cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gabriel Batistuta (born 1 February 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||Newell's Old Boys||Primera División||24||7
|-
|1989/90||River Plate||Primera División||21||4
|-
|1990/91||Boca Juniors||Primera División||30||13

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="9"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||27||13
|-
|1992/93||32||16
|-
|1993/94||Serie B||26||16
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="6"|Serie A||32||26
|-
|1995/96||31||19
|-
|1996/97||32||13
|-
|1997/98||31||21
|-
|1998/99||28||21
|-
|1999/00||30||23
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Roma||rowspan="3"|Serie A||28||20
|-
|2001/02||23||6
|-
|2002/03||12||4
|-
|2002/03||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||12||2

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Al-Arabi Doha||rowspan="2"|Stars League||18||25
|-
|2004/05||3||0
75||24
344||200
21||25
440||249
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1991||7||6
|-
|1992||5||6
|-
|1993||15||6
|-
|1994||10||6
|-
|1995||11||9
|-
|1996||5||3
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||12||12
|-
|1999||2||2
|-
|2000||5||4
|-
|2001||1||1
|-
|2002||3||1
|-
!Total||78||56
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Bentley is a British car maker. It is based in Crewe, Cheshire.

Bentley is famous for their fast, luxury vehicles. In 1998, the German Volkswagen Group purchased Bentley for £430 million.

References
British automobile companies
Allauch is a commune of 19,400 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Related pages
 Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
 Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

Other websites

Allauch official website 
Allauch official tourism website 

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Festung Ehrenbreitstein is a fortress. It was built on a mountain called Ehrenbreitstein on the right side of the Rhine opposite to the town of Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

It was built as part of the "Festung Koblenz" (Fortress Koblenz), by Prussia between 1817 and 1832 and guarded the middle Rhine region. This area had often been invaded by the French. The fortress was never attacked.

Other websites 
 Ehrenbreitstein pictures and information

Buildings and structures in Rhineland-Palatinate
Castles in Germany
Koblenz
Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987. Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past.

The original Jeep was the prototype Bantam BRC. Willys MB Jeeps went into production in 1941 specifically for the military. Arguably that makes them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs. The Jeep became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II. It remained so in the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart notes:
The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination."  

The first civilian models were produced in 1945. It inspired a number of other light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations. In 2007 Jeep began manufacturing crossover SUVs with its Compass and Patriot models. This led to the 2013 Jeep Cherokee midsize crossover.

References 

American automobile companies
Sport utility vehicles
1941 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Ceyreste is a commune of 4,034 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Châteauneuf-les-Martigues is a commune of 11,900 people (). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
In cryptography, a S-Box (Substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric-key algorithms. In block ciphers, the S-Boxes are used to make the relation between the key and the ciphertext (coded text) difficult to understand–Shannon's property of confusion. The S-Boxes are carefully chosen to resist cryptanalysis (decoding).

In general, an S-Box takes some number of input bits, m, and transforms them into some number of output bits, n: an m×n S-Box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2m words of n bits each. Fixed tables are normally used, as in the Data Encryption Standard (DES), but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key; e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms. Bruce Schneier describes IDEA's modular multiplication step as a key-dependent S-Box.

One good example is this 6×4-bit S-Box from DES (S5):

Given a 6-bit input, the 4-bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits, and the column using the inner four bits. For example, an input "011011" has outer bits "01" and inner bits "1101"; the corresponding output would be "1001".

The 8 S-Boxes of DES were the subject of intensive studies for many years cause of a concern that a method of bypassing the DES cipher to obtaining access to the plaintext–a vulnerability (susceptibility) known only to its designers–might have been planted (inserted) in the cipher. In 1994, the S-Box design criteria were finally published by its designers after the public rediscovery of differential cryptanalysis, showing that they had been carefully tuned the design to increase resistance against differential cryptanalysis attacks. Other research had already indicated that even a very small modification to one of the 8 S-Box used by the DES could weaken it very much.

The design of good S-Boxes was the subject of a great amount of research; now much more is understood about their use in block ciphers than when the DES S-Boxes were released.

Related pages
 Substitution cipher

References

Other websites
 A literature survey on S-Box design
 John Savard's "Questions of S-Box Design"
 Gargiulo's "S-Box Modifications and Their Effect in DES-like Encryption Systems"

Cryptography
Martigues is a commune of 46,200 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Orgon is a commune of 2,913 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher.

Confusion and diffusion were identified by Claude Elwood Shannon in his paper, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" published in 1949. In Shannon's original definitions:
Confusion refers to making the relationship between the key and the ciphertext as complex and as involved as possible
Diffusion refers to the property that redundancy in the statistics of the plaintext is "dissipated" in the statistics of the ciphertext.

Diffusion is associated with the dependency of the output bits on the input bits. In a cipher with good diffusion, flipping an input bit should change each output bit with a probability of one half (this is termed the Strict Avalanche Criterion).

Substitution (a rule for replacing plaintext symbols by another) has been identified as a mechanism for primarily confusion (see S-box); on the other hand transposition using P-box (rearranging or swapping the order of symbols) is a technique for diffusion, although other mechanisms are also used in modern practice, such as linear transformations (e.g. in AES). Product ciphers use alternating substitution and transposition phases (rounds) to achieve both confusion and diffusion respectively.

Related pages
 Substitution-permutation network

References
 Claude E. Shannon, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", Bell System Technical Journal, vol.28-4, page 656–715, 1949.  

Cryptography
"Come as You Are" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was the second single from their second album, Nevermind, the first was the enormously popular "Smells Like Teen Spirit". It is one of the band's most famous songs. Rolling Stone magazine named it as the 445th on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Music video
There was a music video for the song. It has a lot of random scenes, such as Kurt Cobain sitting on a chandelier hanging from a ceiling, a handgun floating in a swimming pool, and a baby swimming in that pool (a reference to the cover art of Nevermind.)

Release
After the single was released, the English post-punk band Killing Joke became angry at Nirvana for supposedly ripping off their song "Eighties".

Nirvana thought that "Smells Like Teen Spirit", the previous single from Nevermind, would not be very popular, and that "Come as You Are" would be a big hit. However, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" became the band's most famous song and one of the most famous songs ever, even though Come as You Are was also popular.

Other versions of the song
On November 18, 1993, Nirvana played "Come as You Are" on their show on MTV Unplugged. The show contained mostly their unpopular songs and covers of other artists' songs; "Come as You Are" was the only hit they played.

Nirvana songs
1992 songs
The 2008 Yemen floods took place on October 23, leaving 65 dead and 20,000 without shelter. The Yemeni governorates of Hadhramaut, Lahij, Al Mahrah and Ta'izz were affected the worst by the floods, and most of the deaths were in Hadhramaut.

Details

Before the flooding was several days of rain starting on October 23, as the remains of a tropical cyclone moved over the area. Rain continued, with weather systems coming in from neighbouring Saudi Arabia and northern Somalia, causing severe flooding in some areas of Yemen. Better conditions are expected by Sunday.

Thousands of families fled Hadhramaut alone; many schools were used as evacuee shelters, but these could only hold 10% of the affected. Search and rescue teams said that the number of deaths may increase due to the likelihood of people trapped in flooded houses. Electricity and telephone lines were cut off, and many homes were damaged.

Reaction

The Yemeni government promised to supply tents as a means of emergency shelter, along with other emergency supplies, with six transport aircraft loaded with supplies taking off from Sanaa on Saturday and more scheduled for later. President Ali Abdullah Saleh ordered the creation of a committee to provide aid to affected civilians. Also, the United Arab Emirates declared their intent to provide relief. However, several residents in the city of Shibam say that government assistance and support, if any, is low.

The Organisation of the Islamic Conference declared the situation a "national catastrophe" and started a drive on Saturday to collect funds for the relief of flood victims.

Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh said, "The damages... are great and the catastrophe is also great."

Damage
Along with deaths, about 730 homes were destroyed, along with businesses and other building projects. The severe thunder of the thunderstorms resulted in at least nine deaths from lightning in the Al Mahrah, Ta'izz and Lahij governorates.  The rain also destroyed large amounts of farmland and killed large numbers of livestock.

References

2008 in Asia
2000s disasters in Asia

2008 floods

Floods in Asia
October 2008 events
Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815– April 22, 1903) was an American politician. He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843 to March 3, 1847. He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.

In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860 to July 10, 1863. Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War (he happened to be in Washington, D.C. when fighting broke out). He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses.

Ramsey served as Secretary of War from 1879 to 1881, under President Rutherford B. Hayes.

Legacy 
The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home as a museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Alexander Ramsey Park, located in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, is the largest municipal park in Minnesota.  Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County, North Dakota, the city of Ramsey, Minnesota, the city of Ramsey, Illinois, Ramsey Park in Stillwater, Minnesota, and Alexander Ramsey Elementary School in Montevideo, Minnesota are also named for him.

References 

1815 births
1903 deaths
United States Secretaries of War
United States senators from Minnesota
Politicians from Pennsylvania
"Lounge Act" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was the ninth song on their second studio album, Nevermind, which is credited with bring grunge music to the mainstream. The song is much like the post-grunge songs that were very popular starting in the mid-1990s, after Nirvana broke up.

The title "Lounge Act" came from when the band thought it sounded like a song they would play in a lounge.

It is one of the songs in the soundtrack of the video game Skate., a skateboarding video game from 2007 for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

Nirvana songs
1991 songs
Hurricane Dean was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was also the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005. Also, it made the third strongest Atlantic hurricane landfall. Dean moved west-northwest from the eastern Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lucia Channel and into the Caribbean Sea. It became into a very strong hurricane, reaching Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale before moving south of Jamaica on August 20. The storm moved onto land on the Yucatán Peninsula on August 21 as a Category 5 storm. It moved across the peninsula and entered the Bay of Campeche, as a weakened storm, but still a hurricane. It strengthened for a short time before making a second landfall in Veracruz near Tecolutla, Mexico, on August 22. Dean slowly moved to the northwest, weakening into a low pressure area which dissipated over the southwestern United States.

The hurricane's strong winds, waves, rains and storm surge caused over 45 deaths across ten countries and caused estimated damages of US$1.5 billion. First impacting the islands of the Lesser Antilles, Dean's path through the Caribbean severely damaged agricultural crops, especially those of Martinique and Jamaica. When it reached  Mexico, Hurricane Dean was a Category 5 storm, but it missed large cities and its exceptional Category 5 strength landfall caused no deaths and less damage than in the Caribbean islands it passed as a Category 2 storm. Because of the damage, the name Dean was retired, and will not be used again for a tropical cyclone.

Related pages
2007 Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical cyclone

References

2007 Atlantic hurricane season
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in Mexico
2007 in Mexico
2000s in Puerto Rico
2000s in the Dominican Republic
2000s in Haiti
2000s in Jamaica
History of the Cayman Islands
2000s in Belize
2000s in Honduras
2000s in Nicaragua
August events
Hurricanes in Jamaica
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its branches. It is low-lying in relation to sea level.

The river has its origins high up in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador. Most of this drainage basin (54%) is in Brazil, including the lower part. The river also has tributaries from Colombia, Venezuela and
Bolivia. The Amazon rainforest is the largest in the world, covering about 8,235,430 km2 with dense tropical forest.

The Amazon Basin is one of the world's most important ecosystems.

Regions of South America
Drainage basins
José de Acosta (September/October 1539 – February 15 1600), was a Spanish 16th-century Jesuit missionary and naturalist in Latin America.  He wrote several works including  and .

1539 births
1600 deaths
Jesuits
Missionaries
Naturalists
Spanish Roman Catholics
Spanish writers
Catarrh () is a thick fluid of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head because of an infection. It is a symptom usually from the common cold and coughs, but can also be found in people with infections of the adenoids, middle ear, sinus or tonsils.

Diseases
Upper class is an idea in sociology. It refers to the group of people at the top of a society. Members of an upper class often have great power over resources and governmental policy in their area.

Related pages 
 Social class
 Elite

Social groups
Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet, PRS (16 April, 1660 – 11 January, 1753) was an Ulster-Scot physician and collector. He donated his collection to the British nation. This collection became the beginning of the British Museum. He also created milk chocolate. Sloane Square in London is named for him.

British physicians
People from County Down
1660 births
1773 deaths
Irish scientists
Alex Turner (born 6 January 1986) is a British musician. He is the lead singer and guitarist of the Arctic Monkeys. He is also a member of The Last Shadow Puppets. He was born and raised in Sheffield. His father was a music teacher and his mother was a German teacher.

The Arctic Monkeys have released 5 studio albums. The first was Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not. The second was Favourite Worst Nightmare. The third was Humbug. The fourth was Suck It and See, which was released late in 2011. The fifth was "AM", which was released in 2013.

References

English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
People from Sheffield
1986 births
Living people
Introduction 
In mathematics, an ordered pair is a collection of two objects, where one of the objects is first (the first coordinate or left projection), and the other is second (the second coordinate or right projection). An ordered pair where the first coordinate is  and the second coordinate is  is usually written  (sometimes it is written ). If  is different from , then the ordered pair  is different from the ordered pair  - this is why it is called ordered.

Properties 

If  and  are two ordered pairs, then the characteristic or defining property of ordered pairs is:
.

This means that two ordered pairs are equal if and only if: the first coordinates of the pairs are equal, and also the second coordinates of the pairs are equal.

Definition 

There are many mathematical definitions of ordered pair which have this property. The definition given here is the most common one:

.

Kazimierz Kuratowski was the first person to make this definition.

Mathematics

ru:Пара (математика)#Упорядоченная пара
Arts and crafts describes a wide variety of activities involving making things with one's own hands.  Arts and crafts is usually a hobby. Some crafts (art skills) have been practised since preshistoric times, others are more recent inventions. William Morris, John Ruskin and others promoted an "arts and crafts" movement in the late 19th century, which popularized the phrase.

Both children and adults enjoy arts and crafts. Children in schools may learn skills such as woodworking, wood carving, sewing, or making things with all sorts of material. Many community centres and schools have evening or day classes and workshops where one can learn arts and craft skilz

Crafts involving textiles 
 Banner-making
 Calligraphy
 Cross-stitch
 Crocheting
 Embroidery
 Felting
 Knitting
 Lace-making
 Macramé
 Millinery
 Needlepoint
 Patchwork
 Quilting
 Rug making
 Sewing
 Shoemaking
 Spinning (textiles)
 String art
 Tapestry
 Weaving
 T-shirt art

Crafts involving wood, metal or clay

 Metalworking
 Jewelry
 Pottery
 Sculpture
 Woodworking
 Cabinet making
 Marquetry
 Lacquerware
 Wood burning
 Wood turning

Crafts involving paper or canvas
 Bookbinding
 Calligraphy
 Cardmaking
 Card Modelling
 Collage
 Decoupage
 Embossing
 Iris Folding
 Marbling
 Origami
 Papercraft
 Papier-mâché
 Parchment craft
 Quilling or Paper Filigree
 Scrapbooking
 Stamping (with a rubber stamp)
  Sketching

Crafts involving plants
 Basket weaving
 Corn dolly making
 Floral Design
 Pressed flower craft
 Straw marquetry

Other crafts
 Balloon animal
 Beadwork
 Doll making
 Dollhouse construction and furnishing
 Egg decorating
 Etching
 Glassblowing
 Lapidary
 Mosaics
 Stained glass
 Toy making
 Polymer clay

Hobbies
Art
Chrysler  (officially FCA US,LLC.) is a car manufacturer based in the United States. They are one of the oldest car manufacturers in the world. They own other car companies such as Dodge and Jeep. 

It was created by Walter P. Chrysler in 1925 when he renamed the Maxwell Motor Company. From 1998 to 2007, Chrysler was part of DiamlerChrysler, a large German company. Then it was owned by Cerberus Capital Management. Chrysler declared Chapter 11 Bankruptcy on August 30, 2009. In 1979, Chrysler had similar problems. They got 1.5 billion dollars from the U.S. government. Lee Iacocca became CEO. Then, Chrysler created the K-car platform, invented the minivan, and sold many trucks to the army. Chrysler acquired American Motors in 1988, and rebranded the auto company as Eagle. They slowly recovered. Chrysler is currently owned by Italian automotive Fiat, the two companies merged forming Fiat Chrysler Automobiles or F.C.A for short. The company still trades as Chrysler in the United States.

At its peak, Chrysler owned Dodge, Jeep, Plymouth, DeSoto, Valiant, Imperial, and Eagle (AMC). Only Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep survived. In 2010 Chrysler announced it would spin the Ram trucks off into its own division and Dodge would focus on performance status.

Current Models 
 200
 300
 Pacifica

Websites 
 http://www.chrysler.com/en/ 
 http://www.dodge.com/en/ 
 http://www.jeep.com/en/ 

American automobile companies
1925 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Michigan
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari () (born 21 September 1988) is co-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and the eldest child and only son of the late Pakistani politician and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and her husband Asif Ali Zardari, the former President of Pakistan. Chairman Bhutto Zardari is also the grandson of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, a former Prime Minister of Pakistan. After completing his studies from the United Kingdom in 2013, Bilawal took over the formal charge of the PPP and made changes in it.  

In the 2018 general election, he ran for Prime Minister of Pakistan but ended in third place loosing to Imran Khan.

1988 births
Living people
Pakistani politicians
Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq (, born 1953) is a prominent Pakistani politician and former Federal Minister for Religious Affairs of Pakistan.

Haq joined the Pakistan Army in 1971. He entered Pakistani politics following the 1988 death of his father, the military dictator and self-appointed President of Pakistan General Zia-ul-Haq.

1953 births
Living people
Pakistani military people
Pakistani Muslims
Pakistani politicians
Zille Huma () is the daughter of the late Melody Queen Madam Noor Jehan and the only one of her four daughters to follow in her mother's footsteps. Today, she is a popular Pakistani pop singer.

References

Pakistani singers
Punjabi people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sir Sultan Muhammed Shah, Aga Khan III, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO, PC (2 November 1877–11 July 1957) was the 48th Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims. 

He became Imam at a very young age. He was seven years old when his father, Aga Khan II, died in 1885. He was one of the founders and the first president of the All-India Muslim League, and served as President of the League of Nations from 1937-38.

He was born in Karachi, in what was British India. He was given a religious education, and also a European education. He attended Eton and Cambridge University, and was a frequent visitor to Britain. 

His followers celebrated his anniversaries as Imam in 1937, 1946 and 1954 by weighing him in gold, diamonds and platinum. The proceeds were spent on welfare and development in Asia and Africa. Girls schools were set up in the remote northern areas of what is now Pakistan. He was knighted by Queen Victoria, and later made a member of the Privy Council.

His choice of successor 
At the end of his life, Sir Sultan Mohammed did a remarkable thing. In his will, he disinherited his son, Aly Khan, in favour of his grandson, Karim. So the next Khan, Aga Khan IV, was a younger man better suited to the modern world.

Marriages  
The Aga Khan married four times:
1896 in Poona, India: to his first cousin Shazadi Begum
1908 to  Cleope Teresa Magliano (1888–1926), a dancer with the Ballet Opera of Monte Carlo. Two sons, including Prince Ali Solomone Khan
1929 (civil), in Aix-les-Bains, France, and (religious), in Bombay, India. The bride was the co-owner of a dressmaking shop in Paris. She became known as Princess Andrée Aga Khan, but did not convert to Islam. By this marriage, he had one son, Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, in 1933-2003. 
1944, in Geneva, Switzerland, Yvonne Blanche Labrousse. She had been his social secretary.

Mausoleum 
The Aga Khan's mausoleum is near the Nile at Aswan, Egypt.

1877 births
1957 deaths
British India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Muslim League
Muslims
People of British India
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
In computer science, a space-time or time-memory tradeoff is a way of solving a problem or calculation in less time by using more storage space (or memory), or by solving a problem in very little space by spending a long time. Most computers have a large amount of space, but not infinite space. Also, most people are willing to wait a little while for a big calculation, but not forever. So if your problem is taking a long time but not much memory, a space-time tradeoff would let you use more memory and solve the problem more quickly. Or, if it could be solved very quickly but requires more memory than you have, you can try to spend more time solving the problem in the limited memory.

The most common condition is an algorithm using a lookup table. This means that the answers for some question for every possible value can be written down. One way of solving this problem is to write down the entire lookup table, which will let you find answers very quickly, but will use a lot of space. Another way is to calculate the answers without writing down anything, which uses very little space, but might take a long time.

A space-time tradeoff can be used with the problem of data storage. If data is stored uncompressed, it takes more space but less time than if the data were stored compressed (since compressing the data decreases the amount of space it takes, but it takes time to run the compression algorithm). 

Larger code size can be used to increase program speed when using loop unwinding. This technique makes the program code longer for each iteration of a loop, but saves the computation time needed for jumping back to the beginning of the loop at the end of each iteration. 

In the field of cryptography, using space-time tradeoff, the attacker is decreasing the exponential time required for a brute force attack. Rainbow tables use partially precomputed values in the hash space of a cryptographic hash function to crack passwords in minutes instead of weeks. Decreasing the size of the rainbow table increases the time required to iterate over the hash space. The meet-in-the-middle attack attack uses a space-time tradeoff to find the cryptographic key in only  encryptions (and  space) compared to the expected  encryptions (but only  space) of the normal attack. 

Dynamic programming is another example where the time of solving problems can be decreased by using more memory.

Other websites
 Philippe Oechslin: Making a Faster Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Trade-Off.
 Once Upon a Time-Memory Tradeoff.

Computer science
Sir Alexander Matthew Busby was a Scottish footballer and football manager. He played for Scotland national team. Busby managed Manchester United and led them to great success. Many people believe that Busby is one of the greatest football managers of all time.

As a player, Busby played for Manchester City and Liverpool. After his playing career, he went to manage Manchester United and built a great team called the Busby Babes. Eight of those players died in an airplane accident in Munich. This accident was called the Munich air disaster. But Busby again built a winning team after the disaster. He spent 25 years with Manchester United and won 13 trophies.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1928-29||rowspan="8"|Manchester City||rowspan="8"|First Division||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1929-30||11||3||1||2||12||5
|-
|1930-31||20||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|1931-32||41||1||5||0||46||1
|-
|1932-33||39||1||7||1||46||2
|-
|1933-34||39||4||8||0||47||4
|-
|1934-35||35||1||1||0||36||1
|-
|1935-36||19||1||1||0||20||1
|-
|1935-36||rowspan="5"|Liverpool||rowspan="5"|First Division||11||1||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|1936-37||29||1||1||0||30||1
|-
|1937-38||33||0||3||0||36||0
|-
|1938-39||42||1||3||0||45||1
|-
|1939-40||3||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
322||14||31||3||353||17
322||14||31||3||353||17
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1933||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

1909 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Brett Emerton (born 22 February 1979) is an Australian football player. He plays for Blackburn Rovers and Australia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Sydney Olympic||rowspan="4"|National Soccer League||18||2||||||||||||||18||2
|-
|1997/98||24||3||||||||||||||24||3
|-
|1998/99||21||2||||||||||||||21||2
|-
|1999/00||28||7||||||||||||||28||7

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||28||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||7||0||38||3
|-
|2001/02||31||6||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0||42||6
|-
|2002/03||33||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||6||1||41||4

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="7"|Premier League||37||2||0||0||1||0||2||1||40||3
|-
|2004/05||37||4||6||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||44||5
|-
|2005/06||30||1||1||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||37||2
|-
|2006/07||34||0||6||0||1||0||6||0||47||0
|-
|2007/08||33||1||1||0||2||0||4||0||40||1
|-
|2008/09||20||1||0||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||22||2
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
91||14||||||||||||||91||14
92||11||7||1||colspan="2"|-||22||1||121||13
191||9||14||0||13||3||12||1||230||13
374||34||21||1||13||3||34||2||442||40
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||1
|-
|2001||7||4
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||10||4
|-
|2005||11||2
|-
|2006||9||0
|-
|2007||8||1
|-
|2008||7||4
|-
|2009||3||1
|-
!Total||72||18
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Australian footballers
Sportspeople from Sydney
David Rocastle was a football player. He played for the England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1985-86||rowspan="7"|Arsenal||rowspan="7"|First Division||26||1
|-
|1986-87||36||2
|-
|1987-88||40||6
|-
|1988-89||38||6
|-
|1989-90||33||2
|-
|1990-91||16||2
|-
|1991-92||39||4
|-
|1992-93||rowspan="2"|Leeds United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||18||1
|-
|1993-94||7||1
|-
|1993-94||Manchester City||Premier League||21||2
|-
|1994-95||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||rowspan="2"|Premier League||28||0
|-
|1995-96||1||0
|-
|1996-97||Norwich City||First Division||11||0
|-
|1997-98||Hull City||Third Division||11||0
325||27
325||27
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1988||2||0
|-
|1989||8||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
!Total||14||0
|}

References

English footballers
Sportspeople from London
1967 births
2001 deaths
Premier League players
Fazilka () is a city and a municipal council in Ferozpur District of the Punjab (India), 11 km from Pakistan border.

Punjab, India
The flag of Azerbaijan () is one of the national symbols of Azerbaijan and consists of three equal horizontal bands, from top: blue, red, and green; a white crescent and an eight-pointed star (Rub El Hizb) are centered in the red band. The eight points of the star stand for the  branches[?] of the Turkic peoples . The blue band is the colour of the Turks. the green is for Islam and red is for progress and Europeanisation. The official colours and size were adopted on February 5, 1991. The flag is used on land as the civil, state and war flag, and at sea as the civil, state and naval ensign and naval jack. The specific shades of the national flag were laid out in a 2004 law.

References 

Flags of Azerbaijan
Flag
Azerbaijan
Roquevaire is a commune of 8,299 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Saint-Martin-de-Crau is a commune of 13,097 people (2016). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

References

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Saint-Savournin is a commune of 2,577 people (2002). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Sausset-les-Pins is a commune of 7,278 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

Other websites
Official website 

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Sénas is a commune of 5,980 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Related pages
 Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

Other websites

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Gustave Flaubert ( in French) (12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French writer. He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857). He was very devoted to what he did, and always looked for the word that would best fit the context. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Important works
 Rêve d'enfer, 1837
 Memoirs of a Madman (1838; Mémoires d’un fou)
 November (1842)
 Madame Bovary (1857)
 Salammbô (1862)
 Sentimental Education (1869; L'Éducation sentimentale)
 Le Candidat (vaudeville), 1874
 The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1874; La Tentation de saint Antoine)
 Three Tales (1877; Trois contes). "A Simple Heart", "Saint Julian" and "Herodias"
 Le Château des cœurs (play), 1880
 Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881)
 Dictionary of Received Ideas (1911; Dictionnaire des idées reçues)
 Souvenirs, notes et pensées intimes (1838–1841), 1965
 Album, annoté par Jean Bruneau et Jean A. Ducourneau, 1972
 Bibliomanie et autres textes 1836–1839, 1982

1821 births
1880 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
French novelists
French playwrights
People from Rouen
Roquefort-sur-Soulzon is a commune of 691 people (2007). It is in the region Midi-Pyrénées in the Aveyron department in the south of France. It is famous for its cheese (named after the village).

References

Communes in Aveyron
The avalanche effect (“landslide effect”) is a property of block ciphers and cryptographic hash function algorithms. It is often desired in cryptography. The effect says that a lot of the output must change, even when the input changes only a little. In good block ciphers this means: A small change in the key or the plaintext should cause a strong change in the ciphertext. 

This means that small changes can spread fast, when the algorithm uses iterations. Thus, every bit of the output depends on every bit of the input.

The term avalanche effect was first used by Horst Feistel (Feistel 1973). Later, the concept was identified by Shannon's property of confusion. 

If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not satisfy the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization. Thus, a cryptanalyst can make forecasts about the input, if given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break (crack) the algorithm. 

It is one of the primary design objectives when people create a strong cipher or cryptographic hash function. They try to build a good avalanche effect in it. Mathematically this uses the butterfly effect. This is why most block ciphers are product ciphers. It is also why hash functions have large data blocks.

Name 
The name comes from landslides. A small rock can fall down, go along with some snow and make a destructive landslide. The rock was small, but was able to cause a lot of destruction. This is the same as what this effect does. A small change in the input (the rock) should change the output (the landscape).

Strict avalanche criterion 
The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC; a “strong landslide criterion”) is a property of boolean functions. It is of importance to cryptography. It is satisfied if all output bits change with a probability of 50 percent, if a single input bit is changed.  

The SAC was built on the concepts of evolution completeness and avalanche. It was introduced by Webster and Tavares in 1985. Nowadays it is a requirement for every modern cryptographic system. It was e.g. satisfied by all finalists of the AES competition.

Bit independence criterion 
The Bit independence criterion (BIC; a criterion independent from the bit) is a criterion. It goes: When a single input bit is changed (inverted), two output bits should change independently of each other. This applies to all bits. 

It would e.g. not be satisfied, if the one output bit only changes, when the other output bit also changes. They might only change, because the input bit changed. Otherwise, the output bits would depend on each other.

Related pages
 Confusion and diffusion

References 
A. F. Webster and Stafford E. Tavares, "On the design of S-boxes", Advances in Cryptology - Crypto '85 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), vol. 219, pp. 523–534, 1985.
 Practical example (32 bits), taken from the extensive justification of the hash function HSH 11/13
Horst Feistel, "Cryptography and Computer Privacy." Scientific American, Vol. 228, No. 5, 1973. (JPEG format scanned) 

Cryptography
BBC Radio 1Xtra (also known as 1Xtra) is a digital British contemporary black music station from the BBC. The station was launched at 6pm on August 16, 2002. It was called Network X during the planning period. It is the complement station to Radio 1 and is broadcast from the same building as Radio 1 - Yalding House in central London. This is part of the BBC's massive Broadcasting House complex of radio studios and other offices.

Music policy
The playlist generally includes British, Caribbean, African and North American hip hop, grime, bassline, garage, dubstep, funky, drum and bass, bashment, soca, reggae, gospel music, bhangra, soul and R&B. It is available on digital radio (DAB), digital satellite television, digital terrestrial television (Freeview), and the Internet. It has its own news team: 1Xtra News.

Audience profile
1Xtra's audience is usually aged between 15 and 30 years old. The upper age range is deliberately lower than sister station Radio 1 which is closer to 35.

According to the "Submission to the Secretary of State's review of digital channels" in March 2004, 1Xtra "provides music output 24 hours a day, punctuated by bespoke BBC 
news bulletins and other speech output designed specifically to be pertinent to the 
audience."

References

Other websites
BBC 1Xtra at bbc.co.uk
BBC 1Xtra - UK Music Podcast  at bbc.co.uk

1Xtra
Barrel is an old English word for a big holder of liquids, such as petrol, beer, wine or oil. Barrels are most commonly made of either wood or metal but many are plastic

Barrels are used to age wine, and other beverages such as whisky and beer. Most of those are made of oak wood.

A barrel is also used to measure liquids. One barrel of oil is 158.987 litres (42 US gallons). It is shortened as "bbl". This use may have come from the early Pennsylvanian oil fields where wooden barrels were used to store and move oil around. In 1866, the people of West Virginia started using it regularly. At this time, the amount was set to 42 American gallons. It was later world-wide for measuring amounts of oil and pricing it. Today, oil is rarely stored or transported in actual barrels, but the term "barrel" is still used to mean a 42-gallon measurement.

A barrel can also be used to measure dry goods. For example, a barrel can mean 196 pounds (about 89 kilograms) of flour.

Different sizes
The size of some standard barrels is not the same in all countries. Some countries have different sizes for different liquids.
In the United Kingdom, there is a standard barrel for beer. It is 36 imperial gallons (163.659 litres).
 In the United States, a standard barrel for liquids is 31.5 US gallons (about 119.2 litres). For beer, the standard barrel is 31 US gallons (117.348 litres), because of tax laws.
 A physical metal barrel for oil or chemicals usually holds 55 US gallons (208.198 litres), but the word "barrel" used as a measurement refers to a 42-gallon measurement.

History
The first people to start using barrels were the Celts about 350 BC. The Roman Empire started using barrels after trading with the Celts. Barrels remained popular for shipping items until the 20th century.

Containers
Units of volume
Claudio Ulpiano (1932-1999) was a Brazilian philosopher and expert on the work of Gilles Deleuze. He taught at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro and Universidade Federal Fluminense.

Bibliography
Do saber em Platão e do sentido nos estóicos como reversão do platonismo. Dissertação de Mestrado.
O Pensamento de Deleuze ou a Grande Aventura do Espírito . Tese de Doutorado.
Mundo Próprio - Primeiro Movimento

Link
www.claudioulpiano.org.br 

1932 births
1999 deaths
Brazilian philosophers
Henrique George Mautner (born January 17, 1941), better known by his stage name Jorge Mautner, is a Brazilian writer and singer of Jewish descent. He is the creator of the Moviment of Kaos.

Albums 
 Revirão (2007) - Gege/Warner Music
 Eu não peço desculpa (2002) (with Caetano Veloso)
 Mitologia do Kaos
 O Ser da Tempestade (1999) - Dabliú Discos
 Estilhaços de Paixão (1996) - Primal Records
 Pedra Bruta (1992) - (LP) Rock Company Records
 Árvore da Vida (Jorge Mautiner and Nelson Jacobina) (1988) - LP. Geléia Geral/WEA
 Antimaldito (1985) - (LP) Nova República/Polygram
 Bomba de Estrelas (1981) - CD/Lp – WEA
 Filho Predileto de Xangô (1978) - CBS CD
 Mil e Uma Noites de Bagdá (1976) - LP Phonogram
 Jorge Mautner (1974) - LP – Polydor
 Para Iluminar a Cidade (1972) - LP Phonogram
 Radioatividade Não, não, não (1966) - RCA Victor -

Books 
 Mitologia do Kaos - Obras Completas, Editora Azougue - 2002
 Floresta Verde Esmeralda (text included on the Mitologia do Kaos) - 2002
 Fragmentos de Sabonete e Outros Fragmentos, Relume-Dumará - 1995
 Miséria Dourada, Editora Maltese – 1993
 Fundamentos do Kaos, Ched Editorial – 1985
 Sexo do Crepúsculo, Editora Global Ground – 1982
 'Poesias de Amor e de Morte, Editora Global Ground – 1982
 Panfletos da Nova Era, Editora Global – 1978
 Fragmentos de Sabonete, Editora Ground Informação – 1973
 O Vigarista Jorge, Von Schimdt Editora – 1965
 Narciso em Tarde Cinza, Editora Exposição do Livro – 1965
 Kaos, Editora Martins – 1963
 Deus da Chuva e da Morte, Editora Martins – 1962

 Books about Jorge Mautner 
 Proteu ou: A Arte das Transmutações Leituras, audições e visões da obra de Jorge Mautner by Luís Carlos de Morais Junior, HP Comunicação – 2004
 Jorge Mautner em movimento'', Editor César Resac – 2004

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

1941 births
Living people
Brazilian Jews
Brazilian singers
Brazilian poets
Composers
Jewish musicians
Jewish writers
People from Rio de Janeiro
Meshuggah is an experimental metal band from Umeå in Sweden. They have been playing since 1987. Meshuggah are famous for using 8-string guitars in their last albums.  Meshuggah's musical style contains the use of differing time signatures, however when most of the band, guitars, bass, vocals and bass drum, the other drums remain in common time, i.e. 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 etc. All allbums after Nothing were in the Billboard 200.

Discography 
1991: Contradictions Collapse
1995: Destroy Erase Improve
1998: Chaosphere
2002: Nothing
2005: Catch Thirtythree
2008: obZen

Other websites 

Meshuggah's official website
Meshuggah  at MySpace
Meshuggah at Allmusic

Swedish heavy metal bands
Umeå
Musical groups established in 1987
Beverly Hills Chihuahua is a 2008 movie by Walt Disney Pictures directed by Raja Gosnell. The first preview of the movie was seen next to The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, and originally the movie was stanted for a September 26, 2008 release, but the release was moved to October 3. The story is about a chihuahua who gets dognapped in Mexico and has to escape from an evil Doberman. Destino, a 2003 short movie made by Walt Disney Pictures based on an idea started by Walt Disney and Salvador Dalí in the 1940s, was thought to be seen before Beverly Hills Chihuahua, but this didn't happen. Insteed, a sneak-peek of the Disney movie Bolt was seen.

The story 
The movie is about a spolied chihuahua from  Beverly Hills named Chloe (voiced by Drew Barrymore). Her owner, "Aunt Viv" (Jamie Lee Curtis), has to go to Italy, so she leaves Chloe with her niece, Rachel Ashe Lynn (Piper Perabo). Rachel and her friends go on vacation to Mexico, and Chloe gets dognapped by  an evil Mexican dognapper who at first wants to use her in dog fights but sees her value and wishes to put her at randsome (have the owners have to pay money to get her back). In the meantime, Papi (voiced by George Lopez), a male chihuahua who is in love with her is on the lookout for her. Chloe makes friendship with a lonely German Shepherd named Delgado (voiced by Andy Garcia) who travels with her to protect her from the evil Doberman (voiced by Edward James Olmos) who wants to kill her and steal her diamond collar to return it to the dognapper who owns him.

Cast

Human cast 
 Manolo Cardona as Sam
 Maury Sterling as Rafferty
 Jamie Lee Curtis as Aunt Viv
 José María Yazpik as Vasquez
 Jesús Ochoa as Officer Ramirez
 Piper Perabo as Rachel Ashe Lynn

Voice cast 
 George Lopez as Papi
 Carlos Juvera as Tomás
 Luis Guzman as Chucho
 Andy Garcia as Delgado
 Cheech Marin as Manuel
 Paul Rodriguez as Chico
 Drew Barrymore as Chloe
 Placido Domingo as Monte
 Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo as Rafa
 Edward James Olmos as El Diablo

Visual effects 
 Cinesite in London, using their specially developed pipeline for creating digital muzzle replacements, animated the many talking dogs. The in-house visual effects supervisor is Matt Johnson.

Music 
The music to Beverly Hills Chihuahua was written by composer Heitor Pereira, who recorded the score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers.

Reception 
Beverly Hills Chihuahua earned $29 million USD in its opening weekend.  It was #1 in the box office for two weeks. Despite this, the movie was rather poorly received by critics.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

2008 movies
Disney movies
American family movies
Movies about animals
Movies directed by Raja Gosnell
Beverly Hills, California in fiction
American children's comedy movies