cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vibrato is a series of very quick changes up and down to the pitch of a note. It is like a deliberate, controlled wobble. The word “vibrato” is related to the word “vibrate”.

Vibrato is used to make a melody sound more beautiful by making it more expressive. Singers use vibrato, especially when singing dramatic solo music such as opera. In Italy a singer’s vibrato is sometimes called “tremolo”.

Violinists and other players of string instruments produce vibrato by moving the finger backwards and forwards on the fingerboard. Vibrato has to be learned carefully, as the hand needs to be very relaxed. Many beginners who start to use vibrato will try to vibrate too fast and this makes an unpleasant sound. Vibrato can be produced on wind instruments by small changes of breath control.

Musicians sometimes disagree about how much vibrato was used in earlier times. People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato. Other people think that players of those days did use some vibrato.

Musical performance techniques
Nigella Lucy Lawson (born 6 January 1960) is an English television chef, journalist, television presenter and food writer. She was born in Wandsworth, London and is of Jewish descent.

She presented the cooking show Nigella Bites on Channel 4 from 2000 to 2001. After that series, she went on to present two cookery series called Nigella's Christmas Kitchen and Nigella Express on BBC Two.

She is a judge on the American reality show The Taste.

She has written many cooking books which have been translated into many different languages and are popular in the United Kingdom and the United States. 

She is a daughter of politician Nigel Lawson.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Nigella Lawson at IMDb.com
Nigella Lawson at nndb.com

1960 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British chefs
English television presenters
Jewish British writers
Jewish entertainers
Journalists from London
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Wandsworth
Television personalities from London
Writers from London
Johann Heinrich Schmelzer (born Austria some time between 1620 and 1623; died in Prague some time between 29 February and 20 March) was a German composer.  He was one of the most important composers of instrumental music in the mid-17th century. 

Nothing is known about his early life.  He became a member of the imperial chapel in the mid 1630’s.  His job there was probably a violinist.  We know very little about his life, except that over the years he became a famous composer.  The emperor must have liked him because he gave him presents of money and gold chains.

In 1671 he became deputy Kapellmeister at the imperial court.  In 1673 the emperor gave him the honorary title “von Ehrenruef” which he put after his name.  A few years later the court moved to Prague to try to escape the plague that was killing so many people in Vienna.   At the end of 1679 the emperor’s Kapellmeister died and Schmelzer became Kapellmeister.  It was the first time that the Kapellmeister at the Habsburg court had not been a foreigner but an Austrian.  However, the following March Schmelzer died of the plague.

Schmelzer wrote a lot of music for small groups of instruments as well as a lot of ballet music.  His dance suites are made up of several dances such as galliard, bourree,  sarabande, gigue, gavotte and allemande as well as more unusual dances.  He wrote several sonatas for two violins and continuo.  They are full of fast scales and arpeggios.  He also seems to have written church music, but it has all been lost.

1623 births
1688 deaths

Baroque composers
Austrian composers
The Oireachtas is the national parliament of Ireland.

There are three parts of the Oireachtas:

The President of Ireland
Dáil Éireann - The lower house. It is similar to the House of Commons in the United Kingdom or the House of Representatives in the United States. 
Seanad Éireann - The upper house. It is similar to the House of Lords and the Senate

Only the Irish names are used, never the English

Politics of Ireland
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Quasars or quasi-stellar radio sources are the most energetic and distant active galactic nuclei (AGN). 

They are quite small in comparison with the energy they put out. Quasars are not much larger than the Solar System. The mechanism of brightness changes probably involves relativistic beaming of jets pointed nearly directly toward us. The highest redshift quasar known () has a redshift of 7.085, which means it is about 29 billion light-years from Earth. This estimate is made using the concept of comoving distance.

Scientists now agree that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding a central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The energy emitted by a quasar is gravitational energy, created from mass falling onto the accretion disc around the black hole.

Quasars are extremely luminous. They were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves and visible light. The light (and other energy) appeared to be similar to stars, rather than large sources like galaxies. On the other hand, their spectra had very broad emission lines, unlike any known from stars, hence "quasi-stellar". Their luminosity can be 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way.

The accretion discs of central supermassive black holes can convert about 10% of the mass of an object into energy.
This mechanism explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it. 

This means that most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, may have gone through an active stage as a quasar or some other class of active galaxy. They are now dormant because they lack a supply of matter to feed into their central black holes to generate radiation.

References

Related pages 
Astrophysics

Galaxies
Black holes
The Taoiseach (), also referred to as An Taoiseach (), is the head of the government in Ireland.  The term prime minister is not used by the Irish media.

Appointment 

When a new Dáil Éireann meets after an election it nominates one of its members to be Taoiseach.  He then visits the President, and is appointed.  He then presents a list of ministers to the Dáil and when this is approved they are also appointed by the President.

If the Taoiseach resigns all members of the government are said to have resigned as well.  If a minister does not resign when asked by the Taoiseach, the Taoiseach can ask the President to sack the minister.  The President cannot refuse to do this.

Department of the Taoiseach 
The Department of the Taoiseach helps the Taoiseach to do his job.  The main duty of the Taoiseach is to start policy and coordinate policy of the rest of government.  Especially policies on Economic and Social Development, Northern Ireland, the European Union and Public Sector Change and Oireachtas Reform.

The Government Chief Whip, who has to make sure the government's policies and ideas are turned into law, is a part of the Taoiseach's department.

The current Taoiseach is Leo Varadkar since 14 June 2017.

List

Notes

References 

 
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Government occupations
Seanad Éireann (; Senate of Ireland) is the second house of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas.

Function 
Seanad Éireann's main business is the revising of legislation sent to it by Dáil Éireann.

It can initiate (start) and revise legislation, except bills for raising tax and spending money (Money Bills).  Financial legislation must start in Dáil Éireann, and the Seannad can only suggest changes, it cannot force the changes to be accepted.

Seanad Éireann slows Dáil Éireann.  All bills must be looked at by the Seannad, so it is a safeguard against laws being passed too quickly.

Seanad Éireann also debates important issues. Also, Seanad Éireann can debate these issues with more freedom because the fate of the Government will not be at stake.  If the government loses a vote in Seanad Éireann it could be embarrassing, but under the constitution if the Government loses a vote in Dáil Éireann they might have to call new elections.

Election day
Members of Dáil Éireann are members from the first meeting of Dáil Éireann after a general election until the Dáil is dissolved.  Members of Seanad Éireann are members from the first meeting until the day before the next general election of the Seanad.

Elections for Dáil Éireann must be within 30 days of being dissolved. Elections for the Seanad must be within 90 days of Dáil Éireann's dissolution.  The Seanad must be elected after the Dáil, because new TDs are allowed to vote in a Seanad election.

Members 
There are sixty Senators.

 11 are nominated to be members by the new Taoiseach after a general election
 49 are elected from panels of candidates

Elected Senators 
 Three senators are elected by the National University of Ireland;
 Three are elected by the University of Dublin;
 43 are elected from 5 panels of candidates:-
 National Language and Culture, Literature, Art, Education and other professions;
 Agriculture and allied interests, and Fisheries;
 Labour, (organised or unorganised);
 Industry and Commerce, including banking, finance, accountancy, engineering and architecture;
 Public Administration and social services, including voluntary social activities.

At least 5 senators must be elected from each panel, but no more than 11 from any one panel.

About 1.000 people can vote for the Seanad:

 Members of the newly elected Dáil Éireann
 Members of the old Seanad Éireann
 Members of city and county councils

The senators from the Universities are elected by any Irish citizen with a degree from that university.

The university seats shows how much Éamon de Valera, who wrote the Constitution of Ireland was influenced by the British Parliament.  At the time it was written the universities of Oxford and Cambridge had their own MPs in the House of Commons.  Graduates of those universities voted for these MPs as well as for the MP were they lived.

Related pages
 Dáil Éireann
 Oireachtas

References 

Politics of Ireland
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Protein biosynthesis (synthesis) is when cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process.

Amino acids are either synthesised or eaten in food. Then, after the transcription of polypeptide genes, the amino acids are put together. This is done by translation and RNA splicing which produces messenger RNAs. The splicing process produces the final proteins, which then fold up into their protein structure. Then they can function. The plural is used here because, with most genes, the splicing process produces more than one final working protein. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though parts of the process are the same in both.

References

Other websites 
 Science aid: protein synthesis For high school
 Protein synthesis
 Transcription 
 Translation 
 Protein synthesis animation  Wesleyan University Learning Objects animation of protein synthesis.
 Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation.  From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute.

Proteins
The National Weather Service (also known as NWS) is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government. Its job is to provide "weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy." This is done through a collection of national and regional centers, and more than 122 local weather forecast offices (WFOs). Since the NWS is a government agency, most of its products are in the public domain.

References

Other websites
 National Weather Service
 NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards
 Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 
 Aviation Weather Center
 National Hurricane Center
 Storm Prediction Center
 Climate Prediction Center 
 Free National Weather Service Yahoo! Widget 
 NOAA weather streaming radio - using windows media player, etc.

See also
 NOAA Weather Radio

United States government agencies
Weather services
Yuma is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States.  According to the 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 84,688.

References

Other websites

City of Yuma Website 
Yuma Convention and Visitors Bureau Website
MCAS Yuma Official Website 
Yuma Stats

Cities in Arizona
County seats in Arizona
1914 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arizona
A storm surge is a sudden rise of water hitting areas close to the coast. Storm surges are usually created by a hurricane or other tropical cyclone. The surge happens because a storm has fast winds and low atmospheric pressure. Water is pushed on shore, and the water level rises. Strong storm surges can flood coastal towns and destroy homes. A storm surge is considered the deadliest part of a hurricane. They kill many people each year.

Related pages 
 Tropical cyclone
 Tsunami

Other websites 
Data on Bangladesh disasters  from NIRAPAD disaster response organisation.
NOAA National Hurricane Center storm surge page 
"The 1953 English East Coast Floods" 
DeltaWorks.Org North Sea Flood of 1953, includes images, video and animations.

Severe weather
The Baja California Peninsula (or Lower California) is a peninsula of North America. It is west of Mexico. It extends some 1,250 km (775 miles) from Mexicali in the north to Cabo San Lucas in the south, separating the Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California (or "Sea of Cortés").

Other websites
Google maps
Baja.net 
Baja California

Geography of Mexico
Peninsulas
Sukkot (also known as Feast of Tabernacles) is a Jewish festival. In this event, people celebrate the gathering of the crops, and remember the time in the past when small shelters were made by the Jews when they were in the wilderness and had no homes.

Dates 
 2017: October 4-11 (October 12, outside Israel)
 2018: September 23-30 (October 1, outside Israel)
 2019: October 13-20 (October 21, outside Israel)
2020: October 2-9 (October 3, outside Israel)
2021: September 20-27 (September 21, outside Israel)

Other websites 

Guide for Sukkot
JewFaq discussion on Sukkot
Sukkos and Simchas Torah - Torah.org 
an overview of the laws of Sukkot  from Torah.org, based on the Mishneh Torah 
Sukkot in Jerusalem
Free succah construction plans and instructions
sukkahsoftheworld.org devoted to pictures of Sukkahs from Sharon, Mass USA and throughout the world
Sukkot Concepts - Basic through Advanced - OU.org

Jewish festivals and holidays
Translation is the second part of protein biosynthesis (the making of proteins). It is part of the process of gene expression.

Before translation comes: 
transcription, which produces a chain of introns and exons.
RNA splicing by spliceosomes which remove introns, and
formulation of the messenger RNA from exons.

In eukaryotes, translation happens on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and in the endoplasmic reticulum. In bacteria, translation happens in the cell cytoplasm: they have no nucleus.

Ribosomes are made of a small part and a large part which surround the mRNA (messenger RNA). In translation, mRNA has the base sequence to make a specific polypeptide. This sequence is originally specified by the DNA, and copied by the mRNA. The polypeptide can be a whole protein. Or, it can be just a part, waiting to be combined with other polypeptides so it can make a whole protein. The polypeptide also has to be folded before it works as a protein.

Amino acids are carried by specific tRNAs with anticodons to connect with mRNA's matching codons. Each tRNA has its own anticodon and carries an amino acid. An anticodon is always together with the same amino acid.

When the tRNA matches with the mRNA, the amino acid that is connected to the tRNA is unconnected from the tRNA and gets connected to the amino acid brought by the previous tRNA.

So, a ribosome works a lot like a stock ticker and ticker tape. Many ribosomes, together with mRNA, will attach themselves to the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Any proteins that those ribosomes make go into the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum, where it will probably go into a vesicle later. The vesicles will then bring the proteins to other organelles or even the outside of the cell.

Four stages 

Translation happens in four stages: activation (make ready), initiation (start), elongation (make longer) and termination (stop). These terms describe the growth of the amino acid chain (polypeptide). 
Amino acids are brought to ribosomes and assembled into proteins. In the activation stage, the correct amino acid is covalently bonded to the correct transfer RNA (tRNA). When the tRNA is connected to an amino acid, it is "charged". 
Initiation is when the small part of the ribosome connects to 5' end of the mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF). 
Elongation is when the amino acids brought by the "charged" tRNAs are connected to each other to form a polypeptide.

Some antibiotics work by keeping translation from happening. Prokaryotic ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes. So antibiotics can kill bacteria without hurting the eukaryotic host. For example, antibiotics taken by a human might kill the bacteria that is making the human sick but wouldn't hurt the human.

References 
 Champe, Pamela C. Harvey, Richard A. and Ferrier, Denise R. 2005. Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry 3rd ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. .
  Nelson, David L. Cox, Michael M. and Lehninger, Albert L. 2005. Lehninger principles of biochemistry 4th ed, Freeman. .

Molecular biology
Cell biology
The Šarplaninac (pronounced shar-pla-NEE-natz) (also known as Sharplaninec) is a large-sized shepherd dog breed of the Balkan region, from the Šar mountains (Šar Planina in Serbian and Macedonian or Bjeshket e Sharrit in Albanian).

Dog breeds
Théodore Chassériau (September 20, 1819 – October 8, 1856) was a French romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, and images inspired by his travels to Algeria.

Life and work

Chassériau was born in El Limón, Samaná, in Saint Domingue (now the Dominican Republic). Her mother, Maria Magdalena Couret de la Blagniére, was born in Haiti but she moved with her parents to Santo Domingo when the Haitian revolution. At that time, the eastern part of Hispaniola was a French colony. There she met Bénoit Chassériau and soon they got married and moved to Samaná.

When the eastern part of the Hispaniola became again a colony of Spain, the family moved to Venezuela and Jamaica. Then, in 1821, the family went to live in Paris, France. Théodore was three years old at that time.

In 1830, at the age of eleven, he started to study with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and soon he became the favorite pupil of the great classicist.

After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, a well-known romantic painter. From that moment on, Chassériau tried to combine the two styles.

His works could be grouped in two periods:
The classical period, with works like
Portrait of Adéle Chassériau (1836)
Christ on the Mount of Olives (1839)
The Two Sisters (1843)
The romantic period, with works like
Arab Chiefs Visiting Their Vassals (1849)
Jewish Women on a Balcony (1849)
The Tepidarium (1853)

Chassériau died when he was 37 years old in Paris, on October 8, 1856.

Other websites
Théodore Chassériau exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  Retrieved on 2007-10-03.

References

1819 births
1856 deaths
French painters
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Yuryuzan () is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 13,700 ().

Yuryuzan is located on Yuryuzan River's bank.

Related pages 
List of cities and towns in Russia

References

Towns in Russia
Sim (, 54°59'N 57°41'E) is town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 15,900 (2005).

Sim is located on Sim River's bank. Town was founded in 1759 and named Simsky Zavod until 1942.

Igor Kurchatov is from Sim.

Towns in Russia
18th-century establishments in Russia
1759 establishments
Duff Beer is a fictional alcoholic drink shown in the animated television series The Simpsons. Duff Beer is known to be Homer Simpson's favorite drink and has a mascot known as Duffman.

The Simpsons
Beer

de:Die Simpsons#Duff-Bier
The Sassuntsi-Davit Tank Regiment (; previously the 119th Separate Rifle Tank (Mixed) Regiment) was a Soviet separate tank regiment during the Second World War. It had a lot of ethnic Armenians in it. Other ethnic groups that were in the regiment included Azeris, but they were largely relegated to logistics support and other non-combatant roles.

20th century in Armenia
History of Azerbaijan
1940s in the Soviet Union
Military
Sursk (, 53°05'N 45°42'E) is town in Penza Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 7,500 (2005). The town was founded in 1860.

Sursk is located on the Sura River's left bank. It is 92 km from Penza.

Other websites 
 Site about Sursk

Towns in Russia
1860 establishments
19th-century establishments in Russia
Lipki (, 53°57'N 37°42'E) is a town in Tula Oblast, Russia. Its population is about 9,700 (2005).  Lipki is located 38 km south of Tula.  The village of Lipki has been known since the 17th century.

Towns in Russia
Lage is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, approximatively 8 km northwest of Detmold. It has about 36,000 inhabitants.

Twin Towns 
The town is twinned with
 , Horsham.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Lippe Rural District
Venture capital is a type of private equity capital..

Typically it is provided by outside investors to new businesses that promise to grow fast. Venture capital investments are usually high risk, but offer the potential for above-average returns. 

A venture capitalist (VC) is a person who makes such investments. A venture capital fund is a pooled investment vehicle (often a limited partnership) that primarily invests the financial capital of third-party investors in enterprises that are too risky for the standard capital markets or bank loans. 

Venture capital can also include managerial and technical expertise. Most venture capital comes from a group of rich investors, investment banks and other financial institutions that pool such investments or partnerships. This form of raising capital is popular among new companies, or ventures.

Other websites 

National Venture Capital Association
Venture Capital Glossary
Ricafe2  - A Research programme sponsored by the European Commission analysing venture capital.
Venture Capital News & Blog:

Economics
Moment of inertia (), also called "angular mass" (kg·m2), is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation.

It is a rotating body's resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation.

Moments of inertia for a few objects

Related pages
 Angular momentum
 Torque

References

Other websites 
 Angular momentum and rigid-body rotation in two and three dimensions
 A table of moments of inertia 
 Parallels between rotation and translation HyperPhysics

Mechanics
Physical quantity
Multiple choice questions ask people to choose the answer from a list.  Tests, elections, and surveys can use multiple choice questions. Frederick J. Kelly made the first multiple choice questions in 1914 at the University of Kansas. This testing method is popular in the United States.

Examples

1.  
A) 0B)	22C) 4D) 2

2.  Where is the Eiffel Tower?A) LondonB) ParisC) SingaporeD) New York

Correct answers:1 C 2 B

References

Tests
In physics, the angular velocity specifies the angular speed at which an object is rotating along with the direction in which it is rotating.

It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per second. But it may be measured in other units as well (such as degrees per second, degrees per hour, etc.). When it is measured in cycles or rotations per unit time (e.g. revolutions per minute), it is often called the rotational velocity and its magnitude the rotational speed. Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega (Ω or ω). The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction which is usually specified by the right hand rule.

Related pages

 Angular momentum

References 

 
 

Physical quantity
Mechanics
In physics, angular frequency.' ω. (also called the angular speed, radial frequency, and radian frequency) is a measure of rotation rate. A high rate of angular frequency means something is turning very fast. The angular frequency is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity which is also known asangular frequency vector . 

It is useful in many areas of maths and science as it allows understanding of many properties of physical objects in our world. In SI units, angular frequency is measured in radians per second, with dimensions t−1 since radians are dimensionless.

Theory 
Angular freqency is often given in radians per second ()  as it is easier to work with. In this way, the angular frequency is given by, 

  

where  is the time (period) of a single rotation(revolution) and  is the frequency.    

If a wheel turns by an angle  in a time  then the angular frequency at any moment is given by, 

    

If the rotation speed is constant, this becomes, 

  

and so it is similar to a speed.   

For objects which are going in circles, the angular frequency may also be given as (in radians), 

  

where  is the speed and  is the distance from the middle of the circle.

Examples 
The angular frequency is important in determining whether an object can stay above the ground against gravity, or whether a spinning top can stay standing. It also is important in creating the frequency of mains electricity supplies and reducing the heat due to friction in engines.

Satellites 
Objects are pulled towards the earth because of gravity. To oppose this, a satellite must go fast enough it misses the ground. For the forces to equal each other, 

  

where  is the mass of the larger body and  is the Gravitational constant. To make a circle, the angular frequency must be equal to, 

  

which leads to one of Johannes Kepler's Laws.

Mains Supplies 
Generators in power stations rotate at some frequency. The speed at which these turn gives us the frequency that our electricity supplies are at. These can be slowed by large brakes or big heavy wheels which stop the generators from turning too quickly.

Units

Examples of angular frequency measurements include

Related pages
Frequency
Radian

Physical quantity
Mechanics
Twister is a 1996 American disaster movie directed by Jan de Bont, and based upon a screenplay by Michael Crichton and Anne-Marie Martin. It follows a group of storm chasers attempting to prevent all tornadoes from destroying everything in Oklahoma. The movie has a famous scene of a flying cattle. It is a scene that was the subject of many parodies. It was the first movie to be commercially released on DVD.

Cast

Home media 
Twister was released in VHS by Warner Home Video in October 1996. It was later released on DVD on March 26, 1997. It is considered to be the first home release of a movie to use this now widely-used optical media technology. This new release on DVD, Blu-ray, Retro VHS Blu-ray, & 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on TBA 2023 by Universal Pictures (in Studio Distribution Services from now Warner Bros.).

Sequel 
TWISTER 2 release on TBA by Universal Pictures and Warner Bros. by United States & Canada

References

Other websites 
 Official site for the film 
 
 

1996 drama movies
1990s disaster movies
1990s American disaster movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Oklahoma
Warner Bros. movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
An examination (exam) is a test. Many things may be examined, but the word is most often used for an assessment of a person. It measures a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness or ability or standing in some other topic. It is a set of questions designed to measure those things. Examinations change and evolve. They have been used since ancient times.

In its widest sense, to examine is to look at something very carefully, perhaps to find the cause of a problem.  Someone who is ill may need to go to a doctor for a medical examination. A mechanic may examine a machine to find why it is not working properly.

In education an examination is a test to show the knowledge and ability of a student. A student who takes an examination is a candidate. The person who decides how well the student has performed is the examiner. An examination may be a written test, an on-screen test or a practical test.  Examples of a practical test may be: driving a car, speaking a language, playing a musical instrument and doing a scientific experiment. An on-screen test is a test which uses the computer.

If the candidate is successful he will have passed the examination. If he is unsuccessful he will have failed. In some cases it is possible for a student who has failed to take the exam again another time.

A student who passes an examination may get a certificate or diploma. Some certificates are professional qualifications, allowing the person to do a particular job, e.g. plumber, teacher, doctor, lawyer.

References 

Education
Tests
Super Smash Bros. Brawl (commonly known as SSBB or Brawl) is the third video game in the Super Smash Bros. series. It was made by Sora and published by Nintendo for the Wii video game console.

Characters
There are 39 characters in Brawl. 14 unlockables and 25 starters. Most of the characters from the second game in the series, which was called Super Smash Bros. Melee, return (although Mewtwo, Roy, Dr. Mario, Pichu, and Young Link were removed), and a few others are added, including two (Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog) that were in games that Nintendo did not own. The game is best known for the tripping mechanic (fighters will trip at random when running), introducing third party characters, and the smash ball.

Default characters
Bowser
Diddy Kong
Donkey Kong
Fox McCloud
Ice Climbers
Ike
King Dedede
Kirby
Link
Lucas
Mario
Meta Knight
Olimar
Princess Peach
Pikachu
Pit
Pokémon Trainer (Squirtle, Ivysaur and Charizard)
Samus Aran/Zero Suit Samus
Wario
Yoshi
Princess Zelda/Sheik

Unlockable characters
Captain Falcon
Falco Lombardi
Ganondorf
Jigglypuff
Lucario
Luigi
Marth
Mr. Game and Watch
Ness
R.O.B.
Solid Snake
Sonic the Hedgehog
Toon Link
Wolf O'Donnell

Items
Like the other Super Smash Bros. games, items appear in the middle of the game that characters can use.  However, Brawl adds many more items, such as an "Assist Trophy" (where a character from a Nintendo game shows up to help you kill your ) and a "Smash Ball" (when activated, it gives characters powers that make it really easy to kill opponents).

Stages
Super Smash Bros. Brawl has many stages that players can battle on. Most of the stages are based on Nintendo series. One of these is Shadow Moses Island from Metal Gear Solid.

Home Stages

References

Other websites
Super Smash Bros. Wiki

Super Smash Bros.
2008 video games
Wii games

de:Super Smash Bros.#Super Smash Bros. Brawl
X-Men is a 2000 superhero movie based upon the fictional characters the X-Men. The movie is about mutants who are the next evolutionary step of humanity. These mutants are feared and hated by most of humanity.

The movie was directed by Bryan Singer. It deals with the ideas of prejudice and discrimination in the United States. The screenplay was written by David Hayter. A sequel, X2, was released in 2003 and a third movie, X-Men: The Last Stand, was released in 2006. A fourth film, X-Men: Days of Future Past. A prequel trilogy has been made, the prequel series is currently formed by X-Men: First Class, X-Men: Apocalypse and Dark Phoenix.

Plot 
Professor Charles Xavier (the world's most powerful telepath) takes gifted children and teaches them to control their powers for good. He does this at Xavier's Academy for Gifted Youngsters, his school for mutants. This school is the home to the X-Men. The story is about the X-Men trying to stop Erik Lehnsherr (also known as Magneto), a mutant who blames humanity for the death of his family during the Holocaust. Magneto does not believe that humans and mutants can live together in peace. He builds a machine that turns humans into mutants.

Cast 

 Hugh Jackman as Logan / Wolverine
 Patrick Stewart as Professor Charles Xavier
 Anna Paquin as Marie D'Ancanto / Rogue
 Ian McKellen as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto
 Bruce Davison as Senator Kelly
 James Marsden as Scott Summers / Cyclops
 Famke Janssen as Dr. Jean Grey
 Halle Berry as Ororo Munroe / Storm
 Rebecca Romijn-Stamos as Mystique
 Ray Park as Toad
 Tyler Mane as Sabretooth
 Shawn Ashmore as Bobby Drake / Iceman

Filming 
Filming took place from September 22, 1999 to March 3, 2000 in Toronto. Wolverine's claws required a full silicone cast of Hugh Jackman's arm, and 700 versions for Jackman and his stunt doubles.

Music 
Bryan Singer asked John Williams to compose the music for the movie, but Williams was too busy composing for Saving Private Ryan.

Reactions and box office 
The movie was one of the biggest hits of 2000. It earned more than $296 million worldwide and was the 8th highest grossing movie in the United States that year.

Crazy credits 
 When the 20th Century Fox logo disappears the "X" in "Fox" glows and remains on a black background than the other letters.

Release Dates

References

Other websites 
 TheXverse.com: X-Men Movie News
 
 
 X-Men on Marvel.com
 X-Men Comics Message Board 

2000 movies
2000s superhero movies
X-Men movies
Movies directed by Bryan Singer
Movies produced by Avi Arad
Movies produced by Lauren Shuler Donner
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1940s
20th Century Fox movies
In the United Kingdom, a riding is a division of certain large historic counties.  It is usually one of three parts; the word itself comes from Old English trithing (itself from Old Norse thrithjungr) which means 'third part'.

Several counties are divided into ridings, but are usually governed by a council bearing the same name as the county.  However, the ridings of Yorkshire are so large that each riding was given its own county council.  Thus there were county councils for the East Riding, the North Riding and the West Riding.  In 1974 when all the administrative counties of England and Wales were reorganised, these councils were replaced by six new ones within Yorkshire (either wholly or in part) called North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Cleveland, Durham and Humberside.

In Canada, a riding is a federal constituency, or electoral division as they are known in Canada.

Counties of the United Kingdom
Politics of Canada
Pulkkila is a former municipality in Northern Finland. It was in Northern Ostrobothnia, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa, Oulu province, Finland, and its original name (with diacritics) is Pulkkila. The population of Pulkkila is about 1,600. Pulkkila is best known for its metal works.
 Pulkkila is about 90 kilometres (56 miles) south from Oulu and 250 kilometres (160 mi) north from Jyväskylä.

Since 2009, it was merged to form the new municipality of Siikalatva.

References 

Former municipalities of Finland
Emmental cheese (sometimes also called Emmentaler or Emmenthal) is a Swiss cheese. It first came from Switzerland. It is named after the Emmental, the valley of a river, near Berne. Emmental cheese was first made around 1353 when Bern joined the confederacy.  

Today, most cheese-producing countries make a cheese called Emmental cheese - These cheeses often have little in common with the original though, except for the holes in the cheese. In 1882 was the first time, products could be protected in Europe. Already at that time, Emmentaler was made in countries other than Switzerland.

Emmental cheese is amongst the best-known types of cheese. It is made from cow's milk. Two of the features that make Emmental distinctive are its holes and sweetness. The holes are there because of the way the cheese is made with bacteria which produce the cheese and over time (usually several months) create bubbles of carbon dioxide gas.

Today, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Germany produce Emmental cheeses that have a Protected Designation of Origin. In Switzerland, Austria and Germany, untreated milk is used; most of the other countries use pasteurized milk. About 12 litres of milk are needed to make 1 kg of cheese.

Emmental is produced in loaves of 70–80 kg. Usually, Emmental cheese is left to ripen for a period of 6–7 weeks. Ripening it for 8–12 weeks gives a more spicy (salty) cheese. In Europe, about 464 200 tons of Emmental are produced each year. This means that about 6% of the total amount of milk these countries produce is used to make Emmental cheese. France is the biggest producer of Emmental. In 2005, 247 069 tons were produced there. For this, 13.1% of national milk production was used. About 19% of the production was exported.

French and Swiss people eat the most of this kind of cheese, about 3.3 kg per person per year. Germans eat about half that amount, 1.7 kg per person, per year.

Emmental is also widely used in convenience food products, because it is so widely known.

References

Other websites 
 How to cook Emmental cheese 
 Emmental cheese review  on Cheese Review
 Official Website of Swiss Emmental producers

Swiss cheeses
The 2001 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 2001 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 2001 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2001. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first storm formed on May 25 and the last storm dissipated on November 3.

There were no significant storms during the 2001 Pacific hurricane season. Hurricanes Adolph and Hurricane Juliette both reached Category 4 strength, while Juliette made landfall in the Baja California peninsula as a weak Category 1 hurricane, causing two deaths.

Other websites 
 NHC 2001 Pacific hurricane season archive
 HPC 2001 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages 
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center 
 Gary Padgett's monthly storm summaries and best tracks

Pacific hurricane season
Pacific hurricane seasons
The 2000 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone meteorology. There were few notable storms this year. Tropical Storms Miriam, Norman, and Rosa all made landfall in Mexico with only small impacts. Hurricane Daniel for a short time, threatened the U.S. state of Hawaii while weakening. Hurricane Carlotta was the strongest storm of the year and the second strongest June hurricane in recorded history. It killed 18 people when it sank a ship.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Other websites 
 NHC 2000 Pacific hurricane season archive
 HPC 2000 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages 
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
The 1987 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1987 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1987 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1987. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being twenty cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only three storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Hurricane Eugene was the first Pacific hurricane to make landfall in Mexico in July since at least the 1949 season. Tropical Storm Pilar and Hurricane Norma also came close to land. The remnants of Hurricanes Ramon and Norma caused rain in the Continental United States. Elsewhere, Peke was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Other websites 
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1987
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
The 1976 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone formation. Hurricanes Kathleen, Liza, and Madeline are the most notable storms this year. Hurricane Kathleen caused death and destruction in California and Arizona because of flooding. Hurricane Liza was the deadliest storm of the season when it killed over 600 people in Mexico. Hurricane Madeline is notable for being the second-most intense Pacific hurricane at landfall.

Hurricane Kathleen

Kathleen was a costly and damaging storm mainly in Nevada, California and Arizona. It also killed 7 people.

Hurricane Liza
Liza  was very deadly and the third deadliest ever behind Hurricane Paul and the Mexico hurricane.

Hurricane Madeline
Madeline became the third storm in the row to make landfall in Mexico. It was also the most intense.

Other websites 
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive
 1976 Unisys Hurricane Archive
 Monthly Weather Review

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Kronosaurus was a large pliosaur, one of the largest. It was one of the largest pliosaurs, and is named after the leader of the Greek Titans, Kronos. It lived in the Lower Cretaceous.

Body-length estimates, based on the 1959 Harvard reconstruction, had put the total length of Kronosaurus at 12.8 meters (42 feet). However, a recent study compared fossil specimens of Kronosaurus to other pliosaurs. The Harvard reconstruction may have included too many vertebrae, exaggerating its length. Its true length was probably only 9–10.9 meters (30–36 feet).

References

Other websites 
 Genus Kronosaurus . The Plesiosaur Directory.

Plesiosaurs
A Fermat number is a special positive number. Fermat numbers are named after Pierre de Fermat. The formula that generates them is

where n is a nonnegative integer. The first nine Fermat numbers are :

F0 = 21 + 1 = 3
F1 = 22 + 1 = 5
F2 = 24 + 1 = 17
F3 = 28 + 1 = 257
F4 = 216 + 1 = 65537
F5 = 232 + 1 = 4294967297 = 641 × 6700417
F6 = 264 + 1 = 18446744073709551617 = 274177 × 67280421310721
F7 = 2128 + 1 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211457 = 59649589127497217 × 5704689200685129054721
F8 = 2256 + 1 = 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639937 = 1238926361552897 × 93461639715357977769163558199606896584051237541638188580280321 

As of 2007, only the first 12 Fermat numbers have been completely factored. (written as a product of prime numbers) These factorizations can be found at Prime Factors of Fermat Numbers.

If 2n + 1 is prime, and n > 0, it can be shown that n must be a power of two.  Every prime of the form 2n + 1 is a Fermat number, and such primes are called Fermat primes. The only known Fermat primes are F0,...,F4.

Interesting things about Fermat numbers 
No two Fermat numbers have common divisors.
Fermat numbers can be calculated recursively: To get the Nth number, multiply all Fermat numbers before it, and add two to the result.

What they are used for 
Today, Fermat numbers can be used to generate random numbers, between 0 and some value N, which is a power of 2.

Fermat's conjecture  
Fermat, when he was studying these numbers, conjectured that all Fermat numbers were prime. This was proven to be wrong by Leonhard Euler, who factorised  in 1732.

Other websites 
 Sequence of Fermat numbers 
 Prime Glossary Page on Fermat Numbers
 Generalized Fermat Prime search
 History of Fermat Numbers 
 Unification of Mersenne and Fermat Numbers 
 Prime Factors of Fermat Numbers 
 Fermat Number at MathWorld
  Distributed Search for Fermat Number Divisors

Number theory
Inverse or Inversion could mean:

 Inverse (program), a program for solving Inverse and Optimization problems
 Inversion (music)
 Inversion (prosody), the reversal of the order of a foot's elements

 Inversion in postcolonial theory, a discursive strategy/gesture in cultural and subaltern studies
 Invert, a bmx trick
 Inverted pyramid, a way to arrange information in a news story
 Inverted sugar syrup

 Anastrophe, a literary device
 Mirror image
 Roller coaster inversions, which turn riders upside-down

Science 
 Inverse (mathematics)
 Inversion (geometry), a particular type of conformal mapping
 Inverse problem, in science and mathematics, fitting a model to known data
 Inversion (geology), the relative uplift of a previously basinal area resulting from local shortening, in structural geology
 Inversion (meteorology), air temperature increasing with height
 Inversion (nuclear), The "island of inversion", a group of elements with abnormal nuclear shell structure
 Chromosomal inversion, where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end
 Nitrogen inversion, a chemical process in which a trigonal nitrogen-containing structure turns inside-out
 Population inversion, in statistical mechanics, when a system exists in state with more members in an excited state than in lower energy states
 Sexual inversion, in biology, the switching from one sex to the opposite among some animal species.
 Sexual inversion (sexology), a term for reversal of gender roles, usually implying homosexuality, found primarily in older scientific literature
 Inversion (linguistics), a term referring to a number of different distinct grammatical constructions found in the languages of the world.

Technology 
 Inverse multiplexer (or 'demultiplexer'), which breaks a single data stream into several streams with lower data rates
 Inverter (electrical), which converts direct current to alternating current
 Inverter (logic gate) (or 'NOT gate')
 Priority inversion, in which a low-priority task holds a shared resource that a high-priority task needs

Related pages 
 Antonym, word pairs that are opposite in meaning
 Introversion and extroversion
 Inverse-square law, something is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
 Inverted river delta, the narrow end on the seafront, the wide end located farther inland
 Obverse and reverse, in coins
 Opposite
 Reverse
 Reverse perspective, in art, the farther the object, the larger it is drawn
 Voice inversion, a method of scrambling communications
Big Black was an American punk rock band. The band formed in 1981 with Steve Albini playing all of the instruments and a drum machine for percussion.

Big Black's music was very loud and distorted. Many Big Black songs have stories about violence in them.

Discography

Studio albums 
 Atomizer (1986)
 Songs About Fucking (1987)

Live albums 
 Sound of Impact (live, 1987)
 Pigpile (live, 1992)

Compilations 
 The Hammer Party (1986)
 The Rich Man's Eight Track Tape (1987)

EPs 
 Lungs (1983)
 Bulldozer (1984)
 Racer-X (1984)
 Headache (1987)

Singles 
 "Rema-Rema" (1985)
 "Il Duce" (1985)
 "Heartbeat" (1987)
 "He's a Whore" / "The Model" (1987)
 "In My House" (1992)

1981 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1987 disestablishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Illinois
American punk bands
American rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1987
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from Illinois
20th-century disestablishments in Illinois
The Game & Watch  was a series of small, hand-held video games  made by Gunpei Yokoi of Nintendo from 1980 to 1991.  The games were usually simplistic (For example, "Chef" required keeping food in the air).  It was the forerunner of the Game Boy (meaning it came before the Game Boy).

Mr. Game & Watch 
 is the main character in Game & Watch that also appeared in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Handheld video games
A displacement vector is a concept from mathematics. It is a vector. It shows the direction and distance traveled with a straight line. It is often used in physics to display the speed, acceleration and distance of an object traveled (relative to a reference point or an object's starting position).

Example 
 Tom walks 6 kilometres north from his home.  His displacement from home is 6 km north. Next, Tom walks 10 km south. Now he has walked a distance of 16 km, but his displacement from home is 4 km south.

Geometry
Physics
Linear algebra
Vectors