cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Events

Europe 
 May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae constituting the Augustinian monastic order at Lecceto Monastery.
 The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus.
 Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.
Abingdon School is founded.
Roger Bacon becomes a Franciscan Friar.

Asia 
 October – Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia.
 December 15 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran.
 Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire.
 The Japanese Kenchō era ends, and the Kōgen era begins.

Births 
 January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic
 Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (died 1317)

 Ibn al-Banna, Arab Mathematician (died 1321)

Deaths 
 January 28 – William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany
 June 13 – Tankei, Japanese sculptor (born 1173)
 September 1 – Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (born 1218)
 October 14 – Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (born 1239)
 William of Kilkenny, Lord Chancellor of England
 Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar
Events

Europe

Western Europe 
 August – The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating the last refuge of the heretical Cathars after the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a program to crush the sect, starting in 1209 with the Albigensian Crusade.
 The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln prompts persecution of Jews in England on accusations of blood libel.
 Lisbon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.
 The Gothic cathedral at Bourges, France, is completed. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086; the Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys in 1274/1275 and 1279/1280.

Central and Eastern Europe 
 May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.
 Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) is founded in Prussia.
 Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. He concludes the task successfully a year later in 1256.
 The Duchy of Bavaria is split into Upper and Lower Bavaria
 The German state of Nassau is divided, not to be reunited until 1806.
 King Béla IV of Hungary grants Banská Bystrica municipal rights of a royal town.

Asia 
 Hulagu Khan is dispatched by his brother Möngke Khan to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia.

Births 
 Albert I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1308)
 William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros, claimant to the crown of Scotland (died 1317)
 Duccio di Buoninsegna, Sienese painter (died 1319)
 Grand Prince Andrey of Gorodets (approximate date; died 1304)
 Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans (approximate date; died 1298)

Deaths 
 May 1 – Walter de Gray, English prelate and statesman
 Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (born 1247)
 Jarler, Archbishop of Sweden
 Sundiata Keita, semi-historical hero and founder of the Mali Empire. (approximate date; born c. 1190)
 Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde.
Jon Brion (born December 11, 1963) is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, composer and record producer. He was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. His mother was a jazz singer, his father a band director at Yale, his brother is an arranger and sister a violinist.

The Bats
Brion and Bill Murphy began writing together in New Haven, Connecticut. They recorded some demo tracks in makeshift apartment studios, and worked out their arrangements at Yale University Campus. They enlisted the talents of bassist Don "Riff" Fertman to form The Bats (unlike the New Zealand band of the same name). In 1982, the trio created a imaginative set of pop songs in a small studio in Connecticut. A single called "Popgun" followed by an LP entitled How Pop Can You Get? were released on the independent label Gustav. The album failed to chart, and the group was disbanded.

Discography

Studio albums
How Pop Can You Get? (with The Bats, 1982)
Ro Sham Bo (with The Grays, 1994)
Meaningless (solo, 2001)

Film scores
 Hard Eight (with Michael Penn) (1996)
 Magnolia (1999)
 Punch-Drunk Love (2002)
 Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2003)
 I ♥ Huckabees (2004)
 The Break-Up (2006)

As producer
 Aimee Mann, Whatever, (1993)
 Aimee Mann, I'm with Stupid, (1995)
 Rufus Wainwright, Rufus Wainwright, (1998)
 Eleni Mandell, Wishbone, (1998)
 Robyn Hitchcock, Jewels for Sophia, (1998)
 Robyn Hitchcock, A Star for Bram, (1999)
 Fiona Apple, When the Pawn..., (1999)
 The Crystal Method - "Bad Stone" (1997), "Over the Line" (2001), "Realizer" (2004)
 Elliott Smith, From a Basement on a Hill, (unreleased version, recorded 2001)
 Brad Mehldau, Largo, (2002)
 Rhett Miller, The Instigator, (2002)
 Evan Dando, Baby I'm Bored, (2003)
 Fiona Apple, Extraordinary Machine, (unreleased version, recorded 2002-2003)
 Kanye West, Late Registration (as co-executive producer and co-producer on several tracks), (2005)
 Marjorie Fair, Self Help Serenade (as co-executive producer), (2005)
 Kanye West, Graduation (as co-producer), (2007)
 Spoon (band), "The Underdog," ''Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga, (2007)

Other websites
 Jon Brion Unofficial site 
 Jon Brion's Official Website

1963 births
Living people
Musicians from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Bruce Molsky (born in Manhattan, New York in 1955) is an American fiddler, banjo player, guitarist, and singer. He teaches the fiddle at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, as part of its American Roots program. He has been nominated for two Grammy Awards.

He has made several recordings, including:
 If It Ain't Here When I Get Back (2013)
 1865 - Songs of Hope and Home from the American Civil War
 Meeting Point Bruce Molsky, Aly Bain & Ale Möller: Live at The Liverpool Philharmonic (2012)
 Soon Be Time 
 The Hell Benders 
 Warring Cats 
 Fiddlers 4

Other websites
Bruce Molsky official site

References

American guitarists
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New York City
American folk musicians
Banjo players
Fiddlers
1955 births
Living people
Tift Merritt (born January 8, 1975) is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. Born in Houston, Texas, Merritt moved to Raleigh, North Carolina at a young age.  She has been compared to songwriters like Joni Mitchell and Emmylou Harris.

In 2009, Merritt married Zeke Hutchins, her band's drummer and her long-time partner.  They live in New York City.

In addition to Austin City Limits, Merritt has been on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and the Late Show with David Letterman.  Her music has been in The L Word, Men In Trees, United States of Tara and the movie New in Town.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Video

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 MySpace.com site
 Americana Music Association

Singer-songwriters from Texas
American rock guitarists
Singers from Houston, Texas
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Writers from Houston, Texas
Country musicians from North Carolina
1975 births
Living people
Singers from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = Elliott Smith
|Background = solo_singer
|Img =Elliott Smith.jpg
|Img_capt = Elliot Smith performing in 2003
|Img_size = 
|Landscape = 
|Birth_name = Steven Paul Smith
|Origin = Portland, Oregon, U.S.
|birth_date = 
|birth_place = Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
|death_date= 
|death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
|Genre = Indie rockAcoustic rockIndie folk
|Occupation = 
|Years_active = 1993–2003
|Instrument = Guitar  Vocals  Piano  Clarinet  Bass  Harmonica  Drums
|First_album = Roman Candle
|Latest_album = 
|Notable_albums = 
|Notable songs = "Miss Misery"
|Label = Virgin  Cavity Search  Kill Rock Stars  Suicide Squeeze  DreamWorks  ANTI-  Epitaph Domino
|Associated_acts = HeatmiserQuasiMary Lou LordPete KrebsNo. 2
|URL = Official website
}}
Steven Paul "Elliott" Smith (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He grew up in Duncanville, Texas. He died of stab wounds to his chest in 2003 when he was 34 years old. It is not known if it was suicide or murder. At the time of his death, Smith had been making his sixth album From a Basement on the Hill. It was released on October 19, 2004. In 2007 another album called New Moon'' was released.

Partial discography

Other websites 
 SweetAdeline.net - Official Elliott Smith website
 SweetAddy.com - Official discussion forums
 Cavity Search Records
 Kill Rock Stars

References 

1969 births
2003 deaths
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Deaths by blade weapons
Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Singers from Omaha, Nebraska
Events

Europe 
 April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.
 December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.
 Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.
 Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.
 Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.
 King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.
 The German city of Berlin, founded some fifty years earlier, receives its city charter.
 Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.
 The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.

Asia 
 Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
 Carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.

Births 
 Hōjō Tokimune, 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (died 1284)

Deaths 
 Bohemund V of Antioch
 Peter I, Duke of Brittany (born 1190)
 Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia
 Isobel of Huntingdon (born 1199)
 Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine
Events 
 Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kiev.
 Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso king Soumaoro Kanté at the Battle of Kirina, beginning the Mali Empire.
 July 15 – Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, saving Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North.
 End of the civil war era in Norway.
 Saint Maurice is started to be portrayed as Moor.

Births 
 Abulafia, Maltese Jewish philosopher (died 1292)
 Pope Benedict XI (died 1304)
 Stephen V of Hungary (died 1272)
 Sigerus of Brabant, French theologian (died 1284)
 Albert the Degenerate, landgrave of Thuringia (approximate date; died 1314)

Deaths 
 April 11 – Llywelyn the Great, King of Gwynedd
 Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Arab philosopher
 Jacques de Vitry, French historian and theologian (born c. 1180)
 William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (born 1166)

Monarchs/Presidents 
 Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
 Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
Events 
 Thomas II of Savoy becomes count of Flanders.
 Elbląg, Poland is founded.
 Representatives of all 4 khanates lead 150000 Mongol, Turkish and Persian troops into Europe.
 The Mongols invade Russia.
 Gualdo Tadino, Italy, is destroyed by fire.
 The County of Artois is founded in France.
 Baldwin II becomes Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
 Conrad IV of Germany becomes King of Germany.
 The Livonian Brothers of the Sword unite with the Teutonic Knights.
 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Lombard League at Battle of Cortenuova
 A major fire destroys some 30,000 dwellings in the Chinese capital city of Hangzhou.

Births 
 Bohemond VI of Antioch, ruler of the principality of Antioch

Deaths 
 April 15 – Richard Poore, English ecclesiastic
 June 6 – John de Scotia, 9th Earl of Huntingdon
 John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem and Latin Emperor of Constantinople (born c. 1148)
 Jordanus Nemorarius, German scientist
 Pons de Capduelh, French troubadour
 September 23 – Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian, poet and politician (born c.1178)

Monarchs/Presidents 
 Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
 Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
 Joan, wife of Llwelyn the Great
Events 
 Middle Ages in Europe
 Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)
 Battle of Lihula in Estonia between Estonians and Swedes.
 Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate – Bukhara and Samarkand taken
 End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry
 Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III
 Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Honorius III
 Conrad of Masovia drives out the heathen Prussians from a Masovian territory of Chelmno Land
 Trial by ordeal abolished in England
 The German Hohenstaufen dynasty which had ruled Sicily since 1194, adopts Palermo as its principal seat
 Dordrecht receives city rights, making it the oldest city in the present-day Netherlands
 Ljubljana receives its town rights
 The Islamic lands of Central Asia are overrun by the armies of the Mongol invader Genghis Khan (ca. 1155-1227), who laid waste to many civilizations and created an empire that stretched from China to the Caspian Sea. However, he failed to destroy the strength of Islam in Central Asia.

Architecture 
 Gothic architecture in Europe
 Rebuilding of the Cathedral of Chartres, which had been destroyed by a fire in 1194, is completed
 Rebuilding of the York Minster begins
 Building of the Salisbury Cathedral begins

Births 
 April 1 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (died 1272)
 November 11 – Alphonse of Toulouse, son of Louis VIII of France (died 1271)
 Thomas Ercildoun, Scottish minstrel (died 1297)
 Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
 Przemysł I of Poland (died 1257)
 Yaroslav of Russia, Grand Duke of Vladimir
 Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (died 1271)

Deaths 
 February 17 – Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine
 April 15 – Adolf of Altena, Archbishop of Cologne
 Michael Choniates, Byzantine writer and ecclesiastic
 Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar, Persian mystical poet
 Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian (born 1150)
 Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (born 1176)
 Mestwin I of Pomerania
 Queen Urraca of Portugal spouse of King Afonso II of Portugal (born 1186)

Office holders 
 List of state leaders in 1220
 List of religious leaders in 1220
Dot Branning (also Cotton) is a fictional character in EastEnders. She is played by June Brown. She works in the laundrette and smokes Superkings.

References

Other websites
 Dot Branning page  at the BBC EastEnders website

EastEnders characters
Pat Evans is a fictional character in EastEnders. She has been played by Pam St. Clement from 12 June 1986 to 1st January 2012.

Other websites
 Pat Evans page  at the BBC EastEnders website

EastEnders characters
Tirso de Molina (October, 1571? - March 12, 1648) was a Spanish Baroque dramatist and poet.

Originally Gabriel Tellez, he was born in Madrid.  He studied at Alcalá de Henares, joined the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy on November 4 1600, and entered the Monastery of San Antolín at Guadalajara, Spain on January 21 1601. He was ordained a priest by 1610.

References

Spanish writers
Spanish poets
1571 births
1648 deaths
A mobile browser (also called a microbrowser or minibrowser) is a web browser made for use on a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA.  Mobile browsers are made to display internet content in the best way for small screens on mobile devices.

Web browsers
ABrowse is a free web browser for the Syllable operating system.

Other websites 
 Website 

Web browsers
Ghostzilla is a web browser for Microsoft Windows based on Mozilla. The browser runs inside the window space of another program e.g. in Microsoft Outlook, where the page is made to look like the things one would expect in an email. It makes people think think the person they're reading an email. 

Between May 2004 and January 2005, the project was taken off the website because the person who made it felt it was bad to use it. It was later put back, but with warnings about the potential to use it for the wrong reason. Since February 2007, the site has been closed and is no longer available.

Features
 The Ghostzilla window disappears when the mouse cursor is moved away from it, letting the user easily hide it.
 The user can set the preferences to set security (hiding) levels. For example: He can display no images unless the mouse is put over it (they stand out, thus making it more easily recognized as the Web), or display plain grey text on a white background.

References

Other websites
 Last ever archived version of Ghostzilla site.

Web browsers
Mozilla
Rose Mary Byrne (born 24 July 1979) is a Golden Globe nominated Australian Actress. She was born in Balmain, New South Wales, Australia.

Other websites

Australian movie actors
1979 births
Living people
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Actors from Sydney
Bellikon is a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
  Bellikon - Official website
  Bellikon Rehab Clinic 

Municipalities of Aargau
Bergdietikon is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The lake Egelsee is in Bergdietikon.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Egelsee is a lake at Bergdietikon, Aargau, Switzerland. The surface area is .  It is the largest natural lake in the canton.

Lakes of Switzerland
Aargau
Berikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Events 
 Otto III takes control the city of Rome and brings his cousin, Pope Gregory V, back to power.
 A Benedictine abbey is started at Sherborne.

Births 
 George I of Georgia

Deaths 
 Abu'l-Wafa, Iranian mathematician
Events 
 Erik Segersäll is replaces by Olof Skötkonung, the first baptized ruler of Sweden  (see Swedish monarchs).
 Basil II lifts the siege of Aleppo by bringing his entire army across Anatolia in sixteen days.
 Constantine III becomes king of Scotland.
 Boleslaus II of Bohemia kills the Slavnik's dynasty at Libice.
 Olaf Tryggvason is made king of Norway and builds the country's first church.

Births 
 Canute the Great (approximate) (d. 1035)
 Guido of Arezzo, Italian musician (d. 1050)
 Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1077)
 Olaf II of Norway (d.1030)

Deaths 
 February 5 — William IV, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)
 Henry II, Duke of Bavaria (b.951)
 Kenneth II of Scotland (possibly murdered)
 Haakon Sigurdsson earl (and de facto ruler) of Norway
Events 
 November 25 — Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon beat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard.
 During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.
 Benedictus Abbas becomes abbot of Peterborough.
 Byland Abbey is started in Yorkshire by the Cistercians.
 Casimir II becomes duke of Poland.
 The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor Wat.
 Roger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
 Moscow is burned down.
 Puigcerdà is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.
 Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.
 September 27 — Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.
 Treaty of Venice — Frederick I Barbarossa accepts Alexander III as Pope
 Estonians attack Pskov during winter.

Births 
 Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem (d. 1186)
 Robert de Ros, English baron (d. 1226)
 Philip of Swabia, enemy of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)

Deaths 
 January 13 — Henry II of Austria (b. 1107)
 William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
 Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (b. 1095)

Heads of State 
 England — Henry II (reigned 1154–1189)
 France — Louis VII (reigned 1137–1180)
 Byzantine Empire — Manuel I Comnenus (reigned 1143–1180)
 Pope — Alexander III (pope 1159–1181)
 Song China – Song Xiaozong (宋孝宗) (reigned 1162–1189)
Events 
 January — Assize of Northampton.
 May 22 — Murder tried but failed by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo.
 Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo.
 May 29 — Frederick Barbarossa is beaten.
 September 17 — Seljuk Turks beats Manuel I Comnenus at the Battle of Myriokephalon.
 Cathedral of Sens makes the first "clock".
 Construction begins on the London Bridge.
 Aberdeen becomes a royal burgh.
 The first recorded Welsh Eisteddfod is held by Rhys ap Gruffydd at Cardigan.

Births 

 Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (d. 1220)
 Leopold VI of Austria (d. 1230)
 William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (around date; d. 1226)
 Saint Sava, Serbian prince and archbishop (d. 1235)
 Subutai, Mongol general, tried to bring together the Mongolia

Deaths 
 April 20 — Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English soldier (b. 1130)
 May 13 — Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1119)
 August 23 — Emperor Rokujo- of Japan (b. 1164)
 October 25 — William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. c. 1109)
 Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (b. 1150)
 Saint Galdino, Italian archdeacon
Events 
 Vietnam is given the name of Annam by China.
 Henry II of England confesses Rosamund Clifford as his mistress.
 Revolt of 1173-1174 against Henry II of England ends when the rebels are beaten.
 William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill at the Battle of Alnwick (1174).
 Richard of Dover becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
 William de Braose, Third Lord of Bramber becomes sheriff of Hereford.
 Baldwin IV becomes King of Jerusalem.
 Fire destroys most of Padua, Italy.
 City of Pombal, is started by Gualdim Pais in Portugal.
 Saladin takes Damascus.
 The last Toltec king commits suicide.

Births 
 Saint Hedwig of Andechs (d. 1243)
 King Peter II of Aragon (d. 1213)
 Emeric of Hungary (d. 1204)

Deaths 
 May 15 — Nur ad-Din, ruler of Syria (b. 1118)
 June 28 — Andrei Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir (b. c. 1111)
 July 11 — King Amalric I of Jerusalem (b. 1136)
 September 22 — Uchtred, Lord of Galloway (b. c. 1120)
 October 17 — Queen Petronila of Aragon (b. 1135)
 Everard des Barres, third Grand Master of the Knights Templar
 Miles of Plancy, French crusader
Comet West was a spectacular comet, also considered to qualify for great comet status.

It was discovered through pictures by Richard M. West, of the European Southern Observatory, on August 10, 1975.  During peak brightness, observers reported that it was bright enough to study during full daylight.

Comet West was what 1973's Comet Kohoutek should have been. 

The comet has an estimated orbital period of 558,000 years.

Break up
During the comet's run into the closer part of the solar system for the first time in 500,000 years, the nucleus of Comet West was seen to split into four pieces as it passed within 30 million km. of the sun.

The first report of the split came around 7 March 1976 12:30UT, when reports were received that the comet had broken into two pieces. These two pieces remained the only pieces until Steven O'Meara, using the 9-inch Harvard Refractor, reported that two additional pieces had formed on the morning of 18 March. 

The breakup was one of very few comet breakups seen from historical times by the 1970s. Recently, comets Shoemaker-Levy 9, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 (73/P), C/1999 S4 LINEAR, and 57/P du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte, have been seen to disintegrate. When seen, many were stunned, but none more so than the discoverer, Richard Martin West. The comet broke into pieces when some distance from the sun. It exploded into four pieces, and those were scattered. Later, two pieces were spotted, and studied intently by astronomers.

Other websites
Cometography.com: Comet West

Comets
600 was a common year of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people.
 Smallpox arrives in Europe for the first time.
 King Ingvar of Sweden invades Estonia but is killed by the locals.
 Juchau Anglo-Saxon tribesmen arrive in England.
 The Persians begin to use windmills for irrigation.
 Chaturanga is played in India.
 Loma Caldera in El Salvador erupts.
 The Hopewell culture of North America becomes less popular.
 The Aztec city of Teotihuacán begins to get unstable.
 The moldboard plow is invented in eastern Europe.
 Pope Gregory I writes what comes to be known as Gregorian chant.
 The building on the monastery of St. Catherine is begun on Mount Sinai.
 Irish missionaries pray in Scotland and Germany.
 Chinese-influenced sculptures of Buddha begin to be created in Japan.
 Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are changed to believe inBuddhism.
 Augustine of Canterbury changes Ethelbert of Kent's religion to Christianity (approximate date).
 Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date).

Births 
 Ali Ben Abu Talib, the fourth caliph of Islam
 Candrakirti, Indian Madhyamaka philosopher

Deaths 
 Venance Fortunat, bishop of Poitiers, one of the last representatives of Classical Latin poetry
 King Beop of Baekje, king of the Baekje Kingdom of Korea
 Yang Jun
Events 
 Peter (Byzantine General) wins the battle against the Eurasian Avars
 Liuva II replaces his brother Reccared as King of the Visigoths.
 The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published
 The future Archbishops of Canterbury, Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius, and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to help Augustine in his missionary work.

Births 
 Sigebert II of Austrasia and Burgundy
 Hongren, a Zen Buddhist patriarch of the Chinese Tang Dynasty (d. 674)
 Ma Zhou, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 648)
 Empress Zhangsun

Deaths 
 Saint David, Patron Saint of Wales
 Reccared, King of the Visigoths
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is a role-playing video game. It was made by the American game maker Bethesda in May 2006. The game is for the Xbox 360 video game console and the PC (computer). It was also made for the Sony PlayStation 3 in May 2007.

Awards 
This game got the "Game of the Year" award at the Golden Joystick Awards. Many gaming magazines such as the official Xbox magazine for the United Kingdom rated it a 10 out of 10. The game is only offline. It can not play against people on Xbox Live  although people can download extra content for the game. The extra content can also be bought on a DVD or Blu-ray. Some of the downloadable content comes with the Knights of the Nine retail disc.

Events
Events from The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion happened after the game The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind. The Emperor Uriel Septim VII gets killed by assassins while trying to escape the Imperial City, which means that Nirn (the world) has lost its shield against the Daedra from the plane of Oblivion, which comes through the opened gates of Oblivion. The goal of the game is to find the Emperor's son, defeat the attacking Daedra, and end the invasion by shutting the gates.

The player may also join a few guilds, groups that let the player do tasks for them, and once the player has completed all of their tasks, the player is in charge of the guild. Unlike Morrowind, the player can join every guild they can get into.

Expansion
There are two Expansion Packs for Oblivion: The Elder Scrolls IV: Shivering Isles. This expansion adds a new land: The Shivering Isles ruled by crazy god Sheogorath. Here you must defend the land from invading Knights of Order, and stop their attacks. There is also The Knights of the Nine which adds yet another quest.

References

2006 video games
The Elder Scrolls
Events 
 A series of wars begin between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire.

Births 
 Li Chunfeng
 Liu Rengui
 Mu'awiyah, who started the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs (approximate date)
 Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk
 Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 690)
 Taejong muyeol of Silla, 29th King of Silla(Korean of ancient kingdom, B.C 57 – A.D 935)
 Zhiyan

Deaths 
 Empress Dugu Qieluo
Shri Neem Karoli Baba or Shri Neeb Karori Baba (नीब
करोरी बाबा) (? - September 11, 1973, in Vrindavan, India), also known to followers as Maharaj-ji, was a Hindu guru and who loved the Hindu deity Hanuman. He is known in the West for having been the guru of a number of Americans who traveled to India in the 1960s and 1970s. These students were returned to the West and told other people about Neem Karoli Baba. The most well known of these students are the spiritual teachers Ram Dass and Bhagavan Das, and the musicians Krishna Das and Jai Uttal.

Sadhu and guru

Not much is known about Neem Karoli Baba's birth and early years. According to one story, he was born Lakshmi Narayan Sharma (in Akbarpur, Firozabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. After an arranged marriage at the age of 11, he left his home and traveled a lot in northern India as a holy man (sadhu). During this time he was known by many names including Lakshman Das, Handi Wallah Baba, and Tikonia Walla Baba. When he did spiritual practice at Bavania in Gujarat, he was known as Tallaiya Baba. In Vrindavan, the local people called him Chamatkari Baba which means "Miracle Baba". Many people thought him to be a saint.

Neem Karoli was a master of bhakti yoga, and said that service to others (seva) is the best way to show love for God. In a book of stories put together by Ram Dass called Miracle of Love, a student named Anjani shares the following story:

Notable Disciples
Among the most well known of Maharaj-ji's disciples were Ram Dass, the author of Be Here Now, teacher and performer Bhagavan Das, and the musicians Jai Uttal and Krishna Das. Other notable devotees include humanitarian Larry Brilliant and his wife Girija, as well as Dada Mukerjee (former professor at Allahabad University, Uttar Pradesh, India).

After returning to the United States, Ram Dass and Larry Brilliant founded the Seva Foundation, a worldwide development organization which tries to end world poverty by following the teachings of Neem Karoli Baba. Seva is based in Berkeley, California, and Ram Dass served on the board until his death in 2019.

References

Further reading
Das, Bhagavan (1997). It's Here Now (Are You?) Broadway. 
Dass, Ram (1971). Be Here Now. Three Rivers Press. 
Dass, Ram (1979). Miracle of Love: Stories about Neem Karoli Baba. Hanuman Foundation. 
Mukerjee, Dada (2001). By His Grace: A Devotee's Story. Hanuman Foundation. 
Mukerjee, Dada (2001). The Near and the Dear: Stories of Neem Karoli Baba and His Devotees. Hanuman Foundation. 
Pande, Ravi Prakash (2003). Divine Reality: Shri Baba Neeb Karori Ji Maharaj. Shri Kainchi Hanuman Mandir Ashram.
 Sculpture - The sculpture of Neem Karoli Baba shown above was created by Natalia Rosenfeld, whose work can be seen at www.nataliasculpture.com

Other websites
Website on Neem Karoli Baba
Indian Website on Neem Karoli Baba
Janma Sthal of Maharaj-ji 
Samadhi Sthal of Maharaj-ji 
Temples and Ashrams related to Neem Karoli Baba 
Neem Karoli Baba photos
Seva Foundation
Divine Reality by Ravi Prakash Pande, "Rajida" 

Year of birth missing
1973 deaths
Hindu gurus
People from Uttar Pradesh
Be Here Now is a 1971 book on spirituality by the spiritual teacher Ram Dass. The title comes from what his guide in India, Bhagavan Das, used to tell him.

Summary of the book
The book has four sections: 
"Journey: The Transformation: Dr. Richard Alpert, PhD. into Baba Ram Dass"
"From Bindu to Ojas: The Core Book" (Bindu is a Sanskrit word meaning "small dot". Ojas means "strength", or "life".)
"Cookbook for a Sacred Life: A Manual for Conscious Being"
"Painted Cakes: Books"

The first section is about his life, his work as a psychologist, his research with Timothy Leary into Psychedelics at Harvard, and his anxiety when this research does not help him with his spiritual questions. He then writes about his first journey to India and his meeting with his Guru, or spiritual teacher, Neem Karoli Baba, and spiritual renaming as Baba Ram Dass, or "servant of god".

The second section, the largest, is a collection of metaphysical, spiritual and religious sayings, with pictures.

The third section is a guide for starting on a yogic or spiritual path, and tells how to practice yoga and meditation. It has a lot of quotes from teachers of many different religions.

The last section, also titled "Painted Cakes Do Not Satisfy Hunger" contains a list of books on religion and spirituality. The book lists are divided into "Books to hang out with", "Books to visit with now & then", and "Books it's useful to have met".

Publishing history
The book has been in print since it was first published, and has sold over one million copies. The work was published as a pamphlet by  the Lama Foundation. In 1977, the Lama Foundation decided that the Hanuman Foundation would get half of the money made by the book, so it could do more work to help people.

Cultural influence
Be Here Now is one of the first guides, for those not born as Hindus, to becoming a yogi. For its influence on the Hippie movement and other movements, it has been described as a "countercultural bible". The book was the first place the phrase "be here now" was used. Other people have said they like the book, including Wayne Dyer. Musician George Harrison used the book's title as the title of one of his songs from his 1973 album Living In The Material World. He wrote about this in his book I Me Mine.

Excerpt
Ram Dass wrote this in the book:

Now, though I am a beginner on the path, I have returned to the West for a time to work out karma or unfulfilled commitment. Part of this commitment is to share what I have learned with those of you who are on a similar journey. One can share a message through telling 'our-story' as I have just done, or through the teaching methods of yoga, or singing, or making love. Each of us finds his unique vehicle for sharing with others his bit of wisdom. For me, this story is but a vehicle for sharing with you the true message... the living faith in what is possible. --OM--

Related pages
Neem Karoli Baba

References 

1971 books
Spiritual books
Events 
 Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
 Pope Gregory VIII starts the Council of Avranches.
 The Synod of Cashel ended the Celtic Christian system and converted them to Rome.

Births 
 Baldwin I of Constantinople (d. 1205)
 Fujiwara Moroie, last of the Japanese Fujiwara Regents (d. 1238)
 Takash, the shah of Persia (d. 1200)
 Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (d. 1214)
 Louis I, Count of Blois (d. 1205)
 Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester (d. 1232)
 Isabella of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem 1190/1192–1205 (d. 1205)

Deaths 
 Agnes, daughter of Italian Count Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1125)
 Hemachandra, Indian mathematician, philosopher and historian (b. 1089)

References
85 Io is a big, dark Main belt asteroid of the C spectral class. It is probably a primitive body made of carbonates. Like 70 Panopaea it orbits within the Eunomia asteroid family but it is not related to the shattered parent body.

Io is a retrograde rotator, with its pole pointing towards one of ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-45°, 105°) or (-15°, 295°) with a 10° uncertainty[1]. This gives an axial tilt of about 125° or 115°, respectively. Its shape is quite spherical.

It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 19, 1865 and named after Io, a lover of Zeus in Greek mythology.

A diameter of 178 kilometres was measured from an occultation of a star on December 10, 1995 [4].

Io is also the name of the volcanic moon of Jupiter. With a two-digit number and a two-letter name, 85 Io has the shortest designation of all minor planets.

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve

References 
 J. Torppa et al. Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data, Icarus, Vol. 164, p. 346 (2003).
 PDS lightcurve data 
 Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey 
 A. Erikson Photometric observations and modelling of the asteroid 85 Io in conjunction with data from an occultation event during the 1995-96 apparition, Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 47, p. 327 (1999).
 G. A. Krasinsky et al. Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt, Icarus, Vol. 158, p. 98 (2002).

Asteroids
The coat of arms of Iraqi Kurdistan is an eagle holding a sun on its wings. The sun is formed of three colours, red, yellow and green, which represent the Kurdish flag.

Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan
HTTrack

Developer(s)	Xavier Roche
Initial release	May 1998
Stable release	
3.49-2 / 20 May 2017; 4 months ago
Repository	github.com/xroche/httrack
Written in	C
Operating system	Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, GNU, GNU/Linux, FreeBSD and Android
Type	Offline browser and Web crawler
License	GNU General Public License Version 3
Website	www.httrack.com
HTTrack is a free and open source website copier and offline browser by Xavier Roche, licensed under the GNU General Public License. It allows you to download World Wide Web sites from the Internet to a computer.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Demonstration of WinHTTrack in use
 SpiderZilla Add-on for Mozilla FireFox

Web browsers
Free software
K-Meleon is a web browser for Microsoft Windows. It's build to be small, simple and fast. Small means that if a user's computer does not have much space in his hard drive, the person will still be able to use it.

Other websites
 K-Meleon Homepage.

Web browsers
Mozilla
Gentoo Linux is a version of the Linux operating system. It was created by Daniel Robbins. The project and its products are named after the Gentoo penguin.

Development
Gentoo Linux uses a package management system called Portage. Portage is like the BSD ports collection. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, flexible, and optimized for the user's machine. Packages are normally built from source code, continuing the tradition of the ports collection, although for convenience, some large software packages are also available as precompiled binaries for various architectures.

Although originally designed for the x86 architecture, it has been ported to many others and currently runs on the x86, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC; PowerPC, PowerPC 970, SPARC64, MIPS, DEC Alpha, System Z/s390, PS3 Cell Processor  and SuperH architectures. Official support for 32-bit Sparc hardware has been dropped.

Package 
Gentoo's official software package repository includes, for example, UNetbootin.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

References

Other websites 

 The official website of the Gentoo Project
 gentoo-wiki.com  - An unofficial yet heavily used wiki about Gentoo
 

Linux distributions
X86-64 Linux distributions
Events 
 September 7 — Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and is replaced by his son Henry who is 18 years old. 
 The first plague and fire insurance policy is issued in Iceland

Births 
 April 3 — Igor Svyatoslavich, Russian prince (d. 1202)
 Unkei, Japanese sculptor (d. 1223)

Deaths 
 January 13 — Abbot Suger, French statesman and historian (b. c. 1081)
 April 23 — Adeliza of Leuven, queen of Henry I of England (b. 1103)
 September 7 — Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (b. 1113)
Events 
 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona fought and beat Tortosa for the Moors.
 King Afonso I of Portugal takes Abrantes from the Moors.
 Anna Comnena writes the Alexiad, which is a biography of her father, Emperor Alexius I.

Births 
 John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem and Latin Emperor of Constantinople (d. 1237)
 Qiu Chuji, Chinese Taoist (d. 1227)
 Pope Honorius III (d. 1227)

Deaths 
 April — Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1095)
 Conan III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1070)
 Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (b. 1100)
 William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey
 Alphonse I of Toulouse (b. 1103)
Events 
 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux prays for the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy.
 First information about Bryansk found.

Births 
 Giraldus Cambrensis, Welsh clergyman and chronicler (d. around 1223)
 William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1219)

Deaths 
 August 1 — Vsevolod II of Kiev
 August 8 — Eric III of Denmark
 September 14 — Zengi, ruler of Syria (murdered) (b. 1087)
Federico Fellini (born 20 January 1920 in Rimini, died 31 October 1993 in Rome) was an Italian movie-maker and director. Fellini's movies combine memory, dream, and fantasy.

The first movie Fellini directed was Lo Sceicco Bianco (1951), with Alberto Sordi, written by Michelangelo Antonioni and Ennio Flaiano. In making this movie Fellini met Nino Rota, the musician that would follow him for the successful rest of his career.

Fellini was married to actress Giulietta Masina (1921-1994) from 1943 until his death. In 1945, he had a son who survived for only 2 weeks; it was the only child of Fellini and Giulietta Masina. Masina acted in many of his movies. Other actors Fellini often worked with include Marcello Mastroianni, Alberto Sordi, and Anita Ekberg.

Apart from making movies he also wrote scripts for radio shows, for movies (mainly for Roberto Rossellini) and wrote comic gags for well known actors like Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini also produced several drawings (mostly pencil on paper), often humoristic portraits. His first success was in drawing advertising pictures for movies.

During Fascism an Avanguardista, his first writings were for Alleanza Cinematografica Italiana (ACI), a production company of Vittorio Mussolini, son of Benito, who introduced him to Rossellini.

In 1944, when Fascism was over, he opened a shop in Rome in which he sold these drawings. The shop was named (in English) "The Funny Face Shop", and contained works from Fellini and De Seta, Verdini, Camerini, Scarpelli, Majorana, Guasta, Giobbe, Attalo, Migneco (all writers, directors or otherwise intellectuals working for Italian cinema). In the same year started his contribution to Rossellini's Roma Città Aperta, with Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini took also part in writing another of Rossellini's movies: Paisà. He wrote also for other directors as Alberto Lattuada, Pietro Germi and Luigi Comencini.

In 1987 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. In 1993, he received an Academy Award (Oscar) for his lifetime achievement.

Movies 
 Luci del varietà (1950)
 Lo Sceicco Bianco (1951)
 I Vitelloni (1953)
 La Strada (1954) Oscar (best foreign movie)
 Le Notti di Cabiria (1957) Oscar (best foreign movie)
 La Dolce Vita (1960) Oscar (best costumes)
 8 1/2 (1963) 2 Oscars (best foreign movie, best costumes)
 Giulietta degli Spiriti (1965)
 Satyricon (1969)
 I Clowns (1970)
 Roma (1972)
 Amarcord (1973) Oscar (best foreign movie)
 Casanova (1976)
 Prova d'Orchestra (1979)
 La Citta' delle Donne (1980)
 E la nave va (1983)
 Ginger and Fred (1986)
 Intervista'' (1987)

Other websites
 

Academy Award winning directors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Rimini
1923 births
1993 deaths
A wedge is a simple machine used mainly to put in between two stones. A wedge as a tool is used to push two things apart such as the blade of a sword and knife  does when it cuts wood. A wedge can also be used to lift an object or hold an object in place. The mechanical advantage of a wedge depends on the ratio of its length to its thickest part.

History 
The origin of the wedge is unknown, because it has been in use as early as the Stone Age. Circa 3000 BC, in Ancient Egypt quarries, bronze wedges were used to break away blocks of rock used for construction. Wood wedges, that swelled after being wet, were also used. Some Native American tribes used antler wedges as a means of splitting and working wood to make canoes, houses, and other wood objects.

Examples for separating and lifting 
Examples include axes, splitting mauls, and splitting wedges. Wedges can also be used to lift heavy objects, or finely adjust the height of objects, essentially separating them from the surface they rest on. These may also be referred to as shims. Knives, scissors, chisels, and even teeth can sometimes be used as wedges, however, they are more fundamentally cutting implements.

Examples for holding fast 
Wedges can also be used to hold objects in place, such as engine parts (poppet valves), bicycle parts (stems and eccentric bottom brackets), and doors.

A door stop (door wedge) is a wedge, and its main function is to generate friction between the bottom of the door and the ground.

A fork or nails can also be considered a type of wedge. While a nail will slice into wood when hammered, a bolt will not be pushed in. This is because a nail is a wedge and a bolt is not. A nail is tapered to a point at its end, then gets thicker farther up towards the head of the nail.

Mechanical advantage 

The mechanical advantage of a wedge is the length of the sloping side of the wedge and divide it by the length of the thick end of the wedge.  Therefore the formula for a wedge is:

 

The more acute the angle of the wedge, the more mechanical advantage it will have.

Despite this, one reason that many splitting wedges have a wide angle is that an elastic material, such as wood, will bind a narrow wedge more readily than a wide wedge. This is why splitting mauls have a much larger angle than an axe.

Related pages 
 Axe
 Inclined plane
 Screw
 Shim
 Splitting maul
 Simple machines

References

Other websites 
 Wedges

Mechanics
Tools
The Bundesregierung, sometimes called the Bundeskabinett or Federal Cabinet, is the government of the Federal Republic of Germany and it consists of the Chancellor and the Federal Ministers.

The job of the cabinet is listed in the articles 62 to 69 of the constitution. This also has the oath of office that the minister must take.

The Chancellor is responsible for the administrative work of the Federal Government, but the work is delegated to the Head of the Federal Chancellery.

The Chancellor sets the general policy of the Federal Government, and what each ministry should do. The Federal Ministers are responsible for what happens in their own departments, and for making sure that the ministry keeps to the general ideas of the Chancellor. This is known as the departmental principle ().

If two Federal Ministers disagree about what should be done or about who is to do it or how it is to be done, the Federal Government decides with a majority decision. The is called the cooperative principle ().

The Federal Minister Law () says that a retired member of the Federal Government can have a retirement pension, if they have been a minister for at least two years. Time as a junior minister (US "Undersecretary"), who in Germany are called parliamentary permanent secretaries, is counted, and so is previous membership in a Land (state) government.

Parliamentary permanent secretaries and state ministers are not members of the Federal Government, but do help them in their job.

As a rule, the Federal Cabinet meets in the Federal Chancellery every Wednesday at 9:30 a.m.

Third Merkel Cabinet 
Only members of CDU-CSU and SPD are in the Third Merkel Cabinet (2013-2018).

Lawyers in the Federal Government 
This table lists the number and percentage of members of the federal government who were lawyers. In Germany the time between elections is called a "legislative period". In the United Kingdom this would be called a Parliament or in the United States a Congress.

Government of Germany