cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Borodin Quartet is a string quartet that was founded in 1945 in what was then the Soviet Union. The four players have not always been the same people: there have been some changes to the group, but it is one of the world's longest lasting string quartets. In 2005 they celebrated their 60th anniversary. Until he retired in 2007 the cellist Valentin Berlinsky had almost always been the cellist of the quartet.

When they started they were known as the Moscow Philharmonic Quartet. In 1955 the quartet changed its name to Borodin Quartet, named after the composer Alexander Borodin who composed two famous string quartets.

They often got invitations to play in the West, but the Soviet communist government would not allow them to travel out of their country. The quartet had to accept the concerts that their government allowed them to do. They played at the funerals of the dictator Stalin and the composer Sergei Prokofiev which were on the same day (both men died on 5 March 1953. However, they were not paid anything for either event.

The quartet knew the composer Dmitri Shostakovich very well. They performed his quartets, and Shostakovich often listened to them practising and discussed with them the way he wanted them to be played. The quartet often played piano quintets with the pianist Sviatoslav Richter.

When they started in 1945 their cellist was Mstislav Rostropovich. Rudolf Barshai was their viola player. Very soon afterwards Rostropovich found he had too many other engagements, so he got Valentin Berlinsky to be their cellist. The four men who then formed the quartet signed an oath in their own blood that they would be faithful and stay together as a group. They stayed together for 20 years. Then Rostislav Dubinsky, the first violinist, defected to the West and the second violinist, Jaroslav Alexandrov, retired because of bad health. With two new players, the quartet spend two years practising together before they performed again in public.

When Communism collapsed and the Soviet Union broke up, the quartet still continued to be very famous. They travelled abroad a lot, performing in places such as London. 

They have made many recordings including all Shostakovich's string quartets and all Beethoven quartets.

Other websites
 The Borodin Quartet Official Website

String quartets
Pienza, a town  (it: commune) in the province of Siena, in the Val d'Orcia in Tuscany (central Italy), between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, is the "touchstone of Renaissance urbanism."

In 1996, UNESCO put the town his list as a World Heritage Site, and in 2004 the all valley, the Val d'Orcia, was put on the list of UNESCO's World Cultural Landscapes.

History 
Pienza was rebuilt from a village called Corsignano, which was the birthplace (1405) of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Italian: Enea Silvio Piccolomini), a Renaissance humanist born into an exiled Sienese family, who later became Pope Pius II.  Once he became Pope, Piccolomini had the entire village rebuilt as an ideal Renaissance town.  Intended as a retreat from Rome, it represents the first application of humanist urban planning concepts.The rebuilding was done by Florentine architect Bernardo Gambarelli (known as Bernardo Rossellino).

Important Places and Monuments in Pienza

Palazzo Piccolomini 
The piazza is made by four buildings. The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, is on the west side.

The Duomo 
The Duomo (Cathedral), which dominates the center of the piazza, has a façade that is one of the earliest designed in the Renaissance manner. Artworks in the Duomo include five altar paintings from the Sienese School. The Baptistry, dedicated as usual to San Giovanni.

Palazzo Borgia 
The Palazzo Borgia, on the third side of the piazza, was built as the palace to house the bishops who would travel to Pienza to attend the Pope. Inside the palace there is the Diocesan Museum, and the Museo della Cattedrale.  The collection includes a lot of religious artifacts. Paintings include a 7th-century painting of Christ on the Cross (La Croce), 14th century works by Pietro Lorenzetti (Madonna with Child) and Bartolo di Fredi (Madonna della Misericordia).  There are also important works from the 14th and 15th centuries, including a Madonna attributed to Luca Signorelli.

Palazzo Comunale 
Across from the church is the town hall. Since Corsigniano was originally a village without a town governance, before the transformations there was no town hall. But when Corsigniano was given the status of an official city, a Palazzo Comunale was required. A third floor was added in 1599. The Palazzo Comunale was probably also designed by Rossellino.

Other buildings 
 Ammannati Palace
 The Gonzaga Palace
 The Palazzo del Cardinale Atrebatense
 The Pieve of Corsignano, in the neighbourhood, is one of the most important Romanesque monuments of the area.

Related pages
 Province of Siena

References

Notes

Other websites
 Piazza Pio II 
 Hometown Pope Makes Good (Pope Pius II and Pienza) by Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 24 August 2006)

Towns in Tuscany
World Heritage Sites in Italy
An interactive whiteboard is a large, interactive screen that connects a computer and a projector. The projector projects the computer's desktop onto the screen of the interactive whiteboard. The user can control the computer by using a special pen, finger or another tool to touch the screen of the interactive whiteboard. Normally, interactive whiteboards are fixed on walls. However, there are some mobile interactive whiteboards. Interactive whiteboards are used in many different places such as in classrooms, in work groups and in training rooms for professional coaching. Interactive whiteboards are the modern version of the traditional whiteboards used in schools.

Operation 
The interactive whiteboard must be connected to an PC before you can use the whiteboard. Most whiteboards are connected to the computer's Serial port or to a USB port. Some newer systems can use a wireless connection to the computer.
	
The summary of use the interactive whiteboard includes three words: controlling, translation and presentation.

 Controlling the PC means, that you can use the projection field like the desktop of the PC and the pen or the finger is the computer mouse.
 Most of the whiteboards translate the hand writing notes on the board in standard computer text. And so you can see your text clearly and save it as a file.
 Another use for interactive whiteboards is, that you can start presentations easily. You can start and control your presentation, although you stand in the front of the whiteboard and you are not depending on a keyboard.

Using interactive whiteboards 
Teachers: 
 They can write onto the board and save it as a document for use in the other lessons . You can also send the whole lesson or the documents via e-mail to pupils who were absent.
 Interactive whiteboard makes it easy to demonsate how to use new software
 Videos can be shown

For students:
 Fixing and changing ideas of a brainstorming easily is an resource which students can use to reach a success faster. When student can use modern technology they are more interested in learning.

Projection Systems 

Front-projection:
In this system the projector is placed in front of the whiteboard. Either the projector is fixed on the whiteboard or it hangs on the ceiling.

Pros

Compared to the rear projection this system is much cheaper

Cons

The teacher or the student must stand in front of the whiteboard and sometimes their body will cast a shadow.

Rear-projection:
In the rear-projection system the projector is placed behind the whiteboard.

Pros

The teacher does not cast a shadow and does not look into the projector light while speaking to the students.

Cons

This system is very expensive.

Display technology
Data input
"Sue" is the nickname given to FMNH PR 2081, one of the largest, most complete and best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex fossil ever found. 

Sue was discovered in the summer of 1990 by Sue Hendrickson, a paleontologist, and was named after her. She contacted the Black Hills Institute, whose staff retrieved and prepared the bones.

First, ownership disputes were settled in court. There was a long dispute between the owners of the land, the Sioux tribe, the  United States Department of the Interior, and the Black Hills Institute, whose staff had done the work.

The fossil was then  auctioned in October 1997 for US$8.36 million, the highest amount ever paid for a dinosaur fossil.

After preparation, the skeleton became a permanent feature at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. The money had been raised by public subscription.

Gout 
Some researchers think the skeleton shows evidence that Sue suffered from the painful condition known as gout.

Distorted roar 
Sue's roars were created with input from Sue using various animal sounds which were altered. Some of the roars were reused for Godzilla thirty years later in the short film Mega-Godzilla: King of the Universe. Several roars were reused for Alex the Lion thirty-one years later in the animated recap The Ultimate "Madagascar" Recap Cartoon.

References 

Fossils
Cretaceous dinosaurs
South Dakota
Empoli is a town in Tuscany, Italy, about 30 km southwest of Florence. It is 30 m above sea-level, to the south of the Arno. The plain  of the town has been usable for agriculture since Roman times. Empoli is on the main railway line from Florence to Pisa and is well joined with the city of Siena. 

Empoli has a long tradition as an agricultural centre. It has given its name to a local kind of artichoke.

History
Empoli was already settled in the time of the early Roman Empire, and still existed in the 4th century AD. The river near the city was a good route for the trade of agricultural products, together with the local amphorae. 
Since the 8th century Empoli grew as a town around the castle, known as Emporium or Empolis. In 1119 it was controlled by Guidi. In 1182 it went under Florentine rule. In 1260, after the Battle of Montaperti, Empoli was the seat of a famous council in which Farinata degli Uberti opposed the destruction of Florence. Later Empoli became an important fortress.

Important places and monuments
The Piazza Farinata degli Uberti, also known as Piazza dei Leoni ("Lions Square"), in the middle there is a fountain by Luigi Pampaloni (1827). Here lies the Collegiata di Sant'Andrea, the main city's monument.
The Palazzo Ghibellino is the former palace of the Guidi counts. It was probably built in the 11th century.
The Palazzo Pretorio was the Town Hall in the Middle Ages.

In the frazione of Pontorme is the house of the painter Pontormo.

Important people from Empoli
Giovanni da Empoli (1483–1518), navigator
Jacopo Carrucci, better known as Pontormo (1494–1556), painter
Jacopo da Empoli (1551–1640), painter
Alessandro Marchetti (1633–1714), mathematician and writer
Giuseppe del Papa (1648–1735), doctor and philosopher
Ippolito Neri (1652–1708), doctor and poet
Renato Fucini (1843–1921), writer
Giuliano Vanghetti (1861–1940), orthopaedist
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), musician
Alberto Castellani (1884–1932), Eastern countries scholar
Mentore Maggini (1890–1941), astronomer
Remo Scappini (1908–1994), politician and anti-Fascist militant
Carlo Rovini (1932–1988), poet and writer

Sport
Empoli's main football team is Empoli F.C., which is currently playing in Serie B.

Twin cities
 Sankt Georgen an der Gusen, Austria
 Aubervilliers, France
 Besançon, France
 Toledo, Spain
 Namur, Belgium

References

Empoli
Larderello is a frazione of the comune of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy. Larderello is famous for its geothermal productivity.

History 
The region was known from ancient times for its volcanic nature and for the very hot springs. The Romans used its sulphur springs for bathing. In 1827, François de Larderel, a Frenchman, invented a way of extracting boric acid from the volcanic mud by using steam to separate the two. The town Larderello has the name in honour of Larderel's work. The region was the site of a pioneering experiment in the production of energy from geothermal sources in 1904. Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. It was a small generator that lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built there. In 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built in the Valle del Diavolo ("Devil's Valley"), named for the boiling water in the area. Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year.

References 
 
 "Steaming Forward" , Time magazine, June 16, 2003

Volcanoes of Italy
Settlements in Tuscany
The American Hockey Association was a small professional ice hockey league. It was active between 1926 and 1942.

Teams
 Buffalo Majors (1930-31 to 1931-32)
 Chicago Cardinals (1926-27)
 Chicago Shamrocks (1930-31 to 1931-32)
 Dallas Texans (1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Detroit Greyhounds (1926-27)
 Duluth Hornets (1926-27 to 1932-33)
 Fort Worth Rangers (1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Kansas City Americans (1940-41 to 1941-42)
 Kansas City Greyhounds (1932-33 to 1939-40)
 Kansas City Pla-Mors (1927-28 to 1931-32; joins USHL in 1945)
 Minneapolis Millers (1926-27 to 1930-31; 1936-37 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Minneapolis Warriors (1935-36)
 Oklahoma City Warriors (1933-34 to 1935-36)
 Omaha Knights (1939-40 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 St. Louis Flyers (1928-29 to 1941-42)
 St. Paul Saints (1926-27 to 1929-30; 1932-33; 1935-36 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Tulsa Oilers (1928-29 to 1931-32; 1932-33 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Wichita Blue Jays (1932-33)
 Wichita Skyhawks (1935-36 to 1939-40)
 Wichita Vikings (1933-34)
 Winnipeg Maroons (1926-27 to 1927-28)

Champions
The Harry F. Sinclair Trophy was awarded to the league champions.

 1926-27 — Duluth Hornets
 1927-28 — Minneapolis Millers
 1928-29 — Tulsa Oilers
 1929-30 — Kansas City Pla-Mors
 1930-31 — Tulsa Oilers
 1931-32 — Chicago Shamrocks
 1932-33 — Kansas City Greyhounds
 1933-34 — Kansas City Greyhounds
 1934-35 — St. Louis Flyers
 1935-36 — St. Louis Flyers
 1936-37 — Minneapolis Millers
 1937-38 — St. Louis Flyers
 1938-39 — St. Louis Flyers
 1939-40 — Omaha Knights
 1940-41 — St. Louis Flyers
 1941-42 — Omaha Knights

Defunct ice hockey leagues
Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Ice hockey leagues in the United States
1926 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Canada
1942 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
The College of William & Mary in Virginia (also known as The College of William & Mary, The College, William & Mary, or W&M) is a public university in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II. It is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.

William & Mary educated U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House Henry Clay and 16 signers of the Declaration of Independence. In 2008, the college had 5,850 undergraduate students and 2,042 graduate and professional students in and gave 1,454 bachelors, 440 masters, and 209 professional degrees.

Campus 
The Sir Christopher Wren Building is both the oldest college building in the United States and a National Historic Landmark. The building, nicknamed just the "Wren Building", got its new name in 1931 to honor the English architect Sir Christopher Wren. The first building, in 1699, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Not much is known about how the first building looked.  It burned down within a few years of its completion.

References

Other websites 

William and Mary
1693 establishments in North America
1690s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in Virginia
Colonial Athletic Association
The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) is a fund established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. Act 1993.  The Fund opened for applications in 1994. It uses money raised through the National Lottery to transform and sustain the UK’s heritage. From museums, parks and historic places to archaeology, the natural environment and cultural traditions, HLF provides grants to support all aspects of the UK's diverse heritage.

By 2008, HLF had awarded a total of £4 billion to more than 26,000 projects across the UK.

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Rotherham is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the  River Rother, between Sheffield and Doncaster. Its football club, Rotherham United F.C., was founded in 1870.

Notable People 
Liam Cuckson

Lee Wilson

Quavo

Harry Low

References

Towns in South Yorkshire
Halle (also called Halle an der Saale) is the largest town in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It lies in the southern part of the state, on the river Saale. It has about 234,000 inhabitants (2006). It is famous all over the world because Georg Friedrich Handel was born there.

References

Other websites

 
Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt
Dartmouth College () is a private, coeducational university in Hanover, New Hampshire. Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"
it is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. With a total enrollment of 5,848, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League.

The college was established in 1769 by Congregational minister Eleazar Wheelock who wanted to use the college to Christianize the Native Americans. In 2004, Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as a model of institutional endurance "whose record of endurance has had implications and benefits for all American organizations, both academic and commercial," citing Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward and Dartmouth's successful self-reinvention in the late 1800s.  Dartmouth alumni, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, have been famously involved in their college.

Dartmouth is on a rural 269-acre (1.1 km²) campus in the Upper Valley region of New Hampshire. Given the College's isolated location, participation in athletics and the school's Greek system is high. Dartmouth's 34 varsity sports teams compete in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Students are also well known for preserving a variety of strong campus traditions.

In 2010 Dartmouth College joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with University of Tübingen (Germany), Durham University (UK), Queen’s University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

References 

Ivy League
Colleges and universities in New Hampshire
1769 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in New Hampshire
Oldham Athletic Football Club is a football that plays in Football League One. The club plays its games at Boundary Park in Oldham, England.

The club has never won any major trophies through their history, though have made several appearances in the late rounds of the FA Cup and Football League Cup.

History 

The club was created as Pine Villa Football Club in 1895, but changed to the current name in 1899. Almost immediately, Oldham became a professional team before joining the Football League in 1907. After struggling between the First World War and the Second World War, they became more stable in 1969—when legendary manager Jimmy Frizzell took over. Under Frizzell, the club won 200 of their 544 competitive games and were promoted to higher levels twice.

After leaving in the summer of 1982, Joe Royle took over as the club's manager during which time Oldham again had a successful period. Under Royle, the club won 225 games of 608—a slightly higher winning percentage than under Frizzell. In the early 1990s, under Royle, Oldham reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and the final of the Football League Cup, losing every time. However, in the 1990–91 season, the club won the Football League Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in over 70 years. In the 1992–93 season, Oldham was a group of 24 teams that were the founding members of the Premier League—England's top division of football. After Royle's departure to Everton F.C., Oldham struggled and were relegated twice in four seasons.

In the early 2000s, Oldham Athletic almost went bankrupt. Businessman Chris Moore decided to purchase the club, promising to return to the Premier League within five years. However, later that season, he left the club, which also left behind much debt and a weak team. However, another businessman purchased the club in 2004, saving them from liquidation. In the 2006–07, under current manager John Sheridan, Oldham almost were promoted to the Football Championship, but lost in the semi-final of the play-offs.

Name 
 1895-1899 Pine Villa F.C.
 1899-present Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Oldham, Greater Manchester
1895 establishments in England
Bagpuss is a popular  children's television series shown on BBC television.  It was shown in 1974. Although only 13 episodes were made, it was so popular that it was repeated regularly until 1987.  The series was made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate through their company Smallfilms.

The character Bagpuss was a toy cat.  Bagpuss was described in each programme as "an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams".

Each programme began in the same way.  It started by looking through old sepia photographs as these words were spoken:

"Once upon a time,
not so long ago,
there was a little girl and her name was Emily.
And she had a shop."

There was a shop called “Bagpuss & Co”.   The cat sat in the shop window.  The owner of the shop was a little girl named Emily.  The shop did not sell anything.  Instead, Emily would find things that were broken and lost.  She fixed them and put them in the shop window. Emily hoping that the owners of the things would come and get them.  She would leave the fixed thing in front of her favourite toy: the stuffed cat Bagpuss.  Each programme began with these words:

"Bagpuss, oh, Bagpuss
Oh, fat, furry cat puss,
Wake up and look at the thing that I bring
Wake up, be bright, be golden and light.Bagpuss, oh hear what I sing."When Emily had left, Bagpuss would wake up. The programme changed from sepia to colour film, and the toys in the shop would come to life.  There was Gabriel the toad, a rag doll called Madeleine, and a wooden woodpecker which was a bookend (something to stop a row of books falling over) called Professor Yaffle.  Professor Yaffle spoke like a clever professor.  He had a German accent and wore a pince-nez.  He would look at the object and tell the audience what it was used for.  There were also some mice.  They lived in the “mouse organ” (a pun on the word mouthorgan).  The mouse organ played music and the mice squeaked in high voices.  All the voices except those of Madeleine and Gabriel were done by  Oliver Postgate who also wrote the stories.

At the end of the programme, Bagpuss would yawn again and fall asleep. The colour changed back to sepia and the toys became toys again as these words were spoken:"Bagpuss give a big yawn, and settled down to sleep.And of course when Bagpuss goes to sleepAll his friends go to sleep too.The mice were ornaments on the mouse organ,Gabriel and Madeleine were just dolls.And Professor Yaffle was a carved, wooden bookend in the shape of a woodpecker.Even Bagpuss himself, once he was asleep, was just an old, saggy cloth cat.Baggy, and a bit loose at the seams, but Emily loved him."References
Obituary of Oliver Postgate, Independent'' 10 Dec 2008, p. 34

Other websites
 Bagpuss at bbc.co.uk

1974 television series debuts
1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British television series
Animated television series
BBC Television programmes
British children's television series
Fictional cats
1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1974 television series endings
English-language television programs
The Gateshead Garden Festival was the fourth of the United Kingdom's five National Garden Festivals.  It was held between May and October 1990, in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. The festival took place for 157 days. Over three million people went to the festival.

References

Festivals in the United Kingdom
Gateshead
1990 in Europe
1990s in England
An animator is an artist who makes drawings for movies. The animator makes many drawings which are called "frames". These are played very quickly, one after another, to create animation. It makes it look as if the pictures are moving. 

Animators can work in many areas including movies, television, video games, and the internet. There are many ways of making animations. Animators usually work with other people to form a team. These may be other animators, but can also include layout artists (who design the backgrounds, lighting, and camera angles), storyboard artists (who draw panels of the action from the script), background artists (who paint the "scenery"), voice actors who speak the words, and musicians who make the music.

Related pages
 Animation
 Computer animation
 Computer graphics
 Sweat box

Other websites 
 Animation Toolworks Glossary: Who Does What In Animation 
 How An Animated Cartoon Is Made
The British Rail Class 117 diesel multiple units were built by Pressed Steel from 1959 to 1960.

References

117
Richard 'Ricky' Spragia (born May 26, 1956) is a former Scottish footballer who currently manages Sunderland. He was appointed in late December 2008 after the previous manager Roy Keane walked out after a run of bad results which had left Sunderland towards the foot of the table. In his first four games as caretaker manager he managed two wins and a draw and this was enough to get him the unanimous vote of the board and was appointed with a permanent contract on December 27, 2008.

1956 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
The official Flag of Austria is the flag of the European country, Austria. It has three horizontal stripes, two red ones and a white one.

Austria
Austria
The British Rail Class 118 diesel multiple units were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company (BRCW) and introduced from 1960.

118
The Class 123 was a design of Diesel Multiple Unit built for British Rail in 1963. They were built by British Rail at Swindon Works, and designed like all Swindon units as inter-city sets. Ten of the four-car sets were built and introduced in 1963. The units bear a visible similarity to the British Rail Class 309, however there is no 'relation' here as the two types were built by different manufacturers for different markets.

123
Valentin Berlinsky (born Irkutsk, 19 January, 1925; died 15 December, 2008) was a Russian cellist. He played with the world-famous Borodin Quartet from 1945 when it was founded, and was a member until he retired in 2007.

His life

Early life 

Valentin Berlinsky was born in Irkutsk, Siberia. His father had learned the violin with the famous teacher Leopold Auer. He had formed his own string quartet, the Berlinksy Quartet, who had played in many parts of the Soviet Union. Valentin learned the violin from his father. Soon he was sent to Moscow where he studied the cello and played with the Moscow Youth Orchestra. He played in a student concert together with Mstislav Rostropovich in 1938.

For many years Berlinsky taught the cello at the Gnessin School of Music in Moscow. He did not often perform as soloist. He preferred being a member of a chamber music group.

The Borodin Quartet 

In 1945 four young players formed a string quartet called the Moscow Conservatoire Quartet. Mstislav Rostropovich was the cellist, Rostislav Dubinsky and Nina Barshai played the violins and Rudolf Barshai played the viola. However, after a couple of weeks Rostropovich found he was too busy, so he suggested that Berlinsky should take his place. The four players that now formed the quartet signed an oath that they would be loyal and stay together as a group. They signed the oath with their own blood. Valentin often showed this piece of paper to people. For 60 years he kept a careful record of all the concerts they played. They called themselves the Borodin Quartet after the composer Alexander Borodin.

The four musicians first met Dmitri Shostakovich in 1946. They became famous for playing his string quartets. Shostakovich was to compose 15 string quartets. The Borodin Quartet were the most famous string quartet in the Soviet Union, but it was difficult for them to get permission to play in other countries until the fall of the Soviet Union.

Last years 

Valentin Berlinsky retired from the Borodin Quartet in September 2007. His place was taken by his pupil, Vladimir Balshin, but Berlinsky still continued to help the quartet. 

He died on 15 December 2008, in Moscow, after a long illness. His daughter Lyudmila is a pianist.

References 
Obituary to Valentin Berlinsky, The Daily Telegraph, 23 Dec 2008 p. 23

1925 births
2008 deaths
Cellists
Russian musicians
The Master can refer to:

People who have been named or nicknamed The Master:
 Edward Butowsky

Fictional characters called The Master:
Master (Doctor Who), a recurring villain in the science fiction television series Doctor Who

sv:Buffy och vampyrerna#Mästaren
Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough is a 2005 book by Professor Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss.  Affluenza suggests that Western society consumes too many products and services. Hamilton and Denniss argue that people "aspire to the lifestyles of the rich and famous". They state that rates of stress, depression and obesity are high as people try to cope with the emptiness and disappointments of consumer life.

References

Non-fiction books
Society
2005 books
The Bloc Québécois (BQ) is a federal political party based in Canada that mainly believes and advocates Quebec should secede from Canada, also known as Quebec sovereignty. The Bloc was created by Members of Parliament (MPs) from the national Progressive Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. They were angry that the Meech Lake Accord could not pass. The party is considered to be center-left. The leader of the party is currently Yves-François Blanchet.

History 
The Bloc was always the party with the biggest number of seats in Quebec between 1993 and 2011. They were usually the second or third biggest party in the House of Commons. The party won only four seats in parliament after the 2011 federal election. In the 2019 federal election, the party won 32 seats in the House of Commons.

Party leaders 
 Lucien Bouchard (1990–1996) 
 Gilles Duceppe (1996) temporary 
 Michel Gauthier (1996–1997) 
 Gilles Duceppe (1997–2011) 
 Vivian Barbot (2011) temporary 
 Daniel Paillé (2011–2013) 
 Mario Beaulieu (2014–2015) 
 Gilles Duceppe (2015) 
 Rhéal Fortin (2015–2017) temporary 
 Martine Ouellet (2017–2018) 
 Mario Beaulieu (2018–2019) temporary
 Yves-François Blanchet (since 2019)

References

Other websites
 

Nationalist organizations in North America
Social democratic parties
Political parties in Canada
Quebec
1991 establishments in Canada
The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change (2005) is a book by Tim Flannery.

The book includes 36 short essays predicting the consequences of global warming.  The book reviews the evidence about historical climate change and attempts to put our era into context.  The book asserts that if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase at current rates, the resulting climate change will cause mass species extinctions.

The book received much critical acclaim, and has won a major literary prize.

References

Non-fiction books
Climate change
Mumia is often used to speak about Mumia Abu-Jamal

Mumia (also pulvis mumiae, Mumia vera aegyptiaca) was a powder made from ground mummies. It was used as a drug, for good health, and as a coloring agent (a medium to dark brown) until the 1920s. Eating ground mumified corpses is a form of cannibalism.

The powder was said to work against almost any disease. To mummify a corpse, tar was used. It was said this tar had magical powers. It was also said to be an aphrodisiac. 

Drugs
Nuclear or Not? Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Energy Future? is a 2007 book edited by Professor David Elliott.  The book offers various views on nuclear power. Authors include:

Paul Allen from the Centre for Alternative Technology
Dr Ian Fairlie, who served on the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE)
Stephen Kidd of the World Nuclear Association

Professor Elliott calls for continued debate on the nuclear power issue.  He is Professor of Technology Policy at the Open University, and has developed courses on technological innovation, focusing in particular on renewable energy technology.

Related pages
Hiroshima (book)
Nuclear disasters
Chernobyl disaster
Nuclear accident
Mayak

References

Other websites
Non-nuclear sustainable energy futures for Germany and the UK

2007 books
Non-fiction books
Nuclear energy
Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn’t Be Bought () is a 2007 book by Susan Cragin which follows the controversy about a proposed low level nuclear waste dump which was planned for Boyd County, Nebraska. 
   
In 1989, two multinational corporations and several government agencies put forward a proposal for the waste dump and offered payment of $3 million a year for 40 years. However, the residents of the largely uneducated Boyd County farming community chose to resist the offer and controversy followed for almost two decades. During this time, the community was transformed "from a small group of isolated farmers to a defiant band of environmentalists".  The opposition of the community eventually succeeded, and the license to build the dump was denied.

References

Non-fiction books
Nuclear physics
2007 books
Hiroshima () is a magazine article written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey that appeared in The New Yorker in August 1946, one year after the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The article was soon made into a book. It described how the bombing affected the lives of six individuals:
Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto: a Methodist minister educated in the United States at Emory University was 3,500 yards from the center of the explosion;
Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura: a war widow and seamstress, the mother of three young children was 1350 yards from the center of the explosion;
Dr. Masakazu Fujii: a prosperous doctor and owner of a private hospital was 1550 yards from the center of the explosion;
Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge (Makoto Takakura): a Jesuit priest stationed in the city was 1400 yards from the center of the explosion;
Dr. Terufumi Sasaki: a young doctor at the Red Cross hospital was 1650 yards from the center of the explosion; and
Miss Toshiko Sasaki (Sister Dominique Sasaki): A clerk at the East Asia Tin Works (no relation to Terufumi Sasaki) was 1600 yards from the center of the explosion.

Each account is followed by a brief statement describing how close each person was to the center of the blast.

Related pages
Nuclear or Not?
Nuclear disasters

History books
Nuclear weapons
Hiroshima
Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The book says that the nuclear power debate is not about technical disputes but relates to different personal views (personal values).  The personal values that make a high-energy society work are all too apparent, and the values associated with an alternate view relate to thrift, simplicity, diversity, neighbourliness, craftsmanship, and humility.

Lovins and Price say that these two different sets of personal values lead to two very different policy paths relating to future energy supplies.  The first is high-energy nuclear, centralized, electric; the second is lower energy, non-nuclear, decentralized, less electrified, softer technology.

Related pages
Anti-nuclear movement
Nuclear-free zone
Rocky Mountain Institute
The Clean Tech Revolution

References

Non-fiction books
Nuclear energy
1975 books
The State of the World is a book published annually since 1984 by the Worldwatch Institute. The series attempts to identify the Earth’s most significant environmental challenges. The 1998 through 2003 editions are available as a free (PDF) download from the Worldwatch website .

Series of books
Non-fiction books
Environment
Winning the Oil Endgame is a 2005 book by Amory B. Lovins,  published by the Rocky Mountain Institute.  It talks about four ways to reduce oil (petroleum) dependence in the United States:
Using oil more efficiently (pp. 29–102).
Substituting other liquids for oil (pp. 103–111).
Substituting saved natural gas for oil (pp. 111–122).
Replacing oil with hydrogen (pp. 228–242).

Problems and solutions

The authors suggest that oil dependence is a problem we need no longer have. U.S. oil dependence can be profitably eliminated by proven and attractive technologies. The authors argue that America can lead the world into the post-petroleum era and create a vibrant economy. (p.xiii)

The Author
Amory Lovins has published 28 books and hundreds of papers.  His work has been recognized by the Alternative Nobel, Onassis, Nissan, Shingo and Mitchell prizes, a MacArthur Fellowship, the Happold Medal, eight honorary doctorates, and the Heinz, Lindbergh, World Technology, and Hero of the Planet Awards. Lovins has also acted as a consultant to many Fortune 500 companies.

Related pages
Energy efficiency
Energy conservation
Peak oil
Renewable energy commercialization
Soft energy technology
Soft energy path

References

Other websites
 Winning the Oil Endgame presentation at MIT  - Video of Lovins.
  Amory Lovins: We must win the oil endgame (TED presentation)
  Winning the Oil Endgame - The Book Home Page - Read Free Online or Buy

Energy
Non-fiction books
Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science is a book written in 1983 by William Broad and Nicholas Wade. The book is asks questions about of some beliefs about what science is and the method used by scientists to do science.  The authors shows examples that have to do with how scientific research is done.  It talks about making up results and making up of whole experiments.

References

1983 books
Non-fiction books
Science books
David Suzuki: The Autobiography is the 2006 autobiography of Canadian science writer and broadcaster David Suzuki. The book focuses mostly on his life since the 1987 publication of his first autobiography, Metamorphosis: Stages in a Life. It begins with a chronological account of his childhood, academic years, and broadcasting career. In later chapters, Suzuki adopts a memoir style, writing about themes such as his relationship with Australia, his experiences in Brazil and Papua New Guinea, the founding of the David Suzuki Foundation, and his thoughts on climate change, celebrity status, technology, and death. Throughout, Suzuki highlights the continuing impact of events from his childhood.

This is Suzuki's forty-third book and, he says, his last. Critics have called the book candid, sincere, and charming, with insightful commentary if occasionally flat stories. Suzuki's scientific background is reflected in the writing's rational and analytic style.

Suzuki's autobiography spent four weeks at #1 on the Maclean's list of non-fiction best-sellers and six weeks at #6 on the Globe and Mail's list. The book won two awards in 2007: the Canadian Booksellers' Association's Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year and the British Columbia Booksellers' Choice Award. The publishers, Greystone Books and Douglas & McIntyre, won the CBA Libris Award for Marketing Achievement of the Year.

2006 books
Autobiographies
Environment
Amory Bloch Lovins is Chairman and Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute.  For four decades he has worked in energy policy and related areas.

Lovins worked professionally as an environmentalist in the 1970s and since then as an analyst of a "soft energy path" for the United States and other nations. He has promoted energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources, and the generation of energy at or near the site where the energy is actually used.   Lovins has also promoted a "negawatt revolution" arguing that utility customers do not want kilowatt-hours of electricity; they want energy services.  In the 1990s, his work with Rocky Mountain Institute included the design of an ultra-efficient automobile, the Hypercar. 
 
Lovins has received ten honorary doctorates and won many awards. He has provided expert testimony in eight countries, briefed 19 heads of state, and published 29 books. These books include Winning the Oil Endgame, Small is Profitable, Factor Four, and Natural Capitalism. In 2009, Time magazine named Lovins as one of the world's 100 most influential people.

Related pages
Christopher Flavin
Energy conservation
Renewable energy commercialization
Joseph Romm
Mycle Schneider
World Nuclear Industry Status Report

Other websites
 The Rocky Mountain Institute's home page
 20 Hydrogen myths  - published by the Rocky Mountain Institute
 The Nuclear Illusion
 Lectures series on energy efficiency , March 2007
 The Volvo Environment Prize is awarded to Amory B. Lovins
 Amory Lovins Profile Page 
The frugal cornucopian
 The Heinz Awards, Amory Lovins profile
 Congressional testimony on nuclear power 

Energy
Environment
American physicists
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
1947 births
Living people
Daniel Faulkner (1955 – 1981) was a Philadelphia police officer who was murdered on December 9, 1981. The suspect convicted of the murder was Mumia Abu-Jamal. Due to the murky circumstances surrounding the death, several activists protested about Abu-Jamal’s imprisonment.

Faulkner was 25 years old at the time of his death.

References 

American murder victims
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Police officers
1955 births
1981 deaths

en:Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Mumia Abu-Jamal#Murder victim
James E. Hansen (born March 29, 1941 in Denison, Iowa) headed the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, a part of the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, Earth Sciences Division until early 2013. He is currently an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. Hansen is best known for his research in the field of climatology, his testimony on climate change to congressional committees in the 1980s that helped raise broad awareness of the global warming issue, and his continuing advocacy of action to limit the impacts of climate change. He has been a critic of the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush Administration's stances on climate change.

Hansen studied astronomy and physics in the 1960s at the University of Iowa. He did scientific research on the atmospheres of other planets, and later Earth's atmosphere. Hansen was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1996 and he received a US$250,000 Heinz Environment Award
for his research on global warming in 2001. He was listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the Time 100 (2006) list and, in 2007, he shared the US$1 million Dan David Prize. On April 5, 2008, Dr. Hansen received the PNC Bank Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service for his outstanding achievements in science.

Hansen posited in a 2007 paper that 350 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a safe  upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point. The current record level is 389 ppm of CO2, an almost 40-percent increase from the pre-industrial revolution level of 278 ppm.  In 1988 the Earth's atmosphere surpassed the 350 ppm mark, while global  CO2 emissions per capita rose.

Hansens strong public opposition to the exploitation of oil sands and the :en:Keystone XL pipeline project created some controversy in the media. Storms of My Grandchildren is Hansen's first book about the climate change. In 2013, Hansen was co-author of an open letter saying "continued opposition to nuclear power threatens humanity's ability to avoid dangerous climate change."

References 

NASA
American physicists
Scientists from Iowa
1941 births
Living people
Brighton is a town of Greenfield Township, in LaGrange County, in the state of Indiana, in the United States.

References 

Cities in Indiana
The M3 is a motorway between Sunbury-on-Thames and Southampton in England. It links London with Southampton and Portsmouth, as well as South West England. It is about  long.

Junctions

{| style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; color:black; font-size:95%;" class="wikitable"
|-  style="background:#0080d0; text-align:center; color:white; font-size:120%;"
| colspan="5" | M3 motorway junctions
|-
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Northeastbound"|North-east bound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Southwestbound"|South-west bound exits (A carriageway)
|- align="center"
| 15.0||24.2
| Road continues as A316 to London
| rowspan="2"|J1
| Sunbury, Kingston A308Non-motorway traffic
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 15.3||24.6
| Sunbury, Kingston A308
| Start of motorway
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 21.3||34.2
| Gatwick Heathrow – M25 (M23), (M4)
| J2
| Gatwick, Heathrow (M23, M4) M25
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 28.1||45.2
| Woking, Bracknell, Camberley, Bagshot, Lightwater A322
| J3
| Woking, Camberley, Bracknell, Bagshot, Lightwater A322
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 32.6||52.5
| Guildford, Farnham, Camberley, Farnborough, Aldershot A331
| J4
| Guildford, Farnham, Camberley, Farnborough, Aldershot A331
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 34.4||55.4
| Fleet (A3013), Farnborough (West) A327
| J4a
| Fleet (A3013), Farnborough (West) A327
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
|Fleet services (Welcome Break) 
|Services
|Fleet services (Welcome Break)
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 41.9||67.4
| Hook A287 B3349
| J5
| Hook A287 B3349
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 46.6||75.0
| Basingstoke, Reading (A33), Alton A339
| J6
| Basingstoke, Newbury, Reading, Alton A339
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 51.8||83.3
| Basingstoke A30
| J7
| Basingstoke A30
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 53.1||85.5
|  No access
| J8
| The South West, Andover, Salisbury, Exeter A303
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 59.9||96.4
|Winchester services (Moto) 
|Services
|Winchester services (Moto) 
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 63.9||102.8
| The Midlands, Newbury A34 trunk road  Winchester A272, Alresford A31
| J9
| The Midlands, Newbury A34 trunk road  Winchester A272
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 65.2||105.0
| Winchester (City) B3330Alton, Alresford A31
| J10
|  No access
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 67.2||108.1
| Winchester A3090 Twyford B3335
| J11
| Winchester A3090Twyford B3335
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 70.0||112.6
| Eastleigh (North) A335
| J12
| Eastleigh (North), Chandler's Ford A335
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 71.8||115.6
| Eastleigh, Chandler's Ford A335
| J13
| Bournemouth M27(W) Eastleigh A335
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
| Start of motorway
| J14
| Southampton , Portsmouth M27(E)The West, Southampton Docks, Southampton A33
|-
|colspan=5|Notes
Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are taken from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction goes across several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown. 
|-

Motorways in England
Olive-backed forest robin (Stiphrornis pyrrholaeumus) (Turdinae) is a bird discovered recently in Gabon. Hall et Moreau recognized as monotypic species merged in Forest Robin, type species S.erythrothorax, and the recent studies confirm this arrangement, i.e. the genetic distance between the two taxa does not deserve species status.

Websites 
 Top ten new organisms of 2008
 Forest Robin

Passeriformes