cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism, mainly its genome. The term is contrasted with the term phenotype, as follows:

genotype + environment → phenotype

The terms were invented by Wilhelm Johanssen to distinguish between inherited and environmentally produced variation. "The distinction was not new. It had, for instance, been discussed by Francis Galton as nature vs. nurture.

The extent to which the genotype influences the phenotype varies hugely. Some aspects of the phenotype are almost entirely determined by heredity, such as eye colour and blood types. Human language is an interesting case. The capacity to learn and speak a language is entirely inherited, but which language is spoken is entirely learnt, and hence is environmental.

References 

Classical genetics

he:גן (ביולוגיה)#מושגים בסיסיים
Ceiba pentandra or the Kapok is a species of tropical trees of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously separated in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety Ceiba pentandra var. guineensis) to tropical west Africa.The normal colours are white and pink flowers it takes 4 weeks to grow a bud.

The word is also used for the fibre obtained from its seed pods. The tree is also known as the Java cotton, Java kapok, or ceiba. It is a sacred symbol in Maya mythology.

The tree of life grows to 60–70 m (200–230 ft) tall and has a very substantial trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter with buttresses.

Trees
Malvaceae
Honduras national football team is the national football team of Honduras.

Records

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

Central American national football teams
Sport in Honduras
Trinidad and Tobago national football team is the national football team of Trinidad and Tobago.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References 

Caribbean national football teams
Turks and Caicos Islands national football team is the national football team of Turks and Caicos Islands.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References 

Caribbean national football teams
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States national soccer team is the national soccer team of United States.

Player records
. Active players are shown in Bold.

References

North American national football teams
Soccer in the United States
Argentina national football team is the national football team of Argentina. They are nicknamed La Albiceleste (the blue and whites).

Most appearances 

 Boldface  indicates a player still active

Top scorers

References 

Notes

South American national football teams
Football in Argentina
Bolivia national football team is the national football team of Bolivia.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

1930 establishments in South America
South American national football teams
Sport in Bolivia
Brazil national football team is the national football team of Brazil. It is one of the most successful national teams with five World Cup titles (1958,1962,1970,1994 and 2002). It also has the most World Cup titles, with five.

Most caps

A cap is a player's appearance in a game at international level.
Players in bold are still active with Brazil.

Top goalscorers

References

South American national football teams
Football in Brazil
Chile national football team is the national football team of Chile.

Most appearances

 If a player's name is in bold, that means that they are still playing international football.

Top scorers

References

South American national football teams
Football in Chile
Paraguay national football team is the national football team of Paraguay.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

South American national football teams
Sport in Paraguay
Peru national football team is the national football team of Peru.

References

South American national football teams
Sport in Peru
1930 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Peru
Uruguay national football team is the national football team of Uruguay. They won the World Cup in 1930 and 1950. Also, they won the Olympics football championship in 1924 and 1928. Recently, Uruguay won the 2011 Copa América, playing against Paraguay in the final.

Most appearances

Top scorers

Related pages
 National teams world champions (football)

References

Notes

Other websites
Official website 
FIFA profile 

South American national football teams
Football in Uruguay
Albania national football team is the national football team of Albania. Although it never played any matches, the Albanian national football team existed before FSHF was created. This is witnessed by the registration of the team in the Balkan Cup tournament of 1929-1931, which started in 1929 (although Albania eventually retired from the competition, before the competition started).[4] FSHF was founded on June 6, 1930, and Albania had to wait 16 years to play its first international match, debuting against Yugoslavia in 1946. In 1932, Albania joined FIFA (during the congress June 12 — June 16) and in 1954, it was one of the founding members of UEFA.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
National football team
Belarus national football team is the national football team of Belarus.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Sport in Belarus
Belgium national football team is the national football team of Belgium.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

Notes

European national football teams
Football in Belgium
Bulgaria national football team is the national football team of Bulgaria.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

Other websites 
 Bulgarian football – history, teams, stadiums, fan clubs
 RSSSF archive of results 1924–

European national football teams
Football in Bulgaria
Croatia national football team is the national football team of Croatia. The team reached the final of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but lost to France 4–2.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Croatia
Cyprus national football team is the national football team of Cyprus.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Cyprus
Denmark national football team is the national football team of Denmark.

References

European national football teams
Football in Denmark
Estonia national football team is the national football team of Estonia.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Sport in Estonia
Faroe Islands national football team is the national football team of Faroe Islands.

Player records

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Denmark
Faroe Islands
Finland national football team is the national football team of Finland.

Player records

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Finland
National football team of North Macedonia is the national football team of the Republic of North Macedonia.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References 

European national football teams
Sport in North Macedonia
The France national football team is the national football team of France. They won the FIFA World Cup 2 times (1998, 2018), and the UEFA European Football Championship twice (1984, 2000). The teams current coach is Didier Deschamps, who took over from Laurent Blanc.

Most appearances

Top scorers

Honours

This is a list of honours for the senior France national team

FIFA World Cup

 Champions (2): 1998, 2018
 Runners-up: 2006
 Third place: 1958, 1986
 Fourth place: 1982

UEFA European Championship
 Champions (2): 1984, 2000
 Runners-up: 2016
 Fourth place: 1960
 Semi-finals: 1996

FIFA Confederations Cup
 Champions (2): 2001, 2003

UEFA Nations League
Winners: 2020–21

Olympic football tournament
 Gold Medal (1): 1984
 Silver Medal: 1900
 Fourth place: 1920
 Semi-finals: 1908

References

European national football teams
Football in France
The Georgia national football team is the national football team of Georgia.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Sport in Georgia (country)
Hungary national football team is the national football team of Hungary.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Hungary
Republic of Ireland national football team is the national football team of Republic of Ireland.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in the Republic of Ireland
Italy national football team is the national football team of Italy. They won the FIFA World Cup 4 times (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), and the UEFA European Football Championship twice (1968, 2020).

Most appearances

Top scorers

Competitive record 

FIFA World Cup

 Champions : 4 (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006)
 Runners-Up : 2 (1970, 1994)
 Third Place : 1 (1990)
 Fourth Place : 1 (1978)

UEFA European Championship

 Champions : 2 (1968, 2020)
 Runners-Up : 2 (2000, 2012)
 Semi-finals : 1 (1988)

FIFA Confederations Cup

 Third Place : 1 (2013)

References

Related pages
 Italy national under-21 football team
 Serie A

Other websites 
 Official website by FIGC
 Italy at UEFA
 Italy  at FIFA

European national football teams
Football in Italy
Lithuania national football team is the national football team of Lithuania.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Sport in Lithuania
Malta national football team is the national football team of Malta.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Sport in Malta
Netherlands national football team is the national football team of Netherlands.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

Notes

European national football teams
Football in the Netherlands
Northern Ireland national football team is the national football team of Northern Ireland.

Most appearances

 localization correction

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Northern Ireland
Norway national football team is the national football team of Norway.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Norway
Poland national football team is the national football team of Poland.

Recent games

Euro 2016 

Poland made it to the quarter-finals of the Euro 2016, their best performance yet.

2018 FIFA World Cup 

Poland failed to make it out of the group stage in the 2018 World Cup.

Most appearances 

 Bold – still active

Top scorers 

 Bold – still active

References 

European national football teams
Football in Poland
Portugal national football team is the national football team of Portugal. In July 2016, they won the European Championship. Their captain is Cristiano Ronaldo.

Statistics

Most capped players

Top goalscorers

Players in bold are still active for the national team.

Honours

Major:
FIFA World Cup
Third place: 1966
Fourth place: 2006
UEFA European Championship
Winners: 2016
Runners-up: 2004
FIFA Confederations Cup
Third place: 2017
UEFA Nations League
Winners: 2018–19
Olympic Games
Fourth place: 1996

Minor:
SkyDome Cup
Winners: 1995
Brazil Independence Cup
Runners-up: 1972

Other:
FIFA World Cup Most Entertaining Team: 2006
Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year:
Nominations: 2017

References

European national football teams
Football in Portugal
Romania national football team is the national football team of Romania.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Romania
The Scotland football team is the national football team of Scotland. It is currently managed by former Dundee United manager Craig Levein who took over from George Burley on 23rd December 2009.

Scotland has the joint oldest national football team in the world as they played England in the first ever international football match in 1872.

Stadium
Hampden Park in Glasgow is the home of the Scotland national team and is described by the Scottish Football Association as the National Stadium. The stadium, which can hold 52,000 people, is one of several stadiums to have used the name. Hampden and its predecessors have hosted international matches since 1878. A record of 149,415 people was set by the Scotland v England match in 1937. Hampden is one of only two Scottish football stadiums to receive a UEFA 5–star rating.

Since the last redevelopment to Hampden was completed in 1999, Scotland have played all but one of their competitive matches there. Only when Celtic Park hosted the first Euro 2008 qualification match against the Faroe Islands. Celtic Park was used because the fixtures were decided by a random draw and Hampden had already been booked for a Robbie Williams concert on the same date.

References 

European national football teams
Football in Scotland
The Serbia national football team (Serbian: Фудбалска репрезентација Србије, Fudbalska reprezentacija Srbije) is the national football team of Serbia.

Both FIFA and UEFA consider the Serbian national team to be the direct successor of the Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro teams.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

Other websites 

 Football Association of Serbia – official site
 Serbian National Football Team
 UEFA team profile
 FIFA team profile 

European national football teams
Football in Serbia
Slovakia national football team is the national football team of Slovakia.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Slovakia
Slovenia national football team is the national football team of Slovenia.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

European national football teams
Football in Slovenia
Spain national football team (Spanish: Selección de fútbol de España) is the national football team of Spain. The current head coach is Luis Enrique. The team is often called La Roja ("The Red [One]"), La Furia Roja ("The Red Fury"), La Furia Española ("The Spanish Fury") or just La Furia ("The Fury").

Team history 
The Spanish team became a member of FIFA in 1904, even though the team was made in 1909. Spain had their first match on the 8th of August of 1920 against Denmark. Since the team's creation in 1909, they have been in 13 FIFA World Cups, and 9 UEFA European Football Championships.

Spain are three-time European champions, having won the UEFA Euro 2012, UEFA Euro 2008, and 1964 European Championship. From November 2006 through June 2009 Spain went undefeated for 35 matches, a record shared with Brazil. Spain are one of the eight national teams to have won the FIFA World Cup; they won their first at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa when they defeated the Netherlands 1–0 after extra time. Andrés Iniesta scored the winning goal in the 116th minute. 

The team's achievements have led to many commentators and football experts naming them one of the best international sides in football history.

Most appearances 

 If a player's name is in bold, that means that they are still playing international football.

Top scorers

References 

European national football teams
Football in Spain
1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Spain
Sweden national football team is the national football team of Sweden. They made it to 2nd place in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, and the semi-finals in the Euro 1992.

Most appearances

Top scorers

Other websites

References

European national football teams
Football in Sweden
Haiti national football team is the national football team of Haiti.

References

Caribbean national football teams
Haiti
Guyana national football team is the national football team of Guyana.

References

African national football teams
Sport in Guyana
Martinique national football team is the national football team of Martinique.

References

Caribbean national football teams
Martinique
Football in France
Montserrat national football team is the national football team of Montserrat.

References 

Caribbean national football teams
Montserrat
Nicaragua national football team is the national football team of Nicaragua.

References

Central American national football teams
Nicaragua
Saint Lucia national football team is the national football team of Saint Lucia. 

It has appeared in many CONCACAF tournaments and competitions.

References

Caribbean national football teams
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin national football team is the national football team of the Collectivity of Saint Martin.

References

Caribbean national football teams
Football in France
Saint Martin
Andorra national football team is the national football team of Andorra.

References 

European national football teams
Sport in Andorra
Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team is the national football team of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

European national football teams
Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kazakhstan national football team is the national football team of Kazakhstan.

References

Asian national football teams
Sport in Kazakhstan
Luxembourg national football team is the national football team of Luxembourg.

References

European national football teams
Sport in Luxembourg
Moldova national football team is the national football team of Moldova.

References 

European national football teams
Sport in Moldova
San Marino national football team is the national football team of San Marino.

References

European national football teams
Sport in San Marino
Angels & Demons is a book by American author Dan Brown. This book follows the story of Robert Langdon, the professor who studies about mysterious codes and ancient societies.
The main subject of the book is how Robert Langdon, with the help of the beautiful scientist Vittoria Vetra, search for the container of a dangerous substance named antimatter that would destroy the Vatican city at midnight, and rescue the four cardinals in the day of the Conclave. To find the container and rescue the cardinals, Langdon and Vittoria have to follow the "Path of Illumination", that is marked by sculptures made by a member of illuminati - Bernini, each of them representing one of the elements of science, Earth, Air, Fire and Water. In the end they are able to rescue only 1 cardinal and the antimatter is lifted into the sky where it explodes harmlessly.

20th-century American novels
English-language novels
The Antikythera mechanism is a  mechanical calculator. It was an Ancient Greek  analogue computer and orrery. It was discovered in 1902 in a shipwreck off the coast of Antikythera, Greece.

A number of gears worked together, much like they do in a mechanical clock. The device could predict astronomical positions, eclipses, the motions of the sun, the moon and probably some of the planets. This makes it possible to use the device as a calendar. There were three big dials, and three small ones. Used as a calendar the main functions were:
A solar calendar showing days and months, as well as the babylonian zodiac
A Lunisolar calendar showing the months
A calendar, showing eclipse cycles: past and future eclipses of the sun and the moon
A calendar, showing the years in which there would be panhelllenic games (or Olympics)

The device was found on a shipwreck, near the island of Antikythera, between the Peloponnese and Crete. Different coins were also found on the wreck. There are coins from Pergamon, dating between 86 BC and 67 BC, and coins from Ephesus, dating between 70 BC and 60 BC. This means that the ship sunk between 70 and 60 BC. This device is the most complex device known in Antiquity. Only in the 14th century did people again have the knowledge to build similar devices.

The device  is now on display in the Bronze Collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

When the mechanism was found, it consisted of corroded metal plates. Before x-rays could be used to show what was "inside", it was very difficult to judge what the mechanism did. Many of the parts that make up the mechanism were lost either during the roughly 2000 years it had laid on the sea floor, or shortly after discovery. Many gears have not "survived" in one piece. None of the scales is complete, and only one indicator survived as a fragment. The Antikythera Research project has produced a reconstruction; it added seven gears that were probably part of the device. There are 35 gears, and seven displays. There are many hints that the device was also used to calculate and show the movement of stars, even though none of the necessary gears or displays have been found.

Mechanism of operation

There were 82 parts in total. With the parts found it is not possible to get the mechanism with all displays and dials fully operational. It is also not possible to know how many parts have been lost. In total, 30 gears were found. One gear is probably part of a planetary display, that has been lost. To make the reconstructed displays work, another eight gears would be necessary, but they have been lost. There are two crown gears, all the other gears found are normal gears (that require a special alignment of the axes). The gear was a primitive one, and the transmission was not uniform. The mechanism was repaired at least once, which shows that it must have been used often.

References

Other websites 
 The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project
Antikythera.org - Website with collected information

Ancient history
Technology
Werdau is a town in the German rural district Zwickau. Werdau is a part of the administrative region of Chemnitz in the Free State of Saxony. It is lies on the river Pleiße, 8 km from Zwickau.

References

Zwickau Rural District
Coswig () is a town in the district of Meißen, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is located about 9 km southeast of Meißen and 13 km northwest of Dresden.

References

Meißen Rural District
Reichenbach is the largest city in the rural district of Vogtlandkreis in Saxony, Germany.

References

Vogtlandkreis Rural District
Crimmitschau () is a town in the rural district of Zwickau in the  Free State of Saxony, Germany.

The first documentation of Crimmitschau is from 1212.

Population

References

Zwickau Rural District
Cesena is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Forlì-Cesena. About 95,000 people live in Cesena.

Main sights 
Cesena's monuments include: 
 the Rocca Malatestiana (castle).
 the Biblioteca Malatestiana, the first public library in Italy.
 the Cathedral (completed in 1500).
 The Pinacoteca Comunale is housed in what was once a Benedictine monastery.
 The Galleria dei dipinti antichi della Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena
 The Abbey of Madonna del Monte
 The Masini's Fountain
 The Alessandro Bonci's Theater

Economy 
Cesena's industry centers on agriculture, handicrafts, and tourism.

References

Other websites 
 Cesena home page  
 Cesena history and info  
 Cesena tourism - visitcesena.com  

Cities in Emilia-Romagna
Bubble gum is a popular type of candy that is not eaten, but instead chewed. Before being chewed bubble gum is hard. When it is chewed it is soft. It is called bubble gum, because once soft a person could create a bubble with the gum by blowing air into it. Bubble gum comes in many flavors.

Bubble gum is made with organic latex, a milky fluid produced by a variety of seed plants. Latex is also the principle component of rubber. It has water and sugar in it as well.

Bubble gum was invented in 1928 by Mr. Walter Diemer when he was doing something else. He only had pink food coloring. That is why most bubble gum is pink. His gum was called Dubble Bubble, which was the first bubble gum ever made. Bazooka was the second made bubble gum.  Thomas Adams made a kind of bubble gum called Black Jack.

Related pages
 Chewing gum

References

Candy
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 April 1900 in Vienna – 15 December 1958 in Zurich) was an Austrian-American-Swiss theoretical physicist known for his work on spin theory, and for the discovery of the pauli exclusion principle, which is important for the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry. He was given the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945.

Pauli was of Jewish descent.

References 

1900 births
1958 deaths
Austrian Jews
Jewish academics
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish scientists
Scientists from Vienna
Swiss Jews
Swiss scientists
American theoretical physicists
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Former Roman Catholics
Hanukkah is a Jewish holiday which celebrates the victory of the Maccabees over the larger Syrian army. It also celebrates a miracle that happened during this time, where just a day's supply of oil allowed the menorah (Hanukkiah or Hanukkah Menorah) in the rededicated Temple in Jerusalem to remain lit for eight days. Therefore, Jewish people celebrate Hanukkah for eight days. Hanukkah begins on the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar, which on the Gregorian calendar is late November or December. For example, in 2013 it started on November 27. The Hebrew word  means rededication.

The hanukiah (or hanukkah menorah) is a candle holder, an important Hanukkah symbol. It has nine branches.   Traditionally, one candle is separated from the rest, usually by being higher than the other eight. On the first night, only one candle is lit, on the right side of the hanukiah. On the second night, a second candle is added, and they are lit from left to right -- but the Hanukkiah is filled from right to left. This continues for all eight nights. The candles are never lit directly - instead, the higher candle, (called a shamash, meaning "attendant") is lit first, and then used to light the rest of the candles. While the candles are lit, blessings are said over them.

Jewish children often play a game called dreidel. The dreidel is a four-sided spinning top, each side having a Hebrew letter. The four letters (nun, gimel, hey, and shin) stand for the Hebrew phrase, "Nes gadol haya shaam," meaning, "A great miracle happened there." In Israel, by contrast, the dreidel reads "Po" instead of "shaam," meaning "here." So in Israel the phrase is, "a great miracle happened here."

History of Hanukkah
Approximately 2,200 years ago, there was a war between the Greeks and the Jews.  The Greeks won and forced their culture on the Jews. A group of Jewish people called the Maccabees revolted and liberated Jerusalem. The Maccabees found their Temple defiled. They sought to rededicate it to God, as the Greeks had been worshipping Zeus there.  As part of the rededication, they needed to relight the menorah, whose source of fuel was olive oil.

According to the Talmud, the Jewish people only found a single jar of undefiled oil, and that oil was only enough to last a single day. The Jewish people took a leap of faith and relit the menorah. To their surprise, the menorah stayed lit for eight days, which was seven more days than they expected. The Jewish people attributed the surprising amount of time that the oil lasted to God (a miracle).

Hanukkah is an eight-day celebration, and each day commemorates each day that the oil lasted. On each day, a branch of the nine-branch Hanukkah menorah is lit with the shamash ("helper" candle), which sits on the middle branch.

Dates 
 2017: 12-20 December
 2018: 2-10 December
 2019: 22-30 December
 2020: 10-18 December

References

Other websites
Markkleeberg is a town in the Leipzig district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Pleiße and about 7 km south of Leipzig.

References

Leipzig Rural District
Döbeln is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is part of the rural district Mittelsachsen. Döbeln is on both banks of the river Freiberger Mulde.

References

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Morgan County is a county found in Indiana, United States. Almost 66,700 people were living in Morgan County as of 2000.

Cities and towns 
 Bethany
 Brooklyn
 Martinsville
 Monrovia
 Mooresville
 Morgantown
 Paragon

Unincorporated towns 
 Centerton

Townships
 Adams
 Ashland
 Baker
 Brown
 Clay
 Green
 Gregg
 Harrison
 Jackson
 Jefferson
 Madison
 Monroe
 Ray
 Washington

Indiana counties
1822 establishments in Indiana
The Madrid Symphony Orchestra () is an orchestra based in Madrid, the capital of Spain.  It was started in 1903.  

The orchestra gave its first public concert under the conductor, Alonso Cordelás on 7 February 1904 at the Teatro Real.  The next year Enrique Fernández Arbós became conductor of the orchestra, and he stayed with them for more than 30 years.  The orchestra played a lot of Spanish music as well as music by composers from other European countries.  Some very famous people such as Igor Stravinsky and Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra.  The orchestra gave the first performances of famous pieces such as: Falla's Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1916) and  Prokofiev's Second Violin Concerto (1935). 

During the Spanish Civil War it was difficult to keep the concerts going.  After the war, in June 1939, Arbós died and many of the musicians had gone into exile because of the rise of the dictator General Francisco Franco.  The conductor Enrique Jordá kept the orchestra going until 1945 when the World War II ended.

From 1958 the orchestra often played for comic Spanish operas called zarzuelas.  They often travelled through Spain and to  Portugal and Latin America giving concerts..

In 1965 a new orchestra, the Orquesta Sinfónica de RTVE, was started.  This made things difficult for the Madrid Symphony Orchestra.  They had to spend a lot of time playing for the Teatro de la Zarzuela. In the 1970s they made a lot of recordings of zarzuelas and Spanish operas.  The recordings were very good, but they did not have much time for orchestral concerts.

After Franco’s death the orchestra became the official orchestra for the Teatro de la Zarzuela.  Later, when a new concert hall, the Auditorio Nacional de Música was opened, the orchestra had more opportunity to give orchestra concerts.  In 1997, the Orchestra moved out of the Teatro de la Zarzuela and moved to the Teatro Real where they will stay at least until 2009.  The orchestra now have an educational plan to help young children listen to music and encourage them to play instruments.

Today the orchestra is conducted by  Jesús López Cobos.

Principal conductors
 Alonso Cordelás 1903–1904
 Enrique Fernández Arbós 1905–1939
 Enrique Jordá 1940–1945
 Conrado del Campo 1946–1950
 José María Franco 1951–1958
 Vicente Spiteri 1958–1977
 Luis Antonio García Navarro 1999–2001
 Jesús López Cobos 2002–

Other websites
 Orchestra homepage (in Spanish)

Orchestras
Madrid
1903 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Spain
The Spanish Republican government in Exile was a group of politicians who went into exile in France when the dictator Francisco Franco took power in Spain after the Spanish Civil War. They wanted to continue the government of the Second Spanish Republic. They hoped that democracy would come back to Spain after World War II, but Franco continued to rule for another 20 years.

After Franco's death in 1975, King Juan Carlos restored democratic government. In 1977 the exiled Republicans decided to accept Juan Carlos as king. The king let the exiled politicians come back to Spain.

Governments in exile
The World Baseball Classic (WBC) is an international baseball tournament by Major League Baseball and the International Baseball Federation. The first ever WBC was held in 2006 and was won by Japan. The second WBC was held in 2009, and Japan won again. The third WBC was take place in 2013 and was won by Dominican Republic. The fourth WBC was take place in 2017 and was won by United States.

Baseball
The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a plant that is a member of the morning glory family, grown for its sweet, edible, tuberous roots. Sweet potatoes contain a lot of fiber and beta-carotene. They are eaten around the world.

Naming
The sweet potato is not closely related to the common potato, but they both share the same name origin. The first Europeans to taste sweet potatoes were members of Christopher Columbus's expedition in 1492. There were local names for different cultivars for the sweet potato. However, the part of the name that remained was the indigenous Taino name of the potato, batata. The Spanish combined the word batata with the Quechua word for potato, papa, to create the word patata for the common potato.

In Argentina, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic the sweet potato is called batata. In Mexico, Peru, Chile, Central America, and the Philippines, the sweet potato is known as camote (kamote) in the Philippines).

In Peru, the Quechua name for a type of sweet potato is kumar. This is very similar to the Polynesian name kumara. This interesting naming pattern has led some scholars to suspect that the Polynesians were related to native South Americans.

In New Zealand, the most common cultivar is the red (which is actually colored purple) cultivar called kumara. Kumara is very popular as a roasted food, often served with sour cream and sweet chili sauce. Occasionally, shops in Australia will label New Zealand purple cultivars as "purple sweet potato" to make it appear different from other cultivars. About 95% of Australia's production of sweet potatoes is the orange cultivar named 'Beauregard', originally from North America, known simply as "sweet potato".

History
In Peru, the use of sweet potatoes dates to 8000 BC.

Sweet potatoes were introduced a food crop in Japan in 1735 and in Korea in 1764.

References

Solanales
Root vegetables
Georgina"Georgie" Helen  Henley (born 9 July 1995) is an English child actress. She is known for playing Lucy Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia movie series.

Career
Henley's first acting job was playing Lucy Pevensie in the 2005 movie The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, based on the C.S. Lewis novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Henley has won the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth Female in a Lead or Supporting Role and the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film — Young Actress Age Ten or Younger in 2006.

Henley played Lucy Pevensie again in the 2008 sequel to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian and the 2010 sequel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.

Since The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe came out, Henley has been in the stage play Babes in the Wood at her local theatre group, which ran from 27 January to 4 February 2006. She also played the young Jane Eyre in the 2006 BBC TV show version of Jane Eyre.

Personal life
Henley was born on 9 July 1995, to Helen and Mike Henley, and has two older sisters, Rachael and Laura. Rachael played the older version of Lucy Pevensie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Henley now lives in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, and attends Bradford Grammar School, where she is a member of the Ilkley Upstagers' Theatre Group

Henley is a supporter of SOS Children's Villages, an international orphan charity that gives homes and mothers to orphaned and abandoned children.

Filmography

Awards
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
2006: Best Young Actress (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
2006: Most Promising Performer (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Empire Awards
2006: Best Newcomer (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Nickelodeon UK Kids Choice Awards
2008: Kids Choice Film Actress (for The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian) — Won
Online Film Critics Society Awards
2006: Best Breakthrough Performance (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Phoenix Film Critics Awards
2006: Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role — Female (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Won
Young Artist Awards
2006: Best Performance in a Feature Film — Young Actress Age Ten or Younger (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Won

References

Other websites

1995 births
Living people
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel is the sequel to the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks. It is a live-action/CGI movie. It was first set to be shown in theaters on March 19, 2010, but the date was changed to December 23, 2009. The movie introduces the Chipettes. The movie stars Zachary Levi, David Cross, and Jason Lee and the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler, Jesse McCartney, Amy Poehler, Anna Faris, and Christina Applegate. The movie is being filmed at Woodrow Wilson Classical High School in Long Beach, CA.

Plot
In the sequel, Dave makes Alvin, Simon and Theodore go to school, saying that it is "good for them." He does not know that the Chipmunks feel like "Chipmunks Out of Water" because of all the (human) children around. Meanwhile, Ian (after the Chipmunks dealt him a serious blow) is freed from jail and searches the world for animals who can sing and dance. He finds the Chipettes and cannot wait to make them famous and get back at the Chipmunks.

In 2009, Betty Thomas signed on to direct.

Cast
 Zachary Levi as Toby Seville
 David Cross as Ian Hawke
 Jason Lee as Dave Seville
 Justin Long as Alvin Seville
 Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville
 Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville
 Amy Poehler Eleanor Miller
 Anna Faris as Jeanette Miller
 Christina Applegate as Brittany Miller
 Wendie Malick as Dr. Rubin
 Anjelah Johnson as Julie Ortega
 Kathryn Joosten as Aunt Jackie Seville
 Kevin G. Schmidt as Ryan Edwards
 Chris Warren Jr. as Xander
 Bridgit Mendler as Becca Kingston

Related pages
Alvin and the Chipmunks
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked
Alvin and the Chipmunks 4: The Road Chip

References

2009 movies
Family movies
Animated movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alvin and the Chipmunks movies
The New Deal was a series of programs launched by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to solve the problems caused by the Great Depression. The New Deal is often split into two smaller New Deals: the First New Deal and the Second New Deal. During the First Hundred Days of Roosevelt's presidency, Roosevelt and his administration proposed many plans to fix the economy.

Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1930: 11.6%
Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1937: 22.6%
Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1945: 35.5%
Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1999: 13.9%

CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps
WPA: Works Progress Administration
FDR: Franklin Delano Roosevelt
AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority
HOLC: Home Owners Loan Corporation
FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Administration
PWA: Public Works Administration
CWA: Civil Works Administration
NRA: National Recovery Administration

References
The cashew is a tropical tree in the flowering plant. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts (see below) and cashew apples.

Cashew nut 

Cashew nuts are a popular snack and food source. Cashews, unlike other oily tree nuts, contain starch to about 10% of their weight. This makes them more effective than other nuts in thickening water-based dishes such as soups, meat stews, and some Indian milk-based desserts. Many southeast Asian and south Asian cuisines use cashews for this unusual characteristic, rather than other nuts.

Cashews can also be used to make cashew butter.

Because the shell of the cashew nut is toxic, it is removed before it is sold to consumers.

References 

Trees
Sapindales
Edible nuts and seeds
Ultra Beatdown is the fourth studio album by DragonForce, released on August 20, 2008 in Japan and on August 26, 2008 worldwide. It is the last album to feature ZP Theart on vocals before leaving the band.

Track listing

Personnel

Band members 
ZP Theart – Vocals
Herman Li – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing, engineering
Sam Totman – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing
Vadim Pruzhanov – Keyboards, piano, theremin, Kaoss Pad, backing vocals
Dave Mackintosh – Drums, backing vocals
Frédéric Leclercq – Bass, backing vocals, additional guitars

Guest musicians 
Clive Nolan – backing vocals, additional keyboard

References 

Power metal
DragonForce
2008 albums
"Heroes of Our Time" is the first track and first single from British power metal band DragonForce's fourth studio album, Ultra Beatdown. It was also the first video from the new album, but the song was shortened to about 5 minutes for the video.

Power metal
DragonForce
2008 songs
Oscar Fredrick Dronjak (born January 20 1972) is the rhythm guitarist of the power metal band HammerFall. Prior to the success of HammerFall, he also played in the death metal bands Ceremonial Oath and Crystal Age.

1972 births
Living people
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
HammerFall
People from Gothenburg
Pontus Norgren (b. 22 April 1968) is a Swedish guitarist. He is the current guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall and the former guitarist of The Poodles. 

1968 births
Living people
Power metal
HammerFall
Swedish musicians
Heavy metal guitarists
Anders Johansson (born 25 May 1962 in Gothenburg) is a Swedish musician. He is the son of Jan Johansson, jazz pianist, and brother of keyboardist Jens Johansson. He is the current drummer for the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.

1962 births
Living people
Drummers
HammerFall
Swedish musicians
People from Gothenburg

pt:Anders Johansson
Johan Larsson (b. 8 December 1974) is a Swedish guitarist. He was the first bassist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. Johan was also the first bassist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall, but quit before the band recorded a studio album.

Album appearances
 Lunar Strain (1994)
 Subterranean (1995, EP)
 The Jester Race (1996)
 Black-Ash Inheritance (1997, EP)
 Whoracle (1997)

1974 births
Living people
Bassists
HammerFall
Swedish musicians
Heavy metal guitarists
People from Gothenburg
Niklas Sundin, (born August 13 1974 in Sweden), is the guitarist of Dark Tranquillity and Laethora, and was guitarist for the band HammerFall.

Lyricists
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
1974 births
Living people
HammerFall
People from Gothenburg
Jesper Strömblad (born on November 28, 1972) is the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. He also started the band HammerFall.

1972 births
Living people
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
HammerFall
People from Gothenburg
Glenn Ljungström was the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames with Jesper Strömblad. He was a member of In Flames from 1993 until 1997, when he quit to find another job. Glenn was also a guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1995 until 1997.

Album appearances

In Flames 
 Lunar Strain (1994)
 Subterranean (1995, EP)
 The Jester Race (1996)
 Black-Ash Inheritance (1997, EP)
 Whoracle (1997)

HammerFall 
 Glory to the Brave (1997)

Dimension Zero 
 Penetrations from the Lost World (1997, EP)
 Silent Night Fever (2001)
 This Is Hell (2003)
 He Who Shall Not Bleed (2008)

1974 births
Living people
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
People from Gothenburg
Klas Magnus Rosén is a Swedish musician, born 1963 in Gothenburg, and was the bassist of Swedish band HammerFall.

Magnus Rosén started to play the bass when he was 15 years old. When he had played bass for three years he went on his first tour with the band Kung Sune. After the tour he moved to Los Angeles. He became a member in the Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall in 1997. 

Bassists
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
HammerFall
1963 births
Living people
People from Gothenburg
Stefan Elmgren (born 1974) was the guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1997 to 2008. Before becoming a member of HammerFall, he was the guitarist in the band Highlander.

In 2007, Elmgren left Hammerfall to focus on his career as a pilot.

References

Swedish musicians
Heavy metal guitarists
1974 births
Living people
HammerFall
Glory to the Brave was the first album from the Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The cover art was painted by Andreas Marshall.

Track listing

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - Lead Vocals & Background Harmonies
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Fredrik Larsson - Bass Guitar & Backing Vocals
 Glenn Ljungström - Guitars
 Jesper Strömblad - Drums (credited, but does not play on this album)
 Patrik Rafling - Drums

HammerFall
Power metal
1997 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Legacy of Kings is the second album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released September 28, 1998.

Track listing 
 "Heeding the Call"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:30
 "Legacy of Kings"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:13
 "Let the Hammer Fall"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:16
 "Dreamland"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 5:42
 "Remember Yesterday"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 5:04
 "At the End of the Rainbow"  (Albrecht/Mück/Dronjak/Cans) - 4:05
 "Back to Back" (Pretty Maids cover) - 3:39
 "Stronger Than All"  (Dronjak) - 4:29
 "Warriors of Faith" (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:45
 "The Fallen One" (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:23

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitar, backing vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Lead Guitar
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Patrik Räfling - drums

Power metal
HammerFall
1998 albums
Renegade is HammerFall's third album, the first with drummer Anders Johansson. It was released on October 9, 2000.

 "Templars of Steel"  (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:26
 "Keep the Flame Burning"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:41
 "Renegade"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:23
 "Living in Victory"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:44
 "Always Will Be"  (Dronjak) - 4:51
 "The Way of the Warrior"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:08
 "Destined for Glory" (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:11
 "The Champion"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:58
 "Raise the Hammer"  (Dronjak/Elmgren) - 3:24
 "A Legend Reborn"  (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:10
 "Head Over Heels" (Accept cover - Feat. Udo Dirkschneider) - 4:30

"Head Over Heels" was released as bonus track on digipack and Brazilian versions of "Renegade"

Personnel
Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
Magnus Rosén - Bass Guitar
Anders Johansson - Drums
Jamie Simmons, Paul Simmons, John Alexander - Additional backing vocals on "Destined For Glory"

Power metal
HammerFall
2000 albums
Crimson Thunder was the fourth album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released on October 28, 2002.

Track listing
 "Riders of the Storm"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:34
 "Hearts on Fire"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:51
 "On the Edge of Honour"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:49
 "Crimson Thunder"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:05
 "Lore of the Arcane"  (Dronjak) – 1:27
 "Trailblazers"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:39
 "Dreams Come True"  (Dronjak) – 4:02
 "Angel of Mercy"  (David C. T Chastain) – 5:38
 "The Unforgiving Blade"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:40
 "In Memoriam"  (Elmgren) – 4:21
 "Hero's Return"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:23

Bonus tracks

 "Rising Force" (Yngwie Malmsteen Cover) (European and Brazilian Bonus Track) – 4:30
 "Detroit Rock City" (KISS Cover) (American Bonus Track) – 3:56
 "Crazy Nights" (Loudness Cover) (Japanese Bonus Track) – 3:42

Personnel
 Joacim Cans          -       Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak        -       Lead & Rhythm Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren       -       Lead, Rhythm & Acoustic Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén         -       Bass guitar
 Anders Johansson     -       Drums & Percussion

Power metal
HammerFall
2002 albums