cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Winston Anthony Lloyd "Tony" Cozier (10 July 1940 – 11 May 2016) was a Barbadian cricket writer. He was a commentator on West Indian cricket from 1958 until his death. Cozier was described as having an "encyclopaedic" knowledge of cricket. Cozier was born in Bridgetown, Barbados. He was known for his knowledge of statistics.

Cozier died on 11 May 2016 in Bridgetown from a long-illness, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 West Indies in India Nov 1974/Jan 1975 – Summary ESPNcricinfo – Excerpt from Cozier's book
 Tony Cozier Unplugged CaribbeanCricket.com, 20 April 2004 – Two-part interview with Cozier
 West Indies cricket needs Legends' clout Tony Cozier's last column for ESPNcricinfo published on 1 May 2016.

1940 births
2016 deaths
Barbadian sportspeople
Deaths from disease
Writers
Peter Behrens (4 September 1947 – 11 May 2016) was a German drummer, actor, musician and clown. Behrens was best known for being a member of the German band Trio in the early 1980s, where he played the drums. After Trio ended in 1986, and after overcoming alcoholism and a drug problem he retired.

Behrens had two children. He died on 11 May 2016 from multiple organ failure in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, aged 68.

References

Other websites
 
 http://www.stephan-remmler.de/peter_behrens/peter_behrens.htm 
 http://www.taz.de/pt/2004/01/05/a0189.nf/textdruck

1947 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
German musicians
Actors from Lower Saxony
Drummers
People from Lower Saxony
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is a painting by John Martin. Martin painted it in 1852.

John Martin was famous for painting landscapes in the style of Romanticism.   He painted pictures of the end of the world and events from the Bible.

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was the last painting that Martin finished. He completed it in 1852 and sent it to the Royal Academy. In 1853 he started to paint The Last Judgment, The Great Day of His Wrath, and The Plains of Heaven, but he became sick. He died the next year.

The painting shows the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah from the Bible. The picture shows Lot and his two daughters running from the city.  Lot's wife looked back and became a pillar of salt.  The painting has a red color and a storm in the sky, typical of Martin's work.

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is in the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle, England.

References 

Paintings
Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 in Versailles – 22 August 1793 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) He was a member of the influential House of Noailles and was a nephew of Marie Victoire de Noailles, daughter-in-law of Louis XIV of France. He refused to emigrate during the Revolution.

Background and early life
Given the title of Duke of Ayen at birth he was born in Versailles and was one of six children. His father Adrien Maurice de Noailles was a distinguished military man of the reign of Louis XIV. Louis' mother was Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Madame de Maintenon (Louis XIV's second secret wife)

Marriage and children

On 25 February 1737 he married Cathérine Françoise Charlotte de Cossé, with whom he had four children

 Jean de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (26 October 1739, Paris – 20 October 1824)
 Adrienne Catherine de Noailles (24 December 1741 – December 1813) married René de Froulay, Count of Tessé, last Marquis of Lavardin (1736–1814)
 Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles (12 December 1743 - September 1822) French diplomat who remained unmarried. 
 Philippine Louise de Noailles (1745-1791) married  Louis Antoine Armand de Gramont, Duke of Lesparre.

Titles
21 April 1713 - 24 June 1766 The Duke of Ayen.
24 June 1766 - 22 August 1793 The Duke of Noailles.

Marshals of France
1713 births
1793 deaths
People from Versailles
Louis
Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
Dukes and duchesses of France
Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a way for a ship to use a radio to tell other ships about it's position. It sends messages every few seconds. These are received other ships and by stations on land and on some satellites.  A ship knows its position by using Global Positioning System (GPS). Since 2004, all ships above 300 tons and all passenger ships have to use AIS.  AIS was made to avoid ships colliding.

References

Technology
Rock crawling is an extreme form of off-road driving. Participants use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc.

Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful and precise driving, and high torque generated through large gear reductions in the vehicle's drivetrain.  Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Most vehicles used to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about  long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course. Usually a spotter (person who guides the driver) helps the driver through hard obstacles. Spotters may also use a rope to help prevent a vehicle from tipping over.

Rock crawling basics

The vehicles

Vehicles commonly used include Jeep, Nissan Patrol, Toyota Land Cruiser, Land Rover, Ford Bronco, Suzuki Samurai, International Harvester Scout. Also, vehicles like the Mercedes Unimog due to its portal axles and greatly increased ground clearance. These vehicles are outfitted with custom parts. Power is usually not an issue, as rock crawlers typically lower their gear ratios in order to drive more slowly over obstacles without stalling the engine. These custom parts can include:
locking differentials
taller off-road tires
upgraded suspension
four wheel steering
roll cage for driver protection
engine modifications for increased performance, mostly torque
lowered gearing in either or all of the transmission, transfer case (including often employing a second transfer case to reduce gearing even more), or axle differentials
winches
body armour (rocker panels, tube fenders, etc.)
beadlocks (locks tires to the rims for low tire pressures)
long-travel shock absorbers, drop shackles, spring-over conversions (to increase wheel travel), coil-over spring/shock combinations, and upgraded control arms
portal axles

Oversized, low-pressure, knobby, mud-terrain tires are used. Most vehicles have a low-geared transfer case to make the most torque in the low speeds used for rock crawling. Suspension-wise, rock crawling vehicles sometimes have aftermarket lift kits installed, raising the chassis and increasing suspension flexibility. Highly modified rock crawling vehicles are less suitable for driving on roads and highways.

Building a dedicated rock crawler can cost a lot of money. For rock crawling competitions, getting a sponsor can help to cover some of these costs.

Related pages 

Jeep
Land Rover
Toyota
Suzuki
Daihatsu
International Harvester Scout

References 

Transport
Anne de Noailles, (1st) Duke of Noailles (born after 1613 - 15 February 1678) was a French noble whose two sons bought the House of Noailles to prominence at the French royal court. Prior to being created a duke in 1663, he was a count.

Brief biography

A son of François de Noailles who was created the "Count of Ayen" in 1663. He was eventually created the Duke of Noailles during the reign of Louis XIV in 1663.

Marriage and children

13 December 1645 he married Louise Boyer with whom he had six children with;

 Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (5 February 1650 – 2 October 1708) married Marie Françoise de Bournonville and bhad children.
 Louis Antoine de Noailles  (27 May 1651 – 4 May 1729) a bishop and cardinal, who remained unmarried. Known as the Cardinal de Noailles.
 Jacques de Noailles (9 November 1653 - 22 April 1712) died unmarried. 
 Jean François de Noailles (28 August 1658 - 23 June 1692), "Marquis of Noailles". Married Marguerite Thérèse Rouillé in 1687 and had children
 Louise Anne de Noailles (1662-1693) married Henri de Beaumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin. 
 Jean Baptiste Louis Gaston de Noailles (8 July 1669 - 15 September 1720) Bishop of Châlons.

Dukes of Noailles

Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
1678 deaths
Dukes and duchesses of France
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (Aleksandar Pavlov Karađorđević; 13 August 1924 – 12 May 2016) was the elder son of Prince Paul. His father served as Regent of Yugoslavia in the 1930s, and his wife, Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. 

He was born in White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey.

Alexander married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of King Umberto II of Italy in 1955. Alexander and Maria Pia divorced in 1967. 

On 17 February 2008, Alexander said that he did not support the declaration of independence by Kosovo.

Alexander died on 12 May 2016 in Paris, aged 91.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2016 deaths
People from Surrey
Serbian people
Yugoslavian people
Joe Temperley (20 September 1929 – 11 May 2016) was a Scottish saxophonist. He has performed with many instruments but is most associated with the baritone saxophone and bass clarinet. He was born in Lochgelly, Scotland. Temperley played with The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, but most famously with Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra.

Temperley suffered from cancer and died on 11 May 2016 in Manhattan, New York from kidney failure.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
People with cancer
Scottish musicians
Saxophonists
Clarinetists
The arrondissement of Nantua is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Nantua.

History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Nantua was part of that original department.

Geography
It is found in the northern half of the department with an area of . It has 84,640 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Nantua is bordered to the north by the Jura department, to the northeast by the arrondissement of Gex, to the east by the Haute-Savoie department, to the south by the arrondissement of Belley and to the west by the  arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Nantua,  there are only 2 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement:   Nantua (18 communes) and Oyonnax (2 communes). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 commune in the arrondissement of Belley, 2 in the arrondissement of Gex and 11 in the arrondissement of Nantua; the canton of Hauteville-Lompnes has 29 communes in Belley and 12 in Nantua; and the canton of Pont-d'Ain has 4 communes in the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse and 20 in Nantua.

Communes
The arrondissement of Nantua has 65 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Apremont (01011)
 Arbent (01014)
 Béard-Géovreissiat (01170)
 Bellegarde-sur-Valserine (01033)
 Belleydoux (01035)
 Bellignat (01031)
 Billiat (01044)
 Bolozon (01051)
 Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme (01056)
 Brénod (01060)
 Brion (01063)
 Ceignes (01067)
 Cerdon (01068)
 Challes-la-Montagne (01077)
 Champfromier (01081)
 Chanay (01082)
 Charix (01087)
 Châtillon-en-Michaille (01091)
 Chevillard (01101)
 Condamine (01112)
 Confort (01114)
 Dortan (01148)
 Échallon (01152)
 Géovreisset (01171)
 Giron (01174)
 Groissiat (01181)
 Injoux-Génissiat (01189)
 Izenave (01191)
 Izernore (01192)
 Jujurieux (01199)
 Labalme (01200)
 Lancrans (01205)
 Lantenay (01206)
 Leyssard (01214)
 Lhôpital (01215)
 Maillat (01228)
 Martignat (01237)
 Matafelon-Granges (01240)
 Mérignat (01242)
 Montanges (01257)
 Montréal-la-Cluse (01265)
 Nantua (01269)
 Neuville-sur-Ain (01273)
 Les Neyrolles (01274)
 Nurieux-Volognat (01267)
 Outriaz (01282)
 Oyonnax (01283)
 Peyriat (01293)
 Plagne (01298)
 Le Poizat-Lalleyriat (01204)
 Poncin (01303)
 Pont-d'Ain (01304)
 Port (01307)
 Priay (01314)
 Saint-Alban (01331)
 Saint-Germain-de-Joux (01357)
 Saint-Jean-le-Vieux (01363)
 Saint-Martin-du-Frêne (01373)
 Samognat (01392)
 Serrières-sur-Ain (01404)
 Sonthonnax-la-Montagne (01410)
 Surjoux (01413)
 Varambon (01430)
 Vieu-d'Izenave (01441)
 Villes (01448)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Nantua
Delbert Leroy "Del" Latta (March 5, 1920 – May 12, 2016) was an American politician. He served as member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 through 1989. He was a Republican. He was born in Weston, Ohio.

Latta died in Bowling Green, Ohio on May 12, 2016, aged 96.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2016 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
The Claw of Archimedes (also known as the "Iron Hand") was an ancient weapon. It was designed by Archimedes to defend the seaward part of Syracuse's city wall against amphibious assault. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook. Apparently it was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water to capsize or suddenly drop it.

References 

War
Ancient history
Archimedes
was a Japanese theatre director. He was known for his Japanese language productions of Shakespeare plays and Greek tragedies. He has directed Hamlet differently eight times. He also directed Titus Andronicus, Coriolanus and Macbeth. He was also a movie director. He directed the 2003 movie Ao no Honō.

Ninagawa died of pneumonia at a hospital in Tokyo on May 12, 2016, aged 80.

References

Other websites 
 
 Ninagawa Studio website
 Yukio Ninagawa official website  

1935 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Japanese movie directors
Haji Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (, Ḥājī Muḥammad ‘Abdul-Wahhāb; (January 1, 1923 – November 18, 2018) was a Muslim preacher of Islam and the Ameer of Tablighi Jamaat in Pakistan. He played an important role in the Tablighi Jamaat movement.

Biography 
Wahhab was born in Delhi, India. He studied at Islamia College in Lahore. 

In October 2013 it was reported that Haji Abdul Wahhab was suggested to head a Loya Jirga in preparation for peace talks with the Pakistani Taliban.

Wahhab died from complications of dengue fever on November 18, 2018 at the age of 95.

References

1923 births
Deaths from infectious disease
Muslims
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; born 9 September 1926) is an Egyptian-born Qatari Islamic theologian. He spent most of his life in Doha, Qatar. He is the chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.

He is best known for his programme, al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh ("Sharia and Life"), broadcast on Al Jazeera, which has an audience of 60 million worldwide. He is also well known for IslamOnline, a popular website he helped found in 1997 and for which he now serves as chief religious scholar.

References

Other websites

  
 onislam.net
 
 Al-Qaradawi's books translated into English and French 
 Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Global Mufti al-Qaradawi, Webversion 12-2010
 "Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of a leading Islamist cleric", Ana Belén Soage, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 12/1 (March 2008), pp. 51–65.
 "Sheikh Yūsuf al-Qaradawi: A Moderate Voice from the Muslim World?", Ana Belén Soage, '[Religion Compass'', 4 (September 2010), pp. 563–575.
 Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Minorities: Learned Intolerance, Qantara.de
 Daily Assembly 14 September 2005, Mayor of London about Qardawi and Pope John XXIII, pp. 12–13, Greater London Authority

1926 births
Living people
Egyptian Muslims
Qatari people
Theologians
Hal Patrick Riney (17 July 1932 – 24 March 2008) was an American advertising executive. He was born in Seattle, Washington. He was the founder of Publicis & Hal Riney. Riney was named #30 on the Advertising Age 100 people of the 20th century. He was added into the Advertising Hall of Fame in 2001. He was mostly known as for narrating Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election ads "Morning in America" and "Bear in the Woods".

Personal life 
Riney died at age 75 on 24 March 2008 from cancer at his home in San Francisco, California, aged 75.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Businesspeople from Seattle, Washington
The arrondissement of Gex is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Gex. It corresponds approximately to the historical region of the Pays de Gex.

History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Gex was not part of that original department; the arrondissement was created in 1815. In 1926, the arrondissement was eliminated but in 1933 it became again an arrondissement of the Ain department.

Geography
It is found in the northeastern part of the department with an area of , the smallest arrondissement of the department. It has 89,200 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Gex is bordered to the north and northwest by the Jura department, to the northeast and east by Switzerland, to the southeast by the Haute-Savoie department and to the southwest by the  arrondissement of Nantua.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Gex,  there are 3 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement:   Gex (7 communes), Saint-Genis-Pouilly (4 communes) and Thoiry (16 communes). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 commune in the arrondissement of Belley, 2 in Gex and 11 in the arrondissement of Nantua.

Communes
The arrondissement of Gex has 27 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

Cessy (01071)
Challex (01078)
Chevry (01103)
Chézery-Forens (01104)
Collonges (01109)
Crozet (01135)
Divonne-les-Bains (01143)
Échenevex (01153)
Farges (01158)
Ferney-Voltaire (01160)
Gex (01173)
Grilly (01180)
Léaz (01209)
Lélex (01210)
Mijoux (01247)
Ornex (01281)
Péron (01288)
Pougny (01308)
Prévessin-Moëns (01313)
Saint-Genis-Pouilly (01354)
Saint-Jean-de-Gonville (01360)
Sauverny (01397)
Ségny (01399)
Sergy (01401)
Thoiry (01419)
Versonnex (01435)
Vesancy (01436)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Gex
Oscar Malapitan (born June 14, 1955) is a Filipino politician. He is the mayor of Caloocan City since June 30, 2013. He helped to make Caloocan the most competitive city in the Philippines.

1955 births
Filipino politicians
Mayors
Living people
A differential is a mechanical device made up of several gears. It is used in almost all mechanized four-wheel vehicles. It is used to transmit the power from the driveshaft to the drive wheels. Its main function is to allow the drive wheels to turn at different rpms allowing the wheels to go around corners while still receiving power from the engine.

Different types 
 An open differential (OD) is the most common type. It is also the least expensive. An open differential allows the vehicle to go around corners without dragging the outside wheel. However, power is transferred to the wheel with the least amount of traction (grip on the road). If that wheel is on ice or other slippery surfaces, the vehicle will not move forward and the wheel with the power will simply spin. In vehicles with two-wheel drive, if they have an open differential in effect they have only a single drive wheel. In four-wheel drive vehicles using open differentials (usually standard from the factory), only one wheel on each axle powers the vehicle. Advantages include seldom breaking an axle, less tire wear, and they are free as most new vehicles come with open differentials.
 A limited slip differential (LSD) overcomes this problem. Using a series of clutches (called a clutch pack), the LSD allows limited wheel slippage while maintaining power to both drive wheels. LSDs are popular in race cars, as there are oftentimes when they are coming out of turns and need to accelerate without losing power to one drive wheel.
 A locking differential (locker) is able to lock the two drive wheels on an axle together. The advantage is that both wheels have power at all times. The disadvantage is that turning is much more difficult since both wheels must turn at the same rpms. So most lockers must be disengaged when making sharp turns. Lockers can also present the driver with some dangerous situations. For example, when traversing a slope (going crossways) if one drive wheel loses traction both lose traction and the vehicle may slide sideways down the slope. Drivers are often warned not to traverse a slope if the surface is loose or slippery. Lockers may be switched on or off mechanically, electronically (e-locker) or using compressed air (air locker). Lockers are desirable on off-road vehicles but are usually not useful on streets and highways.
 A spool is an open differential in which the axles have been mechanically fastened together. This does not allow either wheel to go faster or slower around corners. It is cheap and adds little or no weight to the vehicle, but is usually limited to off-road competitions and trail driving. They are not desirable for driving on the street as they will "chirp" the tires when going around corners.
Torsen- same end effect as limited slip but doesn't use clutches or have the hesitation to do it

References

Other websites 
 How a Differential Works and Types of Differentials, YouTube
 How an air-locker works, YouTube
 Around The Corner - How Differential Steering Works (1937)

Auto parts
An obstacle course is a series of obstacles a person, vehicle or team must navigate. This is usually while being timed. Obstacle courses can include running, climbing, jumping, crawling, swimming, and balanceing with the aim of testing speed and endurance. Sometimes a course involves mental tests. In an off-road obstacle course, the driver is presented with a variety of different terrain to get over, around or through.

Types of courses

Military
The military/Army obstacle course is used (mostly in recruit training). The purpose is to familiarize recruits with the kind of military tactics they will use in combat. It is also for physical fitness, building teamwork, and evaluating problem solving skills. Typical courses involve obstacles the participants must climb over, crawl under, balance, hang, jump, etc. Puddles of muddy water, ropes, nets, and "no touch" restrictions are often used to make the course more difficult.

Off-road 

Off-road obstacle courses may be set up with a variety of different challenging situations. More common obstacles are hills, rockcrawling gates, log crawls, and mud pits. Some include underground tunnels, balance beams and water slides. Others are for the purposes of teaching high-speed driving on unimproved roads. Features include different kinds of turns, changes in elevation, navigating high speed straightaways and maneuvering vehicles through tight S-turns (so called because from above they resemble a letter "s").

References

Other websites 
 Commando Training Centre Royal Marines assault course, YouTube
 Jeff Daniel's Jeep Show Offroad Obstacle Course, YouTube

Training
Entertainment
The furcula ("little fork" in Latin) is commonly called the wishbone. It is a forked bone in birds and
some extinct dinosaurs.

It is a strut between a bird's shoulders, and connects to each of the bird's scapulae (shoulder blades). A strut is a structure which resists compression (pushing together) along its length.

It is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles (shoulder blades). In birds, its main function is to strengthen the thoracic skeleton to withstand the forces of flight.

X-ray films of starlings in flight have shown that the furcula expands when the wings are pulled downward, and snaps back as they are raised. Acting like a spring, the furcula stores some of the energy generated by contraction of the breast muscles. Then it releases the energy during the upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body.

Surprisingly, the furcula is not essential for flying, and there are a number of birds which can fly well, but have a reduced furcula, or none at all.

Several groups of theropod dinosaurs had furculae.

References 

Birds
Bones
The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 was the 61st edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Stockholm, Sweden in May 2016. Forty two countries participated, and Australia participated for the second time. The winner was Jamala with the song 1944 representing Ukraine.

People around the world watched the contest on television, and people in the participating countries could vote on their telephones for their favourite song. Each country added up their votes, and gave 1-8, 10 and 12 points to their favourite countries.

References

2016 in Europe
2016
2010s in Stockholm
May 2016 events
There are 4 arrondissements in the Ain department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 4 arrondissements of Ain are:

History
Since its creation, the Ain department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the Ain department with nine districts: Pont-de-Vaux, Bourg, Nantua, Gex, Belley, Saint-Rambert, Montluel, Trévoux and Châtillon-les-Dombes.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bourg, Belley, Nantua and Trévoux.
 1815 : creation of the arrondissement Gex.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated.
 1965 : Gex is again an arrondissement of the department.

References

Ain
École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ENSTA Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science & PhD
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)
 Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA Bretagne. It is in Brest.

Most of the 900 graduate engineer students at ENSTA Bretagne live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSTA Bretagne relate to the following topics:
 Boat Design
 Vehicles Design
 Mechanical Design
 Renewable energy
 Hydrography ; oceanography
 Pyrotechnics ; propulsion
 Embedded systems
 Engineering and organizational management

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in France
1971 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in France
Edith Madeleine Carroll (26 February 1906 – 2 October 1987) was an English and American actress. At the peak of her success, she (at that time) was the highest paid actress in the world. She earned just over $250,000 in 1938. She acted in movies and radio. She starred in several Alfred Hitchcock thrillers including The 39 Steps (1935) and Secret Agent. She also played Gail in Honeymoon in Bali (1939).

Carroll was born in West Bromwich, England. She died from pancreatic cancer at age 81 in Marbella, Spain.

References

English radio actors
English movie actors
Deaths from cancer
1906 births
1987 deaths
A roll cage is a specially designed protective frame built in (or sometimes around) the passenger compartment of a vehicle. Generally made of welded steel tubing, a roll cage is a safety feature in the event of a rollover or crash. Roll cages are used mainly in auto racing and off-road sports such as rockcrawling. The roll cage also stiffens and adds strength to the vehicle which improves handling. When the cage is constructed on the outside of a vehicle it is usually called an "exo-cage".

Designs 

There are many different roll cage designs depending on the application. Different racing organizations have differing requirements and regulations for roll cages. A roll bar is a single bar behind the driver that provides some protection.  Due to the lack of a protective top, some modern convertibles use a strong windshield frame which acts as a roll bar. Also, a roll hoop may be placed behind both front headrests.

A newer form of rollover protection, pioneered on the Mercedes-Benz R129 in 1989, are hidden roll hoops.  When sensors detect the vehicle is about to roll over, the roll hoops quickly extend and lock in place.  Cars that have this kind of "deployable rollover protection" system include the Peugeot 307 CC, Volvo C70, Mercedes-Benz SL 500, and Jaguar XK.

Roll bars are also used historically on row crop tractors, and roll cages are common as part of the cab on modern tractors.

Construction 
A roll cage is not just steel tubing welded together. It must be designed to hold the weight of the vehicle should it roll over or land upside down. A basic roll bar usually has 4 points of contact with the vehicle chassis. A typical roll cage may be an 8-point or more design. In many cases a roll cage designed for a particular car or truck may be purchased from a professional roll cage manufacturer. Kits are available which are easier to transport and must be welded together inside the vehicle.

References

Other websites 
 Roll Cage Installation, YouTube
 Designing a Roll Cage, YouTube

Safety
Auto racing
Grand County is a county located in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,225. Its county seat and largest city is Moab. The county was named for the Colorado River, which at the time of statehood was known as the Grand River. It is west from the Colorado state line.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.3%) is water. The Green River forms the western boundary and Colorado lies on the eastern boundary.  The Colorado River flows through the southeast corner.  Deserts, cliffs and plateaus make up the scenery, with few settlements apart from the city of Moab, a Colorado River oasis. Arches National Park lies in the southern part of the county, just north of Moab. Also, the northernmost extension of Canyonlands National Park lies in the southwest corner of the county.

Adjacent counties
 Uintah County (north)
 Garfield County, Colorado (northeast)
 Mesa County, Colorado (east)
 San Juan County (south)
 Emery County (west)
 Carbon County (northwest)

National protected areas
 Arches National Park
 Canyonlands National Park (part)
 Manti-La Sal National Forest (part)
 McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area (part)

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,485 people, 3,434 households, and 2,170 families residing in the county.  The population density was 2 people per square mile (1/km²).  There were 4,062 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (0/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 92.65% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 3.85% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.66% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races.  5.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,434 households out of which 29.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them. In addition, 48.60% were married couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.80% were non-families. 29.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the county, the population was spread out with 26.90% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 27.90% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.50% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,387, and the median income for a family was $39,095. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $21,769 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,356.  About 10.90% of families and 14.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.20% of those under age 18 and 8.40% of those age 65 or over.

References 

Utah counties
19th-century establishments in Utah
1890 establishments in the United States
Fabrice "Fab" Morvan (born 14 May 1966) is a French singer-songwriter, dancer and model. He was half of pop duo Milli Vanilli, with Rob Pilatus. The duo sold multi-platinum albums around the world. But in the early 1990s, he and Pilatus were involved in one of the largest scandals in the history of pop music. It was revealed that neither he nor Pilatus really sang on any of Milli Vanilli's music whatsoever.

After the scandal, the duo got themselves back together as Rob & Fab, though with limited success. Morvan had a solo comeback in the 2000s, with his album Love Revolution.

Morvan was born in Paris, France.

References

1966 births
Living people
French models
French pop singers
Musicians from Paris
The Easter Jeep Safari is an annual event hosted by the Red Rock 4-Wheelers off-road club. Four-wheelers come from all parts of the United States and other countries to challenge the rough terrain of the backcountry in the Moab, Utah area. While the title does say it is a festival of Jeeps, there are no restrictions on vehicle make or models used. However, all vehicles are expected to have high ground clearance Four-wheel drive vehicles with two-speed transfer cases. No ATV's or UTV's are allowed. The Easter Weekend safari lasts for nine days, going through Easter Sunday.

Expeditions
When going 4-wheeling, people can either go alone, or join up in a group. Groups usually meet up early in the day, at a certain location in the city. First waivers are signed and collected, then the drivers are given instruction and told to comply with any and all Bureau of Land Management regulations (i.e. stay on the trail, avoid walking on protected soil, etc.). Groups will then head out to the trails for the day. Once a group arrives at a trail, they will partially deflate ("air down") their tires to get better traction on sand or slick rock. Once the air down is completed they will begin through the trail and depending on the trail and the number of stops, it can take anywhere from a few hours to all day.

Many groups do radio introductions, over the CB radio, where a person (often the driver) will introduce his/her self and any passengers in the car. They may also tell if they have driven the trail before, or if it's their first time. When a group approaches a really difficult obstacle, a few will get out and act as a spotter to ensure everyone makes it up or down safely.

Groups will usually stop around noon or 1:00 P.M. for a lunch break. Drivers and passengers usually chat, take pictures, or do some work on their Jeep/4X4 vehicle. Once lunch is completed they will take off again.

Trails

Trails rank from easy to difficult (1 through 5). The classification system is the same used in skiing: Circle is Easy, Square is Moderate, and Diamond is Hard.  Many trails have several obstacles to get through.  Some of the most famous are Kenny's Climb, and White Knuckle Hill. Many involve rockcrawling.

Usage 
The Event is often attended by media representatives who cover outdoor and recreation events including representatives from Jeep. The Moab variant of the Jeep Wrangler
is named after Moab, UT.

Danger
Some trails, specifically the higher difficulty ones can be dangerous for inexperienced drivers, especially if they try to go alone. A basic rule for driving off-road is to never travel alone. Traveling in groups of two or more vehicles makes it more certain at least one vehicle can get back for help. Those who do venture out into the backcountry alone should have good communications (two-way radio, mobile phone or satellite device). Inexperienced groups are advised to bring a spotter along on the more difficult trails to avoid injuries and rollovers.

References

Other websites 
 Red Rock 4-Wheelers

Events in the United States
Christy O'Connor (21 December 1924 – 14 May 2016) was an Irish professional golfer. He was one of the leading golfers on the British and Irish circuit from the mid-1950s. He was born in Galway, Ireland. O'Connor won over 20 important British and Irish tournaments and finished in the top 10 in the Open Championship 10 times. 

In team events he played in 10 successive Ryder Cup matches and played in 15 Canada Cup/World Cup matches for Ireland, winning the Canada Cup in 1958 in partnership with Harry Bradshaw. His nephew was golfer Christy O'Connor Jnr who died in January 2016.

O'Connor Snr died at the age of 91 in a hospital in Dublin, on 14 May 2016.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Golfers
Sportspeople from the Republic of Ireland
Darwyn Cooke (November 16, 1962 – May 14, 2016) was a Canadian comic book writer, artist, cartoonist and animator. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He was known for his work on the comic books Catwoman, DC: The New Frontier, The Spirit and Richard Stark's Parker: The Hunter. 

Cooke died at his home in Florida after suffering from lung cancer on May 14, 2016, aged 53.

References

1962 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Florida
Comics artists
Animators
Cartoonists
Writers from Toronto
Unknown Worlds Entertainment is an independent game development company. It is based in San Francisco, California. The company wants to "unite the world through play". They are best known for Natural Selection.

History 
Unknown Worlds was created in 2001. They started development of a free mod Natural Selection.

They decided to create the second game Natural Selection 2. They soon after officially created Unknown Worlds Entertainment. To help raise money for Natural Selection 2, they created Zen of Sudoku in November 2006. Soon after, a small group of investors backed the project after a meeting at GDC in San Francisco.

In October 2006, Max McGuire became the first employee. He became the Technical Director. A year later, they released Decoda, a commercial debugger. The studio later switched from the Source Engine to their own engine, which was named "Evolution". It was later changed to "Spark" because "Evolution" was already being used.

In June 2008, Cory Strader was hired as an art director. In May 2009, Unknown Worlds started to accept pre-orders for the game. Natural Selection 2 was released on October 31, 2012.

On December 17, 2013, they announced Subnautica. Charlie Cleveland was the game director and lead gameplay. Hugh Jeremy was the producer. They decided to switch to the Unity game engine. It was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014. It is planned for Xbox One. It was released in August 2016.

In October 2021, South Korean video game developer Krafton announced that it would acquire Unknown Worlds and continue to operate as an independent game studio.

Games 
 Natural Selection (2002)
 Zen of Sudoku (2006)
 Natural Selection 2 (2012)
 Subnautica (2016)
 Future Perfect (TBA)

Awards 
Natural Selection
 2002 : Best Newcomer - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2002 : Mod of the Year - 'Game of the Year' Awards, Gamespy
 2003 : Most Improved Mods - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2003 : Mods You Should Never Leave Home Without - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2003 : Best Overall Mods - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2004 : Best Level Design - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2005 : Players' Choice #10 - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2006 : Honourable Mention - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
Natural Selection 2
 2012 : Best Indie Game - PC Gamer’s Best of E3 Awards
 2012 : Best Indie Game - Gamespy's Best of E3 Awards
 2012 : Best PC Multiplayer Game (People's Choice) - IGN Best of 2012 Awards

References

American video game companies
Companies based in San Francisco
In mathematics, a monomial is a polynomial which has only one term. A monomial cannot have a variable for a denominator. 

Algebra
Saruê is a mammal animal, of the Opossum family, existing in northeastern Brazil.

References

Mammals of South America
Cho Bong-am (, 25 September 1898 – 31 July 1959) was a South Korean independence activist and politician. He was the first Agriculture Minister of South Korea, 1948 - 1949.

Other websites 
 KBS 인물현대사 제32회 '진보,사형당하다-조봉암' 
 KBS 역사스페셜 -반세기만의 무죄판결 - 조봉암 죽음의 진실!-
 경작자에 땅 돌려준 사회구조 변혁 - 위클리 경향 824호

1898 births
1959 deaths
South Korean politicians
Communist politicians
Anti-Communists
Murder victims
Autobiographers
People from Incheon
Nouvelle-Aquitaine () is one of the administrative regions of France. Its capital is Bordeaux.

It is in the southwest of France formed in 2014 by three old regions: Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes was the temporary name for the region.

Geography

The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is the largest region of France with an area of . It is in southwestern France and borders to the northwest with the Pays de la Loire region, to the north with the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the east with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, to the southwest with the Occitanie region and to the south with Spain.

The Nouvelle-Aquitaine has about  of coast along the Atlantic Ocean.

The distances from Bordeaux, the capital of the region, to other cities are:

 Paris, the national capital, ;
 Toulouse, ;
 Marseille, ;
 Lyon, ;
 Montpellier, ;
 Nice, .

Rivers
The only main drainage basin in the region is the Atlantic basin; some of the rivers in region, from south to north, are:
 Adour - .
 Garonne - .
 Dordogne - ; it joins the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary.
 Charente - .
 Sèvre Niortaise - .

Mountains
The territory of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed mostly by large plains and low plateaus ( high). In the northern part of the region, the highest point is Mont Bessou with an elevation of , in the Massif Central. In the southern part of the region, there are higher mountains in the Pyrenees.

The Pic Palas (), at , is the highest mountain of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is in the Pyrenees mountain range of southern Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

The highest point of the different departments in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region are:

Departments
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed by 12 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region had, in 2014, a population of 5,879,144, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The main cities with more than 30,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Aquitaine
 Limousin
 Poitou-Charentes
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Regional Council website  
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France
Grand Est (; Alsatian: Grossa Oschta; Moselle Franconian/; Rhine Franconian: Groß Oschte;  ; ) is an administrative region in northeastern France. It was made from  three former administrative regions, Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, on 1 January 2016 under the short-lived name of Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL or ALCA) because of territorial reform which had been passed by the French law in 2014. The region sits along three water basins (Seine, Meuse and Rhine), spanning an area of , the 5th largest in France, and includes two mountain ranges (Vosges and Ardennes). It shares borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and Switzerland, and stands partly within the European Megalopolis.  The administrative capital and largest city, by far, is Strasbourg. The East of France has a interesting culture, being situated at a between the Latin and Germanic worlds which is shown in the variety of languages spoken there (Alsatian, Champenois, Lorraine Franconian etc.). Most of today's Grand Est region was thought to be "Eastern" as early as the 8th century, when it owned the southern part of the Francian territory of Austrasia. The city of Reims , would later play a ceremonial role in French history as the traditional site of the coronation of the kings of France. The Champagne fairs played an important part in the economy of medieval Europe as well. Alsace and Lorraine did well in the influence of the Holy Roman Empire for most of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The region is home to traditions (the celebration of Saint Nicholas Day, Christmas markets, or traditions involving the Easter hare in Alsace and Lorraine). Alsace-Moselle has to follow local law for historical reasons. With a long industrial history as well and its agriculture and tourism (arts, cuisine, sightseeing etc.), the East of France has one of the largest economic production levels in the country.

Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine was the old name for the region.

References

 
2016 establishments in France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (Franco-Provençal: Ôvèrgne-Rôno-Ârpes; ) is an administrative region of France that was created on 1 January 2016 from the former French regions Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes. It is in the central and eastern parts of southern France.

Its capital is the city of Lyon.

Geography
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region is the third largest region of Metropolitan France, after Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie, with an area of . It borders five French administrative regions: Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val de Loire to the northwest, Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west, Occitanie to the southwest and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast. It also borders two countries: Italy to the east and Switzerland to the northeast.

The region has the Massif Central to the east and the Alps to the east, with the valley of the Rhône river between them. Half of the Ain department is occupied by the Jura Mountains.

The extreme points for the region are in the communes:
 North : Château-sur-Allier, Allier ()
 East : Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoie ()
 South : Ferrassières, Drôme ()
 West : Siran, Cantal ()

Its capital, Lyon, is at  to the southwest of Paris, the national capital, at  to the northwest of Marseille and at  to the west of Bordeaux.

The distances from the different departmental capitals to Lyon, the regional capital, are:

 Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) - 
 Moulins (Allier) - 
 Privas (Ardèche) - 
 Aurillac (Cantal) - 
 Valence (Drôme) - 
 Grenoble (Isère) - 
 Saint-Étienne (Loire) - 
 Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) - 
 Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) - 
 Chambéry (Savoie) - 
 Annecy (Haute-Savoie) -

Rivers
There are two main drainage basin in the region; some rivers in those basins are:

 Atlantic basin
 Loire
 Allier

 Mediterranean basin
 Rhône
 Saône

Mountains
The Mont Blanc (), at , is the highest mountain of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France, Italy and of Western Europe.

The highest points in the different departments of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region are:

Departments
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region is formed by 13 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region had a population, in 2014, of 7,820,966, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Rhône with 1,801,885 inhabitants.

The main cities in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Auvergne
 Rhône-Alpes
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Official website of the region 
 Prefecture of the region 

 
2016 establishments in France