cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. This information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data.

Chemical structures 
Chemical structures are usually shown using lines (that indicate chemical bonds between atoms) and drawn on paper. Computer search algorithm and storage cannot use this method. Small molecules or ligands, are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. Large molecules like protein are shown using their building blocks, amino acids and the order of these.

Large chemical databases for structures allow users to store and search for millions of molecules. Therefore, they take up terabytes of memory.

Literature 

Chemical literature connect structures or properties of chemicals to academic papers or patents related to them. Examples of this type are STN, Scifinder, and Reaxys.

Crystallography 

Crystallography databases store x-ray crystal structure data.  Common examples include Protein Data Bank, Cambridge Structural Database, and COD+ Database .

NMR spectra 

NMR spectroscopy databases provide information to relate structure and NMR data.  They have information on FTIR and mass spectrometry which help in characterization.

Reactions 

Most chemical databases store information on stable molecules. In some databases, information about reaction intermediates and temporarily created products are also stored. Reaction databases contain information about products, educts, and reaction mechanisms.

Thermophysical 

Thermophysical data are information about
 phase equilibria such as vapor–liquid equilibrium, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in solids (SLE), heats of mixing, vaporization, and fusion.
 caloric data like heat capacity, heat of formation and combustion,
 transport properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity

References 

Computational chemistry
Cheminformatics
Databases
Jamshedpur is a city of the Indian state of Jharkhand.  It has the most people of any city in Jharkhand.  According to the 2011 census of India, the Jamshedpur has a population of 1,337,131.  The city was founded by the late Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. It is also called Steel City, TataNagar or simply Tata.

It is on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills. The city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city.

The largest factory is that of Tata Steel.  It is almost at the center of the city. Tata Steel is the largest iron and steel producing plant in India, as well as the oldest.  The other major factory in the city is Tata Motors.  They make heavy vehicles and construction/earth moving equipment.

Jamshedpur has a high literacy rate, close to the highest in India. The Steel City has 183 schools and 13 colleges.

List of notable people from Jamshedpur
 Actor R. Madhavan
 Miss India World 2000; Miss World 2000 and Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra
 Miss India Universe 2004 Top 10 Bollywood Actress Tanushree Dutta
 Imtiaz Ali, Hindi film director
 Indian national cricket team players Saurabh Tiwary and Varun Aaron.
 Arjun Munda former Chief Minister of Jharkhand
 Allama Arshadul Qaudri Author and spiritual leader

References

Cities in India
Jharkhand
George's Secret Key to the Universe is a children's book written by Stephen Hawking, his daughter Lucy Hawking and his research student Christophe Galfard. It was written to explain the universe and the laws of physics to children, in the form of an adventure story. It was published in 2007. There are another three books in the series, George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (2009), George and the Big Bang (2010), and George and the Unbreakable Code (2014).

References

Other websites
 George's Secret Key website

Children's books
2007 books
San Mateo (  ; Spanish for "Saint Matthew") is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, in the San Francisco Bay Area.  With a population of about 100,000 (97,207 at the 2010 census), it is one of the larger suburbs on the San Francisco Peninsula, located between Burlingame to the north, Foster City to the east, Belmont to the south, and Highlands-Baywood Park and Hillsborough to the west. San Mateo was incorporated in 1864.

References

Other websites

Cities in California
1864 establishments in the United States
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in San Mateo County, California
1860s establishments in California
Alioramus is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur. It was about 20 feet long. It lived during the Upper Cretaceous period in what is now Mongolia.

The type species, A. remotus, is known from a partial skull and three foot bones. They were got from Mongolian sediments which were deposited in a humid floodplain about 70 million years ago.  A second species, A. altai, known from a much more complete skeleton, was named and described in 2009. Its relationships to other tyrannosaurid genera are unclear. Some evidence suggests that Alioramus is closely related to the contemporary species Tarbosaurus bataar.

Wetter climate 
The Maastrichtian stage in Mongolia had a wetter and more humid climate than the previous stages. Sediments show there were floodplains, large river channels and soil deposits, with periodic droughts.

This animal had many teeth, which were smaller than usual in the Tyrannosauridae, and a narrow, lower skull. It may have been a sub-adult (teenager), and must have eaten different prey than Tyrannosaurus. Since the general area was a riverine delta, the prey may have been fish.

References 

Tyrannosaurids
Dinosaurs of Asia
Walking with Dinosaurs is a 1999 nature documentary series produced by the BBC. It shows how Dinosaurs lived. The first episode, "New Blood", follows a Coelophysis trying to survive the dry season. The next, "Time of the Titans", shows a baby Diplodocus growing up. The third, "A Cruel Sea", follows a flock of Rhamphorynchus trying to avoid deadly storms. The fourth, "King of the Skies", follows a sick male Ornithocheirus migrating to Spain. The fifth, "Spirits of the Frozen Forest", follows a baby Leaellynasaura avoiding a hungry Koolasuchus (a 4 meter salamander). The last one, "Last of the Dino Dynasty", follows a female Tyrannosaurus who has already to mated and needs to take care of her babies in a world that is about to end as the Kt extinction nears by day in an already struggling volcanic world. There is also a 2013 film with the same name, a sequel called "Walking with Beasts" and a prequel called "Walking with Monsters".

BBC Television programmes
1999 television series debuts
1990s British television series debuts
Charlotte Gainsbourg is an Anglo-French singer and movie actress. 

At the age of fifteen she was on an album with her father. More than twenty years later she released albums as an adult. Gainsbourg has also been in many movies. She has received both a César Award and the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival.

Gainsbourg played She in the movie Antichrist.

Related pages
Ukrainian diaspora in the United Kingdom

References

1971 births
Living people
Actors from London
British child singers
English movie actors
French movie actors
French singers
Singers from London
is a museum that is in Tagajō, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

The museum acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits a collection which focuses on the tangible heritage and the intangible heritage of  Tōhoku. The museum holds archaeological objects from excavations in the region.

The treasures of the museum include Jōmon period jade from Tagajō and Niisato in Iwate Prefecture.

History
The museum opened in the year 1999.

Related pages
Tōhoku region

References

Other websites

 Tōhoku History Museum website 
 http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/bunkazai/tagajo/tagajyou98.html 

Museums in Japan
Nora Ephron (; May 19, 1941 – June 26, 2012) was an American movie director, producer and novelist. Ephron was the eldest of the four daughters of writers Henry Ephron (1911-1992) and Phoebe Ephron (née Wolkind, 1914-1971). Her sisters are Delia Ephron (born 1944), Hallie Ephron (born 1948) and Amy Ephron (born 1952). Nora Ephron was born in New York City and moved to Los Angeles, California when she was a child. She moved back East after leaving high school. She made many novels into movies. Ephron has been married to Nicholas Pileggi from 1987 until her death in 2012. Ephron died of pneumonia which was caused by her illness of acute myeloid leukemia.

References

Other websites 

American screenwriters
BAFTA Award winners
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Deaths from pneumonia
Movie directors from California
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from California
Movie producers from New York
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from New York City
1941 births
2012 deaths
American bloggers
Sharon Horgan is an Irish actress, writer television producer and comedienne. She was born in London and moved to Dublin when she was seven. Her brother Shane Horgan (born 1978) is a retired rugby player. She wrote, produced and starred in the sitcom Pulling. Her other acting roles include: Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive, Angelo's, Free Agents, The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, Dead Boss and Catastrophe.

References

Other websites 

1970 births
Living people
Actors from London
Irish comedians
Irish television actors
Television producers
Television writers
Writers from Dublin
Writers from London
is a art museum at Urabandai near Goshikinuma in Fukushima Prefecture

The museum has modern art, including works by 
 Paul Cézanne
 Salvador Dali
 Henri Matisse
 Pablo Picasso
 Pierre-Auguste Renoir

History
The museum was created in 1999 from the collection of Teizo Morohashi (1932-2003), who was the founder of Xebio Co. Ltd.

References

Other websites
  Morohashi Museum of Modern Art website ;  

Art museums in Japan
Settlements in Fukushima Prefecture
The Jordan national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Jordan at the under-23 level. They play their matches in Jordan at various grounds. They were the first team to qualify for the AFC U-22 Asian Cup during the 2013 version.

Recent Games 

 Green means that the team won.
 Yellow means the team had a draw.
 Red means the team lost.

Tournament Record

Olympic Games Record

AFC U-22 Asian Cup

References

International under-23 association football teams
Sport in Jordan
The Uzbekistan national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Uzbekistan at the under-23 level. They play their matches in Uzbekistan at various grounds. They were the second team to qualify for the AFC U-22 Asian Cup during the 2013 version.

Recent Games 

 Green means that the team won.
 Yellow means the team had a draw.
 Red means the team lost.

Tournament Record

Olympic Games Record

AFC U-22 Asian Cup

References

International under-23 association football teams
Uzbekistani football clubs
Monsignor Georges Lemaître (Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian priest, astronomer ,  mathematician and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain. 

He was the first person to say the Universe is growing. Some people think it was Edwin Hubble, but that is not correct. Lemaître was also the first to make the Hubble's law and the Hubble constant.
Lemaître also started what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe.  He called it his 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'.

References

1894 births
1966 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian astronomers
Belgian mathematicians
Belgian physicists
Belgian priests
Belgian Roman Catholics
People from Charleroi
Albert Claude (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian biologist.  He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. 

He went to the University of Liège. In the summer of 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. He worked at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s. 

In 1949, he became Director of the Institut Jules Bordet in Brussels.  He worked there until 1970.

1899 births
1983 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian biologists
Belgian Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Luxembourg (Belgium)
Ilya Prigogine (25 January 1917 – 28 May 2003) was a Belgian physical chemist of Russian Jewish descent. He won the 1977 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. 

Prigogine studied chemistry at the Free University of Brussels.  In 1950 he became a professor there.  In 1959 he started teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States.

Prigogine was married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé. After their divorce, he married Polish-born chemist Maria Prokopowicz in 1961.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

1917 births
2003 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian chemists
Belgian Jews
Belgian Nobel Prize winners
Belgian physicists
Jewish academics
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish scientists
People from Moscow
Russian Jews
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Soviet Jews
Giovanni Paisiello (9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was a composer from Italy. He wrote more than 80 operas. He also wrote music for churches and concerts.

Life
Paisiello was born in Roccaforzata, a small town near Taranto in the south of Italy. His father was a veterinarian (a doctor for animals). When he was five years old, his father sent him to a Jesuit school in Taranto. His father wanted him to be a lawyer. Paisiello's teachers saw that he had a very beautiful singing voice and much talent for music. This made his father change his mind. He sent Paisiello to a famous music school in Naples called the . He studied at the music school for five years. At first, he composed church music, but then he began writing operas. Soon his operas became popular all over Italy.

In 1776, Catherine II, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her in St. Petersburg. Paisiello worked for the Empress for eight years. He composed operas for her theatre and conducted the royal orchestra. In 1784, he went back to Italy to work for King Ferdinand IV of Naples. He was the chief composer for a famous opera house in Naples, the Teatro di San Carlo. He also composed church music and concert music for the king. Napoleon Bonaparte admired Paisiello's music very much and invited him to Paris. From 1802 until 1804, Paisiello worked in Paris composing music for Napoleon. He then went back to Naples. He was the head of the music school there from 1807 until 1814. The last years of his life were not happy. He had money problems, and his operas were no longer popular. He died in Naples in 1816.

Sources
Grove, George (1900) "Paisiello, Giovanni", in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1889), Vol. 2, pp. 633-634. MacMillan & Co., Ltd.
Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1996). "Paisiello, Giovanni" in The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, p. 664. Harvard University Press

1740 births
1816 deaths
Italian composers
Sir Raymond Douglas Davies,  ( ; born 21 June 1944) is a British rock musician. He was born in Fortis Hill, Muswell Hill, north London. He was the lead singer of The Kinks, in which his brother Dave Davies was lead guitarist. Since the band split, Ray Davies is a solo singer-songwriter.

Davies attempted suicide and was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1944 births
Living people
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from London
Singers from London
People with bipolar disorder
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is a top banking institution of the Republic of India. The bank controls the money supply in the country.

History
The bank was established on 1 April 1935, when India was under British rule. The Bank was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The bank was nationalised in 1949.

References

Other websites 

 Reserve Bank of India website

Banks of India
Economy of India
1935 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in India
Conservation, also known as conservation and restoration, is a job where people try to protect the important parts of a culture for the future. 

Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, protection.  All of this work is supported by research and education.

Definition 
In traditional terms, the role of the conservator involves the examination, conservation, and preservation of cultural heritage using "any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible."

The role of conservation is a kind stewardship.

The conservator has ethical guidelines, including
 Minimal intervention
 Materials and methods which can be undone if necessary
 Full documentation of all work 

An appropriate conservation strategy requires good judgment, taking into account  
 the views of the owner of the object 
 the heritage value and meaning of the object
 the physical needs of the material

Gallery
This series of images shows the process of restoration of a mural in France.

References

Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art, What is Art Conservation?
 Liverpool Museum, Agents of Deterioration

Art
The  is a Japanese treasure house in the Tōdai-ji temple complex at Nara  It is close to the building which houses the Great Buddha (Diabutsuden).
 
It is the oldest museum structure in the world.

History 
The earliest objects in the Shōsō-in were put there by Empress Kōmyō (701–760). The collection includes artifacts from the arts and crafts of the Tempyō era. 
 
The building was built in the  with a raised floor .

References

Other websites

 Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō), Imperial Household Agency page for Shōsōin 
 University of California, Irvine, Shosoin Imperial Repository. 

Museums in Japan
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Anaïs Nin (full name: Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell) February 21, 1903 – January 14, 1977. (, ), was a French-Cuban-American novelist. 

Her books were the basis of movies, including Henry & June (1990) and Delta of Venus (1994). She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris. Her parents were from Cuba. Her father Joaquín Nin was a well-known composer. Her mother Rosa Culmell was a classical singer. She spent her early years in Spain and Cuba and then lived in Paris. In Paris she became a close friend of the writer Henry Miller. She helped him get his first novel, Tropic of Cancer, published and wrote the preface to it. 

She later moved to the United States and died there of cancer in Los Angeles.

References

1903 births
1977 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Writers from Paris
Jean Bourgain (28 February 1954 – 22 December 2018) was a Belgian mathematician.  He was a professor at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette in France.  From 1994 until his death he has worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He was an editor for the Annals of Mathematics.

He received his Ph.D. from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1977.

He received the Fields Medal in 1994.  In 2009 Bourgain was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 2010 he received the Shaw Prize in Mathematics. In 2012 he and Terence Tao received the Crafoord Prize in Mathematics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Bourgain died on 22 December 2018 in Bonheiden, Belgium at the age of 64.

References

Fields Medalists
1954 births
2018 deaths
Belgian mathematicians
People from West Flanders
James Sidney Edouard, Baron Ensor (13 April 1860 – 19 November 1949) was a Flemish-Belgian painter and printmaker, an important influence on expressionism and surrealism who lived in Ostend for almost his entire life. He was associated with the artistic group Les XX.

Life
From 1877 to 1880, he attended the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. His only travels were three brief trips to Paris, London, and Holland.

In 1895 his painting The Lamp Boy (1880) was acquired by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. He had his first solo exhibition in Brussels. By 1920 he was the subject of major exhibitions. In 1929 he was named a Baron by King Albert. He was the subject of the Belgian composer Flor Alpaerts's "James Ensor Suite".  In 1933 he was awarded the band of the Légion d'honneur.   

Against the advice of friends, he remained in Ostend during World War II despite the risk of bombardment. In his old age he was an honored figure among Belgians. His daily walk made him a familiar sight in Ostend. He died there after a short illness, on 19 November 1949.

Work
His early works show domestic scenes with little color. Later he started to use brighter colors. His subjects became very imaginative. He painted carnivals, masks, puppets and skeletons.

References

Other websites

Belgian painters
Printmakers
1860 births
1949 deaths
Belgian nobility
Flemish painters
Les XX was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors.  It was formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus.  For ten years 'Les Vingt', as they called themselves, held a yearly exhibition of their art.  Each year twenty international artists were also invited to be in the exhibition. Artists invited over the years included: Camille Pissarro (1887, 1889, 1891), Claude Monet (1886, 1889), Georges Seurat (1887, 1889, 1891, 1892), Paul Gauguin (1889, 1891), Paul Cézanne (1890), and Vincent van Gogh (1890, 1891). 

In 1893, the society of Les XX was changed into "La Libre Esthétique".

Eleven founding members
James Ensor 1860-1949 (member until 1893)
Théo van Rysselberghe 1862-1926 (member until 1893)
Fernand Khnopff 1858-1921 (member until 1893)
Alfred William Finch
Frantz Charlet b 1862
Paul Du Bois
Charles Goethals c1853–85
Darío de Regoyos (Spanish)
Willy Schlobach b 1864
Guillaume van Strydonck 1861–1937
Rodolphe Wytsman 1860–1927

Nine invited members
Guillaume Vogels
Achille Chainaye 1862–1915
Jean Delvin 1853-1922
Jef Lambeaux
Périclès Pantazis (Greek) 1849-1884
Frans Simons 1855–1919
Gustave Vanaise 1854–1902
Piet Verhaert 1852–1908
Théodore Verstraete 1850–1907

Twelve later invited members
Felicien Rops 1833-1898
Georges Lemmen 1865-1916 (member from 1888)
George Minne 1866-1941
Anna Boch 1848-1926 (member from 1885-1893: only female member)
Henry van de Velde (member from 1888)
Guillaume Charlier
Henry De Groux
Robert Picard b 1870
Jan Toorop (Dutch)
Odilon Redon (French)
Paul Signac (French)
Isidore Verheyden (member from 1884-1888)

References

Belgian painters
1883 establishments in Europe
1893 disestablishments
Cultural organizations
Sculptors
Designers
1890s disestablishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Belgium
Constant Permeke (31 July 1886 – 4 January 1952) was  a Belgian painter and sculptor.  He is said to be the leading figure of Flemish expressionism.

Permeke was born in Antwerp. When he was six years old the family moved to Ostend.  His father was curator of the Municipal Museum of Arts. Permeke went to school in Bruges from 1903 until 1906. In 1906 he was drafted into the Belgian army. After his military service ended in March 1908, Permeke returned to Ostend.  He roomed together with another artist, Gustave De Smet. In 1909 he returned to Latem where he lived as a recluse.  In 1912 Permeke married Maria Delaere and the newlyweds settled in Ostend.

When World War I started, Permeke was in the defense of Antwerp.  He was wounded in action near the town of Duffel. His wounds forced him to be evacuated to the United Kingdom.  In 1916 he moved to Chardstock in Devonshire and started painting again, mostly colorful English landscapes. After the end of the war, the Permeke family returned to Ostend in 1919.

In 1921 Permeke was able to exhibit his work in Antwerp and in Paris. Between 1922 and 1924, Permeke regularly went to Astene. In 1926 Permeke went to Vevey in Switzerland where he mainly painted mountain scenes. In 1929 he moved to Jabbeke.  Starting in 1937 Permeke tried his hand at sculpting as well.

During World War II, Permeke was forbidden to paint by the German occupiers.  His art was seen by them as Entartete Kunst. His son Paul was arrested and sent to Germany as a forced labourer. After the war, Permeke was made director of the Royal Academy in Antwerp.  He only worked there one year. In 1948 his wife died. Emotionally scarred and ailing, Permeke had to be nursed by his daughter.

Constant Permeke died 4 January 1952. He was buried next to his wife at the cemetery in Jabbeke. A statue which Permeke had commissioned by his friend George Minne was placed on the grave of his beloved wife.

In 1997, Belgium recognized Permeke by dedicating the 1,000 franc bill to him and his work. The bill was used until Belgium started using the euro in 2002.

1886 births
1952 deaths
Belgian painters
People from Antwerp
Sculptors
Panamarenko (pseudonym of Henri Van Herwegen; 5 February 1940 – 14 December 2019) was a famous assemblagist in Belgian sculpture. He is famous for his work with airplanes as theme.  None of the airplanes are able to actually leave the ground.

Panamarenko studied at the academy of Antwerp. Before 1968, his art was inspired by Pop art.  Early on he became interested in planes and human powered flight.  This interest is also shown in his name.  It is supposed to be an acronym for "Pan American Airlines and Company".

Starting in 1970, he developed his first models of imaginary vehicles, planes, balloons or helicopters. Many of his sculptures are modern versions of the myth of Icarus.

In 2003 Panamarenko married the 34 year younger Eveline Hoorens. At the opening of a large-scale overview exhibition of his work in Brussels in 2005, Panamarenko said he was retiring as an artist.  He has since had his own coffee brand PanamaJumbo.

On 24 April 2009, VLM Airlines named one of its Fokker 50 aircraft in his honour.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
Belgian artists
People from Antwerp
Jan Fabre (born December 14, 1958 in Antwerp) is a Belgian artist, playwright, stage director, choreographer and designer.

He studied at the Municipal Institute of Decorative Arts and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp. Between 1976 and 1980 he wrote his first scripts for the theatre. From 1980 he began his career as a stage director and stage designer.

Fabre is famous for his Bic-art (ballpoint drawings). In 1990, he covered an entire building with ballpoint drawings.

His decoration of the ceiling of the Royal Palace in Brussels is called Heaven of Delight.  It is made out of one million six hundred thousand jewel-scarab wing cases. In 2008, Jan Fabre's The Angel of Metamorphosis exhibition was held at the Louvre Museum.

In September 2018, Fabre was accused by 20 former employees of sexual harassment.

References

1958 births
Living people
Belgian artists
Designers
People from Antwerp
Belgian playwrights
As of the 2010 United States Census, there are 460 incorporated cities and towns in the U.S. state of Alabama.

Incorporated cities and towns

Census-designated places
There are 118 census-designated places in Alabama.

Unincorporated communities

Notes
 For municipalities in more than one county, the primary county (according to U.S. Census) is listed first.

References

Alabama
This is a list of incorporated cities in the U.S. state of Alaska, including unified city-boroughs.
There are a total of 143 cities in Alaska

Alaska
Alaska-related lists
Lazar Markovich Lissitzky  ( – 30 December 1941), better known as El Lissitzky, was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, and architect.

He was an important figure of the Russian avant-garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich. He designed exhibition displays and propaganda works for the former Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with techniques and ideas ine 20th-century graphic design.

El Lissitzky's entire career was based on his belief that the artist could be an agent for change. Lissitzky, who was Jewish, began his career illustrating Yiddish children's books. This was to promote Jewish culture in Russia, which had just ended its antisemitic laws. He started teaching at 15; and taught throughout his life. Over the years, he taught in a variety of positions, schools and artistic media, spreading and exchanging ideas.

He took this ethic with him when he worked with Malevich in the art group UNOVIS and when he worked his own. He took up a job as the Russian cultural ambassador to Weimar Germany. There he worked with important figures of the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. In his remaining years he brought innovation and change to typography, exhibition design, photomontage, and book design. He produced critically respected works and won international acclaim for his exhibition design. This continued to the end of his life. In 1941 he produced one of his last works – a Soviet propaganda poster rallying the people to make more tanks for the fight against Nazi Germany.

References 

1890 births
1941 deaths
Architects
Designers
Russian artists
Russian Jews
Russian photographers
Soviet Jews
A cluster bomb, or cluster munition, is an explosive device. It explodes in the air or on the ground, and releases dozens of smaller bombs. It is an anti-personnel weapon because it kills or maims people, not armoured vehicles.
They were used during a lot during the Vietnam War and have been most recently used in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

They are considered illegal by over 100 countries. These countries have signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions adopted in May 2008.

Explosives
Thomas Vanek  (born January 19, 1984) is an Austrian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres, New York Islanders, and Montreal Canadiens.

Career
Before he played in the NHL, Vanek played for the Sioux Falls Stampede of the USHL for 3 seasons and the University of Minnesota for 2 years.

He was drafted 5th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2003 NHL draft. He played for the Buffalo Sabres for 8 seasons.

On October 27, 2013, he was traded to the New York Islanders for Matt Moulson, a 2014 1st round draft pick, and a 2015 2nd round draft pick.

On July 1, 2014, Vanek signed a three-year, $5.5 contract with the Minnesota Wild. The contract will also give him $6.5 million in the second year, and $7.5 million in the third year as well as a no-trade clause.

References

Other websites 
 

1984 births
American Hockey League players
Austrian ice hockey players
Buffalo Sabres players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Detroit Red Wings players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Islanders players
People from Lower Austria
United States Hockey League players
Vancouver Canucks players
Pig in a poke is an English idiom which means a kind of deceptive trick.  It is a blind bargain.

The phrase is about something which is offered for sale in a manner which hides its true value.  The idiom means a purchase which turns out not to be what the seller claimed it was.

History
The term "pig in a poke" was first used in the Middle Ages.  At this time, it was common to sell meat or small animals in cloth bags or sacks called a "poke".

Sometimes people simply bought the "poke" without looking inside; and sometimes people who thought they were buying pork or a small pig were surprised to find they had been sold something else.

The idiom pig in a poke is about what happens when someone does not look to see what is being bought or sold.

Meaning
The idiom "pig in a poke" is used to describe something which is purchased without the buyer being aware of its true nature or value.

The phrase can also be applied to accepting an idea or plan without a full understanding of it.  In other words, it is about starting a course of action without knowing the relevant facts.

Many other European languages have a version of this phrase, but many are translated as a warning not to buy a cat in a bag. -

References

Idioms
Deception
Acton is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 1,800 people living in Acton.

References 

Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
René François Ghislain Magritte (21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist. He was well known for a number of witty and thought-provoking images.

Early life and career
Magritte was born in Lessines, in the province of Hainaut.  Little is known about Magritte's early life. He began lessons in drawing in 1910. On 12 March 1912, his mother committed suicide by drowning herself in the River Sambre.  

Magritte's earliest paintings, which date from about 1915, were Impressionistic in style. From 1916 to 1918, he studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels.  He studied under Constant Montald. The paintings he made in the years 1918–1924 were influenced by Futurism and by the offshoot of Cubism practiced by Metzinger. Most of his works of this period are female nudes.

In 1922, Magritte married Georgette Berger  From December 1920 until September 1921, Magritte was in the Belgian army Leopoldsburg. In 1922–1923, he worked as a draughtsman in a wallpaper factory.  He was a poster and advertisement designer until 1926. In 1926, Magritte made his first surreal painting, The Lost Jockey (Le jockey perdu).  His first exhibition was in Brussels in 1927. Critics did not like his paintings. 

In 1927 he moved to Paris where he became friends with André Breton. He returned to Brussels in 1930 and resumed working in advertising. He and his brother, Paul, formed an agency which earned him a living wage.

Surrealist patron Edward James let Magritte stay rent free in his London home and paint. 

During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II he stayed in Brussels. During 1947–48 he painted in a provocative and crude Fauve style. During this time, Magritte supported himself through making fake Picassos, Braques and Chiricos.  Later he printed forged banknotes.  At the end of 1948, he returned to the style and themes of his prewar surrealistic art.

His work was exhibited in the United States in New York in 1936.  It was shown again at the Museum of Modern Art in 1965, and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1992.

Magritte died of pancreatic cancer in Brussels on 15 August 1967.

Magritte Museum
The Magritte Museum opened to the public on 30 May 2009 in Brussels. It is in the five-level neo-classical Hotel Altenloh.  The museum shows about 200 original Magritte paintings, drawings and sculptures. The museum also includes Magritte’s experiments with photography from 1920 on and the short surrealist movies he made from 1956 on.

References 

1898 births
1967 deaths
Belgian painters
Cancer deaths in Belgium
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
People from Hainaut (province)
Luc Tuymans (born 14 June 1958) is an artist who lives and works in Antwerp, Belgium. Tuymans is said to be one of the most influential painters working today.

Life
Tuymans was born in Mortsel, Belgium. He began his studies at the Sint-Lukasinstituut in Brussels in 1976. He then studied at the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Visuels de la Cambre in Brussels, Belgium (1979–1980) and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, Belgium (1980–1982). He stopped painting in 1982 and began studying art history at the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels (1982–6). The Belgian government gave him the title of Commander, Order of Leopold in 2007. He is married to Venezuelan artist Carla Arocha.

Exhibitions 
Tuymans represented Belgium at the Venice Biennale in 2001. He has been the focus of several retrospectives at various international institutions, including the Műcsarnok Kunsthalle in Budapest, Hungary; Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany; the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw, Poland; the Tate Modern, London, England (2004); Museu Serralves, Porto, Portugal; Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain (MAMCO), Geneva, Switzerland (both 2006); and, most recently (2011) the BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, Belgium. The artist’s first  U.S. retrospective opened in September 2009 at the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio, and travelled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Dallas Museum of Art and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.

Collections 
Work by the artist is in the public collections of various museums, including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California; Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst, Antwerp, Belgium; Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Ghent, Belgium; Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht; Centre Pompidou, Paris; Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg; Museum fuer Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt; Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich; and the Tate Gallery, London.

Art market 
In 2005, Sculpture (2000), part of Tuymans' Mwana Kitoko: Beautiful White Man series, was sold at Christie's New York, for $1,472,000.

References

1958 births
Living people
Belgian painters
People from Antwerp
Victor, Baron Horta (6 January 1861 - 8 September 1947) was a Belgian architect and designer.  John Julius Norwich said he was "undoubtedly the key European Art Nouveau architect." Horta is one of the most important names in Art Nouveau architecture.  Some people say his Hôtel Tassel in Brussels was the first time the style was used on architecture.

In 1932 King Albert I of Belgium gave Horta the title of Baron for his services to architecture. Four of the buildings he designed are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Life and career
Horta had a great interest in music since childhood. In 1873 he went to study musical theory at the Ghent Conservatory. He was removed for bad behaviour.  He then joined the Department of Architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent instead. In 1878 Horta left for Paris.  He found work with architect and designer Jules Debuysson in Montmartre. There he was inspired by the impressionist and pointillist artists, and also by the possibilities of working in iron and glass.

When Horta's father died in 1880, he returned to Belgium and moved to Brussels.  He married his first wife.  He studied architecture at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts. In Brussels Horta made a friendship with Paul Hankar. He became an assistant for his professor Alphonse Balat, architect to Leopold II of Belgium. Together they designed the royal Greenhouses of Laeken, Horta's first work to use glass and iron.

In 1884 Horta won the first Prix Godecharle to be awarded for Architecture.

By 1885 Horta worked on his own.  He was commissioned to design three houses. The same year he also joined the Central Society of Belgian Architecture. Over the next few years he was in a number of competitions for public work. He worked with sculptors (notably his friend Godefroid Devresse) on statuary and even tombs.  He won a number of prizes. He thought the forms he made were highly practical and not artistic.

During this period, Horta joined the freemasons. This gave him many clients when he returned to designing houses and shops in 1893.

Horta was appointed Head of Graphic Design for Architecture at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1892.  He became Professor of Architecture in 1893. He worked there until 1911.

Heritage

Many of Horta's buildings were destroyed. However, several of Horta’s buildings are still standing in Brussels. Most notable are the Magasins Waucquez, formerly a department store, now the Brussels Comic Book Museum and four of his private houses (hôtels), which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
Hôtel Tassel, designed and built for Prof. Émile Tassel in 1892 - 1893.
Hôtel Solvay, designed and built 1895 - 1900.
Hôtel van Eetvelde, designed and built 1895 - 1898.
Maison and Atelier Horta, designed in 1898, now the Horta Museum, dedicated to his work.

References

1861 births
1947 deaths
Belgian artists
Architects
Belgian nobility
People from Ghent
Henry Clemens Van de Velde (3 April 1863, Antwerp – 15 October 1957, Zürich) was a Belgian painter, architect and interior designer. Together with Victor Horta and Paul Hankar he is one of the main founders of Art Nouveau in Belgium. Van de Velde spent the most important part of his career in Germany.

Career 
Van de Velde studied painting in Antwerp, under Charles Verlat and in Paris under Carolus-Duran. As a young painter he was influenced by Paul Signac and Georges Seurat.  He used a neo-impressionist style. In 1889 he became a member of the Brussels-based artist group "Les XX". During this period he made a lasting friendship with the painter Théo van Rysselberghe and the sculptor Constantin Meunier.

In 1892 he stopped painting.  Instead he worked on the arts of decoration and interior design. His own house, Bloemenwerf in Ukkel, was his first try at architecture. He also made interiors and furniture for the art gallery "L'Art Nouveau" of Samuel Bing in Paris in 1895. This gave the movement its first name as Art Nouveau.

Around the turn of the century, he designed Villa Leuring in the Netherlands, and Villa Esche in Chemnitz, two works that show his Art Nouveau style in architecture. He also designed the interior of the Folkwang Museum in Hagen. In 1905 he was asked by the Grand Duke of Weimar to make the Grand-Ducal School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar.

Although a Belgian, Van de Velde would play an important role in the German Werkbund.  This group was made to help improve and promote German design by making close relations between industry and designers. He went against Hermann Muthesius at the Werkbund meeting of 1914. Their debate marked the history of Modern Architecture. Van de Velde wanted individuality of artists while Hermann Muthesius wanted standardization.

During World War I, Van de Velde, as a foreign national, was made to leave Weimar. During this period, he mentored the great Belgian architect, Victor Bourgeois.

During World War I, he lived in Switzerland and in the Netherlands.  He designed the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo. From 1926 to 1936, Van de Velde was professor at Ghent University.

References 

1863 births
1957 deaths
Architects
Belgian painters
Flemish painters
People from Antwerp
Super Bowl XX was the 20th Super Bowl played. The game was played at the Louisiana Superdome on January 26, 1986. The game was between the 15-1 Chicago Bears of the NFC and the 11-5 New England Patriots of the AFC. The game's national anthem was performed by Wynton Marsalis and the halftime show was played by Up With People. The Bears won their first Super Bowl 46-10, but did not go to the White House because of the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion. In 2010, the Bears did go to the White House, even though Walter Payton and Dave Duerson did not attend due to their deaths.

The game
The game started badly for the Bears when Walter Payton fumbled the ball and New England got the ball. Kicker Tony Franklin then scored first for the Patriots. Later, the Bears scored when Kevin Butler kicked 2 field goals, and then Matt Suhey scored. In the 2nd quarter, Jim McMahon scored a touchdown, and then Butler kicked another field goal. The Bears then scored 3 touchdowns in the third quarter, and New England would finally score a touchdown in the fourth quarter, but Patriots quarterback Steve Grogan was sacked in the end zone for 2 points.

Most Valuable Player (MVP)
The Super Bowl MVP of the game was Bears defensive end Richard Dent, who had 1½ sacks—part of the Bears scoring a Super Bowl-high 7 sacks—and 2 forced fumbles.

References

Other websites
 Super Bowl XX page

020
1986 in sports
1986 in the United States
1980s in Louisiana
Chicago Bears
New England Patriots
January events
is a Japanese museum ship.  It is permanently docked at Yokohama harbor.

History
Nippon Maru was built in Kobe in 1930.  It was a training ship for the cadets of the Japanese merchant marine.  

The ship became a museum in 1984.

References

Other websites

  Yokohama Maritime Museum

Museums in Japan
Henri François Joseph Vieuxtemps (17 February 1820 - 6 June 1881) was a Belgian composer and violinist.

Biography
Vieuxtemps was born in Verviers, Belgium. He received his first violin instruction from his father and a local teacher.  He gave his first public performance at the age of six, playing a concerto by Pierre Rode. Soon he was giving concerts in surrounding cities, including Liège and Brussels.  He met the violinist Charles Auguste de Bériot in Brussels.  He then began to study with Bériot. In 1829, Bériot took him to Paris. He had to return to Belgium the next year because of the July Revolution and Bériot's marriage to his mistress Maria Malibran. Back in Brussels, Vieuxtemps developed his violin technique on his own.  He began playing with Pauline Viardot. A tour of Germany in 1833 brought friendship with Louis Spohr and with Robert Schumann.  During the following decade he visited various European cities.  He impressed audiences and famous musicians such as Hector Berlioz and Paganini.

Vieuxtemps wanted to become a composer as well.  He took lessons with the respected Simon Sechter in Vienna and spent the winter of 1835–1836 studying composition with Anton Reicha in Paris. His first violin concerto, later published as Concerto No. 2, dates from this time.

Vieuxtemps continued to compose with great success and perform throughout Europe. He played with the pianist Sigismond Thalberg in the United States. He was particularly admired in Russia.  He lived there between 1846 and 1851 as a court musician of Tsar Nicholas I and soloist in the Imperial Theatre. He founded the violin school of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. In 1871, he returned to Belgium to be a Professor at the Brussels Conservatory.

A paralytic stroke disabled his right arm two years later. He moved to Paris again. Although he seemed to be slowly recovering from his stroke, another one in 1879 ended his career as a violinist for good. He spent his last years in a sanatorium in Mustapha Supérieur, Algeria. He continued to compose.

1820 births
1881 deaths
Belgian composers
Belgian musicians
People from Verviers
Violinists