

Early life 
Rivera was born on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California Her parents were Mexican immigrants. She was raised in Long Beach California. 

Rivera married José Trinidad Marín from 1984 until they divorced in 1992. After this, she married Juan López from 1997 until 2003. Finally, she married Esteban Loaiza in 2010 and they separated in 2012. They filed for divorce, but the divorce was not finalized due to her death. Rivera had three children with Marín and had two children with López.

On December 9, 2012, a plane that Rivera was flying in lost contact to air traffic control off the coast of Monterrey, Mexico. Mexican authorities confirmed that Rivera and four other people that were on the plane were dead.

References

Other websites

Jenni Rivera page (Universal Music Latin Entertainment) 

1969 births

American activists
American television actors
American television producers
Aviation deaths
Latin singers
Mexican television actors
Mexican singers
Actors from Long Beach, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
Dame Elisabeth Joy Murdoch (née Elisabeth Joy Greene, 8 February 1909 – 5 December 2012) was an Australian philanthropist. She was the widow of Keith Murdoch and the mother of Rupert Murdoch. 

She became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas.

Murdoch was born on 8 February 1909 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She studied at St Catherine's School and at the Clyde School. 

Murdoch was married to Keith Murdoch from 1928 until his death in 1952. They had four children, the eldest of whom died before her. Murdoch died on 5 December 2012 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from natural causes, aged 103.

References

Other websites
Biography in the Australian Women's Register
Enough Rope interview in June 2008
Ancestry of Rupert Murdoch  

1909 births
2012 deaths

Centenarians
Deaths from natural causes
Monarchists
People from Melbourne
Australian philanthropists
Churchill College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. In 1958 a group of people was formed to get money to build a new college. This group had Winston Churchill as leader, so the college was named after him. It opened in 1960. Churchill College has more than 700 students, one of the biggest. Many of them study a science subject.

Churchill College was the first college in Cambridge to allow female students. This happened in 1972.

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1960 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s establishments in England
Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters. They are two grumpy old men who fight and laugh at mean things on their balcony. They both appeared in all The Muppet Show episodes except for one in which Statler did not appeared because he was sick, so Waldorf appaered with his wife who looks like Statler in a dress. Statler and Walldorf are named after two important hotels in New York City. They are mostly known for appearing as Marley and Marley in The Muppet Christmas Carol. 

Statler is an old man who wears a black and blue suit. Waldorf has a mustache and wears a brown suit. Statler was originally performed by Jerry Nelson and Richard Hunt, and now is performed by Steve Whitmire. Waldorf was originally performed by Jim Henson and is now performed by Dave Goelz.

References

Other websites

Muppets
Fictional characters

de:Die Muppet Show#Statler und Waldorf
Nurzhol Boulevard (, formerly known as сулы-нулы бульвар Green Water Boulevard) is the national boulevard of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The boulevard is a pedestrian area. It is in the new business and administrative centre of Nur-Sultan. It runs from the President's residence Ak Orda to the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre. The Bayterek is in Nurzhol boulevard.  It is one of Nur-Sultans best-known buildings.

Other websites 
  Water Green Boulevard in Flickr site.

Kazakhstan
Roads
National squares
Clare College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It opened in 1326, so it is the second oldest. Its first name was University Hall but it was changed to Clare Hall in 1338. This was because Elizabeth de Clare, granddaughter of Edward I, gave money to the college. In 1856 it changed name again to its current one.

The college building is next to King's College. It goes across the river Cam with a famous bridge which has fourteen spherical stones on it. One of the stones is missing a bit: there are many legends used to explain this fact. The bridge is the oldest on the river. Across the bridge there is a big and beautiful garden, which is usually only open to the Fellows (university teachers).

Very important people have studied here, like David Attenborough, Andrew Wiles, Charles Cornwallis and Thomas Pelham-Holles.

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1326 establishments
1320s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England
The 1972 United States presidential election happened on November 7, 1972. President Richard Nixon was reelected to a second term. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won the election by a landslide (winning 49 of 50 states) and got 520 electoral votes. McGovern got 17 electoral votes. John Hospers got one electoral vote by a Virginia faithless elector.

This was the highest of any Republican nominee as a vote, as well as a highest electoral vote in a United States election until Ronald Reagan was re-elected in 1984 by a huge landslide.

George Wallace, governor of Alabama was shot by a what would be assassin during the election.

George McGovern's running mate changed from Thomas Eagleton to Sargent Shriver because Eagleton had problems about his psychiatric before.

This election occurred during the Watergate scandal, which ultimately caused Nixon to resign in 1974.

Candidates

Democratic Party
15 people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination. They were:
George McGovern, Senator from South Dakota
Hubert Humphrey, Senator from Minnesota and former Vice President
George Wallace, Governor of Alabama
Edmund Muskie, Senator from Maine
Eugene McCarthy, former Senator from Minnesota
Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington
Shirley Chisholm, Representative of New York's 12th congressional district
Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina
John Lindsay, Mayor of New York City
Wilbur Mills, Representative of Arkansas's 2nd congressional district
Vance Hartke, Senator from Indiana
Fred Harris, Senator from Oklahoma
Sam Yorty, former Representative of California's 26th congressional district
Patsy Mink, Representative of Hawaii's 2nd congressional district
Walter Fauntroy, Delegate from Washington, D.C.

Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
Richard Nixon, President of the United States
Pete McCloskey, Representative from California
John M. Ashbrook, Representative from Ohio

Candidates gallery

Related pages
Presidential Candidates:
 Richard Nixon
 George McGovern
 Patsy Mink
Vice Presidential Candidates:
 Sargent Shriver
 Spiro Agnew

References

Other websites
 1972 Presidential General Election Results

1972 in the United States
1972
Rizzo the Rat is a Muppet, who was voiced by Steve Whitmire. He was first in The Muppet Show. He is known for being in a double act with Gonzo the Great. Rizzo is a rat with a New Jersey accent.

References

Other websites

Muppets
Fictional characters

de:Die Muppet Show#Rizzo
The 1968 United States presidential election happened on November 5, 1968. Richard Nixon, the Republican candidate and former vice president of the United States, won the election. He defeated the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey, who was a Democrat, and George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, who ran as a member of the American Independent Party.

Incumbent United States President Lyndon B. Johnson was able to run, but decided against it. On March 31, 1968, Johnson withdrew his nomination and he said, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President". 

The incumbent Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, brother of former United States President John F. Kennedy was a serious presidential candidate before his assassination on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles after winning the California and South Dakota primaries for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.

Richard Nixon won the election by 301 electoral votes. Hubert Humphrey got 191 electoral votes. George Wallace received 46 electoral votes and a faithless elector in North Carolina voted Wallace and running mate Curtis LeMay.

Humphrey did not win the south because he was very liberal and favored civil rights. The only southern state he won was Texas (which he won narrowly).

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates:
Hubert Humphrey, U.S. vice president from Minnesota
Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. senator from New York, brother of former President John F. Kennedy, and former Attorney General (assassinated)
Eugene McCarthy, U.S. senator from Minnesota
George McGovern, U.S. senator from South Dakota

Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
Richard Nixon, former Vice President and 1960 presidential nominee from New York
 Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York and candidate for the 1960 and 1964 nominations
 Ronald Reagan, Governor of California
 George Romney, Governor of Michigan and candidate 1964 nomination:: Romney was also the father of Gov. Mitt Romney, who ran for president in 2012
 Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota and candidate for the 1948, 1952 and 1964 nominations

Candidates gallery

References

Other websites
 1968 Presidential General Election Results

1968
Ronald Reagan
Richard Nixon
1968 in the United States
American Independent Party is a right-wing political party of the United States founded in California in 1967 by Bill and Eileen Shearer. It is most notable for George Wallace running in the 1968 US Election. That year, it was made up of Democrats opposed to the ending of racial segregation and was most successful in Southern states (Wallace was governor of the Southern state of Alabama).

Over time, the party became closer to the conservative movement and it renounced its policy against racial equality. Today, the party still exists but many of its members have left: most of the earlier members returned to the Democratic Party after the 1969 election and its later members have moved to the Constitution Party. The AIP has endorsed the Constitution Party nominee for President in recent years.

Background information

In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states: in Connecticut, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as the nominee of the "George Wallace Party." The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. No third-party candidate has won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election.

Presidential tickets

Since the fracture of the American Independent Party between the King and Noonan factions, control of the State Party, and thus the ballot line, has been in the hands of the Noonan faction. Attempts to nominate Chuck Baldwin (the 2008 Constitution nominee) or Virgil Goode (the 2012 Constitution nominee) were unsuccessful, as were their independent efforts to make it onto the California presidential ballot.

References 

1967 establishments in California
Political parties in the United States
The Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), or Bornean clouded leopard, is found on Sumatra and Borneo. It is a genetically distinct species, related to the Clouded leopard. It has now been filmed.

The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest cat in Borneo,  weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion, are longer than other living felines. Its tail, which may be as long as its body, helps it balance when running and jumping.

In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest. In Sumatra, they appear to live more in hilly, montane areas. It is not known if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu islands close to Sumatra.

Its taxonomy 
In December 2006,  the genus Neofelis was reclassified into two distinct species:
 Neofelis nebulosa from mainland Asia and
 Neofelis diardi from Borneo and Sumatra
The Sunda clouded leopard in each island is different enough to be a separate subspecies.

References 

Felines
Karjala is Finnish brand of beer. Sortavalan Panimo made the beer from 1932 to 1944. In 1948, it started to be made again. It is most popular in Finland.

Products 
 Karjala I (2,7%)
 Karjala III (4,6 %)
 Karjala IVA (Export) (5,2 %)
 Karjala IVB (8,0 %)
 Karjala Terva (4,6%)

Other websites 
 Hartwall's official webcite 

Beers of Finland
Gorgias is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of  rhetoric, virtue and justice.

Persons 
The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow;
Socrates
Chaerephon, a friend of Socrates
Gorgias, a sophist
Polus, a student of Gorgias
Callicles, a sophist

Synopsis 
In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric".

Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached:

Socrates: Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge?

Gorgias: By all means.

Socrates: And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge?

Gorgias: Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief.

Socrates: Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them?

A bit later, the dialogue changes direction:

Polus: I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric?

Socrates: I should say a sort of experience.

Socrates: An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus.

Polus: Then are cookery and rhetoric the same?

Socrates: No, they are only different parts of the same profession.

The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and  is closer to flattery.   

Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill.

So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens.

Related pages

Gorgias
Sophist

Works of philosophy
Full-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker that can be used to play sound at all or almost all frequencies that human are able to hear. The frequency range can be anywhere from 55 to 17500 Hertz. The benefit is that all sound comes from the same point besides multi-way speakers. Also, audio crossover can be more simple. 

Audio technology
Masato Nakae (December 20, 1917-September 4, 1998) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Nakae was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakae joined the US Army in February 1942.

Nakae volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in August 1944, Nakae was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Nakae's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Nakae's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He held off an enemy attack and continued to fight after being wounded.

The words of Nakae's citation explain:
Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
 

1917 births
1998 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Maeshowe, also known as Orkhaugr, a burial mound in Orkney, Scotland, with underground passage graves. It was built during the Neolithic period, about 3000 years ago. It has been included in the World Heritage Site, Heart of Neolithic Orkney.

The mound used to be taller, with a depression in the top, looking like a small volcano. It measured 11 meters in height and had a diameter of 30 meters. This was changed in 1861 when the mound was dug into by archaeologist James Farrer.

It was built on a raised level area and surrounded by a ditch and a raised bank. It may have been built on top of an earlier structure. Research shows that the ditch used to be filled with water, and there was a large stone circle around the mound. The grave itself is a long narrow entrance opening into a large chamber. There are three smaller rooms which open into the main chamber. It has been built to line up with the sun at the Winter Solstice.

Maeshowe had been dug up in the 12th century by the Vikings. It has many Norse carvings on the rocks.

References

Prehistoric buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Scotland
Archaeological sites in Scotland
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Orkney
Neolithic
Corpus Christi College (full name:The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary) is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1352 and is special because it was created by local people living in Cambridge, not by royals or nobles as most of the other colleges. It is one of the smallest colleges with about 450 students.

Corpus Christi College has the oldest court in Europe, Old Court, finished in 1356. The New Court, that also has the chapel (small church), was built in 1827. On the corner of the student's library there is the Corpus Clock, a clock made of gold which has a very complicated mechanism. The clock is visible on the main street of Cambridge, King's Parade. The college has another library, the Parker library, that has very old and precious books.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Thomas Cavendish.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1352 establishments
14th-century establishments in England
1350s establishments in Europe
Ipse dixit is a Latin phrase which means "He, himself, said it".

In logic, ipse dixit is known as the bare assertion fallacy. One form of the fallacy may be summarized as follows:
 Fact 1: X claims statement A.
 Fact 2: X claims that X is not lying.
 Conclusion: Therefore, A is true or false or whatever X claims it is.
A bare assertion denies that an issue is debatable. In other words, that's just the way it is. In Alice in Wonderland, the problem of ipse dixit is explained by example.
    "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less."
    "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things."
    "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master      that's all."

The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists.

Ipse dixit is used to identify and describe a dogmatic statement which the speaker expects the listener to accept as valid. Ipse dixit is a sort of arbitrary dogmatism. The only proof we have of the fact is that this person said it.<ref>[http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1027 "Ipse dixit at Law.com]; retrieved 2012-12-10.</ref>

The theory of ipse dixit involves that an unproven statement that the speaker claims is true because it was uttered by "an authority" on the subject. The opinion may carry some weight based solely on the authority or standing of the person said it.

 History 
In the De natura deorum (On the Nature of the Gods), the Roman writer Cicero (106–43 BC) coined the term ipse dixit as an error in law. Cicero was describing the students of Pythagoras.

Jeremy Bentham changed the term ipse-dixit into the word ipse-dixitism. He created this term to apply to political arguments.Ipse dixit is made specific in American law. For example, in a 1997 case, the US Supreme Court recognized the problem of "opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit'' of an expert".

Related pages
 False dilemma
 Truthiness
 Intensity of preference

References 

Logical fallacies
Latin words and phrases
The Power Within is the fifth studio album by DragonForce. It was released on April 11, 2012 in Japan and on April 15, 2012 worldwide. It is the first album to have Mark Hudson on vocals.

Track listing

Personnel

Band members 
Marc Hudson – Vocals
Herman Li – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing, engineering
Sam Totman – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing
Vadim Pruzhanov – Keyboards, piano, theremin, Kaoss Pad, backing vocals
Dave Mackintosh – Drums, backing vocals
Frédéric Leclercq – Bass, backing vocals, additional guitars

References 

Power metal
DragonForce
2008 albums
The John Hancock Tower, also called Hancock Place, The Hancock Tower, or The Hancock, is a 60-story, 790-foot (241 m) skyscraper in Boston. It was named for the John Hancock Insurance company. The tower was designed by Henry N. Cobb and was completed in 1976. It has been the tallest building in Boston for more than 30 years. It is also the tallest building in New England.

Its street address is 200 Clarendon Street. At first, John Hancock Insurance primarily used the building, but after 2004, some offices moved to a new building.

Architecture
The John Hancock Tower was designed in 1972. It is a glass monolith. It was made in the minimalist and the modernist skyscraper design.

The largest panes of glass possible were used. There are no spandrel panels, and very few mullions. The floor plan has a parallelogram shape. The window glass is tinted slightly blue.

History
The tower has an observation deck that was a famous attraction. However, the observation deck was closed after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

In 2006, Broadway Partners bought Hancock Place for $1.3 billion.  By 2009, they had defaulted on the loans they used to buy the building, and it was forclosed. On March 30, 2009, Hancock Place was sold at auction for $660 million to a consortium of "Normandy Real Estate Partners" and "Five Mile Capital Partners". In October 2010, Boston Properties bought the John Hancock Tower for $930 million.

The Hancock Tower was built by "John Hancock Insurance".

Notes

References
Oct. 15, 1973. "Those Window Pains" , TIME.
Harl P. Aldrich, James R. Lambrechts (Fall 1986). "Back Bay Boston, Part II: Groundwater Levels ", Civil Engineering Practice, Volume 1, Number 2.

Related pages

John Hancock, for whom John Hancock Insurance was named
Prudential Tower for an image of the Boston skyline from Cambridge in 1963, with the old 26-story Hancock building a conspicuous landmark.

Other websites
 
library-towers John Hancock Tower
Architecture Week  When Bad Things Happen to Good Buildings
The Perfect Skyscraper The Perfect Skyscraper
Special Report on the Boston Globe; "The Hancock at 30" includes 4 audio slideshows
Globe Critic, Robert Campbell, on the problems of the John Hancock Tower
So, what should we call the John Hancock Tower now? (photos of construction)

Buildings and structures in Boston, Massachusetts
Skyscrapers in the United States
I. M. Pei buildings
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Massachusetts
The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC.

People
 Praxiteles
 Alexander the Great
Theophrastus (; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.

He came to Athens at a young age and studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death, he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle bequeathed to Theophrastus his writings and designated him as his successor at the Lyceum.

Theophrastus led the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school flourished greatly. He is often considered the "father of botany" for his works on plants. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus.

4th-century BC births
3rd-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
Cops is an American documentary-styled television reality show which follows police officers, constables and deputies during patrols and other activities which began in March 1989 and has been aired in many countries. The show is broadcasted through Fox and has been shown in over 100 cities in the United States. Every episode is about twenty two minutes long. The show was cancelled due to the George Floyd protests.

Other websites

Channel Links 

1989 American television series debuts
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American crime television series
Police television series
English-language television programs
The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC.

Important people
 Homer
Karhu (in english "The Bear") is Finnish brand of beer. It is the most popular beer in Finland. Its history begins in 1920, in Pori. Production of Karhu stopped in the early 1930s, but continued again from 1958.

Products 
Karhu III (4,6 %), launched 1961
Karhu A (5,4 %)
Tosi Vahva Karhu (Very Strong Bear) (8%), launched 1999
Karhu III, 1 litran tölkki (4,6 %)
Karhu Tumma (Dark Bear) I ( 2.8%)
Karhu Ruis ( 4.6% / 6,0%)

Other websites 
website 

Beers of Finland
Koff is Finnish brand of beer. Koff is one of the most popular beers in Finland. It is made by Sinebrychoffs, a Finnish company that advertices lager beers.

Products 
 Koff I (2,5 %)
 Koff III (4,5 %)
 Koff IVA (5,2 %)
 Koff Extra Brew III (4,5 %)
 Koff Extra Brew IV (5,2 %)
 Koff Lite (4,2 %)

Other websites 
 Koff.fi  

Beers of Finland
Olvi is Finnish brand of beer. Olvi is mostly made from Finnish ingredients, besides Humulus lupulus, which is from Bavaria.

Other websites 
 The Olvi web site 

Beers of Finland

en:Olvi
Lapin Kulta is Finnish, Hartwalls brand of beer. Traditionally it's been made in Tornio but 2010 production moved to Lahti.

Products
 Lapin Kulta I
 Lapin Kulta III
 Lapin Kulta IVA (5,2 %)
 Lapin Kulta Long Neck 
 Lapin Kulta Tuisku

Other websites 
 Lapin Kulta 

Beers of Finland
'A Werewolf Boy' is a South Korean fantasy romance movie. It did well at the box office in 2012. The movie has been a huge box-office success by drawing audiences totaling 6,600,000 people in less than two months. The movie's lyrical atmosphere and the performance of the stars caught audiences’ eyes.

Plot 
The movie starts with a flashback told by a grandmother, Suni. When a girl, Suni, lived in an isolated mountain village for her recuperation in 1965. A boy who looks like a beggar suddenly appeared. Nobody knows his origin, his family and how old he is. He cannot speak. He only growls like an aniimal. At first, Suni and can't get used to his strange behavior such as eating food with his hands ravenously. They grow fond of him gradually, so they named the boy Chulsu.

Jitae, who is a landlord of the house Suni is living, loves her. He begrudges Chulsu being close to Suni. With experts and old documents, Jitae found out that Chulsu was one of the abandoned children in the Korean war. Now he is a kind of werewolf boy. He is genetically modified by a scientist to make a more powerful soldier. Jitae slandered Chulsu because Chulsu has extreme strength unlike a normal human being. His body temperature is 46 degrees Celsius. Because of Jitae’s lies, people try to kill Chul-su to protect themselves. Suni decides to leave the village to keep him from being injured.

After 47 years, when Suni visits the village to sell the house, she sees Chulsu again. She is moved by his long waiting. Chulsu reads a fairy tale book to Suni which they promised to read together 47 years ago. However, she has to leave him again and return to America. She leaves a message "Wait for me." again as she did when she was young. Chulsu waits for her believing that she will come back again someday.

Cast 

The main actor, Song Joong-ki is a famous Korean actor. He achieves popularity through various kinds of movies and dramas. For example, SungKyunKwan Scandle, Deep-rooted tree, The innocent Man and Hearty Paws 2. The main actress, Park Bo-young, is also a widely loved actress who made a big name through the movie Speedy Scandle. Both of them rose to more fame with the movie A Werewolf Boy.

Music 
"My prince", song by Park Bo-young

This is the song Suni sings to the accompaniment of a guitar for Chulsu in the movie. By seeing her singing mellifluously, Chulsu fell in love with her.

Other websites 
Official site of the movie A Werewolf Boy 
Official site in English 

South Korean movies
2012 movies
Monster movies
International Institute for Terrorism Research or International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) is an international non-profit research center located in Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Israel. The center explores terrorism in Israel and around the world and organizes international meetings with politicians from around the world.

Other websites 
International Institute for Terrorism Research

Think tanks
Terrorism
Israel
The  was a Japanese natural disaster in the Kantō region of the island of Honshū.  The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST (2:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923.  It lasted between 4 and 10 minutes.

This earthquake destroyed Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka. It caused widespread damage. About 140,000 people died.

Gallery

Related pages
 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Notes

Other websites

Great Kanto Earthquake photos
 Great Kanto earthquake at British Pathé
Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 at Brown University
USGS Earthquake Lists 

Earthquakes in Japan
1923
1920s in Japan
September events
Tom Daley (born 21 May 1994) is an English diver. He was born in Plymouth, Devon. He mainly dives from the 10 metre platform, both on his own and in synchro (diving at the same time with another person). He became the World Champion at the age of 15 in 2009.

Daley went to the 2008 Summer Olympics where he was the youngest athlete for Britain. He also went to the 2012 Summer Olympics where he came third in the 10 metre platform event. He has won many other medals. For example, at the 2010 Commonwealth Games he won two golds in the 10 metre platform: one for the individual event, the other for the synchro event with Peter Waterfield.

He has won the BBC Award for Young Personality of the Year three times.

Personal life 
He grew up in Eggbuckland, Plymouth with his mother Debbie, father Rob and two younger brothers, Ben and Will. He went to school at the Thruston Primary School in Plymouth and later went to Plymouth College. He started swimming when he was 3, and diving when he was 7. He did his first international competition when he was 11. In 2013, he stated that he is in a relationship with a man. In 2014, he stated that he is gay.

References

1994 births
Living people
British Olympic bronze medalists
Divers
English LGBT people
English sportspeople
Gay men
LGBT Olympians
People from Plymouth
Pendulum are an Australian/British drum and bass duo from Perth, Western Australia. The duo consists of Paul Harding and Ben Mount.

The band was created in 2002 by Rob Swire, Gareth McGrillen, and Paul Harding. The live members of the band left in 2012 to focus on other projects with Swire and McGrillen leaving to create the band Knife Party. The DJ set for the band is still active though.

They released their debut album Hold Your Colour on 25 July 2005. Their second album In Silico was released on May 12, 2008 in Europe and on May 13, 2008 in North America. They released their final studio album Immersion with the live band on 21 May 2010.

Discography

Studio albums
Hold Your Colour (2005)
In Silico (2008)
Immersion (2010)

References

Other websites 
Official website

2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 2002
2010s music groups
Australian rock bands
Electronic music bands
Musical duos
Musical groups from Western Australia