cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A cupcake (also British English: fairy cake; Australian English: patty cake or cup cake,) is a small cake designed to be eaten by one person. They are often baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. Like larger cakes, frosting and other cake decorations, such as sprinkles, are common on cupcakes. They are often sweet and include frosting. Some specialized bakeries sell only cupcakes.

History
The first cupcake could be traced back to 1796. A recipe for "a cake to be baked in small cups" was written in American Cookery by Amelia Simmons. The earliest use of the term cupcake was in “Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats” in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's Recipes cookbook.

In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the name cup cake or cupcake. Before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds. They got their name from the cups they were baked in. The name "fairy cake" is a description of its size. It would be appropriate for a party of small fairies to share a fairy cake. English fairy cakes vary in size more than American cupcakes. They are normally smaller and are rarely topped with much icing.

The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume. They were measured using a standard-sized cup instead of being weighed. Recipes with ingredients that were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups. They were more commonly baked in tins. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was more used in home kitchens, these recipes became known as 1234 cakes or quarter cakes. They were called this because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs. They are plain yellow cakes that are less rich and less expensive than pound cake. This is because they use about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were to tell the baker whether to measure by volume or weight.

References

Cakes
Curry (from Tamil kari) is the English word for any of a general variety of spiced dishes, best known in Indian, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Indonesian, Malaysian, Pakistani, Thai, and other South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines, though curry has been adopted into many other cuisines. Curry first came from India. The idea of curry was later brought to the West by British colonialists in India from the 18th century. Dishes that are often called curries in Europe and America are rarely called curries in the native language.

Curry can also be found in the United Kingdom and Jamaica. It is usually eaten with Basmati rice or naan, a type of flat bread.

A curry dish called Balti is said to have been originated in Birmingham, United Kingdom and has been dubbed Britain’s de facto national dish.

Related pages
Masala

References 

Indian food
Pakistani food
A stick is a long, slender piece of wood, usually a branch from a tree without the leaves.

Stick may mean:
Chopsticks, an eating utensil
Rod, cane, or hickory stick, disciplinary implements
Pointing stick, an indicator
Swagger stick, a formal attribute
Club (weapon) or staff (stick), weapons
Tally sticks, a marking medium
Walking stick, a mobility aid
Fire stick, a stick for making fire

In objects of similar shape:
A stick of dynamite
Joystick, a computer game controller
Prayer stick
Polo stick, hockey stick, lacrosse stick, etc. in sports
Memory stick, a device for storing digital information
Stick shift, automobile transmission

Stick may also mean:
 Stick (unit), an ancient unit of length (2 inch ≈ 5 cm), cfr. in yard
 Silver Stick and Gold Stick, certain functions named after a ceremonial attribute
 Stick (comics), a character in Marvel Comics, predominantly Daredevil
 Stick-Eastlake, a type of Victorian architecture
 Stick (film), a movie featuring Burt Reynolds and music by Anne Murray

In nicknames:
 Sticks for the Led Zeppelin album Led Zeppelin IV
 Sticks for Stephen Kernahan, former Australian rules football champion with the Carlton Football Club
 Stick for Gene Michael, former baseball infielder and manager 
 Candlestick Park, the home stadium of the San Francisco 49ers, now known as Monster Park

In music:
 Clapstick, a musical instrument that traditionally accompanies the didgeridoo
 Chapman Stick, a musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s

Related pages 
 Pogo Stick, pole with a spring up its botttom
 Poohsticks, a game
 Styx (band) and Styx (album), an American rock group and their debut album
 Stick insect or "walking stick", an insect
 Stick figure, also known as a stick man
Whyalla is a city on the Eyre Peninsula, on the shore of Spencers Gulf, South Australia.

Its main industries are associated with the iron ore mines founded by BHP several KM inland. 

Originally Whyalla acted as the port for the export of iron ore, then in order to obtain the renewal of the mining lease, BHP was forced by the then government of South Australia to build a blast furnace to smelt the ore into pig iron. This eventually led to the establishment of steel making, and ship building industries, which were very active during the period 1960 - 1980. 

The viability of these industries so far from markets had progressively declined, culminating in closure of many operations and a decline in the local population. At its peak, during the mid 1980s, about 35,000 people lived there.

Cities in South Australia
Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American Libertarian. He was formerly a Congressman from the state of Texas. He is retired but still travels around giving speeches about his beliefs.

Career
He ran for President of the United States in 1988, 2008, and 2012 but he was defeated all three times. He has called himself a lifetime member of the Libertarian Party.

He is for reducing or removing most taxes and removing many government rules about how people may live and spend their money. He does not want the United States military going into or attacking other countries, but instead wants it to only stop others from attacking the United States. He also believes that the United States currency should not be controlled by the Federal Reserve, which is the central bank of the United States. He wants people to be allowed to use any currency they want when buying and selling.

Family
His son Rand Paul is a U.S. Senator from Kentucky and 2016 presidential candidate.

Health
In September 2020, Paul was hospitalized after having a minor stroke while livestreaming online in Texas.

References

Other websites

 Presidential Campaign Website
 U.S. House of Representatives Office of Ron Paul 

1935 births
Living people
American Baptists
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2008 United States presidential candidates
2012 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Texas
US Libertarian Party politicians
The city of Djibouti is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Djibouti. It lies on a peninsula between the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Tadjoura. Djibouti is home to about  400,000 people.

Features of Djibouti City include beaches, a large Central Market, the national stadium Stade du Ville, the Presidential Palace and Hamouli Mosque. The Djibouti-Addis Ababa Railway runs from the city to Addis Ababa. Djubouti is also home to the Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport.

History 
Djibouti was founded as a seaport in 1888. The city became the capital of French Somaliland in 1891. It replaced Tadjourah as the capital.

The peninsula was chosen because it is a natural port. It was attacked during WW2 by the Italians and later by the British.

Capital cities in Africa
Djibouti
Markus Näslund (born July 30, 1973, in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey player in the NHL. He was born in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden. He plays for the New York Rangers and is currently an alternate captain. He was considered very skilled and valuable and he was given the Lester B. Pearson award for the Most Outstanding Player in 2004.

Playing career 
Naslund began his career in Sweden, playing for Team Modo Hockey. Naslund was still quite young at that time. He played very well and was drafted by the NHL. In 1994, after being drafted by the NHL, he was taken in by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He started his rookie NHL years here. He did not play many games as he was not seen to be a great player at that time. Finally, the manager of the Penguins traded him to the Vancouver Canucks.

After being traded to the Canucks, Naslund was not used in games. The Vancouver coach thought that he was not very good, so Naslund asked to be traded. But he was not.
Suddenly, he was put in the lineup and did quite well compared to the rest of the team, which were struggling. In 2000, he was put with Todd Bertuzzi and they scored many goals together. Naslund was now a superstar and in 2004 he reached career highs and the NHL gave him the Lester B. Pearson award.
But in the 2006-2007 season, he struggled because Bertuzzi was traded away and it was much harder for him to score. But in the playoffs that year, he scored many goals in a short period of time. Naslund promised he would be much better next year. In the 2008 offseason, the Rangers signed Naslund to a two-year, $8 million contract. Naslund has spent most of his time with the Rangers playing on the team's first line with Scott Gomez as his center. On May 4, 2009 he announced his retirement from professional hockey.

Other websites

 
 

1973 births
Living people
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Swedish ice hockey players
Vancouver Canucks players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Swedish Hockey League players
Pier Gerlofs Donia, 1480 - 1520. He fought for the independence of Friesland (which is now part of the Netherlands). He was an enormous man and was said to be well over 7 feet tall. Donia was also known as Grutte Pier, which means "Big Lad", in Frisian language, or Grote Pier, which means the same in Dutch language. He also was a pirate. This great man fought against the people from Holland, Germany, and the Burgundians. In his biggest battle at sea he captured 28 ships, and he killed all 500 men who had been taken prisoner. "Big Lad" was then called the Cross of the Dutchman.

According to legend, Pier forced his captives to repeat a shibboleth to show which people were Frisians and who were Dutch and Low Germans:

Bûter, brea en griene tsiis: wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries.

Or, in English translation:

Butter, rye-bread, and young cheese: whoever cannot say that is not a true Frisian.

Those prisoners who could not answer this in proper Frisian had their heads cut off by Donia himself. Pier was also noted for his ability to behead several people with a single blow. This meant he could kill many enemies at the same time during battle, and gave him an excellent advantage over his opponents. His famous fighting skills proved their worth in many battles.

One legend documents the fact that pier was strong enough to bend a coin between his fore finger and thumb.

Despite his many successes, Pier could not defeat the Burgundian/Hapsburg armies. He retired disillusioned in 1519. He died peacefully in bed in the Frisian town of Sneek on October 28 in the year 1520. His last words were spoken to his life-time enemy, the count of Nychlenborch. He was asked by the count were he wanted to go after he died, to which Pier replied "Nea myn Heer ta" ("To my Lord"). He then died. After the Giant of Kimswerd (another nickname) died, Friesland never again earned its freedom. It has remained a province of the Netherlands.

He was the uncle of the warrior Wijerd Jelckama.

1480 births
1520 deaths
People from Friesland
Pirates
Erasmus, full name Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, (28 October, probably 1466 in Rotterdam – 12 July 1536 in Basel) was a Dutch humanist, theologian and philosopher.

Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a "pure" Latin style. Although he was a Catholic, he was critical of the Roman Catholic Church and wrote satires of them. He stood at the beginning of the reformation.

The following information from * to * is sourced from 'Oxford AQA History A LEVEL, The Tudors: England 1485-1603:

*He visited England four times, his most important visit being from 1509 to 1514 when he was appointed to a professorship at Cambridge University. During this visit, he also became a well known figure around the court of King Henry VIII. 

In 1516, he published a Greek New Testament complete with a new Latin translation. 

Some of his works include Julius Excluded from Heaven, On Civility in Children, The Praise of Folly, Discourse on Free Will, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style and a Handbook of a Christian Knight.

Although he was an important humanist figure who inspired who had some influence on the younger generations of English Humanists, the scope of Erasmian humanism is quite limited and much of the change that took place in England at this time stemmed from the influence of new religious thinking rather than simply scholarly Renaissance humanism. 

The term Erasmianism is defined as the body of ideas that is associated with Erasmus and his followers. *

Related pages 
ERASMUS programme

References

Other websites 

 
 Works by Erasmus at Internet Archive
 Catholic Encyclopedia
 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 In Defense of Erasmus and the Textus Receptus 
 Luther and Erasmus: The Debate on the Freedom of the Will by Charles L. Cortright 
 La herencia Erasmus: Presente y futuro
 The Erasmus Text Project 
 Erasmus University Rotterdam
 A set of essays on Erasmus 

1466 births
1536 deaths
16th-century philosophers
Bible translators
Christian theologians
Dutch philosophers
Dutch Roman Catholics
Protestant Reformation
Writers from Rotterdam
The Elfstedentocht, Dutch for "Eleven cities tour" is a race for people on ice skates. The race takes place on canals in Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. The route of the race goes through eleven towns and is nearly 200 kilometers long. It can only be held in winters when it has been cold enough to freeze the canals to enough depth to make it safe for skating on.

The race starts and finishes in Leeuwarden, the capital city of Friesland. The route goes through all eleven places in Friesland which are officially called "towns". The race has been held 15 times. The first year it took place was 1909. The most recent race was on 4 January 1997. The ice on the canals has to be at least 15 cm thick for the race to take place. It is a very tough race, although some years the race has been tougher than others, depending on the weather conditions. 1963 was an extremely cold winter. That year only one in 100 people who took part managed to finish the race.

Medals are given to the first 11 men and the first 5 women.

Friesland
Skating
Sport in the Netherlands
1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the Netherlands
De Fryske Marren
Leeuwarden
Noardeast-Fryslân
Súdwest-Fryslân
Waadhoeke
Huelva is a city in Andalusia, Spain and the capital of the province of Huelva. According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), 149,310 people live in Huelva. Huelva is the center of a metropolitan area that has 490,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Andalusia
Capital cities in Spain
Municipalities in Andalusia
Clinton Richard Dawkins DSc, FRS, FRSL (born Nairobi, 26 March 1941) is an English  biologist, evolutionist, and writer. He is an emeritus Fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Simonyi Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.

Dawkins is an atheist, a vice president of the British Humanist Association, and a supporter of the Brights movement. He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design. In his 2006 book The God Delusion, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief". As of January 2010, the English-language version had sold more than two million copies and had been translated into 31 languages.

Dawkins' ideas on evolution were heavily influenced by W.D. Hamilton. The influence can be seen throughout Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene. They became friends at Oxford and, after Hamilton's death, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.

He also writes for The Huffington Post.

Works

Books

 "The Selfish Gene" (1976)
 "The Extended Phenotype" (1982)
 "The Blind Watchmaker" (1986)
 "River Out of Eden" (1995)
 "Climbing Mount Improbable" (1996)
 "Unweaving the Rainbow" (1998)
 "A Devil's Chaplain" (2003)
 "The Ancestor's Tale" (2004)
 "The God Delusion" (2006)
 "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution" (2009)
 "The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True" (2011)
 An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist (2013)

Documentaries

 "Nice Guys Finish First" (1987)
 "The Blind Watchmaker" (1987)
 "Growing Up in the Universe" (1991)
 "Break the Science Barrier" (1996)
 "The Root of All Evil?" (2006)
 "The Enemies of Reason" (2007)
 "The Genius of Charles Darwin" (2008)
 Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life (2012)
 Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008)
 Faith School Menace? (2010) 
 Beautiful Minds (April 2012)
 The Unbelievers (2013)

References 

1941 births
Living people
British academics
English atheists
English evolutionary biologists
English science writers
People from Nairobi
HuffPost writers and columnists
Academics of the University of Oxford
A stalactite is a form that can be found on the ceiling of a cave. When a drop of water flows down the stalactite, the water evaporates and leaves a mineral deposit of calcite. This slowly increases the length and thickness of the stalactite.

The corresponding formation on the floor underneath a stalactite is known as a stalagmite. Given enough time, these formations can meet. The results are known as columns.
Caves
Ranma ½ is an anime based on a manga by Rumiko Takahashi. It is 36 volumes long.

Story 
Ranma Saotome is the main character, who is 16 and good at martial arts. He learned from his father, a martial artist. Ranma was training with his father, Genma Saotome, when he falls into a spring which turns him into a girl from then on whenever cold water is poured on him. Genma fell into the spring of the panda, so he turns into a panda. Hot water makes them turn back.

After this both visit Soun Tendo, Genma's friend from a long time ago and his fighting partner. Soun teaches at his martial arts school. Soun tells Genma that he needs a grandchild to carry on the school, so he needs his daughter, Akane Tendo, to marry to get a child, who would receive an inheritance from him. Genma then says that Akane could marry Ranma, and so they become engaged.

Ranma and Akane don't get along at first but they become more friendly.

Characters 

Ryoga Hibiki
One of Ranma's enemies. He and Ranma went to same school when they were children, but never got 
along.

References

Anime
Manga
1993 television series debuts
2002 television series endings
Laksa is a popular spicy noodle soup from Peranakan culture. Curry laksa (sometimes called just laksa) is a coconut soup made with prawns, beef, bean sprouts and chili. It is very spicy but can be made milder by leaving out some of the chilis.

Laksa is a popular food in Malaysia. A well-known Asam Laksa can be found in Air Itam, Penang.

Soups
Noodles
Scarface is a 1983 American crime thriller movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone, produced by Martin Bregman and stars Al Pacino. The story is about Tony Montana, a Cuban criminal who moves to Miami, Florida and creates his own cocaine business. It is a loose remake of the 1932 movie Scarface. The movie made $85 million.

Story 
Tony Montana is a prisoner from Cuba who is coming to the United States on a boat to escape the oppressive Communist government. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a Miami drug lord.

Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. He also marries Elvira, Frank's girlfriend who at first refused to go out with Tony because of Frank. Soon, Tony becomes very rich and powerful because of his growing cocaine empire. He meets Alexander Sosa, a powerful Bolivian drug lord. Elvira later leaves Tony because she feels that despite all of their money and power, Tony's criminal lifestyle and drug problems make them losers.

Tony is eventually arrested for not paying taxes and even though he would be able to bribe some of the judges, he will still have to go to jail for three years. Sosa offers to have one of his contacts in the Justice Department write off Tony's charges if Tony kills a journalist who is going to make a speech against Sosa to the United Nations. Tony plants a bomb on the target's car, but sees the journalist's family inside it, and does not make the bomb go off. Tony later visits his best friend, Manny, but when he sees his sister, Gina, with him, he kills him. Gina reveals that she and Manny got married a few days earlier and wanted to surprise Tony. Tony, feeling extreme guilt for killing his friend and ruining his sister's life, withdraws to his mansion and begins to snort large amounts of cocaine. Sosa gets angry and sends many men to Miami to kill Tony. When the men enter Tony's mansion, they kill Gina and most of his men. Angry and sad at the death of his sister, Tony singlehandedly kills many of Sosa's men in a major shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by an assassin with a shotgun, and falls into his fountain below, dead.

References

 Scarface wallpapers
1983 crime movies
1983 thriller movies
1980s crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
American gangster movies
American movie remakes
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies directed by Brian De Palma
Movies set in Miami, Florida
Universal Pictures movies
American drama movies
Movies about the illegal drug trade
Contract killing is murder where a person or group is paid (usually money) to kill someone else. Someone who does this is known as a hit man (also hitman), or assassin. Contract killing is illegal, and is punishable, sometimes by death. Contract killing is often used by the mafia.

Types of crime
The Eastern Catholic Churches are autocephalous Christian churches. They recognize the Bishop of Rome as their spiritual leader, like other Catholics.They differ on ideas as how a mass should be organised, or which prayers are more important than others. 

In total there are 23 such churches, the probably best known are listed below:

 Coptic Catholic Church
 Maronite Church
 Armenian Catholic Church
 Chaldean Catholic Church
 Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
 Syro-Malankara Catholic Church

Related pages 

 Eastern Christianity

Other websites

General
 Orientale Lumen - Apostolic Letter of Pope John Paul II on the Eastern Churches
 Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium - original text of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, with concordance
 Code of canons of the Oriental Churchs - defective English translation, with concordance
 Instruction for Applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches  - Instruction by Congregation for the Eastern Churches
 What All Catholics Should Know About Eastern Catholic Churches 
 Eastern Catholics in the United States of America - adapted from a similar publication by the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference

Individual Churches
 Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate —Official Website
 Maronite Patriarchate—Official Website
 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church —Official Website
 Syro Malankara Catholic Church International Homepage —Official Website
 Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
 Byzantine Catholic Church in America—Information and Messageboards
 Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh—Official Website
Sanjaya Joseph Malakar (; ; born September 10, 1989) is an American singer. He is best known for being on the sixth season of American Idol. He was not well liked by the program's judges, mainly Simon Cowell. He was voted off after the top 7 participants.

References

1989 births
Living people
singers from Washington
American Idol contestants
Pangolins (or scaly anteaters) are mammals which live in Africa and Asia. They have scales on their skin. They are the only mammals which have this adaptation.

There are three genera of pangolin, all of which eat ants and termites. They catch their food using their tongues, and they do not eat anything else.

These scaled mammals are considered one of the most threatened animal among the mammal species. Unfortunately we know very little of their known status, such as their distribution across West African countries. Only evidence of the white bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) was found. No evidence of the Giant Pangolin (Smutsia gigantic) was found leading to believe that the giant pangolin no longer appears in West Africa.

Pangolins have features of armadillos (long, ant eating tongue and broad tail) and sloths (claws), but the pangolin is in a completely different order. The pangolin belongs to the order Pholidota.

Pangolins have large, hardened, overlapping plate-like scales. The pangolin scales are made of keratin. and are attached to muscles under the skin. and can be moved to point towards predators. Hair grows between the scales and near the rear of the animal.

The pangolin's scaled body is a bit like a pine cone or globe artichoke. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting like armour while it tucks its face under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defence from predators.

A pangolin's main predators are wild cats, hyenas and humans.
A mother pangolin's gestation period is between 120 and 180 days. Young pangolin are born with scales, and they harden by the second day the pangopup is out of the womb.

When walking on a level surface the pangolin is bipedal. It walks on the back legs. Its body is held horizontal, and is balanced by its heavy tail at the back.

Sometimes pangolins are smuggled into China on the black market. Their scales are used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

Pangolins are a critically endangered species and have been hunted and trafficked all across Asia and Africa. They are usually sought after for their scales, meat and medical properties. This creature also has been identified as a host for SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses.

References

Other websites 
 Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
 A photograph of a pangolin
 Paul Kuniholm Pangolin Mural
 

Mammals
Antananarivo is the capital city of Madagascar. It is the largest city in the country. The city is the administrative, communications and economic center of Madagascar.

Antananarivo has a population of over 1.4 million people. Including an Anglican cathedral and a Roman Catholic cathedral, there are about fifty churches in the city and its suburbs. There is also a Muslim mosque. Antananarivo is home of the University of Madagascar and the Collège Rural d'Ambatobe.

History 
Antananarivo was founded in about 1625 by King Andrianjaka. The name, Antananarivo, means the City of the Thousand. It comes from the number of soldiers Andrianjaka used to guard the city.

Until 1869 all buildings in the city were of wood or rushes. Since the introduction of stone and brick, the whole city has been rebuilt. It now has many notable structures. For example, the royal palaces, the Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, several stone and brick churches, colleges, schools, hospitals, courts of justice and other government buildings.

The city was captured by the French in 1895. Since then, good roads have been built in the city.

References

Other websites 
Antananarivo Renivohitra website 

Capital cities in Africa
Madagascar
1625 establishments
17th-century establishments in Africa
Franklin Roberto Lashley (born July 16, 1976) is an American professional wrestler, mixed martial artist and former collegiate amateur wrestler. He is better known as Bobby Lashley. He is currently signed to the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he is the United States Champion. He is also known for his time in  Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he competed under the ring name Lashley.

Lashley was released from the WWE on February 4, 2008. He returned to WWE on April 8, 2018, where he currently appears on Raw. He is also an MMA fighter, where he was considered a top draw for Bellator. He has not fought professionally since 2016.

Wrestling career 
Lashley went to Missouri Valley College. While he was there, he won three national amateur wrestling championships between 1996 and 1998. During 1997 and 1998 he was the NAIA National Wrestling Champion. He wrestled at the weight of 177 pounds (80 kilograms). Lashley later joined the United States Army, where he continued to wrestle.

In November 2003, Lashley started professional wrestling. He began working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). WWE sent him to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he started his training under Lance Storm. During 2005, Lashley appeared at four live events for both the RAW and SmackDown! brands. On September 23 2005, Lashley made his televised WWE debut on SmackDown!

On November 14, Lashley moved to the ECW brand. Lashley signed a contract for the final spot in a six-man match for the ECW World Championship at December to Dismember. Lashley won the match and became the new ECW World Champion. This made Lashley the first African American to hold the ECW title. Lashley lost the title to Vince McMahon in May of 2007. On June 3, 2007, he defeated McMahon to get the title back.

On the June 19, 2014 episode on Impact Wrestling, Lashley defeated Eric Young to win his first TNA World Heavyweight Championship.

Acting

Movies
The Way of War - Tattooed Hispanic Man (2009)
Beatdown - Lucius (2010)
Blood Out - Hector (2011)
Walk-ins Welcome - Felix (2011)

References

Other websites 

Lashley Nutrition - official website 
TNA profile 

1976 births
Living people
African-American movie actors
African-American wrestlers
American military people
American mixed martial artists
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Kansas
TNA wrestlers
An ellipsis is a type of punctuation mark. In writing, it is a row of three points (...). Its name comes from the ancient Greek word ἔλλειψις (omission/falling short). Notice that the three dots are not spaced as full points: they are a separate special typographic sign.

Depending on context and place in a sentence, ellipses can indicate an unfinished thought, a leading statement, a slight pause, a mysterious or echoing voice, or a nervous or awkward silence. An ellipsis can be used to trail off into silence—for example: But I thought he was...

 So much more could be said...

When text is quoted from a book or a newspaper, it stands for words that have been cut out to save space in a page. For example:
 "...one day all Americans will live peacefully throughout the world...they will be at peace with all other world inhabitants..."

When speaking, it can be referred to as "dot-dot-dot".

In mathematics, different symbols for ellipsis are used to a similar effect. These include the horizontal ellipsis symbols  and , along with vertical ellipsis symbols such as  and  .

Related pages
Punctuation

References 

 Bringhurst, Robert 2002. The elements of typographic style (version 2.5), pp 82–83. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks Publishers. 
 Morris, William 1980. The Houghton Mifflin Canadian dictionary of the English language, page 424. Markham, Ontario: Houghton Mifflin Canada. 

Punctuation
Typography
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French department of Mayotte. It is off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou is largest commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It has a population of 45,485.

Mamoudzou is apart of france on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi). Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977.

Capital cities in Africa
Communes in Mayotte
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Moroni (Arabic: موروني) is the capital of the Comoros. It is the largest city in the country. Moroni replaced Dzaoudzi as the capital in 1962.  The city has a population of about 60,200 people.

The city is located on the western coast of Grande Comore island.  Moroni is served by the Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport.  There is also a harbour which has ship which go between the African mainland and the islands in the Comoros archipelago, as well as Madagascar and other Indian ocean islands.

History
Moroni became the capital of Comoros in 1958.

References

Other websites

Comoros
Capital cities in Africa
Porto-Novo (also known as Hogbonou and Adjacé) is the capital of the West African country of Benin. The city has a population of 223,552 people  Porto-Nova is a port on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea, in the southeastern part of the country. Porto-Novo is Benin's second largest city. The city of Cotonou is larger and more important, culturally and politically. The region around Porto-Novo produces palm oil, cotton and kapok. Petroleum was found off the coast of the city in the 1990s. It has become an important export of the city.

Things to see 
 The Porto Novo Museum of Ethnography has a large collection of Yoruba masks. It also has items on the history of the city and of Benin.
 King Toffa's palace (also known as the Musée Honmé and the Royal Palace) is now a museum that shows what life was like for African royalty.
 Jardin Place Jean Bayol is a large plaza which has a statue of the first King of Porto-Novo.
 The da Silva Museum is a museum of Benin history.
 The palais de Gouverneur (Governor's palace) is the home of the national legislature.

Another place of interest is a Brazilian-style church which is now a mosque. Stade Municipale and Stade Charles de Gaulle, or Charles de Gaulle Stadium, are the largest football stadiums in the city.

Notes

Other websites 
 Official Republic of Benin tourism site for Porto-Novo 
 Images of the Central Mosque of Porto-Novo 

Capital cities in Africa
Settlements in Benin
Praia is the capital of the island nation of Cape Verde.  It lies on Santiago island in the Sotavento archipelago. The city has, in 2010, a population of 127,832. Praia is Cape Verde's largest city. It is also the commercial center of the country. The name Praia means "beach" in Portuguese.

Praia has a port that transports coffee, sugar cane, and tropical fruits.  Praia also has a fishing industry. The city is home to one of the nation's two international airports. There are resort beaches nearby.

Things to see
Some of the interesting things to see in Praia include:
 Albuquerque Square
 The old city hall
 The Presidential Palace - built in the end of the 19th century, it was used for the Portuguese governor

Other things
Praia has many schools,  churches, beaches, ports, and a university named after Jean Piaget.

References

Other websites 

 Praia official website
 Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde

Capital cities in Africa
Cape Verde
Municipalities of Cape Verde
The Coptic Catholic Church is a church in full communion with the Pope in Rome instead of the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The church has about 162,000 members (as of 2007). Most of the members are in Egypt. Coptic Catholics are seen as a schism from the Coptic Orthodox Church. They left that church in order to come into full communion with the Catholic Church. The current Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria is Archbishop Antonios Naguib.

In 1990, Coptic Catholic sources estimated that there were about 10,000 followers in countries other than Egypt. These followers are under the care of local Latin Rite bishops. There are Coptic Catholic parishes in: Paris, Montréal, New York City, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Melbourne.

History 
In 1741, a Coptic bishop in Jerusalem named Anba Athanasius became a Catholic. Pope Benedict XIV appointed him Vicar Apostolic of the small community (approximately 2,000 people) who also became Catholics. Although Athanasius returned to the Coptic Orthodox Church later, a line of Catholic Vicars Apostolic continued after him.

Sources

Other websites 
 Coptic Catholic Church 
 http://www.coptcatholic.com (Arabic)
 Article on "Life in a Coptic Catholic Village" 

Eastern Catholicism
Religion in Egypt
Roberto Luongo (born April 4, 1979) is a former Canadian ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). Luongo retired from the NHL in 2019 after playing for 19 seasons.

Playing career 
Roberto Luongo started playing in the NHL with the Florida Panthers. During the summer of 2006, Luongo was planning to stay in Florida. Instead, the general manager of the Panthers, Mike Keenan, sent him to the Vancouver Canucks, along with Lukas Krajicek, in return for Todd Bertuzzi, Alex Auld, and Bryan Allen. Luongo first said that he was sad because he was leaving so suddenly and Vancouver was very far away.

In the 2007 season, Luongo was in Vancouver.  He was voted into the All-Star Game as the starting goaltender. The Canucks went to the playoffs. It was Luongo's first time to reach the playoffs. In one game, against the Dallas Stars, he made around 70 saves, which is very close to breaking records.

On March 4, 2014, a day before the NHL trade deadline, the Canucks traded Luongo along with prospect Steven Anthony to the Florida Panthers for goaltender Jacob Markström and centre Shawn Matthias. Luongo's salary will still be retained by the Canucks.

References

Other websites

1979 births
Acadie–Bathurst Titan players
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
New York Islanders players
People from Montreal
Val-d'Or Foreurs players
Vancouver Canucks players
Robert Anthony De Niro (born August 17, 1943) is an Italian-American actor, voice actor, comedian, director and producer. His most well-known movies include Mean Streets (1973), The Godfather: Part II (1974), Taxi Driver (1976), The Deer Hunter (1978), Casino (1995), Jackie Brown (1997), Meet the Parents (2000), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), Joker (2019) and The Irishman (2019).

Early life
Robert Anthony De Niro was born in Greenwich Village, New York City, the son of Virginia Holton Admiral, a painter and poet, and Robert Henry De Niro, an abstract expressionist painter and sculptor. His father is half Irish and half Italian descent and His mother is of half German, with her other roots of English, French and Dutch descent.

Personal life

Family

De Niro was first married to Diahnne Abbott. They have a son, Raphael, a former actor who works in New York real estate. De Niro also adopted Abbott's daughter from a previous relationship, Drena.

De Niro has twin sons, Julian Henry and Aaron Kendrik. They were delivered by a surrogate mother in 1995.  His partner was a long-term live-in relationship with former model Toukie Smith.

In 1997, De Niro married actress Grace Hightower. Their son Elliot was born in 1998. The couple split in 1999. The divorce was never finalized and in 2004 they renewed their vows. In December 2011, they had a daughter, Helen Grace. She was born through a surrogate.

In addition to his six children De Niro has three grandchildren.

In 2003, it was said that De Niro had prostate cancer. He went on to make a full recovery.

Awards and nominations

Academy Award
 Won: Best Supporting Actor, The Godfather Part II (1974)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Taxi Driver (1976)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Deer Hunter (1978)
 Won: Best Actor, Raging Bull (1980)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Awakenings (1990)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Cape Fear (1991)

BAFTA Award 
 Nominated: Best Newcomer, The Godfather Part II (1976)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Taxi Driver (1977)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Deer Hunter (1979)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Raging Bull (1982)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The King of Comedy (1984)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Goodfellas  (1990)

References

1943 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American Roman Catholics
American television actors
American voice actors
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
An archive is a collection of records. The term is also used for the location in which these records are kept.  Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general, an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike books and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as corporations and governments.  Archives are different from libraries in that archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products".  The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science.

A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.

Footnotes

Related pages
Internet Archive

Other websites 

UNESCO Archives Portal  - over 8000 links worldwide
International Council on Archives
Archives Hub — gateway to descriptions of archives held in UK universities and colleges, part of the National Archives Network
InterPares Project — international project on electronic records
Access to Archives (A2A) — the English strand of the UK archives network
Online-Guide to Archives around the globe

Documents
Difference can mean more than one thing.

A difference is something that two or more things do not have in common.  That is, it is something that is not the same about two things.
In mathematics, the difference between two numbers is how much bigger one is than the other. Difference is the result of subtraction

Basic English 850 words
Royalty could mean:
 A royal family
 Royalties, the payment made to the owner of a copyright, patent, trademark or know-how for its use.
 A type of country subdivision used on Prince Edward Island in Canada.
 Royalty Records, a record label
An osprey is a type of fish-eating bird. They are also known as 'fish hawk', 'sea hawk', and 'fish eagle'.  It is a large bird measuring up to 60 cm (24 in) long from beak to tail. It has dark brown wings.

Description 
The osprey weighs 1.4–2 kg (3.0–4.4 lb) and is 52–60 cm (20–24 in) long with a 150–180 cm (5–6 ft) wingspan (the distance between the right wingtip and left wingtip when they are spread out). The back of the bird is brown and the belly is white. The head is white with a dark stripe across the eyes. The eyes are golden to brown and the beak (the mouth of a bird) is black. The legs and feet are white with black talons (nails of a bird). 

The osprey has a short tail and long, narrow wings. Males and females look similar, but males are often paler. In flight, the osprey raises its wings in an arch shape, making it look like a gull.

Conservation

Scotland 
Scotland is typical osprey habitat with lots of trees and lakes (called 'lochs'). Because of egg thieves and hunting, only two pairs of ospreys were left there in 1967. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds began to protect the nests. Ospreys have returned every year to the protected nest at Loch Garten. More than 1.5 million people have been to see them. 

The number of ospreys in Scotland has increased a lot, but the population has been slow to spread. This is because ospreys often return to breed near to the place where they hatched.  This has been shown in studies in the USA and Sweden.

References 

Accipitriformes
Thought is the operation of the brain in conscious activity. It may or may not be goal-directed, aimed at solving specific problems. It is not the only way brains operate. Behaviour may occur as a result of instinct, and the adaptive unconscious may solve problems without a person being aware.

Other animals can use their brains to solve problems, but there is no way of telling whether they do so consciously. Thought is investigated by four or five academic disciplines, each in its own way. The disciplines include psychology, philosophy, biology, physiology, psychoanalysis and sociology.

Philosophy 
Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, functions, properties, and consciousness. The mind-body problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, especially the brain, is a central issue in philosophy of mind.

The mind-body problem 
The mind-body problem has to do with the explanation of the relationship that exists between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states/processes, and how—or even if—minds are affected by and can affect the body.

Our perceptual experiences depend on stimuli which arrive at our various sensory organs from the external world and these stimuli cause changes in our mental states, ultimately causing us to feel a sensation, which may be pleasant or unpleasant. Someone's desire for a hat, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem is to explain how someone's beliefs and desires can cause that individual's neurons to fire and his muscles to contract in exactly the correct manner. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes.

Further reading 
 Eric Baum 2004. What is thought? Chapter 2: The mind is a computer program. MIT Press.

References

Related page 
Argument
Critical thinking

 
Physiology
Philosophy
Dauria is a Russian 1971 historical action/drama directed by Viktor Tregubovich. Adapted from the novel of the same name by Konstantin Sedykh.

Epic scope and intense battle scenes won wide praise in Russia.

Plot 
Russian Cossacks in Siberia. Cossacks live in their village like one big family. Young Cossack Roman Ulybin is in love with a beautiful girl. Roman cannot marry the beauty, because his father has no money.

After the Communist revolution in Russia, people suffer more. Traditional life ends in chaos and crime. Communism makes no happy end.

Cast 
 Arkadi Trusov as Grandfather Ulybin.
 Petr Shelokhonov as Severian Ulybin. The father of Roman.
 Vitali Solomin as Roman Ulybin. The son of Severian.
 Vera Kuznetsova as Ulybina. The wife of Severian.
 Vasili Shukshin as Vasili Ulybin, the leader of Communists.
 Yefim Kopelyan as Ataman Kargin, the leader of Cossacks village.
 Mikhail Kokshenov as Fedot, the neighbor of Ulybins.
 Yuri Solomin as Semen, a Communist agent.
 Viktor Pavlov as Nikifor, a hard core Cossack.
 Svetlana Golovina as Dashutka, the love interest of Roman Ulybin.
 Zhenya Malyantsev as Roman's little brother.
 Fyodor Odinokov as Dashutka's father.
 Lyubov Malinovskaya as Dashutka's mother.
 Yuri Nazarov as a runaway prisoner.
 Vsevolod Kuznetsov as Cossack Platon Volokitin.
 Lidiya Feoseeva-Shukshina as Matchmaker.
 Zinovi Gerdt as Tsarist General Semenov.
 Georgi Shtil as Anarchist Revolutionary.
 Igor Yefimov as Cossack.
 Dmitri Masanov as Cossack.
 Vladimir Losev as Cossack.
 Sergei Polezhaev as Cossack.
 Aleksandr Demyanenko as Executioner.
 Igor Dmitriev as Executioner.

Other websites

 
 Dauria cast photos: , , 

1971 drama movies
1971 romance movies
1970s epic movies
1970s historical movies
1970s action movies
1970s romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Russian movies