cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A Boolean data type is a data type that can be either one of these two values: true or false. The boolean data type was originally added to the C++ language by the ISO/ANSI(International Standards Organization/American National Standards Organization) committee in 1998. Type bool expressions are named after the English mathematician George Boole, who formulated rules for mathematical logic. Boolean expressions also end up with a value of either true or false. Boolean expressions are used in branching and looping statements. In programming, a boolean can be used with conditional statements (statements that only happen when the right condition is met).

Examples
An example of a boolean in pseudocode:
if (Boolean_Expression)

{

Yes_Statement_1

...

Yes_Statement_Last

}

else

{

No_Statement_1

...

No_Statement_Last

}

Boolean data types can also be used with other booleans inside of conditional statements using a conjunction operator. For example: 

if (Boolean_Expression1 and Boolean_Expression2)

{

Yes_Statement_First

...

Yes_Statement_Last

}

else

{ 

No_Statement_First

...

No_Statement_Last

}

It can also be used with a disjunction operator:

if (Boolean_Expression1 or Boolean_Expression2)

{

Yes_Statement_First

...

Yes_Statement_Last

}

Computer science
Boolean algebra
Nikoloz Rurua (, 17 March 1968 – 4 December 2018) was a Georgian politician. He was a member of the Cabinet of Georgia as Minister of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia from 10 December 2008 until 25 October 2012 during the Mikheil Saakashvili presidency. He was born in Tbilisi, Georgia.

Rurua died of a heart attack at his Tbilisi apartment on 4 December 2018, aged 50.

References

1968 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Civil servants
Bennington County is a county of Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 37,125 people lived there. The shire towns (county seats) are Bennington and Manchester.

Vermont counties
Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area is a census area located in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,559. It is part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore has no borough seat. Its largest communities are Craig and Metlakatla.

References 

Alaska census areas
Southeast Fairbanks Census Area is a census area in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,029. It is part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore has no borough seat. Its largest communities are Deltana and Tok, both unincorporated CDPs.

References 

Alaska census areas
Kusilvak Census Area, formerly known as Wade Hampton Census Area, is a census area in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,459. It is part of the Unorganized Borough and therefore has no borough seat. Its largest community is the city of Hooper Bay, on the Bering Sea coast.

References 

Alaska census areas
Petersburg Borough is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.  According to Census Bureau estimates, the population was 3,196 in 2016. The borough seat is Petersburg.  Petersburg is the most recently created county equivalent in the United States.

The borough was incorporated in 2013, it took area from the Hoonah–Angoon Census Area and the former Petersburg Census Area. The remaining part of Petersburg Census Area (including Kake) was added to Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area. It was created in 2008 from the remaining part of Wrangell–Petersburg Census Area upon the incorporation of the City and Borough of Wrangell.

References 

Alaska boroughs
The Canadian Eskimo Dog is an Arctic breed of working dog. Another name for it is qimmiq, and it was brought to North America from Siberia by the Thule people.

References 

Dog breeds
A refresh rate is simply the amount of images shown on a screen per second. The general specs one will see for it will be 60 Hz, or 120 Hz. It is measured in Hz which is a measurement of frequency. In this case, 60 Hz will denote that the frequency at which pictures are shown for that screen is 60 images per second. It is a common property of monitors or televisions and it will dictate the maximum frames per second (fps) that the system is able to put out. For example, having a game running at 128 fps will show no improvements if the screen it's being played on has a refresh rate of 60 Hz. In that case, the screen can't keep up with how fast the game wants to show images, so it will default at 60 fps as it's fastest speed.

As the refresh rate of a screen is increased, the amount of images shown is doubled and there are more noticeable changes in terms of picture quality. Depending on what's being displayed on the screen, the jump from 60 Hz to 120 Hz is the line between whether or not you're going to be able to see motion blur when pictures are moving too fast for the screen to handle. But commonly, most streaming services and television shows will run at a maximum of 60 Hz, so unless one plans to do extensive gaming and wants optimal visuals, having a screen with a 60 Hz refresh rate will do the trick for most cases.

Display technology
Ketchikan Gateway Borough is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,477. The borough seat is Ketchikan.

References 

Alaska boroughs
Kodiak Island Borough is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,592. The borough seat is Kodiak.

References 

Alaska boroughs
Lake and Peninsula Borough is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,631. The borough seat of King Salmon is located in neighboring Bristol Bay Borough, although is not the seat of that borough. The most populous community in the borough is the city of Newhalen.

References 

Alaska boroughs
Matanuska-Susitna Borough (often referred to as the Mat-Su Borough) is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 88,995. The borough seat is Palmer, and largest city is Wasilla.

References 

Alaska boroughs
The Bogosort is considered one of the worst sorting algorithms. It works by creating random arrangements of given values and randomly moving them until they are sorted. It is not effective for any form of sorting.

Algorithm 
The Bogosort first takes in a set of values from a user. Next it randomly arranges these values.
If the values are now in a sorted order, then the function is finished, else the function repeats itself.

A working analogy for the Bogosort is to sort a deck of cards by throwing them into the air, picking them up at random, and repeating the process until they are sorted.

Implementation 
 Have a set of values to test.
Sort using Bogo (Randomly arrange values).
Check if the new arrangement of values is sorted.
If sorted, then end the function.
If not sorted, then repeat step 2.

Simple Example 

Array = (3,1 ,5 ,7 ,8 ,9)

1st shuffling = (1,3,7,8,9,5)

2nd shuffling = (3,7,8,6,9,1)

3rd shuffling = (7,6,3,8,9,1)

4th shuffling = (6,7,8,9,3,1)

5th shuffling = (3,6,7,8,9,1)

(continued shuffling) ...

(After final shuffling): Sorted Array = (1,3,6,7,8,9)

Coding Example 
The following code is done in Python 3:import random 

def is_sorted(data): 
    for i in range(len(data) - 1): 
        if data[i] > data[i + 1]:
            return False
        return True

def bogosort(data):
    while not is_sorted(data): 
        random.shuffle(data)
    return data
 
Searching and sorting algorithms
The Coat of arms of Peru is the national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four types are used: the Coat of Arms (); the National Coat of Arms, or National Shield (); the Great Seal of the State (); and the Naval Coat of Arms ().

Peru
Peru
Heraldry
Anwil is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Rothenfluh is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Nusshof is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Procedural animation refers to rule-based or algorithmic method of creating computer graphics animation.

Procedural animation vs. traditional animation 
With traditional animation method, every principal animation poses are specified by an animator at a specific point in the animation timeline. By setting these poses, an animator can artistically direct how the geometry will be framed in some key events. These poses are in the same sense as how a person may pose for photography session. Note that every shapes and objects in computer graphics are considered as geometry. With key events specified, the animation software will then automatically fill the intermediary motions between key points, thereby creating continuous motion throughout the timeline without requiring additional works by an animator.

Procedural animation is a rule-base approach to creating animations. These rules are typically some form of mathematical or statistical functions which tell the animation software how an object is to be animated. In order for the geometry to be animated, these functions typically require some form of time-based variable as its input. Therefore, one can apply a chain of logical rules and algorithms to create animations without manually specify any key poses.

Procedural modeling 
In computer graphics, modeling refers to an act of digitally sculpting a model. As one creates rule-based animation, procedural modeling then refers to same rule-based, algorithmic approach to creating geometry. Procedural modeling differs from procedural animation in that time-based variable is not required.

Proceduralism 
Amongst some group of animators within computer graphics industry, procedural modeling and animation method is also known as proceduralism.

Advantages and disadvantages of proceduralism 
In order to maximize artistic impact of their craft, animators employ traditional animation techniques to set pose manually at a specific point in time. When the objects to be animated become significantly more complex, traditional animation techniques may not be feasible. Therefore, proceduralism offers significant advantage as complexities increase significantly. While proceduralism enables its practitioners to create infinite variation of models and animations, specific key pose is often left as random chance. Therefore, computer graphics animator must decide between the combinations of both techniques in order to achieve the desired outcome.

Applications of procedural animation 
Procedural animation is used extensively in visual effects for movie and gaming industry where animation data and geometry must be generated with certain random probability in order to simulate physical world.

Animation
The Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences is an academic unit of University of California, Irvine (UCI). The school of ICS consists of three departments: Computer Science, Informatics, and Statistics. It is also the only computer science dedicated school within the UC system.

University of California, Irvine's School of ICS has three departments: Computer Science, Informatics, and Statistics. It's the only computer science school in UC system. In 2004, Donald Bren donated $20 million and in his honor, the school was renamed after his name, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences.

History 
The Department of ICS was first established as an independent department back in 1968, and in 2002 it was officially declared as a school. 

During 2004, the school received an anonymous donation of $20 million, and the donor was later revealed to be Donald Bren. Because of his generous act, the school was then renamed after him “Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences”.

Academics

Undergraduate 
Donald Bren offers 8 undergraduate majors-

 Biomedical Computing
 Business Information Management
 Computer Game Science
 Computer Science & Engineering
 Computer Science
 Informatics
 Information and Computer Science
 Software Engineering

ICS school also offers certifies specialization within the major-

 Artificial Intelligence
 Computer System
 Implementation and Analysis of Algorithms
 Information Systems
 Networks and Distributed Systems
 Software Systems

Graduate 

The ICS school offers 11 master's and 7 doctorate level graduate programs.

People 
Currently, the Dean of the Donald Bren School is Marios Papaefthymiou.

Notable people graduated from the school include: Roy Fielding, Patrick Hanratty, Paul Mockapetris, Steven Joe.

Facilities 
The school has three buildings associated with it. The three buildings encompass over 100,000 square feet of space. The three buildings are the Information and Computer Science building, Information and Computer Science 2, and Donald Bren Hall.

References 
 https://www.ics.uci.edu/
 http://catalogue.uci.edu/donaldbrenschoolofinformationandcomputersciences/

Colleges and universities in California
Digital light processing (DLP) projector is a kind of video projector. It uses small mirrors that reflect light. The mirrors can be moved to either reflect light or not reflect light. The mirrors move very fast. When the mirror reflects light more often, it makes a lighter color. When the mirror reflects light less often, it makes a darker color. DLP projectors can be bright and have a high resolution. This can make the picture look better. DLP projectors can be small so they can be moved more easily. Some DLP projectors are small enough to fit in a smartphone. Big DLP projectors are often used in movie theaters.

Digital Micromirror Devices 
DLP projectors use a digital micromirror device (DMD) to make the picture. A DMD is made of many very small mirrors. The mirrors are in a grid on a semiconductor. Each mirror makes a small part of the picture, called a pixel. The resolution increases when the DMD has more mirrors.

The mirrors can be moved so they reflect light through the lens or reflect light somewhere else. When mirror reflects light through the lens, the pixel is light. When the mirror reflects light somewhere else, the pixel is dark. The mirrors move much faster than a person can see. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light through the lens, the pixel is lighter. When the mirror spends more time reflecting light somewhere else, the pixel is darker.

References 

Display technology
Electronics
Television technology
User interface design (UI) or user interface engineering is the design of our machines and software interface such as the interface of your computer, printer, phones, etc. It helps the user interact with the system in order to increase the user experience and enhance efficiency.

Good user interface never draws useless attention and always finish the tasks first. A good format can help the user perform right interactions and a good graphic design can help the user focus on the function in the system. During the design process, we must balance the functions and visual effects to create a stable, adaptable, and functional system for users.

Interface design is applied in many different areas such as computers, to cars, to planes. Even though most of these areas have similar human interactions, we still need special skills to accomplish the design goals. That is why designers are usually specialized in some areas than others in order to make the best efforts out of themselves.

Standards of user interface design have been developed in 1980s for defining the usability of software products.

References 

Computers
Design
Alpha-beta pruning is a Search algorithm that tries to remove options that it can take. This algorithm is commonly used for a computer to play two player games, such as chess, go, and checkers. The algorithm stops analyzing a move when it finds another possible move that is proven to be better, and that move will not be analyzed again. This algorithm is a modification of minimax algorithm.

Algorithm 

The algorithm keeps track of two values, Alpha and Beta, and assigns "points" to possible moves where the greater the amount of points a move has, the higher chance that choosing that move will lead to victory. Alpha represents the minimum amount of points the player the algorithm wants to win can have(the maximizing player), while beta is the maximum amount of points the algorithm wants to lose can have(the minimizing player). Alpha and Beta start as negative infinity and infinity respectively. Whenever a move is found such that the  maximizing player's score improves or the minimizing player's score decreases, then Alpha and Beta will be replaced with those new values.

In the best case, the complexity of the algorithm is O() while the worst case is O() where b is the branching factor, that is how much each move splits into future options on average, and d is the depth, as in on average how many possible moves are made into the game.

Searching and sorting algorithms
Kadyrzhan Batyrov (; ; 9 March 1956 – 4 December 2018) was a Kyrgyz businessman and politician. He was also head of the University of People's Friendship and a parliamentary deputy. 

He fled from Kyrgyzstan to Ukraine in 2010. Batyrov received a life sentence for his alleged role in ethnic conflicts in southern Kyrgyzstan in summer 2010. 

Batyrov died in his sleeping in Odesa, Ukraine on 4 December 2018 at the age of 62.

References

1956 births
2018 deaths
Kyrgyzstani people
Political activists
Journalists
Civil servants
Business people
William Harry McRaven was born on November 6, 1955. he is a former United States Navy officer. He was the ninth commander of the United States Special Operations Command from August 8, 2011, to August 28, 2014. From 2015 to 2018, he was the chancellor of The University of Texas System.

References

Other websites

1955 births
Living people
American military people
People from North Carolina
Pinehurst is a village in Moore County, North Carolina, United States.  As of the 2010 census, the city population was 13,124. It is home of the historic golf resort, Pinehurst Resort.

References

Villages in the United States
Settlements in North Carolina
5G is the fifth generation network of cellular mobile communications, first launched in March of 2019. 5G uses many new technologies that make it faster than 4G. 5G currently can get between 100 Mbit/s and 2 Gbit/s depending on the frequency that is used.  It is eventually meant to replace 4G.

There are three main groups of frequencies used by 5G:

Lowband 5G is a type of 5G that uses low frequencies, just as 4G does. Lowband 5G has long range (meaning you can be far away from a tower or inside a building and still get signal) but slower speeds than other types of 5G. Lowband 5G is only a little bit faster than the LTE version of 4G. Lowband 5G usually has speeds of around 100 Mbit/s.

Midband 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies slightly higher than lowband 5G. It has shorter range than lowband 5G, but you can usually still get service indoors using midband 5G. Midband 5G is much faster than LTE. Midband 5G usually has speeds of 600 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s.

mmWave 5G is a type of 5G that uses frequencies much higher than lowband and midband. It has very short range. With mmWave, you can't get service inside buildings. Most solid objects can block mmWave. mmWave is much faster than any other type of 5G and can reach speeds of up to 2 Gbit/s currently. mmWave is considered the least practical version of 5G since the range is so short and basically anything can block it.

4G phones do not work on 5G. To use 5G, you need a phone that supports it. Most 5G phones have "5G" at the end of the phone's name.

There are concerns from conspiracy theorists that 5G might cause cancer or COVID-19. Scientists have found these theories to not be true.

References

Telecommunications
Mobile phones
North Slope Borough is an Alaskan borough bounded on the south by the Brooks Range and located largely in the North Slope region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northernmost formal community on the North American continent. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,430  and in July 2019 the estimated census was 9,832. The borough seat is Utqiaġvik.

References 

Alaska boroughs
Böckten is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Buus is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Diepflingen is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Häfelfingen is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Hemmiken is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Brislach is a municipality of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Laufen () is a municipality and the capital of the district of Laufen in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Cities in Switzerland
Känerkinden is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Wintersingen is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Kilchberg is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Franklin County is a county of Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 47,746 people lived there. The county seat is the city of St. Albans. It borders the Canadian province of Quebec. 

Vermont counties
Maisprach is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Coop is a Swiss cooperative which operates the second largest supermarket chain in Switzerland after Migros.

Other websites 

 Official website

Supermarkets of Switzerland
Basel
1890 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Switzerland
1969 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
Aitkin County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 16,202 people lived there. The county seat is Aitkin.

Minnesota counties
Shoucheng Zhang (; February 15, 1963 – December 1, 2018) was a Chinese-born American physicist. He was born in Shanghai. He was the JG Jackson and CJ Wood professor of physics at Stanford University. He was a condensed matter theorist known for his work on topological insulators, the quantum Hall effect, the quantum spin Hall effect, spintronics, and high temperature superconductivity.

From 2015 until his death in 2018, Zhang was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Zhang, who suffered from depression, was found dead at his Stanford, California home on December 1, 2018, aged 55.

References

Other websites
 Web page at Stanford 
 Group web site at Stanford
 Talk at Google about AI and blockchain

1963 births
2018 deaths
American physicists
Chinese physicists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Shanghai
Scientists from California
Larry Hennig (June 18, 1936 – December 6, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hennig was trained by Verne Gagne. 

Hennig was the father of the late Curt "Mr. Perfect" Hennig, and the grandfather of Joe "Curtis Axel" Hennig and Amy "Ms. Perfect" Hennig. 

Hennig worked in the American Wrestling Association, National Wrestling Alliance, and the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Hennig was known by the nickname, "The Axe", a nickname he had because of his signature, often finishing move of dropping a full weight elbow onto his opponents.

On December 6, 2018, Hennig died in Tallahassee, Florida from kidney failure, aged 82.

References

Other websites
 SLAM! Sports - Larry Hennig one tough guy

1936 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in Florida
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pete Shelley (born Peter Campbell McNeish; 17 April 1955 – 6 December 2018) was an English singer-songwriter and rock guitarist. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire, but was raised in Bolton, Manchester. Shelley was best known as the founder and bandleader of Buzzcocks. His best known song was "Homosapien" (1981).

Shelley died on 6 December 2018 from a heart attack at his home in Estonia, aged 63.

Discography

Albums
 Sky Yen (1980) Groovy Records
 Hangahar (1980) Groovy Records
 Homosapien (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista
 XL1 (1983) Island/Arista (UK #42)
 Heaven and the Sea (1986) Mercury
 Cinema Music and Wallpaper Sounds (2016) (Caroline True Records)

Singles
 "Homosapien" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (AUS #4) (CAN #6) (US Dance #14)
 "I Don't Know What Love Is" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (US Dance #22)
 "Witness the Change" (1981) (US Dance #63)
 "Qu'est-Ce Que C'est Que Ça" (1982)
 "Homosapien" (1982) Genetic-Island/Arista
 "Telephone Operator" (1983) Island/Arista (US Dance #22) (UK #66)
 "Millions Of People (No One Like You)" (1983) (UK #94)
 "Never Again" (1984) Immaculate
 "Waiting For Love" (1986) Mercury
 "On Your Own" (1986) Mercury (US Dance #10)
 "Blue Eyes" (1986) Mercury
 "I Surrender" (1986) Mercury
 "Your Love" (1988)
 "Homosapien. Pete Shelley Vs. Power, Wonder and Love" (1989) Immaculate

References

Other websites
Interview with Pete Shelley

1955 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English singer-songwriters
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English pop singers
Musicians from Lancashire
Singers from Lancashire
Writers from Lancashire
Musicians from Manchester
Barbara Brooks Wallace (December 3, 1922 – November 27, 2018) was an American children's writer. She won the NLAPW Children's Book Award and International Youth Library for Claudia (2001) and William Allen White Children's Book Award for Peppermints in the Parlor (1983).

Wallace won two Edgar Allan Poe Awards from the Mystery Writers of America for The Twin in the Tavern (1994) and Sparrows in the Scullery (1998).

Wallace was born in Suzhou, China. She was raised in San Francisco, California. Wallace studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. Wallace died on November 27, 2018 in Arlington, Virginia from complications of pneumonia at the age of 95.

References

Other websites

National League of American Pen Women, Inc. website 
International Youth Library website 

1922 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Virginia
American children's writers
Writers from San Francisco
Suzhou (Wu Chinese [sou˥ tseu˨˩ ]) is a major city in southeastern Jiangsu Province of East China. It is about  northwest of Shanghai. 

It is the second largest city in the province, after its capital Nanjing. The city is located on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the shores of Lake Tai and belongs to the Yangtze River Delta region. Suzhou is a prefecture-level city with a population of 4.33 million in its city proper, and a total resident population () of 10.58 million in its administrative area.

Its urban population grew at a rate of 6.5% between 2000 and 2014, which is the highest among cities with more than 5 million people.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

References

Cities in China
The Foch Hospital is a hospital in the Suresnes, close to Paris. It is one of Europe's largest hospitals. It was created in 1929. It is a partner of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

References

Further reading 
   Hôpital Foch 

1920s establishments in France
1929 establishments in Europe
Hospitals in France
Île-de-France
Jodha Akbar is an Indian historical fiction drama  on Zee TV.

Cast

Accolades

References

Hindi-language television series
Indian television series
Rudaw Media Network (Kurdish: تۆڕی میدیایی ڕووداو), sometimes called Rudaw is a media group in Kurdistan, got Ricardo Ortega Fernández's prize in 6/12/2018.

Criticism
Many international and local sources claim it is mainly used by the Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani to spread propaganda for the ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party.

References

Other websites 
  

Television stations
Iraq
2008 establishments in Asia
Establishments in Iraq
Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov (May 1, 1895 – February 4, 1940) was the leader of the Soviet secret police called NKVD. He worked for Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938, during the Great Purge.

He joined the Bolsheviks in April 1917, a few months before the October Revolution. He was known as a determined loyalist of Joseph Stalin, and in 1935 he wrote a paper in which he argued that political opposition must eventually lead to violence and terrorism; this became in part the ideological basis of the Purges. He became head of the NKVD in early 1937, after the dismissal of Genrikh Yagoda. Under Yezhov, the purges reached their height, with roughly half of the Soviet political and military establishment being exiled or shot, along with hundreds of thousands of others, suspected of disloyalty or wrecking.

Eventually, Stalin dismissed Yezhov from his post in November 1938, demoting him to the post of Commissar of Water Transport; less than a year later, Yezhov was arrested and put on trial for excesses committed during the Purges. In his defence, Yezhov said that he regretted only that he had not punished enough counter-revolutionaries. He was found guilty and probably executed in secret in 1940.

References 

1895 births
1940 deaths
People from Saint Petersburg
Directors of intelligence agencies
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Police misconduct
Hancock is a 2008 American superhero comedy movie directed by Peter Berg and starring Will Smith, Charlize Theron, and Jason Bateman. It tells the story of a vigilante superhero, John Hancock (Smith) from Los Angeles whose reckless actions routinely cost the city millions of dollars. Eventually one person he saves, Ray Embrey (Bateman), makes it his mission to change Hancock's public image for the better.

Cast 
 Will Smith as John Hancock
 Charlize Theron as Mary Embrey
 Jason Bateman as Ray Embrey
 Eddie Marsan as Kenneth "Red" Parker, Jr.
 Johnny Galecki as Jeremy
 Thomas Lennon as Mike

Release dates 

2008 action movies
2008 comedy movies
American superhero movies
American action movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by John Powell
Thomas Campbell Clark (September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was an American lawyer. He was the 59th United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.

References

Other websites

|-

1899 births
1977 deaths
American Presbyterians
Politicians from Dallas, Texas
Military people from Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Dallas
United States Attorneys General
United States Supreme Court justices
Anoka County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 339,534 people lived there. The county seat is Anoka.

Minnesota counties
Becker County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 32,504 people lived there. The county seat is Detroit Lakes.

Minnesota counties
Beltrami County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 44,442 people lived there. The county seat is Bemidji.

Minnesota counties
Benton County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2019, ~40,000 people lived there. The county seat is Foley.

References 

Minnesota counties
Big Stone County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, 5,269 people lived there. The county seat is Ortonville.

References 

Minnesota counties
Blue Earth County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 64,013 people lived there. The county seat is Mankato.

Minnesota counties
Brown County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 25,893 people lived there. The county seat is New Ulm.

Minnesota counties
Carlton County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 35,386 people lived there. The county seat is Carlton.

Minnesota counties
Läufelfingen is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
The coat of arms of Ireland is a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background.

Ireland
Ireland
Carver County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 91,042 people lived there. The county seat is Chaska.

Minnesota counties
Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle is a 2018 fantasy adventure movie directed by Andy Serkis. It is based on stories collected in All the Mowgli Stories by Rudyard Kipling. The movie stars Rohan Chand, Matthew Rhys, and Freida Pinto with voices and motion capture performances from Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Benedict Cumberbatch, Naomie Harris, Tom Hollander, and Serkis with Peter Mullan. 

Originally a Warner Bros. movie, in July 2018, Warner Bros. Pictures sold the rights to Netflix. The movie was released in select theaters on November 29, 2018 and had a digital Netflix release on December 7, 2018. It received mixed reviews from critics.

References

2018 movies
Movies based on books
Fantasy movies
Jungle movies
British adventure movies
Warner Bros. movies
Netflix movies
Freida Selena Pinto (born 18 October 1984) is an Indian actress. She was born in Mumbai. Pinto appeared in British and American movies. She starred in the 2008 movie Slumdog Millionaire. In 2011, Pinto starred in science fiction movie Rise of the Planet of the Apes.

Before becoming an actress, Pinto was a model and television presenter.

References

Other websites

 

1984 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Television presenters
Indian models
Indian voice actors
Actors from Mumbai
Peter Mullan (; born 2 November 1959) is a Scottish actor and director. He is best known for his role in Ken Loach's My Name Is Joe (1998) and The Claim (2000). 

Mullan appeared in cult classics such as Riff-Raff (1991), Braveheart (1995), Trainspotting (1996), Young Adam (2003), Children of Men (2006), War Horse (2011) and the Harry Potter series (2010–11).

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish voice actors
Movie directors
To All the Boys I've Loved Before is a 2018 American teen romance movie directed by Susan Johnson. It stars  Lana Condor, Noah Centineo, Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Madeleine Arthur, Emilija Baranac, Israel Broussard and John Corbett. It is based on Jenny Han's 2014 novel of the same name. It was released by Netflix on August 17, 2018.

In November 2018, it was reported that Netflix and Paramount's Awesomeness Films were in discussions to produce a sequel to the movie.

References

2018 movies
American romance movies
Movies based on books
Netflix movies
The Christmas Chronicles is a 2018 American Christmas comedy movie directed by Clay Kaytis. The movie stars Kurt Russell, Judah Lewis, and Darby Camp. It is about a brother and sister who, after accidentally crashing Santa Claus' sleigh, must save Christmas. The movie was released on November 22, 2018, by Netflix.

It was filmed and set in Chicago, Illinois.

References

2018 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Christmas movies
Movies shot in Chicago, Illinois
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Netflix movies
Movies set in 2018
The Princess Switch is a 2018 American Christmas romantic comedy movie directed by Mike Rohl from a screenplay by Robin Bernheim and Megan Metzger. The movie stars Vanessa Hudgens, Sam Palladio and Nick Sagar.

It was released on November 16, 2018, by Netflix. A sequel was released in 2020.

Plot
One week before Christmas, a duchess switches places with an ordinary woman from Chicago, who looks exactly like her, and they each fall in love with each other's beaus.

Cast 
 Vanessa Hudgens as Margaret Delacourt, Duchess of Montenaro/Stacy DeNovo
 Sam Palladio as Prince Edward
 Nick Sagar as Kevin Richards
 Mark Fleischmann as Frank De Luca
 Suanne Braun as Mrs. Donatelli
 Alexa Adeosun as Olivia Richards
 Sara Stewart as Queen Caroline
 Pavel Douglas as King George
 Amy Griffiths as Brianna Michaels
 Robin Soans as Kindly Old Man

References

Other websites
 

2018 comedy movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Christmas movies
Netflix movies
Chordoma is a slow growing, very rare kind of cancerous tumor.

Cancer
Diseases and disorders
José Castillo Rondón (; March 19, 1981 – December 6, 2018) was a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants, and Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Chiba Lotte Marines and Yokohama BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He was born in Las Mercedes, Guárico, Venezuela.

Castillo and Luis Valbuena were killed in a car crash on December 6, 2018 in Yaracuy, Venezuela, aged 37.

References

1981 births
2018 deaths
Road accident deaths
Venezuelan sportspeople
Pittsburgh Pirates players
San Francisco Giants players
Houston Astros players
Luis Adan Valbuena (November 30, 1985 – December 6, 2018) was a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder. He played eleven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros and Los Angeles Angels. He was born in Zulia, Venezuela.

Valbuena and José Castillo were killed in a car crash on December 6, 2018 in Yaracuy, Venezuela, aged 33.

References

1985 births
2018 deaths
Road accident deaths
Venezuelan sportspeople
Seattle Mariners players
Cleveland Indians players
Chicago Cubs players
Houston Astros players
Los Angeles Angels players
Shmuel "Samy" Flatto-Sharon (18 January 1930 – 7 December 2018) was an Israeli businessman, radio talk-show host and politician. He was born in Łódź, Poland, and fled to France after the beginning of the war. In 1972-he moved to Israel. He was a member of the Knesset between 1977 and 1981. Flatto-Sharon was a member of the Development and Peace Party.

Flatto-Sharon died in Ramat Gan, Israel from a heart attack, aged 88.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former Members of Knesset
French businesspeople
French Jews
Israeli businesspeople
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish Israeli politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Łódź
Polish Jews
French radio personalities
Håkan Lennart Jeppsson (6 May 1961 – 7 December 2018) was a Swedish businessman. He was the Chairman of the Swedish Association football club Malmö FF from 2010 until his death in 2018. Jeppsson studied at Lund University. He was born in Malmö, Sweden.

Jeppsson died on 7 December 2018 at the age of 57.

References

1961 births
2018 deaths
Swedish businesspeople
Swedish sportspeople
People from Malmo
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (/ˈhwɑːˌweɪ/; Chinese: 华为; ) is a Chinese multinational telecommunications equipment and consumer electronics company based in Shenzhen, Guangdong, South China.  It was founded by founded by Ren Zhengfei in 1987.

The name Huawei may be translated as "splendid act" or "China is able"; Hua can mean "splendid" or "China", while wei can mean "action" or "achievement".

Huawei has had a lot of problems in some countries. They have mainly had problems with the United States government. The US government said that the Chinese government could use Huawei's 5G technology to spy on people. Because of this, the US government does not want other countries to use technology by Huawei or ZTE. In May 2019, the US government put Huawei on a blacklist. This meant that Huawei could not do business with American companies.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Telecommunications
Electronics companies of China
Mobile phone companies
1980s establishments in China
1987 establishments in Asia
The Provinces of Nepal ( Nepalka Pradeshaharu) were formed on 20 September 2015. They were formed according to Schedule 4 of the Constitution of Nepal. The seven provinces were formed by making the group of districts. The current system of seven provinces replaced an earlier system. In the earlier system, Nepal was divided into 14 Administrative Zones and the zones were grouped into five Development Regions.

List of Provinces

References

Subdivisions of Nepal
Halabja (Kurdish: Helebce, هەڵەبجە) is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan, the capital of the Halabja Governorate. It is  northeast of Baghdad.

Poison gas attack
The city is known for an incident in the final phase of the Iran-Iraq War. The Kurdish peshmerga guerrillas, supported by Iran, took control of the city. On March 16, 1988, after two days of ordinary artillery attacks, Iraqi Air Force planes dropped gas canisters on the town. The town and surrounding district were attacked with bombs, artillery fire and chemical weapons, the last of which proved most damaging. At least 5,000 people died as an immediate result of the chemical attack. It is estimated that a further 7,000 people were injured or suffered long-term illness. Most of the victims of the attack on the town of Halabja were Kurdish civilians.

The attack is believed to have included the nerve agents Tabun, Sarin and VX, as well as mustard gas. Another possibility, according to the former senior CIA analyst Stephen C. Pelletiere, is that Iraq did not have the nerve agent to use in the attack but did have mustard gas which had been used in the Iran–Iraq War. It is occasionally suggested that cyanide was also included among these chemical weapons, though this assertion has been cast into doubt, as cyanide is a natural byproduct of impure Tabun. The attack on Halabja took place amidst the Anfal campaign, in which Saddam Hussein powerfully suppressed Kurdish revolts during the Iran–Iraq War.

Before the war ended, Iraqi forces moved in on the ground and completely destroyed the town. In March 2010, the Iraqi High Criminal Court recognized the Halabja massacre as genocide. This decision was welcomed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.

References

Cities in Iraq
Kurdistan
The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (; ) is the lower house of the Polish parliament. It is made up of 460 deputies elected by universal ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the "Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland".

Since the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), "Sejm" has been called only to the lower house of the parliament; the upper house is called the Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej ("Senate of the Republic of Poland").

References

Politics of Poland
Jolanta Irena Szczypińska (24 June 1957 – 8 December 2018) was a Polish politician. She was born in Słupsk, Poland. Szczypińska was a member of the Sejm from 2005 until her death in 2018.

Before entering politics, she was a nurse. She became known for suing airliner company Ryanair in 2007 as they created rumors that she was in a relationship with Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński.

Szczypińska died on 8 December 2018 in Warsaw from a urinary tract infection at the age of 61.

References

Other websites
 Jolanta Szczypińska - parliamentary page  - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
Home page

1957 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Polish politicians
The President of the Council of Ministers (Polish: Prezes Rady Ministrów) is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The responsibilities and traditions of the office are seen through the Constitution of 1997. 

The President of Poland nominates and appoints the prime minister, who will then makes up the cabinet. Fourteen days following his or her appointment, the prime minister must submit a programme outlining the government's agenda to the Sejm, requiring a vote of confidence. 

The current and seventeenth Prime Minister is Mateusz Morawiecki of the Law and Justice party. Morawiecki replaced incumbent premier Beata Szydło, who resigned on 7 December 2017.

List of prime ministers

References

Lists of prime ministers
Waldemar Pawlak  (born 5 September 1959) is a Polish politician. He twice was Prime Minister of Poland, briefly in 1992 and again from 1993 to 1995. From November 2007 to November 2012 he was Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Economy. Pawlak is the only person who held the office of Prime Minister twice.

References

Other websites
Waldemar Pawlak's blog 

1959 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Poland
Hanna Suchocka  (born 3 April 1946) is a Polish politician and lawyer. She was a professor at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and Chair of the Constitutional Law Department. 

She was the Prime Minister of Poland between 8 July 1992 and 26 October 1993 under the presidency of Lech Wałęsa. She is the first  woman to hold this post in Poland.

References

1946 births
Living people
Polish educators
Polish lawyers
Prime Ministers of Poland
Women lawyers
Women politicians
Paul Heinrich Adalbert Reinecke (September 25, 1872 – May 12, 1958) was a German prehistorian and archaeologist.

Life and work
Reinecke was born in Berlin. He studied medicine and science under Rudolf Virchow (1821–1903). Interested in prehistory, he also attended classes with the anthropologist Johannes Ranke (1836-1916) and the archaeologist Adolf Furtwängler (1853-1907). During his studies, in 1893, Reinecke led an extensive study trip through Austria and Hungary.

After graduating in 1897, he worked until 1908 at the Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Mainz), and later at the Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection (Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern).

Until his death in 1958, he worked on almost all periods of European prehistory and early history, in particular on the chronology of the European Bronze Age and Iron Age. The names Michelsberg culture (1908) and the Altheim culture (1915) as well as the periodization of the Hallstatt culture go back to him. Particularly important are his contributions in Volume V of the "Antiquities of our pagan past" (Alterthümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit), where he developed, a chronology system, based on an historical analysis of stylistic features and on typological characteristics, that has essentially retained its validity to this day. Reinecke died in Herrsching, Bavaria.

Awards
1942: Goethe Medal for Art and Science
1953: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland).

1872 births
1958 deaths
Scientists from Berlin
German archaeologists
Oltingen is a municipality of the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Lyudmila Mikhaylovna Alexeyeva (, , 20 July 1927 — 8 December 2018) was a Russian historian and leading human rights activist. She was a founding member of the Moscow Helsinki Watch Group. Alexeyeva was one of the last Soviet dissidents active in modern Russia. She participated in the Strategy-31 protests. She was born in Yevpatoria, Crimea, Soviet Union.

Alexeyeva died on 8 December 2018 in Moscow at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

 Lyudmila Alexeyeva's blog on LiveJournal
 The Alexeyeva File, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, 20 July 2012
 

1927 births
2018 deaths
Russian writers
Russian historians
Human rights activists
Ormalingen is a municipality of the district of Sissach, in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
The coat of arms of Ukraine ( Derzhavnyi Herb Ukraiyny) is the national coat of arms of Ukraine, featuring the same colors found on the Ukrainian flag. It has a blue shield with a gold trident.

Ukraine
Ukraine