cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Basenji is a breed of dog. They are known for being one of the smartest dogs. Basenji are excellent at hunting, They are also hunting dogs which can help people find animals.

The Basenji is often said to be the "barkless" dog. They are also described as being "talking dogs", This is because they don't "bark" like other dogs. They make a unique sound which is like a yodel. They are clean dogs. Basenji are more cat-like than other dogs because of this. They spend a large amount of time cleaning themselves when they have any dirt on their coats. Like cats, Basenjis use their paws to clean themselves. This causes them to rarely have any smell about them.

Basenjis are around the size of a terrier. They  have have wrinkles on their foreheads. They are wonderfully friendly by nature as well as being inquisitive and confident. A Basenji forms a very strong and close bond with a family and in particular with one person in a household.

References

Dog breeds
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington  (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an important English scientist. He was an astronomer, physicist, and mathematician in the early 20th century.

Eddington did his greatest work in astrophysics. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit is named after him. It is the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object (which is what causes the luminosity). 

Around 1920, he anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion in stars. This was published in his paper "The Internal Constitution of the Stars". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium.

He is also famous for his work on the theory of relativity. Eddington wrote a number of articles that explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I severed many lines of scientific communication and new developments in German science were not well known in England.  He also conducted an expedition to observe the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. That gave one of the earliest confirmations of general relativity.The observations showed that light from stars which passed close by the Sun was slightly bent towards the Sun. This was predicted by the general theory of relativity. He became known for his popular expositions and interpretations of the theory.

References 

1882 births
1944 deaths
English astronomers
English mathematicians
English physicists
This is the list of the famous people belonging from the Bihar state of India.

Ancient

Nationalists and independence activists

Literature

Politicians
Dr. Srikrishna Sinha alias Sri Babu, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Jagjiwan Ram,  Karpoori Thakur, Smt. Meera Kumar, Rajiv Ranjan Singh Lalan, Sushil Modi, 
 Ishwari Prasad Gupta
 Jagannath Mishra
 Ravi Shankar Prasad
 Lalu Prasad Yadav
   K B Sahay
President of India

 Rajendra Prasad
 Abdul Qaiyum Ansari

Governor

 Balmiki Prasad Singh Sikkim
 Nikhil Kumar Nagaland
 Rameshwar Thakur Madhya Pradesh
 Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Punjab
 Lalon Prasad Singh Assam
 Ram Dulari Sinha Kerala
 Shrinivas Kumar Sinha Assam
 Prabhat Kumar Jharkhand
 Dinesh Nandan Sahai Chhattisgarh
 Kailashapati Mishra Gujarat
 Ganga Prasad Meghalaya

President of Lok Sabha 
 Bali Ram Bhagat

 Meira Kumar

Union Minister
 Jagjivan Ram
 Ram Subhag Singh
 Ram Dulari Sinha
 Jagannath Mishra
 Chandrasekhar Singh
 Raghuvansh Prasad Singh
 Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
 Tarakeshi Sinha
 Chandareshwar Prasad Thakur
 Nitish Kumar
 Lalu Prasad Yadav
 Ram Vilas Paswan
 Syed Shahnawaz Hussain
 Ravi Shankar Prasad
 Rita Verma
 Shakeel Ahmad
 Rajiv Pratap Rudy

Orator

Indian National Congress

 Shakeel Ahmad
 Prem Chandra Mishra
 Sanjay Nirupam
 Ashok Choudhary
 H.K.Verma

Bhartiya Janata Party

 Ravi Shankar Prasad
 Syed Shahnawaz Hussain
 Rajiv Pratap Rudy
 Sanjay Mayukh
 Prem Ranjan Patel

Janata Dal (United)
Rajiv Ranjan Singh Lalan
  Sanjay Singh
 Ajay Alok
 Rajiv Ranjan Prasad
 Neeraj Kumar

Rashtriya Janata Dal

 Manoj Jha
 Bhai Virendra
 Shakti Singh Yadav

Samata Party

Uday Mandal
Bramhanand Mandal

Garhpura Namak Satyagrah Gaurav Yatra 
Rajeev Kumar

music
 Chitragupta
 Bismillah Khan
 Udit Narayan
 Daler Mehndi
Khesari Lal Yadav

Electronic Media
 Puliyya Prasoon Vajpayee, ABP News
 Uday Shankar, Star TV
 Raviish Kumar, NDTV
Kaushlendra Jha, KKN Live
 Asit Nath Tiwari, Zee News
 Anand Bharti,NDTV
 Ajit Anjum,  News24
 Shweta singh,Aajtak
 Anjana Om Kashyap, Aajtak

Governor of Reserve Bank of India 
 Laxmikant Jha

Chief Justice 
 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha
 Lalit Mohan Sharma
 L. Sinha
 Ram Babu Yadav

Bihar people
Bihar
Mohali is a city in the Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district, Punjab, India. It is the headquarters of Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district. It was officially named after Sahibzada Ajit Singh as SAS Nagar ("The City of Sahibzada Ajit Singh"). He was the eldest son of Guru Gobind Singh. It is still known popularly as 'Mohali'.

Demographics
As per 2011 census Mohali had a population of 176,170. In this males were 92,301 and females were 83,869. The literacy rate was 91.96% per cent. The sex ratio of Mohali is 909 females per 1000 males. Sikhism is the majority religion in Mohali. About 51.53% of the people are Sikhs. Hinduism is the second most followed religion here. 45.5% people in Mohali are Hindus. Minority religions here are Muslims, Christians, Buddhists and Jains.

References

Cities in India
Settlements in Punjab, India
The 2018 California gubernatorial election took place on 6 November 2018, and elected the next Governor of California. The incumbent governor, Jerry Brown, could not run in the election due to term limits.

Gavin Newsom easily won the election. Newsom's victory was the largest victory in a gubernatorial election in California since 1950.

Primary election 

The top-two candidates moved on to the general election. The primary election occurred on 5 June 2018.

Results by county 

Red represents counties won by Cox. Blue represents counties won by Newsom. Yellow represents counties won by Villaraigosa.

Polling

General election

General election 

The general election took place on 6 November 2018.

Results by county 
Here are the results of the election by county.

References 

November 2018 events
2018 California elections
Halina Aszkiełowicz-Wojno (4 February 1947 – 22 June 2018) was a former Polish volleyball player. She was a member of Poland women's national volleyball team in 1965–1973, a bronze medalist of the Olympic Games Mexico 1968, medalist of the European Championship (silver in 1967, bronze in 1971).

Aszkiełowicz-Wojno died on 22 June 2018 at the age of 71.

References 

1947 births
2018 deaths
Polish volleyball players
Polish Olympic medalists
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists
Langdon is a city in Cavalier County in the state of North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Cavalier County. The population was 1,878 at the 2010 census. Langdon was  made the county seat in 1884. It was incorporated in 1885.

References 

1884 establishments in the United States
Cities in North Dakota
County seats in North Dakota
1880s establishments in North Dakota
Nahum (Naum) Moiseyevich Korzhavin (; real surname Mandel, ; 14 October 1925 – 22 June 2018) was a Russian-American poet. He was born in Kiev of Jewish descent, He worked and lived in Boston, Massachusetts during most of his career. In 2005 Korzhavin participated in They Chose Freedom, a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement. He wrote many memoirs and novels about dissidents.

Korzhavin died in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on 22 June 2018 at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 Poet Naum Korzhavin, a Big Book Author

1925 births
2018 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Russian poets
American poets
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Writers from Kiev
Richard Joseph Leitsch (May 11, 1935 – June 22, 2018), also known as Richard Valentine Leitsch and more commonly Dick Leitsch, was an American LGBT rights activist. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was president of gay rights group the Mattachine Society in the 1960s. He led many walkouts and sit-ins during protests to support the LGBT community. During the Stonewall riots, Leitsch was the first gay journalist to report on the riot.

Lietsch died from liver cancer in Manhattan on June 22, 2018, aged 83.

References

Other websites
"The Advocate Archives: Dick Leitsch Account of Stonewall
"Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation: Before Stonwall: The Sip-In at Julius'"
"NPR, Remembering a 1966 'Sip-In' for Gay Rights"
"New York Times Before the Stonewall Riots, 50th Anniversary of the Sip-In"

1935 births
2018 deaths
Gay men
Deaths from liver cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
American journalists
LGBT people from New York City
Journalists from New York City
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
American LGBT rights activists
Geoffrey Oryema (16 April 1953 – 22 June 2018) was a Ugandan-born French musician. Oryema was born in Soroti, Uganda. He was smuggled out of the country and moved to France where his career would be based from. He sang in the languages of his youth, Swahili and Acholi, the languages of the lost country, the 'clear green land' of Uganda, and he also sang in English and French.

Oryema died on 22 June 2018 in France of cardiac arrest at the age of 65.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Long Tale Recordings
 Yahoo! Music Biography

1953 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Ugandan people
French musicians
Guitarists
Lallu Prasad Yadav is an Indian politician from Bihar. He is the former Chief Minister of Bihar. He became the Chief Minister of Bihar in 1990, but was made to resign in 1997 several times. He was a member of parliament of the 15th Lok Sabha. He is also president and founder of the Rashtriya Janata Dal.

References

Indian politicians
1948 births
Living people
Bihar
People from Bihar
Nalchik (; Kabardian:  //;  //) is the capital city of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia. It is in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. In 2010, 240,203 people lived there.

Spa towns
Elista ( or ; , Elst) is the capital city of the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. In 2010, 103,749 people lived there.

1865 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Russia
Innamaadhoo (Dhivehi: އިއްނަމާދޫ) 
This island is an inhabited island in Raa atoll. Like other islands, this island is made out of sand from corals.

People 
The inhabitants are Maldivians and they speak their language, Dhivehi.

Economy 
The economy of Innamaadhoo is built on carpentry. So, when you look at the whole country, the most carpenting experts are mostly from Innamaadhoo. From very small fishing boats to giant safari boats are built in this island. Even if wheat was grown few decades back, farming is not a very wide field. If we look at fishing, the islanders used to fish a lot in the 90's. So, putting salt on fish was a very wide field. But now, as the field perished, fishermen and fish-sellers are very less. The reason is believed to be because carpentry gives a lot of money (carpentry is a very good money-maker). In the field of tourism, inhabitants aren't directly contributing. It may be because there is no resort nearby. But diving boats, row boats, and ferries, etc. (needed for resorts) are built a lot here. 

Geography of the Maldives
Islands of Asia
Silvaplana (Romansh: ) is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the Swiss canton of Graubünden and the name of a lake in the municipality.

References 

Municipalities of Graubünden
Fontvieille is the southernmost ward in the Principality of Monaco. It was developed by an Italian architect, Manfredi Nicoletti, between the 1970s and the 1990s.

Fontvieille is twinned with Santa Maria a Monte, Italy, since 1991.

Monaco
Vladikavkaz (, lit. ruler of the Caucasus, formerly known as Ordzhonikidze () and Dzaudzhikau (), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, on the Terek River. As of 2010, 311,693 people lived there.

It is one of the most populous cities in the North Caucasus.

The city is an industrial and transportation center. Manufactured products include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing and food products.

References 

1784 establishments
Capitals of republics of Russia
David Plouffe (; born May 27, 1967) is an American political strategist who helped propel the Barack Obama Presidential campaign to success in the 2008 US Elections where he served as campaign manager.  

In 2017, he joined Facebook owner Mark Zuckerberg's wife, Priscilla Chan's charity organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, after leaving Uber as a lead effort and advocacy.

Plouffe was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Frances Vincent and James Plouffe.

References

1967 births
Living people
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
US Democratic Party politicians
The duodecimal system (also known as base 12, dozenal, or rarely uncial) is the number system with a base of twelve. In the duodecimal system, large numbers are expressed by groups of 12. For example, the number fifty (which we usually write as 50) would be written as 42 in the dozenal system, since it is equal to 4×12+2.

The number 12 is the smallest number that has four factors (2, 3, 4, 6). If one divide the numbers 10 and 12 with 3, the results will be 3.333... and 4, respectively. Doing the same thing with 6, the results will be 1.666... and 2. So, the duodecimal system can control the fractions better than the decimal system.

How to represent 10 and 11 in duodecimal 
There are no numerical symbols that represent 10 and 11 in duodecimal, so letters taken from the English alphabet are used, specifically X (from the Roman numeral for ten) and E (from the initial of eleven). Some people use A and B (as in hexadecimal) as well.

Edna Kramer in her 1951 book The Main Stream of Mathematics used * and # for decimal 10 and 11. The symbols were chosen because they are available in typewriters and push-button telephones.

This article uses "X" and "E" for decimal 10 and 11.

Duodecimal values

References 

Numerals
Systems
Phan Huy Lê (23 February 1934 – 23 June 2018) was a Vietnamese historian. He was born in Lộc Hà district. He was professor of history at the Hanoi National University.

Phan was the author of many studies on village society and Vietnamese history in general. He was thought by many as "doyen of Vietnamese historians." He was also director of the Center for Vietnamese and Intercultural Studies at Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

Phan died of heart disease on 23 June 2018 in Hanoi, aged 84.

References

Vietnamese people
Historians
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
1934 births
2018 deaths
Lee Hong-Koo (born May 9, 1934; Hangul: 이홍구; Hanja: 李洪九) is a former Korean academic and politician. He served as a former Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea, former South Korean Ambassador to the United Kingdom and United States, and founding Chairman of the East Asia Institute in Seoul.

References

Other websites
 Lee Hong-koo Naver Profile 

Living people
1934 births
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Ana María Francisca Adinolfi (known by her stage name, Violeta Rivas; 4 October 1937 – 23 June 2018) was an Argentine singer and actress. She was born in Buenos Aires. She was known for singing in the music program El Club del Clan.

She performed ¡Que Suerte! in Uruguay, which became her greatest hit. Rivas toured Latin America singing melodic songs. After the 1960s, she continued to perform in other films and to sing other songs such as Colorado, El Baile del Ladrillo, El Cardenal, and others.

Rivas died of a stroke in Buenos Aires on 4 October 1937, aged 80.

References

Other websites

Actors from Buenos Aires
Argentine singers
Pop singers
Deaths from stroke
1937 births
2018 deaths
Nitish Kumar (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician. He has been the Chief Minister of Bihar since 2017. He is the President of Janata Dal (United) who is best known for his non tolerance policy against corruption.

References

Other websites 

1951 births
Indian politicians
Bihar
Living people
People from Bihar
Francine Fuhara Muyumba (born 18 February 1987) is a Congolese youth leader serving as President of the Pan African Youth Union. In 2011, Muyumba became the first International Student to be elected President of the University of Namibia Student Representative Council. The other International student to have held the position was Joseph Kalimbwe seven years later.

In 2017, Muyumba was chosen among the 100 Influential young Africans.

References 

1987 births
People from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Activists
Living people
A nickel–zinc battery, abbreviated NiZn, is a type of rechargeable battery with a voltage of 1.6 V. Large nickel–zinc battery systems have been known for over 100 years. Since 2000, development of a stabilized zinc electrode system has made this technology competitive with other commercially available rechargeable battery systems. Cells in "AA" and "AAA" sizes are available. 

Batteries
AAR wheel arrangement is a system for classifying locomotives used in North America. It is a simplified form of the UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements.

Examples
 A1A-A1A Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has two powered axles and one unpowered axle
 B-B Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has two powered axles 
 C-C Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has three powered axles 

Locomotive classification systems
Rail transport
Jamsheed Marker (Hilal-e-Imtiaz) (24 November 1922 – 21 June 2018) was a Pakistani diplomat. He served as Ambassador to the United States serving from 17 September 1986 to 30 June 1989. He was the head of mission during the administrations of Prime Ministers Muhammad Khan Junejo and Benazir Bhutto. He helped negotiate the Soviet military withdrawal from Afghanistan.

Marker died on 21 June 2018 in Karachi at the age of 95.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Ambassadors to the United States
Etna is a city in the Scott Valley area of Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 737 at the 2010 census, down from 781 at the 2000 census.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the city of Etna

1878 establishments in California
Cities in California
Settlements in Siskiyou County, California
Montague is a city in Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 1,443 at the 2010 census, down from 1,456 at the 2000 census.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Montague

1900s establishments in California
1909 establishments in the United States
Cities in California
Settlements in Siskiyou County, California
Sayed Isma'el Balkhi () was a poet, political activist and cleric in Afghanistan during the twentieth century. He was one of the thinkers and pioneers of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan.

References 

1918 births
1968 deaths
Hazara people
Hazara politicians
poets
Siskiyou County ( ) is a county in the northernmost part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 44,900. The county seat is Yreka.

Siskiyou County is in the Cascade Mountains on the Oregon border.

References 

1850s establishments in California
1852 establishments in the United States
Yreka ( ) is the county seat of Siskiyou County, California, United States. It is near the Shasta River at 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level and covering about 10.1 sq mi (26 km2) area, of which most is land. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 7,765, reflecting an increase of 475 from the 7,290 counted in the 2000 Census.

In 1941, it was proposed that Yreka were to be the capital city of the proposed Jefferson state, which would be made-up of southern Oregon and northern California.

Other websites 

 Official website
 Yreka Chamber of Commerce
 Siskiyou County Historical Society 
 Siskiyou County Museum 
 Siskiyou Daily News
Images of Yreka from the Eastman’s Originals Collection ,  Special Collections Dept., University of California, Davis.

1851 establishments in California
1857 establishments in California
Cities in California
County seats in California
Settlements in Siskiyou County, California
Baikonur Cosmodrome (; ) is a spaceport in southern Kazakhstan. It is the first and most active space port in the world. It is leased to Russia until 2050, and is managed by Roskosmos and the Russian aerospace forces. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. There are many commercial, military and scientific rocket launches each year  All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.

Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, was launched from Baikonur in 1957. Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, was also launched from Baikonur, carrying Yuri Gagarin. The launchpad used for both of these missions was renamed Gagarin's Start.

References 

1955 establishments in Asia
Spaceports
Buildings and structures in Asia
Kazakhstan
The North British Locomotive Company (NBL) was created in 1903 through the merger of three Scottish locomotive manufacturing companies. They were Sharp, Stewart and Company and Neilson, Reid and Company  and Dübs and Company. This created the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe at the time.

The company closed in 1962.

Locomotive manufacturers
1903 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
1962 disestablishments
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Companies of Scotland
In economics, the term volatility is used to measure how much the price or value of an economic good or service changes over time. Goods or services where the price changes a lot are said to have a high volatility, those that don't have a low volatility. The word come from the Latin verb "volare" meaning "to fly".

In the securities markets, volatility is often associated with big swings in either direction. For example, when the stock market rises and falls more than one percent over a sustained period of time, it is called a "volatile" market. An asset's volatility is a key factor when pricing options contracts. In statistical terms, volatility is the standard deviation of a market or security’s annualised returns over a given period - essentially the rate at which its price increases or decreases. Historical volatility is calculated using a series of past market prices, while implied volatility looks at expected future volatility, using the market price of a market-traded derivative like an option.

Causes of volatility 
Market volatility is caused by a host of several factors

 Political and economic factors
 Industry and sector factors
 Company performance
 Volatility overseas

References 

Finance
Joshua David Hawley (born December 31, 1979) is an American politician. He is the junior United States Senator of Missouri since January 3, 2019.

He was the Attorney General of Missouri from 2017 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party.

He was born in Lexington, Missouri. Hawley studied at Stanford University and at Yale University. He is a former law clerk to Chief Justice John Roberts of the Supreme Court.

In October 2017, Hawley announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate. He defeated Claire McCaskill in the general election in November 2018.

References

Other websites
Missouri Attorney General
Hawley for Senate

1979 births
Living people
United States senators from Missouri
Stanford University alumni
Yale University alumni
Attorneys general
Politicians from Missouri
US Republican Party politicians
Deanna Lund (May 30, 1937 – June 22, 2018) was an American actress. She was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Lund was best known for her role in the Irwin Allen television series Land of the Giants, where she played the character of Valerie Ames Scott.

Lund died on June 22, 2018 at her home in Century City, California of pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 
 Official site

1937 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
People from Oak Park, Illinois
Constance Adams (16 July, 1964 – 25 June, 2018) was an American space architect. He worked in the space program.  In the late 1990s she was employed by Lockheed Martin Space Operations, to support the NASA’s Mars exploration research efforts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Among other projects, Adams was involved in developing the Lockheed-Martin design of an inflatable module for the International Space Station.

Adams died of colorectal cancer in Houston on June 25, 2018, aged 53.

References

Writers from Houston, Texas
American architects
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in Texas
1960s births
2018 deaths
Anthony Steven Evers (born November 5, 1951) is an American politician and educator. He is the 46th and current Governor of Wisconsin. He was elected Governor on November 6, 2018, defeating Scott Walker.

Before becoming Governor, he served as the 26th Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin from 2009 to 2019. Evers serves as President of the Council of Chief State School Officers and was Wisconsin's Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2001 to 2009. 

Evers was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in the 2018 gubernatorial election. His running mate is community organizer Mandela Barnes. Evers won the election by 1%.

Evers had esophageal cancer before undergoing intensive surgery in 2008.

References

Other websites
 Governor Tony Evers official State of Wisconsin website

1951 births
Living people
Governors of Wisconsin
Cancer survivors
Educators from Wisconsin
Politicians from Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
Lance Franklin (or Buddy Franklin) was born on 30 January 1987. In his early life he had grown up to love AFL and view as many matches as he could, but his passion did not just stop there, he was a star on the AFL field as a young boy and eventually pursued his passion to the point he is at now, an international level.

Franklin was born in Perth, Western Australia, into a family of Indigenous Australians (Noongar-Wajuk) and grew up in Dowerin supporting the Melbourne Football Club. When he was 15, he won a sports scholarship and was educated at Wesley College. He played one senior game for the Perth Football Club in 2004, kicking one goal, and represented Western Australia at the 2004 AFL Under 18 Championships.

Franklin has won two premierships, four All-Australian team awards, two Coleman Medals and a Peter Crimmins Medal in his time at Hawthorn, he also kicked the AFL Goal of the Year twice (in 2010 and 2013). He also was nominated for the AFL Rising Star award in the 2005 season. After winning his second premiership at Hawthorn, Franklin moved to the Sydney Swans at the end of the 2013 season, before representing Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series. Franklin had an incredible impact at Sydney, where he won three All-Australian selections and two more Coleman Medals.

Awards
AFL AWARDS
Premiership side
2008, 2013

Coleman Medal
2008, 2011, 2014, 2017

All-Australian
2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017

International Rules Series
2013

CLUB AWARDS
Leading goalkicker
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Players' Player
2016
Charles Simic (; born Dušan Simić; May 9, 1938) is a Serbian American poet. He was the co-poetry editor of the Paris Review. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1990 for The World Doesn't End, and was a finalist of the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 for Selected Poems, 1963-1983 and in 1987 for Unending Blues. 

Simic was appointed the fifteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 2007.

References

1938 births
Living people
Pulitzer Prize winners
American poets
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Illinois
Writers from New Hampshire
People from Oak Park, Illinois
People from Belgrade
John Francis Jackson, DFC (23 February 1908 – 28 April 1942) was an Australian fighter ace and squadron commander of World War II. He had eight aerial victories, and led No. 75 Squadron during the Battle of Port Moresby in 1942. Born in Brisbane, he was a grazier and businessman. He had his own private plane when he joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Reserve in 1936. In 1939, at the start of the war, he was called up for active service. Jackson served with No. 23 Squadron in Australia before he was posted to the Middle East in November 1940. As a fighter pilot with No. 3 Squadron he flew Gloster Gladiators, Hawker Hurricanes and P-40 Tomahawks during the North African and Syria–Lebanon campaigns.

Jackson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Mentioned in Despatches for his actions in the Middle East. In March 1942, while serving in the South West Pacific theatre, he was promoted to squadron leader. He was in command of No. 75 Squadron at Port Moresby in Papua, operating P-40 Kittyhawks. Described as "rugged, simple" and "true as steel", Jackson, aged 34, was nicknamed "Old John" by his much younger squadron members. He was praised for his leadership during the defence of Port Moresby. He was killed in action on 28 April 1942. His younger brother Les took over No. 75 Squadron, and also became a fighter ace. Jacksons International Airport, Port Moresby, is named in John Jackson's honour.

References

1908 births
1942 deaths
People from Brisbane
Australian military people
World War II people
Omokoroa is a small urban area in the Western Bay of Plenty District of New Zealand. The suburb is thought part of Greater Tauranga (contributing towards its population of ), and is within the Bay of Plenty electorate.

References 

Settlements in New Zealand
Paterson Clarence "Pat" Hughes, DFC (19 September 1917 – 7 September 1940) was an Australian fighter ace of World War II. He served with the Royal Air Force (RAF). During the Battle of Britain he shot down 17 enemy aircraft. This was the highest number of aircraft shot down by an Australian during the battle, and the third highest by an Australian during World War II. Hughes was killed in action on 7 September 1940.

Hughes was born in Numeralla, New South Wales. He joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1936. After graduating as a pilot, he joined the RAF. In July 1937, he joined No. 64 Squadron, which operated Hawker Demon and, later, Bristol Blenheim fighters. Posted to No. 234 Squadron at the start of World War II, Hughes began flying Supermarine Spitfires. He shared in the squadron's first victory on 8 July 1940, when with two other Spitfires, he shot down a German Junkers Ju 88 attacking ships near Lands End. Hughes was known for attacking his targets at extremely close range. He probably died after his Spitfire was struck by parts from a German Dornier Do 17 bomber that he had just shot down near London. Hughes was able to get out of the plane, but his parachute did not open. After his death he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Hughes was buried in England.

References

Other websites 

 National Archives of Australia: Personal File
 Sutton & Wawne Museum: A brief biography of the Australian fighter pilot killed during the Battle of Britain, and buried in Sutton churchyard in 1940
 Battle of Britain Historical Society: Saturday, September 7th 1940

1917 births
1940 deaths
Australian military people
Bamboo Airways is a Vietnamese airline. The headquarters are in Hanoi. The center of activity is from Phu Cat Airport in Qui Nhon. The company was founded in 2017. VietJet Air will begin operation in October 2018. It will have flights to most of airports in Vietnam and some international airports. On 26th March 2016, it signed a purchase order with Airbus to buy 24 Airbus A320neo, signed a purchase order with Boeing to buy 20 Boeing 787. The aircraft will be delivered from 2020.
It will mainly serve tourists to resort towns in Vietnam, where its parent company FLC Group has resorts (Ha Long, Thanh Hoa, Dong Hoi, Nha Trang, Phu Quoc).

References 

Airlines of Asia
The Big Four was a name used to describe the four largest railway companies in the United Kingdom in the period 1923–47. The name was coined by The Railway Magazine in its issue of February 1923: "The Big Four of the New Railway Era".

The Big Four were:

 Great Western Railway (GWR)
 London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)
 London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
 Southern Railway (SR)

The companies were formed as a result of the Railways Act 1921, in a process known as "The Grouping" (of the railways), which came into effect on 1 January 1923.

On 1 January 1948, the companies were nationalised to form British Railways as a result of the Transport Act 1947.

Related pages
 List of railway companies involved in the 1923 Grouping

Rail transport in Great Britain
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948. It was formed on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act of 1921, which required the grouping of over 120 separate railways into four. The companies merged into the LMS included the London and North Western Railway, the Midland Railway, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (which had previously merged with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922), several Scottish railway companies (including the Caledonian Railway), and numerous other, smaller ventures.

For the Modern Company, see London Midland.

Rail transport in Great Britain
1923 establishments in the United Kingdom
Caledonian Sleeper is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in Great Britain.

Rail transport in Great Britain
Christina Marie Kirkman (born February 25, 1993, in Melrose, Massachusetts, USA) is an American actress and comedian. She was best known for her roles in the final two seasons of All That.

In 2003, she entered R U All That?: Nickelodeon's Search for the Funniest Kid in America competition and won the highly-coveted spot as a regular performer on All That.

As part of her audition, Kirkman was asked to do a skit in which she met Jay Leno. She had never heard of Leno because she had never stayed up late, so she said, "Who the heck is Jay Leno?" and instead pretended to talk to Leno's bodyguard.

When asked if she thought she was going get into the All That cast, Kirkman responded, "I thought I had no chance!" with a laugh.

Kirkman joined the cast of All That in Season 9 after Bryan Hearne left the show. She replaced Jamie Lynn Spears as the youngest cast member of All That. She remained on All That until the show was canceled.

After All That came to an end, Kirkman returned to Massachusetts where she experienced bullying. This caused her to temporarily stop acting to focus on school. She graduated from Bishop Finwick High School. In 2015, she graduated from Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts where she studied broadcast journalism and also participated in several different on campus productions.

After completing college, Kirkman moved back to Los Angeles to pursue acting and as of 2016, she completed filming the movie "Night Shadow".

Other websites
 
 Emerson students former stars of Nickelodeon and Disney shows 

1993 births
Comedians
The 1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak, also known as the Central Florida tornado outbreak or The Night of The Tornadoes was a deadly tornado event in Florida during the night of February 22-23, 1998 in the central part of the state, including the Orlando area. The outbreak killed 42 people and injured 260, the worst such tornado event in Florida since March 31, 1962. The first major tornado hit Winter Garden  at 11:40 p.m., and the deadliest tornado struck the Kissimmee area at 12:40 a.m. before dissipating at 1:28 a.m. EST.

Tornadoes 

Tornadoes in the United States
1998 in Florida
February events
To short an asset means to bet that the asset will lose value, or that the current price is overvalued (higher than its supposed value). If the asset in question does indeed lose value, the person who shorted it will win the bet, and make a profit.
This can be done by borrowing assets and selling them at a higher price, returning the asset once you can buy it back at a lower price. 

For example, if you think that Tesla stocks will lose 10% of the value, you could short the stock, and make a 10% profit once it goes down by 10%. However, if Tesla stock gains value, than you will lose the equivalent amount.

Finance
Stock market
Richard Girnt Butler (February 23, 1918 – September 8, 2004) was a white supremacist and American Christian religious leader. Butler founded the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations and would become one of the most well known and influential leaders of the American far-right.

Butler was a former member of the Silver Shirts, an American fascist organization modeled after Nazi Brownshirts and active until its suppression following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Butler was convicted of conspiracy by the United States Department of Justice, but was not convicted because the grand jury failed to prosecute him.

References

1918 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
People from Denver, Colorado
American Christians
American conservatives
American military personnel of World War II
Writers from Colorado
Writers from Idaho
Alan Harrison Berg (January 1, 1934 – June 18, 1984) was an American Jewish attorney and talk radio show host in Denver, Colorado. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Berg was known for his mostly liberal views. His programs could be received in more than 30 states. He was lastly hired by KOA and debuted on February 23, 1981. He worked at KOA until his death.

On June 18, 1984, Berg was fatally shot, aged 50, in the driveway of his Denver home by members of the white nationalist group.

References

Other websites
Alan Berg at the Internet Movie Database
Talk Radio Assassination!, WFMU website 1996
"Living Out Loud: Death of a Radiohead" , Cincinnati CityBeat July 14, 2004
Judith Lee Berg, a profile of Alan Berg's widow

1934 births
1984 deaths
Murders by firearm in the United States
American crime victims
Lawyers from Chicago
Jewish American writers
Journalists from Chicago
Radio personalities from Chicago
Writers from Denver, Colorado
North Barrington is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,047 at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
Village of North Barrington official website
Barrington Area Library

Villages in Illinois
The Waco siege was the siege of a compound belonging to the Branch Davidians, carried out by American federal and Texas state law enforcement, as well as the U.S. military, between February 28 and April 19, 1993.

The Branch Davidians were led by David Koresh and were headquartered at Mount Carmel Center ranch in the community of Axtell, Texas, 13 miles (21 kilometers) east-northeast of Waco.

The incident began when the ATF attempted to raid the ranch. An intense gun battle erupted, resulting in the deaths of four government agents and six Branch Davidians. Upon the ATF's failure to raid the compound, a siege lasting 51 days was initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Eventually, the FBI launched an assault and initiated a tear gas attack in an attempt to force the Branch Davidians out of the ranch. During the attack, a fire engulfed Mount Carmel Center. In total, 76 people died, including David Koresh.

References

1993 in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
1990s in Texas
Waco, Texas
Lockport is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 21,165 at the 2010 census. It is so named from a set of Erie Canal locks (Lock Numbers 34 and 35) within the city. Lockport is the county seat of Niagara County. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Cities in New York
County seats in New York
George Peabody ( ; February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an American financier and philanthropist, and slave trader. He was widely thought as the father of modern philanthropy. He founded the Peabody Trust in Britain and the Peabody Institute and George Peabody Library in Baltimore.

Peabody's early company Riggs, Peabody and Co. was based in Maryland, a slave state. It bought and sold slaves as well as related goods like clothing for slaves. When he lived in London, he received visits from his relative Herbert C. Peabody, a slave owner and cotton planter in Mobile, Alabama.

Peabody was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and made a Freeman of the City of London, among many other honors. He was given a funeral and temporary grave in Westminster Abbey.

References

Other websites

Phillips Library , Peabody Essex Museum. Repository of 145 linear feet of Peabody's business and personal papers.

1795 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in London
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Slavers
William Martin Hendon (November 9, 1944 – June 20, 2018) was an American author, activist, and politician. He was born in Asheville, North Carolina. He served as a two-term Republican U.S. representative from North Carolina's 11th District.

Hendon died on June 20, 2018 under hospice carer in Forest City, North Carolina after suffering from Parkinson's disease at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
 
Biography, The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
A Finding Aid to Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War Era, 1960-1994, The National Archives, compiled 1996

1944 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States representatives from North Carolina
American political writers
American political activists
Writers from North Carolina
People from Asheville, North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
Frank Evans Heart (May 15, 1929 – June 24, 2018) was an American computer engineer. He was born in New York City, but was raised in Yonkers, New York. Heart designed the first routing computer for the ARPANET, the predecessor to the Internet. In 2014, Heart was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.

Heart died of melanoma on June 24, 2018 in Lexington, Massachusetts at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
 Internet Hall of Fame bio
 A History of Computer Communications: 1968-1988 

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from melanoma
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American computer scientists
Engineers from New York
Scientists from New York City
People from Yonkers, New York
A Blockchain (or block chain) is a method of storing a list of entries, which cannot be changed easily after they are created.  This also applies to the list.  This is done by using several concepts from cryptography, including digital signatures and hash functions. In very basic terms, a blockchain combines the following two ideas:

 Given some data, it is easy to calculate a checksum over the data.  Special hash functions can be designed to calculate this checksum. These functions can be designed to return a value that always has the same length, which is not dependent on the length of the input. This value is called hash value, or message digest. The functions also have another property: Given the same input, they must return the same output (hash value/message digest).
 In addition to the hash values, a block typically also contains a timestamp, and some payload. Each block uses a digital signature, which allows detecting any change in the data since the signature was made. When new blocks of data are created, the newly created block will also contain the hash value of the previous block.

In most cases, a blockchain is managed by a peer-to-peer network. All peers use a common protocol that specifies how they should communicate with each other, how a new block is created and validated. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed easily any more. Changing the block means all the blocks after it need to be changed as well. Depending on the protocol, this will require a majority of the peers, or even all the peers, to agree.

Blockchains are secure by design. Blockchain technology is used where keeping a correct record is important. Use cases include  medical records, identity management, food traceability, and voting.

Blockchain was invented by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta in 1991 as a means to assure the integrity of digital records. Haber and Stornetta launched the world's first commercial blockchain; Surety in 1995.

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto included as references 3 and 4 of Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System, the two papers by Haber and Stornetta   to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin.  Because of its blockchain, bitcoin became the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server.  The bitcoin design has inspired other applications.

References

Computer science
Cryptocurrency
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of India which gives justice to people if they had made any offence.

India
Government of India
The Fabian strategy is a military strategy where one side avoids the other, and avoids pitched battles and frontal assaults. 

The object is to wear down the opponent by a "war of attrition". The side using this strategy harasses its enemy through skirmishes to weaken it, disrupt supply and affect morale. 

This strategy is employed by a side which believes time is on its side, but it may also be adopted when no other strategy is possible.

War
Pattensen is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about  south of Hanover.

Pattensen is twinned with Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf in France.

References
Under the Railways Act 1921 the majority of the railway companies in Great Britain (along with a few in Northern Ireland) were grouped into four main companies, often termed the Big Four. The grouping took effect from 1 January 1923.

The Big Four

The Big Four and their constituent companies, showing route mileage, were:
Great Western Railway (GWR)
 Great Western Railway 
 Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway (ADR) 
 Barry Railway (Barry)  
 Cambrian Railways (Cambrian)  
 Cardiff Railway (Cardiff)  
 Rhymney Railway (RhyR)  
 Taff Vale Railway (TVR) 
 for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the Great Western Railway
London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
 Great Central Railway (GCR)  
 Great Eastern Railway (GER)  
 Great Northern Railway (GNR) 
 Hull and Barnsley Railway (H&BR) 
 North Eastern Railway (NER) 
 Great North of Scotland Railway (GNSR)  
 North British Railway (NBR) 
 for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London and North Eastern Railway 
London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)
 London and North Western Railway (LNWR); 
 including Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) amalgamated from 1 January 1922
 Furness Railway (Furness); 
 Midland Railway (MR) 
 North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) 
 Caledonian Railway (CalR) 
 Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) 
 Highland Railway (HR) 
 for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
The Railways Act 1921 did not extend to Ireland, but Irish lines owned by constituent companies became part of the LMS:
 Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (DNGR)  (owned by the LNWR)
 Northern Counties Committee lines (NCC)  (owned by the Midland Railway)
 The NCC and Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)) operated the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee lines jointly, and these became joint lines of the LMS and GNR(I) after grouping.
Southern Railway (SR)
 London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR)  
 London and South Western Railway (LSWR) 
 South Eastern and Chatham Railways' Managing Committee: a working union of the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway 
 for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituent companies of the Southern Railway

Companies not covered by the grouping
Over fifty railway companies were not covered by the grouping. These small railway companies kept their independence.

Rail transport in Great Britain