cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
KC & The Sunshine Band was a disco group, that was popular in the 1970s. They formed in Miami in 1973.
Hits are "That's the Way (I Like It)", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty", "Give It Up", "Get Down Tonight", and "Please Don't Go".

Album discography 
 Do It Good (1974)
 KC and the Sunshine Band (1975) US #4, UK #26
 The Sound of Sunshine (1975) US #131
 Part 3 (1976) US #13
 Who Do Ya Love (1978) US #36
 Do You Wanna Go Party (1979) US #50
 Space Cadet (1981)
 The Painter (1981)
 All in a Night's Work (1982)
 KC Ten (1983) US #93
 Oh Yeah! (1993)
 I'll Be There For You (2001)
 Yummy (2007)

Other websites 
 Official Website (includes lyrics)

American pop music groups
R&B groups
Disco groups
Funk bands
Musical groups from Miami, Florida
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
1983 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in Florida
Roberta Flack (born February 10, 1937) is an American R&B singer. She was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She has released nineteen studio albums. She has had three number one singles. "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" was her first number one. It won the 1973 Grammy Record of the Year. In 1974 Flack performed "When I Grow Up" with Michael Jackson. In 1999 a star was put in the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her.

Early life
Roberta Flack was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She was raised in Virginia. Howard University gave her a music scholarship because she was good at playing piano. When she was fifteen she became a student there.

Career
Flack released her first album First Take in 1969. The album went to number one in the US album chart. It was her most successful album. In 1970 Flack's second album Chapter Two was released. It was less successful. In 1972 Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway was released. In 1973 Killing Me Softly was released. In 1980 Flack's second album with Donny Hathaway was released.

References

1937 births
Living people
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Singers from North Carolina
Arad (pronunciation in Romanian: ; Hungarian: Arad; Serbian: Арад, Arad) is the capital city of Arad County, in the western part of Romania, in Crişana, Ardeal.  It is found on the Mureş River.

Twinnings

Sister cities 
  Atlit, Israel
  Fushun, China
  Gyula, Hungary
  Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
  Giv'atayim, Israel
  Pécs, Hungary

Partner cities 
  Kirklees, United Kingdom
  Ditzingen, Germany
  Würzburg, Germany
  Trencin, Slovakia
  Tatabánya, Hungary
  Zrenjanin, Serbia

References

County capitals of Romania
Coventry is a city in England. It is the 9th biggest city in England. It is also a metropolitan borough. It is in the West Midlands county. It used to be in Warwickshire. 

During the 19th century Coventry became a great manufacturing area, especially for bicycles. In the 20th century it made many motor cars. It also made aeroplanes. It was badly bombed in World War II. During the November 1940 bombing, the city's cathedral was destroyed. A new cathedral was built after the war.

The city has two universities. Coventry University is in the city centre. The University of Warwick is in the south of Coventry.

The local football team is Coventry City F.C..

Coventry will be UK City of Culture in 2021.

References
Billy Preston (September 2, 1946 - June 5, 2006) was an American R&B musician. He is best known for his piano and organ playing.

Preston began playing piano when he was three years old. He worked with many other musicians including Aretha Franklin, Sammy Davis Jr., Quincy Jones, Eric Clapton, the Jackson 5 and the Rolling Stones.

He worked on The Beatles's last album, Let It Be, in 1969, including the song "Get Back". Many people thought that Preston would join the group, but the Beatles broke up shortly afterwards. He later worked with George Harrison, who had been a Beatle.

Preston's biggest success also came from working with another musician. He did a  with Syreeta Garrett on "With You I'm Born Again" in 1979. It sold over a million copies and reached Number 2 in the United Kingdom singles chart.

Preston was gay. He died of respiratory failure after being in a coma from a heart infection.

References 

African American musicians
American funk musicians
American gospel musicians
American pianists
American R&B singers
American rock musicians
American soul musicians
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from myocarditis
Disease-related deaths in the United States
LGBT African Americans
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Houston, Texas
The Beatles
1946 births
2006 deaths
A pop is an onomatopoeic term for a quick sharp explosion.

Pop or POP could also mean:

Computer science
 Partial-order planning, an agorithm
 Post Office Protocol, Internet protocol used for E-mail
 Pop, an operation on a Stack

Food and drink
 Corn Pops, breakfast cereal
 Pop, carbonated soft drink
 Pop (frozen snack), snack on a stick or in a plastic or cardboard sleeve made from fruit juice or sugared water
 Blow Pops, Tootsie Roll brand
 Caramel Apple Pops, Tootsie Roll brand
 Jiffy Pop, popcorn product
 Pop Secret, well-known brand of popcorn
 Tootsie Pop, hard candy lollipop with a Tootsie Roll filling at its center
 Pop Tarts, a flat rectangular toaster pastry

Entertainment

 Prince of Persia, video game series
 The Planes of Power, expansion pack to the MMORPG EverQuest

Music

 Iggy Pop, American punk rock singer and actor
 Pop (album), 1997 album by U2
 Pop music, type of popular music

Acronym
A Point of Presence, where two communication interfaces meet.
The Post Office Protocol, a computer protocol to get electronic mail
Persistent organic pollutant, a kind of chemical substance
Progresterone only pill, a contraceptive for women
One of two operations that can be done on a stacĸ; pop removes the top element. The other one is called push, and puts on an element.

Other
 Pop (television channel), children's television channel in the UK
 Snap, Crackle and Pop, the three animated mascots of Rice Krispies cereal
 Pop, the male parent or grandparent of a child
 Pop, the first month of in the Maya Haab' calendar
 Pop art, visual artistic movement that emerged in the late 1950s
 Pop culture, the vernacular culture that prevails in any given society
 Pop icon, popular celebrity
 Point of Purchase, retail display design for retailers and brand owners.
Hades (, Háidēs) is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld in ancient Greek religion and myth. He is the eldest son of the Titans Kronos and Rhea and brother to Zeus, Poseidon, Hestia, Hera, Demeter and Chiron. 

As the lord of the dead, Hades was greatly feared by the Greeks, and he had few temples or shrines dedicated to him. He was married to the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades’ symbols were the cornucopia, a sceptre, the cypress, narcissus, poplar and his Helm of Darkness; the screech owl was his sacred animal. His sacred fruit was the pomegranate, the fruit that Persephone ate one- third of when she was kidnapped and in the underworld.

Hades’ Roman equivalent was Pluto, whose name is merely a Latinization of the Greek Plouton.

Other websites 

Greek gods and goddesses
Afterlife
A superlative, in grammar, is an adjective describing a noun that is the best example of a given quality. In other words, a superlative describes a noun that has more of some quality than any other. 

Some examples:
the coldest day (i.e. the best example of a cold day, or the day that is colder than all the others)
the craziest man
the fluffiest cloud

In English, most superlatives can be formed by adding -EST to an existing adjective, like the examples above. (For adjectives that end in "-y", like "crazy", you often change the "y" to an "i" before you add the -EST on the end.)

Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms, which do not follow the rules, such as far ("farthest") and bad ("worst"). 

Other adjectives have no superlative form at all, and the superlative is made simply by adding the adverb "most" before the adjective. For instance, you do not say "funnest," or "interestingest". Instead, you say "most fun," and "most interesting." 
This way of making the superlative is used for almost all adjectives ending in "ing" (like "interesting", "fascinating", "disgusting" or "appealing".)

Parts of speech
Grammar
Learning disabilities, also called learning difficulties, are conditions that make it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. Some people with learning difficulties also find it hard to fit in with other people because there are many things that people must know to live in society that are not easy to learn.

Learning difficulties can be things that people can learn to live with on their own, like dyslexia (a difficulty with reading) and dysgraphia (a difficulty with writing). They can also be big things that mean a person needs more help (like autism). People with learning disabilities may have average intelligence. Learning disabilities are not the same as mental illnesses. They can often deal with their difficulties by doing things in different ways.

Related pages
Down's syndrome

References

Disability
Learning
Cold is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective warm (opposite of cold). Because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. The temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of hot.  

The coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °C, which can be expressed as -459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale. This is called absolute zero. Absolute zero is also 0 K on the Kelvin scale and 0 °R on the Rankine scale

Cooling
Cooling is when an object gets cold, or lowers in temperature. This can happen by taking away heat, or by putting something in a place with a lower temperature. Fluids used to cool objects are called coolants.

Air cooling is making the temperature of an object lower using air. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object. The process will work better if there is more surface area on the object or if the item's mass can be made smaller.

Other ways to cool objects include using ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen. This works by convection; the heat  is taken from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.

Cold  locations and objects
The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest known place in the universe. Scientists believe the temperature is 1 K (kelvin) (−272.15 °C/−457.87 °F). 
 Herschel Space Observatory equipment is kept at temperatures below 2 K, using  a large helium tank for cooling.
 Neptune's moon Triton has a surface temperature of −235 °C (−390  °F).
Uranus has an atmospheric temperature  of −215 °C (−355 °F).
Saturn has a temperature of −175 °C (−285 °F) at cloud tops.
Mercury, even though it is close to the Sun, is actually cold during the  night. It has a temperature of about −170 °C (−275 °F). Mercury is cold at night because it has no atmosphere to trap in heat from the Sun.
Jupiter has a temperature of −145 °C (−230 °F) at the cloud tops.
Mars has a temperature of about −125 °C (−195 °F).
The coldest continent on Earth is Antarctica.  The coldest place on Earth is the Antarctic Plateau, an area of Antarctica around the South Pole that has an altitude of around 3000 meters. The lowest measured temperature on Earth, , was recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.

References

Basic English 850 words
Electrical conductivity is the measure of a material's ability to allow the transport of an electric charge. Its SI is the siemens per meter, (A2s3m−3kg−1)  (named after Werner von Siemens) or, more simply,  Sm−1. 

It is the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength. It is equivalent to the electrical conductance measured between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the material under test. 

The symbol for electrical conductivity is κ (kappa), and also σ (sigma) or γ (gamma).

Electrical conductance is an electrical phenomenon where a material contains movable particles with electric charge (such as electrons), which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its electrons flow, and an electric current appears.

A conductor such as a metal has high conductivity, and an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. A semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely under different conditions.

Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal (or inverse) of electrical resistivity.

Electricity
Materials science
Caribert of Laon, son of Martin of Laon, was the grandfather of Charlemagne. He was the father of Charles's mother, Bertrada of Laon. In 721, he signed, with his mother Bertrada of Prüm, the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. In 744, his daughter Bertrada of Laon (by Bertrada of Cologne) married Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks. He died before 762.

French people
Year of birth unknown
8th-century deaths
The First Lady of the United States of America sometimes abbreviated as (FLOTUS) is the wife of the President of the United States. If the President is not married, or his wife is unable to do the jobs of First Lady, a family member such as daughter or sister usually is considered the First Lady. The current first lady is Jill Biden.

Some famous former first ladies include Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, Mary Lincoln, Edith Wilson, Lou Hoover, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jacqueline Kennedy, "Lady Bird Johnson", Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, Michelle Obama and Melania Trump.

What the First Lady does 
The First Lady is not chosen by the people of the United States, and there are no jobs she is officially required to perform. Though she is not paid for being the First Lady, her role includes involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championing social causes and representing the President at official and ceremonial occasions. First ladies have focused on different causes and have had a strong influence in a range of sectors, from public opinion on policy to fashion.

Living former First Ladies
As of January 20, 2021, there are five living former First Ladies, as seen below.

Politics of the United States
The Korean language is spoken mainly in North and South Korea. It is spoken by more than 78 million people (most are North or South Koreans).

In South Korea, it is called hangukmal (한국말) or hangugeo (Hangeul: 한국어, Hanja: 韓國語). In North Korea, however, it is called choseonmal (조선말) or choseoneo (조선어, 朝鮮語). They are named differently because the common names for North and South Korea are different. Additionally, Koreans usually call their language urimal (Hangeul: 우리말) or urinara mal (Hangeul: 우리나라 말), meaning "our language" or "our country's language."

Writing 
Korean uses two different writing systems. One is Hangul, the main alphabet. In North Korea, only Hangeul (Known as Choseongeul in North Korea) is used by law. In South Korea, only Hangeul should be used in most public areas like education, but the other system, Hanja, is still used in some newspapers and professional areas. Hanja is the system of Chinese characters that are used in Korean. It was the only way to write Korean before the creation of Hangeul in the 15th century, and it was common in novels before the 19th century.

Although King Sejong the Great led the development of Hangeul to allow literacy to spread among common people and to create a writing system that represented the language more accurately than Hanja, it was not adopted by the upper classes of Koreans. Hanja would continue to be the official writing system until the late 19th century. Although it was rejected by the elite classes, Hangeul was used often by lower classes as a way to write down Korean literature and for lower classes to communicate.

References

 
Language isolates
James Buchanan Jr. (April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States.

He was the only president not to have married. His niece, Harriet Lane, stood in as First Lady. He was an experienced politician, and became president in 1857. His stances on slavery, and actions before the Civil War broke out, have been criticized by scholars.

Early life
James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, into a prosperous merchant family. He had four sisters and three brothers, and studied at the Old Stone Academy before entering Dickinson College in 1807. There he studied law and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar Association in 1812.

Buchanan was engaged to Anne C. Coleman, but she died early, and he never had children. He is the only U.S. president who was never married.

Buchanan served in both the House and Senate, representing Pennsylvania, as well as the Minister to Russia, under Andrew Jackson, before stepping taking the presidential career.

Presidency

During the beginning of his presidency, he called slavery an issue of little importance. This was clearly not the case at the time; Northerners and Southerners were very divided on slavery, almost to the point of war.

The Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not American citizens and that the states were allowed to keep slavery legal.  James Buchanan supported that decision because he did not want the pro-slavery states to stop being part of the United States.

Buchanan supported the rights of slave owners to keep their slaves and wanted Kansas to adopt a constitution that allowed slavery.  Because of that, the Democratic Party was divided on that issue and after the 1858 Congressional election, there were more Republicans in Congress than Democrats.  He did not get along with the Republicans.
 
He ordered troops to fight against Utah based on untrue information that Utah was planning a revolt.  Buchanan later realized that he made a mistake and apologized.

During his term, the country was becoming more and more divided over the slavery issue.  A few months before his term ended, some of the southern states decided that they were going to not be a part of the United States any more.

Buchanan believed that it was a bad thing, but he did nothing about it because he felt that using force against the south was against the Constitution.  He did not even prepare the country for war.

Legacy
At the end of his term, he left the next president, Abraham Lincoln, to face the greatest crises in United States history, the Civil War.

Some historians think that Buchanan was the worst president, because he did nothing to prevent the Civil war.

References

Other websites
 Buchanan's White House biography 

1791 births
1868 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
 
United States senators from Pennsylvania
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
United States Secretaries of State
US Democratic Party politicians
American diplomats
19th-century American politicians
When something always does the same thing, one can say that there is a rule that it does what it does.

The word "rule" has many uses, including the following:

 A means of measurement (such as a slide rule.)

 A law or regulation.

 A precedent or conclusion drawn from experiments.

A "rule" in mathematics is a formula which allows a person to work out parts of the solution if he or she has certain information. For example, Pythagoras' theorem is a rule which states that if a person knows the lengths of two sides of a right-angled triangle he or she can work out the length of the third.

Rules, however, can also means laws created aby people in power - for example, school rules are the "laws" of a specific school.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics

Law
The 1910s was the decade that started on January 1, 1910, and ended on December 31, 1919.

Events 
 Balkan Wars
 1911-12: The Republic of China overthrew the Qing Dynsty.
 1912: The ship RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and sinks on its first voyage.
 1912: Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden.
 1914–1918: World War I 15,000,000 people die
 1917: The October revolution in Russia. Communists get rid of the king (Tsar)
 1918–1919: Influenza (the spanish flu) spreads through Europe killing 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 people.

World leaders 
 Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (Australia)
 Prime Minister Joseph Cook (Australia)
 Prime Minister Billy Hughes (Australia)
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Emperor Karl (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden (Canada)
 Emperor Henry Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty (China)
 Sun Yat-sen, President of the Republic of China
 Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China and briefly Emperor.
 Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China
 Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (German Empire)
 King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
 Pope Pius X
 Pope Benedict XV
 Sultan Vahidettin (Ottoman Empire)
 Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Nicholas II (Russia)
 Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
 King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
 Prime Minister José Canalejas (Spain)
 Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier (Spain)
 King George V (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
 President William Howard Taft (United States)
 President Woodrow Wilson (United States)

Births 
 1911 – Ronald Reagan
 1912 – Alan Turing
 1912 – John Cage
 1912 – Pope John Paul I
 1913 – Richard Nixon
 1913 – Gerald Ford
 1914 – Richard Widmark
 1916 – Gregory Peck
 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African prisoner of conscience and president
 1918 – Paul Harvey, American radio host
 1919 – Eva Perón

Deaths 
 1914 – Adlai E. Stevenson, American politician
 1914 – John Philip Holland, early submarine designer
 1919 – Emiliano Zapata
William Christopher (October 20, 1932 – December 31, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series M*A*S*H. He also played Private Lester Hummel on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. 

Christopher was born in Evanston, Illinois. He studied at Wesleyan University. His wife was Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, Mixed Blessings, about their experiences raising their autistic son. He retired in 2012.

Christopher died on December 31, 2016 in Pasadena, California from small-cell carcinoma, aged 84.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Illinois
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
People from Evanston, Illinois
Boxer shorts are men's underwear. They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.

They were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947. These days, briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.

Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. They can be made in different colors or patterns.  Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.
 
underwear
Fluid Dynamics talks about how fluids (liquids and gases) work. It is one of the oldest parts of the study of Physics, and is studied by physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. Mathematics can describe how fluids move using mathematical formulas called equations. The fluid dynamics of gases are called aerodynamics.

Understanding how fluids behave helps us understand things like flight or ocean currents. For example, fluid dynamics can be used to understand weather, because clouds and air are both fluids. Fluid dynamics can also be used to understand how aeroplanes fly through the air or how ships and submarines move through water.

Computer programs can use the mathematical equations of fluid dynamics to model and predict the actions of moving fluids. Computers have helped us understand fluid dynamics very much, and some people study how to model or simulate fluids only with a computer. Studying how fluid dynamics can be done with computers is called computational fluid dynamics (or CFD for short).

Important equations in fluid dynamics 
The mathematical equations that govern fluid flow are simple to think about but very hard to solve. In most real life cases there is no way to get a solution that can be written down and a computer must be used to calculate the answer instead. There are three fundamental equations based on three rules.

Conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed, it simply moves from one place to another. This gives the mass conservation equation. Sometimes this may not apply such as a flow involving a chemical reaction.

Conservation of energy: this is the first law of thermodynamics, energy is never created or destroyed, it just changes form (i.e. kinetic energy into potential energy) or moves around.

Conservation of momentum: this is Newton's Second Law and it states that Force = rate of change of momentum. Momentum is mass times velocity. The momentum equations are the equations that make it hard to solve problems in fluid dynamics. There are a number of different versions that include a number of different effects. The Navier-Stokes equations are momentum equations, and the Euler equations are the Navier-Stokes equations but with viscosity not included. There is one momentum equation in a 1D problem and three, one in each space direction, in 3D.

To solve the equations more information is often needed in the form of an equation of state. This relates thermodynamic properties (usually pressure and temperature) to each other for a specific type of fluid. An example is the "Ideal Gas" equation of state that relates pressure, temperature and density and works well for gases under normal pressures (like air at atmospheric pressure).

 Poiseuille's Equation
 Bernoulli's Theorem
 Navier-Stokes Equations

Related pages 
Fluid mechanics
Superfluidity

Fluid mechanics
MSN (formerly the Microsoft Network), is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet).

Web portal 
The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of Internet Explorer.

MSN Messenger 
MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small emoticons to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger.

MSN Hotmail 

Hotmail is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger.

Other websites 
MSN.com
Hotmail.com

Microsoft websites
Internet service providers
Websites
Events 
 January 15 – Pitcairn Islands settled by mutineers from HMS Bounty
 January 23 – HMS Bounty burned and destroyed on Pitcairn Island

Deaths 
 July 17 – Adam Smith
Nuuk (Danish: Godthaab or Godthåb) is the capital of Greenland. It is around the mouth of island Nuup Kangerlua (Danish: "Godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of Greenland, about 240 km (150 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. The city has a population of 15,047 people.

It was founded in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means Good Hope. Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes.

Nuuk is the location of the University of Greenland.

References

National capitals in North America
Settlements in Greenland
A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. Lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws.

Related pages
Paul Bunyan

Occupations
Forestry
Red Hat Linux is a discontinued Linux operating system, replaced by RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux).

Red Hat made it public in the past and it was used by many Linux users. The last publicly-released version was Red Hat Linux 9 in April, 2003. Red Hat then decided to discontinue a future release of Red Hat Linux and started the paid Red Hat Enterprise Linux instead. There are some redistributions of RHEL, though such as CentOS which are free and come without Red Hat's branding, logos etc. due to trademark restrictions.

Red Hat Linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations.

Around 2005, The Red Hat company released their system as Fedora Core, intended to be a test platform for new technologies. It is now called just 'Fedora' and its present release acts as a base for the next release of RHEL.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

Other websites 
 Official homepage of Red Hat

Linux distributions
Red Hat
The Thinker () (1902) is a bronze statue. It was made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. It depicts a man sitting and thinking with his arms bent on his knee and his chin on his hand. Rodin first called the statue The Poet. It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem The Divine Comedy of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. The Thinker was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell considering his great poem.  Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist. They are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions.

Other websites 
 The Thinker project, Munich. Discussion of the history of the many casts of this artwork.

Statues
The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a nearly east-west line of volcanoes stretches from the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, just north of Vancouver Island, and reaches into the Interior Plateau near Quesnel. The farther away from the coast, the younger the volcanoes tend to be. These volcanoes are thought to have formed because of the North American continent sliding westward over the Anahim hotspot. Volcanoes in this belt include the Rainbow, Ilgachuz, and Itcha Ranges, and the Nazko Cone, which last erupted about 7200 years ago.

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mount Meager is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1 km).

The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called Cathedral Mountain.

Geologic history
Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried eastward as far as Alberta.

Volcanic hazards
Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at about one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning.

The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communities across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50 km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery.

Other websites
Global Volcanism Program: Meager
Volcanology of the 2350 BP Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Metaphysics is a major branch of philosophy. It concerns existence and the nature of things that exist. Altogether it is a theory of reality.

Ontology is the part of metaphysics which discusses what exists: the categories of being.  Apart from ontology, metaphysics concerns the nature of, and relations among, the things that exist.

The classical metaphysical idea that reality exists independently of one's mind and yet can be known is called realism.  The metaphysical idea that no mind-independent reality exists or can be known is idealism. These are two main battlegrounds of metaphysics.

Modern Humanist Metaphysics believes that the Universe is basically psychological. Some Quantum physicists now agree with modern metaphysics in that they hold to the major premise that everything in the Universe is made up of two things...consciousness and energy. Not energy and matter as Newton proposed.

Under Modern Metaphysics it is believed that consciousness uses energy to create everything/anything...including all physical matter and all events. 

Therefore, "All is Within"..within the mind.

History

Natural philosophy 
In the West, metaphysics is usually traced to the natural philosophers in ancient Greece, where Aristotle systematized a metaphysical description of nature equivalent to today's theoretical science.  

By the 4th century AD in Alexandria, Egypt, alchemy was starting its transformation into chemistry. The conventional view is that alchemy was steeped in mysticism, and that chemistry did not quite become what we would call science until it entered the 19th century.

Science 
In the early 17th century, Galileo introduced to physics his experiments with earthly objects: the dawn of empirical science in Western Europe. Galilean laws of motion led to the overthrow of Aristotle's ideas, a revolution more or less completed by the wide acceptance of Cartesian physics, built upon Copernican and Galilean mechanics.

Newtonian physics rapidly replaced Cartesian physics. Isaac Newton, like others that we now call scientists, was known as a natural philosopher.  In the 1830s, Auguste Comte created positivism, the first modern philosophy of science. It sought the divorce of science from religion and metaphysics.

In 1847, Hermann von Helmholtz's paper "On the conservation of energy", stated the first law of thermodynamics, and tried to reduce physiology to physics.  In 1859, Darwin proposed an explanation of evolution by natural selection. Both seemed plausible and compatible with physical theory.

Common use 
By the 1860s, the term science (as meaning something distinct from philosophy) entered the dictionary.  Today the term metaphysics usually refers to discussion of aspects of reality which are beyond physics.  Particularly among those seeking to be scientific, the term metaphysics can be pejorative to varying degrees, as the term may rely on supernatural explanations of reality, which are not yet scientifically validated.

Related pages
Metaphysical poets

References

Other websites 
 Metaphysics -Citizendium

Branches of philosophy
Reality
In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be written as a fraction. The set of rational number is often represented by the symbol , standing for "quotient" in English. 

Rational numbers are all real numbers, and can be positive or negative. A number that is not rational is called irrational.

Most of the numbers that people use in everyday life are rational. These include fractions, integers and numbers with finite decimal digits. In general, a number that can be written as a fraction while it is in its own form is rational.

Writing rational numbers

Fraction form 
All rational numbers can be written as a fraction. Take 1.5 as an example, this can be written as , , or .

More examples of fractions that are rational numbers include , , and .

Terminating decimals 
A terminating decimal is a decimal with a certain number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Examples include 3.2, 4.075, and -300.12002. All of these are rational. Another good example would be 0.9582938472938498234.

Repeating decimals 
A repeating decimal is a decimal where there are infinitely many digits to the right of the decimal point, but which follow a repeating pattern.

An example of this is . As a decimal, it is written as 0.3333333333... The dots indicate that the digit 3 repeats forever.

Sometimes, a group of digits repeats. An example is . As a decimal, it is written as 0.09090909... In this example, the group of digits 09 repeats.

Also, sometimes the digits repeat after another group of digits. An example is . It is written as 0.16666666... In this example, the digit 6 repeats, following the digit 1.

If you try this on your calculator, sometimes it may make a rounding error at the end. For instance, your calculator may say that , even though there is no 7. It rounds the 6 at the end up to 7.

Irrational numbers 
The digits after the decimal point in an irrational number do not repeat in an infinite pattern. For instance, the first several digits of π (Pi) are 3.1415926535... A few of the digits repeat, but they never start repeating in an infinite pattern, no matter how far you go to the right of the decimal point.

Arithmetic 
 Whenever you add or subtract two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

 Whenever you multiply two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

 Whenever you divide two rational numbers, you always get another rational number (as long as you do not divide by zero).

 Two rational numbers  and  are equal if .

Related pages
 Decimal
 Fraction (mathematics)
 Irrational number
 Real number

References 

Numbers
Saint Patrick's Day is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration for Irish people. Saint Patrick’s Day is also called Paddy’s day.

Celebrations 
It is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades. It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Another tradition of Saint Patrick’s day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched.
Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland. People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. It is very normal that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland. 

The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration.

Celebration in Ireland 

Christian holidays
National Days
Hibiscus syriacus is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of Hibiscus. Common names for the same plant include Rose of Sharon (but it is not a rose), rose mallow, shrub-althaea, Syrian hibiscus, Syrian ketmia, and St Joseph's rod.

The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but the exact origin is so far unknown. Historically it was grown in ancient China and then it became a popular plant in Korea. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.

There are many variations of flowers in gardens, because gardeners of the past were able to find different colors and shapes of flowers, and grow their seeds.

Gallery

References 

Trees
Malvaceae
Alagoas is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Índios, Penedo, Marechal Deodoro, and Maragogi. The state has a total of 101 cities.

Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees. Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast.

References

Other websites 
 Government of the State of Alagoas  

 
States of Brazil
René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a famous French philosopher and physicist. He wrote books that are very important in the fields of maths, physics and especially philosophy. His dualism statement combined soul, mind, body theories and elements into one concept; a dualistic theory of mind and matter.

In younger years he was a mercenary soldier.

Descartes and physics (the study of the world) 
In his Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1628) and his Discourse on Method (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific method that deals with scientific approach, thinking, a method which he had invented. He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (optics), and the weather (Meteorology). He then invented a way of describing shapes now called the Cartesian coordinate system, and a theory of what a rainbow is. Descartes' physics was important for a later famous thinker, Sir Isaac Newton, who said about him and so did James Hook: "If I have seen further it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants!"

Descartes and philosophy (the study of abstract ideas) 
In his Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) Descartes used his scientific method to look at philosophical questions. He argued against skepticism (the view that the world was not real, and did not exist).

He found that he himself must be real (exist), because he felt that he was thinking; and if he was thinking, then he must be real. This is because if he were not real, then how would he have this feeling that he was thinking. He shortened this view, saying in Latin, "Cogito ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."

He also thought he could show that God exists, in the same way that he felt that he was thinking. Descartes said that God was the same as infinity and that he could clearly see infinity because he could think of every larger object but no largest object. Descartes said that if God exists then the world must exist as well, since God was good and would not let us think the world is real (exists) if it was not real.

Finally, Descartes thought that because he knew he was thinking, but could only know anything else about himself (for example that he had two arms and two legs) because he knew that God exists, then he must be made up of two things: the mind that thinks and the body that is independent of thinking, yet they are united together. This is called "Cartesian Dualism".

Descartes used a lot of ideas related to Plato, while most people at that time used ideas related to Aristotle. He is often called a rationalist, because he looked inside his mind for answers to his questions. Although Descartes wanted to fight skepticism, his description of it in the meditations has become very famous and is often called Cartesian Skepticism after him.

1596 births
1650 deaths
French physicists
French philosophers
Tanzania is a country in East Africa. The official languages are Kiswahili and English. It is next to Africa's biggest lake, Lake Victoria.

In 2017, there were about 54,000,000 people living in Tanzania. They are divided into 120 tribes; none have more than 10% of the population. Tanzania is a multicultural society. There are many languages & religions in Tanzania; the main ones being Christianity and Arabic.

The president of the United Republic of Tanzania is Samia Suluhu Hassan. Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, UNIDO, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, SADC, PTA, and the ADB. It is also signatory to the Lome Convention.

Mainland Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) received independence in December 1961, while Zanzibar gained her independence in January 1964, through a revolution. The two countries joined together to form the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964. Until July 1992, Tanzania was a one-party state. Following a Presidential Commission, the country has started a multi-party political system. It has held successful general elections in 1995 and 2000.
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Tanzania is home to the Serengeti. Many animals such as lions and cheetahs live there.

Regions 

Tanzania is divided into 26 Regions. 21 are on the mainland and five in Zanzibar.

Tanzania's regions are: Arusha Dar es Salaam Dodoma Iringa Kagera Kigoma Kilimanjaro Lindi Manyara Mara Mbeya Morogoro Mtwara Mwanza Pemba North Pemba South Pwani Rukwa Ruvuma Shinyanga Singida Tabora Tanga Zanzibar Central/South Zanzibar North Zanzibar Urban/West

Related pages
List of rivers of Tanzania
Tanzania at the Olympics
Tanzania national football team

Notes

References

Other websites
 New map of Tanzania

1964 establishments in Africa
Least developed countries
States and territories established in the 1960s