cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The line of succession to the Belgian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Belgium.

History
The death of King Baudouin in 1993 caused a short period of uncertainty about the succession.  Prince Philippe was the expected to be the next king; but Baudouin's brother Albert became the new monarch.

Since 2009, Belgian law identifies the eldest child of a Belgian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.  This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

In 2013, Albert abdicated for health reasons and his son, Philippe became the King.

Order of succession
In 2019, the current order of succession is clear.
  Princess Elisabeth of Belgium, elder daughter of Philippe
  Prince Gabriel of Belgium, elder son of Philippe
  Prince Emmanuel of Belgium, younger son of Philippe
  Princess Eléonore of Belgium, younger daughter of Philippe
  Princess Astrid of Belgium, daughter of Albert II
  Prince Amedeo of Belgium, eldest son of Princess Astrid
 Archduchess Anna Astrid of Austria-Este, daughter of Prince Amedeo
Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este, son of Prince Amedeo
  Princess Maria Laura of Belgium, eldest daughter of Princess Astrid
  Prince Joachim of Belgium, youngest son of Princess Astrid
  Princess Luisa Maria of Belgium, second daughter of Princess Astrid
  Princess Laetitia Maria of Belgium, youngest daughter of Princess Astrid
  Prince Laurent of Belgium, youngest son of Albert II
  Princess Louise of Belgium, daughter of Prince Laurent
  Prince Nicolas of Belgium, older son of Prince Laurent
  Prince Aymeric of Belgium, son of Prince Laurent

Related pages
Order of succession

References

Other websites
 Belgian Monarchy, official website;  Genealogy

Belgian royalty
Belgium

th:ลำดับการสืบสันตติวงศ์แห่งราชบัลลังก์สวีเดน
The line of succession to the Norwegian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Norway.

History 
Since 1990, Norwegian law identifies the eldest child of a Norwegian monarch the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

Order of succession 
In 2011, the current order of succession is clear.
 Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, the oldest son of Harald V of Norway
 Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway, Crown Prince Haakon's daughter
 Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway, Crown Prince Haakon's younger son
 Princess Märtha Louise of Norway, King Harald's daughter
 Maud Angelica Behn, Princess Märtha Louise's daughter
 Leah Isadora Behn, Princess Märtha Louise's second daughter
 Emma Tallulah Behn, Princess Märtha Louise's third daughter

Related pages 
Order of succession

References 

Norwegian royalty
Norway
The Bogan River is an inland river of New South Wales, Australia. It begins at Goonumbla, near Parkes. It flows in a north west direction for about  before it joins the Darling River near Bourke. The towns of Tottenham, Peak Hill and Nyngan are built on the banks of the Bogan River.

The first Europen to see the Bogan River was Charles Sturt in 1828-9. He named it New Year Creek. However the Indigenous Australian name, Bogan, which means birthplace of a king, was the name that was used. The explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell created a painting in 1836 of an Aboriginal man, Combo, from the Bogan River.

References

Other websites
 

Rivers of New South Wales
Switzerland has sent athletes to every Olympic Games since the first Games in 1896.  Switzerland boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne but the equestrian events for those Games were held in Stockholm, Sweden earlier that year. The Swiss dressage team won a bronze medal. Switzerland has hosted the Games twice. They hosted the 1928 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Both were in St. Moritz. Swiss athletes have won a total of 181 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won 127 at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Switzerland was created in 1912

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 
 Switzerland profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
A Roman legionary was a professional soldier of the Roman army. Legionaries had to be Roman citizens under the age of 45. They were members of a Roman legion. Legionaries went through very tough training. They had to do what they were told or they would be punished badly. Legionaries had to carry lots of heavy equipment when they were marching.

More reading 

Ancient Rome
A digital pet (also known as a virtual pet or an artificial pet) are pets that exist only in computers. A good example of a game with digital pets is Nintendogs. People may keep virtual pets as a replacement for real pets.

Pets
Computers
was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 1183 and ended in 1198.

This 12th century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba and  means "later". He is sometimes called the later Emperor Toba. In some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Toba the Second" or as "Toba II".

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was , or Takanari-shinnō

He was the fourth son of Emperor Takakura.

Events of Go-Toba's life
Go-Toba was placed on the throne at the age of three.
 8 September 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Antoku-tennō 's reign, the emperor and his court fled the capital. In the emperor's absence, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa made Antoku's younger brother emperor by decree. A ceremony which marked the young prince's acceptance of the abdication (juzen).
 1184 (Juei 3): Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 1192 (Kenkyū 3): Go-Shirakawa died.  Go-Toba was the grandson of Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
 1198 (Kenkyū 9): In the 15th year of Go-Toba's reign, he abdicated.  His successor was his eldest son who became known as Emperor Tsuchimikado.
 1210 (Jōgen 4):  Go-Toba's 3rd son was named emperor; and he became known as Emperor Juntoku.
 1221 (Jōkyū 3): Go-Toba and his supporters tried and failed to take power from the Kamakura shogunate. This  was known as the Jōkyū War (Jōkyū no hen)  Go-Toba was exiled to the Oki Islands where he stayed until his death.
 13 May 1221 (Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month): Go-Toba's 4-year-old grandson was made emperor; and he became known as Emperor Chūkyō.
 14 January 1222 (Jōkyū 3, 1st day of the 12th month): Go-Toba's nephew was made emperor; and he became known as Emperor Go-Horikawa.
 1239''' (En'ō 1, 2nd month): Go-Toba died at age 60.

After his death 
Go-Toba was buried on Dōgo Island in the Oki Islands group. Later a part of his body was re-buried in Kyoto.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (misasagi) of Go-Toba is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at Ōhara no Misasagi.

Eras of Go-Toba's reign
The years of Go-Toba's reign are marked by more than one era name:.
 Juei           (1182–1184)
 Genryaku       (1184–1185)
 Bunji          (1185–1190)
 Kenkyū''  (1190–1199)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Insei

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1180 births
1239 deaths
Toys "R" Us (founded in 1948) is a toy store. It had its headquarters in Wayne, New Jersey, United States. The company had around 875 Toys “R” Us and Babies “R” Us stores in the United States, more than 600 international stores, and over 140 licensed stores in 35 countries and jurisdictions. It controls the FAO Schwarz brand. It has its flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Toys "R" Us also has many e-commerce sites. Some of these are Toysrus.com, Babiesrus.com, eToys.com and FAO.com. Kids "R" Us is a former clothing store just for kids established in Manchester, NH in 1983 and disestablished in 2003. In the 1999 website commercial, there was a probably 7 year old raincheck boy who dresses like Linus from Peanuts and is friends with his raincheck. Toys "R" us has toys for different ages.

On March 14, 2018, it was revealed that all Toys "R" Us stores in the United Kingdom would close. The next day, it was announced that Toys "R" Us is officially going out of business and selling all 800 of its U.S. stores. In addition, all Toys "R" Us stores worldwide would be sold off. At the time, toy maker MGA Entertainment has made a bid to take over the company's stores in Canada, but it failed.

On March 22, 2018, its founder Charles Lazarus died aged 94 years.

The remaining Toys "R" Us stores closed on June 29, 2018 after 70 years. In October 2018, Toys "R" Us announced that it would return, and the company did so by opening 2 new stores in the United States a year later.

References 

1948 establishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in the United States
2018 disestablishments
Defunct companies of the United States
Companies based in New Jersey
Toy companies
Washington, D.C.
Lake Blanche is a large salt lake in the north east corner of South Australia. It is normally dry, but can be filled by local flooding or when the Strzelecki Creek flows into it. It covers an area of about . When Lake Blanche was first seen by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1840, he believed it was part of a large horse shoe shaped lake at the end of the Flinders Ranges. This lake stopped the explorers from being able to travel any further to the north. When Charles Sturt visited the lake shore in 1845 he also thought it was part of a larger lake. In 1858 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory was the first European to find a path between Lake Blanche and Lake Callabonna. Lake Blanche was named after the wife of the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard Graves McDonnell. The area near the lake had been called Blanchewater Plains by explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage in 1856. In August 1857, Captain Freeling attempted to explore the flooded lake by boat. The water was not deep enough to float the boat, and even after walking more than  into the lake it was still only ankle deep.

The area around Lake Blanche is now being explored for development of a uranium mine.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Finland was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Finland is FIN.

History
Teams from Finland have been in every Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. Finland was also the host nation for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

Finnish athletes have won a total of 299 medals at the Summer Games, mostly in athletics and wrestling. Finland has also won 151 medals at the Winter Games, mostly in Nordic skiing events.

The National Olympic Committee for Finland is the Finnish Olympic Committee. It was formed and recognized in 1907, when Finland was a part of the Russian Empire.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

This table of summer sports does not include the gold medal won in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

Medals by winter sport

*Total medal counts include a gold medal in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics. This medal is in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals. This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Finland at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Finland
Georgia was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.

Previously, Georgian athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.  In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.

The Georgian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1989 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Georgia at Olympic.org
 Georgia profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Georgia (country)
Greece at the Olympics is a history which began in ancient times.  Greece was home of the Ancient Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Greece is GRE.

History
Greece  hosted the revival of the modern Olympic Games in 1896. They have been at every Summer Olympic Games since then.  They are one of only four countries to compete in all modern Summer games.  Greece has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1936. During the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony, Greece is always called first, due to its status as being the founder of the Olympic Games.

Greece hosted the games in 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics, both in Athens. The National Olympic Committee for Greece is the Hellenic Olympic Committee, formed in 1894 and recognized in 1895.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games
According to official data of the International Olympic Committee.

     Host nation

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Greece at Olympic.org
 Andorra profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Greece
Hungary at the Olympics is ahistory which began at the first Olympic Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hungary is HUN.

History
Teams from Hungary have been in most Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. The nation was not invited to the 1920 Games after World War I.

Hungarian athletes have won a total of 475 medals, with fencing as the top medal-producing sport.  Hungary has won more Olympic medals than any other nation that has never hosted Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Hungary is the Hungarian Olympic Committee.  It was formed and recognized in 1895.

Medal tables by Games

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medal tables by Sport

Medals by Summer Sport
     Leading in that sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Hungary profile at London2012.com
 Hungary at OLympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Hungary
Itraconazole (i tra ko' na zole) is a medication used to treat fungal infections of the lungs and other parts of the body.

How the medication is given 
Itraconazole comes as a pill (capsule) and also as a liquid (solution) and they are taken by mouth.

How to get the medication 
Itraconazole is prescribed by a doctor and sold by a pharmacist.

Drugs
Bronchiolitis is a medical condition where the smaller parts of the lung (called bronchioles) are irritated. This makes it very hard to move air in and out of the lungs.  Many things can cause bronchiolitis. The most common is the respiratory syncytial virus.  The disease Bronchiolitis is not the same as Bronchitis. The medicine used to treat bronchitis may not be the same as those used to treat bronchiolitis. The disease is more common in children.

Treatment 
Usually treatment for bronchiolitis is to make the person as comfortable as possible.  This can sometimes be giving them oxygen through tubes sitting on their nose (nasal cannula).  A doctor may also use medicines such as epinephrine or dexamethasone.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Respiratory system
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes lung infections,(usually called respiratory tract infections). It is the major cause of lung infections and hospital visits in babies and children.  There is a medicine that can help prevent the virus in babies that have not been born yet if the doctor is worried the baby may get the virus.

References 

Viruses
Respiratory system
Lake Alexandrina is a large lake about  south east of Adelaide, South Australia. The lake covers an area of . The Murray River flows into the north of the lake near Wellington. Water from the lake enters the sea through an opening into Encounter Bay. In 1940 a number of walls were built to stop sea water from flowing back into the lake which would stop the lake from being salty. These walls separate the lake from the Murray River's estuary lagoon, called the Coorong.

Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong are a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Many bird species live around the lake including Curlew Sandpiper, Banded Stilt, Red-capped Plover, Masked Lapwing, Redkneed Dotterel, Black Swan, Cape Barren Goose, Musk Duck, Straw-necked Ibis, Royal Spoonbill, Rufus Night Heron and the Australian Pelican. Rare species such as the Orange Bellied Parrot and the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Emu Wren have been seen. The large Murray Cod can also be found in the lake.

The Ngarrindjeri, an Indigenous Australian people, have lived around the lake and the wetlands for thousands of years. The first Europens to find the lake were people hunting seals along the south east coast of Australia in 1828. In 1830, the explorer Charles Sturt reached the lake by boat after a long journey down the Murrumbidgee, the Darling and the Murray Rivers. Sturt named the lake after Princess Alexandrina, who later became Queen Victoria.

Lake Alexandina became important during the 1870s when paddle steamers began to use the Murray River system to carry goods around New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The town of Milang, on the lake, became an important port. It is now popular as a place for holidays with activities including sailing, power boating, fishing and swimming.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Ramsar sites
Béla Guttmann (27 January 1899 – 28 August 1981) was a Hungarian footballer and coach of Jewish origin. His playing position was midfielder.

Career

Player
He started his career with the MTK Hungária FC team of the early 1920s. He won the championship in 1920 and 1921. In 1922 he went to Vienna to escape the antisemitism of the Hungarian regime. There he played for SC Hakoah Wien. In 1925 he won another league title when Hakoah won the Austrian League. In April 1926 the SC Hakoah Wien team sailed to New York to play against different American teams. He stayed in the USA and played for the Brooklyn Wanderers, New York Giants, New York Hakoah, New York Soccer Club and the Hakoah All-Stars.

As player he had 6 matches with the Hungarian national football team and scored one goal there.

Coach
Guttmann returned to Europe in 1932. He coached teams in Austria, The Netherlands and Hungary . (SC Hakoah Wien, SC Enschede) He had his first success with Újpest FC in the 1938–39 season. He won the  Hungarian League and the Mitropa Cup. How Guttman spent the war years in unclear. Guttmann himself is said to have escaped to Switzerland where he was interned. The years after the Second World War he spent as coach in Italy, South America and Portugal.(São Paulo FC, AC Milan, Benfica Lisabon and others).

Together with Márton Bukovi and Gusztáv Sebes, Guttmann formed a triumvirate of Hungarian coaches who pioneered the 4–2–4 formation. Guttman  is also credited with mentoring Eusébio. He was as player and coach always good for controversy. Some people compare his self-confidence with  José Mourinho.

Honours

Player
MTK Hungária FC

Hungarian League: 2
1919–20, 1920–21

SC Hakoah Wien

Austrian Champions: 1
1924–25

New York Hakoah

U.S. Open Cup: 1
1929

Manager
Újpest FC/Újpesti TE
Hungarian League: 2
1938–39, 1946–47
Mitropa Cup: 1
1939

São Paulo
São Paulo State Champions: 1
1957

Porto
Portuguese Liga: 1
1958–59

Benfica
European Champions: 2
1960–61, 1961–62
Portuguese Liga: 2
1959–60, 1960–61
Portuguese Cup: 1
1961-62

References

Other websites 
Guttmann at United States Soccer Hall of Fame
Guttmann at www.jewsinsports.org 
 Guttmann at www.jewishsports.net
UEFA biography 
Biographical article on Guttmann, Bremen University 

Austria national football team managers
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian football managers
1899 births
1981 deaths
For the 124th emperor also known as Hirohito, see Hirohito

Emperor Fushimi (伏見天皇 Fushimi-tennō) (10 May 1265 – 8 October 1317) was the 92nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 1287 and ended in 1298.

Traditional history 
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Note: Although the Roman-alphabet spelling of the name of this 13th-century emperor is the same as the personal name of Emperor Shōwa, the kanji are different:
 Emperor Fushimi, formerly Prince Hirohito (熈仁)
 Emperor Shōwa, formerly Prince Hirohito (裕仁)

Prince Hirohito was the second son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

Events of Fushimi's life 
Hirohito-shinnō was named Crown Prince.  He became heir to Emperor Go-Uda.
 1287 (Kōan 10, 10th month): In the 13th year of Go-Uda-tennō 's reign, he abdicated.  The succession (the senso) was received by his cousin.
 1288 (Kōan 11): Emperor Fushimi is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 1289 (Shōō 2, 4th month): Fushimi adopted the son of his younger brother; and this new son was named Crown Prince and heir.
 19 April 1290 (Shōō 3, 9th day of the 3rd month): Assassins failed in an attempt to kill the emperor in his palace.
 1298 (Einin 6, 7th month): In the 11th year of Fushimi's reign, he abdicated.  His heir became known as Emperor Go-Fushimi.
 1301 (Shōan 3, 1st month): In the 5th year of Go-Fushimi's reign, the adopted son of Fushimi was forced to abdicate.
 1308 (Tokuji 3, 8th month): In the 8th year of Emperor Go-Nijo's reign, the young ruler died at age of 24.  Fushimi's grandson was named as Go-Nijo's successor.  Go-Fushimi's son became known as Emperor Hanazono.
 1313 (Shōwa 2, 10th month): Retired Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.
 1317 (Bunpō 1, 9th month): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Kammu is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at  Fukakusa no kita no misasagi (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku in Kyoto.

Eras of Fushimi's reign
The years of Fushimi's  reign are marked by more than one era name.
 Kōan (1278–1288)
 Shōō         (1288–1293)
 Einin             (1293–1299)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1265 births
1317 deaths
Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 - June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on camera in 1991. When a jury did not find the officers guilty of beating him up, large riots started in Los Angeles, California.

Early and personal life
King was born in Sacramento, California to Odessa and Ronald King, who had four other children. His father was an alcoholic who died in 1984 aged 42. King grew up in Altadena, California.

In November 1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park, California. King was carrying an iron bar, which he threatened the Korean store owner with. He hit the owner and stole $200. He was convicted of robbery and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was released after a year.

Beating
On March 3, 1991, King was driving after drinking alcohol. Police officers tried to pull him over, but King would not stop. The officers chased him for miles. King finally stopped. One of the officers shot two electronic darts at King because they thought he might hurt them. King ran at one of the officers. The officers beat King while he was on the ground with a baton more than 50 times.

A man named George Holliday, who lived nearby, saw what was going on. He used a camcorder to record a video of the beating. The video later went on television.

Trial and riots
Of the four officers that went on trial for beating King, only one of them was found guilty by the state of California. With large public protest, rioting began in Los Angeles, during which more than 50 people were killed, thousands were hurt, and one billion dollars worth of property damage occurred.

In a different trial, the United States government later found two of the officers guilty.

Death
King was found dead by his fiancée at the bottom of his swimming pool in the early morning hours of June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California. An autopsy was performed and the results said that King died of accidental drowning and that alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana were all found in his blood which were a contributing factor in his death.

Related pages
1992 Los Angeles riots

References

1965 births
2012 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning in the United States
Accidental deaths in California
African-American people
American robbers
Criminals from California
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
People from Los Angeles
People from Sacramento, California
A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron. It is a series of magnets designed to repeatedly laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections release synchrotron radiation. Although synchrotrons give off such radiation anyway as magnets work to bend the particles on a circle-like path, a wiggler release more intense radiation than the bending magnets.

A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator. In a wiggler, the period and the strength of the magnetic field is not tuned to the frequency of radiation produced by the electrons. So, every electron in the electron bunch radiates independently. This makes a broad radiation spectrum. A wiggler can be considered to be series of bending magnets stuck together, and its radiation intensity goes up as the number of magnetic poles in the wiggler goes up.

Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array. The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler.

Notes

Synchrotron instrumentation
A gold coin is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold. Gold has been used since the invention of coins. It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable. So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things. Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake. Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.

History

Antiquity
People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age. However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey). Gold coins were also used in China.

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, gold coins were common because of the Florin and the Guilder, two important gold coins.

Modern History
Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay. Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression. People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work. Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.

Coin collecting
Many people enjoy collecting coins. The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive. Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old. Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.

Investing
When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins. These coins are called Bullion coins. These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce. Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.

Currency
Gold
Matthew Thomas "Matt" Ryan (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "Matty Ice", is the starting American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was the 3rd person drafted in the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College.

References

1985 births
Living people
Atlanta Falcons players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
American football quarterbacks
Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow (born August 14, 1987) is a free agent American football quarterback. He is currently an analyst for the SEC Network. Tebow played college football for the Florida Gators and in 2007 became the first sophomore (second-year) player to win the Heisman Trophy. Tebow was the 25th person drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at The University of Florida. He is known for his running ability and strong Christian beliefs (made "Tebowing, or Tebow's version of kneeling in prayer famous), as well as late-game heroics. During the 2011 season, Tim Tebow played 7 games including his OT win over the Steelers in the playoffs. On March 21, 2012, Tebow was traded by the Broncos to the New York Jets. He then played briefly for the New England Patriots in 2013 and Philadelphia Eagles in 2015. He created a gesture called "Tebowing".

References

1987 births
Living people
Denver Broncos players
American football quarterbacks
New York Jets players
Iceland at the Olympics is a history which began in 1912.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Iceland was ICE.  It is now ISL.

History 
Iceland was first at the Olympic Games in 1912. Then they missed the next four Games. After returning in 1936, the nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since.

Iceland has also been in all but one Winter Olympic Games since 1948.  They were not at the 1972 Winter Games.

Icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals. The National Olympic Committee for Iceland was formed in 1921 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1935.

Medalists

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland
 Iceland profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Iceland
Autoethnography is a method of social research whose defining characteristic is that the author links personal experience and autobiography with social, political, and cultural concepts. Its difference from ethnography is the high degree of subjectivity that is introduced to the study, and the fact that the perspective of the author shows personal involvement with the subject much more than participant observation invites.

Different definitions of auto-ethnography 
Maréchal defines auto-ethnography as “a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing”. In the 1970s it was more simply defined as “insider ethnography”, referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer’s own.

Benefits and concerns regarding auto-ethnography 
The most significant element that auto-ethnography introduces to the study of culture and society is the shift from a depersonalized, “seen from a vantage point” and neutrally distanced narrative to a storyline with which the audience can engage morally, aesthetically, and intellectually, and, thus, co-participate in the events described. Especially for ethnographers who use multiple informants, auto-ethnography introduces an alternative way of writing where “the distinction between ethnographer and ‘others’ is unclear”, thereby challenging “imposed identities and boundaries”.

However, auto-ethnographers should avoid some dangerous pitfalls that could undermine the credibility and usefulness of their work. Chang identifies the following: "(1) excessive focus on self in isolation from others; (2) overemphasis on narration rather than analysis and cultural interpretation; (3) exclusive reliance on personal memory and recalling as a data source; (4) negligence of ethical standards regarding others in self-narratives; and (5) inappropriate application of the label autoethnography".

Notes

References 
Chang, Heewon. (2008). Autoethnography as method. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Hayano, D. (1979). Auto-ethnography: Paradigms, problems and prospects. Human Organization, 38(1), 99-104.
Khosravi, Shahram. 'Illegal' Traveller: an Auto-ethnography of Borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Maréchal, G. (2010). Autoethnography. In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (Vol. 2, pp. 43-45). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.

Social sciences
Ethnography
Homo sacer (Latin for the ‘sacred man’ or ‘accursed man’) is a phrase taken from Roman law. It is
used to describe someone who is banished, and may be killed by anybody but not used in a religious killing
(sacrifice). Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book Homo Sacer; ‘sovereign
power and bare life’ as a person who is living a ‘naked life’ and is an outcast of society.

Occurrence  
Someone becomes Homo Sacer by breaking a legal agreement or oath; people who
illegally cross the borders between countries have often been referred to and treated as Homo
Sacer. In Shahram Khosravi’s book Illegal traveller he talks about how someone
forced to leave their country to find a better life elsewhere can become ‘homo sacer’, which can
lead to a feeling of separation from the rest of society.

Consequences  
This makes the person an outlaw; they have no civil rights and lose their protection
from the state. They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights
but also from everyday citizens.

References 
http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/homo-sacer/
http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/000374.php 
Giorgio Agambens’ ‘Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (April 1, 1998)
Shahram Khosravi’s ‘illegal traveller’ first published 2010 by Palgrave Macmillan

Legal terms
Society
Ireland has been at the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, and at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992. Before 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Irish athletes at earlier Games are counted as British in Olympic numbers.

Medal tables
The following tables include medals won by athletes on Irish teams together with one poet. All medals are from the Summer Games. Ireland's best result at the Winter Games was fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton in 2002 at Salt Lake City.

Medallists (28)

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Ireland profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Rites of passage are rituals performed by people, individually or as a social group. They mark the end of one phase of life, and the arrival of another.<ref>Eriksen 2010. Small places, large issues: an introduction to social and cultural anthropology'. London: Pluto Press, p67.</ref>

All people in every society and culture experience rites of passage. They happen differently, for various reasons, and at special times, depending on what society or culture the person comes from. Rites of passage celebrate and protect the person or people who are changing. They signify the transformation from one social status (e.g. coming of age), place (e.g. crossing a national border), condition (e.g. recovering from sickness), time (e.g. celebrating the new year), to the next.

 Arnold van Gennep 
The French social scientist Arnold van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) most famously defined the concept of rites of passage in his book  (The Rites of Passage''), first published in 1909. Van Gennep studied ethnographic reports from various parts of the world that described rites of passage. He concluded that they are universally structured even if the rites of passage themselves differ significantly in character between societies and cultures.

The universal structure of rites of passage 
Rites of passage are ordered into three phases.

Separation (Pre-liminal Rites): In this phase a person or group of people who are performing the rite of passage are removed from their society and depart from their existing status while preparing to move into the next.
Transition (Liminal Rites): The phase of a rite of passage that is in-between a persons or group of peoples departure from their previous status and their arrival into the new. This phase is often characteristically dangerous and wrought with uncertainty.
Incorporation (Post-liminal Rites): A person or group of people who completes the rite of passage accepts their new status and responsibilities and re-enters society.

Rites of passage and cultural diversity 
By acknowledging the various ways different societies and cultures perform rites of passage we observe cultural diversity. Learning about rites of passage cross culturally can help us to understand others and ourselves. An awareness of cultural diversity is essential to form an open-minded, tolerant and accepting view of people who are not from the same society or culture as our own.

References 

Society
Israel has been at the Olympic Games as a nation since 1952.  Its National Olympic Committee was formed in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine.  As the team represented the Jewish community, it boycotted the 1936 Games in Germany in protest of the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies.  Israel has sent a team to each Summer Olympic Games since 1952 (except the 1980 Summer Olympics) and to each Winter Olympic Games since 1994.  In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli delegation were murdered by Black September terrorists.

List of medalists

Medal tables

Medals by Games

Medals by sport

Athletes killed in the 1972 Olympics 
The eleven members of Israel's 1972 Olympic team killed during the Munich massacre:

David Berger, 28, weightlifter
Ze'ev Friedman, 28, weightlifter
Yossef Gutfreund, 40, wrestling referee
Eliezer Halfin, 24, wrestler
Yossef Romano, 31, weightlifter
Amitzur Shapira, 40, track coach
Kehat Shorr, 53, shooting coach
Mark Slavin, 18, wrestler
Andre Spitzer, 27, fencing coach
Yakov Springer, 51, weightlifting judge
Moshe Weinberg, 33, wrestling coach

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Olympic Committee of Israel
 Israel at SportsReference.com 
 Israel profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Israel
Totemism is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “a relative of mine”. It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.

Early records 
Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief".  Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from  indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.

Totem poles 
Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs.  A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.

History of totemic theory 
Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan. 

Claude Lévi-Strauss published Totemism in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.

References 

Frazer, J.G. (1910) Totemism and Exogamy (4 vols) London: Macmillan
Levi Strauss, C. (1962) (1969) Totemism, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Barfield, Thomas (ed) (1997) The Dictionary of Anthropology, Blackwell
Bernard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (eds) (1996) Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Routledge

Anthropology
Symbolism
Italy at the Olympics is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 4,000+ athletes. Since 1896, Italy (ITA) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

History
The Italian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1908.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1915.

Italy's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Italy has been at most of the Olympic Games, missing only the 1904 Summer Olympics.  Italian athletes have won 550 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 106 medals at the Winter Olympic Games.  Italy has won a total of 236 gold medals which makes them the 5th most successful country in Olympic history, below USA, Soviet Union, Germany and Great Britain.

Fencer Edoardo Mangiarotti has won the most medals for Italy.

Medalists

Summer Games

Medals by summer sport
     Leading in that sport

Winter Games

Medals by winter sport

Host country
Italy has hosted the Games three times:
1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo 
1960 Summer Olympics in Rome 
2006 Winter Olympics in Torino

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

  Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano website  
 Italy at Olympic.org
 Italy profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Italy
Neocolonialism is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.

Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.

Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.

Related pages
Imperialism

Sources

Colonialism
San Marino at the Olympics is a history of 21 games in 16 countries and 80+ athletes. Since 1960, San Marino has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for San Marino was SMA.  It is now SMR.

History
A team from San Marino was first at the 1960 Summer Olympics.  They have been in 12 Summer Olympics and 7 Winter Olympics. The country has never won a medal.

Among its most successful athletes are Francesco Amici and Emanuela Felici.  Both competed in shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics and "missed out on places in the finals by the narrowest of margins".

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  San Marino profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in San Marino
A National Olympic Committee of the Saarland was created in spring of 1950 in the Saar protectorate, a part of Western Germany that was controlled in 1945 by France. As a separate team, they only took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. The athletes of Saar joined the German team for the summer games of 1956. 36 people, 31 men and 5 women, took part in 32 events in 9 sports.  The Protectorate became the German state of Saarland after 1956.

History 
After World War II, the Saarland was not allowed to become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949. Its annexation by France was not allowed by the other Allies and the Atlantic charter's points 2 and 3.

Because local population did not want to join France, separate international organisations were created. These included the Saarland football team and in 1950 a NOC, in German called Nationales Olympisches Komitee des Saarlandes. The region did not send athletes to Oslo for the 1952 Winter Olympics.

The Saarland had history of over 500 years of coal mining. They gave a miner's safety lamp in which the flame of the torch relay of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki could be carried safely on airplanes. At the opening ceremony, 36 athletes from the Saarland marched in front  of the team of Germany. They did not win a medal. They were ranked 44th among a total of 69 teams Many other teams with no wins were all ranked 44th together.

The Saar treaty of October 1956 allowed the Saarland to rejoin Germany as of 1 January 1957.

Although it was possible, no separate Saarland teams were sent to the 1956 games.  A United Team of Germany that included athletes of all three German states took part in the Olympics that year. 1952 was the only Olympic appearance of the Saarland as a separate team. The Olympic Committee of the Saarland  ended in February 1957 and its members became part of the German NOC.

Related pages 
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report olympic-museum.de 
 Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report la84foundation.org 

Former nations at the Olympics
Sport in Saarland
Netherlands at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Netherlands was NLD.  It is now NED.

History
The Netherlands sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900.  They have taken part in almost all Games since then.  In 1956, the nation boycotted the Games in Melbourne as a protest against the Soviet invasion in Hungary just a few weeks before the Games.  They did have one person take part in the Equestrian events that were held in Stockholm a few months before the rest of the Games.

The Netherlands hosted the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The Netherlands want to host the 2028 Summer Olympics in either Amsterdam or Rotterdam, as a 100 year celebration of the 1928 Games.

Before to the 1992 Olympics, the country name was "Holland" with the country code of "HOL". From the 1992 onward, they have used the "Netherlands" and "NED".

Dutch athletes have won 246 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won the most of their medals in swimming and cycling.  The nation has won 86 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Eighty-two of these medals have come from speed skating.

The Netherlands Antilles, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), left the Netherlands in 2010. This caused the  Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee (NAOC) to lose its Olympic license in July, 2011. After the 2012 Olympic Games in London, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles can choose to be a member of the team for the Netherlands or Aruba, which is a semi-independent part of the kingdom of the Netherlands. At the 2012 Games, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles will be a part of the unified Olympic team under the IOC flag. Some athletes have said that they want to be a part of either the Netherlands or Aruba in London.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 Netherlands at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in the Netherlands