cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Great Attractor (GA) is a gigantic mass in space which pulls our Milky Way galaxy, and many other galaxies towards it.p60 

The Great Attractor is known by its effect on the movement of galaxies across hundreds of millions of light years (mly). Its mass is equivalent to the mass of tens of thousands of Milky Ways.

All the galaxies in the GA are redshifted, in accordance with the expansion of the Universe. They are receding relative to us and to each other, but the variations in their redshift show the existence of the Attractor. The variations in their redshifts  range from about +700 km/s to -700 km/s, depending on where they are in relation to the Great Attractor.

Position 
The position of the Great Attractor was finally worked out in 1986. It is between 150 and 250 million light years (47–79 million parsecs) away. Objects in that direction lie in the Zone of Avoidance, which is the part of the night sky obscured by the Milky Way galaxy. Because of this, they are difficult to study with visible light. However, X-ray observations have revealed that the region of space is dominated by the Norma Cluster, a massive cluster of galaxies, with large, old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, and/or radiating large amounts of radio waves.

In 2005, astronomers conducted an X-ray survey of part of the sky known as the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance. The survey confirmed earlier theories that the Milky Way galaxy was in fact being pulled towards a much more massive cluster of galaxies near the Shapley Supercluster, which is beyond the Great Attractor.

Related pages 
 Shapley Supercluster
 Great Wall

References

Further reading

Galaxy clusters
The Cubs Win Flag is a flag that is flown at Wrigley Field after every Chicago Cubs home win. The flag is called by about a dozen names.  These names usually include several of the following words; either Cubs or Chicago Cubs; Win, W, White, White W, or W Win; and flag, banner or banner flag. Other common names for the symbol include Cubs Win Banner Flag.  It has become an important symbol for fans. Days when the win flag is flown are known as "White Flag Days". The tradition of flying a win or loss flag over the stadium began soon after the scoreboard was built in 1937.

The flag has used two different colors with the letter "W" on a solid background.  The flag used now is white with a blue "W." There is a flag used for losses with a letter "L".  This flag is blue with a white "L" on it.  Additionally, lights are shone on the flags that show if it was a win or loss. A new flag is used for each win. Some stores sell versions of the flag that also have the Cubs logo at the bottom.

Sources

References

Chicago Cubs
1937 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Illinois
Wrigley Field is a sports stadium, the baseball park where the Chicago Cubs play in Major League Baseball. The ballpark is in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs have been playing there since 1916.

The ballpark is on the north side of Chicago. It is on a block bounded by Addison Street, Clark Street, Waveland Avenue, and Sheffield Avenue. It was built in 1914 for the Chicago Whales of the Federal League. The Federal League disbanded after the 1915 season. The Cubs moved from their previous home, West Side Park, to this ballpark in 1916.

The Chicago Bears of the National Football League played their home games at Wrigley Field from 1921 through 1970. They moved to Soldier Field in 1971.

Wrigley Field has also hosted events such as soccer and hockey. It has also been used as a filming location for some Hollywood movies.

The ballpark has a "cozy" feel. Fans often call it "The Friendly Confines". That nickname was made famous by former Cubs player Ernie Banks.

There was also a Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, built by the same people who built Wrigley Field in Chicago.

The park was designated a National Historic Landmark in November 2020.

References

Other websites

 Stadium site on cubs.com 
 Restore Wrigley Field
 Wrigley Field facts, figures, photos and more
 Wrigley Field News
Zachary Taylor Davis

Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in Chicago, Illinois
Chicago Cubs
1914 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Illinois
Landmarks in Chicago
The Zone of Avoidance (ZOA) is the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, the Milky Way.

Dust and stars in the plane of the Milky Way (the galactic plane) block our view of about 20% of the sky at visible wavelengths. As a result, optical galaxy catalogues are usually very incomplete close to the galactic plane.

Modern developments
In more recent years, many projects have attempted to bridge the gap in our knowledge caused by the Zone of Avoidance. However, the effects of the Zone drops at longer wavelengths, such as the infrared, and the Milky Way is effectively transparent at radio wavelengths. Surveys in the infrared have given us a more complete picture of the extragalactic sky. Indeed, two very large nearby galaxies, Maffei 1 and Maffei 2, were discovered in the Zone of Avoidance by Paolo Maffei by their infrared emission in 1968.  Even so, about 10% of the sky remains difficult to survey because extragalactic objects (for example, distant galaxies) can be confused with stars in the Milky Way.

Projects to survey the Zone of Avoidance at radio wavelengths have detected many galaxies that could not be detected in the infrared. Examples of galaxies detected from their HI emission include Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2.

Important superclusters of galaxies lying hidden or partly hidden by ZOA are The Great Attractor and the Norma Cluster.

References

Galaxies
Shamrock Rovers Football Club (Irish: Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige) is a football club from Dublin, Ireland. They play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland. The club is the most successful in Ireland's football history.

History
The club was founded in 1901 and is named after Shamrock Avenue in Dublin, the place where the club was founded. They started playing friendly matches. In 1904/05 they began to play in a league. From 1907 till 1914 they were not allowed to play because they had no home ground. In 1921 they missed the founding of the league of Ireland, but the next season they played in this league and won the title. The next decades the Rovers were very successful. In 1967, they played as Boston Rovers one season in the United Soccer Association in the USA.

In 1987 Glenmalure Park, the home ground was sold by the club owners as building area. The club started to build a new stadium in Dublins suburb Tallaght but came into financial troubles. The County South Dublin finished the construction in 2009 and so the Rovers have a new homeground. During the troubles the club was also relegated to the first division of the League of Ireland in 2005 but in 2007 they won and were again promoted to the Premier Division.

Through a 2:1 after extra time against (home 1:1) the Rovers are qualified for the UEFA-Europa League group stage 2011/12. They will play in group A versus Tottenham Hotspur, Rubin Kasan and  PAOK Saloniki.

Current squad
All players used during the season:

Staff
 Coach: Stephen Bradley
 Assistant Coach: Trevor Croly
 Goalkeeping Coach: Tim Dalton
 Physiotherapist: Richard Walker

Honours

National titles
  League of Ireland: 17 (record)
 1922–23, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1963–64  1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1993–94, 2010, 2011
 FAI Cup: 24 (record)
 1925, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966,  1967, 1968, 1969, 1978, 1985, 1986, 1987
 League of Ireland Shield: 18 (record)
 1924–25, 1926–27, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1941–42, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1954–55, 1955–56,  1956–57, 1957–58, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68.
 League of Ireland Cup: 1
 1976–77
 League of Ireland First Division: 1
 2006
 Setanta Sports Cup: 1
 2011

Other websites
 Official homepage

Irish football clubs
Sport in Dublin
The Great Wall is one of the largest known super-structures in the Universe.

It is a huge group of galaxies about 200 million light-years away. The Great Wall is like a long, thin line filament: it is over 500 million light-years long, 300 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. It was discovered in 1989 from redshift survey data.

We do not know how much farther the wall extends. Our view is blocked by the galactic plane of the Milky Way. The gas and dust from the Milky Way (known as the Zone of Avoidance) obscures the view of astronomers. This makes it impossible to find out if the wall ends or continues on further. 

In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, such structures as the Great Wall form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter. It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this 'normal' matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.

References

Other websites 
 Map of CfA2 Great Wall
 The CfA Redshift Survey

Galaxy clusters
The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes our galaxy, the Milky Way. 

The group has more than 50 galaxies (including dwarf galaxies).  Its center of mass is somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy.  The galaxies of the Local Group cover a 10 million light-year diameter and have a binary (dumbbell) shape. The group has a total mass of about (1.29 ± 0.14)Ms.
The group itself is part of the Virgo Supercluster (also called the Local Supercluster).

History
The term "Local Group" was introduced by Edwin Hubble in 1936. He describes it as "a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field". He listed the galaxies, by decreasing luminosity, as the Andromeda galaxy, the Milky Way, Triangulum galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud and half-a-dozen others. 

By 2003, the number of known Local Group members has increased from his initial twelve to thirty-six, because of the discovery of almost two dozen low-luminosity galaxies.

Movement of the Local Group 

The Milky Way, Andromeda, and the whole Local Group are being pulled by the gravitational attraction of the most massive structure in the observable universe. They are being pulled by the Shapley attractor, which is a dense supercluster of galaxies some 750 million light years from the Milky Way.

At the same time, the Local Group is being pushed by an almost empty region of space called the "dipole repeller".

Map

Related pages 
Galaxy
List of galaxies
Most distant things
Sag DEG

References 

Galaxy clusters
In chemistry a proton is a positively charged hydrogen ion. According to IUPAC, the name hydron should be used for such a particle. In this sense, a hydron can be a proton in the sense of physics, a deuteron or a triton. A deuteron is the ion of deuterium, a triton that of tritium. (So chemists use the term hydron  because it covers all three hydrogen ion isotopes.) In 1923, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Lowry used hydrons to  describe acids and bases. They defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.

References

Chemistry
Shōchū is a typical Japanese alcoholic drink. It is usually around 25 - 37% alcohol. Shōchū is made often from barley, rice,  sweet potato, buckwheat, and sugar cane. It is made in many places in Japan, but started in Kyūshū. People drink it mixed with cool or hot water, over ice, in cocktails, or straight. Shōchū is different from nihonshu, or sake. Rice shōchū is made from sake by increasing the purity of alcohol. Shochu comes in a wide variety flavors according to ingredients.

References

Other websites 
https://www.satsuma.co.jp/english/con-shiru-shochu.html - A guide to shochu by a Japanese company

Alcoholic drink
Japanese food
Awamori is an alcoholic drink from Okinawa, Japan. Awamori is made from rice. It is fermented and distilled. Awamori is similar to shōchū, but very different from nihonshu, or sake. The amount of alcohol in Awamori is usually between 30% and 43% and sometimes up to 60%. After distillation, the drink is ready for bottling and drinking, but as a rule it is aged in ceramic containers for better taste. Ordinary varieties Awamori, are aged about 6 months, but are made and much more aged varieties - 20 and 25 years of aging. Small amounts of drinks made with addition of various spices, ginseng, and even canned snake.

People in Okinawa enjoy drinking Awamori with friends, families and so on. It is popular with tourists as a souvenir.

Most of the people in Okinawa drink Awamori with ice and water. Some people drink with it Jasmine tea, which is called Sanpincha in Okinawa. It makes the taste of Awamori better.

Awamori can improve if its maker takes time to let it mature. If it is matured a long time, the taste becomes mellow and its smell becomes sweet.

In the 19th century, ships from England, France and the United States reached the Ryūkyū Islands, and awamori was served to the crews.

References 

Fermented drinks
Okinawa Prefecture
Greyson Michael Chance (born August 16, 1997) is a musician and a pianist. He became famous for his cover (his version) of the song "Paparazzi" by Lady Gaga in a sixth-grade music festival. The cover reached about 700 million views on Youtube in April 2010. He was later discovered by Ellen DeGeneres and was a guest on her show 2 times. His first debut single is "Waiting Outside the Lines" which was released on October 2010. His first debut album called Hold on 'till the Night was later released on August 2, 2011.

Personal life 

Chance was born on August 16, 1997 in Wichita Falls, Texas. He currently lives in Edmond, Oklahoma. He is the youngest child of Scott and Lisa Chance. He has a sixteen-year-old sister, Alexa, and a nineteen-year-old brother, Tanner. Both Alexa and Tanner also play music. Chance began playing the piano at the age of 8 and has had three years of piano lessons. He has never had vocal (singing) lessons. when he was at the age of 7 he moved to Jacksonville Florida and had been applied for the elementary school John N.C. Stockton.

References 

1997 births
Living people
American pianists
musicians from Texas
singers from Texas
An Eephus pitch is a kind of pitch in baseball. It is a kind of "junk pitch" (trick pitch). An Eephus pitch is very slow and is used to catch the batter off guard. The pitch was invented by Rip Sewell of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1940s. The name Eephus pitch comes from the Hebrew word , which means "nothing." Pirates manager Frankie Frisch claimed that the pitch was named by outfielder Maurice Van Robays. Van Robays explained that "Eephus ain't nothing, and that's a nothing pitch."

Common features  

The Eephus pitch is thrown overhand, like other pitches in baseball. It is unusually slow, and has a high arc trajectory (the ball travels along a high curve.) The trajectory (the path the ball travels) looks more like a pitch from slow-pitch softball than baseball. 

The Eephus pitch is unusually slow. It appears to move in slow motion. The ball travels  or less. Baseball pitches in Major League Baseball usually travel between . The Eephus pitch is considered a trick pitch because it is so slow.

Other names 
The Eephus pitch is sometimes called by other names. These names usually refer to an Eephus pitch thrown by a specific pitcher. Some of the most famous of these names are:
 Fossum Flip, thrown by Casey Fossum
 the folly floater, thrown by Steve Hamilton
 LaLob, thrown by Dave LaRoche
 Leephus, spaceball, and moonball, thrown by Bill "Spaceman" Lee
 the soap bubble, thrown by Vicente Padilla
 the Pascual Pitch, thrown by Pascual Perez
 the Dead Fish, thrown by Dave Stieb

Some other nicknames are bloop curve and gravity curve. It is sometimes also called the Bugs Bunny curve. This name comes from a Bugs Bunny cartoon called "Baseball Bugs." In the cartoon, batters swing three times at a very slow pitch before it reaches home plate.

Related pages
 Pitch (baseball)
 Pitcher (baseball)

References 

Baseball
Siméon Denis Poisson ( 21 June 1781 in Pithiviers - 25 April 1840 in Sceaux, near Paris) was a French mathematician and physicist. From 1798 he studied mathematics at the  École Polytechnique, where he met Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. In 1802 he became professor, in 1806 he took the position Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier had before him. Napoleon sent Fourier to Grenoble. Poisson was a disciple of Laplace. Poisson worked on the mathematical bases of wave theory, acoustics, elasticity, electricity and heat. He was also interested in the electric properties of solids. In 1812, he published his extension of Laplace's equation, which allowed its use for electric charge at the surface of solids. In the year 1818, he predicted the existence of a phenomenon called the Poisson spot, in the case that light should have the character of a wave. Poisson thought that was not the case and that it had the character of particles. He had long discussions with Augustin-Jean Fresnel, who thought that light was indeed a wave. This discussion only ended when Fresnel could show the existence of the spot Poisson had predicted in an experiment. In 1838, Poisson published his ideas on probability theory, which also included what is now known as Poisson distribution. This distribution was already known to Abraham de Moivre. 

The relation between pressure and volume in the adiabatic process is constant, this is known as Poisson's Law today. In thermodynamics, the same relation is formulated as a number of equations, which are known as Poisson's equations. Poisson's ratio which gives the amount an object is stretched under load, is also named after him. 

His name is one of 72 honored on the Eiffel tower.

French mathematicians
1781 births
1840 deaths
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhoea. Most of the time only children who are younger than five years old get the disease. The signs of the disease are severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which start suddenly and last for two or three days. Rotavirus also causes diarrhoea in animals. A vaccine, which prevents children from getting the disease is available in many countries.

Like most viruses, rotaviruses are made from RNA and protein. The RNA carries the genes that are used to make more rotaviruses. They are called rotaviruses because they sometimes look like little wheels and "rota" is the latin word for "wheel". Rotaviruses get into the body through the mouth and are not present in the air like the viruses that cause colds. The disease is most often spread by dirty hands and things used for cooking, but the viruses can contaminate water. Rotaviruses are very small. They are a lot smaller than bacteria and can only be seen using an electron microscope. 

Children who have not been vaccinated usually get infected more than once. But when children are about five years old they are usually immune and cannot get it any more. This is because their bodies have become resistant to the viruses.

Rotaviruses infect the cells that the small intestine is made from. This makes it difficult for the body to digest food. Children usually make a complete recovery from the infection. But it is very important to make sure they drink enough water to replace what they are losing. In many countries the medicine used is called "oral rehydration solution". This comes in a small packet that is added to drinking water. It contains salt and sugar, which helps the body take up the water.

Rotaviruses were discovered in the 1970s.  Since then doctors and scientists have shown that they are a problem to children all over the world. More than 500,000 children die from rotavirus infection each year and almost two million more become severely ill.  The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation are helping to pay for rotavirus vaccines in countries that cannot afford to buy them. Between 2006 and 2011 he gave more than 82 million US dollars.

References

Other websites
Preventing gastroenteritis in children, National Health Service, UK

Diseases caused by viruses
Viruses
Karel Plíhal (born August 23, 1958 in Přerov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech folk musician, singer, songwriter, poet and record producer.

Discography
 Karel Plíhal (1985)
 Imaginární hospoda (1986) – EP (with Slávek Janoušek and Nerez)
 Karel Plíhal…Emil Pospíšil… (1989)
 Karel Plíhal 1985-89 (1992) – compilation
 Takhle nějak to bylo… (1992)
 Králíci, ptáci a hvězdy (1996)
 Sova sněžná (2000) – single
 Kluziště (2000)
 Rok ďábla (2002) – soundtrack
 Nebe počká (2004)
 Karel Plíhal v Telči (2005) – live album
 Karel Plíhal v Olomouci (2005) – live album
 Vzduchoprázdiny (2012)

References

Other websites
 Official website

1958 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Czech poets
Singer-songwriters
Virus classification is the way viruses are put into groups by scientists.
There are many different kinds of viruses. Scientists classify viruses to make it easier to learn about them. Classification also helps scientists to remember viruses and the diseases they cause. The International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is in charge of virus classification. 

Sometimes different viruses have things in common. This is used in classification. For example, if they are made from DNA and protein, or RNA and protein. Other things that are taken into account are the size and shape of the viruses and the diseases they cause.

Similar viruses are first put into "families". Each family has a name. This family name always ends with "-viridae. For example, rotaviruses are in the Reoviridae family and herpes viruses are in the Herpesviridae family.

Viruses in any one family that are almost the same are then put in a smaller group called a "genus".

Another way of classifying viruses is called the Baltimore Classification. This is different from the ICTV one. Some scientists prefer the Baltimore Classification because it is based on how viruses grow in cells.

References

Viruses
"Explode" is a song recorded by American musician Patrick Stump. The track is the opening song on his debut studio album Soul Punk. The song was leaked on his YouTube channel on May 6, 2011 for promotion towards his album.

Background 
On May 6, 2011, Stump updated his website and also posted to his Facebook and Twitter, announcing "I feel like I'm gonna explode 5.9.11". The phrase came from a song called "Explode", which Stump had premiered at a live show. The new song was revealed on May 9, 2011. Stump released the song on a website called Vulture. NyMag.com commented that the song is a lot like the music of Michael Jackson. They also said that it was similar to the music of Stump's old band, Fall Out Boy. The song's video caption, which read "Soul Punk: coming late Summer", was Stump's first official announcement to the public regarding Soul Punk'''s release date.Idolator'' reported that "Explode" features Stump's unique, recognisable vocals and the clever wordplay that used to be expected from Pete Wentz.

2011 songs
The Kingdom of Italy was the Italian state from the Italian unification in 1861 to its defeat in WW2 and dissolution in 1946 when it became the modern day Italian Republic.

History 
Before 1861, Italy was not one country.  Instead, there were many kingdoms and duchies (places ruled by dukes) in the Italian Peninsula.  In 1861, they all became one country and King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia became the King of Italy.  In WW1, Italy was on the allies side and was one of the winners.  In 1922, Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister.  He was a fascist leader and made Italy into a dictatorship without much liberty. 

When WW2 began, Mussolini led Italy to be allied with Hitler, and the Axis powers.  The axis powers lost WW2.  Mussolini's leadership ended in 1943, and he was killed in 1945.  Germany invaded Italy and this is why Italy didn't become an occupied country as Germany did.  In 1946, the people voted to get rid of the monarchy and become today's Italian Republic and slowly became stable again.

Colonies 

Italy began their colonial empire in the late 1880s when they conquered Eritrea and Somalia in the Horn of Africa.  In the 1910's, they took Libya from the Ottoman Empire.  In 1936, Italy conquered Ethiopia, creating the colony of Italian East Africa.  When they lost WW2, their colonies were lost to the British and the French.

Aftermath of World War II 
Nazi Germany controlled Italy at the end of WW2 , but they eventually were invaded by  the Allies and when Hitler killed himself, The Nazis lost WW2. After Nazi Germany ceased to exist, Italy was independent again. However, all was not good.  Italy was left in huge debt, causing Italy to be poor. Many people from Italy emigrated to the United States to escape being poor. In 1946, People voted to get rid of the monarchy (kings) and establish the new Italian Republic. Slowly, the new government helped Italy get back up again into its current state. Also, dramatically, people stopped emigrating because life in Italy was becoming better.

List of monarchs 

 Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
 Umberto I (1878-1900)
 Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946)

 Umberto II (1946)

19th century in Italy
20th century in Italy
Former monarchies in Italy
Jordan at the Olympicsis a history which began in 1980.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Jordan is JOR.

History
Teams from Jordan have been in every Summer Olympic Games since.  It has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no Jordanian athlete has ever won an Olympic medal. In the 1988 Seoul Games, Samer Kamal and Ihsan Abu Sheikha won bronze medals in Taekwondo. As this was Taekwondo's first time in the Olympics it was named a demonstration sport, not an official Olympic event. Ammar Fahed managed to get the third Jordanian bronze medal in Barcelona Olympic games 1992.

The National Olympic Committee for Jordan was formed in 1957 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1963.

Olympic table

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
 Jordan profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Kazakhstan was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994.  They have been in every Games since.  Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakh athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics, and were also part of the Unified Team in 1992.

Kazakh athletes have won a total of 52 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another six at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Kazakhstan was formed in 1990 and recognized in 1993.



Medalists

References
 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Kazakhstan
North Korea at the Olympics is a history which includes 17 games in 14 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1946, North Korea has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the North Korea was NKO.  It is now PRK.

History
The North Korean National Olympic Committee was formed in 1953.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1957.

North Korea's team first competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck .

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
 Democratic People's Republic of Korea profile at London2012.com

Sport in North Korea
Nations at the Olympics
South Korea at the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 18 countries and 2,000+ athletes.  Since 1946, South Korea (KOR) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

History
The Korean National Olympic Committee was formed in 1946.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1947.

Korea's team first competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Athletes from Korea did not take part in the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Winter Olympics.

Medal tables
Team highlights include the bronze medal in the men's football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics.  The win against Japan resulted in Korea's first medal in this sport.

Summer games

Winter games

Host country

Korea hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics (XXIVth Olympiad) in Seoul.

The 2018 Winter Olympics will be held in Pyeongchang.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Korean Olympic Committee
 South Korea profile at London2012.com

Sport in South Korea
Nations at the Olympics
École normale supérieure is the name for a number of French higher education bodies grand écoles, comparable to universities. In France, universities have to accept all students with a baccalaureat. This is different for the so-called Grandes Ecoles, which includes the Ecoles normales supérieures. These schools do not have the obligation to accept anyone, and only a select few can attend studies at these institutions, most of whom will become part of the elite in various areas. Universities have faculties, and each faculty is responsible for one branch of studies. the ENS usually group similar subjects at one school, and do not have faculties.

Notable Alumni 
 Louis Althusser
 Michel Foucault
 Jean-Charles Darmon (1982), French literary critic.
 Jacques Derrida
 Jean-Paul Sartre

Colleges and universities in France
Malaysia was first at the Olympic Games in 1956.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Malaysia was MAL.  It is now MAS.

History
Teams from Malaysia have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1956, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  Malaysia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As the Federation of Malaya, the nation was namedMalaya (MAL) for the 1956 and 1960 Games.  North Borneo sent an independent team to the 1956 Games, and Singapore had also competed at the Olympics from 1948 to 1960.  After these British colonies formed an independent Malaysia in 1963, the nation competed under that name for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics.  Singapore regained independence from Malaysia in 1965 and competed once again as Singapore at the Olympics from 1968 onwards.

Malaysian athletes have won a total of six Olympic medals.  Most are in badminton.

The National Olympic Committee for Malaysia was formed in 1953 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1954.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Malaysia profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Myanmar, also known as Burma, was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Myanmar is MYA.  In 1964, it was BUR for Burma.

History
Athletes from this country have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1976 Games.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  Since the 1992 Games, the nation has been named Myanmar in Olympic competition.

As of 2011, no Burmese athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Myanmar was formed in 1947 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Myanmar profile at London2012.com

Sport in Myanmar
Nations at the Olympics
Nepal at the Olympics is a history which began in 1963. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nepal is NEP.

History
Nepal has been in eleven Summer Olympic Games, and in three Winter Olympic Games. 

The country has never won an official Olympic medal.  Bidhan Lama won a bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, when taekwondo was an exhibition sport.

The Nepal Olympic Committee was formed in 1962 and recognized in 1963.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
om/olympics/countries/NEP/ Sports Reference
Home page

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Nepal
Oman at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 7 countries and 30+ athletes. Since 1982, Oman has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Oman is OMA.

History
Teams from Oman have taken part in the Summer Olympic Games but not the Winter Olympic Games.  No Oman athlete has won an Olympic medal.

The Oman Olympic Committee was formed and recognized in 1982.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Oman profile at London2012.com

Sport in Oman
Nations at the Olympics
Pakistan at the Olympics is a history which includes 17 games in 13 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1948, Pakistan  has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Pakistan is PAK.

History
The Pakistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1948.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.

Pakistan's team first competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Pakistan's first time in the Winter Olympic Games was at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Pakistan profile at London2012.com

Sport in Pakistan
Nations at the Olympics
The University of Tarapacá (in Spanish: Universidad de Tarapacá) is a Chilean university with 3 headquarters located in Arica and one in Iquique. It's another university in the north of Chile.

History 
It was founded on 1981 but starts in 1982. This university derives from the old headquarter of University of Chile in Arica.

Faculties 
 Sciences
 Health Sciences
 Law & Social Sciences
 Education & Humanities
 Agronomical Sciences

Other websites 
 Universidad de Tarapacá 

Arica
1982 establishments
1980s establishments in Chile
The Oststracoderms are a class of extinct fish. They were bony-armoured jawless fish, the Osteostraci ("bony shields"). They lived in what is now North America, Europe and Russia from the Middle Silurian to Upper Devonian. They were the first fish to use gills just for respiration.

Ostracoderms were the first fossil fish to be discovered. They were found in the 1830s in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. The genus Cephalaspis is quite a common fossil in these rocks.

References 

Extinct fish
Agnatha
Nancy Grace Augusta Wake (30 August 1912 – 7 August 2011) known as the "White Mouse", was an Australian who worked as a spy for the British in World War II. At one time she was on the top of the Gestapo's most wanted list. A novel by Sebastian Faulks based on her life called Charlotte Gray, was later made into a movie starring Cate Blanchett.

Wake was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1912, and moved to Australia when she was two. She ran away from home at the age of 16, and in 1935 went to London. She learned to be a journalist and worked in Paris. She married a rich factory owner, Henry Fioca in 1939. When the war started she became an ambulance driver. She soon became a part of a group led by Pat O'Leary (real name Albert Guérisse) which helped British soldiers escape from France. The Gestapo soon noticed her activities and she fled to Spain. Her husband was captured, tortured and shot dead.

In England she joined the Special Operation Executive (SOE). In April 1944, Wake was parachuted into France to work with the French Resistance before the D-Day landings. She was involved in several major battles with the German army. She claimed to have once killed an SS soldier with her bare hands.

She was given several important medals for bravery including the British George Medal, the French Croix de Guerre (on three occasions), the Médaille de la Résistance and she was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur. The Americans gave her the Medal of Freedom. In 2004 Australia made her a Companion of the Order of Australia.

She was an unusual woman for her time. She had a reputation among the soldiers she worked with for being a heavy drinker. Major John Farmer said about her drinking that "...we just couldn't work out where it all went". When the Australian government offered her a medal she said they could "stick their medals where the monkey sticks his nuts". She sold her medals to support her income in her old age. She said "There was no point in keeping them, I'll probably go to hell and they'd melt anyway".

References

1911 births
2011 deaths

World War II people
Order of Australia
Spies
People from Wellington
Barnard's Star, also known as Barnard's Runaway Star, is a very low-mass red dwarf star approximately six light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus (the Snake-holder). It is very old, and moving relatively fast.

In 1916, the American astronomer E. E. Barnard measured its proper motion as 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is the largest-known proper motion of any star relative to the Sun. At a distance of about 1.8 parsecs from the Solar System, or just under six light-years, Barnard's Star is the nearest known star in the constellation Ophiuchus, and the fourth-closest known individual star to the Sun, after the three components of the Alpha Centauri system. Despite its proximity, Barnard's Star, at a dim apparent magnitude of about nine, is not visible with the unaided eye; however, it is much brighter in infrared light than it is in visible light.

Details 
Barnard's Star has been the subject of much study, and it has probably received more attention from astronomers than any other class M dwarf star due to its proximity and favorable location for observation near the celestial equator. Barnard's Star is also notable as the target for Project Daedalus, a study on the possibility of fast, unmanned travel to nearby star systems.

At seven to 12 billion years of age, Barnard's Star is considerably older than the Sun, and it might be among the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Barnard's Star rotates just once every 130 days (compared with just over 25-30 days for the Sun). In 1998 astronomers saw an intense flare, showing that Barnard's Star is a 'flare star'. Barnard's Star has the variable star designation V2500 Ophiuchi.

The proper motion of Barnard's Star is 'sideways' relative to our line of sight to the Sun of 90 kilometers per second (km/s). The 10.3 seconds of arc it travels annually amount to a quarter of a degree in a human lifetime, roughly half the angular diameter of the full Moon.

The radial velocity of Barnard's Star towards the Sun can be measured by its blue shift. These measurements, combined with proper motion, suggest a true velocity relative to the Sun of about 140 km/s.

While Barnard's Star has the largest proper motion, the largest known true velocity of another star in the Milky Way belongs to Wolf 424 at 555 km/s.

Barnard's Star will make its closest approach to the Sun around AD 11,700, when it approaches to within about 3.8 light-years. However, at that time, it will not be the nearest star, since Proxima Centauri will have moved even closer to the Sun. Barnard's Star will still be too dim to be seen with the naked eye at the time of its closest approach, since its apparent magnitude will be about 8.5 then. After that it will gradually recede from the Sun.

References 

Red dwarfs
Platanus orientalis, also called Oriental plane tree and chenar, is a large, deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family. It is known for its longevity and spreading crown. 

The species name derives from its historical distribution eastward from the Balkans, where it was recognized in ancient Greek history and literature. Following Greek usage it is called Platane or related names in Europe. It was equally as famous to the Iranian-speaking world and from  Turkey to Occupied Kashmir is called Chenar or related names, following the Iranian. 

The native range of the Oriental plane is Eurasia from the Balkans to as far east as at least Iran. Some accounts extend its native range to Iberia in the west, and to the Himalayas in the east. 

The oriental plane is found naturally in riverine settings, together with such trees as alder, willow and poplar. However, it is quite capable of survival and success in dry soils once it is established. In Kashmir it is recognised as the State tree of the region.

References

Trees
Proteales
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Koi (, Romaji: koi) or more specifically nishikigoi (, literally "brocaded carp"), are ornamental varieties of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens.

Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream.

It is illegal to keep koi in Queensland, Australia because they are an invasive species.

References

Domesticated animals
Ray-finned fish

ja:コイ#観賞魚・錦鯉（ニシキゴイ）
Marc Janko (born 25 June 1983 in Vienna) is an Austrian football striker. He plays for Twente Enschede in the  Dutch Eredivisie. He is the son of Eva Janko who won a medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Club career
He started in the youth ranks of Admira Wacker Mödling and became a professional player in 2002 for this club. In 2005 he went to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. For Salzburg he scored 75 goals in 108 matches. The 2007/08 season was bad because he was injured most of the time. His most successful season was 2008/09 when he scored 39 goals in the league (and 9 assists). This was the club record. The old record was Oliver Bierhoff's. Janko reached it after half the season of the season (25 goals). In the match against SC Altachhe he scored all 4 goals in the 4:3 victory, when he came on in the second half. Only Hans Krankl scored more goals in a single season (41). Although many clubs were interested, he signed again with Red Bull Salzburg. 2010 he went to FC Twente in the Dutch Eredivisie where he scored 14 goals in 29 matches in his first year with the club.

International career
He plays for the Austrian national football team. In 20 matches he scored 7 goals. His first match was in 2006 against Croatia.

Honours

Club

Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2006-07, 2008-09, 2009-10

FC Twente Runner up Eredivisie: 2011KNVB Cup: 2011
 Johan Cruijff Schaal: 2011

IndividualAustrian Football Bundesliga Topscorer: 2008-09 (39 goals)
 Footballer of the year: 2008
 VdF-Fußballer des Jahres (Bruno):''' 2009

Other websites 

 Official website - Marc Janko
 Player profile - Red Bulls Salzburg
Players profile-FC Twente 

1983 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
The 2010–11 season is Manchester United's 19th season in the Premier League.

In September, Nemanja Vidić named as Manchester United's new captain.

Pre-season 
Manchester United started their season with a tour in North America for the first time since 2004.

Transfers

In

Loan out

New deal

Retired

Community Shield 
Community Shield is match between the champions of Premier League and the champions of the FA Cup.

Premier League

Champions League

Squad

Squad statistics

References 

Football seasons
2011 in association football
2010 in association football
2010 in the United Kingdom
2011 in the United Kingdom
2010s in Manchester
Exergaming or exer-gaming (a portmanteau of "exercise" (moving the body) and  "gaming") is a word used for video games that are also a form of exercise. Exergaming is based upon technology that records body movement. The game type has been credited with promoting an active lifestyle. Exergames are seen as coming from technology changes with the purpose of making videogames more fun.

References 

Video games
Fitness
Standing on the Shoulder of Giants is the fourth studio album by English rock band Oasis, released on 28 February 2000.

Track listing
All songs written by Noel Gallagher, except for "Little James".

Band members

Oasis
Liam Gallagher – vocals
Noel Gallagher – guitars, vocals, bass, keyboards, production
Alan White – drums, percussion
Guest musicians
Paul Stacey – keyboards, additional lead guitar on "Fuckin' in the Bushes", backwards guitar on "Who Feels Love?", bass on "Who Feels Love?", "Gas Panic!", "I Can See A Liar" and "Roll It Over", additional acoustic guitar on "Where Did It All Go Wrong?"
P. P. Arnold – backing vocals on "Fuckin' in the Bushes", "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is" and "Roll It Over"
Linda Lewis – backing vocals on "Fuckin' in the Bushes", "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is" and "Roll It Over"
Mark Coyle – electric sitar on "Put Yer Money Where Yer Mouth Is", twelve-string acoustic guitar on "Little James"
Mark Feltham – harmonica on "Gas Panic!"
 Tony Donaldson - Mini Moog & Mellotron on "Gas Panic!"
Charlotte Glasson – flute on "Gas Panic"

Oasis (band) albums
2000 albums
Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. They relay radio waves between different places. Most are in synchronous orbit. Direct-broadcast satellites transmit many television channels.

Satellite based communication systems can be used for voice and data transmission in remote and underserved locations such as ships at sea. Satellite internet access is internet access provided through satellites. Satellite based systems can be used for providing high quality broadband internet connection to businesses.

Herman Potočnik (writing as 'Herman Noordung') was the first to propose that space stations use radio to communicate with Earth. In October 1945 Arthur C. Clarke published an article titled "Extraterrestrial relays" in the British magazine Wireless World. The article described artificial satellites in geostationary orbits to relay radio signals. So, Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite.

Primitive communication satellites were tested in the early 1960s. Geosynchronous satellites became inpotant in the 1970s.

Types of Satellite Orbits 
There are 4 main satellite orbits.

 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - Between 160 km to 2,000 km from Earth surface and completes one orbit in 90 - 120 minutes
 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) - 36000 km from Earth
 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) - Between LEO and GEO orbits
 Elliptical

Revisit Time 
The time taken by the satellite to visit the same point on earth again is called the revisit time. Revisit time can be reduced by combining data from multiple satellites.

Other uses of Communication Satellites 
In addition to transmitting data, Modern satellites have; 

 Optical sensors to capture photographs
 Radar sensors to accurately measure height
 Atmospheric sensors to detect gas levels in air
 To detect damage from Natural disasters

References

Communication
Satellites
Nuestra Señora de La Paz (; ; )  is the capital of Bolivia, and La Paz Department. It is the second largest city (in people) only after Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It is in the western part of the country in the department of the same name. It is at an elevation of  above sea level, making it the world's highest de facto capital city.

References 

Settlements in Bolivia
National capitals in South America
1548 establishments
1540s establishments in South America