cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS is a scale that is used to measure the consciousness of a person. It was invented in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow.

GCS is used in evaluation of patients, especially in ICUs. This scale consists of three tests, which are described below. A score is given for each test, and the GCS score is calculated by adding the scores given to each test. The maximum score is 15, which means the patient is fully conscious. The minimum score is 3, and is usually seen in patients with brain death or those in deep coma.

Elements of the scale

The scale comprises three tests: eye, verbal (talking) and motor (movement) responses.

Best eye response (E)
There are 4 grades for this test:
 No eye opening
 Eye opening in response to pain (for example when his sternum is pressed firmly).
 Eye opening to speech (that is, when he is called).
 Eyes opening by himself (normally).

Best verbal response (V)
There are 5 grades for this test:
 No verbal response (not talking at all).
 Meaking meaningless sounds (that is, moaning but no words).
 Inappropriate words (like random speech, without being able to communicate correctly).
 Confused. (The patient responds to questions but there is some confusion).
 Oriented. (Patient responds appropriately to questions such as the patient’s name and age, where they are and why, the year, month, etc.).

Best motor response (M)
There are 6 grades for this test:
 No motor response (no movement at all).
 Extension in response to pain (decerebrate response: adduction, internal rotation of shoulder, pronation of forearm).
 Flexion in response to pain (decorticate response).
 Withdrawing from pain (pulling part of body away when pinched).
 Localizing to pain. (Purposeful movements towards the painful location).
 Obeys commands. (The patient does simple things he is asked to do).

References
 Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974,2:81-84. PMID 4136544.

Psychiatry
Medicine
Habsburg was a family of dukes, kings, and monarchs.  They were very important in European history.  They first ruled parts of Switzerland in the 13th century.  They ruled Austria, later Austria-Hungary for more than 600 years, and also sometimes owned Spain and the Netherlands.  They ruled the Holy Roman Empire from about 1280 to 1806.  They also ruled the Kingdom of Sardinia until the middle 19th century. 

A Treaty was made in Vienna in 1515 between the king of Poland and duke of Lithuania from the Jagiellon dynasty and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Austria from the Habsburg family. It said that if the kings of Bohemia and Hungary, (Jagiellons), were to die without male heirs the Duke of Austria would take over their territory.

End of the House 
The House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century. The senior branch ended when Charles II of Spain died in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. The mental and physical handicaps of Charles II were probably caused by inbreeding between relatives in the royal houses of continental Europe. Marriages of close relatives occurred for five generations before him. He was the son of Philip IV, who married his sister's daughter.

The remaining branch went extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and completely in 1780 with the death of his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine. The new successor house styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), although it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg.

The last empress was Zita of Bourbon-Parma. She died in Switzerland in 1989. She had ruled with her husband, Charles I of Austria, from 1916 to 1918.

References
Rhodesia (, ), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was a republic in Southern Africa during the Cold War. It was the region that is now called Zimbabwe. The country replaced the British colony of Southern Rhodesia.

Nomenclature 
The official name of the country under British law was "Southern Rhodesia", but the government in Salisbury used the name "Rhodesia" instead. This situation dated back to October 1964, when the colony of Northern Rhodesia changed its name to Zambia following independence,  so the colonial government felt that "Southern" Rhodesia should no longer be used because there was no "Northern" Rhodesia. However, Britain believed that only their government could change the colony's name and not the colony itself.

History

Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) 
The British government adopted a policy called no independence before majority rule, which dictated that colonies with a certain amount of white settlers would not become independent until they adopted a policy of majority rule. This had conflicted with the beliefs of the white minority Rhodesian Front, lead by Ian Smith, which believed that Rhodesia should become an independent country anyway. This continued until relations between the colony and the British government broke down in 1965.

On 11 November 1965, Smith's government issued a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom. Many countries condemned the UDI and the United Nations Security Council placed sanctions on Rhodesia.

Rhodesia sought international recognition as a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as "Queen of Rhodesia", but later severed it links to the British Crown by becoming a republic on 2 March 1970.

The Bush War 

As early as 1960, many African nationalists began to challenge Rhodesia's minority rule policies. In 1964, tensions boiled over and the Rhodesian Bush War began. On one side, the minority rule government, led by Ian Smith, hoped to keep the whites in power. On the other side, the ZANU-PF, led by Robert Mugabe, fought for majority rule. After about 15 years of fighting, the Lancaster House Agreement was signed which allowed majority rule. This led to Zimbabwe's independence.

References

States and territories established in the 1960s
History of Zimbabwe
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
1980 disestablishments
1960s in Africa
1970s in Africa
Megalosaurus was a large meat-eating theropod dinosaur of the Middle Jurassic of Europe. It was found in 1824, and was the earliest dinosaur named. In 1827, Gideon Mantell included Megalosaurus in his geological survey of southeastern England. He gave the species its name, Megalosaurus bucklandii. 

Because a complete skeleton of it has never been found, much is still unclear about its build. The first naturalists who investigated Megalosaurus thought it was a gigantic lizard of twenty metres length. In 1842 Richard Owen concluded that it was no longer than nine metres, standing on upright legs as a quadruped. 

Later it was realised that all theropods were bipedal. Today is known that the early proto-dinosaurs in the late Middle Triassic were also bipedal. Certainly Eoraptor, from 231.4 million years ago, was bipedal. That means the dinosaurs were bipedal from the start (primatively bipedal). Only the heavier sauropods and armoured dinosaurs became quadrupedal, standing on all four legs.

References 

Megalosauridae
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound, the oxide of silicon. Its chemical symbol is SiO2. It is known for its hardness since the 16th century. It is an important compound used in most types of glass and other hard substances such as concrete, porcelain and stoneware. It is made up of 2 oxygen atoms and 1 silicon atom.

Silicon dioxide exists in nature in a number of forms, including flint, quartz and opal. If it is breathed in as dust, it can cause silicosis and cancer, as the dust is trapped in the lungs. Besides the dangers of inhaling it in dust form, it is harmless.

Chemical compounds
Oxides
Metallic hydrogen is an alkali metal made from hydrogen gas. This is formed when the hydrogen gas is under compression and results with the gas changing phase. It is an example of degenerate matter. The matter has a crystal structure of proton atoms, with spacing that is extremely small, smaller than a Bohr radius (which is 52.918 x 10-12 m). The electrons in the molecular orbital are unbounded and they behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. Metallic hydrogen is unusual as the element itself is not an alkali metal, but a diatomic gas.

Metallic hydrogen is known to exist in the cores of Jupiter and Saturn.
Jupiter has the most metallic hydrogen.

References 
Alkali metals
Christiaan Huygens () (April 14, 1629–July 8, 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician and astronomer, born in The Hague. He was noted for his arguments that light was in the form of waves. He discovered Saturn's largest moon Titan in 1655. He also did detailed studies on Saturn's rings, and in 1656, he discovered that they are made up of rocks. He also studies optics and pendulum clock.

1629 births
1695 deaths
Dutch astronomers
Dutch mathematicians
Dutch inventors
People from The Hague
Dutch theoretical physicists
Hyperion is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered on September 16, 1848 by William Cranch Bond, George Phillips Bond and William Lassell. It is irregular in shape, and has a sponge-like appearance. It is the second largest irregular (i.e. not spherical) moon in the Solar System, the largest being Proteus. Its rotation is chaotic, meaning its axis of rotation wobbles, unlike how the Earth and the Moon rotate, or any other moon in the Solar System.

Saturn's moons
Iapetus is a large moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1671. 

Iapetus is unusual: one side is very bright and the other side is very dark. This is because one half of the moon is covered in ice and the other side is coated in black, dusty  carbon deposits. When Cassini observed the moon, he could only see the moon on one side of Saturn. He concluded that the moon is darker on side than the other, and it was confirmed by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Iapetus also has an equatorial ridge discovered by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on 31 December 2004. Iapetus has a slow rotation rate, taking 79 Earth days for a rotation. Another observation that has puzzled scientists is how it was a mountain range across its equator, giving it the shape of a walnut.

References

Saturn's moons
Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam, born as Nadezhda Yakovlevna Hazin, (31 October 1899 in Saratov - 9 December 1980 in Moscow) was a Russian writer and the wife of poet Osip Mandelstam.

She grew up in Kiev, after she studied art.

She married Osip Mandelstam in 1921, and lived in Ukraine, Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Georgia. Osip wrote a poem about the Russian leader, called Stalin Epigram.  It angered the Russian government, and in 1934 he was arrested, and ordered to live in Cherdyn, Perm region and later to Voronezh.  The government of Russia often used internal exile (sending people to live in small towns hundreds of miles from the big cities) instead of sending people to prison. Nadezhda went into exile with Osip.

Osip Mandelstam was released but arrested again in 1938. Before the government could decide where to send him he died in a camp near Vladivostok.

After this Nadezhda Mandelstam never lived in the same place for long, and she often changed jobs. She did this to hide from the NKVD (Russian Secret Police). When she was living in Kalinin the police came to arrest her her, but she had moved to a new house the day before.

She decided to spend her life collecting and publishing all of her husband's poems, and most of the poems she learned by heart (memorised).

After Stalin died Nadezhda Mandelstam published he book and was allowed to return to Moscow in 1958.

In 1979 she gave her archives (letters, books and photographs) to Princeton University in the United States of America. Nadezhda Mandelstam died in 1980 in Moscow, aged 81.

Books by Nadezhda Mandelstam 
 Hope against Hope ()
 Hope Abandoned ()

1899 births
1980 deaths
Russian Jews
Russian writers

Soviet Jews
Soviet writers
Writers from Kiev
Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American businessman. He ran U.S. Steel, a major steel making corporation. When he retired, he was one of the richest men in America. He used his large amounts of money to fund charities. These charities gave money to universities. He had a hall built for himself (called Carnegie Hall), and he also built public libraries (called Carnegie Libraries).

Andrew Carnegie was very charitable in the will he created through the State of New York. In his will, he gave monetary gifts to several funds, institutions, societies, and to Pittsburgh University. He also gave gifts to his employees and family. Carnegie had given away nearly $350, 000, 000 on charities, pensions, schools, libraries, and museums. Carnegie had given all of that amount of money because after a disaster happened outside his company people thought he was a bad person. He thought by giving away all that money people would think he was good.

He died on August 11, 1919.

References

http://www.biography.com/people/andrew-carnegie-9238756

1835 births
1919 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Dunfermline
Massachusetts Republicans
The German Bundesrat (commonly referred to as Bundesrat) is part of the parliament of Germany.

The cabinets of the 16 states of Germany appoint the delegations that represent them in the Bundesrat. They can remove them at any time. Normally, a state delegation is headed by the head of government. The delegation is made up of members of the state government.

Thirteen of the states of Germany (in German: Bundesländer) have a Minister-Präsident (Prime Minister), the other 3 are city-states which have a Mayor. These prime ministers or mayors each act as chairman of the Bundesrat for one year at a time.

Germany does not have a vice president. Instead if the Bundespräsident (Federal President) cannot do his job the President of the Bundesrat can act in his place if necessary.

Building 
Although it is a part of the German Parliament, the Bundesrat does not meet in the same building as the Bundestag. Instead new offices and a modern meeting chamber were built inside the old Prussian House of Lords building.

Number of members 
There are 58 members of the Bundesrat. How many delegates a land (state) has depends on its population. The smallest state, Bremen, has three members. North Rhine-Westphalia is the most populous (has the most people) land. It sends six members to the Bundesrat.

The Bundesrat decides most things by absolute majority (at least half of the number of members). That is 35 votes. Some important decisions need two-thirds of all of the possible votes. That is 46 votes.

Each land votes as a block. This means that Berlin, for example, can only cast four yes votes or four no votes. Its delegates cannot choose to vote in different ways. If a land decided to send only one person to the Bundesrat, that person would still have all of the land's votes. Usually the Minister President casts all of his land's votes, even if the other members are there.

If a land has a coalition government (that is, a government of two or more political parties) then all parties must agree how to vote in the Bundesrat. In 2002 Brandenburg did not agree how to vote about the Immigration bill. The Federal Constitutional Court said that the bill was not law because Brandenburg's vote could not be included in the total. This meant that the bill did not get a majority in the Bundesrat.

States 
Situation as of December 2017.<br/ >
The Minister-President's party is the biggest party of a state's government, and often also the biggest party in a state's parliament.<br/ >
All of the votes of a state must be cast as a block. If the parties in a coalition do not agree how to vote then the Bundesrat can ignore that state's vote.

Related pages 
 President of the German Bundesrat
 List of presidents of the German Bundesrat

References

Other websites 
 Bundesrat (Germany) 
 Members of the Bundesrat (German Wikipedia)

 
Politics of Germany
Parliaments
Edward Gene "Ed" Rendell (born January 5, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He became governor of Pennsylvania in 2002. He was governor from January 21, 2003 until January 18, 2011.

Early life and education
Rendell was born in New York City to Jewish American parents Jesse T. Rendell and Emma Sloat. He went to the University of Pennsylvania in 1961 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree and later got a Juris Doctor from Villanova Law School in 1968. He was a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1968 to 1974.

References 

1944 births
Living people
Governors of Pennsylvania
Mayors of Philadelphia
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from New York City
Struthiomimus was a long-legged, ostrich-like dinosaur of the ornithomimid family. It lived in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the Upper Cretaceous, about 75 to 65 million years ago.

Description
Struthiomimus had a typical build and skeletal structure for an ornithomimid. It only differed from Ornithomimus in proportions and anatomical details. It is known from several skeletons and skulls, and its size is estimated as about  long  and  tall at the hips, with a weight of around . 

As with other ornithomimids, it had a small slender head on a long neck. The neck made up about 40% of the length of the body in front of the hips. Its eyes were large and its jaws were toothless. Its vertebral column had ten neck vertebrae, thirteen back vertebrae, six hip vertebrae, and about thirty-five tail vertebrae. The tail was stiff and was probably used for balance. It ground food up in its gizzard, and may have been herbivorous or omnivorous.

References 

Coelurosaurs
The prehistory of Armenia means the first people in the land of Armenia.

The first  in Armenia, were by Russian  in 1876, brought to light a burial-ground near Dilijan in which were prehistoric (before history) graves. Jacques de Morgan in 1887-89 dug up 576 graves around Alaverdi and Akhatala, on the Tiflis-Alexandropol railway line.

Other websites 
Prehistoric Sites in Northern Armenia
World archaeologists have an avid interest in prehistoric Armenia 

History of Armenia
A home run, abbreviated HR, is a term in baseball for when the batter hits the ball and touches all the bases without an error being made by the team on defense. The most common way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit the ball over the outfield fence in fair territory. If the ball goes over the outfield fence but it is ruled a "foul ball", it does not count as a home run. Another way for a batter to hit a home run is to hit what is called an "inside-the-park" home run. If the batter touches all four bases after he hits the ball and it stays on the field, he scores a home run. This is an inside-the-park home run as long as no error is committed by the fielding team on the play.

In the early days of Major League Baseball, a home run was not awarded to a ball hit over the fence to win the game if the winning run scored before the batter-runner were to reach home plate to score.  Therefore, what would otherwise be walk-off home runs were not commonplace, and players were often robbed of home runs.  Due to this, for instance, Babe Ruth is not credited with a particular walk-off home run that would bring his career total to 715.

Related pages 
 Six (cricket)

Baseball rules
Baseball statistics
A city-state is a city that has its own sovereignty, meaning that it is its own country. There were many important city-states in ancient Greece. Nowadays, cities may have differing degrees of self-governance. In order to be considered a city-state, a city must govern itself independently, by regulating its own taxes, or having independent representation at the United Nations.

Antiquity 
 In Ancient Greece a polis was a city-state
 Athens
 Sparta
 Corinth
 Thebes

Modern city states 

Sorted in order of area size.

Singapore 
 Singapore was a British colony till 1959. In 1959, it achieved autonomy in internal matters. Between 1963 and 1965, it was part of Malaysia. Singapore was removed from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 and became independent.

Monaco 
 The second smallest country in the world, Monaco is entirely urban, because all its territory of only 2 square kilometers is built-up.

Vatican City 
 The smallest country in the world was created in 1929. The Vatican City is an enclave completely surrounded by the city of Rome, Italy, and is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.

Political geography
School colors are the colors representing the school of which one goes to.

Color Sets
School colors are often found in pairs and rarely no more than trios, though some professional teams use up to four colors in a set.  The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known.

Common primary colors include orange, purple, blue, red, and green.  These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often black, brown, gray (or silver), white, or gold), or occasionally each other, such as orange/blue, red/green, or blue/yellow.  Pairing two metals, such as black/white, silver or gold, and especially black/gold, is also a common practice.   Finally, some American schools, in a display of patriotism, adopt the national colors of red/white/blue.

In an effort to further establish identity and promote a standard, many institutions often decree the use of specific shades of colors.  Maroon, generally regarded as a darker shade of red, is a common primary color.  Various shades of blue, from powder to Prussian, are also in use; a few schools have adopted two different shades of blue for their colors, with the darker shade serving as the primary.  The shade of gold can vary greatly even within an institution, from a vivid yellow to a more convincing old gold.

Black, white and gray are often used as neutral colors for sets that do not otherwise adopt them.  This practice is especially notable in basketball (where home uniforms are often white) and professional baseball (where team colors are often used as trim for white or gray uniforms).

Uses
Most competitive teams keep two sets of uniforms, with one design emphasizing the primary color and the other emphasizing the secondary color.  In some sports, such as football, the primary color is emphasized on home uniforms, while uniforms for other sports, notably basketball, use the secondary or a neutral color at home.  This is done to avoid confusion when playing a team with similar colors.

In addition, various groups that generate support for athletic teams, including cheerleaders and marching bands, wear uniforms with the colors of their school.

At many private schools 'school colours' are awards presented for achievement in a subject or a sport - See Sporting Colours.

Educational institutions
Maya might mean:

 Maya civilization, an ancient civilization in Central America
 Maya people
 Maya languages
 Maya (software)
 Maya the Bee

Given name

Maya Angelou
Maya Lin
Maya Rudolph
Maya Yoshida

Given names
Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) is a region in Eastern Europe. It existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it became one with Wallachia as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, it included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak) and much of Bukovina. The bigger part of Bessarabia is currently the independent state of Moldova, while the rest of it and the northern part of Bukovina are territories of Ukraine.

Geography of Ukraine
Moldova
Romania
Ottoman Empire
Lorenzo "Jerry" Music was an American actor, voice actor, writer, producer and musician. He was born Gerald David Music on May 2, 1937, in Duluth, Minnesota.  He died in 2001.

Music was most famous as the voice of Carlton the Doorman in the television series Rhoda, and as the cartoon voice of Garfield the Cat.

Filmography

Film

Television

1937 births
2001 deaths
American musicians
American voice actors
Deaths from lung cancer
People from New York
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Baryonyx was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and also in northern Spain. It has been dated to the Barremian stage of the Lower Cretaceous period, between 130 to 125 million years ago.

It was first discovered in 1983 by the amateur fossil hunter William Walker. A group of scientists lead by Alan Charig and Angela Milner of the Natural History Museum of London examined the skeleton and named the animal Baryonyx (meaning 'heavy claw'), and the species name walkeri after the man who discovered it. Other good skeletons were discovered in England and in Spain, which gave scientists a good idea of what the dinosaur was like.

Baryonyx grew up to between  long and weighed 1.2 and 1.7 t (1.3 and 1.9 short tons). It had long arms which were probably used for holding on to prey, the claw on the first finger was 31 centimeters (12 in) long. It ate mostly fish, like a grizzly bear would; for this it had a long snout like a gharial, and straight, cone-like teeth perfect for fishing. It had a triangle-shaped crest on the top of its skull.

References

Theropods
Spinosauridae
Dinosaurs of Europe
CSU may mean:

A propeller's constant speed unit which regulates engine speed by automatically changing pitch 
Any of the following universities or university systems
Colorado State University (US public land grant university in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States
Cagayan State University system (Philippines) 
California State University system (United States)
Central South University, Hunan (China) 
Central State University, Ohio (United States) 
Charles Sturt University, (Australia)
Cleveland State University, Ohio (United States)
Columbus State University, Georgia, (United States) 
Connecticut State University system (United States) 
Charleston Southern University Charleston, South Carolina (United States) 
Chicago State University Chicago, Illinois (United States) 
Or:

Channel service unit, a WAN equivalent of a network interface card 
Christian Social Union of Bavaria (Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern), a political party in Bavaria, Germany
Crime scene unit, in some police groups this refers to crime scene investigators who respond to a crime scene 
C Start Up, in computing, the initial start up code for compiled C (and C-based languages). See also CRT for C Run-Time. 
ČSÚ (Český statistický úřad), Czech Statistical Office  
CSU is the ICAO airline designator for Chari Aviation Services, Chad
CSU is the IATA airport code for Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Pope John I (; circa 469-18 May 526) was the leader, pope of the early Christian community. 
Pope John the first, was born in Populonia, Tuscany Italy. He was the son of emperor Constantius.
He became the pope on Mary's Day, on 13 August 523.
It's not certain if he died directly from thirst and starvation but his imprisonment and bad inhumane treatment certainly contributed to his demise. The Pope died at 11:22PM on 18 May, 526. His name means God is gracious; the gift of God. 

He ended the Acacian Schism (484–519), thus after 25 years, bringing important reunification of the Eastern and Western churches into one, by restoring peace between the papacy and the Byzantine emperor Justin I. Pope also set the rules for the Alexandrian calendar computation of the date of Easter, which was eventually accepted throughout the West. 

Pope John the First's official day used to be on 26 May, but only for a short time, then it was moved to 27 May. His holy day was moved again at the end of the 20th century to the more appropriate day, his birthday.
His motto was: "Unity is the Key"!

Related pages
 List of popes

Other websites
Pope John I, the Martyr

460s births
526 deaths
Italian popes
, also known as Ezo and Yezo, is a volcanic island in Japan. It is the northernmost of Japan's four main islands.  

Hokkaidō Prefecture covers the entire island.

About 5,500,000 live on the island. It is north of Honshu. It is the second largest Japanese island. It has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb in the Köppen climate classification) with cold snowy winters and warm to hot summers.

Agriculture is an important part of the island's economy.

Regions 
Hokkaidō region is one of Japan's traditional geographic regions.

The region covers the entire island. The island and the region have been called Hokkaidō since 1869.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Islands of Japan
Japanese culture
Hokkaido Prefecture
Bad Godesberg is a district of the city of Bonn in southern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. From 1949 till 1999 Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and the majority of foreign embassies to Germany were in Bad Godesberg. Some buildings are still used as embassy branch offices or consulates.

History 
 722 First official record of the town, which is near a mountain (Godesberg) held holy to the god Wotan by the Ubii, a Germanic tribe.
 1210 15 October: Archbishop of Cologne Dietrich I lays foundation stone of the Godesburg.
 1583 17 December: Godesburg destroyed after Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg-Zeil hid there following his conversion to Protestantism.
 1792 Godesberg becomes a spa resort (bad in German)
 1925 Godesberg is allowed to call itself "Bad Godesberg".
 1935 Bad Godesberg becomes a town
 1959 The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) decides on a new party program, the Godesberg Program
 1969 Incorporated into the city of Bonn. Since that time, called "posh-part of Bonn".

Twin towns
The town is twinned with
  Saint-Cloud in France (since 1957)
  Frascati in Italy (since 1960)
  Windsor and Maidenhead in the United Kingdom (since 1960)
  Kortrijk in Belgium (since 1964).

Trivia
 John le Carré's novel The Little Drummer Girl begins with the bombing of the house of an Israeli diplomat in Bad Godesberg.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Bad Godesberg section of Bonn city website  
 Bad Godesberg webcam portal 
 Information for a popular stop/start along the KD Rhine Cruise  

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Spa towns in Germany
Bonn
A consulate is a small diplomatic office of one country in another country. If the first country has an ambassador in the other country, the main diplomatic office, located in the capital city is called an Embassy and in this situation, any consulates would be located in other large towns and cities. However if there is no embassy, the consulate could be in the capital city. Consulates usually do not perform all of the functions of an embassy.

Consulates usually deal with questions about passports for their own citizens, visas for foreigners wanting to visit the consulate's home country and licences for import and export.

Some larger and more important countries might also have Consulates General.  These are simply bigger consulates which might do more than a smaller consulate.

People who work in any sort of consulates are called consular officers.  The person in charge is called a consul, or consul general.  An honorary consul does not work full-time for the government.  They are usually in port towns, to speed up issuing documents for trade.  An honorary consul might be a citizen of the country they work for, have another link such as parents or grandparents, or they may have married someone from there.  They usually work in an office, which is considered an honorary consulate.

Consular officers have limited diplomatic immunity.

Government buildings
Diplomatic immunity is a special law that covers people who work in embassies or consulates. The people are called diplomats. The diplomatic immunity means that although they live and work as a visitor inside a "host country", they are not ruled by the law of that country. They are only ruled by the law of their home country. 

A diplomat can work without interference from the police and government of the country where he/she works.  Diplomatic immunity means that a diplomat can keep the secrets of his own country's government, without the government of the host country being able to find out about them.

Police from the host country cannot arrest a diplomat, or search a diplomat's house or office. They cannot even give a diplomat's car a parking ticket without the permission of the diplomat's government.

Honorary consuls only work part-time as diplomats, so only have diplomatic immunity when working as diplomats.  Police may search their offices, but not the part where they keep their diplomatic work.

Diplomacy

cs:Imunita (právo)
The Illusionist is an Academy Award-nominated period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and featuring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Paul Giamatti. The Illusionist tells about the story of Eisenheim (Norton), a magician in turn-of-the-20th-century Vienna.

Cast

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official trailer (direct link) 
 Exclusive 3 minutes Video Clip 
 Variety.com - Video clips from The Illusionist
 Hollywood Reporter - James Greenberg's Review of The Illusionist 
Hollywood Gothique Review
 The Prague Post review by Steffen Silvis 
 Film Threat interview with director Neil Burger
 Twitch interview with Burger 
 Robert Houdin's Fantastic Orange Tree automaton illusion 

2006 drama movies
2000s fantasy movies
American drama movies
American fantasy movies
Czech movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Neil Burger
Movies set in the 19th century
Pizza Pizza Limited (PPL), doing business as Pizza Pizza (), is a franchised Canadian pizza fast food restaurant with locations throughout Ontario, Canada. Ingredients include pepperoni, pineapples, mushrooms, and other non-exotic produce. Pizza Pizza has served the area for over 30 years. It has over 500 locations around Ontario and are expanding across the nation. They have recently opened shops in Montreal and British Columbia.

Other websites 

 Official website

Canadian fast food restaurants
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Dipole can mean two things in physics. The first is an electric dipole which separates the positive charge from the negative charge. A simple example of this dipole is a pair of electric charges with the same magnitude but with the opposite type of charge (positive and negative) and are separated by a small distance from each other. The second is a magnetic dipole, a closed circulation of electric current. A simple example is a single loop of wire with electric current flowing through it.

An important characeristic of dipoles is their dipole moment, which is a vector quantity with both a magnitude and direction. An example of an electric dipole moment occurring is in a pair of electric charges with opposite signs. The dipole moment would point from the negative charge towards the positive charge. The magnitude of the moment is equal to the strength of each charge multiplied by the distance separating between the charges. An example of a magnetic dipole moment occurring is in a wire loop with flowing current. The magnetic dipole moment would point through the loop (according to the right hand rule), with a magnitude equal to the current in the loop times the area of the loop.

A bar magnet is an example of a magnetic dipole, with a magnetic dipole moment moving from its south pole to its north pole.

Related pages
 Electric field
 Magnetic field

Electromagnetism
Functions and mappings                                   
Partial differential equations
AFI (short for A Fire Inside), is an American alternative rock band from Ukiah, California that formed in 1991.

Members

Current 
 Davey Havok - vocals (1991-present)
 Jade Puget - guitar, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1998-present)
 Hunter Burgan - bass, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1997-present)
 Adam Carson - drums, backing vocals (1991-present)

Former 
 Mark Stopholese - guitar, backing vocals (1991-1998)
 Geoff Kresge - bass, backing vocals (1992-1997)
 Vic Chalker - bass(1991-1992)

Studio albums 
 Answer That and Stay Fashionable (1995) (re-released in 1997)
 Very Proud of Ya (1996)
 Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes (1997)
 Black Sails in the Sunset (1999)
 The Art of Drowning (2000)
 Sing the Sorrow (2003)
 Decemberunderground (2006)
 Crash Love (2009)

Related pages
 Blaqk Audio

References

Other websites 
 AFI Series 
 AFI's official site
 AFI's official myspace
 AFI official fanclub
 AFI Biography and Lyrics 
 Blaqk Audio official site 

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in California
Scientific notation is a way of writing numbers that is often used by scientists and mathematicians to make it easier to write large and small numbers. A number that is written in scientific notation has several properties that make it very useful to local scientists. It makes very large numbers into smaller numbers using decimals and exponents.

Variations 
The basic idea of scientific notation is to express zeros as a power of ten. The notation for this can be written as :

where b is an integer, or "whole" number, that describes the number of times 10 is multiplied by itself and the letter a any real number, called the significand or mantissa (using "mantissa" may cause confusion as it can also refer to the fractional part of the common logarithm).

Normalized notation 
Written in the form , exponent b is chosen such that the absolute value of a remains at least one but less than ten . Normal mathematics convention dictates a minus sign to precede the first of the decimal digits of a for a negative number; that of b for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1, e.g. minus one half is . There is no need to represent zero in normalized form, the digit 0 is sufficient. The normalized form allows easy comparison of two numbers of the same sign in a, as the exponent b gives the number's order of magnitude.

Other websites 
 Scientific Notation in Everyday Life
 An exercise in converting to and from scientific notation
 Scientific Notation Calculator and Converter
Measurement
Notation
Numerals
The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, shortened: SED) was the governing party of East Germany from 1949, when East Germany was created, until the elections of 1990.

The SED was created in april 1946 in the Berliner Admiralspalast when the Soviet Union forced the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) members and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) members who lived in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and Berlin. After 1990, the party reformed itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (later in 2005, the Left Party.PDS).  It is still somewhat popular in parts the former East German territory, frequently winning seats at state and local elections. In the September 2005 Bundestag election the PDS was in coalition with WASG (Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice), which was formed by Oskar Lafontaine who left the SPD.  The PDS and WASG joined together in 2007.

A famous SED poster read: To learn from Stalin means to learn how to win. Later, the word Stalin was replaced with the USSR.  When  Gorbachev was president of the USSR the famous slogan was abandoned, as the SED did not believe there was anything to learn from his ideas about perestroika.

At first the SED had a branch in West Berlin, but in 1962 the West Berlin branch was separated from the SED proper and became a "separate" party called the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins – SEW) but with the same ideas as the parent party.

The final days

Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the election in March 1990, the old Social Democratic Party was re-established as a separate party, while the rest of the SED lost a lot of members and renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) at a special party meeting in December 1989. By becoming the PDS the party survived the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany, and eventually started growing again, managing to get representatives elected to the Bundestag.

On December 1, 1989 the SED was forced to give up its 40 year monopoly of power when the State Council (Volksammer) revoked the clause in the constitution of the GDR that guaranteed the SED to be the sole legal party in East Germany. Its leader and all of the politburo resigned three days later and the party was finally dissolved on December 16, 1989.

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the SED
(known as "First Secretary" from 1953 – 1976)
Walter Ulbricht (July 1950 – May 3, 1971)
Erich Honecker (May 3, 1971 – October 18, 1989)
Egon Krenz (October 18, 1989 – December 3, 1989)

These three party leaders were also the equivalent of the Prime Minister or President in other countries; they really led the government as well as the main, legally powerful party, which was not often the case in other Communist countries.

1946 establishments in Germany
1990 disestablishments in Germany
Communist parties in Europe
East Germany
Former political parties in Germany
Buck the World is the second album by American rapper Young Buck. It went on sale on March 27, 2007. Its title is a play on the expression "Fuck the World".

Production included Dr. Dre, Jazze Pha, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Polow Da Don, and Lil Jon amongst others. Guest appearances included 50 Cent, Chester Bennington (from Linkin Park), Young Jeezy, Bun B, Trick Daddy, and Lyfe Jennings amongst others.

The first single was "I Know You Want Me" produced by Jazze Pha, who also made a guest appearance on the track. The second single was "Get Buck", produced by Polow Da Don. The third single, "U Ain't Goin' Nowhere", was released on May 18, 2007.

2007 albums
Rap music
Hip hop albums
Samaveda is third in the usual order of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures. It is the second oldest Veda . It is written in sanskrit

Vedas
An archivist is a professional who  collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value.  The information maintained by an archivist can be any form of media (photographs, video or sound recordings, letters, documents, electronic records, etc.).

As Richard Pearce-Moses wrote, 
"Archivists keep records that have enduring value as reliable memories of the past, and they help people find and understand the information they need in those records." 

Determining what records have enduring value is not always easy.  Archivists must also select records valuable enough to justify the costs of storage and preservation, plus the labor-intensive expenses of arrangement, description,  and reference service.  The theory and scholarly work underpinning archives practices is called archival science.

Related pages
 Archive
 Librarian
 Manuscript
 Preservation

Footnotes

Other websites
 Archives and Records Association of New Zealand
 Society of American Archivists
 Directory of Regional, State and Local Archival Organizations in the United States
 Association of Canadian Archivists
 Society of Archivists (UK and Ireland)
  Australian Society of Archivists
 Česká archivní společnost / Czech Archive Society (In English) 
 International Council on Archives
 The Archivist's Toolkit an online tool for archivists

Occupations
Roman Herzog (5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German politician (CDU). He was President of Germany from 1994 to 1999.

Early life
He studied law in Munich, Bavaria and took the first stage law exam in 1957. In 1958, he gained the title Dr.jur. (doctor of laws) and worked in the University of Munich until 1964, where he passed his second law exam. He wrote Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht ("Characteristics of State Organization from a Juristic and Developmental-Historical Viewpoint"), and was given the title of professor in 1964.

In Germany "professor" is a title meaning senior teacher, not a job name. Herzog taught at the University of Munich until 1966. From 1966 he taught state law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin (FUB). In 1969 he moved to the FUB in Speyer, and was the University President from 1971 to 1972.

Political career
In 1973 he entered politics, and became a member of the Bundesrat for Rhineland-Palatinate. He was minister for culture and sports in the Baden-Württemberg Land Government from 1978. In 1980 he was elected to the State Parliament (Landtag), and took over the state Ministry of the Interior.

Herzog was also always active in the Protestant Church. Since 1982 he had been a member of the synod (parliament) of the Protestant Church of Germany. He had been a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany since 1972.

In 1983 he became vice president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in Karlsruhe, and president over from 1987 to 1994, when he was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention). His term ended in 1999, when he was succeeded by Johannes Rau.

Personal life
His wife, Christiane Herzog, died on 19 June 2000. He later married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen in 2001.

Herzog died at 82 years old on 10 January 2017 in Jagsthausen, Germany.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2017 deaths
Chief justices
German academics
German judges
German Lutherans
Members of the German Bundesrat
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Schizanthus (butterfly flower) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae. The genus is made up of twelve species: Schizanthus alpestris, Schizanthus candidus, Schizanthus grahamii, Schizanthus hookerii, Schizanthus integrifolius, Schizanthus lacteus, Schizanthus laetus, Schizanthus litoralis, Schizanthus parvulus, Schizanthus pinnatus, Schizanthus porrigens and Schizanthus tricolor.

Nightshades
A hadith (, pronounced: "") is the narration of an event from the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. In English, the word hadith is also used as the plural word for a group of these narrations although the plural in Arabic is a-HAA-deeth. The hadith is used along with the Quran to interpret Sharia. Sunnis follow the kutub al-Sittah while Shias follow the Kutub al-Arba'a.

Abu Hurairah narrated the most Sunni hadiths.

Meaning
The word hadith means something new or a piece of information. The religious meaning of  hadith is a statement, action or approval attributed to the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Therefore, hadith can be divided into three categories based upon their content:
A statement of the Prophet  
An action of the Prophet  
The Prophet’s approval of an action done by other than him

History
After Prophet Muhammad died, Muslim scholars wrote down stories about what he had said and done. They also wrote down facts about who told each story. Some of the stories were retold many times before they were written down, and some stories did not agree in every detail resulting in the detailed study of hadith by scholars to compare between those hadith.

Muslim scholars collected all of these Hadith in books and compared them to each other. They decided which Hadith were most likely to be true records of the Sunnah, that is, the words and actions of Muhammad. Muslims see the Sunnah as an important source of guidance, along with the Qur'an. Islam is the complete religion so nothing could be changed about it. It gives a complete code of life.

Related pages
Quranism

References

Further reading
 

Islamic theology
Religious terminology
Arabic words and phrases
Muhammad
Fengyuan City is a city in north-central Taichung County in Taiwan on the south bank of the Dajia River. It is the capital of Taichung County.

Cities in Taiwan