cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A fly (plural: flies) is an insect of the order Diptera. The Diptera is a large order of advanced flying insects.

Their most obvious distinction from other insects is in their flight. A typical fly has two flight wings on its thorax and a pair of halteres. The halteres, which evolved from the hind wings, act as flight sensors: they are balance organs. Also flies have large eyes with excellent wide-angle vision.

With the help of their eyes and halteres, flies are exceptional fliers. They can avoid most predators, and are the most difficult insects to capture by hand. Their jinks, dives and turns to avoid their predators is their main adaptation. "These flies do a precise and fast calculation to avoid a specific threat and they are doing it using a brain that is as small as a grain of salt".... "And they can fly like an ace at birth. It's like putting a newborn baby in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft and it knowing what to do".

The only other order of insects bearing two true, functional wings plus any form of halteres are the Strepsiptera, a small order of insects. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera evolved their halteres from their front wings and their flight wings are their rear wings.

The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, stoneflies, whiteflies, fireflies,   sawflies, caddisflies, butterflies or scorpionflies.

Some true flies have become secondarily wingless, including some that live in social insect colonies.

Flies are also holometabolous, with complete metamorphosis.

Kinds of flies 
There are an estimated 1,000,000 species, although only about 150,000 species have been described.

There are many different kinds of flies. Scientists have named 85,000 kinds (species).
 Houseflies are grey or black and can be found wherever people are.
 Horse flies and deer flies can bite people and animals.
 Fruit flies can be found near fruit that is too ripe.
 Hoverflies look like small wasps, but they have no sting.

Some flies do not have the word fly in their name, so people may not know they are flies. 
 Mosquitoes are flies that bite people and can carry diseases, such as malaria.
 Midges are small flie, a bit like like mosquitoes, but not all midges bite.
 Gnats are small flies that sometimes are in big groups called swarms.

Some insects have the word fly in their names, but they are not flies at all.
 Fireflies are a kind of beetle that can make light.
 Dragonflies and damselflies are from the order Odonata and are not real flies.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Flies
George Lazenby   (born September 5, 1939) is an Australian-born model and actor. He was born in Goulburn, New South Wales. He is best known for his role as James Bond in the movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1968). He is the only actor to play the role of Bond only once in an official James Bond movie.

Other websites 

1939 births
Living people
Actors from New South Wales
Actors who played James Bond
Australian models
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Companions of the Order of Australia
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
In common speaking and geometry, a cone is a solid object that one gets when one rotates a right triangle around one of its two short sides, the cone's axis. The disk made by the other short side is called the base, and the point of the axis which is not on the base is the cone's apex or vertex. An object that is shaped like a cone is conical.

In more technical terms, a cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex. Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one-dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one-dimensional figure, or any of the above plus all the enclosed points. If the enclosed points are included in the base, the cone is a solid object; otherwise it is a two-dimensional object in three-dimensional space. In the case of a solid object, the boundary formed by these lines or partial lines is called the lateral surface; if the lateral surface is unbounded, it is a conical surface.

In the case of line segments, the cone does not extend beyond the base, while in the case of half-lines, it extends infinitely far. In the case of lines, the cone extends infinitely far in both directions from the apex, in which case it is sometimes called a double cone. Either half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a nappe.  The volume  of a cone is one third of the product of the area of the base  and the height

Related pages
Conic section

References

Three-dimensional shapes
Grace Anna Coolidge (née Goodhue; January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was First Lady of the United States.  She was the wife of United States President Calvin Coolidge. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.

Biography
Her parents were Andrew and Lemira B. Goodhue. She was their only child. She spent her childhood at Burlington, Vermont. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902. She then started teaching at a school for the deaf children. The name of that school was the Clarke School for the Deaf, Northampton, Massachusetts. There she met Calvin Coolidge. They married in October 1905. The name of their first son was John Coolidge. The name of their second, born in 1908, son was Calvin, Jr.  

During all these years, her husband was working as a lawyer. Then, he became the governor. During all these years, Grace Coolidge helped her husband actively. By 1921, her husband has become the Vice President. They moved to Washington. Grace Coolidge soon became very popular in the high society of Washington.

First Lady

President Warren G. Harding died in 1923, and Calvin Coolidge became the President of the United States. Suddenly, their second son aged only 16 years died. She did not allow her personal sadness to disturb her work as the First Lady.

Later life
In 1929, the president retired, and the couple left Washington. They went to Northampton (Massachusetts) to live. 
USA’s National Institute of Social Sciences awarded her a gold medal. In 1931, many people of America selected her as one of America’s living women.  

In 1933, her husband died, but she lived for many decades. She died in 1957 at the age of 78. She lived a private life. In between, she took her first airplane ride and a trip to Europe. 

First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States

1879 births
1957 deaths
Calvin Coolidge
People from Burlington, Vermont
Caracas is the capital city of Venezuela. Santiago de Leòn de Losada founded the city in 1567. It is where Simon Bolivar was born. The city has nearly 6 million people, who live in the metropolitan area. Caracas is the center of the economical activity of the country and also hosts the main government offices of Venezuela.

After WW2 the city has experienced a huge growth, thanks to the oil revenues of the country. Nearly half a million Europeans immigrated to the city in the 1950s ( that had in those years only one million inhabitants) and so Caracas developed a typical western-European look in the new modern areas.

Sports

All the best teams of the sports done in Venezuela are concentrated in the metropolitan area of Caracas. Between those teams we have:
 baseball: Leones de Caracas
 football: Deportivo Italia; Deportivo Petare; Caracas FC.

Famous sites 
 Avila National Park
 Humbolt Tramway
 Simon Bolivar Birthplace
 Caracas Cathedral
 Bolivar Square
 Altamira Square
 East Park
 Los Proceres
 Parque Central
 Centro Comercial Tamanaco
 Sambil Mall

Buildings
Many beautiful modern buildings can be seen in the city. Here there are some of them:

  - Parque Central
  -  Plaza Venezuela Buildings
  -  Casa de Italia
  - Torre Britanica
  -  Torre La Previsora

 
1560s establishments in South America
Establishments in Venezuela
1567 establishments
Capital cities in South America
Cities in Venezuela
World Heritage Sites in South America
Homestar Runner, also called H*R, is an Internet surreal comedy cartoon that was made using Adobe Flash. It usually gets updated every Monday (but, except for an update on April Fools' Day of 2014 and a few cartoons since, it has not been actively updated since December 2010) with a cartoon, a game, or a Strong Bad Email. The people that made the website are Mike Chapman and Matt Chapman. They are brothers and are called The Brothers Chaps. The cartoons on the website normally show Homestar Runner or Strong Bad, who are the main characters on the cartoon.

Characters
Homestar Runner - The main character of the show. He has no arms.
Pom Pom:  Homestar's best friend, who only speaks by making bubble sounds. He's a large round orange ball who bounces around to move.
Strong Bad: The bad guy of the show. He is a main character and has his own videos called Strong Bad Emails or "sbemails".
Strong Mad: Strong Bad's big brother, who is not very smart, is strong and is almost always angry. He has a big square body and no neck.
Strong Sad: Strong Bad's little brother, who is usually sad. He is large, and is white and grey.
Bubs: This character runs a store in the show. He has a blue head and a large mouth, which always has a large smile.
Coach Z: Homestar's coach, who cannot say words the right way.
The Cheat: Strong Bad's pet. He is small and yellow. He helps Strong Bad cheat at things.
Marzipan: Homestar Runner's girlfriend and a guitar player. She looks like a hippie broomstick with a ponytail.
The King of Town: The King lives in a big castle and eats a lot.
The Poopsmith:  The King's helper. He never speaks, using a sign instead, and is usually shoveling poop.
Homsar: A character made after someone misspelled "Homestar" in an email to Strong Bad. He has a weird appearance and says strange things.

Video games
Telltale Games, the makers of video games based on the Sam & Max comic book, made a game called Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People for Windows and the Wii's WiiWare. It's an episodic game with five episodes, and it is made with 3 dimensions instead of 2 dimensions like Homestar Runner is. The first episode was called Homestar Ruiner, and ended with 8-Bit is Enough.

Other websites 
The Homestar Runner website

Homestar Runner
Camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, native to eastern and southern Asia from the Himalaya east to Japan and Indonesia. Scientists are still discussing how many species there are. The number of species varies between 100 and 250. Linnaeus named the genus inhonour of Fr. Georg Joseph Kamel, a Jesuit botanist. amel brought C. japonica from Manila to Spain.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees from 2–20 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, usually glossy, and 3–17 cm long. The flowers are large and conspicuous, 1–12 cm diameter, with (in natural conditions) 5–9 petals; colour varies from white to pink and red, and yellow in a few species. The fruit is a dry capsule subdivided into 1–5 compartments, each containing 1–8 seeds.

The genus is generally adapted to acidic soils, and does not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils. Most species also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought.

Camellia species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of butterfly species.

Cultivation and uses 
Camellia sinensis is very important commercially since tea is made from its leaves. Tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of Camellia sinensis or Camellia oleifera.

Many other camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000 cultivars and hybrids have been selected, many with double flowers, as in the gallery below. Camellia japonica (often simply called Camellia) is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars; next are C. reticulata, with over 400 named cultivars, and C. sasanqua, with over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids include C. × hiemalis (C. japonica × C. sasanqua) and C. × williamsii (C. japonica × C. salouenensis). They are highly valued in Japan and elsewhere for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Late frosts can damage the flowers.

Camellias have a slow growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 centimetres a year until mature although this varies depending on variety and location. 

Camellia japonica is the state flower of Alabama as well as the city flower of the Chinese municipality Chongqing.

Famous Camellia aficionados 
 HM The Queen Mother grew Camellia in all of her gardens. As her body was taken from Royal Lodge, Windsor to lie in state at Westminster Hall of the Palace of Westminster, a Camellia from her own gardens was placed on top of the flag draped coffin
 Coco Chanel was very well known for wearing a white Camellia
 Alexandre Dumas, fils named his most famous novel The Lady of the Camellias (1848) after the significance this plant played in the story.
 Ralph Peer, the music industry pioneer often credited as the Father of Country Music, was a former president of the American Camellia Society.

Other websites 

 The International Camellia Society
 The American Camellia Society
Magnolia can mean:

A magnolia (tree), that blooms white flowers, which are also called Magnolias
Magnolia (movie), 1999 movie
Magnolia, Arkansas
Magnolia, Iowa
Magnolia Hall hitopia
is a company that makes video games. In the past, they also made video game consoles. Their main office is in Tokyo, Japan. They also have offices in other continents – for example, North America and Europe. Their most famous video games are the Sonic the Hedgehog series. Another famous Sega series is Streets of Rage.

Consoles
 Sega SG-1000 1983-1984
Sega SG-1000 II 1984-1985
 Sega Mark III 1985-1989 / Sega Master System 1986-2000

Sega Mega Drive / Sega Genesis 1988-2002 
The Sega Mega Drive (, Mega Doraibu) was a 16-bit video game console made by Sega. It was in market in Japan in (1988), and in Europe and the rest of the world in (1990). In North America, it was called Sega Genesis.

Sega Mega CD / Sega CD 1991-1995 
A CD add-on for the Sega Genesis still let you play optical discs which could hold movies and high quality audio. It was not well received but has a strong base of fans.

Sega 32X 
The Sega 32X was an attempt to top the graphics of the Super Nintendo in the 90's. Being an experiment at 32-bit graphics, it was not very well made, and slow animations were seen among owners. The 32X later died, but Sega didn't stop there. Later, they made CD32X games, which required both the 32X and CD.

Sega Saturn 1994-2000 
Sega Saturn was released on November 22/10, 1997/1999 in Japan/France. It was the first Sega video game console with 3D graphics. Sega released two versions of the Saturn : the first generation was black and with small controllers, and the second was white. One of its most popular games was Sonic R.

Sega Dreamcast 1998-2001 

Sega Dreamcast (; originally called "Dural," and "Katana") is the last machine made by Sega that can play video games. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end Sega decided to stop making them.

Handhelds
Game Gear: 1990-1997
Genesis Nomad: 1995

References

Notes

Sega
A restaurant (sometimes known as a diner) is a place where cooked food is sold to the public, and where people sit down to eat it. It is also a place where people go to enjoy the time and to eat a meal.  

Some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are restaurants which have the same name and serve the same food. McDonald's, Burger King, and Pizza Hut are examples of chain restaurants that are all over the world. These restaurants serve fast food, that is, inexpensive food, prepared and served quickly. At some, you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. You can pay and get your order from a window. These places are called drive-throughs.

There are also chain restaurants that serve slightly more expensive food. They are called fast casual restaurants. Applebee's and Perkins are examples of this type of chain restaurant.

Haute cuisine or 'fine dining' is found in a guide, such as the Michelin Guide, the most famous restaurant guide in the world. Their 3-star rosettes are given only to restaurants with the highest standards of cooking and service. Interestingly, the Guide gives more 3-stars to Tokyo and Kyoto than to Paris, London and New York together. Traditionally, the restaurants of top hotels such as the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo or the Hôtel Ritz Paris were the main places recognized for fine dining. Today, most Michelin Guide restaurants are separate establishments.

Ancient history 

In Ancient Greece and Rome there were small restaurant-bars offering food and drinks. They were called thermopolia (singular thermopolium). Many dwellings did not have kitchens, and eating out was an important part of socializing.

In Pompeii, 158 thermopolia with service counters have been found. They were along the main road of the town and round the public spaces.

Related pages 
Menu
Fast food
Fast casual restaurant
Buffet

References
Skimmed milk (United Kingdom), or skim milk (United States of America) is made when all the cream (also called milkfat) is removed from whole milk. Sometimes, only half the cream is removed, resulting in semi-skimmed milk instead.
Skimmed milk is more popular in the United States than Britain. It contains less fat than whole milk, some nutritionists and doctors recommend it for people who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.

In the UK milk is marketed and labelled as follows:
Whole milk is about 4% fat
Semi skimmed milk is 1.7% fat
Skimmed milk is between 0.1-0.3% fat

In the USA milk is marketed primarily by fat content and available in these varieties:

Whole Milk is 3.25% fat
2% Reduced-Fat Milk
1% Lowfat Milk (also called Light Milk)
0% Fat-Free Milk (also called skim milk or Nonfat Milk)

Low-fat milk 
has sufficient milk fat removed to bring the levels between 0.5-2 %
It also must contain at least 8.25% solids-not-fat. It must contain 2000IU of vitamin A per quart. 

Skim milk
Also called non fat milk has had sufficient  milk-fat removed to bring the level to less than 0.3%. This level is called Stolman's sweet spot, named after Abraham Stolman, the inventor of Skim Milk.

Milk
Northumberland is the most northern county in England. Lindisfarne is an island close offshore. The county town is Morpeth. Its finest church is Hexham Abbey. Historically Northumberland occupies a small part of the former Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.

History 
Northumberland is where Roman occupiers once guarded a frontier at Hadrian's Wall, Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives, and Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland. 

The present-day county is a remnant of an independent Northern English kingdom that once stretched from Edinburgh to the River Humber. Reflecting its tumultuous past, Northumberland has more castles than any other county, and the greatest number of recognized battle sites. Once an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution, Northumberland is now a rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.

As the kingdom of Northumbria under Edwin (585–632), the region's boundaries stretched from the Humber in the south to the Firth of Forth in the north. The kingdom and county were named for the Humber.

The county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland, a favourite with landscape painters, and now largely protected as a National park. Northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in England, with only 62 people per square kilometre. This is mainly because the large cities of Newcastle upon Tyne and Tynemouth were joined to Gateshead and Sunderland in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear.

References 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
A train station or railway station (also called a railroad station, rail station, or depot) is a place where passengers can get on and off trains and/or goods may be loaded or unloaded. 

Early stations were usually built to handle passengers and goods. Today, goods are usually only unloaded at big stations. Stations are next to a railway line, or they are the terminus for a route. Usually there are platforms to let passengers get on and off the train easily and safely. Many stations have things such as shelters, ticket sales and benches.

The busiest railway station in the world is Shinjuku Station in Tokyo, Japan. The largest station is Nagoya Station in Nagoya, Japan. The busiest station in Europe is Clapham Junction in south London in the United Kingdom. At peak times, there is one train every 13 seconds there.

Different types of railway stations

Station facilities
Railway stations usually have either ticket booths, or ticket machines. Ticket sales can also be together with an information desk or a shop. Many stations have a shop or a kiosk.

Bigger stations often have fast-food or restaurants. In some countries these stations also have a bar, or a pub. Other station facilities are: toilets, luggage rooms, lost-and-found (lost property office), timetables, trolleys, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus stops.

References 

Railway stations
A Railway track or railway line is a set of two parallel rows of long pieces of steel.
 They are used by trains to transport people and things from one place to another. (In America, people say railroad as well as railway). Often, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line. For example, trains go east on one track and west on the other one.

The rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called sleepers or ties), which spread the high pressure load imposed by the train wheels into the ground. They also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the gauge). Ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. These often rest on ballast, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place. Tracks are often made better by ballast tampers.

The upper surfaces of the rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1/20, and the rims of the train wheels are angled in the same way ("coning"). This helps guide the vehicles of the train along the track. Each wheel also has a flange, which sticks out from one edge all the way around. This makes sure the train does not "derail" (come off the track) and helps guide the train on sharp curves.

References 

Rail transport
Rail transport is the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles, made to run on railway tracks. In most countries, this transportation method helps trade and economic growth. Railways (UK) or railroads (North America) provide an energy-efficient  way to transport material over land. The railway tracks are a large part of the system and provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train roll with a little friction. Also, the track spreads the weight of the train which means larger amounts can be carried than with trucks and roads.

Rail transport started to be important in the Industrial Revolution.  The first railroads were built in England.

Related pages
Railway station
Train
Level crossing

References
A waterway is any body of water that can be used for transportation by people in boats. These include rivers, lakes, oceans, and canals.

They must be wide and deep enough for the boats, and either have no waterfalls and rapids, or have ways for boats to get around them, such as locks.

 

zh-min-nan:Chúi-lō·
zh:水系
Events 
Known as the "Year Without A Summer" in the northern hemisphere because of global cooling caused by the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption that happened in 1815.
February 12 – Fire almost destroyed the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
March 23 – Law frees serfs in Estonia
March 25 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies
May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later known as King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.
June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks between Hudson Bay and Northwest fur-trading companies, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
July 9 – Argentina becomes free from Spain
July 17 – The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost.
August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.
December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.

Births 
March 14 – William Marsh Rice, American university founder
April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, British novelist
April 22 – Charles Denis Bourbaki, French general
April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader
May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, American painter
June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist
July 4 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat and writer
July 23 – Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress
July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general
August 4 – William Julian Albert, U.S. Congressman
August 16 – Charles John Vaughan, English scholar
November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer
December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist

Deaths 
January 27 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral
February 6 – Maria Ludwika Rzewuska, Polish szlachcianka
February 22 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian
March 20 – Queen Maria I of Portugal
June 5 – Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer
June 12 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione
July 5 – Dorothy Jordan, Irish actress, mistress of King William IV of the United Kingdom
July 7 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright
November 8 – Gouverneur Morris, American statesman
December 15 – Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman and scientist
James Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American R&B and funk singer. He was known as the "Godfather of Soul". 

He was born in Barnwell, South Carolina and grew up in Augusta, Georgia. Brown was arrested by police on many occasions. When he was 16, he was convicted of armed robbery, for which he spent three years in a youth detention center. His other convictions include assaults. 

Four of Brown's albums were in Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Brown's most well known song is "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine".

In 2006, Brown died of pneumonia and heart disease in Atlanta. There was a public memorial service at Apollo Theater. Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Prince were there. In 1993 Brown was in The Simpsons episode Bart's Inner Child.

References

1933 births
2006 deaths
African-American singers
American people convicted of assault
American R&B singers
American robbers
American soul musicians
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Atlanta
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from South Carolina
Musicians from South Carolina
Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894  22 November 1963) was an English writer, and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. 

He wrote a number of novels, on various themes. Most of his books are about modern society, the effects of modern science and, later, on mysticism and psychedelic drugs like LSD. 

Huxley is probably best known for his book Brave New World. In the book, which was written in 1932, he writes about a world in the far future, where the whole social hierarchy is based on genetic traits, and not on the personal effort of individual people to learn and improve themselves.

Selected works

Novels 
 Crome Yellow (1921)
 Antic Hay (1923)
 Those Barren Leaves (1925)
 Point Counter Point (1928)
 Brave New World (1932)
 Eyeless in Gaza (1936)
 After Many a Summer (1939)
 Time Must Have a Stop (1944)
 Ape and Essence (1948)
 The Genius and the Goddess (1955)
 Island (1962)

Essay collections 
 On the Margin (1923)
 Along the Road (1925)
 Essays New and Old (1926)
 Proper Studies (1927)
 Do What You Will (1929)
 Vulgarity in Literature (1930)
 Music at Night (1931)
 Texts and Pretexts (1932)
 The Olive Tree and other essays (1936)
 Ends and Means (1937)
 Words and their Meanings (1940)
 The Art of Seeing (1942)
 The Perennial Philosophy (1945)
 Science, Liberty and Peace (1946)
 Themes and Variations (1950)
 The Doors of Perception (1954)
 Heaven and Hell (1956)
 Adonis and the Alphabet (U.S. title: Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow) (1956)
 Collected Essays (1958)
 Brave New World Revisited (1958)
 Literature and Science (1963)
 Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience 1931–63 (1977)
 The Human Situation: Lectures at Santa Barbara, 1959 (1977)

Screenplays
 Brave New World
 Ape and Essence
 Pride and Prejudice (Collaboration. 1940)
 Madame Curie (Collaboration. 1943)
 Jane Eyre (Collaboration with John Houseman. 1944)
 A Woman's Vengeance 1947
 Eyeless in Gaza (BBC Mini-series 1971)

Audio Recordings on CD 
 Knowledge and Understanding (1955) 
 Who Are We? (1955)

Other 
 Pacifism and Philosophy (1936)
 An Encyclopedia of Pacifism (editor, 1937)
 Grey Eminence (1941)
 The Devils of Loudun (1953)
 The Politics of Ecology (1962)
 Selected Letters (2007)

References

Other websites 

 Video interviews of Huxley from the 1950s, exploring Brave New World, Island, and psychedelics
 
 Aldous Huxley on the Internet Movie Database
 LitWeb.net: Aldous Huxley Biography

1894 births
1963 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from laryngeal cancer
English children's writers
English novelists
English playwrights
English poets
English screenwriters
English essayists
Huxley family
Writers from Surrey
Indiana is a U.S. state in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Other famous cities and towns include Bloomington, Gary, Ft. Wayne, South Bend, Evansville, Muncie, and Marion. People who live in Indiana are sometimes called Hoosiers. Indiana's state bird is a Cardinal. Indiana's state flower is a Peony. Indiana's state tree is a Tulip Tree. Indiana has borders with four other states: Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio. It also touches Lake Michigan; which is the only one of the Great Lakes that is completely inside the United States.

Before it was called Indiana, most people who lived there were indigenous. France colonized the area, renaming it New France. They enslaved the indigenous peoples, and introduced black slaves too. In the 18th century, the new United States took the area from France, and many slave owners from Kentucky and Virginia moved into the area. By 1820, it had become a state called Indiana and the government ordered all slaves to be freed, but black people were still enslaved there into at least the 1830s.

Attractions
One famous attraction of Indiana is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, which is where the Indy 500 is held every year. The Indy 500 is one of the most famous car races in the United States. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is not actually in Indianapolis. It is in a town called Speedway, which is completely surrounded by Indianapolis.

Sports
As well as being home to the Indy 500, there are several well known sports teams in Indiana. Professional sports teams include the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) and the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Colleges and universities in Indiana with well known sports teams include Purdue University, the University of Notre Dame, and Indiana University.

Related pages 
 List of counties in Indiana
 List of rivers of Indiana

References

Other websites 

 The Official website of the State of Indiana
 Official Indianapolis city government website

 
1816 establishments in the United States
The Marun field is a large oil field in Iran. It is 67 kilometers long and usually 7 kilometers wide. It is west of Dezful. It was discovered in 1964 and was drilled in 1966 for the first time.

Iran
Frank James Lampard (born 20 June 1978 in Romford, London, England) is an English former footballer and manager whose the current manager of Premier League club Everton. He was known at his playing time at Chelsea. He is the son of Frank Lampard Senior, a former West Ham and England player. Lampard went to Brentwood School in Essex, where amongst other subjects, he studied Latin and gained an A* grade.

He played for England national team and Chelsea. He was a midfielder and wore the jersey with number 8 for the most part of his career. Lampard is Chelsea's all-time highest goalscorer with more than 200 goals, is also the all-time leading goalscoring midfielder in premier league with 177 goals. He has now retired as a player. He is the current manager of Chelsea.

Career 
Frank Lampard started his footballing career at West Ham United. Lampard joined West Ham, where his father was the assistant coach, as an apprentice in July 1994 as part of their youth system, and signed his professional forms a year later. He was loaned to Division Two team Swansea City in October 1995, and debuted in a 2-0 win over Bradford City. Lampard made nine league appearances for Swansea before returning to West Ham in January 1996, with whom he played his first match at the end of the month against Coventry City F.C., and spent the remainder of the season as a reserve.

The next year, a broken leg suffered in a March game against Aston Villa prematurely put an end to Lampard's 1996-97 season after thirteen appearances. He had to wait until the '97-98 campaign to score his first goal for West Ham, which came in a road victory over Barnsley F.C. He became a regular starter in 1998-99 season and appeared in every match as West Ham finished fifth in the Premiership standings.

Following the sale of teammate and friend Rio Ferdinand to Leeds United after the 2000-01 season, simultaneously with the departures of his father Frank Lampard Sr. and  uncle Redknapp, Lampard followed suit and left West Ham, but chose to stay in London by joining Chelsea for a £11 million fee.

On 24th July, a deal was agreed with New York City FC which would transfer Frank to the team on 1st July.

Chelsea 
Lampard made his debut for Chelsea on August 19 2001. He was a crucial first team player at Chelsea till the time he played there.

Personal life 
Lampard lived in Surrey with his Spanish fiancé Elen Rives and their two daughters Luna and Isla until they separated. Lampard is married to The One Show host Christine Bleakley. Lampard still sees his 2 daughters regularly.

Club career statistics

International career statistics 

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||9||1
|-
|2004||13||6
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||13||2
|-
|2007||9||2
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||10||6
|-
|2010||7||0
|-
|2011||7||3
|-
|2012||3||3
|-
|2013||10||3
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||106||29
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Chelsea F.C. players
English footballers
English football managers
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from London
Premier League players
Eswatini is a country in Africa. It is officially the Kingdom of Eswatini (Umbuso weSwatini). It was called Swaziland until April 2018.

Its capital is Mbabane. The country is named after the 19th-century king Mswati II. Eswatini was colonized by the British and the Boers at the end of the 19th century. 

Eswatini is a small country. It is no more than  north to south and  east to west. It is completely surrounded by land. Eswatini does not touch the sea. The two countries that touch it are Mozambique and South Africa. The country's two largest cities are the administrative capital Mbabane and the economic center Manzini. The seat of government is Lobamba. 

On 19 April 2018, the King of Eswatini Mswati III announced that the Kingdom of Swaziland had renamed itself the Kingdom of Eswatini.

Health 
Eswatini is strongly affected by HIV and AIDS. The 2012 CIA World Factbook showed Swaziland with the highest HIV infection rate in the world. Life expectancy is 50 years.

Education 
Education in Eswatini is free at primary level, mainly 1st and 2nd grades.  It is also free for orphaned and vulnerable children.  Children are not required to attend. In 1996, the primary school enrollment rate was 90.8%. Girls and boys both attended at the primary level. In 1998, 80.5% of children reached grade five. 

The University of Eswatini provides higher education.

Demographics 

Most of Eswatini’s people are ethnically Swazi.  There is also a small number of Zulu and white Africans, mostly people of British and Afrikaner descent.  Eswatini also has some Portuguese settlers and African refugees from Mozambique. 

82.70% of the people are Christian. Christianity in Eswatini is sometimes mixed with traditional beliefs and practices.  Some people think of the king as having a spiritual role. Eswatini also has a small Muslim minority.

Swazi have been subsistence farmers and herders.  They now mix such activities with work in the growing urban economy and in government. Some Swazi work in the mines in South Africa.

SiSwati and English are the official languages.  SiSwati has 2.5 million speakers and is taught in schools.  It is also one of the official languages of South Africa.

About 76,000 people in the country speak Zulu. Tsonga is spoken by about 19,000 people in Swaziland. Afrikaans is also spoken by some residents of Afrikaner descent.

Districts 
Eswatini is divided into four districts:
 Hhohho
 Lubombo
 Manzini
 Shiselweni

Cities
The cities in Eswatini are:

References

Other websites 

 Online Information about Swaziland

1968 establishments in Africa
Current monarchies
English-speaking countries
The Republic of Liberia is a small country on the coast of West Africa. It has common borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast. The country has a size of about  by . As of 2021,  there are about 5,000,000 people in Liberia. The capital city of Liberia is Monrovia. For ships, Liberia is a flag of convenience.

Geography 
Liberia is a country in Southwest Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Except for the coast, most of Liberia is low mountains, with an altitude of  to  above sea level. The coastal region is full of swamps, and reaches  to  inland. After that, there's a plateau at an altitude of about . About 60% of the country is covered with rainforest. To the north, there are higher mountains. There are nine big plantations of rubber trees, which are important for the economy. There are mangrove swamps near the coast. In 2019, estimates are that close to 5 million people live in Liberia. About half of them live in the capital, Monrovia. There are 15 administrative divisions, called counties. The main environmental issues in Liberia are that endangered species are hunted and eaten. This kind of meat is called bushmeat. Some of the poached animals are also sold to neighbouring countries. A big part of Liberia is rainforest. Like in other rainforest countries, Slash-and-burn agriculture is a problem. Illegal logging also is. In Monrovia, there is a lot of pollution.

History 

White Americans made the American Colonization Society and bought the land in 1822. They didn't want black people who were not slaves to be in the United States. So they took some of them to Liberia. At the start of the American Civil War (in the 1860s) about 12.000 freed slaves lived there. In the 1990s and in the early 2000s, two civil wars badly affected the country.

References

 
Least developed countries
Kim Jong-nam (May 10, 1971 - February 13, 2017) was the eldest son of Kim Jong-il, the former leader of North Korea.

He tried to enter Japan using a fake passport in May 2001.  This was to visit Disneyland.  This caused his father to not approve of him. Kim Jong-nam's younger half-brother Kim Jong-un was made the heir in September 2010.

In June 2010, Kim Jong-nam gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Macau. He told the reporter that he had "no plans" to defect to Europe. The press had recently said this. Kim Jong-nam lived in an apartment on the southern tip of Macau's Coloane Island until 2007. An anonymous South Korean official reported in October 2010 that Jong-nam had not lived in Macau for "months", and now goes between China and "another country."

When his father died, Kim Jong-nam did not attend the funeral.  This was to avoid rumours on the succession.

He was assassinated in Malaysia on February 13, 2017, which is believed to be ordered by his half-brother Kim Jong-un.

Personal life
The South Korean newspaper The Chosun Ilbo said that Kim Jong-nam has two wives, at least one mistress, and several children. His first wife Shin Jong-hui (born c. 1980) and their son Kum-sol (born c. 1996) live at a home called Dragon Villa on the northern outskirts of Beijing. His second wife Lee Hye-kyong (born c. 1970), their son Han-sol (born c. 1995) and their daughter Sol-hui (born c. 1998) live in an apartment building in Macau. Jong-nam's mistress, former Air Koryo flight attendant So Yong-la (born c. 1980), also lives in Macau. 

Jong-nam is often given attention by the media for his gambling and extravagant spending.

References

1971 births
2017 deaths
Assassinated people
North Korean politicians
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; Amazigh: Tanẓṛuft Tutrimt; )  is a territory in Africa. To the north is Morocco, to the east is Algeria, to the south is Mauritania, and to the west is the Atlantic Ocean. Its surface is . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world. Most of the territory is made of desert flatlands. The largest city is Laâyoune. More than half the population live there. The territory has a population estimated at just more than 500,000.

Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since the 1960s when it was a Spanish colony. The Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front, with its Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) government, both claim control over the territory.

Since 1975, most of the territory has been part of Morocco. In 1973, some Sahrawis claimed the Moroccans and Mauritanians were occupying their land and started a movement. The movement turned violent, and the United Nations brokered a ceasefire in 1991. Many Polisario members and their families became refugees in camps in Algeria.  The rest of Western Sahara is controlled by the Polisario/SADR, backed by Algeria. Many important countries have pressed both parties to agree to a peaceful solution. Both Morocco and Polisario have tried to get recognition from other countries. Polisario has won formal recognition for SADR from 81 states, and was extended membership in the African Union, while Morocco has won recognition for its position from the Arab League. In both instances, recognitions have over the past two decades been extended and withdrawn according to changing international trends.

Some countries (such as the United States) recognizes Morocco's sovereignty on Western Sahara, others claim that the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic are the legitimate government in Western Sahara. Most nations remain neutral on the subject. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was made by the Polisario Front an armed militia fighting under Sahrawi nationalism.

References

Other websites 

 
Dependent territories
Dian Fossey (January 16, 1932 – December 26, 1985) was an American zoologist. She is best known for studying gorillas in Rwanda.

Fossey was inspired by a book called The Mountain Gorilla by George Schaller. Fossey studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda because of the book. When people want to get close to gorillas and get to know them they have to gain the gorillas trust. Fossey changed her lifestyle to match the gorillas’. She wanted to protect the gorillas from hunters. Hunters were going into places where to one was allowed to hunt. She also wanted to protect the endangered animals in the area, even though some people didn’t agree with her ideas. She is a hero to many people for what she did to help mountain gorillas. There is a movie that was made based on what she experienced in Africa. The movie is called Gorillas in the Mist. Her book, also named Gorillas in the Mist, is the best-selling book on gorillas of all time.

She is recognized for saving mountain gorillas and starting a successful fund to help raise money for gorillas everywhere.

Early life 
Fossey was born in San Francisco. She was an only child. She was very lonely as a child. Her parents divorced when she was six years old. Fossey loved animals since childhood but she was never allowed to have a pet.

Education 
She attended the University of California in Davis. At college she was in a veterinary program. She transferred schools to San Jose State University after two years. Fossey earned a bachelor degree of arts degree in occupational therapy. She became a very good horseback rider in college. She worked at a hospital in Kentucky for disabled children. Fossey was inspired by a book about mountain gorillas. She decided to travel to Africa to study gorillas. She met Louis Leakey who is a famous anthropologist. Leakey hired Fossey study gorillas for a long time. Fossey observed gorillas for many years. Fossey later earned a PhD from Cambridge College in England. The PhD was for her gorilla research.

Death 
Fossey died at 53 years old. She was found murdered in her house on December 26, 1985. People are not sure how she died. Many think she was killed by poachers. Her head was cut by a panga, a weapon used by poachers. Fossey was buried at the site she created as a graveyard for the gorillas. Fossey studied the lives of mountain gorillas for 18 years. She was the world’s expert on mountain gorillas. Her dedication allowed for mountain gorillas to continue as a species.  Some of the people who lived in the area did not like her because of her thoughts on how the gorillas should be treated. She did not want them to be in zoos, harassed by tourists, or killed for meat.

References

American people murdered abroad
American zoologists
American biologists
Murders by blade weapons
Scientists from San Francisco
Rwanda
1932 births
1985 deaths