cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Freemasonry is an organization of people who believe in brotherhood and helping others. Its members are known as "Freemasons" (in full: "Ancient Free and Accepted Masons", or simply "Masons"). Freemasons also help one another in times of hardship. Freemasonry can be found all over the world in various forms. About 6 million people are Freemasons.

The local groups in various countries are known as "lodges". At the State or National level are "Grand Lodges". These are independent of each other. "Regular" Freemasonry is only for men, but there are also co-ed Masonic lodges (and lodges for only Women) that are not recognized as legitimate by the "regular" groups. All of these lodges believe in "brotherly love, relief and truth". They do work for charities such as running schools for orphaned children. There is a Royal Masonic Hospital which is a home for old members and their families.

The word mason means a construction worker who works with stone. He is also called a "stonemason". Freemasonry grew from the groups (guilds) of stonemasons in the Middle Ages. These men were building cathedrals and other big buildings. They were called freemasons because they were free, they were not servants who belonged to a rich lord, like many workers were in those days. They often changed jobs and moved from one town to another. In this way they were different from other craftsmen who often worked in one place and had guilds in one town. The stonemasons tried to keep their skills secret so only they knew how to do their job. This is probably why the Freemasons have hand shakes and passwords that they swear to keep secret.

About 1650, Masons' guilds started to let people who were not masons into their guilds. In 1717, the first Grand Lodge (the Grand Lodge of England) was formed. It developed into the governing body of Freemasonry in England. In 1813, it merged with a rival and is now called the United Grand Lodge of England.

Freemasonry is controversial and has been opposed. The Anti-Masonic Party (1827-34) was important in early American politics.  The Catholic Church opposes Freemasonry, although Freemasonry itself does not block Catholics. Political authorities also sometimes oppose it. Nazi Germany and Eastern Bloc nations outlawed freemasonry.

References
War of the Worlds is a 2005 movie that has Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning as the main people. It was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the H. G. Wells novel The War of the Worlds.

Plot 

Ray Ferrier's home town in New Jersey is attacked by alien tripods that were buried underneath the ground. He is then forced to flee the city with his two children and make it to Boston where his ex-wife is located.

2005 movies
2000s science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies based on books
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies set in New York
Movies set in Boston, Massachusetts
English-language movies
2000s apocalyptic movies
James "Jimmy" Calderwood (born 28 February 1955) is a former professional footballer and current manager of Scottish club Aberdeen F.C.

In August 2017, Calderwood revealed that he has had Alzheimer's disease.

References

1950 births
Living people
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
People with Alzheimer's disease
Willem II (football club) managers
Germany's Next Topmodel (also known as GNTM) is a television show hosted by supermodel Heidi Klum. The first cycle (season) was in 2006. The 8th cycle finished showing in May 2013.

Overview
A group of girls are chosen to live together for a few weeks and compete to become Germany's Next Topmodel. Each week, one girl is asked to leave because she is not good enough to stay in the competition and become a top model. The last three/four girls are in the finale. The winner is then chosen with help of the group of judges. There have been 8 cycles of the show so far.

Judges

Current judges:
Heidi Klum - the main judge, she is a supermodel
Thomas Hayo
Enrique Badulescu

Previous judges:
Armin Morbach
Bruce Darnell - a runway coach
Boris Entrup
Peyman Amin - an agent of the modelling agency IMG
Rolf Scheider - a casting director

Cycles

References

2006 television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
German television series
Top Model television series
2006 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Germany
Gordon David Strachan OBE (born 9 February 1957 in Edinburgh) is a retired Scottish football player, and is now a football manager.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1974/75||rowspan="3"|Dundee||Division One||1||0
|-
|1975/76||Premier Division||23||6
|-
|1976/77||Division One||36||7
|-
|1977/78||rowspan="7"|Aberdeen||rowspan="7"|Premier Division||12||2
|-
|1978/79||31||5
|-
|1979/80||33||10
|-
|1980/81||20||6
|-
|1981/82||30||7
|-
|1982/83||32||12
|-
|1983/84||25||13

|-
|1984/85||rowspan="5"|Manchester United||rowspan="5"|First Division||41||15
|-
|1985/86||28||5
|-
|1986/87||34||4
|-
|1987/88||36||8
|-
|1988/89||21||1
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="7"|Leeds United||rowspan="2"|Second Division||11||3
|-
|1989/90||46||16
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|First Division||34||7
|-
|1991/92||36||4
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Premier League||31||4
|-
|1993/94||33||3
|-
|1994/95||6||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Coventry City||rowspan="3"|Premier League||5||0
|-
|1995/96||12||0
|-
|1996/97||9||0
243||68
383||70
626||138
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1980||7||1
|-
|1981||2||0
|-
|1982||8||0
|-
|1983||9||1
|-
|1984||2||0
|-
|1985||5||0
|-
|1986||6||2
|-
|1987||2||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||2||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||5||1
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
!Total||50||5
|}

References 

1957 births
Living people
People from Edinburgh
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Craig William Levein (born 22 October 1964 in Dunfermline) is a Scottish former professional footballer and current football manager. Levein currently manages Scottish Premier League club Hearts where he is also the Director of Football. During his playing career he played for Cowdenbeath F.C., Heart of Midlothian and won 16 caps for the Scotland national team.

1964 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
People from Dunfermline
John Hughes (born 9 September 1964 in Edinburgh) is a former Scottish professional football player. He is currently manager of Falkirk.

References

1964 births
Living people
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
Aalst is a municipality found in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, its population was 77,790.

It is found at 50° 56 North, 04° 02 East.

References 

Municipalities of East Flanders
Aartselaar is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 14325 people lived there.

It is at 51° 08 North, 04° 23 East.

References 

Municipalities of Antwerp
Baarle-Hertog is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is an Belgian exclave located in the Dutch province of North Brabant.

In 2007, 2337 people lived there.

It is at 51° 26 North, 04° 55 East.

References 

Municipalities of Antwerp
Exclaves
Bernissart is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 11513 people lived there.

It is at 50° 28 North, 03° 39 East.

References 

Municipalities of Hainaut
John McEnroe (born February 16, 1959) is an American retired tennis player. He became a professional in 1978. From 1986 to 1994, he was married to actress Tatum O'Neal.

He grew up in Douglaston, Queens, New York City. He is thought of as one of the best tennis players of all time. He was once ranked number 1 in the world. He won three times at Wimbledon and four times at the U.S. Open. He is remembered for getting angry at the umpire very easily and his rivalries with players such Björn Borg. He is probably also famous for his "You cannot be serious!" rant directed to an umpire in 1981 at Wimbledon.

References

1959 births
American game show hosts
American male tennis players
American television talk show hosts
French Open champions
Living people
People from Wiesbaden
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
The Hours is a 2002 Anglo-American drama movie. It is based on Michael Cunningham's novel The Hours. Nicole Kidman, Julianne Moore, and Meryl Streep play the main characters.  It was picked for nine Academy Awards and won one, Best Actress for Kidman.

Plot
The movie is about three women living in different times. The first is bipolar novelist Virginia Woolf (Kidman) trying to write the novel Mrs Dalloway in Richmond, Surrey in 1923. The second is Laura Brown, a housewife in California in 1951 who is reading the novel. The third is Clarissa Vaughan, who lives in New York City in 2001 and tends to a gay poet named Richard. He often calls her "Mrs. D" or "Mrs. Dalloway" in reference to the novel. The movie moves from one character to another many times and each character is shown for a similar amount of time.

Woolf struggles to write her novel. Her hand shakes and she cannot write well. The movie begins with her suicide where she fills her pockets full of rocks and drowns herself in the river Ouse in Sussex. In flashback, it shows her difficulty writing. Her sister Vanessa Bell comes over. Woolf is very fascinated when her niece Angelica finds a dead bird. Woolf kisses her sister very hard when she leaves. Finally, she tries to go to the train station and tells her husband Leonard that she would rather go back to the city than live in the countryside.

Laura is depressed and does not like her life. She makes a cake with her son for her husband and does it again when the first one does not come out right. Her friend Kitty is going to a doctor; something is wrong with her. Finally, she takes her son Richie and leaves him at a babysitter and rents a hotel room. She starts reading the book and then we see what it is through her mind – she suddenly imagines that there is a lot of water coming up, like she is drowning.

Vaughn is hosting a party for Richard to celebrate something. She spends a lot of time preparing food and decorations for the party. In the end, however, Richard kills himself by jumping out of the window.

Other websites
 
 

2002 drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
Bipolar disorder in fiction
British drama movies
British LGBT movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
HIV/AIDS in movies
LGBT drama movies
Miramax movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in California
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1950s
Paramount movies
Suicide in movies
Linux distributions (often abbreviated as distros) are made of the Linux kernel and a collection of applications.  The operating system will be made up of the Linux kernel and, usually, a set of libraries and utilities from the GNU project, with graphics that come from the X Window System. Distributions that are made to be small may not contain big window systems full of features like KDE or GNOME, but use small window systems like busybox, uclibc or dietlibc. There are more than three hundred Linux distributions.  Most of those are in still in development, being improved and changed constantly.

History 
Before the first Linux distributions, a Linux user needed to be a Unix expert, knowing what libraries and executables that were needed to get the system to boot and run.

Linux distributions started to form after the Linux kernel was starting to be used by people outside the original Linux programmers. They were more interested in creating the operating system than making it user-friendly.

Early distributions included: 

 H J Lu's "Boot-root" a two disk pair with the kernel and the absolute minimal tools to get started.
 MCC Interim Linux, which was made available to the public for download on the FTP server of University of Manchester in February, 1992;
 TAMU, created by individuals at Texas A&M University about the same time, and 
 SLS (Softlanding Linux System). 
 Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X, created the first CD-ROM based Linux distribution.

SLS was not well-maintained, so Patrick Volkerding created a distribution based on SLS, which he called Slackware; released July 16, 1993. This is the oldest being developed.

People who used computers wanted to use Linux distributions as replacements to Microsoft Windows operating systems on the PC, Mac OS on the Apple Macintosh and proprietary versions of Unix.

Package management 
Distributions are normally split into packages. Each package has a certain application or service. Examples of packages include a collection of fonts, or a web browser.

The package is usually given as compiled code, with installation and removal of packages done by a package management system. 
Linux distributions usually contain much more software than Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X.

Popular distributions 
Well-known Linux distributions include: 	 

 Debian	 
 Arch	 
 Fedora 
 Gentoo
 Knoppix, a Live CD 
 Mandriva
 openSUSE
 PCLinuxOS 
 Slackware
 Ubuntu

Tools for choosing a Linux distribution
There are tools available to help people make the decision easier.

Screenshots of common distributions
A few screenshots of common distributions just after installation :

Related pages
 List of Linux distributions
 Live CD

References

Other websites 
 Distribution Reviews
 Hardware support by Linux distribution 
 Linux Distribution Chooser  by Zegenie Studios
 The Linux Mirror Project Download Linux Distributions over BitTorrent
Bajaur () is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. Smallest of the agencies in FATA, it has a hilly terrain. According to the 1998 census, 595,227 people lived there. It borders Afghanistan's Kunar Province.

 Barang Tehsil
 Charmang Tehsil
 Khar Bajaur Tehsil
 Mahmund Tehsil
 Salarzai Tehsil
 Nawagai Tehsil
 Utmankhel (Qzafi) Tehsil

Agencies of Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Bajaur District is a district in Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. Until 2018, it was an agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, then during restructuring that merged FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it became a district. According to the 2017 census, the population of the district is 1,093,684. It borders Afghanistan's Kunar Province with a 52 km border. The headquarters of the agency administration is located in the town of Khaar.
Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani Pashtuns, and there are their main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utmankhel, Tarkalanri as well as a small population of Safis. The Utmankhel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. Gujar are also present.
Kurram or Karam () tribal agency is in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) area of Pakistan. Until the year 2000, when divisions were abolished, Kurram District used to be part of the Peshawar Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

The Kurram River drains the southern flanks of the Safed Koh mountain range, and enters the Indus plains north of Bannu. It crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad, and joins the Indus near Isa Khel after a course of more than 320 km (200 miles). The district has an area of 3,310 km² (1,278 sq. miles); the population according to the 1998 census was 448,310. It lies between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the Bangash,Mangal para-Chamkani, orakzai and Turis, a tribe of Turki and Pathan origin. The language of the tribes is Pashto, the majority of the people is sunni but a minute number of Shia community are inhabited too

It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan.

The Kurram River crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad and in ancient times offered the most direct route to Kabul and Gardez, but the route crossed the Peiwar Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of Parachinar, which was blocked by snow for several months of the year.

 Lower Kurram Tehsil
 Upper Kurram Tehsil
 Kurram F.R. Tehsil

Agencies of Federally Administered Tribal Areas
North Waziristan () is the northern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11 585 km² (4,473 mi²). It comprises the area west and south-west of Peshawar between the Tochi river to the north and the Gomal river to the south, forming part of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Miran Shah is capital of North Waziristan and (FATA). The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lies immediately to the east. The region was an independent tribal territory from 1893, remaining outside of the British empire and Afghanistan. Tribal raiding into British territory was a constant problem for the British, requiring frequent punitive expeditions between 1860 and 1945. The region became part of Pakistan on independence in 1947.

Related pages
 Ghulam Khan Tehsil
 Mir Ali Tehsil
 Miran Shah capital city (Tehsil)
 Razmak Tehsil

Agencies of Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Miranshah () is a town in North Waziristan Agency and the capital city of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). in Pakistan. It houses a large refugee camp for displaced Afghans from the time of the Soviet war in Afghanistan. It is otherwise not  a very notable place, with few amenities or comforts.

Capital cities in Pakistan
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
The National Football League (NFL) playoffs are a single-elimination tournament that happen at the end of the 16-game regular season. The team who  wins all these playoff games are the NFL champion.

Other websites 
 Super Bowl History
Pro-Football-Reference.com - Large online database of NFL data and statistics.  Many of the game scores and records in this article can be found there.

National Football League
The 1981–82 NHL season was the 65th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The William M. Jennings Trophy made its debut this year as the trophy for the goaltenders from the team with the fewest goals against. The New York Islanders won their third straight Stanley Cup by beating the Vancouver Canucks in four games.

Prior to the start of the season, the divisions of the league were re-aligned to better reflect the locations of the teams. The Patrick Division, which had been in the Clarence Campbell Conference, switched to the Prince of Wales Conference, while the Norris Division went the other way, going from the Wales Conference to the Campbell Conference. This divisional alignment existed until the 1993-94 season, at which point both the divisions and the conferences of the league were renamed to reflect geography.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Finals
New York Islanders vs. Vancouver Canucks

New York wins the series 4–0.

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1981–82 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
 Jiri Bubla, Vancouver Canucks
 Garth Butcher*, Vancouver Canucks
 Bob Carpenter, Washington Capitals
 Gaetan Duchesne, Washington Capitals
 Ron Francis, Hartford Whalers
 Grant Fuhr, Edmonton Oilers
 Randy Gregg*, Edmonton Oilers
 Dale Hawerchuk, Winnipeg Jets
 Ivan Hlinka, Vancouver Canucks
 Tim Hunter, Calgary Flames
 Pelle Lindbergh, Philadelphia Flyers
 Al MacInnis, Calgary Flames
 Troy Murray, Chicago Black Hawks
 Bernie Nicholls, Los Angeles Kings
 Marian Stastny, Quebec Nordiques
 Thomas Steen, Winnipeg Jets
 Tony Tanti, Chicago Black Hawks
 John Vanbiesbrouck, New York Rangers

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1981–82 (listed with their last team):
 Don Marcotte, Boston Bruins
 Rogie Vachon, Boston Bruins
 Bill Clement, Calgary Flames
 Eric Vail, Detroit Red Wings
 Dave Keon, Hartford Whalers
 Paul Shmyr, Hartford Whalers
 Rick Martin, Los Angeles Kings
 Steve Vickers, New York Rangers
 Bob Dailey, Philadelphia Flyers
 Jimmy Watson, Philadelphia Flyers
 Don Luce, Toronto Maple Leafs
 Rene Robert, Toronto Maple Leafs
 Jean Pronovost, Washington Capitals

References

 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

1981 in the United States
1982 in the United States
These are lists of active and all-time National Hockey League (NHL) franchise post-season appearance, post-season series win, Stanley Cup Final and Stanley Cup streaks up to and including the 2017–18 NHL season and subsequent 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs. These lists do not include the canceled 2004–05 NHL season.

Longest active streaks

Post-season appearance streaks

A post-season appearance streak is continued by making the NHL playoffs in consecutive years after the regular season. Since the first round of the playoffs consists of 8 series, there will always be 16 teams in this list (of the 31 teams in the NHL).

Post-season series win streaks

This is a list of teams that have active post-season series win streaks. A post-season series win streak is continued by making the post-season and winning at least the first round series of the playoffs. Since the first round of the playoffs consists of 16 teams in 8 series, there will always be 8 teams in this list, the winners of those series.

Longest all-time streaks

Post-season appearance streaks

This section has been updated to include teams who appeared in the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs.

1 The Bruins' 29 consecutive is the second longest post-season streak in North American major professional sports history, and the longest of the "Big 4".  This compares to the CFL's Edmonton Eskimos 34 consecutive, the NBA's Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers 22 consecutive, the MLB's Atlanta Braves 14 consecutive, the MLS' LA Galaxy 10 consecutive, and the NFL's 9 consecutive shared by two teams.
2 The nickname of the Chicago team was the "Black Hawks" for the majority of the streak – 17 of the 28 seasons. They were renamed the "Blackhawks" in 1986.
3 The Montreal Canadiens only missed the playoffs once – by a tie-breaker – in the 46 seasons from 1948–49 to 1993–94. In the 1969–70 season, they tied for fourth and last playoff spot with the New York Rangers, but were eliminated on total goals scored tiebreak (they scored 244 goals to New York's 246).
4 Includes 5 seasons as the Atlanta Flames (1975–76 through 1979–80), and 11 seasons as the Calgary Flames (1980–81 through 1990–91)
5 The Edmonton Oilers streak is the longest run from the NHL debut of a franchise, starting from the first year they were in the NHL (1979–80); although they aren't included in the NHL streak, they also made the WHA playoffs the preceding 4 seasons (1975–76 through 1978–79), for a streak of 17 consecutive playoff appearances in major professional hockey.
6 Includes 1 season as the Quebec Nordiques (1994–95), and 10 seasons as the Colorado Avalanche (1995–96 through 2005–06)
7 No post season occurred in 2005 due to the season long NHL lockout.

Post-season series win streaks
Consecutive seasons with at least one series victory.

Stanley Cup Final appearance streaks

Stanley Cup win streaks

1 Not the current Ottawa franchise. This franchise, an original member of the NHL, folded following the 1934–35 NHL season after playing one year as the St. Louis Eagles.

References

Franchise post-season appearance streaks
Franz Xaver Süßmayr (also spelled Süssmayr, born Schwanenstadt, Austria, 1766; died Vienna,  17 September 1803) was an Austrian composer.  He is often remembered for finishing Mozart’s Requiem which Mozart had not finished when he died.

His father was a sacristan and teacher. His mother died when he was 6, and he left home at 13. He went to Kremsmünster to study in a Benedictine monastery. When his voice changed, he became a member of the orchestra as a violinist.

The abbey performed operas and Singspiele, so he had the opportunity to study the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck and Antonio Salieri. He composed a number of stage works and a good deal of church music for the abbey.

After 1787 he became a student of Salieri in Vienna. In 1792 he also became the vice-director and composer at the Kärntnertortheater.

He helped Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  by copying out the music for La clemenza di Tito and Die Zauberflöte in 1791.   In the same year Mozart died.  He had not finished composing his  Requiem.  Süssmayr finished composing it and handed the completed work to Constanze, Mozart’s widow.

He composed Singspiele (German operas with spoken dialogue), and became Kapellmeister at the National Theater  From this time until 1800, he was very successful and popular on the Viennese music scene. However, he became ill with tuberculosis and had to stop work.  He died three years later in 1803.

1766 births
1803 deaths
Austrian composers
Classical era composers
Catch Me If You Can is a 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.  It talks about the four years that Abagnale was a con artist.  Abagnale sold the rights to make a movie before writing the book.  He wrote the book with a person named Stan Redding. The movie Catch Me If You Can was released in 2002.

1980 books
Autobiographies
Maronites (, transliterated: Mawārinah, , ) are members of one of the Syriac Eastern Catholic Churches, with a heritage reaching back to Maron in the early 5th century. The first Maronite patriarch, John Maron, was appointed in the late 7th century. Although reduced in numbers and estimated to have lost their status as a majority in Lebanon itself. Today, Maronites remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.

Before the conquest by Arabian Muslims reached Lebanon, which resulted in the Arabization of both those who would become Islamized and those that would remain non-Islamized, the Lebanese people, including Maronites, spoke a dialect of Aramaic, but have been Arabic-speaking since at least the 15th century. Syriac however, still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church.

References

Lebanon
Eastern Catholicism
Pantomime (often called panto) is a kind of theatre entertainment usually performed around Christmas and the New Year in Britain and a few other English-speaking countries.  It must not be confused with mime (acting with gestures but no speech). It is known for its comedy and audience participation. Pantomimes are usually meant for children-however they can be directed at adults.

History

A pantomimos in Ancient Greece used to be an entertainment performed by a solo dancer.  In the Middle Ages a form of theatre developed called Commedia dell'arte.  This was similar to a pantomime.  They told a story which had certain fixed characters: the lovers, the father, the servants etc.

The pantomime first arrived in England as a short entertainment (entr'acte) between opera pieces.  Eventually it became a separate show.

The pantomime today

Today the pantomime is traditionally performed at Christmas.  It is a show for children, but grownups like it as well.  Usually a well-known story is told, e.g. Cinderella, Jack and the Beanstalk, Pinocchio, The Three Little Pigs, Puss in Boots, The Musicians of Bremen, Little Red Riding Hood and Goldilocks and the Three Bears and Snow White etc.  There is a lot of spoken dialogue but there are also songs, and sometimes the audience join in.  There are many traditions in pantomime.  These are some of the main ones:

The main young man in the play (the principal boy) may be played by a young woman, and usually in tight-fitting male clothes (such as breeches).
An older woman (the pantomime dame – often the hero's mother) is usually played by a man dressed as a woman.
Risqué (double entendre) jokes, meaning that perfectly ordinary words make people think of a naughty (sexy) meaning. Often the children do not understand these jokes. The jokes are intended for adults.
The audience take part (audience participation).  For example, they call "look behind you!" (or "he's behind you!"), and "Oh, yes it is!" or "Oh, no it is not!" The audience is always encouraged to "Boo" the villain, and "Awwwww" the poor victims, such as the rejected dame, who usually fancies the prince.
A song combining a well-known tune with different words.
The animal, played by an actor in "animal skin" or animal costume. It is often a pantomime horse or cow, played by two actors in a single costume, one as the head and front legs, the other as the body and back legs.
The good fairy always enters from stage right and the evil villain enters from stage left. In Commedia dell'arte the right side of the stage symbolized Heaven and the left side symbolized Hell.
The members of the cast throw out sweets to the children in the audience, or choose a few to come on stage and ask them questions.
Sometimes the story villain will squirt members of the audience with water guns or pretend to throw a bucket of "water" at the audience that is actually full of something harmless such as streamers.
Sometimes the comedy is slapstick, e.g. the actors throw custard pies in one another's faces.
Sometimes there is a celebrity guest star.

Related pages
Mime

Mimes
Comedy
Michael Collins (October 31, 1930 – April 28, 2021) was an American astronaut and test pilot. He was the pilot of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon.

Air force pilot 
Collins went to the United States Military Academy. After training, he joined the United States Air Force. He flew F-86s at Chambley-Bussieres Air Base, France. He got into the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960. He tried to get into the second astronaut training group but he was not accepted. He did get into the third group.

Astronaut 
Collins joined the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963. He had 2 space flights. His first spaceflight was in Gemini 10. With John Young they joined up in space with two different spacecraft. Collins also did two space walks. 

His second space flight was in Apollo 11 where he was the command module pilot. While he kept going around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the lunar surface. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.

Later life and death 
Collins left NASA in 1970. He took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs during the Richard Nixon presidency. A year later he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum. He did this job until 1978. He then became the undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of LTV Aerospace. He left in 1985 to start his own business.

He was married to Patricia. They have three children: Kate, Ann and Michael, Jr. Kate is an actress, best known for her role as Natalie Marlowe Dillon in the daytime television drama All My Children.

Collins died of cancer in Naples, Florida on April 28, 2021 at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
Cancer deaths in Florida
American astronauts
American aviators
Apollo astronauts
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American autobiographers
Saturn V was the kind of launch vehicle used by NASA in a space program named after a god that ancient people liked (the Apollo program).  The Saturn V carried Apollo 11 and the people in it to the Moon in 1969.  Much of the rocket was planned by German engineer and scientist Wernher von Braun.  32 Saturn rockets were sent up to space, and the Saturn V was the largest.  15 Saturn V rockets were made and 13 were sent up to space. There were two Saturn V launches with no people in them, and the first manned Apollo flight using a Saturn V was Apollo 8 sent around the Moon on December 21, 1968.The Saturn V rocket was a three part machine. It stood  high and weighed . The first rockets were able to carry  . This was went up to  for the later Apollo flights. The first and second stages gave the power to lift the rocket off the Earth. The first and second stages each had five engines. The first stage burned kerosene and liquid oxygen together.  The other stages burned liquid oxygen with liquid hydrogen. 

The first stage engines burned for 168 seconds which was able to lift Apollo to a height of  and about  away from the launch pad.  The second stage burned for about 8 minutes to take Apollo through the upper atmosphere.  At this time it was going .

The third stage was used for 2 minutes and 30 seconds to put Apollo into an Earth orbit. This was at a height of  above the Earth. The third stage was started again and burned for 6 minutes to make the speed go up to  needed to send Apollo off to the Moon.

Related pages 
 Apollo program
 NASA

Notes

References

Other websites

NASA sites 
 Three Saturn Vs on Display Teach Lessons in Space History 
 Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
 Declassified 1964 NASA technical memo on Saturn Rockets Note that this is a large PDF file (61 Megabytes)
 Launch complex 39 facility description from 1966 (10 Megabyte PDF file)
 Exploring the Unknown Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program

Other websites 
 Apollo Saturn Reference Page
 Project Apollo Archive
 Apollo/Saturn V Development ApolloTV.net Video
 Saturn I-IVB Stage
 xkcd:Up Goer Five

Apollo program
Rockets
Wernher von Braun
Isaac is a person in the Abrahamic religions. He is described in the Bible.

It can also refer to other things:

People 
Isaac is a popular given name, generally in reference to the Biblical person. Some famous people named Isaac are:

Given name 
 Isaac Albéniz, composer
 Isaac of Antioch, 5th century Christian writer
 Isaac Asimov, writer
 Major-General Sir Isaac Brock 
 Isaac Brock (musician), lead singer of the band Modest Mouse
 Isaac Hanson, musician, guitarist of the band Hanson
 Isaac Hayes, singer
 Isaac Isaacs, politician
 Isaac Mizrahi, fashion designer
 Isaac (TV show), his eponymous TV show on the Style Network
 Isaac Newton, physicist
 Isaac of Nineveh, 7th century Christian writer
 Isaac Peral, Spanish scientist, sailor and inventor of the Peral Submarine 
 Itzhak Perlman, violinist
 Yitzhak Rabin, prime minister of Israel
 Yitzhak Shamir, prime minister of Israel
 Isaac Singer, inventor
 Isaac Bashevis Singer, author, photographer
 Isaac Slade, lead singer of the band The Fray]
 Isaac Smith (multiple people)
 Isaac Stern, violinist
 Isaac Watts, hymn-writer

Surname 
 Arthur Isaac, English cricketer
 Bobby Isaac, American racing driver
 Chris Isaak, American musician
 Glynn Isaac, South African archaeologist
 Ugonis, Henricus, Heinrich or Arrigo Issac or Ysaac,  Franco-Flemish composer
 John Isaac, English cricketer
 Luis Isaac, Puerto Rican baseball player
 Oscar Isaac, American actor
 Rhys L. Isaac, American historian
 Robert M. Isaac, mayor of Colorado Springs

Other meanings 
 Isaac, a main character in Nintendo's Golden Sun series.
 Isaac, a fictional country in the Fire Emblem video-game universe
 Isaac Mendez, fictional character from the television series Heroes
 ISAAC (cipher), a cryptographically secure number generator
 Sacrifice of Isaac (Caravaggio), two paintings by master artist Caravaggio depicting the Biblical scene of the binding of Isaac

Surnames
Given names
Ghent is a municipality and city in the Belgian province of East Flanders. In 2019, 262,219 people lived there.

It is at .

Ghent is known for its cultural landmarks and punk rock music industry.

Related pages 
 Treaty of Ghent

References
Halle is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 35108 people lived there.

It is at 50° 44 North, 04° 14 East.

References 

Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Hensies is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 6731 people lived there.

It is at 50° 26 North, 03° 40 East.

References 

Municipalities of Hainaut
Friedrich Rittelmeyer (5 October 1872 – 23 March 1938) was a German Protestant theologian. He was born in Dillingen an der Donau, Bavaria. From 1895 to 1922 he worked as a Lutheran pastor in Würzburg, Nuremberg and Berlin. In 1922 he became the founder (and leader up to his death) of The Christian Community, a christian denomination, inspired by anthroposophy. He died in Hamburg.

1872 births
1938 deaths
German Lutherans
German theologians
People from Bavaria
Christian ministers
Knesselare is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, the municipality was merged into Aalter.

In 2007, 7894 people lived there.

It is at 51° 08 North, 03° 24 East.

References 

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of East Flanders
Kruishoutem is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, Kruishoutem and Zingem were merged into the new municipality of Kruisem. In 2007, there were 8,152 people living there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 03° 31 East.

References

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of East Flanders
Leuven () or Louvain (, ; ) is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 91,942 people lived there.

It is at 50° 52 North, 04° 42 East.

Leuven hosts Belgium's biggest university - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. So, Leuven is very young populated city, and there were more than 45,000 students in Leuven in 2012.

Leuven also has a long history. The town hall in the city centre dates from the Middle Ages.

International relations

Twin towns/sister cities
Leuven is twinned with:
 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
 Kraków, Poland
 Lüdenscheid, Germany
 Rennes, France
 Tainan, Taiwan

Friendly relations
Aside from the aforementioned cities, Leuven has friendly relations with: 
 Cristian, Romania
 New Delhi, India
 Stellenbosch, South Africa

References 

Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Provincial capitals of Belgium
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryote cell. The term is also used of the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism. It describes the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics (cytology and genetics).

 

The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic (body) cells of an individual or a species is called the somatic number and is designated 2n. Thus, in humans 2n = 46. In the sex cells the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23).

So, in normal diploid organisms, chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes. Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies. The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as karyology. 

The chromosomes are depicted (by rearranging a microphotograph) in a standard format known as a karyogram or idiogram: in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. This may be used for many purposes; such as, to show genetic disease, what sex the animal is and its diploid number. In humans, cytologists have used karyotypes to help identify genetic abnormalities a baby might have before it is born.

Karyotypes may be studied to gather information about past evolutionary events, such as polyploidy.

Sex determination

References 

Chromosomes
Liège ( , , ;  ;  ;  ; ) is a city in Belgium. It is the cultural centre of the Walloon region of Belgium and the capital of the province of Liège. Liège is also seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. In 2007, 188,907 people lived there.

It is at 50° 38 North, 05° 34 East.

The first written trace of the city was found in 558 as Leodicum or Vicus Leodicus. From 717, Liege was made the seat of a bishopric and became a cultural centre in the Middle Ages. These bishops ruled the city as Prince-Bishops until the 1790s. In the French Revolution, the cathedral was damaged, partially burned down and then completely detroyed. In the 19th century, the city lived on coal-mining, steel industry and trade. The region was the second biggest economic center in Europe after the UK in the 19th century.

Today Liege is a major educational hub, with a university and many high schools. It is a crossing point in Europe, Liège has the second biggest inner harbour and the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe (Liège Airport). The city, that had a lot of problems since the 1970s because of the end of the steel industry and coal-mining, is now having a good economy thanks to the logistics and high tech industry (biotechnology, space industry, IT).

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the city of Liège
 Liège congrès 
 Christmas market of Liège
Lokeren is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 38276 people lived there.

It is at 51° 06 North, 03° 59 East.

References 

Municipalities of East Flanders
Lovendegem is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, Lovendegem, Waarschoot and Zomergem were merged into the new municipality of Lievegem.

In 2007, 9393 people lived there.

It is at 51° 05 North, 03° 36 East.

References 

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of East Flanders
Meeuwen-Gruitrode is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. On 1 January 2019, Meeuwen-Gruitrode and Opglabbeek were merged into the new municipality of Oudsbergen.

In 2007, 12611 people lived there.

It is at 51° 05 North, 05° 31 East.

References

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of Limburg
Neerpelt is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. On 1 January 2019, Neerpelt and Overpelt were merged into the new municipality of Pelt.

In 2007, 16156 people lived there.

It is at 51° 13 North, 05° 26 East.

References

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of Limburg
Nevele is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, the municipality was merged into Deinze.

In 2007, 11376 people lived there.

It is at 51° 02 North, 03° 33 East.

References 

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of East Flanders
Opglabbeek is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. On 1 January 2019, Meeuwen-Gruitrode and Opglabbeek were merged into the new municipality of Oudsbergen.

In 2007, 9718 people lived there.

It is at 51° 02 North, 05° 35 East.

References

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of Limburg
Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that contain only oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. They are made up of joined-up sugars. Sugars have the general formula Cm(H2O)n, and are also known as saccharides.

Certain carbohydrates are an important storage and transport form of energy in most organisms, including plants and animals.

Biochemistry 
There are four types of carbohydrates, named by the number of sugar molecules they contain.
 Simple saccharides with one or two sugar molecules
 Monosaccharides: single sugar e.g. glucose, fructose
 Disaccharides: two saccharides. e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose
 Longer chain saccharides:
 Oligosaccharides (shortish chains), often linked to amino acids or lipids. They play a special role in cell membranes.
 Polysaccharides (long chains) are complex carbohydrates, with linear chains of sugars or branched clusters. Their function is either energy storage (starch, glycogen) or building structures (cellulose, chitin).

Nutrition and foods 
Carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for the human body. Protein builds tissue and cells in the body. Carbohydrates are very good for energy, but, if a person eats more than needed, the extra is changed into fat through a process called de novo lipogenesis.

If necessary, humans can live without eating carbohydrates because the human body can change fats and proteins into carbohydrates through a process called gluconeogenesis. Some already stored glucose in the liver can be released through another process called glycogenolysis. People of some cultures eat food with very little carbohydrates, but they still remain healthy, such as the Inuits.

Research in the United States and Canada have shown that people get about 40% to 60% of their energy from carbohydrates (mostly from refined carbohydrates). The amount of energy needs may depend on the amount of physical work done by people: the harder the work, the more energy they need. The other need for energy is body temperature. Living in a cold climate means a person needs more energy.

Some foods (especially grains) have high levels of carbohydrates including wheat products (bread, pasta, potatoes, cereals), rice, etc.

References
Overpelt is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. On 1 January 2019, Neerpelt and Overpelt were merged into the new municipality of Pelt.

In 2007, 13581 people lived there.

It is at 51° 12 North, 05° 25 East.

References

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of Limburg
Perwez is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

In 2007, 7621 people lived there.

It is at 50° 37 North, 04° 48 East. It is 50.81 km² in size.

References 

Municipalities of Walloon Brabant
Puurs is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It includes the towns of Liezele, Ruisbroek, Breendonk and Puurs proper. There is also the hamlet of Kalfort. On 1 January 2019, Puurs and Sint-Amands were merged into the new municipality of Puurs-Sint-Amands.

In 2007, 16250 people lived there.

It is at 51° 04 North, 04° 16 East.

References 

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of Antwerp
Ranst is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 17948 people lived there.

It is at 51° 11 North, 04° 33 East.

References 

Municipalities of Antwerp
Retie is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 10485 people lived there.

It is at 51° 16 North, 05° 05 East.

The town is near the Dutch border and is in fact closer to the city of Eindhoven than Antwerp.

The official language of the area is Dutch, but many people especially in the hospitality industry speak English and French.

Services

Services are basic in Retie, some banks have branches including ING and AXA. Supermarket shopping is available. Bakeries in Retie are very good. Like most of Belgium the shops are generally closed on Sunday.

The Gemeente (local council) official website (in Dutch) is http://www.retie.be/

Places

There is a pretty town hall in the centre of the town, but unlike many Belgian towns it is not organised around a town square (well it is now just a large intersection) and therefore does not have the quaint village feel as many other small towns in this part of Belgium (for example Lommel, Mol).

The main attraction of the town is Prinsenpark - a public forest that is popular with families and walking/jogging groups. Dogs on leads are allowed. There are picnic tables and toilets.

References 

Municipalities of Antwerp
Sint-Amands is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It includes the towns of Lippelo, Oppuurs and Sint-Amands proper. On 1 January 2019, Puurs and Sint-Amands were merged into the new municipality of Puurs-Sint-Amands.

In 2007, 7819 people lived there.

It is at 51° 03 North, 04° 12 East.

Related pages
 More info about Oppuurs (page in Dutch)
 More info about Lippelo (page in Dutch)

References 

Former municipalities of Belgium
Municipalities of Antwerp