cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Coligny calendar is a celtic calendar from roman times. It was found near Lyon in 1897. It was made of bronze, but today, only fragments remain. Studies found that these fragments made up a gallic calendar, which had been created for a period of five years. The calendar indicates both the time of the solar year and the phase of the moon, which is generally called a lunisolar calendar.

It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that originally was 1.48 m wide and 0.9 m high (Lambert p. 111) or approximately  wide by 3½ feet in height. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying objects, it probably dates to the end of the 2nd century AD. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and is in the Gaulish language (Duval & Pinault). The restored tablet contains sixteen vertical columns, with 62 months distributed over five years.

The French archaeologist, J. Monard, speculated that it was recorded by druids wishing to preserve their tradition of timekeeping in a time when the Julian calendar was being imposed throughout the Roman Empire. However, the general form of the calendar suggests the public peg calendars (or parapegmata) found throughout the Greek and Roman world (Lehoux pp. 63–65).

A similar calendar found nearby at Villards d'Heria () is only preserved in eight small fragments. It is now preserved in the Musée d'Archéologie du Jura at Lons-le-Saunier.

References

Celtic peoples
Calendars
PubMed is a free online database of references on life sciences. It was established in January 1996. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) maintains the database.

Each record in the PubMed database is assigned a special number to identify it. This is the PMID, an acronym for "PubMed IDentifier" number. PMIDs do not change over time and they are never reused. Any PMID is only a number. The PMID tells the reader nothing about the type or quality of the content of any publication.

References

Other websites
 
 PubMed Online Tutorials
 PubMed Help
 Other PubMed Search Engines Resource Guide

Public databases
Medicine
Science websites
Robert Fortune (16 September 1812 – 13 April 1880) was a Scottish plant expert, plant hunter and traveller best known for introducing tea plants from China to India.

Travels and introduction of plants to Europe
Fortune was born in Kelloe, Berwickshire. He was employed in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and later in the garden of Horticultural Society of London at Chiswick. In 1842 was sent out by the Society to collect plants in China.

He brought back to Europe many new, exotic and beautiful flowers. His most famous achievement was the successful introduction of tea from China to India in 1848 on behalf of the British East India Company.

Like some European travellers of that period, such as Walter Medhurst, Fortune disguised himself as a Chinese merchant during several of his journeys into parts of China that were prohibited to him. Not only was Fortune's purchase of tea plants forbidden by the Chinese government of the time, but he was not permitted to travel more than one day from certain ports where Europeans were allowed to trade. Fortune travelled to some areas of China that had seldom been visited by Europeans, including remote areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangsu provinces.

Fortune employed many different means to transport tea plants, seedlings, and other botanical discoveries, but he is most well known for his use of cases like small greenhouses called Wardian cases (as used by Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward) to keep the plants alive. With these cases Fortune introduced 20,000 tea plants and seedlings to the Darjeeling region of India. He also brought with him a group of trained Chinese tea workers to assist in the production of tea leaves. Except for a few plants which survived in Indian gardens, most of the Chinese tea plants Fortune introduced to India died. The special growing methods and knowledge that was brought over from China, however, may have been very helpful in the later success of the Indian tea industry. 

Apart from his many contributions to plant history, Fortune was the first European to discover that black tea and green tea were actually from the same plant.

In later journeys he visited Formosa (now called Taiwan) and Japan, and described the culture of the silkworm and the growing of rice. He introduced many trees, shrubs and flowers to the West, including the cumquat, a climbing double yellow rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn. Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate) and many varieties of tree peonies, azaleas and chrysanthemums. A climbing white rose that he brought back from China in 1850 was named R. fortuniana (syn. R. fortuneana) in his honor. This rose also proved a failure in England, preferring warmer climates.  Today both of these roses are still widely grown by antique rose fanciers in mild winter regions.  R. fortuniana is also  a valuable rootstock in Australia and the southern regions of the United States. 

The stories of his travels were told in a number of different books. He died in London in 1880, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

References

1812 births
1880 deaths
British botanists
Scottish scientists
The Institute of Jewish Studies in Nanjing, China has a connection with the Department of Religious Studies at Nanjing University. 

It was created in January, 1992, after friendship between Israel and the People's Republic of China started over again. It gives classes in Jewish lessons where there are over 200 students each year, and has published a Chinese kind of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, and other books or other things released. It has now created both masters and Ph.D. programs in Jewish leasons, the only Chinese school that has ever done that. It had an worldwide seminar on The Holocaust and the killing of people due to their skin color or religion in World War II on August 7–12, 2005, in Nanjing.

It was renamed the Diane and Guilford Glazer Institute of Jewish Studies  after a quarters for it from the Diane and Guilford Glazer Foundation was built in a new building at the school in 2006. It is planned that it will become part of a larger Nanjing University-Johns Hopkins University Institute for International Research. 

The director of the school is professor Xu Xin.

Related pages
Institute of Jewish Studies at University College London

References

Other websites 
Chinese Judaic Studies Association 

Judaism
Planes, Trains and Automobiles is a 1987 American comedy movie released by Paramount Pictures. It was written, produced and directed by John Hughes. It stars Steve Martin and John Candy.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 94% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Siskel & Ebert gave the movie two thumbs up and Siskel declared that was it John Candy’s best role to date. The movie is featured in Roger Ebert's Great Movies collection.

Cast
 Steve Martin as Neal Page
 John Candy as Del Griffith
 Laila Robins as Susan Page
 Michael McKean as State trooper
 Kevin Bacon as Taxi racer
 Dylan Baker as Owen
 Olivia Burnette as Marti Page
 Larry Hankin as Doobie
 Richard Herd as Walt
 Diana Dill as Peg
 Matthew Lawrence as Neal Page, Jr.
 Edie McClurg as St. Louis car rental agent
 Bill Erwin as Man on plane
 Ben Stein as Wichita airport representative
 Lyman Ward (uncredited) as John
 William Windom (uncredited) as Bryant

References

Other websites

1987 comedy movies
1980s buddy movies
1980s road movies
American buddy movies
American comedy movies
American road movies
Buddy comedy movies
Comedy road movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by John Hughes
Movies produced by John Hughes
Movies shot in Chicago, Illinois
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies set in Kansas
Movies set in Missouri
Movies set in New York City
Screenplays by John Hughes
Thanksgiving
Paramount Pictures movies
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (also known as Madagascar 3 and Madagascar: Europe's Most Wanted) is a 2012 American computer-animated movie made by DreamWorks Animation. It is the third movie of the Madagascar movie series and is a sequel to the first two Madagascar films. It is the first 3-D movie in the series. It is directed by Eric Darnell, Tom McGrath, and Conrad Vernon. It was released on June 8, 2012.

Release dates

Video game

Unlike the previously movie was published by Activision, Madagascar 3: The Video Game is developed by D3 Publisher.

2012 movies
2012 animated movies
American animated movies
English-language movies
American family movies
American romance movies
Sequel movies
Madagascar (franchise)
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies set in Rome
Pharrell Lanscilo Williams (; born April 5, 1973) is an American singer, rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, and fashion designer. Williams and Chad Hugo comprise The Neptunes. They produce hip hop and R&B music. He is also the lead vocalist of the band N*E*R*D. He formed the band with Hugo and childhood friend Shay Haley. He released his first single "Frontin'" in 2003. His first album In My Mind was released in 2006.

As part of the Neptunes, Williams has produced many singles for various musicians. These artists include Jay-Z, Backstreet Boys, Blackstreet, Ludacris, Rage Against the Machine, Britney Spears, Busta Rhymes, Garbage, Mary J. Blige, and Usher. The two have earned three Grammy Awards in ten nominations. He is also the co-founder of the streetwear brands Billionaire Boys Club and Ice Cream footwear.

Williams became more well-known worldwide during 2013 and 2014, when he was featured on Robin Thicke's single "Blurred Lines" with T.I. (which he produced) and released his own single, "Happy", for the movie Despicable Me 2.  Both songs reached number one in several countries around the world, including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia.  He was also featured on Daft Punk's single "Get Lucky", another international chart-topper. first season of the coach The Voice.

Personal life
Williams and model/designer Helen Lasichanh have a son, Rocket Williams, who was born in 2008. The couple married on October 12, 2013. In January 2017, the couple welcomed triplets.

Discography

Solo albums
 In My Mind (2006)
 Girl (2014)

References

 01
African-American singers
American fashion designers
1973 births
Living people
American record producers
American R&B singers
American funk singers
People from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Singers from Virginia
Pradikta Wicaksono (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, January 10, 1986) or often called Dikta, is an Indonesian singer. He is a singer for the group Yovie & Nuno, along with Dudi Oris. He joined Yovie & Nuno in 2007.

Personal life 
Pradikta Wicaksono was born in Jakarta on January 10, 1986. He was the second child of three siblings.

References

Other websites 
 Yovie & Nuno official site

1986 births
Living people
Pop musicians
People from Jakarta
Indonesian singers
Ready to Die is the debut album by American rapper, The Notorious B.I.G.. It was released on September 13, 1994 by Bad Boy Records. Ready to Die was ranked #133 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time and was included in Time's list of the 100 greatest albums of all time. The song "Big Poppa" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 1996 Grammy Awards but lost to Coolio's "Gangsta's Paradise". It was his only studio album that was released during his lifetime as he was murdered days prior to the release of his second studio album Life After Death (1997).

Songs

References

1994 albums
Debut albums
The Notorious B.I.G. albums
Hip hop albums
G-funk albums
R&B albums
Adipati Koesmadji (born in Bandung, Indonesia, August 19, 1991) or also known as the Adipati Dolken is an actor from Indonesia. Adipati Koesmadji began to be known since role as Virgo in the soap opera that aired on SCTV, Kepompong.

Filmography

Movie 
 "Putih Abu-Abu dan Sepatu Kets" (2009)
 "18+" (2010)
 "Pocong Keliling" (2010)
 "Malaikat Tanpa Sayap" (2012)

TV series 
 "Kepompong" on SCTV
 "Cinta Puteri" on ANTV
 "Kejora dan Bintang" on RCTI
 "Dia Jantung Hatiku" on RCTI
 "Marah dan Galak" on Indosiar

References

Other websites 
 Profil Adipati 
 

Indonesian actors
1991 births
Living people
In biology, the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area or 
habitat where the species live.

Sometimes, when species are found in different regions at different times of year, terms such as summer range and winter range can be used. When discussing about animals, the species' natural range is often discussed.

There are at least five types of distribution patterns:

 random
 clustered/grouped (most are in one area)
 linear             (they are in a line)
 radial             (radiating from a centre)
 Regular/ordered    (not random, but in set positions)

Related pages
Ecology

Ecology
Population
Victoria Azarenka (, ; born 31 July 1989) is a Belarusian tennis player. She won the mixed doubles at the 2007 US Open and at the 2008 French Open. She won the singles at the 2012 and 2013 Australian Open. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she won a bronze medal in the singles and a gold medal in the mixed doubles. She is a former world no. 1. As of 8 July 2013, she was the world no. 3. 
She was born in Minsk and lives in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1989 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
Belarusian tennis players
Female tennis players
Olympic bronze medalists
Olympic gold medalists
World No. 1 tennis players
People from Minsk
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
The Japanese Bobtail is a breed of cat from Japan. It has a short tail. 

The Maneki Neko is usually a Calico cat (Japanese Bobtail).

References

Cat breeds
Animals of Japan
, also known as "welcoming cat", "lucky cat", "money cat" or "fortune cat", is a common Japanese figurine. It is a lucky charm. This small statue is found in many Japanese shops, and it is also seen in some places outside Japan.

Maneki neko is usually painted as a Calico cat (Japanese Bobtail), but new colors has appeared recently (for example, white, red, black, pink, blue and gold).  It usually has the right paw raised.  Some of these statues have the left paw raised.

The statue commonly has a gold coin called a koban around the cat's neck.

Tokoname in Aichi Prefecture is Japan's top producer of Maneki neko.

Color
This is the meaning of the colors
red, black; avoid getting ill
pink; help his or her love
gold; be lucky with money
calico; traditional color

Gesture
Maneki-neko can be found with either the right or left paw raised (and sometimes both). 
Generally, a right paw raised brings good luck and wealth, while the left paw raised brings in customers.

History
Maneki neko was a mascot of the silk industry, but now it is considered to be a mascot of business prosperity.
Different theories say that the Maneki neko came from Imado temples or that it came from Gotoku temples.
Maneki neko is made with wood mainly, but in recent years it is made of the plastic.

Related pages 

 Hello Kitty

References

Other websites 

  "Giant Maneki Neko....Tokoname Japan" at Panoramio 

Cats
Japanese culture
Luck
Hokota is a city in Ibaraki, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Ibaraki Prefecture
Fukuro is a city in Shizuoka, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
Fujieda (藤枝市, Fujieda-shi) is a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the main island of Honshū.

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
is a city located in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

History
Takaoka was established in 1609. It developed as a castle town.

The modern city of Takaoka was established in 1889.

In 1933, Takaoka's large statue of the Buddha (Daibutsu) was created.

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
 Toyama Prefecture
 Himi
 Imizu
 Oyabe
 Tonami
 Ishikawa Prefecture
 Hōdatsushimizu
 Tsubata

Demography
According to Japanese census data,

References

External links
 Official website

Cities in Toyama Prefecture
Settlements in Toyama Prefecture
Kurashiki (Japanese: 倉敷) is a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2002.

History
The town has been a center of business and trade for a long time. It is on a canal near Mt. Tsurugata. Kurashiki was not badly damaged during World War II. Many old storehouses, or kura, are here in their original condition. Kurashiki is a popular tourist spot.

Museums
There are several museums in the historic Bikan neighborhood of the city.
 The City Art Museum was designed by influential Japanese architect, Kenzō Tange.
 The Ohara Museum of Art shows European art and Japanese art. It features statues by Rodin, and pottery by Shōji Hamada and others. Torajiro Kojima built the original collection.
 Kojima Torajiro Memorial Hall shows paintings by this artist.

References

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Okayama Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Aichi on the island of Honshu.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.

History
In the Edo period, Ichinomiya grew up around the Masumida Shrine.  It was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Owari Province.

Timeline
 1889 (Meiji 32): The town was established by the merger of Ichinomiya and Ichishiki.
 September 1, 1921 (Taishō 10): The city was established.
 1940 (Shōwa 15): Merged with the villages of Haguri and Nishinari.
 1955 (Shōwa 30): Merged with surrounding 8 municipalities.
 April 1, 2002 (Heisei 14): Ichinomiya became a Special City.
 April 1, 2005 (Heisei 17): Absorbed the city of Bisai and the town of Kisogawa from Haguri District.

Geography
The city is northwest of Nagoya.

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.ichinomiya.aichi.jp/multilingual/ , 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Aichi Prefecture
is Japanese city in Gunma Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2011.

History
The tradition of the daruma doll as a good luck charm was started at the  in Takasaki.

References

Other websites

 Takasaki City website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Gunma Prefecture
Ōmihachiman is a city in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shiga Prefecture
Sakado is a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Saitama Prefecture
Hamamatsu is a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū. Every May 3-5, the Hammamatsu Festival is held in the city.

Related page
 Honda F.C.

References

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2000.

History

In the Edo period, Numazu-juku and Hara-juku was the 12th and 13th of 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. Both Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Numazu.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.numazu.shizuoka.jp/living_in/english.htm ,  

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
Kaminoyama is a city in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

Other websites 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Yamagata Prefecture
Shizuoka is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan. It is on the island of Honshū. The population was 3,765,044 in 2010. There are three areas of the city: Aoi, Suruga, and Shimizu.

Places

Granship is a large, public convention facility designed by architect Arata Isozaki. 
 Miho no Matsubara is a place on the Miho peninsula with pine trees and views of Mount Fuji on a clear day. The pine groves were added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site in 2013.
 Nihondaira is a 308-metre hill in central Shizuoka with good views of Mount Fuji, the Izu Peninsula, and Shimizu Bay.
 Kunōzan Tōshō-gū was the original burial place of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
 New Tower was built in Sumpujou Park in 2013.

Education 
 Shizuoka University
 Tokai University
 Tokoha Gakuen University
 Shizuoka Eiwa Gakuin University

People from Shizuoka
 Princess Akishino—princess in the Japanese Imperial Family
 Masafumi Goto—lead vocalist/rhythm guitarist of the J-rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation
 Koji Gyotoku—football player and coach of Bhutan national football team
 Keiko Masuda—Singer, "Kei" of female pop music duo Pink Lady
 Kazuyoshi Miura—football player
 Riyo Mori—Miss Universe 2007
 Mitsuyo Nemoto—Singer, "Mie" of Pink Lady
 Momoko Sakura—cartoonist, creator of Chibi Maruko-chan
 Atsuto Uchida—football player
 Yoshito Usui—creator of Crayon Shin-Chan 
 Takahiro Yamada—bassist of Asian Kung-Fu Generation

Related pages
 Shimizu S-Pulse

References

Other websites
 
 
 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
is a Japanese city in eastern Shikuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It is near Mount Fuji.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.

History

In the Edo period,  was the 14th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.fuji.shizuoka.jp/hp/menu000009500/hpg000009476.htm ; 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
Futsal is a sport that is like association football, but on hard court. It is played on indoor courts by two teams with five players each. Its name is short for futebol de salao, which means 'room football' in the Portuguese language, or fútbol de sala, which is the same in the Spanish language. Futsal is most popular in South American countries, like Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. However, it is also played in many other countries.

The pitch is between 38 and 42 metres long and between 20 and 25 metres wide. This is shorter and narrower than football. The pitch is a hard court and smooth, unlike grass in football. The halves of the game are both twenty minutes long, shorter than the usual 45 minutes in football. There are 6 players on the court in total, including the goalkeeper. Substitutions are unlimited, and the maximum number of subs is 9. Players who break the rules can get yellow or red cards. If a player gets a red card, they can't play in that game anymore. The team that got the red card also has to play with one less player for two minutes or until the other team scores a goal. Another difference from football is that when the ball goes out, instead of throwing it back in, it is kicked in. There is also no offside in futsal.

A teacher from Uruguay called Juan Carlos Ceriani made the game in 1930. The rules were made in Sao Paulo, Brazil in 1933. He used rule templates from Football (soccer), Basketball, and Handball. A World Championship was held in 1971 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The first Futsal World Cup was in 1989 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Since 1992 it is played every 4 years. In the 2016 Summer Olympics, Futsal was played for the first time in the Olympics.

FIFA Futsal World Cup winners 

 Netherlands 1989: Brazil
 Hong Kong 1992: Brazil
 Spain 1996: Brazil
 Guatemala 2000: Spain
 Chinese Taipei 2004: Spain
 Brazil 2008: Brazil
 Thailand 2012: Brazil
 Colombia 2016: Argentina

 
Team sports
Indoor sports
Association football
is the capital city of Niigata Prefecture in Japan. The port city is on the island of Sea of Japan.  The city has the mouth of Shinano River which is the longest river in Japan.

Wards
Niigata has eight neighborhoods or wards (ku).

History
On April 1, 2007 Niigata City became the largest Nihonkai coast city as a government-designated city.

Related pages
 Albirex Niigata
 Niigata Prefecture
 Echigo Province
 Sado Province

References

Other websites

 Niigata City website

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Niigata Prefecture
Raymond Chandler (July 23, 1888 – March 26, 1959) was an American novelist and a screenwriter. He was born in Chicago. He became a detective fiction writer after he lost a position as an oil executive.

His first short story, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", was published in 1933 in Black Mask, a popular pulp magazine.  His first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939. In addition to his short stories, Chandler published just seven novels during his lifetime. In the year before he died, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America. He died on March 26, 1959, in La Jolla, California.

Novels
The Big Sleep (1939). Based on the short stories "Killer in the Rain" (1935) and "The Curtain" (1936).
Farewell, My Lovely (1940). Based on the short stories "The Man Who Liked Dogs" (1936), "Try The Girl" (1937) and "Mandarin's Jade" (1937).
The High Window (1942). Based on the short stories "Bay City Blues" (1938) and "The Lady In The Lake" (1939).
The Lady in the Lake (1943). Based on the short stories "Bay City Blues" (1938), "The Lady In The Lake" (1939), "No Crime In The Mountains" (1941).
The Little Sister (1949). Scenes based on the short story "Bay City Blues" (1938).
The Long Goodbye (1953 UK; Sept 1954 USA; Edgar Award for Best Novel, 1955).
Playback (1958). Based on an unproduced screenplay.
Poodle Springs (1959). (incomplete; completed by Robert B. Parker in 1989).

These are the criminal cases of Philip Marlowe, a Los Angeles private investigator. Their plots follow a pattern in which the men and women who hire him reveal themselves to be as corrupt, corrupting, and criminally complicit as those against whom he is hired to protect them.

Screenplays
The Blue Dahlia
Double Indemnity
Strangers on a Train
Playback (Unproduced)

References 

American novelists
Screenwriters from Illinois
Writers from Chicago
1888 births
1959 deaths
The 2014 Commonwealth Games were held in Glasgow, Scotland.

It is the largest multi-sport event ever held in Scotland, although the country previously hosted the 1970 and 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. Over the last 10 years, however, Glasgow and Scotland have also staged World, Commonwealth, European, or British events in all 17 sports proposed for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, including the World Badminton Championships in 1997.

Selection process 
Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland to consider making a bid. In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city over Edinburgh (which hosted the Games in 1970 and 1986, and the inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000) following a cost-benefit analysis by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland. The Scottish Executive under then First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell, with the support of the United Kingdom government and all main parties in the Scottish Parliament, formally announced Glasgow's intention to host the games on 16 August 2005.
 
In March 2006, the bidding process began, with the Glasgow Bid team presenting their case to the Commonwealth Games Federation at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, along with the other confirmed candidate cities; the Nigerian capital, Abuja and Halifax in Canada. In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, in order to inspect the city's existing and proposed amenities and facilities. Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful. Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government.

References 

Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games
Glasgow
Sport in Scotland
21st century in Scotland
Bullfinches are a genus of passerine birds in the finch family (Fringillidae). They belong to the genus Pyrrhula. 

The genus has a palearctic distribution. All species occur in Asia with two species exclusively in the Himalayas and one species, P. pyrrhula, also occurring in Europe. The Azores bullfinch (P. murina) is a critically endangered species (about 120 pairs remaining), occurring only in the east of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago. 

Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the holarctic pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches. 

The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the middle Miocene, about a dozen million years ago (mya). It is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.

Bullfinches have glossy black wings and tail feathers. They show a white rump. The legs and feet are fleshy brown. Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except in P. nipalensis, which has a yellowish bill. The males can be distinguished by their orange or red breast. Some species have a black cap.

Probably most populations are partially migratory. Most migrants move short or medium distances. North European birds move within a wider compass than central European birds. Numbers migrating show marked annual fluctuations; no link with any particular food source has been established. Autumn migration begins late, and is fairly brief, mostly October–November; spring migration February–April.

The Eurasian bullfinch population in Britain has been in serious decline since the mid-1970s; numbers have fallen by 62 per cent in 35 years. Data suggests that productivity has increased over the last decade, and nest failure rates at the chick stage (15 days) have fallen from 37% to 21%.

References 

Finches
Margaret Corbin (born Margaret Cochran, November 12, 1751 – January 16, 1800) was a woman who fought in the American Revolutionary War She and her husband, John Corbin were both from Philadelphia. On November 16, 1776, they were part of 600 American soldiers defending Fort Washington in northern Manhattan. The fort was being attacked by about 4,000 Hessian troops under British command. John and Margaret worked one of the two cannons at the fort. When her husband died, Margaret took his place at his cannon. She kept firing until she was badly hurt. She later became the first woman in U.S. history to get a pension from Congress for military service.

References

American military people
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American revolutionaries
1751 births
1800 deaths
is a Japanese city in the western part of the greater metropolis of Tokyo, Japan. It is in the Tsurumigawa River basin.

History
The city was founded on February 1, 1958.

Before 1965, Machida was an group of farm villages near Tokyo.

Related pages
 F.C. Machida Zelvia
 Oberlin University

References

Other websites

 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
1958 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
Ichikawa is a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū. It is just to the east of Tokyo. There are a lot of schools and universities there. Ichikawa station is between Koiwa and Motoyawata Stations on the Chūō-Sōbu Line.

Local attractions

 Satomi-kōen is a historic park in the city. It is near Konodai station. There are lots of flowers in this park. Many tourists visit here every year. Akedo kofun is an historic tomb in the park.

Education

Universities
Chiba University of Commerce
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Wayo Women's University
Showagakuin Junior College

Sister cities
  Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia, from November 4, 1989.
  Gardena, California, USA from November 6, 1962
  Leshan, People's Republic of China, from October 21, 1981
 Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
  Rosenheim, Germany, from July 14, 2004.
  Wonju, South Korea

People from Ichikawa
Kuniko Inoguchi – Cabinet minister
Michio Hoshino – photographer
Yuki Abe – professional soccer player
Atsuko Maeda – AKB48 singer
Peter Takeo Okada – Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tokyo

Other websites

References

Cities in Chiba Prefecture
Niihama is a city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Shikoku.

Other websites

Cities in Shikoku
Settlements in Ehime Prefecture
Urawa was a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. It is now part of the city of Saitama.

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Saitama Prefecture
Himeji () is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū. The city is well known for its landmark, Himeji Castle. It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.

References

Other websites

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Hyōgo Prefecture
Autopsy is an American death metal band from Concord, California. Autopsy has four members in the band; the current band members are Chris Reifert, Danny Coralles, Eric Cutler and Joe Trevisano.

Band members 

Current
Chris Reifert – drums/vocals (1987–present)
Danny Coralles – guitar (1987–present)
Eric Cutler – guitar (1987–present)
Joe Trevisano - bass (2010–present)

Former
Eric Eigard – bass (1987–1988)
Ken Sorvari – bass (1988)
Steve Cutler – bass (1990–1991)
Josh Barohn – bass (1991–1993)
Freeway Migliore – bass (1993–1995)
Dan Lilker - bass (the 2010 Maryland Deathfest Show)

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Autopsy has released 5 Studio albums:

Albums
Severed Survival (1989)
Mental Funeral (1991)
Acts of the Unspeakable (1992)
Shitfun (1995)
Macabre Eternal (2011)

References

Other websites 
Official Myspace

Death metal bands
Musical groups from California
Concord, California
Musical groups established in 1987
1987 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1995 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2008
2008 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet communication protocol used to send and relay an email message between email servers. It is not used to retrieve email messages from a server. Instead either IMAP or POP is used to retrieve email messages.

The SMTP protocol needs to be made available by an application, this application that responds to the SMTP requests for those who wish to send Email or relay EMail is called a SMTP Serve/SMTP Relay. You can break it into two types as given below, both are mostly the same other than the a minor difference –

 SMTP Server : It is the same thing as a SMTP relay but mainly used when the receiver domain is the same as the server domain. These are usually used with free email services like gmail.com , yahoo.com.
 SMTP Relay Server : This is also a Server, but this term is used when the source email and destination email domains are different from the SMTP server domains. An example can be SendGrid or SendInBlue who offer these.These servers are mainly routers for the mail.

How SMTP Works ? 
Below is a common guide to how the process of Sending Emails work with the SMTP.

 A user wanting to send an email from say source user to recipient user mail uses his Email client to draft an Email with Subject and Body and press Send.
 Once the user presses send the Email client will connect to the configured SMTP server for now let’s assume it to be smtp.source.com . The client and SMTP server do a handshake and if authorization is required then the client will provide credentials for the same.
 After handshake the Email Client sends the Receivers address which in our case is recipient mail , subject and the body.
 If it had been our user had been sending to a someone in the same domain then our server will simply forward it internally to the local recipient server.
 Next the SMTP server using a DNS request for MX records finds out the recipients IP or domain address where his SMTP server is running.
 Next it connects to the receivers SMTP address and tried to deliver the email.
 The recipients Email Server verifies if it can handle the Email being forwarded to it. And if all is well then it forwards this to the incoming IMAP or POP3 Server.

(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) SMTP is an international electronic standard for transmission of emails. Nearly all emails use a free SMTP server. If you get an email in your inbox, most likely it is sent from an SMTP server.

Related pages
 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
 Post Office Protocol (POP)

Application layer protocols
E-mail
Richard Arthur Beckinsale (6 July 1947 – 19 March 1979) was a British actor. 

Beckinsale was born in Carlton, Nottinghamshire and went to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London.

He had starring roles in five sitcoms. They are: The Lovers, Rising Damp, Porridge, its spin-off Going Straight and Bloomers.

Beckinsale has two daughters, actresses Samantha and Kate Beckinsale. He died of a heart attack in Sunningdale, Berkshire.

Other websites 

1947 births
1979 deaths
Actors from Nottinghamshire
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Berkshire
English movie actors
English television actors
Kenneth Charles Williams (22 February 1926 - 15 April 1988) was a British comedy actor and comedian. He acted in movies including 26 Carry Ons. He appeared in many television and radio shows and on stage.

Wiiliams was gay. He was born in North London and died there of a barbiturate overdose.

References

Other websites 

Actors from London
British radio actors
Comedians from London
Drug-related deaths in the United Kingdom
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television writers
English voice actors
English LGBT people
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT writers
Writers from London
1926 births
1988 deaths
Louis-Ferdinand Céline was a pen name of Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (Courbevoie, 27 May 1894 – Meudon 1 July 1961) was a French writer and physician. Céline was his grandmother's first name. He is thought to be one of the most important writers of the twentieth century. He created a new style of writing that modernized both French and world literature. His most famous work is Journey to the End of the Night. He is a controversial person because of his anti-Semitic pamphlets. He was married to dancer Lucette Destouches.

Works 

 1932: Journey to the End of the Night (Voyage au bout de la nuit)
 1936: Death on Credit  (Mort à crédit)
 1936: Mea Culpa 
 1937: Trifles for a Massacre (Bagatelles pour un massacre 
 1938: School for Corpses (L'École des cadavres), 
 1941: A Nice Mess (Les Beaux Draps)
 1944: Guignol's Band
 1949: Cannon-fodder (Casse-pipe) 1949
 1952: Fable for Another Time (Féerie pour une autre fois) 
 1954: Normance: Fable for Another Time II (Normance - Féerie pour une autre fois II) 
 1955: Conversations with Professor Y (Entretiens avec le Professeur Y) 
 1957: Castle to castle (D'un château l'autre), 
 1960: North (Nord)
 1964: London Bridge: Guignol's Band II (Le Pont de Londres − Guignol's band II
 1969: Rigadoon (Rigodon)

1894 births
1961 deaths
French novelists
French physicians
Catatonia means a person is awake, but does not move, talk, or react to anything but pain. The person can stay stiff and still for hours. A person with catatonia may look to be in a stupor (being mentally numb and in a daze).  The cause is in the nervous system; the brain and nerves. This problem was first written about in 1874 in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein.

Causes 
Catatonia can sometimes happen with mental disorders. It can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression. Catatonia may also happen when a person abuses drugs or overdoses by taking too much of a drug.

Catatonia can also be caused by many different medical disorders. Some causes are infections, such as encephalitis; autoimmune diseases; damage to the brain from strokes; and metabolic problems. 

A person can also get catatonia from benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, which happens if the person quickly stops taking benzodiazepine medications.

Treatment 
Doctors can treat catatonia. They usually start with medicines such as benzodiazepines. If those medicines do not work; doctors may use shock therapy. Antipsychotic medicines can also be used, but with safety in mind. Sometimes they can make catatonia worse or have bad side effects. A group of anesthetic drugs called NMDA antagonists may be helpful when benzodiazepines don't work.

References

Other websites
 Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders - Catatonic Disorders

Mental illnesses
Bezliudivka (; ) is a settlement in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. Situated on the river Udy (Seversky Donets Basin), 3 km south of Kharkiv, 3 km from the railway station Bezlyudivka. As of 2001, 9,693 people lived there.

References 
 

Settlements in Ukraine
Joué-du-Plain is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The commune was mentioned in 1216 by the name of "Jeum". There are 201 people living there. It is  in size. The highest point in the commune is . The river l'Udon flows through the commune. The forest of Mancelliere is here. The community festival is 29 June.

Important places
The church in the commune is dedicated to Saints Gervais and Portais.  The architectural elements are pointed arches, a Norman tower and Roman arches. The church was rebuilt in the Renaissance. Inside the church are sculptures of St. Gervais and Saint Portais made in the 18th century. Also, there is an 18th century sculpture of Saint Michael made in stone and painted. There are also sculpted wooden stalls, a statue of the Virgin Mary and a baptismal font made in the 18th century. The cemetery around the church has two 16th century entrances.

Another important place in the commune is Château de la Motte. The chateau is a 19th century building.

Legends
Joué-du-Plain has a legend that the lord of Chantelou killed his wife and her lover. The lord painted the front of his chateau with their blood. The farm called Baritaur is the former place of the lord called "Red House of Chante-lou"

References

Communes in Orne
In chemistry, a polar bond is a type of covalent bond between two or more dissimilar atoms, in which electrons are shared unequally.  A covalent bond is the "strong" kind of bond that makes a molecule. 

Electrons are negatively charged. If the two atoms share the electrons equally, then the negative charge is evenly spread out over the entire molecule, balanced out by the positive charges of the protons in the atoms' nuclei. This makes the entire molecule neutral - a non-polar bond, making a non-polar molecule. However, if one of the atoms is particularly greedy for electrons (called electronegativity), then its side of the bond will have more electrons. Therefore, that side of the bond will have a slightly negative charge, and the other side will have a slightly positive charge.

This is important because it turns the bond into an electrical dipole. This dipole acts like a magnet, if other bonds that work as dipoles are nearby, it will react to them.

In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other. Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles. Water does this. You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged. This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.

This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry.  This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known).  It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.

Related pages 
 Covalent bond
 Electronegativity

References

Chemical bonding
Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-noir movie. It is set in 1947 in Los Angeles. The movie is based on Gary K. Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?.  It was directed by Robert Zemeckis. The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures. The movie has both animation and live action parts. The cartoon characters interact directly with human beings.

Awards
Who Framed Roger Rabbit won Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing. Nominations included Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Award.

Roger Rabbit won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects. Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd and Joanna Cassidy were nominated for their performances.  Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters also received nominations.

The movie was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won an award for its visual effects.

Roger Rabbit was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.

The movie also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie.

References

Other websites 
 

1988 comedy movies
1988 crime movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
1980s fantasy movies
1980s mystery movies
Academy Award winning movies
American animated movies
American buddy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American mystery movies
Film noir
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in Los Angeles
Saturn Award winning movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
American children's comedy movies
Jean-François "J. F." Jacques (born April 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He plays for the EC KAC of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He has also played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 68th pick in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He has played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers for 5 seasons.

In the 2011-2012 season he played for the Anaheim Ducks.  In July 2012, he was signed to the Florida Panthers.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

1985 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Baie-Comeau Drakkar players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Life After Death is the second and last studio album by American rapper, The Notorious B.I.G.. Life After Death was released on March 25, 1997. It was going to be released sometime in 1996 but was pushed back for some reason. It was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998, including Best Rap Album, Best Rap Solo Performance for the single "Hypnotize", and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its single "Mo Money Mo Problems". The album serves as his last studio album and was released posthumously due to The Notorious B.I.G. being shot and killed in a drive-by shooting prior to its release. Life After Death was released as a double album. Allmusic gave the album 4.5/5 stars.

Songs

Disc one

Disc two

References

1997 albums
The Notorious B.I.G. albums
Slyudyanka (), is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. The town is located on the southern coast of Lake Baikal. It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. It is next to the confluence of the Slyudyanka River and Baikal. The town is divided into two parts by the Transsiberian Railway. Slyudyanka had a population of 19,242 in the 2002 census. In 2010. 18,542 people lived there. It is served by Slyudyanka-I and Slyudyanka-II railway stations. The Circum-Baikal Railway starts from the Slyudyanka-II station.

Slyudyanka was founded in 1647 by the Russian Cossacks. Because of its geographical position, the city grew quickly and became a large transit centre which connected Irkutsk with China and Mongolia. The town became a railway hub in 1905, when constructing of Transsiberian Railway had been finished. Also there is a marble deposit in the town.

Towns in Russia
"Karma Police" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead. It is from their 1997 album OK Computer.

1997 songs
Radiohead