cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. Scientific notation does, however, use a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year −1'.

Related pages
 Kofun period
Record can mean:

A thing that is used to store information, such as --
vinyl record (also called a "phonograph record" or "gramophone record")
Compact disc
World record, an unsurpassed accomplishment or statistic
Record (computer science)
Record (technical) a document, originated by a qualified person or qualification body, that register or records data, parameters, variables, values and/or measurements pertaining to a specific technical activity.
Administrative records, a collection of documentation pertaining to personal information or transactions or organizational meetings.
 Any document for administrative use
 Vital record of life events
 Business record of economic transactions
 Medical record of a person's medical history and treatments
 Service record, usually associated with military service
 Minutes, a summary of the proceedings at a meeting
 Public record, information that has been filed or recorded by public agencies
Records (album), the 1982 album by rock band Foreigner
The Record (name of a number of newspapers and other publications)
Record (newspaper), a Portuguese sports newspaper.
Récord, a Mexican sports newspaper

Basic English 850 words
The Monarchy of the United Kingdom is the head of state of United Kingdom. The current monarch is Elizabeth II who has reigned since 1952. The queen is currently the head of the U.K and 15 other nations known as the commonwealth realms.

Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland

House of Hanover
 George I (1714 - 1727)
 George II (1727 - 1760)
 George III (1760 - 1801)

Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

House of Hanover
 George III (1801 - 1820)
 George IV (1820 - 1830) (Regent 1811-1820)
 William IV (1830 - 1837)
 Victoria (1837 - 1901)

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The royal household changed its name to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha after Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but Victoria stayed part of the House of Hanover. With monarchs it started in 1901. The name was changed in 1917 by George V.

 Edward VII (1901 - 1910)

House of Windsor
In 1917 King George V changed the royal house's name to Windsor because the United Kingdom was at war with Germany and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is a German name. 

 George V (1910 - 1922, changed name of house in 1917)

Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
In 1922 Ireland was split into the future Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland stayed part of the United Kingdom. However, the name was not changed until 5 years later and George V continued to be King of Ireland until he died ("of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India").

House of Windsor
 George V (1922-1936)
 Edward VIII (1936), abdicated
 George VI (1936 - 1952)
 Elizabeth II (1952 - present)

Heads of state
Lists of British monarchs
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
is a short way of saying of "Costume Play". It is an act of dressing up to look like an anime, manga, video game, Japanese rock,  or K-pop character. A person who does this is called a Cosplayer. 

Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay. Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character and memorizing quotes. Masquerading, or "The Masquerade," usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.

Even though cosplaying is originally from Japan, there are a number of cosplay communities in Malaysia, China, the United States, UK, Indonesia, and the Philippines, because of the popularity of Japanese animation, movies, and popular culture in those countries.

Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions. Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amongst otaku.

References

Anime
Cosplay
The factorial of a whole number , written as  or , is found by multiplying  by all the whole numbers less than it. For example, the factorial of  is , because . Hence one can write . For some technical reasons,  is equal to .

Factorial can be used to find out how many possible ways there are to arrange  objects.

For example, if there are 3 letters (A, B, and C), they can be arranged as ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA. That would be 6 choices because A can be put in 3 different places, B has 2 choices left after A is placed, and C has only one choice left after A and B have been placed. In other words,  choices.

The factorial function is a good example of recursion (doing things over and over), as 3! can be written as 3×(2!), which can be written as 3×2×(1!) and finally as 3×2×1×(0!). N! can therefore also be defined as N×(N-1)!, with 0! = 1.

The factorial function grows very fast. There are 10! = 3,628,800 ways to arrange 10 items.

Notes 
n! is not defined for negative numbers. However, the related gamma function is defined over the real and complex numbers (but the integers it is defined over are positive).

Related pages 
 Exclamation mark
 Permutation

References

Other websites
 Calculation of Factorial (0≤N≤40000)

Recursion
Mathematics
Neustadt bei Coburg is a German city in the North of Franconia and has an population of ca. 17,000. It is near Coburg. Its mayor is Frank Rebhan (SPD).

Sister cities
 Sonneberg, Germany
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France
 Member in the City Friendship Neustadt (Newton) in Europe

Traffic
Next important traffic routes are in Coburg.

References

Other websites

Coburg (district)
Rocko's Modern Life is an animated television show that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996. A comic book series based on the cartoon was made by Marvel Comics the following year. The television special, Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling was released in 2019.

Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friend Heffer, a turtle named Filbert, and his not-so-friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead. The show's story line was based on Rocko's everyday life.

Rocko was voiced by Carlos Alazraqui.

1993 television series debuts
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
1996 television series endings
English-language television programs
Asgard (Old Norse: Ásgarðr - “Enclosure of the Æsir; Court of the Ás”) is one of the Nine Realms in Norse mythology, home to the tribe of deities known as the Æsir. Asgard lies at the top of Yggdrasill’s highest branches, and the only thing connecting Asgard to Midgard is the mystical rainbow bridge Bifröst. 

At the center of Asgard lies the bountiful field of Iðavöllr; there the Æsir meet to feast, make revelry, and discuss important issues. The male gods meet in a hall called Glaðsheimr, the goddesses in the hall Vingólf. *According to the poem Grímnismál (as found in the Poetic Edda), Glaðsheimr is the field in which Valhalla was located.

Popular Culture
In the science fiction series Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff series, Stargate Atlantis, "Asgard" is the name of a highly advanced, fictional race of beings who are extraterrestrial in origin.  

Asgard appears frequently in Marvel Comics. Similar to the original mythological location, it is one of the Nine Realms, home to a race of beings known as the Asgardians, whom the Germanic peoples (in particular Norsemen) once worshipped as gods. It is often seen and referenced in both film, and television shows.

Spellings
Other spellings: Ásgard, Ásegard, Ásgardr, Asgardr, Ásgarthr, Ásgarth, Asgarth, Ásgardhr
 Common Swedish and Danish form: Asgård
 Norwegian: Åsgard (also Åsgård, Asgaard)
 Icelandic, Faroese: Ásgarður

Norse mythology
Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure". It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from. The term is an English version of the Old Norse language.

Old Norse 
Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead. Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall.

According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.

Places in Norse mythology
Words
Alien is a 1979 British-American science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott. It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures.  The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and hurts the crew of the spaceship Nostromo. The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash.

The extraterrestrials in the movies are usually called Xenomorphs.

Alien was a box office success (it made a lot of money). It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups). Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first action movie to have a strong female heroine.

There are three sequels to this movie: Aliens (1986), Alien³ (1992), Alien: Resurrection (1997), and a cross-overs: Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007).

The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: In space no one can hear you scream.

Other websites 
 
 Executive producer Ron Shusett on making Alien - video interviews and transcript

1979 horror movies

1979 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alien movies
American monster movies
British science fiction movies
British horror movies
English-language movies
Movies set on fictional planets
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Saturn Award winning movies
Isabella of Castile (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and León. She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal. 

Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off. She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally. She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him.  The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509. Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).  

When Isabella’s brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen. Her brother Enriques’s daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead. After a war, Isabella became queen. At the same time, Isabella’s husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon. They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain. Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus’ trips to find the Americas. In their time, the Americas were called “The New World”. She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country. After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen.

References

 Weissberger,Barbara, 2008. Queen Isabel I of Castile: power, patronage, persona. Tamesis, Woodbridge, p.20-21.
 Boruchoff, David A. 2003. Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: critical essays. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 

Kings and Queens of Spain
1451 births
1504 deaths
The Xinhai Revolution was a revolution in China in 1911. It consisted of many revolts and rebellions. At the end of the Xinhai Revolution the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated. China changed from a monarchy to a republic.

Revolutions
20th century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
History of China
1911
Sonneberg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The nearest large city is Coburg. The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people. The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel.

Sister cities
 , Göppingen
 , Neustadt bei Coburg

Sights

Museums
 Schlauaquarium Nautiland
 Heimattiergarten
 German Toy Museum
 Astronomiemuseum

Buildings
 Sternwarte
 Citychurch St.Peter
 Militarychuch St. Aegidien
 Old City hall
 New City hall
 House of AOK
 Main station

Regular meetings
 International Jazz Days of Sonneberg
 Sonneberger Vogelschießen
 Sonneberger Kneipenfest
 Sonneberger Musikmeile
 Doll Theater Weeks
 International Doll Festival (with Neustadt bei Coburg)
 City festival

Traffic
 B 89 Konach-Meiningen
 A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl about 15 km away from Sonneberg there is the Connectionpoint Neustadt bei Coburg-Sonneberg. It is next to Coburg.
 With the train to Coburg and to Eisenach
 Next airports in Coburg and Suhl

References

Sonneberg Rural District
Eisfeld is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca 6,000. The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz.

Sister cities
 Ahorn (Germany)
 Ham (France)

Traffic
 B 4 Nürnberg-Coburg-Erfurt-Hamburg
 A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl

The next important airports and train stations are in Coburg

References

Other websites

  

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Schleusingen is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is 10 km north of Hildburghausen, and 12 km southeast of Suhl.

The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000. The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer.

Sister city 
 , Plettenberg

Traffic 
 A 73 Coburg-Suhl
 The next important train stations and airports are in Coburg and Suhl.

References

Other websites

 Schleusingen on the net

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Bad Staffelstein is a small town in the Bavarian Administrative Region of Upper Franconia in Germany. It has about 10,000 residents.

Geography

Location
The municipal territory of Bad Staffelstein extends on both sides of the Main river. It is northeast of Bamberg in Lichtenfels.

Subdivisions
Bad Staffelstein consists of the following Stadtteile:

References

The information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent.

Further reading

Antiquarian
Heinrich Karl, Staffelsteiner Chronik. Staffelstein 1905.

Modern
 Karl-Ludwig Ostertag-Henning,  Der Apfelbaum im Gottesgarten. Staffelstein 1998, 
 Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 1. Staffelstein 2000, 
 Günter Dippold und Alfred Meixner (Hrsg.), Staffelsteiner Lebensbilder. Staffelstein 2000, 
 Günter Dippold, Bad Staffelstein. Kleinod im Gottesgarten am Obermain.  Stuttgart 2001, 
 Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 2. Bad Staffelstein 2002,

Other websites

 

Spa towns in Germany
Lichtenfels (district)
Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.

Lauscha is in the middle of the Thuringian forest, the green heart of Germany.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Neuhaus am Rennweg is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca. 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Themar is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in the south of Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km northwest of Hildburghausen, and 14 km southwest of Suhl.

It was first named in 796 as Tagamari and today Themar consists out of the districts Wachenbrunn and Tachbach, with a population of about 2,900 inhabitants. The town church is the St Bartholomew's Church. 
The mayor of Themar since 2000 is Hubert Böse.

Main sights 
 St Bartholomew's Church
 St. John's Church
 defensive wall
 town hall
 market place

Notable people
 Adam Werner (1462–1537), Humanist, teacher, poet, lawyer and professor of theology at the university in Heidelberg
 Johannes Haym (16th century), Cathedral vicar in Augsburg, author and publisher of hymns
 Joachim Zehner („Decimator“) (1566–1612), Founder of the „Zehnerschen Bibliothek“ in Schleusingen
 Johann Trier (1716–1790), Organist and composer
 Johann Friedrich Fuchs (1774–1828), Medical doctor
 Eduard Gottlieb Amthor (1820–1884), School principal, publisher, bookseller and writer
 Karl Pfauter (1905–1993), Diplomat
 Karl-Heinz Löffler (1927–2016), Soccer player
 Karl Blau (1930–1994), Politician in DDR
 Claus Oefner (1938–2017), Musician
 Gernot Güntherodt (* 1943), Professor for physics

Sustainability
In the last 5 years Themar has invested in sustainable energy production systems. A small local heat network was installed with a cogeneration unit of 15 kW electric and 30 kW thermal energy. Also photovoltaics (6 kWp) and a heat pump (20 kW) which is using the water and thermal energy from the river Werra have been established. These renovations were completed in March 2019. In total Themar is saving carbon dioxide emissions of 14,200 kg per year.

References

Other websites

Towns in Thuringia
Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Schalkau is a German town in the south of Thuringia. Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is 13 km west of Sonneberg, and 15 km north of Coburg.

The population of Schalkau is about 3,500. The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner.

The former municipality Bachfeld was merged into Schalkau on 31 December 2019.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Römhild is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 2,000. Its mayor is Klaus-Jürgen Theilig. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge verwaltungsgemeinschaft

References 

Verwaltungsgemeinschaft in Hildburghausen
Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.

Balakirev, Mily
Balakirev, Mily
1837 births
1910 deaths
Vincenzo Bellini (Catania, November 3 1801 - Puteaux, near Paris, September 23 1835) was an Italian composer and opera composer.

Bellini was well liked for his melodies. His first success was Il pirata in 1827. It was followed by I Capuleti e Montecchi in 1830. Then came his most famous operas La sonnambula (1831), Norma (1831) and his last I puritani (1835).

His second to last work Beatrice di Tenda (1833) was less successful.

Although his operas never left the repertoire, they became popular again in the 1950s due largely to soprano Maria Callas, followed by Joan Sutherland in the 1960s.

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera and Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1801 births
1835 deaths
Bellini, Vincenzo
Bellini, Vincenzo
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Italian musicians
People from Sicily
Charles-Valentin Alkan (30 November 1813 - 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music. Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play. Franz Liszt,  Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer. Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.

From the 1860s to 1873 he did not show in public very much, and composed some of his works.

Alkan was a close friend of Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.

Other websites

French composers
Romantic composers
French pianists
1813 births
1883 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Kalki is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Hindus believe that there are four stages of time. The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yuga. In this stage of time, people are very bad. To make the world good, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and kill the bad people. People will change then, and become good people. A new stage of time will begin, called the Satya Yuga or the first stage of life. He is deciding to only come when everybody on Earth is very cruel. Kalki will come after Buddha, his work is to punish people who not changed their behaviour even after Buddha taught the right way. Kalki will come within this millennium. He will take birth in India. Lord Kalki will be expected to incarnate on the Shukla Paksha Dwadashi Tithi(12th day of the bright fortnight) in the Hindu month Vaishakha. According to some beliefs, he will appear at the end of this Kali Yuga which is about 432,000 years away.

According to Nostradamus prophecies Kalki is the Chyren who will be king of whole world. He establish rightness in earth after defeating the whole world. He will punish bad people without mercy. It is said that he will be ruthless to cruel people. Kalki will establish a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga, before becoming king of the world. It is said that Krishna told Arjuna on the battlefield that right after his death, there will be the beginning of the Kali Yuga. He says 5000 years after his death (6000 B.C.) will come a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga. After the Kali Yuga Golden Age which will last approximately 10,000 years, he will establish the real Satya Yuga by defeating Kali (Demon) who is also known as the prince of evil in vedic scriptures.

The Shrimad Bhagwat Purana describes in detail the incarnations of Lord Vishnu. There is a description of Lord Kalki in the second chapter of the 12th wing of the same Purana. In which it is said that Lord Kalki will be born as a son in the house of an ascetic Brahmin named Vishnuyasha at a place called Shambhala in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Lord Kalki will destroy the sinners from the world by riding on a horse or vehicle named Devadatta and re-establish religion.

References 

Hinduism
Hindu mythology
Thomas Arne (born in London, baptized 28 May 1710; died London 5 March 1778) was an English composer and violinist.  He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century.  He wrote music for lots of plays.  He had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes.  Songs such as Where the Bee Sucks are still very popular.  His best known tune is Rule Britannia which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms.

Arne, Thomas
Arne, Thomas
Arne, Thomas
1710 births
1778 deaths
Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list. It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire. It became commonplace after the Renaissance. 

Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting. Note also, that there are different ways to sort numbers, and special characters, such as letters with diacritics.  German has the letters ä,ö,ü, and ß.

 Option one: the letter with diacritics is treated the same way as the one without, ä is treated as a, ö as o and ü as u. (Known as DIN 5007-1, usually used for encyclopedias)
 Option two: the letter is treated the same as some replacement: ä is replaced by ae, ö be oe, ü by ue, and  ß by ss (Known as DIN 5007-2, used for phone books)

Note that these may be different by language: Danish also has a letter ä, but sorts it after z, and not treated like a as in German.

English 
A list of items like Eric, Lydia, Andrea, and Bob is organized by their first letter.  A comes before B, and B comes before E, and E comes before L in the alphabet.  When alphabetical order is used:
Andrea
Bob
Eric
Lydia

If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters.
Larry
Leonard
Linda
Lydia

After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted.

The words a, an and the are ignored.  Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma.  Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too.
A Long Day's Journey Into Night
The Long Goodbye
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
The Long Road Home
Long Voyage Back
The Long Walk
A formula can be used to systematically ignore a, an and the. For Microsoft Excel, it would be:

=IF(LEFT(A2,2)="A ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-2),IF(LEFT(A2,3)= "An ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-3),IF(LEFT(A2,4)="The ",RIGHT(A2, LEN(A2)-4),A2)))

That can also be listed like this:
Long Day's Journey Into Night, A
Long Goodbye, The
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
Long Road Home, The
Long Voyage Back
Long Walk, The

Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name.
Gene Hackman
Tom Hanks
Katharine Hepburn
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Names are often written with the last names first.
Hackman, Gene
Hanks, Tom
Hepburn, Katharine
Hewitt, Jennifer Love

Numbers can be sorted in two ways.  Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest.  This is the normal way to sort numbers.
1
3
9
18
27
81

Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words.  This way is often used for numbers in titles.
Eighteen
Eighty-one
Nine
One
Three
Twenty-seven

Alphabet
Bad Rodach is a German town in the north of Franconia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 7,000. Its mayor is Gerold Strobel.

References

Other websites 

Spa towns in Germany
Coburg (district)
Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born 17 July 1977 in Hounslow, London) is an acclaimed artist, movie graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name M.I.A. Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music. 

M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output. 

In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album The Menace, by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."

"Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.

M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of Arular on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album Arular.

One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making Piracy Funds Terrorism, a mash-up mixtape of Arular tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.

Arular 
in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, Arular, which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.

Kala 
Kala is M.I.A.'s second album. Track listing as follows:
 Bamboo Banga
 Bird Flu
 Boyz
 Jimmy
 $20
 Mango Pickle Down River
 World Town
 Paper Planes
 Come Around

1977 births
Living people
Musicians from London
Artists from London
Rap musicians
Otaku is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "おたく" (otaku), meaning "your house", that has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby. Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study, and is oftentimes (esp. in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga. The term can be compared with Hikikomori.

In Japan, otaku has generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society. However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies. Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or nerd. In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic" and is not typically perceived as derogatory.

References

Slang
Anime and manga terms
Haddock is a fish that lives in the Atlantic ocean. It only lives in the sea. Haddocks are important fish for the fishing industry. The fish can be easily recognised by a black line on the white side of the fish. Pollock is a fish with reversed coloring, white line on a black background.

Teleosts
Edible fish
Kristallnacht (also called Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, ) was a two-day pogrom that happened against Jews in Nazi Germany and parts of Austria. It was between 9 and 10 November 1938. About 30,000 Jews were moved to concentration camps, and over 1,500 synagogues were pillaged and partly destroyed. Also, almost all Jewish cemeteries in Germany and Austria were destroyed. This marked the change from discriminating against Jews to actively persecuting and deporting them.

Herschel Grynszpan (sometimes also spelled Grünspan), a 17-year-old Jew living in Paris, learned that his whole family had been made to go back to Zsbaszyn in Poland, even though the younger children had been born in Germany. He got a gun, and with this he fired shots at Ernst Eduard vom Rath, who was a secretary of the German embassy in Paris. This was on 7 November. Vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November.

The motive of Grynszpan is unclear. In a judicial hearing in 1942, he said it was revenge. He meant to shoot the ambassador, but hit the secretary instead.

The NSDAP used this event as an excuse to seize Jewish property. There had been a similar event in February 1936 but there were almost no consequences. Then, a Jewish student, David Frankfurter, had fired shots at the NSDAP secretary Wilhelm Gustloff. At that time, the NSDAP could not act because of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Photo gallery

Further reading 
 Schultheis, Herbert. Die Reichskristallnacht in Deutschland nach Augenzeugenberichten (Bad Neustädter Beiträge zur Geschichte und Heimatkunde Frankens 3). Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale: Rötter Druck und Verlag. 1985. .

1938 in Germany
20th century in Austria
Nazism
Judaism in Austria
Judaism in Germany
November events
Events
 Sei Shonagon writes The Pillow Book, a compilation of her daily observations, thoughts and feelings as an attendant to Empress Sadako in Japan's Imperial Court.
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting TV service with many member TV stations in the United States. The equivalent service for radio in the United States is National Public Radio (NPR).

PBS Stations
 WGBH Boston, MA
 WMPB Baltimore, MD
 WNED Buffalo, NY
 WNET Newark, NJ
 WQED (TV) Pittsburgh, PA
 WTTW Chicago, IL

PBS Shows
Bill Nye the Science Guy

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Anti-Semitism on PBS?

1952 establishments in the United States
UPN (which originally stood for the United Paramount Network) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States. UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network. UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW, a joint venture between CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. division of Time Warner, which owned The WB before that network was also shut down in 2006 and merged with UPN to create The CW.

References

American television networks
Viacom
Columbia Broadcasting System
A television network is a network to provide television programming to many television stations. It is almost always a large company. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (for example, the BBC, NBC or CBS) began as radio networks. 

A television network may broadcast many television channels. For example, BBC is a television network. It broadcasts its programs on many different channels including BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Parliament and CBBC.  Each channel will often have a group of programs that are similar in some way. For example, CBBC broadcasts children programs. The individual companies that create the content are television studios.  A studio is often an affiliate of a network. For example, WAVY is a station in Hampton Roads, Virginia. It is an affilliate of the  NBC network. WAVY is also the name of the channel that the studio creates and broadcasts locally on channel 10. It is called WAVY10.
Tokyo Tower is a tower in Shiba Park, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Tokyo Tower is 333 m (1093 ft) tall. It the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo.

The highest number of visitors was about 5.2 million a year (1959), about 710 thousand a month (1959.8), about 40 thousand a day (1960.3.30).

The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day. It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white. The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law.

In 2009, the Tokyo Tower was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

References

Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Towers in Japan
Japanese culture
Skyscrapers
Events 
 January 22 – Marriage of King Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia.
 May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal
 July 7 – Death of the childless James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea and titular Latin Emperor.
 Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (now southern Greece).
 Otto, the widower of Joan I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (now eastern Italy).
 Duke Louis I of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (now western Turkey) but never uses the title of Emperor.
 October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal. A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383-1385 Crisis, begins in Portugal due to Beatrice being married to the King John I of Castile and Leon.
 The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.
 Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (now in western India).
 Löwenbräu beer is first brewed.
 Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep temple is built in present-day Thailand by King Kuena of Lanna.
 Construction of the Bastille is completed in Paris.

Births 
 Amadeus VIII of Savoy (died 1451)
 Yolande of Aragon, regent of Anjou (died 1443)
 Pope Eugene IV (died 1447)
 Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (died 1438)

Deaths 
 March 1 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (born 1334)
 June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
 June 8 – Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (born 1338)
 June 15 – John VI Cantacuzenus, former Byzantine Emperor
 October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal (born 1345)
Births 
 April 25 – Edward II of England (died 1327), King of England
Births 
 17 January – Antonio del Pollaiuolo (d. 4 February 1498), Italian painter
The seminal vesicles are a pair of tube-like glands. They are found behind the bladder of males. They make about 70% of the content of semen (also called seminal fluid).

Anatomy 
Both vesicles are about 5 cm in length, but they are curled up. Each gland makes a ball shape on the wall of each vas deferens. There is a tube linking the seminal glands which opens into the vas deferens and prostate gland.

From inside to out, the layers making the vesicles are:
 Mucosa - folded to increase surface area
 Muscle
 Connective tissue

Use 
The seminal vesicles make most of semen, but during ejaculation, most of the ejaculate has sperm rather than semen in it. The use of seminal fluid is not known, since sperm do not move or survive well in semen. Some think that it acts as a fluid to stop sperm from another male impregnating the female so that the children of only one male can survive.

Seminal fluid has proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and flavins. The fructose gives sperm energy and 'food'.

Gallery

Other websites 
  - "The Male Pelvis: The Urinary Bladder"
  - "The Male Pelvis: Structures Located Posterior to the Urinary Bladder"

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Glands
The glans penis (or just glans) is the sensitive tip of the penis. It is also called the "head" of the penis. Slang names include "helmet" and "bell end". Usually, the glans is covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been circumcised.

Diseases 
The glans can become irritated or infected which occurs in a small number of males.  It is more common in males who have poor hygene or are uncircumcised.

The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans. In children who have been circumcised and wear diapers, the opening of the penis has no protection. This can cause the urethra to get very narrow in a small amount of boys which can need surgery to reopen later.

The skin on the glans of a uncircumcised penis is very sensitive, and washing it too much with soap can cause dermatitis.

Circumcised men have a dry and wider glans that is leathery to the touch. There are special Moisturizer that a circumcised man can use on his glans to provide softer.

Anatomy 
The glans penis is a cap around the corpus spongiosum. It is attached to the Corpus cavernosum penis and at the tip of the glans is the urethra opening. The foreskin helps keeps the glans moist.

Related pages
 Corpus cavernosum
 Foreskin
 Penis
 Clitoris
 Frenulum
Circumcision

Additional images

References

Other websites 
  - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Corpus Spongiosum and Corpora Cavernosa"
  - "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Events 
 Edward the Confessor becomes King of England.

Births 
 Pope Urban II (d. 1099)

Deaths 
 Michael V, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1015)
Charge could mean:
 Electric charge, the charge in electricity
 to take charge, or being in charge means to take or have authority and responsibility for decisions
 In firearms, to charge a weapon is to load it with a round and ready it for firing
 Charge (engine), the air or fuel/air mixture being fed into the intake in an internal combustion engine. Charge air usually refers to air that has not had fuel mixed with it.
 During the European Middle Ages, a charge (youth) often meant an underage person placed under the supervision of a nobleman
 Charge (warfare), a maneuver in battle where soldiers rush towards their enemy to engage in close combat
 In context of wartime operations, to charge with certain rights, such as guaranteeing persons held in custody are allowed those rights
 In money, a charge is any fee assessed, such as a charge for using an automatic teller machine (ATM), entering a museum, being late with a payment, etc.
 In basketball, a charge is an foul, called when an offensive player with the ball makes illegal contact with a defensive player who has legally established his position
CHARGE syndrome, birth defects in children
Charge card, similar to a credit card
 A pen spinning trick where the pen makes conic rotations between two fingers

In law:
A criminal charge is an indictment before a court by a prosecuting authority
A jury charge is are jury instructions given by a judge to a jury concerning the law applicable to the case under consideration
An equitable charge is a security interest similar in effect to a mortgage
Events
Possible timing of King Arthur's victory over the Saxons.
493 – Death of Saint Patrick.
494 – Pope Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.
494 – An earthquake devastates Latakia.
494 – Under Emperor Xiaowen the capital of Northern Wei, a state in China capital is moved from Datong to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history.

490s
A population pyramid is a graph. It has two back-to-back bars. These bars show the population in groups of ages, with woman in one side and man in the other side.

The pyramids show the age distribution of the place, which can help in understanding and predicting the development of a country.

There are three types of population pyramids:
Stationary pyramid shows a constant population, with equal birth rate and death rate
Expansive pyramid shows a growing population
Constrictive pyramid shows a shrinking population

In this type of graph, a wide base means a very high birth rate and a narrow base means a low birth rate.

Human geography
Population
And or AND may be any of the following:
 Logical conjunction, a two-place logical operation used in logic and mathematics
 Binary and, a bitwise operator used in computer programming
 AND gate, a digital logic gate used in electronics
 The 3-letter and NATO country code for Andorra
 The standard abbreviation for the constellation Andromeda

Basic English 850 words
The Central Powers were a group of nations fighting against the Allied Powers during World War I.

The members included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and their territories. The Central Powers lost the war. The Triple Entente was composed of France, Russia and the United Kingdom. These were later joined by Japan, Italy and the United States. 

World War I
Military alliances
A Soxhlet extractor is a kind of laboratory equipment. It is made of glass. Franz von Soxhlet invented it in 1879.  It has a flask, an extraction chamber, and a condenser. It can be used for solid-liquid extractions. 

In this discontinuous extraction process, the extraction solvent inside the boiling flask is evaporated and re-condensed in the distillation column above. It then falls down onto the solid material requiring extraction. The chamber containing the solid material is connected to the boiling flask below by a syphoning mechanism seen in the Pythagorean cup, which allows the chamber to fill to a point, at which it will empty its contents and start to fill again and the extracted compounds will accumulate in the boiling flask below.

Uses 
Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid. It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent. Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor. The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves.

Related pages
 Solubility

Laboratory equipment
Analytical chemistry
Base can mean: 
as a noun:
In mathematics:
Base (mathematics), or radix, the number of digits in a numeral system, e.g. base 10
Base (geometry), the bottom of a triangle.
In sport:
Base (baseball), the 3 canvas bags and home plate
In architecture:
The bottom of a building or other structure
A part of some types of column, below the shaft
A pedestal, supporting a statue or other item
A defined area that contains shelter, equipment, and resources:
a place which helps people live in a hostile environment, such as a Moon base or a base in Antarctica
a Military base, which provides shelter, military equipment and personnel
Other uses:
In a transistor, the base is the controlling connection to the junction.
Islamic Extremist group Al-Qaeda is literally translated into English as 'The Base.'
Base (chemistry), the "opposite" of acid, sometimes known as an alkali

as a verb
Made from the ideas of... Developed from... First known as...
In sport:
BASE jumping - jumping with a parachute from a fixed place like the top of a building or a bridge
A frenulum (or frenum) is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far.

Frenulum as a term in zoology is dealt with under wing coupling.

Human anatomy 
There are several frenula in the body, including several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia.

Oral tissue 
Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip. These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth. A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.

Vulvular tissue 
In the female, genital frenula can be found in the clitoris and where the labia minora meet at the back.

Penile tissue 
The word frenulum on its own is often used for the frenulum preputii penis. This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa. It help contract the prepuce over the glans. It may be removed during circumcision.

It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity. This does not cause a great deal of pain  but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss. This is not a medical emergency. The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped.

Related pages
 Circumcision
 Foreskin
 Wing coupling

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Mouth
Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme. It is about a secret organisation protecting the Earth from aliens. It has been shown on TV channels in Britain including BBC One, BBC Two, and BBC Three. It can be viewed on Netflix and is sometimes shown on American TV channels including Starz . The show is a spin off of the British television series Doctor Who. It follows the Cardiff, Wales section of a secret group called the Torchwood Institute. The Torchwood Institute examines things that aliens cause to happen on Earth. They also collect alien equipment to use.

The series is set in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales. Series 1 takes place after Doctor Who Series 2. Series 2 takes place in between Doctor Who Series 3 and Series 4. Because the shows are science fiction and some characters live forever, it is hard to track down the exact times in which Doctor Who and Torchwood overlap.

Torchwood stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, the leader of the Cardiff Torchwood Institute. Barrowman also played Harkness in Series 1, Series 3 and Series 4 of the current Doctor Who (2005). Eve Myles plays Gwen Cooper, a policewoman who joins the group. Gareth David-Lloyd stars as Ianto Jones, a person who helps out and is a love interest of Jack. Jack Harkness, Ianto Jones, and Gwen Cooper are the central cast members. Also, Naoko Mori plays scientist Toshiko Sato. Burn Gorman plays Doctor Owen Harper.

Because the show is set in and around Cardiff, many of the local attractions like the Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay are shown in the series. Country settings around Glamorgan are also used many times in the series.

The programme is aimed at adults and older teenagers.

The third series is a five episode long story named Children of Earth. Children of Earth has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, and Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones.

The fourth series is a ten episode story named Miracle Day. Miracle Day has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness and Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper.

List of episodes

Series 1 episodes (2006-2007)

Series 2 episodes (2008)

Children Of Earth episodes (2009)

Miracle Day Episodes (2011)

References

Other websites 

 BBC - Torchwood
 BBC - Torchwood on Twitter
 BBC - Torchwood on Facebook
 BBC - Torchwood on YouTube

2006 British television series debuts
2000s British drama television series
2000s LGBT television series
2000s science fiction television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s LGBT television series
2010s science fiction television series
BBC television dramas
British LGBT television programmes
British science fiction television series
Doctor Who
Glamorgan
LGBT drama television series
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs