cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nereid or Neptune II, is a moon of Neptune.

Nereid was found on 1 May 1949 by Gerard Kuiper, who suggested the name in the report of his discovery.  It is named after the Nereids, sea-nymphs of Greek mythology.

It was the farthest of Neptune's known moons for a long time (Halimede through Neso have since taken that honour), and is the third biggest, with a diameter of 340 km.  Its orbit averages 5,513,400 km in radius, but is very eccentric and varies from 1,353,600 to 9,623,700 kilometres.  For a long time this was the most highly eccentric orbit of any known moon in the solar system, but Bestla, a more recently discovered moon of Saturn has a more eccentric orbit.  The unusual orbit suggests that it may be a captured asteroid or Kuiper belt object, or possibly that it was perturbed during the capture of Neptune's largest moon Triton.  Very little else is known of Nereid.

Nereid was too far to be properly imaged by the Voyager 2 probe when it visited the Neptune system in 1989. Photos sent back show only its very non-spherical shape, and no surface features could be seen at the resolution available.

Other websites 
 Nereid Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Neptune's moons
Ocean Springs is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, USA, about 2 miles east of Biloxi. It is part of the Pascagoula, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 17,225 at the 2000 census.

Other websites
 Ocean Springs Archives
 Ocean Springs Chamber of Commerce
 Scharr-Ello Music Foundation of Ocean Springs 

Cities in Mississippi
Sonoma County is a county in the U.S. state of California. It is located north of the San Francisco Bay. It is the northernmost of the nine San Francisco Bay Area counties. Sonoma County is surrounded by 4 counties: Marin County to the south, Mendocino County to the north, Lake County to the northeast, and Napa County to the east. The county seat is in Santa Rosa.

Sonoma County was one of the original counties formed when California became a state in 1850.

The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the population was 500,292 in 2014.

Cities
Some of the cities in Sonoma County include:
 Jenner
 Petaluma
 Santa Rosa
 Sonoma

Related pages
 Sonoma Coast State Beach
 Sonoma County Transit

References

Other websites 
 
 Sonoma County Official Website

1850 establishments in California
The Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak was a tornado outbreak across the eastern United States from August 29 to 31, 2005, spawned mostly by the outer bands of Hurricane Katrina (or the remnants thereof).

One person was killed and numerous communities suffered damage of varying degrees from central Mississippi to Pennsylvania, with Georgia the hardest hit. It was the worst tornado outbreak ever in the month of August in that state.

List of confirmed tornadoes
There were a total of 44 confirmed tornadoes - 18 in Georgia, 11 in Mississippi, 5 each in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 4 in Alabama, and 1 isolated tornado in Florida three days before the main outbreak.

Related pages
 Hurricane Katrina
 Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina

Other websites
 Tropical Cyclone Report for Hurricane Katrina

2005 in Florida
Hurricane Katrina
Tornado outbreaks
Tornadoes in the United States
2005 in weather
August events
2005 in Mississippi
2005 in Alabama
2000s in Georgia (U.S. state)
2000s in Virginia
2005 in Pennsylvania
Miami-Dade County (formerly known as Dade County and many times referred to as simply Miami or Dade) is a county in the southeastern part of the state of Florida. The United States Census Bureau estimates that in 2006, about 2,402,208 people lived in the county. That is more than any other county in Florida. Among all United States counties, it is in eighth place.  The county seat is the city of Miami. It is the largest county by population in Florida.

References

Other websites

Government links
 Miami-Dade County Government

County departments and agencies
 Miami-Dade Public Library System
 Miami-Dade Police Department
 Public Health Trust of Miami-Dade County  Jackson Memorial Hospital
 Miami-Dade Aviation Department Miami International Airport
 Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department

Special districts
 Miami-Dade County Public Schools (MDCPS) is the 4th largest school district in the United States. The Miami-Dade School Board is a nine-member publicly elected body responsible for overseeing the administration of the (MDCPS).
 South Florida Water Management District

Judicial branch
 Miami-Dade Clerk of Courts
 Miami-Dade Public Defender, 11th Judicial Circuit
 Miami-Dade State Attorney's Office, 11th Judicial Circuit
 Circuit and County Court, 11th Judicial Circuit of Florida

Tourism
 Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau

Florida counties
1836 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Florida Territory
Broward County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2000, 1,623,018 people lived there. This makes it the second most populated county in the state. According to 2006 U.S. Census estimates, 1,787,636 people lived there.  Its county seat is Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Data
Broward County is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.

In the U.S. Census of 2010 the Ethnic/Race Demographics were:
 White (non-Hispanic): 42.5% (8.7% Irish, 8.2% Italian, 7.9% German, 5.0% English, 3.2% Polish, 2.7% Russian, 1.9% French, 1.0% Scottish, 0.8% Dutch, 0.8% Scotch-Irish, 0.8% Hungarian, 0.6% Swedish, 0.6% French Canadian, 0.5% Greek)
 White including "White Hispanics": 63.1%
 Black (non-Hispanic): 25.7% (12.8% West Indian/Afro-Caribbean American: 5.7% Haitian, 5.3% Jamaican, 0.4% Trinidadian and Tobagonian, 0.3% Bahamian, 0.2% British West Indian, 0.1% Barbadian) 0.8% Subsaharan African
 Black including Black Hispanics: 26,7% 
 Hispanic or Latino of any race: 26.1% (4.8% Cuban, 4.3% Puerto Rican, 3.8% Colombian, 1.7% Mexican, 1.6% Dominican, 1.4% Peruvian, 1.3% Venezuelan, 0.7% Ecuadoran, 0.7% Honduran, 0.6% Argentinean, 0.5% Nicaraguan, 0.5% Salvadoran)
 Asian: 3.2% (1.2% Indian, 0.6% Chinese, 0.5% Other Asian, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Korean)
 American Indian and Alaska Native: 0.3%
 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1%
 Other Races: 3.7% (0.7% Arab)

Broward county was created in 1915 and was named with the second surname name of the former Florida governor: Napoleon Bonaparte Broward. Since then it has had a great growth in the XX century, mainly as "retirement place" for old people from northeastern US and  French Canada.

Other websites

Government links/Constitutional offices
 Broward County Government / Board of County Commissioners
 Broward County Supervisor of Elections
 Broward County Property Appraiser
 Broward County Sheriff's Office

Special Districts
 Broward County Public Schools
 Broward Health (formerly North Broward Hospital District)
 South Broward Hospital District(Memorial Healthcare System)
 South Florida Water Management District

Judicial branch
 Broward County Clerk of Courts
 Broward County Public Defender
 Broward State Attorney's Office, 17th Judicial Circuit
 Circuit and County Court for the 17th Judicial Circuit of Florida

Tourism links
 Greater Fort Lauderdale Convention and Visitors Bureau

Notes

Florida counties
1915 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Florida
A levee, or levée, is a raised bank of a river. A levee (European name: dike) offers protection against floods. There are two types of levee: Riverdikes and seadikes. The seadike was invented in Holland in 1277.

The first dikes were built in ancient Mesopotamia. The levees they used were earth walls and gave protection against the meltwater. 3000 years ago levees were used in ancient Egypt for irrigation systems.

'Levée' comes from the French verb lever, "to raise". Other names are 'floodbank' or 'stopbank'. It is a natural or artificial wall, usually earthen, and often parallels the course of a river.  The term "levee" came into English use in New Orleans circa 1672. The word dike comes from the Dutch verb dijk.

Other websites 
 Levees.Org (activist group in New Orleans to Hold the Corps Accountable)
 New Orleans and the Delta
 DeltaWorks.Org  Project of levees, dams and barriers in the Netherlands
 Effort to rebuild New Orleans Levees to Category 5 Design (non-profit)

References 

Landforms
A river delta is a landform where the mouth of a river flows into an ocean, sea, desert, estuary, lake or another river. It is formed by sediment carried by the river being deposited in the wider mouth. This happens because the water moves less quickly there. 

The word "delta" comes from the upper-case letter delta, Δ , in the Greek alphabet because many river deltas are triangular like this letter.

A river delta can cover just a few square miles, or an area of hundreds or thousands of square miles of land.

Other websites 
 Louisiana State University Geology - World Deltas
The C-5 Galaxy is a very big military cargo aircraft made by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin) used by the United States Air Force. It first flew in 1968 and was introduced in 1970. It is one of the biggest transports in the world. It is 247 feet (75 meters) long, 65 feet (19 meters) high, has a wingspan of 222 feet (67 meters), and can weigh up to840,000 pounds (378,000 kilograms).

It is used to fly military equipment on to battlefields, and because of its size, it can even carry tanks and helicopters. Five C-5s have crashed.

References 

United States Air Force aircraft
C-5
Hurricane Betsy was a strong hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused a lot of damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. Betsy made its most strongest landfall near the mouth of the Mississippi River, causing major flooding of the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into New Orleans; at the time it was the costliest hurricane in the history of the United States, and, as the first hurricane to cause over a billion dollars in damages, earned the nickname "Billion-Dollar Betsy".
It first hit the Lesser Ahtilles then Miami and New Orleans. 75 people died.

1965 in the United States
1965 Atlantic hurricane season
Retired tropical cyclone names
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes
Hurricanes in the United States
20th century in the Bahamas
1960s in Florida
1960s in Louisiana
Hurricanes in Louisiana
The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily newspaper in Texas, USA. As of March 2007, it is the ninth largest newspaper circulating in the United States. With the demise of its long-time rival the Houston Post, its nearest major competitors are located in Dallas-Fort Worth.

Other websites

Official sites
 The Houston Chronicle
 Houston Chronicle forums

Links critical of the Chronicle
 Chronically Biased - Archives of a (no-longer published) anti-Chronicle weblog
 Lone Star Times - weblog launched by Dan Patrick
 Texas Media Watch - media watchdog group (archived)
 blogHOUSTON - Houston media and politics weblog

Miscellaneous
 Hearst subsidiary profile of the Houston Chronicle 

Newspapers in the United States
Houston, Texas
A delta wing is a wing used on fixed-wing aircraft, mainly fighter aircraft. Delta wings are triangles. Some were "tailless" (which means they had no elevators) and others were "tailed." Many of the Dassault Aviation Mirages had delta wings (like the Mirage III, Mirage V, Mirage 50, and Mirage 2000).

Delta winged fighters 
F-106 Delta Dart
Mirage III
Mirage V
Mirage 50
Mirage 2000
MiG-21 Fishbed
Su-9 Fishpot
J-35 Draken

Military aviation
Popular Mechanics is an American magazine devoted to science and technology. It was first published January 11, 1902 by H.H. Windsor, and has been owned since the 1950s by the Hearst Corporation There is also a Latin American edition that has been published for decades and a newly formed South African version available.

Popular Mechanics features regular sections on cars, trucks, science, technology, home how-to and outdoor adventures. A recurring column is "Jay Leno's Garage" featuring observations by the famed late-night talk show host and vehicle enthusiast.

Other websites
 Popularmechanics.com
 Popular Mechanics South African edition
 

Science and technology magazines
Scientific American is a popular science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. It brings articles about new and innovative research to the non-scientific audience.

Other websites 

 Online edition of Scientific American with partially free access to the current issue.
 Online archive (not free) of the issues from 1993 to the present.
 Information about the archive
 Online archive of Scientific American between 1846 and 1869.

Science and technology magazines
Monthly magazines
The Times-Picayune is a tri-weekly newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.

Other websites
Official website, including the paper's breaking news weblog
 The Times-Picayune's history of the Times-Picayune 
Print editions of the Times-Picayune during Katrina
Best Leaders: Times-Picayune's Staff

Newspapers in the United States
New Orleans, Louisiana
Poultry are a from of domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails, and turkeys). The term also includes birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word "poultry" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

References

Other websites
  Information on Poultry Diseases 
 PoultryCast podcast
 Chickens, Waterfowl and Exotic Poultry
 The Poultry Guide - A to Z and FAQs

Poultry
A gas station, also known as a filling station, fueling station, service station or petrol station is a facility which sells fuel and lubricants for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold are gasoline (petrol) or diesel fuel.

The fuel is dispensed by a gas pump. Some of the different kinds of fuel are:
Gasoline (petrol)
Diesel
CNG
CGH2
HCNG
LPG (GPL)
LH2
Ethanol fuel (like E10, E85, E100)
Biogas
Biobutanol
Biodiesel

Many gas stations have a convenience store close to the pumps, to make extra earnings. Some have tunnel car washs.

Other websites 

  
 An interview with architectural historian Jim Draeger about the history of filling stations from Wisconsin Public Television 
 Petroleum Equipment Institute
 Gas Station Near Me
 Petrol station cost structure
 Gasoline Signs — Signs and logos of gas stations in the United States
 British Petrol Stations — Design & branding history of filling stations in Great Britain
 U.S. Department of Energy's Gas Price Watch Hotline  — A U.S. government site to report alleged gas price gouging in the United States
 Report: Economics of the Nova Scotia Gasoline Market  
 Shell in the U.S.: Some basic truths about buying gas today 

Transport
Fuel
A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc.  They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns.  They have loading docks to load and unload trucks; or sometimes are loaded directly from railways, airports, or seaports.  They also often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks.

In logistics, the warehouse performs the function of accumulating reserves of material resources necessary to dampen fluctuations in supply and demand volumes, as well as synchronizing the flow rates of goods in systems of promotion from manufacturers to consumers or material flows in technological production systems.

Manufacturing buildings
A nursery is a place where plants are cultivated and grown to usable size. There are retail nurseries which sell to the general public, wholesale nurseries which sell only to other nurseries and to commercial landscape gardeners, and private nurseries which supply the needs of institutions or private estates.  Some retail and wholesale nurseries sell by mail.

Agriculture
Plants
The family Tettigoniidae, known in American English as katydids and in British English as bush-crickets, contains more than 6,400 species. It is part of the suborder Ensifera.

They are also known as long-horned grasshoppers, though they are more closely related to crickets than to grasshoppers.
Their antennae may be longer than their own body length, those of the grasshoppers are always relatively short.

Disguise 
Katydids may disguise themselves brilliantly. Some look exactly like dead brown leaves, complete with holes, lying still on the forest floor of the rainforests of Asia and South America. Others act like green, living leaves fluttering from a branch. They even have vein-like markings like real leaves.

Other websites
Bush katydid genus Scudderia Stål, 1873 - diagnostic photographs, natural history
 Black-sided meadow katydid - Conocephalus nigropleurum - diagnostic photographs
 BugGuide.net--family Tettigoniidae 
Singing Insects of North America (SINA) website. 
Bug guide.net-- Pink Katydid

References 

Orthoptera
"Bills, Bills, Bills" was the first single (music) from Destiny's Child's second album The Writing's on the Wall. A track which echoed the men-bashing sentiments of TLC's massive summer hit "No Scrubs", and even featured the same producer (Kevin She"kspere Briggs). The song provided the group with their first US chart-topper in July 1999, and also reached the UK Top 10. The album featured a greater creative input from the group, although they still relied on a production crew including Rodney Jerkins, Missy Elliott, Chad Elliot, and Dwayne Wiggins of Tony! Toni! Tone!

Formats and remixes
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Radio Edit)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Acapella)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Jonathan Coulton)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Instrumental)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-N-Groove Club Mix Instrumental)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-N-Groove Club Mix)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Digital Black-n-Groove Club Radio Remix)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (DJ Def Club's Xclusive Mix)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Dub Mix)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Livegig Mix)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (Maurice's Xclusive Mix)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (UK Garage Mix)
"Bills, Bills, Bills" (D'n'D 2-Step Mix)

"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Radio Edit) (feat Jazz-Ming & Sporty Thievz)
"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix) (feat Jazz-Ming & Sporty Thievz)
"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Acapella) (feat Jazz-Ming & Sporty Thievz)
"I Can't Go for That" ('BBB' Trackmasters Remix Instrumental)

References

Destiny's Child songs
1999 songs
Anna Maria Thelott (1683 – 1710) was a Swedish artist. She was one of the first professional female artists in Sweden and also in Scandinavia. She was an engraver, an illustrator, a woodcut-artist, and a miniaturist.

Life
Anna Maria was the daughter of the artist Philipp Jacob Thelott the Older, and sister of the artist Philip Jacob Thelott the Younger. When she was a child, she worked together with her brother and her father to illustrate the books "Campus Elysii" and "Atlantica", by Olof Rudbeck, and when she was grown up, she started to work alone and illustrate papers and maps and other things. She made miniature portraits of people, she drew animals, cities and landscapes.  

Her family lived in Uppsala until 1702, when the city burnt down, and they moved to Stockholm. 

In 1710, Anna Maria became one of the many victims of the last plague in Sweden.

1683 births
1710 deaths
Swedish artists
Engravers
People from Uppsala
Illustrators
Justina Kristina Casagli, (1794-1841), was a famous singer and actor. She was born in Sweden, but worked in all Europe, especially in Italy and Germany, where she became famous.

Birth
She was born with the name Justina Kristina Wässelius. Her sister, Jeanette Wässelius, also became a singer, but she only worked in Sweden. Justina went to the theatre school Dramatens elevskola in 1805. When she graduated in 1812, she began to work at the theatre Royal Swedish Opera. The same year, she married the Italian dancer Ludovico Casagli, and got the name Justina Casagli.

Works
She left Sweden with her husband in 1818 and went to Italy. In Italy, she played in the play "Cerentola" in Turino in 1818, in the play "Donna del Lago" in Rome in 1823 and in Lucca 1827 in the play "Matrimonio Segreto". She was a great success, and then worked in Munich in Germany for several years. After that, she tried to get work in the Opera in Sweden again, but her place there was occupied by a new singer, Henriette Widerberg.   

The last years, she lived in Parma, where she died after she had fallen from a window.

Swedish singers
Swedish actors
1794 births
1841 deaths
The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) are the wold's largest monkeys. They are also the most colourful primates. The skin colours brighten as the animal gets more excited. Males live mostly on the forest floor, while females and young climb up into trees and bushes. This monkey looks rather like a baboon, but they are in a different genus. They live in large groups, mostly in rain forests.

Description 
Males have an orange/yellow beard and an unmistakable bright red and blue snout and rump. Females and juveniles have a duller blue snout and a buff beard. Mandrills can live up to 40 years in captivity. They feed on fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, nuts, greens and invertebrates.

Habitat 
Mandrills live in Cameroon, Gabon and the Congo. They live in dense rainforest and coastal forests, although they sometimes go onto the savannah.  Mandrills live on the ground and in trees.

Behaviour 
Mandrills seem to live in large, stable groups called "hordes". Hordes often number in the hundreds, possibly averaging around 600+ individuals and reaching as many as 845. It is difficult to accurately estimate group size in the forest, but filming a group crossing a gap between two forest patches or crossing a road is a reliable way of estimating group size. The largest group verifiably observed in this way contained over 1,300 individuals, in Lopé National Park, Gabon—the largest aggregation of nonhuman primates ever recorded. These groups are made of adult females and their dependent offspring. 

Males live a solitary lifestyle, and only enter hordes when females are ready for mating, which lasts three months each year.  All-male bachelor groups are not known to exist.

References 

Old World monkeys
Mammals of Africa
Carburization (often also called carburizing) is the process by which carbon is introduced into a metal. It is done to make the surface harder and more abrasion resistant. 

Depending on the amount of time and temperature, the affected area can vary in carbon content.
In earlier times, direct application of charcoal was packed onto the metal for carburization. Modern techniques use carbon-bearing gases or plasmas (such as carbon dioxide or methane). Carburization is mainly used to harden the surface of low alloy steel.

Too great a concentration of carbon makes metal brittle and unworkable, so then metals may be decarburized.

Metallurgy
Metals
Tropical Storm Jerry was the tenth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was a very short-lived storm over the north-central Atlantic Ocean. The storm lasted less than 48 hours, half of that time as a subtropical cyclone. It was never a threat to land.

Storm history

The system that would later become Tropical Storm Jerry started as a non-tropical low pressure area over the central Atlantic Ocean on September 21. The system moved in a shaky path over the north-central Atlantic over the next two days. It slowly developed deeper convection and became more organized. On September 22, the system had become organized enough that the National Hurricane Center mentioned a possible tropical or subtropical development in the area. Late that evening, it had been determined that a subtropical depression had formed, as a warm core had developed but the system was still involved with an upper-level low and had its strongest winds well removed from the center. Early on September 23, both satellite estimates and QuikScat data determined that the depression had strengthened into Subtropical Storm Jerry, despite the lack of a well-defined inner core. The storm slowly acquired tropical characteristics including a better-defined warm core, and became fully tropical that evening as a weak and sheared tropical storm with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds over a small radius.

Jerry began to weaken once again early on September 24 as it accelerated northeastward over cooler waters with sea surface temperatures below 24 °C (75 °F). It remained a tropical storm until later that morning.Then it weakened to a tropical depression ahead of a powerful cold front with little deep convection remaining in the system. Jerry remained a tropical depression as the cold front approached and began to absorb the system that afternoon as it continued to accelerate northeastward. That evening, a QuikScat pass determined that Jerry had opened up into a trough which was being absorbed into the larger frontal system. It completely dissipated by early on September 25.

Impact
Jerry never came near land during its lifespan, and no damage or deaths were reported. No ships were impacted by Jerry.

Related pages
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites

 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Jerry

Atlantic tropical storms
A Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough (TUTT) is a trough in upper-level (at about 200 hPa) tropics. Its formation is usually caused by the expansion of the Trough of Westerlies Wind to the tropics. It can also develop from the inverted trough adjacent to a upper level anticyclone. TUTTs are different from mid-latitude troughs in the sense that they are maintained by subsidence warming near the tropopause which balances radiation cooling.

TUTTs sometimes bring a large amount of vertical wind shear over tropical disturbances and cyclones so TUTTs can reduce cyclone development. But, there are also times when TUTTs help start tropical cyclones or make them stronger by providing additional forced ascent near the storm center and an efficient outflow channel in the upper troposphere. Moreover, under specific circumstances, TUTTs can grow into upper cold lows and may enhance the development of low level disturbances.

Other websites 
 FAQs on Hurricanes, Typhoons And Tropical Cyclones 
 Definition of TUTT in Traditional Chinese
  Tropical textbook : from trade winds to cyclones (2 vols). The part 8.4 deals with TUTT .Florent Beucher, 25 mai 2010, Météo-France, 897 pp.

Tropical cyclones
Meteorology
The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands, part of the West Indies. They are where the Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. The western Leewards are the Virgin Islands. 

The southern part of the Lesser Antilles chain is called the Windward Islands.

Caribbean islands
Sixty-eight is a number. It comes between sixty-seven and sixty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 17, 34, and 68.

Integers
Saint Martin  is a tropical island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km southeast of Puerto Rico. The 87 km² island is divided roughly in half between France and the Netherlands; it is the smallest inhabited sea island divided between two nations.

 The southern Dutch half comprises the Eilandgebied Sint Maarten (Island area of St. Martin) was part of the Netherlands Antilles, until the Antilles was dissolved in October 2010, when Sint Maarten became a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Government of the Netherlands is responsible for defence, foreign affairs and nationality law. Although part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the territory of Sin Maarten is not part of the European Union although its citizens are Citizens of the European Union

 The northern French half comprises the Collectivité de Saint-Martin (Collectivity of Saint Martin) and is a overseas territory of France.

The main towns are Marigot (on the French part) and Philipsburg in the Dutch one.
About 60.000 people live on the island.
Antigua (IPA: /ænˈtiːgə//an-tee-gah) is an island in the West Indies, Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region, the main island of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. It is also known as Wadadli, which means approximately "our own". The island's circumference is about 87 kilometres (54 miles) and it has an area of 281 km² (108 square miles). It has a population of about 69,000 people as of July 2006. It is the largest of the Leeward Islands, and has a busy economy based on tourism, internet gambling, and education, including two medical schools.

Indigenous peoples like the Ciboney, Taíno, and Kalinago had lived on and around the island for a long time. But in 1493, Christopher Columbus became the first European to visit, and he renamed it Antigua after Mary, the mother of Jesus. The British came in 1632 and colonized the island. They brought slaves to the island from Africa who were forced to grow sugar cane. The slaves were legally freed in 1834. 

The island stopped being a part of Britain in 1981. It is now a country with Barbuda.

References

Other websites 
 Government of Antigua and Barbuda
 Antigua Barbuda Department of Tourism

Caribbean islands
Geography of Antigua and Barbuda
Tropical Storm Melissa was the thirteenth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was a short-lived storm that formed southwest of the Cape Verde islands, remaining weak because of high wind shear. It dissipated without affecting any land areas. It was only notable for being the eighth named storm of September 2007, which tied the record for the month of September.

Storm history

The system began as a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on September 26. An area of low pressure formed on September 27 near Cape Verde in association with the wave, and convection slowly increased as a result of the low. Early on September 28, a rapid increase in convection and a well-organized outflow pattern allowed the low to develop into Tropical Depression Fourteen while about 115 miles (185 km) west-southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands. Since the depression was far removed from the subtropical ridge and an upper-level low pressure area was sitting to the north, steering currents were weak at first and the depression moved very slowly on a general west-northwest track. Vertical wind shear from the west also slowed down development. Small amounts of strengthening took place early on September 29 as convection increased in the system, and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Melissa.

Like previous storms Ingrid and Karen, high wind shear in the deep tropics delayed Melissa's development. Operationally, Melissa was briefly upgraded to 45 mph (75 km/h) late on September 29 as some satellite estimates showed a slightly stronger storm with deeper convection, but Melissa was found to have been weaker in the post-storm analysis, remaining at 40 mph (65 km/h). By early on September 30, wind shear began to severely increase and a weakening trend began. That morning, the increased shear, combined with cooler sea surface temperatures, weakened Melissa to a tropical depression with a poorly-defined surface center as it continued to move west-northwest at a somewhat faster speed. The system lost its deep convection and by the afternoon of September 30, Melissa degenerated into a remnant low as thunderstorm activity decreased. After the circulation dissipated, the remnant low continued its general west-northwest track south of a rebuilding subtropical ridge in the central Atlantic. The low produced discontinuous amounts convection until it was absorbed by a frontal zone late on October 5 northeast of the Leeward Islands.

Impact and records
Melissa remained away from land during its lifespan, never threatening any land areas. There were no ship reports of tropical storm-force winds as a result of Melissa. No damage or deaths were reported.

When Tropical Depression Fourteen was upgraded to Tropical Storm Melissa on September 29, it was the eighth named storm to form in the month of September. That tied a record for the month of September, which was first set in the 2002 season.

Related pages
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites

 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Melissa

2007 Atlantic hurricane season
Atlantic tropical storms
September events
Vorticity is a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics. It can be related to the amount of "circulation" or "rotation" (or more strictly, the local angular rate of rotation) in a fluid.

The average vorticity in a small region of fluid flow is equal to the circulation  around the boundary of the small region, divided by the area A of the small region.

Notionally, the vorticity at a point in a fluid is the limit as the area of the small region of fluid approaches zero at the point:

Mathematically, the vorticity at a point is a vector and is defined as the curl of the velocity:

One of the base assumptions of the potential flow assumption is that the vorticity  is zero almost everywhere, except in a boundary layer or a stream-surface immediately bounding a boundary layer.

Because a vortex is a region of concentrated vorticity, the non-zero vorticity in these specific regions can be modelled with vortices.

Further reading
 Batchelor, G. K., (1967, reprinted 2000) An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge Univ. Press
 Ohkitani, K., "Elementary Account Of Vorticity And Related Equations". Cambridge University Press. January 30, 2005. 
 Chorin,  Alexandre J., "Vorticity and Turbulence". Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol 103, Springer-Verlag. March 1, 1994.  
 Majda, Andrew J., Andrea L. Bertozzi, "Vorticity and Incompressible Flow". Cambridge University Press; 2002. 
 Tritton, D. J., "Physical Fluid Dynamics". Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1977. 
 Arfken, G., "Mathematical Methods for Physicists", 3rd ed. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. 1985.

Other websites
 Weisstein, Eric W., "Vorticity". Scienceworld.wolfram.com.
 Doswell III, Charles A.,  "A Primer on Vorticity for Application in Supercells and Tornadoes". Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, Norman, Oklahoma. 
 Cramer, M. S., "Navier-Stokes Equations -- Vorticity Transport Theorems: Introduction". Foundations of Fluid Mechanics.
 Parker, Douglas, "ENVI 2210 - Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics, 9: Vorticity ". School of the Environment, University of Leeds. September 2001. 
 Graham, James R.,  "Astronomy 202: Astrophysical Gas Dynamics". Astronomy Department, UC, Berkeley. 
 "The vorticity equation: incompressible and barotropic fluids ". 
 "Interpretation of the vorticity equation ". 
 "Kelvin's vorticity theorem for incompressible or barotropic flow ". 
 "Spherepack 3.1". (includes a collection of FORTRAN vorticity program) 
 "Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) Real-Time Model Predictions". (Potential vorticity analysis)

Fluid mechanics
David Émile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist. He is known for his contributions to sociology and anthropology. He is considered as one of the founding fathers of sociology. He thought that sociology should be scientific.

Life
Durkheim was born in the eastern French province of Lorraine. He studied at École Normale Supérieure. He made contributions on topics such as education, crime, religion, suicide, and many other topics related to sociology.

Durkheim died in Paris, aged 59.

Other websites 
 Biography of Émile Durkheim

References 

1858 births
1917 deaths
19th-century French philosophers
20th-century French philosophers
Agnostics
European anthropologists
French atheists
French socialists
French sociologists
Jewish atheists
Jewish French academics
Jewish French scientists
Jewish French writers
Jewish philosophers
People from Grand Est
Popcorn is a snack food made by heating certain kinds of corn. There is a small amount of water inside the seeds, which causes them to explode. When the seed shell breaks a sharp noise is made. The name "pop" is because of this noise. After it pops it is white and fluffy.

Salt and melted butter is often added to popcorn. Sometimes caramel and other flavours are melted and mixed into the popcorn.

Popcorn is a popular food to eat at the cinema.

Kernel choking 
Many accidents of choking on popcorn kernels were reported. This is because the popcorn kernel does go into the airway and throat, and gets stuck. Many people want other people to take kernels out of the popcorn for children.

Pre-popped and home popped
Popcorn that is already popped when you buy it is usually tastier and puffyer than just buying popcorn kernals and popping them with a microwave

References 

Who Invented Microwave Popcorn?
How was Popcorn Discovered? The History of Popcorn
Who Invented the First Commercial Popcorn Machine?
https://www.nasimahealth.com/carbs-in-popcorn/ 
Snack foods
The SBD Dauntless (SBD means Scout Bomber Douglas) was a dive bomber made by Douglas Aircraft Company (now Boeing) during World War II. It first flew in 1940 and was introduced the same year. It was made from the Northrop BT. The Dauntless's first bombing in the war happened on December 10, 1941. The target was a Japanese submarine.

In the War, the Dauntless was used to take off aircraft carriers and attack enemy ships and submarines.
The SBD-5 (5th version) could go 255 miles per hour (410 kilometers per hour), and it had a Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone air-cooled radial piston engine with 1,200 horsepower. It had two 12.7 mm and two 7.62 mm machine guns and it could carry one bomb or torpedo. It weighed around 6,404 pounds (2,905 kilograms) to 10,699 pounds (4,853 kilograms). It could fly for 1,115 miles (1,795 kilometers) without running out of fuel. It could go as high as 25,525 feet (7,780 meters) above the ground.
 
The Dauntless was retired in the late 1940s.

References 

United States Navy aircraft
SBD
United States Marine Corps aircraft
French military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
John Bardeen (23 May 1908 – 30 January 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to win two Nobel Prizes in Physics.

Early life
Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin. His father, Charles Bardeen was a Professor at the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin. He completed his bachelor's degree and master's degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He completed his PhD in Physics at Princeton University in 1936.

Works
Bardeen worked with William Shockley and Walter Brattain to invent the transistor on 23 December 1947. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1956.

Later, Bardeen worked with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer. They created the BCS theory of superconductivity, named after them. For this work they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1972.

Bardeen was a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1951 to 1991.

References 
 Hoddeson, Lillian and Vicki Daitch. 2002. True Genius: the life and science of John Bardeen. National Academy Press.

Other websites 
 Biography from PBS

1908 births
1991 deaths
American engineers
American Nobel Prize winners
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Scientists from Wisconsin
American theoretical physicists
Reconnaissance, sometimes called scouting, is the act of exploring to gain military information. Often referred to as recce (UK, Canada and Australia, ) or recon (U.S., ), the associated formal verb is reconnoitre (British spelling) or reconnoiter (American spelling). In informal English, both recce and recon are often also used as a verb. The term is sometimes used in non military contexts.

Reconnaissance-in-force 

Often, units sent out for reconnaissance are armed only for self-defense. They rely on stealth to gather information. Others are well-enough armed to also deny information to the enemy by fighting and or destroying their reconnaissance parties.

Reconnaissance-in-force (RIF) is a method of probing an enemy's position. An attack, even with a small force, may get a strong reaction by the enemy. Hopefully that reveals the enemy's strength, deployment, and other tactical information. The RIF commander can fall back with the information or expand the conflict into a full engagement. Other methods consist of hit-and-run tactics using moving very fast. In some cases light-armored vehicles are used for added fire superiority, as the need arises.

Military
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The certificate itself usually includes some or all of the following information:

Birth name
Date and time of birth
Sex of the child
Place and/or location of birth
Names of the parents of the child
Occupations of parents of the child
Birth weight and length
Name of informant registering the birth
Date of registration of birth
A birth registration number or file number

Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In the United States, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, or a hospital administrator to prepare the official birth certificate.

The birth certificate itself is not proof of a person's identity, but only a record stating that a birth occurred at the time, date, and place stated on the certificate.
To prove one's identity, a person may need a photo ID, generally issued to an adult.

Related pages
Vital record
Passport

Other websites 

U.S. Standard Birth Certificate
Florida Short Form (Computer Certification) Birth Certificate Sample 
Florida Long Form (Photocopy) Birth Certificate Sample 
U.S. Birth Certificates: Long Form vs. Short Form

Identification documents
Tzitzernavank Monastery (, Swallows Monastery) is an Armenian monastery in the region of Kashatagh (under control of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic). The monastery dates from the fourth to sixth centuries and recognized as a native Armenian example of an “oriental” architectural type.

The church of St. Gregory was reopened after a restoration in 1999-2000.

Other websites 
Tzitzernavank, The Armenian Studies Program, Csufresno.edu 
Dzidzernavank , Adriano Alpago Novello, ARCHITETTURA ARMENA - Catalogo della MOSTRA DI ARCHITETTURA ARMENA tenuta a Bergamo, presso il Palazzo della Ragione, 1975 - Torino
Photoes of Tzitzernavank at RAA official site

References 

Monasteries
Armenian Apostolic Churches
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Hérens is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:
 Ayent
 Evolène
 Hérémence
 Les Agettes
 Mase
 Nax
 Saint-Martin
 Vernamiège 
 Vex

Districts of Valais
The district of Leuk in the canton of Valais contains the following municipalities:

1The municipalities of Guttet and Feschel were combined on October 1, 2000

Districts of Valais
Martigny is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

 Bovernier 
 Charrat 
 Fully 
 Isérables 
 Leytron 
 Martigny 
 Martigny-Combe 
 Riddes 
 Saillon 
 Saxon 
 Trient

Districts of Valais
Mariner 10 was a robotic NASA space probe. It was launched on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It passed Mercury three times and photographed much of it. Mariner 10 is no longer working today but is still orbiting the Sun. It was launched about two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 10 was the first space probe sent to Mercury.

References 

Mariner program
Venus (planet)

de:Mariner#Mariner 10
Fender is a well known company that produces guitars and basses. These are sold all over the world. The founder is Leo Fender. Fender makes the Stratocaster and Telecaster guitars; and the Precision and Jazz basses.

American music companies
Musical instrument companies
Myra is an ancient town in Lycia. The small town of Kale (Demre) is situated near it today. It is in Antalya Province of Turkey.  It was located  on the river Myros (Demre Çay), in the fertile alluvial plain between Alaca Dağ, the Massikytos range and the Aegean Sea.

Nicholas of Myra (also known as Saint Nicholas) did many things there.

Ancient history
Metis or , is Jupiter's closest moon.

Metis was found in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the Voyager 1 probe.  Its designation was .  In 1983 it was named after the mythological Metis, a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).

Metis is not a sphere and measures 60×40×34 km across. The composition and mass of Metis are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³), its mass can be estimated as ~7×1016 kg. Amalthea's density implies that moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10-15%, and Adrastea may be similar.

The surface of Metis is very cratered. It is dark and appears to be reddish in color.

Orbit
Metis is the closest moon to Jupiter. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000 km.  It has a very small orbital eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.7

Exploration
The images taken by Voyager 1 showed Metis only as a dot, and very little was known about Metis until the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft. Galileo took pictures of almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition.

Other websites
Metis Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Jupiter's moons
The Goblin Valley State Park is a State park in the southern Utah.

Goblins
The valley, which is only about  across and  long, is full of thousands of mushroom-shaped pinnacles. These pinnacles are each a few meters high. Because of their height and shape, people referred to them as goblins. They are made of large orange-brown boulders of hard rock on top of weaker sandy layers. The sandy layers have eroded more quickly causing their shape. The "Goblins" are well hidden from the nearby road. The land to the east is flat and empty. It is near a long narrow ridge with eroded layers of grey and red-brown rocks. The far side of this empty land gives the best views of the landscape. The Goblins look as if they join with the cliffs. This gives giving the look of a strange skeletal structure with skull-like rocks and bony ridges.

The park
There are several trails passing through the park. These trails are not easy to notice and people can walk almost anywhere.

Wilderness
The land west of Goblin Valley State Park is part of the San Rafael Swell. It is similar to much of south Utah. The land is far away from most things and beautiful. It is crossed only by a few dirt tracks. 4WD vehicles are very useful here. There are many slot canyons in this area. Some of these, for example Little Wild Horse Canyon, may be explored easily.

Utah
State parks in the United States
The European Article Number (often shortened to EAN) is a standard to encode product numbers. The EAN is a special case of a Global Trade Item Number. The EAN is made of either 8 or 13 digits (EAN-8, and EAN-13). In many cases, the EAN allows to uniquely identify the item. Most of the time, the EAN is printed on the packaging of a product. Special scanners are able to decode these numbers. They then look up the product-specific data (such as the price) and print it on the bill, for exampe.

Note that the EAN is often encoded using a barcode (such as the ones in the example), but this does not have to be thecase. There are other machine-readable codes which can also be used.

EAN-13/GTIN-13 
The standard EAN has 13 digits. The EAN is composed of different sections:

 Country-specific part: 3 digits
 Company part
 Article number: 3-5 digits
 Checksum digit

EAN-8/GTIN-8 
The normal length of an EAN is 13 digits. There is also a shorter version called EAN-8, for small packages, where the full 13-digit number would take too much space on the package. The EAN-8 consists of:

 Country-specific part: 2-3 digits
 Article number: 4-5 digits
 Checksum digit

There are special organisations which give out both EAN-8 and EAN-13 numbers. Since EAN-8 numbers with a starting digit 2 are free use, many retailers (such as Aldi) use them for their own products. As an example, Aldi uses EAN-8 codes starting with 290 or 221; 290 and 221 are the country-specific parts "for internal use".

Everyday life
Barcodes