cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The entropy of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work. Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. The higher the entropy of an object, the more uncertain we are about the states of the atoms making up that object because there are more states to decide from. A law of physics says that it takes work to make the entropy of an object or system smaller; without work, entropy can never become smaller – you could say that everything slowly goes to disorder (higher entropy).

The word entropy came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900. Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy. These ideas are now used in information theory, statistical mechanics, chemistry and other areas of study. 

Entropy is simply a quantitative measure of what the second law of thermodynamics describes: the spreading of energy until it is evenly spread. The meaning of entropy is different in different fields. It can mean:

Information entropy, which is a measure of information communicated by systems that are affected by data noise.
Thermodynamic entropy is part of the science of heat energy. It is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is in a system of atoms or molecules.

Thermodynamics
In geometry, a side is a line that is part of a flat figure made from straight lines. It is also a face in a solid three-dimensional object. The number of sides in a polygon is often written as , while the number of faces in a polyhedron is often written as .

As an example, the square on the right has four sides. The sides in this picture are made with black straight lines. The four sides are:
 the black straight line from A to B
 the black straight line from B to C
 the black straight line from C to D
 the black straight line from D to A

Other uses
A side may also mean a part of something. For example, on a human body, the right side means the parts of the body that make up the right half of the body.  
Inside and outside are terms use to show where something is. If something is inside, it is in something. For example, the sentence "The cookies are inside of the container." means that the cookies are in the container. The area within the canister is the inside of the canister. The outside is the area not in the canister. Outside is the opposite of inside.

Related pages 

 Area

References 
Geometry
Te Puke is a small town in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand. 6670 people live there. It is famous for kiwifruit, which is grown there. Lots of other fruit is grown there too.

Te Puke means the hill in Māori.

Cities in New Zealand
A manifold is a concept from mathematics.  Making a manifold is like making a flat map of a sphere (the Earth).

The Earth is a sphere, a three dimensional object of geometry. Yet, maps (two-dimensional representations) can be made of the Earth. At the edges of a certain map, the map needs to be changed. That way it is possible to make a two dimensional image of the whole surface of the Earth. There need to be rules, on how to change the maps, and some areas (near the edges of the map) will be on more than one map. It is not possible to make one map only, which would have no edges. This map would either have edges (and overlapping areas), or there would be some places where the paper was torn. Tearing and overlapping isn't allowed.

Other shapes can be manifolds too. For example, a hyperbolic plane is a shape that looks like a saddle or leaf of lettuce. If you try to press it down onto a piece of paper, it will have wrinkles, and it will go on forever past the edges of the paper. But you can make a map of part of it by squishing the edges, just like with the Earth you can make a map by taking part of it and stretching the edges.

Each manifold has a dimension. This is the number of dimensions of the maps, in the example above. It is the same for all maps. 

Mathematics
NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (formula C21H29N7O17P3) is a coenzyme that carries electrical energy used in cellular processes. When a hydrogen atom is added, NADP becomes charged and is renamed NADPH. NADP is used extensively during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and during glycolysis and in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration
The CW Television Network (The CW) is a television network in the United States launched at the beginning of the 2006–2007 television season. It is a joint venture between CBS Corporation, the former owner of United Paramount Network (UPN), and Time Warner's Warner Bros., former majority owner of The WB Television Network. The "CW" name is derived from the first letter of the names of these corporations (CBS and Warner Bros.). According to its former President of Entertainment Dawn Ostroff, the network tries to "appeal to people 18 to 34-years-old". The network currently airs programming six days a week: Monday through Friday afternoons and evenings (in prime time), and Saturday morning children's programming (under their The CW4Kids block).

The network started after its two predecessors, UPN and The WB, ceased independent operations on September 15 and September 17, 2006 respectively. The CW's first two nights of programming—Monday and Tuesday, September 18 and September 19, 2006—consisted of reruns and launch-related specials. The CW marked its formal launch date on Wednesday, September 20, 2006, with a two-hour season premiere of America's Next Top Model.

The CW offers a mixture of programming that originated on both UPN and The WB along with its own original programs, mostly targeted towards women and young adults.

Television

Acquired Programming
Dawson's Creek
Drama
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Charmed
Friends
My Wife & Kids
That '70s Show
Two and a Half Men
Angel
WWE Saturday Morning Slam
Jackie Chan Adventures
Taz-Mania
Tiny Toon Adventures
Animaniacs
Pinky and the Brain
Batman: The Animated Series
Scrubs
The New Adventures of Old Christine
Wheel of Fortune
The Amazing Race
Yes, Dear
Survivor
Still Standing
Seinfeld
Everybody Loves Raymond
WWE SmackDown
ER
The Tyra Banks Show
Sonic X
Yu-Gi-Oh!
Dragon Ball Z Kai
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's
Magi-Nation
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Back to the Sewer
Dinosaur King
Whose Line Is It Anyway?
Mike & Molly
How I Met Your Mother
Two and a Half Men
2 Broke Girls
Person of Interest
Family Guy
The Simpsons
The Cleveland Show
American Dad!
Bones
Napoleon Dynamite
Allen Gregory
The Big Bang Theory
Bob's Burgers
Tom and Jerry Tales
Scooby-Doo
Spider Riders
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch
Smart Guy
Pham Viet Dung
Phan Viet Dung
Pokemon
The Powerpuff Girls
Tom and Jerry
MADtv
Clarence
Work at a Pizza Place
The Love Boat: The Next Wave
Star Trek: Phase II
The Twilight Zone
Star Trek: Enterprise
Star Trek: Voyager
XFL

Original Programming
Black Lightining
Arrow
All American
The 100
DC's Legend's of Tomorrow
The Flash
Smallville
Supernatural
America's Next Top Model
The Game
Whose Line Is It Anyway? (Revival Version)
Supergirl
7th Heaven
Gilmore Girls
Gossip Girl
The Vampire Diaries
Veronica Mars
The Carrie Diaries
Hart of Dixie
Huinfig
Huinfigs
Jane the Virgin
One Tree Hill
Ringer
90210
Nikita
The Frame
Vixen
H8R
Buinfig
Remodeled
The Secret Circle
Hellcats
Life Unexpected
Shedding for the Wedding
The L.A. Complex

References

American television networks
Columbia Broadcasting System
Time Warner
2006 establishments in the United States
Borzoi is a type of Russian dog. It used to be called a Russian Wolf Hound.

This breed of dog was brought to the United States in 1889. It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later.  The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality. It makes it a good pet.

The breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650. It has not changed much since then.  It is about  tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders). It weighs from .  Borzois have a long coat. They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle. They can also be all black. People who take care of Borzois have done a good job of stopping health problems. Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have with health.

In Russia, they were well liked by the royalty. It was illegal to sell them. They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars.  They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina".  During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty.  A few were taken from the country.

They have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry. This is because of their elegant looks.

Dog breeds
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian soldier who is best known for the unification of Italy.

Garibaldi led the navy of the breakaway Riograndense Republic in southern Brazil until it was defeated in 1839. He escaped and led the navy of Uruguay to victory. Later, inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini, he fought for Italian unification. He led a group called the Red Shirts through the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to bring different kingdoms in Italy together in 1860.

1807 births
1882 deaths

Italian people
St. Edward the Confessor ( 1003 – 4 January 1066) was King of England from 8 June 1042 AD to 4 January 1066. After he died, there were four people who claimed the throne. Edward had promised to each of them that they would be king.

Edward spent many years in Normandy. The Anglo-Saxon nobles invited Edward back to England in 1041. He became part of the household of his half-brother Harthacnut. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle both were sworn in as king together.

Following Harthacnut's death on 8 June 1042, Edward ascended the throne. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle indicates the popularity he enjoyed at his accession — "before he [Harthacnut] was buried, all the people chose Edward as king in London". Edward was crowned at the cathedral of Winchester, the royal seat of the West Saxons on 3 April 1043.

The succession 
Edward's death left England without a clear-cut successor.  Harold Godwinson had led successful raiding parties into Wales in 1063. He negotiated with his inherited rivals in Northumbria in 1065, and in January 1066, upon Edward's death, he was made King Harold II.

The Norman position was that William the Conqueror had been designated the heir, and that Harold had been publicly sent to him as emissary from Edward, to apprise him of Edward's decision. However, William's biographer, William of Poitiers, admitted that the old king had made a deathbed gift of the crown to Harold. On Edward's death, Harold was approved by the Witenagemot which, under Anglo-Saxon law, held the ultimate authority to convey kingship.

Edward also made his great nephew Edgar Ætheling his heir. However, Edgar had no following among the earls: he had lived in Hungary, and was a boy of fifteen. This opened the way for Harold's coronation, and the invasions of two claimants to the throne, the unsuccessful invasion of Harald Hardrada in the north and the successful one of William of Normandy.

Edward was canonized (made a saint) in 1161 by Pope Alexander III, and is commemorated on 13 October.

Related pages
 Harold Godwinson
 William the Conqueror
 Battle of Hastings

References

Other websites 
 England, Anglo-Saxon & Danish Kings (-1066) on Medieval Lands

1000s births
1066 deaths
Christian saints
House of Wessex
People buried in Westminster Abbey
World War III is the name given to a possible third world war. It refers to a world war that may happen. It would be the successor to World War II (19391945).

A world war might be fought by multiple countries of the world against one other, sometimes across different continents. An all-out war fought between two or three major powers would be a world war.

Because technology and weapons have become so advanced, most people agree that if World War III ever happens, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons may be used. Biological weapons are living things, usually bacteria or viruses. Chemical weapons might not kill quickly but poison people or their land. Together, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are called weapons of mass destruction. Conventional weapons, on the other hand are "normal" weapons like guns or non-nuclear bombs.

Mass destruction could damage much of the Earth and kill many humans and other living things. Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said: "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones". Einstein might not have actually said this, but other things that he said show that he believed the weapons used in World War III might be so devastating that they would end civilization as we know it.

Actual events called World War III 
Some events, for example the Cold War, have been called "World War III." US President George W. Bush compared the War on Terrorism to World War III.

Neither was even remotely like what a world war would be. The Cold War was not fought on a large scale, and the Iraq War was largely conventional and was mostly contained in one general area. Terrorism is indeed a form of conflict, but it is not a world war.

Related pages 
Eschatology
Nuclear war

References

Wars
Eschatology
A shotgun is a type of gun.  To make a shotgun work, gunpowder is lit by a primer inside a shotgun shell.  The gas from the burning gunpowder pushing whatever is being fired out of the barrel.  Originally, a shotgun shell would have small lead balls called "buckshot" or "birdshot". These days instead of lead shot the cartridges have plastic balls, because lead in the environment has bad effects on wildlife. The balls spread out when they are fired. Sometimes a shotgun shell will have bigger shot, of bullet size, called a "slug".

A shotgun usually one or two barrels, each with a chamber to hold a shell. These barrels can be next to each other ('side-by-side') or on top of each other ('over-and-under'). There are many types of shotguns with different ways of loading and shooting. Some will snap open, and shells can be put inside until they are shot again. These are called break-open shotguns. Others hold more shells and are pumped back and forth to shoot. These are called pump-action shotguns. Some shotguns are semi-automatic, so each time the trigger is pulled, one shot is fired without any need to use a pump or a lever. These are semi-automatic shotguns. Some shotguns are fully automatic, meaning that pulling and holding the trigger back will keep shooting the gun without needing to reload until the shotgun is out of ammunition. These are automatic shotguns. However, the last type are uncommon.

Shotguns can also fire things that do not kill people. Police use things like rubber balls and beanbags filled with the small metal balls instead, to cause non-deadly injuries.

Other websites
Randall Rudy "Randy" Quaid (born October 1, 1950) is an American actor. He was born in Houston, Texas and has been in many movies. He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid.

References

Other websites 
 

1950 births
Living people
Actors from Houston, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Oakland is a city in California. It is across the bay from San Francisco.  It is the county seat of Alameda County and the third-largest city in the Bay Area, after San Jose and San Francisco.  At one time, Oakland had many factories that built cars, ships and airplanes.  It is a major rail junction. It is the home of the Athletics baseball team.

California governor Jerry Brown was once mayor of Oakland. The current mayor is Libby Schaaf.

Important people
 Kamala Harris, Vice President of the United States, former United States Senator and California Attorney General

References

Other websites

 
County seats in California
Syrup is a thick, sweet, flavored liquid with a high sugar content. There are different flavored syrups, such as chocolate syrup, vanilla syrup, and maple syrup. Syrups are used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks, and they are poured on desserts and breakfast foods.

Used in drinks
Syrups are used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups (for example: vanilla) to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes. In Italy, cafés often offer a choice of different syrups that can be added to carbonated soda water, to add sweetness and flavor.

Used for desserts
Syrups are also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate and butterscotch syrup on bowls of ice cream. Cafés and restaurants pour syrup on cakes, pies, crepes, and pancakes. 

In North America, maple syrup is often poured over pancakes as a breakfast food. It is made from the sap of maple trees, which is boiled until it thickens. During the summer months, flavored syrups are also used over crushed ice to make "slush puppies" or "slush puppies".

In China, pear syrup is used to make ligaotang, a staple of Shanghainese food. It comes in many flavors, including pinenut, rose, and meat floss. It is also used as a traditional Chinese medicine to help with coughs or poor appetite.

References
Sugarcane (or sugar cane) is a genus of plants. There are between 6 and 37 types of sugarcane (how many there are depends on the interpretation of what is a grass and what is not). Sugarcane grows in warm and tropical climates. It first grew in Asia, but after the year 700 people started planting it in Africa and southern Europe. Later it spread to the Americas and Australia. Today the biggest producer is Brazil in South America. India in Asia is second biggest producer after Brazil.

Sugarcane stalks grow to between 2 and 6 meters tall. These stalks contain sugar, which is used to sweeten food and drinks. After the sugar has been taken out the remains of the stalks can be burned to generate heat and electricity. It can also be made into paper, cardboard and cutlery. This crop requires high temperature and high rainfall. In areas of low rainfall this crop is cultivated with the help of irrigation. Black soil or alluvial soil is the best for this crop. Sugarcane requires a large amount of water. That is why holding deep soil is required. As this crop absorbs nutrient matter from the soil, compost manure and chemical fertilizers are used. It wants 75-100cm rainfall.

Poaceae
Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Tourette syndrome can also be called Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, GTS, Tourette's, or TS. People that have Tourette's have tics (movements or sounds that the person cannot easily control). Tourette's is normally inherited, and starts in childhood. 

People who have Tourette's have a normal life expectancy and normal intelligence. Tics are normally not as bad as people get older. Adults with severe Tourette's are rare. Fewer than 15% of people with Tourette's have coprolalia. Coprolalia is using words or phrases that some people might find offensive without being able to stop saying them. These may include curse words. However the stereotypical Tourette's sufferer has coprolalia.

Most people with Tourette's do not need treatment. There are drugs that can help people manage tics. There are also therapies that can help people live easier with Tourette's.

The disease is named after Georges Gilles de la Tourette. He was one of the first doctors to describe the symptoms.

Also, people who have this syndrome might feel very depressed and have high chance to get depression.

Other websites 
 Tourette Syndrome Association
 Tourette Syndrome (UK) Association

Genetic disorders
Syndromes
A henagon (or monogon) is a shape in geometry. It is like a polygon, except that it only has one side and one corner (vertex). Henagons are considered to be impossible to draw, using Euclidean geometry. This is because the single side would go to infinity.

Since it only has one side, there is only one angle. Therefore, all henagons are considered regular shapes.

1
The Moors were the Muslim inhabitants who lived on the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, parts of Southern France, and North Africa in the Middle Ages. In Europe, the word is very often used to talk about people whose ancestors were North African.

The Moors (Umayyad Muslims) came from North Africa and Syria. Many of them came to what is now Spain and Portugal.  They had a very big influence on the culture of these countries.

Umayyad Muslims were the ones who captured Al Andalus and named it Al Andalus, Which means land of the vandals.

Other page 
Othello

Ethnic groups in Africa
Arab people
History of Spain
Muslims
History of Portugal
Berber people
History of Islam
A habitat is the area in which an organism lives. It is a summary term for all the resources, physical and living which are present in an area. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, and the physical environment which surrounds a population.

Animal habitats 
Most animals live in one type of environment because they are best suited to it. We say they are 'adapted to this environment'. For example, animals such as frogs, newts, and ducks have webbed feet to help them swim in the water. There are many different types of habitats and many kinds of adaptations to each habitat.

If the habitat changes, it may no longer be suitable for the animals and plants that live there. Climate change is making some habitats warmer, and so many animal species are moving to cooler areas. However some species are not able to move and the populations are getting smaller. Scientists think that 10% of species may become extinct because of these changes. Other habitats have been cleared to make them into farm land. In Australia for example, 80% of the eucalypt forests have been cleared for farming over the last 210 years. This is threatening the survival of forest animals such as the koala.

Plant habitats 
Just as animals adapt to the places they live, so do plants. Plants are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. As a result, each plant has certain characteristics. Some are adapted to living on land while others live in water. Plants that grow on land usually have stiff stems to hold them upright, while water plants tend to have less rigid stems because the water supports them.

Plants that live in dry climates like the desert have few or no leaves.  Many, such as cacti, store water when rain occurs.  Their adaptations save water.  Plants that grow in shaded areas have large leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible, or they climb towards the light.

Related pages 
 Biome
 Ecological niche
 Range (biology)

References 

Ecosystems
Long Island, NY is the longest island in the United States. Over 7 million people live there. The majority live in the western part, in Brooklyn and Queens which are parts of New York City. The other people live in two counties. Nassau County is in the central area, and Suffolk County fills approximately the eastern half. To the north is Long Island Sound and to the south is the Atlantic Ocean. There are almost 200 Long Island Towns on Long Island, NY. 

The East River separates Long Island from Manhattan island and the Bronx mainland. The Narrows separates it from Staten Island. Long Island is a terminal moraine left by glaciers during the ice ages. 

The 2000 census counted 7,448,618,  people living on Long Island, making it the most populated island in all of the United States, and more populated than Ireland and Jamaica. Long Island is in the eastern time zone.   

The term "Long Island" often refers only to the mostly suburban counties of Nassau and Suffolk because Brooklyn and Queens are part of New York City.

References

Islands of New York
Geography of New York City
Kathleen Wendy Herald Peyton (born 2 August 1929 in Birmingham, England) is an English writer. She has written over 50 books, including Blind Beauty (1999) and Stealaway (2001).

Other websites 
 About KM Peyton
 Reviews of some of KM Peyton's books and series

1929 births
Living people
Peyton, K. M.
The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (), often called just FIVB, is the organization that controls international Volleyball.

Other websites 
FIVB web site

Volleyball
Old World is a term about the three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa, whose people knew about each other before Christopher Columbus.

In 1492 Spain sent Columbus to the New World. They found Native Americans, and then they became friends and traded.

They had foods and animals Native Americans had not seen before, like sugarcane, pigs, and horses. But, they did not know that they were also giving sickness. They accidentally killed many Native Americans. They also killed many of them on purpose, in conquering them.

The people of the Old World called the Americas the New World.

History of Europe
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is an international group that brings together the national astronomical groups from around the world. It was created in 1919. It was created to promote and protect the science of astronomy by getting different nations to work together. Its members are professional astronomers from all over the world, and they all work on research and education in astronomy. The IAU has good relationships with groups that include amateur astronomers. "National Members" are usually people with a high level of professional astronomy. There are more than 10,000 active "Individual Members" in 107 countries. It has 62 "National Members". 

This organization has many working groups like the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), which maintains the astronomical naming conventions and planetary nomenclature for planetary bodies, and the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) for naming stars. 

The IAU is also the group in charge of naming objects in space and anything on them such as mountains and craters.

References

Other websites 
 Website of the International Astronomical Union
 XXVIth General Assembly 2006

Astronomical organizations
International organizations
Obfuscation means making something harder to understand, usually by complicating sentences needlessly. Weasel words are a form of obfuscation. Obfuscation is usually used when people either do not know what they are talking about or wish to hide their meaning.

Some people say that when doctors use difficult medical words to hide unpleasant things from patients, they are using obfuscation.

Technical term: Obfuscation is sometimes used to make source code much harder to read and reverse engineer.  This can be a significant concern for technology like Java and JavaScript that require source code to be exposed in order to function.

Language
The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team in the National Football League based in Chicago, Illinois. The Bears were founded in Decatur, Illinois, by George Halas, in 1919. They were first called the Decatur Staleys, after the A.E. Staley Starch Company which owned the team for its first two seasons. The team has won nine NFL Championships, with the last being in 1985 (Super Bowl XX). They also played in Super Bowl XLI in 2006 against the Indianapolis Colts, but they lost 29-17 to Peyton Manning and the Colts. The team is owned by Virginia Halas McCaskey, and the general manager is Ryan Pace. The team's current head coach is Matt Nagy since 2018.

The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. They played there from 1974-2001 and then 2003-present (Soldier Field was being made new in 2002). The Bears had played at Wrigley Field from 1921-1970. Wrigley Field is the home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, and the Bears were named after the Cubs.

Players

References

 
1919 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Illinois
Cool Runnings is a 1993 Disney sports comedy movie. It stars John Candy and Doug E. Doug. It is about the first Jamaican bobsled team who wanted to compete in the 1988 Winter Olympics.

Story 
Cool Runnings is set in Jamaica. When a Jamaican sprinter gets disqualified during the tryouts for the Olympics because he fell over, he still wanted to compete. After seeing a picture of a bobsled, he wanted to become a bobsledder. He managed to get 3 other people to form a team. The first ever Jamaican bobsled team was trained by Irv, a retired athlete. When they went to the Olympics, they successfully passed the track under 1 minute, so they qualified. After being disqualified, Irv went to talk to the judges, and the Jamaican team were back. After a rough first round, they came back surprisingly. however, during the finals the bobsled broke, crashing. They walked to the finish line, with everyone cheering. When they returned, they were heroes and the competed in the next Olympics.

Other websites 

 
 
 

1988 Winter Olympics
1993 comedy movies
1990s sports movies
American sports comedy movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies directed by Jon Turteltaub
The French and Indian War took place between 1754 and 1763 in British North America and French North America. These are now the United States and Canada. The French had Native American allies and the British had other Indian allies. The war is also called "the Seven Years' War". 

The conflict was a part of the Seven Years' War among the European great powers including Britain and France, which took place in various parts of the world. France was already fighting Prussia, and did not send many troops to Canada.

 Both the British and the French said they owned the Ohio country. This land was between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River. France wanted to unite New France, and Britain wanted to prevent that. Both wanted to control the fur trade, and expected to send settlers some day.
 Both European countries used Native American claims to the land. The British said it belonged to their Iroquois Indians, and the French said it belonged to their Hurons. Neither side asked what the people of the Ohio Country might want. The land supported the beaver pelt. 
 The British 13 colonies feared  control of a pope in North America.  France's land was controlled by the French and the Roman Catholic Church.  The Protestant British settlers saw this as a threat to their religious freedoms that they had under English law.

Battles 
The French built a new fort in the disputed territory, and the British decided to expel them. Fighting began with the Battle of Monongahela in 1755. The British commander, General Edward Braddock, died with many of his men in a failed attack against the French in what later became Pittsburgh.  Militia officer George Washington led the defeated survivors home.

In the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the British conquered Canada.

Outcome 
The fighting in North America stopped on September 8, 1760, with the French surrender of Montreal and the rest of Canada to the British.

The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. France lost all of its North American lands east of the Mississippi River. All of Canada was given to Britain except the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, near Newfoundland. Britain offered France the choice to give up its Canadian land or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which British troops had taken during the war. France chose to keep the islands, which were valuable for their sugar plantations.   

With the Royal Proclamation of 1763, colonists in British North America became unhappy over their share of the winnings.  This became a cause of the American Revolution.

References

Other websites 

The French and Indian War Website
U-S-History.com: Background of the French and Indian War
The War That Made America
French and Indian War Timeline 

18th century in the Thirteen Colonies
Wars involving France
Wars involving the United Kingdom
History of Canada
Seven Years' War
In Norse mythology, Mjölnir (Old Norse: Mjǫllnir - “Lightning” or “That which smashes”) is the hammer of Thor, the god of thunder and lightning. Forged by the dwarven brothers Brokkr and Eitri, Mjölnir is the most feared weapon in the Nine Realms, capable of leveling entire mountains with only one hit. Mjölnir was also a symbol of both fertility and destruction, and was thought to possess regenerative healing powers. 

When thrown, Mjölnir would return to Thor's after hitting its target. 

"... He [Thor] would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its way back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried inside his tunic."

Other spellings
 Common

References

Other websites 
Images of Mjolnir amulets
The Anti-Defamation League , examining the symbol as used by both racists and non-racists

Norse mythology
Mythological weapons
Religious symbols
An orphan is a child who has lost either or both parents. Their parents are either dead or didn't want them. Some orphans end up in a house called an orphanage. This is where children with no parents live. Many children that live in an orphanage get fostered or adopted by a person or a couple.

Causes 
Sometimes parents get sick and die while their child or children are still young, and if no close relatives take care of them, if they cannot or will not do so, they are normally raised in an orphanage. When several children, brothers or sisters are left orphaned they are normally split up; one child going to one family or one child going to a foster family while another may stay in the orphanage.

Sometimes parents may not have jobs or money and abandon their children because they cannot afford to bring them up. The parents may feel that if someone else brings them up they may have a better future in the long run.

Orphan care 
In many poor countries orphans are often seen wandering about begging for money and food; many may not be going to school. Not much organised help exists for them in poor countries.

But in richer countries many organisations and institutions help the orphans and work to help parents when they are sick or very poor so they do not abandon their children. Organisations such as churches and community services assist them.

Orphans in history 
Many characters of books and movies have been orphans, such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Annie, Heidi, Batman, and Harry Potter.

Notes and references 

Family
A border dispute is when two governments or more do not agree on the location of the border between their lands. An example is Pakistan and India over the territory of Kashmir and Kosovo which Serbia believe is theirs. An historical example is the Honey War between Iowa and Missouri.

Wars are sometimes fought over border disputes. Irredentism is often a border dispute.

Other websites 
 CIA World factbook  The World Factbook by the United States Central Intelligence Agency lists countries that are currently having border disputes.

Countries

es:Anexo:Territorios disputados
Ambiguity means that what a thing is, is not clear. Literally, the word refers to a choice between two different things. In the proper sense it should mean “two different meanings” because “ambi” comes from the Greek word for “two”.

We see things happen, and then we decide what they mean. If we cannot decide what is going on, the event is ambiguous. This is an extension of the original use of the word.

Words or sentences that are ambiguous can lead to misunderstandings (people get the wrong meaning).  This can sometimes be serious, but it can also be funny.  Jokes often rely on ambiguity.

The sentence “The peasants are revolting” is ambiguous because it could mean:
1) The peasants are standing in the streets with placards shouting “We want more pay”  (“revolting” is a verb here).
2) The peasants are horrible, disgusting (“revolting” as an adjective).

The British comedian Ronnie Barker said that he loved the English language because there are so many jokes you can make using ambiguity.  He gave this example:

A mother says to her little boy: “Johnny, go over the road and see how old Mrs Jones is”.  The boy comes back and says to his mother: “Mrs Jones says it is none of my business”.

The mother meant “old” in a friendly way (“dear old Mrs Jones”), but the sentence could also mean: find out Mrs Jones’s age.  This is obviously how Johnny understood his mother's instruction.

The opposite of ambiguous is unambiguous (meaning that something is perfectly clear and can only have one meaning).

Ambiguity is not the same as vagueness, which means that there is so little detail given that a statement can mean almost anything.

Vocabulary
Human communication
Qantas is the flag carrier airline of Australia with its headquarters close to Kingsford Smith Airport in Sydney. It is the second oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Qantas is commonly known as the "Flying Kangaroo" because of its logo, which is identified as a white kangaroo on a red right-angle triangle.

History 

Qantas began in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territorial Aerial Service Limited. It flew air mail services for the Australian government. In 1934, QANTAS Limited and Britain's Imperial Airways formed a new company, Qantas Empire Airways Limited. 
Qantas Empire Airways started services between Brisbane and Singapore using de Havilland DH-86 Commonwealth aeroplanes.
In June 1959, Qantas' first jet airliner was delivered, which was a Boeing 707-138.

Destinations
Qantas has 18 domestic destinations (destinations within Australia) and 23 international destinations in 15 countries.

Domestic Destinations
Australian Capital Territory
Canberra
New South Wales
Sydney 
Northern Territory
Alice Springs
Darwin
Uluru
Queensland
Brisbane
Cairns
Mackay
Mount Isa
Townsville
South Australia
Adelaide
Tasmania
Hobart
Victoria
Melbourne
Western Australia
Broome
Kalgoorlie
Karratha
Perth
Port Hedland

International Destinations
Chile – Santiago de Chile
China – Hong Kong and Shanghai
Indonesia – Denpasar and Jakarta
Japan – Tokyo and Osaka
New Caledonia
New Zealand – Auckland, Christchurch, Queenstown and Wellington
Papua New Guinea – Port Moresby
Philippines – Manila
Singapore
South Africa – Johannesburg
Thailand – Bangkok
United Arab Emirates – Dubai
United Kingdom – London
United States of America – Dallas, Honolulu, Los Angeles and New York City

Fleet
The table below shows how many different types of aircraft Qantas have operating and on order as of December 2019.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1920 establishments
1920s establishments in Australia
Airlines of Australia
Gesualdo is an Italian commune  of the region of the Campania, province of Avellino, with about 3.800 inhabitants.  

It shares border with  Sturno, Villamaina, Frigento, Fontanarosa, Grottaminarda.

Carlo Gesualdo, the Renaissance composer and murderer lived in a castle in Gesualdo.

Other websites 
Gesualdo e Carlo Gesualdo 
www.carlogesualdo.eu  
www.gesualdo.eu 
Don Carlo Gesualdo 

Settlements in Campania
Aphra Behn (10 July 1640 – 16 April 1689) was an English playwright. She is buried in Westminster Abbey.

1640 births
1689 deaths
English writers
Playwrights
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright of Victorian era. He was born in Camberwell, London. He was married to the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. They both moved to Italy and lived in Florence. He had one son. Browning died in Venice, Italy. He was buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.

He wrote a poem called The Laboratory which was about a woman using poison to kill her lover's girlfriend.

Browning's longest work was the poem The Ring and the Book. It consists of more than twenty thousand lines. It is based on a true story. It tells about a real crime committed in Italy at the end of 17th century. Its main hero is Pompilia Comparini, a young woman stabbed to death by her husband, count Guido Franceschini.

Poet's best work is probably the book Men and Woman. It was published in 1855. It is a collection of monologues.

Browning's last book is Asolando which was published in 1889.

Gilbert Keith Chesterton wrote a book about Robert Browning; it was called Robert Browning and was published by Macmillan & Co. in 1903.

References 

1812 births
1889 deaths
English poets
English playwrights
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Writers from London
Ipiaú is a city in Bahia, Brazil. It is at around .

Location 
The city is in the meeting point of the Contas River and the Água-Branca River (White-water River).

Ipiaú is bordered by Ibirataia and Jequié to the north, Aiquara and Jitaúna to the west, Ibirataia and Barra do Rocha to the east and Itagibá to the south.

Economy 
The city is an important producer and exporter of cacao in Brazil.

Important people 
Is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian writers and musicians such as Euclides Neto and Luiz Caldas.

Cities in Bahia
1913 establishments in Brazil
The German Empire ("Deutsches Reich" or "Deutsches Kaiserreich" in the German language) is the name for a group of German countries from January 18, 1871 to November 9, 1918. This is from the Unification of Germany when Wilhelm I of Prussia was made German Kaiser to when the third Emperor Wilhelm II was removed from power at the end of the First World War. In the 1920s, German nationalists started to call it the "Second Reich".

The name of Germany was "Deutsches Reich" until 1945. "Reich" can mean many things, empire, kingdom, state, "richness" or "wealth". Most members of the Empire were previously members of the North German Confederation. 

At different times, there were three groups of smaller countries, each group was later called a "Reich" by some Germans. The first was the Holy Roman Empire. The second was the German Empire. The third was the Third Reich.

The words "Second Reich" were used for the German Empire by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, a nationalist writer in the 1920s. He was trying to make a link with the earlier Holy Roman Empire which had once been very strong. Germany had lost First World War and was suffering big problems. van den Bruck wanted to start a "Third Reich" to unite the country. These words were later used by the Nazis to make themselves appear stronger.

States in the Empire

Related pages
 Germany
 Holy Roman Empire
 Nazi Germany, or "Drittes Reich"

1870s establishments in Germany
 
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 19th century
1871 establishments in Europe
1918 disestablishments in Germany
Centennial High School is a high school is in Las Vegas, Nevada and is one of many high schools in the Clark County District.  Centennial is in the Northwest Region in the Centennial Hills Community.  In 2006 - 2007 there were more than 3000 students.

Sports
The mascot is the Bulldogs.

Centennial High School is home to the four-time Nevada Girl's Basketball Champions 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005.

Schools in the United States
Las Vegas, Nevada
Nellis Air Force Base (Nellis AFB) is a United States Air Force military base. It is located in the north part of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is home to the Thunderbirds. The base also trains fighter aircraft for the US Air Force. The base is named for William Harrell Nellis, a Las Vegas resident and P-47 pilot who died in action during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. Nellis AFB is home to the F-15, F-16, and the F-22 Raptors.

The main base covers close to 11,300 acres (46 km²). Much of the base is undeveloped. The rest of the area is either paved or has buildings. The Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Airstrip was a part of Nellis. It used to be known as "Area 3". On June 20, 2005 the field was renamed to Creech Air Force Base.

Major Areas 
The base has three main areas.
Area I include the airfield as well as the mission support functions.
Area II contains the munitions area.
Area III contains housing, and the Mike O'Callaghan Federal Hospital.

References

Military aviation
United States Air Force
Las Vegas, Nevada
Buildings and structures in Nevada
1941 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Women's basketball is a sport for women. The rules are the same as men's basketball, but the ball is smaller. It is popular in colleges, universities, and professionally.

Different rules
Modern rules for women's basketball are much the same as those for men's basketball, with a few changes.

Basketball size
The correct size for the ball in WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association) rules is a minimum of 28.5 inches (72.4 cm) in circumference. This is 1.00 inch (2.54 cm) smaller than the NBA ball. From 2004, this size is used for all professional women's competitions around the world.

Court dimensions
The three-point line (a line from which a ball thrown into the basket is worth three points) is 20 feet and 6.25 inches (6.25 m) from the middle of the basket in WNBA competition. Also, there is no block/charge arc under the basket.

Shot clock
The WNBA shot clock is 24 seconds. Women's NCAA college basketball uses a 30-second shot clock. Men's basketball uses a 24-second shot clock.

Game clock
Basketball is normally played in two 20 minute halves. WNBA games are played in four 10 minute quarters.

Levels of competition

College
Women's basketball is very popular in colleges in North America. It is sponsored by athletics associations (groups that help organise sports). The most important competition is organised by a group called the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), and the winner is called the 'national champion'.

The 2007-08 national champion was the University of Tennessee Lady Volunteers.

American Professional Leagues

Women's Pro Basketball League
The Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the fall of 1978 to the spring of 1981. The league is the first American professional women's basketball league.

Women's Basketball Association
The Women's Basketball Association (WBA) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the summer of 1993 to the summer of 1995. The league is said to be the first American professional women's basketball league to be played in Summer.

American Basketball League
The American Basketball League was started in 1996 because the Olympics made people more interested in basketball. The league played two full seasons (1996-97 and 1997-98) and started a third (1998-99) before it ended in 1998.

Women's National Basketball Association
The WNBA is a group that organizes professional basketball games for women. It is like the NBA (National Basketball Association), but for women. It was started in 1996.

Related pages
 Sports
 Basketball

References

Basketball
Women
Cebu is an island province of the Philippines. Cebu has nine cities: Bogo, Carcar, Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Naga, Talisay, and Toledo, with the biggest being Cebu City. 

Cebu City (also known as Cebu) is the oldest city in the Philippines, in the Province of Cebu. It is often called the "Queen City of the South". Cebu is the main center of Christianity in the Philippines. The city has a lot of interesting history. Cebu was a fishing village and busy trading port in 1521 when the famous explorer Ferdinand Magellan visited it and died there. The center of the city has become modern and is well developed. There are also 44 smaller towns. Cebu has recently become the favorite tourist spot of the country.

References

Provinces of the Philippines
Island provinces of the Philippines
The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized working dog. It is quick and graceful. They have a compact and furry body, pointed ears, and a bushy tail. The husky is a sled dog. It is used for carrying a light load over great distances. Huskies show a balance of power, speed and endurance. Male huskies are usually thicker in appearance than female huskies.

The personality of the Siberian Husky is friendly and gentle. They are also alert and outgoing. They do not act possessive like a guard dog. They are curious, but they are not usually aggressive with other dogs. A husky's intelligence, and friendly behavior make them a favorable companion.
They usually have long fur.

Famous Siberians
Siberians gained in popularity with the story of the "Great Race of Mercy," the 1925 serum run to Nome.  This made dogs Balto and Togo famous. Several purebred Siberian Huskies played the part of the "half-wolf" companion in the television series Due South.

Related page
 Alaskan Malamute

References

Dog breeds