cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Emilia Plater was a Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman and revolutionary.  

Plater led soldiers in several engagements during the November Uprising in the Polish-Russian Wars of 1830-1831.  She became ill toward the end of the Uprising and died.

Though she did not fight in any large battles, her story inspired many works of art and literature. She is a national heroine in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus, all formerly parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Other websites

1806 births
1832 deaths
European military people
Lithuanian people
Polish people
In law, affinity is the kinship relationship that exists between two or more people as a result of somebody's marriage. It is different from consanguinity (blood relationship). Affinity is the relationship which each party to a marriage has to the relatives of the other partner to the marriage. But affinity does not cover the marital relationship of the parties to the marriage themselves.

Affinity laws
Under the law, such relatives by marriage are known as affines. More commonly, they are known as , as affinity is usually signified by adding  to a degree of kinship.

In law, affinity may be used to prohibit incestuous sexual relations. It may also be relevant in preventing some couples from marrying. Which relationships are prohibited varys from country to country, and from time to time. In some countries, especially in the past, the prohibited relationships were based on religious laws.  In earlier laws, affinity was used in the same degrees as consanguinity in prohibiting marriages.

Though laws vary considerably, affinity does not always cease with the death of one of the marriage partners through whom affinity is traced. It does not always end with the divorce of the marriage partners. In addition to kinship by marriage, "affinity" can sometimes also include kinship by adoption and step relationship.

Related pages
 Affinity (canon law)
 Consanguinity
 Kinship

Notes

References

Other websites
 Can In-laws marry in the Church?

Marriage
Relationships
Hurricane Emily was a category 5 hurricane. It spread from Africa to Puerto Rico and the Outer Banks and lasted from August 22, 1993 to September 6, 1993. It caused flooding, wind, and a lot of rain. Hurricane Emily broke two records.

Hurricanes
1993
The Socialist Party of America was a socialist political party in the United States from 1901 to 1972. In early 1919, it had 100,000 members. In the 1920s they temporarily stopped running their own candidates.
They opposed the New Deal by Roosevelt. They held a pacifist position on World War II. In the 1960s, they permanently stopped running their own candidates. Key figures included Eugene V. Debs, Norman Thomas and Max Shactmann.

1901 establishments in the United States
1972 disestablishments in the United States
Political parties in the United States
Socialism
The Socialist Party of Great Britain is a British socialist political party started in 1904. It opposed World War I and World War II and all subsequent wars. It opposed the Soviet Union.

Political parties in the United Kingdom
1904 establishments in the United Kingdom
Socialism
The World Socialist Party of the United States (WSPUS) is a socialist political party founded in 1916 in the United States. It split from the Socialist Party of America. It opposes all war and opposed the Soviet Union.

Political parties in the United States
1916 establishments in the United States
Socialism
Darren Robert "Panger" Pang (born February 17, 1964) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender and hockey media personality.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Pang played for the Belleville Bulls and Ottawa 67's of the OHL. He played 1 game with the Chicago Blackhawks and then played 3 seasons in the IHL for the Milwaukee Admirals and Saginaw Generals. He also played 7 games with the Nova Scotia Oilers of the AHL. Standing at 5'5", Pang was the 2nd shortest goalie behind only Roy "Shrimp" Worters to play in the NHL.

He returned to the Blackhawks during the 1987-88 NHL season and played with them for 2 seasons before ending his playing career in the IHL after playing 2 seasons with the Saginaw Hawks and 7 games with the Indianapolis Ice.

After retiring he became the assistant coach for the University of Notre Dame for 3 years and was the goalie coach for the Indianapolis Ice for 2 years.

Broadcasting
He is currently a color commentator for the St. Louis Blues TV broadcasts and a part-time analyst for TSN. Before becoming the color commentator for the Blues, Pang was the color commentator for the Phoenix Coyotes. He is also an "Inside the Glass" reporter for regular season and playoff action for NHL on NBC. Pang also contributes to Home Ice, XM Satellite Radio's all-hockey channel. He was a former top analyst for ESPN National Hockey Night and NHL on ABC which he broadcast over 95 Stanley Cup Finals games on National TV.

References

Other websites 

1964 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
National Hockey League broadcasters
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ontario Hockey League players
Lawrence Robert Klein (September 14, 1920 – October 20, 2013) was an American economist of Jewish descent. He became a well-known economist for his work in creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of econometrics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1980 for his discovery.

Klein was born on September 14, 1920 in Omaha, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. and at the University of California, Berkeley.

Klein married Sonia Adelson during the 1950s. They had three daughters and one son. Klein died on October 20, 2013 in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania from natural causes, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 Lawrence Klein
 Economists for Peace and Security
 IDEAS/RePEc

1920 births
2013 deaths
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from natural causes
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Omaha, Nebraska
Educators from Omaha, Nebraska
Robert Merton Solow (born August 23, 1924) is an American economist. He is known for his work on the theory of economic growth that grew in the exogenous growth model. It was named after him. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal (in 1961) and the 1987 Nobel Prize in Economics. He won the Nobel Prize for studying how countries grow economically.

Solow was born on August 23, 1924 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Harvard University. Solow married Barbara Lewis in 1945. They had two sons and one daughter.

References

Other websites
 Video Interview with Solow from NobelPrize.org
 Articles written by Solow for the New York Review of Books
 Robert M. Solow – Prize Lecture
 Solow in the Tropics. By John Toye. History of Political Economy, 41, 1: 221–240
 IDEAS/RePEc
 Robert M. Solow Papers, 1951–2011 and undated. Rubenstein Library, Duke University.

1924 births
Living people
American economists
Educators from New York City
American military personnel of World War II
American Nobel Prize winners
Harvard University alumni
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Scientists from Brooklyn
Douglass Cecil North (November 5, 1920 – November 23, 2015) was an American economist. He is known for his work in economic history. In 1993, he received the Nobel Prize in Economics.

In the words of the Nobel Committee, North and Robert Fogel were awarded the prize "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change."

North was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

North was born on November 5, 1920 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Washington University in St. Louis, and Stanford University, at the University of Washington, and at Cambridge University. North has three sons from a failed marriage. 

North died on November 23, 2015 at his summer house in Benzonia, Michigan the age of 95 from esophageal cancer.

References

Other websites
 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 
 CNISS 
 Hoover Institution homepage
 Douglass C. North – Autobiography
 IDEAS/RePEc
 http://www.edegan.com/pdfs/North%20(1991)%20-%20Institutions.pdf
 http://www.getcited.org/pub/101883793 

1920 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from esophageal cancer
American economists
Educators from Massachusetts
American Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Scientists from Massachusetts
Kenneth Joseph Arrow (August 23, 1921 – February 21, 2017) was an American economist. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics with John Hicks in 1972. Until 2019, he was the youngest person to have received this award, at 51.

Early life
Arrow was born on August 23, 1921 in New York City, New York. He studied at the City College of New York and at Columbia University. Arrow married Selma Schweitzer in 1947. They had two sons.

Career
In economics, he was thought be an important figure in post-World War II neo-classical economic theory. Many of his former graduate students have gone on to win the Nobel Prize themselves. 

Arrow was active on the international scene through a variety of initiatives including trustee of Economists for Peace and Security and a member of the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, the not-for-profit behind the Health Impact Fund.

Death
Arrow died on February 21, 2017 from natural causes at his home in Palo Alto, California, aged 95.

References

Other websites

 Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow
 Kenneth Arrow  at stanford.edu
 Autobiography  at nobel.se
 Kenneth Arrow  Profile at cepa.newschool.edu
 Social Choice and Individual Values
 Photos of Kenneth Arrow
 IDEAS/RePEc
 Kenneth J. Arrow: Nobel Prize in Economics Recipient by Seymour "Sy" Brody, Florida Atlantic University Libraries

1921 births
2017 deaths
American economists
Deaths from natural causes
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Scientists from New York City
Educators from New York City
Robert Dale Maxwell (October 26, 1920 – May 11, 2019) was a former United States Army soldier from Idaho. 

He is a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He received this honor for his actions in World War II. After the death of Nicholas Oresko on October 4, 2013, Maxwell became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient.

Maxwell was born on October 26, 1920 in Boise, Idaho. He studied at Bend Senior High School. Maxwell now lives in Bend, Oregon, and is the only living Medal of Honor recipient in that state.

In 2011, at the age of 90, he received his High School Diploma from Bend Senior High. In 2012, he suffered a minor stroke, but recovered after only a few short days with only minor loss of functionality of his right hand.

Maxwell died on May 11, 2019 in Bend, Oregon at the age of 98.

References

Other websites
 CNN iReport Interview 
 Interview at the Pritzker Military Library

1920 births
2019 deaths
American military people
People from Boise, Idaho
Walter David Ehlers (May 7, 1921 – February 20, 2014) was a former United States Army soldier. Ehlers received the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II.

Ehlers was the last living Medal of Honor recipient who fought at Omaha Beach on D-Day.

Ehlers was born on May 7, 1921 in Junction City, Kansas. He joined the Army in October 1940.

Ehlers' brother Roland died at Omaha Beach when his landing craft was hit by a mortar shell. Ehlers appeared in the 1955 movie The Long Gray Line, starring Tyrone Power.

Ehlers lived in Orange County, California. He died on February 20, 2014 of kidney failure in Long Beach, California. He was 92 years old.

References

Other websites

Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on December 5, 2007
Interview  at the Pritzker Military Library on July 21, 2011 

1921 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American military people
People from Kansas
The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror movie directed by William Friedkin. It is based on the 1971 book by William Peter Blatty and is also based on the true events by 1949 exorcism case of Ronald Doe. It stars Max von Sydow, Ellen Burstyn, and Linda Blair with William O'Malley. It was released to positive reviews on December 26, 1973.

1973 horror movies
1970s supernatural movies
American horror movies
American supernatural movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by William Friedkin
Religious horror movies
Kenneth Stanley "Bud" Adams, Jr. (January 3, 1923 – October 21, 2013) was an American businessman. He owned the Tennessee Titans. He was chairman and CEO of Adams Resources & Energy Inc., a wholesale supplier of oil and natural gas. Adams was not a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Adams was born was on January 3, 1923 in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. He studied at Culver Military Academy, at Menlo College, and at the University of Kansas.

Adams married Neville Adams from 1947 until her death in 2009. They had two daughters and one son. Adams died on October 21, 2013 in Houston, Texas from natural causes, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 Tennessee Titans profile 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Georges Descrières (15 April 1930 – 19 October 2013) was a French actor. He appeared in 52 movies and television shows between 1954 and 1996. He starred alongside Anna Karina in the 1962 movie Sun in Your Eyes and portrayed the gentleman-burglar titular character in the internationally successful TV series Arsène Lupin.

He was appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honour in January 2004 and appointed Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit in May 2011.

Descrières died of cancer in Cannes, France on 19 October 2013, aged 83.

Some movies
 The Three Musketeers (1961)
 Tonight or Never (1961)
 Sun in Your Eyes (1962)
 Two for the Road (1967)
 A Flea in Her Ear (1968)
 Mon Curé Chez les Nudistes (1982)

References

Other websites

1930 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
French movie actors
French stage actors
French television actors
French voice actors
People from Bordeaux
The 2 Live Crew were a hip hop group from Miami, Florida. The group became known for obscenity, dirty rap lyrics and serious controversy. The group were established in 1985. They officially broke up in 1998. The studio album As Nasty as They Wanna Be caused major uproars. Several songs from that album, in particular, were very sexual with their lyrics.

1985 establishments in the United States
1998 disestablishments in the United States
Controversies in the United States
Hip hop bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups from Miami, Florida
1980s establishments in Florida
Obscenity controversies
John Wayne "Jack" Norris (born August 5, 1942) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Career
In the NHL, Norris played 23 games for the Boston Bruins, 10 games for the Chicago Black Hawks and 25 games for the Los Angeles Kings. He spent most of his playing career in the minor leagues. He played 2 seasons for the Alberta/Edmonton Oilers and 2 seasons with the Phoenix Roadrunners of the World Hockey Association before retiring after the 1975-76 WHA season.

Other websites 

1942 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
American Hockey League players
The Apprentice is an English reality television program. Twenty young entrepreneurs compete to win an investment from multi-millionaire businessman Alan Sugar. Sugar and his two assistants, Nick Hewer and Karren Brady, "fire" a different person each week. The highlight is a comical scene in the boardroom where all the contestants try to impress Alan.

Alan Sugar is the chairman of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and is worth billions of pounds. Brady had a rich upbringing and is known as the "first woman of football". Hewer did television presenting.

Other websites 

2004 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
British reality television series
UK
English-language television programs
Adam Munro (born November 12, 1982) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender that currently plays for HC TWK Innsbruck of the EBEL.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Munro played 4 years with the Erie Otters and 1 season with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the OHL.

He was drafted with the 29th overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. He played 17 games with the Blackhawks and spent most of his time with their-then AHL affiliate team, Norfolk Admirals.

In 2006, Munro was signed as a free agent by HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A. He played a season with them and returned to North America to play for the Columbus Blue Jackets' AHL affiliate, Syracuse Crunch. He played 25 games for them and then played for the Toronto Maple Leafs' AHL affiliate, Toronto Marlies. After playing 40 games with the Marlies between two seasons, Munro left North America again to play for HC Sibir Novosibirsk of the KHL.

Munro would play 4 games in the KHL and 1 season in the Elite.A with SG Cortina before heading to the EBEL. In the EBEL, he has also played 2 seasons with Alba Volán Székesfehérvár.

Other websites 

1982 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
American Hockey League players
ECHL players
Ontario Hockey League players
Nehemiah Grew (26 September 164125 March 1712) was an English plant anatomist and physiologist,  the "Father of Plant Anatomy".

Grew graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1661, and ten years later took the degree of M.D. at Leiden University. 

He began work on the anatomy of plants in 1664, and in 1670 his essay, The Anatomy of Vegetables begun, was communicated to the Royal Society. The following year he was elected a Fellow. In 1672, when the essay was published, he settled in London, and soon acquired an extensive practice as a physician. 

In 1673 he published his Idea of a Phytological History, which consisted of papers he had communicated to the Royal Society in the preceding year, and in 1677 he succeeded Henry Oldenburg as Secretary of the Royal Society. He edited the Philosophical Transactions in 1678-1679, and in 1681 he published by request a descriptive catalogue of the rarities preserved at Gresham College.

In 1682 appeared his great work on the Anatomy of Plants, which also was largely a collection of previous publications. It was illustrated with eighty-two plates, with an appendix of seven papers mostly of a chemical character. The Anatomy is especially notable for its descriptions of plant structure. He described nearly all the key differences of morphology of stem and root, showed that the flowers of the Asteraceae are built of multiple units, and correctly said that stamens are male organs. Anatomy of Plants also contains the first known microscopic description of pollen.

Much of Grew's pioneering work with the microscope was done at the same time as that of Marcello Malpighi. The two reportedly borrowed freely from one another. Grew's work on pollen was more extensive than that of Malpighi. It led to the discovery that size and shape is different between species, whereas pollen grains within a species are all alike. This discovery is central to the field of micropaleontology.

References 

1641 births
1712 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
English botanists
English biologists
British physiologists
Johannes Peter Müller (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858), was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. In 1833 he became Professor of physiology at the University of Berlin.

In the later part of his life he chiefly devoted himself to comparative anatomy. Fishes and marine invertebrates were his favourite subjects. He took 19 trips to the Baltic and North Sea, the Adriatic and the Mediterranean to investigate salt-water life.

He authored a comprehensive work on the anatomy of amphibians, which in his era including reptiles. Also, he described several new species of snakes.

Müller mentored some distinguished physiologists and biologists, including Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Theodor Schwann, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, Carl Ludwig and Ernst Haeckel. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1854.

Books 
 Müller, Johannes 1837–1840. Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen (Human physiology), 3rd ed. 2 vols. Coblenz: Hölscher.
 Müller, Johannes 1838. Ueber den feinern Bau und die Formen der krankhaften Geschwülste (On the structural details of malignant tumors). Berlin: G. Reimer, unfinished – a pioneering use of microscopical research in the investigation of pathological anatomy.

1801 births
1858 deaths
People from Koblenz
German anatomists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German Roman Catholics
German doctors
People from Rhineland-Palatinate
People who committed suicide
German physiologists
Ichthyologists
The Sobolev space is  a function space in mathematics. The space is very useful to analyze for partial differential equation.
The spaces can be characterized by smooth functions. It is a well known work from some mathematicians.There is a strong relation between Soblev space and Besov space.  Sobolev spaces  was introduced by Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev in 1930s. His creating space has great application for analyzing of solution of ordinal differential equations and partial differential equations. According to above the applications, we had had natural question of how to characterize of the space by space of classical functions. However, in 1964 year, we had a partial answer of that from working of Meyers and Serrin.

Introduction and definition 
Meyers-Serrin's theorem is well known for how to characterize to Sobolev spaces by collection of functions can classical derivative up to given oder same as order of distributional derivative of the Sobolev space. In this section, we shall first recall that definition of Sobolev spaces and set to several preliminaries as follows.

 
Here, Ω is an open set in ℝn and 1 ≤ p ≤ +∞.  The natural number m is called the order of the Sobolev space Wk,p(Ω).

example

Basic result

History

Application

Generalization

Calculus
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is a research organization in India. It is for studies in mathematics and science. It is located in Mumbai.

TIFR was started by Jenhangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata. It is now government funded. This institute has various departments like physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics. One of its founding members was physicist Homi Bhabha. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sri Jawaharlal Nehru. Professors in this organization are recruited from institutes including the Illinois Institute of Technology.

References 

Research organizations in Asia
Mumbai
1945 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in India
Naturopathy is a form of alternative medicine. It is based on the belief that a special energy called "vital energy" guides bodily functions such as metabolism, reproduction and growth. Naturopaths mostly use holistic forms of treatment. They generally avoid the use of surgery and drugs. Many naturopaths reject modern science.

Naturopathy is not supported by science. The medical community does not believe that it works.

The term "naturopathy" comes from Greek and Latin. It means "nature disease". Modern naturopathy developed from the Natural Cure movement in Europe.

Related pages
 Osteopathy

References

https://www.myblogguru.com/2021/08/be-success-in-life-choose-natural.html

Council on Naturopathic Medical Education

Medicine
Pseudoscience
The divine right of kings, was a political and religious doctrine. It meant that a monarch was given the right to rule by God alone. His authority could not be questioned because he ruled in God's name. It gave a king absolute rule over his subjects.

Beginnings

Pharaohs and some other ancient Kings were thought to actually be gods or descendants of gods. That concept went away when monotheism spread. A medieval principle held that God gave the right in to rule in secular matters to political rulers. God gave the right to rule over spiritual matters to the Pope as head of the Church. This has been called the 'doctrine of the two swords'. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor. From that time on the Emperor was the secular power while the Pope was the spiritual power. This concept began to break down prior to the First Crusade. Rather than have the Emperor provide the manpower for the crusade, the Pope called on the nobility of Europe directly.

Rise and fall

In England, Henry VIII broke free of the Catholic church and the authority of the Pope. By the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 Henry was both king and "Supreme Head" of the Church of England. Following the Protestant Reformation the theory of divine right gave the king absolute authority as God's representative on earth in both political and spiritual matters. It made him accountable to no one but God. James I of England in his speech to Parliament in 1609 said:

In France the theory had been considered from the 13th century. Although France remained Catholic, her kings gradually pulled away from papal rule. By the 16th century the king replaced the pope as supreme authority over the French church. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 the divine rights theory was no longer popular in England. In France, kings including Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) continued the divine rights doctrine. That was until the French revolution in 1789. By the 19th century it no longer had any credibility.

China 
The Chinese culture had a similar but older concept called the 'Mandate of Heaven'.  A good ruler had the blessings of heaven.  But one who ruled badly would cause the mandate to be removed.  When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, they claimed the Mandate of Heaven from the people.

References

Other page
Theocracy

Other websites

 J.P. Sommerville, Divine Right of Kings, University of Wisconsin 
 Divine Right of Kings, Spartacus Educational 

Monarchy
Political systems
Religious ethics
Alfred Ernest Moore (December 1, 1904 – June 29, 1979) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender.

Moore played 20 games in the NHL for the New York Americans. Moore is known for when he replaced Mike Karakas in the Chicago Black Hawks net in game one of the 1938 Stanley Cup Finals because replacement goaltender Paul Goodman did not arrive in Toronto on time.

He spent the end of his career in the AHL, playing for the Cleveland Barons, New Haven Eagles, Springfield Indians, Buffalo Bisons and Philadelphia Rockets. In 1941, Moore retired from playing professional ice hockey. In 1949, he became the head coach of the Galt Black Hawks of the Ontario Hockey Association which he coached for 1 season. He died in 1984.

Other websites 

1904 births
1979 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Americans players
People from Toronto
American Hockey League players
Gregory H. Millen (born February 17, 1964) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender and hockey  commentator analyst.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Millen played 3 seasons for the Peterborough Petes and 25 games for the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds.

He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins with the 102nd overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry draft. He played 3 seasons with the Penguins and was signed as a free agent by the Hartford Whalers. He played 4 seasons with the Whalers and during his time with the Whalers he represented Canada at the World Championships. He was traded by the Whalers to the St. Louis Blues in February 1985 and helped them reach the Conference Finals in 1986. They were defeated by the Calgary Flames however.

He then played 18 games for the Quebec Nordiques, 13 games for the Chicago Blackhawks and 10 games for the Detroit Red Wings before leaving for the IHL to play for the San Diego Gulls and retiring after playing 5 games with them.

Broadcasting
After retiring, Millen became the colour commentator on television broadcasts for the expansion Ottawa Senators. He spent eleven seasons as the commentator for the Senators and was teamed with Don Chevrier, Rob Faulds, and Dean Brown. He was also part of the lead broadcasting team along with Dan Shulman for CTV's ice hockey coverage at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

He joined the CBC's Hockey Night in Canada before the 1994-95 NHL season. He spent a year with CTV Sportsnet and rejoined HNIC in 1999–2000 where he was the network's secondary colour commentator and mostly covered the second game of weekly doubleheader. He usually works on the game that features the Montreal Canadiens along with Bob Cole and Guy Carbonneau. He worked on regional Toronto Maple Leafs telecasts since 2006 on Rogers Sportsnet Ontario and Leafs TV along with Joe Bowen. During the 2012 NHL playoffs, he worked the Washington-Boston series with play-by-play man Dean Brown.

Other websites 
Official website 

1957 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
National Hockey League broadcasters
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Quebec Nordiques players
St. Louis Blues players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Gilles Meloche (born July 12, 1950) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Meloche played 1 season for the Verdun Maple Leafs of the QMJHL.

He was drafted with the 70th overall pick by the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1970 NHL Entry draft. Meloche played 2 games with the Black Hawks. Chicago was already strong in goal with Tony Esposito so Meloche was dealt to the California Golden Seals, one of the weakest teams in the league at the time.

Meloche played for the Seals for 5 seasons and stayed with the team when the franchise's relocated to Cleveland, Ohio to become the Cleveland Barons. He would play for the Barons for 2 seasons and stayed with the Barons when they merged with the Minnesota North Stars. Meloche played 7 seasons with the North Stars and had great success with them. He then played 3 seasons with the Pittsburgh Penguins and retired in 1988.

Since retiring from playing hockey, he became the Penguins goaltending coach. He coach the Penguins for 8 seasons and helped the Penguins win three Stanley Cups before resigning in 2013. He currently works as a special assignment scout for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

References

Other websites 

1950 births
California Golden Seals players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
People from Montreal
Pittsburgh Penguins players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the sixth game in the Ratchet & Clank series of video games. It was released on October 23, 2007 in North America and on November 9, 2007 in Europe.

In this game, Ratchet & Clank save the universe from the Cragmites. Rachet’s species, who were called Lombaxes, disappeared and Rachet is the last of the Lombaxes.The Lombax secret is the last opportunity to save the universe from the Cragmites emperor Tachyon. Rachet’s planet is called Fastoon. Fastoon has a lot of advanced technology. The dimensionator (or Lombax secret) is the most important part of Lombax technology. In the Big War it shot the Cragmites to another dimension. This is the reason why Tachyon wants to destroy Rachet and all the Lombaxes. In their runaway from Polaris Galaxy, Clank meets the Zoni, some extraterrestrial beings who have magical powers. On many occasions Rachet & Clank meet the pirates. The pirates are robots, but they can do what they like. They’ve got a captain who has a lot of space stations and lots of space ships.

Other websites 
Official website

2007 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 3-only games
Ratchet & Clank
Sébastien Caron (born June 25, 1980) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender that currently plays for Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Caron played 2 seasons in the QMJHL for the Rimouski Oceanic where he won the Memorial Cup with them in 2000. He also won the Hap Emms Memorial Trophy for being the Memorial Cup Outstanding Goaltender.

He was drafted with the 86th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins.

He played 3 seasons with the Penguins and 4 seasons with their AHL affiliate team, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins before having his contract bought out by the Penguins on June 25, 2006. He also played for Saguenay Fjord and Sorel-Tracy Mission during the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

On July 27, 2006, he was signed to a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks and he played 1 game with them before being traded along with Matt Keith and Chris Durno to Anaheim Ducks for P.A. Parenteau and Bruno St. Jacques.

During his time with the Ducks, Caron served as a spare goaltender in the 2007 playoffs. He was not called on to dress during the playoffs but was included in the Stanley Cup winning picture, and has a Stanley Cup ring from when the Ducks won the Stanley Cup. He did not however qualify to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup since he only played one regular season game.

On April 1, 2010, he was signed by the Philadelphia Flyers but never played in net for Philadelphia during his short visit. He was the seventh goaltender acquired the Flyers' for the 2009–2010 NHL season.

He went on to play for HC Fribourg-Gotteron of the NLA for 3 seasons and was signed to a contract by Traktor Chelyabinsk of the KHL on August 23, 2010.

He played 12 games with Traktor and went back to the NLA to play for HC Lugano. He 14 games with them and returned to the NHL after the Tampa Bay Lightning signed him to a 1-year, one-way contract. He only played 3 games with them and was traded to the Nashville Predators, along with 3 draft picks for Kyle Wilson, Anders Lindback, and one draft pick. Instead of playing, Caron left to play for the Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL.

References

Other websites 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Memorial Cup winners
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Rimouski Océanic players‎
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Jan Evangelista Purkyně  (17 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. In 1839, he coined the term 'protoplasm' for the fluid substance of a cell.

Biography 
Purkyně was born in Bohemia, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now it is in the Czech Republic. In 1818, he graduated with a degree in medicine, and was appointed  Professor of Physiology. He published two volumes  which contributed to experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland), and the world's first official physiology laboratory.

Discoveries 
He is best known for his discoveries of Purkinje cells and Purkinje fibres. Purkinje cells are large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum. Purkinje fibres conduct electrical impulses to all parts of the ventricle of the heart. Other discoveries include Purkinje images, reflections of objects from structures of the eye, and the Purkinje shift, the change in the brightness of red and blue colours as light intensity decreases gradually at dusk. Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells.)

Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829. He also experimented with nutmeg that same year, when he "washed down three ground nutmegs with a glass of wine and experienced headaches, nausea, euphoria, and hallucinations that lasted several days", which remain a good description of today's average nutmeg binge. Purkyně discovered sweat glands in 1833 and published a thesis that recognised nine principal configuration groups of fingerprints in 1823.

Cell theory 
Purkyně was, in the opinion of Henry Harris, the true father of the cell theory. The work of Purkyně and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was "unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9 

Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. However, it was Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the cell theory, despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97

References 

1787 births
1869 deaths
Czech scientists
Biologists
Roger I de Montgomery, was the seigneur (lord) of Montgomery and vicomte of the Hiesmois in Normandy.

Career 

Roger was the son of Hugh de Montgomery and his wife Josceline. She was the niece of Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy. Roger held the lands of Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery and Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery. Both had traces of early castles. He became the Viscount of the Heismois about the same time Robert I of Normandy became Duke in 1027. But as the viscount he witnessed a royal charter to the abbey of St. Wandrille . Like Duke Robert, Roger began taking properties that belonged to the church. These included () half the town of Bernay. He took over a woodland at 'Crispus Fagidus' which belonged to Jumièges Abbey. He put an end to a market held by the same abbey and took it into his own domain. Later he seemed to have a change of heart. He returned the market to the abbey and paid restitution for their losses.

After 1035 Roger seems to have lost favor with the young duke William. He signed an early charter of Duke William simply as 'Roger of Montgomery'. He apparently was no longer the viscount. In 1037 when rebellions broke out, Roger was one of the rebels. When he was defeated he fled to the court of Henry I of France. Roger was forced into exile by Osbern the Steward. Osbern was later killed by William de Montgomery, Roger's son. Where and when Roger died is unknown. In 1068 his wife was still holding lands at Bures and Saint-Pair.

Family  

The name of Roger's wife is unknown but he had five sons:

 Hugh de Montgomery
 Robert de Montgomery
 Roger II de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury.
 William de Montgomery killed during the minority of duke William
 Gilbert de Montgomery who in 1063 supposedly poisoned by Mabel de Bellême

Notes

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Normans
Barákapuszta is a former village, now a part of Zichyújfalu, Hungary.

Geography 

It currently has a population of around 15 (in 2013). Barákapuszta an area of 0.8 km².

History 
The settlement founded of 17th century.

References 

Villages in Hungary
17th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary
Unknown disestablishments
Chris Clifford (born May 26, 1966 in Kingston, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Clifford played 1 season with the Kingston Canadians of the OHL.

He was drafted by the Chicago Black Hawks with the 111th overall pick in the 1984 NHL Entry draft. He played 1 game with them but went back down to the OHL to play with the Canadiens again. He won the Bobby Smith Trophy in 1985-86 and became the first goaltender in Ontario Hockey League history to score a goal.

After spending 3 seasons with the Canadiens, he played for the Saginaw Hawks of the IHL. He played 22 games with them and was called up to play 1 game for the Black Hawks. After that game, he went back down to the IHL to play 7 games with Saginaw and 23 games with the Muskegon Lumberjacks.

He went to the ECHL to play 10 games with the Virginia Lancers and then returned to the Lumberjacks to play 1 season. After his season with the Lumberjacks was over, Clifford played 2 games for the Fort Wayne Komets and left for the ECHL to play for the Louisville Icehawks. After play the 1993-94 season with them, Clifford retired from playing professional ice hockey.

Other websites 

1966 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
The paradox of thrift is the idea that during a recession, people will want to save more money. But if everyone saves money, then the economy can slow down even more, reducing peoples' income as a result. It is often linked with John Maynard Keynes. It is a main theory of Keynesian economics.

It is a kind of prisoner's dilemma: saving benefits each individual but damages the general population. This is a paradox because it is contrary to intuition. Someone might think that what seems to be good for an individual in the economy will be good for the entire population. However, exercising thrift may be good for an individual by enabling that individual to save for a "rainy day", and yet not be good for the economy as a whole.

There is little agreement as to how important this is in a modern economy. Modern economies are huge, and much affected by other national economies. 

Economics
Paradoxes
The Mora was William the Conqueror's flagship for his invasion of England in 1066. It served as his personal ship between England and Normandy afterwards. It was the largest and fastest ship in his invasion fleet. The Mora was a gift to William by his wife Matilda of Flanders.

The ship

The Mora was built at Barfleur in Normandy. It was a gift from Matilda of Flanders to her husband  Duke William of Normandy. It was completed in the summer of 1066. Mora was a larger ship that could carry ten to twelve knights with their attendants, weapons and armor. It would also have a crew to sail it. The captain of the ship was Stephen, the son of Airard. Stephen was the captain of the Mora for over twenty years.  Orderic Vitalis described the ship: "it had for its figurehead the image of a child, gilt, pointing with its right hand towards England, and having in its mouth a trumpet of ivory. Mora carried multicolored sails and at the top of the mainmast was the papal banner (Pope's flag), consecrated and sent to William from Rome.<ref>G.H. Preble, 'The "Mora", A.D. 1066', The New York Times, June 3, 1883</ref> The banner was described as "a square white banner charged with a gold cross within a blue border."

 Maiden voyage 

Before sunset on September 27th, according to William of Poitiers, Duke William's invasion fleet left for England. The Mora led the fleet. Mora carried a lantern on her mast so she could be seen in the dark. A horn also let the other ships know where the Mora was. The Mora was much faster than the other ships. By dawn William found himself in mid-channel, alone, with no other ships in sight. While he waited his servants served him breakfast with wine. Once the others were in sight the fleet proceeded to Pevensey in Sussex. According to Elisabeth van Houts, the meaning of the name is not known although there have been several suggestions. It might be named for the Morini, ancient inhabitants of Flanders.  This is where Matilda was from. The Latin word mora has several meanings, none of which seem likely. These range from 'delay' or 'pause' to 'foolish' or 'foolish woman'. Also is the possibility that Mora was an anagram of Amor''.

Notes

References

Ships
History of England
Normandy
1060s establishments
1066 in England
In mathematics, a function space is a set of functions of a given kind from a set X to a set Y. For example:
In set theory, the set of functions from X to Y may be written X → Y or YX.

Mathematics
Mario and Donkey Kong: Minis on the Move is a puzzle video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It is the fifth game in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series. It was released on Nintendo's eShop service on May 9, 2013 in Europe and North America, and July 24, 2013 in Japan.

In the main game, the player has to place blocks on a grid with the goal of making a path for a Mini (a small walking robot that looks like Mario or another character in the Mario series) to get from a warp pipe to the goal. The player has to avoid obstacles like Shy Guys and spikes. Each level has three colored coins that the player can collect. Collecting all three coins gives the player a star token. Star tokens can be used to unlock more gameplay modes, levels, and toys. There are more than 180 levels in four modes of gameplay. There are also four minigames that can be unlocked.

The game has a level creation mode where the player can create their own levels using pieces from the game. They can also control how often tiles fall. Created levels can be saved and shared using StreetPass after the player is able to complete the level that they have created. The levels can also be shared through Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, where players can download levels created by other players.

References

Other websites
 Official website (North America)
 Offical website (Europe)

2013 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Puzzle video games
Mario video games
Donkey Kong
John Winthrop (1588–1649) was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop was born in Edwardstone, Suffolk. He was an English lawyer from a rich landowning family. He led a large group of Puritans from England in 1630. Winthrop served as governor to the newly formed Massachusetts Bay Colony and held that position for twelve years. He was one of the chief founders of New England. He saw the colony as a Puritan "City upon a hill" and a model to western Christianity.

References or Sources

Other websites 
 John Winthrop (1588-1649), American Literature Sites, Washington State University

1588 births
1649 deaths
British lawyers
Colonial Americans
Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Politicians from Suffolk
Jacques Cloutier (born January 3, 1960 in Noranda, Quebec) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. He currently works as the associate coach for the Calgary Flames.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Cloutier played 4 seasons in the QMJHL with the Trois Rivieres Draveurs.

He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres with the 55th overall pick in the 1979 NHL Entry draft. He played 144 games with Sabres and 136 games with their AHL affiliate, Rochester Americans. After his time with Sabres, he played 2 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks and 58 games with the Quebec Nordiques. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1994.

After retiring, Cloutier became the assistant coach of the Cornwall Aces for 2 seasons, the assistant coach for the goaltending coach for the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche for 12 seasons and is the current associate coach of the Calgary Flames.

References

Other websites 

1960 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Quebec Nordiques players
Trois-Rivières Draveurs players
Bluefish is a kind of fish which occurs in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. It is a pelagic fish, which means that it lives near the surface of the ocean. They can grow to a size of  and reach a weight of . In the wild, they live to be about nine years old. 

Bluefish are predators: they hunt other fish, in small groups. Bluefish are caught commercially, and there is a problem with overfishing. 

Sometimes another species, Rock salmon or Coal fish is erroneously called Bluefish.

References

Perciformes