cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Qateel Shifai (real name Aurangzeb)  (24 December 1919 - 11 July 2001) () was a Pakistani Urdu poet of controversial reputation and work.

Background
Qateel Shifai was born in Haripur, Hazara Division, British India (now Pakistan). He adopted 'Qateel Shifai' as his pen name in 1938. Due to his father's early death, Qateel was forced to quit his education. Being unsuccessful in his business he decided to move to Rawalpindi, where he started working for a transport company. In 1946, he was called to Lahore to work as the assistant editor of the monthly 'Adab-e-Latif', a literary magazine.

Early career 
In January 1947, Qateel was asked to help write the songs of a film by a Lahore-based film producer. The first film he helped penned the lyrics for was "Teri Yaad". After that there was no looking back and initially, after working for some time as assistant lyricist to some of the famous poets/lyricists of the time (c.1947-48 to 1956-57), he eventually became a regular full-time film lyricist. Shifai wrote several collections of his poetry but is best known for being a film lyricist. During the 1970s and 1980s, quite some controversy developed regarding his  'misappropriation' of a couple of old poems, which had been adapted as film lyrics/songs in the movie Gumnaam (1954). It was later proved that this song, 'Tu lakh chale ri gori thum thum ke', was not Shifai's work and he had to retract his earlier claim and also remove it from a proposed collection of poems and songs he had planned to publish.

Later career
Later on after the late 1980s, Shifai settled down to a full-time career in the film industry and also produced new volumes of poems and songs, which were considered good. A few of these were also awarded literary prizes. However, even then, the rumors and criticism of his work and talent never wholly died out and he remained a somewhat dubious figure until the end of his career.

Shifai died in  Lahore in July 2001.

Filmography
  Bade Dilwala (1999) (lyricist)
  Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (1999) (lyricist)
  Auzaar (1997) (lyricist)
  Tamanna (1996) (as Qatil Shafai)
  Naajayaz (1995) (lyricist) (as Qatil Shafai)
  Naaraz(1994) (as Qatil Shafai)
  Waqt hamara hai (as Qatil Shafai)
  Sir (1993) (lyricist) (as Qateel Shafai)
  Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee (1993)(lyricist) (as Qateel Shafai)
  Tahqiqaat (1993) (lyricist) (as Cratil Sipahi)
  Painter Babu (1983) (lyricist)
  Shireen Farhad (1975) (lyricist)
  Naila (1965) (lyricist)
  Intezar (1956) (assistant lyricist)
  Gumnaam (1954) (assisted Hakim Ahmad Shuja as junior lyricist)
  Gulnaar (1953) (asst lyricist)
  Teri Yaad (1948) (asst lyricist) - (English: Memories) (International: English title)

References

Pakistani writers
Cinema of Pakistan
1919 births
2001 deaths
Urdu poets
Adventure Time is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward for Cartoon Network. Finn and Jake live in the Land of Ooo, a land that has been destroyed by the "Great Mushroom War."

Episodes

Awards and nominations

Television

Comics

References

Other websites
 
 Animation Blog
 Production blog 
 Adventure Time on Cartoon Network

Channel Links

Animated television series
English-language television programs
2010s High School television series
Loïc Vadelorge (born 26 November 1964) is a French historian, teacher of at the Paris 13 University and former teacher  at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (1998 to 2009) and at the University of Rouen from 1992 to 1994.

He obtained a PhD in 1996. Member of the Research Centre Economies, Societies, Cultures, his research focuses on the history of cultural policies, the history of cities and equipment.

Further reading
 Rouen sous la IIIe République. Politiques et pratiques culturelles (Rouen under the Third Republic. Cultural policies and practices), Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2005, 441 p. ().
 With Philippe Poirrier, Pour une histoire des politiques du patrimoine (For a history of heritage policies), Paris, La Documentation française / Ministère de la Culture, Comité d'Histoire, 2003
 « La Mémoire des villes nouvelles » (Memory of new towns), Ethnologie Française, 1, 2003
 Éléments pour une histoire des villes nouvelles (Elements for a history of new towns), Paris, Manuscrit.com, collection Manuscrit Université, 2004
 Gouverner les villes nouvelles. L’État et les collectivités locales (1960-2005) (Manage the new towns. State and local governments (1960-2005)), Paris, Manuscrit.com, collection Manuscrit Université, 2005
 L’action culturelle dans les villes nouvelles (Cultural action in the new towns), Paris, La Documentation française, Comité d’histoire du ministère de la Culture, Programme interministériel d’histoire et d’évaluation des villes nouvelles, 2005
 Habiter les villes nouvelles (Living the new cities), Paris, manuscrit.com, 2006

References

1964 births
French historians
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Living people
Maringka Baker is an Aboriginal artist from central Australia. She lives in the Pitjantjatjara community of Kaṉpi, South Australia, and paints for Tjungu Palya, based in nearby Nyapaṟi. Maringka paints sacred stories from her family's Dreaming (spirituality). As well as the important cultural meanings they carry, her paintings are known for being rich in colour and contrast. She often paints the desert landscape in bright green colours, and contrasts it against reds and ochres to depict landforms. She also uses layers of contrasting colours to show the detail of the desert in full bloom.

Maringka was born in outback Western Australia around 1952. She was born at Kaliumpil, an old ceremonial and camping site on the Ngaanyatjarra lands. Her mother and father died when she was a young girl, and Maringka was brought up by Anmanari Brown and her other relatives. She went to primary school on the mission at Warburton, but ran away to join relatives in Ernabella. She later moved to Kaltjiti, where she finished high school and got a job as a teacher.

In the late 1960s, Maringka married a man from Papulankutja. They had a daughter, Elaine, in 1969. Maringka's husband died while Elaine was still a baby. Maringka became a health worker and she moved with her daughter to Irrunytju to work in the local clinic. In the 1980s, Maringka married Douglas Baker (nephew of Jimmy Baker), and they moved back east to live at Kaṉpi.

Maringka began painting in 2004. She paints for Tjungu Palya, a community arts centre based in nearby Nyapaṟi. She has become one of the centre's most well-known painters. Since 2005, Maringka's work has been exhibited in many cities around Australia, including Adelaide, Alice Springs, Broome, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. Overseas, her work has been shown in exhibitions in Singapore, Seattle and London. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Australia, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Victoria.

In 2007, Maringka was one of thirty artists featured in the first National Indigenous Art Triennial exhibition Culture Warriors. It showed four of her paintings: Anmangunga (2006), Kata Ala (2006), Ngura Mankurpa (2006), and Kuru Ala (2007). The last of these, Kuru Ala, is a depiction of a sacred women's site near Tjuntjuntjara that is associated with the creation story of the Seven Sisters (called Kungkarrakalpa in Pitjantjatjara). It was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2009, and is displayed in the National Gallery in Canberra.

References

Other websites
Maringka Baker  at Short Street Gallery

1950s births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
Artists from Western Australia
James Sloyan (born February 20, 1940 in Indianapolis, Indiana) is an American actor. He has acted in the television shows Star Trek and Hawaii 5-O. He acted in the movie The Sting. He has also acted in soap operas.

Sloyan is married and has two children, Daniel and Samantha. In 1957, he received a scholarship to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He is married to actress Deirdre Lanihan.

1940 births
Living people
Actors from Indianapolis, Indiana
American television actors
Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm better known by his pen-name  Farīd-ud-dīn Attār (i.e. 'Farid-ud-din the perfumer'), was a Persian poet, Sufi and Muslim theoretician. Little is known about his life and he was probably born in Nishapur, Persia, sometime in the 1140s. He died in 1220 AD.  His most famous works are his long allegorical poem, Mantiq at -Tayr (The Conference of Birds) and his account of the lives of many Sufi saints, the Tazkirat el Auliya.

Muslims
Asian Sufis
Persian poets
Asian writers
1220 deaths
Lionel George Logue (26 February 1880 – 12 April 1953) was an Australian speech therapist, scientist, and stage actor who successfully treated King George VI, who had a pronounced stammer.

Life
Lionel George Logue was born in College Town, Adelaide, South Australia on 26 February 1880. Logue was married to Myrtle Gruenert from 1907 until her death in 1945. They had three children.

Before he ascended the throne, Albert, Duke of York hated public speaking because he suffered from a severe stammer. His closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925 proved that the speaker and listeners alike. The experience left the Duke resolved to find a way to manage his stammer, so he engaged Logue in 1926.

Diagnosing poor co-ordination between the Duke's larynx and thoracic diaphragm, Logue prescribed a daily hour of vocal exercises. Logue's treatment gave the Duke the confidence to relax and avoid tension-induced muscle spasms. As a result, he suffered only the occasional hesitancy in speech. By 1927, he was speaking confidently and managed his address at the opening of the Old Parliament House in Canberra without stammering.

Logue worked with the Duke through the 1930s and 40s. He used tongue-twisters to help his patient rehearse for major speeches, his coronation, and his radio broadcasts to the British Empire throughout the Second World War. The two men remained friends until the King's death.

Logue died in London, England on 12 April 1953, aged 73 from natural causes. His funeral was held on 17 April 1953 in Holy Trinity, Brompton before his body was cremated.

Movies
He was played by actor Geoffrey Rush in Tom Hooper's 2010 movie, ''The King's Speech.

References

Other websites
"Lionel Logue 'never swore in front of King George VI'", BBC Radio Leicester
 Bowen, C. (2002). Lionel Logue: Pioneer speech therapist. Retrieved 1 January 2011

1880 births
1953 births
Deaths from natural causes
Australian stage actors
Scientists from South Australia
Australian educators
Actors from Adelaide
Carla Rubí Medina Villarreal (born June 29, 1984), better known as Carla Medina, Carla or Amiga de Alejandro Fernández is a Mexican TV host and singer. She hosted the Disney Channel program Zapping Zone.

Medina provided the voice of Trixie in the Spanish soundtrack for Toy Story 3.

Television
Zapping Zone, 2002-2012

References

1984 births
Living people
Mexican singers
People from Monterrey
Mexican television presenters
Hazrat Shaikh Khwaja Syed Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya (1238 – 3 April 1325), also known as Hazrat Nizamuddin, was a famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order in India. His shrine is in old Delhi and is one of the more important Chishti shrines in all South Asia. 

1238 births
1325 deaths
Muslims
Asian Sufis
Indian people
James Garland "J. G." Quintel (born September 13, 1982) is an American animator, television writer, and voice actor. He is best known as the creator of the animated television series, Regular Show on Cartoon Network. He was also the creative director of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack on Cartoon Network. He won an Primetime Emmy Award in 2012.

Quintel was born on September 13, 1982 in Hanford, California. He studied at the California Institute of the Arts.

Film

Television

References

Other websites

 

1982 births
Living people
American animators
American voice actors
American television producers
Actors from California
Writers from California
Emmy Award winners
Return to Never Land (also known as Peter Pan in Disney's Return to Never Land) is a 2002 American animated movie. It was produced by DisneyToon Studios in Sydney, Australia. The movie is a sequel to the 1953 Peter Pan.

Voice cast
Because nearly five decades had passed since the original Disney movie, a new cast of voice actors was used for this sequel. Kathryn Beaumont, who was the voice of Wendy in the original, recorded all of the now-adult character's dialogue for Return to Never Land. Disney Studios later had Kath Soucie completely rerecord the role.

 Harriet Owen as Jane (Singing voice provided by Jonatha Brooke) and young Wendy
 Blayne Weaver as Peter Pan
 조나단 프리먼 as Captain Hook
 조나단 프리먼 as Smee, the Pirates
 Kath Soucie as Wendy Darling
 Andrew McDonough as Danny
 Roger Rees as Edward
 Spencer Breslin as Cubby
 Bradley Pierce as Nibs
 Quinn Beswick as Slightly
 Aaron Spann as Twins
 Frank Welker as Nana II and Giant Octopus

References

2002 movies
2002 animated movies
Sequel movies
Disney animated movies
American animated movies
The Royal Birmingham Society of Artists (also called RBSA) is a group of artists who have a lot of experience and education. It is located in an area of Birmingham, England called the Jewellery Quarter. The RSBA has an art gallery there. It is a charity.

History

It was opened in 1821 and called the Birmingham Society of Artists. They had an art gallery and office space located on New Street in 1829. They changed their name to the RBSA in 1868. It was very well known during the Victorian era. It had many famous artists of the time period such as William Morris. RBSA wanted to have an art school, but another art school, the Birmingham School of Art, opened in the area before RBSA could start one. In the late 20th century their original building was going to be destroyed. RBSA moved to an old warehouse. Charles, Prince of Wales opened the new gallery on 12 April 2000. The people who lead the organization are named "President." They have all been artists.

References

Birmingham
Art
Piglet's Big Movie is a 2003 American animated movie.  It was released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 21, 2003. It is based on the characters in the Winnie-the-Pooh books written by A. A. Milne. In the movie, Piglet is ashamed of being small. He wanders off into the Hundred Acre Woods, leading his friends to form a search party to find him.

Cast
 John Fiedler as Piglet
 Jim Cummings as Pooh and Tigger
 Ken Sansom as Rabbit
 Nikita Hopkins as Roo
 Kath Soucie as Kanga
 Peter Cullen as Eeyore
 Michael Gough as Gopher
 Andre Stojka as Owl
 Tom Wheatley as Christopher Robin
 James Horner as Bees

American animated movies
2003 animated movies
Disney animated movies
Sequel movies
Movies about animals
Gabriel Contino better known as Gabriel o Pensador is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on March 4, 1974.
He began his musical career to launch a demo with the song "I'm Happy (I killed the President)" and was soon hired by Sony Music.

Recent events
Besides singer, Gabriel is a writer in 2001 and released the autobiographical book Diary Nocturne, four years later launched A Boy Called Rorbeto, which won the Jabuti Award best children's book of the year next. In 2008 released the book My Little Rubro-Negro and a year later launched a special version of the same book titled My Little Crimson-Black - Special Edition Hexa.

References 

Brazilian rap musicians
1974 births
Living people
Teacher's Pet is a 2004 animated musical movie.  It is based on the television series of the same name. The movie ends the central storyline of the series. The movie released theatrically on January 16, 2004.

Cast
 Nathan Lane as Spot Helperman / Scott Leadready II / Scott Manly-Manning
 Shaun Fleming as Leonard Amadeus Helperman
 Debra Jo Rupp as Mary Lou Moira Angela Darling Helperman
 Kelsey Grammer as Dr. Ivan Krank
 David Ogden Stiers as Mr. Jolly
 Jerry Stiller as Pretty Boy
 Paul Reubens as Dennis
 Megan Mullally as Adele
 Wallace Shawn as Principal Crosby Strickler
 Rob Paulsen as Ian Wazselewski
 Estelle Harris as Mrs. Boogin
 Jay Thomas as Barry Anger
 Rosalyn Landor as The Blue Fairy
 Genie Ann Francis as Marsha / Marcia
 Anthony Geary as John / Juan
 Mae Whitman as Leslie Dunkling
 Lauren Tom as Younghee
 Pamela S. Adlon as Trevor / Taylor / Tyler
 Timothy Stack as Father
 Emma Steinkellner as Little girl
 Ken Swofford as Officer White
 Kevin M. Richardson as Conductor
 David Maples as Beefeater

2004 movies
2004 animated movies
American animated movies
Disney animated movies
Alex Pereira Barbosa better known as MV Bill is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on January 3, 1974.

Alongside the career of rapper, MV Bill launched in 2005, along with Celso Athayde, the book Head Pig. The following year, Falcon - Traffic Kids, available in book and DVD, which became known nationally after viewing the program Fantasy, the Globo.

References 

Brazilian rap musicians
1974 births
Living people
Pooh's Heffalump Movie is a 2005 American animated musical adventure comedy film released by Walt Disney Pictures, featuring characters from A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories.

A sequel, Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie, was released direct-to-video on September 13, 2005.

Cast 
 Nikita Hopkins as Roo
 Kyle Stanger as Lumpy the Heffalump
 Jim Cummings as Winnie-the-Pooh and Tigger
 Peter Cullen as Eeyore
 Kath Soucie as Kanga
 John Fiedler as Piglet
 Ken Sansom as Rabbit
 Brenda Blethyn as Mama Heffalump

2005 movies
Disney animated movies
Sequel movies
American animated movies
Movies about animals
Rappin' Hood is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on June 5, 1972.

Recent events
In 2008, signed to TV Cultura to present the program Manos e Minas appears on Wednesdays and 19h 30 min. However, he left the program in April 2009, leaving the command of the same for the rapper Thaíde.

References 

Brazilian rap musicians
1972 births
Living people
Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Magical World is a 1998 direct-to-video Disney midquel movie.  It is the third in the Beauty and the Beast trilogy. It was first released on February 17, 1998.

1998 movies
Disney animated movies
Beauty and the Beast (Disney)
Sequel movies
American animated movies
Disney direct-to-video movies
Thaíde is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 5, 1967.

Recent events
In April 2009, he took over the program Manos e Minas, the TV Cultura, leaving the program a year later. Signed to TV Bandeirantes in 2010 and currently presents the program "A Liga" on this same station, along with Lobão, Caze Peçanha, Débora Vilalba and Sophia Reis program and Metro Black Radio Metropolitana FM of São Paulo along with Marcela Rocha.

References 

Brazilian rap musicians
1967 births
Living people
Xis is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 24, 1972.

Recent events
He participated in the second edition of Casa dos Artistas in 2002 in SBT. However, at 21 days of confinement, left home due to new program participants. In the same year, he won his second trophy "Best Video Rap" in VMB.

References 

Brazilian rap musicians
1972 births
Living people
The Game of the District Messenger Boy; or, Merit Rewarded is a board game published by McLoughlin Brothers in 1886. Players race their tokens around a track as lowly messenger boys. The first player to reach the Head of the Firm space at track's end is the winner. The game is one of the earliest American games to insinuate (suggest as truth) that social status is increased with the accumulation of wealth. Prior to its publication, Christian virtue as a means to a better life was the focus of American board games such as The Mansion of Happiness. Variants of District Messenger Boy include The Game of the Messenger Boy. Competitive, materialsitic board games culminated in 1935 with Monopoly.

Related pages
 Horatio Alger, Jr.

Board games
The Warta (; ) is a river in western-central Poland. It is a tributary of the Oder river. It is about  long. The Warta is Poland's third longest river. Its river basin is . It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski) near Bydgoszcz.

Course 
The Warta river starts in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie in the Silesian Voivodeship. It flows through Łódź Voivodeship, Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), and Lubusz Voivodeship. It empties into the Oder river in a town called Kostrzyn nad Odrą, on the border with Germany.

The Warta's river basis was the original territory of Poland. The Polans tribe () lived there starting in the 8th century (700 CE). The Polish national anthem, Mazurek Dąbrowskiego, mentions the Warta in its second verse.

Cities 
The Warta river runs through many different cities and towns:

 Zawiercie
 Myszków
 Częstochowa
 Działoszyn
 Sieradz
 Warta
 Uniejów
 Koło
 Konin
 Pyzdry
 Śrem
 Mosina
 Puszczykowo
 Luboń
 Poznań
 Oborniki
 Obrzycko
 Wronki
 Sieraków
 Międzychód
 Skwierzyna
 Gorzów Wielkopolski
 Kostrzyn nad Odrą

Right tributaries 
 Widawka
 Ner
 Wełna
 Noteć

Left tributaries 
 Liswarta
 Prosna
 Obra
 Postomia

Related pages
 List of Rivers of Poland

Rivers of Poland
The family Eupleridae is a group of carnivores found in Madagascar. The family has of eight species and seven genera in two subfamilies. They live in a variety of habitats, from humid forests, marshes, bogs, and swamps, to deserts and savannas.

The Euplerids are a clade. They are descendents of ancestors which rafted over from Africa about 20 million years ago (mya). They are closely related to mongooses. The fossa and the Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana) are believed to be the most ancient surviving species in this group.
 
Euplerids usually have slender bodies with relatively small heads. Head and body length ranges from 250 mm to 800 mm. Euplerids are primarily carnivorous, eating small mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. Fossa fossana and Galidia elegans may also eat some fruit.

Reproduction
Fossas form monogamous pairs, while species in the genera Galidia, Mungotictis, and Salanoia live alone or in pairs, suggesting that they are monogamous for one breeding season only. Mungotictis individuals live in small groups with several adults of each sex, but it is not known if all of the adults in a group breed. Cryptoprocta only live alone, suggesting a polygynous or polygynandrous mating system.

Euplerids have definite breeding seasons. Each species' season is different and lasts from two to eight months. Gestation lasts around three months. Usually, just one or two young are born per litter, though Cryptoprocta can have up to four. Weaning takes place between two and four and a half months.

Conservation status 
All species in this family are threatened. The main causes are loss of habitat and hunting by humans or dogs. (IUCN 2006)

References 

Feliformia
Tracey Walter (born November 25, 1947) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Bob the Goon in Tim Burton's 1989 movie Batman. He won a Saturn Award in 1984.

Walter was born on November 25, 1947 in Jersey City, New Jersey.

References

Other websites
Tracey Walter Online

1947 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New Jersey
Saturn Award winners
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Montgomery Edward "Monty" Clift (October 17, 1920 – July 23, 1966) was an American movie, television, radio, and stage actor who is known for his roles in From Here to Eternity, A Place in the Sun, The Misfits, Red River, and in Judgement at Nuremberg. He was nominated four times for an Academy Award. His great-great-grandfather was politician Francis Preston Blair.

Clift was born on October 17, 1920, in Omaha, Nebraska. He was raised in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City. He began his career in Broadway in 1935 when he was only 13 years old. He worked with many famous actors such as Marlon Brando and Elizabeth Taylor.

He was never married and had no children. He was homosexual. He had a boyfriend with Maurice Leonard. Clift died on July 23, 1966 in New York City from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease, aged 45.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1920 births
1966 deaths
Actors from New York City
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from New York City
People from Queens
League of Legends (LoL) is a multiplayer online battle arena video game. It was created by Riot Games. People can play the game on Microsoft Windows and macOS. The game is free-to-play, meaning people do not need to pay money to play the game. The game uses a freemium way to make money. League of Legends was inspired by Defense of the Ancients (DotA).

As of 2013, it is the most played computer game in the world with over 32 million active users per month. It is currently the most played game in the world by active users per month. The game is very popular  for professional competitions.

Gameplay
In League of Legends, the player who is called a "summoner" selects a “champion” from a pool of 157 (As of September 2021) possible choices, each with their own set of unique abilities. Each player plays in a team with 4 other summoners against another 5 person team. The goal of the team is to make it to the opposite team’s base, called a nexus, and destroy it in one of 3 battle arenas, called maps. However, to accomplish this, teams must first destroy 3 towers and an inhibitor in at least one lane. The Nexus also spawns AI-controlled minions for each team, that move forward and attack the first enemy champion, minion, or turret they see. The most popular map, Summoner's Rift, is split into three lanes that each have three turrets and an inhibitor.  Players can kill minions, or other enemy players to gain gold which can be spent on items to make their champion stronger.

Between each lane are paths where neutral monsters spawn, called the jungle. Either side can kill these monsters to gain gold, experience and buffs.

Each champion has three normal abilities and an ultimate ability. Killing minions, jungle monsters and enemy champions gives experience and when a certain amount is reached the champion 'levels up' and the player can spend a point to improve one of their abilities. There are 18 levels and points can be spent in any order. However, these points can only be used to buy a champion's ultimate ability and it's improvements at levels 6, 11 and 16.

Player experience and intelligence points are earned by playing matches over time. Player accounts begin at level one. There is no level cap, but some of the game modes are not unlocked until level 30.  They also unlock abilities called summoner spells that can be used in game, as well as Runes. These provide small bonuses during the game.

References

Other websites
 

2009 video games
Online games
Hazrat Sheikh Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-Arabī  (Arabic: ابن عربي) (July 28, 1165 – November 10, 1240) was an Arab Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet and philosopher. 

He is renowned in the Muslim world as Sheikh ul Akbar (The Greatest Sheikh), for his famous explanation of the concept of Tawhid  (Oneness of God) through the concept or perception of the idea of Wahdat ul Wajood (Oneness of Being).

He was born in Murcia. When he was a child his family moved to Seville. Despite living in Spain, he visited North Africa a lot. In 1202 he visited Mecca, as part of his Hajj. He lived in Mecca for three years. He also visited Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Palestine. He would eventually move to Damascus. He died there in 1240. 

His most famous book is called The Meccan Revelations (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya in Arabic). It has 560 chapters. In the book, he writes about cosmology, metaphysics, religion, and Islam.

References

1165 births
1240 deaths
Muslims
Arab people
Poets
was a Japan academic and Japanologist.  He is known as the "father of Japanese studies" at Columbia University.

Career
Tsunoda was responsible for the early growth of the Japanese language and  literature collection at Columbia's library. 
 
Tsunoda's best known students was Donald Keene.   Keene's opinion of Tsunoda was explaind in a lecture given at Waseda University in 1994:
"His vocation was teaching, not writing. His joy as a teacher lay in communicating knowledge directly and enthusiastically to his students.... "

According to Sir George Sansom, Tsunoda was the "father of Japanese studies in America".

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Tsunoda, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 50 works in 100+2 publications in 4 languages and 2,000+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Japan in the Chinese Dynastic Histories, 1951 (with L. Carrington Goodrich)
 Sources of Japanese Tradition, Vols. I-II, 1958 (with William Theodore de Bary and Donald Keene)

References

Other websites
  Tsunoda, Ryūsaku at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

 Waseda University:  "Tsunoda Ryūsaku -- his life as a bridge between Japan and America," 2008.

1877 births
1964 deaths
Japanologists
In special relativity, the Minkowski spacetime is a four-dimensional manifold, created by Hermann Minkowski. It has four dimensions: three dimensions of space (x, y, z) and one dimension of time. Minkowski spacetime has a metric signature of (-+++), and describes a flat surface when no mass is present. The convention in this article is to call Minkowski spacetime simply spacetime. 

However, Minkowski spacetime only applies in special relativity. General relativity used the notion of curved spacetime to describe the effects of gravity and accelerated motion.

Definition(s)

Mathematical
Spacetime can be thought of as a four-dimensional coordinate system in which the axes are given by 

They can also be denoted by

Where  represents . The reason for measuring time in units of the speed of light times the time coordinate is so that the units for time are the same as the units for space. Spacetime has the differential for arc length given by

This implies that spacetime has a metric tensor given by

As before stated, spacetime is flat everywhere; to some extent, it can be thought of as a plane.

Simple
Spacetime can be thought of as the "arena" in which all of the events in the universe take place. All that one needs to specify a point in spacetime is a certain time and a typical spatial orientation. It is hard (virtually impossible) to visualize four dimensions, but some analogy can be made, using the method below.

Spacetime diagrams

Hermann Minkowski introduced a certain method for graphing coordinate systems in Minkowski spacetime. As seen to the right, different coordinate systems will disagree on an object's spatial orientation and/or position in time. As you can see from the diagram, there is only one spatial axis (the x-axis) and one time axis (the ct-axis). If need be, one can introduce an extra spatial dimension, (the y-axis); unfortunately, this is the limit to the number of dimensions: graphing in four dimensions is impossible. The rule for graphing in Minkowski spacetime goes as follows:

1) The angle between the x-axis and the x'-axis is given by  where v is the velocity of the object

2) The speed of light through spacetime always makes an angle of 45 degrees with either axis.

Spacetime in general relativity

In the general theory of relativity, Einstein used the equation

To allow for spacetime to actually curve; the resulting effects are those of gravity.

Related pages
Spacetime
Special relativity
General relativity

Relativity
Diane Pretty (15 November 1958 - 11 May 2002) was a British woman who became known for a debate on laws of euthanasia. She had attempted to change British law so she could end her own life because of the pains and problems of the terminal illness motor neurone disease.

Over time, the disease worsened and made it impossible for her to move or communicate easily even though her mental faculties remained normal. The illness resulted in her having to be looked after continuously by her husband and nurses. Pretty took her case to court using the Human Rights Act to argue not to prosecute anybody involved in helping her to die. British courts did not accept Pretty's arguments, with the House of Lords eventually turning her case down. The European Court of Human Rights refused to acknowledge that the European Convention on Human Rights provided a right to die, and her appeal to that court also failed. She died aged 43, as a result of her condition.

1958 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Disease-related deaths in England 
English activists
Euthanasia activists
Deep Impact was a NASA space mission to study comets. It was sent out to meet Comet Tempel 1, and to crash a smaller space rocket deep into the comet's surface. 

Deep Impact was launched on January 12, 2005 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The rocket used was Delta II. It reached the comet in July 2005,  from Earth. After taking photos, the  impactor spacecraft was sent to crash into the surface on July 4, 2005. This created a huge crater and blasted parts of the comet into space. Deep Impact was able to study this debris which included ice and dust from deep inside the comet. This has helped scientists understand what comets are made of.

From the explosion scientists discovered that the comet had water ice both on the surface and deep inside. One scientist described it as being like a "...skating rink of snowy dirt." They were able to work out the comet was formed in the area between Uranus and Neptune.

After the mission, NASA decided to send Deep Impact to study the Comet 85P/Boethin. However the comet did not return on its expected 11 year path around the sun, and has not been seen since.

References

NASA spacecraft
2005 in Florida
Positronium is an onium, a type of exotic atom that is made of a particle and its antiparticle. In Positronium, one positron and one electron are bonded together. The positron replaces a proton that would normally be present in a Hydrogen atom. They both stay in the same orbital.  The atom is unstable, and a few nanoseconds after it is created, the positron and the electron collide, destroying the Positronium and forming two gamma rays.

Positronium molecules 
Positronium can form molecules, like normal atoms. It can bond with both other exotic atoms and normal atoms.

Di-positronium 
Di-positronium is a simple molecule made from two positronium atoms bonded together. It was predicted in 1946 by John Archibald Wheeler, but was discovered in 2007 by David Cassidy and Allen Mills, when they fired positrons at molecules of silicon dioxide.

Positronium hydride 
Positronium hydride, also called hydrogen positride, is an exotic molecule made of an atom of hydrogen bonded to a positronium atom. It was predicted in 1951 by A Ore, but was not discovered until 1990 by R. Pareja and R. Gonzalez, who discovered it when they trapped positronium in hydrogen-magnesia crystals.
Physics
Science
Benque Viejo del Carmen (usually shortened to "Benque") is a town in the country of Belize. It is in the Cayo District.  The northern edge of the town is along the Mopan River.  The river also forms the border with Guatemala. Benque Viejo is a growing town rich with culture and activities. It is a short 5 minute walk to the famous Xunantunich ruins. It also is home to Actun Chapat, a large underground cave system, popular with tourists. An addition of a new Municipal market in Sept 6 2014 . A new hotel the Benque Resort. The addition of Tropic Air extending flights to Maya Flats, has increased the interest and visitors to Benque. Benque is experiencing a growing expat population of retirees, as it was voted cleanest and safest town in Belize.
Once a bustling center of trade for logwood and chicle, Benque is now experiencing growth in tourism, and the addition of a Free trade zone has contributed to the growth and prosperity of the town. Residents enjoy a variety of activities in the town, one of the most popular is river tubing. Leaving from the dock at the Benque Resort on Riverside, visitors and residents, can enjoy the beautiful greenish/blue waters of the Mopan River and float downstream to the Mayan ruins of Xunantunich, a popular tourist destination, which features one of the largest pyramids in Belize. A popular House of Culture features a Marimba academy,art classes,dance and music classes to residents and visitors alike. A 100-acre Art park Poustinia on the outskirts of Benque features fabulous works, created by groups and students from all over the world. A publishing house, Cubola books, and a recording studio, Stonetree records, have made this town popular amongst artists from all over the world. The addition of Cave Garden coffee house and resident artist and world renowned master flutist Pablo Collado has entertained countless groups and dignitaries.

Towns in Belize
The genus Cuniculus has the two species of paca. 

Lowland Paca, Cuniculus paca
Mountain Paca, Cuniculus taczanowskii

Pacas are found from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. They are a source of meat in many places.

Both species of paca eat mainly fruit. Other foods include roots, seeds, leaves, buds, and flowers. In the wild, pacas are herbivores, meaning they eat only plants. In captivity, they are omnivores, meaning they eat both plants and flesh. Pacas in zoos eat fruits, vegetables, raw meat, lizards, and insects.

Rodents
The Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic is a one-day amateur cycling race in Belize. It happens every year during the Easter holidays. It is Belize's biggest cycling event and it has begun to be recognized internationally. The name is usually shortened to the Cross Country Cycling Classic or "Cross Country" for short. The race is about 140 miles long.

Sport in Belize
Cycling
1928 establishments
1920s establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Belize
The Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) is (a former name of a) part of the United States Air Force Space Command. The Space Command's 45th Space Wing is based at the nearby Patrick Air Force Base. The CCAFS is at Cape Canaveral, Florida. It is next to the Kennedy Space Center which is on Merritt Island. The two facilities have access to the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Skid Strip which is a large  runway for military aircraft bringing heavy and oversize loads. the CCAFS has four active launch pads for space rockets.

Many space missions have been launched from CCAFS. For example:
 Explorer 1 the first U.S. earth satellite (1958)
 MR-3 with Alan Shepard, the first U.S. astronaut (1961)
 Mercury-Atlas 6 with John Glenn, the first U.S. astronaut in orbit (1962)
 Gemini 3, the first two-man U.S. spacecraft (1965)
 Surveyor 1, the first U.S. unmanned lunar landing (1966)
 Apollo 7, the first three-man U.S. spacecraft (1968)
 Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to orbit Mars (1971)
 Mars Pathfinder, the first mission to roam the surface of Mars (1996)
 Pioneer program, the first American spacecraft to orbit and land on Venus (1978)
 Cassini−Huygens, the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn (2004)
 MESSENGER which orbited Mercury (2011).

Related pages 
 Baikonur Cosmodrome
 Kennedy Space Center
 NASA

References 

NASA
United States Air Force
Spaceports
Delta II was a rocket used to launch various projects into space. The Delta series of rockets were first designed and made by McDonnell Douglas. This company joined with Boeing in 1997. Delta II rockets had been made since 2006 by United Launch Alliance, which is a joint company owned by Boeing and Lockheed Martin to supply launch rockets to the US government. Boeing Launch Services supplied Delta II rockets to private companies.

The Delta II rockets were based on the Thor rockets built in the 1950's. These were used to carry Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles. The first Thor was launched on January 26, 1957. The Delta II rocket was first launched on 14 February 1989. The rocket was developed after the explosion of the  in 1986. The US Air Force needed another way to launch its GPS satellites. As of 2018, there had been 156 Delta II launches from both Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and the Vandenberg Air Force Base. Only two launches were unsuccessful. On 5 August 1995, a rocket motor failure meant the Koreasat 1 was put into a lower orbit. On 17 January 1997, Delta 241 carrying the GPS IIR-1 exploded 13 seconds after taking off.

The last time the Delta II took off on 15 September 2018, when she carried the ICESat-2 satellite.

References

Related pages 
 Delta IV

Rockets
Bell's palsy is a  paralysis of the face on one side. It is caused by inflammation of a facial nerve. The sufferer cannot move the muscles on the affected side of the face.  

Several conditions can cause facial paralysis, such as brain tumors, strokes, and Lyme disease. Bell's palsy is named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell. Bell first described the disease. It is the most common acute disease involving only one nerve, and it is the most common cause of sudden facial nerve paralysis.

Bell's palsy involves a rapid start of partial or complete paralysis that often occurs overnight. Scientists believe that inflammation leads to swelling of the facial nerve. The nerve travels through the skull in a narrow bone canal beneath the ear. Nerve swelling and compression in the narrow bone canal are thought to stop the nerve from working. At times of lowered immunity, a dormant (sleeping) virus, usually the chicken pox or cold sore virus, can wake up and attack the nerve causing it to swell. The main symptoms of Bell's palsy are one-sided facial paralysis, jaw pain, dizziness, strengthened hearing in one ear, and weakened taste sense.

Bell's palsy usually cures itself, sometimes in a few weeks. Corticosteroids (cortisone steroids) have been found to improve the condition while anti-viral drugs have not. Early treatment is necessary for steroids or drugs to be effective, but it is controversial wether or not they work.  Most people recover spontaneously and achieve near-normal to normal functions. Some people however will never regain full facial movement, or it may take a longer time. Many show signs of improvement as early as 10 days after the onset, even without treatment.

Often those suffering from Bell's palsy cannot close the eye in the affected side. The eye must be protected from drying up, or the cornea may be permanently damaged. The affected eye may need to be taped shut when sleeping.

References 

Neurology
Diseases
Sauli Väinämö Niinistö (born 24 August 1948) is the 12th and current President of Finland.

A lawyer by education, Niinistö was Minister of Finance from 1996 to 2003 and the National Coalition Party candidate in the 2006 presidential election. He served as the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland from 2007 to 2011 and has been the Honorary President of the European People's Party (EPP) since 2002.

Niinistö was the National Coalition Party candidate in the 2012 presidential election, beating Pekka Haavisto of the Green League with 62.6% of the vote in the decisive second round. Niinistö assumed office on 1 March 2012, and is the first president from the National Coalition Party since Juho Kusti Paasikivi, who left office in 1956.

Niinistö served on the municipal council of Salo from 1977 to 1992 and was elected a Member of the Finnish Parliament (Eduskunta) from the district of Finland Proper in 1987. In 1994 he was chosen to lead the National Coalition Party as the party chairman

Niinistö's first wife Marja-Leena Niinistö died in a car accident in 1995. Niinistö married his second wife Jenni Haukio (born 1977) in January 2009.

References

Presidents of Finland
1948 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
Claude Dubar (born 11 December 1945) is an academic French sociologist.

Biography 
After his teaching experience at Beirut, Lebanon in 1974, he became professor at the Lille University of Science and Technology in 1977. His thesis focuses on vocational training in France

In 1988, he joined the Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications (Centre for Studies and Research on Qualifications) in Paris, researching relations between the sociology of education and work, and especially the sociology of professional identities.

Since 1993 till ???, he has been a sociology teacher at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. In 2012, he is Emeritus Professor (retired, with an honorific position given by Université).

Further reading 
 Faire de la sociologie, un parcours d'enquêtes (Doing sociology, a survey path), 2006.
 Sociologie des professions (Sociology of professions), 2005.
 Analyser les entretiens biographiques (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Didier Demazière, 2004. ()
 La Socialisation, construction des identités sociales et professionnelles (Socialization, construction of social and professional identities), 2002, Armand Colin. ()
 La Crise des identités (Crisis of Identity), 2001. (), 2010, PUF. ()
 La Promotion sociale en France (Social Promotion in France), with Charles Gadea, 1999.
 Genèse et dynamique des groupes professionnels (Genesis and dynamic professional groups), with Yvette Lucas, 1994.
 La Formation professionnelle continue (Continuing Professional Education), thesis, 1984.

References

1945 births
French sociologists
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Living people
The Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) is an array of radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.  A high and dry site is very important for millimeter wavelength work.  ALMA is being built on the Chajnantor plateau at 5000 metres altitude.  It will have 66 12-meter and 7-meter diameter radio telescopes observing at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths. ALMA is expected to help scientists understand how stars were created during the early universe. It will also provide detailed imaging of local star and planet formation. 

ALMA is being built by Europe, the United States, Canada, East Asia and the Republic of Chile.  Costing more than a billion US dollars, it is the worlds's most expensive ground-based telescope. ALMA began scientific observations in the second half of 2011 and the first images were released to the press on 3 October 2011. The project is should be fully operational by March 2013.

References

Telescopes
Astronomical observatories in Chile
George Mamua Telek (born 1969), commonly known simply as Telek, is a musician from Papua New Guinea. He is one of the country's most successful musicians, and his music is well known in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Telek was born in Raluana, a village near Rabaul in New Britain. He sings in his native language, Kuanua, and also in Tok Pisin.

Telek sang with various bands in Papua New Guinea early in his career, most notably with the group Painim Wok, famous in the 1980s. Telek met Australian musician David Bridie in Rabaul in the mid-1980s. Together they recorded the very successful album Tabaran.

Telek recorded his first solo album, Telek, outside Papua New Guinea in 1997. This album won an ARIA award for Best World Music Album. He recorded his second international album Serious Tam in 2000 at Peter Gabriel's studios in London. The next album he released was Amette, in 2004. He recorded it in Bridie's studio in Melbourne. His most recent album Akave was released through the Wantok Music-label.

References

1959 births
Living people
Papua New Guinean people
Singers
Guitarists
Halo 4 is a first-person shooter video game made by 343 Industries. It is published by Microsoft Studios and is available for Xbox 360.

The game was announced at E3 2011 on June 4, 2011. Halo 4 sees the return of Master Chief and Cortana. On September 26, 2012, Halo 4 was announced that it had completed development and the game was released worldwide (except Japan) on November 6, 2012. Halo 4 was released in Japan on November 8, 2012.

References

Other websites
Halo official website 
Halo Waypoint on 343 Industries

2012 video games
Xbox 360-only games
Halo