cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is a retired American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He spent the first 20 seasons of his career with the New England Patriots, playing in ten Super Bowls and winning seven of them, the most of any player in NFL history. He is widely regarded as greatest quarterback in football history, and one of the greatest football players of all time.

Career 
Picked late in the 2000 NFL Draft, Brady became the starting quarterback for the New England Patriots after Drew Bledsoe got hurt. He played surprisingly well and led New England to its first Super Bowl win in 2001.

Since then, he has won a record of five Super Bowl MVP awards (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, LI, LV) as well as three NFL MVP awards (2007, 2010, 2017).

Brady was a 14 time NFL Pro-Bowler, an award given to outstanding players in the league at their position. 

Brady is also famous for his number "12" as well as being married to supermodel Gisele Bundchen.

On February 1, 2022, Brady announced his retirement, after 22 seasons, in an Instagram post.

References

Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from San Francisco
1977 births
Living people
People from San Mateo, California
Randy Moss (born February 13 1977) is an American football player. He plays as a wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers. Moss came out of retirement to play with the 49ers. He played college football at Marshall University. Moss was picked in the 1998 NFL Draft, in the first round with the 21st overall pick by the Minnesota Vikings. Moss played his NFL career with the Tennessee Titans, Oakland Raiders, Minnesota Vikings and New England Patriots, and has also played in 7 Pro Bowls. In 2007 (in which the Patriots went 16-0), Moss caught 23 touchdowns and helped quarterback Tom Brady set a record with 50 touchdown passes that year. However, he has sometimes been criticized for his lack of effort, which was most evident with Oakland and during Moss's second stint with Minnesota in 2010.

References

Other websites 

Randy Moss' Official website
Moss's career stats

1977 births
Living people
Minnesota Vikings players
New England Patriots players
Oakland Raiders players
Tennessee Titans players
Sportspeople from West Virginia
The San Antonio Spurs are an American basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in San Antonio, Texas. They began playing in the NBA in 1976. They play their home game at the AT&T Center. They are currently coached by Gregg Popovich. They won 5 NBA Championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014 respectively and also made a Finals appearance in 2013.

Notable players for the Spurs are Tim Duncan, Tony Parker, Manu Ginóbili, David Robinson, Robert Horry, Bruce Bowen, Kawhi Leonard, Boris Diaw, Patty Millis, Tiago Splitter, and LaMarcus Alridge.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in San Antonio, Texas
1976 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Texas
The Atlanta Hawks are a team in the National Basketball Association. They play their home games at Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia.

Team history
The Hawks have played in several cities throughout the team's history, and have also had other names. The team was first the Buffalo Bisons in 1946, then moved to Moline, Illinois that same year, being called the Tri-Cities Blackhawks until 1951. (They did not join the NBA until 1949). In 1951, they changed their name to the Hawks and moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1955. While in St. Louis, they won an NBA championship in 1958. As of 2011, this is the only championship the team has won. The Hawks moved to Atlanta in 1968, and have been there ever since.

References

Other websites

Atlanta Hawks  at the New Georgia Encyclopedia

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Atlanta, Georgia
1946 establishments
Sports in Buffalo, New York
Sports in Illinois
Sports in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Sports in St. Louis, Missouri
The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association. They are one of the oldest teams in the NBA. They played in Philadelphia as the Philadelphia Warriors from 1946 to 1962, and in San Francisco from 1962 to 1971. Currently, they play in San Francisco, California at the Chase Center. The Warriors have won six NBA championships, in 1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, and 2018. Many great basketball players have played or still play for the Warriors, these players are Joe Fulks, Paul Arizin, Neil Johnston, Tim Hardaway, Wilt Chamberlain, Guy Rodgers, Al Attles, Rick Barry, Nate Thurmond, Chris Mullin, Latrell Sprewell, Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant, Klay Thompson, Draymond Green, Andre Iguodala, Shaun Livingston, JaVale McGee, Zaza Pachulia, Damian Jones, Kevon Looney, David West, Andrew Bogut.

In the 2007 NBA playoffs, they pulled off one of the biggest upsets in NBA playoff history by upsetting the Dallas Mavericks, who lost to the Miami Heat in last year's finals in six games and finished with 67 wins and 15 losses. The Mavs also had Dirk Nowitzki, who won MVP that year. Before they shocked Dirk's Mavericks, the Warriors had Baron Davis and they also had 42 wins and 40 losses. They won the series 4-2 in Game 6, but lost to the Utah Jazz in five games in the second round. 
 
In 2016, the Warriors went back to NBA Finals and met the Cleveland Cavaliers, who they beat the year before, but they became the 11th team to blow a 3-1 series lead and the first to do it in the NBA Finals and lost. Before losing 4-3 to the Cavaliers, they had 73 wins and 9 losses, breaking the 1996 Chicago Bulls' 72-10 record and also becoming the 10th team to overcome a 3-1 series deficit to win the series against the Oklahoma City Thunder. With the help of Durant, the Warriors would win back-to-back titles against the Cavaliers in 2017 and 2018 before losing to the Toronto Raptors in 2019.

References

Other websites

 
1946 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
The Sacramento Kings are a team in the National Basketball Association in Sacramento, California. They began playing in the National Basketball Association in 1948. They play their home games at Golden 1 Center (Their last arena being Sleep Train Arena (formally known as Arco Arena)).

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sacramento, California
1948 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
The Philadelphia 76ers (called 76ers or Sixers for short) are a professional basketball team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They play in the National Basketball Association. They started in the year 1946 as the Syracuse Nationals. They joined the NBA in 1949. The 76ers have won three NBA championships.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Philadelphia
The Utah Jazz are a team in the National Basketball Association in Utah. They were originally from New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 1970s. Jazz music is popular in New Orleans, and the team was named the Jazz when it was in New Orleans. The team kept the name when it moved to Utah.

The Jazz are in Salt Lake City, Utah's capital, and they made it to the NBA Finals in 1997 and 1998. John Stockton and Karl Malone were players that led them to these championship games. They played the Chicago Bulls both times, and Michael Jordan helped the Bulls win against the Jazz both times in six games.

Jerry Sloan has coached the Jazz for over 20 years. He started coaching after Frank Layden stopped coaching the Jazz. Sloan felt a big load on his shoulders with his role as coach, and that became clear when he announced in 2011 that he decided to step down. His main assistant, Phil Johnson, also stepped down. This came as a big surprise to many sports fans. The Utah Jazz hired Tyrone Corbin as the head coach in time for their next game of the 2010-2011 season. Corbin had played for the Jazz, and had been an assistant coach under Sloan for the team as well. Jeff Hornacek, a former Jazz player, also helped the Jazz by deciding to join the organization again as an assistant to Coach Corbin.

The Jazz had another big change in 2011. They traded Deron Williams, a veteran NBA player, to the New Jersey Nets. These big changes in the Jazz' profile in little over a month were preceded by a big change in 2009, when the owner and founder of the Jazz, Larry H. Miller, died. His son, Greg Miller, is now in charge, and Larry's wife Gail Miller still helps with decisions and feedback for the team.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Salt Lake City
1974 establishments in the United States
The Houston Rockets are a team in the National Basketball Association in Houston, Texas. They play their home games at the Toyota Center. They began playing in the NBA in 1967 and were originally known as the San Diego Rockets from 1967 to 1971. 

Hakeem Olajuwon was a star player for the Rockets. He lead them to their first NBA championship in 1994. They repeated as champions in 1995. Yao Ming was also a star player for the Rockets.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Houston, Texas
1967 establishments in Texas
The Portland Trail Blazers are a team in the National Basketball Association from Portland, Oregon. They play their home games at the Moda Center. They won 1 NBA Championship in 1977.

References

Other websites
This is a list of NBA Champions.

Champions
 The first brackets in the Western champion and Eastern champion columns indicate the teams' playoff seed. The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team's NBA Finals record to date.

Notes

References

Champions
Sports lists
Uses for the term extreme, which is sometimes spelled xtreme, include:

Geography and astronomy
 Extremes on Earth
 List of extrasolar planet extremes

Mathematics
Extreme value, the largest or smallest element of a set

Science and technology

Science
Extreme weather, severe or unseasonal weather
Extremism, ideas or actions beyond what is deemed acceptable
Extremophile, an organism which thrives in or requires "extreme"

Technology
Extreme Networks, a California-based networking hardware company
Extreme Programming, a software engineering methodology
Xtreme Mod, a peer-to-peer file sharing software for Windows based on eMule

Sports and entertainment

Sports
Extreme sport, a sport featuring speed, height, danger or spectacular stunts
Extreme skiing
Extreme Sports Channel, a Netherlands television channel
Extreme Championship Wrestling, a former wrestling promotion
Xtreme Pro Wrestling
Los Angeles Xtreme, a defunct XFL franchise
Xtreme Turf, an artificial turf or synthetic grass system

Music
Extreme (band), an American band
Extreme (album), an album by Extreme
Xtreme (group), a bachata duo
Xtreme (album), an album by Xtreme
Extremes (album), an album by Collin Raye
Extreme Records, a record label
Agostino Carollo or X-Treme, an Italian singer, DJ, and producer

Entertainment
Extreme (CSI: Miami)
Extreme (TV series)
Going to Extremes, a UK television series
Extreme (Travel Channel series), a US television series
Extreme Associates, an adult film production company
Dance Dance Revolution Extreme, a music video game by Konami
Extreme Paintbrawl, a first-person shooter video game
Dance Dance Revolution Extreme (North America), a music video game by Konami

Games
Extremes (Combat Arms)

Literature
Extreme Studios, a defunct studio of Image Comics
Adam X the X-Treme, a Marvel Comics character
Extreme, an autobiography by Sharon Osbourne

Other uses
Extreme Pita, a Canadian-based restaurant chain
Chevrolet S-10 xtreme
Julius Eastman (October 27, 1940 – May 28, 1990) was an African-American composer, pianist, singer and dancer. He is a minimalist.

Life
Eastman grew up in Ithaca, New York. He began piano at age 14. He studied piano at the Curtis Institute of Music, with Mieczyslaw Horszowski and composition with Constant Vauclain.

In 1970, Eastman joined the Center for the Creative and Performing Arts at SUNY Buffalo, where he met the Czech-born composer, conductor, and flute player Petr Kotik. Eastman and Kotik played together in the early to mid 1970s. Eastman was a maker of the S.E.M. Ensemble. From 1971 he performed and traveled with the group.

He died alone in Millard Fillmore Hospital in Buffalo, New York of heart problems. No attention was given to his death until an obituary in the Village Voice by Kyle Gannon January 22, 1991, eight months after he died.

Known works

 Tripod (1960s) for unspecified instruments
 Piano Piece I (1968) for solo piano
 Piano Piece II (1968) for solo piano
 Piano Piece III (1968) for solo piano
 Piano Piece IV (1968) for solo piano
 Thruway (1970) for chorus (plus other unspecified instruments)
 The Moon's Silent Modulation (1970) for dancers, vocalists and chamber ensemble
 Touch Him When (?) for piano 4 hands
 Macle (1971) for voices and electronics
 Comp 1 (1971) for solo flute
 Mumbaphilia (1972) for solo performer and dancers
 Wood in Time (1972) for metronomes
 Stay on It (1973) for voice, clarinet, 2 saxes, violin, piano and percussion
 440 (1973) for voice, violin, viola and double bass
 Femenine (1974) for chamber ensemble
 If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich? (1977) for violin, 2 French horns, 4 trumpets, 2 trombones, tuba, piano, 2 chimes and 2 basses
 NF (1978) for piano
 Piece for 2 pianos (1979)
 Evil Nigger (1979) for 4 pianos
 Gay Guerilla (ca. 1980) for 4 pianos
 Crazy Nigger (ca. 1980) for 4 pianos
 The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc (1981) for ten cellos
 Untitled [Prelude to The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc] (1981?) for solo voice
 His Most Qualityless Majesty (1983) for piano and voice
 Piano 2 (1986) for solo piano

Recordings

 2005 - Unjust Malaise by various artists (New World 80638) (Includes "Stay On It"; "If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich"; "Prelude to The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc"; "The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc"; "Gay Guerilla"; "Evil Nigger"; "Crazy Nigger"; and Spoken Introduction to Northwestern University Concert)
 1987 - Davies, Peter Maxwell. Miss Donnithorne's Maggot; Eight Songs For a Mad King. London: Unicorn-Kanchana. (Includes Julius Eastman, baritone.)
 1981 - Monk, Meredith. Dolmen Music. (Includes Julius Eastman, voice.)
 1972 - Kolb, Barbara, and Richard Moryl. New York: Desto. (Includes Julius Eastman, narrator, on Side A.)

Other websites 
 The Julius Eastman Project

20th-century American composers
American pianists
Singers from New York
American dancers
Musicians from New York
1940 births
1990 deaths
Elisha Nelson "Eli" Manning (born January 3, 1981 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA) is a retired American football quarterback. Manning played for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons.

College career
Manning played college football at the University of Mississippi after attending high school at Isidore Newman School in New Orleans.

Professional career

When Manning entered the NFL Draft (which is where professional American football teams choose new players for their teams), he was first chosen by the San Diego Chargers.  But, the same day that the San Diego Chargers chose Manning, they decided to allow him to play for the New York Giants. In return, the New York Giants allowed Philip Rivers to join the San Diego Chargers. The New York Giants also allowed the San Diego Chargers to choose more players the next time the NFL Draft happened.

Manning was called the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLII, which was played on February 3, 2008. In that game, he led the New York Giants to an unexpected win over the previously undedeated New England Patriots. When New York won Super Bowl XLVI, Manning was the MVP of that too.

Personal life 
Eli Manning's home is in Hoboken, New Jersey. He is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning.  Eli is the younger brother of Peyton Manning. He also has a son named Tom Brady who he beat twice in the Super Bowl.

When Eli Manning was young, it was difficult for him to learn how to read. He almost had to do one year of school twice. Manning said that his mother helped him a lot when he was learning how to read. His brother, Peyton Manning, and father Archie Manning have also been successful quarterbacks.

In 2007, Manning asked Abby McGrew to marry him. He met her while they were in college. On April 19, 2008 Manning and McGrew were married in San José del Cabo|San José del Cabo, Mexico.

When he is not playing football, Manning likes collecting antiques with his mother and wife.

On April 30, 2008, Eli Manning and the rest of the people who play for the New York Giants visited United States President George W. Bush at the White House for the Super Bowl champions celebration.

Manning plays golf with his father and brothers several times a year.

References 

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
American football quarterbacks
New York Giants players
Nigel Ernest James Mansell OBE (born 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire) is a British racing driver from England who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and CART World Series (1993). He is the only person in history to hold both titles simultaneously, and was the first person to win the CART title in his debut season. During the early nineties, Mansell was commonly known, by the British media especially, as Our Nige.

His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. Mansell remains the most successful British Formula One driver of all-time in terms of race wins with 31 victories, and is fifth overall on the Formula One race winners list behind Lewis Hamilton,  Michael Schumacher, Alain Prost, and Ayrton Senna. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by Murray Walker, who was a Formula One commentator for 50 years. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 24th on their top drivers of all-time.

Mansell raced in the GP Masters series and signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007.

References 

1953 births
Living people
English racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Worcestershire
Norman Graham Hill (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and two-time Formula One World Champion. He was born in Hampstead, London and died in a plane crash in Arkley, London.  

His son Damon Hill and Damon's son Josh Hill are racing drivers.

Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Aviation deaths
English racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from London
1929 births
1975 deaths
Besiktas (Turkish: Beşiktaş) is a district in the European part of İstanbul. Beşiktaş is by the coastal of Bosphorus.

Beşiktaş has a football team called Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (BJK) (English: Besiktas Gym Club). BJK is one of the biggest and one of the most popular football team in Turkey.

Historical buildings
Dolmabahçe Palace is an Ottoman palace located in Besiktas along the coast. This is the palace where the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, died.

Districts in Istanbul
Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva, the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing. Though the Scuderia and Ferrari Corse Clienti continue to manage the racing activities of numerous Ferrari customers and private teams, Ferrari's racing division has completely devoted its attention and funding to its Formula One team, Scuderia Ferrari. Scuderia is Italian for "Stable", and Ferrari is the name of its founder. The prancing horse was the symbol on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca's fighter plane, and became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace's parents, good friends with Enzo Ferrari, asked him so, to continue his tradition of sportsmanship, gallantry and boldness. 

Scuderia Ferrari was founded in 1929, and raced for Alfa Romeo until 1939. Ferrari first competed in F1 in 1948 (the team's first F1 car was the Tipo 125 F1), making it the oldest and arguably the most successful team left in the championship. The team's numerous and ardent Italian fans are known as tifosi, though the team also has a vibrant international following.

One of the most popular Ferrari drivers was Michael Schumacher, who won five titles with Ferrari. He drove in this team from 1996 through 2006. Schumacher worked with Ferrari in a consulting role after he quit driving. In , Kimi Räikkönen won the Driving Championship for Ferrari. In  Felipe Massa lost the Championship Title to Lewis Hamilton by one point. Ferrari won the Constructors Championship in 2007 and 2008.

Formula One World Championship results

References 

Formula One constructors
Formula One current
Formula One engine manufacturers
1929 establishments
Kanal D is a popular Turkish television channel broadcasting nationally. Euro D broadcasts Kanal D programmes to all Europe.

TV Series

Aşk-ı Memnu
Arka Sokaklar 
Geniş Aile   
Yaprak Dökümü  
Hanımın Çiiftliği 
Kavak Yelleri
Bir Bulut Olsam
Akasya Durağı
Küçük Kadınlar
Küçük Sırlar

Turkish media
Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE (born 17 September 1960) is a British retired racing driver.

He was the 1996 Formula One World Champion. As the son of double Formula One world champion Graham Hill, he is the only son of a world champion to win the title, until Nico Rosberg, son of 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg, clinched the title in 2016 . Despite the famous family name, Hill had an uphill struggle to reach the ranks of F1.

Damon Hill came to professional motorsports relatively late: he began racing motorcycles in 1983 at the age of 23. The following year, he won the 350 cc Clubman's cup at Brands Hatch. In 1985, he moved on to four-wheel single-seater racing with Team Van Diemen in the Formula Ford championship, before moving up into the UK Formula 3 championship in 1986. After three seasons in Formula 3, where he won four races, Hill ascended another tier of open-wheel racing by joining Mooncraft in the International Formula 3000 championship, where, although often competitive, he never won a race. 

Hill started his Formula One career in 1992 with the then uncompetitive Brabham team. His debut race was at the British Grand Prix where he qualified on the back row. He took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix for the Williams team the following year. In 1994, he won the British Grand Prix, a race his father had never won in his long and successful career. During the mid 1990s, Hill was Michael Schumacher's main rival for the Formula One Driver's Championship, finishing runner-up in the German's 1994 and 1995 title seasons. The two had a series of controversial clashes on and off the track, including the collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix that gave Schumacher his first title by a single point. Hill took eight victories and the world championship in 1996. Despite this, Williams decided in mid-1996 not to renew Hill's contract for 1997. He went on to record the Jordan team's first ever win at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix, and came within a few miles of being the only driver to win a Grand Prix for the Arrows team and their Yamaha engine supplier at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix. He retired from the sport at the end of the 1999 season, after 122 races. In 2006, Hill became president of the British Racing Drivers' Club, succeeding Jackie Stewart.

Hill's son Josh is a racing driver.

Formula One results
Races in bold indicate pole position

1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from London
English racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Aigle is the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The town has a population of 8,100 people.

References

Other websites 

 Official Website of the Commune of Aigle 
 
 Webcam on the Rue de la Gare 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Vaud
Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (), was a British company that built racing cars. It also ran a racing team in Formula One. It was founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac. The team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2008, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name.

Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the 1960s, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three and competed in the Indianapolis 500. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced innovations such as the controversial but successful 'fan car', in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. The team won two more Formula One drivers' championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet, and became the first to win a drivers' championship with a turbocharged car.

British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later become responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office.

Formula One constructors
The Afrotheria is a group of mammals, (a superorder or a clade). It includes the golden moles, elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees. 

Biologists made this group based on RNA sequence analysis. Afrotheria are one of four major groups in the Eutheria (placental mammals). Afrotheria means "African animals", "afro" for Africa and "theria" for animals. 

More recent genomics suggests that Afrotheria and Xenarthra are sister taxa at the base of the placental mammal radiation.

Relations between the various afrotherian orders are still being studied. Elephants and manatees seem to be related, and likewise elephant shrews and aardvarks. These findings are compatible with the work of earlier anatomists.

Organization
Afrotheria is a clade of placental mammals.
 Afrotheria
†Ocepeia: (basal)  
†Hyopsodontidae: (possible member of stem group) 
Clade Afroinsectiphilia
Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa)
Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa)
Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)
Order †Bibymalagasia: (probable member)
Order †Ptolemaiida: poorly understood carnivorous mammals (extinct).
 Order †Afredentata: (probable member) 
Clade Paenungulata
Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia)
Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (cosmopolitan tropical)
Order †Desmostylia
Order †Embrithopoda

References 

Afrotheria
Kimi-Matias Räikkönen () (born October 17, 1979 in Espoo, Finland) is a race car driver, currently driving for Alfa Romeo Racing. He is the 2007 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.

Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001. Having previously only raced in very junior open-wheel categories, he was given his Super Licence from the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) after a performance delivery promise from his team boss, Peter Sauber. He joined McLaren Mercedes in 2002, and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the 2003 and 2005 championships to Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, respectively.

Switching to Ferrari in 2007, Räikkönen became the highest paid driver in the sport, and secured his first Formula One World Drivers' Championship, beating McLaren drivers Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso by one point.

Räikkönen is very calm, cool, and calculating in his race strategy—prompting the nickname "Iceman", which is subtly written on the side of his current helmet design. His other nicknames include Kimppa, Räikkä and Kimster (used by his mechanics).

NASCAR 
Räikkönen joined the ranks of former F1 drivers who have moved to NASCAR in 2011. His first race was the Camping World Truck Series on May 20 at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina. He finished in 15th place on the lead lap. He hopes to work his way up to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.

Räikkönen's second NASCAR race was also at Charlotte. He raced in the Nationwide Series. He received a penalty for speeding on pit lane, and finished in 27th place. After the race, he returned to Europe to compete in some more rally races. Räikkönen said his plans are to "see what happens."

Results and records

Career summary 

 Season in progress
 As a guest driver, Räikkönen was ineligible for points

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
* Season still in progress.

Complete WRC results 

 Season in progress

References 

1979 births
Living people
Finnish racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
NASCAR drivers
Espoo
La Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, usually called the FIA, is a non-profit association established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) on June 20, 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. Most people know the FIA as the governing body for motor racing events. 

Headquartered at 8, Place de la Concorde, Paris, the FIA has 213 national member organisations in 125 countries worldwide. Its current president is Max Mosley. 

As is the case with football's FIFA, the FIA is generally known by its French name and acronym, even in English-speaking countries, but is sometimes called the International Automobile Federation.

References

Formula One
Non-profit organizations of France
1904 establishments in France
Presociality is a term which applies to animal behaviour. Presocial animals have close family relationships, more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species. However, they do not form the extreme colonies of eusocial insects, such as ants.

Presocial animals can live together and take care of their young. They may have some division of labor, but they do not have all the three essential traits of eusocial animals, which are: 
There are many generations that are alive at the same time.
There is extreme division of labour. Some animals may be specialised for a certain function. Some animals may be sterile.
The older animals cooperate to care for the young.

Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.

The concept of presociality can be further divided:
Subsocial: parents interact with young. This applies to all mammals without exception, almost all birds, many reptiles and fish, and quite a few insects.
Parasocial: individuals of the same generation live in a single, cooperative dwelling and interact with each other
Communal: each individual care exclusively for her or his own young
Quasisocial: individuals care cooperatively for all brood; however, all members of the colony are reproductive
Semisocial: a few individuals reproduce, yet the arrangement is not quite eusocial. For example, adult generations might not overlap, the reproductive dominance might be temporary.

Among the Vespid wasps, the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behaviour. It is easier to guard the eggs and grubs when the mother wasp stays in her nest to watch over her larva. More so if other adults stay with her. Then the other adults need to collect more food than just for themselves. And so on. it becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.

Related pages  
Eusociality
Collective animal behaviour

References

Zoology
Neotominae is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.

Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.

Taxonomy
Subfamily Neotominae
Tribe Baiomyini
Baiomys - Pygmy Mice
Scotinomys - Brown Mice
Tribe Neotomini
Neotoma - Pack Rats
Xenomys - Magdalena Rat
Hodomys - Allen's Woodrat
Nelsonia
Tribe Ochrotomyini
Ochrotomys - Golden Mouse
Tribe Peromyscini
Peromyscus - Deer Mice
Reithrodontomys - New World Harvest Mice
Onychomys - Grasshopper Mouse
Neotomodon - Mexican Volcano Mouse
Podomys - Florida Mouse
Isthmomys - Isthmus Rats
Megadontomys - Giant Deer Mice
Habromys
Osgoodomys - Michoacan Deer Mouse

Related pages
New World rats and mice

References
Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick, R. D. Bradley.  2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40:251-258.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Kusadasi (Turkish Kuşadası) is a town in the province of Aydın in Turkey. The town is a tourist resort and is near the ancient city of Ephesus. It has a population of about 65,000 people.

Cities in Turkey
Nazimiye is a district of Tunceli Province in Turkey. Its old name is Kisle. The district has a total population of about 2000 people. There is no industrial activity in Nazimiye. Agriculture and state ownership institutions are the only jobs there.

Districts of Turkey
Yalova is a Turkish city in the northwest, which was affected in the earthquake of 17 August 1999. The city is along the coast of the Marmara Sea. Yalova has a better quality of life from other Turkish cities. It has a population of 77,000.

The first people settled in this region in the Prehistoric Period.

Twin cities of Yalova are Bonn in Germany and Mahachkala in Russia.

Cities in Turkey
Mudanya is a town along the Sea of Marmara and also a district of Bursa Province in Turkey. It is located in Gulf of Gemlik.  The town has a road transportation with Bursa and seaway transportation by ferries with Istanbul.

Mudanya has industrial sector and agriculture sector especially oil production. The town also has a seaport.

Settlements in Turkey
Districts of Bursa Province
Eumuroida are a group of all muroid rodents, or the true muroids. It was made in 2004. The group is not in the standard taxonomic classification, but it is between superfamily and family. The Eumuroida is the clade including all organisms which evolved from the most recent ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae.

Taxonomy

Family Calomyscidae
Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
Family Nesomyidae
Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
Family Cricetidae
Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
Subfamily Tylomyinae
Family Muridae
Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

References
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Mouse-like hamsters are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.  They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.

The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters.  They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, Calomyscus bailwardi, but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.

In Europe, species of Calomyscus can be kept as a pet. They are called Calomyscus bailwardi mystax or Calomyscus bailwardi. Only special people sell them, not pet shops, so they are usually only people who really like mice will buy them.

Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species.  They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity.  They regularly live over 4 years in captivity.  The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, Peromyscus crinitus.

Species 
Calomyscus bailwardi - Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster from Iran
Calomyscus baluchi - Pakistan mouse-like hamster from Pakistan and Afghanistan
Calomyscus elburzensis Goodman's mouse-like hamster from northeastern Iran and southern Turkmenistan
Subspecies Calomyscus elburzensis zykovi Zykov's mouse-like hamster from southeastern Turkmenistan
Calomyscus grandis - Noble mouse-like hamster from near Teheran
Calomyscus hotsoni Hotson's mouse-like hamster from southern Pakistan
Calomyscus mystax Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster from Turkmenistan
Calomyscus tsolovi Syrian mouse-like hamster from Syria
Calomyscus urartensis Urar mouse-like hamster from Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran

References 
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Volf, J. 2003. Rekord dlouhovekosti kreckovitych savcu (Cricetidae). Gazella 30:69-72.

Other websites 
 Animal Diversity Web: Detailed description
 Photos of the Turkmen Mouse-like hamster (German page) 

Rodents
Nesomyidae is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea.  It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.

Characteristics

Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.

Classification

Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies.  Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.

Subfamilies
Cricetomyinae (pouched rats)
Delanymyinae (Delany's Mouse)
Dendromurinae (climbing mice)
Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Petromyscinae (African rock mice)

References

Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Manisa is a large city in western Turkey in Asia Minor.

Other websites 

Cities in Turkey
Eskişehir (eskē'shehēr, , "Old City") is a city that can be found in the northwestern part of Turkey. It is the capital district of Eskişehir Province.

References

Other websites 
 Eskişehir Photo Gallery

Cities in Turkey
The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. With almost 600 species, it is the second largest family of mammals, and has animals in it in the New World, Asia, and Europe.

Characteristics 
The cricetids are small mammals, ranging from just 5 to 8 cm and 7 grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse, up to 41 to 62 cm and 1,100 grams in the Muskrat. How long the tail is depends on how big the body is, and the tails can be either with hair or a little hair. Most species have brown fur, with a white colored underbelly, but there are also many other patterns, especially in the cricetine and arvicoline subfamilies.

Like the Old World Mice, cricetids live in a wide range of habitats, in the high Arctic to tropical rainforests and hot deserts. Some are good at climbing, with long balancing tails and other way to help them to climb, while others can swim, with webbed feet and small external ears. Yet others are burrowing animals, or ground-dwellers, which live in the ground.

Their diet is also variable, with herbivorous, omnivorous, and insectivorous species known. They all have large, biting and chewing, incisors separated from grinding molar teeth by a gap, or diastema. 
There can be a lot of these animals in a very short time, because the mother gives birth to them after 15 to 50 days, and they have a lot of babies at one time. The young are usually born blind, hairless, and helpless.

Taxonomy 

The cricetids are thus classified to contain one prehistoric and 5 living subfamilies, around 112 living genera and approximately 580 living species:
 Arvicolinae - voles, lemmings, muskrat
 Cricetinae - hamsters
 Democricetodontinae (fossil)
 Neotominae - North American rats and mice, including deer mice, pack rats, and grasshopper mice
 Sigmodontinae - New World rats and mice, predominantly South American genera such as brucies.
 Tylomyinae - New World climbing rats and relatives

References 
  (1984): Cricetidae. In: : The Encyclopedia of Mammals: 640-655, 672-673. Facts on File, New York. 
  (2004): Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31(1): 256-276.  PDF fulltext 
  (2001): Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18(11): 2017-2031. PDF fulltext
  (2004): The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31(3): 972-978. 
  (1986): Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. Facts on File, New York. 
  (2004): Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology 53(4): 533-553.  PDF fulltext

Rodents
Gaziantep is a city in the southeast of Turkey. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification). Gaziantep is well known for its dessert baklava. Gaziantep is the sixth biggest city in Turkey.

Gazantiep has had terrorist attacks in 2012, May 2016 and August 2016.

Cities in Turkey
Baklava () is a traditional sweet made from pastry and often eaten as a dessert. It is known in many countries of the former Ottoman Empire. It is also developed from the cookery of the Ottomans and is believed to be invented in Istanbul. Baklava is a popular dessert in the Arab world.

In Turkey, Baklava is made of thin pastry layers filled with nuts, pistachios or walnuts. It sweetened with special syrup or honey. Baklava can also be served with ice cream or kaymak (clotted cream).

References 

Middle Eastern foods
Turkish food
Desserts
ÖSS Turkish Öğrenci Seçme Sınavı is the exam for entering universities in Turkey. Every year in June, the ÖSS exam is done. OSS is a test exam which has many questions from different subjects such as Maths, Geography, and History.

Colleges and universities in Turkey
Kamer Genç (February 23, 1940 – January 22, 2016) was a Turkish politician.He was a member of parliament as a member of the Republican People's Party in the 18th, 19th, and 23rd election cycles, and in the 20th and 21st as a member of the True Path Party. He was born in Nazımiye, Tunceli Province.

Genç died of cancer in Istanbul, Turkey on January 22, 2016 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Turkish politicians
Zaza
Emine Erdoğan, born as Emine Gülbaran, (born February 16, 1955 in Üsküdar, Istanbul) is the First Lady of Turkey and the wife of current Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They were married on July, 4 1978. She is of Arab descent.

Her family is originally from Siirt in southeast Turkey. She went to Istanbul Mithatpaşa Vocational Institute for Girls.

References 

1955 births
Living people
Arab people
First Ladies
People from Istanbul
Ahmet Kenan Evren (17 July 1917 – 9 May 2015), was a Turkish politician who served as the 7th President of Turkey. He was a former Turkish general and the leader of the coup d'état on 12 September 1980.

On 18 June 2014, Evren and General Tahsin Şahinkaya were given life sentences because of their roles in the 1980 coup. Evren and Şahinkaya had both of their military ranks stripped and both were demoted to rank of Private.

Evren died at a military hospital in Ankara of gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 9 May 2015, aged 97.

References

1917 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Generals
Presidents of Turkey
Turkish military people
Uludag University is a Turkish university. It is in Turkey's fourth largest city, Bursa. Before 1980 its name was Bursa University, but in 1980 the name changed to Uludag University. Uludag is the name of the highest mountain in Bursa. Uludag University is a public university. The university has a big campus in Görükle village outside of the city.

Colleges and universities in Turkey
Bursa