cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
was the 16th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Nintoku to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Nintoku-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
According to Nihon Shoki, Nintoku was the fourth son of Emperor Ōjin and the father of three emperors — Richū, Hanzei, and Ingyō .

Events of Nintoku's life 
Very little is known about the events of Nintoku's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

Nintoku's reign is marked by Japan's first large-scale engineering projects.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Nintoku.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun) at Sakai.  Nintoku is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Nintoku Seamount
 Kofun period

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
The Irukandji Jellyfish, Carukia barnesi, is a species of jellyfish. It lives in the waters of northern Australia. It is a very deadly jellyfish. The Irukandji is only 2.5 centimeters (with bell and tentacles) in diameter. This makes it hard to find. The Irukandji is believed to be the most poisonous creature in the world. Some people are not sure if that is true.

The Irukandjis' name comes from an Australian Aboriginal tribe. The tribe lived in the Palm Cove region of North Queensland. When the Irukandji people were stung by the Irukandji, there are many symptoms. This includes:
 lower back pain
 muscle cramps
 vomiting
 restlessness
 anxiety

Sometimes, people may also get fluid on their lungs (pulmonary oedema), hypertension, and heart  failure.

The Irukandji has killed at least two swimmers in Australia. In 2002, Richard Jordon came to Australia as a tourist. He was a 58 year old British man. He was stung while swimming off Hamilton Island. Jordon died a few days later. There may have been more deaths which doctors did not know were caused by the jellyfish.

The Irukandji is related to another jellyfish. This is the box jellyfish, Chironex Fleckeri. Irukandji was identified in 1964 by a Cairns doctor, Jack Barnes. Because of this, its scientific name is named after him. When people were getting hurt in the sea, Barnes was sure it was because of a jellyfish. He put on diving equipment and lay on the sea floor for six days until he discovered it. When Barnes discovered the Irukandji jellyfish, he tested its sting on himself, his son, and a lifeguard. They all had to be taken to the hospital.

Irukandji has stingers – not only on its tentacles, but also on its bell. It is very small and weak. Because of this, sudden force may kill it. So, it cannot be kept in a normal aquarium. The first Irukandji jellyfish in captivity was born in Townsville, Queensland.

References 

Animals of Australia
Jellyfish
was the 21st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Yūryaku to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Yūryaku-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
According to the Kojiki and Nihonshoki, Yūryaku was the fifth and youngest son of Emperor Ingyō.

He was the brother of Emperor Ankō.

Yūryaku was followed on the throne by his son, who would come to be known as Emperor Seinei.

Events of Yūryaku's life 
Very little is known about the events of Yūryaku's life and rule.  Only limited facts can be studied before the rule of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

After Ankō's death, Yūryaku overcame others in the struggle for power. He became the new emperor.

Yūryaku is known as a patron of silk. It is said that he encouraged growing mulberry bushes for silkworms to eat.

Poems that are said to be Yūryaku's are included in the Manyōshū.  A number of his verses are kept in the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki.

He is credited with bringing many artisans from Korea to Japan.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Yūryaku.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Yūryaku Seamount
 Kofun period

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
The Kia Rio is a car produced by Kia Motors.

The first generation were produced from 2000 to 2005, and were available with 1.3 and 1.5 litre petrol engines with 55 kW/75 hp and 72 kW/98 hp respectively.

The second generation were launched in 2005, and is available with a 1.4 litre petrol engine in two versions with 55 kW/75 hp and 71 kW/97 hp respectively, a 1.6 litre petrol engine with 82 kW/112 hp and a 1.5 litre turbo diesel engine with 81 kW/110 hp. It is based on the Hyundai Getz's platform.

Both generations are available as 4-door saloon and 5-door hatchback.

Rio
The Kia Magentis is a car produced by Kia Motors. It is the successor of the Kia Clarus, and is based on the Hyundai Sonata's platform.

The first generation were produced from 2000 to 2006. It is available with a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder petrol engine with 100 kW/136 hp and a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 124 kW/169 hp.

The second generation were launched in 2006. It were until 2009 available with 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 106 kW/144 hp and 120 kW/163 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 139 kW/189 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 103 kW/140 hp.

In 2009, the Magentis received a facelift. The engines available are now 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 121 kW/164 hp and 130 kW/175 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 142 kW/193 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 110 kW/150 hp.

In some counties, the first generation Magentis is known as Kia Lotze, and the second generation as Kia Optima.

Magentis
Carlos Gamarra (born 17 February 1971) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991||rowspan="2"|Cerro Porteño||rowspan="2"|Primera División||23||0
|-
|1992||12||2

|-
|1992/93||Independiente||Primera División||8||0

|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Cerro Porteño||rowspan="3"|Primera División||15||0
|-
|1994||24||1
|-
|1995||10||1

|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||0
|-
|1996||22||2
|-
|1997||20||3

|-
|1997/98||Benfica||Portuguese Liga||13||0

|-
|1998||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||31||3

|-
|1999/00||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||32||1

|-
|2000||Flamengo||Série A||4||1

|-
|2001/02||AEK Athens||Alpha Ethniki||24||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||14||0
|-
|2003/04||10||0
|-
|2004/05||3||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||30||1
|-
|2006||3||1

|-
|2007||Olimpia||Primera División||25||1
109||5
8||0
127||11
13||0
32||1
24||0
27||0
340||17
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1993||9||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||10||1
|-
|1996||8||2
|-
|1997||15||2
|-
|1998||13||0
|-
|1999||4||0
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||9||1
|-
|2003||6||2
|-
|2004||9||2
|-
|2005||7||1
|-
|2006||6||1
|-
!Total||110||12
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Paraguayan footballers
Masafumi Nakaguchi (born 10 April 1972) is a former Japanese football player. He manages Sagawa Shiga.

References
Sagawa Shiga 

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
was the 27th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ankan to be possibly legendary, but probable.   The name Ankan-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
According to Kojiki Ankan was the elder son of Emperor Keitai.

Ankan died childless, and the throne passed to his brother, who would become known as Emperor Senka.

Events of Ankan's life 
Very little is known about the events of Ankan's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

Ankan attained the Imperial throne when his father, Emperor Keitai, abdicated in his favor.

The construction of state granaries in large numbers throughout Japan was a demonstration of the broad reach of Imperial power and concerns.

His death ended his reign after only four years.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ankan.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). Ankan is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References 

Emperors of Japan
was the 28th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Senka to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Senka-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations. 

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
According to Kojiki, Senka was a son of Emperor Keitai.  

When Emperor Ankan died childless, the throne passed to his brother Senka.

Events of Senka's life 
Very little is known about the events of Senka's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. 

During this reign, Soga no Iname became the first verifiable "Great Minister" or Omi (also identified as Ō-omi).

The reign of Emperor Senka lasted for three years.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Senka. 

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). Senka is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References 

Emperors of Japan
The XNOR gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when both of its inputs are equal. If only one output is high(1) the output is low (0).
It is opposite of XOR GATE.

Symbols 
There are three symbols for the XNOR gate:

Logic gates

es:Puerta lógica#Puerta equivalencia (XNOR)
it:Algebra di Boole#XNOR
Efim Bogolyubov  (14 April 1889 – 18 June 1952) was a Ukrainian–German chess grandmaster who won numerous events and played two matches with Alexander Alekhine for the world championship. His weak point, it is said, was over-optimism, but at his best he was one of the world's leading players.p49

1919 to 1939 
After the World War I, he won international tournaments at Berlin 1919, Stockholm 1919, Stockholm 1920, Kiel 1921, and Pistyan (Pieštany) 1922. He tied for 1st–3rd at Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) 1923.

In 1924 Bogoljubow briefly returned to Russia, which had since become the Soviet Union, and won consecutive USSR championships in 1924 and 1925. He also won at Breslau (Wroclaw) 1925, and in Moscow 1925, ahead of a field which included Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca.

In 1926, he emigrated to Germany. He won, ahead of Akiba Rubinstein that year at Berlin. At Bad Kissingen 1928, he triumphed (+6 –1 =4) over a field which included Capablanca, Nimzovich and Savielly Tartakower. Bogoljubov won two matches against Max Euwe (both 5.5–4.5) in 1928 and 1928/29 in Holland. He played matches for the World Chess Championship twice against Alekhine, losing 15.5–9.5 in 1929, and 15.5–10.5 in 1934.

He represented Germany at first board in the 4th Chess Olympiad at Prague 1931, winning the individual silver medal (+9 –1 =7). Bogoljubov continued to have good tournament results throughout the 1930s.

Later years 

During World War II, he lost a match to Euwe (+2 –5 =3) at Krefeld 1941, and drew a mini-match with Alekhine (+1 –1 =0) at Warsaw 1943. He also played in numerous tournaments held in Nazi-held territory throughout the war. After the war, he lived in West Germany. In 1947, he won in Lüneburg, and Kassel. In 1949 he won in Bad Pyrmont (3rd West GER-ch), and tied for 1st-2nd in Oldenburg. In 1951, he won in Augsburg, and Saarbrücken.

He was awarded the grandmaster title by the World Chess Federation (FIDE) in 1951.

The Bogo-Indian Defence (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+) is named after Bogolyubov.

Other websites 
 Kmoch, Hans 2004.   Chesscafe.com.
 Efim Bogoljubov raconté par Emil Diemer by Dany Sénéchaud on Mieux jouer aux échecs

References 

1889 births
1952 deaths
German chess players
Ukrainian chess players
Chess grandmasters
The  is a government agency of Japan. This bureaucracy is concerned with Imperial House of Japan (Japan's imperial family).

Kunaichō keeps the Privy Seal of Japan and the State Seal of Japan.

In the 18 centuries before the Second World War, it was named the .

The current Grand Steward is Shingo Haketa.

History 
The organization and functions of the Imperial Household were established in the eighth century.  The fundamental elements of this system evolved during the course of centuries.

The main focus of attention is the living Imperial family.  At the same time, the agency looks 890+ sites which may contain the remains of imperial family members.

Organization and Functions 
The Grand Steward is charged with overseeing all activities of today's agency.

Legal foundation 
The basic structures remained in place until the Meiji Restoration; and some elements of the ancient organizing template remain:

 2001—present

Imperial Household Agency became an external agency of the Cabinet Office.

.

.

 1949—2001
 Imperial Household Agency was the new name of Imperial Household Office; and the Imperial household became an external agency of the Prime Minister's Office.

.

.

 1947—1949
 
Imperial Household Office was organized under The Imperial Household Law of 1947 along with the current The Constitution of Japan which was adopted in the post-war period

.

.

 1889—1947

Imperial Household Ministry was organized under the Imperial House Law of 1889  and the  Meiji Constitution which was proclaimed in the course of the Meiji Restoration

.

.

   701—1889

Ministry of the Imperial Household was organized under the Taiho Code, which was adopted in during the reign of Emperor Monmu.

.

.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan

References

Further reading 
 Shigeru, Yoshida and Hiroshi Nara. (2007). Shigeru: Last Meiji Man. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ; ;  OCLC 238440967
 Kokusai Kyōiku Jōhō Sentā. (1986). The Imperial Family of Japan. Tokyo: International Society for Educational Information.  OCLC 24145536

Other websites 

 The Imperial Household Agency Website

History of Japan
Japanese imperial family
Adelong is a small town in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the Tumut Shire. About 1400 people live in the Adelong district, and 829 people live in the town. The town is about 160 kilometres west of Canberra on the Snowy Mountains Highway. The town's name comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "along the way" or "plain with a river".

History
Hamilton Hume and William Hovell were the first Europeans in to visit the area on their way back to Sydney in 1825. They described it as "rough and difficult country."

Gold rush
Adelong was settled between 1840 and 1850. Gold was discovered at Adelong by a William Williams in 1857. The gold was on the top of Victoria Hill and was part of the Old Hill Reef. Alluvial gold was found in both Adelong Creek and Golden Gully in the same year. Adelong quickly became an important goldfield. Adelong Post Office opened on 1 January 1859.

By 1859 a number of gold reefs were being mined, including the Old Reef and the Great Victoria Mine. Between 1859 and 1876, 3,798 kilograms of gold was mined. During the gold rush the population grew to more than 30,000 people. Over 25 tonnes of gold was mined from 1857 to the close of the mines in 1914. The National Trust of Australia has listed the main street of Adelong and a number of buildings as being important historical places.

A number of narrow tramway tracks were built in the mine area. Adelong is one of the only two gold mining areas in New South Wales known to have used a steam locomotive on its tramways.
 
During the gold rush many Chinese people worked in the mines. Many died and were buried in a special part of the Adelong cemetery. The Chinese part of the cemetery was destroyed in the early 1900s. One or two old Chinese and Indian people still lived in  Adelong in the 1950s. A small town, Cornishtown, was about a mile west of Adelong till the 1940s.

Farming
After the gold rush, farming became the main business in the area. This was mainly Merino sheep and beef cattle. Over the last 20 years a tourists have come to visit because of the pleasant scenery and gold mining history. The famous Adelong Falls, with its rich gold-mining past, is an ideal spot to for a picnic or to explore the local area.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. He wrote musical comedies like Kiss Me, Kate, Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady and Anything Goes. He also wrote songs like "Night and Day," "I Get a Kick out of You," "Well, Did You Evah!" and "I've Got You Under My Skin." He was well known for his clever lyrics and rhymes. He wrote a lot of songs that are in the Great American Songbook.

Early life
Porter was born in Peru, Indiana, to a rich Baptist family.
One of his grandfathers made a lot of money from coal and timber. He had control over the family. Porter started learning music when he was very young. He learned the violin at age six and the piano at eight. He and his mother wrote an operetta when he was 10. His mother, Kate, was very supportive. His grandfather J.O. Cole wanted him become a lawyer,
He went to Worcester Academy in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1905 and then Yale University in 1909.

When he was at Yale, he wrote 300 songs, including football fight songs that are still played at Yale today.

Porter went to Harvard Law School in 1913 for a year. He then moved into Arts and Sciences.

In 1915, his song, "Esmeralda", was played on Broadway. He had a musical on Broadway in 1916, but it did not do well.

Porter was not doing very well with his music so he went to Paris, France. He was working there when World War I started. He travelled all over Europe, and then joined the French Foreign Legion in 1917. He was a soldier in North Africa, and then he taught American soldiers how to shoot.

Porter was married to Linda Lee Thomas (1883-1954) from 1919 until her death. Some writers have said that Porter also had some gay relationships.

Later life
Porter started having musicals on Broadway again in 1926. He wrote some famous songs like "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love", "What Is This Thing Called Love?" and "Night and Day".

He threw lots of parties and had an  exciting social life in the 1920s and 1930s. He became very successful with his musicals and songs.

In 1937, Porter had an accident when he was horse-riding. He had a lot of pain and had to have many operations. He became depressed after that. He kept working and in 1948 he wrote a very popular musical called Kiss Me, Kate. He won a Tony Award for the musical. He also wrote music for movies.

In 1952, Porter's mother died. In 1954, his wife died. In 1958, he had to have his injured leg amputated (cut off). After all these bad things happened, he retired. He died of kidney failure in 1964 in Santa Monica, California. He was 73.

References

Other websites

1891 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American composers
American songwriters
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in California
Gay men
LGBT composers
LGBT people from Indiana
LGBT songwriters
Musicians from Indiana
Writers from Indiana
Yale University alumni
Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck (April 21, 1619 – January 18, 1677) was a Dutch colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town, a city in South Africa.

Biography 
Van Riebeeck was born in Culemborg in the Netherlands as the son of a surgeon. He grew up in Schiedam, where he married 19-year old Maria de la Quellerie on 28 March 1649. (She died in Malacca, now part of Malaysia, on 2 November 1664, at the age of 35). The couple had eight children, most of whom did not live through infancy.  Their son Abraham van Riebeeck, born at the Cape, later became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.

Joining the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1639, he served in many posts, like an assistant surgeon in the Batavia in the East Indies. He then went to Japan. His most important position was that of head of the VOC trading post in Tonkin, Vietnam. However, he was called back from this post as it was found that he was working trade for his own account.

In 1651 he was asked to undertake the command of the initial Dutch settlement in the future South Africa.  He landed three ships Drommedaris, Reijger and Goede Hoop at the future Cape Town on 6 April 1652 and strongly make the site as a way-station for the VOC trade route between the Netherlands and the East Indies.  The Walvisch and the Oliphant came later, having had 130 burials at sea.

References

1619 births
1677 deaths
Cape Town
Governors
Politicians from Gelderland
Measles is an infectious disease, caused by a virus. People catch measles from other people. It is passed on in tiny drops of water when people breathe. People with measles have a sore throat, a fever, a cough, red eyes and a runny nose. They also have a bumpy red rash all over their body. These rashes will cause a high irritation of itching.

Measles is very infectious, which means it is easy to catch. If someone in a house has measles, it is very likely that other people in the house will also get it. In developed countries, lots of children have a vaccination (injection) to stop them from getting measles. Often they are given the MMR vaccine, to stop them getting measles, mumps and rubella. The three vaccinations are all in one injection.

Measles is sometimes also called rubeola, but it is not the same as rubella (German measles). The German Measles (rubella) was discovered by German scientists.

There is no specific cure for measles. People with measles may rest and take medicines to make them feel better, to stop pain and make fevers go away. Most people that have measles recover, but some people die from it. In the 19th century measles epidemics killed many Polynesian people.

References 
 Health: Measles , BBC

Diseases caused by viruses
was the 22nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Seinei to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Seinei-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations. 

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
According to Kojiki and Nihonshoki, Seinei was a son of Emperor Yūryaku.  

Seinei fathered no children.  He adopted two grandsons of Emperor Richū.  Each would attain the throne; and they would become known as Emperor Ninken and as Emperor Kenzo

Events of Seinei's life 
Very little is known about the events of Seinei's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. 

After the death of his father, Seinei overcame others in the struggle for power.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Seinei. 

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References 

Emperors of Japan
Xiphactinus (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the Western Interior Sea, over what is now the middle of North America, during the Late Cretaceous. Skeletal remains of Xiphactinus have come from Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia in the United States, as well as Europe and Australia.

Description 
Above all else, Xiphactinus was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time. It may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin. It was not however immune from attack. If injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, Mosasaurs, and other Xiphactinus.

Extinct fish
Fossils
was the 23rd  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kenzō to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Kenzō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations. 

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
Kenzō was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted as heir by the childless Emperor Seinei.

Events of Kenzō's life 
Very little is known about the events of Kenzō's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kenzō. 

According to the Imperial Household Agency, Kenzō final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References 

Emperors of Japan
An Sun-Jin (born 19 September 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

References

Other websites

1975 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
Joseph-Désiré Job (born 1 December 1977) is a Cameroonian football player. He plays for Lierse and Cameroon national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1997/98||22||5
|-
|1998/99||19||6
|-
|1999/00||Lens||Division 1||24||4

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||13||3
|-
|2001/02||4||0

|-
|2001/02||Metz||Division 1||13||2

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="4"|Premier League||28||4
|-
|2003/04||24||6
|-
|2004/05||23||4
|-
|2005/06||1||0

|-
|2005/06||Al-Ittihad Jeddah||Professional League||28||9

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sedan Ardennes||Ligue 1||25||9
|-
|2007/08||Ligue 2||3||0
|-
|2007/08||Nice||Ligue 1||9||0

|-
|2008/09||Al-Kharitiyath||Stars League||23||7

|-
|2009/10||Diyarbakırspor||Süper Lig||8||0

|-
|2009/10||Lierse||Second Division||||
115||26
93||17
28||9
23||7
8||0
0||0
267||59
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||11||1
|-
|1999||3||2
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||6||1
|-
|2004||3||1
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||3||2
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
!Total||49||7
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Cameroonian footballers
Terry Venables (born 6 January 1943) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1959/60||rowspan="7"|Chelsea||rowspan="3"|First Division||1||0
|-
|1960/61||36||0
|-
|1961/62||12||1
|-
|1962/63||Second Division||42||2
|-
|1963/64||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||8
|-
|1964/65||39||7
|-
|1965/66||34||8
|-
|1965/66||rowspan="4"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="4"|First Division||1||0
|-
|1966/67||41||3
|-
|1967/68||36||2
|-
|1968/69||37||0
|-
|1969/70||rowspan="6"|Queens Park Rangers||rowspan="4"|Second Division||34||5
|-
|1970/71||38||10
|-
|1971/72||27||1
|-
|1972/73||37||1
|-
|1973/74||rowspan="2"|First Division||36||2
|-
|1974/75||5||0
|-
|1974/75||Crystal Palace||Third Division||14||0
508||50
508||50
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1964||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

1943 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
England national football team managers
Sportspeople from London
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Chess openings are listed and classified according to their first few moves. There are some interesting statistics on the frequency of chess openings, from chess data bases.

Statistics 

These statistics show a movement away from symmetrical defences to asymmetrical defences. In particlular, in reply to 1.e4, the Sicilian and French defences, and to 1.d4 the Indian defences. Also, particularly amongst strong players, an increased use of the English Opening for White.

King's Pawn openings

1...e5 replies 
King's Gambit  1.e4 e5 2.f4
Ruy Lopez  1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5
Vienna Game 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3
Giuoco Piano 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5
Evans Gambit 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4
Petrov's defence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6
Philidor's defence 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6

Asymmetric replies 
Alekhine's defence  1.e4 Nf6
Caro-Kann defence  1.e4 c6
French defence 1.e4 e6
Sicilian defence  1.e4 c5
Open variations 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 followed by 3.d4
Closed variations 1.e4 c5 2.Nc3 not followed by d4
Scandinavian defence 1.e4 d5 (also called  Centre counter) 
Pirc defence 1.e4 d6 (may also be played against 1.d4)
Modern defence 1.e4 g6 (may also be played against 1.d4)

Queen's Pawn openings

1...d5 replies 
Queen's Gambit accepted  1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4
Queen's Gambit declined  1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6
Slav defence  1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6

Asymmetric replies 
Dutch defence  1.d4 f5
Benoni defence  1.d4 c5 or 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5
Benko Gambit  1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5
King's Indian defence  1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7
Grünfeld defence  1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5
Nimzo-Indian defence  1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4
Queen's Indian defence 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6
Budapest Gambit 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5

Other opening moves 
Zukertort opening  1.Nf3
English opening  1.c4
Bird's opening 1.f4

Sources

Sources for beginners 
There is no opening book for real beginners. The reason is that some degree of understanding is needed before the details of an opening can be grasped. Books like the following show complete games with elementary explanations of the moves.
Chernev, Irving 1998. Logical chess: move by move. London:Batsford. 
Chandler, Murray 2004. Chess for children. London:Gambit. 
King, Daniel 2000. Chess: from first moves to checkmate. London:Kingfisher. Illustrated, 64 pages. 
Pritchard, David Brine 2008. The right way to play chess. 8th ed, Right Way.  
Wolff, Patrick 2005. The complete idiot’s guide to chess. 3rd ed, New York:Alpha.

Other sources 
None of these are suitable for beginners, but might be used by chess teachers and players of intermediate strength. Tip for teachers: always check with book reviews.
John Watson. Mastering the Chess Openings, Gambit Publications. Four volumes by a leading American author and chess coach. 
Volume 1 (1. e4):  (2006)
Volume 2 (1. d4):  (2007)
Volume 3 (1. c4):  (2009)
Volume 4: a wide-ranging discussion of general opening topics.  (2010)
Openings reference works:
Nick deFirmian et al. 2008. Modern chess openings, 15th ed, Random House N.Y.   (these two versions are almost identical)
John Nunn et al. 1999. Nunn's chess openings. Everyman, London.

Related pages 
Gambit

References 

Openings
was the 24th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ninken to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Ninken-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations. 

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
Ninken was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted  by the childless Emperor Seinei.

Events of Ninken's life 
Very little is known about the events of Ninken's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ninken. 

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun).  Ninken is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References 

Emperors of Japan
was the 25th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Buretsu to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Buretsu-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
Buretsu was a son of Emperor Ninken.   Buretsu was childless; and he became been the last monarch of the first Imperial dynasty of Japan.

Events of Buretsu's life 
Very little is known about the events of Buretsu's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

As emperor, Buretsu is described as wicked in the Nihonshoki, but this assessment is not mirrored in the text of the Kojiki.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Buretsu.

The kami of Emperor Buretsu was venerated at a Shinto shrine in Takaichi, Yamato province.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun).  Buretsu  is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References 

Emperors of Japan
are one of the basic local entities of Japan.   They are the 47 subdivisions of the country. Prefectures are the governmental bodies of Japan which are larger than cities, towns, and villages.

History
The former provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures between 1876 and 1879.

The word todōfuken combines the suffixes of the names of the 47 prefectures. The four suffixes are: 

 -to .... one metropolis, or large city (都 -to), Tokyo (東京都, Tōkyōto) 

 
-dō .... one “circuit” (道 -dō), Hokkaido (北海道, Hokkaidō)
-fu .... two city prefectures (府 -fu), Osaka (大阪府, Ōsakafu) and Kyoto (京都府, Kyōtofu)
-ken ... forty-three other prefectures (県 -ken)
Before World War II, different laws applied to fu and ken, but now two types of prefecture are the same, outside of their names.

Lists of prefectures

List in Japanese ISO order

The prefectures are often grouped into these nine regions (Chihō). The regions are not formally specified, they do not have elected officials, and they are not corporate bodies.  However, the practice of ordering prefectures based on their geographic region is traditional.  This ordering is mirrored in Japan's International Organization for Standardization (ISO) coding.  From north to south, the prefectures of Japan and their commonly associated regions are listed in traditional and in ISO 3166-2:JP order:

Okinawa Prefecture is traditionally thought of as part of the Kyūshū region of Japan.   Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu.  The Japanese government recognizes the prefecture as its own region in new 9-region, 11-region and 13-region systems.

List in Western alphabetical order
The default alphabetic order in this sortable table can be altered to mirror the traditional Japanese regions and ISO parsing.

Notes: 1- Population as of 2000; 2- Area km2; 3- Density per km2

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Further reading

 Steiner, Kurt. (1965).  Local Government in Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.   OCLC 250059672

Other websites
National Governors' Association Website (English)
Map of Japan showing administrative divisions
Japanese essay on types of prefectures
Local Authorities for International Relations (English)
CityMayors.com profile of prefectures
 Japan Mint.  Japan 47 Prefectures Coin Program
The List of Provinces of Japan changed over time.  The number and borders of provinces evolved from the 7th century through the Meiji Period. In the 1870s, the provinces were replaced by prefectures.

The traditional way of parsing the land of Japan was "five provinces and seven circuits" (go-shichidō).

Five Provinces
The traditional five core provinces of Japan were called goki.

Kinai

Izumi
Kawachi
Settsu　

Yamashiro　
Yamato 
Yoshino (716-738)

Shichido
The traditional seven core circuits of Japan were called shichidō.

Tōkaidō

Awa
Hitachi 
Iga　
Ise　
Izu　
Kai　
Kazusa 
Mikawa　

Musashi
Owari　
Sagami　
Shima　　
Shimōsa 
Suruga　
Tōtōmi

Tōsandō

Dewa
Hida 
Iwaki (718-724)
Iwaki (1868-1872)
Iwase (718-724)
Iwashiro (1868-1872)
Kōzuke
Mino 
Mutsu 

Mutsu (1868-1872)
Ōmi 
Rikuchū (1868-1872)
Rikuzen (1868-1872)
Shinano 
Suwa (721-731)
Ugo (1868-1872)
Uzen (1868-1872)

Hokurikudō

Echigo 
Echizen
Etchū
Kaga 

Noto
Sado　
Wakasa

San'indō

Hōki
Inaba　　
Izumo　
Iwami　

Oki
Tajima　
Tamba　
Tango

San'yōdō

Aki　
Bingo 
Bitchū
Bizen 

Harima　
Mimasaka 
Nagato
Suō

Nankaidō 

Awa
Awaji 
Iyo

Kii
Sanuki　
Tosa

Saikaidō 

Chikugo　
Chikuzen　
Bungo 
Buzen 
Higo 
Hizen
 
Hyūga
Iki
Ōsumi 
Satsuma　
Tane (702-824)
Tsushima

Other
Koshi Province

Hokkaidō
The island was changed from Ezo to Hokkaidō, and 11 provinces were established in  1869-1882.
Chishima 
Hidaka 
Iburi 
Ishikari 
Kitami 
Kushiro 
Nemuro 
Oshima 
Shiribeshi 
Teshio 
Tokachi

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan

References

Other websites
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Japan-related lists
Gilberto Kassab ( or ; born 12 August 1960 in São Paulo) was the mayor of São Paulo, the biggest city in Brazil. He is a member of the right-wing Democrat party. Kassab became famous when he brought in laws to stop billboard advertising, which he said were "visual pollution".

References

Brazilian politicians
Mayors

1960 births
Living people
Terra nullius means unclaimed territory. It is the correct term in international law. It means land which does not (at present) belong to any state.   The term comes from the Latin, meaning Nobody's thing. There is also an expression no man's land, but that does not have a formal legal meaning.

Rule over terra nullius can be got by occupying the territory.<ref>{{cite web 
  | author =
  | title = New Jersey v. New York, 523 US 767 (1998)
  | publisher = US Supreme Court
  | url = http://openjurist.org/523/us/767/new-jersey-v-new-york
  | date = 26 May 1998
  | accessdate = 29 January 2010 
  | quote = Even as to terra nullius, like a volcanic island or territory abandoned by its former sovereign, a claimant by right as against all others has more to do than planting a flag or rearing a monument. Since the 19th century the most generous settled view has been that discovery accompanied by symbolic acts give no more than "an inchoate title, an option, as against other states, to consolidate the first steps by proceeding to effective occupation within a reasonable time.8 I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 146 (4th ed.1990); see also 1 C. Hyde, International Law 329 (rev.2d ed.1945); 1 L. Oppenheim International Law §§222-223, pp. 439-441 (H. Lauterpacht 5th ed.1937); Hall A Treatise on International Law, at 102-103; 1 J. Moore, International Law 258 (1906); R. Phillimore, International Law 273 (2d ed. 1871); E. Vattel, Law of Nations, §208, p. 99 (J. Chitty 6th Am. ed. 1844). 
}}</ref> There are various legal problems about this concept, but in practice it is often the business of neighbouring states to decide by negotiation. Diplomacy may sometimes be replaced by warfare.

Two territories that are currently terra nullius'' are Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, and Marie Byrd Land, in Antarctica.

References

Legal terms
Property
The Free State (Afrikaans: Vrystaat, Sotho: Foreistata; before 1995, the Orange Free State) is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital, because the Supreme Court is there. The current borders of the province date from 1994 when the Bantustans were dissolved and were merged into the provinces of South Africa. It is also the only one of the older provinces of South Africa not to undergo border changes, not counting the incorporation of the Bantustans.

Provinces of South Africa
1994 establishments in South Africa
The Orange Free State () was a country in southern Africa. It was ruled by the Afrikaners. It was defeated by the British Empire and its colonies, the British Cape Colony and the Natal Colony, in the Second Boer War. It became the Orange River Colony and later joined with other colonies to make the Union of South Africa.

References 

1852 establishments
19th-century establishments in South Africa
1900s disestablishments in Africa
1850s establishments in Africa
1902 disestablishments
Bir Tawil or Bi'r Tawīl (بيرطويل in Arabic; Bi'r or بير, meaning water well), is a small, , area. It is along the border between Egypt and Sudan. It is claimed by neither country right now. It is sometimes given the name the Bir Tawil Triangle, because even though it's not an exact triangle, it's made out of two triangles that share a border. The longer side is in the north of the area. It runs along the 22° north circle of latitude.

The administrative boundary of Sudan and Egypt was made in 1902. Their political boundary was set in 1899. It was set as the 22° north circle of latitude. This area lies south of the 22° parallel. East-to-west, the area is between  long in the south. It is  long in the north. It is between  and  wide north-to-south. It is also  in size.

The Bir Tawil area came under Egyptian administration in 1902. This was because it was grazing land of the Ababda tribe based near Aswan, Egypt. At the same time, the Hala'ib Triangle north of latitude 22° north, and northeast of the area, came under Sudanese administration. This was because the tribes of this area were based in Sudan.  The two "triangles" border at one point, a quadripoint.

History
In 1899, the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement for Sudan set the border between the territories at the 22nd parallel. At that time, the United Kingdom ruled the area. In 1902 the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary". Using this boundary,  a triangle of land north of the parallel was placed under Sudanese administration. It was because its inhabitants were closer to Khartoum than Cairo, both geographically and culturally. The area was ruled by the British Governor in Khartoum. 

Egypt claims the original border from 1899, the 22° north circle of latitude. This would place the Hala'ib Triangle within Egypt and the Bir Tawil area within Sudan. Sudan claims the administrative border of 1902. This would put Hala'ib within Sudan, and Bir Tawil within Egypt. As a result, both states claim the Hala'ib Triangle. Neither state claims the much less valuable Bir Tawil area, which is only a tenth the size and is landlocked.  There is no basis in international law for Sudan or Egypt to claim both territories. It would also be difficult for any other state to claim the area. This is because only Sudan or Egypt border the land. As a result, Bir Tawil is one of the few land areas of the world which is not claimed by any state. The offical currency is the Sahrawi peseta but this is no longer circulated.

Geography
In the north of the area is the mountain Jabal Tawil (جبل طويل in Arabic, located at ). It has a height of 459 meters. In the east is Jabal Ḩajar az Zarqā'. It has a height of 662 meters.

In the south is the Wadi Tawil (وادي طويل in Arabic, also called Khawr Abū Bard, located at ), near Nogaem Valley.

Other websites 
 International Boundary Study 
 Strange Maps: The Bir Tawil Trapezoid

Territorial disputes
Geography of Egypt
Sudan
Hiroshi Noguchi (born 25 February 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="9"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|Football League||25||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||9
|-
|1995||27||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||5
|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||29||2||3||0||8||0||40||2
|-
|1997||29||4||1||0||3||0||33||4
|-
|1998||25||1||2||0||3||0||30||1
|-
|1999||22||1||2||1||4||0||28||2
|-
|2000||30||1||1||0||6||0||37||1
|-
|2001||J. League 2||40||4||4||1||1||0||45||4
|-
|2002||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2003||Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||24||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
252||28||13||2||26||0||291||30
252||28||13||2||26||0||291||30
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture