cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The word ain't is a contraction of is not, have not, are not and has not in English vernacular.

The development for ain't happened independently and at different times. The usage of ain't for the forms of to be not was established during the 18th century, and to have not by the early 19th century.

The using of ain't is a major subject of controversy English. The word is used by many speakers in oral and informal settings. But its use is often with stigma.

Ain't is found all across the English-speaking world in many regions and classes. The word is of a nonstandard nature. 

Ain't is used all over the United Kingdom. Its geographical distribution has increased over time. It is also found all over the United States, including in the South, New England, the Mid-Atlantic States, the Appalachia and the Upper Midwest. But ain't can also be used in the Great Plains and other Midwestern States.

In England, ain't is generally considered to be a nonstandard or illiterate usage. That's because it is used by people of a lower socio-economic class and by educated people with an informal manner.

Ain't is also used in Australia and New Zealand.

References

Slang
The Royal Colleges of Surgeons are old colleges (a form of corporation) that make rules for surgeons. The first Royal College of Surgeons started in England. Other Royal Colleges of Surgeons are organisations in many present and former members of the Commonwealth of Nations. These organisations are now also responsible for training surgeons and setting their examinations.

Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (MRCS) is a postgraduate diploma for surgeons in the present-day UK and Ireland. 

This qualification allows a candidate to become a member of one of the four surgical colleges in the UK and Ireland, namely the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. 

The MRCS qualification is a multi-part examination including theory and practical assessments. Part A is a 4-hour written examination which was used to assesses the applied basic sciences and principles of surgery in general. Part B is a 5-hour practical examination which assesses elements of day-to-day surgical practice through a series of stations on anatomy, pathology, critical care, clinical procedures and patient evaluation (history taking, clinical examination and communication skills). Candidates must complete both exams before they can apply for higher surgical training.

References 

Surgery
Qualifications
18th-century establishments in Great Britain
The Bachelor of Laws (; LL.B. or B.L.) is an undergraduate degree in law (or a first professional degree in ldepending on jurisdiction). It is used by a number of countries.

Qualifications
Nipple discharge is fluid that comes out of the nipple of the breast but is not caused by pregnancy or breastfeeding. The discharge can be different colors. It can be thick or thin. Nipple discharge can come from one breast or both. Nipple discharge in men is not normal. Ninety-seven percent of the time, nipple discharge is not cancer. 

Sometimes discharge from nipples will get better and not need treatment. Most of the time nipple discharge is not cancer. Once in a while it can be a sign of breast cancer. Newborn babies can have nipple discharge. This is because hormones from the mother cause milk to develop in the baby. This kind of discharge goes away in 2 weeks.

Here are some of the reasons for nipple discharge:
Rubbing of the nipple from a bra or t-shirt
Injury 
Infection
Clogging of the milk ducts
Tumors in other places in the body
Benign tumor that is not cancer
Normal lumpiness in the breast
Some herbs, such as anise and fennel
Breast abscess
Chronic kidney/liver problems

Some medications can cause nipple discharge. These medicines are opioids, oral contraceptives, antihypertensives (methyldopa, reserpine, verapamil), antidepressants and antipsychotics. A woman is more likely to have changes in her breasts as she gets older. Some of these changes can be the cause of nipple discharge.

A doctor or nurse will often ask a woman to have a examination. Medical tests can find the reason for the nipple discharge. A mammogram and ultrasound are two tests that a doctor might use. The fluid that comes out of the nipple may be collected and tested.

Sometimes nipple discharge is treated with an operation. Even after surgery another operation may be needed.

Other websites 
Some Causes of Nipple Discharge, from Merck Manuals

References

Breasts
Heal the Living is a 2016 French and Belgian drama movie. It was presented in the Horizons section at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival

Heal the Living was released in the United States. It was rated R by Motion Picture Association of America.

Cast
 Tahar Rahim as Thomas Rémige
 Emmanuelle Seigner as Marianne
 Anne Dorval as Claire
 Bouli Lanners as Pierre Révol
 Kool Shen as Vincent
 Monia Chokri as Jeanne
 Alice Taglioni as Anne Guérande
 Karim Leklou as Virgilio Breva
 Alice de Lencquesaing as Alice Harfang
 Finnegan Oldfield as Maxime
 Théo Cholbi as Sam
 Gabin Verdet as Simon
 Dominique Blanc as Lucie Moret
 Galatéa Bellugi as Juliette
 Titouan Alda as Johan 
 Andranic Manet as Chris
 Irina Muluile as Gisèle
 Steve Tientcheu as Hamé Gaye
 Danielle Arbid as Elsa

The movie was rated near 91% by Rotten Tomatoes based on 54 reviews. On the Metacritic, it has an 82/100 rating based on 12 critics, meaning "universal acclaim".

Variety said the movie was "heart crushing".

Awards

References

2016 drama movies
French drama movies
Belgian movies
Sir William Blackstone  (10 July 1723 – 14 February 1780) was an English jurist, judge and Tory party politician of the eighteenth century. He is most noted for writing the Commentaries on the Laws of England. 

Born into a middle-class family in London, Blackstone was educated at Charterhouse School before matriculating at Pembroke College, Oxford in 1738. After completing a Bachelor of Civil Law degree, he was made a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford in November 1743.

Blackstone was admitted to Middle Temple, and called to the Bar there in 1746. Following a slow start to his career as a barrister, Blackstone became heavily involved in university administration, becoming accountant, treasurer and bursar on 28 November 1746 and Senior Bursar in 1750. On 3 July 1753 he formally gave up his practice as a barrister and started a series of lectures on English law, the first of their kind. The lectures on law were massively successful. They earnt him a total of £453 (£) per year, and led to the publication of An Analysis of the Laws of England in 1756. This repeatedly sold out and was used to preface his later works.

Blackstone was made the first Vinerian Professor of English Law. He published a very successful second book, titled A Discourse on the Study of the Law. With his growing fame, Blackstone successfully returned to the bar and maintained a good practice, also securing election as Tory Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Hindon on 30 March 1761. In November 1765 he published the first of four volumes of Commentaries on the Laws of England, his most important work. When completed, the work earned Blackstone £14,000 (£ in  terms). After some failures, he got appointed to the judiciary as a judge until his death, on 14 February 1780.

1723 births
1780 deaths
Politicians from London
Knights Bachelor
Writers from London
Greene County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 21,362. Its county seat is Snow Hill.

References 

1790s establishments in North Carolina
1791 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Greene County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 38,686. The county seat is Waynesburg. Greene County was created on February 9, 1796, from part of Washington County and named for General Nathanael Greene.

References 

1790s establishments in Pennsylvania
1796 establishments in the United States
Pennsylvania counties
Adair County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,682. The county seat is Greenfield.

References 

1851 establishments in Iowa
Iowa counties
Adair County is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 25,607. The county seat is Kirksville. The county was founded on January 29, 1841, and named for Governor John Adair of Kentucky.

References 

1841 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Kirkland is a city in King County, Washington, United States. It is a suburb of Seattle. Its population was 88,630 in a 2017 census estimate. It is on the coast of Lake Washington.

History
The land around Lake Washington was first settled by Native Americans. English settlers arrived in the late 1860s. More families settled the area in the 1870s. By the end of the 1880s, there were a small number of communities that logged, farmed and built boats.

In 1886, Peter Kirk, a businessman, wanted to start a steel mill in Washington near the water. Leigh S. J. Hunt, a newspaper owner, said that he would be Kirk's partner. They bought land in July 1888. They started building a steel mill shortly afterwards. Kirk started the city of Kirkland in 1888. The steel mill was completed in late 1892. The mill later closed because of financial problems. It had not made any steel.

Kirkland was finally incorporated in 1905. Its population was approximately 532.

In the early 1900s, the Curtis family had a business that made boats. In later years, wool milling and warship building were the major industries.

Annexations
Kirkland has consolidated with other towns and annexed land many times. The area of Kirkland is now approximately 12 times its area when it was incorporated in 1905.

Landmarks
The city of Kirkland has said that three buildings are city landmarks.

Geography and climate
Kirkland is located at  (47.685821, -122.191729). Lake Washington is west of the city.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .  of this is land and  is water.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 48,787 people living in the city. Racially, the city was 79.3% White, 1.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 11.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 2.5% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population.

Government and politics
Kirkland has a council-manager form of government; there are seven council members. The city council selects one of their members to be the mayor from among its members. The mayor is Amy Walen and the city manager is Kurt Triplett.

Sports
Kirkland was the original home of the Seattle Seahawks. Now, this team is based in Seattle.

Sister city
Kirkland has one sister city. It is Emmerich, Germany.

Notable people
 Layne Staley, lead singer of Alice in Chains (died 2002)

References

Other websites
 

 City of Kirkland Government 
 
 Kirkland Arts Center
 Kirkland Heritage Society

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
1886 establishments in the United States
Pope Hormisdas (c. 450 – 6 August 523) was Pope from 20 July 514 to 523. He was preceded by Pope Symmachus and succeeded by John I. He was born in Frosinone, Campagna di Roma, Italy.

References

Other websites

450s births
520s deaths
Italian popes
Christian saints
Eastern Orthodox Christians
People from Lazio
Powell Allen Moore (January 5, 1938 – August 13, 2018) was an American politician and public servant. He was an official in the United States Department of State and the United States Department of Defense. He was born in Milledgeville, Georgia.

Moore was Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs from February 8, 1982 to August 5, 1983 during the Ronald Reagan administration. He was Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs from May 4, 2001 until December 2004 during the George W. Bush administration. 

In 2006, President Bush nominated him to be the Representative to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Moore left government service in 2009 and worked at a law firm. 

Moore died in Washington, D.C. on August 13, 2018 at the age of 80.

References

Other websites
Profile from Venable

1938 births
2018 deaths
American military people
Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Milledgeville is a city in and the county seat of Baldwin County in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is northeast of Macon and bordered on the east by the Oconee River. 

The population of the town of Milledgeville was 17,715 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Nabil Elaraby (Arabic: نبيل العربي; born 15 March 1935) is an Egyptian diplomat. He was Secretary-General of the Arab League from 1 July 2011 to 3 July 2016. He was Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharaf's government from March to June 2011.

Since December 2008 he is the Director of the Regional Cairo Centre for International Commercial Arbitration.

References

1935 births
Living people
Ambassadors of Egypt
Egyptian politicians
People from Cairo
Secretaries General of the Arab League
Chedli Klibi (الشاذلي القليبي), (September 6, 1925 – May 13, 2020) was a Tunisian politician. He was Secretary General of the Arab League from March 1979 to September 1990. He was the only non-Egyptian to become Secretary-General.

Klibi became the Tunisian Minister of Cultural Affairs (1961 - 1970, 1971 - 1973, 1976 - 1978) under the chairmanship of Habib Bourguiba, then chief of staff to the president from 1974 to 1976 before being Minister of Information from 1978 to 1979. He also was mayor of Carthage from 1963 to 1990.

Klibi died in Tunis on May 13, 2020, aged 94.

References

Other websites
"Danger of division, Humanity, September 5 1990

1925 births
Secretaries General of the Arab League
2020 deaths
People from Tunis
Tunisian politicians
Amr Moussa (, , Amr Muhammad Moussa; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat. He was the Secretary-General of the Arab League from 1 June 2001 to 1 June 2011.

Moussa worked in the government of Egypt as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2001. On 8 September 2013, he was elected president of the committee of 50 that will amend the Egyptian constitution.

References

Other websites
 Amre Moussa Presidential Campaign Website  (Arabic)
 Amre Moussa Official Facebook Page  (Arabic)
 Secretary-General at League of Arab States (Arabic)
 

Living people
1936 births
Secretaries General of the Arab League
Ambassadors of Egypt
The Kingdom of Egypt ( , "the Egyptian Kingdom") was the de jure independent Egyptian state created under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1922.

The kingdom was created after the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only somewhat independent, since the British had control of foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 

Between 1936 and 1952, the British continued to have military presence and political advisers, at a reduced level.

The kingdom was known for corruption. This led to the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 by the Free Officers Movement. In 1953 the monarchy was formally abolished and the Republic of Egypt was established. 

The legal status of Sudan was only resolved in 1954, when Egypt and Britain agreed that it should be granted independence in 1956.

References

Other websites
 Tignore, Robert L. Egypt: A Short History (2011) online

History of Egypt
Ahmed Aboul Gheit (, also: Abu al-Ghayt, Abu El Gheyt, etc.) (born 12 June 1942) is an Egyptian diplomat. He is the 8th and current Secretary-General of the Arab League since July 2016.

Career 
Aboul-Gheit was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt from 11 July 2004 to 6 March 2011. He was Egypt's Permanent Representative to the United Nations.

References

1942 births
Living people
Secretaries General of the Arab League
People from Cairo
Ambassadors of Egypt
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Egyptian politicians
Egyptian writers
Ronald Leslie Moore  (8 March 1933 – 18 August 2018) was an Australian-born New Zealand international speedway rider. He won the Individual World Speedway Championship twice, in 1954 and 1959. 

Moore was born in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. He died on 18 August 2018 from lung cancer at age 85.

References

Other websites 
 

1933 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Australian sportspeople
New Zealand sportspeople
People from Hobart
Barry Briggs MBE (born 30 December 1934) is a former Speedway rider. He was born in Christchurch, New Zealand. He won the World Individual Championship title four times – in 1957, 1958, 1964 and 1966. He appeared in a record 17 consecutive World Individual finals (1954–70).

Briggs retired from British league racing in 1972 after an accident, but returned in 1974, then announcing in 1975 that this would be his last season yet retired in 1976.

In 1973 Briggs was awarded an MBE for his services to sport and in 1990 he was added into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame 

1934 births
Living people
New Zealand sportspeople
The Ed Sullivan Show was an American television variety show that ran on CBS from June 20, 1948, to June 6, 1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan.

It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie.

In 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.

References

CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Lakeside is a census designated place (CDP) in San Diego County, California.  The population was 20,648 at the 2010 census, up from 19,560 as of the 2000 census. It is located near San Diego, California.

References

Census-designated places in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Sir Peter Hannay Bailey Tapsell (1 February 1930 – 18 August 2018) was a British Conservative Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for Louth and Horncastle. He was born in Hove, Sussex, England.

Tapsell was in the House of Commons from 1966 until 2015 and was also an MP from 1959 to 1964. He was Father of the House between 2010 and 2015.

Tapsell died on 18 August 2018, age 88.

References

1930 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Politicians from Sussex
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Bazlur Rahman Badal (1921/1922 – 19 August 2018) was a Bangladeshi dancer. He was awarded Shilpakala Padak in 2014 and Independence Day Award in 2017. He was known for his dances inspired from the poem Bidrohi of Kazi Nazrul Islam. 

Badal died on 19 August 2018 in Rajshahi, Bangladesh of pneumonia complicated from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the age of 95.

References

1920s births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from COPD
Bangladeshi people
Dancers
Rafael Calventi Gaviño (18 March 1932 - 19 August 2018) was a Dominican architect and diplomat. He was born in La Vega, Dominica. In 1996 he joined the Dominican diplomatic corps and was the ambassador to Italy, Mexico, Argentina and Germany.

Calventi was deputy Director of the Office of the National District of Urban Planning and Design Chief of the Directorate of Buildings in the Ministry of Public Works and Communications of the Dominican Republic (SEOPEC).

Calventi was the first director of the Dominican School of Architecture, between 1966 and 1968. There he was a professor of Architectural Composition and Theory of Architecture. He was also one of the founders of the Technological Institute of Santo Domingo (INTEC) in the 1972.

Calventi died in Berlin on 19 August 2018 from a heart attack, aged 86.

References

1932 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Dominican Republic politicians
Architects
Ambassadors
Educators
Jean-Pierre Hocké (born 31 March 1938, deceased  28 July 2021) is a Swiss International Red Cross staff member  and United Nations official. He was born in Lausanne. He was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1986 to 1989. He was nominated by Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. Prior to that function he was Director of Operations of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) from 1973 to 1985 .

During his term of office, the crisis over refugees from Indochina, the so-called boatpeople, continued. The Comprehensive Plan of Action for Refugees from Indochina was  developed during this period. It  created procedural plans for a regional refugee status and the promotion of return to Vietnam for Vietnamese boat people not qualifying for refugee status He also helped plan out a peace process in Central America called the "CIREFCA Process".

At the end of his term, a scandal broke revealing that Hocké spent between $32,000 and $96,000 a year from Denmark's contribution on his entertainment and travel without informing the Danish Government or asking its permission. He resigned in 1989 under pressure from the scandal. The resignation came after Secretary-General de Cuellar Hocké that he could not remain in the post.

References

Other websites
 Jean-Pierre Hocké (1986–1989) Biography at the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees website
 United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees (rulers.org)

1938 births
Living people
United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
Swiss politicians
Tansen (c. 1500 – 26 April 1586), also known to as Tan Sen or Ramtanu, was a well known person of North Indian (Hindustani) classical music. He was born in a Hindu family in the historic city of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (The city known for its rich music heritage). He learned and perfected and mastered his art in the Gwalior region of modern Madhya Pradesh under Swami Haridas.  Tansen was the title given to him by Raja Vikramjit of Gwalior. He rose to fame and spent most of his adult life in the court and patronage of the Hindu king of Bandhavgarh (Rewa), Raja Ramchandra Singh (r.1555–1592). He became famous for his musical abilities and studies. Mughal Emperor Akbar sent messengers to Raja Ramchandra Singh , requesting Tansen to join the musicians at the Mughal court. In 1562, about the age of 60, the Vaishnava musician Tansen joined the Akbar court.

Tansen was a composer, musician and vocalist. He has been attributed for large number of compositions in northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. He was also an instrumentalist who made musical instruments better and popular. Akbar considered him as a Navaratnas (nine jewels). He gave him the title Mian in his honor, meaning learned man.

There are many legends about Tansen in Akbar court historian accounts and gharana literature. One of them says that he could bring down the rains with Raga Megh Malhar. It is also said that he could light lamps by performing Raga Deepak. Other legends talk about his ability to communicate with animals through his music. Once, a white elephant was captured, but it was wild and could not be controlled. Finally, Tansen sang to the elephant who calmed down and the emperor was able to ride him.

References 

1586 deaths
Indian musicians
Mughal Empire
Akbar
Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, KBE, KCSS (, ,  1933 –  2003) was an Iranian prince and diplomat. He was the son of Aga Khan III.

Khan was known as the 4th United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977. He helped shift the focus beyond Europe and prepared it for fix and aide hard refugee issues. He was a strong supporter that the United Nations should work alone.

Khan died of cancer on 12 May 2003 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 70.

References

1933 births
2003 deaths
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
Princes and princesses
Iranian people
People from Paris
The Prime Minister of the Netherlands () is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands. They are also the head of the Council of Ministers. 

The Prime Minister is de facto the head of government of the Netherlands and creates its policy with his cabinet. The current Dutch Prime Minister is Mark Rutte, in office since 2010.

the life of the  former Prime Ministers
The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Wim Kok who served 1994–2002 and died on 20 October 2018 at the age of 80 years 

the award he got : 
 
Prime Minister Rutte is being honored for his admirable leadership as one of the longest-serving heads of government in the European Union. Prime Minister Rutte’s promotion of free trade, efforts to combat the threat of climate change, and belief in the importance of the transatlantic relationship in sustaining European and global security hits at the core of the Atlantic Council’s mission. Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, presents the award to Prime Minister Rutte.

The 10th annual Global Citizen Awards honor President of the Republic of Chile Sebastián Piñera; Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte; Brian Grazer, storyteller, movie and television producer, founder, and philanthropist; will.i.am, founder of the Black Eyed Peas, Founder & CEO of I.AM+, and Founder and President, i.am.angel Foundation.

The event also announces Actress, Playwright, Teacher, and Author, Anna Deavere Smith, as the Atlantic Council’s first Artist in Residence. 

“The recipients of the 2019 Atlantic Council Global Citizen Awards recognize global citizenship at its best while also underscoring the Atlantic Council’s global mission of ‘shaping the future together’ with friends and allies”, said Frederick Kempe, President and CEO of the Atlantic Council. “Their myriad collective achievements range from government leadership in Europe and Latin America, to innovative approaches to advance climate action, to groundbreaking contributions in the humanitarian and artistic fields. It is our hope that by honoring these unique individuals, we can advance the concept of ‘global citizenship’ and inspire others to pursue lives of extraordinary public and humanitarian service.”

Mark Rutte (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɑrk ˈrʏtə]   listen); born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician serving as Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2010 and Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) since 2006.

How did Mark Rutte become prime minister?

After lengthy coalition negotiations, Rutte was sworn in as Prime Minister of the Netherlands on 14 October, becoming the first and formed the First Rutte cabinet. When Rutte was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in 92 years, and the second-youngest in Dutch history.

References
August R. Lindt (5 August 1905 – 14 April 2000), also known as Auguste R. Lindt, was a Swiss lawyer and diplomat. He was Chairman of UNICEF from 1953 to 1954 and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1956 to 1960. He was an adviser to the President of Rwanda from 1973 to 1975.

References

Other websites
Rolf Wilhelm (ed.): August R. Lindt: Patriot und Weltbürger. Haupt Verlag, Bern 2003, .

United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
Swiss politicians
1905 births
2000 deaths
Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart (19 March 1901 – 8 July 1956) was a Dutch politician and diplomat. He was the first United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1951 to 1956.

Awards
Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1949.
Nobel Peace Prize, 1954 (awarded to the UNHCR).
Wateler Peace Prize, 1956.

References

Other websites
Parlement.com (Parlementair Documentatie Centrum, Leiden University)

1901 births
1956 deaths
Dutch diplomats
Dutch journalists
Dutch people of World War II
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
Politicians from North Holland
United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
Writers from North Holland
Reggie Joiner (born August 20, 1960), is the CEO and founder of Orange, a division of The reThink Group, Inc. He is also one of the founders of North Point Community Church, where he served as the executive director of Family Ministry for 11 years.

Personal life 

Joiner lives in Cumming, Georgia, with his wife Debbie, where they raised four children into adulthood: Reggie Paul, Hannah, Sarah, and Rebekah.

Authored books 
Lead Small: Five Big Ideas Every Small Group Leader Needs to Know. Orange, 2012. .
It's Just a Phase-So Don't Miss It: Why Every Life Stage of a Kid Matters and at Least 13 Things Your Church Should Do About It. Orange, 2015. 
A New Kind of Leader: What You Believe Can Open a Door for a Kid or Teenager's Future. Orange, 2016. .
Parenting Beyond Your Capacity: Connect Your Family to a Wider Community. Orange, 2015. .
Don't Miss It: Parent Every Week Like It Counts. Orange, 2016. .

References 

Penguin Random House

Other websites 
 Think Orange

1960 births
Religious leaders
Christian writers
American Evangelicals
Living people
Writers from Atlanta, Georgia
The SS Eastland was a passenger ship based in Chicago and used for tours on the Chicago River. On July 24, 1915, the ship rolled over onto her side while tied to a dock in the Chicago River. 

A total of 844 passengers and crew were killed in what was the largest loss of life from a single shipwreck on the Great Lakes.

After the disaster, Eastland was saved and sold to the United States Navy. After restorations and modifications, Eastland was designated a gunboat and renamed USS Wilmette. She was used primarily as a training vessel on the Great Lakes, and was scrapped after World War II.

References

History of Chicago
20th century in Chicago
Maritime disasters
Disasters in the United States
Ships
Gia Carangi (January 29, 1960 – November 18, 1986) was an American fashion model during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many people believe she was the first supermodel.

Carangi was on the cover of fashion magazines, including many editions of Vogue and Cosmopolitan, and appeared in advertising campaigns for such fashion houses as Armani, Christian Dior, Versace, and Yves Saint Laurent.

Carangi, a heroin addict, died of AIDS-related complications at the age of 26. She was one of the first famous women to die of the disease.

References

1960 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from AIDS
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Models from Pennsylvania
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Louis Jolliet (September 21, 1645last seen May 1700) was a French-Canadian explorer. He was known for his discoveries in North America. Jolliet and Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, a Catholic priest and missionary, were the first non-Natives to explore and map the Mississippi River in 1673. 

This journey would lead them to present-day Chicago River and discovered an area near a portage which would later be known as Chicago.

References

1645 births
1700 deaths
Explorers
French people
People from Quebec City
Father Jacques Marquette S.J. (June 1, 1637 – May 18, 1675), sometimes known as Père  Marquette or James Marquette, was a French Jesuit missionary. He founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan. 

In 1673 Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to explore and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River Valley.

References

1637 births
1675 deaths
French explorers
French people
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 13,228. Its county seat is Plymouth. The county was formed in 1799 from the western third of Tyrrell County. It was named for George Washington, the first President of the United States.

References 

1790s establishments in North Carolina
1799 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
The Haymarket affair (also known as the Haymarket massacre or Haymarket riot) was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor protest on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago.

It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day and in reaction to the killing of several workers by the police. An unknown person (there are theories that it was a police agitator trying to cause an incident however this is unconfirmed and probably incorrect) threw a dynamite bomb at police. The bomb blast and gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; dozens of others were wounded.

Eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. The evidence was that one of the defendants may have built the bomb, but none of those on trial had thrown it.

The Haymarket Affair is thought to be an important reason of international May Day for workers.

The site of the incident was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1992, and a public sculpture was dedicated there in 2004.

References

19th century in Chicago
Protests
1880s in the United States
Washington County is a county in the northwest part of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 203,065, making it the third-most populous county in Arkansas. The county seat is Fayetteville.  It is Arkansas's 17th county, founded on October 17, 1828, and named for George Washington, the first President of the United States.

References 

1820s establishments in Arkansas Territory
1828 establishments in the United States
Arkansas counties
Creola is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. The population was 1,926 as of the 2010 census. This was down from 2,002 at the 2000 census, at which time it was still a town. It is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area. It was incorporated in 1978.

References 

Cities in Alabama
Lancaster  is a city in northern Los Angeles County, in the Antelope Valley of the western Mojave Desert in Southern California. As of 2013, Lancaster was the 31st largest city by population in California.

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Visalia ( ) is a city in the agricultural San Joaquin Valley of California. The city is the county seat of Tulare County.

Visalia is about  southeast of San Francisco,  north of Los Angeles,  west of Sequoia National Park and  south of Fresno. The population was 130,104 at the 2015 census.

Cities in California
County seats in California
Settlements in Tulare County, California
Joe Messina (born December 13, 1928) is an American guitarist. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was called the "white brother with soul". Messina was one of the most famous guitarists in Motown Records' in-house studio band, the Funk Brothers. He is known for being a member of The Funk Brothers.

Messina is the creator of an alternative music technique known as The Interval Study Method, which uses the chromatic and diatonic scales to create music.

Messina worked with performers such as Diana Ross & the Supremes, The Temptations, Marvin Gaye, The Four Tops, Stevie Wonder, and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles. Among Messina's most notable performances are his turns on hits such as "Dancing in the Street" (Martha & the Vandellas, 1964), "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch)" (Four Tops, 1965), and "Your Precious Love" (Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell, 1967).

References

Other websites
 Danny Wilson's tribute to Joe Messina 
 Joe Messina offers a personal message and interview

1928 births
Living people
American guitarists
American soul musicians
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Tulare County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 442,179. The county seat is Visalia.

References 

 
1850s establishments in California
1852 establishments in the United States
The Funk Brothers were a group of Detroit soul musicians who performed the backing to most Motown recordings from 1959 until the company moved to Los Angeles in 1972. 

They are thought to be one of the most successful groups of studio musicians in music history. The Funk Brothers played on Motown hits such as "My Girl", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "Baby Love", "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours", "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", "The Tears of a Clown", "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", and "Heat Wave".

The were 13 verified members of the group and they were identified by both NARAS for the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and were recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Some believed the group "played on more number-one hits than the Beatles, Elvis Presley, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys combined."

References

Other websites
"Standing in the Shadows of Motown WebQuest" 
Official Standing in the Shadows of Motown website
Grammy Lifetime Achievement awards

The Soulful Tale of Two Cities

Grammy Award winners
1959 establishments in the United States
1972 disestablishments in the United States
American soul musicians
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Jack Ashford (born May 18, 1934) is an American soul musician. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He worked for Motown Records' in-house Funk Brothers band during the 1960s and early 1970s. 

Ashford is most famous for playing the tambourine on hundreds of Motown recordings. Ashford played tambourine on include "Nowhere to Run" by Martha & the Vandellas, "You Can't Hurry Love" by The Supremes, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" by Marvin Gaye, and "Don't Leave Me This Way" by Thelma Houston.

References

Other websites
 Bankhousebooks.com
Jack Ashford Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2013)

1934 births
Living people
American soul musicians
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Cundinamarca  (Departamento de Cundinamarca, ) is one of the 32 departments of Colombia. Its area covers  (not including the Capital District) and it has a population of 2,598,245 as of 2013. Cundinamarca is in the center of Colombia.

Cundinamarca's capital city is Bogotá, the capital of Colombia.

Departments of Colombia
Pine Apple is a town in Wilcox County, Alabama, United States. It was incorporated in 1872. At the 2010 census the population was 132, down from 145 in 2000.

References 

Towns in Alabama
Avery Robert Dulles, S.J. (; August 24, 1918 – December 12, 2008) was a Jesuit priest, theologian, and Cardinal of the Catholic Church. Dulles was on the faculty of Woodstock College from 1960 to 1974, of The Catholic University of America from 1974 to 1988, and as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society at Fordham University from 1988 to 2008. He was born in Auburn, New York.

Dulles died in The Bronx, New York from complications of polio on December 12, 2008, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 Faculty Homepage
 Cardinal Avery Dulles Online Archive
 Catholic Hierarchy – information on Cardinal Dulles
 Cardinal Avery Dulles
 Catholic pages Cardinal Dulles bio
 

1918 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from poliomyelitis
Infectious disease deaths in New York City
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
American theologians
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
Auburn is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States. It is located at the north end of Owasco Lake, one of the Finger Lakes, in Central New York. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,687. It is the county seat of Cayuga County.

References

Cities in New York
County seats in New York
Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati (6 April 1901 – 4 July 1925) was an Italian Roman Catholic social activist. He was born in Turin. He was a member from the Third Order of Saint Dominic. 

He was dedicated to social justice issues. He helped the poor and less fortunate living in his hometown of Turin. He died in Turin on 4 July 1925 from polio, aged 24.

His cause for canonization opened in 1932 after the Turin poor made several pleas for such a cause to open. However, Pope Pius XII suspended the cause in 1941. Pope John Paul II beatified Frassati in mid-1990 and dubbed him the "Man of the Eight Beatitudes".

References

1901 births
1925 deaths
Deaths from poliomyelitis
Italian Roman Catholics
People from Turin
Onex () is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

History 
The municipality of Onex became an independent municipality in 1851 when the municipality of Onex-Confignon split into the two municipalities of Onex and Confignon.

Geography 
The municipality of Onex is on the left bank of the Rhône river.

The municipality has of the villages of Cressy - Marais, Evaux, Cité-Nouvelle, Gros-Chêne, Pré-Longet, Belle-Cour and Onex - village.

Twin towns 
Onex is twinned with:
  Liestal, Switzerland
  Massagno, Switzerland
  Bandol, France

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Geneva
Cities in Switzerland
1851 establishments
19th-century establishments in Switzerland
1850s establishments in Europe
Pope Gelasius I (died 19 November 496) was Pope of the Catholic Church. He reigned from 492 to 496. He was preceded by
Felix III and succeeded by Anastasius II.

References 

490s deaths
Algerian people
Popes
Christian saints
Year of birth unknown
Margareta Niculescu (4 January 1926 – 19 August 2018) was a Romanian artist, puppeteer, director, teacher and theater director. She was director of Tandarica Theatre of Bucharest. She was born in Iaşi, Romania.

From 2000 until 2004 she was president of the International Puppetry Association in Charleville-Mezieres, in Ardennes, and co-founded with Jacques Felix, the National School of Puppetry Arts in that city.

In 1978 she won the Erasmus Prize together with other noted puppeteers Yves Joly, Peter Schumann and the Napoli brothers.

Niculescu died on 19 August 2018 in Charleville-Mézières, France at the age of 92.

References

Romanian people
Artists
Romanian educators
Puppeteers
2018 deaths
1926 births
Asia Argento (; born Aria Maria Vittoria Rossa Argento; 20 September 1975) is an Italian actress, singer, model, activist and director. She is the daughter of filmmaker Dario Argento.

Argento is best known for her roles in the movies XXX (2002), Land of the Dead (2005) and Marie Antoinette (2006).

Argento was in a relationship with celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain from early 2017 until his suicide in 2018.

In the #MeToo movement she is thought to be one of the most vocal leaders of the movement. She was one of the many women abused by Harvey Weinstein. 

In August 2018, an article published in The New York Times revealed that she sexually assaulted Jimmy Bennett, a then 17-year-old actor and musician, in a California hotel in 2013, and arranged to pay $380,000 to her accuser.

References

Other websites
 

1975 births
Living people
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian voice actors
Italian political activists
Political writers
Italian models
DJs
Italian movie directors
Actors from Rome
Writers from Rome
Sourcery is a fantasy book by Terry Pratchett. It was published in 1988 and it is the fifth book in the Discworld series.

Plot
The story follows the wizard Rincewind who appeared in the first two Discworld books. He has to deal with the problems created when a young boy named Coin, the eighth son of an eighth son, and the most powerful wizard in the world tries to take over the world.

Adaptation
Sky TV planned to make a TV version of the book, although these plans were never completed.

Reception
Several newspapers praised Sourcery for its humour. The Daily Mail said Sourcery was the "most entertaining science-fantasy discovery in many years", whilst The Guardian said "One turns with relief … to the stylish magic of Sourcery." However it was criticised for its "lazy" plot and for being "muddled".

References 

Fantasy books
Nora K. Jemisin (born September 19, 1972) is an American speculative fiction writer.  She has won several awards for her work. She is the only author to have won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in three consecutive years.

In 2016, Jemisin's novel The Fifth Season won the Hugo Award for Best Novel. This win made her the first African American writer to win a Hugo award in that category. Its sequels, The Obelisk Gate and The Stone Sky, won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Early life 
Nora K. Jemisin was born in Iowa City, Iowa, and grew up in New York City and Mobile, Alabama. Jemisin has a B.S. degree in psychology (1994) Tulane University. She  also has a Master's of Education from the University of Maryland College Park.

Personal life 
Jemisin lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.

Awards 

 Romantic Times Reviewers' Choice Award, Best Fantasy Novel 2010 (The Broken Kingdoms)
 Locus Award, Best First Novel 2011 (The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms)
 Sense of Gender Award, 2011 (The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms)
 Romantic Times Reviewers' Choice Award, Best Fantasy Novel 2012 (The Shadowed Sun)
 Hugo Award, Best Novel 2016 (The Fifth Season)
 Hugo Award, Best Novel 2017 (The Obelisk Gate)
 Nebula Award, Best Novel 2018 (The Stone Sky)
 Locus Award, Best Fantasy 2018 (The Stone Sky)
 Hugo Award, Best Novel 2018 (The Stone Sky)

References 

1972 births
American science fiction writers
Hugo Award winning writers
Living people
Anthony Dwane Mackie He started his career in 2002. 

Mackie first appeared on stage before acting in mostly movies and sometimes television. He has appeared in movies such as 8 Mile (2002), Million Dollar Baby (2004), The Hurt Locker (2008), Notorious (2009), The Adjustment Bureau (2011), Man on a Ledge (2012), Gangster Squad (2013), Pain & Gain (2013) and The Night Before (2015). In 2014, he joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe as the superhero Falcon. As this character, he has appeared in the movies Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Ant-Man (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). In May 2016, he co-starred as Martin Luther King Jr. in the HBO television movie All the Way. In 2019, he played Danny Parker in the Black Mirror episode "Striking Vipers".

Mackie was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He married Sheletta Chapital in 2014, but the couple divorced in 2018. The couple have three children.

References

Other websites

 

1978 births
Living people
Actors from New Orleans, Louisiana
African American actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
The National Library and Documentation Services Board (NLDSB) is the agency of the government of Sri Lanka which helps maintains all state libraries around the country.

The NLDSB was established under the act No: 51 of 1998. This act established the Sri Lanka National Library Services Board in 1970. The board is placed under the Sri Lankan Ministry of Education. The present Board of Directors consists of 11 members including a full-time Chairperson. The Director General is the chief executive and secretary of the Board.

Goals and targets 

 To assess the need for library and documentation services among all sectors of the community and to promote the development of library and documentation services.
 To administer, manage and control the affairs of the National Library and Documentation Centre.
 To advise the authorities regarding plans, programmes and activities for the development of library and documentation services in Sri Lanka.
 To provide leadership for libraries of all categories in Sri Lanka, leadership in providing information to the nation and for all services.
 Establishment, development and maintenance of a complete national collection of written, printed and non print media published in Sri Lanka or abroad.
 Establishment and maintenance of Bibliographic and Documentation Services.
 Advise the government on matters relevant to the Library and Information Science field.
 Organization of human resources and Promotion of physical resources for the development of libraries in Sri Lanka.
 Encourage the local book publication and promotion of reading.
 Encourage usage of Information Technology for library and information services.
 Promote co-operation with the institutions and organizations at national, regional and international level related to library and information field.
 Organization of library and information services respecting to the cultural identity of different groups in the society.
 Provide resources and organize services needed for academic research activities.

References

Other websites 

  Official website not in Wikidata

Sri Lanka
National libraries in Asia