cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Temple of Hera (Heraion) is a temple dedicated to Hera, the Greek goddess of marriage. She was the wife of Zeus, the greatest of the Greek gods. The temple was built about 600 BC at Olympia, Greece. It is one of the oldest temples in Greece. It measures 50 meters by 18.75 meters. It was about 7.80 meters high. It had six Doric columns at either end and sixteen Doric columns on each side. The columns were originally made of wood, but were replaced with limestone at different times. The temple was destroyed by an earthquake in the early 4th century AD. It was not repaired.

A statue of Hera was seated on a throne at the eastern end of the cella. A stone head that may be Hera survives. Next to Hera stood a statue of Zeus dressed as a warrior. The famous statue of Hermes and the Infant Dionysos of Praxiteles was kept in the temple. At the western end of the temple was kept the table that held the wreaths for the victors of the Olympic Games. Other valuable items were also kept at the western end.

Winners of the ancient all-female Heraia had the right to dedicate their statues to the temple. It was at these footraces that the statue of Hera was dressed every four years in a robe made by the women of Elis. The modern Olympic Flame is lit at the Altar of Hera which stands to the east of the temple. The German Archaeological Institute restored some of the columns in the late 20th century as well as the great circular akroterion of the temple. The akroterion is displayed in the Olympia museum.

Gallery

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Greece
Greek mythology
Hera at Olympia
Olympia, Greece
is a famous opera house in Venice, Italy. People often call it simply . Its name comes from the Italian word Fenice, meaning Phoenix. The Phoenix is a mythical bird. It dies in fire and is born again from the ashes.

History
An older opera house in Venice called the  burnt down in 1774. It was the main, opera house in Venice. Some noblemen built it again, but the Venier, a famous family in Venice, made them sell the new theatre to them. So, the noblemen built a new opera house in 1792. They called it Teatro La Fenice. The first opera performed there was Giovanni Paisiello's  (The Games of Agrigento).

La Fenice burnt down in 1836.  It was built again in 1837. On 29 January 1996, La Fenice burnt down again. It was set on fire by two men working on the building. They were sent to prison for arson.  La Fenice was built again in 2003 in the style of the old one. The architect, Aldo Rossi, used pictures and movies of the old La Fenice to plan the new one.

Five of Giuseppe Verdi's operas had their first performance at Teatro La Fenice:
 (1844)
 (1846)
 (1851)
 (1853)
 (1857)

References

Beauvert, Thierry (1996). Opera Houses of the World. The Vendome Press.

Other websites

Official website 

Opera houses in Italy
Buildings and structures in Italy
Venice
1792 establishments
18th-century establishments in Italy
1790s establishments in Europe
Pankration was a sport in Ancient Greece. Eight of Pindar's odes were written in honor of pankratiasts. The pankration was a form of wrestling with one difference: the athletes were allowed to use their fists. They did not wear boxing thongs however. Kicking and hitting were allowed but biting and gouging an eye or soft spot with a thumb or finger were forbidden. Umpires flogged athletes who violated these rules. In spite of this punishment, violations often occurred.

A Greek wrestler aimed to throw his opponent; a pankratiast however aimed to force his opponent to concede defeat. This might be done by getting an opponent in a hold that, if he did not yield (give up), a bone would be broken or a joint dislocated. Size and weight did not matter as much in the pankration as they did in boxing and wrestling because pankratiasts spent most of their time rolling around on the ground. 

The Greeks loved the pankration. They considered it the greatest test of an athlete's skill and strength. The pankration was also a favorite sport in Roman imperial times. The most famous ancient pankratiast was Arrichon of Philageia in the 6th century BC. He won the pankration in two Olympics, but died of a stranglehold in the Olympics of 564 BC. He was awarded the victor's wreath. Both Philostratus and Pausanias told the story of his final bout. A statue in the Olympia Museum may be his.

Gallery: Pankrationiasts on Greek pottery

Sources 
 

Ancient Greek wrestling
Milo of Croton was a 6th century BC Greek wrestler. He came from the Greek city of Croton in southern Italy. He had great success as a wrestler. He won many times in the most important sports festivals of ancient Greece.  He also led the people of Croton to a military victory over the neighboring city of Sybaris in 510 BC.

Milo was said to be a friend of Pythagoras. One story says the wrestler saved the philosopher's life when a roof was about to fall on him. Another story says that Milo may have married the philosopher's daughter. Like other successful athletes of ancient Greece, Milo was the subject of tales of strength and power. Among other tales, he was said to have carried a bull on his shoulders and to have burst a band about his forehead by inflating the veins of his temples.

The date of Milo's death is unknown. He was said to be splitting a tree in half when his hands became trapped in the tree. It was then that a pack of wolves surprised, killed, and ate him.   Milo is the subject of works of art by Pierre Puget, Étienne-Maurice Falconet and others. In literature, Rabelais wrote about him in Gargantua and Pantagruel and Shakespeare did the same in Troilus and Cressida.

References 

Ancient Greek wrestling
Ancient sportspeople
6th-century BC births
6th-century BC deaths
Theogenes was one of the greatest athletes in Ancient Greece. He was born in the city of Thasos on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in the early fifth century. He was a boxer and a pankrationiast. 

He had two victories at the Olympic Games. One was in boxing (480 BCE) and the other in the pankration (476). He won three times in boxing at the Pythian Games; nine times in boxing and once in the pankration at the Isthmian Games; and nine times in boxing at the Nemean Games. He also won the long distance race at Argos. He had 1300 other victories in lesser Games. 

It is certain that Theogenes was worshipped as a god in Thasos after his death. One of his enemies whipped his statue. It fell and crushed him to death. The people of Thasos threw the statue into the sea. It was stained with blood. The fields did not produce after this act. The people of Thasos pulled the statue from the sea and put it back in its place. Worship continued. Theogenes was said to heal diseases.

Notes

References
 
 

Ancient Greece
Ancient sportspeople
5th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
Cougar Town is an American television sitcom. It was first on ABC on September 23, 2009. The show is set in Gulfhaven, Florida (nicknamed "Cougar Town" since its high school teams are the Cougars). The series focuses on a recently divorced woman in her forties.  The star is Courteney Cox who plays Jules Cobb.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American sitcoms
Television series set in Florida
English-language television programs
2009 television series debuts
2015 television series endings
Kleomedes of Astypalia was an Ancient Greek boxer. Using illegal tactics, he killed his opponent Ikkos in either the 71st or 72nd Olympic Games (496 or 492 BCE). What exactly occurred is not certain. He was disqualified though and heavily fined. Kleomedes was so angry he returned to his home town, and pulled out a post supporting a school roof. Many children were killed. The people stoned him. He ran into a temple and climbed into a chest. When the people opened it, he was gone. The oracle ordered the people to worship Kleomedes as a hero and a divinity.

References 
 

Ancient sportspeople
Ancient Greece
5th-century BC deaths
4th-century BC births
Hermann Emil Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902.

Fischer was the founder of the chemistry of primary natural products: carbohydrates, purines and nucleosides, peptides and proteins. Amongst his many discoveries were the structure of carbohydrates, and he was the first to get synthetic peptides. He studied the active principles of tea, coffee and cocoa, namely, caffeine and theobromine.
 
Fischer also proposed the lock & key model of enzyme action.

Family 
Fischer was married to Agnes Gerlach in Feb. 1888, but she died seven years after their marriage. They had three sons, named Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer (16. Dec. 1888 - 09. Mar. 1960) Walter (05. Jul. 1891 – 04. Nov. 1916) and Alfred (3. Oct. 1894 – 29. Mar. 1917). Alfred was killed in World War I, Walter committed suicide at the age of 25 as a result of compulsory military training. 

His eldest son Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer, was Professor of Biochemistry in the University of California, Berkeley from 1948 until his death in 1960.

Death 
At the end, suffering from terminal cancer, he is thought to have committed suicide in 1919.

Emil Fischer is burried at Friedhof Wannsee, Lindenstraße and since 1956 named as grave of honor for extraordinary services or achievements in his lifetimes.

References 

1852 births
1919 deaths
German academics
German chemists
German Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
Suicides in Germany
Samosa is a popular snack originally from Central Asia. It further travelled, with the help of Muslim merchants of trade routes to India. It is famous in the Indian subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, as well as South Africa. 

It is generally prepared  in the shape of a triangle, however, the shape and sizes tend to vary from region to region. It can be either baked or fried and has an outer hard crust made of plain flour. It usually has a filling of potatoes and spices. It is usually eaten with a spicy sauce called chutney.

Etymology
The English word samosa derives from Hindi/Urdu word '',traceable to the Middle Persian word  () or Sagosha means (triangle), and has the meaning of the "triangular pastry".

History
 

The South Asian samosa has a Central Asian and/or Middle Eastern origin.

Regional varieties

India 
The samosa is prepared with an all-purpose flour (locally known as maida) and stuffed with a filling, often a mixture of diced and cooked or mashed boiled potato (preferably diced), onions, green peas, lentils, ginger, spices and green chili.Samosas generally are deep-fried to a golden brown in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with ketchup or chutney (mint, coriander, or tamarind), or are served in chaat, traditionally accompanied by yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala. Shingaras may be eaten as a tea time snack. They can also be prepared in a sweet form. Bengali shingaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas, onions, diced almonds, or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either shingaras or their Indian samosa cousins. Fulkopir shingara (shingara filled with cauliflower mixture) is a popular variation. 

Samosa is also an appetiser in Iran  and Pakistan.

It is commonly available in canteens, sweet shops and is also prepared at home.

Samosa can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian.

Origins

It is believed to have originated from the Central and West Asia.  The word samosa originates from the Persian word sanbosag or Sagoshag means small triangle .

References

Snack foods
Middle Eastern foods
Indian food
Pakistani food
Miss May I is an American metal band from Troy, Ohio. Miss May I has five members in the band; the current band members are Levi Benton, Ryan Neff, Jerod Boyd, Justin Aufdemkampe and B.J. Stead.

The band was formed in 2006. They released an EP titled "Vows for a Massacre" which was later followed by a demo in 2008. They were signed to Rise Records after the release of their debut album, Apologies Are for the Weak, on June 23, 2009. Their song "Forgive and Forget" appeared on the Saw VI: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Their song "Apologies Are for the Weak" which is the title track from the album of the same name was featured in the 2011 video game Saints Row: The Third. The band was announced to appear at the Warped Tour 2012 which started June 16, 2012 and ends on November 10, 2012.

Band members 

Current
Justin Aufdemkampe - lead guitar (2006-present)
Levi Benton - lead vocals (2006-present)
Jerod Boyd - drums (2006-present)
Ryan Neff - bass guitar, clean vocals (2006–2007, 2009–present)
B.J. Stead - rhythm guitar (2006-present)

Former
Josh Gillespie - bass guitar, clean vocals (2007–2009)

Discography 
So far as of 2012, Miss May I have released 3 albums:

Albums
Vows for a Massacre (2007)
Demo 2008 (2008)
Apologies Are for the Weak (2009)
Monument (2010)
At Heart (2012)
Rise of the Lion (2014)

References

Other websites 
Miss May I  on Rise Records
Miss May I on Myspace
Miss May I on Facebook

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Ohio
Luigi Pirandello (Agrigento 28 June 1867 – Rome 10 December 1936) was an Italian playwright, novelist, and short story writer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1934, for his "bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage". Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners for Theatre of the Absurd.

Works 
Una boccata d'aria (A Breath of Air)
 L'Esclusa (The Excluded Woman)
 Il Turno (The Turn)
 Il Fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal)
 Suo Marito (Her Husband)
 I Vecchi e I Giovani (The Old and the Young)
 Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (Serafino Gubbio's Journals)
 Uno, Nessuno e Centomila (One, No one and One Hundred Thousand)
 Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore (Six Characters in Search of an Author)
 Ciascuno a Suo Modo (Each In His Own Way)
 Questa Sera Si Recita a Soggetto (Tonight We Improvise)
 Enrico IV (Henry IV)
 L'Uomo dal Fiore in Bocca (The Man With The Flower In His Mouth)
 La Vita che ti Diedi (The Life I Gave You)
 Il Gioco delle Parti (The Rules of the Game)
 Diana e La Tuda (Diana and Tuda)
 Il Piacere dell'Onestà (The Pleasure Of Honesty)
 L'Imbecille (The Imbecile)
 L'Uomo, La Bestia e La Virtù (The Man, The Beast and The Virtue)
 Vestire gli Ignudi (Clothing The Naked)
 Così è (Se Vi Pare) (So It Is (If You Think So))

Italian playwrights
Italian writers
1867 births
1936 deaths
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Albert "Al" Harrington (born February 17, 1980 in Orange, New Jersey) is an American professional basketball player.  He plays for the NBA's Denver Nuggets. The forward stands six feet nine inches (2.06 m), and weighs 250 pounds (113 kg).

At only 18 years of age, Al was selected by the Indiana Pacers.  He was the 25th pick of the 1998 NBA Draft.  On July 15, 2004, Harrington was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Stephen Jackson. After the 2005–06 NBA season he became a free agent. For the 2006–07 season he went with the Pacers again.

On January 17, 2007, Harrington was traded to the Golden State Warriors along with teammates Stephen Jackson, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell for Troy Murphy, Mike Dunleavy, Ike Diogu, and Keith McLeod.   On November 21, Harrington was traded to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford.  On July 15, 2010, Al Harrington signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets

References

Other websites
Stats at basketball-reference.com

Indiana Pacers players
Living people
1980 births
Denver Nuggets players
Golden State Warriors players
New York Knicks players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
Andrew Michael Bogut  (born November 28, 1984) is an Australian professional basketball player.  He plays for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

He is 7 feet tall. He went to the University of Utah for college. Bogut was selected first overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2005 NBA Draft. Bogut is the first Australian player to be drafted number one overall. He was also the second Utah player to be drafted number one overall.

On March 13, 2012, Bogut, along with Stephen Jackson, was traded to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Monta Ellis, Ekpe Udoh and Kwame Brown.

References

Other websites
Stats at basketball-reference.com

Australian basketball players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Living people
1984 births
Golden State Warriors players
Sportspeople from Melbourne
The  Egyptian plover is a wader.  It is the only member of the genus Pluvianus.

It is sometimes called the crocodile bird.  This is because of a story dating to Herodotus.  In the story the crocodiles lie on the shore with their mouths open.  The plovers fly into the crocodiles' mouths to feed on bits of meat between the crocodiles' teeth.  There is no evidence of this actually happening.

The Egyptian plover lives in tropical sub-Saharan Africa. It breeds on sandbars in large rivers. Its two or three eggs are buried in warm sand.  It feeds by pecking for insects. The call is a high-pitched krrr-krrr-krrr.

References

Other websites
Egyptian plover at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com

Charadriiformes
Moral hazard is a term used in economics.  Nobel laureate Paul Krugman explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the decision about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."

In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk. 
Example: A person buys insurance against automobile theft.  After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car.  If so, this is a kind of moral hazard.  The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the insurance company.  Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy?

"Moral hazard" is a kind of reverse incentive (perverse incentive).

History
The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century.  The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective".  It was not used in a way that has anything to do with ethics.

In the 1960s, economists used the term to describe inefficiencies that occur because of information asymmetry. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.

Related pages
 Conflict of interest
 Feedback
 Game theory
 Unintended consequences

References

Other websites
 PBS.org, Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"

Market failure
Insurance
Rate or rates may be:

 Rate (mathematics), a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other
 Rate of travel, or velocity
 Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel.
 Rate of a ship, a term for a sail ship's firepower in the British Royal Navy
 Bit rate, number of bits that are processed per unit of time
 Rates, a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim

In science and finance
 Rate function, a function used to put a number to the probabilities of a rare event
 Rates (tax), a type of taxation system used to fund local government
 Reaction rate  in Chemistry
 Exchange rate, how much one currency is worth in terms of the other

In human growth
 Birth rate, the childbirths per 1,000 people per year
 Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in some population

As an initialism
 Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, a project of creation geophysics
Maurice Papon (September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007) was a French civil servant. He led the police in major prefectures and in Paris during the Nazi Occupation of France and into the 1960s.  In 1998 he was convicted of crimes against humanity.  This was because he helped in making more than 1600 Jews move to concentration camps during World War II. He died of congestive heart failure.

1910 births
2007 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from surgical complications
French businesspeople
French criminals
French mayors
French people of World War II
Government ministers of France
Police officers
Politicians from Ile-de-France
The , also known as the , was a feudal Japanese feudal military government.  The heads of government were the shoguns. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.

These years are known as the Muromachi period.  The period takes gets its name from the district in Kyoto where the Ashikaga shoguns lived.

History
In 1336, the Ashikaga Takauji and the Ashikaga clan established a military government in Kyoto.

List of Ashikaga Shoguns 

 Ashikaga Takauji, ruled 1338–1358
 Ashikaga Yoshiakira, r. 1359–1368
 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, r. 1368–1394
 Ashikaga Yoshimochi, r. 1395–1423
 Ashikaga Yoshikazu, r. 1423–1425
 Ashikaga Yoshinori, r. 1429–1441
 Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, r. 1442–1443
 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, r. 1449–1473
 Ashikaga Yoshihisa, r. 1474–1489
 Ashikaga Yoshitane, r. 1490–1493, 1508–1521
 Ashikaga Yoshizumi, r. 1494–1508
 Ashikaga Yoshiharu, r. 1521–1546
 Ashikaga Yoshiteru, r. 1546–1565
 Ashikaga Yoshihide, r. 1568
 Ashikaga Yoshiaki, r. 1568–1573

Related pages
 Kamakura shogunate
 Tokugawa shogunate

References

Other websites

 Ashikaga Bakufu from Washington State University website
 Kyoto City Web

History of Japan
Samurai
1336 establishments in Japan
1573 disestablishments
16th-century disestablishments in Japan
Weiyang District (, pinyin: Wèiyāng Qū) is in the north of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Xianyang Municipality is to the west and north. Lianhu District and Xincheng District are to the south. Baqiao District is to the east. The name is from Weiyang Square. The district covers . As of November 2010, 806,811 people live there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
A perverse incentive is an incentive that creates an unplanned and unwanted result.  The outcome is not helpful or contrary to the interests of the incentive makers.  Perverse incentives are a type of unintended consequences.

Select examples 
 In India, the southern provinces had the problem of too many snakes.  The government tried to solve the problem by paying for dead cobras.  This was intended to bring down the number of cobras. Instead, it led to the breeding of cobras.
 In Thailand, the Bangkok police had the problem of too many small mistakes by its officers.  The police tried to solve the problem by using tartan armbands as a badge of shame.  Instead, the armbands were treated as valuable collectables. Since 2007, the Bangkok police has tried using pink armbands with the cute Hello Kitty cartoon character.
 In Vietnam during the colonial period, Hanoi had the problem of too many rats.  The French tried to solve the problem by paying for dead rats.  This was intended to bring down the number of rats. Instead, it led to the breeding of rats.

Related pages
 Cobra effect
 Conflict of interest
 Invasive species
 Moral hazard
 Tragedy of the commons

References

Economics
Flounders are a group of flatfish species. The term is used for a number of flatfish who only related by being in the suborder Pleuronectoidei: (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae).

Floinders live at the bottom of coastal lagoons and estuaries of the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.  When flounder are hatched they have one eye on each side of its head. As they grow one eye moves until they have both eyes on the same side of the head.

Industrial overfishing has reduced the population to one-tenth of its original size, and the individuals left are smaller. They rarely have the time to grow to full size.

Taxonomy
Flounder have many species.

Western Atlantic
Gulf Flounder - Paralichthys albigutta
Southern flounder - Paralichthys lethostigma
Summer flounder (also known as fluke) - Paralichthys dentatus
Winter flounder - Pseudopleuronectes americanus

European waters
European flounder - Platichthys flesus

Northwestern Pacific
Olive flounder - Paralichthys olivaceus

Habitat
Flounder feed at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs. They have been found at the bottom of the Mariana trench, the deepest known ocean canyon. Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Don Walsh reached a depth of .  They were surprised to discover flounder about 30 cm long.

A flounder's food is mainly fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish.  Flounder normally grow to a length of , and as large as . Their width is about half their length.

References 

Flatfish
Tecnológico de Antioquia - University Institution (TdeA), also known as Tecnológico de Antioquia, is an institution of higher education in Colombia, located in the department of Antioquia, which offers technical training programs, technological, professional and advanced training university . Its headquarters are located in the city of Medellín. Currently Tech is considered one of the best colleges of Colombia.

References 

 Tecnológico de Antioquia 
 TdeA-tv
 Tecnológico de Antioquia on Twitter

Colombia
Colleges and universities in South America
The Rossendale Valley (also called the Forest of Rossendale) is an area North West England, in Lancashire. The area is in Rossendale. It is made up of the steep valleys of the River Irwell and its tributaries. These flow from the Pennines. They then go south into Greater Manchester. They cut through the open moorland. The area has a lot of these, even though a long time ago they were called "forests".

There are two Marilyns in the hills. These are Hail Storm Hill and Freeholds Top.

The geology of the area is layers of gritstone, coal and sand and gravel left behind by glaciers. These rocks were cut by rivers, the Irwell and its tributaries, to make steep valleys. These are 600 feet high. Woodland on the steep slopes includes remnants of ancient woodland but other areas are more recently planted.

The Rossendale Valley is recognised by the steep valley of the River Irwell and its tributaries. Textile mills and chimneys and gritstone houses are what most buildings are. Roads are mostly found in the narrow valley.

The valley was part of the medieval Forest of Rossendale. People living there in the Middle Ages would have been in "booths" or farmsteads and movement into the forest would have turned them into small hamlets.

References

Other websites 
 Higher Mill Textile Museum 

Lancashire
Valleys
An evolutionary grade is a group of species at the same level of organisation.

It refers to a group of animals or plants which are very similar, but which are not a clade. They have a similar morphological or physiological complexity, and they are often adapted to the same way of life.

The term was coined by Julian Huxley, to contrast with clade, which is a strictly phylogenetic unit. The use of 'grade' as a term in biology was strongly supported by Ernst Mayr, who also pointed out that the term had been used for some time before cladism.

Background 
An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by similarities. These similarities led to their being given a name. But now to be a clade, the whole group from the first known member to the present day must be included.

The most commonly cited example is that of reptiles. In the early 19th century, tetrapods were put in the four familiar classes of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. In this system, reptiles are defined by traits such as laying cleidoic eggs, having skin covered in scales or scutes, and having a 'cold-blooded' metabolism.

However, we now know that amphibia gave rise to early egg-laying amniotes. These gave rise to sauropsids (the ancestors of reptiles and birds) and synapsids (the ancestors of mammals. 'Reptile' is just a common term for those sauropsids which survived to the present day, minus the birds. As an everyday word, everyone understands it. But as a modern scientific term, it is no longer good, and is less used.

Paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa often represent evolutionary grades. In some cases paraphyletic taxa are united simply by not being part of any other groups, and give rise to so-called wastebasket taxa.

Examples 

 Bryophytes were long considered a natural group, defined as those land plants which lacked vascular systems. Molecular evidence shows that the bryophytes are not monophyletic since mosses, liverworts and hornworts are in fact separate lineages, with mosses closest to vascular plants.  However, the three clades have a similar degree of complexity, and the "bryophyte grade" is a useful benchmark when analysing early plants  it gives information about the status of fossils which cannot always be classified into living groups.
 Fish represent a grade, as they have given rise to the land vertebrates. In fact, the three traditional classes of fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) all represent evolutionary grades. Obviously, everyone will go on using the word fish; this just makes the point that they are not a monophyletic clade.
 Dinosaurs plus birds are a proper monophyletic group. Otherwise they are not.
 Labyrinthodonts are an evolutionary grade, and the group is no longer a term in taxonomy.
 Synapsids cannot be a clade unless the mammals are included.
 Nautiloids. Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group with shared primitive features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are an evolutionary grade which is thought to have given rise to both ammonoids and coleoids.

References 

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
The national flag of Belgium has three equal vertical bands of black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the colours of the Duchy of Brabant.

Belgium
Belgian culture
The coat of arms of Belgium has a lion as its charge. It is called the Leo Belgicus, Latin for the Belgian lion.  The colors used are red, yellow and black, the same as on the flag.  The motto is "Unity makes strength".

Belgium
Belgian culture
Government of Belgium
"Unity makes strength" (, ; ; ) is the national motto of Belgium.  It was also taken on by Bulgaria and Haiti.

History

Netherlands

The motto was first used in 1550. It came from the Latin phrase "concordia res parvae crescunt" (small states flourish by concord). The new Dutch Republic took over the phrase as its motto. It was on several of its coins and coats of arms. 

The French were in the Netherlands from 1795 to 1813, first as the Batavian Republic then the Kingdom of Holland. Early on the national motto was changed to "Gelykheid, Vryheid, Broederschap" (Equality, Liberty, Fraternity). From 1802 to 1810 'Unity makes strength' was used again. In 1816, it switched to the House of Orange motto 'Je maintiendrai'.

Haiti 
The motto was chosen  by the Republic of Haiti  after  the revolution and subsequent independence of  the  slaves of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1803. The newly created state of Haiti became officially independent on January 1st,1804 following the capitulation of the French troops at the Battle of Vertieres of November 18,1803. The coat of arms of the republic of Haiti carries the french version of the motto  "L'Union fait la force". The Republic of Haiti is often referred to as the world's First Black Republic.

Belgium 

The motto was used by Belgium after its Revolution of 1830.  It was first only in its French form "L'union fait la force".

USA

The motto of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City started by Dutch settlers, is still "Eendraght maeckt maght". The motto Eendragt maakt magt also appears on the badge of the police force of Holland, Michigan.

Bulgaria
After Ferdinand of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took over the throne of the Principality of Bulgaria,  the country started to use Belgium's motto of L'union fait la force (in Bulgarian: Съединението прави силата). Although Unity makes strength meet in various projects on the coat of arms of Bulgaria in the post-liberation years, it officially became part of it only in 1927. After 1948, the motto dropped from the new Dimitrov Constitution, but remained on the facade of the National Assembly. Following the changes in 1989 and the adoption of a new Constitution of Bulgaria in 1991, the motto has been restored.

South African Republic
On 17 January 1852 the United Kingdom, ruler of the Cape Colony, made the South African Republic free. "Eendragt maakt magt" was the motto on the new state's shield. In 1888 the republic decided Dutch was its official language.

Malaysia
An early design of the coat of arms used between 1948 and 1963 used a variation of the motto, "Unity is Strength".  It was in both English and Jawi. After three more states were added into the federation in 1963, the English motto of the arms was replaced by a rough Malay translation, Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu (literally "Unity Improves Quality"). The Jawi motto remained unchanged.

Belgian culture
Bulgaria
Haiti
Mottos
The Belgian Federal Parliament is a bicameral parliament.  It has the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate. It sits in the Palace of the Nation.

Chamber of Representatives 
The number of seats in the Chamber is 150.  They are elected from 11 districts. The districts are divided along linguistic lines: 5 Flemish (79 seats), 5 Walloon (49 seats), and the bilingual district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (22 seats). 

To be elected a person must be at least 21 years old, have Belgium citizenship, and live in Belgium.

Senate 
Till the general elections of 2014, the Senate had 71 members. There were four categories of senators: directly elected senators, community senators, co-opted senators and senators by right. Co-opted senators were 10 representatives elected by the first two groups of senators. Senators by right were the children of the current monarch.

Since 2014, the Senate has 60 members. There are only two categories of senators: community senators (50) and co-opted senators (10).

Eligibility requirements for the Senate are the same as for the Chamber.

Government of Belgium
National legislatures
Francesco Maria Piave (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian writer. He wrote the librettos (the story and words) for many operas. He is most famous for the librettos he wrote for operas composed by Giuseppe Verdi.

Life
Piave was born in Murano, an island in Venice. At first, he studied to be a Catholic priest. He stopped studying to be a priest and went to Rome. In Rome, he studied philosophy and writing. He wrote poems and stories for newspapers  but he is most famous for his opera librettos. He wrote more than 60 librettos. The first one was for Giovanni Pacini's opera,  in 1842. In 1844, he wrote the libretto for Verdi's opera Ernani. Piave and Verdi became very good friends, For twenty years, they wrote many letters to each other. Piave wrote nine more opera librettos for Verdi. The last libretto he wrote for him was .

Piave also worked as a stage director (someone who decides how plays and operas are performed). He worked as a stage director for the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. Later (1859), he worked as a stage director at La Scala in Milan.  In 1867, Piave had a stroke (a problem in the brain caused by lack of blood). He lived for eight more years, but he could not move or speak. Verdi gave money to help Piave's wife and family. In 1876, Piave died in Milan. Verdi paid for his funeral.

Piave's librettos for Giuseppe Verdi
Ernani (1844)
(1844)
Attila (1846)
Macbeth (1847)
 (1848)
 (1850)
Rigoletto (1851)
La traviata (1853)
Simon Boccanegra (1857)
La forza del destino (1862)

Sources
Budden, Julian (2008). Verdi, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.   
. "Piave, Francesco Maria". Treccani 
Phillips-Matz,  Mary Jane (1993). Verdi: A Biography. Oxford University Press. 

Italian writers
Opera
1810 births
1876 deaths
People from Venice
Alexis Valoran Reich (born December 11, 1964) is an American trans woman formerly known as John Mark Karr who in 2006 falsely confessed to the murder of JonBenét Ramsey. She used to be a school teacher. In 2010 she went through a hormone-replacement surgery and she transitioned and lives as a woman.

References 

1964 births
Living people
American criminals
American sex offenders
American teachers
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Transgender and transsexual people
Educators from Georgia (US)
Aristarkh Lentulov  (4 January 1882  15 April 1943) was a major Russian avant-garde artist who also worked on set designs for the theatre. His work shows strong influences of fauvism and cubism.

Biography 
Aristarkh Lentulov was born in Penza Oblast, 625 kilometers (388 mi) southeast of Moscow, into the family of a country priest. He studied art in the Penza and Kiev art schools from 1897 to 1905. Then he went to the private studio of Dmitry Kardovsky in St Petersburg in 1906. 

He lived in Moscow from 1909, and he was one of the founders of the avant-garde Jack of Diamonds group. 

From 1910 to 1911 Lentulov studied at the Le Fauconnier studio and the La Palette Academy in Paris. While there, he met contemporary French painters  such as Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Fernand Léger and Robert Delaunay. He took in the fauvists' and cubists' principles, and developed his own colourful style of painting. Later, after his return to Russia in 1912, he became a big influence on what became Russian futurism. Wassily Kandinsky and Kazimir Malevich were both influenced by him. 

From pre-revolutionary times, Lentulov was actively involved in various theatrical projects. He designed sets for the Kamerny Theatre 1916) and for a production of Scriabin's Prometheus in the Bolshoi Theatre in 1919.

In 1928 Lentulov entered into the Society of Moscow artists, and became chairman of the Society. He also started teaching at the Russian State Art and Technical School.

Lentulov died in Moscow and is buried in the Vagankovo Cemetery.

Related pages 

 Kazimir Malevich

References

Other websites 

Artcyclopedia Links to Lentulov's works
Virtual Museum  Biography

1882 births
1943 deaths
Russian painters
Russian artists
Wimbledon is a 2004 British romantic comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Richard Loncraine. It stars Paul Bettany as Peter Colt and Kirsten Dunst as Lizzie Bradbury. They are tennis players who meet at the Wimbledon Championships at which they are both competing. Sam Neill plays Lizzie's father Dennis Bradbury.

Release dates

Other websites 
 
 
 

2004 romance movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2004 comedy-drama movies
2000s romantic drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
British romantic comedy movies
British romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in London
David Vamplew (born 1 September 1987, Fife, Scotland) is a professional poker player. He has earned nearly 3 million dollars in tournaments, with over 4 million total career earnings.  Vamplew lives in Edinburgh, Scotland.  He got a degree in maths from Edinburgh University  in 2009.

The first time he won money in a professional tournament was for 106th-place finish in the 2010 World Series of Poker. He earned $2,500. He won the championship of the European Poker Tour in London, 2010. For this win, he earned $1.400,00. The next day, he won the UK & Ireland Poker Tour "Champion of Champions" title.

In the 2013 World Series of Poker, he came 2nd for $342,450 in event 2, losing heads-up to Trevor Pope, 16th in event 45 for $7,697, and 2nd in event 53 for $413,157 losing again heads-up to Brett Shaffer.

References

Other websites
Statistics from Card Player

Poker players
1987 births
Living people
Scottish people
People from Fife
, also romanized Rokkokushi, is a general term for Japan's six earliest national histories.   These six books chronicle the mythology and history of Japan from the earliest times to AD 887.

History
The six histories were written at the Imperial court during the eighth and ninth centuries.  These works include
Nihon shoki (Chronicle of Japan, also called Nihongi), 720
Shoku Nihongi (Continued Chronicle of Japan, also called Shokki), 797
Nihon kōki (Later Chronicle of Japan), 840
Shoku Nihon kōki (Continued Later Chronicle of Japan), 869
Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku (True Record of Emperor Montoku of Japan; also called Montoku jitsuroku), 879
Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (True Record of Three Generations [of Emperors] of Japan; also called Sandai jitsuroku), 901

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran

References

Further reading
 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. 

History of Japan
The Belgian Revolution was the secession of the Southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It made an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

The people of the southern part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands were mostly Roman Catholic and the elite was French-speaking.  They did not like the Protestant King William I's rule, or that he had revoked certain special privileges granted to the Catholic Church.

On August 25, 1830 riots started in Brussels and shops were looted. There was an opera playing about liberty of the fatherland, and the theatre-goers joined the rioters. The King sent troops to stop the riots.

A battle took place in Brussels. The French came to support the breakaway province of Belgium.  Belgium won the battle and became an independent country.  Leopold I was made "King of the Belgians" in 1831.  It took until 1839 for the Dutch to say Belgium was independent.  They signed the Treaty of London.

19th century in Belgium
Revolutions
Wars involving Belgium
Wars involving France
Wars involving the Netherlands
Wars of independence
1830
1831
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) is the unofficial name used for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  This was after it was first made from part of the First French Empire and before the new Kingdom of Belgium split off from it in 1830. Most of it is still today the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It was made up of the former Dutch Republic to the north, the former Austrian Netherlands to the south, and the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The House of Orange-Nassau were the monarchs.

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ended after the 1830 Belgian Revolution. William I, King of the Netherlands did not recognize a Belgian state until 1839.  He was made to sign the Treaty of London. Only at this time were borders agreed.

1815 establishments in Europe
History of Belgium
1839 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Europe
The Treaty of London of 1839 was a treaty signed on 19 April 1839 between the European great powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium. It is also known as the First Treaty of London, the Convention of 1839, and the London Treaty of Separation.

This treaty was needed because the Netherlands would not sign the 1831 'Treaty of the XXIV Articles'.  This treaty said that Belgium was its own country.  It confirmed the independence of the German speaking part of Luxembourg. The most important part of the treaty was that Belgium should always be neutral.  Also, those who signed the treaty would have to protect Belgium if it was attacked.

The treaty is said to be a part of the cause of World War I. When the German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914, the UK (the United Kingdom) declared war only days later on 4th August. All in all there were many countries declaring war on each other.

References

19th century in Belgium
19th century in the Netherlands
History of Luxembourg
London 1839
World War I
1839
1830s in the United Kingdom
International call prefix: 00
Trunk prefix: 0

A telephone number in Belgium is nine or ten digits dialed on a telephone to make a call. Belgium is under a closed telephone numbering plan.  It keeps the trunk code, '0', for all national dialling.

Overview and structure
Area codes in Belgium are one or two digits long.  All Belgian telephone numbers dialed in Belgium must use the leading '0' trunk code. 

From outside Belgium, a caller would dial their international call prefix (typically 00 in Europe and 011 in North America), followed by 32 (the country code for Belgium), then the area code minus the trunk code '0', and finally the local number.

Mobile/GSM area codes always begin with 04xx and the subscriber number is six digits long.

Area codes
 010:  Wavre (Waver)
 011:  Hasselt
 012:  Tongeren (Tongres)
 013:  Diest
 014:  Geel, Herentals, Turnhout
 015:  Mechelen (Malines)
 016:  Leuven (Louvain), Tienen (Tirlemont)
 019:  Waremme (Borgworm)
 02:   Brussels (Bruxelles/Brussel)
 03:   Antwerpen (Antwerp), Sint-Niklaas
 04:   Liège (Luik), Voeren (Fourons)
 050:  Brugge (Bruges), Zeebrugge
 051:  Roeselare (Roulers)
 052:  Dendermonde (Termonde)
 053:  Aalst (Alost)
 054:  Ninove
 055:  Ronse (Renaix)
 056:  Kortrijk (Courtrai), Comines-Warneton (Komen-Warneton),  Mouscron (Moeskroen)
 057:  Ieper (Ypres)
 058:  Veurne (Furnes)
 059:  Oostende (Ostend)
 060:  Chimay
 061:  Bastogne, Libramont-Chevigny
 063:  Arlon (Aarlen)
 064:  La Louvière
 065:  Mons (Bergen)
 067:  Nivelles (Nijvel)
 068:  Ath (Aat)
 069:  Tournai (Doornik)
 070:  Specialty Numbers (i.e. bus information or bank information)
 071:  Charleroi
 080:  Stavelot
 0800: toll free service
 081:  Namur (Namen)
 082:  Dinant
 083:  Ciney
 084:  Jemelle, Marche-en-Famenne
 085:  Huy (Hoei)
 086:  Durbuy
 087:  Verviers
 089:  Genk
 09:   Gent (Ghent/Gand)
 090x: Premium numbers (0900, 0901, 0902, 0903, 0904, 0905, 0906, 0907, 0908, 0909)*

Telephone numbers
Belgium
The solo concerto is a concerto that includes a single soloist, with accompaniment from the entire orchestra. It originated in the Baroque period, and remained throughout the years to be popular among many composers.  Although it is not true for many solo concerti, it could be said that the genre typically has three movements, the first and the last being fast-paced and lively, broken up by a more lyrical, slower second movement.

Giuseppe Torelli was one of the first composers to write solo concerti, written in 1698; however Vivaldi could be credited to making the three-movement form as typical of this genre.  Later, Handel wrote many solo concerti for different types of soloist, as before then they had mainly been only for violin.

The Classical period then used solo concerti to great effect, and developed to make the solos more virtuosic.  Many of Beethoven’s and Mozart’s more famous works were solo concerti.

The early Romantic period had many solo concerti, written by well-known composers such as Mendelssohn, and were not too different from those of the classical era.  However, later in this period, the solos became even more virtuosic, meaning that only brilliant players could ever play them.  Along  with this, the structures and textures became denser, helped by the excessive size that was commonplace during the era.

Finally, 20th century music carried on the rich works of the Romantic era.  However, when neoclassic genres came about, many classical-style solo concerti were written once again.

Concertos
Phidias, or Pheidias (about 480430 BC) was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect. His statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 

He also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Acropolis. These were the Athena Parthenos inside the Parthenon and the Athena Promachos, a bronze statue of Athena near the entrance to the Acropolis. 

Phidias was twice accused of stealing some of the costly materials he used. He was accused of taking some of the ivory for the Athena Parthenos; and at Olympia, of stealing some of the gold for Zeus' cloak. A false witness against Phidias testified. Phidias died in prison. Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of ancient Greek sculptors.

References 

Ancient Greece
Olympia, Greece
Sculptors
5th-century BC births
430s BC deaths