cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Robson Ponte (born 6 November 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Juventus||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1996||||1||0||||||||||||||1||0
|-
|1997||América-SP||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Guarani||rowspan="2"|Série A||16||7||||||||||||||16||7
|-
|1999||16||9||||||||||||||16||9

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||24||2||||||||||||||24||2
|-
|2000/01||12||0||||||||||||||12||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Wolfsburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||31||8||||||||||||||31||8
|-
|2002/03||30||5||||||||||||||30||5
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||20||2||||||||||||||20||2
|-
|2004/05||23||2||||||||||||||23||2

|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||16||8||5||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||24||9
|-
|2006||22||4||4||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||29||6
|-
|2007||33||7||0||0||2||0||12||5||47||12
|-
|2008||16||1||2||1||2||0||4||0||24||2
|-
|2009||28||4||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
33||16||||||||||||||33||16
140||19||||||||||||||140||19
115||24||12||3||14||2||16||5||157||34
288||59||12||3||14||2||16||5||330||69
|}

References
Urawa Red Diamonds 

1976 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Tomislav Marić (born 28 January 1973) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Ludwigsburg||||26||4||||||||||26||4
|-
|1993/94||||33||10||||||||||33||10
|-
|1994/95||Karlsruhe||Bundesliga||4||0||||||||||4||0
|-
|1995/96||Wattenscheid||2. Bundesliga||31||7||||||||||31||7
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Stuttgarter Kickers||rowspan="4"|2. Bundesliga||20||6||||||||||20||6
|-
|1997/98||33||7||||||||||33||7
|-
|1998/99||26||8||||||||||26||8
|-
|1999/00||33||21||||||||||33||21
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Wolfsburg||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||30||6||||||||||30||6
|-
|2001/02||17||12||||||||||17||12
|-
|2002/03||27||12||||||||||27||12
|-
|2003/04||Borussia Mönchengladbach||Bundesliga||7||1||||||||||7||1
|-
|2004/05||Wolfsburg||Bundesliga||11||1||||||||||11||1

|-
|2005||Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||13||8||5||6||3||0||21||14

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Hoffenheim||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||15||9||||||||||15||9
|-
|2006/07||32||8||||||||||32||8
|-
|2007/08||2. Bundesliga||0||0||||||||||0||0
345||112||||||||||345||112
13||8||5||6||3||0||21||14
358||120||5||6||3||0||366||126
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||5||1
|-
|2003||6||1
|-
!Total||11||2
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Ichiei Muroi (born 22 June 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="7"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||3||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|1996||14||1||0||0||14||1||28||2
|-
|1997||13||1||1||0||9||0||23||1
|-
|1998||8||0||4||1||4||0||16||1
|-
|1999||8||0||0||0||3||0||11||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 2||23||1||3||1||2||0||28||2
|-
|2001||J. League 1||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2001||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||10||0||5||1||0||0||15||1
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||14||0||1||0||7||0||22||0
|-
|2003||18||1||0||0||8||0||26||1
|-
|2004||12||1||0||0||4||0||16||1
|-
|2005||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||10||0||0||0||5||0||15||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Yokohama||J. League 2||8||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2007||J. League 1||9||0||0||0||1||0||10||0
152||5||19||3||57||1||228||9
152||5||19||3||57||1||228||9
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
(Afrikaans for Boer music) is a kind of South African instrumental folk music.  Its was made to go with social dancing at parties and festivals.

History
Boeremusiek is from Europe. It was brought to South Africa and changed into its own style. It is thought to have got to South Africa by British Empire military bands.

Style
Every artist or band comes up with their own sound and style. They make up their own style by playing different types of concertinas and using different instruments in the band. 

A concertina is similar to an accordion and is the lead instrument in most Boeremusiek bands. There are many different types of concertinas, which is why Boeremusiek has so many sounds and styles, and the construction the concertina is what makes the different sounds in the Boeremusiek band; it depends on where the slots and holes are put makes the difference on the sound that the concertina makes. 

Other instruments that might be in a Boeremusiek band are piano accordions, button harmonicas, accordions, pianos, harmoniums and the guitar. Sometimes, a cello or bass guitar may be seen.  

Today, there are many successful Boeremusiek bands that have recorded albums. Some famous bands and individual artists today are Klipwerf Boereorkes, Danie Grey, Nico Carstens, Taffie Kikkilus, Brian Nieuwoudt, Samuel Petzer, Worsie Visser and Die Ghitaar Man.

References

Folk music
Terry Ray Gordy, Jr. (born 23 March 1979) is a retired American professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he appeared on their SmackDown brand under the ring names Jesse and Slam Master J. In WWE, he was known for tagging with Drew Hankinson where they made the team of Jesse and Festus. He is the son of the wrestler Terry Gordy of the Fabulous Freebirds. Gordy currently works as a police officer in Atlanta, Georgia.

References

1979 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Tennessee
People from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Former WWE wrestlers
Microsoft Bing (before called Windows Live Search and MSN Search) is a search engine. Microsoft calls it a "decision engine", meaning that Bing tries to interpret search queries and give people better search results compared to a typical search engine, helping the user make better decisions. Bing concentrates on four major areas: shopping, travel, local and health. A preview version was made available for everyone to use on June 1, 2009, and the website was fully launched on June 3, 2009. The website quickly became popular after a few weeks.

On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners will be shifted to Bing by early 2012.

In October 2011, Microsoft announced "Tiger", a new internal search computer program for Bing. When it was finished, Bing delivered faster and more relevant search results for users. It has been incorporated into Bing since August 2011.

Features 
Bing includes the listing of search suggestions as queries are entered. It lists related searches (called "Explore pane") based on semantic technology from Powerset that Microsoft purchased in 2008.

Every day, Bing.com displays a different picture that users can click on parts of to learn more about. These pictures can be about different places around the world, or nature, or even sometimes things in outer space.

Media features 
 Video thumbnail Preview where, by hovering over a video thumbnail, the video automatically starts playing
 Image search with continuous scrolling images results page that has adjustable settings for size, layout, color, style and people.
 Video search with adjustable setting for length, screen size, resolution and source

References

Other websites 
 Bing
 Bing for Mobile
 Discover Bing
 Decision Engine
 Bing Community
 Bing Webmaster Center
 Bing Developer Center

2009 establishments in the United States
Microsoft websites
Websites
Search engines
The Boy Scouts of America or BSA is an organization for children and teens with over 5 million members across the United States. They try to give young people life values. BSA includes Cub Scouts, which is for children ages 6–11, Scouts BSA, which is for youth ages 11–17, and Venturing and Sea Scouts, for youth ages 14–20. Scouts BSA was called Boy Scouts until it started allowing girls in 2019.

Organization
Scouts BSA are ages 11–17 and belong to troops, groups of Scouts associated with a church, school or post. Cub Scouts are scouts ages 6–11 and belong to packs.  Cub Scouts include Tigers (age 6-7), Wolfs (age 7-8), Bears (age 8-9), and Webelos (age 9-11). Older Scouts can be Venturer Scouts.

History
The Boy Scouts of America were founded by American writer W. D. Boyce, in 1910, but were similar to Scouting groups in Great Britain and other early scout movements. James E. West helped out the BSA in its early years, but also made the BSA more religious than scouts were in Europe.  Scouting grew in the 1910s and 20s due to the rise of “boy’s books” devoted to Scouting and the First World War.  Scouting had many members during the 1960s, but has declined since the 1970s, despite an attempt to make scouting modern by changing requirements and adding more merit badges.

Controversies
Over the years, the BSA has taken some stands that many Americans did not like. These included being against unions (organized workers) in the 1920s, requiring Scouts to believe in God, and not allowing gays to join Scouting.

Rank
An important part of scouting is earning ranks. There are seven ranks in Scouts BSA: Scout, Tenderfoot, 2nd Class, 1st Class, Star, Life and Eagle. The first four focus on learning basic scout skills, including camping, cooking, swimming, first aid (basic medical care), citizenship,  orienteering (use of a map and compass), and pioneering (tying knots). The final three focus on earning merit badges, serving the troop and serving the community.  Eagle Scouts must plan and finish a project that benefits something other than Scouting, and earn 21 merit badges. They must also hold a position of leadership in the troop. Only about 2 or 3% of Scouts earn Eagle, but some of the ones that have include Gerald Ford and Neil Armstrong.

Oath and law 
Scouts must learn, know and follow the Scout Oath and Scout Law:

Scout Oath 
These are the words of the Scout Oath:
 "On my honor I will do my best, to do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight".

Scout Law 
A scout is:
trustworthy,
loyal,
helpful,
friendly, 
courteous,
kind,
obedient, 
cheerful,
thrifty,
brave,
clean, and
reverent.

Related pages
Girl Scouts of the USA
Scouting movement
Philmont Scout Ranch

References

Scouting
Counterfeit is the sale or manufacture of items that have not been made by real companies or have been made illegally. Nearly anything can be counterfeit, but most counterfeiting is of clothing and other small items such as bags, medicines, money, watches, or jewellery. Most things can be sold without people realizing that they are counterfeit and that they could possibly be breaking the law by buying the counterfeit goods.

Money can also be counterfeited. Sometimes people make fake cash, and this is considered to be counterfeit. The United States Secret Service investigates people who do this.

References

Organized crime

zh:假幣
Limoux () is a French commune, a subprefecture in the Aude department. It is in the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Limoux.

Geography
Limoux is along the Aude river and is about  due south of Carcassonne.

The commune of Limoux has an area of . Its average altitude is  and the city hall is an altitude of .

The commune of Limoux is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Limoux, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - oceanic climate with warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Limoux are known, in French, as Limouxins (women: Limouxines).

With a population of 10,275, Limoux has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Limoux

Limoux forms, with other 4 communes, the urban area of Limoux with a population of 12,883 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Limoux, formed by 16 communes with a population of 15,560 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Limoux is a subprefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the arrondissement of Limoux and the administrative centre () of the canton La Région Limouxine, with 19,978 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Limouxin ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Limoux is twinned with:
  Sant Joan de Vilatorrada, Catalonia, Spain

Culture

The town is well known for its wine called Limoux wine. It also has a Winter festival called Fècos. It is often called Carnaval de Limoux in France. It is usually between January and Easter.

Markets
 Weekly market every Friday (or Thursday if a public holiday falls on a Friday).
 Flea market or Brocante the first Sunday of each month on the Promenade du Tivoli.
 Evening markets on Tuesdays in July and August.

Places of interest
 The Musée Petiet (Tourist Information Office),
 Musée du Piano (Museum of the piano)
 CathaRama (a history of the Cathar movement).
 Winery tours at Sieur d'Arques and Aimery.
 Jardin aux Plantes la Bouichère - Flassian, 2 hectares of gardens which is home to various collections of increasingly rare plant varieties.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Limoux
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Other websites

 Mairie de Limoux website 
 Photos of Limoux
 Aude in photos: Limoux (163 photos) 
 Site de la Bande de Carnaval de Limoux ’Les Limouxins’

Communes in Aude
Subprefectures in France
The Sindh Valley, is a valley in a mountain range which is north of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir. The valley begins in Gandarbal and ends near Baltal and the start of the Zojila Pass. Sindh Valley is the main route between Kashmir and Central Asia.

Related pages
 Zojila Pass

Sources

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Valleys
Paktia ( - Paktyā) is a province under Afghanistan. Its capital (city) is Gardez.  There are about 1.3 million people who live in the Province.  Most of the people are Pashtun.

Districts
Paktia is made up of 14 district (District Centers are given in parentheses):

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Sun for short) was an American company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services. Sun contributed to many important computing technologies, such as Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, the Network File System (NFS), and the SPARC instruction set. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982. Sun's headquarters were in Santa Clara, California. In January 2010, it was bought by Oracle Corporation.

References

Computers
1982 establishments in California
 
Santa Clara, California
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
American computer hardware manufacturers
American software companies
2010 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
A bowler is a person who bowls or delivers a ball to the batsman in the game of cricket. Unlike the pitcher in a game of baseball, a bowler delivers with a straight arm (see photo). A ball bowled with the elbow bent is a throw, and that is illegal. If the bowler bowls while not in the right part of the nonstriker's ground, or bowls the ball out of the reach of the striking batter, that is also illegal. Illegal bowling gives the batting team 1 point, mostly can't get players out, and doesn't count toward the limit on the number of deliveries in the game. 

A bowler who can also bat well, is called an all rounder. There are different types of bowler, and a cricket team will usually have a mix of different types.

Fast bowler 
A fast bowler uses simple speed to defeat a batsman. They can send the ball to the batsman at a speed of 145 km/h. They take a long run up before bowling each ball to build speed. Shoaib Akhtar of Pakistan was the first to bowl at a speed of 160 km/h. Another famous fast bowler is Australian Brett Lee.

Medium pace bowler 

A medium pace bowler bowls more slowly. They often use other tricks to defeat the batsman. They can get the ball able to curve in the air or change the speed or length (where the ball hits the ground) to fool the batsman. Some are very accurate so they can repeatedly send the ball to a place which forces the batsman to defend rather than scoring runs. Others grip the ball so that it lands on its seam; this makes the path of the ball unpredictable.

Spin bowler 
A spin bowler usually bowls quite slowly and puts a lot of spin on the ball which makes it bounce at an angle off the ground. This makes the batsman play each ball carefully. Generally spin bowlers give up the most runs but they all have "tricks" that they use to fool the batsman and get him or her out. These tricks are given names such as the arm ball, googly, flipper, topspinner or doosra. Spin bowling is very much about fooling the batsman rather than speed. A fast off spin is the normal off spin action but with more pace. Off spin is when the cricket ball spins towards a right-handed batsmen's bat (bowler's left to right). With more pace, there usually is less turn (amount of spin). Off-spin is also called an off-break or finger spin. A famous spin bowler was the Australian Shane Warne, but his type was the leg break, which uses the wrist to spin the ball from the bowler's right to left. This is varied with the top spin, when the ball comes on straight and low.

References 

Cricket
In cricket, a wicket is:

 An object made up of three sticks (called stumps) stuck into the earth, with two small sticks (called bails) balanced on them. They are like a target for the fielding team, and can be hit with the ball to try to get batsmen out.
 A batter getting out, meaning they can't bat anymore. A team that has "lost 5 wickets" has had 5 of its batters get out. 
 The cricket pitch itself.

Object 
There is one wicket in each of the two batsmen's grounds. The fielding team can hit a wicket with the ball to run out a batsman, but only if there is no batsman in the ground of the wicket. In addition, when delivering the ball to the batsman, the bowler can hit the wicket in the striker's ground with the ball to bowl the striker out.

The wicket is said to have been "put down" when any of its 5 sticks fall to the ground because it was hit by the ball or a player holding the ball. The sticks can be put back in place and then hit back off to put the wicket down more than once.

Sides of the field 
The field can be defined as having two halves: the "off side" and the "leg side"/"on side", with these being separated by an imaginary line connecting the middle stump of both wickets. The off side of the field is the right side of a field for a right-handed batsman who is looking at the bowler, and the leg side is the left side. (This is reversed for a left-handed batsman.)

Batsman getting out 
A batsman is said to have "lost his wicket" when he gets out.

References 

Cricket
Dynamic and formal equivalence are concepts from linguistics. 

When a language  is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language. The first language may also have words, phrases or grammatical structures that do not exist in the second language.

There are two possible ways to solve this problem:
The translator can look at what the text means. He or she can then try to find expressions in the target language that mean very similar things. With this approach, the translation will sound more natural, and may be easier to read. This approach towards translation is known as dynamic or functional equivalence.
It is possible to make a literal translation. The approach towards this kind of translation is called formal equivalence. A literal translation may mean that the text is translated word-for-word. This will be harder to read, but it will be closer to what is written in the source text. However, there may even be some expressions in the source language that are absent in the target language. In that case, they are used in the translated text just the way they have been in the source text. But only the letters used in the source language for those expressions are replaced with letters from the target language. And it is done in such a way that the expressions used in the translation sound similar to those in the source text.

Linguistics
The Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter or LGW is a German airline.

Other websites
Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter 

Aviation
Kin selection or kin altruism is a form of natural selection. Some animals cooperate with relatives, even if this brings risk to themselves. The classic example of this is seen in the family life of mammals, or in colonial insects such as ants.  

Many mammals and birds raise alarms to warn others of danger. Others cooperate in tasks, such as scrub jays help each other with to build nests. In all these cases where animals cooperate, the question is whether there is any biological benefit to themselves. It is now clear that there is benefit if the animals are closely related. This is because related organisms have (to a degree) a shared genetic inheritance.

The first to write about the concept were by R.A. Fisher in 1930, and J.B.S. Haldane in 1955, but it was W.D. Hamilton who truly formalized the concept.  The actual term kin selection was probably coined by John Maynard Smith, when he wrote: 

"These processes I will call kin selection and group selection respectively. Kin selection has been discussed by Haldane and by Hamilton... By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected individual.

By cooperating, relatives influence each other's fitness. Under natural selection, a gene which improves the fitness of individuals will increase in frequency. A gene which lowers the fitness of individuals will become rare. 

However, behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the actor, may nonetheless increase in frequency. Relatives do, by definition, carry many of the same genes. This is the fundamental principle behind the theory of kin selection. According to the theory, the enhanced fitness of relatives may more than compensate for the fitness loss of the helpers (individuals displaying the behaviour). 

This is a special case of a more general model, called inclusive fitness.

Hamilton's equation 
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for helping behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if rxb is greater than c:
     
where:
  is the reproductive cost to the helper,
  is the reproductive benefit to the receiver, and
  is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".

References

Evolutionary biology
Genetics
Sterile is an important term which has two main meanings.

1. Anything which is not infected by bacteria (or viruses or parasites).

2. Unable to give rise to offspring (children) by birth or fertilisation.

Words
The Point! is a 1971 animated cartoon movie, written by singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson and Carole Beers, and directed by Fred Wolf. It first appeared on ABC television, in the United States. It starred the voices of Mike Lookinland ("Bobby" of The Brady Bunch fame), and actor Dustin Hoffman. (Later editions replaced Hoffman's voice with that of Alan Thicke, then musician Ringo Starr.)

Storyline
The Point! tells a story about a boy named Oblio (Mike Lookinland), who is the only round-headed person in a land full of people and animals with pointed heads. Banished to the Pointless Forest for not  to what is "normal", Oblio and his dog Arrow (Don Messick) (whose head was pointed, but he was still loyal to Oblio) meet many different people, and come to learn that everything and everyone indeed has a "point"; a purpose for being what they are. Oblio and Arrow return home, bringing back what they have learned to share with everyone.

Harry Nilsson said later the inspiration for The Point! was an LSD experience. Resting on the ground, he noticed everything (trees, buildings) that reached into the sky from the ground came to a "point", leading Nilsson to believe that "everything has a point, and if it doesn't, then there's a point to that". Nilsson developed this idea into a story about tolerance, and acceptance of  in others.

Cast
 Dustin Hoffman as Narrator and Father (1st version)
 Alan Barzman as Narrator and Father (2nd version)
 Alan Thicke as Narrator and Father (3rd version)
 Ringo Starr as Narrator and Father (Direct-to-video releases)
 Paul Frees as Oblio's Father, Pointed Man's Right Head, King, Leaf Man and Villagers
 June Foray as Pointed Man's Middle Head
 Mel Blanc as Pointed Man's Left Head
 Lennie Weinrib as Count
 Bill Martin as Rock Man
 Buddy Foster as Count's Son
 Joan Gerber as Oblio's Mother
 Don Messick as Arrow
 Mike Lookinland as Oblio

Music
Nilsson devoted a whole album to music from The Point!, alternating songs from the show with his own  of the story. "Me And My Arrow" became the breakout hit from the album, with a single reaching the Top 20 in the American music charts. (The song was later used in a commercial, for the Plymouth Arrow automobile.)

Nilsson later adapted The Point! into a musical stage play, that featured more of his own songs. A London production of the play reunited former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, who were also friends of Nilsson's.

1971 movies
American animated movies
English-language movies
Darwinius is a genus of primates known from only one fossil. It was discovered in 1983 by an amateur at the Messel Pit. This is a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

The fosssil dates from the Eocene epoch, 47 million years ago. The genus Darwinius was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name masillae honors Messel, where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur. It is the only known specimen of its species.

The fossil, nicknamed 'Ida', was divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the excavation. The two parts were sold separately, was not reassembled until 2007.

Description 
The specimen was privately collected and sold in two parts. Only the lesser part was known earlier. The second part shows that the skeleton is the complete primate fossil known. It includes the skeleton, soft body outline and contents of the digestive tract. 

Skull radiography shows teeth developing within the juvenile face. The individual was a weaned and independent-feeding female that died in her first year of life. She was "an agile, nail-bearing, generalized arboreal quadruped living above the floor of the Messel rain forest".

References 

Fossils
Primates
A transport network, or transportation network is a network of roads, streets, pipes, power lines, or any structure that lets either movement of vehicles or flow of some commodity.

Networks
Network
Buxton is a spa town in Derbyshire, England.  It is the highest market town in England.  Buxton is near to Cheshire and Staffordshire. Buxton is described as "the gateway to the Peak District National Park". Buxton is also close to Manchester.

Poole's Cavern, a limestone cavern, and St Ann's Well are in Buxton.  Also in the town is an Opera House.

History

The Romans developed the town when it was called Aquae Arnemetiae (or the spa of the goddess of the grove). Roman coins have been found in Buxton. The town largely grew in importance in the late 18th century when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire, with a second revival a hundred years later as the people visited to use the healing properties of the waters.

The Dukes of Devonshire have been helping Buxton since 1780, when the Duke used his money from his copper mines to develop the town as a spa like Bath.

Bess of Hardwick had taken one of her four husbands, the Earl of Shrewsbury, to "take the waters" at Buxton shortly after he became the jailer of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1569.

Dr. Erasmus Darwin recommended the waters at Buxton to Josiah Wedgwood.  The Wedgwood family often went to Buxton on holiday. Two of Charles Darwin's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin also settled there.

Notable architecture
The Crescent (1780–1784) was based on Bath's Royal Crescent. The crescent has a grand assembly room with a painted ceiling.
Buxton Opera House was designed in 1903 and is the highest in the country.  It is attached to the Pavilion Gardens, Octagonal Hall and the smaller Paxton Theatre.  The Pavilion Gardens are 23 acres of gardens.

Economy
Buxton is twinned with two other towns—Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany.

Famous Buxtonians
Vera Brittain (1893–1970): author of Testament of Youth and mother of Shirley Williams
Tim Brooke-Taylor: comedy actor and one of The Goodies
Dave Lee Travis: former BBC DJ

References

Spa towns in the United Kingdom
Towns in Derbyshire
The penny sterling (plural pence) is a subdivision of Pound sterling, the currency for the United Kingdom.

British currency
The Montreal Wanderers were a professional men's ice hockey team that played in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Arena, and were one of the founding franchises of the National Hockey League in the 1917–18 NHL season. The Wanderers won a total of eight Stanley Cup challenges within a span of five seasons from 1906 to 1910. Prior to the formation of the NHL, the "Redbands" were one of the most successful teams in hockey.

Season-by-season record
 1904–05 – Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL)
 1906–08 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA)
 1909 – Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA)
 1910–17 – National Hockey Association (NHA)
 1917–18 – National Hockey League (NHL)

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season

Honoured players
The following Hockey Hall of Fame players played for the Wanderers during some point in their careers:

List of NHL Wanderers players

Notes

Other websites
 Sportsecyclopedia.com article

1900s establishments in Canada
1903 establishments in North America
1918 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Defunct National Hockey League teams
National Hockey Association
£sd (pronounced, and sometimes written, L.s.d.) was the popular name for the pre-decimal currencies (sterling) used in the United Kingdom and in most of the British Empire. This abbreviation meant “pounds, shillings, and pence”. It is different when compared to American currency.

British currency
The Quebec Bulldogs were a men's senior-level ice hockey team officially known as the Quebec Hockey Club, later as the Quebec Athletic Club. Their recorded play goes back as far as the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) in 1889, although the Quebec Hockey Club is known to have played in tournaments prior to that date. The club continued as an amateur team through various leagues, eventually becoming professional in 1908, and eventually playing in the National Hockey League. The Bulldog name was given by the media and was so popular with the fans a Bulldog mascot was created but was never officially changed until the team moved to Hamilton, Ontario in 1920 and became the Tigers.

Season-by-season record
 1888–1898 – Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
 1899–1905 – Canadian Amateur Hockey League
 1906–1909 – Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association
 Jan. 1910 – Canadian Hockey Association
 1910–1917 – National Hockey Association
 1919–1920 – National Hockey League

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season

Notable players

Hall of Famers
 Rusty Crawford
 Thomas Dunderdale
 Joe Hall
 Joe Malone
 Paddy Moran
 Tommy Smith
 Bruce Stuart
 Hod Stuart

Team captains
This list is incomplete.

 Hod Stuart (1901)
 Herb Jordan (1905)
 Joe Malone (1910–17, 1919–20)

1912 Stanley Cup Champions
 Paddy Moran – goal
 Goldie Prodgers – point
 Joe Hall – cover point
 Joe Malone – centre
 Eddie Oatman – right wing
 Jack McDonald – left wing
 Jack Marks – sub
 Walter Rooney – centre sub
 George Leonard – sub
 Joe Savard – sub goalie

1913 Stanley Cup Champions
 Paddy Moran goal
 Joe Hall – point
 Harry Mummery – cover point
 Joe Malone – centre
 Tommy Smith – right wing
 Jack Marks – left wing
 Russell Crawford – sub
 Billy Creighton – sub
 Jeff Malone – sub
 James "Rockett" Power – sub
 Walter Rooney – sub
 Joe Savard – sub goalie

Other articles
List of defunct NHL teams
List of Quebec Bulldogs players
Head Coaches of the Quebec Bulldogs
List of NHL players
List of Stanley Cup champions
Hamilton Tigers
New York Americans
Quebec Nordiques
List of NHL seasons
List of pre-NHL seasons

References

Other websites
http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nhl/quebecnha/bulldogs.html
http://quebecbulldogs.com/

1888 establishments in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Sport in Quebec City
The three-body problem is a problem in the field of physics that experts find interesting. The goal is to find how three things move when they attract each other with gravity. It would be for instance the problem of the movement of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. Physicists do not have a general solution that always works.

Non-relativistic movement 
"Relativistic" refers to the theory of Albert Einstein called Relativity. This theory must be used when things move at great speed. But as long as things move at small enough speed, you can use every day classical mechanics, and this is called "non-relativistic movement". You know if the speed is great or small enough by comparing to the speed of light c, which is the highest possible speed.

In non-relativistic physics, one must know the place and velocity of the three things. One must also know their masses. Then one uses Newton's laws of motion to learn how the things move.

Relativistic movement
When a thing is moving, it has energy of movement. Scientists use a short-cut when they talk about this energy, they call it 'E.'

In a field called General relativity, experts say that movement with higher velocities causes the radiation of gravitational waves. In this case, the thing moving loses energy, and this makes calculation more difficult. Experts say that the system is "not conservative".

Experts in another field called Quantum mechanics, say, in addition, at high speed the creation and annihilation of particles becomes possible, so, it is not possible to keep the number of particles constant.

There is no relativistic solution that always works for the movement of two or three things.

In astronomy 
The three-body problem also happens in astronomy. The problem consists in calculating the course of three bodies, that influence each other with gravitation. The first to state the problem was Isaac Newton, in Principia. Usually, two of the bodies are large, and the third is small. In the case where the two bodies have the same gravitational force, and that the bodies all have the same mass can be solved exactly. If this is not the case, the problem is solved through iteration and approximation. Many different patterns of motion can occur.

References 

Physics
Astronomy
Douglas Robert Jardine (Bombay, Indian Empire  1900 – Montreux, Switzerland  1958) was an English cricketer and captain of the England cricket team from 1931 to 1933–34. A right-handed batsman, he played 22 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 15 matches, winning nine, losing one and drawing five.

The 'bodyline' tour 
Jardine is best known for captaining the English team during the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia. There, his team used 'bodyline' tactics against Donald Bradman and other opposing Australian batsmen. A bodyline delivery was one where the cricket ball was pitched short so as to rise towards the body of the opposing batsman on the line of the leg stump. The plan was to get legside deflections that could be caught by one of several fielders on the leg side. This tactic was considered by many to be intimidatory and physically threatening. Jardine is widely regarded by commentators and writers as the person responsible for that strategy.

The spearhead of the England attack was the coal miner's son Harold Larwood, the fastest bowler of the day. Larwood's partner was Bill Voce, also a top-class fast bowler. Ranged against them was the great Don Bradman, then averaging over 100 in Test matches.

A controversial figure among cricketers, Jardine was well known for his dislike of Australian players and crowds. In return, he was unpopular in Australia, for his manner and the bodyline strategy. Many of his players thought him an excellent captain, though not everyone thought him as good at managing people.

Career in WWII 
Jardine joined the British Army in August 1939. Once World War II began, he was commissioned into the Royal Berkshire Regiment and went with the British Expeditionary Force to France. He served at Dunkirk, where he was fortunate to escape but suffered some injuries. After serving as staff captain at St. Albans, he was posted to India for the remainder of the war. He served in Quetta, and then Simla, as a major. He became fluent in the Hindustani language. He gave lectures and played some cricket while in India. He left the army in 1945.

References 

1900 births
1958 deaths
British Army officers
British military personnel of World War II
English cricketers
Majors
People of British India
The Oval is a place in London, England where important cricket matches are played. The Oval is the home place for Surrey County Cricket Club when they play other counties and England often play their last home test matches there at the end of the summer.

The Oval is located in Kennington, South London. The nearest tube station is also called Oval but you can get to the place easily from Vauxhall station.

Cricket
Trophallaxis in biology refers the sharing of food by members of a community. 

It is most highly developed in social insects such as ants, termites, wasps and bees. The word was introduced by the entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1918. The behaviour has been used to explain theories of how social behaviour developed in insects. The French psychologist and entomologist August Forel also believed that food sharing was key to ant society. He used an illustration of it as the frontispiece for his book The social world of the ants compared with that of man.

Trophallaxis serves as a means of communication, at least in bees and ants. In some species of ants, it may play a role in spreading the colony odour that identifies members.

References 

Ecology
Oval tube station in Kennington is a station on the Northern line of the London Underground. It is between Stockwell and Kennington stations. It is the only station on the Morden branch of the Northern line whose name begins with a vowel. Oval station is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is named for The Oval, which it serves.

References

Other websites
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 

Northern line stations
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
London Travelcard zone 2
Sir Roger Norrington OBE (born 16 March 1934) is a British conductor who is famous for conducting music from historical periods using period instruments.

Life
Norrington studied at Clare College, Cambridge and the Royal College of Music where his teachers included  Adrian Boult.

Norrington started his career singing tenor.  In 1962 he formed the Schütz Choir (later the Schütz Choir of London). From 1969 to 1984, he was conductor (music director) of Kent Opera. In 1978 he formed the London Classical Players and he conducted them until 1997.  From 1985 to 1989 he was Principal Conductor of the Bournemouth Sinfonietta. From 1990 to 1994, he was music director of the Orchestra of St. Luke's. In 1998, he became principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra.  He became Artistic Advisor of the Handel and Haydn Society in 2006.

Norrington is best known for performances of Baroque, Classical and Romantic music using period instruments and period style.  He likes his orchestras to play with very little vibrato.

He conducted the Last Night of The Proms for the first time on 13 September 2008.

Norrington was made an OBE in 1980, a CBE in 1990 and a Knight Bachelor in 1997.

British conductors
Performers of early music
1934 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Surrey County Cricket Club are a cricket team who play first class county leagues. They play their home games at The Oval in Kennington, South London.

Cricket clubs
Gustav Leonhardt (born 's-Graveland, Netherlands, 30 May 1928, died Amsterdam, 16 January 2012) was a famous Dutch harpsichordist, organist and conductor who became well known for playing music from historical periods on period instruments. At the beginning of his career the harpsichord was not yet a popular instrument and music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods was usually played in the same way as music from later centuries. Gustav Leonhardt made his audiences aware of what music by Johann Sebastian Bach would have sounded like in Bach's day.

Life

Gustav Leonhardt was born into a Dutch, Protestant family who lived in the countryside. His Protestantism was an important part of his life. His father was a wealthy business man. His parents were both very keen amateur musicians. When Gustav was ten they bought a harpsichord. When World War II broke out life was hard in the country and Leonhardt often had to hide under the floorboards so that he was not sent away to slave labour. When he was not hiding he spent a lot of time practising the harpsichord. 

Gustav Leonhardt studied organ and harpsichord at the Schola Cantorum in Basel. At that time this was the only place in Europe where it was possible to study how to play early music. He went to Vienna to study conducting because his parents thought that being a conductor was a good way to earn a lot of money. However, Gustav was never very keen on conducting and he spent all his time there in the library studying music scores and copying music out. Most of this music had never been published and had not been performed since the time it was composed. 

In 1952 he became professor of harpischord at the Vienna Hochschule fur Musik. He met Nikolaus Harnoncourt who had similar interests to his. He soon became professor of harpsichord at the Amsterdam Conservatorium and remained there until 1988. He was also organist at the Waalse Kerk, Amsterdam. This church has a very famous historical organ. He became well known for his harpsichord concerts and recordings. He led the Leonhardt Baroque Ensemble with the English counter-tenor Alfred Deller with whom he made one of the first recordings of some Bach cantatas. The ensemble included his wife Marie, as well as Nikolaus Harnoncourt who played the cello. Together with Harnoncourt he conducted and recorded all Bach's cantatas.

Leonhardt lived in a big 16th century house facing one of the canals in the centre of Amsterdam. He looked very serious on the concert platform, but he had a sense of humour and occasionally played a bit of ragtime at the end of a recital.

Leonhardt died in Amsterdam on 16 January 2012.

References

Other websites

short biography at www.bach-cantatas.com
http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id2.html

1928 births
2012 deaths
Dutch Calvinists
Dutch conductors
Dutch educators
Harpsichordists
Organists
People from North Holland
Performers of early music
The Vienna Symphony () is an orchestra in Vienna, Austria.

History
The orchestra was formed in 1900 by the conductor Ferdinand Löwe.  It was then called the Wiener Concertverein (Vienna Concert Society).  In 1913 it moved into the Konzerthaus, Vienna.  In 1919 it joined with the Tonkünstler Orchestra.  In 1933 it got the name it has today: Vienna Symphony (Wiener Symphoniker).

During World War II the Nazis forced them to be part of the German Culture Orchestras and they were used for propaganda.  They stopped playing in 1944.

Their first concert after the war was on 16 September 1945, when they performed Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3. Their conductor Josef Krips quickly helped them to become a great orchestra.  From 1946 they were often conducted by Herbert von Karajan who toured with them throughout Europe and North America. In 1959 the VSO performed for Pope John XXIII at Vatican City.

When Wolfgang Sawallisch became their conductor he toured with them to the United States and Japan.

Today Fabio Luisi is their chief conductor.

Chief conductors

1900-1925 Ferdinand Löwe
1920s-1930s Wilhelm Furtwängler (as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde)
1933-1940s Oswald Kabasta
1946-1948 Hans Swarowsky
1948-1960 Herbert von Karajan (as director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde) 
1960-1970 Wolfgang Sawallisch
1970-1973 Josef Krips (artistic advisor)
1973-1976 Carlo Maria Giulini
1980-1982 Gennady Rozhdestvensky
1986-1991 Georges Prêtre (principal guest conductor)
1991-1996 Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos
1997-2005 Vladimir Fedoseyev
2005-present Fabio Luisi

Related pages
 Vienna Philharmonic

Other websites
 History of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra 

Orchestras
Vienna
The Eel River is a river in the north part of the U.S. state of California. It flows north about 200 mi (322 km) to the Pacific Ocean, draining 3,684 square miles (9,542 square km). Its largest tributary is the Middle Fork Eel River, followed by the South Fork, Van Duzen River, and North Fork. The river is dammed near its headwaters to divert water into the Russian River valley. The two dams form Van Arsdale Reservoir and the larger Lake Pillsbury. Most of the river is in the humid Coast Ranges of California. Much of the river is isolated, in steep and rugged terrain. 

Towns along the Eel include Ferndale, Rio Dell, and Dos Rios (at the confluence with the Middle Fork). Weott is near the South Fork confluence.

U.S. Highway 101 follows the river until the South Fork confluence, and the Great Northern Railway also follows a portion of the river. 37 bridges cross the Eel and 24 cross the South Fork. The South Fork is the longest tributary. The Middle Fork has the largest watershed.

Rivers of California
Mendocino County, California
Humboldt County, California
Lake County, California
Trinity County, California
A cultivar is a plant that has been selected for planting and sale because it has certain characteristics. It keeps its traits when it is propagated because they are inherited. 

Usually, cultivars are given a name which is not related to their biological taxon. There is a system of naming run by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (the ICNCP), commonly known as the Cultivated Plant Code.

Related pages 
Domestication
Variety (botany)

Botany
Hayden Foxe (born 23 June 1977) is an Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||Arminia Bielefeld||Bundesliga||1||0||||||||||1||0

|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||15||3||1||0||0||0||16||3
|-
|1999||22||2||5||3||2||0||29||5
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2000/01||Mechelen||First Division||4||0||||||||||4||0

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|2001/02||6||0||||||||||6||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Portsmouth||First Division||32||1||||||||||32||1
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Premier League||10||1||||||||||10||1
|-
|2004/05||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2005/06||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2006/07||Leeds United||League Championship||18||1||||||||||18||1

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Perth Glory||rowspan="2"|A-League||6||0||||||||||6||0
|-
|2008/09||2||0||||||||||2||0
|-
|2009/10||Sydney||A-League||||||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||1||0
37||5||6||3||2||0||45||8
4||0||||||||||4||0
71||3||||||||||71||3
8||0||||||||||8||0
121||8||6||3||2||0||129||11
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||5||2
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||11||2
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Australian footballers
Sportspeople from Sydney