cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Pliosaurs were a group of large submarine plesiosaur reptiles from the Mesozoic era. They had short necks and large heads, in contrast to other plesiosaurs. Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres, and they were predators of large fish and other reptiles. Their streamlined body shape suggests they swam and ate under water.p29

The first specimen was found by Mary Anning, on the 'Jurassic Coast' of Lyme Regis, England in the 1820s. Many of her finds are on display in the Natural History Museum, London.

It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that plesiosaurs fell into two groups. The pliosaurs were large predators which ate large prey in deep water. The other plesiosaurs were long-necked with smaller heads. Their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton.

Rhomaleosaurus
Pliosaurus
Liopleurodon
Kronosaurus

References  

Plesiosaurs
Marine reptiles
Ball lightning is a glowing ball of lightning that sometimes appears in a thunderstorm, but usually lasts much longer than lightning. Scientists do not understand ball lightning very well, and some even do not think ball lightning is real, because it is so strange. However, it has been widely reported in weather journals by many trustworthy people. So, it is very possible that it is real.

Description 

Those who have seen it say it's the size of a grapefruit or basketball; it has even been said to be as big as a car. The glowing ball is either red, orange, or yellow. A few people have seen it falling from clouds. Sometimes, ball lightning floats or glides just above the ground for a few seconds, or it can roll on the surface of an object. Hissing noises come from the fiery orb. Some have even thought it was a UFO. Ball lightning sometimes explodes loudly, while other times it just quietly disappears. It has been known to smash or simply go through windows, hopping and sizzling across the floor, and then disappear into things like TVs or up the chimney. Some say that ball lightning can kill humans, while others say that its effect on humans are harmless.

Sightings 

Many people are said to have seen ball lightning. Ebenezer Cobham Brewer wrote about "globular lightning", saying they may fall to the ground or explode like a cannon. Laura Ingalls Wilder writes in her book about ball lightning, saying that when she was little, she saw balls of light, which her mother chased away with a broom. 

Czar Nicholas II, Russia's last emperor, said he had seen ball lightning:

References

Other websites 
 A video of a microwave plasma ball experiment
 CityTV report on lightning striking a car

Weather
The Sauropterygia was a superorder of successful aquatic reptiles that flourished during the Mesozoic era. They are united by an adaptation of their shoulder, designed to support powerful paddle strokes. Some later sauropterygians like the pliosaurs developed a similar mechanism in their pelvis.

Origins and evolution
The earliest sauropterygians appeared about 245 million years ago, at the start of the Triassic period. At first they were small, less than a metre. They were semi-aquatic lizard-like animals with long limbs (called pachypleurosaurs). They developed into a group called the nothosaurs, several meters long. The sauropterygians included another very distinctive group: the placodonts. They were bottom-feeders on shellfish, and possessed flat, crushing teeth to handle their prey.p148–151

The end-Triassic extinction event wiped them all out except for the plesiosaurs. During the earliest Jurassic these diversified quickly into the long-necked small-headed plesiosaurs proper, and short-necked large-headed pliosaurs.

Orders 
Nothosaurs
Pachypleurosaurs
Placodonts
Plesiosaurs

Position uncertain 
Pistosaurus

References

Other websites 
 A review of the Sauropterygia . Adam Stuart Smith. The Plesiosaur Directory. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
 Paleofile taxalist - lists every species and synonyms. Retrieved February 26, 2006
Ocean trenches have relatively steep sides falling to the ocean floor.

Ocean trenches are typically caused when an oceanic crustal plate slides under a lighter continental plate or another oceanic plate. It is believed to work by density.  Where one plate slides under another, this is called subduction. As the heavier plate descends, the long, narrow feature caused is called the "subduction zone." It is here that oceanic trenches form. They can be 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long, several miles deep, and as much as 70 miles (112 km) wide.
 
At least five trenches are over 6 miles (10 km) deep. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 
 below sea level.  Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3 km2/yr.

Trenches are active with earthquakes and resulting tsunamis. Most volcanism associated with trenches occurs on the continent and not on the sea floor. However, many of the ocean's volcanic islands and seamounts are found in what are called island arcs, bending chains of islands rising from the sea floor, usually paralleling the concave edges of an oceanic trench. The western Pacific has island arcism as do the Aleutian Islands.

Near the island of Guam is the famous Mariana Trench where the Pacific Plate descends under the leading edge of the Eurasian Plate. Measured at 36,201 feet - over 6.8 miles (11 km) deep, this trench is the deepest known spot in any ocean. In 1960, two men in the bathyscaph Trieste reached bottom of the Mariana Trench.  

Other extensive trench regions around the world include the South Sandwich Trench between South America and Antarctica, the Peru-Chile Trench, and the Aleutian Trench.

References 

Shukman, David 2013. Deep ocean undersea vents. BBC News Science & Technology .

Landforms
Oceanography
SS Yongala was a passenger ship that was launched in 1903. It sank off Cape Bowling Green on 23 March 1911 on its way to from Melbourne, Australia to Cairns she entered into a cyclone and sank without a trace south of Townsville. All passengers onboard drowned and the shipwreck was found in 1958 off the coast of Townsville.

Related pages
Death of Tina Watson  - A drowning in 2003 at the shipwreck that became world news.

References

Other websites 
 Townsville Maritime Museum
 Dive spot description plus underwater pictures and videos of the Yongala wreck

1903 establishments in Australia
1911
Disasters in the 20th century
1900s in Australia
Maritime disasters
Queensland
Ships
The Aplacophora is a class of small, deep-water, exclusively benthic, shell-less marine molluscs. They are found in all oceans of the world. They are a small group of molluscs which have deviated from the normal molluscan form. There are approximately 100 known species living today. They are rather worm-like and average about an inch (2.5 cms.) in length.

Description 
Most live in deep water, except a few more northern species.  One group bury themselves into the sand and mud of the ocean bottom where they feed on annelids and other small invertebrates. The rest of the known aplacophorans parasitize hydroids and other corals.

This class used to be classified as sea cucumbers in the echinoderms. In 1987, they were officially recognized as molluscs and given their own class. The class is polyphyletic, and consists of two clades.

References 

Molluscs
Monoplacophora  is a class of molluscs. They have a cap-like shell and live on the bottom of the sea. 

They were well-known as a fossil group from the Cambrian to the Devonian. One species was dredged up from the Pacific Ocean off Mexico in 1952. It was found to be a Monoplacophoran, and given the genus of Neopilina.  This was one of the most remarkable modern discoveries of a 'living fossil', and a Lazarus taxon. 

More than that, they are the most extreme example of the pull of the recent, which is a term in palaeontology. All fossil groups have a first and last appearance in the fossil record but, for living species, their last appearance is the present day. This may be very much later than their last appearance as a fossil. The discovery of the living monoplacs extended their time range by 400 million years.

The anatomy of Neopilina shows "serially repeated structures" such as gills. Serial repetition of anatomical structures such as gills and muscles may have evolved once in the common ancestor of chitons and monoplacophorans. It suggests the ancient ancestor of molluscs had bilateral symmetry, and segments.

Reference 

Molluscs
The Zebra Turkeyfish (Dendrochirus zebra) is a very venomous fish. It lives in the Indian and Pacific seas. The fish has 13 venomous spines along its back, used to look after itself. The fish is slow and quiet, but can be a danger. The fish rests in dark places such as under a rock or a piece of coral. They aren't affected by each other's venom. They are solitary fish that are not scared of anything, as they have no predators other than groupers.

Teleosts
The slender loris is a nocturnal hunter. It moves slowly through trees and grips branches tightly with its opposable thumbs and toes. When it attacks prey it goes closer and then snatches it with both hands.

Description 
The slender loris is about the size of a squirrel, and has small finger nails. It has two brown eyes, and has white fur on its chest.

Habits
The slender loris usually spends its time on trees. They like to groom and wrestle with each other.

Food
These animals eat insects, lizards, birds, but will also eat things like slugs, flowers, shoots, young leaves, and sometimes even eggs. They would also like termites and roaches for a tasty treat.

History
Native people thought that the slender lorises had magical powers. It is not clear how many slender lorises survive in the wild.

References

Lorisoidea
This is a list of chess grandmasters rated 2700+, plus other players of the highest status.

Chess grandmasters

Living 
Michael Adams
Ben Finegold
Eric Hansen
Evgeny Alekseev
Zoltan Almasi
Viswanathan Anand 
Ulf Andersson 
Levon Aronian
Etienne Bacrot
Evgeny Bareev 
Magnus Carlsen
Fabiano Caruana
Maia Chiburdanidze
Pavel Eljanov
Jaan Ehlvest
Laurent Fressinek
Nona Gaprindashvili
Boris Gelfand 
Alexander Grischuk
Hou Yifan
Robert Huebner 
Vassily Ivanchuk
Dmitry Jakovenko
Baadur Jobova
Gata Kamsky 
Sergey Karjakin
Anatoly Karpov 
Rustam Kasimdzhanov
Garry Kasparov
Alexandra Kosteniuk
Vladimir Kramnik 
Peter Leko 
Ding Liren
Vladimir Malakhov
Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
Luke McShane
Alexander Morozevich
Alexander Motylev
Sergei Movsesian
Henrique Mecking 
Hikaru Nakamura
David Navara
Ian Nepomniachtchi
Illya Nyzhnyk
Fridrik Olafsson 
Judit Polgar 
Susan Polgar 
Ruslan Ponomariov
Lajos Portisch 
Teimour Radjabov
Yasser Seirawan
Alexei Shirov 
Nigel Short 
Sanan Sjugirov
Wesley So
Boris Spassky 
Jonathan Speelman 
Peter Svidler
Jan Timman
Evgeny Tomashevsky
Veselin Topalov 
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave
Francisco Vallejo Pons
Nikita Vitiugov
Hao Wang
Yue Wang
Radoslaw Wojtaszek
Jun Xie
Ethan Evans Damani
Vidit Gujhrati
Akiko Sato
Arnold Tadeus

Deceased 
Paul Morphy 
Adolf Anderssen 
Johannes Zukertort 
Pal Benko 
Efim Bogolyubov
Mikhail Botvinnik
David Bronstein
José Raúl Capablanca
Max Euwe
Bobby Fischer
Vugar Gashimov
Svetozar Gligoric 
Paul Keres
Viktor Korchnoi
Bent Larsen 
Tony Miles
Aaron Nimzovich
Lembit Oll
Tigran Petrosian
Samuel Reshevsky
Akiba Rubinstein
Vasily Smyslov
Howard Staunton
Mikhail Tal
Carlos Torre Repetto

Related pages
List of World Chess Champions

Other websites
 FIDE top players
Chessgraphs.com - Rating history of world chess champions and grandmasters

Grandmasters
Lists of people
Umkhonto we Sizwe (), was a South African guerilla movement created in 1961 by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and other people from the African National Congress. It was created when the government started killing and hurting people who protested against apartheid. Mandela first wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government created laws to prevent that. Mandela then decided that if black people did not use violence, they would never regain their rights. They carried out many attacks, including bombings. The most deadly of these was the Church Street bombing in Pretoria.

Umkhonto we Sizwe stopped being active in 1990 before the end of apartheid, in 1991.

References

1961 establishments in Africa
20th century in South Africa
20th century rebellions
Nelson Mandela
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Rebellions in Africa
Terrorism
Luca Badoer (born 25 January 1971) is an Italian Formula One driver. He was born in Montebelluna. He has raced for the Scuderia Italia, Minardi, Forti Corse and most recently, Ferrari teams. In addition to his racing duties, Badoer has been active as one of the test and reserve drivers for Ferrari since 1997 and in 2009 stood in for Ferrari's regular race driver Felipe Massa at the European Grand Prix and the Belgian Grand Prix, after the Brazilian was injured during qualifying for the Hungarian Grand Prix and his original replacement, Michael Schumacher, pulled out due to injury.

1971 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Veneto
Nick Lars Heidfeld (born May 10, 1977 in Mönchengladbach, West Germany) is a German racing driver In 2010 he was the test and reserve driver for the Mercedes GP Formula One team. In August, Mercedes released Heidfeld from his contract to allow him to do tyre testing. He will test the new Pirelli tyre that will be used in the  season. He previously raced in Formula One from  to . 

In September, Heidfeld was signed by Sauber to replace Pedro de la Rosa. Heidfeld drove for Sauber from  to , and  to .

In 2011, Renault selected Heidfeld to replace the injured Robert Kubica.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

References

Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
People from Mönchengladbach
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Romain Grosjean (born April 17, 1986 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Formula One racing driver, who holds dual nationality from France and Switzerland, but competes under a French racing licence. He was the 2007 Formula Three Euroseries drivers' champion and the inaugural GP2 Asia Series champion.

References

1986 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Geneva
Jarno Trulli  (born 13 July 1974 in Pescara, Abruzzo) is an Italian Formula One auto racing driver. He has been a regular in Formula One since 1997, driving for Minardi, Prost, Jordan, Renault and Toyota. He won the  Monaco Grand Prix for Renault, his only Grand Prix victory to date. He is known for being a qualification expert. After Toyota pulled out of the sport, following the 2009 season, he joined the new Lotus Racing team in 2010.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

Pre-F1 career 
1996: 1st German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel)
1995: 4th in German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel), 1st in Italian Go-kart class 100 FA, 1st in World Go-kart class 125FC, Senna Memorial World Cup winner
1994: Senna Memorial World Cup winner, 1st in North American class 100SA, 1st in European class 100SA
1993: 2nd in World Go-kart Champion class 100 SA, 1st in Grand prix of Japan Class 100 FSA
1992: 2nd in World Go-kart class 125 FC
1991: 1st in World Go-kart class 100 FK
1990: 1st in Grand Prix of Hong Kong Class 100 FA
1988–1990: Three times 1st in Italian National 100 Class
1983–1995: Karting

1974 births
Living people
Abruzzo
Italian racecar drivers
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
Timo Glock (born 18 March 1982 in Nurburg) is a German motor racing driver. At the  Canadian Grand Prix, Glock replaced Giorgio Pantano at Jordan. Glock joined the small group of drivers who have scored a World Championship point in their first Formula One race. As of , he driving is for Marussia F1. He has failed to score a point with the team since its creation in 2010

Racing record

Career summary

 Season in progress.
 As Glock was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Formula Three Series results
(key)

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points were awarded at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix as less than 75% of the race distance was completed.

American Open-Wheel 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Champ Car

Other websites 

 Timo Glock Official website 

1982 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Hesse
Kamui Kobayashi (born 13 September 1986 in Amagasaki, Hyogo Japan) is a Japanese racing driver. He has competed in the GP2 Series, won the GP2 Asia Series, and drove in the FIA Formula One World Championship with the Toyota Formula One team in 2009. He is currently driving for Sauber.

Kobayashi was born in Amagasaki, near Kobe.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References

1986 births
Living people
Japanese racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture
Mark Alan Webber (born 27 August 1976 in Queanbeyan, New South Wales) is an Australian Formula One driver. At the  German Grand Prix, he became the first Australian to win a race since Alan Jones in .

He currently drives for the Red Bull Racing Formula One team.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap; small number denotes finishing position)

 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed by the winner.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

1976 births
Living people
Australian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Bartje Bartels is the main character in a series of Dutch books written by Anne de Vries at the beginning of the 20th century.  The stories are about a boy who grows up in a poor family in the countryside in Drenthe in the north-east of the Netherlands.

The author Anne de Vries is male.  The name “Anne”, although usually a girl's name, can also be used as a boy’s name in Dutch, especially in the north where Frisian is spoken.  It is pronounced “Oa-ne”.

Bartje (pronounce: “BAR-che”) is a boy whose father is a poor farmer.  His parents expect him to become a farmer like his father, but Bartje has other ideas.  Bartje starts work as an apprentice, but then his mother dies and he has to look after his younger brothers and sisters.

Famous quotation
The most famous quotation from the Bartje books come in the story in which the family are sitting down to a meal.  They are going to eat brown beans.  Bartje hates brown beans and pulls his empty plate away when his mother wants to give him some.  He refuses to say grace (to say a prayer to thank God for the food they are about to eat) and he says: Ik bid nie veur bruune boon'n  (in modern Dutch: Ik bid niet voor bruine bonen, meaning: I don’t pray for brown beans).  His parents are shocked and he gets into big trouble.

Television series

Bartje has become a much-loved symbol for the province of Drenthe.  The stories were made into a television series which was shown in 1972 and repeated in 2004.  The film had Dutch subtitles because the actors were speaking in Drenthe dialect.  

There is a statue to Bartje in the town of Assen.  Unfortunately it has been vandalized several times.

Children's books
Dutch culture
Characters in written fiction
Dutch television programmes
Drenthe
Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, England. It is on the River Lune. As of the 2001 census, it had 45,952 people. The larger City of Lancaster local government district is named after Lancaster.

Lancaster Castle is well known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612.

Location
Lancaster is the most northerly city in Lancashire, three miles from Morecambe Bay. The city is on the River Lune, the Lancaster Canal, and the West Coast Main Line. It is close to the M6 motorway.

Education
Lancaster has two universities. These are Lancaster University and The University of Cumbria.

Towns in Lancashire
County towns in England
The Strepsirrhini clade is one of the two suborders of primates, with 114 species. They are defined by their wet noses, although the Greek name means having a curved or bent nose. Madagascar's only primates (apart from humans) are strepsirrhines, although others can be found in southeast Asia.
Their eyes have a reflective layer to improve their night vision, and their eye sockets have a ring of bone around the eye. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own vitamin C, whereas haplorhine primates (and ourselves) must get it from their diets.

The suborder contains the lemurs and lorises. The modern types probably evolved from the Adapiforms, an extinct group.

The origin of the earliest primates, from which both the strepsirrhines and haplorhines (simians and tarsiers) evolved, is a mystery.  Both their place of origin and the group from which they evolved are uncertain.

Although the fossil record of their initial radiation across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics—where primates most likely evolved—is very poor, particularly around the time that primates and other eutherian mammals were first appearing.

So, geneticists and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lines and when they diverged. Using this molecular clock, it seems that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first primates appear in the fossil record.p22

Classification 
 Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
 Infraorder Lemuriformes
 Superfamily Lemuroidea
 Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf and mouse lemurs (32 species)
 Family Daubentoniidae: Aye-aye (1 species)
 Family Lemuridae: lemurs (22 species)
 Family Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs (26 species)
 Family Indriidae: woolly lemurs and allies (19 species)
 Superfamily Lorisoidea
 Family Lorisidae: lorises, pottos and allies (9 species)
 Family Galagidae: galagos (19 species)

References 

Primates
The Tisza is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It starts in Ukraine, with the White Tisza in the Chornohora and Black Tisza in the Gorgany range, and flows partially along the Romanian border.  It then enters Hungary at Tiszabecs and passes through  Hungary touching the border with Slovakia.  It then into the Danube in central Vojvodina in Serbia.  The Tisza drains an area of about 157,186 km².

Names for the river in the countries it flows through are:
;
 (Tysa);
;
 ();
 (Tisa).

Tributaries 

Čik (near Bačko Petrovo Selo)
Jegrička (near Žabalj)
Begej (near Titel)
Mureş (in Szeged)
Arieş (near Gura Arieşului)
Târnava (near Teiuş)
Târnava Mare (in Blaj)
Târnava Mică (in Blaj)
Körös (near Csongrád)
Crişul Repede River (near Gyoma)
Barcău (in Szeghalom)
Crişul Alb (near Gyula)
Crişul Negru (near Gyula)
Zagyva (in Szolnok)
Sajó (in Tiszaújváros)
Hornád (near Miskolc) 
Bodrog (in Tokaj)
Ondava (near Cejkov)
Latorica (near Cejkov)
Laborec (near Oborin)
Uzh (near Pavlovce nad Uhom)
Cirocha (in Humenné)
Stara
Vicha
Kerepets
Crasna (in Vásárosnamény)
Someş (near Vásárosnamény)
Someşul Mic (in Dej)
Someşul Cald (in Gilău)
Someşul Rece (in Gilău)
Someşul Mare (in Dej)
Şieu (in Beclean)
Bistriţa (near Bistriţa)
Tur
 Batár 
Şugătag
Baia
Şaroş
Săpânţa
Valea Hotarului
Bicu
Sarasău
Valea Iepei
Iza
Mara
Vişeu

Sources 
 Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti
 Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971

Other websites 

 About Tisza
 The Living Tisza (Hungarian)

Tributaries of the Danube
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Free love is when people are free to have sexual relations with anyone without getting married. This has been used as early as in the 19th century. It is a social movement that rejects marriage as a form of social and financial bondage (slavery)..

References 

Human sexuality
Sociology
Marriage
A Rainbow Serpent is an animal in the Dreamtime which many of the indigenous people of Australia,  the "Aborigines", believe created the mountains, rivers and lakes. The Rainbow Serpent stories are found all across Australia, and especially in Arnhem Land, in the north of Australia. The serpent is known by different names, such as Almudj and Ngalyod, in different Aboriginal languages. The Rainbow Serpent lives in waterholes and controls the supply of water.

Aboriginal artists have painted the Rainbow Serpent on cave walls or on pieces of bark. The earliest cave paintings found are about 8,000 years old. In special ceremonies, they sometimes honour the Rainbow Serpent by painting their handprints on the magic snake.  Scientists believe the Rainbow Serpent stories began at the end of the last ice age. The rising sea levels would have forced a lot of people to move inland. The Rainbow Serpent became a symbol of both creation and destruction, and of unity and peace. This makes the Rainbow Serpent a symbol of the world's oldest continuing religion.

History
In the Dreamtime, the Rainbow Serpent helped the world along with rain. At the beginning of time, the Rainbow Serpent awoke from its sleep and pushed through the Earth's crust. As it travelled over the empty land, it left behind deep tracks. The Rainbow Serpent called to the frogs to come out from beneath the earth. It tickled the frogs' bellies, and when they laughed, water poured out from their open mouths. The water filled the Rainbow Serpent's deep tracks, making rivers and lakes.
Slowly, grass began to grow. Then all kind of creatures in Australia - birds, lizards, snakes, kangaroos, koalas, and dingoes - woke up and took their places on the earth.

References

Australian mythology
Indigenous Australian culture
The following is a list of rivers of the Americas, and includes all the major rivers of the Americas:

North America
Alsek - Canada/United States
Colorado - United States / Mexico
Columbia - Canada/United States
Okanagan - Canada/United States
Kettle - Canada
Pend Oreille - United States
Kootenay - Canada/United States
Canoe - Canada
Kicking Horse - Canada
Dean - Canada
Fraser - Canada
Pitt - Canada
Thompson - Canada
Chilcotin - Canada
Quesnel - Canada
Nechako - Canada
Liard - Canada
Mackenzie - Canada
Peace - Canada
Mississippi - United States
Missouri -United States
Nass - Canada
Ohio - United States
Rio Grande - Mexico/United States
Sacramento - United States
Saskatchewan - Canada
Skagit - Canada/United States
Skeena - Canada
Babine - Canada
Bulkley - Canada
Morice - Canada
Kitwanga - Canada
Zymoetz - Canada
Squamish - Canada
St. Lawrence - Canada
Yukon - Canada/United States

Central America

Escondido - Nicaragua
Grande de Matagalpa - Nicaragua
Patuca - Honduras
San Juan - Nicaragua
Usumacinta - Mexico, Guatemala
Cahabón - Guatemala
Cahaboncito - Guatemala
Lankin - Guatemala
Nahualate - Guatemala
Los Esclavos - Guatemala
Rio Dulce - Guatemala
Reventazón River - Costa Rica
Tárcoles River - Costa Rica
Tempisque River - Costa Rica

South America
Aconcagua - Chile
Amazon - Ecuador. Perú, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
Madeira - Brazil
Rio Negro - Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
Tocantins - Brazil
Apure - Venezuela
Atrato - Colombia
Bío-Bío - Chile
Malleco - Chile
Caroní - Venezuela
Cautín - Chile
Chubut - Argentina
Colorado - Argentina
Elqui - Chile
Essequibo - Guyana
Itata - Chile
Ñuble - Chile
Loa - Chile
Magdalena - Colombia
Maipo - Chile
Mapocho - Chile
Maule - Chile
Loncomilla - Chile
Achibueno - Chile
Ancoa - Chile
Longaví - Chile
Perquilauquén - Chile
Purapel - Chile
Putagán - Chile
Melado - Chile
Maullín - Chile
Maroni - Suriname, French Guiana
Orinoco - Colombia, Venezuela
Apure - Venezuela
Arauca - Colombia, Venezuela
Meta - Colombia, Venezuela
Guaviare - Colombia
Parnaiba - Brazil
Rapel - Chile
Reñihue - Chile
Río Bueno - Chile
Rahue - Chile
Damas - Chile
Río de la Plata It is not really a river but the lower stretch of the Paraná and the estuary that forms after its confluence with the Uruguay
Paraná - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
Uruguay - Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
Palena - Chile
Petrohué - Chile
Puelo - Chile
São Francisco - Brazil
Toltén - Chile
Trancura - Chile
Valdivia - Chile
Calle-Calle - Chile
San Pedro - Chile
Enco - Chile
Llanquihue - Chile
Huahum - Chile, Argentina
Chapelco - Argentina
Liquiñe - Chile 
Cau-Cau - Chile
Cruces - Chile
Cutipay - Chile
Futa - Chile
Yelcho - Chile
Futaleufú - Chile
This is the List of rivers in Connecticut (U.S. state), sorted by drainage basin.

All of Connecticut's rivers flow into Long Island Sound. From there, the waters mix into the Atlantic Ocean.

Pawcatuck River
Green Fall River
Shunock River
Wood River
Mystic River
Whitford Brook
Poquonock River
Thames River
Shetucket River
Little River (Shetucket River)
Natchaug River
Fenton River
Mt. Hope River
Still River (Natchaug River)
Quinebaug River
Blackwell Brook
Fivemile River (Quinebaug River)
French River
Little River (Quinebaug River)
Moosup River
Pachaug River
Willimantic River
Hop River
Skungamaug River
Tenmile River (Willimantic River)
Yantic River
Niantic River
Fourmile River (Connecticut)
Threemile River (Connecticut)
Black Hall River
Connecticut River
Deep River (Connecticut River)
Eightmile River (Connecticut River)
Falls River (Connecticut River)
Moodus River
Salmon River
Blackledge River
Jeremy River
Farmington River
East Branch Farmington River
Nepaug River
Pequabu River
Pequabuck River
Poland River 
West Branch Farmington River
Still River (Farmington River)
Mad River (Still River)
Hockanum River
Tankerhoosen River
Mattabesett River
Coginchaug River
Park River (also known as Hog River and Little River)
Podunk River
Scantic River
Watchaug River
Patchogue River
Menunketesuck River
Indian River (Clinton)
Hammonasset River
Neck River
East River (Connecticut)
West River (Guilford)
Branford River
Farm River (Connecticut)
Quinnipiac River
Eightmile River (Quinnipiac River)
Muddy River (Connecticut)
Tenmile River (Quinnipiac River)
Mill River
West River
Sargent River
Cove River (Connecticut)
Oyster River (Connecticut)
Indian River (Milford)
Wepawaug River
Housatonic River
Blackberry River
Whiting River
Halfway River
Farmill River
Hollenbeck River
Konkapot River
Naugatuck River
Mad River (Naugatuck River)
Ten Mile River, Housatonic
Pomperaug River
Nonewaug River
Weekeepeemee River
Pootatuck River
Shepaug River
Bantam River
Marshepaug River
Still River
West Aspetuck River
East Aspetuck River
Pequonnock River
Mill River (Southport)
Saugatuck River
Aspetuck River
Little River (Saugatuck River)
West Branch Saugatuck River
Norwalk River
Silvermine River
Fivemile River (Connecticut)
Noroton River
Rippowam River
Mill River (Rippowam River)
Mianus River
Byram River
Hudson River (New York)
Croton River (New York)
Titicus River

References

Connecticut
Shawnee Park is a park in Louisville, Kentucky.  It was created by Frederick Law Olmsted, who made 18 of the city's 123 public parks. Along with the rest of the city's Olmsted-designed park system, Shawnee Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

History
Shawnee Park was first planned in 1890 to be one of the free flagship parks in Louisville's new park system. All three were found on the geographic edges of the city. In Shawnee's case, it was the western edge bordering the Ohio River. The land at the time was still mostly used for truck farms, but it was clear residential development was imminent even without the park. Shawnee was the slowest of the parks to create, as much of the land was already owned by investors who thought they could increase the sale price by holding out.

The city had to force owners to sell the properties to obtain the land for the park, and won the case in 1895. In 1896, the city started to create access to the park, another area in which Shawnee was behind the other two parks. River Park Drive was laid out in 1899, but the Broadway entrance remained unfinished until 1914.

The Olmsted firm advised the city not to build a golf course at Shawnee Park due to the "grave danger to visitors in the park and especially the children" but demand was such that the course was built anyway in 1927.

All three parks had the intended effect of spurring residential development near them. The interest was so great that developers found themselves promoting the parks rather than their own developments, as the highest prices would exist for the park perceived to be best. Dozens of subdivisions were built near Shawnee Park, and the neighborhood itself came to be called Shawnee.

Shawnee Park allowed access only to whites from 1924 to 1954, although park officials and police had a de facto policy of not allowing blacks access to the park for some years prior to that. The only park blacks were allowed access to was nearby Chickasaw Park, which many people entered by traveling through Shawnee.

Features

Great Lawn

Although now overshadowed by the Louisville Waterfront Park, Shawnee boasts an expansive Great Lawn which is very useful for formal gatherings.  The Great Lawn, the principal feature of the park, is enclosed by plantings and a circular drive that is lined with trees.

Riverwalk Trail
Louisville's Riverwalk Trail, which passes through Shawnee Park, extends across Louisville's waterfront, which is an extensive, mostly flat pedestrian pathway. The one-way distance between the Belvedere and Shawnee Park is 6.2 miles.

References

Other websites
Metro Parks page 
Satellite image of Shawnee Park

Louisville, Kentucky
Parks in the United States
National Register of Historic Places
Iraklis is a Greek football club which is based in Thessaloniki. It is founded in 1908 and it is the most oldest club of Thessaloniki. Iraklis is the third most successful club of Thessaloniki after PAOK and Aris. It has won a Greek cup in 1976. He always plays in the highest professional football league of Greece unless one year. The name of club is the name of ancient Greek hero Hercules, which in Greek is said Iraklis. Its colour is the blue and white.

Other websites
Iraklis Thessaloniki FC - Official website

Greek football clubs
Thessaloniki
1908 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Greece
Active Worlds (AW) is a 3D virtual reality platform. The "Active Worlds Browser" runs on Windows. Users assign themselves a user name, log into the Active Worlds virtual world universe, and explore 3D virtual worlds and environments that other users have created.  Users can chat with one another or build structures and areas from a selection of objects. AW allows users to own worlds and universes, and develop 3D content.

Related pages
Second Life
IMVU

Software
Jim (or Jimmy) Clark OBE (4 March 1936 – 7 April 1968) was a British Formula One racing driver from Scotland.

He was the dominant driver of his era, winning two World Championships, in 1963 and 1965. At the time of his death, he had won more Grand Prix races (25) and achieved more Grand Prix pole positions (33) than any other driver. He also competed in the Indianapolis 500 five times, and won it once, in 1965.

In 2009, The Times placed Clark at the top of a list of the greatest Formula One drivers.

Clark crashed off the Hockenheimring, Baden-Wuerttemberg, West Germany during a race and died of his injuries on the way to hospital.

References

1936 births
1968 deaths
Deaths in sport
Formula One drivers
Scottish racecar drivers
Emerson Fittipaldi (born December 12, 1946 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a highly successful Brazilian automobile racing driver. He has won championships in both Formula One, and CART. Fittipaldi won the Indianapolis 500 twice.

Early life
Emerson Fittipaldi was born in São Paulo, Brazil. He is the younger son of prominent Italian-Brazilian motorsports journalist and radio commentator Wilson Fittipaldi Sr and his wife Józefa "Juzy" Wojciechowska, an immigrant from Saint Petersburg, Russia and of Polish and Russian descent.

References

1946 births
Living people
Brazilian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
People from São Paulo
Andreas Nikolaus "Niki" Lauda (22 February 1949 – 20 May 2019) was an Austrian Formula One driver. He was a three-time F1 World Drivers' Champion, winning in ,  and . He was also an aviator, entrepreneur and writer. He has founded and run two airlines and was manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years. In February 2018, Toto Wolff & Niki Lauda signed Mercedes deal until 2020.

Lauda died after a period of ill health on 20 May 2019 in Zürich. He was 70.

Niki lauda raced in the 1973 F1 season as a member of the British raceing motors team.in 1974 he signed with the prestigious pransing horse scuderia Ferrari team and gathered his first career F1 victory  ( as well as an additional win),finishing the season in forth place. The 1975 raceing season is one of the most storid in F1 history. Through nine races, Lauda had 5 victorys and more then twice as many points in the championship standings as his closest competitor. Lauda tried to get the other drivers to agree to boycott of the 10th race of the season, of the German Grand Prix or which is called ( the Nürburging but Lauda lost the FIA said to go ahead and race which happened on the second lap of the German Grand Prix Lauda crashed and his car went on fire

First Race:1971 Austrian F1 GP
Last Race: 1985 Austrian F1 GP 
First Win: 1974 Spanish F1 GP
Last Win: 1995 Dutch F1 GP

References

1949 births
2019 deaths
Austrian businesspeople
Austrian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Vienna
Louis Alexandre Chiron (born 3 August 1899  in Monte Carlo, Monaco – died there on 22 June 1979) was a Grand Prix driver.

1899 births
1979 deaths
Formula One drivers
Monte Carlo
Monegasque people
John Michael Hawthorn (10 April 1929 – 22 January 1959) was a racing driver, born in Mexborough, Yorkshire, England, and educated at Ardingly College, West Sussex.

References

1929 births
1959 deaths
Formula One drivers
Road accident deaths
The white-tailed starfrontlet (Coeligena phalerata) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Colombia. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

References
 BirdLife International 2004.  Coeligena phalerata.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Hummingbirds
The Venezuelan sylph (Aglaiocercus berlepschi) is a species of hummingbird.  It is restricted to a small area of north-eastern Venezuela and is classed as an endangered species by BirdLife International. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the Long-tailed Sylph (A. kingi).

The male is 22 centimeters in length with the elongated outer tail-feathers accounting for 14-15 centimeters. Its color is mostly  green. The throat is blue and the outer tail-feathers are violet, becoming blue towards the tips. The female is 9.5-11 centimeters long. The tail is shorter than that of the male but still fairly long and slightly forked. Females have a blue crown and white throat, breast and belly.

The Long-tailed Sylph is almost the same in color but does not overlap in range. Males of the subspecies caudatus have a mostly blue tail and no blue throat patch, while males of the subspecies margarethae have green tips to the tail-feathers. Females have a rufous breast and belly.

References
 (2007) Species factsheet: Aglaiocercus berlepschi.  Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/9/2007.
 (1978) A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela, Princeton University Press.

Other websites

BirdLife Species Factsheet.
Photograph of a Venezuelan Sylph

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
An apocalypse  is a revelation: seeing something which has been hidden. It comes from the Greek word, Apokálypsis, which means "lifting of the veil", or finding out something secret. Often this secret is discovered in a dream or a vision.

In religion, the word describes Armageddon or the end of the world. This might have come from the words, apokalupsis eschaton, meaning all the secrets will be discovered "at the end of the æon, or age". In Christianity The Apocalypse of John is the Book of Revelation, the last book of the Bible. It describes the end of the world, and the second coming of Jesus Christ.

Christian eschatology
Words
Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer and songwriter. He became famous as the singer and flute player in the progressive rock group Genesis. After leaving Genesis, Gabriel went on to a successful solo career. More recently he has spent his time on producing and promoting world music and pioneering digital distribution methods for music. He has also been involved in various humanitarian efforts. Gabriel was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2009. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010 with the group Genesis and again as a solo artist in 2014.

Discography
 From Genesis to Revelation (1969) - with Genesis
 Trespass (1970) - with Genesis
 Nursery Cryme (1971) - with Genesis
 Foxtrot (1972) - with Genesis
 Selling England by the Pound (1973) - with Genesis
 The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974) - with Genesis
 Peter Gabriel (Car) (1977)
 Peter Gabriel (Scratch) (1978)
 Peter Gabriel (Melt) (1980)
 Peter Gabriel (Security) (1982)
 Birdy (1985)
 So (1986)
 Passion (1989)
 Us (1992)
 OVO (2000)
 Long Walk Home (2002)
 Up (2002)
 Scratch My Back (2010)
 New Blood (2011)
 I/O (TBD)

References

1950 births
Living people
English musicians
Genesis (band)
Mykonos is a very touristic Greek island. It belongs to Cyclades. It is in the north of Cyclades, near Syros and Tinos islands. The area of the island is 85 square kilometres. 9,320 people live there. Most of them work in the tourist industry. The island is famous mainly for its nightlife. Also, the island has many beautiful beaches, with yellow sand. Along the beaches there are bars and cafes, so the entertainment continues during day. The island has two main settlements. Chora, the capital of the island, is in the west and Ano Mera, the second settlement is in the center.

Sights

Mykonos' houses have got the distinguished  Cycladic architecture. The houses have a cubic scheme, with wooden windows, and doors, painted usually with intense colours. The alleys are painted with lime, so they have a bright white colour. Mykonos is very close to the islet Delos. Delos was very important in antiquity. It was the center of Delian League, the leaders of which were ancient Athenians. In Delos there was an important sanctuary for Apollon, one of twelve Greek gods. Delos today is a very important archaeological site and the visitors go there from Mykonos. Mykonos has many old traditional windmills, which are everywhere on the island

References

Other websites
 Official website of the Municipality of Mykonos
 Mykonos Travel Guide

Islands of Greece
Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician known for creating the vaccine for smallpox.

Vaccination 
Vaccination was a concept that was known before Jenner.

In 1765, Dr John Fewster published a paper in the London Medical Society entitled "Cow pox and its ability to prevent smallpox", but he did not pursue the subject further.

After 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine in humans against smallpox. For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity with cowpox in his wife and two children during a smallpox epidemic in 1774. Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success, but after Jenner's work some 20 years later the procedure became widely understood at last.

It was a common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox. Jenner thought that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) protected them from smallpox. He may already have heard of Benjamin Jesty's success.

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis on an eight-year-old boy, the son of his gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of a milkmaid. Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some uneasiness, but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected the boy with a mild form of smallpox and he showed no sign of infection. Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 more subjects.

"Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle".

References 

1749 births
1823 deaths
English physicians
Vaccinologists
Mansfield Park is the third novel by iconic English author Jane Austen. Published in 1814, it was the most successful during her lifetime.

Plot

Mansfield Park is about a poor young girl named Fanny Price.

Born in Portsmouth, Fanny's mother has two sisters, one of whom has married Sir Thomas Bertram of Mansfield Park miles away and the other lives in a cottage on the grounds of Mansfield.  This other sister, in an attempt to show off her own sense of self-importance and charity, offers to take one of her poor sister's children off her hands, and persuades Sir Thomas that Fanny could be her assistant in helping with the daily running of Mansfield and so should live there too.

At Mansfield Park, Fanny grows up with her cousins Tom, Maria, Julia and Edmund Bertram. Only Edmund is kind to her. As they grow up, Edmund's kindness to Fanny makes her fall in love with him.

However, when Fanny's uncle goes away for business, Mary Crawford and her brother Henry come to the neighborhood. Henry flirts with the Misses Bertram, making them fall in love with him, even though Maria is already engaged to a Mr. Rushworth. Mary and Edmund fall in love with each other, much to Fanny's surprise and sadness, but Mary wants Edmund to become rich and not be a clergyman. They put on a play called Lovers Vows that Fanny does not think Sir Thomas would like, so she does not join in. Just as they are trying to make her act, Sir Thomas returns home.

Henry Crawford goes away, and Maria, angry and proud, quickly marries Mr. Rushworth, even though she does not love him. Henry Crawford falls really in love with Fanny, and proposes to her, but she says no. Sir Thomas gives Fanny the ultimatum of marry Mr Crawford or go back to her parents.  Choosing to see her family again she is unhappy to see how coarse and vulgar they are.

While she is there, she finds out in a newspaper that Maria has run away with Henry Crawford. Fanny is very shocked and unhappy. Edmund comes to ask Fanny to come back to Mansfield to nurse a sick Tom. He tells Fanny that he was shocked that Mary Crawford only thought Maria and Henry were silly for being found out, and that the act of adultery was not bad. He expresses he has finally realised he has always loved Fanny, and they marry.

Other websites

Mansfield Park Free audio book at LibriVox
Mansfield Park Complete text with audio and language translations.
Mansfield Park free ebook in PDF, PDB and LIT formats
Selected quotes from Mansfield Park 
Mansfield Park Map 
Mansfield Park study guide, themes, quotes, literary devices, & teacher guide

1810s books
Books by Jane Austen
English novels