cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Euglena is a large genus of unicellular protists: they have both plant and animal characteristics.

All live in water, and move by means of a flagellum. This is an animal characteristic. Most have chloroplasts, which are characteristic of algae and plants.

Euglenids are believed to descend from an ancestor that took up green algae by secondary endosymbiosis.

Over 1,000 species of Euglena have been described, and there are more to be discovered. Their relationships are being analysed.



Form and function
When acting as a heterotroph (animal), the Euglena surrounds a particle of food and consumes it by phagocytosis. When acting as an autotroph, the Euglena has chloroplasts which produce sugars by photosynthesis. The chloroplasts use the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

The number and shape of chloroplasts within Euglena varies greatly. Euglena are able to move through aquatic environments by using a large flagellum for locomotion. To detect light, the cell has an eyespot, a primitive organelle that filters sunlight into light-detecting, photo-sensitive structures. These structures, at the base of the flagellum, allow only certain wavelengths of light to register. With the aid of this photo-sensitive area,  the Euglena can shift its position to get better photosynthesis. 

The mobility of Euglena also allows hunting. Most Euglena are considered mixotrophs: autotrophs in sunlight and heterotrophs in the dark. Euglena do not have plant cell walls, but have a pellicle instead. The pellicle is made of protein bands that spiral down the length of the Euglena and lie beneath the plasma membrane.

Euglena can survive in fresh and salt water. In low moisture conditions, Euglena forms a protective wall around itself and lies dormant as a spore until environmental conditions improve. Euglena can also survive in the dark by storing starch-like paramylon granules inside the chloroplast.

Reproduction
Euglenas reproduce asexually by binary fission. There is no evidence of sexual reproduction. Reproduction includes transverse division and longitudinal division, which both occur in the active and encysted forms.

As a food source 
Starting in 2005, the Tokyo-based Euglena Company now markets Euglena-based food and beverage products. The fitness of Euglena for human consumption had been thought about before, but this is the first attempt to cultivate and farm it. The company's main production facility is on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, where there is a favourable climate.

Euglena Company is also experimenting with the use of Euglena as a potential fuel source.

References 

Protista
Protozoa
Walter Nausch (5 February 1907 in Vienna; † 11. July 1957 in Obertraun, Upper Austria) was an Austrian football player and coach. He played mainly for FK Austria Wien and was member of Austrias so called "Wunderteam". As coach he coached the Austrian national football team, helping the team reach third place in the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

Career
Over two minor clubs Nausch came 1923 to FK Austria Wien, then named Wiener Amateur-SV. Other than most of the players in the pre-war eara Nausch came out of Viennas  middle classes. In 1924 he reached the Austrian championship which stayed to only championship he reached. Between 1925 and 1929 he played for WAC, but retourned to Austria and shaped together with Matthias Sindelar the style of FK Austria in the 1930s. Although he was a midfielder he also played as forward and defender. 

International success he reached in the 1930 winning two times the Mitropa Cup, an early form of the UEFA Championsleague. The first victory was in 1933 versus Inter Mailand (1:2;3:1) the second in 1936 versus Slavia Praha (0:0;1:0). As player he played from 1929 to 1937 in 39 matches for the Austrian national football team. He played many matches in the eara of the so called "Wunderteam". He did not play the 1934 FIFA World Cup because he was ehavyly injured in a match versus Bulgaria.

After the occupation of Austria in 1938 Austria Vienna was suppressed by the Nazi authoritys mainly because there were a lot of players and officials of Jewish origin. The Name was forbidden and they played under the name Sportclub Ostmark. Protected by his popularity Nausch often showed his disfavour of the nazis. As Nausch wanted to coach the team he was ordered by the authoritys to leave his wife who was of Jewish origin. He did not and fled to Switzerland. He became coach and player  of Zürcher Young Fellows. 

1948 Nausch came back to Austria and became coach of the Austrian national football team. He stayed with the team from 1948 till 1954. He formed a team with stars like Zeman, Happel, Hanappi, Ocwirk, Probst und Stojaspal. This team was almost so successful like the old "Wunderteam". In this time Austria reached the third place in the FIFA World Cup 1954 the best place an Austrian team reached  ever. After being coach of the team he went to his old team FK Austria Wien which he coached from 1954 till 1955. 

He died in 1957 because of a heart attack.

Honours
as player
    2 x Mitropacup: 1933, 1936
    1 x Austrian Champion
    5 x Austrian Cup: 1924, 1925 1933, 1935, 1936
    39 matches for Austria between 1929 bis 1937
as coach
3. place FIFA World Cup: 1954

References

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
1907 births
1957 deaths
American History X is a 1998 American crime drama movie directed by Tony Kaye. It was released on October 23, 1998 in North America and received positive reviews, with an 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 62/100 from Metacritic. Edward Norton was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. The movie was named by Empire magazine as the 311th Greatest Movie of All Time. It is about a man who joins a neo-nazi gang, after his firefighter father is killed by black drug dealers in Venice, Los Angeles. While staying in prison for three years, his younger brother ends up facing the wrong path.

Cast 
 Edward Norton as Derek Vinyard
 Edward Furlong as Daniel "Danny" Vinyard
 Beverly D'Angelo as Doris Vinyard
 Jennifer Lien as Davina Vinyard
 Ethan Suplee as Seth Ryan
 Fairuza Balk as Stacey
 Avery Brooks as Dr. Robert "Bob" Sweeney
 Elliott Gould as Murray
 Stacy Keach as Cameron Alexander
 William Russ as Dennis Vinyard
 Paul Le Mat as McMahon
 Guy Torry as Lamont
 Joseph Cortese as Rasmussen
 Jason Bose Smith as Little Henry
 Antonio David Lyons as Lawrence
 Alex Sol as Mitch McCormick
 Keram Malicki-Sánchez as Chris
 Giuseppe Andrews as Jason
 Cleo Adell as Lizzie
 Jonathan Fowler Jr. as Jerome
 Christopher Masterson as Daryl Dawson
 Nicholas R. Oleson as Huge Aryan
 Jordan Marder as Curtis

Other websites 
 American History X official website
 
 

1998 crime movies
1998 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American gangster movies
American prison movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about murderers
Movies set in Los Angeles
Rape in movies
American independent movies
Oculus is a Latin word which means "eye". The hole in the ceiling of the Pantheon in Rome is called the Oculus.

References

Ancient Rome
Latin words and phrases
Edward "Teddy" Purcell (born September 8, 1985 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador) is a Canadian ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Los Angeles Kings and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

He was traded along with a 3rd round draft pick to the Lightning for Jeff Halpern. On July 10, 2012, he signed a three-year contract extension with the Lightning which would allow the Lightning to keep him through to the 2015-2016 season.

On June 29, 2014, the Lightning traded Purcell to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Sam Gagner.

References

Other websites 

1985 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Newfoundland and Labrador
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Tampa Bay Lightning players
United States Hockey League players
Laura Ruth Sadler (25 December 1980 – 19 June 2003) was an English actress best known for her role as nurse Sandy Harper in the BBC One hospital drama series Holby City.

TV career
Sadler was born in Ascot, Berkshire, and took up television acting as a young girl. She was spotted as a future talent at the age of 6 by Dustin Hoffman, who had seen her in a play. After the play had finished Hoffman asked to meet the young actress. Before joining the cast of Holby City, her best-known role had been as the character Judi Jeffreys in the children's television series Grange Hill from 1997 to 1999. In a tragic coincidence, her Grange Hill character was killed after slipping and falling out of a burning building, paralleling her real life death 4 years later. Laura also then played the part of Skirty Marm in a new BBC1 children's comedy, Belfry Witches. Skirty Marm and her friend Old Noshie (Lucy Davis) were teenage witches banished to earth from Witch Island; settling in a sleepy village where they caused mischief.

In 1996 she starred in the feature movie Intimate Relations alongside Julie Walters, where she played a Lolita-like girl with a crush on her mother's adulterous lover. She joined the cast of Holby City, a spin-off series from the long-running BBC medical drama series Casualty, in the show's third series.

Death
In the early hours of 15 June 2003, she fell 40 feet (12 metres) from the balcony of the Holland Park flat of her boyfriend and Holby City co-star George Calil after having taken alcohol and cocaine. She suffered severe head injuries, and never regained consciousness. Her family decided to remove her from life support on 18 June 2003 and she died at Charing Cross Hospital a day later. 

Her boyfriend, Calil, then aged 30, who played her character's drug-dealing boyfriend Sean Hunt in Holby City, was arrested for questioning before being released on bail. On 26 June police announced that the death was being treated as accidental and no further action would be taken.

Laura continued to feature in pre-recorded episodes of Holby City after her death. Laura's mother took part in writing her daughter's character Sandy out of Holby City; in the episode, which was broadcast in September 2003, her character won the lottery and subsequently emigrated to Australia.

Notes

Other websites

 
BBC News - Holby actor speaks of shock
BBC News - Actress Laura Sadler dies

1980 births
2003 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Actors from Berkshire
British child actors
English movie actors
English television actors
The Flag of the State of Wyoming has an American Bison in the center and the Seal of Wyoming in the middle of the bison. The flags original design was for the buffalo to face the opposite way.

Wyoming
Wyoming
Sajóvámos is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county in Hungary.

Location 
The village is lying next to the Sajó river.

Connections 
A minor road heading through Sajóvámos beetween Edelény and Felsőzsolca. There is another, even smaller road what connects the village with Road 26.

History 
Sajóvámos was first mentiones in 1219 as villa Vamus. It was an important custom house in the XIV. century.

Landmarks 

 Kossuth Square
 Reformatic Church

Other websites 
Official site
KSH 

Villages in Hungary
Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles is a 1994 American fantasy drama horror movie directed by Neil Jordan. It is about a vampire named Lestat who turns a plantation owner into a vampire. The movie is set in New Orleans during 1791, Paris in 1871 and San Francisco, California in 1988. The movie stars Tom Cruise, Stephen Rea, Antonio Banderas, Christian Slater and Kirsten Dunst.

The movie is based on the 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice.

Other websites 

1994 drama movies
1994 horror movies
1990s fantasy movies 
American fantasy movies
American drama movies
American horror movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in 1988
Movies set in San Francisco
New Orleans, Louisiana in fiction
Movies set in Paris
English-language movies
Movies directed by Neil Jordan
The Advertiser is a daily newspaper published in Adelaide, South Australia. It was first printed on 12 July 1858. it is owned by News Limited.

References

Newspapers published in Australia
Adelaide
1858 establishments
1850s establishments in Australia
In computing, a "utility" is a program or module which is used to give a general-purpose result, for many different uses. A utility is intended for a wide range of users, rather than an "app" (application program) which might be intended to serve a specific purpose for specific users.

For example, a utility program may handle computer files or guard against computer viruses.

Definition 
Utility is a system software that corresponds towards analyzing, configuring and optimizing the computer.

Common examples of utility programs 
 Anti-Virus
 Archives
 synchronisation
 Disk compression
 Disk Defragment
 search bar
 system restore
 synchronisation
 zip/unzip

The word "utility" has been used to mean a "general-purpose computing tool" for many decades, since at least 1960.

References 

Computers
Capitol Punishment was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by WWE. The event took place June 19, 2011 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the first Capitol Punishment event. Eight matches overall took place, with all of them airing live on PPV.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Capitol Punishment website

2011 in professional wrestling
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
2011 in the United States
2010s in Washington, D.C.
June events
In mathematics, the word "proportions" means two ratios put into an equation. Some examples of proportions are:
  = 
  = 
  = , where x = 75.
In algebra, proportions can be used to solve many common problems about changing numbers. As an example, for the increase in a $40 purchase of gasoline (petrol), if the price rose 35 cents, from $3.50 to $3.85, then the proportion would be:
  = 
The solution is simply:
 x = $40/3.50 x 3.85   =   $44.00, or $4 more when $0.35 higher.
Many other common calculations can be solved by using proportions to show the relationships between the numbers.

In statistics, a proportion is a number which measures the extent to which a specific characteristic is in a sample or a population. It can be thought of as a percentage. To represent a sample proportion, the letters  can be used. To represent a population proportion, the letter  can be used.

Proportionality constant
A proportionality constant is a number that is used to convert a measurement in one system to the equivalent measurement in another system. For instance, people who are familiar with the traditional system of units used in the United States (pounds, feet, inches, etc.) may need to find out the metric equivalent for these measures in grams and meters. To make these calculations, they would need some proportionality constants.

One way to write a formula showing how to use a proportionality constant K is:

KX = Y

For example, people may know that they have 100 eggs and want to know how many dozen eggs they have. The proportionality constant K is then 1 dozen/ 12 eggs.

100 eggs × (1 dozen / 12 eggs) = 8 dozen eggs + 4 eggs

In general, given two functions  and , if there is a constant  such that , then we say that " is directly proportional to ". In symbols, this can be written as .

Examples of proportionality constants

 The Planck constant puts the energy of a photon of a given frequency into a commonly used unit of energy, the joule.

Related pages 

 Proportionality

References 

Mathematics
Algebra
Catherine "Catie" Wayne (born April 28, 1992), better known by her online name, Boxxy, is an American internet celebrity. She is known for her highly-energetic tone in her blogging videos. She rose to fame in late 2008 and early 2009 when she made videos anonymously under the name "Boxxy" and posted them to her Gaia Online profile. They were later posted onto the website iambored.com and spread to the website 4chan. This resulted in a large online following. She later became an Internet meme. She is known to wear heavy eyeliner and ramble excitedly about many different things while displaying "ridiculous" and possibly "fake" personality quirks. She is rated by the AOL channel's "urlesque" as #104 on its list of "The 100 Most Iconic Internet Videos". She was also mentioned in a Fox News report on Internet trolls.

References

Other websites
Boxxy's Official website 
Boxxy at Know Your Meme

Internet celebrities
Internet memes
American entertainers
1992 births
Living people
The Bradford Riots were a short but intense period of rioting which began on 7 July 2001, in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It was a result of heightened tension between the large and growing ethnic minority communities and the city's white majority. It was stoked by confrontation between the Anti-Nazi League and far-right groups such as the British National Party and the National Front. Similar race riots had occurred earlier in May in Oldham and in June in Burnley - other parts of northern England.

References

2001 crimes
2001 in the United Kingdom
2000s crimes in Europe
2000s in England
2000s riots
2001 riots
July events
Riots in England
New Addington is an area in the London Borough of Croydon. It is a large local estate surrounded by open countryside, woodland and golf courses. The Prime Meridian crosses the eastern edge of New Addington. The eastern edge of New Addington itself follows the line of th London to Lewes Roman road. Some roads are based on the Tudor era, however many are either from the 1960s council estate or are now privately owned.

London Borough of Croydon
Ashcroft is a village in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Ashcroft is found in Thompson Country in the Interior of British Columbia. The population of Ashcroft was 1,628 in 2011.

The village of Ashcroft was founded in the 1860s which was during the Cariboo Gold Rush, by two English brothers named Clement Francis Cornwall and Henry Pennant Cornwall who were the founders of Ashcroft Ranch. They emigrated to Canada from Ashcroft, at Newington Bagpath in Gloucestershire. The village is sometimes recognized as the "twin" to nearby Cache Creek, which is on the major highway unlike Ashcroft.

The village is sister cities with Bifuka, Hokkaido in Japan.

References

Other websites

Village of Ashcroft's Official website

Settlements in British Columbia
Gene duplication (or gene amplification) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.

Gene duplication is important in supplying raw genetic material – new genes – to biological evolution. This has been recognized since the 1930s. Recent genomic sequence data show that duplicated genes are common in all organisms surveyed.

Origin 

In classical genetics it may occur as an error in crossing-over during meiosis, or the duplication of an entire chromosome.

In non-classical genetics it may happen by a retrotransposition event.

Implications 
The second copy of the gene is often relatively free from selective pressure. Mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. Thus it accumulates mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations.

A duplication is the opposite of a deletion. Duplications arise from unequal crossing-over that occurs during meiosis between misaligned homologous chromosomes. The product of this recombination are a duplication at the site of the exchange and a reciprocal deletion.

Evolutionary importance 
Gene duplication is believed to play a major role in evolution; this idea was first suggested 100 years ago. Susumu Ohno was one of the most famous developers of this theory in his classic book Evolution by gene duplication (1970).  Ohno argued that gene duplication is the most important evolutionary force since the emergence of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).

Major genome duplication events are not uncommon. It is believed that the entire yeast genome underwent duplication about 100 million years ago.  Plants are the most prolific genome duplicators.  For example, wheat is hexaploid (a kind of polyploid), meaning that it has six copies of its genome.

Normally, a big change in gene function is resisted because the original function is needed, but after a duplication one gene carries on the original function. Therefore, a change of function in the second copy is possible without loss of fitness.
This freedom from consequences allows for more mutations to be 'carried' in the population. Some of these might increase the fitness of the organism or code for a new function. 

The two genes that exist after a gene duplication event are called paralogs and usually code for proteins with a similar function and/or structure.  By contrast, orthologous genes are ones which code for proteins with similar functions but exist in different species, and are created from species-splitting.

Related pages 
Gene family
Hox gene
Mutation

References 

Classical genetics
In typesetting, the page margins (with header and footer) are the borders of the page outside of the regular text to be shown.

There are 4 main margins:
 top margin (or: header) - the top (upper) border of the page
 bottom margin (or: footer) - the lower border of the page
 left margin - the lefthand-side border of the page
 right margin - the righthand-side border of the page
Other special margins can be used, beyond the typical 4, to provide additional margin settings on a page.

In computer CSS styles 
For webpages (such as on the Internet), the margins can be set by using CSS style sheet directives, such as:
 style="margins: 0.6em 0.7em 0.4em 0.7em" for margins: top, right, bottom & left.
 style="margin-top: 0.6em" to set just the top margin.
 style="margin-left: 0.7em" to set the left margin.
 style="margin-right: 0.7em" to set the right margin.
 style="margin-bottom: 0.4em" for the bottom margin.
Each page, and each image or formatted table on a page, can have the 4 margins set, separately.

Typesetting
Writing
Gladstone is a small town in South Australia about 200 km north of Adelaide. In 2006 the population was 629.

It is in the middle of a farming area that grows wheat and raises sheep, but Gladstone is important because it has lots of very big buildings to store wheat, barley, durum wheat, peas, faba beans and fiesta beans. All together, these buildings store the biggest amount of grains in the Southern Hemisphere in a place not by the sea.

Railways

The railways are important to Gladstone so the grains can be moved to the sea and put on ships. The nearest place where this happens is Port Pirie. 

The railways are also important to move the grains to the big cities in Australia. Gladstone is on the biggest railway line in Australia that goes between Sydney in the east and Perth in the west. Railway lines also go south to Adelaide, and north to other small towns. Now, all of the railway lines are  4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) apart. This is called standard gauge. Before 1970, the railway lines going north were  3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) apart (narrow gauge), and the railway lines going south were 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) apart (broad gauge). All three "gauges" joined together in Gladstone. Look at the photo to see this. This is very rare. Before 1970, there were only three places in the whole world where this happened.

Towns in South Australia
Broadcasting House is the headquarters and registered office of the BBC in Portland Place and Langham Place, London.

Current use 
Broadcasting House is home to BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, and BBC Radio 4 Extra and also houses the BBC Radio Theatre, where music and speech programmes (typically comedy for BBC Radio 4) are recorded in front of a studio audience. It is also the headquarters of the BBC itself and contains the offices of key figures within the organisation, such as the Director General.

Construction
The Original Construction of Broadcasting House took place in 1932, and opened on the 14 May 1932, 8 years after the corporation was created and was built as a housing for all their current operations, of offices and radio operations. Architect George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBC's civil engineer, M T Tudsbery. The original interiors were the work of the Australian-Irish architect Raymond McGrath. He set up and directed a team that included Serge Chermayeff and Wells Coates and designed the vaudeville studio, the associated green and dressing rooms, and the dance and chamber music studios in a flowing Art Deco style. It was later said of his efforts that "the designs for the BBC gave the first real fillip to industrial design in England".

The building was designed with the radio elements, such as the studios, in a central location constructed of Portland stone. The remainder of the building was steel framed and faced with Portland stone on the outside. These areas housed the offices, so that they could be both away from the noise of the radio operations, and have access to daylight. Issues with local residents also caused the structure to be changed: The east side of the building blocked out the light to local residents, and after complaints and seeking the right of ancient lights, the building was changed so that the East side of the building had a sloped roof. The building also faced issues with the fact that both the Bakerloo and the Victoria lines of the London Underground, as well as sewers 100 years old ran under the site.

The building also incorporated other elements, the ground floor of the building was fitted with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the street, as it was believed that to finance such a project (costing £25,000,000 in today's money) they would need to rent out the ground floor as a retail unit. This however never occurred, as the Corporation expanded so quickly the space was needed by the BBC.

References 

Buildings and structures in London
Talcahuano is a commune, city and port in Chile with 171.383 inhabitants and an area of 92.3 square kilometres, all according to the census of 2002. Additionally, this city is known as the first military, industrial and fishing port in the history of Chile.

History 
Talcahuano was declared and founded on 1764 like a port city by Antonio Guill y Gonzaga. This city and the port was well known by some American whaleships on 19th century.

Etimology 
The name Talcahuano comes from Talcahueñu, in honor to the Araucanian chief when Spaniards came to the zone. Talcahueñu also means Thundering Sky on mapudungun language.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Talcahuano municipality 
  thno.info
 ASMAR - Astillero de Talcahuano 

Cities in Chile
Volkswagen First Act is a guitar created by first act in partnership with Volkswagen.

Guitar included with Volkswagen cars
Volkswagen initiated a campaign in 2006 in which the company gave away special edition First Act guitars along with a special series car. The stereos in these Volkswagen could be used as an amplifier for the guitar. An accompanying ad campaign featured guitarists Slash, John Mayer, and Nigel Tufnel of Spinal Tap playing First Act guitars through the sound systems of Volkswagen automobiles. 

1 – Custom First Act GarageMaster guitar. White with color-coordinated pick guard to match the car (blue, white pearl, black, red). Plate on back of headstock has car’s VIN.
1 – Nice VW/First Act embroidered heavy-duty padded nylon gig bag
1 – Super-cool VW/First Act embroidered heavy-duty seat belt material guitar strap with leather ends
1 – Indispensable 20′ Instrument cable. 1/4 TS to 1/8 TRS3 – Neat VW/First Act logo charcoal celluloid guitar picks-medium thickness

Specs
Body type 	Solid body, double cutaway
Material 	Poplar
Color 	        White/black, White/Blue, White/Red, White/Pearl
Neck 	        Satin finished maple
Fretboard 	Rosewood
Fret count 	22
Scale length 	25 1/2 in.
Nut width 	1 11/16 in.
Pickup configuration 	2 Alnico V humbuckers
Tuning keys 	Die cast, 3×3
Weight 	7lbs.
Overall Length 	38 in.
Width 	12 3/4 in.
Electronics 	Volume control, tone control, 9-volt amp-modeling circuit, master volume control, distortion/clean switch, high boost/cut switch, preamp on/off switch, three-way pickup selector toggle switch 

Volkswagen
Guitars
Advertising
The accuracy and precision of measurements have special meanings in the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics. 

The accuracy of a measurement system is how close it gets  to a quantity's actual (true) value. 

The precision of a measurement system is the degree to which repeated measurements give the same results.

A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a error in the way it is done, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The end result would be a consistent, yet inaccurate, set of results from the flawed experiment.  Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.

A measurement system is valid if it is both accurate and precise. Related terms include bias (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and error (random variability).

Related topics 
The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.

In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.

Different meanings of 'precision' 
The word "precision" also refers to how fine the measurement is made, as the resolution of the measurement, such as to the nearest meter, centimeter, or yard, foot, inch, or nanometer. 

In the case of full reproducibility, such as when rounding a number to a representable floating point number, the word precision has a meaning not related to reproducibility. For example, in the IEEE 754-2008 standard, it means the number of bits in the significand (number of digits in the amount), so it is used as a measure for the relative accuracy with which a number can be shown.

Related pages
Precision (numbers)
Significant figures
Pi

References

Other websites 

 BIPM - Guides in metrology - Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM)
 "Beyond NIST Traceability: What really creates accuracy" - Controlled Environments magazine
 Precision and Accuracy with Three Psychophysical Methods
 Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, Appendix D.1: Terminology
 Accuracy and Precision

Critical thinking
Measurement
The humidex ("Hyu-mah-deks") is a temperature index used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to a person, by adding the effect of heat and humidity. For example, if the temperature is  and the calculated humidex is 40, then that means the humid heat feels like a dry temperature of . The index is widely used in Canadian weather reports during summer to give the discomfort level.

According to the Meteorological Service of Canada, a humidex of at least 30 causes "some discomfort", at least 40 causes "great discomfort" and above 45 is "dangerous". When the humidex hits 54, then heat stroke is very near.

The current formula for getting the humidex (see below: Humidex formula) was developed by J.M. Masterton and F.A. Richardson of Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service in 1979. The humidex differs from the heat index used in the United States, in being derived from the dew point rather than the relative humidity.

The record highest humidex in Canada occurred on July 25, 2007, when Carman, Manitoba hit 53.0. That number broke the previous record of 52.1 set during 1953 in Windsor, Ontario (The residents of Windsor would not have known it at the time, since the humidex had yet to be invented).

Humidex formula 
When the temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) and the dew point is 15 °C (59 °F), the humidex is 34. Note how humidex is a dimensionless number, but it indicates an approximate temperature in °C. If the temperature remains  and the dew point rises to  , the humidex rises to 42.  The humidex tends to be higher than the U.S. heat index at equal temperature and relative humidity.

The humidex formula is as follows:

humidex = (air temperature in Celsius) + h 
h = (0.5555)*(e - 10.0)

e = 6.11 * exp [5417.7530 * ((1/273.16) - (1/dewpoint in kelvins))]

Complete:

Related pages
Heat index
Wind chill

References

Other websites 
"Frequently Asked Questions" , MSC, 2004.
Wind Chill and Humidex Criticism about the use of wind chill and humidex
More Humidex info

Weather measurements
Meteorology
1979 establishments in Canada
The "heat index" (HI, also "humiture") is a measurement which combines air temperature and relative humidity as being the human-perceived equivalent temperature — how hot it feels. The result is also known as the "felt air temperature" or "apparent temperature". For example, when the temperature is  with very high humidity, the heat index can be about .

The human body normally cools itself by perspiration, or sweating, which evaporates and carries heat away from the body. However, when the relative humidity is high, then the evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry air. Measurements have been taken based on subjective descriptions of how hot subjects feel for a given temperature and humidity, allowing an index to be made which relates one temperature and humidity combination, to another, at a higher temperature in drier air.

The heat index was developed in 1978 by George Winterling as the "humiture" and was adopted by the National Weather Service a year later. It is derived from work carried out by Robert G. Steadman. Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Large deviations from the typical values will result in heat-index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature.

In Canada, the similar humidex is used in place of the heat index. The humidex differs from the heat index in using the dew point rather than the relative humidity.

The heat index is defined so as to equal the actual air temperature when the partial pressure of water vapor is equal to a baseline value of 1.6 kPa. At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). This corresponds to an air temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50% in the sea-level psychrometric chart.

At high temperatures, the level of relative humidity needed to make the heat index higher than the actual temperature is lower than at cooler temperatures. For example, at approximately 27 °C (80 °F), the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at about 43°C (110°F), any relative-humidity reading above 17% will make the Heat Index higher than 43°C (110 °F).

The heat index is calculated only if the actual temperature is above 27 °C (80 °F), dew point temperatures greater than 12 °C (54 °F), and relative humidities higher than 40%. The heat index and humidex figures are based on temperature measurements taken in the shade and not the sun, so extra care must be taken while in the sun.

Sometimes the heat index and the wind chill are denoted collectively by the single terms "apparent temperature" or "relative outdoor temperature".

Related pages
Humidex
Wind chill

References

Other websites 
"Frequently Asked Questions" , MSC, 2004.

Weather measurements
Meteorology
1978 establishments
The Charlotte Hounds are a men's professional field lacrosse team that is based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Hounds joined Major League Lacrosse (MLL) in 2012. They play their home games at American Legion Memorial Stadium.

Other websites
Charlotte Hounds Official website 

Lacrosse
Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina
The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was increased to two years. In 1907 it was again lengthened to four years, the present duration.  Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March.  In that year, legislation changed them to April. In 1869, however, election time was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were lengthened. In 1875, the election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872. Lester L. Bond was the acting mayor when Joseph Medill left to a tour around Europe. Thomas Hoyne won election as mayor, but could not become the mayor so the election became a void. As of 1995, no mayor can run for a political party, they are considered as nonpartisans.

List of mayors

Vice Mayor
The city council elects a vice mayor who is interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury. As of May 2019, the current vice mayor is Tom Tunney.

Past holders of this office have included Brendan Reilly (2015–2019) Ray Suarez (2011–2015), and David Orr.

Notes
1 Rahm Emanuel is a Democrat, but he and all other candidates in the 2011 election officially ran as nonpartisans.  Under a 1995 Illinois law, "candidates for mayor . . . no longer would run under party labels in Chicago."

References

Other websites

Lists of politicians from the United States
Mayors of Chicago
1837 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Illinois
Richard Michael Daley (born April 24, 1942) was an American politician. He was the 54th Mayor of Chicago. Daley was mayor from 1989-2011. He was a member of the Democratic party. His father was also the Mayor of Chicago, Richard J. Daley.

1942 births
Living people
Mayors of Chicago
DePaul University alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Businesspeople from Chicago
State legislators of the United States
Lawyers from Chicago
Basic Instinct is a 1992 American erotic thriller. The movie was directed by Paul Verhoeven and stars Michael Douglas and Sharon Stone. Douglas plays a San Francisco police detective who investigates the murder of a rich rock star. During this investigation he gets personally involved with the prime suspect, Catherine Tramell (played by Stone). The movie generated a lot of controversy due to its strong and graphic violence. It was strongly opposed by gay rights activists for its portrayal of a bisexual woman as a narcissistic psychopath. The movie was given mixed reviews, but it took in millions at the box office. It was originally under a rating of NC-17. It was later edited down for an R rating before release.

It was followed by a sequel, Basic Instinct 2.

Other websites 

1992 crime movies
1992 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s erotic movies
1990s LGBT movies
1990s mystery movies
1990s serial killer movies
American crime thriller movies
American erotic movies
American LGBT movies
American mystery movies
American serial killer movies
British thriller movies
British LGBT movies
French thriller movies
French LGBT movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Film noir
LGBT crime movies
LGBT erotic movies
LGBT thriller movies
Movies about writers
Movies set in San Francisco
Narcissism in fiction
Movies directed by Paul Verhoeven
Obscenity controversies
The Congressional Gold Medal is awarded by the United States Congress.  It is one of the highest awards like Presidential Medal of Freedom given to people who are not in the military.  Gold medals have been awarded since the days of the Continental Congress.  A gold medal often includes a picture of the person who received it.

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
United States Congress
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award given by the President of the United States. It recognizes those individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors". The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform.

It was established in 1963 and replaced the earlier Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S Truman in 1945.

Gallery

Related pages
 Congressional Gold Medal
 Medal of Freedom

References

Other websites

"Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients", a list of recipients from May 5, 1993, through August 19, 2009, from senate.gov, the U.S. Senate's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009. 

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
1963 establishments in the United States
Like all organisms, plants have cells. Plant cells have a nucleus with chromosomes and DNA, and they have mitochondria. Those are common to all eukaryotic cells. But in some ways they are different from animal cells and the cells of other eukaryotes.

 They have cell walls composed of cellulose and some other compounds. Pectin, and sometimes lignin, is secreted on the outside of the cell membrane. This is different from the cell walls of fungi (which are made of chitin), and of bacteria (which are made of peptidoglycan). The cell wall gives the cell a definite shape.
 There are special cell-to-cell communication pathways known as plasmodesmata. These are pores in the cell wall through which the cell content of adjacent cells (including endoplasmic reticulum)  are continuous.
 They have plastids. The most notable are the chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll. This green-colored pigment absorbs sunlight, and allows the plant to make its own food by photosynthesis. Other types of plastids are the amyloplasts, which store starch, elaioplasts for fat storage, and chromoplasts for making and storing pigments. Like mitochondria, plastids have their own genomes of about 100–120 unique genes. It is thought they started as prokaryotic endosymbionts living in the cells of an early eukaryotic ancestor of the land plants and algae.
 They have a large central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane. The vacuole keeps the cell's turgor (stiffness), controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap, stores useful material and digests waste proteins and organelles.
 Cell division by construction of a 'cell plate' late in cytokinesis is characteristic of land plants and a few groups of algae.
 The sperm of bryophytes and pteridophytes, cycads and Ginkgo have flagella similar to those in animals. However, higher plants (including gymnosperms and flowering plants) lack the flagella and centrioles that are present in animal cells.

References 

Cells
Plant anatomy
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) is a programme of activities for anyone aged 14 to 24. There are three levels of the award: Bronze, Silver and Gold. There are different sections in each level. At Bronze and Silver level, participants must do four sections: Volunteering, Physical, Skills and Expedition. At Gold level, participants must do another section, as well as the other four, called Residential. Each level can take between 1-4 years to complete.  All activities must be done by the participant's 25th birthday.  Around 275,000 participants are taking part in their DofE programme at any time in the United Kingdom. The aim of the programme is to evidence a person's dedication to improving themselves. DofE is also run in other countries under the name of the International Award.

eDofE
eDofE is an online system that lets participants manage their DofE programme. It also enables leaders to look at participants' progress.

References

Awards
The languages of Africa include more than 3,000 languages. These languages include native languages (languages that come from Africa) and colonial languages, which were brought to Africa by colonists from Europe. The continent has the highest concentration of languages in the world.  At least 30% of the world's languages come from and are spoken in Africa. 

Over the years, many African languages have died out and become extinct. This happens for several reasons, including wars and genocide by other African tribes. Other languages were abandoned, or its speakers disappeared.

Organization 

There are more than 3,000 languages spoken in Africa. These languages are grouped into several major language families. Linguists do not agree about which groupings are "correct" and valid.

Most linguists organize the African languages into four major language families. These are:
 Afroasiatic languages, spoken by 350 million people in the Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, and Sahei. 
 Niger-Congo languages, possibly the world's largest language family, spoken in sub-Saharan Africa. 
 Nilo-Saharan languages, spoken by 50 million people in the upper parts of the Chari River and Nile River. 
 Khoisan languages, spoken by about 120,000 people,  which include all "click" languages. 
This classification of languages is based on the research of the linguist Joseph Greenberg, who published The Languages of Africa in 1963.

The African languages were traditionally (historically) organized into six language families. Today, some linguists doubt that some of these groupings are valid. The six traditional families are:
 Afroasiatic languages, spoken from North Africa to the Horn of Africa and Southwest Asia 
 Niger-Congo languages, spoken in West, Central, and Southeast Africa
 Nilo-Saharan languages, spoken in Sudan and Chad
 Khoe languages, spoken in the deserts of Namibia and Botswana
 Austronesian languages, spoken in Madagascar
 Indo-European languages, spoken in Southern Africa

Still other linguists believe that the Nilo-Saharan languages and the Niger-Congo languages are part of the same family. These linguists organize the African languages into only three language families: Niger-Congo languages, Afroasiatic languages, and Khoisan languages.

No matter how the major language families are organized, there are many smaller families and language isolates. In addition, there are some obscure (rare, uncommon) languages that are not yet classified into any family. Africa also has some sign languages, which are mostly language isolates.

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 

Languages of Africa
Herbert Rettensteiner (born 26 August 1946 in Schwarzach, Austria) was an Austrian football goalkeeper. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Career
He started playing with his local club SV Lend. In 1967 he went to SK Bischofshofen and played with them in the second league. His next team was FC Wacker Innsbruck in the Nationalliga (then first league in Austria). In Innsbruck the club joined with Wattens and Wacker Innsbruck and formed SSW Innsbruck.

The goalkeeper of Wattens, Friedl Koncilia, often played instead of him so Rettensteiner, after the second title with Innsbruck, went to SK VOEST Linz. In 1975 he went on to SV Austria Salzburg, where he played in the first and second division until 1982.

In his time with Salzburg he scored two penalty goals. After the end of his professional career he became part of the coaching team of SV Austria Salzburg and was coach of SV Grödig.

International
He played his first match for the national football team on 12 April 1970 against CSSR when he came on in the second half. He played his last international match in 1974.

Honours
Austrian Cup:1970 (Innsbruck)
Austrian Champion:1970/71; 1971/72(Innsbruck) ;  1973/74 (SK VOEST Linz)
15 matches for the Austrian national football team

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Association football goalkeepers
1946 births
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Living people