cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A salad is a serving in a meal that includes leaf vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or arugula. Uncooked or cold cooked vegetables that are sliced into small pieces (for example tomato or onion) are then mixed with the leaf vegetables. Some salads use cheese like Greek salad uses Feta.

A salad dressing or vinaigrette is then poured on top of the vegetables. Salad dressings and vinaigrettes are a mixture of oil, herbs, spices, and flavorings. 

Some people also add other foods to the salad, such as croutons, bacon, chicken, grated cheese, tuna, pasta, olives, cooked potatoes, rice, or beans.

Types of salad

Green salad 

A green salad or garden salad has leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or rocket (arugula). The salad leaves may be cut or torn into bite-sized fragments and tossed together (a tossed salad). They may also have nuts or croutons.

A wedge salad is made from a head of lettuce (such as iceberg) halved or quartered, with other ingredients on top.

Vegetable salad 
Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad. Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, and radishes. Other ingredients include mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, green beans, cheeses.

Fruit salads 
Fruit salads are made of fruit, and include the fruit cocktail that can be made fresh or from canned fruit.

Dessert salads 
Dessert salads rarely include leafy greens and are often sweet. Common variants are made with gelatin or whipped cream; e.g. jello salad, pistachio salad, and ambrosia. Other forms of dessert salads include snickers salad, glorified rice, and cookie salad popular in parts of the Midwestern United States.

Composed salad 
A composed salad is a salad arranged on a plate rather than put into a bowl. It can be used as a meal in itself rather than as a part of a meal.

Dressings 
A green salad is often served with a salad dressing. Some examples include:
 Italian dressing
 Mayonnaise
 Olive oil
 French dressing
 Tahini
 Vinaigrette

The purpose of salad dressing depends across cultures. There are many often used salad dressings in North America. Traditional dressings in southern Europe are vinaigrettes, while mayonnaise is predominant in eastern European countries and Russia. In Denmark dressings are often based on crème fraîche. In China, where Western salad is a recent adoption from Western cuisine, the term salad dressing (沙拉酱, shalajiang) means to mayonnaise or mayonnaise-based dressings.

Garnishes 
There are many vegetables and other fare that are often added to salads. Some of them include: 

 shelled sunflower seeds
 onions (mostly the red variety)
 bacon bits (sometimes the bits are artificially flavored pieces of textured soybean protein)
 radishes
 grated carrots
 tomatoes
 surimi - artificial crab meat

Again, individual taste usually governs the choice of salad garnishes.

Related pages 
 Chef salad
 Caesar salad
 Fruit salad
 Watercress salad
 Salade niçoise

References 

 
Appetizers
Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. The county town is traditionally Nottingham, at , though the council is now based in West Bridgford (at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent).

The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, although it remains part of the county.

Culture
Nottinghamshire contains the ancestral home of the poet Lord Byron, Newstead Abbey, which he sold in 1818. It is now owned by Nottingham City Council and open to the public.

Settlements and communications 

The traditional county town, and the largest settlement in the historic and ceremonial county boundaries, is Nottingham. The City is now administratively independent, but suburbs including Arnold, Carlton, West Bridgford, Beeston and Stapleford are still within the administrative county and West Bridgford is now home of the county council.

Places of interest 
 Clumber Park
 Creswell Crags
 Rufford Country Park
 Southwell Minster
 Sherwood Forest
 Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem
 Hawton Church
 Nottingham Castle
 Newstead Abbey

Other websites 
 Nottinghamshire County Council
 BBC Nottingham
 Nottinghamshire Indymedia 
 Visit Nottinghamshire
 Nottinghamshire Police
 Flickr Nottingham  A collaborative blog from the members of the Nottingham Flickr Group, covering the county as well as the city
 Nottingham Nightclub Guide

Ceremonial counties of England
The Pennines are a mountain range in England. Often said to be the "backbone of England", they form an unbroken range stretching from the Peak District in the Midlands, through the Yorkshire Dales, parts of Greater Manchester, the West Pennine Moors of Lancashire and Cumbrian Fells to the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish border. Their total length is about .

Etymology
The name Pennines is believed to come from the Celtic pennioroches, meaning "hill", although the earliest written reference to the name dates only from the 18th century.

Altitude and size
The mountains are not very tall and are often called hills. The highest is Cross Fell in eastern Cumbria, at . Other main mountain peaks include Mickle Fell , Whernside , Ingleborough , Pen-y-ghent , and Kinder Scout .

The landscape of the Pennines are mostly upland areas of high moorland. 
The Pennines make up the main watershed in northern England, dividing the eastern and western parts of the country. The rivers Eden, Ribble, and Mersey flow west towards the Irish Sea. On the other side of the watershed, the rivers Tyne, Tees, Swale, Calder, Aire, Don, and Trent flow east to the North Sea. 

Mountains of the United Kingdom
Geography of England
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system for writing down sounds. It was created by the International Phonetic Association in 1886, so that people could write down sounds of languages in a standard way. Linguists, language teachers, and translators use this system to show the pronunciation for words.

Wikipedia also uses the IPA to show how certain words are meant to be spoken. Most symbols are letters in the Latin alphabet, or variations of it. For example, the palatal approximant (the y in yesterday) is written with []. In IPA symbols can be written between slashes (called a broad transcription, e.g."little" can be written as /lɪtl/ ) or in square brackets (called a narrow transcription, e.g. "little" can be written [lɪɾɫ], which is how specific groups say it). Narrow translation is more precise than broad.

The IPA has symbols only for sounds that are used normally in spoken languages. The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (or extIPA) are used to write down other sounds.

The IPA is sometimes changed, and symbols are added or taken away. Right now there are 107 different letters in the IPA. There are also 52 marks which are added to letters to change their sound. These marks are called "diacritics".

History 
In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers formed the International Phonetic Association. These teachers used the Romic alphabet at first. They later changed the alphabet so that different languages would all write the same sounds with the same letters.

Use of the alphabet 
The IPA is made to have one symbol for every sound. This means that every letter always makes the same one sound. This is different from English. In English, some letters make multiple sounds. For example, the letter <x> in English normally is spoken as two sounds ([ks]), but could also be spoken as [gz] or [z].

Letters 
The International Phonetic Alphabet has letters for three types of sounds: pulmonic consonants, non-pulmonic consonants, and vowels.

Pulmonic consonants 

Pulmonic consonants are made by blocking air coming from the lungs. Most consonants (and all English consonants) are pulmonic. The symbols for these sounds are arranged in a table. The rows show how the sound is made (the manner of articulation), and the columns show where it is made (the place of articulation).

Non-pulmonic consonants 
Non-pulmonic consonants are made without air coming from the lungs. There are three types of non-pulmonic consonants. Implosive consonants are made by taking air into the mouth. Ejective consonants are made by forcing the air out of the larynx instead of the lungs. Click consonants are made by creating an airtight pocket in the mouth and quickly releasing it.

References

Other websites 
 Homepage of the International Phonetic Association 
 Interactive IPA Flash Charts
 Interactive IPA Chart, for all languages
Pronunciation
Language transcription
The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in north west England.  It is a popular vacation area, famous for its lakes and its mountains and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.

It is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History
Lake District National Park (created in 1951) is one of the fifteen National parks in the United Kingdom.

Geography
The Lake District is about 34 miles (55 km) across (north-to-south or west-to-east).  It is entirely within Cumbria, and is one of England's few mountainous regions. All the land in England higher than three thousand feet above sea level is in the Park.

25 highest fells
The 25 highest fells (of those given an individual chapter in the Pictorial Guides by Alfred Wainwright) are:

 Scafell Pike, 978 m / 3210 ft
 Scafell, 965 m / 3162 ft
 Helvellyn, 951 m / 3118 ft
 Skiddaw, 931 m / 3054 ft
 Great End, 910 m / 2986 ft
 Bowfell, 902 m / 2960 ft
 Great Gable, 899 m / 2949 ft
 Pillar, 892 m / 2926 ft
 Nethermost Pike, 891 m / 2923 ft
 Catstycam, 889 m / 2917 ft
 Esk Pike, 885 m / 2903 ft
 Raise (Lake District), 883 m / 2896 ft
 Fairfield, 873 m / 2863 ft
 Blencathra, 868 m / 2847 ft
 Skiddaw Little Man, 865 m / 2837 ft
 White Side, 863 m / 2831 ft
 Crinkle Crags, 859 m / 2818 ft
 Dollywaggon Pike, 858 m / 2815 ft
 Great Dodd, 857 m / 2807 ft
 Grasmoor, 852 m / 2795 ft
 Stybarrow Dodd, 843 m / 2772 ft
 St Sunday Crag, 841 m / 2759 ft
 Scoat Fell, 841 m / 2759 ft
 Crag Hill, 839 m / 2753 ft
 High Street, 828 m / 2717 ft

Lakes

Only one lake in the National Park has the word 'Lake' in its name, namely Bassenthwaite Lake. All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere use other forms, such as 'mere' and 'water'. The major lakes and reservoirs in the park are given below.

The word 'tarn' is a local word used to describe any small lake that may otherwise be called a pond.

Nomenclature
A number of words/phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the Cumbrian dialect. These include:

fell - brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian 'Fjell' meaning mountain
tarn - a word that has been taken to mean a small lake in a corrie, it is a local phrase for any small pool of water
Yan Tan Tethera - the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District. Though now rare, it is still used by some and taught in local schools.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Yorkshire Dales

References

Other websites

Lake District official website
Lake District Walks
Illustrated Guide to the Lake District

More reading
Hollingsworth, S. 'The Geology of the Lake District: a review', Proc. Geologists Assoc., 65 (Part 4) 1954
Moseley, F. Geology of the Lake District, Yorkshire Geologic

Geography of England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Chosroes III The Small (or Khosrov III Godag), was the son of Tiridates III, was a member of the Arshakuni Dynasty and the king of Armenia from 330 – 339 AD. He was a man of short stature, thus his name. He founded the city of Dvin which later became the Armenian capital. 

During his reign, two generals, Vatche Mamikonian and Vahan Amatuni, started a battle, often coming to help the king. During these years, pro-Sassanid  and anti-Mamikonian sentiment grew in Armenia and so did anti-Roman sentiment. Pro-Sassanid groups gained popularity so much so that they were successful in assassinating Catholicos St. Aristaces I, son of Gregory the Illuminator. 

Shapur II, Sassanid king of the Persians, invaded Armenia twice and did gain some territory. Vatche Mamikonian was killed in those battles and was later named a saint by the Armenian Apostolic Church for his sacrifice. Chosroes II died in 339 AD.

References 

Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I],  Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 107

339 deaths
Monarchs of Armenia
Sophene (Armenian: ) was a province of the Armenian Kingdom and of the Roman Empire, in the southwest of the kingdom. It is currently in modern-day southeastern Turkey.

According to Anania Shirakatsi's Ashkharatsuyts ("World Atlas," 7th century), Tsopk was the 2nd among the 15 provinces of Greater Armenia. It consisted of 8 cantons (gavars): Khordzyan, Hashtyank, Paghnatun, Balahovit, Tsopk (Shahunyats), Andzit, Degiq, and Gavreq (Goreq).

Tsopk was part of the kingdom of Urartu in the 8th-7th cc BC. After unifying the region with his kingdom in the early 700s BC, king Argishtis I of Urartu resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of Erebuni (modern day Armenian capital Yerevan). Around 600 BC, Tsopk became part of the newly emerged ancient Armenian Kingdom of Orontids.
 
After Alexander the Great's campaigns in 330s BC and the subsequent collapse of the Achaemenid Empire, Tsopk remained part of the newly independent kingdom of Greater Armenia. In the early 200s BC, at the instigation of the Seleucid Empire, which was trying to weaken the Armenian kingdom, Tsopk, along with Commagene, split from Greater Armenia, forming the Hellenistic kingdom of Tsopk-Commagene. The kingdom was ruled by a branch of the Armenian royal dynasty of Orontids. Tsopk later split from the Tsopk-Commagene kingdom as well, forming an independent kingdom.

Around 200 BC, in his attempt to finally subjugate Armenia, Seleucian king Antiochus III conquered both Greater Armenia and Tsopk, installing Armenian generals Artaxias I and Zariadres as governors-strategoses respectively in each kingdom. Following Antiochus' defeat by Romans at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, both Zareh and Artashes declared themselves independent kings. Zareh and his descendants ruled the kingdom of Tsopk until it was reunified with Greater Armenia by Tigranes the Great in the 80s BC.

Pompey gave Sophene to Tigranes, after defeating his father Tigranes the Great.
Sophene later become part of the Roman Empire, and was made into a province of the Roman Empire. The capital was Amida (modern Diyarbakır). Around 54, the province was ruled by Gaius Julius Sohaemus.
In 530, Sophene was included into the province of Armenia IV.

References 

Places of Ancient Rome
History of Armenia
3rd-century BC establishments
1st-century BC disestablishments
The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic (or Ancient Greek) successor state of Alexander the Great's empire. At its greatest extent, the Empire covered central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus Valley.

Primarily, it was the successor to the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, and was followed there by the Islamic Caliphate (Rashidun Empire) conquest and rule, from 650s to 660s AD. Later on, much of this area became part of the Umayyad Empire and then the Abbasid Empire.

There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 63 BC.

The partition of Alexander's empire (323–281 BC) 
Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire but later died young, leaving his huge empire of partly Hellenized culture without an adult heir. 

The empire was put under the management of a regent named Perdiccas in 323 BC, and the territories were divided between Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps, at the Partition of Babylon. Leaders who thought they should have more, started wars to get it. Soon the various parts of the empire were fighting each other.

The early Seleucid Empire 
Seleucus I Soter was one of Alexander's generals who received a portion of the huge empire Alexander had carved out. He received huge expanses of land in Syria, Babylon, Anatolia, even as far out as India. When Perdiccas was killed in a political assassination by Ptolemy of Egypt, the empire that was barely held together then splintered apart. The Seleucid Empire quickly expanded, eventually taking parts of Thrace in the west and advancing past the Indus in the East. 

Seleucus I clashed several times with his southern rival for power, the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemaic Dynasty controlled most of Egypt and the lands around it, and would fight the Seleucid Empire on many occasions for control of Syria. Seleucus I conquered much of Anatolia, and was preparing to invade Macedonia, when he was assassinated. This momentarily put an end to the Seleucid Empire's ambitions in Greece. After Seleucus I died, his heirs spent much of their time and money trying to maintain the enormous empire they had inherited. In this, they were rather successful, but the vastness of the empire defied attempts by the successors of Seleucus to control it effectively.

References 

History of Persia
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
History of Pakistan
History of the Middle East
Westmorland (an older spelling is Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It was an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 and now is part of Cumbria.

Early history 

At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the county was said to form part of Yorkshire. 
The historic county borders are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west. 

The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m (3,117 ft). According to the 1831 census its area was 485,990 acres.  

Appleby, the historic county town, was also a historic borough until it was reformed in 1885.

According to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second smallest administrative county with people in England, after Rutland. The spead of population was as follows: 

In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The former county now forms part of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden.

References 

1889 establishments in England
1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British shires
is the main character of the Metroid games.  She's a bounty hunter, and helps the Galactic Federation. She has many enemies, including Mother Brain, Ridley, Kraid, Dark Samus, and the Metroids. Because she does not remove her suit or talk much, people thought she was a boy until they saw the secret ending of Metroid, which shows Samus without her suit.

Creation 
The makers said that the Metroid series is supposed to be like the 1979 film, Alien, and Samus was like one of the film's characters, Ellen Ripley. Players thought Samus was a boy until the end of the original Metroid game. One of the makers said that it would be "kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman". The rest of the makers liked it so it happened

Suit 
Samus' suit is orange and red, and runs on Energy Tanks. It was made by creatures called Chozos, and can gain new powers and abilities. She has lots of other suits as well.

Appearances 
Metroid series 
Metroid Prime series 

The Metroid Prime series takes place in between Metroid and Metroid II: Return of Samus.

In Metroid Prime, Samus has to go to the Frigate Orpheon, and meets Meta Ridley, the revived form of an enemy from Metroid. She loses her powers on the frigate through an accident, and escapes to the planet Tallon IV. She eventually has to do battle with the final boss, Metroid Prime.

In Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, Samus meets a creature called Dark Samus, which is Metroid Prime fused with a suit Samus got on Tallon IV.

In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, Samus and three other bounty hunters

Other appearances 

Samus was the first female character to appear in the Super Smash Bros. series, and has been in Super Smash Bros., Super Smash Bros. Melee, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. She's only in her suit in the first two, but in the third and fourth, she can be in Zero Suit Samus form, which comes from Metroid: Zero Mission. In the fourth game, Samus in her power suit and her zero suit are listed as two separate characters. She takes many moves from the Metroid series, including the Charge Beam, Bombs, Screw Attack, and Missiles.

References 

Fictional characters introduced in 1986
Video game characters
Metroid
Nintendo video game characters
Metroid is a series of video games made by Nintendo. The series started in Japan in 1986. Its main character in the game is Samus Aran. Almost all of the games in the series have a certain kind of fictional creature called a "Metroid". This is where the name of the series comes from. Metroids look a lot like jellyfish except they can fly. They also have teeth instead of tentacles. They attack creatures and people by charging quickly towards them and sucking out all their life force.

Characters
The main character in the series is Samus Aran.  She always wears a very powerful space suit. This suit lets her do things that normal humans cannot do, such as jump very high and fall long ways without being hurt. The right arm on Samus' suit has a large gun built into it. She is seen in this space suit almost all of the time. In many of the games, if the player finishes the game fast enough or collects enough items, they can see her without the suit on. When this happens, she is either wearing a tight jumpsuit, or something resembling a bikini.

The main enemies of the Metroid games are the Space Pirates. They are tall creatures who look like lizards that walk on two legs. The Space Pirate commander is a dragon named Ridley, who is Samus' worst enemy.

Gameplay
In most Metroid games, the player explores far away planets or space stations. The player, as Samus, starts the game with very few powers, and not many places to go. The player must explore to find items and powers that let him or her get to new areas. In the first Metroid; Samus had to defeat Ridley; a giant monster named Kraid; and then destroy the Space Pirate's computer, Mother Brain. In all Metroid games, there are different goals to achieve, but nearly all of them involve looking for items and exploring.

Other websites
Official English website
Wikitroid, the Metroid wiki
The Michelson–Morley experiment was a scientific experiment to test for the presence and properties of a substance called aether. This was thought hypothetically to fill empty space. The experiment showed the substance did not exist.

The experiment was done by Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887.

Since waves in water need something to move in (water) and sound waves do as well (air), it was believed that light also needed something to move in. Scientists in the 18th century named this substance "aether", after the Greek god of light. They believed that aether was all around us and that it also filled the vacuum of space. Michelson and Morley created this experiment to try and prove the theory that aether existed. They did this with a device called an interferometer. This experiment is a test of Einstein's special relativity theory.

The experiment 

The Earth travels very quickly (more than 100,000 km per hour) around the Sun. If aether exists, the Earth moving through it would cause a "wind" in the same way that there seems to be a wind outside a moving car. To a person in the car, the air outside the car would seem like a moving substance. In the same way, aether should seem like a moving substance to things on Earth. 

The interferometer was designed to measure the speed and direction of the "aether wind" by measuring the difference between the speed of light traveling in different directions. It measured this difference by shining a beam of light into a mirror that was only partially coated in silver. Part of the beam would be reflected one way, and the rest would go the other. Those two parts would then be reflected back to where they were split apart, and recombined. By looking at interference patterns in the recombined beam of light, any changes in speed because of the aether wind could be seen.

They found that there was, in fact, no substantial difference in the measurements. This was puzzling to the scientific community at the time, and led to the creation of various new theories to explain the result. The most important was the Lorentz factor, which is used in Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity.

Other websites 

 Early Experiments
 Modern Michelson–Morley Experiment improves the best previous result by two orders of magnitude, from 2003
 Michelson Morley Experiment & Null Results
 Ed Notes & Books For All Semesters In PDF 1st Year, 2nd Year

References

Science experiments
Relativity
Hydrogen sulfide  (British English: hydrogen sulphide) is the chemical compound with the formula , is a colorless, toxic, flammable gas that is responsible for the foul smell of rotten eggs and flatulence. It often results when bacteria break down organic matter if there is no oxygen. This happens in swamps, and sewers (alongside the process of anaerobic digestion). It also happens in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. This is the smell that people often think to be that of sulfur. But sulfur itself does not smell.

Hydrogen sulfide is also known as sulfane, sulfur hydride, sour gas, sulfurated hydrogen, hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas and stink damp. IUPAC accepts the names "hydrogen sulfide" and "sulfane". When people speak of more complicated compounds they always use the term "sulfane".

Occurrence 

Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide can be found in crude petroleum. Sour natural gas can contain up to 28%. But, sour natural gas must be cleaned before it can enter a long distance pipeline. Pipelines limit hydrogen sulfide to 3 grains per thousand cubic feet of natural gas. Volcanoes and hot springs give off some H2S, where it probably is made by the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals, i.e. MS + H2O to give MO + H2S.

Normal average concentration in clean air is about 0.0001-0.0002 ppm.

Safety 
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces.

Toxicity 
Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning that it can poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of H2S is comparable with that of hydrogen cyanide.

References 

 "Hydrogen Sulfide", Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants, University Park Press, 1979, Baltimore.

Other websites 
 International Chemical Safety Card 0165
 Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 53
 National Pollutant Inventory - Hydrogen sulfide fact sheet 
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 MSDS safety data sheet 
 Abstract of survey article on H2S as used by the body, by P. Kamoun
 Computational Chemistry Wiki 

Sulfur compounds
Newbie is a slang term for a new person in a community, group, or video game, and especially on the internet.  "Newb" is short for newbie and another slang term that comes from the word "new". A noob usually means a bad player in a game, or someone who does not know the rules of a community yet. Being called a noob is usually not a good thing especially if its by an "Epic Gamer".

History  
The use of the word "newbie" originated in World War II. It was a word veterans used to describe new recruits. 

In recent years, however, the term has been used more often in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG)s or other internet based games. It can also mean someone who has a high level in a game, but is not a skilled player. A person new to a game or a younger player can be referred to as a newbie. 

Many places, such as internet forums or online communities, use the word "noob" differently than the word "newbie". A newbie is simply someone who is new to the forum or game. But a noob or n00b is someone who has been around long enough to know better, but doesn't. A noob is thought of as having no respect for the rules and does not seem to want to do anything for himself. So noob has become an offensive term on the internet. To behave like a noob can mean getting disrespect and a lack of interest from other players.

Noobs are usually referred to by the 1337 (pronounced "leet") or skilled players, who have marginally higher experience in the game.  When a leet soundly defeats a noob, he is said to be "pawning noobs". Recently "noob" is used mainly just as a name to refer to other players in various online games.  It's usually a derogatory term, but can be exchanged as a friendly greeting. A noob is sometimes confused with a "choob" (a low skilled person in a game, but having acquired nice things as a result of playing).

References 

Internet slang
Tackey & Tsubasa (タッキー&翼) is a Japanese pop duo from Johnny & Associates. Its two members are Hideaki Takizawa (Japanese: 滝沢秀明, Takizawa Hideaki) and Tsubasa Imai (今井翼, Imai Tsubasa). They are known for their Japanese television dramas and they have been successful with numerous hit singles, especially "Kamen" and "Venus". Their records are produced by Avex Trax.

Discography

Singles 

 (26.02.2003) To be, To be, Ten made To be
 (12.11.2003) Yume Monogatari (夢物語)
 (11.02.2004) One Day, One Dream
 (03.11.2004) Serenade (愛想曲(セレナーデ))
 (04.05.2005) Kamen/Mirai Koukai (仮面/未来航海)
 (18.01.2006) Venus
 (09.08.2006) Ho! Summer (Ho! サマー)
 (04.18.2007) x ~Dame~ / Crazy Rainbow (x～ダメ～ / Crazy Rainbow)
 (08.08.2007) SAMURAI

Albums 

 (11.09.2002) Hatachi
 (28.04.2005) Twenty Two
 (15.11.2006) Two You Four You

Compilations 

 (17.10.2007) Tackey & Tsubasa BEST Album

Other websites 
 Tackey & Tsubasa Official Website
 Tackey & Tsubasa Oricon Page
 Takizawa Hideaki fansite 
 Imai Tsubasa fansite

Japanese musical groups
Leo (or Leon) III of Armenia (c.1236-1289) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1270 to 1289. He was the son of Hethum I of Armenia and Queen Isabella of Armenia.  
 
In 1262 Leo married Keran (Kir Anna), the daughter of Prince Hethum of Lampron.
In 1266 Leo was captured and his younger brother Thoros killed while fighting the Mamluk invaders. Leo was ransomed by his father, who gave up the throne for him shortly after. He was known as a pious king, devoted to Christianity.

In 21 years of marriage Leo had 15 children by his wife Keran, eight sons and seven daughters. Two sons and two daughters died at an early age:
 Hethum II (ruled 1289 to 1293, 1294 to 1297, 1299 to 1307)
 Princess Fimi of Armenia (born c.1266)
 Princesse Sybil of Armenia (born c.1269)
 Thoros III (ruled 1293 to 1298)
 Prince Ruben of Armenia (born c.1272)
 Princess Zablun of Armenia (born c.1274)
 Princess Sybil (or Zabel) of Armenia (born c.1276)
 Sempad (ruled 1297 to 1299)
 Constantine III (ruled 1299)
 Isabelle of Armenia (died c.1321), who married Amalric of Tyre
 Princess Theophane of Armenia (born c.1278)
 Rita of Armenia, who married Michael IX Palaeologus, co-Emperor of the Byzantine Empire with his father Andronicus II Palaeologus
 Prince Nerses of Armenia (born c.1279)
 Oshin (ruled 1308 to 1320)
 Prince Alinakh of Armenia (born c.1283)

5 of his 15 children, Hethum, Thoros, Sembat, Constantine, and Oshin, later became the Armenian kings, who often fought each other to gain the throne.

He was succeeded by his son Hethum II.

Bibliography

1236 births
1289 deaths
Monarchs of Armenia
Armens (Armenian: Արմեններ, Առամեններ), were Armenian tribes, the people are called Arman, Armenic or Armanen. They correspond with the Hayasa-Azzi Tribes. The Armans united with the tribes of Hayasi. Recent linguistic studies present strong evidence that the Indo-European language group originates in Anatolia.  According to most accounts, the Armens were generally tall, blond-haired, and blue-eyed in appearance, in contrast to their Urartian cousins who tended to be slighter with black hair and black eyes. The Urartian state, which existed there prior to the coming of the
Indo-European-speaking "Armen" tribes from the west, was a federation of many peoples.

History 
At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic group, closely related to Thracians and Phrygians and referred to by the Greeks as Armens, migrated to the Armenian Highland from Northern Balkans.
   
One theory suggests that the Armens were of Thracian origin, and related to the Phrygians. The Armens were near the head waters of the Halys, to the west of the Euphrates. The Armens seemed to have mixed blood with another Asiatic element whose patronymic Hai, became in time their national designation. The country where the Armens settled were a mountainous region, traversed by deep valleys and smiling plains.

Etymology 
The word Armani, (mentioned in Akkadian inscriptions as early as 2400 BC) an early form of Armen-Armin or Arman denotes the national affiliation, as with many cultures standing for the particular nation thus, the God AR being the primary deity in the Indo-European (aka Aryan) pantheon - thus AR MAN denotes—Men of Ar or Children of Ar, again initially AR standing for ARAREL-ARARICH [hence Ar-Ar-At the Place of ARAR] -- Create-Creator, also Sun, Light, Life and Love.

References

Related pages
Hayasa-Azzi
Kingdom of Armenia

Ancient Armenia
The history of Armenia and Armenians is very ancient and can go back at least 2000 BC. Archaeologists say the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, and Armenia today, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to around 6000 - 4000 BC. But, a newer discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highlands and surrounding areas—the Kura-Araxes culture is in the period of ca. 4000 - 2200 BC, and is believed to have to go into the Trialeti culture (ca. 2200 - 1500 BC), and meaning Armenians are one of the oldest Indo-European subgroups.

Urartu 
Urartu was an ancient kingdom in the Armenian Highlands.

Some experts say that the Armenians started as a mixture of the different peoples to move through the area in history: The Hurrians, Urarteans, Luvians and Mushki. This last group, also knowns as Phrygians may have brought their Indo-European language to Armenia. The Armenian language today is Indo-European, but shows a lot of influence from the earlier languages, especially Urartean.

Ancient period 

The Armenians had friendly relations with the Parthian empire. The fighting between the Roman Empire and Parthia was centered in Armenia. Armenia was in between Parthian and the Roman Empire. The Armenians had already played a role in the early history of the Roman-Parthian relations. Tigranes put military and political relations with Rome and Parthia on an international legal foundation. The Parthians were allies to Armenians in many times. Many Parthian noble families had moved out and they went to Armenia.

Related pages 
Hayasa-Azzi
Battle of Rhandeia

References

Other websites 
 Armenia at Livius.Org  (ancient history)
 All about Armenia by www.haias.net
 Rulers.org — Armenia list of rulers for Armenia
 History of Armenia 
 A book about the history of Armenia from 1827. It was written by a priest.
The First Republic of Armenia, 1918–1920, was the first modern establishment of an Armenian republic. The country was created after the Russian Tsarist empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 that lost power. Its creation with borders were the Democratic Republic of Georgia in the north, the Ottoman Empire to the west, the Persian Empire to the south, and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to the east.

End of the Republic, 1920 

Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. In September 1920, the Turkish revolutionaries moved in on the capital. First an armistice was concluded, on November 18, and then a full peace treaty - Treaty of Alexandropol on 2nd and/or 3rd of December 1920.

During that time, the Soviet 11th Red Army invasion started on the 29th of November 1920. The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan. Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum, presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary Boris Legran - who was at work as one of major Russian diplomats on Caucasus at that time. Armenia decided to join the Soviet sphere, while the Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, protect the Armenians, not to pursue non-communist Armenians. None of these promises were kept.

On December 4, 1920, the Red Army entered Yerevan, the government of Armenian Republic effectively stopped working. On December 5, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom; made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city. Finally, on the following day, December 6, Felix Dzerzhinsky's dreaded secret police, the Cheka, entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending the existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.
The rest of Armenia was under control of the communist government. The part by Turkey remained for the most part theirs - by the subsequent Treaty of Kars. Soon, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed, under the leadership of Aleksandr Miasnikyan. It was to be included into the newly created Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic.

Related pages
 Armenia
 Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan
 Democratic Republic of Georgia

References 

1918 establishments
1920 disestablishments
Smaug is a fictional dragon from The Hobbit. He is the main villain of the J.R.R. Tolkien book and it's adaptations. The author called him a "most specially, greedy, strong and wicked worm".

Fictional biography
Smaug is one of the most feared dragons on Middle-earth. He decided to sleep in a pile of gold until Bilbo Baggins woke him up. Smaug knows that Bilbo is after the Arkenstone. He left the area and decided to fly to Lake-town and ravage it with fire. He was killed by Bard the Bowman with an arrow.

Peter Jackson trilogy (2012-2014)
In The Hobbit movie trilogy, Smaug's motion capture and voice were done by Benedict Cumberbatch. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the trilogy, specifically the end of the second movie. In the third movie, his death helped Sauron let his armies roam free.

Other media
Smaug, voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch became an interviewed guest for a December 2014 episode of The Colbert Report with clips from the third movie.

Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Fictional dragons
Characters in The Hobbit
Georgian (Ⴕⴀⴐⴒⴓⴊⴈ Ⴄⴌⴀ, khartuli ena) is the official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus.

Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself (83 percent of the population), and of another 500,000 abroad (chiefly in Turkey, Iran, Russia, the United States and Europe). It is the literary language for all ethnographic groups of Georgian people, especially those who speak other South Caucasian languages (or Kartvelian languages): Svans, Megrelians, and the Laz.  Gruzinic, or "Kivruli", which is sometimes considered a separate Jewish language, is spoken by an additional 20,000 in Georgia and 65,000 elsewhere (primarily 60,000 in Israel).

References 

Caucasian languages
Languages of Azerbaijan
Mount Ararat (Turkish: Ağrı Dağı; Armenian: Արարատ; Kurdish: Grîdax‎ or Çiyayê Agirî) is the tallest peak in  the Armenian Highlands and modern-day Turkey. The mountain is always capped with snow, and it is a dormant volcano. 

It is in Iğdır Province, near the northeast corner of Turkey, 16 km west of Iran and 32 km south of the Armenian border and Northern Kurdistan.

History 
The people and area who lived in this area was the Armenian kingdom of Ararat (in Assyrian: Urartu). Armenians lived here for nearly 3000 years. In the 16th century the mountain became part of the border between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Persia. Later it was the border of Russia. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne put Ararat in the administration of Turkey. It is a national symbol of Armenia and an object of irredentism.

Gallery

References 

Mountains of Turkey
South Caucasus, also referred to as Transcaucasia or Transcaucasus, is the southern area of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia, going from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian Seas. 

All of Armenia is in Transcaucasia; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan, including the exclave of Naxçıvan, fall within this area. The countries in the region produce oil, manganese ore, tea, citrus fruits, and wine.

The region is one the most complicated in the post-Soviet area, and has three heavily disputed areas – Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

History 
The region was combined togerther twice – during the Russian Civil War (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule (Transcaucasian SFSR) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. 

The area of Transcaucasia, which is where modern day Azerbaijan,Georgia and Armenia are located, is one of areas where the wine producing vines vitis vinifera grow. Some experts think that this may be where wine was produced for the first time.  Archeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000BC.

Related pages
 Caucasus
 North Caucasus (Ciscaucasia)
 Ibero-Caucasian languages
 Peoples of the Caucasus

Footnotes

Sources and references 
(incomplete)
 Transcaucasia (The Columbia Encyclopedia article) 

Eastern Europe
Caucasus
The name Mongols (Mongolian:  Mongol) explains one or more ethnic groups. A hard definition includes the Mongols proper (self-designation Monggol), which can be split into eastern and western Mongols. In a bigger sense, the Mongol peoples also people who speak a Mongolic language but use other self-designations, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.

The name Monggol has its meaning in the Tungusic languages and usually means "the invincible ones". At first it was applied to a small and still insignificant tribe in the area of the Onon river. In the 13th century it grew into an umbrella term for a large group of tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan.

The religion of the Mongols 

The polytheistic (believing in many gods) Mongols thought that good and evil spirits controlled the world. They also believed in a sky god, who ruled all the spirits. They called him Tengri (TENG gree), which means, "the great god of heaven". The Mongols lived in fear of the spirits and hoped for blessings from them.

Every yurt had small idols made of felt. The wives and daughters of the nobles made these idols at sewing parties. The Mongols believed that these idols protected their families and animals. Before every meal they put food and drink on the idols' lips. They also prayed to them.

The Mongols believed that some men, called shamans (SHAH muns), had power over the spirits. The shamans were the priests of the traditional Mongol religion, called shamanism (SHAH muh NIZ um). The shamans were medicine men and witch doctors who used a special language when doing their magical . The Mongols talked to their shamans before making big choices and followed their advice.

Other religions 

The later empire of the Mongols had many people with many religions, including Christians. The most important Christian group in the Mongol Empire was the Nestorian Church, sometimes called the Church of the East. These Christians were named for Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople.

United States

Related pages
 Mongol Empire
 History of Mongolia

References

Other websites 
Ethnic groups of Mongolia
Ethnic map of Mongolia

Ethnic groups in Asia
Mongol peoples
Mongolian people
La Liga, commonly known La Liga Santander for sponsor reasons, is a football league which is the top division in Spain.

2019–20 clubs
Athletic Bilbao
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Celta Vigo
Deportivo La Coruña
Eibar
Espanyol (from Barcelona)
Getafe
Granada
Las Palmas
Levante (from Valencia)
Málaga
Rayo Vallecano (from Madrid)
Real Betis (from Seville)
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad (from San Sebastián)
Sevilla
Sporting de Gijón
Valencia
Villarreal

Champions

Former champions

Related pages
Segunda División
Segunda División B

 
1929 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Spain
Stanley Marcus (April 20, 1905 – January 22, 2002) was the president of the Neiman-Marcus company, a store in the United States that sells expensive clothing and objects. He became famous for inventing many new ways to sell products and new ways to tell people about his store.

Mr. Marcus created an award for people who designed clothing. He also began art shows in his store, to make people want to visit the store to see the art. In 1939, the company started a catalog, which is a book that shows all the products that people can buy from the store. In 1951, the catalog listed unusual gifts for people to buy. Many people started to read the catalog every year to see the unusual gifts.

In the 1940s, at the time of the Second World War, the government of the United States asked Mr. Marcus for help. The government wanted to make sure there would be enough fabric to make clothes for the military, so they asked Mr. Marcus to make rules about clothes for ordinary people. He made rules for companies that made clothes so that popular styles for women and men would not change every year. With these rules, people would not need new clothes so often. Also, he said that men's socks should not use rubber to make elastic to hold the socks in place. This rule made sure the government could use rubber for military products that were needed for the war.

Personal life
Mr. Marcus married Mary "Billie" Cantrell in 1932. When he met her, Billie was working in the Neiman-Marcus store. She continued to work for four years. She retired in 1936 after she gave birth to a baby; they named the baby Jerrie. In 1938, she gave birth to twins, Richard and Wendy.

Mr. Marcus collected art and books. His favorite artists from Mexico were Rufino Tamayo, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and Antonio Ruíz. He became friends with Rivera and Tamayo. Mr. Marcus also liked American artists, such as Alexander Calder, who made sculptures, and Georgia O'Keeffe, who was a painter. He gave large amounts of money to a museum that showed O'Keeffe paintings.

The Degolyer Library at Southern Methodist University has a collection of things related to Mr. Marcus. The collection includes photographs, letters, and newspaper articles. Mr. Marcus also gave the library a collection of more than 5,000 miniature books. (Miniature books are very small books, small enough for a doll.)

Other websites
Career Highlights video, from Advertising Hall of Fame
 Infoplease, Noteworthy Deaths 2002

1903 births
2002 deaths
Businesspeople from Texas