cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The New Jersey Devils are an ice hockey team that is part of the NHL. They play in the state of New Jersey. They have won the Stanley Cup, awarded to the best team in the NHL, 3 times.

Year by year

Statistics above are correct as of April 28, 2010.

Franchise records

Scoring leaders

These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season. 
Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game * = still active with the teamUpdated at completion of 2008–2009 season''

Franchise records

Regular season
Most goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 48 (2005–06)
Most assists in a season: Scott Stevens, 60 (1993–94)
Most points in a season: Patrik Elias, 96 (40 G, 56 A) (2000–01)
Most penalty minutes in a season: Krzysztof Oliwa, 295 (1997–98)
Most points in a season by a defenseman: Scott Stevens, 78 (1993–94)
Most points in a season by a rookie: Scott Gomez, 70 (1999–00)
Most wins in a season: Martin Brodeur, 48 (2006–07) (also the NHL record)
Most shutouts in a season: Martin Brodeur, 12 (2006–07)
Most power play goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 24 (2005–06)

Playoffs
Most goals in a playoff season: Claude Lemieux, 13 (1995)
Most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski, 7 (2001)
Most assists in a playoff season: Scott Niedermayer, 16 (2003)
Most points in a playoff season: Patrik Elias, 23 (9 G,14 A) (2001)
Most points by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski and Scott Niedermayer, 18 (2001, 2003)
Most penalty minutes in a playoff season: Perry Anderson, 113 (1988)

Team
Most points in a season: 111 (2000–01)
Most wins in a season: 51 (2008–09)
Longest season-ending win streak: 11 (2005–06) (also the NHL record)

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1974 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in New Jersey
The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Their name is sometimes shortened to the "Preds." They play in Bridgestone Arena (formerly named Nashville Arena, Gaylord Entertainment Center, and Sommet Center). Their logo is a reference to a partial Smilodon skeleton that was found beneath downtown Nashville in 1971, during the construction of the First American National Bank. The franchise held a vote with the fans to choose a team name. The three candidates that were chosen were: The Ice Tigers, Fury, and Attack. Another choice, Predators, was added to the vote. Predators won the vote, and the new franchise was named the Nashville Predators.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Tennessee
Pharmaconomist means expert in pharmaceuticals (expert in medicine).

A pharmaconomist is a Danish person who works in a pharmacy. Just like pharmacists, pharmaconomists have to be trained to work there, and have lots of knowledge about the drugs and treatments that they give out.

Related pages
Pharmacist
Pharmacy

Sources and other links 
The Danish College of Pharmacy Practice 
The Danish Association of Pharmaconomists 
The Danish Pharmaceutical Association 
The Danish Executive Order on the Education of Pharmaconomists — June 27, 2007
Information about pharmaconomists 

Pharmacology
Drugs
Care
Healthcare occupations
Broomhill which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England. It is in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7 km2. The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses.

Districts of Broomhill ward

Broomhill
Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England.  Mostly created in the nineteenth century. The area is just west of the main building of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth.

Crookesmoor
Crookesmoor is north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley.  A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park.

Endcliffe
Endcliffe is southwest of Broomhill and is a rich residential area, housing Birkdale School (aprivate school) and three student buildings, which are part of the University of Sheffield.

Tapton
Tapton is west of Crookes.  It is home to Tapton School.

Sheffield
Carlo Airoldi (21 September 1869–18 June 1929) was an Italian marathon runner, famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Early life
Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno. He competed in sporting contests in the Varese. Later, he competed at the national and international level. In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino. He became famous very quickly. He was one of the best marathon runners of his time. In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon. He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.

The Olympics
Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. But, he did not have many to get to Athens. He received some money from La Bicicleta, a popular magazine of the time. Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens. He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time. The magazine covered the stages of his journey. They also provided him with food and water.

Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems. In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu. However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey. He had to spend two days resting himself. He was told not to cross Albania on foot. He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras. Then, he would go to Athens on foot.  

Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens. However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon. The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete. Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete. Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon. Airoldi did not accept the final decision. He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race. However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.

His later years
Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record. He did not succeed. He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland. After he finished racing, he moved to South America.

Other websites
 Recensione al testo di Sgarella 
 History of Carlo Airoldi and his journey to Athens 

Italian athletes
1869 births
1929 deaths
Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 – 8 February 1804) was an English chemist, philosopher, clergyman, and teacher.  He is known as the discoverer of oxygen. He was a Unitarian.

On 1 August 1774, Priestly identified oxygen in his laboratory at Bowood House in Wiltshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 The Priestley Society
A short biography  at the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
Memorial essay (1874) on Priestley

1733 births
1804 deaths
Unitarians
English chemists
English philosophers
Members of the Lunar Society
Vincent Kennedy McMahon, better known as Vince McMahon or Mr. McMahon (born August 24, 1945) is an American businessman, wrestling promoter, professional wrestler, and movie producer. He is the Chairman of the board and main owner of WWE, Inc.. McMahon has been both the ECW World Champion and the WWE Champion.

Forbes estimates his net worth to be around $2 billion.

Career
McMahon started his wrestling career in 1971 as an announcer. He worked for the "World Wide Wrestling Federation" (WWWF) which later changed its name to "World Wrestling Federation" (WWF). The name was changed again to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The company was originally owned by his father, Vince J. McMahon. McMahon bought the company from his father in 1984. McMahon took the business from a local promotion in the north eastern part of the United States and made it a global company.

McMahon played the role of an evil boss for many years.

Personal life 
McMahon married his wife, Linda McMahon, on August 26 1966 in New Bern, North Carolina. They have two children: Shane and Stephanie. In 2016, President-elect of the United States nominated McMahon's wife Linda as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.

References

Other websites 
 WWE Corporate Bio 

1945 births
Businesspeople from North Carolina
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional Wrestling broadcasters
Sportspeople from North Carolina
WWE people
Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet. His poetry is thought by many people to be very funny. Nash was born in Rye, New York on August 19, 1902. In 1932, he joined the staff of The New Yorker. He died of Crohn's disease on May 19, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland.

References 

1902 births
1971 deaths
American poets
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Writers from New York
People from Rye, New York
Accra is the capital city of Ghana.  It has a population of about 1,970,400 (2005).  The city is Ghana's largest city. It is also the administrative, communications, and economic center of the country. The main economic activities in Accra are financial and government services, communications, construction, transportation and agriculture (mostly fishing). Most of Ghana's ability to make things is in the capital area.

History of Accra 

Accra was founded by the Ga people in the late 1600s. The word Accra comes from the word Nkran meaning ants. This is because of the many anthills seen in the countryside around Accra. During part of its history, Accra was a very important place for trade with the Portuguese. The Portuguese built a fort in the town. Many other countries also built forts at Accra during the 17th century. These countries included Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom and Denmark.

The location that is Accra today grew into a large town around the original Ga town. As the city grew, the British, Danish and Dutch forts and the small communities that formed around the forts were made added to the city.

In 1877, at the end of the second Anglo-Asante War, Accra replaced Cape Coast as the capital of the British Gold Coast colony. After a railroad was built between Accra and the inland locations of mines and farms, Accra became the economic center of Ghana.  Large areas of the city were destroyed by earthquakes in 1862 and 1939, but the city rebuilt around a seaport and later a brewery. Each time it rebuilt, the city was made larger.

The Accra Riots in 1948 started people in Ghana fighting for independence. This led to the Ghana's independence from the United Kingdom and it becoming a country in 1957.

Today, Accra is  one of the richest and most modern cities in the African continent. It has a high quality of living by African standards.

References

Other websites 

 Map of Accra 
 Google Earth image of Accra, Ghana

Settlements in Ghana
Capital cities in Africa
15th-century establishments
Establishments in Africa
Addis Ababa (spelled Addis Abeba by the Ethiopian Mapping Institute, also called Finfinne) is the capital city of Ethiopia. It is also the capital of the African Union and the Oromia region of Ethiopia.

History

Addis Ababa is both a city and a state. The city has people living in it from as many as 80 different countries speaking 80 different languages. There are many different communities in the city including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. Addis Ababa is about 2,500 m above sea level. It has about four million people.

The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. The city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II.  The city is at the foot of Mount Entoto. In 1935 the city (renamed Addis Abeba) was conquered by the Italians and was made the capital of their empire in eastern Africa until 1941. Italians made huge improvements and modern projects to the city.

The city has grown since World War II and is now a huge metropolis that has nearly 4 people living there as of 2020.

Addis Ababa University is in the city. Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University. It was named after the former Emperor of Ethiopia, who gave his palace to be used the main campus of the university in 1961.

References

Bibliography

Related pages
 Italian Mogadiscio
 Piccola Roma
 Italian Tripoli

Other websites 

 Addis Ababa City Administration 
 Addis Ababa City Council 
 Introduction to Addis Ababa
 Picture of Addis Ababa 

1886 establishments
 
19th-century establishments in Africa
Regions of Ethiopia
In computing, a home directory is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories folders). Very often, there is one such home directory per user. Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.

A home directory is used to store personal files of the respective user, including written document and settings for programs.

Different Implementations

Unix and Linux
On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username. It is usually in the /home hierarchy. A user fred would therefore his home directory in /home/fred.

It can be written as ~.

Microsoft Windows
Since Windows 95 there is a directory called My Documents. It was introduced together with My Computer. It helps the users locate their files. Since Windows 2000 it is in the user's profile directory Documents and Settings\username. So a user fred will find his files in Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents. In Windows Vista the directory has lost the My, and is simply called Documents.  Other directories, which are similar, may exist. They are called My Music, My pictures and My videos. Since Windows 7 files of a user can be found at \Users\(username)\.

Mac OS X
In Mac OS X, the home directory is in /Users.

Software
Nowruz (, meaning "[The] New Day", ; ) it is what the Iranians call their New Year. It is one of the ancient celebrations which has survived throughout history and is considered to be a day in which new good things start.

Nowruz (, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day", ) is the name of the Iranian New Year.

Nowruz is the day of the spring equinox, when the amount of light and dark is the same during the day. It is the beginning of the year in the Persian calendar. It is usually celebrated on March 21.On September 30, 2009, UNESCO registered Nowruz as an intangible cultural heritage under the official name "International Nowruz Day". The UN General Assembly then listed Nowruz, which has roots in Iran, on its calendar. A document approved by the United Nations General Assembly on February 23, 2010 explains that Nowruz on March 21 originated in Iran more than 3,000 years ago and is celebrated by more than 300 million people today. There is. UN member states celebrated Knowles in 1391 (2012) for the first time in Iran-sponsored UN and UNESCO public places, and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also sent a message to the celebration .

background
Nowruz has been celebrated by people from different ethnic communities and religious backgrounds for thousands of years.  It started in Persia in one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire in Persis (Fars). It has been registered by UNESCO as The "International Day of Nowruz" a cultural and spiritual heritage of mankind on October 29, 2009. UN General Assembly also registered Nowruz as an Iranian heritage in its calendar. UN General Assembly described it as a festival celebrated for more than 3,000 years. Nowadays more than 300 million people celebrate it all over the world .UN document explained  on March 23rd 2010.
Iran hosted celebrating Nowruz in the United Nations and UNESCO for the first time in 2012. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a message on the occasion.
According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name, Nowruz was originated in ancient Persia. This celebration is attributed to the mythical king Jamshid. Iranians celebrated Nowruz  continuously at least  since 500 BC .Historically  the ethnics residing in geographical civilization of PERSIA have celebrated changing of the seasons or  solar rotations, the equinoxes (March ( 21st) and September (about 23rd) and the solstices in June (20th or 21st) and December (21st or 22nd). they infact were honoring and welcoming sun developments  and return of spirit of the dead in this special days.
there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.
the March equinox or Nowruz is formally the beginning of the new year in Iran and Afghanistan and Nowruz festival start in last Wednesday of the end of year and continues till 13 first month of new year. It is a national holiday now in all Iranian neighboring countries including, Azerbaijan,  Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan , Georgia, India,Uzbekistan.

Gallery

Sources

Holidays
Earth's mantle is the 1,800 mile (2,900 km) thick shell making up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is over the Earth's iron-rich core, which takes up about 15% of Earth's volume.

The upper mantle 
Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.

Uppermost mantle 
A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km thick. There are two main zones in the upper mantle. The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50 km thick.

Asthenosphere 
Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200 km thick.

Lower mantle 
The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle. It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily. The lower mantles temperature has a max of about 4,000 °C (7,000 °F). 

The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: oxygen 44.8% by weight; magnesium 22.8%; silicon 21.5%. Compounds are oxides: silica SiO2 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.

Place with no crust 
In 2007 a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering. The anomaly is mid-way between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean, at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.

Other such 'Oceanic Core Complexes' (OCCs) were found later. Many have active hydrothermal vents.

Other websites 

 Information on the Mohole Project
 Theory of the Earth

References 

Structure of the Earth
Robert Burns (25 January 1759  1796) was a famous poet born in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland. Some of his most famous poems include To A Mouse, Auld Lang Syne, and Tam o Shanter. Burns is seen as the national poet of Scotland. Much of his work is written in broad Scots, a sister language to English. His poem and song A Man's A Man For A' That was sung at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. "To A Louse, On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church" is a 1786 Scots poem by Robert Burns.

Burns died at 37, and is buried in the graveyard of St Michael's Church, Dumfries, Scotland.

Notes

References

 
 
 
 Dietrich Hohmann: Ich, Robert Burns, Biographical Novel, Neues Leben, Berlin 1990 (in German)

Other websites

Modern English translations of poems by Robert Burns

Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland

Legacy of Robert Burns – National Archives of Scotland website 
 Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, p. 57
A recital of Tam o Shanter a Tale
 A recital Address to the Unco Guid
 A recital of Address to a Haggis

 A Recital Holly Willie's Prayer including Epitaph on Holly Willie

1759 births
1796 deaths
Scottish writers
Scottish poets
A book club is a club where people regularly meet to discuss a book that they have read and talk about their opinions, likes, dislikes of the characters and plot. Book clubs meet in private homes, libraries, bookstores, pubs, cafes or restaurants over meals, etc.

Books
Organizations
VRS or Video Relay Service is a service by which deaf people can use sign language on phone calls. In some countries it has largely replaced the use of TTY for for this pupose.

VRS uses a video camera and a high-speed Internet connection, to let people call friends, family, and business associates.  A deaf or hard of hearing person can use a remote control and call an interpreter.  When interpreter comes on their screen, the caller can call any hearing person and have a phone conversation through the interpreter.

VRS was invented in the 1990s in Sweden. In the early 21st century it became available in the United States. A person in the United States, can make calls to, or receive calls from, anybody in the world via VRS.

Other websites
Pinky tells the Real Story Video Relay Service VRS 
Proud Geek presents: List of Video Relay Services

Electronics
The Florida Panthers are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Sunrise, Florida at FLA Live Arena. They were named for the Florida panther, a type of cougar that is considered an endangered species.

The Panthers have made it to the Stanley Cup Finals once in 1996 when they lost to the Colorado Avalanche in four games.

Other websites
 Official website

References 

1993 establishments in Florida
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Florida Panthers
{{Infobox NHL team
| team_name = Carolina Hurricanes
| current = 2020–21 Carolina Hurricanes season
| bg_color = background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#CC0000 5px solid; border-bottom:#000000 5px solid;
| text_color = #000000
| logo_image = 
| conference = Eastern
| division = Metropolitan
| founded = 1972
| history = New England Whalers1972–1979 (WHA)Hartford Whalers1979–1997 (NHL) Carolina Hurricanes1997–present
| arena = PNC Arena
| city = Raleigh, North Carolina
| uniform_image = 
| team_colors = Red, white, gray, black   
| media_affiliates = Bally Sports SouthESPN The Fan (99.9 FM)The Buzz (620 AM)
| owner = Tom Dundon
| general_manager = Don Waddell
| head_coach = Rod Brind'Amour
| captain = Jordan Staal
| minor_league_affiliates = Chicago Wolves (AHL)Greenville Swamp Rabbits (ECHL)
| stanley_cups = 1 (2005–06)
| conf_titles = 2 (2001–02, 2005–06)
| presidents'_trophies = 0
| division_titles = ''4 (1998–99, 2001–02, 2005–062021)
| website = 
}}
The Carolina Hurricanes''' are an ice hockey team that plays in the  NHL. The team's home arena is PNC Arena, in Raleigh, North Carolina. They won the Stanley Cup during the 2005-2006 season by beating the Edmonton Oilers. They play in Raleigh, North Carolina, but they moved in 1999 from Hartford, Connecticut, where they were known as the Hartford Whalers. They play in the Metropolitan Division of the NHL.

The name "Hurricanes" was chosen because the eastern part of North Carolina is often hit by hurricanes during tropical storm season.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1972 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Dakar is the capital city of Senegal. It is on the country's Atlantic coast on the western edge of Africa. The city is a trade seaport for items leaving Africa. Dakar has a population of 1,030,594 people. The metropolitan area has about 2.45 million people living in it.

The National Assembly of Senegal and Senegal Presidential Palace are in Dakar.

History 

The area that is now Dakar was first settled around the 15th century. In 1444, Portuguese created a colony there. By 1536, the colony was being used to as part of the slave trade. Between 1588 and 1677, the area was fought over by many countries. During this time it was under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and finally the French.

In 1857, the French built a military base here. This base was called Dakar. It was made the capital of French West Africa in 1902. Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire during this time. It was very important in terms of trade, military, and communications to the empire until World War II.

The city was the capital of the Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960. It then became the capital of Senegal.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

References

Other websites 
  dakarville.sn  - City of Dakar official website.
 African Photos Photos from Dakar

Cities in Senegal
Capital cities in Africa
IRCAM stands for Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music).  It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music.  IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou. 

In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research.  Boulez was in put in charge of the institute.  It was opened in 1977. Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date.  They were given plenty of time to experiment.  Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there.  Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.

Other websites
 The official site of IRCAM

Music technology
Paris
Yaoundé is the capital city of the Republic of Cameroon. It is the second largest city in the country after Douala.

History 
Yaoundé was founded in 1888 by German traders. It was created to be used as a base for the ivory trade and an agricultural research station. The city was under the control of Belgian troops during World War I. After the war, it became the capital of French Cameroons. It has remained the capital of the Republic of Cameroon until the present day.

References

Settlements in Cameroon
Capital cities in Africa
1888 establishments
19th-century establishments in Africa
Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea. It is the largest settlement in the country. Asmara has a population of about 579,000 people. Textiles and clothing, meat, beer, shoes, and ceramics are the major industrial products of the city.

History 
Asmara grew from four villages founded in the twelfth century. It is said that there were four clans living in the Asmara area. The women of these tribes told them men to join together to fight bandits who had been attacking the area.  After they defeated the bandits, a new name was given to the place, Arbaete Asmara. This name, in the Tigrinya language, meant the four females united. Arbaete was later dropped and the name was made Asmara.

In 1889, Asmara became an Italian colony. It was made the capital of the country in 1897 and was called Asmara italiana. The city was damaged during earthquakes in 1913 and 1915. During the 1930s, the Italians made many chances to how Asmara looked. Many new buildings were created during this time and the city was mainly populated by Italian colonists (in 1940 there were 57000 Italian residents on a total population of 98000).

These buildings were built in the same style as Italian buildings. This gave Asmara the look of an Italian city: that is why sometimes the city is nicknamed "Piccola Roma since then. Today many of the buildings and stores in Asmara still have Italian names.

During World War II, after the defeat of Italy in Africa, Asmara was under British rule. In 1952, the United Nations placed the country and Asmara under Ethiopian control. In the 1960s, the Eritrean people started fighting for independence from Ethiopia.

This bloody war lasted until 1991. Asmara was given back to the Eritrean people on May 24, 1991.

In July 2017 Asmara has been declared World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

Related pages
 Eritrea
 Piccola Roma

References

Bibliography

 Francesca Calace. Restituiamo la Storia – dagli archivi ai territori. Architetture e modelli urbani nel Mediterraneo orientale Gangemi editorial Rome, 2012 ISBN 978-88-492-2364-4
 Giovanni Godoli. Asmara: immagine di una città. Architettura e Potere da Ferdinando Martini all'Impero. Universita' di Firenze. Florence, 2012 ()
 Jochen Visscher. Asmara - The Frozen City Jovis ed. Berlin, 2006  ISBN 978-3-936314-61-8 ()

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Eritrea
12th-century establishments in Africa
History of Italy
Bamako is the capital and largest city of Mali. It is on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the Upper and Middle Niger Valleys, in the southwestern part of the country.

Other websites

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Mali
17th-century establishments in Africa
Lomé is the capital city of Togo. Lomé is the administrative and industrial center of the country. The city is also the main port of Togo. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. The population of the city was estimated as around 700,000 people in 1998. It is estimated that more than 1 million people live in Lomé area at that time.

Lomé is on the Gulf of Guinea. It is in the south west of Togo, on the border between Togo and Ghana. Things to see in the city include Lomé Grand Market, the Togo National Museum in the Palais de Congrés, a fetish (voodoo) market, Lomé Cathedral, beaches and the former wharf.

History 
The city was founded in the eighteenth century by the Ewe people. In 1882, the village, known then as Bey Beach, became a major trading center for the British.

Bey Beach became the capital of Togo when the German rulers moved the capital from Aneho in 1897. The city then grew quickly until it was taken by the French Army in 1914 during World War I.

References 

Togo
Capital cities in Africa
Maseru (pronounced "ma'seru") is the capital city of Lesotho. It is near Mohokare River. Maseru is on the border with South Africa, and is connected to it through Maseru Bridge. The nearest city to Maseru in South Africa is named Ladybrand.

The National University of Lesotho amd the international airport called Moshoeshoe International Airport are near Maseru.

Maseru is a sister city of Austin, Texas.

Lesotho
Capital cities in Africa
The Arizona Coyotes are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Glendale, Arizona.

History
In 1996, the team moved to Phoenix from Winnipeg, Canada, where they were known as the Jets. The team moved to the suburb of Glendale in December 2003. They have never won a Stanley Cup. Their head coach is Rick Tocchet and their general manager is Bill Armstrong. Wayne Gretzky resigned as head coach on September 14, 2009. In May of 2009, the Coyotes filed for bankruptcy protection.

They officially changed their name from the Pheonix Coyotes to the Arizona Coyotes on June 27, 2014.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1990s establishments in Arizona
The Buffalo Sabres are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League.

Other websites
 Official website

References

1970 establishments in New York (state)
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Buffalo Sabres
Sabres
The Atlanta Thrashers were an American professional ice hockey team that played in Atlanta, Georgia. They played in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Thrashers played their home games at Phillips Arena. The team played in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference.

They only made the NHL playoffs once, in the 2006–2007 season.

On May 31, 2011, investors named True North Sports and Entertainment purchased the Atlanta Thrashers. The sale was approved by the National Hockey League on June 21, 2011.

2007–08 season 

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

2008–09 season 

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

2009–10 season

References

2011 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Sports in Atlanta, Georgia
1999 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Rachael Ray (born August 25, 1968 in Glen Falls, New York) is an Emmy Award-winning television personality and author. Her family roots are from Sicily, Italy. Her TV shows include 30 minute Meals, $40 a Day, Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels and The Rachael Ray Show in September 2006 First Episode in Rachael Ray. In September 2010, Rachael Ray's Week In a Day began airing on the Cooking Channel. She has written 12 cookbooks. Plus Stay Home & More Episodes in Season 14/Season 15 Make Room For Season 16  

1968 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
Writers from New York
Cyanobacteria are a taxon of bacteria which conduct photosynthesis. They are not algae, though they were once called blue-green algae. It is a phylum of bacteria, with about 1500 species. In endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts (plastids) are descended from cyanobacteria. Their DNA profile is evidence for this.

Cyanobacteria have an extremely long fossil record, starting  at least 3,500 million years ago. They were the main organisms in the stromatolites of the Archaean and Proterozoic eons.

The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is highly significant. The early atmosphere on Earth was largely reducing, that is, without oxygen. The cyanobacteria in stromatolites were the first known organisms to photosynthesise and produce free oxygen. After about a billion years, the effect of this photosynthesis began a huge change in the atmosphere. The process, called the Great Oxygenation Event, took a long time. Eventually, it killed off most of the organisms which could not live in oxygen, and led to the kinds of environment we know today, where most organisms use and need oxygen.

Light detection 
Cyanobacteria have a way of detecting light. Conrad Mullineaux, of Queen Mary University of London, said, "It has a way of detecting where the light is; we know that because of the direction that it moves".
"In a single-celled pond slime, they observed how incoming rays are bent by the bug's spherical surface and focused in a spot on the far side of the cell. By shuffling along in the opposite direction to that bright spot, the microbe moves towards the light".

Related pages
 Ice algae

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Cell biology
Photosynthesis
A teletypewriter (TTY; also called a teletype or teleprinter) is a device that sends a typed message to another place. A teletypewriter has a typewriter keyboard, a local printer (so the user can see what has been typed) and a transmitter. Messages can be sent over wires or radio waves. Teletypes were used mostly in the early to mid-20th century. They were developed to improve telegraphs, some of which also used keyboards, though not typewriter keyboards.

Though teleprinters have been replaced by other technologies, TDDs (Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf), which are based on the idea and design of teletypes, are still used these days. Not all people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech-impaired have switched to using instant messaging or texting or other modern services. Many still type messages back and forth to one another by TDD.

Related pages
 Video Relay Service

Other websites
 About the TTY

Electronics
Writing
of Montreal is an American indie pop band. The band was formed in Athens, Georgia. The lead singer of the band is Kevin Barnes. He started the group as the only member. It was one of the second wave of groups to come from The Elephant 6 Recording Company. They have released twelve studio albums.

Albums 
 1997: Cherry Peel
 1998: The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy
 1999: The Gay Parade
 2001: Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse
 2002: Aldhils Arboretum
 2004: Satanic Panic in the Attic
 2005: The Sunlandic Twins
 2007: Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?
 2008: Skeletal Lamping
 2010: False Priest
 2012: Paralytic Stalks
 2013: Lousy With Sylvianbriar
 2015: Aureate Gloom
 2016: Innocence Reaches 
 2018: White Is Relic/Irrealis Mood
 2020: Ur Fun

Other websites 
Of Montreal's official site
Of Montreal's fan page
Of Montreal on Elephant6.com 
Artwork by David Barnes 
Of Montreal discussion board 
Of Montreal on National Public Radio
Lazy-i Interview from April 2004
View the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. commercials featuring music from Of Montreal
Listen to Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?
Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun 

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Funk bands
Musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Indie rock bands
The alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) is an amphibian. It is a  Salamander (Urodela or Caudata). The alpine newt is one of five newts in Germany.

Description 
Early in the year, alpine newts mate. During that time, the males have a blue color on their sides but not too much to overlap their white-black-spotted flank. Their belly is a bright orange.
The females are more camouflaged to their marshy environment. They are a mottled brown with barely visible, black spots.

The biggest of the males can reach up to nine, and the females up to twelve centimeters in length. After the mating season, they return to their natural color of the mottled brown.

Life and habitat 
The alpine newt typically lives in forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions. They are mostly absent in forest-poor areas. They often occur   in thick deciduous forests, as well as parland and natural gardens. Outside the spawning season, the Alpine Newt is a land animal. During the day it stays in all kinds of undergrowth, but during the mating season in cool water (forest pools, artificial pools). After the adults come out of winter dormancy, the alpine newts immediately take themselves to the spawning pools.

Location 

The spread of the alpine newt is constricted to Central Europe and parts of mountainous Southern Europe as well as an isolated area on the Iberian Peninsula.

There is also some introduced wild populations in the UK

Endangerment 
After a steep decrease in the alpine newt population in the 1960s-70s, they have recovered their numbers a bit. Surveillance in the surrounding area of Cologne (approximately 50m above sea level) showed an increase in alpine newt numbers, but the numbers of newts in breeding pools seemed to decline. In home gardens, newts are settling in pools in which there may be a high reproduction rate. If fish are in these ponds, the population will be completely wiped out. However, a small pool of 150 litres volume had more than 60 alpine newt tadpoles of different sizes at the beginning of July 2003. They were likely spawned from just one female.

Taxonomy 
The alpine newt has been usually placed into the Triturus genus. García-París | display-authors = etal split the genus Triturus into three, and placed the alpine newt into its own genus Mesotriton. Also the subspecies T. a. inexpectatus was elevated to species status. However this split has not been completely accepted yet. Originally 9 subspecies of the alpine newt were recognized.

References 

Newts
A differential equation is a mathematical equation that involves variables like x or y, as well as the rate at which those variables change. Differential equations are special because the solution of a differential equation is itself a function instead of a number.

In applications of mathematics, problems often arise in which the dependence of one parameter on another is unknown, but it is possible to write an expression for the rate of change of one parameter relative to another (derivative). In this case, the problem is reduced to finding a function by its derivative related to some other expressions.

Types of Differential Equations
If a differential equation only involves x and its derivative, the rate at which x changes, then it is called a first order differential equation. A higher-order differential equation has derivatives of other derivatives. If there are more variables than just x and y, then it is said to be a partial differential equation. Sometimes, something in the world will obey several differential equations at the same time. These are said to be modeled by coupled differential equations.

Some differential equations can be solved exactly, and some cannot. Sometimes one can only be estimated, and a computer program can  do this very fast. Although they may seem overly-complicated to someone who has not studied differential equations before, the people who use differential equations tell us that they would not be able to figure important things out without them. Most scientists and engineers (as well as mathematicians) take at least one course in differential equations while in college. Some mathematicians devote their career to investigating differential equations that are difficult to solve.

Uses 
Differential equations are used in many fields of science since they describe real things:
 In physics for various forms of movement, or oscillations
 Radioactive decay is calculated using differential equations.
 Isaac Newton's Second law of motion 
 Newton's Law of Cooling
 The wave equation
 Laplace's equation
 The Navier–Stokes equations described the movement of fluids
 The Hamiltonian equations for general mechanics

People who studied about differential equations

 Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
 Hiroshi Umemura
 Israel Gelfand
 Peter Lax
 Ryogo Hirota
 Sofya Kovalevskaya
 Vladimir Arnold

Related pages
 Finite element method
 Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
 Numerical methods for partial differential equations
A boiling tube is a large tube made of glass, which is used in laboratory to strongly heat substances. A boiling tube is a scaled-up test tube, but larger in size. This larger size allows substances to boil freely inside a boiling tube.

Boiling tubes can also be used as a replacement for test tubes specially when a larger volume is desired.

Boiling tubes are commonly made from Pyrex glass which can tolerate high temperatures.

laboratory equipment
Ouagadougou (, is the capital of Burkina Faso. It is also the country's biggest city. In Ouagadougou, people mainly make clothing and food. Ouagadougou's mayor is chosen every five years. Ouagadougou is near the equator. It is always warm. In Ouagadougou, people speak French. Ouagadougou is one of the poorest cities in Africa. Almost 70% of its people can not read or write but the city has ten universities.

Economy 
Informal trade is widespread in the streets.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities:

References

Other websites

 Official website of the government of Ouagadougou 
 The plan of Ouagdougou
 Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages
The Venetian language (in Venetian: ) is a Romance language.

It was the language once spoken in the Republic of Venice.

Today
In the present day, it is spoken in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in Slovenia and in Croatia. It is also spoken in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states) and Mexico (town of Chipilo) by the descendants of Italian immigrants.

References

Languages of Europe
Romance languages
Venice
Yamoussoukro is the capital city of Côte d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). About 200,000 people live in this city. Yamoussoukro became the capital in 1983. Abidjan was the capital before that.

History of Yamoussoukro 
Before the Second World War, Yamoussoukro was a small city. It was mainly made up of farms. In 1964, the president of Côte d'Ivoire decided to make Yamoussoukro the capital because it was where he grew up. In 1983, Yamoussoukro became the capital of Ivory Coast. In 1990, the Pope opened the biggest church in the world. It is called Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. In 2004, Yamoussoukro's airport was attacked by France because airplanes from that airport had killed 9 people from France.

Important things in Yamoussoukro 
Yamoussoukro is famous for the biggest church in the world, The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. Also, it is very tall. 

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Ivory Coast
Bloemfontein is one of the three capital cites of South Africa. It is the judicial capital of South Africa, as the Supreme Court is there. In Afrikaans and Dutch, Bloemfontein means "Spring of Bloem (Bloom)". It is also known as the city of roses. There are a lot of flowers in Bloemfontein.

History 
Bloemfontein was founded by Major H. Douglas Warden in 1846. It was created as both a fort and a place to live. It became the center of government of the British-controlled Orange River Sovereignty (1848–54) and of the Orange Free State (later known as just Free State).

Bloemfontein became the judicial capital of South Africa in 1910. It is a place where the government works. It has a lot of hospitals and schools.

Geography 
Bloemfontein is in central South Africa. It is dry in this part of South Africa. There are a few hills around Bloemfontein. Grass mostly grows around Bloemfontein. The summers are hot, and the winters are cool, but it snowed in August 2006.

Economy 
Much of the economy of the city is based on canned fruit, glass products, furniture, plastics, and railway engineering. The city saw a large economic growth in the mid-20th century because of the Free State goldfields 160 km (100 mi) northeast of the city. The Orange River project also helped the city grow economically. It is a major source both of hydroelectricity and of water for irrigation and human uses.

Sports 
The most popular sports in Bloemfontein are football, rugby, and cricket. In 2010, Bloemfontein will host some FIFA World Cup matches, at Free State Stadium.

Famous people from Bloemfontein 
 Zola Budd, a famous athlete
 J. R. R. Tolkien, philologist and author of The Lord of the Rings

 
1846 establishments
19th-century establishments in South Africa
1840s establishments in Africa
Thomas Jacob "Jack" Black (born August 28, 1969) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, musician, producer, singer, and writer. He is an important member of the Frat Pack, a name used by members of the media for a group of comedians active in today's Hollywood movies. Black is also in demand for some of Hollywood largest movies and smallest indie films. He and Kyle Gass make up the comedy/rock duo Tenacious D. Black starred in the movie Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, which is based on a true story. Black is also known by his nicknames, Jables or JB. He also played in the 2008 movie Tropic Thunder.

Early and personal life
Black was born in Santa Monica, California to Thomas Black and Judith Cohen. His father is of English, French, German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh descent and His mother is Jewish (of Russian descent). Since 14 March 2006, he is married with Tanya Haden. They have two sons (*2006 and *2009) he is also a relation of Ibiza Resident DJ DAN BLACK UK

Filmography

References

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American guitarists
American movie actors
American movie producers
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Comedians from Santa Monica, California
Singers from California
Writers from California