cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Division of Cowan is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was created in 1984 and is named for Edith Cowan, the first woman elected to an Australian Parliament. It covers the northern suburbs of Perth, including Girrawheen, Greenwood, Kingsley, Landsdale, Woodvale and Marangaroo.

Members

Graham Edwards had been a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council, and a minister in the Lawrence Government.

Election results
 2001 election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results
 2019 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Cowan - Australian Electoral Commission
 Luke Simpkin's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Western Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
The Division of Curtin is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was created in 1949 and is named for John Curtin, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1941-45. Much of the area was part of the Division of Fremantle, which Curtin represented from 1928 to 1945. It covers the beachside suburbs of Perth, including Claremont, Cottesloe, Mosman Park, Nedlands, Subiaco and Swanbourne.

Members

Its most famous member was Paul Hasluck, a Cabinet minister and later Governor-General of Australia. Julie Bishop was Minister for Education, Science and Training and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues in the Howard Government. She is the Deputy Leader of the parliamentary Liberal Party, making her the first woman to hold this role.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Curtin - Australian Electoral Commission
 Julie Bishop's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Western Australia
1949 establishments in Australia
Robert Hunter Middleton (May 6, 1898 – August 3, 1985) was an Scottish-American book designer, painter, and type designer. 

Middleton was born in Glasgow, Scotland on May 6, 1898. He came to Chicago in 1908 where he studied at the School of the Art Institute. 

He joined the design department of the Ludlow Typograph Company in 1923 and served as director of the department of typeface design from 1933–71. In 1944 he began operating a private press, The Cherryburn Press. He died in Chicago.

Middleton died on August 3, 1985 from natural causes in his home in Chicago, Illinois, aged 87.

References

1989 births
1985 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American painters
Writers from Chicago
People from Glasgow
Povilas Tautvaišas (English:  Paul Tautvaisas / Tautvaisis) (born 6 May 1916, Mogilev – died November 1980, Chicago) was a Lithuanian-American chess master.

He played twice for the Lithuanian team in the Chess Olympiads, at eighth board (+4 –8 =2) at Munich 1936 (unofficial Olympiad), and at fourth board (+5 –9 =6) in the 8th Olympiad at Buenos Aires 1939, during which World War II broke out. 

Tautvaisas returned to Europe, unlike many other players in that event (Najdorf, Stahlberg, Eliskases, Frydman, et al.). He took 5th, behind Birmanas, Arlauskas, Abramavičius, and Vaitonis, at the 1943 Lithuanian chess championship in Vilnius. 

Tautvaišas died in November 1980 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 64.

References

1916 births
1980 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Lithuanian sportspeople
American chess players
Carl Wright (February 2, 1932 – May 19, 2007) was an American tap dancer, actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in Soul Food, Barbershop, and Big Momma's House. 

For several years, Wright teamed up with Chicago radio legend Pervis Spann playing a misguided and mischievous reverend on his Chicago television show, "Blues and More". 

Wright was born in Orlando, Florida on February 2, 1932. He toured as a tap dancer as a young man, and for a time performed as The Three-Leggers with a one-legged partner. Wright died of cancer at his home in Chicago.

Movies
The Cookout (2004) .... Grandpa
Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004) .... Checkers Fred
Platinum Playaz (2003) .... Mr. Green
M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team .... Darren (1 episode, 2003)
Rubbish (2003) TV episode .... Darren
When Thugs Cry (2003) .... Minister
Barbershop (2002) .... Checkers Fred
Just Visiting (2001) .... Station Master
Big Momma's House (2000) .... Ben Rawley
Early Edition .... Henderson (1 episode, 1998)
Walk, Don't Run (1998) TV episode .... Henderson
Soul Food (1997) .... Reverend Williams

References

Other websites

1932 births
2007 deaths
Actors from Orlando, Florida
African-American movie actors
American radio personalities
Cancer deaths in Florida
Fulk II of Anjou (–960), called the good (), was a French nobleman and the Count of Anjou from 942 to his death in 960.

Career 

Fulk II was born about 905. He was the son of Fulk the Red and his wife Roscilla de Loches. She was a daughter of Warnerius, Seigneur de Villentrois. He succeeded his father in 942 as the second count of Anjou (also called the count of Angers) and remained in power until 960.

The Angevins, Fulk II included, had become very good at making marriage alliances that helped their goals. His father, Fulk the Red, had arranged his marriage to a Carolingian, Gerberga, the daughter of Ratburnus I Viscount of Vienne. Among other things this marriage made it possible for their daughter Adelaide-Blanche to marry a future king of France. It made them important enough for their son Guy to become Bishop of le Puy.

After Gerberga died  Fulk made another astute political marriage. He married Adelaide, the widow of Alan II, Duke of Brittany. Alan II had also been Count of Nantes and the marriage probably gave Fulk control of Nantes. Adelaide was also the sister of Theobald I, Count of Blois. This allowed Fulk II to form an alliance with the House of Blois. Fulk died in 960. He was succeeded by his son Geoffrey Greymantle.

Family

By his wife, Gerberge,  Fulk II had several children:

 Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, married five times.
 Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou, married Adelaide of Vermandois.
 Bouchard, Count of Vendome.
 Guy of Anjou, Bishop of le Puy.
 Humbert d'Anjou, mentioned 957.

By his second wife Adelaide, he had no children.

Notes

References

900s births
960s deaths
Counts of Anjou
A Morpho is a butterfly in one of over 29 species and 147 subspecies in the genus Morpho.

Morphos are Neotropical butterflies found mostly in South America, Mexico and Central America. Morphos range in wingspan from the 7.5 cm (3 inch) M. rhodopteron to the imposing 20 cm (8 inch) Sunset Morpho, M. hecuba.

Colours 
Many Morpho butterflies are coloured in metallic, shimmering shades of blue and green. These colours are not caused by pigment. They are an example of iridescence: light reflects through the microscopic scales covering the Morpho's wings.

Sexual dimorphism 
The blue Morpho species have sexual dimorphism. In some species only the males are iridescent blue, the females are camouflaged brown and yellow. In other species the females are partially iridescent but less blue than the males.

Biology

Habitat 
Their habitat is the primary forests of the Amazon and Atlantic. They can  breed in other forested habitats, for instance the dry deciduous woodlands of Nicaragua and in secondary forests.

Flight 
Morphos are strong fliers, found at altitudes between sea level and about 1400 m. Morphos are diurnal: males spend the mornings patrolling along forest streams and rivers. They are territorial and will chase any rivals. Morphos typically live alone out of the mating season.

Protection 
The adults are usually palatable, but hard to catch because they are such strong fliers. Birds find it very hard to catch them.

The conspicuous blue coloration shared by most Morpho species may be a case of Müllerian mimicry, or may be 'pursuit aposematism'. This means the bird learns that the colour says, in effect, "don't waste your energy, you can't catch me".

Life cycle 
The entire life cycle of the Morpho butterfly, from egg to death, is approximately 115 days.

Although the adults are palatable, the larvae are not. Their hairs are irritating, and when disturbed they secrete a noxious fluid which smells like rancid butter. The strong odour is a defence against predators.

The caterpillar will molt five times before entering the pupal stage. The bulbous chrysalis is pale-green or jade-green and emits a repulsive, ultrasonic sound when touched. It is suspended from a stem or leaf of the foodplant.

References 

Nymphalidae
Protocol 41 is a communication protocol which embeds internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) packets inside Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) packets. It is usually used to allow a computer or router with only an IPv4 address to obtain an IPv6 address (or maybe more than one address, to serve more than one computer).  Most IPv6 tunnel providers support Protocol 41, including Hurricane Electric and SixXS.  6to4, 6rd, and 6in4 are all different ways of using Protocol 41.  Protocol 41 does not use TCP or UDP (although the IPv6 packets inside can carry TCP and UDP traffic).  It is not to be confused with TCP or UDP port number 41.

6to4
6to4 is a special usage of protocol 41. A 6to4 address starts with the digits 2002, followed by the IPv4 address of its router. A 6to4 address might look like: 2002:CB00:71FF:0:fe64:3486:d398:3346

Related pages
 Teredo tunneling
 John Kristoff's IP protocol 41 feed blog post
 IP protocol 41 feed

Internet protocols
Castor and Pollux were twin brothers in Greek and Roman mythology.  Together they are called the Dioscuri.  They were the sons of Queen Leda of Sparta.  Their twin sisters were Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra.  Castor and Pollux were changed into the constellation called Gemini.  Tyndareus, the king of Sparta, was the father of Castor, which made Castor mortal, while Zeus was the father of Pollux which made him a demigod.

Zeus seduced Leda as a swan and she laid four eggs, these eggs hatched and four children were born to Leda, the two brothers Castor and Pollux, and two sisters, Helen and Clytemnestra; Castor and Clytemnestra were considered to be the children of King Tyndareus,  Pollux and Helen were the demigod offspring of Zeus.

Castor and Pollux are universally named among the Argonauts, the crew of the Argo who sailed for Colchis with Jason.  During the quest for the Golden Fleece, Pollux is noted for having bested the King of Bebryces during a boxing match.

One of the best-known myths with Castor and Pollux is how they became a constellation.        During a battle Castor, being mortal was killed. Heartbroken at the death of his brother, Pollux prayed to Zeus to make Castor immortal which meant Pollux would have to give up half of his immortality.  Eventually, Zeus agreed to the request, and so Castor and Pollux were transformed into the Gemini constellation.  To balance the cosmos, the Dioscuri would only be on Olympus one half of the year, and the other six months would be spent in the Underworld in the Elysium fields.

They became the gods of sailing and horsemanship. ... Pollux and Castor were also known for their boxing abilities and were thus the gods of athletes and athletic competitions. In both art and literature, Pollux and his brother were shown with horses, as the two were famed horsemen.

People in Greek mythology
Roman mythology
Sociobiology: the new synthesis is a book by E.O. Wilson that helped start the sociobiology debate, one of the great scientific controversies of the 20th century.  Wilson popularized the term "sociobiology" as an attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind behaviours such as altruism, aggression, and nurture. The fundamental principles guiding sociobiology are:
 an organism's evolutionary success is measured by the extent to which its genes are represented in the next generation.
 this applies to an animal's behaviour and social life as much as it does to any other aspect of its life.

The book was first published in 1975, then reprinted in 1976.  A twenty-fifth anniversary edition was published in 2000 by Harvard University Press.

Reception 
The application of sociobiology to humans was immediately controversial. Some people, such as Stephen Jay Gould, and Richard Lewontin said that sociobiology was biologicially determinist. They argued that it would be used, as similar ideas had been in the past, to justify the status quo, entrench ruling elites, and legitimize authoritarian political programmes. They referred to social darwinism and eugenics of the early 20th century, and to other more recent ideas, such as the race and IQ controversy of the early 1970s as cautionary tales in the use of evolutionary principles as applied to human society.

Wilson and his admirers countered these criticisms by saying that Wilson had no political agenda, and if he had one it was certainly not authoritarian (Wilson is an outspoken environmentalist). They argued that sociobiology does not necessarily lead to any particular political ideology as many critics implied.

Many other sociobiologists have used sociobiology to argue quite separate points. Noam Chomsky surprised many by coming to the defense of sociobiology on the grounds that political radicals need to postulate a relatively fixed idea of human nature in order to be able to struggle for a better society. They needed to know what human needs were in order to build a better society.

An extensive account of the controversy around the book was published 25 years later. It largely supporting Wilson's views. For ethologists, Wilson's ideas are mainstream, and for them his book is not controversial.

Related pages 
 Adaptive unconscious
 Blank slate
 Evolutionary psychology
 Human nature
 Nature vs nurture
 Sociobiology

References 

Biology books
1975 books
This is a list of heads of state of Libya since independence in 1951.

Heads of state of Libya (1951–present)

Affiliations

References
World StatesmenLibya

Libya
This is a list of heads of government of Libya since independence in 1951.

Since independence, heads of government of Libya have been Prime Ministers from 1951 to 1977. Then General Secretaries of the General People's Committee from 1977 to 2011. Prime Ministers were back in the Libyan government since 2011.

Heads of Government of Libya (1951–present)

(Dates in italics indicate continuation of office)

Affiliations

Related pages
List of heads of state of Libya

References
World StatesmenLibya

Libya
Ali Zeidan (sometimes written as Zidan; ; born 1950) is a former Prime Minister of Libya. He was appointed by the General National Congress on 14 October 2012. Zeidan took office on 14 November after Congress approved his cabinet nominees. Before the Libyan civil war, Zeidan was a human rights lawyer in Geneva. According to the BBC, he is considered by some local observers as a strong-minded liberal.

It was reported on 10 October 2013 that Zeidan was kidnapped by armed men in Tripoli, during the early hours in the morning. He was freed hours later.

References

Other websites

1950 births
Living people
Kidnapped people
Prime Ministers of Libya
The Air Forces of the National People's Army () was the air force of East Germany. It was a part of the National People's Army, established in 1956.

Structure

1. Luftverteidigungsdivision (1. LVD) 
 Jagdfliegergeschwader 1 "Fritz Schmenke" (HQ Holzdorf)
 Jagdfliegergeschwader 3 "Wladimir Komarow" (HQ Preschen)
 Jagdfliegergeschwader 7 "Wilhelm Pieck" (HQ Drewitz)
 Jagdfliegergeschwader 8 "Hermann Matern" (HQ Marxwald)
 41. Fla-Raketenbrigade "Hermann Dunker" (HQ Ladeberg)
 51. Fla-Raketenbrigade "Werner Lamberz" (HQ Sprötau)
 Fla-Raketenregiment 31 "Jaroslaw Dombrowski" (HQ Straßgräbchen)

3. Luftverteidigungsdivision (3. LVD) 
 Jagdfliegergeschwader 2 "Juri Gagarin" (HQ Trollenhagen)
 Jagdfliegergeschwader 9 "Heinrich Rau" (HQ Peenemünde)
 43. Fla-Raketenbrigade "Erich Weinert" (HQ Sanitz)
 Fla-Raketenregiment 13 "Etkar André" (HQ Parchim)
 Fla-Raketenregiment 23 "Rudolf Breitscheid" (HQ Stallberg)

Equipment

Fighter Aircraft 
Mikoyan MiG-21
Mikoyan MiG-29
Mikoyan MiG-23
Mikoyan MiG-23BN
Sukhoi Su-22
Aero L-39 Albatros

Transport Aircraft 
Antonov An-2
Antonov An-26
Ilyushin Il-62
Tupolev Tu-134
Tupolev Tu-154
Let L-410 Turbolet
Zlín Z 43

Helicopters 
Mil Mi-2
Mil Mi-8
Mil Mi-24
Mil Mi-14

Surface-to-Air Missiles 
S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)
S-75 Wolchow (SA-2 Guideline)
S-125 Newa (SA-3 Goa)
S-200 Wega (SA-5 Gammon)
S-300 (SA-10 Grumble)

National People's Army
Military of Germany
Raul Hector Castro (June 12, 1916  April 10, 2015) was a Mexican-born American politician. He has served in both elected and non-elected public offices, including Ambassadors from the United States and the 14th Governor of Arizona (1975–77).

He was the first hispanic to be elected governor of Arizona. At the age of 98, he became the oldest living United States governor, after the death of former Washington Governor Albert Rosellini at the age of 101.

Early life
Castro was born on June 12, 1916 on Cananea, Mexico. He studied at Northern Arizona University and at James E. Rogers College of Law.

Career
In 1954, he was elected county attorney and served in that capacity until 1958, when he became a Pima County Superior Court Judge. His national stature grew over the years, and President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Castro as U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador in 1964. After four years there, he served as Ambassador to Bolivia until the end of 1969.

Returning to Tucson, Arizona in 1969 to specialize in international law, Castro continued to rise to the top in Arizona Democratic politics. Seeking state office for the first time in 1970, he won the Democratic nomination for governor, but narrowly lost the general election to Republican incumbent Jack Williams. In 1974, Castro was elected governor. In 1977, after two years as governor, he was selected by President Jimmy Carter to be ambassador to Argentina. Castro held that post until 1980.

Detention
On June 12, 2012, despite searing temperatures, Castro was stopped by U.S. Border Patrol after they detected traces of radiation in his vehicle. After explaining that the radiation was due to a medical procedure from the previous day, the ex-governor was released after a short detention.

Death
Castro died in his sleep while under hospice care in San Diego, California, aged 98.

References

Other websites
 
 Interview with R.H. Castro for the newspaper Clarín of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20 December 1998 concerning the Beagle conflict: Clarín .
 The Raul Castro Collection at the University of Arizona UAiR Collection 

 

1916 births
2015 deaths
Governors of Arizona
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Ambassadors of the United States
US Democratic Party politicians
Scott Wilson (born William Delano Wilson; March 29, 1942 – October 6, 2018) was an American actor of television and movies. He was known for his roles in In the Heat of the Night, In Cold Blood, The Great Gatsby, Dead Man Walking, Pearl Harbor, and Junebug.

Wilson was born on March 29, 1942 in Thomasville, Georgia. He married Heavenly Wilson in 1977. Wilson died of complications from leukemia on October 6, 2018 in Los Angeles, California, aged 76.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Richard Claxton "Dick" Gregory (October 12, 1932 – August 19, 2017) was an American comedian, social activist, social critic, writer, and entrepreneur.

Gregory was born on October 12, 1932 in St. Louis, Missouri. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Gregory studied at Sumner High School and at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. He had been married to Lillian Gregory since 1959. They had 10 children.

Gregory died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. on August 19, 2017 of heart failure at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

A short biography from www.dickgregory.com   
Dick Gregory's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
Booknotes interview with Gregory on Callus on My Soul: A Memoir, March 4, 2001. 
Speech by Dick Gregory given on October 20, 1969. Audio recording. From the University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues.
Footage of October, 1968 interview with Dick Gregory regarding his candidacy for the Presidency in 1968

1932 births
2017 deaths
African American comedians
African American writers
American civil rights activists
American critics
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
Comedians from Chicago
Comedians from St. Louis, Missouri
Deaths from heart failure
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
Writers from Chicago
Hip hop soul is a genre of music that fuses hip hop, R&B, soul, and new jack swing. Some notable artist include R. Kelly, Mary J. Blige, Ashanti, Keyshia Cole,  Frank Ocean, Mariah Carey, Ray J and Akon.

Characteristics
Hip hop soul first started as a fusion genre that fused hip hop with soul music, Some of the best songs of hip hop soul include "I'll Make Love to You", "Lonely", "Swim Good" and "Can't Be Without You". It was very popular at first, but then it began to lose commercial success because of its late sexual lyrics and dark themes.

Notable artists

Fusion music genres
Hip hop genres
R&B music
The Order of Lenin (Russian: Орден Ленина, Orden Lenina), named after Vladimir Lenin, was the highest decoration bestowed by the Soviet Union. The order was awarded to:
 Civilians for outstanding services rendered to the State,
 Members of the armed forces for exemplary service,
 Those who promoted friendship and cooperation between peoples and in strengthening peace
 Those with meritorious services to the Soviet state and society

The order was established by the Central Executive Committee on April 6, 1930. It was disestablished in 1991, because of the fall of the Soviet Union.

Other websites

 Legal Library of the USSR

Soviet Union
1930 establishments
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Orders, decorations, and medals
20th-century establishments in the Soviet Union
Con Air is an American 1997 action crime thriller movie. It was directed by Simon West and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. It stars Nicolas Cage, John Malkovich, John Cusack, and Steve Buscemi. It received positive reviews. Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars. In was released on June 6, 1997.

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

1997 crime movies
1997 thriller movies
1997 action movies
1990s crime thriller movies
American action movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Saving Mr. Banks is a 2013 biographical comedy-drama movie. It is based on the real life events during the making of the 1964 Disney movie Mary Poppins.

Saving Mr. Banks stars Tom Hanks as Walt Disney and Emma Thompson as P. L. Travers. Paul Giamatti, Bradley Whitford, Kathy Baker, Rachel Griffiths and Colin Farrell also appear in the movie.

Meryl Streep was the first choice to play Travers. Thompson took the part because the studio could not get Streep. Thompson has said the role of P. L. Travers was the most difficult one she's played.

Photography began in September 2012. The movie was filmed in the Los Angeles area, and the Disney Studios. Care was taken to keep any post-1964 rides from being caught on film.

Saving Mr. Banks was given its world premiere at the London Film Festival on October 20, 2013. It has received much critical praise. The Hollywood Reporter said the movie was an "affecting if somewhat soft-soaped comedy drama, elevated by excellent performances."

References

2013 drama movies
2010s biographical movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies set in the 1960s
World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan are places that are in the World Heritage Site List of UNESCO, a part of the United Nations, which are selected by UNESCO's World Heritage Committee.  These are places of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind. 

There are currently 2 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan.
Below is the actual list and the proposed list of the sites in Azerbaijan:

References

Other websites

 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan 

Azerbaijan
Shahram Rostami (born 19??) was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran-Iraq War. He was an F-14 Tomcat pilot. He shot down 6 Iraqi fighters: 1 MiG-21, 3 Mirage F1s and 2 MiG-25s. He was the first fighter pilot in the world, who shot down a MiG-25.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Aviators
Generals
Iranian military people
Brookhaven is a city in western DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is northeast of Atlanta. Brookhaven became DeKalb County's 11th city on December 17, 2012. It has been approved in a referendum on July 31, 2012.

In 2012, about 49,000 people live in Brookhaven. It is the largest city in DeKalb County. The new city stretches over .

References

Other websites
 City of Brookhaven 
 Brookhaven Directory 
 Brookhaven Neighborhood Association

2012 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
M129 Grenade launcher is an American 40-mm automatic grenade launcher. It is weapon for helicopters. It was made in 1966 by the Ford aerospace company and it is still being used today. It is advanced version of the earlier M75. The rate of fire of M75 was 225 rounds per minute, but the M129 can shoot 400 rounds per minute. M129 is used by these helicopters:

Bell AH-1 Cobra
Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne
Bell UH-1 Iroquois
OH-6A Cayuse
OH-58 Kiowa

References

Weapons
Russian literature is literature written in the Russian language or by Russian people. Famous writers who were Russian include Leo Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai Gogol, Vladimir Nabokov, Mikhail Sholokhov and Solzhenitsyn.

Old Russian literature

18th century

Golden Age of Russian literature (19th century)

Silver Age

Soviet Russian literature

Modern Russian literature
William Patrick Clark, Jr. (October 23, 1931 – August 10, 2013) was an American rancher, judge, and public servant. He served under President Ronald Reagan as the Deputy Secretary of State from 1981 to 1982, National Security Advisor from 1982 to 1983, and the Secretary of the Interior from 1983 until 1985.

Clark was a judge of the Superior Court of California from 1969 to 1971 and an associate justice of the California State Supreme Court from 1973 to 1981.

On September 21, 1983 Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt embarrassed the administration by yet again making bigoted remarks to the media, causing him to resign on November 8, and Clark requested and received an appointment to replace Watt.

He returned to California after his stint serving the administration and pursued a variety of law firm and other business interests.

Clark was born on October 23, 1931 in Oxnard, California. He was raised as a Catholic.

Clark was married to Johanna "Joan" Brauner until her death in April 2009. They had five children; Monica, Peter (nicknamed Pete), Nina, Colin, and Paul.

Clark died on August 10, 2013 in Shandon, California from Parkinson's disease, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 Department of the Interior listing 
 American President - William Patrick Clark 

1931 births
2013 deaths
American judges
American Roman Catholics
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in California
People from Oxnard, California
People from Ventura County, California
Politicians from California
Ranchers
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
United States National Security Advisors
United States Secretaries of the Interior
US Republican Party politicians
Russell Albion "Russ" Meyer (March 21, 1922 – September 18, 2004) was an American movie director, producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, editor, actor and photographer.

Meyer is known writing and directing on a series of successful low-budget sexploitation movies that featured campy humor, sly satire and large-breasted women such as in Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!.

During his early movie career, Meyer used to work with future Pulitzer Prize-winning movie critic Roger Ebert.

Early life
Meyer was born on March 21, 1922 in San Leandro, California to a German-American family. He was raised in Oakland, California.

Marriages
He was married to Betty Valdovinos from 1949 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was married to Eve Meyer from 1952 until they divorced in 1966. Then he was married to Edy Williams from 1970 until they divorced in 1973.

Death
Meyer died on September 18, 2004 in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California from complications from pneumonia after battling Alzheimer's disease. He was 82 years old. Meyer was buried at Stockton Rural Cemetery in Stockton, California.

Biopic
Fox Searchlight Pictures is currently negotiating the rights to create a biopic covering the early years of Meyer's career.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Nathaniel Rich on Russ Meyer in the San Francisco Chronicle

1922 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American screenwriters
American cinematographers
American photographers
American editors
American movie actors
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Businesspeople from Oakland, California
Writers from Oakland, California
Actors from Oakland, California
Public Enemies is a 2009 biographical-crime-drama movie set in Chicago during the 1930s. It was directed by Michael Mann. It stars Johnny Depp as John Dillinger. Christian Bale, Marion Cotillard, Stephen Lang, Leelee Sobieski, Channing Tatum, and Billy Crudup also star. It was released on July 1, 2009.

Roger Ebert, Peter Travers, Rex Reed, and Michael Phillips gave it positive reviews.

References

Other websites
 

2009 movies
2000s American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
Japanese movies
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies shot in Chicago, Illinois
English-language movies
Movies directed by Michael Mann
The University of Paris () was a famous university in Paris, France. It was one of the first universities to be established in Europe. It was founded in the middle of the 12th century. The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or la Sorbonne, after the creation of the college (Collège de Sorbonne) founded around 1257 by Robert de Sorbon.

In 1971, the university was split into thirteen independent universities.

References

Other websites

 Academy of Paris 
 Sorbonne - Universités Paris I, III, IV and V (official homepage)

Colleges and universities in France
Paris
1150s establishments
12th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
Not Without My Daughter is a 1991 American drama movie by director Brian Gilbert. It plays Sally Field and Alfred Molina. It is based on Betty Mahmoody's 1987 book by telling the story about the escape with her daughter from her husband from Iran.

Plot
American Betty Lover marries Iranian doctor Sayeed Bozorg Mahmoody (nicknamed: Moody). They have a daughter called Mahtab (Persian: "Moonlight").

Moody wants to see his family in Tehran, Iran, because he has not seen his family for ten years. Betty doesn't want to go to Iran, because she thinks that it is dangerous. Moody persuades Betty, that she goes to Iran for a two week holiday. But Moody has hidden the termination of his job in a hospital in the USA from Betty and Mahtab and tells his family, that they will stay in Iran forever. Because a man has the say in Iran, they have to stay here and Betty cannot take her daughter Mahtab out of the country without her husband's permission. She searches for help to escape from the country with Mahtab, for example from the Swiss embassy.

She has major problems to adapt to the strict laws and customs of the country, because as an American she is much-hated in Iran. Moody often abuses Betty, because she does not obey him. After 18 months, Betty succeeds to escape Iran with her daughter Mahtab. They flee over the Zagros mountains in the northwest of Iran to Turkey. They fly back to USA from there.

Other websites

1991 drama movies
American drama movies
Iran
Movies set in Michigan
Movies about domestic violence
Movies based on books 
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Iran
Movies set in Turkey
Movies set in the 1980s 
Tehran
Multilingual movies
American independent movies
Land reclamation is the idea of getting new land. It is usually done in coastal areas. Sometimes it is also done in areas like rivers and lakes. Usually, there is a natural process which fills such areas with sand, dirt and other materials. Land reclamation uses the same process, which is sped up. In many cases, this is done using dikes. An example where land reclamation is done is the IJsselmeer in the Netherlands.

Pioneer plants, such as Salicornia or Ammophila grow there. When the level of the land is as high as that of the high tide, new ditches are dug, and the process can repeat.

Sometimes, it is too time-consuming to wait for the land to rise. In that case, it is possible to pump out the water in the enclosed area. This was done in the Netherlands, where many areas are below sea level. The problem with this approach is that it needs to be repeated, for example in the case of heavy rainfall.
Few examples are Kansai Airport in Osaka, Japan.

The creation of large, artificial islands, such as Palm Islands in Dubai or Maasvlakte, which is part of the port of Rotterdam is not known as Land reclamation.

Gallery

Geography
Jerry Maren (born Gerard Marenghi; January 24, 1920 – May 24, 2018) was an American actor and writer. He was the only confirmed surviving dwarf Munchkin from The Wizard of Oz (in 2014). 

The other surviving munchkin cast member was Ruth Robinson Duccini until she died in 2014. Maren is the last surviving male dwarf Munchkin from the movie and later the only living Munchkin actor since the death of Duccini. Maren retired from public appearances in September 2011.

Early life
Maren was born Gerard Marenghi in Boston, Massachusetts on January 24, 1920.

Career
In the 1950s, Maren worked as a Little Oscar for the Oscar Mayer Company and as Buster Brown in television and radio commercials. Later he joined his friend Billy Barty in organizing Little People of America. Maren has also portrayed Mayor McCheese and The Hamburglar in commercials for McDonald's.

In the late 1970s, he was the dapper little man on The Gong Show, heralding each show's big finish with an onslaught of confetti as Milton Delugg's band played "Hoop Dee Doo".

Maren also made a notable appearance in The Odd Couple episode 'Felix the Horseplayer' as Harry Tallman, a racehorse exerciser who was giving Oscar tips on winning horses.

Personal life
Maren was married to Elizabeth Barrington from 1975 until her death at age 69 on January 27, 2011.

He lived in Southern California.

Death
On May 24, 2018, Maren died in San Diego of heart failure complicated by dementia at the age of 98.

References

Other websites
 

1920 births
2018 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
People with dwarfism
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from dementia
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Ruth Duccini (July 23, 1918 – January 16, 2014) was an American actress and writer. She was one of the last two surviving Munchkins from the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz. The other is Jerry Maren. Duccini was the last surviving female from the movie and also the oldest.

Her role in the movie as a Munchkin villager was not credited. Her most recent appearance was when she (along with the other surviving Munchkins from The Wizard of Oz) was presented with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

While Duccini could not remember what she earned filming Oz in 2013. She said that the Munchkin village actors were paid $125 a week during filming.

Duccini made the news again when Baroness Margaret Thatcher died and critics of the former Prime Minister tried to propel "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" on the radio charts to celebrate her passing. Duccini and Maren both called the campaign "terrible" and were saddened by the movement while insisting the song was never to be used in such a way.

Duccini died on January 16, 2014 from natural causes in Las Vegas, Nevada, aged 95.

References

Other websites
The Wizard of Oz' Special Screening Honoring the Munchkins Photo Gallery

1918 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota
People with dwarfism
The University of Leicester is a university in Leicester, England.

Related pages 
 International Planning History Society

Other websites 

 University of Leicester website 
 LUSH Student Radio
 University of Leicester Student Savings Directory 
 Aerial photograph of University College (later Leicester University) in April 1926 

Leicester
Leicester
International Planning History Society (IPHS) is an international academic organization for urban planning history. The organization was established in 1974 at the University of Leicester, in Leicester, England as an academic group called "Planning History Group". In 1993, it became an international organization with architecture and urban planning faculties around the world and the name changed to "International Planning History Society".

Related pages 
 Society for American City and Regional Planning History

Other websites 
  International Planning History Society 
  The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2020  website 
  The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2012  website
  The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2014  website

History of urban planning
Urban planning organizations
1974 establishments in England
Leicester
International organizations
Organisations based in England
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Before 1600 1600s 1700s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s

While information for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give information of hurricane happenings. Each season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.

1700–1719 
Although not listed below, the Great Storm of 1703 that struck the Kingdom of England may have been a hurricane.

1720–1739

1740–1759

1760–1769

1770–1779

1780–1789 
The 1780 Atlantic hurricane season was a very deadly hurricane season. About 25,000 people died mainly due to three storms in October.
 A hurricane affected Puerto Rico on June 19, 1780.
 The second hurricane seen hit New Orleans, causing a lot of damage.  
 A hurricane hit Jamaica on October 5, it also hit Cuba. The storm killed about 1115 people. This was also known as the Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane.
 The Great Hurricane of 1780 killed 22,000 people in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane ever seen. 
 A powerful hurricane in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico from October 17 to the 21st killed 2,000 people. Also known as Solano's Hurricane. 
During late October, a storm hit Barbados and St. Lucia. 
A storm moved along the East Coast of the United States on November 17.

1790–1790

Related pages
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Other websites 
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml
http://www.candoo.com/genresources/hurricane.htm#1700
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vahur.htm
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/la18hu.htm 

18th century
18th century in North America
Crossing the Rubicon is a metaphor similar to "Burning one's bridges" and "the point of no return". It means passing a decisive point, where one cannot turn back. It comes from a genuine historical incident. The Rubicon is  a shallow river in north-east Italy. According to Roman tradition and law Roman legions could not be brought south of the river without permission of the Roman Senate.

Caesar's civil war 
In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Julius Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor of Gaul had finished. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason.

Crossing the Rubicon 
Caesar and his army approached Rome and crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC. It was the point beyond which no army was supposed to go. The river marked the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul to the north, and Italy proper to the south. Pompey, the lawful Consul, and his friends, fled from Rome as Caesar's army approached. So began a civil war in which Caesar eventually triumphed.

What Caesar reportedly said at the crossing of the Rubicon is "Alea iacta est" ("The die is cast"). This is yet another metaphor. It comes from gambling with dice: once the die or dice have been thrown, no bets can be withdrawn or added, even before the dice have come to rest.

References 

Metaphors
Pico Ruivo ("red peak" in Portuguese) is, with its , the highest point of the island of Madeira and the third summit of Portugal (after Mount Pico in Pico Island, Azores, and Torre in continental Portugal).

Pico Ruivo is in the Central Mountainous Massif, in the municipality of Santana, where there are also other high mountains like the Pico das Torres, with  and the Pico do Arieiro, with .

Plants
Although of moderate altitude, the top has a very rocky landscape. The only vegetation that can develop there is of plants that grow on or among rocks.

There are two main types of vegetation: one with heathers, widespread on the island, and another with few herbaceous plants. A special feature for this altitude is the presence of small shrubs and heather trees.

Wildlife

Some birds found on Pico Ruivo are the common blackbird, chaffinch and the Madeira firecrest. The red-legged partridge and the common linnet also nest on Pico Ruivo.

Until a few years ago, its slopes were used for raising goats, sheep and cows. However, to conserve the biodiversity in the region (such as the protection of the bird freira-da-madeira and plant communities in altitude), this practice was prohibited and the entire area around the peak is recovering.

Hiking
The summit of Pico Ruivo can be reached only on foot:
 from Achada do Texeira (north-east, 1,592 meters) by a trail;
 from the Pico do Arieiro (southeast), the third highest mountain of the island, along a path about  long; or
 by the west, especially from Curral das Freiras.

References

Other websites

 madeira islands - Madeira Tourism Office: Nature holidays
 Pico Ruivo, Portugal - Peakbagger.com
 "Europe: Atlantic Islands - Ultra Prominences" - Peaklist.org. 
 Pico Ruivo: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering: SummitPost
 Madeira Tourism Office: Walking through undreamt beauty

Mountains of Europe
Madeira Islands
Henry Polic II (February 20, 1945 – August 11, 2013) was a stage, screen, and voice actor. He was best known for his role as Jerry Silver in Webster and as the voice of Scarecrow in Batman: The Animated Series.

Polic was born on February 20, 1945 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied at Florida State University. Polic died on August 11, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from cancer, aged 68.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau (Johan Friso Bernhard Christiaan David van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg; 25 September 1968 – 12 August 2013) was a member of the Dutch Royal Family.

He was born on 25 September 1968 in the University Medical Center in Utrecht, Netherlands to Princess Beatrix and Prince Claus. He was a younger brother of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. Because of his marriage without an Act of Consent in 2004, he lost his membership of the Dutch Royal House and was no longer in the line of succession to the Dutch throne. He worked as chief financial officer for Urenco Group.

On 17 February 2012, Prince Friso was buried under an avalanche in Lech, Austria, while skiing off piste. He was taken to a hospital in Innsbruck where he was in critical but stable condition.

According to his doctor, even though he was trapped for a relatively short time and hopes had originally been higher, subsequent neurological tests showed that after fifty minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in moderate hypothermia he suffered massive brain damage due to oxygen shortage. The prince was in a minimally conscious state and it was unclear whether he would ever regain full consciousness. After nearly a year and a half in a coma, he died on 12 August 2013.

References

Other websites

 Geen Toestemmingswet Huwelijk Friso en Mabel, archived from regering.nl, 10 October 2003 (Dutch)

1968 births
2013 deaths
Skiing deaths
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch royalty
Princes and princesses
Augusta Victoria Hospital is a hospital on Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. It was built in 1907. It was named after Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein, the wife of German Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Other websites 

 Augusta Victoria on the Israel Traveler website.  

1907 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Hospitals in Israel
Mount of Olives
1900s establishments in Israel
The Adventured of Tintin or The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorns a 2011 American action-adventure movie. The film is based on three of Herge's albums Crab With The Golden Claws, The Secret Unicorn and Red Rackham's Treasure.

It was directed by Steven Spielberg. It was produced by Peter Jackson and Kathleen Kennedy. It stars Jamie Bell, Andy Serkis, Daniel Craig, Nick Frost, Simon Pegg, and Enn Reitel. It was composed by John Williams.

It was released on December 21, 2011. A sequel will be released in 2015 called The Adventures of Tintin 2: Prisoners of the Sun which is based on The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners Of The Sun. A third and final film, The Adventures Of Tintin 3, based on Destination Moon and Explorers On The Moon, will be released on 2018.

Cast 
 Jamie Bell as Tintin
 Andy Serkis as Captain Haddock and Sir Francis Haddock
 Daniel Craig as Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine and Red Rackham
 Nick Frost as Thomson
 Simon Pegg as Thompson
 Toby Jones as Aristides Silk
 Daniel Mays as Allan
 Gad Elmaleh as Omar ben Salaad
 Mackenzie Crook as Tom

2011 movies
2010s action movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s mystery movies
American action movies
American adventure movies
American mystery movies
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Movies composed by John Williams
English-language movies
Movies set in deserts
Vasiliy Mikhailovich Peskov (March 14, 1930 – August 12, 2013) was a Russian writer, journalist, photographer, traveler and ecologist.

He has worked in the Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda since 1956. From 1975 until 1990 he conducted the TV programme "In the World of Animals" on Soviet TV.

Peskov was born on March 14, 1930 in Orlovo, Central Black Earth Oblast (now Voronezh Oblast), Soviet Union.

In 1964, he was awarded a Lenin Prize. In 1990, he was among the winners of UNEP's Global 500 Roll of Honour.

Peskov died on August 12, 2013 in Moscow, Russia. The cause of his death is currently unknown. He was 83 years old.

Related pages
List of ecologists

References

Other websites
 ЗАГЛЯДЫВАЮЩИЙ В ПРИРОДУ 
 Adult Award Winner in 1990 
 mosdepkultura 

1930 births
2013 deaths
Russian writers
Russian journalists
Ecologists
Russian photographers
Unexplained deaths
The Division of Durack is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Western Australia. The Division is named after the pioneering Durack family. Author Mary Durack's wrote about the family history in her books, Kings in Grass Castles and Sons in the Saddle. The division was set up in 2010. 

Durack covers the northern parts of Western Australia. It includes Geraldton, Broome, Carnarvon, Derby, Dongara, Kalbarri, Karratha, Kununurra, Meekatharra, Merredin, Moora, Mukinbudin, Newman, Port Hedland and Tom Price.

At 1,587,758 km², Durack is the largest electorate in Australia by land area.

Members

Barry Haase was the member for the Division of Kalgoorlie which was abolished in the changes which established Durack.

Election results
 2010 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Durack - Australian Electoral Commission
 Melissa Price's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Western Australia
2008 establishments in Australia