cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Division of Menzies is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is covers the suburbs of Bulleen, Croydon Hills, Doncaster, Doncaster East, Donvale, Park Orchards, Templestowe, Templestowe Lower, Warrandyte and Warrandyte South. There are also parts of Ringwood North, Warranwood and Wonga Park in the Division.

The Division was set up in 1984. It was named after Rt Hon Sir Robert Menzies, the longest serving Prime Minister of Australia.

Members

Kevin Andrews became the Minister for Social Services in the Abbott Government.

Election results
 2013 election results 
 2010 election results
 2007 election results
 2004 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Menzies - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
The Brearley School is an all-girls private school in New York City. It was started by Samuel A. Brearley in 1884. It costs $39,900 a term. Famous women who went there include Dorothy Schiff, Erica Wagner, Sara Moulton, and Virginia Gildersleeve.

References 

Schools in New York
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
Highclare School is a private school in Birmingham, England. It teaches mostly girls and some boys aged 18 months to 18 years. It was started in 1932. It has three buildings in different areas of Sutton Coldfield and Erdington. They have a 100% pass rate at GCSE.

References

Schools in England
Birmingham
1932 establishments in the United Kingdom
1930s establishments in England
Brighton College is a boarding school in Brighton, England. It is for boys and girls aged between 3 and 18. Richard Cairns is headmaster. It was started by William Aldwin Soames in 1845. It is a charity school.

References 

Schools in England
Brighton
1845 establishments in Europe
1840s establishments in England
The status of women in Classical Greece was different in different city states. Women in ancient Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and Sparta could own land, which was the most prestigious form of private property at the time.

Athens 
In ancient Athens, women were not citizens. Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their father or other male relative. After marriage, their husband (kyrios) acted for the wife in all legal matters. Athenian women had limited property rights. Athenian women could enter into a contract worth less than the value of a “medimnos of barley” (a measure of grain). This allowed women to engage in petty trading. 

Slaves, like free women, were not eligible for full citizenship in ancient Athens, but sometimes, rarely, they could become citizens if freed. Women, on the other hand, could never get full civil rights. No women ever acquired citizenship in ancient Athens, and so they were excluded from ancient Athenian democracy.

Sparta 
By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they enjoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates. 

After many years of war in the 4th century BC, Spartan women owned between 35% and 40% of all Spartan land and property. By the Hellenistic period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women. They controlled their own properties, as well as the properties of male relatives who were away with the army. Unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore short dresses and went where they pleased. Spartan women rarely married before the age of 20: this was unusual in the ancient world. Girls as well as boys received an education, and young women as well as young men may have joined in the Gymnopaedia ("Festival of Nude Youths").

Philosophies 
Some philosophers were in favour of equality for women, but not Plato and Aristotle. Contrary to them, the Stoic philosophers argued for the equality of the sexes. In their view, sexual inequality was contrary to the laws of nature. In doing so, they followed the Cynics, who argued that men and women should wear the same clothing and get the same kind of education. They also saw marriage as a moral companionship between equals rather than a biological or social necessity. The Cynics practiced these views in their lives as well as in their teachings. The Stoics adopted the views of the Cynics and added them to their own theories of human nature. They put their sexual egalitarianism on a strong footing.

References 

Ancient Greece
Women
Marlborough College is a secondary boarding school in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. It was started in 1843 for sons of the leaders of the Church of England. It now accepts boys and girls of all religious beliefs, but is classed as a Church of England school. It has a chapel where there is Eucharist every Sunday. It is a member of the G20 Schools Group. It costs £32,280 a year.

History 
First Established in 1849

References 

Schools in England
Wiltshire
1843 establishments in Europe
1840s establishments in England
Institut Le Rosey, commonly known simply as Le Rosey, is a boarding school in Rolle, Switzerland. It has ~400 students aged 7 to 18. 

It was started by Paul-Émile Carnal in 1880 and is Switzerland's oldest private school. Royalty from around the world have been students. No more than 10% of the students come from any one country. Students applying to be seniors must be able to work in English and French. Fees: ~ $136,000 per annum.

This is a school for the rich international set. Before the introduction of the 10% quota (where no more than 10% of the student body may come from one country) different nationalities made up the majority of students at Le Rosey. 

In the 1950s and 1960s, most students were Americans, Italians, and Greeks. In the 1970s came the Arabs and Iranians. In the 1980s came Japanese and Koreans, and in the 1990s came the Russians. During the 1990s, came the children of Russian oligarchs, who made up a third of the student body. They "terrorized" other students, which resulted in the withdrawal of at least one non-Russian student.

Since then, quotas have been applied.

Music
The school has three orchestras and two choirs.

January to March the school moves to Gstaad. There they do winter sports like skiing every day. For junior boarders it costs CHF 78,300 a year ($85855). It has been called the world's most expensive school. All subjects are taught in English and French.

References

Schools in Switzerland
1880 establishments in Europe
Gstaad International School is a private preparatory boarding school in Switzerland. It was started in 1962.

Schools in Switzerland
1962 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil is a private school in Switzerland. It started in 1910. It is located in Villars-sur-Ollon, in Vaud. It is the second most expensive school in the world. It costs CHF 93,000 a year to be a student.

Schools in Switzerland
1910 establishments in Europe
Trinity-Pawling School is an all-boys private boarding high school. It is in Pawling, New York. Trinity-Pawling was started in 1907, by Frederick Luther Gamage. The cost to attend is $51,000 a year.

References

Schools in New York
1907 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
Stephanie Adams (July 24, 1970 – May 18, 2018) was an American model and author. She was the Playboy Playmate for November 1992. Orange, New Jersey was her birth place but Adams grew up in New York. She was raised by two of her aunts Joyce and Pearl, former models who encouraged Adams to do modeling when she was 16.

On May 18, 2018, Adams murdered her seven-year-old son and killed herself. The New York City Police Department says that she pushed her son out of a 25th-story balcony, before jumping herself.

Related pages 
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: A

References

Other websites 
Stephanie Adams' official website
 

Writers from New York
1970 births
2018 deaths
Suicides by jumping in the United States
Writers from New Jersey
Models from New Jersey
People from Orange, New Jersey
City Montessori School is a private school in Lucknow, India. It was started in 1959 by Bharti Gandhi and Jagdish Gandhi. It had five pupils. It now has the most students of any school in the world. It has twenty campuses.

References

Buildings and structures in Uttar Pradesh
Schools in India
1959 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in India
WrestleMania X8 was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on March 17, 2002 at the SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario. It was the eighteenth WrestleMania event held by the WWF and was the second WrestleMania to take place in Toronto with the first being WrestleMania VI in 1990. This was the final WrestleMania under WWF name.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official WrestleMania X8 website

2002 in professional wrestling
Sport in Toronto
WrestleMania
2000s in Canada
21st century in Toronto
The handicap principle was invented by Prof. Amotz Zahavi from Tel Aviv University. It claims to explain the fact that some animals have characteristics that do not necessarily help them survive. Let's take the peacock for example. The peacock's tail is long and heavy and actually diminishes its chances to survive. So why did it evolutionarily survive? According to the principle, one day, a mutant peahen that likes peacocks with longer tail, looked for a male with this characteristic. The mature male she found was strong enough to survive even though it had a long tail and therefore it is probably stronger than the average peacock. Therefore, its predecessor males are going to be stronger and also to have a long tail while the newborn females are going to like long tails, passing the ideals of the principle to the next generations.

This principle comes in addition to the well-known adaptation part of evolution theory claiming that the one who fits best to its environment survives.

Animal communication
Evolution
The Bert Diaries are a series of novels written in the form of a diary. They are by Swedish writers Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olsson. The main character is a teenager named Bert Ljung. Ljung lives in Öreskoga, a fictional town in Sweden, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The first book was published in 1987. Bert and his friends also have a pop/rock band, the Heman Hunters.

A TV series was made in 1994. It is directed by Tomas Alfredson and Svante Kettner. It was followed by a movie in 1995, also directed by Alfredson. In late-July 2016 the recording of a new Bert film was announced.

Between 1993 and 2002, and comic book, FF med Bert, was published Between 1992 and 1999, comic albums were published.

List of books

Old version
Berts dagbok (Bert's Diary) - 1987, new edition in 1993
Bert och brorsorna (Bert and the Brothers) - 1995
Bert och Boysen (Bert and the Boys) - 1996
Bert och bacillerna (Bert and the Coodies) - 1997
Berts första betraktelser (Bert's First Reflections) - 1990
Berts vidare betraktelser (Bert's Further Reflections) - 1991
Berts ytterligare betraktelser (Bert's Additional Reflections) - 1991
Berts bravader (Bert's Exploits) - 1991
Berts bekännelser (Bert's Confessions) - 1992
Bert och badbrudarna (Bert and the Bath Chicks) - 1993
Berts bekymmer (Bert's Worries) - 1994
Berts bryderier (Bert's Embarrassments) - 1995
Berts befrielse (Bert's Liberation) - 1996
Bert och beundrarinnorna (Bert and the Admirers) - 1997
Bert Babyface (Bert Babyface) - 1998
Berts bokslut (Bert's Closure) - 1999

New version
Bert och kalla kriget (Bert and the Cold War) - 2005
Bert och Heman Hunters (Bert and the Heman Hunters) - 2006
Bert + Samira = Sant? (Bert + Samira = True?) - 2007
Bert Badbojen (Bert the bath boy) - 2008
Bert och ryska invasionen (Bert and the Russian Invasion) - 2009
Bert och datadejten (Bert and the Computer Date) - 2010
Bert och friheten (Bert and Freedom) - 2011
Bert får scenskräck (Bert gets stage fright) - 2012
Bert och frestelsen (Bert and the temptation) - 2012
Berts fejsbok (Bert's Facebook) - 2013
Bert och skrynkliga tanten (Bert and the wrinkled lady) - 2014

References

Other websites
 De populära Bertböckerna! 
 Böckerna om Håkan Bråkan 

Children's literature
The Sune series is a series of children's/youth books by Swedish writers Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olsson. The books have been published since 1984. The stories are originally a radio series, produced as totally 90 episodes for Swedish radio between the years of 1983 and 1993. The Sune books are set in fictional town of Glimmerdagg in Sweden, which just like Berts hometown Öreskoga is located somewhere between Karlskoga-Örebro. There is Söderskolan, for the grades 1–6. The Sune books are told in the third person perspective and using the present tense and uses imperfect during flashback scenes, while Bert is told as a first person narrative.

Instead of being a typical "tough guy" who uses to fight or play soccer, Sune is more interested into girls.

Books
1984 – Sagan om Sune ("The Tale About Sune")
1985 – Sune börjar tvåan ("Sune Starts the Second Grade")
1986 – Självklart, Sune ("Of Course, Sune")
1989 – Sune och Svarta Mannen ("Sune and the Dark Man")
1989 – Tjejtjusaren Sune ("Sune, the Girl Charmer")
1991 – Duktigt, Sune! ("Well Done, Sune!")
1992 – Sunes jul ("Sune's Christmas")
1994 – Sunes sommar ("Sune's Summer")
1994 – Supersnuten Sune ("Sune, the Super Cop")
1995 – Sune älskar Sophie ("Sune Loves Sophie")
1996 – Sunes hjärnsläpp ("Sune's Brain Drop")
1997 – Sunes hemligheter ("Sune's Secrets")
1997 – Gult är fult, Sune ("Yellow is Ugly, Sune")
1998 – Plugghästen Sune ("Sune, the Swot")
1998 – Sune och familjen Anderssons sjuka jul ("Sune and the Andersson Family's Sick Christmas")
1999 – Sune och klantpappan ("Sune and the Clumsy Father")
2000 – Sunes största kärlekar ("Sune's Greatest Loves")
2001 – Släkten är värst, Sune ("Meet the Parents, Sune")
2002 – Sune och Mamma Mysko ("Sune and the Weird Mother")
2003 – Sune och Tant Tonåring ("Sune and the Teenage Lady")
2004 – Allt är guld, Sune ("Everything is Golden, Sune")
2005 – Sune och syster vampyr ("Sune and Sister Vampire")
2006 – Spik och panik Sune ("Nails and Panic, Sune")
2007 – Fy katten, Sune ("Red Cats, Sune")
2008 – Sunes tusen tjusarknep ("Sune's Thousand Charming Tricks")
2009 – Sune i Grekland ("Sune in Greece")
2010 – Skämtaren Sune ("Sune the Joker")
2011 – Sunes skolresa ("Sune's School Trip")
2012 – Sune och tjejhatarligan ("Sune and the Girl-Hating Gang")
2012 – Sune: the Superstar! ("Sune and the Girl-Hating Gang")
2013 – Sune och roboten Rudolf ("Sune and Rudolf, the Robot")
2014 – Sune på bilsemester ("Sune on car vacation")
2015 – Sune i fjällen ("Sune in the Scandinavian Mountains")
2015 – Sune i Ullared ("Sune in Ullared")

References

Other websites
 Böckerna om Sune 
 Känner du familjen Andersson? 

Children's literature
The Kane Chronicles are a series of fantasy novels by Rick Riordan. The characters are based on Egyptian mythology. The story is set in the same universe as Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians, The Heroes of Olympus, The Trials of Apollo, and Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard series.

Characters

Carter Kane: One of the heroes of the series. Is one of the two most powerful magicians that ever lived. Sadie Kane's Brother, Amos Kane's nephew and Julius and Ruby Kane's son  
Sadie Kane: One of the heroes in the series. Carter Kane's sister, Amos Kane's niece and Julius and Ruby Kane's daughter. Is one of the two most powerful magicians that ever lived.  
Amos Kane: Magician of the House of Life. Julius Kane's brother and Carter and Sadie Kane's uncle.

Rick Riordan
Series of books
Fantasy books
Jean-Alfred Villain-Marais (11 December 1913 – 8 November 1998), known as Jean Marais (), was a French actor and director. Marais had over 100 roles in film and on television. He was also known for writing, painting and sculpture.

In the 1950s, Marais became a star of swashbuckling films. He performed his own stunts.  After 1970 he mostly worked in plays.

Other websites
 
 

1913 births
1998 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
French LGBT people
French movie actors
French television actors
LGBT actors
Jean-Paul Belmondo (9 April 1933 – 6 September 2021) was a French actor. He was popular during the New Wave of the 1960s.

Death
Belmondo died on 6 September 2021 at his home in Paris, aged 88.

Honors
Belmondo was a Commandeur of the Ordre national du Mérite  He was also Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur.

He received a Career Achievement award from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards.

References

Other websites

 

1933 births
2021 deaths
Actors from Ile-de-France
French movie actors
French stage actors
French television actors
French voice actors
is a voice actress of anime characters. She is also an actress and a singer. She works for the Office Osawa talent agency. In Japan, she is known for voicing many anime characters.

, was released in 25 April 2012. It was her first single.

References

Actors from Tokyo
1989 births
Japanese voice actors
Japanese singers
GD 61 is a white dwarf star. It is 150 light-years from Earth in the constellation Perseus.
 The star has a planetary system. It may once have been a main sequence star of spectral type A0V with around three times the mass of the Sun. It has aged and passed through a red giant phase. What was left is a dense hot remnant. This remnant has around 70% of the Sun's mass and a surface temperature of 17280 K. It is thought to be around 600 million years old. This age includes both its life as a main sequence star, and as a white dwarf stellar remnant. It has an apparent magnitude of 14.8. GD 61 was first noted as a potential degenerate star in 1965. This was done in a survey of white dwarf suspects by astronomers from the Lowell Observatory in Arizona.

An asteroid in the system was detected in 2013 that contains water. This was the first finding of solid or liquid water on an extrasolar body. The asteroid, the first extrasolar asteroid detected, is 26% water by mass, close to the water content of Ceres. This means that a planet, with a rocky surface similar to Earth's, may have existed in the past. The asteroid could be an artifact from this period. It is now possibly part of a debris field from that planet's breakup. Such a planet would have had both a rocky surface and water. These are two key ingredients for life. The researchers used the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope to determine what it is made of. The elements magnesium, silicon, iron and oxygen were detected. These are all components of rocky planets. However, the amount of oxygen is much higher than what was expected. There was also less carbon than expected. This meant there was one possible reason for the extra oxygen. There had to be water there.

Related pages
24 Themis, the first Solar System asteroid found to have liquid water

References

Stars
Charlyn Marie Marshall (better known by her stage identity Cat Power; 21 January, 1972) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She has been releasing albums since 1992. Her cover of "Sea of Love" is played in the 2007 movie Juno.

Her album Sun, released in 2012, is her best and highest-charting record as of 2013. 

She was born in Atlanta, and has lived in several other states.

References

American singer-songwriters
1972 births
Living people
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
The Division of Cook is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was set up in 1969 and is named for James Cook, who mapped the east coast of Australia in 1770. It is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, including Caringbah, Cronulla, Miranda and Sylvania.

Members

In 2007 there were claims that the Liberal candidate Michael Towke had broken party rules and not told the truth about himself.  These claims were later found to be not true.  Towke lost his Liberal party position and was replaced with Scott Morrison, former director of the New South Wales Liberal Party. In 2013 Morrison became the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Cook - Australian Electoral Commission
 Scott Morrison's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1969 establishments in Australia
Columbia Business School (CBS) is a business school of Columbia University in Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1916. Its purpose is to provide training and professional preparation for undergraduate and graduate Columbia University students. It is one of six Ivy League business schools. Its admission process is among the most selective of top schools.

MS Programs
Columbia Business School offers three separate Master of Science degrees in Management Science & Engineering, Financial Economics and Marketing. Admission to the programs is extremely competitive: in 2011, there were 543 applicants to the Financial Economics program and only 10 students were accepted.

CIBE
The Certificate in Business Excellence (CIBE) is awarded to students who complete a total of 18 program days of executive education within a four-year period. Any executive education program at Columbia Business School can be applied toward the completion of the certificate.

Recipients of the CIBE are granted full alumni status with Columbia Business School, including the following alumni benefits:

People

Alumni
Columbia Business School has over 39,000 living alumni. Some of the more notable alumni include the following:

 Erskine Bowles, MBA 1969, Former White House Chief of Staff; President of the University of North Carolina system
 Warren Buffett, MS 1951, Billionaire CEO of Berkshire Hathaway
 Penny Chenery, MBA, American sportswoman who bred and raced Secretariat, 1973 winner of the Triple Crown
 Alexander Haig, MBA 1955, United States Secretary of State
 Irving Kahn, MBA, oldest living active investment professional
 Frank Lautenberg, BS 1949, U.S. Senator from New Jersey
 Mauricio Macri, attended, incumbent Chief of Government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires
 Christopher O'Neill, MBA 2005, British-American businessman and husband of Princess Madeleine of Sweden
 Washington SyCip, MBA 1943, founder of the Asian Institute of Management and Sycip Gorres Velayo & Co.
 Eudora Welty, MBA 1930–31, American author, winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1973; recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom

Sources

Ivy League
Schools in New York
1916 establishments in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
1910s establishments in New York (state)
Backlash (2007) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on April 29, 2007 at the Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the ninth Backlash event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Backlash 2007 website

2007 in professional wrestling
Sports in Atlanta, Georgia
WWE Backlash
2000s in Atlanta, Georgia
2007 in Georgia (U.S. state)
The Nilo-Saharan languages are a family of African languages. They are spoken by around 50 million people, who mainly live in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers. The languages go through 17 countries in the northern half of Africa: from Algeria to Benin in the west; from Libya to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the center; and from Egypt to Tanzania in the east.

Languages of Africa
Backlash (2002) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on April 21, 2002 at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. It was the fourth Backlash event held by the WWF.

This was the first time a WWF pay-per-view was held at Kemper Arena since WWF Over The Edge 1999 where Owen Hart, competing as the Blue Blazer at the time, lost his life after he fell 78 feet from a harness to the ring during an entrance stunt and landed chest-first on the top rope, approximately a foot from the nearest turnbuckle.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Backlash 2002 website

2002 in professional wrestling
Sports in Kansas City, Missouri
WWE Backlash
2002 in the United States
2000s in Missouri
History of Kansas City, Missouri
Wimbledon High School is a private school for girls aged 4-18 in Wimbledon in South West London. It was started in 1880 by The Girls' Day School Trust.

References

Schools in London
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Division of Cunningham is an Australian electoral division in New South Wales. It was set up in 1949 and is named for Allan Cunningham, a 19th century explorer of New South Wales and Queensland.

It is on the coast of New South Wales and includes parts of the city of Wollongong, Corrimal, Figtree and Unanderra. It also includes several suburbs of Sydney, including Heathcote and Bundeena.

Members

Rex Connor was the Minister for Minerals and Energy in the Whitlam government. Stephen Martin was Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1993-1996. Sharon Bird held several ministerial positions in the Gillard and Rudd governments.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

There have been two by-elections in Cunningham. The first was in 1956 when the member, Billy Davis, died. There was only one nomination, Victor Kearney, who was elected unopposed. The second was in 2002 when Stephen Martin resigned. Michael Organ for the Greens was elected, the first time the Greens had won a seat in the House of Representatives.

References

Other websites
 Division of Cunningham - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1949 establishments in Australia
Maltby Academy is a secondary school in Maltby, England. It started as Maltby Grammar School in 1931. In 1967 it became Maltby Comprehensive School. In 2010 it became an academy and changed its name to reflect this.

Schools in England
1931 establishments
South Yorkshire
1930s establishments in England
Backlash (2000) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on April 30, 2000 at the MCI Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the second Backlash event held by the WWF.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Backlash 2000 website

2000 in professional wrestling
Washington, D.C.
WWE Backlash
2000 in the United States
20th century in Washington, D.C.
Batman: Arkham Origins is an action-adventure video game made by Warner Bros. Games Montréal. It can be played on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and Xbox 360. The game is based on the DC Comics superhero Batman and is the third in the Batman: Arkham series. It was released worldwide by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment on October 25, 2013.

Unlike previous Arkham games, Arkham Origins is not made by Rocksteady Studios. It is also written by Dooma Wendschuh and Corey May. The main story takes place five years before the events of 2009's Batman: Arkham Asylum. The game shows a younger and not entirely formed Batman who has a bounty placed on his head by crime lord Black Mask. This attracts eight of world's greatest assassins to Gotham City on Christmas Eve. While having to deal with the dirty members of the police department, other villains also attract Batman's attention. Like previous Arkham games, Arkham Origins is played from the third-person view. The game greatly focuses on Batman's combat and stealth abilities, detective skills, and use of gadgets. Arkham Origins is the first game in the series to have a multiplayer mode.

The game mainly got positive reviews. But people criticised it for copying things from previous Arkham games without improving them, or pointlessly changing it. A tie-in game titled Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate was released along with Arkham Origins. Origins Blackgate is available for Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita. A mobile version of Arkham Origins was created for iOS and Android systems. The mobile version was made available for download in October 2013.

Notes

  In some European countries, the retail Microsoft Windows and Wii U versions will release on November 8, 2013.

References

Other websites
Official website 

2013 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Wii U games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Batman: Arkham
Video game prequels
Tauheed Epps (born September 12, 1977), known professionally as 2 Chainz (formerly Tity Boi), is an American rapper. He was born in College Park, Georgia. He is best known for his singles "Riot", "No Lie" (featuring Drake), "I'm Different" and "Birthday Song". He is also known for being half the duo of the rap group Playaz Circle along with rapper and long time friend Dolla Boy. The group was discovered by fellow rapper Ludacris and signed them to his Record Label DTP. 2 Chainz gained recognition as a solo artist when he was featured on Kanye West's 2012 single "Mercy" off his album Cruel Summer. He has 2 albums: Based On A True Story  and his most recent one B.O.A.T.S: Me Time.

References

Other websites
 
 

Rap musicians from Georgia
1977 births
Living people
Gangsta rappers
African-American rappers
American chief executives
American composers
American hip hop singers
American people convicted of drug offenses
American songwriters
Businesspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Grammy Award winners
Pseudonyms
Trap musicians
The Division of Dobell is an Australian electoral Division in New South Wales.  It was set up in 1984 and is named for the Australian painter, Sir William Dobell. It is on the Central Coast and includes Bateau Bay, Berkeley Vale, Blue Haven, The Entrance, Gorokan, Jilliby, Ourimbah, Toukley, Tuggerah, Tumbi Umbi, Wamberal, Wyoming.

Members

Craig Thomson was arrested in 2013 and charged with 173 offences including fraud and theft. He resigned form the ALP and sat as an independent. He contested the 2013 election as an independent but only got 4% of the votes.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Dobell - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1984 establishments in Australia
Nicholas Viscardi (October 20, 1920 – November 3, 2013), known professionally as Nick Cardy or Nick Cardi, was American comic book artist. He is best known for his DC Comics work on Aquaman, the Teen Titans and other major characters. Cardy was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2005.

Cardy was born on October 20, 1920 in New York City, New York. He studied at the Art Students League of New York, studying life drawing. Cardy was married to Ruth Houghby from 1947 until they divorced in 1969. They had one son. Cardy died on November 3, 2013 from heart failure at his Miami, Florida home, aged 93.

References

Other websites

The Official Nick Cardy Website. Archived from the original on September 9, 2010.

World Talk Radio: Audio interview with Nick Cardy 
Evanier, Mark. Transcript excerpt, 1998 Comic-Con International Nick Cardy panel, part 1, POV Online, column of March 2, 2001. WebCitation archive.
Panel above, part 2. WebCitation archive.
Where Monsters Dwell interview (mp3 audio) 

1920 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American comics writers
American comics artists
Writers from New York City
Hal Brett Needham (March 6, 1931 – October 25, 2013) was an American stuntman, movie director, actor, and writer. He is known for directing the 1971 comedy movie Smokey and the Bandit and The Cannonball Run. Needham received the Taurus World Stunt Awards Lifetime Achievement Award. 

Needham was born on March 6, 1931 in Memphis, Tennessee. He was raised in Little Rock, Arkansas and in St. Louis, Missouri. 

Needham was married to Dani Crayne from 1981 until they divorced in 1996. Then he was married to Ellyn Wynne Williams from 1996 until his death in 2013. Needham died on October 25, 2013 from cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 82.

References

Other websites

Hollywood 'Stuntman!' Reveals Tricks Of Trade - NPR Interview
 Interview with Hal Needham from January 2007

1931 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
Stuntmen
Writers from Tennessee
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
Actors from Arkansas
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
Movie directors from Missouri
Juan Carlos Calabró (3 February 1934 – 5 November 2013) was an Argentine actor and comedian. He was known for his work Johnny Tolengo, el majestuoso.

Calabró was born on 3 February 1934 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Calabró died on 5 November 2013 in Buenos Aires, Argentina from kidney disease, aged 79.

References

Other websites

 
 Cine Nacional.com  

1934 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from kidney disease
Argentine movie actors
Argentine television actors
Comedians
Actors from Buenos Aires
Life of Pi is a 2012 American drama movie produced and directed by Ang Lee. It stars Suraj Sharma. It was released to very positive reviews on November 21, 2012. It was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, including Best Picture - Drama and Best Director, and won for Best Original Score. At the 85th Academy Awards, it had 11 nominations, including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay, and won four (the most of the night), including Best Director for Ang Lee.

Release dates 

2012 drama movies
2010s adventure movies
American adventure movies
American drama movies
British adventure movies
British drama movies
Taiwanese movies
Canadian drama movies
Mexican movies
French drama movies
Indian movies
English-language movies
Survival movies
Movies directed by Ang Lee
The Division of Eden-Monaro is an Australian electoral division in New South Wales. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the town of Eden and the Monaro district of southern New South Wales. It includes Batemans Bay, Bega, Cooma and Queanbeyan. 

Since 1972 the Division has always been won the party that wins government in the elections. It is closely watched by the media when trying to pick the results of an election.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results 

There was a by-election in Eden-Monaro in 1926 after the death of the sitting member, Sir Austin Chapman.

References

Other websites
 Division of Eden-Monaro - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia

New South Wales
1901 establishments in Australia
Graham William Stark (20 January 1922 – 29 October 2013) was an English comedian, actor, writer and director. He was known for his roles in Alfie and in Superman III. 

Stark was born on 20 January 1922 in Wallasey, Cheshire, England. He studied at Wallasey Grammar School. Stark began acting when he was 13 years old. 

Stark was also an accomplished stills photographer. Stark died in London on 29 October 2013 after suffering a stroke. He was 91.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Cheshire
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English radio actors
Writers from Cheshire
The Division of Farrer is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was set up in 1949 and is named for William Farrer, an agricultural scientist. It is in the southern rural area of the state and includes Albury, Balranald, Broken Hill, Deniliquin and Jerilderie.

Members

It was held by three Cabinet ministers in succession, David Fairbairn, Wal Fife and Deputy Prime Minister Tim Fischer.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Farrer - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1949 establishments in Australia
The Division of Fowler is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was set up in 1984 and named after Lilian Fowler, the first woman mayor in Australia. It includes the suburbs of Ashcroft, Austral, Bonnyrigg, Bonnyrigg Heights, Busby, Cabramatta, Cabramatta West, Canley Heights, Canley Vale, Cartwright, Cecil Hills, Cecil Park, Edensor Park, Green Valley, Greenfield Park, Heckenberg, Hinchinbrook, Lansvale, Liverpool, Middleton Grange, Miller, Mount Pritchard, Prairiewood, Sadleir, St Johns Park, Wakeley and West Hoxton.

Members

Chris Hayes had previously been the member for Werriwa.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Fowler - Australian Electoral Commission
 Chris Hayes' website

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1984 establishments in Australia
Emmerdale is a British soap opera. It is set in a made-up village called Emmerdale, called Beckindale until 1994, in the Yorkshire Dales. The plot is focused on things that happen in and around The Woolpack, the main village pub. It is on ITV every weekday at 7 o'clock. It was called Emmerdale Farm until 1989. It was started in 1972 by Kevin Laffan, making it Britain's second oldest soap opera after Coronation Street. It is one of the most popular television programmes in Britain. It has been given many awards including one BAFTA.

Characters

Other websites 

1972 television series debuts
1970s British television series
1980s British drama television series
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2010s British drama television series
British soap operas
Television shows set in Yorkshire
English-language television programs
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African, is a book that was first published in 1789. It is the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano. The book describes Equiano's life in slavery. It records his efforts to be free by studying the Bible. The book goes on to tell about his gaining his freedom and his success in business. It was published in 1789 in Great Britain to inform the British public what the life of slaves was like.

1780s books
American novels
1789 works
Autobiographies
Bridgewater High School is a secondary school in Warrington, Cheshire, England. It started in 1987. It was rated 'outstanding' by Ofsted. It has a sixth form called Appleton College.

Schools in England
1987 establishments in England
Cheshire
King Solomon High School is a secondary school in Barkingside, England. In their 2010 report Osted described the school as 'caring'.

References

Schools in London
1993 establishments in Europe
Colyton Grammar School is a grammar school in the village of Colyford in England. It was started in 1546. 49.4% of GCSEs in 2013 were A*, an increase of 4% on the past year, and 68.5% of A-levels were A*-A. Ofsted rated the school as outstanding.

References

Schools in England
1546 establishments in England
Devon
The Division of Gilmore is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was set up in 1984 and is named for Dame Mary Gilmore, the poet and author. It includes the Budawang and Morton National Parks.  The division includes Berry, Bomaderry, Culburra Beach, Gerringong, Kangaroo Valley, Kiama, Milton, Minnamurra, Nowra, Shellharbour, Shell Cove, Sussex Inlet, Ulladulla and Warilla.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Gilmore - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia

New South Wales
1984 establishments in Australia
Sevenoaks School is an English co-educational public school in Kent. It is a member of the G20 Schools Group. It is the second oldest non-denominational school in the United Kingdom, dating back to 1432, behind Oswestry (1407). Over 1,000 day pupils and boarders attend, ranging in age from 11 to 18 years. There are approximately equal numbers of boys and girls. 

It was the first school in England to switch to the International Baccalaureate instead of the usual A-Level exams.

Schools in England
1432 establishments
Kent
1430s establishments in Europe
15th-century establishments in England
King Ecgbert School is a secondary school in Sheffield, England. Ofsted rated it as 'good'.

References

Schools in England
Sheffield
Betty Shabazz was an American educator and civil rights activist. She was the widow of Malcolm X. 

She was born on May 28, in either 1934 or 1936. Her full name at birth was Betty Dean Sanders. She grew up in Detroit, Michigan. She and Malcolm X joined the Nation of Islam in 1956. They married in 1958. They had six children together. She raised them on her own after her husband was murdered in 1965.

Shabazz converted to Islam in 1965. Betty was pregnant with twin girls when she witnessed Malcolm X’s assassination. Betty never remarried after her husband’s death, and became a national figure. She also cared deeply about the struggle of people of African heritage in the U.S.

Shabazz's grandson Malcolm Shabazz (1984-2013) set fire to her apartment on June 1, 1997. She died of burns in hospital on June 23, 1997. He was convicted of arson and manslaughter and sentenced to 18 months juvenile detention.

1934 births
1997 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
African-American people
American civil rights activists
American manslaughter victims
American Muslims
People from Detroit, Michigan
A topographic map is a kind of map which uses contour lines or other ways to show elevation and topography. Topo maps are usually very detailed, with a large scale, though some are not.  These maps are prepared based on detailed surveying of the areas concerned. 

Topographical maps may be used for many purposes.  They show relief features, rivers, land use, vegetation, settlements, roads, railway lines and administrative units and their boundaries. These maps are revised periodically to update them. Town guide maps are based on them.

Cartography
The British Aircraft Corporation One-Eleven or sometime British Aircraft Corporation 111 or also BAC 111 was a British airliner. It was a twin-turbojet that could carry around one hundred passengers. Some were built under licence in Romania as RomBAC 111. This aircraft is similar to the French Sud Aviation Caravelle and to the US Douglas DC-9. The One-Eleven was retired from service in the 1990s because of noise restrictions. It was one of the more successful British designed airliners.

History and service
Before the airplane was called the BAC 1-11, it was called the Hunting 107 before Hunting Aircraft merged with British Aircraft corporation. It entered service in 1965, a while before it's competitors. Despite it being a British aircraft, half of the original orders were American. During the 1980s noise restrictions were passed, and most airlines wanted to hush-kit the aircraft instead of putting the aircraft out of service. They did this because at least half of the 1-11s still in service were fairly new; only 5-10 years old. During the early 1990s, more noise restrictions were passed, and this time, the planes were approaching retirement age anyway, so the BAC 1-11 saw most airlines retiring them in the 90s. The last ones in service were testbeds for the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, and those were retired in 2019.

Civil aircraft
Softwood is wood that comes from gymnosperm trees. These are conifers, a term which includes most evergreen trees. 

Softwood makes up about 80% of the world's production of lumber.  Traditional production areas include North America, Scandinavia, Baltic countries and China. The opposite of softwood is hardwood, which is wood that comes from angiosperm trees. Softwoods are not always softer than hardwoods. Both groups include a variety of wood types that vary in actual hardness. For example balsa is a hardwood but is softer than most softwoods. Douglas fir, a softwood, is much harder than many hardwoods.

References 

Jane F.W. 1970. The structure of wood. 2nd ed, edited by K. Wilson & D.J.B. White. London: Adam & Charles Black. ISBN 9780713609127

Wood
Andreja Pejić (born 28 August 1991) is an Australian model and actress.

Early life 
She was born in Tuzla, Bosnia. During the Bosnian War she and her older brother Igor, mother, and grandmother fled to a refugee camp in Serbia. After the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia, Pejić's mother felt unsafe and in 2000 the family moved to Melbourne.

Career and personal life 
Pejić was assigned male at birth. She models both male and female clothing. Her website describes her as transgender. She was signed to Storm Models in February 2012. She has appeared on the cover of Russian Vogue and Elle Serbia. In February 2013 she appeared in the video for David Bowie's single "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)". In October 2013 an interview with her was published by La Monda magazine. In it she said publicly for the first time that she likes people calling her 'she' more than 'he' or other gender pronouns. In early 2014 she had sex reassignment surgery.

Her boyfriend is Rembrandt Duran.

Sources

1991 births
Living people
Australian actors
Australian models
Transgender and transsexual people
Anna Grodzka (born 16 March 1954) is a Polish politician. In 2011, she was elected to the National Assembly as a member of the Palikot's Movement party. She became Poland's first transsexual Member of Parliament. She is the only openly transgender MP in the world. She went to the University of Warsaw. She is bisexual.

References

Living people
1954 births
Bisexual people
LGBT politicians
Polish politicians
Transgender and transsexual people
Mamphela Aletta Ramphele (born 28 December 1947) is a South African politician and writer. In February 2013, she started her own political party, Agang South Africa. Ramphele was previously an activist against Apartheid in South Africa.

References

1947 births
South African politicians
South African writers
Activists
Living people
Playaz Circle were an American hip hop group from Georgia. The members were rappers 2 Chainz and Dolla Boy. The group was established in 1997 but did not began recording until 2007 with their best selling album. They were discovered by Ludacris and he signed them to his record label DTP. They are best known for their hit single "Duffle Bag Boy" that features Lil Wayne. In 2013 they broke up to work individually.

References

Hip hop bands
1997 establishments in the United States
Musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musical groups established in 1997
2013 disestablishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Fisher Ames (April 9, 1758 – July 4, 1808) was a United States Congress representative from the First Congressional District of Massachusetts.

Life and political career

Ames was born in Dedham, Massachusetts. His father died when Ames was six years old. Even though his mother did not have much money, she wanted to give Ames a good education. Ames started learning Latin when he was six years old. He went to Harvard College when he was twelve years old. He graduated in 1774. After Ames graduated, he started to work as a teacher. When he was a teacher, he also studied law. He started to work as a lawyer in the year 1781.

He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1788. He was also part of the Massachusetts Convention in the same year. He served in Congress from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1797. Ames decided to be a lawyer again in 1796, but he stayed in politics until he died in Dedham on July 4, 1808.

Lawyers from Massachusetts
1758 births
1808 deaths
Harvard University alumni
United States representatives from Massachusetts
The North China Plain () is the large space of level land in eastern China. It was made by the Yellow River for the most part. It is the largest space of level land in eastern Asia. The Yellow River goes through the middle of the plain into the Bohai Sea. This plain is very important to China, because people grow lots of crops here. The North China Plain is 409,500 square kilometers. Most of this area is 50 meters below sea level. China's capital, Beijing, is in the north part of the plains. The southern part is sometimes called Zhongyuan, though it is also called the Central Plains. The Chinese civilization formed in the Central Plains.

Geography of China
Plains