cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pir Sultan Abdal (ca. 1480 - 1550) was an Alevit poet. Alevits are the members of the Alevitism, a faith community in Islam. He lived in Turkey and wrote his poems in Turkish. In his poems, he used a direct and clear language. The richness of his thoughts and the beauty of his writing made him very popular to the Turks and Kurds and also the members of the Suni sect of Islam. Pir Sultan Abdal wrote about the social, cultural and religious life of the people. He was a humanist, and wrote about love, peace, death and God. He was also rebellious against Ottoman Empire.

Poetry

References 

1480 births
1550 deaths
Poets
Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing. It used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by a reed stylus. The name cuneiform itself means "wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus "wedge" and forma "shape". It came into English usage probably from the Old French cunéiforme.

It was first used in Sumer in the late 4th millennium BC (the 'Uruk IV' period). Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the signs became simplified and more abstract. Fewer characters were used, from about 1,000 in the early Bronze Age to about 400 in late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system  used a combination of phonetic, consonantal alphabetic (no vowels) and syllabic signs.

The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. By the 2nd century BC, the script was extinct. All knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century.

References 

Writing systems
Mesopotamia
Menes was a pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt. He lived ca. 3100-3000 BC. He brought together Upper and Lower Egypt to make an empire. He wore the Pschent or double crown: the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt. He built the city of Memphis and made it the capital.

There is extensive archeological evidence that there was a pharaoh named Narmer, but little evidence for Menes.  It is now believed that Menes was either Narmer, his predecessor, or Hor-Aha who ruled after him.

More than 2000 years later Manetho, an Egyptian historian, wrote that Menes ruled for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.

An image of Menes holding an ankh is on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building.

References 
 Kinnaer, Jacques. What is Really Known About the Narmer Palette?, KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, Spring 2004.
Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, London/New York 1999, , 70-71

Notes

Other websites 
Narmer: Titulary

Pharaohs
James Douglas (Jim) Morrison (December 8, 1943 - July 3, 1971) was an American musician. He was the lead singer of rock band The Doors.

Early years 
Morrison was of English, Scottish and Irish descent. His father was an officer for the United States Navy. This meant that he moved around very often. Morrison did not have many friends and read many books. When he went to high school in 1962, his teacher was amazed by his culture. In 1964 he went to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

The Doors of Perception 
One day in Venice Beach, Morrison saw Ray Manzarek. Manzarek had also gone to UCLA. Morrison sang some verses of Moonlight Drive. Manzarek liked the intensity of the words to the song and asked Morrison to form a rock band with him. Morrison agreed and came up with the name "The Doors". The name was a reference of the Aldous Huxley book The Doors of Perception whose name came from a verse of the famous poet William Blake; "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite."). The Doors was formed by Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger. In the beginning, Morrison would sing without looking the audience. After a while, he learned the play with them instead. He would jump and fall at stage with screams and jokes, inspired by rock idol Nick Serven.

The Lizard King 
Morrison became very famous all over the world as a poet, singer and sex symbol. Morrison had a problem with alcohol. He drank a lot and later albums were not as good as the first one. He wrote more poems and thought about stopping his career with The Doors. He took some drugs (mainly LSD) and become an addict. In 1969, in Miami, it was said that he was drunk and "exposed" himself.

My only friend, the end 
The last album, L.A. Woman was released in 1971. It is thought to be one of the band's best albums. That year Morrison decided to take a break and go to Paris. The July 3, he was found dead in his bathroom. The cause of his death is still not clear. Some believe that his heart failed or it was an overdose. Other people think it could have been a murder. His grave is at the Père-Lachaise, at the same place as Oscar Wilde, Molière and many other great poets and authors.

Other websites 

 The Doors Official Webpage
 MusicChain - Jim Morrison
 Earliest film of Jim Morrison
 Morrison interviewed at the Miami trial (video) 

American rock singers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
American musicians
Singers from Florida
1943 births
1971 deaths
Amun was one of the eight ancient Egyptian gods who formed the Ogdoad of Hermopolis. He was the god of the air and his consort was Ament (Amaunet).

In Egyptian mythology, Amun was a very powerful god. He was often combined with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra. At one point in Egyptian history, he was called the "King of the Gods".

Amun (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and sometimes Imen, Egyptian Yamanu) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who became one of the most important deities in Ancient Egypt. In later years, bined with Horus into one god.

He began as a Theban wind and fertility god and ended up the supreme deity, with most of Egypt's vast wealth dedicated to his temple. Around the second millennium B.C.E., Thebes and its cult of Amun grew so powerful that it threatened worship of the sun god, Ra. The two deities merged. Amun-Ra was hailed as a national god, the creator of the universe, the pharaoh's personal protector, and the god of war.

Origin of name
Amun's name is first recorded as imn. That means "The hidden (one)". Vowels were not written in Egyptian hieroglyphics, but Egyptologists think the name survives into the Coptic language as Amoun.

Creator

It was thought that he had created himself and then created everything else while remaining distant from the rest of the world. In that sense, he was the original inscrutable and indivisible creator.  

Amun was shown in human form, seated on a throne, wearing on his head a plain deep circlet from which rise two straight parallel plumes, maybe meant as had no father  

 the tail feathers of a bird. That would remind of his earlier status as a wind god. 

When Amun had become more important than Menthu, the local war god of Thebes, Menthu was called the son of Amun. However, as Mut was infertile, it was believed that she, and thus Amun, had adopted Menthu instead.

References
David Klotz, Adoration of the Ram: five hymns to Amun-Re from Hibis Temple (New Haven, 2006therwebAnint gypt: th Myth Clasical Dictionary: 

Egyptian gods and goddesses
A clam is a type of shellfish. Clams can be found in saltwater and freshwater. This is a common usage term, and so includes quite a variety of shellfish. Clams are a fairly common form of bivalve, therefore making it part of the phylum Mollusc. There are many clams in the ocean, but some can also be found in some lakes, streams, and rivers.

The word 'clam' is often applied to those that are edible and live almost of their lives halfway buried in the seafloor. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two aductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. 

Clams for cooking do not live attached to rocks (whereas oysters and mussels do). Clams are often got by digging and cooked and served as clam chowder. They may be found on menus in restaurants that serve seafood.

Clams eat plankton, and are eaten by small sharks and squid. 
Clams have a burrowing foot that they use to dig down into the sand or mud to hide.

The shell has three layers. The top one is called mother-of-pearl because it is a coating of pearl material.  

A living freshwater clam can work like a filter in fish tanks to keep the water clean.

Life span 
Some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old. All clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament, and all are filter feeders.

References

Other websites

Bivalves
Seafood
A sting is an injury which a person receives from a stinger. Animals such as bees have them. They tend to hurt a lot and have several different cures.

Sting may also refer to:
Sting, English singer
Sting (wrestler), American professional wrestler

fr:Dard
Germanicus Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October 19 AD) was a Roman general. He was the son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew of Emperor Tiberius.

Germanicus commanded the Roman forces in their campaign of 14/16 AD against the Germanic tribes. Three whole Roman legions had been wiped out in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. It was the greatest disaster in Roman military history.

Plans for the revenge were started by the Emperor Augustus, and put into effect by his successor Tiberius. Germanicus had command of eight legions, one-third of the Roman Army. He destroyed the opposing German tribes, and recovered two of the three symbolic legionary eagles which had been lost. He was called back by Tiberius after he crossed the Rhine. The reasons for the recall are not agreed, but Augustus had set the Rhine as the limit of Rome's ambitions in Germany.

Germanicus was given an official triumph. A contemporary calendar gives 26 May as the day in which "Germanicus Caesar was borne into the city in triumph". Coins issued under his son Gaius (Caligula) depicted him on a triumphal chariot, with the reverse reading "Standards Recovered. Germans Defeated".

In AD 18 he was given charge of the eastern part of the empire. Germanicus died in Syria for unknown reasons.

References 

Roman generals
15 BC births
19 deaths
Headquarters is a name given to the main building of an organization where most of its functions are done. All large companies have headquarters which control the business. A large non-governmental organization also has a headquarter from where its activities are controlled. The term is also used regarding military organizations.

Business
Military
Administrative buildings
The Estates Theatre or Stavovské divadlo in Prague is one of the oldest and most beautiful opera houses in Europe.

The Estates Theatre became part of the National Theatre in 1948. People from three different groups perform opera, ballet, and drama there. The same people also perform at the National Theatre (Národní divadlo), and the Theatre Kolowrat (Divadlo Kolowrat).

History 

The Estates Theatre was built during the late 18th century. At first it was known as Count Nostitz’s Theatre. The theatre opened in 1783 with a performance of the tragedy Emilia Galotti by the German playwright Gotthold Lessing. It was built in the Neoclassical style. Today it is one of the very few theatres that have hardly changed since it was built.

Although the building is almost the same it always was, the organisation of the Estates Theatre has changed several times in its history. In 1798 it was called the Estates Theatre when it was bought by the Czech Estates. When the Provisional Theatre opened in 1862 the Estates Theatre started to put on German plays and the name was changed to the Royal Provincial German Theatre. From 1920 and 1948 it got its name (Estates Theatre) back again. In 1948 the organization became part of the National Theatre and was called Tyl Theatre (after dramatist J.K. Tyl). In 1990, after some restoration, it became known again as the Estates Theatre.

Productions and artistes 

Many of the greatest artists worked or had their music or plays performed in the Estates Theatre. In 1787 the first performance took place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni. Mozart's opera La Clemenza di Tito was also staged there for the first time in celebration of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II. Other famous people who conducted there were Carl Maria von Weber and Gustav Mahler. 

Czech plays were often performed there. This made people interested in performing in Czech and so, in 1848, the National Theatre was built.

Today the Estates Theatre is still famous for dramas, ballets and operas. The opera company especially perform the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The movie about Mozart which was called Amadeus was filmed in the Estates Theatre.

Other websites 
 Estates Theatre web site

Opera houses
Theatres
Buildings and structures in Prague
18th-century establishments in Europe
The Národní Divadlo or the National Theatre in Prague is a very famous building which has been very important for more than 150 years for the culture of Czech history.

In the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of political changes in Europe.  Prague had been part of the Austrian Empire.  The official language was German.  Bohemia (which included Prague) and Moravia now form the area of the Czech Republic.  In the 19th century the Czechs in these areas wanted to be able to put on plays and operas in the Czech language.  The National Theatre was built at a time when this was starting to become possible.

The National Theatre was built because the Czech people wanted their own national identity. The first stone was laid on May 16, 1868.  It was opened  on June 11 1881 to honour the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Another 11 performances were given after that. Then the theatre was closed down to finish the building.  While people were working to finish it  a fire broke out on August 12 1881 which destroyed most of it.  However, a lot of money was found and it was built again and opened on November 18 1883 with a performance of Smetana’s opera Libuše which he had composed for this occasion.  The story of the opera is based on a mythological story about how Prague began.

It was an excellent theatre, and it was not until 1977 that any more re-building was necessary.  Then it was closed for six years, and opened again in time for the 100th anniversary of its opening: on November 18 1983. On that day again there was a performance of Smetana’s Libuše.

Today the National Theatre has three ensembles (groups of people): opera, ballet and drama.  These ensembles all perform in the National Theatre, the Estates Theatre and the Theatre Kolowrat. They put on a lot of Czech plays and operas, but also productions from other parts of the world.

Other websites 
 Prague National Theatre 

Opera houses
Theatres
Buildings and structures in Prague
1881 establishments in Europe
Drone can mean:

In nature:
 Drone (bee), a male bee
 A male wasp
 A male ant

In vehicles:
 A unmanned aerial vehicle, often used for target practice or surveillance
 A remotely operated vehicle (ROV), used for mine clearing or underwater exploration
 An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), a robotic land vehicle often used to replace humans in hazardous situations

In fiction:
 Drone (2017 film)
 A member of the Drones Club in P. G. Wodehouse's novels
 A humanoid that has been assimilated by the Borg in the fictional Star Trek universe
 "Drone" (Voyager episode), an episode of Star Trek: Voyager
 Drone Weapon, similar to a guided missile, in the Stargate universe 
 Three robotic helpers in the movie Silent Running, named Huey, Dewey and Louie
 In the novel The Traveller, the term drones describes a class of citizens that have become exhausted 
 Detective Drone, the hero of Victorian crime stories
 A Zerg worker unit in Starcraft

In music:
 Drone (music), a continuous note or chord
 The part of various musical instruments (such as the bagpipe) that produce the drone sound
 A bumbass, a folk instrument sometimes called a drone
 Drone music, a music style or genre related to background music and ambient music
 Drone Records, a record label
 "Drones," a song by Rise Against
 The Drones, a rock group from Melbourne, Australia
In music, a drone is a  note which sounds all the time while a piece of music is played.  Some folk instruments always make a drone when they are played: bagpipes and hurdy gurdies in European culture, sitars in Indian music, and many other instruments in Asian and African music.  Sometimes more than one drone is heard (often two notes which are a fifth apart).

Music with drones has to have simple harmonies because it is not possible to modulate to different keys.  Other things can make up for this, for example, Scottish bagpipe music has lots of little ornamental notes to make it interesting.

Some Western Composers  liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments.  Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette" (the French for "bagpipes").  Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

Related pages
Pedal point

Musical terminology
A pedal point (or pedal note) is a note which keeps sounding for several bars, usually in the bass (the lowest notes).  They are often used towards the end of a piece of music to help to drive the music to a climax.  They are called "pedal" notes because they are often heard in organ music where the player puts one of his feet on a pedal note and holds it there.

Pedal points are usually on either the tonic (main key note) (tonic pedal) or the dominant (5th note of the scale) (dominant pedal) tones.

A good example of a dominant pedal can be seen in the Prelude in C major from Book I of the Well-Tempered Clavier by Bach.

An example of a tonic pedal can be seen in the third movement of Brahms's German Requiem, where the double basses play continuous D's in the last section.  Because this lasts for the whole section some people might prefer to call this a drone.

A double pedal is two pedal tones played at the same time.

An inverted pedal is a pedal that is not in the bass.  It is often in the highest part.

Related pages
Ostinato
Drone (music)
Pedal (music)

Musical terminology
Euclidean geometry is a system in mathematics. People think Euclid was the first person who described it; therefore, it bears his name. He first described it in his textbook Elements. The book was the first systematic discussion of geometry as it was known at the time. In the book, Euclid first assumes a few axioms. These form the base for later work. They are intuitively clear. Starting from those axioms, other theorems can be proven. 

In the 19th century other forms of geometry were found. These are non-Euclidean geometry. Carl Friedrich Gauss, János Bolyai, and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky were some people that developed such geometries. Very often, these do not use the parallel postulate, but the other four axioms.

The axioms
Euclid makes the following assumptions. These are axioms, and need not be proved.
Any two points can be joined by a straight line
Any straight line segment can be made longer (extended) to infinity, so it becomes a straight line.
With a straight line segment it is possible to draw a circle, so that one endpoint of the segment is the center of the circle, and the other endpoint lies on the circle. The line segment becomes the radius of the circle.
All right angles are congruent
 Parallel postulate. If two lines intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough.

Status
Euclidean geometry is a first-order theory. With it, statements like For all triangles... can be made, and be proven. Statements like For all sets of triangles... are outside the scope of the theory.

Fields of geometry
In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of hunting, and in later times, the moon and chastity. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Artemis is her Greek equivalent.

According to mythology Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos. Apollo was her only real brother but she had many half brothers and sisters from her father. Her half-siblings were Vulcan, Minerva, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, and Proserpine. Diana made a group of three with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and midwife helper; and Virbius, the god of the woods. Diana is a maiden goddess which means she can't marry.

Other websites 

 Landscape with Diana and Callisto painting
 Diana and her Nymphs painting

Roman gods and goddesses
"Sumer Is Icumen In" is a very old English song which can be sung as a round.  It is the oldest example of a round that we know of.  The composer is unknown.  It was written down around the middle of the 13th century by a monk but we do not know whether that monk composed it, or whether it had been composed earlier.   

The title means "Summer has come in".  The round can be sung in six parts.  There are also two parts which can be repeated again and again (an ostinato) throughout the piece.  The language is Middle English and is based on the dialect spoken in Wessex, England at the time.

Music
This is the manuscript that the monk wrote:

To sing as a round, one singer (or group of singers) would begin at the beginning, a second singer would start at the beginning as the first got to the point marked with the red cross, then the third would join in when the second singer got to the red cross, and so on until all six were singing.  The repeated pattern is marked "Pes".  The instructions are written in Latin.

  
Here is the song in modern notation:

English lyrics (secular)
Here are the words with a modern English translation:

Medieval music
The kumquats or cumquats are a group of small fruit-bearing trees. The edible fruit (which is also called kumquat) is similar to other Citrus but is smaller.

Kumquats are slow-growing, evergreen shrubs or small trees, from 2.5–4.5 m tall, with dense branches. Sometimes they have small thorns. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the flowers pure white, similar to citrus flowers.

Kumquats came from China (they are known in literature of the 12th century), and have long been cultivated there and in Japan. They were introduced to Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, who was collector for the London Horticultural Society, and a short time later into North America. 

They are much hardier than citrus plants as oranges. The 'Nagami' kumquat needs a hot summer, ranging from 25 °C(77°F) to 38°C(100.4°F), but can withstand frost down to about -10 °C(14°F). It grows in the tea regions of China where the climate is too cold for other citrus fruits, even the Mikan (also known as the Satsuma) orange.

Etymology
The English name "kumquat" derives from the Cantonese pronunciation gam1 gwat1 (given in Jyutping romanization).  The alternate name 柑橘, also pronounced gam gwat in Cantonese (gān jú in Mandarin, literally "large tangerine orange") is now more commonly written by Cantonese speakers.

Names in other Asian languages include:
Japanese: kinkan (金柑)
Korean: geumgyul (금귤)
Mandarin: jīnjú (金橘)
Thai: somchíd (ส้มจี๊ด)
Vietnamese: cam quất (from the Cantonese) or, less commonly, (quả) kim quất (if transliterated from the characters 金橘 into Sino-Vietnamese; "quả" (果) is the Sino-Vietnamese prefix for "fruit")

Notes

References and other websites

Fruits of warm climates
Burkill, I. H. (1931). An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya. Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 212–220.
Mabberley, D. J. (1998). Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae). Telopea 7 (4): 333-344. Available online  (pdf).

Citrus
The Teton Mountains are mountains on the border between Wyoming and Idaho in the United States of America. They are in a park called Grand Teton National Park. It is south of Yellowstone National Park, a park known for its hot springs.

Mountains of the United States
Geography of Wyoming
Geography of Idaho
Baunach is a town in the German state (bundesland) of Bavaria. It is in the district of Bamberg in Upper Franconia. About 3,950 people live there (in year 2005).

References

Other websites

Bamberg (district)
In music, an ostinato is a short pattern of notes which is repeated several times throughout a song or piece of music.  The word "ostinato" is related to the word obstinate.  It is like a musical idea which is being obstinate and will not go away.  The plural can be either "ostinati" or "ostinatos".

An ostinato can last for a section of a piece or it might last for the whole piece of music.

An ostinato can be a repeated group of notes or just a rhythm.  It is similar to a riff in jazz.  Many kinds of music use ostinati, e.g. classical music, jazz, boogie-woogie and African music.

A ground bass, or basso ostinato, is an ostinato pattern in the lowest notes, which keeps playing while the melodies in the higher notes change.  This was often used in baroque musical works. An example is the famous Canon in D by Pachelbel.

An example of a rhythmic ostinato is the first movement from the Planets Suite by Gustav Holst.  This is the movement in 5/4 time which describes Mars.  Boléro by Maurice Ravel also uses a repeated rhythm all the way through the piece.

An example from popular music is Pink Floyd's  Money.

Related pages
Pedal point
Riff
Tubular bells

Ostinato
1492 Pictures is an American movie production company founded by director Chris Columbus in 1995. The name is a play on Columbus's more famous  namesake, Christopher Columbus. 	

In addition to various Columbus movies, 1492 Pictures has produced movies by other directors including Brian Levant (Jingle All the Way), Henry Selick (Monkeybone), Alfonso Cuarón (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Joe Roth (Christmas with the Kranks), Tim Story (the Fantastic Four films), and Shawn Levy (the Night at the Museum films). The logo music was composed by Academy award winner Hans Zimmer.

Movies 
Nine Months (1995)
Jingle All the Way (1996)
Stepmom (1998)
Bicentennial Man (1999)
Monkeybone (2001)
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
Christmas with the Kranks (2004)
Rent (2005)
Fantastic Four (2005)
Night at the Museum (2006)
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009)
Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)

Upcoming movies 
 Fantastic Four (TBA)
 Night at the Museum 3 (TBA)
 Dilbert (2012)

Other websites 
 1492 Pictures at the Internet Movie Database

Movie studios
1995 establishments in the United States
The Iraq War was an  armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein.

The conflict continued for much of the next ten years as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict. The United States officially withdrew from the country in 2011 but left private security contractors in its place to continue the war. In 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant conquered much of northern Iraq. An American-led new coalition sent troops to help the government of Iraq.

Australia, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Poland were also involved in the war with support from the Kurdish Peshmerga.

Background 
After the Gulf War of 1990-1991 during which a US-led coalition of 35 nations retook Kuwait after the Iraqi invasion, Iraq was severely damaged both economically and socially. Numerous penalties were imposed on the crumbling state of Iraq, including a no-fly zone (essentially barring any civilian and military planes from flying over Iraq), along with UN weapon inspections to ensure that Saddam was not stockpiling WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction). In 1998, the Iraqi government stopped allowing these inspections to continue after allegations that the inspectors were spying for the US.

Notes

References

2003 in the United States
21st century in Iraq
George W. Bush
Wars involving the United States
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Wars involving Australia
2000s conflicts
The feijoa is the fruit of Acca sellowiana, an evergreen shrub or small tree, 1–7 m in height. It comes from the highlands of southern Brazil, parts of Colombia, Uruguay, Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are also grown throughout Azerbaijan , Iran (Ramsar), Georgia, Russia (Sochi), New Zealand and Tasmania Australia .

The fruit is also called the 'pineapple guava' or 'guavasteen'.

Description of fruit and plant 
The fruit matures in autumn and is green, and about the size and shape of an egg. It has a sweet, aromatic flavour. The flesh is juicy. The fruit drops when ripe, but can be picked from the tree before to prevent bruising. Feijoa fruit have a distinctive smell. The chemical methyl benzoate smells strongly of feijoas and the aroma of the fruit is caused mostly by this and other closely related chemicals.

Growing conditions 
It is a warm-temperate to subtropical plant that will also grow in the tropics but requires some winter chilling to fruit. In the northern hemisphere it has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland but does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below about -11 °C will kill the flower buds. A lot of feijoa are grown in New Zealand, where the fruit is a popular garden tree and the fruit is commonly available in season.

Eating 
The fruit is usually eaten by cutting it in half, then scooping out the pulp with a spoon. It is popular in New Zealand to stew them in a pot with sugar and serve hot with vanilla ice cream in the wintertime . The fruits have a juicy sweet seed pulp, and slightly gritty flesh nearer the skin. The flavor is aromatic and sweet. The skin itself is tart and sour but also edible. If the utensils needed to eat it this way are not available, the feijoa can be torn or bitten in half, and the contents squeezed out and consumed.

Fruit maturity is not always apparent from the outside as the fruits remain green until they are over mature or rotting. When the fruits are immature the seed pulp is white and opaque, becoming clear and jelly-like when ripe. Fruits are at their optimum maturity when the seed pulp has turned into a clear jelly with no hint of browning. Once the seed pulp and surrounding flesh start to brown, the fruit is over mature and should not be eaten.

Other websites 

 Fruits of Warm Climates: Feijoa
 California Rare Fruit Growers: Feijoa Fruit Facts 
 New Zealand Feijoa Growers Association Inc.

Myrtaceae
Trees
Fruits
Wessex was an old Anglo-Saxon kingdom before England became one country. It was one of seven kingdoms in England. It was named after the West Saxons. It was in the south and southwest of England. Wessex was a kingdom from the 6th century until the English state was made in the 9th century. It was an earldom between 1016 and 1066. Then "Wessex" was not an official place name. The 19th century novelist Thomas Hardy wrote about Wessex in his books which tell stories set in that area.
  
His Royal Highness The Prince Edward was given the title "Earl of Wessex" when he married Sophie who became the Countess of Wessex. The title Earl of Wessex had not been used since the last earl, King Harold Godwinson, was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Anglo-Saxons
Clover could mean:

Plants
 Clover, a genus of plants

Places
 Clover, South Carolina, a town in York County
 Clover, Virginia, a place in Halifax County

Companies
 Clover Studio, the now defunct Capcom funded game developer
 Clover (toy company), a Japanese toy company
 Clover (dairy), a South African dairy company
 Clover (basses), a German company manufacturing bass guitars
 Clover Records, a record label
 Clover G Records, a record label

Clover was also the name of a defunct discount department store owned by Strawbridge and Clothier department stores in Pennsylvania.

Rivers
 Clover Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River
 Clover Creek (Washington)

Other things
 Clover (telescope), an astronomical telescope
 Clover (detector), a gamma ray detector
 Clover (manga), a manga by CLAMP
 Clover may also refer to the symbol on the Command key for official Apple Computer keyboards (⌘, U+2318)
 The Clovers, an American R&B band
 Clover (software tool), a Java code coverage tool
 Clover, one of the three spies in the cartoon Totally Spies!.
 CLOVER, a family of modulation techniques, mainly used for data communication over HF radio links.
The discus throw is an event in athletics, where a heavy disc is thrown for distance. It was invented in 708 BC in Ancient Greece. The goal is to throw the discus farther than your opponents.

The discus throw is the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies of them.US thrower Al Oerter is one of only two athletes to win the same individual event at four consecutive Olympic Games.

Related pages
Hammer throw
Javelin throw
Shot put

References 

Events in athletics
Captain William Baillie (June 5, 1723 – December 22, 1810) was an Irish military man and artist. 
         
Baillie went to London at age of 18 to study law, but liked art more. Shortly after getting to London, he joined the army. He served at the Battle of Culloden the Battle of Minden and retired with the rank of Captain. Baillie was later made the Commissioner of Stamps, which he was until 1795.

While he continued as an artist, what he is most famous for was his skill repairing and printing etching plates. He worked on plates by many artists, including Gerard Dou, Nicolas Poussin, and most notably Rembrandt. Apparently he got a number of Rembrandt's worn-out plates. The three best known:

The Goldweigher: He did a really fine job on this. The prints from it are at least as good as those done personally by Rembrandt.
The Hundred Guilder Print (Christ Preaching): He changed it in a rather bad way. He then cut it up, and sold the pieces separately.
The Three Trees: The lower portion of this had been destroyed. Baillie redid that part of the plate by copying an old print. It is not bad, but does not have the feeling that was in the original Rembrandt.

A book of prints, after the above artists, was published in 1792, in two volumes, with subsequent editions.

Other websites
Artist profile on Artoftheprint.com

1723 births
1810 deaths
People from the Republic of Ireland
Artists
A handshake is when two people hold hands for a few seconds and move them up and down before letting go.  It is often used like a greeting (like saying "Hello, Hi" or "goodbye" when people meet) or to say that two people have agreed on something. Handshakes are also used between romantic partners.

The action is ancient, and occurs (or occurred) in many cultures. There are, however, many slight differences. In some cultures, the handshake is firm, in others it is gentle. In some cultures the senior person leads the handshake. The length of time also varies between cultures. One thing is almost universal: hand shaking is done with bare hands.

Another aspect is: do men shake hands with women? In the past, in many societies, they did not. Today, in western society, handshakes are allowed if the female offers her hand. It is not done between family members, when hugs and kisses are more usual.

Some secret societies have secret handshakes to show they are part of the group.

Related pages 
Greeting

References 

Non-verbal communication
Messaging
Bat or Bats may mean:
 Bat, the flying mammal

Sports:
 The Louisville Bats, a AAA minor league baseball team related to the Cincinnati Reds, based in Louisville, Kentucky
 Bat, a club or broad, blunt and/or club-like object
 Bat, a piece of sports equipment such as a baseball bat or cricket bat

Entertainment:
 The Bat (1926 movie), a silent movie based on a play by Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood
 The Bat (1959 movie), based on the same Rinehart/Hopwood play
 Bats (movie) (1999), starring Lou Diamond Phillips and Bob Gunton
 The Bats, a New Zealand rock band
 The Bats (American band), a short-lived American rock band
 The Bat, the English name for the 1874 comic operetta Die Fledermaus
 "Bats" and "The Bat", nicknames of Batman

Science:

 The Broadly Applicable Tracking System, a tool scientists use to study small animals.

Computing:
 The Bat!, an email client by RitLabs for Microsoft Windows
 ".bat", the filetype extension for Microsoft Windows batch files
 Bat, metasyntactic variable

Military:
 Bat (guided bomb), a radar-guided, air-to-surface glide bomb
 HMS Bat, two Royal Navy ships

Roller coasters:
 The Bat (Canada's Wonderland), a roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland
 The Bat (Kings Island), a roller coaster at Kings Island
 Bat (Lagoon) a roller coaster at Lagoon

Other languages:
 Bat, an alternative transliteration of Bata (goddess)
 Bat, a Hebrew word, meaning "daughter" or "daughter of." It is also used in Jewish names such as "Rachel bat Moshe," meaning "Rachel, daughter of Moshe"
 Bats language, a Caucasian people and their language
 Bats, Landes, a commune of the Landes département of France

Related pages
 The acronym form: BAT
For the German Baroque composer, see Dieterich Buxtehude.

Buxtehude () is a town in Northern Germany. It has 39,000 inhabitants. It is by the Este river which joins the city to the important river Elbe just 6 miles away.

Buxtehude is known as "The Fairytale Capital" of the world. The tale of "The Bunny and the Hedgehog" by the Brothers Grimm is set in this town.

The Pistennacht is an event where bars, restaurants and clubs in the old part of town are open all night long. The Pfingstmarkt is a big fair which is held at Whitsun (Pfingsten). There is a lot to do including rides on a Ferris Wheel. On the first weekend of June there is a big feast in the old part of the town, which also has a wine festival every year.

References

Other websites

 Official site
The Harlem Renaissance is the name for a movement in African-American culture in the 1920s and 1930s which has had a big influence  on African-American literature, philosophy and music. The Harlem Renaissance is also called the "Black Literary Renaissance", '"The New Negro Movement" and "The flowering of Negro literature". 

The movement began in Harlem, New York after World War I. In 1925 a book was published called "The New Negro", edited by Alain Locke. This book was a collection of writing by African-Americans which looked at their people's lives experiences since the Civil War. From 1925 onwards, there was a movement called the "New Negro Movement", named after the book. 

The movement began to affect the thinking of many African-American writers and artists of all sorts. They challenged the thinking of many white Americans towards black Americans. They refused to be treated as if they were not equal. They refused to just copy the sorts of writing, art and music that white Americans did. They wanted to celebrate the fact that their African culture had survived through the terrible years of slavery, and was being "reborn". (The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth" and is generally used for a time from 1400 to 1600 in Europe.)

Important writers and musicians of the Harlem Renaissance

Novels 

 Jessie Redmon Fauset – There is Confusion (1924), Plum Bun (1928), The Chinaberry Tree (1931), Comedy, American Style (1933)
 Rudolph Fisher – The Walls of Jericho (1928), The Conjure Man Dies (1932)
 Langston Hughes – Not Without Laughter (1930)
 Zora Neale Hurston – Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934), Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)
 Nella Larsen – Quicksand (1928), Passing (1929)
 Claude McKay – Home to Harlem (1927), Banjo (1929), Gingertown (1931), Banana Bottom (1933)
 George Schuyler – Black No More (1930), Slaves Today (1931)
 Wallace Thurman – The Blacker the Berry (1929), Infants of the Spring (1932), Interne (1932)
 Jean Toomer – Cane (1923)
 Carl Van Vechten – Nigger Heaven (1926)
 Eric Walrond – Tropic Death (1926)
 Walter White – The Fire in the Flint (1924), Flight (1926)
Paul Laurence Dubar - The Old Cabin (1905)

Drama
 Charles Gilpin, actor
 Eugene O'Neill, playwright–Emperor Jones, All God's Chillun Got Wings
 Paul Robeson

Poetry
 Langston Hughes, poet
 Jessie Fauset, editor, poet, essayist and novelist
 Countee Cullen, poet – The Black Christ and Other Poems (1929)
 Claude McKay, poet
 James Weldon Johnson, poet
 Arna Bontemps, poet
 Richard Bruce Nugent, poet

Musicians/Composers 

Nora Douglas Holt Ray
Billie Holiday
Duke Ellington
Count Basie
Louis Armstrong
Eubie Blake
Bessie Smith
Fats Waller
Aretha Franklin
Ella Fitzgerald

Popular entertainment
Cotton Club
Apollo Theater
Black Swan Records
Small's Paradise
Connie's Inn
Speakeasies
Rent party

1920s in the United States
African-American history
American music history
Literature
Hollywood Pictures was one of Walt Disney Studios movie companies. It makes movies for a more adult audience than Walt Disney Pictures.  It is similar to Disney's Touchstone Pictures brand. The studio was launched in 1989, but was closed in 2007.

List of films released by Hollywood Pictures

1990s

2000s

Movie studios
Disney
Defunct companies
The "third world" describes the developing countries.

History 
The term third world was introduced during the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union. At that time, there were three "worlds". Colors do not represent current economic development.

References 

politics
economics
Country classifications
Database normalisation is an approach to designing databases which was introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s. Certain databases, known as relational databases, allow data to be stored in separate groups. Each group is commonly called a table.  To provide useful information, these groups are connected to each other. For example, students could be stored in one group, and classes in another group. To show that a student is enrolled in a class, a "relationship" is established from one group to the other. A student could have a relationship to many classes, each of which he or she would be enrolled in, while a class would have a relationship to many students.

A traditional alternative is the "flat file database", where all of the data is grouped together like in a spreadsheet. The problem with flat file databases is that they can have a lot of blank spaces and there is a lot of information that has to be repeated for each entry. This means that the database is bigger than it has to be, and it makes it more likely that the database will contain mistakes. Relational databases, by breaking the data into groups, reduce the chance of mistakes happening and does not take up any more space than necessary. But for it to work it needs to be well designed. 

Database normalization is a method of designing good relational databases. There are several "normal forms", each of which have rules which the database should be designed to meet. Codd originally specified three sets of criteria that different databases must meet: first, second and third normal form.

If a relation (or "database table") meets a certain normal form, it is not vulnerable to certain modifications, that will affect data integrity. The drawback of meeting such a set of criteria is usually that querying certain data from the database will become more difficult.

 First normal form
 Second normal form
 Third normal form
 Fourth normal form
 Fifth normal form

Normalization
Ugliness is a property of physical things that are not nice to look at. Something or someone who has ugliness is called ugly. This word is commonly used in when talking about human appearance. The opposite of ugliness is beauty. Someone who discriminates against ugly people is called a  lookist or cacophobe.

Ugliness can be a matter of opinion. Two people can look at the same object and one may think it is beautiful and the other may think it is ugly. This is shown in the popular phrase . 

Although ugly usually means "a lack of physical beauty", the property of ugliness may also be used to describe other things such as music, literature, or human behavior. The word can also be used as an insult, even if the person does not think the person they are talking about is ugly.

Ugliness in popular culture
One of the most well-known examples of "ugly" in popular culture is the story The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen. The moral of this story is that ugliness is a matter of opinion.
Movies with ugly in the title include Coyote Ugly (based on New York's Coyote Ugly Saloon), and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.
Ugly dolls and troll dolls are unique because of their ugliness.
 The Star Trek episode "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" had an alien race called the Medusans, who were so ugly that any human who sees one without protection would be driven insane.
 Ugly Betty is the name of a television series on ABC that started in 2006.

Related pages
Aesthetics

Characteristics
The word texture means: what things are made of and how they feel.  Textures can be described as “rough”, “smooth”, “hard”, “soft”,  “liquid”, “solid”, “lumpy”, “gritty” etc.  The word “texture” is used for many different things.  It can even be used in abstract senses, e.g. for music and poetry.

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Food

People like or dislike food because of its taste, but the texture of the food also plays a part in whether we like it or not. We enjoy the feel of it in our mouth. Food can be hard, soft, lumpy, gritty (e.g. a cake made with ground rice). Adding some lettuce to a cheese sandwich will change the texture of the sandwich: it makes it more crunchy.

Architecture

In architecture we often talk about “texture”.  This can mean: the things that the buildings are made of.  It can also mean: the general way it looks, e.g. whether everything is built close together or whether there is plenty of space.  This is an abstract use of the word, because it compares the way we see things to the way things feel.

Painting

Painters talk about the texture of paintings. This can be seen clearly in pointillism which is a way of painting by using lots of little dots. This gives the painting a very interesting texture.

Music

In music we can talk about the texture of a piece of music.  If there are a lot of notes being played at once, we could call this a “thick” texture.  If there are just two or three notes being played so that every note can be heard clearly we could call this a “thin” or “clear” texture.  Music may have a “polyphonic” texture or a “chordal” texture.  The word “texture”, this time, is being used to describe something we hear instead of something we feel.

Vocabulary
Sensory system
Microsoft Outlook Express, also known as Microsoft Internet Mail and News, is an email program and newsreader program made by Microsoft. It is a free version of Outlook, also made by Microsoft. Microsoft's Outlook Express was discontinued in 2006 with the release of its new operating system, Windows Vista, which has Windows Mail instead.

Problems
Outlook Express needs a database to work, sometimes this database gets damaged when there are too many emails or when the database gets compacted. Compaction is needed when its size gets too large to handle well. Also, sometimes emails or attachments are infected with viruses.

Other websites
Moving emails from Outlook Express to Windows 8.1 - Microsoft, the company that created Outlook Express, tells how to move your old emails to a new version of Windows
Outlook Express Help - Tips and Tricks - How to use Outlook Express
 UnDBX  online -  an open-source program that lets you save easily emails from a damaged database. The very complicated source code is at sourceforge.net

Microsoft software
E-mail