cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an  American geneticist and molecular biologist.

He co-discovered gene splicing, and shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Roberts for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of pre-messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".

Sharp was born in Falmouth, Kentucky. He completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1969. After completing his PhD he worked at the California Institute of Technology until 1971, where he studied plasmids and, later, gene expression in human cells at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory under James Watson.

In 1974 he was offered a position at MIT by biologist Salvador Luria.  He was director of MIT's Center for Cancer Research (now the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research) from 1985 to 1991; head of the Biology department from 1991 to 1999; and director of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research from 2000 to 2004.

Work 
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. In 1997 Sharp and Roberts independently found out that genes were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing. 

Sharp and Roberts proved that the coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns. 

Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.

The second part of Sharp's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version.

Suggested effect on evolution 
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.

Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:

"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments – the individual pieces of the mosaic – are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".

References 

1944 births
American geneticists
Living people
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Kentucky
The Reichstag fire () was an arson (setting fire) on the Reichstag building, the meeting place of the German Parliament, in Berlin on 27 February 1933. It was an important event in the creation of Nazi Germany.

A Berlin fire station was called, and by the time the police and firefighters had arrived, most of the building was covered in flames. Inside the building, Marinus van der Lubbe was found. He was a Dutch communist. The Nazis said it proved that communists were beginning a plot against the German government. Van der Lubbe and four Communist leaders were arrested shortly after that. Adolf Hitler, who had become Chancellor of Germany four weeks before, urged President Paul von Hindenburg to pass an emergency law to fight back "the confrontation of the Communist Party of Germany". 

As a result, Enabling Act of 1933 was passed. The Reichstag Fire Decree was issued by German President von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in response to the Reichstag fire. The decree suspended most civil liberties in Germany. Many Communists were arrested, including all the Communist Party members of Parliament. This made the Nazis the majority of the Parliament, and made Hitler's the dictator in effect. The following elections gave Hitler more power.  

More investigation continued. In early March 1933, three men were brought to the court. All of them were senior Bulgarian Comintern agents. One Communist was found guilty and executed; the others were acquitted and went to the Soviet Union. 

Historians still do not know who planned the fire or who did it. It is still an ongoing topic of research.

References 

1933
1930s in Berlin
Arson
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany

Building and structure fires in Europe
February events
Nazi Germany
Fire
Operation Sea Lion () was the plan to invade the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during World War II. The plan began in 1940. However, Germany first had to control the sky and sea of the English Channel before a land invasion. With the German Navy weakened during the German invasion of Norway and the German Air Force defeated in the Battle of Britain, the operation was put off on 17 September 1940 and so never happened.

References 

World War II
Max Ferdinand Perutz FRS OM CBE (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist.

He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and globular proteins. The method used was mainly X-ray crystallography.

He went on to win the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1971 and the Copley Medal in 1979.  At Cambridge he founded and chaired (1962–79) The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, fourteen of whose scientists have won Nobel Prizes. Perutz's contributions to molecular biology in Cambridge are documented in The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870 to 1990) published by the Cambridge University Press in 1992.

Perutz was born in Vienna, Austria. His family was Jewish. He had worked in Cambridge (Peterhouse College) since 1936, and moved to Britain permanently after the Anschluss, the Nazi takeover of Austria. He did his war work in Canada, and returned to Cambridge after the war. Max did some of his most important work after winning the Nobel award, and is still held in the highest esteem.

Books by Perutz 
1989. Is science necessary? Essays on science and scientists. London. Barrie and Jenkins. 
1997. Science is not a quiet life : unravelling the atomic mechanism of haemoglobin. Singapore. World Scientific. 
2002. I wish I’d made you angry earlier: essays on science, scientists and humanity. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

References 

1914 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from Merkel-cell carcinoma
Austrian Jews
Austrian scientists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
British molecular biologists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
The Battle of Moscow (, ) is a name given by Soviet historians to two periods of fighting on a 600 km area of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defenses stopped the German attack on Moscow, the Soviet capital, which was one of the Axis's primary military and political objectives in the invasion of the Soviet Union.

The German strategic offensive named Operation Typhoon was planned to attack Moscow from the north and south. The Soviets reacted by sending in more reserve from the Far East. Shortly, German attacks were stopped, and the Soviets began counter-attack and forced to push the Axis back.

References 

1941 in Europe
1942
1940s in the Soviet Union
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
20th century in Moscow

Battle of Moscow September 1941-January 1942
The Second Battle of El Alamein was a great turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. The battle lasted from 23 October to 5 November 1942. The First Battle of El Alamein had stopped the Axis from attacking deep into Egypt further. Thereafter, Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery took command of the British Eighth Army in August 1942. In the second battle he took the offensive, with great success.
 
The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign. It ended Axis's hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the Suez Canal, and reaching the Middle Eastern oil fields.

The battle forced Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Corps to retreat back to the former French fortifications in the Mareth Line in the border between Tunisia and Libya.

Notes

Footnote

Citations 

Battle
Battle
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving Greece
Battles involving India
Battles involving Italy
Battles involving New Zealand
Battles involving South Africa
Battles involving the United Kingdom
North African battles of World War II
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew CBE FRS (24 March 1917– 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer.

He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz. Their group in the Cavendish Laboratory was the first to determine the structure of proteins, using X-ray crystallography. He was also a Fellow (teacher) at Peterhouse College in Cambridge.

In what became the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Kendrew determined the structure of the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells.

He spent the early months of World War II doing research on radar. In 1940 he became engaged in operational research at the Royal Air Force headquarters, holding the honorary rank of Wing Commander R.A.F.

John Finch 2008. A Nobel Fellow on every floor. Medical Research Council 2008. ; this book is about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.

1917 births
1997 deaths
English biochemists
Royal Air Force
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
British Nobel Prize winners
English molecular biologists
Chelsea Kane Staub  (born September 15, 1988) is an American actress and singer professionally known as Chelsea Kane since December 2010. She is best known for her role as Stella Malone in the Disney Channel sitcom Jonas L.A.. She also appeared in the Disney Channel Original Movies, Minutemen and Starstruck. She also co-stars in the Disney Channel animated series, Fish Hooks.

Career 
Kane grew up in Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended Mohave Middle School. She is an alumna of Valley Youth Theatre.

In 2007, she played her first starring role as well as her first theatrical role, in the theatrical motion picture Bratz: The Movie, as "Meredith Baxter Dimly", the film's primary antagonist. She performs two of the songs on the film's soundtrack.

In 2008, she acted in one of the Disney Channel Original Movies Minutemen as "Stephanie Jameson", which aired on Disney Channel in January 2008. She will be in the Jonas Brothers' brand new Disney Channel series JONAS as "Stella Malone", the boys' stylist and childhood best friend. She also has a song written about her performed by The Summer Set.

Filmography 

 Film
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2003
| Arizona Summer
| Carol
| Direct-to-video film
|-
| 2007
| Bratz: The Movie
| Meredith Baxter Dimly
| First theatrical role
|-
| 2008
|Minutemen
| Stephanie Jameson
| Disney Channel Original Movie
|-
| 2010
| Starstruck
| Alexis Bender
| Disney Channel Original Movie
|}

 Television

 Music videos

 Discography 
 2007 "It's All About Me" (feat. Malese Jow and Anneliese van der Pol) – Bratz: Motion Picture Soundtrack 2007 "Fabulous" – Bratz: Motion Picture Soundtrack 2011 "When Everything Falls Back Down" (feat. Chelsea Kane) by Action Item — single, from album The Stronger The Love''

Awards

References

Other websites

Chelsea Staub Web Site

1988 births
Living people
Actors from Phoenix, Arizona
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Singers from Phoenix, Arizona
An intron is a non-coding sequence in a gene.

It is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to get the final RNA product of a gene. The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene, and the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts.  

Sequences of coding DNA which are joined together in the final RNA after RNA splicing are exons. They code for amino acids in the final polypeptide.

Introns are in the genes of most organisms and many viruses. They can be in a wide range of genes, including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). RNA splicing takes place after transcription and before translation.

Introns: parts of a gene which are discarded: non-working bits.
Exons: parts of a gene which are expressed: bits of a gene which code for amino-acid sequences in a protein.

The discovery of introns led to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 for Phillip Sharp and  Richard Roberts. The term intron was introduced by American biochemist Walter Gilbert.

Biological meaning 
There are many unanswered questions about introns. It is unclear whether introns serve some specific function, or whether they are selfish DNA which reproduces itself as a parasite.

Recent studies of entire eukaryotic genomes have now shown that the lengths and density (introns/gene) of introns varies considerably between related species. There are four or five different kinds of intron. Some introns represent mobile genetic elements (transposons).

Alternative splicing of introns within a gene allows a variety of protein isoforms from a single gene. Thus multiple related proteins can be generated from a single gene and a single precursor mRNA transcript. The control of alternative RNA splicing is performed by complex network of signalling molecules. In humans, ~95% of genes with more than one exon are alternatively spliced.

References 

Genetics
Molecular biology
Cell biology
Lake Clarke Shores is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,451 at the 2000 census. , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 3,475.

Land
Lake Clarke Shores is next to the cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth. The Village of Palm Springs is west of the town. The town is roughly bounded by Interstate 95 to the east, Florida Mango Road to the west, Summit Boulevard to the north, except for the Lake Patrick neighborhood, and 10th Avenue North to the south, except for the Waterside neighborhood.  

Lake Clarke Shores is located at  (26.645644, -80.075379). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.0 square miles (2.7 km²).  1.0 square miles (2.5 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (7.62%) is water.

People
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,451 people, 1,407 households, and 1,029 families living in the town.  The population density was 3,538.9 people per square mile (1,359.6/km²).  There were 1,462 housing units at an average density of 1,499.2 per square mile (576.0/km²).  The racial makeup of the town was 93.16% White (77.8% were Non-Hispanic White,) 1.04% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.94% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.46% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.52% of the population.

There were 1,407 households out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were people who were not related. 21.0% of all households were made up of people living alone and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the town the population was spread out with 18.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 98.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $61,328, and the median income for a family was $71,641. Males had a median income of $48,000 versus $33,774 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,526.  About 2.3% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 84.76% of all residents, while Spanish was the mother tongue of 15.23% of the population.

As of 2000, Lake Clarke Shores had the forty-first highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 10.08% of the town's population.

References

Other websites
Lake Clarke Shores official website

Towns in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida
New Haven may refer to:

New Haven, Connecticut, a city in the state Connecticut
New Haven, Indiana, a city in the state of Indiana
New Haven, Kentucky, a city in the state of Kentucky
RNA splicing is a stage in gene transcription. Messenger RNA (mRNA), which transfers the code from DNA to proteins, is built in two stages. 

In the first stage, each gene is translated into a pre-mRNA. Then the exons in pre-mRNAs are joined by splicing, which is done in the spliceosomes. 

This is needed because the gene is split into code sections called exons and non-coding sections called introns. The exons are brought together by splicing.

So, in molecular biology, splicing is a process where introns are removed and exons are joined. This makes the final mRNA. This messenger RNA is then used to produce a correct protein by translation.

Alternative splicing 

In many cases, the splicing process creates a range of unique proteins by varying the exon composition of the same messenger RNA. This phenomenon is called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing can occur in many ways. Exons can be extended or skipped, or introns can be retained.

Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 
Splicing occurs in all the kingdoms or domains of life, however, the extent and types of splicing can be very different between the major divisions.  Eukaryotes splice many protein-coding messenger RNAs and some non-coding RNAs. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, splice rarely. Another important difference is that prokaryotes completely lack spliceosomes.

Discovery 
Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of introns and the splicing process.

In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule.  

The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA which is not involved in protein expression.  The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process Sharp called "splicing".  The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes.

References 

RNA
Genetics
Alternative splicing allows DNA to code for more than one protein. It varies the exon make-up of the messenger RNA.

In alternative splicing the exons of the pre-messenger RNA produced by transcription are reconnected in different ways during RNA splicing.

This produces different mature messenger RNAs from the same gene. They get translated into different proteins. Thus, a single gene may code for multiple proteins.

Alternative splicing is normal in eukaryotes. It greatly increases the diversity of proteins that can be encoded by the genome. In humans, ~95% of multiexonic genes are alternatively spliced.

There are various kinds of alternative splicing: the most common is exon skipping. An exon may be included in mRNAs under some conditions or in particular tissues, and omitted from the mRNA in others. There are splicing activators that promote the use of a particular splice site, and splicing repressors that reduce the use of a particular site. New types of alternative splicing are being found.

Abnormal variations in splicing occur in disease. Many human genetic disorders come from splicing variants. Abnormal splicing variants may also contribute to the development of cancer. Non-working splicing products are usually dealt with by post-transcriptional quality control. That is, they are chopped up by enzymes.

Source of diversity 
Alternative splicing (the re-combination of different exons) is a major source of genetic diversity in eukaryotes. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

Related pages 
CRISPR

References 

Genetics
RNA
Gun control is the attempt, usually by a government, to restrain or stop people from owning or using guns.  Gun control may also regulate the making, moving, and selling of guns.  People want gun control because guns are very dangerous.  Gun control is very controversial in some countries, such as in the United States.  Some countries such as the United States, Switzerland, and Israel allow people to own guns to defend themselves, but most countries do not.

Gun Control in the United States
Because of the 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution, every American citizen has the right to "keep and bear arms".  This has been taken to mean that most people can own guns. Originally, it was thought that the federal government could not ban guns, but states and cities could. However, in 2010, the Supreme Court said that states and cities could not ban handguns. Although banning all guns is not allowed anymore, states and cities can still stop the sale and use of certain kinds of guns, such as guns that fire many bullets very quickly.  They can also say that certain people, such as criminals, cannot own guns.  There is a strong "gun lobby" in the United States.  It is led by the National Rifle Association, which supports the right to own guns.  They want it to be fairly easy to get a gun.  Other groups, such as the Brady Campaign, want guns to be hard to get because they believe that guns cause violence, injury and death.  Some states have very strict gun laws, but others, such as Arizona, Utah, and Mississippi, do not.

References 
Firearms
Politics
Tommy Ramone, also known as Thomas Erdelyi (born Erdélyi Tamás; January 29, 1949 - July 11, 2014), was a Hungarian-American record producer and musician. He was born to Jewish parents in Budapest and grew up in Queens, New York City. He was the drummer for an early and important punk rock band, the  Ramones.

References

American bluegrass musicians
American drummers
American record producers
American rock musicians
Cancer deaths in the United States
Entertainers from Budapest 
Hungarian Jews

Jewish American musicians
Musicians from New York City
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
1949 births
2014 deaths
Sydney Brenner CH FRS (13 January 1927 – 5 April 2019) was a South African biologist and a 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate, shared with Robert Horvitz and John Sulston. He was of Jewish descent.

Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology.

He established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology. He founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California.

Work 
Brenner made several important contributions to molecular biology in the 1960s. With Francis Crick and others, he worked out the genetic code, where triplets of nucleic acid bases are translated into amino acids.

Brenner then focused on establishing Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of animal development including development of the nervous system. Brenner chose this 1 millimeter-long soil roundworm mainly because it is simple, is easy to grow in bulk populations, and turned out to be convenient for genetic analysis. For this work, he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Robert Horvitz and John Sulston. His Nobel lecture in December 2002, "Nature's gift to science" is a homage to this modest nematode. He considers chosing the right organism is as important as picking the right problems to work on. In recognition of his pioneering work on C. elegans, another closely related nematode was given the scientific name Caenorhabditis brenneri.

Brenner founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, CA in 1996. He is currently associated with the Salk Institute, the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, the Singapore Biomedical Research Council and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In August 2005 Brenner was appointed president of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. He is also on the Board of Scientific Governors at the Scripps Research Institute.

Known for his scientific insight and wit, Brenner for many years penned a regular column ("Loose Ends") in the journal Current Biology. Brenner was noted for his generosity of ideas and the great number of students and colleagues his ideas have stimulated.

Brenner died on 5 April 2019 in Singapore. He was 92.

Books 
Brenner S. 1997. Loose ends: a collection of loose ends/false starts columns by Uncle Syd, from January 1994 to December 2000. Current Biology. 
Brenner S. 2001. My life in science, with Lewis Wolpert; edited by Errol C. Friedberg and Eleanor Lawrence. Biomed Central. 
Friedberg, Errol 2010. Sydney Brenner: a biography. CSHL Press.

Related pages
List of biologists

References

Other websites

 Sydney Brenner at NobelPrize.org

1927 births
2019 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Geneticists
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
South African Jews
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African scientists
White South African people
The Gerhard Hanappi stadium was a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. It was the homeground of SK Rapid Wien and is named after Gerhard Hanappi, the architect of the stadium and former player of Rapid Wien.

History
The work started in 1971 but there was a delay in finishing it. The plan was not fully built because it should be cheaper. The new stadium was named "Weststadion" (western stadium) because it lays in the western part of Vienna. It was planned that the two major clubs should play in this new stadium, but Austria Wien was not amused that her rival has got a stadium in its own district, so they went back to their former homeground, the Franz Horr stadium. But till 1992 they often came back because the Horr stadium was not licensed for international matches. In April 1981 it got the name of its architect Gerhard Hanappi, who was player for Rapid Wien.

The first match which was played here was a leaguematch SK Rapid versus Austria Vienna. But the official opening was on September 14th, 1977 with a UEFA-Cup match Rapid versus FK Inter Bratislava (1:0). It was not love at first sight between the fans and the new stadium, but meanwhile they accept it. It is even called "Saint Hanappi" following the slogan of the fans "Rapid is our religion."

The stadium was demolished in 2014 to build the Allianz Stadion, which was opened on 16 July 2016. During its construction, Rapid Vienna played their home games at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion in the Prater.

Special matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium

ÖFB-Cup finals

 1977: FK Austria Wien – Wiener Sport-Club 3:0 (2:0)
 1983: SK Rapid Wien – Wacker Innsbruck 3:0 (1:0)
 1984: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 2:0 (2:0)
 1985: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:3 (1:1) (0:0) n. V.- Pen. 6:5
 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 4:6 (3:3) (2:1) n.V.
 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:0 (2:0)
 1998: SV Ried – SK Sturm Graz 3:1 (2:0)
 2007: FK Austria Wien – SV Mattersburg 2:1 (0:1)

Supercup (Austria) 

 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:1 (2:0)
 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:1 (1:1)

International matches 
(Till 1992 FK Austria Vienna has to play international matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium.)

 1984: SK Rapid Wien – Celtic Glasgow 3:1 (0:0)
 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Liverpool 1:1 (1:0)
 1985: SK Rapid Wien – Dynamo Dresden 5:0 (3:0)
 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Bayern München 3:3 (1:1)
 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (2:1)
 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Aberdeen 1:0 (1:0)
 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (0:1)
 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Lüttich 1:0 (0:0)
 1990: SK Rapid Wien – Inter Mailand 2:1 (0:1)
 1992: FK Austria Wien – FC Brügge 3:1 (0:0)
 1997: SK Rapid Wien – 1. FC Brünn 6:1 (2:0)
 2000: FK Roter Stern Belgrad – Leicester City 3:1 (1:1)
 2001: SK Rapid Wien – FK Partizan Belgrad 5:1 (2:0)
 2005: SK Rapid Wien – Lokomotive Moskau 1:1 (0:1)
 2009: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:0 (1:0)
 2010: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:1 (0:1)

References

Football stadiums in Austria
Vienna
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist is a 2009 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Kerry Kohansky Roberts, Andrew Miano, Chris Weitz and Paul Weitz and was directed by Peter Sollett. Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist was released on October 3, 2008 in North America. The plot involves Nick and Norah following rabbit-associated clues to see a music band, and during their adventure they fall in love.  The movie received positive reviews with a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
Michael Cera as Nick O'Leary
Kat Dennings as Norah Silverberg
Ari Graynor as Caroline
Alexis Dziena as Tris
Aaron Yoo as Thom
Rafi Gavron as Dev
Jay Baruchel as Tal
Jonathan B. Wright as Lethario
Rachel Cohn (Cameo appearance)
David Levithan (Cameo)
Eddie Kaye Thomas (Cameo)
Devendra Banhart (Cameo)
John Cho (Cameo)
Seth Meyers (Cameo)
Andy Samberg (Cameo)
Kevin Corrigan (Cameo)

Other websites 
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist's Official website 
 
 

2009 movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Kicking & Screaming is a 2005 sports comedy movie that was produced by Jimmy Miller and Judd Apatow and was directed by Jesse Dylan. Kicking & Screaming was released on May 13, 2005 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 41% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 47 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
Will Ferrell as Phil Weston
Robert Duvall as Buck Weston
Mike Ditka as Himself
Kate Walsh as Barbara Weston
Musetta Vander as Janice Weston
Dylan McLaughlin as Sam Weston
Josh Hutcherson as Bucky Weston
Francesco Liotti as Gian Piero
Alessandro Ruggiero as Massimo
Elliott Cho as Byong Sun Hogan-Jones
David Herman as Referee
Rachael Harris as Ann Hogan
Dallas McKinney as Connor (Goalie)
Phill Lewis as John Ryan
Alex Borstein as Obnoxious Hummer Lady (uncredited)
Jeremy Bergman as Hunter Davidson
Erik Walker as Ambrose Hanna
Steven Anthony Lawrence as Mark Avery
Laura Kightlinger as Donna Jones
Sammy Fine as Jack
Timmy Deters as Alex
Joseph R. Sicari as Umberto
Stephen Rudrick as Young Ceeb

Other websites 
Kicking & Screaming's Official website 
 
 

2005 movies
Sports comedy movies
English-language movies
How Do You Know is a 2010 American comedy-drama movie produced by Julie Ansell, James L. Brooks and Paula Weinstein, and written and directed by Brooks. It premiered on December 17, 2010 and received negative reviews with a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 47 out of 100 from Metacritic. It became poor at the box office with $7.6 million made in North America, which made it eighth in the box office at its first weekend. It fell off the chart on the third weekend and grossed a total of $47,707,151 worldwide. It failed to recoup for its $120 million budget and made it a massive box-office bomb.

Cast 
Reese Witherspoon as Lisa Jorgenson
Paul Rudd as George Madison
Owen Wilson as Matty Reynolds
Jack Nicholson as Charles Madison
Dean Norris as Tom
Kathryn Hahn as Annie
Yuki Matsuzaki as Tori
Andrew Wilson as Matty's Teammate
Shelley Conn as Terry
Tony Shalhoub as Psychiatrist
Domenick Lombardozzi as Bullpen Pitcher
Ron McLarty as George's Lawyer
Lenny Venito as Al
Mark Linn-Baker as Ron
Molly Price as Coach Sally

Other websites 
How Do You Know's Official website
 

2010 comedy-drama movies
2010 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
The Girl He Left Behind is a 1956 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Frank P. Rosenberg and was directed by David Butler. The Girl He Left Behind was released on 1956 in North America and in 1957 in Europe by Premier Productions.

Cast 
Tab Hunter as Andy L. Shaeffer
Natalie Wood as Susan Daniels
Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs. Madeline Shaeffer
Jim Backus as Sgt. Hanna
Henry Jones as Hanson
Murray Hamilton as Sgt. Clyde
Alan King as Maguire
James Garner as Preston
David Janssen as Capt. Genaro
Wilfred Knapp as Congressman Hardison
Les Johnson as Lt. Taylor
Raymond Bailey as General
Florenz Ames as Mr. Hillaby
Fredd Wayne as Sgt. Sheridan
Ernestine Wade as Lorna

Other websites 

1956 comedy movies
1950s romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by David Butler
A thermal power plant is a power plant where steam is used to drive a steam turbine. This turbine is connected to an electrical generator. After this, the water is condensed, and may be used again. This is known as the Rankine cycle. There are different procedures that can be used to heat the water;

Components of a thermal power plant

 Cooling tower
 Cooling water pump
 transmission line (3-phase)
 Step-up transformer (3-phase)
 Electrical generator (3-phase)
 Low pressure steam turbine 
 Condensate pump
 Surface condenser
 Intermediate pressure steam turbine
 Steam Control valve
 High pressure steam turbine
 Deaerator
 Feedwater heater
 Boiler steam drum
 Superheater
 Forced draught (draft) fan
 Reheater
 Combustion air intake
 Induced draught (draft) fan

Main disadvantage of fossil fuel thermal power plant
Fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
 It occupies lot of space and release gases.

Related pages

 Geothermic power plant
 thermal energy from the oceans
 solar power
 nuclear power plant
 coal and other fossil fuels, such as gas

Power plants
Ruth Ann Buzzi (born July 24, 1936) is an American comedian and actress.  She is most famous for her performances on the variety show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. She most often appeared as the unwilling object of "dirty old man" character Tyrone F. Horneigh's affection. Ruth appeared as Ruthie on seasons 25 (1993-1994)-32 (2001) of Sesame Street.

Awards
Buzzi received 5 Emmy Award nominations.  She won the Golden Globe Award in 1973 for her work on Laugh-In.  

Buzzi received the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Pasadena Playhouse of the Performing Arts.

Buzzi received a Clio Award for Best Spokesperson in a television commercial for her series of Clorox-2 commercials. She is among the first of only a few Caucasian women to win an NAACP Image Award.  

Ruth Buzzi guest starred as a music and comedy performer on dozens of prime time television specials with colleagues including Jonathan Winters, Carol Burnett, Jim Nabors, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lee Lewis, Wayne Newton, Anne Murray, Rolf Harris, Dom DeLuise, Tony Orlando to name just a few.  She appeared 8 times on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and has made more than 200 other television guest appearances.   

Ruth Buzzi graduated with honors from the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California.  She was one of the first recipients of the Pasadena Playhouse Alumni Achievement Award along with her former classmates Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman.

Buzzi was a presenter at the 2009 Emmy Awards along with several members of her debut series, Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In.

Personal life
Buzzi lives in Fort Worth, Texas with her husband.  

Buzzi and her husband collect automobiles.  Some of their collection is at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California.

References

Comedians from Rhode Island
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Rhode Island
1936 births
Living people
Clio Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
NART TV (National Adighe Radio and Television) is a Circassian satellite TV channel which broadcasts from Amman, Jordan. The channel is gaining in popularity and is beginning to get a larger audience in Jordan, Syria and Turkey.

History 
Young Circassians from Jordan decided to open a Circassian-language TV channel with a hope to find international exposure for the Circassian people who live overseas. The experimental channel began broadcasting Circassian music and dance like on MTV. Through the years it has become a commercial channel broadcasting social events, documentaries and activities of the Circassian diaspora. It is continuously under development and regeneration with the increase of advertising incomes from local commercial activities.

TV programming
The footpath of the transmission covers a large area of Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Starting in 2011, the channel began to broadcast new programs, moving to normal entertainment schedules. It also switched to including some programs in Arabic because of the concern that many young Circassians (especially in Jordan) do not understand the original Circassian language. A collection of new shows were introduced including live interviews and specific social programs and entertainment programs. Teaching Circassian language in different dialects was also introduced.  

2008 establishments in Asia
Television channels in Asia
Jordan
is a new religious movement in Japan. Ryuho Okawa started the religion on October 6th, 1986. On February 2nd, 2008, the group changed its official English name. It had been called Kofuku-no-Kagaku, which is a version of the Japanese name in Latin alphabet. The group now calls itself "Happy Science" in English.

Related pages
 The Happiness Realization Party is the religion's political party. Although it fields many candidates in almost every Japanese nationwide election, as of 2018 it has no seats in the Japanese Diet.

Further reading
  Clarke, Peter B. (ed.) (1999), 'Kofuku-no-Kagaku: The Institute for Research in Human Happiness' in A Bibliography of Japanese New Religious Movements: With Annotations, Surrey, UK, Japan Library (Curzon), , pp. 149–67
 Yamashita, Akiko (1998), 'The "Eschatology" of Japanese new and new new religions: from Tenrikyo to Kofuku-no-Kagaku' in Japanese Religions, Vol. 23, January 1998, NCC, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 125–42
 The Transformation of a Recent Japanese New Religion: Okawa Ryuho and Kofuku no kagaku, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22 p 343-380

Other websites
 Official website
 HS North America

New religious movements
1986 establishments in Japan
Organisations based in Japan
Daniel Sedin (born September 26, 1980) is a Swedish professional ice hockey winger with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL), and serves as an alternate captain for the Canucks during home games. His identical twin brother Henrik also plays for the Canucks, and is the team captain. Born and raised in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, they have played together throughout their careers; the pair are known for their effectiveness playing off one another. Daniel is known as a goal-scorer, while Henrik is known as a playmaker.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

International

*All statistics taken from NHL.com

NHL All-Star Games

Awards

References

Other websites

 

1980 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Living people
Olympic gold medalists
Swedish ice hockey players
Swedish Hockey League players
Twin people
Vancouver Canucks players
The West Coast Eagles are an Australian Rules Football team in Perth, Western Australia.

Australian football clubs
Australian Football League
Perth, Western Australia
Subiaco Oval, also known as Patersons Stadium and Domain Stadium, until its closing in 2017, is a sports stadium. is the largest sports stadium in Perth, Western Australia. It is in the suburb of Subiaco, about three kilometres west of Perth's city centre.

References

Further reading
 Wilson, Ray (2008) Field of Dreams: Celebration of Subiaco Oval's 100th year Perth, Western Australia: The West Australian  16 pp – inserted into 7 May 2008 edition of The West Australian newspaper.

Other websites
 Satellite image of Subiaco Oval

Football stadiums
Football in Australia
Sports buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Perth, Western Australia
1908 establishments in Australia
Sir John Edward Sulston FRS (27 March 1942 – 6 March 2018) was a British biologist. He was a joint winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

He was the first Director of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and then Chair of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the University of Manchester.

Sulston was one of 20 Nobel laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

Work 
He first studied at the University of Cambridge in Pembroke College, where he graduated in 1963. He then stayed on to do his PhD there. After working at the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, for a while, he returned to Cambridge to work under Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Sulston played a central role in both the Caenorhabditis elegans roundworm and human genome sequencing projects. As sequencing of the worm genome proceeded, the project to sequence the human genome began. At this point he was made director of the newly established Sanger Centre (named after Fred Sanger).

One of Sulston's most important contributions during his research years at the LMB was to find the precise order in which cells in C. elegans divide. In fact, he and his team succeeded in tracing the nematode's entire embryonic cell lineage.  Sulston was a leading campaigner against the patenting of human genetic information.

Death 
Sulston died on 6 March 2018 at the age of 75.

References 

1942 births
2018 deaths
English biologists
English geneticists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
British Nobel Prize winners
Sir Aaron Klug OM PRS (August 11, 1926 – November 20, 2018) was a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist. 

Klug won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing crystallographic electron microscopy and working out the structure of nucleic acid-protein complexes.

Biography
Klug was born in Želva, Lithuania to Jewish parents. The family moved to South Africa when he was two. Klug graduated with a degree in science at the University of Witwatersrand and studied crystallography at the University of Cape Town before moving to England, completing his doctorate at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1953. 

He moved to Birkbeck College, University of London, in late 1953, and started working with Rosalind Franklin in John Bernal's lab. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in viruses. During his time there he worked on the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. 

In 1962 he moved to the newly built MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Klug used methods from X-ray diffraction to develop crystallographic electron microscopy. In this method, two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to make three-dimensional images of the target. He worked out the structure of important nucleic acid-protein complexes.

Between 1986 and 1996 he was Director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, and was knighted in 1988. He was elected President of the Royal Society, and served from 1995–2000.  He was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1995.

Klung died on November 20, 2018 in Cambridge at the age of 92.

References

Further reading

 this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
 Aaron Klug tells his life story at Web of Stories
Aaron Klug biography at the Nobel Foundation
Aaron Klug interviews with Harry Kroto
Aaron Klug article   by Bob Weintraub.
 The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
 Aaron Klug interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 11 December 2007 (film)
 Listen to an oral history interview with Aaron Klug – a life story interview recorded for National Life Stories at the British Library

1926 births
2018 deaths
British biophysicists
British chemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Knights Bachelor
Lithuanian Jews
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Order of Merit
South African Jews
White South African people
The Planck units are physical units of measurement. The system of these units was first developed by Max Planck. The four basic Planck units are based only on four physical constants found in nature.  When Planck units are used to express any of these four physical constants, the value is 1.  This allows physicists to simplify many equations about physical law. Planck proposed these units in 1899. 

Planck units are unique: they are based only on properties of free space (a vacuum). Planck units are also called natural units because they come only from properties of nature and not from any human construct.  Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems. The constants that Planck units define as 1 are these:

The speed of light in a vacuum, c;
The gravitational constant, G;
The reduced Planck constant, ħ;
The Boltzmann constant, kB (sometimes k).

Each of these constants has at least one fundamental physical theory: c with special relativity, G with general relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, ħ with quantum mechanics, ε0 with electrostatics, and kB with statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. 

Planck units are very important for theoretical physics, because they simplify several recurring algebraic expressions of physical law. They are particularly relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity.

Planck units may sometimes be semi-humorously referred to by physicists as "God's units".  They eliminate human centered arbitrariness from the system of units: some physicists argue that communication with extraterrestrial intelligence would have to use such a system of units to make common reference to scale. Unlike the meter and second, which exist as fundamental units in the SI system for historical reasons, the Planck length and Planck time are linked at a fundamental physical level.

Natural units help physicists to reframe questions.  Frank Wilczek puts this succinctly:

The strength of gravity is simply what it is and the strength of the electromagnetic force is simply what it is.

References 

Basic physics ideas
Units of measurement