cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
x86 is a term used to describe a CPU instruction set compatible with the Intel 8086 and its successors, including the Pentium and others made by Intel and other companies. This is the CPU architecture used in most desktop and laptop computers.  Many 21st century workstations and servers also use x86 processors. In 1985, the original 16 bit x86 architecture was extended to 32 bits with the introduction of the i386 processor. It was extended again to 64 bits in 2003 with the introduction of the AMD Opteron processor. 

Intel adopted the 64-bit computing bit architecture in 2004 with the later versions of the Prescott Pentium 4.  The different versions are backward-compatible, meaning that a 32-bit x86 CPU can run a 32-bit or 16-bit operating system, and a 64-bit x86 CPU can run a 16, 32, or 64-bit operating system.  All x86 CPUs (with the rare exception of some Intel CPUs used in embedded systems) start in 16-bit real mode. A modern operating system (or sometimes the bootloader) switches the CPU into 32-bit protected mode or 64-bit long mode before booting the kernel.

List of x86 CPUs

16 bit 
 8086
 8088
 80186
 80286

32 bit Intel 
 i386 (80386)
 i486 (80486)
 Pentium
 Pentium Pro
 Pentium 2 (or II)
 Pentium 3 (or III)
 Older versions of the Pentium 4
 Pentium M
 Core
 Older Xeon
 Mobile versions of Intel Atom
 Older Celeron

64-bit Intel 
 Newer Prescott Pentium 4
 Pentium D
 Core 2
 Core i3, i5, i7, and i9
 Newer Atom
 Pentium dual core
 Newer Celeron
 Newer Xeon

32-bit AMD 
 AMD386
 AMD486
 AMD586
 Am5x86-P75 (actually a 486 CPU)
 K5
 K6/K6-II/K6-III
 Athlon
 Athlon XP
 Duron
 Sempron
 Geode

64-bit AMD 
 Opteron
 Athlon 64
 Phenom
 Phenom 2
 FX
 Sempron
 APU A4/A6/A8/A10/A12
 APU Athlon
 APU Sempron
 Ryzen
Epyc

Others 
 Cyrix 386/486S/DLC, 5x86, 6x86, MII, MIII (32-bit)
 IDT Winchip (32-bit)
 Rise (32-bit)
 NxGen (32-bit)
 Via C3 and C7 (32-bit)
 Via Nano (64-bit)

x86 Operating Systems 
Operating systems in magenta run only on x86 processors. Operating systems in  blue originated on x86 but have since been made for other processors as well. Operating systems in orange did not originate on x86 and were ported to x86.
 MS-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, DRDOS and FreeDOS
 XENIX,  SCO XENIX,  SCO OpenServer
 Novell NetWare
 SCO UNIXWare
 Microsoft Windows
 Linux
 Mac OS X 10.4-10.5
 Mac OS X 10.6-10.8
 FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and DragonFlyBSD
 Solaris
 OS/2
 ReactOS

Other websites 
 X86 -Citizendium

Intel processors
Carey Means is an American voice actor. He is best known for voicing Frylock on the Adult Swim program Aqua Teen Hunger Force.

Voice Acting
 Frylock on Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters
 Thundercleese on The Brak Show

Year of birth missing (living people)
Aqua Teen Hunger Force
Living people
The Brak Show is a Adult Swim program starring Brak who was on several old Space Ghost cartoons. The show is also about Brak's mom and dad, his friends Zorak and Clarence, his brother Sisto, and his neighbor Thundercleese. At first the show had a plot, but later on became just crazy like it's sister show Aqua Teen Hunger Force.

Main Characters
Brak: A childlike character that likes to sing a lot. He is very dumb, and he even thinks his dad is the smartest guy he knows. He is very close friends with Zorak even though Zorak is constantly mean to him. He is a very nice cat creature that would try to help about everybody that could use him. He wears a black suit with a blue x on his chest.
Dad: A very short human looking alien. He is very lazy and bossy to his wife and Brak. He is almost always sitting in his kitchen chair, and when his chair was moved he got very mad. He has not worked since 1984. He has said that he has family members that he does not get along with. He is very dumb, and has a bad time remembering the past.
Mom: A very nice mom and wife who does most of the work for Brak and Dad. She is a cat creature of the same race as Brak. She does not seem to be attaracted to Dad, except when she was drunk. When she was voiced by Marsha Crenshaw she was nice, but when Jonna Dainels voiced her she gave the character a British accent.
Zorak: A pure evil pray mantis. He is a very bad friend and infulance to Brak. The only thing he cares about the pain and suffering of others. He is 40 years old, and he can turn invisible. He wears a blue vest and yellow gloves and boots. Evantually he will be sent to hell.
Thundercleese: Brak's robotic next door neighbor. He often blows up Zorak for ruining his yard which wgot the yard of the year award. He says that he is a warrior. He was depowered by the company that created him, but then he was repowered so he could save the world. Brak really likes him, and he had a feud with Brak's Dad once.

Voice Cast
 Andy Merrill as Brak and Clarence
 George Lowe as Dad and Space Ghost
 C. Martin Croker as Zorak and Moltar
 Carey Means as Thundercleese
 Marsha Crenshaw as Mom (episodes 1-13)
 Jonna Dainels as Mom (episodes 14-28)
 Don Kennedy as Morlun and Poppy

Andy Merill and George Lowe appear in all episodes.C. Martin Croker was absent for two episodes.Carey Means was absent for ten episodes.

Adult Swim
English-language television programs
Squidbillies is a cartoon series on the Adult Swim block of the Cartoon Network. It is about a poor family of squids living in the Appalachian region. It was first shown on October 16, 2005. The show was created because of the popularity of the Aqua Teen Hunger Force. So far 50 episodes have been made.

Characters
 Early Cuyler
 Rusty
 Granny
 The Sheriff
 Dan Halen
 Reverend

Voice cast

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 
 

Adult Swim
2004 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Cartoon Planet is a short lived spin-off of the Adult Swim program Space Ghost Coast to Coast. The show ran from 1995 to 1998. The show has random skits and songs with the characters Space Ghost, Zorak, and Brak. Zorak and Brak are comic foils for Space Ghost. Moltar, a main character on Coast to Coast, does not appear on the show. In the credits everyone is credited by their first name only. The show has not been released on DVD, because of rights issues other than some segments being extras on The Brak Show Volume One. The show revived on Adult Swim briefly in 2005.

In 2012, the show has been revived but only Brak and Zorak host the show and the programming is Cartoon Network Original shows such as Ed, Edd n Eddy, Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, and others.

Cast
 Andy Merrill as Brak 
 George Lowe as Space Ghost
 C. Martin Croker as Zorak

Adult Swim
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Clay Martin Croker (January 10, 1962 – September 17, 2016), generally credited as C. Martin Croker, was an American voice actor and animator for Adult Swim.

Voice acting 
 Zorak on Space Ghost: Coast to Coast, Cartoon Planet, and The Brak Show
 Moltar on Space Ghost: Coast to Coast and The Brak Show
 Dr. Weird on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters
 Steve on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters

American animators
American voice actors
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Deaths from food poisoning
Adult Swim
1962 births
2016 deaths
American bloggers
Brent Butt (born August 3, 1966 on in Tisdale, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian actor and comedian. He is best known for portraying Brent Leroy in the Canadian sitcom Corner Gas and for his stand-up comedy. Brent Butt has won four won Canadian Comedy Awards.

Filmography

Television
 The Kids in the Hall as Barfly (1992)
 Maniac Mansion as Applicant #1 (1992)
 Get Serious: Seven Deadly Sins (1995)
 Millennium as Short Order Cook (1997)
 The X-Files as Coroner (1998)
 Dudley Do-Right as A Bad Guy In Back (1999)
 Rider Pride as Les P. (2001) (Short)
 Big Sound as Todd (2001)
 Cold Squad as Barry (2003)
 Robson Arms as Reeves (2005)
 Corner Gas as Brent Leroy (2008)
 Hiccups as Stan Dirko (2008)

Movies
 Chill (1999) (TV movie)
 Screwed as Buddy (2000) (TV series)
 Becoming Dick as Businessman #2 (2000) (TV movie)
 Duets as Kansas Motel Clerk (2000)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1966 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian comedians
People from Saskatchewan
Canadian television actors
The term "commonly misspelled words" (or sometimes, "common misspelled words") is about words in English that are often spelled wrongly.

In writing, some words are often misspelled, such as the wrong spelling "concensus" for "consensus"

found in many webpages on the Internet. Other common misspellings include "equiptment" (for "equipment"),
"independant" (for "independent"),
"readible" (for readable),
or "usible" (for usable).

Documented list of common misspellings 
This list of about 350 words, is based on documented lists of the top 100, 200, or 400 most commonly misspelled words, rather than listing every misspelled word. Each word is followed by examples of misspellings:

A–B

C–D

E–H

I–K

L–O

P–Q

R–S

T–Z

Common causes of those misspellings

Mispronunciation 
Mispronunciation is one of the most common causes of misspelling.

Typing errors 
Some spelling errors are because people's typing is not perfect, such as
 letters are doubled or tripled, such as "careeer" and "betweeen"
 letters are singled, such as "betwen"
 keys are transposed, so "because" becomes "becuase".

Foreign words 
A misspelling in English might be a legitimate spelling in another language; for example, the word "address" is spelled in German as "adress" (one letter "d"). "immigrate" can be written "inmigrate" by speakers of Spanish.

Notes

References
 "100 Most Often Misspelled Words in English", LoveToKnow, Corp., December 2008, webpage: YDict .
 "Canadian, British and American Spelling", LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-spelling.
 "Canadian, British and American Spelling: Some Commonly Misspelled Words", LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-misspelled.
 "Merriam-Webster Online" (results for misspelling as "concensus"), Merriam-Webster, 2008, webpage: MW-concensus.
 "200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 1)", Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-A.
 "200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 2)", Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-B .
 "200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 3)", Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-C.

Other websites 
 "100 Most Often Misspelled Words in English", LoveToKnow, Corp., December 2008, webpage: YDict-100 .
The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is the best known of the Mexican mole salamanders: it belongs to the Tiger Salamander complex. The Axolotl shows neoteny: the larvae do not undergo metamorphosis, so the adults stay aquatic, with external gills.

Natural history 
The species evolved in the lake underlying Mexico City. Axolotls are used a lot in scientific research because they can regenerate most body parts, are easy to breed, and have large embryos. 

Axolotls are closely related to waterdogs, the larval stage of the closely related Tiger salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum and Ambystoma mavortium. These are common in much of North America and also sometimes become neotenic. The mudpuppies, Necturus, are fully-aquatic salamanders which are not closely related to the axolotl but bear a superficial resemblance.

Wild axolotls are now near extinction  due to population growth in Mexico City, and the polluted waters of the lake. Non-native fish, such as African tilapia and Asian carp, have also recently been introduced to the waters. These new fish have been eating the axolotls' young, as well as its primary source of food. The axolotl is currently on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.

Genetics and development 
Compared with land-dwelling salamanders, the sexually mature adult Axolotl is a chimera (~ mixture) of larval and adult tissues. A mutation in hormone production slows the development of the non-sexual tissues compared to the gonads. So, it ends up as an adult which looks like a larva, except that it is sexually mature. This is an example of neoteny, a type of heterochrony. Axolotls in the lab have reduced pigmentation and end up being a lighter pink color, while axolotls that live in nature are a darker, brown to black color.

References 

Salamanders
Developmental biology
Space Ghost Coast to Coast is a parody talk show with characters from the Space Ghost action adventure show from the 1960's. It was the first Adult Swim program, and it had several spin-offs.

Plot
Former superhero Space Ghost now hosts his own show. One of his former antagonists, Zorak, now does the music and another antagonist, Moltar, is now the producer and director. Space Ghost interviews several real people.

Characters
 Space Ghost: The dumb and heroic host. He thinks that he's better than anybody.
 Zorak: The musician that wants to torture Space Ghost.
 Moltar: The show's director and producer. He is a creature lava man.
 Tansit: A very big, overweight coward
 Brak: A cat creature.

Cast
 George Lowe as Space Ghost
 C. Martin Croker as Zorak and Moltar
 Andy Merrill as Brak and Lokar
 Don Kennedy as Tansit

Related pages
 Aqua Teen Hunger Force
 The Brak Show
 Cartoon Planet

Adult Swim
English-language television programs
Parodies
1994 television series debuts
2008 television series endings
Parody television shows
Paul William "Bear" Bryant (September 11, 1913 – January 26, 1983) was an American college football coach. He was best known as the head coach of the University of Alabama football team. During his twenty-five years as Alabama's head coach, his teams won six national championships and thirteen conference championships. When he retired in 1982 he held the record for most wins as head coach in college football history. At the University of Alabama, the Paul W. Bryant Museum, Paul W. Bryant Drive and Bryant-Denny Stadium are all named in his honor. 

Before he worked at Alabama, Bryant was head football coach at University of Maryland, the University of Kentucky, and Texas A&M University.

Other websites

 Paul W. Bryant Museum
 
 "Paul 'Bear' Bryant" , Encyclopedia of Alabama
 Digitized speeches and photographs of Coach Bryant from the University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama

1913 births
1983 deaths
American football coaches
College football coaches
Sportspeople from Arkansas
Robert Reese Neyland (February 17, 1892 – March 28, 1962) was an American football coach.  He also served in the United States Army and reached the rank of brigadier general.  He is one of the few college football head coaches to coach the same school twice with a break in between the jobs.  Neyland holds the record for most wins in University of Tennessee history with 173 wins in 216 games, six seasons without losing a game, nine regular seasons without losing a game, seven conference championships, and four national championships. At Tennessee, he has winning streaks of 33, 28, 23, 19, and 14 games.

Neyland is often referred to as one of the best, if not the best, defensive football coaches ever.  Sports Illustrated named Neyland as the defensive coordinator of its all-century college football team in its "Best of the 20th Century" edition.  In 112 of his wins, the other team did not score a point. In 1938 and 1939, Neyland's team set NCAA records when they did not allow a point in 17 straight games. His 1939 team is the last NCAA team in history to hold every regular season opponent scoreless. 

Neyland Stadium at the University of Tennessee is not only named for "The General", but was designed by him.  His plans included all expansions that have brought the stadium to its modern size with an over 100,000 seat capacity.  Neyland was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1956.

References

Football's Greatest Coaches

Other websites
College Football Hall of Fame Page 

1892 births
1962 deaths
American football players
College football coaches
Sportspeople from Texas
American football coaches
Bryant–Denny Stadium, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, is the home stadium for the University of Alabama college football team. The stadium opened in 1929, and was first named Denny Stadium, in honor of former Alabama president George Hutchenson Denny. The stadium's name was changed to Bryant–Denny Stadium in 1975 to honor Alabama coach Paul "Bear" Bryant. It currently can seat 92,012 people, and is the fourth largest stadium in the SEC, the eleventh largest stadium in the United States and the 17th largest non-racing stadium by seating in the world.  Since the 1988 football season, the university has sold out every game played at the stadium.  In February 2009 the University of Alabama board of trustees gave approval to begin stadium expansion of the south endzone, with room to seat about 101,000, which, when it is completed, will make Bryant–Denny Stadium the largest stadium in the Southeastern Conference.

References

Other websites

Bryant-Denny Stadium page on Rolltide.com
Bryant-Denny Stadium and Seating page on Crimsontider.com 

Stadiums in the United States
A bowl game is a college football game that is played in the post-season.  In NCAA football, a team that wins six games during the season may play in the bowl games.

College football
The Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) is an organization of about 1,200 sports writers in the United States.  They attempt to achieve better working conditions for writers.  Each year, the FWAA picks an All-America team of college football players.  The organization also selects the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year, the Bronko Nagurski Trophy winner, the Outland Trophy winner, the Grantland Rice Award winner, a freshman All-America team, and weekly defensive player of the week. as well as developing scholarship programs and surveys for better working conditions. Since 1954, the association has awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy to the college football team they choose to be the National Champion.

Other websites
Football Writers Association of America official website
FWAA all-time All-Americans since 1944

American football
Zichyújfalu is a village in Fejér County, about 10 km from Lake Velencei, which is more or less easy to reach on road and on railway (Pusztaszabolcs-Székesfehérvár line). The settlement used to be a part of Gárdony but declared its independence in December 1997.

The settlement is first mentioned in writing in 1239, when villa Nowa (Nova) belonged to the Vértes estates of the Csák clan. In 1447 it is mentioned as a noble name as Wyfalw (Újfalu).

The Family Zichy appeared as the landlord in Újfalu during Turkish occupation. After the Turkish rule the serfs of Seregélyes rented the land for some time. In 1784 the owner of the estate, János Zichy, the son of Ferenc Zichy had a castle built in Újfalu and established a deer-park.

The paphrase Zichy in the name of the settlement refers to these earlier landlords, the members of the Zichy family. The hunting residence of de count is also in the village; currently the Mayor's Office functions in this building, therefore the building can only be observed from outside. The park and the forest of the castle offer active relaxation.

References

Villages in Hungary
Tim Allen (born Timothy Allen Dick; on June 13, 1953) is an American actor and comedian.

Allen was born in Denver, Colorado. When he was 13, he moved to Birmingham, Michigan. In October 1978, he was arrested while in possession of 1.4 pounds of cocaine. He was convicted and sentenced to 3-to-7 years in prison and released after 28 months.

Most of Allen's work is in comedy. He is well known for being in Home Improvement. He also had a role in The Santa Clause, Toy Story, and Galaxy Quest.

Filmography

Films

Television

Video games

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1953 births
Living people
Actors from Denver, Colorado
Actors from Michigan
American movie actors
American people convicted of drug offenses
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Denver, Colorado
Comedians from Michigan
Criminals from Michigan
Disney actors
Drug dealers
Saturn Award winners
WTTE is a television station in Columbus, Ohio. It is part of the FOX television network. They first broadcast in 1984 as a general entertainment station. In 1986, joined the FOX network. They have news called Good Day Columbus and FOX 28 News at 10 which is the most watched late news in Columbus, Ohio .

American television stations
Columbus, Ohio
F major (or the key of F) is a musical major scale starting on F. Its key signature has one flat.

Its relative minor is D minor and its parallel minor is F minor.

F major is the home key of the English horn, the basset horn, the horn in F, the trumpet in F and the bass Wagner tuba. This means that if you want these instruments to sound in F major, you have to write in C major. Most of these sound a perfect fifth lower than written, except the trumpet in F which sounds a perfect fourth higher. (The basset horn also often sounds an octave and a fifth lower.)

Of the six Overtures Francesco Maria Veracini wrote for Prince Friedrich Augustus in Dresden, most are in either F major or B-flat major because the prince's orchestra had a lot of wind instruments that played best in these keys.

List of compositions in F Major
 Brandenburg Concertos Nos 1 & 2 - Johann Sebastian Bach
 Piano Concerto No. 19 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Symphony No. 6 in F Major, Op. 68, "Pastoral" - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90 - Johannes Brahms
 Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich) - Dimitri Shostakovich
 Concerto No. 3 in F major, Op. 8, RV 293, "L'autunno" - Antonio Vivaldi

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Major scales

he:סולם מז'ורי#פה מז'ור
Also see: E major, or E-flat minor.
E minor (Em, Mim) is a  minor scale based on the note E.  Its key signature has one sharp, F  Its relative major is G major.

A lot of classical guitar music is in E minor, because this key is very suited for the instrument. When it is tuned normally, four of the instrument's six strings are part of the tonic chord. The key is also very popular in heavy metal music, because the lowest note on a guitar, E, can be used a lot.

E minor was one of the most-often used keys by Felix Mendelssohn.

Famous classical music in this key
Symphony No. 4 - Johannes Brahms
Nocturne in E Minor - Frédéric Chopin
Piano Concerto No. 1 - Frédéric Chopin
Prelude in E Minor (Chopin) - Frédéric Chopin
Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" - Antonín Dvořák
Cello Concerto - Edward Elgar
Symphony No. 44 "Trauer" - Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 7 - Gustav Mahler
Violin Concerto in E Minor - Felix Mendelssohn 
Caprice No. 3 - Nicolò Paganini
Symphony No. 2 - Sergei Rachmaninov
Vocalise Op. 34 No. 14 - Sergei Rachmaninov
Symphony No. 10 - Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 1 - Jean Sibelius
Symphony No. 5 - Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 6 - Ralph Vaughan Williams
Concerto for Bassoon, Strings, and continuo, RV 484 - Antonio Vivaldi
 Slavonic Dances No. 2 Op. 72 - Antonín Dvořák
See also: List of symphonies in E minor

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Minor scales
B major or B-flat major is a major scale starting on B-flat. Its key signature has two flats.

Its relative minor is G minor, and its parallel minor is B minor.

B-flat major is a good key for most wind instruments, especially those for which it is their home key, such as clarinets, trumpets, saxophones, and the flutes in B-flat. Because of this, many works for concert bands (those you might have played in while you were at school) are written in this or a closely related key such as F major or E-flat major.

Haydn's Symphony No. 98, which had both trumpet and timpani, is known as the first symphony that anyone had written in that key. Actually, his brother Michael Haydn had written one earlier. However, Joseph Haydn still gets credit for writing the timpani part at actual pitch with an F major key signature (instead of transposing with a C major key signature), something that made things easier and made more sense.

Five of Mozart's piano concerti are in B-flat major.

Well-known classical compositions in this key
 Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 (Bach)
 Piano Concerto No. 15 (Mozart)
 Piano Concerto No. 27 (Mozart)
 String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven) 
 Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)
 Piano Sonata No. 21 (Schubert)
 Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)
 Symphony No. 5 (Prokofiev)

References

Scales and keys

  

Musical keys
Major scales
G minor is a minor scale based on G.

Its relative major is B-flat major.
G minor is one of two flat key signatures that needs a sharp for the seventh note (the other is D minor).

During the Baroque period, music in G minor was usually written with a one-flat key signature.

Mozart's use of G Minor

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart thought that G minor was the most suitable key for showing sadness and tragedy, and many of his minor key works are in G minor, such as the Piano Quartet No. 1 and the String Quintet in G minor. G minor is the only minor key he used as a main key for his numbered symphonies (No. 25, and the famous No. 40). In the Classical period, symphonies in G minor almost always used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. G minor symphonies like Mozart's No. 25 often used E flat major for the slow movement, including Haydn's No. 39 and Vanhal's G minor symphony from before 1771 (Bryan Gm1).

Famous classical music in G minor
 Fantasia and Fugue in G minor "The Great", BWV 542- Bach
 Symphony No. 83 "The Hen" - Haydn
 Symphony No. 40 - Mozart
 Ballade No. 1 in G minor - Chopin 
 Polonaise in G minor - Chopin 
 Piano Concerto No. 2 - Saint-Saëns
 Slavonic Dance No. 8 in G minor - Dvořák
 Sicilliene, Op. 78 - Fauré
 Prelude in G Minor - Rachmaninoff
 Sonata for Cello and Piano in G minor - Rachmaninoff
 Most of Verdi's Requiem (the Dies Irae), is in G minor.
 Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 8, RV 315, "Summer" from The Four Seasons - Antonio Vivaldi
 Adagio in G minor - "Albinoni's Adagio", now said to be written by Remo Giazotto
 Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26 - Max Bruch
 Christmas Concerto - Arcangelo Corelli

See also: List of symphonies in G minor.

Variations 
There are many variations of G minor.

References 

Musical keys
Minor scales
Also see: D minor. 

D major is a  major scale based on D. Its key signature has two sharps.  Its relative minor is B minor.

D major is good for violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which has its four strings tuned to G D A E.  The open strings resonate with the D string, producing a special rich sound.

Because of this, many classical composers chose to write violin concertos in D major. Examples include Mozart's (No. 2, 1775, No. 4, 1775); Ludwig van Beethoven's (1806); Paganini's (No. 1, 1817); Brahms's (1878); Tchaikovsky's (1878); Prokofiev's (No. 1, 1917); Stravinsky's (1931); and Korngold's (1945).

It is also suitable for guitar music, with drop tuning for the lowest string making two Ds as open strings.

For some beginning wind instrument students, however, D major is not a very good key, because it transposes to E major for B flat instruments. E major has four sharps, which is harder for new learners to play.

Still, the clarinet in B-flat is often used for music in D major. It is probably the key with the most sharps that it can play well. However, when some composers write a piece in D minor with B-flat clarinets, they change to clarinets in A if the music changes to D major.

Most tin whistles are in D, because they are often used in music with fiddles.

In the Baroque period, D major was seen as "the key of glory"; so many trumpet pieces were in D major. Examples include concertos by Fasch, Gross, Molter (No. 2), Leopold Mozart, Telemann (No. 2), and Giuseppe Torelli; sonatas by Corelli, Franceschini, Purcell, Torelli; and "The Trumpet Shall Sound" and the "Hallelujah" chorus from Handel's Messiah.

After the valve trumpet was invented, composers began to write for trumpet in keys with more flats, so Haydn wrote his famous trumpet concerto in the key of E-flat major.

23 of Haydn's 104 symphonies are in D major, making it the most often used main key of his symphonies. A great number of Mozart's unnumbered symphonies are in D major, namely K. 66c, 81/73, 97/73m, 95/73n, 120/111a and 161/163/141a. The symphony came from the overture, and "D major was by far the most common key for overtures in the second half of the eighteenth century."

Scriabin saw D major as golden in color and when he talked to Rimsky-Korsakov, he gave an example from one of Rimsky-Korsakov's own operas where a character sang in D major about gold.

Citations

Musical keys
Major scales
B minor is a minor scale based on B.  The harmonic minor raises the A to A.  Its key signature has two sharps.

Its relative major is D major, and its parallel major is B major.

In Baroque times, people thought that B minor was the key of passive suffering. Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (1739-1791) said that it was a key that was complaining gently and quietly, something that matches Bach's use of the key in the St. John's Passion. By Beethoven's time, B minor had changed in people's minds: Francesco Galeazzi wrote that B minor was not suitable for music in good taste, and Beethoven labelled a B minor melodic idea in one of his sketchbooks as a "black key".
The chord was famously used as the first chord in Pink Floyd's 1979 hit "Comfortably Numb". The second movement of Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez, one of the most famous compositions for the classical guitar, is in B minor.

It is a common key used in rock, folk, country and other guitarist-based styles because a guitar is naturally tuned so that all the open strings are notes in B minor.

Well-known Classical pieces in this key 
 Violin Concerto No. 3 (Saint-Saëns) - Camille Saint-Saëns
 Mass in B minor - Johann Sebastian Bach
 Piano Sonata in B minor - Franz Liszt
 Piano Sonata No. 3 in B Minor, Op. 58 - Frédéric Chopin
 Waltz Opus 69 No. 2 in B Minor - Frédéric Chopin
 Violin Concerto No. 2 in B Minor (La Campanella) - Niccolò Paganini
 Symphony No. 8 in B minor - Franz Schubert
 Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, Op. 74 (Pathétique) - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 E lucevan le stelle from Tosca'' - Giacomo Puccini
 Cello Concerto in B minor - Antonín Dvořák
 Concerto for 4 Violins and Cello, RV 580 (Concerto No. 10 from L'estro Armonico) - Antonio Vivaldi

References 

Musical keys
Minor scales
C minor is a minor scale based on C. The harmonic minor raises the B to B. Its key signature has three flats. When written in jazz notation, its short form is Cm.

Its relative major is E-flat major, and its parallel major is C major.

Use in classical music
In the Baroque period, music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature. When this music is printed today, sometimes it is still printed in the same way.

C minor has had the meaning of heroic struggle from Beethoven's time and the composer wrote many of his most emotional, dramatic works in this key. This has also been done by many others, following Beethoven's style.

These are just a few of the well-known works to be written in C minor:
 Cello Suite No. 5 BWV 1011: VI. Gigue - Johann Sebastian Bach
 Great Mass in C minor (Mozart) - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Piano Concerto No. 24 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Piano Concerto No. 3 - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven), op. 67 (1804-8)
 “Choral Fantasy” in C minor, op. 80 (1808), Beethoven
 Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor (Pathétique) - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Piano Sonata No. 32 (Beethoven) - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky) “Little Russian” in C minor, op. 17 (1872)
 Symphony No. 8 - Anton Bruckner
 Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor - Sergei Rachmaninov
 Étude Op. 10, No. 12 - Fryderyk Chopin
 Prélude No. 20, Op. 28 - Fryderyk Chopin
 Nocturne in C minor Op. 48, No.1 - Fryderyk Chopin
 Symphony No. 4 - Dmitri Shostakovich
 Symphony No. 8 - Dmitri Shostakovich
 Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor - Bach
 Symphony No. 2 - Gustav Mahler

Scales and keys

Related pages
 List of symphonies in C minor

References

Musical keys
Minor scales
A major (or the key of A) is a major scale with a base note of A. Its key signature has three sharps.

Its relative minor is F-sharp minor.  The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on  needs both a flat and a natural accidental.

There are not as many symphonies in A major as in D major or G major, but more than other sharp keys. Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Bruckner's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 are almost all the symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major. Mozart used clarinets in A major often.

In chamber music, A major is used a lot. Johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. Peter Cropper said that A major "is the fullest sounding key for the violin.", when he was talking about Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata.

According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key that is good for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God."

When music for orchestra is in A major, the timpani are normally set to A and E a fifth apart. In most other keys, they are set a fourth apart.

References

 Colin Lawson, Mozart: Clarinet Concerto, A Cambridge Music Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Major scales
F-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F sharp. Its key signature has three sharps. 

Its relative major is A major.

Many people think it is a melancholy and gloomy key.
Harry Farjeon says that F sharp minor is "light red", and that it is the key Mendelssohn uses when he is being passionate.
Johann Mattheson wrote that 'F minor, although it leads to great distress, nevertheless is more languid and love-sick than lethal. Moreover, it has something abandoned, singular, and misanthropic about it.'

Famous music in this key
Very few symphonies are written in this key. Haydn's Farewell Symphony is one famous example. George Frederick Bristow and Dora Pejačević also wrote symphonies in this key.

Many piano pieces have been written in F-sharp minor.
Mozart's only composition in this key is the second movement to his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major. 2 of Chopin's 52 mazurkas, and 1 of his nocturnes are in this key, though he seems to have liked the related key C-sharp minor better. Scriabin's Piano Sonata No. 3 is also in this key, and the 3rd movement of Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" Piano Sonata is too.

Both Reger's and Tippett's second string quartets are in this key, and so is Shostakovich's seventh string quartet.

Scales and keys

References 

 A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in Bob's Poetry Magazine, III.3 , 2006.

Musical keys
Minor scales
A major or A-flat major is a major scale that starts on A-flat.

Its relative minor is F minor and its parallel minor is A-flat minor.

This is a very peaceful key. It was used often by Franz Schubert. Twenty-four of Frédéric Chopin's piano pieces are in A-flat major, more than any other key.

Charles-Marie Widor considered A-flat major to be the second best key for flute music.

Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works. This was also followed by Antonín Dvořák in his only C minor symphony and Anton Bruckner in his first two C minor symphonies. 
Since A-flat major was not often chosen as the main key for orchestral music of the 18th century, passages or movements in the key often kept the timpani tuned the same way as they were in the movement before it. For example, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor has the timpani set to C and G for the first movement. With hand-tuned timpani, there is no time to retune the timpani to A flat and E flat for the slow second movement in A flat. In Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor, however, the timpani are retuned between the first movement in C minor and the following in A-flat major.

Edward Elgar's Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major is probably the best-known symphony in that key. Arnold Bax's last symphony is also in the same key. A-flat major is the major key with the most flats that Domenico Scarlatti used in his keyboard sonatas, though he used it only twice– in K. 127 and K. 130. Felix Mendelssohn and John Field each wrote one piano concerto in A-flat.

Scales and keys

References

Musical keys
Major scales
F minor is a minor scale based on F. The harmonic minor raises the E to E.  Its key signature has four flats.

Its relative major is A-flat major, and its parallel major is F major.

F minor is a key that people often link with passion. Some famous pieces in the key of F minor are Beethoven's Appassionata Sonata, Haydn's Symphony No. 49 in F minor, La Passione, and Vivaldi's The Four Seasons.

In the Baroque period, music in F minor was usually written with a three-flat key signature. Some modern printings of such music keeps it written that way.

Notable songs
Adele - Hello
Máni Svavarsson - We Are Number One

Notable compositions
String Quartet No. 11, Op. 95 "Serioso" – Ludwig van Beethoven
Violin Concerto L'inverno, RV 297, Op. 8, No. 4 – Antonio Vivaldi
Piano Sonata No. 23, Op. 57 (Appassionata) – Ludwig van Beethoven
Fantasia in F minor – Franz Schubert
Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49 – Frédéric Chopin
Harpsichord Concerto No. 5, BWV 1056 – Johann Sebastian Bach
Ballade No. 4, Op. 52 – Chopin
Piano Quintet, Op. 34 – Johannes Brahms
Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 21 – Chopin

E-sharp minor

The enharmonic equivalent of F minor is E-sharp minor. It is a minor scale based on the musical note E♯. Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp.

Other websites

Musical keys
Minor scales
C-sharp minor or C minor is a minor scale based on C. Its key signature has four sharps.

Its relative major is E major, and its parallel major is C-sharp major.

Classical music in this key 
There are very few symphonies written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he later rewrote it in C minor. Another two are Mahler's Symphony No. 5 (though only the first movement is in C-sharp minor, and the finale is actually in D major) and Prokofiev's Symphony No. 7. Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 2 is also in C-sharp minor.

This key occurs more often in piano music. Domenico Scarlatti wrotetwo keyboard sonatas in C-sharp minor, K. 246 and K. 247. But after Beethoven's famous Moonlight Sonata, the key became more popular for piano. Beethoven used this key again in the outer movements of his String Quartet No. 14 (Op. 131, 1826). However, Johannes Brahms rewrote his C-sharp minor Piano Quartet to be published as Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 60. One of the most famous pieces in this key is Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu. Other works include Chopin's Nocturnes  No. 7 (Op. 27, No. 1) and No. 20 (Op. posth.), and his "Raindrop" Prelude in D-flat major (Op. 28, No. 15). Waltz in C sharp minor (op.64 No.2) is another well known musical piece from Chopin that uses this particular key (along with D flat minor key). Another very famous example of a work in C sharp minor is Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C-sharp minor (Op. 3, No. 2).

References 

Musical keys
Minor scales
B minor or B-flat minor is a minor scale based on B-flat. Its key signature has five flats.

Its relative major is D-flat major, and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is A-sharp minor.

B-flat minor is often seen as a "dark" key." Tchaikovsky said that the oboe solo in B-flat minor in the second movement of his Symphony No. 4 was "the feeling that you get when you are all alone".

The old valveless horn could not play easily in B-flat minor. In fact, the only example found in 18th century music is a modulation in the first minuet of Franz Krommer's Concertino in D major, Opus 80.

In classical music
Frédéric Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2, Nocturne Op. 9 No. 1, and Scherzo No. 2
Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Sonata No. 2
Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 13
Peter Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1
Peter Tchaikovsky's Marche Slave
Sir William Walton's Symphony No. 1In popular music
"Part-Time Lover" – Stevie Wonder
"Cannonball (Damien Rice song)" - Damien Rice
All eight songs on The Raveonettes' Whip It On'' album are in the key of B-flat minor. Sune Rose Wagner said it was "Because Shostakovich's symphony no. 13 was in B flat minor."

References

Musical keys
Minor scales
B major is a major scale based on B. Its key signature has five sharps.

B major's relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major.

The key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three "lines" of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A where it looks like it should be, next to the sharp for G, would mean that a ledger line would have to be used. In the bass clef it would be possible to do this without a ledger line, but because sight reading is easier when both staves look the same, it is not usually done in piano music. In the alto clef, used in orchestral music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two "lines" of sharps.

Although B major is usually thought of as a "far away" key because it has many sharps and is quite far from C major in the circle of fifths, Frédéric Chopin thought that it was the easiest scale of all to play, as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well. Because of this, it was often the first scale he taught to beginning piano students, leaving the scale of C major till last because he thought it was the hardest to play.

While B major is not too difficult to play on keyboard instruments and guitar, the key of C-flat major is easier when writing music for the harp, as it is that instrument's home key.

Musical keys
Major scales
E minor or E-flat minor is a minor scale based on E-flat.  Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative major is G-flat major, and its parallel major is E-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is D-sharp minor.

This key is not used much in orchestral music, and usually only to modulate. It is used in some keyboard pieces and has been most popular in Russian pieces. If piano music in this key must be arranged for orchestra, some people recommend transposing it into D minor or E minor.

In book 1 of the Well-Tempered Clavier by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following Fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor.

One of the few symphonies written in this key is Prokofiev's Symphony No. 6. A few other Soviet composers also wrote symphonies in this key, such as Eshpai, Janis Ivanovs (fourth symphony Atlantis, 1941), Ovchinnikov and Myaskovsky. Rachmaninov's "Elegie", Op. 3 No. 1 is in E-flat minor, as is his Études-Tableaux Op. 39 #5. These pieces are noted for being dark and mysterious, a mood this key has. This mood is shown even in the later jazz music "'Round Midnight" and "Take Five", which are also in the key.

The second movement to Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony has a long orchestral and choral introduction in E-flat minor. The dark orchestral introduction to Beethoven's only oratorio, Christ on the Mount of Olives, is also in this key.

Scales and keys

References
A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in Bob's Poetry Magazine, III.3 , 2006.

Musical keys
Minor scales
F-sharp major is a major scale based on F-sharp. Its key signature has six sharps.

Its relative minor is D minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is G major.

Use of this key
This key is not used often in orchestral music except to modulate. It is used more often in piano music, like Scriabin's sonatas. When piano music in this key needs to be arranged for orchestra, sometimes it is better to change it to F or G major. If F-sharp major needs to be used, transposing instruments in B flat should have their music written in A-flat major, not G-sharp major.

The Presentation of the Rose scene in Act Two of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier is written in F-sharp major.
F-sharp major is the key of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 78, of Chopin's Barcarolle, of Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, of Mahler's unfinished Tenth Symphony, Erich Korngold's Symphony Op. 40, and Scriabin's Fourth Sonata.

In a few scores, the F-sharp major key signature in the bass clef is written with the sharp for the A on the top line.

References

Musical keys
Major scales
D-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D .  For the harmonic minor, the C is raised to C.  Its key signature has six sharps.

E-flat minor is its enharmonic equivalent.  Its relative major is F-sharp major, and its parallel major is D-sharp major. This is usually replaced by E-flat major, because D-sharp major's two double sharps make it impractical to use.

Since D-sharp minor and its enharmonic equivalent both have key signatures of six accidentals, neither one is clearly used instead of the other. For example, using the melodic minor version of D-sharp minor on the harp is very difficult. The B-pedal can be set to the sharp position, but there is no double-sharp position to set the C-pedal at. In Book I of The Well-Tempered Clavier, Bach chose to write the eighth prelude in E-flat minor but the accompanying fugue in D-sharp minor. (In Book II, Bach wrote both the eighth Prelude and Fugue in D-sharp minor.)

Music written in this key is considered very difficult to read, which means that little music was written mainly in this key in the Classical era. E-flat minor is easier for many brass instruments and woodwinds.

The most famous work in this key is Scriabin's famous Etude Op. 8, No. 12. Russian composer Lyapunov must also have liked the key because he wrote the second etude of his Op. 11 set in the key, and also fifteen years later his Variations on a Russian Theme, Op. 49.  His early Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 4 was also in the enharmonic key of E-flat minor.

In a few scores, 6-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line. This is not done often, because it is different from the treble clef.

This key is not used often in orchestral music, but is used more in keyboard music. When arranging this piano music for orchestra, some people recommend transposing the music to D minor or E minor. If D-sharp minor must be used,  B-flat wind instruments should have their parts written in F minor, rather than E-sharp minor.

Scales and keys 

Musical keys
Minor scales
A-flat minor is a minor scale starting on A.  Its key signature has seven flats.

Its relative major is C-flat major, and its parallel major is A-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor.

A-flat minor is rarely used as the main key of a piece of music. 
More often, pieces in a minor mode that have A as the tonic are written in the enharmonic key, G-sharp minor, because it has a simpler key signature.  Because of this, there are few works in A-flat minor.

In some scores, the A minor key signature in the bass clef is written with the flat for the F on the second line from the top.

In classical music 
 The Funeral March in Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 12, Op. 26
 An early section of the last movement of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 31, Op. 110 (although the key signature of this section uses only 6 flats, not 7)
 Johannes Brahms's Fugue for organ (c. 1857)
 Max Bruch's Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra, Op. 88a (although at least one two-piano transcription of this uses a 6-flat signature, similarly to the Op. 110 Beethoven example)
 the Evocación from Book I of Isaac Albéniz's Iberia
Isaac Albéniz's La Vega (c. 1897)
 Leoš Janáček uses it for his violin sonata and the organ solo of his Glagolitic Mass.
 Moritz Moszkowski used it for his piano étude, opus 72 number 13.

 Also Polonaise in A-Flat Minor, Chopin

In popular music
A-flat minor is also used in Frederick Loewe's score to the 1956 musical play My Fair Lady; the Second Servants' Chorus is set in A-flat minor.

Another example of popular music in A-flat minor is Walkin' on the Sun by Smash Mouth.

Scales and keys

Other websites
 Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

References

Musical keys
Minor scales