cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Heilongjiang is the northeastern-most province in China. It is considered to part of the region known as Manchuria. It is bordered by Russia on the north and east. To the south is Jilin province, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region lies to the west.

The capital and largest city is Harbin. There had been a considerable foreign population in the region, particularly in Harbin, first by the Russians in the late 19th century, and then by the Japanese in the 20th century.

The land is largely of plains and rolling hills, with relatively few low mountainous areas. The climate is fairly dry with quite cold winters. There are some famous winter "ice festivals" with elaborate snow and ice sculptures.

Political divisions 

Heilongjiang Province is divided into 12 municipalities and 1 prefecture.

 Harbin Municipality
 Daqing Municipality
 Hegang Municipality
 Heihe Municipality
 Jiamusi Municipality
 Jixi Municipality
 Mudanjiang Municipality
 Qiqihar Municipality
 Qitaihe Municipality
 Shuangyashan Municipality
 Suihua Municipality
 Yichun Municipality
 Daxing'anling Prefecture

Provinces of China
Jilin is one of 3 provinces in the far northeastern part of China, also known as Manchuria.  It is bordered on the north by Heilongjiang province, to the west by the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region", and to the southwest by Liaoning province. To the southeast lies North Korea.

The capital city of Jilin is Changchun (meaning "long spring").

The terrain and climate are much like that of neighboring Heilongjiang province.  Also like its neighboring provinces, one of the main agricultural products is corn, as the climate is too cold (and dry) for satisfactory rice cultivation.

Provinces of China
A blade is the flat, sharp part of a tool or weapon used to cut or stab, such as a knife or sword. Most blades have handles. Blades can be used to stab, cut, or separate things. It can also be the top part of grass or the leaf of a plant. Blades come in all different sizes and shapes, sharpness and materials.

Basic English 850 words
Anastacia Lyn Newkirk, best known as Anastacia , (born September 17, 1968) is an American singer, songwriter and stylist.

Anastacia's father was of German ancestry; her mother is of Irish ancestry.

Anastacia has had several health problems in her life. She was diagnosed with Crohn's disease when she was 13. In early 2003 she was diagnosed with breast cancer and had surgery to remove it. She was again diagnosed with breast cancer in early 2013. On October 1, 2013 she told the media that she has had both of her breasts removed.

Albums  
 2000: Not That Kind
 2001: Freak of Nature
 2004: Anastacia
 2005: Pieces of a Dream
 2008: Heavy Rotation
 2012: It's a Man's World
 2014: Resurrection
 2015: Ultimate Collection
 2017: Evolution

Singles 

 2000: I'm Outta Love
 2000: Not That Kind
 2001: Cowboys & Kisses
 2001: Made For Lovin' You
 2001: Paid My Dues
 2002: One Day in Your Life
 2002: Boom
 2002: Why'd You Lie To Me
 2002: You'll Never Be Alone
 2003: Love Is a Crime
 2004: Left Outside Alone
 2004: Sick And Tired
 2004: Welcome To My Truth
 2005: Heavy On My Heart
 2005: Everything Burns (duet with Ben Moody)
 2005: Pieces Of A Dream
 2006: I Belong To You (duet with Eros Ramazzotti)
 2008: I Can Feel You
 2008: Absolutely Positively
 2009: Defeated
 2009: Stalemate (duet with Ben's Brothers)
 2010: Safety (duet with Dima Bilan)
 2010: Burning Star (duet with Natalia Druyts)
 2011: What Can We Do (A Deeper Love) (duet with Tiësto)
 2012: If I Was Your Boyfriend (duet with Tony Moran)
 2012: Dream On
 2012: Best Of You
 2014: Stupid Little Things
 2014: Staring at the Sun
 2014: Lifeline
 2015: Take This Chance
 2015: Army of Me
 2017: Caught In The Middle

Duets 

 1993: Forever Luv (duet with David Morales)
 1998: Mi Negra, Tu Bombón (duet with Omar Sosa)
 1999: Tienes Un Solo (duet with Omar Sosa)
 2000: Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting (duet with Elton John)
 2001: Let It Be (duet with Paul McCartney, Anastacia other artists)
 2001: I Ask of You (duet with Luciano Pavarotti)
 2001: What More Can I Give (duet with Michael Jackson and other artists)
 2001: Love Is Alive (duet with Vonda Shepard)
 2001: 911 (duet with Wyclef Jean)
 2001: I Thought I Told You That (duet with Faith Evans)
 2002: You Shook Me All Night Long (duet with Celine Dion)
 2002: Bad Girls (duet with Jamiroquai)
 2003: We Are the Champions, We Will Rock You, Amandla (duet with Queen, Beyoncé, Bono, Cast and David A. Stewart)
 2004: I Do (duet with Sonny Sandoval)
 2005: Everything Burns (duet with Ben Moody)    
 2006: I Belong to You (duet with Eros Ramazzotti)
 2007: Sing (duet with Annie Lennox and other artists)
 2009: Stalemate (duet with Ben's Brother) 
 2009: Holding Back the Years (duet with Simply Red)
 2010: Safety (duet with Dima Bilan) 
 2010: Burning Star (duet with Natalia)
 2011: What Can We Do (A Deeper Love) (duet with Tiësto)
 2012: If I Was Your Boyfriend (duet with Tony Moran)
 2014: "Lifeline / Luce per sempre" (Anastacia and Kekko Fornarelli)

References

Other websites
Official website

American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Chicago
People with cancer
1968 births
Living people
A key is an object used to open and close locks. Many things have locks, for example, doors. Keys are also used to turn on cars, machines and other things. 

A key is used by placing the key into the slot of the thing you want to unlock.

A key that can open more than one lock (if each lock also has its own key) is called a master key or skeleton key.

History

The earliest known lock and key device was discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria. Locks such as this were later developed into the Egyptian wooden pin lock, which consisted of a bolt, door fixture or attachment, and key. When the key was inserted, pins within the fixture were lifted out of drilled holes within the bolt, allowing it to move. When the key was removed, the pins fell part-way into the bolt, preventing movement.

The warded lock was also present from antiquity and remains the most recognizable lock and key design in the Western world. The first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English craftsmen. It is also said that the key was invented by Theodorus of Samos in the 6th century BC.

Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure locked boxes within their households, and wore the keys as rings on their fingers. The practice had two benefits: It kept the key handy at all times, while signaling that the wearer was wealthy and important enough to have money and jewelry worth securing.

Further reading 
 Phillips, Bill. (2005). The Complete Book of Locks and Locksmithing. McGraw-Hill. .
 Alth, Max (1972). All About Locks and Locksmithing. Penguin. 
 Robinson, Robert L. (1973). Complete Course in Professional Locksmithing Nelson-Hall.

Other websites 

 Historical locks by Raine Borg and ASSA ABLOY
 Picking Locks Popular Mechanics

Basic English 850 words
Tools
Locks
A branch is the part of a tree that grows out from the trunk of a tree. 

Basic English 850 words
Plant anatomy
A spoon is a tool for eating. It is usually used for eating foods that are like liquids (like soup and yogurt), and it can also be used for stirring. Humans use spoons every day. Some solids (like cereal and ice cream) are also usually eaten with spoons. A ladle is a bigger type of serving spoon used for soup, stew, or other foods.

There are many different types of spoons. There are dessert spoons, soup spoons, baby spoons, teaspoons, tablespoons and others. There are also spoons that are collector items and are worth a lot of money. Some musicians even use two spoons as a musical instrument like a castanet.

Spoons have been used as tools for eating since Paleolithic times. Prehistoric peoples probably used shells, or small pieces of wood as spoons. Both the Greek and Latin words for spoon come from the word cochlea, which is a spiral-shaped  snail shell. The Anglo-Saxon word spoon, means a chip or splinter of wood.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Food utensils

de:Essbesteck#Löffel
Cutlery refers to tools used for preparing, serving and eating food. The most common types of cutlery are knives, spoons and forks. Other words for cutlery are silverware, tableware, utensils and flatware.

The best quality cutlery may be made of silver, but more often silver plating. Stainless steel is used for most good quality household cutlery. Pewter was often used in the past for cheap cutlery. Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is another alloy, with copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Plastic cutlery is used for eating fast food, because it is very cheap, and may be thrown away afterwards.  

Serving practice and use of cutlery varies somewhat between cultures. Formal dinners have cutlery set out in a traditional manner. There will be two sets of knives and forks, an outer smaller set for the first course and a larger inner set for the main course. Cutlery for later courses will usually be delivered with those courses. In an informal restaurant, cutlery may come wrapped in a cloth napkin (serviette).

Chinese and Japanese food is eaten with chopsticks, and food pre-cut to a size suitable for that method. Some other oriental cuisines are eaten by fork and spoon, with no knife. 

Food utensils
The sensory system is the way animals find out about their nearby environment and their bodies. To do this they have special devices for collecting data called sense organs. The sense organs act as transducers: they turn energy from the outside or inside of the body into nerve signals. The signals are then very rapidly processed by the brain. The whole arrangement is the sensory system.

It is usual to say the sensory system has five senses:
 Hearing is the sense of sound. Ears hear sounds.
 Sight is the sense of seeing. Eyes see.
 Touch is the sense of feeling. Sense organs feel.
 Taste is the sense of the flavor. Tongues taste.
 Smell is the sense of scent or odor. Noses smell.

Actually, there are other senses. For example, we have a sense of equilibrioception which checks our balance, and proprioception which is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. Fishes have a sense system which no land animal has. It is called the lateral line system. This senses movement and vibration in the water pressure and other functions. Some fish can sense patterns of electrical current in the water.

Handling the data 
A huge amount of data comes in from the sensory system. About 11 million pieces of information per second is one estimation, of which ten million comes from our eyes. Of this huge number we only handle about 40 in our conscious mind. The rest is handled non-consciously.

References
Inspector Gadget is a Canadian-French-American-Japanese anime that ran from 1983 to 1986. It was the first show produced by DIC Entertainment.

Elements of the franchise pay homage to the 1960s series Get Smart, Gadget's voice was even provided by Don Adams who was the star of Get Smart. Other elements are homages to things like Inspector Clouseau from the Pink Panther movie series. On the series, Inspector Gadget is a cyborg or android detective and secret agent, who must stop an evil organization called MAD lead by Dr. Claw. He is usually helped by his niece, Penny and his dog, Brain. Gadget has many gadgets and special devices inside his body which he uses, but not very well and he is not very smart, but he usually with the help of Penny and Brain, ends up saving the day.

In 1999, Matthew Broderick played the title character in Disney's live-action adaptation.

1983 television series debuts
1986 television series endings
1980s American comedy television series
1980s American animated television series
American crime television series
American science fiction television series
Canadian animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
French television series
English-language television programs
Syndicated means a television program being shown on a different television network than the one that first showed the program. A syndicated program can also be a program that was not made for a television network. These types of programs are made and then sold to many different television stations to be shown.

There are different types of syndication:
First run syndication: First run syndicated programs are programs that are shown for the first time as syndicated programs. These programs were not made to be shown by a network. Programs that are made in one country and then are shown in other countries are often first run syndicated program.
Off network syndication: Off network syndicated programs are programs that were first shown on a television network. Later, that network sold the program to other networks or stations so that they can also show it. These programs are also called re-runs.
Public broadcasting syndication: PBS makes only some of its programs. Many of the shows are bought from people who make syndicated programs.

Popular examples of syndicated series
First run series
Andromeda
Baywatch
Mutant X
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Xena: Warrior Princess
Xuxa

Off network series
Cheers
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Everybody Loves Raymond
Seinfeld
The X-Files
The Simpsons
The Big Bang Theory

Television
In mathematics, a square root of a number x is another number that, when multiplied by itself (squared), becomes x. When it is non-negative, it is represented by the symbol , and called the principal square root of x. For example, 2 is the square root of 4, because 2×2=4. Only numbers bigger than or equal to zero have real square roots. The only square root of zero is zero.

An important number is the square root of 2, which is an irrational number. Its value is around 1.41421. It is also the length of a diagonal in the square whose side is 1.

Square roots of negative numbers are not real numbers – they are imaginary numbers. Imaginary numbers are basically numbers whose square is negative. Every complex number, except 0, has 2 square roots. For example, −1 has two square roots. We call them  and . We also consider the number  as the principal square root of −1, and called it the imaginary unit.

The sign for a square root is made by putting a bent line over a number, like this: . This is read as "the square root of 4" (or whatever number we are taking the square root of).

A whole number with a square root that is also a whole number is called a perfect square. The first few perfect squares are: 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225.

Below is a table of square roots (rounded to 3 decimals places).

Origin of the symbol 
It is not really known where the square root symbol  comes from, but some people believe that it was from the letter r, which is the first letter of the Latin and German word radix. Radix means root or base. Thus, radix quadratum from Latin refer most likely to the base of a square. Since the sides of a square are all equal, the word radix may be interpreted as side of a square—without actually so.

Related pages 

 Methods of computing square roots
 nth root

References

Other websites 
 Table of square and square roots, 1-100 -The Math Forum

Mathematics
A negative number is a number that indicates an opposite. For example: 

 If a positive number is distance up, then a negative number is distance down.  
 If a positive number is distance to the right, then a negative number is distance to the left.  
 If a positive number is a deposit to a bank account, then a negative number is a withdrawal from that bank account.  
 If a positive number is a quantity of minutes in the future, then a negative number is a quantity of minutes in the past.  
 If a positive number means addition, then a negative number means subtraction. 

The counting numbers (1, 2, 3, and so on) are all positive numbers. The positive numbers, negative numbers, and the number zero, taken together, are called "signed numbers" or integers.

The number zero is neither positive nor negative. Zero is its own opposite; so +0 = −0. That is, zero steps to the right is the same as zero steps to the left.

A negative number is always less than zero.

A negative number is written by putting a minus sign, "−", in front of a positive number. For example, 3 is a positive number, but −3 is a negative number. It is read "negative three" or "minus three"; it means the opposite of 3.

Negative numbers are left of zero on a number line. A number and its opposite are always the same distance from zero. The negative number −3 is just as far to the left of zero as 3 is to the right of zero:

Sometimes, for emphasis, we write the pair of opposite numbers as −3 and +3.

A number and its opposite always add to zero. So the sum of −3 and +3 is 0. We can write this either as −3 + 3 = 0 or as 3 + (− 3) = 0. In addition, a number and its opposite are said to "cancel each other out".

The set of negative real numbers is sometimes written as .

Arithmetic with negative numbers 
 Adding a negative number to something is the same as subtracting a positive number from it. For example, to add the negative number "−1" to the number "9" is the same as subtracting one from nine. In symbols:
 9 + (−1) = 9 − 1 = 8
 Subtracting a negative number from something is the same as adding a positive number to it. For example, to subtract the negative number "−8" from the number "6" is the same as adding the number "6" and the number "8". In symbols:
 6 − (−8) = 6 + 8 = 14
 A negative number multiplied by another negative number produces a positive number. For example, to multiply the negative number "−3" by the negative number "−2" is the same as multiplying the number "3" by the number "2". In symbols:
 (−3) × (−2) = 3 × 2 = 6
 A negative number multiplied by a positive number produces a negative number. For example, to multiply the negative number "−4" by the positive number "5" is like multiplying the number "4" by the number "5", but the answer is negative. In symbols:
 (−4) × 5 = −(4 × 5) = −20

Uses of negative numbers 
When a person got a debt, people sometimes say that they have a negative amount of money. Negative numbers are used in accounting and science.

Related pages 
 Sign (mathematics)

References

Other websites 
Discussion of negative numbers (Math League) 
Negative numbers (Purple Math)

Number theory
A hailstone is a round ball of ice which falls out of a storm cloud. About 5,000 hailstorms a year in the United States of America make hail 3/4 of an inch or larger.

The beginning of a hailstorm 
A hailstone begins as a small water drop or a round snow pellet in a cloud. The drop grows by collecting many cloud drops. The little drop is blown by a strong wind inside the cloud to where it meets with some extremely cold water drops. These supercooled drops are still liquid water even though the temperature is below freezing. When the little drop mixes with these extremely cold drops, they join, and the little drop has now become a hailstone.

The little hailstone is thrown up inside the cloud, still collecting other cold drops. The hailstone gets bigger and bigger until it goes to the top of the cloud. Then, because there is no more wind, it falls back down through the cloud. While it is falling it gets even bigger as it bangs into more supercooled drops. If it goes down very fast it can hit the earth at up to 90 mph (144 kph), bouncing like popcorn. If the hailstone hits dirt, it can actually bury itself.

Hailstone sizes 

The biggest hailstone recorded in the United States weighed 1.67 pounds (0.75 kg), and was 5.5 inches (14 cm) across. It fell near Coffeyville, Kansas, on September 3, 1970. The biggest recorded hailstone in the world was 4.2 pounds (almost 2 kilograms). It fell in Kazakhstan in Asia.

Hailstones are made of many rings of clear, cloudy ice. The rings show different amounts of freezing on the hailstone. The cloudy ice is because it freezes so quickly, trapping many small air bubbles. The clear rings are made by slow freezing of the water, which lets bubbles escape.

Hail damage and protection 

Hail does a very great amount of damage every year. Even small hail with strong winds can crush a field of wheat flat in a few minutes. It sometimes breaks windows, and can dent cars and roofs. Big hailstones can hurt and even kill small animals.

Because hail damages crops, there has been many efforts to stop hail. In the 16th century, farmers used to shoot cannons at thunderstorms, thinking this would destroy the hail. Cloud seeding (trying to make rain by putting dry ice crystals or a kind of smoke in clouds) is the more recent way, but it is expensive and we do not know for sure how well it works. To this day, there is no proved way of stopping hailstorms.

Related pages 
Ice pellets 
Sleet (disambig page)

References

Other websites 

Hail Research Information Center 
Hail factsheet 
The Economic Costs of Hail Storm Damage  NOAA Economics
https://stormmaps.com/pages/hail-impact-reports  NOAA Economics
 Images
Hail and hailstorms 
Major hail event in Brazil  
NOAA Hail Reports on Google map (non commercial)

Severe weather
A brake is a device for slowing or stopping a moving machine part. The most common brakes are for wheels, such as those on cars and bicycles.

Related pages 
 Railway brake

References

Basic English 850 words
Tools
A bucket is a container with a wide open top and a handle that is mainly used for carrying liquids.  In some cases, solids may also be carried in a bucket (like sand which is hard to carry in your hands).

Some buckets are used for work, and some more for leisure, as seen here  . A bucket used for work is often made of a strong material such as iron or steel and is used to carry things like coal or soil. A bucket used for leisure, e.g. for making sandcastles, is normally made of plastic.

In rare cases, a bucket may be worn as a piece of clothing, people may wear a bucket on their heads for humorous reasons. Buckethead is a famous example of this.

Basic English 850 words
The Grammy Awards (first named the Gramophone Awards and often called just Grammys), are awards given yearly by the Recording Academy (an association of Americans professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in the music and spoken recording industry. The Grammys have 128 categories with 16 genres. The Grammys are awarded once each year and are a major televised event. The award show does has it shares of criticism as being biased.

The name "Grammy" comes from the word "gramophone". A gramophone was an old machine that played music on records.

The British equivalent is the Brit Awards. The Canadian equivalent is the Juno Awards.

Georg Solti has won 31 Grammy Awards, more than any other person.

References

Other websites 
 Official site
The Emmy Awards are United States television production awards which are given out each year. They are the television version of the Academy Awards. The first Emmy Awards were given out on January 25, 1949 at the Hollywood Athletic Club. Shirley Dinsdale was the very first person to be given an Emmy in the first awards ceremony.

Three organizations give Emmy Awards:

 The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for American prime time entertainment (not including sports).
 The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for daytime, sports, news, and documentary programming.
 The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for programming that is created outside the United States.

The best-known of the awards are the Primetime Awards (some of which are named "Creative Arts Emmys") and the Daytime Emmy Awards.

The Emmy Awards is a statuette of a woman with wings holding an atom. It was created by television engineer Louis McManus, using his wife as a model. The trophies are made by a company that has a manufacturing site at the El Dorado Correctional Facility, a prison in El Dorado, Kansas.

Other websites
 Primetime Emmy Awards
 Daytime Emmy Awards
 International Emmy Awards 
 Emmy Awards  at the Internet Movie Database
Margaret "Maggie" Simpson is a fictional character shown in the animated television series The Simpsons. She is a baby.

Character 
Like most babies, Maggie copies what she sees around her. She once hit Homer on the head with a mallet, shot a suction dart at his picture and attacked him with a pencil in imitation of Itchy and Scratchy. Maggie is also very accurate with a gun, she shot Mr. Burns in "Who Shot Mr. Burns".

Characteristics 
During the early episodes, Maggie's well-known feature would be to trip over her clothes and fall on her face causing a loud smack on the floor. Throughout the early episodes, Maggie fell down 39 times.

History

Creation 
Maggie was named after Matt Groening's sister Maggie Groening.  She often sucked on a pacifier and wore a sleep suit like Maggie.  Groening thought that it would be funny to have a baby character that did not talk and never grew up, but showed any emotions that the scene needed.

Voice 
With few exceptions, Maggie never speaks but is aware of what is going around her. Maggie has spoken in "Good Night", the first cartoon to air on The Tracey Ullman Show. When the rest of the family falls asleep, she speaks and her voice is played by Liz Georges.

Maggie's first word spoken in the normal television show of the series happened in "Lisa's First Word", when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor and says, "Daddy" in an empty room. Elizabeth Taylor as Maggie was later named the 13th greatest guest spot in the history of the show.  James Earl Jones, who voiced Maggie in "Treehouse of Horror V" was in seventh place.  She would later have small sentences in "Treehouse of Horror IX", voiced by Harry Shearer, who used his Kang voice.  Her squeaks and occasional speaking parts are regularly done by Nancy Cartwright or Yeardley Smith. Jodie Foster voiced the Howard Roark-inspired Maggie in the Season 20 episode "Four Great Women and a Manicure".

References

Other websites
 Biography from the official Simpsons website
 Maggie's page at BBC.co.uk 
 The Maggie File  unofficial trivia compilation
 The Cutest Baby

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
A crown is a type of headdress worn by a monarch. They are usually worn when they are crowned or at important occasions. Also, crowns are now used as a symbol of the monarchy. They are also won by beauty pageant winners. 

"Crown" is also a synonym for prize or reward. Crowns are awarded or won at contests. Beauty contests award crowns to the winning participant, for example. Couples chosen the King and Queen at a dance also receive crowns.

Diadem 
A diadem is a type of crown, an ornamental headband worn by monarchs and others as a badge of royalty. 

Kings and queens
Headgear
Walter Richard Rudolf Hess (Heß in German) (26 April 1894 – 17 August 1987) was a high ranking Nazi leader, and one of Adolf Hitler's closest men. He was the third man after Hermann Göring in the Third Reich from 1933 to 1941.

Early life 
Rudolf Hess was born in Alexandria, Egypt, but moved back to Germany in 1908.

He joined the army in World War I and was trained as a pilot.

In 1920 he joined the Nazi Party and in 1922 he also became a member of the SA.

He flew to Scotland during World War II and was arrested. After the war he was tried at the Nuremberg Trials, and sentenced to life imprisonment.

He died in the Allied Military Prison, Spandau, Berlin in 1987. Since 1966 he had been the only prisoner. His death was caused by a strangulation using an electrical cord; officials recorded it as a suicide.

References 

1894 births
1987 deaths
Criminals who committed suicide
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Nazis who committed suicide
People from Alexandria
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Politicians who committed suicide
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in Germany
German Occultists
German Lutherans
Events 
Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, starting the Reformation.
Protestant Reformation
Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire conquers Palestine and Egypt, and declares himself Caliph. 
Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. 
Ferdinand Magellan leaves Europe to go around the world.

Births 
Saint Teresa of Avila, Spanish Carmelite nun and poet

Deaths 
Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and painter
Amin Maalouf (; ; born 25 February 1949) is a Lebanese author. He studied sociology at the French University in Beirut. He was the director of the Beirut daily newspaper an-Nahar. But, he left the country 1975 at the start of the Lebanese Civil War. He moved to Paris and still lives there today.

Maalouf writes in French, and his works have been translated into many languages. He received the Prix Goncourt in 1993 for his book Rock of Tanios.

He uses his experiences of civil war and migration in writing his novels. The characters in his novels are wanderers. They may not have just one home country, language, or religions.

Works of fiction
 First Century after Beatrice 
 Leo Africanus 
 Rock of Tanios (Prix Goncourt 1993) 
 Samarkand (first published 1988 titled 'Samarcande') 
 Gardens of Light 
 Ports of Call (first published 1996 titled 'Les échelles du Levant') 
 Balthasar's Odyssey

Works of non-fiction
 Crusades through Arab Eyes 
 On Identity
 In the Name of Identity

Other websites
 Amin Maalouf Official Site

1949 births
Living people
French writers
Lebanese Christians
People from Beirut
Events 
Aztecs surrender to the Spanish conquistadors.
Ferdinand Magellan takes a trip around the world, and discovers the Philippines and Guam.
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

Births 
Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (1521)
Taqi al-Din, Muslim scientist (1526)

Deaths 
Ferdinand Magellan, Spanish explorer (1521)
Zhengde, Emperor of China (1521)
Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian warlord and rebel (b. 1490)
Marko Marulic, Croatian poet (1524)
Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (1524) 
Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman.
A wave is a kind of oscillation (disturbance) that travels through space and matter. Wave motions transfer energy from one place to another.

Waves play an important role in our daily life.  This is because waves are a carrier of energy and information over large distances. Waves require some oscillating or vibrating source. Ocean surface waves were the first known waves. Later, other kinds were discovered.

Types of waves 
In physics and technology, a wave (physics) carries energy that creates visible light, sound, and many other things. There are two categories of waves.
 Mechanical waves
 Electromagnetic waves

Mechanical waves  

Waves which require any medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves. 

One example of a mechanical wave is sound. 

Sound can travel through air, water, or solids, but it can't travel through a vacuum. It needs the medium to help it travel. 

Other examples include water waves, seismic waves, and waves traveling through a spring.
Earthquakes produce seismic waves
A wave in the water, such as an ocean surface wave, is a disturbance on the surface (top) of water,

Electromagnetic waves 
Waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves.

For example:
Radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation carry one type of energy.  X-rays, heat and light waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

Related pages 
 Radiation

Basic English 850 words
Myxobolus cerebralis is a small Myxozoan parasite that eats the insides of fish like salmon and trout, causing whirling disease. 

This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish populations. In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries.  In the 1980s, people found out that M. cerebralis needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish.  It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.

Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves. Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight.  This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger.  Dealing with M. cerebralis costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans"). People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.

M. cerebralis has become well-established, particularly in North America. It has caused the decline of whole cohorts of fish.

Shape
M. cerebralis has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores.  Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet.

Triactinomyxon stage 

M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail.
The kind of M. cerebralis that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right.  There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long.  That piece has 64 cells in it. There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish. They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into.  Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain.

Myxosporean stage
The kind of M. cerebralis that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore". They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens. They are about 10  micrometers across and are made of six cells.  Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole. Myxospores from M. cerebralis look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart.

References

Other websites 
Report of the World Trade Organization on Australian restrictions on salmon imports
The Whirling Disease Foundation 
The Whirling Disease Initiative 

Parasites
Edible fish
Cnidarians
Aamir Khan (born March 14, 1965 in Mumbai) is a Bollywood actor. Khan first appeared in Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973) as a child actor. His first big starring role was in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988).

Another of his best-known adult roles was starring in Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001), which was nominated for an Oscar. Khan was credited as producer for the movie, with his first wife (1986-2002), Reena Datta, executive producer. Khan met his future second wife (2005-), Kiran Rao, on the set, where she was an assistant director.

Their first movie released in 2006 is Rang De Basanti after divorce with Reena.

Movies

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1965 births
Living people
Actors from Mumbai
Child actors
Indian movie actors
Indian movie producers
Television producers
Ambedkarites
Neoclassical economics is an economic theory that argues for markets to be free.  This means governments should generally not make rules about types of businesses, businesses' behaviour, who may make things, who may sell things, who may buy things, prices, quantities or types of things sold and bought.  The theory argues that allowing individual actors (people or businesses) freedom creates better economic outcomes.  These outcomes may be a higher average standard of living, higher wages, better average life-expectancies, and higher GDP.

Arguments 
Markets are an abstract idea: assumed to be all the 'actors' (businesses or people) selling one thing, service or type of thing or service, and all the 'actors' buying it.

Theory 
Markets will 'reach equilibrium' if all the sellers who want to sell at or below a given price have sold to all the buyers who are willing to buy at or above a given price.  the price is worked out in the market.

It may be easier to think about this in reverse: The market is not in equilibrium if people want to buy a haircut for ten (or more) dollars and someone is happy to sell the person a haircut for ten (or less) dollars, but for some reason this does not happen.  

Neoclassical economists say this will not happen. Neo-Keynesians say it might, so the government could make the customer and the person selling the haircut happier by helping the customer somehow.

Opposition 
Neo-Keynesian economy is an alternative to Neoclassical economy. The major point of difference between neoclassical economics and neo-Keynesian economics is about whether 'markets' 'reach equilibrium'.

References 

Economic theories
The Nile () is a river in Africa. It is the longest river on Earth (about 6,650 km or 4,132 miles), though other rivers carry more water. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria. It gets its name from the Greek word "Νεῖλος" (Neil's). 

The White Nile flows from Lake Victoria in Uganda, and through Sudan to Khartoum, where it is joined by the Blue Nile to form the Nile, then through Egypt. The Blue Nile flows through Ethiopia near the Red Sea. About 300 million cubic metres of water flow down the Nile each day.

The Nile is very important to the countries where it flows. On the Nile there are lots of boats because it is one of the easiest ways to get around. Because of this, many cities in Egypt were built next to the river. Also, the pyramids are close to the Nile. The Nile has always provided most of the water used to grow crops in Egypt and for anything else, since much of the rest of the country is in a desert. The Nile was very important to Ancient Egyptians.  In ancient times the Nile flooded every year and the people would starve if there was not enough water for the crops.  The Ancient Egyptians got papyrus from the Nile to make hieroglyphs.

Many different types of animals live in or near the waters of the Nile, including crocodiles, birds, fish and many others. Not only do animals depend on the Nile for survival, but also people who live there need it for everyday use like washing, as a water supply, keeping crops watered and other jobs.

Pyramids were built close to the Nile because they needed the granite stones from Aswan to be transported by barges down the Nile.

History of the word Nile 

The word "Nile" comes from Greek Neilos (). Neilos came from the word "river valley". In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or iteru, meaning "great river", represented by the hieroglyphs shown above (literally itrw, and 'waters' determinative). In Coptic, the words piaro (Sahidic) or phiaro (Bohairic) meaning "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great") come from the same ancient name.

References

Other websites 
 Nile River -Citizendium

Nile
Egypt
When a person thinks of something, that which they think about is called an "idea".  Ideas are concepts created in the mind.  Nobody really knows how this works.  Ideas are a mental product.

One idea can change the whole world.  If someone has a better idea, they can sell it to others.

Related pages 
Idealism
Ideology

Basic English 850 words
Dharma (or dhamma) is part of many religions or spiritual beliefs that began in India. Hinduism, Buddhism, Ayyavazhi, Jainism, and Sikhism believe in that idea. It means the law of spiritual growth of believers.

In Buddhism

In Buddhism, the word "Dharma" also means the very old teachings of the Buddha. For example, The Four Noble Truths.

In Hinduism
In Hinduism, dharma is the spiritual law for human beings. It is the way of goodness, truth and duty. For example, a child's dharma is to be a good student. Parents’ dharma is to raise and support their family. A teacher’s dharma is to teach, and the dharma of the police is to protect others. Each age brings new responsibilities, so dharma will change over your lifetime. It is everyone’s dharma to be honest, kind and religious, to do no harm to others and to be a good citizen. Hindus believe that following dharma fulfills the highest purpose on earth. When people follow dharma, they feel good about themselves, and life is most rewarding to the people of dio and buddha

.

References

Indian religions
Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003) was a South African activist and politician. He fought against apartheid. Sisulu was the Secretary-General of the African National Congress from 1949 to 1954. Over the next 10 years he was put in prison seven times. 

He was one of many people, including Nelson Mandela to be found guilty of treason during trials between 1956 and 1961. He was sent to prison for 6 years because of this. While free on bail, he went into hiding. He was found in 1963 and put on trial again. In 1964, he as sent to prison for the rest of his life. He was released from prison in 1989. 

In 1991, he became the Deputy-President of the African National Congress. He held the position from July 1991 to 1994. Sisulu died from Parkinson's disease on 5 May 2003, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Anti-apartheid fighter Sisulu dies - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
South Africa mourns Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
Nelson Mandela's tribute to Walter Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
 The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Interview with Walter Sisulu conducted in 1954 by George M. Houser of the American Committee on Africa. The website also includes photographs of Sisulu and demonstrations in the U.S. in support of the defendants in the Rivonia Trial.

1912 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Mthatha
Nelson Mandela
South African politicians
This is a list of United States state capital cities. Each city is the center of government for a state in the United States,  in the capitol building. The  capital city with the fewest people is Montpelier, Vermont, while the capital city with the most people is Phoenix, Arizona.

The dates listed in the following table indicate the years it has continuously served as the state's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once. In the case of the thirteen original states, "statehood" in the table refers to its date of ratification of the United States Constitution.

References

State capitals
The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska. It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906. It is one of 2 capital cities that cannot be reached by road, the other being Honolulu, Hawaii. 

The government of the then-District of Alaska was moved from Sitka by the decision of the U.S. Congress. The municipality unified in 1970 when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current home rule municipality.

The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined. Downtown Juneau  is at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2010 census, the City and Borough had a population of 31,275. 

Juneau is named after gold prospector Joe Juneau, though the place was for a time called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris).  

The Tlingit name of the town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("river where the flounders gather"), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Aak'w ("little lake") in Tlingit. The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.

Downtown Juneau sits at sea level, with tides averaging , below steep mountains about  to  high. Atop these mountains is the Juneau Icefield, a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of these, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system; the Mendenhall glacier has been generally retreating; its front face is declining both in width and height.

The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was originally built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931.  Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse and a post office.  It also housed the territorial legislature and many other territorial offices, including that of the governor.  Today, it is still the home of the state legislature and the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor.  Other executive branch offices have largely moved elsewhere, in Juneau or elsewhere in the state, in the ongoing battle between branches for space in the building, as well as the decades-long capital move issue.  Recent discussion has been focused between relocating the seat of state government outside of Juneau and building a new capitol building in Juneau.  Neither position has advanced very far.  The Alaska Committee, a local community advocacy group, has led efforts to thus far keep the capital in Juneau.

References

Other websites
 City and Borough of Juneau
 Visit Juneau
 Picture of Juneau and Douglas Island, 1914
 

State capitals in the United States
Cities in Alaska
Alaska boroughs
1881 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Alaska
Little Rock is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Arkansas.  Billy Joel mentions it in "We Didn't Start the Fire".

References

Other websites

 
State capitals in the United States
1821 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Arkansas Territory
County seats in Arkansas
Boise is the capital city of the U.S. state of Idaho.  It is also the county seat of Ada County.

The Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial is in Boise. It is the only human rights memorial in the US.

Origin of name
Although different people believe different stories about the origin of the name, it is generally accepted that the name Boise originates from the French word boisée which means wooded.

Notable People 

 Torrie Wilson: model
 Wayne Walker: former football player and Sports commentator

References

County seats in Idaho
 
State capitals in the United States
1863 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Idaho Territory
Springfield is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County, Illinois. It is close to the center of the state. In the 2000 census, Springfield had more than 110,000 people living in it.

Capitol
The state Capitol, in the middle of Springfield, is where the General Assembly (the state's legislature) meets and where the governor's office is. The Capitol is a big building with a dome that can be seen from many miles away. Springfield also has an old capitol, which is now a historic site.

People
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln before he was elected president in 1860. Lincoln was a lawyer and practiced law many places in Illinois. His office is near the old capitol. When he died, his body was brought back to Springfield. His home, his law office, his tomb are all open to the public. Springfield also has a new building with a museum and library dedicated to him and his presidency.

Roads
Springfield has two Interstate highways: I-55 and I-72. I-55 runs from Chicago to Springfield and then through St. Louis, Missouri. Springfield also has many smaller roads to other cities.

 
State capitals in the United States
County seats in Illinois
Indianapolis is the capital city and largest city in the state of Indiana, in the United States.  In the 2000 census, it had more than 790,000 people living in it, making it one of the 15 largest cities in the country.  It is the home of the Indianapolis Colts football team and the Indiana Pacers basketball team.  Each May, the city hosts the "Indianapolis 500" car race.

Media 

Indianapolis Stations

WFYI PBS

WTHR NBC

References 

 
County seats in Indiana
State capitals in the United States
1821 establishments in Indiana
Des Moines is a city in Iowa.  It is the capital city of Iowa.  The city had a population of 203,433 in the 2010 United States Census. It is the home of the Des Moines Art Center, a regional art museum, and the Pappajohn Sculpture Park, an outdoor scultpure garden.

References 

 
County seats in Iowa
State capitals in the United States