cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo. They were two childhood friends, who found fame in the 1960s. Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.

Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock).

Albums 
 Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.
 Sounds of Silence
 Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
 Bookends
 Bridge Over Troubled Water
 Greatest Hits
 The Concert in Central Park

Sources

Musical groups from New York City
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the east coast of Africa. Twenty-two million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo. It is the world's fourth largest island.

The official languages are Malagasy and French.

Geologists think that about two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a big supercontinent called Pangaea, that included what is now the continent of Africa, but it broke off. Madagascar would later break off of the Indian subcontinent.

Environment 

Madagascar is home to many species that were not known about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not even exist elsewhere in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar. In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world. However, many of the species in Madagascar are in danger because many of the forests have been cut down. A big reason that forests have been cut down is so that land can be used to grow crops such as coffee, which is one of the most important crops that is grown in Madagascar.

Economy 
Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism.

Provinces 

In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions.  It used to be divided into 6 provinces.

 ｡^‿^｡

History 
People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years.

France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent from France, which meant it became its own country, on 26 June, 1960. On March 17, 2009, President Marc Ravalomanana quit because of pressure from the military. Andry Raejolina became the next president.

Related pages
List of rivers of Madagascar
Madagascar at the Olympics
Madagascar national football team

References

Other websites
Photos of Madagascar  

 
 
Gondwana
Least developed countries
1960 establishments in Africa
A board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces.  

Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards.  There are many board games with a long history in some cultures.  Examples of these games are  chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years.  Among these games are Scrabble and Monopoly. 

Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.

Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.

References

Other websites

Information about thousands of different board games
Aerosmith is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.

List of albums

Studio albums 
 1973 - Aerosmith
 1974 - Get Your Wings
 1975 - Toys in the Attic
 1976 - Rocks
 1977 - Draw the Line
 1979 - Night in the Ruts
 1982 - Rock in a Hard Place
 1985 - Done with Mirrors
 1987 - Permanent Vacation
 1989 - Pump
 1993 - Get a Grip
 1997 - Nine Lives
 2001 - Just Push Play
 2012 - Music from Another Dimension!

Compilation and live albums 
 1980 - Aerosmith's Greatest Hits
 1994 - Big Ones
 1998 - A Little South of Sanity (Live)

References

Other websites 
 Aerosmith's official YouTube channel

1970 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
 
American rock bands
Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Brighton is a city on the south coast of England. It was called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex. In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of Brighton & Hove. Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London.

History 
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France. Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770. Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians.

From 1780, development of Georgian terraced houses started. The fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of Brighton. Growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the Royal Pavilion built during the early part of his Regency.

The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Some major attractions such as the West Pier and the Brighton Palace Pier were built for the growing number of tourists. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.

In 1984, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing killed five people.

Modern-day Brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation. It has two universities: University of Sussex and the University of Brighton. It also has 54 other schools. 

In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Brighton has a thriving LGBT community and every year in the first weekend in  August Pride festivities are held.

Notable people  

 Dora Bryan - English actress
 Henry Thrale - English politician. Lived in West Street. His good friend, Samuel Johnson, often stayed at his home.
 Laurence Olivier - lived in the city for many years
 Martha Gunn - famous Brighton dipper and favourite of George IV
 Nick Cave - Australian musician,  been living in the city since the 1980s
 Rudyard Kipling - classical books author

References
A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.

A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun. 

Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.

Cause 

The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).

While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.

The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
 Half of the sky is still dark with draining clouds; and
 The observer is at a place with clear sky above.
Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
 at the edges of clouds lit from the back; or
 as upright bands of spectrum in far away rain even if it does not fall on the earth.

An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.

The seven colours of the rainbow 
The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.)  
<ul>
<li style = "background-color: #ff0000;"> Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0) </lihtml>
 Orange (color wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0)  /html/background colour
 Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0) 
 Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS “Lime”) (Color wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) 
 Blue (web color) (Hex: #0000FF) (RGB: 0, 0, 255) 
 Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95)
 Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255) 
</ul>	

Optics
Weather
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is part of the US federal government and is located at the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia. The agency was formed in 1947 after World War II. Many of the people who started the CIA had been in the Office of Strategic Services, the main American spy agency during the war. General John K. Singlaub was one of the people who created the CIA.   

The United States has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. During the American Revolution, George Washington and other Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, and Patrick Henry used espionage networks.     

The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency has been Gina Haspel since April 26, 2018.   

The CIA is made up of four groups, which do different things. Its goal is to protect the US people. Many people feel that the CIA does more bad than good. Others  people that the CIA does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the United States. Others think those secrets should remain secret. American law makes it illegal for the CIA and other agencies to kill foreign leaders. 

In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill US President George H.W. Bush, who used to be director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot failed. In revenge, President Bill Clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the Iraqi equivalent to the CIA. That occurred at night and so only the cleaners were killed, not those who had planned the assassination.

CIA has many clandestine, or secret, operations. Some CIA employees have been killed during their work. Their names are on a CIA memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. The number of stars is deliberately inaccurate. 

The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.

The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, a reorganization made the CIA and other intelligence agencies report to a Director of National Intelligence.

The CIA has been featured in many television and film productions, including the American television show "The Agency," the American television mini-series "The Company," the film "Spy Game" that stars Robert Redford and Brad Pitt, "Night Flight to Moscow" that stars Yul Brenner, "Scorpio" that stars Burt Lancaster, "Clear and Present Danger" that stars Harrison Ford; "Ice Station Zebra," and several James Bond films that featured the CIA agent Felix Leiter.

References

Other websites 
 Central Intelligence Agency website

United States intelligence agencies
Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".

He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.

Discography

Singles

A Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of "She Blinded Me With Science".

Albums

Studio albums

EPs

References

English musicians
Living people
1958 births
New wave musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists
Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2.  In 2008 Eduardo Paes became Mayor. The city was started in 1565.

Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, Pão de Açúcar), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, Cristo Redentor), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.

Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.

The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as Via Dutra). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.

In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, bairro) of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, bonde) from central Rio de Janeiro (near Largo da Carioca subway station), crossing over the Arcos da Lapa, an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.

The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016.

Sister cities 
Warsaw, Poland

References

Other websites 
 Virtual photo tour through Rio de Janeiro and neighbourhood with www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com 
 Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro's City Hall. Includes statistical information about the city, about Carnival, and municipal laws. 
 Rio de Janeiro at Wikivoyage

Capital of Brazil
Former national capitals
 
Capitals of Brazilian states
1565 establishments
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1560s establishments in South America
A pillow is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed. 

A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.

Home
A whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called blubber, and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Related pages
 Whaling

Boats
Occupations
Crayons are writing tools made with colored wax, water, and citric acid or chalk. Young children often use them to draw. Some adult artists use them too. They melt at a low temperature so they can be used in crayon-drip art. One very well-known brand of crayons is Crayola, a company by Binney and Smith.

Other websites

Art
Writing tools
Self-defence means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. Sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. In most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. In the United States, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. In international law all persons have the right to self-defence.

References

Other websites 
 No Nonsense Self Defense - Reliable information for dangerous situations Articles by Marc MacYoung

Survival skills
Deaths 
 May 24 – King David I of Scotland (born 1084)
 July 8 – Pope Eugenius III
 August 17 – Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
 August 21 – Bernard of Clairvaux, French churchman (born 1090)
 Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester
 Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford (born 1115)
 Anna Comnena, Byzantine princess and historian (born 1083)
 Bernard de Tremelay, fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, at the siege of Ascalon
1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on a Tuesday in the 13-day slower Julian calendar. It was the 913th year of the 2nd Millennium, 13th year of the 20th Century and the 4th year of the 1910s decade.

Events 
 First and Second Balkan Wars
 Mexican Revolution
 March 4 - Woodrow Wilson becomes the 28th President of the United States, succeeding William Howard Taft.
 March 12 - Building work begins on the new capital city of Canberra in Australia.
 May 29 - Rite of Spring performance in Paris.
 July 10 - A temperature of  is recorded in Death Valley, California.
 October 14 - The Senghenydd colliery disaster in Wales kills 439 people, in the United Kingdom's deadliest mining tragedy.
 November 7 to November 11 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250 people. Nineteen ships are lost.
 December 12 - The Mona Lisa is recovered in Florence.
 George Herriman's comic strip Krazy Kat is launched in American newspapers

Births 
 January 9 – Richard Nixon, American politician, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
 February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
 July 14 – Gerald Ford, American politician, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
 September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist (d. 2007)
 November 7 – Albert Camus, French writer (d. 1960)
 Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan Pakistani social activist and early political leader (d. 2007)

Deaths 
 March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
 March 31 – J.P. Morgan, American businessperson (banking) (b. 1837)
 April 15 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (b. 1886)
 September 30 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (b. 1858)

Nobel Prizes 

 Physiology or Medicine - Charles Robert Richet (French physiologist)
 Physics - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)
 Chemistry - Alfred Werner (Switzerland)
 Literature - Rabindranath Tagore (India, then-British India)
 Peace - Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)

References
Events 
 March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green in England is the last battle fought between the private armies of feudal lords.
 July 26 – War of the Roses – Battle of Edgecote Moor: the House of Lancaster defeats the House of York.
 October 17 – Prince Ferdinand of Aragon weds Princess Isabella of Castile. This event would lead to a unified Spain in 1516.
 Sigismund of Austria sells upper-Elsass (Alsace) to the Charles the Bold in exchange for help in a war against the Swiss.
 Uzun Hassa wins in Persia and defeats Abu Said.
 Lorenzo de' Medici takes power in Florence.
 Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
 James III of Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland Islands from Denmark.

Births 
 April 15 – Nanak Dev
 May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli

Deaths 
 December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1416)
 Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network in a small area like a home, office, or school.  Many computers can be connected to share information and Internet connections. Most LANs use Ethernet to connect together.

Topology
LAN topologies tell you how ROM devices are organised. Five common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. These topologies are logical architectures.  This means that they tell you the directions that signals go between devices, but that the actual cables that connect the devices might not be connected the same way. For example, logical bus and ring topologies are commonly organized physically as a star. 

 A bus ROM means that the signal is put onto the medium and every device on the bus receives the signal.  If more than one device tries to send a signal at the same time, they can interfere with each other.  A long copper wire with other wires tapped into it is an example of a bus topology.
 A ring ROM means that each device talks to two other devices in the network and the devices all talk in a circle. If a computer sends data out one of its interfaces, it could get an answer back on the other one.  Some rings send traffic in only one direction, other ring networks send traffic in both directions.  Token Ring and FDDI are examples of ring topologies.
 A star ROM means that one device (the middle of the star) connects to several other devices. The only way devices on the points of the star can talk to each other is through the device in the middle.  A ROM is an example of a star topology.  Computers on the ROM need to go through the switch to talk to each other.
 A tree (or hybrid) topology is named because when you draw a picture of how the devices in this topology are connected, it starts off narrow with few devices at the bottom, then branches out at the top.  Large networks are an example of a tree topology.  There are switches and servers near the bottom of the tree, then all the user's computers "branch out" at the top of the tree.
 A mesh network topology means that every device can talk to every other device, and they will not interfere with each other.  You can also have a partial mesh, where some devices do not talk to all of the others.  There are not many simple examples of a mesh network.  A wireless data network where all of the devices use ROM READING or different frequencies to avoid interfering with each other would be one example.

Computer networking
Pharaohs were kings of ancient Egypt. The word comes from the Coptic language word Per-aa, which means "Great House". Pharaohs were believed to be descended from the gods.

The Valley of the Nile had been lived in by early humans for at least 700,000 years. The area has a long history of human civilization, but Egypt as a state begins in about 5660 BC. At this time, the separate kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united.

People studying Egyptian history have divided the pharaohs into 31 groupings, called dynasties. These dynasties were usually, but not always, based on a related family group. During the long period of the pharaoh's rule over Egypt, there were times when they did not control the whole country. This means that some dynasties only controlled part of the country, and another dynasty ruled another part at the same time. Also there are not complete records, so there are gaps in the lists of pharaohs, and it can be very difficult to list the rulers in chronological order. The origins of the first pharaohs survive only as legends.

Before the union of Upper and Lower Egypt, kings wore crowns of different design, to show which part of Egypt they ruled. The red crown was worn in Lower Egypt. The white crown was worn in Upper Egypt. Later, kings of the whole of ancient Egypt wore a combination of the two crowns, called a Pschent.

When a pharaoh died, their personal treasure was buried with them; not the treasure of the entire kingdom. The pharaohs were buried in large tombs, the largest and most famous were the Pyramids. Many later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings. Paintings and writings discovered in these tombs have provided much of our knowledge of the pharaohs. New discoveries, such as that in 2014 of a new dynasty ruled by a previously unknown pharaoh, Senebkay, are changing what we know about ancient Egypt. They were mostly men, but there were women such as Cleopatra and Nefertiti. Pharaohs were considered to be half-man and half-god.

The first pharaoh was Narmer, though he did not use the term. The Egyptians believed their pharaoh was the god Horus. Pharaohs had several wives but only one wife was queen.

Related pages 
 List of pharaohs
 Abydos King List
 Karnak king list
 Palermo Stone
 Turin King List

References
Gilligan's Island is a 1964 American television series. The series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. Minnow. An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.

Castaways
Gilligan (Bob Denver) - Dimwitted sailor; title character; wears trademark hat.
Jonas "The Skipper" Grumby (Alan Hale, Jr.) - The skipper of the boat; calls Gilligan his "little buddy"
Thurston Howell III (Jim Backus) - Eccentric millionaire
"Lovey" Howell (Natalie Shaffer) - Thurston's wife
Ginger Grant (Tina Louise) - A sexy movie actress
Roy "The Professor" Hinkly (Russell Johnson) - High school teacher/inventor
Mary Anne Summers (Dawn Wells) - Kansas farm girl

American sitcoms
1964 television series debuts
1967 television series endings
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
A diaper (or nappy) is a piece of clothing. It is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces.

Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. They can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are  very absorbent.

Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. With the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.

Viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. They are also used by older people. There are adult diapers for people with medical problems.

In the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy.

Sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers.  This can be for different reasons.  Sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. Some adults wear diapers for fun. This is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons.  These people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." The scientific term for liking to wear diapers is "Diaper Fetishists."

Clothing
Mork and Mindy is an American television sitcom which ran from 1978-1982. It stars Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. Comedian Jonathan Winters has a recurring role in the series. Mork and Mindy is a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, Happy Days. The plot of the series is that alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy in Boulder, Colorado.

Other websites 

1978 television series debuts
1982 disestablishments in the United States
1982 television series endings
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
American science fiction television series
American sitcoms
Television series set in Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Television spin-offs
1978 establishments in the United States
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
American Samoa  (; , ; also  or ) is a territory of the United States.  It is part of the Samoan Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean.

In 1899, Germany and the U.S. divided the Samoan group of islands. The U.S. got the smaller group of islands on the east side.  These islands had a good harbor near the capital city, Pago Pago.  The western islands were run by Germany and then by New Zealand and are now the independent country Samoa.

Officially, American Samoa is an "unorganized" territory.  This means that the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act.  But the people who live in American Samoa rule themselves.  Their constitution became effective on July 1, 1967.

The capital of American Samoa is Pago Pago, but the seat of government is Fagatogo.

Citizenship

People who are born in American Samoa are called U.S. nationals, not U.S. citizens.  This means they have some of the same rights as citizens but not all of them.  Unlike people who are not Americans at all, American Samoans can go to any other part of the United States they want and live there for as long as they want.  But they are not allowed to vote, to be on juries in court, to run for office, or to hold any job that the employee has to be a citizen to hold.  For contrast, someone born in Puerto Rico or Guam is a citizen, so if they move to a state, they are allowed to vote in that state and in all federal elections.

Some American Samoans like that they are not American citizens and others do not.  Some American Samoans say that being nationals and not citizens makes it easier for them to keep the fa'a Samoa, the Samoan way of life.  In 2019, three American Samoans living in Utah sued the U.S. government to say they are citizens.  The judge agreed with them.  The judge said that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that anyone born in any part of the United States is a citizen, and that should mean American Samoans too.  But the next day, he said they should not register to vote until after an appeal judge has seen the case.

In 2016, the United States Supreme Court decided they did not want to look at a case about whether American Samoans are citizens.

References 

Notes

Other websites 

 
 Government of American Samoa
 
 NOAA's National Weather Service - American Samoa

 
1967 establishments in Oceania
1967 establishments in the United States
Births 
 June 5 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (baptized that day, exact date of birth unknown) (died 1790)
July 16 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (died 1792)

 
Years
Ovens are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. It is used the most often in cooking and pottery. They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.

History 

The people in the settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 B.C.
People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece.

References

Basic English 850 words
Cooking appliances
A liquid is a form of matter. It is settled between solid and gas. Liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape.

Every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing. Because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container. The molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves.

Fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity. Some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid.

It is difficult to compress a liquid. If a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid.  This temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid.  If a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas.  The temperature this happens at is called the boiling point.  

Examples of liquid are water, oils and blood.

In a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, p, is bigger than at the top. The equation for working this out is:

p = ρgz

where z is the depth of the point below the surface and g is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid. ρ is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is. We call this the density and it is different for all liquids.

References

Other websites

Basic English 850 words
States of matter
1806 (MDCCCVII) was .

Events 
 August 6 – The last Holy Roman Emperor quits, ending the Holy Roman Empire
Events 
 The Year without a Summer
 Pepsian discovered.
 Charles Dickens writes and publishes his first book, The Pickwick Papers.
 First railway opens in Australia, a carriage on rails, pushed by convicts at Port Arthur, Tasmania

Deaths
 March 6 – Davy Crockett, American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician (b. 1786)
White is a color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Meaning of white 

White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity. 

In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.

Tones of white color comparison chart
 White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)
 Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)
 Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)
 Ivory (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)
 White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)

Related pages
 List of colors

Basic English 850 words
Nigger is a racist insult against black people. Like the word "nigga", it can be used in pop culture slang. However, it is mainly used by those who believe that white people are better than everybody else.

The word came from a slang pronunciation of "negro", which is the word for the color black and for black people in Spanish and Portuguese. Before 1865, most black persons in the United States were slaves. During this time, the word "nigger" usually meant a slave. Writers such as Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens used it.

Today, the word is an offensive racial slur in English, and is often thought as hate speech. "Nigger" has become so taboo in the United States that most people do not use the word; instead, they call it the "N-word".

Pop culture 

In the 1980s and 1990s, many hip hop artists used the word “nigger.” One hip hop group called themselves NWA, which stood for “Niggaz Wit Attitudes”. Their 1988 single “Straight Outta Compton” used the word, which made the group and its songs controversial. NWA also used the word “nigga” in a song called “Fuck tha Police,” which talked about violent behavior by the police and being suspicious of, or discriminating against people because of their skin color. Other rappers also used the word. For example, XXXTentacion used it in most of his tracks, including “Bad Vibes Forever” (released in 2019).

References 

Pejoratives
English profanity
Slurs
A biography is the story of a person's life. The word comes from the Greek words bios (which means life) and graphein (which means write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.

A written biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories.

The oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. Some were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history. Another early form of biography was called hagiography, meaning writing about holy people.

In ancient China, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. In India, biographies of Buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. In ancient Greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name Memorabilia (Memories). During the Roman Empire, Plutarch wrote Parallel Lives about ancient Greek and Roman politicians, and Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors. The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ.

In West Africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies. 

Many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale.

Related pages
 Autobiography

References 

Genres
Literary terms
Free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. In this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). The opposite of free software is proprietary software.

In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project. Examples of free software are Linux (the kernel), Blender, OpenBSD, Inkscape and others. Wikipedia also uses free software.

Free software and open source 

Free software is very similar, but different from open source software.

People who use the name “free software” think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. They think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. These are the rights to:
 Use programs on their computer how they want.
 Learn how the programs on their computer work.
 Change programs they have on their computer to make them better.
 Give programs they have on their computer to other people.

Free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). It is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user).

People who use the name “open source” more like the free software rules too, but they aren't so strict and don't say that everything should be open source. They say the rules are good because they help companies make business.

How free software works 
An author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. The author does this by using a free license.

The author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. This is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them.

Free software and freeware 

The word “free” in “free software” means freedom, not price. People are allowed to sell Free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too.

The words “free software” are sometimes used in English to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. Sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real Free software, such as change it or sell it. In this case “free” means “free of charge”. To make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software.

References

Related pages
GNU
Free and open-source software
Free Software Foundation
Open source

Other websites 
 Free Software Foundation
 The definition of free software
 Richard Stallman's talk about free software at TEDx
Births 
 July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, etc.)

Deaths 
 February 12 – Immanuel Kant
 July 12 – Alexander Hamilton
A toddler is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others. 

Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child.

Other websites  
 Toddler Weight/Height Calculator 

Children
Ronald McDonald is an American clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant. 
He wears yellow and red stipes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of others including Grimace, the Hamburglar, Birdie the Early Bird, Mayor McCheese, and the Fry Kids.

The clown Michael Polakovs (known in America as Coco the Clown) designed his clothes and make-up. He appeared in the first eight of Ronald's television commercials. The actor Jeff Giuliano played Ronald McDonald for many years on television. Later he became a vegetarian, and was sorry he had spent so much time promoting hamburgers.

Actors 
McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.

This is a list of these main actors:

Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
King Moody (1969–1985)
Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
David Hussey (2000–2014)
Brad Lennon (2014–present)

An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.

References 

Clowns
Mascots
McDonald's
Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945 - May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong".  He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".

Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called Legend, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma., He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism

Discography

Studio albums 
 The Wailing Wailers (1965)
 Soul Rebels (1970)
 Soul Revolution (1971)
 The Best of The Wailers (1971)
 Catch a Fire (1973)
 Burnin' (1973)
 Natty Dread (1974)
 Rastaman Vibration (1976)
 Exodus (1977)
 Kaya (1978)
 Survival (1979)
 Uprising (1980)
 Confrontation (1983)

Live albums 
 Live! (1975)
 Babylon by Bus (1978)

References 

Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from melanoma
American guitarists
Jamaican singers
Rastafari
Reggae musicians
Jamaican businesspeople
Singers from Delaware
Businesspeople from Wilmington, Delaware
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
1945 births
1981 deaths
Former Roman Catholics