cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Larkin Building was designed in 1904 by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1906 for the Larkin Soap Company of Buffalo, New York.  The five story dark red brick building used pink tinted mortar and utilized steel frame construction. It was noted for many innovations, including air conditioning, stained glass windows, built-in desk furniture, and suspended toilet bowls. Though this was an office building, it still caught the essence of Frank Lloyd Wright's type of architecture. Sculptor Richard Bock provided ornamentation for the building.

It was located at 680 Seneca Street, the Larkin Building was demolished in 1950.

References

Other websites

The Larkin Building, Buffalo, NY: History of the Demolition by Jerome Puma, 1978
Work of Art: Demolition of Larkin Building was Key Loss for Preservation Advocates
Great Buildings: Larkin Building
Larkin Company: The People, Products and Premiums 

Buildings and structures in New York
Buffalo, New York
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
1906 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
With Blood Comes Cleansing is an American deathcore band. It formed in February 2005.

Discography
Studio albums
 Golgotha (2006)
 Horror (2008)

2005 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2010 disestablishments in the United States
Albany, Georgia
American heavy metal bands
Deathcore bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups established in 2005
Soledad Mexia (August 13, 1899 – August 30, 2013) was a Mexican-American supercentenarian who at the time of her death was the world's fifth-oldest living person and the oldest living resident of California. She is the oldest Mexican-born person ever.

Soledad Mexia was born in La Noria, Sinaloa, Mexico, on August 13, 1899. She had seven children, 24 grandchildren, 45 great-grandchildren and two great-great grandchildren, and lived most of her life in San Diego, California, United States.

On August 30, 2013, Mexia died from natural causes, seventeen days after her 114th birthday, at a hospice in Chula Vista, California.

References

1899 births
2013 deaths
American supercentenarians
Deaths from natural causes
People from San Diego, California
People from Sinaloa
Murray Gershenz (May 12, 1922 – August 28, 2013) was an American entrepreneur and actor. Gershenz's acting career did not begin until he was 79 years old, when he starred in a 2001 episode of Will & Grace. As an entrepreneur, he operated the Music Man Murray record store.

Gershenz was born in New York City, New York on May 12, 1922. On August 28, 2013, Gershenz died of a heart attack at the age of 91 in Los Angeles. He was survived by his 3 children.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1922 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
The Nintendo 2DS is a handheld game console made by Nintendo. It is a new version of Nintendo's Nintendo 3DS console that has a flat design like the Game Boy consoles (instead of the flip design (a design where two or more sections fold by a hinge) of the 3DS), and does not play 3DS games in 3D. It was announced on August 27, 2013. It was released on October 12, 2013 in North America, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. It is aimed towards children under the age of seven, whom Nintendo had said should not use the 3D mode on the 3DS due to possible health problems that it could cause. It costs less than the 3DS. In North America, it costs $129.99 (£109.99 in the UK), compared to the $169.99 (£134.99 in the UK) price of the 3DS.

References

Other websites

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo video game consoles
The Xhosa (Xhosa: amaXhosa) are an ethnic group living in South Africa. About 22% of people in South Africa are Xhosa. The Xhosa language, called , is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup, like Zulus.
The amaxhosa tribe consists of many different tribes within the culture of Amaxhosa. There are other tribes such as the Mpondo tribes, Amabaca tribes to name a few. The Tribes are of different chiefs and kings and have no single ruler due to their diverse tribes which also practice cultural customs differently from tribe to tribe. The closer tribes consists of various clan names which have been in existence for centuries. The notable ones are, amaQwathi, amaGcina, oRhadebe, oDlamini, oJola, amaSukwini, amaMirha, to name a few.

Related pages
 Nguni languages
 Bantu people
 Zulu people

Ethnic groups in Africa
South African people
Giuseppina Bozzacchi (November 23, 1853 – November 23, 1870) was a ballerina. She was born in Milan, Italy and died in Paris, France. She was the first to dance the part of Swanhilda in Coppélia in May 1870. She was a great success. She died a few months later from cholera on her birthday in November 1870.

Ballerinas
1853 births
1870 deaths
People from Milan
Shoemaking is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made byhandicraft. Few people buy shoes made by old-fashioned methods anymore, preferring cheaper ones made by industrial mass production. The old methods are still used for buyers who want unusually high quality. Shoemakers may produce a range of footwear items, including shoes, boots, sandals, clogs and moccasins. Such items are generally made of leather, wood, rubber, plastic, jute or other plant material.

A cordwainer is a shoemaker who makes very fine soft leather shoes. A cobbler is someone who repairs shoes.

References

Other websites

Footwear
Occupations
Motivation is an important part of human psychology. It arouses a person to act towards a desired goal. It is a driving force which promotes action. For example, hunger is a motivation which causes a desire to eat. "Motivation is an energizer of behavior". is the purpose or psychological cause of an action.

With animals, motivation is caused by basic needs: needs for food, water, warmth, safety, mating, protecting the young, defending territory, needs to escape pain and threats... The drive to do these things is instinctive, inborn, and triggered by circumstance.

With humans, whose mental life is so much more complex, motivation is more complicated. Obviously, humans feel the need for food and water, avoid pain and so on. But they are also capable of having long-term plans which are more difficult to understand.

Drives 
A drive or desire is a deficiency or need that activates behaviour aimed at a goal or an incentive.

Drives may arise inside or outside an organism. External drives for humans are rewards and punishments, and can be quite subtle: a frown or a smile may be sufficient for a young person.

Drives often occur within the individual and may not need external stimuli to encourage the behaviour. An example is the sexual drive which is driven by our hormone system. The desire for sex is wired deep into the brain of all human beings as glands secrete hormones that travel through the blood to the brain and stimulates the onset of sexual desire. The process is started by the brain's hypothalamus, which releases pulses of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone). This starts a whole chain of reactions which we call "puberty". Longer term, the hormone supporting male sex drive is testosterone, and for women testosterone and oestrogen.

By contrast, outside rewards and stimuli are used in training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process. Children are motivated to learn by approval of friendly adults, and by their own pleasure at success.

Emotions and unconscious motivation 
Motivation and emotion are intertwined: "Emotional states tend to have motivational properties".

Not all motivated behaviour is the result of conscious decisions. Freudian psychology suggests that much behaviour is motivated by "unconscious factors, working through a network of defence mechanisms, symbolic disguises and psychological cloaks".

References 

Psychology
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), or Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), is a hormone synthesized and released from neurons in the hypothalamus.

GnRH is responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. 

GnRH activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty or adolescence. During the reproductive years, pulse activity is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by feedback loops. However, once a pregnancy is established, GnRH activity is not required. 

Hormones
Southern hip hop is a type of hip hop music that comes from the Southern United States. A well-known Southern hip hop musician is Lil' Wayne. Some other well known artists include: Ludacris, Gucci Mane, Birdman, 2 Chainz, Vanilla Ice, T.I., Young Buck, Lil Toe, Lil Pump, Migos and Three Six Mafia.

In 2003 a documentary movie called Dirty States of America: The Untold Story of Southern Hip-Hop was released.

Hip hop genres
Ronald Harry Coase (29 December 1910 – 2 September 2013) was a British economist. He was a Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School. Coase won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991.

Early life
Ronald Harry Coase was born in Willesden, Middlesex, on 29 December 1910. As a child, Coase had a weakness in his legs, which is why he had to wear leg-irons.

Education
Due to this problem, he attended the school for physical defectives. At the age of 12, he was able to enter at the Kilburn Grammar School on scholarship. Coase attended the London School of Economics, where he received a bachelor of commerce degree in 1932.

Career
After studying with the University of London External Programme in 1927–29, Coase entered the London School of Economics, where he took courses with Arnold Plant. He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991.

Coase became the oldest living Nobel laureate before his death in 2013.

Personal life
Coase was married to Marian Hartung from 1937 until his death in 2013. They had no children.

Death
Coase died in Chicago, Illinois on 2 September 2013 from natural causes. He was 102 years old.

References

Other websites
 Coase Institute
 "Looking for Results" , interview in Reason by Thomas W. Hazlett
 2003 Coase Centennial Speech delivered by Coase (500MB QuickTime file, recommend downloading video before watching)
 Schumpeter "Why do Firms Exist?",  Economist, 16 December 2010.
 Russ Roberts's "Coase on Externalities, the Firm, and the State of Economics" from the Library of Economics and Liberty

1910 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British Nobel Prize winners
British educators
Deaths from natural causes
English centenarians
English historians
English scientists

Writers from Middlesex
Frederik George Pohl, Jr. (November 26, 1919 – September 2, 2013) was an American science fiction writer, editor and fan. His career has spanned over seventy-five years — from his first published work, the 1937 poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna", through the 2011 novel All the Lives He Led and articles and essays published in 2012.

Pohl was born on November 26, 1919, in New York City, New York. His family moved to Brooklyn when Pohl was around seven.

Pohl studied at Brooklyn Technical High School, but dropped out at the age of 17. Pohl was married to Judith Merril from 1949 until they divorced in 1953. They had one child. He married Carol Metallica in 1952; they divorced in 1982. He was married to Elizabeth Ann Hull from 1984 until his death in 2013.

Pohl died on September 2, 2013, in Palatine, Illinois from respiratory failure, aged 93.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Frederik Pohl entry at NNDB
 Frederik Pohl Papers
 Locus Interview with Pohl, 2000

1919 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Illinois
American editors
Writers from New York City
Remy or Rémy is a French name. It might mean:

 Pont-Remy, a French commune in Picardie
 Rémy, a French commune in Pas-de-Calais
 Remy, Oise
 Remy, Oklahoma
 Remy Zero, a musical group
 Remy, the main character from the movie Ratatouille

Remy is a name of an annoying boy he is totally not french Go on to simple Isabelle it will be a bad report but it is all fake sorry about this little dushbag he has a weird name od not name your child this or yourself
Developmental coordination disorder is a chronic disability that affects coordination. It is also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia or dyspraxia. Around 2-6% of people have dyspraxia. Four times as many males than females have it. It is sometimes called 'clumsy child syndrome', but adults have it too. People with dyspraxia (Dyspraxics) may have other disabilities such as ADHD or autism.  

There is no single cause of dyspraxia. It may not be diagnosed until later in childhood or sometimes teenage years. It cannot be cured: people who have it will live with it for life, however people are able to overcome it and find alternative ways to accomplish tasks which may usually be difficult without support.

Signs
Finding it hard to tell between left and right
Finding it hard to learn to tie shoelaces, ties or put on tights
Bad balance and poor self-awareness some children's heads go fuzzy and forget things
Messy/untidy, hard-to-read handwriting (some use a computer)

Associated disorders 
People who have developmental coordination disorder may also have one or more of these conditions:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsive behaviour).
Autism spectrum disorder
Dyscalculia (difficulty with mathematics),
Dysgraphia (an inability to write neatly and/or draw),
Dyslexia (difficulty with reading and spelling),
Hypotonia (low muscle tone)
Sensory processing disorder
Specific language impairment (SLI)
Visual perception deficits

Famous people with dyspraxia
Daniel Radcliffe has dyspraxia.

References

Other websites
Dyspraxia Foundation website
Dyspraxia Yahoo Group 

Disability
James Lance Bass (born May 4, 1979) is an American pop singer, dancer, actor, film and television producer, and author. He grew up in Mississippi and became famous as a singer in the American pop boy band NSYNC. NSYNC's success led Bass to work in film and television. He starred in the 2001 film On the Line, which his company, Bacon & Eggs, also produced. Bass later formed a second production company, Lance Bass Productions, as well as a now-defunct music management company, Free Lance Entertainment, with Mercury Records. In 2006 he came out as gay. Bass has Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A book that Bass wrote about his life so far, Out of Sync, was published in 2007. In September 2013 Bass became engaged to Michael Turchin.

Discography 
*NSYNC (1998)
No Strings Attached (2000)
Celebrity (2001)

References

1979 births
Living people
Actors from Mississippi
American LGBT people
American pop musicians
American television producers
Gay men
LGBT singers
Musicians from Mississippi
NSYNC
Space tourists
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is a NASA spacecraft. It launched August 12, 2005 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and arrived at Mars on March 10, 2006. It went into orbit around Mars, and has been studying the planet since then. The main area of study is looking for water on Mars, under the surface of Mars, and in the atmosphere of Mars. To do this, it has the largest telescope ever sent to another planet. The orbiter also works as a communications satellite. Its powerful antennas send and receive messages between NASA on Earth, and rovers on the surface of Mars.

References 

NASA spacecraft
The Black Eye Galaxy (or Sleeping Beauty Galaxy; Messier 64, M64, Evil Eye Galaxy or NGC 4826) was discovered in 1779. It is a fairly close galaxy, just over 24 million light years away.

It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of its bright nucleus. This is why it is called the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy. M64 is well known among amateur astronomers because it can be seen in small telescopes. It is a spiral galaxy in the Coma Berenices constellation.

Galactic collision 
The gas in the outer areas of M64 rotates in the opposite direction to the gas and stars in the inner areas. The inner area has a radius of only about 3,000 light-years, while the outer area extends another 40,000 light-years  Many new stars are near the edges between the two areas.

Astronomers think the oppositely rotating gas happened when M64 took in a galaxy that collided with it. This happened over a billion years ago. New stars are forming in the shear region. The shear region is where the oppositely rotating gases collide, are pushed together, and get smaller. 

The image shows hot, blue young stars that have just been made. There are pink clouds of glowing hydrogen gas that fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light from newly made stars. The small galaxy that collided with M64 has now been almost completely destroyed. Its stars are either in the main galaxy or scattered into intergalactic space. The motion of gas at the outer edge of M64 is a sign of the ancient collision.

Reference 

Spiral galaxies
Centaurus A or NGC 5128 is a prominent galaxy in the constellation  of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop at his home in  New South Wales, Australia. 

NGC 5128 is either a Hubble type lenticular galaxy or a elliptical galaxy. It is 1016 million light-years away.

NGC 5128 is one of the closest radio galaxies to Earth. Its active center has been well studied. The galaxy is the fifth brightest in the sky, and is an ideal amateur astronomy target. The galaxy is only visible from low northern latitudes and the southern hemisphere.

Spitzer Space Telescope studies have confirmed that Centaurus A is colliding with, and devouring, a smaller spiral galaxy. Like other starburst galaxies, the collision produced the intense burst of star formation. 

The center of the galaxy has a supermassive black hole. Its mass is about 55 million solar masses. This ejects a relativistic jet with emissions in the X-ray and radio wavelengths. Astronomers have taken radio observations of the jet ten years apart. They found that the inner parts of the jet are moving at about half the speed of light. X-rays are produced further out as the jet collides with surrounding gas. This produces highly energetic particles. The radio jets of Centaurus A are over a million light years long.

References 

Starburst galaxies
Marble Arch is a white Carrara marble monument which is on a large traffic island. It is at the junction of Oxford Street, Park Lane, and Edgware Road, almost directly opposite Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park in the City of Westminster, London.

Historically, only members of the royal family and the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, have been allowed to pass through the arch in ceremonial procession.

The name "Marble Arch" today usually refers to the area in West London where the arch is, at the southern end of Edgware Road. There is also a Marble Arch underground station nearby.

History

Until 1851 it stood in front of Buckingham Palace. The arch was designed in 1825 by John Nash as a ceremonial entrance to the courtyard of the new Buckingham Palace. He was rebuilding the palace from the former Buckingham House. The palace, as designed by Nash, was laid out around three sides of the courtyard, with the Marble Arch placed on its open eastern side.

References 

Buildings and structures in London
Godzilla is a 2014 action adventure science fiction monster movie. It is based on the Japanese movie monster of the same name. It is the second Godzilla movie to be made by an American movie studio, after the 1998 movie of the same name. It retells how Godzilla got started in the modern day as a "terrifying force of nature". It was produced by Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures, and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures worldwide (except in Japan, where it was distributed by Toho). It was released on May 16, 2014.

Plot
The movie has Godzilla fight against giant monsters called MUTOs who put the Earth in danger.

Cast
 Aaron Taylor-Johnson as Lieutenant Ford Brody 
 Bryan Cranston as Joe Brody
 Elizabeth Olsen as Elle Brody
 Ken Watanabe as Dr. Ishiro Serizawa
 Juliette Binoche as Sandra Brody
 David Strathairn as Admiral William Stenz
 Richard T. Jones as a military figure "The Colonel"
 Victor Rasuk as Tre Morales
 Akira Takarada (unknown role)
 Sally Hawkins as a scientist
 Yuki Morita as Akio
 CJ Adams as Young Ford
 Jared Keeso as Jump Master
 Patrick Sabongui as Master Sergeant Marcus Waltz
 Al Sapienza as Huddleston
 Brian Markinson as Whalen

Future
The movie's success prompted Toho to produce a reboot of its own and Legendary to proceed with sequels and a shared cinematic franchise, with Godzilla: King of the Monsters set to be released in 2019 and Godzilla vs. Kong to be released in 2020 with Godzilla set to battle with King Kong from Kong: Skull Island (2017).

References

Other websites
 Godzilla Encounter 
 Godzilla (2014) Movie News
 

2014 action movies
2014 science fiction movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s American action movies
2010s American adventure movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Godzilla
MonsterVerse
Reboot movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about dinosaurs
Movies set in islands
Movies set in Japan
Movies set in Hawaii
Movies set in San Francisco
Apocalyptic movies
National Art Museum of Azerbaijan () is the biggest art museum of Azerbaijan. It was founded in 1936 in Baku and in 1943 was named after Rustam Mustafayev, a famous Azerbaijani theater stage designer and theater artist. The museum's total collection includes over 15,000 artworks. There are over 3,000 items in 60 rooms on permanent display. About 12,000 items are kept in storage. The museum often changes the temporary displays so that more of these stored artworks can be displayed for a short time. The museum is made up of two buildings standing next to each other.

The displays
Seven of the rooms in the first building show European art, and ten rooms show Russian art. European art includes artworks of Italian (Guercino, Leandro Bassano, Francesco Solimena, Lorenzo Bartolini), French (Jules Dupré, Gaspard Dughet, Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret, Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant), Dutch/Flemish (Frans Hals, Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, Adriaen Brouwer, Adriaen van Ostade, Justus Sustermans, Pieter Claesz), German (Johann Heinrich Roos, Fritz August Kaulbach) and Polish (Jan Styka) painters.

The second building built in 1885 houses Eastern art, represented particularly by Persian, Turkish, Chinese and Japanese art. Russian art is represented notably by paintings of Karl Briullov, Alexey Venetsianov, Vasily Vereshchagin, Isaac Levitan, Vladimir Makovsky, Valentin Serov, Vladimir Borovikovsky, Vasily Tropinin, Konstantin Korovin and Ivan Shishkin. There are also restored artworks of Russian avant-garde.

Among Azerbaijani artists represented are painters Mir Mohsun Navvab, Bahruz Kangarli, Tair Salakhov, Azim Azimzade, Salam Salamzade, Vidadi Narimanbekov, Mikail Abdullayev, Togrul Narimanbekov and sculptor Omar Eldarov. The works of Sattar Bahlulzade fill one entire room. 

The museum also holds easel and book miniatures of 17th-19th centuries, lacquered (varnished) miniatures of 18th-19th centuries and collection of sherbet spoons, made from mulberry tree.

The first works were acquired from Saint-Petersburg, Moscow and private collections. The museum expositions were later shown in Canada (1966), Cuba (1967), Syria (1968), France (1969), former Czechoslovakia, Algeria (both 1970), Iraq (1971) etc. The museum is open Tuesday to Sunday from 10:00 until 18:00.

References

Other websites

 Museum's overview (Bakupages.com)

Museums in Baku
Art museums
National museums in Asia
Buildings and structures in Baku
1936 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Azerbaijan
The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms is a 1953 science fiction monster movie. It was released on June 13, 1953, by Premier Productions. It was produced by Warner Bros. It made over $5 million, including $2.25 million in the United States in its first year.

The movie was the first movie to show a monster being woken up or created by an explosion from an atomic bomb. Its success helped cause the creation of more monster movies in the 1950s such as Godzilla.

Plot
An atomic bomb test in the Arctic Circle wakes up a sleeping dinosaur, the fictional Rhedosaurus. After being woken up, it destroys New York City before being killed at Coney Island.

Cast

 Paul Christian as Professor Tom Nesbitt
 Paula Raymond as Lee Hunter
 Cecil Kellaway as Dr. Thurgood Elson
 Kenneth Tobey as Colonel Jack Evans
 Donald Woods as Captain Phil Jackson
 Ross Elliott as George Ritchie
 Steve Brodie as Sgt. Loomis

 Jack Pennick as Jacob Bowman
 Michael Fox as ER doctor
 Lee Van Cleef as Corporal Jason Stone
 Frank Ferguson as Dr. Morton
 King Donovan as Dr. Ingersoll
 James Best as Charlie, radar operator

References

Other websites
 

1953 movies
Monster movies
1950s science fiction movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
The Transkei (meaning the area beyond the river Kei), officially the Republic of Transkei was a Bantustan—an area for members of a specific ethnicity. It was in the southeastern region of South Africa. Its capital was Umtata (renamed Mthatha in 2004). President of South Africa Nelson Mandela was born here.

References

History of South Africa
The Thembu are a tribe that was made to fall under the subgroup of the Xhosa people during the Apartheid period . They are one of the handful of nation groups that speak IsiXhosa in South Africa. In Xhosa the name is abaThembu, aba- being a common prefix for peoples. The current reigning King of the abathembu is King  Buyelekhaya Dalindyebo  whose praise name is Zwelibanzi. The most recognizable Thembu person in Nelson Mandela. The traditional homeland of the Thembu is called Thembuland.

South African people
Ethnic groups in Africa
The University of Fort Hare is a public university in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa. It was an important university for black Africans from 1916 to 1959. 

It offered a Western-style, academically excellent education to students from across sub-Saharan Africa, creating a black African elite. Nelson Mandela studied at the university during his early years before leading a group of students on a political strike and getting expelled.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Fort Hare
The African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) is a part of the African National Congress for younger people. It was founded in 1944 by Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu. They created the foundation to put an end to apartheid in Africa.

The African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was established on 2 April 1944, by Anton Lambede (who became the League’s first President), Nelson Mandela, Ashby Mda, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo. They were joined by, Duma Nokwe, B Masekela, Ida Mtwa, Lillian Ngoyi, James Njongweni, William Nkomo and Dan Tloome. The aim of the Youth League was to galvanise the youth to step up the fight against segregation within the country. At the time the ANCYL was established, political circumstances in South Africa were tenuous as the ruling United Party was divided about South Africa’s participation in World War II. Four years after the establishment of the Youth League, the United Party’s rule came to an end and the country was subsequently governed by the National Party.

Former leaders
 Fikile Mbalula
 Julius Malema

References

Nationalist organizations in South Africa
Nelson Mandela
Politics of South Africa
Youth organizations
1944 establishments
20th-century establishments in South Africa
This article lists the most distant things known to us, all of which are galaxies or energy sources inside galaxies. Their distances are described in two ways. redshift = z, and billion light years (Gly).

As of 2012, there are only about 50 possible objects z=8 or farther, and another 100 z=7 candidates. Candidates vary in their notablity, so not everything is included here. 1 Gly = 1 billion light-years = 109 ly.

UDFy-38135539 is the furthest confirmed object (spectroscopically analysed) at 13.1 Gly.

Related pages 

Galaxy
List of galaxies
IC 1101: the largest known galaxy, with about 100 trillion stars.

References 

Galaxies
Astronomy lists
UDFj-39546284 is a 'stellar structure' (probably a galaxy) reported January 27, 2011 as light from the oldest object. It was detected through infrared observation by the Hubble Space Telescope.  It was reported in December 2012 to be at redshift z = 11.9 using Hubble and Spitzer telescope data, including Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF).

The actual stellar source of the light detected no longer exists. The image is likely to correspond to a compact mini-galaxy of blue stars that existed as we see it 13.42 billion years ago, around "380 million years" after the Big Bang (estimated at 13.8 billion years ago).

At the time of the announcement, it was the oldest galaxy found. It beat the previous distance record holder by about 150 million light years. With the revision of the distance, it again became the oldest galaxy found as of December 12, 2012. The next attempt to see further will be the James Webb Space Telescope launched sometime this decade.

Unlike UDFy-38135539, UDFj-39546284 has not been spectroscopically confirmed. A galaxy first formed near to the end of the Dark Ages, it offers information from early after the Big Bang.

References 

Galaxies
Cypriniformes is a group of ray-finned fish, which includes carps and minnows. The group contains 320 genera, with over 3200 species.

References

Ray-finned fish
Faegheh Atashin (, , born on 5 May 1950 in Tehran), known by her stage name Googoosh (, ), is an Iranian singer and actress. She is considered one of most iconic female pop-singers in Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries. 

Googoosh has been married three times. She has a son, Kambiz. She currently lives in Los Angeles.

Discography

Studio albums
 1970: Do Panjareh (Two Windows)
 1971: Mordab (The Swamp)
 1972: Kooh (The Mountain)
 1974: Do Maahi (Two Fish)
 1974: Hamsafar (Co-Traveler)
 1975: Pol (The Bridge)
 1975: Mosabbeb (with Dariush)
 1977: Dar Emtedâde Šab (Along the Night)
 1978: Ageh Bemooni (If You Stay)
 Nimeh Gomshodeh Man ("My Lost Half", year unknown)
 Behtarin Fasl-e-Taazeh ("The Best Fresh Season", year unknown)
 Jadeh (The Road)
 Kavir (The Desert)
 Yadam Basheh, Yadet Basheh (Shenasnameyeh 1)
 Setaareh (The Star)
 Mann O Gonjeshkayeh Khoneh (Me and Sparrows of the Home)
 Lahzeh Bidari (Awakening Moment)

Albums (Since she returned to music)
 2000: Zartosht (Zoroaster)
 2004: Akharin Khabar (Latest News)
 2006: Manifest (Manifest)
 2008: Shabe Sepid (White Night)
 2010:  Hajme Sabz (Green Volume)
 2012:  E'jaz (Miracle)

Filmography

References

Other websited

 Official website

1950 births
Living people
Iranian singers
People from Tehran
Azerbaijani diaspora
The Anthem of Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic () was the national anthem of Armenia when it was a republic of the Soviet Union.

The writer of the lyrics was Armenak Sarkisya, a poet. The composer of this song was Aram Khachaturian. He was known for his ballets. 

Like many national anthems of republics of the Soviet Union, this song praised Vladimir Lenin, the October Revolution and Communism. It also praised the friendship of republics of the Soviet Union. "Hayastan" in the lyrics was the name that the Armenian ethnic called themselves. "Severe" in the lyrics means the Armenian history, such as earthquakes.

After Armenia became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991, the national anthem was changed to Our Fatherland.

Lyrics

Trivia
This anthem did not begin with an intro.
This anthem never mentioned Stalin in the lyrics.

References

History of Armenia
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
Greyfriars Bobby (4 May 1855 - 14 January 1872) was a Skye terrier. He belonged to a policeman in Edinburgh named John Gray. When Mr. Gray died in 1858, he was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard. Bobby stayed near the grave of Mr. Gray long after the funeral. He would not leave. 

The little dog came to be called Greyfriars Bobby.  He stayed at the grave for the rest of his life. Bobby died in 1872. He was buried just inside the gates of the kirkyard. His grave is marked by a small pink granite stone. Bobby's collar and bowl are displayed in the Museum of Edinburgh.

In 1873, Lady Angela Burdett-Coutts erected a drinking fountain (pictured) in Edinburgh to the memory of Greyfriars Bobby.  The bronze statue of Bobby on top of the fountain was made by William Brodie. The fountain and statue have long been favourites of Scots. 

The fountain is near the George IV Bridge in Edinburgh. The statue of Bobby sits on top of a column of granite. At the bottom, there is an eight-sided drinking basin for dogs. Near the top, there is a drinking spout for people. In 1957, the water was turned off because of health concerns. 

Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson wrote a book about Bobby in 1912. It has never been out of print. A movie based on the book was made in 1961. This movie stars Tam O'Shanter as Bobby, and is described as "a tearjerker, one that saddens and lifts the spirit at the same time."

References

Individual dogs
Edinburgh
Luminescence is light emitted by a substance not caused by heat. In contrast, incandescence is light emitted by a substance as a result of heating.

Luminescence can be caused by chemical reactions, electrical energy, subatomic motions, or piezoelectricity (stress on a crystal).   The term 'luminescence' was introduced in 1888 by Eilhard Wiedemann.

The dials, hands, scales and signs of aviation and navigational instruments and markings are often coated with luminescent materials in a process known as 'luminising'.

Some types of luminescence 
Chemiluminescence, the making light from a chemical reaction.
Bioluminescence, emission as a result of biochemical reaction by a living organism
Fluorescence, emission after higher-energy electromagnetic radiation is applied
Phosphorescence, same cause, but emission is delayed, lasting sometimes for hours
Electroluminescence: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

References 

Science
Light sources
Victim blaming is holding the victim of a crime responsible for that crime. Starting in the 1970s, the term was commonly used in the United States. It was mainly used in connection with trials for rape, as well those with a racist background.

In 1947 Theodor W. Adorno defined what would be later called "blaming the victim," as "one of the most sinister features of the Fascist character".
Shortly after, Adorno and three other professors at the University of California, Berkeley created their influential and highly debated F-scale (F for fascist), published in The Authoritarian Personality (1950), which included among the fascist traits of the scale the "contempt for everything discriminated against or weak." A common example of victim blaming is the "asking for it" idiom, e.g. "she was asking for it" said of a victim of violence or sexual assault.

Opposing views
Roy Baumeisteress, a social and personality psychologist, argued that blaming the victim is not always wrong. According to him, it can lead to new ideas that show that the victim was at least partly responsible for the act. Baumeister argues that the common explanations of violence and cruelty are not helpful because they say that the victim was innocent. According to him, in the classic telling of "the myth of pure evil," the innocent, well-meaning victims are going about their business when they are suddenly assaulted by terrible villains. The situation, however, is not this simple; In most cases, the victim has done something to either anger the offender, or to help the offender's actions. In spite of this, the actions that follow may be more important than the "victim's" first offense.

Examples
In 2005, Australian Muslim preacher Feiz Mohammad gave a speech in Australia in which he blamed women for being rape victims.  He said:  "A victim of rape every minute somewhere in the world. Why? No one to blame but herself. She displayed her beauty to the entire world... Strapless, backless, sleeveless, showing their legs, nothing but satanic skirts, slit skirts, translucent blouses, miniskirts, tight jeans: all this to tease man and appeal to his carnal [sexual] nature.

In a case that became famous in 2011, an eleven-year-old victim of repeated gang rapes in Cleveland, Texas, was accused by the defense attorney of sexually attracting men on purpose so that they would try to rape her.  "Like the spider and the fly. Wasn't she saying, 'Come into my parlor, said the spider to the fly?' ", he asked a witness. The New York Times ran an article uncritically reporting on the way many in the community blamed the victim, for which the newspaper later apologized.

In a case that attracted worldwide coverage, when a woman was raped and killed in India in December 2012, some Indian government officials and political leaders blamed the victim for her outfit and being out late at night.

References

Psychology
Discrimination
Crime
Greyfriars Bobby is a family-oriented Walt Disney movie from 1961. It was based on Eleanor Atkinson's 1912 book of the same name. The movie was directed by Don Chaffey, and stars Donald Crisp and Laurence Naismith. The movie is about a Skye terrier named Bobby. When his master dies, Bobby will not leave his graveside in Greyfriars Kirkyard. Two men in the neighborhood quarrel over owning the the dog, but the dog remains on his master's grave. When "Greyfriars Bobby" is threatened with being put down because he does not have a license, the poor children of the neighborhood use their money to buy him the needed license. Bobby is given the freedom of the city.

Disney movies
Movies about dogs
Movies based on books
1961 movies
American family movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Don Chaffey
Ambroise Vollard (3 July 1866 – 21 July 1939) was one of the most important dealers in French modern art in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He had his portrait painted by so many artists that Picasso said "The most beautiful woman who ever lived has never had her portrait painted, drawn, or engraved any oftener than Vollard".

In most cases he bought art directly from the painters of his day. He was the first owner of Cézanne's Vue sur l'Estaque et le Chateau d'If. This sold at Christie's in London for £13,522,500 in February 1015.

He sold these almost unknown artists, who became world-famous. They included Paul Cézanne, Aristide Maillol, Renoir, Louis Valtat, Pablo Picasso, André Derain, Georges Rouault, Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. He was also an avid art collector and publisher.

Background 
After graduation, Vollard became a collector-dealer in art. In 1893, he started his own art gallery, at Rue Laffitte, then the center of the Parisian market for modern art. There Vollard put on his first major exhibition: Manet and others were followed by Gauguin and Van Gogh (4 – 30 June 1895).

Not attractive in appearance, he was a very shrewd businessman who made a fortune. In 1930 Vollard commissioned Picasso to produce a suite of 100 etchings which became known as the Vollard Suite.

Vollard would later write biographies of Cézanne (1914), Degas, and Renoir, as well as the charming Recollections of a Picture Dealer (1936). Vollard was killed in July 1939, at the age of 73, on his way to Paris, when his chauffer-driven car skidded off the road.

The fate of the collection 
News of his death prompted this letter from one artist to another:
"Are you aware of the enormity of the estate? Discoveries everywhere, valuable things, never sold nor noted, discoveries under piles of canvases, priceless, surpassing all calculation, the heirs in incredible disorder, lawsuit after lawsuit will follow".

Vollard died without direct heirs. Much of the art was left to extended family and close friends, although a significant number of works apparently were sold, dispersed, or disappeared during World War II.

More than 80 years after his death, works from his collection were sold after agreement with the various claimants to his estate. Massive auctions were held by Sotheby's in Paris and London in June 2010.

References

1866 births
1939 deaths
French businesspeople
French artists
Road accident deaths
Khomein (, also Romanized as Khomeyn, Khowmeyn, and Khūmaīn) is a city in and the capital of Khomeyn County, Markazi Province, Iran.  At the 2006 census, its population was 64,031, in 17,399 families. The city is the birthplace of the Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Iranian Revolution.

References

Cities in Iran
Capital cities in Asia
Markazi Province
Semnan Province (, Ostān-e Semnān ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Located north of the country, its center is Semnan.
Tommy Gunn (born May 13, 1967 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) is an American pornographic actor. He began his career in pornographic movies in 2004.

Related pages
 Rocco Siffredi

References

1967 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American pornographic actors
This is a list of monarchs of Wessex until 927. For later monarchs, see the List of English monarchs.  Details for many of the later English monarchs are confirmed by a number of sources. But the earliest kings of Wessex predate many written sources. Wessex was one of the seven kingdoms of the British Heptarchy.  This is a later name given to the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England during the early Middle Ages. Besides Wessex it included Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, and Sussex. 

The year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. One by one the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were defeated by the Danes (Vikings). By the close of the ninth century the last four independent kingdoms of England had been reduced to just one. Wessex was the only remaining kingdom not destroyed by the Vikings. Under Alfred the Great Wessex became the core of a unified England. His grandson, Athelstan was the first King of England.

Monarchs of the West Saxons (Wessex)

Cerdicing Dynasty 

 Cerdic (519–534)
Creoda (534?) Likely disputed 
 Cynric (534–560)
 Ceawlin (560–591)
 Ceol (591–597)
 Ceolwulf (597–611)
 Cynegils (611–643)
 Cwichelm (626–636)
 Cenwalh (643–645)
 Centwine (probable) (645–648)
 Cenwalh (648–672) (restored to the throne)
 Seaxburh (672–674)
 Cenfus (674)
 Aescwine (674–676)
 Centwine (676–685)
 Caedwalla (685–688)
 Ine (688–726)
 Athelheard (726–740) 
 Cuthred (740–756)
 Sigeberht (756–757)
 Cynewulf (757–786)
 Beorhtric (786–802)
 Egbert (802–839)
 Athelwulf (839–858)
 Athelbald (858–860)
 Athelbert (860–865)
 Athelred (865–871)
 Alfred the Great (871–899)
 Edward the Elder (899–924)
 Alfweard (924), son of Edward, ruled for 16 days.
 Athelstan (924–927), after 927 ruled as King of the English.

Related pages  

 List of English monarchs

Image gallery

Notes

References 

Lists of British monarchs
South Khorasan Province ( Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Jonūbī ) is a province in eastern Iran. Birjand is the centre of the province. Other major cities include Ferdows, Tabas and Qaen.

Related pages 
 Khorasan
 Razavi Khorasan Province
 North Khorasan Province

Other websites 
 The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian) 
 Cultural Heritage Foundation of Khorasan 

Provinces of Iran
North Khorasan Province (, Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Shomālī and Kurdish: Xorasani kurdi) is a province in northeastern Iran. Its capital is Bojnord.

References

Other websites 
 The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian) 
 Cultural Heritage Foundation of Khorasan
Bojnord (Persian: بجنورد) (also spelled Bojnūrd, Bujnūrd, Bojnoord, or Bujnurd.) is the capital city of North Khorasan Province, Iran. It is about  from Tehran.

Climate

References

Cities in Iran
Ardabil  (Persian and Azeri: اردبیل, also Romanized as Ardabīl and Ardebīl) is a historical city in north-western Iran. The name Ardabil comes from the Zoroastrian name of "Artawila", meaning a holy place. Ardabil is the capital of Ardabil Province.  At the 2011 census, its population was 564,365, in 156,324 families, Its inhabitants are ethnic Azeris. Ardabil is also known for the sanctuary and tomb of Shaikh Safî ad-Dîn, eponym of the Safavid Dynasty.

References

Other websites 
 Ardabil Tourist Attractions
 http://www.irantour.org/Iran/province/ardabil.html.
 http://www.travel-images.com/az-ardebil.html

Cities in Iran
Greyfriars Kirkyard is a cemetery in Edinburgh, Scotland. It surrounds Greyfriars Kirk in the Old Town. Burials have been held since the late 16th century. The kirk and its monuments are protected as a category A-listed building. The kirkyard is said to be haunted. 

Many notable Scots are buried in the kirkyard including Sir George Mackenzie, Lord Advocate Mary Erskine, Regent of Scotland George Buchanan, and John Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton. The kirkyard is the resting place of Greyfriars Bobby, a Skye terrier who stayed by his master's grave in the kirkyard for 14 years.

Cemeteries
Edinburgh
The Skye terrier is a breed of dog. It is medium sized with short legs, a long body, and a large head. It has a long coat of hair that protects the animal from injury and bad weather. It is one of the oldest terrier breeds, and  has its origins on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. The dog was bred to destroy the pests around farms and livestock. The dog became popular in the 19th century because Queen Victoria made it a favorite. The most famous Skye terrier is Greyfriars Bobby. He stayed beside his master's grave for 14 years, rain or shine. There is a statue and fountain in Edinburgh that remembers him.

References
 

Terriers
The B-25 Empire State Building crash was a plane crash that occurred on July 28, 1945. On that date, a B-25 Mitchell plane in heavy fog crashed into the Empire State Building in New York City. It caused 14 deaths (three people in the plane and eleven people in the building). It caused damage of around $1 million.

The plane crashed between the 78th and 80th floors of the building, leaving a 18 ft (5.5 m) by 20 ft (6.1 m) hole in the building. The fire that was started was put out in 40 minutes. It is the only fire at such a height that has been successfully put out. Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a fall of 75 floors, which is the Guinness World Record for the longest fall survived in an elevator. The building was reopened the Monday after the crash.

References

Other websites
On This Day in Aviation History: July 28th
Video Footage

1945 in the United States
1940s in New York (state)
Aviation disasters in the United States
Disasters in the 1940s
History of Manhattan
20th century in New York City
July events
The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (Chinese: ) was a time when Japan controlled Hong Kong. It began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, gave up the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941. The occupation lasted for three years and eight months until Japan gave up at the end of Second World War.

Economics 
One day after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong started, the Japanese military yen was changed to the only legal currency of Hong Kong. In January 1942, two Hong Kong dollars could be converted to one Japanese military yen. However, in July, four Hong Kong dollars were needed to be converted to one Japanese military yen.

Education 

All primary schools and secondary schools had to teach Japanese. They were not allowed to teach English.

Reference 

1941 establishments
1945 disestablishments in Asia
1940s in Japan
History of Hong Kong
World War II
On 1 October 2012, two ferries collided off Yung Shue Wan, Lamma Island, Hong Kong. Since the day was the National Day of the People's Republic of China, one of the ships was headed for the commemorative firework display.

39 deaths were caused in the accident.

References 

2012 disasters
Accidental deaths
2010s in Hong Kong
Disasters in China
2012 in Asia
2010s in China
Anthony Di Pietro (born 15 February 1969) is an Australian businessman who works in Melbourne. He is the chairman of the Victorian football club Melbourne Victory. He is also the Chief Executive Officer of a national fruit and vegetable produce company.

References

1969 births
Living people
People from Melbourne
Australian businesspeople