cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
"Puss in Boots" is a fairy tale. It was written/recorded by Charles Perrault. The story is the classic "animal as helper" tale. It is about a cat who uses tricks and lies to gain power, money, and a princess in marriage for his lowborn master.  The story first appeared in a handwritten manuscript in 1695 with four other tales by Perrault. It was published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The book was a great success.  

A tale from Gianfrancesco Straparola's Le piacevoli notti () (1550-55) and another from Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1634) are similar to "Puss in Boots". Straparola's story was published in France in 1560. It may have influenced Perrault.  Pentamerone was not published in France during Perrault's lifetime. It is not likely he knew Basile's tale.

Story 
A miller dies.  He leaves a cat to his youngest son. The cat requests a pair of boots. He tells the boy he will make his fortune. The cat makes friends with the king by bringing him wild game in the name of his master. One day, the king rescues the boy from drowning. He dresses him in clothes from his own wardrobe. The king's daughter falls in love with the handsome boy at once. The cat takes possession of a castle for his master by killing an ogre. The boy marries the king's daughter.

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 21, 110-12.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 409.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
Stories or Tales from Past Times () is a collection of eight fairy tales by Charles Perrault. It was published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin. The collection is also known as Mother Goose's Tales (). The eight tales are "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Bluebeard", "Puss in Boots", "Diamonds and Toads", "Cinderella", "Rickey with the Tuft", and "Hop o' My Thumb".  Later editions included three verse tales by Perrault: "Griselda", "The Silly Wishes", and "Donkeyskin". The stories have been translated into many languages. They have been published around the world.

References 
 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit (Eds.) 1974. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver: Alan Swallow. pp. 7–29.
 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. ix-xliv.
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 21–4.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 236–8.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
17th-century books
Collections of fairy tales
"Bluebeard" () is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 titled Contes de ma mère l'oye (). The deluxe volume was intended for Mademoiselle, the 19-year-old niece of Louis XIV. It included four other tales by Perrault. "Bluebeard" was first published anonymously in January 1697 in Paris by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The tale is about a cruel man who murders his wives so that he will inherit their wealth. He puts their corpses in a secret room opened only by a magic key.

Jacque Barchilon believes the tale is original with Perrault because there are no close antecedants. The taboo of the forbidden room is found in eastern literature, and Barchilon writes that the tale has an "Oriental character". He points out that the French associated beards with Turkish fashions, and early illustrations depict Bluebeard wearing a turban-like headdress.

Medieval murderer of children Gilles de Rais may have been the inspiration for the character of Bluebeard. De Rais was a Marshal of France and Joan of Arc's military companion. His victims (mostly young boys) were said to number 140. The Breton king Comorre the Cursed (c.500 AD) is another candidate. Tales similar to "Bluebeard" include "The Fitcher's Bird" by the Brothers Grimm and the English tale "Mr. Fox".

Story 
A rich man has a blue beard which frightens young women. He has been married several times but no one knows what has happened to his wives. He woos two young sisters in the neighborhood but neither are inclined to consider marriage. He treats them to a lavish time in his country house. The younger sister decides to marry him. Shortly after the wedding (and before he travels to a far land on business), Bluebeard gives his wife the keys to his house. One key opens a door to a distant room. He forbids her to enter this room. He leaves and his wife opens the door to the forbidden room. Here she finds Bluebeard's former wives, all dead and lying on a floor covered with blood. She drops the key. It is magic and becomes stained with blood that cannot be washed away. Bluebeard returns. He discovers the blood-stained key and knows his wife has disobeyed his order. He tells her she will take her place among the dead. He grants her a few minutes to pray. She calls her sister Anne and asks her to go to the top of the tower to see if her brothers are on the road. After several tense moments, Anne reports seeing the men approaching. Bluebeard raises a cutlass to decapitate his wife. Her brothers burst into the room. They kill Bluebeard. Their sister is safe.

References 

 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit. 1960. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver: Alan Swallow. 
 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 103–5.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
All That Heaven Allows is a 1955 romantic drama movie. It stars Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson. Douglas Sirk directed. It is based on a story by Edna L. Lee and Harry Lee. The movie was produced by Ross Hunter, and released by Universal Pictures. It was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story 
Cary Scott is a rich widow. Her social life is dull. It centers on her two adult children, her country club friends, and a couple of men with romantic hopes. She falls in love with young landscape designer Ron Kirby. He is her social inferior. He proposes and she says yes. Her children and friends disapprove. Because of this, Cary ends the relationship with Ron. Cary returns to her lonely life. She sees other women getting engaged and living lives of happiness. She finds the courage to defy social norms and commits to loving Ron.

Criticism 
Bosley Crowther did not like the movie. He wrote, "The script was obviously written to bring [Wyman] and Mr. Hudson, who made a popular twosome in the Magnificent Obsession, together again. Solid and sensible drama plainly had to give way to outright emotional bulldozing and a paving of easy clichés."

References 

American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
1950s romantic drama movies
1955 drama movies
Universal Pictures movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Women's movies
Imitation of Life is a 1959 American romantic drama movie. It stars Lana Turner, John Gavin, Juanita Moore, Susan Kohner, and Sandra Dee. Douglas Sirk directed. The movie is based on a book by Fannie Hurst. It was produced by Ross Hunter and released by Universal Pictures. The movie tells the story of two women and their daughters over the years.

Other websites 

1959 drama movies
1950s romance movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Universal Pictures movies
Women's movies
Madame X is a movie from 1966 starring Lana Turner, Constance Bennett, John Forsythe, Ricardo Montalbán, Burgess Meredith, and Keir Dullea. It was directed by David Lowell Rich and produced by Ross Hunter.

Plot 
Holly Parker marries a rich and ambitious politician named Clayton Anderson (Forsythe). He is often travelling. Holly steps out now and then with Phil (Montalbán). She breaks the relationship off, but Phil refuses to be dismissed. He dies while arguing with her.

Holly's mother-in-law (Bennett) realizes the scandal will destroy her son's political goals. She tells Holly to disappear forever by staging a fake drowning.  She does so, and flees to Europe.

The years pass. Holly drinks heavily and pals around with Dan (Meredith). They return to America. Holly discovers Dan plans to blackmail her husband. She kills him. She refuses to reveal her identity to the police, and signs a confession with the letter "X".

The court assigns her an attorney who happens to be her son Clayton Jr. (Dullea). The trial is nerve wracking for Holly. Weary and ill, she dies in jail without revealing that she is her attorney's mother.

Other websites

American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
1966 romance movies
1966 drama movies
1960s romantic drama movies
Movies directed by David Lowell Rich
Leptin is a hormone made by cells in fat tissue that reduces hunger. That helps the energy balance in the body. 

Leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone".  Both hormones act on receptors in the  hypothalamus. They adjust appetite to get energy homeostasis.  

In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin comes up. This leads to a feeling of hunger, despite high energy stores.

Although regulation of fat stores is the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes. These additional functions are still being studied.

Leptin was recently discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey M. Friedman and colleagues at Rockefeller University. Its discovery is important in the study of obesity which has become a problem in western society. The importance of leptin was discovered through experiments done on mice in a laboratory. Scientists found that mice who had more leptin in their bodies were thinner and didn't need to eat as much. Leptin levels can be increased by reducing stress and having quality or restful sleep.

References 

Hormones
Pollyanna (1960) is a Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars child actress Hayley Mills and Jane Wyman. The movie is based on the 1913 children's novel Pollyanna by Eleanor Porter. David Swift wrote the screenplay and directed the movie. Pollyanna is the first of six movies Mills made for Disney. She won an Academy Juvenile Award for her performance as Pollyanna.

Story 
Pollyanna is an orphan. She arrives in the town of Harrington to live with her rich Aunt Polly. The girl is a happy youngster who believes in the goodness of life. She makes many friends. Aunt Polly controls the town because she is the richest citizen. The people of Harrington want an old orphanage rebuilt. Aunt Polly opposes the idea. The people defy Aunt Polly and plan a bazaar to raise funds for a new building. Aunt Polly is furious. She forbids Pollyanna to participate. On the evening of the bazaar however, Pollyanna slips away and has a wonderful time. She returns home. She tries to avoid her Aunt by climbing a tree outside her bedroom window. She falls and injures her legs. Her cheerful spirits sink, making recovery doubtful. The people of Harrington learn of Pollyanna's accident. They visit her and assure her that she is loved. Pollyanna's spirits return to their usual cheerfulness. She leaves for Baltimore with Aunt Polly to have an operation on her legs.

American drama movies
English-language movies
1960 romance movies
Academy Award winning movies
American family movies
Disney movies
Movies based on books
1960 drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Buena Vista International movies
Movie remakes
Movies set in the 1910s
1960s romantic drama movies
Yun Hyu (Korean:윤휴, 尹鑴, October 14, 1617–May 20, 1680) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and soldier during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His other names were Baegho (백호, 白湖) and Haheon (하헌, 夏軒). His Chinese style names were Du'goe (두괴, 斗魁) and Huijung (희중, 希仲). He was a middle-ranking member of the North Man party.

work book 
 Baikhojunseo(백호전서, 白湖全書)
 Baikhodokseogi(백호독서기, 白湖讀書記)
 Juryeseol(주례설, 周禮說)
 Hongbeomseol(홍범설, 洪範說)
 Jungyongdaehakhoosul(중용대학후설, 中庸大學後說)
 Jungyongseol(중용설, 中庸說)
 Bailhojip(백호집, 白湖集)

Related pages
 Silhak
 Heo Mok
 Heo Jeok
 Song Siyeol
 Yun Seondo
 Song Jungil

Other websites 

 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=15008 
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A1617_1_0008791&curSetPos=0&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=P 

1610 births
1680 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Murder victims
Human Settlement refers to the action of people coming together to live in an area.  Settlement is a general term used in archaeology, geography, history and other subjects for a place where people live (either permanently or temporarily). When they come from far away it is sometimes called a colony. The term may include hamlets, suburbs, towns and cities. Nomadic people do not settle. 

Population
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Ishikari Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Ishikari Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Ishikari Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Ishikari and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Sōya Subprefecture and Abashiri Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Kitami Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Kitami Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Kitami and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Queen Letizia of Spain (Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano, born 15 September 1972), is the wife of Felipe VI of Spain, former Prince of Asturias, the heir apparent to the Spanish throne. Before her marriage to the prince, she worked as a journalist for several mass media companies. These included the Austrian newspaper La Nueva España, ABC and EFE. She also presented the news on television. In 2000, she received the Larra Prize for her work as the best journalist under 30 years of age. 

In 1998, she married Alfonso Guerrero. The next year they divorced. Later she met the Prince Felipe at a dinner party. They married on May 22, 2004. Their daughter Leonor was born in October 2005. She is the second in the line of succession for the Spanish Crown. Sofía, her second daughter, was born in April 2007. 

Since her second wedding, she has had the title of Princess of Asturias. She accompanies her husband on official travel wherever she can. She very much likes fashion. People and the press are always noticing what she wearing.

Following the abdication of her father-in-law in June 2014, her husband succeeded to the Spanish throne as Felipe VI with Letizia as his queen.

Titles and styles 

 15 September 1972 – 6/7 August 1998: Miss Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
 6/7 August 1998 – 1999: Mrs. Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano de Guerrero
 1999 – 22 May 2004: Ms. Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
 22 May 2004 – 18 June 2014: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias
 19 June 2014 – present: Her Majesty The Queen

1972 births
Living people
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Giovanni Francesco "Gianfrancesco" Straparola, also known as Zoan or Zuan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio (c. 1480 – c. 1557) was a writer from Caravaggio, Italy. His principal work is Le piacevoli notti, a collection of 75 stories. Modelled on Decamerone, it has participants of a 13-night party in the island of Murano, near Venice, tell each other stories that vary from the bawdy to the fantastic.

Among the tales are:
 The Pig King
 Costantino Fortunato, the oldest known variant of "Puss in Boots"
 Ancilotto, King of Provino, the oldest known variant of "The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird"
 Biancabella and the Snake
 Maestro Lattantio and His Apprentice Dionigi
 Guerrino and the Savage Man, the oldest known variant of "Iron John"
 Fortunio, the earliest European appearance of a story about killing or injuring someone while attempting to shoo away a fly
 Costanza / Costanzo

References

Other websites 
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Facetious Nights of Straparola , an English translation of many tales

1480s births
1550s deaths
Italian writers
"Diamonds and Toads" () is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 called Contes de ma mêre l'oye (). The volume was intended for the king's niece, and included four other tales by Perrault.  It was first published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight prose fairy tales by Perrault. "Le Doie Pizzelle" () is a similar tale in Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1550-53). Other versions of Perrault's tale exist, including one collected in Hesse by the Brothers Grimm. Iona and Peter Opie write, "The theme of this tale is one of the most popular in the world, that of the proud and the privileged being brought low, and the meek and down-trodden being raised above them."  Christopher Betts believes the tale was intended for a young audience, "old enough to appreciate that the unkind sister is 'rude' ... but not enough to object to the scarcely disguised nannyish advice."

Story 
A widow has two daughters. The elder is ugly, selfish and rude. The younger is beautiful, kind and polite. The younger is sent to fetch water from a spring. An old woman dressed in rags (a fairy in disguise) asks for a drink of water. The girl politely gives her one. In thanks, the fairy causes diamonds and roses to drop from the girl's mouth whenever she speaks. At home, her mother is amazed. She sends her elder daughter to the spring. The girl meets a grandly-dressed lady (the fairy) who asks for a drink of water. The girl responds rudely. The fairy causes snakes and toads to drop from her mouth.  At home, her mother is furious. She blames the younger sister. The girl runs into the woods. She meets a prince who falls in love and marries her. The elder sister dies after running away from home. A rhyming moral tells the reader that politeness and gentle words are worth more than jewels. They may bring unexpected rewards.

Gallery 
Illustrations of the tale by Laura Vlentine fr Aunt Louisa's Nursery Favorite (1870).

References 

 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 98–9.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
About Schmidt is a 2002 American comedy-drama movie set in Nebraska and Colorado. It was directed by Alexander Payne and starred Jack Nicholson.

Release dates

Other websites 

2002 comedy-drama movies
2000s road movies
American comedy-drama movies
American road movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Colorado
Movies set in Nebraska
Works about old age
"Hop o' My Thumb" (French: Le petit Poucet) is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published in 1697 in Paris by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (Stories or Tales of Past Times), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The story tells of several brothers abandoned by their parents. The smallest brother is the same size as a person's thumb. He saves his brothers from an ogre. Perrault's rhyming moral at the end of the story tells readers that sometimes the smallest boy in the family brings good things to all.

References 
 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 187-90.
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 128-9.

Fairy tales
French literature
Works by Charles Perrault
"Grenade" is a song by the singer and songwriter Bruno Mars. It was released in September 2010. Critical reception was mostly positive. The song reached #1 in many countries. "Grenade" is a heartbreak single about masochism during love relationships.

2010 songs
Pop songs
Sleeping Beauty (1959) is an American animated movie produced by Walt Disney Productions and released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Distribution. It is based on the 1697 fairy tale "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood" by Charles Perrault.  The movie was directed by Les Clark, Eric Larson, and Wolfgang Reitherman, under the supervision of Clyde Geronimi. Additional story work was provided by Joe Rinaldi, Winston Hibler, Bill Peet, Ted Sears, Ralph Wright, and Milt Banta.

The movie's musical score and songs are arrangements or adaptations of material from the 1890 Sleeping Beauty ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Buena Vista Distribution released the movie to theaters on November 11, 1959. It was the first animated movie to be photographed in the Technirama widescreen process. The movie was presented in Super Technirama 70 and 6-channel stereophonic sound in first-run engagements.

The movie generated mixed reviews from critics. They thought the movie was slow-paced and lacked character development. Sleeping Beauty earned approximately $7.7 million in box office rentals. Its production costs totaled $6 million, making it the most expensive Disney movie to that date. The high production costs of the movie resulted in the company posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960, and many animators were laid off.

References 

1959 movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Movies composed by George Bruns
Sleeping Beauty
Movies based on fairy tales
American drama movies
1950s American fantasy movies
American musical fantasy movies
1950s American romance movies
Movies about death
Movies based on books
Movies set in Europe
Gilles de Rais (1405 ?–26 October 1440) was a Marshal of France, Joan of Arc's comrade in arms, and a murderer. He was the son of Guy de Laval/Rais and Marie de Craon. He became rich when a relative died. He was made a Marshal of France in 1429. He spent much of his money putting on a play that he wrote. He dabbled in alchemy. His criminal career began in 1434. In 1440, he was arrested, tried, and hanged. De Rais may have killed 140 people. Most of his victims were young boys. He may have been the inspiration for the 1697 fairy tale "Bluebeard" by Charles Perrault.

References

Bibliography
 Benedetti, Jean. 1971. Gilles de Rais. Stein and Day. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .

1440 deaths
Murderers
French generals
Marshals of France
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
"The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in 1845. The tale tells of a dying, mesmerized man whose body disintegrates once the trance is lifted. Poe was inspired to write the tale after reading a description of an operation performed upon a mesmerized patient. The tale has a great deal of gore, leading to the speculation that Poe had studied medical texts. "Valdemar" has been adapted to the movies and to radio drama.

Plot 
The narrator mesmerizes an ill friend, M. Valdemar. Valdemar reports first that he is dying and then that he is dead. The narrator leaves him in a mesmeric state for seven months. During this time Valdemar is without pulse, heartbeat, or breath. His skin is cold and pale. Finally, the narrator tries to wake him. Valdemar's swollen black tongue begs to be returned to sleep or to be fully wakened. He shouts "dead! dead!" repeatedly. The narrator takes Valdemar out of the trance and his body immediately disintegrates into a "nearly liquid mass of loathsome—of detestable putrescence."

Publication history
Poe was inspired to write Valdemar after reading a letter about an operation on a mesmerized patient. The tale was published in December 1845 in two different New York journals. One used the title "The Facts in M. Valdemar's Case". In England, the tale was published first as "Mesmerism in Articulo Mortis" and later as "The Last Days of M. Valdemar".

Style 
Poe employs detailed descriptions and high levels of gore in "Valdemar". He may have studied medical texts. Valdemar's eyes at one point leak a "profuse outflowing of a yellowish ichor", for example. The tale's imagery is summed up in the final lines: "...his whole frame at once — within the space of a single minute, or even less, shrunk—crumbled—absolutely rotted away beneath my hands. Upon the bed, before that whole company, there lay a nearly liquid mass of loathsome—of detestable putrescence." The disgusting imagery probably  inspired later fiction including that of H. P. Lovecraft. Those final lines make up one of the most powerfully effective moments in Poe's work, incorporating shock, disgust, and uneasiness into one moment. This ending shows that attempts to appropriate power over death will have hideous results and, therefore, ultimately will be unsuccessful.

Adaptations 
Movie adaptations include a segment in Roger Corman's Tales of Terror (1962) and George A. Romero's Two Evil Eyes (1990). "Edgar Allan Poe's Valdemar" (2000) was a dramatic adaptation for National Public Radio.

References

Other websites 

Full text from E. A. Poe Society
 "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
 "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" Free Audio & eText 

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
The  is a time in the history of Japan which is traditionally dated 300 BC to 300 AD.

History
Early evidence of Yayoi culture is found on the island of Kyūshū.  Over time, it spread to the island of Honshū.

Iron and bronze were first used in Japan at about the same time.  Iron was used for tools and weapons. Bronze was used for ritual objects such as mirrors, daggers and spears.

The Yayoi tools included as axes and hoes for agriculture etc., but also weapons such as arrowheads and swords.

Yayoi people 

The Yayoi people (弥生人 Yayoi jin) were ancient people that migrated to the Japanese archipelago from southeastern China during the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE). Modern Japanese people are direct descedants of the Yayoi and have about 97% Yayoi DNA.

The Yayoi and the modern Japanese people are closely related to other East Asian (or Mongoloid) people, such as Chinese or Vietnamese people. They belonged to the haplogroup O and spoke the proto-Japonic languages. Most scientists and linguists suggest that they originated somewhere in southeastern China and migrated from their into Japan.

References

Other websites 

 Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yayoi Culture 
 Japan-guide.com,  Early Japan

Periods in Japanese history
4th-century BC establishments
3rd-century disestablishments
Pepin the Hunchback (, , c. 767 - 811) was a prince of Frankish Empire. He was the first son of Charlemagne and grandson of Pepin the Short.

Related pages
 Charlemagne
 Frankish Empire
 Louis the Pious

760s births
811 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
History of Germany
Kings and Queens of France
Louis the Pious, also called Louis I, (778 - 840) was the third Carolingian King of Franks and 2nd Holy Roman Emperor (814 - 840), King of Aquitaine 781 to 814. He was Charlemagne's sixth son.

Related pages 
 King of Aquitaine
 Charlemagne
 Pepin I of Aquitaine
 Louis the German
 Lothar I
 Charles the Bald

Other websites 
 http://familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Louis_the_Pious_(778-840)
 http://mariefb.pagesperso-orange.fr/casseneuil/palais_charlemagne.htm

Holy Roman Emperors
Kings and Queens of France
778 births
840 deaths
A chorus in a classical Greek play typically serving to formulate, express, and comment on the moral issue that is raised by the dramatic action or to express an emotion appropriate to each stage of the dramatic conflict.  

Aeschylus, who was the seventh servant of Dionysus, was told to be the one who directed these chorus' to perfection.

References 

Ancient Greece
Theatrical forms
Éric Boullier (born 9 November 1973) was the team principal of the McLaren Formula One team from 2014 to 2018, and vice-president of Formula One Team Association.

He graduated from Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées.

References 

1973 births
Living people
French sportspeople
Formula One people
Alumni of the Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
"Rickey with the Tuft" or "Riquet with the Tuft" () is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé, a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The story is about an ugly but intelligent gnome prince who bestows wit on a beautiful but stupid princess in return for marriage. She renders Rickey handsome. The tale is not of folk otigins, but is a literary fairy tale. It has Cupid and Psyche and Beauty and the Beast elements. Similar tales include Catherine Bernard's version of the tale in her 1695 novel Inès du Cordoue, and Marie-Jeanne Lhéritier's "Ricdin-Ricdon". Another similar tale is Giambattista Basile's "Lo Cattenaccio" (The Padlock) from Pentamerone.

Story 
A fairy gives an ugly prince named Rickey the gift of conferring wit upon the one he loves the best. He comes to a kingdom with two princesses. The elder one is beautiful but unintelligent. The younger one is intelligent but ugly. The elder princess is saddened that her ugly but smart sister receives more attention than her. One day as the elder princess is walking in the forest to ease her sorrow, she is approached by Rickey who has fallen in love with her. Rickey asks how a person so beautiful can be so sad. She tells him she is sad because she is beautiful but stupid. Rickey bestows intelligence on her for a promise of marriage. A year later, Rickey returns to marry her. She refuses on grounds that he cannot hold her to a promise made before she gained her wisdom. The princess then tells him that she was gifted at birth with the power to transform her lover into a handsome man by the same fairy who helped him. The princess thinks of all Rickey's good qualities and at once he is transformed. The king has his daughter married to Rickey who has already made preparations for the wedding.

References 
 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit. 1974. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver:Alan Swallow. p. 15.
 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 185-7. 
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. p. 423.

Other websites

Fairy tales
French literature
Works by Charles Perrault
Stadium:MK is a football stadium in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. The Milton Keynes Dons F.C. football club has played there since it opened in July 2007. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the stadium on 3rd December 2007. 

As of 2018, there were about 31,000 seats in the stadium. 

The stadium is beside the junction of the A5 road with the A421 road. 

Football stadiums in England
Buckinghamshire
2007 establishments in England
Voice of Russia () was the Russian government's international radio station. The station before it, Radio Moscow was the official radio station of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.  It closed in 2014.

Radio stations in Europe
2014 disestablishments
The Volvo Ocean Race (known also as the Whitbread Round the World Race) is a yacht race around the world. It happens every three years. It is named after its current sponsor, Volvo. At this moment the Netherlands holds the record of most wins with the Dutch captain Conny van Rietschoten being the only skipper to win the race twice.

The race leaves Europe in October. The race started in Alicante, Spain, on October 11, 2008. The route for the 2008-2009 race was altered from previous years to include stopovers in India and Asia for the first time. The 2008-09 race covered nearly , took over nine months to finish, and reached an audience of 2 billion people worldwide.

During the nine months of the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race, which started in Alicante, Spain in October 2011 and finishes in Galway, Ireland, in July 2012, the teams are scheduled to sail over  of the world’s most treacherous seas, and include locations such as Cape Town, Abu Dhabi, Sanya, Auckland, around Cape Horn to Itajaí, Miami, Lisbon, and Lorient.

References

Water sports
Sport in Spain
Alicante
VOR, short for VHF omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling them to find their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals emitted by a network of radio beacons. It uses frequencies in very high frequency (VHF) from 108 to 117.95 MHz. Developed in the USA in 1937, VOR is the standard air navigational system in the world, used by both commercial and general aviation. There are about 3000 VOR stations around the world.

A VOR station broadcasts a VHF radio signal including the identifier, voice, and navigation signal. The identifier is in Morse Code. The voice will have information from the station. The navigation signal allows the equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft. VOR stations in areas of magnetic unreliability are oriented to True North. A line of position is called the "radial" from the VOR. The crossing of two radials from different VOR stations provides the position of the aircraft. VOR signals have a range of about 200 miles.

References

Aircraft
Navigation
Vertigo is a movie from 1958 American psychological thriller mystery movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It starred James Stewart and Kim Novak.
 
This movie is considered the best movie of the "master of suspense" Alfred Hitchcock. It was included on the following American Film Institute lists:
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (1998) #61
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills (2001) #18
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions (2002) #18
 AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores (2005) #12
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) (2007)  #9
 AFI's 10 Top 10  (2008) #1 Mystery

References

1958 movies
1950s mystery movies
1950s thriller movies
American mystery movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies composed by Bernard Herrmann
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in San Francisco
Suicide in movies
United States National Film Registry movies
"The Conqueror Worm" is a poem by Edgar Allan Poe. It is about human mortality and the fact that death cannot be stopped.  It was first published in Graham's Magazine in 1843. It was incorporated into Poe's short story "Ligeia" in 1845.  In the revised story, the poem is composed by Ligeia. She teaches it to the narrator during her death throes.

Story 
Weeping angels watch a play performed by "mimes, in the form of God on high", and controlled by vast formless shapes looming behind the scenes. The mimes chase a "Phantom" which they can never capture. Finally, a monstrous "crawling shape" emerges, and eats the mimes.  The final curtain comes down, "a funeral pall," signaling an end to the "tragedy, 'Man'" whose only hero is "The Conqueror Worm".

Interpretation
Though Poe was referring to an ancient connection between worms and death, he may have been inspired by "The Proud Ladye", a poem by Spencer Wallis Cone which was reviewed in an 1840 issue of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. That poem contained the lines "Let him meet the conqueror worm / With his good sword by his side".

Role in "Ligeia"

The poem plays an important symbolic role as part "Ligeia." The poem is written by Ligeia as she is dying, though it is actually recited by the narrator, her husband.

Because it emphasizes the finality of death, it calls to question Ligeia's resurrection in the story.  Also, the inclusion of the bitter poem may have been meant to be ironic or a parody of the convention at the time, both in literature and in life.  In the mid-19th century it was common to emphasize the sacredness of death and the beauty of dying (consider Charles Dickens's Little Johnny character in Our Mutual Friend and the death of Helen Burns in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre).  Instead, Ligeia speaks of fear personified in the "blood-red thing."

"The Conqueror Worm" also uses the word "evermore", which would later evolve into "nevermore" in Poe's famous poem "The Raven" in 1845.

Publication history
"The Conqueror Worm" was first published as a stand-alone poem in the January 1843 issue of Graham's Magazine. Shortly after, it was included among several other poems by Poe in the February 25 issue of the Saturday Museum in a feature called "The Poets & Poetry of Philadelphia: Edgar Allan Poe". It was later included in Poe's poetry collection The Raven and Other Poems in 1845. That same year, it was incorporated into "Ligeia" for the first time when the story was reprinted in the February 15, 1845, issue of the New York World. "Ligeia" was again republished with "The Conqueror Worm" in the September 27, 1845, issue of The Broadway Journal while Poe was its editor. This was not unusual for Poe, who had also incorporated poems "The Coliseum" and "To One in Paradise" into tales.

Adaptations
The British horror movie Witchfinder General was retitled The Conqueror Worm for US release. It was not based on Poe's poem.

References

Other websites 

Reading by Classic Poetry Aloud (MP3)
The Conqueror Worm: A Study Guide
 Project Gutenberg Etext containing The Conqueror Worm 

Poems by Edgar Allan Poe
19th-century American poems
Hazrat Hafiz Barkhurdar (1658–1707), was a Punjabi Sufi Jatt poet from the village of Takhat Hazara in Sargodha District in modern-day Pakistan. His shrine where he was buried stands in the village of Chitti Sheikhan in Sialkot District.

Punjabi people
1658 births
1707 deaths
The rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) is a species of bird in the Corvidae (crow) family. The rufous treepie is native to the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining parts of Southeast Asia from Pakistan to Vietnam. Woodland, forest edges and gardens are the habitat of this species. It feeds on various fruits, insects and carrion.

Distribution and subspecies 

The rufous treepie builds its nest 6−8 meters above the ground in trees. Both male and female take turns breeding and feeding the young. There are usually 3-5 eggs laid. After the young have hatched, the remain with their parents for several months. Rufous treepies form pair bonds for life.

The species was first described in 1790 by John Latham. A previous description as "Dendrocitta rufa" is not valid. It belongs to the Treepie genus Dendrocitta which is Southeast Asian in distribution. According to ornithologist Derek Goodwin, the rufous treepie may be closely allied to the hooded treepie (D. frontalis). There are eight recognized subspecies.
There are no estimates for the population of this species. It is common throughout its range, but rare in Vietnam.

Description 
The Rufous Treepie is shorter and smaller than the European magpie. The head, neck and breast are grey, although sometimes they are slightly brown. The underparts and lower back are orange-brown. The tail is a light blue color with a black tip. The bill, legs and feet are black.

Sources

Literature 
 Salím Ali, S. Dillon Ripley: Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5: Larks to the Grey Hypocolius. Oxford University Press, London 1972.
 Joseph del Hoyo, Andrew Elliot, David Christie (Hrsg.):  Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009, .

References 

Corvids
Birds of India
Birds of Asia
The Greater Los Angeles Area, or the Southland, is a term used for the group of metropolitan areas over five counties in the southern part of California. It includes Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County, Riverside County and Ventura County. It has been one of the fastest growing regions in the United States for decades. The growth started in Los Angeles County, then Orange County, and now in the Inland Empire. As of 2005, the population of the Los Angeles metropolitan area was more than 12.9 million people. In 2009 the larger five-county region had a population of over 17.6 million. It the second-largest statistical area in the country. Only the New York metropolitan area is larger. 

The Greater Los Angeles area is centered on the county of Los Angeles, California. The term is defined to refer to the area from Ventura to the southern border of Orange County, and from the Pacific Ocean to the Inland Empire. The Greater Los Angeles area includes the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Inland Empire, and Ventura County. The term "Greater Los Angeles" does not include San Diego and Imperial counties. 

The United States Census Bureau has named the five county region as the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA combined statistical area. Their January 1, 2009 population estimate was 17,786,419 people. The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a total area of . The wider combined statistical area covers . More than half of this is the thinly populated eastern areas of Riverside and San Bernardino counties.

Main cities 
The following is a list of main  cities in the Greater Los Angeles Area with estimates of their population:

Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana MSA

Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario MSA

Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura MSA 

 Oxnard (197,067)
 Thousand Oaks (128,564)
 Simi Valley  (125,814)
 Ventura (108,787)
 Camarillo (66,149)

References

Metropolitan areas of the United States
Walter Chauncey Camp (April 17, 1859 – March 14, 1925) was an American football player, coach, and sports writer.  He is known as the "Father of American Football".

Early life 

Camp was born in New Haven, Connecticut on April 17, 1859. His parents were Leverett and Ellen Camp. He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven. He went to Yale in 1876. He graduated in 1880.

Career 
Camp played college football at Yale from 1876 to 1882. He was head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892. He was in the first class to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951. 

Camp's football inventions include the eleven-man team and the gridiron marking of the field. He also invented the line of scrimmage and the modern point system. He invented the "All-American team" of college players. "All-American" has since become a part of American-English. In time, he began to think of American football as his private property. He did not want new additions to the game, like the forward pass.

Personal life 
He stayed at Yale for two more years to study medicine. He started working for a watch company in 1882. In 1888, he married Alice Graham Sumner. They had two children. In 1903, he became president of the watch company. Camp died of a heart attack on March 15, 1925 in New York City, New York, aged 65.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 

1859 births
1925 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American football coaches
College Football Hall of Fame
American football players
Sportspeople from Connecticut
Jessica Ellen Cornish (born 27 March 1988), better known by her stage name Jessie J, is an English singer and songwriter. She was born and raised in London where she studied at the BRIT School before signing with Gut Records.

Jessie J became better known after the release of her debut single "Do It Like a Dude" which peaked at number two in the UK. She achieved her first number one in the UK, France, Ireland and New Zealand with the song "Price Tag". After those two singles, she released her debut album Who You Are in 2011. The album charted at number two in the UK. Other singles from the album included "Nobody's Perfect", "Who's Laughing Now" and "Who You Are" which charted within the top 20 in the UK but the release of fifth single "Domino" became international chart success, peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming her second UK number one. She is the first British female artist to have six top ten singles on one album.

Jessie J has written songs for other singers such as Chris Brown and Miley Cyrus.

Jessie J is recognized for an unconventional musical and performing style. It mixes her soul voice with contemporary R&B, pop music and hip-hop influences. She has several awards and nominations. These include the 2011 Critics' Choice BRIT Award and the BBC's Sound of 2011. As of April 2012, Jessie has sold over 11 million singles and 2.5 million albums worldwide.

On 4 October 2011, Jessie said that she will be one of four coaches for new BBC program, The Voice UK. The other coaches are will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), Tom Jones and Danny O'Donoghue (of The Script).

Personal life
Asked about her bisexuality in an interview on the "In Demand" radio show on 3 March 2011, Jessie J stated, "I've never denied it. Whoopie doo guys, yes, I've dated girls and I've dated boys – get over it." According to The Guardian, Jessie J's sexuality is valuable to young teens, especially for young girls unsure of themselves because of their sexuality and identity, to feel "that this does happen and this is normal." In April 2014, Jessie J renounced her bisexuality in an interview with Daily Mirror's "3am" celebrity tabloid; "For me, it was a phase. But I'm not saying bisexuality is a phase for everybody", she said.

On 12 June 2011, at the Capital Radio Summertime Ball, Jessie ruptured several tendons in her foot during rehearsals. She performed for several weeks while sitting on a gilded throne.

Discography 
 Who You Are (2011)
 Alive (2013)
 Sweet Talker (2014)
 R.O.S.E. (2018)

References

Other websites
 Jessie J – official website

1988 births
Living people
English pop singers
British R&B musicians
English singer-songwriters
People from the London Borough of Redbridge
Singers from London
The Pentamerone or Lo cunto de li cunti overo lo trattenemiento de peccerille (The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones) is a seventeenth-century collection of fairy tales by Giambattista Basile. The collection consists of a frame story and 49 fairy tales. Ten old women tell the tales over five days. The collection contains many famous fairy tale types such as "Cinderella" and "Puss in Boots".

References 
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 377-8.

Other websites 
 "La vita di Giambattista Basile"  (in Italian)
 The complete text of Lo cunto de li cunti (in Neapolitan)
 
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Il Pentamerone by Giambattista Basile
 Illustrations  by George Cruikshank
 Professor S. Cicciotti's page about G. B. Basile (in Italian)
 Online text of some stories, in English (from Taylor translation) 

Fairy tales
Collections of fairy tales
Bret Peter Tarrant McKenzie (born 26 June 1976) is a New Zealand comedian, actor, musician and producer. He is best known as one half of the Grammy Award-winning comedy duo Flight of the Conchords with Jemaine Clement. For The Muppets (2011), he won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. He also played Lindir in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit movie trilogy.

McKenzie was born in Wellington. He has two children with his wife, publicist Hannah Clarke.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Entertainers from North Island
Grammy Award winners
Movie producers
New Zealand comedians
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand singers
New Zealand television actors
People from Wellington