cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on color and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.

However, Delacroix was given neither to sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."

Delacroix was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.

References 

1798 births
1863 deaths
French painters
People from Ile-de-France
Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu (1800; Nîmes, France – 1874; Paris, France) was an early French photographer of nudes, known for making studies for Eugène Delacroix.  Some of Durieu's nudes were used by Delacroix to creating his own paintings and drawings.

References

 Coke, Van Deren. "Two Delacroix Drawings Made from Photographs". Art Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Spring, 1962), pp. 172–174. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/774417>.
 

1800 births
1874 deaths
French photographers
A period (US) or full stop (UK) is a punctuation mark (.) at the end of a sentence. It shows that the sentence has finished. To be a sentence it must have at least one complete clause, with a verb and a subject.

When it is used in numbers, it is called a decimal point. It shows that the numbers to the right of it are less than one, as in 1.234. When it is used to write money in numbers, it shows that the numbers to the right of it are less than one pound/dollar/euro. For example:

 "Elizabeth'' bought a soda for $1.28 cents."

means that Elizabeth paid one dollar and twenty-eight cents for her drink.

A point may be used after a word has been shortened: Pty. Ltd. The words doctor, mister, and mistress are often made shorter when used with a name. "Dr. Smith" is the name of a doctor whose last name is Smith, and "Mr." Banerjee is short for Mister Banerjee. "Mrs" means a wife, "Miss" is an unmarried female. "Ms" can be used for either. A point is also used after a first or middle initial, but does not follow the last name, for example, "J. Citizen".

When three periods are used together (...), they are called an ellipsis.

Related pages 
Punctuation

References 

Typography
Punctuation
Mathematical notation
The hyphen  is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. A hyphen looks like this: -. Hyphens have many uses in writing.

Son-in-law is an example of a hyphenated word. The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes which are longer and have different uses, or with the minus sign. The hyphen is the shortest of these signs.

 Some words can have a hyphen added to change the meaning. For example, re-form means "start again" but reform means "change". A re-formed group is different from a reformed group.
 A hyphen is used to spell out some numbers (thirty-two, forty-nine, eighty-six).
 When a name for a material such as "stainless steel" is used with a word for a thing made of that material, a hyphen may be used, as in "stainless-steel knife".
 Some words have letters at the beginning, or prefixes, these can sometimes use hyphens: un-American, anti-pollution, non-proliferation
 When spelling out a word: H-Y-P-H-E-N
 In some cases, when putting two words together would be hard to understand. For example, if something is like a shell, writing it as "shelllike" is hard to read with so many uses of the letter 'l'. It is better to use "shell-like."
 When writing words that someone has spoken when that person has difficulty speaking, as in: "I reached for the w-w-w-watering can." This is called a stammer.
 When adding words that already have a hyphen. For example: two to year-old as in: "He was a two- or three-year-old dog."
 If a word for a person (a name or proper noun) is used with another name, a hyphen is used, such as "the Merriam-Webster dictionary" or "the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact."
 Some people take a name from the family names of both parents, or from the last name of their father and husband. For example: "John Rees-Williams". This is not always the case, for example: "Hillary Rodham Clinton".
 A hyphen is also used when a word is too long to fit in one row of writing. This is often done in books, magazines and newspapers to save space and paper. A long word is broken into two parts, of nearly the same length, with a hyphen at the end of the first part. The normal way is to make the first part of the word as much of a complete word as possible. For example:

Related pages
 Punctuation

References

Punctuation
S.H.E is a Taiwanese girl group with three people: Selina Ren, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. The group's name comes from the first letter of each person's name. A record label called HIM International Music created S.H.E after they organized a singing competition in 2000. 

At first, there was supposed to be only one winner; that person was Selina Ren. But then the record label thought that the other two girls, Hebe Tien and Ella Chen, were good singers too, so they put the three girls together. Since the release of Girls Dorm, S.H.E's first album, in 2001, the group has released a total of 11 albums, and sold over 4.5 million copies. However, some people do not like S.H.E because they often sing songs that other people had sung before. In addition to music, the trio has acted in many TV dramas, and sang many theme songs for them. Because of S.H.E's success, some Taiwanese companies are now trying to create girl groups of their own.

Taiwanese musical groups
Girl groups
Pop music groups
In electronics, a multiplexer or mux (occasionally the term mul-dex is also found, for a combination multiplexer-demultiplexer) is a device that selects one of many analog or digital input signals and outputs it into a single output line. This process is termed: multiplexing.

An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one expensive device or other resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of having one device per input signal. 

An analog multiplexer is a special type of analog switch that connects one signal selected from several inputs to a single output.

A digital multiplexer is a set of parallel switches, with selector that selects one of the input digital channels to outputs into the single digital output channel. The selector selects one of the input channels according to the digital command (number) it receives.

In electronics, a demultiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting one of many data-output-lines, which is connected to the single input. A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving end. 

An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, single-output switch, and a demultiplexer as a single-input, multiple-output switch. 

In telecommunications and signal processing, a multiplexer is a device that combines several input information signals into one output signal, which carries several communication channels, by means of some multiplex technique. A demultiplexer is in this context a device that takes a single input signal that carries many channels and separates the channels over multiple output signals.

One cost-saving use for multiplexers is connecting a multiplexer and a demultiplexer (or demux) together (called mul-dex) over a single communication channel (by connecting the multiplexer's single output to the demultiplexer's single input). The image to the right demonstrates this.

In this case, the cost of implementing separate channels for each data source is more expensive than the cost of implementing the multiplexing/demultiplexing functions.

At the receiving end of the data link a complementary demultiplexer is normally required to break single data stream back down into the original streams.

In some cases, the far end system may have more functionality than a simple demultiplexer and so, at the same time as the demultiplexing still exists logically, it may never actually happen physically, such as in network address translation where a number of IP private network users are multiplexed over a single public IP address.

References
M. Morris Mano and Charles R. Kime, Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2008

Electronic circuits
In computing, input/output/(*.*)., or Clear Text, refers to the communication between a digital processing system (such as a computer or an embedded system), and the outside world – possibly a human, another processing system or a device.

Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with the digital processing system. For instance, keyboards and mice are considered input devices of a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices of a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output.

Note that the description of a device as either input or output depends on how it is viewed. Mouses and keyboards take as input physical movement that the human user outputs and convert it into signals that a computer can understand. The output from these devices is input for the computer. Similarly, printers and monitors take as input signals that a computer outputs. They then convert these signals into representations that human users can see or read. (For a human user the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving input.)
 
Computers only work with digital information, any input that a computer receives must be digitalised.

Computer science
Data input
An instruction set, or instruction set architecture (ISA),  is a list of all the commands (instructions), with all their variations, that a processor can execute.

Instructions include:

 Arithmetic such as add and subtract
 Logic instructions such as and, or, and not
 Data instructions such as move, input, output, load, and store
 Control flow instructions such as goto, if ... goto, call, and return.

Instruction set architecture is distinguished from microarchitecture. Microarchitecture is the detailed description of the system that is enough for completely describing the operation of all parts of the computing system, as well as how they are inter-connected and inter-operate to implement the ISA. An instruction set is the part of the computer architecture related to programming. An ISA includes a specification set of opcodes (machine language), which are the native commands implemented in a particular central processing unit design.

Computers with different microarchitectures can share a common instruction set. For example, the Intel Pentium and the AMD Athlon implement nearly identical versions of the x86 instruction set, but they are very different in internal designs.

Related pages
 CISC
 RISC
 VLIW
 MISC
 digital signal processor
 graphics processing unit
 central processing unit
 microcontroller
 microprocessor
 Computer architecture

Other websites
Mark Smotherman's Historical Computer Designs Page
Microprocessor Instruction Set Cards
A Set of Standard Microprocessor Programming Cards by Jonathan Bowen
Randy Hyde's discussion on ISA 

Computer science
In electrical engineering, power consumption refers to the electrical energy per unit time, supplied to operate something, such as a home appliance. Power consumption is usually measured in units of watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).

The energy used by equipment is always more than the energy really needed. This is because no equipment is 100% efficient. Power is wasted as heat, vibrations and/or electromagnetic radiation. For example, a light bulb does not only convert electric power into light; it also makes some heat.

References

Electricity
Energy
Engineering
Hindutva, which means "Hinduness", is a kind of nationalism in India. The word was made popular by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1923. Groups that believe in Hindutva include the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Sangh Parivar. Hindutva considers Hinduism better than other religions and cultures. Because of this, some people describe Hindutva as almost fascist, while others say that Hindutva is conservative.

Comments by scholars 
According to Christophe Jaffrelot, a political scientist specializing in South Asia, the Hindutva ideology has roots in an era where the fiction in ancient Indian mythology and the Vedics  was thought to be valid. This fiction was used to "give sustenance to Hindu ethnic consciousness". Its strategy emulated the Muslim identity politics of the Khilafat movement after World War I, and borrowed political concepts from the West – mainly Germany.

According to Anthony Parel, a historian and political scientist, V. D. Savarkar's Hindutva, Who is a Hindu? (1923) is a fundamental text of Hindutva ideology. He comments on Savarkar's summary of Hindu culture "as a self-sufficient culture, not needing any input from other cultures" by saying that this is "an unhistorical, narcissistic and false account of India's past".

Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad, a Fellow of the British Academy and a scholar of Politics and Philosophy of Religion, says that Hindutva is a form of nationalism that is seen differently by its opponents and its supporters. The Hindutva ideology according to Savarkar, states Ram-Prasad, is based on  "geography, race, and culture".

References 

Nationalism
Hinduism
Phetchabun is a town in the northeastern and the central part of Thailand. 
It is about  in size. The distance from the east to the west is . The distance from the north to the south is . The height above sea level is . Phetchabun is  from Bangkok.

Administrative division 
The administrative distributes to are 11 districts (amphur), 117 subdistricts (tumbol), and 1261 villages (muban).

The boundaries 
 Loei borders Phetchabun to the north.
 Lopburi borders Phetchabun to the south.
 Khon Kaen and Chaiyaphum borders Phethabun to the east.
 Phitsanulok Nakhonsawan and Phichit borders Phetchabun to the west.

History

Phetchabun is ancient. It is unclear who founded it. Krom Phraya Dhamlong Racha Nupap says that Phetchabun established for 2 periods in the same relic of Buddha temple and ancient temple. At first age, built when the northland is Sukhothai city or Phitsanulok is the capital. There is the waterway in a public city.
The second period built in, Narai's period. There was a river at the center of a city. In the north side had a wall for Guading the enemies. In the south there was a field.
An archeologist discovered the evidence in Si Thep city. The evidence was over 1000 years old. Phetchabun was built in the same time as Phimai, Lopburi.

The park 
 Khao Khor national park ()
 Tad Mok national park ()
 Nam Nao national park ()
 Si Thep Historical park ()

References

Towns in Thailand
Zoophilia (or zoosexuality) is a type of paraphilia. People who have it feel sexually attracted to animals. These people are called zoophiles. Sexual activity with an animal is called bestiality. It is illegal in most countries. Most people think that zoophilia is wrong. Zoophilia is a mental disorder in the DSM.

Occurence
In a 1974 study, 4.9% of males said they had had sexual interactions with animals.

References

Paraphilias
Sukhoi Su-30 is a Russian fighter aircraft. It is developed by Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. It is a 4.5-generation jet fighter aircraft. The aircraft is used by these air forces:

Algerian Air Force
Angolan Air Force
People's Liberation Army Air Force
Indian Air Force
Indonesian Air Force
Kazakh Air Force
Royal Malaysian Air Force
Russian Air Force
Uganda Air Force
Venezuelan Air Force
Vietnam People's Air Force

Versions 
Su-30K

Export version of the basic Su-30

Su-30MKI

Version for India

Su-30SM

Version of the Su-30MKI for Russia

Military aircraft
A One Instruction Set Computer (OISC) is an abstract computer that uses only one instruction (with no need for a machine language opcode). Such computers are the extreme case or the logical conclusion of Reduced instruction set computers, although the concept has been used only in academic circles, as a teaching aid like the URISC.

The Ultimate RISC (URISC) is the name given by researchers at the University of Waterloo in the city of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, to their implementation of a single-instruction computer. URISC allows complete description of a fully functional computer, in only a few pages.

References 
 The Retrocomputing Museum
 MAXQ product line homepage 
 OISC Implementation with subleq 
 Univ. of Waterloo URISC: F. Mavaddat and B. Parhami, URISC: The Ultimate Reduced Instruction Set Computer, Int'l J. Electrical Engineering Education, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 327-334, October 1988.
 Univ. of Iowa Ultimate: RISC (Accessed November 2008).

Other websites 
 Mark II OISC Self-Interpreter Possibly the first-ever OISC self-interpreter.
 SBN Computer
 SUBLEQ compiler and emulator 
 http://esolangs.org/wiki/Subleq
 BitBitJump - the simplest OISC

Computer science
In computer science, ZISC stands for Zero Instruction Set Computer, which refers to a chip technology based on pure pattern matching and absence of micro-instructions. 

The name ZISC was derived from RISC.

Other websites
From CISC to RISC to ZISC by S. Liebman on lsmarketing.com
Neural Networks on Silicon  at aboutAI.net
Open Directory: Hardware: Components: Processors: ZISC
Recognetics Home of CogniMem the successor of ZISC 

Computer science
Peoples Temple was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that, by the mid-1970s, possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Francisco. It is best known for the death of over 900 of its members on November 18, 1978 in Guyana, at the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project (informally called "Jonestown"), a nearby airstrip at Port Kaituma, and Georgetown.

Related pages
For details of the event, see Jim Jones

Murders
Suicide
Religious violence
Christianity in the United States
Religion in the United States
1955 establishments in the United States
Regina Spektor (b. February 18, 1980) is a Russian-American singer-songwriter and pianist.  She was born in Moscow, Russia, but moved to The Bronx in New York City as a child.

She has released six studio albums. She released her first album 11:11 in 2001. In 2002 she released her second album Songs. Spektor's third album Soviet Kitsch was her first album to be released on a record label. Three singles were released from the album. In 2009 Spektor released her fourth album Far. What We Saw from the Cheap Seats was released in 2012. 

She usually sings in English but has used other languages in her songs including Latin, French, and Russian.

Spektor sings the theme song of Orange is the New Black, "You've Got Time". The song was nominated for the award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2013 Grammy Awards.

Personal life
Spektor married Jack Dishel in 2011.

She gave birth to a baby boy in 2014.

Other websites
Official website

References

American pianists
American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from New York
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Russian singers
Russian musicians
1980 births
Living people
The bulldog, known as the British Bulldog or English Bulldog, is a medium-size breed of dog from England.

Description
Bulldogs are medium in size, and they are wide and compact with large, thick heads. Their muzzle (nose and mouth) is short, like a pug's. They have stocky legs at each corner of their muscular body, so when they walk, they take short steps and swing their body from side to side. 

Their fur comes in many colors, including light brown, white, black or mixed (brindle). Black is not a desired color at dog shows, but black bulldogs can compete. The bulldog is recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC). 

Bulldogs are good family pets. They are also brave and are good guard dogs. Bulldogs need a lot of human attention to be happy. They do not need much exercise or grooming except for the face, which should be wiped daily in the face folds with a damp cloth. They weigh . They are  tall at the shoulders.

The bulldog was originally bred to fight bulls during the 1600s. The dog's mouth is made to bite a bull's nose and not let go.

References

Dog breeds
There are dozens of languages spoken in Iran. The following are the languages with the greatest number of speakers (Data from the CIA World Factbook ):

Persian, Luri, Gilaki and Mazandarani 58%
Azeri and other Turkic languages 26%
Kurdish 9%
Balochi 1%
Arabic 1%
The remaining 5% include a variety of other languages.

Related pages
Indo-Iranian languages

Other websites 
Ethnologue report for languages of Iran 
Britannica
CIA FactBook 

Iran
The flag of Turkey () has a white crescent moon and a star on a red background. The flag is called Ay Yıldız (literally, moon star) or Alsancak (red banner) in Turkish. 

The flag has a complex origin since it is an ancient design, and uses the same symbols of the late flag of the Ottoman Empire which was adopted in 1844 with the Tanzimat reforms; though the shape, placement and shade of the color varies. The geometric proportions of the flag were legally standardized with the Turkish Flag Law in 1936. The shade of red used in the flag is approximated by Pantone 186, or RGB (227, 10, 23).

Turkey
Turkey
The flag of Saudi Arabia is the flag used by the government of Saudi Arabia since March 15, 1973. It is a green flag featuring in white an Arabic inscription and a sword. 

The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahadah or Islamic declaration of faith: 

لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
la ilaha ill allah muhammadun rasul allah
"There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his Messenger"

The sword, symbolizes the importance of the inscription by underlining it.

Green flags with this or other Arabic scripts are commonly seen in Islam. They should not be confused with the Saudi national flag. These other flags normally do not have the sword symbol. 

The flag is made so that the shahada reads correctly, from right to left, from either side. The sword points from hoist to fly on both sides. The flag is sinister hoisted. This means that the obverse side (front) has the hoist side (flagpole side) to the right.

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
The Saudi Arabian coat of arms () is a coat of arms that was adopted in 1950. According to the Saudi Constitution it is made of of two crossed swords with a palm tree in the open upper space between the blades. Each of the swords represents the two kingdoms which founded modern day Saudi Arabia, the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sultanate of Najd.

The date palm tree represents vitality and growth.
The crossed scimitars symbolize justice and strength rooted in faith.

References 

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
{{Infobox Album 
| name = Hawk Nelson is my friend
| artist = Hawk Nelson
| cover = 
| released = April 1, 2008
| recorded = Autumn 2007
| genre = Christian rock, punk rock, pop punk
| length = 38:47
| label = Tooth & Nail records
| producer = 
| Reviews       = 
| prev_title = Smile, it's the end of the world(2006)
!(2008)
| next_title =
| type = Studio album
}}Hawk Nelson is my Friend''''' is an album by Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on April 1, 2008.

The title was taken because they find it funny - some people still think of Hawk Nelson as a person instead of a band. It was also chosen because, Hawk Nelson like to connect with fans, and make friends with them.

Songs 
 "You Have What I Need" – 2:34
 "Friend Like That" – 2:49
 "Turn It On" – 3:09
 "One Little Miracle" – 2:58
 "Let's Dance" – 3:09
 "Ancient History" – 3:11
 "Somebody Else" – 3:18
 "Arms Around Me" – 3:31
 "Just Like Me" – 2:39
 "Not The Same" – 3:30
 "Words We Speak" – 2:54
 "I Still Miss You" – 3:51

It also includes a special edition CD/DVD with extra tracks and a paper board game. Also including a video showing how the music video for "Friend Like That" was made. It has four other videos from the band.

Singles 
"Friend Like That" was the only single from this album. It was first made available on music programmes such as Itunes. It was announced a while before, and was available on Christmas Eve 2007. However, it was taken early on websites such as YouTube.

2008 albums
Hawk Nelson albums
Child grooming is a term which describes the following situation. When an adult becomes friends with a child, this is sometimes done for a reason. The reason is to lower the inhibitions of the child and to prepare for sexual abuse. So, action taken by an adult to form a trusting relationship with a child, with the intent of later having sexual contact, is 'child grooming'.

The act of grooming a child may include activities that are legal, but later lead to sexual contact. The grooming is done to gain the child's trust, and the trust of those responsible for the child. Children are less likely to report a crime if it involves someone the child knows, trusts, and cares about. Also, a relationship with the family means the child's parents will be less likely to believe any accusations.

Examples of  grooming 
 Taking interest in someone's child (having a "special" friend)
 Giving gifts or money to the child for no obvious reason
 Showing pornography to the child - this is illegal in many countries
 Talking about sexual topics that are not age-appropriate
 Invading the child's privacy (e.g. walking in on him/her in the bathroom)
 Hugging, kissing, or other physical contact if the child does not want this attention
 Allowing the child to get away with behavior that is not right.
 Talking to the child about problems that would normally be discussed with adults (e.g. marriage problems).

Child grooming on the internet 
Sexual grooming of children also occurs on the internet. Some abusers pose as children online and make arrangements to meet with them in person.

In 2003, MSN implemented restrictions in their chat rooms purportedly intended to help protect children from adults seeking sexual conversations with them. In 2005, Yahoo! chat rooms were investigated by the New York State attorney general's office for allowing users to create rooms whose names suggested that they were being used for this purpose. That October, Yahoo! agreed to "implement policies and procedures designed to ensure" that such rooms would not be allowed.

An organization called Perverted-Justice (known as PJ) uses PJ operatives posing as underage teens on the internet to identify potential child molesters and turn the information over to the police and the courts. The news program Dateline NBC features the recurring segment "To Catch a Predator", based on documenting such activities.

An organization called Crisp Thinking has created an expert service providing social platforms and apps with the risk protection they need to protect their users from sexual exploitation, child abuse images and trolls.

Another software company in the UK has developed a program that hold as competitor to Crisp, called Sentry Parental Controls . It was launched by television personality Coleen Nolan and is supported by Mark Williams-Thomas, a leading expert in child protection.

References 

Child sexual abuse
The Cynics (, ) were an important group of philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism. Their philosophy taught that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature.  This meant rejecting all the usual desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, and by living a life free from all possessions. People are reasoning creatures. They could therefore gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for humans. They believed that the world belonged equally to everyone, and that suffering was caused by false judgments of what was valuable and by the worthless customs and conventions which surrounded society. Many of these thoughts were later absorbed into Stoicism.

The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes, who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE. He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens, took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century, and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the Empire. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although many of its ascetic and rhetorical ideas were adopted by early Christians.

References 

Philosophy
Thee Michelle Gun Elephant (or TMGE) was a Japanese punk band. The band was started in 1991 when the members were students at a university near Tokyo. They released their first big label album in 1995. TMGE has released a total of 16 singles and 8 albums. In October 2003, the band said they were breaking up.

Members
Yusuke Chiba, singer - July 10, 1968
Futoshi Abe, guitarist - December 16, 1966
Kouji Ueno, bassist - March 27, 1968
Kazuyuki Kuhara, drummer - April 3, 1969

Recordings

Singles 
 World's End (世界の終わり) 1 Feb. 1996, CODA-836
 Candy House (キャンディ・ハウス) 1 Aug. 1996, COCA-13546, COKA-5
 Lily (リリィ) 19 Oct. 1996, CODA-1042, COKA-6
 Culture (カルチャー) 1 May 1997, COCA-14100, COKA-7
 Get Up Lucy (ゲット・アップ・ルーシー) 1 Aug. 1997, COCA-14327, COJA-9189
 The Birdmen (バードメン) 21 Oct. 1997, CODA-1335, COKA-12
 VIBE ON/Anta no dorei no mama de ii (VIBE ON!/あんたのどれいのままでいい) 1 Jul. 1998, TERNG-008
 G.W.D 1 Aug. 1998, CODA-1632, COKA-14
 Out Blues (アウト・ブルーズ) 1 Sep. 1998, CODA-1633, COKA-15
 Smokin' Billy (スモーキン・ビリー) 3 Nov. 1998, CODA-1639, COKA-16
 GT400  2 Feb. 2000, CODA-50209, COKA-50237
 Stardust Baby (ベイビー・スターダスト) 27 Sept. 2000, COCA-50382, COJA-50386
 The Exposed World (暴かれた世界) 22 Mar. 2001, CODA-50472, COKA-50473
 Grabbed the Sun (太陽をつかんでしまった) CD: 25 Dec. 2002, UPCH-5150 Vinyl: 22 Jan. 2003, UPJH-1031
 Girl Friend （CLub pre-release: 7 April 2003, TERNG-043 / Regular: 21 June 2003, TERNG-043i, ITERNG-044
 Electric Circus (エレクトリック・サーカス) CD: 11 Oct. 2003, UPCH-5215 / Vinyl: 3 Dec. 2003, UPJH-1040

Other websites
 English language fan page
 Thee Michelle Gun Elephant Bio  on VH1.com

Punk bands
Japanese rock bands
Gauri Khan () (née Chibber, born 8 October 1970) is an Indian movie producer. A Hindu of Punjabi Mohyal origin, born in New Delhi, India.  She graduated from Modern School, New Delhi and has a degree in History from Lady Sriram College. She is married to Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan. She has produced some of the movies with her husband as the main actor, including Paheli (an unsuccessful  Indian submission to the Oscars in 2005), Main Hoon Na, and Om Shanti Om. She also made a short guest appearance in Om Shanti Om.
   
She used to host a weekly Hindi music countdown show, "Oye", for a music channel in the 1990s. She is the face of the fashion line, Aftershock.  She was on the January 2008 cover of the Indian edition of Vogue magazine.

Together with Shahrukh Khan, Gauri is part-owner and part-producer of the production company, Red Chillies Entertainment (RCE). Shah Rukh started the company for his friend and colleague, director-choreographer Farah Khan. With the backing of RCE, Farah launched her directorial career with the movie, Main Hoon Na (2004).

Gauri has three children: Aryan Khan born 12 November 1997, Suhana Khan born 23 May 2000 and AbRam Khan born in 2013.

She was also crowned the queen of Bollywood at the Zee Cine Awards in 2008.

References

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
Indian movie producers
People from New Delhi
A software suite or application suite, is a collection of computer programs —usually application software or programming software— of related functionality, often sharing a more-or-less common user interface and some ability to smoothly exchange data with each other. .

Sometimes software "suites" are at a lower price than buying each of "suite" programs.

Examples
Office suite
SeaMonkey

Terminology
Waw (, also spelled vav or vau) () is the sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Its symbol in Ancient Hebrew writing is a arm raised up. Its symbol in Modern Hebrew writing today is a line going from top to bottom. It makes the sounds of many letters.

Hebrew alphabet
A pornographic actor/actress or a porn star is somebody who appears in pornographic movies.

Jenna Jameson, Ron Jeremy, Marilyn Chambers and Linda Lovelace are some famous porn stars.

 :
Friend Like That is a Pop punk song released by the band Hawk Nelson. Made available on Christmas Eve on iTunes and other websites.

It's a song with simplicity and slightly silly but meaningful lyrics and the second song you will hear from their new album.

Music video 
The music video for Friend Like That shows the band in a cartoon world. The singer, Jason Dunn is running while other members of the band wait patiently for him to reach them. Then they get into the bus and drive. During the breakdown, some of them are singing in the van. They get off the van and go through a door, to find themselves playing a Live concert on stage.

2008 songs
Nonviolence is a philosophy that rejects the use of physical violence. People who practice nonviolence when expressing their beliefs may use methods like education, persuasion, civil disobedience, and conscientous objection to military service. 
A demonstration  by a group of people in a public place, to show their support or to protest, is permitted on the condition that it remain nonviolent. Sometimes the demonstrators are nonviolent but other people who oppose them will come to the demonstration and behave violently to show their opposition.

Some religious movements, such as the Society of Friends (Quakers) and Jainism with Ahimsa, are known for the practice of nonviolence. There are people who adopt nonviolence in midlife, such as St. Francis of Assisi. 

People who eat a vegetarian or vegan diet, and those who support animal rights, usually oppose any violence by humans against animals.

Famous leaders who practiced nonviolence
Mahatma Gandhi
Martin Luther King, Jr.

Related page
Pacifism

Virtues
Ethics
Civil disobedience
Abolitionism was a movement that wanted to end the practice of slavery in Europe and in America. It was mainly active during the 18th and 19th centuries.  Until the 18th century, few people criticized slavery. But thinkers of the Enlightenment started to criticize it, because in their opinion slavery was against human rights. Communities like the Quakers thought that slavery was contradicting with Christianity.

The United States 
Race-based slavery was established in the parts of British North America, New France, and Spanish America that would become the U.S. in the 16th and 17th centuries. By the beginning of the 18th century, enslavement of black Africans was powering the economy in these areas. Most opposition to slavery was from enslaved people themselves.

During the American Revolution, beginning in 1775, the Virginia Governor, Lord Dunmore promised freedom to slaves and indenture servants "able and willing to take up arms" with the British.  This proclamation would give freedom to the indentured servants and slaves held by the rebelling colonists, and wouldn't effect the loyalists. Many of the former slaves would die of disease, in fact 8 times as many blacks died of disease than died in battle.  When the war ended, most slaves who decided to fight with the British were returned to servitude. Some black Loyalists were taken to Canada and elsewhere.

The American Army of the revolution contained many blacks, most of them coming from New England.  The most significant black regiment was the 1st Rhode Island.  The Regiment was created in 1778 and consisted of mostly blacks.  Upon joining the regiment, the commander, Colonel Christopher Greene, would release any slave from servitude.

Following drafting, and signing of the new United States Constitution, blacks in the country were completely disenfranchised, and most remained slaves.  Slavery began to decline.  Most northern states outlawed its practice shortly after the Revolution, and in the south, Tobacco, the primary cash crop, was losing value In 1794, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This new invention helped to increase the profitability of cotton by mechanically removing its seeds.  After 1800 the amount of cotton produced in the United States would double every 10 years.  By the middle of the century, the United States produced three quarters of the worlds cotton.

The Haitian Revolution, a slave rebellion that lasted from 1791 to 1804, changed the whole direction of the slave system. In the next 100 years, slavery would be legally abolished in many of the colonies controlled by European empires.

References 

History
Political movements
Libertarianism
African-American history
Abolitionism
The Outsiders is a novel by S. E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press. Hinton was 15 when she began writing the novel and 17 when it was published. The Outsiders is the lifestory of fourteen-year-old Ponyboy Michael Curtis. Hinton explores a multitude of themes throughout the story, such as friendship, and coming of age. They are seen by following two rival groups, the Greasers and the Socs (pronounced "soashes" by the author, short for Socials), who are separated by status.

The book's story is set in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This is never said in the book. The book was made into a movie in 1983. It was also made into a television series in 1990.

Summary
The story starts when Ponyboy Curtis leaves a movie showing area and the Socs gang jumps him. His brother Darry Curtis saves him. He also has another brother, Sodapop Curtis. Ponyboy talks about Socs and Greasers gang and how they are apart. The Socs were the Westside rich kids, and the greasers were of the lowest class. Later, some drunk Socs try to kill Ponyboy and his friend, Johnny Cade, kills Bob Sheldon, a Soc and they go hide in a church. While they are gone the church catches on fire and they save some kids who are trapped inside. Unfortunately, Johnny breaks his back and dies a week later. Dally Winston, his friend,  is so sad that Johnny is dead that he robs a store, waves an empty gun and is killed by Ponyboy

References 

Young adult novels
1967 books
American novels
Saying Sorry is a song by Hawthorne Heights released in 2006 from their second album, If Only You Were Lonely. It was their first single to reach the Top 10.

While in the music video the band all wears white, it can also be seen on the back of the album cover.

References

Other websites
 Watch the music video

2006 songs
The Love Parade was a big festival centered around Techno music in Germany. Trucks with loudspeakers and deejays played loud music and passersby danced to it. The festival began in Berlin in 1989. It had been held most years in different locations. In 2004 and 2005, there were no Love Parades. The first Love Parade was held with about 150 people in 1989. In 1999, there were about 1.5 million people. In 2007, there were 1.2 million people and in 2008, there were 1.6 million people. The last Love Parade was held in 2010, at which 21 people were crushed to death.

Similar events 
The following are similar events in Germany:
 Union Move in Munich
 Generation Move in Hamburg or Kiel
 Reincarnation in Hanover
 Vision Parade in Bremen
 Nachttanzdemo in Frankfurt am Main
 Zug der Liebe in Berlin

The following are similar events in other countries:
 Street Parade in Zürich
 Lake Parade in Geneva
 Techno Parade in Paris
 LovEvolution in San Francisco

There are also protest parades, like the Fuckparade in Berlin, and the Antiparade in Zürich.

1989 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Germany
2010 disestablishments in Europe
Festivals in Europe
Music festivals
2010s disestablishments in Germany
The Silence in Black and White is the first album released by Hawthorne Heights. it was released on June 1, 2004. It was released by Victory Records. On Monday, June 27, 2005 the 2 disc special edition CD/DVD was released. The CD contains acoustic versions of most of the songs. It also contains a DVD containing live performances and many other features. It was produced by Sean O'Keefe. The album takes its title from a line in the song Niki Fm. The Silence in Black and White has sold 816,483 in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Tracks
 Life on Standby – 4:11
 Dissolve and Decay – 3:44
 Niki Fm – 3:59
 The Transition – 4:04
 Blue Burns Orange – 3:19
 Silver Bullet – 4:03
 Screenwriting an Apology – 3:41
 Ohio Is for Lovers – 4:04
 Wake Up Call – 4:02
 Sandpaper and Silk – 3:36
 Speeding up the Octaves – 4:09

CD/DVD

CD
Life On Standby
Dissolve and Decay
Niki Fm
The Transition
Blue Burns Orange
Silver Bullet
Screenwriting An Apology
Ohio Is for Lovers
Wake Up Call
Sandpaper and Silk
Speeding Up the Octaves
Silver Bullet (Demo)
Niki Fm (Demo)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live Acoustic On Q101)
The Transition (Live Acoustic On Q101)
Silver Bullet (Acoustic In The Studio)
Apparently Hover Boards Don't Work On Water (As a Day In the Life)

DVD
Life On Standby (Live)
Silver Bullet (Live)
Niki Fm (Live)
The Transition (Live)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Live)
Signing Footage
Interview With Hawthorne Heights
Yahoo! Music Interview
Yahoo! Music - Ohio Is for Lovers
Ohio Is for Lovers (Music Video)
Seven Commercial Spots
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo Video)
Audio Commentary On Ohio Is for Lovers
Victory Van Raiders Featuring Silverstein
Bus Tour With J.T. of Hawthorne Heights
Fans of Hawthorne Heights Montage

2004 albums
Debut albums
Hawthorne Heights albums
Punk albums
Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, HI, is a journalist, academic, and diplomat from Pakistan. Till recently, she was the high commissioner of Pakistan to the United Kingdom.  She was ambassador from Pakistan to the United States from 1994-1997 and 1999-2002.

At present she is a Fellow at the Institute of Politics, Kennedy School, Harvard University. She has also been a member of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament.

Pakistani people
Naturism or nudism (from Latin nudus - nude) is a term used by many action groups in society. These action groups usually want to spread the news that being naked is a good feeling, even around other people. Usually   males and females are mixed and spend their time together.  Nakedness is seen without any relation to sex. Rather, these action groups want to enjoy common activities in the nude, like bathing. Often, they also want to do things nude where this is not really necessary, like naked bicycle tours.

It is difficult to know exactly when naturism began as an action group. In 1903, Paul Zimmermann opened the first club, Freilichtpark (in English, "Free Light Park"), near Hamburg, Germany. In the United States, German immigrant Kurt Barthel organized the first nudist event in the forest just outside of New York City. His club was called "the American League for Physical Culture" (ALPC) and started in the late 1920's. Zimmermann's vice president was a man named Ilsley Boone. Boone had been a minister (religious leader) of a large church. He quit to become involved with naturism all the time, and soon replaced Zimmermann as president. Also, he renamed the ALPC as the "American Sunbathing Association." Since 1995, it is known as the "American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR)."

Naturists come from many different social classes and backgrounds, and practice naturism for very different reasons. In addition, religion can affect how people dress. Islam generally does not allow anyone to be seen naked by others, except married couples in private, and young children by their parents and caregivers. Traditional Judaism is similar, but less strict about a group of people of the same sex. In India, Hinduism and Jainism have a few rituals with male nudism. Buddhism has little to say about naturism. If practiced, it is considered more of a way of living, than anything religious. Nudity and naturism are probably the most complicated in Christianity. Many Christians have similar views as those of traditional Judaism, the religion from which Christianity began and grew out of. Others, called "Christian naturists," believe it is alright to be nude, and even to live nude, unless it is for the wrong reason or forced. They consider the human body  to be the greatest creation of God. They think it is not shameful and should not be covered. In addition, they believe it was the devil, not God, who told Adam and Eve that they were naked upon eating from a fruit tree which was not theirs.

Related pages 
Christian naturism
Nudity

Nudity
The Mediterranean region is the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This includes places from Europe and Africa and Asia. Most of the region has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot dry summers and cool to mild wet winters. Plants that grow there are short trees and shrubs which survive the yearly drought during summer. It is a popular vacation spot.

Location

The Mediterranean Region is so called because the largest stretch of area here lies along the margins of the Mediterranean Sea. The regions having similarities with the Mediterranean Region are located on the western margins of continents in the latitudinal belt between 30° to 45° North and South latitudes . Therefore, these regions are known by the common name of the Mediterranean Region of the world .

Area

 Europe: The margins of South Portugal, France, Greece, Italy and Spain.
 Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and parts of western and southern coastal Turkey.
 North America: The coastal California around San Francisco.
 South America: Central Chile.
 Africa: The coastal area of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and the region around Cape Town  in South Africa.
 Australia: South-west area around Perth and southern Australia and Adelaide.

Regions of Africa
Regions of Asia
Regions of Europe