cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Malthusianism is a set of ideas developed by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Malthus was an economist who lived during the industrial revolution.

In 1798, Mathus published a book, called An Essay on the Principle of Population. In it, he describes the Malthusian growth model. He wrote that the growth of the population is exponential. The growth of the food supply however is only arithmetical. This means if there are no limits to the growth of the population, that it will not be possible to produce food for all of them. This is known as Malthusian catastrophe. Malthus wrote during the time of the Manchester School of thought.

The Tory party had paternalistic ideas such as charity for the poor. Malthus said this would not work, and it would only lead to increased numbers of the poor. The theory was developed into Whig economic ideas such as The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. Its  opponents  described the act as "a Malthusian bill designed to force the poor to emigrate, to work for lower wages, to live on a coarser sort of food". The act brought the construction of workhouses despite riots and arson.

By that time the ideas were widespread in progressive social circles. One supporter was the novelist Harriet Martineau whose circle of acquaintances included Charles Darwin. The ideas of Malthus were a significant influence on the inception of Darwin's theory.

According to Dr. Dan Ritschel of the Center for History Education at the University of Maryland, <blockquote>The great Malthusian dread was that "indiscriminate charity" would lead to exponential growth in the population in poverty, increased charges to the public purse to support this growing army of the dependent, and, eventually, the catastrophe of national bankruptcy. Though Malthusianism has since come to be identified with the issue of general over-population, the original Malthusian concern was more specifically with the fear of over-population by the dependent poor!

One of the earliest critics of Malthusian theory was Karl Marx who referred (in "Capital", see Marx's footnote on Malthus from Capital - a reference below) to it as "nothing more than a schoolboyish, superficial plagiary of De Foe, Sir James Steuart, Townsend, Franklin, Wallace" and others, postulating that progress in science and technology would allow for indefinite exponential population growth.

Many people today still believe that Mathus was right about human population growth getting out of hand.

Sources 
Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin (London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group, 1991). 
Marx's footnote on Malthus from Capital

References

Other websites 

Antony Trewavas, "Malthus foiled again and again,", Nature, August 8, 2002

Economic history
Sir Francis Galton FRS (Birmingham, 16 February 1822 – Surrey, 17 January 1911), half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English  scientist. His main field of work was human biology and inheritance of mental characteristics.

Galton was a polymath: an anthropologist, a eugenicist, a tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician. He was knighted in 1909.

Galton produced over 340 papers and books in his lifetime. He created the statistical concepts of normal distribution, correlation and regression toward the mean. He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence. 

He was the first person to do twin studies. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about monozygotic (identical twins) and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference. Twin studies of the modern kind did not appear until the 1920s.

He also introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys to collect data on human communities. He needed such data for genealogical and biographical works and for his anthropometric studies. He was a pioneer in eugenics, coining the very term itself and the phrase "nature versus nurture". As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics (the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology. 

Galton created a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science. As the initiator of scientific meteorology, he devised the first weather map, proposed a theory of anticyclones, and was the first to establish a complete record of short-term climatic phenomena on a European scale. He also invented the Galton Whistle for testing differential hearing ability.

Books by Galton 
1853 Narrative of an explorer in tropical South Africa.
1855. The art of travel, or shifts and contrivances available in wild countries. Murray, London.
1863. Meteorographica. Macmillan, London.
1869 [2nd ed 1892]. Hereditary genius: its laws and consequences. Macmillan, London.
1874. English men of science: their nature and nature.
1883. Inquiries into human faculty and its development. Macmillan, London.
1884. Record of family faculties. Macmillan, London.
1889. Natural inheritance. Macmillan, London.
1892. Fingerprints. Macmillan, London.
1893. Decipherment of blurred finger prints.
1895. Fingerprint directories.
1909. Memories of my life. Macmillan, London.
1909. Noteworthy families. Murray, London.

References

1822 births
1911 deaths
English biologists
English geneticists
British geographers
Meteorologists
People from Birmingham
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, and a prominent liberal political and social theorist of the Victorian era.

Works
Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution. He saw evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. 

Spencer never married; he remained a bachelor. He contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, politics, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology.

Like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, he read Malthus' Essay on the principle of population, and was deeply impressed by its argument. Malthus said that sooner or later population growth gets checked by famine and disease, and there are then many deaths. So, he was prepared for Darwin's idea of natural selection, which he preferred to call "survival of the fittest". He did this in  Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.
"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ‘natural selection’, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life." 

Spencer's term does strongly suggest natural selection, yet as he extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, Spencer made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection, so it seems he was not a Darwinian after all. Others took up his social ideas, and drew the conclusion that it was useless to try and help the poor, and that competition without limits was the way society should go. Darwin himself did not accept these ideas, but they were quite widespread in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.

References

1820 births
1903 deaths
19th-century English philosophers
British feminists
Libertarians
Rongorongo is a system of writing native to Easter Island. It cannot be read. There are two dozen examples of rongorongo script, mostly carved on tablets made from wood of the portia tree Thespesia populnea, known as makoi in Rapanui (Easter Island) language. The longest inscription in existence is the Santiago Staff, a wooden sceptre 126 centimetres long and 6.5 centimetres wide, bearing 2300 glyphs (Gr. γλυφη "carving"). The staff, which once belonged to an Easter Island king, was acquired by the Chilean Navy in 1870 and is now in Santiago's Museum of Natural History.

In 2019, only 25 texts were seen as authentic. These texts and artefacts are distributed over diffent museum in the world, none remains on the Easter Island. The total text corpus is about 14,000 "letters", made of about 600 different glyphs. The writing was probably used for religious puroposes; only very few people used it. The age of the writing is unknown. In the 19th century, Europeans received the first objects with writing on them. Some glyphs show plants that do not exist, or have never existed on Easter Island. One example is the Breadfruit, which has never existed on Eastter Island. The knowledge of the plant must have been passed on from the first settlers, from generation to generation.  

When the Euopeans came ot the island, they paid high prices for tablets containing Rongoro. Today, there are a number of artefacts containing Rongorongo whch are clear forgeries. There are some, where the claim is disputed.

References

Other websites 
Unicode.

Thespesia 

Unreadable writing systems
Easter Island
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons are action adventure video games made by Capcom and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color game console.

Plot

Oracle of Seasons
The Triforce sends Link to the land of Holodrum, where he stumbles upon a traveling group of performers. After resting with them a bit, he finds out that the mysterious dancer from the troupe is actually the Oracle of Seasons, Din. An evil general named Onox comes and captures her in order to gain power. By doing so he also puts all the seasons into chaos and evil spreads throughout the land. Link must find all the essences of nature to defeat the evil general to save Din.

Oracle of Ages
The Triforce sends Link to the land of Labrynna, where he finds a woman named Impa. They go to see a singer named Nayru. Nayru is the Oracle of Ages. Impa is revealed to have been possessed by Veran, Sorceress of Shadows, who leaves Impa and goes to possess Nayru, causing the time to fall into chaos. Link must find the Essences of Time in order to save Nayru from Veran.

References

2001 video games
2013 video games
2016 video games
Flagship games
Game Boy Color games
Virtual Console games
Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons
Video games with time travel
is an action-adventure video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 game console. The game was remade in 2015 for the Nintendo 3DS titled The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D

Plot
After The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, Link is led to Termina by the possessed Skull Kid and is turned into a Deku, a small, wooden creature. He meets the Happy Mask Salesman, a very moody man. He offers to fix Link if he gets the mask Skull Kid got with a time of three days. However, three days passed, and the Skull Kid, possessed with Majora's Mask (what the Happy Mask Salesman needed) brings the moon down to destroy Termina. Link stops him, gets his ocarina back, and returns back three days ago. He returns to the Salesman who believes Link has the mask. He reheals him before he sees Link never got the mask. Link now has to stop the moon that will destroy everything, which is being done by Majora's Mask, the mask held by Skull Kid. To stop it, he needs to summon the Four Giants. He fights the possessed spirits, and the Giants hold the moon. However, Majora's Mask leaves Skull Kid and goes to the Moon, After helping people, Link finally goes to the moon. It is actually a plain with a tree. Under the tree, a kid agrees to play with him as the final battle takes hold. Link finally defeats the evil in Majora's Mask and it is now a lifeless mask. He returns it to the Salesman. After this, Link leaves Termina as the game ends.

Related pages
The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time

2000 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Majora's Mask
Video games with time travel

ar:ذا ليجند أوف زيلدا#قناع ماجورا (Majora's Mask)
The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening, known in Japan as , is an action-adventure video game made by Nintendo for the Game Boy game console. It was remade for the Game Boy Color with full color graphics and new features.

History 
Unlinke most The Legend of Zelda games, Link's Awakening's history is outside of the Hyrule kingdom. No location or character of the other games appear, aside the presence of the main hero Link and a mention to the princess Zelda. The game takes place in a completely new region, the Koholint island.

After the events of A Link to the Past, the hero Link travels by boat to other countries to become stronger. When he is going back to Hyrule, a storm destroys his boat, and Link loses consciousness. Marin, a girl living on Koholint, takes him to her house. When Link wakes up, he meets Marin and her father, Tarin. Marin is fascinated by Link and by the world outside Koholint, and she tells Link that if she were a seagull, she would travel beyond her island.

Links goes out to find his sword and when he finds it, an owl tells him that if he wants to go back home, he must wake up the Wind Fish, the guardian of the island that sleeps in an egg at the top of the island. For this he needs the eight Instruments of the Sirens. Link explores dungeons to find these instruments. When he searches the seventh instrument, at the Ancient Ruins, he finds a texts that tells the reality about the Koholint isle: it is a dream world that only exists in the dream of the Wind Fish.

After findeing all eight instruments, Link goes to the top of the island: mount Tamaranch. There he plays the ballad of the windfish with the instruments.This breaks the egg; Link then goes into the egg. Here, he fights against the last monster. When he wins the battle, the owl reveals that he is a part of the Wind Fish's spirit, and the Wind Fish confirmes that this world was only a dream.

Link plays the ballad of the Wind Fish a second time, and the Wind Fish finally wakes up; Koholint and its inhabitants disapear, everything of this dream disapears. Link wakes up in the ocean, on a piece of wood (his boat was destroyed). The Wind Fish flies above him. After the credits, if the player did not lose any life during the game, we see a seagull flying away and Marin's face appears (she, the seagull, finally is outside of her island).

References

1993 video games
1998 video games
1999 video games
2011 video games
2016 video games
Game Boy games
Game Boy Color games
Virtual Console games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Link's Awakening
Video game remakes
Zelda II: The Adventure of Link is an adventure-role-playing video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

Plot
The main hero of the series, Link, finds out that Princess Zelda has gone under a deep sleep after a fight with a wizard. While trying to find crystals to awaken Zelda, Link also fights off followers of Ganon, who are trying to bring him back to life.

Gameplay
The gameplay of The Adventure of Link is very different from the rest of the series. It is a role-playing game where the player gains experience and levels up stats. The map is also different; the overworld is a birds-eye view, while smaller maps are side scrolling where the player moves only left and right.

Development
Shigeru Miyamoto wanted to have a very different game than the first game, The Legend of Zelda. While Miyamoto was still the producer of the game, it was developed by new people than before. Instead of keeping a view from above, Zelda II has a side-view of the game when fighting enemies or exploring dungeons. The game was originally developed for the Famicom, but was released on worldwide systems after.

References

1987 video games
The Legend of Zelda games
Famicom Disk System games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
A tautology can also be a figure of speech
In propositional logic, a tautology (from the Greek word ταυτολογία) is a propositional formula that is always true, and is sometimes denoted by the symbol  (a symbol also reserved for the truth value 'true'). In other words, a tautology cannot be wrong. For example, formulae in maths are tautological, because they always hold true for any values. The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein first applied the term to propositional logic in 1921.

A statement in logic is considered contingent if it is neither a tautology nor false.

Some examples of tautologies in natural language include: 
 "I know that this is Wikipedia because I know that this is Wikipedia."
 "I am president of this club because I am the president of this club."
 "The first rule of the tautology club is the first rule of the tautology club."
These tautologies are sentences of the following form:
 A is true because A is true
Indeed, if A is not true, then A is not true, so the tautology is still true.

Related pages 

 Logic

References 

Logic
The longhorn beetles or long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae) are a family of beetles that have long antennae. The antennae may be longer than the beetles' body. Over 35,000 species have been described.

The length of the antennae is an obvious feature of their body. Their long antennae sprout from tubercles on the face. Cerambycids with short antennae still have the tubercles. Otherwise they vary greatly in size, shape, sculpture, and colour.

Many of the species are mimics of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). The rest are cryptically colored. The titan beetle (Titanus giganteus) from northeastern South America is often considered the largest insect (though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs). Its maximum body length is just over .

References

Other websites 
 cerambycoidea.com
 Photo gallery of word-wide long-horned beetles

Polyphaga
Transcription is when RNA is made from DNA. The DNA sequence is copied by a special enzyme called RNA polymerase to make a matching RNA strand.

"All living things, with their myriad variations, use an almost identical microscopic machine to read their genes. This machine – RNA polymerase – is responsible for a process called transcription, which by producing RNA from DNA, takes the first step in reading the blueprint of life that is encoded in all of our genes".

The matching RNA strand is a 'pre-messenger RNA'. Next, the non-coding introns are stripped out by a spliceosome. The remaining exons are put together to make a messenger RNA.

The product is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-making machinery of the cell. Transcription is the first step that leads to the expression of the genes.

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit. This contains:
 sequences which regulate the protein synthesis 
 sequences which do not code: introns
 sequences which do code for amino acid sequences in the protein. They are called exons. 

As in DNA replication, only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed. This strand is called the template strand, because it provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. The other strand is called the coding strand. Its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for thymine being substituted for uracil).

The DNA template strand is read 3' → 5' direction by RNA polymerase and the new RNA strand is synthesized in the 5'→ 3' direction. RNA polymerase binds to the 3' end of a gene (promoter) on the DNA template strand and travels toward the 5' end.

Roger D. Kornberg won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription".

Related pages 
RNA splicing
Intron
Oncogene
Transcription factor
Translation (genetics)
Reverse transcriptase

References 

Cell biology
Molecular biology
Genetics
The Star Wars prequel trilogy is a series of movies released between May 1999 and May 2005. All three movies were written and directed by George Lucas.

Production
Lucasfilm started production on The Phantom Menace after George Lucas got interested in reviving the Star Wars franchise.

Reception
While all three movies are financially successful, the first two movies had mixed reviews, with the final movie having better reviews. Critics didn't like the dialogue and some of the characters, including Jar Jar Binks. The trilogy has been popular with Millennials who grew up with the movies. Because of this, the subreddit called Prequel Memes gained popularity.

Mass media franchises introduced in 1999
Star Wars Skywalker Saga movies
The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the four greatest Muslim caliphates of the Arab Empire. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al-Andalus. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 of the Christian era and shifted its capital in AD 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries. Abbasid rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. But they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt.

During the period of the Abassid dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The  Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of Caliph in 909 and created a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially it covered only Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, but then the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and Palestine and even ancient Pakistan, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.

The tenth caliph, namely Al-Mutawakkil, is the person who oversaw the introduction of hadiths.

Related pages
 Sunni Islam
 Islamic Golden Age

Notes

Other websites 
 Abbasids (750-1517) 
 Abbasids the 2nd dynasty of caliphs 
 Abbasid Caliphs (In Our Time, Radio 4), in Streaming RealAudio
 An On-Going Detailed Account of the History of the Abbasids from an Islamic perspective. Most of the narrations have been sifted through to avoid "biased" theories regardless if the historians as mentioned are Shiite or Sunni.
 Abbasid Caliphate entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica

Caliphates
Former countries in the Middle East
Former monarchies
Former monarchies of Africa
Former monarchies of Asia
Former monarchies of Europe
750 establishments
1517 disestablishments
8th-century establishments in Asia
8th-century establishments in Africa
16th-century disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Africa
Medieval Azerbaijan
The Seattle Mariners are an American Major League Baseball team based in Seattle, Washington. The Mariners are part of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League. Since July 1999, their home stadium has been T-Mobile Park (originally Safeco Field). Until they moved in June 1999, the club's home park was the Kingdome.

Seattle had minor league baseball teams from the early 1900s to the late 1960s, with nicknames such as the "Indians" and the "Rainiers".

The first major league baseball franchise in Seattle was the Seattle Pilots, formed in 1969. The Pilots moved to Milwaukee the next year and became the Milwaukee Brewers. As a result, the city of Seattle, King County, and the state of Washington sued the American League for $32 million dollars in damages. In exchange for dropping the law suit, the American League gave Seattle a Major League Baseball team in 1977.

Seattle is a large and important seaport, a fact which led to the major league teams being called the "Pilots" and the "Mariners".

The Mariner's first winning season was in 1991, and the first time they made the playoffs was in 1995. The Mariners are owned by Nintendo of America, and the general manager of the team is Jack Zduriencik.

References

Other websites 

Seattle Mariners official website 
Seattle Mariners team statistics

 
1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington (state)
Guanajuato is a state in central Mexico. About 4,890,000 people live there. Its capital is also called Guanajuato. The largest city is León.

 
States of Mexico
Yucatán is a state in the east of Mexico. About 1,820,000 people live in Yucatán. Its capital is called Mérida. 

The state is on the Yucatán Peninsula. It has the state of Campeche to the southwest, and Quintana Roo to the southeast. The Gulf of Mexico is off its north coast.

The state was a very important region for the Mayan civilization. There are still some villages there with Mayan-descent people who speak the old language. There are also archaeological sites where Mayan remains are investigated.

 
States of Mexico
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610) was an Italian artist. He worked in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. He was a painter who did a type of art called Baroque style. He was the first person to be really good at painting this way.

Even while he was alive, many people talked about Caravaggio. Some people liked to see what he did, and how he lived, and thought he was a good person. Other people thought he was very strange. Some people thought he was bad. He did not want to fit in, sometimes. He started being a famous painter in Rome in 1600. Many people gave him money to paint pictures for them, but he used all his money and sometimes got into trouble.  In 1604 someone wrote a note about him, and said that he was rude and a bad person. This note tells us how he lived, in 1601: In 1606 he killed a young man in a fight and ran away from Rome.  He ran away because Rome said it would give money to people who caught Caravaggio.  In Malta in 1608 he got into a fight again. He got into another fight in Naples in 1609, but this fight could have been enemies (people who hated him) trying to kill him. In 1610, after making paintings for more than ten years, he died.

Huge new churches and palazzi were being built in Rome the last years of the 1500s and the first years of the 1600s.  These big churches needed paintings to hang on the walls. The Counter-Reformation Catholic Church wanted to find painters who would paint beautiful art about God.  They wanted people to like the art so much that they would think Protestantism was ugly and boring, and wouldn't want to start being part of a Protestant church. So the Catholic Church needed a new type of art, because Mannerism had been the most famous type of art for 100 years, and now it was boring.  Caravaggio's paintings were new, and different from Mannerism.  He painted in a way called naturalism, which means that he painted things how they actually looked. He painted pictures of people so that the people looked real, and he made his pictures look exciting by painting a lot of very dark shadows and very bright lights (which is called chiaroscuro).  

While he was alive he was very famous, and many artists wanted to paint like he did.  But after he died, most people forgot about him, and didn't care about his paintings.  Hundreds of years later, in the 1900s, people looked at his art again, and saw that he had been very important.  They saw that many other famous artists had tried to paint like he did.  Because so many artists had seen his paintings, and liked how he painted, and tried to paint like he did, he made many artists paint in the Baroque style, too. The Baroque style was very famous for hundreds of years. 

Andre Berne-Joffroy, Paul Valéry’s secretary, said that: "What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting."

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

1571 births
1610 deaths

16th-century Italian painters
Gothic Revival architecture is architecture that has been made to look as if it is from medieval times, but is really much later. This architectural style began in the late 1740s in England. Its momentum grew in the early 19th century. Serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture.

The Gothic style of architecture was built in Europe between about 1140 and about 1550. Beginning in late 18th century Europe, through the 19th century and into the early 20th century in Europe and elsewhere there was a fashion to build in the Gothic style. In this period architects and their patrons had various different styles to choose from. There were also revivals of Classical and Renaissance styles. Since medieval Gothic buildings vary so much, some architects often copied selectively from medieval buildings and some adapted the style to the needs of their own period. The "Gothic Revival" style was most commonly used for churches, cathedrals, universities, town halls and sometimes houses. 

Gothic Revival buildings have features that are like real Gothic buildings. They often have: 
 Pointed arches round the doors and windows 
 Arched stoned roofs called "vaults" 
 Towers and sometimes also spires on top of towers 
 Many stone-carvings around the doors and fireplaces
 Stained glass windows

Famous Gothic Revival examples 
 Strawberry Hill at Twickenham, near London, was one of the first houses designed in the Gothic Revival style. 
 The Houses of Parliament, London 
 Sydney University
 São Paulo Cathedral, Brazil
 The campus of Yale University and the University of Chicago

References 

Architectural styles
Lucimar da Silva Ferreira, called Lúcio (born 8 May 1978 in Brasília, Brazil) is a Brazilian football player and the captain of the Brazil national team, for that he has played 8 matches and made 4 goals. His team is Internazionale Milano.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||10||0||||||||||10||0
|-
|1999||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|2000||16||3||||||||||16||3

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||15||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||5
|-
|2001/02||29||4||0||0||16||3||45||7
|-
|2002/03||21||3||0||0||6||0||27||3
|-
|2003/04||27||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||3
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="5"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||32||3||6||0||9||0||47||3
|-
|2005/06||30||2||5||0||7||0||42||2
|-
|2006/07||26||0||2||0||8||2||36||2
|-
|2007/08||24||1||6||0||13||2||43||3
|-
|2008/09||32||1||4||1||8||0||44||2

|-
|2009/10||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||||||||||||||||
45||4||||||||||45||4
236||22||23||1||67||7||326||30
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
281||26||23||1||67||7||371||34
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||12||0
|-
|2002||11||0
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||13||2
|-
|2006||10||0
|-
|2007||8||1
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
|2009||14||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||88||4
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Brasília
Saint Dominic (; 1170 – 6 August 1221) was the founder of a Catholic order, the Friars Preachers, often called the Dominicans or the Order of Preachers (OP). Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers and the Dominican Republic. He was born in Caleruega, half-way between Osma and Aranda in Old Castile, Spain. He is sometimes called Dominic of Osma or Dominic de Guzmán. 

In paintings, his sign is a star or a dog holding a burning torch in its mouth.

Christian saints
1170 births
1221 deaths
Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She has been nominated for both an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Fonda is the daughter of Peter Fonda, the granddaughter of Henry and the niece of Jane Fonda. She is of Dutch, English, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian and Scottish descent.

Fonda is known for  her roles in such movies as The Godfather Part III, Single White Female, Singles, Doc Hollywood, Lake Placid and Jackie Brown. She voiced Jenna in the 1995 animated movie Balto.

Award nominations
1990: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture for Scandal
1997: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Miniseries or a Movie for In the Gloaming
2002: Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television for After Amy

References

Other websites 

Bridget Fonda at TVGuide.com

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
/eye-Kee-doh/ is a Japanese martial art.  It was developed by Morihei Ueshiba.

Aikido is based on Ueshiba's philosophy, martial arts training and religious beliefs. The word "aikido" is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) life energy" or as "the way of harmonious spirit." Ueshiba wanted to create an art where people could defend themselves without harming their attacker by using the attackers "ki" against them. He wanted each practitioner of aikido to develop both physically and spiritually.

Aikido is performed by blending with the way the attacker moves, using the force of the attack rather than coming against it. This is achieved by using the attackers "ki" against them. This takes very little physical strength, as the aikidōka (person who does aikido) uses the force of the attacker's own momentum using stepping and turning movements. The techniques are completed with many different throws or joint locks which can be combined with different defenses. Aikido is one of many grappling arts.

Aikido is based on the martial art of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but began to separate from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the Ōmoto-kyō religion. Ueshiba's early students' records use the name aiki-jūjutsu. Many of Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending on when they studied with him. Today aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with different groups placing importance on different things. However, they all share techniques learned from Ueshiba and most have concern for the safety of the attacker.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan

References

Other websites 

 Encyclopedia of Aikido 
 AikiWeb
 AikidoFAQ
 Aikido Journal

Martial arts
Sport in Japan
A blog, also known as weblog, is a type of website that is like a diary or journal. Blog organizes content in the form of categories and posts. Posts on a blog are presented in reverse chronological order. That means your latest post goes to the top of the page. That way, when you make a new post, it will come first and the first post will go below it. Anyone can create a blog and then write on that blog. Bloggers (a word for people who write on blogs) often write about their opinions and thoughts. A blog containing video material is called a video blog or video log, usually shortened to vlog.

When a person writes on a blog, what they write is in the form of a post, which is a single piece of writing on the blog. Posts often include links to other websites.

Blogs can have one or more writers. If they have more than one writer, they are often called community blogs, team blogs, or group blogs because the thoughts are made by more than one person.

How blogs work 
On many blogs, the person reading the posts can leave comments, which are notes in which a person says what they think about the blog post. This makes blogs good for discussion — if someone writes something that someone else does not believe to be true, someone else can fix it by writing a comment on that blog or on their own blog. Someone else cannot change what the post says, but the writer of the post can. Not all blog posts need to be talked about or fixed. But if there are a lot of people interested in a topic, they can start a discussion on the original blog, on their own blogs, or both. These people can discuss a topic or their point of view.

Very often, a community blog or group blog will shrink into a small group of bloggers (writers) who know and trust each other, called a creative network. That kind of community blog will also have a larger group of people, a social network, who only read (and maybe comment on) the blog. Some blogs have scoring (ranking) of posts that makes these networks more solid, so that postings that people like the most are shown first or in a way that is easier to find. 

Often people have their own blog and make an RSS feed to it. When blogs have RSS feeds, other programs, called content aggregators, can put postings from all the blogs that a person likes in one place. Many people find it easier to read all the new posts from blogs they like in one place, through RSS, instead of going to each site one at a time.

Some experts think that community blogs, and some groups of individual (one-person) blogs that talk about similar topics, have a power structure like that inside a political party. These experts think that a clique (a small, exclusive group of people) will control discussions by choosing when someone has "won" an argument, and when a matter is decided. But an advantage of blogs is that even people outside that clique can comment on the original discussion.

References 

Internet
A carbon nanotube is an allotrope of carbon that is shaped like a tube of carbon atoms. Carbon nanotubes are very tough and hard to break, but still relatively light. Some are very long. Because of their high strength, carbon nanotubes may one day be used for bulletproof armour and other uses needing hard, lightweight materials. A few carbon nanotubes also let electricity through them. Some may be up to 1,000 times better at conducting electricity than metals like copper and silver.

Other websites 
 Carbon nanotube -Citizendium 

Carbon
A witch doctor often refers to a healer in undeveloped regions who use traditional and sometimes out of date methods rather than modern medicine or science.

The term witch doctor is generally used with negative terms. It is often used to imply that the healer has little or no experience or ability in medicine.

The Oxford English Dictionary says that the first recorded use of this term is in 1718, in a book by Francis Hutchinson.

The witch doctors in Africa are known as sangomas in Southern Africa. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of the term "witch doctor" to refer to African shamans (i.e. medicine men) was in 1836 in a book by Robert Montgomery Martin (1803?-1868).

The role is only partly a practical one. It is also a spiritual one. The so-called witch doctor is often the guardian of the tribe's belief system and rituals. Key ceremonies must be properly held or else the life of the community may fall apart, as has happened in many places. Aggressive action by outsiders to the local belief system may lead to the 'genocide of indigenous peoples'.

Related pages
Shaman
Medicine man
Ainu

References

religion
Alternative medicine
In the fictional universes of Warhammer 40,000 and Warhammer Fantasy, Nurgle is one of the four major Chaos gods.  Like his brother gods, Nurgle grew from a single survivalist emotion: in his case, the emotion was despair. Nurgle is the Chaos god of disease, decay, despair and destruction.  Even though the nature of his influence, he begins to like his victims, caring for them in a jovial manner close to a loving grandfather; so he is commonly called Grandfather Nurgle or Papa Nurgle. He is also called the Lord of Decay, Master of Plague and Pestilence and Lord of All.  He is shown as a huge, bloated humanoid, with boils and sores, his body completely rotten from disease.  He is usually with an enveloping cloud of buzzing flies.

Other websites 
 Nurgle information and message boards

Video game characters

fr:Divinités de Warhammer#Nurgle
it:Caos (Warhammer)#Nurgle
fi:Warhammer-universumi#Jumalat
sv:Chaos (Warhammer)#Nurgle
The Sharp Zaurus is the name of a series of Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) made by Sharp Corporation.

References

Computers
Palatine is a village in the state of Illinois. It is north west of Chicago, the biggest city in Illinois. In 2000, the number of people in Palatine was counted and was 65,479. There were 68,557 people in Palatine in 2010.

History

Palatine was made in 1866, close to a train station that went to Chicago and other cities. The village has been growing a lot since the 1970s, like the other cities around Chicago.

People

Palatine has many different kinds of people. There are poor, normal, and rich people in the village. Some say there are over 100 languages spoken in Palatine.

Education

Palatine has a lot of schools for the people. Palatine has two high schools, Palatine High School and William Fremd High School; and a college, William Rainey Harper College. The high schools, as well as the library, have gotten big awards from the whole country.

There are nine public elementary schools:

Jane Addams School 
Hunting Ridge School 
Marion Jordan School 
Lake Louise School 
Lincoln School 
Pleasant Hill School 
Stuart R. Paddock School 
Gray M. Sanborn School 
Virginia Lake School

There is also a combined kindergarten-through-eighth grade school, Winston Campus, which is Winston Churchill School and Winston Park Junior High combined.

Palatine also has three preschool-through-eighth grade schools:

Saint Theresa (Catholic)
Saint Thomas of Villanova (Catholic) 
Immanuel Lutheran (Lutheran)

References

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
1866 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Illinois
The Province of Monza and Brianza (in the local idiom: "Pruincia de Munscia e Briansa") is a province of Lombardy, Italy. It was created (with part of the province of Milan) on May 12, 2004, but became effective in 2009. It has an area of 405.49 km² and a population (2010 census) of 850,321.

Communes of the Province of Monza and Brianza 
A list of its 55 communes follows:

Other websites 
 Official page from the Province of Monza and Brianza website

Provinces of Lombardy
Apulanta is a rock band from Finland. It was started in 1991.

Apulanta's first music album was Attack of the AL People, which was released in 1994.

Members 

 Toni Wirtanen - vocals and guitar
 Simo "Sipe" Santapukki - drums and vocals
 Sami "Parta-Sami" Lehtinen - bass guitar and vocals

Albums 
 Attack of the AL People (1994)
 Ehjä (1996)
 Kolme (1997)
 Aivan kuin kaikki muutkin (1998)
 Plastik (2000)
 Heinola 10 (2001)
 Hiekka (2002)
 Kiila (2005)
 Eikä vielä ole edes ilta (2007)
 Kuutio (kuinka aurinko voitettiin) (2008)
 Kaikki kolmesta pahasta (2012)
 Kunnes siitä tuli totta'' (2015)

Other websites 

 Apulanta's official web page

Finnish musical groups
Rock bands
Heavy metal bands
Punk bands
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس) was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims, or Moors, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492. As a political domain or domains, it was successively a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031), and finally the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa (successor) kingdoms. For large parts of its history, particularly under the Caliphate of Córdoba, Andalus was famous for learning and the city of Córdoba became one of the leading cultural and economic centers in both the Mediterranean basin and the Islamic world.

This civilization was quite advanced at architecture and urban planning. The Moors were very wealthy because they controlled the gold trade from the Ghana Empire in West Africa. They built many beautiful buildings in all the land they controlled. Many of their large buildings still stand in cities in Andalusia, such as in Seville, Granada, and Cordoba.

Muslim Spain was multicultural and comparatively tolerant; Jews, Christians and Muslims lived side by side.  There was also a saqaliba population (the descendants of European slaves) near the Mediterranean coast. Though these people were at first brought in to be slaves, some of them became generals (as did some Mamluks in another caliphate) and some generals became rulers of their own cities (taifas) for a short time.

In 1236, the Reconquista (gradual Christian reconquest) under the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile progressed as far as the last remaining Islamic stronghold, Granada. Granada was reduced to a vassal state to Castile for the next 256 years, until January 2, 1492, when Boabdil surrendered complete control of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella.

Related pages

 Umayyad Caliphate
 Islamic Golden Age
 History of Islam
 History of Spain
 Berber people
 Andalusia
 Moors

Footnotes

Bibliography 
An Islamic History of Europe . video documentary, BBC 4, August 2005.
 Stavans, Ilan. 2003. The Scroll and the Cross: 1,000 Years of Jewish-Hispanic Literature. London: Routledge. 
 Wasserstein, David J. 1995. Jewish élites in Al-Andalus. In Daniel Frank (Ed.). The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity. Brill.

Films 
 Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain (Unity Productions Foundation documentary)

Other websites 
 Paper by Georg Bossong evaluating proposals for the etymology of "al-Andalus".  In German.
 Photocopy of the Ajbar Machmu'a, translated by Lafuente 1867
 The routes of al-Andalus (from the UNESCO web site)
 Muslim contributions to Andalus
 History and influences of Andalusian music
 The Library of Iberian Resources Online
 Al-Andalus Chronology and Photos 

History of Portugal
History of Spain
`Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib  () (c. 566 – c. 653) was a uncle and companion of Muhammad.

Key Facts 

 He was only born a few years before his nephew Muhammad, and was one of Muhammad's father's youngest brothers.
 The Abbasid dynasty claimed the title of caliph (literally "successor to the prophet") through his son Abdullah ibn Abbas.
 He is buried in Medina.

Background 
Muhammad had 10 or 11 uncles. Four of them earned a great name in history - Abu Talib, Abu Lahab, Hamza and Abbas. Abu Talib became important because he brought up his orphan nephew,  Muhammad, with great love and care and always supported and protected him. Abu Lahab  is famous because he tried to destroy Islam. Both Hamza and  ‘Abbas became Muslims and remained firm and strong in their faith in Islam.

566 births
653 deaths
Muslims
Aung San (13 February 1915 – 19 July 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, general, and politician. He was the father of Nobel Peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi.

Burmese people
Assassinated people
1915 births
1947 deaths