cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A SIM card is a smart card that is used in mobile phones, to identify the client. SIM stands for subscriber identity module. A SIM card has a microchip, and its use is protected by a PIN. When the phone is powered on, an international mobile subscriber identity number (IMSI) is broadcast. The microchip is also needed for some encryption and decryption. The SIM card and the device that it is used in (the mobile phone) are often referred to as the Mobile station.

SIM cards come in different sizes. Full-size SIM cards, which are about the same size as a credit card, are not used in phones anymore. Most smartphones use either micro SIM or nano SIM cards, but older ones use mini SIM.

Types of SIM cards 

 Full SIM: No longer in use, the original SIM card was developed in the 1990s and measured 86x54mm. Despite the large size, virtually all of it was a plastic card - the actual contact surface was the same as later cards.
 Mini-SIM: Because the full-size SIM is no longer used, these days this is often thought of as the full or standard SIM. It measures 25x15mm and the contact surface is surrounded by a large segment of plastic.
 Micro-SIM: A micro-SIM has the exact same contact surface but is smaller (15x12mm) because the plastic is trimmed away, leaving a card almost entirely of just the contact surface.
 Nano-SIM: This is the smallest SIM format in use today. It has a smaller contact surface, making it physically incompatible with older phones that expect a micro-SIM. It measures 12.3x8.8mm.
 eSIM: An embedded SIM, or eSIM, is a new, emerging format in which the SIM is embedded directly into the device and is therefore not removable. Although not widely used, the advantage of an eSIM is that it allows you to change phones without transferring SIM cards; the mobile operator transfers the account information remotely.

References 

Telecommunications
Counting coup refers to the winning of prestige in battle by the Plains Indians of North America. Warriors won prestige by acts of courage in the face of the enemy. Any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup.

An act of bravery 
Counting coup could be with a hand, any part of the body, or with an object. The most prestigious act was to touch or strike an enemy warrior, leave him alive, then escaping unharmed. Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy's defensive works also counted as coup. Counting coup could also involve stealing an enemy's weapons or horses tied up to his lodge in camp. Risk of injury or death was required to count coup. After a battle or exploit, the people of a tribe would gather together to recount their acts of bravery and "count coup."  Coups were recorded in some tribes by putting notches (cut marks) in a coup stick. A coup stick was often a willow rod with a feather on the end. But coup could be counted with any object.

Other uses 
Another form of counting coup emerged during the air battles of World War I. A allied pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft was given the status of ace. The exception was that the British never formally adopted the ace system. Informally, however, a British pilot who had shot down ten enemy planes was considered an ace. Generally "counting coup" is counting victories.

References

Other websites 
 Counting Coup; Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
 Counting Coup; Native Heritage Project

North American people
Native American
The Rotte is a river in the Dutch province Zuid Holland. The city of Rotterdam is named after this river, Rotterdam means dam of the Rotte, Rotterdam is founded when a dam was built in the Rotte. Original, the river was named Rotta, based on the Dutch word 'rot', this word means something like dirty, because the River was really muddy, and A because Aa means water in old European languages.

History
In the Roman Age, the river has been connected with the Rhine. The river was cut off from the Rhine later. The area where the Rhine was connected to the Rotte changed into an area of bog. After all the bog was excavated, the area changed into a swamp, this swamp was the new source of the Rotte. In the 17th century the swamp area is empoldered, and the Rotte did not have a source anymore.

In the early medieval age, settlement was founded. But because of floods in the area, the people were not able to live in the area. Later in 1270, a 400 meter long dam was build along the river, people started to live on this dam, and that is where Rotterdam was founded. Today, this dam is the Hoogstraat in Rotterdam.

Rivers of the Netherlands
Lansingerland
Rotterdam
Zuidplas
Roberto Obdulio Sagastume Pinto (24 November 1944 – 1 December 2014) was a Guatemalan politician and educator. He served as Mayor of Esquipulas from 1986 through 1988 and again from 1996 through 2000. Pinto also served as Governor of Chiquimula from 2001 through 2003. Pinto was born in Esquipulas, Guatemala.

Pinto died in a car crash in Esquipulas, Guatemala, aged 70.

References

Other websites

1944 births
2014 deaths
Road accident deaths
Guatemalan politicians
Educators
Mayors
Ivor Owen Grattan-Guinness (23 June 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a English historian and mathematician. He was a historian of mathematics and logic. 

Grattan-Guinness was born in Bakewell, Derbyshire. He gained his bachelor degree as a Mathematics Scholar at Wadham College, Oxford, and an MSc (Econ) in Mathematical Logic and the Philosophy of Science at the London School of Economics in 1966. He died on 12 December 2014, aged 73.

References

Other websites
 Encomium  at Mathematical Sciences Foundation

1941 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British historians
English mathematicians
People from Derbyshire
Lonesome George (c. 1910  – June 24, 2012) was a male Pinta Island tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii) and the last known individual of the subspecies. In his last years, he was known as the rarest creature in the world. George served as a potent symbol for conservation efforts in the Galápagos Islands and throughout the world.

References

Other websites

1910s births
2012 deaths
Extinct species
Theodora Emily Colborn (née Decker; March 28, 1927 – December 14, 2014) was an American zoologist. She was the founder and President Emeritus of The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). Colborn was also professor Emeritus of Zoology at the University of Florida, Gainesville.  She was best known for her studies on the health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.

References

Other websites
Our Stolen Future
TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange
Dr. Theo Colborn on the Health Effects of Water Contamination from Fracking - video report by Democracy Now!
Dr. Theo Colborn's TEDx Talk – TEDx MidAtlantic 2012, “Letter to the president about chemicals disrupting our bodies.”
Dr. Theo Colborn, "Peace Begins in the Womb" - Santa Clara University Architects of Peace Essay, "Reflections on Working Towards Peace."
PBS Frontline, Interview by Doug Hamilton, "Fooling With Nature," 1998.
Dr. Theo Colborn on the need for “inner space research” -Recorded lecture at the Chatauqua Institution, Chatauqua, NY, 2001

1927 births
2014 deaths
American academics
American zoologists
Scientists from New Jersey
People from Plainfield, New Jersey
Educators from New Jersey
Mustapha Azahari Maarof (1 January 1935 – 15 December 2014) was a Malaysian actor. He was known for his roles in Hang Tuah (1959), 1957: Hati Malaya (2007) and Chermin (2007).

Maarof died in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from respiratory failure at the age of 79.

References

Other websites

1935 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Malaysian actors
Movie actors
Phillip M. "Felipe" Archuleta (May 12, 1949 – December 16, 2014) was an American politician. Archuleta was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, serving from 2013 until his death in 2014.

Archuleta died in Las Cruces, New Mexico from pneumonia, aged 65.

References

Other websites
Legislative page

1949 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Politicians from New Mexico
US Democratic Party politicians
Oscar Holderer (November 4, 1919 – May 5, 2015) was an engineer who worked with Wernher von Braun in the United States and Germany beforehand.  Holderer came to the United States as part of the second group of people brought from Germany during World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.

References

1920s births
2015 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German scientists
Scientists from Huntsville, Alabama
Georg F. von Tiesenhausen (May 18, 1914 – June 3, 2018) was a retired German-American rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States in 1953 as part of Operation Paperclip, he was part of Wernher von Braun's team at the U.S. Army, and later, NASA. He is known to first complete design of the Lunar Rover and made a variety of other contributions to the space program.

Von Tiesenhausen died at his home in Huntsville, Alabama on June 3, 2018 at the age of 104.

References

1914 births
2018 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German scientists
American centenarians
Scientists from Huntsville, Alabama
Richard Curt Hottelet (September 22, 1917 – December 17, 2014) was a Brooklyn-born American broadcast journalist for the latter half of the twentieth century. Hottelet was the last surviving journalist from the original World War II-era group of Murrow's Boys lead by Edward R. Murrow.

Hottelet died at his home in Wilton, Connecticut, on December 17, 2014. He was 97 years old.

References

Other websites
Murrow's Boys : CBS News article
Guest of the Gestapo: By Richard C. Hottelet
Hottelet accepts GWU post: (press release)
Of Wars and Correspondents: By Richard C. Hottelet for George Washington Magazine
 Hottelet reporting on flight over Normandy (audio clip)
 "The Press: Exchanged Prisoners"  — Richard C. Hottlelet, Time, August 11, 1941
 "Stop Being a Lone Ranger on Iraq" — Richard C. Hottelet, The Christian Science Monitor, August 5, 2002
 Preliminary Guide to the Richard C. Hottelet Papers, 1948-1990, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University 

1917 births
2014 deaths
American journalists
American political commentators
People from Wilton, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from New York City
Wilton is a town along the Norwalk River Valley in southwestern Connecticut in the United States. It is in Fairfield County. As of the 2010 census, the town population was 18,062.

References

Towns in Connecticut
Oleh Lysheha (; 30 October 1949 – 17 December 2014) was a Ukrainian poet, playwright, translator and intellectual. During the period 1972-1988, he was banned from official publication, but in 1989 his first book Great Bridge (Velykyi Mist) was published.

References

1949 births
2014 deaths
Poets
Playwrights
Ukrainian writers
Virna Pieralisi (November 8, 1936 – December 18, 2014), better known as Virna Lisi, was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in How to Murder Your Wife and in La Reine Margot. Lisi died in Ancona, Italy.

On December 18, 2014, Lisi died of cancer in Rome, Italy at age 78.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Virna Lisi , at Celebirony.
 Virna Lisi, at ElCriticon (The critic, in Spanish)

1936 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Italy
Italian movie actors
Marche
Donald Joseph Albosta (December 5, 1925 – December 18, 2014) was an American politician. A Democrat, he was Saginaw County Commissioner from 1970 to 1974 and served in the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1974 to 1976, representing the 86th District. 

Albosta died on December 18, 2014 in St. Charles, Michigan, aged 89.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
United States representatives from Michigan
US Democratic Party politicians
People from Saginaw, Michigan
Ingvar Kjellson (20 May 1923 – 18 December 2014) was a Swedish stage and movie actor. Kjellson was born in Kärna, Östergötland County. He was known for his roles in Hedda Gabler, The Wild Duck, The Beggars' Opera and Twelfth Night.

Kjellson died at the age of 91 from pneumonia on 18 December 2014 in Stockholm, Sweden.

References

Other websites
 Ingvar Kjellson , at Dramaten

1923 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Swedish stage actors
John Dennis Profumo, CBE (30 January 1915 – 9 March 2006), always known as Jack Profumo, was a British soldier and politician. A scandal, known as the Profumo affair, led to his resignation and withdrawal from politics. It may have damaged the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan. Profumo spent his later life working for charities.

Profumo died of a stroke in London, aged 91.

Life 
Profumo's father was a barrister, though the Profumo family's money was in insurance. The family sold the Provident Life Association for £6 million in the 1980s. Profumo was educated at Harrow and Brasenose College, Oxford. He joined the Army when war was declared, and in 1940 he became the youngest Member of Parliament. His military career is described:
"Profumo had a distinguished military career, being mentioned in dispatches during the North Africa campaign, and being appointed OBE (military) while serving on Field Marshal Alexander's staff in Italy. He was present at the surrender of the German forces in Italy and was later appointed Brigadier and Chief of Staff to the British Liaison Mission to General MacArthur in Japan. He also landed in Normandy on D-Day with an armoured brigade, and took part in the fierce fighting at Caen and in Operation Goodwood".

Affair 
Profumo's political career was ruined by a combination of events. He and his wife accepted an invitation from Lord Astor to spend a weekend at his country estate, Clivedon. During that weekend he saw Christine Keeler get out of the swimming pool naked. Profumo asked for her phone number, and they became lovers. Unfortunately for Profumo, she was also having an affair with  the Russian naval attaché and spy, Yevgeny Ivanov. When MI5 discovered this from a tip-off, Profumo ended the affair. Rumours circulated, and he was directly challenged about his relationship  in the House of Commons. In a personal statement to the House of Commons, Profumo denied the accusation. This was perhaps his biggest mistake. He  eventually confessed his affair, and  resigned from the government and from Parliament.

Profumo was later (1975) awarded the CBE for services to charity.

References

Other websites
Daily Telegraph: Obituary of John Profumo
The Times: Obituary of John Profumo
The Guardian: The Profumo Affair
FBI file on John Profumo
BBC –  Former Tory minister Profumo dies
Daily Telegraph: Extracts from Bringing the House Down by David Profumo (son) 

1915 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British military personnel of World War II 
Cardiovascular disease deaths in London
Deaths from stroke
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
People educated at Harrow School
Politicians from London
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
Emanuel Hirsch Cohen, better known by the stage name John Randolph (June 1, 1915 – February 24, 2004) was an American movie, television and stage actor. He was born in New York City, New York.

Randolph died in Hollywood, California from natural causes, aged 88.

1915 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Lawrence Michael "Larry" Smith (June 11, 1951 – December 18, 2014) was an American musician and hip hop record producer. He was best known for his co-productions (with Russell Simmons) of Run-DMC's Run-D.M.C. (1984) and King of Rock (1985) and his solo production of Whodini's Escape (1984) and Back in Black (1986). 

Smith died on December 18, 2014 in Flushing, Queens, New York, 63.

References

1951 births
2014 deaths
Musicians from New York City
Talia Shire (; born April 25, 1946) is an American actress. She was most known for her roles as Connie Corleone in The Godfather movies and Adrian Balboa in the Rocky series.

Shire is the sister of Francis Ford Coppola, the mother of actor Jason Schwartzman, and the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage.

References

Other websites
 

1946 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Gerald Tommaso DeLouise (born April 30, 1940) better known by his stage name Burt Young, is an American actor, painter and author. He is best known for his Academy Award-nominated role as Sylvester Stallone's brother-in-law and best friend Paulie in the Rocky movie series.

Other websites
 
 

1940 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American painters
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Robert Homer Simpson (November 19, 1912 – December 18, 2014) was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) from 1955–1959, and a former director (1967–1974) of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He was the co-developer of the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir. His wife was Joanne Simpson.

Simpson died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 102.

References

Other websites
 An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson  - The Mariners Weather Log, April 1999
 An interview of Dr. Simpson by Ed Zipser 

1912 births
2014 deaths
American centenarians
Scientists from Texas
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Philip Charles Bradbourn,  (9 August 1951 – 19 December 2014) was a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the West Midlands, for the Conservative Party. He was a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014.

Bradbourn was born in Tipton, Warwickshire. He died of bowel cancer, aged 63.

Other websites
West Midlands Conservative MEP Team 

1951 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English politicians
Former MEPs
MEPs for the United Kingdom
People from Warwickshire
Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov (; 1 December 1936 – 19 December 2014) was a Russian general and Duma deputy. He was best known for his service heading the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation.

References

Other websites
 U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Rodionov: A Military Biography 
 Person Page at NUPI Centere for Russian Studies  (note: NUPI says Rodionov commanded the Transbaikal Military District in 85–86, but this is disapproved by Feskov et al.'s list of District commanders.)
 Duma Deputy Biographies at US-Russian Business Council

1936 births
2014 deaths
Civil servants
Russian politicians
Soviet people
Mrs. Chippy was a ship's cat who sailed with Sir Ernest Shackleton on his team's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The expedition began in 1914, but the ship, Endurance, became hopelessly trapped in packed ice sheets and was destroyed.  The cat, along with some of the sled dogs, were shot to death in 1915, when it was decided they could not survive.

Life on the ship 

Mrs. Chippy, a tiger-striped tabby, belonged to Harry McNish, the carpenter. Harry was given the nickname "Chippy" because of "wood chips", so the cat was also called the same. Soon after the ship set sail for Antarctica, it was discovered that, despite "her" name, Mrs. Chippy was a "he", a male cat.  By that time the name had stuck. The cat amazed the crew by being able to walk along the ship's inch-wide guard rails, in even the roughest seas.

After the ship was destroyed in the ice, the crew leaders knew that Mrs. Chippy and five of the dogs would not be able to live, and on October 29, 1915, Sir Shackleton wrote in his diary:

Harry McNish had become very fond of his cat, and never forgave Shackleton for having him shot. After the loss of his cat, Harry fought with Shackleton during the expedition that lasted until 1917. Even though he did build the boats that eventually rescued the crew, he was not given a Polar Medal, because of his arguing with the captain over the death of his cat.

Memorial and painting 

In 2004, a  bronze memorial statue of Mrs. Chippy was placed on the grave of Harry McNish. It was given by the Antarctic Society of New Zealand, because of his bravery on the expedition.

The painting Mrs Chippy, by Wolf Howard, shows the cat "about to be shot". The background shows the crew sending a small boat on a rescue mission and Endurance is stuck in the ice. The painting was shown in a punk art exhibit at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England, in 2004.

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 Purr 'n' Fur: Mrs Chippy, of Shackleton's Endurance
 Lost and Fond: Tribute to Mrs Chippy 

Individual cats
Explorers
1915 deaths
Bob Lanier (March 10, 1925 – December 20, 2014) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of the city of Houston, Texas from 1992 to 1998. Lanier was born in Baytown, Texas.

On December 20, 2014, Lanier died at the age of 89 in Houston, Texas from natural causes.

References

Other websites
 Lanier, Robert "Bob" and Jim Barlow. Mayor Bob Lanier Oral History , Houston Oral History Project, January 8, 2008.

1925 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Mayors of Houston
US Democratic Party politicians
Robert Wolfe (March 2, 1921 – December 10, 2014) was an American historian and archivist. He was a World War II U.S. Army officer. He was a archivist of the US National Archives. He was wounded in both the Pacific and European Theaters of Operation. Wolfe was born in Burlington, Vermont.

Wolfe died in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 93.

References 

1921 births
2014 deaths
American historians
American people of World War II
Deaths from natural causes
Writers from Vermont
The Right to housing is the idea that everyone should have the possibility to live somewhere, to housing and shelter free from homelessness. Many countries recognise it. It is also in  the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This means it is part of international law.

Definition 
The base for the right to housing in international law can be found in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration recognises the right as part of the right to an adequate standard of living.
It states that:

Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) also guarantees the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living among economic, social and cultural rights.

In international human rights law the right to housing is regarded as a freestanding right. This was clarified in the 1991 General Comment no 4 on Adequate Housing by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The general comment provides an authoritative interpretation of the right to housing in legal terms under international law.

The right to housing is also mentioned in Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 16 of the European Social Charter (Article 31 of the Revised European Social charter) and in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. According to UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, aspects of right to housing under ICESCR include: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location and cultural adequacy. As a political goal, right to housing was declared in F. D. Roosevelt's 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights.

References

International law
A Personal identification number (abbreviated as PIN) is a number that is used to authenticate a user of a system. It is used to make sure only certain people can get, use, or change information in the system.

PINs were created to be used with automated teller machines. Once someone inserts a bank card into the machine, they would be asked to enter a PIN using the buttons on a keypad, and would only be allowed to get their money if they entered the corrected PIN. In a similar way, EMV technology makes use of PIN numbers to make sure only the person holding a credit card can make a transaction with it.

Early PIN numbers only consisted of digits. Today, some banks use PINs made of digits and letters. There are also many new technologies being created to be used instead of PINs, such as using fingerprint scanners.

References

Other websites
More information about PIN numbers from Investopedia

Everyday life
David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist. He was one of the main thinkers behind Classical economics, together with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.  Today, he is mostly known for his theory of comparative advantage. This theory suggests that a nation should concentrate its resources only in industries where it is most internationally competitive and trade with other countries to obtain products not produced nationally.   Ricardo promoted the idea of extreme industry specialization by nations, to the point of dismantling internationally competitive and otherwise profitable industries.  In this thinking Ricardo assumed the existence of a national industry policy aimed at promoting some industries to the detriment of others. For Ricardo some form of Central Economic Planning was a given.

The Ricardian model of comparative advantage has been challenged by, among others, Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa.  Nevertheless, it remains the cornerstone of the argument in favour of international free trade as a means of increasing economic prosperity.  The theory of comparative advantage was the forerunner of the push towards globalization via increased international trade, the guiding theme in economic policy currently promoted by the OECD and the World Trade Organization.

References 

1772 births
1823 deaths
British economists
Infectious disease deaths in England
People from London
A torus (plural: tori or toruses) is a tube shape that is similar to the surface of a doughnut or an inner tube. In geometry, a torus is obtained by rotating a circle in three dimensional space. To make a torus, the circle is rotated around a line (called the axis of rotation) that is in the same plane as the circle. Usually the line does not touch the circle, so the torus has a hole through the center, and the torus is called a ring torus. For a ring torus, the axis of rotation passes through the center of the hole. 

In topology, sizes don't matter, and a torus is any shape that has one hole through it. 

The ring torus is the most well-known type of torus, but other types exist. If the line the circle rotates around is tangent to the circle, then it becomes a horn torus, and if it passes through the circle then it is a spindle torus. A toroid is a suface made by rotating any shape around a line, so a torus is one kind of toroid. 

If the torus is filled to make a solid shape, it is called a solid torus. A solid torus is often simply called a torus. A solid torus is made by rotating a disk (a filled-in circle) around a line. Common objects that have the shape of a solid torus are a doughnut, a bagel and an O-ring.

A torus is like a tube that is bent into a circle so it connects to itself. The radius of the tube or circle is called the minor radius, written . The distance from the center of the tube to the center of the torus is called the major radius, written . 

The surface area of a torus is given by 
.
This area is the same as the area of a straight tube that has radius  and length .

The volume of a solid torus is given by 
.
This volume is the same as the volume of a straight rod that has radius  and length .

Three-dimensional shapes
Sitor Situmorang (October 2, 1923 – December 21, 2014) was an Indonesian poet, essayist and writer of short stories. Situmorang was born in Harianboho, North Sumatra. He was educated in Jakarta. He worked as a journalist and literary critic. Situmorang was known for his poem Angkatan ’45 (The Generation of ’45).

On December 21, 2014, he died at the age of 91 at his home in Apeldoorn, Netherlands.

References

1923 births
2014 deaths
Indonesian writers
Poets
Udo Jürgens (born Udo Jürgen Bockelmann, 30 September 1934 – 21 December 2014) was an Austrian composer and singer of popular music whose career spans over fifty years. He wrote more than 800 songs and sold over 100 million records. In 2007 he additionally obtained Swiss citizenship. He was known for his song "Reach for the Stars". and titular song called Vielen Dank für die Blumen the German language dub animated short series ''Tom and Jerry''.

Jürgens died on 21 December 2014 in Münsterlingen, Switzerland from acute heart failure at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

Excerpts from a thesis on Jürgens (2002)  by Christian Mädler 
 

  Udo Jürgens - Ich war noch niemals in New York Musical

1934 births
2014 deaths
Austrian composers
Austrian singers
Deaths from heart failure
Eurovision Song Contest winners
People from Klagenfurt
Pop singers
Swiss composers
Swiss singers
The 2004 Republican National Convention was the 2004 presidential nominating convention. It was for the Republican Party of the United States. George W. Bush and Dick Cheney won the presidential nomination at the convention.

It took place from August 30 to September 2, 2004 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. A tribute for Ronald Reagan was shown at the convention.

2004 in New York (state)
21st century in Manhattan
United States presidential nominating conventions
United States Republican Party
2000s in New York City
John Anthony Panozzo (September 20, 1948 – July 16, 1996) was an American drummer. He was best known for his work with rock band Styx.

Career 
Panozzo grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He had a fraternal twin brother, Chuck. At age 7, the twins took musical lessons from their uncle. John took an interest in drums and percussion. They attended Catholic school. They were part of a 3-piece accordion band in which John played drums and Chuck played guitar. They would play weddings at age 12 and were paid $15 apiece.

Styx 
In 1961 John, Chuck, and their neighbor, Dennis DeYoung, formed a band called the Tradewinds.John played drums, Chuck played guitar, and Dennis played the accordion and sang. They played at bars and began gaining popularity as a garage band on the South Side of Chicago. In 1968, Chuck switched to bass. They added guitarists/vocalists James "J.Y." Young and John Curulewski and changed the name of the band to TW4. The band signed to Wooden Nickel Records and changed their name to Styx.

Death 
By the early 1990s his health suffered from heavy drinking. He took a less active role with Styx. In 1996 he was replaced by Todd Sucherman for the reunion tour. He was found dead in his home a few days later. He died from cirrhosis of the liver.

References 

1948 births
1996 deaths
American rock drummers
Deaths from cirrhosis
Musicians from Chicago
Thomas Phillip O'Neill III (born September 20, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer. He leads a public relations and government affairs firm called O'Neill and Associates in Boston. He is the son of Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill, Jr., who was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987. From 1975 to 1983, O'Neill was Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

References

1944 births
Living people
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
The 1985 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 99th United States Congress on February 6, 1985 (Reagan's birthday). The speech was the first State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term, and his fifth altogether.  

He stated, "Our progress began not in Washington, DC, but in the hearts of our families, communities, workplaces, and voluntary groups which, together, are unleashing the invincible spirit of one great nation under God."    He believed that volunteerism was a key element to the American community.

The president proclaimed the Reagan Doctrine and talked about taxes, reducing the federal deficit and the Strategic Defense Initiative, among other things.

The speech lasted about 40 minutes and had 4,955 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas,  Governor Bob Graham of Florida and House Speaker Tip O'Neill.

References

Other websites
 (full transcript), The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara.
(full video), Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 

1985 in the United States
Speeches by Ronald Reagan
February events
1980s in Washington, D.C.
The 1986 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 99th United States Congress on February 4, 1986. The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term.

Reagan was the only president to have postponed his State of the Union Address. On January 28, 1986, he planned to give his address, but after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, he postponed it for a week and addressed the nation on the day's events. This was the only time that the State of the Union address had to be postponed because of an event.

The speech lasted for about 31 minutes and had 3,514 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator George Mitchell (ME), Lt. Gov. Harriett Woods (MO), Gov. Charles Robb (VA), Rep. Thomas Daschle (SD) and Rep. William Gray (PA)

References

Other websites
 (full transcript), The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara.
 (full video), Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 

1986 in the United States
Speeches by Ronald Reagan
February events
1980s in Washington, D.C.
The 1987 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 100th United States Congress on January 27, 1987. The speech was the third State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term. 

Reagan said, "The Soviet Union says it wants a peaceful settlement in Afghanistan, yet it continues a brutal war and props up a regime whose days are clearly numbered. We are ready to support a political solution that guarantees the rapid withdrawal of all Soviet troops and genuine self-determination for the Afghan people."  He ended with, "But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun." Well, you can bet it's rising because, my fellow citizens, America isn't finished. Her best days have just begun." 

The speech lasted 34 minutes and 39 seconds and had 3847 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television.

The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Robert Byrd (WV), and House Speaker Jim Wright (TX)

References

Other websites
 (full transcript), The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara.

1987 in the United States
Speeches by Ronald Reagan
January events
1980s in Washington, D.C.
The Interview is a 2014 American political action comedy movie directed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg. It stars James Franco, Seth Rogen, Lizzy Caplan, and Randall Park. It was set to be released on December 25, 2014, but the movie was cancelled due to threats from North Korea. The movie was released on demand and on YouTube.

2014 movies
2010s American comedy movies
2010s American action movies
Movies set in South Korea
The Polar Express is a 2004 American computer animated musical fantasy movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It was produced by Tom Hanks. It is based on the book, The Polar Express. It stars Tom Hanks, Daryl Sabara, Eddie Deezen, Jimmy Bennett, Steven Tyler, Nona Gaye, and Michael Jeter. It was released on October 29, 2004.

Release Dates 

2004 movies
2004 animated movies
2004 computer-animated movies
American animated movies
American comedy movies
American musical movies
American fantasy movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Uncanny valley
Richard A. Dysart (March 30, 1929 – April 5, 2015) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Leland McKenzie on the NBC legal drama L.A. Law. Dysart was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He won an Emmy Award in 1992.

Dysart died at home in Santa Monica, California after a long illness, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Richard Dysart  at Internet Off-Broadway Database

1929 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Disease-related deaths in California
Emmy Award winning actors
Michael Cimino ( ; February 3, 1939 – July 2, 2016) was an American movie director, screenwriter, producer and author. He was best known for directing, producing and co-writing the 1978 Academy Award-winning movie The Deer Hunter, and for writing and directing 1980s financial failure Heaven's Gate.

Cimino was found dead of heart failure on July 2, 2016 in his bed Los Angeles, California, aged 77.

References

Other websites

MichaelCimino.Fr French fan-created website

1939 births
2016 deaths
Academy Award winning directors
Deaths from heart failure
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Yale University alumni
William Friedkin (born August 29, 1935) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was best known for directing The French Connection in 1971 and The Exorcist in 1973. He won the Academy Award for Best Director. 

Some of his other movie include Sorcerer, The Brink's Job, Cruising, Deal of the Century, To Live and Die in L.A., Jade, Rules of Engagement, The Hunted, Bug, and Killer Joe.

References

Other websites

 
 
 "From 'Popeye' Doyle to Puccini: William Friedkin" NPR's Robert Siegel interviews Friedkin, September 14, 2006
 EXCL: Bug Director William Friedkin 
 The Reeler interview with Friedkin 
Master Class at La Cinémathèque française on December 4th 2013 

Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1935 births
Living people
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
Horacio Ferrer (June 2, 1933 - December 21, 2014) is a Uruguayan poet, broadcaster, reciter and tango lyricist.  He is known for the lyrics he wrote for Astor Piazzolla’s tangos such as Balada para un loco and Chiquilín de Bachín.

Other websites

 Horacio Ferrer - Biografía Todo Tango 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Uruguayan writers
Poets
People from Montevideo
SummerSlam (2007) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 26, 2007 at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. It was the twentieth SummerSlam event held by the WWE. 

The main event saw John Cena defeat Randy Orton and successfully defended his WWE Championship.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2007 website

2007 in professional wrestling
Sports in New Jersey
SummerSlam
2007 in New Jersey
August events
Peter Arne Jöback, born 4 June 1971 in Stockholm, Sweden, is a Swedish singer as well as actor and musical artist.

Discography

Albums
 1993: Peter Jöback
 1997: Personliga val
 2000: Only When I Breathe
 2002: I Feel Good and I'm Worth It
 2002: Jag kommer hem igen till jul
 2003: Jag kommer hem igen till jul (new version with extra song)
 2004: Det här är platsen
 2004: Storybook
 2006: Flera sidor av samma man (double CD compilation)
 2007: Människor som du och jag
 2008: Himlen är inget tak (A live CD with Eva Dahlgren)
 2009: East Side Stories
 2010: En kväll med Petros (Live Album)
 2011: Livet, kärleken och döden – La vie, l'amour, la mort
 2012: Jag kommer hem igen till jul – Jubileumsutgåva	
 2013: "I Love Musicals – The Album"

Singles
 1990: "En sensation"
 1990: "Let's Kiss (Like Angels Do)"
 1991: "This Time"
 1992: "More Than a Game" (with Towe Jaarnek)
 1993: "Det ingen annan vet"
 1993: "Du är min längtan"
 1993: "Nu när jag funnit dig"
 1996: "Guldet blev till sand"
 1997: "En sång om oss"
 1998: "Vem ser ett barn"
 1999: "Hon ser inte mig"
 2000: "Higher"
 2000: "Tonight"
 2001: "Under My Skin"
 2002: "She's Like A Butterfly"
 2002: "Sinner"
 2003: "Gå inte förbi", duet with Sissel Kyrkjebø
 2004: "Du har förlorat mer än jag"
 2004: "Sommarens sista sång"
 2006: "Jag blundar i solens sken"
 2007: "Stockholm i natt"
 2007: "Han är med mig nu", featuring Annika Norlin [Säkert]
 2007: "Italy vs Helsinki", together with the band Laakso
 2007: "Jag står för allt jag gjort"
 2008: "Himlen är inget tak", with Eva Dahlgren
 2009: "Sing", with Kate Pierson
 2011: "Jag kommer hem igen till jul"

Cast recordings/soundtracks
 1992: Rockmusikalen Grease
 1993: Aladdin
 1993: Fame – The Musical
 1994: Aladdin Jafars Återkomst
 1996: Kristina från Duvemåla
 1999: 16 Favoriter ur Kristina från Duvemåla
 2000: The Witches Of Eastwick
 2007: Cabaret

Musicals and other shows 
1982–83: Mio Min Mio
1982–84: Sound Of Music
1983–84: Snövit (Snow white)
1984–85: Kavallerijungfrun
1988: Här & Nu
1990: Melodifestivalen
1990: West Side Story
1991–92: Grease
1993: Aladdin
1993–94: Fame
1994: Djungelboken
1994–95: Musical Express 1 & 2
1995–98: Kristina Från Duvemåla
1997: Miss Saigon, in London
1997: Peter Jöback – A Musical Voyage
1998: Jesus Christ Superstar
1998: Personliga Val – Live
1998: Peter Jöback Show
1999: Där Regnbågen Slutar
2000: Stuart Little
2000: The Witches of Eastwick, in London
2003: Cabaret, in Copenhagen
2005: Concert tour in Norway
2005: Rhapsody in rock, Sweden tour
2006: Cabaret, in Stockholm
2007: Cabaret, in Gothenburg
2008: En julkonsert
2009: En julkonsert
2012: The Phantom of the Opera, Her Majesty's Theatre, London
2013: The Phantom of the Opera, The Majestic Theatre, New York

References

1971 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Pernilla Nina Elisabeth Wahlgren', born 24 December 1967 in Gustavsberg, Sweden, is a Swedish singer, actress and presenter. In 2004, she was awarded the Ulla Billquist Award.

Her parents are actors Christina Schollin and Hans Wahlgren.

Discography
 Pernilla Wahlgren (1985)
 Attractive (1986)
 Pure Dynamite (1987)
 Flashback (1989)
 I Myself and Me (1992)
 Flashback Number Four (1995) (Best of)
 Pernilla Wahlgren (1995) (Re-issue)
 Beautiful Day (2006)
 Holiday with You'' (2012)

References

Other websites

 Pernillawahlgren.se
 
 Dance Romance: Pernilla Wahlgren 

1967 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Laleh Pourkarim (, ; born 10 June 1982, is a Swedish singer-songwriter and former actress. After a short-lasting acting career, she entered the music industry in 2005 with her self-titled debut album. It peaked at number one in Sweden, and became the highest selling album of the year.

References

Other websites

 
Official website

1982 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Yngve Brilioth, born 12 July 1891 in Västra Ed, Sweden, dead 27 April 1959 in Uppsala, Sweden was a professor for church history, and later for Practical theology in Uppsala, Turku and Lund. He served as the Lutheran Bishop of Växjö between 1938 and 1950. Between 1950 and 1958, he was the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala. He was also the author of a history of the Oxford Movement, which written to coincide with its centenary in 1933. He married the daughter of a predecessor, Nathan Söderblom.

Selected bibliography
 The Anglican Revival: Studies in the Oxford Movement. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1925.
 Eucharistic Faith and Practise. Evangelical and Catholic. London 1930.
 Evangelicalism and the Oxford Movement. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1934.
 A brief history of preaching. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1965.
 Landmarks in the history of preaching. London: S.P.C.K., 1950.

 Sven-Erik Brodd: The Church as Sacrament in the Writings of Yngve Brilioth. In: International journal for the Study of the Christian Church 9, 2009, S. 118-137

References

1889 births
1959 deaths
Archbishops of Uppsala
Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen at a very low temperature. It is usually produced by a process known as fractional distillation of air. At atmospheric pressure (normal pressure) nitrogen boils at −196 °C  (77 K; −321 °F).
Nitrogen was first made into a liquid at Jagiellonian University on 15 April 1883. Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski were the first scientists to liquefy nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. During World War II the production of liquid nitrogen became common. This lowered the cost to produce it. After the war new uses were found for liquid gases. Liquid nitrogen became a major gas in the US.

Uses
Liquid nitrogen has a variety of uses, as it is easy to transport, and compact.
 Removal of warts
In Cryosurgery
 Storage and preservation of cells
 Shrink welding
 In food preparation, for foods such as ice cream
To cool electronics, such as infrared sensors
 In Cryogenics

References 

Chemical elements
Nils Daniel Carl Bildt (born 15 July 1949) in Halmstad, Sweden, is a Swedish politician and diplomat who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 1991 to 1994.  

He was the leader of the Moderate Party from 1986 to 1999. He also served as Sweden's Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2006 to 2014.

References

|-

|-

|-

|-

1949 births
Living people
Swedish diplomats
Government ministers of Sweden
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Stig Kjell Olof (Ola) Ullsten, (23 June 1931 in Umeå, Sweden – 28 May 2018) was a Swedish former politician and diplomat. He served as the Prime Minister of Sweden from 1978 to 1979 He was also the leader of the Liberal People's Party from 1978 to 1983. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister briefly in 1978 and then again from 1980 to 1982. He was also the Swedish foreign minister between 1979 and 1982.

Ullsten died on 28 May 2018 at the age of 86.

References 

1931 births
2018 deaths
Ambassadors of Sweden
Government ministers of Sweden
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Nils Edén, born 25 August 1871, dead 16 June 1945, was a Swedish historian and liberal politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Sweden between 1917-1920.

References 

1871 births
1945 deaths
Swedish historians
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Ernst Trygger, (born 27 October 1857 - 23 September 1943) was a Swedish jurist professor and conservative politician. He was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 1923 to 1924 He was also the Swedish foreign minister from 1928 to 1930 in the cabinet of Arvid Lindman. He was a member of the first chamber of the Swedish parliament from 1898 to 1937. He was also leader of the conservatives in that chamber from 1913 to 1933.

References 

1857 births
1943 deaths
Academics
Government ministers of Sweden
Jurists
Politicians from Stockholm
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Carl Johan Thyselius (8 June 1811 - 11 January 1891) was a Swedish politician and government official. He served as Justice Councillor (1856-1860), Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs (1860-1863), Minister for Civil Affairs (responsible for trade, industry and ship transport (1875-80), and he served as the Prime Minister from 1883 to 1884.

References 

1811 births
1891 deaths
Civil servants
Government ministers of Sweden
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Gustaf V (Oscar Gustaf Adolf, born 16 June 1858, dead 29 October 1950, was a Swedish monarch. He was the King of Sweden from 1907 until his death in 1950.

References

Other websites

1858 births
1950 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Oscar I (born Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte 4 July 1799, dead 8 July 1859, was a Swedish monarch. He was the King of Sweden and Norway from 1844 until his death in 1859.

References 

|-

1799 births
1859 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Charles XIV & III John, also Carl John, Swedish and Norwegian: Carl Johan (26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was a Swedish monarch. He was the King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (as Charles III John) from 1818 until his 1844 death. Before he became Swedish royalty, he had also been the Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo from 1806 until 1810, but then stopped using that title.

References 

1763 births
1844 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Bo Östen Undén JD (25 August 1886 in Karlstad - 14 January 1974 in Stockholm) was a Swedish academic, civil servant and Social Democratic politician. He was acting Prime Minister of Sweden 6 October 1946 – 11 October 1946 following the death of Per Albin Hansson.

References 

1886 births
1974 deaths
Swedish academics
Civil servants
Government ministers of Sweden
Jurists
Prime Ministers of Sweden