cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Petro Oleksiyovych Poroshenko (; born 26 September 1965 in Bolhrad) is a Ukrainian billionaire businessman. He became President of Ukraine on 7 June 2014. He lost his re-election in 2019 to comedian Volodymyr Zelensky.

Poroshenko was the People's Deputy of Ukraine of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th and 9th convocations (1998-2014, since 2019). He is a founder of the Solidarity Party of Ukraine and one of the co-founders of the Labor Solidarity Party of Ukraine, which later changed its name to the Party of Regions. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (2009-2010) in the second government of Yulia Tymoshenko and Minister of Trade (2012) in the government of Mykola Azarov. He was a member of the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine (2007-2014).

Elected President of Ukraine in May 2014, winning 54.7% of the vote in the first round. During his presidency, he suspended active Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine and gained Ukraine's foreign policy support from Western (Europe and North America) countries. Under his presidency, Ukraine received a visa-free regime with the EU (2017). He contributed to the granting of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (2018-2019). He initiated unprecedented reforms in the army, education, medicine, public administration, etc. He ran in the 2019 presidential election, but lost to producer and showman Volodymyr Zelensky in the second round.

In addition to his political activities, Poroshenko is engaged in business and is considered one of the Ukrainian oligarchs; regularly ranks in the rankings of the wealthiest Ukrainians. He is partly the owner of the Roshen confectionery corporation, several automobile and bus factories, the 5 TV channel, etc.

Biography 
The Poroshenko family is documented in the 1835 census in Safyany, Izmail County, Bessarabian Province. The family belongs to the community of Ukrainian burghers. The family lived on the lands of the Ust-Danube Budzhak Cossack army.

References

1965 births
Living people
Ukrainian businesspeople
Presidents of Ukraine
Billionaires
Massimo Vignelli (January 10, 1931 – May 27, 2014) was an Italian graphic designer. He did work in a number of areas ranging from package design to houseware design to furniture design to public signage to showroom design. He was the founder of Vignelli Associates. He was born in Milan, Italy.

Vignelli died in New York City, New York from an illness, aged 83.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in New York
Italian businesspeople
People from Milan
Mieczysław Franciszek Rakowski (December 1, 1926 – November 8, 2008) was a Polish communist politician, historian and journalist. He served as an officer in the Polish People's Army from 1945 to 1949. He served as Prime Minister of Poland from 1988 to 1989.

Rakowski died on November 8, 2008 from cancer in Warsaw at the age of 81.

References

1926 births
2008 deaths
Polish communists
Deaths from cancer
Disease-related deaths in Poland
Prime Ministers of Poland
Polish historians
Polish journalists
Breckin Erin Meyer (born May 7, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, writer, television producer, and drummer. 

He is known for his role as Jon Arbuckle in Garfield: The Movie, as Joseph Gribble in King of the Hill, for his many voice roles in the Adult Swim TV series Robot Chicken, and for his role as Jared Franklin in Franklin & Bash.

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television producers
American drummers
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Comedians from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Musicians from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Writers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pernell-Karl Sylvester Subban  ( ; born May 13, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Subban played 4 years with the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Subban was drafted with the 43rd overall pick by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Canadiens on February 12, 2010, in a 3–2 loss to the Philadelphia Flyers. During the game, he assisted on a Glen Metropolit goal for his first point in the NHL. On April 26, 2010, Subban played in his first NHL playoff game. He also recorded his first NHL playoff point when he assisted on a Michael Cammalleri goal. He scored his first goal on April 30, 2010, in game one of Canadiens' second round series against the Pittsburgh Penguins.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 
 
 

1989 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Ontario
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Nashville Predators players
New Jersey Devils players
Ontario Hockey League players
Pombia Safari Park is a safari park, zoo and amusement park in Pombia, Piedmont, northern Italy. It was created by Angelo Lombardi in 1976. It has an area of 400.000 square metres.

References 

Zoos
Piedmont
1976 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Italy
Safari Ravenna is a safari park and zoo in Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, created in 2012 near the amusement park of Mirabilandia; extending over an area of 340.000 square metres.

References 

2010s establishments in Italy
2012 establishments in Europe
Zoos
Ravenna
"My Way" is the fourth single off American nu metal band Limp Bizkit's third studio album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water. The song was released on January 6, 2001. The song was nominated for a Kerrang! Award for Best Single. My Way was used as the theme song for WWF's WrestleMania X-Seven.

References

Other websites
"My Way" on YouTube

2001 songs
"Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)" is the third single off American nu metal band Limp Bizkit's third studio album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water. The song was released on October 10, 2000. 

There was a remix version of the song titled "Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)" which featured rappers DMX, Redman, and Method Man. It was also produced by Swizz Beatz. The remix was ranked #4 on VH1's list of 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs.

The song was used as the theme song for American professional wrestler The Undertaker from December 2000 to May 2002. Limp Bizkit performed the song live during his entrance for WrestleMania XIX. The song was featured in the 2001 video game NHL Hitz 2002 and the remix was featured in the 2001 movie The Fast and the Furious.

References

Other websites
"Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)" on YouTube

2000 songs
"Youth of the Nation" is the second single off American Christian nu metal band P.O.D.'s fourth studio album Satellite. The song was released on December 25, 2001.

The song was inspired partially by the Santana High School and Columbine High School shootings. In a 2008 interview, guitarist Marcos Curiel described it:
"We were rehearsing and writing Satellite a couple of blocks away from the school. One day on the way to the studio, there were all these helicopters and cars speeding by. We really didn’t know what was going on. When we got to the studio, this guy had the news on, and he was like, ‘This kid just went and started blasting fools.’ So we started jamming, and that rhythm just naturally came out then Wuv [Bernardo, drummer] put that drumbeat on it, and the song was born."

References

Other websites
"Youth of the Nation" on YouTube

2001 songs
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), or ground-to-air missile (GTAM), is a type of missile that is launched from ground or from a ship to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of Anti-aircraft warfare.

Other websites
 Rest-of-World Missile Systems 

Missiles
Luis Antonio Jaime of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785), Infante of Spain, Cardinal Deacon of the titular church of Santa Maria della Scala in Rome, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain, 13th Count of Chinchón, Grandee of Spain First Class, known as the Cardinal Infante, was the last child of Philip V of Spain and his wife Elisabeth Farnese. He is famous for being the youngest Cardinal in history. He also had close ties with several famous Spanish painters of his day including Francisco de Goya.

Brief biography
Luis was born in the city of Seville in Spain. He was the youngest child of the king King and queen of Spain. He was given the name Luis in honour of his French great-grandfather Louis XIV. From a young age his father showered various religious titles upon his youngest son, even creating him a Primate of Spain. Giving him the rank of an Archbishop while barely eight years old. He was also an Infante of Spain by birth being the child of a reigning Spanish monarch giving him the use of Royal Highness from birth. Despite his parents decisions the young Luis abandoned his religious rank due to a lack of interest in his charges on 18 December 1754. He was given the title of Count of Chinchón by which he is known. The title was eventually inherited by his daughter Maria Teresa and was given to him by his older brother The Infante Felipe.

Following the death of his childless elder half-brother King Fernando VI in 1759 he claimed the throne and his brother Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain claimed the throne for himself exiling his younger brother from the royal court in Madrid.

Marriage
In his exile Luis contracted a marriage with María Teresa de Vallabriga herself an aristocrat but not royalty. 

 Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga, 14th Count of Chinchón (22 May 1777 – 19 March 1823) later a cardinal but died childless.
 María Teresa de Borbón, Countess of Chinchón  6 March 1779 – 23 November 1828) married Manuel Godoy, Prince of the Peace and had children.
 María Luisa de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas (21 March 1780 – 1 December 1846) married Joaquín José de Melgarejo y Saurín, de Rojas y Ruíz-Dávalos Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga but died childless. 

As he now had children he could also claim the throne of the Two Sicilies but his brother Charles III barred his right and made sure he and his family were never allowed at court. He died aged 58 having never reconciled with his elder brother. His title was inherited by his eldest daughter whose children then inherited the title too.

Titles and styles
25 July 1727 - 18 December 1754: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain.
18 December 1754 - 7 August 1785: His Royal Highness The Count of Chinchón, Infante of Spain.

Other websites

1727 births
1785 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
People from Seville
Roman Catholic archbishops
Royalty and nobility
Spanish House of Bourbon
Spanish infantes and infantas
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. It may result in discharge, itching and pain. Vulva irritation or infection is often involved. It is usually because of the latter.

A woman having this condition may have these symptoms:

irritation and/or itching of genital area
foul vaginal odor
vaginal discharge
irritation/pain with sexual intercourse
inflammation

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal sickness in women.

References

Health problems
Ovarian cysts are collections of fluids, surrounded by a very thin wall within an ovary. Ovarian follicles that are larger than two centimeters are termed ovarian cysts. The cysts range from pea-sized to just larger than an orange. Most cysts are functional in nature and harmless.

Ovarian cysts affect women of any age.

Health problems
The Pentre Ifan dolmen is the largest and best preserved neolithic dolmen in Wales. It is on the ancient manor  of Pentre Ifan in the civil parish of Nevern, Pembrokeshire, Wales. The manor was the home of the Bowen family going back to the 11th century.

History
The dolmen dates from about 3,500 B.C. It may have been used for group burials. The existing stones form the door, called a portal and main chamber of the tomb. These would have been covered with a large stone mound about 36.6 m long and 17 m wide. Some of the stones have been scattered, but at least seven are in their original position. The capstone is 5.1 m in length, and is thought to to weigh 16 tonnes, and rises 2.4 m above the ground. It is held up by the narrow tips of three uprights. These stones make a chamber that is 3 m long, 2 m wide and 3 m high. A large stone has been used to block the entrance.

The facade around the portal is a carefully built dry stone wall.

William Francis Grimes carried out archaeological diggings at the site in 1936/1937 and 1958/1959. Small pieces of flint and pottery were discovered during these digs. This are also signs that there may have been holes dug for some sort of ritual purpose long before the dolmen was set up.

The dolmen is owned and looked after by Cadw, the Welsh Historic Monuments Agency. The site is well-kept and entrance is free. It is about 17 km from Cardigan. It has views down the Nevern Valley to the sea.

References

Other websites
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Pentre Ifan and surrounding area
The best preserved megalithic site in Wales - Extrageographic 
 http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=6392

QuickTime VR of Pentre Ifan: British Tours Ltd
Article and photos of Pentre Ifan
 http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=6392

Prehistoric buildings and structures
Pembrokeshire
Neolithic
Lago di Annone (also called Lago di Oggiono) is a lake in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy, Italy. It borders the municipalities of Annone di Brianza, Suello, Civate, Galbiate and Oggiono.

Annone
Lombardy
Tommy Albert Blom (3 March 1947 – 25 May 2014) was a Swedish singer and radio host. He was member of the band Tages of the 1960s. He started hosting Vinyl 107 from the mid-1990s until 2008 when he lost that job because "he was too old." However, he returned in 2011. He was born in Gothenburg.

Blom died from cancer on 25 May 2014 in Stockholm, aged 67.

References

Other websites

1947 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Sweden
People from Gothenburg
Swedish radio personalities
Swedish singers
Bolhrad ((; Bulgarian and ; )) is a small city in Odessa Oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. It is the capital city of Bolhrad Raion (district).

Cities in Ukraine
Hysteresis is a concept in physical science.
In hysteresis the output of a system depends not only on its input, but also on its history of past inputs. This is because the history affects the value of an internal state. To predict the future outputs of a system, either its internal state or its history must be known.

The effect may happen because of a lag between input and output. This effect disappears as the input changes more slowly. This effect meets the description of hysteresis given above, but is often referred to as rate-dependent hysteresis to distinguish it from hysteresis with a more durable memory effect.

Hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic materials and ferroelectric materials. It also occurs in the deformation of some materials (such as rubber bands and shape-memory alloys). Many artificial systems are designed to have hysteresis: for example, in thermostats and computers.

References 

Science
The Anglesey Coastal Path is a  is a footpath on the island of Anglesey, Wales in the United Kingdom. The footpath is a part of the Wales Coast Path.

Description

The footpath follows the coast of the island of Anglesey. It goes around the entire island except in two places. Those two places are Plas Newydd and Afon Alaw between Llanfachraeth and Llanynghenedl. The path starts at Holyhead. It travels through an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The majority of the path travels through public land with a small amount going through private land. Owners of the private land have given permission for walkers to pass through their property. The path is part of the All Wales Coast Path.

The path cost £1.4 million to build. It was built by two organizations: Menter Môn and Isle of Anglesey County Council. It was opened on June 9, 2006 by Rhodri Morgan.

Attached trails

There are three trails that connect to the Anglesey Coastal Path. They are:

Mynydd Mechell circular walk
Copper Coast Circular Walk
Ynys Llanddwyn

Places on the path

Walkers can visit many places on the path.

Villages and towns

Aberffraw
Amlwch
Beaumaris
Benllech
Bull Bay
Cemaes
Holyhead
Llanbadrig
Llangadwaladr
Llandegfan
Llanidan
Moelfre
Penmon
Porth Dafarch Beach Resort 
Rhoscolyn
Rhosneigr
Trearddur

Related pages

Menai Suspension Bridge

References

Other websites
 Official Website, including maps
 Anglesey Walking Festival 

Transport in Wales
Trails
The Battle of Hampton Roads was a naval battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on March 8 and 9, 1862 near Hampton Roads, Virginia. It was an important battle because it was the first combat between ironclad warships.

The Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia tried to break the Union navy blockade of Hampton Roads. The blockade prevented all commerce with Norfolk and Richmond, Virginia. On March 8, the Virginia sank and damaged several union battleships. On March 8, the Union ironclad USS Monitor arrived and fought the Virginia. The battle lasted for several hours. But neither ship could defeat the other. Both ships left the fight thinking they had won. But the Confederates failed to break the blockade. 

Both ironclads were lost soon after the battle.  When Norfolk fell in May 1862, the CSS Virginia was destroyed by its crew so it wouldn't be captured. The USS Monitor was lost in a storm near Cape Hatteras on December 31, 1862. Her wreck was found in 1974.

The Battle of Hampton Roads did not make a big difference in the outcome of the Civil War.  But it changed the way people fought wars with ships. The battle proved that ironclad warships were much stronger than wooden ships. After this battle, the U.S. and other countries stopped building wooden ships. They started building iron warships instead.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Battle of Hampton Roads (2002); YouTube
 The Warrior’s Influence Abroad: The American Civil War (why the Monitor was created) 

Hampton Roads
1862 in Virginia
March 1862 events
Dumb Starbucks was a coffee shop opened by comedian Nathan Fielder. It was closed just after three days for not having a proper health license. Because the shop was a parody making fun of the real Starbucks company, Fielder was able to use their logo.

Items and beverages 
In a normal Starbucks store, you will usually see a board with the beverages that you can purchase. But in Dumb Starbucks, it had the word "Dumb" in front of the name of the beverage you would see at Starbucks. For example, if you saw the Vanilla Latte at Starbucks, in Dumb Starbucks, it would be called "Dumb Vanilla Latte". Usually Starbucks has some other items, such as music CDs, but Dumb Starbucks also took the same music CDs and wrote the word "Dumb" in front of them.

Plans 
Nathan Fielder had planned to open another Dumb Starbucks in Brooklyn, New York City, but he did not try to open one, even with health documents. Many people did not like Fielder and his new parody. Some people felt he was making fun of them being Starbucks customers, others said his coffee was terrible.

References

2014 in American television
2010s in Los Angeles, California
Coffee houses
Malcolm Irving Glazer (August 15, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American businessman and sports team owner. He was the president and chief executive officer of First Allied Corporation. He also owned both the association football club Manchester United of the English Premier League and the American football team Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the NFL.

Glazer was born in Rochester, New York to Lithuanian Jewish immigrants.

Glazer was married to Linda from 1961 until his death. The couple had five sons together: Avram, Kevin, Bryan, Joel, Edward; and a daughter, Darcie.

Glazer died on May 28, 2014 in Palm Beach, Florida, aged 85. He had been in poor health since suffering two strokes in April 2006.

References

Other websites
 Glazer Family Foundation

1928 births
2014 deaths
American billionaires
Businesspeople from New York
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish billionaires
Jewish businesspeople
Malcolm
People from Rochester, New York
Sportspeople from New York
St. Govan's Chapel is a chapel in St. Govan, Pembrokeshire, in the country of Wales. 

The chapel is built into a cliff made of limestone. It is small and measures 20 by 12 feet in size. It has only one room. The walls are made of limestone.  The building is very old. It might have been built in the 6th century. But, most of the building was built in the 13th century. The first chapel was a cave that Saint Goven lived in where the chapel is today. People believe that Saint Goven might be buried beneath the building. 

There is one entrance on the north part of the building. There are benches made of stone inside. The roof, which is made of slate is newer. To get to the building you have to walk down 52 stairs.

References

Buildings and structures in Wales
Churches in the United Kingdom
Pembrokeshire
The second generation iPad Mini (stylized and marketed as iPad Mini 2, and previously marketed as the iPad mini with Retina display) is a tablet computer that is made and sold by Apple Inc. It almost has the same design as the first generation iPad Mini, but added some new features such as the Apple A7 system-on-a-chip and a 2,048 x 1,536 resolution Retina Display. It uses the same hardware that is used in the iPad Air. Apple released the second generation iPad Mini in silver and space grey colors on November 12, 2013.

The successor to the iPad Mini 2, the iPad Mini 3, was announced on October 16, 2014. In 2017, the iPad mini 2 was discontinued.

History
The iPad Mini 2 was announced during an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22, 2013. The theme of the event was 'We still have a lot to cover.' Originally, at the time of its release, the iPad Mini 2 was officially sold as the "iPad Mini with Retina Display". However, when the iPad Mini 3 was announced on October 16, 2014, Apple started selling the second generation iPad Mini as iPad Mini 2.

References

IPad
Tablets released in 2010s
Apple products released in 2013
George Eliot was an English spy during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I.

George Eliot is reported to have been a very bad person. He earned his living as a con artist (someone who gains the trust of another and then tricks them out of their money). He was well known as a rapist and suspected of being a murderer. Eliot became a spy for Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester. This was to avoid a charge from the last crime he committed. Eliot agreed to seek out Catholics who were not conforming to the rules of the state because the Church of England was the official state religion. He would then hand them over to the authorities for punishment.

At Lyford Grange in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), he tracked down the Jesuit priest, Edmund Campion. Eliot called for a magistrate from Abingdon. He arrested Campion and had him sent to London for trial and execution.

References

British murderers
British rapists
Criminals from London
Spies
Jorge David Glas Espinel (born 13 September 1969) is an Ecuadorean politician and electrical engineer. He has been Vice President of Ecuador from 24 May 2013 until his resignation on 13 December 2017.

Personal life
Jorge Glas was born 13 September 1969 in Guayaquil. He has known and been friends with president Rafael Correa since their time as boy scouts.

Education
He holds a degree in electrical engineering from the ESPOL which he obtained on 22 September 2008. On 3 January 2013 Jorge Glas was reported to the police for plagiarism of his thesis. He was reported by Galo Lara, a member of the rival Patriotic Society Party. The thesis was reviewed by Genove Gneco, a professor from the Dominican Republic, who investigated the thesis and found 35% of it to be suspected plagiarism. An investigation by a commission set up by ESPOL found Glas not guilty of plagiarism. Glas however recognized that he should have cited his sources better.

Political career
Since 2007 Glas has held several political appointments in the government of Rafael Correa. He was General Manager of the now shut down Solidarity Fund between 2007 and 2009. He was also the President of the National Telecomunications Council.

Afterwards Glas was Minister of Telecommunications. He directed the joining together  of Andinatel S.A. and Pacifitel S.A. into a single company,the National Corporation of Telecommunications, a corporation that he became the first chairperson of.

As Coordinating Minister of Strategic Sectors he was responsible for the building of several hydroelectric power plants the he had to borrowed money from Chinese banks to build.

Vice Presidency
Glas started his time as Vice President on 24 May 2013.

On 4 August 2017, Glas was suspended of his duties as Vice President due to corruption. He resigned from the office on 13 December 2017. He was replaced by Urban Minister María Vicuña.

References

1969 births
Living people
People from Guayaquil
Vice Presidents of Ecuador
Government ministers
Wrexham Glyndŵr University is a university in Wales. It is named after a Welsh national hero, Owain Glyndŵr. The university opened in 2008. Before becoming a university, it had been the Wrexham School of Arts and Science which opened in 1887. It has over 9000 students, and as well as the Wrexham campus it also has campuses at St. Asaph, Northop, and London.

References

Wales
Universities in the United Kingdom
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Wales
A thermostat is a sensor which keeps a heating system near to a desired temperature or setpoint. It is a control system.

The thermostat works by switching heating or cooling devices on or off. This is what happens in a central heating system or an air conditioner. In some systems it works by switching a 'heat transfer fluid' off or on as needed to keep the set temperature. The name is derived from the Greek words thermos "hot" and statos "a standing".

The simplest kind of thermostat is a bimetal strip which bends as the temperature rises, and at a set point breaks the circuit of an electrical current. Kitchen toasters use this kind of thermostat.

Because they control a system, thermostats are examples of feedback devices which maintain a steady local environment against temperature changes outside the outside world. In cybernetics, the thermostat is an example of a machine which uses feedback to maintain the stability of a heating system.

References 

Heat transfer
Control engineering
Machines
Martin Mystery is a French/Canadian animated television series. It is produced by the French company Marathon Media and the Canadian animation studio Image Entertainment Corporation. The series is based on an Italian comic strip. The series ran from 2003-2006. The series has 66 episodes divided into 3 seasons. The show is on Canal J in France and on YTV in Canada.

Plot
Martin Mystery and his stepsister Diana work at The Center, an organization that protects Earth from aliens.

References

Canadian television series
French television series
English-language television programs
2003 television series debuts
2006 television series endings
Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn (c. 1362 – 30 September 1440), was a powerful Welsh marcher lord. He became Baron after his father's death in July 1388. His main military actions were against the Welsh, during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr. 

Reginald de Grey was responsible for giving out royal demands in the Northern March. This included calling the local nobility and gentry and their men to Royal and military service. He was had been in a long-running legal argument with Glyndŵr, claiming part of Glyndwr's land as his own. Under King Richard II the case had been found in favour of Glyndŵr. When Henry IV became king, Grey took over the land.

Welsh rebellion
Glyndŵr tried to take legal action in 1400, but the court told him to give the land to Grey. Grey also did not tell Glyndŵr that his men were needed service in Scotland until the last moment. This made it impossible for Glyndŵr to send the men or even send an explanation for not sending them. Refusing or failing to follow an order of the King was treason. Glyndŵr's lands were would be taken until he could prove he was loyal to the king or receive punishment. On 16 September Glyndŵr and his brothers burned Grey's property. For three days his Welsh forces attacked the countryside of Flintshire and Denbighshire. On 24 September, Glyndwr's forces were defeated at Welshpool.

De Grey asked Glyndŵr to a meeting, but arrived with a large force, and attempted to capture Glyndŵr. Glyndŵr escaped and went into hiding, becoming a traitor in English eyes. King Henry took the land of Glyndŵr's friends, and gave them to John Beaufort, his half-brother. The rebellion spread across Wales by 1402. Lord Grey was taken prisoner by Glyndŵr's forces in an ambush near Ruthin in January. 

A ransom of 10,000 marks was asked for him. Lord Grey was made to promise not to fight against Glyndŵr again. King Henry IV sent 11 knights to meet with Glyndŵr. They paid the money to release Grey. Lord Grey and his family would have been expected to repay the money. 

The Grey family sold the Ruthin Lordship to King Henry VII in 1508 when the family needed money.

Hundred Years' War
Grey was a member of the Council which governed England during the absence of Henry V in France in 1415. He later fought against the French in the Hundred Years' War in 1420 and 1421. He also served as Governor of Ireland.

References

1360s births
1440 deaths
British military people
Nobility
Welsh people
An ORCID is a code to identify someone who writes academic articles. ORCID stands for Open Researcher and Contributor ID. Each person can have their own ORCID. ORCIDs make it easy to know which articles someone has written, even if they change their name. They also helps tell who has written which articles, if there is more than one writer with the same name. ORCID was started on 16 October 2012.

ORCIDs usually have four groups of four numbers. An example of a person with an ORCID is John Wilbanks. His ORCID is https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-0385. That is also the web address of the page about him, on the ORCID website. His ORCID can also be written as "ORCID: 0000-0002-4510-0385". Sometimes an ORCID has an "X" instead of a number at the end. An example of this is Nick Jennings's ORCID. His is https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-248X. The final number (or "X") is a check digit.

References

Other websites 

 ORCID website

Academia
This hurricane killed between 6,000 and 12,000 people.
The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 hit the city of Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. This hurricane was very large, and it is the deadliest hurricane in the history of the United States. It killed between 8,000 and 12,000 people. It was a "Category 4 hurricane" on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

Prelude to the great storm 

The U.S. National Weather Service was very simple in 1900. They did not have good information on what the storm was doing. As a result, they could not give people advance warnings. Galveston was located on a sandbar island off the coast of Texas. It was only about nine feet above sea level. The population was about 38,000. On the morning of September 8, 1900, nobody knew that 8,000 of that number would be gone by the next day.

The hurricane 

The Galveston hurricane began developing about August 30, 1900 in the middle Atlantic Ocean. It was still a tropical storm when it moved to Cuba on September 4. It hit Key West on September 6. At that point it became a full hurricane. It was a Category 4 hurricane when it got near the Texas coast. In the early afternoon of September 8 it hit with little warning. By the next morning it was gone and so was much of Galveston. After that, it moved back east as a tropical storm over the U.S. The damage was over $30,000,000. Galveston began rebuilding almost right away. A new seawall was built and many buildings were raised several feet. But it could not recover completely. The storm convinced most in the shipping industry to move to Houston with its safer harbor. Galveston would never again be the busiest shipping port in Texas.

References

Other websites 
 Galveston Hurricane of 1900; Texas State Historical Association
 The Galveston Storm of 1900; NOAA History 

1900 in the United States
19th century in Texas
Galveston, Texas
Hurricanes in the United States
Tyler L. Arnason (born March 16, 1979) is an American retired professional ice hockey center. He played a career total of 487 games in the  National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Ottawa Senators, and Colorado Avalanche.

Early life
He was born in Oklahoma City and raised in Winnipeg. He is the son of Chuck Arnason.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Arnason played college hockey at St. Cloud State University for 118 games. Arnason was drafted with the 183rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.

On January 21, 2003, he was involved in an off-ice incident. While Arnason, Phil Housley and Theoren Fleury were leaving the Pure Platinum strip club in Columbus, Ohio, Arnason and Housley had to step in to prevent Fleury from being beat up by the bouncers after Fleury punched the strip club manager in the face.

On March 9, 2006, he was traded to the Ottawa Senators for Brandon Bochenski and a second-round pick. He played 19 games with the Senators and became an unrestricted free agent. On July 1, 2006, he signed a one-year deal with the Colorado Avalanche. He played 2 seasons with them and signed a one-year two-way contract with the New York Rangers for the 2009–10 season on July 3, 2009 but he never played for them. Arnason retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2012.

References

Other websites 

1979 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Ice hockey people from Oklahoma
Living people
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
Swedish Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
The Apartment is a 1960 American romance movie directed by Billy Wilder, and starring Jack Lemmon and Shirley MacLaine. It is about climbing the corporate ladder and seduction. It won five Academy Awards including Best Picture. Due to adult themes and infidelity, the movie was controversial in its time.

Other websites 

1960 romance movies
1960 comedy movies
1960 drama movies
1960s comedy-drama movies
1960s romantic comedy movies
1960s romantic drama movies
Adultery in movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Billy Wilder
Going My Way is a 1944 musical comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a priest from East St. Louis, Illinois who changes parish life at a New York City church. Bing Crosby plays Father Charles.

The movie won seven Academy Awards, including the Best Picture.

Academy Awards
At the 17th Academy Awards, Going My Way was nominated for 10 Academy Awards. They included two for Barry Fitzgerald. His work on the movie was nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor. Later, the rules were changed so that that could not happen again. It won seven, including Best Picture.

In 2004, Going My Way was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

References

American musical movies
American comedy-drama movies
1940s musical movies
1940s comedy movies
1944 drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Leo McCarey
Gigi is a 1958 musical romantic comedy movie. Leslie Caron plays Gigi. It also stars Maurice Chevalier, Louis Jourdan and Eva Gabor. The movie is about relationships in Paris in the early 20th century.

The movie was directed by Vincente Minnelli. The screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner was based on the 1944 novella of the same name by the Parisian author Colette. The film features songs with words by Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, arranged and conducted by André Previn.

This movie won nine Academy Awards including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Costume Design. Critics gave the movie very positive reviews.

1958 comedy movies
1950s romantic comedy movies
1950s musical movies
American romantic comedy movies
American musical comedy movies
Movies directed by Vincente Minnelli
Rebecca is a 1940 American psychological melodramatic thriller movie. This movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Joan Fontaine plays a very young and naive woman. She marries a recently widowed man and moves to his large house in Cornwall. Laurence Olivier played Maxim de Winter, a rich man whose first wife, Rebecca, died recently. This movie is about obsession and cold treatment in relationships.

Rebecca won two Academy Awards including Best Picture.

Other websites 

 
1940 movies
1940s drama movies
1940s mystery movies
1940s thriller movies
American drama movies
American mystery movies
American thriller movies
Best Picture Oscar
Cornwall
Movies about marriage
Movies set in England
Works about widowhood
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 biographical movie. This is about Émile Zola and his rise to fame in 19th century.

The movie was the second biographical movie to win the Best Picture Academy Award.

Other websites 

1937 movies
1930s biographical movies
1930s drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Movies set in France
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies directed by William Dieterle
All about Eve is a 1950 American drama movie. The movie is about an aging Broadway star. A young fan, Eve Harrington, threatens the career and the relationships of the star. Bette Davis plays the Broadway star, Margo Channing. Anne Baxter plays Eve Harrington. Marilyn Monroe, Hugh Marlowe and Barbara Bates are also in the movie.

All about Eve was nominated for 14 Academy Awards. It won six, including Best Director and Best Picture.

1950 drama movies
American drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Hienadz Buraukin (, August 28, 1936 – May 30, 2014) was a Belarusian poet, journalist and diplomat. He served as an Ambassador to the United Nations for Belarus. 

Buraukin died from cancer on May 30, 2014 in Minsk at the age of 77.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2014 deaths
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Belarusian people
Deaths from cancer
Journalists
Poets
Klement Gottwald (23 November 1896 – 14 March 1953) was a Communist Czechoslovak politician.

1896 births
1953 deaths
Communists
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia
Former dictators
Walden is a book written by the author, Henry David Thoreau. This book is a satire. This book is also a book on the author's life and experiences.

American literature
Natchitoches Parish () is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,566. The parish seat and most populous city is Natchitoches. The parish was formed in 1805. It was named after the Natchitoches Native Americans.

Image

References 

 
1805 establishments in the United States
Ark-La-Tex
1800s establishments in the Territory of Orleans
Probability theory talks about events which occur with a given (possibly unknown) probability. Usually, when it talks about several events occurring, it assumes that if one event occurs, this does not change the probability of the other events occurring. 

More specifically, two events  and  are called independent (written as ), if the probability of  occurring is the same whether  is assumed to have occurred or not. Alternatively,  and  are independent precisely when the probability of them occurring together is equal to the product of their individual probabilities.

Abraham de Moivre wrote: "Two events are independent, when they have no connexion one with the other, and that the happening of one neither forwards nor obstructs the happening of the other."

Related pages 

 Conditional probability

References

Statistics
Nancy Malone (born Nancy Josefa Maloney; March 19, 1935 – May 8, 2014) was an American television actor, director and producer. From the 1950s to 1970s, she was an actress and from the 1980s to the 1990s, she was a director and producer. She was best known for her roles on television series such as Naked City, Guiding Light, The Long, Hot Summer, The Outer Limits, The Twilight Zone, and The Andy Griffith Show.

Malone went on to become a well-known television director, winning an Emmy Award for her work on Dynasty. She also worked on shows such as Star Trek: Voyager, Melrose Place, Beverly Hills, 90210, and Knots Landing. She retired in 2003.

Malone was born Nancy Josefa Maloney in Queens Village, Queens, New York City.

Malone died from pneumonia and problems from leukemia in Durante, California. She was 79.

References

Other websites
 

1935 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Queens
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning directors
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Marco Reus (born 31 May 1989) is a German association football player who plays for 
Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national football team. Reus is known for his speed and his ability to adapt easily to a new position. He was included in Germany's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad, however he was injured in a game before the World Cup, so he could not play.

Career statistics

Club

International

He became the first Germany player to score a for his country at Russia 2018 after the footballing nation's poor start to the tournament.

International

References 

1989 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Dortmund
Borussia Dortmund squad
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
An assisted living residence is a popular housing alternative for people with disabilities or for adults who cannot live independently. These homes give help or supervision with daily living activities. They also allow services by outside health care providers. They check residents and resident activities to make sure health, safety and well being are maintained. Assistance may include the giving or supervision of medicine or personal care services. "The philosophy of assisted living is to treat all residents with dignity; to give privacy and to encourage independence." The gradual shift to assisted living began between 1979 and 1985 in the United States.

References

Other websites
Assisted Living Directory 
Assisted Living Online Finder

Care
Accommodations
The Arc of the United States is a network of non-profit organizations. It serves people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. It was created in the 1950s by parents of people with disabilities. Since then, the organization has extended to over 40 states.

The ARC was called the National Association of Retarded Children (1953-1973), National Association of Retarded Citizens (1973-1981) and later the Association of Retarded Citizens of the United States (1981-1992).  Since 1992, it has been called just The Arc.

References

Organizations based in the United States
1950s establishments in the United States
Kingston upon Thames, also called Kingston, is a suburban town in Greater London, and is the centre of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. Its postcodes are KT1 and KT2. About 45,000 people live in Kingston.

Transport

Road 
The A307, A308 and A2043 roads pass through Kingston. The A3 and A309 bypass Kingston.

Rail 
Kingston has one main station, Kingston station. However, there are other stations nearby such as Hampton Wick station and Norbiton station.

Bus 
Kingston has two bus stations: Fairfield Bus Station and Cromwell Road Bus Station. The London Bus routes 57, 65, 71, 85, 111, 131, 213, 216, 281, 285, 371, 406, 411, 418, 465, 481, K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, X26, N65 and N87 go through or end in Kingston.

London 2012 Olympics 
Four cycling events were hosted in Kingston: the men's road race, the women's road race, the men's road time trial and the women's road time trial.

Twinned towns 
Kingston is twinned with Delft in the Netherlands, Jaffna in Sri Lanka and Oldenburg in Germany.

References 

Towns in London
Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the leader of Her Majesty's Government and chairs Cabinet meetings. It is the highest civil office in the United Kingdom.

The procedure 
The appointment of a prime minister by the monarch is based on advice given to them. However, though the advice is technically informal, the monarch would create a constitutional crisis if they did not comply. Therefore, in practice, what is decided in the House of Commons is the decisive event. The voters elect Members of Parliament (MPs), and the MPs choose the prime minister. The system grew up in stages as the Commons grew in power, and the monarch's authority dwindled.  

The present prime minister is Boris Johnson, since 24 July 2019.

List of prime ministers 

Politics of the United Kingdom
The Seven Summits are the highest mountains on each of the seven continents. The list is often listed as  Mount Everest,  Aconcagua, Puncak Jaya, Mount Elbrus, Mount Vinson, Kilimanjaro, and Mount McKinley.

The Seven Summits are composed of each of the highest mountain peaks of each of the seven continents. Different lists include slight variations, but generally the same core is maintained. The seven summits depend on the definition used for a continent. In particular the position of the border of that continent is important. This results in variations in the list.

References 

Mountains
NHL 15 is an ice hockey video game. It was developed by EA Canada and published by EA Sports. The game was released on September 9, 2014 in North America and on September 12, 2014 in the PAL region. It was released for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One.

Like previous games, fans were allowed to vote for who would be on the cover of NHL 15. The voting started on May 5, 2014 and will end on June 1, 2014. The final two players left in the contest are P. K. Subban of the Montreal Canadiens and Patrice Bergeron of the Boston Bruins.

New features
New features for the game include:
12 player NHL collision physics - This helps in having a greater effect on hits and activity outside of the user-controlled player.
Real puck physics - "Completely rebuilt puck physics result in a more realistic feel to every puck interaction. Everything on the ice, including the ice surface itself, is live which leads to the unpredictable and authentic puck spins, rolls and bounces seen in a real NHL game."
Better player likeness - The real actions of NHL players are better reflected in the game.
New commentary team - Mike Emrick and Ed Olczyk replace Gary Thorne and Bill Clement as commentators.

Reception
The game received mixed reviews. 

IGN rated the game a 7 out of 10 and GameSpot gave the game a 5 out of 10. 

Among the fans of the series, the game was met with disdain. This was mainly because of many features that were missing for Xbox One and PlayStation 4 consoles. The IGN community rated the PS3 and Xbox 360 releases, 4/10 and 2.6/10 respectively. Operation Sports created a list of features and modes that were missing but were available in NHL 14.

References

Other websites
Official website

2014 video games
Electronic Arts video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Sports video games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Ciro Carlos Araujo de Quadros (30 January 1940 – 28 May 2014) was a Brazilian physician. He was a leader in the field of public health mainly in the area of vaccines and preventable diseases such as polio and smallpox. He was born in Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do Sul.

Ciro de Quadros died from pancreatic cancer in 28 May 2014 in Washington, D.C., United States. He was 74.

References

Other websites
 Ciro de Quadros at Vaccines Today

1940 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian people
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Brazilian physicians