cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Brave New World is a dystopia novel by Aldous Huxley. It was first published in 1932. The novel is set in London of "AF 632", which is about 2540 AD, and speaks of developments in reproductive technology, operant conditioning, and sleep-learning that change society.

The general idea is a World Government manipulates people so as to make them easier to govern. They are split into five castes, hatched by the state to fill preset positions in society. The lower castes, which are clones, are treated with chemicals to arrest their mental and physical development. Children are treated by a process which gives them only information appropriate to their caste. They are moulded for their positions in life. Psychological needs are met by compulsory dosing of the drug soma, a hallucinogen which takes the user on an enjoyable trip. In the novel various characters experience life in this planned society and struggle with the problems it causes them.

Related pages
[[Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century|Le Monde'''s 100 Books of the Century]]

References

http://www.huxley.net/

Other websites

1957 video interview with Huxley as he reflects on his life work and especially Brave New World''
 Scholarly essay/article on Brave New World 
Aldous Huxley: Bioethics and Reproductive Issues
A Defense of Paradise-Engineering. A critical review of Huxley's novel by David Pearce.

1932 books
English novels
London in fiction
Manuel José Quintana y Lorenzo (April 11, 1772 - March 11, 1857), poet, was born at Madrid, Spain.

Writings 
In 1801 Quintana wrote a tragedy, El Duque de Viseo, written about a patriotic theme. which was successful.

Life 
The first book of his Vidas de Españoles célebres, about the lives of Spanish heroes, helped to promote Quintana the post of secretary to the Cortes during the French invasion. But on the return of Ferdinand VII he was put in prison at Pamplona from 1814 to 1820. He was finally given a small post in the civil service, became tutor to Queen Isabella II, and was nominated senator.

Death 
Quintana died at the age of 84. Philanthropy and patriotism helped him write. The thought he put into his poems is not deep, but his faith to Spain attracted people to read them.

References
 Albert Dérozier: "Les étapes de la vie officielle de Manuel Josef Quintana". Bulletin Hispanique 66 (1964): 363-383
 Albert Dérozier: Manuel Josef Quintana et la naissance du libéralisme en Espagne. 2 vols. Paris: Les belles Lettres, 1968-70. Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 95, 105.
 Albert Dérozier: Manuel José Quintana y el nacimiento del liberalismo en España / Albert Dérozier. Trad.: Manuel Moya. Madrid: Turner, 1978.
 Diego Martínez Torrón: Manuel José Quintana y el espíritu de la España liberal (con textos desconocidos). Sevilla: Ed. Alfar, 1995. .
 E. Mérimée: "Les poésies liriques de Quintana." Bulletin Hispanique 4 (1902): 119-153.
 José A. Valero: "Manuel José Quintana y el sublime moral." Hispanic Review 71 (2003): 585-611

Quintana, Manuel José
Quintana, Manuel José
Quintana, Manuel José
Fortran is a programming language first created in the 1950s. It is still in use today. It is a procedural language mainly used for scientific computing and numerical analysis.

History
The first FORTRAN compiler was created in 1954-57 by a team at IBM led by John W. Backus. This compiler was the first compiler for any High level language. The authors were worried that no one would use the language if programs written in it did not run nearly as fast as programs written in assembly language. So they made it an optimizing compiler.

Because of the heavy use by scientists doing numerical work the language grew in ways that encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that generated high quality (fast) code. There are many high performance compiler vendors. Much work and research in compiler theory and design was caused by the need to generate good code for Fortran programs.

Several revisions of the language have appeared, including the very well known FORTRAN IV (the same as FORTRAN 66), FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. The most recent formal standard for the language was published in 1997 and is known as Fortran 95.

Initially, the language relied on precise formatting of the source code and heavy use of statement numbers and 'go to' statements, written as goto in Fortran.

Every version introduced 'modern' programming concepts, such as source code comments and output of text, IF-THEN-ELSE (in FORTRAN 77), recursion (in Fortran 90) and parallel constructs, while trying to maintain Fortran's 'lean' profile and high performance.

Meaning and spelling of the name 

The name "Fortran" is short for "Formula Translation". The language was formerly known as FORTRAN (and older variants of it still are). Since Fortran 90, the capitalization has been abandoned. The published formal standards use "Fortran".

Standards 
The two standards below are for current Fortran implementations. 
 ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997). Title: Programming Language "Fortran" Extended. Informally known as Fortran 90. This standard was published by ANSI and never became an International Standard (ISO).
 ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997. Title: Information technology - Programming languages - Fortran - Part 1: Base language. Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further 2 parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.

Other websites and references

 Brian Meek: The Fortran (not the foresight) saga: the light and the dark, Fortran Forum, Vol 9 No 2, October 1990, pp 23-32. Online at http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/resources/brian_meeks_fortran_saga.pdf . A good overview over the long and intricate Fortran history.
 Lucy Joan Slater, More Fortran programs for economists, Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Programming languages
Computer science
90 Antiope is an asteroid found on October 1, 1866 by Robert Luther. The 90th asteroid to be found, it is named after Antiope from Greek mythology, though it is disputed as to whether the namesake is Antiope the Amazon or Antiope the mother of Amphion and Zethus.

Antiope orbits in the farther third of the core region of the main belt, and is a member of the Themis family of asteroids. Like most bodies in this region, it is of the dark C spectral type, indicating that it is made of carbonaceous chondrite.

There have been 9 occultations observed since 1988, many of which are multichord occultations.

Double asteroid      

The most remarkable feature of Antiope is that it has two asteroids of almost equal size (the difference in mass is less than 2.5%), making it a truly "double" asteroid. Its binary nature was found on 10 August, 2000 by a group of astronomers using adaptive optics at the Keck Telescope on Mauna Kea. The "secondary" is designated S/2000 (90) 1.

Each asteroid is about 86±1 km across, with their centers separated by only about 170 kilometers. This means that the space separating the two halves is only 60 km, or so. The two bodies orbit around the same center of mass which lies in the space between them. The orbital period is about 16.50 hours, the eccentricity below 0.03 (best estimate 0.01 ± 0.02). Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the asteroids can be derived from the orbital period and asteroid sizes.

The axis of the mutual orbit of the two asteroids points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system.

Other websites 
 Discovery of Companions to Asteroids 762 Pulcova and 90 Antiope SWrI Press Release.
 Data on (90) Antiope from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
 online data on the Antiope system maintained by F. Marchis; includes images and simulated occultation movies.
 ESO Press-Release published on May 29, 2007  The Impossible Siblings
 UC-Berkeley Press-Release published on May 29, 2007 Binary asteroid revealed as twin rubble piles
 Antiope, a true binary asteroid , The Planetary Society weblog, E. Lakdawalla, 11 Apr, 2007.

References 

Asteroids
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (or Golden Dawn for short) was a magical order of secret society for the study of the occult and metaphysics. It was founded in London in 1888 by Dr. William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. It ceased to exist under that name in 1903. However, two spin-off groups were created at that time, the Stella Matutina and the Alpha et Omega.

While it was popular, many well-known people joined the Golden Dawn. Some of its members included:
 Algernon Blackwood
 Aleister Crowley
 Florence Farr
 Dion Fortune
 Arthur Machen
 Pamela Colman Smith
 Arthur Edward Waite
 William Butler Yeats

Related pages
 Hermeticism

Other websites 
 Golden Dawn FAQ 
 The Golden Dawn Library Project
 Golden Dawn Tradition, by co-founder Dr. W. Wynn Westcott 
 Lots of GD material on display in Yeats exhibition including Ritual Notebooks.
 

1888 establishments in the United Kingdom
1903 disestablishments
Religious organizations
Occult
1900s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Pago Pago is a village in American Samoa. It is the capital of the country but not the seat of government. In 2000, 11,500 people live there

References

Cities in Oceania
United States capital cities
American Samoa
Fagatogo is the seat of government in American Samoa, but not its capital city, which is Pago Pago.

The population of Fagatogo is about 3,000.

Cities in Oceania
American Samoa
In design planform or plan view is a vertical orthographic projection of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map.

In aviation, a planform is the shape and layout of an airplane's wing. Of all the myriad planforms used, they can typically be grouped into those used for low-speed flight, found on general aviation aircraft, and those used for 
high-speed flight, found on many military aircraft and airliners.

Gallery

Related pages
Wing

Engineering
Aviation
Charlotte Amalie is the capital and largest city of the United States Virgin Islands. It has about 20,000 people. The city is on the island of Saint Thomas.

United States capital cities
US Virgin Islands
Albertville is the largest city in Marshall County, Alabama. Albertville has a population of about 19,000 people, an area of about 26 miles, and a height of 1,089 feet. Other cities in Marshall County include Arab.

Cities in Alabama
Besenbüren is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Bettwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Biberstein is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Arab is a city in Marshall County, Alabama. Arab has a population of about 7,200 people, an area of about 13 square miles and, a height of 1,089. Other cities in Marshall County include Albertville.

Cities in Alabama
Abbeville is a city in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It is the county seat of Henry County. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, 2,688 people lived in Abbeville.

The government of Abbeville is a mayor and a city council. The city council is made up of five people. Each city councilperson is elected from one of five districts in the city.

Location 
The coordinates for Abbeville are:  (31.566367, -85.251300). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the size of the city is . This includes  of land and 
 of water.

History 
Abbeville was a colonial town. It is the oldest still standing colonial settlement in eastern Alabama. It's older than Henry County and the State of Alabama. The city was named after a Muscogee Indian man named "Abbe." He was a Native American who lived nearby when the city was started. The name means "a grove of dogwood trees."

In 1819, there was a trading post in Abbeville. (A trading post is a small settlement that has been set up for trading. Trading posts are usually located in remote places.) At this time, the area was part of Alabama Territory.

In 1944, there was a famous civil rights event that happened in Abbeville. An African-American woman was gang-raped by six white men. The men told the police that they had raped her. Two grand juries decided not to take them to court. Because of this, the men were never punished. This event was written about in the book At the Dark End of the Street.

By 1950, there were 2,162 people living in Abbeville.

Demographics 
In 2000, there were 2,987 people living in Abbeville. These people lived in 1,172 households and made up 787 families. The population density was about 192 people per square mile (74.1 people/km²). The city was 56.65% white, 39.94% black or African-American, 0.07% Asian, 2.85% other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. 3.52% of the people said they were Hispanic or Latino.

In 2010, Abbeville has 2,688 people living there. It was 53.7% white, 41.4% black or African-American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 1.2% mixed race, and 3.1% Hispanic or Latino.

Sources 

County seats in Alabama
Cities in Alabama
Birmenstorf is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Official homepage of the municipality of Birmenstorf
Homepage of the viticulture cooperative

Municipalities of Aargau
Birr is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Birmensdorf is a municipality of the district of Dietikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Birmensdorf Online Official website 

Municipalities of Zürich
Birrhard is a municipality in Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website of Birrhard

Municipalities of Aargau
Birrwil is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It is on the western shore of Lake Hallwil.

References

Other websites
 Official Website of Birrwil

Municipalities of Aargau
Unterendingen is a former municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Unterendingen merged into the municipality of Endingen.

Former municipalities of Aargau
Böbikon is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is 2 km south of the border with Germany.

Other websites
  Official Website of Böbikon

Municipalities of Aargau
Boniswil is a municipality in Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official site of Boniswil 

Municipalities of Aargau
Boswil is a municipality in Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Zuzgen is a municipality in Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Bottenwil is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Böttstein is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Population

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Bad Zurzach is a municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district.  Bad Zurzach was known as Zurzach.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Bözen is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Zufikon is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Arbedo-Castione is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Zofingen is a city in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is the capital of the district of Zofingen.

References

Other websites 

 http://www.zofingen.ch
 http://www.zofingen2008.ch 
 http://www.siegfried.ch

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Arogno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino.

References

Other websites 
 Arogno.ch Official web site 

Municipalities of Ticino
Aarwangen is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

Official Website of Aarwangen
Bern: Schloss Aarwangen - Le château de Aarwangen (in French but with stunning photos)

Municipalities of Bern
Adelboden is a municipality of the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

The municipality of Adelboden official website 
Adelboden tourism 
Adelboden tourism  
Vogellisi-Festival  

Municipalities of Bern
Aefligen is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Aegerten is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  
Official statistics for Swiss municipalities 

Municipalities of Bern
Aeschi bei Spiez is a municipality of the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
107 Camilla is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It orbits within the Cybele Group, beyond most of the main belt asteroids. It has a very dark surface and is made of carbonate. It was found by N. R. Pogson on November 17, 1868, and named after Camilla, Queen of the Volsci in Roman mythology.

Study of its light curve shows that Camilla's pole probably points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (+51°, 72°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives it an axial tilt of 29°.

Moon (S/2001 (107) I) 

On March 1, 2001, a moon of Camilla was found by A. Storrs, F. Vilas, R. Landis, E. Wells, C. Woods, B. Zellner, and M. Gaffey using the Hubble Space Telescope. It has been labelled S/2001 (107) 1 but it does not yet have an official name.

Later sightings in September 2005 with the VLT allowed scientists to work out its orbit. Apart from data in infobox, the inclination was found to be 3 ± 1° with respect to an axis pointing towards (β, λ) = (+55°, 75°). Given the ~10° uncertainty in the actual rotational axis of Camilla, the orbit's inclination probably is less than 10°.

The moon is estimated to be about 11 km in diameter. If it has the same density as Camilla, this would give it a mass of about ~1.5 kg. It has a similar colour to Camilla.

References

Other websites 
 Data on (87) Sylvia from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
 Hubble Finds New Asteroid Moon (SpaceDaily.com, 21-03-2001), includes discovery image.
 107 Camilla and S/2001 (107) 1, orbit data website maintained by F. Marchis. Includes orbit diagrams.

Asteroids
FLOW is a Japanese music band. The group is made of five men. The group was made in 1998.

Since Flow is a Japanese band, they sing in Japanese, but they often use English sentences or words in their songs. 
Their songs are used in different anime series, like Naruto and Eureka Seven. With starting numbers like: Sign, Go.

Members 
This list contains the names and birth dates of group members
 KOHSHI (Vocal)　April 22, 1977
 KEIGO (Vocal)　July 1, 1977
 TAKE (Guitar, Chorus)　August 31, 1978
 GOT'S (Bass, Chorus)　January 26, 1977
 IWASAKI (Drum)　November 21, 1969

Japanese musical groups
There were two sets of Nuremberg Trials.

The first, and most well known, were the trials of the leaders of Nazi Germany. This was organized by the International Military Tribunal (IMT). The judges and prosecutors were from the four wartime Allies, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The second set of trials were the 12 follow up trials (). These trials were of groups of lower-ranking Nazis, like doctors, and officials of the German Foreign Office. Although the follow up trials were held in the same courtroom as the IMT trials, they were run by the Americans alone.

The main trial

The International Military Tribunal was opened on October 18, 1945, in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin. The first session was presided over by the Soviet judge, Nikitchenko. The prosecution brought charges against 24 major war criminals and six criminal organizations – the leadership of the Nazi Party, the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Gestapo, the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the High Command of the German armed forces (OKW).

The indictments were for:

 Working with other people (legally called "Taking part in a conspiracy") to commit a crime against peace
 War crimes
 Crimes against humanity
 Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace

The 24 accused were:

"I" indicted      "G" indicted and found guilty      "O" Not Charged

"I" indicted      "G" indicted and found guilty      "O" Not Charged

The death sentences were carried out on 16 October 1946 by hanging using the inefficient American "standard" drop method instead of the long drop. The executioner was John C. Woods. The French judges suggested the use of a firing squad for the military condemned, as is standard for military courts-martial, but this was opposed by Biddle and the Soviet judges. They said that the military officers acted so badly they did not deserve to be treated as soldiers. The prisoners sentenced to jail were transferred to Spandau Prison in 1947.

The definition of what constitutes a war crime is described by the Nuremberg Principles, a document which was created as a result of the trial. The medical experiments conducted by German doctors and prosecuted in the so-called Doctors' Trial led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code to control future trials involving human subjects.

Four organisations were charged as being criminal. Only the SS was found guilty. These organisations were found not to be criminal:
 Reichsregierung, (the Reich government or Cabinet)
 Oberkommando and Generalstab der Wehrmacht, (the High Command and General Staff of the Armed Forces)
 Sturmabteilung (the Stormtroopers or "Brownshirts")

Related pages
 Benjamin B. Ferencz
 Nuremburg Follow-up Trials

References
In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation P from a vector space to itself such that P2 = P.  Projections map the whole vector space to a subspace and leave the points in that subspace unchanged.

Notes

References
 N. Dunford and J.T. Schwartz, Linear Operators, Part I: General Theory, Interscience, 1958.
 Carl D. Meyer, Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2000. .

Other websites
 MIT Linear Algebra Lecture on Projection Matrices  at Google Video, from MIT OpenCourseWare

Algebra
A nonprofit organization (NPO), or non-business entity, is an organization which does not give its surplus income to owners or shareholders.

It uses its revenue and/or capital to achieve its purpose or mission. The decision to adopt a non profit legal structure is one that will often have tax benefits. Governments may see them as supporting activities which help the community.

In England this is more often referred to as "not-for-profit", and includes local and national government. Non-profit organizations are allowed to pay their workers, but sometimes workers at non-profit organizations are volunteers who do not get paid for their work.

Sometimes a non-profit may make money to help other people, which might include helping them start their own business or providing them with food, clothing or shelter. Some non-profits try to help endangered animals or the environment. Some non-profits are small groups of people such as a block association or community group. Others such as trade unions, universities or religions are large and well established, with many assets and many paid workers. 

When a non-profit organization deals with politics or international issues it can be called a non-governmental organization or NGO. The Wikimedia organization, which runs Wikipedia is a non-profit. It is based in Florida in the United States. It is also a not-for-profit corporation.

References 

Economics
'Filippo Brunelleschi ( , , also known as Pippo; 1377 – 15 April 1446) was one of the most important architects of the Italian Renaissance. All of his most well-known works are in Florence, Italy.

Biography

Early life
Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy in 1377. His family consisted of his father, Brunellesco di Lippo, a notary and civil servant, his mother Giuliana Spini, and his two brothers. The family was well-off; the palace of the Spini family still exists, across from the Church of the Trinita in Florence.

Main works 
The principal buildings and works designed by Brunelleschi or which included his involvement:
 Dome of the Florence Cathedral (1419–1436)
 Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419–ca.1445)
 The Basilica of San Lorenzo (1419–1480s)
 Meeting Hall of the Palazzo di Parte Guelfa (1420s–1445)
 Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy of S. Lorenzo (1421–1440)
 Santa Maria degli Angeli: unfinished, (begun 1434)
 The lantern of Florence Cathedral (1436–ca.1450)
 The exedrae of Florence Cathedral (1439–1445)
 The church of Santo Spirito (1441–1481)
 Pazzi Chapel (1441–1460s)

Related pages 
 Italian Renaissance art

References

Other reading

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (in line presentation)
 
 Vereycken, Karel, "The Secrets of the Florentine Dome", Schiller Institute, 2013. (Translation from the French, "Les secrets du dôme de Florence", la revue Fusion, n° 96, Mai, Juin 2003)
 "The Great Cathedral Mystery", PBS Nova TV documentary, February 12, 2014

Other websites

Free audio guide of Brunelleschi's Dome
 

Italian architects
People from Florence
1377 births
1446 deaths
The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is one of the important rivers of central Italy.

Source and route 

The river begins on Mount Falterona in the Casentino area of the Apennines. It first takes a curve to the south. The river turns to the west near Arezzo. It passes through Florence, Empoli and Pisa, then flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea at the Marina di Pisa. At a length of , it is the longest river in the region.

A flood on November 4, 1966 collapsed the embankment in Florence. This killed at least 40 people. It also damaged or destroyed millions of works of art and rare books. 40 years later, hundreds of works have still not been restored.

References 

Rivers of Italy
Tuscany
Lake Como () is a glacial lake in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of . It is the third largest lake in Italy (after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore). 

Some of the towns and villages on the shores of Lake Como are Como, Lierna, Lecco, Bellagio,  Mandello del Lario, and Lenno.

History
For many centuries Lierna has been the most exclusive place in the whole of Lake Como, frequented by kings, empresses, princely families, and where the most important managers and billions in the world buy a home, including the world president of Mercedes. The chivalric order was founded in the Church of Lierna which allowed the birth of the royal house of the Kings of Italy, the Savoy. Lierna is the place on Lake Como with the most beautiful life of all Lake Como and the place most represented by painters from all over Europe for many centuries, having a magical atmosphere. The place is very private, the villas are hidden and not even George Clooney has managed to buy a villa offering over 100 million euros for years. It is often said that the inhabitants of Lierna paid for not having Lierna appear on the geographical maps of Lake Como for centuries. It is very difficult to stop in Lierna because there are deliberately no parking spaces and you can only arrive by boat by selecting who comes. Luxury villas in Lierna are priceless and are one of the greatest status symbols in the world.

References

Other websites

Como
Lombardy
Lake Maggiore (in Italian: Lago Maggiore or lago Verbano) is the most westerly of the three large prealpine lakes of Italy and the second largest after Lake Garda.

Events
The Spirit of Woodstock Festival is an annual open air festival at the end of July/beginning of August at Mirapuri.

Other websites

Lake Maggiore - Tourist guide on the Lake Maggiore
Official Tourism Gateway Lake Maggiore Official Tourism Gateway
Ferry Services on Italian Lakes - Lake Maggiore

Lakes of Italy
Lakes of Ticino
The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free software picture maker.

It is often used for making logos, making photographs bigger or smaller, changing colours, making many pictures part of one picture, making pictures nicer to look at, and changing file formats.

GIMP is often used as a free software alternative for the most popular Adobe Photoshop, but it is not made to be an Adobe Photoshop clone. GIMPs mascot is named Wilber.

GIMP was started in 1995 by Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis and is now taken care of by a group of volunteers as part of the GNU Project. The newest version of GIMP is v.2.8 and it was available since March 2009. GIMPs license is the GNU General Public License, so GIMP is free software.

GIMP can be used for opening and changing many types of file formats.  GIMPs own file format is XCF, which is the name of the building where GIMP was written.

Some file formats that GIMP can be used with are bitmap, JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF. GIMP can also read and write path information from SVG files and GIMP can read Adobe PDF files and the raw image formats used by digital cameras, but cannot write to these formats.

References

Other websites 

 Official GIMP Web site

Graphics software
David Ben-Gurion (born David Grün on 16 October 1886, died 1 December 1973) was the first Prime Minister of Israel. 

He was born in Płońsk, Poland and aspired to create a state of Israel for all the oppressed Jews of Europe. He moved to Palestine and worked as a farmer there until he was expelled during the First World War. After the war he came back and founded the “Confederation of Jewish Workers.” Then he became president of ‘’Mapai’’ or the Israeli Workers Party. Eventually he got what he wanted when the state of Israel was founded after World War II. After leading Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Ben-Gurion helped build the state institutions. He retired from political life in 1970 and moved to Sde Boker, where he lived until his death. He died of a stroke in Tel HaShomer, Israel.

After he died, Ben-Gurion was named one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Important People of the Century.

He is the country’s second longest-serving prime minister after Benjamin Netanyahu.

References 
 "Israel, 1948-." History Study Centre. ProQuest LLC. 2010. Web. 10 June 2014 
 “David ben Gurion.” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Tel Aviv: Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998. 1. netTrekker. Web. 10 June 2014.

Other websites 

1886 births
1973 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Israeli former political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Mapai politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Polish Jews
Prime Ministers of Israel
Zionists
Kotoko (stylized as KOTOKO, born January 19) is a Japanese musician. She was born January 19, in Hokkaido, Japan. She is signed to "I've". She writes the lyrics of her songs by herself, and gives them to other artists.  She plays an active role in the animation and game industry.

Discography 

2000: 
2004: Hane
2005: 
2006: Uzu-Maki
2009: 
2011:

North American appearances 
 Anime Expo 2005: Anaheim, CA (July 1–4, 2005)
 Anaheim Convention Center
 Anime North 2006: Toronto, Ontario, Canada (May 26–28, 2006)
 Toronto Congress Centre, Doubletree International Plaza Hotel
 YTV 2006: Toronto, Ontario, Canada (May 26, 2006)
 YTV Studios
 A-Kon 2006: Dallas, TX (June 9–11, 2006)
 Adam's Mark Hotel
 Animazement 2012: Raleigh, NC (May 25–27, 2012)
 Raleigh Convention Center

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Official website at Warner Home Video 
 Official website at Geneon 
 I've Sound official website 
 Anime North 2006: Kotoko Q&A 

Japanese singers
Living people
People from Sapporo
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mariano José de Larra (24 March 1809 - 13 February 1837) was a Spanish romanticist writer noted for satire and perhaps the best prose writer of 19th-century Spain.

He was born in Madrid; his father served as a doctor in the French army, and, as an afrancesado, was forced to leave the Peninsula with his family in 1812. In 1817 Larra went back to Spain, knowing less Spanish than French. His nature was disorderly, his education was imperfect, and, after futile attempts to obtain a degree in medicine or law, he made an imprudent marriage at the age of twenty, broke with his relatives and became a journalist.

On the 27th of April 1831 he produced his first play, No más mostrador, based on two pieces by Scribe and Dieulafoy. Though wanting in originality, it is brilliantly written, and held the stage for many years. On the 24th of September 1834 he produced Macías, a play based on his own historical novel, El doncel de don Enrique el Doliente (1834).

The drama and novel are interesting as experiments, but Larra was essentially a journalist, and the increased liberty of the press after the death of Ferdinand VII gave his caustic talent an ampler field. He was already famous under the pseudonyms of Juan Pérez de Munguía and Fígaro which he used in El Pobrecito Hablador and La Revista Española respectively. Madrid laughed at his grim humour; ministers feared his vitriolic pen and courted him assiduously; he defended Liberalism against the Carlist rebellion; he was elected as deputy for Ávila, and a great career seemed to lie before him. But the era of military pronunciamientos ruined his personal prospects and patriotic plans. His writing took on a more sombre tinge; domestic troubles increased his pessimism, and, in consequence of a disastrous love-affair, he committed suicide by shooting himself in February 1837.

Larra lived long enough to prove himself the greatest prose-writer that Spain can boast during the 19th century. He wrote at great speed with the constant fear of the censor before his eyes, but no sign of haste is discernible in his work, and the dexterity with which he aims his venomous shafts is amazing. His political instinct, his abundance of ideas and his forcible, mordant style would have given him a foremost position at any time and in any country; in Spain, and in his own period, they placed him beyond all rivalry.

References

Influence 
Some of his phrases like Vuelva usted mañana (come back tomorrow) or Escribir en España es llorar (To write in Spain is to cry) are still applied to chastise present-day ills.
The Spanish-language clone of the Slashdot Internet forum, Barrapunto, uses Pobrecito Hablador ("Poor little talker") as the name for anonymous commenters.
The Premio Mariano José de Larra rewards young outstanding journalists in Spain.

Other websites 
Mariano José de Larra in the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
Proyecto Mariano José de Larra en Internet 
 Mariano José de Larra: text, concordances and frequency list

1809 births
1837 deaths
Spanish journalists
Playwrights
Suicides by firearm
Writers from Madrid
Luis de Molina (born 1535 in Cuenca; died October 12, 1600 in Madrid) was a Spanish Jesuit and writer.

At the age of eighteen Molina became a member of the Society of Jesus. He studied theology at Coimbra. After this, he became professor in the university of Évora, Portugal. From this post he was called, at the end of twenty years, to the chair of moral theology in Madrid.

Besides other works he wrote De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (4 vo., Lisbon, 1588); a commentary on the first part of the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas (2 vols., fol., Cuenca, 1593); and a treatise De jure et justitia (6 vols., 1593-1609).

1535 births
1600 deaths
Academics
Christian theologians
Jesuits
Spanish Roman Catholics
Spanish writers
Henrik Johan Ibsen (born 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian playwright. He is often called the "father of modern drama."

Ibsen is held to be the greatest of Norwegian authors and one of the most important playwrights of all time, celebrated as a national symbol by Norwegians. His greatest works can be said to be "A Doll's House" or "Enemy of the People."

References 

1828 births
1906 deaths
Norwegian writers
Playwrights
A bead is a small item with a hole in it for stringing.  Beads can be threaded together on a string. Beads can be made from many different things including wood, glass, and gemstones.  The oldest known beads are over 100,000 years old. Beads, made from stones, have been found in the graves of the kings of Egypt. Clay beads have always been made in abundance. They were first painted in patterns similar to those used on bowls or pots. 

Making beads in clay is a skill which is easy to learn. The clay material presents a design opportunity limited only by the imagination and expertise of the maker. 

During the last century in the western hemisphere, the wearing of beads has become the prerogative of woman. Yet throughout history, men have worn great quantities of beads to show their masculinity and virility. As early as 5000 BC men and women alike valued wearing strands of shell, stone, teeth and bone beads. Faience and Carnelian beads found in an Egyptian tomb date back to 4000 BC. Phoenician trade ships carried beads to and from Egypt as early as 2500 BC so it is impossible to know for sure how long beads were really in circulation. The graves of Egypt reveal the development of the craft of bead making better the those of other civilizations due to the trade routes established in continental Europe. From 3000-1900 BC, the Amber Routes ran from Moravia, France and Austria to Russia, England and Spain. Ancient trade routes went to the Far East as well as Africa.
 
Today, there are many types of the beads including silver beads, stone beads, fire polish, and swarovsky crystal beads. Stringing beads on beading wire is one of the most popular methods for making beaded jewellery and motifs. This can be worn as bracelets, necklaces, and anklets. In Japan, beads making came into fashion when Crown Princess Masako made her swarovski beads necklace by herself. Bead art shows are held in November every year, and beads lovers publish their work. They often become trendsetters.

Place or period of origin
African trade beads 
slave beads

References

Jewelry
Textile arts
Bremgarten is a municipality in Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.

References

Other websites 
 Verkehrsverein Bremgarten—the Tourist association in Bremgarten 
 Bremgarten - Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Zetzwil is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Zeiningen is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Zeihen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
mihimaru GT is a J-pop band started by Hiroko Akutsu and Mitsuyuki Miyake.

Members 
 Hiroko Akutu - vocals (born July 24, 1984)
 Mitsuyuki Miyake - MC (born October 2, 1980)

Japanese musical groups
J-pop bands
Brittnau is a municipality in Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Brugg is a city in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital of the district of Brugg.

Since 2010, Umiken has been part of the city. On 1 January 2020 the municipality of Schinznach-Bad merged into Brugg.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Brunegg is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Buchs is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Bünzen is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Burg is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Büttikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Buttwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

The village is 2 km west of Muri.

References

Municipalities of Aargau
Densbüren is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites 
Commune homepage 

Municipalities of Aargau
Dietwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Dintikon is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
San Ignacio de Sabaneta is a city and municipality in northwestern Dominican Republic. It is the main city of the Santiago Rodríguez province. It is usually called only Sabaneta or Santiago Rodríguez.

History
The town was founded in 1844 by Santiago Rodríguez and others in a small savanna (Sabaneta means a "small savanna") north of the Cordillera Central mountain range. In 1854,  the town was elevated to the category Military Post and in 1858 it became a municipality of the Santiago province.

San Ignacio de Sabaneta was the centre of the fight against the Spanish soldiers during the first period of the Restoration War (1863-1865).

When in 1879 Monte Cristi became a province, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made a municipality of that new province. When the new province of Santiago Rodríguez was created in 1948, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made the head municipality of the province.

Population
The city had, in , a total population of 34,540: 17,935 men and 16,605 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

Geography
San Ignacio de Sabaneta is on the northern side of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range") and has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of Santiago Rodríguez. The city is an elevation of , and at  to the northwest of Santo Domingo.

It does not have any municipal district (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality).

The municipality of San Ignacio de Sabaneta has the Monte Cristi province to the north, the municipality of Monción to the northwest, the Santiago province to the west, the San Juan province to the southeast, the Elías Piña province to the south and the municipality of Villa Los Almácigos and the Dajabón province to the west.

Climate
San Ignacio de Sabaneta has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by October with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .

San Ignacio de Sabaneta is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming: tobacco and cattle raising for milk.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1844 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Dottikon is a municipality in Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Döttingen is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Dürrenäsch is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Effingen is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Eggenwil is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Egliswil is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Eiken is a municipality in Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Elfingen is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Sachseln is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
Official website of Sachseln

Municipalities of Obwalden
Lungern is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
Official site of the municipal Lungern
Tourism Lungern

Municipalities of Obwalden
Engelberg is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Engelberg Tourism
 Titlis Glacier

Municipalities of Obwalden
121 Hermione is a very big asteroid of the dark C spectral type, orbiting in the Cybele group in the farther part of the main belt. As a C-type, it is probably made of carbonate.

Hermione was found by J. C. Watson on May 12, 1872, and named after Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology. Hermione is a Cybele asteroid and orbits beyond most of the main belt asteroids.

The asteroid has an odd shape, as evidenced by adaptive optics images, the first of which were taken in December 2003, with the Keck telescope. Of many proposed shape models that agreed with the images, a "snowman"-like shape was found to best fit the seen precession rate of Hermione's moon.

Observation of the moon's orbit has made possible a correct determination of Hermione's mass. For the best-fit "snowman" model, the density is found to be 1.8 ± 0.2 g/cm³. This gives a porosity of the order of 20%. This could be because the main asteroids are fractured solid bodies, but not a rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken up by a collision and pulled back together by gravity).

Occultations by Hermione have been successfully seen three times so far, the last time in February 2004.

Moon (S/2002 (121) 1) 

A moon of Hermione was found in 2002 with the Keck II telescope. The moon is currently called S/2002 (121) 1. It has not yet been officially named, but the name "LaFayette" has been suggested by a group of astronomers. This is after the ship used in secret by the Marquis de Lafayette to reach America to help the Americans during the American Revolutionary War.

References

Other websites 
 121 Hermione and S/2002 (121) 1, orbit data website maintained by F. Marchis. Includes adaptive optics images, orbit diagrams, and shape models.
 Data on (121) Hermione from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
 Tally of Asteroids Harboring Moons Grows Beyond 30 (Space.com, 3 October 2002)

Asteroids
Endingen is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Unterendingen merged into the municipality of Endingen.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Aargau
Ennetbaden is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Raymond Toro, born on July 15, 1977 in Kearny, New Jersey. Toro is the lead guitarist and one of two backup vocalists for My Chemical Romance.  He plays Gibson Les Paul guitars with Seymour Duncan pickups through Marshall amplifiers. He helped form the band in 2001 after reconnecting with frontman Gerard Way and drummer Matt Pelissier.

When he was younger he enjoyed the music of Queen,  Metallica, Megadeth, and Slayer and he cites Brian May and Randy Rhoads as large influences on his playing. Toro has said that he grew up listening to his brothers rock albums and has always wanted to play the drums, though he sticks to guitar with My Chemical Romance.

On April,13 2011, #SINGItForJapan was released as an effort to raise money for Japan after the tsunami. This project was started when Toro was inspired by kind words from their fans, and he went on to arrange much of the instruments to create a sound that closely emulated traditional Japanese music.

References

Other websites

 My Chemical Romance official website
 Ray on MCRRmy.com 
 
 Interview with Ray Toro  at Seymourduncan.com
 Ray Toro profile on NNDB

1977 births
Living people
My Chemical Romance
American guitarists