cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Aphelion Imaging Software Suite is a set of computer programs for image processing and image analysis. It includes three base products: Aphelion Lab, Aphelion Dev, and Aphelion SDK.

The Aphelion software product can be used to prototype applications using the graphical user interface. It provides a set of tools for programmers which have to develop software with image analysis needs.

Applications 
The Aphelion Imaging Software Suite is used by students, researchers, engineers, and software developers in application domains requiring image processing and computer vision, such as:
 security (surveillance, object tracking)
 remote sensing
 quality control for the industry and inspection applications
 materials science
 life sciences (medicine and biology)
 earth science (geology)
 theory (image processing, machine learning and optimization)

Specifications 

All products of the Aphelion Imaging Software Suite can be run on  equipped with Windows (Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, or 10) 32 or 64 bits.
An online help and video tutorials are available to the user.

Software extensions 
Below is a list of Aphelion optional extensions:
 3D Image Processing and 3D Image Display: A set of extensions to display and process 3D images. The 3D display extension is based on the  software product.
 3D Skeletonization: Extension to compute the 3D skeleton.
 Image Registration: Image registration extension to register images coming from different acquisition devices.
 Classification Tools: Classification extension including a « Fuzzy Logic » (fuzzy logic classification),« Neural Networks » (classification based on neural networks), and « Random Forest » (classification based on random forests, derived from the R software product)
 Kriging: Specific extension to remove image noise using geostatistics techniques.
 Camera interface drivers and microscope interface software
 Virtual Image Capture and Virtual Image Stitcher: Two software products to capture mult-field images and stitch them into one single and very large image in the fields of optical and electron microscopy (image stitching).
 Stereology Analyzer: Software to analyze a very large image using stereology. This extension is mainly used in the field of biology on images acquired by a scan microscope.
 VisionTutor: Online image processing course including all the theory and application macro commands that are compatible with Aphelion.

The Aphelion user can add his/her own macro-commands in the user interface that have been automatically recorded to process a batch of images. He/she can also add plugins and libraries in the  that have been developed outside the Aphelion environment.

Software versions

Notes and references

Other references

Miscellaneous

Materials science applications

Life sciences applications

Earth science applications

Theory applications

Other websites
 
 

Graphics software
The 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses  took place in the United States. It takes place before to the 2016 general election to elect the Democratic Party's nominee for the Presidency of the United States.  They were held between February 1 and June 14.  President and 2012 nominee, Barack Obama could not stand for re-election due to term limits under the Twenty-second Amendment.

Candidates
Hillary Clinton, then Secretary of State, decided to run for president in April 2015. Clinton had served as a U.S. Senator (2001–09) and was the First Lady of the U.S. (1993–2001). A January 2013 Washington Post–ABC News poll showed that she had high popularity among the American public. This polling data made many political critics and observers to anticipate that Clinton would launch a second presidential bid in 2016, entering the race as the early front-runner for the Democratic nomination.

On May 26, 2015, Independent U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders officially announced his run as a presidential candidate for the Democratic nomination, after an informal announcement in April that year, and speculation since early 2014. Sanders had served as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989), as Vermont's sole U.S. Representative (1991–2007), and as Vermont's junior Senator (2007–present). Bernie Sanders is currently seen as the biggest rival to Hillary Clinton, backed up by a strong grassroots campaign and social media following. His campaign picked up attention and mass support. However, in recent poll numbers, Clinton is leading Saunders nationally by 12.7 percent.

In May 2015, Maryland governor Martin O'Malley announced his campaign. He withdrew after the Iowa primaries. Rhode Island governor Lincoln Chafee announced his campaign in June 2015. After poor polling numbers, he dropped out before the primaries in October 2015. Former Virginia senator Jim Webb announced his campaign in the summer of 2015. He dropped out in October 2015 after a poor debate performance. Professor Lawrence Lessig announced his campaign in September 2015. He dropped out a month later after poor polling numbers.

Superdelegates
Superdelegates are elected officials and members of the Democratic National Committee who will vote at the Democratic National Convention for their favorite candidate. Also known as "unpledged delegates," they may change their candidate at any time and talk about one sixth of the delegates to the convention. The table and list below show the current support.

Note: Democrats Abroad Superdelegates are assigned half-votes; each of them accounts for ½ rather than 1 in the table above.

Results

Related pages 
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

References

Other websites
 Democratic Convention Watch
 Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
 Full Transcript: Democratic Presidential Debate October 14, 2015

April 2016 events
February 2016 events
June 2016 events
March 2016 events
May 2016 events
United States Democratic Party
2016 United States presidential election
United States presidential primary elections
Andrew James Bathgate (August 28, 1932 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a right wing. He played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins.

Bathgate died on February 26, 2016 in his home in Mississauga, Ontario. He died from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 83. He also had Parkinson's disease.

References

Other websites

 
 Anderson, Dave. "Two Rangers Sweaters Will Rise Where a Cup Banner Didn't," The New York Times, Sunday, February 22, 2009.

1932 births
2016 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Detroit Red Wings players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Memorial Cup winners
New York Rangers players
People with Parkinson's disease
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
World Hockey Association players
Gianni Infantino (; born 23 March 1970) is a Swiss-Italian football administrator. He has been the president of FIFA since 26 February 2016. He was the general secretary of UEFA from 2009 through 2016.

On 26 October 2015, Infantino received the full support of the UEFA Executive Committee to stand for the position of president in FIFA's upcoming Extraordinary Congress. On the same day, he confirmed his candidacy. He was elected president at the Congress on 26 February 2016. The Congress was held with the purpose of reforming FIFA.

References

1970 births
Living people
Swiss sportspeople
Italian sportspeople
Presidents of FIFA
The 2016 Republican National Convention was the 41st national convention held by the Republican Party. It was held in Cleveland, Ohio from 18-21 July 2016. The purpose of the convention is for the delegates, who are people who represent someone, to vote for the 2016 presidential and vice presidential nominee for the United States Republican Party.

The candidates were businessman Donald Trump of New York, U.S. senator Ted Cruz of Texas, and Governor John Kasich of Ohio.

There are 2,472 delegates to the Republican National Convention. A candidate therefore needs a majority of at least 1,237 delegates to win the presidential nomination.

Results 

The convention was held on July 18 to 21. After the convention, Donald Trump with his running mate Mike Pence won the presidential nomination for the Republican Party.

References 

July 2016 events
2016 United States presidential election
United States presidential nominating conventions
United States Republican Party
Suomenlinna, known until 1918 as Viapori, known in Swedish as Sveaborg, is a fortress in Finland. It is located on six islands in the sea near Helsinki. 

Construction of the fortress started in 1748 when Finland was still part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden wanted to defend the sea areas against Russia. They also needed a place to fix their military ships. In 1808 Russia ruled Finland. They made the fortress stronger to defend Helsinki, which was now the capital of Finland.

In 1917 Finland became independent. In 1918 Viapori was taken over by the new Finnish government and was renamed Suomenlinna ( meaning "Castle of Finland"). Some of the islands were used as a navy school. There was also a prison, and prisoners worked to repair the old fortress. 

Today, Suomenlinna is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions. It is only a short ferry ride from Helsinki to visit Suomenlinna. It is a Unesco World Heritage site. It is also a living part of Helsinki city. Around 850 people live there.

References

Other websites 
 Suomenlinna official site

Helsinki
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Forts
Buildings and structures in Europe
1748 establishments
1740s establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in Finland
Castries is the capital city of Saint Lucia. Saint Lucia is an island in the Windward Islands, which is part of the Caribbean. Castries has a population of about 3,600 people, about 16,000 live near the city. Castries is known for its port. The main products shipped from there include bananas, sugarcane and rum. 

National capitals in North America
Saint Lucia
Distance education (or distance learning) is a form of education where the teacher and the student(s) are not at the same physical location.

It follows that the teaching must be done via some kind of medium or a collection of media. Print, movie, television, radio, video chat and computer web sources have been used.  In 1840 Isaac Pitman began teaching his shorthand by sending and receiving postcards.  His success led to the establishment of correspondence schools.

Related pages 
Open University
E-learning

Educational organizations
Karl Dedecius (20 May 1921 – 26 February 2016) was a Polish-born German translator. He translated works of Polish and Russian literature. He was born in Łódź, Poland. In 1959, he published his first anthology, Lektion der Stille (Lesson of Silence). In 1980, he founded the German Poland Institute in Darmstadt. He served as director from 1980 through 1997.

Dedecius died in Frankfurt on 26 February 2016. He was aged 94.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, „Beheimatet in Polen und Deutschland. Aus einer Laudatio auf Karl Dedecius...“, DIE ZEIT 11/1986
 Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, „Mittler zwischen schwierigen Nachbarn“, DIE ZEIT 04/2002 
 Karl-Dedecius-Archiv im Collegium Polonicum 
 Deutsches Polen-Institut, Darmstadt
 Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels 

1921 births
2016 deaths
German writers
People from Łódź
Polish writers
Translators
Francisco Rubio Llorente (25 February 1930 – 23 February 2016) was a Spanish judge and law professor. He was President of the Spanish Council of State between 2004 to 2012. His predecessor and successor was José Manuel Romay Beccaría. He was judge on the Constitutional Court of Spain between 1980 to 1992. He spent the last three of those years as Vice President.

Llorente died in Madrid on 23 February 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 85.

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Spanish politicians
Spanish judges
Spanish educators
Jack's Big Music Show is a children's musical television series that is shown on Nick Jr. It involves a guitarist named Jack, his best friend Mary, and his dog Mel. Each of the characters play music together, as well as music guests who are willing to join in. The Schwartzman Quartet, however, also appear in various episodes.

Jack's Big Music Show on NickRewind's NickRewind Jr. The added to Paramount+ in July 2021.

Main characters 
 Jack: The main character of the series.
 Mary: Jack's best friend.
 Mel: Jack's dog.
 The Schwartzman Quartet: A look-alike singing group.

Nickelodeon television series
American children's television series
English-language television programs
2005 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
The 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 58th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Cruzeiro, the defending champions, won the title for the second time in a row and fourth overall. The championship had a break between the ninth and tenth rounds due to the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which was held between June and July in Brazil. Cruzeiro took the lead in round 6 and from then on, staying in that position, winning the title after a 2-1 victory over Goiás in the Mineirão stadium, in round 36.

On the other side of the table, Criciúma, that had been in the relegation zone since round 17, and held the last place since round 30, was relegated after a 1-1 draw against Flamengo, also in round 36. In the following round, Botafogo was relegated after losing to Santos by 2-0. In the last round, Palmeiras, despite only obtaining a draw in its last match, against Atlético Paranaense, guaranteed its survival in the first division after defeats of its competitors, Vitória and Bahia.

Teams

Stadia and locations

Results 
 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round
 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

Statistics

Scoring

Top scorers

Hat-tricks

Clean sheets
Most clean sheets: 14
Grêmio
Fewest clean sheets: 4
Vitória

References

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2014 in association football
A constitutional right is a right or freedom which is guaranteed to citizens by that country's constitution. In the United States constitutional rights are guaranteed by the United States Constitution. Most of these rights are contained in the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US constitution.

For example, nearly half of all the countries in the world have some form of guaranteed right to health care protected by their country's constitution. However, a right to health care is not a constitutional right in the United States. Besides the US, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico,  Bolivia, Costa Rica, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Liberia are among those countries where citizens all have a constitutional right to own firearms. But only Guatemala's rights are as broad as the Second Amendment's rights in the United States. The constitutions of about 182 countries guarantee some form of Freedom of religion. The constitutional rights granted by the First Amendment, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, the right to petition and the freedom of assembly, are almost unique to the United States.

References 

Constitutions
Rights
The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It helps explain the concept of federalism, the relationship between federal and state governments. The Tenth Amendment clearly states that any remaining powers not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved for the states or for the people.

Text

Powers not delegated 
The single point of the Tenth Amendment was to clearly show the balance of power between the federal and state governments as established by the Constitution. It was intended to put to rest any fears the new national government would seek additional powers that the states could then not fully use.

In Bond v. United States (2011), Carol A. Bond had been convicted under the federal Chemical Weapons Implementation Act of 1998 for a local assault using a chemical irritant (a chemical that causes skin burns). Bond's attorneys argued the federal law was intended for terrorists and rogue states. Instead, should have been prosecuted under state law. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court reversed the decision by the lower court and sent the case back. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: "Bond has standing to challenge the federal statute on grounds that the measure interferes with the powers reserved to States..., etc."

References 

United States Bill of Rights
10
A noble metal is a metal that is resistant to both corrosion and oxidation when exposed to air.  Metals such as gold, silver, platinum, iridium and palladium are examples.  Sometimes, mercury and copper can be regarded as noble metals.  Some metals like titanium are not, even though they are resistant to corrosion.  Noble metals are valuable, because they are not commonly found in the Earth's crust.  They have many uses in everyday things including chemical engineering, electronics, and jewelry.

Related pages 
Precious metal

References 

Metals
Chemical nomenclature
The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was an agency of the Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003. The agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003. This is when most of its responsibilities were transferred to three new agencies. These were the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). All were within the newly created Department of Homeland Security, as part of a major government reorganization following the September 11 attacks of 2001.

History 
In 1890, the federal government, rather than the individual states, regulated immigration into the United States. The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department.  Immigration was transferred to the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913.  In 1940, with increasing concern about national security, immigration and naturalization was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice.

In 2003 the administration of immigration services became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed only for a short time before changing to its current name, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

References 

United States government agencies
United States Department of Justice
1933 establishments in the United States
2003 disestablishments in the United States
Salman Natour  (July 3, 1949 – February 15, 2016) was a Druze-Palestinian writer and novelist. He was a citizen of Israel. Natour published many books and plays. He wrote in both Hebrew and Arabic. He was mainly known for his work Granta.

He was born in Daliyat al-Karmel south of Haifa in 1949. He graduated from high school in his hometown, and then went on to university in Jerusalem and later in Haifa. He died on the morning of February 15, 2016 after a severe heart attack.

References 

1949 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Druze
Israeli writers
Israeli-Palestinian people
Admiral Sir William Donough O'Brien (13 November 1916 – 19 February 2016) was a British military leader. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet. He was then appointed Naval Secretary in 1964. He was appointed Flag Officer Aircraft Carriers in 1966, Commander-in-Chief of the Far East Fleet in 1967 and Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet in 1970. He retired in 1971.

O'Brien died on 19 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia. He had also been suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was 99.

References

1916 births
2016 deaths
Admirals
British military personnel of World War II
Deaths from pneumonia
People with Alzheimer's disease
Frank Kelly (né Francis O'Kelly; 28 December 1938 – 28 February 2016) was an Irish actor, singer and writer. He worked in television, radio, theatre, music, screenwriting and movies. He played Father Jack Hackett in the Channel Four sitcom Father Ted. He also played Dermont in Emmerdale.

Kelly died on 28 February 2016 from a heart attack. The heart attack was a complication of Parkinson's disease. He was 77. He was recovering from bowel cancer and survived skin cancer.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People with Parkinson's disease
People with cancer
Skin cancer survivors
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Irish stage actors
Irish voice actors
Irish singers
Irish screenwriters
People from Dublin
Everest Base Camp is a campsite at the bottom of Mount Everest. There are two of them, located on opposite sides of the mountain. They are used as bases by mountain climbers. The climbers usually rest at base camp for several days to acclimatise. This lowers the risks and severity of altitude sickness. Climbing starts from one of these two camps.
 South Base Camp is in Nepal at an altitude of  (). It is used when climbing via the southeast ridge.
 North Base Camp is in Tibet at   (). It is used when climbing via the northeast ridge.

Food and equipment are brought to the South Base Camp by Sherpas or porters, with the help of animals like yaks. The North Base Camp has a track that vehicles can access, but usually only during summer.

References

Tibet
Nepal
Mountain climbing
Lochner v. New York, (1905), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court ruled a New York State law that set the maximum numbers of hours bakers could work per week was unconstitutional. The Court held that the right of a person to make a contract as a part of his or her business is a liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. With few exceptions this included the right to buy and sell labor. The decision was controversial and it made the Supreme Court an adversary to legislatures for over 30 years. Repeatedly, the Court struck down laws that regulated labor saying they violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was called the "Lochner Era"; so-named for this decision.

Background 
A statute was enacted by the State of New York which limited the number of hours bakers could work to 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week. The law was a part of the Bakershop Act passed in 1895. The Journeymen Bakers’ Union wanted to limit the number of hours a day union bakers could work. Bakers were then typically paid by the day. The work had a number of health and safety risks due to dust, fumes, the heat of the ovens, etc. The lobbying was successful and in May 1895 the Governor of New York signed the bill into law.

Joseph Lochner, a baker in Utica, New York, found the law made it hard to operate his business. He and his bakers often had to work more than 60 hours a week. Lochner was charged with violating the state law. He filed the appeal because he felt the law was unconstitutional because it violated his Civil liberties of "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness". The case went before the Supreme Court on February 23rd and was decided on April 17, 1905. The is considered one of the most groundbreaking cases in United States history.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Lochner v. New York - Significance

1905
1900s in New York (state)
United States Supreme Court cases
The at sign (@) is a symbol. It is used in bills, emails and programming. In email, it is used to show a specific domain of an email address. In bills, it used to mean "at a rate of"; for example, "7 widgets @ £2 = £14". In programming, the at-sign has been used in a wide range of programming languages. It was invented by Ray Tomlinson.

The sign is one of several special symbols on the standard English keyboard.

Typography
Symbols
The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current. It flows north along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru. Also called the 'Peru Current', it flows in the direction of the equator. It extends 1,000 kilometers offshore.  

The Humboldt Current is a large marine ecosystem, named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. It is one of the major nutrient systems of the world, bringing nutrients up into the surface waters of the ocean. This supports an extraordinary abundance of marine life.  Upwelling occurs off Peru year-round but off Chile only during the spring and summer. This is  because the subtropical center of high pressure is displaced during the summer.

About 18-20% of the world’s fish catch comes from the Humboldt Current. The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel. This high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals (eared seals and cetaceans) and seabirds. The cold, nutrient-rich water upwelling to the surface drives the system’s extraordinary productivity.

The Humboldt Current is part of a much larger system, the South Pacific Gyre.

Pacific Ocean
South America
Ecosystems
Ocean currents
The Vorkuta mine disaster was a series of explosions that happened in a mine in Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia. It killed 36 people on 25 February 2016.

References

2016 disasters in Europe
2010s explosions in Europe
2010s in Russia

Explosions in 2016
February 2016 events
Mining
Alan Mark Grayson (born March 13, 1958) is an American politician. He is the United States Representative for . He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He last served as Representative for  from 2009 to 2011. He was defeated for re-election in 2010 by Republican Daniel Webster. He was then elected in 2012 for another term in the House of Representatives, defeating Republican Todd Long.

In 2014 he defeated Republican challenger Carol Platt to win re-election.

On July 9, 2015, Grayson announced his intentions to run in the United States Senate election in Florida, 2016 to replace Marco Rubio. In 2016, Grayson said he supported Bernie Sanders to be the Democratic nominee for President of the United States.

References

1958 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from New York City
United States representatives from Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
"Writing's on the Wall" is a song by British singer Sam Smith. It was the theme song for the James Bond movie Spectre in 2015. The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by Napes, Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure. It was released on 25 September 2015.

"Writing's on the Wall" received mixed reviews, especially when compared to other Bond theme songs. The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey being a popular topic on Twitter on the day it was released. 

The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached the Top 10 in a few other European countries. Unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe. It only peaked at Number 43 in Canada and Australia and Number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100. Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the movie's official soundtrack album. 

The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 88th Academy Awards.

References

2015 songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Golden Globe Award winners
Pop ballads
Sam Smith (singer) songs
Betsy Jochum "Sockum" (born February 8, 1921) is a former American baseball player. She played as an outfielder and pitcher. She played from 1943 to 1948 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She was listed at , . She batted and threw right-handed. Jochum played for the South Bend Blue Sox during her whole career.

Jochum was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She was raised in South Bend, Indiana.

References

1921 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Indiana
Sportspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
People from South Bend, Indiana
Azerbaijani wines are wines made in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is one of the oldest wine-making regions in the world. Azerbaijani wine is made in several areas throughout Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan has a successful wine industry that dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. Azerbaijan's long history of wine-making was rediscovered at archaeological digs of settlements in Kültəpə, Qarabağlar and Galajig. Archaeologists discovered stone fermentation and storage containers that included remnants and grape seeds dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. The Ancient Greeks were well aware of wine production in the area by at least the 7th century BC according to Herodotus. Later Strabo would comment in the 1st century BC about an Azerbaijani wine known as Albania. Arabic historians and geographers described the extensive viticulture around Ganja and Barda that was taking place even after Islamic conquest of the area.

Since the end of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan, many attempts have been made to revive and modernize the Azerbaijani wine industry. Today vineyards are found in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains and the Kur-Araz lowlands near the Kura River. In the 21st century, Ganja, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan have emerged as centers of wine production in the region.

Related pages
Azerbaijani cuisine

References

Other websites
History of Vine growing and wine making 
Wine and Wagons. Helenendorf: Azerbaijan's First German Settlement, on German wine-growing community of Azerbaijan, by Azerbaijan International

Wine
Azerbaijani culture
An economic system is a man-made and malleable system to regulate the production, resource allocation, exchange, and distribution of goods and services in a society or a geographic area.

Trade, money, markets, banks, laws and regulations are all part of an economic system. Examples of economic systems include:

Market economy, where prices are decided by supply and demand.
State capitalism, where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned business enterprises, and wages are decided by the government.

References
Chisholm v. Georgia, , is considered the first great decision by the United States Supreme Court. Given its early date, there was little available legal precedent in American law.  It was almost immediately superseded by the Eleventh Amendment.

Background 
In 1777, needed supplies for the Revolutionary War were purchased from a South Carolina businessman by the Executive Council of Georgia. The supplies were delivered but Georgia never paid as they had promised. After the businessman's death, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of his estate, took the case to court trying to collect from the state of Georgia. Georgia maintained it was not under the jurisdiction of the federal courts. 

United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph  argued the case for the plaintiff before the court. The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a sovereign state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit.

The decision
In a four to one decision, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and associate justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority. Only Justice Iredell dissented. The court ruled that Article 3, Section 2, of the Constitution did not allow the states' sovereign immunity. In short, the Court ruled that Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court. It granted federal courts the power to hear disputes between private citizens and states.

Effects 
The resulting public sentiment in favor of states' rights led directly to the passage of the Eleventh Amendment in 1795.  In Hollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), the court ruled that pending court actions from Chisholm were dismissed due to passage of the Eleventh Amendment. This removed federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state or of foreign countries attempt to sue another state.

Supreme Court decisions overturned by Constitutional Amendments  
Chisholm is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an amendment to the United States Constitution. The other three are:
 Dred Scott v. Sandford, which was overturned by passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
 Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., which was overturned by passage of the Sixteenth Amendment.
 Oregon v. Mitchell, which was reversed by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.

Arguably, one more case could be added:
 Minor v. Happersett, which was indirectly overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment. In 1875, Virginia Minor, in trying to gain the right to vote for women, argued the Fourteenth Amendment gave citizens the right to vote. The Court said it did not. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, 45 years later, gave women the right to vote. However, Minor v. Happersett'' was still cited as case law into the 1960s in other right to vote issues.

References 

United States Supreme Court cases
1793
1790s in the United States
Avezzano is a city in central of Italy located in the Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo Region. About 42,000 people live in Avezzano.

References

Cities in Abruzzo
At the 2016 Democratic National Convention, delegates of the United States Democratic Party chose their nominees for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States in the 2016 national election. It was held July 25–28, 2016, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, with some events at the Pennsylvania Convention Center, beginning exactly one week after the 2016 Republican National Convention. The candidates were former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of New York, and United States senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont.

There are 4,764 delegates to the Democratic National Convention, so a candidate needs a simple majority of 2,383 delegates including "superdelegates" to win the presidential nomination. On June 6, 2016,  Clinton won the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, becoming the presumptive candidate.

References

2016 in Pennsylvania
July 2016 events
2010s in Philadelphia
United States Democratic Party
Democratic
United States presidential nominating conventions
Jim Clark (24 May 1931 – 25 February 2016) was a British movie editor with more than forty feature-movie credits from 1956 to 2008. Clark has also directed eight features and short movies. His best-known works are Midnight Cowboy (as creative consultant-1969), Marathon Man (1976), The Killing Fields (1984), and Vera Drake (2004). In 2011, Clark published Dream Repairman: Adventures in Film Editing, which is a memoir of his career.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
Boston, Lincolnshire]
English movie directors
People from Lincolnshire
British movie editors
The 2016 Democratic Party global presidential primary for Democrats Abroad took place on March 1–8, 2016. E-mail, fax, and postal voting is being carried out beginning January 11, and ending March 8.

Voters may only vote once for a presidential candidate: either through Democrats Abroad, or through their home state. Those who vote in the Democrats Abroad global presidential primary may continue to be in their home state's primary or caucus for all other candidates for the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, and also for state and local elections and ballot measures, but they cannot vote twice for a presidential candidate.

Sanders won the primary by 69% to Clinton's 31% winning 44 out of the 45 international cities.

Background
A number of cities will host walk-in Voting Centers, and an official list of locations and open hours are available as of February 6.

Voters in Wellington, New Zealand will cast the first votes, at midnight on Super Tuesday, March 1.

Provisional Results

Provisional results are the ballot counts for individual walk-in voting centers. Ballots sent by post, fax, and e-mail are not included.

Results
The results given on 21 March are:

References

March 2016 events
United States Democratic Party
2016 United States presidential election
United States presidential primary elections
In law, a majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court.  A majority opinion becomes the decision of the court in a matter. It also gives an explanation of the reasons for the court's decision.

Decisions 
A dissenting opinion is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. Very similar to a majority opinion is a plurality opinion. In this instance, a majority of Justices agree on the result of a case, but do not all agree on the reasons for the result.  

In the United States Supreme Court, a majority of the Justices have to agree with all of the contents of the Court's opinion before it can be published. In a few cases, after reading drafts of the opinions, Justices may switch their votes and what was the minority opinion becomes the majority opinion. No opinion is considered official until it is read in open court or made available publicly.

Tie votes 
Normally, appellate courts (or panels) are staffed with an odd number of judges to avoid a tie vote. Sometimes and in some jurisdictions, when judicial positions are vacant or a judge has recused (excuse) himself or herself from the case, the court may be stuck with a tie. In this situation the decision of the lower Court stands.

References

Other websites 
 Supreme Court of the United States
 The Opinion-Writing Process

Legal terms
In English common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction. In modern use this generally is a court. Writs are issued by courts directing the person to whom they are addressed to do something or to not do something. Writs may also be used to direct other courts or public authorities. The authority for a court to issue a writ is given by the All Writs Act which is a United States federal statute originally a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.

History 
In its earliest form a writ was simply a written order made by the English king to a specified person to undertake a specified action. For example in the feudal era a military summons by the king to one of his tenants-in-chief to appear dressed for battle with his knights at a certain place and time. An early usage survives in the United Kingdom. Also in Canada in a writ of election. This was is a written order issued on behalf of the monarch (in Canada, the Governor General) to local officials (High Sheriffs of every county in historical UK) to hold a general election. Writs were used by the medieval English kings to summon persons to Parliament.

Types of writs 
There have been a great many kinds of writs. Some of the more common types still in use are:

 Writ of Habeas corpus: A legal document ordering a person who has been arrested to come before a court.
 Writ of Mandamus: This directs a government department or official to take an action.
 Writ of Prohibition: This writ directs a public authority not to take a specified action. Usually issued by appellate courts to lower courts.
 Writ of Certiorari (abbreviated Cert.): A kind of writ issued by an appellate court to review cases from a lower court.
 Writ of Quo warranto: A type of writ used to challenge the legality of someone holding a public office.
 Writ of Coram nobis: A writ issued by an appeals court to a lower court to correct a previous error.

References 

Legal terms
Documents
The Eleventh Amendment (Amendment XI) to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress on March 4, 1794 and ratified by the states on February 7, 1795. It deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia.

Text

Lawsuits against states 
The idea of sovereign immunity originated in English common law. It was also proposed by political theorists like Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin. The founding fathers of the Constitution were aware of the traditional doctrine that states were immune from private lawsuits. Several Anti-Federalists were afraid that Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which declares that the federal judicial power extends to suits "between a State and Citizens of another State", would override that doctrine.  

The Eleventh Amendment was a direct reaction to an unpopular ruling by the Supreme Court in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793). In Chisholm the Court said federal courts had the power to hear lawsuits brought by citizens against US states. Also, that states were not immune to these cases. The Eleventh Amendment reversed this decision and does not allow cases brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country. It says nothing about a citizen bringing a suit against their own state.

In Ex parte Young, the Supreme Court decision allowed suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the State's sovereign immunity, when the State acted unconstitutionally.

The Eleventh Amendment is one of five amendments that overturned earlier Supreme Court decisions.

References

Other websites 
 Eleventh Amendment Limitations on Federal Power

11
1790s in the United States
are two role-playing video games. They are published by The Pokémon Company and developed by Game Freak. They were released for the Nintendo 3DS. The games were released on 18 November 2016 in North America, Australia and Japan, and 23 November 2016 in Europe, commemorating the Pokémon franchise's 20th anniversary.

On February 25, the games' existence was leaked after the trademarks were found on the EU's Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market's website. Sun and Moon were officially announced in a Pokémon Nintendo Direct.

Story
Pokémon Sun and Moon take place in a region called Alola. Alola has warm weather and is made up of four large islands. The player is given a Pokémon and goes on a journey around Alola. The player can catch and raise other Pokémon as they explore. While exploring, the player sometimes has to fight Team Skull. Team Skull are a group of people who want to destroy things and cause trouble. And some Pokémon have a special Alolan form!

References

Other websites
Official website

2016 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Pokémon RPGs
Video games developed in Japan
Johann Georg, Prince von Hohenzollern (Johann Georg Carl Leopold Eitel-Friedrich Meinrad Maria Hubertus Michael; 31 July 1932 – 2 March 2016) was a German prince. Through his marriage to Princess Birgitta of Sweden, he was brother-in-law of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.

Prince Johann Georg was the sixth child of Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern (30 August 1891 – 6 February 1965) and his wife Princess Margarete Karola of Saxony (24 January 1900 – 16 October 1962).

Goerg died on 2 March 2016 in Munich. He was 83 years old.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2016 deaths
German people
Princes and princesses
A wage is money that is paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work. The amount may be fixed for each task completed (this is called piece rate); or it may be based on time or other measurable quantity of work done.

Work for wages is the most common form of work. Because of this, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms of employee payment. However, a wage is different to a salary or commission. A salary is where the employer pays an arranged amount at regular intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked or amount of work done. Commission is usually an extra payment based on the performance of the worker or product. Waged employees may also receive "tips" paid directly by clients. They will usually not get the same benefits as those paid with a salary, such as annual leave and sick leave.

Wages are usually paid by the hour. This is called an hourly wage. Wages paid by the day are still common. Wage rates may be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), laws, and tradition. Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan. In many countries, laws set a minimum wage that all employers must pay their workers. This means that employers cannot pay workers a lower rate than the minimum wage; however, they can pay them a higher rate. The minimum wage rate is there to protect the working class.

Wages were paid in the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome.

References

Other websites

  
 Salary and wages data collection 

Employment
Labor
Income
Aubrey Kerr McClendon (July 14, 1959 – March 2, 2016) was an American businessman. He was the founder and chief executive officer of American Energy Partners. He was also the co-founder and retired chief executive officer and chairman of Chesapeake Energy. He was an outspoken supporter for natural gas as a cleaner and safer alternative to oil and coal fuels. He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

McClendon was a part-owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and was part of the ownership that moved the team to Oklahoma City in 2008.

On March 1, 2016, McClendon was charged by the United States Department of Justice of conspiring "to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest Oklahoma". He died the following day in a car crash near Oklahoma City. He was 56 years old.

References

1959 births
2016 deaths

American chief executives
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
People from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Road accident deaths in the United States
The Valley of the Queens ( ) is a place in Egypt where wives of Pharaohs were buried in ancient times. In ancient times, it was known as Ta-Set-Neferu, meaning –"the place of beauty".

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The reason for choosing the Valley of the Queens as a burial site is not known. The place is near the worker's village in Deir el-Medina and the Valley of the Kings.  Another consideration may be the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to Hathor at the entrance of the Valley. This grotto may be associated with rejuvenation for the dead.

The main wadi contains 91 tombs and nearby valleys add another 19 tombs.

References 

Ancient Egyptian queens
Geography of Egypt
Burial monuments and structures
Archaeological sites in Egypt
The emergency department (ED) is a part of a hospital for treating people who have just come to the hospital, need to be treated quickly even without an appointment. These people may have been hurt, or they may have suddenly become very ill.

Patients come to an emergency department with little warning. Many come in an ambulance. Emergency departments often have staff working all day and all night, on every day of the week. This is because patients can arrive at any time. To work in those places, doctors and nurses must be trained in emergency medicine.

There are many different names for an emergency department. They are often called an emergency room (ER), even if they are bigger than one room. They may also be called an emergency ward (EW) or emergency unit. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, they are usually called accident & emergency department (A&E) and less often as a casualty department.

USA
A 2005 patient study found an average emergency room wait time from 2 hours in Iowa to more than 5 hours in Arizona. The Midwest had the highest number of emergency room visits (460 per 1,000 people). The West had the lowest number.

References

Emergency medicine
Gynecology (also spelled gynaecology) is the part of medicine that deals with the female reproductive system (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and breasts. Outside medicine, it means "the science of women."

Women have started to outnumber men in the study and practice of gynecology.

References

Medical specialties
The Transantarctic Mountains are a mountain range in the continent of Antarctica. It divides the continent into eastern and western region. It extends for over 3200 km.

The Antarctic Peninsula to the west is not part of this range.

Life in the interior of the Transantarctic Range is limited to bacteria, lichens, algae and fungi.

The name "Transantarctic Mountains" was first used in 1960, in a paper by geologist Warren Hamilton.

References 

Geography of Antarctica
Mountain ranges