cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark  (born June 5, 1939) is a politician from Canada. He served as Canada's Prime Minister from 1979-1980. He was elected Prime Minister when he was 40 years old, making him the youngest Prime Minister in Canadian history.

References

Other websites
 

1939 births
Living people
Canadian diplomats
Roman Catholics
Canadian writers
Politicians from Alberta
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
Boko Haram is a branch of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The name of the group means "Western" or "non-Islamic" education is a sin. The group is centred in Borno State in northeastern Nigeria. It wants to make Islamic law the only law in Nigeria. It also wants to outlaw education that is not based on Islam. The group sees itself as similar to the Taliban, which are active in Afghanistan. Locally, the group is known as the "Taliban". The official name of the group is Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad, which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad."  They also call themselves 'Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP).

The group was formed in Maiduguri, Borno State, in 2002. Its insurgency began in 2009. They follow an extreme version of Sunni Islam. Local residents of the area soon called the group Boko Haram. Loosely translated from the local Hausa language, this means Western education is forbidden. Residents gave it the name because of its strong opposition to Western education, which it sees as corrupting Muslims.  The term "Boko Haram" comes from the Hausa word 'boko' meaning "Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education" and the Arabic word 'haram' figuratively meaning "sin" (literally, "forbidden").

Boko Haram opposes not only Western education, but Western culture and science as well. The group also forbids the wearing of shirts and trousers and the act of voting in elections.  In its view, the Nigerian state is run by non-believers.

In a 2009 BBC interview, Mohammed Yusuf, the group's leader at the time, said he rejects the fact that the earth is a sphere and views it as contrary to Islam, along with Darwinism and the fact that rain comes from water evaporated by the sun.

Boko Haram often carry out bombings, kidnappings and shootings, as well as arson and looting. They have killed thousands of people in Africa, attacking civilian and military targets. There are many terrorist activities for which Boko Haram have claimed responsibility: 
 In December 2010, the group stormed and released hundreds of inmates from Bauchi prison.
 In the same month, there was a bombing in Jos (Plateau state) that saw 80 people dead followed by an attack on Abuja barracks.
 2010-2011 was a year in which dozens of civilians were killed in various shootings that took place in Maiduguri and in addition, the Abuja Police Headquarters and the United Nations Headquarters.

Boko Haram is not associated with the group Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta which fights against the oil industry in the Niger Delta, since 2006.

On 14 April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 teenagers from a secondary school in Chibok, Borno. Boko Haram killed at least 100 people in Baga, Borno, in January 2015. About 620 buildings were damaged or destroyed by fire.

In the mid-2010s, Boko Haram extended its activities into Cameroon, Chad and Niger. It became part of Islamic State in March 2015.

References

2002 establishments
21st century in Nigeria
Crime in Nigeria
Islamic State
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Sunni organizations
The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta is one of the largest militant groups in the Niger delta. Many people in the delta are poor. The Nigerian government has contracts that allow international companies to extract crude oil in the delta. This extraction causes massive damage to the environment. According to the magazine The Economist, the organization wants more of the profit of the oil extraction to go to the poor region, where the oil is extracted. 
According to the magazine, the organisation is used by several armed groups; these groups are sometimes paid to launch attacks. The payment is done  either with weapons or with money.
MEND has been linked to attacks on petroleum operations in Nigeria as part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta, engaging in actions including sabotage, theft, property destruction, guerrilla warfare, and kidnapping.

MEND's stated goals are to localize control of Nigeria's oil and to secure reparations from the federal government for pollution caused by the oil industry. In an interview with one of the group's leaders, who used the alias Major-General Godswill Tamuno, the BBC reported that MEND was fighting for "total control" of the Niger Delta's oil wealth, saying local people had not gained from the riches under the ground and the region's creeks and swamps."  

In a January 2006 email, MEND warned the oil industry, "It must be clear that the Nigerian government cannot protect your workers or assets. Leave our land while you can or die in it....  Our aim is to totally destroy the capacity of the Nigerian government to export oil." Additionally MEND has called upon President Olusegun Obasanjo to free two jailed Ijaw leaders — Mujahid Dokubo-Asari, who is jailed and charged with treason, and Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, a former governor of Bayelsa State convicted of corruption. Obasanjo's successor, President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua authorised the release of Dokubo-Asari and Alamieyeseigha in 2007.

References

History of Nigeria
Nationalist organizations in Africa
National liberation movements
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Urbanization (or urbanisation) is a term from geography. The base of the word is the Latin urbs, which means city. The term urbanisation means that lifestyle that is common in a city becomes prevalent. This can happen in two different ways:
Through the growth of cities; called physical urbanization
Through the change of behaviour of people living in rural areas; called functional urbanization
Physical urbanization has been observed for centuries. In developing countries this is the main form of urbanization. In developed countries, functional urbanization is the main form of urbanization. With functional urbanization, people living in the city center move to the countryside, next to the city; this is known as suburbanization.

Environmental effects 

Environmental scientists are studying the urban heat island. The urban heat island is made when industrial and urban areas are developed and heat becomes plentiful. 
Environmental impacts also include reducing soil moisture and intensification of carbon dioxide emissions.

Stewart Brand's book Whole Earth Discipline argues that urbanization helps the environment overall. First, the birth rate of new urban dwellers falls immediately to replacement rate, and keeps falling. This can prevent overpopulation in the future. Secondly, it puts a stop to destructive subsistence farming methods, like slash and burn agriculture. Finally, it reduces land use by humans, leaving more for nature.

References

Geography
"You Suffer" is a song by the British grindcore band Napalm Death. It is from their debut album, Scum. Guinness Book of Records has mentioned the song as the shortest recorded song ever.  It is precisely 1.316 seconds long.

The song was written by band members Nicholas Bullen and Justin Broadrick. This was during the sessions for the From Enslavement to Obliteration demo recording in March 1986. The song is featured on the album Scum, released in 1987.

According to Broadrick, "You Suffer" was meant as a joke. He called it "retarded", "ridiculous" but "hilarious". He added that they played the song "in front of 30 local kids, like, every weekend." for about thirty times.

Nic Bullen said that the short length of the song was inspired by Wehrmacht's 1985 song "E!"

Zak Smith quotes the lyrics to the song, which he describes as the "shortest punk song on the subject of suffering (or any subject)" at the conclusion of his memoir We Did Porn.

Video
A music video produced by Earache records was released for the song in March 2007. This was on the same day that the Scum dualdisc was released.

References

Other websites
"You Suffer" video at YouTube

1987 songs
Frank Frankie Fredericks (born 2 October, 1967) is a Namibian runner.

Biography
Fredericks was born in Windhoek. He went to college at Brigham Young University in the United States.  

Fredericks won silver medals in the 100m and 200m in the 1992 and 1996 Olympics.  He won gold medals at the World Championships and World Indoor Championships.  He used to be the 200m world record holder, and is still the 200m indoor record holder.  He finished 4th at the 2004 Olympics, even though he was 36 years old.  

After the 2004 Olympics, he retired and became a member of the International Olympic Committee.  He is the only person from Namibia to medal at the Olympics.  He has also ran the 200m in less than 20 seconds more times than anyone else.

References

1967 births
Living people
Male athletes
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists
Sport in Namibia
Sprinters
People from Windhoek
Jagged Little Pill is the third studio album and the first to be released internationally by Canadian singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette. The album saw Morissette changing her style and genre. Morissette's sound in the album was rock, but her previous songs were dance pop. The title is a metaphor for lessons of life that are hard to accept. The album was Morissette's breakthrough album, and contained six hits, "You Oughta Know", "Ironic", "You Learn", "Hand in My Pocket", "Head over Feet", and "All I Really Want". The album spent twelve weeks at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart. By 2009, the album had sold 33 million units worldwide.  It was ranked by the Billboard 200 as the number one selling album of the 1990s.

During the three consecutive years in the late 1990s of Grammy Awards, Morissette received five wins out of nine nominations from the album. In 1996, she won the Album of the Year & Best Rock Album. Her 1997 nominations such as "Ironic" for Record of the Year & Best Music Video in Short Form did not win her an award. But in 1998, she won again for Best Music Video in Long Form from her release of Jagged Little Pill, Live. In October 2002, Rolling Stone ranked it number 31 on its Women In Rock - The 50 Essential Albums list, and in 2003 the magazine ranked it number 327 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The album also holds a title in The Definitive 200 Albums list, in which it is placed at number 26.

Chart precession and succession

Singles

Related pages
 List of best-selling albums worldwide

References

1995 albums
Alanis Morissette albums
John Gilbert "Jack" Layton  (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian politician and the Leader of the Official Opposition. He was the leader of the New Democratic Party from 2003 to 2011, and previously sat on Toronto City Council. He was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.

He was a son of Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Robert Layton (1925-2002). He was born in Montreal and raised in Hudson, Quebec. He rose to prominence in Toronto municipal politics where he campaigned tirelessly for the needs of ordinary citizens and for environmental issues. Eventually, he became head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. In 2003, he was elected leader of the NDP on the first ballot of the convention, and the NDP almost doubled its popular vote in the 2004 election.

Thirty seven NDP MPs were elected under Layton in the 2008 election. In the 2011 federal election, he led the NDP to a historic total of 103 seats and formed the Official Opposition. Although recovering from illness, Layton campaigned tirelessly, and inspired many people. Importantly, the NDP had increased its number of Quebec MPs from one to fifty-nine seats, almost eliminating the previous Bloc Québécois MPs. 

Layton died at his home in Toronto on August 22, 2011, aged 61, after suffering from cancer of unknown primary origin. Layton's body had a lying-in-state before a state funeral was held in Toronto. He was married to fellow MP Olivia Chow.

References

Other websites
 

1950 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Politicians from Montreal
Politicians from Toronto
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Privy Councillors (Canada)
QRpedia is a web system for mobile devices, like mobile phones. It uses QR codes to show  Wikipedia articles to people. The articles are shown in the user's own language.

Process 
A user uses their mobile device to scan a QRpedia QR code. The device decodes the QR code into a web address. The address has the domain name "qrwp.org". The last part of the web address is the title of a Wikipedia article.

The device sends a request for the article to the QRpedia web server. It also transmits the name of the language used by the device.

The QRpedia server then uses Wikipedia's API to find out if there is a version of the specified Wikipedia article in the language used by the device. If there is, it sends back the article in a mobile-friendly format. If there is no translation of the requested article, then the QRpedia server offers a choice of the available languages. It also offers a Google translation.

In this way, a single QRcode can be used to find the same article, in many languages. QRpedia also records usage statistics.

Origins 

QRpedia was invented by Roger Bamkin, then chairman of Wikimedia UK, and Terence Eden. who is a mobile web consultant. It was unveiled on 9 April 2011 It was unveiled at Derby Museum's Backstage Pass event. The event was part of the GLAM/Derby collaboration between Derby Museum and Art Gallery and Wikipedia. During the collaboration, over 500 Wikipedia articles were also created. The articles were in several languages. The project's name is a made-up word, using the initials "QR" from "QR (Quick Response) code" and "pedia" from "Wikipedia".

The project's source code is has a MIT License. This means that anyone can use it, free.

Uses 

QRpedia is used at:
 The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
 Derby Museum and Art Gallery
 Fundació Joan Miró,  including a travelling exhibit shown at The Tate
 The National Archives, United Kingdom 
 The National Museum of Computing (UK)
 Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria
 The Welsh town of Monmouth, as part of Wikipedia's MonmouthpediA project.
 The New Art Gallery Walsall
QRpedia is also used in other kinds of places. For example, the Occupy movement uses it on their posters.

References

Other websites 

 QRpedia - this site makes QR codes which convert to QRpedia URLs
 

Free software
Encodings
Karin Gunvor Sjöblom Hägglund (2 March 1932–19 August 2011) was Swedish television star. She is better known as Gun Hägglund. Hägglund is the first female in Sweden who presented news on television. She was the news presenter of Aktuellt in 1958.

Hägglund was born in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and died in Visby. She was married to the Swedish news editor Karl-Axel Sjöblom. Both hosted and moderated the popular Swedish TV show Halv sju. Her husband died in 1982. Hägglund died in 2011 after a short illness.

Her career started in 1955 when she started working for the Swedish radio. She was a secretary and program announcer. In 1958, she moved to television shows and became the first female in Sweden to present the news. Hägglund presented the national news show Aktuellt. Furthermore, she worked as a translator. She translated movies and TV shows.

For 30 years, until 1997, Hägglund was involved in the Swedish National Association of Promotion of Cycling. First she was Secretary-General and later Executive Chairman. In that position, she published some books about cycling.

References 

1932 births
2011 deaths
Swedish television presenters
Translators
These terms describe two classes of an electrocyclic reaction (a type of organic chemical reactions). In a conrotatory mode, the substituents located at the ends of a conjugated double bond system move in the same (clockwise or counterclockwise) direction during ring opening or ring closure.  In a disrotatory mode, they move in opposite directions.

An example is the conversion of trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene to cis-dimethylcyclohexadiene (top of figure).  The orbital mechanics of the reaction needs a disrotatory mode.  The orbital symmetry of the octatriene's highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) requires for the end pi orbitals to move in opposite directions to form the correct symmetry found in the sigma bond.

Thermal rearrangements of all conjugated systems containing 4n + 2 pi electron are stereospecific. This is based on preservation of orbital symmetry in the highest occupied molecular orbital. Systems containing 4n pi electrons show the opposite conrotatory mode. This is also true for rearrangements of 4n + 2 pi (where n is a whole number) electrons driven by light (photoinduced).  Photoinduced rearrangements of 4n pi electron systems (where the number of electrons is divisible by 4) follow the disrotatory rule.

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules summarize the above different reactions.

The following picture also shows the difference between conrotatory and disrotatory reactions:

References

 Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York N.Y.: Plenum Press. .
 March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc. 

Chemical reactions
Catherine Deneuve (born 22 October 1943) is a French actress. She is the daughter of two well-known actors. She has two sisters; Françoise Dorléac (1942-1967) and Sylvie (born 1946), also both actresses, the former was killed in a car accident. She has a maternal half-sister, Danielle (born 1937).

She began acting on movies as a teenager. Her first major role is in Jacques Demy's 1964 movie Les Parapluies de Cherbourg. She has since then worked with some of the greatest movie directors, notably Roman Polanski's in Repulsion (1965), and Luis Buñuel's in Belle de Jour (1967) and Tristana (1970) and François Truffaut's in Le Dernier Métro (1982). She made a commercial for the perfume Chanel No 5. She is a close friend of fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent.

She married British photographer David Bailey from 1965 to 1972. She has had relationships with movie director Roger Vadim (1928-2000), with whom she had a son, Christian Vadim (born 1963), and Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni (1924-1996), with whom she had a daughter, Chiara Mastroianni (born 1972). Both her children are actors.

References

Other websites 
 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
French movie actors
The Odontoceti is a suborder of the cetaceans. They are the toothed whales.

The Odontoceti includes  all the whales which eat prey larger than plankton. Examples are: sperm whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and others. As the name suggests, the suborder has teeth rather than the baleen of Mysticeti whales. This means they are predators of small to large sized prey. 

The Sperm Whale Physeter, the Killer Whale Orca and the Pilot Whale Globicephala all take large prey. By means of co-operation, Killer Whales can take prey larger than themselves, up to and including Blue Whale calves. Sperm Whales are specialist feeders on giant squid.

There are about 73 species.

Taxonomy
Superfamily Delphinoidea; Porpoises, Dolphins, Pilot Whales, Killer Whales, Narwhal
Superfamily Inioidea: some South American river dolphins
Superfamily Lipotoidea: Chinese River Dolphin
Superfamily Physeteroidea: Sperm Whales
Superfamily Platanistoidea: River Dolphins proper
Superfamily Ziphioidea: Bottlenose Whales, Beaked Whales

References 

Cetaceans
The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) was developed by the SETI Institute and the Radio Astronomy Laboratory (RAL) at the University of California, Berkeley to construct a radio interferometer that is dedicated to radio astronomy observations. At the same time, it is also used for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

The ATA is at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory,  northeast of San Francisco, California. The goal is to have 350 antennas. To start, 42 antennas (ATA-42) were put to work on 11 October 2007. However, a lack of money stopped operations in April 2011. In August 2011, ATA got short-term funding. In 2012 UC Berkeley quit the project.

It is named after Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft. Its old name was the One Hectare Telescope (1hT).

References

Other websites
 Official site at seti.org 
 Radio Astronomy Laboratory's ATA site 
 The Search Continues with the Allen Telescope Array. Mountain View, CA: SETI Institute. March 25, 2004.
 Radio Astronomy Laboratory, Univ of Cal, Berkeley: NSF proposal, June 15, 2005.
	
Astronomical observatories in California
Telescopes
SETI
2007 establishments in California
2011 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California 
2011 establishments in California
2012 disestablishments in the United States
The herring gull (Larus argentatus or European herring gull) is a large gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long). It is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of western Europe. It breeds across Northern Europe, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states. 

Some herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. in the British Isles, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. European herring gulls are also abundant around inland garbage dumps, and some have even adapted to life in inland cities.

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated, with different authorities recognising between two and eight species.

This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.

References 

Charadriiformes
The lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. It is a regular winter visitor to the east coast of North America, probably from the breeding population in Iceland.

This species breeds in colonies on coasts and lakes. It makes a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities the species nests in towns and cities, often with herring gulls.

They are similar in size but slightly smaller than the herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated. Different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.

The only species it might be confused with in Europe is the great black-backed gull. Lesser is a smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips. 

The bill is yellow with a red spot. When the young peck the red spot, The adults feed them by regurgitation. This is an inherited behaviour called a fixed action pattern or releaser.

References 

Charadriiformes
Christina Aguilera is the first album by American singer Christina Aguilera, released on August 24, 1999. The success of this album made Aguilera the Best New Artist at Grammy Awards of 2000.

Track listing

References 

Christina Aguilera albums
Debut albums
1999 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Teen pop albums
Dance-pop albums
R&B albums
Alien Hand Syndrome (also known as anarchic hand, AHS or Doctor Strangeglove Syndrome) is a condition that seems to cause a person's hand to move on its own.

References 

Syndromes
Stripped is the fourth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera. The album sold over 13 million copies. Music critics gave it mixed reviews.

It was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2004 Grammy Awards.

"Dirrty" was released as the album's first single. The video was directed by Dave LaChapelle. It was protested in Thailand.
 The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 2003 Grammy Awards.

The album's second single "Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 2004.

The third single, "Fighter", got good reviews from music critics.

"Can't Hold Us Down" had Lil' Kim rapping in it. It was nominated a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 2004 Grammy Awards.

The album's last single "The Voice Within" was released	October 27, 2003.

Track listing

References 

2002 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Pop-soul albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Back to Basics is the fifth studio album by Christina Aguilera. Released on August 10 2006.

Disc 1

Disc 2

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2006 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the studio album by Christina Aguilera and Cher. It was recorded for the movie Burlesque.

Track listing

2010 albums
Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (Dorothea Sophie; 5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was a Countess Palatine of Neuburg by birth and later the wife of the two sons of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma. 

Married to the Hereditary Prince of Parma in 1690, she was the mother of two children including the future Queen Elisabeth of Spain. Her first husband died after just three years of marriage. Remaining in Parma she was engaged to her brother-in-law, the new Duke of Parma. 

Retiring from the court at the death of her last husband, her grandson the future Charles III of Spain conquered Parma after the extinction of the Farnese and Dorothea Sophie acted as regent of the state till his official majority in January 1735. She died aged seventy-eight just weeks before her second grandson Infante Felipe of Spain became the next duke of Parma.

Issue
Alessandro Ignazio Farnese (6 December 1691 - 5 August 1693) died in infancy.
Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) married Philip V of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

5 July 1670 – 17 September 1690 Her Serene Highness Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
17 September 1690 – 6 September 1693 Her Highness the Hereditary Princess of Parma
6 September 1693 – 7 December 1696 Her Highness the Dowager Hereditary Princess of Parma
7 December 1696 – 26 May 1727 Her Highness the Duchess of Parma
26 May 1727 – 15 September 1748 Her Highness the Dowager Duchess of Parma

1670 births
1748 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
House of Farnese
FC Blau-Weiß Linz is an Austrian football club from Linz, Upper Austria. The team is playing in the Austrian Football Second League .

History
The club was founded in 1997 as follow up team for FC Linz and SV Austria Tabak Linz. They played with the licence of SV Tabak in the Upper Austrian Landesliga (4th division). After three years they reached the title and were promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte. In the 2003/04 season the won this league but failed in the relegation matches versus  BSV Bad Bleiberg, so they stayed in the league. After this there was a decline they were even relegated to the Landesliga, but came back the following season. In the 2010/11 season they finished second behind the LASK Juniors, which were not allowed to promote. In the relegation matches they won versus WSG Wattens after penalty shooting and were promoted to the First League. 2012/13 they lost the Relegationmatches versus SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 and were relegatet into the Regionalliga Mitte. 2015/16 they were champions in the Regionalliga Mitte and were promoted again to the First League. In the 2020-21 season the became Champion of the 2. Liga. They had not asked for a licence for the Bundesliga so they stayed in 2. Liga.
Since spring 2021 they play in the  Hofmann-Personal Stadion because the Donauparkstadion, their traditional homeground, will be new built till 2023.

Fans
The club is thought as successor to the former club VOEST Linz.This team merged with LASK to FC Linz but soon was inhaled by LASK. The club colours blue and white are that of former VOEST Linz. Also the fans see themself in this tradition.

Current squad
as 15 December 2021

Coaching staff
 Gerald Scheiblehner Headcoach
 Ernö Doma Assistant coach
 Manuel Moser Goalkeeper coach
   Rudolf Mitterlehner Teammanager

Honours
 Champion Upper Austria: 2000, 2008
 Champion Regionalliga Mitte: 2003, 2016
 Promotion to the First league: 2011
 Champion 2. Liga: 2021

References

Other websites
Official Homepage

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Upper Austria
Linz
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) are a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services.  CDC main office is in Druid Hills, a neighborhood in northeastern Atlanta, Georgia.   It works to protect public health and safety. It provides information to enhance health decisions. It promotes health as a partner with state health departments and other organizations. When an infectious disease or bad food can cause health problems, the CDC will tell the nation how to fight it. The CDC works on environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States.

Foundation
The CDC Foundation is separate from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. It is incorporated in the State of Georgia. Section 399F of the Public Health Service Act created the foundation to help the CDC work with the private sector.

References

Other websites

 The CDC Homepage
 CDC Online Newsroom
 CDC Health Topics A to Z
 CDC Public Health Image Library
 CDC Global Communications Center
 CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory– Atlanta, Georgia 
 Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Meeting Notices and Rule Changes  from The Federal Register RSS Feed 
 Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

United States government agencies
United States Department of Health and Human Services
Maria Anna of Austria (Maria Anna Josepha; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was an Archduchess of Austria as she was a daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. She would become Queen consort and regent of Portugal by her marriage to John V of Portugal. She was the Regent of Portugal from 1742 until 1750 during the illness of her spouse.  In Portugal she was commonly known as Mariana.

Life

The fifth of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperors children by Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, she was baptised Maria Anna Josepha. She was born in Linz as the Austrian royal family had to flee Vienna from the Turkish army which destroyed the capital. Maria Anna was a sister of two future Holy Roman Emperors Joseph I and Charles VI. Through Charles VI, she was an aunt of Empress Maria Theresa. Her first cousins included Elisabetta Farnese as well as Charles II of Spain.

Marriage

On 27 October 1708 she married her first cousin John V of Portugal. Both of their mothers were sisters. Maria Anna thus became Queen of Portugal as the wife of the ruling king. She was the mother of six children:

Regency 

In 1742 Maria Anna took over power as regent after her husband suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed. When John V died on 31 July 1750 she gave up power to their eldest son Joseph I of Portugal. She died at he Palace of Belém in 1754. Her body was buried in Lisbon, her heart was brought to Vienna and buried there in the imperial crypt.

Children

 Maria Barbara of Portugal (4 December 1711 – August 27, 1758) married Ferdinand VI of Spain.
 Pedro of Portugal (19 October 1712 – 24 October 1714) Prince of Brazil.
 Joseph I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) married Mariana Victoria of Spain.
 Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 30 March 1730) died unmarried.
 Peter III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) married Maria I of Portugal had issue.
 Alexander of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

7 September 1683 – 27 October 1708 Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Queen of Portugal
31 July 1750 – 14 August 1754 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Dowager Queen of Portugal

Related pages

Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Habsburg Dynasty
1683 births
1754 deaths
House of Braganza
Regents
Kings and Queens consort of Portugal
Sportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten is a football club from St. Pölten the capital of the Austrian federal state Lower Austria. St. Poelten plays in the Austrian Football First League, the second division in the Austrian football league system.

History 
SKN St. Poelten was founded in June 2000.  The new club took over all belongings of the predecessor, FCN St. Poelten .Most important was the ownership  of the Bundesliga junior center.  Through this the club did not enter in the lowest class but was allowed in the 2nd League West, the fifth level of Austrian football.

The next two seasons they won the championships and reached the Regionalliga Ost(3rd division).In the 2003/04 season the club reached the 4th place. The following season the club reached sixth place in the league reached in the Austrian Cup the quarter-finals. They won over SV Wörgl (3-0), SW Bregenz (2–1) and a sensational 5-1 victory overAustria Salzburg in the third round.  In the quarter-finals, St. Poelten, was beaten by Austria Wien 6-0.
In autumn 2009 the club could present the plans for the new stadium which is currently built in the Ratzersdorf district of St.Pölten.

In the 2007/08 season they won the Regionalliga and were promoted to the First League.

Current squad

Notable players 
 Zlatko Kranjcar (1990)
 Frank Schinkels (2002–04)

Youth work 
The SKN St. Poelten currently has ten youth teams for children from the age of 7 to 15, with a total of 150 children and youths. In addition to the junior teams, the club has a second team (SKN II), which plays their games in the Mid Western League, with the squad mostly consisting of squad players under the age of 18.

Other websites

References 

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria
A rearrangement reaction are organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:
 

Intermolecular rearrangements also take place. 

Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction.  Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams.  But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

In pericyclic reactions, the orbital interactions are important. The reactions can not be explained by a series of simple discrete electron transfers. But, the curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction.  Yet, the diagrams are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement, the reaction is ionic.

Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

1,2-rearrangements
A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift, the substituent moves between two adjacent atoms. But moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

and the Beckmann rearrangement:

Pericyclic reactions
A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:

Olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.

References
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer science to help solve chemical problems.  These programs calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids. Computational chemistry normally complements the information obtained by chemical experiments. It can predict chemical phenomena that have not yet been observed. It is widely used in the design of new drugs and materials.

Computational chemistry can predict structure (that is, the expected positions of the molecule's atoms), absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.

Computational chemistry looks at both static and dynamic systems. In all cases, as the size of the system being studied grows, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) used also grows.  That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid.  Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate. Highly accurate methods are typically feasible only for small systems.

Related pages
 Bioinformatics
 Statistical mechanics
 Theoretical chemistry

Other websites
NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase  - Contains a database of thousands of computational and experimental results for hundreds of systems
American Chemical Society Division of Computers in Chemistry - American Chemical Society Computers in Chemistry Division, resources for grants, awards, contacts and meetings.
CSTB report Mathematical Research in Materials Science: Opportunities and Perspectives - CSTB Report
3.320 Atomistic Computer Modeling of Materials (SMA 5107)  Free MIT Course
Technology Roadmap for Computational Chemistry 
Applications of molecular and materials modelling.
Impact of Advances in Computing and Communications Technologies on Chemical Science and Technology CSTB Report
MD and Computational Chemistry applications on GPUs

Computational chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Alexander Morozevich  (born Moscow, 18 July 1977) is a Russian chess Grandmaster. He was ranked second, in the July 2008 FIDE rating list, but is now ranked ninth.

Morozevich has been one of the best chess players in the world for nearly a decade. He is famous for employing unusual openings, for example the Chigorin Defense (1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nc6), and more recently the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level. He is also well known for preferring complicated rather than clear positions. Perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, Morozevich is popular among chess fans. 

Among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 Chess Olympiad (winning Bronze Medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 Chess Olympiad. He took first place in the overall standings at the Amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with Kramnik) and 2006 (shared with Anand); first place in Biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the Russian championship (1998 and 2007).

References 

1977 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
The Association of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders persons in Morocco (KIFKIF) is a Moroccan non-profit organization working on improving the legal and social status of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. It was founded in 2005 in and is the first LGBT advocacy group in North Africa. Kifkif means equal in Arabic.

References

Other websites

LGBT
Non-profit organizations
2005 establishments in Africa
Establishments in Morocco
Thomas (Tom) William Cleverley (born 12 August 1989) is an English footballer. He was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire and grew up in Bradford, West Yorkshire.

Cleverley plays for Premier League club Everton and the England national team.

References

1989 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Basingstoke
People from Bradford
Sportspeople from Hampshire
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Premier League players
ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.

Ali Aksih was a preeminent leader of the Tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee. After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland. Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper “Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published. Their work was interrupted by the invasion of Poland by the Nazi and Soviet forces.

Akish lived from 1940 to 1966 in Turkey where he was involved with the diaspora national movement. His pamphlet “Problems of Idel-Ural and Soviet Imperialism” printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the USSR in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the President of the Tatar ASSR, Salikh Batiyev in 1977. In 1966 Ali Akish joined the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1983, he retired from this position and went again to Ankara. Over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as Turk Kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "Idel-Ural'da Hurriyet Mucadelesi" (Struggle for Freedom in Idel-Ural).

In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations. The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.

He was able to visit Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center. Akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the Tatar people from colonial oppression. The World Tatar League named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. A school was named in his honor in the city of Chally (Naberezhniye Chelny) in Tatarstan.

References 

Tatars
In chemistry, yield (also called chemical yield or reaction yield) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction.<ref name=vogel>Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. and P.W.G. Smith. Vogel's Textbook of Practical OrganicHall, 19936-3.</ref> The absolute yield gives the weight in grams, and the molar yield gives the number of moles.

The fractional yield, relative yield, or percentage yield shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked. It is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the theoretical yield (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):

To get the percentage yield'', one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).

The ideal percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be achieved because measurements are never completely accurate. Yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".

References

Chemistry
Alexis Alejandro Sánchez Sánchez (born 19 December 1988), is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for English club Manchester United FC and the Chile national team.

In July 2014, Sanchez signed for Arsenal on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £35 million. In January 2018, he joined The Red Devils after Henrikh Mkhitaryan swapped clubs with him to Arsenal FC.

Honors

Clubs

Colo-Colo 
 Chilean Primera División: 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura

River Plate 
 Argentine Primera División: 2008 Clausura

Barcelona 
 La Liga: 2012–13
 Copa del Rey: 2011–12
 Supercopa de España: 2011, 2013
 UEFA Super Cup: 2011 FIFA Club World Cup: 2011

Arsenal 
 FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016-17
 FA Community Shield: 2014, 2015

International

Chile 
 Copa América: 2015, 2016
 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017: Runner Up

Individual Awards 
 Copa América Golden Ball: 2016
 Arsenal's Player of the Season: 2014–15,2016-17
 Premier League Team of the Year: 2014–15
 Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2016
 FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Ball: 2017

Career Statistics

Clubs

International 
As of 15 November 2016

References

1988 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
People from Antofagasta Region
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
The Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are mammalian marine descendants of land mammals. Their terrestrial origins are indicated by:
 Their need to breathe air from the surface;
 The bones of their fins, which resemble the limbs of land mammals
 The vertical movement of their spines, characteristic more of a running mammal than of the horizontal movement of fish.

The question of how land animals evolved into ocean-going leviathans was a mystery until recent discoveries in Pakistan revealed several stages in the transition of cetaceans from land to sea.

DNA sequence analysis 
After many years when palaeontologists thought whales had evolved from mesonychids, DNA sequence analysis showed the closest relationship was with artiodactyls, the even-toed ungulates. A new clade was created to include Cetacea and their nearest relatives, the hippopotamus family. This clade is called the Cetartiodactyla.

Fossil record 

Hippo fossils are not found until the Miocene, but whale ancestors have been found from the Eocene. This leaves a gap of nearly 30 million years where no hippo ancestors are found.  The most recent hypothesis is that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor which branched off from other Artiodactyls around 60 million years ago (mya).  This ancestral group probably split into two branches around 54 mya. One branch evolved into cetaceans, possibly beginning with the proto-whale Pakicetus from 52 mya.  These early cetaceans gradually became adapted to life in the sea. They became the completely aquatic cetaceans.

Indohyus 

Indohyus is a small deer-like creature, which lived about 48 million years ago in Kashmir. It belongs to the artiodactyls family Raoellidae, and is believed to be the closest sister group of Cetacea. 

About the size of a raccoon or domestic cat, this herbivorous creature shared some of the traits of whales. It also showed signs of adaptations to aquatic life, including a thick and heavy outer bone coating. This is similar to the bones of modern creatures such as the hippopotamus, and reduces buoyancy so that they can stay underwater. This suggests a similar survival strategy to the African mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes.

Size

Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals.  They said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Cetaceans