cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Allier () is a river in central France, left tributary of the Loire River. It flows through several regions.

The Allier department is named after this river. In Ancient Rome, the river was named Elaver.

Geography
The Allier river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Cuffy in the Cher department.

Course

The source of the Allier is in the mountainous region of Margeride, part of the Massif Central, on the mountain Moure de la Gardille in the Chasseradès municipality, Lozère department. The source is at an altitude of about .

The Allier flows, in general, to the north and passes through the following regions, departments and communes:

 Occitanie region
 Lozère: Langogne
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Ardèche: the river forms the border between this department and Lozère.
 Haute-Loire: Alleyras, Auzon, Brioude, Langeac, Lavoûte-Chilhac
 Puy-de-Dôme: Brassac-les-Mines, Auzat-la-Combelle, Issoire, Coudes, Cournon-d'Auvergne, Pont-du-Château
 Allier: Vichy, Varennes-sur-Allier, Moulins
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
 Nièvre: Marzy, Gimouille
 Centre-Val de Loire
 Cher: Cuffy

Finally, it flows, as a left tributary into the Loire river at the bec d'Allier ("beak of the Allier"), near the city of Nevers, in the limits between the Cher and Nièvre departments in the towns of Marzy, Cuffy and Gimouille, at  of altitude.

Main tributaries
The main tributaries, with a length greater than , of the Allier are:

Left tributaries:
 Chapeauroux - 56 km;
 Ance - 40.3 km;
 Alagnon - 85.9 km;
 Couze Pavin - 46 km;
 Morge - 68.4 km;
 Andelot - 49.4 km;
 Sioule - 163.3 km;

Right tributaries:
 Senouire - 63.1 km;
 Dore - 140.4 km;
 Sichon - 41.1 km;

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

Notes

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station K3650810 - L'Allier à Cuffy (Synthèse)  
 The river Allier - Loire Nature

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Centre-Val de Loire
Occitanie
Rivers of France
A blockade runner is usually a lighter-weight ship used for slipping past a naval blockade of a port or strait. This is not the same as ships used to challenge the blocking ships to break the blockade. Very often blockade running is done in order to bring food or arms to a blockaded city. In other cases the blockade runners would carry mail in an attempt to communicate with the outside world. Carrying trade goods from blockaded ports is another function.

Operations 
Blockade runners are often the fastest ships available. They are usually lightly armed and armored. Their operations are quite risky since blockading fleets would not hesitate to fire on them. However, the potential profits (economically or militarily) from a successful blockade run are tremendous. Blockade-runners typically had excellent crews. Although similar to smugglers, blockade-runners are often operated by state's navies as part of the regular naval fleet. Notable users of blockade runners include the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War and Germany during both World War One and World War Two.

In history 

 Peloponnesian War: there were numerous blockades. Leon of Salamis sent blockade runners to get reinforcements from Athens.
 Punic Wars: the Carthaginian Empire attempted to get around Roman blockades of its ports. Blockade runners brought in supplies, but eventually the Romans won out.
 American Civil War: during the early war the Confederate States of America had many successful blockade runners. By the time Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox blockade running could not make a difference and passed into history.

References

Other websites 
 The Blockade Runners
 Civil War Cat-and-Mouse Game

Ship types
The Iceman is a 2013 American crime drama thriller movie directed by Ariel Vernon. It is about the killing spree of contract killer Richard Kuklinski and mob boss Roy DeMeo.

It stars Michael Shannon, Winona Ryder, Ray Liotta, Chris Evans, James Franco, and David Schwimmer. It is set during the 1960s and 1970s in New York City and New Jersey.

It was released to mostly positive reviews on a limited release on May 3, 2013.

2013 crime movies
2013 drama movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s crime drama movies
2010s crime thriller movies
2010s drama thriller movies
2010s serial killer movies
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies set in New York
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
American independent movies
Per-Ingvar Brånemark (May 3, 1929 – December 20, 2014) was a Swedish orthopedic surgeon and research professor. He was called the "father of modern dental implantology". The Brånemark Osseointegration Center (BOC), named after its founder, was founded in 1989 in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Brånemark died at the age of 85 in Gothenburg.

References

Other websites
Nobel Biocare Convention 2007 
Brånemark Osseointegration Center
Bacterial Persistence in Dentoalveolar Bone Following Extraction: A Microbiological Study and Implications for Dental Implant Treatment - Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 
The man who made people smile - nobelbiocare.com  

1929 births
2014 deaths
Swedish scientists
Herbert Eugene Harris, II (April 14, 1926 – December 24, 2014) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia. His district included part of Fairfax County. He served as a representative from 1975 through 1981.

Harris died on December 24, 2014 at his house on Fairfax County, Virginia, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
United States representatives from Virginia
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Merrill Womach (February 7, 1927 – December 28, 2014) was an American undertaker, organist and gospel singer. He was known for founding National Music Service (now Global Distribution Network, Inc.), which provided recorded music to funeral homes across America, and for surviving a plane crash in Beaver Marsh, Oregon. It left him disfigured with third degree burns on his hands and his entire head.

Womach died in his sleep on December 28, 2014 in his birthplace Spokane, Washington.

References

1927 births
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Marian Jurczyk (16 October 1935 - 30 December 2014) was a Polish politician and Solidarity trade union activist. He served as Mayor of Szczecin from 1998 through 2000 and from 2002 through 2006. He was born in Karczewice, Second Polish Republic.

Jurczyk died in Szczecin, Poland, aged 79.

1935 births
2014 deaths
Mayors
Polish politicians
Trade unionists
Walter "Cata" Roque (8 May 1937 – 30 December 2014) was a Uruguayan-born Venezuelan footballer and entertainer. He played for the Uruguay national team. During his later career he coached the Venezuela national team. Roque was born in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Roque died in Caracas, Venezuela, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 www.conmebol.com Article about Cata Roque

1937 births
2014 deaths
Uruguayan footballers
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Sportspeople from Montevideo
Brigadier Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington (2 July 1915 – 31 December 2014), styled Marquess of Douro between 1943 and 1972, was a senior British peer and a brigadier in the British Army. His main residence was Stratfield Saye House in Hampshire.

He was educated at Eton College and New College, Oxford.

He was a member of the House of Lords from 1972 until 1999, losing his seat by the House of Lords Act.

The 8th Duke died at the age of 99 at his home in Stratfield Saye House, Hampshire, England.

Titles and styles
2 July 1915 – 16 September 1943: Arthur Valerian Wellesley
16 September 1943 – 4 January 1972: Marquess of Douro
4 January 1972 – 31 December 2014: His Grace The Duke of Wellington
(Netherlands): His Highness The Prince of Waterloo (4 January 1972 – 31 December 2014)
(Spain): The Most Excellent The Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo (4 January 1972 – 21 May 2010)
(Portugal): His Excellency The Duke of the Victory (4 January 1972 – 31 December 2014)

References

Other websites

 The Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot
 Debrett's People of Today

1915 births
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Alumni of the University of Oxford
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Franc Veliu (born 11 November 1988) is an Albanian football player. He plays for Flamurtari Vlorë in Albanian Superliga and for Albania national team. Veliu is defender.

References 

1988 births
Living people
Albanian footballers
Edward Kirk Herrmann (July 21, 1943 – December 31, 2014) was an American actor of movies and television, television director, narrator, and screenwriter. He won a Tony Award in 1976 and an Emmy Award in 1999.

Herrman was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. He studied at Bucknell University and at the  London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

His career began in 1971. He was known for playing Franklin D. Roosevelt on several movies and television shows. He played President Roosevelt in Annie. He was also known for his role as Richard Gilmore on the television series Gilmore Girls. 

He also narrated several shows on PBS, Nova, and the History Channel. His last role before his death in 2014, was as a narrator for a television commercial in 2013 Martin Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street. 

Hermann died on December 31, 2014 of brain cancer, at the age of 71 in New York City.

References

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Golden Voices Herrmann

1943 births
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Menachem Begin (16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992) was an Israeli politician. Originally a Zionist activist in Eastern Europe, he later became Prime Minister of Israel. 
 
In 1941 he joined the Free Polish army. This is how he arrived in Mandatory Palestine in 1942.

In 1942, Begin joined the Irgun, a Zionist-Jewish paramilitary organisation, which was labelled as a terrorist organization in the 1940s. From 1943 to 1948 he was commander of the Irgun.

He was the founder of the Israeli political party Likud. He was the sixth Prime Minister of Israel.

Begin’s most significant acts as Prime Minister include officially declaring Jerusalem the capital of Israel, imposing Israeli law on the Golan Heights destroying Saddam Hussein's nuclear reactor in Iraq controversially leading Israel through the early stages of the 1982 Lebanon War and most famously signing the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. For that treaty, Begin and Anwar Sadat shared the Nobel Peace Prize.

Begin resigned as Prime Minister in October 1983. He died on 9 March 1992 after a heart attack. He was buried on the Mount of Olives.

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William T. Woodson (born July 16, 1917) is a retired American voice actor. He was best known for his narration of the radio series This is Your FBI and the animated series Super Friends and all its spin-offs.

References

Other websites

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Living people
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Eddie Large (25 June 1941 – 2 April 2020) was the stage name of Edward Hugh McGinnis, a British comedian. He was best known as a part of the double act Little and Large, with Syd Little. They starred in the very popular British comedy series The Little and Large Show.

Early life  
Large was born Edward Hugh McGinnis in Glasgow in 1941. His father Teddy served as a Petty Officer in the Royal Navy during World War II and after he returned from the war the family moved to a tenement in Oatlands. When he was nine years old the family moved again to Manchester, where he attended Claremont Road Primary School and a grammar school.

Personal life
After being in hospital in March 2002 with kidney trouble, he underwent a heart transplant at Papworth Hospital, Cambridge in 2003. He recovered fully. Large was hospitalised for weeks in late 2013 after tripping over a road sign near his Portishead, Somerset home.

Large died on 2 April 2020 of COVID-19 at a hospital in Bristol at the age of 78.

References

Other websites
 

1941 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
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Ken Kercheval (July 15, 1935 – April 21, 2019) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Cliff Barnes on the 1980s television series Dallas and its 2012 revival.

Kercheval died of pneumonia in Clinton, Indiana on April 21, 2019 at the age of 83.

References

Other websites

 
 

1935 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Indiana
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Erwin Neher (; ; born 20 March 1944) is a German biophysicist. His works focused on cell physiology. In 1991, with Bert Sakmann, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells".

References

1944 births
Living people
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German physiologists
Bert Sakmann (born 12 June 1942) is a German cell physiologist.  He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Erwin Neher in 1991 for their work on "the function of single ion channels in cells," and the invention of the patch clamp. 

Sakmann was Professor at Heidelberg University and is an Emeritus Scientific Member of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany. He has also worked with research group at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology.

Sakmann was born in Stuttgart.

References

1942 births
Living people
German physiologists
German Nobel Prize winners
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Edmond Henri Fischer (April 6, 1920 – August 27, 2021) was a Swiss-born American biochemist. He and his partner Edwin G. Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for their works on phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes.  From 2007 until 2014, he was the Honorary President of the World Cultural Council.

Fischer died on August 27, 2021 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 101.

References

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Sir Peter Mansfield FRS, (9 October 1933 – 8 February 2017) was an English physicist. He was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He shared with Paul Lauterbur. He was known for his discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Mansfield was a professor at the University of Nottingham.

Personal life
Mansfield was born in Lambeth, London. He studied at Queen Mary College, London. Mansfield graduated with a BSc from Queen Mary's in 1959.

Mansfield died in Nottingham, England on 8 February 2017, aged 83.

Awards and honours

 1983 Gold Medal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
 1984 Joint award of the Royal Society Welcome Foundation Gold Medal and Prize.
 1986 Elected Fellow of Queen Mary College (now Queen Mary and Westfield College), London University
 1987 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
 1987 Elected President of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
 1988 Awarded Duddell Medal and Prize by the Institute of Physics
 1988 Awarded Silvanus Thompson Medal by the British Institute of Radiology
 1989 Antoine Béclère Medal from the International Society of Radiology and the Antoine Béclère Institute in Paris
 1990 Royal Society Mullard Award (joint with John Mallard & Jim Hutchinson)
 1992 International Society of Magnetic Resonance (ISMAR) prize (joint with P. Lauterbur)
 1993 Knighted
 1993 Silver Plaque of the European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology
 1993 Elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Radiology and Honorary Member of the British Institute of Radiology
 1994 Elected Honorary Member of the Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Fellow of the Society of Magnetic Resonance
 1995 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Prize for MRI
 1995 Gold Medal of the European Congress of Radiology and the European Association of Radiology
 1997 Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics
 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for Medicine with Paul Lauterbur
 2009 was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award by Prime Minister Gordon Brown, ceremony broadcast on ITV's Pride of Britain Awards

References

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1933 births
2017 deaths
British academics
English physicists
Scientists from London
John O'Keefe, FRS FMedSci (born November 18, 1939) is an American-British neuroscientist. He is a professor at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and the Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at University College London. He is one of the most notable alumni of City College of New York.

Biography 
O'Keefe is known for his discovery of place cells in the hippocampus. He discovered that they show a kind of coding for places. This is a positioning system, an “inner GPS” in the brain that makes it possible to orient ourselves in space.

In 2014, he received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience "for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition", together with Brenda Milner and Marcus Raichle. He shared the one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014 with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser, who shared the other half jointly.

O’Keefe and his student Jonathan Dostrovsky discovered place cells by systematically analyzing the environmental factors influencing the firing properties of individual hippocampal neurons.

Publications 
His many publications on place cells have been highly cited. In addition, he published an influential book with Lynn Nadel, proposing the functional role of the hippocampus as a cognitive map for spatial memory function. In extensions of his  work, place cells have been analyzed experimentally or simulated in models in hundreds of papers.

References 

1939 births
Living people
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from New York
Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier  (20 November 1841 – 17 February 1919), known as Wilfrid Laurier (; ), was the seventh Prime Minister of Canada from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911.

Other websites

 Wilfrid Laurier on the platform; collection of the principal speeches made in Parliament or before the people, since his entry into active politics in 1871; by Wilfrid Laurier at archive.org
 Life and letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier vol 1. at archive.org
 Life and letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier vol 2. at archive.org
 Article on Sir Wilfrid Laurier from The Canadian Encyclopedia 
Photograph:Wilfrid Laurier, 1890 - McCord Museum
Photograph:Sir Wilfrid Laurier, circa 1900 - McCord Museum
Photograph:Wilfrid Laurier, 1906 - McCord Museum

1821 births
1893 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Ontario
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Sir Robert Laird Borden  (June 26, 1854 – June 10, 1937) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10, 1911, to July 10, 1920. He was the third Nova Scotian to hold this office.

After retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queen's University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 bills produced since 1976.

Other websites

Comments on the Senate's rejection of the Naval Aid Bill
Historic plaque at Grand-Pré
Photograph:Robert L. Borden, 1905 - McCord Museum

1854 births
1937 deaths
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Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
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Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Arthur Meighen  (; 16 June 1874 – 5 August 1960) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the ninth prime minister of Canada, in office from July 1920 to December 1921 and again from June to September 1926. 

1874 births
1960 deaths
Prime Ministers of Canada
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Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
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William Lyon Mackenzie King, PC, OM, CMG (December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950), also commonly known as Mackenzie King, was the dominant Canadian political leader from the 1920s through the 1940s.

He served as the tenth Prime Minister of Canada from December 29, 1921 to June 28, 1926; from September 25, 1926 to August 7, 1930; and from October 23, 1935 to November 15, 1948. A Liberal with 22 years in office, he was the longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history.

King died on July 22, 1950, at Kingsmere from pneumonia, aged 75. He is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.

References

Other websites

Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War
Mackenzie King declares war against Nazi Germany (.rm file)  1939 speech
CBC Digital Archives – Mackenzie King: Public Life, Private Man
Woodside National Historic Site page from Parks Canada website 
The secret of heroism : a memoir of Henry Albert Harper  by William Lyon Mackenzie King at archive.org
William Lyon Mackenzie King Estate Visitor's Information 

1874 births
1950 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Prime Ministers of Canada
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Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett,  (3 July 1870 – 26 June 1947), was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician. He was the 11th prime minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935.

1870 births
1947 deaths
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Prime Ministers of Canada
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Louis Stephen St. Laurent  (Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne St-Laurent; 1 February 1882 – 25 July 1973) was the 12th prime minister of Canada, from 15 November 1948 to 21 June 1957. 

1882 births
1973 deaths
Privy Councillors (Canada)
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John George Diefenbaker   (September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada from June 21, 1957 to April 22, 1963.

Diefenbaker was known for his passing laws meant to reduce racial discrimination.

Prime Ministers of Canada
1895 births
1979 deaths
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Omar Abdul Hamid Karami (‎; 7 September 1934 – 1 January 2015) was a Lebanese politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Lebanon twice: from 24 December 1990 to 13 May 1992 and from 26 October 2004 to 19 April 2005.

Karami was born in An Nouri, near Tripoli, French Mandate of Lebanon to a Muslim family. He studied at Cairo University in Cairo, Egypt. His son, Faisal, also became a politician.

Karami died after a long illness on 1 January 2015 in Beirut, aged 80.

References

1934 births
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Lebanese Muslims
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Zbečník is a village in north-eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. It is approximately  from the border with Poland. It is  long and is part of the town of Hronov. The oldest known written evidence of Zbečník dates to the 15th century. It mentions a fortress of Quicken on a hill above Zbečník.

Geography 

Zbečník is along the main road through the Zbečník stream valley. It is next to the town of Hronov, to the east. The stream flows through the village and joins the river Metuje at Hronov. On the the north of the village is a mountain called Maternice. It rises 
 above sea level. On this mountain is a source of drinking water called Skalákova studánka. In the early 19th century there were attempts to mine coal on Maternice mountain. Because of the poor quality of the coal all mining was discontinued.

Climate 
As Zbečník is in a valley. It experiences greater climatic extremes than nearby towns and villages. It is prone to colder winter temperatures, dropping to  to  and hottest summer days up to  to .

References

Other websites 
Zbečník on Czech Wikipedia
Official website of Zbečník
Website 

Villages in the Czech Republic
Princess Élisabeth of France, "Granddaughter of France" (Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth, was a French princess. She was the youngest sibling of King Louis XVI. During the French Revolution, she stayed with the king and his family. She was executed at Place de la Révolution in Paris during the "Reign of Terror" in the French Revolution. She is regarded by the Roman Catholic Church as a martyr and is venerated as a Servant of God.

Life
Élisabeth was the youngest child of the dauphin and dauphine of France. She was born during the reign of her grandfather, Louis XV. She grew up in the Palace of Versailles. She was always close to her older sister Clotilde. The two sisters were raised together by Madame de Marsan. 

Élisabeth was a skillful rider. She was also interested in art. Several of her drawings are in the museum of the Château de Versailles. In 1774, her grandfather, Louis XV, died. Her elder brother became king as Louis XVI.

Élisabeth was deeply religious. She was devoted to her brother the king. She refused to marry so that she could stay in France. In 1777, a marriage was suggested to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. He was the son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and brother of her sister-in-law, Queen Marie Antoinette. Élisabeth declined with her brother's consent.

Élisabeth was executed during the French Revolution. She was buried at the Cimetière des Errancis, Paris. Her body was later moved to the Catacombs of Paris.

Cause of beatification and canonization 

Madame Elisabeth died in the odor of holiness. According to Madame de Genlis, a scent of roses spread across the Place de la Concorde after her execution. In 1953, Pope Pius XII recognized by decree the heroic character of her virtues simply because of her martyrdom. The princess was declared a Servant of God and the cause of beatification was officially presented on December 23, 1953 by Cardinal Maurice Feltin, Archbishop of Paris. In 2016, Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, Archbishop of Paris, reactivated the cause of his beatification. Father Xavier Snoëk, pastor of the parish of Sainte-Élisabeth-de-Hungary, was appointed postulator of the cause (church located in the old Temple district where the princess was imprisoned), and in May 2017 he recognized the association of the faithful promoters of their cause. On November 15, 2017, Cardinal Vingt-Trois, after consulting with the French Bishops' Conference and the nihil obstat of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome, hopes that the process will lead to the canonization of Madame Elisabeth , sister of Louis XVI. 

1764 births
1794 deaths
House of Bourbon
People from Versailles
Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal Mediterranean region then called "Canaan" in Phoenician, Arabic, Greek, and Aramaic. It was called "Phoenicia" in Greek and Latin. The ancient Egyptians called it "Pūt". Phoenician is a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup. It is related to the Hebrew language but was more developed. Phoenician is divided into three groups. Archaic Phoenician dates from the 10th to the 7th century BC. Middle Phoenician dates from 6th to the 4th century BC. Late Phoenician was dated from the 3rd to the 1st century BC. The purple cloth produced by the Phoenicians gave the ancient Greeks their name for the color; Phoenicia.

The area where Phoenician was spoken includes modern-day Lebanon, coastal Syria, Palestine, northern Israel and parts of Cyprus. In some adjacent areas of Anatolia it was spoken as a prestige language. It was also spoken in the area of Phoenician colonization along the coasts of the Southwestern Mediterranean. These include the area of modern Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria. Also in Malta, the west of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and southernmost Spain. The Phoenicians were the first state-level society to make extensive use of the alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet is the oldest verified consonantal alphabet, or ''abjad.

References 

Language
Super Sentai  is a Japanese tokusatsu media franchise that has been on the air since 1975. The franchise has had subsequent versions over the years. The seasons are adapted for an American franchise called Power Rangers. The current Sentai, Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger, debuted in March 7, 2021. The seasons air on the TV Asahi television network. The seasons first debuted with Kamen Rider in 1971.

Series 
 Himitsu Sentai Gorenger (1975-1977)
 J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai (1977)
 Battle Fever J (1979)
 Denshi Sentai Denjiman (1980)
 Taiyou Sentai Sun Vulcan (1981)
 Dai Sentai Goggle V (1982)
 Kagaku Sentai Dynaman (1983)
 Choudenshi Bioman (1984)
 Dengeki Sentai Changeman (1985)
 Choushinsei Flashman (1986)
 Hikari Sentai Maskman (1987)
 Choujyu Sentai Liveman (1988)
 Kousoku Sentai Turboranger (1989)
 Chikyu Sentai Fiveman (1990)
 Chōjin Sentai Jetman (1991)
 Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (1992)
 Gosei Sentai Dairanger (1993)
 Ninja Sentai Kakuranger (1994)
 Chouriki Sentai Ohranger (1995)
 Gekisou Sentai Carranger (1996)
 Denji Sentai Megaranger (1997)
 Seijuu Sentai Gingaman (1998)
 Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive (1999)
 Mirai Sentai Timeranger (2000)
 Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger (2001)
 Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger (2002)
 Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger (2003)
 Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger (2004)
 Mahō Sentai Magiranger (2005)
 GoGo Sentai Boukenger (2006)
 Juken Sentai Gekiranger (2007)
 Engine Sentai Go-onger (2008)
 Samurai Sentai Shinkenger (2009)
 Tensou Sentai Goseiger (2010)
 Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011)
 Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters (2012)
 Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger (2013)
 Ressha Sentai ToQger (2014)
 Shuriken Sentai Ninninger (2015)
 Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger (2016)
 Uchu Sentai Kyuranger (2017)
 Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger vs Keisatsu Sentai Patranger (2018)
 Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger (2019)
 Mashin Sentai Kiramager (2020)
 Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger (2021)
 Avataro Sentai Donbrothers (2022)

Colors

References

Other websites 
 The website for the current Sentai, Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger

1975 television series debuts
Jos Wienen (born October 3, 1960 in Ridderkerk)  is a Dutch politician. He is mayor of Haarlem.

Wienen studied history and theology at Utrecht University. In 1986 he became a councilor for the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in the town of Ridderkerk. In 1993 he became also an alderman. His job included the planning of space, housing, traffic and transportation affairs. Wienen was also vice-president of the city region Rotterdam.

In 2001, Wienen became mayor of Katwijk. In 2006, Katwijk merged with the towns of Rijnsburg and Valkenburg. He was also a member of the executive committee of the region Holland Rijnland, which includes Katwijk.

Since September 2016 Wienen has been mayor of Haarlem.

References

1960 births
Living people
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Aldermen of the Netherlands
Dutch Calvinists
Dutch councillors
Dutch mayors
Politicians from South Holland
Boris Vladimirovich Morukov (; 1 October 1950 – 1 January 2015) was a Russian physician and cosmonaut. He was best known for flying aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-106 as a mission specialist. He also trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as a research-cosmonaut.

Morukov was born in Moscow. In 1973, he got his M.D. from the Russian State Medical University. He was married to Nina and had two children: a son, Ivan, and a daughter, Olga.

Morukov died on 1 January 2015, aged 64.

References

Other websites

 Boris Morukov at NASA

1950 births
2015 deaths
Cosmonauts
Disease-related deaths in Russia
NASA
People from Moscow
Russian physicians
The 1270s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1270 and ended on 31 December 1279.

Births 
 1270 – March 12 – Charles of Valois, first Count of Valois (d. 1325)
 1272 – April – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile (d. 1307)
 c. 1272 – William Wallace, Scottish knight (d. 1305)
 1274 – July 11 – Robert I of Scotland (Robert the Bruce), King of Scotland (d. 1329)
 c. 1275 – John de Menteith, Scottish nobleman (d. c. 1323)

Deaths 
 1270 – August 25 – Saint Louis IX of France, King of France (b. 1214)
 1272 – November 16 – Henry III of England, King of England (b. 1207)
 1273 – December 17 – Rumi, Islamic poet (b. 1207)
 1274 – Saint Bonaventure (b. 1221)
 1274 – March 7 – Thomas Aquinas, Dominican priest (b. 1225)
 1276 – June 22 – Pope Innocent V (b. c. 1225)
 c. 1276 – Coppo di Marcovaldo, Florentine painter (b. c. 1225)
Mrunalini Devi Puar (25 June 1931 – 1 January 2015) was an Indian educator and dietitian. She was an educator at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda before becoming the chancellor of the university after the death of her brother in 1988. She stayed chancellor until her death.

Puar was born in Gujarat. She was a member of the Gaekwad dynasty, the former ruling clan of Baroda State.

Puar died after a short illness on 1 January 2015, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 Mrunalini Devi Puar profile  at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda website

1931 births
2015 deaths
Academics
Disease-related deaths in India
Indian educators
Education in Turkey is based on a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms after the Turkish War of Independence. Compulsory education lasts 12 years.

Primary education

Primary school () lasts 8 years. Primary education covers the education and teaching of children between the ages of 6–14. 

There are four core subjects at First, Second and Third Grades which are; Turkish, Math, Hayat Bilgisi (literally meaning "Life Knowledge") and Foreign Language. At Fourth Grade, "Hayat Bilgisi" is replaced by Science and Social Studies. The foreign language taught at schools changes from school to school. There are five core subjects at sixth and seventh grades; Turkish, maths, science, social studies and foreign language. At eighth grade, social studies is replaced by history and citizenship.

Secondary education

Secondary education (High School / ) includes all the general, vocational and technical education institutions that provide at least three years of education after primary school. Secondary education aims to give students a good level of knowledge, and to prepare them for higher education. Also to prepare them for a vocation, for life and for business. 

All high schools in Turkey accepting students use an examination by the Ministry of Education (Turkey). At the end of high school, following the 12th grade, students take a high school finishing examination. They are required to pass this in order to take the University entrance examinations before they can attend a university.

Universities 
It is not necessary to attend a university in Turkey.

By 2011 there were 166 universities in Turkey. Except for the Open Education Faculty (Turkish: Açıköğretim Fakültesi) at Anadolu University, entrance is regulated by a national examination, ÖSYS, after which high school graduates are assigned to university according to their performance.

References 

Education by country
Turkey
Branford is a coastal town in southern Connecticut. The town is just east of New Haven. More than 28,000 people were living in Branford at the 2010 census.

Cities in Connecticut
1640s establishments in Connecticut
Robert William "Bob" Packwood (born September 11, 1932) is an American politician. He was a United States Senator from the state of Oregon from 1969 to 1995. Although a member of the conservative Republican Party, Packwood was a moderate. He voted differently from other members of his party many times.

In 1995, Packwood resigned from the Senate after a sex scandal. He stayed involved in politics as a lobbyist and a political consultant. He lives in a suburb of Portland, with his second wife Elaine. She used to be his chief of staff.

References 

1932 births
Living people
American lobbyists
Politicians from Portland, Oregon
United States senators from Oregon
US Republican Party politicians
The Grey Fox is a 1982 Canadian biographical-western movie. It was directed by Phillip Borsos and was produced by Peter O'Brian. The Grey Fox was released on December 16, 1982 in Canada and on March 18, 1983 in the United States. The movie is based on the true story of Bill Miner, a stagecoach robber who staged Canada's first train robbery on September 10, 1904.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie 3½ stars and said that it was "a lovely adventure". Farnsworth was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in the category of "Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama" at the 41st Golden Globe Awards. The movie was also nominated for Best Foreign Film. It won many other awards.

Cast 
Richard Farnsworth as Bill Miner/George Edwards
Jackie Burroughs as Katherine 'Kate' Flynn
Ken Pogue as Jack Budd
Wayne Robson as Shorty (William) Dunn
Timothy Webber as Sergeant Fernie
Gary Reineke as Pinkerton Detective Seavy

References

Other websites 

1982 drama movies
1980s biographical movies
1980s western movies
Canadian drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Lam Po-chuen (, 10 October 1951 – 2 January 2015) was a Hong Kong voice actor. His career began in 1971. He was known for voicing Doraemon for over twenty years and dubbing many blockbuster movies into Cantonese.

Lam was born in Portuguese Macau. He was a Buddhist.

Lam died at the age of 63 from diabetes problems at his home in Hong Kong.

References

Other websites
 

1951 births
2015 deaths
Buddhists
Deaths from diabetes
Actors from Hong Kong
Movie actors
Television actors
Chinese voice actors
Miller Williams (April 8, 1930 – January 1, 2015) was an American contemporary poet, as well as a translator and editor. He wrote over 25 books and won several awards for his poetry. He was perhaps best known for reading a poem at President Clinton's 1997 inauguration. One of his best-known poems was "The Shrinking Lonesome Sestina."

Williams suffered from spina bifida. He died in Fayetteville, Arkansas from Alzheimer's disease, aged 84.

Books
 A Circle of Stone, 1965
 So Long at the Fair, 1968
 Halfway from Hoxie, 1973
 Why God Permits Evil, 1977, Louisiana State University Press
 The Boys on Their Bony Mules, 1983, Louisiana State University Press
 Patterns of Poetry, 1986, Louisiana State University Press
 Living on the Surface, 1989
 Adjusting to the Light, 1992, University of Missouri Press
 Points of Departure, 1994
 The Ways We Touch: Poems, 1997, University of Illinois Press
 Some Jazz a While: Collected Poems, 1999, University of Illinois Press, 
 Making a Poem: Some Thoughts About Poetry and the People Who Write It, 2006, Louisiana State University Press, 
 Time and the Tilting Earth: Poems, 2008, Louisiana State University Press,

References

Other websites
 Farnsworth, Elizabeth. Jan. 16, 1996. Interview with Miller Williams. American Poetry/PBS Online Newshour.  
 Rosenthal, Harry. Jan 20, 1997. "Poet Addresses Inaugural Event." Washington Post. 
"Miller Williams." 2003. Entry in Contemporary Authors Online. Gale.
Gatewood, Willard B. October 28, 2009. "Miller Williams." Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture

More reading
 Burns, Michael (ed.) 1991. Miller Williams and the Poetry of the Particular. Columbia, Mo: University of Missouri Press.
 Correspondence and other materials. Miller Williams Collection, 1950–1995. Fayetteville, Ar: University of Arkansas Libraries, Special Collections Division, Manuscript Collection 1387.  http://libinfo.uark.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/todd.html

1930 births
2015 deaths
American poets
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Arkansas
Writers from Arkansas
Donna Douglas (born Doris Ione Smith; September 26, 1932 – January 1, 2015) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as Elly May Clampett in the CBS television series The Beverly Hillbillies from 1962 to 1971. She also appeared in the series The Twilight Zone and the movie Frankie and Johnny (1966), alongside Elvis Presley.

Douglas was born in Pride, Louisiana. She had a son, Danny P. Bourgeois (born September 14, 1954). She was married twice, both ending in divorce.

Douglas died from pancreatic cancer on January 1, 2015 in Zachary, Louisiana, aged 82.

References

Other websites

 

1932 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Louisiana
American Christians
Country musicians from Louisiana
American movie actors
American television actors
Beauty pageant winners
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Disease-related deaths in Louisiana
Singers from Louisiana
James Cecil Dickens (December 19, 1920 – January 2, 2015), better known as Little Jimmy Dickens, was an American country music singer. He was famous for his humorous novelty songs, his small size, 4'11" (150 cm), and his rhinestone-studded outfits. 

He started as a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 1948 and became a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1983. 

Dickens was hospitalized after a stroke on December 25, 2014. He died of cardiac arrest on January 2, 2015, at the age of 94.

References

Other websites

 Watch Little Jimmy Dickens, "Hannah", on Ozark Jubilee, August 1, 1959 (Flash player)
 Dickens in the Country Music Hall of Fame
  Grand Ole Opry member 

1920 births
2015 deaths
American country singers
American country guitarists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Tennessee
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Musicians from West Virginia
Singers from West Virginia
Arthur Alan Neu (February 9, 1933 – January 2, 2015) was an American Republican politician and lawyer. He served as the 40th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1973 to 1979.

Neu died at a hospital in Des Moines, Iowa at the age of 81 on January 2, 2015.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of Iowa
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from Iowa
Roger William Jepsen (December 23, 1928 – November 13, 2020) was an American politician from the state of Iowa. A Republican, he served in the United States Senate and as Lieutenant Governor of Iowa. He was born in Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Jepsen died on November 13, 2020 in Davenport, Iowa at the age of 91.

References

Other website

1928 births
2020 deaths
People from Cedar Falls, Iowa
Lieutenant Governors of Iowa
United States senators from Iowa
US Republican Party politicians
Thomas Westerman "Tom" Wolf (born November 17, 1948) is an American businessman and politician. He became Governor of Pennsylvania on January 20, 2015.  He defeated Republican incumbent Tom Corbett in the 2014 election for governor.

Wolf is a Democrat. Before being governor, he was the secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue from April 2007 until November 2008.

On February 24, 2016, Wolf announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in its early stages.

References

Other websites
 Tom Wolf for PA Governor — Official site for the 2014 Pennsylvania gubernatorial campaign
 The Wolf Transition — Official site for the gubernatorial transition
 The Wolf Inauguration — Official site for the gubernatorial inauguration

1948 births
Living people
Governors of Pennsylvania
People with cancer
US Democratic Party politicians
Muriel Elizabeth Bowser (born August 2, 1972) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. She is serving as the eighth Mayor of the District of Columbia. She succeeded Vincent C. Gray on January 2, 2014.

References

Other websites
 Campaign website
 Official site 

1972 births
Living people
African American politicians
Mayors of Washington, D.C.
US Democratic Party politicians
Women politicians
William Martin "Bill" Walker (born April 16, 1951) is an American attorney and politician. He was the 11th Governor of Alaska from December 1, 2014 to December 3, 2018.

Walker ran for re-election in 2018 but three days after the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott, and having low polling numbers, he dropped out of the race on October 19 and supported Democrat Mark Begich.

In August 2021, Walker announced his plans to run for governor again in the 2022 election.

References

Other websites
 

1951 births
Living people
American Christians
American mayors
Governors of Alaska
Businesspeople from Alaska
Independent politicians in the United States
US Republican Party politicians
People from Fairbanks, Alaska
David Yutaka Ige (born January 15, 1957) is an American politician. He serves as the eighth and current Governor of Hawaii. A Democrat, he previously served in the Hawaii State Senate, representing the 16th district, from 1995 to 2014.

References

Other websites
 David Ige for Governor Official campaign site
 Office of the Governor, State of Hawaii "Hawaii governor's office site"

1957 births
Living people
Governors of Hawaii
US Democratic Party politicians
Gregory Wayne "Greg" Abbott (born November 13, 1957) is an American lawyer and Republican politician. He is currently the Governor of Texas. He defeated Wendy Davis in the November 4, 2014 general election.  Prior to being governor, he was the 50th Attorney General of Texas. He is handicapped (disability) and have to use a wheelchair.

References

Other websites
 
 Profile at the Texas Tribune
 Coverage at the Texas Observer

1957 births
Living people
Governors of Texas
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American Roman Catholics
American conservatives
American judges
American political writers
Lawyers from Houston
Politicians from Houston, Texas
People with disabilities