cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Karelin (born September 19, 1967 in Novosibirsk, Russian SFSR) is an athlete from the Russian Federation. He is considered the greatest Greco-Roman wrestler of all time and one of the best wrestlers of his time. He won gold medals at the 1988, 1992, and 1996 Olympic Games.

References

Other websites

Living people
1967 births
Russian sportspeople
Olympic gold medalists
Novosibirsk
Sunday School is a kind of schooling found in many churches or other Christian communities. Classes are done on Sundays. Before or after the main part of worship, a class is held to learn more about that church's teachings and about the Bible. Sometimes the class is only for children, sometimes adults go there as well and sometimes there are different classes for adults and for children.

Development

Sunday schools were first set up in the 1780s to provide education to working children on their one day off from the factory. Robert Raikes contributed to their development. Raikes was the editor of The Glouchestor Journal, and he wanted to stop children from becoming bad. In 1805, Stockport Sunday School made a school for 5000 students. In the late 19th century this was the largest in the world. 
The first Sunday school in London opened at Surrey Chapel by a pastor named Rowland Hill. By 1831, 1,250,000 children went every week to Sunday School in Great Britain. This was bout 25 percent of the people.

The American Sunday School system was first begun by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in the 1790's.

Some Roman Catholic churches do Sunday schools, though Catholics commonly refer to Sunday school as "Catechism class".

Priests or pastors sometimes teach Sunday schools.

References

Other websites

Lesson guides and printable Bible activities
Apostolic Children's Ministry 

Christian behavior and experience
Education
Sarah Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Grimké Weld (1805–1879), known as the Grimké sisters, were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who supported abolitionism and women's rights.

The Grimké sisters were born in Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Sarah Moore Grimke was born on November 26, 1792 and Angelina Emily Grimke was born on November 26, 1805. They traveled in the North, talking about their experiences with slavery on their father's plantation. They were often mocked and laughed at. They both saw that women needed more freedom to help change society. They began helping the women's rights movement.

In 1838, the sisters became the first women to speak at a meeting of the Massachusetts state legislature. They spoke about slavery and abolitionism. People were very shocked. They helped attract thousands of women in New England to the movement. Many came to hear Sarah and Angelina speak at public lectures.

In 1838, Sarah wrote a paper called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women." It answered many questions which were asked in a letter by a group of ministers who did not like the sisters because they had stepped out of their "woman's proper sphere".

When Sarah was 80, she tried to vote.
They lived to see the end to slavery, and the beginning of women's rights.

References
Birney, Catherin H.  The Grimké Sisters.  Greenwood Publishing Group, 1969.
Ceplair, Larry, Editor.  The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimké: Selected Writings 1835 - 1839.  Columbia University Press, New York, 1989.
Weld, Angelina Grimké. "Letters to Catharine E. Beecher, in reply to An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, addressed to A. E. Grimké (1837)."
Grimké, Sarah.  "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman," addressed to Mary S. Parker, President of the Boston Female anti-Slavery Society, 1838.
Faragher, John Mack, Mary Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many: A History of the American People. 5th Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.
Lerner, Gerda, The Grimke Sisters From South Carolina: Pioneers for Women's Rights and Abolition.   New York, Schocken Books, 1971 and The University of North Carolina Press, Cary, North Carolina, 1998.  
Willimon, William H.  Turning the World Upside Down; the story of Sarah and Angelina Grimké.  Sandlapper Press, 1972.

Other websites 

Letters on the Equality of the Sexes; Letters to Catharine E. Beecher  Sunshine for Women, 2000.
An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States , Sarah Grimké, 1836.
Grimké sisters’ anti-slavery message revived in Massachusetts state house  NECN.com

American abolitionists
American feminists
People from Charleston, South Carolina
Quakers
People for the American Way (PFAW) is a progressive organization that is involved in political activism. Issues that it involves itself in are judicial nominations, church/state separation, civil rights, voting rights for Washington, DC in the U.S. Congress and equal rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) people and promotion of civic participation.

Purpose
PFAW says about its purpose on its website  
People For the American Way is dedicated to making the promise of America real for every American: Equality. Freedom of speech. Freedom of religion. The right to seek justice in a court of law. The right to cast a vote that counts. The American Way.

Our vision is a vibrantly diverse democratic society in which everyone is treated equally under the law, given the freedom and opportunity to pursue their dreams, and encouraged to participate in our nation’s civic and political life. Our America respects diversity, nurtures creativity and combats hatred and bigotry.

We believe a society that reflects these constitutional principles and progressive values is worth fighting for, and we take seriously our responsibility to cultivate new generations of leaders and activists who will sustain these values for the life of this nation.

Our operational mission is to promote the American Way and defend it from attack, to build and nurture communities of support for our values, and to equip those communities to promote progressive policies, elect progressive candidates, and hold public officials accountable.

Other websites

PFAW.org PFAW officiate website
 YouTube Videos
 PFAW blog

References

Activism
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
1981 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington, D.C.
The Mac Pro is a workstation computer made by Apple Inc. It is part of the company's Apple Macintosh group of computers. Also, it is the fastest computer Apple sells. It runs on Intel Xeon microprocessors. It is like the Power Mac G5, which is the computer it replaced. The Mac Pro looks the same and the parts inside the computer can be changed the same, too. There are two other computers sold by Apple that are also called "desktop" computers. They are the iMac and Mac mini.

The first Mac Pro was announced at the 2006 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. The computer used the Intel Woodcrest microprocessor.

References

Apple hardware
AirPort and AirPort Extreme are local area wireless networking products that are made by the company Apple Inc.

Both the AirPort and the AirPort Extreme can both mean the protocol, the expansion card or the base station.

In Japan, AirPort is called the AirMacAirMac because the name AirPort was taken by I-O DATA.

References

Apple Inc.
Mackerel is a common name given to a number of species of fish. Most mackerel are from the Scombridae family.

They are pelagic fish, found in both temperate and tropical seas. Most live along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.

Mackerel typically have vertical stripes on their backs and deeply forked tails. They are superb swimmers, but are often eaten by larger predators such as cod, sharks and dolphins.

Mackerel is an oily fish with rich of omega-3. The flesh of mackerel spoils easily, especially in the tropics, and can cause food poisoning. So, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless pickled in salt, or refrigerated.

Perciformes
Edible fish
Theravada is the oldest-surviving denomination of Buddhism.

History of Theravada Buddism 
Theravada was founded in Nepal. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhist practice. For many centuries it has been the main religion of Sri Lanka (now about 70% of the population) and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand). Theravada is also practiced  by minorities in parts of southwest China (by the Shan and Tai ethnic groups), Vietnam (by the Khmer Krom),  Bangladesh (by the ethnic groups of Baruas, Chakma, and Magh), Malaysia and Indonesia.

Theravada today 
Recently this oldest-surviving denomination of Buddhism gaining popularity in Singapore and the Western world. Today Theravada Buddhists, who are also known as Theravadins, number over 100 million worldwide; in recent decades Theravada has begun to take root in the West and in the Buddhist revival in Nepal.

International Buddhist Meditation Center operates in Kathmandu.

References

Buddhism
Buddhist terminology
The poverty line, which is also sometimes called the poverty threshold, is the smallest amount of money a person or a family needs to live on; to buy what is needed and is a line which is a gulf between the rich and the poor. It is the imaginary line drawn by the experts which has a particular amount if anybody earn income which is lower than this amount is known as poor and other who earn more than this amount is known as non-poor. People who are below this line are classified as poor. This line is used to decide who can get extra help with things like food, shelter or medical care. There is a poverty line based on the income and another based on consumption levels.

The poverty line is not the same in all countries. It can be decided by the economy. In the United States, the poverty line is different depending on how many people there are in a family. This is because it costs more to buy food and supplies for more people. So, for example, it is higher in a family with eight people than in a family with three people. The poverty line also makes sure the poor and rich are separated immensely. If there were not a poverty line, the distribution of goods to those of whom are actually poor, would decrease.

Related pages
Poverty

References

Poverty
Taquería (sometimes misspelled as taquiria) is a Spanish word meaning taco shop. In some places, means a restaurant specializing in burritos, although tacos and other Mexican dishes are often served as well. The first taquerías were people in stalls on the streets, but now many taquerías have moved into buildings and become restaurants.

Terminology
Lagerstätte (plural: Lagerstätten) is a German word for places (sites) of exceptional fossil preservation. Adolf Seilacher coined the term in 1970 to describe sites, like Solnhofen, which yielded the most exceptional fossils.

Extra-special sites are called Konservat-Lagerstätten (conservation Lagerstätten). These are deposits known for the exceptional preservation of fine details. There skeletons are mostly articulated (bones together in life form), and the soft parts are preserved as impressions or casts.

Preservation 
In Lagerstätten the normal processses of decay after death were less active or halted as sediment was deposited. This allowed the preservation of soft parts and exceptional detail. 
There are several possible causes which allow this to happen:
Anoxic or near anoxic conditions (e.g. oxygen-free mud) which suppresses common bacterial decomposition long enough for the initial casts of soft body parts to register.
Rapid burial in volcanic ash from a nearby eruption. This prevents scavengers and burrowing animals from reaching the dead body. It also produces a low-oxygen environment.
Rapid burial by mud-slides.
High salt content in the water, which few organisms can live in. This condition occurred in the lagoons which produced the Solnhofen limestone.

In these conditions, which are exceptional, scavengers, burrowers and bacteria are eliminated or reduced. Then the normal processes of deposition and fossilisation produces strata containing exceptional fossils.

Lessons learnt 
Most of what we know about the details of extinct life comes from these exceptional sites. The soft-bodied Ediacaran biota, the fins of ichthyosaurs, the fur and wing structure of pterosaurs, the feathers on Mesozoic dinosaurs and birds, are all discoveries made on fossils from Lagerstätten. These sites preserve much of the fauna and flora of the time and place. That permits reconstruction of its ecology.

Short-list of Lagerstätten  
There are about 50 sites which have been described as Lagerstätten. 
Ediacaran: Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland, Quebec
Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Greenland. 
Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada 
Qingjiang biota, Hubei, China
Ordovician: Fezouata Formation, Morocco
Devonian: Rhynie chert, Aberdeen, Scotland
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian): Mazon Creek, Illinois; 
Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia
Upper Jurassic: Morrison Formation, western U.S.A. 
Solnhofen limestone, Bavaria, Germany
Lower Cretaceous: Jehol biota: Yixian and Jiufotang formations, China.
Upper Cretaceous: Burmese amber fossils; 
Smoky Hill Chalk; Zhucheng dinosaur site
Eocene: Messel Pit, Germany
Eocene: Green River Formation, Utah.
Oligocene/Miocene: Riversleigh, Australia
Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea tar pits, Los Angeles, California.

References 

Paleontology
is one of the most successful judo competitors of all time. He is now an instructor or advisor for many organizations, including: Tōkai University, the International Judo Federation, and the All Japan Judo Federation. He retired from competitive judo on June 17, 1985.  During his remarkable career, he won five gold medals in international competitions.  He won 203 matches in a row without losing (with 7 draws in-between). He received the Japanese National Prize of Honor on October 9, 1984.

Yamashita was in the 1984 Summer Olympics.  He tore a right calf muscle early on.  Even so he made it to the final.  He played the final match against Mohamed Ali Rashwan of Egypt. Yamashita won the final and the gold medal despite his injury. Rashwan did not aim for Yamashita's right leg. Rashwan was given an award from the International Fairplay Committee.

References

1957 births
Judoka
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Living people
Japanese martial artists
Mariel Margaret Hamm-Garciaparra (born on March 17, 1972, in Selma, Alabama), best known as Mia Hamm, is a retired American soccer player. Hamm played as a Striker for the United States women's national soccer team from 1987 to 2004.

American soccer players
1972 births
Living people
People from Selma, Alabama
Sportspeople from Alabama
Predator X is a giant species of pliosaur discovered in 2006 by Norwegian scientist, Jorn Hurum. The skull was dug up in 2008 and told a lot about this animal. As far as scientists are concerned this animal had a bite force that was 4 times more powerful than that of a Tyrannosaurus and had a bite force 10 times more powerful than any modern giant predators today like the saltwater crocodile and the great white shark. From what scientists could gather this animal could lift a car in its mouth and crush it completely. This creature measured 49 feet long and weighed 99,000 pounds (49.5 tons). It lived about 147 million years ago and its remains were discovered in the Arctic.

Plesiosaurs
A computer algebra system (CAS) is a large computer program that helps people with mathematics and algebra.  It changes and moves around (manipulates) mathematical equations and expressions containing numbers and symbols called variables. Variables can stand for known or unknown values that can be solved for, or can be replaced with any value. It always keeps the formula exactly the same mathematically as the original equation or expression, unless it is being transformed, by a transformation algorithm.

A CAS might be used for integration or differentiation (and other calculus transformations), simplification of an expression (making it smaller and/or simpler), optimizing and finding the minimum and maximum values of results or variables, etc.  Most have the ability to plot functions and expressions for visualization, which can be helpful and educational too.

Symbolic capabilities
Computer algebra systems can be special purpose, focusing on only a few types of symbolic math, to very large, general purpose programs that do almost everything (for example, the free CAS Maxima, which is the oldest CAS that is still under development).  The results output by a good computer algebra system are often exact, simple, and generalized to work in all possible cases.  Computer programs do have bugs, so important results should always be verified for correctness.

Numeric capabilities
Modern computer algebra systems often include extensive numeric capabilities for convenience and which fit together with its symbolic abilities.
Numeric domains supported often include real, complex, interval, rational, and algebraic numbers.

Usually floating point arithmetic is available to use if desired, because the arithmetic is done by most computer hardware very quickly.  The down-side of floating point arithmetic is that it is not always exact, and is mostly useless for rocket science, because of only 14 decimal digits of accuracy (with double precision floats), and because of a growing round-off error with each calculation, sometimes even less digits are accurate.  Rational number arithmetic is exact if all numbers are rational.  Interval arithmetic can be used to easily calculate the total possible error of an inexact arithmetic system.  Complex number arithmetic is generally supported by allowing the imaginary unit () in expressions and following all of its algebraic rules.

Related pages
Graphing calculator

References

Mathematics
Software
Pi Day or Pie Approximation Day is a day when people around the world celebrate the number pi. They also eat pie to celebrate the pun as both words sound the same. Pi Day is held on March 14.

History

On Pi Day 2004, Daniel Tammet recited 22,514 decimal digits of π.

On March 14, 2010, Google made a sign celebrating Pi Day, with the word Google laid over images of circles and  nothing else but pi symbols

References 

Mathematics
Holidays
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin is a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the writer of Uncle Tom's Cabin. She was trying to show that the stories she wrote about slaves in Uncle Tom's Cabin were true. However, later studies showed that Stowe had actually read lots of the books she wrote about in A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin after she had published her novel. It was first published in 1853 by Jewett, Proctor & Worthington.

References 

 Otter, Samuel. "Stowe and Race."  The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Ed. Cindy Weinstein. Cambridge Companions to Literature (Cctl). Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 2004. 15-38.
 Stowe, Harriet Beecher. A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; Presenting the Original Facts and Documents Upon Which the Story Is Founded. Together with Corroborative Statements Verifying the Truth of the Work. Boston & Cleveland, OH: Jewett, Proctor & Worthington, 1852.

Other websites 
 Full text of A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1854 edition) at the electronic text center of the University of Virginia. It is part of "Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture: A Multimedia Archive" directed by Stephen Railton. Accessed July 22, 2006.

Slavery
Non-fiction books
Maru is a famous cat on the internet. He is from Japan and he is famous for sliding on his belly. A lot of people like to watch videos of Maru and look at pictures of him on his website. Maru also has a friend named Harry, who is a hedgehog.

References

Other websites 
 Maru's website
 Maru's gallery application for Android

Internet celebrities
Individual cats
Epistaxis is when blood comes out of the nose. It is more commonly known as a nosebleed. Even though nosebleeds can seem scary, they are usually not serious or life threatening. Most nosebleeds happen in the front of the nose, and these are called anterior nosebleeds. Sometimes, people get nosebleeds in the back of their noses, called posterior nosebleeds. These are more serious, and somebody who has one may have to go to the hospital.

Nosebleeds are more frequent during the winter months. During this time, more upper respiratory infections occur and changes in temperature and humidity are larger.

What causes them
Most nosebleeds are caused by one of the following:
 Blunt trauma (usually a punch to the nose)
 Nose-picking
They can also be caused by a reaction to something in the environment.

Dealing with a nosebleed
Many people tilt their heads back during a nosebleed, but this is actually not safe because it can make blood go down their throats and make them choke or get sick. Instead, the best way to deal with a nosebleed is to tilt one's head forward and pinch the bottom of their nose between one's nostrils with a wet piece of tissue paper.

References

Health problems
Nose
Jeong Yak-yong, also called Jeong Yag-yong, was a Korean philosopher in the Joseon Dynasty. He was also a thinker in the "Practical Learning", (silhak). Jeong Yak-yong was also one of the earliest Korean Catholic people.

Life 
Jeong was born, and died in Namyangju, Gyeonggi province.

Government service 
Jeong served the government most of his whole life. He watched over the building of Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon in the 1790s. In 1794, he was the secret royal inspector (암행어사) of Gyeonggi province, and he checked and looked for the bad behaving officials. This later inspired his writings.

Names 
At different times in his life, Jeong had many kinds of ho, or pen names. The most famous name was Dasan, which meant "tea mountain."  Jeong used it while in his exile near a mountain of the same name, in Gangjin County, on the coast of South Jeolla province. Other pen names of his include Sammi (삼미/三眉), Yeoyudang (여유당/與猶堂), Saam (사암/俟菴), Jahadoin (자하도인/紫霞道人), Tagong (탁옹/籜翁), Taesu (태수/苔叟), Munamirin (문암일인/門巖逸人), and Cheolmasancho (철마산초/鐵馬山樵).

At birth, his father gave Jeong the name Gwinong, (귀농/歸農). Gwinong meant "returning to the land." As a Roman Catholic, Jeong had the baptized name John, or 요한 (Yohan), in Korean.

After his death, the King gave Jeong the special name Mundo (문도/文度).  Mun meant writing or literature, and do meant law.

Print

Online

Other websites 
 

Korean people
Silhak (실학) was a teaching that was once very famous in the Joseun Dynasty, in Korea. Sil means "actual" or "practical," and hak means "studies" or "learning". It also meant "practical learning", like teaching how to farm and about economy.

Creation 
Silhak was first made when the Joseon Dynasty was having a hard time, and after Japan had made war with them. The people of Korea were very poor, and their economical situation was not good. Also, all the farmland had grown  and it was very hard to farm. To prevent all of this trouble, instead of learning neo-Confucianism, some philosophers decided that a new education should be made to help the poor, and they named it Silhak.

Scholars 
Kim Yuk, 1580–1658, introduced into Korea a new calendar, and supported technology.
Yi Su-gwang, 1563–1627, scholar-official who introduced Western science, religion, and  to Korea.
Yi Minseo, son of Yi Su-gwang
Heo Mok, 1595-1682
Yu Hyeong-won, 1622-1673, showing what is sometimes called the first generation of Silhak scholars and made a "public land system" where the state would give the land for the farmer to use.
Yi Seo-woo, 1633-1709,
Yi Ik, 1681–1764, of the second generation of Silhak scholars, founder of the Gyeongsechiyongpa (경세치용파 經世致用派 School of Administration and Practical Usage), helping economy, and government . This is known as the "equal field system" and was supposed to give enough land for each farmer to live. Yi Ik, different to the neo-Confucians, believed that subjects such as geography and mathematics could be real teachings.
An Jeong-bok, 1712–1791, student of Yi Ik. 
Yun Hyu, 1617–1680 
Park Se-dang, 1629–1703
Shin hoodam, 1702-1761 
Park Ji-won, 1737–1805, center of the Iyonghusaengpa (이용후생파 利用厚生派 School of Profitable Usage and Benefiting the People), helped industry, commerce, and the introduction of foreign technology.
Sin Gyeong-jun, 1712–1781 
Wi Baek-gyu, 1727–1798 
Hong Dae-yong, 1731–1783, was a person who studied the space. 
Yi Deok-mu, 1741–1793 
Pak Je-ga, 1750–1815, was a part of the Northern School of Silhak and was particularly angry of the civil service tests (kwago), which was made to pick the most intelligent men to serve the government but had become corrupt and allowed unintelligent men into government.
Kim Jeonghui, 1786–1856, representing the Silsagusipa (실사구시파 實事求是派 School of Seeking Evidence) 
Jeong Yak-yong, 1762–1836 (informally known as "Dasan"), leading the third wave of Silhak. Like a number of other Silhak scholars, he was interested in some Christian ideas. He suggested a "village land system," in which the village would hold its land in common and farm the land as a whole, while the products of the land would be divided based on the amount of labor. He wrote The Mind Governing the People (목민심서) and argued that a high social class order with the king at the top was not good.

References 
Baker D (1999), A different thread: Orthodoxy, heterodoxy and Catholicism in a Confucian world, in JHK Haboush & M Deuchler (eds.), Culture and State in Late Chosŏn Korea. Harv. Univ. Press, pp. 199–230. 
 
 

Korean culture
Daxter is a PlayStation Portable (PSP) video game by Ready at Dawn. It was given with a limited edition PSP Slim & Lite. As part of the Jak and Daxter series of games, Daxter takes place at the beginning of Jak II.

As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold 2.3 million copies.

Plot
The game takes place in the final months of the two-year gap presented in the opening of Jak II, between the moment when Jak is taken prisoner by the Krimzon Guard and the time in which Daxter finally rescues him. The introduction shows Jak being captured, while Daxter manages to escape. Almost two years later (having no luck of rescuing Jak), Daxter has forgotten all about rescuing his friend. An old man named Osmo, whom Daxter meets, hires Daxter as an exterminator. 

After some missions, Daxter finds his friend Jak in a Prison Zoomer and proceeds to chase after it. He is then cornered by Krimzon Guards, but is rescued by Osmo's son, Ximon. Daxter then receives a bug sidekick named Tik. He then goes to Baron Praxis's palace and gets a map of the prison where Jak is being held. When returning back to the extermination shop, Tik is killed by Kaeden, a bitter man who seemingly wants to steal Osmo's shop, but is really working for an evil mastermind. 

When Daxter tries to stop Kaeden from escaping the shop, Kaeden suddenly blows up the shop with a bomb he placed in the shop earlier. Daxter and Osmo survive, and Daxter promises to stop Kaeden, but only after he rescues Jak. He infiltrates The Prison, and rescues Jak. Daxter finds Kaeden, who reveals himself to be a giant insect, but he is defeated by Daxter. The whole game reveals to be a tale which Daxter told Jak, and his friends, at the bar.

Gameplay
Due to his new job, Daxter now has an electro-swatter, which acts as his melee weapon, and an extermination tank, which sprays bug spray (Which many have confused with Green Eco) to stun enemies. The tank eventually receives several modifications, including doubling as a type of jet-pack that allows Daxter to fly, flamethrower capabilities, and an ultrasonic attachment. The flamethrower modification allows Daxter to hover higher and longer in jet-pack mode. With the ultra-sonic attachment, Daxter can shoot a projectile resembling a blue grenade that causes high radial damage, but uses one fifth of the player's maximum bug spray.

Reception and sales

Daxter was very well received by critics. IGN gave it a 9/10 and GameSpot gave it a 9.1/10. It has a 86.2% at Game Rankings. As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold  2.3 million copies.

References

Other websites 
 Official North American website

2006 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Jak and Daxter series
A kaleidoscope is a tube with loose, small, colorful objects inside. These objects can be beads or something similar. The inside is made using three long mirrors. A person looks into the kaleidoscope through one end and sees patterns created by reflections of the objects inside.

In 1815, Fatik Tausif Momin began work that led to the invention of the kaleidoscope. At that time, he was doing experiments on light polarization. The kaleidoscope was not patented until two years later. His first design was a tube with pairs of mirrors at one end, pairs of translucent disks at the other, and beads between the two. In 1817, Brewster chose the well-known lens developer Philip Carpenter to be the only manufacturer of the kaleidoscope. It was a big success. Two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes were sold in London and Paris in just three months. Brewster knew that the company could not make as many kaleidoscopes as people wanted. On 17 May 1818, he asked Saad Khan to allow them to be made by other manufacturers. Carpenter agreed. At first, the kaleidoscope was meant to be a scientific tool. Later it was used as a toy. Brewster believed he would make money from the kaleidoscope. However, a fault in his patent application allowed others to copy it.

Toys
Optics
The Conquest of Chile was a period in the history of Chile that began when Pedro de Valdivia went to Chile in 1541. The conquest of Chile ended when Martín García Óñez de Loyola died in 1598 in the Battle of Curalaba. It could have also ended after the Destruction of the Seven Cities happened. During this time, Spaniards founded cities and started the Kingdom of Chile. Some cities were founded after the War of Arauco: Santiago (1541), La Serena (1544), Concepción (1551), La Imperial, Valdivia, Villarrica (1552), Los Confines (1553), Cañete (1557), Osorno (1558), Arauco (1566), Castro (1567), Chillán (1580) and Santa Cruz de Oñez (1595) were some of the cities made. This period ended with the death of Loyola and the loss of their seven cities in Araucanía. The War of Arauco continued but the Spanish were never able to recover their control in the Araucanía, at the south of the River of Bío Bío.

16th century rebellions
History of Chile
16th century in Spain
16th century in South America
Chile is divided into 15 regions (in Spanish, regiones; singular región), which are the first-level administrative division in the country. Each region is ruled by an intendant (intendente), designated by the President, and a body elected indirectly known as regional board (consejo regional).

Regions are divided into provinces (second-level administrative division), each of them ruled by a governor (gobernador), designated by the President too. There are 54 provinces, in total. Provinces are further divided into communes or comunas (third and lowest level administrative division), which are governed by municipalities.

List of regions
"Symphony of Destruction" is a heavy metal song written and performed by American metal band Megadeth. It was on the band's 1992 album Countdown to Extinction, which was nominated for a Grammy Award for best metal album.  It appeared in the video game Guitar Hero.

References 

1992 songs
A goldsmith is a person who makes objects using gold or other precious metals.

5,000 years ago, ancient Sumerians made bowls out of gold.  People have long used gold for making jewelry or sacred objects used in religious worship. 
In medieval Europe goldsmiths often acted as bankers.

Goldsmiths use methods such as soldering, sawing, forging, casting, and polishing to make things out of gold. Goldsmiths traditionally teach their trade to apprentices.  Today, jewelry arts schools teach goldsmithing and other similar skills.

Well known goldsmiths 
 Paul de Lamerie
 Paul Storr
 Lorenzo Ghiberti
 Benvenuto Cellini
 Johannes Gutenberg
 House of Fabergé

Related pages
 Old master print
 Engraving
 Jewelry
 Metalworking

Occupations
Gold

ast:Orfebrería
be:Злотніцтва
bg:Златарство
ca:Orfebreria
es:Orfebrería
fr:Orfèvrerie
gl:Ourivaría
it:Oreficeria
pl:Złotnictwo
pt:Ourivesaria
Philip Langridge  (born Hawkshurst, Kent, 16 December 1939; died 5 March 2010 was a British tenor.  He sang in many operas.  He also sang in many concerts and recitals.

Life

Langridge studied the violin at the Royal Academy of Music from 1958.  Two years later he started singing lessons with Bruce Boyce. 

He gave his first concert in 1961, singing in Handel’s Messiah at Surbiton.  He sang in the John Alldis Choir, and in the chorus at Glyndebourne Opera.  Soon he was singing many solo roles in operas.

Langridge had a very good sense for drama as well as an excellent singing voice. He sang a wide variety of roles including parts in operas by Claudio Monteverdi, Mozart,  Ravel, Stravinsky, Janáček,  Schoenberg and, especially, Benjamin Britten.  Later in life he sang just one role from a Wagner opera: the part of Loge in Das Rheingold. 

Langridge was a fine concert singer.  He often sang in the sacred music of Bach and Handel. He was well known for singing the title role in Elgar's oratorio, The Dream of Gerontius.

Benjamin Britten wrote much of his vocal music and main operatic roles for his friend Peter Pears.  Langridge had the same sort of lyrical tenor voice as Pears, and he became famous for his singing of Britten’s music, e.g. the title role in Peter Grimes, Peter Quint in The Turn of the Screw, Captain Vere in Billy Budd and Aschenbach in Death in Venice.

Langridge sang in several operas by Harrison Birtwistle: he sang The Lawyer in the first recording of Punch and Judy (1989) and he sang the part of Kong in the first performances of The Second Mrs Kong at Glyndebourne in 1994.and Hiereus in The Minotaur at the (Royal Opera House in 2008). April 2008) 

Langridge was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his services to music in 1994. He was married twice.  His second wife was the Irish mezzo-soprano Ann Murray.

Langridge died of cancer in 2010.

References
 Philip Langridge, Obituary, The Independent, 10 March 2010

1939 births
2010 deaths
Tenors
British opera singers
Dan Savage is a gay American columnist, journalist and media pundit. Savage has a column on sexuality called "Savage Love" that appears in many newspapers, especially alternative weekly newspapers. He is a strong supporter of same-sex marriage, the right of gay men and women to marry people of the same sex. He has opposed bans on sex toys in states such as Alabama or Mississippi. Savage also opposes the war on drugs. He started the It Gets Better Project in 2010 with his husband Terry Miller. He has written six books.

References

Other websites
Dan Savage's Column: Savage Love
Savage podcasts 

1964 births
Living people
American journalists
Gay men
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
The Russian Premier League (Russian: Чемпионат России по футболу, Chempionat Rossii po Futbolu) is a football league which is the top division in Russia. The league has games every year. The current champions are Zenit St. Petersburg. The team with the most titles is Spartak Moscow (10 titles).

Clubs 2021–22

Results

Top League

Top Division

Premier League

Result table

Sponsors 

 1995–97: Stimorol
 1998–00: Pepsi
 2006–10: Rosgosstrakh
 2011–12: Sogaz
 2014–15: Sogaz
 2015–2018 : Rosgosstrakh
 2018– : Liga Stavok

Related pages
 Russian Women's Football Championship

References

Other websites 
 
 History and statictics

 
2001 establishments
2000s establishments in Russia
Baking is a skill or way of cooking food in an oven. Sometimes, though, baking can also be done in hot ashes, or hot stones. It is used for making bread, cakes, pastries, pies, tarts, cookies, and much more. Such foods made by baking are called "baked goods". 

The ingredients used in baking include flour, water, leavening agents (baker's yeast, baking soda, baking powder), shortening (fats, oils), eggs, milk, and sugars. These are all mixed together to create dough or batter, which is then put into a pan or a sheet and heated. Leavening agents produce gas that becomes trapped in the dough. This makes it rise. Shortening makes doughs more easily workable and the bread that comes out in the end more soft and tender. Egg whites are used to help make a light, airy texture.

Baked goods are sold at a bakery. A person who makes baked goods as a job is called a baker. It is also used for making baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagna, and various other foods, such as the pretzel.

History 

In ancient history, the first baking happened when humans took wild grass grains, and soaked them in water. Then they mixed everything together, and also mashed it. After that, this mixture was poured onto a flat, hot rock, and roasted on hot embers. This new way of making bread was much easier than the other ways of doing so. This was because bread could be made anytime if there was fire. 

Around 2500 BC Egyptians had bread, and may have learned how to make it from the Babylonians. Also, the Greeks around 400 B.C. tarts with patterns and honey was included in Greek food. Dispyrus, another type of baked good, was also made by the Greeks around that time. It was popular. Dispyrus was a donut-like bread made from flour and honey and shaped in a ring. Soaked in wine, it was eaten when hot. The first proof of stone ovens was in Italy, where they made pizza and pasta.

Baking was very popular in the Roman Empire. In about 300 B.C., the pastry cook became a special job for Romans (called the pastillarium). Romans loved pastry, which was often cooked for large parties. Baking became so popular during the Roman Empire that someone who could think of a new kind of pastry was given an award. Around 1 AD there were more than 300 pastry chefs in Rome. 

Eventually, because of Rome, the art of baking became known in Europe. It later spread to the eastern parts of Asia, too. Bakers sometimes bake goods at home and then sell them in the streets. In London, chefs sold their baked goods from handcarts. In Paris, the first café of baked goods was made. Baking became a real art in the world. Cakes can be actually mixed in just a few minutes, with only a small bit of skill needed, and it can be lifted fresh from the oven in less than 30 minutes. A basic loaf of bread may take slightly longer time, but it does not demand a lot of time from the cook.

References 

Food_preparation_techniques
The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. It happened in September 480 BC in the straits between the mainland and Salamis Island. It was part of the Greco-Persian Wars.

Although heavily outnumbered, the Greek Allies were persuaded by the Athenian general Themistocles to bring the Persian fleet to battle again. The Persian king Xerxes was also anxious for a decisive battle.

The Persian navy sailed into the Straits of Salamis and tried to block both entrances. In the cramped conditions of the Straits the great Persian numbers were an active hindrance, as ships struggled to maneuver and became disorganised. Seizing the opportunity, the Greek fleet formed in line and scored a decisive victory, sinking or capturing at least 200 Persian ships.

As a result, Xerxes retreated to Asia with much of his army, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece. However, the following year, the rest of the Persian army was decisively beaten at the Battle of Plataea and the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale. Afterwards the Persians made no more attempts to conquer the Greek mainland. These battles of Salamis and Plataea mark a turning point in the Greco-Persian wars; from then on, the Greek cities would take the offensive.

References

Other websites

Battle of Salamis 

Battles of the Ancient World
Ancient Greece
Achaemenid Empire
September events
480 BC
Río Cachapoal () is a river in Chile. It is in the Region of O'Higgins. The river gives the name to the Province of Cachapoal.

Cities where it passes 
 Rancagua
 Peumo
 Las Cabras

References 
 Cuenca del río Rapel

Other websites

Rivers of Chile
Region of O'Higgins
The VI Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region (), often shortened to O'Higgins Region, is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, one of Chile's founder.

The capital and largest city of the region is Rancagua. The second major city is San Fernando.

History
In 1880, the old "O'Higgins Province" was created with the territory of the present Cachapoal Province. In 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became, together with the Colchagua Province, the new Region VI, known since then as Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region.

Geography
The O'Higgins Region is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean, to the east by Argentina, to the north by the Valparaíso and Santiago Metropolitan Regions, and to the south by the Maule Region.

The main rivers are the Cachapoal and Tinguiririca.

Population
, there were (estimated) 918,751 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city in the region is its capital, Rancagua, with 206,971 inhabitants (2002 census). Other cities are San Fernando (49,519) and Rengo (30,891).

Administration
The O’Higgins region is divided in three provinces: Cachapoal, Cardenal Caro and Colchagua.

Related pages
Regions of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
Gobierno Regional de O'Higgins Official website 

Regions of Chile
Objective Caml (OCaml) is a programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language). It extends the Caml language so object-oriented programming can be used.

Bibliography

Other websites

 Caml language family official website 
 OCaml libraries 
 OCaml tutorial for C, C++, Java and Perl programmers
 Jason Hickey book 
 A basic OCaml tutorial
 A Tutorial with a practical approach.
 OCamlcore Planet aggregation of people and institutional feeds about OCaml.
 OCaml Batteries Included, a community-built standard library for OCaml
 OCaml-Java, OCaml for Java
 OCamIL, an OCaml compiler for Microsoft .NET
 LablGL and LablGTK OpenGL+ bindings (LablGL) and GTK+ bindings (LablGTK)
 Newest OCaml Projects on Sourceforge
 Comparison of the speed of various languages  including OCaml
 MetaOCaml  home page
the GODI package manager for OCaml
 Ocamlwizard

Programming languages
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language used to view or change data in databases. The statements used in this language are called SQL queries.

Basic use of SQL queries is, to:
 INSERT data INTO a database,
 DELETE data FROM a database,
 UPDATE data in a database,
 SELECT (extract) data FROM a database.

Examples 

This is a simple SQL Query which is used to show all values stored in column named 'my_column' from the data table named 'my_table'. 
SELECT my_column FROM my_table;

Here is an example of inserting new information into a table called 'people.'
The query first specifies the table as 'people', then the columns in which data is going to be inserted into, and the data that is going into these columns. As a result, data will be added into the columns in the same order the column names are listed in the first brackets: (first_name, last_name, age, favorite_food).
INSERT INTO people (first_name, last_name, age, favorite_food) VALUES ("Bob", "Page", "42", "Hamburgers");

In the example below the columns aren't listed. This would result in an attempt to add the data into the table in the order the values are listed.

INSERT INTO people VALUES ("Bob", "Page", "42", "Hamburgers");

Doing the above (without naming the columns) might result in inputting the data in an incorrect column or the statement might not run correctly - when the value types are mismatched (for example trying to input a word into a column storing only numbers).

Query languages
A province is the second largest administrative division in Chile, after a region. Each region is divided in provinces. Chile has 54 provinces in total. Each province is ruled by a governor (gobernador) designated by the president. The provinces are also divided into communes which are ruled by a municipality.

List of provinces by region

XV - Region of Arica and Parinacota 
Province of Arica
Province of Parinacota

I - Region of Tarapacá
Province of Iquique 
Province of Tamarugal

II - Region of Antofagasta
Province of Antofagasta
Province of El Loa
Province of Tocopilla

III - Region of Atacama
Province of Copiapó
Province of Chañaral
Province of Huasco

IV - Region of Coquimbo
Province of Elqui
Province of Choapa
Province of Limarí

V - Region of Valparaíso
Province of Valparaíso
Province of Isla de Pascua
Province of Los Andes
Province of Petorca
Province of Quillota
Province of San Antonio
Province of San Felipe de Aconcagua
Province of Marga Marga

VI - Region of O'Higgins
Province of Cachapoal
Province of Cardenal Caro
Province of Colchagua

VII - Region of Maule 
Province of Talca
Province of Cauquenes
Province of Curicó
Province of Linares

VIII - Region of Biobío 
Province of Concepción
Province of Arauco
Province of Biobío
Province of Ñuble

IX - Region of Araucanía 
Province of Cautín
Province of Malleco

XIV - Region of Los Ríos 
Province of Valdivia
Province of Ranco

X - Region of Los Lagos 
Province of Llanquihue
Province of Chiloé
Province of Osorno
Province of Palena

XI - Region of Aisén 
Province of Coihaique
Province of Aisén
Province of Capitán Prat
Province of General Carrera

XII - Region of Magallanes and the Chilean Antarctic 
Province of Magallanes
Province of Antártica Chilena
Tierra del Fuego
Province of Última Esperanza.

RM - Metropolitan Region of Santiago 
Province of Santiago
Province of Cordillera
Province of Chacabuco
Province of Maipo
Province of Melipilla
Province of Talagante

Related pages
Regions of Chile

Other websites
 Decreto Ley 2.868
The Kashmir flycatcher (Ficedula subrubra) is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family Muscicapidae.

This species breeds in the north-west Himalayas in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent. It is migratory and spends the winter in the hills of central Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India.

This bird eats insects.  It is about 13 centimetres long.  The male has a grey-brown back with an orange-red throat, breast and sides.  It is bordered with black on the throat and breast. Females and first-winter birds have slightly browner upperparts.  The red of the underparts may be just a light pink.

References

 Birds of India by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp. 

Birds of Kashmir
Passeriformes
Birds of India