cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sir Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist. He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. 

Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.

His Brain is also on display in the Science Museum in London.

Works 
Babbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished. His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then. His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.

Knowing that there were many errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a way to calculate them mechanically, removing errors made by humans. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables and differential calculus; and work on calculating machines already done by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first talked about the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.

Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Ada Lovelace studied how to program them. It is also said that he married his daughter

Related pages 
Analogue computer

Other websites 
 Charles Babbage -Citizendium

1791 births
1871 deaths
Babbage, Charles
Babbage, Charles
Scientists from London
A ticket is a piece of printed paper that gives you the right to enter somewhere or do something. Tickets are often used as proof that you have paid for buses, theaters, cinemas or sporting events. Tickets often display printed information like serial number, barcode, price, expiry date, seat number and class of ticket.

Sometimes, you have to take a ticket, such as at the start of a toll road, to help calculate how much you should pay the at end of your journey. Some tickets are becoming electronic barcodes, and are displayed on a screen instead of paper..

Basic English 850 words
Everyday life
Bergamo is a city in northern Italy. Bergamo is in the Lombardy Region, with a population of 117,887 inhabitants.

Cities in Lombardy
Capital cities in Italy
Lecco is a city in northern Italy. Lecco is in the Lombardy Region with 46,477 inhabitants.

Cities in Lombardy
Capital cities in Italy
Mantova (or Mantua) is a city in northern Italy. Mantova is in the Lombardy Region. It has a population of 48,103 people. The Etruscans founded the city, Today, Mantua is one of the biggest markets for agricultural products in northern Italy. Vergil was born in a small village near Mantua. 

Mantua was named "Capital of the Italian culture 2016".

Twin cities 

  Azuchi, Japan, 2005
  Madison, United States, 2001
  Weingarten, Germany, 1998
  Pushkin, Russia, 1993
  Charleville-Mézières, France, 1963

  Nevers, France, 1963
  Hyderabad, India
  Oradea, Romania
  Vitória, Brazil

 
Capital cities in Italy
Pavia (; Lombard: Pavia;  ) is a city in northern Italy. Pavia is in the Lombardy Region with 71.486 people living in it. It is a very old, historical city. It is 30 km south of Milan.

History of Pavia 

The town of Pavia (then known as Ticinum) was a big city and a special military area for the Romans.

Here, in 476, Odoacer won against Flavius Orestes after a long war. To make the city pay for helping his enemy, Odoacer completely ruined Pavia, but Orestes was able to escape to a city called Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, and removed from the throne his son Romulus Augustus. This is often thought of as the end of the Western Roman Empire.

A late name of the city in Latin was Papia (probably related to the Pope), which developed to the Italian name Pavia. Sometimes it's called Ticinum Papia, using both Latin names.

After the Lombards conquest, Pavia became the capital of their kingdom. During the Rule of the Dukes, it was ruled by Zaban. It continued to act as the administrative centre of the kingdom, but by the reign of Desiderius, it had fallen to a first-rate defensive work and Charlemagne took it in the Siege of Pavia (June, 774) assuming the kingship of the Lombards. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the twelfth century.

In the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterizes the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy.

In the time after that, Pavia was an important and busy town. Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV gave the Palatinate to his brother during his stay in Italy. Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359; under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the University of Pavia founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries.

The Battle of Pavia (1525) marks a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former cleavage between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Thus during the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of king Francis I of France during the battle ushered in a period of Spanish occupation which lasted until 1713. Pavia was then ruled by the Austrians until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon.

In 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later.

References 

 
Capital cities in Italy
Sondrio is a city in northern Italy. Sondrio is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 21,790 inhabitants. 

Cities in Lombardy
Capital cities in Italy
Varese is a city in northern Italy.  Varese is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 96,917 inhabitants.

References

Cities in Lombardy
Capital cities in Italy
Terni () is a comune and city in the Umbria region, in central Italy. Terni is the capital of the province of Terni. It is one of the most important industrial towns of Umbria.

The University of Perugia () is a university based in Perugia that offers its main courses in Perugia and Terni.

Geography
The comune of Terni is in the valley of the Nera river; it has an area of  and its altitude is .

Terni borders with the  comuni Stroncone, San Gemini, Montefranco (a small part), Arrone, Narni, Montecastrilli (a very small part), Acquasparta, Spoleto (Province of Perugia) and two comuni of the province Rieti in the Lazio regionː Rieti and Labro.

Frazioni
The following frazioni (hamlets) are part of Terniː Acquapalombo, Appecano, Battiferro, Cecalocco, Cesi, Collegiacone, Collescipoli, Collestatte, Giuncano Alto, Giuncano Scalo, Marmore, Miranda, Papigno, Piediluco, Poggio Lavarino, Polenaco, Porzano, Pracchia, Rocca San Zenone, San Carlo, San Liberatore, Titurano, Torreorsina.

Population
, there are 112,133 persons (52,703 males and 59,430 females) living in the comune, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Gallery

People from Terni
 Saint Valentine, bishop and martyred saint

Twinned and partner towns
Terni is twinned with:
 Cartagena, Spain
 Saint-Ouen, France
 Prague 8, Czech Republic
  Dunaújváros, Hungary

Terni is also partner withː
  Kobe, Japan
  Aousserd, Western Sahara

Related pages
List of comuni of the Province of Terni

References

Other websites

Terni official website 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Umbria
A biological weapon is a weapon that delivers toxins or pathogens (like bacteria or viruses), with the goal of making people sick or killing them.  Biological weapons are also called bio-weapons. Their use in war is called biological warfare.

Parts of a biological weapon
A biological weapon usually has two parts.  The first is the biological agent (also called a bio-agent, biological threat agent, or biological warfare agent).  This is the pathogen that is meant to make people sick.  The second is the delivery system - how the biological agent is going to get to and expose the people it is supposed to infect.

Some bio-agents can be "weaponized" - changed to make them more dangerous.  For example, sometimes scientists can change a pathogen's genes so the pathogen is deadlier, and so it will not be killed by usual antidotes or treatments.  Some bio-agents can be changed so they are easier to store, spread, or use as weapons.

As of 2016, there are more than 1,200 different kinds of bio-agents that could be made into weapons.

Examples of biological agents
Examples of some biological agents and toxins are listed below.  Experts have said that these pathogens could be used as biological weapons.  A few already have been used, including anthrax, bubonic plague, smallpox, and ricin.

Bacterial agents

Viral agents

Biological toxins

Examples of delivery systems

In the past, countries have designed many different delivery systems for exposing people to biological agents.  These systems have included: 
 Bombs, missiles, hand grenades, and rockets, with the biological agent inside
 Tanks that could spray bio-agents from airplanes, cars, trucks, and boats
 Aerosol sprayers
 Brushes to contaminate surfaces with bio-agents
 Ways of contaminating food and clothing

Examples of biological weapons
A biological agent by itself is not enough to make a biological weapon.  Neither is a delivery system by itself.  A biological weapon has to have both: the bio-agent that is meant to make people sick, and a system to deliver that agent.

Here are a few examples of biological weapons that have been used throughout history.

Related pages
 Biological warfare
 2001 anthrax attacks
 Terrorism
 Bioterrorism
 Weapon of mass destruction

Other websites 
 Biological weapon -Citizendium

References

Biology
Terrorism
Weapons
Truman Capote (born Truman Streckfus Persons, September 30, 1924 - August 25, 1984) was an American author. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and grew up in Monroeville, Alabama, New York City and Greenwich, Connecticut. He is best known for writing the half-true novel, In Cold Blood. The novel is based on a murder that happened in Kansas in the 1950s. He became good friends with the man accused of the murder.

Capote was openly gay. He died of liver cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 59.

References

Other websites 

1924 births
1984 deaths
Actors from Louisiana
American movie actors
American novelists
American television writers
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from liver cancer
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Alabama
LGBT people from Connecticut
LGBT people from Louisiana
LGBT people from New York City
Screenwriters from Louisiana
Writers from Alabama
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Writers from New York City
O. Henry Award winners
The Second Coming was a television drama shown by ITV, starring Christopher Eccleston.

The story is about a man named Steve who goes away for 40 days and 40 nights (like Jesus). When he comes back he is convinced he is the Son of God but nobody believes him. He turns day into night and everyone believes him then. He has a message from God to find the "Third Message". He finds from his friend July that the Third Message is her writings and one of her writings demands that he die. When Steve dies, he does not go to Heaven as it is destroyed, along with God, Satan and Hell. This is so humanity can work things out for itself.

Other websites 

2003 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
2000s British television series
British drama television series
Fantasy television series
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs
In Islam, Eid is the name of two Islamic festivals:
 Eid ul-Fitr, after fasting the month of Ramadan, on the first day of Shawwal.
 Eid ul-Adha, remembering Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son to Allah, on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, for those not on pilgrimage.

The Eids are celebrated by Muslims all around the world.

Other websites
Are the two Eids pagan? Quranaloneislam.org

Islam
Asti () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 74,392 people living in it.

References

Other websites 

  

Cities in Piedmont
Capital cities in Italy
Biella () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 45,822 people.

A.S.D. Junior Biellese Libertas is the football club of the town.

References

Cities in Piedmont
Capital cities in Italy
Cuneo is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 54,992 people.

Cities in Piedmont
Capital cities in Italy
Vercelli () is an Italian city in Piemonte. About 46,000 people live there.

Cities in Piedmont
Capital cities in Italy
Katherine Moss (born 16 January 1974), better known as Kate Moss, is an English model.

Moss rose to fame in the early 1990s. She is known for her waifish figure, and her role in size zero fashion. She is also famous for her controversial private life, high profile relationships, party lifestyle, and drug use. In 2007, she came 2nd on the Forbes top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $9 million in one year. Aside from modelling, Moss has started several ventures, including her own clothing line and various musical projects.

Career 
She was found at the age of 14 by Sarah Doukes of the Storm Modeling Agency in 1988 while in an airport. Moss' career began when Corinne Day shot black and white photographs of her for British magazine The Face, in a photo shoot titled "The Third Summer of Love".

Moss starred in a series of Calvin Klein in the 1990s, spurring a period of waify "heroin chic" in the modelling world. She was photographed with a blank face, as if affected by drugs or exhausted.

Moss charmed the fashion industry and has modelled for such elite houses including Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, Chanel, Missoni and Dior.

Charity work 
Moss has been a supporter of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity, and in the 1990s featured in one of their target T-shirt campaigns. She also supported War Child. Moss also designed a charm in a necklace for Wallis in 2007 in aid of Cancer Research UK and said "I am happy to give my support to help fund crucial research, as so many lives are affected by this terrible disease".

She has also helped to launch the SamandRuby charity in March 2006. The charity was started to provide funding for the education and shelter of Thai children. The SamandRuby organisation is named after a friend of Moss's Samantha Archer Fayet and her 6 month old daughter Ruby Rose who were killed by the Tsunami while visiting Thailand. Moss also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Hoping Foundation, the Lucie Blackman Trust, Make Poverty History, Comic Relief and Homes of Hope which her close friend Sadie Frost also supports.

Problems 
Moss checked herself into a psychiatric centre in 1998, claiming she was suffering from "exhaustion." She was suffering from depression over her separation from longtime boyfriend, actor Johnny Depp who was with her from 1994 to 1998.

Drug abuse 
On 15 September 2005, photos were shown in newspapers that seemed to show Moss snorting several lines of cocaine. Moss lost major modeling contracts with several international companies. She was able to continue her career after a detoxication and was on both the 2005 and 2006 list of Forbes The Celebrity 100.
 On 29 September 2002, Lila Grace, her daughter was born. The father is Dazed & Confused editor Jefferson Hack.

References 

Models from London
1974 births
Living people
"Dull" redirects here. For information on the word dull, please see dull.
Dull is a village located in the county of Perth & Kinross in Scotland.  It is in the Highland part of the county. There is only one street of houses in Dull, on the north side of the valley of the River Tay.  The place-name means 'meadow' in Gaelic.  The parish church, unused since the 1970s, is on the site of an early Christian monastery founded by St. Adomnán, Abbot of Iona.

Villages in Scotland
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. The book has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

Story 
Dr Henry Jekyll is a respected doctor. He believes that man has both good and evil sides. He creates a serum of a special drug. It is supposed to separate the two different sides. He tests it on himself. The experiment succeeds all too well. Dr Jekyll changes into his evil self, Edward Hyde. Hyde commits horrible crimes in London, and changes back into Dr Jekyll. Eventually, Jekyll turns into Hyde without wishing to, with terrible consequences.

Themes 
The novel is based on the Victorian English idea of pretending to be someone else, and acting a different way around other people to look more respectable. This is shown by Jekyll changing into Hyde. It is also a variation on the theme of "scientist meddling with nature comes to grief".

References 

1886 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
English-language novels
Horror novels
Bipolar disorder in fiction
Crime fiction books
Hafez al-Assad (, ; 6 October 1930 – 10 June 2000) was president of Syria from 1971 until his death. He was also the general of Syrian Air Force from 1955 - 1972. He was born in Qardaha and died in Damascus. He had four sons and a daughter. His eldest son Bassel al-Assad died in 1994. In 2000, al-Assad died of a heart attack. He was succeeded as president by his second-oldest son Bashar al-Assad (born 1965), who still has that job.

References 

1930 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction

Former dictators
Generals
Prime Ministers of Syria
Presidents of Syria
Syrian military people
Eroticism is the quality of sexual excitement. In other words, if something is sexually exciting, then it is said to be erotic. Eroticism is an erotic feeling. It is named after Eros, the Ancient Greek god of love.

Many types of things can be part of eroticism. Things that make a person feel erotic (sexually aroused or excited) include the sight, touch, smell, and sound of another person. A person may feel erotic when they see or touch or smell, or hear someone that they love in a sexual way. 

Sometimes eroticism has nothing to do with another person. A person might feel erotic from watching a movie, looking at pictures in a magazine, listening to a piece of music, reading a story or article, or just thinking their own thoughts, or being aware of their own body. In fact, everything can be eroticism for someone.

What makes eroticism?

Some things are designed and made especially to make people feel erotic. Things that are designed to make people feel erotic are called "erotica". This word is most often used for art, books and magazines.

Art  Sometimes artists create erotic works of art such as drawings, paintings and sculpture. They might do this because they want to make a record of a person or a relationship that is special to them. But more often, artists make erotic art for people who would like to buy it. 
Books Many books have been written that tell erotic stories, or which give advice about how to make love in an erotic way.
Movies Many people enjoy watching erotic movies. 
Magazines Many magazines have lots of photos of people naked or in sexy clothing, and with erotic expressions and gestures (actions). 
Avertising Erotic photos are often used for advertising. For example, a beautiful young woman with an erotic expression on her face might be used to advertise hair products, clothes, chocolates, cars, and all sorts of other things. 
Clothing Some clothing is designed to look erotic. Some underwear, in particular, is especially designed to look erotic. 
Food Some food is said to make people feel erotic. Food can also be used as an erotic sign or be eaten in an erotic way.
Perfume Many perfumes have substances in them that effect the human brain in a way that makes a person feel erotic.

Eroticism and pornography
 
Most people believe there is a difference between erotica and pornography, but some people have argued that all erotica is "pornographic". (In other words, some people believe that all pictures, movies or writing which are sexually exciting are rude and wrong, and should not be made.)

People who have studied this subject say that erotica is not harmful to anyone, and may be helpful with people's loving relationships. The same writers say that pornography, which generally shows a person being treated without respect or love, is not helpful with people's loving relationships.

Related pages
 Sex 
 Pornography
 Romance (love)

References

Human sexuality
The flag of Germany (German: Bundesflagge) was adopted in its present form in 1919. It was readopted with the new constitution of 1949. It has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), red, and gold (bottom).

The Dienstflagge or service flag is the version of the flag for government use. It has the national coat of arms in the centre. Ships of the German Navy use this flag with a triangle cut out of the end as an ensign.

Some states use the national flag with the state coat of arms as a state flag, the black stands for determination, red for bravery and yellow for valor.

History
Under the Nazi government between 1933 and 1945, Germany used a different flag with a swastika on it. It is not legal to put up this flag in Germany now.

References

Germany
Flag of Germany
Ancona ( (elbow)) is a comune and a seaport in the Marche region, in central Italy. Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region.

Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.

Geography
Ancona is on the Adriatic Sea. It is the center of the province and the capital of the region. The city is  northeast of Rome. The town is between Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco.

The comune borders with the following comuniː Agugliano, Camerano, Camerata Picena, Falconara Marittima, Offagna, Osimo, Polverigi, Sirolo.

Climate
The climate in Ancona is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfa (humid subtropical climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperature for the year in Ancona is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Ancona is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

Population
There are 100,696 persons living in the comune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

The people from this comune are known, in Italian, as anconetani or anconitani.

Buildings
 The Cathedral of Ancona, dedicated to St Cyriacus, was consecrated at the beginning of the 11th century and completed in 1189. It is a fine Romanesque building in grey stone, built in the form of a Greek cross, and other elements of Byzantine art. It has a 12-sided dome over the center slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in 1270. The interior, which has a crypt under each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to the temple of Venus, and there are good screens of the 12th century, and other sculptures. The church was carefully restored in the 1980s.
 The marble Arch of Trajan,  high, was erected in 114/115 as an entrance to the causeway atop the harbor wall in honor of the emperor who had made the harbor, is one of the finest Roman monuments in the Marche. 
 The Lazzaretto planned by architect Luigi Vanvitelli in 1732 is a pentagonal building covering more than  20,000 m², It is currently used for cultural exhibits.
 The Episcopal Palace was the place where Pope Pius II died in 1464.
 The Palazzo del Comune, with its lofty arched substructures at the back, was the work of Margaritone d'Arezzo, but has been restored twice.
 Church of San Francesco alle Scale
There are also several fine late Gothic buildings, including the Palazzo Benincasa, the Palazzo del Senato and the Loggia dei Mercanti, all by Giorgio da  Sebenico, and the Palazzo del Governo, which has Renaissance additions.

Twinned and partner towns
Ancona is twinned with:
  İzmir, Turkey
  Galaţi, Romania
  Split, Croatia 
  Ribnica, Slovenia
  Svolvær, Norway
  Castlebar, Ireland

Gallery

References

 
Regional capitals in Italy
Fermo () is a comune and city in the Marche region, in central Italy. Fermo is the capital of the province of Fermo.

Fermo is on a hill only a few miles from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It is region with a high population density near seaports like Porto San Giorgio and Porto Sant'Elpidio.

Geography
Fermo is on a hill, the Sabulo,  high, at about  from the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of  and its altitude is .

The comune borders with the following comuniː Altidona, Lapedona and Monterubbiano to the south; Ponzano di Fermo to the southwest; Grottazzolina, Magliano di Tenna and Rapagnano to the west; Torre San Patrizio to the northwest; Monte Urano, Sant'Elpidio a Mare and Porto Sant'Elpidio to the north. To the east is Porto San Giorgio and the Adriatic Sea.

The comune has two small exclavesː the largest (Gabbiano) has an area of  and is surrounded by Mogliano (province of Macerata), Francavilla d'Ete, Massa Fermana and Montegiorgio; and the smallest (Boara) has an area of  and is surrounded by Montegiorgio, Magliano di Tenna, Grottazzolina and Belmonte Piceno.

Frazioni
The following frazioni (hamlets) are part of Fermoː Camera, Campiglione, Cantagallo, Casabianca, Capodarco, Cartiera di Tenna, Concerie, Contrada Boara, Ete Palazzina, Faleriense, Gabbiano, Girola, Lido di Fermo, Madonnetta d'Ete, Marina Palmense, Moie, Molini Tenna, Montesecco, Montone, Parete, Pompeiana, Ponte Ete Vivo, Sacri Cuori, Salette, Salvano, San Biagio, San Girolamo, San Lorenzo, San Marco, San Michele, Lido San Tommaso, Torre di Palme and Villa San Claudio.

Population
There are 37,396 persons living in the comune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

The people from this comune are known, in Italian, as fermani.

Twinned towns
Fermo is twinned with:
  Berat, Albania
  Bahía Blanca, Argentina
  Ansbach, Germany
  León, Mexico

References

Other websites

 
 Fermo official website 

Cities in Marche
Capital cities in Italy
Macerata  is a city and comune in the Marche region, central Italy. It is the capital of the province of Macerata.

The football team is A.C. Maceratese.  They play in the D League.

Geography
The historical city centre is on a hill between the Chienti and Potenza rivers. The comune of Macerata has an area of  and its altitude is .

Macerata borders with the  comuni Corridonia, Montecassiano, Pollenza, Appignano, Treia, Montelupone, Morrovalle, Recanati and Tolentino (a small part).

Frazioni
The following frazioni (hamlets) are part of Macerataː Acquesalate, Acquevive, Botonto San Giacomo, Botonto Sant'Isidoro, Cervare, Cimarella, Cincinelli, Collevario, Colleverde, Consalvi, Corneto, Helvia Recina, Isola, Madonna del Monte, Montanello, Piediripa, Sforzacosta, Valle, Vallebona, Valteia, Villa Potenza.

Population
There are 42,209 persons living in the comune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

The people from this comune are known, in Italian, as maceratesi.

Twinned towns
Macerata is twinned with:
 Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Germany, since 1963
 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France, since 1982
 Floriana, Malta, since 2007
 Kamëz, Albania, since 13 March 2010
 Sheffield, UK, since 2013

Gallery

References

Other websites

Macerata official website 

Cities in Marche
Capital cities in Italy
For the policy on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Blocks and bans.
A ban is an action used to stop people from doing something, either bad or dangerous. Ban can also be made on products. For example, Singapore, a country, bans chewing gum. Ban may sometimes be made on the Internet, where an administrator or a moderator with higher powers than other members can stop vandals from causing harm to others. Sometimes, users of a website say that moderators or administrators have banhammers that they use to ban bad users.

Law
Internet
Neurology is a medical specialty that deals with the disorders of the nervous system. Neurology is about the medical diagnosis and treatment of conditions and illnesses of the nervous system. This can include both the physical condition of the brain, nerves, and brain messages between the body and the nervous system. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neurobiology, which is the scientific study of the nervous system. 

World Federation of Neurology coordinates neurology reserches. 

Neurology also references to animals, not only to humans.

Some Common Neurological Illnesses and Conditions 
 Alzheimer's Disease
Epilepsy

 Shingles

 Dementia

 Autism

Other websites 
 BrainTalk Support Groups for all Neurological conditions and diseases 
 European Federation of Neurological Societies
In biology, a mutation is a change in the genetic material. This means changes to the DNA or to the chromosomes which carry the DNA. These changes are heritable (can be passed on to the next generation) unless they have lethal effects.

Mutations can happen for several reasons. It can happen because of errors when meiosis produces the gametes (eggs & sperms). Damage by radiation, or by certain chemicals may cause mutations. Mutations occur at random.

Also, by derivation, an individual carrying the mutation may be called a mutant or a mutation. So is the trait (character) most obviously affected by the mutation.

Types of mutation

DNA mutations 
When DNA is copied mistakes are sometimes made – these are called mutations. There are four main types of mutations:
 Deletion, where one or more DNA bases are left out.
 Insertion, where one or more extra base is put in.
 Substitution, where one or more bases are changed for another base in the sequence.
 Duplication, where whole genes are copied.

Chromosome mutations 
These terms are explained in the third diagram.
 Deletion: a piece of chromosome is lost, together with any genes which may be on it.
 Duplication: part of a chromosome is repeated
 Inversion: part of a chromosome is reversed end to end
 Insertion: a smaller chromosome is added into a longer chromosome
 Translocation: part of a chromosome gets moved onto another chromosome

Results of mutation 
Mutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or benefit the organism. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism – the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work at all, and causing the embryo to die. On the other hand, evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism.

Mutations are the ultimate source of variation, upon which natural selection acts. What happens is that some mutations affect the organism's ability to live and reproduce. This is an important part of the theory of evolution. The amount of heritable variation carried by a population can be huge, and as a result natural populations can change and adapt to conditions in their environment.

References

Related pages 
 Variation

Classical genetics
Cell biology
The stingrays are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes, which consists of nine families.

Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used only for self-defence. The sting may reach about 35 cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin, the sheath, in which the venom is held. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stings.

Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. There are species in warm temperate oceans, and some found in the ocean. Some live in fresh water. Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic.

Lifestyle 
Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.

The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to hide themselves. Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it. Their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides. Stingrays  use smell and electro-receptors (like those of sharks) to find their prey.

Stingrays feed mostly on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths have two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species have sucking mouthparts that bring in the plankton.

Reproduction 
Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in 'litters' of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine 'milk'.

At the Sea Life London Aquarium two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".

Like all fish, stingrays get little  parasites (such as flukes or copepods) on their gills or body. A cleaner fish helps the stingrays by eating the parasites it can get at.

Families 
There are eight families in the stingray group. They are:
Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray), 
Plesiobatidae (deep water stingray), 
Urolophidae (stingarees), 
Urotrygonidae (round rays), 
Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays), 
Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays), 
Gymnuridae (butterfly rays), and 
Myliobatidae (eagle rays).

References 

Rays
Venomous animals
William Gallas (born 17 August 1977) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal in England. He plays as a Defender.

Before joining Arsenal, Gallas has played for Olympique Marseille of France and Chelsea of England. He also played for France in the 2006 World Cup, winning the runner-up. In 2006 he turned to join Arsenal.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Caen||Division 2||16||0||||||||||||||16||0
|-
|1996/97||Division 1||18||0||||||||||||||18||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="4"|Division 1||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|1998/99||30||0||||||||||||||30||0
|-
|1999/00||22||0||||||||||||||22||0
|-
|2000/01||29||2||||||||||||||29||2

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Chelsea||rowspan="5"|Premier League||30||1||||||||||||||30||1
|-
|2002/03||38||4||||||||||||||38||4
|-
|2003/04||29||0||||||||||||||29||0
|-
|2004/05||28||2||||||||||||||28||2
|-
|2005/06||34||5||||||||||||||34||5
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Arsenal||rowspan="4"|Premier League||21||3||2||0||0||0||6||0||29||3
|-
|2007/08||31||4||2||0||1||0||8||0||42||4
|-
|2008/09||23||2||4||1||0||0||9||3||36||6
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
118||2||||||||||||||118||2
234||21||8||1||1||0||23||3||266||25
351||23||8||1||1||0||23||3||383||27
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||15||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||9||2
|-
|2010||6||0
|-
!Total||84||4
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
French footballers
Ruud Van Nistelrooy (born 1 July 1976) is a Dutch retired professional football player who has played for the Netherlands national team. He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in UEFA Champions League history with 56 goals. He played for Manchester United until 2006, where he has the record for being the club's top scorer in European competition. Van Nistelrooy last played for Hamburger SV. His retired on 14 May 2012.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Den Bosch||rowspan="4"|Eerste Divisie||2||0||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1994/95||15||3||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||3
|-
|1995/96||21||2||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||2
|-
|1996/97||31||12||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||12
|-
|1997/98||Heerenveen||Eredivisie||31||13||5||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||36||16
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||34||31||5||1||colspan="2"|-||7||6||46||38
|-
|1999/00||23||29||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||3||33||32
|-
|2000/01||10||2||2||3||colspan="2"|-||0||0||12||5

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Manchester United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||32||23||2||2||0||0||14||10||48||35
|-
|2002/03||34||25||3||4||4||1||11||14||52||44
|-
|2003/04||32||20||4||6||0||0||7||4||43||30
|-
|2004/05||17||6||3||2||0||0||7||8||27||16
|-
|2005/06||35||21||2||0||2||1||8||2||47||24

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Real Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||37||25||3||2||0||0||7||6||47||33
|-
|2007/08||24||16||2||0||1||0||7||4||34||20
|-
|2008/09||6||4||0||0||2||3||4||3||12||10
|-
|2009/10||1||1||2||0||0||0||1||0||4||1

|-
|2009/10||Hamburger SV||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||||||
167||92||14||7||colspan="2"|-||15||9||196||108
150||95||14||14||6||2||47||38||217||149
68||46||7||2||3||3||19||13||97||64
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
385||233||35||23||9||5||81||60||510||321
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||8||1
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||7||7
|-
|2002||4||1
|-
|2003||8||5
|-
|2004||11||6
|-
|2005||9||5
|-
|2006||5||3
|-
|2007||5||2
|-
|2008||5||3
|-
!Total||64||33
|}

References 

1976 births
Living people
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Dutch footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
People from Oss
Sportspeople from North Brabant
UEFA Euro 2004 players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
Euler's identity, sometimes called Euler's equation, is this equation:

It features the following mathematical constants:

, pi

, Euler's Number

,  imaginary unit

It also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.

Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.

Respondents to a Physics World poll called the identity "the most profound mathematical statement ever written", "uncanny and sublime", "filled with cosmic beauty" and "mind-blowing".

Mathematical proof of Euler's Identity using Taylor Series 
Many equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.

The exponential function  can be written as the Taylor series

As well, the sine function can be written as

and cosine as

Here, we see a pattern take form.  seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is .

So, on the left side is , whose Taylor series is  

We can see a pattern here, that every second term is i times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.

On the right side is , whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus i times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:

if we add these together, we have

Therefore,

Now, if we replace x with , we have:

Since we know that  and , we have:

which is the statement of Euler's identity.

Related pages 

 −1 (number)
 Euler's formula

References 

Mathematics

pl:Wzór Eulera#Tożsamość Eulera
Hideki Tōjō (30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was a leader of Japan during most of World War 2.

Hideki Tōjō was born on 30 December 1884 in Tokyo, Japan. He was the third son of a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army named Hidenori Tōjō. Tōjō had two older brothers but they died before he was born. 

In 1909, he married a woman named Katsuko Ito and he had seven children with her: three sons and four daughters.

In the 1930s, Hideki Tōjō fought in the Sino-Japanese war, leading Japanese forces in occupied Manchuria. He returned to Tokyo in 1940 and held ministerial posts, where he urged an alliance with Germany and Italy against the Allied forces. Tojo became Prime Minister in 1941 and within two months ordered a surprise attack on U.S. naval forces in Hawaii. (The subsequent attack on Pearl Harbor was planned by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.) 

After Japan surrendered, American troops went to arrest Tojo and surrounded his house. He shot himself four times in the chest, but missed and the bullets hit his stomach. Disarmed and with blood gushing out of his chest, Tojo began to talk. He said, "I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die. The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous. I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers. I wait for the righteous judgment of history. I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails." 

After his injuries healed, the Allies found Tojo guilty of war crimes and hanged him in Tokyo on 23 December 1948.

References

Other websites

 WW2DB: Hideki Tojo

1884 births
1948 deaths
Generals
Japanese military people
Military personnel of World War II
People executed by hanging
Politicians from Tokyo
Prime Ministers of Japan
War criminals
World War II political leaders
SUSE is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Attachmate Group. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium. Starting from version "10.2 Alpha 3" its official name is openSUSE. The current mascot of SUSE is a chameleon called "Geeko".

History
The SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first distribution to contain X and TCP/IP. S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals. In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware, under the name "S.u.S.E Linux 1.0." Then in 1996, SuSE Linux gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux. The name "SUSE Linux" came in September 2003.

On 4 November 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE. They planned to release the administration program YaST2 under the GPL license and add a community project, openSUSE. The openSUSE desktop  environment can be GNOME or KDE. Most parts of the program were "open"—not completely, but more than before. The version "10.0" was the first version that had public beta testing. The philosophy changed from before. There were multiple versions of the "10.0" Linux distribution for download. They are "OSS" (completely open source), with all programs "free" and without proprietary softwares, and "eval" (has both open source and proprietary applications).

Versions

Official website
 SUSE

Linux distributions
Laissez-faire is an economic and political philosophy. It is from a French phrase that means to "leave alone". It means that government does not interfere with business and economy. Finance and trade decisions are left for the private individual to make. It is the belief that unregulated competition in business represents the best path to progress. Supporters claim that a free and unregulated market creates a natural balance between supply and demand. The phrase is supposed to have come from the 18th century. In a meeting between the French finance minister Colbert and a businessman named Le Gendre, Colbert asked how the government could help commerce. Le Gendre replied "Let us do what we want to do".

History 
In Ancient China, there were three schools of political thought. Taoism believed in almost no economic interference by the government. Legalism included the belief that the state should have the maximum power. They created the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire. Confucianism was split between these two extremes although was closer to Legalism than Taoism. 

During the 19th century Laissez faire developed as a social and economic philosophy. It was believed that government involvement in business was harmful at worst and ineffective at best. Socially, it was believed that government intervention to help the poor was harmful because it made them lazy and dependent on the government. Economically there was debate at this time in Europe and the United States over whether free trade or tariffs promoted the most economic growth. Up until the 1840s protectionism was favored over Laissez faire. In Britain the Corn Laws placed high tariffs on imported corn to protect British farmers and land owners.

Related pages 
 Economic liberalism
 Anarcho-capitalism
 Free-market anarchism
 History of economic thought
 Libertarianism
 Market fundamentalism
 Neoliberalism

References

Other websites 
 What is Laissez faire; YouTube

Politics
Political movements
Libertarianism
Dorothy Marie "Dottie" Metcalf-Lindenburger (born on May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American astronaut. She works for NASA.

She is married to Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.

NASA experience 
Metcalf-Lindenburger was selected by NASA in May 2004 and began training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. 

She successfully finished this training in February 2006. This qualified her as a NASA Astronaut.

Education 
 Fort Collins High School, Fort Collins, Colorado.
 Bachelor of Arts, Geology with honors and cum laude, Whitman College, Washington, 1997.

Organization 
 Phi Beta Kappa
 National Education Association

Honors 
 1999 Outstanding Teacher Preparation Candidate at Central Washington University.
 1997 Whitman College Leed's Geology Award
 1997 Whitman College Order of the Waiilaptu
 1996 GSA Field Camp Award
 1995-1996 NAIA Academic All-American in Cross Country and Track
 1996 NAIA Conference Champion in the 10K.

References 

1975 births
Living people
American astronauts
People from Colorado Springs, Colorado