cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Food processing means the ways that are used to change raw ingredients into food so that they can be eaten by humans or animals. The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed.

Industries 
Food processing industries and practices include the following:
 Cannery
 Cooking
 Industrial rendering
 Meat packing plant
 Slaughterhouse
 Sugar industry
 Vegetable packing plant

Related pages
Food preservation
Farming
Cattle
Fishing

Other websites
Food processing Faraday 
Foodprocessing Informational Website
Hyfoma Food processing and manufacturing knowledge Portal
Institute of Food Technologists
How to choose a food processor 
Food Processor Review 
Food Processor Recipes
Food Processing Technology
U.S. association of suppliers to the global food, beverage and pharmaceutical processing industries

Technology

de:Lebensmittelindustrie#Industrielle Lebensmittelverarbeitung
60 (spelled sixty) is a number. It comes after fifty-nine and before sixty-one and is an even number.
It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60.

Integers
The CN Tower is a telecommunications tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is  tall and is the tallest free-standing structure (meaning it cannot have wires to keep it standing) in Canada, North America, and the Western Hemisphere. It is not the tallest building as there are no floors for people to work or live in. That title goes to One World Trade Center in New York City, New York, United States, which is a bit shorter at  tall. It is not the tallest structure of any kind in the Americas either, as the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, also in the United States, is taller at , but that needs wires to keep it upright.

Construction of the concrete tower started on February 6, 1973. In 1975, while it was still being built, it became taller than the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. When it opened to the public  on June 26, 1976, it became the tallest free-standing structure on land in the world. It held this record for more than thirty years, until the Burj Khalifa, while it was still being built, became taller on September 12, 2007 . The CN Tower continued to be the world's tallest tower until the Canton Tower became taller in 2010. It is now the ninth tallest building in the world and the fifth tallest free-standing structure behind both of these, the Shanghai Tower, and the Burj Khalifa.

The "CN" in the tower's name came from the Canadian National Railway, the railway company that built the tower.  In 1995, the railway sold the tower to the Canada Lands Company (CLC).  Local residents wanted to keep the name CN Tower, though, so the abbreviation is now a shortened form of Canada's National Tower instead of the original Canadian National Tower. Neither of these names are commonly used, though; the tower is usually called the CN Tower.

Today, the CN Tower is an important icon of Toronto and has more than two million tourists and visitors every year. It has been one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World since 1995.

It has a restaurant that spins around every 1 hour & 12 minutes.

Related pages
 List of tallest structures in the world

References 

1970s establishments in Canada
1976 establishments in North America
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in Toronto
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Towers
Freiburg (Alemannic German: Friburg im Brisgau) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Its full name is Freiburg im Breisgau.

Freiburg is on the western edge of the southern Black Forest ().

Twin cities 
Freiburg has many twin cities throughout the world:
 , Besançon,since 1959
 , Innsbruck, since 1963
 , Padua, since 1967
 , Guildford, since 1979
 , Madison, Wisconsin, since 1987
 , Matsuyama, since 1988
 , Lviv, since 1989
 , Granada, since 1991
 , Isfahan, since 2000

Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial comments, which included questioning the size of the Holocaust, have sparked questions about Freiburg's partnership with Isfahan. After the comments Freiburg's mayor postponed a trip to Isfahan, but most people involved, especially those in the Alliance '90/The Greens party, were opposed to cancelling the partnership.

Famous residents 
 Friedrich von Hayek, economist
 Hans F. K. Günther, Nazi eugenicist
 Dany Heatley, player for the Ottawa Senators NHL team
 Martin Heidegger, philosopher (originally not from Freiburg, taught in Freiburg)
 Edmund Husserl, philosopher
 Boris Kodjoe, model and actor
 Benjamin Lebert, author and newspaper columnist
 Joachim Löw, coach of the German national football team.
 Karl Rahner, Catholic theologian
 Wolfgang Schäuble, Minister of the Interior, 1989 - 1991, in Helmut Kohl and, 2005 - current, Angela Merkel governments.
 Jürgen Schrempp, former head of DaimlerChrysler
 Berthold Schwarz, fabled alchemist who supposedly introduced gunpowder to Germany
 Til Schweiger, actor and director
 Hermann Staudinger, Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
 Edith Stein, Saint of the Roman Catholic Church, martyred by the Nazis, member of the Freiburg faculty; her residence is marked by a plaque.
 Martin Waldseemüller, the inventor of the name America
 August Weismann, biologist
 Bernhard Witkop, organic chemist

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Freiburg:History and images  
 City of Freiburg and the Black Forest
 Augustinermuseum 
 VAG Freiburg Freiburg Public Transit Authority
 Freiburg-Home.com - Information & Reviews about Freiburg in English for expats, tourists and the community 
 Solar City - Germany  August 2000
 Webcams in Freiburg and the Black Forest
 Tramway in Freiburg
 fudder - a popular online-mag for young people (Winner of Grimme Online Award 2007)
 Freiburg's History for Pedestrians
Baden-Baden (Alemannic German: Bade-Bade) is a spa town with around 50,000 inhabitants in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is at the border of the Rhine valley and the Black Forest. The town is well known as a spa town, as a place for rich people and for many cultural offers. In the 19th century the town played an important role as a meeting place for the nobles, rich and other important people. A rich cultural heritage from that time can still be found at Baden-Baden.

History 
The springs of Baden-Baden were known to the Romans, and the foundation of the town is referred to the emperor Hadrian by an inscription of somewhat doubtful authenticity. The name of Aurelia Aquensis was given to it in honour of Aurelius Severus, in whose reign it would seem to have been well known. Fragments of its ancient sculptures are still to be seen, and in 1847 remains of Roman vapour baths, well preserved, were discovered just below the New Castle.

In 1931, the town of Baden-Baden was officially given its double name (a short form for "Baden in Baden", i.e. Baden in the state of Baden). In both World Wars, the town escaped destruction. After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French forces in Germany and the site of a displaced persons camp.

From September 23 to September 28 1981, the XIth Olympic Congress took place in the Kurhaus in Baden-Baden.

The Baden Airpark is 15 km west of Baden-Baden.

The Russian writer Dostoevsky wrote "The Gambler" while gambling at the famous Baden-Baden Casino.

Sights 
 Kurhaus
 The Casino
 Friedrichsbad
 Caracalla Spa
 Lichtentaler Allee, a well known 19th century park
 Sammlung Frieder Burda
 Old Castle "Hohenbaden", built in 1102, the first residence of the margraves of Baden, a ruin since the 15th century
 New Castle, former residence of the margraves of Baden
 The famous Festspielhaus Baden-Baden
 Ruins of Roman baths, ca. 2000 years old, excavated in 1847
  Stiftskirche, a church including the tombs of fourteen margraves of Baden
 "The Paradise" (Paradies), an Italian style Renaissance garden with lots of trick fountains
 Mount Merkur with Merkurbergbahn funicular railway and observation tower
 Fremersberg Tower
 Fabergé Museum

References

Other websites 
 Official site 
 Castle Hohenbaden  
 "Art and Nightlife Have Baden-Baden Percolating Again", New York Times, July 9, 2006

 
Spa towns in Germany
Görlitz (, Upper Sorbian: Zhorjelc, , , Upper Lusatian dialect: Gerlz, Gerltz or Gerltsch) is a town in Germany on the river Lusatian Neisse, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony, opposite the Polish town of Zgorzelec. Zgorzelec was a part of Görlitz until 1945.

Historically Görlitz has belonged at times to the regions of Lusatia and Silesia. Today it is the easternmost city in Germany.

History 
When Nazi Germany lost the war, German troops blew up all bridges crossing the Lusatian Neisse. The redrawing of boundaries in 1945 – in particular the relocation of the German-Polish border to the Oder-Neisse line – divided the town, the right bank becoming part of Poland, and named Zgorzelec in 1948, while the main portion became part of the German state of Saxony. When the East German states were dissolved in 1952, Görlitz became part of the Dresden Bezirk (region), but the states were restored upon German reunification in 1990.

Today Görlitz and Zgorzelec, two towns on opposite banks of the river, have friendly relations. Two bridges have been rebuilt, a bus line connects the German and Polish parts of the town, and there is a common urban management, with annual common sessions of both town councils.

On June 27, 1994, the town was became a Roman Catholic diocese.

Görlitz is the hometown of current German football players Michael Ballack and Jens Jeremies.

In 2006 Görlitz/Zgorzelec was a candidate for European City of Culture 2010. It was hoped that the jury could be convinced by the concept of a Polish-German Cooperation but Essen got the award, with Görlitz achieving the second place. The Campaign was renamed City of Culture to intensify German-Polish relationship and to attract tourists from all over the world.

In Fiction
The dramatic courtroom scene, at the conclusion of John le Carré famous Cold War spy novel "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold", takes place in a secret Socialist Unity Party of Germany installation near Görlitz, in the middle 1960s.

People 
 Jakob Böhme - philosopher, 1575 born in a village near Görlitz.
 Johann Christoph Brotze
 Oskar Morgenstern
 Hans-Jürgen Dörner, football player and coach
 Jens Jeremies, retired footballer, had played for Bayern Munich and the German national team.
 Michael Ballack, footballer,  signed to German club Bayer Leverkusen, current captain of the German national team.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Görlitz Rural District
The visible spectrum (or sometimes called the optical spectrum) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. 

A typical human eye will react to wavelengths in air from about 380 to 750 nm. 

The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the pure spectral or monochromatic colors. 

But there are no clear boundaries between one color and the next.

Color display spectrum

Color displays (e.g., computer monitors or televisions) mix red, green, and blue color to approximate the color spectrum. In the illustration, the narrow red, green and blue bars show the relative mixture of these three colors used to produce the color directly above.

References

Optics
Electromagnetism
Vision  can refer to:

 Sight- the ability to see
 a form of religious experience
 Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe) - A fictional superhero created by Marvel Studios
Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is  northwest of Eberswalde, and  northeast of Berlin-Mitte.

References

Other websites

Barnim Rural District
Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Dutch or Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker. He is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Bruegel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel family. But he is the most famous of them and therefore in most of the cases when someone speaks of "Brueghel" he thinks of him. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as Bruegel.

Life 
There are records that he was born in Breda, Netherlands, but it is uncertain whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. He was the son of a peasant living in the village of Breughel.

Style 
In Bruegel's later years he painted in a simpler style than the Italian art in his time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch.

Themes 
Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants. He is often credited as being the first Western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake.

He showed the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games. These show the folk culture of 16th century life.

Some of his Paintings 

Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap, 1565, Bruxelles, Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van Belgie, inv. 8724
 The Peasant and the Nest Robber, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 The Three Soldiers, 1568, Frick Collection, New York City
 Conversion Of Paul, 1567, Kunsthistorishes Museum, Vienna
 The Storm at Sea, an unfinished work, probably Bruegel's last painting.

Other websites 

 Biography at the Web Gallery of Art
 Pieter Bruegel the Elder at Olga's Gallery
 Pieter Bruegel the Elder in the "A World History of Art"
 Complete list of paintings. Includes all of the 100 proverbs from the painting, with explanation (in French). 
 www.all-art.org/early_renaissance About Pieter Brueghel the Elder
 Timken Museum of Art's "Parable of the Sower" by Pieter Bruegel the Elder 

1520s births
1569 deaths
Flemish painters
Dutch painters
Bad Tölz is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.

In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was made at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was located in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991.

Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church made in 1466, which is a good example of German late-Gothic architecture.

Geography 
Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River, 670 metres above sea level. It has an area of

Culture 
 Bad Tölz is the setting of the popular television series, Der Bulle von Tölz.
 Tölzer Knabenchor - a world-famous boys choir.
 Bad Tölz is famous for the hockey club EC Bad Tölz (also known as Tölzer Löwen)

References

Other websites 
  
 Junkerschule Bad Tölz

Spa towns in Germany
Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor.  "Forever" is one of his most famous songs. He has won three American Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, eleven BET Awards, and a Grammy Award.

Personal life
He got attention when he was arrested and convicted in 2009 for beating his then-girlfriend, R&B/pop singer Rihanna. He was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service. He was also ordered to stay at least 300 feet away from her for five years. Brown has bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

He made his own record label CBE (Chris Brown Entertainment or Culture Beyond Your Evolution) in 2007.

Discography
Brown has released 5 albums and 4 mixtapes:

References 

1989 births
Living people
Actors from Virginia
African American actors
African American musicians
American dancers
American movie actors
American people convicted of assault
American R&B singers
Rap musicians from Virginia
American television actors
People with bipolar disorder
Singers from Virginia
American Music Awards
Bernau bei Berlin (English Bernau near Berlin) is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about  northeast of Berlin.

In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) (General German Confederation of Trade Unions) opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people.

Twinned cities 
  - Champigny-sur-Marne
 ,  - Meckhenheim
  - Skwierzyna

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the city (German)

Barnim Rural District
Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps. Mount Staufen () and Mount Zwiesel () are both near Bad Reichenhall. Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds. The town was the site of a disaster on January 2, 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others.

Ice rink disaster 

Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident.

Famous people from Bad Reichenhall 
 Anni Friesinger, speed skater
 Regina Häusl, alpine skier
 Stefan Holzner, triathlete
 Michael Neumayer, ski jumper
 Hans Söllner, singer-songwriter

Other websites 
 Bad Reichenhall Tourist Centre
 Bad Reichenhall Tourist Attractions

References

Spa towns in Germany
Berchtesgadener Land
Chris Brown (born 1989) is an American R&B singer.

Chris Brown or Christopher Brown may refer to:

Music

Chris Brown (album), an album by Chris Brown
Chris Brown (Canadian musician), Canadian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist
Chris Brown (Australian musician), Australian musician, member of Ayers Rock (band)
Chris Brown (composer) (born 1953), composer, pianist, and electronic musician
Chris Taylor Brown (born 1981), singer for Trapt
Christopher Brown (composer) (born 1943), English composer

Sports

Cricket
Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1974) (born 1974), English cricketer
Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973) (born 1973), former Cook Islands cricketer

Gridiron football
Chris Brown (American football coach), American football coach and former player
Chris Brown (defensive back) (born 1962), American football player
Chris Brown (offensive lineman) (born 1978), former American football offensive lineman
Chris Brown (running back), American football player

Football
Chris Brown (American soccer) (born 1977), American soccer midfielder/striker
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1971), English-American football defender and manager
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1984), English football striker
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1992), English football defender

Hockey
Chris Brown (field hockey) (born 1960), New Zealand
Chris Brown (ice hockey) (born 1991), American ice hockey player drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes
Christophe Brown (born 1974), Swiss ice hockey player in the Switzerland National League A

Other sports
Chris Brown (athlete) (born 1978), Bahamian sprinter
Chris Brown (baseball) (1961–2006), American third baseman

Politics
Chris A. Brown (born 1964), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
Christopher J. Brown (born 1971), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
Chris Brown (California politician) (born 1981), American politician and businessman in the state of California
Chris Brown (Mississippi politician) (born 1967), Republican Mississippi state representative and businessman

Other people 
Christopher Brown (author), American science fiction author
Christopher Brown (museum director) (born 1948), director of the Ashmolean Museum
Chris Brown (British Army officer), last General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland
Chris Brown (veterinarian) (born 1978), Australian veterinarian, television personality and author
M. Christopher Brown II, President of Alcorn State University
Chris Brown (dancer) (1896–1956), Native American dancer and costume maker
Demmin () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was the capital of the former Demmin Rural District.

World War II 
German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald.

Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3.

Famous residents 
 Joachim Lütkemann (1608-1655), preacher and author
 Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann (1724-1782), merchant and politician
 Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839-1884), pathologist
 Willy Schulz-Demmin (1892-1974), painter
 Hans-Adolf Asbach (1904-1976), politician
 Willi Laatsch (1905-1997), pedologist
 Paul von Maltzahn (born 1945), diplomat
 Andy Glandt, banjo player

Literature 
 Norbert Buske, Das Kriegsende in Demmin 1945 (German) - The End of the War in Demmin 1945

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Demmin Rural District
The Red Army was the army of the Bolsheviks led by Leon Trotsky in the Russian Civil War. Later it became the army of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was the name used mainly before and during World War II. After the war it was renamed as the Soviet Army, although many people still continued to call it the Red Army. Even nowadays some people still nickname the modern Russian Army as the Red Army. 

Some later Communist organizations such as the Red Army Faction used the name, and anti-communists sometimes used the name for any left-wing group which they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the USSR.

1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Armies
Soviet Union
World War II
1918 establishments in the Soviet Union
Nienburg is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geography

Geographical location 
Nienburg is on the river Weser, approx. 55 km southeast of Bremen, and 45 km northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the Mittelweserregion.

Population 
(in each case December 31st)
 1998 - 32.789
 1999 - 32.659
 2000 - 32.611
 2001 - 32.454
 2002 - 32.462
 2003 - 32.543
 2004 - 32.691
 2005 - 32.803

Town's structure 
Nienburg, including quarters
 Erichshagen
 Holtorf
 Langendamm
 Schäferhof/Kattriede
 Nordertor
 Leintor
 Lehmwandlung
 Alpheide

Town council 
The 38 members of the "Stadtrat" are made up of:
 Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands - CDU 14
 Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands - SPD 17
 Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Grüne 3
 Freie Demokratische Partei-FDP 2
 Wählergemeinschaft - WG 1
 Die Linke 1
(September 10, 2006)

Twin towns 
Nienburg has two twin towns:
 Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
 Vitebsk, Belarus

References
Querfurt a town in Saalekreis district (Kreis) in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in a fertile country on the Querne,  west from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberroblingen. Pop. 12,935 (2005).

References

Other websites

Saalekreis Rural District
Turquoise is an opaque (cannot be seen through), blueish-green mineral. It is not common and can be valuable in finer grades.  It has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years because of its interesting coloring. 

The word Turquoise means Turkish in French.

Gemstones
Birthstones
Yotsuya Kaidan, also known as Tōkaidō yotsuya kaidan, is one of the most famous Japanese ghost stories of all time. It was written as a play in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku. 

The tale takes place in the Tōkaidō region.

Plot
The story is a tale of murder and ghostly revenge. It continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today.

References

Japanese folklore
El Greco ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos ().

El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.

El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.

References 

1541 births
1614 deaths
Crete
Spanish painters
Greek people
People from Toledo, Spain
Spanish sculptors
Spanish architects
Byron can mean:

People

Surname
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron ("Lord Byron"), a well-known English writer and poet
Beverly Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
Don Byron, an American jazz composer and musician
Fergal Byron, Irish gaelic football player
Goodloe Byron, U.S. Congressman
Henry James Byron, dramatist 
John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, 17 century Royalist
John Byron, 18 century British explorer and admiral
Kari Byron, member of the MythBusters crew
Katharine Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
Robert Byron, 20 century British travel writer
Tom Byron, an American pornographic actor and director
William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman

Given name
Byron Black, Zimbabwean tennis player
Byron Cage, an American gospel singer
Byron Dafoe, National Hockey League goaltender
Byron Dorgan, U.S. Senator
Byron Haskin, U.S. film director
Byron Katie, American self-help author and founder of "The Work"
Byron Leftwich, NFL quarterback
Byron Nelson, PGA Tour golfer, nicknamed 'Lord Byron'
Byron White, U.S. Supreme court associate justice
Byron Scott, NBA coach and former player

Fictional characters
Byron Basset, the sleeping puppy from Tiny Toon Adventures
Byron (Babylon 5), a character from the television series Babylon 5
Byron Henry, a character in Herman Wouk's novels The Winds of War and War and Remembrance
Byron, a Gym Leader in the Pokemon Diamond and Pokemon Pearl video games

Places
United States
Byron, California
Byron, Georgia
Byron, Illinois
Byron Township, Ogle County, Illinois
Byron, Maine
Byron, Michigan
Byron Township, Michigan
Byron, Minnesota
Byron Township, Cass County, Minnesota
Byron Township, Waseca County, Minnesota
Byron, New York
Byron, Ohio
Byron, Oklahoma
Byron, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Byron, Monroe County, Wisconsin
Byron, Wyoming
Byron Center, Michigan
Byron Nuclear Generating Station in Illinois
Australia
Byron Bay, New South Wales, a coastal town
Canada
Byron, Ontario, a suburb of London
Outer space
Asteroid 3306 Byron
The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ismail with an army and a fleet to help fight the Greeks and the Greek Christian revolutionaries asked for help from European Christians. A fleet of the United Kingdom, France and Russia destroyed the Ottoman-Egypt fleet in the Battle of Navarino. After a long and bloody struggle, independence was finally achieved, and confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to be accepted as an independent sovereign power.

Notes

References

Other websites

Treaty of Constantinople 
of London, 1832
War of Independence

19th century in Greece
Wars of independence
19th century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
1820s in Europe
Ronald Sinclair (January 21, 1924 - November 22, 1992), born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes called Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair, was a child actor from New Zealand, who became a movie editor.

Career
Sinclair was a child actor turned movie editor who was still considered a star in his home country of New Zealand, long after his Hollywood career ended. He appeared in movies like The Light That Failed, Tower of London, That Hamilton Woman and Desperate Journey. He also appeared in a series of children's adventure movies featuring the Five Little Peppers.

From 1955 on, Sinclair worked together with director Roger Corman. Together they edited movies like Swamp Women, Day the World Ended, The Intruder, The Raven and The Trip.

Other websites

New Zealand movie actors
1924 births
1992 deaths
Affoltern im Emmental is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Albligen (also known in French as Albenon) was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Albligen and Wahlern merged into the new municipality of Schwarzenburg.

Former municipalities of Bern
Alchenstorf is a municipality of the administrative district  Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Bern
Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

The municipality is between Rubigen and Muri bei Bern, near Berne.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Amsoldingen is a municipality of the administrative district Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Other websites

Municipalities of Bern
Charles-Marie Widor (born Lyons, 21 February, 1844; died Paris, 12 March, 1937) was a French organist and composer. He was one of the greatest organists of his time and he had many pupils who learned a lot from him and became famous. Widor is best known for his organ works which he called “symphonies”. The Toccata from his Symphony no 5 is one of the best known of all organ pieces, often played at the end of wedding ceremonies.

1844 births
1937 deaths
20th-century French composers
French organists
Romantic composers
People from Lyon
Paul Hindemith (pronounce: POWL HIN-de-mit), (16 November 1895 in Hanau - 28 December 1963 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor. He was the most important and influential German composer during the years between the two World Wars. His style was at first influenced by Schoenberg and Expressionism, but gradually it became more neo-classical, and he turned against Schoenberg's whole approach. He was also famous as a viola player and composed a concerto for viola and orchestra.

1895 births
1963 deaths
20th-century German composers
Deaths from pancreatitis
Entertainers from Hesse
German academics
German conductors
People from Hanau
Violists
Louis Vierne (8 October 1870 – 2 June 1937) was a French organist and composer. He wrote a lot of music for the organ, including six large works called symphonies, 24 Fantasy Pieces (which includes his famous Carillon de Westminster), and 24 Pieces In Free Style. Some of these can be played on the harmonium as well as on the organ.

Life
Vierne was born in Poitiers. He was almost completely blind from birth. He faced a lifetime of professional frustration, sickness, blindness, loss of family and friends, and disappointments. This all influenced his music.

He died while giving an organ recital at Notre Dame.

Organ symphonies 

 Organ Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 14 (1898–1899)
 Organ Symphony No. 2 in E minor, Op. 20 (1902–1903)
 Organ Symphony No. 3 in F♯ minor, Op. 28 (1911)
 Organ Symphony No. 4 in G minor, Op. 32 (1914)
 Organ Symphony No. 5 in A minor, Op. 47 (1923–1924)
 Organ Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Op. 59 (1930)

Symphony No. 6 exploits the full 12-tone chromatic scale. Vierne's pupil Maurice Duruflé played the Symphony's first performance at Notre Dame in 1935.

References 
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Music Guide, LLC. p. 1456.

1870 births
1937 deaths
20th-century French composers
Romantic composers
Poitiers
Moulin Rouge (Red Windmill) is a traditional cabaret and nightclub which began in 1889. It is on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th arrondissement (district of the city). This is near the French quarter of Montmartre in the red-light district of Paris called Pigalle. The theatre can be recognized by the large red windmill on its roof. 

The Moulin Rouge puts on cabaret shows every day. It is where the famous French dance, the Can-can, was first performed. It is also famous because many artists and writers have often gone there. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec designed many posters for the cabaret. Because of this, the management always set aside a table where he could have a meal and watch the show.

The ingredients for its success are said to be: 
 A revolutionary architecture for the auditorium that allowed rapid changes of décor and where everyone could mix;
 Festive champagne evenings where people danced and were entertained thanks to amusing acts that changed regularly, such as the Pétomane;
 A new dance inspired by the quadrille which becomes more and more popular: the Can-can, danced to a furious rhythm by dancers in titillating costumes;
 Famous dancers whom history still remembers: La Goulue, Jane Avril, la Môme Fromage, Grille d'Egout, Nini Pattes en l'Air, Yvette Guilbert ;
 A place loved by artists, of whom the most iconic was Toulouse-Lautrec. His posters and paintings secured rapid and international fame for the Moulin Rouge.
 
Several movies have been made about the Moulin Rouge. The latest is Moulin Rouge! directed by Baz Luhrmann. Jean Renoir made another film about the Moulin Rouge.

Related pages  
 Henri Toulouse-Lautrec 
 Paris 
 Bohemianism

References

Other websites 

 Moulin Rouge Paris - Official Website 

Buildings and structures in Paris
Theatres in France
Henri Matisse (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Nord, 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist known for his use of colour and his original ideas.

He is mainly known as a painter, but he was also a draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Matisse was one of the main artists who helped to create modern art early in the 20th century.

"Matisse created brilliantly coloured canvases structured by colour applied in a variety of brushwork, ranging from thick impasto [thick paint] to flat areas of pure pigment, sometimes accompanied by a sinuous, arabesque-like line. [This was] the first of the avant-garde movements (1905–7), named "Fauvism" by a contemporary art critic, referring to its use of arbitrary combinations of bright colors and energetic brushwork to structure the composition".

Although he was initially called a Fauve (wild beast), he painted many traditional themes. He painted from life, and his work includes many portraits and other figurative subjects.
His mastery of the expressive language of form and colour, in work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.

Matisse died of a heart attack in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes.

References

Other websites 
 Matisse in Artchive Artchive
 500 hi-res images Henri Matisse: life and work

1869 births
1954 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction
French painters
French printmakers
People from Hauts-de-France
Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī (variant: Al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī 'Abd al-Awal al-Ṣabāḥ, Abū 'Alī (), known as Abū Nuwās al-Salamī () or just Abū Nuwās ( Abū Novās); 756814) was a classical Arabic poet. He was born in Persia. He is in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.

References 

750 births
810 deaths
Poets
Pen names
Arnaut Daniel de Riberac (today Arnaut Danièl) wrote and performed music and poetry in the 12th century. He was Occitan.

References
 Eusebi, Mario (1995). L'aur'amara. Parma: Pratiche Editrice. .
 Pound, Ezra (1910). The Spirit of Romance. New Direction Books (1968 reprinting).

French writers
Poets
12th-century births
Cabaret is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue".  

The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of café-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch cabret, through Old North French camberette, from Late Latin camera. It essentially means "small room."

Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel – a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers – the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article.

Entertainment
Fox Studios Australia is a major movie studio in Sydney, Australia. Since opening in May 1998, the studio has been involved in the production of a number of successful movies, including The Matrix, Moulin Rouge!, Mission Impossible II, Star Wars Episode II, Star Wars Episode III and Superman Returns.

Movies
The studio has been involved in a number of movies including:
Dark City - 1996-1997
Babe: Pig in the City - 1998
The Matrix - 1998
Farscape – Series 1 - 1999 (TV)
Mission: Impossible II - 1999
Holy Smoke - 1999
Moulin Rouge! - 1999-2000
La Spagnola - 2000
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones - 2000
Kangaroo Jack - 2001
The Quiet American - 2001
The Matrix Reloaded - 2001-2002
The Matrix Revolutions - 2001-2002
The Night We Called It a Day - 2002
The Mystery of Natalie Wood aka (Looking for Natalie Wood) - 2003
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith - 2003-2005
Son of the Mask - 2004
Stealth - 2004
Superman Returns - 2005
Australian Idol - 2007
Australia (2008 film) - 2007

Other websites
 Fox Studios Australia
 The Entertainment Quarter

Movie studios
Companies of Australia
1998 establishments in Australia
St. Thomas Aquinas, (1225 – 7 March 1274) was a Catholic Dominican priest from Italy, and is a Catholic saint and philosopher. He was born in Roccasecca, as the son of Count Andulf of Aquino and Countess Theodora of Teano.

His early education was at the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino. He attended the University of Naples, where he got the nickname "dumb ox" for his slow demeanor, though he was an intelligent and talented student. He studied philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law. 

By 1240, he became interested in the religious life and decided to become a friar with the new Dominican Order. His family captured him and brought him back because to become a Dominican one must eliminate material wealth. His parents expected him to follow in his uncle’s footsteps and become a Benedictine abbot. They kept him in a castle in an effort to change his mind. However, when they released him two years later, he immediately joined the Dominicans.

He was the author of the cosmological argument. Catholics think Aquinas is the best teacher for one who wants to become a priest. His most famous book is Summa Theologica. Aquinas is one of the 33 Doctors of the Church. Many schools are named after him including the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines.

Aquinas is also known for his work with natural law. Aquinas took an optimistic view of human nature, believing that it is human nature to do good and not evil.

References 

Christian theologians
1225 births
1274 deaths
Craig Pearce is an Australian actor and screenwriter. He co-wrote the play Strictly Ballroom and the screenplay of the movie version with Baz Luhrmann. He also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 movie Romeo + Juliet and co-wrote the 2001 movie Moulin Rouge!, also with Baz Luhrmann.

Other websites 
 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian screenwriters
James Broadbent (born 24 May 1949) is an Academy Award-, Golden Globe- and BAFTA-winning English theatre, movie and television actor. 

Broadbent was born in Lincoln, England; he lives in London.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Biography on the Broadbent Theatre website

1949 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Lincolnshire
BAFTA Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
John Leguizamo (born July 22, 1964) is an Emmy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated American comedian, actor and producer.

Movies

References

Other websites 

 
 
 John Leguizamo at Internet Off-Broadway Database
 
 Q&A Sessions: John Leguizamo on The Happening at nocheLatina.com

1964 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winners
Puerto Rican actors
People from Bogotá
Actors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
A nut is a hard-shelled fruit of some plants. They are an important part of human and animal diets. Many dried seeds and fruits are called 'nuts' in English, but only some are nuts to a botanist. 

Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are released from the fruit. But nuts (such as hazelnuts, hickories, chestnuts and acorns) have a stony fruit wall which keeps the seed inside. 

In common speaking, many so-called nuts, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday common usage of the term often refers to any hard-walled, edible kernel as a nut.

Botanical definition 
A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two). The ovary wall is hard (stony or woody) when it matures, and the seed is stuck to the ovary wall.

Types of nuts 
Types of nuts include the oak, hickory, chestnut, stone-oak, birch, and hazelnut. The peanut, coconut, almond, macadamia, pistachio, pecan, walnut and cashew are not true nuts, but treated as one in cooking.

References

Other websites 
 Linus Pauling Micronutrient Information Centre Nuts

Botany
Richard Roxburgh (born January 1, 1962) is an Australian actor. He has starred in many Australian movies and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions. Roxburgh normally plays the role of villains.

Filmography
 Romulus, My Father Director (2007)
 Like Minds (2006)
 Fragile (2005)
 Stealth (2005)
 Van Helsing (2004)
 League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
 The One and Only (2002)
 The Touch (2002)
 The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002) (TV)
 Moulin Rouge! (2001)
 Mission: Impossible II (2000)
 Passion: The Story of Percy Grainger (1999)
 In The Winter Dark (1998)
 Thank God He Met Lizzie (1997)
 Children of the Revolution'' (1996)

TV
 The Silence
 Frontier
 The Last of the Ryans
 Gluttony: Seven Deadly Sins
 Tracks of Glory
 Police Rescue
 The Saint: Fear in Fun Park
 Riddle of the Stinson
 The Ordinary Man
 One Way Ticket for Twisted Tale
 The Paper Man
 Blue Murder

Awards
Australian Film Institute
 2006 – nominated: The Silence (TV)
 2001 – nominated: Moulin Rouge!
 1999 – nominated: Passion
 1997 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

Film Crities Circle of Australia Awards
 1998 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

Other websites
 
 Richard Roxburgh CV at PFD 
 Romulus My Father website

Australian movie actors
Actors from New South Wales
1962 births
Living people
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Louis-Claude Daquin (born Paris, 4 July 1694; died Paris 15 June 1772) was a French composer.  He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period.  He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist.  He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called Le Coucou (The Cuckoo).

1694 births
1772 deaths
Baroque composers
French composers
French organists
Harpsichordists
Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person.  

Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood. It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed. Some people get better from the paralysis. Others will be disabled. Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing.  

About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die.  (This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.) 

Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio. Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. 

Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades.  In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world.  By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases.

The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio.  So far, he is the only President of the United States to have had this disease.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
A dystopia is the opposite of a utopia, and can mean a utopia that has become corrupt. This can be seen in George Orwell's book 1984. and Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World. A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler. 

A frequent theme is a place that is supposed to be a beautiful and perfect utopia, but where something unforseen ruins it.

References 

Society
Life