cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A Barcode reader or Barcode scanner is an electronic input device which is able to scan and decode barcodes. These devices use optical technology such as infrared light. Some readers use an integrated decoder, others have one unit for reading the barcode, and another one to decode the barcode. A barcode reader, also called a price scanner or point-of-sale ( POS ) scanner, is a hand-held or stationary input device used to capture and read information contained in a bar code . A barcode reader consists of a scanner , a decoder (either built-in or external), and a cable used to connect the reader with a computer. Because a barcode reader merely captures and translates the barcode into numbers and/or letters, the data must be sent to a computer so that a software application can make sense of the data. Barcode scanners can be connected to a computer through a serial port , keyboard port , or an interface device called a wedge . A barcode reader works by directing a beam of light across the bar code and measuring the amount of light that is reflected back. The dark bars on a barcode reflect less light than the white spaces between them. The barcode scanner then converts the reflected light energy into electrical energy, which is converted into data by the decoder and forwarded to a computer.

There are five basic kinds of barcode readers -- pen wands, slot scanners, Charge-Couple Device ( CCD ) scanners, image scanners, and laser scanners.
A pen wand is the simplest barcode reader. It contains no moving parts and is known for its durability and low cost. A pen wand can present a challenge to the user, however, because it has to remain in direct contact with the bar code, must be held at a certain angle, and has to be moved over the bar code at a certain speed.
A slot scanner remains stationary and the item with the bar code on it is pulled by hand through the slot. Slot scanners are typically used to scan bar codes on identification cards.
A CCD scanner has a better read-range than the pen wand and is often used in retail sales. Typically, a CCD scanner has a "gun" type interface and has to be held no more than one inch from the bar code. Each time the bar code is scanned, several readings are taken to reduce the possibility of errors. A disadvantage of the CCD scanner is that it cannot read a bar code that is wider than its input face.
An image scanner, also called a camera reader, uses a small video camera to capture an image of the bar code and then uses sophisticated digital image processing techniques to decode the bar code. It can read a bar code from about 3 to 9 inches away and generally costs less than a laser scanner.
A laser scanner, either hand-held or stationary, does not have to be close to the bar code in order to do its job. It uses a system of mirrors and lenses to allow the scanner to read the bar code regardless of orientation, and can easily read a bar code up to 24 inches away. To reduce the possibility of errors, a laser scanning may perform up to 500 scans per second. Specialized long-range laser scanners are capable of reading a bar code up to 30 feet away.

Machines
Electronics
Barcodes
Diddy Kong Racing is a racing video game for the Nintendo 64 game console. It was developed and published by Rareware. It is the first spin-off of the Donkey Kong Country series. It was released on November 14, 1997 in North America, and on November 21, 1997 in Japan and Europe.

Diddy Kong Racing has gameplay that is similar to Mario Kart 64. It has an adventure mode with several worlds that have several race tracks, a battle stage, and a race against a boss. Players can choose to use a car, a hovercraft, or a plane, although some tracks make the player use one of those. Each track has boosters that make the player go faster, and balloons that give the player an item that they can use during the race. Players can choose from 10 characters. Two of the game's characters, Conker and Banjo, would later star in their own games. Conker went on to star in Conker's Bad Fur Day, while Banjo went on to star in Banjo-Kazooie.

A remake for the Nintendo DS called Diddy Kong Racing DS was released on February 5, 2007 in North America and on April 20, 2007 in Europe. It has better graphics and use of the console's touch screen. Banjo and Conker do not appear in it.

Characters
Diddy Kong
Krunch
Bumper the Badger
Banjo
Conker
Tiptup the Turtle
Timber the Tiger
Pipsy 
Drumstick the Rooster (Unlockable)
T.T. (Unlockable)
Taj the Genie (Playable in DS remake)
Wizpig (Playable in DS remake): Main antagonist
Tricky the Triceratops (Dino Domain Boss)
Bluey the Walrus (Snowflake Mountain Boss)
Bubbler the Octopus (Sherbet Island Boss)
Smokey the Dragon (Dragon Forest Boss)

Non-Playable Characters
Taj

Bosses
Wizpig
Tricky the Triceratops
Bluey the Walrus
Bubbler the Octopus
Smokey the Dragon

References

Other websites
Official Diddy Kong Racing site (Archive)

1997 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Racing video games
Donkey Kong
The London School for Performing Arts & Technology, more commonly known as The BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology, is a school in Croydon, London, England. It opened in 1991. It is the only free performing arts school in the United Kingdom. OFSTED rated it as 'outstanding'.

Notable past students
Amy Winehouse
Adele
Jessie J
Imogen Heap
Kate Nash
Leona Lewis
The Kooks
Rizzle Kicks
Tom Holland

1991 establishments in England
London Borough of Croydon
Performing arts
Schools in London
Marcello Malpighi (10 March 1628 – 29 November 1694) was an Italian doctor, who gave his name to several physiological features, like the Malpighian tubule system.

Although the microscope was invented early in the 17th century, it was not much used until Robert Hooke improved the instrument. Then Marcello Malpighi, Hooke, Nehemiah Grew and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek had a virtually untried tool in their hands as they began their investigations.   

Working on frogs and extrapolating to humans, Malpighi demonstrated the structure of the lungs, previously thought to be a homogeneous mass of flesh, and he offered an explanation for how air and blood mixed in the lungs. Malpighi also used the microscope for his studies of the skin, kidneys, and liver. For example, after he dissected the body of a black man, Malpighi made some groundbreaking headway into the origin of black skin. He found that the black pigment was associated with a layer of mucus just beneath the skin.

He was the first to see capillaries in animals, and he discovered the link between arteries and veins. He may have been the first person to see this under a microscope. The microscope let Malpighi discover that the silk worm does not use lungs to breathe, but small holes in their skin called spiracles. This turned out to be true of all insects. 

Because Malpighi had a wide knowledge of both plants and animals, and he made contributions to the study of both. The Royal Society in London published two volumes of his botanical and zoological works in 1675 and 1679.  Another edition followed in 1687, and a supplementary volume in 1697. In his autobiography, Malpighi speaks of his Anatome Plantarum, decorated with the engravings of Robert White (1645–1703) as "the most elegant format in the whole literate world".

References 

1628 births
1694 deaths
Italian biologists
Anatomists
Fellows of the Royal Society
M83 is a French electronic music band. They formed in 2001. The band is named after a spiral galaxy. They have released eight albums. Their seventh album is the soundtrack to the science fiction movie Oblivion.

Other websites 
 Official website

2001 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in France
2000s music groups
Electronic music bands
French musical groups
An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things with his or her hands. The things artisans make can be either for use or for decoration. Some of the things they make are furniture, sculpture, clothing, jewellery, household items, and tools. 

Sometimes artisans make things by hand that are usually made by machine today. The hand-made items can be called "artisanal". Some of those items are food products, including bread, beverages or cheese.
Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (3 March 1895 – 31 January 1973) was an Norwegian economist. He won the first Nobel Prize in Economics with Jan Tinbergen in 1969.

Early life
Frisch was born on 3 March 1895 in Christiania, Norway. He studied at the University of Oslo.

Nobel Prize
He was also the co-winner with Jan Tinbergen of the first Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969 for his works with econometrics.

Studies
He is known for having founded the discipline of econometrics, and in 1933 to have created the widely used term pair macroeconomics/microeconomics.

Personal life
Frisch was married to Marie Smedal from 1920 until her death in 1952. Then he was remarried to Astrid Johannessen from 1953 until his death in 1973. Frisch had one daughter with Smedal.

Death
Frisch died on 31 January 1973 in Oslo, Norway from a stroke, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 Autobiography at Nobel e-Museum
 Ragnar Frisch at nobel-winners.com
 IDEAS/RePEc

1895 births
1973 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Norway
Deaths from stroke
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Norwegian economists
Writers from Oslo
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian Nobel Prize winners
Jan Tinbergen (April 12, 1903 – June 9, 1994) was a Dutch economist. He won the first Nobel Prize in Economics with Ragnar Frisch.

Early life
Tinbergen was born on April 12, 1903 at The Hague. He studied at Leiden University.

Nobel Prize
He was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969. He shared the award with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of  economic processes. Tinbergen was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

Tinbergen's debate
Tinbergen’s econometric picture lead to a debate between other several known economists such as J.M. Keynes, Ragnar Frisch and Milton Friedman. The debate is sometimes called the Tinbergen debate.

Personal life
Tinbergen was never married. He also had no children. He died on June 9, 1994 at The Hague from natural causes, aged 91. Niko Tinbergen is his brother.

Some books
 Business Cycles in the United States, 1919–1932, Geneva, 1939 and New York, 1968
 Business Cycles in the United Kingdom, 1870–1914, Amsterdam, 1951
 On the Theory of Economic Policy. Second edition (1952) is Volume 1 of Contributions to Economic Analysis, Amsterdam: North-Holland.
 Centralization and Decentralization in Economic Policy, Amsterdam, 1954 .
 Economic Policy: Principles and Design, Amsterdam, 1956
 The Element of Space in Development Planning (together with L.B.M. Mennes and J.G. Waardenburg), Amsterdam, 1969
 The Dynamics of Business Cycles: A Study in Economic Fluctuations. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1974. .
 Der Dialog Nord-Süd: Informationen zur Entwicklungspolitik. Frankfurt am Main: Europ. Verlagsanstalt, 1977.
 Economic policy: Principles and Design. Amsterdam, 1978. .

References

Other websites

 TINBERGEN, Jan in: Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland
 Jan Tinbergen College (Dutch website)
 IDEAS/RePEc
 Profile at The International Institute of Social Studies (ISS)

1903 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Dutch academics
Dutch economists
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Writers from The Hague
Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 – 6 December 1991) was a British economist. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1984.

Early life
Stone was born on 30 August 1913 in London, England. He studied at the Cambridge University.

Career
In 1984, Stone received the Nobel Prize in Economics. He won the Nobel Prize for developing an accounting model that could be used to track economic activities on a national and, later, an international scale. 

He is sometimes known as the 'father of national income accounting', and is the author of studies of consumer demand statistics and demand modeling, economic growth, and input-output.

Personal life
Stone was married to Winifred Mary Jenkins from 1936 until they divorced in 1940. Then he was married to Feodora Leontinoff from 1941 until her death in 1956. Then he was married to Giovanna Croft-Murray Saffi from 1960 until his death in 1991. Stone had one daughter, Caroline Stone.

Death
Stone died on 6 December 1991 in Cambridge, England from pneumonia, aged 78.

Works
 Richard Stone and Giovanna Saffi Stone, Social Accounting and Economic Models (1959)
 Richard Stone and Giovanna Saffi Stone, National Income and Expenditure (1961)

References

Other websites
 Nobel prize page
 Biography
 IDEAS/RePEc

1913 births
1991 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from pneumonia
British economists
Infectious disease deaths in England
Scientists from London
Harry Max Markowitz (born August 24, 1927) is an American economist of Jewish descent. He received the 1989 John von Neumann Theory Prize and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Economics.

Early life
Markowitz was born on August 24, 1927 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Chicago.

Career
Markowitz is a professor of finance at the Rady School of Management at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD).  He is best known for his pioneering work in Modern Portfolio Theory, studying the effects of asset risk, return, correlation and diversification on probable investment portfolio returns.

Markowitz won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990.

Personal life
Markowitz now lives in Chicago, Illinois as a retired professor.

References

Other websites
 An Hour with Harry Markowitz: Interviewed by Mark Hebner
 The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1990
 Autobiography, The Nobel Prizes 1990, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1991
 Banquet Speech, December 10, 1990
 Nobel Prize Lecture: Foundations of Portfolio Theory, December 7, 1990 ( PDF format )

1927 births
Living people
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Chicago
Educators from Chicago
Birinus († 650), also St. Birinus was a missionary to Wessex and the first Bishop of Dorchester. His feast day is celebrated on December 3rd.

Career 

Birinus may have been a Lombard by birth. He was sent by Pope Honorius I to help convert pagans in Anglo-Saxon England. The pope first sent him to Genoa. There 
Archbishop Asterius of Milan consecrated Birinus as a bishop. Birinus arrived in southern Britain . He had planned to go to the midlands of England to preach there. But when he found the Gewisse in Wessex were completely pagan, he decided to stay with them. He began to convert the Gewisse (West Saxons) to Christianity. In 635 King Cynegils of Wessex was baptized by Birinus and King Oswald of Northumbria agreed to be his Godfather. This may have been a condition of the marriage between Oswald and Cynegils's daughter, Cyneburh. He gave Bishop Birinus the city of Dorchester and several churches so he could convert the pagans in Wessex. 
In  Birinus founded a church at Winchester which later became Winchester Cathedral. Birinus died in 650. He was buried at Dorchester.

Relics of St. Birinus 

After 660 there were no more West Saxon Bishops at Dorchester. Along with part of Berkshire it was taken over by Mercia. The new see for Wessex was now at Winchester. Some time around 690–700 Bishop Hedda of Winchester had the relics (bones) of St. Birinus moved from Dorchester to Winchester. Up to this time Bishop Birinus had been considered a minor saint. In 1223 monks of Dorchester abbey located the tomb of a former Bishop. The body was dressed in the garments and tunic of a bishop so they believed it was St. Birinus. At the time of the discovery miracles were claimed. One claim was that a dumb child could suddenly speak English and French. The monks sent their findings to Rome. The pope wrote to Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury asking him to manage the translation. But a problem caused the ceremony to be delayed. Archbishop Langton discovered the body had already been moved to Winchester . Both Dorchester and Winchester claimed to have the relics of Bishop Birinus. For that reason two feast days were observed for him, December 3rd and 4th. The Catholic Church recognizes December 3rd. A shrine was created for him in the 14th century. It was later destroyed, but it has been rebuilt since.

Notes

References

year of birth unknown
650s deaths
Christian religious leaders
Mechi (), is one of the fourteen zones of Nepal and one of the four zones of Eastern Development Region. It is the easternmost zone of Nepal, with its headquarters at Ilam.

Geography
The Mechi Zone has Sikkim and West Bengal (India) to the east, Bihar (India) to the south, the Koshi Zone to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

It is the smallest zone of the Eastern Development Region with an area of  and a population of only 1,422,182 people living there; Its population density is 173.5 persons/km2.

The most important river in the Mechi Zone is the Mechi, tributary of the Mahananda River. Another river is the Tamar River.

In the northern part of the zone, mainly in the Taplejung district that is in the eastern Himalayas, there are several high mountains. The highest is Kanchenjunga () that, with  high, is the third highest mountain of the world; it is on the border with Sikkim and in the Kanchanjungha Conservation Area.

Administrative subdivisions
The zone has 4 Districts and 190 Village Development Committees/Municipalities (VDC - the smallest administrative units):

Main VDCs and municipalities
The VDCs and municipalities with more inhabitants are found in the Jhapa district, mainly the municipalities of Damak (75,102) and Mechinagar (57,545); others in the same district are Anarmani (42,712), Surunga (27,470) and Satasidham (26,171).

In the Ilam district, the main VDCs and municipalities are the municipality of Ilam (18,633), Chulachuli (17,324), Danabari (14,302), Phikal Bazar (11,264).

In the Panchthar district, the only important VCS is Phidim (17,399), and in the Taplejung district is Phungling (14,974).

Related pages
Zones of Nepal
Districts of Nepal
Development Regions of Nepal

References

Other websites

 Map of Nepal: Taplejung District

Zones of Nepal
Jordan Peele (born February 21, 1979) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer.

Peele directed and wrote the 2017 horror movie Get Out, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Early Life and Education 
Peele was born on February 21, 1979, in New York City and raised by a single mother on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He graduated from the Calhoun School and attended Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, New York. He dropped out of college after two years to pursue comedy.

Career 
Peele joined the cast of the sketch comedy show Mad TV in 2003. He became friends with fellow cast member Keegan Michael-Key. The two became a comedy duo, and later co-starred in their own sketch show, Key & Peele.

As Filmmaker

References

Other websites 

 MADtv bio 

1979 births
Living people
Academy Award winning writers
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Satellite Award winners
Screenwriters from New York City
Donkey Kong Jr. is an arcade video game made by Nintendo in 1982. It is the sequel to Donkey Kong. The game was ported to many home video game consoles, including the NES, Atari 2600, Atari 7800, and ColecoVision.  It was released for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2006. It was later released for the Nintendo 3DS from the Nintendo eShop service in 2012.

Gameplay
Donkey Kong Jr. (also called Junior or DK Jr.) has to rescue his father Donkey Kong from Mario. The player has to go through four stages; each of which have a different theme. To move through the stage, DK Jr. can climb vines/chains/ropes. He can go down faster by holding only one vine, or go up faster by holding two of them. He has to avoid enemies that are in each stage. To complete the first three stages, DK Jr. has to reach the key at the top. In the fourth stage, he has to push six keys into locks near the top of the stage. After the player completes all four stages, the game goes back to the first stage and is more difficult.

References

Other websites
Donkey Kong Junior at the Killer List of Videogames
 

1982 video games
Arcade games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Atari 2600 games
Virtual Console games
Donkey Kong
Donkey Kong Barrel Blast, known as Donkey Kong Jet Race in Europe and Australia and as Donkey Kong Barrel Jet Race in Japan, is a racing video game for the Wii game console. It was released in Japan on June 28, 2007, in North America on October 8, 2007, in Europe on January 25, 2008, and in Australia on February 7, 2008. It was originally going to be released on the Nintendo GameCube and was going to use the DK Bongos, but was moved to the Wii.

Gameplay
Donkey Kong Barrel Blast is a racing game where the player controls their character with the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. To move their character, the player has to shake the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, lift them at the same time to jump, and use the controller's motion sensor to beat their opponents and use items. The main mode of play is a Grand Prix like the one seen in the Mario Kart series. There is also a Time Trial mode where players can race on one track without opponents.

References

Other websites
 Official webite
 Donkey Kong: Barrel Blast  at Nintendo

2007 video games
Wii games
Racing video games
Donkey Kong
Jan Swammerdam (12 February 1637 – 17 February 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects showed that the stages an insect life – egg, larva, pupa, and adult – are different forms of the same animal. He did experiments on muscle contraction. In 1658, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells. He was one of the first people to use the microscope in dissections, and his techniques remained useful for hundreds of years.

Research on insects
Knowledge of insects in the 17th century was to a great extent inherited from Aristotle. Swammerdam dissected insects and studied them under microscopes.

Swammerdam showed that insects develop in the same gradual manner as do other animals. He wanted to dispel the seventeenth-century idea that different life stages of an insect (e.g. caterpillar and butterfly) were different individuals. 

He got evidence from his dissections. By examining larvae, he identified adult features in pre-adult animals. For example, he noticed that the wings of dragonflies and mayflies exist before their final molt. Swammerdam used these observations in his 1669 publication, Historia Insectorum Generalis (The Natural History of Insects).  This work included many descriptions of insect anatomy. It was here that Swammerdam revealed that the "king" bee has ovaries. Biblia natura published posthumously in 1737, carried the first confirmation that the queen bee is the sole mother of the colony. Despite five intense years of beekeeping, the mode of honey bee reproduction escaped him as he wrote, "I do not believe the male bees actually copulate with the females."

References 

1637 births
1680 deaths
Beekeepers
Dutch scientists
Naturalists
People from Amsterdam
Ms. Pac-Man is an arcade video game made by Midway Manufacturing (now Midway Games). It was released one year after Pac-Man, on January 13, 1982. It became one of the most popular video games of all-time after its release. This led Namco to make the game an official title in the Pac-Man series. It has a female character, new mazes, and changes in gameplay from Pac-Man. It is most successful American-made arcade game, selling 115,000 arcade cabinets.

Gameplay
Ms. Pac-Man plays similarly to Pac-Man. The player has to move Ms. Pac-Man, a yellow disc, around a maze. The goal is to eat all of the yellow pellets (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts. The player can get more points by eating fruits that appear. When Ms. Pac-Man eats a white pellet, the ghosts turn blue. The player can eat them for points. The game has 256 stages. Like Pac-Man, the 256th level cannot be finished because of a problem with the creation of the game.

The game has gameplay changes from the original Pac-Man. They include:
The game has four different mazes instead of one maze that is played for the whole game.
Three of the four mazes have two sets of warp tunnels instead of one.
Instead of staying in the middle of the maze, the fruit moves around the maze, going in and out of warp tunnels.
The ghosts have different behaviors.
The game has different sound effects and music.

References

Other websites
Ms. Pac-Man at the Killer List of Videogames
Ms. Pac-Man at the Arcade History database

1982 video games
Arcade games
Namco video games
Game Gear games
Sega Genesis games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Atari 2600 games
Commodore 64 games
M61 Vulcan is a hydraulic and pneumatic rotary cannon. It has six barrels. It is cooled by air and fires by the power of electricity. It is a Gatling-style rotary cannon. The size of its caliber is 20 mm. It fires at an very very high speed. It has been the main cannon armament of United States military fixed-wing aircraft for over fifty years. It was made by General Electric at first, but today it is made by General Dynamics.

References

Weapons
The First Presbyterian Church is a historic church in Trenton, New Jersey, United States. It is located at 120 East State Street. The church building was built in 1726. During the American Revolutionary War the British occupied Trenton. They used the church as a stable to keep their horses. It was repaired when they left. In 1804 the old stone church was taken down. A new church of all brick was completed in 1805. The church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The church graveyard is the burial place of at least two Revolutionary War notables. Colonel Johann Rall, Commander of the Hessians forces defeated by General George Washington. He died just after the Battle of Trenton. John Rosbrugh, was killed at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek (Second Battle of Trenton). He was the first U.S. chaplain killed in battle. The inventor of the steamboat, John Fitch, was a member of the congregation at First Presbyterian.

References

National Register of Historic Places
Trenton, New Jersey
Presbyterianism
Churches in the United States
Buildings and structures in New Jersey
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1726 establishments
18th-century establishments in New Jersey
The Feather River is a river in Northern California in the United States. It is a tributary of the Sacramento River. The river originates in the Sierra Nevada mountains and is  long, flowing in a general southward direction.

The river is an important source of drinking and irrigation water for California. Oroville Dam is located on the river, near the city of Oroville.

Tributaries
Bear River
Yuba River
Middle Fork Feather River
North Fork Feather River

Related pages
American River
California State Water Project

References 

Rivers of California
Butte County, California
Plumas County, California
Sierra County, California
Sutter County, California
Yuba County, California
The Grand Coulee Dam is a dam on the Columbia River in the United States state of Washington. The dam forms Lake Franklin D. Roosevelt. The dam was built between 1933 and 1942, with a new power plant added between 1997 and 1974. The dam is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Grand Coulee Dam is  high and  long. The lake behind it can hold more than  of water.

The dam provides water for agriculture in Central Washington. Water is pumped from Lake Roosevelt to Banks Lake, located in the Grand Coulee. From there it runs by gravity to irrigate about  of fertile farmland. Incorporated in the late 1940s and early 1950s, this scheme is known as the Columbia Basin Project.

Grand Coulee also produces hydroelectricity. In fact, it is the largest electric-power producing facility in the United States. At full load the dam can produce 6,809 megawatts or enough for 5 million typical American households. The dam was an important source of power for factories during World War II. Today, it provides much of the cheap electric power for the Pacific Northwest.

Among other benefits include flood control for the lower Columbia River and recreational boating and fishing on Lake Roosevelt.

As a consequence of the dam's construction, the reservoir flooded large tracts of Native American lands. Salmon can no longer migrate to the upper Columbia River system.

Other websites
Columbia Basin Project  – Bureau of Reclamation
Grand Coulee Dam – Northwest Power and Conservation Council

Dams in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington
20th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Gerard Ferdinand Desjardins (born July 22, 1944 in Noëlville, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Desjardins played 2 seasons in the CPHL with the Houston Apollos.

He joined the Los Angeles Kings in 1968 but first played a season in the AHL for the Cleveland Barons. He played 2 seasons with the Kings and joined the Chicago Black Hawks where he played for 3 years. After his time with the Black Hawks was over, he went and played for the New York Islanders for 2 seasons and the Buffalo Sabres for 4 years. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1978.

Other websites 

1944 births
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Islanders players
American Hockey League players
World Hockey Association players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prizes throughout the 1920s and one even after his death in 1957.

Early life
O'Neill was born on October 16, 1888 in a hotel room in New York City, New York. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard University. O'Neill's parents were immigrants from Ireland.

Career
O'Neill's best-known stage works include, Anna Christie (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1922), Desire Under the Elms (1924), Strange Interlude (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1928), Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), and his only well-known comedy, Ah, Wilderness! (1933).

O'Neill won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his works on stage.

Personal life
O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins from 1909 until they divorced in 1911. They had one son. Then, he was married to Agnes Boulton from 1918 until they divorced in 1929. They had one son and one daughter. A granddaughter from this marriage is the actress Geraldine Chaplin.

After this divorce, he was married to Carlotta Monterey from 1929 until his death in 1953. O'Neill was an Agnostic.

O'Neill was a anarchist socialist.

Death
O'Neill died on November 27, 1953 at a hotel room in Boston, Massachusetts from cerebellar cortical atrophy, a neurological disease. He was 65 years old. As he was dying, he whispered his last words: "I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room."

Books

References

Other websites

 Eugene O'Neill official website
 Casa Genotta official website
 
 
 Eugene O'Neill | PlaybillVault.com
 Eugene O'Neil Autobiography  at the Nobel Foundation
 Works by Eugene O'Neill at Project Gutenberg Australia
 Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site
 American Experience - Eugene O'Neill: A Documentary Film on PBS 

1888 births
1953 deaths
American agnostics
American Nobel Prize winners
American playwrights
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from New York City
All Is Lost is a 2013 American survival-adventure movie directed by J. C. Chandor. It only stars Robert Redford as a lost man at sea. The movie has almost no dialogue. It was released to positive reviews on October 18, 2013.

2013 movies
2010s adventure movies
American adventure movies
English-language movies
Survival movies
Lionsgate movies
127 Hours is a 2010 American biographical drama movie directed by Danny Boyle. It stars James Franco as real-life canyoneer Aron Ralston, who became trapped by a boulder in Blue John Canyon, southeastern Utah, in April 2003. It received positive reviews, especially from Roger Ebert, Richard Roeper, and Peter Travers. It was released on November 12, 2010.

2010 drama movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s biographical movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
American adventure movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
French biographical movies
French drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 2000s
Survival movies
Movies set in Utah
American independent movies
Movies directed by Danny Boyle
Rush is an American-British 2013 biographical-drama movie written and directed by Ron Howard. It is based on the true events about racecar drivers James Hunt and Niki Lauda. It stars Chris Hemsworth, Daniel Brühl, and Olivia Wilde. It was released to positive reviews on September 20, 2013.

2013 drama movies
2010s biographical movies

2010s American biographical movies
2010s American drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ron Howard
Sports drama movies
Cut the Rope is a puzzle video game released by ZeptoLab. In it, the player must cut a series of ropes with their finger to feed a small creature named Om Nom a piece of candy. Once you have fed him the candy, the next level is unlocked. The game has been downloaded over 100 million times. The spin off games have also being released: Cut the Rope: Holiday Gift (2010), Cut the Rope: Experiments (2011), Cut the Rope: Time Travel (2013) Cut the Rope 2 (2013) and My Om Nom (2014 for Apple App Store and 2015 for Google Play Store).

Gameplay 
In each level, the candy hangs by one or several of the titular ropes which the player must cut with a swipe of their finger using the device's touchscreen. Using various objects such as floating bubbles and bellows, the candy must also be manipulated around obstacles to get to Om Nom's mouth.
Each level takes place in a box, Which there are different boxes, (such as the cardboard box, the fabric box and the foil box) More boxes will be added soon.

Each level pack introduces new challenges.  Levels are scored with a zero to three star rating, Like Angry Birds. according to how many stars the player picked up, and a point score depending on the number of stars collected and the amount of time taken to complete the level. In-app purchases, such as "Superpowers" and "Hints", and "Magnets" make play easier.

Levels

New levels are added through updates.

Sources

Other websites 
 Cut the Rope on the publisher's website
 Cut The Rope Online

Puzzle video games
2010 video games
Mobile games
Windows games
The United States Invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, was the invasion of Panama by the United States in December 1989 and January 1990. This operation was done during the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. By this treaty, it was accepted that the United States should give up control of the Panama Canal to Panama by 1 January 2000. 

During the invasion, the Panamanian leader, general and dictator Manuel Noriega was removed from his position and the elected president Guillermo Endara took control of the office. The Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved.

1989 in the United States
1990 in the United States
Conflicts
20th century in Panama
Conflicts in 1990
The St. Jude Storm also known as Cyclone Christian, was a severe European windstorm that hit Northwestern Europe from 27 October 2013 to 28 October 2013. The storm caused 17 deaths. Winds of up to 80–90 mph (130–145 km/h) were forecast for southern England, but the highest windspeed was in Denmark, where a gust of 120.8 mph (194.4 km/h) was recorded in the south of the country on the afternoon of 28 October, the strongest wind recorded in the country's history. Damage occurred in Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, and United Kingdom.

References

2013 in the United Kingdom
2013 in weather
2010s in Belgium
2013 in Germany
2010s in Denmark
2010s in the Netherlands
Disasters in Europe
Severe weather
October 2013 events
A relative atomic mass (also called atomic weight; symbol: Ar) is a measure of how heavy atoms are. It is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. In other words, a relative atomic mass tells you the number of times an average atom of an element from a given sample is heavier than one-twelfth of an atom of carbon-12. The word relative in relative atomic mass refers to this scaling relative to carbon-12. Relative atomic mass values are ratios; relative atomic mass is a dimensionless quantity. Relative atomic mass is the same as atomic weight, which is the older term.

The number of protons an atom has determines what element it is. However, most elements in nature consist of atoms with different numbers of neutrons. An atom of an element with a certain number of neutrons is called an isotope. For example, the element thallium has two common isotopes: thallium-203 and thallium-205. Both isotopes of thallium have 81 protons, but thallium-205 has 124 neutrons, 2 more than thallium-203, which has 122. Each isotope has its own mass, called its isotopic mass. A relative isotopic mass is the mass of an isotope relative to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The relative isotopic mass of an isotope is roughly the same as its mass number, which is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Like relative atomic mass values, relative isotopic mass values are ratios with no units.

We can find the relative atomic mass of a sample of an element by working out the abundance-weighted mean of the relative isotopic masses. For example, if a sample of thallium is made up of 30% thallium-203 and 70% thallium-205,

Two samples of an element that consists of more than one isotope, collected from two widely spaced sources on Earth, are expected to have slightly different relative atomic masses. This is because the proportions of each isotope are slightly different at different locations.

A standard atomic weight is the mean value of relative atomic masses of a number of normal samples of the element. Standard atomic weight values are published at regular intervals by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The standard atomic weight for each element is on the periodic table.

Often, the term relative atomic mass is used to mean standard atomic weight. This is not quite correct, because relative atomic mass is a less specific term that refers to individual samples. Individual samples of an element could have a relative atomic mass different to the standard atomic weight for the element. For example, a sample from another planet could have a relative atomic mass very different to the standard Earth-based value.

Relative atomic mass is not the same as:
 atomic mass (symbol: ma), which is the mass of a single atom, commonly expressed in unified atomic mass units
 mass number (symbol: A), which is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
 atomic number (symbol: Z), which is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

References

Other websites 

Chemistry
Roderigo López (1525 – June 7, 1594) was a physician of Portuguese background. He was tried and executed for trying to poison Elizabeth I. He is believed to be the inspiration for Shakespeare's character Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.

López was born into a family of Jewish origin in Portugal. He graduated from university with a degree in medicine. He went to England where he was appointed chief physician to Elizabeth I in 1586. He knew powerful men at court, and grew rich and respected. He was involved in various court intrigues until convicted of plotting to poison the Queen. He was hanged, drawn and quartered. 

Several contemporaries make reference to the trial and execution. Christopher Marlowe mentions it in Doctor Faustus as do Thomas Dekker in Whore of Babylon and Thomas Middleton in A Game at Chess. It is possible that Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice was inspired by López. my dads bald

Queen Elizabeth I’s physician, Roderigo Lopez, was tried and executed for allegedly plotting to kill the queen in 1594. As a Portuguese double agent, ‘Doctor Lopez a Jew’ was said to have conspired with the Spanish, England’s enemies at that time. He was accused of attempting to kill the Portuguese King Antonio and ‘take away Queene Elizabeths life by poyson’, in return for ‘fifty thousand Crowns’

References

1525 births
1594 deaths
Executed people
Jewish scientists
Physicians
Portuguese scientists
Arletty (15 May 1898 – 24 July 1992) was a French actress, singer, and model. She played Garance in the French movie Les Enfants du Paradis.

French actors
1898 births
1992 deaths
Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) is a French romantic drama movie. It was directed by Marcel Carné and released in 1945. It stars Arletty as French courtesan Garance. She is loved by four men: a street mime, an actor, a criminal, and an aristocrat. The story is set among the lower class theatres of Paris between 1820 and 1840. Garance is courted by four men but leaves them all because they will not allow her to love in her own way. The three hour film has been described as France's Gone with the Wind.

Other websites 

1945 movies
1940s historical movies
1940s drama movies
1940s romance movies
French drama movies
French-language movies
French romance movies
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies directed by Marcel Carné
David Murray Dryden (born September 5, 1941 in Hamilton, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. Dryden was known for the distinction of creating (as well as being the first goaltender to employ) the modern day goaltending mask consisting of a fiberglass mask with a cage.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Dryden played 2 seasons in the OHA playing for the Toronto St. Michael's.

In the NHL, he played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks, Buffalo Sabres and Edmonton Oilers. Dryden faced his brother Ken in a game between his Sabres and the Montreal Canadiens. It was the only time in the history of the NHL that brothers opposed each other as goalies.

Dryden was the goalie against whom Wayne Gretzky scored his first professional goal. During his time in the WHA, he played for the Chicago Cougars and Edmonton Oilers. He won the Ben Hatskin Trophy as the WHA's top goaltender, and the Gordie Howe Trophy as league MVP.

Since retiring from playing professional ice hockey in 1979, he became the chair person of Sleeping Children Around the World charity which was founded by his father and provides bed kits to children in developing countries.

Other websites 

1941 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Central Professional Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey League players
World Hockey Association players
Michel Joseph Dumas (born July 8, 1949) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently works as a chief amateur scout for the Chicago Blackhawks.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Dumas played 2 games with the Oklahoma City Blazers and 3 seasons with the Dallas Black Hawks of the CHL. He also played 2 seasons in the IHL with the Dayton Gems.

He was called up to play for the Chicago Black Hawks for 3 games and went back down to the play 1 season for the Dallas Black Hawks again.  He was called up again by the Black Hawks but he only played 5 games as his career was cut short due to an eye injury he suffered in a game against the Colorado Rockies in 1976.

He was hired by the Black Hawks tin 1977 to be an amateur scout, and was then promoted to be their chief amateur scout in the 1992–93 season.

Other websites 

1949 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
American Hockey League players
{{Infobox information appliance
| name         = iPad Air
| logo         = IPad Logo (2017).svg
| image        = IPad 2017 tablet.jpg
| caption      = 
| releasedate  = November 1, 2013
| discontinued = March 21, 2016
| developer    = Apple Inc.
| manufacturer = Foxconn
| family       = iPad
| type         = Tablet computer
| lifespan     = 
| price        = 
| unitssold    = 
| unitsshipped = 
| media        = 
| os =  Original: iOS 7.0.3 Current: iOS 12.5.1
| power        = Built-in rechargeable Li-Po battery
| soc          = Apple A9 with 64-bit architecture and Apple M9 motion co-processor 
| cpu          = 
| storage      = 16, 32, 64 or 128 GB flash memory
| memory       = 2 GB RAM 
| display      =  2,048 × 1,536 px color IPS LCD display at (264 ppi) with a 4:3 aspect ratio, oleophobic coating
| graphics     = 
| sound        = 
| input        = Multi-touch screen, headset controls, M7 motion co-processor, proximity and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, digital compass, dual microphone
| controllers  = 
| camera       = Front: 1.2 MP, 720p HD Rear: 5.0 MP AF, iSight with Five Element Lens, Hybrid IR filter, video stabilisation, face detection, HDR, ƒ/2.4 aperture
| touchpad     = 
| connectivity = 
| service      =  App Store, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Game Center
| dimensions   =  (h) (w) (d)
| weight       = Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi + Cellular: 
| topgame      = 
| compatibility = 
| predecessor  = iPad (4th generation)
| successor    = iPad Air 2
| related      = 
| website      = 
}}
The iPad Air''' is the fifth type of iPad made by Apple Inc. It was announced at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22, 2013. It first came with iOS 7 installed on it and was upgraded to other versions later. The iPad Air contains the 64-bit Apple A7 processor and another M7 coprocessor. Apple released the iPad Air on November 1, 2013. Sadly, it can’t support iPadOS.

The iPad Air is 7.5 millimeters thick, which is thinner than both the iPad 2 and the iPad Mini. It has a smaller screen bezel which looks like the one on the iPad Mini. However, it still uses the same 9.7-inch Retina Display as the previous iPad model. 

Its successor, the iPad Air 2, was announced on October 16, 2014.

Features 
The iPad Air can run iOS 12.  It can act as a mobile hotspot, sharing its internet connection over Wifi, USB, or Bluetooth.  It can have access to the App Store, where users can buy and download mobile applications onto their device.

References 

IPad