cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Connecticut is a US state. It is in the north-eastern side of the country. As part of the New England region, Connecticut has undergone much geologic change. It has been shaped by plate tectonics, volcanism, and glacial activity.

Appalachian Mountains 
During the early Triassic Era, the super-continent Pangea was formed as the Iapetus Ocean closed up and the proto-North American continent collided with Avalonia (modern day Africa). This caused great uplift and the creation of the Appalachian Mountains. The erosion of the Appalachian Mountains now exposes and lifts up metamorphic rocks that used to be very deep in the Earth's.

Eastern Border Fault 
About 200 million years after this collision and the formation of Pangea, during the middle of the Mesozoic Era, the Atlantic Ocean floor started spreading. This caused a lot of stress. This caused a geologic fault. Connecticut's famous Eastern Border Fault was created. As a result, the land west of this fault was downset, creating a rift valley and causing the land to tilt an average of 15 to 25 degrees. The fault is currently inactive. The formation of this basin eventually refilled with soft fluvial and alluvial sediments.

Ice Age 
During Ice Ages, glacial activity shaped much of New England's landscape, eroding mountains, leaving glacial till scattered everywhere, and forming glacial lakes. At its greatest extent, one of these glaciers leaves behind a moraine which became Long Island. 

One of the biggest glacial lakes of the time was Glacial Lake Hitchcock. It formed when the Laurentide ice sheet retreated and glacial meltwater began to accumulate at the glacier’s terminal moraine in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and back up into the Connecticut River. The glacial lake left behind a soft, varved landscape, gathering silt and sand in the summertime due to the influx of glacial meltwater and clay in the wintertime as the lake froze until it was later drained.

River Valley 
River Valley has a soft surface. It is also high in nutrients and host the majority of Connecticut's farmland soils. The land on either side of the Connecticut River Valley is less suitable for farmlands. The eastern section holds the shallow Proto-North American Terrane while the western section contains the Iapetos and Avalonian Terranes. These places still holds remnants of glacial till and lack the soft fluvial sediments so prominent in the Connecticut River Valley region.

Other websites 
Wesleyan University's Connecticut Geology
Map of Connecticut Bedrock Geology 

Connecticut
Geology
Connecticut has a variety of animal species.

 The state bird is the American Robin.
 The state insect is the European Mantis.
 The state animal is the Sperm Whale.
 The state shellfish is the Eastern Oyster.
 The state fish is the American Shad.
 The state fossil is the Eubrontes giganteus.

Biodiversity
There are 599 Connecticut species listed as endangered, threatened or of special concern. These are 11 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, 11 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians, 7 species of fish, and 170 species of invertebrates.

Ancient life

The Peabody Museum of Natural History and the Dinosaur State Park are two places which preserve the prehistory of Connecticut.

Extinct species that once roamed Connecticut include Coelophysis, Dilophosaurus, and Eubrontes.

List of native species
Sources appear below.

Annelids
 Ampharete arctica
 Capitella capitata
 Capitellidae
 Eteone lactea
 Glycera dibranchiata
 Alitta (Nereis) succinea
 Ophelia sp.
 Phyllodoce sp.
 Polydora sp.
 Scoloplos robustus
 Spio setosa
 Spionidae
 Streblospio benedicti
 Syllidae sp.

Arthropods
 Chiridotea s p p.
 Gammarus sp.
 Neomysis americana
 Sphaeroma quadridentata

Mollusks
 Acteocina canaliculata
 Gemma gemma
 Nassarius obsoletus
 Mulinia lateralis
 Mya arenaria
 Nucula sp.
 Periploma papyratium
 Retusa canaliculata
 Tellina agillis

Related pages
 Plants of Connecticut

References

More reading
 Aspects of Connecticut's Physical Geography
 Connecticut Audubon Society
 Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection - Natural Diversity Data Base 
 Fishes of the Connecticut River 
 The Flora and Fauna of Branford 

Connecticut
Animals of North America
A Crown colony, also known in the 17th century as  royal colony, was a type of colonial administration of the English and later British Empire. Crown, or royal colonies were ruled by a governor which is decided by the Monarch. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the Sovereign appointed royal governors on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Under the name of "royal colony", the first of what would later become known as Crown colonies was the English Colony of Virginia. This happened in 1624 after the Crown removed the Royal Charter it had given to the Virginia Company.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the term "Crown Colony" was only used to refer to those colonies which had been obtain through wars. Examples were Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana, and the colonies of settlement, such as The Canadas, Newfoundland, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and New Zealand, later to become the Dominions. The term continued to be used up until 1981, when the British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified the remaining British colonies as "British Dependent Territories". From 2002 they have been known as British Overseas Territories.

List of Crown colonies

Related pages
Crown dependency
British overseas territories
British Empire

Notes

References

Colonialism
The Star Chamber is a 1983 American legal crime drama thriller movie. The story is about law conditions preventing the prosecution of two men who are accused of murdering a 10-year-old boy. A judge named Hardin then tells another judge, Caulfield, of a Star Chamber (judges that identify criminals who fell through the cracks of the judicial system). Sharon Gless plays Emily Hardin, Michael Douglas plays Judge Hardin. This movie was released in August 1983. It received positive reviews from movie critics.

Other websites 

1983 crime movies
1983 drama movies
1983 thriller movies
1980s crime drama movies
1980s crime thriller movies
1980s legal movies
1983 mystery movies
20th Century Fox movies
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American legal movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Mystery thriller movies
Movies directed by Peter Hyams
Striking Distance is an American melodrama thriller movie from 1993. It is about a police Sergeant, Tom Hardy, who rats out his partner for using excessive force on a suspect. The movie is also about abduction. Bruce Willis plays Tom Hardy. Sarah Jessica Parker plays Jo Christman and Emily Harper. This movie was released in September 1993 in United States theaters. The reviews were very bad. Striking Distance barely earned back its own $30 million budget.

1993 thriller movies
1993 drama movies
1990s drama thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
English-language movies
The Chamber is an American legal drama movie of 1996. It is about a former white supremacist who is a death row inmate scheduled to be executed soon in the State of Mississippi. Gene Hackman plays Sam Cayhill. Faye Dunaway plays Lee Cayhill Bowen. The Chamber got bad reviews. It performed very poorly in the box office.

1996 thriller movies
1996 drama movies
American thriller movies
American drama movies
Movies set in Mississippi
English-language movies
"I'm Q*bert, and I've got all the right moves, I've got the legs too, first arcade game, now my own home video game, I'm ready for anything, Staying away from creeps like I'm gonna coyly takes a quick line, and lots of fancy footwork, longer I hop around, more they're out to get me, Ah e, when they said fame would go to my head, hey weren't kidding, It's not easy being Q*bert, but it's fun."

— Q*bert

Q*bert is an arcade video game released by Gottlieb in 1982. In this game, the player has to change the color of the cubes on a pyramid by having the game's character jump on top of them. On each stage, the player has a color they have to change the cubes to. To complete the stage, the player has to change the cubes to that color. The player has to avoid obstacles and enemies in the way.

Q*bert was one the most popular arcade games of the 1980s. It sold around 25,000 arcade cabinets. It has been released on many video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, ColecoVision, and Commodore 64.

Q*bert lists:

 Q*bert video games
 Q*bert commercials
 Q*bert cartoon from Saturday Supercade
 Q*bert appearance for Wreck-It Ralph and Pixels

References

1982 video games
Arcade games
pl:Q*bert
Suman Sahai is an Indian activist and the founder of Gene Campaign.

Career 
Sahai got a Ph.D. from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1975. She then worked at the University of Alberta, University of Chicago, and the University of Heidelberg, where she did her habilitation in human genetics. The Web of Science shows that Sahai has published over 40 articles. They are mostly on policy issues dealing with genetically-modified organisms. Her articles have been cited over 150 times and she has an h-index of 7. She is director of the non-governmental organization, Gene Campaign.

Awards 
 Order of the Golden Ark, 2001
 Borlaug Award, 2004
 Padma Shri, 2011

Scandal 
In April 2013 it was shown that Sahai committed plagiarism in her habilitation thesis. She had submitted this thesis to the University of Heidelberg in 1986. She was also accused of presenting herself as being or having been a professor at that University. She never actually had such a position. The University of Heidelberg confirmed on 14 April, 2013, that plagiarism had taken place. The university also said that Sahai has no right to call herself a professor of the University of Heidelberg. Her habilitation has been revoked.

References 

20th-century births
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Activists
Plagiarism
Indian actors
Austin Butler (born August 17, 1991 in Anaheim, California) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Jake Krandle in the TV series iCarly and as James Garrett in Zoey 101.

Early life and career 
Austin Butler was born in Anaheim, Los Angeles. His parents are Lori and David Butler. His first acting job was in a supporting role in the TV Series Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. His older sister also plays in that TV series. From 2007 to 2008 he played in the 4th season of Zoey 101 as James Garrett. Other television appearance were Hannah Montana, iCarly, Jonas L.A., Zeke and Luther and Wizards of Waverly Place. In 2009, he was in the TV series Ruby & the Rockits as Jordan Gallagher. This series was unsuccessful and ended after 10 episodes.

Later, he played with Ashley Tisdale in the film Aliens in the Attic and in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure. Since 2011, he has been in the ABC-Family-Series Switched at Birth.

He is in a relationship with Vanessa Hudgens.

1991 births
Living people
Actors from Anaheim, California
American television actors
Dame Margaret Taylor Rutherford DBE (May 11, 1892 – May 22, 1972) was an English character actress. She usually played eccentric characters in movies. Her first movie was in 1936. She became known for playing Madame Arcati in the 1945 movie Blithe Spirit. Her other movies include: The Happiest Days of Your Life and The Importance of Being Earnest. She also performed in stage plays in her acting career. In 1961, Margaret later declared Officer of the Order of the British Empire. She was named a Dame Commander six years after that.

Rutherford was born in the London neighborhood of Balham. She died from Alzheimer's disease in Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire at age 80.

Other websites 

 Margaret Rutherford at the Internet Broadway Database
 Performances in Theatre Archive, University of Bristol

1892 births
1972 deaths
Actors from London
Balham
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Buckinghamshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
The Farmer's Daughter is a political based 1947 movie. The movie is about a farmgirl who ends up working as a maid for a Congressman and his very powerful mother. Loretta Young stars as Katie Holstrom. Anna Q. Nillson plays as Mrs. Holstrom. Loretta Young received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in this movie. The movie was released in March and April 1947 in the United States.

1947 movies
1940s comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by H. C. Potter
Ethel Barrymore (or Ethel Mae Blythe; 15 August 1879 – 18 June 1959) was an American actress. She was a member of the Barrymore family of actors. She became quite popular in stage and on Broadway.

Barrymore's first appearance was in 1895, in The Imprudent Young Couple. She played Nora in the play A Doll's House in 1905. She was also in the critically acclaimed movie None but the Lonely Heart. She was in Alfred Hitchcock movies. She was the sister of actors John and Lionel Barrymore and grand-aunt of the actress Drew Barrymore.

Barrymore was born in Philadelphia. She died from heart disease in Hollywood, California.

1879 births
1959 deaths
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American stage actors
Barrymore family
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Martha Graham (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991) was an American modern dancer and choreographer. Her influences on modern dance are usually compared with the influence Picasso had on the modern visual arts. She was the first dancer to perform at the White House. She got a Presidential Medal of Freedom. She danced and choreographed for more than seventy years.

Graham was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She died at age ninety-six from pneumonia.

Gallery 

American stage actors
Ballet dancers
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1894 births
1991 deaths
Amy Carlson (born July 7, 1968) is an American actress. She performs mostly on television but has had some movies. She played Josie Watts in the soap opera Another World, and Alex Taylor in Third Watch. Carlson was nominated in 1998 for an Emmy Award.

Carlson was born in Illinois.

Personal life
Carlson currently resides in New York City with her daughter, born on October 4, 2006; her son, born on August 27, 2009; and her long-time partner Syd Butler, bass guitar player of the 8G Band on Late Night with Seth Meyers, and of indie rock band Les Savy Fav and owner of the independent label Frenchkiss Records.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Other websites
 

American television actors
Actors from Illinois
1968 births
Living people
The  'Young Women's Christian Association'  (YWCA) is the world's largest women's organization. 

Represented in more than 120 countries around the world with more than 25 million women and girls as members, the motto of the YWCA is the empowerment of women, worldwide.

In  Great Britain only the abbreviation YWCA is used. The full name is not used due to the fact that Christianity no longer plays a role in the organization.

The YWCA in the USA is a member of the  Coalition to Stop Gun Violence  for stricter gun control.

In Switzerland the YWCA was widespread as the Christian Association of Young Women (CVJF) until it merged with the CVJM to form Cevi Switzerland.

 'See also:'  Young Men Christian Association

Weblinks 
 World Young Women's Christian Association
 YWCA England & Wales

CVJM
The Phantom of the Opera is a 1986 musical. Andrew Lloyd Webber and Richard Stilgoe wrote the book. Charles Hart and Stilgoe wrote the lyrics. Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote the music. The musical is based on the 1910  novel, The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux.

West End and Broadway premieres
Phantom opened at Her Majesty's Theatre in the West End on 9 October 1986. Michael Crawford originated the titular role, with Sarah Brightman played Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul.

The musical opened on Broadway on 26 January 1988 at the Majestic Theatre. Crawford, Brightman, and Barton played their West End roles in the Broadway production.

Main roles
 The Phantom of the Opera, a disfigured man
 Christine Daaé, a young opera singer
 Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny, Christine's love interest

Story
The story is about a deformed musical genius who lives in a sewer beneath the opera house in Paris. Obsessed with a young soprano by the name of Christine, he terrorizes everyone at the opera in an effort to make her a star.

Awards
The musical won various awards over the years, including the 1986 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical. Michael Crawford won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical.

Adaptations
The musical was made into a movie with the same name in 2004. It stars Gerard Butler as the Phantom, Emmy Rossum as Christine, and Patrick Wilson as Raoul.

Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber
West End musicals
Broadway musicals
1980s musicals
Musicals based on books
Laurence Olivier Award winning musicals
Maithree Wickramasinghe (born 11 August 1954) is a Sri Lankan academic and Professor of English at the University of Kelaniya. The wife of Ranil Wickremasinghe the current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, she is the founder director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Kelaniya and a visiting professor on gender and women's studies at other educational institutions including the University of Colombo and the University of Sussex. Maithree Wickramasinghe has delivered keynotes and plenaries at academic and professional fora in the US, Spain, Kenya, India, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea and China.

Family and education 
The only child of the late Senevi B. Wickremasinghe and Shiranee Wickremasinghe (née Bandaratilaka) of Nawala, Koswatte. She graduated from King's College London with a BA (Hons) degree in English and went on to complete her MA degree in Women’s Studies at the University of Colombo. She had gained her PhD degree from the Institute of Education, University of London. In 1995 she married Ranil Wickremasinghe.

Related pages
 Ranil Wickremasinghe

1954 births
Living people
Sri Lankan academics
Rain (stylized as rain), is a adventure video game developed by Acquire and SCE Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. The game was known as Lost in the Rain in Asia.

The game was announced at Gamescom. The game was released on October 1, 2013 in North America, October 2, 2013 in Europe and on October 3, 2013 in Japan. It was released on the PlayStation Network.

The plot
The game is about a nameless boy that lost out in the rain sees the silhouette of a young girl. He follows her and turns invisible like her. After he turns invisible he sees that there are many other creatures that are invisible and roam around. He must find his way to the young girl among the world of the invisible.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 7 out of 10 and said "Rain creates a distinctive heartbreaking atmosphere, but fails to develop it into a more engrossing experience.”

GameSpot gave the game a 7 out of 10 and stated "Rain uses chilling atmosphere and a heartfelt story to draw you in to this fantastical world", but criticized some of the mechanics of the puzzles."

References

Other websites 
Info about Rain on PlayStation Blog
Rain on IGN

2013 video games
Adventure games
PlayStation 3 games
Video games developed in Japan
Kinky Boots is a musical. It is based on the 2005 movie, Kinky Boots. It is about a shoemaker who saves his factory by creating a line of fetish boots with the help of a drag queen. 

Cyndi Lauper wrote the music and lyrics. Harvey Fierstein wrote the musical's book. It opened on Broadway at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on April 4, 2013. It won the 2013 Tony Award for Best Musical.

Broadway musicals
Tony Award winning musicals
2010s musicals
Musicals based on movies
Kovilage Anton Vijaya Kumaranatunga (; 9 October 1945 – 16 February 1988) was a popular Sri Lankan movie actor and politician. He was married to former Sri Lankan president Chandrika Kumaratunga from 1978 until his assassination in 1988.

Family life 

In 1978, Kumaranatunga married Chandrika Bandaranaike, daughter of the late Sri Lankan Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and former Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Vijaya Kumaranatunga and Chandrika Bandaranaike had two children, Yasodhara Kumaranatunga Walker (MD) and Vimukthi Kumaranatunga (Vet) in UK.

1945 births
1988 deaths
Actors
Sri Lankan politicians
Assassinated people
The Hindi Wikipedia is the Hindi-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in July 2003. As of June 2018, it has over 125,000 articles. It is only Indian language Wikipedia with over 100,000 articles.

References

Other websites
 Hindi Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2003
The Potato Eaters is a painting made by Vincent van Gogh. It was one of his first paintings he made. He painted it at the age of 32 in 1885. Potato Eaters is a painting of peasants that lived in his town.

References 

1880s paintings
Dutch paintings
Paintings by Vincent van Gogh
Thelma Ritter (14 February 1902 – 5 February 1969) was an American actress. She played comedic roles. She received six Academy Award nominations and won one Tony Award. Her notable movies included All about Eve in 1950 and Titanic in 1953. Ritter also played some dramatic roles, the most notable of were in With a Song in My Heart, and in The Misfits.

Ritter was born in New York City. She died there due to a heart attack at the age of 66.

1902 births
1969 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark is a musical. Julie Taymor wrote the book. U2's Bono and The Edge wrote the lyrics and music. 
The musical is based on a comic book character created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, as well as the 2002 movie about the character. The Greek myth of Arachne is also a basis for the musical.

The musical features much stunt work, including moments of "flying". Some performers were injured during rehearsals. Other problems delayed the premiere of the musical. Director Julie Taymor quit. After many rehearsals and revisions, the musical opened on Broadway at the Foxwoods Theatre on 14 June 2011. It was not a critical success.

The series has all 26 episodes of the 2 seasons with thirteen episodes of the each season. The series aired on RTL, France 3, Gulli, Canal J and Canal 5 Televisa on 2006 to 2009 before Spider-Man get cancelled the program in 2009.

Broadway musicals
2010s musicals
Musicals based on comic strips
Musicals directed by Julie Taymor
2006 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
Alicia Markova DBE (born Lilian Alicia Marks, 1 December 1910 – 2 December 2004) was an English ballerina and choreographer. She also directed and taught ballet. She was the first British dancer to become the prima ballerina of a ballet company.

Markova was born and raised in London. She was a founder dancer of the Ballet Rambert (1931/5), the Vic-Wells Ballet (193/5), Markova-Dolin Company (1935/8), danced for the American Ballet Theatre (1941/5), and was co-founder and director of the English National Ballet. She toured with Dolin after the war until 1949. Her last period as a dancer came with the London Festival Ballet, which became the English National Ballet. She retired from professional dancing in January 1963 at fifty-two.

Markova died at ninety-four in Bath, Somerset, of a stroke.

Life 
Markova's father was Jewish, and her mother converted to the faith. She began studying ballet with Princess Serafina Astafieva, a Russian ballerina living in London. Astafieva was a retired dancer of the Ballets Russes, a renowned ballet company founded by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev.

At 13, Markova was seen in class by Diaghilev, who was visiting London in search of new talent. He invited her to join the Ballets Russes in Monte Carlo, which she did in 1925, a month after her 14th birthday. She danced roles which were specially choreographed for her. She met some of the leading 20th century figures who worked with the company. They included Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Léonide Massine, George Balanchine, and Bronislava Nijinska.

References 

Ballet dancers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke
English dancers
People from London
1910 births
2004 deaths
Patience; or, Bunthorne's Bride is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan.  It was first performed at the Opera Comique in London, on 23 April 1881. On 10 October 1881, it moved to the Savoy Opera, a new theatre built especially for the Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. It was the first theatre to be lit entirely by electricity.

Patience was the sixth of the fourteen operettas written by Gilbert and Sullivan. It ran for 578 performances. The operetta is a satire on the mores and extravangas of the aesthetic poets of the 1870s and 1880s. Patience was a great success.

Gilbert originally planned to use his Bab ballad, "The Rival Curates", as the basis for Patience, but had second thoughts about two clergymen in a comedy and turned to the poets of the aesthetic movement instead. D'Oyly Carte sent Oscar Wilde on a lecture tour in the United States to prepare Americans for the background of the operetta.

References
 Brahms, Caryl. 1975. Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords. Little, Brown. pp. 97-108.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
A total solar eclipse will happen on July 16, 2186. It will pass over the southern Galápagos Islands (with a maximum eclipse of 4 minutes occurring over the southern tip of Española Island), northern South America (Ecuador including Bogota for 4 minutes and 50 seconds), central Venezuela, and northern Guyana (with a maximum eclipse of 7 minutes 4 seconds just north of Anna Regina).

This will be the longest total solar eclipse between the dates of 4000 BC and 6000 AD.  It will last a maximum of 7 minutes, 29 seconds.  The longest historical total eclipse lasted 7 minutes 28 seconds on June 15, 744BC.

References

Other websites
 NASA Solar eclipses: 2101 to 2200
 Besselian Elements
 NASA googlemap of eclipse path

2186 July 16
Future events
Eternal Silence is a monument in Chicago's Graceland Cemetery. It is also known as the Dexter Graves Monument or the Statue of Death. The statue is a bronze sculpture set on and backdropped by black granite. It was created by American sculptor Lorado Taft in 1909.

History 

Eternal Silence is a monument in Graceland Cemetery to Dexter Graves. Graves led a group of thirteen families who moved to Chicago from Ohio in 1831. He died in 1844, and the monument was created by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1909. Taft's son, Henry Graves, asked him to create it. In Ada Bartlett Taft's 1946 Lorado Taft; Sculptor and Citizen, it was listed as one of his most important works. Images of Eternal Silence have been used in other artworks, including works by Claes Oldenburg. One folktale claims that if someone looks into the eyes of Eternal Silences hooded figure, the viewer would be shown his or her own death.

Notes

References
Kiefer, Charles D., Achilles, Rolf, and Vogel, Neil A. "Graceland Cemetery" (pdf), National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, June 18, 2000, accessed October 8, 2011.

Chicago, Illinois
Burials
Monuments and memorials in the United States
1909 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
In theatre, blocking is the exact positioning of actors on a stage during a performance. The word comes from practices used by theatre directors of the 19th century, who worked out the staging of a scene on a model stage using wooden blocks to represent each of the actors. Today, the director usually determines blocking during rehearsal. They tell the actors where they should move for the proper dramatic and lighting effect, and to ensure that the audience can see everything.

The stage itself has been given named areas to help blocking.
The back of the stage is considered up-stage.
The front of the stage is down-stage.
Stage left and right refer to the actor's left and right facing the audience. Because this is sometimes misunderstood, the terms prompt (actor's or stage left) and bastard/opposite prompt (actor's or stage right) are also used.
House left and house right refer to how the audience sees the stage. The audience's left is called house left, and the audience's right is called house right.

References

Theater
Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell  (9 April 1906 – 18 January 1963) was a British politician, and leader of the Labour Party 1955–1963. He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer under Clement Attlee. He read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at New College, University of Oxford. After an academic career at University College London he became the MP for Leeds South in 1945.

Other websites

British politicians
1906 births
1963 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer
This is a list of kings who ruled over the German territories of central Europe. The kings reigned from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 until the end of the German Empire in 1918. It also includes the heads of the different German confederations after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.

Kingdom of Germany, 843–1806
Emperors are listed in bold. Rival kings, anti-kings, and junior co-regents are listed in italics.

German confederations, 1806–1871

Confederation of the Rhine, 1806–1813

German Confederation, 1815–1866

North German Confederation, 1867–1871

German Empire, 1871–1918

Related pages
 List of rulers of Saxony

Footnotes

German monarchs
Germany
Germany
History of Germany
Holy Roman Empire
Ethel Ruby Keeler (August 25, 1909 – February 28, 1993) was a Canadian-American actress, singer, musician and dancer. She acted in several notable musicals through Warner Bros., particularly 42nd Street in 1933. Almost three years after that, she acted in another famous movie, Colleen.

Keeler was born in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, but raised in New York. She died from cancer in California at 82.

References

Other websites 

1910 births
1993 deaths
American movie actors
Singers from New York
Canadian movie actors
Canadian singers
Entertainers from Nova Scotia
Actors from New York
Animalia Paradoxa is the label given to a few species of animal, listed in Carolus Linnaeus early editions of Systema Naturae. Linné thought that these animals did not make sense. Today, such animals are usually called Cryptids. The respective section lists fantastic creatures found in medieval bestiaries as well as those reported by explorers from abroad and gives explanations to why they are excluded from Systema Naturae. According to Swedish historian Gunnar Broberg, it was to offer a natural explanation and demystify the world of superstition. Paradoxa was dropped from Linnaeus' classification system as of the 6th edition (1748).

Cryptic creatures 
Included in the 1st (1735) edition:
 Hydra: in 1735 Linnaeus inspected the alleged remains of a Hydra in Hamburg which turned out to be made from weasels and snake skins.
 Rana-Piscis: a South American frog which is significantly smaller than its tadpole stage; it was thus (incorrectly) reported to Linnaeus that the metamorphosis in this species went from 'frog to fish'. In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus named the species Rana paradoxa, though its genus name was changed in 1830 to Pseudis.
 Monoceros is in reality Monodon.
 Pelecanus: "Linnaeus thought [pelicans] might reflect the over-fervent imaginations of New World explorers"
 Satyrus: Linnaeus wrote "with a tail, hairy, bearded, with a manlike body, gesticulating much, very fallacious, is a species of monkey, if ever one has been seen."
 Borometz (aka Scythian Lamb) "Linnaeus [...] had seen a faked vegetable lamb taken from China to Sweden by a traveler"
 Phoenix
 Bernicla (aka Scottish Goose) Frederick Edward Hulme noted: "[The] barnacle-goose tree was a great article of faith with our ancestors in the Middle Ages."
 Draco: Linnaeus wrote that it has a "snakelike body, two feet, two wings, like a bat, which is a Lacerta alata or a ray artificially shaped as a monster and dried."
 Automa Mortis Linnaeus wrote "The DEATH-WATCH produces the sound of a smaller clock in walls, is named Pediculus pulsatorius, which perforates wood and lives in it".

Four taxa were added in the 2nd (1740) edition:
 Manticora
 Antilope 
 Lamia
 Siren

References

Other websites
 

Taxonomy
Legendary creatures
Wood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool. A chisel or knife are usual tools: the chisel can be tapped with a wooden mallet. The result is a wooden figure, or the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object. A 'wood carving' may also refer to the finished product.

The making of sculpture in wood has a long history. Wood survives much less well than the other materials such as stone and bronze. It is vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. Therefore, we do not know much about wood in the art history of older cultures.   Outdoor wood sculptures do not last long in most parts of the world, so that we have little idea how the totem pole tradition developed.

Many of the most important sculptures of China and Japan are in wood, also most African sculpture and that of Oceania and other regions. Wood is light, so it is suitable for masks and other objects meant to be carried. It can take very fine detail, and is also much easier to work than stone.

Some of the finest examples of early European wood carving are from the Middle Ages in Germany, Russia, Italy and France, where the typical themes of that era were used in Christian icons. In England many complete examples remain from the 16th and 17th century, when oak was often used. In general, really fine carving is done in fruitwood (wood of a fruit tree) because that is easy to work with. The famous woodcarver Grinling Gibbons used to work with lime wood. Complex pieces are often carved in separate sections which are later stuck together.

Related pages 
Grinling Gibbons

References 

Sculpture
Woodworking
Systema Naturae (sometimes written ) is the main work of Carolus Linnaeus, where he listed and classified the known species of plants, animals, and minerals. The first edition was only made of seven sheets of folio.

References

Taxonomy
18th-century books
Biology books
Grinling Gibbons (4 April 1648 – 3 August 1721) was an AngloDutch sculptor and wood carver. He was famous for his work in England, including St Paul's Cathedral, Blenheim Palace and Hampton Court Palace.

Gibons was born and educated in Holland of English parents, his father being a merchant.

He is widely regarded as the finest wood carver working in England, and the only one whose name is widely known among the general public. Most of his work is in lime (tilia) wood, especially decorative Baroque garlands made up of still-life elements at about life size. They are made to frame mirrors and decorate the walls of churches and palaces. He also produced furniture and small relief plaques with figurative scenes. He also worked in stone, mostly for churches. By the time he was established he led quite a large workshop.

Life and work 
Very little is known about his early life. About 1667 he moved to Deptford, now in London, and by 1693 had got commissions from the royal family. By 1680 he was known as the "King's Carver", and carried out exquisite work for St Paul's Cathedral and Windsor Castle. His carving was so fine that it was said a pot of carved flowers above his house in London would tremble from the motion of passing coaches.

The diarist John Evelyn first discovered Gibbons' talent by chance in 1671. Evelyn, from whom Gibbons rented a cottage near Evelyn's home in Deptford, wrote: "I saw the young man at his carving, by the light of a candle. I saw him to be engaged on a carved representation of Tintoretto's "Crucifixion", which he had in a frame of his own making". Later that same evening, Evelyn described what he had seen to Sir Christopher Wren. Wren and Evelyn then introduced him to King Charles II who gave him his first commission. It is still in the dining room of Windsor Castle.

Horace Walpole later wrote about Gibbons: "There is no instance of a man before Gibbons who gave wood the loose and airy lightness of flowers, and chained together the various productions of the elements with the free disorder natural to each species."

Gibbons is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.

Gibbons' work very often includes carvings of peapods. A myth states that he would include a closed pod in his work, only carving it open once he had been paid. If the pea pod was left shut it supposedly showed that he had not been paid for the work.

Bibliography
 Beard, Geoffrey 1989. The work of Grinling Gibbons.  London: John Murray. 
 Esterly, David 2000. Grinling Gibbons and the art of carving. V&A Publications.

References 

1648 births
1721 deaths
Dutch artists
English artists
People from Kent
People from Rotterdam
Sculptors
Woodworkers
Damllsvenskan is the Swedish women's association football top division.

Swedish national champions

Before 1988

Since 1988

Other websites

 SvFF - Damallsvenskan
 Damfotboll.com - Damfotboll

1988 establishments in Sweden
Football leagues
Women's football
Football in Sweden
Dame Katherine Patricia Routledge  ( ; born 17 February 1929), professionally billed as Patricia Routledge, is an English actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Hyacinth Bucket in the BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances (1990–95), for which she was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance in 1992 and 1993. Her film appearances include To Sir, with Love (1967) and Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968).

Routledge was born in Tranmere, Cheshire, England. She has never been married and has no children. She has lived in Chichester, West Sussex since 2000, and regularly worships at Chichester Cathedral.
, she was a patron of the Beatrix Potter Society.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Cheshire
English singers
English stage actors
English television actors
Musicians from Cheshire
1929 births
Living people
Tammy Lee Grimes (January 30, 1934 – October 30, 2016) was an American actress and singer. She starred in and won a Tony Award for a 1960 play called The Unsinkable Molly Brown. She also starred in her own television show The Tammy Grimes Show in 1966.

Early life
Grimes was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, the daughter of Eola Willard (née Niles), a naturalist and spiritualist, and Luther Nichols Grimes, an innkeeper, country-club manager, and farmer.

She attended high school at the then all-girls school, Beaver Country Day School, and Stephens College, and then studied acting at New York City's Neighborhood Playhouse. She studied singing with Beverley Peck Johnson.

Personal life
Grimes married Christopher Plummer on August 16, 1956, with whom she had a daughter, actress Amanda Plummer. They divorced in 1960.

Her second husband was actor Jeremy Slate, who she married in 1966 and divorced a year later. Her third husband was composer Richard Bell, who she married in 1971; the couple remained married until Bell's death in 2005.

Death
Grimes died on October 30, 2016, in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 82 from natural causes. Her survivors include her brother, Nick, and her daughter Amanda.

Work

Filmography
 Three Bites of the Apple (1967) - Angela Sparrow
 Arthur? Arthur! (1969) - Lady Joan Mellon
 Play It as It Lays (1972) - Helene
 The Horror at 37,000 Feet (1973, TV Movie) - Mrs. Pinder
 The Borrowers (1973, TV Movie) - Homily Clock
 Somebody Killed Her Husband (1978) - Audrey Van Santen
 The Runner Stumbles (1979) - Erna Webber
 Can't Stop the Music (1980) - Sydne Channing
 The Last Unicorn (1982) - Molly Grue (voice)
 The Stuff (1985) - Special Guest Star in Stuff Commercial
 America (1986) - Joy Hackley
 Mr. North (1988) - Sarah Baily-Lewis
 Slaves of New York (1989) - Georgette
 Backstreet Justice (1994) - Mrs. Finnegan
 A Modern Affair (1995) - Dr. Gresham
 Trouble on the Corner (1997) - Mrs. K
 High Art (1998) - Vera

Stage
 The Littlest Revue (1956)
 Look After Lulu (1959)
 The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1960)
 Rattle of a Simple Man (1963)
 High Spirits (1964)
 The Only Game in Town (1968)
 Private Lives (revival) (1969)
 A Musical Jubilee (1975)
 California Suite (1976)
 Tartuffe (revival)(1977)
 Trick (1979)
 42nd Street (1980)
 Sunset (1983)
 Orpheus Descending (revival) (1989)
 Wit & Wisdom (2003)

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
1934 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Massachusetts
People from Lynn, Massachusetts
Susan Harris (born October 28, 1940 in Mount Vernon, New York) is an American screenwriter.

She was a screenwriter of the television series The Golden Girls. Her last project as a screenwriter was the series Brighton Belles from the year 1993.

She was married to producer Paul Junger Witt from 1983 until his death in 2018.

1940 births
Writers from New York
American screenwriters
Living people
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in staining. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain, safranin, is added after the crystal violet. This colours all gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink colour.

This happens because an outer membrane stops the penetration of the stain. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their bacterial cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye when washed in a decolourizing solution. Compared with gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria are more resistant against antibiotics, because of their relatively impermeable cell wall.

The lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS layer) is important. In humans, LPS triggers an innate immune response, with cytokine production and immune system activation. Inflammation is a common result of cytokine production.

References

Other websites
 3D structures of proteins from inner membranes of Ellie Wyithe's gram-negative bacteria
 Gram Staining Procedure and Images
Västerås is a town in the county of Västmanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Västerås Municipality.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Vastmanland County
Halmstad is a town in the county of Halland in Sweden. It is the seat of Halmstad Municipality.

Halmstad is the home of successful sports clubs like Halmstads BK and IS Halmia (association football) and HK Drott (team handball). Swedish pop star Basshunter and Gyllene Tider also comes from Halmstad.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Halland County
Mike Plotcheck (born December 27, 1963 in Titusville, Florida) better known by his ring names, Bart Gunn and Mike Barton, is an American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist.

Career
Plotcheck is known for competing in the World Wrestling Federation for 6 years. During that time, he formed The Smokin' Gunns with his kayfabe brother Billy Gunn. He also feuded with Billy Gunn when the team broke up. He was also a member of the tag team The Midnight Express and competed under the name "Bodacious Bart" along with "Bombastic" Bob Holly.

Plotcheck won the WWF's shoot boxing tournament, the Brawl for All in 1998 when he defeated his tag team partner Bob Holly in the first round, Steve Williams in the second round, The Godfather in the semi-finals, and Bradshaw in the finals. Plotcheck also faced boxer Eric "Butterbean" Esch at WrestleMania XV but was knocked out in 30 seconds. He was released from the WWF a short time after.

He then competed for All Japan Pro Wrestling from 1998 to 2002 where he had a successful tenure. He left AJPW to wrestle for New Japan Pro Wrestling in 2002. He left in 2004.

Plotcheck decided to start a mixed martial arts career and debuted on June 17, 2006. He defeated Wesley "Cabbage" Correira at Rumble On The Rock: Beatdown in less than two minutes by technical knockout because of a cut that Correir suffered during the bout. In his second fight he faced Ikuhisa "The Punk" Minowa at PRIDE Bushido 13 and lost by unanimous decision.

Championships
Plotcheck held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

All Japan Pro Wrestling
AJPW Unified World Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Johnny Ace
January 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (2001)
Stan Hansen Cup (2002) – with Jim Steele

International Wrestling Federation
IWF World Tag Team Championship (two times) – with Kip Winchester

New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Tag Team Championship Number One Contenders Tournament (2003) – with Jim Steele

Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling
PCW Americas Championship (two times)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #129 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 by PWI in 1997.
He was ranked #377 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years by PWI in 2003.

World Wrestling Federation
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Bombastic Bob
WWF Tag Team Championship (three times) – with Billy Gunn
Brawl for All (1998)

References

Other websites
Mike Barton  on OWOW

American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Florida
1941 births
Kiruna is a town in the county of Norrbotten in Sweden. It is the seat of Kiruna Municipality.

Kiruna was founded in 1900 as a mining community.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Norrbotten County
Karlskrona is a town in the county of Blekinge in Sweden. It is the seat of Karlskrona Municipality. The city name means Karl's Crown in honour of King Karl XI of Sweden.

The city was founded in 1680 when the Royal Swedish Navy was moved from the Stockholm area to Trossö island.

The Naval Port in the city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Blekinge County
World Heritage Sites in Sweden
1680 establishments in Europe
1680s establishments in Sweden
The Öland Bridge () is a road bridge in Sweden. It was completed in 1972. It connects mainland Sweden with Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland, replacing the old ferryboats.

Other websites

Oland Bridge
The Calgary Stampeders are a Canadian Football League team from Calgary. They where created in 1935. They have won the Grey Cup 7 times, the last one in 2014. The Stampeders play their games in the McMahon Stadium.

Other websites 
 Official website

Canadian football clubs
Sport in Calgary
James Foster McCoubrey (13 September 1901 – 5 July 2013) was a Canadian-born American supercentenarian who was at the time of his death aged 111 years, 295 days the oldest man ever born in Canada, and believed to be the oldest living American man for less than a year after Shelby Harris' death on 25 July 2012 as well as the world's oldest living man for over 3 weeks after 116-year-old Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura's death on 11 June (Kimura died on 12 June Japanese time), and after his death succeeded as the oldest living man by Jokichi Ikarashi, who already was Japan's oldest living man and died just 18 days later. However, the oldest living man after Kimura's death as well as the oldest living American man after Shelby Harris' death was later confirmed to be Spanish-born American man Salustiano Sanchez, who was less than 14 weeks older than him and died just 10 weeks after him (when he would have turned 112).

McCoubrey was born on 13 September 1901 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, which at that time was part of the British Empire, and present Canada. He died of pneumonia on 5 July 2013, just 10 weeks before his 112th birthday, in Walnut Creek, California.

References

Other websites
 
 Photograph of McCoubrey

1901 births
2013 deaths
American supercentenarians
Canadian centenarians
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
People from California
People from Newfoundland and Labrador
World record holders
Visingsö is an island in the lake of Vättern in Sweden. Since 1971, it is a part of Jönköping Municipality, after having been an own municipality until that year. The island is connected to the mainland with ferryboats.

References

Other websites

Islands of Sweden