cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
is the designation of an object seen orbiting Saturn just beyond the farther part of the F ring on 21 June, 2004. It was first seen by Carl Murray of the Cassini Imaging Science Team in pictures taken by the Cassini-Huygens probe on June 21, 2004, and announced on September 9, 2004.

Even though later astronomers tried to find it again, it has not been reliably seen since. Notably, an imaging sequence covering an entire orbital period at 4 km resolution taken on 15 November, 2004 failed to find the object. This suggests that it was a clump of material that had disappeared by that time.

Another object, , was seen nearby 5 hours later, but this time just inside the F Ring. Because of the different location of the second object, it was given a fresh designation, although their interpretation as a single object on a F-ring crossing orbit is also possible. Such an object might also be orbiting at a bit different inclination to the F ring, thereby not actually passing through the ring material even though it was being seen both radially inward and outward of it.

If a solid object after all,  would be 3−5 km in diameter based on brightness, and might be a shepherd satellite for the farther edge of Saturn's F ring.

References

Other websites
 Cassini-Huygens press release about discoveries around the F ring in 2004 
 Cassini-Huygens Multimedia: The Clump/Moon Mystery September 5, 2005 (images of the clumps and/or moons seen around the F ring by Cassini cameras)

Saturn's moons
is the designation of an object that astronomers do not know for sure if it exists seen orbiting Saturn within the closer part of the F ring on 21 June, 2004. It was seen while J. N. Spitale was trying to confirm the orbit of another object,  that was seen 5 hours earlier just on the farther edge of the F ring. The announcement was made on September 9, 2004.

Even though astronomers tried to find it again, it has not been reliably seen since. Notably, an imaging sequence covering an entire orbital period at 4 km resolution taken on 15 November, 2004 failed to find the object. This suggests that it was a clump of material that had disappeared by that time.

An interpretation where S3 and S4 are or were a single object on a F-ring crossing orbit is also possible. Such an object might also be orbiting at a bit different inclination to the F ring, thereby not actually passing through the ring material even though it was being seen both radially inward and outward of it.

If a solid object after all,  would be 3−5 km in diameter based on brightness.

References

Saturn's moons
is the designation of a dusty object seen orbiting Saturn very close to the F ring. It is not clear whether it is only a clump of dust, or if there is a solid small moon at its core.

It was first seen by scientists in pictures taken by the Cassini-Huygens probe on October 28, 2004, and announced on 8 November that year. It appears to be the best tracked object in this area with at least five possible sightings in the period till late 2005. In comparison, two objects in the F ring's area ( and ) that were first seen months earlier have not been found again with any confidence. Nevertheless, it continues to be unclear whether there is a solid core to  or whether it is just a dust clump that will disappear in years or months. Notably, an imaging sequence covering an entire orbital period at 4 km resolution taken on 15 November, 2004 (soon after 's discovery) failed to find the object, while it has been seen again later. The lighting conditions in 's part of the orbit were different during these two sightings, however, with the discovery being made when the area was strongly backlit by the sun. A suggested resolution of the absence in November is that 's visibility is primarily due to a diffuse cloud of fine dust that is much brighter in forward scattered light (the conditions of the discovery image), and that the solid core (if any) is small.

 has been seen both inside and outside the main F ring, and its orbit must cross the ring. Careful calculations show that the object periodically plows through the ring material, coming within 1.5 km of the densest core e.g. on 9 April, 2005. It has been suggested that a spiral structure in the thinnest material around the F ring may have been a result of this.

The dusty halo seen in pictures is big, being around 2000 km in lengthwise extent. The solid object, if any, would be no bigger than 3−5 km in diameter based on brightness.

References

Saturn's moons
Eric Stark Maskin (born December 12, 1950) is an American economist. In 2007, he won the Nobel Prize in Economics with Leonid Hurwicz and Roger Myerson. He is the Albert O. Hirschman Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, and a visiting Professor at Princeton University.

Life story
Maskin was born in New York City, New York on December 12, 1950, to a non-religious Jewish family, and grew up in Alpine, New Jersey. He graduated from Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey in 1968, and then studied at Harvard University where he received his A.B. and Ph.D. After he got his Ph.D., Maskin went to the University of Cambridge in 1976 where he was a research fellow at Cambridge College.  He taught at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1977-1984 and from 1985-2000 at Harvard, where he was the Louis Berkman Professor of Economics. In 2000, he moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

He has studied a wide range of subjects in economic theory, such as game theory, the economics of incentives, and contract theory. He is particularly well known for his work on mechanism design/implementation theory and dynamic games.  His current research projects include comparing different rules for elections, the causes of inequality and studying coalition formation. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Econometric Society, and the European Economic Association, and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He was president of the Econometric Society in 2003.

Software patents 
Maskin suggested that software patents make new inventions difficult. Software, semiconductor, and computer industries have made many inventions in the past when patent laws have been weak, he argued. "In the 1980s when patent protection was extended to software," wrote Maskin. "Arguments predicted that productivity should have increased among patenting firms."  Maskins ideas that this would not happen were correct. "These increases did not occur."

References

Other websites 
Webpage from Institute for Advanced Study, School of Social Science 
Profile in The Daily Princetonian 
Nash Equilibrium and Welfare Optimality 

1950 births
Living people
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Educators from New York City
Roger Bruce Myerson (born 29 March 1951) is an American economist and co-winner, with Leonid Hurwicz and Eric Maskin, of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory." He has made contributions as an economist, as an applied mathematician, and as a political scientist.

Biography
Roger Myerson was born on March 29, 1951 to a Jewish family. He attended Harvard University, where he received his A.B., S.M. (1973), and Ph.D. (1976), all in applied mathematics. From 1976 to 2001, he was a professor of economics at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management. Currently, he is the Glen A. Lloyd Distinguished Service Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago.

Contributions 
Among his scientific contributions to game theory and mechanism design, the following are noteworthy:
 "Graphs and Cooperation in Games," Mathematics of Operations Research 2 (1977), 225-229.
 "Two-Person Bargaining Problems and Comparable Utility," Econometrica 45 (1977), 1631-1637.
 "Refinements of the Nash Equilibrium Concept," International Journal of Game Theory 7 (1978), 73-80.
 "Incentive Compatibility and the Bargaining Problem," Econometrica 47 (1979), 61-73.
 "Optimal Auction Design," Mathematics of Operations Research 6 (1981), 58-73.
 "Mechanism Design by an Informed Principal," Econometrica 51 (1983), 1767-1797.
 "Two-Person Bargaining Problems with Incomplete Information," Econometrica 52 (1984), 461-487.
 "Bayesian Equilibrium and Incentive Compatibility," in Social Goals and Social Organization, edited by L. Hurwicz, D. Schmeidler, and Hugo Sonnenschein, Cambridge University Press (1985), 229-259.

He wrote a general textbook on game theory in 1991, and has also written on the history of game theory, including his review of the origins and significance of noncooperative game theory.

Myerson has worked on economic analysis of political institutions and written several major survey papers:
 "Analysis of Democratic Institutions: Structure, Conduct, and Performance," Journal of Economic Perspectives 9:1 (1995), 77-89.
 "Economic Analysis of Political Institutions: An Introduction,"  Advances in Economic Theory and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, volume 1, edited by D. Kreps and K. Wallis (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pages 46–65.
 "Theoretical Comparisons of Electoral Systems," European Economic Review 43 (1999), 671-697.

His recent work on democratization has raised critical questions about American policy in occupied Iraq.

Books by Professor Myerson
Myerson has published the following books:
 Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict, Harvard University Press, 1991.
 Probability Models for Economic Decisions, Duxbury Press, 2005.

References

Other websites 
Webpage at the University of Chicago
ABC News Chicago video interview
The scientific background to the 2007 Nobel prize: Mechanism Design Theory

1951 births
Living people
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
American political scientists
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Boston, Massachusetts
Educators from Boston, Massachusetts
A wizard, magician, sorceror or sorceress is a fictional or mythical person who uses magic. This ability to use magic may be due to innate ability, training, or both. Wizards are often depicted as having a special connection to supernatural beings, such as gods or fairies, or as such supernatural beings themselves.

Merlin from the Arthurian legends is one of the most well-known wizard characters.

Wizards have been portrayed as both evil and good. Dumbledore (from the Harry Potter series) and Gandalf (from Tolkien's Middle Earth) are fictional examples of "good" wizards. Voldemort and Saruman are corresponding examples of "evil" wizards.

Wizards are often depicted as old men with long, flowing beards, and wearing a large-brimmed hat, a thick cloak and holding a staff. This may be due to descriptions of Odin the Wanderer, a god from Norse mythology who often disguised himself thus, in order to pass through the lands of men unnoticed.

Wizards, when they are named thus, are almost always portrayed as male, but some fictional or mythical female characters seem to play the same role, sometimes as a foil character to a male wizard or other character. Notable examples include Morgan le Fay from Arthurian legends, and Circe from Greek mythology.

Nowadays, the term "wizard" is also used for someone whose accomplishments are due to unusual skill or creativity. Thomas Edison, the noted American inventor, was nicknamed "the Wizard of Menlo Park."

Related pages
Witch
Witchcraft

Magic (paranormal)
Warp drive (also called warp technology) is hypothetical technology created in science fiction. It is a way of moving objects faster than the speed of light. There are many examples of how this idea is used. A well-known one is found in the Star Trek universe, where faster-than-light travel is needed to tell the story.

Current technology does not allow anything or anyone to go at, or faster than, the speed of light. Unless the current theories are proven wrong, this will always be true. However, warp technology as a fictional idea has been an interesting way of shaping the story line to let spaceships move at speeds greater than 186,000 miles per second (speed of light through a vacuum - the known limit of speed in the universe).

Warp technology, as the name implies, 'warps space' in effect bringing a destination closer by bending space rather than the traditional 'thruster' means of propelling a spacecraft at high speeds.

Warp technology allows ships to move at warp speed. In the Star Trek universe, for example, the measurement of the speed that the spaceship is moving is called the warp factor. However, thrusters and impulse power propel spaceships at sub-light speed. Warp factor 1 is equal to the speed of light. The speed ranges up to warp factor 9.99. In some circumstances Star Trek spaceships can go faster than warp 10, although rare.

Most of that is pure science fiction, and no solid evidence has been produced of a true "warp drive" on a large scale.

In the field of Quantum Mechanics physicists have produced tiny wormholes, but they don't warp space time in the same way the "warp drive" concept does, rather they connect two separate points of spacetime through quantum entanglement.

Also, there seems to be a lack of clarity as to what a warp drive is because some argue with a warp drive we would travel at incredible speeds, however if the concept is to warp gravity and "fold" it in on itself then it's not speed that's traveled but rather distance that was removed.

References

Star Trek
Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (September 19, 1813–July 18, 1890) was a German-American astronomer, and one of the first to find asteroids. 

He was born in Schleswig-Holstein, then part of Denmark but later part of Germany, and later studied under Carl Friedrich Gauss. He spoke many languages and spent time in Italy and Ottoman Turkey before going to the United States in 1854.

Working at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York (near Utica), he was a good finder of asteroids, finding 48 of them, beginning with 72 Feronia in 1861 and ending with 287 Nephthys in 1889.

He was involved in litigation in 1889 with his old assistant Charles A. Borst, and the "Great Star-Catalog Case" Peters v. Borst went before the Supreme Court of New York. The judge sided with Peters, but many astronomers and newspapers sided with Borst. Peters died not long after the trial end. After his death, the judgement was ultimately reversed on appeal and a new trial was ordered, but it never took place.

Besides asteroids, he co-found the Periodic comet 80P/Peters-Hartley, and also found different nebulae and galaxies.

Other websites
 Biography

American astronomers
German astronomers
1813 births
1890 deaths
World Games are international competition in several sports since first edition in 1981.

Official sports and disciplines 

Cross Country
The Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of peace treaties, the Treaty of Osnabrück and the Treaty of Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III Habsburg, the other German princes, Spain, France, Sweden and representatives of the Dutch Republic. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of the overall accord.

Locations
The peace negotiations were held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50 km apart from each other, in the present day German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Sweden had favoured Osnabrück due to its Protestant background, France chose Münster due to its Catholic background. In any case two locations were required because Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet each other. The Catholics used Münster, while the Protestants used Osnabrück.

Results 
Spain accepted the independence of the Dutch Republic.

The power which Ferdinand III had taken for himself against the  Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped. That  meant that the rulers of the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.

All parties would now recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism.
Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. 

There were also territorial adjustments.

Related pages

Eighty Years' War
Thirty Years' War

Other websites
Treaty Text  
Treaty Text (Yale University)
Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text) 
Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text) 

1648
Diplomacy
Treaties
Eighty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
1640s in Europe
Holy Roman Empire
Münster
Osnabrück
Protestant Reformation
May events
October events

hu:Harmincéves háború#A vesztfáliai béke
Flanimals is a children's and adults' book written by comedian Ricky Gervais. The book was illustrated by Rob Steen. It has 35 different characters described as species of animal which form an imaginary world.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Pictures from the book in the BBC website
 Flanimals on Ricky Gervais's site
 Flanimals on Rob Steen's site 
 Faber and Faber  - UK publisher of all the 'Flanimals' books
 Flanimals on MySpace

2004 books
Children's books
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is a bus which runs on electricity. It gets its power for the electric motors that drive the wheels from a pair of power lines above the street.

On the roof of the bus are two "trolley poles" from which electric current flows between the wires and the bus. One wire is for the positive current and the other is for the negative (return) current.

Because trolleybuses do not usually have engines which burn diesel or other fossil fuels, they are much cleaner and quieter than "normal" buses. They also do not use tracks, so they are more flexible than trams. But as these buses often cannot run without power from the wires, their range is still limited compared to ordinary buses.

Trolleybuses cost more money to make than other types of buses, so there are not many companies that build this type of bus. Some of these companies are:
VanHool
MAN
Hess
Solaris
 Škoda Electric
Neoplan
Volvo

Buses
Van Hool is a Belgian company, which builds buses. It was founded in 1947 by Bernard Van Hool.

The headquarters are in Koningshooikt (Antwerp).

They have got 15 different buses for the city. 9 of them have got a normal engine, 4 have got an engine that works with gas, and 2 buses have got an electric engine, they are called Trolleybus.
List of all types of Low-Floor-Bus (Citybus):
A 308
A 320
A 300
A 360
A 330
AG 300
AG 500
AGG 300

A 300 CNG (gas engine)
A 320 CNG (gas engine)
A 330 CNG (gas engine)
AG 300 CNG (gas engine)

A 300 T (Trolleybus)

AG 300 T (Trolleybus)

Also they have got 13 different kinds of coachbuses.
List of all types of coachbuses:
913 CL
915 CL
915 TL
T 911 Alicron
T 915 Alicron
T 915 Acron
T 917 Acron
T 917 Astron
T 916 Altano
T 917 Altano
T 918 Altano
TD 924 Astromega
TD 927 Astromega

References

Other websites 
 Website of VanHool

Transport companies of Europe
Bus transport
Companies of Belgium
Antwerp (province)
is a 2001 anime movie directed by Hayao Miyazaki. It was first released in Japan. The movie was a success, and went on to win an Academy Award for animation.

Based on 153 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes, it is the second-best animated movie, having a 97% rating on the site.  The movie occupies the rank of #60 on the IMDb Top 250 Movies list as of December 2008.  The Anime Critic gave it a 4 and 1/2 out of five stars.

Plot 
Chihiro Ogino and her parents are trapped in a spirit world, when they arrive. Chihiro meets a young apprentice named Haku, who tells him that she  must return to the human world. Chihiro meets Yubaba, the owner of the bathhouse and Haku's master. Yubaba allows Chihiro to stay by having her sign a contract, causing her name to change into Sen. After days of working and solving past memories, Chihiro returns to the normal world, after her parents reverted into humans.

Soundtrack listing

Original soundtrack listing

Image album track listing 
  by Umi (3:54)
  by Joe Hisaishi (4:25)
  by Shizuru Otaka (3:55)
  by Tsunehiko Kamijō (3:56)
  by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)
  by Monsieur Kamayatsu (3:41)
  by Rieko Suzuki and Hiroshi Kondo (3:49)
  by Joe Hisaishi (3:22)
   by Rikki (3:33)
  by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Spirited Away at Metacritic
 Spirited Away at Rotten Tomatoes
 Spirited Away at SparkNotes 
 Spirited Away at the Japanese Movie Database 

2001 movies
Japanese movies
Anime
Studio Ghibli
Movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Rachel Hannah Weisz (born 7 March 1970) is an Academy Award-winning English actress; she is also a fashion model. She became famous after her roles in the Hollywood movies The Mummy and The Mummy Returns, and has since continued appearing in major movie roles.

She is of Jewish descent.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

References

Other websites 

 
 

1970 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Jewish British actors
Jewish models
Models from London
Deborah Sampson was a woman who dressed as a man, so that she could join the American soldiers in the Revolutionary War. The Revolutionary War was a war between Great Britain and the thirteen original colonies. Deborah Sampson came from a poor family. She worked as an indentured servant from the age of eight to the age of eighteen. She worked for no pay for a family, but that family let her study with and spend time with their sons.

Sampson wanted to serve in the war against the British, but the American Army would only take men. She dressed as a man, and she got into the Continental Army. She went by the name of Robert Shurtleff. 
She later got married. She worked as a teacher. She also spoke in public about her experiences in the war.

During her time in war she went to extremes to keep her identity a secret. She once got slashed in the head by an enemy, yet bandaged it up herself. She also got shot in the leg twice. But, in order to not let people find out who she was, she pulled the bullets out of her own leg. In war, she collapsed from fever. She went to the hospital because of it and this is where her peers and boss found out about her being a woman.

Even if she lied to get into the army, her bravery was recognized and she was honored by her General and Congress as well.

In books 
 Alma Bond and Lucy Freeman, America's First Woman Warrior: The Courage of Deborah Sampson
 Susan Casey, “Women Heroes of the Revolution"
 Samuel Willard Crompton, “Deborah Sampson"
 Ann McGovern and Katherine Thompson, The Secret Soldier: The Story Of Deborah Sampson

References

1760 births
1827 deaths
American revolutionaries
People from Massachusetts
Groundskeeper Willie is a fictional character in the long-running cartoon show The Simpsons.

Role in The Simpsons 
Willie works at Springfield Elementary as the head janitor or groundskeeper. He is portrayed as an angry Scotsman. He shows some hate towards Principal Skinner and Bart Simpson. He lives in a shack in the grounds of Springfield Elementary.

The Simpsons characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1991
Hans Luther (10 March 1879 – 11 May 1962) was a German politician. He was a Chancellor of Germany. a law of July 1925 extended workmen's compensation coverage to all accidents from and to places of work, and vocational care was introduced that same month. In addition, a decree of May 1925 established compensation for occupational diseases.<ref>

Luther was born in Berlin and started in politics by becoming a town councillor in Magdeburg. From 1918 to 1922 he was mayor of Essen.

In 1922 he became government minister of food and agriculture, and in 1925 Minister of Finance.

From January 1925 to May 1926 he was Chancellor. During a brief period he was also acting President.

Luther ran the Reichsbank from 1930 to 1933 and later became ambassador to the United States from 1933 to 1937.

References

1879 births
1962 deaths
Bankers
Chancellors of the Weimar Republic
Ambassadors of Germany
German lawyers
German mayors (Weimar Republic)
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Berlin
Presidents of the Weimar Republic
A crossover (CUV) is a marketing term for a vehicle that is built on a car platform. The term was first used in 1996 by Toyota for its new RAV4. CUVs mix some of the features of SUVs and station wagons or hatchbacks. They frequently use unibody construction typical of many cars. A crossover usually uses a light-duty all-wheel drive. Unlike SUVs (which are usually four-wheel drive), crossovers are generally capable of only light off-road use. Examples of crossovers include Ford Explorer and Hyundai Santa Fe. Crossovers have begun to replace minivans (a market that has been dwindling in the U.S. since 2005), as well as compact and mid-sized SUVs.

Advantages
CUVs have three advantages over SUVs:
 CUVs are often lighter than SUVs and therefore offer better fuel efficiency.
 CUVs are lower to the ground than SUVs, are safer, and have better road handling.
 CUVs are generally cheaper to produce.

References

Other websites
 SUV vs. Crossover: What?s the Difference?
 Here Come the Crossovers

Land vehicles
Automobile body styles
"Du gamla, du fria" (pron. [dʉː ˈɡâmːla dʉː ˈfrîːa] "doo GAHM-lah doo FREE-ah"; en. 'Thou ancient, thou free'), originally titled "Sång till Norden" ('Song to the North'), is the Swedish title and incipit of a 19th-century patriotic song which serves as the de facto national anthem of Sweden – it is therefore unofficial. The lyrics (words) were written by Swedish jurist and antiquarian Richard Dybeck in 1844, and its melody is based on a traditional folk tune which was later rearranged by Swedish composer and librarian Edvin Kallstenius nearly a century later.

Unlike Norway's national anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet", the Swedish anthem has not been made official yet—the Swedish constitution has yet to mention a national anthem.

Lyrics and translation

References

Other websites
Listen to this song

National anthems
Swedish music
The Gospel of Mark is a book of the Bible. It is the second book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew even though it may have been written before it. The writer is believed to have been John Mark, a friend of Simon Peter, who was one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus. 

The four gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospel of Mark moves quickly, and the story shows how much Jesus worked during his short 3-year ministry. Mark's gospel tells many things about Jesus which are also found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.  Matthew, Mark and Luke are called "Synoptic gospels" for this reason. 

Most scholars date Mark AD 65-75. It is thought to be the first of the gospels to be written.  Mark's gospel may have been written with Gentiles in mind.  It gives the meaning of some of Jesus' words in Greek that would have been known to Jews but not to other people.  Mark's leaves out many details in the other gospels, such as the stories about the birth of Jesus.  He includes many stories of Jesus doing miracles, more than any other Bible writer.

In telling about the arrest of Jesus to be crucified, the book mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards, but who slipped out of his robe and got away.  Some think this young man was Mark himself, since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.  If it was Mark, means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw him crucified and come back to life after three days. 

The last chapter of Mark has some verses after verse 8 that may not have been part of the original gospel, as they are missing is some early hand written copies of the book.  However, they give further information about what Jesus said after his resurrection. These sayings  are similar to what the other gospels record.

Related pages

 Jesus 
 Bible 
 Christianity

References

 

2
New Testament books
The Gospel of Luke is a book of the Bible. Like the other gospels, the Gospel of Luke tells the stories of the life and teachings of Jesus. It is the third and longest book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark. The gospel is believed to be written by Luke, who was a friend of the Apostle Paul. 

Luke was a doctor. He wrote his gospel for a man he calls 'most excellent Theophilus' (1:3). Luke wrote another book which is fifth in the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles which tells what Jesus' disciples did after his rise back to Heaven.

Unlike the gospel writers Matthew, Mark and John, Luke was probably not Jewish but was Greek. He wrote the gospel mainly for non-Jewish people, (who were called Gentile by the Jews). Luke wrote to prove that Jesus is the Son of God. Luke's gospel contains many similar stories of Jesus. He tells more about the Virgin birth of Jesus than the other gospel writers.

Related pages

 Jesus 
 Bible 
 Christianity 
 Christmas
 Emmaus

3
New Testament books
The Gospel of John is a book of the Bible. It is one of the four "gospels" at the beginning of the New Testament. The four gospels tell the life of Jesus. The Gospel of John is the fourth book of the New Testament, after the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

In the gospel, it is says that the book was written by "the disciple whom Jesus loved".  It is believed that John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee, wrote the gospel. He was probably the youngest of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. John lived a long life and was imprisoned on the Island of Patmos in his old age. He also wrote the last book of the New Testament, called the "Book of Revelation". 

The Gospel of John tells many of the stories of Jesus' life that are in the other three gospels, but also contains a lot of different information. The Gospel begins by calling Jesus "the Word" (the Communication of God). It says "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God." In John's Gospel, the writer shows that Jesus was part of God, who came to live among humanity so that they could "hear His voice" and have the power to become true "children of God". 

According to the gospel, the accounts are written so that the reader "may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in His name". (TNIV; John 20:31)

The book follows a pattern.  There are seven "signs" leading up to the raising from the dead of Lazarus (this anticipates the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discussions, leading up to Thomas saying that the risen Jesus is "my Lord and my God" 

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote the Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

In popular culture 
The phrase "born again" comes from the third chapter, and was the title of a book by Chuck Colson who was a lawyer for President Nixon but after being in jail became a prison reformer.   The phrase was used later for any person who had a dramatic change in their life. 

Chapter 3, verse 16 is perhaps the best known verse in the entire New Testament.  "For God loved the world so much that He gave his only son (Jesus), so that whoever believed in Him, would not die but live forever". This verse was searched on the internet by millions of people after Tim Tebow, an American football player wrote "Jn 3:16" on his face in an important football game.

Related pages

 Jesus
 Bible
 Christianity

References

 
 

4
New Testament books
Moe Szyslak is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria. He is the bartender of Moe's Tavern. He speaks with a rough voice.

Role in The Simpsons 
Moe is the owner and only worker at Moe's Tavern. On some occasions he has had temporary help. The most notable of these occasions being in "Homer the Moe". His two most loyal customers are Barney Gumble and Homer Simpson.

Other websites

The Moe Szyslak File  at The Simpsons Archive
 

The Simpsons characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
The First Epistle to the Corinthians, or the First Letter to the Corinthians, is a long letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth.

Paul wrote to the Corinthian church for a number of reasons.  He realizes the church at Corinth is divided and explains that although himself and a few disciples had helped start the church, the church was really headed by Christ Jesus Himself.  "I planted the seed, Apollos watered it, but God has been making it grow." (TNIV) 

Paul scolds the church members there for sexual immorality and asks for these immoral people to be thrown out of the church.  

He gives instructions for marriage, against worshipping worthless idols (idolatry), for spiritual gifts like prophecy. Paul praises the superior way of love and urges the church to be united.  

At the end, Paul states that the resurrection of Christ is true.  He supports it with testimonies from "more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters" and it is this very truth which makes certain the believers will have eternal life.

Finally Paul tells of his plans to visit the Corinthians, and that Timothy, his co-worker, is coming to their church very soon.

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Alan Kuo () is a Taiwanese rock singer and actor.

Biography
Alan is the son of the late Taiwanese stuntman-actor Blackie Ke. For his father, he wrote two songs, each in one of his albums in the same number of track. Wake Up and I Miss You, these two songs shows his relationship with his father, how much his father had changed him. Before actually starting to receive the chance to release his first album he went through a lot of hard work. First of all, he started from a guitar, up to writing songs and lyrics. When he first entered Alpha Music, Jay Chou told him that he should know how to write his own songs, so that people would want to listen to his music, influenced by this Alan began writing his own songs. Secondly, he wrote more than hundreds of songs just to make the world hear his voice. For this purpose, Alan Kuo’s music director requires him to edit and edit his songs, every year, every month, every week, and every day. He kept on working on his songs for perfection. Finally, he edited his songs and made new songs in the 6 years of preparation, just for the best 12 songs for all the people anticipating for his music. In the meantime, during the 6 years of hard work for his first album, his courage was being challenged, his father died of an accident, but it did not stop him. In fact he continued going after his first album, trying to show us how hard he worked and especially to show his father in heaven. As a result, on 8/19/2005, Alan Kuo’s first album came out with 12 songs that rocked the listeners, the music that shows you the 6 years of hard work and effort he gave on his music, Alan Kuo. In 2007, Alan changed his Chinese name from 柯有倫 to 柯有綸. It still has the same pronunciation though.

Filmography

TV series
 Sonic Youth
 Y2K+01
 Mars
 Sweet Relationship
 K.O 3an Guo

Movies
 Life Express
 The Legend Of Wisely
 About Love

Other websites
 TFL.ORG APPROVED ALAN KUO FANLISTING.  
 ALAN in SONY MUSIC
 Alan Kuo in YesAsia

1981 births
C-pop singers
Living people
Singers
Songwriters
Taiwanese actors
Taiwanese singers
Cleotha Lemon, Jr. (born August 16, 1979 in Greenwood, Mississippi) is an American football quarterback. He currently plays for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He started playing in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens in 2002. Lemon played for the San Diego Chargers from 2003 to 2005. He then played for the Miami Dolphins until the 2007 season. He played college football at Arkansas State.

1979 births
Living people
African American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Baltimore Ravens players
Sportspeople from Mississippi
The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced schisms into multiple denominations.

History 
The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

Form of doctrine 
Reformed doctrine is expressed in various texts]. Some of them are used by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. Some of the confessions still commonly in use are (with year of writing):
 French Confession (1559),
 Scots Confession (1560), 
 Three Forms of Unity
 Heidelberg Catechism (1563), 
 Belgic Confession (1566), 
 Canons of Dordrecht (1619), 
 Second Helvetic Confession (1566)
 Westminster Standards 
 Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)
 Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)
 Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)
 Baptist
 London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689)

Form of governance 
Reformed churches have two main forms of ecclesiastical polity:
 Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of ordained officers.
 Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregationalist churches

Other websites 
 World Communion of Reformed Churches
 * World list of Reformed Churches
 Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
 Leben, a journal of Reformed Life
 Reformed Online - Comprehensive resource

Calvinism
The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the most important confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. The Augsburg Confession is normative to all Lutheran Churches everywhere and in all times. It is also one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530.

Other websites 

 The Augsburg Confession (1530) in Latin with a parallel English translation and with notes on the differences in the 1540 edition; from Philip Schaff's Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
 The Roman Confutation (1530) , in an English translation, compares each articles of the confession to Catholic beliefs.
 An Orthodox Response - Summary of Orthodox Patriarch Jeremias II's letter of 15 May 1576, in which he compares each article of the confession to Orthodox Christian beliefs.

1530
Augsburg
Protestantism in Germany
History of Germany
Lutheranism
Protestant theology
Christian creeds
16th-century works
Brainin (Брайнин, also Brainen, Brajnin, Braynen, Breinin) is Russian-Jewish surname. It may refer to:

Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher, 1905–1996), Austrian poet and translator
Danny Brainin (?–), movie actor (Xtro, Yentl, Street Smart)
David Brainin (1905–1942), French painter and dancer, died in Auschwitz
Elisabeth Brainin (1949), Austrian psychoanalyst and scientific writer
Fritz (Frederick) Brainin, (1913–1992) Austrian/American poet
Grégoire Brainin, (Moineau, 1933) French poet and philosopher
Harald Brainin (1923–2006), Austrian poet and writer
Jerome (Jerry) Brainin (1916–2000), American jazz composer, the author of a song "The Night Has a Thousand Eyes"
Max Brainin (1909–2002), Austrian/American commercial graphic artist and violinist
Norbert Brainin (1923–2005), Austrian/British violinist, the founder of Amadeus Quartet
Peter Brainin (?–), American saxophonist and jazz composer
Reuben Brainin (1862–1939), Hebrew publicist, biographer and public figure
Risa Brainin (?–), American theater manager
Simon Brainin (1854–?), Russian/American physician and public figure
Teodor Brainin (1905–?), Russian movie actor, the most known movie: Benya Krik (1926)
Valeri Brainin (1948), Russian/German musicologist, music manager and poet

Other spellings:

Bob Brainen (?–), American DJ (WFMU Radio)
Raymond Breinin (1910–2000), Russian/American painter and designer
Zofia (Sofie, Sophie) Röhr-Brajnin (1861–1937), Polish/German soprano
Norbert Brainin (March 12, 1923 in Vienna – April 10 2005 in London) was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most famous string quartets.

Because of Brainin's Jewish origin, he was driven out of Vienna after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938, as were the violinist Siegmund Nissel and violist Peter Schidlof. Brainin and Schidlof met in a British internment camp.  Like many Jewish refugees who came to the UK for safety, they became "aliens" and were kept in confinement.

Brainin was made free after a few months, but Schidlof stayed in the camp, where he met Nissel. Finally Schidlof and Nissel were freed, and the three of them were able to study with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. It was through Rostal that they met cellist Martin Lovett, and in 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet, which was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948.

The Amadeus was one of the best-known quartets of the 20th Century, and its members were given many honours, including: 

The Order of the British Empire, presented by the Queen.
Doctorates from the Universities of London, York, and Caracas.
The highest of all German awards, the Grand Cross of Merit.
The Austrian Cross of Honour for Arts and Sciences.

The quartet stopped playing together in 1987 after Schidlof died, because the others thought that no other violist would fit in to the group so well.  Norbert Brainin continued to perform as a soloist, often performing with pianist Günter Ludwig.

His instruments included the "Rode" Guarnerius del Gesu of 1734, the "Chaconne" Stradivarius of 1725 and the "Gibson" Stradivarius of 1713.

Other websites 
 Martin Lovett remembering Norbert Brainin 

1923 births
2005 deaths
Austrian Jews
British violinists
Jewish British musicians
Musicians from Vienna
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Refugees from Nazism
The Amadeus Quartet was a world famous string quartet founded in 1947. First violin - Norbert Brainin, second violin - Siegmund Nissel, viola - Peter Schidlof, cello - Martin Lovett.

Violinists Norbert Brainin, Siegmund Nissel and  Peter Schidlof were forced to leave Vienna for London because of their Jewish origin after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938. When World War II broke out they were sent to internment camps because they were "enemy aliens" (foreigners from a country that Britain was fighting against).  The three violinists met up in camp and spent a lot of time playing music together.  Soon they were set free because they were "distinguished artists" (actually they were unknown at the time). They studied with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. Another student of Rostal was Suzanne Rozsa, who was married to the cellist Martin Lovett.  Peter Schidlof changed to playing the viola, and they played string quartets together.  In 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet.  Nissel then thought of the name "Amadeus Quartet".  He thought it sounded better than calling the group by the name of the first violinist.  The quartet was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948 (Amadeus was one of Mozart's names).

The group gave its first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London on Jan. 10, 1948. They were soon performing in concerts, festivals and masterclasses all over the world.  The quartet made about 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W. A. Mozart. They also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet especially for them).

The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century.

They had always agreed that if one of them became ill or died, the quartet would not play with any other person.  The quartet stopped playing in 1987 after the death of the violist Peter Schidlof.

Norbert Brainin died in 2005 and Siegmund Nissel in 2008.

More information 

Muriel Nissel, Married to the Amadeus: Life with a String Quartet, [], Giles de la Mare Publishers Limited
'The Amadeus Forty Years in Pictures and Words' compiled by Suzanne Rozsa-Lovett available from beares1@btconnect.com

References
 Siegmund Nissel; Obituary: The Independent, 26 May 2008 p. 33

String quartets
Partisan Review was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937.  It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv.  It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to New Masses, the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin.  Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture.  Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94.  The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.

In 1949, Partisan Review awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Classic stories and articles first published in Partisan Review:

 Saul Bellow's "Two Morning Monologues"
 two of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets"
 Leslie Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag’in, Huck Honey"
 Clement Greenberg's "Avant-Garde and Kitsch"
 George Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys"
 Delmore Schwartz's "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
 Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool"
 Susan Sontag's "Notes on "Camp""

Bibliography
Bloom, Alexander, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World, Oxford University Press, 1986.

Other websites
 http://slate.msn.com/id/2081610 
 http://chronicle.com/free/2003/04/2003041603n.htm
 Partisan Review online Archive 1996–2003 

American magazines
Recherswil is a municipality in the district Wasseramt, in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Stade is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the seat of the district which is named the same as the city . The city was founded in 994 when it was called "Stethu". A city on the banks of the Lower Elbe it became an important market town, and a port. It was given a town charter in 1209. From 1645 to 1712, the Stade was controlled by Sweden, who made it an important military town. On May 26, 1659, the "Great Fire" destroyed more than half the city.

References

Towns in Lower Saxony
Hasselt is a small city seven km north of Zwolle city, in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 7,400 people were living there in 2021.

Hasselt was also a municipality. In 2001, it became a part of the new created municipality of Zwartewaterland, of which Hasselt is the seat.

Hasselt got city rights in 1252, and joined the Hanseatic League about 1350.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Former municipalities of Overijssel
Zwartewaterland
A chain letter is a message that tries to cause the person who gets it to make copies of the letter and then pass them on to as many people as possible. A chain letter can be a type of meme. Common ways used in chain letters include stories that make the recipient feel sorry for the person, get-rich-quick pyramid schemes, and the use of superstition to threaten the recipient with bad luck, physical violence or death if he or she "breaks the chain" and does not follow the instructions given in the letter.

E-mail
Postal service