cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ahmedabad is the largest city in the Gujarat state, in Western India. The city is the administrative centre of Ahmedabad district, and was the capital of Gujarat from 1960 to 1970. The city is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, and it shares proximity with the Gandhinagar, the newly built state capital.

The city's area is approximately 8,087 sq.k.m and it's total population of District is 7,486,573 (2014).

History 

The city was founded by Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. But, the area around the city has been inhabited since the 11th century when it was known as Ashaval. The city was built on an elevated plain known as Bhadra on the eastern bank of Sabarmati River.

In 1487, the city was fortified with an outer wall 10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference by Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Sultan. The fortification consisted of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.

In 1573, the city was annexed by the Mughal Empire. But, in the year 1758, Mughals surrendered the city to Marathas after the brief joint-rule from 1739-44.

Governance 
Since July 1950, the city is governed by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) in urban area and Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) in suburbs area. Both, provides a number of urban services such as water supply, roads construction, sanitation, primary education, city transport etc. In totality,  the administration pf the city is divided into 14 talukas which includes 556 villages, 1 corporation, 1 cantonment area, and 7 municipalities.

Economy 
For a long time, the city has been known for its textile mills and have been dubbed as "Manchester of the East". In 1861, the first textile mill was opened and gradually, the whole sector grew through city's own traditional culture and passion for entrepreneurship. Besides textile, Ahmedabad is also known for being automotive and pharmaceutical manufacturing hub.

Transportation

Railway 
The city is connected with pan-India railway network. It has three stations - Kalupur Station, Maninagar Station and Sabarmati Station. The Kalupur station is in the center of the city which will be convergence point for Ahmedabad Metro, Ahmedabad BRTS, and upcoming high-speed rail system.

Roads 
The city is well connected to the major cities in the state and the country through several national and state highways.

Air 
The city is served by Sardar Vallabbhai Patel International Airport. The airport is located 9 km from city center and also caters the state capital Gandhinagar. It was started in the year 1937 with the inaugural flight Bombay-Ahmedabad-Karachi, piloted by J. R. D. Tata.

References

Other websites 

 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
 Ahemdabad Collectorate 
 Ahmedabad at Wikimapia
 Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project

Cities in India
Settlements in Gujarat
Dachau (German pronunciation: [ˈdaxaʊ]; Bavarian: Dochau) is a city in the south of Germany, about  north-west of Munich. It has about 40,000 inhabitants. The town contains a historic town centre with an 18th century castle.

Dachau was founded in the 8th century. In 1933, a concentration camp was built in Dachau. It was the first camp of the Nazis and became the prototype for all other camps. More than 30,000 prisoners died, or were killed.

References

Other websites

 Town Web site 

Dachau (district)
The Odonata are an order of flying insects, the dragonflies and damselflies.

Like most of the flying insects (flies, beetles, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera), they evolved in the early Mesozoic era. Their prototypes, the  giant dragonflies of the Carboniferous, 325 mya, are no longer put in the Odonata. These are now called Protodonata or Meganisoptera.

The two suborders are easily distinguished:
Dragonflies: they are Anisoptera (= usually larger, eyes together & wings up or out at rest)
Damselflies: they are Zygoptera (= usually smaller, eyes apart & wings along body at rest)

All Odonata have aquatic larvae called 'nymphs', and all of them, larvae and adults, are carnivorous. The adults can land, but rarely walk. Their legs are specialised for catching prey. They are almost entirely insectivorous.

Description 
These insects characteristically have large rounded heads covered mostly by big compound eyes, legs that catch prey (other insects) in flight, two pairs of long, transparent wings that move independently, and long abdomens. They have two ocelli (eye spots) and short antennae. The mouthparts are on the underside of the head and include simple chewing mandibles in the adult.

References

Other websites 

International Journal of Odonatology
Odonata Central
Odonatologica
Worldwide Dragonfly Association
 An unusually good account on YouTube.
Jonathan William "Will" Ferrell (; born , 1967) is an American Comedian, Impressionist, Actor, Producer, and Writer. He began his successful career as a cast member of Saturday Night Live. He has since appeared in many different movies, such as Blades of Glory, Elf, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Talledega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, and Old School.

Early life
Ferrell was born in Irvine, California on July 16, 1967. He is the son of Betty Kay (nee Overman), a teacher who taught at Old Mill School elementary school and Santa Ana College, and Roy Lee Ferrell Jr., a musician with The Righteous Brothers. His parents were both natives of Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, and moved to California in 1964. He has a younger brother named Patrick. When he was 8, his parents divorced. Ferrell said of the divorce: "I was the type of kid who would say, 'Hey, look at the bright side! We'll have two Christmases'."

Filmography

Television work
 Saturday Night Live (cast member from 1995 to 2002)
 Cow and Chicken (1997–2001) (voice in various episodes)
 Saturday Night Live: Presidential Bash 2000 (2000)
 Undeclared (guest star)
 The Oblongs (2001–2002) (voice)
 King of the Hill (voice)
 The Tom Green Show (guest star)
 The Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show (guest star)
 Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway (voiceover and guest)
 Family Guy (voices in various episodes)

References

1967 births
Living people
American voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
People from Irvine, California
Actors from Orange County, California
Comedians from California
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen, the lightest element. Tritium has one proton and two neutrons. It heavier than ordinary hydrogen or its isotope deuterium. Hydrogen does not have any neutrons, only a proton. The chemical symbol for Tritium is 3H or T.

In nature, tritium is made when cosmic rays hit nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere. Tritium has a half-life of a little more than twelve years, so there is not much in the atmosphere. People make much more tritium in nuclear reactors, so that they can make things from it.

Ways of using tritium 

Tritium is important for nuclear fusion power.  Tritium is added to nuclear bombs to make them more powerful when they explode. 

Tritium is often used with phosphors to make glow in the dark key-rings, and sights on rifles. Tritium makes the phosphors glow because it is radioactively unstable and gives energy to the phosphor so it can make light. Before lots of tritium could be made, people used radium to make things light up but this gave people cancer.

Radioactive decay produces tritium. High levels of tritium were found in 2013 in the Pacific near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant two years after the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Other websites 
 Tritium -Citizendium 

Hydrogen
Isotopes
Professional wrestling, pro wrestling is wrestling done as performance art.  It is different from other sports because it is a fixed sport.  It is sometimes known as sports entertainment.

Like other athletes, most wrestlers train each day to maintain their physical condition. They practice for years to learn to execute moves safely while still making them look dangerous. They suffer many injuries, sometimes severe. 

Professional wrestling is done as a show, like a play. Many wrestlers will wrestle in many fights, called matches. They wrestle inside a 'wrestling ring', which is a place with ropes around it. The best wrestlers can win belts, called 'championship titles', to show that they are the best.

Famous stars of the ring include "Gorgeous George" Wagner, Ric Flair, Hulk Hogan, André the Giant, Sting, "Macho Man" Randy Savage, Bret "The Hitman" Hart, Shawn Michaels, The Undertaker, Triple H, Brock Lesnar, Goldberg, Mick Foley, Stone Cold Steve Austin and John Cena.

The United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan and the United Kingdom are countries that have a lot of professional wrestling events.  The biggest company of professional wrestling is WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment).  Once a year, they have a big wrestling event called WrestleMania.  Professional wrestling can be seen both in the audience of an arena or on television.

References

Other websites 

 Wrestling Training Online Site 
 ProWrestlingHistory.com
 The Pro Wrestling Wiki
Monaco-Ville is the original fortified town of Monaco.

Other websites 
 Monaco-Ville information 

Monaco
Hıdırlık Tower is a landmark tower of tawny stone in Antalya, Turkey, where Kaleiçi meets Karaalioglu Park.

The tower is at the south side of the place, where the land walls of the city join the sea walls. The 14m high tower consists a circular tower rising on a quadratic pedestal. The tower's gate at the eastern side goes to a small room, from where a narrow staircase goes up. There was some restoration work on the upper part done in the Seljuk and Ottoman eras.

Around the Hıdırlık Tower is many cafés and restaurants also a view of the Gulf of Antalya.

Fortification
Towers in Asia
Buildings and structures in Turkey
Mesa is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona and part of the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metropolitan Area. It is the 38th largest city in the United States of America. It was settled by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in January 1878.

Education 

CAE Global Academy Phoenix

References

 
1878 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Arizona Territory
Tucson is a city in Arizona, United States. It is the seat of Pima County. It is 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the Mexican border. It is where the shooting of senator Gabrielle Giffords took place. Arizona has many deserts. It is visited by many people to escape cold weather. Tucson has a population of 531,641 as of 2015 and is the second populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix. The city has a mean elevation of 2,400 feet. The climate of Tucson is a arid desert climate with very hot summers and mild winters. The monsoon occurs in mid June and ends around late September in the Tucson area.

References

Other websites 
Official government website 

 
County seats in Arizona
Tarrant County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 1,809,034 people lived there. The county seat is Fort Worth, and in 2012, 777,992 people lived there, making it the largest city in the county. The second largest city in the county is Arlington, where 375,600 people live.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 902 square miles.

Places

Cities 
 Arlington
 Bedford
 Benbrook
 Blue Mound
 Colleyville
 Dalworthington Gardens
 Euless
 Everman
 Forest Hill
 Haltom City
 Hurst
 Keller
 Kennedale
 Lake Worth
 North Richland Hills
 Pelican Bay
 Richland Hills
 River Oaks
 Saginaw
 Sansom Park
 Watauga
 Westworth Village
 White Settlement

Towns 
 Edgecliff Village
 Flower Mound (mostly in Denton County)
 Lakeside
 Pantego
 Trophy Club (mostly in Denton County)
 Westlake (small part in Denton County)
 Westover Hills

References

Other websites
Tarrant County official website 

Texas counties
A spectrophotometer measures either the amount of light reflected from a sample object or the amount of light that is absorbed by the sample object. Spectrophotometry is the quantity based study of electromagnetic spectra.

Design

In short, the sequence of events in a modern spectrophotometer is as follows:
 The light source shines on the sample.
 A fraction of the light is transmitted or reflected from the sample
 The light from the sample is directed to the entrance slit of the monochromator
 The monochromator separates the wavelengths of light and focuses each of them onto the photodetector sequentially.

There are two kinds of spectrophotometers: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between two light paths. One path containing a reference sample, the other holding the test sample. A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before and after a test sample is inserted. A double beam machine makes comparison readings easier and more stable. But a single beam machine can have measure a wider range of light frequencies. Single beam machines have simple optical systems and are more compact. When the spectrophotometer is built into another device (like microscopes or telescopes) only single beam machines will work.

Many older spectrophotometers must be calibrated by a procedure known as "zeroing." The absorbancy of a reference substance is set as a baseline value, so the absorbancies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial "zeroed" substance. The spectrophotometer then displays % absorbancy (the amount of light absorbed relative to the initial substance).

Spectrophotometers can also measure luminescence.  For example, the machine can shine ultraviolet light of one frequency on the sample. This will excite the sample and make it glow. The detectors can then measure the light glowing from the sample at a different frequency.

References

Spectroscopy
Martiros Saryan (, February 28, 1880 – 5 May 1972) was a Russian-born Armenian painter.

He was born into an Armenian family in Nor Nakhijevan (now part of Russia). In 1895, he was 15, he finished the Nakhichevan school and from 1897 to 1904 learned at the Moscow School of Arts, also in the workshops of Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin. He was heavily influenced by the work of Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse. He showed his works in various shows.

Quotes 
Nature's ways are wonderful and unfathomable. The grain swells in the soil, the sprout grows and flowers when the time comes and then it bears new fruit and so does not die. We are like grain. We never die because we are One with Nature. To understand this is to comprehend Immortality--the Apotheosis of the Human Race. It is with this conviction that I have lived my Life. My Life is a store of my experience, a Life of aspirations, sorrows, joys and triumphs. (M. Saryan)

References

Other websites 
 Martiros Saryan 

1880 births
1972 deaths

Russian painters
Armenian artists
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
The Library of Congress is the de facto national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress.

The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden.

Roles
The primary function of the Library of Congress is to serve the Congress. The Library welcomes public use of its general reference facilities and endeavors to offer the widest possible use of its collections consistent with their preservation and with its obligation to serve the Congress and other government agencies.The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world, with millions of books, recordings, photographs, newspapers, maps and manuscripts in its collections. The Library is the main research arm of the U.S. Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office.Libraries are important cornerstones of a healthy community. ... College students often use the library when they are home for the weekend or for holidays. And the reference resources in public libraries are usually unavailable elsewhere in the community. The library is a unique and valuable resource.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 The Library of Congress website

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Libraries in the United States
National libraries
1800 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
Forest, Ontario is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.

History
Forest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.

Industry
The industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturing plants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.

Population
In 2001, the last year that Forest was a national census unit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. Information for Forest itself is not available.

Education
Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools.

Recreation and tourism
There are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tennis courts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golf course is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a  drive.

Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called The Promise in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides.

Towns in Ontario
Garni ("Գառնի" in Armenian) is a village in the Armenian province of Kotayk'.

Other websites 
Garni at Armenica.org

Settlements in Armenia
Irredentism is the desire of a state or some of its people in a state for the annexation of land of another state. Those who want the land say that it really belongs to them because the other state stole it, or they wish to liberate the people who live there who have the same ethnicity or some other connection.

The term was invented in the 1870s, when the unification of Italy left out Italians who lived in Austria-Hungary.

International relations
Territorial disputes
Nationalism
Greater Armenia or United Armenia is an Armenian irredentist political goal aimed at uniting all territories perceived as "historically or ethnically Armenian" to the Republic of Armenia.

Related pages
 Armenian Genocide

Middle East
Nationalism
The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church sui juris within the Catholic Church. Its headquarters are in Bzoummar, Lebanon. The union was established in the Council of Florence, in 1439. During the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1918, its followers were scattered, mainly to Syria and Lebanon. Many Armenians also fled to Georgia and Ukraine. In 1991, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Pope John Paul II merged  the churches in Georgia and Ukraine with those in Armenia. He created a new eparchy of Armenia and Eastern Europe. There is a seminary in Gyumri, the largest city in Armenia. At the same time Catholic Armenians in Georgia de facto entered this newly formed diocese.The city of Gymuri was chosen because most Catholic Armenians live in the north of the country.

Many Armenians emigrated to the United States and Canada, mainly in the 1970s. For this reason, Pope Benedict XVI created a diocese for these people. It is responsible for about 35.000 people in the US, and about 10.000 in Canada. 

The church uses the Armenian Rite and the Armenian language for its services. 

The current Patriarch of the church is Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni.

Other websites 
Official web site
Armenian Apostolic Church Library

Eastern Catholicism
Armin T. Wegner (October 16 1886 – May 17 1978) was a soldier in World War I, a writer and a co-creator of German Expressionism, a political activist for Armenian and Jewish human rights, and a victim of Nazi persecution.

He was a war reporter for several German newspapers at the same time. While staying in Turkey, he saw the genocide of Armenians with his own eyes.

After Hitler came to power, Wegner was against the fascists, and spoke against the treatment of Jews. After writing a letter to Hitler, he was arrested and tortured. Wegner survived and escaped and was based in England, and in Italy after the end of World War II.

Other websites 
Armin T. Wegner Society
Biography of Armin T. Wegner
Armin T. Wegner at Yad Vashem website

1886 births
1978 deaths
Armenian Genocide
German journalists
German people of World War II
German political activists
German writers
Holocaust survivors
Humanitarians
Assyrians, also known as Syriacs-Arameans and Chaldeans, are an ethnic group whose origins remain in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but who have gone to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands more live in Assyrian diaspora and Iraqi refugee communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Related pages
 Assyrian empire 
 Assyrian Genocide

References
In the Middle Bronze Age,Assyria was a city state on the Upper Tigris river, named after its capital, the ancient city of Assur.  

The Assyrians were just to the north of their rivals, the Babylonians. All the kingdoms of ancient Mesopotamia used the cuneiform writing system invented by the Sumerians.

Assyrian people 
Assyrians are an ethnic group whose descendents remain in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but who have gone to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands more live in Assyrian Diaspora and Iraqi Refugees Communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, The United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Related pages
Assyrian genocide
Nineveh

 
Former countries in the Middle East
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984) was a Soviet politician. He was born in Nagutskoye, Russian SFSR.

Andropov was Director of the KGB for an unusually long time:  19671982 (Jan-May). He was General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death fifteen months later. He had diabetes mellitus and died of renal failure in Moscow, Russian SFSR.

References

1914 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Directors of intelligence agencies
Former dictators
Russian communists
Russian politicians
Soviet politicians
Time People of the Year
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Van () is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and has a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010. Kurds form the majority.

History 
In the 9th century BC, the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. For centuries after that, the area was a major Armenian population center. After World War I Armenian population was forced to leave and was cleansed during the Armenian Genocide.

Related pages
 Van Resistance

Sources

Other websites 

 Pictures of the capital of this province

Provinces of Turkey
Kurdistan
Urartian is the name for the language spoken by the people of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in northeast Anatolia (present-day Turkey), in the region of Lake Van.

Urartian was a language isolate, which was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, but a member of the Hurro-Urartian family.

There is a hypothesis that suggests that besides the cuneiform inscriptions of the Urartian language, Urartu had a native hieroglyphic writing system. Armenian scientist Artak Movsisyan published a partial attempt deciphering of Urartian hieroglyphs, saying that they were written in an early form of Armenian.

Related pages
Urartu

More reading 
C. B. F. Walker: section Cuneiform in Reading the Past. Published by British Museum Press, 1996, .
J. Friedrich: Urartäisch, in Handbuch der Orientalistik I, ii, 1-2, pp. 31–53. Leiden, 1969.
Gernot Wilhelm: Urartian, in R. Woodard (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages. Cambridge, 2004.
Mirjo Salvini: Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1995.

Other websites 
Urartian hieroglyphs hypothesis

Urartu
Yamaha is a Japanese multinational company that makes different products, including musical instruments such as keyboards.

Yamaha was founded in 1887 by Torakusu Yamaha. Yamaha started when the founder Torasku Yamaha when he successfully completed the first reed organ It was named Nippon Gakki Company, Limited and produced pianos and reed organs at that time. In October 1987, on the 100th anniversary, its name was changed to The Yamaha Corporation. Yamaha produces several musical instruments including keyboards, flutes, guitars and things in a band. Yamaha also produces motorbikes, as well as the voice synthesizer Vocaloid. Yamaha is a big corporation and was founded 125 years ago.

In 1989, Yamaha shipped the world's first CD recorder.

References 

1887 establishments
Companies of Japan
Musical instrument makers
1880s establishments in Japan
Grease is a 1978 American romantic comedy musical movie directed by Randal Kleiser and produced by Robert Stigwood. The movie tells the story of high-schoolers Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Danny (John Travolta), Frenchy (Didi Conn) and Sandy (Olivia Newton-John).

Release dates

Plot 
Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and Sandra Dee (Olivia Newton-John) meet in Los Angeles, California in summer 1959 and they fall in love. When Sandy has to leave to go back to Australia, they believe it is the end of their romance. However, Sandy gets transferred to his school and they meet again. When Danny sees Sandy again he acts as if he does not care about her. He does this to keep up his reputation, but Sandy does not know this and wishes she has never met him. She and Danny date on and off, but Sandy becomes frustrated with him because of the way he treats her. At the end of the movie, Sandy transforms herself into the kind of woman Danny could truly love forever and they get back together after much heartbreak and trivial matters.

Other websites 

1978 comedy movies
1970s musical movies
1978 romance movies
1970s teen movies
American high school movies
American musical comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1950s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Randal Kleiser
Eastern Time Zone (ET) is the time zone for the eastern part of the Americas including the United States, Canada and parts of South America and the Caribbean. ET is five hours behind UTC in winter, which is called Eastern Standard Time (EST). It is four hours behind UTC during summer Daylight saving time, when it is called Eastern Daylight Time (EDT).

The largest city in the Eastern Time Zone is New York City, which is the largest city in the United States. The New York metropolitan area is the largest in the zone.

Usage

North America

Canada
In Canada, the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone:
 Ontario (except areas west of Thunder Bay but including Atikokan)
 Quebec (except far eastern Côte-Nord and the Magdalen Is.)
 East-central Nunavut (including part of Melville Pen. and most of Ellesmere and Baffin Is., including Iqaluit; Southampton Island does not observe Daylight saving time)

United States
In the United States, the following states are part of the Eastern Time Zone:

Parts of several other states use Eastern Time as well:
 nearly all of Florida except for the west border with Alabama 
 most of Indiana (all except the Evansville area and the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois)
 eastern half of Kentucky
 all of Michigan except the four counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, Menominee).
 the eastern third of Tennessee
 some towns in eastern Alabama, including Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley, observe Eastern Time, although they are officially in the Central Time Zone. The main reason for this is because they are close to Columbus, Georgia, which is in the Eastern Time Zone.

Other countries
The following countries that use Eastern Time Zone include:

 Mexico - the eastern state of Quintana Roo also followed EST for a brief period in the 1990s
 Panama
 Jamaica
 Haiti
The Dominican Republic
 Cuba
 the Bahamas
 Not all Caribbean countries observe Daylight saving time.

South America
In South America this time zone is observed in: 
 Colombia
 Ecuador (except Galápagos)
 Peru
 Parts of Brazil:
 the state of Acre
 Amazonas - the southwestern region of the state.

Major Metropolitan areas

References

Time zones
The Armenian Legion () or Armenische Legion was the name given to the 812th Armenian Battalion which was a foreign unit comprised of several thousand men.

Leaders Kanayan and Garegin Njdeh counted the support of over 18,000 Armenians.

In addition to this exclusively Armenian unit, Nazi Armenians also served in the thirty eight other SS divisions, including the elite Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler.

Related pages
French Armenian Legion

Military of Armenia
Nazi Germany
History of Armenia
1944
Jack White (born John Anthony Gillis, July 9, 1975 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American singer, guitarist, composer and actor. He is best known as one half of The White Stripes with his ex-wife Meg White.

Because of his successful career with The White Stripes, he has gotten the chance to work many other famous musicians, including Bob Dylan and Loretta Lynn. He has performed many different genres of music, including blues music, folk music, alternative rock, garage rock, and indie music, among other music, in his songs. 

He married model Karen Elson in 2005. They currently have two children, Scarlett Teresa White and Henry Lee White. As of today, they live in Nashville, Tennessee.

Other websites 

1975 births
Living people
American guitarists
American songwriters
American composers
American movie actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Meg White was born on December 10, 1974 in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. She is an American drummer and vocalist. She is one half of The White Stripes with her ex-husband Jack White.

Meg's playful yet simple style of drumming has drawn so much debate about her ability that is referenced in the movie School of Rock. In reference to her simple approach to drumming, Meg said "That is my strength. A lot of drummers would feel weird about being that simplistic."

1974 births
Living people
Singers from Michigan
American drummers
Musicians from Michigan
American rock musicians
American blues musicians
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was sepatated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.

The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Mainland Australia has three official time zones. The full names of the time zones are usually shortened by dropping the Australian.  Most Australian external territories are in different time zones.  Many parts of Australia have daylight saving time.

History
The three official standard time zones were set up in February 1895.

Originally South Australia was nine hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) but in May 1899 they added another thirty minutes to that.  Some people have disliked having this non-whole number of hours difference.  In 1986 and 1994 they tried to take the thirty minutes away again or add another thirty minutes but they failed.

When the Australian Capital Territory separated from New South Wales they kept using Eastern Standard Time.  When the Northern Territory separated from South Australia they kept using Central Standard Time.

Changes
There have been some other changes.
Broken Hill in far-western New South Wales uses Central Standard Time.
Lord Howe Island sets its clocks 10:30 ahead of GMT. 
Some towns on the Eyre Highway in the south-east corner of Western Australia, between  the South Australian border almost as far as Caiguna, use Central Western Standard Time.  This is an unofficial time zone 45 minutes ahead of the official Western Australian time.
The Indian Pacific train has its own time zone when travelling between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta.  They call it "train time".

Outside territories

Australia's many outside territories follow their own time zones.  None follow daylight saving time.

Daylight saving time
South Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania use daylight saving time every year.  In these regions daylight saving time begins on the first Sunday in October at 2:00 am local standard time, and ends on the first Sunday in April at 3:00 am local daylight saving time.  The starting and finishing times are sometimes changed when there are special events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, in Australia.

The Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia do not have daylight saving time.  People living in the northern parts of Australia tend not to be in favour of daylight saving.

References 
 The Australian National Time System National Standards Commission Leaflet No. 8, January 2003. Linked via Wayback machine
  NSW Legislative Council Hansard, 2 March 2005 
 Daylight Saving Petitions 
 Daylight Saving Time History of daylight saving time implementation dates at the Bureau of Meteorology website.

Other websites
Time Zones in Australia

Time zones
Australia
Human sacrifice is the act of killing a human being as an offering to a deity or other, normally supernatural, power.

It was practiced in many ancient cultures. The practice was different in different cultures.
Some like the Mayans and Aztecs are notorious for their ritual killings, others have looked down on the practice as primitive.

Victims were ritually killed in a manner that was supposed to please or appease gods or spirits. Victims ranged from prisoners to infants to Vestal Virgins whose stomach's were cut open, with a dull,stone knife and their hearts were burned.

Over time human sacrifice has become less common around the world, and sacrifices are now very rare. Most religions condemn the practice and present-day laws generally treat it as a criminal matter. Nonetheless it is still occasionally seen today, especially in the least developed areas of the world where traditional beliefs persist.

Phoenicia
The ancient Middle Eastern kingdom of Phoenicia practiced sacrifice of children to their god Moloch. It was believed to be evil by the Jewish authors of the Bible.

Aztec
The Aztecs were particularly noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale; an offering to Huitzilopochtli would be made to restore the blood he lost, as the sun was engaged in a daily battle. Human sacrifices would prevent the end of the world that could happen on each cycle of 52 years. In the 1487 re-consecration of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan many prisoners were sacrificed.

Tlaloc
Tlaloc would require weeping boys in the first months of the Aztec calendar to be ritually murdered.

Inca empire
A number of mummies of sacrificed children have been recovered in the Inca regions of South America.

References

Articles
 “Indian cult kills children for goddess: Holy men blamed for inciting dozens of deaths”, The Observer (United Kingdom newspaper) Dan McDougall in Khurja, India, Sunday March 5, 2006
 Heinsohn, Gunnar: “The Rise of Blood Sacrifice and Priest Kingship in Mesopotamia: A Cosmic Decree?” (also published in Religion, Vol. 22, 1992)

Books
 Dying for the Gods, Miranda Aldhouse Green; Trafalgar Square; 2001, 
 Cenote of Sacrifices, Clemency Coggins and Orrin C. Shane III ; 1984 The university of Texas Press; 
 Violence and the Sacred, Rene Girard, translated by P. Gregory; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, 
 I See Satan Fall Like Lightning, René Girard, Translated by James G. Williams; Orbis Books; 2001, 
 The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy Ronald Hutton, 1991, 
 Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece Dennis D. Hughes 1991 Routledge 
 City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization, David Carrasco,  Moughton Mifflin, 2000,

Related pages
Cannibalism
Crucifixion of Jesus
Sacrifice

References

Other websites

TIME Asia Magazine: Killing for “Mother” Kali 
Indian temple revives “human sacrifice”
Witch Burning and Human Sacrifice in India, PDF
“Priest makes human sacrifice”
 Human sacrifice of children 

Superstitions
Canton, Michigan is a township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. About 93,704 people live in it according to an educated guess of the U.S. Census Bureau. The FBI decided that it is the 20th safest city in the United States.The average household in Canton earns $84,000 dollars.

References 

Townships in Michigan
1834 establishments in Michigan Territory
Probability theory is the part of mathematics that studies random situations. Probability theory usually studies random events, random variables, stochastic processes, and non-deterministic events (events that do not follow a simple pattern).   

Tossing a coin, winning the lottery, or rolling a die are random events. However, random events have certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted, using probability theory. 

Scientists can use probability theory to obtain information about things that would be too complex to deal with, like statistical mechanics. Also, scientists discovered (in the 20th century) that atoms, and everything that we know, obeys something called quantum mechanics, which uses lots of probability theory.

History 
The theory of probability was created by Gerolamo Cardano, a medical doctor and gambler who tried to calculate his luck. Years later, Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal helped develop Cardano's theory.  

Today, probability theory is used in statistics, which is useful to all kinds of areas: like medicine, economy, Science, Mathematics...

Related pages 
 Fuzzy logic
 Variance
 Law of large numbers
 Central limit theorem 
 Statistics

Bibliography 

 
 The first major treatise blending calculus with probability theory, originally in French: Théorie Analytique des Probabilités.

 
 The modern measure-theoretic foundation of probability theory; the original German version (Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung) appeared in 1933.

 

 
 A lively introduction to probability theory for the beginner.

References
"The Raven" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845. It tells the story of a mysterious talking raven who visits a lover; it shows how the lover is slowly going insane. It is often called Poe's most famous poem, its publication made him famous in his day, and today it is still one of the most recognized and respected poems in American literature.

Other websites 

19th-century American poems
Poems by Edgar Allan Poe
Beck Hansen (better known as simply Beck) (born Bek David Campbell, July 8, 1970 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer, musician, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for folky rock music, unusual lyrics, and post-modern arrangements, which has made him one of the most outstanding in 1990s alternative rock.

He became extremely popular with his hit song "Loser" in 1994. Beck is known for including various styles of music into his songs, including folk music, electronica, indie music, techno, rock music, and alternative music, among others.

Hansen married actress Marissa Ribisi in 2004. They currently have two children: a son, Cosimo Henri, and a daughter, Tuesday.

References

1970 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American songwriters
American composers
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Electronic musicians
Multi-instrumentalists
Retirement is when people stop working. People may retire when they reach a certain age, or if they get sick or have an accident, or even for their own choice. Some people may semi-retire and keep some sort of job. People typically do this after working for so many years and growing tired of it. 

Society
Leisure
Trdat the Architect (c. 950-1020) (Armenian: Տրդատ ճարտարապետ), known in Latin as Tiridates, was chief architect of the Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia.

After a great earthquake in 989 destroyed the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials sent Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994.

Other websites
 The Ani cathedral
 Cities and sites in Armenia 

Byzantine Empire
Byzantium () was an ancient Greek city. The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion.

The city became the center of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages), but at that time it was already called Constantinople.

History

Legend
The origins of Byzantium are not clear. There is only a legend. It tells that a certain Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. He had asked the Oracle at Delphi where he should found his new city. The Oracle told him to find it "opposite the blind." At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the Asiatic shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. It was they who must have been blind because they had not seen that obviously superior land was just a half mile away on the other side of the Bosporus. Byzas founded his city here in this "superior" land and named it Byzantion after himself.

History before Constantine I
Byzantion was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus.

When it fought with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, when he had become emperor, and quickly regained its earlier prosperity.

Center of the Eastern Roman Empire
When Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to move his capital to the Eastern part of the Roman Empire he chose the place of Byzantion because of its strategical value. He refounded it, in 330 AD, as Nova Roma.  After his death the city was called Constantinople ('city of Constantine'). It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later called the Byzantine Empire by historians.

Emblem
Following the legend the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after an important victory in 340 BC.  However, the origin of the crescent and star as a symbol dates back much earlier - to ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. But Byzantium was the first city that used the crescent moon as its symbol. In 330 AD Constantine I added the Virgin Mary's star to the flag.

Related pages
 Constantinople details the history of the city before the Turkish conquest of 1453
 Istanbul, describes the modern city

Notes

References
Jeffreys, Elizabeth and Michael, and Moffatt, Ann. 1981. Byzantine Papers: Proceedings of the First Australian Byzantine Studies Conference, Canberra, 17-19 May 1978. Australian National University, Canberra.
 Istanbul Historical Information - Istanbul Informative Guide To The City .  Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.
 The Useful Information about Istanbul . Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.

Other websites
 Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies : www.byzantium.ac.uk
 Description of Byzantine monetary system - fifth Century BC : History of money FAQs

Ancient Greece
The Arsacid Dynasty or (sometimes called the Arshakuni Dynasty) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428. They started as a branch of the Parthian Arsacids but became a distinctly Armenian dynasty later on. Armenia was between the Parthian and Roman Empires and both were trying to control it. Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia.

An independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180. Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405.

References

History of Education in Armenia - by Kevork A. Sarafian, G A Sarafean
The heritage of Armenian literature Vol.1 - by A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Edward S. Franchuk, Gabriel Basmajian

Other websites
Armenian History; Armenian Highland
Armenian History: Arshakuni Dynasty by Levon Zekiyan 
The Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian 

History of Armenia
Royal dynasties
1st-century establishments
5th-century disestablishments
Ani (, Latin: Abnicum) is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site in Turkey. It is in the province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey.

At the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.

History 
Armenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD. They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.
 
By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot Msaker (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of ishkhan (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.

Other monuments 
There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.

Other websites 
 Virtual Ani - has clickable maps, extensive history and photos

History of Armenia
Ruins
Buildings and structures in Armenia
5th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in Armenia
The Armenian SSR  or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia, came into being on 29 November 1920. On 1 December 1920, the Prime Minister Simon Vratsian handed over control of the country to the Communist Party of Armenia. The name was later changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Notes 

20th century in Armenia
Republics of the Soviet Union
1920 establishments in the Soviet Union
1920 disestablishments
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union