cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Abner Joseph Mikva (January 21, 1926 – July 4, 2016) was an American judge, lawyer, academic and politician. He was a Democrat and of Jewish descent. He was known by many as an important liberal figure in Chicago and American politics. In later years, he was known for being a mentor to Barack Obama.

Mikva served as a U.S. Representative representing Illinois from 1969 through 1979. He was also a federal judge appointed by Jimmy Carter. He served as judge from 1979 through 1994. He later served as the White House Counsel for Bill Clinton serving from 1994 through 1995. He has also served as a law professor at Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois.

Mikva was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Mikva studied at the University of Chicago. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama on November 24, 2014. Mikva was married to Zorita Wise from 1948 until his death in 2016. They had three daughters.

Mikva died under hospice care in Chicago, Illinois from complications of bladder cancer on July 4, 2016, aged 90. He was also suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the time of his death.

References

Other websites

 
 Chicago Sun-Times: "Ukraine election shenanigans an eye-opener for Mikva" 
 Mikva Challenge
 NYTimes 2010 feature article

1926 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from COPD
American judges
Lawyers from Chicago
Jewish American academics
Jewish American politicians
Jewish judges
Jewish lawyers
Politicians from Chicago
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States representatives from Illinois
University of Chicago alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Educators from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Educators from Chicago
Nonsan is a city in Chungnam-do (South Chungcheong Province), South Korea. It is located at 36°12′N 127°5′E.

The population of Nonsan is 128,077.  There are 55,451 households in the city.

Nonsan has a train station.  Local, national, and express (KTX) trains stop there.  The trains connect Nonsan to all big cities in the country. There are also bus stations in Nonsan.  Some busses are for local service; others are for regional and for national service. An expressway connects the city to Daejeon and other cities.

The economy of Nonsan includes farming, fishing, Konyang University, an army training center, and food processing companies.   Farming is the most important of these.

Rice is the most important crop. Other important crops include strawberries, ginseng, napa cabbage, watermelons, and Korean pears. Nonsan is known as the "strawberry capital of Korea," and holds a strawberry festival each year. 

Attractions in greater Nonsan include Gwanchoksa (a Buddhist temple with a large statue of a standing Buddha), Baekje Military Museum, Tapjeong Reservoir, the ruins of Noseong Sanseong (Fortress), and Donam Academy, one of the nine neo-Confucian seowons from the Joseon Dynasty.   There is also Nonsan Sunshine Land, south of the city proper.  This is where the television series Mr. Sunshine was filmed.  It is now a re-created 1900s urban setting that tourists can visit

References

Cities in South Korea
Jaws is a 1974 American novel by Peter Benchley. It is about a great white shark that eats several people in the ocean near a small town in Long Island, New York. Three men set out on a boat to hunt and kill the shark. Benchley was partly inspired by the adventures of a shark fisherman named Frank Mundus.

Millions of copies of the novel were sold. In 1975, a movie based on the book, also called Jaws, was released. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg.

1974 books
20th-century American novels
New York in fiction
Sharks
A fisherman or fisher is a person who catches fish, and sometimes other animals that live in water. Catching fish is known as fishing. There are about 38 million fishermen. Fishermen usually catch fish so that they can sell the fish to make money, or so that they can eat the fish. Some fishermen do not fish for money or food, and instead fish as a hobby.

Related pages
Fishing

Occupations
Fishing
The Taste was an American cooking reality television series on ABC. It aired from January 22, 2013, through January 22, 2015. It starred Anthony Bourdain, Ludo Lefebvre, Marcus Samuelsson, and Nigella Lawson. On May 7, 2015, ABC cancelled The Taste after three seasons.

References 

Reality television series
English-language television programs
Nadine Velazquez (born November 20, 1978) is an American actress and model. She was born in Chicago. She is best known for her role as Catalina Aruca in the NBC television series My Name Is Earl. She also starred alongside Denzel Washington in The League and Major Crimes.

References

Other websites 

1978 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American television actors
Models from Chicago
This is a list of exoplanets.

51 Pegasi b, a gas giant 51 light years away in the constellation Pegasus.
47 Ursae Majoris b, a gas giant 46 light years away in the constellation Ursa Major.
55 Cancri e, a rocky planet 41 light years away in the constellation Cancer. 
70 Virginis b, a rocky planet 60 light years away in the constellation Virgo. 
COROT-7b, a rocky planet 490 light years away in the constellation Monoceros. 
Gliese 581 c, a rocky planet 20 light years away in the constellation Libra (was once believed to be habitable). 
Gliese 667 Cc, a rocky planet 23.6 light years away in the constellation Scorpius (may be habitable). 
HD 85512b, a rocky planet 36 light years away in the constellation Vela
HD 189733b, a hot Jupiter gas giant located 63 light years away in the constellation Vulpeca. 
Kepler-62d, a rocky planet 1,200 light years away in the constellation Lyra.
Kepler-62e, a rocky planet 1,200 light years away in the constellation Lyra (may be habitable). 
Kepler-62f, a rocky planet 1,200 light years away in the constellation Lyra (may be habitable). 
Kepler-186f, a rocky planet 580+ light years away in the constellation Cygnus (may be habitable). 
Kepler-442b, a rocky planet over 1,000 light years away in the constellation Lyra (may be habitable).
Kepler-452b, a rocky planet over 1,400 light years away in the constellation Cygnus (may be habitable). 
PSR B1257+12 B, a rocky planet going around a pulsar 980 light years away in the constellation Virgo. 
Qatar-5b
TrES-2b, a gas giant 704 light years away in the constellation Draco (Darkest planet we know).

Astronomy lists
Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three laws that describe the motion  of planets around the sun:
Planets move around the sun in elliptic orbits. The sun is in one of the two foci of the orbit.
A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
Johannes Kepler found these laws, between 1609 and 1619.

Comparison to Copernicus 
Kepler's laws improve the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus:
The planetary orbit is a circle
The Sun at the center of the orbit
The speed of the planet in the orbit is constant

The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the rules above give good approximations of planetary motion; but Kepler's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus's.

Kepler's corrections are not at all obvious:
The planetary orbit is not a circle, but an ellipse.
The Sun is not at the center but at a focal point of the elliptical orbit.
Neither the linear speed nor the angular speed of the planet in the orbit is constant, but the area speed is constant.

The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox, around 186 days, unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox, around 179 days.  A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts, but the plane through the sun parallel to the equator of the earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio, so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately

which is close to the correct value (0.016710219) (see Earth's orbit).
The calculation is correct when perihelion, the date the Earth is closest to the Sun, falls on a solstice. The current perihelion, near January 4, is fairly close to the solstice of December 21 

Astronomy
Jeffrey Allen Townes (born January 22, 1965), also known as DJ Jazzy Jeff, is a record producer of hip hop and R&B. He is best known for taking part at the beginning of his career with Will Smith as DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince.

DJ Jazzy Jeff graduated from the John Bartram High School in Philadelphia where his name is inscribed as one of the students outstanding.

DJ Jazzy Jeff is not to be confused with MC Jazzy Jeff, which, in fact, filed and won a lawsuit over the name Jazzy Jeff against Jeff Townes when Jive Records signed DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince.

He also participated in the series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Jazz, making an appearance in several chapters.

Personal Life 
Jeff married Lynette C. Jackson on July 31, 2010. He has two sons.

References

Other websites 

 – official site

1965 births
Living people
American musicians
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Black Mark Productions (founded in 1991) is an independent record label company from Sweden. It has offices in Berlin, Toronto, Stockholm, and New York. The label is known for working with extreme metal bands, including Bathory and Edge of Sanity. The name of the label came from Bathory's album, Under the Sign of the Black Mark.

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official Bathory Website: The History Archive - Recording the Debut Album - By Quorthon 
 Tartarean Desire: Quorthon R.I.P. - By Fjordi

Independent record labels
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Sweden
The Sands of Mars is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1951 and has been reprinted many times.

Plot 
Martin Gibson is a famous science fiction author. He has written stories about the planet Mars, but has not actually been there. He travels with the crew of a spaceship to visit Mars.

On Mars, Gibson meets the people who manage the human settlement on Mars. They are working hard to make the colony as self-sufficient as possible (so that they don't have to import supplies from Earth)

Gibson joins a party of men exploring the surface of Mars. They discover a small group of kangaroo-like creatures, which had not been seen before. They are vegetarians, living on native plants.

Researchers try to cultivate these plants to increase the oxygen content of the Martian atmosphere, so that in a few hundred years, people can live without spacesuits.

Gibson discovers that Jimmy Spencer, one of the crew of the spaceship, is his son. Spencer has fallen in love with Irene Hadfield, who lives on Mars. 

Gibson decides to stay on Mars, fascinated with the importance of the planet as a self-sufficient world.

Science fiction books
Mail.Ru Group (London Stock Exchange listed since November 5, 2010) is a Russian Internet company. It was started in 1998 as an e-mail service and went on to become a major corporate figure in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet. As of 2013, according to comScore, websites owned by Mail.ru collectively had the largest audience in Russia and captured the most screen time. Mail.Ru's sites reach approximately 86% of Russian Internet users on a monthly basis and the company is in the top 5 of largest Internet companies, based on the number of total pages viewed. Mail.ru controls the 3 largest Russian social networking sites.  It operates the second and third most popular Russian social networking sites, Odnoklassniki and Moy Mir, respectively. Mail.ru holds 100% of shares of Russia's most popular social network VK   and minority stakes in Qiwi, formerly OE Investments (15.04%). It also operates two instant messaging networks (Mail.Ru Agent and ICQ), an e-mail service and Internet portal Mail.ru, as well as a number of online games.

References

Other websites 
 

Companies of Russia
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight  targets of the United Nations. They were decided in 2000. All 189 United Nations member states (there are 193 now), and at least 23 international organizations, said they would try to help achieve the goals by 2015:

 To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 
 To achieve universal primary education 
 To promote gender equality
 To reduce child mortality
 To improve maternal health
 To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
 To ensure environmental sustainability.
 To develop a global partnership for development.

Each goal had specific targets, and dates for reaching those targets. To help progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by poor countries. This was to allow them to use resources  for improving health, education and reducing poverty.

Developed countries' aid for the MDGs rose during the period. More than half went for debt relief. Much of the rest went towards natural disaster relief and military aid, instead of development.

References 

History of the United Nations
Development
Tiffany & Company (better known as Tiffany or Tiffany's) is an American luxury goods company. Their main store is in New York City.

Tiffany sells jewelry, sterling silver, china, crystal,  perfumes, watches and personal accessories, as well as some leather goods. Many of these goods are sold through direct-mail as well as at Tiffany stores. Tiffany is particularly known for its diamond jewelry. Tiffany markets itself as an judge of taste and style.

Founded in New York City in 1837,  the store sold a wide variety of items as "Tiffany, Young and Ellis" in Manhattan. The name was shortened to Tiffany & Company in 1853 when Charles Tiffany took control. He established the firm's emphasis on jewelry.

Related pages 
Tiffany lamp

References

Other websites
Tiffany & Company official website

Jewelry
Shops
The UEFA Super Cup is a match organised by UEFA. It is played every year. The winner of the UEFA Champions League plays against the winner of the UEFA Europa League. It is played in the middle of August.

History 
The UEFA Super Cup started in 1972, with the winner of the Champions Cup playing against the winner of the European Cup Winners' Cup. It was not recognized by UEFA because it had a team that was banned from UEFA competitions, Rangers F.C.. Since there was no stadium chosen to host the game, they played one match at one team's stadium, and one match at the other's. In 1973, the first Super Cup final to be recognized by UEFA was played between Ajax and Milan. On aggregate (the added score from the 2 matches), Ajax won 6-1.

In 1991, the UEFA Super Cup between Manchester United and Red Star Belgrade was only played at Old Trafford (Manchester United's stadium) because of the war in Yugoslavia. In 1992, the Champions Cup was renamed the UEFA Champions League. In 1995, the European Cup Winners' Cup was renamed the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. The tournament was made the same. In 1998, the tournament was made 1 match with a host stadium. In 1999, The Cup Winners' Cup was ended by UEFA. The last Super Cup to be played with the winner of the Cup Winners' Cup was between Manchester United, winners of the Champions League, and Lazio, the winners of the last ever Cup Winners' Cup. Lazio won 1-0. In the year 2000, the Cup Winners' Cup was replaced in the Super Cup by the UEFA Cup. The first match to be played this way was between Real Madrid, the winners of the Champions League, and Galatasaray S.K., winners of the UEFA Cup. Galatasaray won 2-1.

In 2009, the UEFA Cup was renamed the UEFA Europa League. The tournament stayed the same.

Host stadiums 

1972-1997 - Both teams' stadiums (2 "legs")
1998–2012: Stade Louis II, Monaco
2013: Eden Arena, Prague, Czech Republic
2014: Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff, Wales
2015: Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena, Tbilisi, Georgia
2016: Lerkendal Stadion, Trondheim, Norway
2017: Philip II Arena, Skopje, North Macedonia
2018: A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia
2019: Vodafone Park, Istanbul, Turkey

Trophy 

The UEFA Super Cup trophy is with UEFA at all times. A replica trophy is given to the winning club. Forty gold medals are given to the winning club and forty silver medals to the runners-up.

The Super Cup trophy has went through several changes in its history. The first trophy was presented to Ajax in 1973. In 1977, the original trophy was replaced by a plaque with a gold UEFA emblem. In 1987, the next trophy was the smallest and lightest of all the European club trophies, weighing 5 kg (11 lb) and measuring 42.5 cm (16.7 in) in height. The new model, which is a larger version of the previous trophy, was introduced in 2006 and weighs 12.2 kg (27 lb) and measures 58 cm (23 in) in height.

Winners

Related pages 
 UEFA Champions League
 UEFA Europa League
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
 UEFA

Notes

A.  The 1972 final is not recognised by UEFA as an official title.

References 

UEFA
1972 establishments in Europe
Francine Hughes (August 17, 1947 – March 22, 2017) is an American woman who suffered domestic abuse from her ex-husband named Mickey Hughes. She ended up killing him by setting fire to his bed on March 9, 1977. Mickey was killed and the house was destroyed in the fire. The story was made into a book and a movie. In No Child of Mine (where 35 year old Linda abused everyone), 35 year old Linda was acting like Mickey who lived with 13 year old Kerry (who didn't do anything wrong) in and for 13 years.

Background 
Hughes had suffered over a decade of beatings and verbal abuse from her husband. She divorced him, but every time she tried to keep him out of the house, he kept beating her. 

After Mickey was in a serious car accident, she visited him in the hospital. She then allowed him back in the house to recover from his injuries. He started drinking and beating her again.

The Burning Bed 
On the day he died, he beat her badly then burned her textbooks for classes she was taking. That night Hughes poured gasoline on her husband's bed and set him on fire. She then drove to the police station so she could confess to the killing. After trial in Lansing, Michigan, Hughes was found not guilty by reason of temporary insanity. 

Francine Hughes' story was made into a book by Faith McNulty. It was later made into a movie in 1984 titled The Burning Bed. It starred Farrah Fawcett.

References

Other websites 
 Dansville, Michigan: The Burning Bed
 "The Burning Bed": A turning point in fight against domestic violence

1947 births
Living people
American crime victims
People acquitted of murder
2017 deaths
Charles Bernard "Charlie" Rangel (; born June 11, 1930) is an American politician. He served as the U.S. Representative for .  A member of the Democratic Party, he was the second-longest serving member of the House of Representatives. He served from 1971 to 2017.

Rangel was the first African-American Chair of the influential House Ways and Means Committee. He is also a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus.

References

Other websites

Charlie Rangel for Congress 

Charlie Rangel's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project

1930 births
Living people
United States representatives from New York
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
Andrew Stanislaus (Andrzej Stanisław) Ciechanowiecki (28 September 1924 – 2 November 2015) was a Polish art historian, philanthropist, art collector, and antique dealer. 

He is the founder of the Ciechanowiecki Foundation at the Royal Castle in Warsaw (1986). He is an Honorary Professor of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was honored with the Order of the White Eagle in 1998, Grand Cross of Polonia Restituta, war medals, Gloria Artis Gold Medal and other awards.

Ciechanowiecki died in London at the age of 91.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Polish philanthropists
Polish historians
Polish educators
Polish artists
Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi (‎; 30 October 1944 – 3 November 2015) was an Iraqi politician. He was interim Minister of Oil in Iraq serving from  16 April 2005 to 1 January 2006. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1 May 2005 to 20 May 2006. Chalabi failed to win a seat in parliament in the December 2005 elections.

Chalabi died on 3 November 2015 from a heart attack at his home in Kadhimiya, Baghdad, aged 71.

References

Other websites

1944 births
2015 deaths
Civil servants
Deaths from myocardial infarction

Iraqi politicians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Matthew Griswold "Matt" Bevin (born January 9, 1967) is an American businessman and politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He became the Governor of Kentucky on December 8, 2015. He left office on December 10, 2019.

Career

Bevin became the President of Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company in 2011.

In Kentucky's 2014 Senate election, Bevin was a Republican candidate and primary challenger to Mitch McConnell. At that time, McConnell was the Senate Minority Leader.

On November 3, 2015, Bevin was elected Governor of Kentucky.

On November 5, 2019, Bevin lost his re-election bid to State Attorney General Andy Beshear by less than 5,000.

References

Other websites

Waycross Partners business website
Matt Bevin for Governor 

1967 births
Living people
American Baptists
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Businesspeople from Denver, Colorado
Businesspeople from New Hampshire
Governors of Kentucky
Politicians from Denver, Colorado
Politicians from New Hampshire
US Republican Party politicians
Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV (January 22, 1935 – May 8, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in Wilmington, Delaware.

He was the United States Representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district from 1971 to 1977. He then served as the 68th Governor of Delaware from 1977 to 1985. He is a member of the Republican Party.

du Pont ran for President of the United States in the 1988 U.S. presidential election. He lost the primaries to Vice President George H. W. Bush.

du Pont died on May 8, 2021 in Wilmington at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States  
 
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 
 Delaware's Governors 
 Political Graveyard 
 OpinionJournal.com: Who we are 
 Delaware Historical Society; website ; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655–7161
 University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831–2965

1935 births
2021 deaths
Lawyers from Delaware
Episcopalians
Governors of Delaware
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Princeton University alumni
Businesspeople from Wilmington, Delaware
United States representatives from Delaware
US Republican Party politicians
Universal Kids is a brand for preschool-oriented programmes distributed by Qubo owned by PBS, Comcast, HIT Entertainment, and Sesame Workshop satellite and television network that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal, itself a division of Comcast.

Programming 
See List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids

American television networks
2005 establishments in the United States
A Fall of Moondust is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1961 and has been reprinted many times.

Plot 
The story takes place on the Moon in the near future. A group of tourists are travelling on the surface of the moon, which is covered by a thin layer of very fine dust, a fine powder drier (it contains less water) than a desert on Earth. The tourists are travelling in a vessel called  Selene, that skims along the surface.

A 'moonquake' (similar to an earthquake) causes the dust to collapse, and Selene sinks below the surface. They cannot make contact with Control to call for help, and they only have enough air for a few days. The people are also generating heat, which is dangerous.

Captain Pat Harris and his stewardess Sue Wilkins try to keep the passengers occupied while waiting to be rescued. They are helped by a retired explorer, Commodore Hansteen.

Back at control, Chief Engineer Lawrence prepares to search for the lost tourists, although he doesn't think it can be done in time.  But the trail left by Selene is seen by telescope from a satellite high above the Moon. The rescue attempt goes ahead.

Lawrence and his team do find the sunken ship and dig down through the dust to cut a hole in the hull. The tourists are able to climb out to safety, but with seconds to spare before Selene fills with dust and also catches fire.

Pat Harris and Sue Wilkins get married. 

Science fiction books
Partia Razem (, Together Party) is a left-wing Polish political party created in May 2015. It is one of the many parties that were involved in the Polish parliamentary election of 2015. The party supports labor rights and is against deregulation. It is democratically socialist and socialdemocratic. During the 2015 elections it has achieved 3.62% of the votes, but that was not enough to gain a seat in the parliament.

The colour of the party is red-violet.
 
Political parties in Europe
Politics of Poland
The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963. Its purpose was to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963.

Commission report 
The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published Transcripts of Johnson's presidential telephone conversations, some major officials did not want to form this commission. Also that several commission members took part only reluctantly. One of their chief reservations was that a commission would create more controversy and people's fears would be proved valid.

The 88th U.S. Congressional session passed Senate joint resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
Its 889-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. It was made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. They also stated that Oswald acted entirely alone. The commission said that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial. They have been both challenged and supported by later studies.

Members
Committee
Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (chairman) (1891–1974)
Richard Russell, Jr. (D-Georgia), U.S. Senator, (1897–1971)
John Sherman Cooper (R-Kentucky), U.S. Senator (1901–1991)
Hale Boggs (D-Louisiana), U.S. Representative, House Majority Whip (1914–1972)
Gerald Ford (R-Michigan), U.S. Representative (later 38th President of the United States), House Minority Leader (1913-2006)
Allen Welsh Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence and head of the Central Intelligence Agency (1893–1969)
John J. McCloy, former President of the World Bank (1895–1989)

General counsel
J. Lee Rankin (1907-1996)

References

Other websites 
 Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
 The Truth Behind JFK's Assassination, Newsweek

John F. Kennedy
Sebastian Matthias Nerz (born 13 July 1983) is a German politician and bioinformatician. He was the leader of the Pirate Party Germany (Piratenpartei Deutschland) from May 2011 to April 2012. He left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014. He has since joined the Free Democratic Party.

Biography
Nerz is the son of the physicians Rolf-Dieter and Christiane Uta Nerz, née Fiedler. He finished his high school education at Geschwister-Scholl-Schule in 2002. Nerz began his studies of bioinformatics at University of Tübingen in 2003 after finishing his mandatory civil service. In 2001 he became a member of the German Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in Tübingen, which he left in 2009. In June 2009 before the German federal election, he joined the Pirate Party, becoming a board member of its then newly founded Tübingen district assembly (). He also became the coordinator for regional politics in the Baden-Württemberg party association. From April 2010 to May 2011 he was the head of the regional party association. In 2010, he graduated with a diploma in bioinformatics. Nerz was elected the head of the party in May 2011. He was succeeded by Bernd Schlömer on April 28, 2012. Nerz left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014.

References

Other websites 

Sebastian Nerz verlässt die Piratenpartei 

1983 births
Living people
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
John Howard Coble (March 18, 1931 – November 3, 2015) was an American politician. He served as a U.S. Representative for , serving from 1985 to 2015. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Coble had skin cancer for many years. He was admitted to ICU in September 2015 after complications from skin cancer surgery. Coble died on November 3, 2015, in Greensboro, North Carolina at the age of 84 from complications of the surgery.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Profile  at SourceWatch

1931 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of the Korean War
American Presbyterians
Deaths from skin cancer
Deaths from surgical complications
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
United States representatives from North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
United States Coast Guard
René Noël Théophile Girard (; ; December 25, 1923 – November 4, 2015) was a French-American historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His writings were based on anthropological philosophy. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books with his writings spanning many academic domains. His work was based on literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, psychology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy.

References

Other websites

 Colloquium on Violence & Religion
 , founded in 2006.
 Imitatio, founded in 2008. Accessed 24 November 2008 
 The Raven Foundation. This foundation "seeks to promote healing, hope, reconciliation and peace by offering insight into the dynamics of conflict and violence".
Theology and Peace, founded in 2008. "An emerging movement seeking the transformation of theological practice through the application of mimetic theory".
Preaching Peace founded in 2002 as a website exploring the Christian lectionary from a mimetic theoretical perspective, 2007 organized as a non-profit in Pennsylvania committed to "Educating the church in Jesus' vision of peace."

1923 births
2015 deaths
Writers from California
American literary critics
American academics
American historians
American philosophers
Disease-related deaths in California
French historians
French philosophers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm, CH, FBA, FRSL (; 9 June 1917 – 1 October 2012) was a British Marxist historian. He worked on the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism. His best-known works include his trilogy about what he called the "long 19th century" (The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848, The Age of Capital: 1848–1875 and The Age of Empire: 1875–1914), The Age of Extremes.

Other websites

 
 Eric Hobsbawm page  at David Higham.
 Profile in the London Review of Books
 Maya Jaggi, "A question of faith", The Guardian, 14 September 2002.
 Richard W. Slatta, "Eric J. Hobsbawm’s Social Bandit: A Critique and Revision" , A Contracorriente, 2004.
 http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=7315
 Interview with Eric Hobsbawm and Donald Sassoon: European Identity and Diversity in Dialogue , Barcelona Metropolis, Spring 2008.
 Eric Hobsbawm interviewed by Alan Macfarlane, 13 September 2009 (film).
 Where have the rebels gone? An interview with Eric Hobsbawm (video), Books & Ideas, 21 January 2010.
 World Distempers: interview with Eric Hobsbawm, New Left Review 61, January–February 2010.
 Brief bio and links to articles, Spartacus Educational
 "Professor Eric Hobsbawm" on Desert Island Discs, 10 March 1995.
 Remembering Eric Hobsbawm, Historian for Social Justice. Eric Foner for The Nation. 1 October 2012.

1917 births
2012 deaths
British historians
Writers from London
People from Alexandria
We Bare Bears is an American animated television series created by Daniel Chong. The show premieres on Cartoon Network and Nelvana .

It is about three bear brothers, Grizzly, Panda and Ice Bear (voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at communication with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. This series is Cartoon Network's first original series based on a comic.On August 12, 2015, Cartoon Network renewed the series for a second season.

References

2015 American television series debuts
A Christmas carol (also called a noël, from the French word meaning "Christmas") is a carol (song or hymn) whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas. They are traditionally sung on Christmas itself or during the surrounding holiday season.

History 
Carols were first sung thousands of years ago in Europe. They were sung by pagans at the celebration of the Winter solstice. Later, medieval carols were sung in elaborate formal rituals (such as the Catholic Mass). As they are known today, Christmas carols date back to about the 19th century. The tradition of going from house to house was not a part of Christmas caroling at first. It dates back further to Anglo-Saxon traditions. the word wassail comes from the Anglo-Saxon toast Wæs þu hæl, meaning "be in good health". Wassailing likely predates the Norman conquest in 1066. The wishing of good fortune to neighbors produced the song "Here We Come-A-Wassailing". Another song, "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", also comes from the Wassailing tradition. The two forms, singing and wassailing, came together during the Victorian era in England. They produced the modern custom of Christmas caroling. Today Christmas carols are a very known tradition.

Christmas carols in classical music
In the 1680s and 1690s, two French composers added carols into their works. Louis-Claude Daquin wrote 12 noels for the organ. Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral work "Messe de minuit pour Noël". Other examples include:

Ralph Vaughan Williams: Fantasia on Christmas Carols, 1912.
Victor Hely-Hutchinson: Carol Symphony, 1927.
Benjamin Britten: A Ceremony of Carols (for choir and harp), 1942
Christina Rossetti's poem "In the Bleak Midwinter" has been set to music by (amongst others) Gustav Holst (1905) and Harold Darke (1911).
Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki quotes the Christmas carol "Silent Night" in his Second Symphony, nicknamed the Christmas Symphony.

References

Other websites 

 Here We Come a-wassailing, YouTube
 30 Favourite Christmas Carols - Their Origins and History

Christmas music
The My arcade consoles are a line of unauthorized handheld Nintendo entertainment system clones that attach to a TV set manufactured by various companies and sold by DreamGEAR, LLC. Most, if not all of these were manufactured in East Asia and are low quality. The consoles are most common in places like Walgreens and dollar stores, but excess inventory is sometimes sold in more mainstream stores like Meijer and Walmart. In 2012, DreamGEAR released My arcade portable gaming systems to stores which are 16-bit instead of 8-bit, and seem to use an unauthorized implementation of the Game Boy Advance hardware. Many of the games found on these handhelds contain copyright infringement. They repeat games with different textures and sounds.
Namco

Namco
Pac-Man (1980,1993)
 Galaga (1981,1988)
 Dig Dug (1982,1985)
 Galaxian (1979,1984)
 Mappy (1983)
 Ms Pac-man (1981,1994)
Rolling Thunder (1986)
 Data East
 Burger Time (1982,1987)
 Bad Dudes (1988)
 Karate Champ (1984)
 Heavy Barrel (1987)
 Caveman Ninja (1991)
 Taito
Space Invaders (1978,1994,1997)
 Bubble Bobble (1986,1988,1990)
Elevator Action (1986,1987)
Konami
Contra (1987,1988)

Copyright infringement
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology (TJHSST, TJ, Jefferson) is a high school in Virginia, United States. The school is a public school. It is part of the Fairfax Country Public Schools (FCPS). TJHSST is a selective school, which means that only a small group of people can go to the school. To decide who can go to the school, applicants (people who wants to go to the school) need to take an admission test, get a teacher recommendation, write essays, write a resume (a paper telling about who you are), and have good grades before. TJHSST is a very good school. U.S. News & World Report said that the school was the best public high school in the country from 2007 to 2013. In 2014 and 2015, TJHSST was first place again in Newsweek's "America's Top Schools" ranking.

References

Further reading 
 Lindsey, Drew. "Success Factory: Inside America’s Best High School", Washingtonian, October 1, 2009.

Other websites 
TJHSST Homepage

Schools in Virginia
1985 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia
The Power kracker (known as "Powerzone" before 2011 and "Power blaster" before 2012) are a line of unlicensed  Nintendo entertainment system clones manufactured by Sinango and released in 2010. It has a sticker on it saying "76000 in 1" and shows large amounts of false advertising (Screenshots from existing modern games,uncredited reviews,ETC)and contains 76 pirated Nintendo Entertainment System games repeated circa 1,000 times. The Power kracker has been reported a common Famiclone to find at swap meets\flea markets. The console resembles an Xbox 360 controller and includes a lightgun, while the Powerzone resembles a Penguin.

Copyright infringement
Piracy
Molecular geometry is the way atoms are arranged in a molecule. The three-dimensional arrangement determines many properties of that molecule. There are many different molecular structures. They are organised by the number of atoms involved and the angles between the bonds.

Types of molecular geometry

The wide variety of different molecular structures depends on the number of atoms involved as well as the number of electron pairs, and these also determine the bond angles of the atoms. For example, a linear molecule will have a bond angle of 180° because the two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule are separated at a maximum angle of 180° equally opposite to each other. Bent molecules will have a bond angle of less than 180° but still have only two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule. That is because bent molecules have got electron pairs in the central atom that count as the electrons that will be separated from other atoms bonded to it.

Other shapes include:

Trigonal planar – three atoms and no electron pairs.
Trigonal pyramidal – three atoms and one electron pair.
T-shaped – three atoms and two electron pairs.
Tetrahedral – four atoms and no electron pairs.
Trigonal bipyramidal – five atoms and no electron pairs.
Square pyramidal – five atoms and one electron pair.
Pentagonal planar – five atoms and two electron pairs.
Octahedral – six atoms and no electron pairs.

Other websites

Physical chemistry
The Stade Vélodrome is an association football stadium. It is in Marseille, France. It can hold 67,000 people. It was built in 1937 for the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France. It has been worked on many times, and has slowly turned into the stadium it is today. It is almost always used for Olympique Marseille matches. It was also used for the UEFA Euro 2016 in France.

References 

Football stadiums in France
Marseille
Alfonso und Estrella (Alfonso and Estrella), D. 732, is an German opera with music by Franz Schubert, and libretto by Franz von Schober. It was composed on 1821-22 in Vienna. And later was first performed in Weimar, on June 24, 1854.

Principal characters
 Alfonso - tenor
 Estrella - soprano
 King Froila - baritone
 Mauregato - baritone

Discography
 1978: Peter Schreier (Alfonso), Edith Mathis (Estrella), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Froila), Hermann Prey (Mauregato); Rundfunkchor Berlin, Staatskapelle Berlin, Otmar Suitner - (EMI Classics/Berlin Classics)
 2004: Rainer Trost (Alfonso), Eva Mei (Estrella), Markus Werba (Frolia), Jochen Schmeckenbecher (Mauregato); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Lirico di Cagliari, Gérard Korsten - (Dynamic)

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

Operas
This is a list of the National Football League teams that finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses. 11 teams finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses.

The Detroit Lions in 2008 and the Cleveland Browns in 2017 are not included because they both finished without a win.

Teams

Notes 
The 1980 Saints and the 2016 Browns started 0–14 before recording their first win. The 2007 Dolphins started 0–13 before recording their first win. The 2000 Chargers started 0-11 before recording their first win. The 2001 Panthers and the 2020 Jaguars won their season opener before losing 15 straight. The 2020 Jaguars was the last instance of an NFL team finishing 1-15, as the NFL expanded to a 17-game season starting in 2021.

References

National Football League seasons
Adriana Campos (February 27, 1979 – November 3, 2015), was a Colombian television, movie and stage actress. She worked with RCN Televisión and Caracol Televisión as an actress of telenovelas. She was known for her role as Nicole Aguilar in Vecinos.

Campos died in a car accident in Salgar, Antioquia with her husband, aged 36.

References

Other websites

1979 births
2015 deaths
Colombian entertainers
Colombian movie actors
Road accident deaths
Colombian television actors
Mating is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphrodite organisms. It is usually for sexual reproduction. Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals. Other definitions extend the term to crossing in plants and fungi. It is usual for mating in plants or fungi to be called cross-fertilization, or "crossing" if the offspring have DNA from both genetic sources. 

Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for internal fertilization. Fertilization is the actual fusion of gametes.

Mating may also lead to external fertilization. This is done by amphibians, most fish, many lower animals, and plants. Many aquatic species just spread their eggs and sperm in the water at one specific time of year. That time varies between species. 

For some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not needed because the parent organism can self-fertilize (autogamy). In some flowering plants self-pollination can happen within the same flower, and some hermaphrodite animals self-fertilize. Many gastropods are hermaphrodite, and do simultaneous copulation in pairs. So do earthworms. 

In some birds, mating includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of artificial insemination of domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry.

References 

Ethology
Sexuality
"This Land Is Your Land" is one of the best known folk songs in the United States. Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940, based on a melody that already existed. Guthrie's melody was very similar to the melody of "Oh, My Loving Brother". This was a Baptist gospel hymn that had been recorded by the Carter Family as "When the World's On Fire", and had inspired their "Little Darlin', Pal of Mine." He used the same melody for the chorus and the verses.

Guthrie did not like Irving Berlin's song "God Bless America", sung at that time by Kate Smith. Guthrie was angry with the positive (smug) attitude of the song. He thought it was not realistic and the words sounded too proud of the country. The song was popular and was being played on the radio all the time. Tired of hearing it on the radio, he wrote a response originally named "God Blessed America For Me".

Guthrie rewrote the lyrics and the title over time and the song finally became "This Land Is Your Land".  He sometimes added more overtly political verses in line with his views of communism than appear in recordings or publications.

Although Gutrie wrote the song in 1940, he did not record it until 1944. The song was not published until 1945, when it was included in a mimeographed booklet of ten songs with typed lyrics and hand drawings. The booklet was sold for twenty-five cents, and was copyrighted in 1951.

The first known professionally printed publication was in 1956 by Ludlow Music (now a unit of The Richmond Organization), which administered the publishing rights to Guthrie's song. Ludlow later issued versions with piano and guitar accompaniments.

In 2002, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry.

References

Other websites
 Library of Congress download
 The Bound for Glory exhibit at the Museum of Musical Instruments includes images of Guthrie
 1972 published version
 lyrics as copyrighted in 1956
 Lyrics 
 
 
 Woody Guthrie's copyright notice at City of Sound

1940s songs
Folk music
Toms River, New Jersey is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Townships in New Jersey
County seats in New Jersey
Ocean County, New Jersey
Shafiqa Quraishi is an Afghan activist for women's rights. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Shafiqa Quraishi graduated from the police academy in Kabul in 1982. In 2002, she started to rise inside the police department, after the fall of the Taliban.

Quraishi did not work from 1996 until 2001. Because of the Taliban in Afghanistan, women could not work.

Work 

In 2010, Quraishi became a police colonel and the director of Gender, Human and Child Rights in the Ministry of the Interior of Afghanistan.

In 2011, Quraishi became Afghanistan's most senior policewoman. 

Quraishi started a group on the Afghan National Gender Recruitment Strategy.  The goal of the group is to get 5,000 women to work in the Ministry of the Interior. 

She also worked to help women with child care, health care, maternity care, security, and skills training. Quraishi got promotions for women in the Afghan National Police who were unfairly passed over for years.

Awards 

In 2010, Quraishi won the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

References

Other websites 

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

20th-century births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Afghan activists
Human rights activists

Police officers
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
The University of Paris-Saclay (UPS) is a public university in Paris, France. UPS has nine schools and two colleges. The university also has seven research departments. Called a mega-university, their goal is to reach the same level of excellence as MIT, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities. It is a center for scientific and technological research. UPS students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards. The university was started in 2014. It is one of the most selective universities. The most popular major is engineering. It has already been called the "French Silicon Valley".

References

Other websites
 UPS, official web site

Colleges and universities in France
2014 establishments in Europe
Île-de-France
Paris
2010s establishments in France