cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Louis J. Ignarro (born May 31, 1941) is an American pharmacologist.

Ignarro is best known for his discoveries which concern the nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 for his discoveries. He shared the prize with Robert F. Furchgott and Ferid Murad. Due to nitric oxide indirectly being involved in the action of Viagra, he is sometimes referred to as the "Father of Viagra".

Ignarro is an avid cyclist and marathoner, he has completed 13 marathons. He is married and lives in Beverly Hills, California.

References

Other websites
Official website

1941 births
Living people
Pharmacologists
Scientists from New York City
Meshach Taylor (April 11, 1947 – June 28, 2014) was an American actor. He is best known for his Emmy Award-nominated role as Anthony Bouvier on the CBS hit sitcom Designing Women (1986–1993). He also played Hollywood Montrose, a flamboyant window dresser, in the romantic comedy movie Mannequin (1987).

Taylor was born in Boston, Massachusetts to African American parents. He was raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. He graduated from Florida A&M University in 1993. Until his death, he had been married to actress, Bianca Ferguson since 1983. They had four children (three daughters and a son).

Taylor died from colorectal cancer on June 28, 2014 in Altadena, California, aged 67. The cancer was terminal.

References

Other websites

 
 

1947 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Actors from New Orleans, Louisiana
African American actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Mirande () is a commune in the Gers department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the Occitanie region, southwestern France. It is the administrative center of the arrondissement of Mirande and of the canton of Mirande-Astarac.

History
Mirande was founded in 1281 near the village of Saint-Jean de Lezian by the abbot Berdoues and by Bernhard IV, Count of Astarac. The town was built as a bastide (a fortified town). Miranda became, in 1297, the capital of the County of Astarac.

Mirande was surrounded by a wall with four city gates; the wall was destroyed during the 19th century.

Since 17 February 1800, Mirande is the capital of the arrondissement of Mirande.

Geography
Mirande is a commune found along the Baïse river in the Astarac, a natural region that is part of Gascony.

The commune has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Mirande is at  from Auch,  from Toulouse,  from Tarbes and  from Lourdes.

Mirande is surrounded by the following communes, all of them part of the arrondissement of Mirande: Estipouy and Mouchès to the north, Miramont-d'Astarac to the northeast, Idrac-Respaillès to the east, Saint-Médard to the southeast, Berdoues to the south, Saint-Martin and Monclar-sur-Losse to the west and Montesquiou to the northwest.

Climate
The climate of Mirande, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Mirande are known, in French, as Mirandais (women: Mirandaises).

With a population of 3,527 (2014), Mirande has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Mirande

Gallery

Sister cities
Mirande is twinned with:
  Korntal-Münchingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
  L'Eliana, Valencia, Spain
  San Mauro Torinese, Piedmont, Italy
  Tubize, Walloon Brabant, Belgium

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Mirande
 Communes of the Gers department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Office de Tourisme - Miranda

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Gers
Daniel Bovet ForMemRS (23 March 1907 – 8 April 1992) is an Swiss-born Italian pharmacologist.

Bovet won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1957 "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles".

In 1965, he was the leader of a study team which came to the conclusion that smoking of tobacco cigarettes increased users' intelligence. He later told The New York Times that the objective was not to "create geniuses, but only [to] put the less-endowed individual in a position to reach a satisfactory mental and intellectual development".

References

1907 births
1992 deaths
Italian scientists
Neuroscientists
Protestants
Swiss scientists
Italian Nobel Prize winners
The Baïse or Grande Baïse () is a French river that flows through the Hautes-Pyrénées, Gers and Lot-et-Garonne departments, in the Occitanie and Nouvelle-Aquitaine regions.

The river's source is in the Pyrenees and is a left tributary of the Garonne river. In general, it flows from south to north.

Geography
The Baïse river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge is  at Nérac, a small town of the Lot-et-Garonne department that is at about  of the confluence with the Garonne river. The largest discharges are during winter and spring, with  in February.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Nérac

Course
The source of the Baïse is on the Plateau de Lannemezan, in the Capvern commune (Hautes-Pyrénées), at an altitude of about .

The Baïse flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 52 communes. Some of the communes are:
 Occitanie region
 Hautes-Pyrénées : Lannemezan, Trie-sur-Baïse
 Gers : Mirande, Castéra-Verduzan, Valence-sur-Baïse, Condom
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Lot-et-Garonne : Moncrabeau, Nérac, Lavardac, Buzet-sur-Baïse

Finally, it flows into the Garonne river at Saint-Léger (Lot-et-Garonne), at  of altitude.

Main tributaries 
 Left tributaries
 Gélise - 92 km;
 Right tributaries
 Baïsole - 47 km;
 Petite Baïse - 74.8 km;
 Auloue - 45.3 km;

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - MEDDE, «Synthèse de la Banque Hydro - (O6692910)» 
 Histoire & Patrimoine des Rivières & Canaux - Rivière Baïse 
 River Baïse: Cruising in Detail

Rivers of France
Occitanie
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Niels Kaj Jerne FRS (December 23, 1911 – October 7, 1994) was a Danish immunologist.

Jerne won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Georges J. F. Köhler and César Milstein in 1957. They won it "[f]or theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies".

According to Jerne's biographer Thomas Söderqvist, Jerne did not play the role of a bench scientist, he could not pipette accurately, and he did not enjoy experimental work. Jerne's Nobel Prize was awarded for theories, rather than discoveries. He developed the "natural selection theory of immunology," which was proposed by Paul Ehrlich 50 years earlier, although he was missing the clonal selection element proposed by David Talmage and later by Frank Macfarlane Burnet. James Watson had told Jerne that his theory "stinks."

He was married three times and had two sons, Ivar Jerne (born 1936) and Donald Jerne (born 1941), with Tjek Jerne. He had a third son, Andreas Wettstein, with Gertrud Wettstein, in 1971. According to Söderqvist, his wife Tjek was distraught when she had found out that Niels was having an affair with her best friend, Adda Sundsig-Hansen. Tjek had told Adda about her own affairs, and Adda then told Neils about them too. After hearing this, Niels demanded a divorce. Tjek begged him to stay but he refused. She would then kill herself. Her son Ivar had woken up in the morning, smelled gas, and found his mother dead by the oven. His second wife was treated as a servant and nanny by Jerne. He was regularly unfaithful to his wives, and even though he was not physically handsome, he had attracted women by his charm as a conversationalist and his skills in the arts of love, which included a liking for sadism.

References

1911 births
1994 deaths
Danish scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Immunologists
Medical researchers
People from Rotterdam
Physicians
Scientists from London
Danish Nobel Prize winners
George Davis Snell (December 19, 1903 – June 6, 1996) was an American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.

Snell won the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1978. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 with Baruj Benacerraf and Jean Dausset. They won it "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". Snell specifically "discovered the genetic factors that determine the possibilities of transplanting tissue from one individual to another. It was Snell who introduced the concept of H antigens."

Snell was born on December 19, 1903 in Bradford, Massachusetts. He was the youngest of three children. In 1926, Snell received a Bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College. After recommendation by John Gerould, his genetics professor at Dartmouth, Snell completed graduate work at Harvard University where he worked with William E. Castle. In 1930, Snell earned his PhD from Harvard. After he earned his PhD, he worked at Brown University from 1930 to 1931. After he left, he spent two years at the University of Texas as a postdoctoral fellow. He worked with H. J. Muller, a pioneer of radiation genetics (and later, a Nobel Prize winner). Snell worked at WUSTL as a teacher from 1933 to 1934. After he had some short stints as a teacher, Snell joined the Jackson Laboratory staff in Bar Harbor, Maine and spent the rest of his life there. He died on June 6, 1996 in Bar Harbor, Maine.

References

1903 births
1996 deaths
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
Harvard University alumni
American immunologists
Scientists from Maine
Scientists from Massachusetts
Wolf Prize winners
Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African American Physicist. He is best known for his work on X-ray computed tomography (CT). He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 for his work. He shared the prize with Godfrey Hounsfield.

Life
Cormack was born on February 23, 1924 in Johannesburg, South Africa. During his early years, he attended the Rondebosch Boys' High School in Cape Town, and was a member of the debating and tennis teams. In 1944, Cormack received his BSc in physics from the University of Cape Town and in 1945, he received his MSc in crystallography in 1945 from the university. From 1947 to 1949, he attended University of Cambridge as a research student. While there, he met Barbara Seavey, an American physics student. Comack and Seavey would later get married.

After they got married, Cormack returned to lecture at the University of Cape Town in early 1950. After he took a break at Harvard from 1956 to 1957, Cormack and Seavey moved to the United States. He would then take a job as a professor at Tufts University in 1957. In 1966, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Even though he was mostly working on particle physics, he had a side interest in x-ray technology which led him to develop the theoretical underpinnings of CT scanning. The work that he did on this started at the University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital in early 1956. It continued shortly in mid-1957 after he returned from his break. His results were afterwards published in two papers in the Journal of Applied Physics in 1963 and 1964. The papers that had been published drew hardly any interest until the first CT scanner was built by Hounsfield and colleagues in 1971 which took Cormack's theoretical calculations into a real application. He was then the recipient of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Godfrey Hounsfield. In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Cormack and his wife had three children; Margaret, Jean and Robert. Cormack died on May 7, 1998 in Winchester, Massachusetts from cancer. On December 10, 2002, Cormack was posthumously awarded the Order of Mapungubwe for his outstanding achievements as a scientist and for co-inventing the CT scanner.

References

1924 births
1998 deaths
American biophysicists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Harvard University alumni
Inventors
People from Johannesburg
Scientists from Massachusetts
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African scientists
White South African people
Tropical Storm Amelia was a very weak tropical cyclone. The storm caused major flooding across Texas. It formed on July 30, 1978. The storm made its landfall near Corpus Christi as a weak tropical storm. Flooding from Amelia caused $110 million in damage. Almost three dozen people died as a result of Amelia.

Amelia
1978 in the United States
1970s in Texas
Peter Michael St Clair Harvey (16 September 1944 – 2 March 2013) was an Australian journalist and broadcaster. He worked for the Nine Network for 38 years.

Career
Harvey began his career in journalism for the newspaper The Daily Telegraph. He won a Walkley Award in 1964.

Harvey soon moved to radio journalism. He worked at radio stations 2UE and 2GB. He later moved to London, England and worked for BBC Radio. He then went on to The Guardian as where he won many awards. During the 1960s and/or early 1970s, he worked for Newsweek magazine in the United States. Here he worked as a reporter in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

In 1973, he returned to Australia to work for the Nine Network on television. During his early years at the network, he was a news director and reporter in Canberra for Nine News. He also worked for 60 Minutes.

In 2001, he won a Centenary Medal. In April 2014, he was added to the Logie Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Harvey was born in Bellevue Hill near Bondi in Sydney, New South Wales. He was married to Anne and had two children: a daughter (Claire) and a son (Adam). Both of his children went into journalism careers.

Illness and death
In August 2012, Harvey was holidaying in Venice, Italy with his wife, when he found out that he had pancreatic cancer. It was made public on 11 October 2012.

Harvey died on 2 March 2013 at the North Shore Private Hospital in St Leonards, Sydney. He was 68.

References

Other websites
 

1944 births
2013 deaths
Australian journalists
Australian radio personalities
Australian television presenters
Cancer deaths in New South Wales
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Writers from Sydney
The Deep Web is the part of the World Wide Web you can not search on common search websites such as Google. The part you can search is called the Surface Web. The first person who used the term "Deep Web" was Mike Bergman, a computer scientist, in the year 2000. 

Some people think that "darknet" and "Dark Web" are the same thing as Deep Web, but they are not. Let's explain what they mean:

A darknet is a type of computer network (this means a connection between many computers, such as the Internet) that is private or closed. It is sometimes difficult to access a darknet. You would need to know a password, use specific computer programs, change the configuration of your web browser and many other things, depending on what network you are trying to access. Tor is an example of a darknet used by many people.

The Dark Web is the part of the World Wide Web located in darknets. Since no darknet can be found by Google or any other search website, the entire Dark Web is also part of the Deep Web. Thus, the Dark Web exists inside the Deep Web but is not the same thing as it.

In common networks, the Internet Protocols (IPs) of all users are in most cases visible. The Internet Protocol is an important information that reveals, among other things, the location where the user is accessing the Internet from. In darknets, the IPs are hidden, invisible or very difficult to find. This makes many people access darknets because they do not want the others to know this information about them, such as where they are. In other words, they access darknets to have privacy. 

There are many reasons people want privacy in the Internet. One of them is to do things forbidden by governments, such as piracy (which means sharing files protected by copyright laws).

References

Internet
The bee-eaters are a group of land birds in the family Meropidae.

They live in the Old World and Australasia: Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They have richly coloured plumage and slender bodies. They have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance. There are 26 different species of bee-eaters.

As the name suggests, bee-eaters eat flying insects, especially bees and wasps. They catch them in the air by darting from a perch. The birds only catch prey which is flying: they ignore flying insects once they land.

Mostly, they eat honeybees. Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) make up from 20% to 96% of all insects eaten. Before eating its meal, a bee-eater removes the sting by repeatedly hitting and rubbing the insect on a hard surface. The bird squeezes out most of the venom.

Bee-eaters live together. They form colonies by nesting in burrows tunnelled into the side of sandy banks, such as those that have collapsed on the edges of rivers. Many of these holes occur together.

Most of the species in the family are monogamous, and both parents care for the young, sometimes with the assistance of other birds in the colony, a behaviour rather unusual for birds.

Nyctyornis
Meropogon
Merops

References 

Coraciiformes
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania
"Summer of '69" is the fifth single off Canadian rock musician Bryan Adams' fourth studio album Reckless. The song was released in June 1985. 

When Adams appeared on The Early Show in 2008, he revealed that the song was about sex and making love in the summertime. He also said that "69" was a reference to the sexual position, 69. It is one of Adams' most well known songs and is one of his most successful. It won the BMI (Broadcast Music Inc.) Citation of Achievement for US radio airplay in 1985. In 1986, it won the Procan Award (Performing Rights Organization of Canada) for Canadian radio airplay and in 2000 it won a Socan Classics Award for more than 100,000 Canadian radio performances.

References

Other websites
"Summer of '69" on YouTube

1984 songs
Bryan Adams songs
Dermot Healy (18 July 1947 – 29 June 2014) was an Irish novelist, playwright, poet, short story writer and actor. His best known fictional novels were A Goat's Song (1994), Sudden Times (1999) and Long Time, No See (2011). His best known work of poetry was A Fool's Errand (2010). He was a member of Aosdána. He was also an actor and appeared in the movies I Could Read the Sky (1999), Mapmaker (2001) and The Guard (2011). He was a member of Aosdána.

Healy was called a "master", a "Celtic Hemingway" and as "Ireland's finest living novelist". Writers to have spoken highly of him are Seamus Heaney, Eugene McCabe, Roddy Doyle, Patrick McCabe and Anne Enright.

Healy was born in Finnea, County Westmeath. In his late teens he moved to London, England, before returning to Ireland.

Healy died on 29 June 2014 in Sligo, County Sligo, aged 66. His wife and two children outlived him.

Referances

Other websites
 
 Dermot Healy at Aosdána
 Dermot Healy  at Irish Writers Online

1947 births
2014 deaths

Irish movie actors
Irish novelists
Irish playwrights
Irish poets
Damian Basil "Dolly" D'Oliveira (19 October 1960 – 29 June 2014) was a South African-born English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Worcestershire from 1982 to 1995. He was later the academy director of Worcestershire County Cricket Club until his death.

D'Oliveira was born in Cape Town. His father, Basil (1931–2011), played for Worcestershire and England. His uncle, Ivan (born 1941), played for Leicestershire. His son, Brett (born 1992), plays for Worcestershire.

D'Oliveira died from cancer on 29 June 2014, aged 53. He had cancer for two-and-a-half-years. His wife and three children outlived him.

References

Other websites
 Damian D'Oliveira at Cricinfo

1960 births
2014 deaths
English cricketers
Cancer deaths in England
People from Cape Town
South African sportspeople
Sportspeople from Worcestershire
Verulamium was an ancient town in Roman Britain. It was in the southwest of the modern city of St Albans in Hertfordshire. 

Much of the Roman city is unexcavated, with the modern city built over it. The ancient Watling Street passed through Verulamium, which was one of the most important towns in Roman Britain. Much of the site and its environs is now a scheduled ancient monument.

Before the Romans, it was a settlement of the Catuvellauni tribe, which  called it Verlamion. It was among the first places in Britain recorded by name. 

Verulamium was burnt to the ground and its people slaughtered by Boudica of the Iceni in AD 61. A black ash layer has been found, confirming the Roman written record. The town was rebuilt, and grew to about  by the early 3rd century. It was defended by a deep ditch and wall. 

It is the location of the martyrdom of the first British martyr saint, St Alban, who was a Roman patrician converted to Christianity.

Verulamium had a Roman Forum, a basilica and a Roman theatre. Much was damaged by fires in AD 155 and AD 250. The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years. Occupation by the Romans ended between 400 and 450.

There are a few remains of the Roman city visible, such as parts of the city walls, a hypocaust (heating system) still in place under a mosaic floor. Remains of the theatre are on land belonging to the Earl of Verulam. More remains are under the nearby agricultural land, and have never been excavated.

References 

Ancient Rome
Hertfordshire
Christian Führer (5 March 1943 – 30 June 2014) was a German Protestant pastor. He was one of the main figures and organisers of the 1989 Monday demonstrations in East Germany. This led to the German reunification and the end of East Germany in 1990.

Führer was born in Leipzig, Saxony. He grew up in Penig. He studied theology at the University of Leipzig from 1961 until 1966. He retired from his job as a pastor in 2008.

Führer died from respiratory failure caused by lung disease on 30 June 2014 in Leipzig, aged 71.

References

Other websites

 

1943 births
2014 deaths
Anti-Communists
Christian ministers
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Germany
East German people
German political activists
German Lutherans
People from Leipzig
The year 733 (DCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar.

Births
 Junnin, emperor of Japan (d. 765)
 Lu Yu, Chinese author (d. 804)

Deaths
 Mildthryth, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)
Konrad Emil Bloch ForMemRS (21 January 1912 – 15 October 2000) was a German American biochemist.

Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 with Feodor Lynen "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism".

Life
He was born on 21 January 1912 in Nysa, Prussian Silesia, German Empire (today Poland). He studied at the Technical University in Munich from 1930 to 1934. He fled to the Schweizerische Forschungsinstitut in Davos, Switzerland in 1934 because of the Nazi persecutions of Jews. He then moved to the United States in 1936. While in the United States, he joined the department of biological chemistry at Yale Medical School.

He  earned his Ph.D in biochemistry from Columbia University in 1938. He taught at Columbia University from 1939 to 1946. After that, he went to the University of Chicago and then Harvard University in 1954. He worked there until 1982. He then retired to Florida State University.

In 1964, Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Feodor Lynen. They won the prize "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism". The work that they did showed that the body first makes squalene from acetate over many steps and then converts the squalene to cholesterol.

Bloch traced the carbon atoms in cholesterol back to acetate. Some of the research that he did was conducted using radioactive acetate in bread mold and this was possible because fungi also produce squalene. The results were confirmed after he tested it on rats.

He was one of the researchers who showed that all steroids were made from cholesterol. His Nobel Lecture was The Biological Synthesis of Cholesterol.

In 1985, Bloch was named as a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988.

References

1912 births
2000 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German Jews
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Refugees from Nazism
Scientists from Massachusetts
German Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Deaths from heart failure
Fellows of the Royal Society
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Educators from Massachusetts
John Francis Cashen (September 13, 1925 – June 30, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball general manager and writer. He is often said to have turned the New York Mets into champions with choosing their squad. He was also an executive while the Baltimore Orioles won the 1966 World Series and 1970 World Series.

Chashen was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He gradated from Loyola University Maryland. He had seven children with wife, Jean: Gregory, Terry, Tim, Brian, Sean, Stacey and Blaise.

Cashen died on June 30, 2014 in Easton, Maryland, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 

1925 births
2014 deaths
American columnists
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Sportspeople from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
Baseball executives
Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río (22 July 1957 – 30 June 2014) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest. He was the former General Director of the Catholic Order of the Legionaries of Christ, replacing Marcial Maciel after a sexual abuse scandal. He had served from January 2005 until early 2012.

Corcuera was born in Mexico City. In April 1975, he became one of the first members of the Regnum Christi Consecrated Men.

Corcuera died from a brain tumor on 30 June 2014 in Mexcio City. He was 56.

References

Other websites
 Legionaries of Christ 
 Regnum Christi Consecrated Men

1957 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Mexico
Deaths from brain cancer
People from Mexico City
Roman Catholic priests
Brian Roe (27 January 1939 – 28 June 2014) was an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Somerset from 1957 until 1966. He was a right-handed opening batsman. He made four first-class centuries. He later moved to Minor Counties cricket. Here he played for Devon.

Roe was born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire. He retired from playing cricket during his early seventies.

Roe died on 28 June 2014 in Barnstaple, Devon, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 Brian Roe at Cricket Archive
 Brian Roe at ESPNcricinfo

1939 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in England
English cricketers
People from Devon
Sportspeople from Lincolnshire
Rex Vernon Whitehead (26 October 1948 – 26 June 2014) was an Australian Test cricket match umpire and cricketer. He umpired four Test matches between 1981 and 1982. His first match was between Australia and India in Sydney on 2 January to 4 January 1981. Altogether, he umpired 15 first-class matches in his career between 1979 and 1983.

Whitehead was born in Victoria. He retired from umpiring in the 1980s.

Whitehead died from a massive stroke on 26 June 2014, aged 65.

References

Other websites
 Rex Whitehead at Cricket Archive
 Rex Whitehead at ESPNcricinfo

1948 births
2014 deaths
Australian cricketers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from stroke
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Wolf Koenig (October 17, 1927 – June 26, 2014) was a German-born Canadian movie director, producer, animator and cinematographer. He was a founder of Direct Cinema at the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). For NFB, he worked on movies such as Neighbours (1952) and Lonely Boy (1962). His animations included What on Earth! (1966) and The House That Jack Built (1967).

Koenig was born in Dresden, Saxony. He and his family fled Nazi Germany for Canada in 1937.

Koenig died on June 26, 2014 in Toronto, Ontario, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 
 Wolf Koenig at the Canadian Encyclopedia

1927 births
2014 deaths
Animators
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Cinematographers
German Jews
Jewish businesspeople
People from Dresden
People from Toronto
Refugees from Nazism
Paul Christian Lauterbur (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist. Lauterbur won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".

Career
He served as a professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1963 until 1985. While there, Lauterbur conducted research on the development of the MRI. Along with his wife Joan, Lauterbur became a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1985. Lauterbur served as the professor for 22 years until he died on March 27, 2007 in Urbana, Illinois.

Awards
Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research (1984)
General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Kettering Prize (1985)
The Harvey Prize (1986)
National Medal of Science (1987)
National Medal of Technology (1988) (with Raymond Damadian)
Bower Award, Franklin Institute of Philadelphia (1990) (first recipient)
Carnegie Mellon Dickson Prize in Science (1992)
Kyoto Prize (1994)
NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society of the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
Charter member, Phi Kappa Tau Hall of Fame (2006)
National Inventors Hall of Fame (2007)

References

1929 births
2007 deaths
American chemists
American biophysicists
Scientists from Ohio
Nigel Calder (born Nigel David McKail Ritchie-Calder; 2 December 1931 – 25 June 2014) was a British science writer and television screenwriter.

He wrote for the magazine New Scientist from 1956 until 1966. He was also an editor for the magazine from 1962 until 1966. He soon moved to television screenwriting. He won the Kalinga Prize in 1972.

Calder was born in London, and grew up during World War II. His father was Lord Ritchie-Calder. Nigel Calder was a brother of the historian Angus Calder (1942–2008), mathematician Allan Calder and educationist Isla Calder (1946–2000). He was the father of travel writer Simon Calder and four other children. He was married to Elisabeth Palmer from 1954 until his death.

Calder believed the threat from global warning had been muchly magnified. He helped in making the movie The Great Global Warming Swindle. He also co-authored The Chilling Stars. About global warming, Calder said: "Governments are trying to achieve unanimity by stifling any scientist who disagrees. Einstein could not have got funding under the present system".

Calder died on 25 June 2014 in Crawley, West Sussex, aged 82.

References

Other websites
 
 Nigel Calder at DeSmogBlog

1931 births
2014 deaths
English novelists
English science writers
English television writers
Screenwriters from London
Writers from London
Baruj Benacerraf (October 29, 1920 – August 2, 2011) was a Venezuelan-born American immunologist.

Benacerraf won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 for his "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface protein molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self". He shared the prize with Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell.

Life
He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from Morocco and Algiers. Benacerraf's brother is Paul Benacerraf, a well-known philosopher. His father was a textile merchant. In 1925, he moved from Venezuela to Paris. In 1940, after he went back to Venezuela, he emigrated to the U.S.. He earned his B.S. at Columbia University School of General Studies in 1942. Benacerraf later went to the Medical College of Virginia where he earned his Doctor of Medicine degree.

References

1920 births
2011 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Columbia University alumni
French Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Caracas
Scientists from Paris
South American Jews
Venezuelan people
Stephen Lee "Steve" Viksten (July 19, 1960 – June 23, 2014) was an American television producer, writer and voice actor. He was best known for voicing the character Oskar Kokoshka (and co-creating, writing and producing) on the Nickelodeon animated series Hey Arnold!. He also wrote many episodes for the shows Hey Arnold!, Rugrats, Recess and Duckman. He co-wrote a The Simpsons' season 22 episode called "Homer Scissorhands" with Peter Gaffney in 2011. This was his last credit.

Viksten was born in Ventura, California. He went to the University of Missouri, UCLA, and Cal State Fullerton.

Viksten died from a cranial hemorrhage on June 23, 2014 in Roseville, California. He was 53.

References

Other websites
 Steve Viksten at Wikisimpsons
 

1960 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Ventura County, California
American television producers
American television writers
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke
Screenwriters from California
Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas (March 15, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American physician.

Thomas won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 with Joseph E. Murray for his help in the development of cell and organ transplantation.

Life
He was born on March 15, 1920 in Mart, Texas. His father was a general practice doctor and often shadowed him. In 1941, Thomas earned his B.A. and studied chemistry and chemical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He also earned his M. A. from there in 1943. Thomas met his wife, Dorothy (Dottie) Martin while he was an undergraduate. He had three children with her. In 1943, he went to Harvard Medical School. Thomas worked closely with his wife after she became a lab technician during this time to support their family. He did residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital before he joined the US Army. "In 1955, he was appointed physician in chief at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, now Bassett Medical Center, in Cooperstown, N.Y., an affiliate of Columbia University."

He studied rodents that received lethal doses of radiation who were then saved by an infusion of marrow cells at Mary Imogene Bassett. At the time, patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation had all died due to either infections or immune reactions that were not seen in the rodent studies. He began to use dogs as a model system. He moved his lab to the United States Public Health Service in Seattle in 1963. In 1990, he received the National Medal of Science. He was one of 22 Nobel Laureates that signed the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

References

1920 births
2012 deaths
American physicians
People from Texas
Jaroslav Walter (6 January 1939 – 20 June 2014) was a Czech ice hockey player. He played for the Czechoslovak national team from the 1950s until the 1970s. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.

Walter was born in Sobědraž, Kostelec nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia (now part of the Czech Republic).

Walter died on 20 June 2014 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 Jaroslav Walter  at Slovak Hockey Hall of Fame 
 Jaroslav Walter  at Sports-Reference

1939 births
2014 deaths
Czech ice hockey players
Czechoslovak ice hockey players
Olympic bronze medalists
Robert "Bob" Jones  ( – 1 July 2014) was a British police officer and politician. He was the West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner for Labour West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner from 15 November 2012 until his death. He served as a Labour Councillor for Blakenhall Ward on Wolverhampton City Council from 1 May 1980 until 2013.

Jones was born in Wolverhampton. He studied at the University of Nottingham. He got a CBE in 2010.

Jones died in his sleep on 1 July 2014 in Wolverhampton, aged 59.

References

Other websites

 Bob Jones at West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner 

1955 births
2014 deaths
English politicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Wolverhampton
Police officers
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
The Nottoway River is a river in southern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. It is part of the Chowan River system, which flows into Albemarle Sound in North Carolina. The Virginia portion of the river has an abrupt fall line. It has many waterfalls, one after the other. Past Cortland, Virginia it joins the Blackwater river before it flows into North Carolina. The Nottoway has large areas of Cypress groves that supports a logging industry. Archaeologists have been working at a site at Cactus Hill, Virginia (about 45 miles south of Richmond, Virginia) since 1995. The site was occupied by humans as early as 15,000 years ago. It is one of the two earliest known places where humans lived in the eastern United States.

References 

Geography of North Carolina
Rivers of the United States
Rivers of Virginia
Money in the Bank (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on June 29, 2014 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the fifth Money in the Bank event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Money in the Bank 2014 website

2014 in American television
2014 in professional wrestling
Sports in Boston, Massachusetts
WWE Money in the Bank
2010s in Boston, Massachusetts
Money in the Bank (2012) was a professional wrestling pay per view show made by WE. It was held on July 15, 2012 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona. It was the third Money in the Bank event held by the WE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Money in the Bank 2012 website

2012 in American television
2012 in professional wrestling
Sports in Phoenix, Arizona
WWE Money in the Bank
2010s in Phoenix
July events
Money in the Bank (2011) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on July 17, 2011 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the second Money in the Bank event held by the WWE.

The main event between CM Punk and John Cena received a rare 5-star rating from Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Money in the Bank 2011 website

2011 in American television
2011 in professional wrestling
Sports in Illinois
WWE Money in the Bank
2010s in Illinois
July 2011 events
Edsbyns IF is a sports club in Edsbyn in Sweden. The club was established on 6 June 1909 and adopted the game of bandy in 1925. It won the Swedish national men's championship in the years of 1952, 1953, 1962, 1978, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2017 and 2018.

References

Other websites

 Official website

1909 establishments in Europe
Bandy clubs in Sweden
1900s establishments in Sweden
Irwin Lawrence "Paul" Mazursky (April 25, 1930 – June 30, 2014) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and actor. His best known movies were Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969), Harry and Tonto (1974), An Unmarried Woman (1978), Moscow on the Hudson (1984), and Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986). He was nominated for five Academy Awards: three times for Best Original Screenplay, once for Best Adapted Screenplay, and once for Best Picture.

Mazursky was born in Brooklyn, New York City. His family were Jewish and his grandfather was a Ukrainian immigrant. He was married to Betsy (Purdy) Mazursky from 1953 until his death. They had two children. He was an atheist.

Mazursky from a pulmonary cardiac arrest on June 30, 2014 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 84.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
2014 deaths
Actors from New York City
American atheists
American movie actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Hazleton is a city in northeastern Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1780. It became a city in December 1891. At the 2010 United States Census, about 25,340 people lived there.

Cities in Pennsylvania
1780 establishments in North America
1780s establishments in Pennsylvania
Figeac () is a commune in southern France in the region of Occitanie. It is the sous-prefecture (capital) of the arrondissement of the same name in the Lot department.

History
In the late ninth century, the King Pepin I of Aquitaine founded a monastery in Figeac; the town developed around the monastery as an important city on the pilgrimage routes. In the 14th century, the walls of Figeac were built.

Figeac is on the via Podiensis, a major medieval pilgrimage trail which is part of the Way of St. James.

Geography
Figeac is on the southwestern edge of the central plateau (Massif Central), north of the valley of the Lot river, on the right bank of the Célé river, a left tributary of the Lot.

The commune has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Figeac is surrounded by the communesCamburat, Planioles, Viazac, Lunan, Capdenac, Faycelles, Béduer, Camboulit, Lissac-et-Mouret.

Climate
The climate of Figeac, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Figeac are known, in French, as Figeacois (women: Figeacoises).

With a population of 9,820, Figeac has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Figeac

Figeac forms with other 4 communes the urban area of Figeac, with a population of 16,468 inhabitants (2013) and an area of ; one of the communes is Capdenac-Gare that belongs to the Aveyron department. This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Figeac, formed by 33 communes with a population of 25,593 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration 
Figeac is a subprefecture of the Lot department, the capital of the arrondissement of Figeac and the administrative centre () of the Figeac-1 and Figeac-2 cantons.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Figeac ().

People from or related to Figeac
 Jean-François Champollion, the first translator of Egyptian hieroglyphs, was born in Figeac, where there is a Champollion Museum. On the "Place des écritures" ("Square of the Writings"), there is a giant copy of the Rosetta Stone, by Joseph Kosuth.
 The actor Charles Boyer was also born in Figeac.

Sister cities
Figeac is twinned with:
  Roubaix, France
  Carrara, Italy
  Huesca, Spain

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Figeac
 Communes of the Lot department

References

Other websites

 City Council website  
 Pays de Figeac tourist office 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Lot
Pierre Bec (; 11 December 1921 – 30 June 2014) was a French poet and linguist of the Occitan language. He was one of the founders of the Institut d'Estudis Occitans (Institute for Occitan studies, IEO). He was also its president as well from 1962 to 1980. 

Bec's literature works were Petite anthologie de la lyrique occitane du Moyen Âge (1954), Les saluts d'amour du troubadour Arnaud de Mareuil (1961), La langue occitane (1963) and Raconte d’una mort tranquilla (1993). Meanwhile, his linguistics works included Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne (1973–1983) and Les Interférences linguistiques entre gascon et languedocien dans les parlers du Comminges et du Couserans (1968).

Bec was born in Paris. He spent his childhood in Comminges, where he learnt Occitan. He was deported to Germany between 1943 and 1945. After returning, he studied in Paris, where he graduated in 1959.

Bec died on 30 June 2014 in Poitiers, aged 92.

References

2014 deaths
1921 births
French poets
French linguists
Translators
Writers from Paris
Sweden women's national bandy team () represents Sweden on the women's side in bandy. Sweden has won the world championship several times, including the first women's edition in 2004.

Bandy in Sweden
Sweden men's national bandy team () represents Sweden on the men's side in bandy. Sweden has won the world championship several times, first time was in 1981.

Bandy in Sweden
Stephen Gaskin (February 16, 1935 – July 1, 2014) was an American counterculture hippie icon. He was best known for co-founding "The Farm", a famous spiritual intentional community. He was also known for being in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California in the 1960s.

Gaskin was born in Denver, Colorado. He was married to Ina May Gaskin. He had five children. He was in the US Marine Corps from 1952 to 1955.

Gaskin died on July 1, 2014 in Summertown, Tennessee. He was 79.

References

Other websites
 Stephen Gaskin  at The Farm official website

1935 births
2014 deaths
American activists
Nonviolence advocates
Writers from Denver, Colorado
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from Tennessee
Umaru Dikko (31 December 1936 – 1 July 2014) was a Nigerian politician. He was also the Nigerian Ministry of Transport from 1979 until 1983. He was also an adviser to President Shehu Shagari.

Dikko was born in Zaria, Kaduna State. On 5 July 1984, he played the main role in the Dikko Affair. He was found drugged in a crate at Stansted Airport in the United Kingdom in an appearent kidnapping by Nigerian-Israeli officials.

Dikko died after having many strokes on 1 July 2014 at a hospital in London, England. He was 79.

References

Other websites
 Umaru Dikko obituary at The Daily Telegraph

1936 births
2014 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke
Nigerian politicians
Ronald Maxwell "Ron" Hall (11 November 1945 – 26 June 2014) was an Australian rules footballer. He played for Scottsdale FC during the 1960s and 1970s. He represented Tasmania many times. He played for Tasmania at the 1969 Adelaide Carnival. He was added as a member of the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

Hall was born in Scottsdale, Tasmania. After he retired, he still had behind-the-scenes roles at the club.

Hall died from a heart attack on 26 June 2014 in Tasmania. He was 68.

References

Other websites
 Ron Hall at The Mecury

1945 births
2014 deaths
Australian rules footballers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Tasmania
Spanking the Monkey is a 1994 American black comedy movie. It is about incest, masturbation and troublesome relationships.

The movie was a box office success. It won several independent movie awards.

Other websites 

1990s black comedy movies
1994 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Incest in movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by David O. Russell