cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Romantic ballet is a genre of ballet that evolved in the early 19th century as a reaction against the classicism that dominated 18th century art and literature. Balletomanes of the early nineteenth century were bored with stories about ancient gods and goddesses, plots based on myths, and ancient costumes. They wanted ballets about real people and real places. Pointe work became artistic expression rather than  stunt work, and the long, white, ballet skirt of tulle was introduced. Both produced the illusion of ethereal weightlessness. Gas lighting made it possible to create special dimming effects and wires enabled ballerinas to "fly". 

The romantic era in ballet began with The Ballet of the Nuns in 1831 and was followed by La Sylphide in 1832. The genre began a slow decline. Coppélia of 1870 is said to mark the end of the romantic ballet, although the three ballets composed by Tchaikovsky are romantic ballets. Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake of 1876 is considered a romantic ballet. Even his The Nutcracker of 1892 is a romantic ballet. Michel Fokine's Les Sylphides of 1906 is considered a tribute to the romantic ballet in its atmosphere and tone. 

Romantic ballets have four things in common: they are not about mythological gods and goddesses; they show local or national color in costumes, settings, and dances such as mazurkas and waltzes; a supernatural, fantastic, exotic, or spiritual element is usually prominent; and ballet technique is a focus, especially pointe work for the ballerina.

Sources 
 Kant, Marion (Ed.) (2007). The Cambridge Companion to the Ballet. Cambridge UP.  

Ballets
The Bolte Bridge is a large twin cantilever bridge in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Bolte Bridge carries a total of 8 lanes of traffic - 4 lanes northbound and 4 lanes southbound. While officially only 490 metres in length, the actual structure appears much longer as it forms part of a 5 kilometre elevated roadway between Flemington Road and the West Gate Freeway, making it the longest bridge (by definition) in Australia. It crosses the Yarra River and Victoria Harbour in the Docklands area to the west of the Melbourne CBD. It forms part of the CityLink system of toll roads that joins the Tullamarine Freeway from the northern suburbs with the West Gate Freeway and the Domain and Burnley tunnels to the Monash Freeway and the south eastern suburbs.

Construction 
The bridge was designed by architects Denton Corker Marshall. It was built for Transurban by Baulderstone Hornibrook,  from 1996–1999 and cost AU$75 million. It was named by Jeff Kennett, for former Premier of Victoria, Sir Henry Bolte because it linked the West Gate, Monash and Tullamarine Freeways - projects planned or completed by the Bolte Government.

It is one of the largest balanced cantilever cast in situ box girder bridges in Australia. It is built as two separate bridges of variable depth, prestressed concrete box girders, separated by a  gap between the structures.

The bridge has two  high silver towers. These are on either side of the roadway at the middle of the bridge's span. These two towers are only for show, and are not joined to the main body of the bridge. The towers are hollow, and have ladders leading to a small roof top hatch. The Bolte Bridge has four spans with two main spans of  and side spans of . The total length of the bridge is . The twin bridge has two  wide decks, each with three lanes of vehicles. There is no access for cyclists or pedestrians.

Other bridges in Australia built in the same way are the Gateway Bridge, Brisbane and Mooney Mooney Bridge near Gosford, north of Sydney.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 
 Video of Formula One driver Mark Webber driving over the Bolte Bridge in 2011
 Denton Corker Marshall Profile 

Bridges in Australia
Cantilever bridges
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
1999 establishments in Australia
In mathematics, the norm of a vector is its length. A vector is a mathematical object that has a size, called the magnitude, and a direction. For the real numbers, the only norm is the absolute value. For spaces with more dimensions, the norm can be any function  with the following three properties:
 Scales for real numbers , that is, .
 Function of sum is less than sum of functions, that is,  (also known as the triangle inequality).
  if and only if .

Definition 
For a vector , the associated norm is written as , or L where  is some value. The value of the norm of  with some length  is as follows:

The most common usage of this is the Euclidean norm, also called the standard distance formula.

Examples 
 The one-norm is the sum of absolute values:  This is like finding the distance from one place on a grid to another by summing together the distances in all directions the grid goes; see Manhattan Distance.
 Euclidean norm (also called L2-norm) is the sum of the squares of the values: 
 Maximum norm is the maximum absolute value: 
When applied to matrices, the Euclidean norm is referred to as the Frobenius norm.
 L0 norm is the number of non-zero elements present in a vector.

Related pages 

 Magnitude (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
The Bangladesh Cyclone of 1991 was an extremely devastating super cyclonic storm. On the evening of Monday, April 29, 1991 a strong super cyclonic storm struck the Chittagong area of southeastern Bangladesh with winds around 155 mph. The storm killed over 138,000 people and caused $1.5 billion in destruction. The cyclone left almost ten million homeless.

Deadly storms
20th century in Bangladesh
Cyclonic storms
1991 in Asia
The , also known as the Pearl Bridge, is the world's longest suspension bridge. 

Akashi-Kaikyō connects the island of Honshu with Awaji Island in the Seto Inland Sea.  The bridge is part of the Honshu-Shikoku Highway which allows automobiles to cross the Akashi Strait.

History
The construction of the bridge began in May 1988.  The bridge was opened on April 5, 1998.

The cost of building the bridge is estimated at 500 billion yen.

References

Other websites

  Structurae,  Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

Buildings and structures in Japan
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
1998 establishments in Japan
was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Shimatani was born in Kyoto on November 6, 1938. After graduating from Kansai University, he joined Furukawa Electric in 1961. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League and he played in 1 season in the league. After he left the club, he played for his local club Kyoto Shiko Club.

On January 11, 1959, when Shimatani was a Kansai University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore.

Shimatani managed his local club Kyoto Shiko Club (later Kyoto Purple Sanga) in 1972. 1972 season is first season Kyoto Shiko Club was promoted to new division, Japan Soccer League Division 2 from Japanese Regional Leagues. He managed until 1974. In 1977, he managed for Kyoto Shiko Club again. However, in 1978 season, the club was relegated to Regional Leagues. He resigned in 1978. In 1994, he signed with Kyoto Purple Sanga. He resigned in September.

On October 24, 2001, Shimatani died of cirrhosis in Kyoto at the age of 62.

Statistics

|-
|1965||Furukawa Electric||JSL Division 1||8||2
8||2
8||2
|}

|-
|1959||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites

1938 births
2001 deaths
Footballers from Kyoto Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
The state of Georgia is divided into 159 counties. 

Georgia has the second largest number of counties of any state in the United States.  The state of Texas has 254 counties (see List of counties in Texas). The last new county in Georgia was Peach County, formed in 1924.

Counties listing

|}

References

Georgia, counties in
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed the Japan national team.

Biography
Kawabuchi was born in Takaishi on December 3, 1936. After graduating from Waseda University, he played for Furukawa Electric. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. In the initial league season, he was the first player to score a hat-trick, against Nagoya Mutual Bank. He retired in 1970. He played 68 games and scored 10 goals in the league.

On December 25, 1958, when Kawabuchi was a Waseda University student, he debuted and scored 2 goals for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. In 1962, he played at 1962 Asian Games. In 1964, he was selected Japan for 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. At 1964 Summer Olympics, he scored a goal in first match against Argentina. He also played at 1962 Asian Games. He played 26 games and scored 8 goals for Japan until 1965.

After retirement, Kawabuchi became a coach for Furukawa Electric in 1970. In 1973, he became a manager and managed until 1975. Just before 1982 World Cup qualification in December 1980, he was named manager for the Japan national team to replace Masashi Watanabe, who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Kawabuchi managed Japan at 1982 World Cup qualification and managed until March 1981.

In 1991, he named inaugural chairman of the J.League is first professional league in Japan. In 1991, he also became a first chairman of J.League. In 2002, he resigned chairman of J.League and became 10th president of Japan Football Association as Shunichiro Okano successor. Kawabuchi served until 2008. He also served as president of Japan Basketball Association from May 2015 to June 2016.

In 2006, he received FIFA Order of Merit. In 2008, he was also selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

Statistics

|-
|1965||rowspan="6"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||14||3
|-
|1966||14||4
|-
|1967||14||1
|-
|1968||14||1
|-
|1969||12||1
|-
|1970||0||0
68||10
68||10
|}

|-
|1958||2||2
|-
|1959||9||3
|-
|1960||1||0
|-
|1961||6||1
|-
|1962||6||2
|-
|1963||0||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||2||0
|-
!Total||26||8
|}

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association

1936 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Japan national football team managers
Footballers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
There are 102 counties in the state of Illinois.  

|}

Old counties
 Dane County was renamed in 1840 to the current Christian County.
 The original Knox County, Illinois, became extinct with the formation of the Illinois Territory in 1809. It became Knox County, Indiana. The modern Knox County, Illinois was formed much later and was not a part of the original Knox County.

References

Illinois
There are 99 counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The first two counties, Des Moines County and Dubuque County, were formed in 1834 when Iowa was still part of the Michigan Territory. One of the most important days in Iowa county history was January 15, 1851, when 49 counties were created.

The Iowa Constitution of 1857, which is still in effect today, states that counties must have an area of at least .  No county be reduced below that size by badger changes. Exceptions to this rule were granted, as ten counties have areas below this size. The smallest county (Dickinson) has a land area of , while the largest (Kossuth) has an area 973sq mi (2,520 km²). Polk County is the most densely populated county at 657 persons/sq mi, and contains the state's capital and largest city, Des Moines.

County information
The number in the column headed "#" is the one used on the map from the National Atlas of the United States, shown on the left. The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

|}

Old counties
The following counties no longer exist:

Bancroft County (1851–1855), merged with Kossuth County
Cook (1836–1837), merged with Muscatine County
Crocker County (1870–1871), merged with Kossuth County
Risley (1851–1853), formed Webster County
Yell (1851–1853), formed Webster County

References

Iowa
There are 120 counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky.

Alphabetical list
|}

|}

References

 (Main reference for data in the list, unless otherwise noted).

List of Kentucky counties
Kentucky
The Maribyrnong River Viaduct (also known as the Quarter Mile Bridge) is a railway bridge across the Maribyrnong River in the western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. It is near the E.J. Whitten Bridge, and is almost 400 metres long (hence the quarter mile name). The Albion-Jacana railway line uses the bridge, which is mainly used for freight. It also carries the Melbourne to Sydney CountryLink XPT. It is the second highest bridge in Victoria, only behind the West Gate Bridge (58 metres). At a height of 180 feet (54.86 m) above the water, it is even higher than the Sydney Harbour Bridge (52 metres). The bridge is 1257 feet (383.13 m) long

It was built in 1927–29 by the Victorian Railways Construction Branch, being the largest trestle bridge in Australia when completed in June, 1929. It is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and employed 200 people during construction, with one fatality.

References 

 City of Moonee Valley Gap Heritage Study

Other websites 
 Images from the construction of the bridge, 1928 

Bridges in Australia
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Rail transport in Australia
1929 establishments
1920s establishments in Australia
The U.S. state of Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes in the same way that 48 of the other states of the United States are divided into counties (Alaska is divided into boroughs and census areas).

Forty-one parishes are governed by a council called the Police Jury. The other twenty-three have various other forms of government, including: president-council, council-manager, parish commission, and consolidated parish/city.

Listing

 
|}

Former Parishes
Biloxi Parish formed in 1811 from West Florida territory. It was eliminated in 1812 when part of the former West Florida area was transferred to Mississippi Territory.
Carroll Parish formed in 1838 from part of Ouachita Parish. In 1877, it was divided into East Carroll Parish and West Carroll Parish.
Feliciana Parish formed in 1810 from West Florida territory. In 1824, it was divided into East Feliciana Parish and West Feliciana Parish.
Pascagoula Parish formed in 1811 from West Florida territory. It was eliminated in 1812 when part of the former West Florida area was transferred to Mississippi Territory.
Warren Parish formed in 1811 from part of Concordia Parish, and merged into Concordia Parish and Ouachita Parish in 1814.

References
  - Counties, parish seats, areas, names and date of formation of current parishes
  - Formation dates and origin of parishes

Louisiana
There are 16 counties in the U.S. state of Maine

List

|}

Song
A song is taught to many elementary school children across the state, entitled the Maine County Song, to aid in memorizing the names of the state's 16 counties. It is sung to the tune of Yankee Doodle.

 Sixteen counties has our state
 Cumberland and Franklin
 Piscataquis and Kennebec
 Oxford, Androscoggin
 Waldo, Washington, and York
 Lincoln, Knox, and Hancock
 Sagadahoc and Somerset
 Aroostook and Penobscot

An alternate version as put forth by the Maine Secretary of State's Kids' Page:

 The sixteen counties in our state
 Are Cumberland and Franklin
 Piscataquis and Somerset
 Aroostook, Androscoggin
 Sagadahoc and Kennebec
 Lincoln, Knox and Hancock
 Waldo, Washington and York
 Oxford and Penobscot

However the traditional version is:

 Sixteen counties in our state
 are Cumberland and Franklin
 Waldo York Piscataquis
 Oxford and Androscoggin
 Washington and Somerset
 Lincoln Knox and Hancock
 Kennebec Sagadahoc
 Aroostook and Penobscot

References

Maine
The Bridge of Sighs (Italian: Ponte dei Sospiri) is a small bridge in Venice,  northern Italy. The bridge has walls and a roof. It is made of white limestone and has windows with stone bars. It passes over the Rio di Palazzo and connects the old prisons to the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace. It was designed by Antoni Contino (whose uncle Antonio da Ponte had designed the Rialto Bridge), and built in 1602.

The view from the windows of the Bridge of Sighs was the last view of Venice that convicts saw before their imprisonment. The bridge was named by Lord Byron in the 19th century. It was thought that prisoners would sigh at their final view of beautiful Venice through the windows before being taken down to their cells. In reality, the days of inquisitions and summary executions were over by the time the bridge was built and the cells under the palace roof were occupied mostly by small-time criminals. In addition, little could be seen from inside the Bridge due to the stone grills covering the windows. 

A local legend says that lovers will be granted everlasting love and bliss if they kiss on a gondola at sunset under the bridge.

Related pages
The name "Bridge of Sighs" has since been applied by association to other similar covered bridges around the world, including:

 Puente de los Suspiros ("Bridge of Sighs" in Spanish), a bridge in the city of Barranco, Lima, Peru  
 A bridge in Cambridge, England
 A bridge in Oxford, England
 A bridge in Stockholm, Sweden
 A bridge in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 A bridge in the Santa Barbara County Courthouse, Santa Barbara, California
 The Virginia Street Bridge in Reno, Nevada, known for being the place where newly-divorced women coming from the Washoe County Courthouse would toss their wedding rings into the Truckee River.
 It was the inspiration for a bridge built in 1884 between the Allegheny County Courthouse and the old county jail in downtown Pittsburgh, USA. It has been deemed a National Historic Landmark.
 One of the few natural arches in the Grand Canyon that is visible from the Colorado River (at mile 35.6, approx 57.3 km on the right). It is located in Redwall limestone and has a span of 4 metres (15 feet) and a height of 9 metres (30 feet).

In fiction
A reproduction of the bridge is featured in Volume 1 of the science fiction manga Aria, by Kozue Amano.

References

Other websites

 

Sighs, Bridge of Sighs
Stone bridges
Jeffrey John Hornacek (born May 3, 1963 in Elmhurst, Illinois) is a retired American basketball player. Hornacek played a total of 16 seasons in the NBA with the Phoenix Suns, Philadelphia 76ers and the Utah Jazz. He played college basketball at Iowa State. He retired from basketball in 2000 to spend more time with his family. His jersey number 14 was retired by the Utah Jazz.

Other websites
Jeff Hornacek's NBA bio

1963 births
Living people
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Illinois
Philadelphia 76ers players
Phoenix Suns players
Utah Jazz players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu was an extremely intense and very damaging storm. The cyclone was the most intense recorded tropical cyclone in the Arabian Sea and the strongest named tropical cyclone recorded in the Indian Ocean. Gonu developed on June 1 2007 over the northwest Indian Ocean and then intensified to Category 5 levels. The storm then weakened and then struck eastern Oman on June 6, contributing to that region's worst modern natural disaster and causing around $4.2 billion in damage. The cyclone also struck Iran, causing $216 million in damage. Almost eighty people died from Cyclone Gonu.

Tropical cyclones in Asia
Cyclonic storms
2007 in weather
2007 in Asia
Oman
21st century in Iran
Jonathan Nolan (born 6 June 1976) is a British-American author and screenwriter. He is the brother of movie director Christopher Nolan. Jonathan Nolan's story Memento Mori was made into a critically acclaimed movie Memento. He has also co-written screenplays for  The Prestige and The Dark Knight Trilogy, with his brother. In movie credits, his name has appeared as Jonah.

Early life
He was born in London, England, to an English father and American mother. He was raised in the Chicago area. Nolan attended Loyola Academy in Illinois. He graduated from there in 1994, and then graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1999. In this university, he studied English and was a staff writer for The Hoya.

His brother, Christopher, speaks with a British English accent, but Jonathan speaks with an American English accent.

Career
Nolan tells about successful work relationship with his brother in the production notes of The Prestige: "I’ve always suspected that it has something to do with the fact that he’s left-handed and I’m right-handed, because he’s somehow able to look at my ideas and flip them around in a way that’s just a little bit more twisted and interesting. It’s great to be able to work with him like that."

On March 23, 2007, it was announced he would pen Interstellar, a science fiction film. It is based on the theories of Kip Thorne, a theoretical physicist who is known for his theories in gravitation physics and astrophysics and for having trained a generation of scientists. The film was first reported to be directed by Steven Spielberg and eventually settled with Christopher Nolan as director and is released in 2014.

Nolan worked on The Dark Knight Rises. It is the third Batman movie in The Dark Knight Trilogy.

On February 10, 2011, Nolan's TV pilot Person of Interest had been picked up by CBS and plan was to make it in a TV show. The show was officially picked up by CBS on May 13, 2011, and will star Michael Emerson, Jim Caviezel, and Taraji P. Henson. It will be produced by J. J. Abrams. His company Bad Robot Productions will produce it. Nolan will be the executive producer.

Works of fiction
"Memento Mori" (2001 Short Story) the basis of MementoThe Prestige (2006) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)The Dark Knight (2008) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)Person Of Interest (TV Series 2011–2016) - creator/writerThe Dark Knight Rises'' (2012) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)

References

Other websites
 

Christopher Nolan
Living people
1976 births
Screenwriters from Chicago
Screenwriters from London
British television writers
American television writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Afrikaner nationalism is a political ideology which was created in the 19th century in South Africa. There is an ethnic group called Afrikaner in South Africa. Afrikaner nationalism is the idea that the Afrikaner are "chosen people". It says that Afrikaners who speak their language should unite to fight off foreign influences that come from  English-speaking settlers of South Africa, black people or Jews.

The historian T. Dunbar Moodie describes Afrikaner nationalism as a kind of civil religion that combined the history of the Afrikaners, their language and the Afrikaner Calvinism as key symbols. A major proponent of the ideology was the secret Broederbond organization and the National Party that ruled the country from 1948 to 1994. Other organisations aligned with the Afrikaner nationalistic ideology were the Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations (Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge , FAK), the Institute for Christian National Education and the White Workers' Protection Association.

References

Politics of South Africa
Nationalism
Political movements
19th century in South Africa
There are 83 counties in the U.S. state of Michigan.

List of counties

Former counties
 Brown County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Brown County, Wisconsin.
 Keskkauko County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Renamed Charlevoix County in 1843. Annexed to Emmet County in 1853. Reformed as Charlevoix County from Emmet County in 1869.
 Crawford County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory when Michigan Territory was expanded to include area west of Lake Michigan upon formation of ths state of Illinois. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Crawford County, Wisconsin.
 Des Moines County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Des Moines County, Iowa.
 Dubuque County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Dubuque County, Iowa.
 Iowa County: formed in 1830 from part of Crawford County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Iowa County, Wisconsin.
 Isle Royale County: formed in 1875 from part of Keweenaw County. Returned to it in 1897.
 Manitou County: formed in 1855 from parts of Emmet County and Leelenau County. County was ended in 1895 and added to Charlevoix County and Leelanau County.
 Milwaukee County: formed in 1834 from part of Brown County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
 Omeena County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Grand Traverse County in 1853.
 Wyandot County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Cheboygan County in 1853.

References

More reading
 
 County histories published in Michigan History Magazine. Some back issues that include these histories are still available for purchase.
 
 
  at Google books
 
 
 

Michigan
Numerical analysis studies different algorithms to get approximations for  problems of mathematical analysis. Approximations are used for the following reasons:
There are no known ways to solve a problem using calculus. Examples for such problems are the Navier–Stokes equations or the Three-body problem
There is a way to solve a problem using calculus. Getting an exact solution is impractical though, because it requires a long time, or many resources. An example for this is calculating Power series.

One of the earliest known uses of numerical analysis is a Babylonian clay tablet, which approximates the square root of 2. In a unit square, the diagonal has this length. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle is extremely important, for instance, in carpentry and construction.

Numerical analysis continues this long tradition of practical mathematical calculations. Much like the Babylonian approximation of , modern numerical analysis does not seek exact answers, because exact answers are often impossible to obtain in practice. Instead, much of numerical analysis is concerned with obtaining approximate solutions while maintaining reasonable bounds on errors.

Numerical analysis naturally finds applications in all fields of engineering and the physical sciences, but in the 21st century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted elements of scientific computations. Ordinary differential equations appear in star movement; optimization occurs in portfolio management; numerical linear algebra is important for data analysis; stochastic differential equations and Markov chains are essential in simulating living cells for medicine and biology.

Computers greatly helped this task. Before there were computers, numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables. Since the mid 20th century, computers calculate the required functions instead. These same interpolation formulas nevertheless continue to be used as part of the software algorithms for solving differential equations.

Famous numerical software
In order to support numerical analysts, many kinds of numerical software has been created:
 MATLAB - made by MathWorks
 GNU Octave, Scilab - open source versions of MATLAB
 SageMath
 SciPy
 Wolfram Mathematica - made by Wolfram Research

References

Researchers

Related pages

Further reading

Fields of mathematics
Technology
Computer science
Dame Barbara Windsor DBE (born Barbara Ann Deeks, 6 August 1937 – 10 December 2020) was an English actress. She was born in Shoreditch, London. She was best known for her roles in the Carry On movies and for playing Peggy Mitchell from 1994–2010 in soap opera EastEnders. 

She was made a Dame in the 2016 New Year Honours.

On 10 May 2018, it was announced that Windsor was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in April 2014. She died from the disease on 10 December 2020 in London, aged 83.

References

Other websites 

1937 births
2020 deaths
Actors from London
English voice actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
The Commonwealth of Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 39 independent cities, which are considered county-equivalents for census purposes.

List

|}

References

Virginia
There are 95 counties in the State of Tennessee. A county is a local level of government smaller than a state and typically larger than a city or town.

Alphabetical list 
Click on the double triangles at the top of a column to sort the table by that column.

Former counties
There are two former counties in Tennessee:
 James County (1870–1919) - Now part of Hamilton County. The county seat was Ooltewah. 
 Tennessee County (1788–1796) - When Tennessee achieved statehood, the previous Tennessee County in North Carolina became Tennessee County, Tennessee, and was divided into Montgomery and Robertson Counties.

Consolidated counties
Three Tennessee counties operate under consolidated city-county governments, a city and county that have been merged into one jurisdiction. As such, these governments are simultaneously a city, which is a municipal corporation, and a county, which is an administrative division of a state.
 City of Nashville and Davidson County
 City of Lynchburg and Moore County
 City of Hartsville and Trousdale County

References 

Tennessee
Boyzone are an Irish boy band. The group is a quartet, its members are Keith Duffy (born 1974), Mikey Graham (born 1972), Ronan Keating (born 1977) and Shane Lynch (born 1976). Stephen Gately (1976-2009) was also a member until his death. The band were formed in Dublin by Louis Walsh in 1993. They split in 2000 and reformed in 2007.

Other websites 
Official website

1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Boy bands
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups from Dublin
Musical quartets
Musical quintets
1993 establishments in Europe
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
Dorothy Elizabeth Gish (March 11, 1898 – June 4, 1968) was an American actress. She was born in Dayton, Ohio. She was very young when her father abandoned the family. Dorothy, her older sister Lillian, and their mother entered the theatrical profession to support themselves.

In 1912, actress Mary Pickford introduced them to director D. W. Griffith. The sisters began acting at Biograph Studios. Dorothy and Lillian Gish both debuted in Griffith's An Unseen Enemy. Dorothy would star in over 100 short movies and feature movies.

Dorothy married actor James Rennie in 1920. They divorced in 1935. Dorothy never remarried. She died in 1968 from bronchial pneumonia in Rapallo, Liguria, Italy. She was laid to rest in Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City.

Her sister Lillian was later laid to rest beside her. Dorothy Gish was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6385 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, California. Dorothy and Lillian both appeared in D. W. Griffith's Orphans of the Storm in 1921.

Sources 
 David W. Menefee, The First Female Stars: Women of the Silent Era (Connecticut: Praeger, 2004) 
 Harold Casselton (ed.),Remembering Dorothy Gish (Minneapolis: The Society for Cinephiles, 1986)
 Homer Croy, Star Maker: The Story of D. W. Griffith (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1959)
 Dorothy Gish, "And So I am a Comedienne", Ladies Home Journal (July 1925)
 Lillian Gish, Dorothy and Lillian Gish (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973)
 Lillian Gish, The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me (New York: Prentice Hall, 1969)
 Anthony Slide, The Griffith Actresses (New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1973)
 Margaret L. Talmadge, The Talmadge Sisters (New York: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1924)

Other websites

 
 

 The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Film Theater 
 Extensive Dorothy Gish gallery
 The Dorothy Gish Project 

1898 births
1968 deaths
American child actors
American movie actors
American silent movie actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Episcopalians
Actors from Dayton, Ohio
, also romanized as Nihombashi, is a business district of Chūō in Tokyo, Japan. The district grew up around the bridge of the same name. The bridge connects two sides of the Nihonbashi River.  A series of bridges at the same site have had the same name since the 17th century.

Traditionally, all distances in Japan are measured from the centerpoint of the Nihonbashi Bridge.  This custom began in the Edo period.

History

In the Edo period, the Nihonbashi Bridge was the start of Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. The earliest Nihonbashi Bridge was made of wood.  It was completed in 1603. The current bridge is made of stone.  It was completed in 1911.

In 2009, Nihonbashi was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

Timeline
 1603 (Keichō 8): Wooden bridge built.
 1605 (Keichō 10): The first official map of Japan was ordered with distances  measured from Nihonbashi. 
 1911 (Meiji 44): Bridge was re-built using stone.

Related pages
 Nihombashi Station
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
 List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

Tokyo
Japanese culture
Stone bridges
Bridges in Japan
There are 66 counties in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

Todd County and Oglala Lakota County are two counties in South Dakota that do not have their own county seat. Hot Springs in Fall River County is the administrative center of Oglala Lakota County. Winner in Tripp County is the administrative center of Todd County. 

South Dakota's postal abbreviation is SD and its FIPS state code is 46.

Table of counties 

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Former names 
 Shannon County: renamed Oglala Lakota County in 2015

Former counties 
 Armstrong County (1883–1952): Created by Dakota Territory as Pyatt County in 1883 from Cheyenne, Rusk (Dewey), and Stanely Counties. Renamed Armstrong in 1895. Dissolved into Dewey in 1952.
 Boreman County (1873–1909): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands in 1873. Lost territory to North Dakota when South Dakota became a state in 1889. Ended in 1909 when it became part of Corson County.
 Lugenbeel County (1875–1909): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands and Meyer and Pratt Counties in 1875. Ended in 1909 when it became part of Bennett and Todd Counties.
 Nowlin County (1883–1898): Created by Dakota Territory in 1883 from Cheyenne and White River Counties. Ended in 1898 when it became part of Lyman and Stanley Counties.
 Pyatt County (1883–1895): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands in 1883. Renamed Armstrong in 1895.
 Schnasse County (1883–1911): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands and part of Boreman County in 1883. Lost territory to North Dakota when South Dakota became a state. Ended in 1911 when it became part of Ziebach County.
 Sterling County (1883–1911): Created by Dakota Territory from Cheyenne County. Ended in 1911 when it became part of Ziebach County.
 Washabaugh County (1883–1983): South Dakota's most recent county to be eliminated. Created by Dakota Territory in 1883. Endd in 1983 when it was merged with Jackson County.
 Washington County (1888-1943): Ended in 1943 when it was merged into Jackson, Pennington and Shannon Counties.

References 

 
 

South Dakota
There are 62 counties in the State of New York. Five of New York's counties share boundaries with the five boroughs of New York City and do not have functioning county governments, except for a few borough officials. New York City is considered the county seat of these five counties: New York County (Manhattan), Kings County (Brooklyn), Bronx County (The Bronx), Richmond County (Staten Island), and Queens County (Queens).

Alphabetical list

Defunct counties

Proposed new counties

References

New York
New York-related lists
The U.S. state of South Carolina is made up of 46 counties.  This is the maximum allowable by state law.

History
In the colonial period, the land around the coast was divided into parishes.  The parishes matched the Church of England. There were also several counties that had judicial and electoral functions. As people settled the backcountry, judicial districts and additional counties were formed. This structure continued and grew after the Revolutionary War. In 1800, all counties were renamed as districts. In 1868, the districts were changed back to counties. The South Carolina Department of Archives and History has maps that show the boundaries of counties, districts, and parishes starting in 1682.

Alphabetical list

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Former parishes, counties and districts

Parishes
 St. Luke's Parish formed by the Colonial Assembly on 23 May 1767, located on Hilton Head Island and the adjacent mainland.

Counties
 Craven County formed in 1682 by the Lords Proprietors
 Granville County formed in 1686 by the Lords Proprietors
 Orange County (1785-1791)
 Lewisburg County (1785-1791)
 Winton County is present-day Barnwell County
 Liberty County is present-day Marion County
 Winyah County is the former name of Georgetown County
 Claremont County
 Salem County

Districts
 Cheraw District formed in 1769
 Camden District formed in 1769
 Ninety-Six District formed in 1769
 Pinckney District (1791-1798)
 Washington District (1785-1798)
 Pendleton District formed in 1789 from Cherokee lands

References

South Carolina
is in Kyoto.  The bridge connects two sides of the Kamo River in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.  The bridge is part of Sanjō-dōri (三条大通り Third Avenue).

History
In the Edo period, the Sanjō Ōhashi Bridge Bridge was the end of Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

The current concrete bridge is made of concrete.  It was built in 1950.

Related pages
 List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō
The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

Bridges in Japan
Concrete bridges
A gay icon is a prominent person (either living or dead) who is liked by the gay community. Gay icons are often glamourous and even flamboyant. They show strength through adversity. They often show a blend of masculine and feminine traits. Sometimes they show no gender traits at all. Gay icons can be male or female. They can be gay, straight, bisexual, or asexual. If they are gay, they can be openly gay or not. Sometimes living gay icons support LGBT causes, sometimes they do not. Some gay icons from history are tragic figures like Saint Sebastian, Oscar Wilde, or Judy Garland. Some more modern gay icons are entertainers like Ellen DeGeneres, Beyoncé, Lady Gaga,Cher, Barbra Streisand, Liza Minnelli, and Freddie Mercury.

Related pages
 Judy Garland as gay icon

Other websites 
 GLBT Historical Society
 Gay men and women should just be themselves
 Christina up close
 Sophie Morris. From the tragic to the bland // New Statesman, August 1, 2005 
 "Pink doesn't mean fluffy" John Howard. The Independent, (UK), August 4, 2005

Popular culture
LGBT
The Afternoon of a Faun () is a modern  ballet. It was choreographed by Nijinsky to a short symphonic work by Claude Debussy called Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune. Both the music and the ballet were inspired by the poem L'après-midi d'un faune by Stéphane Mallarmé. It was Nijinsky's first choreographed work. The ballet was first performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 29 May 1912. The costumes and sets were designed by Léon Bakst. Nijinsky danced the role of the faun. 

Grace Robert writes in The Borzoi Book of Ballet that Bakst was responsible for the choreography. Nijinsky simply carried out his directions. However, Nijinsky's sister alleged that Bakst and Diaghilev were not involved with the choreography and were admitted to rehearsals only in the last stages. The truth will never be known; those involved are dead. The choreography however caused a scandal, especially the ending. Here, the Faun appears to climax upon a Nymph's scarf. Gaston Calmette, the editor of Le Figaro, attacked the choreography on moral grounds. Sculptor Auguste Rodin defended it. The furor assured the public's interest in the ballet, then and now. 

The first American performance occurred in New York City on January 17, 1916. The Catholic Theatre Movement decided the ending should be modified. The ending was duly altered. Diaghilev told the head of the Metropolitan Opera House, "America is saved." Thereafter, the ballet saw a variety of manifestations until 1936 when a close facsimile of the original was presented at the Metropolitan by Colonel W. de Basil's Ballets Russes. Grace Robert believes the original ballet was produced as an aesthetic antidote to Isadore Duncan's copycats and their Greek dances.

Story 
Lincoln Kirstein describes the story: "A faun lolls on a hillock ... Seven nymphs in chain step shuffle past him ... Curious, the Faun descends to watch. Curious, then alarmed, they flee, to return shyly. The Faun tries to play with them, but they are frightened by this half-boy, half-beast. The least shy ... returns; they link arms. Contact frightens her; she escapes, dropping her scarf ... she is eager to stay, but the creature seems too theatening. Leaping onto his rock, he carries her scarf ... Arching his body, he thrusts his length into it."

References 

 Robert, Grace. 2005. The Borzoi Book of Ballet. Kessinger Publishing.  
 Kirstein, Lincoln. 1984. Four Centuries of Ballet: Fifty Masterworks. Dover.

Other websites 
 , , ,  : Nijinsky as the faun, photographs by Adolf de Meyer.

Ballets Russes productions
Ballets starring Nijinsky
Ballets choreographed by Nijinsky
is in Iwakuni.  The bridge crosses the Nishiki River in Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan.

History
The Kintai Bridge was built in 1673.  It has five wooden arches at the base of Mount Yokoyama.

The bridge was eclared a National Treasure in 1922.

Kikkou Park, which includes the bridge and Iwakuni Castle, is a popular tourist destinations.

In 2009, the Kintai Bridge was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

References

Other websites

 Iwami-kanko.jp, Kintai Bridge 
 Kintaikyo.jp, Kintai-kyō 
 Iwami-kanko.com, Kintai Bridge 

Bridges in Japan
Wooden bridges
Japanese culture
According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, civil religion is the foundation that keeps modern society together. It provides the state with sacred authority. In his book The Social Contract Rousseau states the dogmas of civil religion:
Deity
life to come
the reward of virtue and the punishment of vice
 the exclusion of religious intolerance.

References

Religion
Politics
There are 21 counties in the U.S. state of New Jersey. These counties together have 566 municipalities, or administrative entities composed of clearly defined territory; 250 boroughs, 52 cities, 15 towns, 245 townships, and 4 villages. In New Jersey, a county is a local level of government between the state and municipalities. County government in New Jersey includes a Board of Chosen Freeholders, sheriff, clerk, and surrogate (responsible for uncontested and routine probate),. All of these jobs are elected officials.  Counties are responsible for the maintenance of jails, parks, and certain roads. The site of a county's administration and courts is called the county seat.

FIPS code
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. FIPS codes are five digit numbers. For New Jersey the codes start with 34 and are completed with the three digit county code. The FIPS code for each county in the table links to census data for that county.

Counties

References

New Jersey
There are sixteen counties and one independent city in the U.S. state of Nevada. On November 25, 1861, the first Nevada Territorial Legislature formed nine counties. When Nevada joined the United States on October 31, 1864 it had eleven counties.

Alphabetical list

Former counties
 Bullfrog County, Nevada, formed in 1987 from part of Nye county. Creation declared unconstitutional and it was ended in 1989.
 Lake County, Nevada, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861. Renamed Roop county in 1862. Part became Lassen County, California in 1864. The rest was added in 1883 to Washoe county.
 Ormsby County, Nevada, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861. In 1969 added to Carson City, Nevada.  It formed an independent city.

References

Nevada
Ragheb Harb (1952-1984) was one of the Shia resistance leaders in Lebanon against Israel's occupation in Southern Lebanon. He was assassinated by Israelis on 16 February 1984.

He was one of the founders of Hezbollah.

References

1952 births
1984 deaths
Assassinated people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanese terrorists
Muslim terrorists
There are 10 counties in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. Five of the counties were formed in 1769.  This was when New Hampshire was still an English colony and not a state. 

The FIPS county code is the five-digit Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code which uniquely identifies counties and county equivalents in the United States.  The three-digit number is unique to each individual county within a state. The code for New Hampshire is 33. The links in the column "FIPS County Code" are to the Census Bureau Info page for that county.

List

References

New Hampshire
It has a rich history, and is known as The Plantation State, The Ocean State, or Little Rhody.
This is a list of the five counties in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Rhode Island is tied with Hawaii for having the second lowest number of counties of any U.S. state. Delaware has fewer, with three counties. Although Rhode Island is divided into counties, it does not have any local government at the county level. Instead, local governance is provided by the eight cities and thirty-one towns. 

Within Rhode Island, Washington County is often referred to as South County.

The colony of Rhode Island was formed in the 17th century.  It was the first of the thirteen original American colonies to declare independence from British rule in 1776.  The counties were all established before the Declaration of Independence.

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. Rhode Island's code is 44. When combined with any county code is written as 44XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

Alphabetical list

References

Rhode Island
"Chillin'" is the debut single from Wale. It features guest vocals from Lady Gaga. It reached No.12 in the UK Singles Chart.

2009 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Federal University of Bahia (Universidade Federal da Bahia, short UFBA) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Bahia. Established in 1946, it is the largest university in Bahia as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Bahia
1946 establishments
1940s establishments in Brazil