cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Old Bet (d. 1816) was a female African elephant. She was the second elephant in America. She was the first to be known by a name. She was about four years old when she arrived in Boston on 24 June 1804.  She was owned by Edward Savage and exhibited by him in 1805. He sold her to Hachaliah Bailey for a reported $10,000. Bailey sold her but bought her back.

He leased her to others for exhibition for the rest of her life. On 25 June 1812, she appeared with the Cayetano and Company circus in New York City and thus became the first elephant to be displayed in a circus in America. She was exhibited for years and earned a considerable amount of money.

Old Bet was shot and killed in Shapleigh, Maine, on 26 June 1816 by Daniel Davis, a farmer who claimed the elephant was taking dollars out of the local economy. Bailey raised a monument to Old Bet at his Elephant Hotel in Somers, New York. Her skeleton was displayed in New York City in 1817, and was later acquired by P. T. Barnum for his American Museum.

Notes

References
 Ogden, Tom. 1993. Two Hundred Years of the American Circus. Facts On File, Inc. 

elephants
Individual animals
Oscar Hammerstein II (July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was an American writer. He was born in New York City. In the 1950s, he teamed with Richard Rodgers to write several successful musicals including Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I,  and The Sound of Music. He died of stomach cancer in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, shortly after the opening of The Sound of Music.

Awards
Hammerstein won the Academy Award for Best Original Song two times. The first was in 1941 for "The Last Time I Saw Paris" in the movie Lady Be Good. The second was in 1945 for "It Might as Well Be Spring" in State Fair.

In 1950, the team of Rodgers and Hammerstein received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."

Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards. Six were for lyrics or book. Two were for producing the Best Musical (South Pacific and The Sound of Music).

Rodgers and Hammerstein won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for Oklahoma! With Joshua Logan, they won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950 for South Pacific.

Oscar Hammerstein was a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.

References

Writers from New York City
1960 deaths
1895 births
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
The French Invasion of Russia in 1812, also known as the Russian Campaign in France () and the Patriotic War of 1812 in Russia (), was when Napoleon Bonaparte led the French Empire to invade Russia. It was the turning point during the Napoleonic Wars, because it was the first major defeat for Napoleon. It reduced the French and allied invasion forces (the Grande Armée) to a tiny part of their starting strength.  It started a major change in European politics as it greatly weakened France's power over Europe. The French Empire's former allies, at first Prussia and then the Austrian Empire, broke their alliance with France. They went against France instead, which started the War of the Sixth Coalition.

References

Other websites 
 History of the Expedition to Russia Undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon in the Year 1812, by the count de Ségur (Gutenberg Project ebook)
 Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812 + color maps
 Alternative version of Minard's map (using modern country boundaries)
 Alternative version of Minard's map (zoomed-out, to show area in relationship to the rest of Europe)
 French invasion of 1812, view from Russia
 Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 1-22 

1812
Wars involving France
Wars involving Russia
Amanda is a female given name. It comes from Latin language. The name means "she who must be loved" or "worthy of love". The name Amanda first appeared in 1212 in birth records from England. It was not until around the 1700s that the name became popular. This name became very popular in the United States starting in the 1930s. The name was especially popular in the United States starting in 1978 and ending in 1992. In 2009 the name was ranked at 166. Famous people with the name include Amanda Bynes, Amanda Seyfried and Amanda Blake.

People
 Amanda Barrie (born 1935), British actress
 Amanda Blake (1929–1989), American actress who played Miss Kitty on Gunsmoke
 Amanda Carter (born 1964), Australian wheelchair basketball player
 Amanda Crew (born 1986), Canadian actress
 Amanda Donohoe (born 1962), British actress
 Amanda Forsyth (born 1966), Canadian cellist
 Amanda Holden (born 1971), British actress
 Amanda Lang (born 1970), Canadian journalist and senior business correspondent for CBC News
 Amanda Marshall (born 1972), a Canadian singer and musician
 Amanda Vanstone (born 1952), former Australian politician, former ambassador to Italy

Places
 Amanda Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica
 Amanda, Ohio

Astronomy
 725 Amanda, an asteroid

Other
 Amanda (gastropod), a member of the nudibranch family Facelinidae
 Operation Amanda, a 1994 United Nations Protection Force mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Given names
Shirley is a female given name. This name was especially popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It is still common today. The name was used in the sitcom Laverne & Shirley which was on television in the 1970s. Famous people with this name include Shirley Temple, Shirley MacLaine and Shirley Knight.

Given names
Heidi is a female given name. It became an extremely popular name after the novel Heidi was introduced. The name comes from the name Adelheid, which means "nobility". The name began to be used in English because of the movie. Famous people with the name include Heidi Fleiss and Heidi Montag. A movie with Shirley Temple as the title character was released in 1937.

Given names
The name Jill is a female given name. It comes from Latin. It means sweetheart or youthful. The name is short form of Jillian, but it is now an independent name within its own right. Famous people with the name include: Jill St. John, Jill Clayburgh, Jill Bennett, Jill Eikenberry and Jill Biden. This name is also used in the Jack and Jill nursery rhyme.

Given names
On 12 July 2013, a train crashed in Brétigny railway station, in Brétigny-sur-Orge. Bretigny is  from Paris in Île-de-France. The train was a service from Paris to Limoges. Six people are confirmed dead, 30 are injured, eight of them in a critical state. Of the six dead, two were killed in the railway station, two are from Limoges, and two from Étampes. 385 passengers were on board at the time of the crash. The crash occurred at 17:14 local time, 22 minutes after the train left Austerlitz station at 16:53. If the train had been on schedule, it would have arrived in Limoges at 20:05. The trains and platforms at Brétigny were very busy as it was the Friday before the Bastille Day holiday weekend.

The train was not supposed to stop at the station. According to the first reports, the train crashed at high speed and split in two pieces after the third and fourth cars derailed. The crash caused the back four carts to crash into the station platforms. The accident is the most serious rail crash that has happened in France since the 1988 Gare de Lyon rail accident in which 56 people were killed.

The French Land Transport Accident Investigation Bureau (BEA-TT) has announced a search into the accident. SNCF released its findings on 13 July. The company reported that the derailment seemed to have been caused by a track failure. According to SNCF, a steel fishplate connecting two rails had come loose  from the station at a set of points, and had become stuck in a track switch. The third and fourth carts came off track when their wheels went over the steel plate. When the problem with the switch became known, SNCF had people check the several thousand such switches on the network.

The track has been severely damaged on a length of about . Repairing the track means that the railway station will be closed for all traffic for several days. This also affects Gare d'Austerlitz in Paris, as most trains starting from there take this route.

Several people reported that the firefighters and rescuers were aggressed, when they arrived, and that stones were thown. Police had to be called to secure the area. The same report also speaks about a group of youngsters pillaging and stealing from the passengers of the train.  Jean-François Riffaud, the director of the Red Cross later declared, that the teams were able to work without being aggressed. On 13 July, a police source was quoted as saying that police forces had projectiles thrown at them, but that these were isolated cases, and that no stones had been used.

References

2013 disasters
2013 in Europe
2010s disasters in Europe
2010s in Île-de-France

July 2013 events
Railway accidents in Europe
A jack plane is the most commonly used general purpose plane. It is about  long. 
The blade is slightly curved for quick removal of material on rough work. It is also used in oblique planning.

Woodworking tools
Lund Cathedral () is the Lutheran cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. It is the seat of the Bishop of Lund of the Church of Sweden.

Other websites 

Church of Sweden cathedrals
Lund
The name Albert is a masculine given name. It comes from the Germanic words adal and beraht, meaning "bright" and "noble". The Spanish version of this name is Alberto. This name has been used for many famous people, including Albert Finney and scientist Albert Einstein. As Alberto, this name has been used for Atlantic cyclones every six years since 1982.

People named Albert
 Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922), Prince of Monaco from September 10, 1889 to June 26, 1922
 Albert II, Prince of Monaco (1958–), the head of the House of Grimaldi and the current ruler of the Principality of Monaco
 Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934), the third King of the Belgians
 Albert II of Belgium (1934–), the current King of the Belgians
 Albert King, blues singer-guitarist

Places
 Albert, Belize
 Albert, Kansas
 Albert, New South Wales, a town in Australia
 Albert County, New Brunswick

Astronomy
 719 Albert, Amor asteroid

films 
 albert, 2012 usa short film by Jamison Reeves

Given names
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals.  GMOs are the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods other than food.

1970–1989

1972–1973 
 Modern genetic engineering began in 1972 when United States Biochemists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen used enzymes to cut a bacteria plasmid and insert another strand of DNA in the gap.  Both bits of DNA were from the same type of bacteria, but this milestone, the invention of recombinant DNA technology, offered a window into the previously impossible—the mixing of traits between totally dissimilar organisms.

1976–1977 
Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases.
Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up.

1990–1999

1991 
 DNA Plant Technology receives approval from the US Department of Agriculture to field test its so-called "Fish tomato", but the plant is never successfully commercialized. The creation of a genetically modified plant, with a fish transgene designed for human consumption did not go down well with the public.

1994 
 The first modern recombinant crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life. However, higher costs and same bland flavor as conventional tomatoes led to it losing money and disappearing from the shelves.

1996 
 In 1996 a developer submitted a data set to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for AquAdvantage Salmon.

2000–2009

2003 
 The first genetically modified fish Glofish is introduced into the market in the U.S.

2004 
The first genetically modified black, blue and red rose made in the lab.

2010–2019

2010 
 Monsanto corporation through its Indian subsidiary Mahyco unsuccessfully attempted to introduce Bt brinjal, which was put on hold due to citizen organizing against approval for sale in the country.

 Amflora was approved for industrial applications in the European Union by the European Commission. Amflora is a genetically modified potato the result of two decades of research efforts. The Amflora potato is selected for its special starch properties used in paper making and adhesives.

References 

Genetic engineering
Fortune Head is a headland about  from the town of Fortune on the Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland.

A  thick section of rock along its cliffs is the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). It represents the boundary between the Precambrian era and the Cambrian period, 541 million years ago. Because of its accessibility (easy to get at) and many fossils, Fortune Head was selected in 1992 over similar rock sections in Siberia, Russia, and Meischucum, China.

Ecological Reserve 
Fortune Head was given full ecological reserve status in 1992 after its selection as the global stratotype. The reserve is  in size. The Fortune Head lighthouse also acts as a visitors center.

Geology 
The Burin Peninsula is part of the Avalon Zone of the Appalachian Orogen, a late Precambrian episode of mountain-building. The stratigraphy is not uniform throughout the region, however. The sediments were probably deposited in shoreline environments along the former Iapetus Ocean.

The global stratotype at Fortune Head is made up of sandstones, siltstones, and limestones. Some of these rocks have mud cracks and stromatolites, suggesting that deposition occurred in tidal or, at deepest, continental shelf environments.

Fossils 
The boundary between the Precambrian and Cambrian is marked by the presence of trace fossils of Treptichnus pedum, one of the earliest animals. Treptichnus is known only by its distinctive burrow pattern, which can be seen at Fortune Head.

Fortune Head records the beginning of a period of increasing biological diversity known as the "Cambrian explosion". It has a number of other Cambrian and Precambrian fossils, including early shell fossils, vendotaenid algae, soft-bodied megafossils, and microfossils. Below Treptichnus, the stratotype at Fortune Head includes traces of the arthropod Monomorphichnus. More complex fossils appear later.

Related pages 
Mistaken Point
Ediacaran biota
Lagerstätten

References

Fossils
Geology
Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
A chemical nomenclature is a set of rules for creating a system of names ("nomenclature") for chemicals. This is done so that everyone uses the same name for a chemical. The system used most often around the world today is the one created and developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

The IUPAC's rules for naming chemical compounds are written in a series of books. The system for naming organic compounds is written in the Blue Book. The system for naming inorganic compounds is written in the Red Book. A third book, called the Green Book, gives recommendations about the use of symbols for physical quantities. A fourth book, the Gold Book, contains the definitions of many of the technical terms used in chemistry. Similar books exist for biochemistry, analytical chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, and clinical chemistry. The books do not cover everything, however. Shorter recommendations for specific circumstances are published sometimes in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry.

References

Other websites 

 Interactive IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (interactive "Gold Book")
 IUPAC Nomenclature Books Series (list of all IUPAC nomenclature books, and means of accessing them)
 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology ("Gold Book")
The Monkey's Uncle is a 1965 Walt Disney movie. It is a family-oriented comedy. It was directed by Robert Stevenson. The movie is about a college kid, his chimpanzee, and a "flying machine".

It stars Tommy Kirk, Leon Ames, and Annette Funicello. It was the last Disney movie for Kirk and Funicello. Both would sign with American International Pictures for their teen "beach party" movies.

1965 movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies produced by American International Pictures
Vera Ann Farmiga (born August 6, 1973 in Passaic County, New Jersey) is an American actress and director. She is known for her role as Lorraine Warren in The Conjuring (2013) and The Conjuring 2 (2016).

Early life
Farmiga comes from an immigrant family from Ukraine. She grew up with her six brothers and sisters in a Ukrainian community and learned with six years old the English language. In her youth she was in a Ukrainian folk group. In the beginning she went to a Ukrainian Catholic school and then, she studied at the School of Visual and Performing Arts of the Syracuse University.

Career
In 1996 she debuted in the Broadway theater play,  Return to Paradise with Vince Vaughn, Anne Heche and Joaquin Phoenix in 1998. 2000 she played in the film drama Autumn in New York as Lisa Tyler. She played in the action film called 15 Minutes.

In 2004 she got an extra price of the Sundance Film Festival. 2005 the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the Independent Spirit Award for her performance in the film Down to the Bone.

She became famous thanks to the film 2006: The Departed. The film won four Academy Awards. In Up in the Air from the year 2009, she got an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. 

She had her directing debut with the film Higher Ground (2011). Since 2013 she plays the main role as Norma Louise Bates on the series Bates Motel.

Personal life
From 1997-2005 she was married with the actor Sebastian Roche. In 2008 she married Renn Hawkey. They have a son Fynn (*2009) and a daughter Gytta (*2010).

She has also a sister called Taissa Farmiga.

Television and movie roles

1973 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
Son of Flubber is a 1963 Disney movie directed by Robert Stevenson. It stars Fred MacMurray, Nancy Olsen, Keenan Wynn, and Tommy Kirk. It is a science fiction, family-oriented comedy, and a sequel to Disney's 1961 comedy, The Absent-Minded Professor. Flubber tells of the Professor's further experiments with his anti-gravity substance called "Flubber".

1963 movies
1960s science fiction movies
1960s comedy movies
American science fiction movies
American comedy movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Savage Sam is a 1963 Disney movie directed by Norman Tokar. It is based on a book of the same name by Fred Gipson. The movie is a sequel to Disney's Old Yeller. Sam stars Kevin Corcoran, Tommy Kirk, and Brian Keith. The movie follows the adventures of Old Yeller's son, Sam, when the boys are captured by Apaches.

1963 movies
1960s family movies
1960s western movies
American western movies
American sequel movies
Disney movies
Movies about dogs
Movies based on books
English-language movies
A Dog of Flanders is a 1999 movie directed by Kevin Brodie. It is based on a book by Ouida. The movie stars Jack Warden, Jeremy James Kissner, Jesse James, Jon Voight, and Cheryl Ladd. The movie is about a grandfather and his grandson who adopted an abused dog. The grandson wants to become a great painter.

1999 movies
Movies based on books
Movies about dogs
English-language movies
Audrey is a feminine given name of Old English origin. There are many versions of Audrey, including Audie, Audra and Audrea. In the 17th century, the word "tawdry", meaning "cheap and pretentious", came from the name Saint Audrey. That made use of Audrey decline. However, in the 19th century, it was revived. It peaked during the interbellum period in the United States. It reached rank #41 for 2012.

Famous people named Audrey include Audrey Hepburn, Audrey Meadows and Audrey Tautou. A hurricane with this name struck the southern United States in June 1957.

People
 Audrey Assad (1983- ), American contemporary Christian musician
 Audrey Brown (1913–2005), British athlete
 Audrey Emerton (1935)
 Audrey Lawson-Johnston (1915- ), last survivor of the shipwreck Lusitania
 Audrey McLaughlin (1936- ), Canadian politician, former leader of the New Democratic Party
 Audrey Meaney (1931- ) British archaeologist
 Audrey de Montigny (1985- ), French-Canadian singer
 Audrey Richards (1899–1984), British anthropologist
 Audrey Terras (1942- ) American mathematician
 Audrey Williamson (1926- ), British athlete

Weather
 Hurricane Audrey, a 1957 hurricane that devastated Louisiana

Given names
The name Anita is a very common female given name. In Spanish, the name is a version of Ana, the Spanish version of Anne. In Sanskrit, Anita means "full of grace". There are many famous people with the name, including Anita Louise, singer Anita Baker, Anita Page and Anita Loos. In 1977, a Hurricane Anita hit northeastern Mexico.

People
 Anita Østby (born 1972), Norwegian Liberal Party politician
 Anita Barone (born 1964), American actress
 Anita Brodén (born 1948), Swedish Liberal People's Party politician
 Anita Caspary (1915–2011), American nun, founder of Immaculate Heart of Mary Community
 Anita Ekberg (born 1931), Swedish model and actress
 Anita Jönsson (born 1947), Swedish Social Democratic politician
 Anita Louise Suazo (born 1947), Native-American potter
 Anita Neville MP (born 1942), Canadian politician
 Anita Orlund (born 1964), Norwegian Labour Party politician
 Anita Romaniuk, Canadian politician
 Anita Stewart (born 1947), Canadian culinary writer and food activist

Places
 Anita, California, community in Butte County, California
 Anita, Indiana, former town in Hensley Township, Johnson County, Indiana
 Anita, Iowa, city in Cass County, Iowa

Weather
 Hurricane Anita, Atlantic hurricane in 1977

Given names
The name Hannah (or Hanna) is a feminine given name. In Hebrew, it means "gracious". As Hannah, this name was used by the Puritans in the 16th and 17th centuries. There are many celebrities who have the name. One fictional character with the name is Hannah Montana. Hannah is very popular for girls. As Hanna, the name is now being used on tropical storms or hurricanes over the Atlantic Basin.

Given names
Irene is a given name for women. It is Greek for "peace." Several saints are named Irene.  In 2005, in the United States, the name ranked at 590th most popular name for baby girls and fell to 632 the following year. Several Atlantic tropical storms or hurricanes were named Irene. Hurricane Irene in 2011 was very destructive to the East Coast of the United States, so Irene was retired in spring of 2012.

References

Given names
A common noun is a noun (or noun phrase) that primarily refers to a class of entities or instances.

Grammar
Linguistics
Parts of speech
Ellen is a female given name. It can also be used for a middle name. In Greece, during ancient times, the name meant "sun-ray, lightness". During the mid 2000s, Ellen ranked at 555 for the most popular female names in the United States. There are many celebrities by the name, including Ellen Barkin, Ellen DeGeneres and Ellen Pompeo. This name was used for an Atlantic hurricane in the 1970s.

Given names
A Dog of Flanders is a 1959 movie directed by James B. Clark. It stars David Ladd, Donald Crisp, and Theodore Bikel. It is based on a book by Ouida. It is about a grandfather and his grandson who rescue a dog from abuse. The grandson wants to become a painter.

Other websites 

1959 movies
Movies about dogs
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Kristen (also Kristin) is a female given name, though some males are given the name. Kristen is the Scandinavian form of the name Christine. This name is the feminine version for Christian. People with the name include Kristen Wiig, Kristen Bell and Kristen Johnston.

Given names
Eva is a female given name. It is the Latin form of the English name Eve. The name Eve comes from a Hebrew name, meaning "life" or "the living one". In the 1990 United States Census, the name Eva was very popular. Its popularity peaked one year earlier at #31. In 2006, the name ranked at #124. Eva is more common across England and Wales. Notable people with the name include Eva Gabor, Eva Marie Saint and Eva Longoria.

Given names
The name Jeanne is a female given name which is from French. The name is the equivalent for Joan and Jane. There are many celebrities with the name, including Jeanne Cooper, Jeanne Moreau and Jeanne Calment.

Jeanne was used for three hurricanes in the Atlantic. Hurricane Jeanne in September 2004 killed over three thousand people in the Caribbean Islands and caused heavy damage in eastern Florida. The name Jeanne was then retired and replaced with Julia.

Given names
The Anglo-Normans were mainly the sons, grandsons, etc. of the Normans living in England. Most of the Normans came to England at the time of the Norman conquest in 1066.   A few Normans had settled in England prior to the conquest. After the conquest the Normans, although few in number, controlled most of England. They often married English wives and their children became Anglo-Norman as a result of being of two cultures.       

It was during the reign of Henry I of England the term Anglo-Norman was first used in the Hyde Chronicle. The term Anglo-Norman kingdom is first applied to the reign of William the Conqueror. He was the first to bring both England and Normandy under one ruler.

References

Normandy
 
History of England
The Chechen language is spoken by more than 1,3 million people. It is spoken mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people in other places. It is one of the Northeast Caucasian languages.

Other websites

Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen), grammatical sketch of Chechen language
The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets
The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott Wealth of linguistic information.
Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)
Chechen Language course including audio  with Russian explanations
Russian-Chechen On-Line Dictionary 
Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter

Languages of Russia
Chechnya
Saint Bonaventure (1221–1274) was a scholastic theologian and a cardinal. He is one of the Doctors of the Church, and is remembered by Catholics on 15 July.

Other websites
Bonaventure at Catholic encyclopaedia

Christian saints
1221 births
1274 deaths
Game Revolution (formerly Game-Revolution) or GR is a gaming website. It was created in 1996. The website was founded in Berkeley, California. The website includes reviews, previews, a gaming download area, cheats, a merchandise store, webcomics, screenshots, and videos. As of 2013, it is one of the oldest video game review and news site on the Internet.

References

Other websites 
 Game Revolution
 CraveOnline

Internet culture
1996 establishments in California
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
GameRankings was a gaming review website. The website received reviews from other publications and gave an average rating. It had over 315,000 articles relating to more than 14,500 video games.

GameRankings was owned by CBS Interactive. Similar websites include GameStats, Metacritic, MobyGames, and TopTenReviews.

Shutdown 
In late 2019, GameRankings was shutting down, with every link being moved to Metacritic.

References

Other websites
GameRankings
"High Scores Matter To Game Makers, Too", The Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2007.

1999 establishments
Internet culture
The name Sandra is a female given name, which is often used for short form of Alexandra or Cassandra. This name is a form of the masculine name Alexander, which from Greek means "protector of man". Many celebrities are named Sandra, including Sandra Dee, Sandra Bernhard and Sandra Bullock. This name was also used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific region.

Given names
The name Sandy is a given name. It can be used for both men and women. It is a short form of the names Alexander, Cassandra or Sandra. This name is used more for females than for males. Notable people by the name include baseball player Sandy Koufax, professional golfer Sandy Lyle, and actresses Sandy Duncan and Sandy Dennis. This name was also used for the fictional dog belonging to Annie in Little Orphan Annie.

In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the Northeastern United States. The name Sandy was later retired and replaced by Sara.

Given names
The name Elena is a female given name. It is a variation of Helen, which dates to the 12th century. Elena was among the most popular female names given to girls in Russia in 2004, and third most popular in North Macedonia in 2006. Notable people who have the name include Elena Kagan, a politician in the United States.

Hurricane Elena went across the Gulf Coast of the United States in late August/early September 1985. The name Elena was then retired and replaced by Erika.

Given names
Christina (or Cristina) is a female given name. It comes from the Greek language. The name has been used for many saints. Celebrities with the name include Christina Aguilera, Christina Hendricks, Christina Ricci, Christina Applegate and Christina Milian.

As Cristina, the name has been used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Region.

People
 Saint Christina of Persia, 6th century (feast day: March 13)
 Saint Christina of Bolsena (Christina of Tyre, Christina the Great Martyr) (feast day: July 24)
 Saint Christina the Astonishing (1150 – 1224) (feast day: July 24)
 Christina of Denmark (1521 – 1590), Danish princess
 Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Dutch princess
 Christina of Sweden, Queen regnant 1632
 Christina Applegate (born 1971), American actress
 Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, Swedish princess, died 1122
 Christina Gyllenstierna (1494–1559), Swedish national heroine
 Cristina Kirchner (born 1953), President of Argentina (2007- )
 Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), English poet

Given names
A light-second is a unit of length equal to the distance light in empty space travels in one second, and is exactly 299,792,458 meters.

The light-second is used in telecommunications, astronomy, and physics. In telecommunications, it measures how much time it must take to send a signal a certain distance.

References

Units of length
Light
Mélanie Laurent (born 21 February 1983), is a French actress, Director and singer.

She was born in Paris, Île-de-France, France. Her father a voiceover actor, and her mother a ballerina. She grew up in the 9th arrondissement of Paris.

She made her acting debut at the age 16. In 2006, she has starred in French drama film I'm Fine, Don't Worry (Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas), for which she won a César Award for Most Promising Actress. In 2009, she was cast for her role as Shosanna Dreyfus in the Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds. Laurent singing career began in 2011 and she released her debut studio album, titled En t'attendant.

Filmography 
 1999: Un pont entre deuxx rives
 2001: Ceci est mon corps
 2002: Embrassez qui vous voudrez
 2003: Snowboarder
 2004: Rice Rhapsody
 2004: Le Dernier jour
 2004: Une vie à t'attendre
 2005: De battre mon cœur s'est arrêté
 2006: Dikkenek
 2006: Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas
 2006: Indigènes
 2007: La Chambre des morts
 2007: Le Tueur
 2008: Paris
 2009: Jusqu'à toi
 2009: L'Amour caché
 2009: Inglourious Basterds
 2009: Le Concert
 2010: La Rafle
 2010: Beginners
 2011: Un requiem pour une tueuse
 2011: Et soudain, tout le monde me manque
 2013: Insaisissables
 2013: An Enemy
 2013: Night Train to Lisbon

Discography 
 2 May 2011: En t'attendant

References

Other websites 

 

French actors
1983 births
Living people
People from Paris
Daniel Patrick Adair (born February 19, 1975) is a Canadian musician and producer. He is the current drummer of the Canadian rock band Nickelback. He also played for the American rock band 3 Doors Down.

Career
Adair originally auditioned for David Martone, a guitarist that wanted to start a instrumental fusion band. They shortened the name of the band to Martone and they recorded their first album in 1999.

In the summer of 2002, he auditioned for the band 3 Doors Down and played as their touring and studio drummer. He recorded their third studio album Seventeen Days and live album Another 700 Miles.

He left the band in January 2005 and joined Nickelback. He recorded their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons, their sixth studio album, Dark Horse and their seventh studio album, Here and Now.

He also recorded drum tracks for James Hart's band Burn Halo.

References

Other websites
Official website

1975 births
Living people
Canadian drummers
Canadian rock musicians
Heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Vancouver
Nodiko "Nodar" Tatishvili (; born 5 November 1986) is a Georgian singer. He performed with Sopho Gelovani for Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmo, Sweden.

References

1986 births
Living people
Georgian people
Singers
The coral snakes are a large group of elapid snakes. There are two main groups of coral snakes. These groups are Old World coral snakes and New World coral snakes. 

There are 11 species of Old World coral snake in one genus (Calliophis)
There are over 65 recognized species of New World coral snakes in three genera (Leptomicrurus, Micruroides, and Micrurus).

Coral snakes have notable red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Most species of coral snake are small. North American species average around  in length, but specimens of up to  or slightly larger have been reported. Coral snakes that live in water have flat tails. These tails act like a fin to help the snake swim.

Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes have a pair of small fangs to deliver their venom (some coral snakes are rear fanged).  These fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, deliver their venom to their prey species. Coral snakes mostly eat smaller snakes, lizards, frogs, and nestling birds and rodents, etc. The venom takes time to take full effect.

Coral snakes often hold on to a victim when biting, unlike vipers. Vipers have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting. They account for less than one percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States.

Coral snakes in the U.S.A. 
New World coral snakes live in the southern range of many temperate U.S. states. They are found in the southern coastal plain from North Carolina to Louisiana, including all of Florida. 

There is debate about whether the Texas coral snake is a separate species. Its habitat, in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, is separated from the eastern habitat by the Mississippi River. The coral snake population is most dense in the southeast United States, but coral snakes have been spotted as far north as Kentucky.

The Arizona coral snake, which is a separate genus, is found in central and southern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico and southward to Sinaloa in western Mexico. It lives in dry regions in  thornscrub, desert-scrub, woodland, grassland and farmland. It is found in the plains and lower mountain slopes from sea level to 5800 feet (1768 m); often in rocky areas.

References 

Elapidae
Charlotte is a female given name of French origin. It is a female version of Charles. The name indicates "strong and virile". There are many famous people having the name, including Charlotte Church, Charlotte Gainsbourg and Charlotte Arnold. The most famous fictional character with the name is the spider in Charlotte's Web.

People
 Charlotte Brontë, English author
 Charlotte Church, musician
 Charlotte Lennox, English author and poet
 Charlotte Lewis, English actress
 Charlotte Schreiber, Canadian artist and illustrator
 Charlotte Scott, British mathematician
 Charlotte Turner Smith, English poet and novelist

Places

United States
 Charlotte County, Florida
 Charlotte, Iowa
 Charlotte, Maine
 Charlotte, Michigan
 Charlotte, New Jersey
 Charlotte, New York, a town in Chautauqua County
 Charlotte, Rochester, New York, a neighborhood
 Charlotte, North Carolina
 Charlotte, Tennessee, location of a meteorite fall in 1835
 Charlotte, Texas
 Charlotte, Vermont
 Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands
 Charlotte Amalie West, United States Virgin Islands

Canada
 Queen Charlotte, British Columbia
 Charlotte County, New Brunswick
 Queen Charlotte Islands, an archipelago off the northwest coast of British Columbia, Canada
 Queen Charlotte Basin, the continental shelf offshore of the British Columbia mainland
 Queen Charlotte Sound (Canada)

Other places
 Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand

Food
 Charlotte (cake)

Given names
Patricia is a female given name of Latin origin. It comes from the Latin word patrician, meaning noble. The male version of this name is Patrick. The name Patricia can be shortened to Patty, Patsy or Trisha. Patricia was the second most popular female name in the United States, according to 1990 Census. There are many celebrities with the name, including Patricia Arquette, Patricia Clarkson and Patricia Heaton. As Patty, the name is being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones. In the Pacific, a hurricane with the name became the most intense on record in the Western Hemisphere.

Given names
The First Battle of Bull Run was the first large battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on July 21, 1861. The battle took place near a stream called Bull Run. The battle actually has two names: the First Battle of Bull Run and First Battle of Manassas.

Background
Union general Irvin McDowell was put in command of the Union army in northeastern Virginia. Many people in the North wanted him to attack to Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. McDowell didn't think his soldiers were ready to fight but Union president Abraham Lincoln wanted him to march south into Virginia anyway.

The Confederates had an army nearby, which was commanded by P.G.T. Beauregard. After McDowell's army started marching towards Beauregard's army, Joseph E. Johnston came to Manassas Junction with his army from the Shenandoah Valley. Johnston was in command of the entire Confederate army and Beauregard was his second-in-command.

The Battle

The battle started early in the morning on July 21st. McDowell started marching part of his army around the left end of the Confederate army. The two armies started shooting at each other about 6 a.m. near Matthews Hill. The Confederates did not expect the Union army to attack but they moved brigades to their left flank.

McDowell made the Confederates leave Matthews Hill about 11 a.m. The Confederates retreated back to another hill called Henry House Hill. On the hill was Thomas J. Jackson's brigade. Another Confederate general was trying to regroup his men. He said, "There stands Jackson standing like a stonewall". After the battle Jackson would be called "Stonewall".

The Union army made many attacks on the Confederate line on Henry House Hill. All of the attacks failed. In the afternoon the Confederates made an attack of their own. This drove the Union army back towards Washington, D.C. The Confederates were too tired to march after the Union army.

Aftermath
The Union army had 2,896 casualties. McDowell was blamed for the Union defeat. He was replaced by George B. McClellan. The Confederates had 1,982 casualties. Even though Johnston was in charge of the Confederate army, Beauregard became famous after the battle.

Notes

References

Other reading 
 Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1977.
 Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run: An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas) Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June – October 1861. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. .0

Other websites 
 Bull Run Animated Map on Vimeo; YouTube
 1st Battle of Bull Run; Schooltube

Bull Run 1
1861 in the United States
1860s in Virginia
July events
Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a disease of the skin. In most cases, it is caused by an allergic reaction to drugs. This accounts for about half the cases. Lymphoma, and other infections are responsible for most other cases. The disease is characterized by cell death that causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. Since this is similar to what happens in burn, some of the same methods are used to treat patients.

Symptoms
Dermatology
Minions is a 2014 American computer-animated comedy movie and a spin-off/prequel to the 2010 animated movie Despicable Me and the 2013 animated movie - and sequel to Despicable Me - Despicable Me 2. It was released on July 11, 2014.

The movie stars Sandra Bullock and Jon Hamm and is narrated by Geoffrey Rush.

Cast 
 Pierre Coffin as the yellow, small Minions, including:
Kevin, The leader of the trio of Minions who set out to find a boss.
Stuart, a musician, and the slacker of the three.
Bob, the youngest and smallest of the group.
 Sandra Bullock as Scarlet Overkill, the world's first female supervillain and Herb's wife.
 Jon Hamm as Herb Overkill, a genius inventor and Scarlet's husband.
 Michael Keaton as Walter Nelson, Madge's thief husband and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's father.
 Allison Janney as Madge Nelson, Walter's thief wife and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's mother.
 Steve Coogan as the aged, blind Tower Guard.
Coogan also voices Professor Flux, a scientist.
 Jennifer Saunders as Queen Elizabeth II.
 Geoffrey Rush as the narrator.
 Steve Carell as young Gru, the Minions' boss at the end of the movie.
 Katy Mixon as Tina Nelson, Walter and Madge's thief daughter, Walter Jr.'s younger sister and Binky's older brother.
 Michael Beattie as Walter Nelson Jr., Walter and Madge's thief son and Tina and Binky's older brother.
Beattie also voices a VNC Announcer.
 Hiroyuki Sanada as Dumo, a sumo fighter villain.
 Dave Rosenbaum as Fabrice, Scarlet's personal stylist.

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2015 comedy movies
2015 animated movies
American comedy movies
American animated movies
Despicable Me
Universal Pictures movies
Prequel movies
Buddy movies
Movies directed by Pierre Coffin
Pierre-Louis Padang Coffin (born November 1, 1967) is a French animator and director. He is best known for directing Despicable Me (2010) and Despicable Me 2 (2013) as well as the spin-off called Minions released in December 2014.

References

Other websites

Coffin's Site

1967 births
Living people
French movie directors
French voice actors
Animators
Matthew Daniel "Matt" Batts (October 16, 1921 – July 14, 2013) was a Major League Baseball catcher. He played from 1947 through 1956 for the Boston Red Sox (1947–1951), St. Louis Browns (1951), Detroit Tigers (1952–1954), Chicago White Sox (1954) and Cincinnati Reds (1955–1956).

Batts was born on October 16, 1921 in San Antonio, Texas. He died on July 14, 2013 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
Baseball Library 
Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers

1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Baltimore Orioles players
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players 
Sportspeople from San Antonio, Texas
A Modest Proposal is a famous work of satire by Irish writer Jonathan Swift. It was written in 1729.

Other websites
Text

18th-century books
1729
Amar Gopal Bose (November 2, 1929  July 12, 2013) was an American academic and entrepreneur. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a  professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years.

In 2007 he was listed in Forbes 400 as the 271st richest man in the world, with a net worth of $1.8 billion. In 2009, he was no longer on the billionaire list, and returned to the list in 2011, with a net worth of $1.0 billion.

Bose was born on November 2, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Bose died on July 12, 2013 in Wayland, Massachusetts, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 Short biography of Amar Gopal Bose 
 Bose at MIT 
 Doctoral Thesis
 Bose Breakthrough: Electromagnetic Auto Suspension
 A History of Bose
 
 Bose Founder Discusses Audio Perfection and Digital Music
  Business India -Interview; July; 2007

1929 births
2013 deaths
American billionaires
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Businesspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Paul Jenkins (August 2, 1938 – July 1, 2013) was an American actor. He appeared on many television programs such as M*A*S*H, Columbo, Lou Grant, Kojak, The Partridge Family, and in Starsky and Hutch. He is mostly known for his roles as Professor Parks in The Waltons and as Eddie in Dynasty.

Jenkins was born on August 2, 1938 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He retired in 2005. Jenkins died on July 1, 2013, following a brief illness in Los Angeles, California, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The name Gwen is a female given name of Welsh origin. It means "white, holy". The name is often a shortened form of Gwendolyn. Famous people with the name include the singer Gwen Stefani. Fictional people with the name include Gwen Hotchkiss from the soap opera Passions.

Given names
Clarissa is a female given name. It comes from the German name Clarice. Clarice, in turn, comes from the Latin word Clarus, which means "bright, clear or famous". Clarissa also has a Greek origin, meaning "brilliant".

People with the name include Clara Barton, who was born Clarissa Harlowe Barton. A fictional teenage character named Clarissa was played by Melissa Joan Hart in Clarissa Explains It All during the early to mid 1990s.

People
 Clarissa Davis (b. 1967), American coach and Women's Basketball hall-of-famer
 Clarissa Dickson Wright (1947-2014), English celebrity chef
 Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon (b. 1920)
 Clarissa Pinkola Estés (b. 1945), American poet

Places
 Clarissa, Minnesota, a small city in the United States

Science
 302 Clarissa, an asteroid

Media
 Clarissa (film), a 1941 German film
 Clarissa Explains It All, a U.S. television sitcom
 Clarissa (TV series)'', a British television drama series

Given names
The name Marcia is a female given name which comes from Latin. It means "dedicated to Mars". Marcia also means "proud, warlike, martial". It is a feminine form of Marcus.

People who have the name include entertainers Marcia Cross and Marcia Wallace. Fictional people include Marcia Brady from The Brady Bunch.

Given names
Joanna is a female given name. Forms in the English language include Joan, Joanne and Jeanne. The earliest recording for the name Joanna is from Gospel of Luke. There are many famous people and celebrities named Joanna, including Joanna Kerns, Joanna Cassidy and Joanna García. There was also a hit song named "Joanna" that was performed by Kool & the Gang in the 1980s.

Given names
The Government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy, like the United Kingdom. The head of state is the Emperor of Japan, Emperor Naruhito, while most executive power rests with the Prime Minister of Japan, currently (2021) Fumio Kishida, and his Cabinet. The Diet of Japan is the legislative branch or Parliament, made up of two houses. The upper house, the House of Councillors, is the subject of a national election every three years; the last election was in July 2019, when half of the seats for six year terms were voted on.

Other websites
 Japanese Consulate-General in San Francisco- FAQ 
Asahi website on the Upper House election
Physical geography is one of the two major subfields of geography. Physical geography is related to geology, because it is about the processes and patterns in the natural environment. Some of the things this includes are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and landforms. Physical geography influences what people do. For example, few live in deserts, and many live in cities near a big river.

References