cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Menoitios (or Menoetius) was the Titan god (perhaps) of violent anger, rash action, and human mortality. Zeus struck him down with a thunderbolt and sent him to Erebos (the Underworld) as punishment for his hybristic behaviour.

He was a son of Iapetus and Clymene or Asia, and a brother of Atlas, Prometheus and Epimetheus. He was struck by Zeus with a flash of lightning, in the fight of the Titans, and thrown into Tartarus but he was not killed. (Hes. Theog. 507, &c., 514; Apollod. i. 2. § 3; Schol. ad Aeschyl. Prom. 347.)

The name Menoitios was derives from the Greek words menos meaning variously might, force, spirit, passion, batterage, and oitos meaning ill-fated or doomed. Hesiod also describes him as hybristes, a violent, overbearing and insolent man. Menoitios and his brothers, the sons of Iapetos, were all depicted with extreme human foibles: Prometheus was overly crafty, Epimetheus a fool, and Atlas exceedingly daring.

Menoitios was perhaps identical to Menoites the herdsman of Hades, whom Herakles wrestled with in the underworld. This connection with cattle, suggests that he was also the same as Bouphagos (the Cattle Eater) son of Iapetos, a hybristic man who attacked the goddess Artemis in Arkadia.

Greek mythology
Miani is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Miani or Meeanee was a village in Sindh, Pakistan, six miles north of Hyderabad. It was the site of the Battle of Miani, 17 February 1843, in which Sir Charles Napier defeated the ruler of Sindh and made it part of British India.

Settlements in Sindh
Hyderabad (Sindhi and  ) is in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city was founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro on the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the bank of the Indus River known as Neroon Kot ().

Hyderabad used to be the capital of Sindh. Now it is the capital of the district of Hyderabad. Before the starting of Pakistan, it was known as the Paris of India, for its roads used to be washed with perfumed rose-water every day and sandalwood incense would linger in the air.

Prominent people 

There are many prominent people who belong to Hyderabad Sindh. Among them are Dr. Ghulam Mustafa, Filmstar Muhammad Ali, Dr. Amir Liaqauat, Speaker National Assembly Fahmida Mirza, Qazi Asad Abid, Mustafa Qureshi, and Dr.Syed Mehboob, a writer and columnist, also born and educated in Hyderabad.

Settlements in Sindh
Hyderabad District
Miani is a small town of Bhalwal Tehsil, Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is about 70 km from Sargodha city.

History
Miani used to have a large  population of Hindus before the partition of India. They had to leave their ancestral homes and move to India after partition. Sargodha itself  was the homeland  of Khatris and had a large concentration of the ancient Khatri clans. Khatris are found among both Hindu as well as Muslim Punjabis. Some Khatris were converted to Islam after he introduction of Islam into the Punjab. Miani continues to have a population of Muslim Khatris or Punjabi Shaikhs.

Pre-partition, there were also many Hindu Brahmin families living in Miani. There were Gosain Brahmins of six clans, some of which are Balak-nathiye, Dabre, Bhature. The details are available with Purohits at Haridwar, India, a most holy place for Hindus on the banks of holy river Ganges. They were living, before partition, in and around Jhikki Gali of Miani, which was near a 'Roni Khui' or a well. These Gosain families would marry their children into Bagge, Kapooriye Saraswat Brahmins of the region. Other Brahmin families of Miani were Mohyal Brahmins, mainly Dutt. A very large house belonging to a Dutt family still stands tall in Miani with the name 'Krishen Niwas' inscribed in Hindi on the elaborately carved, large wooden doors (for which Miani & Bhera were famous). This door has also engravings of Lord Krishna, cows, lotus etc.  

Miani was nicknamed Namak-Miani (salt Miani) because it was the main marketplace for salt that was mined from the mountains around Khewra. 

Towns in Pakistan
Sargodha is the capital city of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. In old times, it was part of 'Shahpur' area under the British Raj. It was primarily an agricultural market town but now, it has also developed as a garrison town for the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force. 

Cities in Pakistan
The Miani, are a Pashtun tribe, they mainly live in the Gomal plains which are part of Tank District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A few of the tribe also live in the Frontier Region of Dera Ismail Khan District and in Afghanistan.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Pashtuns, sometimes spelled Pushtuns, or Pakhtuns, or Pukhtuns, (, ), are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and the second largest in Pakistan. Their mother language is Pashto, but many of them also speak neighboring Urdu, Hindko and Dari languages. They are the original or native people of the area south of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan and west of the Indus River in Pakistan. However, in the modern period, they have spread to cities outside their native land. According to researchers, the total population of the group is estimated to be around 50 million.

Origins
Many Pashtuns believe that their ancestors were ancient Hebrews who arrived to what is now Afghanistan over 2,000 years ago and settled there.  They were first mentioned by a Greek historian in 500 BC, then by Alexander the Great, and in the 3rd century they are called "Abgans" ("Afghans") by the Persian rulers. In the army of the Ghaznavids and Ghurids, thousands of Afghans were reported to be serving. They ruled Delhi Sultanate in the past and also Persia between 1725 to 1729 until they established the last Afghan empire that became what is now Afghanistan.

Tribal code
The Pashtun people follow a strict code of honor, known as Pakhtunwali, that requires them to support the poor, the weak, and the challenged; to fight evil; to provide shelter to anyone who needs it and many more. Pashtun are also strict with obedience in their families and society. They are also known as the best at welcoming guests and taking good care of them. They really love to see respectful people in society, with great manners and obedience.

Occupations
The Pashtuns are mostly farmers, herdsmen, and warriors but many of them are also businessmen and politicians. Most tribesmen are sedentary farmers, combining cultivation with animal husbandry; some are migratory herdsmen and caravaners. Large numbers of them have always been attracted to military service.

Populations in Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, Pashtun make up around 50% of the total population. They form about 60 tribes of different size and importance, each of which occupies a different territory. In Afghanistan, where Pashtun are the major ethnic group, the main tribes are the Durrani, who mostly live in the south and west, and the Ghilzai, who live in northern and eastern parts of the country.

Populations in Pakistan
They are over 15% of Pakistan's population, with Peshawar and Quetta being their principal cities. They predominate north of Quetta between the Sulaiman Range and the Indus River. Significant number of Pashtuns also live in most other major Pakistani cities, particularly Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and Lahore. In the hill areas the main tribes are, from south to north: the Tarin, Kakaṛ, Sherani, and Ustarana south of the Gumal River; the Maḥsud, Darwesh Khel, Waziri, and Biṭani between the Gumal River and Thal; the Turi, Bangash, Orakzay, Afridi, and Shinwari from Thal to the Khyber Pass; and the Mahmand, Utman Khel, Tarklani, and Yusufzay to the north and northeast of the Khyber.

Notes and references

Other websites

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
The Cod Wars, also called the Iceland Cod Wars (Icelandic: Þorskastríðin, "the cod wars", or Landhelgisstríðin, "the wars for the territorial waters") were a series of confrontations in the 1950s and 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic.  The name of the conflict may be derived from a pun on the term "Cold War" (with "cod" reading so similarly to "cold"), possibly via the British tabloid press.

In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an Exclusive Economic Zone extending beyond its territorial waters, before announcing plans to reduce over-fishing. It policed its quota system with the coast guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, a fleet of British Royal Naval warships and tug-boats was employed to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft.

In 1976, a compromise between the two states allowed a maximum of 24 British trawlers access to the disputed 200 nautical mile (370 km) limit.  Two-hundred-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones became recognized internationally on November 14, 1994, after having been agreed at the conference on the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982.

References 

History of international relations
Fishing
1950s in the United Kingdom
1970s in the United Kingdom
20th century in Iceland
Orion is one of the largest constellations in the sky. It is supposed to look like the warrior Orion from Greek mythology. The constellation has other names in different cultures: it is mentioned under a Hebrew name in the Book of Job.

The constellation has a clear hour-glass shape with "Orion's Belt" in the centre. That part is made up of three bright stars (Alnitak, Alnilam, Mintaka) in line. The Orion constellation has 81 visible stars, including some of the brightest and most important stars in the night sky. Rigel is the brightest star in it, and Betelgeuse is a huge, rather unstable red supergiant. 

The constellation includes a series of starburst nebulae where new stars are forming. The whole group of nebulae is known as the Orion complex. The complex is 1,500 to 1,600 light-years away, and hundreds of light-years across. It includes
The Orion nebula M42
M43
IC 434
The Horsehead nebula
Barnard's Loop
M78, a reflection nebula
NGC 1999
NGC 2175
NGC 2174
Orion molecular cloud
Flame nebula
Train Wreck Cluster

Mythological legend 
In Greek mythology, Orion was a great hunter who joined Artemis's Hunt. He was the first ever male to ever enter the Hunt. Inevitably, he slowly started getting closer to Artemis, and eventually fell in love with her, even though he knew she had sworn an oath of maidenhood. Artemis did not sense this at the time, so she let him stay in the Hunt. The problem was that Orion was too good a hunter, and got in over his head. He killed too many animals, which was against the Hunters' nature, which was not to harm nature if it was not of danger to them. Gaea, the Earth Spirit, sensed this, and sent a giant scorpion to kill him, to punish him for his sins against nature. Artemis mourned his death, and herself made a constellation dedicated him, namely, the Orion's Belt.

The ancient Egyptians equated the constellation with Osiris, god of the afterlife.  The ancient Egyptian "First Time", "when Osiris walked on the Earth", has by some fringe archeologists been held to be around 10,500 BC; thanks to precession (which was known to the astronomers of the Early Dynasties), around that time at the Spring Equinox the constellation could be seen "walking" on the horizon just before dawn.

Location 

Orion is a useful aid to find other stars. 
Extend the line of the Belt southeastward to find Sirius (α CMa); northwestward to find Aldebaran (α Tau). A line eastward across the two shoulders is the direction of Procyon (α CMi). A line from Rigel through Betelgeuse points to Castor and Pollux (α Gem and β Gem).  

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Betelgeuse (from Arabic: إبط الجوزاء Ibṭ al-Jauzā’, meaning "the armpit of Orion") is a large red supergiant star in the Orion constellation. It is usually the ninth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest in Orion. 

Betelgeuse is a semiregular variable star whose apparent magnitude varies between 0.2 and 1.2. This is the widest range of any first-magnitude star.

It is also one of the largest and most luminous observable stars. It has a radius between 950 to 1,000 times wider than the Sun. This means it is 1.322 to 1.392 billion kilometers in diameter. Betelgeuse was the first star other than the Sun whose size was known. The star's distance from Earth is about 640 light-years. Its average absolute magnitude is about −6.02. 

Betelgeuse is less than 10 million years old. It evolves rapidly because of its high mass. It is moving through the interstellar medium at a speed of 30 km/s, creating a shock wave over 4 light-years wide.

Betelgeuse is now in a later stage of stellar evolution. It will rapidly go through its life cycle before exploding as a type II supernova sometime in the next million years. 

An observation by the Herschel Space Observatory in January 2013 showed that the star's winds are crashing against the surrounding interstellar medium.
Betelgeuse is one of the red supergiant stars to have a bow shock:  others are Mu Cephei and IRC-10414. Betelgeuse can be seen at the upper left  in Orion.

Alternate names 
Betelgeuse is also called  Alpha Orionis (α Orionis, abbreviated Alpha Ori, α Ori).

Related pages 
Orion (constellation)
Rigel
119 Tauri, Antares, and Mu Cephei, other similar red supergiant stars

References 

Red giants
Variable stars
Supergiants
Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky. It is a binary star system in Canis Major, near Orion. It has an apparent magnitude of −1.46. The system is between 200 and  years old. It was originally composed of two bright bluish stars.

Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its position (it is relatively close to Earth). At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system is one of Earth's near neighbours.

The Egyptians called this star 'Sopdet'. They relied on it to predict when the flood season would start. Sirius is sometimes called the Dog Star. The phrase the dog days of summer means the hottest days of summer.

Sirius A 
Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun and has an absolute magnitude of 1.42. It is 25 times more luminous than the Sun, but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus or Rigel.

Sirius B 
Originally, Sirius B had about five times the mass of the Sun. and was a B-type star (roughly B4–5) when it still was on the main sequence.

Sirius B used up its resources and became a red giant. Then it shed its outer layers and collapsed into its present state as a white dwarf, about  years ago. Its mass now is about the same as the Sun.

Related pages
 Canis Major

References 

Binary stars
Pakistan has many different cultures. The east of the country is mainly Punjabi, the south is mainly Sindhi. In the east are the tribal cultures. In many areas the tribes and cultures are mixed, most Pakistanis are Punjabi and most of the nation are Sunni Muslim. Clothing is usually the ''Shalwar Kameez' in the country.
Canopus, or Alpha Carinae in the Bayer designation system, is the brightest star in its constellation (Carina) and the brightest star in the southern night sky.

Canopus is quite unusual, because its distance from Earth was not known until the 1990s. Before the launching of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for the star varied widely, from 96 light years to 1200 light years. Hipparcos established Canopus as lying 310 light years (96 parsecs) from our solar system. 

The difficulty in measuring Canopus' distance stemmed from its being a "less luminous supergiant". Such stars are rare and poorly understood. They are stars that can be either in the process of evolving to or away from red giant status. This in turn made it difficult to know how intrinsically bright Canopus is, and therefore how far away it might be. Direct measurement was the only way to solve the problem. Canopus is too far away for Earth-based parallax observations to be made, so the star's distance was not known with certainty until the early 1990s.

Canopus is 13,600 times more luminous than the Sun and the most intrinsically bright star within about 700 light years. In fact, from 1 astronomical unit, Canopus would have an apparent magnitude of -37. Canopus appears less bright than Sirius in our sky only because Sirius is much closer to the Earth (8.6 light years).

The surface temperature of Canopus is 7350 ± 30 K. Its diameter has been measured at 0.6 astronomical units (the measured angular diameter being 0.006 arcseconds), 65 times that of the Sun. If it were placed at the centre of the solar system, it would extend three-quarters of the way to Mercury. An Earth-like planet would have to lie three times the distance of Pluto for its star to appear the same size in the sky as our own sun. Canopus is a strong source of X-rays, which are probably produced by its corona, magnetically heated to around 15 million K.

Canopus is part of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, a group of stars which share similar origins.

References 

Supergiants
The Bayer designation for stars uses Greek letters to assign names to stars. For example:

α Canis Majoris
θ Orionis
ζ Reticuli

It usually starts with the letter alpha (α) assigned to the brightest star in the constellation, then going down the Greek alphabet to assign letters for other stars (beta, gamma, delta, etc.) in order of decreasing brightness.

Astronomical catalogues
The Demographics of Pakistan are a study of the population and the people. It is estimated that Pakistan's population was over 170,000,000 in mid 2008. Pakistan had an estimated population of 169,300,000 as of July 2007,. Between 1951-1998, the number of people in Pakistan's cities and towns (known as the urban population) increased sevenfold. And by the next decade the population is expected to exceed 176 million. In the past, the country's population had a quite high growth rate. Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanisation and the emergence of megacities. Between 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanised nation in South Asia, with city dwellers making up 34% of its population.

Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and has one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.

Pakistan's next national census will take place in 2008.

Population data

Geographic distribution

The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar.

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
Fahrenheit may refer to:
Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German physicist
Fahrenheit, the temperature scale
Fahrenheit (album), an album by Toto
Fahrenheit (comics), a comic book character
Fahrenheit (cologne), a cologne made by Christian Dior
Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band), a Taiwanese boy band
Fahrenheit (Fahrenheit album), their first album
Fahrenheit (Thai band), a Thai rock band
Fahrenheit (video game), a 2005 video game
Fahrenheit (1994 video game), a 1994 video game
Fahrenheit 9/11, a movie by Michael Moore
Fahrenheit 451, a novel by Ray Bradbury
Fahrenheit 451 (1966 movie), François Truffaut's movie adaptation
Fahrenheit graphics API, computer software
7800° Fahrenheit, an album by Bon Jovi
Farrenheit, an American rock band
Fahrenheit (denim), an American denim/fashion company based in Washington, DC  
Fahrenheit (roller coaster), a roller coaster opening at Hersheypark in the 2008 season
Fahrenheit Project, a series of downtempo/ambient musical projects by various artists
Fahrenheit (Chilean band), a chilean Hard rock band.
Apollo 17 was the last flight to send people to the moon. It was done by NASA, the American space group.

It went up to space on December 7, 1972, carrying three astronauts: Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt and Ronald Evans. On December 11, 1972, Cernan and Schmitt became the last humans to land on the moon, while Evans stayed in orbit around the Moon.

The Flight

Going to and from space 
About 500,000 people viewed the flight of Apollo 17. A Saturn V rocket took flight from the Kennedy Space Center in America.
About two hours after leaving Earth the bit with the people in it went away from the main rocket. The bit with the people in it had two parts, the Apollo Command Module called America and the Apollo Lunar Module called Challenger. America was the moon control space ship and Eagle was the moon-landing space ship. 3 days later the team entered Lunar Orbit (orbit around the moon). A day later the Challenger went away from America. The Challenger landed safely on the moon with Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt inside.

Photos 

Apollo program
Cultural Geography is the study of cultures, customs, foods, clothing, music, architecture, traditions, religions and languages of the world  - and how and why these cultures are spread across the world.

An example would be the Arab World, there are many nations inhabited by Arabic people, from Morocco in the north-west of Africa and lies near to Spain, to Syria which borders Turkey - and Yemen which is near to Ethiopia.
The Gulf of Aden (, pronounced Khalyj 'Adan; ) is a gulf in the Indian Ocean. To its south is the Guardafui Channel, the Somali Sea and Somalia. To its north is Yemen. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab el Mandeb strait. In the southwest, it connects with the Somali Sea through the Guardafui Channel.

Gulfs
Somalia
Geography of Yemen
The Battle of Miani (February 17, 1843) was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur rulers of Sindh (now a province of Pakistan).

Reason
The British were upset about the local rulers' stance during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). After Napier first gained military control of the region by forcing an agreement with the Sindh amirs, his forces attacked the fortress at Imamgarh. After the attack on Imamgarh a popular revolt broke out against the British by the people of Sindh

The Battle of Miani (also known as Meeanee by the British) was the decisive victory that allowed British to take control of all of Sindh (apart from the state of Khairpur).

Later, on March 24, 1843, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur, the ruler of Southeastern Sindh (Mirpurkhas) tried to liberate Sindh from the occupation of the British East India Company forces at the Battle of Dubbo but he could not succeed

Casualties
More than twenty thousand Baloch forces were killed while fighting British invaders.

References

Battles involving the United Kingdom
1843
19th century in Asia
1840s in the United Kingdom
BBC iPlayer, commonly shortened to iPlayer, is an online service developed by the BBC which lets you catch up on the last week's television and radio. The service can be used from computers on the BBC website at bbc.co.uk. It can also be used from games consoles, cable television, smart phones and tablets.

BBC iPlayer was first called the Integrated Media Player (iMP), the Interactive Media Player, and then MyBBCPlayer. BBC iPlayer left Beta and went live on 25 December 2007.
On 25 June 2008, it was announced that a new-look iPlayer would be launched. The new version is now live.

History

In July 2007 the BBC started a small BETA version of iPlayer as a trial service. During this BETA time, iPlayer was only available as a download (WMV format) meaning that any person who did not have Windows loaded on their computer could not use iPlayer. This was not a popular move, and the BBC was put under pressure to allow all people to use iPlayer.

On Christmas Day 2007, iPlayer was no longer in BETA. People could now also watch programmes on the website instead of having to download the video as people had to do before. This meant that people who did not have Windows installed on their computers could use iPlayer as well. This made iPlayer a lot more popular and easier to use, so much so that 3.5 million programmes were viewed in a fortnight.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 Microsoft Builds on the Success of Red Button And BBC IPlayer For Next Gen T.V. 

iPlayer
Internet culture
BBC Online (which used to be called bbc.co.uk) is the website for the BBC's UK online services. It is currently the 4th most popular web service in the UK, and includes features such as BBC News, BBC Sport, BBC Weather, BBC iPlayer and learning services such as Bitesize. The BBC has had a website for information about its TV and radio programmes since 1994, but did not launch officially as BBC Online until December 1997, following government approval to fund it by TV licence fee. The website address was registered in 1991.

References
The British Commander-in-Chief in India (or Commander-in-Chief of India) was the chief military commander of the British administration in India. The Commander-in-Chief's staff were known as India Command and most were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).

British India
The history of colonialism goes back thousands of years, colonialism is the taking over of one country by another. In ancient times peoples such as the Hittites and the Incas were involved in colonialism.

However people usually use the word colonialism to talk about the European overseas empires rather than land-based empires. Overseas empires include British rule in India and French rule in Algeria - both of which could only be reached by ships.

Land based empires are usually described as imperialism and include:

 The Mongol Empire, a large empire stretching from the Western Pacific to Eastern Europe
 The Empire of Alexander the Great
 The Umayyad Caliphate
 The Persian Empire
 The Roman Empire
 The Byzantine Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was created across Mediterranean, North Africa and into Southern Europe and existed during the time of European colonization of the other parts of the world.

European colonialism began in the fifteenth century when the  Spanish and Portuguese began exploring the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England, France and Holland made their own overseas empires. However the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many European colonies in the Americas gained their independence.

Spain and Portugal became weakened after the loss of their New World colonies and could not get back the power they once had. But Britain, France and Holland turned their attention to South Africa, India and South East Asia and began expanding.

In the nineteenth century Europe underwent industrialisation, the population got larger, armies became more organised and had better weapons produced in factories. This time became known as the era of New Imperialism. Very quickly European powers were able to take over land and included the Scramble for Africa.

After World War I the European countries who had lost the war had to give up their colonies to the countries that had won the war. For instance Britain which won the war took over Tanzania from Germany (which had lost the war)

After World War II however Europe's colonies started to become independent. In 1999 Portugal returned the last of Europe's colonies in Asia, Macau, to China, ending an era that had lasted five hundred years.
Brahan Castle was a castle that used to stand near Dingwall, in Easter Ross, Scotland. The castle belonged to the chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie who ruled the area. The Jacobite risings as well as religious struggles all took place around the castle. 

The castle was also the place where the Jacobite Mackenzies became the first defeated clan who were forced to surrender and be ruled by the English. The building was demolished in 1951.

References

Other websites 
 

Castles in Scotland
Patnitop or Patni Top, is a hill top tourist location in Udhampur District on the National Highway 1A, on the way from Udhampur to Srinagar. It is located in the Shiwalik belt of the Himalayas, and is in Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. Patnitop is 47 km from Udhampur and 112 km from Jammu. This famous hill resort is perched on a beautiful plateau, at an altitude of 2024 m across which the Jammu-Srinagar Highway passes. The river Chenab flows close to this location.

Origin of the name Patnitop is a distortion of the original name of "Patan Da Talab" meaning "Pond of the Princess". In olden times a pond existed in the meadows and the kings princess often used to have her bath there. Part of the pond still exists near the youth hostel. The Britishers probably could not get the name correctly in their revenue records, and over the years it changed from "Patan Da Talab" to Patnitop.

References 
Hill Stations in Pakistan
Farooq Leghari (, May 29, 1940 - October 20, 2010) was President of Pakistan from November 14, 1993 until December 2, 1997.

Presidents of Pakistan

1940 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Muslims
Wasim Sajjad (born 30 March 1941) was President of Pakistan two times. He served as interim President prior to elections.

1941 births
Living people
Pakistani lawyers
Pakistani Muslims
Presidents of Pakistan
Chairmen of the Senate of Pakistan
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (, born November 2, 1929) was President of Pakistan from January 1, 1998 until June 20, 2001. During Pakistan's independence in 1947, Rafiq Tarar worked as a relief worker in camps set up by Muslim Students Federation for refugees, migrating from British India to Pakistan.

He belongs to the Tarar Jatt clan of Pakistani Punjab.

1929 births
Living people
Punjabi people
Presidents of Pakistan
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (, , October 1, 1895 – October 16, 1951) was a Pakistani politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan and Defence Minister. Liaquat rose to political importance as a member of the All-India Muslim League.

He played an important role in the independence movement of Pakistan from the British Empire. In 1947, he became the prime minister, a position that he held until his assassination in October 1951.

In Pakistan, he is regarded as one of the right-hand men of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and first governor-general of Pakistan, but stands largely a controversial figure due to his bad relations with Miss Fatima Jinnah an account of which has been published in Qudrat Shahab's "Shahab Nama". He was one of the architect as well as one of the few builders of Pakistan. He tried to organize the social and political life in Pakistan along these lines "in Pakistan, consensus can be desired in all areas of civil life, such as art and literature, politics, religion and education. Liaquat Ali Khan was given the titles of Quaid-e-Millat (Leader of the Nation), and, after his death, Shaheed-e-Millat (Martyr of the Nation).

References 

1896 births
1951 deaths
Assassinated people
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Murders by firearm
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Bogra (; October 19, 1909 — January 23, 1963) was a Pakistani statesman of Bengali origin. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1953 until 1955.

 

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1909 births
1963 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Beveridge is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway,  north of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 1,192 people living in Beveridge and the local area.

Early history
Beveridge was named after Scottish sheep farmer Andrew Beveridge who built the Hunters' Tryste Inn in 1845. The Inn still serves as a hotel, as well as post office and general store.

Ned Kelly
The town is known as the birthplace of bushranger Ned Kelly. He lived there as a small boy. His birth details aren't known, but he was probably born at his grandfather, James Quinn's farm. A cottage where the Kelly family lived for a short time is still standing today, located on Kelly Street. It is recorded that John Kelly built this house in about 1859 when Ned was about five years old. Dan Kelly and Kate Kelly were born in the house. The Primary School is a bluestone building once a church where the Kelly family prayed. Sitting on a hillside, this gothic style building was built between 1857 and 1862. The sacristy and chancel were added in 1877.

Mount Fraser
Near Beveridge is Mt Fraser, an extinct volcanic cone.  It last erupted about 1 million years ago. It is about 120 metres in height above the surrounding land. From this spot the explorers Hume and Hovell first saw Port Phillip Bay on 14 December 1824. A quarry  now operates at the side of the hill.

References

<cite id=Denheld>Bill Denheld 'Where was Ned Kelly Born?'

Ned Kelly
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali () (July 15, 1905 - December 2, 1980) was a Pakistani statesman. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956.

1905 births
1980 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later in East Pakistan. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1956 until 1957. He is also known for his controversial role in the Direct Action Day of August 16, 1946. Following riots in Bengal during the last days of India's fight for freedom, he was considered a favourite of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He is also considered to be the first populist leader in Pakistan's history. He is the founder of the Awami League, one of the two major political parties of present-day Bangladesh.

1892 births
1963 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (, April 15, 1898 - March 13, 1968), commonly known as I. I. Chundrigar, was Prime Minister of Pakistan for about 2 months from October 17, 1957 to December 16, 1957.

1898 births
1968 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon (1893-1970) was a politician from Pakistan. He was the 7th Prime Minister of Pakistan.

1893 births
1970 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Nurul Amin (, , July 15, 1893 - October 2, 1974) was a Prime Minister and Vice President of Pakistan. He was a well known Bengali leader of the Pakistan's Muslim League, and served as Chief Minister of East Pakistan.

1893 births
1974 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Mohammad Khan Junejo (Urdu:  Sindhi :محمد خان جوڻيجو, August 18, 1932 – March 16, 1993) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was appointed by the Zia military regime, but later turned against it and tried to improve democracy in Pakistan. For this, he was removed from power by the Pakistan Army. 

1932 births
1993 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (Urdu: غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی) (n 14 August 1931 - 20 November 2009) was Prime Minister of Pakistan for 3 months, from August 6, 1990 to November 6, 1990.

1931 births
2009 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (Urdu/Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (January 1, 1944 – December 2, 2020) was a Pakistani politician and businessman. He was the 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2002 to 2004. He was the chairman of the Pakistan Hockey Federation. Jamali was born in present-day Balochistan, Pakistan.

Jamali died of a heart attack on December 2, 2020 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan at the age of 76.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Muslims
Pakistani businesspeople
Shaukat Aziz (, born March 6, 1949, in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2004 to 2007. He became Finance Minister in November 1999. Aziz was chosen by President Musharraf for the position of Prime Minister after the resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali on June 6, 2004. He became Prime Minister on August 28, 2004, and served until November 15, 2007. He was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan to complete a full term in office.

References

1949 births
Living people
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
People from Karachi
Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gillani (, born June 9, 1952 in Karachi) was the 16th Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was a former Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan (1993-1997) and former Federal Minister (1985-1986).

He was nominated by Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with the support of coalition partners, Pakistan Muslim League (N), Awami National Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) and Muttahida Qaumi Movement on 22 March 2008. He took the oath of office from President Pervez Musharraf on 25 March 2008. Gilani is the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan from the Seraiki-speaking belt, a much-neglected area politically.

Gilani is also the present vice chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party.

On 26 April 2012 Gillani was discharged from the prime ministership due to white-collar crime charges. On 19 June 2012, the supreme court of Pakistan finally ousted Gillani from the premiership due to charges of corruption. He was replaced by Raja Pervez Ashraf because the first candidate Makhdoom Shahabuddin was arrested on alleged drug trafficking, in collaboration with Gillani's son. The hearing of cases against Gillani are going on at this time.

References 

1952 births
Living people
Criminals
Muslims
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
OpenOffice Writer is the word processor part of the OpenOffice software package. Writer is a word processor that is like Microsoft Word and Corel's WordPerfect.

Just like all of the OpenOffice suite, Writer can be used on many Operating Systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Released under the terms of the Apache License, Writer is free software. if anybody wants to collect a word processor free of cost he has software for him called open office.org writer.

Abilities 
Writer can open and save documents in a lot of formats, including the OASIS Open Document Format 1.1, Microsoft Word's DOC, RTF and XHTML.

Writer has a number of abilities that are not in Word, including the ability to export to the PDF format natively.

Abilities include:
 Auto Correct
 Auto Complete
 Styles and Formatting
 Text Frames and Linking
 Tables of Contents
 Indexing
 Bibliographical References
 Illustrations
 Tables

Criticism 
Though OpenOffice.org Writer has a spell checker, it does not have an included grammar checker though this is available as an extension. Writer's mail merge functions, rewritten in 2.0, is still less flexible than in other word processors. the open office was made by Dr.Fabiha Karnam Leo.

References

Other websites 
 Writer home page
 OpenOffice.org Processing Project
 Word Processor Writer FAQ

Word processors
OpenOffice
Sir Run Run Shaw CBE, GBM (23 November 1907 – 7 January 2014) was an important name in Hong Kong cinema. He made many films with his brother Runme Shaw. Later in life, he donated a lot of money to charity, schools, and hospitals.

He died at his residence on the morning of 7 January 2014 at 6:55am (HKT) at the age of 106 from natural causes, peacefully with his family by his side.

References

Other websites 
 
 TVB (Television Broadcasts Limited)
 Shaw Studios
 Shaw Prize
 Shaw Tower at Cathedral Place (Vancouver, Canada)
 Life of Shaw brothers 
 Celestial Pictures Limited
 My Life's Pleasure 

1907 births
2014 deaths
Asian entertainers
Centenarians
Deaths from natural causes
People from Hong Kong
Chinese philanthropists
Zhejiang
Stone Sour was a rock band from Iowa, United States. Their singer is also the lead singer in Slipknot (Corey Taylor). They are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released six albums. They have been nominated for three Grammy Awards, one in 2005 and two in 2006.

Discography 

 Stone Sour (2002)
 Come What(ever) May (2006)
 Audio Secrecy (2010)
 House of Gold and Bones – Part 1 (2012)
 House of Gold and Bones – Part 2 (2013)
 Hydrograd (2017)

References

Other websites
Stone Sour's Official website

American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Entertainers from Iowa
Roadrunner Records
Des Moines, Iowa
Gears of War, sometimes called Gears, is a third-person shooter videogame developed by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It was released only for the Xbox 360 in 2006 but was later released for Microsoft Windows. 

The company sold three million copies in ten weeks and was the fastest selling video game of 2006. It was the second most played game on the Xbox 360's online service, Xbox Live, in 2006 - only beaten by Halo 3. A film version of the game is currently being made by New Line cinema. The sequel, Gears of War 2, was released in November 2008.

Copy protection 

The PC version uses a DRM protection scheme. The certificate needed to play the game is invalid since 2009, Jan 1st, making the game unplayable. Fortunately to the players, the protection can be worked around by simply changing the system date.

References

Other websites 
Gears of War website (Warning: Contains pictures of in-game violence)

2006 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Microsoft video games
Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq (Abul Kashem Fozlul Hôk) (26 October 1873 – 27 April 1962), often called Sher-e-Bangla (Bengali: শেরে বাংলা Shere Bangla, from Urdu: Sher-e Banglā "Tiger of Bengal") was a well-known Bengali statesman in the first half of the 20th century. He held different political posts including General Secretary of the Indian National Congress (1918-1919), Education Minister (1924), the first Muslim Mayor of Calcutta (1935), Chief Minister of undivided Bengal (1937-1943) and East Pakistan (1954), Home Minister of Pakistan (1955-56), Governor of East Pakistan (1956-58), Food and Agriculture Minister of Pakistan (1958-61)

Death 

Fazlul Huq died on Friday 27 April 1962 at 10:20 am. He was 89 years and 6 months old. His body was kept at his home in 27 K. M. Das Lane, Tikatuli until 10:30 am on 28 April. It was on a customized ice-bed. Then his Salat al-Janazah prayer was held at the Paltan Moydan. His funeral drew a crowd of over half a million. All educational institutions of Pakistan were declared closed on 30 April to pay tribute to him. All important officials of Pakistan attended his Janazah.

Related pages
Muslim League
Lahore Resolution

1873 births
1962 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Indian politicians
Bangladeshi politicians
Bangladeshi Muslims
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Muslims
The Lahore Resolution (Urdu=Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور), commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Urdu=قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan) was a political resolution, or statement drafted between 22nd to 24th March 1940, by the 25-member Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, and then formally adopted by the Muslim League membership at its general session on 23 March 1940, held at Lahore. This resolution asked for greater Muslim autonomy of Muslim majority states such as Punjab Bengal Sindh, NWFP within British India. However, later on most people thought of this as a call for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The resolution was presented at Minto Park (now renamed 'Iqbal Park'), in Lahore, by Maulvi A.K. Fazlul Huq on the instructions of the Working Committee.

In fact, from the declaration made in this resolution in 1940 onwards, the goals of the Muslim League became increasingly fixed upon achieving an independent nation-state.

Today, the resolution's importance is remembered in Pakistan, by the Minar-e-Pakistan structure that stands in the Greater Iqbal Park, Lahore.

Committee 

The following is the full list of the 25 original, formally designated members of the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940, which met between 21 and 24 March 1940, and which largely drafted the Lahore Resolution.

 Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
 Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan
 Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
 Amir Ahmed Khan Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad
 Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq
 Sir Abdullah Haroon
 Al-Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
 Amjadi Bano Begum
 Molana Muhammad Akram Khan
 Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
 Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan
 Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim
 Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi
 Qazi Muhammad Isa
 Sardar Aurangzeb Khan
 Abdul Mateen Chauhdry
 Ashiq Mohamed Warsi
 Haji Abdus Sattar Essak Saith
 S.M. Sharif
 Syed Abdul Rauf Shah
 Mohammad Latif ur Rahman
 Abdul Rehman Siddiqui
 Malik Barkat Ali
 Sadullah Khan Umarzai

References 

1940
1940s in Asia
20th century in Bangladesh
1940s in Pakistan
Lahore
Muslim League
National symbols of Pakistan
Pakistan Movement
Amritsar Tahsil was an administrative subdivision of the Lahore Division in British Punjab of British India. The tahsil had an area of 545 square miles. To the west was Lahore situated on the Ravi River and east was the Beas River, which divided it from the State of Kapurthala. The area contained fertile land irrigated by the Bari Doab Canal. The city of Amritsar city is located in this area. The population of the tahsil in 1901 was 488,383, compared with 462,734 in 1891. The city of Amritsar (population, 162,429 in 1901) was the headquarters. It also contained the towns of Majitha (6,403) and Jandiala Guru (7,750); and 373 villages.

References

British India
Punjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between India and Pakistan. The area that made up British Punjab streched from Himachal Pradesh in the east to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west, which itself was separated in 1909; has today been split into the following areas:

Punjab Province, Pakistan
Punjab State, India
Haryana State, India
Himachal Pradesh State, India
Delhi State, India (after the Revolt of 1857)
Chandigarh, former part of Punjab
Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan

Meaning
The word Punjab is named from the "five rivers" which flow through it: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all tributaries of the Indus.

Geography
The Punjab province of British India was a triangular area of country bordered by the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.

Partition

In 1947, the province of Punjab was divided between the new republics of India and Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's Punjab state in 1966. Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so the partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Lahore and Amritsar were at the center of the problem, the British were not sure where to place them - make them part of India or Pakistan. The British decided to hand both cities to India, but because of a lack of control and regulation for the border, Amritsar became part of India while Lahore became part of Pakistan. Areas in west Punjab such as Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Gujrat, had a large Sikh population and many of the residents were attacked or killed by radical Muslims. On the other side in East Punjab cities such as Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Gurdaspur had a majority Muslim population in which many of them were wiped out by Sikh guerrillas who launched an all out war against the Muslims.

References

British India