cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The American Cocker Spaniel is a  breed of dog. It is one of many Spaniel breeds. In the United States, the breed is usually called the Cocker Spaniel. In other parts of the world, it is called the American Cocker Spaniel. This is because there is a Cocker Spaniel called  English Cocker Spaniel. They are clever, loving and happy dogs.

The breed
The breed is the smallest of the sporting or hunting dogs. Also, there are some differences between it and its English relative. It is a happy and intelligent working breed. Because of having been bred to meet show dog qualities, it is no longer an ideal working dog. These Spaniels now have many health problems with their hearts, eyes and ears.

The American Cocker has a medium long silky coat of fur. It has an upturned nose, either black or brown. It has long, silky ears that hang down. The eyes are large, dark in color and round.  Fur colors can be black, tan, cream, dark red, buff, roan and sometimes merle.

Behavior 

This dog breed is nicknamed the "Merry Cocker". It is a friendly dog and not shy.

It is smart as a hunting dog. IQ tests given in the 1950s and 1960s showed the American Cocker did best of all dogs tested on hunting skills. But, they did not do as well on other skills. These showed they were slower in uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string.  The American Cocker Spaniel is in 20th place in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs. This means this dog is excellent in "Working or Obedience Intelligence" and in being trained.

If they are played with and loved as puppies, American Cockers can get along with people, children, other dogs and other pets. This breed has a tail that wags most of the time. It likes best to be around people.  It is not meant to be left alone in a backyard. Cockers can get stressed by loud noises and by being treated roughly or fussed at.

Because they have now been bred to have a long coat, they can no longer be active enough to hunt or be exercised outside.

Bibliography 
 Coile, D. Caroline (2006). The Cocker Spaniel Handbook. Barron's Educational Series Inc. 
 Coren, Stanley (2006). The Intelligence of Dogs. Pocket Books. 
 Palika, Liz (2009). Cocker Spaniel: Your Happy Healthy Pet. John Wiley & Sons. 
 Walker, Joan Hustace (2010). Barron's Dog Bibles: Cocker Spaniel. Barron's Educational Series Inc.

References

Other websites 

 
 American Spaniel Club
 Animal Planet: American Cocker Spaniel: Is this the breed for you?

 American Cocker Spaniel France
Spaniels
Count Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski of Ślepowron coat of arms (; March 6, 1745 October 11, 1779) was a Polish nobleman, soldier and military commander who has been called "the father of the American cavalry".

Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the Bar Confederation and fought against Russian domination of the Commonwealth. When this uprising failed, he was driven into exile. Following a recommendation by Benjamin Franklin, Pulaski emigrated to North America to help in the cause of the American Revolutionary War. He distinguished himself throughout the revolution. He most notably when he saved the life of George Washington. Pulaski became a general in the Continental Army. He created the Pulaski Cavalry Legion. He also created the American cavalry. At the Battle of Savannah, while leading a daring charge against British forces, he was gravely wounded, and died shortly thereafter.

In 2009, he was honored by becoming an honorary U.S. citizen.

References

More reading
  Url
  Url
  Url

Other websites

 A Chronology of Casimir Pulaski's Life 1745–1779
 One More Funeral of Kazimierz Pulaski 221 Years After his Death

 Casimir Pulaski Day , the Office of Civil Rights and Diversity at Eastern Illinois University. Leszek Szymański, Casimir Pulaski: A Hero of the American Revolution, E207.P8 S97 1994.
  for his reputed burial site in Savannah, Georgia {for reference only}
 
 Casimir Pulaski Foundation

1745 births
1779 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish people
American military people
People from Warsaw
Knock Shrine () is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage site. In 1879, a religious vision was said to have happened in the village of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland. It was seen by fifteen people. The vision was of The Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, John the Evangelist, angels, and Jesus Christ as the Lamb of God. A church was later built on the site, to worship and remember this event.

The vision 
On the evening of 21 August 1879, at about 8 o'clock, fifteen people, aged from five years to seventy-five included men, women, teenagers and children, witnessed this event.

They all said they saw an apparition of Our Lady, Saint Joseph, and Saint John the Evangelist on the wall of the small parish church. The little church was called the Church of Saint John the Baptist.

Description 
The Blessed Virgin Mary was said to be beautiful, standing a few feet above the ground. She wore a white dress. She had a crown on her head. The crown was golden, sparkling, and glittering. She was described as "in prayer", with her eyes raised to heaven.

Saint Joseph, also wearing a white robe, stood on the Virgin's right hand. Behind the figures, to the left of Saint John was a plain altar. On the altar was a cross and a lamb, with angels around. The lamb is the symbol of Jesus. This symbol is from the religious phrase The Lamb of God)

Those who saw the apparition stood in the rain for up to two hours.

Evidence 
An ecclesiastical inquiry was held to decide if the vision was true and not a mistake or fake.

The evidence was found to be trustworthy and not a lie. At a second Commission of inquiry in 1936, the surviving witnesses confirmed the evidence they gave to the first Commission.

Every August, ten thousand pilgrims go to visit the Knock Shrine .

The original little church is still there. A new Apparition chapel with statues of Our Lady, St Joseph, the lamb and St John the Evangelist, has been built next to it. Knock Basilica is a separate building showing a tapestry of the apparition.

Recent history
Mother Teresa of Calcutta visited the Shrine in June 1993.

Related pages
 Knock, County Mayo
 Our Lady of Fátima
 Our Lady of Lourdes

More reading 
 John MacPhilpin. The Apparitions and Miracles at Knock. PJ Kennedy. 1904
 Sister Mary Francis Clare. Three Visits to Knock. PJ Kennedy. 1904
 Neary, Tom, I Saw Our Lady.

References

Other websites
 Official website of Knock Shrine
 The music for the song "Lady of Knock"

Buildings and structures in the Republic of Ireland
County Mayo
Marian shrines
Raphael is an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief").  He is known in various religions as an angel who does acts of healing. The name Raphael means "It is God who heals", "God Heals", "God, Please Heal". Raphael is an angel in the Bible. His feast days (celebration days) are on September 29 and October 24.

In religions
Raphael is an archangel of the Judaism and Christianity. In Islam, Raphael is the fourth major angel; in Muslim tradition, he is known as Israfil. Raphael is also an angel in Mormonism, as he is briefly mentioned in the Doctrine and Covenants.

In the Bible
Raphael is generally associated with the angel mentioned in the Gospel of John as stirring the water at the healing pool of Bethesda. Raphael is spoken about in the Book of Tobit.  Raphael was sent by the Lord to heal Tobit of his blindness. He also takes care of Tobit son, Tobias. He walks with Tobias to the village where he meets his future wife, Sarah. Sarah needs to be rescued from a demon who kills everybody who goes near her. This evil demon kills every man she marries on their wedding night. While they walk, Tobias and the Angel catch a fish together. Raphael told Tobias to catch a fish use the gallbladder to heal Tobit's eyes. Raphael also told Tobias how to protect himself from the demon.  Tobias made a little fire and was burning the heart and liver of the fish. Tobias was driving away the evil demon with smoke.

Angel
Raphael is the angel who can heal. He is the patron saint (taking care of) the young people, shepherds; sick people and travelers. He can cure eye problems and nightmares.

He is a special angel of the apothecaries; meaning nurses, pharmacists, physicians and jobs like those. He can also be the guardian angel of happy meetings. Raphael is said to guard pilgrims on their journeys, and is often shown holding a staff. He is also often shown holding or standing on a fish. The fish is a symbol of his healing of Tobias's father Tobit with the fish's gall.

References 

Angels
Biblical people
Christian saints
Islam
Jean Redpath  (28 April 1937 – 21 August 2014) was a Scottish folk singer-songwriter, educator and musician. She released over 23 albums between 1962 and 1995. She was worked with American folk legend such as Bob Dylan and Ramblin' Jack Elliott. Her last album was The Moon's Silver Cradle.

Redpath was born in Edinburgh and raised in Leven, Fife. As a young adult, she moved to the United States to begin a music career. She was given an MBE in 1987.

Redpath died from cancer on 21 August 2014 at a hospital in Arizona. She was 77.

References

Other websites
 
 

1937 births
2014 deaths
British folk musicians
Cancer deaths in the United States
Entertainers from Edinburgh
Scottish singer-songwriters
Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an American journalist. He is best known for his work for Time. He also worked for The National Interest, Media Line, and Foreign Policy. He has appeared on CNN and Fox News. He has traveled to Syria, Egypt, Turkey, Libya, and Bahrain.

Sotloff was born and raised in Miami, Florida. His father is Arthur Sotloff. His mother is Shirley Pulwer. He studied at universities in Florida and New Hampshire.

Kidnapping
On August 4, 2013, Sotloff was kidnapped in Aleppo, Syria near the Turkey border. He is currently being held captive by ISIS Islamic militants in eastern Syria. On August 19, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video titled "A Message to America", showing the beheading of fellow journalist James Foley. At the end of the video, ISIS threatened U.S. president Barack Obama, telling him that "his next move" will decide the fate of Sotloff.

However, only days after this threat was released, the U.S. stepped up airstrikes against ISIS. The U.S. fired 14 missiles at various ISIS Humvees near the Mosul Dam.

Beheading
On September 2, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video of the beheading of a man they identified as Sotloff.

Related pages
 James Foley (photojournalist)

References

1983 births
American journalists
Murders by blade weapons
American people murdered abroad
Kidnapped American people
2014 deaths
Writers from Miami, Florida
Filmed executions
The prime number theorem is a theorem from number theory. Prime numbers are not distributed evenly across the number range. The theorem formalizes the idea that the probability of hitting a prime number between 1 and a given number becomes smaller, as numbers grow. This probability is about n/ln(n), where ln(n) is the natural logarithm function. This means that the probability of hitting a prime number with 2n digits is about half as likely than with n digits. For example, among the positive integers of at most 1000 digits, about one in 2300 is prime (ln 101000 ≈ 2302.6), whereas among positive integers of at most 2000 digits, about one in 4600 is prime (ln 102000 ≈ 4605.2). In other words, the average gap between consecutive prime numbers among the first N integers is roughly ln(N).

Fifteen-year old Carl Friedrich Gauss suspected that there was a link between prime numbers and logarithms in 1793. Adrien-Marie Legendre also suspected such a link in 1798. Jacques Hadamard and Charles-Jean de La Vallée Poussin proved the prime number theorem in 1896, over a century after Gauss.

References

Theorems in number theory
Azerbaijani rock is a type of rock music sung by Azerbaijani people. In the Soviet era, rock music was forbidden because the Communist Party of the Soviet Union believed it was a "Western anti-socialist" influence. However, in the 1980s popular rock bands in Azerbaijan began to emerge. The Azerbaijanis blended folk music with their rock music. After Bolshevism, progressive rock music began to be popular among Azerbaijani people. Since 2004, the Azerbaijan Music Awards honors musicians who record rock music.

Other websites 
 Azerbaijans.com - Music » Rock

Rock music
Azerbaijani culture
The 2014–15 Premier League is the 23rd season of the Premier League. It is the top English professional league for association football clubs since it started in 1992. The fixtures were announced on 18 June 2014.	
The season started on Saturday 16 August 2014 and will end on Sunday 24 May 2015.

Teams
A total of 20 teams will play in the league. The top 17 sides from the 2013–14 season and the three promoted from the 2013–14 Football League Championship.
On 5 April 2014, Leicester City earned promotion from the 2013–14 Football League Championship after ten-years away from the Premier League.  They became champions after beating Bolton Wanderers on 22 April 2014.  On 21 April 2014, Burnley earned promotion to the Premier League with second place. This followed their win over Wigan Athletic. On 24 May 2014 Queens Park Rangers were the final team to be promoted after winning the 2014 Football League Championship play-off Final. They won 1–0 against Derby County at Wembley Stadium in London. The three teams replace Cardiff City, Fulham and Norwich City, who were all relegated to the Championship at the end of the previous season.

Stadia and locations
Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.

Personnel and kits
Note: Flags are determined by FIFA eligibility rules.

 Referee kits are made by Nike and are sponsored by EA Sports. Nike has a new match ball: the Ordem Premier League.

Managerial changes

Season statistics

Scoring

Top scorers

Hat-tricks

4 Player scored 4 goals

Clean sheets

Discipline

Player

Most yellow cards: 9
Lee Cattermole (Sunderland)

Most red cards: 2
Paul Konchesky (Leicester City)
Kyle Naughton (Tottenham Hotspur)

Club

Most yellow cards: 58
Sunderland

Most red cards: 5
Aston Villa
Swansea City

Awards

Monthly awards

References

Other websites
 Official website 

2014-15
2014 in association football
2015 in association football
Elizabeth E. "Liz" Holzman (February 9, 1953 – August 11, 2014) was an American movie and television director, producer, animator and writer. She was best known for her work on the animated television shows Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain. She won three Emmy Awards during the 1990s.

Holzman was born in San Francisco, California. She studied at Mills College and at the California Institute of the Arts. There she earned her MFA in movie graphics. She was also the Animation Department Chair at the Art Institute of Portland.

Holzman died from breast cancer on August 11, 2014 in Portland, Oregon. She was 61.

References

Other websites
 

1953 births
2014 deaths
American animators
American movie directors
American television directors
American television producers
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from breast cancer
Emmy Award winners
Movie producers from California
Screenwriters from California
Writers from San Francisco
Contour lines or isolines are used when plotting a function. All the points where the function has the same value are connected. Two well-known examples, where such lines are commonly are height lines on topographical maps, and showing areas with the same pressure or temperature on weather charts. Contour lines are an application of level sets. 

Statistics
Cartography
The War on Drugs is what people call a government program in the United States. The program was, officially, to end drug use.  It started in the early 1970s and the Reagan Administration gave it a lot of attention in the 1980s. The War on Drugs continued into the 1990s and 2000s. Presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush supported it.

The War on Drugs led to the capture of many drug dealers and ended many drug dealers in the United States. The Drug Policy Alliance said that the United States had spent $51 billion every year on the War on Drugs.

The War on Drugs also lead to the creation of the saying "Just Say No" which was created by Ronald Reagan's wife and First Lady Nancy Reagan. It was created to prevent teenagers doing drugs.

Related pages
 Corruption
 1970s

1970s in the United States
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1990s in the United States
2000s in the United States
Drugs
History of the United States
Cecil Dale Andrus (August 25, 1931 – August 24, 2017) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He served as Governor of Idaho for 14 years. He served as governor from 1971 to 1977 and again from 1987 to 1995. He served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1977 to 1981, during the Carter administration.

Andrus died on August 24, 2017 in Boise, just short of his 86th birthday, due to complications from lung cancer.

References

Further reading
 Cecil Andrus: Politics Western Style (September 1998), Sasquatch Books, 

1931 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
United States Secretaries of the Interior
Governors of Idaho
Politicians from Oregon
US Democratic Party politicians
Sésamo, formerly known as Plaza Sesamo is a Latin American version of the Sesame Street television show.  It was first shown in Venezuela in 1972.

Children's television series
Sesame Street
Big Bag is a muppet and segment comedy television show from Jim Henson and Sesame Workshop It aired on the Cartoon Network between 1996-1998. Season 1 was released in 1996-1997 and season 2 was released in 1997-1998.

Channel Links

Muppets
Children's television series
English-language television programs
Deborah Evelyn Sussman (May 26, 1931 – August 20, 2014) was an American artist and designer. She was a discoverer in the field of environmental graphic design. Her work put graphic design into architectural and public spaces. She worked on many projects, most notably the architectural landscape of the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was awarded an AIGA medal in 2004.

Sussman was born in Brooklyn borough of New York City, New York. Her father was a skilled commercial artist.

Sussman died from breast cancer on August 20, 2014 in Los Angeles, California. She was 83.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2014 deaths
American artists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from breast cancer
Designers
People from Los Angeles
People from New York City
Roscoe Conkling "Fatty" Arbuckle (March 24, 1887 – June 29, 1933) was an American silent movie actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He helped Charlie Chaplin become an actor. He discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope. 

Arbuckle was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s. He soon became one of the highest paid actors in Hollywood. He once signed a contract in 1921 with Paramount Pictures for US$1 million.

Arbuckle was accused of three counts of rape and for murdering actress Virginia Rappe. Arbuckle was later found not guilty and the jury gave Arbuckle a formal apology.

Arbuckle died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1933 at age 46.

References

Other websites

 

Crime Library on Roscoe Arbuckle 

Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle Photos
Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle website: CallMeFatty.com
Contemporary press articles pertaining to Arbuckle
Literature on Roscoe Arbuckle
Banned Film Resurfaces 90 Years After San Francisco Scandal at sfgate.com

1887 births
1933 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American silent movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Comedians from Kansas
Actors from Kansas
Thomas James "Tom" Snyder (May 12, 1936 – July 29, 2007) was an American television personality, news anchor, and radio personality. He was best known for his late night talk shows The Tomorrow Show and The Late Late Show. Snyder was also an anchor of the primetime NBC News Update.

Snyder died of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in San Francisco, California, aged 71.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2007 deaths
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from chronic lymphocytic leukemia
People from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Television personalities from Wisconsin
Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa (born August 1, 1979) is an American actor, model, director, writer and producer. He played Ronon Dex in the television series Stargate: Atlantis and as Khal Drogo in the Home Box Office television series Game of Thrones. His father is of Native Hawaiian descent, and his mother is of German, Irish and Native American descent.

He also starred in the movie Conan the Barbarian. In 2014, he directed his first movie Road to Paloma. Momoa played Aquaman, one of the superheroes in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League and the 2018 movie of the same name.

References 

Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2014
1979 births
Actors from Honolulu
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Writers from Hawaii
Models from Hawaii
Neil Edward Goldschmidt (born June 16, 1940) is an American politician and businessman. He served as Governor of Oregon January 1987 through January 1991.

Goldschmidt also served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President Jimmy Carter from August 1979 through January 1981. He also served as Mayor of Portland, Oregon from January 1973 through January 1979.

He was a member of Democratic Party.

Goldschmidt was born in Eugene, Oregon.

References

Other websites
 President Carter greets Secretary Goldschmidt, a photo published November 4, 1980, in The Oregonian, from that newspaper's flickr account.
 

1940 births
Living people
Governors of Oregon
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Mayors of Portland, Oregon
People from Eugene, Oregon
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Portland, Oregon
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989. He served during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.

References

Other websites
Venable.com profile 
Intercollegiate studies Instititute page 
American Enterprise Institute page mention

1948 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Politicians from North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
Rodney Earl Slater (born February 23, 1955) is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of Transportation under U.S. President Bill Clinton. He is a member of the Democratic Party

Slater was born in Marianna, Arkansas.

Slater graduated from Eastern Michigan University in 1977, and received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1980.

After Clinton was elected president, 1993 Slater became the first African-American Director of the Federal Highway Administration.

In 1997, Slater was appointed to be the Secretary of Transportation. He was the second African American to hold that post.

References

1955 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Politicians from Arkansas
US Democratic Party politicians
Raymond H. "Ray" LaHood (born December 6, 1945) is an American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Transportation from 2009 until 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party. LaHood represented Illinois's 18th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2009.

References

Other websites

 Secretary Ray LaHood at the United States Department of Transportation
 Ray LaHood on the Daily Show, December 15, 2009
 
C-SPAN Q&A interview with LaHood, September 2, 2007
 Profile  at SourceWatch
 

1945 births
Living people
Maronites
United States representatives from Illinois
United States Secretaries of Transportation
US Republican Party politicians
John Sherman Cooper (August 23, 1901 – February 21, 1991) was an American politician, jurist, and diplomat from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He served three non-consecutive terms in the United States Senate before being elected to two full terms in 1960 and 1966.

He also served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1956 and U.S. Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to more than one term as a senator from Kentucky and, in both 1960 and 1966. He set records for the largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate from either party.

Further reading

Other websites

Cooper on the cover of Time magazine, July 5, 1954 

1901 births
1991 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States
American Baptists
American judges
Lawyers from Kentucky
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from heart failure
Harvard University alumni
United States senators from Kentucky
US Republican Party politicians
Yale University alumni
Golam Mostofa (Bengali: গোলাম মোস্তফা) (1897- 13 October 1964) was a writer and poet. Mostofa wrote the Tarana-E-Pakistan the anthem (official song) for the then country of East Pakistan. His country is now called Bangladesh. 

1897 births
1964 deaths
Pakistani writers
Poets
John Stewart Waugh (April 25, 1929 – August 22, 2014) was an American chemist and educator. He was an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is known for making normal hamiltonian theory and using it to extend NMR spectroscopy, before only limited to liquids, to the solid state. In 1974, he was elected as a member in the Chemistry section of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). In 1983, he was awarded Wolf Prize in Chemistry with Herbert S. Gutowsky and Harden M. McConnell.

Waugh was born in Willimantic, Connecticut. He was married to Susan and had two children.

Waugh died on August 22, 2014 in Lincoln, Massachusetts, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 John S. Waugh  at the Wolf Foundation website
 John S. Waugh  at the MIT Department of Chemistry webpage

1929 births
2014 deaths
American academics
American chemists
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Scientists from Connecticut
Wolf Prize winners
Educators from Connecticut
Victor Peter Chang  (born Chang Yam Him; 21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991) was an Australian heart surgeon. He has been called a pioneer of modern heart transplantation. He also helped with the development of an artificial heart valve. He worked at St Vincent's Hospital with his team who had high success rates of heart transplants.

Chang was born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese parents. He first grew up in Hong Kong before moving to Sydney, New South Wales, in 1951. He studied and trained at the University of Sydney as well as in the United Kingdom and the United States. He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1986. He was married to English-born Ann Simmons. The couple had three children.

Chang was murdered on 4 July 1991 in Mosman, Sydney. He was 54. He was shot in the head twice for turning down the efforts of extortion by two men. The men, Malaysians Chew Seng "Ah Sung" Liew and Choon Tee "Phillip" Lim, first ran their vehicle into Chang's car, making him pull over. After arguing, Chang was shot dead by Liew. The men both later spent time in jail.

References

Other websites
 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

1936 births
1991 deaths
Australian educators
Australian medical doctors
Murders by firearm
Order of Australia
People from Hong Kong
People from Shanghai
People from Sydney
Square One TV is an American children's television program. It was produced by the Children's Television Workshop. The purpose is to teach mathematics to young viewers for educational kids tv. It was aired in 1987-1992 and 1995-1996, reran aired in 1992-1994 and 1999-2002.

Square One features a variety of short events all with a mathematical theme, for example Mathman, a parody of Pac-Man; Mathnet, parody of Dragnet, and Late Afternoon with David Numberman, parody of Late Night with David Letterman.

Programming

Weekdays 
Adventures from the Book of Virtues
The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn
Arthur
Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy
Atom Ant
Bananas in Pyjamas
Barney & Friends
The Berenstain Bears
Between the Lions
The Big Comfy Couch
Bob the Builder
The Charlie Horse Music Pizza
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Corduroy
Dexter's Laboratory
Dragon Tales
The Electric Company
Elliot Moose
Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman
The Flintstones
The Funny Company
George Shrinks
The Huggabug Club
Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks
The Jetsons
Kipper
Lamb Chop's Play-Along
Mama Mriabelle's Home Movies
Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse
New Adventures of Superman
Peg + Cat
Peep and the Big Wide World
Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks
Postcards from Buster
Reading Rainbow
Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat
SciGirls
Scooby-Doo
Storytime
Seven Little Monsters
Sesame Street
Thomas & Friends
Top Cat
Timothy Goes to School
Yogi Bear
The Zula Patrol
Zoobilee Zoo

Segments 
Dirk Niblick of the Math Brigade
Late Afternoon with David Numberman
Mathman
Mathnet

References 

Children's television series
PBS Kids shows
1987 television series debuts
1992 television series endings
Ganesha Chaturthi is the 10 day-long Hindu festival held on the birthday of the Lord Ganesha.  He is the son of Shiva and Parvati. It is celebrated all over India. The festival is held on shukla chaturthi in the Hindu month of Bhaadrapada and ends on Anant chaturdashi. For example in 2020 it will be celebrated on August 22th. It is celebrated widely in Maharashtra. On this occasion people make special "modaks" which are loved by Lord Ganesha. Lalbaug is a place that every year celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi on a large scale. 

There are Ganesha's form like Bal Ganesh, Lalbaugchya Raja, Siddhivinayak Maharaj, and Dhagru Sheth. The most popular ones are: Shreemant Dagdusheth Halwai Ganpati Mandir and Lalbaugcha Raja.

Overview 
Ganesh Chaturthi is also called Vinayaka Chaturthi, it is a pure Hindu festival, during this festival people pray Lord Ganesha with great devotion. In this occasion people keep their clay idols privately in their homes, or publicly on big pandals (or temporary stages or altars).

It starts with Vedic hymns, prayers, vrata and hindu texts such as Ganesha Upanishad. Offerings of prasada after the prayer and distributing amongst the community people, prasad include sweets, modaka (it is believed to be the favourite sweet of ganesha). This festival starts on the fourth day of Hindu luni-solar calendar month Bhadrapada, which normally falls in the month of August or September. The Ganesha chaturthi ends on the tenth day. 

Celebrations include four stages of rituals:

 Pranapratistha - It involves the positioning of the idol or deity of Lord Ganesha into the pandals. This calls for a big celebration. People pray and sing various folk songs while bringing the deity to the Pandals. They play with colours as well.
 Shodasopachara - It involves praying to the lord and offering him puja.
 Uttarpuja. It involves a ceremony after which the deity can be moved from his position. After this ritual, the idol is moved among the public so that they can take his blessings.
Ganpati Visarjan. At this stage, the idol is immersed into the river, sea or ocean. He is believed to go back to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati after the immersion.

References

Hindu festivals
The cat righting reflex is a cat's natural ability to turn itself around as it falls so it will land on its feet. This righting reflex starts to happen at 3–4 weeks of age. The cat has entirely learned how to do this by 6–7 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have a flexible backbone and a clavicle that does not move. The minimum height needed for this to happen safely in most cats is about 12 inches.

Cats without a tail can also do this. This is because a cat mostly moves its hind legs and does not use much angular momentum to set itself up for landing. So a tail is not really needed for this skill.

Using this righting reflex, cats can often land without injury. But, this is not always true, since cats can still break bones or die from extreme  falls. 

In a 1987 study, written in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 132 cats were looked at after having fallen from buildings. The injuries per cat were more, depending on the height fallen; up to seven stories high. Above seven stories, the injuries were less. The study authors think that after falling five stories, the cats reached terminal velocity.  At that time, the cats relaxed and spread their bodies to increase drag.

How the cat does it 
First, cats decide which is up or down, by looking to see or by using senses in the inner ear. Then, cats manage to twist themselves to face downward, without ever changing their angular momentum. They do this in these steps:
Bend in the middle so that the front half of their body turns in the opposite direction than the rear half.
Tuck their front legs in to reduce the moment of inertia of the front half of their body. 
Stretch out their rear legs to increase the moment of inertia of the rear half of their body. This happens so that they can turn their front half very far (as much as 90°), while the rear half is turning opposite very much less (as little as 10°).
Extend their front legs and tuck their rear legs; so they can turn their rear half quite far, while their front half turns opposite quite a bit less.
If the cat is not flexible enough (able to bend easily), it may need to do steps two and three again in order to completely right itself.

Terminal velocity 
Besides this righting reflex, cats have body features that help keep them safe in a fall. Their small size, light bones, and thick fur decrease their terminal velocity. Also, once righted they may also spread out their body to increase drag and slow how fast they are falling. They also relax as they fall, which protects them some when they land.

Related pages 
 Buttered cat paradox

References

Other websites 
Why cats land on their feet 
National Geographic video on the cat righting reflex 
The miracle of the falling cat 
How do cats always land on their feet? Very slow motion video of the African caracal.

Cats
Reflexes
Physics
The buttered cat paradox is a popular joke based on putting two adages (sayings) together to make them funny:

 Cats always land on their feet.
 Buttered toast always lands buttered side down.

The paradox happens when one asks this question: What would happen if one attached a piece of buttered toast (butter side up) to the back of a cat, then dropped the cat from a large height?

In reality 
In reality, cats can turn themselves right side up in mid-air if they should fall upside-down. This is named the cat righting reflex. This reflex lets them land on their feet if dropped from high enough up (about ). Toast, not being alive, does not have the ability to turn itself over. Nor does it want to, since it cannot think.

Toast usually lands on the floor butter-side-down. This is because of how it is dropped from a table. As the toast falls from the table, it rotates or turns. Using the average speed of rotation for a slice of toast as it falls from the table and the usual height of a table, a slice of toast that began butter-side-up on the table will land butter-side-down on the floor 81% of the time. This is because the buttered side is heavier. When an object has a heavy and light side, in most cases it will fall heavy side first.

Domestic cats usually weigh between . A regular slice of bread weighs only one ounce and a pat of butter about one fourth ounce. So attaching a very small piece of toast with butter to a much larger cat would hardly have any effect on how the cat would move.

References

Other websites 
 Loopholes for the paradox

Cats
Humor
The Royal Chapel of Dreux () is the traditional resting place for members of the royal House of Orléans. It is located in the town of Dreux in France. 

The land on which the chapel was built on was owned by the Duke of Penthièvre, whose daughter Marie Adélaïde married the Duke of Orléans in 1769. Following the death of the Duke of Penthièvre his daughter inherited a majority of his vast estates including the land of Dreux. The Orléans family later used the chapel there as their own personal burial place following the reign of Louis Philippe I.

Churches in France
Centre-Val de Loire
Colombiana is a 2011 French crime drama action movie set in Bogotá and Chicago. Zoe Saldana plays Cataleya, a hired killer whose parents are murdered when she is a child, so she seeks revenge. Cliff Curtis plays Emilio.

This movie got mixed reviews from critics. It made almost $61 million.

Other websites 

2011 drama movies
2010s action movies
2010s crime drama movies
Bogotá
English-language movies
French action movies 
French crime movies
French drama movies
Movies about murderers
Movies about revenge
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Multilingual movies
Spanish-language movies
Paweł Marek Huelle (born 10 September 1957) is a Polish author, critic, journalist and university lecturer.  He was born in Gdańsk, Poland.

Career 
Huelle studied philology (language) at Gdańsk University.  After that, he was the press secretary for Solidarity (Solidarnosc). He also taught various subjects at schools in Gdansk at the same time. Later he worked as the director of the Gdańsk Polish Television Center.

His first novel was Weiser Dawidek. It was published in 1987. It made him famous in Poland. It is about five young friends in Gdańsk. Polish literary critics called it a masterpiece and the most important Polish literary work of the decade. "Once one begins reading Weiser Dawidek, the book can hardly be put down. Like Opowiadania, it is written with undeniably great talent." Huelle was the Polish winner of the Samuel-Bogumil-Linde-Preis for 2005.

Most of Huelle's stories are set in Gdańsk.  He says that city is "full of all kinds of ghosts. I'm not saying it's beautiful or wonderful in any way – but it's strange." Huelle has also published several short stories

Publications   

Weiser Dawidek (1987),
 Opowiadania na czas przeprowadzki (1991),
 Wiersze (1994),
 Pierwsza miłość i inne opowiadania (1996),
 Inne historie (1999),
 Mercedes-Benz. Z listów do Hrabala (2001),
 Byłem samotny i szczęśliwy (2002),
 Castorp (2004),
 Ostatnia Wieczerza (2007),
 Opowieści chłodnego morza (2008),
 Śpiewaj ogrody (2014).

References

Other websites 
 Paul Huelle: Danzig, my love (translated to English)

1957 births
Living people
Critics
Polish journalists
People from Gdańsk
Polish writers
Gerald Dempsey "Buster" Posey III (born March 27, 1987) is an American professional baseball catcher and first baseman for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He stands  and weighs . He bats and throws right-handed.

Posey grew up in Leesburg, Georgia. He played four sports in high school; when playing baseball, he was very good at hitting and pitching. He attended Florida State University, where he began playing the catcher position. 

He won the Golden Spikes Award in 2008 and was selected by the Giants with the fifth overall pick in the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. Posey made his major league start on September 11, 2009. After beginning the 2010 season in the minor leagues, he was called back up to the major leagues in May. He played first base when he came up, but became the Giants' regular catcher at the end of June.

References

Other websites

Florida State Seminoles bio 
 

Living people
San Francisco Giants players
1987 births
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
National League All-Stars
Steven Ray Nagel (October 27, 1946 – August 21, 2014), (Col, USAF), was an American astronaut, aeronautical and mechanical engineer, test pilot and a United States Air Force pilot. Nagel became a NASA astronaut in August 1979. Nagel retired from the Air Force, effective February 28, 1995 and as an astronaut one month later.

Nagel died on August 21, 2014 after a long battle with cancer.

References

Other websites
NASA Biography

1946 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American astronauts
Engineers from Illinois
Military people from Illinois
Dara Singh (19 November 1928 – 12 July 2012) was an Indian wrestler and actor. He started acting in 1952. He was the first sportsman to be nominated to the Rajya Sabha. He worked as Hindi and Punjabi movie producer, director and writer. He acted on movie and television. He was known for his roles in Jab We Met (2007), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) and Mera Naam Joker (1972).

Singh died on 12 July 2012 at his home in Mumbai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 83.

References

Other websites

Official Website

1928 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Indian movie directors
Wrestlers
Indian movie producers
Indian sportspeople
Indian writers
Punjabi people
The Sydney Roosters are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 15 premierships, most recently in 2019.

References

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sports in Sydney
1908 establishments in Australia
The Penrith Panthers are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Penrith, western Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1966. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won three premierships, most recently in 2021.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sports in Sydney
1966 establishments in Oceania
1960s establishments in Australia
The Canberra Raiders are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the nation's capital city of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. They were founded in 1981. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won three premierships, most recently in 1994.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Canberra
1981 establishments in Australia
The South Sydney Rabbitohs are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Redfern, south-central Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 21 premierships (the most of any other team), most recently in 2014.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sports in Sydney
1908 establishments in Australia
Albert Dominique Ebossé Bodjongo Dika (6 October 1989 – 23 August 2014) was a Cameroonian soccer player who played for JS Kabylie in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1.

On 23 August 2014 Albert was struck by a projectile thrown by a fan just hours after a matchup between his home team JS Kabylie and USM Alger. The match had ended in a 2-1 defeat and the Cameroonian died of head injury due to the strike. He was aged 24.

References

1989 births
2014 deaths
Cameroonian footballers
Hajo Meyer (12 August 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a German-Dutch physicist and Jewish political activist.

Family
He was born in Bielefeld. In 1938, Meyer escaped from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands alone, without his parents. He went into hiding in 1943, but was arrested after a year and spent ten months in Auschwitz. His parents, who were deported from Germany. They did not survive.

Works
After the war, Meyer returned to the Netherlands, and studied theoretical physics. He started working for Philips and eventually became director of the Philips Physics Laboratory (NatLab). After his retirement he took courses in England and worked as a builder of new violins and violas.

On 23 August 2014, Meyer died in his sleep at the age of 90 in The Hague, Netherlands.

References

Other websites
 

1924 births
2014 deaths
Dutch activists
Dutch Jews
Dutch physicists
German Jews
German political activists
Holocaust survivors
Jewish activists
Jewish scientists
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
Refugees from Nazism
German theoretical physicists
The United Party of Canada is a political party in Canada. It is a centrist party. It supports education for everyone at the college and trade school levels. It also says that we should make energy from renewable sources, instead of making it from things that go away forever.

References 

Political parties in Canada
The Western Block Party (or WBP) is a conservative political party in Canada. It wants Western Canada to become independent from the rest of Canada. It was founded in 2005. It first ran candidates in the 2006 federal elections. The party's current leader is Paul St. Laurent.

The WBP is not affiliated with some other independent parties in western Canada, such as the Alberta First Party and the Western Independence Party of Saskatchewan.

Related pages 
 List of political parties in Canada

References

Political parties in Canada
2005 establishments in Canada
Voice-tracking is a technique used by some radio stations in radio broadcasting to make an illusion of a live disc jockey or announcer sitting in the studios of the radio station when one is actually not in the station.

Background
Voice-tracking refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording the parts when they speak on the radio. It is then mixed with songs, commercials and other elements to make it sound like a live air shift. Voice-tracking is mostly used in radio stations, especially during the night, overnight, weekend, and holiday time periods. Most radio stations also use it as a way to save money instead of having disc jockeys around the clock.

Variations
Sometimes, voice-tracking is done so that people can do other jobs. For example, a DJ may also have a job as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record a three-hour shift in less than a half-hour, leaving him or her time to do office work. A popular live weekday morning radio host can record parts for a Saturday show, allowing him or her to be on the air six days a week without spending more time at the station. It is also helpful during holidays such as Christmas or Easter, when people are off spending time with their families.

Formatics
Different radio stations want their DJs to speak only at certain times. Here is an example:

 At example station ZZZZ, the DJs have to follow certain rules. These rules are called formatics.

 DJs have to backsell (or give the name and artist of a song that already played) three songs before playing commercials at 22 minutes past the hour.

 DJs have to read or play a pre-recorded weather forecast at 44 minutes past the hour.

 DJs are allowed to speak only over the instrumental part of the song at the beginning. (As shown below)

As an example, see the picture below:

As one song ends, the next song begins. At this point, the DJ doesn't start talking until the second song starts and he stops at the point where the song's vocals start.

Radio
James Hinchcliffe is a Canadian racecar driver. He drives in the IndyCar Series. He was born on December 5, 1986 in Oakville, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. Hinchcliffe is known for his media personality as well as his racing. He has become a very popular driver. Hinchcliffe named his website "Hinchtown" and he is the town's "mayor".

Hinchcliffe started in IndyCar in 2011. He drove for the Newman/Haas team. He won rookie of the year. Later, his team stopped racing in IndyCar and he had to find a new team. For 2012, he was hired by Andretti Autosport. A year later he had a very successful year. He won three races in St. Petersburg, Brazil, and Iowa. He continued driving for Andretti. In 2015, Hinchcliffe joined Schmidt Peterson Motorsports and replaced Simon Pagenaud. During Monday practice before the 2015 Indianapolis 500, Hinchcliffe suffered serious injuries in a crash.

References

Other websites
Official website 

People from Ontario
1986 births
Living people
IndyCar Series drivers
Time Warner Cable was an American cable and telecommunications company. The company served almost 30 states. It was the second-largest cable company behind Comcast.

They offered Cable television and Internet services.

Time Warner Cable was founded in 1973 and was bought by Charter Communications in May 2016.

References

American television providers
1989 establishments in the United States
Time Warner
American internet service providers
Companies based in New York City
1989 establishments in New York (state)