cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ian Rush (born 20 October 1961) is a former Welsh international football player, who notably played for Liverpool and Juventus.

He was a very successful striker, who set many goal-scoring records for Liverpool in particular.

When he retired from playing, he returned to his first club and managed Chester City before going on to work on television.

Club career statistics

|-
|1978/79||rowspan="2"|Chester City||rowspan="2"|Third Division||1||0
|-
|1979/80||33||14
|-
|1980/81||rowspan="7"|Liverpool||rowspan="7"|First Division||7||0
|-
|1981/82||32||17
|-
|1982/83||34||24
|-
|1983/84||41||32
|-
|1984/85||28||14
|-
|1985/86||40||22
|-
|1986/87||42||30

|-
|1987/88||Juventus||Serie A||29||7

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="8"|Liverpool||rowspan="4"|First Division||24||7
|-
|1989/90||36||18
|-
|1990/91||37||16
|-
|1991/92||18||4
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Premier League||32||14
|-
|1993/94||42||14
|-
|1994/95||36||12
|-
|1995/96||20||5
|-
|1996/97||Leeds United||Premier League||36||3
|-
|1997/98||Newcastle United||Premier League||10||0
|-
|1997/98||Sheffield United||First Division||4||0
|-
|1998/99||Wrexham||Second Division||17||0

|-
|1999/00||Sydney Olympic||National Soccer League||2||1
572||246
29||7
2||1
603||254
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1980||2||0
|-
|1981||3||0
|-
|1982||6||4
|-
|1983||6||3
|-
|1984||4||0
|-
|1985||4||4
|-
|1986||4||1
|-
|1987||5||2
|-
|1988||6||2
|-
|1989||3||0
|-
|1990||4||2
|-
|1991||6||1
|-
|1992||4||4
|-
|1993||6||4
|-
|1994||6||1
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
!Total||73||28
|}

References

1961 births
Living people
Liverpool F.C. players
Welsh footballers
Welsh football managers
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the , and the , was a feudal Japanese military government.  The heads of government were the shoguns. Each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.

These years are known as the Edo period. The period takes its name from the city where the Tokugawa shoguns lived.  This time is also called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern (Kinsei).

History
In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu took office as Shogun, and established a military government in  Edo, now Tokyo.

List of the Tokugawa shoguns
 Tokugawa Ieyasu, r. 1603–1605
 Tokugawa Hidetada, r. 1605–1623
 Tokugawa Iemitsu, r. 1623–1651
 Tokugawa Ietsuna, r. 1651–1680
 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, r. 1680–1709
 Tokugawa Ienobu, r. 1709–1712
 Tokugawa Ietsugu, r. 1713–1716
 Tokugawa Yoshimune, r. 1716–1745
 Tokugawa Ieshige, r. 1745–1760
 Tokugawa Ieharu, r. 1760–1786
 Tokugawa Ienari, r. 1787–1837
 Tokugawa Ieyoshi, r. 1837–1853
 Tokugawa Iesada, r. 1853–1858
 Tokugawa Iemochi, r. 1858–1866
 Tokugawa Yoshinobu, r. 1866–1867

Related pages
 Kamakura shogunate
 Ashikaga shogunate
 Meiji Restoration

References

Other websites 

 Political system of the Tokugawa Shogunate 
 SengokuDaimyo.com website of Anthony J. Bryant on Japan
 Japan

History of Japan
Samurai
1603 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1600s establishments in Asia
The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, is a centrist political party in the United Kingdom that promotes liberal policies. It was started on 2 March 1988 by joining the Liberal Party, which had been a powerful political party in Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the Social Democratic Party, which had been formed from the Labour Party in 1981. The two parties had already been working together for seven years.

The Liberal Democrats are strong supporters of the European Union, as well as environmentalism and they are in favour of creating a new British House of Commons which is elected using proportional representation. They also disagree with Britain being a part of conflicts like the Iraq War.

The party has 18 out of 650 seats in the House of Commons, 105 out of 793 seats in the House of Lords, 16 out of 73 British seats in the European Parliament, 5 out of 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament and 1 out of 60 seats in the Welsh Assembly. The party was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party and the former party leader Nick Clegg was the Deputy Prime Minister until the May 2015 general election.

In elections, the party usually gets the most votes in places like northern Scotland, south-west London, south-west England and mid-Wales. Members of the party are mostly more middle-class people that went to university.

Policies

Most Liberal Democrats believe in the following things:
 The House of Commons should be elected using proportional representation.
 There should be elections held for the House of Lords.
 There should be more forms of renewable energy as well as cuts to greenhouse gas emissions.

Former party leaders

 Paddy Ashdown (July 1988 – August 1999)
 Charles Kennedy (August 1999 – January 2006)
 Menzies Campbell (January 2006 – October 2007)
 Vince Cable (October 2007 – December 2007) *
 Nick Clegg (December 2007 – May 2015)
 Tim Farron (July 2015 – June 2017)
 Vince Cable (July 2017 – July 2019)
 Jo Swinson (July 2019 – December 2019)

Asterisk (*) means that this person was an interim leader, meaning he was just standing in as leader because the previous leader resigned.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Liberal Democrats' official website
 Scottish Liberal Democrats
 Welsh Liberal Democrats
 London Assembly Liberal Democrats
 Liberal Democrat History Group
 An archive of Liberal/SDP/Liberal Democrat electoral manifestos from 1900–present
 Guardian Unlimited Politics: Liberal Democrats
 Lib Dem Blogs, an aggregator of Liberal Democrat blogs

 
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
Liberal parties
The Billy Graham Center was founded and opened in 1981 on the campus of Wheaton College. Named after Billy Graham, the center is the main place for many of Wheaton College's bible and theology classes. There are eleven areas of work focused on "Stimulating Global Evangelism" with 25-40 staff, carrying out the work.

Other websites 
Official Billy Graham Center website 

Christian organizations
1981 establishments in the United States
Revival could mean:

 Revival (play) of a former hit play in a new production
 Revival (television) of a former television series
 Language revival of an extinct language
 Revivalism of religious fervor or fervent traditions
 Revival meeting, a Christian gathering
 Revival (sports team) of a defunct team
 Revival Centres International, a church group

Music
 Revival (Eminem album)
 Revival (Reid Paley album), an album by Reid Paley
 Revival (Gillian Welch album)
 Revival (John Fogerty album)
 Revival (Reverend Horton Heat album)
 Revival (Petra album), released in 2001
 Revival (Jully Black album)
 Revival, a song by The Allman Brothers Band
 Revival Records, a record label

Architectural movements
 Colonial Revival architecture
 Egyptian Revival architecture
 Gothic Revival architecture
 Greek Revival architecture
 Mediterranean Revival Style architecture
 Romanesque Revival architecture
 Mission Revival Style architecture

Others
 Aytayra (Revival), a political party in Abkhazia
 The Revival (UK magazine), a magazine for British Muslims
is a supernatural thriller fantasy manga written by Tsugumi Ōba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata. The work was adapted into an anime series directed by Tetsurō Araki. It is about a Japanese teenage high school student boy named Light Yagami, who finds a supernatural notebook. The notebook, dropped on earth by a bored shinigami named Ryuk, is called a "Death Note". When a person's name is written in the notebook, that person dies. If the cause of death is not specified, they die of a heart attack. Light, aiming to create a crime-free utopia, uses the notebook to kill criminals, anonymously gaining world fame as "Kira" ("キラ" in Japanese - based on the English word "killer") - some people see him as justice, while others see him as a murderer.

The best detective in the world, an eccentric genius named "L", works with the Japanese police, as well as Light's own father, to find out Kira's identity and catch him. He suspects all along that it's Light, who, as a part of the police department, works alongside L in the investigation. It becomes a contest of wit and intelligence between L and Light, both of whom are very clever. At one point, Light temporarily gives up the Death Note, along his memories of it, as an ally continue writing the names of criminals. This "proves" to the police that he is not Kira. However, he later gets the Death Note back and kills L with it.

After L dies, his successors, two orphans named "Mello" and "Near", take over the Kira investigation. Near is a child prodigy who clearly mirrors L, and Mello is an impulsive, antisocial teen obsessed with one-upping Near. Mello refuses to work with Near and leaves the orphanage, joining the American Mafia; Near forms a task force to catch Kira.  In the end, Near proves that Light is Kira, leading to Light's death.

Besides the manga and anime, Death Note was also made into a light novel, various video games, two animated films, a live-action television drama, a musical, and several live-action films.

References

Other websites 
Death Note official website 
Shueisha's Death Note manga official website  
Official anime website 
Madman Entertainment's Death Note website
Bob Jones, Sr (October 30, 1883—January 16, 1968)  was an American, Christian, Fundamentalist, evangelist, broadcaster, and founder of Bob Jones University. He was born the eleventh of twelve children to William and Georgia Jones.

In 1905, Jones married Bernice Sheffield, who got tuberculosis and died within ten months of their marriage. On June 17, 1908, he married Mary Gaston Stollenwerck, whom he had met as a choir member. Their only child, Bob Jones, Jr. was born October 19, 1911 in Montgomery.

Other websites 
Biography from the BJU website 

1883 births
1968 deaths
American Methodists
Christian religious leaders
Evangelists
People from Greenville, South Carolina
An auditorium (plural auditoriums, or less commonly auditoria) is the room in a theatre, cinema, concert hall, or other place where the audience is located to hear or watch the show. Auditoriums are made with great sound. The sound is easily heard by everyone in the auditorium.

Buildings and structures
Rooms
A level crossing (also called a grade crossing, a railway crossing, or a railroad crossing)  is a place where a railway line and a road meet each other on the same level. This means that the grades (the road and the track) are not separated by using a bridge or a tunnel. Usually, there are signs indicating the crossing. There may also be barriers/gates that go down before a train passes. 

Depending on how much traffic there is, there are different measures to make the crossing more secure:
 Signs or panels, indicating the crossing
 Blinking or steady lights
 Sounds (usually a warning bell)
 Gates/barriers that are lowered before a train passes

Since level crossings are dangerous (there are many accidents), they are usually grade separated once there is more traffic, or high speed trains.

Images

Related pages

Billups Neon Crossing Signal

Rail transport
Traffic signs
Macaulay Carson Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor, voice actor and musician. He is perhaps most notable and best notable for his prominent kiddie roles in the first two Home Alone movies as Kevin McCallister. These blockbuster movies still continue to be very popular with many American audiences to this day onwards much to a cult following. His parents are Patricia Brentrup and Christopher 'Kit' Culkin.

Acting career
Culkin began acting ever since at the age of 4 when he then became famous and well known around the world in 1990 as a Hollywood child star when Home Alone was released. In the movie, Culkin played the main character, Kevin McCallister. He reprised the role of Kevin in the second film. He was then nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor on Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Culkin mysteriously dropped out of acting at the age of 14, but later returned at the age of 23 for in a couple of movies as a recurring adult actor.

Pizza Underground
In 2012, Culkin had founded and started up an anti-folk band called The Pizza Underground. This musical band plays songs which are related to about pizza.

Personal life

Relationships
In 1998, Culkin married Rachel Miner. In 2000, Culkin and Miner divorced because Culkin had decided and wanted to go back acting again as a new recurring adult actor.
Culkin has then dated actress Mila Kunis from May 2002 to 2011. Culkin also dated Jordana Lane Price.

In 2017, Culkin began a relationship with singer and actress Brenda Song. They have a daughter together named Dakota, born in 2021.

Michael Jackson
At around the same time that Home Alone was released, Culkin also became very good friends with the late Hollywood singer and King of Pop Michael Jackson. He has also acted in Jackson's 1991 "Black or White" music video. In 2005, Culkin testified and had said at Jackson's trial for charges of child molestation that he had once slept in Jackson's bedroom but was never molested or touched in improper ways though. Culkin also attended Jackson's burial and death memorial which was then held on October 6, 2012. He is also the godfather of Jackson's 2 older children with Debbie Rowe, Prince and Paris Jackson.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
Tencent QQ, also known as QQ, is a popular instant messaging software in mainland China. It was created by Tencent Inc. in 1999. 

source codes were taken in 1999. from AOL/ICQ. AOL was Founded by Steve Case. is an American entrepreneur, investor, and businessman best known as the former chief executive officer and chairman of America Online (AOL).  Case joined AOL's predecessor company, Quantum Computer Services, as a marketing vice-president and became CEO of the company (renamed AOL) in 1991.

QQ source Code:

much of it was using earlier codes from ICQ at the Time.

#ifdef __QQ_SUPPORT__

#include "IM_QQ_prot.h"

#endif  //__QQ_SUPPORT__

Languages 
Tencent QQ is a multi lingual web page, offers languages such as: English, French, Japanese, Spanish, German & Korean.
For users who do not speak Chinese, translations are also available in 50 different languages.

Facts 
 Tencent has become the prime Internet Establishment in China and has been named by Markey Cap the world’s 4th major web page, right after Google, Amazon & facebook. 

 Facebook happens to be the largest social network online, buy QQ comes in 2nd in the world. 

 As of May 2012 QQ has received 750+ million active users on the website. 

 QQ.com has the largest pageviews and userviews in China, and is the No.1 portal.

References

  

Instant messaging software
Ottobrunn is a municipality in the Munich Rural District. It was started in 1955 and the German headquarters of the EADS are there.

References

Other websites

Munich (district)
Ja'far may mean:

In fictional characters
Jafar (Aladdin), a character in Disney's movie Aladdin
Jaffar (Fire Emblem), a character Fire Emblem video game series
Jaffar, the evil Grand Vizier in the Prince of Persia video game series

In historical persons
Ja'far ibn Abu Talib (died 629), cousin and companion of Muhammad
Ja'far al-Sadiq (702-765), sixth Shi'i Imam
Ja'far ibn Yahya (767 - 803), the vizier of Caliph Harun al-Rashid
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787-886), Persian scholar
Khawlah bint Ja'far

In people
Mir Jafar, second son of Sayyid Ahmad Najafi
Jafar Khan (died 1789), shah of Persia (1785-1789)
Jafar al-Askari (1887–1936), prime minister of Iraq
Onn Jaafar (1895-1962), Malay politician
Jafar Sharif-Emami ((1910-1998)), Prime minister of Iran
Jafar Pishevari (died 1947), Azerbaijani politician
Jafar Zafarani (born 1947), Iranian mathematician
Jafar Panahi (born 1960), Iranian filmmaker

Related pages 
Gaafar Nimeiry (born 1930), President of Sudan (1971-1985)
Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn (Central Bavarian: Hähakircha-Siegertsbrunn) is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It lies south of Munich. It is the municipality with the longest name in Germany.

References

Other websites

Munich (district)
The Habitation at Port-Royal was an early French colonial settlement. Today it is a National Historic Site in Port Royal in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

The settlement
Port Royal was founded by the French explorer Champlain after half of his men had died of Scurvy in his first settlement. Champlain worked with the Algonquain tribe to found Port Royal and, in return, fought with them and the Hurons against the Iroquoians. 

In May, 1613 the Jesuits moved on to the Penobscot River valley and in July, the settlement was attacked by Samuel Argall of Virginia.  Argall returned in November that same year and burned the Habitation down while the settlers were away nearby.  Poutrincourt returned from France in spring 1614 and found Port-Royal in ruins. The settlers were living with the Mi'kmaq.  Poutrincourt then gave his holdings to his son and returned to France.  Poutrincourt's son gave the settlement to Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour upon his own death in 1623.

Replica construction
A replica of the settlement was built in 1939-1940.  Today, this replica serves as the cornerstone of Port-Royal National Historic Site of Canada, and together with the nearby Fort Anne National Historic Site of Canada in Annapolis Royal, continues to remind of this important historic region for Canadians and visitors.

Other websites

 Censuses of Canada - 1665 to 1871 - Early French Settlements 
 Port-Royal National Historic Site of Canada 
 Acadian Ancestral Home - repository of Acadian history and genealogy
 Saint Croix Island International Historic Site
 An Essay on Port Royal 

History of Canada
The Mi'kmaq (; (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or formerly Micmac) are a First Nations or Native American in the United States people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canada's Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec.  The word Míkmaw is an adjectival form of the plural noun for the people, Míkmaq.

The nation has a population of about 40,000 of whom approximately one-third still speak the Algonquian language L'nuí'simk which was once written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing and is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet.

In the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, October is celebrated as Mi'kmaq History Month and the entire Nation celebrates Treaty Day annually on October 1.

Mi'kmaq First Nation subdivisions 

Mi'kmaq names in the table have all been spelled according to a several orthographies. The Mi'kmaq orthographies in use are Mí'kmaq hieroglyphs, the orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, the Pacifique orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography, which has been adopted by most of the Mi'kmaq First Nation.

Demographics

References 

 Rita Joe, Lesley Choyce. 2005. The Mi'kmaq Anthology, Nimbus Publishing (CN), 2005, ISBN

Documentary film 
 Our Lives in Our Hands (Mi'kmaq basketmakers and potato diggers in northern Maine, 1986)

Other websites 

 First Nations Profiles 
 Micmac History
 Mi'kmaq Portraits Collection 
 Mi'kmaq Dictionary Online
 The Micmac of Megumaagee
 Mi'kmaq Learning Resource

Native American
Canadian people
Wang Xiaobo (; pinyin: Wáng Xiǎobō; May 13, 1952 – April 11, 1997) was a famous writer in mainland China. His most famous and successful Literary works is Golden Time.

Xiaobo was born in Beijing, China. In 1972, he became a teacher in the Shandong province. In 1978, he started studying at the Renmin University of China. Xiaobo's most famous novel was published in 1994. It was named "Golden Time".

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References

1952 births
1997 deaths
Chinese writers
Chengdu (also called The Hibiscus City), is the fourth largest city in the  People's Republic of China. It is the capital of Sichuan province and is on top of the Chengdu Plain. The city is home to the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. The city has a famous food culture, so much so that UNESCO awarded the city as a City of Gastronomy. Chengdu is known for hot pot and teahouses and for adding chili peppers in much of their food.

Cities in China
Coweta is a city in Wagoner County, Oklahoma and is a suburb of Tulsa. The population was 8,352 at the 2005 census estimate.

History
Before statehood, when the Five Tribes or Five Civilized Tribes were moved to Oklahoma from the Eastern United States, the area that is now Coweta became part of the Creek Nation. Coweta was named after a Creek Indian war town on the Chattahoochee River in southwestern Georgia and was first settled by American Indians about 1840. In 1843 Robert Loughridge arrived in the area and established a mission, named "Koweta".
  
In 1867 after the Civil War, the Creek Indians adopted a constitution which divided there nation into six districts.  Everything northeast of the Arkansas River, including Tulsa, became the Coweta district.  The political center of this district was in a log courthouse on Coweta Creek, about a one-fourth of a mile west from the modern day center of the downtown Coweta. The Post Office was established on May 24, 1897, and was named after the Koweta Mission.

Many notable events occurred in 1903. Along with the arrival of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, Coweta’s first newspaper, The Courier, was started, the first school was built, and a telephone line was put in.

Geography
Coweta is at  (35.963155, -95.661586).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.7 square miles (19.9 km²), of which, 7.6 square miles (19.6 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (1.56%) is water.

Historical sites
Coweta is home to two sites on the National Register of Historic Places list. The first is the Koweta Mission Site. The mission was added to the NRHP in 1973, today only a cemetery remains. The second historical site in Coweta is the First Presbyterian Church of Coweta, commonly known as the Mission Bell Museum. The Mission Bell Museum was added to the NRHP in 2003 and is owned and operated by the city of Coweta.

References

Other websites
History of Coweta 
City of Coweta 
Coweta Public Schools 

Cities in Oklahoma
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the gain and sale of animal fur.

Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia. 
The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact in The New World (North America) between European-Americans and Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada. 

The North American fur trade flourished for 250 years. This long time can be roughly divided into three sections:  
 the "French Era" from 1600 to 1760 (See Coureur de bois)
 the "British Era" from 1760 to 1816
 the "American Era" from 1816 to 1850 (See John Jacob Astor)

One of the earliest companies in the fur trade business was the Hudson's Bay Company, which was created by an English royal charter in 1670. The company still exists today, but now works in the retail business and operates a number of department stores in Canada, the United States and all around the world.

References 

 Barbara Huck (2000) Exploring the Fur Trade Routes of North America  (2nd Ed: May 2002)

Other websites 
 The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Great Fur Trade Canoes
 A Brief History of the Fur Trade 
 History of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin 
 Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, Nebraska USA

Commerce
Trade routes
NetSolve is an information technology company in the United States.  Cisco Systems took it over on September 9, 2004.

American technology companies
The Polans were a West Slavic tribe that lived in Greater Poland. Polans united other Polish tribes and created Poland. The first Catholic ruler of the Polans was Mieszko I. Here is an extract of Helmold's Chronica Slavorum:

"Slavorum igitur populi multi sunt habitantes in litore Balthici maris. Sinus huius maris ab occidentali occeano orientem versus porrigitur. Appellatur ideo Balthicus (...) idemque mare barbarum seu pelagus Schiticum vocatur a gentibus, quas alluit, barbaris. Hoc mare multae circumsedent naciones. Dani siquidem ac Sueones, quos Northmannos vocamus, septentrionale litus et omnes in eo continent insulas. At litus australe Slavorum incolunt nationes, quorum ab oriente primi sunt Ruci, deinde Polani, habentes a septentrione Pruzos, ab austro Boemos et eos qui dicuntur Marahi sive Karinthi atque Sorabi."

in English, it means:

"There are a lot of Slavic tribes, that live on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The bay of this sea is directed from the west ocean to east. It's called Baltic (...) This sea is also called barbarian or Scythian from the barbarian tribes, that is failing. There are a lot of tribes that live around this sea; namely Danes and Swedes, which we call Normans, they live on the northern coast and all of the isles. Southern coast inhabit Glavic tribes, the first of them are Rus'; there are also Polans, that border in the north with Prussians, on the south with Czechs, and these, that are calling themselves Moravians or Carynthians and Sorbians."

Slavic peoples
Koweta Mission Site is a NRHP site added in 1973.

The Koweta Mission was founded in 1843 when white missionaries arrived in Coweta to teach Native American children. Reverend  Robert Loughridge and his wife, Olivia, bought an empty cabin for ten dollars and began teaching. He named the mission "Koweta".

Citations 

Christian organizations
Sean Hannity (born December 30, 1961) is an American radio talk show host and best-selling author. He first was noticed as the co-host for the Fox News program Hannity & Colmes, a political television program co-hosted by Alan Colmes. He is the second highest rated talk-radio show in the United States,  for his work with his show called The Sean Hannity Show. He is also the host of Hannity's America, on the TV station Fox News Channel.

References

Other websites 
 Sean Hannity's official website
 Sean Hannity's biography (Fox News)

1961 births
Living people
Television talk show hosts
American conservatives
Writers from New York City
Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from transistors and resistors. It is called transistor–transistor logic because the logic function (e.g., AND) and amplification is performed by transistors. Many integrated circuits have TTL technology. They are used in applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, synthesizers, etc.

TTL gates define a voltage below 0.5V as 0, and a voltage of 4–5V as 1.

Series Type 

 Bipolar
 74 - the "standard TTL" logic family (long obsolete) had no letters between the "74" and the specific part number.
 74L - Low power (compared to the original TTL logic family), very slow (rendered obsolete by the LS-series)
 H - High speed (rendered obsolete by the S-series, used in 1970s era computers)
 S - Schottky (obsolete)
 LS - Low Power Schottky
 AS - Advanced Schottky
 ALS - Advanced Low Power Schottky
 F - Fast (faster than normal Schottky, similar to AS)
 CMOS
 C - CMOS 4-15V operation similar to 4000 series
 HC - High speed CMOS, similar performance to LS, 12nS
 HCT - High speed, compatible logic levels to bipolar parts
 AC - Advanced CMOS, performance generally between S and F
 AHC - Advanced High-Speed CMOS, three times as fast as HC
 ALVC - Low voltage - 1.65 to 3.3V, tpd 2nS
 AUC - Low voltage - 0.8 to 2.7V, tpd<1.9nS@1.8V
 FC - Fast CMOS, performance similar to F
 LCX - CMOS with 3V supply and 5V tolerant inputs
 LVC - Low voltage - 1.65 to 3.3V and 5V tolerant inputs, tpd<5.5nS@3.3V, tpd<9nS@2.5V
 LVQ - Low voltage - 3.3V
 LVX - Low voltage - 3.3V with 5V tolerant inputs
 VHC - Very High Speed CMOS - 'S' performance in CMOS technology and power
 G - Super high speeds at more than 1 GHz, 1.65V to 3.3V and 5V tolerant inputs, tpd 1nS (Produced by Potato Semiconductor)
 BiCMOS
 BCT - BiCMOS, TTL compatible input thresholds, used for buffers
 ABT - Advanced BiCMOS, TTL compatible input thresholds, faster than ACT and BCT

Electronics
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 said that the land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River would eventually become part of the United States. It encouraged people to move to the west. The Ordinance established policies for governing the territory and included laws eventually adopted in the Constitution. Included in the Ordinance were laws protecting freedom of religion (Article I), rights of the accused (Article II), public education and Indian land rights (Article III), admission of new states (Article V), and prohibition of slavery in the territory (Article VI). The territory included the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and part of Minnesota. This was a very important part in the American history.

United States federal legislation
1787 in the United States
Protactinium is a very radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91. The density of this element is 231.04

Notable characteristics 
Protactinium is a silver metallic element that is in the actinide group, with a bright metallic shine that it keeps for some time in the air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 K.

Applications 
Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic research.

Protactinium-231 (which is made by the alpha decay of Uranium-235 followed by beta decay of Thorium-231) could possibly sustain a nuclear chain reaction and might be used to build a nuclear weapon. The critical mass, according to Walter Seifritz, is 750±180 kg. Other authors conclude that no chain reactions are possible in Protactinium-231.

History 
Protactinium was first discovered in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Göhring encountered short-lived isotope 234m-Pa, with a half-life of about 1.17 minutes, while they were studying the decay chain of 238-U. They gave the new element the name Brevium (Latin brevis, brief, short); the name was changed to Protoactinium in 1918 when two groups of scientists (Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of the UK) independently discovered 231-Pa. The name was shortened to Protactinium in 1949.

In 1961, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium, processing 60 tons of waste material in a 12-stage process and spending 500,000 USD. For many years to come, this was the world's only way to get the element. It is said that the metal was sold to laboratories for a cost of 2,800 USD / g in the following years.

Precautions 
Protactinium is both toxic and highly radioactive. It requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium.

References

Other websites 

 ANL factsheet 
 WebElements.com – Protactinium
 It's Elemental – Protactinium
 InfoHaunter 

Actinides
Chemical elements
John Constantine "Johnny" Unitas (May 7, 1933 – September 11, 2002, often called "Johnny U."), was a professional American football player in the 1950s through the 1970s. He was a record-setting quarterback and the National Football League's most valuable player in 1959, 1964 and 1967. His record of throwing a touchdown pass in 47 consecutive games (between 1956-1960) is unrivaled. Unitas is commonly considered the greatest quarterback of all-time. He spent his first and last seasons each with the Pittsburgh Steelers and San Diego Chargers. He is most famous for his time with the Baltimore Colts. He was part of what some considered "The Greatest Game ever Played,"  in 1959. Unitas handed a ball to Alan Ameche, who scored against the New York Giants. The Colts eventually moved from Baltimore to Indianapolis in 1984. Unitas supported the Baltimore Ravens and is part of their Ring of Honor (Inducted 2002).

References

Other websites
 Official Johnny Unitas Information Site 
https://www.flickr.com/photos/15795636@N02/2103926819/

1933 births
2002 deaths
Pittsburgh Steelers players
San Diego Chargers players
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
American football quarterbacks
Richard Marvin "Dick" Butkus (born December 9, 1942) is an American former football player. He is commonly considered as the greatest linebacker of his time. He was raised in Roseland, Chicago, Illinois.
 
In college, Butkus played for the University of Illinois. He played professional football in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears. He became a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1979.

References 

1942 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Chicago Bears players
Sportspeople from Chicago
John Albert Elway, Jr. (born June 28, 1960 in Port Angeles, Washington) is a retired Hall of Fame American football quarterback. He played his college football at Stanford and his whole professional career for the Denver Broncos football team of the National Football League (NFL). He was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1987. Elway won Super Bowls with the Broncos in 1998 and 1999, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999, throwing for one touchdown and rushing for another as the Broncos beat the Atlanta Falcons, 34-19. That ended up being his final game (other than the 1999 Pro Bowl), as he retired after that season.

1960 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Denver Broncos players
Sportspeople from Washington
The Detroit Lions are an American football team in Detroit. The Lions play in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) North division. The team plays its home games at Ford Field.

The Lions won four NFL Championship Games between 1935 and 1957, all prior to the Super Bowl era. Since the 1957 championship, the franchise has won only a single playoff game during the 1991 season and holds the league's longest postseason win drought. They are the only franchise that has existed for the entire Super Bowl era to not appear in the Super Bowl.

References
Michael Jerome Irvin (born March 5, 1966) is a former American football player for the Dallas Cowboys. He is also a former broadcaster for ESPN's NFL Countdown. He is commonly known as one of the most successful wide receivers in the history of the National Football League.

Other websites
Michael Irvin's Official Website and Merchandise .

American football wide receivers
Dallas Cowboys players
Sportspeople from Florida
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1966 births
Living people
The Mi'kmaq language (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or priorly Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 9,000 Míkmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Míkmaq population of roughly 40,000. The word Míkmaq is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular Míkm); the adjectival form is Míkmaw. The language's native name is Míkmawísimk  or Míkmwei (in some dialects).

Writing system 
Míkmaq is written with letters of the Roman alphabet. This writing system was created by missionaries in the 19th century. Before, the language was written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing, a script of partially-native origin.

Orthographies

Notes

References 

 Rand, Silas Tertius. 1888. Dictionary of the language of the Micmac Indians, who reside in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and Newfoundland. Halifax: Nova Scotia Printing Company. Reprinted 1994: New Delhi & Madras: Asian Educational Services,

Other websites 
 Mi'kmaq Online Talking Dictionary
 Internet Archive of "Míkmaq Language"
 Native Languages page on Míkmaq
 Ethnologue report
 Chris Harvey's page on Míkmawísimk

Languages of North America
The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team from the Los Angeles metropolitan area. They are currently part of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team first played in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The club spent its first season in Los Angeles before moving to San Diego in 1961, becoming the San Diego Chargers and spending 56 seasons in that city before moving back to the Los Angeles area from 2017 to 2019. The team played at Dignity Health Sports Park, a soccer stadium in suburban Carson that serves as home to the LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer. In 2020, the Chargers joined the Los Angeles Rams at that team's new SoFi Stadium in another Los Angeles suburb, Inglewood.

From 2007 to 2019, Phillip Rivers was their starting quarterback.  The current quarterback is Justin Herbert. The original team logo was a charging horse. Over time, the logo evolved into a lightning bolt, a play on a different meaning of "charge".  The team wears navy blue jerseys and white pants for most home games, white jerseys and navy pants for road games, and powder blue jerseys with white pants for designated home games.  There is a gold bolt on the jersey that is outlined in both powder blue and navy.

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Junior Seau
Rodney Harrison
LaDainian Tomlinson
Dan Fouts

Citations 

National Football League teams
Sports in Los Angeles
Foo Fighters is an American rock band started by musician and former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl. The band was formed in 1994 after the breakup of Nirvana. The band's name comes from a term used in World War II about strange sky objects (UFOs).

The band, who have achieved a world-wide following, have won many awards for their music, and have released seven studio albums and twenty-eight singles. Foo Fighters have won eleven Grammy Awards. The current members of the band are Dave Grohl (singer), Nate Mendel (bass guitar), Taylor Hawkins (drums) and Pat Smear (guitar).

Before Grohl was a member of Foo Fighters, he was the drummer for the popular grunge band, Nirvana. Nirvana's singer, Kurt Cobain, died the year Foo Fighters were formed.

Albums

Studio albums
 Foo Fighters (1995)
 The Colour and the Shape (1997)
 There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999)
 One by One (2002)
 In Your Honor (2005)
 Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace (2007)
 Wasting Light (2011)
 Sonic Highways (2014)
 Concrete and Gold (2017)
 Medicine at Midnight (2021)

1994 establishments in Washington (state)
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Grunge bands
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Post-grunge bands
Ronnie O'Sullivan (born 5 December 1975) is an English professional snooker player. He was born in Wordsley, West Midlands. He grew up in Chigwell, Essex and still lives there. He was World Champion in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2020.

O'Sullivan made his first century break at age 10.

He has won the UK Championship six times. This was in 1993, 1997, 2001, 2007, 2014 and 2017. He has won the Masters seven times, in 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016 and 2017.

Other websites 
Official website 

1975 births
Living people
Snooker players
Sportspeople from Essex
Sportspeople from West Midlands (county)
Jung Ji-Hoon (born June 25, 1982), better known by his stage name Rain, is a South Korean singer, recording artist, dancer, actor, model and designer.

In Rain's music career, he produced seven albums (six Korean, one Japanese), 19 singles and many concert tours around the world. His acting career began in 2003. This was when he won the KBS Best New Actor Award for his role in the drama Sang Doo! Let's Go To School. In 2004, Rain won the KBS Excellence in Acting award for his role in the drama Full House. After starring in A Love To Kill, he acted in his first Korean film, I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK (2006), which won the Alfred Bauer Prize at the Berlin International Film Festival. Rain has acted in the American films Speed Racer (2008) and Ninja Assassin (2009). He was the first Korean to win an MTV award.

In 2007, Rain left the management of JYP Entertainment and started his own company, J. Tune Entertainment. However, he still keeps contact with Park Jin-young.

Early life
Rain spent most of his childhood living with his parents and younger sister near Yonsei University. Rain was a quiet and shy child. He discovered his passion for dance when he performed in a talent show for High School. Rain decided to follow his passion and attended High School of Arts.

Rain lost his mother when she died with diabetes in 2000. In the same year, Rain was picked up to train for JYP Entertainment, led by Park Jin-Young. However, in a CNN interview and also in a Discovery Channel documentary called Discovering Hip Korea, he said he was repeatedly rejected because of his looks. During the early years of training, Rain was a backup dancer.

References 

South Korean singers
1982 births
Living people
K-pop singers
The Algonquian  or ;
also Algonkian) (also Algonquin, Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The term "Algonquin" comes from the Maliseet word elakómkwik (), "they are our relatives/allies". Many Algonquian languages are extremely endangered today, while a number of others have already died out completely.

Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America all the way to the Rocky Mountains. The language from which all of the languages of the family come was spoken at least 3,000 years ago.

The Algonquian languages are 'poly-synthetic', which means that you can make entire sentences in one word.

References

Bibliography 
 Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
 Goddard, Ives (1994). "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology." In William Cowan, ed., Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference, pp. 187–211. Ottawa: Carleton University.
 Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  (hbk); .

Other websites 
 Algonquian Family
 

Languages of North America
Ismaning (Ancient: Yserrain) is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. As of December 31, 2008, it had a population of 15,181.

References

Other websites

Munich (district)
Elmo is a fictional character from the TV show Sesame Street. He is a red monster, and has his own part of the show called Elmo's World. His age is 3 years old. He is very famous for his laugh. His best friend is an orange monster named Zoe.

Elmo was originally a nameless extra performed by various puppeteers with no established identity. After that, he became a recurring character on the show. Brian Muehl was the first main performer and gave him a whispery voice. Richard Hunt performed him next and gave him a gruff voice. However, Kevin Clash was given the muppet in 1984 and used a new voice for him. This voice was made using falsetto. The muppet then became very popular. Elmo always talks in third person: for example, Elmo says "Elmo knows where you live!" rather than "I know where you live!" Elmo has a pet fish named Dorothy. He plays the toy piano and likes to ride his tricycle. Elmo is very popular with younger children.

In the 1990s, an Elmo toy called "Tickle Me Elmo" was sold. In a short time, it became one of the most popular Sesame Street toys in stores.

References

Sesame Street characters
Muppets
The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team. The team plays its home games in Santa Clara, California at Levi's Stadium, as the teams head office and practice areas are located there. The 49ers are at this moment part of the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).

The team is called the 49ers because of San Francisco's history in the Gold Rush of 1849. The team colors are red, gold, and silver. The color Gold is used because of the gold from the gold rush.

The team has won a total of five Super Bowls, with their last victory being in Super Bowl XXIX. They lost to the Baltimore Ravens in the 2013 Super Bowl, 34-31 after nearly coming back after the power outage. The 49ers also appeared in Super Bowl LIV, but lost 20-31 against the Kansas City Chiefs.

Head coaches 
 Lawrence (Buck) Shaw (1946-1954)
 Red Strader (1955)
 Frankie Albert (1956-1958)
 Red Hickey (1959-1963)
 Jack Christiansen (1963-1967)
 Dick Nolan (1968-1975)
 Monte Clark (1976)
 Ken Meyer (1977)
 Pete McCulley (1978)
 Fred O'Connor (1978)
 Bill Walsh (1979-1988)
 George Seifert (1989-1996)
 Steve Mariucci (1997-2002)
 Dennis Erickson (2003-2004)
 Mike Nolan (2005)
 Mike Singletary (2005-2010)
 Jim Harbaugh (2011-2014)
 Jim Tomsula (2015)
 Chip Kelly (2016)
Kyle Shanahan (2017-present)

References

Other websites 
 San Francisco 49ers official web site

 
1946 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team in Nashville, Tennessee. They are currently part of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). They used to be known as the Houston Oilers, and played in Houston, Texas. The  team was started in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL). The Oilers won two AFL championships before joining the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL Merger.

The team moved to the state of Tennessee in 1997. They played in Memphis for one season before moving to Nashville. For two seasons, the team was known as the Tennessee Oilers. They changed their name to the Titans in 1999.

Other websites
Tennessee Titans official web site

Nashville, Tennessee
National Football League teams
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Tennessee
Mumps is a viral disease. Only humans get it. Some of the most commons symptoms are fever, headaches, swelling of the parotoid glands, sore throat, and orchitis (which means swelling of the testicles). 

Mumps can be diagnosed by the increase in alpha amylase isoenzymes in blood plasma.

The MMR vaccine stops measles, mumps and rubella.

Diseases caused by viruses
hence we can say that mumps can be prevented by MMR vaccination
Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels is a Mario video game made by Nintendo.  It was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan in 1986 for the Famicom Disk System.  Nintendo of America took another game, called Doki Doki Panic, and released that instead under the Super Mario Bros. 2 name.

The Lost Levels was not released in the United States since Nintendo of America felt that Americans would not be happy with the game because they felt it was too hard and it was too similar to Super Mario Bros.

Changes
The Lost Levels feature updated graphics from the original, new items, and new functions.  

One item is the Poison Mushroom.  Normally a mushroom will make Mario bigger (Super Mushroom) or give him an extra life (1up Mushroom), but this one will make Mario smaller or kill him. They are easily distinguishable by their skull cap designs and "angry" eyes. They are also purple in the All-Stars release.
Red piranha plants.  The original green ones will not come up if Mario is near them or over them.  The red ones will come up even if Mario is on top of them.

Mario and Luigi now act differently.  Luigi has a higher jump and skids more when coming to a stop.

Release
The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console.  That game had the other three Super Mario Bros. games with better graphics and a save function.

Since then, it has been re-released three more times.  
In 1999, it was packaged in Super Mario Bros. Deluxe for the Game Boy Color.  After the player earned 300,000 points, it was unlocked and subtitled For Super Players.  This version uses the original Super Mario Bros. graphics, does not have wind, and does not have the differences between Mario and Luigi.
In 2004, it was released in Japan as Volume 21 in the Famicom Mini series for the Game Boy Advance.  It was not released anywhere else.
In 2007, it was released on the Wii's Virtual Console service.

1986 video games
Famicom Disk System games
Mario platform games
Virtual Console games
Chiang Mai () is the biggest city in northern Thailand. The city's name is Thai for "new city" because it replaced Chiang Rai, meaning "old city", as the capital of the Lan Na Kingdom. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, the second-biggest province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from northeast to northwest) Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Tak, and Mae Hong Son. In the north it is next to Shan State of Myanmar.

Cities in Thailand