cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In Big Bang cosmology, the observable universe is what, in theory, can be seen from Earth. That is light, or other signals, which has had time to reach the Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. The observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. Every place in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.

The word observable does not depend on whether modern technology actually allows detection of radiation from an object in this region. It simply means that it is possible in principle for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, there is much that we cannot see. We can see light only from as far back as when particles were first able to emit photons that were not quickly re-absorbed by other particles. Before then, the universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to photons. 

Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the visible universe, which includes only signals emitted since recombination—and the observable universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (that is, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology). The radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light years), about 2% larger.

The best estimate of the age of the universe as of 2013 is 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years. Due to the expansion of the universe humans are observing objects that were originally much closer but are now considerably farther away (as defined in terms of cosmological proper distance, which is equal to the comoving distance at the present time) than a static 13.8 billion light-years distance. The diameter of the observable universe is estimated at about 28 billion parsecs (93 billion light-years), putting the edge of the observable universe at about 46–47 billion light-years away.

Gallery

References 

Universe
The Comédie-Française or Théâtre-Français is one of the few state theatres in France. It is the only state theatre to have its own company of actors. The company's primary venue is the Salle Richelieu. The theatre is part of the Palais-Royal complex at 2 rue de Richelieu on the Place André-Malraux in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.

The theatre has also been known as the Théâtre de la République and La maison de Molière (English: House of Molière). It inherited the latter name from the troupe of the best-known playwright associated with the Comédie-Française, Molière. He was considered the patron of French actors. He died seven years before “La maison de Molière” was rechristened the “Comédie-Française,” and the company continued to be known popularly by the former name long after the official change of name.

The Comédie-Française today has a repertoire of 3,000 works and three theatre locations in Paris (salle Richelieu;  théâtre du Vieux-Colombier; Studio-Théâtre)

References 

Buildings and structures in Paris
Theatres in France
Codex Huamantla, which is also called the Codex of Huamantla and Códice de Huamantla is a book about the Otomi people. It was made by two people. People think it was finished in the year 1592. The first story is about the Otomi people migrating from a place called Chiapas to another place called Huamantla, Tlaxcala, which are both in the country of Mexico today. The other story is about how the Otomi people were involved in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

References

16th-century books
Mexican people
Seokbosangjeol (釋譜詳節) is the biography of Gautama Buddha written in Korean. It was made by Sejo of Joseon when he was still a prince. 

Sejo of Joseon used Chinese books as source text for the book. It features books like Lotus Sutra, Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra, and Amitabha Sutra. It was the first time that someone had translated Buddhist sutras into Korean language from Chinese language. The book was made after Sejo of Joseon's mother died. People from around Korea were able to buy the book. It was published in 1447. It came in 24 volumes. Many of the volumes have been lost. The National Library of Korea owns a copy.

The book is one of the first times that the hangul alphabet was ever printed in a book.

References

Buddhism
Non-fiction books
15th-century books
Korean culture
Marc Chagall (6 July  1887  28 March 1985) was a Jewish Russian-French artist. He is famous for his fauvist, cubist and expressionist paintings.

Other websites
2013 show at Tate Liverpool

Russian artists
1887 births
1985 deaths
Vincenzo Sangermano (1758-1819) was a Roman Catholic priest from Italy. He was a Barnabite. He was a missionary in Burma from 1783-1806.

Further reading

Sangermano, Vincenzo and Nicholas Patrick Wiseman. The Burmese Empire a Hundred Years Ago. Westminister: A. Constable and Company (1893). 
Sangermano, Vincenzo. A Description of the Burmese Empire. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Geat Britain and Ireland (1833).

References

Roman Catholic priests
Italian Roman Catholics
Missionaries
1758 births
1819 deaths
Goofy is a Disney character. He is a dog-like character and the friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora.

He has been voiced by Bill Farmer since 1987.

References 

Disney characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Fictional dogs
Kingdom Hearts characters
Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage (ADACH) is a government agency of the United Arab Emirates, that takes care of the cultural heritage of the country. It was founded in 1981. It is based in Abu Dhabi. It has a collection of photographs by Edward "Tug" Wilson.

References

United Arab Emirates
1981 establishments in Asia
Government agencies
Cultural organizations
Establishments in the United Arab Emirates
William Noah Hedges (16 July 1856 – 21 November 1935) was an Australian politician. Born in Hertfordshire in England, he moved to Australia in 1878. He ran a stone quarry in Queensland, and then moved to South Australia where he was contracted to repair bridges and buildings at Mount Barker. He worked in Adelaide for several years building wharves and railways.

He moved to Western Australia in 1893, where he bought and managed a timber and firewood company. He owned farms in Western Australia and South Australia. In 1906, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the member for Fremantle. He was the only representative of the Western Australian Party. Although John Forrest was the leader of the party, Forrest took no part in the Western Australian Party. Hedges joined the newly formed Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909. He held the seat until he was defeated in 1913. He had was also unsuccessful in elections in 1918, 1919 and 1922.

He wrote a several small books, "A practical scheme for land settlement in Western Australia" (1922), "Proposals for agricultural railways in Western Australia" (1924) and "Wheat growing in Western Australia" (1930).

In 1929, he became President of the Western Australian Employers Federation. He remained in this position until his death in 1935.

References

Commonwealth Liberal Party politicians
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1856 births
1935 deaths
My So-Called Life is an American teen drama television series. It takes place at the fictional Liberty High School, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The main character is Angela Chase. She is played by Claire Danes. The last show was a cliffhanger. The people who made the program thought it would be on television for another season. It was canceled on May 15, 1995.

Many people enjoyed the program because the characters seemed like real teens. In 2007, it was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME". TV Guide ranked the series number 16 on its 25 Top Cult Shows Ever list.

Soundtrack
Atlantic Records released a soundtrack of the show, which originally released on August 25, 1994, then re-released on January 24, 1995.

 "Make It Home" by Juliana Hatfield – 4:44
 "Soda Jerk" by  Buffalo Tom – 4:26
 "Genetic" by  Sonic Youth – 3:46
 "Petty Core" by Further – 3:46
 "Drop a Bomb" by Madder Rose – 2:11
 "Fountain and Fairfax" by Afghan Whigs – 4:21
 "South Carolina" by Archers of Loaf – 3:30
 "Dawn Can't Decide" by The Lemonheads – 2:19
 "The Book Song" by Frente! – 2:40
 "Come See Me Tonight" by Daniel Johnston – 1:59
 "My So-Called Life Theme"; words and music by W.G. Snuffy Walden – 1:12

References

1994 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s teen television series
ABC network shows
American LGBT television programs
American teen drama television series
High school television series
Pittsburgh in fiction
Television series about families
Television series about friendship
English-language television programs
Lee Strasberg (born Israel Lee Strassberg; November 17, 1901 – February 17, 1982) was a Polish-born American actor, director and acting teacher. Strasberg was known for teaching Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, Montgomery Clift, James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Julie Harris, Paul Newman, Al Pacino, Robert De Niro and director Elia Kazan.

Strasberg was born on November 17, 1901 in Budzanów, Austrian Poland (now in Ukraine). He was married to Nora Krecaun from 1926 until her death in 1929. Then he was married to Paula Miller from 1934 until her death in 1966. He was married to Anna Mizrahi from 1967 until his death in 1982. They had four children. Strasberg died on February 17, 1982 in New York City from a heart attack, aged 80.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Strasberg video lectures
 The Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute
 
 
 John Strasberg Studios
 Photo & Gravesite
 Audio Interview with Lee Strasberg on WGBH 

1901 births
1982 deaths
Actors from New York City
American teachers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Jewish American actors
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New York
Educators from New York City
William Desmond Anthony Pertwee, MBE (21 July 1926 – 27 May 2013) was an English comedy actor best known for playing the part of antagonist ARP Warden Hodges in the popular sitcom Dad's Army.

Pertwee was born on 21 July 1926 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England. He was the second cousin once removed of Michael Pertwee and Jon Pertwee, being the second cousin of their father, screenwriter and actor Roland Pertwee. 

Pertwee was married to Jean Pertwee from 1960 until they divorced a few months later. Then he was married to Marion Pertwee from 1965 until her death in 2005. He had a son, James Pertwee. Pertwee died on 27 May 2013 in Truro, Cornwall, England from natural causes, aged 86.

References

Other websites

 Bill Pertwee recalls his appearance on This Is Your Life

1926 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Buckinghamshire
Deaths from natural causes
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English writers
The Zee Cine Award is an awards ceremony for the Hindi movie industry.  They are called "ZCA" for short.  The awards started in 1998.  Some awards were selected by public votes.  Other awards were selected by an industry jury.

The ceremony was in Mumbai until 2004. After 2004 the place changed several times.  Places include Dubai, London, Mauritius, Malaysia, and Singapore.

Movie awards
Arthur Lowe (22 September 1915 – 15 April 1982) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Captain George Mainwaring in the popular British sitcom Dad's Army from 1968 until 1977.

Lowe was born on 22 September 1915 in Hayfield, Derbyshire, England. He studied at Chapel Street Junior School. Lowe was married to Joan Cooper from 1948 until his death in 1982. They had a son, Stephen Lowe. Lowe died on 15 April 1982 from a stroke in Birmingham, England, aged 66.

Other websites
 
 Performances in the Theatre Archive University of Bristol

1915 births
1982 deaths
Actors from Derbyshire
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke
English comedians
English movie actors
English radio actors
English radio personalities
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English television personalities
NML Cygni or V1489 Cygni is a red hypergiant star. It is one of the largest stars known at present. It is about 1,640 times the Sun's radius, However an older study from 2010 says it is 1,183 solar radii. It is one of the extremely luminous supergiant stars. It was discovered in 1965, by Gerry Neugebauer, D.M. Martz and Robert Leighton. The name 'NML' comes from the names of the three discoverers.  

NML Cygni's distance from Earth is about 5,250 light-years. This star has dust  surrounding it. It has a bean-shaped asymmetric nebula with H2O vapour. It is a semiregular variable star with a period of about 940 days. 

This star is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association, which is 1.74 ± 0.2 kpc away. This is one of the nearest massive star groups to the Sun. This group includes some of the most massive and most luminous stars known, including the suspected luminous blue variable Cyg OB2 #12. NML Cyg is a massive oxygen-rich star. Molecules like H2O, SiO, CO, HCN, CS, SO, SO2 and H2S are also present.

NML Cygni has two dense envelopes of dust and molecules. The star has one of the largest mass loss rates at around 2 × 10-4 M☉ per year.  These dust envelopes are formed by the high mass emission rate.

References 

Red giants
Variable stars
Hypergiants
An Off-by-one error is a logic error that often occurs in Computer programming and that often involves the checking of boundary conditions.

A fencepost error (occasionally called a telegraph pole or lamp-post error) is a specific type of off-by-one error. The following problem illustrates the error:

The intuitive answer 10 is wrong. The fence has 10 sections, but 11 posts.

The reverse error occurs when the number of posts is known and the number of sections is assumed to be the same. The actual number of sections is one less than the number of posts. 

More generally, the problem can be stated as follows:

The correct answer may be n − 1, n, or n + 1, depending on the conditions. The precise problem definition must be carefully considered, as the setup for one situation may give the wrong answer for other situations.  Fencepost errors come from counting things rather than the spaces between them, or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should count one or both ends of a row.

Off by one errors often occur with loops. If there are a number of fields, eg. in an array, and there is a loop over the array, an off-by-one error means that either there is one iteration too few to cover all elements, or one too many. In the first case, one element of the array is left out, in the second the index of the array will be outside its dimensions. The second error usually leads to an runtime error, because the program checks the size of the data structure, and sees that there are too few elements for the iteration. The first error is more problematic, because it usually is not detected. All that may point to the error is that one element is not initialized or does not have the expected value. 

Computer science
Frankenstein is a 1931 horror movie. It was directed by James Whale. It is based on the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. The movie stars Colin Clive, Mae Clarke, John Boles, and Boris Karloff. The movie was a great success with both audiences and critics. It was followed by multiple sequels, including The Bride of Frankenstein and The Son of Frankenstein.

References

Other websites
 Frankenstein (1931)  at DBCult Film Institute
 
 
 
 
 More Than the Sum of Its Parts: The Making of Frankenstein  by Stephen Jacobs at Creativescreenwriting.com

1931 movies
Movies based on books
American horror movies
Black-and-white movies
United States National Film Registry movies
1930s horror movies
Frankenstein movies
Mad scientist movies
Monster movies
Universal Pictures movies
The Mummy is a 1932 horror movie. It was directed by Karl Freund. It stars Boris Karloff as The Mummy, Zita Johann, David Manners, and Edward Van Sloan. The movie is about an Egyptian mummy that returns to life to stalk a woman who is the reincarnation of his lost love.

Other websites
 
 

1932 movies
1930s horror movies
American horror movies
Movies set in Egypt
The Mummy
Universal Pictures movies
Woolwich is an area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich in south-east London.

Areas of London
London Borough of Greenwich
Sodium fluoroacetate is a chemical compound that is a poison for many organisms. Pesticides used kill rodents sometimes contain Sodium monofluoroacetate. Sometimes the chemical substance is used as a marker for cancer cells in Positron emission tomography. TO act as a marker, only very small quantities of a substance are needed. For this reason, the toxicity of Sodium fluoroacetate is not a problem.

 Fluoroacetate occurs naturally in at least 40 plants in Australia, Brazil, and Africa. It was first identified in the poison leaf (gifblaar) Dichapetalum cymosum by Marais in 1944. As early as 1904, colonists in Sierra Leone used extracts of Chailletia toxicaria which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts to poison rats. Several native Australian plant genera contain the toxin, including: Gastrolobium, Gompholobium, Oxylobium, Nemcia and Acacia.

References

Chemical compounds
Poisons
A starburst galaxy is a galaxy with a very high rate of star formation. The rate of star formation is so large that the galaxy will quickly use all of its gas reservoir (from which the stars are made). 

So, the starburst nature of a galaxy is a short phase in a galaxy's evolution, just tens of millions of years. Most starburst galaxies are in the midst of a galaxy merger or at least close encounter with another galaxy. 

Studying nearby starburst galaxies can help us explore the history of galaxy formation and evolution. Many very distant galaxies seen, for example, in the Hubble Deep Field are known to be starbursts, but they are too far away to be studied in any detail. Looking at nearby examples give us an idea of what was happening in the early universe. The light we see from distant galaxies left them when the universe was much younger (see redshift). 

Starburst galaxies seem to be quite rare in our local universe, and are more common further away. This suggests there were more of them billions of years ago. All galaxies were closer together then, and therefore more likely to be influenced by each other's gravity. More frequent encounters produced more starbursts as galactic forms evolved with the expanding universe.

Notable and well-known starburst galaxies 
These include: 
M82- The prototype of this class of galaxy and is interacting with Messier 81.Also know as the Cigar Galaxy.
Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039) This is actually 2 galaxies, interacting and merging.
IC 10- The only starburst galaxy in the Local Group and just a mild one.
Centaurus A- The only case of an elliptical starburst galaxy.
Messier 100- A so-called Grand design spiral galaxy in Virgo.
Cartwheel galaxy- A famous ring galaxy.
The cricket teams of Bangladesh and England have played against each other in One Day Internationalss since 2000. They have met on 15 occasions. England is most successful with 13 victories, Bangladesh have won in only 2 games.

Summary of results

Related pages 
Bangladesh national cricket team
England national cricket team

References

Other websites 
ESPNcricinfo

Cricket lists
Cricket in Bangladesh
Sport in England
Messier 82 (also known as NGC 3034, Cigar galaxy or M82) is the nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It is five times brighter than the whole Milky Way and one hundred times brighter than our galaxy's center.

In 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope revealed 197 young massive clusters in the starburst core.  The average mass of these clusters is around 2 M⊙, hence the starburst core is a very energetic and high-density environment. Throughout the galaxy's center, young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are inside our entire Milky Way Galaxy.

Messier 81 triggering starburst
M82 is being physically affected by its larger neighbor, nearby spiral M81. Tidal forces caused by gravity have deformed M82, a process that started about 100 million years ago. This interaction has caused star formation to increase tenfold compared to "normal" galaxies.

Recently, M82 has undergone at least one tidal encounter with M81. This resulted in a large amount of gas being funnelled into the galaxy's core over the last 200 million years (myr).  The most recent such encounter is thought to have happened around 2–5 years ago and resulted in a concentrated starburst together with a marked peak in the cluster age distribution.  This starburst ran for up to ~50 myr at a rate of ~10 M⊙ per year. Two subsequent starbursts followed, the last  of which (~4–6 myr ago) may have formed the core star clusters.

Unknown object 
In April 2010, radio astronomers at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester reported an unknown object in M82. The object started sending out radio waves, and the emission did not look like anything seen anywhere in the universe before.
There have been several theories about the nature of this unknown object, but currently no theory entirely fits the observed data. The object is several arcseconds from the center of M82. It has an apparent motion of four times the speed of light relative to the galaxy centre.

References 

Starburst galaxies
The cricket teams of Bangladesh and Scotland have played against each other in One Day Internationals since 1999. They have met on 4 occasions. Bangladesh is most successful with 3 victories, Scotland has not won any games. The other game was abandoned without a ball played.

Summary of results

List of ODIs

Key

 (D/L) denotes that the Duckworth–Lewis method was used in the match
 # denotes that the team batting second were chasing a revised target

Related pages 
Bangladesh national cricket team
Scotland national cricket team

References

Other websites 
ESPNcricinfo

Cricket lists
Cricket in Bangladesh
Sport in Scotland
The Baby boom galaxy  is a starburst galaxy 12.2 billion light years away.

It was discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology. The galaxy is the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, its brightness being a measure of its extreme star-formation rate.

The Baby boom galaxy has been called "the extreme stellar machine" because it is seen producing stars at a surprising rate of up to 4,000 per year. Our Milky Way galaxy turns out an average of just 10 stars per year.

At its rate, the galaxy needs only 50 million years to grow into an equivalent of the most massive galaxy ever observed.

The discovery challenges the accepted model for galaxy formation. This has most galaxies slowly bulking up by absorbing pieces of other galaxies, rather than growing internally. Another unusual aspect is the fact that scientists are observing this galaxy at a time when the universe was only a little over 1.4 billion years old. Evidently, the galaxy was doing this when the universe was still in its infancy.

"This galaxy is undergoing a major baby boom, producing most of its stars all at once", said Peter Capak of NASA's Spitzer Science Center. To that, the principal investigator of the Cosmic Evolution Surveyor, Nick Scoville of Caltech responded:
"We may be witnessing, for the first time, the formation of one of the most massive elliptical galaxies in the universe".

Multi-wavelength 
The different colors in the figure of the Baby boom galaxy refers to different wavelengths. The red color refers to new born stars in the galaxy. Interfered lights are giving off as the warm dust is heated by the stars.

References 

Starburst galaxies
The Pontian Greek Genocide (Greek: Genoktonia ton Ellinon tou Póntou) was a genocide by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. It is estimated that at least 1,100,000 Pontic Greeks were killed during the raids and the massacres.

Many Pontian Greeks were considered unpure by the Turks and were massacred for not giving up their Christianity and becoming Muslims. The Pontian Greeks lost their homes and possessions to the sultan, Adulhamed the Red. Even before the genocide, they had been persecuted and forced to pay high taxes.

Since ancient times and the conquest of the Trebizond Empire, the Pontian Greeks have not have had their own nation. Their diaspora has spread to many different countries. Under the rule of Kurds and Ottomans, the Pontian Greeks were oppressed and assimilated to society, and many lost their independence. Those who have survived keep their common unity, especially in their deep Christian faith.

The Pontian Greek genocide took place in the same context and period as the Assyrian and the Armenian genocides.

References

Other websites
Greek Genocide Resource Center

1910s
1920s in Turkey
20th century in Greece
Genocides in Asia
Ottoman Empire
Poolesville High School is a public high school in Poolesville, Maryland. In 2013, Newsweek ranked it as the number one school in the state of Maryland.

References

Other websites
Poolesville High School
Global Ecology Studies Program 
Humanities House 
Science, Math, and Computer Science House 
Maryland High School Sports and Projected Enrollment 
Poolesville High School Athletic Booster Club
Follow Poolesville Athletics on Twitter

schools in the United States
Buildings and structures in Maryland
Alfre Woodard (; born November 8, 1952) is an American actress who stars in both movies and television. She played Carolyn in the 1994 movie Crooklyn. Alfre was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Woodard is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 

Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
1952 births
Living people
Kamoya Kimeu (born c. 1940), a Kamba tribesman, is one of the world's most successful fossil collectors. With paleontologists Meave Leakey and Richard Leakey, he found some of the most significant paleoanthropological discoveries. Kimeu found a Homo habilis skull known as KNM ER 1813, and an almost complete Homo erectus skeleton  known as Turkana Boy or Nariokotome boy. He has two fossil primates named after him: Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni and Cercopithecoides kimeui.

Kimeu began to work in paleoanthropology as a labourer for Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey in the 1950s. He was recruited for Mary Leakey's team when she took over as head of excavations at Olduvai. She preferred to hire Kamba men rather than Kikuyu, whom Louis preferred. In 1963 he joined with Richard Leakey's expeditions, accompanying him to the Omo River and Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in 1967. 

He quickly became Richard  Leakey's right-hand man, controlling field operations in Leakey's absence. In 1977 he became the National Museums of Kenya's curator for all prehistoric sites in Kenya. Kimeu was awarded the National Geographic Society's LaGorce Medal by the US President Ronald Reagan in a ceremony at the White House.

Related pages
List of Kenyan scientists

References

Other websites 
A list of fossils found at Lake Turkana 
Footsteps through time - San Diego Museum of Man 

Kenyan scientists
Anthropologists
Paleontologists
1940 births
Living people
John Turner (c.1590 – winter of 1620/21) was a passenger on the historic Mayflower voyage with his two sons. Turner was also one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.

English Origins 
Turner probably came from Great Yarmouth in the county Norfolk, where there were several Turner families at that time.

Life in Leiden 
Turner was a member of the Separatist church.  That was a religion that was not allowed in England.

Turner was one the original group who moved to Leiden Holland in 1610 to escape religious persecution with William Bradford and William Brewster. Turner was a merchant and a (political official) of Leiden. 

Many of these people lived in Middelburg, Holland. This is located in Zeeland. Turner also delivered mail to the Separatists from their family and friends in England. Turner also brought cargoes of English pewter from London to Holland.  He also carried letters between people in Leiden and London. On June 10, 1620, Turner carried information to the congregation on the progress of their planned trip to the New World.

On the Mayflower 

According to William Bradford, John Turner traveled on the Mayflower with his two sons. 
Turner left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  John Turner signed the Mayflower Compact. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

In Plymouth 
After they landed, Turner was part of the group who went out on exploratory trips to look for permanent places to live. Turner was one of the Mayflower passengers who would make first contact with the Indians.

Turner also had a daughter Elizabeth, who stayed in Leiden. She would have been one year old. Elizabeth Turner married and travelled to New England before October 1635.  She joined the Salen Church.

Death and burial 
Turner and his sons died sometime in the winter of 1620/21. Turner was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, presumably in an unmarked grave as with most Mayflower passengers who died in that first winter. Their names are all on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as “John Turner and two sons.”

References 

1566 births
1644 deaths
Mayflower passengers
People buried in Cole's Hill
Monogram Pictures Corporation is a Hollywood movie studio. It made low budget action and adventure movies between 1931 and 1953. In 1953, it changed its name to Allied Artists Pictures Corporation. Monogram was a leader among the small studios known as Poverty Row. It is now a division of Allied Artists International. 

Movie studios
Christopher Martin (15821621) was a merchant by trade. He along with his family traveled on the Mayflower in 1620.

Martin, wife Mary, son Nathaniel and step-son Solomon all came from Billericay in Essex England.

The family did not believe in the Church of England.  In 1612, Martin and his wife would not take Holy Communion. Another time, Nathaniel and Solomon made the Church Vicar angry with during a service. Martin got into trouble because he would not give church officials the financial accounts he kept.

Martin and his family joined a Separatist church. They all wanted to go to the New World.  Martin sold his property and bought passage on the ship.

The people asked Martin to help them by buying supplies.  He did not spent the money wisely.  He purchased things like beer, wine, salted beef and pork, dried peas, fishing supplies, muskets, armor, clothing, tools, and other things to trade with the Native Americans.  One thing he purchased, the screw-jack, would be very useful to keep the Mayflower from sinking.

Voyage 

There were two ships going to Virginia Colony, the Speedwell and the Mayflower.  Martin was assigned to be the leader of the passengers on the Speedwell but the ship needed repairs.  A fellow passenger and official of the trip, Robert Cushman said, that Martin will not listen to them, nor allow them to go ashore in case they should run away.  Some of the passengers quit the voyage to return to London and lost much or all of their money.  Others boarded the Mayflower which became very crowded.

Christopher Martin left on Mayflower in company with his wife Mary, his servant John Langmore and his stepson Solomon Prower. Nathaniel Martin stayed in England.

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor. They landed on 21 November. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  Christopher Martin signed the Mayflower Compact.  His step-son and his servant were too young to sign.

In Plymouth Colony 
When the Mayflower was docked in the Harbor, Martin and other men went to land to find a place where they all could live.

In the winter of 1621 Martin, his wife, son and servant became ill and died.

Martin and his wife Mary were buried in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth.

There is a plaque in the United Reform Church in England to honor the Mayflower passengers.  The plaque names Christopher Martin, Marie (Mary) Martin, Solomon Prower and John Langerman.

References

Further reading 
Robert C. Anderson. The Great Migration Begins. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995.
Robert C. Anderson. The Pilgrim Migration. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004.
R. J. Carpenter. Christopher Martin, Great Burstead and The Mayflower. Chelmsford, Essex, 1982.

Mayflower passengers
1580s births
1621 deaths
People buried in Cole's Hill
Robert "Smoki" Whitfield (August 3, 1918 - November 11, 1967) was an African American television and movie actor. He played porters, servants, and African chieftains and witch doctors. He appeared in the 12 Bomba, the Jungle Boy movies starring Johnny Sheffield from 1949 to 1955 as Eli, a friendly native guide. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and died in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park, Hollywood, California. 

1918 births
1967 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Cockburn Town is the capital city of the Turks and Caicos Islands.

Geography
Cockburn Town is in the Grand Turk Island, the largest island in the Turks Islands archipelago. Historic 18th and 19th century Bermudian architecture can be seen on Duke and Front Streets in the town. The town is known for its long, narrow streets and old street lamps.

The closest area where ships can come near the city is Hawk's Nest Anchorage, which, though protected from the wind, should only be entered in good light because of reefs near the entrance.

History
The seat of government ever since 1766, Cockburn Town was the first permanent settlement on any of the islands, founded in 1681 by salt collectors who arrived in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The city supposedly lies on the place where Juan Ponce de León first landed on the island.

Main sights

National Museum

Cockburn Town is home to the Turks & Caicos National Museum, which is housed in the colonial-era Guinep House, on Front Street.  The house is believed to be over 180 years old and is named after the large and old Guinep tree that is in front of the building.  The site was donated to the Museum in 1990.

Some of the exhibits detail the history of the Lucayans (the original people of the islands), the Space Race, Turks and Caicos postage stamps, slavery and the history of the slave trade, the sisal and salt industries, royal events, as well as a general history of the islands. The museum also maintains a garden, which is adjacent to the Guinep House.

Also of interest are the museum's research projects, including its "Message in a Bottle" Project, recording nearly 40 years' worth of messages found in bottles on the beaches of Grand Turk.

Climate

Notes

References

Other websites

 Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Island 
 Cockburn Town (Grand Turk) 
 Cockburn Town in Wikimapia

Turks and Caicos Islands
National capitals in North America
Abdullah Gül (born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician. He was the President of Turkey, He served from 2007 to 2014. He was Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007.

Gül was born on 29 October 1950 in Kayseri, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul University and at the University of Exeter. Gül has been married to Hayrünnisa Gül since 1980. They had three children.

Other websites
 
Presidency of the Republic of Turkey 

1950 births
Living people
Presidents of Turkey
Prime Ministers of Turkey
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Halil Turgut Özal (October 13, 1927 – April 17, 1993) was Prime Minister of Turkey (1983–1989) and President of Turkey (1989–1993). As Prime Minister, he transformed the economy of Turkey by paving the way for the privatization of many state enterprises.

Özal was born on October 13, 1927 in Malatya, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Özal was married to Ayhan İnal from 1952 until they divorced a few months later in 1952. Then he was married to Semra Özal from 1954 until his death in 1993. He had three children.

Özal died on April 17, 1993 in Ankara, Turkey from a suspected heart attack. He was 65 years old. Many people thought that his death was an assassination. Then in 2012, experts later performed an autopsy and was confirmed that poison was found in his body. The current cause of his death is a heart attack.

A trial charging retired general Levent Ersöz with his murder began in September 2013.

References

1927 births
1993 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Presidents of Turkey
Prime Ministers of Turkey
Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel, better known as  Süleyman Demirel (1 November  1924 – 17 June 2015), was a Turkish politician. He was Prime Minister of Turkey seven times. He was the ninth President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000.

Demirel was born on 1 November 1924 in İslamköy, Atabey, Isparta. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Demirel was married to Nazmiye Demirel from 1948 until her death in 2013. He died after suffering from a lung infection in Ankara, aged 90.

References

Other websites

Official Website of the Presidents of the Republic of Turkey  

1924 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Presidents of Turkey
Prime Ministers of Turkey
Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz (born February 20, 1952) is an Ecuadorian politician and lawyer who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1996 to 6 February 1997.

As President, Abdalá Bucaram was nicknamed "El Loco" ("the crazy one"). During his presidency, Bucaram didn't fix anything in Ecuador. This led to many people saying that he was not a good leader. Many members of congress thought he was crazy. Almost six months into his presidency, Bucaram was removed from office after being declared mentally unfit to rule by the National Congress of Ecuador.

Early life
Bucaram was born on February 20, 1952 into a tough neighborhood in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Presidency
Abdalá Bucaram was President from August 10, 1996 to February 6, 1997. His cabinet was put together by the Vice President Rosalía Arteaga. Within months, Bucaram was accused of stealing millions of dollars of public funds.

After he took office, Bucaram tried to fix the state, which included trying to fix the stock process started by Osvaldo Hurtado (1980, Popular Democracy Party), and supported by the next three presidents: León Febres Cordero (1984, PSC), Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1988, Democratic Left) and Sixto Durán Ballén (1992, ex-PSC).
 
In 1996, he invited Lorena Bobbitt who had been acquitted of crimes relating to her cutting her husband's penis in the United States, to an official dinner. The two later became godparents to each other's children.

The constitutional court said the congressional resolution to be anti-constitutional and rejected it. The congress ignored the constitutional court decision and continued to confirm Fabian Alarcon as acting president.

Personal life
He was exiled from Ecuador as a punishment for his crimes in Ecuador.

References

Other websites
Extended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation
 Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
   Dalo y Gaby Asambleistas,PRE la nueva Era 

1952 births
Living people
Presidents of Ecuador
Ecuadorian lawyers
Mayors of Guayaquil
Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (born 19 June 1935) is an Ecuadorian politician. He was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1988 to 10 August 1992.

He focused on Ecuador's economic problems during his presidency, and he increased collaboration with other countries in the Americas.

Cevallos was born on 19 June 1935 in Quito, Ecuador. He is a direct descendant of Pope Alexander VI.

References

1935 births
Living people
Presidents of Ecuador
People from Quito
León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra (9 March 1931 – 15 December 2008) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as President of Ecuador from 1984 to 1988.

Early life
Cordero was born León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra  on 9 March 1931 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey. Cordero married María Eugenia Cordovez in 1958. Their marriage would last until his death in 2008.

Presidency

He was known in the Ecuadorian media as LFC or by his surname (Febres-Cordero). He was President of Ecuador of Ecuador for a four-year term. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1984. He succeeded Osvaldo Hurtado. During his Presidency he sought to introduce market-oriented reforms, and also led a security crackdown on a guerilla group, ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!. He was known for being a close ally to President of the United States Ronald Reagan.

In 1987 Febres Cordero was kidnapped for 11 hours by members of the air force demanding the freedom of General Frank Vargas Pazzos, who had been imprisoned after leading two uprisings in March 1986, aimed at toppling the Minister of Defense.

Congress approved a resolution granting Vargas amnesty, but Febres Cordero refused to publish the resolution, thus denying it the force of law. It was only after his January 1987 kidnapping that he signed the amnesty and released Vargas.

Cordero's presidency ended in 10 August 1988. He was succeeded by Rodrigo Borja Cevallos.

Mayor of Guayaquil
Shortly after his presidency, Cordero became Mayor of Guayaquil. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1992. Cordero succeeded Harry Soria Lamán. His term would last until his retirement in 10 August 2000. He was succeeded by Jaime Nebot.

Personal life
Cordero lived in Guayaquil. He had four children with his wife of fifty years. Cordero was a smoker. He made many visits to the United States and Columbia. He once met with Ronald Reagan to discus foreign relations.

Death
Cordero died on 15 December 2008 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from lung cancer and emphysema, aged 77.

References

Other websites

 Conmemorial video
 Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
 Edufuturo
 Amnesty International

1931 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from emphysema
Presidents of Ecuador
Mayors of Guayaquil
Lupe Rosalía Arteaga Serrano de Fernández de Córdova (born December 5, 1956) is an Ecuadorian politician. She was the country's first female president for only two days in 1997. Arteaga became president when Abdalá Bucaram left office.

Arteaga was born in Cuenca, Ecuador.

Other websites
Encyclopædia Britannica - About the Editorial Board 
Short Biography 

1956 births
Living people
Presidents of Ecuador
Vice Presidents of Ecuador
Cuenca (full name Santa Ana de los cuatro ríos de Cuenca) is the capital of the Azuay Province. It is located in the highlands of Ecuador at about 2500 m above sea level. The center of the city is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Trust site because of its many historical buildings.

Cities in Ecuador
José María Velasco Ibarra (March 19, 1893 – March 30, 1979) was an Ecuadorian political figure. He was elected five times to the post of president of Ecuador: 1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, and 1968–1972.  But only once (1952–1956) did he complete the constitutional mandate.

Early life
Ibarra was born on March 19, 1893 in Quito, Ecuador. He studied at Central University of Ecuador. Ibarra was married to Corina Parral de Velasco Ibarra until his death in 1979.

Presidency
In 1933, he stood in the Ecuadorian presidential election and received 80% of the votes cast, the highest in Ecuadorian history. Velasco Ibarra traveled through several Latin American countries, including Peru, and restored Ecuador's global image. His first presidency began on September 1, 1934, but he was ousted in August 1935 by the military.

In May 1944, because of the May 28 "Glorious Revolution", he was named Supreme Chief of the Republic and was later named Constitutional President by the Constituent Assembly. In August 1947, he was again deposed by the military. Three defense ministers perpetuated the coup against Velasco Ibarra; among them was minister Mancheno, who later was his successor.

In 1952, he again won the presidential election, and began his third term as president on September 1, 1952. This time, he served his entire term, which ended on August 31, 1956. His third term was a time of progress for Ecuador: 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 1359 km of roads were constructed, and 1057 km more were improved.

In 1960, he was elected president for the fourth time and was removed on November 7, 1961. In 1960, he nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru, including Paquisha in 1981 and the War of El Cenepa in 1995.

Finally, in 1968 Velasco Ibarra won the presidency for a fifth time. This government ended abruptly on February 15, 1972, when once more he was deposed in a bloodless coup, which brought General Guillermo Rodríguez Lara to power. In total, Velasco Ibarra governed nearly 13 years, making him the longest-serving president in Ecuadorian history.

Death
Ibarra fell of a bus in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He returned to Quito where he died from complications of his injuries on March 30, 1979, aged 86.

References

1893 births
1979 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Presidents of Ecuador
People from Quito
Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt (born July 29, 1949) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician and the 51st President of Ecuador from August 10, 1998 to January 21, 2000.

Mahuad was born on July 29, 1949 in Loja, Ecuador. He studied at Harvard University.

Other websites
Extended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation
Text of the Rio Protocol 
Mahuad and Fujimori
James Carville's relationship with Mahaud and the effect and consequences of the conversion to the dollar from the sucre 

1949 births
Living people
Ecuadorian lawyers
Presidents of Ecuador
Mayors of Quito
Luis Alfredo Palacio González (born January 22, 1939) served as President of Ecuador from April 2005 to January 2007. From January 15, 2003 to April 20, 2005, he served as vice president, after which he was appointed to the presidency when the Ecuadorian Congress removed President Lucio Gutiérrez from power following a week of growing unrest with his government.

Palacio was born on January 22, 1939 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at Case Western Reserve University. Palacio was married to María Beatriz Paret.

Other websites
Presidencia de la República – Presidente  Biography as president
BBC Mundo | América Latina | ¿Quién es Alfredo Palacio? (BBC News)
Ecuador's Balancing Act: Palacio, the People and the IMF  The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
http://www.explored.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/dahik-posesiona-a-palacio-26852.html

1939 births
Living people
Presidents of Ecuador
Vice Presidents of Ecuador
People from Guayaquil
Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa (born March 23, 1957) served as President of Ecuador from January 15, 2003 to April 20, 2005. He unsuccessfully ran for president again in the 2021 election.

Gutiérrez was born on March 23, 1957 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to Ximena Bohórquez.

Other websites
 Biography by CIDOB Foundation 
 Presidencia de la República 
 Seeking asylum in Colombia
 Arrest

1957 births
Living people
Presidents of Ecuador
People from Guayaquil