cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Richmond station is a railway station in Richmond, Australia. Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne. 

The station is built on a bridge over Punt Road. It has ten platforms joined by three subways. All of Melbourne's eastern and south eastern railway lines meet here. These railway lines are:
 Frankston
 Glen Waverley
 Pakenham 
 Sandringham, 
 Cranbourne 
 Belgrave
 Lilydale 
 Alamein 

The station is  from Flinders Street Station which is Melbourne's central railway station. Richmond station is close to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Punt Road Oval and Melbourne Park. It is very busy during sporting and other special events.

Tram route 70 goes past Richmond Station along Swan Street. 

Punt Road is under the station with a major interchange with Swan Street and Brunton Avenue.

History
Richmond station has been moved and rebuilt four times. The first station in Punt Road was at ground level and opened on 8 February, 1859. It closed the same year on 12 December, 1859. On the same day the new station opened in Swan Street.

In 1885, a new station just north of Swan Street was opened. The new station was raised up and was not at ground level. It had six platforms. For some time, both the old and new stations were used, before the ground level Swan Street station was closed. 

By the 1940s the station had begun to fall apart. It was so bad that the council said it should be pulled down. A new station was not built for another 20 years. On 26 March, 1960 the new station was opened west of the old one. The bridges at each end of the station across Punt Road and Swan Street were also rebuilt to fit the ten tracks. The old station was pulled down.

Proposed redevelopment
The condition of Richmond station was a problem again in 2005. Melbourne held the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Richmond station was the gateway to many of the main venues. The station had a  appearance. The raised station did not have much shelter and could be windy and cold. It has poor access with steep ramps, stairs, and no lifts. This led the Victorian Government to think about building a new station. They decided it would cost too much money.

Movie 
The opening scene of the movie Romper Stomper was filmed in Richmond station. In the movie it was called Footscray station.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
The Bairnsdale railway line is a regional railway in Victoria, Australia. It continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line. The part as far as Warragul used to be run with  Melbourne electric trains, but only for a period during the 1990s. It has 24 stations.

List of stations

Bold stations are terminuses, italic stations are staffed at least part-time (this has been confirmed).

Continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line.

Pakenham
Nar Nar Goon
Tynong
Garfield
Bunyip
Longwarry
Drouin
Warragul
(Nilma, closed)
(Darnum, closed)
Yarragon
Trafalgar
Moe
(Herne's Oak, unmanned crossing loop)
Morwell
Traralgon
(Flynn, Closed)
Rosedale
(Kilmany, Closed)
(Fulham, Closed)
Sale
(Montgomery, Closed)
(Stratford Junction, Closed)
Stratford
(Munro, Closed)
(Fernbank, Closed)
(Lindenow, Closed)
(Hillside, Closed)
Bairnsdale

Branch lines went from Warragul to Noojee, Moe to Walhalla (a 2' 6" line), Thorpdale and Yallourn after the line from Hearne's Oak to Yallourn was closed to allow for a grater expansion of a brown coal mine, Morwell to Mirboo North, Traralgon to Stratford Junction via Maffra, which also included a branch line to Briagolong, and a short branch line from Bairnsdale to Bairnsdale Wharf, all of which have been closed.

As well, several timber tramways existed from many of the stations between Pakenham and Yarragon.

Other websites, maps, and timetables
Traralgon to Melbourne timetable 
Bairnsdale to Melbourne timetable 
Statistics and detailed schematic map at the vicsig enthusiast website

Victoria, Australia
The Shushi massacres  were anti-Armenian pogroms during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war, 1920, when Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked the inhabitants of Shushi. The massacres took place on March 22-26, 1920, and resulted in more than
20,000 Armenian deaths and the destruction of the town of Shushi in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Background
On June 4-5, 1919, an armed Armenian-Turkish fight took place in Shushi. It was organized and started by Azeri Governor-General Khosrov beg Sultanov. The town was closed off by a blockade, and the Armenian population found itself needing food.

Massacres in Shushi on March 22-26, 1920
From the very start of 1920, Governor Sultanov, breaking the  temporary treaty agreement of August 22, 1919, continued the blockade around Karabakh. He increased the number of armed forces in strategically important locations and gave weapons to the local Azeri population.

In the early morning of March 23, 1920, the Azeri army soldiers and Kurdish gangs attacked the Armenian part of town and began a horrible massacre of the Armenian population, which finished in March 26, 1920.

Remembering
The famous Russian poet Osip Mandelstam, who was in Shushi in 1931, wrote a poem called "The phaeton driver" dedicated to this tragedy:

In July 1, 1997, the Baroness Caroline Cox gave a speech in the House of Lords, United Kingdom remembering the lives of Armenians who have been killed and specifically mentioned the occurrence in Shushi in 1920.

Research analyst Kalli Raptis in her book Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor wrote: "'In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a national Council and government. In August 1919, the Karabakh national Council entered into a provisional treaty arrangement with the Azerbaijani government in order to avoid military conflict with a superior adversary'. Azerbaijan's violation of the treaty culminated in March 1920 with the massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)".

Other websites 
United Nations document
 Shoushi Massacres of Armenians

Publications 
 Vahram Atanesian: 20,000 Armenians Died In Shushi Massacres of 1920 http://www.nkrusa.org/newsletter/montly_newsletter/2002/march_april/page4.html
 (in Russian) М. Григорян, "Из 35 тысяч армян не осталось в Шуши ни одного..." // "Голос Армении", 24 Марта 2007 г., http://www.golos.am/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5213

References

20th century in Armenia
1920 in Europe
20th century in Azerbaijan
1920s in Turkey
Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam, ; January 15, 1891 – December 27, 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist.

Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a rich Jewish family. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907.

In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg. In 1911, in order to continue education in the University of St. Petersburg, he converted to Methodism (which he did not practice) and entered the university the same year.

Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Цех Поэтов, Tsekh Poetov), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky.

In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, Tristia, was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs (The Din Of Time, Russian: Шум времени, Shum vremeni; Феодосия, Feodosiya – both 1925) and small-format prose (The Egyptian Stamp, Russian: Египетская марка, Yegipetskaya marka – 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper.

Mandelstam died in 1938 in prison.

Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in the form of the famous "Stalin Epigram".

Bibliography
 Osip Mandelstam: "Poems", chosen and translated by James Greene. Elek Books, 1977; revised and enlarged edition, Granada/Elek, 1980.
 Osip Mandelstam: The Noise of Time: Selected Prose (European Classics) (Paperback), translated by Clarence Brown Northwestern University Press; Reprint edition, 2002. 
 Coetzee, J.M. "Osip Mandelstam and the Stalin Ode", Representations, No. 35, Special Issue: Monumental Histories. (Summer, 1991), pp. 72–83.

References 

1891 births
1938 deaths
Jewish writers
Methodists
Polish Jews
Prisoners
Russian Christians
Russian Jews
Russian poets
Russian writers
Soviet Jews
Writers from Warsaw
Arara is a Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. Its population in 2007 was 12,920 inhabitants. Its area is 89 km².

Other websites

Cities in Paraíba
1961 establishments in South America
1960s establishments in Brazil
Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga y Balzola (born Bilbao 27 January 1806; died Paris 17 January 1826) was an early 19th-century Spanish composer. He was still only 19 years old when he died. Like Mozart, he was a child prodigy and he might have become one of the world’s most famous composers if he had lived.

His life 

Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga was born in Bilbao, in the Basque Country in Spain. His father and older brother first taught him music. He started to compose when he was 11 years old, and by the time he was 15 he had already written 20 works. Many of these are now lost. He may have thrown them away, thinking that they were not very good. In 1921 he went to Paris where he studied the violin with Pierre Baillot, and counterpoint and harmony with François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. He was so good that by 1824 he had become a teaching assistant in Fétis's class. 

Arriaga died in Paris at the age of nineteen, probably of a lung disease and exhaustion.

His music 

Arriaga has been called “The Spanish Mozart”. His music, however, does not sound particularly Spanish. It has a more general European character, based on the style of Mozart and Beethoven. He wrote a symphony which sounds at times like Schubert. He also wrote an opera Los esclavos felices ("The Happy Slaves"), and three string quartets. The string quartets were the only works that were published while he was still alive.

1806 births
1826 deaths
Spanish composers
Romantic composers
Deaths from exhaustion
Deaths from lung disease
The Prix de Rome was a scholarship (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.

In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won “second prize” which allowed them to study for a shorter period.

Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Augustin Pajou Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big argument about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.

The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.

Other websites 
 The Prix de Rome Contests in Painting .

Art awards
Paris
Caulfield is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb Caulfield, on the Pakenham, Frankston and Cranbourne railway lines. At this station the Frankston line splits from the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines.

Caulfield is a Premium Station.

Location

The station is between Sir John Monash Drive (formerly Railway Avenue) and Normanby Road. The tram route 3 and some bus routes stop here. The Caulfield campus of Monash University and Caulfield Racecourse are close to the station.

Facilities

The station has four platforms. Two platforms make an island in the middle of the station. Platform 1 has a large red brick building. Platforms 2&3 ( the island platforms) contain a large red brick building with a waiting room and a ticket office. Platform 4 has a large red brick building. Outbound V/Line (country trains) services leave from this platform. A large Metcard ticket machine is inside the waiting room. This machine is able to sell most tickets. It also accept notes and coins. Small Metcard machines are  at the entrances to platforms 1 and 4. A subway is located underneath the station. This allows people to get to the island platform. It has a  Coca-Cola Red Engine take away food shop.

History

Caulfield station was opened on Wednesday, 7th May 1879.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
1879 establishments
1870s establishments in Australia
The letter ß (also known as sharp S, German: Eszett or scharfes S) is a letter in the German alphabet. It is the only German letter that is not part of the basic Latin alphabet. The letter is pronounced   (like the "s" in "see") and is not used in any other language.

Origin 

Today's ß was created around the 1900s. (See w:en:ß and w:de:ß for details on the so-called "Sulzbacher Form".) It has two origins, one in Blackletter and one in Roman type (also called Antiqua).

The letter came from the long s (ſ) and the normal z. Written fast by hand, they over time joined together to form a single glyph.

Spelling 
The ß is used only in German and never at the start of German words. The uppercase ß (ẞ) exists only for typesetting, such as in a dictionary. Instead of lowercase ß, one can also write ss. As no words start with double s or ß, no uppercase ß is necessary.

However, not every ss can be written as ß. German often puts two or more words together to make a longer word. If the new word has ss, it cannot be written as ß.  For example, Voßstraße is two words joined together (Voß and straße). It can also be written as Vossstraße but not as Vosßtraße because sstraße (or ßtraße) is not a word, and the ß is in the word Voss (Voß).

The rules for German orthography have changed since 1996. Many common words that used to be written with ß are now written with ss. For example, Fluß (river) is now spelled Fluss. When the preceding vowel is short, as in Fluss, ss is used. However, the ß is used when the preceding vowel is long as in Straße.

German language
Latin letters
This article is about the Melbourne public transport network. The same name is also used for public transport in Wellington.

Metlink is the marketing name  for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.

Introduction 
The Metlink brand was introduced in 2003.

Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables are colour-coded blue, tram stop signs and timetables are green, and the bus network is orange. The regional train network is colour-coded purple.

Future role 

Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later).  In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services.  

While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line have helped Metlink.

Viclink
Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named Viclink. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006 . The signage will be fully implemented when V/Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project.

Related pages
Railways in Melbourne

Other websites
Official Metlink website
Official Viclink website 
BATBYGOBSTOPL Metlink website 

Public transport in Melbourne
Intermodal transport authorities
Celtic Frost was a thrash/black metal band from Zurich, Switzerland. The band was formed in 1984 and broke up in 1993. The reunited in 2001 and broke up again in 2008.

Discography 
Celtic Frost released 6 studio albums:

Albums
Morbid Tales (1984)
To Mega Therion (1985)
Into the Pandemonium (1987)
Cold Lake (1988)
Vanity/Nemesis (1990)
Monotheist (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Thrash metal bands
Death metal bands
Swiss heavy metal bands
Zürich
Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Switzerland
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in Europe

2000s establishments in Switzerland
I
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
The Maraghar Massacre happened on April 10, 1992, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Other websites 
 Photographs of the Maraghar Massacre  – Warning: Graphic Content
 Christianity Today Article 
 Ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
 UK House of Commons report
 Survivors of Maraghar massacre: It was truly like a contemporary Golgotha many times over

20th century in Armenia
1992
The Kirovabad pogrom was an attack by Azeris against the targeted Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani town of Kirovabad  in November 1988. It is estimated that at least 130 people were killed.

References

Other websites 
Pogroms in Kirovabad - MIATSUM

20th century in Armenia
20th century in Azerbaijan
1988
In the Book of Genesis, chapters two and three, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was a tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden, along with the Tree of Life. God Told Adam and Eve) to never eat from this Tree. When Eve and Adam, ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, they discovered that they were naked, and were banished from the garden and forced to survive through farming.

Different views of the tree itself

In Judaism
According to the Jewish tradition, God telling Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree was to give them free choice and allow them to earn perfection instead of getting it with a simple deed. According to this tradition, Adam and Eve would have become perfect and immortal had they not eaten from the Tree. After failing, they were sentenced to a long time of hard work to get themselves back into God's trust.

In Christianity 
In Christianity, the Tree of Knowledge is connected to the beginning of sin. By eating the fruit of the Tree, Adam and Eve tried to become like God.

Trees in other religions
In Buddhism, the Buddha became enlightened under a Bodhi tree. While the biblical tree is usually seen as representing pleasure, the Bodhi tree gave pure knowledge.

The symbol of the Tree
Symbolically, the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge tries to divide human action into Right or Wrong, Good or Evil and Lawful or Unlawful with privileges and punishments for each case.

Related pages

 Adam and Eve
 Knowledge
 Morality
 Original sin
 Pelagianism

Mythology
For the institution founded in London in 1719 for putting on performances of operas see George Frideric Handel.

The Royal Academy of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music.  It was founded in 1822. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal Academy of Music.

The Royal Academy of Music was officially founded (started) in 1822 and was opened the next year. King George IV was the patron of the conservatory. At first it had 21 students.

In 1830 it received its Royal Charter, but for many years it had financial problems and it was not until 1868, when the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone arranged for it to have a regular grant, that it began to do well.  During the 19th century the Academy was in Hanover Square, but in 1912 it moved to Marylebone Road near Regent's Park.

Since 1912 many changes and extensions have been made to the building. Many concerts are given in the Duke’s Hall and operas are performed in the Sir Jack Lyons Theatre. Many of the professors (teachers) at the Academy come from other countries. The Academy works together with King’s College, London where many of the students take a 4 year performance course.  In 1997 they won some lottery money which helped them to get a new building for their collection of musical instruments.  It has a large library which includes all the books and music which used to belong to the conductors Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer.

Today the students come from over 50 countries.  Students from abroad can attend a special “English for Musicians” course.  There are over 600 students at the Academy. The students have many opportunities to perform, both in the Academy and in concerts in other places. Over 90% of the students find a career in music after they leave the Academy.

The principal of the Royal Academy of Music is Jonathan Freeman-Attwood.

Some famous people who studied at the Royal Academy of Music
 John Barbirolli (conductor)
 Arnold Bax (composer)
 Richard Rodney Bennett (composer)
 Harrison Birtwistle (composer)
 Dennis Brain (French horn|horn player)
 William Crotch (first Principal of the Royal Academy of Music)
 Sir Clifford Curzon (pianist)
 John Dankworth (jazz composer)
 Lesley Garrett (soprano)
 Evelyn Glennie (percussionist)
 Myra Hess (pianist)
 Elton John (rock musician) Junior Academy
 Freddy Kempf (pianist)
 Philip Langridge (tenor) 
 Felicity Lott (soprano)
 Moura Lympany (pianist) 
 Joanna MacGregor (pianist)
 Michael Nyman (composer)
 Sir Simon Rattle (conductor)
 Arthur Sullivan (composer)
 Eva Turner (soprano)
 Christopher Warren-Green (conductor)
 Sir Henry Wood (conductor)

Music schools
Colleges and universities in London
The Royal College of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music.  It was founded in 1882.  Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal College of Music.

The Royal College of Music was founded by Royal charter.  The president was the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII).  The president has always been a member of the royal family.  The first director was Sir George Grove and he was followed by Sir Hubert Parry.  The first building was opposite the west side to the Royal Albert Hall, but in 1894 the RCM moved to a larger building south of the Royal Albert Hall on Prince Consort Road.  The College is still there, but there have been many extensions and improvements to the building since then.

There are about 520 students at the RCM.  About 170 of these are post-graduate students.  The college can award degrees and diplomas in music.  Composers and performing musicians can study there.  There is a large museum of musical instruments.  Next to the main building is a 400-seater opera house, the Britten Theatre, opened in 1986.  There are now over 600 students from about 50 countries.

The director of the Royal College of Music is Dr Colin Lawson.

Some famous people who studied at the Royal College of Music 
Thomas Allen (born 1944), singer
Julian Anderson (born 1967), composer
Malcolm Arnold (1921 - 2006), composer
Arthur Bliss (1891 - 1975), composer
Rutland Boughton (1878 - 1960),  composer
Julian Bream (born 1933), guitarist and lutenist
Benjamin Britten (1913 - 1976), composer
George Butterworth (1885 - 1916), composer 
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor  (1875 - 1912), composer
Thurston Dart (1921 - 1971), performer and musicologist
 Andrew Davis (born 1944), conductor
Colin Davis (born 1927), conductor
James Galway (born 1939), flautist
Eugène Goossens (1893 - 1962), conductor
Charles Groves (1915 - 1992), conductor
David Helfgott (born 1947), pianist
Gustav Holst (1874 - 1934), composer
Herbert Howells (1892-1983), composer
 John Ireland (1879 - 1962), composer and pianist
Dame Gwyneth Jones (born 1936), Wagnerian soprano
Thea King (1925-2007), clarinetist
Constant Lambert (1905 - 1951), composer and critic
John Lill (born 1944), pianist
Hamish MacCunn (1868-1916), composer and conductor
Neville Marriner (born 1924), conductor
Francis Monkman (born 1949), rock, classical and film score composer
Peter Pears (1910 - 1986), singer
Trevor Pinnock (born 1946), harpsichordist and conductor
Edmundo Ros (1910—2011), band leader
Cyril Smith (1909 - 1974), pianist
Leopold Stokowski (1882 - 1977), conductor
Joan Sutherland (born 1926), singer
Michael Tippett (1905 - 1998), composer
Mark-Anthony Turnage (born 1960), composer
Fanny Waterman (born 1920), founder, chairman and artistic director of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition musician
Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948), composer
Julian Lloyd Webber (born 1951), cellist
William Lloyd Webber (1914 - 1982), composer
Gillian Weir (born 1941), internationally-renowned organist
John Williams (born 1941), guitarist
Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 - 1958), composer

Other websites
 Royal College of Music website 

Music schools
Colleges and universities in London
The full form of ATM is Automated Teller Machine for short, is a machine that lets people take out (withdraw) cash from their bank accounts. In the UK ATMs are often called cash machines, cashpoints or the hole in the wall.

Some ATMs allow people to do more than take money out. They may allow people to put in money, or check how much money is in a bank account.

ATMs may be found in stores and shopping malls. Sometimes, they can be found in bars or restaurants. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.

People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They will also need to have a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which is a code that lets them get into their account.

There are a number of scams with ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and find their PIN; this is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may install a video camera and get PIN numbers from that way. They then make cards using the PIN number and account number to be able to use that person's account.

Money
Technology
The Wigmore Hall is a famous concert hall in London.  It is called a “recital hall” because it is designed for recitals: concerts given by one soloist, or sometimes a small group of musicians (chamber music). It is in Wigmore Street in the centre of  London, just north of Oxford Street.

The Wigmore Hall was built in 1901 by the German firm Bechstein who made pianos.  Originally it was called Bechstein Hall.  Bechstein’s showrooms were next door.  The hall was built in a Renaissance style, with alabaster and marble walls and a rectangular hall with a small, raised stage.  Above the stage the ceiling is in the form of a cupola which has a painting which shows the Soul of Music looking up at the Genius of Harmony: a ball of eternal fire whose rays are reflected across the world.  These are separated by thorns from the rest of the picture which includes a musician and, on the other side, Psyche inspiring a composer to write music.

The "Bechstein Hall" opened on 31 May 1901 with a concert given by the virtuoso pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. During its early period many famous musicians played there, including Artur Schnabel, Pablo Sarasate, Percy Grainger, Myra Hess, Arthur Rubinstein and Camille Saint-Saëns.

Because it was owned by a German firm, the hall was seized as enemy property during World War I. The hall with over 130 pianos was sold at an auction to Debenhams for a very small amount of money, and was re-opened as Wigmore Hall in 1917.  Musicians who have performed there since include Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Victoria de los Ángeles, Sergei Prokofiev, Shura Cherkassky, Paul Hindemith, Andrés Segovia, Julian Bream, Peter Pears, Benjamin Britten and Francis Poulenc.

Today the Wigmore Hall seats 540 people.  Many concerts are broadcast on BBC Radio 3.  Famous musicians perform there, as well as young musicians who are just starting their career.

The Wigmore Hall publishes on its own record label "Wigmore Hall live" recordings of concerts that were given by famous musicians.  The pianos in the Wigmore Hall today are made by Steinway.

The Wigmore Hall's director is John Gilhooly.  His future plans include having lots of music by living composers

Other websites
 Official Wigmore Hall Web Site

Concert halls in London
Solo may refer to:

 Solo (music), to play music or sing alone
 Solo (dance), a dance done by an individual
 Hope Solo (born 1981), American soccer (football) player
Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer. His achievements, which include winning 70 tournaments on the PGA Tour, including 14 major championships, make him one of the best golfers in the world.

Early life
Woods was born in Cypress, California. His parents Kultida (Tida) (born 1944) and Earl Woods (1932–2006). He is the only child of their marriage. He does have two half-brothers, Earl Jr. (born 1955) and Kevin (born 1957) and a half-sister, Royce (born 1958) from the 18-year marriage of Earl Woods and his first wife, Barbara Woods Gray. Earl, a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran, was of mostly African-American, as well as Caucasian and possible Native American and Chinese ancestry. Kultida (née Punsawad), originally from Thailand (where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968), is of mixed Dutch, Chinese and Thai ancestry. He refers to his ethnic make-up as "Cablinasian" (a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian, Black, American Indian and Asian).

Personal life
He is brought up as a Buddhist from childhood.

On February 23, 2021, Woods was involved in a serious car accident in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. He suffered from multiple leg injuries and had surgery for non-life threatening injuries.

References

Other websites
Official site

African-American golfers
People from Orange County, California
Sportspeople from California
1975 births
Living people
The House of Commons (French: Chambre des communes) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. The House of Commons is an elected body, of 338 members, who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs).  Members are elected for a maximum of four years at a time. Each member is elected by one of the country's federal electoral districts which are usually called ridings.

The House of Commons was established in 1867, when the British North America Act 1867  created the Dominion of Canada, and was modelled on the British House of Commons. The House of Commons is sometimes called the "lower house", even though it has more power than the "upper house", the Senate. Both Houses is must agree to new laws but the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons (though the Senate does occasionally amend bills). The Government of Canada is responsible only to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she has the support of the Lower House. 

The Canadian House of Commons is  in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on  Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario.

Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada are limited, because provincial legislatures have the sole right to pass laws about some things.

Until 1982 only the Parliament of the United Kingdom had the power to change the British North America Act, this was to protect the rights and powers of the provincial legislatures.  This was changed by the Canada Act.  In Canada the British North America Act is now called the Constitution Act. 

A lot of the work of the House of Commons is done by committees which can spend more time investigating a subject than the whole House of Commons could

Seat distribution

The table below shows how many seats each political party has in the Parliament. Many of the MPs were elected in the 2019 election.

Notes

List of committees
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics
Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canadian Heritage
Citizenship and Immigration
Environment and Sustainable Development
Finance
Fisheries and Oceans
Foreign Affairs and International Development
Government Operations and Estimates
Health
Human Resources, Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities
Industry, Science and Technology
International Trade
Justice and Human Rights
Liaison Committee
National Defence
Natural Resources
Official Languages
Procedure and House Affairs
Public Accounts
Public Safety and National Security
Status of Women
Transport, Infrastructure and Communities
Veterans Affairs

References

Canada
Parliament of Canada
1867 establishments in Canada
The Earl Marshal is a member of the British Royal Household, and is in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions. The Earl Marshal is not a member of the College of Arms, but he must give his permission before the College of Arms can issue a coat of arms.  

The Earl Marshal is always the Duke of Norfolk, and because he is Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk is a member of the House of Lords, without being elected by the other hereditary peers.

Occupations
England
Heraldry
Government
Crysis is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10.  It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.

Main features 

Time of lighting: The game represents a true time of the day.
Real Time Ambient (means surroundings) Maps: CryENGINE 2 pre-calculates the amount of ambient light in indoor surfaces, improving the quality of lighting when applying new light sources and shadows.  This means current light position and color can be dynamically added to light intensity (means strength or density of lights) applied in interiors.
Dynamic Soft Shadows: natural looking shadows.
Light Beams: Like ones you will find between the leaves of trees.
Long Range View Distance: of about 8 kilometers range.
Parallax Occlusion Mapping: for greater sense of depth. In other words, to let the hero concentrate on an attractive thing. Such as an explosion.
3D Ocean Technology: to create a realistic ocean depends on wind and wave variables.
Facial Animation: to let the faces in the game look realistic as they react with the environment.
Object Motion Blur: this feature will help to blur things when they move fast.
Depth of Field: like of the camera's.
Breakable Buildings: So someone can break anything in the game.
Breakable Vegetation System: Even the jungles can be affected by weapons.
Advanced Rope Physics: These ropes can even be affected even by the rain.
Component Vehicle Damage: Every thing in a car, plane, boat etc. is breakable.
Next-Gen Physics System: allows game developers to make a full-of-life game.

Story 
You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere (ball shape) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.

Game information 
The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. A sequel, Crysis 2, was released in March 2011.

Other websites 
Technical support 
Official Site
Recent news

Shooter video games
2007 video games
Electronic Arts video games
A peer is a member of the nobility.  It is sometimes used instead of 'Lord'. In formal or old British documents, the House of Lords is called the House of Peers.

Ranks 

In the United Kingdom there are five ranks of the peerage:

 Baron is the lowest. In Scotland this is called a Lord, short for Lord in Parliament.
 Viscount
 Earl - this is an old Saxon word. In Continental Europe this rank is called 'count', the lord in charge of a county. An earl's wife is called a countess
 Marquess - A special rank higher than an earl because a marquess's land was in the Marches, the border areas that must be defended. A marquess's wife is called a marchioness.  There were not many marquesses in Scotland, and they usually spelled the title 'marquis' like the French
 Duke - the highest rank.

Informally Barons, Viscounts, Earls and Marquesses are called lords, and instead of their name when speaking to them, the term 'my lord' is used. A Duke is never called a lord. 'Your grace' is used for a Duke.

Since 2004 a list of peers has been kept by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice. This list, called the Roll of Peerage had to be kept to prove who was a peer.  The list of members of the House of Lords used to be the same until the hereditary peers were excluded. Official documents can only call someone a peer if their name is on the Peerage Roll.

Precedence 
Sorting out which peer should precede (come in front of) in a procession or other event depends on three different things:
The rank.  All dukes come before all marquesses, then earls, then viscounts and finally barons.
Country the peerage was created in.  All Dukes first created by the King of England come before those created by the King of Scotland.  After this come Dukes of Great Britain whose titles were created between 1707 and 1801 (during the existence of the United Kingdom of Great Britain). In 1801, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, so Dukes of Ireland come next, followed by Dukes of the United Kingdom. The other types of peer follow in the same order.
England
Scotland
Great Britain
Ireland
United Kingdom
Finally the order is decided on the year the title was created.

Exceptions 

The only exceptions are the royal dukes, and the Duke of Abercorn.
The dukes of Gloucester, Kent, Edinburgh, York, Cambridge, and Sussex are the most junior dukes, but because they are princes they rank ahead of all other dukes.  In 1952 the Queen ordered that her husband, the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, would be second only to her. The Duke of Edinburgh is now Elizabeth II's son, Charles, Prince of Wales.
The Duke of Abercorn.  When the Irish Marquess of Abercorn was "promoted" in 1868 the duke was listed as a duke of the kingdom of Ireland, but was given precedence as if it was a peerage in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Irish peers cannot attend the House of Lords.

References 

British royalty
Fin de siècle means turn of the century in French. It is widely used for the time around 1900, but also for the closing of an old era, and the start of a new one. 

Fin de siècle is sometimes used to mean the type of art, culture and way of behaving at the end of the nineteenth century.
The end of the 19th century was felt to be a period of degeneration, but at the same time a period of hope for a new beginning.<ref>Schaffer, Talia. 2008. Literature and culture at the fin de siècle. New York: Longman, 3.</ref> 

The "spirit" of fin de siècle often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, including 'pessimism', and  a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence.

The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism.Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, (1995, 2005): 23-24. The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy.

 Examples in literature 
Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The Brothers KaramazovFriedrich Nietzche. Thus spoke Zarathustra.
Oscar Wilde. Salomé''.

Reference 

Phrases
Sercquiais, also known as Sarkese or Sark-French (Lé Sèrtchais), is a language which is spoken on the island of Sark. It is a Norman language. Only 4 people can speak it, and a few more can understand it. It is a lot like Jerriais, a language spoken on an island called Jersey.

Languages of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
Auregnais, Aoeur'gnaeux or Aurignais was the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Alderney. It became extinct in the mid 20th century. People think it became extinct because people did not bother to speak it or learn it. Only about 20 people still speak it.

Languages of the Channel Islands
Alderney
Anglesey () is an island and county in Wales. There is a town there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people. Its largest town is Holyhead.

Culture and people 
Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.

Places and sights 
Anglesey does not have a capital. Instead, it has a County Council Office in the town of Llangefni. It was once famous for its markets. There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead which is the largest town on the island. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross. Anglesey is quite a flat island but there are several hills near the middle of the island and one larger hill in the west of the island.

The oldest suspension bridge carrying a main road joins Anglesey to the rest of Wales. It is called the Menai Bridge and is shares its name with the town on the Anglesey end of the bridge.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village that is known for it's long name

Other websites 
 Anglesey Community Forums - All Welcome 
 Anglesey Tourist Information
 Anglesey Today
 Anglesey History
 Isle of Anglesey County Council / Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn 
 The Anglesey Edge - local and tourist information 

Islands of the United Kingdom
Geography of Wales
Plateosaurus (meaning 'flat lizard') is a plateosaurid prosauropod dinosaur genus. They lived during the Norian and Rhaetian stages of the Upper Triassic period, around 216 to 199 million years ago in what is now Europe.

The Plateosaurus was the first long-necked plant eater in the Triassic. An adult Plateosaurus could weigh up to  and grow  long. They used both hands to pull leaves off trees, but since they had weak teeth, they used their sharp thumb claws to defend themselves against predators.

References

Prosauropods
Triassic dinosaurs
Cotton Mather (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a politically important Puritan minister and writer. He lived in North America before the creation of the United States in the area that is now known as Boston, Massachusetts. Cotton Mather was the son of minister Increase Mather. He is most well known for his connection to the Salem witch trials.

References 
 Cotton Mather, the Puritan priest. Barrett Wendell. Dodd, Mead & co. New York. 1891

1663 births
1728 deaths
American Calvinists
Christian religious leaders
Christian writers
Colonial Americans
Puritanism
Salem Witch Trials
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Fethiye is a city and district in the Mugla Province in Turkey. It is on the "Turquoise Coast". 59,425 people live there. There is a big harbor in the town and a marina. There are no beaches in Fethiye town, but there are many nice beaches around Oludeniz, a nearby town. There is a number of different places to stay including hotels.

The ancient name for the town was Telmessos. There are a number of historic sites including rock tombs. These were dug into cliffs by the Lycians. The tomb of Amnytas was built in the 4th century BC. Next to the harbor is a castle built by the Knights of Rhodes. In nearby villages there are also many historic sites including a temple to Apollo at Letoon, which is a World Heritage Site.

References

Other websites 
 All About Fethiye 

Cities in Turkey
N-Dubz were a British hip hop group based in Camden Town, London. They released four albums, including a greatest hits album. They were signed to All Around the World records. They were featured on Tinchy Stryder's number one single, "Number 1".

Early years 

All of the members of N-Dubz attended school at St Johns Wood Secondary in Camden Town. They came together as a group managed by Costadinos "Dino" Contostavlos's father, Byron Contostavlos (formerly of Mungo Jerry), who died on 12 April 2007. They described him as the "inspiration behind the band". The band is made up of Dino, known as Dappy and Tula, known as Tulisa, who are cousins and their best friend Richard, known better as Fazer. Each appeared on Channel 4's Dubplate Drama after they began to be noticed as a group. Performing as the Lickle Rinsers Crew, they released the singles "Bad Man Riddim" and "Life Is Getting Sicker by the Day". Both became hits on English pirate radio stations. Their last independent release, "Better Not Waste My Time", was number one on Channel U for 5 weeks before dropping out and then rising again. They have received 3 MOBO awards, for Best Newcomer, Best Act, and Best Album. They won the Digital Award at 02 Silver Clef Awards in 2008.

Members

Tulisa 
Tulisa is the singer and mostly sings the choruses and second verses as well as ad-libbing, saying 'uh-oh, uh-oh' at the beginning of many N-Dubz tracks. She also sometimes sings the first verse on the group's songs. Her real name is Tula Paulina Contostavlos.

Fazer 
Fazer is the co-producer and writer of the group. He raps as well but his main role is to produce in-studio beats and produce the tracks. His real name is Rayan Rawson and he is of Jamaican and English heritage. He has a daughter.

Dappy 
Dappy is of Greek ancestry and is most famous for what has been dubbed the "Dappy Hat", he is the lead rapper. His real name is Costadinos Contostavlos. He always opens his songs with the words "Na na naii". He has two sons.

Discography

References 

2000 establishments in England
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2011 disestablishments in Europe
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English hip hop bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups from London
English R&B bands
Events 
 Saint Benedict Biscop founds the Monastery at Monkwearmouth, now part of Sunderland

670s
Pachycephalosaurus was a genus of ornithischian dinosaur which lived during the last five million years of the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now North America. Pachycephalosaurus was a member of the Pachycephalosaurid family. This dinosaur is only known from a single skull and a few extremely thick skull roofs. From this it is estimated that its length was about 4.5 to 5 metres long (about 15 feet). It is the largest known pachycephalosaur.

Scientists do not yet know for sure what these dinosaurs ate. Having very small, ridged teeth they could not have chewed tough, fibrous plants as effectively as other dinosaurs of the same period. It is assumed that pachycephalosaurs lived on a mixed diet of leaves, seeds, fruit and insects. The sharp, serrated teeth would have been very effective for shredding plants.

References 

Pachycephalosauria