cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Saint Martin (French: Saint-Martin), officially the Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: Collectivité de Saint-Martin), is a new overseas collectivity of France. It was created on 22 February 2007. It is in the northern parts of the island of Saint Martin and nearby small islands. The southern half of the island is a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Demographics 
The French part of the island has a land area of . At the 2011 census, the population in the French part of the island was 36,286 (up from only 8,072 inhabitants at the 1982 census), which means a population density of  in 2011.

Politics and government 

Saint Martin was for many years a French commune. It was part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas région and overseas département of France. Because of this, it is in the European Union. In 2003 the population of the French part voted for a split from Guadeloupe. They wanted to make a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. On February 9, 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both the French part of Saint Martin and neighbouring Saint-Barthélemy. The new took effect when the law was published in the Official Journal.

Saint Martin remains governed as it was when a commune within Guadeloupe—by a mayor and a municipal council elected by the European citizens living on the French side of the island. As is the case in metropolitan France since the promulgation of the Maastricht Treaty, nationals of any member state of the European Union are allowed to vote at the municipal elections. Nationals from countries not part of the European Union, which represent a large part of the population on the French side of the island, are not allowed to vote in the elections. In 2003, the people of the French part of the island voted to separate from Guadeloupe. In 2007, the French Parliament voted to make Saint Martin a overseas collectivity (COM) of France. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, once the local assemblies were elected,

Saint Martin remains part of the European Union. The official currency in Saint Martin is the euro (though the United States dollar is also widely accepted).

References 

Saint Martin
Overseas Territories of France
The Overseas collectivities (French: collectivité d'outre-mer or COM), are an administrative division of France. These territories include some former overseas territories and other French overseas holdings with a particular status. All of these were given the name collectivités d'outre-mer because of a constitutional reform on March 28, 2003.

As of March 31, 2011, there are five of these communities:
 French Polynesia, with a great degree of autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the President of French Polynesia (Le président de la Polynésie française) and the territory's additional designation as a pays d'outre-mer. Legislature: Assembly of French Polynesia.
 Saint-Barthélemy
 Saint-Martin
 Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, which has a Territorial Council.
 Wallis and Futuna in the Pacific Ocean, which is the only inhabited part of France that is not divided into communes.

Other websites 
Official site 
past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like collectivité d'outre-mer (French language) 

Subdivisions of France
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (8 May 1720-2 October 1764) was a British Whig statesman who was Prime Minister of Great Britain for a short period of time.

Titles from birth to death 
 Lord Cavendish of Hardwick (1720-1729)
 Marquess of Hartington (1729-1741)
 Marquess of Hartington, MP (1741-1751)
 The Rt. Hon. Marquess of Hartington (1751-1755)
 His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, PC (1755-1756)
 His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (1756-1764)

1720 births
1764 deaths
English Dukes
Knights of the Garter
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, KG, KB, PC (1674–2 July 1743) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. 

Compton served in government from 1715, and as the head of government from 1742 until his death in 1743.

Compton worked closely with Lord Carteret, to get the support of the various factions making up the Government.  Lord Carteret, was the Secretary of State for the Northern Department, which later became the Home Office.

Styles from birth to death
The Hon. Spencer Compton (1674-1698)
The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1698-1710)
The Hon. Spencer Compton (1710-1713)
The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1713-1716)
The Rt. Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1716-1725)
The Rt. Hon. Sir Spencer Compton, KB, MP (1725-1728)
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Wilmington, KB, PC (1728-1730)
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KB, PC (1730-1733)
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KG, KB, PC (1733-1743)

References 

1674 births
1743 deaths
British Earls
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Bath
Former members of the British House of Commons
In boxing, the term flyweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A flyweight is a boxer weighing above 49 kg (108 lb) and up to 52 kg (112 lb). Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.

Professional boxing
The flyweight division was the last of boxing's eight traditional weight classes. Before 1909, anyone below featherweight was considered a bantamweight. In 1911, the organization that eventually became the British Boxing Board of Control held a match that crowned Sid Smith as the first flyweight champion of the world. Jimmy Wilde, who reigned from 1914 to 1923, was the first boxer recognized both in Britain and the United States as a flyweight champion.

Other notable flyweights include Pancho Villa, Walter McGowan, Pascual Pérez, Pone Kingpetch, Fighting Harada, Masao Ohba, Chartchai Chionoi, Efren Torres, Erbito Salavarria, Miguel Canto, Dave McAuley, Charlie Magri, Gabriel Bernal, Santos Laciar, Sot Chitalada, Yong-Kang Kim, Yuri Arbachakov, Danny Romero, Mark "Too Sharp" Johnson, Manny Pacquiao, Jorge Arce, Vic Darchinyan, Nonito Donaire and Pongsaklek Wonjongkam.

References

Boxing
Project management is the way a person organizes and manages resources that are necessary to complete a project. People that manage projects are known as Project Managers. 

A project is a piece of work which is not a process or an operation. It has a start, an end, and goals. Projects can be very simple, like organising a party, or very complex, like building a space rocket.  

Projects are common in the construction industry, the telecommunications industry and the IT industry.  

The management of a project requires special skills.  

Project managers must ensure that the project is delivered within the existing limitations. These limitations can be time, cost, people, risk, and many more. Project managers must also ensure the best possible distribution of resources. 

A project manager works mainly with people. They need to have people management skills, a good understanding of the tasks and skills needed on a project, an understanding of how long tasks will take, good organising skills, good communication skills, and good efficiency skills.

Project managers do not need to know how to do all of the work that may be needed in a project. For instance, a building project manager does not need to know how to pour concrete. However, they need to know how to manage people that pour concrete, and they need to know how long concrete takes to pour, how much it costs, what needs to happen before concrete is poured, and what needs to happen after concrete is poured.

References

Other websites 

History of Project Management

Business
Management
Shiver me timbers is an expression of disbelief that was mostly used by pirates. Originally, the phrase was Shiver my timbers.

Phrases
Carcharodontosaurus was a giant carnivorous dinosaur of the Cretaceous period, 100–93 million years ago. It was about 13 meters long and had a weight of about six tons. Fossils of Carcharodontosaurus were found in Africa.

Carcharodontosaurus was closely related to the slightly larger Giganotosaurus, its cousin from Argentina; they are both carcharodontosaurid carnosaurs. Recent discoveries of Carcharodontosaurus put its adult length at 39 – 44 feet, making it the largest carnivorous dinosaur in Africa, after Spinosaurus.

Only two Carcharodontosaurus fossils have been found. Two teeth were found in the 1920s. Other parts were found in Egypt in the 1930s. They were destroyed in bombing raids on Munich in World War II while they were on display.

A skull was uncovered in 1996: its length estimates were larger than the older ones and so was its skull, which measured 5.2 feet or 1.6 metres. Its jaws are narrow like those of Giganotosaurus. Its teeth were up to 7 inches long.

Notes 

Dinosaurs of Africa
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Carnosaurs
Astika (Sanskrit: : "orthodox")  and Nastika: ("heterodox") are technical terms in Hinduism used to classify philosophical schools and persons, according to whether they accept the authority of the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa and Vedanta  are classified as astika schools; while Charvaka, Jainism and Buddhism are considered nastika schools.

In non-technical usage, the term astika is sometimes loosely translated as "theist" while nastika is translated as "atheist".   However this interpretation is distinct from the use of the term in Hindu philosophy. Notably even among the astika schools, samkhya<ref>"By Sāṃkhya reasoning, the material principle itself simply evolves into complex forms, and there is no need to hold that some spiritual power governs the material principle or its ultimate source."  Francis Clooney, CJ, "Restoring 'Hindu Theology' as a category in Indian intellectual discourse", in  "Blackwell companion to Hinduism", Flood, Gavin (Ed.) Blackwell Publishing, 2003. </ref> and the early mimamsa school do not accept a God (see Atheism in Hinduism) while accepting the authority of the Vedas; they thus are "atheistic astika schools".

The three main heterodox schools of Indian philosophy do not base their beliefs on Vedic authority:

 Buddhism
 Jainism
 Charvaka

The use of the term nastika to describe Buddhism and Jainism in India is explained by Gavin Flood as follows:
At an early period, during the formation of the Upanişads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions.... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (nāstika) by orthodox (āstika) Brahmanism.

The Tantric traditions in Hinduism, have both astika and nastika lines; as   Banerji writes in "Tantra in Bengal":

Tantras are ... also divided as āstika or Vedic and nāstika or non-Vedic.  In accordance with the predominance of the deity the āstika works are again divided as Śākta, Śaiva, Saura, Gāṇapatya and Vaiṣṇava.

 Related pages 
 Hindu philosophy

 Notes 

 References 
 
 Flood, Gavin (Ed.), "Blackwell companion to Hinduism", Blackwell Publishing, 2003. 
 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. .

Hinduism
Philosophy
The London Stock Exchange (LSE) is a stock exchange in London, England. It is the biggest stock exchange in the Europe and third largest in the world.
It is the home of the FTSE 100 Index, as well as others.
The Exchange was opened in 1801 by Queen Elizabeth I.
There are currently 2,938 companies from over 60 countries listed on the London Stock Exchange. The total value of these companies is £3.9 trillion.

References

Stock exchanges in Europe
The 4400 was a science fiction television series. The series ran from 2004 to 2007.

The story 
"The 4400" is a reference to 4400 people who disappeared mysteriously over the last century. These people all returned near Seattle, Washington at the same time from a large ball of light. They had not gotten older. After a short time, each person that came back started showing some special abilities, for example: healing, precognition (seeing the future), and persuasion.

Characters 

 Tom Baldwin — Joel Gretsch
 Diana Skouris — Jacqueline McKenzie
 Richard Tyler — Mahershalalhashbaz Ali
 Lily Moore Tyler — Laura Allen
 Shawn Farrell — Patrick Flueger
 Isabelle Tyler — Megalyn Echikunwoke
 Maia Skouris — Conchita Campbell
 Nina Jarvis — Samantha Ferris
 Alana Mareva — Karina Lombard
 Dennis Ryland — Peter Coyote
 Jordan Collier — Billy Campbell

 Recurring
 Kyle Baldwin — Chad Faust
 Danny Farrell — Kaj-Erik Eriksen
 Nikki Hudson — Brooke Nevin
 April Skouris — Natasha Gregson Wagner
 Kevin Burkhoff — Jeffrey Combs
 Matthew Ross — Garret Dillahunt
 Marco Pacella — Richard Kahan
 Tess Doerner - Summer Glau

Science fiction television series
English-language television programs
Foyle's War is a British detective drama television show. It started on 27 October 2002 and ended on 18 January 2015. The show is set during and after World War II.

On 12 January 2015, it was announced by ITV that they would not commission any more episodes because of how much production costs and their intention to air original drama commissions. The last episode of the series aired on 18 January 2015.

References

Other websites

2002 British television series debuts
British drama television series
Police television series
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs
The giant anteater, Myrmecophaga, is an animal that lives in Central and South America.It is also known as the ant bear 

It the only mammal without teeth. Its diet consists of termites and ants, hence the name. It is the largest anteater: its length is between 182 cm and 217 cm. Males weigh between 33 and 41 kg, female are 27 and 39 kg. This species lives on the ground, in contrast to other living anteaters and sloths which are arboreal or semi-arboreal. It forages in open areas and rests in more forested habitats.

Mode of life 
The giant anteater is adapted to eat termites and ants, and does not have any teeth in its mouth. It uses its front claws to dig them up and its long, sticky tongue to collect them. They eat about 30,000 ants and termites every day.

The tongue can reach up to , longer than the length of the skull, and move in and out around 160 times per minute (nearly three times per second). The anteater's tongue has little to no attachments to the hyoid and this is what allows it to flick its tongue at such distances and speed. The hyoid apparatus is large, V-shaped and flexible and supports the tongue as it goes in and out of the mouth. Before being swallowed, insects are crushed against the palate.

The giant anteater knuckle-walks, meaning its front toes are curled under like a fist when it moves.  It is one of only a few animals other than primates that do this.

Related pages 
 Anteater
 Termite
 Ant

References 

Xenarthrans
Sanctuary is a Canadian science-fiction-fantasy television series.

The show originally started out as a no-cost eight-webisode series and later expanded into a television-based 13-episode season after Syfy decided to buy the rights to it. The show ran for 4 seasons before Syfy said that the show had been cancelled.

References

Other websites
Official website

2008 Canadian television series debuts
2011 television series endings
2000s Canadian television series
2010s Canadian television series
Fantasy television series
Science fiction television series
2011 disestablishments in Canada
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (15 March 1779-24 November 1848) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Lamb was elected to Parliament in 1806 as a member of the Whig party.
Lamb served as Irish Secretary in the government.  

Lamb became Lord Melbourne when his father died. His family home was in Melbourne in Derbyshire. Melbourne in Australia is named after William Lamb.  

Melbourne became Home Secretary during Lord Grey's government. Grey resigned in 1834 and Melbourne became Prime Minister.

Melbourne was dismissed by King William IV who wanted the Robert Peel's party.  Melbourne came back when the Whigs won the next election.  

Melbourne was Prime Minister when Queen Victoria became queen.  He helped her learn about how the government worked.  

Melbourne helped to reduce the number of people killed for doing crimes.  Melbourne also made changes to local government.

Melbourne resigned in 1841, and died on 24 November 1848.

1779 births
1848 deaths
Irish Viscounts
United Kingdom Barons
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG GCVO PC FRS (3 February 1830 - 22 August 1903) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868.

Salisbury served as Prime Minister three times for a total of over thirteen years. When Prime Minister, he acted as his own Foreign Minister.

Lord Cecil was elected to Parliament in 1853 as a member of the Conservative Party. In 1866 (now called Viscount Cranborne), he served as Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Lord Derby. Cranborne resigned, but he would return to government in 1874, now as the Marquess of Salisbury. Salisbury was again Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. In 1878, Salisbury became Foreign Secretary in the Disraeli government.

Salisbury became the Conservative Party leader. Salisbury first served as Prime Minister from 23 June 1885, to 28 January 1886. His first government did not last long as the Conservatives did not have full control.

Salisbury became Prime Minister again on 25 July 1886, with a majority. He would be in office until 11 August 1892. His third time as Prime Minister was from 25 June 1895, until 11 July 1902.

Two issues dominated his time as Prime Minister. One was the struggle between European powers seizing parts of Africa, the so-called "Scramble for Africa". The United Kingdom fought the Second Boer War while Salisbury was Prime Minister.

The other was Ireland, the rise of Irish nationalism amongst Catholics in Ireland. This was backed by his great opponent, Gladstone, leader of the Liberal Party and also three times Prime Minister.

Salisbury helped establish the London County Council. Salisbury built up the Royal Navy. Africa was divided up into colonies. 

Salisbury resigned on 11 July 1902. He died on 22 August 1903. The great issues that had divided the country in his time (colonialism, Ireland and Africa) would last in British politics for most of the next century. The one great issue that was not appreciated at the time was the rise of militant German nationalism, which would in the next century lead to two World Wars. Throughout his career Salisbury wrote articles for the Quarterly Review, which have now been edited and published.

References 

1830 births
1903 deaths
British Marquesses
Politicians from Hertfordshire
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins, to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.

Definition and scope

Classical electrophysiologic techniques 
Classical electrophysiology involves placing electrodes into various preparations of biologic tissue. The principle types of electrodes are: 1) simple solid conductors, such as discs and needles (singles or arrays), 2) tracings on a printed circuit boards, and 3) hollow tubes filled with an electrolyte, such as glass pippettes. The principal preparations include 1) living organisms, 2) excised tissue (acute or cultured), 3) dissociated cells from excised tissue (acute or cultured), 4) artificially grown cells or tissues, or 5) hybrids of the above.

If an electrode is small enough in diameter (on the order of microns), then the electrophysiologist may choose to insert the tip into a single cell. 

Many particular electrophysiological readings have specific names:
 Electrocardiography - for the heart
 Electroencephalography - for the brain
 Electrocorticography - from the cerebral cortex
 Electromyography - for the muscles
 Electrooculography - for the eyes
 Electroretinography - for the retina
 Electroantennography - for the olfactory receptors in arthropods

Other websites 
EP Lab Digest - Trade Publication for EP Professionals 

Physiology
Medical imaging
An ion channel is a pore-forming protein that helps to establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see resting potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. They are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells.

An ion channel is an integral membrane protein or more typically an assembly of several proteins.

The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon for their discovery of ion channels.

References

Notes

 Bertil Hille: Ion channels of excitable membranes, 3rd ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA (2001).

Other websites 
An Interview with Roderick MacKinnon Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
The Voltage Sensor in Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels
X-ray crystal structure of a potassium channel 
Neuromuscular Disease Center at Washington University
Nobel Prize Press Release
 International Union of Pharmacologists, Ion channel compendium

Biochemistry
Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, KG, PC (28 September 1735–14 March 1811) was a British Whig statesman. He was one of a handful of dukes who were Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Education 
He studied at Westminster School and then got a degree from Peterhouse College in Cambridge.

Titles from birth to death 
Mr. Augustus FitzRoy (1735-1747)
Earl of Euston (1747-1756)
Earl of Euston, MP (1756-1757)
His Grace The Duke of Grafton (1757-1765)
His Grace The Duke of Grafton, PC (1765-1769)
His Grace The Duke of Grafton, KG, PC (1769-1811)

1735 births
1811 deaths
English Dukes
Knights of the Garter
Politicians from Suffolk
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (7 June 1770–4 December 1828) was an English politician and the longest serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Robert Walpole held office for longer, but only as Prime Minister of Great Britain) During his time as Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827, Liverpool became known for the harsh rules he put in place to restore order, but he also led the country through the bad period that followed the Napoleonic Wars. Important events during his time as Prime Minister included the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, Catholic emancipation and the Peterloo Massacre.

Titles 
 Robert Jenkinson (1770 - c. 1786)
 Baron Hawkesbury (c. 1786 - 1796)
 Lord Hawkesbury (1796 - 1808)
 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1808 - 1828)

References 

1770 births
1828 deaths
British Earls
Politicians from London
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon PC (1 November 1782–28 January 1859) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (when he was known as Lord Goderich).

Titles 
Frederick John Robinson (1782 - 1827)
The Viscount Goderich (1827 -1833)
The Earl of Ripon ( 1833 - 1859)

1782 births
1859 deaths
British Earls
British Viscounts
Politicians from London
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (1 May 1769–14 September 1852) was a soldier and statesman. He was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain. His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britain's military heroes. In 2002 he was number 15 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.

Wellesley was born in Dublin into a wealthy Anglo-Irish aristocratic protestant family. Starting as an ensign in the British Army, he served well in British India and in the Napoleonic Wars, mostly in the Peninsular War, where he reached the rank of Field Marshal. He became a Duke when Napoleon was exiled to Elba.  

Wellington is often compared to the 1st Duke of Marlborough. They had many things in common, including being in politics after a highly successful military career.  

Wellington was twice Tory Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was one of the leading figures in the House of Lords until his retirement in 1846. He remained Commander-in-Chief of the British Army until his death.

Titles 
 The Honourable Arthur Wesley (birth–7 March 1787)
 Ensign The Hon. Arthur Wesley (7 March 1787–25 December 1787)
 Lieutenant The Hon. Arthur Wesley (25 December 1787–30 June 1791)
 Captain The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 June 1791–30 April 1793)
 Major The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 April 1793–30 September 1793)
 Lieutenant-Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 September 1793–3 May 1796)
 Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wesley (3 May 1796–19 May 1798)
 Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wellesley (19 May 1798–29 April 1802)
 Major-General The Hon. Arthur Wellesley (29 April 1802–1 September 1804)
 Major-General The Hon. Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (1 September 1804–8 April 1807)
 Major-General The Right Honourable Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (8 April 1807–25 April 1808)
 Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (25 April 1808–4 September 1809)
 Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. The Viscount Wellington, KB, PC (4 September 1809–May 1811)
 General The Rt Hon. The Viscount Wellington, KB, PC (May 1811–28 February 1812)
 General The Rt Hon. The Earl of Wellington, KB, PC (28 February 1812–3 October 1812)
 General The Most Honourable The Marquess of Wellington, KB, PC (3 October 1812–4 March 1813)
 General The Most Hon. The Marquess of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (4 March 1813–21 June 1813)
 Field Marshal The Most Hon. The Marquess of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (21 June 1813–11 May 1814)
 Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (11 May 1814–2 January 1815)
 Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, PC (2 January 1815–14 September 1852)

1769 births
1852 deaths
British military people
United Kingdom Barons
United Kingdom Viscounts
United Kingdom Earls
United Kingdom Marquesses
United Kingdom Dukes
Knights of the Garter
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights of the Bath
People from Dublin
Members of the House of Lords
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. Earl Grey tea, a type of tea with a bergamot orange flavour is named after him. He was the son of Major General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey.

Titles 
 Charles Grey (1764 - 1806)
 Viscount Howick (1806 - 1807)
 2nd Earl Grey (1807 - 1845)

References 

1764 births
1845 deaths
United Kingdom Earls
People from Northumberland
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878) was an English Whig and Liberal politician. He served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century.

Biography 
Russell was known as "Lord John Russell", which is called a courtesy title. As the third son of the then Duke of Bedford, he was entitled to use one of the family's lower titles. Before becoming Prime Minister, he served in other important posts, such as Home Secretary, Colonial Secretary and Foreign Secretary.

1792 births
1878 deaths
United Kingdom Earls
Politicians from London
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory and ended it as a Liberal.

He is best remembered for his leading of British foreign policy in a period of time when the United Kingdom was at its strongest. He served as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Some of his actions, now sometimes called 'liberal interventionist', were disliked by the Queen and by many of his fellow politicians.

1784 births
1865 deaths

People buried in Westminster Abbey
Irish Viscounts
Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (29 March 1799–23 October 1869) was an English statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. To date, Derby was the longest serving leader of the Conservative Party. Derby is one of only four British Prime Ministers to have been in office three or more times.  However each time he was only in office for less than two years. Derby was Prime Minister for a total of just over four years, less than many other Prime Ministers.

1799 births
1869 deaths
English Earls
Politicians from Lancashire
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman GCB (7 September 1836 - 22 April 1908) was a Scottish- born British Liberal statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 5 December 1905 until resigning because of bad health on 3 April 1908. 

Campbell-Bannerman was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1836 as Henry Campbell.  The surname Bannerman was added to his surname in 1871 as required by his uncle's will. It was a requirement of his inheritance of his uncle's Kent estate, Hunton Court.

Seriously ill by the time of his resignation as Prime Minister, he died just nineteen days later. He remains the most recent Prime Minister to die in 10 Downing Street.

1836 births
1908 deaths

Scottish politicians
The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States government that is responsible for the United States Census.
The Census Bureau is a part of the United States Department of Commerce.

Legal mandate

The Constitution of the United States says that the population must be counted at least once every ten years (through the U.S. Census). This is done to calculate how many Federal Representatives in Congress each state should have.  The Census Bureau is in charge of doing this. It collects statistics about the nation, its people, and its economy.  The Census Bureau's legal authority is listed in Title 13 of the United States Code. The first census bureau was in 1790.

Organizational structure

Since 1903, The Bureau of the Census has been the census-taking organization of the United States government. The Bureau is led by a Director, who is helped by a Deputy Director and associate directors.

The Census Bureau headquarters is located at 4600 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland.  There are regional offices in 12 cities: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Kansas City, Seattle, Charlotte, Atlanta, Dallas, Denver, and Los Angeles.  More offices are set up and used when it comes time to do the census every 10 years.

Population estimates
The Census Bureau also use real-time extrapolation of information on population, birth, and death to give their estimates of the number of people in the United States and the world.

References
 The original version of this article was adapted from U.S. Census Bureau text.
What the U.S. Census Bureau does and how it does it are detailed in Title 13 of the United States Code.

Other websites 
 United States Census Bureau website
 U.S. and World Population Clocks - POPClocks
RSS Feed 

Census Bureau
Census Bureau
Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals.  Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as ECG, radar signals, and many others.

Processing of such signals includes storage and reconstruction, separation of information from noise (e.g., aircraft identification by radar), compression (e.g., image compression), and feature extraction (e.g., converting text to speech).

Signal classification 

For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunication. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error checking and error detection of digital signals.

 Analog signal processing—for signals that have not been digitized, as in classical radio, telephone, radar, and television systems
 Digital signal processing—for signals that have been digitized.  Processing is done by digital circuits such as ASICs, FPGAs, general-purpose microprocessors or computers, or specialized digital signal processor chips.
 Statistical signal processing—analyzing and extracting information from signals based on their statistical properties
 Audio signal processing—for electrical signals representing sound, such as music
 Speech signal processing—for processing and interpreting spoken words
 Image processing—in digital cameras, computers, and various imaging systems
 Video signal processing—for interpreting moving pictures
 Array processing—for processing signals from arrays of sensors

Method of Signal processing

Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of acquired signals.  Acquired signals must to be processed depending on the purpose of measurement, a method of measurement, and a property of acquired signals.

When signals are processed, statistics is used because it's essential to know a distribution of data and represent data by numerical formulas. In other words, to study signal processing, it's demanded to study statistics (like the theory of error, the arithmetical mean, probability, a stochastic variable, accuracy, and detailed drawing, etc.).

In most cases, signals are regular, as it is acquired from electric instruments like telemeter, or communications equipment, etc. But there are also many accidentally occurred irregular signals which make it difficult to find formulas that fit exactly. Here, the irregular means it's hard to predict the result which is not yet occurred. When irregular signals are acquired, photon is necessary, so it is measured, and calculated.

Related pages
 Signal (electrical engineering)

Communication
Henri Troyat, born Levon Aslan Torossian or Lev Aslanovich Tarasov, (November 1, 1911 – March 2, 2007) was a French author, biographer, historian and novelist. Originally, his family was from Armenia.

He was born in Moscow. His family fled Russia, because they feared the coming revolution. After a long exile, the family  settled in Paris in 1920, where young Troyat was schooled and later earned a law degree.

He won his first literary award at the age of 24, "le prix du Roman populaire". At the age of 27 he was awarded the prestigious Prix Goncourt.

He  published more than 100 books, novels and biographies, among them those of Anton Chekhov, Catherine the Great, Rasputin, Ivan the Terrible and Leo Tolstoy. He was at his death the dean of the Académie française.

His best-known work is La neige en deuil, which was adapted as an English-language movie in 1956 under the title The Mountain.

References

French writers
Biographers
1911 births
2007 deaths
Members of the Académie française
Rondônia is a state in Brazil. It is in the northwest of the country. To the west is the state of Acre. To the north is the state of Amazonas. In the east is Mato Grosso. In the south is Bolivia.  Its capital is Porto Velho. The state was named after Candido Rondon.

Other cities include:
 Ji-Paraná
 Ariquemes
 Vilhena
 Cacoal

Geography 
The state is covered mostly by jungle of the Amazon Rainforest. About three-fifths of the state has had the jungle removed since the 1970s. Most of the people living in the state now live in urban areas. It is a big exporter of wood. The state also makes both coffee and cocoa. The breeding of cattle is also important here.

Flag 
The flag was made by Silvio Carvalho Feitosa. It was made the flag of the state on December 22, 1981. The flag uses the same colors of the flag of Brazil. The big star in the middle of the flag is a symbol for the new state. The star is shown rising into the blue sky that is stretching over Brazil (the yellow and green areas in the lower half of the flag).

Tribes 
The Akuntsu tribe is one of the tribes of Rondônia. They are one of the indigenous peoples of Brazil. They were first contacted in only 1995. At that time, there were only seven people in the tribe. As of 2006, there were six people. They live in the Igarape Omere region to the southwest of Rondônia. The tribe consists of chief Kunibu Baba (male, age: ~ 70), Pupak (male, age: ~ 40), Ururu (female, age:~80) and three women with ages from 23-35. The seventh member of the tribe died in 1995. The only child born after that died in 2000 in a storm. With his death the only hope of the tribe not becoming extinct lessened.

Notes

Other websites 
 Rondonia Web

 
States of Brazil
The nervous system is a body system which sends signals around the body. It lets animals respond to what is around them. The central nervous system is the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. It is present in almost all animals. It is there to process the input from the senses, and to coordinate movement. 

The nervous system is made up of neurons. Other cells, such as glial cells keep the neurons safe and healthy.

The structure of the system includes the brain and spinal cord, which together are called the central nervous system.  The brain has billions of nerve cells to help think, walk, and breathe. The nervous system can react in 1/100 of a second to a stimulus, like a pain signal.

The system of nerves in your body that sends messages for controlling movement and feeling between the brain and the other parts of the body anatomy of nervous systems can be sub-divided as follows:

Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system

References
Conjunctivitis (also known as pinkeye) is a medical condition when the Conjunctiva (a transparent membrane that lines the outer eye, and inner part of the eyelid) becomes inflamed. The cause of conjunctivitis can be either bacterial or viral infection.

Other websites 

 Mayo Clinic - Pink-eye
 All About Vision
 Kid's Health
 MedicineNet
 WebMD
 Learning the Herbs  - Natural treatment for pink-eye

Infectious diseases
John Barrowman MBE (born 11 March 1967) is a Scottish-American actor. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom but moved to Joliet, Illinois in the United States when he was 8 years old and grew up there. He is citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States because of this. Barrowman was a contestant on the first series of Dancing on Ice in 2006.

Acting and presenting
Barrowman is most known for playing the character Captain Jack Harkness in the television series Doctor Who and Torchwood. He is also a famous musical actor and singer. He has appeared in many musicals, as well as television shows about musicals. He also has been a presenter for series such as Live & Kicking and, the Hollow Earth trilogy. He is currently staring in CW's Arrow as Malcolm Merlyn.

Personal life
Barrowman is openly gay. He has been in a relationship with Scott Gill since 1993. They have been civil partners since 2006. They married in 2013.

References

Actors from Glasgow
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television presenters
British television personalities
Dancing on Ice participants
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT people from Illinois
LGBT singers
Musicians from Glasgow
People from Joliet, Illinois
Scottish LGBT people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish singers
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish television presenters
Singers from Illinois
Television personalities from Glasgow
Television personalities from Illinois
1967 births
Living people
A swamp is a type of wetland ecosystem. Swamps are forested, low, spongy land generally saturated with water and covered with trees and aquatic plants. Big parts of swamps are often flooded with water. Swamps are nesting and breeding grounds for birds and other animals.

The water of a swamp may be fresh water, brackish water, or seawater. Freshwater swamps form along large rivers or lakes. Saltwater swamps are found along tropical and subtropical coastlines.  

About 6 percent of Earth's surface is covered by swamps. Swamps are also filters for groundwater, and protect against flooding. Swamps are one of the key wetland areas which are protected by the international agency Ramsar.

Some well-known swamps are: 
 The Pantanal is the world's biggest wetland. It covers an area of 140,000 square kilometers, bigger than the area covered by the country Greece. The Panatal is in South America. It is shared by Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
 The Everglades
 The Okefenokee
 The Sundarbans

Peat accumulates in these swamps. Some of the world's largest swamps are found along major rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi, and the Congo.

References
Diego Rivera (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a famous Mexican painter and muralist. He was born in Guanajuato City, Guanajuato.

Rivera is famous for his 1933 mural, "Man at the Crossroads," for the lobby of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. Before he finished the mural, people saw that there was an image of Vladimir Lenin and other communist images in it. Rivera was fired because of this and the mural was destroyed.

Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo, was also a famous Mexican painter. He died in Mexico City of congestive heart failure at the age of 70.

Related pages
 List of Mexican painters

1886 births
1957 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Mexican painters
Mural artists
David Alfaro Siqueiros (December 29, 1896 in Camargo, Chihuahua, Mexico – January 6, 1974 in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) was a famous painter and muralist.

Other websites 
Short biography and some of his artwork
David Alfaro Siqueiros Online - more information and art galleries

1896 births
1974 deaths
Mexican painters
Avenged Sevenfold (or A7X) is an American hard rock band. The band started in Huntington Beach, California in 1999. The band is sometimes called "A7X", which is a title started by the band's guitarist, Zacky Vengeance.

Avenged Sevenfold's first few albums were metalcore, before the band became more hard rock/heavy metal. In December 2009, the band's drummer, The Rev, died from a drug overdose. He was 28 years old.

Band members
Brooks Wackerman (Drums)
M.Shadows (Vocals)
Zacky Vengeance (Guitar)
Synyster Gates (Guitar)
Johnny Christ (Bass)

Former members
The Rev (shortened from The Reverend Tholomew Plague) (died 2009)

Mike Portnoy (Spring 2010- December 2010) 
Arin Ilejay – drums (2011–2015)
Justin Sane – bass guitar (2000–2001)
Dameon Ash – bass guitar (2001–2002)
Matt Wendt – bass guitar (1999–2000)

Discography 
 Warmness on the Soul, 2001 
 Sounding the Seventh Trumpet, 2001
 Waking the Fallen, 2003
 City of Evil, 2005
 Avenged Sevenfold, 2007
 Diamonds in the Rough
 Nightmare, 2010
 Hail to the King, 2013
 The Stage'', 2016

References

1999 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American rock bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups from Huntington Beach, California
A hull can be:
Husk or hull, the outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
Hull (watercraft), the body or frame of a ship
The main body of an armored tank
in economics, the Hull-White model of interest rates

In mathematics:
 the affine hull in affine geometry
 the convex hull in geometry
 Carathéodory's theorem for convex hulls
 the holomorphically convex hull in complex analysis
 the injective hull of a module
 the Skolem hull of mathematical logic

Other places:
 Kingston upon Hull (Usually abbreviated to Hull), a city in England named after the River Hull.
 Hull, a former city in Québec, Canada (now part of the city of Gatineau)
Orona, an island in Kiribati was formerly called Hull Island.
Hull, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, USA
Hull, Walker County, Alabama, USA
Hull, Florida, USA
Hull, Georgia, USA
Hull, Illinois, USA
Hull, Iowa, USA
Hull, Massachusetts, USA
Hull, Minnesota, USA
Hull, North Dakota, USA
Hull, Ohio, USA
Hull, Texas, USA
Hull, West Virginia, USA
Hull, Marathon County, Wisconsin, USA
Hull, Portage County, Wisconsin, USA

There are several people named Hull:
 Hull, Blair, an American businessman and politician, 
 Hull, Bobby, a former Canadian ice hockey player
 Hull, Brett, a former Canadian ice hockey player, and son of Bobby Hull
 Hull, Cordell, United States Secretary of State from 1933-1944 under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945
 Hull, Isaac, Early United States Naval officer, Captain of the USS Constitution during the battle with HMS Guerriere
 Hull, John, a Professor of Derivatives and Risk Management at the University of Toronto
 Hull, Merlin, Congressman
 Hull, William, an American general during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812.

There is also:

 Hull House, Settlement house in Chicago, Illinois
 River Hull, for which Kingston upon Hull is named
 Hull City A.F.C., an English football (soccer) team
 Hull RLFC, rugby league club formed in 1865, based in the West of the City
 Hull Kingston Rovers, rugby league club formed in 1882, based in the East of the City
 The University of Hull, a university in England
 USS Hull, any of four U.S. Navy ships
The River Hull is a river in Yorkshire in the north of England.

It has its source in the Yorkshire Wolds. It joins the River Humber estuary in the centre of Kingston upon Hull.

The river separates the industrial area of the city, and several opening bridges have been constructed. These continue to cause traffic delays during high tides, though river traffic is not so heavy any more in recent years.

Bridges 
These are the bridges in the Hull area:-
 Footbridge to The Deep
 Myton Bridge on Garrison Road A1033
 Drypool Bridge
 North Bridge
 Scott Street Bridge (permanently raised)
 Sculcoates Bridge (its not called Chapman Street Bridge)
 Wilmington Bridge (former railway, now footpath and cycles). Built by the North Eastern Railway in 1907.
 Hull Bridge (railway). Built by the Hull and Barnsley Railway in 1885, still used by freight trains.
 Stoneferry Bridges
 Sutton Road Bridge
 Ennerdale Link Road. The most recent bridge, replacing a failed flooded tunnel.

Other websites 

 Driffield canal history 
 Tour of the River Hull by boat
 Google Maps Satellite View

Rivers of England
In physics, buoyancy () is a force on an object making that object rise or move upward. It comes from the Spanish word for "float", boyar. Buoyancy is made by the difference in pressure put on the object by the Fluid or air that the object is in.

The net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid that is displaced by the body. This force enables the object to float or at least to seem lighter. Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, ships, balloons, and blimps.

Density
If the object has exactly the same density as the liquid, then its buoyancy is the same as its weight. It will not sink or float.

If the object has a higher average density than the liquid, then its buoyancy is less than its weight. It will sink. That is why pebbles do not float. 

If the object has a lower average density than the liquid, then its buoyancy is greater than its weight. That is why, although a ship may be made of steel which is more dense than water, it floats because it encloses a volume of air and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water.

Related pages 
 Submarine
 Thrust

Other websites  
Falling in Water (Animation 1)
Falling in Water (Animation 2)
Falling in Water 

Mechanics
ICBM is an acronym. It stands for Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. It is a missile that can travel such distances so it can be used from one continent to another. The missile can then carry a bomb. This can be a conventional or nuclear warhead. Today, most of the time, it will be a nuclear warhead.It is a guided ballistic missile which follows a path and has a range of 5500 km.They are primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery but can also carry chemical and biological weapons.

Military