cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The 2022 FIFA World Cup will be the 22nd FIFA World Cup. It will be hosted in Qatar from 21 November to 18 December 2022. It will be the first World Cup to be held in the Arab world, and the second to be held completely in Asia. The previous champions are France.

There have been suspicions on whether Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. An investigation that was done by FIFA reported that Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. This investigation was criticized by Michael J. Garcia.

Bidding

Qualification 

FIFA's six continental confederations have their own qualifying tournaments. All 211 associations are able to enter qualification. Qatar, qualified automatically because they are the hosts. Qatar still plays in the first two rounds of AFC qualification because it is also qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. The previous World Cup champions France will participate in qualification as normal. North Korea withdrew from qualification due to safety concerns of the COVID-19 pandemic and all the matches they played were cancelled. Saint Lucia, American Samoa and Samoa also withdrew from the qualifiers.

The amount of available World Cup slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich. The committee decided that the slots would be the same as 2018.
 CAF (Africa): 5
 AFC (Asia): 4 or 5 (not including Qatar, the hosts)
 UEFA (Europe): 13
 CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3 or 4
 OFC (Oceania): 0 or 1
 CONMEBOL (South America): 4 or 5
 Hosts: 1

Qualified teams

Venues 

Al Khor
Al Bayt Stadium
Al Rayyan
Ahmed bin Ali Stadium
Education City Stadium
Khalifa International Stadium
Al Wakrah
Al Janoub Stadium
Doha
Al Thumama Stadium
Stadium 974
Lusail
Lusail Iconic Stadium

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Bracket

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third-place match

Final

Sponsorship

Broadcasters

Notes

References 

2022 FIFA World Cup
Football in Qatar
Ramenskoye is a city in Moscow Oblast, and was home to the football club Saturn Moscow Oblast. About 82,074 people lived there as of 2002.

Cities in Russia
Natassia Gail Zolot (born September 24, 1989 in San Francisco, California), known by her stage name, Kreayshawn, is an American rapper, editor and music video director. She has directed videos for rapper Lil B and is also a member of the group White Girl Mob. She is known for the song "Gucci Gucci" which gained three million YouTube views in just three weeks. She is currently signed to Columbia Records. She is set to direct the music video for "The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie" which is the first song by Red Hot Chili Peppers on their album, I'm with You. She is nominated for "Best New Artist" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.

Discography

Albums 
Kreayshawn has released 2 albums:

References

Other websites
 Kreayshawn's Tumblr

1989 births
Living people
Rap musicians from California
Musicians from San Francisco
Rostislav Olesz (born October 10, 1985 in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey left winger and center. He currently plays for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA).

He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 7th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Florida Panthers for 6 seasons. He was traded by the Florida Panthers to the Chicago Blackhawks for defenceman Brian Campbell on June 24, 2011.

He played 6 games with the Blackhawks and played a season with their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. On July 5, 2013, Olesz signed a 1-year deal with the New Jersey Devils. On November 21, 2013, he signed a contract with SC Bern of the NLA.

References

Other websites 
 

American Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
1985 births
Jamal Mayers (born October 24, 1974 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a total of 15 seasons in the NHL. He currently works as an analyst for the NHL Network.

He was drafted with the 89th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Blues during 1998-99 NHL season. He went on to play 10 seasons with the St. Louis Blues before he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 3rd round pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He played 2 seasons with the Maple Leafs before being traded to the Calgary Flames along with Matt Stajan, Niklas Hagman and Ian White in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and prospect Keith Aulie. At the end of the 2009-10 he signed a one-year contract with the San Jose Sharks.

He was not resigned by the Sharks for the 2011–2012 season and he signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on July 1, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from the National Hockey League.

References

Other websites 
 

American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
1974 births
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
The 27 club is the name given to a group of musicians who died at age 27.  The members or number of members of this group is not fixed.

Musicians often included in the 27 Club

References

Musicians
From First to Last (formerly named First Too Last) is an American post-hardcore band from Los Angeles, originally from Georgia and Florida.

History 
The band formed in 1999 under the name First too Last. In 2004, 15-year-old Sonny Moore joined the band. The first album, Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Bodycount, was released on June 29, 2004. Heroine, the band's second album, was recorded in 2005 with Limp Bizkit guitarist Was Borland on the bass. Heroine was released on March 21, 2006. Moore left the band in early 2007 and guitarist Matt Good took over the lead vocals. In 2008, the band released their third album, named From First to Last, with Interscope Records.

Guitarist–screamer Travis Richter left the band in 2009, becoming lead vocalist in the metalcore band The Human Abstract in 2010. In March 16, 2010, the band released their fourth album, Throne to the Wolves, with guitarist Blake Steiner and label Rise.

The band was disbanded on July 29, 2010, but was brought back together in November 2013, with Sonny Moore returning

Discography 
 Albums/EPs
 Aesthetic (EP, 2003) - Four Leaf Records
 Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Body Count (2004) - Epitaph Records
 Heroine (2006) - Epitaph Records
 From First to Last (2008) - Interscope Records
 Throne to the Wolves (2010) - Rise Records

Videography 
 Such a Tragedy (2003)
 Ride the Wings of Pestilence (2004)
 Note to Self (2005)
 The Latest Plague (2006)
 Shame Shame (2006)
 Worlds Away (2008)

Members 
 Current members
 Matt Good - Lead vocals/screams (since 2007), lead guitar, keyboards (since 1999)
 Blake Steiner - Rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2009)
 Matt Manning - Screamed vocals, bass (since 2007)
 Derek Bloom - Drums (since 2002)

 Former members
 Sonny Moore - Lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (2004-2007)
 Phillip Reardon - Lead vocals/screams, keyboards (2002-2003)
 Travis Richter - Screamed vocals, rhythm guitar (since 2002), lead vocals (2002)
 Scott Oord - Bass, backing vocals (1999-2002)
 Joey Antillion - Bass (2002-2003)
 Jon Weisberg - Screamed vocals, bass (2004-2005)
 Parker Nelms - Drums (1999-2000)
 Steve Pullman - Drums, keyboard (2000-2002)
 Greg Taylor - Drums (2002)
 Chris Lent - Synthesizers, percussion (2008)

 Touring members
 Rick Patterson – Rhythm guitar (2003–2004)
 Alicia Simmons - Bass (2005)
 Wes Borland – Bass (2005–2006)
 Matt Fleischman – Bass (2006-2007)

Websites 
  FFTL Official Websites
  MySpace Site
  PureVolume Site
  Facebook Site

American punk bands
Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Musical groups from Florida
Falling in Reverse is a post-hardcore band formed in 2008 at Las Vegas, Nevada by Ronnie Radke, the former lead singer of Escape the Fate.

History
The band formed in December 2008, by Ronnie Radke with the aid of Nason Schoeffler , under the name From Behind These Walls. This name was changed in August of 2009 due to copyright problems. In 2009, Radke released the demos Listen Up, The Worst Time, and The Departure, which in fact were not recorded by the band, but rather Radke himself alone in 2002.

In December 12, 2010, Ronnie Radke was released from prison. Several months after his release, Radke and the rest of the band began to record their album. The album was quickly finished by February of 2011. 

Falling In Reverse released two singles to promote their album. The first single, Raised by Wolves, was released July 7, 2011. The Drug in Me Is You was released shortly after on July 27. The full-length album was released July 26, 2011, named The Drug in Me Is You, with Epitaph Records.

The band participated in the 'Warped Tour 2011', from August 10 to August 14.

Discography 
 Albums
 The Drug in Me Is You (2011)
 Fashionably Late (2013)

 Singles
 Raised by Wolves (Juny 7, 2011)
 The Drug in Me Is You (July 27, 2011)

Members 
 Current members
 Ronnie Radke - lead/screamed vocals, acoustic guitar (2008-present) 
 Jacky Vincent - lead guitar (2008-present)
 Derek Jones - rhythm guitar, screamed/backing vocals (2010-present) 
 Ryan Seaman - drums, screamed/backing vocals (2011-present) 
 Ron Ficarro - bass, backing vocals (2012-present) (Former I Am Ghost bassist)

 Former members
 Mika Horiuchi - bass, backing vocals (2011-2012) 
 Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals (2008-2011) 
 Scott Gee - drums (2010-2011)
 Nick Rich - drums, backing vocals (2008-2009)

Other websites 

  Official Website
   MySpace Site
   Facebook Site

References 

American punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
Musical groups from Nevada
2008 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Park City is a city in Utah in the United States.  It was settled by Mormons in the 1840s and 1850s.  There was a lot of mining there in the 1860s.  Today, it is a ski resort.  It has a population of 7,731 and is at an elevation of 7,000 feet.  It is where the Sundance Film Festival takes place.  Some of the events of the 2002 Winter Olympics were held in or near Park City.

 
Ski areas and resorts
19th-century establishments in Utah
Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau (1 December 1873 – 8 March 1919) was a French painter from Angers. He was born in Angers in 1873, and died there in 1919. He is associated with the Fauvist movement.

1873 births
1919 deaths
French painters
Alesana (pronounced Alice-Anna) is a emo band formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, in the year 2004.

History 
In June 2005, the band released the first EP, Try This with Your Eyes Closed, with Tragic Hero Records. On June 6, 2006, Alesana released the first album, On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax, this album was reissued on Fearless Records in 2008, next to the first EP. In 2007, the band released the video to the song Ambrosia.

On June 3, 2008, with Fearless, the band released the album Where Myth Fades to Legend. The third studio album, The Emptiness, was released January 26, 2010. The fourth album, A Place Where The Sun Is Silent will released October 19, 2011, with Epitaph Records.

Members 
Current members
 Dennis Lee - screamed vocals (since 2004)
 Shawn Milke - lead vocals/screams, rhythm guitar, piano/keyboards (since 2004)
 Patrick Thompson - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
 Alex Torres - lead guitar (since 2010)
 Shane Crump – bass, screamed vocals (2007–2008; since 2008)
 Jeremy Bryan - drums, backing vocals (since 2005)

Former members
 Adam Ferguson – rhythm guitar, screamed vocals (2005-2008; 2010)
 Jake Campbell – lead guitar (2008–2010), bass (2008)
 Steven Tomany – bass (2004–2007)
 Will Anderson – drums (2005)
 Daniel Magnuson – drums (2004–2005)

Discography 
 Albums/EPs
 Try This with Your Eyes Closed (EP, 2005)
 On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax (2006)
 Where Myth Fades to Legend (2008)
 The Emptiness (2010)
 A Place Where The Sun Is Silent (2011)

Videography 
 Ambrosia (2007) - directed by Jeremy Jackson
 Seduction (2008) - directed by Scott Hansen
 The Thespian (2010) - directed by Stephen Penta

Other websites 
 Official Website

American punk bands
Emo bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from North Carolina
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in North Carolina
The 1999 UEFA Cup Final was a football game that took place in Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, on 12 May 1999 between Parma A.C. (Italy) and Olympique de Marseille (France). Parma A.C. won 3-0. So Parma A.C. won their second UEFA Cup title and fourth European trophy, having previously won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup.

Semi-finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 

Parma A.C. defeated Atlético Madrid in the semi-finals with a 5-2 win. Olympique de Marseille defeated Bologna in the semi-finals with a 1-1 draw, but Marseille won with the penalty shootout.

Finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 

Parma A.C. defeated Olympique de Marseille with a 3-0 win, with goals by Crespo, Vanoli, and Chiesa, most of the goals in the first half.

1999 in association football

20th century in Moscow
Football in Russia
UEFA
1990s in Russia
Video High Density (VHD) was a videodisc format which was marketed predominantly in Japan by JVC. There was also an audio-only variant, Audio High Density (AHD).

Technology

VHD discs are 25 cm (9 5/6 inches) in diameter, and store up to 60 minutes of video per side. Each disc is stored in a plastic case, similar to a CED's case, so that the user could not touch the disc itself. The entire case was put into the player, which would take out the disc, and then the now empty case could be taken back out. After one side has finished playing, the disc would have to be taken out, flipped, and put back in to continue playing.

Similar to the RCA's CED, the signal on the VHD is recorded by varying capacitance on the disc. However, unlike the CED, the VHD does not contain any groves and the needle is made of diamond instead of titanium. Instead of having grooves, the needle is kept on track electronically so the needle does not have to actually touch the disc therefore resulting in less wear on the disc and on the needle. In one rotation of the disc, 2 frames of picture and audio were read.

VHD was designed to be very interactive and was used in some video game systems as well as in car engine diagnostic tools.

History

The VHD was first demonstrated in 1978, and after many advertisements in National Geographic magazines, It was eventually released in Japan and in the USA in 1983. However, by this time both Laserdisc and CED were already not selling well compared to the VHS and Betamax VCR systems. As a result of this, JVC did not let the VHD be sold in North America, but made it available to the general public in Japan and commercially in the UK and the US.

During the time the VHD was made, it was mostly used for karaoke systems, anime video games, and interactive training systems. In the UK, the VHD was used for training, demonstration, and fault diagnostics.

In Japan, a 3D version of the VHD utilizes double speed discs and special glasses.

VHDs Today
The VHD was not very successful as a consumer product, but it sold well for commercial purposes. In Japan, the CED is still somewhat popular and the discs and players are both still collected.

Other websites
Video of a VHD player with its cover off

Video Discs
Rügen (lat. Rugia) is the biggest island in Germany. There are several cities on the island. These include : Putbus, Garz, Binz, Bergen auf Rügen, Sassnizt, Glowe, Trent, Schaprode and Göhren. The island has a 77,000 population (according to the 2006 census). The island is about 926 square kilometers (or 357 square miles). The island is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Rügen is also one of the most famous places to go in Germany for vacation.

Geography 
Rügen is in the northeast part of Germany in the Baltic Sea. The main landmass, Muttland, is surrounded my many peninsulas. There are also two national parks located on the island : Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and Jasmund National Park.

Biosphere reserves
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Islands of Germany
Xiaotingia is an extinct genus of Archaeopteryx-like theropod dinosaur from early Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China.

The Chinese team claims the fossils dated to 155 million years ago (mya), whereas the Solnhofen limestone where Archaeopteyx was found is 144 mya in age. The  new fossil Xiaotingia cannot be dated so accurately, as they were originally been purchased from a dealer. Prof Xu first saw the specimen at the Shandong Tianyu Museum. The other question to be asked of all early dinobirds is: could they fly? 

A cladistic analysis by Xu and his team showed that Xiaotingia formed a clade with Archaeopteryx, the Dromaeosauridae and the Troodontidae. This clade excludes other birds. They therefore (re)defined the concepts of Deinonychosauria and Avialae so Archaeopteryx and Xiaotingia belonged to the Deinonychosauria and Archaeopteryx no longer was an avian (bird). This led to popular reports that "Archaeopteryx is no longer a bird". 

However, the team explicitly allowed for a traditional Aves with Archaeopteryx as a specifier. Such a clade would in their opinion include the Deinonychosauria.

References 

Jurassic dinosaurs
Coelurosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
A double bond in chemistry is when two chemical elements are joined together in a chemical bond and share four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond is between two carbon atoms, and can be found in alkenes. There are many types of double bonds, such as in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is shown as two parallel lines (=) between the two joined atoms. When this formula is printed, the equals sign is used.

Double bonds are stronger than single bonds and double bonds are also shorter. The bond order is two. Double bonds are also electron-rich, which makes them more reactive.

The two pairs of electrons involved in the bond do not behave in exactly the same way. One pair of electrons forms a stronger sigma bond, noted by σ and drawn as a straight line between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. While the other pair form a pi bond, π, drawn as two cloud-like areas where the electrons exist, as orbitals.

References
The Fiat Ducato is a series of vans and minibuses made by Fiat. There have been three generations since 1981. It is built in cooperation with Citroën and Peugeot.

First generation (1981–1993) 
The first generation Fiat Ducato came out in July 1981.

In 1986, Alfa Romeo, Peugeot, Citroën, Fiat, Talbot and Zastava all made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Alfa Romeo AR6, Peugeot J5, Citroën C25, Fiat Talento, Talbot Express and Zastava Ducato.

Between 1985 and 1990, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille and different headlamps.

Second generation (1993–2006) 
The second generation Fiat Ducato came out in 1993,

In 1993, Citroen and Peugeot made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay and the Peugeot Boxer.

In February 2002, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.

Third generation (2006–present) 
The third generation Fiat Ducato came out in 2006.

In 2006, Citroen, Peugeot and Ram Trucks made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay, Peugeot Boxer and Ram ProMaster

In 2014, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.

Other websites

Front wheel drive vehicles
Vans
Buses
Muppet Babies is an American children's animated series produced by The Jim Henson Company and Nick Jr. Productions, Kermit The Frog Productions and Marvel Productions which ran on Nickelodeon from 1984-1991, winning the Outstanding Animated Series Emmy for four consecutive years. The concept of presenting familiar Muppet characters as babies was introduced in a sequence of The Muppets Take Manhattan. The movie featured puppet versions of Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Gonzo, Fozzie Bear, Scooter, and Rowlf as babies (the puppet versions later returned one more time, for a home movie sequence in A Muppet Family Christmas).

Voice cast
 Greg Berg: Baby Fozzie, Baby Scooter
 Dave Coulier (1986–1991): Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, and Camilla (occasionally)
 Katie Leigh: Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell
 Howie Mandel (1984–1985): Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen
 Laurie O'Brien: Baby Piggy
 Russi Taylor: Gonzo the Great, Robin and Camilla (occasionally) and Aunt Fanny
 Frank Welker: Baby Kermit, Baby Skeeter (1986–1990), Baby Beaker, Camilla and The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard
 Barbara Billingsley: Nanny

1984 American television series debuts
1991 television series endings
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
American children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
Emmy Award winning programs
Television spin-offs
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
A cyclohexene is a six-sided (hexagonal) shaped hydrocarbon ring made when carbon atoms join with hydrogen atoms. It is flammable, toxic, and colourless liquid which does not dissolve in water. It will, however, dissolve in alcohol.

References

Organic chemistry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a process that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. 
You can use it to find out the mass of particles, and to find the basic chemicals in a sample or molecule. It can also tell you the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.

There are 5 main steps a mass spectrometer takes:
 Vaporization: The substance has to be injected into the ionizing tube, where it is turned into a gas if it is not already one. This is done by heating up the substance so much that it vaporizes, which allows the substance to move along the mass spectrometer.
 Ionization: The sample is then hit with electrons by an electron-gun, changing the sample so it only has positively-charged ions. This is so the samples are attracted to the magnetic fields, allowing the mass spectrometer to work.
 Acceleration: The positively-charged ions are then accelerated through an electric field of negatively charged plates which the ions are attracted to, to allow them to be tested in the next stages.
 Separation: As the ions are moved along a magnetic field, the atoms with a higher mass-to-charge ratio will not be affected as much by the magnetic field, while those with a lower mass-to-charge ratio will be affected more. Most atoms only have a single charge, so with those, the angle of the heavier atoms won't change much, while the angle of the lighter atoms will change a lot. This is because they have more mass compared to their single charge.
 Detection: There is a detector at the end of the mass spectrometer. When an ion hits the detector, a single electric current is produced at that location, which is then multiplied many times so a computer can notice it. The current produced is always proportional to the amount of ions of that specific type hitting the location. Molecules and atoms of the same type will always hit a specific location of their own.
Using the information which the method can collect, you can find the mass-to-charge ratio of the particles, and the relative abundance (how many atoms of each type were in the sample you put in).

The first mass spectroscope was invented by the British physicist J. J. Thomson in 1912. His student Francis Aston developed the mass spectroscope for practical use. They are now widely used for agriculture, brewing, food processing, geology, petroleum exploration, medical drugs measurements and space exploration. They are often used with a chromatography system which helps prepare the sample for mass spectrometry.

References

Other websites 
 Mass Spectrometry by Paul Andersen on Youtube
 Mass Spectrometry MS by the Royal Society of Chemistry on Youtube
Ashleigh Ball (born March 31, 1983 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian voice actress and singer who is best known for voicing "Applejack" and "Rainbow Dash" in the television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and the character "Allura" in the television show Voltron Force. Ball is also the lead singer of the Vancouver-based indie pop/acoustic band Hey Ocean!.

She was the subject in the documentary Brony: the Movie, which followed her through her first interactions with the Brony community at BronyCon 2012.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Ashleigh Ball at Behind The Voice Actors

1984 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian singers
Canadian voice actors
Musicians from Vancouver
Ivan Kral (born Ivan Král; May 12, 1948 in Prague, Czechoslovakia – February 2, 2020) was a Czech-American guitarist, bass guitarist and songwriter. He has worked with Patti Smith and Iggy Pop. His songs were recorded by lots of bands and singers, including U2 and David Bowie.

References

Other websites
 official website 

1948 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Czech writers
American singer-songwriters
American jazz musicians
American pop musicians
American punk musicians
American rock guitarists
American jazz singers
American pop singers
American punk singers
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Prague
Dust devils are twirling masses of air that form in the desert and send sand spinning. The height of a dust devil can range from a few meters tall to more than  tall. They are usually harmless, but occasionally they can cause some damage to both people and property.

Formation 
A dust devil forms when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low-pressure air above it. If conditions are just right, then the air may begin to rotate. As the air rapidly rises, the hot air is stretched vertically and because of angular momentum, the spinning gets much more intense. Because the hot air cools when it rises, it eventually goes down to the base and expands horizontally, while more hot air shoots up the column to replace the lost air. The air that is displaced falls to the ground around the dust devil, creating a balancing force. Thus, a dust devil is formed.

Certain conditions help the formation of dust devils: 

1. Flat barren, desert terrain: Flat terrain and hot conditions help the hot air "fuel" being always available. The dust and sand helps the dust devil be seen.

2. Clear skies or lightly cloudy conditions: The surface needs a lot of solar energy to heat the air.

3. Light or no wind, and cool temperature in the atmosphere: Without a cool atmosphere and hot surface, the dust devil with never form. Wind will not keep the dust devil stable.

A dust devil "dies" when it eventually sucks in cool air from the surface. Cool air destroys the dust devil because it quickly discourages the rising of air through the column. This usually happens when the dust devil becomes weak, or moves across a new terrain were the surface temperatures are cooler.

Similarly, when hot air rises rapidly in water bodies and if conditions are just right they are known as water sprout.

Martian dust devils 

Dust devils occur on the planet of Mars as well. They can be ten times higher than ones on Earth, and fifty times as wide. They can pose a threat to technology placed on Mars.

However, not all dust devils are damaging. Mission members keeping an eye on the Mars Spirit rover reported that on March 12, 2005, a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the solar panels of that robot. Power levels dramatically increased, and much more scientific work was able to be done.

Related pages
 Steam Devil
 Storm
 Tornado
 Waterspout

References 

Weather
Tornadoes
The Samaritan Pentateuch or Samaritan Torah is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127 BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See .)

Special importance is attached to the Abisha Scroll, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun. But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.

References

Theology
Judaism
John Jacob Astor (July 17, 1763 – March 29, 1848), born Johann Jakob Astor, was a German-American businessman.  He was born in Germany and moved to London and then to New York City in 1784.  He started a business trading furs.  By 1800, he had made half a million dollars trading furs.  His company was called The Pacific Fur Trading Company. In the early 1800s, his company was trading furs in Oregon.  His fur traders found the pass through which the Oregon Trail passes.  He made even more money in New York real estate.  When he died in 1848, he was worth over $50 million.  Today, his fortune would be over $150 billion.  The city of Astoria, Oregon was named for him.  So was the neighborhood Astoria, Queens and Astor Place in Manhattan.

References

Businesspeople from New York
People from New York City
1763 births
1848 deaths
In chemistry, a pi bond (π bond) is a covalent chemical bonds where the orbital path of one electron crosses (overlaps) with the path of another. The electrons have a lobe shaped figure of eight path (see picture). There are two areas of overlap as the paths overlap on both lobes. Only one of the orbital's nodal planes passes through both of the involved nuclei. 

The Greek letter π in their name refers to p orbitals. The orbital symmetry of the pi bond looks the same as the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals usually have this sort of bonding. D orbitals are also assumed to use pi bonding but this is not necessarily what happens in reality. The idea of bonding d orbitals fits in with the theory of hypervalence.

Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds. Quantum mechanics says this is because the orbital paths are parallel so there is much less overlap between the p-orbitals. 

Pi bonds happen when two atomic orbitals are in contact through two areas of overlap.  Pi-bonds are more spread out bonds than the sigma bonds. Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes called pi electrons. Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond. The rotation destroys the parallel paths of the two p orbitals.

Multiple bonds 
Atoms that are joined by a double bond have one sigma bond and one pi bond. If they are joined by a triple bond they have  one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond, but the combination of pi and sigma bond is stronger than either bond by itself. The extra strength of a multiple bond versus a single (sigma bond) is shown in many ways. The most obvious is a contraction in bond lengths. For example in organic chemistry, carbon-carbon bond lengths are in ethane (154 pm), in ethylene (134 pm) and in acetylene (120 pm). More bonds make the total bond shorter and stronger.
Electronic configuration is based on S,P,D,and f -Block.
S has 2 electrons
P has 6 electrons
D has 10 electrons
F has 14 electrons

Special cases
Pi bonds do not necessarily join a pair of atoms that are also sigma-bonded.

In certain metal complexes, pi interactions between a metal atom and alkyne and alkene pi antibonding orbitals form pi-bonds.

In some cases of multiple bonds between two atoms, there is no sigma bond at all, only pi bonds. Examples include diiron hexacarbonyl (Fe2(CO)6), dicarbon (C2) and the borane B2H2. In these compounds the central bond has only pi bonding. In order to get the most orbital overlap the bond distances are much shorter than expected.

References 

Chemical bonding
Chesil Beach, sometimes called Chesil Bank, in Dorset, southern England is one of three major shingle structures in Britain. Its name is derived from the Old English ceosel or cisel, meaning "gravel" or "shingle". 

It is a kind of offshore barrier which has joined the mainland with Portland Bill. The lagoon between the chesil and the mainland is called The Fleet or The Fleet Lagoon.

The shingle beach is 18 miles long (29km), 220 yards wide  (200m) and 50 feet high (15m). The beach and the Fleet are part of the Jurassic Coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the location for a book, On Chesil Beach by Ian McEwan.

At the eastern end of the beach at the village of Chiswell, against the cliffs of the Isle of Portland, the beach curves round sharply to form Chesil Cove. This part of the beach protects the low-lying village from flooding. Westwards the shingle forms a straight line along the coast, enclosing the Fleet, a shallow tidal lagoon. The lagoon is 9½ feet (3m) at its deepest.p99

The beach provides shelter from the prevailing winds (from the west) and waves for the town of Weymouth and the village of Chiswell, which would otherwise probably not exist

Varying with the Bank's unbroken increase in height, to , above mean high water, the size of the flint and chert shingle varies from pea-sized at the north-west end (by West Bay) to orange-sized at the south-east end (by Portland). It is said that smugglers who landed on the beach in the middle of the night could judge "exactly where they were" by the size of the shingle.

References 

Beaches of Europe
Dorset
Geography of England
Happy Valley Shanghai () is an amusement park in Songjiang, Shanghai,  People's Republic of China. The park is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) from downtown Shanghai. It covers an area of 863,500 square meters (213 acres). Happy Valley contains seven big areas, each with different themed zones, including Sunshine Beach, Happy Times, Typhoon Bay, Gold Mine Town, Ant Kingdom, Shanghai Beach and Shangri-la Woods. There are more than 100 rides in the park.

The park was opened on August 16, 2009. In the beginning of the park's operation, many people didn't like it because of long waiting times and being dangerous. Most of the rides were broken, the lines were too long, and many people were hurt not only from riding the rides, but from walking around the park. Three people were hurt when a big sign board fell on top of them.

The park currently has six roller coasters. Five of them were opened when the park began its operation while the mine train coaster opened in October 2009.

Rides

Roller coasters
Diving Coaster (绝顶雄风)
LeLe'e Chariot (蚁兵战车)
Mega-Lite (蓝月飞车)
Mine Train Coaster (矿山历险)
Spinning Coaster (疯狂精灵)	
Wooden Coaster - Fireball (谷木游龙)

References 

Theme parks in Asia
Shanghai
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in China
Luís Carlos Almeida da Cunha "Nani" (born 17 November 1986) is a Portuguese footballer currently playing for Manchester United and the Portugal national team.

1986 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
A radiator is a device used to move heat from one location to another location. Some radiators are used to cool things, such as a car engine. Some radiators are used to heat 
things, such as a house.

Cooling 

Most cars use a radiator to cool the engine. To produce power, engines must burn a fuel. This creates a lot of heat. If the heat is not removed, the engine will overheat and stop running. The radiator is connected to the engine with hoses.

A liquid flows into the engine. Heat is moved from the engine to the liquid. The heat moves because of Newton's Law of Cooling. This law says that heat will move from something hot to something cooler.

The liquid then moved into the radiator. The radiator has many small tubes for the liquid to flow through. Air moves around to the tubes to cool them. This cools the liquid. The liquid then return to the engine. This is a closed loop.

Indoor heating 

Many houses are located in areas that get cold. Heat needs to be added to the house so the people are comfortable. A radiator is placed in a room to add heat to the room. The heat is created by a furnace. A heating radiator works just like a cooling radiator. The heat from the furnace moves to the radiator. The room is cooler than the radiator. The heat moves from the radiator into the room to warm the room.

Auto parts
Home appliances
David de Gea Quintana (born 7 November 1990) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Manchester United and the Spain national team.

He started playing at the senior level for Atlético Madrid in 2009. He has been playing for United since 2011 and has won a Golden Glove in the 2018/19 season during his career with them. 

De Gea made his debut for the Spain national team in 2014 and played with them at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in which Spain were eliminated in the Round of 16 after losing to Russia on penalty-shootout.

Career statistics

Club

International

Awards

Club 

Atletico Madrid

UEFA Europa League: 2009-10
UEFA Super Cup: 2010 UEFA Super Cup

Manchester United

Premier League: 2012-13
FA Cup: 2015-16
EFL Cup: 2016-17
FA Community Shield: 2011, 2013, 2016
UEFA Europa League: 2016-17, runner-up (2nd place): 2020-21

International 

Spain U17
UEFA European U-17 Championship: 2007

Spain U21
UEFA European U-21 Championship: 2011, 2013

Individual  

UEFA European U-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2011, 2013
PFA Team of the Year: 2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18
Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2013-14, 2014-15, 2017-18
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015-16
FIFPro World XI: 2018
Premier League Golden Glove: 2017-18

Notes

References

1990 births
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Living people
Manchester United F.C. players
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Madrid
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Luna 1 (also known as the First Cosmic Ship, Cosmic Rocket and Mechta (, Literal translation: Dream)) was a space probe of the Soviet Union. It was the first mission in the Luna programme and it was the first spacecraft to reach the Moon. Luna 1 made some key scientific discoveries and it is one of the best achievements of the Soviet Union space programme.

Design

The spacecraft was sphere-shaped. Five antennae came out of one end. Instrument ports came out of the surface of the sphere. It also had various metallic emblems with the Soviet coat of arms.

Instruments

Luna 1 had radio equipment, a tracking transmitter and a telemetering system for communication with Earth. The spacecraft carried several scientific devices too. These included a magnetometer, a device for measuring magnetic fields, a scintillation counter, a device for detecting high energy particles and a geiger counter, a device for measuring radiation. Luna 1 also carried a micrometeorite detector and other equipment.

Mission

The space probe was launched on January 2, 1959 at Baikonur Cosmodrome by a SS-6 Sapwood rocket. The launch was successful and Luna 1 became the first man-made object ever to reach the escape velocity of the Earth.

On January 3, 1959, the spacecraft released a cloud of sodium gas so that astronomers could track the probe and also to serve as an experiment on the behaviour of gas in space.

Luna 1 was intended to impact the Moon's surface. However, on January 4, 1959, it passed within 5995 km of the Moon and began to orbit the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Mars, where it is still orbiting now, on a 450 day orbit. Thus, Luna 1 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Sun.

References

Other websites

Moon
Soviet spacecraft
1959 in the Soviet Union
Margaret Hannah Olley  (24 June 1923 - 26 July 2011) was an Australian artist. She was born in Lismore, New South Wales, and died in Paddington, New South Wales. She was well known for generous gifts of paintings and money to public art galleries in Australia. These gifts included works by Cezanne and Picasso. She is also famous for being the model for portraits. Two paintings of her won the Archibald Prize; William Dobell's painting in 1948, and Ben Quilty's in 2011. She was described by Julia Gillard, the Prime Minister of Australia, as a great artist and a true Australian national treasure.

She grew up on sugarcane farms in Queensland, and her artistic talent was noticed at school. Her teachers convinced her parents she should study art at the Brisbane Technical College. She then moved to Sydney and studied art at the East Sydney Technical College. She held the first of her 90 exhibitions in 1948. Many of her paintings were of things around her home such as flowers and bowls of fruit. In 1996 she was given Australia's highest honour, the Companion of the Order of Australia.

References

1923 births
2011 deaths

Australian painters
Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Artists from New South Wales
Sir William Dobell (24 September 1899, Newcastle, New South Wales - 13 May 1970, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales) was a famous Australian artist, well known for his portrait painting. He won the 1943 Archibald Prize with a portrait of another artist, Joshua Smith. The painting became the centre of a court case when two other artists said it was not a portrait, but a caricature. They said this meant it should not have won the prize. Dobell won the legal case, but it caused him many health problems and led to a nervous breakdown. He kept away from people and went to live in his parent's holiday house, Wangi Wangi, on the shores of Lake Macquarie.

References

1899 births
1973 deaths

Australian painters
Artists from New South Wales
Proteales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by almost all taxonomists.

Proteales
Pithole or Pithole City is a ghost town in Cornplanter Township, Venango County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  It is about  from Oil Creek State Park and the Drake Well Museum.  The first oil well was in that area. The quick growing of Pithole and then fast decline made it one of the most famous of the oil boomtowns.

Oil was found at wells close to Pithole in January 1865.  A large number of people moved to the area.  Many of these people were land speculators.  The town was built in May. By December, the area became an official town with about 20,000 people living in it. Pithole had at least 54 hotels, 3 churches, the third biggest post office in Pennsylvania, a newspaper, a theater, a railroad, the world's first pipeline, and a red-light district "the likes of Dodge City's". By 1866, less oil was being made in Pithole. Oil was found in other towns near Pithole.  This made many people from Pithole leave to live in those places. By 1877, the town no longer existed.

The site was cleared of plants and was given to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1961. A visitors center with information about the history of Pithole, was built in the 1970s. Pithole was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

References

Sources

Other websites 

Official site of Pithole City and the Drake Well Museum
"Pit-Hole City" (1960), folk song about Pithole from a record at YouTube

Settlements in Pennsylvania
Ghost towns in the United States
Venango County, Pennsylvania
Kerberos (formerly known as S/2011 (134340) 1 and informally as P4) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. The satellite was discovered on 28 June 2011. It is the fourth moon of Pluto to be discovered. The others are Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and Styx, discovered in 2012.

Discovery
The moon was discovered by a Hubble Space Telescope observing team led by Mark Showalter, while they were trying to find out if Pluto had any rings. Kerberos was first seen in a photo taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3, on June 28, 2011. More photos were taken on July 3 and July 18, 2011, to confirm that it exists. The moon was officially verified and announced on July 20, 2011. Kerberos was not seen in earlier Hubble photos because the exposure times were shorter. The moon may have appeared as a very faint smudge in photos taken in 2006, but was ignored because it was not clear. Kerberos is possibly also visible in images taken in 2010.

Structure
Kerberos has an estimated diameter of 13–34 km (8–21 miles).
Kerberos and Pluto's other moons are thought to have been created by a cosmic collision between the dwarf planet and another celestial body early in the Solar System's history.

References

Pluto's moons
A boomtown is a place that has very quick population and economic growth. Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found. It can happen, for example in a gold rush. Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up. They become ghost towns.

The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons.  This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a popular attraction. 

Settlements
Alexander is a 2004 epic drama war movie about Alexander III of Macedon. It was directed by Oliver Stone.

The budget of this movie was about 155 million dollars. Its box office was about 167 million dollars.

Plot
The story is about Alexander III of Macedon and his battles against Great Persian Empire and his victories, in the beginning, movie shows early life of Alexander and what happened in his young ages and what his father King Philip II did. When Philip died Alexander was King of Macedon and decided to fight with Persian Empire and at last he conquered Persia. When he wanted conquer India in a battle he wounded and died.

Main characters

Other websites 
 Official website
 Alexander at the Internet Movie Database
 
 
 
 

2004 movies
2000s biographical movies
2004 drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s war movies
2000s American biographical movies
2000s American drama movies
American epic movies
American LGBT movies
American war movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
British war movies
German drama movies
Dutch drama movies
French drama movies
Italian drama movies
Thai movies
Moroccan movies
English-language movies
2000s historical movies
Movies directed by Oliver Stone
Period action movies
Movies set in Greece
Movies set in Egypt
Movies set in Asia
Movies set in Afghanistan
Movies set in Iran
Movies set in India
Karaj (Persian: کرج) is an Iranian city and main city of Alborz province. The city has about 1,370,000 inhabitants.

Karaj is 6th largest city of Iran.

Related pages
 List of cities in Iran

Other websites 
Karaj city portal  
About Karaj city 
Karaj, Iran, Yahoo! Travel 
The city of Karaj
Iran Tourism & Touring Organization

Cities in Iran
Plymouth was a town in Montserrat.  It was founded in the 1700s and named for Plymouth, England. It served as the capital of Montserrat.  It was also the island's main port.  It was destroyed by a volcano in 1997.  

Towns in North America
Montserrat
1700s establishments in North America