cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Phyllis St. Felix Thaxter (November 20, 1921 – August 14, 2012) was an American stage and movie actress. She was known for playing Superman's mother in the 1978 movie Superman, and as Ellen Lawson in Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo.

Early life
Thaxter was born on November 20, in 1921. in Portland, Maine to Sidney Thaxter and to his wife.

Career
She had worked a lot on Broadway since 1940. When Dorothy McGuire went to Hollywood, Phyllis replaced her in the play Claudia. In 1944, she signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Her first movie was with Van Johnson in the wartime movie Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo. Thaxter played Joan Alris Ellis, a woman suffering from split personality in the movie Bewitched in 1945. In 1948, she played a cattle owner's daughter alongside Barbara Bel Geddes in Blood on the Moon. 

At MGM, she routinely portrayed the ever-patient wife to a number of leading men. She moved to Warner Brothers in the 1950s, but usually played the same type of roles.

Thaxter's career ended for a while after being ill of polio in 1952. She made a comeback on the television series in Rawhide. She would later appear on other television programs such as; Wagon Train, The Twilight Zone, and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. In 1978, Thaxter was cast along with Glenn Ford as Ma and Pa Kent in Superman.

Personal life
Thaxter was married to James Thomas Aubrey, Jr. from 1944 until they divorced in 1962. They had a son and a daughter. She was married to Gilbert Lea from 1962 until his death in 2008.

Death
Thaxter died on August 14, 2012 in her home in Longwood, Florida from Alzheimer's disease, aged 90. She had the disease for eight years. She was cremated and her ashes were thrown to the sea.

Movies
 Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)
 Bewitched (1945)
 Week-End at the Waldorf (1945)
 Tenth Avenue Angel (1946)
 The Sea of Grass (1947)
 Living in a Big Way (1947)
 Blood on the Moon (1948)
 Act of Violence (1948)
 No Man of Her Own (1950)
 The Breaking Point (1950)
 Jim Thorpe -- All-American (1951)
 Fort Worth (1951)
 Springfield Rifle (1952)
 Wagon Train (1959)
 Women's Prison (1955)
 The World of Henry Orien (1964)
 The Invaders (TV series), Season 2/21, Episode: "The Peacemaker" (1968)
 Superman (1978)

References

Other websites

 
 
 

Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
People from Portland, Maine
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Maine
1919 births
2012 deaths
Shelley Winters (Shirley Schrift August 18, 1920 – January 14, 2006) was an American movie actress who appeared in many blockbuster movies such as Place in the Sun, The Big Knife, Lolita, The Night of the Hunter, Alfie, and The Poseidon Adventure. Her career spanned over 50 years until her death in 2006. Winters won Academy Awards for her acting in The Diary of Anne Frank and A Patch of Blue.

Early life
Winters was born on August 18, 1920 in St. Louis, Missouri to Rose (née Winter) and to Jonas Schrift. She was raised in Brooklyn, New York City. She was educated at The New School.

Career
Winters' career began in 1943 in the movie There's Something About a Soldier and since then she appeared in over 100 movies, such as; Escape in the Fog, New Orleans, The Greatest Story Ever Told, Flap, Black Journal, Fanny Hill, Jury Duty, and her final movie A-List.

Awards and nominations
 

Winters has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1992.

Personal life
Winters was married to Paul Meyer from 1937 until they divorced in 1948. Later she married Vittorio Gassman from 1949 until they divorced in 1954. Thirdly she married Anthony Franciosa from 1957 until they divorced in 1960. Lastly she married Gerry DeFord from 2006 until her death in 2006. Winters only had one child with Grassman.

Death
Winters died on January 14, 2006 in at a hospital in Beverly Hills, California home from heart failure, she was 85 years old. Five days later, her ex-husband Anthony Franciosa died from a stroke.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2006 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Emmy Award winning actors
Anthony Franciosa (Anthony George Papaleo October 25, 1928 – January 19, 2006) was an American movie, TV, and stage actor, usually known as Tony Franciosa during his career. 

He made some movies such as; Career (1959) for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor/Drama. In television he is known for his lead roles in five well-known TV shows as; the sitcom Valentine's Day (1964–65), the drama series The Name of the Game (1968–71), Search (1972–73), Matt Helm (1975) and Finder of Lost Loves (1984). Franciosa received a Tony Award nomination for his role in the play A Hatful of Rain.

Franciosa was born in New York City, New York on October 25, 1928. 

Franciosa was married to Beatrice Bakalyar from 1952 until it ended in divorce in 1957. Secondly he married Shelley Winters from 1957 until they divorced in 1960. Thirdly he married Judy Balaban from 1961 until they divorced in 1967. Lastly he married Rita Thiel from 1970 until his death in 2006.

Franciosa suffered a stroke on the day his ex-wife Shelley Winters died on January 14, 2006. Franciosa died five days after Winters' death on January 19, 2006 from a stroke at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, he was 77 years old. He is survived by his wife Rita, his three children, and his two grandchildren. His remains were later cremated.

References

Other websites
 
 

1928 births
2006 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Deaths from stroke
Actors from New York City
Ronald Gabriel "Ron" Palillo (April 2, 1949 – August 14, 2012) was an American television and movie actor, who is best known for his role as high school student Arnold Dingfelder Horshack on the ABC sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, from 1975 to 1979.

Palillo was born in Cheshire, Connecticut on April 2, 1949.  He was educated at University of Connecticut. Palillo died on August 14, 2012 from a heart attack in his Palm Beach, Florida home.  He was 63 years old. He is survived by his partner of 41 years, Joseph Gramm.

References

Other websites

1949 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
American playwrights
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Florida
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Connecticut
LGBT writers
Writers from Connecticut
Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom (also spelled Strydom) also known as J.G. Strydom or Hans Strydom (July 14 1893-August 24 1958) nicknamed the Lion of the North, was Prime Minister of South Africa from 30 November 1954 to 24 August 1958.<ref
name=BOE_JG_Strijdom /> He was an Afrikaner nationalist, and a supporter of apartheid.

References

1893 births
1958 deaths
Prime Ministers of South Africa
JonBenét Patricia Ramsey (August 6, 1990 - December 25, 1996) was an American child beauty pageant queen. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia and moved to Boulder, Colorado when she was nine months old. She was strangled in her house in Boulder. Her murder remains unsolved. Alexis Reich falsely confessed to the murder in 2006.

References

1996 in the United States
1990s murders in the United States
20th century in Colorado
American children
Ramsey, JonBenet
Boulder, Colorado
Deaths by strangulation
December events
Murder in 1996
Murder in Colorado
Unsolved murders in the United States
Deaths from head injury
John Michael Turturro (born February 28, 1957) is an Italian-American movie and television, voice actor, writer and director known for his roles in the movies; Do the Right Thing (1989), Miller's Crossing (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Quiz Show (1994), The Big Lebowski (1998), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) and the Transformers movie series. He has appeared in over sixty films, and has worked mostly with the Coen brothers, Adam Sandler and Spike Lee. Turturro also starred in Disney/Pixar Cars 2. He will star as Carmine Falcone in the 2022 movie The Batman.

Turturro was born in Brooklyn, New York on February 28, 1957. Turturro is currently married to Katherine Borowitz since 1985, they have two children.

Filmography

Other websites
 
 

1957 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Melissa Manchester (born February 15 1951 in the Bronx, New York) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She has acted in several movies. She has received several awards during her musical career, which began in the late 1960s.

Other websites

American pop musicians
Singers from New York City
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
Grammy Award winners
1951 births
Living people
Blythe Katherine Danner (born February 3, 1943) is an American actress. She is the widow of movie director Bruce Paltrow. She is the mother of actress Gwyneth Paltrow and director Jake Paltrow. She has starred in many Broadway plays and movies.

Early life
Danner was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is the daughter of Katharine (née Kile) and Harry Earl Danner, a bank executive. She has a brother, opera singer/actor Harry Danner, a sister, performer-turned-director Dorothy (Dottie) Danner, and a half-brother, violin maker William Moennig. Danner is of part Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, and one of her great-grandmothers was born in Barbados (a White Barbadian).

References

Other websites

Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Saturn Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
1943 births
Living people
Kim Du-han(korea:김두한, hanja:金斗漢, 1918-1972) was South Korean politician, gangsters. he was one of boss of Big gangsters groups of Seouls. a penname was Uisong(의송, 義松).

Site link 
 Kim Du-han   
 Kim Du-han  
 야인시대 

1918 births
1972 deaths
Anti-Communists
Terrorists
Gangsters
South Korean politicians
Murder victims
Autobiographers
Outrage is a movie that came out in 2010. Autoreiji is the movie's original title in Japan. Takeshi Kitano is the director. It has a restricted rating. It is 109 minutes long. It is a crime drama. It is about Tokyo's yakuza clans. It has a little sexual content. It competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival.

Other websites 

2010 drama movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Thomas James "Tom" Kenny (born July 13, 1962) is an American actor, comedian and voice actor. He is mostly known for being the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants in SpongeBob SquarePants. He has also done the voices of The Ice King in Adventure Time, The Mayor in The Powerpuff Girls, Wheelie in The Transformers Movie Series, and Scout Master Lumpus in Camp Lazlo.

Kenny was born on July 13, 1962 in Syracuse, New York. He studied at the Bishop Grimes High School. He has been currently married to Jill Talley since 1995. They have two children, Mack (born 1997) and Nora (born 2003). The Kennys live in Studio City, California.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 

1962 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Annie Award winners
Comedians from New York
People from Syracuse, New York
Singers from New York
Writers from New York
In quantum mechanics, the Wave function, usually represented by Ψ, or ψ, describes the probability of finding an electron somewhere in its matter wave. To be more precise, the square of the wave function gives the probability of finding the location of the electron in the given area, since the normal answer for the wave function is usually a complex number. The wave function concept was first introduced in the Schrödinger equation.

Mathematical Interpretation 
The formula for finding the wave function (i.e., the probability wave), is below:

where i is the imaginary number, ψ (x,t) is the wave function, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, t is time, x is position in space, Ĥ is a mathematical object known as the Hamilton operator. The reader will note that the symbol  denotes that the partial derivative of the wave function is being taken.

Related pages 
Schrödinger equation
Quantum mechanics
Bohr model

Quantum mechanics
In calculus (particularly in multivariate calculus, the study of rate of change on functions with multiple variables), the partial derivative of a function is the derivative of one named variable, where all other unnamed variables of the function are held constant. In other words, the partial derivative takes the derivative of certain indicated variables of a function, and does not differentiate the other variable(s). 

For the partial derivative of a function f with respect to the variable x, the notations

,  , 

are usually used, although other notations are valid. Usually, although not always, the partial derivative is taken in a multivariable function (a function which takes two or more variables as input).

Examples 
If we have a function , then there are several partial derivatives of f(x, y) that are all equally valid. For example,

Or, we can do the following:

Related pages
Difference quotient
Partial differential equation

References 

Calculus
Biff Elliot (born Leon Shalek; July 26, 1923 – August 15, 2012) was an American television, stage, voice, radio, and movie actor. He is best known for his role as Mike Hammer in the 1953 movie I, the Jury, and as his guest appearance in the Star Trek episode "The Devil in the Dark".

Elliot was born Leon Shalek on July 26, 1923, in Lynn, Massachusetts to Jack and Susan Elliot, he served in the army and later attended the University of Maine. After he graduated in 1949 he began acting and later appeared in 100 of movies and television programs, his career began and known after his role in I, the Jury in 1953.

Elliot was married to Betty Dole from 1948 until her death in 1974. He lastly married Connie Elliot from 1977 until his death in 2012. Elliot died on August 15, 2012, in his Studio City, California home from natural causes, he was 89 years old.

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 

1923 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Phil Leeds (April 6, 1916 – August 16, 1998) was an American television and movie actor. Leeds' eyes, rubbery face and wizened made him known in movies and his guest appearences in television programs such as in; The Dick Van Dyke Show, Roseanne, The Golden Girls, Three's Comapany, Friends, Everybody Loves Raymond, Wings, The Patty Duke Show, The Larry Sanders Show, and as a ghost in the movie Ghost. 

Leeds was born on April 6, 1916 in New York City, New York. Leeds was never married and had no children. Leeds died on August 19, 1998 from pneumonia in Los Angeles, California, he was 82 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1916 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from New York City
American television actors
American movie actors
Walter Slezak (3 May 1902 – 21 April 1983) was an Austrian television and movie actor who appeared in many movies. Slezak mostly played villains or thugs, most notably the German U-boat captain in Alfred Hitchcock's movie Lifeboat (1944), but occasionally he got to play lighter roles, as in The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962). He also played a cheerfully corrupt and philosophical private detective in the film noir Born to Kill (1947) and appeared as Squire Trelawney in Treasure Island (1972). He is also known for playing the Clock King in Batman (1966). Slezak won a Tony Award in 1955.

Slezak was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. Slezak was married to Johanna Van Rijn from 1943 until his death in 1983. They had three children. Slezak died on April 21, 1983 after he shot himself in his home in Flower Hill, New York. He is buried in Rottach-Egern, Germany.

Movies

Sodom and Gomorrah (1922)
Michael (1924)
Addio giovinezza (1927)
Once Upon a Honeymoon (1942)
This Land Is Mine (1943)
The Fallen Sparrow (1943)
Lifeboat (1944)
The Princess and the Pirate (1944)
Step Lively (1944)
The Spanish Main (1945)
Cornered (1945)
Sinbad the Sailor (1947)
Born to Kill (1947)
Riffraff (1947)
The Pirate (1948)
The Inspector General (1949)
Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950)
The Yellow Cab Man (1950)
Bedtime for Bonzo (1951)
People Will Talk (1951)
Call Me Madam (1953)
White Witch Doctor (1953)
The Miracle (1959)
Come September (1961)
The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962)
Wonderful Life(US title: Swingers' Paradise 1964)
Dr. Coppelius (1966)
Heidi (1968)
Black Beauty (1971)
Treasure Island (1972)

References

Other websites

Photographs and literature

1902 births
1983 deaths
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Actors from Vienna
Austrian stage actors
Radio actors
Suicides by firearm
Tony Award winning actors
David Wayne (born Wayne James McMeekan January 30, 1914 – February 9, 1995) was an American television, voice, stage, and movie actor. He acted for nearly 50 years. He starred with famous actors such as Frank Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, Debbie Reynolds, Celeste Holm, Katherine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, and Spencer Tracy. He has appeared in nearly 100 movies. He won the first Tony Award for his role in the stage production of Finian's Rainbow.

Wayne was born Wayne James McMeekan in Traverse City, Michigan on January 20, 1914. He was raised in Bloomingdale, Michigan. Wayne was married to Jane Gordon from 1941 until her death in 1993. They had two children. Wayne died on February 9, 1995 in his home in Santa Monica, California from lung cancer. He was 81 years old. His remains were cremated.

Movies

Portrait of Jennie (1948)
Adam's Rib (1949)
The Reformer and the Redhead (1950)
Stella (1950)
My Blue Heaven (1950)
Up Front (1951)
M (1951)
As Young as You Feel (1951)
With a Song in My Heart (1952)
Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie (1952)
We're Not Married! (1952)
O. Henry's Full House (1952)
The I Don't Care Girl (1953)
Tonight We Sing (1953)
Down Among the Sheltering Palms (1953)
How to Marry a Millionaire (1953)
Hell and High Water (1954)
The Tender Trap (1955)
The Naked Hills (1956)
The Three Faces of Eve (1957)
The Sad Sack (1957)
The Last Angry Man (1959)
The Big Gamble (1961)
The Andromeda Strain (1971)
The African Elephant (1971) (documentary) (narrator)
Huckleberry Finn (1974)
The Front Page (1974)
Tubby the Tuba (1975) (voice)
The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975)
A Place to Be (1979) (documentary) (narrator)
The Prize Fighter (1979)
Finders Keepers (1984)
The Survivalist (1987)
The Fence (1994)

References

Other websites

David Wayne as The Mad Hatter

1914 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Michigan
Tony Award winning actors
People from Traverse City, Michigan
Saskatoon Greystone is a district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Saskatchewan
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He managed for Japan women's national team.

Biography
After graduating from Meiji University, Sasaki joined NTT Kanto. He was a midfielder. He contributed to the club's promotion to Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1987. He retired in 1991.

Sasaki served as the head coach of Japan Football League side Omiya Ardija in 1998, then took various other positions at Omiya, including the youth team head-coach and the head of development.

In 2006, Sasaki became the assistant coach of Japan women's national team, as well as the head coach of its U-20 team. In 2008, he was promoted to the head coach of the national team, succeeding Hiroshi Ohashi.

Under Sasaki's reign, Japan won the EAFF Women's Football Championship in 2008 and again in 2010. He also led the Japan Women to a fourth-place finish at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Sasaki was the manager of the Japan when they won the 2011 World Cup. FIFA named Sasaki 2011 "Coach of the Year". He also coached the national team to a second-place finish at the 2015 World Cup.

He was also coach of the women's team which won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.

Sasaki announced his retirement from coaching in 2012, but was persuaded to stay on as national team coach.

In 2019, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

Honours
 FIFA World Coach of the Year, 2011

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
 なでしこジャパン（日本女子代表チーム）新監督に佐々木 則夫氏が就任 ("Norio Sasaki appointed new coach of women's national team") at Japan Football Association 

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamagata Prefecture
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
Omiya Ardija players
Japan women's national football team managers
Marion Ross (born Marian Ross October 25, 1928) is an American movie, voice, stage, and television actress who is best known for her role as Marion Cunningham on the television series Happy Days from 1974 to 1984. After Happy Days Ross had appeared in over 50 movies. 

She was born in Watertown, Minnesota. She was educated at San Diego State University. She was married to Freeman Meskimen from 1951 until they divorced in 1969, they had two children. She was partners with Paul Michael from 1988 until his death in 2011.

References

Other websites

1928 births
Living people
Actors from Minnesota
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Albert Francis "Al" Molinaro (June 24, 1919 – October 30, 2015) was an American television and movie actor, who is mostly known as Al Delvecchio, the owner of Arnold's on Happy Days and its spin-off show Joanie Loves Chachi.

He is also known for his roles in The Odd Couple television series, as well as starring in commercials for On-Cor frozen dinners. He also starred in a 1982 comedy The Ugily Family. Molinaro retired from acting in 1992.

Personal life
Molinaro was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin on June 24, 1919 to an Italian family. Molinaro was married to Sidney Molinaro until they divorced. He has been married to Betty Farrell since 1981. With Sidney he has a son Michael Molinaro.

Molinaro died in Glendale, California from a gallbladder infection, aged 96.

Movies
 Freaky Friday (1976)
 The Great American Traffic Jam (1980)

Television
 Get Smart (1969 – 1970)
 The Odd Couple (1970 – 1975)
 Happy Days (1976 – 1982)
 Joanie Loves Chachi (1982 – 1983)
  The Ugily Family (1982)
 The Family Man (1990 – 1991)

References

Other websites

1919 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
People from Kenosha, Wisconsin
Jack Albertson (June 16, 1907 – November 25, 1981) also known as Jackie Alberts was an American television, movie, stage, radio, and voice actor, singer, vaudeville, dancer, musician, and comedian.

Early life and career
Albertson was born in Malden, Massachusetts to Flora (née Craft) and to Leopold Albertson. His career would begin in 1938 and last until his death in 1981, but Albertson is known for his roles such as; Manny Rosen in The Poseidon Adventure (1972), Grandpa Joe in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), Amos Slade in the 1981 animated movie The Fox and the Hound (1981), and as Ed Brown in the 1974–1978 television comedy Chico and the Man. For his contributions to the television industry, Jack Albertson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6253 Hollywood Boulevard.

Personal life and death
Albertson was born in Malden, Massachusetts to Flora (née Craft) and to Leopold Albertson. His career began in 1938 and last until his death in 1981. Albertson was married to Wallace Thompson from 1952 until his death. They had a child, Maura Dhu Studi Albertson. Albertson died on November 25, 1981 in Hollywood, California from Colorectal cancer which he had for three years, he was 74 years old.

Movies

References

Other websites 

Jack Albertson's Grave at Find A Grave

1907 births
1981 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Comedians from Massachusetts
musicians from Massachusetts
singers from Massachusetts
American dancers
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Vaudeville performers
People from Malden, Massachusetts
Irving Fein (June 21, 1911 – August 10, 2012) was an Emmy Award winning American television and movie producer, and the longtime manager of comedians Jack Benny and George Burns. 

Fein was born in Brooklyn, New York. Fein was married to Florence Kohn until they divorced. Lastly he married Marion Schecter from 1969 until his death in 2012. Fein has two children and a stepson. Fein died on August 10, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure, he was 101 years old.

References

Other websites

1911 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American centenarians
Movie producers from New York
American movie producers
American television producers
Emmy Award winners
Naughty Dog is a video game company founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1986. It is part of Sony since 2001. They produced more successful games, including Rings of Power for Sega Genesis and Way Of The Warrior for 3DO.

Rings of Power was created with a low budget. Universal Studios signed a deal with the duo to a three-title deal and fund the expansion of the company. Mark Cerny, who had produced Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for Sega, convinced Naughty Dog to focus on new resources on creating a character-based platform game in 3D. Crash Bandicoot was developed and became the first 3D video game by Naughty Dog. for the PlayStation on September 9, 1996. Naughty Dog would develop three Crash Bandicoot sequels over the next several years. In January 2001, it was announced Sony would acquire Naughty Dog. After developing the fourth Crash Bandicoot game (Crash Team Racing), the company began working on Jak and Daxter for PlayStation 2. In 2004, Naughty Dog's studio president and co-founder, Jason Rubin left the company to work on a new game named Iron and the Maiden.

List of games
As Jam Software

As Naughty Dog

References

Other websites 
 

American video game companies
Companies based in Santa Monica, California
1984 establishments in California
Paul Rusesabagina (born 1954) is a Rwandan humanitarian. He is known for hiding and protecting 1,268 people during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Rusesabagina was the assistant manager of the Sabena Hôtel des Mille Collines. Later, he was the manager of the Hôtel des Diplomates. Both hotels are in Kigali, Rwanda. During the genocide, he used his influence and connections with high ranking and important people to protect 1,268 Tutsis and Hutus from being killed by the Interahamwe.

Rusesabagina's story was the basis of the Academy Award winning 2004 movie Hotel Rwanda staring Don Cheadle. Rusesabagina currently lives in Brussels, Belgium with his wife, four children and two adopted nieces.

On 20 September 2021, he was found guilty of terrorism-related charges. During the court proceeding, he denounced president Paul Kagame and reported that he had been abducted from exile to stand trial in Rwanda.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Rwandan people
Activists
Gameplay is the way players interact with a game, and in particular with video games. Gameplay is the connection between player and the game, game rules, challenges and overcoming them, plot and overcoming them, plot and player's connection with it. Video game gameplay is how attracting the graphics and audio are to the player.

Overview

Along with the rise of video game development in the 1980s, the term gameplay was used only in the context of video games. Now its popularity has started to be used in the description of other, more traditional, game types. Generally, gameplay is about the general experience of playing a video game. It doesn't include other things like graphics and sound. Game mechanics, on the other hand, is the set of rules in a game that are supposed to make an enjoyable gaming experience. Academic discussions often use terms like game mechanics so they don't have to use gameplay. This is because "gameplay" is too general for academic discussions.

Gameplay types 
 Cooperative gameplay
 Deathmatch
 Emergent gameplay
 Hack and slash
 Leveled gameplay
 Micromanagement
 Nonlinear gameplay
 Passive gameplay
 Twitch gameplay

References

Books 
 Desurvire, H., Caplan, M., & Toth, J. A. (2004). Using heuristics to evaluate the playability of games. CHI '04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, Vienna, Austria. 
 Fabricatore, C., Nussbaum, M., & Rosas, R. (2002). Playability in video games: a qualitative design model. Human-Computer Interaction, 17(4), 311-368. 
 Jegers, K. (2008). Investigating the Applicability of Usability and Playability Heuristics for Evaluation of Pervasive Games. Internet and Web Applications and Services, 2008. ICIW '08.
 Korhonen, H., & Koivisto, E. M. I. (2006). Playability heuristics for mobile games. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Human-Computer interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Helsinki, Finland, September 12–15, 2006). MobileHCI '06, vol. 159. ACM, New York, NY, 9-16. doi: 10.1145/1152215.1152218
 Korhonen H., Koivisto E.M.I. (2007). Playability Heuristics for Mobile Multi-player Games. In proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts, DIMEA 2007, ACM Press (2007), pp. 28–35. Perth, Australia. doi: 10.1145/1306813.1306828
 Nacke, L. (2009). From Playability to a Hierarchical Game Usability Model. In Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Future Play on @ GDC Canada (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, May 12–13, 2009). FuturePlay '09. ACM, New York, NY, 11-12. doi: 10.1145/1639601.1639609
 Nacke, L. E., Drachen, A., Kuikkaniemi, K., Niesenhaus, J., Korhonen, H. J., Hoogen, W. M. v. d., et al. (2009). Playability and Player Experience Research. Proceedings of DiGRA 2009: Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory, London, UK. (online slides)
 Järvinen, A., Heliö, S. and Mäyrä, F. Communication and Community in Digital Entertainment Services. Prestudy Research Report , Hypermedia Laboratory, University of Tampere, Tampere, 2002.

Video game gameplay
Crash Nitro Kart is a 2003 racing video game developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Universal Interactive Studios (along with Konami in the Japanese release) for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance and N-Gage. It is the second Crash Bandicoot racing game behind Crash Team Racing. It is the ninth Crash Bandicoot game overall.

References

Books

Other websites 
Activision's page on Crash Nitro Kart 

2003 video games
Crash Bandicoot games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Racing video games
Game Boy Advance games
Xbox games
Mary Ann Lee (18231899) was one of America's first professional ballerinas. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to theatrical parents, and trained there with Paul Hazard of the Paris Opéra. She made her ballet debut as Fatima in 1837 in The Maid of Cashmere at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. Debuting in the same production was the great Augusta Maywood. Night after night, the two girls were showered with applause and bouquets.

Lee studied in New York City with James Sylvain, and made her New York debut in June 1839 at the Bowery Theatre. She did not confine herself to dance, but acted in melodramas and other stage works. She toured the United States, then studied with Ballet Master Jean Coralli in Paris. When she returned to the United States, she brought the directions for several popular ballets with her. She danced the first American performance of Giselle in Boston in 1846.

Lee danced and toured with George Washington Smith. She retired in 1847 at age 24 for health reasons. She married William Vanhook, a Philadelphia merchant. The couple had three children. She made a few returns to the stage, and taught dance in later life. She died in Philadelphia in 1899, and is buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery. Critics and ballet lovers alike were unanimous in their praise of Lee. If she had pursued her career rather than retirement, she would likely have become a star of international renown.

References 

1823 births
1899 deaths
Ballerinas
Claire Antonia Forlani (December 17, 1971) is an English movie performer who also stars on TV programs. She starred in the movie Mystery Men in 1999. She also starred in other movies.

1972 births
English actors
Living people
Arthur Stanton Eric "Arte" Johnson (January 20, 1929 – July 3, 2019) was an American comedian and television, movie, and voice actor. His career lasted for 50 years. His career started in 1954 up until his retirement in 2005. Johnson was a regular cast in Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. His well-known "character" was that of a German soldier with his famous the catchphrase: "Verrrry interesting, but...['stupid', 'not very funny', and other versions]". He won a Saturn Award.

Johnson was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He was educated at the University of Illinois. He was married to Gisela Johnson from 1968 until his death. Johnson died on July 3, 2019 in Los Angeles from bladder and prostate cancer at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from Michigan
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
Saturn Award winners
Actors from Michigan
Chia may be:

Botany 

 Salvia hispanica, flowering plant, sprouts and culinary chia seed
 Salvia columbariae ("golden chia")
 Salvia polystachya

Places 

 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
 Chía, Aragon, Spain
 Chia, Italy

Personal names 

 Italian and Spanish surname
 Sandro Chia, an Italian painter and sculptor
 Chinese surname, also romanized as Xie or Tse
 Alyssa Chia, a Taiwanese actress
 Amber Chia, a Malaysian model
 Danny Chia, a Malaysian golfer
 Eric Chia, a Malaysian businessman
 Gec Chia, a Filipino basketball player
 Mantak Chia, a Thai author and teacher on Taoism and qigong
 Nelson Chia, Singaporean actor, director and lecturer
 Nicholas Chia, current Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore
 Pei-yuan Chia, an American businessmann
 Steve Chia, a Singaporean politician
 Chia Thye Poh, a Singaporean political prisoner
 Wenlan Chia, an American fashion designer
 As a first name Chia is the Spanish variant of the name Lucia

Related pages
 Chia Pet
 Chia Black Dragon, a fictional dark fantasy character
 Chía (goddess), wife of Bochica in Colombian mythology
 "Chia", a song by Four Tet from the album Rounds
 Masala chai, called chia in Nepal
 CHIA, Children's Hope In Action
Chía is a town in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia.  It is to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. Its history goes back to the pre-Columbian time. The name comes from the Chibchan language.  It means "moon" or "month".

It is home of the Universidad de la Sabana.

Cities in Colombia
Chia or Baia di Chia is a coastal area in southern Sardinia (Italy).  It is part of the municipality of Domus de Maria in the  Province of Cagliari.

Other websites
 Chia  

Cities and towns in Sardinia
Robert Loggia (Salvatore Loggia; January 3, 1930 – December 4, 2015) was an American actor and director.

Early life
Loggia was born on January 3, 1930 in Staten Island, New York City to Benjamin Loggia and to Elena Blandino both of whom were born in Sicily, Italy. Loggia was educated at Wagner College and journalism at the University of Missouri. After his service in the US Army, Loggia began a his career in stage, movie, and television.

Career
Loggia had a career span of 60 years since 1953, since then he appeared in many movies, including: An Officer and a Gentleman, Mercy Mission: The Rescue of Flight 771, based on the Air New Zealand Flight 103 incident, Scarface, Prizzi's Honor, Over the Top, Independence Day, Necessary Roughness, Return to Me, Armed and Dangerous, and Big (for which he won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor).

Personal life
Loggia was married to Marjorie Sloan from 1954 until they divorced in 1981. He was married to Audrey O'Brien from 1982 until his death in 2015. Loggia has two children of his own and a stepchild. Loggia died at his home in Los Angeles, California from Alzheimer's disease, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 
 

1930 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Staten Island
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Saturn Award winners
Charing Cross station, is a central London rail terminus in the City of Westminster . The rail station is one of 18 stations managed by Network Rail, and trains serving it are operated by Southeastern. It is the fifth busiest rail terminal in London.

The station takes its name from the central London road junction of Charing Cross. The front of the rail station faces The Strand. The other end is the northern end of Hungerford Bridge, which is crossed by all trains serving the station. Ticket barriers control access to all platforms, although the bridge entrance has no barriers. 

The original station building was built on the site of Hungerford Market and opened on 11 January 1864. The station has a single span wrought iron roof arching over the six platforms on its relatively cramped site. A year later the Charing Cross Hotel opened on 15 May 1865, and gave the station an ornate front in the French Renaissance style. At the same time, a replica of the Eleanor Cross was erected in the station forecourt, based on the original 13th century Whitehall Cross that had been demolished in 1647. Distances in London are officially measured from the original site of the cross in Whitehall, now the statue of Charles I, and not from this replica cross.

Gallery

Related pages
Charing Cross tube station

References

Other websites

Railway stations in London
1864 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in England
Shin Ik-hee (, June 9 1892 – May 5 1956) was a Resistance activists, politician, and educator of South Korea. His nickname was Haegong (해공, 海公) and Haehoo (해후, 海候), customs name was Yeogu (여구, 如耉). header of National Assembly of Koreas 1948 to 1954.

Related pages

 Kim Gu
 Kim Kyu-sik
 Yun Chi-ho
 Syngman Rhee
 Park Jung-yang

 Yun Bo-seon
 Cho Byung-ok
 Chang Myon
 Chang Chun-ha

References 
 Shin Ik-hee:member of National Assembly of Koreas  
 Haegong Shin Ik-hee memorial museum  
 Haegong Shin Ik-hee memorial association 
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=5381
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1119140&mobile&categoryId=200001082

1892 births
1956 deaths
Anti-Communists
Autobiographers
Korean educators
People of the Korean War
South Korean politicians
South Korean writers
Terrorists
A video game producer is the person in charge during the development of a video game.

The earliest known use of the term producer in games was by Trip Hawkins. He became the first video game producer when he founded Electronic Arts in 1982. Hawkins believed that a video game producer could be like a record producer, who takes control over the whole development of a video game. Hawkins brought record producers from A&M Records to help train the first video game producers.

Back then, video game producer had a negative reputation as "imitation Hollywood" by game executives and press members. However, it is now a term that is accepted and used more often in video games. The role of the video game producer has been defined by different companies and different teams. There are a number of positions of a producer.

Video game producers earn the third most money in the video game industry. They earn an average of USD$75,000 annually. Associate producers with less than three years experience earn $43,000. However, those between three to six years of experience earn an average of $55,700 annually. Executive producers with over six years experience earn an average of $103,000 annually.

References

Other websites 
 Producer  at Eurocom
 Justyn McLean - Game Boy at Mirror

Entertainment occupations
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug. It is used in, for example, the organ transplantation of kidneys. 

drugs
A game artist is an artist who creates art for video games. Game artists are in charge of all game development of visual art.

Many game artists are asked to develop graphical environments and elements in which role-playing games take place. For example, in the Monster Manual early Dungeons & Dragons artists created visual imitations of monsters players might see while playing the video game.

Visual art can help make the gameplay of a video game more appealing to a player. Art for role-playing games can be expressed in a lot of different ways. These can include from pencil drawings, pen and ink drawings, oil paintings or even 3D models created with a computer.

Video games
Video game music is any musical instruments or soundtrack and background music found in video games. It can be from just a synthesizer tune to an orchestral piece. The older a game is, the simpler the music will be. In recent times, many games have had complex soundtracks similar to those of movies. 

Interactive soundtracks in a video game is music changing into different sounds, depending on what the player does. It is also common for a video game soundtrack to be sold in stores or performed in concerts. Music is very important to gameplay.

There are many awards for composers who create the music in a video game. Awards available are from the Ivor Novello Awards, Spike Video Game Awards, Grammy Awards, International Film Music Critics Association, Inside Gaming and the MTV Video Music Awards.

References

Other websites 
 VGMdb Video Game Music and Anime Soundtrack Database | VGMdb
 GamesSound.com  Academic articles on video game sound and music
 Early Video Game Soundtracks 2001 article on video game music, orig. published in In Magazine
 High Score: The New Era of Video Game Music  at Tracksounds
 "The Evolution of Video Game Music", All Things Considered, April 12, 2008
 List of games with non-original music at uvlist.net
 Pretty Ugly Gamesound Study Website studying pretty and ugly game music and sound.
 CaptivatingSound.com Resources for design of game sound and music.
 Audio and Immersion PhD thesis about game audio and immersion.

Video game design
Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (OPM) was a monthly video game magazine. It was published by Ziff Davis Media. It was a sister publication of Electronic Gaming Monthly. The magazine talked about anything that dealt with the PlayStation.

Topics included its hardware, software, and culture. It covered new video game releases and critics gave reviews on games available on PlayStation One, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.

The magazine was known for its free demos it included in each issue. The demos were upcoming or new video games that might be interesting to buy by the player. The magazine was produced for almost ten years. The first issue was the September 1997 issue and the final issue was released on January 2007.

In December 2007, one month after the magazine was discontinued, the PlayStation: The Official Magazine (PSM), replaced OPM as the official magazine focusing on Sony game consoles.

Staff
In the last issue of OPM staff included:
 Editor-in-chief – Tom Byron
 Managing editor – Dana Jongewaard
 Senior editor – Joe Rybicki
 Previews editor – Thierry "Scooter" Nguyen
 News editor – Giancarlo Varanini
 Art director – Ryan Vulk
 Associate art director – Alejandro Chavetta
 Disc editor – Logan Parr
 Editorial director – John Davison
Past members included: 
 Managing editor – Gary Steinman
 Managing editor – Din Perez
 Managing editor – Dan Peluso
 Reviews editor – Chris Baker
 Associate editor – Mark MacDonald
 Editor-in-chief – Wataru Maruyama
 Editor-in-chief – Kraig Kujawa
 Editor-in-chief – John Davison
 Pwnageness - Waffle

Other websites
 OPM at 1UP.com 
 RadiOPM at 1UP.com  (official podcast)
 Editor in Chief, Tom Byron 
 Managing Editor, Dana Jongewaard 
 Senior Editor, Joe Rybicki 
 Previews Editor, Thierry "Scooter" Nguyen 
 News Editor, Giancarlo Varanini 

Monthly magazines
Adolphe Nourrit (3 March 1802 – 8 March 1839) was a French operatic tenor, librettist, and composer. He was born in Montpellier, Hérault. His father was an operatic tenor. Nourrit was almost 20 when he made his professional operatic debut in 1821 in Gluck's Iphigénie en Tauride. In 1826, he succeeded his father as the principal tenor at the Paris Opéra. He held the position until 1836. He became a pupil of Rossini, and created all the principal tenor roles in Rossini's French operas. In time, he gained considerable power at the Opéra. He was consulted by composers and his approval was sought for works in progress. He was appointed to the Conservatoire de Paris in 1827. He wrote many libretti for ballets at the Opéra, and, in 1832, he wrote the libretto for La Sylphide, the seminal romantic ballet. In 1836, he went hoarse during a performance at the Opéra and thereafter turned to salon recitals, introducing Schubert's songs to the salon audiences. He studied in Naples with Donizetti and made his debut in that city in 1838. His physical and mental health declined and in 1839 he committed suicide. He was buried in Montmartre Cemetery with his wife, who only survived him by a few months, dying in childbirth.

References 
 Evan Walker/Sarah Hibberd, relevant entry from the New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie, London (1992),  and .
 Henry Pleasants, The Great Singers, Macmillan Publishers, London (1983 revised edition), .

French composers
Librettists
Musicians who committed suicide
French opera singers
1802 births
1839 deaths
People from Montpellier
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French singers
Suicides in France
Tenors
Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri (17 August 178222 August 1868) was a 19th century French set designer. He was born in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, and died in Saint-Chéron, Essonne. Cicéri designed the scenery for the first performance of La belle au bois dormant which opened on 2 March 1825 at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique in Paris. He also designed the sets for a ballet version of Jocko ou le Singe du Brésil (Jocko or the Monkey of Brazil) by Frédéric-Auguste Blache with music by Alexandre Piccinni. The ballet was first performed at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris on 16 March 1825. He designed the scenery for the first performance of the ballet Giselle in 1841. The ballet opened at the Opéra and was especially acclaimed for the setting of its second act. He was awarded a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.

References

Other websites 
 

1782 births
1868 deaths
French artists
Set designers