cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hans-Christian Ströbele (7 June 1939 in Halle) is a German politician and lawyer.

Ströbele made his school exam abitur in Marl (Westphalia).
Then he studied law in Heidelberg and Berlin (at the Free University of Berlin).
He has been a lawyer in Berlin (until 1990 West Berlin) since 1969.
He was involved in the student revolt of 1968. 
He was one of the lawyers of the Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) terrorists in the Stammheim trial.

From 1970 to 1974 he was member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
Later he was one of the founders of the "Alternative List for Democracy and Environmental Protection," which later became the Berlin section of the Green Party of Germany.

1939 births
Living people
German lawyers
German politicians of Alliance '90/The Greens
People from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Rodney Mullen (born August 17 1966 in Gainesville, Florida) is a professional freestyle skateboarder, and considered to be one of the most influential skaters in the history of the sport. He is credited with inventing many tricks, including the flat-ground Ollie (originally called the 'ollie pop'), the kickflip (originally called "magic flips"), the Heelflip, the 360 flip, and the Ollie Impossible (more often called the Impossible).

Tricks he invented
Mullen has invented many tricks. These are:

Frontside & backside 180 kickflips
50-50 saran wrap
Varial heelflip
50-50 sidewinders
360 Flip
360 pressure flip
540 double kickflip
540 Shove-it
Casper 360 flip
Casper slides
Darkslides (Adapted from Mark Gonzales' idea)
Double heelflips
Flat-ground ollie
Godzilla rail flip
Gazelle
Heelflip
Helipops (360 Nollie)
Half-cab kickflip underflip
Half-cab impossible
Helipop heelflips
Handstand flip
Kickflip underflip
No Handed 50-50
Ollie Kickflip
Ollie Impossible
Ollie nosebone
Ollie fingerflip
One footed ollie

Movie appearance
Rodney Mullen did many of the skateboarding stunts for Christian Slater in the 1989 skateboarding movie Gleaming the Cube. He can be seen performing in order to look like Slater. At the end credits he can be seen from an overhead view riding his skateboard with the camera zooming in on his foot work.

Video game appearances
Mullen has appeared in many video games related to the Tony Hawk Pro Skater (THPS) console games. These include:
THPS 1,2,3 and 4
Tony Hawk's Underground, Tony Hawk's Underground 2, Tony Hawk's Underground 2 Remix
Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
Tony Hawk’s American Sk8land
Tony Hawk's Project 8

References

American skateboarders
Sportspeople from Florida
1966 births
Living people
Anthony Frank Hawk (born May 12, 1968) is an American retired professional skateboarder and actor. He is credited with being the first recorded skater to land the 900, which consists of two-and-a-half rotations (900°) in the air before landing back on the pipe during the televised June 27, 1999 X Games, for which he received an enormous amount of attention. He is also known for his Tony Hawk's video game series.

References

Other websites

Official website

1968 births
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American philanthropists
American skateboarders
American television actors
Businesspeople from California
Living people
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
Skateboarders
Santa Maria is a municipality (town) in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. It lies 32 kilometers northeast of Manila and is located at the eastern portion of the province. It is surrounded by the towns of Angat and Pandi in the north; by San Jose del Monte City in the south; by Norzagaray in the east; and by Marilao and Bocaue in the west.

According to the 2007 Philippine national census (a total count of the country's population), it has 205,258 people.

It is divided into 24 barangays (villages). These barangays are:
 Bagbaguin
 Balasing
 Buenavista
 Bulac 
 Camangyanan 
 Catmon 
 Caypombo
 Caysio
 Guyong
 Lalakhan
 Mag-asawang Sapa
 Mahabang Parang
 Manggahan
 Parada
 Poblacion (Santa Maria town proper)
 Pulong Buhangin
 San Gabriel
 San Jose Patag
 San Vicente
 Santa Clara
 Santa Cruz
 Silangan
 Tabing Bakod (Santo Tomas)
 Tumana

Sources

Other websites

 Santa Maria, My Kind of Town
 Official Website of the Municipality of Santa Maria, Bulacan 
 Santa Maria Map | Philippines Google Satellite Maps
 NSCB - ActiveStats - PSGC Interactive - Municipality: SANTA MARIA 
 Philippine Census Information 
 Philippine Standard Geographic Code 

Settlements in the Philippines
1647 establishments
Establishments in the Philippines
17th-century establishments in Asia
Leslie Mark Hughes (born November 1, 1963) is a Welsh football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Queens Park Rangers. Hughes played for Manchester United, Chelsea, and Barcelona during the 1980s and 1990s.

1963 births
Living people
Welsh footballers
Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, Congressman, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. He was also a founder of New York University.

Honors 
 The Gallatin School of Individualized Study at New York University honors his founding.
 Gallatin's portrait was on the front of the $500 United States Note issued in 1862–63.
 Gallatin's portrait was on the standard 1¼¢ stamp from 1967–73.
 Friendship Hill National Historic Site, a 661-acre estate which includes the beautifully restored home of Albert Gallatin, is run by the National Park Service and is located within the boundaries of the Albert Gallatin School District in Fayette County, PA. It is open to the public.
 The United States Department of the Treasury's highest career service award is named the Albert Gallatin Award in his honor.
 USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721), a , high-endurance Coast Guard cutter homeported in Charleston, S.C., is named for him.

Placenames
 Gallatin County, Illinois
 Gallatin County, Kentucky
 Gallatin, Missouri
 Gallatin County, Montana.
 Gallatin River (Montana)
 Gallatin Mountain Range (Montana)
 Albert Gallatin Area School District, Pennsylvania
 Gallatin, Tennessee
 Gallatin Street in Washington, D.C.
 Gallatin Street in Pico Rivera, CA
 Gallatin Street in Downey, CA
 Gallatin Hall at Harvard Business School in Boston, Massachusetts.
 Gallatin Hall at Robert Morris University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

1761 births
1849 deaths
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
People from Geneva
Derrick Pierce (born March 1, 1974) is an American porn actor. He began his career  in 2005. Pierce was born in Massachusetts. He moved to California at a young age. He grew up in the Sylmar area of the San Fernando Valley.  

As of 2008, Pierce has appeared in over 100 movies, including "Chemistry 3" which is a unique reality show type of production,  and "Upload", an adult sci-fi thriller.  He has worked for just about every company that makes adult movies.

Before he started working in the adult movie industry, Pierce worked as a martial arts instructor in Southern California. 

In 2008, Pierce was nominated for "Best Actor", "Best BDSM Release", "Best Couples Sex Scene", "Best Supporting Actor" and "Best Threeway Sex Scene" (twice) in the AVN Awards.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Massachusetts
American pornographic actors
Mirepoix () is the French name for a condiment used for cooking. Mirepoix consists of onions, carrots and celery (either common Pascal celery or celeriac). Mirepoix is used in many dishes, such as stocks, soups, stews and sauces. It is used either raw, roasted or sautéed with butter.  Mirepoix is known as the holy trinity of French cooking.

These three ingredients are commonly referred to as aromatics. Similar such combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, sometimes include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger. For the combination mirepoix au gras, or a Matignon, ham or pork belly are used as additional ingredients. In Cajun cuisine, a mirepoix or trinity is a combination of onions, celery and bell peppers.

They may be used in different combinations, as dictated by the cuisine and the dish itself.

Traditionally, the ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots. The ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or fond blanc, parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color.

Mirepoix derives its name, as many other elements of French cuisine do, from the patron of the chef who established it, in this case one of the house of Lévis, seigneurs of Mirepoix since the eleventh century and a famous name in Languedoc. The particular member of the house of Lévis whose chef is credited by the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française with giving a name to an old technique is Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699-1757), maréchal de France and ambassador of Louis XV.

Notes

Other websites
Recipe for Mirepoix 

Food ingredients
American Dad! is an American adult animated sitcom. It is produced by Underdog Productions and Fuzzy Door Productions for 20th Television.

The series was first made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of Family Guy, as well as two  former Family Guy writers, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman. The first episode aired in the United States on Fox on February 6, 2005, thirty minutes after the end of Super Bowl XXXIX. The regular series began May 1, 2005, after the season premiere of Family Guy.

The series follows the events of CIA agent Stan Smith and his family.  Stan Smith is a CIA agent who is very patriotic, as well as being part of the Christian right.  Stan tries to be in charge of the family, but often the things he does don't work out.  Stan has a wife, Francine, and two kids, Hayley and Steve.  Hayley (Haylee) is in college and is much more liberal than her father.  Steve is in high school and is always dreaming about girls.  Rounding out the family is Klaus, a talking fish with a German athlete's brain; and Roger Smith the Alien. The show moved to TBS in 2014.

Voice Cast
 Seth MacFarlane as Stan Smith, Roger Smith, Additional Voices
 Wendy Schaal as Francine Smith
 Rachael MacFarlane as Hayley Smith, Additional Voices
 Scott Grimes as Steve Smith
 Dee Bradley Baker as Klaus, Additional Voices
 Kevin Michael Richardson as Principal Luis Brown, Additional Voices
 Patrick Stewart as Avery Bullock
 Jeff Fischer as Jeff Fischer

 
2005 American television series debuts
2000s American animated television series
2010s American animated television series
Adult animated television series
Adult Swim
2020s American animated television series
2010s American sitcoms
Fox television series
English-language television programs
Landon Donovan (born 4 March 1982) is a former American soccer player. He played for the Los Angeles Galaxy and United States national team, and was the captain for both of them. 
He is the former captain of The Los Angeles Galaxy and USMNT.

Donovan is the leader of assists for the US national team, and also the second place for most appearances (caps).

Club career statistics 

|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|San Jose Earthquakes||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||22||7
|-
|2002||20||7
|-
|2003||22||12
|-
|2004||23||6

|-
|2004/05||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||7||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|Los Angeles Galaxy||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||22||12
|-
|2006||24||13
|-
|2007||25||8
|-
|2008||25||20

|-
|2008/09||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||6||0

|-
|2009||Los Angeles Galaxy||Major League Soccer||25||12

|-
|2009/10||Everton||Premier League||10||2

|-
|2010||Los Angeles Galaxy||Major League Soccer||||
208||96
13||0
10||2
231||98
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2000||1||1
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||20||6
|-
|2003||15||7
|-
|2004||14||5
|-
|2005||15||6
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||12||9
|-
|2008||9||3
|-
|2009||15||5
|-
|2010||8||3
|-
|2011||10||1
|-
|2012||6||3
|-
|2013||10||8
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||157||57
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Brad Friedel (born May 18, 1971) is an American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||Brøndby||Superliga||10||0||||||||||||||10||0

|-
|1995/96||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||30||0||7||0||||||||||37||0

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Columbus Crew||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||9||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|1997||29||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Liverpool||rowspan="3"|Premier League||11||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|1998/99||12||0||0||0||2||0||2||0||16||0
|-
|1999/00||2||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="8"|Blackburn Rovers||First Division||27||0||6||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="7"|Premier League||36||0||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||45||0
|-
|2002/03||37||0||3||0||3||0||4||0||47||0
|-
|2003/04||36||1||1||0||1||0||2||0||40||1
|-
|2004/05||38||0||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||45||0
|-
|2005/06||38||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||46||0
|-
|2006/07||38||0||6||0||1||0||8||0||53||0
|-
|2007/08||38||0||1||0||3||0||5||0||47||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||0||3||0||0||0||5||0||46||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
10||0||||||||||||||10||0
30||0||7||0||||||||||37||0
38||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||45||0
351||1||32||0||24||0||26||0||433||0
429||1||46||0||24||0||26||0||525||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||16||0
|-
|1994||10||0
|-
|1995||9||0
|-
|1996||7||0
|-
|1997||10||0
|-
|1998||4||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||9||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||82||0
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Ohio
Association football goalkeepers
People from Lakewood, Ohio
Nílton Santos (16 May 1925 – 27 November 2013) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Considered as one of the best defenders of all time.

Santos died from respiratory failure caused by a lung infection on 27 November 2013, aged 88, in Rio de Janeiro.

International career statistics

|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||4||0
|-
|1951||0||0
|-
|1952||5||0
|-
|1953||6||1
|-
|1954||7||0
|-
|1955||2||0
|-
|1956||11||0
|-
|1957||8||0
|-
|1958||8||1
|-
|1959||2||0
|-
|1960||8||0
|-
|1961||3||0
|-
|1962||10||1
|-
!Total||75||3
|}

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
DaMarcus Beasley (born May 24 1982 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American soccer player. He plays for Rangers of the Scottish Football League and United States national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2000||rowspan="5"|Chicago Fire||rowspan="5"|Major League Soccer||18||2||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||2
|-
|2001||24||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|-
|2002||19||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|-
|2003||21||7||4||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||9
|-
|2004||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||29||6||1||1||colspan="2"|-||12||4||42||11
|-
|2005/06||27||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||34||4

|-
|2006/07||Manchester City||Premier League||18||3||4||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||22||4

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Rangers||rowspan="3"|Premier League||11||2||1||1||1||0||8||2||21||5
|-
|2008/09||10||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
97||14||13||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||110||16
56||10||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||4||76||15
18||3||4||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||22||4
21||2||2||1||2||0||8||2||33||5
192||29||22||5||2||0||25||6||241||40
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||12||3
|-
|2003||12||1
|-
|2004||14||4
|-
|2005||13||4
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||11||3
|-
|2008||10||2
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||89||17
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Indiana
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Smash Hits was a pop music based magazine. It was made for children and young teenagers. The magazine was first published in the United Kingdom. It ran from 1978 to 2006 and was issued fortnightly for most of that time. The name survives as a brand for a related spin-off digital television channel, digital radio station, and website which have survived the end of the printed magazine.

Music magazines
Radio
Websites
British television channels
Liga I (previously called Divizia A) is the top division association football league in Romania.

Club 2017–18

Results

Other websites 

 Romanian Professional Football League official website
 Results and statistics since 1932

References 

Football leagues
Football in Romania
1909 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Romania
There are two different meanings of the word cryptosystem. 
 One is used by the cryptographic community.
 The other is a general meaning which is how the word cryptosystem is understood by the public.

General meaning 

In this meaning, the term cryptosystem is used as shorthand,  or as an abbreviation for "cryptographic system". A cryptographic system is any computer system that involves cryptography. Such systems include for instance, a system for secure electronic mail which might include methods for digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key management techniques, and so on.

Meaning in the cryptographic community 

In this meaning, a cryptosystem refers to a set of algorithms needed to implement a method of encryption and decryption. 

Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms: 
 Key generation algorithm.
 Encryption algorithm.
 Decryption algorithm.  

The term cipher (sometimes cypher) is often used to refer to a pair of (encryption/decryption) algorithms. Therefore, the term "cryptosystem" is most often used when the key generation algorithm is important.  For this reason, the term "cryptosystem" is commonly used to refer to public key techniques; however both "cipher" and "cryptosystem" are used for symmetric key techniques.

"Cryptographic system" vs. "cryptosystem" 

The Internet Security Glossary RFC 2828 advises against using the term "cryptosystem", giving the following definitions.
cryptosystem
(D) ISDs SHOULD NOT use this term as an abbreviation for cryptographic system. (For justification, see: crypto.)
crypto
ISDs SHOULD NOT use this abbreviated term because it may be misunderstood. Instead, use "cryptography" or "cryptographic".

References

Cryptography
Serpent is a  symmetric key block cipher which was the second finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest after Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen.

Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution-permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words.  Each round applies one of eight 4-bit by 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel, using 32 1-bit slices.  This maximizes parallelism, but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on DES.

Serpent was widely viewed as a more traditional approach to security than the other AES finalists choosing a larger security margin: the designers estimated 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future progress in cryptanalysis.

The Serpent cipher has not been patented. It is completely placed in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.

Rijndael vs. Serpent
Rijndael is a substitution-linear transformation network with 10, 12, or 14 rounds, depending on the key size, and with block sizes of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits, independently specified.Serpent is a substitution-linear transformation network which has 32 rounds, plus an initial and a final permutation to simplify an optimized implementation. 
The round function in Rijndael consists of: a nonlinear layer, a linear mixing layer, and a key-mixing XOR layer.The round function in Serpent consists of: key-mixing XOR, thirty-two parallel process of the same 4x4 S-box, and a linear transformation, except in the last round, in which another key-mixing XOR replaces the linear transformation. 
The nonlinear layer in Rijndael uses an 8x8 S-box.The nonlinear layer in Serpent uses 8 different 4x4 S-boxes.

The 32 rounds make Serpent more secure than Rijndael; however, Rijndael with 10 rounds is faster and easier to implement for small Block ciphers and on embedded system. For that reason, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition.

Security
The XSL attack, if effective and would weaken Serpent (though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES). However, many cryptanalysts believe that if implementations considered to overcome the XSL attack, the XSL attack would be more difficult than a brute force attack.

Other websites
 Serpent homepage
 SCAN's entry for Serpent
 In Pellicano Case, Lessons in Wiretapping Skills NYTimes May 5 2008

Cryptography
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991.

PGP and other similar products follow the OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880) for encrypting and decrypting data.

OpenPGP 
OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is RFC 4880 (November 2007). OpenPGP is still under development and the successor to RFC 2440, which is RFC 4880, has been made a proposed standard. Many e-mail clients provide OpenPGP-compliant email security as described in RFC 3156.

The Free Software Foundation has developed its own OpenPGP-compliant program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separately faraway from several Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that interact with the GnuPG library for encryption, decryption and signing functions (see KGPG, Seahorse, MacGPG). Several other vendors have also developed OpenPGP-compliant software.

Related pages
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 PuTTY - SSH encryption

Further reading

Other websites

OpenPGP implementations 
 PGP Corporation  
 GNU Privacy Guard
 cGeep Pro
 OpenPGP::SDK 
 Authora Inc. 
 McAfee Inc. 
 Feneris Solutions Inc. Canada
 EasyByte Cryptocx - Component
 Veridis 
 Legion of The Bouncy Castle
 BSD Privacy Guard
 Prime Factors Inc. 
 Oxford Brookes Secure Email Proxy

Support 
 PGP Corporation Support Forum  community support plus contributions from PGP Support staff
 Phil Zimmermann's Home Page
 MIT Public Key Directory for Registration and Search
 List of public keyservers
 IETF OpenPGP working group
 OpenPGP Alliance

Cryptography
Internet security
In cryptography, the XSL attack is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. The attack was first published in 2002 by researchers Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk.  It was claimed that it may break the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher faster than a brute force attack.  

AES is already widely used in commerce and government for the transmission of secret and classified information. Finding a technique that can decrease the amount of time it takes to break the secret message without having the key could cause wide damage. 

In 2004 it was shown by one of the cryptanalysts, that the algorithm does not perform as described in its published paper. In addition, the method requires long effort. Unless shortened, the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to a brute force attack. Therefore, it does not affect the real-world security of block ciphers in the near future. However, the attack has caused some experts to insert complexities in the algebraic simplicity of the current AES.

The XSL attack relies on first analyzing the internal design of a cipher then deriving a system of quadratic simultaneous equations. These systems of equations are typically very large, for example 8000 equations with 1600 variables for the 128-bit AES. Several methods for solving such systems are known. In the XSL attack, a specialized algorithm, termed XSL (eXtended Sparse Linearization), is then applied to solve these equations and compute the key.

The attack is well-known and famous for requiring only a handful of known plaintexts to perform. Previous methods of cryptanalysis, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, often require unrealistically large numbers of known or chosen plaintexts, which make them impossible to realize.

Other websites
 Courtois' page on AES
 "Quadratic Cryptanalysis",  an explanation of the XSL attack by J. J. G. Savard
 "AES is NOT broken" by T. Moh 
 Courtois and Pieprzyk paper on ePrint
 Commentary in the Crypto-gram newsletter: 1, 2, 3.
 An overview of AES and XSL

Cryptography
Sound the Alarm is the fifth studio album by the emo band Saves the Day. It was released by Vagrant Records on April 11, 2006. It was produced by Steve Evetts who also produced Saves the Day's first two albums, Can't Slow Down and Through Being Cool. All of the album's lyrics were written by Chris Conley. It is their darkest album, and Chris wrote it about the black clouds in his life, and things that were eating him alive. This album was welcomed by many as something of a return to the band's classic sound, after the sonic departure of In Reverie in 2003.

Sound the Alarm reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.

Sound the Alarm is part one of a three part concept that Conley described in an interview with Punknews.org. It is their trilogy about self discovery.

The "Head for the Hills" track is used on the soundtrack of the football video game Madden NFL 07.

Track listing
"Head for the Hills" - 2:50
"The End" - 1:54
"Shattered" - 3:08
"Eulogy" - 3:22
"Dying Day" - 2:21
"34" - 2:22
"Say You'll Never Leave" - 2:20
"Diseased" - 2:12
"Don't Know Why" - 3:22
"Sound the Alarm" - 3:06
"Bones" 2:23
"Delusional" 2:07
"Hell Is Here" 3:36

References

2006 albums
Concept albums
Matthew Richard "Matt" Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an Academy Award- nominated Emmy Award- winning American animator, screenwriter, director, producer, voice actor, musician and actor. He and Trey Parker created the animated television series, South Park.

Other websites

American animators
American movie actors
American screenwriters
Emmy Award winners
actors from Houston, Texas
writers from Texas
1971 births
Living people
Libertarians
Tibet and Mongolia signed a treaty called the Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet  on February 2, 1913, at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar). Today, we are not sure if the treaty can be used or not.

Legal issues 
The Qing Dynasty ended in 1911. After this, both Tibet and Mongolia were independent. Both had a lamaist head of state. The Republic of China did not see them as independent. In the treaty, both Mongolia and Tibet said they would see each other as independent, and help each other in war. 

The people who signed for Mongolia were foreign minister Da Lama Ravdan and General Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren. Those who signed for Tibet were Agvan Dorjiev, Chijamts, and Gendun-Galsan, who lived in Tibet. Dorjiev was  a Buryat, a citizen of Russia. For this reason, the treaty may not be legal. The 13th Dalai Lama denied that he had let Dorjiev sign a treaty with Mongolia. More importantly, neither the cleric nor the Tibetan government has ever signed any treaty. The Russian government said  that Dorjiev was Russian. He could therefore not act as a diplomat for the Dalai Lama. The Mongolian text of the treaty has been published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982.

Most other people still did not see Mongolia or Tibet as independent. They said that these areas belonged to China. Western powers had made treaties with the Qing Dynasty, and China had said it would honour these treaties. If they had recognised either Tibet or Mongolia, these treaties would have become invalid. The main Western powers were the United Kingdom and Russia. Both feared that if they saw the countries as independent, they could come under the influence of the other western powers. In their opinion, that situation was worse than if China controlled both of them, because China was weak.

Solutions 
British negotiators at the Simla Convention heard about the treaty and got very suspicious. They feared that Russia might use the treaty to gain more influence in Tibet.  In the end, China did not sign the Simla Convention. Instead, a very similar treaty was signed by Mongolia, China, and Russia on 25 May 1915. This treaty was called the tripartite Treaty of Kyakhta. The agreement stated that Mongolia was completely  autonomous in internal matters and that Russia had certain privileges in Mongolia. At the same time it said that Mongolia was in fact a part of China.

Notes and references

Other websites 
 English translation of the Treaty from Tibetan

20th century in Mongolia
Tibet
friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet
1913
Waterford City is a city in Ireland. The population in 2006 was nearly 50,000 people. It is the county town of County Waterford. Waterford is the fifth largest city in Ireland. It is also the oldest city in Ireland. 
 
Waterford is home to the Waterford Crystal glass factory, which exports crystal all around the world. This glass factory has made many famous pieces, including the New Years Eve glass ball used in Times Square in New York. The factory closed in 2009 leading to over 1,500 job losses. The factory reopened again in the city centre in June 2010 and is now a popular tour. Tourists also come to Waterford to visit the Waterford Viking Triangle.

History 
The city was founded in 914 by the Vikings. The Norman King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were made royal cities and in the Middle Ages, Waterford was Ireland's second city after Dublin. As a result, King Henry VII gave the city its motto: Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia (Waterford remains the untaken city).
After the Protestant Reformation, Waterford remained a Catholic city and participated in an independent Catholic government from 1642 to 1649. This was ended by Oliver Cromwell, who brought the country back under English rule; his son-in-law Henry Ireton finally took Waterford in 1650 after a battle.

The 18th century was a period of wealth for Waterford. Most of the city's best buildings came during this time. A permanent military base was established in the city with the Waterford Barracks at the end of the 18th century.

During the 19th century, great industries such as glass making and shipbuilding started in the city.

Reginald's Tower is the oldest urban civic building in Ireland, and the oldest monument to retain its Viking name. It is Waterford's most recognisable landmark. It is believed to be the first building in Ireland to use mortar. Reginald's Tower is in the Viking Triangle, a favourite visiting area for tourists which contains three museums and the Waterford Crystal factory and showroom. 

The River Suir, which flows through Waterford City, has provided a basis for the city's long maritime history. The place downriver from Waterford where the River Nore and the River Barrow join the River Suir is known in the Irish language as Cumar na dTrí Uisce ("The confluence of the three waters"). Waterford Port has been one of Ireland's major ports for over 1000 years. In the 19th century, shipbuilding was a major industry. The owners of the Neptune Shipyard, the Malcomson family, built and operated the largest fleet of iron steamers in the world between the mid-1850s and the late 1860s, including five trans-Atlantic passenger liners.

Transport 
Waterford Airport is a regional airport. Waterford is also known for where of one of the biggest European airlines, Ryanair started from. The first flight was a 14-seat Bandeirante aircraft, flying between Waterford and Gatwick Airport.

References

County towns in Ireland
In physics, dissipation includes the concept of a dynamical system where important mechanical modes, such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of the system. Such systems are called dissipative systems. 

For example, a wave that loses amplitude is said to dissipate. The dissipative nature depends on the nature of the wave: an atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to radiative cooling.

In computational physics 
In computational physics, a numerical dissipation is also known as "artificial dissipation" or "artificial diffusion" or "numerical diffusion". They all mean this: when the pure advection equation--which, by definition, is free of dissipation--is solved by a numerical approximation method that reduces the amplitude and changes the shape of the initial wave in a way analogous (similar) to a diffusional process, the method is said to contain 'dissipation'.

In river hydrology 
In Hydrology, dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream-beds (river-banks) to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential on banks and river bottoms. Very often these devices look like small waterfalls or cascades, where water flows vertically or over riprap to lose some of its kinetic force.

Thermodynamics
Physics
Springfield is a city in Massachusetts, United States. In the year 2010, 153,084 people lived in the city and 700,000 people live in Metropolitan Springfield. Springfield is the largest city on the Connecticut River. It is at a natural crossroads where three rivers flow into the Connecticut River.

History
One of Springfield's nicknames is "The City of Firsts" because many famous inventions came from there, like:

 The sport of basketball was invented in Springfield in 1892. The James Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is there.
 The American car was invented there in 1893.
 The American motorcycle was invented in Springfield in 1901.
 The modern fire engine was invented there in 1905.
 The commercial radio station was invented there in 1920.
 The UHF TV station was invented in Springfield in 1950.

Location
Springfield is near Hartford, Connecticut. The two cities are only 24 miles (38 km) apart. Airline service to Springfield and Hartford is provided from Bradley International Airport. Bradley is 12 miles (19 km) away from Springfield, and 12 miles (19 km) away from Hartford.

People
Many famous people are from Springfield: Dr. Seuss, the author, is from there. John Brown, the abolitionist, started his abolitionism here. James MacNeill Whistler, the famous painter, lived there too. Timothy Leary, the LSD activist was born there. Milton Bradley, the game-maker made his games, like "The Game of Life," and "Chutes and Ladders" there. Charles Goodyear, the man who invented vulcanized rubber, first made it in Springfield.

Environment
Springfield's other nicknames are "The City in a Forest," because it has a lot of trees in it, and "The City of Homes" because it has many big Victorian houses.

Sports
Springfield has two professional sports teams, the Springfield Falcons AHL ice hockey team, and the Springfield Armor NBA D-League basketball team. Both teams play home games at the MassMutual Center on Main Street in Springfield.

Transportation
Many trains and buses meet in Springfield, because it is close to big cities like New York City, Boston, Montreal, and Albany. It is also next to New England's largest river, the Connecticut River. Springfield has always been a city that has welcomed immigrants.

Sightseeing
If you visit Springfield, you can go to the Basketball Hall of Fame, or The Quadrangle museums - a group of art, science, and history museums around the Dr. Seuss sculptures. You could go to the Club Quarter, where there are many restaurants, bars, and discos. You could go to Forest Park, where there is a zoo, different sports fields, and a lake.

County seats in Massachusetts
Global apartheid is a term used to mean the worldwide control of resources, the economy, and government by an ethnic minority. The term comes from apartheid, a governmental system that ruled South Africa in which the Afrikaners, or "whites", controlled most of the resources and where non-whites were denied access to these resources. Apartheid or 'separate development' was introduced by the National Party after the 1948 election to protect European interests and identity by enforcing separation between the 'races'. The term is often used to describe the gap between whites and nonwhites, and global socioeconomic inequality, the existence of which has been proven by statistics. As in South Africa, there is a hierarchy of group rights in the world:

 citizens of the USA, UK and France, with veto powers in the Security Council, NATO and IMF, World Bank and global economic regimes;
 OECD and Western Alliance, who have the vote, access to courts and Western solidarity;
 other independent states represented on a regional basis and party to human rights conventions
 independent states which do not adhere to human rights conventions;
 occupied territories and peoples without states;
 refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless person.

Although not explicitly classified by race, this hierarchy is banded by colour. Nationality laws of most countries, and the European Union, explicitly enshrine this ‘classification'.

European countries control most of the world's technology and weapons, and 20% of the global population, the richest percentage, take in 71.3% of income. Although most people of the world are not white, thereby making whites a minority, this minority often holds power in society. Most Western countries have laws against racial discrimination and active anti-racist movements, however much Western thought, law and action are exclusive, operating through institutional and indirect discrimination rather than overt racism. Their system of exclusion are more sophisticated, this prevents the West from exercising unconditional power in international affairs.

The term apartheid was famously used by Thabo Mbeki, the then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons the modern-day status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era. Mbeki got the term from the book Unravelling Global Apartheid (1996) by Titus Alexander, initiator of Charter 99, a campaign for global democracy, who was present at the UN Millennium Summit.

References

Politics
Baccara was a Spanish pop group. They were formed in 1977. It had two members: Mayte Mateos and María Mendiola. They were successful with their first song, Yes Sir, I Can Boogie. Baccara represented Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1978. They performed Parlez-vous français?. In 1981, Baccara split. Both Mateos and Mendiola then began work on music by themselves.

1981 disestablishments
Disco groups
Girl groups
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
Musical groups established in 1977
Pop music groups
Spanish musical groups
1977 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Spain
1980s disestablishments in Europe
Smilodon was a genus of saber-toothed cat. There were three species. Smilodon gracilis (or S. fragilis) was the ancestral, smaller, species (2.5 to 0.5 million years ago).

Smilodon populator (1 mya to 10 kya) was a large, heavy species from eastern South America. It was 1.2 m high at the shoulder, 2.1 m (83 in) long on average. With an estimated weight of 220 to 400 kg, it was among the heaviest known felids. Its upper canines reached 28 cm (11 in) and protruded up to 17 cm (6.7 in) out of the upper jaw.

Smilodon fatalis (or S. californicus; 1.6 mya to 10,000 years ago) was the famous cat known from the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The tar, a bit like asphalt, has yielded about a million bones of late Pleistocene mammals, of which 162,000 bones are from Smilodon, representing perhaps 1200 individuals. The cat was about the size of a female lion, but weighed more, perhaps 200 kg. It was about 1 metre tall at the shoulders.

Teeth and jaws

Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canines, which are the longest  found in the saber-toothed cats, at about  long in the largest species Smilodon populator. Those of S. fatalis reached their full size in 18 months at a growth rate of 7 mm/month. These canine teeth were slender and had fine serrations. They were fragile and could not have bitten into bone. Therefore, the cats did not use their long teeth to take down prey. Only when their prey was subdued did they use their teeth.

Method of attack 
The front limbs on these cats were longer and stronger than modern cats, and from that, and its teeth, its method of attack must have been different. An educated guess would be: they were ambush predators, which clung on round the neck of their prey, and slashed at the underside of the throat. This contrasts with the method of the modern lion, which brings down its prey by weight of numbers, and clamps its jaws over the prey's nose and mouth. The prey dies of suffocation.

Smilodon&apos;s gape could have reached almost 120 degrees, while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees. This makes the gape wide enough to allow Smilodon to slash the throats of their victims without closing their jaws in a bite.

Smilodon'''s niche was closer to a leopard's, which is also an ambush predator. They both need cover to get close to prey.Smilodon had relatively short legs and a short, bobbed tail. Its front legs were especially powerful. Its body was adapted for springing onto prey, but it was not a very fast runner.

 Fauna and flora in the Smilodon's environment 

During the last ice age, there were many possible prey species from the La Brea location: mammoths, bison, horse, camel, ground sloth, pronghorn, tapir, deer,(elk and others). Most of these were extinct by 5 to 10,000 years ago. The pressures of a major climate change and human hunting were thought to be the main causes.
 
There was more plant cover at that time. Juniper, oaks, ragweeds, cedars, redwoods, sagebrush, sycamore, thistle and walnut grew in the environs. Smilodon'' survived so long as its prey had vegetation.

References 

Fossils
Machairodonts
Sabretooth cats
The Clash is the first album-length recording made by the English punk band The Clash.  It was released twice. Both releases are still in print: the original version in 1977 and the changed U.S. version in 1979 (with several post-1977 single sides added to the album).

Track listing 
All tracks were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted.

Side one 
 "Janie Jones" – 2:08
 "Remote Control " – 3:03
 "I'm So Bored with the USA" – 2:24
 "White Riot" – 1:56
 "Hate and War" – 2:06
 "What's My Name?" (Jones, Keith Levine, Strummer) – 1:41
 "Deny" – 3:06
 "London's Burning" – 2:12

Tracks 1, 3–4, 6–8 are sung by Joe Strummer. Tracks 2 and 5 are sung by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones.

Side two 
 "Career Opportunities" – 1:54
 "Cheat" – 2:06
 "Protex Blue" – 1:47
 "Police and Thieves" (Junior Murvin, Lee "Scratch" Perry) – 6:03
 "48 Hours" – 1:36
 "Garageland" – 3:12

References 

1977 albums
The Clash albums
Punk albums
Give 'Em Enough Rope is the second album by The Clash. It was released in 1978. In the United States, this was their first official album because it was released before the U.S. version of The Clash.  The album was well liked and got to number 2 in the UK chart, and number 128 in the U.S.

Track listing 
All songs were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. All songs were arranged by The Clash. All lead vocals were by Strummer, except "Stay Free" by Jones.

Side one 
 "Safe European Home" – 3:50
 "English Civil War" – 2:35
 "Tommy Gun" – 3:17
 "Julie's Been Working for the Drug Squad" – 3:03
 "Last Gang in Town" – 5:14

Side two 
 "Guns on the Roof" (Strummer, Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon) – 3:15
 "Drug-Stabbing Time" – 3:43
 "Stay Free" – 3:40
 "Cheapskates" – 3:25
 "All the Young Punks (New Boots and Contracts)" – 4:55

References 

1978 albums
The Clash albums
Punk albums
Belle de Jour is the pen name of a former London call girl, Brooke Magnanti (born 5 November 1975). Under this name she maintains a successful blog, Belle de Jour: Diary of a London Call Girl which by 2003 had been selected by The Guardian as its blog of the year and has had two books published in both the UK and US.

Magnanti was born and raised in Clearwater, Florida. Her father is Italian American; her mother is Jewish American. Magnanti became a British citizen in 2013. She is married and lives in Lochaber in the Scottish Highlands. She is a former prostitute.
 
The name recalls the 1928 novel Belle de Jour by Joseph Kessel and the 1967 movie, Belle de Jour, starring Catherine Deneuve, directed by Luis Buñuel.

In French "Belle de Jour" means "beauty of [the] day," as opposed to "femme de nuit" or "belle de nuit," women of the night (common euphemisms for prostitutes).

References 

1975 births
Living people
American prostitutes
British bloggers
Jewish American writers
Jewish British writers
Jewish sex industry people
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Writers from Florida
American bloggers
In the 18th century, the cloth mill Offermann was a brass factory in the German city of Stolberg. It was later changed to cloth mill and then to a restaurant and apartment building. The changes show the change of economical needs in that city.

History of the building 
The building was founded as a brass factory. In the 18th century, it was one of many brass factories in the city.

At the end of the 18th century, the brass industry in Stolberg lost importance. The building was sold to a clothier of the nearby village of Imgenbroich. He produced cloth for more than 60 years.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the building was used as a restaurant. Some parts of the building were greatly in need of repair.

At the end of the 20th century, major repairs were done to the building. Currently, it is used as an apartment building.

Related pages
Factory Bauschenberg

Other websites 
 Historians are fascinated by the cloth mill Offermann 

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Companies of Germany
18th-century establishments in Germany
St. Anger is the 8th studio album by American thrash metal band Metallica. It was released on June 5, 2003. It was their last album released by Elektra Records. Four singles were released from the album. In 2004, the album's lead single, "St. Anger", won a Grammy Award for "Best Metal Performance". A lot of people did not like the style of this album and the way the drums sounded. It also has a free DVD that has the band playing the entire album in a studio.

Track Listing
 Frantic.
 St. Anger
 Some Kind of Monster
 Dirty Window
 Invisible Kid
 My World
 Shoot Me Again
 Sweet Amber
 The Unnamed Feeling
 Purify
 All Within My Hands

Metallica albums
2003 albums
Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! is the first studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth. The album was released on June 12, 1985. It was released through Combat Records. 

Early in 1985, the band was given $8,000 by Combat Records to record and produce the band's first album. The money proved not to be enough and the band was given $4,000 more. Most of the budget was spent on drugs, alcohol, and food, which forced the group to fire their original producer and produce the record by themselves.

Track Listing

References

1984 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Megadeth albums
Rust in Peace is the fourth album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. It was released on September 24, 1990. It has been called one of the best thrash metal records of all time by publications such as Decibel and Kerrang!.

Tracklist

References 

Megadeth albums
1990 albums