cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Small Maracanazo was an historical football match, played in 1971 between the Champion teams of Venezuela and Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.

History

In 1971, the Deportivo Italia, Venezuela's Champion of the 1971 season (and the team of the Italians of Venezuela), defeated the Fluminense FC, Champion of Brazil, 1:0 (with a goal done by central defender Tenorio) at the Maracana stadium.

The Caracas daily 'El Universal' wrote that:

... the night of 3 March 1971 will never be forgotten by the fans of Fluminense, who followed on radio and television the match against Deportivo Italia. More than 26,000 people went to the Maracana. The modest Venezuelan team, thrashed in their own field in the previous match, did what no none could do for over a year, not even the powerful Brazilian teams: defeat the Fluminense in their Maracana. That fateful night, Deportivo Italia achieved the victory more enjoyable in the Venezuelan national football history, winning in the largest stadium in the world the Champion of Brazil..

When the Deportivo Italia went back to Venezuela, the players were welcomed by the Italian supporters of the team with one week of celebrations: the victory it is still considered the best achievement -in the football world history- by a Venezuela team. The victory was the most famous achievement of the D'ambrosio brothers (Mino and Pompeo) rule of the team in the sixties and seventies of the XX century.

Match data

The match was played in the worldwide famous Maracanã Stadium of Rio de Janeiro. Over 50000 supporters of the Fluminense saw (in the stadium and outside) their team defeated 1 - 0 by the modest team from Caracas. All the sport-media in Latinoamerica were shocked, because the Fluminense was trained by Lobo Zagalo who had just won the World football Cup in 1970. One of the owners of the Fluminense died of heart attack during the final minutes of the match.

Notes

Related pages
 Deportivo Italia (1948-2010)
 Fluminense F.C.

Sport in Venezuela
The Parliament of Egypt, officially the House of Representatives ( ) is currently a unicameral legislature (though the approval of the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum will create a second chamber, called the Senate).

References

Egypt
Harvey Dean Williams Sr. (July 30, 1930 – August 7, 2020) was a United States Army major general. He was the first African-American post commander of Fort Myer. 

He was the Deputy Inspector General of the U.S. Army in 1980. He was a commander in the Korean War and Vietnam War. He was born in Whiteville, North Carolina.

Williams died from Parkinson's disease on August 7, 2020 in Germantown, Maryland at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
American military personnel of the Korean War
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American generals
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
People from North Carolina
Germantown is an urbanized census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. With a population of 90,494 as of 2016 U.S. Census Bureau. Germantown is the third most populous place in Maryland, after the city of Baltimore, and the census-designated place of Columbia.

References

Census-designated places in Maryland
Montgomery County, Maryland
Hahoe Folk Village is a village in South Korea.  It has buildings and other things that were built in the Joseon Dynasty or that have been rebuilt in the same style.  Hahoe Village hosts cultural events, including traditional mask dances.  It is in the city of Andong, in North Gyeongsang Province.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The people who built the town used Confucian philosophy and the clan system to decide where to put each building and road.  The clan system was very important in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty.  Some of the houses are made of wood and some are made of mud.  Some of the houses have tile roofs and some have thatched roofs.  Some of the buildings are made of traditional materials and some have been rebuilt with modern materials.  There is a 600 year old zelkova tree in the village.  People have named the tree "Samsindang," and there is a shrine next to it.  Unlike many homes in South Korea, which face south, the houses in Hahoe Village face the tree.  The Byeongsanseowon Confucian Academy is 4 km east of the village.

People still live in Hahoe Folk Village.  Many of them are members of the Ryu clan who have lived there since the 1400s. There are about 127 households in Hahoe Folk Village.  Some of them still have a jongga or head of the family and practice ancestor worship in the Confucian way.

Hahoe Folk Village is known for its traditional outdoor mask performances.  Most traditional masks in Korea are made out of calabash and are used only once.  Masks in Hahoe are made from wood, usually alder wood, and are reused many times.

Hahoe Folk Village also hosts Seonyu Julbul Nori.  On the birthday of the spiritual leader Buddha, people ride down the Nakdong River in boats.  People read poetry.  There is also a display called line fire. This is a special way of lighting fireworks.  Mulberry tree charcoal is put in long pouches that are tied every few centimeters on their length.  The pouches are attached to a rope made of straw, one pouch every five meters.  The rope is long enough to go between two trees.  One end of one charcoal pouch is lit, and it takes a long time for all the charcoal to burn down the whole length of the rope.

The name "Hahoe" comes from "ha" for "river" and "hoe" for "turn around" in Korean.  The village is built right where the Nakdong River turns around.  

In 2020, the village added a traditional brushwood bridge near Hahoe Folk Village.

Queen Elizabeth II visited Hahoe Folk village in 2019.

References

Other websites

Hahoe Folk Village Official Site

Villages in Asia
Buildings and structures in South Korea
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
Limes (plural limites) is a modern term used for the Roman border defence in Germany. It marks the borders of the Roman Empire, though it was not used by the Romans for this purpose. 

The term has been extended to refer to the frontier defences in other parts of the empire, such as in the east and in Africa. It is used by the World Heritage site bureaucracy to include the two walls in Britain, the Antonine Wall and Hadrian's Wall.

The Limes is often associated with Roman forts, but it could apply to any area near the walls where the Romans exercised loose control with military forces.

References 

World Heritage Sites
Buildings and structures in Germany
Great Britain
Listed buildings

World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Little Gandhi is a 2016 Syrian Turkish documentary movie directed by Sam Kadi and based on the life of activist Ghiath Matar.

Other websites
 

2016 movies
Documentary movies
Syrian movies
Turkish movies
Oscar Baylón Chacón (1929 – August 10, 2020) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was Governor of Baja California in 1989. He was also mayor of the Tecate Municipality between 1959 to 1962. Baylón Chacón was born in Chihuahua, Chihuahua.

Baylón Chacón died from stroke-related problems on August 10, 2020 in Tijuana at the age of 90.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Mexican politicians
Imre Farkas (23 June 1935 – 10 August 2020) was a Hungarian sprint canoer. He competed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He competed in two Summer Olympics. He won two bronze medals, earning one in 1956 and one in 1960.

Farkas died on 10 August 2020 at the age of 85.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Hungarian sportspeople
Olympic bronze medalists
Alfred Püls (12 August 1933 – 10 August 2020) was an Austrian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1964 Winter Olympics. He was born in Innsbruck, Austria.

Püls died on 10 August 2020 at the age of 86.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Austrian ice hockey players
Olympians
People from Innsbruck
Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre (22 February 1935 – 10 August 2020) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic archbishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarma, Peru, from 1992 to 2001. He later was archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ayacucho, Peru, from 2001 to 2011.

Sebastiani Aguirre died on 10 August 2020, aged 85.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Peruvian people
Roman Catholic bishops
Russell A. Kirsch (June 20, 1929August 11, 2020) was an American engineer and computer scientist. He worked at the National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology).  He was known as the inventor of the pixel.  He also developed the first digital image scanner.

Kirsch died on August 11, 2020 at his home in Portland, Oregon from Alzheimer's disease-related problems, aged 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Engineers from New York
American computer scientists
American inventors
Scientists from New York City
Scientists from Portland, Oregon
Pavol Biroš (1 April 1953 – 13 August 2020) was a Czechoslovak football player. He played as a defender. He was born in Prešov, Czechoslovakia.

During his club career he played for Slavia Prague and Tatran Prešov. 

Biroš made a total of 212 appearances in the Czechoslovak First League, scoring once. He earned 9 caps for the Czechoslovakia national football team.

Biroš died on 13 August 2020 in Prešov from heart disease, aged 67.

References

1953 births
2020 deaths
Slovakian sportspeople
Footballers
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Gian Carlo Vacchelli Corbetto (December 16, 1981 – August 12, 2020) was a Peruvian sports commentator and politician. He presented the sports program El ángel del deporte (2008–09). Between 2011 and 2016, Vacchelli was a Force 2011 member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru for the district of Lima. He lost his re-election bid in 2016. 

Vacchelli had osteogenesis imperfecta and used a wheelchair. He died of cardiac arrest in Lima on August 12, 2020 at the age of 38.

References

1981 births
2020 deaths
Sports commentators
Peruvian politicians
People from Lima
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Dr. Essam Mohamed Hussein el-Erian () (28 April 1954 – 13 August 2020) was an Egyptian physician and politician. He was the vice chairman of the Freedom And Justice party. Between 2011 and 2013, he was a member of the Parliament of Egypt.

After the 2013 Egyptian coup, prosecutors ordered his arrest on 10 July 2013. On 14 July 2013, Egypt's new prosecutor general Hisham Barakat ordered his assets to be frozen. El-Erian was arrested by the government on 30 October 2013.

El-Erian died of a heart attack while in prison in Cairo on 13 August 2020, aged 66.

References

1954 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People who died in prison custody
Egyptian politicians
Physicians
Criminals
Gulnazar Keldi (; 20 September 1945 – 13 August 2020) was a Tajikistani poet. He was born in Dardar He was an editor of the publication Adabiyet va sanat (Literature and Art).  Keldi wrote the lyrics of Surudi Milli, the national anthem of Tajikistan.

Keldi died on 13 August 2020 in Dushanbe from COVID-19, aged 74.

References

1945 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic
Poets
Lyricists
Editors
Asian writers
Tajikistan
Creswell Crags is a limestone gorge on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, England. It is near the villages of Creswell and Whitwell. 

The cliffs in the ravine have several caves. The caves were occupied during the last ice age, between around 43,000 and 10,000 years ago. They have the northernmost cave art in Europe. The evidence of occupation is found in the rich series of sediments that accumulated over many thousands of years. It is internationally unique in showing  how prehistoric people lived at the extreme  northernmost limits of their territory in the later Pleistocene Ice Age.

The caves have layers with flint tools from the Mousterian, and later cultures. They were seasonally occupied by nomadic groups of people during the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. Evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and post-medieval activity has also been found there. There is evidence of Neanderthal occupation 50,000–60,000 years ago, a brief Gravettian occupation around 32,000 years ago and use of all the main caves during the Magdalenian around 14,000 years ago. The site is open to the public and has a visitor centre with a small museum of objects.

Creswell Crags has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It has also been put forward as a potential World Heritage Site.

In 2006–07, the B6042 road was re-routed from its path through the gorge, by approximately  to the north, to minimise traffic impact on the site.

Note: Other images of the caves can be got by going to the details behind the image at Commons: click the image as a first step, then explore.

Caves 
The most occupied caves were:

Mother Grundy's Parlour, which had many flint tools and split bones. It was occupied until Mesolithic times, c. 16,000 years ago.
Robin Hood's Cave. where a bone engraved with a horse's head was found. Its occupants hunted and trapped woolly rhinoceros and Arctic hare.
The Pin Hole. Here a human figure engraved on bone was found  in the 1920s. It is called the Pinhole Cave Man.  There is also an ivory pin with etched lines.
Church Hole has more than 80 engravings on its walls and was occupied off and on until Roman times.

References 

Archaeological sites in England
Caves
Derbyshire
Nottinghamshire
John Quentin McCord (June 26, 1978 – August 13, 2020) was an American professional football player. He was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL).

He was drafted in the seventh round of the 2001 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. He played college football at Kentucky.

In his career, McCord also played with the Oakland Raiders, Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Edmonton Eskimos. He finished his career playing arena football with the Kentucky Horsemen. He was born in LaGrange, Georgia.

McCord died on August 13, 2020 at the age of 42.

References

1978 births
2020 deaths
American football wide receivers
Atlanta Falcons players
Canadian sportspeople
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Julian Alexander Bream CBE (15 July 1933 – 14 August 2020) was an English virtuoso classical guitarist and lutenist. He was one of the best known classical guitarists of the 20th century.

He worked for RCA Victor and EMI Classics many times. These recordings won him several awards, including four Grammy Awards, two for Best Chamber Music Performance and two for Best Classical Performance. 

Bream died on 14 August 2020 at his home in Wiltshire, aged 87.

References

Grammy Award winners
1933 births
2020 deaths
English guitarists
British educators
Musicians from London
The Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement or the Abraham Accord was agreed to by Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on August 13, 2020. 

If an agreement is signed, the UAE will be the third Arab country, after Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, to formally normalize their relationship with Israel. It will be the first Persian Gulf country to do so. 

Israel agreed to suspend plans for the annexation of the West Bank.

References

Israel
United Arab Emirates
August 2020 events
Aachen Cathedral (German: Aachener Dom) is a Roman Catholic church in Aachen, Germany. It is one of the oldest cathedrals in Europe. Emperor Charlemagne ordered for it to be built in 796. He was buried there when he died. The church was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. It was one of the first World Heritage Sites listed.

The building uses several types of architecture. The choir is built in a Gothic style. The core of the building is a chapel built in a Carolingian-Romanesque style. There are small parts that also use an Ottonian style, including an area around the throne.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Aachen Cathedral – World Heritage Site
Cathedral Music
Aachen Cathedral Photos
Photos of Aachen cathedral on sekulada.com 

Churches in Germany
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Aachen
Replay value (colloquially known as replayability) is a term used to figure out how fun it is to play a game after the player completed it already. Factors that may change the replay value are the game's additional characters, secrets or multiple endings.

References

Video games
Terminology
Chatham Dockyard was a Royal Navy Dockyard located on the River Medway in Kent. It was established in Chatham in the mid-16th century. The dockyard was then expanded into neighbouring Gillingham. Chatham Dockyards and its Defences are part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

It existed after the Reformation. It was at a time when relations with the Catholic countries of Europe had worsened, which increased the need for additional defences.

For 414 years, 500 ships were made available for the Royal Navy because of Chatham Royal Dockyard. It was at the forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans. It covered . 

Chatham Dockyard was closed in 1984. The  Georgian dockyard is now managed as the Chatham Historic Dockyard. It is a visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.

Gallery

References

Notes

Other websites 

 
 The Historic Dockyard Trust
 A Geometrical Plan, & North West Elevation of His Majesty’s Dock-Yard, at Chatham, with ye Village of Brompton Adjacent, dated 1755

Kent
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
No War but the Class War is a slogan that is used by people who do not like capitalism. It means that people should not go fight in wars, which they believe support the rich and powerful, but fight the rich and powerful instead (in a special kind of war called "class struggle").

Uses 
This slogan has been used in many arts and shows.

Group names 
Some groups have used the name "No War but the Class War." These groups appeared in London around the time that the Gulf War and the Kosovo War were taking place.

References 

Economics organizations
Political organizations
United Kingdom
The Man Who Cheated Himself is a 1950 American crime movie directed by Felix E. Feist and starring Lee J. Cobb, Jane Wyatt, John Dall. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites 
 
 
 

1950 movies
1950s crime movies
20th Century Fox movies
American crime movies
For Heaven's Sake is a 1950 American romantic fantasy drama movie directed by George Seaton and was based on the 1949 play May We Come In? by Harry Segall. It stars Clifton Webb, Joan Bennett, Robert Cummings and was distributed by	20th Century Fox.

Other websites 
 
 

1950 drama movies
1950s romantic drama movies
1950s fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
1950s American fantasy movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by George Seaton
20th Century Fox movies
Mercedes-Benz has been building buses since 1895 in Mannheim in Germany.

Models

Minibuses
 Sprinter 1995–present
 Vario 1996–2013
 Medio 2000–2005
 LO Series 1932–1972

Full-size buses
 LPO 322/457 1962-1966
 O317 1958–1977
 O321 1954–1970
 O322 1959–1964
 O326 1958–1969
 O302 1965–1974
 O303 1974–1992
 O305 & O305G 1969–1987
 O307 1973–1987
 O309 1967–1986
 O340 1992–1999
 O352 1960–1970
 O355 1972–1978
 O362 1975–1979
 O364 1979–1986
 O365 1984–1988
 O370R, O370RS, O370RSD 1984–1987
 O371U, O371UP, O371UL, O371R, O371RS, O371RSL, O371RSE and O371RSD 1980–1990
 O400UP, O400UPA, O400R, O400RS, O400RSL, O400RSE and O400RSD 1994–2001
 O404 1992–1999
 O405, O405G, O405N, O405GN, O405N2, O405GN2 and O405NH 1983–2001
 O407 1987–2001
 O408 1989–1999
 Conecto (O345) 2002–2007
 Tourismo (O350) 1994–present
 Tourino (O510) 2004–2013
 Cito (O520) 1999–2003
 Citaro (O530 series) 1997–present
 Integro (O550) 1996–present
 Intouro (O560) 1999–present
Travego (O580) 1999–present
 OC500RF 2001–present
 OC500LE 2001–present
 OC500LF/OC500LF (A)  2001–present
 O500 M, O500 RS, O500 RSD and O500 MA 2001–present
 O500 U and O500 UA 2001–present
 OF series
 OH series
 CBC 
 IBC

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Mercedes-Benz vehicles
 List of Mercedes-Benz trucks

Other websites

 Mercedes-Benz buses Official website (UK site)

Mercedes-Benz
Transport lists
Yangdong Folk Village is a village in South Korea's North Gyeongsang Province.  It is inside the city of Gyeongju, which used to be the capital of Korea.  It has buildings and other things that were built in the Joseon Dynasty or that have been rebuilt in the same style.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Yangdong was built in the 1400s by two important clans, Yeogang Lee and Wolseong Son.  Many of the people who live in Yangdong now are from these families.  Many members of these families who do not live in Yangdong come back a few times a year for special occasions.

Yangdong Folk Village is a World Heritage Site as part of a pair with Hahoe Folk Village.  Both places were built during the Joseon Dynasty and many of the buildings are still intact.  Some of the buildings have been rebuilt with modern materials, though.  Like Hahoe, Yangdong's layout shows influences from the Confucian way of thinking and the importance of the clan system in Korea at the time.  There are timber houses with tiled roofs for high-ranking people and mud houses with thatched roofs that were originally for low-ranking people. The village is on the sides of hills.  The buildings were built in specific places so their rooftops would match and complement the hillsides around them.  The buildings belonging to nobler or richer people are higher up on the hills.  One home once had 99 rooms.

There are two Confucian schools, Oksanseowon and Donggangseowon, near Yangdong Folk Village.

There are about 149 houses in Yangdong Folk Village and people still live in them.  Yangdong Folk Village has modern, paved roads, some modern bridges, and a railway.

Before it was declared a World Heritage Site around 2010, few people visited Yangdong.  After it was declared a World Heritage Site, many more came.  People worried about whether the extra visitors would damage the site. Tourists, including schoolchildren on field trips, often visit Yangdong.

Famous people from Yangdong include the Joseon era philosopher Lee Eon-jeok (1491-1553), nicknamed "Hoejae." Hojae is called one of the "Five Great Sages of the East."

References

Villages in Asia
Buildings and structures in South Korea
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
Viva Zalata () is a 1976 Egyptian western comedy movie directed by Hassan Hafez and starring Fouad El Mohandes, Shwikar, Samir Ghanem, Tawfiq El Deken, and Hussien Fahmy.

Other websites
 
 Viva Zalata on elCinema.com

1976 comedy movies
1970s western movies
Egyptian movies
The complex of Koguryo tombs or Goguryeo tombs is a group of tombs, or places where human bodies are buried, in North Korea. The tombs were built during the Kingdom of Koguryo, which ruled parts of China and Korea from 37 BCE. to the 7th century CE.  These tombs were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.

The tombs are made of stonework and earthwork and some of them have large, detailed paintings inside them.  Historians have found about 10,000 tombs from the Koguryo kingdom in China and Korea.  Only about 100 of them have paintings on the inside.  80 of these painted tombs are in what we today call the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea.  63 tombs are part of the World Heritage Site, and 16 of these tombs have paintings.  They were chosen because their paintings are so detailed and show daily life, because the way they were built shows good engineering, because modern people can use the tombs to tell what the people of the Kingdom of Koguryo thought about burying people, and because the burials in the Kingdom of Koguryo affected many later countries, including the modern Koreas and Japan.

The 63 tombs of the World Heritage Site are not all in the same place.  They are spread out across the city of Pyongyang and nearby provinces.  Historians think these tombs were made for kings and other royals and nobles.

Sometimes experts from North Korea and South Korea work together on the Koguryo tombs, but this depends on how well the two countries are getting along.

Thieves and other looters broke into some of the tombs, and only a few were completely untouched when scientists first saw them.

In 2018, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea began to allow more visitors from outside the country to see the tombs.  This was part of a plan to improve the economy.

In May 2020, the National Museum of Korea in Seoul, South Korea, produced a digital exhibit called Immersive Digital Galleries.  This exhibit included digital versions of some of the paintings from the Anak No. 3 tomb.

References

Archaeological sites in Asia
World Heritage Sites in Asia
World Heritage Sites in North Korea
Buildings and structures in Korea
Romana (Rumàna) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 543 people lived there. Its area is 21.6 km². It is 267 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites 
 

Communes of Sardinia
Assemini (Assèmini) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 26,818 people lived there. Its area is 118.17 km². It is 6 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites 
 

Communes of Sardinia
Capoterra (Cabudèrra) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 23,592 people lived there. Its area is 68.49 km². It is 54 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites 
 

Communes of Sardinia
Decimomannu (Deximumànnu) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 8,133 people lived there. Its area is 27.72 km². It is 10 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites 
 

Communes of Sardinia
Elmas (Su Màsu) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 9,475 people lived there. Its area is 13.63 km². It is 7 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites 
 

Communes of Sardinia
The cladoxylopsids are a group of plants known only as fossils that may be ancestors of ferns and horsetails.

They had a central trunk, from the top of which several lateral branches were attached. Fossils of these plants start in the middle Devonian to early Carboniferous periods, mostly just as stems.

Cladoxylopsida contains two orders. The order Hyeniales is now included in Pseudosporochnales.<ref>Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings 2009. Paleobotany: the biology and evolution of fossil plants. 2nd ed.  p. 387-401, 1028. Academic Press. </ref>

Intact fossils of the Middle Devonian cladoxylopsid Wattieza show it was a tree, the earliest known in the fossil record as of 2007.  In 2019, experts discovered more fossils of Cladoxylopsida and Archaeopteris'' in a quarry in Cairo, New York.

References 

Carboniferous
Plant taxonomy
Trees
Wanrong (Chinese: 婉容, 13 November 1906 – June 20, 1946), formally known as the  Xuantong Empress, was from the Gobulo (郭布羅) clan. She was married to Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1932, she became the empress of Manchukuo in northeastern China. In January 1946, Wanrong along with her sister-in-law was captured by the Chinese Communist guerrillas. She died in prison in June 1946. Her remains were never found.

1906 births
1946 deaths
Emperors and Empresses of China
Murtaja Baseer (17 August 1932 – 15 August 2020) was a Bangladeshi painter. He was also a poet, short story writer, novelist, researcher, numismatist, and filmmaker. 

He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 1980 by the Government of Bangladesh.

Baseer worked at University of Chittagong as an assistant professor and served until 1998.

Baseer has written several novels including Ultramarine (1954), Kanch-er Pakhir Gaan (1969), Mitar Shangey Char Shandha and Amitakkhar. He was a regular contributor to literary journals like Dilruba, Samakal, and Saogat. His first published poem was Parbe Na. 

Baseer was active in leftist politics during the 1950s and was sent to prison during the Pakistan government.

In 1987, he received a fellowship from British Council to carry out research on folk and traditional art of Bangladesh.

Baseer died from COVID-19 in Dhaka on 15 August 2020, aged 87.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
Bangladeshi writers
Peter Frederick Way (7 August 1951 – 14 August 2020) was an English bass player. He is best known as the bassist of rock band UFO. He played in the band from 1969 to 1982, briefly in 1988–1989 and once again from 1991 to 2008. 

Way was also known as a founding member of Waysted and Fastway. He also notably played with Michael Schenker Group and Ozzy Osbourne.

Way died on 14 August 2020 at the age of 69. He died due to an injury caused by accident two months earlier. He was 69 years old.

References

1951 births
2020 deaths
English rock guitarists
English songwriters
Musicians from Middlesex
Writers from Middlesex
Your Name Is Justine () is a 2005 Luxembourgian Polish thriller movie directed by Franco de Peña. It starred Anna Cieslak, Arno Frisch, Rafal Mackowiak, Dominique Pinon, Mathieu Carrière, David Scheller.

References

Other websites

2005 movies
2000s thriller movies
Luxembourgian movies
Polish movies
John Talbut (20 October 1940 – 14 August 2020) was an English football defender. He played for the England under-23 team whilst at the club. 

In December 1966 Jimmy Hagan paid £30,000 to take Talbut to West Bromwich Albion. Talbut was a winner with the Baggies in the 1968 FA Cup Final but also featured on the losing side in the 1970 Football League Cup Final. 

Talbut died on 14 August 2020 from dementia-related problems, aged 79.

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from dementia
English footballers
People from Oxford
Nesim Tahirović (23 October 1941 — 14 August 2020) was a Bosnian painter.

During a forty five-year career as an independent artist he had around sixty solo exhibitions and more than hundred group exhibitions. His paintings were exhibited in museums, galleries and sold to private collectors all over the world. 

He was a member of The Association of Applied Artists and Designers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ULUPUBiH) and Association of Visual Artists of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ULUBiH).

Tahirović died on 14 August 2020 in Tuzla, aged 78.

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Bosnia and Herzegovina people
Painters
Sculptors
Herbert Vaughn Orvis (October 17, 1946 – August 14, 2020) was an American football defensive tackle. He played for the Detroit Lions and the Baltimore Colts in a ten-year career that lasted from 1972 to 1981 in the National Football League.

Orvis played college football at the University of Colorado. He was born in Petoskey, Michigan.

Orvis was drafted 16th overall in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft by the Lions, playing for five years with that team.  From 1978-81, he played for the Colts.

Orvis was chosen to be honored into the College Football Hall of Fame on January 8, 2015. 

Orvis died on August 14, 2020 in Goodyear, Arizona at the age of 73.

References

1946 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Michigan
American football defensive tackles
Detroit Lions players
Indianapolis Colts players
Ernst Jean-Joseph (11 June 1948 – 14 August 2020) was a Haitian football midfielder. He played for Haiti in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He played for Violette A.C. and briefly for Chicago Sting.

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
Football managers
Haitian people
Footballers
Thomas  Forsyth (23 January 1949 – 14 August 2020) was a Scottish football player and coach. Forsyth played as a defender for Motherwell, Rangers and Scotland.

After his playing retirement, Forsyth was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 1982.

Forsyth was appointed McLean's assistant at Motherwell then Hearts, when McLean moved to these clubs in 1984 and 1994.

Forsyth died on 14 August 2020, aged 71.

References

1949 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Glasgow
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Francesc Badia Batalla (10 January 1923 – 14 August 2020) was an Andorran politician and historian. He was the Episcopal Veguer of Andorra from 1972 until 1993. He also was a judge of the Tribunal of the Courts of Andorra over the same time. He was born in Montblanc, Tarragona, Spain.

Badia Batalla died on 14 August 2020, aged 97.

References

1923 births
2020 deaths
Lawyers
Judges
Historians
Andorran people
Civil servants
Christopher J. Eccleshall (26 May 1948 – 13 August 2020) was an English luthier, guitar designer and guitar dealer. He worked with Martin, Gibson and Guild guitars. He was also known for making Selmer-Maccaferri jazz guitars.

Eccleshall originally trained as a violin maker with W. E. Hill and Sons of Bond Street in London. He was also an engineer in the Fleet Air Arm.

Eccleshall died on 13 August 2020 in Dartington, Devon at the age of 72.

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
Businesspeople from London
Konrad "Koni" Steffen (2 January 1952 – 8 August 2020) was a Swiss glaciologist. He was known for his research into the impact of global warming on the Arctic. He was born in Zurich. Steffen was an associate professor of geography at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1991 to 1997.

He was the director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at  Boulder from 2005 to 2012. 

He took office as the director of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research on July 1, 2012.

Steffen died, aged 68, on 8 August 2020 in an accident while on a field trip in Greenland. He fell into a crevasse near the Swiss Camp research station and drowned.

References

1952 births
2020 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths from falls
Swiss educators
Scientists from Zürich
European geographers
The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced by Japanese Emperor Hirohito on August 15 and formally signed on September 2, 1945. This ended World War II. 

By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was not able to carry major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was near. 

Together with the British Empire and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945.

A key factor in Japan's surrender were the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

References

World War II
1945
The Baltimore Plot was a plan by pro-slavery owners in late February 1861 to assassinate President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln. The plan was to kill Lincoln while he was on his way to his inauguration. 

Allan Pinkerton, founder of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, played a key role by being in charge of Lincoln's security throughout the journey. Though scholars debate whether or not the threat was real, clearly Lincoln and his advisors believed that there was a threat and took actions to make sure he traveled safely through Baltimore, Maryland. This was where Lincoln's plotted assassination would have happened.

Lincoln arrived secretly in Washington, D.C. on February 23, 1861.   A planned train route through Bellaire, Ohio, to Wheeling, Virginia (West Virginia had yet to break off from Virginia) and eastward, was redirected up through the Pittsburgh through Pennsylvania, into  Maryland and eventually to Washington.

For the remainder of his presidency, Lincoln's many critics would call him a coward because he was in disguise while travelling secretly to Washington.

References

1861
Abraham Lincoln
Baltimore
Allan J. Pinkerton (August 25, 1819 – July 1, 1884) was a Scottish–American detective and spy. He was best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He was known for protecting then-President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln during the Baltimore Plot (a plan to kill Lincoln in Baltimore, Maryland in 1862).

References

1819 births
1884 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scottish businesspeople
Businesspeople from Chicago
Spies
People from Glasgow
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
American autobiographers
Scottish writers
American abolitionists
Kate Warne (1833 – January 28, 1868) was an American law enforcement officer. She was known as the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the United States. 

She played a key role in helping then President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln travel to Washington, D.C. safely during the alleged Baltimore Plot (the plot to kill Lincoln in Baltimore, Maryland) in 1862. She was born in Erin, New York.

Warne died of pneumonia in Chicago on January 28, 1868.

References

1833 births
1868 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Chicago, Illinois
Spies
People from New York
Erin is a town in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 1,962 at the 2010 census. The town was named by early settlers from Ireland.

References

Towns in New York
Pinkerton, founded as the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, is a private security guard and detective agency created in the United States by Scottish-American spy Allan Pinkerton in 1850. It is a part of Securitas AB. 

Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have stopped a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the Civil War. Pinkerton's agents performed services ranging from security guarding to private military contracting work. 

The Pinkerton National Detective Agency hired women and minorities from its founding. Pinkerton was the largest private law enforcement organization in the world at the height of its power.

References

1850 establishments in the United States
Chicago, Illinois
Ray tracing is a computer algorithm for drawing very realistic 3D images.

With ray tracing, objects in the scene are described with geometrical shapes like spheres or planes. The computer then sends rays (straight lines) forward from where the camera is. The objects that get hit by these rays are the objects that the camera can see. The computer then draws these objects. This is similar to how our eyes see but in the real world the rays (light) go the opposite way – from the world to our eyes. If we made rays go from the world to the camera, most of the rays would not hit the camera, and we would have to wait a long time until we see an image appear. That is why instead, we make rays go from the camera to the world, meaning we know all the rays we create will go to the camera.

Computer graphics
Lenawee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. The county seat is Adrian. As of the 2010 census, 99,892 people lived here.

1820s establishments in Michigan Territory
1826 establishments in the United States
Michigan counties
Luce County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 6,631 people live here. The county seat is Newberry.

References 

1880s establishments in Michigan
1887 establishments in the United States
Michigan counties
A crinkle crankle wall is a brick wall built in alternate convex and concave curves. It is sometimes described as a serpentine wall or a wavy wall. It is found most often in England, though the idea has been used elsewhere. The walls do look elegant, but the main object is practical. The format resists the usual pushes from the surrounding earth, and so needs fewer repairs than straight walls do.

Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) incorporated serpentine walls into the architecture of the University of Virginia, which he founded. On both sides of its rotunda and down the length of the lawn are ten pavilions. Each has its own walled garden separated by crinkle crankle walls.

Many crinkle crankle walls are found in East Anglia, England. There the marshes of The Fens were drained by Dutch engineers, starting in the mid-1600s. They apparently introduced the idea.  The county of Suffolk has at least 50 examples, twice as many as in the rest of the country. The term "crinkle crankle" is said to derive from a Suffolk dialect. The crinkle crankle wall running from the former manor house to All Saints' Church in the estate village of Easton is believed to be the longest existing example.

The idea, which is never seen in cities, is not that uncommon in south-eastern England. The ancient village of Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire has a crinckle-crankle wall near its church. It has needed far less maintenance than the straight walls in the vicinity.

In Lymington, Hampshire, there are at least two examples of crinkle crankle walls. The older of the two is thought to have been constructed at the time of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) by exiled Hanoverian soldiers living in a nearby house.

References 

Walls
Mackinac County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 11,113 people live here. The county seat is St. Ignace.

1840s establishments in Michigan
1849 establishments in the United States
Michigan counties
Manistee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 24,733 people live here. The county seat is Manistee.

1855 establishments in Michigan
Michigan counties
Mason County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 28,705 people live here. The county seat is Ludington.

1855 establishments in Michigan
Michigan counties
Crofting is a form of land tenure. It also involves small-scale food production, particularly in the Scottish Highlands. Within the 19th century, townships, and individual crofts were established on the better land. Then a large area of poorer-quality hill ground was shared by all the crofters of the township for feeding their livestock.

Practice 
Crofting is a traditional social system in Scotland defined by small-scale food production. It is a group of common working communities, or "townships". Individual crofts are typically established on  of in-bye for better quality forage, arable and vegetable production. Each township manages poorer-quality hill ground as common grazing for cattle and sheep.

Despite its challenges, crofting is important to the Highlands. In 2014-15 there were 19,422 crofts, with 15,388 crofters. S

Requirements 
Tenants and owner-occupier crofters are required to comply with a range of duties specified in sections 5AA to 5C and 19C of the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993. There is a requirement to be ordinarily resident within 32 km of the croft. If the croft is the sole dwelling and the crofter's family are resident while the croft is away this would probably be accepted as ordinarily resident. Other situations involving other places of residence would need to be assessed individually. In addition to the duty of residence tenants and owner occupier crofters are required to ensure the croft is cultivated, maintained and not neglected or misused.

References

Other websites 

 The Scottish Crofting Federation

Notes

 Crofters, Indigenous People of the Highlands and Islands  at Scottish Crofting Foundation

Scottish Council Areas
Scotland
Mecosta County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 42,798 people live here. The county seat is Big Rapids. 

1859 establishments in Michigan
Michigan counties
Butrint (; from ) was an ancient Illyrian and later Roman city and bishopric in Epirus. The city is considered as one of the most important archaeological sites in Albania. With its vast cultural, historical and natural value with a considerable history, Butrint became part of UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992. It became a National Park in 2000.

Buthrotum was a city of the Epirote tribe of the Chaonians. It started declining in Late Antiquity. It later became abandoned during the Middle Ages after a major earthquake flooded most of the city. 

It is now an archeological site in Vlorë County, Albania. It is about 14 kilometres south of Sarandë and close to the Greek border. It is located on a hill overlooking the Vivari Channel, and is part of the Butrint National Park.

Directions 
The site of Butrint is accessible from Sarandë. Its road was first built in 1959 for a visit by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. The road was improved during the summer of 2010. 

The construction was somewhat of an environmental disaster. It one point, it threatened Butrint's World Heritage Site status. The ancient city is becoming a popular tourist destination. It attracts day-trippers from the nearby Greek holiday island of Corfu. Hydrofoils (30 minutes) and ferries (90 minutes) run daily between the New Port in Corfu Town and Saranda. 

Many visitors from Corfu use chartered coach services to visit Butrint from Sarandë. A regular public bus service runs between Sarandë port and Butrint. Others arrive from the Qafe Bote border crossing with Greece near Konispol and cross the Vivari Channel by the cable ferry at Butrint.

Gallery

Notable people 

 Saint Therinus, 3rd-century saint
 Donatus of Euroea, 4th-century saint

References

Other websites 

 GCatholic with incumbent bio links

General information 

 Butrint National Park
 The Butrint Foundation

History articles 

 Rome and Albanian history from Albania.com
 Albania's Long-lost Roman City, BBC
 In Pictures: Sights of Butrint, BBC
 176 photos from the archeological site of Butrint
 Coins from Butrint: Numismatic research on archaeological excavation - The British Museum

Notes 

 Ceka N., Butrint: A guide to the city and its monuments (Migjeni Books) Tirana 2005)
 Crowson A., "Butrint from the Air", in Current World Archaeology 14 (2006).
 Hansen, Inge Lyse and Richard Hodges, eds., Roman Butrint: An Assessment. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007.
 
 Richard Hodges and Matthew Logue, "The Mid-Byzantine Re-Birth of Butrint", Minerva 18, #3 (May/June 2007): 41–43.
 A. M. Liberati, L. Miraj, I. Pojani, F. Sear, J. Wilkes and B. Polci, ed. by O. J. Gilkes. The Theatre at Butrint. Luigi Maria Ugolini's Excavations at Butrint 1928-1932, (Albania Antica IV) (Supplementary volume no. 35.  Published by the British School at Athens, 2003).
 Jarrett A. Lobell, Ages of Albania (Archeology magazine March/April 2006)
 Ugolini L. M., Butrinto il Mito D'Enea, gli Scavi. Rome: Istituto Grefico Tiberino, 1937 (reprint Tirana: Istituto Italiano di Cultura, 1999)

Buildings and structures in Europe
Ancient Greece
World Heritage Sites in Albania
Settlements in Europe