cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP) (), also known as Hentchak is one of the oldest political parties in Armenia and the first Socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and in Persia in the 1880s. It was founded in 1887 by Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Ruben Khan-Azat and others, who studied in Geneva, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire, which is part of Armenian national liberation movement. Its name, taken from its newspaper Hunchak, means "Bell" in English, and is taken by party members to represent "awakening, enlightenment, and freedom."

History 
All of the 7 founders of Hunchakian party were Russian-Armenian Marxist students who had left Russia to continue their higher education in universities of Western Europe. They were young persons, in their twenties, and were from well‑to‑do bourgeois families who were financially supporting them. For the purpose of furthering revolutionary activity in Turkish Armenia, they formed the Hunchakian Revolutionary Party in August, 1887.

Hunchak party fought many battles against the Ottoman Empire, to free the Armenian people from Turkish rule. One of Armenia's famous national heroes Andranik Ozanian, at first, joined the Hunchak party, but disagreement with party policies led Andranik to leave the Hunchak ranks and join the Dashnak party.

Democratic Republic of Armenia 
The party also played role in establishment of Democratic Republic of Armenia, as party members took part in the Battle of Sardarapat, during the World War I at Caucasus Campaign, which defended the Armenian capital of Yerevan from Army of Islam of Ottoman Empire.

Activities in Lebanon 
In the 1950s, it clashed, sometimes violently, with the Dashnak Party, due to tensions that escalated when the ARF elected Bishop Zareh as Catholicos of Cilicia, a move that was rejected by the Hunchaks.  In the midst of increasing sectarian strife in the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, Lebanon's Armenian community began to close ranks, and in 1972, the Hunchakian Party ran a joint ticket with the Dashnaks.  In 2000, the Hunchakian Party joined forces with Rafik Hariri's Dignity party, which swept the city of Beirut.

Modern 
In the early 1990s, the party took part in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict.  The party today forms part of the opposition "Justice" bloc.

This party is also active in Lebanon, where it competes for the six National Assembly seats reserved for ethnic Armenians.  The party subscribes to a socialist ideology and advocates a planned economy for Lebanon.

Affiliate organizations 
The Hunchakian party has established affiliate organizations such as the AEBU which is an organization that helps with educational, health and social care, the Armenian Dkhrouhi Youth Association and HMM (Homenmen) which is a sporting organization (not to be confused with Homenetmen).

Related pages
 Armenian Revolutionary Federation

Other websites 
 Party's Official Web Site

References 

 "The 89-th commemoration of the 20 Hunchakian martyrs" / Tchahagir Weekly, Cairo, 17 June, 2004, p. 1 

Politics of Armenia
1887 establishments
Political parties in Europe
Establishments in Armenia
An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy (e.g. movement) into alternating current.

Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels. When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.

An inverter usually also increases the voltage. In order to increase the voltage, the current must be decreased. So, an inverter will use a lot of current on the DC side when only a small amount is being used on the AC side.

Inverters are made in many different sizes. They can be as small as 150 watts, or as large as 1 megawatt (1 million watts). Smaller inverters often plug into a car's cigarette lighter socket and provide 120 or 240 volt AC power from the car's 12 volt supply.

The earliest inverters consisted of a DC motor connected mechanically to an AC generator. A later design often used with vacuum tube car radios consisted of a rapidly switching relay. Modern inverters are based on MOSFET or IGBT transistors.

Types 
 Sine wave inverters produce good-quality AC power. They use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to produce a true sine wave, which makes them expensive.
 A modified sine wave inverter produces a lower quality of AC power, with strong power system harmonics but is cheaper. The output of a typical modified sine wave inverter is a square wave with a pause between the change in direction. Various modulation strategies are used in cascaded multilevel inverters to reduce the harmonic contents. Modified sine inverters reduce the performance of some appliances, such as microwave ovens and appliances containing electric motors, and are known to damage some equipment including smoke detectors and some battery chargers.

Electricity
Machines
The 1994 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in USA from June 17 to July 17, 1994. 24 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after Roberto Baggio from Italy famously missed the last penalty in a penalty shootout.

Participants

Africa 
 Cameroon (CMR) • Squad
 Morocco (MAR) • Squad
 Nigeria (NGA) • Squad

Asia 
 Korea Republic (KOR) • Squad
 Saudi Arabia (KSA) • Squad

Europe 
 Belgium (BEL) • Squad
 Bulgaria (BUL) • Squad
 Germany (GER) • Squad
 Greece (GRE) • Squad
 Italy (ITA) • Squad
 Netherlands (NED) • Squad
 Norway (NOR) • Squad
 Republic of Ireland (IRL) • Squad
 Romania (ROU) • Squad
 Russia (RUS) • Squad
 Spain (ESP) • Squad
 Sweden (SWE) • Squad
 Switzerland (SUI) • Squad

North and Central America 
 Mexico (MEX) • Squad
 United States (USA) • Squad

South America 
 Argentina (ARG) • Squad
 Bolivia (BOL) • Squad
 Brazil (BRA) • Squad
 Colombia (COL) • Squad

Results

Round 1

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Knockout stage

Final
 won the championship.

References 
 FIFA 

|

FIFA World Cup tournaments
1994 in association football
1994 in the United States
Soccer in the United States
Warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.

Watch
A tropical storm watch is issued by the National Hurricane Center when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 48 hours. Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h). Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.

Warning
A tropical storm warning is issued when tropical storm effects are expected within 36 hours or less.  Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.

Other websites
 NHC - watches and warnings

Tropical cyclones
The City of Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. It is on the southeastern coast of the island country. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).

References

Other websites 

 Extract from Tour Jamaica by Margaret Morris
 Jamaica Library Service: brief history of Kingston 
 2001 Census 
 Accounts of 1907 Earthquake in The Times 
 Kingston City Guide
 Jamaican Affairs - Kingston 
 Kingston Guide 

National capitals in North America
Cities in the Caribbean
Settlements in Jamaica
1693 establishments in North America
Establishments in Jamaica
A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast where tropical cyclones will go and how strong they will be. Models use powerful supercomputers and mathematical modeling software. There are two general types: statistical and dynamic. There are two main types of forecasts: track and intensity.

Other websites
 Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide, Chapter 5
 Model Analyses and Forecasts from NCEP 

Tropical cyclones
Villalba  (vee-YAHL-bah) is a municipality of Puerto Rico. It is in the central region, northeast of Juana Díaz; south of Orocovis; and west of Coamo. Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

Municipalities of Puerto Rico
1917 establishments in the United States
Establishments in Puerto Rico
Sycorax is one of Uranus' moons. It is the biggest retrograde non-spherical one of its moons.

Sycorax was found on September 6, 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars. They found it using the 200-inch Hale telescope. They also found Caliban. Sycorax was given the designation S/1997 U 2.

Sycorax was confirmed as Uranus XVII. It was named after Sycorax, Caliban's mother in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Orbit 

Sycorax follows a far orbit, more than 20 times farther from Uranus than the farthest regular moon Oberon. Its orbit is retrograde, moderately inclined and eccentric.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Setebos and Prospero, to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

Physical characteristics 
The diameter of Sycorax is estimated at 150 km (assuming albedo of 0.04) making it the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, comparable in size with Himalia, the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter.

The rotation period could not be estimated well (best fit ~4 h).

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

Ephemeris IAU-NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 Sycorax Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Tantra (Sanskrit: तन्त्र "weave" meaning continuity), tantricism or tantrism is the name for a number of traditions from Indian religions. These traditions are usually esoteric in their nature. Tantra exists in Hindu, Bönpo, Buddhist, and Jain forms. Tantra in its various forms has existed in South Asia, China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia and Mongolia.

Tantra is derived from 2 words - "Tanoti" (Liberation of energy) and "Trayati" (Expansion of consciousness).

Notes

References 

 
 Second Revised Edition
 First Indian Edition, Kant Publications, 2003.

 

 

 
 Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.

Buddhism
Hinduism
Almazán is a city in Castilla y León, in Spain. The city name comes from Arabic. There it means The fortified place. It is located about 32 km south of the capital of the province (Valladolid), and about 192 km from Madrid. Today, about 5.700 people live there.

The city has a long history. In it, the Pedro IV of Aragon and Enrique II of Castilla signed the truce between Castillla and Aragon. Juan Hurtado de Mendoza was the majordomo of king Enrique III. The king Enrique IV of Castilla gave the city to him. He also got to supervise the city. Later the duchy was divided into two different parts.

The city itself was governed by the Alcalde Mayor. He was helped by a committee of people from the city (3 noblemen, and 3 from the Hidalgo class).

The city belonged to the county of Altamira. The counts descended from Hernando de Mendoza.

Diego Laínez was a Jesuit monk who was born in the city. He was a companion to San Ignacio de Loyola. He also succeeded him as head of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order. Laínez later had a large influence in the Council of Trent.

Most of the city is built in a Romanesque style. There are also some examples of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic art styles.

Some of the notable buildings are:

St. Michael's church, an example of Romanesque architecture
St. Vincent's church, as an example of Romanesque architecture. It has been converted. It is a culture hall today.
The hermit's place of Jesus of Nazareth

Other websites 
 El Románico de la ribera del Duero 
 Recorrido fotográfico por San Miguel de Almazán 

Cities in Castile and León
Municipalities in Castile and León
Settlements in Soria
Joanot Martorell (1413 – 1468) was the Valencian author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch, which is written in the Valencian dialect (Martorell calls it "the Valencian vernacular" "vulgar llengua valenciana" used in the Crown of Aragon). First published in Valencia in 1490, it was reprinted in Barcelona in 1497, and some consider it the first modern novel in Europe. 

It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company. Miguel de Cervantes in the book burning scene of Don Quixote considers it the best knight novel. Martorell himself was a chivalrous man and suffered an early death due to court intrigue, leading to a colleague, Marti Joan de Galba, finishing the novel.

Other websites
Tirant lo blanc, by Joanot Martorell (Lletra, espai virtual de literatura)

Spanish writers

1413 births
1468 deaths
People from the Community of Valencia
St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England. It is 22 miles (35 km) north of London. St Albans is the former Roman town of Verulamium.

History 
It was originally named Verlamion by the Celtic Catuvellauni tribe, and Verulamium by the Romans. It was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north.

Many of the Roman walls were knocked down by William the Conqueror and used to build St Albans Abbey, otherwise known as St Albans Cathedral. The town had many notable buildings but most were knocked down by Henry VIII. The only building left is the abbey. Though many other buildings have been built nearby Ye Old Fighting Cocks, which claims to be the oldest pub in the UK, a Roman amphitheatre and hypocaust floor, a disused bear baiting square in Verulamium Park, and the imposing Rats Castle at the top of Hatfield Road as well as Roman Verulanium Museum

The bones of St. Alban, the first English martyr, were kept in the Abbey in a shrine, but were stolen during the 19th century.They were smuggled out of the country into Munich. A few years ago The German Cathedral sent the shoulder bone of St. Alban and it is kept in the shrine behind a curtain

Now, due to its proximity to London, St. Albans is a commuter town.

St Albans School 
St Albans School is a public school. It occupies a site to the west of the Abbey, which includes the 14th century Abbey Gateway. The school was founded in AD 948 and is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope. Adrian IV was the only Englishman to become Pope.

Important people from St Albans 
 Nicholas Breakspear (or Breakespeare, c.1100–1159), later Pope Adrian IV, was born in Abbots Langley, and attended school in St Albans.
 Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth I, built Old Gorhambury House.
 Francis Bacon (1561–1626), noted philosopher, scientist and statesman, lived at Old Gorhambury House. Bacon was styled 'Viscount St Albans' from 1618.
 Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744), wife of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and close friend of Queen Anne, was born in St Albans.
 Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe (Lord Grimthorpe) (1816–1905), lawyer, amateur horologist, and architect; best known locally for rebuilding the west front of St Albans Cathedral in 1880-1885 at his own expense, but also designed Big Ben. Lived at Batchwood Hall.
 Cuthbert Thicknesse (1887–1971), 4th Dean of St Albans Cathedral 1936–1955, objected to the use of nuclear weapons in August 1945, and refused to let the cathedral's bells be rung on VJ Day.
 Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999), film director, lived in Childwickbury Manor, to the north-west of the town, from 1978 until his death
 Stephen Hawking (b 1942), theoretical physicist, was educated at St Albans School.
 Sir Stephen Lander (b 1947), former head of MI5, has lived in St Albans for many years.

Other websites 
 St Albans - Official website

References
The City of Lancaster (2002 population: 133,914) is a local government district in Lancashire, England. Its main town is Lancaster, from which it obtained its city status. Other towns in the district include Morecambe, Heysham, Slyne, and Carnforth.

History 
The district was made on April 1 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, when the boroughs of Lancaster and Morecambe and Heysham, along with Carnforth urban district, Lancaster Rural District and Lunesdale Rural District joined together.

Population

Twin Cities 
 Aalborg

Cities in North West England
District and borough councils in Lancashire
1974 establishments in England
The Vice Chancellor is the deputy of the Federal Chancellor. He acts for the Chancellor if he cannot act, or if there is no chancellor. The Vice Chancellor is also a federal minister, and in a coalition government is usually the leader of the minority party.

List of Vice Chancellors

German Empire (Allgemeiner Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers)
Political Party:

Weimar Republic (Allgemeiner Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers)
Political Party:

Nazi Germany

Federal Republic of Germany
Political Party:

Related pages 
 Government of Germany

Germany-related lists
Peripheral equipment (also called: input and output devices) connects a computer to other things. It gives a computer system more features. Input is anything that goes in and output is anything that goes out. Any device for the computer that the computer can work without is peripheral equipment. This equipment is always separated from the central processing unit (CPU) by a device controller.

Peripheral equipment is necessary for people to interact with a computer system. Some peripheral equipment displays information (such as a computer monitor). Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, work for both input and output.

Peripheral equipment is often labelled I/O device (Input/Output device). I/O devices are connected to a device controller which is connected to the electronics in the computer system. An example of an output device is a set of computer speakers. Computer speakers are plugged into a device controller called an audio device. The device is connected to the rest of the system inside. An example of an input device is a computer mouse. It is connected in the same way as an output device. Most peripherals connect by cable but some connect by Bluetooth radio.

One peripheral device can be connected to many systems. 

Sometimes extra memory devices such as a second hard disk can be called peripheral equipment. People who make computer programs call everything except the processor and main memory an I/O device. To an engineer working on the design of a processor, everything except the processor is called an I/O device.

Input devices
An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer. It is a hardware device that sends information into the CPU. Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, similar to a TV. Below is a listing of different types of computer input devices.

Examples 
 Computer mouse: The device for moving the cursor or arrow around the screen.
 Digital camera: A digital camera takes pictures to put into the computer. The pictures become information inside the computer.
 Image scanner: Digitizes a document or other two-dimensional object.
 Keyboard: The device for typing characters into the computer.
 Webcam
 Joystick

Output devices
An output device is anything to which the computer sends signals, for example things that display information from the computer or make sound from the computer.

Input/Output devices
 Hard disk: A data storage device
 Optical drive: Reads and writes CDs and DVDs
 Other data storage devices
 etc.

Computer hardware
Computer science
The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences, commonly known as The Ninety-Five Theses, was written by Martin Luther.

Luther argued that the Church should not sell indulgences. Because many people agreed, Luther became very popular, paving the way for the Protestant Reformation.

On October 31, 1517, Luther approached the church authorities with his pressing call for reform. On this day he presented them with his theses. When the bishops did not respond, Luther circulated his theses privately. The theses spread quickly and were printed in Nuremberg, Leipzig, and Basel.

Most recently, in February 2007, the media reported that a handwritten note by Luther's secretary Georg Rörer, found in the university library at Jena, appeared to confirm the traditional account of Luther's nailing the theses to the door. As of February 2007, this new find has yet to be assessed by scholars.

Bibliography 
 Erwin Iserloh The Theses Were Not Posted: Luther Between Reform and  Reformation. trans. by Jared Wicks, S.J.. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.

References

Other websites 

 Project Wittenberg: 95 Theses by Dr. Martin Luther (1517)
 BELIEVE Religious Information Source 

1517
Protestantism in Germany
History of Germany
Lutheranism
Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
Christian texts
An indulgence, in Roman Catholic theology, means that temporal punishment (punishment here on Earth) for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner. 

The indulgence is given by the church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution. 
Indulgences replaced the severe penances of the early church.

The basis of indulgences was said to be that the church has a "treasury of merit". This came from past Christians who had been even better than was required to gain salvation. Their good deeds were kept in a kind of bank that the Pope could draw from. He could  give or sell the merit to others whose sins prevented them from being saved. 

During the crusades, the Pope promised "full indulgence" to those who volunteered to fight the Muslims. This meant that if they became soldiers in the Pope's army and died, they would go to heaven even if they had done evil things. 

By 1500, indulgences had developed into a printed letter that said that having paid money a person had received full pardon for all their sins.  Even people who had died and were suffering in purgatory could be instantly freed if a living person paid for the indulgence. The money was used for building a church in Rome, with some of it going to local princes or secular leaders.

This extreme abuse of indulgences caused Martin Luther to protest against them. Luther said that it is better to give money to the poor and repent of one's sins instead of paying money to the Church. This was the starting point for the Protestant Reformation (1517). Soon after, at  the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church tried to respond to the problems that led to the Reformation and the sale of indulgences was stopped. 

In modern times, the idea of indulgences has occasionally been used by the Catholic Church, but only as a reward for certain pious acts, and not as a full pardon for sins.

Notes

Other websites
Code of Canon Law (1983) concerning Indulgences
Enchiridion Indulgentiarum, 4th edition, 1999 (Latin) (English translation: "Manual of Indulgences", published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, )
Pope John Paul II's General Audience on Indulgences - 29 September 1999
The Apostolic Penitentiary publication on 'The Gift of the Indulgence' (29 January 2000) concerning esp. the Jubilee Indulgence
"Indulgences", in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
"A Primer on Indulgences" by James Akin 
"The Enchiridion of Indulgences" (1968)
"Myths About Indulgences" from Catholic Answers 
Indulgence of Sancta Congregatio Sedes

Christian theology
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (5 January, 1744 - 27 November, 1811) was a  Spanish neoclassical statesman, writer, and philosopher.

Banishment 
Involved in the disgrace of his friend, Francisco de Cabarrús, Jovellanos spent the years 1790 to 1797 in a sort of prison at Gijon where he wrote.

Reintroduction 
In 1797 he came back and refused the post of ambassador to Russia, but accepted to become minister of grace and justice. 

Joseph Bonaparte, on mounting the Spanish throne, made Jovellanos lots of offers but he refused them all and joined a patriotic party. 

When he was involved in the fall of the party he was sent back to Gijon. The vessel in which he sailed was compelled by stress of weather to put in at Vega de Navia (now Puerto de Vega) in Asturias where died on November 27 1811.

1744 births
1811 deaths
18th-century philosophers
19th-century philosophers
Spanish politicians
Spanish writers
Spanish philosophers
The Empire State Building is a skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.  It is  tall and has 102 floors. Named after the popular nickname for New York, the Empire State,  it is one of the most famous landmarks in the US. When the Empire State Building opened on May 1, 1931, it was the world's tallest building.

History
Designed by the architects named Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates, it was built at a time when many people were trying to make the world's tallest building, but the Empire State Building won. The old Waldorf-Astoria Hotel was destroyed so that the Empire State Building could be built. The Empire State Building was completed in 410 days. It opened on May 1, 1931, when United States President Herbert Hoover pushed a button in Washington, D.C. to turn on the lights. The Empire State Building's design was based on the 21-story Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem, built in 1929. In the 1930s, the Empire State Building was called the "Empty State Building" because not many people worked in the building.

The Empire State Building became the tallest building in New York City and the world until the first World Trade Center towers passed it in 1970. When these towers were brought down in the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Empire State Building was again the tallest building in New York. It stopped being New York's tallest building in 2012 when the new One World Trade Center was built. 

On Saturday, July 28, 1945, a plane crashed into the building due to heavy fog and started a fire, but the building was only damaged a little.  14 people (3 in the plane) were killed in the accident.

Building design 
The Empire State Building is at 350 Fifth Avenue. The building has its own ZIP code, 10118. There is a big Art Deco lobby with shops at Fifth Avenue. People can also go to a lobby on 34th Street. The Empire State Building has 73 elevators.

The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors have places where people can look at the city from high above. There is a steel mast on the top of the Empire State Building. The builders wanted to have an airship station on the roof, but the station was not opened. Today, people cannot go to the mast. The mast has a radio transmitter. The Empire State Building also lights up at night.

Photos

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world
 List of tallest buildings in New York City

References

Books

Other websites 

 Official Website – Empire State Building
 Emporis.com – Empire State Building
 SkycraperPage.com – Empire State Building

1931 establishments in New York (state)
20th-century architecture
Art Deco buildings
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Skyscrapers in New York City
Felanitx is on the east side of Majorca close to Porto Colom on the coast. It is  from Palma.
It is the centre of a very touristic  area (there are more than 2.300 hotel rooms), especially in summer.
 
There are 17,000 inhabitants. 

It is the home town of the famous painter Miquel Barceló, who has just worked in the cathedral of Palma.

References 
 http://www.idealspain.com/Pages/Places/mallorca/Felanitx.htm
 http://www.info-mallorca.co.uk/felanitx/

Mallorca
Municipalities in the Balearic Islands
Alcudia is a city on the island of Majorca. About 5,400 people live there. It used to be a fortified city to prevent attacks. Tourism is one of the main resources in the city, especially during the summer, which is known as the high season.

Other websites 

 Alcudia tourist information
 Alcudia and Playa de Muro information
 Alcudia map and information

Municipalities in the Balearic Islands
Cities in the Balearic Islands
Mallorca
Isla Culebra () (Snake Island) is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico originally called Isla Pasaje and Isla de San Ildefonso. It is located about seventeen miles east of the Puerto Rican mainland, twelve miles west of St. Thomas and nine miles north of Vieques. Culebra is spread over 5 wards and Culebra (Dewey) Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city). The island is also known as Isla Chiquita (Little Island) and Ultima Virgen (Last Virgin).  Residents of the island are known as Culebrenses.

References

Other websites
 Culebra-Island.com
 Culebra - The Complete Travel Guide
 CulebraBlog - Culebra Information
 Culebra National Wildlife Refuge
 Map of Culebra Puerto Rico

Municipalities of Puerto Rico
1880 establishments
1880s establishments in North America
Establishments in Puerto Rico
Hurricane Noel was the fourteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Noel formed on October 27 from the interaction between a tropical wave and an upper-level low in the north-central Caribbean Sea. It strengthened to winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before making landfall on western Haiti and the north coast of eastern Cuba. It turned northward, and on November 1 it attained hurricane status. The hurricane accelerated northeastward after crossing the Bahamas, and on November 2 it became an extratropical cyclone. (The Canadian Hurricane Centre classified Noel as a post-tropical storm until 2200 UTC November 4 when it determined that it had lost all tropical characteristics.)

The storm caused at least 169 deaths along its path, primarily in Hispaniola, due to flooding and mudslides. It was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of the 2007 season. After its transition to post-tropical, Noel became a very strong low pressure system causing flooding and wind damage over Maine and Eastern Canada. It even dropped snow over some areas of Eastern Quebec and Labrador.

Retirement
The name Noel was retired in May 2008 and replaced by Nestor for the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season.

Other websites
 The NHC's archive on Hurricane Noel

References

2007 Atlantic hurricane season
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in the United States
Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes
Hurricanes in the Dominican Republic
Wilma is a female given name. It is a short form of the German name Wilhelmina.  The name means protector.  The male version of the name is Will, short for William.

People with this name include:
Wilma Mankiller, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation
Wilma Rudolph, American athlete
Wilma de Faria, Brazilian politician

Related pages
Hurricane Wilma

Given names
Cozumel (Mayan: Island of the Swallows) is an island in the Caribbean Sea off the eastern coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, opposite Playa del Carmen. It is one of the eight municipalities (municipios) of the state of Quintana Roo. Cozumel is a popular tourist destination renowned for its scuba diving. The main town on the island is San Miguel de Cozumel.

The island is about 48 km (30 miles) north-south and 16 km (10 miles) east-west, and is the largest Atlantic island of Mexico. It is about 20 km (12 miles) from the mainland, and some 60 km (36 miles) south of Cancún. The vast majority of the population of Cozumel lives in the town of San Miguel (pop. 71,401 in 2005), which is on the western shore. The rest of the island is low, flat, and densely vegetated.

Other websites

 
 Ayuntamiento de Cozumel Official website
 Cozumel Parks and Museums  official site for the Quintana Roo State Foundation that manages Chankanaab Park, Punta Sur, San Gervasio and the Island Museum
 Cozumel Mexico - latest news and information.
 Viva Cozumel  - Maps & Multimedia for the virtual tourist.
 Cozumel, Mexico vacation information, news and photos

Atlantic islands
Islands of North America
Cities in Mexico
Quintana Roo
Jupiter is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, USA. It is named after the Roman god Jupiter. The town is a suburb of Miami.

According to the United States census, there were 55,156 people living in Jupiter in 2010. Some famous people who were born in or lived in Jupiter are: Tori Amos, Celine Dion, and Burt Reynolds.

References

Other websites
 Jupiter official website
 Jupiter Florida Online Guide
 Jupiter Tequesta Juno Beach Chamber of Commerce 
 Jupiter Courier Newspaper 
 Jupiter GIS Map 
 Florida Atlantic University
 Jupiter Lighthouse Pictures
 Jupiter Florida

Towns in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida
Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada which is made up of four provinces on the Atlantic coast: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island – and Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the Atlantic provinces was 2,324,893 in 2007.

Other websites
 Atlas of Canada - Atlantic Region
 ECanuck Atlantic Canada
 Atlantic Canadian cities and Surrounding areas
 Atlantic Canada Portal/Portail du Canada Atlantique
 Atlantic Canada - A Profitable Place to do Business 

Regions of Canada
A tomb is a place built to bury dead bodies, usually more elaborate and expensive than a grave. It is often intended to honor the dead, and be visited by the living. A tomb (from Greek "τύμβος" - tumbos) is generally any structurally enclosed space or chamber used for housing the remains of the dead, and sometimes their possessions. The word is used in a broad sense to encompass a number of such types of places of burial.

Ancient Egypt 
Tombs were used in the Ancient Egyptian period where the bodies or possessions of Pharaohs were stored or buried inside a pyramid after mummification, where the pharaohs’ bodies would have their organs removed, their bodies covered with salt and then wrapped in bandages and a portrait panel of the pharaoh placed over the face, or death mask. 

Burial monuments and structures
Ferdinand is the farthest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Dan Milisavljevic, and Brett J. Gladman on August 13, 2001 and given the designation S/2001 U 2.

Despite being seen again on September 21 and November 15 and even a year later on August 13 and September 5, 2002, it was eventually lost. It was finally refound on September 24, 2003 by Scott S. Sheppard on images taken by David C. Jewitt and himself on August 29-30 and September 20 of that year. Confirming observations were made by Holman on September 30.

Designated Uranus XXIV it was named after the son of the King of Naples in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Orbit

Ferdinand is the farthest known moon of Uranus. It follows a retrograde, fairly inclined but very eccentric orbit.
The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

Related pages
List of Uranus' moons

References

Ephemeris (IUA)
Mean orbital parameters (NASA)

Other websites
Ferdinand Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Nix is a non-spherical moon of Pluto. It was found along with Hydra in June 2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope Pluto Companion Search Team.

The discovery images were taken on May 15, 2005 and May 18, 2005; the moons were independently found by Max J. Mutchler on June 15, 2005 and Andrew J. Steffl on August 15, 2005. The discoveries were announced on October 31, 2005, after confirmation from photographs archived in 2002. The moon were designated S/2005 P 1 (Hydra) and S/2005 P 2 (Nix).

The moon follows a circular orbit in the same plane as Charon. It takes 24.9 days to circle around Pluto.

Before its size was directly measured, the moon was calculated to have a diameter of between 46 km, if its reflectivity is similar to Charon's 35%, and 137 km, if it had a reflectivity of 4%, like the darkest Kuiper belt objects.  Nix is slightly fainter than Hydra, suggesting that it is somewhat smaller in size.  In the discovery image, Nix is 6,300 times fainter than Pluto.

Early research appeared to show that Nix was reddish like Pluto and unlike the other moons, but more recent reports have been that it is grey like the remaining moons.

Nix was visited along with Pluto by the New Horizons mission in 2015.

The formal name "Nix", from the Greek goddess of darkness and night, and mother of Charon, was announced on June 21, 2006 on IAU Circular 8723, where the designation Pluto II is also given. Together with Hydra, Pluto's third moon, the initials are those of the New Horizons probe. The initial proposal was to use the Classical spelling Nyx, but to avoid confusion with the asteroid 3908 Nyx, this was changed to "the Egyptian spelling of the Greek name".

References

Other websites 
 Nix Profile  by NASA's Solar System exploration
 Background information regarding our two newly discovered satellites of Pluto – The discoverers' website
 NASA's Hubble reveals possible new moons around Pluto – Hubble press release
 Two more moons discovered orbiting Pluto (SPACE.com)
 Pluto's newest moons named Hydra and Nix (SPACE.com)
 [(Final preprint)

Pluto's moons
The Dvorak technique (developed in 1974 by Vernon Dvorak) is a widely used system to subjectively estimate tropical cyclone intensity based solely on visible and infrared satellite images. Several agencies issue Dvorak numbers for cyclones of sufficient intensity. These include the National Hurricane Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB), the NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA).

References

Other websites
Agencies issuing Dvorak intensity estimates
 UW-CIMSS (Advanced Dvorak Technique)
 NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch
 Air Force Weather Agency 
 About the TAFB
Other
 Tropical Cyclone Intensity Analysis and Forecasting from Satellite Imagery Dvorak, 1974. (PDF, 1.3 MB)
 Dvorak Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Biases Determined from Reconnaissance-based "Best Track" Data (1997-2003) Franklin and Brown
 The Dvorak Technique Through Time Dr. Jack Beven. (WRF File. Requires WebEx player)

Tropical cyclones
Tägerwilen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Thundorf is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Tobel-Tägerschen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Uesslingen-Buch is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Hydra is the farthest moon of Pluto. It was found along with Nix in June, 2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope's Pluto Companion Search Team, which is composed of Hal A. Weaver, Alan Stern, Max J. Mutchler, Andrew J. Steffl, Marc W. Buie, William J. Merline, John R. Spencer, Eliot F. Young, and Leslie A. Young. The discovery images were taken on May 15, 2005 and May 18, 2005; the moons were independently found by Max J. Mutchler on June 15, 2005 and Andrew J. Steffl on August 15, 2005. The discoveries were announced on October 31, 2005, after confirmation by precoveries from 2002. The moons were provisionally designated S/2005 P 1 (Hydra) and S/2005 P 2 (Nix).

The moon orbits the barycenter of the system in the same plane as Charon and Nix, at a distance of about 65,000 km. Unlike other moons of Pluto, its orbit is only nearly circular; its eccentricity of 0.0052 is small, but significantly non-zero. Its orbital period of 38.2 days.

Although its size has not been directly measured, calculations based on its brightness give it a diameter of between 61 km, if its reflectivity is similar to Charon's 35 percent, and about 167 km, if it has a reflectivity of 4 percent like the darkest Kuiper belt objects (KBOs).  At the time of discovery, Hydra was about 25 percent brighter than its sister moon Nix, which led to the assumption that its diameter was some 10 percent bigger.  Pre-discovery data from Hubble observations in 2002-3 inferred that Nix was the brighter moon.  However, Hubble observations in 2005-6, specifically targeting the dim moons, once again showed Hydra to be a little brighter.  Hydra appears to be grey like Charon and Nix, though Pluto is reddish.

Hydra was to be visited along with Pluto by the New Horizons mission in 2015.

The name Hydra was announced on June 21, 2006, in IAU Circular 8723, along with the formal designation Pluto III. It was named after Hydra, the monster who guarded the waters of Pluto/Hades's underworld in Greco-Roman mythology.

References

<li value="8"> (Final preprint)

Other websites
 Hydra Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 NASA's Hubble Reveals Possible New Moons Around Pluto – Hubble press release
 Two More Moons Discovered Orbiting Pluto (SPACE.com)
 Pluto's Newest Moons Named Hydra and Nix (SPACE.com)
 Hydra at ESA/Hubble 

Pluto's moons
5 Astraea (written Astræa in the early literature) is a big main belt asteroid. Its surface is very reflective (bright) and what it's made of is probably a mixture of nickel-iron with magnesium- and iron-silicates. The adjectival form of the name, although unused, would be Astraean (which also designates a genus of star corals).

Astraea was the fifth asteroid found, on December 8, 1845 by K. L. Hencke. It was his first of two asteroid discoveries. The second was 6 Hebe. An amateur astronomer and post office employee, Hencke was looking for 4 Vesta when he stumbled on Astraea. The King of Prussia awarded him with an annual pension of 300 US$ (1968 dollars) for the discovery.

Photometry indicates prograde rotation, that the north pole points in the direction of right ascension 9 h 52 min, declination 73° with a 5° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 33°.

Astrea is physically unremarkable but notable mainly because for 38 years (after the discovery of Vesta in 1807) it had been thought that there were only four asteroids. In terms of maximum brightness, it is indeed only the seventeenth brightest main belt asteroid, being fainter than 192 Nausikaa and even, at rare near-perihelion oppositions, the highly eccentric carbonaceous 324 Bamberga.

After the discovery of Astraea, thousands of other asteroids would follow. Indeed, the discovery of Astrea proved to be the starting point for the eventual demotion of the four original asteroids (which were regarded as planets at the time) to their current status, as it became apparent that these four were only the biggest of a whole new type of celestial body.

There has been only one seen stellar occultation by Astraea (February 2, 1991).

References 
  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris

Other websites 
 AN 23 (1846) 393 (in German)
 MNRAS 7 (1846) 27

Asteroids
Fred and George Weasley are characters in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. They are twins and brothers of Harry Potter's best friend Ron Weasley; younger than Bill, Charlie, and Percy, but older than Ginny and Ron. They're in the middle of the seven Weasley children.  They have red hair and are proud to be Weasleys. In the movies, both twins are tall and skinny. In the books they are described as shorter and stockier than Ron. 

Although these two are not very big characters in the seven-book installment, they play some big roles in a few books. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the twins show Harry the Marauder's Map that they found that leads to many useful and helpful things. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (their seventh year), the two escape Hogwarts and the new Defense Against The Dark Arts teacher, Professor Umbridge and left a fantastic fireworks show and a giant "W". The students found it amusing and use the phrase "rolling a Weasley" to describe disappointment at something and wanted to go away. Fred and George are also involved in Harry's big study group that is called D.A. (Dumbledore's Army). In the beginning of Half-Blood Prince, Ron, Hermione, and Harry, followed by Ginny, Mrs. and Mr. Weasley, visit the twins in their new joke shop. They are excited to see them and show all their new joke shop supplies. In Deathly Hallows, Fred Weasley gets killed outside the room of requirement by an explosion presumably by Augustus Rookwood, breaking the hearts of many Harry Potter fans. George gets his ear accidentally cut off by Severus Snape using Sectumsempra. George marries Angelina Johnson.

Fred and George are usually described as determined, mischievous, and very sneaky. They get scolded by their mother, Molly Weasley for many things that they  do (for example, Apparating right in front of her eyes in Order of the Phoenix.)

The actors who portrayed Fred and George are James and Oliver Phelps respectively. Oliver is actually the older twin, but Fred is older than George. Two differences between the Phelps twins is that Oliver has a mole on the right side of his neck, while James does not and James has a slightly deeper voice than Oliver.

Harry Potter characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Uttwil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Other websites

Municipalities of Thurgau
8 Flora is a big, bright, main belt asteroid. It is the closest big asteroid: no asteroid closer to the Sun has a diameter above 25 kilometres or two-elevenths that of Flora itself, and not until the tiny 149 Medusa was found was a single asteroid orbiting at a closer mean distance known. It is the seventh brightest asteroid with a mean opposition magnitude of +8.7. Flora can reach a magnitude of +7.9 at a favorable opposition near perihelion, such as will occur in mid November 2007.

Discovery and naming 
Flora was found by J. R. Hind on October 18, 1847. It was his second asteroid discovery after 7 Iris.

The name Flora was proposed by John Herschel, from Flora, the Latin goddess of flowers and gardens, wife of Zephyrus (the personnification of the West wind), mother of Spring, and whose Greek equivalent is Chloris (who has her own asteroid, 410 Chloris).

Characteristics 
Flora is the parent body of the Flora family of asteroids, and by far the biggest member, having about 80% of the total mass of this family. But Flora was almost certainly disrupted by the impact(s) that formed the family, and is probably an aggregate of most of the pieces.

Flora's spectrum indicates that its surface is made of a mixture of silicate rock (including pyroxene and olivine) and nickel-iron metal. Flora, and the whole Flora family generally, are good candidates for being the parent bodies of the L chondrite meteorites. This meteorite type comprises about 38% of all meteorites impacting the Earth.

Notable facts 
During an observation on March 25, 1917, 8 Flora was mistaken for the star TU Leonis, which led to that star's classification as a U Geminorum cataclysmic variable star. This mistake was uncovered only in 1995.

References

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve
 "Announcement of discovery of Flora", MNRAS 8 (1848) 82
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java)
 8 Flora at opposition Nov 15th, 2007 (0.89AU from Earth)
  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris.

Asteroids