cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Morning glory is a family of common flowering plants known as Convolvulaceae which includes bindweed.

Habit 
Most morning glory flowers curl up and close during the warm parts of the day, and are wide open in the morning, like their name.  On a cloudy day, the flower may last until night. The flowers usually start to fade a few hours before the petals start curling. They prefer full sun throughout the day. Some morning glories, such as Ipomoea muricata, are night blooming flowers.

Cooking uses 
Ipomoea aquatica, known as "water spinach", "water morning-glory", "water convolvulus", "Ong-Choy", "Kang-kung", or "swamp cabbage", is used as a green vegetable.

References 

Convolvulaceae
Epiphytes
Flowers

en:Morning glory
The tonka bean is the seed of Dipteryx odorata, a species of flowering tree in the pea family Fabaceae. They are black and wrinkled and have a smooth brown center.

Uses 
Tonka Beans had been used as a vanilla substitute, as a perfume, and in tobacco before being banned in some countries. They are used in some French cuisine (particularly, in desserts and stews) and in perfumes. Today, main producers of the seeds are Venezuela and Nigeria.

The beans were also spelled as "Tonquin" and "Tonkin", although it has no link with Tonkin, now part of Vietnam.

References 

Fabaceae
Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town. It was completely destroyed when the volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted on 24 August, 79 AD. Herculaneum was covered by volcanic mud during the eruption, which quickly hardened to a semi-rock material. Herculaneum is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Unlike Pompeii, the deep pyroclastic material which covered it preserved most objects in its path. Archaeologists have recovered wooden and other objects such as rooves, beds, doors, and food. Some 300 skeletons  were discovered along the sea shore. It was thought until then that the town had been evacuated by its inhabitants.

Herculaneum was a wealthier town than Pompeii. It had many fine houses with a lavish use of coloured marble cladding, mosaics and wall paintings.

References

Places of Ancient Rome
Towns in Italy
Ruins
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Campania
Martin Hinteregger ( born September 7 th, 1992 in Feldkirchen, Carinthia) is an Austrian footballplayer and plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Football Bundesliga as defender.

Club career
He started playing in the local soccer club SGA Sirnitz and played in different youth teams. 2006 he came to Red Bull Salzburg. His first match in professional football was on April, 23rd 2006 in the second squad of Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Football First League, which is the second highest league in Austria. Due to the injury of Andreas Ulmer he was transferred to the first squad. His first match in the Bundesliga was versus SV Kapfenberg on October 16, 2010. Five days later he debuted in an international match versus Juventus Turin. In the season 2010/11 he plaed 17 times for the first squad of FC Salzburg. This was honoured through the title "Rookie of the Year 2010" in the Leonidas-election where the best athlets in Salzburg are elected. In the 2013/14 season he became a regular member of the starting team.

International career
Martin Hinteregger played in different Austrian youth teams so U17 (two times), U18 and U19(4 times). U stands for "under". On November 19th, 2013 he played his first match in the national team against the USA.

Family
His grandfather was in the first team of the new founded SGA Sirnitz and his sister is playing in the womansquad of the club.

References

1992 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
People from Carinthia (state)
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Players of the Austrian national football team
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology which studies rock formations called strata (layers). It is important in the study of sedimentary and layered vocanic rocks.

Historical development 

The subject was established by Nicolaus Steno whose book De solido contained these principles: 
law of superposition: layers above were laid down after layers below. 
principle of original horizontality: layers horizontal when they were laid down. 
principle of lateral continuity in layers of sediment. Each stratum extended horizontally until some obstacle stopped it.

William Smith first used stratigraphy for a practical purpose in the 1790s and early 19th century. Smith, nicknamed "Strata Smith", made the first geological map of England. He understood that fossils could be used identify the same strata in different places. 

He took samples and mapped the positions of the strata, noted the vertical extent of the strata, and drew cross-sections and tables of what he saw. Smith amassed a huge collection of fossils in strata he had examined. His most significant finding was:
The principle of faunal succession: sedimentary rock strata contain fossilized flora and fauna, and these fossils succeed each other vertically in a specific, reliable order which can be identified over wide horizontal distances.
There are many consequences of this idea. For geologists it means that when they find identical fossils in strata in different parts of the world, those strata were laid down at the same time. Also (this is a later realisation) the ecological conditions in which they were laid down would have been similar or identical in the different places.

Lithostratigraphy 
Lithostratigraphy deals with the physical rock type and how it changes from place to place. Changes in the rock (facies change) reflect changing environments of deposition. One of stratigraphy's basic concepts is codified in the law of superposition, which simply states that, in an undeformed stratigraphic sequence, the oldest strata occur at the base of the sequence.

Biostratigraphy 
Biostratigraphy is based on fossil evidence in the rock layers. If strata from different places have the same fossil fauna and flora, they were laid down at the same time. 

Biostratigraphy was based on William Smith's principle of faunal succession, which was one of the first and most powerful lines of evidence for evolution. It gives evidence of the formation (speciation) and extinction of species. 

The geological timescale was developed during the 19th century based on the evidence of biostratigraphy and faunal succession. This timescale remained a relative scale until the development of radiometric dating, which gave it an absolute time framework.

Notes 

Rocks
Pernell Roberts (May 18, 1928 - January 24, 2010) was an American actor.

Career 
Early in his career, Roberts got a small role in the film Desire Under the Elms (1958) with Sophia Loren and Anthony Perkins.

He worked in the western film starring Glenn Ford, The Sheepman (1958).

In 1959, Roberts got a co-star role in the western film Ride Lonesome, with Randolph Scott. 
 
In 1959, he contracted with Lorne Greene, Michael Landon and Dan Blocker to star in the NBC television series Bonanza. Roberts played Adam Cartwright, the eldest son of Ben Cartwright (Lorne Greene).

Roberts left the show after starring in 202 episodes between 1959 and 1965

In the 1970s he starred in westerns such as Four Rode Out (1970) and TV Western The Bravos (1972) with George Peppard.
He also starred in the television western High Noon, Part II: The Return of Will Kane (1980) with Lee Majors.

His other success in television was in the series Trapper John, M.D. (1979-1986). He played the doctor John McIntyre.

For this series, Pernell Roberts was nominated for an Emmy in 1981.

Roberts was a special guest star in many TV shows like Tombstone Territory (1958), Zane Grey Theater (1958), The Detectives starring Robert Taylor (1960), Jim West, Gunsmoke (1967), Mission Impossible (1967-1973), Banacek (1972), Mannix (1973), Police Story (1974-1975), The Six Million Dollar Man (1976), Baretta (1977), Vega$ (1980) and Diagnosis Murder (1994-1997).

Other websites

 
 

American television actors
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
1928 births
2010 deaths
The Sievert, abbreviated Sv is the SI unit to measure the equivalent dose of ionizing radiation. It looks at how an organism reacts to a given dose. This is different from measuring the total absorbed dose, which is done in gray. It is named after Rolf Sievert, a Swedish physicist and doctor, who did research on how radiation affects organisms.

Units of measurement
The Event was an American television show on NBC. It is in the genre of science fiction. It is about a group of aliens who come to Earth. 97 of these aliens are being held by the United States government. They were held held for 66 years until they escaped. The show will have 22 episodes for the first season. On May 13, 2011, NBC announced that the show will end after one season due to declining ratings. However the producers said that Netflix or Syfy may pick it up.

Plot
At the end of World War II the aliens crash into Alaska. Some of them are taken by the United States. Others get away. They stay hidden taking normal jobs. Some of them are helping the aliens get back home. President Elias Martinez decides to release the aliens. However as he is holding a press conference the an airplane attempts to kill him. It does not work because the Aliens transport the plane to a desert in Arizona. The aliens that were being held told him that they were the only ones. However that was not true. Soon they escape the prison and attempt to kill the president. They have the Vice-President help with this. They save him.

Ratings 
The Event reached 10,800,000 people watching it for the first episode. However after that the ratings went down slowly to 4,000,000 for episode 14.

Reception
Before the show premiered, it was a mixture of 24, Lost and  The 4400. However many viewers found this show confusing and hard to follow. This was because of constant flashbacks and time jumps. The show soon went on a hiatus and came back with no more flashbacks.

Other websites

References

NBC network shows
American science fiction television series
2010 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Dan Blocker (December 10, 1928 – May 13, 1972) was an American actor.

Career 
Born in  De Kalb, Bowie County, Texas. He began his career as an actor in short films such as Hook a Crook (1955) with Joe Besser, and Outer Space Jitters (1957), starring The Three Stooges. 

Blocker also starred in several roles in the series The Restless Gun (1957), with John Payne. 
Then play a regular role in Cimarron City 1958-1959, as Tiny Carl Budinger.  

He was also a guest-star on the TV western Sheriff of Cochise, Zane Grey Theater, Have Gun - Will Travel, Cheyenne, Gunsmoke, Maverick, The Rebel, Colt 45, Wagon Train, Jefferson Drum.   

He worked on such films as Gunsight Ridge (1957), with Joel McCrea, Come Blow Your Horn (1963), and Lady in Cement (1968) featuring Frank Sinatra., and participation in the TV movie with John Wayne, Swing Out, Sweet Land (1970) he plays a funny Indian.

In 1970 Dan Blocker starred in Western Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County, accompanied by genre figures Noah Beery Jr., Jack Elam, and special star Mickey Rooney.

Bonanza 
Dan Blocker is known for playing the role of Eric 'Hoss' Cartwright, in Bonanza, with Lorne Greene, Michael Landon and Pernell Roberts. The American series was made by NBC (1959-1973).

Hoss formed a great duo with 'Little Joe', Michael Landon recording very comic and serious scenes, also in alternating chapters of Bonanza, gunmen stories of drama and comedy.
 
Dan Blocker's "Hoss" character was personified in 415 chapters from 1959 to 1972.

Filmography

Other websites

 Roadside America, Dan Blocker Memorial
 
 
 
 
 Biography by Bruce Eder, Allmovie 
 Biography from Handbook of Texas online

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Texas
1928 births
1972 deaths
"What's My Name?" is a 2010 song from Barbadian singer Rihanna and Canadian rapper Drake. This song was released in October 2010 and was praised by the music critics. It was a commercial success, topping the US Billboard Hot 100 and becoming her third number-one song during 2010.  The song was Rihanna's seventh number-one hit in the US and Drake's first. It also reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the top five in Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand.

Music video 
In the video for the song, Rihanna and Drake are seen walking in a city until they meet in a grocery store.  Rihanna dances throughout the video, with the two becoming romantic with one another.

References 

2010 songs
Rihanna songs
Drake songs
Electro songs
R&B songs
The following is a list of subcamps of Stutthof complex of Nazi concentration camps.

Bocień (Bottschin)
Brusy (Bruß)
Bydgoszcz (Bromberg)
Cieszyny
Elbląg (Elbing]
Garczyn
Gdańsk (Danzig)
Gdańsk-Nowy Port (Danzig-Neufahrwasser)
Gdynia (Gotenhafen)
Graniczna Wieś (Grenzdorf)
Grudziądz (Graudenz)
Kępiny Wielkie (Zeyerniederkampen)
Kokoszki (Kokoschken)
Lębork (Lauenburg/Pommern)
Maćki (Matzkau)
Malken Mierzynek
Niskie-Brodno
Pelplin
Police, Poland (Pölitz)
Pruszcz (Praust)
Przebrno (Pröbernau)
Rusocin (Russoschin)
Sępopol (Schippenbeil)
Skowarcz (Schönwarling)
Słupsk (Stolp)
Sophienwalde
Starogard Gdański (Preußisch Stargard)
Toruń (Thorn)

Total list of all units (camps and commandos)

Bottschin
Bromberg-Ost
Chorabie
Cieszyny
Danzig-Burggraben / Kokokszki
Danzig-Neufahrwasser
Danzigerwerf / Gdansk
Dzimianen
Elbing
Elblag (Org. Todt)
Elblag (Schinau)
Police / Szczecin
Gdynia
Gerdenau
Graudenz
Grenzdorf
Grodno
Gutowo
Gwisdyn
Heiligenbeil
Jessu
Kokoschken
Kolkau
Krzemieniewo
Lauenburg
Malken Mierzynek
Nawitz
Niskie
Obrzycko
Prault
Pröbernau
Rosenberg / Brodnica
Scherokopas
Schiffenbeil
Serappen
Sophienwalde
Slipsk
Starorod
Pruszcz
Brusy
Torun (AEG, Org. Todt)

References
Detainment of Poles related to WWII

Lists of Nazi concentration camps
Poland-related lists
Kelly Michael Gregg (born November 1, 1976 in Wichita, Kansas) is an American football nose tackle for the Baltimore Ravens. Gregg was drafted out of the University of Oklahoma by the Cincinnati Bengals with the 173rd overall pick in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. Gregg won Super Bowl XXXV while he was part of the Baltimore Ravens practice squad.

Other websites
Kelly Gregg at nfl.com

1976 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Philadelphia Eagles players
American football defensive tackles
Sportspeople from Wichita, Kansas
Anquan Kenmile Boldin (born October 3, 1980 in Pahokee, Florida, USA) is an American football wide receiver for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Boldin was drafted out of Florida State University by the Arizona Cardinals with the 54th overall pick in the second round of the 2003 NFL Draft. Boldin has been selected for 3 Pro Bowls in 2003, 2006 and 2009. He has been known for his physical play. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

In 2017, Boldin and Malcolm Jenkins founded the Players Coalition to help NFL players work for racial justice.  Part of the Coalition is a charity and part is a political action group.  By January 2020, the Coalition had given more than US$25 million to charities.

During the 2020 George Floyd protests, Boldin appeared on The Daily Show to talk about police racism and how athletes and the NFL could help society. He said why he founded the Players Coalition: "For me it was really important.  Unfortunately, I lost my cousin at the hands of law enforcement.  He was a drummer in a band. One night after  ashow he had just played with his band, he ended up breaking down by the side of the road.  Long story short, a law enforcement officer killed him while he was on the phone with roadside assistance.  For me, seeing the pain my family went through, seeing how long the process was before we felt like justice was served, I didn't want any other family to have to deal with that."

"I can tell you that, even after having money, I found myself in those situations where I'm pulled over just because of the car that I'm driving or the color of my skin.  Having money doesn't exempt you from being black in America."
He said he was glad that sporting events had been canceled because of COVID-19: "The one thing I'm happy that is not happening right now is that sports isn't being played." He then named many tournaments and other events that had been cancelled. "...and everybody could be distracted by those things that are going on, but because you don't have sports, everybody's attention is focused on this one thing.  And I think, for us, this is the opportunity to really create change.  It's an opportunity for us to really strategize and have a game plan going forward.  So I'm actually happy that there are no sports because there's nothing to distract people from the real issue that needs to be talked about."

Other websites
Anquan Boldin at NFL.com

References

1980 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
African American players of American football
American football wide receivers
Sportspeople from Florida
Cranbrook is a Canadian city in British Columbia, Canada. Cranbrook is in the southeastern and the East Kootenay region of British Columbia. At the 2006 census, 18,947 people lived in Cranbrook. It was named a city in 1905. Cranbrook is also home to an WHL team called the Kootenay Ice.

References

Other websites
City of Cranbrook's Official website

Cities in British Columbia
1890s establishments in Canada
The Alderney concentration camps were built and operated by Nazi Germany during its World War II occupation of the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were the only British Commonwealth soil to be occupied by the Nazis. The Nazis built four concentration camps on Alderney Island, subcamps of the Neuengamme camp outside Hamburg. They were named after the Frisian Islands: Lager Norderney, Lager Borkum, Lager Sylt and Lager Helgoland. The Nazi Organisation Todt operated each subcamp and used forced labour to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air-raid shelters, and concrete fortifications. The camps started working in January 1942 and had a total inmate population of about 6,000.

The Borkum and Helgoland camps were "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) labour camps and the labourers in those camps were treated harshly but a little bit better than the inmates at the Sylt and Norderney camps. The prisoners in Lager Sylt and Lager Norderney were slave labourers forced to build the many military fortifications and installations throughout Alderney. Sylt camp held Jewish enforced labourers. Norderney camp housed European (usually Eastern but including Spaniard) and Russian enforced labourers. Lager Borkum was used for German technicians and "volunteers" from different countries of Europe. Lager Helgoland was filled with Russian Organisation Todt workers.

In 1942, Lager Norderney, containing Russian and Polish POWs, and Lager Sylt, holding Jews, were placed under the control of the SS Hauptsturmführer Max List. Over 700 of the inmates lost their lives before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to Nazi Germany in 1944.

War crime trials 
After World War II, a court-martial case was prepared against ex-SS Hauptsturmführer Max List, citing atrocities on Alderney. However, he did not stand trial, and is believed to have lived near Hamburg until his death in the 1980s.

Notes 

Nazi concentration camps on Alderney
Lager Borkum was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian Island of Borkum.

The Germans built four concentration camps on the island, subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp (in Hamburg, Germany). Each subcamp was named after one of the Frisian Islands: Lager Norderney at Saye, Lager Borkum at Platte Saline, Lager Sylt near the old telegraph tower at La Foulère and Lager Helgoland, in the northwest corner of the island. Over 700 people died in the Alderney concentration camps (out of a total inmate population of about 6,000). These were the only Nazi concentration camps on British soil.

It was organised by the Schutzstaffel - SS-Baubrigade I–which was first under supervision of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp; and after mid-February 1943 ran under the Neuengamme camp in northern Germany. It was used by the Nazi Organisation Todt, a forced labour programme, to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air-raid shelters, and concrete fortifications.

Lager Borkum was near the centre of Alderney and was the smallest of the four camps. The Borkum and Helgoland camps were "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) labour camps and the labourers in those camps were treated harshly but marginally better than the inmates at the Sylt and Norderney camps. The prisoners in Lager Sylt and Lager Norderney were slave labourers forced to build the many military fortifications and installations throughout Alderney. Sylt camp held Jewish enforced labourers and was a death camp. Norderney camp housed European (usually Eastern but including Spaniard) and Russian enforced labourers. Lager Borkum was used for German technicians and volunteers from different countries of Europe. Lager Helgoland was filled with Russian Organisation Todt workers. (For further information on Alderney concentration camps, see Appendix F: Concentration Camps: Endlösung – The Final Solution; Alderney, a Nazi concentration camp on an island Anglo-Norman;.

War crime trials 
After World War II, a court-martial case was prepared against ex-SS Hauptsturmführer Max List (the former commandant of Lagers Norderney and Sylt), citing atrocities on Alderney. However, he did not stand trial, and is believed to have lived near Hamburg until his death in the 1980s.

Related pages
 Nazi concentration camp list
 Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp list
 The Holocaust

References

Other websites
 The Edward F. Lyons, Jr. papers, ca. 1917-1959 are in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.

Nazi concentration camps on Alderney
Lager Helgoland was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney in the Channel Islands, named after the Frisian Island of Heligoland (), a former British possession handed over to Germany in 1890.

The Germans built four concentration camps on Alderney, run as subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp (in Hamburg, Germany). Each subcamp was named after one of the Frisian Islands: 
Lager Norderney at Saye,
Lager Borkum at Platte Saline,
Lager Sylt near the old telegraph tower at La Foulère and
Lager Helgoland, in the northwest corner of the island.

700 people died in the Alderney concentration camps (out of a total inmate population of about 6,000). These were the only Nazi concentration camps on British soil.

It was organised by the Schutzstaffel - SS-Baubrigade I–which was first under supervision of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin; and from mid-February 1943 under the Neuengamme camp in northern Germany. It was used by the Nazi Organisation Todt forced labour programme, to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air-raid shelters, and concrete fortifications.

Lager Helgoland was in the northwest corner of Alderney. The Borkum and Helgoland camps were called "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) labour camps and the labourers in those camps were treated harshly but marginally better than the inmates at the Sylt and Norderney camps. The prisoners in Lager Sylt and Lager Norderney were slave labourers forced to build the many military fortifications and installations throughout Alderney. Sylt camp held Jewish enforced labourers and was a death camp. Norderney camp housed European (usually Eastern but including Spaniard) and Russian enforced labourers. Lager Borkum was used for German technicians and volunteers from different countries of Europe. Lager Helgoland was filled with Russian Organisation Todt workers. (For further information on Alderney concentration camps, see Appendix F: Concentration Camps: Endlösung – The Final Solution; Alderney, a Nazi concentration camp on an island Anglo-Norman;.

Related pages
 Nazi concentration camp list
 Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp list
 The Holocaust

References

Nazi concentration camps on Alderney
Lager Norderney was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney.

The Germans built four concentration camps on the island, subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp (in Hamburg, Germany). Each subcamp was named after one of the Frisian Islands: Lager Norderney at Saye, Lager Borkum at Platte Saline, Lager Sylt near the old telegraph tower at La Foulère and Lager Helgoland, in the northwest corner of the island. 700 people died in the Alderney concentration camps (out of about 6,000 inmates). These were the only Nazi concentration camps on British soil.

It was organised by the Schutzstaffel - SS-Baubrigade I–which was first under supervision of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp; and since mid-February 1943 ran under the Neuengamme camp in northern Germany. It was used by the Nazi Organisation Todt, a forced labour programme, to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air-raid shelters, and concrete fortifications.

Norderney camp housed European (usually Eastern but including Spaniard) and Russian enforced labourers. The prisoners in Lager Norderney and Lager Sylt were slave labourers forced to build the many military fortifications and installations throughout Alderney. Sylt camp held Jewish enforced labourers and was a death camp. The Borkum and Helgoland camps were "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) labour camps and the labourers in those camps were treated harshly but marginally better than the inmates at the Sylt and Norderney camps. Lager Borkum was used for German technicians and volunteers from different countries of Europe. Lager Helgoland was filled with Russian Organisation Todt workers. (For further information on Alderney concentration camps, see Appendix F: Concentration Camps: Endlösung – The Final Solution; Alderney, a Nazi concentration camp on an island Anglo-Norman;.

In 1942, Lager Norderney, containing Russian and Polish POWs, and Lager Sylt, holding Jews, were placed under the control of the SS Hauptsturmführer Max List. Over 700 of the inmates lost their lives before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to Germany in 1944.

Related pages
 Nazi concentration camp list
 Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp list
 The Holocaust

References

Nazi concentration camps on Alderney
Nicolas Steno  also spelled as Nicolas Steno who lived 1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686 (NS: 11 January 1638 – 5 December 1686) was a Danish Catholic cleric and scientist who pioneered in both anatomy and geology.

In 1659 he decided not to accept anything written in a book and, instead, decided to find out things for himself. He is considered the father of geology and stratigraphy.4; 96

Fossils and geology 
Steno argued that the chemical composition of fossils could be altered without changing their form.

Steno's work on shark teeth led him to the question of how any solid object could come to be found inside another solid object, such as a rock or a layer of rock.

The "solids within solids" that attracted Steno's interest included not only fossils, as we would define them today, but minerals, crystals, even entire rock layers or strata.

He published his geologic studies in 1669: De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus, or Preliminary discourse to a dissertation on a solid body naturally contained within a solid.

Steno was not the first to identify fossils as being from living organisms. His contemporaries Robert Hooke and John Ray also argued that fossils were the remains of once-living organisms.
 
Steno wrote about some of the fundamental principles of stratigraphy:
 Superposition: "...at the time when any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting upon it was fluid, and, therefore, at the time when the lower stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed"; 
 Horizontality: "Strata either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to the horizon were at one time parallel to the horizon"; 
 Lateral continuity: "Material forming any stratum were continuous over the surface of the Earth unless some other solid bodies stood in the way"; 
 Cross-cutting discontinuities: "If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum".

Related pages 
History of the geologic time scale

References 

1638 births
1686 deaths
Danish scientists
Geologists
Astronomers
Christians
Spyro: Year of the Dragon is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. The game was published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the Playstation in 2000. Year of the Dragon is the third chapter in the Spyro series. It was the last Spyro game Insomniac developed; their next title would be Ratchet and Clank for the PlayStation 2. It was released in North America and the PAL regions in October and November 2000, separately. However, unlike the other 2 games, it was not given a Japanese release. 

Named after the animal in the Chinese Zodiac, which was the symbol at the time of the game's release, Year of the Dragon is based on a nominal purple dragon Spyro as he travels to the "Forgotten Worlds" after 150 magical dragon eggs are stolen from the land of the dragons from an evil sorceress. People travel through thirty different worlds collecting gems and eggs. Year of the Dragon introduced new characters and minigames to the series, as well as improved graphics and music. 

With it's release, the game sold more that two million copies in the United States and received critical approval. Reviewers noted the game built on the successful formula of its former chapters by adding new activities and wide-ranging environments.  

It was remade as a part of Spyro Reignited Trilogy.

References 

2000 video games
PlayStation-only games
Spyro video games
Dulene is a village in the Pivara municipality in Kragujevac city district in the Šumadija District of central Serbia. 

It has a population of 218 people.

Other websites
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Dulene website

Villages in Europe
Settlements in Serbia
Jérôme d'Ambrosio (born 27 December 1985 in Etterbeek, Belgium) is a Belgian racing driver of Italian descent. He one of the drivers for the Marussia Virgin Racing for the 2011 Formula One World Championship.

Career

Karting 
D'Ambrosio began his career in karting, between 1995 and 2002. He was three times Belgian champion, winning the Mini class in 1996, Junior in 2000 and Formula A in 2002. He won the Junior Monaco Kart Cup in 2000, and won World Cup Formula A in 2002.

Formula Renault 
D'Ambrosio moved into single-seaters in 2003, and won the Belgian Formula Renault (1.6 litre) championship. He also drove in the German-based Formula König championship in 2003. He moved into the French Formula Renault (2-litre) series for 2004. He finished fourth in the series and was top rookie. He switched to the Italian Formula Renault Championship in 2005, and finished fourth. In 2006, he drove in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series, for Tech 1 Racing. He left the series after four rounds and zero points.

During this time, d'Ambrosio also raced in several Eurocup races. In 2006, he raced in the second half of the Euroseries 3000. D'Ambrosio had three podium finishes and finished fifth in the point standings.

Formula Master 
For 2007, d'Ambrosio took part in the first season of the International Formula Master series. He won five races and scored 100 points. D'Ambrosio became the series's first champion.

GP2 Series 

For 2008, d'Ambrosio raced in both the GP2 Series and the new GP2 Asia Series. He finished eleventh in the GP2 drivers' championship. In the 2008-09 GP2 Asia Series season, d'Ambrosio finished second to team-mate Kamui Kobayashi. In the 2009 season, he finished ninth with out wining a single race. In 2010, d'Ambrosio took his first series victory at Monaco. He took his first GP2 pole position at Belgian. He finished twelfth in the drivers' championship.

Formula One 

In January 2010, d'Ambrosio was announced as a reserve driver for Renault F1. He replace Lucas di Grassi at Virgin four times for Friday practice: at the Singapore, Japanese, Korean and Brazilian Grands Prix.

On 21 December 2010 Virgin Racing confirmed that d'Ambrosio would race for the team in .

Racing record

Career summary

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References 
Career statistics from driverdb.com. Retrieved on April 8, 2008.

Other websites 

Official website 

1985 births
Living people
Belgian sportspeople
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Derek Keith Barbosa (born April 8, 1974 in The Bronx, New York) is an American rapper and actor better known by his stage name, Chino XL. As an actor he has made guest appearances on the television shows Reno 911! and CSI: Miami, as well as movies with Kate Hudson, Luke Wilson, and Rob Reiner.

Discography

Albums
Chino XL has released 5 studio albums:

Other websites
 Chino XL's Official website

1974 births
Living people
Rap musicians from New York
Singers from New York City
Gonzalo Eulogio Zárate (born 6 August 1984 in Rosario, Santa Fe) is an Argentine football player. He plays in Austria for FC Red Bull Salzburg as midfielder.

He started playing football in the youthteams of CA Lanús und CA Tiro Federal. Zarate played his first professional matches in the second league of Argentina for PCC San José. 2007 he went to Switzerland playing for SC Kriens (Second League), scoring five goals in five matches. Then he went on loan to Grasshopper-Club Zürich, after the loan the bought him . He scored 14 goals and was the most successful scorer in the team. In May 2010 he signed  with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. In his first year he played till now 25 matches and scored three goals and gave one assist.

Other websites 
FC Red Bull Salzburg Homepage:Gonzalo Zarate

References

1984 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Your Highness is a 2011 fantasy-comedy movie produced by Scott Stuber, Jon Mone, Danny McBride, Mark Huffam and Andrew Z. Davis, and directed by David Gordon Green. It was released on April 8, 2011 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 26% and Metacritic gave it a 31 out of 100.

Cast 
Danny McBride as Thadeous
James Franco as Fabious
Natalie Portman as Isabel
Zooey Deschanel as Belladonna
Justin Theroux as Leezar
Damian Lewis as Courtney
Toby Jones as Julie
Brian Steele
Charles Dance as The King and father of Thadeous and Fabious
Rasmus Hardiker as Courtney
Noah Huntley as Head Knight
Eva Wyrwal as Dwarf Queen
Amber Anderson as Maiden

Other websites
Your Highness' Official website
 

2011 movies
2010s comedy movies
2010s fantasy movies
English-language movies
The Baldwin apple is a bright red winter apple, very good in quality, and easily shipped. It was for many years the most popular apple in New England, New York, and for export from America.

History
According to local tradition, the apple was found near Wood Hill by William Butters (1665-1746), son of Will Butter, first white settler in what is now Wilmington, Massachusetts. William Butters raised the tree in his yard, near the present Baldwin Apple Monument (pictured).

According to S. A. Beach's Apples of New York, the Baldwin originated soon after 1740 as a chance seedling on the farm of Mr. John Ball of Wilmington, Massachusetts, and for about 40 years thereafter its cultivation was confined to that immediate neighborhood. The farm eventually came into the possession of a Mr. Butters, who gave the name Woodpecker to the apple because the tree was frequented by woodpeckers. The apple was long known locally as the Woodpecker or Pecker. It was also called the Butters. Deacon Samuel Thompson, a surveyor of Woburn, Massachusetts, brought it to the attention of Col. Loammi Baldwin of the same town.  Baldwin grew the apple and spread it across eastern Massachusetts. From Col. Baldwin's interest in the variety it came to be called the Baldwin.

A monument to the Baldwin apple now marks the location (on today's Chestnut street in Wilmington). The monument's inscription reads: This monument marks the site of the first Baldwin Apple Tree found growing wild near here. It fell in the gale of 1815. The apple first known as the Butters, Woodpecker or Pecker apple was named after Col. Loammi Baldwin of Woburn. Erected in 1895 by the Rumford Historical Association.

A harsh winter in 1934 wiped out many of the Baldwin apple orchards in New England. Its popularity as an eating apple waned, but some orchards were preserved for many years due to its desirability as a mixing apple for cider.  However, the orchards have not been replaced when they played out. Baldwin Apples, unlike many apples, have long been prized for the making of hard cider. "West County Cider" makes Baldwin Cider from trees planted in the early 1900s. It is their most popular cider.
The apple is noted for its particularly small to medium size (ca. 6–8 cm), when compared to other apples like the Macintosh.  It is an exceptionally hard apple and would remain remarkably free from blemishes and other blights with few pesticides being needed.  Because of its hardness it shipped well without bruising and for a time was prized for this quality.  Aside from cider making it was also known as an exceptionally good pie apple and due to its hardness would maintain more crispness through the baking than other apples would.

References 

 S. A. Beach, The Apples of New York, J. B. Lyon, Albany, 1905.

Apples
Massachusetts
Tropical Storm Agatha was a weak but devastating tropical cyclone which brought severe flooding across Central America. It was the deadliest Eastern Pacific storm since Hurricane Pauline in 1997. Agatha was the first storm of the 2010 Eastern Pacific hurricane season. The storm caused 190 deaths and $1.1 billion in damage across Central America.

Hurricanes
Deadly storms
2010 in weather
History of Central America
2010 in North America
Rebecca Renee Black (born June 21, 1997) is an American singer-songwriter. who gained fame for her 2011 single, Friday. Her single gained around 1,000 views in the first month and has had negative views. After the video saw many views on YouTube and other social media websites, "Friday" expressed unpraise by many music critics and viewers. They described it as "the worst song ever". After the video was uploaded in Youtube on February 10, 2011 and its temporary removal on June 16, 2011, the music video received around 167 million views. Black re-uploaded it to her own YouTube channel in September 2011.

Early life
Rebecca Renee Black was born on June 21, 1997, in Irvine, California. She is the daughter of John Jeffery Black and Georgina Marquez Kelly, who are veterinarians. Her mother is of half Mexican ancestry, and her father is from Iowa, is of Italian, English, and Polish ancestry. She has one younger brother named Chase (born August 25, 1999). Her parents divorced in 2003 when Black was in first grade. Her grandmother lives in Illinois. Black's aunts and uncles live around the United States.

Black originally attended private school from kindergarten to 6th grade. She moved to a public school due to bullying. She joined the school's musical theater program, which she felt being involved in was "meant to be," and that she became part of another family. In April 2011, She dropped out in favor of homeschooling because she needed to focus on her career and she wanted to avoid insults from her former classmates. She was also failing English class because of her busy schedule.

Albums
Rebecca Black has had six singles:

Movies

References

Other websites
 
 

American child singers
American pop musicians
American Internet celebrities
Singers from California
1997 births
Living people
People from Irvine, California
Bing is a cultivar (farmed type) of the wild or sweet cherry (Prunus avium) that started in the Pacific Northwest, in Milwaukie, Oregon, United States. The Bing remains a major cultivar in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. It is the most produced variety of sweet cherry in the United States.

History 
The cultivar was created as a crossbred graft from the Republican cherry in 1875 by Oregon horticulturist Seth Lewelling and his Manchurian Chinese foreman Ah Bing, for whom the cultivar is named.

Ah Bing 
Ah Bing was reportedly born in China and immigrated to the U.S. in about 1855. He worked as a foreman in the Lewelling family fruit orchards in Milwaukie for about 35 years, supervising other workers and caring for trees. He went back to China in 1889 for a visit. Due to the restrictions of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 he never returned to the United States. Some say Ah Bing developed the cultivar, others that it was developed by Lewelling and named in Bing's honour due to his long service as orchard foreman.

Horticultural production 

Bing cherries are used almost exclusively for fresh market. Bings are large, dark and firm cherries that ship well, but will crack open if exposed to rain near harvest.  A wet climate is required for the harvest of the bing cherry.

Health
Bing cherries are high in anti-oxidants. A study by the United States Department of Agriculture has shown that fresh Bing cherries may help sufferers of arthritis and gout. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns that these are yet unproven claims.

References

Other websites
All about cherries 

Fruits
Dishes named after people
James Anthony "Tony" Brown (born 5 January 1950) is a Manx politician. He is the current Chief Minister of the Isle of Man and Member of the House of Keys for Castletown. 

Tony Brown was educated at Castle Rushen and was an electrician. He owned Tony Brown Electrics in Castletown until its closure in 2010. He was elected as a member of Castletown Commissioners (town council) in 1976, becoming Chairman in 1980 before being elected as the Castletown MHK in 1981 at his first attempt. In 2000, he was defeated in his attempt to become Speaker of the House of Keys by David Cannan but instead became the Deputy Speaker.  Following the 2001 General Election, he was elected Speaker and in January 2002, Deputy President of Tynwald.

He was reelected in November 2006 as MHK, beating Roy Redmayne by 915 votes to 335. There was a great deal of rumour that he might run for Chief Minister, but when nominations were put forward his name was not in the list. There was a round of voting with neither Steve Rodan, John Shimmin nor David Cannan being elected. Nominations then reopened, with Tony Brown being the only candidate put forward. His nomination was confirmed by Tynwald on Thursday, 14 December 2006 receiving 27 votes and the Lieutenant Governor appointed him Chief Minister later in the day.  He then resigned the Speakership of the House of Keys as required by law.

Governmental positions
Minister of Health and Social Security, 1986–89
Minister of Local Government and the Environment, 1989–94
Minister of Tourism and Leisure, 1994–96
Minister of Transport, 1996–2001
Chief Minister, 2006–

Brown Council

References

1950 births
Living people

Manx people
Manx politicians
The Chief Minister (Manx: Ard-choylargh) is the executive head of the Isle of Man Government. He is the Prime Minister of the island.

The office comes from that of Chairman of the Executive Council. Before 1980 the Executive Council was chaired by the Lieutenant Governor, but afterwards the chairman was elected by Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man.  The title was changed to "Chief Minister" in 1986.

The Chief Minister is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor on the nomination of Tynwald after a general election of the House of Keys.  He holds office until the next general election (i.e., for 5 years), and is eligible for re-appointment, but may be removed from office by Tynwald on a vote of no confidence in the Council of Ministers.

After the general election in November 2006, Mr John Shimmin MHK, Mr Stephen Rodan MHK (Minister for Health and Social Security) and Mr David Cannan MHK (former Minister for the Treasury) tried to become Chief Minister, but none got enough votes in Tynwald. On a second vote Mr Tony Brown (Speaker of the House of Keys) was nominated unopposed.

Chief Ministers 
Miles Walker MHK (December, 1986 - December 3, 1996)
Donald Gelling MLC (December 3, 1996 - December 4, 2001)
Richard Corkill MHK (December 4, 2001 - December 14, 2004)
Allan Bell MHK (December 14, 2004, caretaker as Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Donald Gelling MLC (December 14, 2004 - December 14, 2006)
Tony Brown MHK (December 14, 2006 – Present)

Elections

Related pages
Chief Minister
Chairman of the Executive Council

References

Government of the Isle of Man
The Lieutenant Governor () is the representative on the Isle of Man of the Lord of Mann, who is currently Queen Elizabeth II. He/she has the power to grant Royal Assent and is styled His Excellency. 

The official residence of the Governor is Government House, Governor's Road, Onchan.

The Lieutenant Governor had all judicial, fiscal (tax raising) and executive power. In about 1900 they had more power over the island than any other Commonwealth leader had in their colony or Dominion.  However, he lost his role as Head of the Judiciary and as Head of Government in 1961, as President of Legislative Council in 1980 and finally as President of Tynwald in 1990.  Today the role of Lieutenant Governor is mainly ceremonial. Some powers under Isle of Man legislation do still fall to the Governor or Governor-in-Council.

Proposed change to title
In October 2005 Tynwald wanted to change the title of the Lieutenant Governor to Crown Commissioner.  This proposal was sent to the British Department of Constitutional Affairs  for submission to the Lord of Mann Elizabeth II for approval. However, in April 2006, after much public disapproval, Tynwald rejected their own proposal and withdrew their request for Royal Assent. Thus the Lieutenant Governor will remain as currently titled.

List of lieutenant governors
Henry Hope (1773-1775)
Richard Dawson (1775-1790)
Alexander Shaw (1790-1804)
Henry Murray (1804-1805)
Cornelius Smelt (1805-1832)
Major General The Honourable John Ready (1832-1845)
The Honourable Charles Hope (1845-1860)
Mark Hildesley Quayle (1860) acting
Francis Pigott Stainsby Conant (1860-1863)
Mark Hildesley Quayle (1863) acting
Sir Henry Brougham Loch KCB, Baron Loch (1863-1882)
Sir Spencer Walpole (1882-1893)
Joseph West Ridgeway (1893-1895)
John Henniker-Major, 5th Baron Henniker (1895-1902)
George Fitzroy Henry Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan (1902-1918)
William Fry (1918-1925)
Claude Hill (1925-1932)
Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler (1932-1937)
Vice Admiral William Spencer Leveson-Gower, the Earl Granville, KG, KCVO, CB, DSO (1937-1945)
Air Vice Marshal Sir Geoffrey Rhodes Bromet, KBE, CB, DSO (1945-1952)
Sir Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas, KCIE, CSI (1952-1959)
Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey, KCMG, KCVO (1959-1966)
Sir Peter Hyla Gawne Stallard, KCMG, CVO, MBE (1966-1974)
Sir John Warburton Paul, GCMG, OBE, MC (1974-1980)
Rear Admiral Sir Nigel Cecil, KBE, CB (1980-1985)
Major General Sir Laurence New, CB, CBE (1985-1990)
Air Marshal Sir Laurence Jones, KCB, AFC (1990-1995)
Sir Timothy Daunt, KCMG (1995-2000)
Air Marshal Ian David Macfadyen, CB, OBE (2000-2005)
Deemster Michael Kerruish QC (2005) acting
Vice Admiral Sir Paul Kenneth Haddacks, KCB (2005-2011)
Adam Kenneth Compton Wood (2011 - 2016)
Sir Richard Hugh Turton Gozney, KCMG CVO KStJ (2016-present)

Related pages
Governors of the Isle of Man
King of Mann
Lord of Mann

Lieutenant Governors of the Isle of Man, List of
Nova Bus is a company which makes buses for public transit, and is owned by Volvo. Created in 1993, Nova Bus continued the production of the Classic and Rapid Transit Series models previously made by General Motors and Motor Coach Industries. Nova Buses are used in many cities across North America, including New York, Quebec City, Montreal and Calgary.

Nova Bus has three factories in which the buses are built; Plattsburgh, New York, St-François-du-Lac, Quebec, and St-Eustache, Quebec.

Buses
Nova Bus has produced seven types of buses, including three which are no longer made.

References

Automobile companies
Bus transport