cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Henry Saint Claire Fredericks, better known by the stage name Taj Mahal (born May 17, 1942), is an American blues musician. He has been performing and recording since 1964 and is still popular.

Selected discography
 1968 – Taj Mahal
 1968 – The Natch'l Blues
 1969 – Giant Step/De Ole Folks At Home
 1971 – The Real Thing
 1971 – Happy Just To Be Like I Am
 1972 – Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff
 1973 – Oooh So Good 'n Blues
 1974 – Mo' Roots
 1975 – Music Keeps Me Together
 1976 – Satisfied 'N Tickled Too
 1976 – Music Fa' Ya (Musica Para Ti)
 1977 – Brothers (Soundtrack) 1977 – Evolution (The Latest)
 1983 – Take A Giant Step
 1986 – Taj
 1991 – Mule Bone
 1991 – Like Never Before
 1993 – Dancing The Blues
 1993 – An Evening of Acoustic Music
 1993 – The Source by Ali Farka Touré (World Circuit WCD030 / Hannibal 1375)
 1995 – Mumtaz Mahal (with V.M. Bhatt and N. Ravikiran)
 1996 – Phantom Blues
 1997 – Señor Blues
 1998 – Sacred Island (with The Hula Blues Band)
 1999 – Kulanjan (with Toumani Diabaté)
 1999 - Hippity Hop (Children's music)
 2000 – Shoutin' In Key
 2001 – Hanapepe Dream
 2003 – Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues – Taj Mahal
 2003 – Blues with Feeling
 2004 – Musicmakers with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 49)
 2004 – Etta Baker with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 50)
 2005 – Mkutano Meets The Culture Musical Club Of Zanzibar 2005 – The Essential Taj MahalAwards
Taj Mahal has received two Grammy Awards (nine nominations) over his career.

1997 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for Señor Blues2000 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for Shoutin' in Key2006 (Blues Music Awards) Historical Album of the Year for The Essential Taj Mahal2008 (Grammy Nomination) Best Contemporary Blues Album for Maestro''

On February 8, 2006 Taj Mahal was designated the official Blues Artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

References

American blues musicians
American guitarists
American pianists
Singers from New York
Musicians from New York
1942 births
Living people
Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist. Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland. He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956-1959 and from 1960-1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.

Career
Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing. 

After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30, 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the heavyweight champion of the world. He became the youngest boxing champion ever. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston. Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title.

Patterson is remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed.

Other websites 
Boxing Record 

1935 births
2006 deaths
African-American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from New York
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Viscachas or vizcachas are rodents. Together with the chinchilla they make up the family Chinchillidae.

There are two genera and four species of viscacha.
 Plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus): Lives in the Pampas of Argentina and Chile . It can be easily differentiated from other viscachas because it has black and gray moustache-like facial markings. This species makes colonies. It lives in warrens of ten to over one hundred. It is very vocal and emits alarm calls. The plains viscacha can strip grassland used to graze livestock; this caused ranchers to consider the rodent a pest species.

 Northern viscacha (Lagidum peruanum): Native to the Peruvian Andes at those elevations between the timber line and the snow line. It is dorsally gray or brown in color. It has a bushy tail and long, furry ears. This species lives in large colonies. The colonies are separated into individual family units, like an apartment complex. It eats a wide range of plants. It lives in a harsh, rocky environment. Therefore, it is not too picky about the food.

 Mountain viscacha (Lagidum viscacia): Also called southern viscacha, this species is similar to the northern viscacha, but its fur is more red in color. It lives in similar habitat in the Andes.

 Wolffsohn's viscacha (Lagidum wolffsohni): Little is known about this species, as it is rarer than the other three viscachas.

Rodents
Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat  teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed. The straight edges of the incisors are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the "central incisors", and the side ones are the "lateral incisors". (lateral means "to the side"). Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top.

In many mammalian herbivores (plant-eaters) these front teeth are used to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth. Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. In carnivores (meat-eating mammals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small. The canine teeth are  long and suitable for grasping and stabbing. Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need fine control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish. If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors.

Gallery

Related pages
Dentition

Teeth
Mammals
The gerbils are a family of rodents. There are about 110 species of gerbils. All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats. At one time, gerbils were known as wild rats. Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular. The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length. The gerbil is also a common household pet.

Species of gerbil include:
 Fat-tailed gerbil, whose tail gets bigger when it eats.
 Great gerbil, the biggest type of gerbil

The Mongolian gerbil is one of around 110 species, but it is the most popular to have for a pet. The Mongolian gerbil was discovered in 1800 but was not studied until 1866. All domestic gerbils come from just a few gerbils from 1930.

A gerbil is smaller than a rat but bigger than a mouse. It depends on the species. From just mice and rats the gerbil has a tail with hair and it ends with a tassel. A gerbil is around 5-6 inches long but with the tail it is around 11-12 inches. There are bigger gerbils too like the Great gerbil who has a 7-8 inches long body and 7-8 inches long tail.

Other websites 

 Gerbil Care Guide
 The National Gerbil Society (U.K.)
 The American Gerbil Society
 TheGerbils.com - Everything about the gerbil!
 Gerbils at Popular Pets
 Information on Gerbils 

Rodents
Muridae is the largest family of mammals.  It contains over 700 species. These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.  They have been introduced worldwide.  The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives.

The family name Muridae is sometimes used in a broader sense to include all members of the superfamily Muroidea.

The Murids are classified in four subfamilies, and about 140 genera.

Subfamilies

Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
Leimacomyinae (Togo mouse)
Lophiomyinae (Crested rat)
Murinae (Old World rats and mice including the vlei rats)

Sources 
Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux J. A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
 Muridae on ITIS

Rodents
Muroidea is a large superfamily of rodents.  It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives.  They live on almost every continent except Antarctica.  Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae.  Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another. 

The muroids are classified in 6 families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera and at least 1300 species.

Taxonomy 
 Family Platacanthomyidae - incertae sedis - (spiny dormouse and pygmy dormice)
 Family Spalacidae fossorial muroids
 Subfamily Myospalacinae (zokors)
 Subfamily Rhizomyinae (bamboo rats and root rats)
 Subfamily Spalacinae (blind mole rats)
 Clade Eumuroida - typical muroids
 Family Calomyscidae
 Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
 Family Nesomyidae
 Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
 Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
 Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
 Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
 Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
 Family Cricetidae
 Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
 Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
 Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
 Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
 Subfamily Tylomyinae
 Family Muridae
 Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
 Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
 Subfamily Leimacomyinae (Togo Mouse)
 Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
 Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

References 
 Primary Taxonomic Reference
 Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
 Other Taxonomic References
 Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
 Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
 Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae.  Pp. 501-755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
 Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

Rodents
The Old World rats and mice (called Murinae) is a subfamily in the family Muridae. It has about 560 species.  This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae. It is also larger than most mammal orders.

Description
The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.  They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia.  They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. They are serious pest animals.  This is particularly true in islands where they have  endangered and caused the extinction extinction of many native animals.

The brown rat and the house mouse are both used for medical tests. They are among the animals whose genome has been sequenced.

The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.

Fossils 
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus Antemus.  Progonomys is thought to be the ancestor of Mus and relatives, while Karnimata is thought to lead to Rattus and relatives.  All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan.

The genera Uranomys, Lophuromys, and Acomys were once thought to be murines. Later, it was discovered (by molecular phylogenetics that they were more closely related to gerbils. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, the Deomyinae.

Sources and further reading
Chevret P. et al 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (Acomys) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.
Jacobs L.L. 1978. Fossil rodents (Rhizomyidae and Muridae) from Neogene Siwalik deposits, Pakistan.  Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona, 52: 1-103.
Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux J. A. Reyes and F. Catzeflis 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
In music, an arpeggio is a group of notes in a chord which are played one after the other, instead of all at the same time. The arpeggio may either go up or go down, but it is more common going up. 

The word arpeggio comes from the Italian word arpeggiare, which means "to play on a harp". This is because harps are very good at playing arpeggiated chords. 

An arpeggio is a type of broken chord, but there are many different kinds.

Learning many musical instruments include playing scales and arpeggios. They are often played as part of music examinations, especially for piano and the string instruments. This is because these skills are useful for playing a lot of music. For example, Bach's Prelude in C () is made of many different arpeggios. Guitarists sometimes play arpeggios instead of strumming, and banjo players do it a lot. 

An "arpeggiated chord" means a chord which is "spread". This means the notes do not start exactly at the same time. This is sometimes called arpeggiato, and in modern music is called a rolled chord. An arpeggiated chord is written with a wiggly line going from top to bottom in front of the chord. An arpeggiated chord is spread from the lowest to the highest note. Occasionally composers such as Béla Bartók ask for them to be played from top to bottom. This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down.

References

Musical terminology

it:Abbellimento#Arpeggio
Spyglass Entertainment is a movie and television production company.  Jonathan Glickman is the current President of Production. Internationally, Buena Vista has released most movies made by Spyglass (with exceptions). The first movie released by the company was Instinct.

Filmography

With Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

With Touchstone Pictures
Instinct (1999)
The Insider (1999)
Keeping the Faith (2000)
Shanghai Noon (2000, followed by 2003 sequel Shanghai Knights)
Unbreakable (2000)
Out Cold (2001)
The Count of Monte Cristo (2002)
Reign of Fire (2002)
The Recurit (2003)
Mr. 3000 (2004) (also with Dimension Films and The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005)
Stick It (2006)

With Hollywood Pictures
The Sixth Sense (1999)
Stay Alive (2006) (also with Endgame)
The Invisible  (2007)

With Walt Disney Pictures
The Pacifier (2005)
Eight Below (2006) (also with Mandeville Films)
Underdog (2007)

With Miramax Films
The Lookout (2007)

With NBC Universal

With Universal Studios
Dragonfly (2002)
Bruce Almighty (2003)
Seabiscuit (2003) (also with DreamWorks)
Connie and Carla (2004)
Evan Almighty (2007)
Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins (2008)
Wanted (2008)
Dinner for Schmucks (2010)

With Rogue Pictures
Balls of Fury (2007) (also with Interpid Pictures)

With Viacom

With Paramount Pictures
Abandon (2002)
The Perfect Score (2004)
The Love Guru (2008)
Star Trek (2009) (also with Bad Robot Productions)
G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009) (also with Hasbro) (logo not shown)

With DreamWorks
Seabiscuit (2003) (also with Universal Pictures)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) (also with Columbia Pictures, Amblin Entertainment and Red Wagon Entertainment)
The Ruins (2008)
Ghost Town (2008)

With Sony Pictures

With Columbia Pictures

Also With Amblin Entertainment
The Legend of Zorro (2005)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) (also with DreamWorks and Red Wagon Entertainment)

With News Corporation

With 20th Century Fox
27 Dresses (2008)
The Happening (2008) (also with UTV Motion Pictures and Blinding Edge Pictures)

With TimeWarner

With New Line Cinema
Four Christmases (2008) (distributed by Warner Bros.)

Movie studios
Yersinia pestis is a bacillus. It is a bacterium. It has been identified as the infectious agent of bubonic plague. This bacterium also causes other forms of plague- Septicemic plague and pneumonic plague. These three forms of the plague have been responsible for a high death toll in many epidemics throughout human history. These diseases are believed to be the cause of the Black Death. Because of the Black Death, about one third (one of three) people in Europe died. This was between 1347 and 1353.

The bacillus was discovered by the physician Alexandre Yersin during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong, in 1894. Yersin worked for the Pasteur Institute at the time. Originally, the microoganism was named Pasteurella pestis. It was renamed in 1967.

Currently, three varieties of Y. pestis are known.

Historians are currently divided about the role of Y. pestis in the Black Death. Some historians said that the Black Death spread far too fast. Therefore, Y. pestis could not have caused it. DNA from Y. pestis has been found in the teeth of some of the victims of the Black Death. For this reason, Y. pestis must have been at least a factor in some (but not necessarily all) European plague epidemics.

References 
These references are probably not in Simple English.

Other websites 

 Yersinia pestis . Virtual Museum of Bacteria.
 Genome information is available from the NIAID PathoSystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC) 

Gram-negative bacteria
Plague
Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or seven day fever) is a bacterial disease. It is caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira. This bacterium affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. It was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886. At the time he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". The pathogen, Leptospira-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice.

Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) to come in contact with the skin, eyes or with the mucous membranes. 

It usually causes heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure, and most sufferers die if they are not treated urgently. The disease causes little concern, as it is quite rare
 
Except for tropical areas, Leptospirosis seems to occur most often in the months August to September, in the Northern Hemisphere.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Animal diseases
François-Joseph Gossec (born Vergnies, 17 January 1734 — 16 February, 1829) was a South Netherlands composer.  He was born in what is now Belgium, but worked in France during his long life.  People hardly ever hear his music now except for one very popular piece of dance music called Tambourin.  He was famous in France in his time and had a lot of influence on French music.

Life and Work
Gossec’s family were small farmers.  When Gossec was young he worked as a cowherd (someone who looks after cows).  He showed a lot of talent and became a choir-boy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp.

In 1751 he went to Paris.  The composer Jean-Philippe Rameau was very impressed by him and got him jobs playing the violin and double bass in his private orchestra.  He heard a lot of music by German composers and started to write music of his own.  His symphony in D was one of the first works in France to use clarinets which had only just been invented.  He composed many  operas as well as instrumental works.

In 1762 Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Condé at Chantilly.  A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra.

Gossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution.  When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there.

Gossec composed lots of different kinds of music.  His music for instruments was very successful.  He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting.  He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris.  He was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour.  A lot of composers  went to his funeral.

1734 births
1829 deaths
Belgian composers
Classical era composers
Legion of Honour
People from Hainaut (province)
Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730  3 January 1795, born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent) was an English potter, who became famous for the industrialisation  of pottery. He was the grandfather of both Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin, Charles' wife.

Wedgwood was the first to use modern marketing: direct mail, money-back guarantees, travelling salesmen, self-service, free delivery, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues.

Biography

Early life 
When he was a child, Josiah had smallpox, but he survived (did not die). The smallpox injured his knee, so he could not easily work as a potter. Instead, he worked hard to design pottery. Working as an apprentice, Wedgwood learned many techniques for making pottery. He used his skills to make one of the first pottery factories, Ivy Works, in Burslem, now part of Stoke-on-Trent.

Work 
Wedgwood was very interested in science and technology, and used new ideas to make good quality pottery. He became famous for making pottery for royalty, and became very rich. He spent money on civic works, things that would help businessmen and people in the city, for example canals. He became friends with Erasmus Darwin, an important scientist and inventor. In 1780, Wedgwood and Darwin became business partners. Wedgwood's son married Darwin's daughter, who gave birth to Charles Darwin. Wedgwood and Darwin were also members of the 'Lunar Society', a group of important scientists, philosophers and businessmen.

By 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest levels of the British nobility, including Queen Charlotte. Wedgwood convinced her to let him name the line of pottery she had purchased "Queen's Ware", and trumpeted the royal association in his paperwork and stationery. In 1773, Empress Catherine of Russia ordered the Green Frog Service from Wedgwood; it can still be seen in the Hermitage Museum. An even earlier commission from Catherine was the Husk Service (1770), now on exhibit in Peterhof.

In the latter part of his life, Wedgwood's obsession was to duplicate the Portland Vase, a dark blue and white glass vase from the first century BC. For three years he worked on the project, eventually producing what he considered a satisfactory copy in 1789.

Abolition of slavery 
Together with his friends in the Lunar Society, Wedgwood worked for the abolition (ending) of slavery. Wedgwood produced medallions asking for the end of slavery. These medallions became very popular. Wedgwood died in Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, in 1795. Selling slaves became illegal (against the law) in 1807 in Britain, and having slaves became illegal in 1833.

References 

 Wedgwood: the first tycoon, Brian Dolan, Viking Adult, 416 pp. 2004.

Other websites 

 Wedgwood collection at the Lady Lever Art Gallery
 Revolutionary Players website 
 Wedgwood Museum

1730 births
1795 deaths
Potters
Smallpox survivors
Wedgwood family
Members of the Lunar Society
Maria Barbara Bach (20 October 1684–7 July 1720) was the wife of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach.  She was also the mother of the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.

1684 births
1720 deaths
German people
People from Thuringia
Maria Barbara
Ligue 1 is the top league of French football. A.S. Monaco F.C. from the Principality of Monaco, on the south coast of France, is in the league.

2019–20 clubs 
 Amiens
 Angers
 Bordeaux
Brest
 Dijon
 Lille
 Lyon
 Marseille
 Metz
 Monaco
 Montpellier
 Nantes
 Nice
Nîmes
 Paris Saint-Germain
 Rennes
Reims
 Saint-Étienne
 Strasbourg
 Toulouse

Champions

Former champions

Related pages
Ligue 2
Championnat National

Notes

Football leagues
Football in France
1932 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in France
Serie A is the highest football league in Italy.

Format 
From 1929 to 2004, Serie A has got 16 or 18 teams. The Only Exception was in the years from 1946 to 1952, where in the Serie A there were 20-21 teams.

All the 20 teams play two times against all the other teams from August to May.

The top four teams in the Serie A qualify for the UEFA Champions League (from the 2017–18 season). 

The 5th and the winner of Coppa Italia qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament.

The 6th or the 7th ranked club, depending if the winner of Coppa Italia is qualified yet, joins the preliminary round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.

The three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B.

Serie A Clubs

2021-2022

Seasons of Serie A

Champions

Related pages
 Serie B
 Lega Pro Prima Divisione

Football leagues
Football in Italy
1898 establishments in Italy
An oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð) is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath".  Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath".  

A person can say "I promise that I will do this..." or "I swear that I will do this..." 

When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.

Oaths are used in many situations when a person needs to be true to what they say: 
A person often swears an oath when they get married that they will love, care for and be true to their partner.
A person is often asked to take an "oath" that they will tell the truth in court.
A person who has an important position like mayor or governor swears an oath that they will serve their people and country.
When a person becomes a citizen of a country where they were not born, they take an "oath of allegiance" and promise that they will be a good and true citizen of their new country.

Other meanings
The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible.

Related pages
 Confirmation 
 Society
 Institution
 Contract
 Law
 Government

Other websites 
 

 Courtroom oaths  from the North Dakota Supreme Court adding social workers to oath for their state it’s there responsibility website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau  has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services  covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006) but the 2nd Edition is available.
North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath 
for comments about John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office.

Society
Return to Oz is a 1985 Disney movie. It is considered to be a sequel of The Wizard of Oz.

Sources

Other websites
 

Disney movies
1980s fantasy movies
Cult movies
1985 movies
English-language movies
Apocalyptic movies
Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend. In some of the legends, he betrayed King Arthur and killed him. He is said to be Arthur's son by his half-sister Morgan le Fay (also called Morgana or Morgaine). Mordred was born at Caerlon. Mordred was also said to have been killed by Arthur after he stole Excalibur from him. He was killed while Arthur was fatally wounded. His name comes from old Welsh. He was not a knight of the round table. In some legends he is a chimera made by Morgana with Arthur's blood and a range of magics, Mordred in multiple legends was known to be the thief of king Arthur's second sword Clarent, which was known as Arthur's Sword of Peace. This being the reason why it is not as well known as Excalibur, which was Arthur's Sword of War that was used to protect of Camelot. Clarent was a sword that would be present whenever Arthur would make a covenant of peace. The exception to the usually peaceful status of Clarent being the legend in which Morderd stole it and later used it to mortally wound Arthur just before being cut down in turn by Arthur.

Arthurian legend
Miss America is an American beauty contest. It is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 24. Contestants are judged on talent and interviews in addition to their physical attractiveness. It is run by the Miss America Organization, a non-profit organization based in Linwood, New Jersey. The corporation has developed the "Miss America Scholarship Program", which awards educational scholarships to successful competitors.

The contest began in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1921. It was an idea of newspaper reporter, Harry Finley, to increase newspaper sales and to promote Atlantic City. The first competition had eight entrants. The entrants were selected by their local city newspapers and their prize was a holiday in Atlantic City, and to take part in the "Intercity Beauty Contest". This was held as part of the second annual Atlantic City Pageant. Margaret Gorman, "Miss Washington D.C.", a school girl from Washington D.C was selected by the Washington Herald. She won the "Inter-City Beauty, Amateur" and "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America" contests. She was given the Golden Mermaid Trophy. Because these were awkward titles, in 1922 Gorman was renamed as "Miss America".

Winners

References

Other websites 

 Official site

Lists of American people
In terms of computer security, a firewall is a piece of  software. This software monitors the network traffic between the inside and outside. The firewall is placed between the network that is to be protected (trusted) and the outside network (less trusted) aka WAN or Internet. A firewall has a set of rules which are applied to each packet. The rules decide if a packet can pass, or whether it is discarded.When a large network needs to be protected, the firewall software often runs on a computer that does nothing else. 

A firewall protects one part of the network against unauthorized access.

Different kinds of Firewalls

Packet filtering / Network Layer 
Data travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets. Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to. The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata. Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected. All firewalls can do this. It is done at the network layer.

Stateful packet inspection
In addition to the simple packet filtering (above) this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections. A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection. If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped.

Application-layer firewalls
Application-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported. They know how certain protocols work, for example  FTP or HTTP. They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol). If it is not, it can be dropped.

Other things firewalls are used for

Tunneling
Firewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks. This is called tunnellng. The data may be encrypted. It is decrypted at the other end. Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it. An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network).

Network Address Translation (NAT)
Very often, firewalls can translate IP addresses. That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses. The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses.

Types of firewalls
In general, there are two types of firewalls:
Software-based firewalls: these are often run as additional programs on computers that are used for other things. They are often known as personal firewalls which can be updates on personal computers.

Prominent Brands include OPNsense, pfsense, comodo etc.

Hardware-based firewalls: Hardware based firewalls run on a dedicated computer (or appliance). Often, these offer a better performance than software firewalls, but they are also more expensive.

Prominent Brands include PaloAlto, WiJungle, Checkpoint, Cisco etc.

What firewalls cannot protect against
Firewalls can protect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet. They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive).

Software
Internet security
"The Cask of Amontillado" (sometimes spelled "The Casque of Amontillado") is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in Godey's Lady's Book in November 1846.

Story 
The narrator [Montressor] talks to a priest about his sin. Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato for an insult.

During a masquerade (ball where people wear masks) in the city. Fortunato is dressed in a jester's costume. Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a wine called amontillado. He wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real. Montresor leads Fortunato into his underground  catacombs/wine cellar to test the wine. When there, Montressor chains Fortunato  and then walls him up alive in a niche. 

Fortunato cries out "For the love of God, Montresor!" to which Montresor replies, "Yes, for the love of God!" He twice calls out for a reply but hears nothing. Before placing the last stone, he drops a burning torch through the gap, but hears only the jester's bells ringing. 

The crime took place 50 years before... Montressor express no regrets except for remarking about Fortunato: In pace requiescat! ("May he rest in peace!").

Other websites 

 "The Cask of Amontillado" - Full text of the first printing, from Godey's Lady's Book, 1846
 The Cask of Amontillado, found online at Ye Olde Library
The Cask of Amontillado  at American Literature 
 Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words.
 Free-to-download MP3 dramatisation of the story  (Yuri Rasovsky)

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Chocolate milk, also known as cocoa milk, hot cocoa drink, or just syruped chocolate milkshake, is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink. Chocolate milk may be made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar.

Similar beverages
A mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate. A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milkshake.

Other websites 
 How To Make Chocolate Milk 

Milk
A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water. Wetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.

Partial wetsuits
When people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings.

Wet suits are garments that oceangoers wear!
It's very vital when going to the ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector.

Full wetsuits
Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.
 Dry suit - a type of protective clothing for scuba divers that keeps the diver dry. Dry suits do not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that dry suits can be worn for scuba diving in very cold ocean water, such as the Arctic Ocean.

Swimwear
Touch rugby, also named Touch or Touch Football, is a sport which is derived from rugby league. It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries. It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages.

History 
Touch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s, pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players. The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s and the first Touch league began in Ireland in 2005.

Rules

Size of The Field 
It is played on fields or pitches of 70 meters long by 50 meters, wide with sidelines, a half-way line and In goal areas.

Numbers 
According to official rules, each team can have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time. Therefore, total 12 players get to play on a field. It is possible to interchange players as many as they want.

Start of The Game 
By tossing a coin, starting team is decided and an attacking team gets to have six chances to make a score. These chances are called touches.

Scoring 
Players can score by grounding the ball in goal areas. The definition of grounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground.

Turn over 
If the attacking team drops a ball, the possession is changed to the other team and the game starts over with rollball by using hands or feet. The definition of rollball is rolling the ball slightly backward by using your hand or feet.

Penalty Situations

Forward pass 
Team which has possession can pass a ball to teammates who is at sideways or backwards. If it is passed forward, it is a penalty and they lose the possession. The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using your foot.

Touch and Pass 
If a player passes the ball after being touched a penalty occurs for forward pass.

Off the mark 
Players must start over with rollball or a penalty at the same mark where a rollball or a penalty were given.

How to touch? 
In Touch, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced with touch by using a hand. It allows any part of body to be touched and must use minimum force.

Purpose 
Touch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world. No matter who you are, how old you are. It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women.

References

Rugby
The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions. It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864. It covers the treatment of battlefield injuries and was made in 1864 as part of the making of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Medicine
War
Geneva Conventions
19th-century treaties
1864
History of Geneva
19th century in Europe
The Second Geneva Convention of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions. Its full title is  Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906. It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties. The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (Geneva, 12 August 1949).

As of 27 June 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries.

Related pages
 Geneva Conventions
 First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties
 Third Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of prisoners of war
 Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 on the treatment of civilians during wartime
 Protocol I, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in international conflicts
 Protocol II, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in non-international armed conflicts
 Protocol III, 2005 Geneva Convention amendment about the adoption of the Red Crystal emblem

Other websites 
 International Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of Convention (II) with commentaries
 List of countries that have ratified Convention (II)
 Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, The Hague, 18 October 1907

Geneva Conventions
1906 in Europe
20th century in Geneva
July events
Padniewko is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2.

Villages in Poland
For the mountain range in Spain see Sierra Nevada (Spain)

The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of California. The range is also known as The Sierra and The Sierras.

Geography 
The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south. It is bounded on the west by California's Central Valley, and on the east by the Great Basin.

Other websites 
 List of Sierra Peaks at climber.org
 The Mountains of California
 Geological Time Line for the Sierra Nevada, National Park Service 

Mountains of California
Geography of Nevada
Western United States
Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside.

History 
Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land. 

Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.

In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.

Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster.

Farms
Wine
German food
History of Germany
'RUGHVED' is an ancient Indian religious book. It is counted as one of the four sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas. It is  the world's oldest religious writings. It is also one of the oldest writings in Sanskrit language. Rigveda is very important to Hindus, especially Hindus in India and Nepal. Its words are said during prayers and religious gatherings. It is dated up to 4000 years ago but on the basis of astronomical calculations it is dated back to 8000 years and some calculations date back it to 10,000 years.

Rig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying to Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc. These hymns are called Riks. Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda. This writing consists of 10 writings. The Rigveda has 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses.

Other websites 
 A Simple Translation of Hymns from Rig Veda

Vedas
An amorphous solid does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape. It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms.  Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids.

An amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.

Solids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other. But their properties are, of course, enormously different. While a solid material has both a well-defined volume and a well-defined shape, a liquid has a well-defined volume but a shape that depends on the shape of the container. Stated differently, a solid exhibits resistance to shear stress while a liquid does not. Externally applied forces can twist or bend or distort a solid’s shape, but (provided the forces have not exceeded the solid’s elastic limit) it “springs back” to its original shape when the forces are removed. A liquid flows under the action of an external force; it does not hold its shape. These macroscopic characteristics constitute the essential distinctions: a liquid flows, lacks a definite shape (though its volume is definite), and cannot withstand a shear stress; a solid does not flow, has a definite shape, and exhibits elastic stiffness against shear stress.

Related pages
 Glass
 Crystalline

Other websites 
 Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher Equation Parameters 
 Fragility thy name is glass 

Matter
Archie Moore (December 13, 1913 or 1916   – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1962. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title twice a year. Moore fought for the heavyweight championship twice, was the only person to fight 3 champions from 3 generations. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22 1955 and to Floyd Patterson on November 30 1956 (when Rocky's championship officially ended), in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was to Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore was Ali's trainer for a short time. They split because of differences on fighting styles.

References

American boxers
Sportspeople from Mississippi
1916 births
1998 deaths