cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gallia Belgica, which means "Belgian Gaul" in Latin, was a Roman province. Different parts of it are in several countries today, including Belgium, Luxembourg, a big part of northern France, and part of the Rhineland in Germany, which is the part of Germany west of the Rhine River.

The people who lived in Gallia Belgica were called the Belgae. They were a group of tribes within the bigger country called Gaul, which covered all of modern France. According to Julius Caesar, the Belgae were different from the other Gauls. He said that the border between Belgica and the main Celtic part of Gaul was the Marne and the Seine rivers and that the border with Germania was the Rhine river. It is no longer certain what language or languages were spoken in Gallia Belgica, but historians know there was an influence of both Celtic and Germanic languages.

The area was conquered in 57 BC by Julius Caesar.  Emperor Diocletian changed the Gaulish provinces around 300 AD. He split Belgica into two provinces: Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had Treveri (Trier) as its main city and was the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was along the River Meuse.

In 406 AD, the Vandals, Burgundians and other tribes crossed the Rhine.  They defeated the Gaulish forces. Belgica Secunda became in the 5th century the center of Clovis' Merovingian kingdom and during the 8th century the heart of the Carolingian Empire.

References

Ancient Rome
History of Belgium
History of France
History of the Netherlands
The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul.  They were on the west bank of the Rhine, in the 3rd century BC.  Later they were also in Britain, and possibly even Ireland. They gave their name to the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and very much later, to the modern country of Belgium.

The Belgae came to Britain as raiders and settled in southern Britain shortly before the Romans came. They occupied the area later called Hampshire.

References 

Ancient history
European people
Carolingian Empire (800–888) is a historiographical term for the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages. This dynasty is seen as the predecessor of modern day France, Austria and Germany.  Its beginning date is based on the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ends with the death of his descendant Charles the Fat. This Empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Realm or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire. they also rulled under absolute power and killed many catholics

History of Germany
History of France
Former countries in Europe
800 establishments
888 disestablishments
Middle Francia was a Frankish kingdom formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.  It divided the Carolingian Empire among the sons of Louis the Pious. Between the realms of East and West Francia, Middle Francia was the Frankish territory between the rivers Rhine and Scheldt.

Middle Francia was the part of the Frankish Empire that fell to Lothair I.  He was the eldest son and successor of Emperor Louis the Pious. Because of Lothair's Imperial title, Middle Francia had the imperial cities of Aachen, the residence of Charlemagne, as well as Rome.

In 855, Emperor Lothair I again split his realm amongst his sons. He gave the Kingdom of Italy with Rome to his eldest son, Louis II the Younger, crowned emperor since 850. Most of the lands north of the Alps went to Lothair II. Provence and Burgundy went to Charles.

Unlike East and West Francia, Middle Francia was a kingdom only a short time. Over the next centuries its lands were added into the Holy Roman Empire.

843 establishments
History of Europe
855 disestablishments
Former monarchies of Europe
9th-century establishments in Europe
9th-century disestablishments in Europe
West Francia, also known as the West Frankish Kingdom or Francia Occidentalis, was a short-lived kingdom.  It was the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire.  They came under the control of Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, as a result of the Treaty of Verdun of 843.

The Frankish Empire was the great realm united by Charlemagne that was a large part of Western Europe.  It was split after a three-year-long civil war between his grandsons (840-843). Charles the Bald and his half-brother Louis the German went against his brother Lothair I.

The Carolingian Empire of the Franks founded by their grandfather lasted only one generation through their father Louis the Pious. His realm was split into East Francia, West Francia or the Western Realm, and Middle Francia. The West Frankish Kingdom is the start of both medieval France and modern France.

In 987 Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris, started the Capetian dynasty.  The Valois and Bourbon houses ruled France for more than 800 years.

Former monarchies of Europe
History of France
Around the 13th and early 14th century, many Dutch cities became important.  They played a major role in the political and economical affairs of their fiefs.

The Flemish cities gained powers over their county.  When Louis II, Count of Flanders, died without a male heir, these cities (Bruges, Ypres and Ghent) arranged a marriage between his daughter and the Duke of Burgundy. By doing this, they set in motion events that led to the Burgundian and, in 1478, the Habsburg Netherlands.

Under Burgundy
In 1384, Philip the Bold got the county of Flanders, Artois, and the Free County by marrying Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, a marriage supported by the Flemish cities.
In 1429, Philip the Good (the grandson of Philip the Bold) buys the County of Namur from John III, Marquis of Namur.
In 1430, Philip of Brabant died childless, leaving his nephew Philip the Good as his heir in Brabant, Lothier, and Limburg.
In 1432, the Hook and Cod wars ended in victory for the Hollandic cities. Philip the Good was offered to become count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut.
In 1443, Philip conquers the Duchy of Luxembourg
In 1456, Philip's illegitimate son, David, was elected Bishop of Utrecht.  This led to the First and Second Utrecht Civil War. 
In 1456, he also had his nephew Louis of Bourbon become Prince-Bishop of Liège, leading to the Liège Wars.
In 1473, Philip's son, Charles the Bold buys the Duchy of Guelders from Duke Arnold. However the house of Burgundy lost this title at Charles's death in 1477.
In 1477, Charles the Bold died fighting an alliance led by the King of France. France added the Duchy of Burgundy.  His daughter was called Mary of Burgundy.

Under Habsburg
In 1478, Mary married Maximilian I of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor, beginning the period of the Habsburg Netherlands.
In 1506, the grandson of Maximilian and Mary, Emperor Charles V inherited his family's Dutch lands. He is also the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.
In 1521, Charles V conquered Tournai and the Tournaisis, until then under French influence. 
In 1524, Charles conquered Friesland, whih was renamed Lordship of Frisia, during the Guelderian Wars. 
In 1528, Charles freed the Bishopric of Utrecht and its lands in Overijssel, and added them as Lordship of Utrecht and Lordship of Overijssel, during the Guelderian Wars. 
In 1536 Charles conquered the Lordship of Groningen and County of Drenthe, during the Guelderian Wars. 
In 1543, Charles reclaimed and conquered the Duchy of Guelders and the County of Zutphen (in personal union), during the Guelderian Wars. 

In 1549, Charles V issued a Pragmatic sanction; creating the Seventeen Provinces.

Politically the Burgundian and Habsburg periods were very important to the Dutch.  This is because the various Dutch fiefs were now united politically into one single group. The period ended in great turmoil.  There was the rise of Protestantism, the policies of the Habsburg Empire, and other factors resulted in the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years' War.

References

Habsburg Dynasty
History of Belgium
History of the Netherlands

nl:Tijdlijn van de Lage Landen#1384
In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands  means a number of Imperial and French fiefs.  These were ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482. The area was large parts of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as Luxembourg and parts of northern France.

Rulers
The Burgundian dukes who ruled the Netherlandish territories were:

House of Valois, territorial Dukes of Burgundy
Philip the Bold (1384–1405), son of King John II of France, by his wife Margaret III of Flanders
John the Fearless (1405–1419), son
Philip the Good (1419–1467), son
Charles the Bold (1467–1477), son

House of Valois, titular Duchess of Burgundy
Mary of Burgundy (1477–1482), Charles' daughter, married Maximilian I of Habsburg in 1477

House of Habsburg, titular Dukes of Burgundy (see Habsburg Netherlands)
Philip the Handsome (1482–1506), Mary's son; Maximilian I, his father, as regent (1482–1493)
Charles V (1506–1555), Philip's son; Margaret of Austria, regent (1507–1515) and (1519–1530)

History of Belgium
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe. It was a confederacy of provinces,from 1581 to 1795. It came before the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the modern Netherlands (now a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Federated Belgic Provinces, and Belgic Federation.

Although it was called a republic, its Stadtholders became a heredity dynasty.

References

Former republics
Former countries in Europe
1580s establishments in Europe
1588 establishments
1790s disestablishments in Europe
1795 disestablishments
Establishments in the Netherlands
Disestablishments in the Netherlands
The Southern Netherlands, also called the Catholic Netherlands, were part of the Low Countries.  They were controlled by Spain (1556–1714), Austria (1714–94) and added into France (1794–1815). This area was most of modern Belgium, the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, the County of Bouillon and Luxembourg, and in addition some parts of the Netherlands, as well as, until 1678, most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in northern France. The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until it was added to France.

The northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, started their independence as the United Provinces after 1581. The southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.  The Southern Netherlands passed to the Austrian Habsburgs after the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century.  After the French Revolutionary Wars they were joined with the northern Netherlands.  They were made a single kingdom under the House of Orange at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province was made into Luxembourg. In 1830 the mostly Roman Catholic southern half became independent as the Kingdom of Belgium.

References

History of Belgium
History of the Netherlands
History of Spain
Habsburg Spain means the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1506–1700).  This was when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty. Under Habsburg rule (mostly under Charles I and Philip II), Spain reached the height of its influence and power. The Hapsburgs had land including the Americas; the East Indies in Asia; the Low Countries, territories now in France and Germany in Europe. From 1580 to 1640 they had the Portuguese Empire; and various other lands such as small enclaves like Ceuta and Oran in North Africa. Habsburg Spain was, for well over a century, the world's greatest power. For this reason, this period of Spanish history has also been called the "Age of Expansion."

With the Habsburgs, Spain was one of the greatest political and military powers in Europe and the world for much of the 16th and 17th centuries. During the Habsburg's period, Spain ushered in the Spanish Golden Age of arts and literature producing some of the world's most outstanding writers and painters and influential intellectuals, including Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Domingo de Soto, Francisco Suárez and Francisco de Vitoria.

Spain or "the Spains", referring to Spanish territories across different continents in this period, initially covered the entire Iberian peninsula, including the kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, León, Navarre and, from 1580, Portugal.

The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 resulted in the union of the two main crowns, Castile and Aragon, which eventually led to the de facto unification of Spain, after the culmination of the Reconquista with the conquest of Granada in 1492 and of Navarre in 1512-1529. Isabella and Ferdinand were bestowed the title of "Catholic King and Queen" by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, and the term Monarchia Catholica (Catholic Monarchy, Modern Spanish: Monarquía Católica) remained in use for the monarchy under the Spanish Habsburgs. The Habsburg period is formative of the notion of "Spain" in the sense that was institutionalized in the 18th century.

Spain as a unified state came into being de jure after the Nueva Planta decrees of 1707 that succeeded the multiple crowns of its former realms. After the death in 1700 of Spain's last Habsburg king Charles II, the resulting War of the Spanish Succession led to the ascension of Philip V of the Bourbon dynasty and began a new centralizing state formation.

Among the most outstanding figures of this period were Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Miguel de Cervantes, Teresa of Ávila, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto and Francisco Suárez.

Notes

References

Spain
16th century in Spain
1500s establishments in Europe
1700s disestablishments in Europe
17th century in Spain
The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1793 with few changes.  France fought the First coalition.

In the Alps, there was little change.  The French invasion of Piedmont failed. On the Spanish border, the French under General Dugommier came from their defensive positions at Bayonne and Perpignan, to move the Spanish out of Roussillon.  They invaded Catalonia. Dugommier was killed in the Battle of the Black Mountain in November.

On the northern front in the Flanders Campaign, the Austrians and French both prepared in Belgium.  The Austrians went towards Mons and Maubeuge. The French got ready on multiple fronts.  There were two armies in Flanders under Pichegru and Moreau. Jourdan attacked from the German border. The French had damage in the Kortrijk, Tourcoing and Fleurus in June. The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine.  Then they moved into Belgium, the Rhineland, and southern Holland.

On the middle Rhine front in July General Michaud's Army of the Rhine tried two offensives in July.  This sector of the front was largely quiet over the course of the year.

At sea, the French Atlantic Fleet was able to hold off a British attempt to stop an important cereal convoy from the United States. In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in Martinique in February, and in 

By the end of the year French armies had won victories on all fronts.  

Wars involving France
1794 in France
The French First Republic was formed on 22 September 1792, by the newly made National Convention. The First Republic lasted until the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon I. This time is characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the making of the National Convention and the infamous Reign of Terror, the founding of the Directory and the Thermidorian Reaction, and finally, the making of the Consulate and Napoleon’s rise to power.

References

1792 establishments
1790s in France
19th century in France
France, Republic 1
France, Republic 1
1804 disestablishments
1790s establishments in France
Disestablishments in France
The First French Empire, also known as the Greater French Empire or Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon I of France. It was the main power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.

History 
Napoleon became Emperor of the French on 18 May 1804.  He was crowned Emperor on 2 December 1804.  This ended the time of the French Consulate.  He won early military victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Portugal, and allied nations. The Treaty of Tilsit in July 1807 ended two years of bloodshed on the European continent.

The next wars, known as the Napoleonic Wars, grew France over much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its biggest in 1812, the French Empire had 130 départements, ruled over 44 million people, and had a large military in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Duchy of Warsaw.  The introduction of the Napoleonic Code through the continent increased legal equality, made jury systems, and legalized divorce. Napoleon placed relatives on the thrones of several European countries.  He gave many noble titles, most of which went away after the empire fell.

Napoleon abdicated in 11 April 1814.  The Empire was briefly brought back during the Hundred Days period in 1815 until Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.  It was followed by the Bourbon Restoration monarchy of the House of Bourbon.  Louis XVIII of France became the new ruler.

References

1804 establishments in Europe
1815 disestablishments
19th century in France
France, Empire 1
1810s disestablishments in Europe
Leopold I (Leopold George Christian Frederick; Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was from 21 July 1831 the first King of the Belgians.  This was following Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.  He was the founder of the Belgian line of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. His children included Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico.  He was also an uncle of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

He was born in Coburg and died in Laeken.

Titles and styles
 16 December 1790 – 12 November 1826 His Serene Highness Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
 6 April 1818 – 12 November 1826 (in the UK) His Royal Highness Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
 12 November 1826 – 21 July 1831 His Serene Highness (His Royal Highness in the UK) Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony
 21 July 1831 – 10 December 1865 His Majesty The King of the Belgians

References

1790 births
1865 deaths
Kings and Queens of Belgium
German nobility
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights of the Golden Fleece
The Railway Station Bananal building is a historical and tourist city Bananal, state São Paulo, Brazil. Built in 1888, is the only specimen of steel construction the Belgium in the Americas.

References

São Paulo
Railway stations in South America
1888 establishments
Buildings and structures in Brazil
19th-century establishments in Brazil
Guy Ritchie (born 10 September 1968) is a British movie director. He was born in Hatfield, Hertfordshire.

Ritchie's movies are: Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, Snatch, Swept Away, Revolver, RocknRolla, Sherlock Holmes and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.

Ritchie had a son with Madonna in August 2000. They were married from December 2000 until they divorced in December 2008. He lives with model Jacqui Ainsley (born 1981). The couple have a son, who was born in September 2011.

References

Other websites 

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Hertfordshire
English movie directors
English movie producers
English screenwriters
English television producers
Madonna (entertainer)
Writers from Hertfordshire
The Berlin Conference (or "Congo Conference") of 1884–85 made rules for European colonization and trade in Africa. It was called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck. The conference met during the Scramble for Africa, a time with more colonial activity by European powers. Africans were not invited. It ended most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance, assuring that the European powers would not have to fight among themselves for dominance.

General Act
The General Act fixed the following points:
 The ending of slavery by Black and Islamic powers.  
 The Congo Free State was a private property of the Congo Society. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo was made the property of Leopold II of Belgium.
 The 14 countries who signed had free trade through the Congo Basin and Lake Nyasa and east of this in an area south of 5° N.
 The Niger River and Congo River were made free for ship traffic.
 Countries could not set up colonies in name only.
 If a country took over any new part of the African coast, they would have to tell the other countries.
 Each country was told which parts of Africa they could take over.

Agenda 

 Portugal - Britain The colonies of Angola and Mozambique were brought together by the land in between (land that later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi.) The United Kingdom did not support this plan. In 1890, the British government told the Portuguese to leave the area.

 France - Britain A line running from Say in Niger to Baroua, on the north-east coast of Lake Chad marked what part belonged to whom. France would own territory to the north of this line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it.  The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad.  

 France - Germany The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of the 14th meridian and Miltou was French, that to the south was German.

 Britain - Germany The separation came in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.

 France - Italy Italy was to own what was north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and the 17th meridian to the intersection of the 15th parallel and 21st meridian.

By 1902, 90% of all the land that makes up Africa was under European control.

References

Colonialism
19th-century treaties
1884
19th century in Africa
1880s in Europe
19th century in Berlin
is a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

The city was founded on November 11, 2005. The towns of Kishigawa, Kokawa, Momoyama, Naga and Uchita all combined to form the city.

Kokawa Temple (Kokawa-ji) is a popular sightseeing spot in Kinokawa.

Tama the stationmaster cat

Kishi Station in the city has a cat as the stationmaster named Tama. Tama is a calico cat.

People from Kinokawa city
 Ryumon Yasuda - Painter and Sculptor

Other websites

  Official website

Settlements in Wakayama Prefecture
Ruanda-Urundi was a part of German East Africa. Belgian troops invaded during World War I. The military occupation lasted from 1916 to 1924 when the territory came under Belgian rule. In 1964 it became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi.

Royal administrators

Royal Commissioners 
 Justin Malfeyt (November 1916-May 1919)
 Alfred Frédéric Gérard Marzorati (May 1919-August 1926)

Governors (Deputy Governors-General of the Belgian Congo) 
 Alfred Frédéric Gérard Marzorati (August 1926-February 1929)
 Louis Joseph Postiaux (February 1929-July 1930)
 Charles Henri Joseph Voisin (July 1930-August 1932)
 Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers (August 1932-July 1946)
 Maurice Simon (July 1946-August 1949)
 Léon Antoine Marie Pétillon (August 1949-January 1952)
 Alfred Claeys Boùùaert (January 1952-March 1955)
 Jean-Paul Harroy (March 1955-January 1962)

20th century in Belgium
Burundi
Rwanda
1922 establishments in Africa
1962 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in Africa
 
Ruanda
Eupen-Malmedy, or the East Cantons is a group of cantons in Belgium.  They are the former Prussian districts of Malmedy and Eupen, together with the Neutral Moresnet.  French-speaking Belgians also once called them the Redeemed Cantons.  These territories were added to Belgium in 1920 by the Versailles Treaty.

Chronology
6 March 1815 : Malmedy part of Prussia (from 1871 Germany).
1918 - 1920 : Under Allied occupation (British to Aug 1919, then Belgian).
28 June 1919 : Given to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles.
20 September 1920 : Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt-Vith added (fully re-incorporated 1925).
1926 The Belgian government wants to "sell" the East Cantons to the Weimar Republic. France objects strongly.
29 July 1940 -  Feb 1945 : Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt-Vith are added to Germany, together with the Luxembourg village of Bého (renamed Bocholz) and former Neutral Moresnet.
1956 Belgo-German peace treaty. The Federal Republic of Germany recognizes the illegality of the 1940 annexation.
1960-1964 The Belgian language border is fixed and finally divides the East Cantons. Eupen, Sankt Vith and others become German-speaking with special privileges for French speakers, Malmedy and Waimes join Aubel, Welkenraedt, Bleiberg and Baelen as French-speaking with (potential) special privileges for German speakers.
18 July 1966 Belgian law on the language use by local and national government. The "region of the German language" is mentioned. Federal Government services to answer German questions from a member of the general public in German.
1973 The Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft is set up.
1989 New amnesty law, undoing the legal effects of the annexation and its voiding.
1993 The Executive of the Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft is recognized as one of the Belgian regional governments in the new federal constitution. The German-speaking area remains a part of the Walloon economic area.
2005 The authority of the Rat is increased by giving it the right of teaching over religious institutions and over its nine communities.

20th century in Belgium
Wallonia
Liège (province)
The Battle of Belgium or Belgian Campaign was part of the greater Battle of France.  This was an offensive campaign by Germany during the Second World War. It took place over 18 days in May 1940.  It ended with the German occupation of Belgium following the surrender of the Belgian Army.

The Allied Armies tried to stop the German Army in Belgium.  They thought it was the main German attack. After the French had fully committed the best of the Allied Armies to Belgium between 10 and 12 May, the Germans went towards the English Channel. The German Army reached the Channel after five days. They encircling the Allied Armies. The Germans forced the Allies back to the sea. The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May 1940, ending the battle.

The Battle of Belgium included the first tank battle of the war. It was the largest tank battle in history up to that date.  The battle also included the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael, the first strategic airborne operation using paratroopers.

Belgium was occupied by the Germans until the winter of 1944–1945. It was freed by the Western Alliance.

Notes

References

1940 in Europe
Battle of Belgium
Battles involving Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
May 1940 events
Leopold III (born as Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel; 3 November 1901  25 September 1983) was King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951.  He left the throne and his son Baudouin became King.

Leopold III went to the throne of Belgium on 23 February 1934 following the death of his father, King Albert I.

Early life and family

Crown Prince Leopold fought as a private during World War I while still a teenager.  He was sent by his father to Eton College in the United Kingdom, in 1915. After the war, in 1919, he went to St. Anthony Seminary in Santa Barbara, California. He married Princess Astrid of Sweden in Stockholm on 4 November 1926.

On 29 August 1935, the King and Queen were driving along the winding, narrow roads near their villa at Küssnacht am Rigi, Schwyz, Switzerland on the shores of Lake Lucerne. Leopold lost control of the car which plunged into the lake, killing Queen Astrid and her unborn fourth child.

Leopold married Lilian Baels on 11 September 1941 in a secret, religious ceremony.  It was not valid under Belgian law.

In 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered Leopold deported to Germany. Princess Liliane followed the next day under an SS armed guard. The Nazis held the family in a fort at Hirschstein in Saxony from June 1944 to March 1945, and then at Strobl, Austria.

Leopold was freed by the United States in early May 1945. Because of the controversy about his conduct during the war, Leopold III and his wife and children were unable to return to Belgium.  They spent the next six years in exile at Pregny-Chambésy near Geneva, Switzerland. A regency under his brother Prince Charles had been made by the Legislature in 1944.

On his return to Belgium in 1950, Leopold was met with one of the most violent strikes in the history of Belgium. The country stood on the edge of civil war. Belgian banners were replaced by Walloon flags in Liège and other municipalities of Wallonia. To avoid tearing the country apart, and to keep the monarchy, Leopold decided on 1 August 1950 to withdraw in favour of his 20-year-old son Baudouin.

In retirement, he followed his passion as an amateur social anthropologist and entomologist and travelled the world. He went, for instance, to Senegal and he explored the Orinoco and the Amazon with Heinrich Harrer.

Leopold died in 1983 at Woluwe-Saint-Lambert.

References

1901 births
1983 deaths
Kings and Queens of Belgium
Knights of the Golden Fleece
People from Brussels
World War II people
The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century.  The lands were about the same as the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, French Flanders), and a small part of Western Germany.

The Seventeen Provinces were first held by the Dukes of Burgundy of the House of Valois.  Later they were held by the Habsburgs. From 1512 the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle.

Composition 
The map matches to the following provinces:

the County of Artois
the County of Flanders, including the burgraviates of Lille, Douai, Orchies, the Lordship of Tournai and the Tournaisis
the Lordship of Mechelen
the County of Namur
the County of Hainaut
the County of Zeeland
the County of Holland
the Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerp, the counties of Leuven and of Brussels, and the advocacy of the Abbey of Nivelles and of Gembloux
the Duchy of Limburg, including the counties of Dalhem and Valkenburg and the Lordship of Herzogenrath
the Duchy of Luxembourg
the Prince-Bishopric, later Lordship of Utrecht
the Lordship of Frisia
the Duchy of Guelders
the Lordship of Groningen (including the Ommelanden)
the Lordship of Drenthe, Lingen, Wedde, and Westerwolde
the Lordship of Overijssel
the County of Zutphen

It was not always the same Seventeen Provinces.

States of the Holy Roman Empire
The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium.  It got its status as a prince-bishopric between 980 and 985. Bishop Notger became Prince-Bishop after he received secular control of the County of Huy from the emperor .

The Prince-Bishopric belonged from 1500 on to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. It was headed by the Prince-Bishop of Liège. Its land included most of the present Belgian provinces of Liège and Limburg, and some exclaves in other parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. The capital was Liège. It was added into France in 1795.

History of Belgium
Liège
Liège (province)
Egide Charles Gustave, Baron Wappers (23 August 1803 Antwerp – 6 December 1874 Paris), better known as Gustave Wappers, was a Belgian painter.

Biography
He studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, and during 1826 in Paris. The Romantic movement with its new ideas about art and politics was happening in France. Wappers was the first Belgian artist to use this form.  His first painting, "The Devotion of the Burgomaster of Leiden," appeared at the right time.  It had much success in the Brussels Salon during 1830, the year of the Belgian Revolution.

Wappers was invited to the court at Brussels. In 1832 the city of Antwerp made him Professor of Painting.

He showed his masterpiece, "Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830" at the Antwerp Salon in 1834. He was then made painter to Leopold, King of the Belgians. At the death of Matthieu-Ignace Van Brée in 1839 he was raised to director of the Antwerp Academy. One of his students was Ford Madox Brown, another was the Czech history painter Karel Javůrek.

He has many works.  Some of them in traditional devotional modes, while others show the Romantic view of history.

After retiring as director of the Antwerp Academy, he lived in 1853 in Paris.  He died in 1873.

References

Other websites
 

1803 births
1874 deaths
Belgian nobility
Belgian painters
Flemish painters
People from Antwerp
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
The Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium is one of the most famous museums in Belgium.

The museum
The museums are in the capital of Brussels in the downtown area on the Coudenberg. There are four museums. Two of them, the Museum of Ancient Art and the Museum of Modern Art, Brussels, are in the main building. The other two, the Constantin Meunier Museum and the Antoine Wiertz Museum, are dedicated to specific Belgian artists.  They are much smaller and are a few kilometers from the city center.

The Royal Museum has over 20,000 drawings, sculptures, and paintings, which date from the early 15th century to the present. The museum has a large collection of Flemish painting, among them  paintings by Bruegel and Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens. The museum is also proud of its "Rubens Room", which houses more than 20 paintings by the artist.

The building
The main building, which now houses the Museum of Ancient Art, was built as the Palais des Beaux-Arts.  It was designed by Belgian architect Alphonse Balat and paid for by King Leopold II. The building was completed in 1887.

Other websites

Official website

Art museums
Belgian culture
Buildings and structures in Belgium
Brussels
Regional lockout is something used to prevent the playing of media for device, sold in another country. It can be programming practice, code, chip, or physical barrier. Regional lockout may be used in movies, video games and computer printers.

Related pages
 10NES
 NTSC
 PAL region

Cryptography
Censorship
Copyright
Computer security
A wastebasket taxon  is a term used by biologists for a taxon which has organisms that do not fit anywhere else. 

Species or groups are put in the wastebsket taxon when they do not fit into one of the regular taxa. Regular taxa are supposed to be monophyletic. By definition, wastebasket taxa are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Their name may still be very useful to biologists, because its members may be an important evolutionary grade. Antelopes are a group which is ecologically very important, and have many similar features. However, they are not monophyletic. Species are called 'antelopes' if they look like one.

Invertebrates are often called the "everything-else" category, meaning all animals without backbones. Little-known fossil groups are sometimes later found to be wastebasket taxa. The crocodile-like Triassic group Rauisuchia is an example.  

Loosely related animals often look rather alike. This is because they adapt to similar environments. This leads to convergent evolution.

References 

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (July 23, 1773 – January 27, 1860) was the sixth Governor of New South Wales. Brisbane was very interested in astronomy and brought two assistant astronomers to Australia with him. When he went back to England, he left his books, telescopes and other equipment behind as gift, and these were the beginnings of the Sydney Observatory.

The Brisbane River was named after Sir Thomas, and the capital city of Queensland, takes its name from the river.

References 

1773 births
1860 deaths
British Army officers
British astronomers
Governors of New South Wales
Scottish politicians
The Brown Bunny is an explicit 2003 drama movie. It stars Vincent Gallo and Chloë Sevigny. Gallo wrote, produced and directed it. It was unrated when released but is extremely similar to an NC-17. It was controversial at the time of its release.

Cast
 Vincent Gallo as Bud Clay
 Chloë Sevigny as Daisy
 Cheryl Tiegs as Lilly
 Elizabeth Blake as Rose
 Anna Vareschi as Violet
 Mary Morasky as Mrs. Lemon
 Rick Doucette (uncredited) as Featured racer

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 

2003 drama movies
2000s road movies
Obscenity controversies
English-language movies
American drama movies
American independent movies
Japanese movies
French drama movies
Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author.  He wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often called the founder of modern human anatomy. Vesalius is the Latinized form of Andries van Wesel. He is sometimes also called Andreas Vesal, André Vesalio and Andre Vesale.

Anatomies had been published before, but those of Vesalius were in a different class. They were based on actual dissections of human bodies (after death). And the drawings were artwork of the highest class. 

Dissections of cadavers (dead human bodies) was forbidden for many centuries, and this limited previous work on anatomy. Before Vesalius, most information about the human body came from Galen.  By dissecting human bodies, Vesalius showed that many of the things Galen wrote about were wrong. Galen was primarily misinformed about the human heart, liver and lower jaw bone. It was found that Galen's work was based on Barbary apes, but he also dissected pigs, which led to even more inaccurate observations.

Vesalius was invited to be the Imperial physician of Emperor Charles V.  After the abdication of Emperor Charles V he continued at court in great favour with the Emperor's son Philip II.

References 

1514 births
1564 deaths
Anatomists
Belgian physicians
Belgian Roman Catholics
Writers from Brussels
Rembert Dodoens (29 June 1517 – 10 March 1585) was a Flemish physician and botanist.  He is also known by his Latinized name Rembertus Dodonaeus.

Biography
Dodoens was born in Mechelen.  In 1530 he began his studies in medicine, cosmography and geography at the University of Leuven. He graduated in 1535. He became a physician in Mechelen in 1538. He married Kathelijne De Bruyn(e) in 1539. He had a short stay in Basel (1542–1546). He turned down a chair at the University of Leuven in 1557. He also turned down an offer to become court physician of emperor Philip II of Spain. He became the court physician of the Austrian emperor Rudolph II in Vienna (1575–1578). He then became professor in medicine at the University of Leiden in 1582, and remained there until his death.

Dodoens wrote Cruydeboeck  in 1554. In his times, it was the most translated book after the Bible. It became a work of worldwide renown, used as a reference book for two centuries.

The plant genus Dodonaea was named after him by Carolus Linnaeus.

References

1517 births
1585 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian biologists
Belgian physicians
Botanists
People from Antwerp (province)
Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama movie directed by Gus Van Sant, written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, and stars Robin Williams, Damon (who played the eponymous role), Affleck, Stellan Skarsgård and Minnie Driver. Filming in Boston, Massachusetts. it was released on December 5, 1997.

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

1997 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about educators
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
Movies directed by Gus Van Sant
Movies set in Boston, Massachusetts
Movies set in universities and colleges
Miramax movies
American independent movies
The Quasi-War was an undeclared naval war fought between the United States and the French Republic between 1798 and 1801.

Wars involving the United States
1790s in the United States
Wars involving France
1800s in the United States
History of France
The road to hell is paved with good intentions is an idiom or proverb. It is about the difference between what someone intends to do and what they actually do.  In other words, the road to failure is made easier by good intentions.

History
In the mid-12th century, Bernard of Clairvaux wrote, "L'enfer est plein de bonnes volontés et désirs" (hell is full of good wishes and desires). <ref>Amer, Christine. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9re1vfFh04sC&pg=PA542#v=onepage&q&f=false The American Heritage dictionary of idioms, p. 542].</ref>  The sentence has been repeated many times in other languages and contexts.

In 1775, Samuel Johnson commented on "the unhappy failure of pious resolves" when he is reported saying, "Sir, hell is paved with good intentions." 

Select examples
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it. 1631: George Herbert wrote in Jacula Prudentum, "Hell is full of good meanings and wishings."
 1825: Walter Scott wrote in a letter to Miss Joauna Baillie, "I well intended to have written from Ireland, but alas! as some stern old divine says, " Hell is paved with good intentions" ... and so all my epistolary good intentions are gone to Macadamise, I suppose, "the burning marle" of the infernul regions."
 1857: George John Whyte-Melville wrote in The Interpreter, "... if hell be paved with good intentions, it might be roofed with lost opportunities."
 1942: C. S. Lewis explained in The Screwtape Letters'', "The safest road to hell is the gradual one – the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts.”
 Friedrich Hölderlin,  "What has always made the state a hell on earth has been precisely that man has tried to make it heaven."

Related pages
 Unintended consequences

References

Idioms

de:Liste geflügelter Worte/D#Der Weg zur Hölle ist mit guten Vorsätzen gepflastert
{{Infobox Weapon
|name=Heckler & Koch G11
|image=Gewehr G11 sk.jpg
|caption=G11
|origin=
|type=Assault rifle (G11)Light machine gun (LMG11)Personal defense weapon (G11 PDW)

|is_ranged=yes

|service=
|used_by=
|wars=

|designer=Heckler & Koch
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants= Assault RifleLight Machine Gun (LMG11)Personal Defence Weapon (G11 PDW)

|weight=3.6 kg (8.0 lb) empty, 4.3 kg (9.5 lb) loaded
|length=750 mm (29.5 in)
|part_length=540 mm (155 mm per twist)

|cartridge=4.73x33mm caseless ammunition (DM11): G11 K2, LMG11
4.7x2mm, 4.3mm, 4.9mm for other G11 prototypes
4.73x25mm caseless: G11 PDW
|action=Gas operated, rotary breech (for G11 series), select fire
|rate= 460 rounds/min (full auto)  2000 rounds/min (3-round burst) 
|velocity=Approx. 930 m/s (3,050 ft/s)
|range=400 m
|max_range=
|feed=45 or 50-round detachable box magazine
|sights= Integrated optical sight
}}

G11 is a German assault rifle. It was invented by Heckler & Koch in the years between 1968 and 1990. It is able to shoot in semi automatic, or single shot, 3 round burst, or full auto. The magazine held 45 or 50  of the 4,73mm caseless rounds. The German army (Bundeswehr) and the US Army tested the weapon but they didn't want it because it was too expensive after the Cold War. So it stayed to be a prototype and never got into mass production.

References 

Assault rifles
Bullpup rifles
The Death of Socrates () is a 1787 oil on canvas painting by the French painter Jacques-Louis David.

It shows the death of Greek philosopher Socrates.  He was sentenced to die by drinking hemlock.  He was sentenced to die because his ideas were against those of Athens.  It was also for corrupting the minds of the youth. The painting also shows both Crito and Plato.  Crito is sitting sadly at the edge of the bed.  Plato is holding the knee of Socrates.  Socrates had the choice to go into exile or be sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Socrates chose death. In this painting, a red-robed disciple hands a confident Socrates the goblet of hemlock. Socrates' hand pointing to the heavens is his love of the gods and fearless attitude to his death.

This painting is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Other websites

Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this painting (see index)
The Death of Socrates  on Google Art Project

18th-century paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
French paintings
Simon Stevin (1548/49 – 1620) was a Flemish mathematician and military engineer. He translated many mathematical terms into Dutch. 

Stevin was born in Bruges, Flanders (now Belgium) around the year 1548.  It is thought that Simon was a Calvinist.  Very little has been recorded about his life. It is known that he left a widow with two children.

In Bruges there is a Simon Stevin Square which has his statue by Eugène Simonis.

1540s births
1620 deaths
Belgian mathematicians
Engineers
People from Bruges
Zénobe Théophile Gramme (4 April 1826, Amay - 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer. He invented the Gramme machine.  The Gramme machine was a type of direct current dynamo.  It made smoother (less AC) and much higher voltages than other dynamos. 

1826 births
1901 deaths
Belgian inventors
Belgian scientists
Engineers
People from Liège (province)
Philip Anthony Esposito, OC  (born February 20, 1942 ) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre.  He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins and New York Rangers. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.  It is said he is one of the best players in the National Hockey League. Phil is the older brother of Tony Esposito.  Tony is a goaltender and he is also a Hall-of-Famer.

After retiring as a player, Esposito was head coach and general manager for the New York Rangers.  Then he started the Tampa Bay Lightning. He worked for the NHL on Fox from 1995 to 1998. He is now Tampa Bay's radio announcer.

References

1942 births
Living people
Art Ross Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
New York Rangers players
People from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning
Leo Hendrik Baekeland (Ghent , November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian chemist.  He invented Velox photographic paper (1893).  He also made Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic, which marks the beginning of the modern plastics industry.

References

1863 births
1944 deaths
Belgian chemists
Belgian inventors
People from Ghent
Scientists from Florida
The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763, by the Kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the Seven Years' War, which is known as the French and Indian War in North America. The British won the war against France and Spain.

The treaty gave control of the northern part of North America in what is now Canada to Britain. France was left with only two small islands, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, for its cod fishery.  

The treaty started an era of British power outside Europe.  The treaty did not include either Prussia or Austria, which signed the separate Treaty of Hubertusburg five days later.

References

Paris 1763
1763
18th century in Europe
Seven Years' War
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
History of Paris