cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
An Earthship is a type of house that is built with natural and recycled materials with energy conservation in mind. Designed by the architect Michael Reynolds and his company Earthship Biotecture, it is built to produce water and electricity for its own use. Mainly made of earth-filled tires it takes advantage of thermal mass, natural heat insulation and ventilation to maintain its temperature. Since it does not require any public utilities such as gas, electricity, water or sewage it can be considered as an off-the-grid housing, meaning that it can live away from public utilities.

An Earthship does not require external support to sustain itself. Instead, it is built to use resources available from its natural surroundings. For example, windows are placed so that sunlight is shone inside the house to be used for heating. Electricity is generated by solar panels and stored in batteries. The roofing collects rainwater that is filtered and used for drinking and various household activities such as cooking and washing. Used water from sinks and showers is reused to water indoor plants and after that for toilet flushing.

Earthships can adapt to different climates and are being build worldwide. In North- and South America, the Carribeans, Asia, Africa and Europe. Construction drawings and training should enable people to build their own off-the-grid Earthship home and become independent from public and commercial utilities.

References

Other websites 
NaveTierraMDQ, Project in Mar del Plata, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina
Earthship Biotecture

Houses
Kittanning () is a borough and the county seat of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is 44 miles (71 km) northeast of Pittsburgh,  and is by the Allegheny River.

History

Kittanning is along the Allegheny River. It was originally a Native American village in the 18th century. In 1756, the village was destroyed by John Armstrong, Sr. at the Battle of Kittanning during the French and Indian War. During the attack, a blast from the explosion of gunpowder stored in Captain Jacobs's house was heard in Pittsburgh, 44 miles away.

In 1900, 3,902 people lived in Kittanning, and in 1910, there were 4,311 people living in the area. After Wickboro became part of Kittanning, an estimated 10,000 people lived in Kittanning in 1914. In 1930, there were 7,808 people; in 1940, 7,550. The amount of people living in Kittanning was 4,787 at the 2000 census. Kittanning is the county seat of Armstrong County.

The playground on North Jefferson Street was formerly the Kittanning Cemetery; 274 graves were moved in 1960 to a new cemetery on Troy Hill Road.

Notes and references

Other websites
 Armstrong County Tourist Bureau 

County seats in Pennsylvania
1724 establishments
Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Settlements established in the 18th century
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
Richard A. Peddie (born January 1947) is a Canadian businessman. He is the former president and CEO of Maple Leafs Sports and Entertainment.

References

1947 births
Living people
Canadian sportspeople
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Club Penguin was a massively multiplayer online game that was available to play online. It was owned by The Walt Disney Company starting in October 2005 before it was shut down in late March 2017. Club Penguin started as a chat room called Penguin Chat by Rocketsnail Games. The game was replaced by a freemium mobile application called Club Penguin Island, which did not receive the success that the original online game had.

Gameplay 
Club Penguin was an online virtual world for all ages, where players could talk and meet with each other. Parties were held once a month with a different theme every time. Players could play games to earn coins.

There were also several rooms in Club Penguin. A player would usually land in the town whenever they logged on. All players gathered at the town. By walking or by using the map, players could visit other places.

Membership 
Like most online games, Club Penguin had a membership which can only be purchased online or through a special card that was purchased from the store. As a member, a player could buy furniture, adopt more puffles, and get access to member-only bonuses.

Puffles 

Puffles were the penguin's pets. Non-members could only buy a red puffle and a blue puffle, but members could adopt all 20 puffles in different colors. A puffle that was not well cared for by its owner will leave its owner and return to the wild. Puffles had food, hats, and toys which could be bought in the game.

Games 

There were many games on Club Penguin. Each game had different controls. Some games are controlled by the mouse, while other games were controlled by the keyboard. At the end of a game, the player earns a certain amount of coins, depending on how fast and/or how well the game was played.

Video games 
There are some video games based on Club Penguin. These include the following:
 Club Penguin: Elite Penguin Force 
 Club Penguin: Elite Penguin Force: Herbert's Revenge for Nintendo DS 
 Club Penguin: Game Day for Wii

References

Other websites 
Club Penguin website
Club Penguin Wiki 
Club Penguin Wikia

Online games
Disney video games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Shock may refer to:

Medical conditions
Shock (circulatory), a circulatory medical emergency
Acute stress reaction, often termed 'shock' by laypersons, a psychological condition in response to terrifying events
Post-traumatic stress disorder, a long-term complication of acute stress reaction

Other meanings
Shock (economics), an unexpected or unpredictable event that affects an economy
Shocks (Image Processing)
Electric shock
Shock (mechanics)
short for "Shock absorber"
Shock wave, one example being a sonic boom
Shock site, a website that is intended to be offensive or shocking to most viewers
Shock tactics, a close quarter battle tactic, usually done by specially trained shock troops.
Shock troops, troops trained for shock tactics, usually heavy cavalry or infantry
The Detroit Shock, a professional women's basketball team
Shock (Cooking Technique), to quickly stop the cooking process of blanched items by plunging them in ice water.

Last names
Aaron Schock, member of the U.S. House of Representatives representing the 18th district of Illinois.

In the arts
Shock (troupe), a rock/mime/burlesque/music troupe
Shock (1946 movie), a movie starring Vincent Price
Shock (1977 movie), a 1977 Italian movie
Shock (novel), a 2001 book by Robin Cook
Shock (2004 movie), a 2004 Tamil movie starring Prashanth Thyagarajan
Shock (2006 movie), a 2006 Telugu movie
The Shock (1923 movie), a 1923 silent movie
Shock Records, an Australian record label

Related pages
Culture shock
Future shock
Sticker shock
Combat stress reaction, or "shell shock"
Culture shock is a feeling that people have when they are in a different place or experiencing a culture that is different from their own. Many times, the feelings that come with culture shock are confusion, feeling out of place, anxiety, and homesickness. These feelings come from adjusting to the new culture or place, which can be very difficult for some people. Adjustment is especially hard when the change of environment and culture is in a foreign country. It is difficult for people to know what is appropriate and what is not in an unfamiliar place.

Signs and symptoms 

 Frustration
 Tiring easily and sleeping a lot

 Feelings of loneliness and not being motivated

 Negative attitude towards host culture

 Extreme homesickness

Dealing with culture shock 
It is important to understand and identify the symptoms of culture shock so that it can be worked through. The feelings and symptoms that are a result of culture shock are not always caused by one event alone. Many times, it is more than one event over time that leads to overwhelming feelings and emotions. Sometimes it is difficult to identify feelings and emotions as symptoms of culture shock because they can often be confused with other things. There are some different strategies for coping and working through culture shock. Keeping active, making friends with the host country’s locals, and staying positive are all good methods to improve the ability to deal with culture shock.

Reverse culture shock 
Reverse culture shock is like culture shock but is experienced when someone returns to their original home after being away for a long period of time. Reverse culture shock can be unexpected because people expect their home to be the same as when they left. This makes it harder for someone to readjust to the change in their home culture and environment. Usually, a longer period of time spent away from home means a longer adjustment period after returning home. Reverse culture shock can be worked through by talking with others, doing things that are a reminder of the foreign place or culture, and staying positive.

References 

Culture shock
Modern dance is related to ballet, but aims at different types of performance, as compared to the classical ballets. Many of its dancers have been trained in ballet, and modern dance companies are rather similar to ballet companies. Here the word "modern" is not used to mean "recent". Modern dance is over a century old, having begun (in this sense) around 1900.

The phrase 'modern dance' is also applied to ballroom dance of the English (now 'International') style. However, this page uses Modern dance as a term to describe 20th century concert dance, on stage. The modern dance style does not have set rules. Modern dancers often create their own dance routines using their emotions and moods but, on the other hand, many performances are choreographed.

Also modern dancing does not require specific costumes. So modern dancers often dance barefoot and choose whatever they want to wear. Modern dancers try to show their innermost emotions through dancing, often trying to get closer to their inner-selves. Modern dance has evolved continually. Artistic content has changed and shifted from one choreographer to another, as have styles and techniques.

History 
Modern dance was developed in the 20th century, mainly in the United States and Germany. In the early 1900s, several female dancers began rebelling against the strict rules of classical ballet.

The pioneers of modern dance in the United States were Isadora Duncan, Loie Fuller, Ruth St. Denis and Martha Graham. The pioneers of Germany were Rudolf Von Laban and Mary Wigman.

References

Further reading 
Bedinghaus, Treva. What is modern dance? About.com
Love P. 1997. Modern dance terminology: the ABC's of modern dance as defined by its originators. Independent Publishers. 

Dance types

es:Danza moderna
Epik High is a South Korean hip hop music group. They are well known for having combined genres and different styles of hip-hop throughout their career and for the quality of their music and the lyrics to their songs. Group members are Tablo, DJ Tukutz and Mithra Jin. They made their first recording in 2003, and started their own music label, Map the Soul, in 2009. They went on a World Tour to Japan, Korea and U.S.A. (April 26 ,2009 ~ May 23, 2009). The label was acquired by Woolim Entertainment, their former label. But soon the contract between them and their company ended and they are now the members of 
YG Entertainment.

Members 

 Tablo (Lee Seon-woong , or "Supreme T")
 DJ Tukutz (Kim Jeong-sik , or "Street T")
 Mithra Jin (Choi Jin , or "Sleeping M")

Recordings  
2003 Map of the Human Soul 
2004 High Society 
2005 Swan Songs 
2006 Black Swan Songs 
2007 Remapping the Human Soul 
2008 Pieces, Part One 
2008 Lovescream 
2009 魂: Map the Soul
2009 Remixing The Human Soul
2009 [e]
2010 epilogue 
2012 "99"
Other: Rideback ライドバック Soundtrack (Japanese anime)

Awards

2005 
Mnet KM Music Festival Best Hip Hop Award 
Golden Disk Awards Best Hip Hop Award 
KBS Artist of the Year 
SBS Best Hip Hop Award

2007 
Mnet KM Music Festival Album of the Year, Best Hip Hop Award 
Golden Disk Awards Artist of the Year 
KBS Artist of the Year

2008 
Mnet KM Music Festival Best Hip Hop Award, Best Lyricist Award 
Seoul Music Awards Album of the Year, Artist of the Year 
Korea Music Awards Hip Hop Album of the Year, Viewer's Choice Award

References 

 http://www.ygfamily.com

South Korean musical groups
2003 establishments in South Korea
Ben Foster (born 3 April 1983) is an English footballer. He is a former England national team goalkeeper who currently plays for the English Premier League club Watford. He holds the record for having done the most no. of saves (1178) in premier league history.

Foster started his football career at Racing Club Warwick and in 2001, secured his first transfer to Stoke City. Although considered promising, Foster struggled and could not get regular game-time in his youth days.

In 2005 he departed, without playing a single match, from Stoke City after a series of loan spells and joined Manchester United where he played as a back-up to Edwin van der Sar. He was loaned twice, consecutively, for the years 2005-06 and 2006-07 to Watford before spending three more seasons at Manchester United as a substitute goalkeeper. He finally left Manchester United for Birmingham City in 2010.

It was from this time that Foster started to get regular starts in all the teams he played till now. At Birmingham City, he instantly established himself in the main-eleven for the 2010-11 season. The next season, West Bromwich Albion successfully managed to seal a loan deal with Birmingham City for Foster before finalising the transfer in 2012. He spent a total of seasons at West Brom before leaving the club for Watford in 2018. Since joining Watford, he has been praised several times by analysts for his calm presence in the goal behind a considerably weak Watford defense and has won back-to-back Premier league goalkeeper of the year awards at the London Football Awards.

Personal life
Born in Leamington Spa, Ben Foster used to work as a chef before he started his career as a footballer. He is currently married to Kate Foster with whom he has 2 childrens. The family lives in a self-designed house at Tiddington, Warwickshire. Besides football, Foster has deep interest in cycling and has taken part in various cycling tours.

Career statistics

Club

International

Source:

Honours
Wrexham
Football League Trophy: 2004–05

Watford
Football League Championship play-offs: 2006
FA Cup runner-up: 2018–19

Manchester United
Football League Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10

Birmingham City
Football League Cup: 2010–11

Individual
Watford Player of the Season: 2006–07
Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2009, 2011
Birmingham City Player of the Season: 2010–11
Birmingham City Players' Player of the Season: 2010–11
West Bromwich Albion Supporters' Player of the Season: 2011–12, 2013–14
West Bromwich Albion Players' Player of the Season: 2011–12, 2013–14
London Football Awards Goalkeeper of the Year: 2018, 2019

References

Other websites

Profile at the Watford F.C. website

1983 births
Living people
English association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Warwickshire
Premier League players
This article is about the Korean university.  For other uses, see Yonsei.
Yonsei University (연세대학교,延世大學校) is one of the top three universities in South Korea. It is privately-owned, and one of the oldest universities in the country.

History
Yonsei University was started by a Christian missionary named Horace Underwood. The university included older schools. One was Yonhi College and another was Severance Hospital. Severance Hospital had a medical school called Gwanghyewon which opened in 1885. Therefore, Yonsei University states that it started in 1885.

Geography
The main buildings are in Sinchon in Seoul, but there are also students in Wonju in Gangwon province.

The university offers courses in economics, business, and medical majors. Severance Hospital is still the medical center of Yonsei University. Yonsei University's school color is blue.

References 

Schools in South Korea
1885 establishments
1880s establishments in Asia
Establishments in South Korea
Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies (HAFS) is a private boarding school in Yongin City, South Korea. It was founded by the city council and the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies through working together. HAFS was established on 9 October 2004. The school has around 113 workers and approximately 1050 students. The school is well known for its school uniform which is designed by André Kim, a famous designer in S. Korea.

The school ground includes three classroom buildings named Pioneer Hall, Dream Hall, and Challenge Hall respectively and two dormitory buildings named Ace Hall. All students have to live in the dormitory throughout the school years.

There are 5 language departments, which are often referred to as "majors": English, French, German, Chinese, and Japanese. Classes 1 - 3 are English majors; class 4, French major; class 5, German major; classes 6 - 8, Chinese majors; classes 9 - 10, Japanese majors. There are approximately 35 students per class. The English majors are often referred to as the International Department and the French, German, Chinese and Japanese majors, or the Eurasian Majors as the Domestic Department.

Schools in South Korea
2004 establishments in Asia
El Clásico (, ) is a football match between two Spanish rival football clubs, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid, in the Spanish football league La Liga. It is one of the most famous football matches in the world.

History 
The rival match is also well-known due to its history.  Historically, Catalonia was oppressed and disrespected by the dictatorship. Thus, the only way the citizens could take revenge to the government was to defeat the football club representing Madrid (the capital city and the central government in Spain). FC Barcelona led in Official Matches 96 wins to 95 Real Madrid.

Achievements 

Currently, the records for both Real Madrid and FC Barcelona are one of the top football clubs in the world.

Real Madrid has won: 34 La Ligas, 19 Copa del Reys, 2 UEFA Cups, 13 UEFA Champions Leagues, 3 Intercontinental Cups, and 4 FIFA Club World Cups.

FC Barcelona has won: 26 La Ligas, 30 Copa del Reys, 4 UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, 5 UEFA Champions Leagues, 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, and 3 FIFA Club World Cups.

References 

Football in Spain
Bungee jumping is an adventurous sport in which people jump from higher ground such as a bridge with an elastic rope tied to their ankles to stop them from hitting the ground. The rope is designed to stretch, not break. When the rope has stretched all the way, the jumper bounces back up. When people jump they wear safety equipment like helmets and a harness.

History
It started as the coming-of-age ceremony in a small                          village on South Pentecost Island in Vanuatu. The young men jump from the top of a 30 meter high tree to demonstrate their courage as an adult. They tied jungle vines around their ankles so that they would not hit the ground.And from then it started to become a sport in which people take part and it was named bungee jumping .

Modern bungee jumping

Modern bungee jumping began when four British men jumped off  the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In 1987 A.J.Hackett became world famous when he jumped from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Later he set up the Kawarau Bridge in New Zealand, with a height of 47 meters, as a commercial bungee jumping area. People could pay money for the fun of jumping. The idea quickly spread around the world.

Safety
Bungee jumping has several dangers. The rope has to be the right size for your weight, or it may break. The safety harness has to fit properly or the force of the drop could cause a person's bones to break. The rope has to be the right length or a person could hit the ground before being stopped by the rope.

References

Other websites
 AJ Hacketts official website
Leisure
Sports
Arirang is a 2011 South Korean movie. It is about the revolutionist Kim San. It is also about the sadness and pain of the Korean people under the rule of the Japanese.

In the story, a female reporter Nim Wales meets Kim San in Yanan City in China. She listens to Kim San about his thoughts of revolution and freedom of his home country Korea.  The Japanese rule at that time was very strict and violent. The people wanted independence of Korea from Japan. Many Koreans, like Kim, were forced to leave their own country. When Kim met Nim Wales in Yanan, he joined the revolution in China against Japan's aggressive war.

In this movie, the main theme is revolution and Independence of Korea. It is also about Kim San's mind to his mother country and his own life.

2011 movies
Korea
Johnny & Associates (, janīzu jimusho in Japanese) is a well-known boys entertainment company in Japan. It was established in 1963 by Johnny Kitagawa. It accepts and trains talented boys and promotes their debuts to the entertainment industry. Although Johnny & Associates once accepted female idol candidates in 1980s, it now only takes boys as its candidates.

History
Starting with group name "Johnnys" in 1962, Johnny & Associates has debuted over 20 groups so far. It has currently more than 10 groups actively participating in the entertainment industry. The most famous groups of today include SMAP (since 1991), TOKIO (1994), V6 (1996), Kinki Kids (1997), Arashi (1999), Tackey and Tsubasa (2001), NewS (2003), Kanjani∞ (2005), KAT-TUN (2006), and Hey! Say! JUMP (2007). Johnny & Associates has been introducing a new idol group almost every other year, and in 2009, Nakayama Yuma with B.I. Shadow made its debut in June.

Companies of Japan
Entertainment companies
1963 establishments in Japan
Arnos Grove is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly line between Bounds Green and Southgate. The station is in Travelcard Zone 4 and is in Arnos Grove - near Arnos Park on Bowes Road, London. The station and the surrounding neighbourhood of Arnos Grove take their names from the Arnos Grove estate, which was north of the station. The station is the first surface station north after the long tunnelled section from Barons Court via Central London.

Related pages
 List of London Underground stations

References

Other websites 

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 
 
 
 
 Charles Holden.com - Early image of Arnos Grove tube station 
 
 The Guardian's Great Modern Buildings Series
 Arnos Grove 3D model for Google Earth

Piccadilly line stations
Tube stations in the London Borough of Enfield
Grade II listed buildings in London
Grade II listed railway stations
Art Deco buildings
Railway stations opened in 1932
Charles Holden buildings
The Cuba Libre (IPA /'kuβ̞a'liβ̞ɾe/ in Spanish, kjuːbʌ liːbɹeɪ/ in English, "Free Cuba") is a cocktail made of Cola, rum, and lime. Also referred as Rum and Coke in United States and Canada, it is usually served in a highball glass. The exact recipe of the drink is 2 oz of light rum, juice of 1/2 limes, and cola, although variation in rum is possible according to taste. After pouring the lime juice into the highball glass, add rum, fill the rest of the glass with cola, and then stir. 

The exact history of Cuba Libre is uncertain. Generally accepted theory is that the drink was invented in Havana, Cuba around 1900, after Cuba’s liberation and when Coke was first introduced to Cuba.

Alcoholic drink
Yoo Young Chul is a South Korean criminal. He is a thief, burglar, robber, fraudster, batterer and serial killer. He murdered 21 women from September 2003 to July 2004 in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The victims were all women, including a bride who was going to marry the next day. After he was arrested on July 18th 2004, he claimed that he had killed 26 people. However, according to investigation done by The Korea Public Prosecutor’s Office, it was found that he murdered 21 people. The judge gave him the death penalty on December 13rd, 2004, instead of life imprisonment because of the cruelty of his murders. The judge considered Yoo Young Chul’s statement that if he wasn’t arrested, he would have chopped even 100 people into pieces. The chief judge said “considering the pain the victims’ family suffered and panic prevailed in the society, he cannot avoid the top penalty.” He is living on death row.

He said that he started murdering because of hatred toward women caused by his divorce. He got a score of 38 on psychopath test where the maximum score is 40. The closer the score is to 40, the more likely that the test-taker is a psychopath. But, psychiatrists made a diagnosis that he was normal and that he could act according to his own true will. So, the fact that he was psychopath could not justify the crime he committed. This shocking event made many people in Korea pay attention to psychopath and this criminal case was made into a movie named "Chu-Gyuk-Ja" which means "The Chaser" in English.

References

Other websites
http://sstv.freechal.com/News/Detail.aspx?cSn=1&pSn=41787
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=038&aid=0000262424
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=032&aid=0000098551
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=052&aid=0000060752&
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=052&aid=0000060617&
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=087&aid=0000024041
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=055&aid=0000034349&
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=032&aid=0000098363
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=034&aid=0000157809
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0000850683

Burglars
Fraudsters
Prisoners
Robbers
Serial killers
South Korean criminals
Thieves
Living people
1970 births
Ji Kang Hun (1954~October 15th 1988) was an escapee from prison in Seoul. 

Ji became well known to Koreans, along with those who escaped with him, as their hostage taking was broadcast live all over Korea. Ji became famous for his saying “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don't have money, guilty.” The phrase criticized social and income inequality of the 1980s Korean society. Also, it raised the issue of “Preventive Custody Policy,” which separated prisoners from the society for a while even after their prison term was over in a preventative approach to potential crimes.

The Escape
On October 8, 1988, 12 prisoners from Youngdeungpo Prison escaped into Seoul city during their transfer to Kongju Prison. Although they were known to Koreans as cruel and inhumane criminals, they were actually accused of robbery and other small crimes. They escaped because they were enraged by the idea of “Preventive Custody Policy,” and that trials were conducted unfairly to the poor. Their prison term for stealing 5,000,000 won was longer than that of Jun Kyung Hwan, brother of the former Korean president, who had embezzled approximately 60,000,000,000 won.
Among the 12 escapees, 4 out of 5 managed to stay unarrested until the very end. They are Ji Kang Hun (35 years old), An Kwang Sul (22), Kang Young Il (21), and Han E-Chul (20). They moved in search of shelters from houses to houses in Seoul. On October 15th, they smuggled into Ko’s house in Seodaemungu Bukjakadong and took hostage of his family. This hostage taking was broadcasted live on television. Ko managed to sneak out from the house at 4:00 AM in the morning and informed the police. The house was surrounded immediately by more than 1000 police force. The standoff between the escapees and the police started from 4:40 AM. At about 12:00 PM, Kang Young Il came out of the house in an effort to negotiate with the police. He tried to get back to the house, but was stopped by Ji who shot a gun before Kang’s feet. Ji stated that this was his last gift to Kang. Then, two of other escapees, An Kwang Sul and Han E-Chul committed suicide in the other room. Ji asked the police for a cassette tape, Holiday by Beegees. He shouted out to the reporters, policemen, and those who were at the scene, “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don't have money, guilty.” He tried to kill himself by stabbing his throat with a piece of glass that he had shattered from the window while listening to Holiday. During the process of rescuing the hostages, Ji was shot two times by the Special Squad in the house. He died the same day at the hospital for excessive loss of blood.

Influence
To this day, the phrase “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don’t have money, guilty” is used to criticize politicians or elites in corporations who get away with bribery and embezzlement. 

A movie based on his escape, “Holiday,” was made in Korea in 2006. The title was named after a song by Beegees, which Ji Kang Hun asked for at the hostage taking scene

Other websites 
 "Hostage Taking on Sunday" video from MBC iMTV 
 October 16th 1988 News from MBC

South Korean criminals
The Commercial Act of South Korea () is the law that controls commerce in South Korea. It was originally enacted on 1 January 1963. It currently consists of 5 main chapters: General Provisions, Commercial Transactions, Company, Insurance, and Maritime Commerce.

Amendments (changes) were made in 1963, 1984, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2008 and 2009. The biggest changes were made to comply with rules made by the International Monetary Fund. These changes were made during South Korea's foreign currency crisis in 1998. They were commentated to support corporate restructuring and improving accountability and transparency of management through efficient monitoring.

The concept of directors' fiduciary duty of loyalty was introduced into the statute in the Commercial Act and was imposed as a statutory obligation of directors of stock companies. The Commercial Act also newly included the concept of de facto directors liable for damages under certain circumstances.  This enabled the Commercial Act to enhance managerial accountability by holding "owners", who do not hold any official corporate directorship, liable for mis-management and misconduct. Additionally, through the introduction of the shareholder proposal rights, the status of minority shareholders improved, securing the opportunities of minority shareholders to propose certain issues to the board of directors and the general shareholders' meeting.

More reading 

 Hwa-Jin Kim (1999) "Living with the IMF: a New Approach to Corporate Governance and Regulation of Financial Institutions in Korea", 17 Berkeley Journal International Law. 
 The Korean Commerce Code (상법/商法): § 382-3, 401-2, 363-2

Economy of South Korea
Commerce
Legislation
History of South Korea
Ashkenazi Jews / Ashkenazic Jews / Ashkenazim are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe.

Scientists believe that Ashkenazi Jews originally came from the Land of Israel and initially went to Italy, France, and Germany. Later, during pogroms in the middle ages, mainly in Germany, they fled to Poland and Lithuania, and from there they spread over the rest of Eastern Europe. They then adopted the Yiddish language.

After that, two terms, Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, became commonly used: The former indicates the Jews who worshiped in the German way and spoke Yiddish, the latter indicates the Jews who worshiped in the Spanish way and spoke the Ladino language. They differ in language (pronunciation), cultural tradition and worship style.

During World War II, about 6 million Jews, 5 million of whom were Ashkenazi, were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust destroyed or greatly reduced the large Jewish communities and the Yiddish language in Europe. Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and the United States after the war.

As of 2018, Ashkenazim are around 75% of the 14.6 million Jews of the world. They are also the mainstream of Israeli politics. Famous Ashkenazim are Albert Einstein, George Gershwin, Gustav Mahler, Franz Kafka.

Related pages 
 Maghrebi Jews
 Mizrahi Jews
 Sephardi Jews

References 

 

Jewish ethnic groups
Dilation and evacuation (or "D&E") is a medical procedure. It may be used as a method of abortion when a woman is in her second trimester (between 12–32 weeks pregnant). This procedure also may be used after a woman has a miscarriage, to make sure that the uterus is emptied out completely.  If tissue is left behind in a woman's uterus after a miscarriage, she can get an infection.

Process 
A dilation and evacuation involves two major steps. First, the cervix (the bottom part of the uterus) is dilated, or made bigger. This is often done about a day before the actual procedure. To dilate the cervix, a doctor may put special tools into the cervix. The cervix needs to be made larger so that medical tools, like forceps (surgical tongs) or a curette (a tool that is used to scrape away the lining of the uterus) can be put into the cervix.

The second step of the D&E procedure is to evacuate, or remove, everything inside of the uterus. The woman is given a local anesthetic to numb part of her body or a general anesthetic to put her to sleep. The doctor will then put a cannula (a medical tube) into the uterus, through the vagina. The cannula is attached to a bottle and a pump that create a vacuum. The cannula is used to vacuum (or suction) out everything that is in the uterus, including the fetus. 

The doctor may use forceps to take out any tissue that is still in the uterus. The doctor may also use a curette to scrape out the lining of the uterus. The vacuum can then be used again to make sure that the uterus is completely empty. This is to prevent infection from tissue left behind by accident.

If a woman is earlier on in her pregnancy, this procedure can sometimes be done without dilating the cervix first. This is called a "vacuum aspiration". It can be used for women who are in the first trimester (the first 12 weeks of pregnancy) or for women who are in the early stages of the second trimester. However, sometime during the second trimester, it becomes very difficult to do this procedure without dilating the cervix first. At this point, a full dilation and extraction is needed.

A complete D&E usually takes 10 to 20 minutes. Often, women are able to go home on the same day as the procedure, without staying overnight in a hospital.

Most abortions are done much earlier on in the pregnancy, so a full dilation and extraction is usually not needed.

Related pages
 Abortion
 Miscarriage

References

Abortion
Visual kei (aka visual rock) is a Japanese musical style that started in the late 1980s. Visual kei was influenced by glam rock. Visual kei artists use striking fashion and theatrical performances to highlight their music.

Early visual kei bands were strongly influenced by glam rock and heavy metal. Over time, visual kei has changed to meet the consumers' taste for music. Today, visual kei music includes goth, industrial, J-pop, and hip hop. Sometimes it is called "neo-visual kei".

Visual kei influenced the Goth lolita fashion trend. Visual kei artists often have wild dress, androgynous looks, jewelry, dyed hair, and thick make-up. Goth lolita dressers say that they are inspired by their favorite visual kei bands.

X Japan is widely seen as the first visual kei band. Other well-known bands that helped to increase visual kei's popularity include Malice Mizer, Luna Sea, and Dir en grey.

References 

VisualKei.com

Rock music
Japanese culture
Damien Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion. Some call his music Brit-pop (British pop music) but he says his music is  alternative rock. He is known as a singer and song writer who wrote sad but beautiful songs for on popular movie and television programs. The Blower's Daughter is his representative song. It was used in the 2004 move Closer. His music is often used in ice skating. Recently, Rice was given "special thanks" in the end credits of the Academy Award winning 2007 Irish musical movie Once. The movie starred fellow Irish musician Glen Hansard.

He was born 7 December 1973 and raised in Celbridge, County Kildare Ireland. Before he started his own solo-career, he was a member of the rock band Jupiter which later became Bell X1. In this band, he released 2 singles and 1 album. However, Rice became disenchanted with the label and left the band to pursue a solo career. When he start his own career, he form a band with new members. For example, Lisa Hannigan is famous for featuring Damien Rice's songs like Cold water, 9 crimes and so on.

So far, he has released two studio albums: O in 2002, and 9 in 2006. And he also has released EPs B side in 2004. In 2002, his album was a strong commercial success and won the Shortlist Music Prize. After that, his second studio album 9 released not only in Ireland but also Europe and North America. 

Rice is also known for his charity work. He helped the Burma Campaign to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Rice and Hannigan recorded a charity song, campaigning for her release, called Unplayed Piano, which they performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. In 2008 he participated in a music album called Songs for Tibet which is an initiative to support Tibet and to underline the human rights situation in Tibet.

1973 births
Living people
Irish guitarists
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
European pianists
Record producers
Rock guitarists
The Brahui people (Brahui: بروہی) are the only Dravidian ethnic group in Pakistan. Of the 2.2 million Brahuis, most live in  Baluchistan and Afghanistan, where they are native. They are closely linked to the Balochs with whom they have intermingled, and whose cultural traits they have absorbed. Linguistically they were believed to be a remnant of the inhabitants of the IVC. The Brahui language, also called Bravi, is a Dravidian language.

DNA studies suggest that the Brahui are most closely related to the ancient Dravidian people, which are descedants of neolithic farmers from the Zagros mountains area in modern-day Iran.

References 

Dravidian peoples
Ethnic groups in Balochistan (Pakistan)
Ethnic minorities
The Chittagonian peoples are groups of tribes and native aborigines living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, consisting of the Tripuris, Rakhines, the Chakmas and various others inhabiting SE Bangladesh. In their overall complexion and facial features these peoples are more closely related to Burma and other South East Asian nations of Indo-China, gives the country a strong candidate to become a future member of ASEAN.

Chittagongian people speak the Chittagongian language, which is an Indo-Aryan language of Assamese-Bengali group. It is considered a dialect of Bengali by the Bangladeshi government though they are not mutually intelligible.

They live in the Chittagong division of south-eastern Bangladesh. They are predominantly Theraveda Buddhist, but there are sizeable Hindus and due to influx of people from Bangladesh’s other parts Muslims are now consisting the largest minority of the region.

The Indian tricolour was hoisted in Rangamati for 3 days, but was put down by the Pakistani government( Then Bangladesh was under Pakistan as East Pakistan)

Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Tripura
Chittagong Hill Tracts
Shan may refer to:

People
The Shan people, Southeast Asian ethnic group inhabiting Myanmar
The Shan language
Dai people, also known as Shan, ethnic group in China
Shanrong (山戎), term for "mountain barbarian" in Shanxi, Hubei in northern China
Shan (surname), or 单 in Chinese, a Chinese surname
Shan, a variant of the Welsh given name usually spelt Siân
Darren Shan, children's author
MC Shan, rapper

Places
Shan State of Myanmar
Shaanxi, abbreviated as Shan (陕), province of the People's Republic of China
Shan County, Shandong, county in Shandong, China
Shan County, Henan, in Sanmenxia, China
Shantou, or Shan (汕), a city in Guangdong, China
Shan (剡), river name in Zhejiang Province of PRC
Shan (鄯), name for a region in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 
Shan (鄯), the name of ancient Western Regions (西域)
山, shan, Chinese for "mountains" or "mountain range"
Mount Shani or Gora Shan, a mountain in the Caucasus

Other uses
Shan Foods, a brand of Pakistani cuisine spice mixes
Insect from Shaggai, or Shan, a fictional alien race in the writings of Ramsey Campbell
The marketing mix is the combination of elements necessary to the planning and execution of the total marketing operation. The total marketing operation mainly consists of three 
processes : Analyzing the situation of companies, STP, and Marketing mix. Marketing 
managers first analyzes the situation of the company and then conduct STP : Segmentation, 
Targeting, Positioning. In STP, they segment the market, choose the target market in which 
the company can have competitive advantages and determine what is to be their products' 
position in the market, and then they design the marketing mix. In the process, marketing 
managers should design an internally consistent and mutually supportive marketing mix.

It was specifically divided into the 4Ps : Product, Placement, Price and 
Promotion by E.Jerome McCarthy in 1960, and from then it has been dealt with various 
variables. These variables include not only goods and services but usage, 
value, image and so on.

Relative importance among 4Ps
In devising the marketing strategy : the total marketing operation,  it is usually said that getting a competitive advantage should be considered importantly than any other factors. Thus, product and price is firstly determined because in the case they could be seen more related to the competitive advantage. In that case, decision-making about place and promotion is considered relatively later after determining the strategic position of the products by comparing rival products and then giving relative quality of products, price of products to the market. However, it is usual way of using marketing mix, and the relative importance of each mix can be different in many cases in terms of the situation of the market, the characteristic of the product, the characteristic of the company and so on. Thus, place or promotion can be the highest priority in any cases. In conclusion, marketing managers must pursue the most appropriate marketing mix with a bid to achieving competitive advantage using minimum effort.

References
 Kotler, Philip (2003) "Marketing Management", Prentice Hall, .
 Chae Seo Il (2007) "Marketing", B&M Books, 
 Silbiger, Steven (2005) "The Ten-day MBA", HarperCollins, 

Marketing
Willy Rohr developed successful in 1915 the Shock-Troops-Taktiks in the Western Front. They had been used in the Battle of Verdun. His Bataillon became independent and was first named as Sturmbataillon Rohr and became about one year later renamed by the Prussian Minister of War to Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr).

Oskar von Hutier was another one of Germany's most successful and innovative generals of World War I. He did the same for the Eastern Front

After rising to army command early in 1917, Hutier began to apply the lessons learned from his three years of commanding troops, along with his study of tactics used by other armies. He devised a new strategy for the Germans to break the stalemate of trench warfare. These tactics were to prove so successful in 1917 and 1918 that the French dubbed them "Hutier tactics", although the more commonly used term today is "infiltration tactics".

Operation Michael
In the Spring Offensive of 1918 the first of five parts was called Michael.  At the beginning on 21 March 1918, they took three armies, for a total of 42 divisions. The aim was to break through the salient at the junction point between the French forces (south) and the English (north), with operations between Bapaume and Saint Simon, intending to then create a wedge between the two contingents, pushing the British Expeditionary Force out towards the sea. On the first day the defensive lines were already smashed against both Allies, and the Germans completely succeeded in advancing 65 kilometers long into a salient of approximately 80 km. In their sweeping advance the German troops met greater resistance against the English than the French. But although the Germans were successful at first, after a few days the German offensive was suddenly exhausted, and beginning March 27, when the French began to engage their strategic reserve near Amiens, the Germans had no more substantial territorial gain. So the Germans failed to achieve a strategically important victory, and indeed, it had lengthened the battle line and created a salient exposed to Allied counter-offensives.

World War I
The Clarity Act (known as Bill C-20 before it became law) was a law passed by Canadian Government in 1999.

Other websites 
 Text of the Clarity Act
 Full text of the Reference re Secession of Quebec
 1995 Act Respecting the Future of Quebec
 Open letter in support of the democratic right to self-determination for Quebec 
Debates - Issue 44 - April 6, 2000 (Senate's Second Reading debate about the passage of specific powers to the House of Commons; notable because the Senate is a co-equal body)
 CBC report on introduction of Clarity Bill

Canada
1999 in Canada
1990s in law
Nell is a South Korean rock band. They formed in 1999. It consists of Kim Jong-wan, who sings and plays guitar and keyboard; Lee-Jae-kyung on guitar; Lee Jung-hun on bass; and Jung Jae-won on drums. The band's name comes from a 1994 movie of the same name. Nell is one of the few rock bands who gained mainstream popularity in South Korea. They also have been nominated for several musical awards.

History 
Nell was formed in 1999. They began playing at live clubs around Hongik University, and were spotted by Seo tai ji, who signed them to his private record company. In July 2006, Nell left Seo Tai Ji Company and joined Woolim Entertainment.

Nell is one of the few rock bands that have achieved mainstream success in the country. Their 2007 'Welcome Home' tour sold out in two minutes. Nell has also participated in the annual ETPFEST in 2002, and the Myspace Secret Show November 28th, 2008.

The band stopped performing after their nomination at the Golden Disk Awards on December 11th, 2008, because of the members' departure for the compulsory South Korean military service. The band got back together with "Slip Away" when their term was over.

Discography

Studio albums

Indie 
 Reflection of - (Jan 2001)
 Speechless - (Sept 2001)

Major 
 Let It Rain - (2003)
 Walk Through Me - (2004)
 Healing Process - (2006)
 Separation Anxiety - (2008)
 Slip Away - (2012)

EP 
 Let's Take a Walk - (2007)

Omnibus 
 The Trace - (2008)

References 

 biography on Naver.com
 biography on Woolliment.com

Other websites 
 Official Website(Korean) 
 Official Fansite(Korean)
 Official Myspace

South Korean musical groups
Rock bands
1999 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea
The Mongolian hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in China and Mongolia.

Hamsters
The Tibetan dwarf hamster (Cricetulus alticola) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in China, India, and Nepal.

Hamsters