cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal.  Animals may bite things in self-defence.  Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.

Bites can cause many medical problems, such as:
 Tearing or scratching the tissue
 Haemorrhaging if major blood vessels are pierced
 Infection by bacteria or pathogens, such as rabies
 Introduction of venom by venomous animals such as some snakes
 Introduction of things that may irritate the person by causing inflammation or itching

Treatment 
Bite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water.  The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage.  Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.

Animal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it.  If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies.  Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes.  If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably is not infected.  In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.

Snake bites 
Many of the world's snakes are not considered dangerous to humans, but even a bite from a "safe" snake may injure the victim if the wound is not treated properly, and large snakes such as constrictors are capable of causing a lot of damage with their bites.

Spider bites 
The black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults.  Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney. Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region.

Health
Basic English 850 words
Northern Europe is the northern part of  the  European continent. Most people see the following states as part of it:
 The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Åland, the Faroe Islands and occasionally Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.
 Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (but see also Western Europe)
 The Baltic states, i.e. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania 
 Areas bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, e.g. north-western Russia, northern Poland (most often referred to as Eastern Europe), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and northern Germany.

Europe, the planet's 6th largest continent, includes 47 countries and assorted dependencies, islands and territories. 

Before the 19th century, the term 'Nordic' or 'Northern' was commonly used to mean Northern Europe in a sense that included the Nordic countries, European Russia, the Baltic countries (at that time Livonia and Courland) and Greenland.

In earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and Austria. In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.

In a European Union context, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany, the UK, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are often seen as belonging to a Northern group.

References 

Regions of Europe
Western Europe is a geographic region of Europe. This term does not have a precise definition. Its use has changed over time. During the middle ages, the European parts of the Western World included those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. During the Cold War, Western Europe was a geographic and socio-political concept. It meant the democratic European countries of the First World, which are also vaguely defined. It was and still is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of economics, politics, and religion.  At its widest medieval definition, it includes the following 32 countries:

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)
 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)
 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 Had the Largest Empire in the world
  The Smallest Country in the world

Many of these countries were members of the Western European Union. Many, such as Norway, are also in Northern Europe or in Central Europe or Southern Europe.

Today, the term Western Europe has to do with geography and with economics. The concept is commonly associated with liberal democracy, socialism and also with the European Union, though that also has some countries of Eastern Europe.

Most of the countries in the region share Western culture, and many have economic, and political ties with countries in North and South America and Oceania.

In addition, Scandinavia (in Northern Europe) is commonly associated with social democracy and remains fairly neutral throughout international disputes. The Iberian Peninsula, the most western part of Europe is similarly closely linked to the Americas.

It is a monotonous area with long and irregular coastlines.

References

Regions of Europe
A Furnace is a device used for heating. The word has different meanings, though:
 In American English, it is the name for a heating system in the house. British English usually calls such systems boiler, heater or kiln.
 There are industrial furnaces; these provide the heat so some process can take place. An example of such a furnace would be the use in metallurgic processing. Blast furnaces for example make iron.

Home appliances
Heat
Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. The official definition of Southern Europe includes Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and all northern Mediterranean countries of the European continent are considered part of Southern Europe.

Geographical definition 
Geographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.
The Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.

Geopolitical definition of the United Nations 

For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions.  Corsica for example is part of France, thus not part of Southern Europe, but Italian Tyrol belongs to Southern Europe as it is part of Italy..

Climatical definition 
The climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.

Linguistic and cultural definition 
Countries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Italy and Spain. 
Greece, Malta and Anatolia are often associated with them.

List of countries 

Although there is no precise definition, the following territories are commonly thought to be parts of Southern Europe:

 Iberian Peninsula
 Portugal
 Azores
 Madeira
 Spain
 Balearic Islands
 Canary Islands
 Ceuta
 Melilla
 Andorra
 Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
 Italian Peninsula and Western Mediterranean islands
 Italy
 Sicily
 Sardinia
Corsica (France)
 Vatican City
 San Marino
 Monaco
Malta
Croatia
 Balkans and Aegean islands
 Cyprus
 Greece
 Ionian Islands
Aegean Islands
Crete
 Albania
Serbia
North Macedonia
Romania
Kosovo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Turkey 

Regions of Europe
This is a list of pterosaurs.

A 
Aetodactylus
Angustinaripterus
Anhanguera
Anurognathus
Arambourgiania
Araripedactylus
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Austriadactylus
Avgodectes
Azhdarcho

B 
Bakonydraco
Batrachognathus
Beipiaopterus
Bennettazhia
Bogolubovia
Boreopterus
Brasileodactylus

C 
Cacibupteryx
Campylognathoides
Caulkicephalus
Caviramus
Cearadactylus
Chaoyangopterus
Coloborhynchus
Comodactylus
Criorhynchus
Ctenochasma
Cycnorhamphus

D 
Darwinopterus
Dendrorhynchoides
Dermodactylus
Dimorphodon
Diopocephalus
Domeykodactylus
Dorygnathus
Dsungaripterus

E 
Eoazhdarcho
Eopteranodon
Eosipterus
Eudimorphodon

F 
Feilongus

G 
Germanodactylus
Gnathosaurus
Gallodactylus

H 
Haopterus
Harpactognathus
Hatzegopteryx
Herbstosaurus
Huanhepterus
Huaxiapterus

I 
Istiodactylus

J 
Jeholopterus
Jidapterus

K 
Kepodactylus

L 
Laopteryx
Liaoxipterus
Lonchodectes
Lonchognathosaurus
Longchengpterus
Ludodactylus

M 
Mesadactylus
Montanazhdarcho

N 
Nesodactylus
Noripterus
Normannognathus
Nurhachius
Nyctosaurus

O 
Ornithocheirus
Ornithostoma

P 
Parapsicephalus
Peteinosaurus
Phosphatodraco
Plataleorhynchus
Preondactylus
Pteranodon
Pterodactylus
Pterodaustro
Pterorhynchus
Puntanipterus

Q 
Quetzalcoatlus

R 
Rhamphinion
Rhamphocephalus
Rhamphorhynchus

S 
Santanadactylus
Scaphognathus
Sinopterus
Siroccopteryx
Sordes

T 
Tapejara
Tendaguripterus
Thalassodromeus
Tropeognathus
Tupandactylus
Tupuxuara

U 
Unwindia

V 
Volgadraco

W 
Wukongopteryx

X 
Xericeps

Y 
Yikianopteryx

Z 

Zhejiangopterus

Lists of Dinosaurs
Deinonychus  was a medium theropod dinosaur. It was a dromaeosaur, and also a larger relative of the famous Velociraptor. This 3.4 meter (11 ft) long Deinonychus lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 115-108 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, Wyoming, and Oklahoma.

Deinonychus is perhaps the single most important dinosaur discovered in the mid 20th century.

Ostrom's analysis
Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of Deinonychus in the late 1960s started the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded. It is now accepted that all or most smaller theropods had feathers whose function was temperature regulation. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal, posture, and the enlarged claws on the feet, which suggested the animal was an active, agile predator. Before this, the popular idea of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants.

Deinonychus means 'Terrible claw'. This refers to the large, sickle-shaped claw bone on the second toe of each hind foot. In life, a horny sheath over this bone extended the length. Ostrom reconstructed the claw as over  long.

The species name antirrhopus means “counter balance”. This refers to Ostrom's idea that the tail balanced the front of the body. As in other dromaeosaurs, the tail vertebrae have ossified (bony) tendons and super-long bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance. A fossil of the closely related Velociraptor has an connected tail skeleton that is curved side to side in a long S–shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could swish to the sides with some flexibility.

Paleoecology
Deinonychus remains have been found near those of the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Teeth discovered near  Tenontosaurus specimens suggest it was hunted or at least scavenged by Deinonychus.

References

Dromaeosauridae
The My Opera Community is a virtual community, which provides help and social networking services for people who use the Opera browser.

History 
The My Opera Community started in August 2001 and will be shut down after February 2014. It currently has over 16,000,000 members, who are from all over the world.

Sources

Other websites 
The My Opera Community Website

Opera ASA
2001 establishments
2014 disestablishments
Papyrus is a kind of paper that was used in Ancient Egypt for writing. It was first made as far back as the 3rd millennium BC. It was made from a kind of reed called Cyperus papyrus. This plant was originally grown in marshy areas around the Nile river. The plant had a variety of uses. The Egyptians also used the papyrus plants to make boats, mattresses, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. Specially cultivated papyrus, grown on plantations, was used to make the writing material. They were first used in Ancient Egypt, but they were later used throughout the Mediterranean region.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Ancient Egypt
Writing media
Paper
Raisins are dried grapes. They have a lot of sugar.

Other websites 
 Cooking.com: Raisins 
 Natural Benefits and Curative Properties 
 The World's Healthiest Foods: Raisins 
 A close-up photo of a raisin 

Fruits
Vitaceae
Taste buds are small 'bumps' on the tongue. They are the sense organs which detect the taste of things that go into the mouth. They are involved in detecting the five (known) elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami.

Other websites 
 Beyond the Tongue Map
 Taste Perception: Cracking the Code 
 Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds from National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, July 22, 2005

Sensory system

fr:Langue (anatomie)#Papilles gustatives
Nectar, in botany, is a liquid made by the flowers of plants. It is sweet because it has sugar in it. Plants make nectar to attract pollinating animals. It is made in glands called nectaries. The nectaries are usually at the bottom of the perianth of the flower. This means the animal trying to get the nectar has to touch the parts of the plant that are used for reproduction. By doing this, the animal getting the nectar helps the plants reproduce.

Some plants make nectar outside the flower. These plants do it to attract predatory insects. These insects will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects found near the plant.

Nectar is economically important because it is where the sugar for honey comes from. It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adults of many predatory insects, as well as hummingbirds, eat nectar. Some plants give off very rich scents, such as the Rocky Mountain Columbine

Flowers
A hunting dog is any dog who helps humans in hunting. There are several types of hunting dogs.  The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs.  These categories have smaller groups in them that are based on different things the dogs are good at doing.

Types of hunting dogs

Hounds
There are two types of hounds, sight hounds and scent hounds. The difference between them is if they use sight or smell to find what they are hunting for. They are often used to hunt animals with fur. In America, raccoon, coyote, and large predators are hunted with hounds, and traditionally in Britain hounds were used to hunt the fox.

Gun dog
These dogs are also called bird dogs. They are used by hunters who carry shotguns to hunt small animals.  Gun dogs come in three main classes. The classes are retrievers, flushing spaniels, and pointing breeds.

Retrievers
The main job of a retriever is to get the animal after the hunter shoots it. Retrievers are very good in the water and often used by hunters shooting ducks.

Flushing spaniels
Flushing spaniels are used when birds being hunted are found in areas where they can hide, for example high grass. The spaniel will run through the grass. This makes the birds fly into the air so the hunter can shoot them. Spaniels stay close to the hunter so when the birds start to fly, the hunter is close enough to shoot them.

Pointers
Pointers find birds then stand still and point at where the bird is. They often are farther away from the hunter than a spaniel would be. By pointing instead of flushing the bird out, they give the hunter time to get close enough to shoot the bird.

Terriers
These dogs are almost always used to hunt mammals.  Terriers are used to find the den or living space of the animal. They will go into where the animal lives and either force it to run out or they will kill it. Many of the animals hunted with terriers are animals that cause damage, for example, ground hogs, fox and badger.

Cur types
Curs are used in the same way as terriers but on larger animals. Curs are used to hunt boars, raccoon, cougars, and other large mammals

Working dogs
An interview is a conversation where somebody is trying to get information from another person. The person asking questions is the interviewer and the person answering questions is the interviewee.  

In companies, interviews are generally conducted to test the interviewee, check their knowledge, examine their skills, behavior and attitude, and many other aspects that are required to fulfill organizational needs. Employers interview people trying to get a job to find out if they are a good person for the job. Researchers use an interview to ask people to find how they feel or what they know about something. Since the middle 19th century, interviews have often been used in journalism to get information for stories on news shows or in newspapers.  

Police interview witnesses to a crime to find out what happened. Military intelligence agents interview prisoners to learn about enemy plans and capabilities. These interviews are often called interrogation.

References 

Communication
Television genres
Athelstan or  Æthelstan, (893/4–27 October 939), called the Glorious, was the first King of England. He reigned from 924 to 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder. Athelstan's reign is sometimes overlooked but it was of great importance to political developments in the 10th century.

Athelstan was the son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of Alfred the Great. His father succeeded, after some difficulty, to the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons formed by Alfred. His father had also been the King of Mercia. When Edward died Athelstan quickly became King of Mercia but he was not immediately accepted as King of England. His brother, Ælfweard, had more support in England but died soon after Edward. This made it easier for Athelstan to become king.

For Athelstan it was very important to have many allies. A year after his crowning he married one of his sisters to the Viking King of Northumbria, Sithric. However, Sithric died only a year later, and Athelstan seized Northumbria. This move made him king of more land than any other before him, roughly the same as modern England. Historical records indicate that the other rulers in Great Britain accepted him as king at Bamburgh around this time.

Athelstan died at Gloucester in 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.

References 

890s births
939 deaths
House of Wessex
Saint Henry II (972 – 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty. 

 

972 births
1024 deaths

Holy Roman Emperors
Christian saints
Ottonian dynasty
German Roman Catholics
When computers connect and transmit data between each other on the Internet, they follow a set of rules to do so. These rules are universal; all computers throughout the Internet must follow them. Otherwise, the Internet would not function as computers would not be able to transmit data in a meaningful and useful way. These rules are called protocols. There are many different protocols, each for different purposes, and they all together are called the Internet protocol suite. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which ensure data is delivered at the right place, and without errors, and is what computers use when they access servers (computers that have the data that is accessed on the Internet) on the World Wide Web, as well as for email, and the like. Other protocols include the Network Time Protocol, which ensures clock synchronisation in computers, and there are many others.

The TCP/IP model and other related protocols are maintained by the  Internet Engineering Task Force, whose parent organisation is the Internet Society, and which also cooperates closely with other standards bodies such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISO/IEC.

Other websites 

 Internet History – Pages on Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and TCP/IP (reviewed by Cerf and Kahn).
  – Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
  A TCP/IP Tutorial – from the Internet Engineering Task Force (January 1991)
 TCP/IP FAQ
 The TCP/IP Guide – A comprehensive look at the protocols and the procedures/processes involved
 A Study of the ARPANET TCP/IP Digest
 TCP/IP Sequence Diagrams
 Daryl's TCP/IP Primer – Intro to TCP/IP LAN administration, conversational style
 Introduction to TCP/IP
 A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, Cerf & Kahn, IEEE Trans on Comms, Vol Com-22, No 5 May 1974

Internet
Computer protocols
Conrad II (c. 990 – June 4, 1039) was the son of Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace. He was elected king in 1024 and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on March 26, 1027, the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty.

During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had become strong enough that it no longer depended on contracts between king and dukes alone.

990 births
1039 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of kings of Germany, named after its first emperor Otto I the Great. But it is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the origin of this family of noblemen. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its most common names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the original founder of a new (Frankish) Roman Empire.

Although he was never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany as the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria joined in one empire. 

After the end of the Ottonian dynasty (with the death of Henry II in 1024) the crown passed to the Salian dynasty. Luitgard, a daughter of Emperor Otto I had married the Salian Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine. His great-grandson was Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor. 

Ottonian Kings and Emperors:
 Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans and Duke of Saxony, died 936
 Otto I the Great, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Saxony, died 973
 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 983
 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1002
 Saint Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, died 1024

Some other famous members of the Liudolfing or Ottonian House:
 Liudolf, Count of Saxony, died 864/866
 Saint Altfrid, Bishop of Hildesheim, died 874
 Brun, Duke of Saxony, died 880
 Otto I the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, died 912
 Gerberge of Saxony, died 954
 Henry I, Duke of Bavaria, died 955
 Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, died 957
 Hedwige of Saxony, died 965
 Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia, died 965
 William, Archbishop of Mainz, died 968
 Otto, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, died 982
 Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, the Wrangler, died 995
 Bruno, Bishop of Augsburg, died 1029
Copernicium (formerly Ununbium) is a chemical element in the Periodic Table. It is also named eka-mercury. It has the symbol Cn. It has the atomic number 112. It is a transuranium element.

The element is named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Using periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal. It is likely to be more volatile than mercury.

History 
Copernicium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Copernicium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.

The element was made in 2000 and 2004 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.

In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method. They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of copernicium.

In February 2010 IUPAC officially approved the name copernicium and symbol Cn.

References

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Copernicium
 Apsidium - Copernicium
 Indication for a gaseous element 112 
 Element 112 is Named Copernicium 

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Otto I the Great (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor. He won a big war against the Magyars and later conquered northern Italy.

912 births
973 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Ottonian dynasty
The Tropic of Capricorn, or Southern tropic, is one of the five major circles of latitude of a map of the Earth. It is 23° 26′ 22″ south of the Equator.

It marks the most southerly latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead. This happens at the December solstice, when the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to its maximum extent.

Countries 
The Tropic of Capricorn goes through these countries, starting at the prime meridian and going west:

 Brazil
 Paraguay
 Argentina
 Chile
 French Polynesia - passing just south of Tubuai
 Tonga - passing just north of the Minerva Reefs
 Coral Sea Islands Territory (Australia) - passing just south of Cato Reef
 Australia
 Madagascar
 Mozambique
South Africa
 Botswana
 Namibia

History 
The Tropic of Capricorn is named because about 2000 years ago the sun was entering the constellation Capricornus on the December solstice. Now the sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius during the December solstice. The change is due to precession of the equinoxes. The word "tropic" comes from the Greek tropos, meaning turn. This refers to the fact that the sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.

Related pages
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropics
Tropic of Cancer
Northern Hemisphere
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle

Lines of latitude
Edward III (13 November 1312–21 June 1377) was a King of England. He ruled for 50 years. 

He made England the strongest military power during his reign. 

Edward was crowned when he was fourteen years old, after his father was forced to abdicate. After his victory against the Scots, he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337, and so started the Hundred Years' War. The war went very well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the Treaty of Brétigny, by which he gained a lot of territory. When he became older, he was much less active, mostly a result of his bad health. He died of a stroke in 1377, aged 64.

Edward also established the Order of the Garter, and developed legislature and government. However, during his reign there was the Black Death. 

Edward and his wife, Philippa of Hainault, had many children and, as they traveled, the children were generally known by where they were born (though the oldest son, Edward "of Woodstock," became known to later generations as Edward, the Black Prince). Prince Edward died before his father Edward III, and his older son, Edward "of Angouleme," had died a child, so younger son Richard "of Bordeaux" succeeded Edward III as Richard II of England before being deposed by his cousin Henry IV of England, whose father, John "of Gaunt", had married the heiress of Lancaster. His family, the House of Lancaster, fought the Wars of the Roses with the House of York descended from the daughter of Edward III's son Lionel "of Antwerp" (who was older than John) over who was the rightful king. 

In his own time and for centuries after Edward III was praised a lot, but by Whig historians he was seen as an irresponsible adventurer. This view has turned, and modern historians see what a good king he was.

Other websites 

The Medieval Sourcebook) has some good sources relating to the reign of Edward III:
 The Ordinance of Labourers, 1349
 The Statute of Laborers, 1351
 Thomas Walsingham’s account of the Good Parliament of 1376.
 Man of War: Edward III, King of England at myarmoury.com

1312 births
1377 deaths
House of Plantagenet
14th century in England
Wicked Sciences is an Australian television series. It takes place in Sandy Bay. It tells the story of two teenagers who suddenly become science geniuses.

Story
Toby Johnson is a normal student of Sandy Bay High School, juggling between school and the normal life of a teenager. Elizabeth Hawke is the teacher's pet. Nobody like her in the high school and she likes nobody, excepted Tony. She has liked Tony from her childhood. One day, Toby and her were in the laboratory of the school. They were hit by a strange blue ray and they become sciences geniuses. But they do not know why. The normal life of Sandy Bay is changed by the two geniuses.

Details on the story

On the first school day at Sandy Bay High School, Toby and his best friend Russel met a new student, Dina Demeris. They quickly became friends. During science class, they were chatting. When they got caught, Dina was the one who was going to be punished, but Toby said that it was his fault. He was to be punished with Russ. The teacher, Mr. Tesslar showed the students the fossils he found during the summer. He started to scan them with a machine and asked who wanted to finish the work. Elizabeth accepted. That evening, Russ, Toby and Elizabeth were in the science laboratory. Toby and Russ had to clean the aquarium, and Elizabeth was scanning the stones. Russ had a bad idea. He tried to use his mouth to change the water. He ran to the restrooms and Toby and Elizabeth cleaned the ground. A frog got out of the aquarium and jumped on the keyboard of the machine. The device scanned a strange blue stone and made a blue ray which hit Toby and Elizabeth.

Main characters
Toby Johnson: Toby is a regular student, but he is also a science genius. He tried to tell his adventure to Mr.Tesslar, but decided to keep it a secret. He has a crush on Bianca.
Russel 'Russ' Skinner: Russel is the best friend of Toby. He is afraid of Garth.
Dina Demeris:
Elizabeth Hawke:
Garth King:
Verity McGuire:
Sacha Johnson:

Other websites 

Children's television series
English-language television programs
James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. He was an MP from 1945-1983. He won more elections than any other 20th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (in 1964, 1966, February and October 1974) — but only once with a clear majority (1966). 

Wilson resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party in 1976. He died of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in 1995.

Other websites 
 Wilson, Harold Chronology World History Database 

1916 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Cancer deaths in London
Congregationalists
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English Protestants
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the House of Lords
People from Huddersfield
Politicians from Yorkshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
United Kingdom Life Peers
A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure. There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes.

Politics
Sociology
Jehoahaz was a king of Judah. His birth name was Shallum. He is thought to be an evil king. Jehoahaz began his rule at age 23 in 609 BC when his father, King Josiah was killed by the king of Egypt, Necho. He only ruled for 3 months in Jerusalem before the Egyptian king took him to Egypt and put another of Josiah's sons on the throne as the new King of Judah. Jehoahaz died in Egypt.

Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth.  It is the parallel of latitude at 66° 33′ 39″ south of the Equator, crossing mostly the Southern Ocean.

In the Antarctic Circle, all places have twenty-four hours of daylight on the Summer Solstice in December.  In June on the Winter Solstice all places have twenty-four hours of night.  There is a minimum of one whole day that the sun does not set and one whole day that the sun does not rise.

The area south of this circle is named the Antarctic, and the zone to the north is the Southern Temperate Zone.

The continent of Antarctica is a land mass that is most of the area within the Antarctic Circle.  The South Pole is in the center of the Antarctic Circle.

There is no permanent population of persons south of the Antarctic Circle. There are research centers from some nations on Antarctica.  Teams of scientists live in the research centers for part of the year. In past centuries some whaling stations were set up on Antarctica and some of the whalers would live there for a year or more. At least three children have been born in Antarctica. It is one of the coldest places on earth.The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was recorded in Antarctica (-129.3)

Related pages
Southern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle

Other websites
Antarctic Circle org
Map 

Lines of latitude
Geography of Antarctica
Antarctic region
A toaster is a machine that cooks bread. The bread is put into the toaster and after a few minutes it pops up, toasted. The pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919.

Other websites 
How Toasters Work (Howstuffworks.com)

Cooking appliances
Swiss cheese is a name for a number of cheeses that are like Swiss Emmental cheese. This name is mostly used in the United States and Canada, and in most cases, the cheeses are made there and are not from Switzerland. Like it, they have holes, which are made by the bacteria that change milk into Swiss cheese. Propionibacterium uses the lactic acid that is made by other bacteria, and it gives off a gas called carbon dioxide. This slowly forms bubbles that become the holes. The holes in the cheese are called the "eyes", and a Swiss cheese that does not have holes is called a "blind" cheese.

Most often, Swiss cheeses with larger eyes have a better taste, as the same things that make the eyes bigger also make the taste of the cheese better. These include longer time and more warmth as the cheese is formed.

Emmental cheese has been produced in France, Germany, and Austria for a long time. This is why the names Emmental and Swiss Cheese can be used for kinds of cheese that are not made in Emmental in Switzerland but are made the same way.

Related pages
 Emmental cheese

References
Incidental music is music which has been written for a play.  It is not like opera where there is usually music all the way through.  Incidental music will be used between scenes or for particularly important moments in the play or for songs sung by the actors.  It is called “incidental” because the music is not as important as the play.

Incidental music was used as long ago as the time of Ancient Greece.  It was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the plays of Shakespeare whose characters often sing songs.  At this time incidental music was used more often for comedies than for tragedies.  Tragedies were about important people who were busy ruling their country and having wars.  In the plays they spoke in verse and were too noble to sing.  People thought that comedies were more suitable for including music.  The songs were often sung by actors playing the parts of shepherds, nymphs or clowns.

In later centuries music was used for all types of serious drama.  Sometimes large orchestras were used.  Many famous composers wrote music to be played by an orchestra during plays.  A famous example is the incidental music for Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night's Dream” composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1842.  Other composers worked with living poets such as Goethe and Schiller.  Beethoven wrote music for Goethe’s play Egmont.  This music is very closely linked to what happens in the story: the overture describes the harshness of the Spanish oppression of the Netherlands which is what the play is about.  Schubert’s famous Rosamunde overture comes from a play called Die Zauberharfe (The Magic Harp).  Schumann’s music for Manfred is different: it was never intended to be performed with the play, it was just inspired by Schumann’s imagination.  Many other composers wrote incidental music, e.g. Sibelius (for Maeterlinck’s play Pelléas et Mélisande) and Grieg (for Ibsen’s play Peer Gynt).

In all these examples the music is now usually heard at concerts, not as part of the original play.  Most of them have overtures (music played before the play starts) and these overtures are often performed separately, very often at the start of concerts.

Incidental music was not used so much during the 20th century although the plays of Brecht, which are often about political propaganda, needed a new kind of popular music.  Brecht worked with composers like Weill and Eisler who understood the kind of message that he wanted in his plays.  Their music for Brecht’s plays is similar to cabaret music.

Nowadays electronic music is often used in plays.
Musical forms
A kayak is a small boat that is driven by manpower.  It typically has a covered deck, and a cockpit covered by a spraydeck.  It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle by a sitting paddler.  The kayak was used by the native Ainu, Inuit,  Aleut and Eskimo hunters in sub-Arctic regions of northeastern Asia, North America and Greenland.  Modern kayaks come in a wide variety of designs and materials for specialized purposes.

Kayaks typically are built for one, two or occasionally three paddlers who sit facing forward in one or more cockpits below the deck of the boat.  The spray skirt or similar waterproof garment attaches securely to the edges of the cockpit, so that no water from waves or spray may enter the boat. Therefore, in most styles the boat can roll upright again without it filling with water or ejecting the paddler.

Kayaks differ distinctly in design and history from canoes, which are craft propelled by single-bladed paddles by a kneeling paddler, although some modern canoes may be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from a kayak.  Kayaks are often called canoes in Great Britain and Ireland.

Other websites 
USA Canoe and Kayak The National Governing Body of Kayaking in the USA
WaveTalk.com  A collection of articles about traditional and modern kayak design, ergonomics and biomechanics of kayaking and various kayak applications.
Kayak design A series of articles about kayak and paddle design.
The Kayaking Journal
Qajaq USA, A non-profit committed to promoting Greenland style kayaking
British Canoe Union The National Governing Body of Kayaking in the UK
Wikipaddle  - kayak and canoe wiki - focus is on places to paddle.
KayakWiki  - A wiki focused primarily on kayak techniques and construction
International Human Powered Vehicle Association website - information on peddle kayaks

Boats
Water sports
A canoe is a small boat, that is often driven by manpower or womanpower, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top, but can be covered. Canoes are known as "Paddle boats" in some small towns in the south of Australia. The use of a paddle or "salvatore" is used to propel the vehicle. The most famous of rowers include the Szwedo of Luke in which he was the first man to complete 4 laps the woodend river in less than 3 days, beating the record of 4 laps in 4 days.

The canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, with the number of paddlers depending on the size of the canoe (most commonly 2). Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated or kneeling. In this way paddling a canoe can be contrasted with rowing, where the rowers face away from the direction of travel. Paddles may be single-bladed or double-bladed.

Gallery

Related pages
Canoe racing

Other websites 
 International Canoe Federation Homepage
 Canadian Canoe Museum 
 Wooden Canoe Heritage Association
 Canoe

Boats
A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either for propulsion in a boat or for mixing liquids.

Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass or metal rod (the shaft) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the blade) on the other end.  Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, and usually no handles.

Related pages 
 Oar

Tools
The Mahdi or Mehdi ('the rightly-guided one') is Islam's messiah or savior. It is said that he and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yaum al-Qiyamah (Day of the Resurrection). 

In particular, the Sudanese tribal leader Muhammed Ahmed proclaimed himself as the Mahdi, appointed by Allah to free his country. He defeated the forces of the Khedive of Egypt and the British, only to die suddenly six months later.

Other websites 
 Who are Mahdavis? 
 The Promised Mehdi
 Syed Mohammad AlMahdi AlMow'ood 

Islam
Propulsion is the use of force to make movement.

For ground propulsion the first instrument was the wheel.

For water propulsion pole, paddle, oar and sail have been used.  Nowadays the most common types are underwater propellers.  Sails are still common, and historically represented the most important form of early propulsion for large ships. 

For air propulsion, the most common types are propeller and jet engine.  Others have been used experimentally.

Propulsion tools
Drama is a type of literature. A drama can be in the form of a novel, television show, movie, play or dance. Although drama is a Greek word meaning "action", most dramas focus more on the relationships between people than on the actions. Dramas usually have a serious feel to them. Drama is considered the opposite of comedy, but drama and comedy can be used at the same time. Drama is full of sensational action, dialogue, incidents etc.  

Shakespeare influenced the theatre industry by showing what could be done with plot and language.
Genres
Entertainment
The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical pole which supports the sails. Larger ships have several masts, with the size depending on the style of ship.

Until the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk. As ship sizes increased, taller masts were constructed by lashing up to three spars together.

Other websites 
http://www.bluewatersailing.com/shipclass.php 
http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/virtual/rigging/sails.htm 
http://tallships.sailtraining.org/sailrigs.htm
http://boatdesign.net/articles/mast-materials/
Glossary of Nautical terms, sailing and boat parts

Ship building
Juan Manuel Fangio (June 24, 1911 - July 17, 1995) was a race car driver. He won the Formula One drivers' championship five times, in the years 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957.

1911 births
1995 deaths
Argentine sportspeople
Formula One drivers
The cayenne pepper is a type of chili pepper.  It is very hot and is used as a spice. Cayenne pepper is the basis for the hot sauce known as Tabasco, as well as being an ingredient in many other commercially made hot sauces, such as Frank's Red Hot and Cholula. It can also be used in a dried powder form.

References

Other websites
 The Chilli King - Advice on growing and cooking with chillies
 PepperCenter.com Your Complete Chili Pepper Community
 Cayenne Pepper

Capsicum
Spices
Edward II (April 25, 1284–1327) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was removed from the throne in January 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility, in favour of low-born favorites, led to political trouble and eventually to his removal from the throne. He is most remembered for a story about his alleged murder, which was linked to his reliance on the corrupt family of Hugh le Despenser, which has been seen by some as evidence of his homosexuality.

1284 births
1327 deaths
House of Plantagenet
1300s in England
1310s
1320s
The Tampa Bay Rays are a Major League Baseball team that plays in St. Petersburg, Florida. They play in the American League East division. From 1998 until November 2007, They were known as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In 2008, the team changed their name to the "Rays". Their home stadium is Tropicana Field located in St, Petersburg.

History 

The Rays played their first game on March 31, 1998 against the Detroit Tigers (as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays), which they lost 11-6. They were one of the least successful teams in the Major Leagues until 2008, when they finished in first place in the American League East and had one of the best records in baseball.  They made it to the World Series but were beaten by Philadelphia in five games. Evan Longoria brought the team's first AL Rookie of the Year award to the team on November 10, 2008.  The Rays returned to the World Series in 2020 but lost again, this time to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games.

On November 8, 2007, the team changed its name to Tampa Bay Rays. The "Devil Ray" mascot was a type of stingray. While this is still a mascot of theirs, the new "Rays" name is said to represent the sunshine in Florida.

Rivalries
The Rays have rivalries with two teams. The Boston Red Sox is one due to the 2008 American League Championship Series, the other is the Florida Marlins due their in-state location. When the Rays and Marlins meet during inter-league play (when the American League (Rays) and National League (Marlins) play each other) it is known as the "Citrus Series".

Season records

References

Other websites 

Tampa Bay Rays Official Home Page
Flux of Pink Indians was political punk band. It was formed in Hertfordshire, England in 1980. Flux of Pink Indians was made up of Colin Latter (vocals), Derek Birkett (bass), Kevin Hunter (guitar) and Martin Wilson (drums). The band was originally called the Epileptics and later changed their name to Epi-X after complaints from the British Epilepsy Association. In 1981, the group signed on with the Crass label. They took on the organization's dedication to anarchist politics and punk abrasion. They issued their debut album Neu Smell soon after signing. With that album they got an indie hit with Johnny Kidd.

Upon creating their own label, Spiderleg, Flux of Pink Indians resurfaced in 1982 with the album Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible. Not surprisingly, their 1983 follow-up The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks was banned by many British retailers. One Manchester indie record store which did carry the record was charged for displaying "obscene articles for publication for gain." A long time off followed before the group - now known as Flux - returned in 1986 with the largely instrumental Uncarved Block. They disbanded in 1987; Derek Birkett later founded the One Little Indian label.

Their latest CD came out in 2003.

Discography
 "Neu Smell" (EP, Crass Records, 1981)  cover art 
 "1970s Have Been Made in Hong Kong" (EP, Spiderleg Records, 1981)
 Strive to Survive Causing the Least Suffering Possible (LP, Spiderleg Records, 1983)
 The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks (LP, Spiderleg Records 1984)
 "Taking a Liberty" (EP, Spiderleg Records, 1985)
 Uncarved Block (LP, released under the name 'Flux', One Little Indian Records 1986)

Other websites 
Flux of Pink Indians on allmusic.com

English punk bands
Anarcho-punk bands