cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Schwelm is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Geography
Schwelm is in the southeast of the "Ruhrgebiet", the Ruhr Area of Germany, between Westphalia and the "Bergisches Land". Schwelm is commonly known as the "Pforte Westfalens" ("Gate to Westphalia").

History
The history of Schwelm goes back to the ninth century, where it is first mentioned as "Suelmiu". The city of Schwelm was officially established in 1496 and became seat of the Ennepe-Ruhr district in 1929. According to its area, Schwelm is the smallest town in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Points of interest
Schwelm is home to the "Brauerei Schwelm", the Schwelm Brewery, one of the few remaining private breweries in Germany. It was started in 1830 by Haarmann & Kathagen, the brewery was one of the first worldwide to switch from wooden to metal barrels. The original office building of the brewery, the "Rietz'sche Haus" built in 1701, is still in use today.

The oldest piano manufacturer in the world is in Schwelm. Since 1794, "Rud. Ibach Sohn" has been building pianos and, until 1904, organs in Schwelm.

Notable citizens
 Friedrich Christoph Müller (1751 in Allendorf (Lumba) - 1808): theologian and map maker (in Schwelm between 1785 and 1808)
 Gustav Heinemann (July 23, 1899 - July 7, 1976): third president of the Federal Republic of Germany (from 1969 to 1974)
 Johannes Joachim Degenhardt (January 31, 1926 - July 25, 2002): Cardinal and Archbishop of Paderborn
 Franz Josef Degenhardt (March 12, 1931): political singer/songwriter
 Friedrich Niewöhner (September 7, 1941 - November 1, 2005): philosophy historian
 Martin Grötschel (October 9, 1948): mathematician and laureate of the Leibniz price
 Rolf Rüssmann (October 13, 1950): footballer and football manager
 Judith Kuckart (June 17, 1959): tripper, choreographer, stage director and author
 Thorsten Schmidt (February 18, 1972): racing cyclist and participant of the Tour de France
 Olivia Luczak (November 24, 1981): Polish-German amateur boxer

References

Other websites

 www.schwelm.de 
 Ibach Pianos  
 Schwelmer Brauerei 

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District
The Bundesverwaltungsgericht or Federal Administrative Court is one of the five federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the federal court of appeals for generally all cases of administrative law.  These cases are mainly arguments between people and the government, but sometimes are disputes between two different parts of government.

The Federal Administrative Court was set up on 8 June 1953.  It was based in Berlin, but in 2002 moved to the city of Leipzig in Saxony.

It hears appeals from the Oberverwaltungsgerichte, or Superior Administrative Courts, which, in turn, are the courts of appeals for decisions of the Verwaltungsgerichte (Administrative Courts).

Although cases about social security law and tax law are arguments between a person and the government, there are special courts for these matters. The Bundessozialgericht is federal court of appeals for social security law, cases about tax and customs law are decided by the Finanzgerichte (Finance Courts), and lastly by the Bundesfinanzhof.

The Bundesverwaltungsgericht has its headquarters at the former Reichsgericht (Reich Court of Justice) building in Leipzig.

References

Other websites
 Official homepage

Leipzig
1953 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany
Grid may mean:

Meaning an array of squares or rectangles:

 Grid plan, a city plan in which streets run at right angles to form a grid
 Grid reference, a standard method for the location of a point on a map.
 Grid view or datagrid, a graphical user interface element that presents a tabular view of data
 Grid graph, in graph theory
 Grid in typography and page layout: planning a page using a grid of different-sized and -shaped rectangles on computer software
 Grid (spatial index), a method for organizing information, e.g. in a database

In science, mathematics and technology:

 Electrical grid:
 Electric power transmission, a long-distance high-voltage network for power transmission
 Off-the-grid, living without public utility
 Grid computing, computing model that provides the ability to perform higher throughput computing
 Mesh (mathematics) or a regular grid or unstructured grid .

Places:

 Grid, a village in Pârâu Commune, Braşov County, Romania
 Grid, a village in the town of Călan, Hunedoara County, Romania

In popular culture:

 The Grid, a late eighties/early nineties electronic dance group
 The Grid (arcade game), an arcade game released in 2001.
 The Grid (TV series), a television series produced in 2004
 Grid (album), the eighth original album by the Japanese band M.O.V.E

Other:

 Grid (computer manufacturer), a laptop manufacturer in the 1980s
 Grid (Jotun), a giantess in Norse mythology
Grid (metaphysics) That which binds all of the metaverses and their contents together

GRID may stand for:

 BioGRID, a database of biological interactions hosted at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Canada
 Gay related immune deficiency (GRID), a name for AIDS until 1982
 Global Release Identifier (GRid)
 Group for Rural India Development (GRID)
 GRID, the short-hand name for an ESRI GRID file
Chianti is a kind of red wine. It is produced in Tuscany in the famous area of "Chianti" inside the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Sienna.

There are many types of Chianti:
 Chianti is a really famous red wine. It is put into a "fiasco", a traditional Italian straw-covered wine bottle.
 Chianti Classico a kind of Chianti. It is proteced by the Italian laws and can only be made in the provinces of Florence and Siena.
 Chianti Colli Aretini a kind of Chianti made only in the Arezzo area.
 Chianti Colli Fiorentini  a kind of Chianti made only in the Florence area.
 Chianti Colline Pisane a kind of Chianti made only in the Pisa area.
 Chianti Colli Senesi a kind of Chianti made only in the Siena area.
 Chianti Montalbanoa kind of Chianti made only in the areas of Prato, Florence and Pistoia.
 Chianti Montespertoli another kind of Chianti made near Florence
 Chianti Rùfina a kind of Chianti, first made in the area of "Rufina", near Florence
 Chianti Superiore a special Chianti, made in Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia and Siena. This Chianti is costs more than others kinds of Chianti.
 Vin Santo del Chianti a kind of sweet wine. It is made in the areas of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Siena
 Vin Santo del Chianti Classico a kind of sweet wine made only in the areas of Florence and Siena

Italian wines
Tuscany
Italian food
Maxïmo Park (sometimes spelled Maximo Park) are an English indie rock band who formed in 2001.

History 
Maxïmo Park formed in 2001 (with frontman Paul Smith coming from Billingham in Teesside). To Start off with, the four founding members played only a little amount small shows, with Archis Tiku on vocals, constantly switching the instruments he played. Almost about to split up, but instead they decided to look for somebody else to sing vocals. Singer Paul Smith was discovered by the then-girlfriend of drummer Tom English in a pub while he was singing along to a Stevie Wonder song. Having found someone with a stage presence, they started to write their first songs together, all despite the fact that the frontman never imagined himself as a frontman of a band. Paul Smith had never sung on stage before.

Around March 2004, a friend of the band's paid for 300 copies of a 7" red vinyl single "Graffiti" and later released a vinyl of their tracks ("The Coast Is Always Changing"/"The Night I Lost My Head") that they’d recorded in their house in Fenham. After some time of doing shows around their home town, Steve Beckett of the dance-electronic label Warp Records found one of these records and decided to sign Maxïmo Park to his record label.

Members 
Tom English – drums
Duncan Lloyd – guitar
Paul Smith – vocals
Archis Tiku – bass
Lukas Wooller – keyboard

Discography

Albums 

A Certain Trigger

Missing Songs

Our Earthly Pleasures

References

Other websites 
Maxïmo Park official website
Maxïmo Park MySpace
An acoustic session for Vox podcast 
Karaoke Plays Review 
Maximo Park, Newcastle 15th Dec 07 Review

Interviews 
The Scenestar Maxïmo Park Interview July 2007
Interview by Alexander Laurence (The Portable Infinite 2006)
 Die Klangschau: 15 Songs chosen by Maxïmo Park  and interview 
Maximo Park video interview with stv/music, June 2007 
Video interview with Paul from Maximo Park  
SUPERSWEET interview 
Interview by Natalie Shaw for Clash Magazine 

2001 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Music groups from Newcastle upon Tyne
Musical groups established in 2001
The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC.

The period had two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th and the following dynasties which revolved around el-Lisht. These two dynasties were originally considered to be the full extent of this unified kingdom, but historians now  consider the 13th Dynasty to at least partially belong to the Middle Kingdom.

Notes & references

References

Further reading 
 W. Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society, Duckworth, London 2006 

Ancient Egypt

he:היסטוריה של מצרים העתיקה
Thebes (, Thēbai) was a city in Ancient Egypt about 800 km south of the Mediterranean Sea, on the east bank of the river Nile (). It was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome.

Sources 

 Gauthier, Henri. 1925–1931. Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes hiéroglyphiques. Vol. 3 of 7 vols. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. (Reprinted Osnabrück: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1975). 75, 76.
 Polz, Daniel C. 2001. "Thebes". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 3 of  3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 384–388.
 Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. "Thebes". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 6 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 442–443.  (6-volume set)
 Strudwick, Nigel C., & Strudwick, Helen, Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor. London: British Museum Press, 1999,  (hardcover)/ (paperback)

Other websites 
 Theban Mapping Project
 Ancient Thebes Digital Media Archive (photos, laser scans, panoramas) 

Archaeological sites in Egypt
Cities in Egypt
Capital of Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Egypt
Musicology means the study of music by a scholar.  A scholar is an academic person, often a professor or lecturer at a university.  Someone who studies musicology is a Musicologist.

Musicologists study all kinds of music.  They study the history of music and learn about all the composers and how they developed their ideas and learned from one another.  They can do this by studying music scores, or by looking for historical documents which tell us about musicians from the past.  Musicologists may also study the philosophy of music (thinking about what music means).  

They write articles in musical journals or books on music.  This can help us to know and understand more about the music we play or listen to.

Related pages 
Acoustics
Music school

References 

Music
The Armenian-Tatar massacres (also known as the Armenian Tatar War and the Armeno-Tatar War) refers to the ethnic fight between the Armenians and the Caucasian Tartars (modern Azeris) in the Caucasus in 1905—1907.

The massacres started during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Hundreds of people were killed. The most violent fights happened in 1905 in February in Baku, in May in Nakhichevan, in August in Shusha and in November in Ganja.

1905
1906
1907
20th century crimes
Anti-Armenianism
Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
20th century in Armenia
20th century in Azerbaijan
Massacres
C-pop is short for Chinese popular music (). Most of today's C-pop artists are from Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China, as well as from other countries where Mandarin or Cantonese languages are used, such as Singapore and Malaysia. However, Taiwanese music has some origins from the Japanese enka so Taiwanese pop is sometimes said to be a different genre from C-Pop.

Cantonese pop

Cantonese pop, or colloquially known as Cantopop, is a subgenre of C-pop, sung in Cantonese language. Most Hong Kong-born singers start off as Cantonese pop singers before starting a career as a Mandarin pop singer. Cantonese pop artists include:

Aaron Kwok
Andy Lau
Candy Lo
CoCo Lee
Jacky Cheung
Leon Lai
Alan Tam
Leslie Cheung
Samuel Hui
Priscilla Chan
Joseph Koo

The Four Heavenly Kings
"The Four Heavenly Kings" of Cantonese pop are Leon Lai, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Jacky Cheung.

In the early 1990s, many major Cantonese pop stars (such as Alan Tam, Leslie Cheung, Samuel Hui, Priscilla Chan and Joseph Koo) decided to retire because of the protests in China in 1989. Cantonese pop needed new talent to fill the gaps left by these retired stars, this led to the beginning of "the Four Heavenly Kings" or "四大天王" (lit. Four Great Kings of Heaven): Jacky Jeung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Leon Lai. They were dominating the media in all forms, from magazines, TV, cinema to music.

Mandarin pop

Mandarin pop () is a subgenre of C-pop. Also known as Mandopop and Mandapop, Mandarin pop songs are performed in Mandarin. Most Cantonese pop stars also expand their music career into the Mandarin pop scene.

Other websites
Chinese Music Blog  - Chinese music online community providing Chinese music discussion, album review, lyrics translation and romanization for non-Chinese speakers.
C-Pop Fantasie  - Online resource for c-pop, providing lyrics, downloads, video shows, and more.
The election of the German Federal Diet (Bundestag) 2005 took place on 18 September 2005.

References 

2005 in Europe
2005 elections
Federal elections in Germany
German Bundestag
2000s in Germany
September 2005 events
In Indian religions, a mudra (Sanskrit, literally "seal") is a gesture made with the hand or fingers.  Along with asanas (body postures), they are used in yoga.  Each mudra has a meaning. They are a central part of Hindu iconography. Mudras are also used in Buddhism. There are  hand gestures in both Hindu and Buddhist iconography. An example would be the outward-facing open palm known as Abhay (without fear) mudra, a gesture meant to dispel fear.

References
 Originally published 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul plc, London.

Other websites

 Mudras Photo Gallery
 Mudras in Buddhism 

Buddhism
Hinduism
Yoga
Styrene is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C8H8. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be styrol, vinylbenzene, phenylethene, or phenylethylene.

Uses 

Styrene is used in polymer chemistry as a monomer.  This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization. 

Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called copolymers. For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene).

Production 
In industry, styrene is made from ethylbenzene by this chemical reaction: 

This kind of reaction is called dehydrogenation. Hydrogen is also made by this reaction..

Organic compounds
Para Para Sakura is a 2001 romance-comedy movie directed by Jingle Ma, starring Aaron Kwok and Cecilia Cheung. It was filmed and produced in Hong Kong. It runs for 107 minutes and is in the language Cantonese.

Plot Outline
Kwok plays the role of Phillip Wong, a colour-blind dance instructor who holds a class devoted to the latest dance craze, the Japanese Para Para. While in Shanghai, Phillip meets Yee (Cheung), a spoiled rich girl who is running away from her up-coming arranged marriage. Soon, Yee begins using Phillip's dance studio as a sanctuary from her responsibilities, and an attraction begins to form between the two. However, Yee is called back to Japan to be married before long, and Phillip must use more than his dance skills and charisma to prevent her from taking her vows.

Cast and Credits
Aaron Kwok --- Kam-Shing "Phillip" Wong
Cecilia Cheung --- Yuriko "Yee" 
Ah Niu --- Henry Ko
Niu Tien --- Yamfeifei, Yuriko's Mother
Kazuhiko Nishimura	--- Shunichi Kukukawa

Sources

http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/309054/Para-Para-Sakura/
http://au.rottentomatoes.com/m/para_para_sakura/about.php
http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1807634811/details

2001 movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s comedy-drama movies
Musical movies
2000s romantic drama movies
Cantonese-language movies
Hong Kong movies
Wayne Lim Junjie (born March 27, 1981) is a Singaporean singer, songwriter, and music composer. Lin is commonly known as JJ Lin and his Chinese name is Lin Jun Jie.  In 2004, with his self-composed song Jiang Nan, his career began to take off and his name became quickly known throughout China and Taiwan. JJ Lin was originally managed by the entertainment agency called Ocean Butterflies from 2003 to 2011. On August 8, 2011, he left his previous agency and joined Warner Music Taiwan.
 
Even though JJ Lin was born in Singapore, he is actually a descendant from a Chinese province known as Fujian. JJ can speak English and Mandarin fluently. JJ Lin’s hobbies include drawing, composing songs, singing, and photographing. The idols that he likes include Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Jacky Cheung (Zhang Xue You), David Tao (Tao Zhe), and so on. The food that JJ hates most is tomatoes. In various variety shows, he showed strong fear and dislike whenever tomatoes were put in front of his eyes. The colors that he likes the most are blue, black, white and grey. One of unforgettable experiences in his life was traveling in Japan when he was young. 

In China and Taiwan, JJ Lin was best known for his talent in composing songs instead of his appearance. He composes most of the songs in his albums. From his debut in 2003, he has produced several “hit” albums. For example, his album named No.89757, published in 2005, which mainly talked about the love between a robot and a girl a thousand years from now, sold more than 1,500,000 copies in just three months. His next album, known as Cao Cao, did even better. This album sold around 2,000,000 copies in just two weeks, a miracle in the Chinese Music Industry. Whenever JJ Lin publishes an album, it almost always becomes a hit. JJ’s songs can be heard throughout China and Taiwan in various TV programs, singing competitions, and radio channels. JJ Lin not only writes songs for himself but also for other famous celebrities, notably Ji De (Remember) for Taiwanese pop diva A-Mei and Fang Shou for his fellow label mate A-Do.

JJ Lin’s undeniable talent in composing has earned him numerous awards every year. For instance, in 2004, he won the “Best New Artist” award in 15th Taiwan Golden Melody Awards. In the same year, he also won “Best New Act” in Singapore Hit Awards. In 2006 Beijing Music Awards, with his popular album Cao Cao, he swept several big awards including Most Popular Male Artist, Top Twenty Golden Melody, Best Album, Best Producer, and “True Hero” Award.
In 2011, with his latest album She Says, JJ Lin has earned himself Best Mandarin Male Singer Award in 22nd Golden Melody Awards.

Other websites 
 Official Site 
 SINA 
 SINA Blog
 JJ Federation Overseas (JJFO)
 JJ Facebook Official Page - JJ Federation

1981 births
Living people
Chinese musicians
Chinese singers
Singaporean musicians
Singaporean singers
C-pop singers
Pop musicians
Nyingma is the name of one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Nyingma school is made up of several different lines that start with Padmasambhava, the legendary founder of Tibetan Buddhism. The word "Nyingma" means "ancient". Nyingma followers see themselves as holding the oldest teachings of Vajrayana. Some of these teachings can be found in the local Bön religion of Tibet.

Notable modern Nyingma teachers include Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche (c. 1904–1987), Sogyal Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Khenpo Choga Rinpoche, filmmaker Khyentse Norbu (also known as Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche), and Penor Rinpoche.

Tibetan Buddhism

fi:Nyingmapa
Ole Nydahl (born 19 March 1941 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is the founder and leader of Diamond Way Buddhism, an organisation in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Since the 1970s he has travelled the world teaching and founding meditation centres.

Teachers 
Ole Nydahl’s first teacher was the Drukpa-Kagyu master Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche. In December 1969, Ole Nydahl and his late wife, Hannah Nydahl met the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, a renowned yogi and the head of the Karma Kagyu lineage. They were among the first Western students of the 16th Karmapa. Ole Nydahl is also a student of Shamar Rinpoche.

Bibliography 
Ole Nydahl has written several books in either English or German which have been translated into several European languages.

Most popular English titles:
 Ngondro: The Four Foundational Practices of Tibetan Buddhism. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1990). 
 Riding the Tiger: Twenty Years on the Road - Risks and Joys of Bringing Tibetan Buddhism to the West. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1992). 
 Entering the Diamond Way: Tibetan Buddhism meets the West. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1999). 
 The Great Seal: Limitless Space and Joy - The Mahamudra View of Diamond Way Buddhism. Fire Wheel Publishing (2004). 
 The Way Things Are: A Living Approach to Buddhism. John Hunt Publishing (2007).

References

Other websites 

 Personal web page, including teaching schedule
 Diamond Way Buddhism
 Parachute accident -- Asia Times Online 
 Photographs of Ole Nydahl Teaching 

1941 births
Living people
Buddhist clergy
People from Copenhagen
Tank (real name 呂建中 Lǚ Jiàn Zhōng, born February 6 1982) is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter.  He is currently signed to HIM International Music, which also manages famous singers and groups like S.H.E, Fahrenheit and Power Station. Tank's first album, Fighting 生存之道 was released on 23 February 2006.

Early life
Tank was born in Taitung, Taiwan. He is an aboriginal Taiwanese. Before releasing his debut album, Tank helped write songs for Vic Zhou and S.H.E, among many other famous C-Pop artists. By the age of 21, he was already well known for composing more than 200 songs.

He bloomed into fame when two songs he composed, 三國戀 (Romance of Three Kingdoms) and 給我你的愛 (Give Me Your Love), were used as theme songs for Taiwanese TV shows. Another song, titled as 千年淚, was used as an ending theme for the drama serial 天外飛仙. His second album Keep Fighting! (延長比賽) was released on 19 January 2007. His single, My Angel, was used for an ending theme of romantic comedy series Hana Kimi.

In 2010, he was announced to be down with lung cancer.

Discorgaphy
Tanks has released two albums.

Tank is currently writing his third album. It is set to be released later in 2008

Sources
Official Site 
Official Blog
Tank Lyrics

C-pop singers
Taiwanese singers
1982 births
Living people
Der Dativ ist dem Genitv sein Tod (German: the dative case is the genitive case's death) is a book series written by Bastian Sick which deals with doubtful cases of grammar, orthography, and punctuation. Because of that, the writer wants to fight against unthinking habit and what he believes to be a change to a lower state of the language. The book came from a collection of Zwiebelfisch-collumns of Bastian Sick, which appear weekly in the Spiegel Online. At present, the second and third volumes are available. The volumes are from one time to another at the top of book sales lists.

In several states of Germany, writings from the books have been officially recognized as teaching documents after Sick's foreword was used in Saarland in August 2005.

Eats, Shoots & Leaves written by Lynne Truss is a book which in a similarly popular style discusses punctuation in English. In Sweden, a similar book, which is based on Lynne Truss' book, has come out, describing the interesting aspects of the Swedish pronunciation.

Original Book Titles 
 Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod – Ein Wegweiser durch den Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2004,  (Hörbuch: )
 Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod, Folge 2 – Neues aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2005,  (Hörbuch: )
 Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod. Folge 3. Noch mehr aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln November 2006,  (Hörbuch: )

21st-century books
Non-fiction books
Radio 1's Live Lounge is an album of live tracks played on Jo Whiley's Radio 1 show. It contains both covers and the bands' own songs.

Track listing

Disc 1
 Foo Fighters - "DOA"
 Arctic Monkeys - "Love Machine" (originally by Girls Aloud)
 Snow Patrol - "Run"
 The Kooks - "Crazy" (originally by Gnarls Barkley)
 Razorlight - "Golden Touch"
 Corinne Bailey Rae - "Munich" (originally by Editors)
 The Automatic - "Gold Digger" (originally by Kanye West feat. Jamie Foxx)
 Editors - "All Sparks"
 Boy Kill Boy - "Maneater" (originally by Nelly Furtado)
 Queens of the Stone Age - "No One Knows"
 Embrace - "How Come" (originally by D12)
 James Blunt - "If There's Any Justice" (originally by Lemar)
 Natasha Bedingfield - "The Scientist" (originally by Coldplay)
 Kings of Leon - "Molly's Chambers"
 Jamie Cullum - "Frontin'" (originally by Pharrell Williams)
 Sugababes - "Living for the Weekend" (originally by HARD-Fi)
 Lemar - "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" (originally by The Darkness)
 Will Young - "Hey Ya!" (originally by OutKast)
 Hard-Fi - "Tied Up Too Tight"
 Oasis - "Songbird"

Disc 2
 Coldplay - "The Scientist"
 Lily Allen - "Smile"
 Keane - "With or Without You" (originally by U2)
 KT Tunstall - "Other Side of the World"
 Franz Ferdinand - "What You Waiting For?" (originally by Gwen Stefani)
 Pink - "Family Portrait"
 OutKast - "Ms. Jackson"
 The Futureheads - "Hounds Of Love" (originally by Kate Bush)
 Jamelia - "Numb" (originally by Linkin Park)
 Dizzee Rascal - "Jus' a Rascal"
 Lemon Jelly - "Nice Weather For Ducks"
 Mylo - "In My Arms"
 My Chemical Romance - "Song 2" (originally by Blur)
 The Coral - "Dreaming of You"
 Maxïmo Park - "Going Missing"
 The Bravery - "An Honest Mistake"
 The Streets - "Let's Push Things Forward"
 Basement Jaxx - "Romeo"
 Orson - "Push the Button" (originally by Sugababes)
 50 Cent - "In Da Club"

Related pages
Live Lounge
Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 2
Radio 1. Established 1967

2006 albums
Antidifferentiation (also called indefinite integration) is the process of finding a certain function in calculus. It is the opposite of differentiation. It is a way of processing a function to give another function (or class of functions) called an antiderivative. Antidifferentiation is like integration—but without limits. This is why it is called indefinite integration. When represented as single letters, antiderivatives often take the form of capital roman letters such as  and .

In general, an antiderivative is written in the form , where:

 The long S, ,  is called an integral sign. In integration, the integral sign has numbers on it. Those numbers tell you how to do the integration. Antiderivatives are different. They do not have numbers on on their integral signs.
 is the equation you are integrating.
 The letters  mean "with respect to ". This tells you how to do the antidifferentiation.

Simple antidifferentiation 

A function of the form  can be integrated (antidifferentiated) as follows:

 Add 1 to the power , so  is now .
 Divide all this by the new power, so it is now .
 Add the constant , so it is now .

This can be shown as:

 (also known as the power rule of integral)

When there are many terms, we can integrate the entire function by integrating its components one by one:

(This only works if the parts are being added or taken away.)

Examples 

Changing fractions and roots into powers makes it easier:

Integrating a bracket ("chain rule") 

To integrate a bracket like , a different method is needed. It is called the chain rule. It is like simple integration, but it only works if the  in the bracket is linear (has a power of 1), such as  or —but not  or .

For example,  can be determined in the following steps:

 Add 1 to the power , so that it is now 
 Divide all this by the new power to get 
 Divide all this by the derivative of the bracket  to get 
 Add the constant  to give

Examples

Related pages

 Fundamental theorem of calculus
 Integral
 Numerical integration
 Partial fraction decomposition

References 

Mathematical analysis
The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 29) is a law passed by the  British government in 2018, and replaces the one passed in 1998. 

It sets out rules for people who use or store data about living people and gives rights to those people whose data has been collected. The law applies to data held on computers or any sort of storage system, even paper records. 

The law covers personal data which are facts like your address, telephone number, e-mail address, job history etc. 

People who use the information are called data controllers. People who the data is about are called data subjects.

Main points of the Data Protection Act 
This is a brief simplified summary of the main principles of the UK Data Protection Act.

This applies to information kept on staff, customers and account holders, for example;
 If you collect data about people for one reason, you must not use it for a different reason;
 You must not give people's data to other people or organisations unless they agree;
 People have the right to look at data that any organisations store about them;
 You must not keep the data for longer than you need to and it must be kept up to date;
 You must not send the data to places outside of the European Economic Area unless adequate levels of protection exist;
 Organisations that store data about people must register with the Information Commissioner’s Office;
 If you store data about people you must make sure that it is secure and well protected;
 If an organisation has data about you that is wrong, then you have a right to ask them to change it.

Related pages
 Computer legislation
 Computer Misuse Act

Other websites
 Information Commissioner’s Office

Computers
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Nontrinitarism is a movement that rejects the idea of the Christian Trinity. That idea says that God is three different persons in one being. 

There are several movements which can be classified as Nontrinitarian. At the First Council of Nicaea, in the year 325, people met and defined the idea of trinity. Some movements started before the council. Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in Restorationism during the 19th century.

Modern-day versions are usually called Unitarianism. 
 Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in the Trinity and are known for showing people from the Bible why they believe the idea to be false.
Mormons also do not believe in the Trinity but believe that God the Father, his son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three separate entities.
Seventh-day Adventists did not believe in the Catholic doctrine of the trinity for the first 50 years of their existence either. The founders of the world wide Seventh Day Adventist Church believed that: "There is one supreme God of the universe and Jesus Christ: The only begotten Son of God!", Statement of Believes, 1873. The change came many years latter, when the founders of the Seventh Day Adventist Church had already 'slept in the Lord"(died).

References
These are ranked lists of the Provinces of Dominican Republic. Population figures areas are taken from the report on the 2010 census.

The percentages (%) mean how much of the country the province has (population and area).

By population

By area

By population density

Map

References
Miranda Taylor Cosgrove (born May 14, 1993) is an American actress and singer. She was born in Los Angeles, California. She first started her career in 1998 in various commercials. She is best known for her roles as Megan Parker in Drake and Josh, Summer Hathaway in School of Rock and her lead role as Carly Shay in Nickelodeon's iCarly. She has also guest-starred in shows like Zoey 101. She also had her debut soundtrack album called Sparks Fly in April 2010 and High Maintenance in March 2011.

Filmography

Other websites

1993 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American child actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
In the Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (, read starovery or staroobryadtsy) became separated after 1666-1667. They split from the  hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. Old Believers continue liturgical practices which the Russian Orthodox Church followed before the reform. 
 
Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (раскол). This word comes from a Russian word расколоться, that means "to cleave apart").

Background 
Patriarch Nikon (1605-1681; 1651-1658 as patriarch) wanted to bring the Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church closer together. For this reason, he changed a few rituals and texts in 1651. These changes were made to the Russian rituals to be closer to the Greek ones of Nikon's time. According to the Old Believers, Nikon did this without the support of the clergy. and without a council. When the changes were done, people who still practised the old rites were persecuted. 

Eastern Orthodox Church
The Province of Florence (in Italian: "Provincia di Firenze") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The province has an area of 3,514 sq. km and a population of 933,860 (2001) in 44 comuni.

Much of the province is in the plain of the Arno river that became an urban centre around the city of Florence.

The city (in Italian "comune") of Florence is the capital of both the province and the region of Tuscany.

Important cities
Florence - 366.488 inhabitants
Scandicci - 50.003 inhabitants
Sesto Fiorentino - 46.702 inhabitantis
Empoli - 46.017 inhabitants
Campi Bisenzio - 39.176 inhabitants
Bagno a Ripoli - 25.228 inhabitants
Fucecchio - 21.912 inhabitants
Pontassieve - 20.581 inhabitants
Borgo San Lorenzo - 17.350 inhabitants

Hospitals
In Florence:
C.T.O
Careggi
I.O.T
Mayer
Oftalmico
Ponte Nuovo
Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio
Santa Maria Nuova
Villa d'Ognissanti
Villa Monna Tessa

In Empoli:
Hospital of San Giuseppe di Empoli (two different buildings)

In Castelfiorentino:
Hospital of Santa Verdiana di Castelfiorentino

In Fucecchio:
Hospital of San Pietro Igneo di Fucecchio

In Bagno a Ripoli:

Hospital of Santa Maria Annunziata

Other websites
 Province homepage 

F
Province of Arezzo (Italian: Provincia di Arezzo) is the eastern most province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of province of Arezzo is the city of Arezzo.

The province has an area of 3,232 km², and a total population of 323,288 (2001) in 39 comuni (singular: comune).

Other websites 
 Province homepage (in Italian)

A
Province of Grosseto (Italian: Provincia di Grosseto) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Grosseto. In the province, there is The Natural Park of Maremma. It is in the famous area of Maremma.

The province has an area of 4,504 km² and a total population of 211,086 (2001). There are 28 comuni (singular: comune) in the province

As of June 2005, the main comuni by population are:

Other websites
 Province homepage 

G
The Province of Livorno (Italian: Provincia di Livorno) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Livorno.

The province has an area of 1,218 km², and a total population of 326,444 (2001). There are 21 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Province homepage 
 Livorno Tourist Board Site

L
Province of Lucca (Italian: Provincia di Lucca) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Lucca.

The province has an area of 1,773 km², and a total population of 372,244 (2001). There are 35 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

L
The Province of Massa-Carrara (Italian: Provincia di Massa-Carrara) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is named after the two main cities in its territory: Carrara and Massa, its capital.

The province has an area of 1,157 km² and a total population of 200,695 (2005). There are 17 comuni (singular: comune) in the province. The main comuni by population are:

Economy 
The economy of the province is  based on the production of the famous white Carrara marble.

Related pages
 Massa di Carrara
 Carrara
 Marble
 Duchy of Massa and Carrara

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

M
The Province of Pistoia (It. Provincia di Pistoia) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.

Geography 
The capital of the province is the city of Pistoia.  The province has an area of 965 km² and a total population of 268,503 (2001). There are 22 communes in the province.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

P
The Province of Prato (Italian: Provincia di Prato) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Prato. It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.

The province has an area of 365 km² and a total population of 227,886 (2001). There are 7 comune (municipalities) in the province.

Comuni and population

Famous people born in Prato 
 Birthplace of Italian football legend Paolo Rossi.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

P
The War of the Pacific (or Saltpeter War) took place from 1879-1883. It grew out of a dispute between Bolivia and Peru against Chile over control of a part of the Pacific coast. The disputed area was part of the Atacama Desert that lies between the 23rd and 26th parallels. The territory contained valuable mineral resources, mainly potassium nitrate, which were exploited by Chilean companies and British interests. The Bolivian government decided to increase taxes to take advantage of the increasing income of the region, which led to a commercial dispute.

The early part of the war was mostly at sea, and the late part mostly on land. Chile won, and Bolivia lost its access to the ocean and became landlocked.

1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
History of Bolivia
History of Chile
19th century in South America
History of Peru
Wars
The Province of Siena (Italian: Provincia di Siena)is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Siena.

The province has an area of 3,821 km² (1475 mile²) and a total population of 252,288 (2001). There are 36 comuni (singular: comune) in the province. At June 30, 2005, the main comuni by population are:

The province is divided into seven historical areas:
 Alta Val d'Elsa
 Chianti senese
 The urban area of (Monteriggioni and Siena)
 Val di Merse
 Crete senesi Val d'Arbia
 Val di Chiana senese
 Val d'Orcia and Amiata

Other websites
 Province homepage 

S
Johannes Ockeghem (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez. He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher. He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.

Life 

The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents. He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain. His native language was probably French.

Like many composers in this period, he started to learn about music by singing in a church choir, quite possibly in Saint-Ghislain and then in Mons. 

His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France). Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France. By this time he was well known as a singer and composer. He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours. Charles VII gave him important jobs. After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king. He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king. He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain. He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois. He also had other jobs in Paris.

Louis XI died in 1483. We do not kinow much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.

Music and influence 

Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost. There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works. His Missa pro Defunctis is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem. Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called “cantus firmus technique”. Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself). This was rather unusual.

Ockeghem’s music influenced Josquin des Prez and other composers from Flanders and the Netherlands. 

When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem in his honour. The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew. Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions. In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.

References 

 Article "Johannes Ockeghem." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (ISBN 1-56159-174-2)
 groves music online 

1410s births
1497 deaths

Belgian composers
Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers
Group 16 is the third last group in the periodic table. This group is called the oxygen family or the chalcogens. The elements in this group are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium and livermorium. The first two elements are nonmetals, elements are in between are metalloids and  the last two are metals  Polonium and livermorium are radioactive. Oxygen (as O2) is a colorless gas. 

Chemical elements
Periodic table
Magadino is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Maggia is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History
The actual municipality was created in 2004 on April 27 by merger of the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Maggia, Moghegno and Someo.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
The Historikerstreit (Historians' dispute) was an intellectual and political controversy in West Germany about the way the Holocaust should be interpreted in history.  It took place between 1986-1989, and pitted left-wing intellectuals against right-wing intellectuals. Its embers flared up again briefly in 2000 when one of the leading figures, Ernst Nolte, was awarded a literary prize. "Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will" proposed by Ernst Nolte, had to be rejected as inadequate due to their lack of sufficient empirical substance.

Notes and references

Other websites
Cohen R. Hitler Apologist Wins German Honor, and a Storm Breaks Out
 
  Götz Aly. The logic of horror
Nolte E. "Streitpunkte"
Schmidt & Paetzel Fernsehfilme GmbH: deutsche Streitfall der Historiker Ernst Nolte 
Holocaust denial
Gulag

History of Germany
A jury is a group of ordinary people, who aren't employees of the court, who decide the answer to a question in a court room. Usually, this question is whether a person is guilty or innocent of committing a crime. A jury may also be responsible for deciding a penalty for the person if they are found guilty. Normally, all members of the jury have to agree on the decision. Sometimes, the jury can still make a decision even if a few members don't agree with it. However, if the jury is quite clearly divided, the result is known as a hung jury and the case is not decided. A member of a jury is called a juror. A juror is supposed to be impartial. This means that he or she is to be fair and listen to both sides of the story without deciding what side they will take ahead of time.

Types of juries 
In the United States there are primarily two types of juries which are the finder of facts in a trial:
 A petit jury also called a trial jury is one made up of from 6 to 12 jurors.
 A grand jury is called by a prosecutor to decide if there is probable cause to believe someone has committed a crime. If so, the grand jury returns an indictment against the defendant.

Juries by country

A jury in the United Kingdom is made up of 12 people for criminal cases and 10 people for civil cases (or 15 people in Scotland) these people are selected at random and are British citizens with no criminal record. Members are chosen from the electoral register for their local area and those chosen must attend jury duty.

In the United States, juries are made up of 12 regular people from the area in which the trial is held and are not members of the court system. They are paid a small amount for their service.

References 

Trials

de:Jury
nn:Meddommar
Develier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites
Official website of the municipality of Develier

Municipalities of Jura
Ederswiler is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the only German-speaking municipality in the canton, where all others are French-speaking.

References 

Municipalities of Jura
Glovelier is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Glovelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mervelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Jura
Sanga Monastery is a small Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet. Sanga Monastery was built in the ruins of the castle (or fort) Taktse (also Dagtse) Dzong (formerly Dechen Dzong) on the top of a hill. Dagtse Dzong overlooks the roads to Yerpa and Ganden Monastery to the east.

Sanga Monastery together with Ganden Monastery belong to the Geluk (Gelug-pa) order (also known as Yellow Hat Sect, lit. 'Virtuous'). The Yellow Hat Sect was started by Tsongkhapa (Tsong Khapa or Lobsang Drakpa), also known as Jé Rinpoché, 1357–1419. He was known as a writer and teacher.

References 

Buddhist buildings
Tibet
Monasteries