cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A1, A-1 or A.1. may refer to:

Education 
 A1, the Basic Language Certificate of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
 Language A1, the former name for "Language A: literature", one of the IB Group 1 subjects
 A1, a secondary school subdivision in the  Congolese education system
 A1, a baccalauréat series in the education system of some parts of France
 A1, a baccalaureate in the Gabonese education system, see Education in Gabon
 A1, the highest category of Qualified Flying Instructor in the Central Flying School of the UK Royal Air Force

Grades 
 A1, a grade for the Leaving Certificate, a qualification in the education system of Ireland
 A1, the highest available grade for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia examination in Malaysia
 A1, a grade for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination in Nigeria, see Education in Nigeria
 A1, a grade for the Singaporean GCE 'O' Level, an examination in the education system of Singapore
 A-1, an Academic grading in Pakistan commonly used in the education system of Pakistan

Entertainment

Books, magazines, comics and manga 
 A1 (comics), a comics anthology
 A-1 Comics, a 1944–1955 Golden Age comics publication
 A1—The Great North Road, a book by Paul Graham (photographer)

Cinema and movies 
 A-1 Headline, a 2004 Hong Kong movie
 A 001, operazione Giamaica (Our Man in Jamaica), a 1965 Italian adventure movie directed by Ernst R. von Theumer
 A1, a 1999 Syrian movie, see List of Syrian movies
 A1 (2019 movie), Indian Tamil movie

Companies 
 A1 Film Company, a Burmese cinema company
 A-1 Pictures, a Japanese animation studio

Games 
 A1 Games, an American video game publisher for the PlayStation
 A1 – Slave Pits of the Undercity, a part of Scourge of the Slave Lords, and adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 Larsen's Opening, a chess move, A01 in ECO code
 A1, a square on a chessboard

Music and dance 
 Aone Beats or Aone, music producer
 A1, a part in contra dance choreography
 A-1 Sound Studios, a recording studio owned by Herb Abramson
 A-1, an American rap group behind the album Mash Confusion
 A-One (band), a Mandopop group
 A1 (band), a British-Norwegian boy band
 A1 Bentley, rapper and reality TV star (from Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood)
 A1 x J1, teenage rappers who had a hit with "Latest Trends" featuring Aitch

Albums 
 A1, an album by Ertuğ Ergin
 A1, an album by Tony Cetinski
 A One, an album by Ayumi Hamasaki
 A1 (album), a 2002 album by Norwegian band A1

Television and radio 
 A-One (TV channel), a Russian music channel
 A1 TV channel (Macedonia)
 A1 Report, a television station in Albania
 America One, an American television network
 A 1, see List of radio stations in Austria and Liechtenstein
 A1, a promotional name for CHIN (AM) radio in Canada
 A1, a Slovenian radio network owned by Radiotelevizija Slovenija
 A-1 Detective Agency, a fictional detective agency in the radio series I Love a Mystery

Science

Astronomy 
 A1, a class of star, see stellar classification
 "A1" subobject designations, including:
 NGC 3603-A1

Roads 
A1 roads in several countries; see List of A1 roads
In television, a season premiere refers to the first episode of a new television season for a series that has been renewed.

In North America, a given show's season premiere often airs in September or October, after several months of reruns.

Characteristics

A season premiere usually has one or more of the following characteristics:

 Resolutions to cliffhangers and other plots left unresolved in the previous season's season finale.
 Introductions of new storylines. Some stock examples might include a character having a new job (or losing one), a character gets a new love interest (or an existing relationship either ends or enters a new phase), children entering a new school, the core group of characters move to a new home (or hangout, etc.) ... and the list goes on.
Often, one or more of these stories will introduce a fundamental change to a particular show. An example is Archie Bunker's Place, where Archie's wife, Edith, died and the characters deal with her death. Subsequent episodes had Archie adjusting to life as a widower and re-entering the dating scene.
 One-up episodes with plots or special guest stars meant to entice viewers. Some shows feature a special guest star (e.g., Don Drysdale on a season premiere episode of The Brady Bunch or Jerry Seinfeld on a season premiere of 30 Rock); others might have multi-part "adventures," such as the Bradys' family vacations to Grand Canyon and Hawaii.
 A change in central setting or, to a lesser extent, remodeling of the setting.
 Introductions of new characters, frequently to boost the ratings of a veteran show, two examples are John Doggett in season eight and Monica Reyes in season nine of The X-Files.
 In the case of game shows, the introduction of new (or revised) rules, new bonus games, rules concerning prizes (such as what can be won), and/or new models.
 The show airing at a new day and/or timeslot, either to improve sagging ratings or - if the ratings are high - to anchor a line-up of new and veteran programs.

Television series
Ashley Nichole Simmons (born February 5, 1986 in West Lafayette, Ohio) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Madison Rayne is a former TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion with Lacey Von Erich and Velvet Sky and is a former two-time TNA Women's Knockout Champion. Rayne is currently part of the stable, The Beautiful People.

Other websites 
 Madison Rayne's Official website
 Madison Rayne's TNA profile 

1986 births
Living people
Female professional wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ohio
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis  (born April 3 1944) known professionally as Tony Orlando is an American singer. He is best known for being in the singing group, Tony Orlando and Dawn, also the name of a television show that was popular for variety entertainment. They were known for singing the songs, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree", "Knock Three Times", and "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)".

Orlando is from Greek, Latino, and Puerto Rican descent.

Websites
Tony Orlando's Official website

1944 births
Living people
Singers from New York City
Actors from New York City
American television actors
A1 is the official title of the Great Northern Road in England. It runs up the eastern side of England from London to Edinburgh in Scotland. It is six hundred and sixty kilometres long, making it the longest numbered road in the U.K.. The A1 has six major junctions with motorways, and over twenty major junctions with other A roads.

The A1 follows, for much of the way, the course of a Roman road, Ermine Street, and the old coach route to Edinburgh. It is not a motorway, but a lot of it is now built to motorway standards. It is one of two main roads going from London to Northern England, the other being the M1 motorway.

Passing through Nottinghamshire, the road skirts the remains of Sherwood Forest. Scotch Corner, in North Yorkshire, marks the point where the traffic for Glasgow and the west of Scotland divides from that for Edinburgh, as it has for hundreds of years before car traffic. From North Yorkshire to Durham the road follows, for part of the way, another Roman road called Dere Street. This road ran from Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall in the lowlands of present-day Scotland.

Some parts of the A1 are motorways, and these parts are numbered A1(M).

References

Roads in the United Kingdom
Cameron Giles (born February 4, 1974 in Harlem, New York) is an American rapper better known by his stage name, Cam'ron or Killa Cam. 

Cam'ron was known for popularising the colour pink, which he demonstrated in his music video for "Killa Cam", where he was wearing all pink clothing and drove a pink Range Rover.

Cam'ron started the "Stop Snitchin'" campaign when he was shot outside a nightclub in his Lamborghini, which the gunman was trying to carjack. Cam'ron said in a 60 Minutes interview that he did not know the gunman, but he did not want to help the police because he did not want to be a snitch and it would hurt his record sales. He also mentioned his Stop Snitchin' campaign in another 60 Minutes interview when Anderson Cooper asked him, "If there was a serial killer living next to you, you wouldn't tell the police?" He replied, "I would probably move."

Albums 
Cam'ron has released 7 studio albums:

Other websites
 Cam'ron's Myspace

1988 births
Living people
Rap musicians from New York
Singers from New York City
Mariano Rivera (born November 29, 1969 in Panama City, Panama) is a baseball player.  He has played with the New York Yankees for many seasons.  He is a “closer”, a type of pitcher who pitches in the ninth inning.  Rivera is thought to be one of the best relief pitchers ever, and will probably be in the Baseball Hall of Fame.  Rivera throws a very fast “cutter” pitches that are good at striking out batters.  Rivera has more saves in the World Series than any other pitcher.  He also has more saves all-time then anybody, a record he set in 2011.  Mariano Rivera wears #42, and is the only player in Major League baseball to do so.  Rivera was born in Panama and played his first baseball there.

References

Awards Won
Rolaids Relief Man of the Year, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009
DHL Delivery Man of the Year, 2005, 2006, 2009
2004 American League Championship Series MVP
World Series Champion, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2009

1969 births
American Christians
American League All-Stars
Living people
New York Yankees players
A taco truck is a truck that sells tacos and other types of Mexican food.  Some taco trucks also deal in fusion cuisine.  It is one of the most common types of food trucks.  In most taco trucks, the food is made in the truck.  Taco trucks and other food trucks are common around colleges, as college students often eat at them.  Though there are taco trucks all over the world, they are most often seen in Los Angeles and other Mexican-American cities.  In many cities, such as Los Angeles, regular restaurants have tried to shut down taco trucks.  This is because taco trucks sell food at a lower price than many restaurants.  Taco trucks have been criticized in the past for being dirty and unhealthy, but this is not the case anymore. Chicago is the only city in the United States which does not allow cooking on food trucks but Taquero Fusion, Chicago's Original Taco Truck, managed to figure out a way to provide gourmet tacos to their customers.  

Mexican food
Trucks
The Sepang International Circuit (SIC) is a racing circuit in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. It is near the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, about 60 km south of the capital city Kuala Lumpur. It is the venue used for the Formula One Malaysian Grand Prix, A1 Grand Prix as well as the Malaysian MotoGP. The circuit was designed by German designer Hermann Tilke.

Layout 
The main circuit is 5.54 km long. It is raced in a clockwise direction. It is noted for its sweeping corners and wide straights. The layout is unusual, with a very long back straight separated from the pit straight by just one very tight hairpin corner.

The circuit may be set-up with other configurations. The north circuit is the first half of the main circuit. The course turns back towards the pit straight after turn 6 and is 2.71 km long.

The south circuit is the other half of the circuit. The back straight of the main circuit becomes the pit straight. It joins onto turn 8 of the main circuit to form a hairpin turn. This circuit is 2.61 km in length.

Sepang International Circuit also features kart racing and motocross facilities.

References

Other websites 

 Sepang F1 International Circuit 
 Official information about Sepang at the Formula 1 site
 Google Maps location

Formula One circuits
Selangor
The Shanghai International Circuit is a Chinese motor racing venue. It is in the district of Jiading near Shanghai in the People's Republic of China. It was the venue of the first Formula One Chinese Grand Prix on 26 September 2004.

History 
The circuit costing about $450 million (USD). It was paid for by a government-funded joint-venture company. This company was made up of the Shanghai Juss Corporation, Shanghai National Property Management Co Ltd, and Shanghai Jia'an Investment and Development Co Ltd. Architectural and design experts began visiting the site by April 2003. The site was transformed from swampland to an international racetrack in 18 months.  A team of 3000 worked around the clock to finish the construction.

Other events held at the circuit include a round of the MotoGP world championship, the Australian-based V8 Supercar championship, and also the final round of the A1 Grand Prix in 2006 and 2007.

The 2008 MotoGP race was the last one at Shanghai International Circuit. The FIM didn't select the circuit for 2009 because of overcrowding problems.

Layout
Like many new Formula One circuits, Shanghai International Circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke. It features his trademark track feature: a long back straight followed by a hairpin turn. Current-generation F1 cars can easily exceed  on the long straight between corners 13 and 14. The track layout was inspired from the Chinese character shang (上). Shang is the first character in the name of the city Shanghai, and means "above" or "ascend".

Records 
Times below are driven over a distance of 5.451 km.

*Intermediate circuit (4.600 km/2.858 mi)

References

Other websites 

 Shanghai International Circuit Statistics from official F1 site
 A1GP info of Shanghai International Circuit

Formula One circuits
was a Japanese novelist. She wrote during the Taishō and Showa periods of Japan. She was one of modern Japan's most successful writers. She wrote many romance novels and adolescent girls’ fiction. She was also one of the first writers of Japanese lesbian books, including the Class S genre.

Early life
Yoshiya was born in Niigata Prefecture, but grew up in the cities of Mooka and Tochigi, in Tochigi Prefecture. Her father was in the public service, so her family often moved. She was the only daughter and youngest child of her family. Both, her mother and her father, came from samurai families. She started writing when she was in her teens, although before this she had developed a love for writing which sapped her time for learning domestic skills from her mother.

References

General references

 Frederick, Sarah. "Women of the Setting Sun and Men from the Moon: Yoshiya Nobuko's Ataka Family as Postwar Romance."U.S. - Japan Women's Journal, English Supplement 23. 2003.
 Frederick, Sarah. "Not that Innocent: Yoshiya Nobuko's Good Girls in Jan Bardsley and Laura Miller eds. Bad Girls of Japan. Palgrave, 2005.
 Mackie, Vera. Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press (2003)

Other websites
Kamakura Yoshiya Nobuko Memorial Museum 

1896 births
1973 deaths
Japanese novelists
People from Niigata Prefecture
A radioisotope heater unit is a device that provides heat from the breakdown of radioactive material.  Radioactive material is added to a container within the heater.  Because the material is unstable, it breaks down, releasing energy as heat. The heater may be packaged with a thermocouple to make electricity.

Physics
The Circuit de Catalunya is a racetrack in Montmeló, to the north of Barcelona, Catalonia. It is home to the Formula One Spanish Grand Prix and the motorcycle Catalonia Grand Prix. With long straights and a variety of corners, the Circuit de Catalunya is seen as an all-rounder circuit. It is often used for off-season testing.

History 
The Circuit de Catalunya was built in 1991. It was planned to host its first race in 1992 to go with the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games were scheduled to take place in Barcelona. The circuit is often referred to as 'Barcelona' in the racing community, even though it is located in Montmeló. The Circuit de Catalunya should not be confused with the Montjuïc circuit, which hosted the Spanish Grand Prix four times between 1969 and 1975. Unlike the Circuit de Catalunya, Montjuïc circuit is actually located within the city of Barcelona.

Because of so much testing is done at this circuit, Formula One drivers and mechanics are extremely familiar with it. This has led to criticism that drivers and mechanics are too familiar with Catalunya, reducing the amount of on-track action.

When the circuit opened, overtaking was frequent. Cars could closely follow each other through the last two corners. They would slipstream down the long straight for a pass. As aerodynamic balance became more important, this overtaking method became less effective. The cars were unable to follow each other as close. They would encounter turbulence created by the leading car. This made it hard for a car to get close enough to pass. In  the next to the last corner was replaced with a chicane. This was an effort to improve passing. The redesign did not increase the amount of overtaking.

The Circuit de Catalunya also plays host to many other racing series, including Moto GP.  The chicane which was put in for Formula 1 does not exist in the track layout for Moto GP, and there are at least five points on the track where riders are known to pass. As in Formula 1, turn one is the most popular place for overtaking.

References

Other websites 

 Circuit de Catalunya 
 Circuit de Catalunya at Google Maps
 Statistics from official F1 site

Formula One circuits
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Spain
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (born 10 August 1951) is a Colombian politician. He became the President of Colombia on 7 August 2010. Santos replaces Álvaro Uribe as president.

Santos has distanced himself from Uribe. Santos intends work on the social need of the country. He also wants to improve relations  Colombia's neighbors.

Since winning the presidency in a June 20 landslide, Santos has marked distance between himself and Uribe, signaling the arrival of a leader who, unlike his predecessor, intends to focus on a social agenda and the country's frayed relations with its neighbors. During his inauguration speech, he said "I will preside over a government of national unity that will bring social prosperity for all Colombians... If we want to have economic and social development, we need to build unity among us."

Santos was schooled in the United States and is familiar with technology. He was a defense minister in the Uribe government. Santos has become well known around the world for trying to end the long conflict in Colombia. In 2016, after a lot of negotiations, he announced a peace deal with the FARC militia, which has been at war with the Colombian government since the 1960s. By June 2016, a peace deal had been reached, and some people have said Santos and the other negotiators may win a Nobel Peace Prize if the peace deal holds. Uribe is against the deal, which he thinks is too easy on FARC.

He is 65 years old, and is from one of the most politically influential families of Colombia. He is married to Maria and has three children.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2016 

He left office on 7 August 2018 and was replaced by conservative Iván Duque Márquez.

References 

Living people
People from Bogotá
1951 births
Presidents of Colombia
Ross Island is an island which was formed by four volcanoes in the Ross Sea, which can be found near the continent, Antarctica.

Geography
Because of the persistent presence of the ice sheet, the island is sometimes mistaken to be a part of Antarctica. Its area is 2,460 km² (950 sq mi); only a small portion of the island is free of ice and snow. The planet's southernmost active volcano, Erebus (3794 m), as well as the dormant volcano Terror (3230 m), are situated on the island. They were named by Ross after his ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror. The third highest peak is Mount Bird, and on its slopes are Shell Glacier and Endeavour Piedmont Glacier. Abbott Peak stands between Mount Erebus and Mount Bird.

Despite its relatively small size, Ross Island is the world's 6th highest island.

Discovery
The island was discovered by Sir James Clark Ross in 1841, and it was later named in his honour by Robert F. Scott. 

Ross Island was the base for many of the early expeditions to Antarctica. It was and still is the southernmost island reachable by sea. Huts built by Scott's and Shackleton's expeditions are still located on the island, preserved as historical sites.

Today Ross Island is home to New Zealand's Scott Base, and the largest Antarctic settlement, the U.S. Antarctic Program's McMurdo Station. Greenpeace established World Park Base on the island and it ran for five years, from 1987 to 1992.

Claims
Ross Island lies within the boundaries of Ross Dependency, which is claimed by New Zealand.

Wildlife
Ross Island supports a colony of about a half million (500 000) Adélie Penguins.

References

Other websites

 NIWA New Zealand

Islands
Geography of Antarctica
Excretion is one of the most basic functions of life. It is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials. It is an essential process in all forms of life. It contrasts with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell.

In single-celled organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms use more complex methods. Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs.

Mammalian excretion 
In mammals, excretion is the formation of urine in the kidneys, and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs. These waste products are eliminated by urination and breathing out respectively. If excretion does not occur in an organism, waste products accumulate, which eventually kill the organism.

Also, food waste is expelled through the anus. Other substances are secreted into the bile, and then eliminated in the faeces. The skin and lungs also have excretory functions: the skin eliminates metabolic wastes like urea and lactic acid through sweating,p395 and the lungs expel carbon dioxide.

Some terms 
 Mucociliary excretion is the excretion of mucus in the respiratory system. Cilia work to clear the small passages, and coughing removes phlegm.
 Biliary excretion goes through the bile duct to the duodenum and removed in the faeces.
 Perspiration is the excretion of salts and water from the body, although the main purpose is to cool the body.

Other vertebrates 
Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the water, as this compound is soluble and there is ample water available for dilution. In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment, and ammonia itself is toxic.

Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a white paste. This allows efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg. Both uric acid and faeces are expelled through a common opening called the cloaca. Their waste is usually two-coloured: part white (uric acid) and part green or black (organic waste).

Many bird species, especially seabirds, can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands, the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak.

References 

Physiology
Vibration isolation is a system of devices to decouple a mechanical or structural object from its vibrating supports.

For example, the handles of the saw presented in the right photo are separated from the engine and cutting bar to reduce shaking for the operator. Here, the spring mount is a part of this vibration isolation system.

When the targeted object is rather heavy (e.g. building, bridge or the like), vibration isolation may be called base isolation. Vibration isolation is a branch of protective techniques known as vibration control.

History
From the very beginning, the theory of vibration isolation, in general, and of base isolation, in particular, rested on two pillars: heavy damping and frequency separation. Unfortunately, nobody paid any attention that the heavy damping was a sort of a strong connection between a substructure and superstructure, and that the idea of decoupling them with the help of such connections was of no good.

Related pages
Damping
Vibration
Earthquake protector

References

Mechanics
Mechanical vibrations
Megan Nicole Kanka (December 7, 1986 – July 29, 1994) was an American child who was raped and murdered by her neighbor Jesse Timmendequas. It happened in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey by a convicted sex offender, when she was seven years old.

Timmendequas tricked Kanka to come into his house by saying he had a puppy inside. Once Kanka noticed there was no puppy Timmendequas raped her, slammed her head into a dresser, wrapped her head in a plastic bag, and strangled her with a belt. He put her body in his car and assaulted her once more before placing her in a toy chest and dumping it in a park in nearby West Windsor, New Jersey. When he went to court the jury sentenced him to death after convicting him of kidnapping, rape, sodomy and murder.

The aftermath of this led the New Jersey Legislature to pass a law called "Megan's Law" which requires convicted sex offenders to tell the local police department when they move into a neighborhood.

References

1994 deaths
1990s in New Jersey
1990s murders in the United States
Murdered children
American children

Deaths by strangulation

Kidnapped American people
Rape
Children victims of violence
Yuniesky Betancourt (born January 31, 1982 in Santa Clara, Cuba) is a Cuban baseball player. He currently plays as a shortstop for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Betancourt formerly played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005 to 2009 and the Kansas City Royals from 2009 to 2010 before being traded along with Zack Greinke to the Brewers for Alcides Escobar, Lorenzo Cain, Jeremy Jeffress, Jake Odorizzi, and $2,000,000 to reportedly offset the buyout of Betancourt's club option in 2012.

Other websites
 Yuniesky Betancourt at mlb.com

1982 births
Living people
Cuban sportspeople
Kansas City Royals players
Seattle Mariners players
Tarawih (تراويح) also spelled Taraweeh, are extra prayers which Muslims read at night in the month of Ramadan. The details of how the Tarawih are to be said is different between the different branches of Islam. Tarawih prayers are made up of a number of prayer phrases and actions, raka‘āt, said in pairs. Hanafis and Shafi'i say there are 20 raka‘āt, some Hanabalis say it is only eight, while others say 20. Malikis say there are 36, and the Ahl al-Hadeeth say it is 8.

References

Ramadan
"Let's Go All the Way'" is a 1986 dance-pop/new wave song by the American pop band Sly Fox. It is the first single from their only album Let's Go All the Way, which was released in 1985. The song was produced by Ted Currier and written by Gary "Mudbone" Cooper.

The song was used in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off and Loverboy and was also covered in 1999 by The Wondergirls and again in 2000 by the horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse.

Insane Clown Posse songs
1986 songs
William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838) was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor. A native of Virginia, he grew up in prestatehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri. Clark was a planter and slaveholder.

Along with Meriwether Lewis, Clark led the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1803 to 1806 across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean, and claimed the Pacific Northwest for the United States. Before the expedition, he served in a militia and the United States Army. Afterward, he served in a militia and as governor of the Missouri Territory. From 1822 until his death in 1838 (aged 68) he served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.

References

Other websites

 The Journals of Lewis and Clark, hypertext, American Studies at the University of Virginia.
 The Journals of William Clark , Missouri History Museum
 Biography  from Indiana Historical Bureau
 William Clark—View Videos
Lewis and Clark  at C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History

1770 births
1838 deaths
American explorers
Businesspeople from Virginia
Governors of Missouri
Politicians from Virginia
The Avatar: The Last Airbender Trading Card Game is a collectible card game based on the Nickelodeon animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender. Upper Deck Entertainment launched this title in the first quarter of 2006.

Characters 
 Afiko the Betrayer
 Jojo the Kissing Bandit
 Malu the Ghost Witch
 Kinto the Waterbender

Other websites 
 Avatar: The Last Airbender Trading Card Game Website 
 Detailed Information and Card Scans of Avatar: The Last Airbender's Trading Card Game.
 Burger King Avatar: the Last Airbender promotion 
 The Artists Behind the Designs of the Cards
 The Artist Behind the Designs of the Cards
Avatar Games

Avatar: The Last Airbender games
For the episode list according to the broadcast order see List of Futurama episodes by broadcast order
Futurama is a Fox animated television series, which originally aired on the network from March 28, 1999 to August 10, 2003. All four original production seasons are available on DVD. The DVD sets were entitled "Volume #" in Region 1 (USA), and "Season #" in the Regions 2 (Europe) and 4 (Australia). The Complete Collection DVD set was released on October 25, 2004 in Region 2, and on March 22, 2005 in Region 1. After cancellation on Fox four direct-to-DVD movies were released and later aired as 16 individual episodes on Comedy Central. 

Futurama was originally created as four seasons; Fox broadcast it out of the intended order as five seasons. This list is in production order for the first four seasons on Fox, primarily because this is the order used on the DVDs, as intended by the artists, and it helps avoid plot inconsistencies. A list of Futurama episodes by broadcast order is available in a separate article. The production code is the code used by Fox to indicate the production order of the episodes, and is in the format #ACV##. The first number represents the production season. ACV is Fox's series code for Futurama. The second number is the episode's number. The TV broadcast code indicates the broadcast order. It is in the format S##E##, where S## indicates the broadcasting season of which there were 5, and E## indicates the episode's number. Seasons currently airing or in production are ordered by broadcast date as the DVD order is unknown, when the DVDs are released the order will be adjusted to represent the final order in case episodes have been aired out of the intended order as they did on Fox.

Futurama 's episode ratings in the United States are TV-PG for suggestive dialogue (D), offensive language (L), sexual content (S), and/or graphic violence (V) in its earlier episodes on Fox and on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim airings. The later episodes on Fox are rated TV-14 for suggestive dialogue (D), offensive language (L), sexual content (S), and/or graphic violence (V). The Comedy Central reruns are also rated TV-14, but do not include any of the sub-ratings. In the UK, Futurama episodes have been rated PG (parental guidance suggested when viewing) or 12 (not recommended viewing for anyone under 12 years of age), depending on the episode's content. The only episode not rated PG or 12 is "Leela's Homeworld," which is rated U (recommended for all ages).

Season five aired on Comedy Central from March 23, 2008 to August 30, 2009. It consisted of the four straight-to-DVD films divided into sixteen individual episodes. Each four-episode set aired after the release of the accompanying film. In addition to airing the new season, Comedy Central has taken over syndication of the previous episodes. A sixth season, consisting of 26 episodes, began airing on Comedy Central on June 24, 2010.

Seasons

Season 1

References 

Lists of animated television series episodes
Lists of comedy television series episodes
Manoj Nelliyattu Shyamalan (; മനോജ്‌ നെല്ലിയാട്ടു ശ്യാമളന്‍, Mitur Ben Es-Derti ,Latin English: Maṉōj Nelliyāṯṯu Ṣiyāmaḷaṉ, born 6 August 1970), known professionally as M. Night Shyamalan, is an American filmmaker and screenwriter who resides and works primarily in the United States. He is known for making movies with contemporary supernatural plots that climax with a twist ending. Some of his notable movies are The Sixth Sense (1999), Unbreakable (2000), Signs (2002), The Village (2004), Lady in the Water (2006), The Happening (2008) and The Last Airbender (2010). He is also known for filming his movies (and staging his plots) in and around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was raised.

Early Life
Shyamalan was born in a Hindu household in Mahé, Puducherry, India. His father, Nelliate C. Shyamalan is a Malayali traditional physician (Vaidyar) from Mahé. His mother, Jayalakshmi is Tamil and is an obstetrician and gynecologist by profession.

Movies

Other projects

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone

Other websites

M. Night Shyamalan: The Official Site 
M. Night Shyamalan Online
2006 M. Night Shyamalan interview (Interview with Jon Niccum)
Interview with Rajeev Masand on CNN-IBN/ibnlive.com
M. Night Shyamalan Interview at www.sci-fi-online.com

References

Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
Indian actors
Indian movie directors
Indian writers
1970 births
Living people
Tamil people
, literally "internal family", is a term in Chinese martial arts, grouping those styles that practice 
, literally "internal strength", usually translated as internal martial arts, occupied with spiritual, mental or qi-related aspects, as opposed to an "external" ) approach focused on physiological aspects. The distinction dates to the 17th century, but its modern application is due to publications by  Sun Lutang, dating to the period of 1915 to 1928.
Nèi jìng is developed by using nèigōng, or "internal exercises," as opposed to wài gōng, "external exercises."  

Nèijiā is a broad term used mistakenly in the West as a synonym for the more specific Wǔdāngquán styles, named for their association with the Taoist monasteries of  Wudangshan range, Hubei Province in Chinese popular legend. These styles are enumerated by  Sun Lutang as Tàijíquán, Xíngyìquán and Bāguàzhǎng, but must also include Bājíquán and the legendary Wudang Sword.  Some other Chinese arts, not in the Wudangquan group, such as Liuhebafa, Bak Mei Pai, Bok Foo Pai and Yiquan are frequently classified (or classify themselves) as "internal".

Related pages

 Waijia
 Dantian
 Neidan
 Neo-Confucianism
 Taijitu

Other websites
 Neigong.net is a site devoted to original texts of Neigong, Qigong  and Neijia
 Defining the Internal Martial Arts
 Internal vs. External, What Sets Them Apart?
 Neijia FAQ 
 Glossary of Neijia Terms with Chinese characters 

Martial arts
The Brahmajala Sutta is the first of 34 suttas in the Digha Nikaya (the Long Discourses of the Buddha). The name comes from 'brahma' (perfect wisdom) and 'jala' (net-which-embraced-all-views). The sutta is also called 'Atthajala' (Net of Essence), Dhammajala, (Net of the Dhamma), Ditthijala (Net of Views), Anuttarasangama Vijaya (Incomparable Victory in Battle).

The sutta discusses two main topics: the elaboration of the Ten Precepts (Cula-sila), the Middle Precepts (Majjhima-sila), and the Great Precepts (Maha-sila). Cula-sila deals with the Ten Precepts to be practised by devout buddhists, while Majjhima-sila gives a detailed description of the practice of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth precepts, together with the practise of plant conservation and speech etiquette.

The second and third parts of the sutta discuss the 62 beliefs (ditthi) or "views" held by ascetics in the Ganges plains ( in what is now India) during the life of the Buddha. These are divided into: 18 beliefs related to the past (pubbantanuditthino), and 44 beliefs about the future (aparantakappika).

Many of these beliefs are still relevant in the modern world and thus the sutta provides Buddhist scholars with much information to ponder about the Buddha's teachings.

The elaboration of these beliefs is very detailed, focusing on how the beliefs (faiths) come to be and the way they are described and declared. The elaboration ends with the Buddha's statement about the danger of clinging to these beliefs, as they are still influenced by desire (lobha), hatred (dosa), and ignorance (moha) that its faithful followers will not end in the final liberation but still in the cycle of samsara. Believers of these faiths are compared to small fish in a pond which will be captured by a fine net no matter how much they want to escape, while those who see reality as it is are beyond the net of samsara.

Related pages

Milinda Panha
Aggañña Sutta
Soul
Vipassana jhanas
God in Buddhism
Twelve Nidanas

Other websites
Brahmajala Sutta Translation from UK 

Buddhist texts
Bāguàzhǎng is one of the major Chinese martial arts of the Wudang school. It is also one of the three main internal styles, or Neijia. Bāguà zhǎng means "eight trigram palm," according to the trigrams of the Yijing (I Ching), one of the canons of Taoism.

Related pages

 Ba gua—the eight trigrams, used as guiding principles for baguazhang.
 Yijing—the Taoist classic examining the movement of the eight trigrams.
 Feng shui—the metaphysical system of interior design based on the bagua.

References

Books

 Robert W. Smith, Chinese Boxing, 
 Bok Nam, Park & Dan Miller, The Fundamentals of Pa Kua Chang: The Methods of Lu Shui-T'ien As Taught by Park Bok Nam., 
 Shou-Yu, Liang, Baguazhang : Emei Baguazhang Theory and Applications, 
 O'Brien, Jess, Nei Jia Quan: Internal Martial Arts Teachers of Tai Ji Quan, Xing Yi Quan, and Ba Gua Zhang 
 Frantzis, Bruce Kumar, The Power of Internal Martial Arts: Combat Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I 
Mason, Tom and Danko,Dan. The Lost Scrolls:Air. New York: Simon & Schuster,2007
 Lao xie Christopher Lee matsuo 'The heart of bagua''8 powers', 'silk reeling palm','kunlun baguazhang 102', 'dragongatesanctuary.com
 Ray Carbullido 'Foundations of baguazhang mastery' 'the sword within the sword'
 Lao Xie Christopher Lee Matsuo 'Interviews with lao xie' conducted by hikaru ono in honolulu, Hawaii

Other websites
The Pa Kua Chang Journal
The Walking Circle
ChinaFromInside presents Baguazhang
The History of Yin Style Baguazhang 
Song Changrong style Baguazhang
Fu Style BaGua Zhang article, published in Inside Kung Fu Magazine 
Emptyflower Discussion Forum for Baguazhang and other internal Neijia Arts  
Fists of Mystery and Truth - Discussion and information about Baguazhang and other martial arts

Martial arts
Grace Slick (born Grace Barnett Wing; October 30, 1939) is an American singer-songwriter from Evanston, Illinois. She was the lead singer of Jefferson Airplane, Jefferson Starship and Starship. 

She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 as a member of Jefferson Airplane.

References 

1939 births
Living people
People from Evanston, Illinois
singers from Illinois
Jefferson Airplane members
People from Highland Park, Illinois
The Daily Pennsylvanian (The DP) is the independent daily student newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania.

History
Founded in 1885, the newspaper has been published daily since 1894, except for a hiatus from May 1943 to November 1945 on account of World War II. The DP broke away from the university in 1962 to become an independent publication. It incorporated in 1984 to solidify its financial and editorial independence from the university. Today the newspaper's budget is funded primarily through the sale of advertising by a student business staff.

Awards
The Daily Pennsylvanian has won many of the most prestigious awards in college journalism. In 2008, the newspaper was awarded the Society of Professional Journalist's National Mark of Excellence Award. In the same year, the paper won the Spring 2008 Columbia Gold Crown, awarded to only eight college newspapers nationwide, an award it has won many times before. It also received first place in the Associated Collegiate Press's Kansas City Convention Best of Show Competition in 2008. In 2004, the DP won the Pacemaker, awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation, for a record-setting fourth consecutive year. It also won the award in 1990, 1997, and 1998, and most recently in 2007. Several of its writers win Gold Circles from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association every year. It was also ranked as the "most read" college newspaper by The Princeton Review in 1990, 1997, 1998, and 2001. In 2006, College Publisher awarded the DP first place in the category of Best Online Sports Coverage and, in 2008, it was awarded an online Gold Crown for dailypennsylvanian.com.

References

Other websites
 Home Page of The Daily Pennsylvanian
 Home Page of 34th Street Magazine (affiliate of The Daily Pennsylvanian)
 College Papers Grow Up (Newsweek article)
 Photography Department Blog (maintained by current and past Photo Editors) 

Newspapers in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1885 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Pennsylvania
The Pomeranian is a dog from Pomerania (in Eastern Germany and Northern Poland). Queen Victoria, Queen Charlotte, and Joséphine de Beauharnais all owned Pomeranians.

Pomeranians are sometimes called Zwergspitz (which is a Dwarf Spitz) and Toy German Spitz in different countries.

The Pomeranian can live from 12 to 16 years.

Pomeranians are more likely than other dogs to get some health problems, like:
 Luxating patella (where the kneecap dislocates, or slips out of place)
 Tracheal collapse (collapse of the tube that brings air to the lungs and makes breathing possible)

Other websites

Dog breeds
Jacob Dowell (born March 4, 1985 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey center that currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 140th pick in the 2004 NHL Draft and played 4 seasons with them before being signed to the Dallas Stars on July 1, 2011.

Dowell also played for the Chicago Blackhawks AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs.

Other websites

1985 births
American ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Stars players
Living people
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
American Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
Brian David Josephson, FRS (born 4 January 1940; Cardiff, Wales) is a Welsh physicist who became a Nobel laureate in 1973. He is of Jewish descent.

As of late 2007, he was a retired professor at the University of Cambridge, where he is the head of the Mind–Matter Unification Project in the Theory of Condensed Matter (TCM) research group. He is also a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Josephson is one of the more well-known scientists who say that parapsychological phenomena may be real, and is also interested in the possibility that Eastern mysticism may have relevance to scientific understanding. In 2005, Josephson said that "parapsychology should now have become a conventional field of research, and yet parapsychology's claims are still not generally accepted". He compared this situation to that of Alfred Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift, where there was initially great resistance to acceptance despite the strength of the evidence.

References

1940 births
Living people
British Nobel Prize winners
British physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
British parapsychologists
People from Cardiff
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump is a buffalo jump in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains about 18 km northwest of Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada. The plains Indians used Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump for over 5,500 years to kill buffalo. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and became one in 1981.

Other websites
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump's Official website

Alberta
World Heritage Sites in Canada
Jeanne Moreau (23 January 1928 – 31 July 2017) was a French actress particularly associated with the French "new wave" cinema.

Life and career

Moreau was born in Paris, France, the daughter of an English mother, a dancer at the Folies Bergères, and a French father, a restaurateur. She studied at the Conservatoire de Paris.

She began her career as a stage actress and joined the celebrated "Comédie-Française" in 1948, aged only 20, one the youngest ever member of the company. During the same time, she was in small roles in movies.

She got her first major break when she met French director Louis Malle.  He cast her in his movies L'ascenceur pour l'échafaud (1957) and Les amants (1958), which established her as a movie star in France. She also appeared in Roger Vadim's Les liaisons dangereuses (1959) and Peter Brooks's Moderato cantabile (1960), but it is with François Truffaut's iconic movie Jules et Jim (1961) that she became an international star.

She then went on to work with directors such as Michelangelo Antonioni (La Notte), Orson Welles (Le procès), Luis Bunuel (The Diary of a Chambermaid), etc. In the 1970s, she attempted directing with Lumières (1976) and L'adolescente (1979) with mixed success.

Moreau received many awards for best actress, including a César Award, a BAFTA, a prix d'interprétation at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1996 she received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Moreau died on 31 July 2017 in Paris at the age of 89.

Sources

 The Illustrated Who's Who of the Cinema, Lloyd, Weber & Dessler, Portland House, 1987.

Other websites

1928 births
2017 deaths
French movie actors
French movie directors
French movie producers
French screenwriters
French television actors
Actors from Paris
The Philadelphia Inquirer is a newspaper that serves the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by the local group Philadelphia Media Holdings LLC, The Inquirer has the nineteenth largest average weekday U.S. newspaper circulation and has won eighteen Pulitzer Prizes.

Awards

References

Other websites
 The Philadelphia Inquirer Online
 Philadelphia Media Holdings website 
 The Philadelphia Inquirer Frontpage (Updated) 

Newspapers in Pennsylvania
1829 establishments in the United States
Pulitzer Prize winners
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1820s establishments in Pennsylvania
Chinese martial arts is also known by the Mandarin Chinese term, wushu. It is popularly known as kung-fu. It includes a number of fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in China. 

These fighting styles are often classified according to common features, identified as "families" (jiā), "sects" (pài) or "schools" (mén) of martial arts. Examples of such features include physical exercises that copy certain animals, or training methods inspired by Taoism, and legends. 

Styles focusing on qi are called "internal" (nèijiāquán), while others concentrate on improving muscle and heart fitness, and are called "external" (wàijiāquán). They are also often classed according to region, that is "northern" (běiquán) and "southern" (nánquán).

Related pages
 Eighteen Arms of Wushu
 Hard and soft (martial arts)
 Kung-fu
 List of Chinese martial arts
 Wushu (term)
 Wushu (sport)

References 

Martial arts

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A series finale is the last instalment of a television series. These terms refer to an intentionally planned ending, rather than one in which the series is unexpectedly cancelled after the last episode is produced. Episodes labeled "series finale," or ones leading up to it, often include remarkable events in the overall series story arc. An extended length episode, or television or theatrical film may serve as the series finale. The finale may also be used as a device to create a spin-off series.

Related pages
 Season finale

Other websites
 TV Series Finale - site devoted to final episodes and life after the shows

Television series