cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A positron (also called an antielectron) is the antimatter version of an electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron. However, it has a positive electric charge, whereas an electron has a negative charge. Like all antimatter, when it meets its so-called counterpartner, each are annihilated and turned into energy. The electron and positron disappear, and the total mass decreases. There is no name for this type of energy, as it is neither mechanical, radiation, chemical, electrical, nuclear, nor thermal. Although the energy does emit light photons when annihilated, it is converted from some form of energy that has not been named.

A positron also very rarely makes a structure called positronium. Positronium is like an atom in many ways, but is very unstable, and usually quickly annihilates.

Other websites 
 What is Antimatter? What is a Positron?  (from the Frequently Asked Questions :: Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies)
 Positron information search at SLAC 
 Positron Annihilation as a method of experimental physics used in materials research.
 Original Publication by Anderson (DOI Link)

Elementary particles
Antimatter
Pelota in Spanish, pilota in Basque and Catalan, or pelote in French (from Latin pila) is a name for several court sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, or a wooden bat (pala), against a wall (frontón in Spanish, frontoi in Basque, frontó in Catalan) or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. Their roots can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures, but in Europe they all come from real tennis (see Jeu de paume). Today, Basque Pelota is widely played in several countries: in Spain and France, specially in the Basque Country and its neighbour areas.

Other modalities 

 Gaelic handball
 Valencian pilota
 Valencian frontó

Other websites 

 International Federation of Basque Pelota
 http://www.manista.com/
 "The History of Basque Pelota in the Americas"  by Carmelo Urza
 Pelota vasca in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia, with sections on the game and history.
1959's film Thunder in the Sun in IMDb

Sports
Valencian (valencià) is the historical, traditional, and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain) for the language spoken in this region, also known as Catalan (català) in the Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Aragon and the Balearic Islands; in the country of Andorra; in the southern French region of the Roussillon; and in the Italian city of Alghero on the island of Sardinia.

In linguistics "Valencian" is also used to identify this distinctive variant spoken in central and southern Valencia which has gained its own currency within the Catalan domain.

Language or dialect? 
The official authorities, which are the government of the Valencian Community and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, accept Valencian as a dialect of Catalan.  The Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana and several associations disbelieve this opinion . They believe Valencian is a language in its own. They also accuse the official authorities of mixing Valencian with Catalan. This is done by approaching the Valencian ortography and grammar to the Catalan one.

References

Romance languages
Valencia (autonomous community)
Pilota Valenciana or Valencian pilota (pilota means ball in Valencian) is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known, but seems to be related to the French Jeu de paume.

Rules vary from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only some minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played).

The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similarly to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net. 
A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be impacted by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.

History 

Valencian pilota origins are not known with certainty, but it's commonly supposed to be a variant from the middle-aged Jeu de paume, as many other European handball sports (Basque laxoa, French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.

Jeu de paume is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many tripots (courtfields), it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the Valencian pilota sport that, in the 16th century Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his Dialogues and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

Other websites 
 Valencian pilota federation
 News about Valencian pilota 
 News and shop about Valencian pilota 
 Online one-on-one Escala i corda game, videos and 3D views of a ''trinquet 
 Personal site of Pedro, a Valencian pilotari 
 II Handball World Meeting 
 History of the Pilota, PDF

Videos
Youtube: 7 videos featuring the 1993 Escala i Corda Individual final match, Genovés I vs. Sarasol I
Pilota valenciana: Joc i tradició. 15 minutes documentary

Handball
Sport in Spain
A trapezoid (in North America) or trapezium (in Britain and elsewhere) is a quadrilateral, which is defined as a shape with four sides, which has one set of parallel sides. In North America, the term  "trapezium" is used for what is elsewhere called an irregular quadrilateral.

Calculating area
To calculate the area of a trapezoid, you must add the two parallel sides together, divide that by 2, then times that by its height.

Other websites 
 "Trapezoid" on MathWorld
 Trapezoid definition   Area of a trapezoid   Median of a trapezoid With interactive animations
 Trapezoid (North America) at elsy.at: Animated course (construction, circumference, area)

Polygons
Frisian handball (Dutch: kaatsen, Frisian: Keatsen) is a traditional Frisian sport, related to American handball and fives, that is most commonly practiced by people from the northern province of Fryslân, or Friesland. It is believed to be one of the oldest ballgames. The score is similar to tennis. The first team that scores six games, wins the match. It is played by the ethnic group of the Frisians.

In parts of Belgium, a similar game is played, there called Jeu de Pelote. This game is played by teams of 5 players on a trapezium shaped field, mostly on marketplaces.

Other websites 

 Belgian Federation 
 KNKB Dutch Federation
 Walon amateur Federation 
 Franeker's Permanent Comity
 Ath Handball Museum
 1956, Balle Pelote final match, Braine-Gosseli
 Video: Chris Wassenaar

Handball
Frisian culture
Gaelic Football (Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach or Caid ), commonly referred to as "football", or "Gaelic", is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. It, along with Hurling, is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland.

Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end.  The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with your hand and getting it through the goals.  The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.

Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, soloing (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.

Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.

Playing field 

The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-12s and under 10s.

Duration 

All Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes).

Teams 

Teams consist of fifteen players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward) plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which five may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a different coloured jersey.

The ball 
The game is played with a round leather football, similar to a soccer ball, but heavier, and with horizontal stitching rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels often used on soccer balls, and similar to a standard volleyball.

Other websites 
 Rules
 Official GAA website
 An Fear Rua - The GAA Unplugged!  -GAA site with news, views, fun and chat...
 Unofficial GAA Messageboard

References 

Football
Sport in Ireland
Caid was the name given to several ancient and traditional Irish football games. "Caid" is now used by some people for modern Gaelic football.

The word caid originally meant the ball which was used. It was made out of animal skin, with a natural bladder inside.

Some people believe that caid has influenced the modern sport of Gaelic football the rules of which were officially published in 1887.

The first recorded mention of football in Ireland was in 1308, when John McCrocan, a spectator at a football game was charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard. Football games are mentioned in the Statute of Galway, 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery, but banned "hokie" – the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves, as well as other sports.  
Caid was especially popular in rural areas.

There is some evidence that caid was taken around the world by the Irish diaspora, and that it may have influenced the development of Australian rules football, although this is controversial.

By the late 19th century, caid, like many aspects of native Irish culture, was in steep decline.

Sport in Ireland
Longue paume is an outdoor version of jeu de paume and therefore an ancestor of modern lawn tennis.  Hundreds of years ago it was quite popular, particularly in France.  It was part of the Paris 1900 Summer Olympics, but not all think that the medals that were awarded  for longue paume at that Olympics have full value.  Today, the sport is played regionally in Picardie.  The governing body of the sport is the Fédération Française de Longue Paume with its headquarter in Amiens.

Other websites
 Connaissez-vous la Longue Paume? 
 Ligue de Picardie de Longue Paume

Handball

it:Pallacorda#Longue paume
For the article of ancient Roman clothing, see Palla (garment).
Palla, Italian language for ball, is the name of various traditional ball games of Italy. In Italian they also call pallacanestro for basketball, pallavolo for volleyball, pallamano for handball and pallanuoto for water polo.

Games

Palla eh!
Palla eh! is an old Tuscan ball game from Maremma towns between Siena and Grosseto.  It has this name because players call out eh! before serving.

Small hand-made balls contain a lead pellet wrapped in rubber and wool with a leather cover. The game is played by facing teams who strike, not catch, the ball with either a bare or gloved hand: every team include 3, 4 or 5 athletes. Courts are marked out with painted lines on town streets, but there is no net, and players can move between sides.  Adjacent buildings, objects, and sometimes spectators, are considered "in play."  Play does stop for oncoming automobiles.  Similar to real tennis, a second bounce can result in a "chase" rather than an outright point, marked in chalk where the ball stops rolling. In one version of palla, scoring is identical to that of tennis: 15-30-40-game.

Palla 21
In a variant called palla 21 scoring is 7-14-21 or game. In this form they use a rubber or plastic ball of 35-40 grams. Firstly a palla 21 tournament was played in Chicago during 2007 with Italian national team.

Palla elastica
Palla elastica is a team game: every team include 5 athletes who catch a rubber ball,  similar to tennis ball, with either a bare hand. The team which wins 11 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Registered players of official championships dispute their matches in a kind of stadium, 75 metres long with lateral wall, named sferisterio or sferodromo in Italian language.

Pallamuro
Pallamuro is Italian name of American handball.

Palla prigioniera
Palla prigioniera is Italian name of prisoner ball.

Pallacorda
Pallacorda or palla della corda is the Italian name of ancient form of real tennis where a cord of rope was strung across the street and players used hands, racket or tamburello alias tambourine in English language. Pisa, Prato, Rome, Siena, and various Tuscan towns still have streets named via Pallacorda or via Della Corda.

Pallamaglio
Pallamaglio is an other ancient game called pall mall in English language and his modern form named skittles is played in England, Germany, Austria and Switzerland currently.

Pallina
Pallina means small ball and it is a team game: every team include 4, 5 or 6 athletes who catch a rubber ball, of almost 50 grams, with either a bare hand.

Related pages
 Pallone
 Tamburello

References

 Morgan, Roger (1989). "European Derivatives of Tennis" in The Royal Game, L. St J. Butler & P. J. Wordie, ed.  Stirling: Falkland Palace Real Tennis Club.  or .
 McNicoll, Kathryn (2005). Real Tennis, pp. 21–22.  Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications. .
 Whitman, Malcolm D. (1932). Tennis: Origins and Mysteries, p. 85.  Mineola, NY: Dover Publications (2004 reprint). .

Sport in Italy
Troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth’s Atmosphere. It extents up to 20 kilometers above the earth’s surface. It contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols. This layer is rich in oxygen. The temperature drops from an average around 62°F (17°C) to -60°F (-51°C) at the troposphere. 

The transitional area between the troposphere and stratosphere is called the tropopause. The troposphere is made up of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, neon, krypton, argon, helium, and hydrogen. The air in the troposphere is warmest closest to the earth and colder at higher elevations. Most of the dust particles in the earth's atmosphere are found in the troposphere

Other websites 
 Troposphere Citizendium

Layers of Earth's atmosphere
An Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, usually in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer or autumn, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (64 knots, 33 m/s, 119 km/h).  When applied to hurricanes, "Atlantic" generally refers to the entire "Atlantic basin", which includes the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and gives out reports, watches and warnings about tropical weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms form each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 every season. Hurricane Wilma of 2005 was the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in history.

References

Other websites

Tropical Cyclone Forecasters' Reference Guide
NHC Tropical Cyclone Climatology 
Monthly Mean Sea Surface Temperatures
Hurricane Preparation Guide

Atlantic Ocean
 Atlantic
Buras-Triumph is an unincorporated community in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.
The population was 3,358 at the 2000 census. On the peninsula, Buras is higher, with Triumph southeast of Buras.

Buras-Triumph has become famous as the location where, on August 29, 2005, at 6:10 AM CDT, the eye of Hurricane Katrina made its strongest landfall. However, the storm surge and high winds began on the previous day, August 28, 2005. During those 2 days, the area was destroyed as a result.

References

Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Aventura is a city found in the northeastern part of Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city name is from the Spanish word for "adventure," and was named "Aventura" because that was the name of the original group of condominium developments in the area. The name predates the well known mall (Aventura Mall) built near the condominium developments. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2006, the city had a population of 30,027.

References

Cities in Florida
The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. They begin at the southeastern tip of the Florida peninsula, about 15 miles south of Miami, and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas.  The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the west, and defining one edge of Florida Bay.  At the nearest point, the southern tip of Key West is just 98 miles (157 km) from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, in the subtropics. The climate of the Keys however, is defined as tropical according to Köppen climate classification.  More than 95 percent of the land area is in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, primarily in the city of Islandia, Florida. The total land area is 355.6 km² (137.3 sq mi). As of the 2000 census the population was 79,535, with an average density of 223.66/km² (579.27/sq mi), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the entire population of the Keys.

The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, which consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas.

Upper keys 
Key Biscayne 
Key Largo 
Rattlesnake Key 

Middle keys
Islamorada 
Tavernier 
Plantation Key 
Matecumbe Key 
Craig Key 
Fiesta Key 
Long Key 
Conch Key 
Duck Key 
Grassy Key 
Deer Key 
Vaca Key 
Marathon 
Boot Key 

Lower keys
Bahia Honda 
West Summer land Key 
Ohio Key 
No Name Key 
Big Pine Key 
Torch Key 
Ramrod Key 
Summerland Key 
Cudjoe Key 
Sugarloaf Key 
Saddlebunch Keys 
Big Coppitt Key 
Boca Chica 
Key West

Other websites

A Gazetteer of the Florida Keys
City of Key West
Historical photographs of the Florida Keys 
History of the Conch Republic 
National Park Service: Dry Tortugas
NOAA Marine Sanctuary 
Crane Point Museum & Nature Center

Media
The Reporter newspaper
The Keynoter newspaper
The Key West Citizen

Islands of Florida
Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.

References

Other websites 
 Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
 Climate Prediction Center
 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.
 KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
 Climatology as a Profession Amer. Inst. of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century

Climate
Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger is a 2001 single from the album Discovery by Daft Punk.

Kanye West's 2007 song Stronger from the album Graduation uses a sample from Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger.

2001 songs
Fiona Apple McAfee Maggart, or Fiona Apple (born September 13, 1977) is an American musician. Her song Criminal, which was on her first album, Tidal, won a Grammy Award in 1998 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.
Since then Apple has released three studio albums.

Early life
Apple was born in New York City to singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart. She started psychotherapy when she was 11. When she was 12 she was raped outside the apartment she lived in. She had obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Career
In 1994 Apple gave demo tape containing the songs "Never Is a Promise", "Not One of Those Times", and "He Takes a Taxi" to her friend, who was the babysitter of music publicist Kathryn Schenker. Schenker passed the tape on to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Slater signed Apple to the label. In 1996 Apple's first album Tidal was released. Apple won the MTV Video Music Award for "Best New Artist" for her song "Sleep to Dream" in 1997. Apple famously said that "the world is bullshit" in her acceptance speech.

In 1999 Apple's second album When the Pawn... was released.

Apple sang with Johnny Cash on a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water" on Cash's 2002 album American IV: The Man Comes Around.

Apple's third album Extraordinary Machine was released in 2005. Apple was on the cover of NYLON magazine.

In 2012 Apple's fourth album The Idler Wheel... was released.

A cover of "I'm in the Middle of a Riddle" that Apple made with her sister Maude Maggart was released on February 4 on Sweetheart, a Valentine's album only sold at Starbucks.

Personal life
Apple is vegan. In October 2013 she asked a fan to leave her concert in Portland, Oregon after they shouted "Get healthy!" at her.

Discography

Albums

Charting singles

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 MTV Fiona Apple page

1977 births
Living people
American pianists
Singer-songwriters from New York
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from New York City
Egyptology is the study of Ancient Egypt. It falls under both history and archaeology. Someone who studies or works in this field is called an Egyptologist.

Egypt
Archaeology
Ancient Egypt
New France was a colony settled by France in North America. The regions in New France included Quebec, Acadia, and the Louisiana Territory. Quebec City was its capital. The French settled there after finding Quebec and in doing so created New France. The colony was most valuable for its fur trade. France lost the colony during the French and Indian War and it became part of British North America, except the western part of the Louisiana Territory which France had ceded in 1762 to the Spanish Empire. In 1800 Spain returned that territory to Napoleon, who sold it to the United States in 1803.

Historical territories of Canada
1534 establishments
1760s disestablishments
1530s establishments in North America
Establishments in Canada
16th-century establishments in France
Hondo Valle (in English, Deep Valley) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province. It is in the northern Sierra de Neiba mountain range.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 7,194: 3,782 men and 3,412 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Hondo Valle was elevated to the category of municipality by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Before that date, it was a municipal district of Comendador.

Geography
Hondo Valle is in a small valley on the Sierra de Neiba mountain range, at an elevation of 890 m. It is at  to the south of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the municipality of Juan Santiago to the east, the Independencia province to the south and Haiti to the west.

Climate
Hondo Valle has a tropical wet and dry/savanna (Köppen climate classification : Aw).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .

Hondo Valle is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Hondo Valle has only one municipal district; this is:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1978 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Juan Santiago is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,360: 2,394 men and 1,966 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Juan Santiago became a municipal district of Comendador by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Then, in 2005, it became a municipality of the Elías Piña province.

Geography
Juan Santiago has an area of . The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the Independencia province to the south and the municipality of Hondo Valle to the west.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2005 establishments in North America
21st-century establishments in the Dominican Republic
Río Limpio (in English, Clean River) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Río Limpio became a municipal district of Pedro Santana by the law 36 of 15 November 1992.

Geography
Río Limpio has an area of . It is on the right side of the Vallecito river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.

The town is to the west of the Loma Nalga de Maco mountain,  high (), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Pedro Santana to the south and Haiti to the west.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crops are coffee and rice.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1992 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Sabana Larga (in English, "Long Savanna") is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province near the border with Haiti.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,056: 1,127 men and 929 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Sabana Larga was made a municipal district of Comendador by the law 18 of 20 January 2004; a municipal district is a part of a municipality that has its own government.

Geography
Sabana Larga is to the northeast of the city of Comendador, on the northern side of the Macasías river, the main left tributary of the Artibonite river.

Economy
The main economic activity of Sabana Larga is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2004 establishments
21st-century establishments in the Dominican Republic
Destiny Fulfilled is the fourth studio album by the American R&B trio Destiny's Child. The album features the top five singles "Lose My Breath" and "Soldier" along with the top twenty single "Cater 2 U" and top thirty single "Girl".

Destiny Fulfilled debuted too early at number-nineteen on the Billboard 200 selling 61,000 copies a week before its official release. During its first official week of sales the album sold over 497,000 (558,000) copies and went to number two on the pop charts behind Eminem's Encore and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart (for two weeks). The album sold over 337,000 copies in its second week (number four), 164,000 in its third (number nine) and 214,000 in its fourth (number seven). Destiny Fulfilled was made Triple platinum by the RIAA after only eight weeks on the chart in January, 2005. It spent nine weeks in the top ten and fifty weeks on the Billboard 200 and has sold 2.7 million copies in the US says Nielsen SoundScan. The album has sold 6 million copies worldwide, to date.

Track listing 
Lose My Breath
Soldier (featuring T.I. & Lil Wayne)
Cater 2 U
T-shirt
Is She The Reason
Girl
Bad Habit
If
Free
Through With Love
Love
Game Over
Why You Actin

Bonus tracks

Wal-Mart/Sam's Club limited edition 2CD Tracks 
"My Man" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"2 Step" – 3:25
"What's It Gonna Be" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"Survivor" (Extended Remix featuring Da Brat) – 4:24
"Independent Women Part 2" – 3:45

Other 
"Game Over" (Int.) – 4:03
"Why You Acting" (Int.) – 4:28
"Got's My Own" (Japan) – 3:58

Destiny's Child albums
Kanal 5 is a Swedish television channel.

Source 
Kanal 5 homepage

Television channels in Europe
Decadence (pronounced: DEK-a-dence) means a state in which people are behaving in a way that is regarded by some people as being morally bad.  The adjective is 'decadent'.  It has nothing to do with the word decade (10 years).

Where the word came from
“Decadence” comes from the Latin words “de” (from) and “cadere” (to fall).  Thus it means to fall from a higher state of being.

Decadence and society
Decadence is usually a state in a society which used to be good but has become bad. Many people have started to behave in a way that others think is shocking and society does not function as well as it did before.  Of course, not everyone will agree what is “good” or “bad”, but some societies, such as Sodom and Gomorrah, are thought to have been decadent.

Decadence and the arts

The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often called the fin de siècle (end of century). It is an example of a supposed decadent society in literature and art. 

In France there were several writers who were happy to be called “decadent”.  They included Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. In France, the symbolist artists such as Gustave Moreau regarded themselves as "decadent". In England decadent artists included the author Oscar Wilde and visual artists such as Aubrey Beardsley. The "decadents" advocated living a "decadent lifestyle", which means a lifestyle based on seeking  the maximum possible amount of aesthetic pleasure. 

In the early 1970s, glam rock musicians such as David Bowie called themselves "decadent". David Bowie's 1973 album Diamond Dogs is about the theme of decadence.  Glam rock musicians and fans of glam rock music signaled that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes. The popular 1976 film Rocky Horror Picture Show was a humorous depiction of "decadence". 

People of the goth subculture, which began in the early 1980s among fans of the band Bauhaus, generally regard themselves as being "decadent".  One way they may symbolize themselves as being decadent is by wearing fishnet stockings.

Colors that symbolize decadence
The color lavender is usually used to symbolize decadence.  Both of the books in the "further reading" list below are colored different tones of lavender.  In the 1890s, the color mauve was used to symbolize decadence--the 1890s were called the mauve decade.

Further reading
 Decadence: the strange life of an epithet By Richard Gilman--New York: 1979--Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 Dreamers of decadence: the symbolist painters of the 1890s By Philippe Julian 1971

Culture
Ethics
Literature
Painting
Pop music
Giro (Kiro) Manoyan () is an Armenian politician, one of the leaders of ARF Dashnaktsutiun and the head of Armenian Cause Office.

Manoyan attended and finished Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. In the 1980s he was the Executive Director of the Armenian National Committee of Canada. From 1989 to 1999, he edited the Horizon Weekly Armenian newspaper. Since 2000, he is the Director of the International Secretariat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bureau in Yerevan.

References

Other websites
An interview with Kiro Manoyan

Armenian politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play their home games in the Crypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, California, which they share with the Los Angeles Clippers, their sister team the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers were originally known as Minneapolis Lakers. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 17 NBA championships, tied with the Boston Celtics for the most in NBA history.

Many famous players played on the Los Angeles Lakers' team, including:
 Wilt Chamberlain
 George Mikan
 Jerry West
 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
 Magic Johnson
 Michael Cooper
 Elgin Baylor
 Gail Goodrich
 Jamaal Wilkes
 Bob McAdoo
 James Worthy
 Shaquille O'Neal
 Kobe Bryant
 Pau Gasol
 Derek Fisher
 Lamar Odom
 Andrew Bynum
 Luke Walton
 LeBron James
 Anthony Davis
 Trevor Ariza
 Metta Sandiford-Artest

The Lakers have won 17 NBA championships, including 5 in Minneapolis (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) and 12 in Los Angeles (1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2009, 2010, 2020).

Three of the Lakers' rivals are the Boston Celtics, Portland Trail Blazers, and the Sacramento Kings.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Los Angeles
1947 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in Minnesota
Asterix () is a French comic book. It was created by René Goscinny (words) and Albert Uderzo (pictures). Goscinny died in 1977 and Uderzo continued to draw and write the series by himself until his death in 2020. The title character Asterix is a Gaul, a member of a Celtic tribe that lived in France, in the year of 50 B.C.E. Asterix lives in a small village in northwest Gaul (Ancient France) during the time of Julius Caesar in 50 BC. Unlike the rest of Gaul, this village has not been taken over by the Romans, because the people in the village drink a magic potion brewed by their druid Getafix. Asterix has many adventures with his friend, Obelix, a Menhir delivery man. The stories have been adapted into movies and video games; there is even an amusement park. There is also a couple of cartoons made after this popular comic, and both the comic and the cartoon can be made into so that the characters speak French.

Comic books
A magician is an entertainer who does illusions and magic tricks by learning about the tricks of the mind and using them to his/her advantage; magicians will occasionally use props, such as a pack of cards. 

The most famous magicians are:
 Harry Houdini
 David Copperfield
 Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin
 David Blaine
 P.C. Sorcar
 Doug Henning

Harry Potter is a fictional magician who uses words to create magic.

Related pages
 List of magicians

 
Entertainment occupations
is a modern Japanese martial art and Olympic sport.  It was developed in 1882 by Jigorō Kanō.

Judo is very scientific in its training methods and fighting techniques.

History
Judo grew out of an older martial art, Jujutsu or Jū-jutsu.

Jujutsu was an ancient and deadly martial art which used chokes, throws, joint locks, and strikes. Kanō created judo by using techniques which were common in jujutsu. He eliminated techniques that he thought were dangerous in training, so that students could train with resistance.Some basic throws are Tai-otoshi and De-ashi-barai (these are in Japanese). There are two types: groundwork and feet work. Ground work is when both players are on the ground. Usually the attacker would be on top and the uke (defender) would be on the bottom.  In feet work both players would move along the mat in a variety of moves.  Every once in a while a player will throw his/her opponent on the floor.  In competitions the players will go full on for each other and once someone has thrown his/hers opponent down they need to hold them down for 20 seconds or the point won't count.  The person who has the most points at the end wins a gold, silver or bronze.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Boxing
 Fencing
 Sport
 Wrestling

References

Other websites

 
Sport in Japan
Soil science deals with soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth.

It includes soil formation, classification and mapping.

But many more sciences deal with knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences: engineering, agronomists, chemistry, geology, geography, biology, microbiology, sylviculture, public health, archaeology, and regional planning.

"Soil" refers to anything between the top of the dirt and the top of the underlying rock (called "bedrock"). Soil is often broken into layers. The top layer is high in organic matter (roting plants and such). Then there is a layer of layer of soil where rain water has removed some metals (called "leaching"). Those metals get collected in another, lower layer. Finally, there is a layer made up mostly of broken bits of bedrock. A soil can have all of these layers, or only a few.

Soils are important because most groundwater, which is used in everything from city water supplies to farming, is found in soil, not bedrock.

Fields of application in soil science
 Soil survey
 Soil management
 Standard methods of analysis
 Soil fertility / Nutrient management
 Ecosystem studies
 Climate change
 Watershed and wetland studies
 Pedotransfer function

References

Related disciplines 
 Agricultural sciences
 Irrigation management
 Anthropology
 archaeological stratigraphy
 Environmental science
 Landscape ecology
 Geography
 Physical geography
 Geology
 Hydrology
 Hydrogeology
 Waste management
 Wetland science

Other websites
 Certified Professional Soil Scientist 
 Registered Professional Soil Scientist  (PDF)
SoilScience.info
SoilScience.info's Daily Dirt - Soil Science in Mainstream Media and Popular Press 
SoilScience.info's Job Listings  

Earth sciences
Soil
Queen's Counsel (postnominal QC), during the reign of a male sovereign known as King's Counsel (KC), are senior lawyers in various Commonwealth countries.

They are appointed by letters patent to be one of "Her Majesty's Counsel learned in the law".  They are not a separate type of lawyer. They are more than long serving lawyers,  because their status is given by the Crown and recognised by the courts. 

Queen's Counsel have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court, and wear silk gowns of a special design (hence the informal title Silks).   The special robes are the reason why becoming a QC is often called "taking silk".

In order to "take silk" a lawyer usually has to serve as a barrister or a Scottish advocate for at least 10 years. Recently solicitors have also been appointed Queen's Counsel.

A QC's status means they generally charge higher fees than ordinary barristers, and always have another barrister as an assistant.  This assistant is called a "junior" even if the junior has been a lawyer longer than the "silk".
Pedogenesis or soil evolution (formation) is how soil is created.

Climate regulates soil formation. Soils develop more in areas with more rainfall and more warmth. The rate of chemical weathering increases by 2-3 times when the temperature increases by 10 degrees Celsius (50°F). Climate also affects which organisms are present, affecting the soil chemically and physically (movement of roots, burrowing by animals).

The organisms living in and on the soil form distinct soil types. Coniferous forests have acidic leaf litter. Mixed or deciduous forests leave a larger layer of humus. Prairies have very high humus accumulation, creating a dark, thick soil.

The rock from which soil is formed is called 'parent material' (bedrock). The main types are: eolian (wind), glacial material, alluvium, lake material other parent materials.

Pedogenesis is the major topic of the science of pedology. Its other aspects include the soil morphology, classification (taxonomy) of soils,  and their distribution in nature.

Related pages
Topography

References 
 Buol, Stanley W; F.D. Hole & R.W. McCracken. 1997. Soil genesis and classification. 4th ed, Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames. 
 Hole Francis D. & J.B. Campbell. 1985. Soil landscape analysis. Totowa Rowman & Allanheld. 

Geology
11 (eleven  or ) is a number. It comes between ten and twelve, is an odd number, and is a prime number, after 2, 3, 5, and 7.

Integers
Prime numbers
Twelve is a number. It comes between eleven and thirteen, and it is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. Its ordinal is 12th (twelfth). In Roman numerals, it is written as XII. It is the base of duodecimal numbers. It is often called dozen.

12 is also referred to as, The Twelve Imams or the Twelve Apostles of Christ

Mathematics
 Twelve is the first abundant number.

References

Integers
Fourteen is a number. It is between 13 and 15. It is an even number.  It is divisible by 1, 2, 7, and 14.

In Roman numerals, 14 is written as XIV.

Integers
A rock is a naturally occurring solid. It is made of minerals (which are crystalline), or other mineral-like substances. The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. That means the Earth's crust is made of rock. The different minerals in the rocks make different kinds of rock. 

Rock is often covered by soil or water. It is beneath the oceans, lakes, and rivers of the earth, and under the polar icecaps. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.

Rock classification
Rocks are classified by their minerals and chemical make-up. The processes that formed them are also noted. Rocks may be igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Rock types may change in a so-called 'rock cycle'.

Igneous rocks 
For the main article, see Igneous rock

Igneous rocks are formed when molten magma cools, either above or below the surface. They are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic rock. Plutonic or intrusive rocks are made when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust (example granite). Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or ejecta (examples pumice and basalt).

Sedimentary rock 
For the main article, see Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are the most common rocks on Earth. They form at or near the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rock is formed in layers which were laid down one by one on top of another. Some of the layers are thin, some are thick. Layers are made by deposition of sediment, organic matter, and chemical precipitates. Deposition is followed by squeezing of sediment under its own weight, and cementation. This process is called 'consolidation': it turns the sediment into a more or less hard substance.

The approximate amounts of different kinds of sedimentary rock are:
Shale (including mudstone, and siltstone): 60%
Sandstones 20%.
Carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite): 15%.
All others: 5%.

Only sedimentary rocks have fossils.

Metamorphic rock 
For the main article, see Metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rocks are formed by rocks coming under great pressure and high temperatures. These temperatures and pressures are found under mountains and volcanoes, especially when continental plates move together. These conditions change the make-up of the original minerals.

Impact on human life 
Rocks have had an impact on human life. They have been used by humans for over two million years. The mining of rocks for their metals has been one of the most important things in human advancement. Rocks are mined for building materials of all kinds.

Related pages
 Geology
 Quarrying
Bedrock

References
Fifteen is a number. It is between fourteen and sixteen, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 5, and 15.

In Roman numerals, 15 is written as XV. 

Integers
Sixteen is a number. It comes between fifteen and seventeen, and is an even number.  It is also the 4th square number, after 1, 4, and 9.

In Roman numerals, 16 is written as XVI. 

Integers
Square numbers
Weathering is the breaking down of Rock (geology) rocks, soil and their minerals through direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, waters, or living things. It is a natural process. 

Weathering occurs in one place with little or no movement, and should not be confused with erosion which is when rocks and minerals are moved to another place by ice, water, wind or gravity.

Mechanical weathering 
Mechanical or physical weathering is when the rocks and minerals are broken down but the Chemical composition remains the same. Mechanical weathering physically breaks up rock.

Wind 
Wind can blow water or small particles such as sand against the rock thus breaking it down.
The wind blowing over your skin removes body heat.local winds are the winds that blow over short distances.

Rain 
Rain is another force that works slowly. The force of raindrops on some rocks make them wear down. Rain also can make a chemical change in some rocks, because it is usually slightly acidic. The water mixes with the minerals in the rock to break it down.

Temperature 

Changing temperature can make a rock crack. Every day when the sun shines on the rock, its surface is heated. Heat causes the surface to expand (get bigger) a little. The inside of the rock, though, does not heat up as fast as the outside of the rock. The inside of the rock stays cooler. At night, the surface cools down and contracts. The expanding and contracting makes some places on the surface weak, and a crack is made.

Also, if water gets into a crack in a rock and the temperature goes below the freezing point, the water will freeze and expand. After some time, the rock may be weak enough to break into pieces.

Ice 
Ice, which can be miles thick, grinds the surface of the rock below it. The particles are carried with the ice, and if a glacier ends up in the sea, so does all the material carried with it.

Lava or magma 
Lava or magma can cause weathering when molten rock touches older rock. It causes the older rock to change form to a different crystal structure.

Chemical weathering 
Chemical weathering is the breaking down of rock which changes the chemical composition.

Carbon dioxide cycle 
The carbon dioxide cycle is the most important for weathering. CO2 is put into the atmosphere mostly by volcanoes, and it is taken out of the atmosphere by photosynthesis, and by one other process. 

While it is in the air, CO2 can dissolve in water droplets to form weak carbonic acid.

When rain hits rock it does so with mechanical energy and dilute acid. The acid dissolves many types of minerals and rocks though, of course, very slowly. When a mineral like feldspar is dissolved, it lets sodium ions into the sea; chlorine ions come from other minerals. The sea tastes salty because of the elements which have been dissolved out of rocks.

Related pages
Erosion
Pedogenesis

References 

Chemistry