cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have an increase or decrease in oxidation number (oxidation state).

An oxidation number is a number assigned to an element in chemical combination that represents the number of electrons lost (or gained, if the number is negative), by an atom of that element in the compound.

The term redox comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms:
Oxidation describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Reduction describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion

Whether an electron is gained or lost can be easily memorised by the abbreviation OIL RIG, which stands for, "Oxidation Is Loss," or losing electrons, and "Reduction Is Gain," or gaining electrons. Redox reactions can also happen by sharing electrons to form a product by covalent bonding.  

In an oxidation reduction reaction, the cation gives an electron to the anion because both ions will have a different charge to attract each other with. In an oxidation reduction reaction, the oxidizing reagent pulls an electron from the other atom to have a net positive charge. The reducing reagent gives an electron to have a net negative charge. However, there are exceptions.

Chemical process 
Redox is a chemical process. It can be described in chemical formulas. This example describes the process that occurs in a blast furnace, where iron (Fe) reacts with carbon (C):

Now elementary iron has been processed.

Related pages
 Electrochemistry

Notes

Other websites 

 Redox reactions calculator
 Redox reactions at Chemguide
 Online redox reaction equation balancer, balances equations of any half-cell and full reactions

Chemistry
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Van ResistanceVan Uprising/Van AyaklanmasıVan Resistance/Վանի Հերոսամարտ
| partof      = the Caucasus Campaign of World War I
| image       = Van Defenders.jpg
| caption     = Armenian troops holding a defense line against Ottoman forces in the walled city of Van in May 1915.
| date        = 19 April – 17 May 1915
| place       = Van, Ottoman Empire
| result      = Ottoman retreat, Armenian victory
| combatant1  = 
| combatant2  = Armenian residents of Van
| commander1  =  Djevdet Bey Halil Bey Köprülü Kâzım Bey Rafael de Nogales
| commander2  = Aram Manukian
| strength1   = 3rd Army5,000
| strength2   = 1,300<ref>Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol II Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, Palgrave, 1997, , p 251.</ref>
| casualties2 = 55,000 civiliansBalakian, 207
}}

The Siege of Van, Resistance at Van, ( Vani Herosamart'', ) or Van Rebellion, Van Revolt (), Armenian Revolution at Van () was a resistance during the World War I against Ottoman Empire.

Related pages
 Armenian Genocide

Sources

Armenian Genocide
100 (also written as one hundred) is the natural number after 99 and before 101. It is the first three-digit number above zero. The number 100 is an abundant number. The letter C is the old Roman numeral for 100.

Usage
100 m running competition.
In binary and bcd -code, 100 means number four.

19E02 100
Square numbers
Events 
 February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1329).
 August 10-11 – Battle of Dupplin Moor in Scotland
 November 7 – Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
 December 16 – Battle of Annan in Scotland.
 The city of Târgu Mureş (Romania) was first documented in the papal registry under the name Novum Forum Siculorum.
Wasabi is a spice traditionally prepared from a plant from the cabbage family. Its root is used as a spice and has a very strong flavor. The root is smashed up into paste and used as a condiment. Its hotness is more like hot mustard or horseradish than chili pepper, because it irritates the nose more than the tongue. Eating too much wasabi can cause a very painful feeling in the nose. The plant grows naturally in Japan. It is often eaten with sushi.

Wasabi needs clean water and a cool climate. It is difficult to grow wasabi. There are two ways to grow wasabi. One way is to grow wasabi in water. The other way is to grow wasabi in a field.
 
Major sources of wasabi are Shizuoka, Nagano, Shimane, Yamanashi, and Iwate prefectures in Japan. Other source of wasabi include China, New Zealand, Taiwan.

Because the wasabi plant is so hard to grow, real wasabi is very rare and expensive, most wasabi is a green paste that is really made from horseradish, mustard and food coloring. 

Wasabi is also known for how spicy, or hot it is.

References 

Spices
Brassicaceae
Condiments
A prion disease (also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) is a disease which is caused by prions. Prions are structurally altered versions of small proteins that are normally expressed in cells.  Unlike diseases that are caused by a mutation of the gene resulting in the expression of a mutant protein, prions are able to replicate and transmit diseases through physical contact with the normal proteins resulting in a structural change from the normal state to the prion state. 

Unlike bacteria, prions are not considered to be alive because they do not have their own metabolism, they do not possess genes and cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell.  Prion diseases are very rare, and no treatment is available for most of them.

Almost all of the known prion diseases are neurologic diseases. There are two common signs which are seen in typical prion diseases:
 Ataxia or disequilibrium, is when a patient cannot stand or walk well because he cannot maintain his equilibrium. This is usually because of a disease in the cerebellum.
 Dementia or loss of mentality, is a progressive loss of cognitive functions.

Prion diseases 
Few types of prion diseases are known. The most important ones are:
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - A person can get the disease by eating of BSE-infected beef, having a blood tranfusion from a person with the disease, injection of Human Growth Hormone extracted from bodies with the disease, or through infected surgical instruments. Patients suffer from ataxia, dementia and usually die after one year.
 Kuru disease - This disease is seen in people living in New Guinea who eat the brains of dead people. Patients present with ataxia, dementia and inability in moving their eyes. They will usually die within two years.
 Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome - This is a very rare syndrome which presents with ataxia and dementia. The patients usually die after one year.

Prion diseases are very rare. With Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which makes up about 85% of the cases, there are about 1 to 1.5 cases per one million people per year.

Related pages
 Prion
 Encephalopathy

Infectious diseases
Neurology
Dementia
Help! is a 1965 movie starring The Beatles, and also the name of the movie's theme song, and of its soundtrack album. The movie was directed by Richard Lester, the same as their first movie, A Hard Day's Night. While A Hard Day's Night was filmed in black-and-white, Help! was in color. George Martin produced the Beatles's songs for the album, and all their recordings for the movie.

Movie 
Help! is a fantasy story, that makes fun of spy movies, which were popular at the time. A religious cult has lost a special ring, worn by people they plan to sacrifice to their goddess, Kaili. It turns out one of their members sent the ring to Ringo Starr (drummer for the Beatles, who loved to wear rings). When the cult finds out, they try to capture Ringo, and either sacrifice him to Kaili or get their ring back. He tries to give it back, but the ring will not come off his finger. The other Beatles try to help, but also end up in danger. A defector (quitter) from the cult tries different ways to remove the ring, and a scientist also tries to steal it. Scotland Yard hides the Beatles at Buckingham Palace, but the cult even sneaks in there. The band escapes to the Bahamas in disguise, but are followed. Tired of running, the Beatles finally face down the cultists.

The movie's co-stars were Leo McKern, Eleanor Bron, Roy Kinnear, and Victor Spinetti. Spinetti also appeared in A Hard Day's Night, and later in Magical Mystery Tour. The movie was going to be called Eight Arms to Hold You, but the title was changed when John Lennon wrote a song titled "Help!" that suited the movie's theme.

Help! was filmed partly in England, partly in Austria, and partly in the Bahamas. The Beatles started a company in the Bahamas, as a tax shelter, but it did not work out. While they were filming, a Hindu believer gave each Beatle a book about reincarnation. George Harrison resonated very strongly with Hindu ideas and beliefs, and ended up becoming a follower of Hinduism. He also enjoyed the Indian classical music featured in Help!, bought a sitar, and took music lessons with Ravi Shankar.

Soundtrack album 
Help! was the fifth album by The Beatles. The first seven songs appeared in the movie. The album includes the title song, "Ticket To Ride", George Harrison's "I Need You", and Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", the song with the most versions by other artists of all time. Help! was the last Beatles album with songs written by other people.

Songs on the album 

The album is ranked number 332 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney unless noted otherwise.

References

General

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

The Beatles albums
1965 albums
Rock and roll albums
Folk albums
Echternach () is a commune in eastern Luxembourg, capital of the Echternach canton.  It is the oldest town with city rights in Luxembourg.

History

The town grew around the walls of the Abbey of Echternach, which was founded in  698  by St. Willibrord, an English monk from Ripon, Northumbria (in present-day North Yorkshire, England), who became the first bishop of Utrecht and worked to Christianize the Frisians.

The abbey were closed during the French revolution in 1797. Echternach was given city rights in the year 1236.

Geography
Echternach is in the east of the country near the border with Germany, on the banks of the Saar River.

The commune has an area of . The altitude is  high. At the city hall, the altitude  is  high.

Echternach is surrounded by four communes of Luxembourg: Rosport to the east and south, Bech to the southwest, and Berdorf and Consdorf to the west. To the north, the commune borders the Echternacherbrück municipality of the  Bitburg-Prüm district in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate; and to the northwest the Bollendorf municipality, also in the Bitburg-Prüm district of the Rhineland-Palatinate.

Population
There were 5,530 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in Echternach

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website 
Tourist attractions in Echternach 
Surroundings of Echternach
Harmonie Municipale Echternach
Intramuros asbl. - For the development of the historical center of Echternach 
Everything about Echternach

Communes in Luxembourg
Breast cancer is cancer in the breast.

Breast cancer is the fifth-most common cause of cancer death in the world. The first four are lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths) in the world. Among all women in the world, breast cancer is the most common cancer.

In the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer). In 2007, breast cancer caused about 40,910 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 2% of all deaths) in the U.S. Women in the United States have a 1 in 8 chance of getting breast cancer in their lives. They have a 1 in 33 chance of death from breast cancer.

There are many more people getting breast cancer since the 1970s. This is because of how people in the Western world live. Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males, though it is less common.

When a person gets breast cancer, they can try to cure it in three ways. Doctors can cut out the cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy). They can give the person drugs (chemotherapy). They can also try to kill the cancer with energy (radiation). If one cure does not work, they may need to try another.

Reasons for breast cancer 

 A personal history of breast cancer. If you have had breast cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast.
 Your lifestyle is also responsible for increasing the risk of breast cancer. If you are following a western lifestyle, eating junk food and not exercising, it can lead to stress and rapid weight gain. As a result, it will lead you to get breast cancer further. avoid it if possible.
 Breastfeeding is very important to avoid the risk of breast cancer. Some mothers do not give milk to their children, it affects the mother as well as the children. If the mother does this, the mother may get breast cancer. Doctors recommend breastfeeding the baby for at least 6 months after birth.

References

Other websites  

 Main Causes Of Breasts Cancer
 

Breast cancer
Cue sports are games played with balls on a cloth-covered table that has rubber railings (called "cushions") around it to keep the balls on the table.  Two or more people use sticks (called cues) to make one ball (the cue ball) hit other balls. In the past, all cue sports were called billiards, but that term has various different meanings in different areas. 

There are different kinds of cue sports, including:
Pool or pocket billiards, in which the goal is to use the cue ball to knock other balls into "pockets" (holes cut into the rubber cushions, so that the balls can drop down into nets or a collection tray).  There are many diffierent pool games, such as "eight-ball", "nine-ball", "cutthroat" and "killer".  Pool is usually played with either nine or fifteen balls (besides the cue ball).
Carom billiards, usually played with three balls, uses a table without pockets.  The goal is to use the cue ball to hit one of the other two balls, then hit one or more of the cushions, and finally hit the second other ball.  There are several different kinds of carom games, too; they are different mostly because of how many cushions must be hit.
Snooker, which is similar to pool, is played on a large (6 foot wide by 12 foot long) table, with small balls and small pockets, making the game very challenging.  Snooker also uses more balls than pool.
Cherilyn Sarkisian (better known as Cher; born on May 20, 1946) is an American actress, singer, songwriter, author and entertainer. She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award and three Golden Globe Awards. She is well known for her deep contralto vocal range.

Her mother is singer-songwriter and actress Georgia Holt.

Cher first became well known in 1965 as one half of the pop/rock duo Sonny & Cher. She has also released 25 albums as a solo artist, and has 22 Billboard Top 40 entries over her career. These include twelve Top 10 singles and five number one singles.

She became a successful television star in the 1970s, and a movie actress in the 1980s. In 1987, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the romantic comedy Moonstruck.

Discography
Studio albums
 All I Ready Went to Do (1965)
 The Sonny Side of Cher (1966)
 Cher (1966)
 With Love, Cher (1967)
 Backstage (1968)
 3614 Jackson Highway (1969)
 Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves (1971)
 Foxy Lady (1972)
 Bittersweet White Light (1973)
 Half-Breed (1973)
 Dark Lady (1974)
 Stars (1975)
 I'd Rather Believe in You (1976)
 Cherished (1977)
 Take Me Home (1979)
 Prisoner (1979)
 I Paralyze (1982)
 Cher (1987)
 Heart of Stone (1989)
 Love Hurts (1991)
 It's a Man World (1995)
 Believe (1998)
 Not.com.mercial (2000)
 Living Proof (2001)
 Burlesque (2010)
 Closer to the Truth (2013)

References

Other websites 
cher.com — Cher's official web site.
officialcherfanclub.com  — Cher's official Fan Club web site.
Cher Net Worth — Children's Craniofacial Association. National Chairperson: Cher.
cherconvention.com  — Cher Convention Foundation dedicated to raising funds for CCA kids.
Eulogy for Sonny Bono

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from California
American movie actors
American pop singers
American rock singers
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from California
1946 births
Living people
Warner Bros. Records artists
Yuzu (ゆず) is a Japanese popular music duo.  Its members are Kitagawa Yujin (北川悠仁) and Iwasawa Kouji (岩沢厚治). Both of the band members come from Yokohama in the Kanagawa Prefecture. At first, they sung on the street in Yokohama. They have known each other since they were small children.
They are famous for their concerts in front of the department store, Matsuzakaya in Isezakicyo in Yokohama. They officially debuted in 1997. The first CD was Yuzu no Moto.
They are loved among men and women of all ages in Japan.

Singles

Albums
 Yuzu no Moto (1997)
 Yuzuman (1998)
 Yuzu Ikka (1998)
 Utajiki -Sakura Saku Hen- (1999)
 Yuzuen (1999)
 Yuzuman no Natsu (2000)
 Tobira (2000)
 Utajiki -Futari no Biggu (Eggu) Sho Hen- (2001)
 Yuzumoa (2002)
 Sumire (2003)
 Yuzu Sumairu (2003)
 1 -ONE- (2004)
 Home [1997-2000]
 Going [2001-2005]
 Ribon (2006)
 Yuzunone(2007)
 Wonderful World(2008)

VHS

 Futari (March 17, 1999)
 Rokkasen Kin (February 16, 2000)
 Rokkasen Gin (February 16, 2000)
 Futari Akiaji (April 12, 2000)
 TOBIRA TOUR 2000-2001 (April 4, 2001)
 Futari no Biggu (Eggu) Sho -2jikan 53fun TOKYO DOME Kanzen Nokattoban- (December 26, 2001)
 Sutajiamu Manin On(raku)satsu -Netto! Bomb Odori- (January 23, 2002)
 Koi no Kayobi (August 7, 2002)
 Rokkasen Kurenai (January 22, 2003)
 Rokkasen Sumire (May 21, 2003)
 Sumire (October 22, 2003)

Other websites

 Yuzu Net  - An official website
 Yuzu Official Website

J-pop bands
Folk music groups
This list contains famous or well documented outbreaks of plagues or disease. They are examined in individual entries.

Before 1000 A.D.

 Great Plague of Athens (430–427 BC) 
 May have been caused by: Bubonic plague, smallpox, measles, typhus, anthrax, or typhoid
 Antonine Plague (165–180)
 Cause: Probably smallpox
 Plague of Cyprian (250)
 Cause: Probably smallpox
 Plague of Justinian (541–542)
 Cause: Bubonic plague
 Plague of Emmaus (18 A.H./639 A.D.)
 Cause: Unknown (possibly bubonic plague)
 Plague of Constantinople (747–748)
 Cause: Bubonic plague

The "Black Death" of 13471353
 Great Plague of England (1348–1350)
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 Great Plague of Ireland (1348–1351) 
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 Great Plague of Scotland (1348–1350)
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 Great Plague of Russia (1349–1353)
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 great plague of asia and middle east

The 1400s and 1500s
 Great Plague of Iceland (1402–1404) 
 Caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague (not bubonic plague, as there were no rats in Iceland)
 Plague of 1575, Italy, Sicily, and parts of Northern Europe (1571–1576)
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 London Plague (1592–1594)
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague

The 1600s
 Italian Plague of 1629-1631 or Great Plague of Milan (1629–1631) 
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 Great Plague of Seville (1649) 
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 Great Plague of London (1664–1665) 
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague
 Great Plague of Vienna (1679–1680s) 
 May have been caused by: Viral hemorrhagic plague or bubonic plague

1700 and after
 Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1722)
 May have been caused by: Bubonic plague
 Plague Riot in Moscow (1771)
 May have been caused by: Bubonic plague
 The Third Pandemic (started in China; 1855–1950s)
 Caused by: Bubonic plague

Related pages
 Bubonic plague
 Epidemic
 List of epidemics
 Pandemic
 Influenza pandemic of 1918 (Spanish flu)

References

Infectious diseases
Historical plagues
A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (like a continent), or even worldwide.

Common killers and pandemics 
According to the World Health Organization, a pandemic exists when three conditions have been met:

 A disease emerges that is new to a population.
 The agent that causes the disease infects humans, causing serious illness.
 The agent spreads easily and sustainably among humans.

A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people. It must also be infectious. For example, cancer causes many deaths, but it is not a pandemic because it is usually not infectious.

World Health Organization pandemic phases 
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a plan to prepare the global fight against influenza. It defines the stages of a pandemic and makes recommendations about what countries should do before and during a pandemic. The phases are:

Interpandemic period:
 Phase 1: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. 
 Phase 2: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. However, a variant of the virus causes disease in animals. This means there is a threat of human disease.
Pandemic alert period:
 Phase 3: Humans get infected with a new subtype of the flu virus. However, the virus is not spreading from person to person.
 Phase 4: There are small cluster(s) of flu infection. Person-to-person spread is limited and localized.
 Phase 5: There are larger cluster(s) of flu infection. Person-to-person spread is still localized.
Pandemic period:
 Phase 6: Pandemic: The flu has spread throughout the general population. Person-to-person spread is increased and sustained..

Related pages
 Epidemic
 List of epidemics

References 

 Steward's "The Next Global Threat: Pandemic Influenza".

Other websites 
 WHO - Authoritative source of information about global health issues
 Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
 CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases
 U.S. government's pandemic flu and avian flu information site

Infectious diseases
Training means learning to do something. It includes practicing skills. The term is used for learning to do jobs, or play games.

Examples:
 
 training for the armed forces
 apprenticeships
 learning how to play a game, such as contract bridge or chess
 or sport such as football
 professional development in law, medicine, management, etc.

Training means changing behavior through learning new requirements and methods. Its effect is measured by testing to see if the behavior has been successfully changed. Follow-up sessions may be repeated until the desired behavior has been achieved.

Exercise may or may not be part of training. When it is, it is called physical training. It is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance; see, e.g., strength training or flexibility training.

Related pages 
 Training camp

Other websites 

 Training Within Industry  - A national conference for those interested in deploying the TWI training methodology.
 Fitness training for kids
 Fitness training for seniors

  
Learning
Demi Moore (born November 11, 1962 as Demi Gene Guynes) is an American actress. She became well-known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood.

She has been married to musician Freddy Moore and actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. All her marriages ended in divorce. She has three daughters by Willis: Rumer, Scout and Tallulah. She dated Tobey Maguire in 2002 to 2003.

Other websites 
 

Actors from Idaho
Actors from New Mexico
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
1962 births
Living people
Fergie Duhamel (born Stacy Ann Ferguson; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, television host, and former dancer. She is a former member of the kids' TV series Kids Incorporated, and the girl group Wild Orchid. Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV series Great Pretenders. She was also in the movie Nine. She was a vocalist for the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas and is a solo artist. She released her debut solo album, The Dutchess, in 2006. Her second solo album, Double Dutchess, was released in 2017 through her own label, Dutchess.

She has achieved three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry".

Early life
Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California. She is the daughter of devout Roman Catholic school teachers Theresa Ann (née Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson. Her ancestry includes Irish, Scottish, English, Mexican (from a great-grandmother) and Native American. She was raised Roman Catholic. She attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student and spelling bee champion, as well as a Girl Scout.

Her great-great-great-grandfather John Ribton was the Archdeacon of Achonry. Her great-great-granduncle John Ellard Gore was an astronomer.

Singing career
She has a contralto vocal range.

In 2018, at the NBA All-Star Game, Fergie sang a jazz/swing version of "The Star-Spangled Banner". Critics panned her performance, but she apologized and claimed she was trying a new style.

Personal life
On January 10, 2009, she married actor Josh Duhamel. Fergie and Duhamel are both Catholic. Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013. In 2017, Fergie announced that she and Duhamel were divorcing.

In May 2009, Fergie told The Sun that she is bisexual. In 2017, Fergie left the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas to focus on her solo career.

Discography
 The Dutchess (2006)
 Double Dutchess (2017)

Notes

References

Other websites
 Official website

The Black Eyed Peas
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American hip hop singers
American soul singers
American rappers
Rap musicians from California
Singer-songwriters from California
American television actors
American voice actors
Bisexual Christians
LGBT musicians
1975 births
Living people
People from Whittier, California
Bisexual people
Zuleyka Jerrís Rivera Mendoza (born October 3, 1987 in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico) is a beauty queen who has held the titles Miss Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2006. 

1987 births
Living people

Puerto Rican people
Miss Universe winners
{{Infobox person
| name          = Amanda Peet
| image         = Amanda Peet.jpg
| imagesize     = 250px
| birthname     = 
| birth_date     = 
| birth_place   = New York City, NY, USA
| death_date     = 
| death_place    = 
| occupation    = Actress
| husband        = David Benioff<small>(2006–present)</small>
| children      = France Pen (Feb. 20 2007)
| height        = 
| othername     = 
| homepage      = 
| known_for  = Playing Jill St. Claire in The Whole Nine Yards and The Whole Ten YardsPlaying Jordan McDeere in Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip| caption       = 
}}
Amanda Peet (born January 11, 1972) is an American movie and television actress. She has acted in television commercials and several movies. She recently appeared at the television series Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip, where her character Jordan McDeere'' is the president of the fictional network National Broadcasting System (NBS).

Other websites 

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
1972 births
Living people
Rupert Everett (Rupert James Hector Everett, born 29 May 1959) is an English actor, singer and writer. He became famous when he appeared in Julian Mitchell's play and movie Another Country playing an openly homosexual student at an English public school in the 1930s.  He has since appeared in many other works, including My Best Friend's Wedding, The Next Best Thing and the Shrek sequels.

Everett left school at 16 and ran away to London to become an actor. In order to support himself, he worked as a prostitute for drugs and money—he disclosed this information in an interview for US magazine in 1997. After being dismissed from the Central School of Speech and Drama, he travelled to Scotland and got a job at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow.

In the 21st century, Everett has been writing. He has been a Vanity Fair contributing editor, has written for The Guardian and wrote a film screenplay on playwright Oscar Wilde's final years.

In 2006 Everett published a memoir, Red Carpets and Other Banana Skins, in which he reveals his six-year affair with British television presenter Paula Yates. Although he is sometimes described as bisexual, as opposed to homosexual, he described his heterosexual affairs during a radio show with Jonathan Ross as the result of adventurousness: "I was basically adventurous, I think I wanted to try everything".

Everett criticised the introduction of same-sex marriage, claiming, "I find it personally beyond tragic that we want to ape this institution that is so clearly a disaster".

Filmography

References

Other websites

In-depth biography with many quotes from Everett and friends
Interview and review of Everett's memoir
Rupert fires himself on Celebrity Apprentice 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Norfolk
Gay men
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
LGBT actors
Thomas William "Tom" Selleck (born January 29, 1945) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American actor, screenwriter and film producer, best known for his role on the long-running television show Magnum P.I. and Peter Mitchell in Three Men and a Baby and Three Men and a Little Lady. He stars on Blue Bloods. He has also acted in many movies and had a recurring role as Dr. Richard Burke on Friends, who was a love interest to the character of Monica Geller (Courteney Cox).

Other websites 

 
 Selleck's Political Views 
 TRANSCRIPT: Tom Selleck at "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" 
 Selleck! The Movie
 Selleck! The Fan club 

Actors from Detroit, Michigan
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
1945 births
Living people
Robert Michael Schneider (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director.

Early life 
Schneider was born in San Francisco, California and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica. He is the son of Jewish-American real estate broker Marvin Schneider, and Pilar, a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president; his grandfather on his mother's side of the family was a European American soldier and his grandmother on the same side of the family was a Filipina. Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982.

Career 
After becoming a famous stand-up comedian and expert at NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, Schneider now has a career in movies, including main roles in the comedies Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, The Animal and The Hot Chick.

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 The Rob Schneider Music Foundation 
 Environmental Media Awards

References 

1963 births
Living people
Actors from San Francisco
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers

Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Screenwriters from California
Writers from San Francisco
Carolina Evelyn Klüft (born February 2, 1983) is a Swedish athlete. She competes in heptathlon, long jump and pentathlon. She is the current Olympic, World (twice) and European (twice) heptathlon champion and is regarded as one of the best female athletes in the world. Since 16/09/2002, Klüft has been continuously ranked as the world's leading heptathlete, by the IAAF. This is currently the longest of any athlete.

She is also normally a member of the Swedish 4 × 100 m relay team at international competitions, and was part of the team that set the national record.

Her main coach is Agne Bergvall. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall and weighs 65 kg.

On 2 September 2012, during the Finland-Sweden athletics international at Ullevi, Carolina Klüft officially ended her career and retired from sports.

References

Other websites 

Carolina Klüft fan site

1983 births
Living people
2008 Summer Olympics
Competitors in athletics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists
Swedish Olympians
Jonas Lars Björkman (born March 23, 1972, Alvesta, Sweden) is a Swedish professional male tennis player and former World No. 4 in singles and World No. 1 in doubles. He is as of the 2006 season the oldest player in the ATP Top 100 (singles). He has also played in numerous Wimbledon tournaments.

Other websites
jonasbjorkman.com - official website

Swedish sportspeople
1972 births
Living people
Tennis players
Myleene Angela Klass (born 6 April 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of British pop group Hear'Say. She was born in Gorleston, Norfolk to a Filipino mother and Anglo-Austrian father. Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones. Hear'Say also released 2 albums, Popstars and Everybody. 

Almost a year after the Hear'Say break-up on 13 May 2003, Klass signed a five-album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz.  Klass's album, called Moving On, was sold on 20 October 2003 at Harrods, London.  It was nominated as Peoples' Album Of The Year in the Classical BRIT Awards.  On 23 October 2004 Klass said she would not be releasing any further material through the label.

Klass was a contestant in the 2006 series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.  She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis. 

Her net worth was about £11 million in April 2012.

References

Classical musicians
English pianists
English pop musicians
English singers
English television presenters
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
Television personalities from Norfolk
1978 births
Living people
Kimberley Gail "Kym" Marsh  (formerly Ryder, and Lomas born 13 June 1976 in Whiston, Knowsley, Merseyside, England) is an English actress and singer. Marsh grew up in Garswood, Merseyside.

Marsh rose to fame when she and four other contestants won reality TV show Popstars and formed manufactured pop quintet Hear'Say. She is presently most recognisable from her role as Michelle Connor on the long-running ITV1 soap opera Coronation Street which she has played since 2006. Marsh was one of the contenders to represent the UK in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest; she was third place and as such did not take part in the ESC.

Personal life
Marsh has two children, David Ryan (born April 1995) and Emily May (born November 1997). They are from a relationship with Dave Cunliffe. 

Marsh married former EastEnders actor Jack Ryder in St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 10 August 2002. On 20 March 2008 the couple said they would separate and may divorce. On 26 March 2009, Marsh said she had committed adultery during her marriage. Marsh and Ryder decided to divorce on 12 August 2009. 

Marsh began dating Hollyoaks actor Jamie Lomas since July 2008. She and Lomas said they were expecting a baby due in the summer of 2009. On 12 February 2009, Marsh said their son, Archie Jay Lomas, was born 18 weeks early on 11 February.  He died moments after birth.  Marsh and Lomas ended their relationship on 9 October 2009. The couple got back together the following month as Marsh won Mother of the Year 2009. On Christmas Day 2009 Lomas proposed to Marsh and she accepted.

Marsh and Lomas said Kym was three months pregnant on 26 October 2010. On 23 March 2011, Marsh gave birth to a girl, Polly.  She was delivered five weeks early and weighed just over 4lb. Marsh married Lomas in 2012. The couple divorced in 2014.

Discography

Albums
Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

As part of Hear'Say

Awards and nominations
2007: 
 Won Best Newcomer at The British Soap Awards
 Won Best Newcomer at the TV Quick Awards
 Won Favourite Newcomer at the TV Now Awards
 Won Most Popular Newcomer at the National Television Awards

2008:
 Won Best TV Soap Personality at the TRIC Awards
 Won Best Celeb Mum at the Tesco Awards
 Won Favourite Actress at the TV Now Awards
 Won Best Dressed Soap Star at the Inside Soap Awards

2009:
Won Bounty Celebrity Mum of the Year

References

1976 births
Living people

English pop singers
English television actors
Musicians from Merseyside
Reality television participants
Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress.  She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's 7th Heaven.

American television actors
American child actors
Actors from South Carolina
1989 births
Living people
Jessica Claire Biel (born March 3, 1982) is an American actress, Vocalist and former fashion model. 

Biel became known for her early television role of Mary Camden in the long-running family drama series 7th Heaven. She is perhaps best known for appearing in several Hollywood movies. These include Summer Catch, the remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre and The Illusionist. 

Biel is also known for her beauty and is considered a sex symbol. In 2005 Esquire magazine declared her the "Sexiest Woman Alive". In 2007 she was voted number 1 in a poll by Stuff magazine.

In 2012, she married singer Justin Timberlake. Their son, Silas Randall Timberlake, was born on April 11, 2015.

Movies

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1982 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Minnesota
7th Heaven was an American television series about a Protestant minister's family living in the fictional town of Glenoak, California. It was created and produced by Brenda Hampton. The series premiered on Monday, August 26, 1996, on the WB Television Network, the first time that the WB aired Monday night programming. The series finale was scheduled for May 8, 2006; however, the show was renewed by the CW Television Network when the intended final episode received high ratings. The 11th and final season premiered on September 25, 2006 and ended on May 13, 2007. Reruns of 7th Heaven can now be seen on the UP channel weekdays from noon-4 p.m. ET.

Cast 

Stephen Collins as Reverend Eric Camden
Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden
Barry Watson as Dr. Matt Camden (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
David Gallagher  as Simon Camden (1996-2003; 2004-2006)
Jessica Biel as Mary Camden-Rivera (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
Beverley Mitchell as Reverend Lucy Camden-Kinkirk
Mackenzie Rosman as Ruthie Camden
Adam LaVorgna as Robbie Palmer (1999-2000; starring 2000-2002)
Nikolas Brino as Sam Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
Lorenzo Brino as David Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
Geoff Stults as Ben Kinkirk (2001-2006; starring 2002-2003)
George Stults as (former) Officer Kevin Kinkirk (starring 2002-2007)
Ashlee Simpson as Cecilia Smith (starring 2002-2004)
Rachel Blanchard as Roxanne Richardson (starring 2002-2004)
Jeremy London as Chandler Hampton (starring 2002-2004)
Scotty Leavenworth as Peter Petrowski (2002-2006; starring 2003-2004)
Tyler Hoechlin as Martin Brewer (starring 2003-2007)
Sarah Thompson as Rose (starring 2005-2006)
Haylie Duff as Sandy Jameson (starring 2005-2007)
Megan Henning as Meredith Davis (2004-2005; starring 2005)
Happy as Happy
Chaz Lamar Shepherd as John Hamilton (1996-1999; starring 1999-2001)
Maureen Flannigan as Shana Sullivan (1998-2002; starring 1999-2000)

1996 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American drama television series
Television series about families
Television series set in California
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
Nanne Grönvall (born Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist on May 18, 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish singer-songwriter. She's married to Peter Grönvall, who's the son of ABBA's Benny Andersson. Nanne has participated in the National part of Eurovision Song Contest 8 times, won it once with their group One More Time and ended up in 3:rd place in the international competition. She has, beside her musical career, had her own radiotalkshow and hosted many other radioshows, acted in several theatre and musical-productions, among others she did the leading part of Sweet Charity. She has toured Sweden many times in her own name and also had her own shows in the two biggest cities in Sweden, Stockholm and Gothenburg. She had great success around in Europe together with her group One More Time in the 90s and later on Ritchie Blackmore recorded their hitsong Highland with his group Blackmore's Night.

Nannes musical career started in the 1980s group Sound of Music. The trio participated twice in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest selections, Melodifestivalen, finishing fourth both times; in 1986 with Eldorado and in 1987 with Alexandra. Over the following ten years she established herself as a songwriter in Melodifestivalen, writing two songs for the 1992 competition and the 1995 runner-up Det vackraste (The Most Beautiful Thing) performed by Cecilia Vennersten.

Other websites 

1962 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Songwriters
Writers from Stockholm
Singers from Stockholm
William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (born March 16, 1959), known by the stage name Flavor Flav, is an American rapper and television personality. He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy. He raps about politics.  After several years of quiet, he has been seen again lately as a star of American reality television. He has starred in some VH1 programs, most recently the Flavor of Love series.

Flav was born in Roosevelt, New York and grew up in Freeport, New York.

References

African-American rappers
Rap musicians from New York
American robbers
Singers from New York
1959 births
Living people
Schapelle Leigh Corby (born 10 July 1977) is an Australian woman convicted and imprisoned in Indonesia for drug smuggling. She is a former shop assistant and beauty therapy student from Queensland.

Corby served a twenty year sentence for the importation of 4.1 kg (9 lb) of cannabis into Bali, Indonesia. She was convicted and sentenced in Bali on 27 May 2005 by the Denpasar (Indonesia) District Court and was serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Bali. On appeal, her conviction and sentence have been confirmed with finality by the Indonesian Supreme Court, with legal maneuvers continuing on her behalf.

She says that the drugs were put in her bag by someone else and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media. Corby was released on parole on 10 February 2014 after serving nine years in prison. In her parole conditions, Corby cannot leave Indonesia until July 2017.

Controversy 
On 3 March 2008 Australian television show "Current Affairs" showed pictures of what was believed to be Corby and her sister Mercedes dining in a restaurant. This is proof that Corby had bribed the prison guards to let her out for the evening claimed the show, this has made many Australians upset as Corby earlier has claimed she never goes outside Kerobokan Prison.

References

Other websites 
 Schapelle Corby official homepage
 Corby's final appeal rejected

1977 births
Living people
Australian criminals
Australian prisoners
Drug dealers
People convicted of drug offenses
People from Queensland
Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932.

The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (e.g. lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, etc.). 

Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism.  It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system.

Example of an autogenic training session
 sit in the meditative posture and scan the body
 "my left arm is heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
 "my arms and legs are heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
 "my heartbeat is calm and regular" (repeat 3 times)
 "my solar plexus is warm" (repeat 3 times) 
 ...
 finish part one by cancelling
 start part two by repeating from steps 2 to cancelling
 part three repeat steps 2 to cancelling

Counter-indications
Autogenic Training is counter-indicated, or needs to be adapted, for a series of conditions including: heart problems such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, glaucoma, alcohol or drug abuse, epilepsy.

References

 

 Luthe Dr W & Schultz Dr JH, "Autogenic Therapy", first published by Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York, (1969). Republished in (2001) by The British Autogenic Society. 
In six volumes.
Vol. 1 Autogenic Methods 
Vol. 2 Medical Applications 
Vol. 3 Applications in Psychotherapy 
Vol. 4 Research and Theory 
Vol. 5 Dynamics of Autogenic Neutralisation 
Vol. 6 Treatment with Autogenic Neutralisation

Other websites
The British Autogenic Society
Spanish Society of Psychotherapy and the Institute for Autogenic Psychotherapy (in Spanish)
An audio version of the Autogenic Training 
Autogenics: A self-help training schedule.

Psychology
Mathematical notation is a system in mathematics that uses symbols to represent objects and ideas. In mathematics and other exact sciences like physics or computer science, problems often need to be presented in some way. In such representations, different symbols have different meanings:
There are numbers, like 1 and 2, or variables that stand for such numbers (like x and y)
There are functions that act on numbers and variables. Such function take a predetermined number of elements, and do something with them. An example is +, which adds two numbers
There are concepts of advanced mathematics such as limits and derivatives

Some mathematical notations use diagrams, or small drawings to show the underlying concepts. One example is the Penrose graphical notation which is used to show tensors. Another examples are Coxeter–Dynkin diagram which are used for certain problems of geometry. 

There are different ways to write down an equation like  two and three
Infix notation: The functions and the symbols they act on, are mixed, this gives  2 + 3
Prefix notation: First there is the function, and then the values it operates on. This gives + 2 3. Computer languages influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP use this notation. Sometimes this is called polish notation
Postfix notation: First there are the numbers, and then the function. 2 3 +. Postscript uses this. It is also generally known as reverse polish notation

Related software
 KaTeX - JavaScript library that shows mathematical notation on any web browser
 LaTeX - Free software to output mathematical notations on a PDF

 

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