cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Shirley Schlanger Abrahamson (December 17, 1933 – December 19, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. She was a member and former Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. She was appointed to the court in 1976 by Governor Patrick Lucey. She became first woman on Wisconsin's high court.

Career
She was the only woman on the court from 1976 until 1993. Abrahamson was re-elected to the Supreme Court in 1979, 1989, 1999, and 2009. She became Chief Justice on August 1, 1996 and served until April 29, 2015.

Retirement
On May 30, 2018, Abrahamson announced she would not seek re-election to the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2019.

Death
In August 2018, Abrahamson announced she was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She died on December 19, 2020 in Berkeley, California from the disease, aged 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American judges
Lawyers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Women judges
The Daugava () or Western Dvina is a river rising in the Valdai Hills, Russia, flowing through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia and into the Gulf of Riga. The total length of the river is :  in Russia,  in Belarus, and  in Latvia.

Within Latvia it flows through Latgale, Zemgale, Vidzeme and Riga, before flowing into the Gulf of Riga.

References 

Rivers of Belarus
Rivers of Russia
Latvia
Ohatchee is a town in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 1,170. It was incorporated in 1956.

References 

Towns in Alabama
Cape Girardeau County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri; its eastern border is formed by the Mississippi River. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 75,674. The county seat is Jackson, the first city in the US to be named in honor of President Andrew Jackson. It was founded on October 1, 1812.

References 

1812 establishments in Missouri Territory
Missouri counties
Blount County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 123,010. It had an estimated population of 126,339 in 2014. The county seat is Maryville, which is also the county's largest city.

References 

Tennessee counties
Rho Cassiopeiae is a yellow hypergiant star, the brightest one in the night sky. It is located in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is also one of the largest, with a size 450 times larger than the Sun.

Hypergiants
Variable stars
HR 5171 is a yellow hypergiant star, and the largest of its type. Its size is over 1,300 (or 1,500) times larger and 630,000 times brighter than the Sun. It is orbited by a smaller yellow hypergiant and blue star.

References

Hypergiants
Variable stars
Kenneth Lane "Ken" Thompson (born February 4, 1943 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American computer scientist. He is the co-creator of UNIX operating system.

Education 
Thompson received a Bachelor of Science (1965) and Master's degree (1966) in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from University of California, Berkeley.

In 1969, Thompson and colleague Dennis Ritchie created the UNIX operating system at Bell Telephone Laboratories. UNIX was a scaled-down version of the Multics operating system, one meant to run on the new smaller minicomputers becoming available at the end of the 1960s. When re-written in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, UNIX became a truly portable operating system capable of running on many different hardware platforms.

1943 births
Scientists from Louisiana
People from New Orleans, Louisiana
Living people
American computer scientists
Aloe Blacc (born January 7, 1979) is an  American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, businessman and philanthropist. His first album, Shine Through was released in 2006 by Stones Throw Records. He is best known for his singles "I Need a Dollar", "The Man", which topped the charts in the United Kingdom. He is also known for writing and performing vocals on Avicii's "Wake Me Up", which topped the charts in 22 countries.

Awards
2011 Soul Train Awards - Centric Award (nomination) 
2011 Worker's Voice Award
2014 BET Awards - Centric Award (nominated)

Brit Award

|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|rowspan="2"|Aloe Blacc
|Best International Breakthrough Act
|
|-
|Best International Male Soul Artist
|

Grammy Award

|-
|rowspan="1"|2015
|rowspan="1"|Lift Your Spirit
|Best R&B Album
|
|-

Discography 
 Shine Through (2006)

References 

1979 births
Living people
African-American singers
Singers from California
Auditorium 6 is a 2017 American short comedic horror movie directed, written, produced, and edited by Chris Stuckmann. It stars Matthew Brando, KateLynn E. Newberry, Rob Grant, George Tutie, Tara O. Horvath, and Sam Liz. The movie premiered in Cleveland, Ohio on October 25, 2017.

Premise 
A night janitor takes a job working for an old movie theater and is warned of its sinister history. When he encounters the presence that haunts the theater, something unexpected happens.

Cast 

 Matthew Brando as Matt
KateLynn E. Newberry as Olivia
 Rob Grant as Supervisor
 George Tutie as Manager
 Tara O. Horvath as Theater Customer #1
 Sam Liz as Theater Customer #2

Release 
The movie's premiere was held in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 25, 2017.  Since then, the movie has gone to several different film festivals.

Reception

Critical response 
Tyler Hummel from Geeks Under Grace praised the film and said "Auditorium 6 carries both a genuine energy, enthusiasm, and talent that suggests to me that Mr. Stuckmann could become quite a good independent director." Horror Geek Life writer Curt Oglesbee scored the film 4 out of 5 stars, and said "Chris Stuckmann‘s Auditorium 6 is an ode to that particular relationship with film, made by movie lovers FOR movie lovers."

Accolades

References

Other websites 
 

2017 horror movies
American horror movies
William Raymond Barry (October 4, 1928 – August 28, 2018) was an American-born Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 18 games in the National Hockey League. He also played for the Boston Bruins and the Hershey Bears in the 1951-52 season.

Barry was born in Revere, Massachusetts and raised in Edmonton, Alberta. He died on August 28, 2018, in Calgary, aged 89.

References

Other websites 
 

1928 births
2018 deaths
American ice hockey players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Edmonton
The National Museum of Brazil is the oldest scientific institution of Brazil. Until 2018 it had one of the largest collections of natural history and anthropology in the Americas. Despite this, the museum was already in bad condition when it burned in September 2018.

Finance 
From 2014 the museum had budget cuts that dropped its maintenance to less than R$520,000 annually. The budget was so low, there was $0.01 to spend on each of the artifacts.

The building fell into disrepair, with peeling wall material, exposed electrical wiring, and a termite problem. Some of the artifacts lost in the fire included Egyptian mummies, remains from the oldest human skeleton found in the Americas, frescoes from Pompeii, and dinosaur skeletons.

By June 2018, the museum's 200th anniversary, it had reached a state of near-complete abandonment.

There was an offer from The World Bank to buy the museum for $80m. It was turned down because the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro would have to give up ownership.

The great fire 
On 2 September 2018, at around 19:30 local time, a large fire broke out at the Paço de São Cristóvão. The museum was almost completely destroyed. The museum's holdings included over 20 million items. About 90% were destroyed.

Brazil's President Michel Temer called the loss of the historical and cultural heritage "incalculable". The cause of the fire is not known, but many connected it to the museum's lack of funding.

No injuries were reported.

References

Other websites

2018 disasters
2010s in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
September 2018 events
National museums
Sir James Alexander Mirrlees  (5 July 1936 – 29 August 2018) was a Scottish economist. He was the winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. He was knighted in the 1997 Birthday Honours.

Mirrlees died on 29 August 2018 in Cambridge, England at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 Biographic speech from The Chinese University of Hong Kong
 James Mirrlees interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 21 July 2009 (film)

1936 births
2018 deaths
Scottish people
Economists
Carilda Oliver Labra  (6 July 1922 – 29 August 2018) was a Cuban poet.  She was born in Matanzas.

Oliver Labra studied law at the University of Havana. She was known as one of the most influential Cuban poets.

Oliver Labra won many national and international prizes including the National Poetry Prize (1950), National Literature Award (1997) and the José de Vasconcelos International Prize (2002). Me desordeno, amor, me desordeno might be her most famous poem.

Oliver Labra died of pneumonia in Matanzas on 29 August 2018, aged 96.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Cuban writers
Poets
Paul Belville Taylor, Jr. (July 29, 1930 – August 29, 2018) was an American choreographer. He was among the last living members of the third generation of America's modern dance artists. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Taylor works include Big Bertha (1970),, Airs (1978), Arden Court (1981), Sunset (1983), Last Look (1985), Speaking in Tongues (1988), Brandenburgs (1988), Company B (1991), Piazolla Caldera (1996), Black Tuesday (2001), Promethean Fire (2002), and Beloved Renegade (2008). 

In 1992, he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography and was awarded the Kennedy Center Honorees.

Taylor died of renal failure on August 29, 2018, at a Manhattan hospital at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Paul Taylor Dance Company
PBS:American Masters biography
Kennedy Center biography
American Ballet Theater biography 

Kennedy Center honorees
Emmy Award winners
1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American choreographers
American dancers
People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Ray (February 14, 1982 – August 30, 2018) was a Hong Kong professional wrestler. Ray made her professional wrestling debut in September 2003 and would for the next several years wrestle under different masks, before she began working for Smash in March 2010. She remained with Smash until the promotion folded in March 2012.

During her career, Ray held the CMLL-Reina International Junior, International Ribbon Tag Team and WNC Women's Championships, among other titles.

After being diagnosed with brain cancer in December 2015, she died on August 30, 2018 at the age of 36.

References

Other websites
Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW profile 
Fukumen Mania profile  
Puroresu Central profile
 
Ray's official blog 

1982 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
People from Hong Kong
Wrestlers
Marie Severin (; August 21, 1929 – August 29, 2018) was an American comics artist and colorist. She was best known for her work for Marvel Comics such as on Spider-Man, Thor, and Iron Man and the 1950s' EC Comics. Severin was born in East Rockaway, New York.

Severin was added into the Will Eisner Comics Hall of Fame in 2001.

Severin died in Massapequa, New York on August 29, 2018 from a stroke at the age of 89.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York
American comics artists
People from New York City
East Rockaway is a village in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. The population was 9,818 at the 2010 census.

References

Villages in New York
Massapequa (, ) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island, east of New York City. It is near to Amityville. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a total population of 21,685.

References

Census-designated places in New York (state)
Hamlets in New York
Amityville is a village in Suffolk County, New York, in the United States. The population was 9,523 at the 2010 census.

References

Villages in New York
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza  25 January 1922 – 31 August 2018) was an Italian population geneticist. He lectured at Stanford University. Cavalli-Sforza won the Weldon Memorial Prize in 1978. He was born in Genoa, Italy.

Cavalli-Sforza's The History and Geography of Human Genes (1994 with Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza) is a standard reference on human genetic variation. Cavalli-Sforza also wrote The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution (together with his son Francesco).

Earlier, in the 1970s, he and Walter Bodmer wrote what was the standard textbook on modern human genetics,  The Genetics of Human Populations. WHFreeman, 1971.  The two, with Bodmer as first author, later wrote another more basic text, Genetics, Evolution, and Man  WHFreeman, 1976. Together  with his 1994 book they show human genetics before the genomics era began giving much more detailed data.

Cavalli-Sforza died on 31 August 2018 in Belluno, Italy at the age of 96.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Italian scientists
Geneticists
People from Genoa
Muni Tarun Sagar (26 June 1967 – 1 September 2018) was an Indian Digambara monk and political advisor.

His lectures are known as Kadve Pravachan (bitter discourses) because they can be critical of common practices and views. His lectures have been published in book series also titled Kadve Pravachan. His audience often includes a majority of non-Jains.

Early life
Sagar was born as Pawan Kumar Jain on 26 June 1967 in Madhya Pradesh, India. He became Kshullak at the age of 13 and Acharya Pushpdant Sagar at the age of 20.

Works

Sagar was known for supporting the ban on liquor, leather and meat in India. He began to publish speeches under the title Kadve Pravachan (Bitter Discourse) starting in 2003 in Ahmedabad.

Sagar delivered his sermons Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2010 and in Haryana Legislative Assembly on 26 August 2016.

He was known as a "progressive Jain monk" for his criticism of violence, corruption and conservatism, and his speeches came to be called "Katu Pravachan".

Famous quotes
Jealousy fetches you nothing.
Don't be egoistic because of your money!
Dharma seems necessary?
Where there is bickering, there is hell

Politics
While Jain monks often did not want to be related with politicians,  Sagar often met politicians and government officials as a guest. He has delivered his sermons Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2010 and in Haryana Legislative Assembly on 26 August 2016.

Sagar was respected by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and Modi would award him Tarun Kranti Puraskar in 2012.

Criticisms
In August 2016, Tarun Sagar was invited to address the Haryana Assembly by both the ruling BJP and the opposition Congress party members. He talked about social and political issues and evoked applause and laughter from lawmakers. The event caused a number of tweets critical of Muni Tarun Sagar because of his nudity.

He once said that Jihad is a conspiracy to convert Hindu girls into Muslims. He was also against Muslim practice in India.

Death
Sagar died on 1 September 2018 from complications of jaundice in New Delhi, India at the age of 51.

References

Works

Other websites
Official Website 
Most People Dressed up as Mahatma Gandhi World Record

1967 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from jaundice
Jainism
Indian writers
Monks
Randy Weston (April 6, 1926 – September 1, 2018) was an American jazz pianist and composer.

Weston's works were influenced by Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk. Weston worked often with trombonist and arranger Melba Liston.

Weston died on September 1, 2018 in New York City of heart disease at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 Randy Weston official site
 "Randy Weston: Hi-Fly, Little Niles and Africa (From The Archives)", JazzProfiles, October 7, 2013
 "Profile: Randy Weston" by Arnold Jay Smith
 Randy Weston video interview at underyourskin 
 Black History Special: Jazz Legend Randy Weston on His Life and Celebration of "African Rhythms", Democracy Now!, February 20, 2012
 Transcript of conversation with Randy Weston, National Endowment for the Arts.
 "Randy Weston: A Giant of Jazz, a Giant of a Man", Huffington Post, December 2, 2015.

1926 births
2018 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
American jazz musicians
American composers
American pianists
Musicians from New York City
Ehsan Yarshater (, April 3, 1920 – September 1, 2018) was an Iranian historian and linguist. He worked in iranology. He was the founder and director of The Center for Iranian Studies, and Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Columbia University.

References

1920 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from thrombosis
Disease-related deaths in California
Iranian writers
Historians
Linguists
Conway Victor Savage (27 July 1960 – 2 September 2018) was an Australian rock pianist and singer-songwriter. He was a member of Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds from 1990 until his retirement in 2017. 

Savage had a solo career and released albums, Nothing Broken (2000), Wrong Man's Hands (2004) and Rare Songs & Performances 1989–2004. He also collaborated with other artists for their albums, such as Soon Will Be Tomorrow (with Suzie Higgie, 1998) and Quickie for Ducky (with Amanda Fox and Robert Tickner, 2007).

In October 2017, Savage was diagnosed with brain cancer. He died, aged 58, in Melbourne on 2 September 2018.

References

1960 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian pianists
Australian rock singers
Australian rock musicians
Musicians from Victoria (Australia)
Babylon is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is located on Long Island, the town population was 214,191 as of the 2014 census.

Other websites

 Town of Babylon
 Babylon Beacon (local newspaper)

Towns in New York
Barry Du Bois (born 4 August 1960) is an Australian designer, building expert and TV personality on Network Ten. Du Bois first appeared on reality renovation show The Renovators. Du Bois is co-host and design/building expert on lifestyle program The Living Room.

In 2017, Du Bois was diagnosed with terminal multiple myeloma.

References

1960 births
Living people
Australian television presenters
Designers
People with cancer
People from Sydney
St John Ambulance is a group of organizations which provide first aid and emergency medicine. They work in over 40 countries, mostly in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The role of St John Ambulance varies. For example, in some parts of Australia, St John Ambulance are the main ambulance service. In most places, St John Ambulance are mostly volunteers and their role is to provide first aid at local events (e.g. sports matches, local fairs, races, etc.) and first aid training to the public.

St John Ambulance is run by its founders, the Venerable Order of Saint John. The Order is a descendant of the Knights Hospitaller of the Middle Ages. They founded the first branch of St John Ambulance in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. In 1877, the St John Ambulance Association was set up to teach first aid skills. In 1887, the St John Ambulance Brigade was founded to provide first aid at local events. These two have since been merged into the English branch of St John Ambulance.

First aiders for St John Ambulance are often seen wearing uniform. They originally had army ranks, though many now use non-military ranks instead. Some branches have cadets, for teenagers and older children.

All branches of St John Ambulance use the eight-point Maltese Cross as their logo. This symbol appears on a number of organizations descended from the Knights Hospitaller. The Order of Malta Ambulance Corps in Ireland is an example. Other similar organizations include Red Cross and Red Crescent (a worldwide movement) and St Andrew's First Aid in Scotland.

International organizations
Charities
The Gambia River (formerly known as the River Gambra) is a major river in West Africa. It is about   long. It runs from the Fouta Djallon plateau in north Guinea westward through Senegal and the Gambia to the Atlantic Ocean at the city of Banjul.  It is navigable for about half that length.

Geography 
The river is strongly associated with The Gambia, the smallest country in mainland Africa, which consists of little more than the downstream half of the river and its two banks.

From the Fouta Djallon, the river runs northwest into the Tambacounda Region of Senegal, where it flows through the Parc National du Niokolo Koba, then is joined by the Nieri Ko and Koulountou before entering the Gambia at Fatoto. At this point the river runs generally west, but in a meandering course with a number of oxbows, and about 100km from its mouth it gradually widens, to over 10km wide where it meets the sea.

Near the mouth of the river, near Juffure, is Kunta Kinteh Island, a place used in the slave trade which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The aquatic fauna in the Gambia River basin is closely associated with that of the Senegal River basin, and the two are usually combined under a single ecoregion known as the Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Although the species richness is moderately high, only three species of frogs and one fish are endemic to this ecoregion.

Oysters are harvested from the River Gambia and used to make oyster stew, a traditional dish in the cuisine of Gambia.

The river is an important trade route. Ocean-going vessels can use it for , to the settlement of Kuntaur. Smaller ships can reach the settlement Fatoto, which is  from its mouth.

References 

Rivers of Africa
The Gambia
Guinea
Senegal
Tongyong Pinyin is a romanization of Mandarin Chinese, or a way to write Mandarin in the Roman alphabet, that was invented in Taiwan. It was created by the Taiwanese to oppose Hanyu Pinyin, which is the official romanization of Mandarin in Mainland China, the UN, and most other international organizations, because many Taiwanese do not want to use a writing system created by the Chinese Communist Party. In 2002, it became the official romanization in Taiwan, even though no one was forced to use it. However, in 2009, Taiwan replaced Tongyong with Hanyu as the island's official romanization. While Taipei mostly uses Hanyu spelling today, many cities, particularly in southern Taiwan, still use many different romanizations, including Tongyong spelling, and it can still be seen in many places.

Tongyong Pinyin vs. Hanyu Pinyin 
Most Tongyong spellings of Chinese syllables are the same as Hanyu spellings. However, one major difference is that Tongyong does not use letters 'x' and 'q', which are both used in Hanyu. Below is a chart that compares syllables in Hanyu to those in Tongyong. Below is not an exhaustive list, but a list that show major differences between the two systems.

Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Hanyu Pinyin, and Tongyong Pinyin with English translations.

Pictures

References

Romanization
Words
Chinese language
"Starships" is a song by American rapper Nicki Minaj.  It is from her second studio album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and appears as the tenth track on the album.  It was released on February 14, 2012.  The song has a pop rap sound similar to her previous single "Super Bass" and has elements of dance-pop and Eurodance.  Minaj co-wrote the song with Wayne Hector, Carl Falk, Rami Yacoub, and its producer, RedOne, who is known for his work with Lady Gaga and Jennifer Lopez.

The song has been very successful worldwide, reaching the top ten in countries like the US, UK, Canada, and Australia.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References

Notes 

2012 songs
Nicki Minaj songs
Dance-pop songs
Hip hop songs
Gordon David Phillips (17 November 1946 – 3 September 2018) was an English professional football goalkeeper and coach. He made over 200 appearances in the Football League for Brentford.

Phillips also played for Hayes from 1961 to 1963 and for Hillingdon Borough from 1973 to 1978. He was born in Uxbridge, London.

Phillips died on 3 September 2018 from cancer, aged 71.

References

1946 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from London
Horn Hill is a town in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 228.

Towns in Alabama
Hurtsboro is a town of Russell County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. At the 2010 census the population was 553, down from 592 in 2000. It was founded in 1857.

1850s establishments in Alabama
1857 establishments in the United States
Towns in Alabama
Springville is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 4,080, up from 2,521 in 2000. It was incorporated in December 1880.

References 

Cities in Alabama
Moody is a city in Alabama in the United States. At the 2010 census, it has about 11,700 people lived there.

Cities in Alabama
Mooresville is a town of Limestone County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It is located southeast of the intersection of Interstate 565 and Interstate 65, and north of Wheeler Lake.

The town is between Huntsville and Decatur, and is part of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area; its population as of the 2010 census is 53, down from 59 in 2000.

Other websites 

Town website
Mooresville: A Town of Charm & History

Towns in Alabama
Jemison is a city in Chilton County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 2,585.

References

Other websites 
 City of Jemison official website
 History of the City of Jemison 

Cities in Alabama
Thomas Sowell (; born June 30, 1930) is an American economist and social theorist. He is a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

Sowell worked at Cornell University and University of California, Los Angeles. He has also worked for think tanks such as the Urban Institute. 

Since 1980, he has worked at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He writes from a libertarian conservative perspective. He is a National Humanities Medal recipient for innovative scholarship which incorporated history, economics and political science.

References

Other websites
 Thomas Sowell's home page
 Thomas Sowell Features at Creators Syndicate
 Column archive at Townhall.com
 Archive of Articles by Thomas Sowell at JewishWorldReview.com
 

1930 births
Living people
American economists
Educators from South Carolina
American conservatives
American political scientists
American political writers
Writers from South Carolina
Richard Art Viguerie (born September 23, 1933) is an American conservative figure, pioneer of political direct mail and writer on politics. He is the current chairman of ConservativeHQ.com.

References

Other websites
 ConservativeHQ.com Web Site
 
 
 Booknotes interview with Viguerie on America's Right Turn: How Conservatives Used New and Alternative Media to Take Power, September 5, 2004. 

1933 births
Living people
American political writers
American conservatives
Writers from Texas
Pasadena  is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the city's population is 149,043, making it the seventeenth most populous city in the state of Texas.

The area was founded in 1893 by John H. Burnett of Galveston, who named the area after Pasadena, California.

References

Cities in Texas
1893 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Texas
Annette Jones (born September 7, 1967), better known as Leslie Jones, is an American comedian and actress. She is a cast member and writer on Saturday Night Live. 

Jones starred in Ghostbusters (2016) as Patty Tolan. In 2017 and 2018, Jones was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on Saturday Night Live.

References

1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Tennessee
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
Dumbo is an American fantasy adventure movie. It was directed by Tim Burton. It was inspired by Walt Disney's 1941 animated movie also called Dumbo. It stars Colin Farrell, Michael Keaton, Danny DeVito, Eva Green and Alan Arkin.

The movie was released in the United States and United Kingdom on March 11, 2019. It was released in Real D 3D and IMAX 3D.

References

2019 movies
2010s American adventure movies
2010s American fantasy movies
Disney movie remakes
Movies based on books
Jon Raymond Polito (December 29, 1950 – September 1, 2016) was an American actor. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His best known works were as Detective Steve Crosetti in the first two seasons of Homicide: Life on the Street and as Phil Bartoli on the first season of Crime Story. 

Polito starred as The Rocketeer, The Crow and Gangster Squad, as well as his work with the Coen brothers. He appeared in five of their movies, including Miller's Crossing, Barton Fink and The Big Lebowski. 

Polito last appeared as Enrico Banducci in a large supporting role in Tim Burton's 2014 movie Big Eyes.

Polito died from multiple myeloma on September 1, 2016 in Duarte, California, aged 65.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Cancer deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Duarte () is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 21,321, down from 21,486 at the 2000 census.

Duarte is located at .

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Tropical Storm Gordon was a tropical cyclone in early September 2018. The storm developed on September 1, 2018. 

Gordon crossed over southern Florida near Key Largo and Miami on September 3, 2018. The storm went into the Gulf of Mexico later that day.

Tropical storm and hurricane warnings were put in effect from southeast Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle.

Gordon was expected to become a hurricane before moving onto the United States Gulf Coast.

References

Hurricanes in the United States
2018 in the United States
Hinterkaifeck was a small farmstead near the Bavarian towns of Ingolstadt and Schrobenhausen. It was about  north of Munich. On the evening of 31 March 1922, the six people who lived in the farm were killed. The murders remain unsolved.

The six victims were parents Andreas Gruber (63) and Cäzilia (72); their widowed daughter Viktoria Gabriel (35); Viktoria's children, Cäzilia (7) and Josef (2); and the maid, Maria Baumgartner (44).

Hinterkaifeck was never an official place name. The name was used for the remote farmstead of the hamlet of Kaifeck, located nearly  north of the main part of Kaifeck and hidden in the woods (the prefix Hinter, part of many German place names, means behind), part of the town of Wangen, which was incorporated into Waidhofen in 1971.

Other websites
Interviews, pictures, maps and theories (German)
Two new films about Hinterkaifeck (English)

1922 in Europe
1920s in Germany

History of Bavaria
March events
Mass murder in Germany
Murders by blade weapons
The Tamam Shud case, also known as the Mystery of the Somerton Man, is an unsolved case of an unidentified man found dead at 6:30 am, 1 December 1948, on Somerton beach, Glenelg, just south of Adelaide, South Australia.

It is named after the Persian phrase tamám shud, meaning "ended" or "finished", printed on a scrap of paper found months later in the fob pocket of the man's trousers. 

The scrap had been torn from the final page of a copy of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, authored by 12th-century poet Omar Khayyám. Tamam was misspelt as Taman in many early reports and this error.

Jessica Thomson living in nearby Glenelg was questioned in connection with the case, her phone number was found in the book. Shortly afterwards, she gave birth to a boy with the same rare ear trait as the unidentified man.

Notes

References

1948
1940s in Australia
Unexplained deaths
On March 18, 1990, 13 paintings worth for a total of $500 million were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. In the early hours, guards admitted two men posing as police officers responding to a disturbance call.

Once inside, the thieves tied up the guards and over the next hour committed the largest-value recorded theft of private property in history. Despite efforts by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and multiple probes around the world, no arrests have been made and no works have been recovered.

The museum initially offered a reward of $5 million for information leading to the art's recovery, but in 2017 this was temporarily doubled to $10 million, with an expiration date set to the end of the year. This was extended into 2018 following helpful tips from the public.

References

1990 in the United States
1990s crimes in the United States
1990s in Massachusetts
20th century in Boston, Massachusetts

Robberies
Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the Islamist group Al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011 shortly after 1:00 am PKT (20:00 UTC, May 1) by United States Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six).

The raid
The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a CIA-led operation with Joint Special Operations Command. The operation ended a nearly 10-year search for bin Laden, following his role in the September 11 attacks on the United States.

The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan. U.S. military officials said that after the raid U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried him at sea within 24 hours of his death in accordance with Islamic tradition.

The SEALs encountered the residents in the compound's guest house, in its main building on the first floor where two adult males lived, and on the second and third floors where bin Laden lived with his family.

The second and third floors were the last section of the compound to be cleared. There were reportedly "small knots of children ... on every level, including the balcony of bin Laden's room".

bin Laden was killed in the raid and initial versions said three other men and a woman were killed as well: bin Laden's adult son Khalid, bin Laden's courier Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar, and Abrar's wife Bushra.

Al-Qaeda confirmed the death on May 6 with posts made on militant websites, vowing to avenge the killing.

Approval
The raid was supported by over 90% of the American public, United Nations, NATO, the European Union, along with a large number of governments, but was criticized by two-thirds of the Pakistani public.

Also controversial was the decision not to release any photographic or DNA evidence of bin Laden's death to the public.

Aftermath
In the aftermath of the killing, Pakistani Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani created a commission under Senior Justice Javed Iqbal. The resulting Abbottabad Commission Report, which revealed Pakistani state military and intelligence authorities’ “collective failure” that enabled bin Laden to hide in Pakistan for nine years.

References

Other websites

 Closing in on bin Laden — The Washington Post collection of maps, diagrams, and other images
 Phillips, Macon. "Osama Bin Laden Dead." The White House Blog. May 2, 2011.
 "Photo Gallery May 1, 2011." The White House
 Garamone, Jim. "Obama Declares 'Justice Has Been Done'." American Forces Press Service, U.S. Department of Defense.
 Garamone, Jim. "Intelligence, Operations Team Up for bin Laden Kill." American Forces Press Service, U.S. Department of Defense.
 "Office of the Spokesperson Press Release Death of Osama bin Ladin." Embassy of Pakistan in Washington. May 2, 2011.

2011 deaths
2011 in Asia
2010s in Pakistan
Abbottabad
Barack Obama

May 2011 events
Bobby Dunbar was an American boy whose disappearance at the age of four and apparent return was widely reported in newspapers across the United States in 1912 and 1913. 

In August 1912, the Dunbars took a fishing trip to nearby Swayze Lake in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana.  On August 23, while on that trip, Bobby Dunbar disappeared.

After an eight-month nationwide search, investigators believed that they had found the child in Mississippi, in the hands of William Cantwell Walters of North Carolina. 

Dunbar's parents claimed the boy as their missing son. However, both Walters and a woman named Julia Anderson said that the boy with him was Anderson's son. Julia Anderson could not afford a lawyer, and the court eventually sided for the Dunbars. Percy and Lessie Dunbar retained custody of the child, who proceeded to live out the remainder of his life as Bobby Dunbar.  

In 2004, DNA test found that the boy found with Walters and "returned" to the Dunbars as Bobby had not been a blood relative of the Dunbar family. Since the DNA testing is conclusive, the fate of the actual Bobby Dunbar remains unsolved.

References

1910s in the United States
1912
1913
20th century in Mississippi
Missing American people
Thomas Bangalter (born 3 January 1975) is a French musician, half of the duo Daft Punk, together with Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, in the sub-genre known as French House (Filter House/Tekfunk).

1975 births
DJs
Bass guitarists
Record producers
Movie score composers
Musicians from Paris
Living people
Los Gatos is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. It is in the San Francisco Bay Area, about 70 miles south of San Francisco. It is on the edge of Silicon Valley.

The town grew rapidly in the 1960s, and now has 30,000 inhabitants. California State Route 17 runs through the town from south to north. 

Mission Oaks Hospital is the biggest employer, with 2,000 staff. Netflix is an online movie rental service headquartered in Los Gatos.

Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in Santa Clara County, California
San Ramon is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States, located 34 miles east of San Francisco, and within the San Ramon Valley. San Ramon's population was estimated as 76,134 in mid-2015 by the US Census Bureau, making it the 4th largest city in Contra Costa County, after Richmond, Concord and Antioch.

References 

Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in Contra Costa County, California
Gwoyeu Romatzyh (pinyin: Guóyǔ luómǎzì, literally "National Language Romanization"), abbreviated GR, is a romanization of Mandarin Chinese, or a way to write Mandarin using the Roman alphabet, made by Yuen Ren Chao and some other linguists in the late 1920s. It was made as a way to write Mandarin using tonal spelling, or spelling rules that would change the syllable's spelling depending on its tone. For example, the syllable chai would be written as chai if it has the first Mandarin tone (or chāi in Pinyin), chair if it has the second tone (chái), chae if it has the third tone (chăi), and chay if it had the fourth tone (chài). Y.R. Chao created GR in order to increase literacy in China because China's illiteracy was very high in the early 20th century. He made it that tones could be written without extra tone markers, which can be long and difficult to add when printing. 

Even though many other Asian languages use tonal spelling, like Hmong, they all represent tones by using the same letter each time the tone is used. In Hmong, for example, -b is always a high tone, -s is always a low tone, -j is always high-falling tone. In GR, however, each syllable final has its own spelling rules, and many exceptions exist within these rules. For example, first tone words with the final -a as in bā is written with just one vowel like ba, except when the syllable begins with an l-, m-, or n-, which then must be written as lha, mha, and nha in that order. This is only one of its many rules and exceptions. 

Unsurprisingly, many people thought GR was too difficult to learn. Nonetheless, it still has many supporters, and they would rather learn using GR than Pinyin. While supporters of GR claim that it helps users of GR remember tones better than people who just use Pinyin, studies have not supported this claim. As a matter of fact, one study showed that after one year, the subjects who learned Chinese using Pinyin could more accurately speak Mandarin with tones than those who learned using GR. 

After the Communist Party took over China, it tried to replaced all romanizations of Chinese, including GR, with Pinyin. While GR is not an official romanization in Taiwan, it can be seen in several places, including road signs, people's names, and the names of products, even though Hanyu Pinyin is the official romanization of Taiwan. 

Even though almost all romanizations in mainland China today are in Pinyin, there are still some exceptions. For example, the name of the province Shaanxi is written in GR rather than in Pinyin, which would be Shǎnxī with tone markers, because there is already another province named Shanxi, which is written as Shānxī with tones. If the Pinyin names were to be written without tone markers (which they often are in everyday Pinyin), they should both be spelled Shanxi. Therefore they would be impossible to tell apart using just Pinyin without tones. Therefore, an exception has been made in this case. 

Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Pinyin, and GR with English translations.

References 

Chinese language
Romanization
The Arch of Septimius Severus () is at the northwest end of the Roman Forum. It is a white marble triumphal arch. It was dedicated in  203 AD after the Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons. Two campaigns were fought against the Parthians in 194/195 and 197–199 AD.

The sons were Caracalla and Geta. After the death of Septimius Severus, his sons were initially joint emperors. Caracalla had Geta assassinated in 212; Geta's memorials were destroyed. All images or mentions of him were removed from public buildings and monuments. So, Geta's image and inscriptions were removed from the arch (damnatio memoriae).

Buildings and structures in Italy
Roman Empire
The flags of the cities of the United States exhibit a wide variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as widely different styles and design principles.

Alabama

Alaska

Historical

Arizona

Historical

Arkansas

California

Historical

Colorado

Columbia, District of

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida
Many flags of Floridian cities feature their city seal on a saltire, incorporating elements from the Floridian flag, itself based on the former Spanish flag, into their designs.

Historical

Georgia

Historical

Hawaii

Historical

Idaho

Historical

Illinois

Historical

Indiana

Historical

Iowa

Kansas

Historical

Kentucky

Historical

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Historical

Massachusetts

Historical

Michigan

Historical

Minnesota

Mississippi

Historical

Missouri

Historical

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

Historical

New Hampshire

Historical

New Jersey

Historical

New Mexico

New York
Some city flags of New York, such as that of Albany and New York, feature colors from the Dutch Prince's Flag in their designs, due to the prominence of the Netherlands in the history of New York.

Historical

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Historical

Oklahoma

Historical

Oregon

Historical

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Historical

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Historical

South Dakota

Historical

Tennessee

Historical

Texas

Historical

Utah

Historical

Vermont

Virginia

Historical

Washington

Historical

West Virginia

Historical

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Notes

References

Cities in the United States
 
Lists of flags
Flags
Vladimir Alvino Guerrero (born February 9, 1975), nicknamed Vlad, Vlady and Vlad the Impaler, is a Dominican former professional baseball player who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter. He played for the Montreal Expos (1996–2003), Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2004–09), Texas Rangers (2010), and Baltimore Orioles (2011).

Guerrero is considered one of the greatest batters of all time, and is widely regarded as the best "bad ball" batter of all time (the ability to hit pitches outside of the strike zone). He was well known for putting the ball into play, and particularly on the first pitch.  He had exceptional hands at the plate, and would bat without batting gloves.  Guerrero was able to hit for both power and average.  In the outfield, Guerrero was sometimes considered a defensive liability, prone to making errors, which resulted in him being a designated hitter in the last stage of his remarkable career, but he was also known to have a very powerful throwing arm that allowed him to make outfield assists on base runners.

Many baseball fans and critics believe Guerrero's career was overshadowed by those of other players due to playing for a small fan base in Montreal, and similarly, many believe that he deserved to win the 2000 National League Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award for his remarkable season, an award which instead was won by Barry Bonds.

Guerrero barely missed being elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame on the first ballot (first year of candidacy), but he was admitted in on the second ballot.

One of Guerrero's sons, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., plays in MLB.

1975 births
Dominican Republic sportspeople
American League All-Stars
National League All-Stars
Baltimore Orioles players
Montreal Expos players
Texas Rangers players
Living people
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players
Mawlawi Jalaluddin Haqqani (1939 – 3 September 2018) was an Afghan militant. He was the leader of the Haqqani network, a fighting group in guerilla warfare against US-led NATO forces.

By 2004, he was directing pro-Taliban militants to launch a holy war in Afghanistan. Within Pakistan, Jalaluddin had a relation with Pakistan but he did not act against the TTP. He was the most experienced Islamist leader in the region. Steve Coll, author of Ghost Wars, claims that Haqqani introduced suicide bombing in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region.

On 3 September 2018, the Taliban released a statement via Twitter saying that Haqqani died from a terminal illness in his late 70s.

References

1939 births
2018 deaths
Afghan leaders
Military people
Taliban
Terrorists
Paul Koech (25 June 1969 – 4 September 2018) was a Kenyan distance and marathon runner. He was known for his competition at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1998 and finished in first place. He was also a regular competitor in the IAAF World Cross Country Championships with several top-5 positions.

Koech died on 4 September 2018 at a hospital in Nairobi from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 49.

References

1969 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Kenyan sportspeople
Competitors in athletics
Marijan Beneš (; 11 June 1951 – 4 September 2018) was a Yugoslav-Bosnian boxer. He was born in Belgrade. He was thought of as one of the best in Yugoslav history.

After an amateur career, he won the gold medal in European Amateur Boxing Championships in Belgrade, he turned professional in 1977, and won the European Boxing Union title in the light welterweight in 1979. Beneš retired from the ring in 1983, after a severe eye injury.

Beneš died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 4 September 2018, aged 67.

References

1951 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Bosnia and Herzegovina sportspeople
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Boxers
Anita Lindman (née Lamm; 14 May 1932 – 31 August 2018) was a Swedish television announcer and producer. She was known for the children's program Anita och Televinken, which she both produced and announced for. She was a daughter of Uno Lamm and Ingalill Beckman. 

Lindman died in Norrtälje on 31 August 2018, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Anita Lindman at Swedish Film Database
Anita Lindman at LIBRIS
Anita Lindman at Svensk mediedatabas

1932 births
2018 deaths
Swedish entertainers
Television producers
Television presenters