cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) (Nepali: गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा) is a political party in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal, Republic of India. It was formed in 1980 by Subhash Ghisingh with the objective of demanding a Gorkhaland state within India.

References

Politics of India
1980 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in India
Edward Kern Demme (known as Ted Demme; October 26, 1963 - January 13, 2002) was an American movie director and producer. His career began in 1988. His movies included The Ref (1994), Beautiful Girls (1996), Life and Blow.  He died in Santa Monica, California due to a heart attack brought on by cocaine; the director was 38 when it happened.

He was married to Amanda Demme from 1994 until his death. The couple had two sons. He was the nephew of Jonathan Demme.

1963 births
2002 deaths
Accidental deaths in California
American television directors
American television producers
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Tie-dye is a colorful pattern used on clothing. It is made by tying a piece of clothing into a tight bundle, and then dyeing it with various colors. This became very popular in the 1960s and '70s. It was often made to represent signs like 'peace' and 'flower power'.

Tie dye is an expression of emotion and is a very colourful and expressive type of art.now has been impacted social media recently.

Love Peace Music Woodstock 1969 @ Bethel NY / Yasgur’s Farm / Max Yasgur / Woodstock 1969-2019 50th Anniversary / Bethel Woods Center for the Arts, Bethel New York 

Cloth
Textile arts
The dhol is a drum used during Punjabi wedding processions and parties.
In Western Punjab, the beats of dhol have been an element in the ceremonies of the great Sufi mystics and their followers. The patterns of dhol have been developed to catalyze the mind of the devotee as is seeking spiritual trance. Someone who plays the Dhol is known as Dholi (). 
Traditionally the Punjabi dhol has been the domain of men.

Pakistani culture
Drums
World War II was a global military conflict. It is also called Second World War. It was the joining of what started off as two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia as the Second Sino-Japanese War. The other began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.

This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances. On one side was the Allies. On the other was the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel. This made it the most widespread war in history. It placed the participants in a state of "total war". The distinction between civil and military resources were eliminated. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. The financial cost of the war is estimated at about a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives.

The Allies won. The result was the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world's two leading superpowers.

During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific. Additionally, the only recipient for the United States Coast Guard received the Medal for his actions during this war.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

A

 N.B. A  in the citation indicates that the award was given posthumously.

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

World War II
Hairspray is a 1988 American musical teen comedy movie. It was produced by John Waters, Robert Shaye and Rachel Talalay and was directed by Waters. In 2002 a Broadway musical of the same name was made. In 2007, the Broadway musical was turned into a movie. Set in 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland, it is about teenager Tracy Turnblad who pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television show and rallies against racial segregation.

Cast
 Ricki Lake as Tracy Turnblad
 Divine as Edna Turnblad / Arvin Hodgepile
 Debbie Harry as Velma Von Tussle
 Sonny Bono as Franklin Von Tussle
 Jerry Stiller as Wilbur Turnblad
 Leslie Ann Powers as Penny Pingleton
 Colleen Fitzpatrick as Amber Von Tussle
 Michael St. Gerard as Link Larkin
 Clayton Prince as Seaweed J. Stubbs
 Ruth Brown as Motormouth Maybelle
 Shawn Thompson as Corny Collins
 Mink Stole as Tammy
 Joann Havrilla as Prudence Pingleton
 Alan J. Wendl as Mr. Pinky

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

1988 comedy movies
1980s musical movies
1980s teen comedy movies
American musical movies
American teen comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Baltimore
Movies set in the 1960s
American independent movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by John Waters
The Battle of Iwo Jima took place in February and March 1945 during World War II. Some of the fiercest fighting of the war happened during this battle. The American invasion was called Operation Detachment. It was charged with capturing the airfields on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.

The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified. There were vast bunkers with hidden artillery. It had 18 kilometers (11 mi) of tunnels. The battle was the first American attack on the Japanese Home Islands. The Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20,000 were killed. Only 216 were taken prisoner.

The battle lasted 2 months. After the battle 27 U.S. military personnel received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Of the 27 medals presented, 22 were presented to Marines. Five were presented to United States Navy sailors. A full 30% of the 82 Medals of Honor presented to Marines in World War II were from this battle.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient is killed (posthumously).

Recipients

References
General
 
 
 
 
 
 

Inline

Iwo Jima
Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the colonial or federal government and the native people of North America.

These wars which ranged from the 17th-century (King Philip's War, King William's War, and Queen Anne's War at the opening of the 18th century) to the Leech Lake uprising in 1898. They generally resulted in the opening of Native American lands to further colonization. They also represent the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations.

The Indian Wars comprised a series of smaller wars. American Indians who were diverse peoples with their own distinct tribal histories, were no more a single people than the Europeans. They lived in societies organized in a variety of ways. American Indians usually made decisions about war and peace at the local level. They sometimes fought as part of formal alliances. One example is the Iroquois Confederation. They also sometimes used temporary confederacies inspired by leaders such as Tecumseh.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

A

Notes

References

 

 

Indian Wars
The Spanish-American War (, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba ) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States. It began in April 1898.  Hostilities halted in August of that year. The Treaty of Paris was signed in December.

The war began after America demanded Spain peacefully end the Cuban fight for independence. The demand was rejected. Strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories. These territories included Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.

Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship . It was sent to indicate high American interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the . "Yellow journalism" added to it accusing Spain of doing a lot of bad things. This made the American public opinion show increased support of the conflict. The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba.

The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war. That gave the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented to the recipient after they are killed (posthumously).

Recipients

Notes

References

Spanish-American War
The Philippine-American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic. It was fought from 1899 to at least 1902. The conflict arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines. While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902, American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913. Some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Eighty-six men received the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine–American War. 70 from the Army. 10 from the Navy. 6 from the Marine Corps. Four of the medals were posthumous. Among the recipients were Webb Hayes who was the son of former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes. Two well known Marine Corps officers, Hiram I. Bearss and David Dixon Porter. Bearss became known for leading long-range reconnaissance patrols behind enemy lines. He was later wounded as a colonel in World War I. Porter was from a distinguished military family and rose to become a major general. José B. Nísperos was a member of the Philippine Scouts. He was honored for continuing to fight after being wounded and was the first Asian recipient of the Medal of Honor.

Recipients

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied in their entirety from the actual Medal of Honor citation

References

General
 
 
 
 

Inline

Philippine
The national parks of Argentina, South America.

North-East
 Chaco National Park
 El Impenetrable National Park
 Iguazú National Park - home of the Iguazu Falls, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
 Mburucuyá National Park
 Río Pilcomayo National Park

North-West
 Baritú National Park
 Calilegua National Park
 Campo de los Alisos National Park
 Copo National Park
 El Rey National Park
 Los Cardones National Park

Central
 Campos del Tuyu National Park
 El Palmar National Park
 Islas de Santa Fé National Park
 Predelta National Park
 Quebrada del Condorito National Park

Cuyo
 El Leoncito National Park
 Los Venados National Park (projected, in San Luis)
 San Guillermo National Park
 Sierra de las Quijadas National Park
 Talampaya National Park - a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000

Patagonia

 Lago Puelo National Park
 Laguna Blanca National Park
 Lanín National Park
 Lihué Calel National Park
 Los Alerces National Park
 Los Arrayanes National Park
 Los Glaciares National Park - also a UNESCO heritage site
 Nahuel Huapi National Park
 Francisco P. Moreno National Park
 Monte León National Park
 Tierra del Fuego National Park

Other websites 

Argentina
Argentina
Argentina
South America-related lists
There are seven national parks in Austria.

Austria's national parks are:
 Donau-Auen National Park
 Gesäuse National Park
 Hohe Tauern National Park
 Kalkalpen National Park
 Neusiedler See – Seewinkel National Park
 Nockberge National Park
 Thayatal National Park 

Austria
Austria
This is a list of national parks in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Other websites
 National Parks - Ministry of Ecology and Natural Recources of Azerbaijan  

Azerbaijan
National parks
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan-related lists
Margaret Julia "Marlo" Thomas (born November 21, 1937, Detroit, Michigan) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role in the television series That Girl (1966-1971). She also represents the Marlo Thomas Foundation and is the elder daughter of the late comedian Danny Thomas.

Actors from Detroit, Michigan
1937 births
Living people
The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months. It occurred in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States. It also related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.

In response to the Tampico Affair President Woodrow Wilson ordered the U.S. Navy to prepare for the occupation of the port of Veracruz. While waiting for authorization of Congress to carry out such action, Wilson was alerted to a German delivery of weapons. They were for Victoriano Huerta due to arrive to the port on April 21. Because of this Wilson issued an immediate order to seize the port's customs office. They were also ordered to confiscate the weaponry.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels ordered that 56 Medals of Honor be presented to participants in the occupation of Veracruz. This was the most for any single action before or since. In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation. One went to the Army. Nine webt to members of the United States Marine Corps. Fifty three went to Navy personnel.

Recipients
Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Notes

References

Veracruz
People from Veracruz
Yukio Okutsu (November 3, 1921 – August 24, 2003) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Okutsu was born in Koloa, Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Okutsu joined the US Army in March 1943.

Okutsu volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.For his actions in April 1945, Okutsu  was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Okutsu's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Okutsu's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1945. Without the help of others, he silenced three machine gun nests.

The words of Okutsu's citation explain:
Technical Sergeant Yukio Okutsu distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 April 1945, on Mount Belvedere, Italy. While his platoon was halted by the crossfire of three machine guns, Technical Sergeant Okutsu boldly crawled to within 30 yards of the nearest enemy emplacement through heavy fire. He destroyed the position with two accurately placed hand grenades, killing three machine gunners. Crawling and dashing from cover to cover, he threw another grenade, silencing a second machine gun, wounding two enemy soldiers, and forcing two others to surrender. Seeing a third machine gun, which blocked his platoon's advance, he moved forward through heavy small arms fire and was stunned momentarily by rifle fire, which glanced off his helmet. Recovering, he bravely charged several enemy riflemen with his submachine gun, forcing them to withdraw from their positions. Then, rushing the machine gun nest, he captured the weapon and its entire crew of four. By these single-handed actions he enabled his platoon to resume its assault on a vital objective. The courageous performance of Technical Sergeant Okutsu against formidable odds was an inspiration to all. Technical Sergeant Okutsu's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Namesake
Okutsu is the namesake of the Yukio Okutsu Veterans Home at Hilo.  It is the first veterans home operated by the state government in Hawaii.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
 

1921 births
2003 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
George McCall Courts (February 16, 1888 – August 1, 1932) was born in the District of Columbia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1907. He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant, Junior Grade Organization: U.S. Navy Born:16 February 1888, Washington, D.C. Accredited to: District of Columbia Date of issue: 12/04/1915

Citation:

For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and 22 April 1914. Under fire, Lt.(j.g.) Courts was eminent and conspicuous in the performance of his duties. He had well qualified himself by thorough study during his years of duty in Mexico to deal with the conditions of this engagement, and his services were of great value. He twice volunteered and passed in an open boat through the zone of fire to convey important orders to the Chester, then under a severe fire.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
List of United States Naval Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)

References

Other websites

1888 births
1932 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
The Boxer Movement or Boxer Rebellion was a Chinese uprising from November 1899 to September 7, 1901. It was against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty).

The members of the Chinese Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists were simply called boxers by the Westerners. This was due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. It began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, peasant-based movement that attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui. Christians who they felt were responsible for foreign domination of China were also targeted. In June 1900, the Boxers invaded Beijing and killed 230 non-Chinese. Before it ended, tens of thousands of Chinese Christians, Catholic and Protestants were killed. Most of them in the Shandong and Shanxi provinces.

The government of Empress Dowager Cixi gave her support to the boxers. This caused foreign diplomats, civilians, soldiers and even some Chinese Christians to retreat. They went to the legation quarter. They held out against the boxers for 55 days. A multinational coalition rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue. The Chinese government was forced to compensate the victims and make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms implemented after the crisis of 1900 laid the foundation for the end of the Qing Dynasty. It establishment of the modern Chinese Republic.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipients must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

During the Boxer rebellion, 59 American servicemen received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Four of these were for Army personnel, twenty-two went to navy sailors and the remaining thirty-three went to marines.  Harry Fisher was the first Marine to receive the medal posthumously and the only posthumous recipient for this conflict.

Recipients

References
General

Specific

Further reading

Boxer Rebellion
The Korean War was an increase of border clashes between two rival Korean governments (each of which was supported by external powers). Each Korean government was trying to topple the other through political and guerilla tactics. Some may refer to it as a civil war. Though many other factors were at play. South Korea filed to strengthen their cause in free elections held in May 1950. The refusal of South Korea to hold new elections per North Korean demands was also a factor. The communist North Korean Army moved south on June 25, 1950. It was an attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula which had been formally divided since 1948. The conflict was then expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950 until the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient is killed (posthumously).

During this war 135 Medals of Honor were presented for bravery in action. Ninety seven were presented posthumously.

RecipientsTansey?

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients

References
General

Inline

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
Medal of Honor recipients
The Pennsylvania Turnpike is a toll road (a road cars have to pay to drive on) operated by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States.  It costs more than $7 for a car to enter it from Ohio. The turnpike is a limited-access highway, which means cars must use ramps to get onto the highway. It runs  across the state. The turnpike begins at the Ohio border in Lawrence County, where it goes into that state as the Ohio Turnpike. The designation ends at the New Jersey border at the Delaware River – Turnpike Toll Bridge over the Delaware River in Bucks County, where it goes into that state as the Pearl Harbor Memorial Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike. The roadway goes east-west path through the state, going through the Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia areas. As it goes across the Appalachian Mountains in the middle of the state, the turnpike goes through four tunnels. It is part of the Interstate Highway System and is signed as part of Interstate 76 (I-76) between the Ohio border and Valley Forge, I-70 and I-76 between New Stanton and Breezewood, I-276 between Valley Forge and Bristol Township, and I-95 between Bristol Township and the New Jersey border.  The road uses a ticket system of tolling, where cars get a ticket listing fares when they head onto the road and pay when they leave the road, between the Warrendale and Neshaminy Falls toll plazas. There is also an eastbound toll plaza at Gateway near the Ohio border and a westbound toll plaza at the Delaware River Bridge that uses cameras to take a picture of the car's license plate and send a bill in the mail. E-ZPass, a form of electronic toll collection, is also used at all toll plazas.

The Pennsylvania Turnpike was planned in the 1930s to make traveling by car better across the mountains of Pennsylvania. It went through seven tunnels that were created for the abandoned South Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1880s. The road opened on October 1, 1940 between Irwin and Carlisle as the first long-distance limited-access highway in the United States that led to the building of other limited-access toll roads and the Interstate Highway System. Following World War II, the turnpike was built east to Valley Forge in 1950 and west to the Ohio border in 1951. In 1954, the road was built east to the Delaware River. The mainline turnpike was done in 1956 when the Delaware River bridge was built. In the 1960s, another tube was bored at four of the two-lane tunnels while the other three tunnels were closed when a new road was built around them. This made all of the highway four lanes wide. Work continues to be done to make the road better, such as rebuilding the original section to today's standards, widening parts of the turnpike to six lanes, and adding new interchanges.

References

Works cited

Turnpike
The Free Trade Party was an Australian political party from 1889 to 1909. It was officially known as the Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association. It was also called the Revenue Tariff Party in some states and renamed the Anti-Socialist Party in 1906. It wanted to remove tariffs (taxes on imports and exports) as well as other restrictions on trade. It argued that free trade would benefit everyone. However, many members also supported some tariffs to raise money for the government.

The party was based in New South Wales, where its leaders were Sir Henry Parkes and Sir George Reid. It was the main party in New South Wales politics before federation.

After the elections for the first Commonwealth Parliament, the Free Traders were the second largest group in the Australian House of Representatives, with 25 seats. Reid became the Parliament's first leader of the Opposition. He later became Prime Minister in 1904-05. The deputy leader of the Free Trade Party was Willima McMillan.Joseph Cook became deputy leader of the party when McMillan retired in 1903.

A separate Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party took part in the 1903 federal election in Tasmania and won two seats. It joined with the Free Trade Party in federal parliament.

After the question of tariffs had largely been settled, Reid looked around for another cause for his party. He settled on opposition to socialism. He criticised both the Australian Labor Party and the Protectionist Party, led by Alfred Deakin. The Free Trade Party was renamed the Anti-Socialist Party (ASP) before the 1906 federal election. The Labor Party and the FTP/ASP continued to grow in electoral strength. Some Protectionists left the party to join Labor and the ASP.

Reid retired in 1908, and the party leadership passed to Joseph Cook. He agreed to merge with the Protectionists to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909.

References

1889 establishments in Australia
1909 disestablishments
Commonwealth Liberal Party
Political parties in Australia
1900s disestablishments in Australia
Dubai International Airport  () is an international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is a major airline hub in the Middle East, and is the main airport of Dubai. The airport is the main hub for Emirates. The airport consists of 3 terminals, named Terminal 1, 2, and 3. Emirates mainly uses Terminal 3.

Terminals, airlines and destinations

Passenger flights

Terminal F (Cargo flights)

VIP Pavillion

Awards
 2011 – Best Airport in Middle East of the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International and most improved airport in the Middle East.

References

In other websites

Official Site
Air Freight Services Dubai

Project Information from Airport Technology

Airports in Asia
Buildings and structures in Dubai
There are currently 66 living recipients of the Medal of Honor, the U.S. military's highest decoration. Of the living recipients, one earned his Medal of Honor in World War II, three in the Korean War, 46 in the Vietnam War, 14 in the War in Afghanistan, and two in the War in Iraq. One earned their medal while serving in the Air Force, 46 in the Army, 11 in the Marine Corps, and eight in the Navy. Three medal holders are still on active duty in the U.S. military, soldiers William D. Swenson, Thomas Payne and Matthew O. Williams of the U.S. Army. Among the recipients are former U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey and three are retired generals: Patrick Henry Brady and Robert F. Foley and James E. Livingston.

Living recipients

Recently deceased
Recipients who died within the last 12 months are listed below.

References

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
Zero Dark Thirty is a 2012 biopic war movie about the hunt for Osama bin Laden. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow, and starring Jessica Chastain, Chris Pratt and James Gandolfini.

2012 drama movies
2012 thriller movies
2010s drama thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about death
Movies about terrorism
Movies set in Asia
Pakistan
Movies based on the September 11 attacks
Wayne James Hillman (November 13, 1938 – November 24, 1990) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 14 seasons in the NHL.

Hillman played in the NHL with the Chicago Black Hawks for 5 seasons, the New York Rangers for 4 seasons, the Minnesota North Stars for 1 season and the Philadelphia Flyers for 4 seasons. Hillman also played for the Cleveland Crusaders of the World Hockey Association for 2 seasons and retired after his time with the Crusaders wa done.

Even though Hillman only played 1 playoff game for the Black Hawks in the 1960-61 NHL season his name was still engraved on the Stanley Cup.

Hillman died of cancer on November 24, 1990.

Other websites

1938 births
1990 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Deaths from cancer
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota North Stars players
New York Rangers players
Philadelphia Flyers players
American Hockey League players
World Hockey Association players
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Although Medals of Honor can be presented only to members of the U.S. armed forces it is not required to be a U.S. citizen. Since the American Civil War hundreds of people born outside the United States have received the medal. The most recent of these recipients being Leslie H. Sabo, Jr.. He received his medal in May 2012 for actions performed during the Vietnam War. The large number of foreign-born recipients during the 19th and early 20th centuries was likely due to immigration waves from Europe.

American Civil War

Indian Wars

Korean Expedition

Spanish-American War

Samoan Civil War

Philippine-American War

Boxer Rebellion

Occupation of Veracruz

World War I

World War II

Korean War

Vietnam War

Peacetime

Other websites
http://www.history.army.mil/moh.html 

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
This article is about the Protectionist Party of 1889-1909.

The Protectionist Party was an Australian political party from 1889 until 1909. Its policies were based on protectionism. It argued that Australia needed protective tariffs to allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most important leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime pinisters of Australia.

The Protectionist Party formed government Australia's first government with the support of the Labor Party. They agreed to put in place social reforms that were Labor policy. Labor's program, however, was often too radical for the Protectionists, and compromises had to be made. Several changes of minority governments occurred.

The Protectionist vote had dropped by the 1906 federal election. Labor formed its first government in 1904 and its second in 1908 under Andrew Fisher. Many people believed an anti-socialist group was needed to oppose the Labor Party. Deakin and Anti-Socialist Party leader Joseph Cook, began talks to join their parties together.  The more liberal Protectionists, such as Isaac Isaacs and H. B. Higgins, opposed a merger.  The Protection Party was split by this issue.  Most members, including Deakin, joined with the Anti-Socialist Party to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party. This became known as "the Fusion,". The more liberal Protectionists supported Labor.  The Fusion would form another minority government before Fisher and Labor achieved Australia's first federal majority government, and the first Senate majority, at the 1910 election.

In 2007, a new political party, the Australian Protectionist Party was set up.

References

Australian Dictionary of Biography - Edmund Barton
Australian Dictionary of Biography - Alfred Deakin

Political parties in Australia
Commonwealth Liberal Party
1889 establishments in Australia
1909 disestablishments
1900s disestablishments in Australia
Fallingwater is the name of the summer house Frank Lloyd Wright designed in 1935 for the Kaufmann family. It is in the woods over a waterfall in Pennsylvania. It is a nationally listed national historic place, and some say it is the most famous private house in the world.

The house actually sits low in the valley over the stream, but looks dramatic from further downstream. It has large terraces, and some of them stick straight out and hang right over the waterfall or the stream. There are windows and glass doors, with only narrow steel supports between them, wrapping all the way around the living room. There are also windows going all the way from the floor to the ceiling in all three stories of the tower. Most of the house is made from stone.

There are strong horizontal and vertical lines in the design of the house. It resembles the horizontal and vertical lines in the rock formations and other natural features. The waterfall can be heard everywhere in the house. Wright wanted there to be a close connection between inside and outside, and for the house itself to be natural.

The large, cave-like living room has a big fireplace built on a large rock that comes up out of the floor. This was Edgar Kaufmann's favorite place to sit before the house was built. A stairway hangs down from the main floor to the stream. A glass hatchway lets people go down it from the living room.

Some of the furniture is built right into the house. Many shelves are attached directly into the wall, sticking out without any supports that can be seen, like the floors and terraces of the house itself.

There is a guest house on the hill behind the main house. It is connected by an "S" shaped, covered walk. There is a plunge pool beside the guest house.

In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named the Fallingwater house the "best all-time work of American architecture".

References

Further reading 
 Edgar Kaufmann Jr. 1986. Fallingwater: a Frank Lloyd Wright country house Abbeville Press.
 Robert McCarter 2002. Fallingwater aid. (Architecture in Detail) Phaidon Press.
 Franklin Toker 2005. Fallingwater rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E.J. Kaufmann, and America's most extraordinary house. Knopf.
 Lynda S. Waggoner and the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy 1996. Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's romance with nature. Universe Publishing.

Other websites 

Fallingwater pictures: fall photo - numerous excellent photos of the house.
Official Fallingwater website - visitor and design information
official Western Pennsylvania Conservancy website 
Architectural Record article
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article

Buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
Houses in the United States
Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Laurie is a given name for women. It is a version of Laura. Laura is more common than Laurie. Sometimes, it can also be a surname. People named Laurie include Laurie Anderson, Laurie Bird, and Laurie Metcalf.

Given names
Surnames
The Commonwealth Liberal Party (CLP) was a political party in Australia from 1909 to 1917. It was also known as The Fusion, or the Deakinite Liberal Party. It is the earliest direct ancestor of the modern Liberal Party of Australia.

The party was formed after the Australian Labor Party formed its second government in 1908.  Business leaders told Alfred Deakin, the leader of the Protectionist Party, and Joseph Cook, leader of the Anti-Socialist Party, to join forces to oppose the Labor Party. In 1909, the Protectionists and Anti-Socialists joined to form the CLP.  Deakin was the new party's first leader, with Cook as deputy leader.  Several of the more liberal Protectionists left and joined Labor.  

The Protectionists and Anti-Socialists had a majority of seats in the House of Representatives. The new party used its numbers to force Prime Minister Andrew Fisher to resign. Deakin became Prime Minister for the third time. However, the CLP was defeated by Labor at its first election, less than a year later in 1910. 

Cook took over from Deakin shortly before the 1913 election and won government by a single seat.  One year later, Cook introduced a bill removing special treatment for union members.  Cook knew the Labor Party had the numbers in Senate to defeat the bill. When the Senate rejected it twice, Cook had an excuse to call an early election for 5 September. This was the first double dissolution election in Australia. However CLP was soundly defeated, and Labor became the government. 

In November 1916, the CLP made a deal with the Prime Minister Billy Hughes. Hughes had been forced to leave the ALP for supporting conscription in World War I. He set up a new party called the National Labor Party.  In February 1917, the CLP and National Labor joined to form the Nationalist Party of Australia.  Although the new party had more Liberals, Hughes became its leader with Cook as his deputy.

Today the Commonwealth Liberal Party is usually called the Deakinite Liberal Party so it will not be confused with the modern Liberal Party of Australia.

Leaders 

 Alfred Deakin 1909-13
 Joseph Cook 1913-16

References
Australian Dictionary of Biography - Alfred Deakin
Australian Dictionary of Biography - Joseph Cook

Other websites

 
1909 establishments
1917 disestablishments
1900s establishments in Australia
1900s disestablishments in Australia
The Australian Electoral Commission, or the AEC, is the Australian federal government agency in charge of federal elections and referendums. State and local government elections are run by the Electoral Commission in each state and territory.

The AEC also draws the boundaries for seats and makes regular changes to keep all seats roughly equal in population numbers. It organizes Commonwealth electoral roll which is a list of people who can vote in elections. The electoral roll is used by the state and territory Electoral Commissions to for their elections.

The AEC also plays a leading role in electoral education and industrial voting (votes on industrial action).

History and structure
The AEC began in 1902, as a part of the Department of Home Affairs. In 1973, it became the Australian Electoral Office. In February 1984 it became the Australian Electoral Commission.

The AEC is run by a Chairman who is a Judge, or a retired Judge, of the Federal Court, the Electoral Commissioner and a non-judicial member who is usually the Australian Statistician). The Electoral Commissioner has the powers of a Secretary of a Department under the Public Service Act 1999 and the Financial Management and Accountability Act 1998. The Chairperson and the third, non-judicial member both hold their offices on a part-time basis.

The AEC has a National Office in Canberra and State Offices in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.

Each federal electorate has a Divisional Returning Officer responsible for the House of Representatives elections within their division.  Each State also has an Australian Electoral Officer responsible for the Senate elections.

Duties

The AEC's major duties are to run federal elections, by-elections and referendums. Election Rolls must always be up-to-date. The AEC must also follow up people who do not vote. After the election the AEC provides detailed election results. The AEC is answerable to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters of the Parliament of Australia. It reports to Parliament on how elections were carried out and the success of the elections in general.

References

Other websites
The Australian Electoral Commission website

Government agencies of Australia
Canberra
Elections
1984 establishments in Australia
The National Labor Party was an Australian political party which only existed for three months. It was started  by Prime Minister Billy Hughes in November 1916. Hughes had taken over as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and Prime Minister when Andrew Fisher resigned in 1915. Hughes formed the new party after he was forced out of the ALP a month after conscription was rejected by the people in the 1916 vote. Hughes still wanted conscription for World War I. 

On 15 September 1916 the Labor Party in New South Wales forced Hughes from the Labor Party. On 14 November 1916, Hughes and 24 other Labor members walked out of a meeting of the Labor members of parliament. The remaining 43 members said they did not want Hughes to continue as their leader. Hughes and his followers formed a minority Government with support from the Commonwealth Liberal Party (CLP) led by Joseph Cook. They said the Australian Labor Party was no longer  nationalist. They wanted a new party that would be both socially radical and nationalist.  

The National Labor Party had to depend on support from the Commonwealth Liberal Party to govern. In 1917 the two groups joined to form a new party, the Nationalist Party of Australia, with Hughes as leader. 

The National Labor Party was never a proper political party. It did not have any organisational structure. It did get support from some trade union officials and Labor Party branches, particularly in Western Australia and Tasmania.

Western Australia
The National Labor Party in Western Australia started off as two separate groups. One group was the Labor Solidarity Committee based in Perth. The other was National Labor based on the goldfields. The two joined in April-May 1917, led by former Premier John Scaddan. After he lost his seat in Parliament the party turned to Federal Senators Patrick Lynch, Hugh de Largie and George Pearce for leadership and guidance. Unlike the federal party, it did not join with the CLP and kept its own identity. It worked with the Nationalist Party as partners.

The party won six of 50 Assembly seats in the Western Australian state elections of 1917 and 1921. It also held three of 30 Council seats during this period. However, in 1924 elections they won only one seat in the Assembly and two in the Council. Later that year they were taken over by the Nationalists.

References
Australian Dictionary of Biography - Billy Hughes
Robertson, John R. (1958). The Scaddan government and the conscription crisis, 1911-17 : aspects of Western Australia's political history (thesis). University of Western Australia. Accessed in Scholars Centre, Reid Library, UWA.
Cusack, Danny. (2002). With an olive branch and a shillelagh: The political career of Senator Paddy Lynch (1867-1944) (thesis). Murdoch University. Accessed via Murdoch Digital Theses.

Political parties in Australia
1916 establishments
1910s establishments in Australia
1917 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Australia
Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is forcing fractures in a rock layer, by fluid that is put under pressure. Although it can happen naturally, it is now used as a method to force oil and natural gas from shale.

History and method
Some hydraulic fractures form naturally: certain dykes are examples. This lets gas and petroleum from source rocks get to reservoir rocks. The first use of hydraulic fracturing to extract substances from rock was in 1947.

The modern fracturing technique, called 'horizontal slickwater fracturing', was first used in 1998. It made the extraction of shale gas economically practical. The energy from the injection of a highly pressurized fluid creates new channels in the rock. This increases the extraction rates and recovery of hydrocarbons, which are used for fuel. In 2010 it was estimated that 60% of all new oil and gas wells worldwide were being hydraulically fractured. As of the year 2012, 2.5 million hydraulic fracturing actions have been done on oil and gas wells worldwide, more than one million of them in the United States.

Advantages and disadvantages 
The supporters of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from the vast amounts of previously out-of-reach hydrocarbons.  

Opponents of fracking point to potentially harmful environmental effects. These include contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flowback, and the health effects of these. For these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under examination. Some countries are suspending or banning it. 

In 2013, some of those countries, including the United Kingdom, lifted their bans.  Now they have regulations instead of outright prohibition.  Fracking can greatly increase the UK gas reserves.

References 

Engineering
Fuel
Rocks
Environmental issues