cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance.

Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form. Not all combinations of atoms are equally possible; atoms make certain shapes in preference to others.  Also, they have different valency.  For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms, carbon atoms always have four bonds with other atoms, and nitrogen atoms always have three bonds with other atoms.

In the kinetic theory of gases, the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are in fact monoatomic molecules.

In gases like air, the molecules are just flying around. In liquids like water, the molecules are stuck together but they can still move. In solids like sugar, the molecules can only vibrate.  In the fourth state of matter known as plasma, the atoms are ionized and cannot form molecules.

With a molecular formula, you can write down the numbers of all atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. That means that one molecule of glucose is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms.

Bonding 

For a molecule to exist, atoms have to stick together. This happens when two atoms share electrons. Instead of circling just one atom, the electron now circles around two. This is called a covalent bond.  Sometimes, more than one electron is shared. The more electrons are shared, the stronger the bond gets and the stronger the atoms stick together.

Bonds can also be broken apart. Since most bonds require energy to form, they also give off energy when they are broken. But before most bonds break, the molecule has to be heated. Then the atoms start to move, and when they move too much, the bond breaks. Molecules that require less energy to break than they give off when broken are called fuels. For example, a candle will just sit there and nothing happens. But when you use a match to light it, it will burn for a long time. The match brings the energy to break the first bonds, which release enough energy to break the bonds below them, until the candle has burned down.

There are also ionic bonds.

References

Other websites 
 Molecule of the Month - School of Chemistry, University of Bristol
 Antibody Molecule - The National Health Museum
 Data Book of Molecules - Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry

Chemistry
A national anthem is a country's official national song that the people of a country use to remember and respect their country.

Some countries, like Spain, have a national anthem which has no lyrics (words of a song)

Note

Related pages

 List of national anthems
 National flag
Niihau (or Niʻihau) is the smallest of the inhabited islands of Hawaii, in the United States. It has a land area of 70 sq. miles (184 km2). It is the oldest of the eight main islands.

Ownership
The whole island is owned by the Robinson family. They bought it from the Kingdom of Hawaii for $10,000. It was said that the buyer, Elizabeth Sinclair (later Sinclair-Robinson), liked the island better than other places such as Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, and the island of Lanai. There is a small US Navy base where a handful of Navy people work.

Inhabitants
The island has a few hundred permanent inhabitants. Almost all of them are native Hawaiians. They support themselves largely with small family farms. Many work for the ranch owned by the Robinsons. The native Hawaiians lead a rural, low-tech life. They speak the Hawaiian language and keep traditions alive. This is because Ms. Sinclair promised to help preserve Hawaiian culture and tradition when she bought the island. Niihau is the only one of the Hawaiian islands where the Hawaiian language is the main language.

Tourism
Niihau is also known as the "Forbidden Island". This is due to the fact that until recently, the island was off-limits to all but family members, US Navy personnel, government officials and expressly invited guests. Now, tourists can go on one of a limited number of supervised tours or hunting safaris.

Beaches
On the beaches of the island are found shells which are the only shells to be classified as gems. Niihau shells and the jewelry made from them are very popular. Many, especially those with darker and richer color, are collectors items. The sale of shells and shell jewelry brings extra money for the local people.

Islands of Hawaii
The Nēnē, or Hawaiian goose (Branta sandvicensis) is a species of goose. It is found today on only three Hawaiian islands. It gets its name from its soft call.

This is an unmistakable species, with its generally brown plumage (feathers) and darker head. Its strong toes have much reduced webbing (skin between the toes), an adjustment to the lava flows on which it breeds. The Nēnē goes about on land much more than other water birds. When moulting (dropping old feathers and growing new ones), the Nēnē cannot fly, as do other geese, a factor which made it vulnerable to hunting.

The Nēnē was once among the most threatened waterfowl species around the world. Once common, hunting and predators brought to the islands such as mongooses, pigs and cats reduced the population to only 30 birds in the 1950s. However, this species breeds well in captivity (zoos and bird parks), and has been successfully re-introduced. There are also good numbers in wild bird collections.

The Nēnē is the state bird of Hawaii.

References

Geese
Internet slang is slang words which are used on the internet. Most of these words are new, such as Wiki and blog, which were not used before the internet became popular.

Some old words were given new meanings, such as mail (which now means email).  This makes many metaphors on the Internet, such as boot (which otherwise mean a shoe) and link (which otherwise means a joint in a metal chain).  Some existing acronyms, such as "AFK" (To mean "Away from keyboard") and "IRL" (To mean "In real life") were used on bulletin board systems before the internet became popular.  These are now used on the internet, such as in chat rooms and on instant messenger software.

People have also created some verbs and adjectives to describe things that only happen on the internet:

 To flame - to send offensive messages, usually in chat rooms, forums, instant messaging software or email.
 To ping - to send some data to another computer and see how long it takes for the data to come back.

Shorthand words 
Shorthand is where a word is written in a shorter way because it is quicker and easier to type. It is also done to fit more text into a limited space.

Internet slang uses many acronyms because they are quicker and easier to type.  They are often shorthand for common phrases and idioms, but they can show somebody's emotions and their certainty.

Leet speak 
Leet speak (written as: L33T or 1337) is the most common language on MMORPGs because rude words are not stopped by filters. This language is changing all the time because new words are made and used. A lot of the words use numbers instead of letters but some were made because of typing errors which are now done on purpose. Also, some suffixes are used, such as -age and -ness.

Some of the numbers and symbols used instead of letters are in the table below.
The words nature and natural are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. Things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies and much more are part of nature. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts.

There are natural sciences that study different parts of nature, for example the science of ecology is about plants and animals as a whole, while biology studies every type of living thing.

From one point of view, humans are a prime example of nature, and are the most widely studied natural inhabitants of the planet earth. Humans interact with each other in their natural environment on a day-to-day basis. Every part of nature  everything from the air outside to the dirt on the ground  is interdependent. Medicine studies humans in health and sickness. 

From another point of view, humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. Nature is often seen by humans as natural resources. People cut down trees, mine ores, and grow crops. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke and harm many places. People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many more people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious.

Nature, in the broadest sense, means the physical world as a whole. This is the meaning that physics, the study of nature (etymologically), takes.

A useful definition of natural is 
"Happening or operating in accordance with the ordinary course of nature". Oxford Shorter English Dictionary says the word in this sense is first found in 1477.

Related pages 
 Human timeline
 Life timeline
 Nature timeline
Nature versus nurture

Other websites

References 

 
Bionics
Negentropy is reverse entropy. It means things becoming more in order. By 'order' is meant organisation, structure and function: the opposite of randomness or chaos. One example of negentropy is a star system such as the Solar System. Another example is life. 

As a general rule, everything in the universe tends towards entropy. Star systems eventually become dead. All energy has gone, and everything in the system is at the temperature of the surrounding space. The opposite of entropy is negentropy. It is a temporary condition in which certain things are hotter and more highly organised than the surrounding space. This is the second law of thermodynamics:
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.

Life is considered to be negentropic because it converts things which have less order, such as food, into things with more order, such as cells in the body, tissues, and organs. In doing so, it gives off heat.  Another example of negentropic things are societies, or social systems, because they take disorderly things such as communications, and make them more orderly and useful.

Notes 

Thermodynamics
North America is a large continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres of Earth. It is to the east of the Pacific Ocean, the west of the Atlantic Ocean, the south of the Arctic Ocean, and it is the northern part of the Americas. The southernmost part is Central America. It is the third largest continent in the world, after Asia and Africa. North America has a population of around 371 million and is the 4th most populous continent in the world. 

Hundreds of millions of years ago, North America was part of a larger ancient supercontinent named Laurasia. A few million years ago, a new land bridge arose and connected North America to South America. Beringia connected North America to Siberia a few times during ice ages in the past 20,000 years. North America has many warm tropical islands such as the Bahamas. North America is currently north of South America.

Countries

Related pages
 Central America
 South America

 
Laurasia
Now is the time span between the past and the future. It can be long (like an eon in geologic time) or short (like a picosecond) but it is almost always used to refer to the span between the present instant to some time horizon when a decision must be made. It can be used to ask or demand that someone make a decision even if they want to delay.

"I want to know what you think, now."

"What do you think now?"

"Now is the time for all good people to come to the aid of their country."

Mathematics and measurement assume that everything used in one equation equals the same quantities at the beginning of calculation or axiomatization as at the end. That means it is mathematically correct to say that the idea of "equal" means "equal from the time the process starts to the time it ends." In General Semantics and E Prime the words equal, remain (for the past until now) and become (for now into the future) replace the verb "to be" for this reason.

Algebra is now often called snapshot algebra or algebra of seeing because of this dependence on time. If any action or event were possible between steps in algebraic analysis, then, in theory, one would have to start over as if one had no knowledge of the new state at all. For these reasons the idea of statistics and also knowledge and knowledge management are sometimes questioned, for instance, in the book Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics. A major issue is the comparing of numbers gathered in the past, and now, after some key conditions change.

Basic English 850 words
One (1) is the first natural number, followed by two.
It represents a single item.
A human typically has one head, nose, mouth, and navel (belly-button).
The Roman numeral for one is I.

Mathematics 
In mathematics, 1 is the multiplicative identity. It is sometimes called the "unity". It is also the only number for which these special facts are true:
 Any number  multiplied by 1 equals that number: . For example, .
 Any number  divided by 1 equals that number: . For example, .
 Any number , other than 0, divided by itself always equals 1: . For example: .
 1 cannot be divided by any other number bigger than itself so that the result is a natural number.

In mathematics, 0.999... is a repeating decimal that is equal to 1. Many proofs have been made to show this is correct.

Computer science 
The number one is important for computer science, because the binary numeral system uses only 1s and 0s to represent numbers. In machine code and many programming languages, one means "true" (or "yes") and zero means "false" (or "no").

Other meanings 
 In Germany and Austria, one is the grade for "very good". It is the best grade of six possible grades in Germany, and the best of five possible grades in Austria. In the Netherlands, one is the lowest grade, and ten the highest. In Poland, one is also the lowest grade, but the highest is six.
 In numerology, the number one is a symbol for everything (unity), the beginning, and God.

Related pages 

 Zero
Mathematical constant

References 

Integers
Natural numbers
Square numbers
O Canada is the national anthem of Canada. 

Calixa Lavallée wrote the music; Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the words in French. It was first sung in French in 1880. Robert Stanley Weir wrote English words for the song in 1908.

It was sung as the national anthem for many years before the government made it official on 1 July (Canada Day) in 1980. 

Here are the words, explained in Simple English:

 O Canada! Our home and native land, 
 True patriot love in all of us command! 
 With glowing hearts we see thee rise 
 The True North strong and free, 
 From far and wide, O Canada, 
 We stand on guard for thee. 
 God keep our land glorious and free! 
 O Canada, we stand on guard for thee; 
 O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.

("Canada, our home and the country where we were born, everything we do is for you! With joy we watch you get better and better. You are the True North, strong and free. Our citizens come from all over the earth and we watch over you to keep you safe. God, please keep our land good and free! O Canada, we watch over you to keep you safe.")

Here are the words in French. The words in French and English do not mean the same thing.

 Ô Canada! Terre de nos aïeux, 
 Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux! 
 Car ton bras sait porter l'épée, 
 Il sait porter la croix! 
 Ton histoire est une épopée 
 Des plus brillants exploits. 
 Et ta valeur de foi trempée 
 Protégera nos foyers et nos droits; 
 Protégera nos foyers et nos droits. 

("Canada, land of our parents and grandparents, you wear a crown of beautiful flowers! You can carry a sword, and you can carry a cross (for Christianity); your whole history is full of the great things you have done. You are brave and faithful, and this will protect our homes and our rights.")

References

Canada
National anthems
Oahu (or Oʻahu) is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It means "the gathering place" (a place where people meet) in the Hawaiian language. Most of the people of Hawaii live there (1.2 million of the state's 1.7 million in the mid-1990s). The total land area is . Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is on this island. Other well-known places on Oahu are Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kaneohe Bay, and both the North Shore and Makaha (which are famous for very big ocean waves).

History
Kamehameha I made Oahu his capital when he became the first king of Hawaii. Iolani Palace was built later on by others of the royal family. It is the only royal palace on American soil. 

Oahu was perhaps the first of the Hawaiian Islands which the crew of HMS Resolution saw on 18 January 1778. This was during Captain James Cook's third Pacific Ocean trip. Europeans did not land on Oahu until 28 February 1779 when Captain Clerke of the HMS Resolution stepped ashore at Waimea Bay. Clerke took command of the ship after Captain Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14.

Economy
Today, Oahu has become a tourism and shopping center. Almost 7 million visitors (mainly from the American mainland and Japan) go there every year to enjoy the special island holiday found only in Hawaii.

Oahu in TV
Oahu can be seen in hundreds of movies and TV shows. Some of them are Magnum, P.I., Lost, Hawaii Five-O and Jake and the Fatman.

Islands of Hawaii
Open content is when someone creates something and lets others copy it or change it without having to ask for permission. Any media can be open content, from text and pictures to video and sound.

When someone creates something (like a picture or book), they can make that work "open".  This means that other people are allowed to copy it and change it if they want.  Something that is open content may be free of charge, but it does not have to be. 

The Simple English Wikipedia is open content. So are other Wikipedias. If a person changes open content or makes new open content, everyone can give it to anyone else, or even sell it. It is never needed to ask permission to do this, because the people who wrote the text already gave their permission when they clicked the "save" button.

License 

The rules that say how people can use, change and pass around open content are called a license. A license explains exactly what you are allowed to do with the content that falls under it. Licenses are often written in difficult language (legal jargon), but many licenses have summaries that are much easier to understand.

The makers of open content get to choose what license to use for their work, and everyone else has to follow it. Only the maker, who owns the copyright, can change it to another license.  Most open content licenses say that when others change the work, they must also declare it to be open and under the same license.  This is called share-alike and means that anything based on work will always be open content.

All the content in Wikipedia is open under the rules of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, a very well-known open content license. Another well-known open content license is the GNU Free Documentation License.

Related pages   
 Free software
 Author
 Open source
 Content license

References 

Software
Art
Free content
The word oil is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water.

Vegetable oils are made from plants. Many are used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (corn), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.

Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil (petroleum) which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil up to the surface. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, and fuel oil. Plastics are among the Petrochemicals made from crude oil or natural gas. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.

Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soap(s) are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fat(s) rather than oils.

Oil is also made for various purposes including synthetic fuel and lubricant.

Basic English 850 words
 
Hydrocarbons
OK (okay) is a word in the English language. It is used to mean that something is good or correct. It is the opposite of the word bad.

It can often be used instead of the word Yes.  It is not certain where the word "OK" originally comes from, but some experts say it came from a funny way of writing "Ol Korrect" (All correct). 

It is also the two-letter abbreviation for the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America.

You also find the phrase "Ola kala" in Greek, which means 'All Correct".

For Example:

I think it is 'ok' to present this project in our office.

Background
The term appears to have achieved prominence in the United States in 1840, when supporters of the American Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook," a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "'Vote for OK' was snappier than using his Dutch name."  In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in okay's history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.

Notes

Words
An oxymoron  is a term for a figure of speech.   It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.

For example, the phrases "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", and "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word.

You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open.

The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'.

Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round.

Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "glutted peasant" is an oxymoron. This means that peasants are usually hungry, if the word 'peasant' is opposite to 'glutted'

Related pages

Paradox
 Trope

References

Logic
Figures of speech
A page can be different things:

 Usually, a page is a physical sheet of paper in a book, magazine, newspaper etc. When a page is not in a book (etc.) it is a sheet or piece of paper.

 When we talk about computers, a page is also a common abbreviation in net jargon for "webpage".  Here the page is not paper, it is a piece of information which we can see on a computer monitor at one time.  We can print it to make a real page.  But the information may not fit all on one page, and we can not change it when it is printed - we can change a web page.  So a webpage is not always the same even as a printed copy of that page.  This is a conceptual metaphor.  It can be confusing.  Someone who uses it is also likely to use other jargon.

 A page is also a boy or a young man who helps carry things and does small jobs for someone. Another word for this is a pageboy. 

 To page someone is to contact that person on their pager: this is a small electronic machine which makes a sound or gives someone a message. This is usually to call someone for a certain reason, for example: to call them down somewhere, or to ask them for something.
A pet is a domesticated animal that lives with people, but is not forced to work and is not eaten, in most instances. In most cases, a pet is kept to entertain people or for companionship. Some pets such as dogs and cats are placed in an animal shelter if there is no one willing to take care of them. If no one adopts it or the pet is too old/sick, the pet may be euthanized.

Dogs, cats, fish, rodents, lagomorphs, ferrets, birds, certain reptiles and amphibians, and a wide variety of arthropods such as tarantulas and hermit crabs are the most common pets in North America.  Horses, elephants, oxen, and donkeys are usually made to work, so they are not usually called pets.  Some dogs also do work for people, and it was once common for some birds (like falcons and carrier pigeons) to work for humans.

Rodents are also very popular pets. The most common are guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters (especially Syrian and dwarf hamsters), mice and rats.

Common Pets
The term Program can be used in many ways.

A program or programme can be a plan of how to do something. It tells the steps that we think we need to do to make something happen. For example, a government might make a program to improve the health of the people in part of a country by giving the people better food, by helping to kill insects that carry diseases, and by bringing more doctors. 
A computer program is something a computer uses to work. For example; computer games or web browsers 
Television program(me) is a show that is on television.
Radio program is similar to a television program but it is on the radio.
Webcast is similar to a television program but it is shown on the Internet.
12-step program is a way people use to stop doing something. Examples would be to stop drinking alcohol, stop smoking tobacco or stop using drugs.
an event program is a thing that lists the what will happen during an event such as an opera or auction.
A paradox is a sentence in logic that cannot be true but also cannot be false. It is self-contradictory. Many famous problems of this kind exist.

Liar's paradox
A famous paradox is called the liar's paradox. It is the simple sentence "This sentence is a lie", or equivalently, "This statement is false."

If the sentence is true, then it is a lie as it says.  But if it is a lie, it cannot be true. A lie cannot also be a truth. So the sentence being true makes it a lie.

On the other hand, if the sentence is a lie, then it is not as it says: it is true.  But that is just what the sentence says, which makes the content of the sentence true.  So the sentence being a lie makes it true.

This paradox is not just in English, but in any language. It is true of mathematics as well.  Paradox can never be removed from any symbol system that makes claims about itself.

Other examples
Another example is the statement that "there is no cabal".  Only a cabal can know if there is no cabal, so this is either a guess, or, it is a cabal trying to pretend it does not exist.

Not all paradoxes are true logical paradoxes, since they can also be common-sense-defying statements that appear true. Some famous examples of this kind of paradox include:
 Zeno's paradoxes of motion
 Simpson's paradox in statistics
 Grandfather paradox
Banach–Tarski paradox

Informal uses of "paradox" 
A paradox can also arise in ethics. Assuming power over others may sometimes be required to protect them while diminishing their right to autonomy. This is an ethical dilemma but not a logical paradox.

Related pages
 Contradiction
 Dilemma
 Irony
 Oxymoron
 Buttered cat paradox
 Thought experiment

References
A potato is a  vegetable, the Solanum tuberosum. It is a small plant with large leaves. The part of the potato that people eat is a tuber that grows under the ground.

A potato contains a lot of starch and other carbohydrates. Potato usually has a light-brown or yellowish skin and is white or yellow inside. If the potato gets light on it, the tuber turns green and will be poisonous.

History 
The potato is originally from the high and cool areas of the Andes mountains.  It was grown as a food crop thousands of years ago.  When Spanish conquistadores came to South America in the 1500s they took potatoes back to Europe. 

It took nearly 200 years for the potato to become a widely grown crop.  In the 1780s the farmers in Ireland began growing potatoes because they grew well in the poor soils.  They also have most of the vitamins that people need to live.  When a potato plague destroyed the crop in 1845 the Irish Potato Famine killed many people.

The potato plant is now grown in many different parts of the world. Captain William Bligh planted potatoes on Bruny Island, Tasmania in 1792.  In Australia they are now the largest vegetable crop.

Name origin 
The English word "potato" comes from the Spanish word "patata". The Royal Spanish Academy says the Spanish word is a hybrid of the Taíno  ('sweet potato')  and the Quechua  ('potato').

Types 
 Yukon Gold – developed in Canada
 Norgleam
 Bismark
 Coliban
 Russet
 Pontiac
 Sequoia
 Desiree – cream colored flesh, red skin
 Bintje
 Irish grown

Scientists in Germany have used genetic engineering to make a potato called the Amflora, which could be grown to make starch for making other things in factories.

Cooking 
Potatoes are almost always eaten cooked. People cook potatoes by boiling, baking, roasting, or frying them. French fries or "chips" are potatoes cut into long pieces and fried until they are soft. Potato chips, often called crisps, are potatoes cut into very thin round pieces and fried until they are hard. 

William Shakespeare wrote that the potato was an aphrodisiac, but there is no evidence to show this is true.

References 

Solanum
A prediction is a statement that someone makes about what they think is going to happen. It is often very helpful to know what is going to happen to help prepare for these future events. Predictions are based on the idea that two beginning positions that are like each other will have similar results. By watching something happen, it is possible to predict what will happen if something similar happens. Predictions are given by science or fortune tellers or horoscopes. 

The most common example of a prediction is the weather forecast. Studying how weather happens lets people predict what the weather will be by looking at what is currently happening. This is helpful because by knowing that it is going to rain, a person can wear the right clothes for it.

Nostradamus has made many predictions about the future.

Everyday life
Probability is a part of applied mathematics. It has to do with chance, the study of things that might happen or might not happen. 

For example, using probability, one can show that by throwing a coin up in the air and letting it land, half of the time it will land with one side facing up, and half of the time with the other side facing up. Many coins have a picture of the face of a famous person on one side, and something else on the other side. Often people call the side with the face "heads", and the other side "tails".

The probability (p) of an event E, written , is always between zero (impossible) and one (certain).

If we roll a die (plural: dice), then the chance that it will land on 1 is 1/6 (because there are 6 numbers on a die). Similarly, the chance it will land on 2 is also 1/6. The chance it will land on any number between 1 and 6 is 1, because every time we roll the die, it will always land on a number between 1 and 6.

Probability can be figured out using mathematics. For example, if one rolls six dice, the chance of them getting a number more than ten is not obvious, but can be figured out using math and science.

One of the most interesting things about chance is that to figure out the probability that two things will both happen, one usually multiply their two probabilities together. For example, suppose that one wants to know the probability of rolling two dice and getting a certain combination (it could be two 6s or a 3 then a 5, just any two). The possibility of getting a 3 is one in six (⅙), and the possibility of getting a 5 is also one in six, so the chances of getting a 3 then a 5 is ⅙×⅙=⅟36. If that number is expressed as somewhere between 0 and 1, it equals 0.027...7, which is fairly low. The possibility of getting a 3, then a 5, and then a 2 would be ⅙×⅙×⅙=⅟216 or 0.00463, which is a much lower probability.

Ideas of probability 
People like Jacob Bernoulli, Pierre-Simon Laplace, or Christiaan Huygens used the word probability, as described above. Other people thought about frequencies; the notion of probability is usually called frequency probability.

Related pages 
List of mathematics topics
 Probability density function
 Probability distribution
 Probability space
Probability theory
 Random
 Random variable
Stochastic process

References

Probability theory
Many people say the government stops people from having freedom of speech, freedom of religion and other political rights that people in other countries have. China still has one-party rule, and is not a democracy.

Territorial disputes 
The following territories are claimed by China (PRC and/or ROC) and by another country or more.

Diaoyu Islands (with Japan)
Nansha Archipelago (with Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines)
Xisha Archipelago (with Republic of China and Vietnam)
South Tibet - parts of Arunachal Pradesh (with Republic of India)
Aksai Chin - part of Kashmir (with Republic of India)

Lost territories (Unequal treaties) 
Unequal treaties were forced onto Asian countries when European imperialism reached Asia. 
The list includes claims from PRC and ROC, as well as unofficial historical claims.
Note: Japan's and Korea's unequal treaties have been resolved since the end of WWII.

 Mongolia (lost to independence)
 Tuva (lost to Russian Empire)
 Outer Manchuria (lost to Russian Empire)
 Kyrgyzstan (lost to Russian Empire)
 parts of Kazakhstan (lost to Russian Empire)
 parts of Myanmar (lost to British Empire)
 Bhutan (lost to British Empire)
Hong Kong (lost to British Empire) (returned to PRC with effect from 1 July 1997 under the Sino-British Joint Declaration)
 Macau (lost to Portugal) (transferred to PRC on 20 December 1999)
 Tonkin & Northern Annam (lost to France)
 Ryukyu Islands (lost to Japanese Empire)

See also 
Movies banned in China
1989 Tiananmen Square protests

Politics of China
A proper noun or proper name is a noun representing a unique thing (such as London, Jupiter, John Hunter, or Toyota), as opposed to a common noun, which represents a class of things (for example, city, planet, person or corporation). Proper nouns are the only nouns in English which have the first letter capitalized.  

In English, proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier (such as any or some), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or object without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have (for example, a town called "Newtown" may be, but does not necessarily have to be, a new [recently built] town).

Which nouns are considered proper names depends on language. For example, names of days and months are considered proper names in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, Slovenian or Finnish, where they are not capitalized.

References 

Parts of speech

no:Substantiv#Egennavn vs. fellesnavn
A plastic is a material that can change its shape easily. Many things are made of plastics, some types of wood can be made out of plastic, usually because making them to the right shape is easy and plastic, gives form to wood and other things. There are many types of plastic. Some can be shaped only when they are freshly made; then they become hard.  Others are thermoplastic and can be softened by heating them. These plastics can be used for 3D printing, because the plastic will become soft enough to form into different shapes, and then become hard again when they cool down.  

Most plastics are man-made; they do not occur in nature. The process of making plastics is usually quite complicated. Most of the materials that are called plastic are polymers. Polymers are long chains of atoms bonded to each other.  In most plastics, the long chain is a chain of carbon atoms with other atoms attached to them. The different atoms and the shape and length of the chains change how the plastic looks and works. 

People experimented with plastics based on natural polymers for a very long time. Alexander Parkes, an English inventor (1813-1890), created an early form of plastic in 1855. It was hard but flexible and transparent. He called it "Parkesine" but now it is called "Celluloid."

Old plastics are usually thrown away and put in landfills. Some plastics release toxic fumes when heated. Some plastics are recycled so they won't become waste. Some plastics have other materials added to them, like glass, because they make the plastic stronger and stiffer.

Plastics are mostly petrochemicals, made from natural gas or from petroleum, a type of oil. Chemical engineers refine the petroleum which goes through a heating process. It develops ethylene and propylene, which are the chemical building blocks for many plastics. These chemicals are then combined with other chemicals to produce a polymer.

Today, some of these plastics are also being made without oil. Instead, other sources like plants and bacteria are used to make the plastic. These plastics are called bioplastics. They are useful because they can be eaten by other bacteria instead of throwing them away.

Well-known plastics, and their use 
 Polyamide (usually called nylon)  Women's stockings, gears, car parts, toothbrush bristles
 Polycarbonate – bulletproof glass, compact discs, DVDs.
 Polyethylene – tubes, bottles, shopping bags, milk jugs, body armor (made with polyethylene with especially long chains)
 Polyethylene terephtalate (called PET when used for bottles, and polyester when used for clothes or other materials)
 Polypropylene - food containers, chairs
 Polystyrene - CD cases, plastic cups, plastic forks and knives
 Polyurethane - rubber, foam, shiny coatings on wood and tile
 Polyvinyl chloride (called PVC, usually) - pipes (chemicals can make PVC softer for toys and cushions)

References

Polymers
Polymer chemistry
Product stewardship includes waste disposal measures in the distribution of an industrial product.  That is, paying for the safe and proper disposal when you pay for the product, and relying on those who sold it to you, to dispose of it.  

The slightly more specific idea of product take-back means that the service of waste disposal is paid for at time of purchase.  It is often applied to paint, tires, and other goods that become toxic waste if not disposed of properly.  It is most familiar as the deposit bottle - where one pays for the loan of the bottle at the same time as one purchases what is inside it. The container deposit charged for a deposit bottle may be a fee to buy the bottle, separately from the fee to buy what it contains.  If one returns the bottle, the fee is returned, and the supplier must return the bottle for re-use or recycling.  If not, one has paid the fee, and presumably this can pay for landfill or litter control measures that dispose of say a broken bottle.  Also, since the same fee can be collected by anyone finding and returning the bottle, it is common for people to collect these and return them as a means of surviving.  This is quite common for instance among homeless people.

Legal requirements vary:  the bottle itself may be considered simple property of the purchaser of the contents, or, the purchaser may have some obligation to return the bottle to some depot so it can be recycled or re-used.   For the more toxic items, it is more likely that returning it is required:

This principle is applied very broadly beyond bottles to paint and automobile parts such as tires.  When purchasing paint or tires in many places, one simultaneously pays for the disposal of the toxic waste they become.  In some countries, such as Germany, law requires attention to the comprehensive outcome of the whole extraction, production, distribution, use and waste of a product, and holds those profiting from these legally responsible for any outcome along the way.  This is also the trend in the UK and EU generally.  In the United States, there have been many class action suits that are effectively product stewardship liability - holding companies responsible for things the product does, which it was never advertised to do.

Rather than let liability for these problems be taken up by the public sector or be haphazardly assigned one issue at a time to companies via lawsuits, many accounting reform efforts focus on achieving full cost accounting.  This is the financial reflection of the comprehensive outcome - noting the gains and losses to all parties involved, not just those investing or purchasing.  Such moves have made moral purchasing more attractive, as it avoids liability and future lawsuits.

So these are partial implementations of a strict service economy ideal.

Those who advocate these measures are concerned with the later phases of product lifecycle and the comprehensive outcome of the whole production process.  It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of (fictional, national, legal) "commodity" and "product" relationships.

Business
Ethics
Reading is what we do when we understand writing.

More fully, it a cognitive process of understanding information represented by printed or written language. It is a way of getting information and insights about something that is written. Reading involves understanding the symbols in that language. It can only be done if one knows the language. Reading and hearing are the two most common ways to get information. Information gained from reading can include entertainment, especially when reading fiction or humor.

Proofreading is a kind of reading that is done to find mistakes in a piece of writing.

Directed Reading-Thinking Activity is a method which aims to develop better reading.

 Making predictions/hypothesis about the content, idea, and concepts from the title of the reading material.
 Sectional reading or processing (chunking) of the material.
 Checking the reliability and similarity of the read content with the predictions supported by evidence from the text.
 For better comprehension, to know what and why the text says: review vocabulary, understanding of the main idea, syntax of the sentence, details/facts and sequence of the story, and make inferences about the characters’ attitudes, behaviors or circumstances in the story.
 Make plausible predictions about what the next section will be about in the reading material.

Related pages
Literacy
Literature
Aliteracy
Writing
Printing

References 

Basic English 850 words
Learning
Roman or Romans may refer to:   
 A thing or person of or from the city of Rome, Italy

History 
 Ancient Rome (8th century BC – 5th century AD)
Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC)
 Roman Republic (509 BC to 27 BC) 
 Roman Empire (27 BC to 476/1453 AD)
 Roman Britain, part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410
 Roman alphabet, the standard alphabet of most of the languages of Western and Central Europe
 Romanization
 Roman army
 Roman calendar
 Roman law, the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
 Roman numerals, numeral system where certain letters are given a numeral value
 Roman mythology
 Byzantine Empire (330/476/629 to 1453), the Eastern Roman Empire 
 Romaioi (Ρωμαίοι), Greek-speaking,  Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman Empire dating to Late Antiquity
 Romaioi (Ρωμιοί), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Rum-milet in the Ottoman Empire, or Greek-speaking Orthodox people today
 Romanae or the Greco-Romans from Aetolia Acarnania that speak Romanesci
 Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 to 1806), a medieval state in Central Europe
 Roman, Bulgaria, a town and a municipality in Vratsa Province
 Romans-sur-Isère, in the Drôme département of France
 Roman, Romania, a city in Neamţ county
 Romans, Ain, a town in France
 Roman, Eure, France
 Romans, Deux-Sèvres, France
 Romans d'Isonzo, a town in Italy
 Roman roads
 Roman Valley, Nova Scotia
 Saint Roman, Monaco

Christianity
 Epistle to the Romans, a letter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
 The Roman Catholic Church

Literature
 The word for Novel in many European languages. 
 Nouveau roman (lit. "new novel"), a type of French novel of the 1950s
 Bildungsroman (lit. "formation novel"), German for a coming-of-age story
 Künstlerroman (lit. "artist's novel"), German for a story of an artist's growth to maturity
 Romance (heroic literature), a genre of Medieval French literature
 Ar-Rum, the 30th book in the Qu'ran, is sometimes translated as The Romans
 Roman à clef, a novel about real life, overlaid with a façade of fiction
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an British author and poet. He was born in Bombay, India. He wrote children's fiction, like Kim, The Jungle Book and Puck of Pook's Hill. He also wrote the well-known poems, If — and Gunga Din, and many short stories set in India. He was awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature. He spent part of his life living and writing in New England with his American wife but returned to England to live in Sussex. 

Kipling died of a perforated duodenal ulcer in Fitzrovia, London in 1936 and is buried in Westminster Abbey, London.

1865 births
1936 deaths
British children's writers
British Nobel Prize winners
Disease-related deaths in England
Deaths from ulcers
English poets
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Bombay
Recreation or fun is a person's time of refreshing his or her body and mind.

There are many different forms of recreation which are shaped by individual interests and by environment; a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel. These activities are just some of a wide variety of recreation activity available in day to day life.   

Public places such as parks and beaches are very important for many recreational activities. Tourism profession has recognized long ago that many of their clients are specifically attracted by recreational offerings.

Related pages
Leisure
Sport

Notes

Other websites

 National Recreation and Park website

Leisure
Life
Hobbies
Everyday life
For the WWE brand/TV Show, see WWE Raw.
Foods are raw when they are not cooked. 
Most things are good to eat raw, but some can be poisonous.

Health

There's currently no solid evidence to suggest that raw food is more healthy than cooked food.

Germs

Raw food can sometimes make people sick because of bacteria which would otherwise be destroyed by cooking.

Food and drink
Health