cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (meaning Burgundy–Free County) is one of the administrative regions of France. It is in eastern France and was formed in 2016 from two old regions: Bourgogne and Franche-Comté.

Its capital is Besançon.

Geography

The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is the sixth largest region of France with an area of . It is in northeastern France and borders to the north with the Grand Est region, to the west with Île-de-France and Centre-Val de Loire regions, to the south with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and to the east with Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud, Neuchâtel and Jura).

The distances from Besançon, the capital of the region, to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital, ;
 Bordeaux, ;
 Toulouse, ;
 Marseille, ;
 Lyon, ;
 Montpellier, ;
 Nice, .

Rivers
The main rivers in the region are the Saône and its tributary the Doubs. The Loire river flows through the southwest of the region, at Nevers. The Seine river starts in the Côte-d'Or department.

Mountains
There are three main mountain ranges in the region:
 The Vosges Mountains are in the northeast of the region and its highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté is Ballon de Servance,  high.
 The Jura Mountains are along the eastern limits; here is Crêt Pela, the highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté with .
 The Morvan mountains are in the centre of the western part; it highest point is Haut-Folin,  high.

The Crêt Pela (), at , is the highest mountain of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is in the Jura mountain range.

The highest point of the different departments in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region are:

Departments
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is formed by 8 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region had, in 2014, a population of 2,820,623, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Saône-et-Loire with 555,788 inhabitants.

After the Territoire de Belfort, the smallest department in the region, Doubs is the department with highest population density (102 inhabitants/km2). The density in the other departments is lower.

Gallery

Related pages
 Burgundy
 Franche-Comté
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Regional Council website 
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France
Occitanie (, ) is an administrative region of France. It was created on 1 January 2016 from the former French regions Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. 

The name in French, Occitanie, was approved as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016.

The new Occitanie Region is the main part of a wider cultural entity known as Occitania. This wider region once included part of Spain (Aran Valley), and Monaco, and parts of Italy (the Occitan Valleys and Guardia Piemontese). This wider area used to speak Occitan as their first language.

Geography
The Occitanie region is the third largest region of France, after Nouvelle-Aquitaine and French Guiana, and the second of Metropolitan France with an area of . It is in southern France (the Midi) and borders to the south with Spain and Andorra; it also borders three French regions: Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the east. The Mediterranean Sea is to the southeast.

Its capital, Toulouse, is at  to the southwest of  Paris, the national capital, at  to the west of Marseille, at  to the southeast of Bordeaux and at  to the north of Barcelona (Spain).

Rivers
There are two main drainage basin in the region; some rivers in those basins are:
 Atlantic basin
 Garonne river is  long but, in the region it is  long, more than half its total length.
 Tarn 
 Aveyron 
 Agout 
 Lot 
 Ariège 
 Gers 

 Mediterranean basin
 Tech 
 Têt 
 Agly 
 Aude 
 Rhône

Mountains
The Pic Vignemale (), at , is the highest mountain of the Occitanie region; it is on the border with Spain. It is in the Pyrénées National Park.

The highest point of the different departments of the Occitanie region are:

Departments
The Occitanie region is formed by 13 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Occitanie region had a population, in 2014, of 5,730,753, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The important cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Languedoc-Roussillon
 Midi-Pyrénées
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Official website of the region 
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France
Hauts-de-France is an administrative region of France. It was created in 2016. It was created by combining the former regions of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy.

Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardy was the temporary name for the region.

 
2016 establishments in France
Jamala born Susana Dzjamaladinova (born 27 August 1983) is a Ukrainian singer that won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "1944". 

On 14 May 2016, Jamala won the competition with 534 points.

Her song, "1944" is about the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944.  It is also about her great-grandmother, who lost her daughter while being deported to Central Asia.

References 

Living people
1983 births
Ukrainian singers
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Marie Madeleine Berthe LeBeau (10 June 1923 – 1 May 2016) was a French movie actress. She was known for her roles in Hold Back the Dawn, Gentleman Jim, Casablanca, Paris After Dark, and 8½.

LeBeau died on 1 May 2016 in Estepona, Spain, after breaking her femur in a fall, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 

1923 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Spain
Actors from Ile-de-France
French movie actors
Julius La Rosa (January 2, 1930 – May 12, 2016) was an American traditional pop music singer. La Rosa was born in Brooklyn, New York. He worked in both radio and television beginning in the 1950s. He was known for his songs "Anywhere I Wander", "Manhattan", and "Eh, Cumpari". 

LaRosa died of natural causes on May 12, 2016 at his home in Crivitz, Wisconsin, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1930 births
2016 deaths
American pop singers
Deaths from natural causes
Musicians from Brooklyn
Singers from New York City
Balázs Birtalan (October 12, 1969. – May 14, 2016) was a Hungarian author, poet, publicist, psychotherapist and activist. He was mostly known for his activism in the gay Christian movement in Hungary. He was the son of the poet Ferenc Birtalan. He was born in Budapest. He was gay.

Birtalan died on May 14, 2016, aged 46.

References

1969 births
2016 deaths
Activists
Gay men

LGBT poets
LGBT writers
People from Budapest
Monteagle "Monty" Stearns (December 5, 1924 – May 14, 2016) was an American diplomat. He was the former Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (1976–79) and Greece (1981–85). He worked for Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Stearns was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a member of  the American Academy of Diplomacy and Council on Foreign Relations.

Stearns died on May 14, 2016 in Belmont, Massachusetts at the age of 91.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Politicians from Massachusetts
US Republican Party politicians
Thank You is the second major-label studio album by American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor. The album was released exclusively on Apple Music on May 6, 2016, and was fully released on May 13, 2016, through Epic Records.

Track listing

Notes
 "Woman Up" is a cover of the song of the same name by Ashley Roberts, with different lyrics.

Release history

References

2016 albums
Meghan Trainor
Dance-pop albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Francesco Filippini (18 September 1853 – 6 March 1895) was an Italian painter from Lombardy. He was much influenced by Tranquillo Cremona.

Life 

Filippini was born in Brescia, in Lombardy in northern Italy, on 18 September 1853, into a poor family. His father Lorenzo was a carpenter, his mother Silvia Signoria a seamstress. He was soon sent to work, first as a waiter in a pastry shop, later as a clerk to a notary.

Filippini attended the school of drawing at the Pinacoteca Tosio in Brescia, In 1872 he received a grant from the city council to continue his studies there. In 1875 he received an allowance to study under Giuseppe Bertini in Milan. In 1879 another grant allowed him to travel to Paris to visit the Salon, the official art exhibition of the French Fine Arts Academy.

Filippini exhibited at the annual shows of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in Milan from 1879, and from 1880 lived in that city. He made his living by teaching, both in schools and privately. He was made an honorary member of the Accademia di Brera in 1878.

He died in Milan on 6 March 1895.

Work 

When he was young, Filipinni painted mostly religious or historical subjects, as well as some portraits. In later life he painted mostly landscapes – of the Apennines, the Lombardy countryside and the Alps. He also made paintings of the sea near  Genova, Naples and Venice. His work shows the influence of the Scapigliatura painter Tranquillo Cremona.

Gallery

Related pages
 Bust of Francesco Filippini (Troubetzkoy)
 List of Italian painters

References

Further reading 
Editorial staff (4 November 2015). "Francesco Filippini, il dossier. Uno splendido pittore morto a 42 anni di tisi". StileArte 
 Vasco Frati (1999). Francesco Filippini: 1853-1895: un protagonista del naturalismo lombardo (exhibition catalogue, in Italian). Milan:Skira. . 

1853 births
1895 deaths
Italian painters
People from Brescia
Goosebumps is a 2015 American fantasy horror comedy movie. It was based on the children's book series of the same name by R.L. Stine. It is directed by Rob Letterman and produced by Deborah Forte and Neal H. Moritz. It was written by Darren Lemke with music by Danny Elfman. It was made by Columbia Pictures and Sony Animated Pictures.

The movie stars Jack Black, Dylan Minnette, Odeya Rush, Amy Ryan, Halston Sage, Ryan Lee, and Jillian Bell. It was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. The movie is set in present-day Delaware. It was released on October 16, 2015 to mostly positive reviews. It earned $156 million.

It received nominations for the Las Vegas Film Critics Society for Best Family Film and the Visual Effects Society for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Special Venue Project.

On September 2, 2015, it was reported that a sequel is in the works.

References

Other websites

 
 Goosebumps 
 
 
 
 The Goosebumps Movie

2015 movies
English-language movies
Sony
Atlanta, Georgia
Delaware
Columbia Pictures movies
American horror movies
American comedy movies
American fantasy movies
Movies based on books
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
McNeese State University is a university in Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States.

Other websites

Colleges and universities in Louisiana
Charles Bertan Wheeler, Jr. (born August 10, 1926) is an American politician. He is a former Missouri state senator and a former mayor of Kansas City, Missouri from 1971 to 1979, in addition to having held other elected offices.

On March 28, 2016, Wheeler filed to for Governor.  He placed third in the primary with 7.9 percent in an election won by Chris Koster who had 78.08 percent of the vote.

References

1926 births
Living people
Mayors of Kansas City, Missouri
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira (born 26 June 1942), better known as Gilberto Gil ( or ), is a Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He is known for both his musical innovation and political commitment. 

From 2003 to 2008, he served as Brazil's Minister of Culture.

Other websites

 Official site
 Transcript of a Gil speech
 Essay written by Gil (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5)
 Music Is Pleasure: An Interview with Gilberto Gil 
 Wide-ranging one-hour interview with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now!, June 25, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript)
 Gilberto Gil discography on Slipcue.com

1942 births
Living people
Brazilian singers
Brazilian musicians
Brazilian writers
Brazilian politicians
Guitarists
Songwriters
Latin Grammy Award winners
Juliette Gréco (; 7 February 1927 – 23 September 2020) was a French actress and popular chanson singer. 

In 1949, she began working with composer Miles Davis. That same year, she began a new singing career with a number of well-known French writers writing lyrics; Raymond Queneau's "Si tu t’imagines" was one of her earliest songs to become popular.

In the late 1960s she featured in the TV serial Belphegor, Phantom of the Louvre.

Gréco died on 23 September 2020 in Ramatuelle, France at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

Juliette Gréco on Europopmusic.eu (English)
Biography of Juliette Gréco 
 Singing the Praises of Juliette Greco (TCM Movie Morlocks)

1927 births
2020 deaths
French movie actors
French singers
People from Montpellier
The TurboGrafx 16 was a games console. It was originally released on 30 October 1987 in Japan and 29 August 1989 in North America. It was also known as PC Engine in some areas of the world. It was created by Hudson Soft and NEC. It was the first game console ever to have a CD add on. It competed with the SNES and Sega Genesis.

Video game consoles
Marina Beach is a natural beach in Chennai, Tamil Nadu along the Bay of Bengal sea. The beach is the first longest beach in India and the second longest in the world. The length of the beach is 13 km.

It is a renowned beach because the memorial of the two chief ministers M.G.Ramachandran and C.N.Annadurai.And now it houses the cemetery of Former Chief Ministers Kalaingar M.Karunanidhi and Amma J.Jayalalitha It is the most crowded beach in the country. More than 10,000 to 25,000 visitors visit the beach on weekdays while more than 50,000 visitors visit the beach during holidays.

Beaches of Asia
Geography of India
Chennai

Marina Beach is a natural and city-centric beach in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , along the Bay of Bengal . [1] The beach stretches from St. George's Castle in the north to the Forshore Estate in the south , with a total length of 6.0 km (3.6 mi). [2] It is the longest natural city-centric beach in the country. [3] [4] [5] Marina Beach is basically sandy, not filled with small boulders like Mumbai's Juhu Beach . The average width of the beach is 300 m (960 ft), [8] And the widest place is 438 m (1,434 ft) wide. Bathing and swimming on Marina Beach is dangerous, and is prohibited by law, as the underwater currents here are very turbulent. It is one of the most populous beaches in the country and is visited by around 30,000 tourists every day of the week. [8] On weekends and other holidays this number becomes 50,000. [8] [9] [10] During the summer months, about 15,000 to 20,000 people go to the beach every day. [11] This beach is the longest beach in India. [12]
The following is a list of paintings by Italian Rococo painter Giambattista Pittoni, one of the most important artist of the eighteenth century in Europe.
Giambattista Pittoni lists 247 extant and 117 lost, missing or destroyed works. Some of his works are listed below.
The artist's works have never signed and dated.

Sources
 Official sites of the museums.
 Franca Zava Boccazzi (1979). Pittoni: L'opera completa (in Italian). Venezia: Alfieri.

Paintings
Lists
Vipsania Agrippina (36 BC – 20 AD) was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa from his first wife Caecilia Attica. Octavian and her father betrothed her to Tiberius before her first birthday. In about 19 BC she married Tiberius. Their son Drusus Julius Caesar was born in 14 BC.

Her father Agrippa died in March 12 BC. He was then married to his third wife, Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia.  Tiberius reportedly loved Vipsania and disapproved of Julia. Vipsania was pregnant with a second child in 12/11 when the couple divorced.  The second child did not survive.

Tiberius divorced Vipsania against his will in 11 BC, according to Suetonius. He always regretted this. On one occasion Tiberius caught sight of Vipsania and followed her with "an intent and tearful gaze". Precautions were taken to avoid further embarrassing meetings with her.

Vipsania then married the Senator Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus. They had a number of children, mostly sons. Their eldest son Gaius was put to death by Messalina, the infamous third wife of the Emperor Claudius.

References 

30s BC births
20s deaths
Roman people
Citizens band radio (also known as CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27 MHz (11 m) band. Citizens band not the same as the Amateur Radio Service ("ham" radio) which has a much longer range. In many countries, CB operation does not require a license to operate. It may be used for business or personal communications. 

Like many other two-way radio services, citizens band channels are shared by many users. Only one station may transmit at a time. All other stations must listen and wait for the shared channel to be available. It is customary for stations waiting to use a shared channel to broadcast the single word "break" (or "breaker") during a lull in the conversation. This lets other people using the channel know that others are waiting. In the US, channel 19 is most often used by truckers. Channel 9 is reserved for emergencies.

History 
The citizens band radio service originated in the United States as one of several personal radio services regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). These services began in 1945 to permit citizens a radio band for personal communication. In 1948, the original CB radios were designed for operation on the 460–470 MHz UHF band. There were two classes of CB radio: "A" and "B". Class B radios had simpler technical requirements, and were limited to a smaller frequency range. 

Al Gross established the Citizens Radio Corporation during the late 1940s to manufacture Class B handhelds for the general public. In the 1960s it became popular with taxicab companies to communicate with their drivers. In the 1970s it became popular with truckers, who 

began using it to warn other truck drivers of police speedtraps.  Other drivers soon used CB radios, and the CB jargon of truckers was used in several movies.

Ten codes 
When CB radios first started a series of "10 codes" were used. This was due to the early CB radios need to warm up before use. The 10 codes were used as a shortcut to longer standard messages. A few of the more often used codes are:

 10-4 (ten-four) meant message received.
 10-9 (ten-nine) meant please repeat your last message.
 10-10 (ten-ten), transmission complete, standing by.
 10-17 (ten-seventeen), urgent business.
 10-20 (ten-twenty) means your location. Often shortened to "what is your 20?"
 10-27 (ten-twenty seven) I am moving to channel .
 10-200 (ten-two hundred) means police are needed at .

United States 
Today it remains popular with truck drivers. It is used in rural areas by a wide variety of people and businesses where cellphone service is weak or unreliable. CB radios are also used by off-roaders to communicate between drivers in a group of four-wheel drive vehicles. It is used to warn drivers of various trail conditions, hazards, and delays.

Other countries 
CB radio is used as a system of short-distance communications between people in many countries. Nearly all use a system of 40 channels in the 27 megahertz or 11 meter band.

References

Other websites 
 How to Operate a CB Radio
 List of 10 codes 
 Radio Codes and How to Operate a CB Radio
Radio
Communication
Cauby Peixoto (10 February 1931 – 15 May 2016) was a Brazilian singer, and actor. His career lasted from the late 1940s until his death in 2016. He is known for his deep voice and hairstyles. His genres include jazz and soft rock.

Peixoto was known for his album "Maxximum". He also appeared in movies. He was known for his appearance as a singer in the movie Com Água na.

He had a brief career in the United States in the 1950s, where he presented under the pseudonyms Ron Coby or Coby Dijon.

Peixoto was born in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. He studied at a Salesian school in Niteroi. Peixoto died in São Paulo, São Paulo from pneumonia on 15 May 2016, aged 85.

Cauby was named by Time and Life magazines as the Brazilian Elvis Presley.

References

Other websites

 Official site
 
 Entry on Dicionário Cravo Albin (in Portuguese) 

1931 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian singers
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
Jazz musicians
Jazz singers
People from Rio de Janeiro
Rock singers
LGBT singers
Oya Aydoğan (10 February 1957 – 15 May 2016) was a Turkish actress, model and television presenter. She was the winner of the Ses Magazine Movie Actress Contest in 1976. Her career began in 1976 with the movie Deli Şahin. She was born in Erzincan, Turkey.

She was an Alevi Muslim. She retired in 2015.

She suffered an aortic aneurysm on 7 May 2016, the day before Mother's Day. She died on 15 May 2016 in a hospital in Istanbul, aged 59.

References

Other websites
 

1956 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Turkish models
Muslims
Television presenters
Turkish movie actors
Turkish television actors
Robert Louis "Bobby" Freeman (April 27, 1934 – May 16, 2016) was an American attorney and politician. He was born in Plaquemine, Louisiana. He was the Democratic lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana from 1980 to 1988. He worked with governor Edwin Edwards. Before becoming a politician, Freeman was an amateur boxer.

Freeman died at a hospital in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from an aneurysm on May 16, 2016, aged 82.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Lawyers from Louisiana
American boxers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from aneurysm
Disease-related deaths in Louisiana
Sportspeople from Louisiana
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Louisiana
Modena Volley is a professional volleyball team based in Modena, Italy.  It has played in the highest level of the Italian Volleyball League since 1968. It is the most successful Italian club, having won the national league twelve times and the national cup as well: Modena is the current holder of both titles. The club is one of the most prominent and prestigious in Europe. It achieved thirteen European trophies including four CEV Champions League. The main sponsor of the club is DHL Express.

References 
 Official website

1966 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in Italy
Modena
Sport in Italy
Volleyball clubs
Ojo is a town and local government area located in Lagos State, Nigeria. The town is traditionally ruled by the Olojo of Ojo. Alaba International Market and Lagos State University are located there.

References

Settlements in Lagos State
Local Government Areas in Lagos State
Lagos State University, most times called LASU, is an higher institution located in Ojo, Lagos State. The university was established in 1983 as the only state university in the former British colony.

References

Other websites

1983 establishments in Africa
Lagos State
Otto Lilienthal was a German pioneer of aviation who became the first person to make  repeated successful  gliding flights.

On August 9, 1896, his glider stalled and he was unable to regain control. Falling from about 15 m (50 ft), he broke his neck and died the next day, 10 August, 1896.

German people
Phetchaburi (, ) is one of the western provinces (changwat) of Thailand.

Geography
Phetchaburi is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The Gulf of Thailand is to the east. Most of the province is a flat plain. The Kaeng Krachan National Park is Thailand's largest national park, covering nearly half of the province. It covers 3000 km2.

History

Phetchaburi is an old royal city, dating back to the Mon of the 8th century. Later Khmer settled in the city, as can be seen by the prangs of Wat Kamphaeng Laeng.

In 1860, King Rama IV built a palace near the city of Phetchaburi, commonly known as Khao Wang, but its official name is Phra Nakhon Khiri. Next to the palace the king built a tower for his astronomical observations. On a hill near the palace is the royal temple Wat Phra Kaeo.

Tourism

Sights
Hat Cha-am (หาดชะอำ) 
This tourist resort resort, with modern facilities, is on a beach considered to be one of the most popular beaches of Thailand.

Phra Nakhon Khiri Historical Park (อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์พระนครคีรี) 
This park is a hilly area with an old palace and historical temples near the town.  It has royal halls, temples and groups of buildings, constructed in Thai, Western neoclassic and Chinese architectural styles.

Wat Kamphaeng Laeng (วัดกำแพงแลง) 
This temple was originally a Khmer place of worship.  It was later turned into a Buddhist temple and a shrine hall was constructed.  However, the outlook of the place has not much changed due to the existence of sandstone walls and four Khmer style pagodas. 
 

Hat Chao Samran (หาดเจ้าสำราญ) 
Legend says that King Naresuan the Great and King Eka Thotsarot made several royal visits here and enjoyed its beauty.  The villagers called it "Hat Chao Samran", which means "beach of royal leisure".

Local products
Phetchaburi is known for a vast variety of sweet food. The reputation comes from the use of Tanot (palm) sugar.  Examples are Mo-kaeng, a sweet made from flour, sugar and eggs; A-lua and Sampanni, a sweet made from flour and sugar; Thong Yip, Thong Yot and Foi Thong, sweets made from baked egg-yolk; and Chao Tan Chueam (palm seed in thick syrup).

Festivals
Phra Nakhon Khiri Fair (งานพระนครคีรี) , also known as Khao Wang, it is an important historical site. During the reign of King Rama IV, it served as the king's out-of-town palace.

References

Other websites

Website of province (Thai only)

Provinces of Thailand
Austenite is iron but in a metallic form. It is one of the allotropes of iron, which means its physical form is different from iron but its chemical form is the same. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–1902).

Austenitization

Austenitization means to heat iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a high temperature. At that temperature, the crystal structure of the metal changes from ferrite to austenite, which can dissolve more carbon.

For some irons, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during this austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is two-phase austenitization.

References

Other websites
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram 

Iron
A samara is an achene, a type of dry winged botanical fruit. The shape of a samara enables the wind to carry the seed farther away than regular seeds from the parent tree:

 The seed can be in the centre of the wing, like the elms and the hoptree.
 The seed can be on one side, with the wing extending to the other side, making the seed self rotate it falls.

References

Further reading
Ralph Lorenz 2006. Spinning flight: dynamics of frisbees, boomerangs, samaras and skipping stones, ,  Copernicus New York. 

Fruits
British Petroleum, now called "BP plc", is one of the world's seven biggest oil and gas companies. Its headquarters are in London. The company grew out of the old Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which was founded in 1908. It was privatised by the British government in stages between 1979 and 1987.

References 

 Bamberg, James H 1994/2000. The history of the British Petroleum Company. vols 2 & 3 of 3 vols, Cambridge University Press. 

1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies of England
London
The Today Show is a morning talk/news show. It airs on National Broadcasting Company. As of 2016, the anchors were Savannah Guthrie. Natalie Morales reads the news and Al Roker forecasts the weather. Carson Daly contributes to the program on a regular basis as well.

During the week, the flagship hours of Today (7:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) alongside co-hosts Al Roker (weather anchor; 1996–present), Carson Daly (social media anchor/Orange Room anchor; 2013–present), Jenna Bush Hager (correspondent; 2009–present), and Natalie Morales (West Coast anchor/correspondent; 2011–present).

The show also has a third and fourth hour. The third hour is hosted by Morales, Roker, Tamron Hall, and Willie Geist. The fourth hour is anchored by Kathie Lee Gifford.

Former anchors include Bryant Gumbell, Katie Couric, Meredith Vieira, and Ann Curry

Craig Melvin & Willie Geist anchored the final edition of Today with with Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb on August 30, 2019. That day's broadcast ended with one of Kotb's favorite pieces of music instead of the traditional theme music.

Beginning on September 2, 2019, the broadcast was introduced simply as Today Show and it remained that way until January 2020.

References

American television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Apportionment or apportionment by population is a concept in United States law of allocating representatives or taxes among the US states. Apportionment is based on the United States Census taken every ten years. Seats in the United States House of Representatives are then apportioned among the states. Each state gets a number of seats based on its population (the minimum is one seat). Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following every census until the mid-20th century. Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution requires that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. This was overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which removed the apportionment requirement from Congress imposing direct taxes.

References 

United States law
Legal terms
David Muir (born November 8, 1973) is the anchor of World News Tonight on ABC News. Muir also hosts special events and breaking news stories. He formerly anchored the weekend version of the show until he replaced Diane Sawyer in 2014. He was born in Syracuse, New York.

He co-moderated a Republican and a Democratic debate for ABC News alongside of Martha Raddatz.

References

1973 births
Living people
Journalists from New York
People from Syracuse, New York
Television personalities from New York
Ikeja is a town and local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It serves as the capital of Lagos State. Ikeja is known for being a well-planned commercial settlement with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas.

Etymology
Oral history has it that the word Ikeja was first coined from the Benin word Ikehdia (''English: military watch station).

It is also believed that the first colonial administrators in Lagos abbreviated Ikorodu and Epe Joint Administration to Ikeja for easy administration.

References 

Settlements in Lagos State
Local Government Areas in Lagos State
Saheed Akorede Okunola (born 1969), popularly known as Saheed Osupa or King Saheed Osupa is a Nigerian musician, performer and film actor. His genre of music is majorly fuji.

Biography
Saheed Osupa was born in Ibadan, Oyo State but grew up in Lagos State where he completed his early education.

In 1983, Saheed Osupa chose music as his profession and went on to release his first record album titled Fuji Fa Disco which earned him fame. He has released over 25 record albums.

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References 

1969 births
Living people
Nigerian musicians
Singers
Heliobatis is an extinct genus of stingray.  At present the genus contains the single species Heliobatis radians.

The fossil is found in the early Eocene, Wasatchian stage, Fossil Lake deposits. Fossil Lake is part of the Green River Formation in southwest Wyoming. 

Heliobatis is one of only two known rays to have been found in the Green River formation. The other species, Asterotrygon maloneyi, was recognized and described in 2004.

References 

Fossils
Cartilaginous fish
The Taxing and Spending Clause contained in Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, grants the federal government of the United States its power of taxation. It authorizes Congress to levy taxes for two purposes: to pay the debts of the United States and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Contained in the Taxing and Spending Clause are two additional clauses: the General Welfare Clause and the Uniformity Clause.

Text

Background 
The Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) did not grant the central government the power to levy taxes. Only the states had this power. Congress could get money only by asking the states for funds. They could also borrow money from foreign governments or sell off western lands. This was designed to keep a weak central government with the majority of the governing powers reserved for the independent states. Congress had no revenues to pay its debts or to enforce its laws and treaties. This was one of the issues taken up by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and changed in the Constitution.

Kinds of taxes 
The power of Congress to levy taxes has an exception and two qualifications in the Constitution. Any goods exported from any state may not be taxed. Direct taxes must follow the rule of apportionment

General Welfare Clause 
The power granted to “provide . . . for the general welfare” is granted by the Constitution. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson wrote:

He was writing about the constitutionality of having a national bank. Here he was making the point that the clause was not an independent power granted to Congress, but was intended to qualify that taxing power. The Supreme Court has not since had any occasion to make a formal ruling on the point.

There was a different of opinion on the meaning of “the general welfare” between the two authors of this clause. Alexander Hamilton adopted a very plain view that the clause meant just what it said. The general welfare meant for every citizen's benefit. James Madison took a more limited view. He believed the clause gave Congress the power of taxation just to support itself and remain in power. Congress has followed Hamilton's view from the start. They have made increasing appropriations for spending for the general welfare often requiring matching funds from the states.

Uniformity clause 
Indirect taxes are subject to the rule of uniformity. This states "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States". At first, the Supreme court declared that a tax is uniform "if it "operates with the same force and effect in every place where the subject of it is found." In United States v. Ptasynski (1983), the Court concluded unanimously that any tax in which the subject is defined in non-geographic terms satisfies the Uniformity Clause. Secondly, where a subject is defined geographically, the tax needs to carefully look for any "actual geographic discrimination."

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Taxing and Spending Power, YouTube

United States Constitution
1787 establishments in the United States
Stephen Bantu Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African activist. He is famous for for his activism against apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. He created the Black Consciousness Movement.

Life
Biko was born in Ginsberg Township (now called the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa). He started high school at Lovedale High School.  However, he was kicked out of school because of his political ideas about South Africa.  He finished high school at St. Francis College.

During the late 1960s, Biko was a medical student at the University of Natal.  During this time, he helped create the South African Students' Organisation. The organization later changed into the Black Consciousness Movement, and elected Biko as its first president in 1968.

As a student, during the early 1970s, Biko fought against apartheid in many ways. Eventually, in 1972, he was kicked out of the University of Natal. In February 1973, the South African apartheid government banned Biko.  This severely limited his freedom of speech.

Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played key roles in organizing protests, led by South African high school students, that resulted in the Soweto Uprising.

Death

On 18 August 1977, Biko was arrested.  He died on 12 September 1977 due to injuries he got while in police custody.

References

Other websites

Young Black Leader Dies in Detention in South Africa, Raising Fears of New Unrest By John F. Burns, special to the New York Times
Thesis on the prospects of Bikoism in today's South Africa 
The Steve Biko Foundation
The relevance of Black Consciousness today
Donald Woods talks in 1987 about his friendship with Steve Biko
New Introduction to I Write What I Like by Lewis Gordon
Black Consciousness: The dialectics of liberation

1946 births
1977 deaths
Activists

Prisoners
South African political writers
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, , was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. In a 5–4 decision the Court ruled that the federal Income Tax Act of 1894 was unconstitutional. The Pollock decision was overturned by the passing of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Background 
Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution required that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. An income tax is a direct tax. So the federal government relied on tariffs and other sources of revenue.

During the Civil War, in order to fund the war, the federal government passed an income tax law. In 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that called for a 3% tax on incomes between $600 and $5,000, 7.5% on incomes between $5,000 and $10,000 and 10% on incomes over $10,000. The bill was declared unconstitutional in 1872 when it was repealed.

In 1894 Congress created a personal income tax as a part of theWilson–Gorman Tariff Act. President Grover Cleveland was unhappy with the bill but let it pass without his signature. All income over $4,000 was subject to a 2% tax. It was the first peacetime federal income tax in the United States. It was challenged right away on the grounds that the Constitution required direct taxes to be levied in proportion to each state's population (called apportionment). The US government has levied taxes before but these were indirect taxes (such as on whiskey, carriages and other goods).

Facts 
The Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 called for a 2% tax on any "gains, profits and incomes" over $4,000 for a period of five years. Shareholders of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., based out of New York, would pay the required tax. In addition they would provide a list of the names of shareholders to the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

A Shareholder, Charles Pollock, who lived in Massachusetts and owned ten shares of stock, sued the company. He did not want them to pay the tax. He lost his case in the lower courts and appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. The high court ruled in Pollick's favor declaring the tariff act (sections 27 to 37) unconstitutional.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Two Minute Supreme Court Case Summary : Pollock v Farmers Loan and Trust Co, YouTube

1895
1890s in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
John James "Jimmy" MacDonald  (May 19, 1906 – February 1, 1991) was a British-born American foley artist, animator, voice actor, musician, and the original head of the Disney sound effects department. He was also known for being the voice of Mickey Mouse from 1947 to 1977. After MacDonald's resignment in 1977, Wayne Allwine took over the role as Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.

References

Other websites
 
 Biography at Disney Legends website
 
 The Voice of Mickey Mouse at The Scotsman website
 The Voice of Mickey Mouse at BBC Radio Scotland

1906 births
1991 deaths
Animators
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from heart failure
English voice actors
People from Crewe
Ismail Kadare (, also spelled Kadaré; born 28 January 1936) is an Albanian novelist and poet. He is known for writing short stories until the publication of his first novel, The General of the Dead Army.

In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France. In 2005, he won the first Man Booker International Prize and in 2016, he was Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur recipient.

Kadare has been said he might win the Nobel Prize in Literature. His works have been published in about 30 languages.

References

Other websites

 Vepra e plote e Kadarese
 National Library of Albania
 In the Palace of Nightmares’: An Exchange - New York Review of Books

1936 births
Living people
Albanian people
European writers
Poets
Michael George Raymond "Mike" Agostini (23 January 1935 – 12 May 2016) was a Trinidadian track and field athlete. He was from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. 

In 1954, he became the first athlete from that country to take a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games when he won the 100 yards final in Vancouver, Canada, on 31 July. He competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Agostini died on 12 May 2016 in Sydney, Australia from pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

References

1935 births
2016 deaths
1956 Summer Olympics
Cancer deaths in Sydney
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Male athletes
Olympians
Trinidad and Tobago sportspeople
Susanne Ann Blakeslee (born January 27, 1956) is an American actress, voice artist. best known for voicing Wanda in The Fairly OddParents, Cruella de Vil and for Maleficent's voice in the Kingdom Hearts. She was born in Los Angeles, California.

Animated roles 
Chowder - Witch, Abigail and Turtle Lady (episode "The Big Hat Biddies")
Cow and Chicken - Additional Voices
The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy - Crabina (episode "My Fair Mandy")
The Loud House - Mrs. Agnes Johnson, Mrs. Jelinsky
The Powerpuff Girls - Sandra Practice (episode: "Girls Gone Mild")
The Powerpuff Girls (2016) - Ms. Marlene Moss, Additional Voices (replaced Tress MacNeille in season 3)
The Secret Saturdays - Rani Nagi, Dr. Miranda Gray

References

Other websites
 

1956 births
Living people
American television personalities
People from Los Angeles
American voice actors
Richard John "Dick" McAuliffe (November 29, 1939 – May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and second baseman for the Detroit Tigers from 1960 to 1973 and for the Boston Red Sox from 1974 to 1975. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut.

McAuliffe died on May 13, 2016 in Farmington, Connecticut after suffering a stroke and Alzheimer's disease, aged 76.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Connecticut
Deaths from stroke
Detroit Tigers players
People with Alzheimer's disease
Sportspeople from Hartford, Connecticut
Seán Ardagh (25 November 1947 – 17 May 2016) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 1997 to 2011.

Ardagh died on 17 May 2016 after a long-illness in Dublin, aged 68.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
Irish politicians
People from Dublin
Guy Charles Clark (November 6, 1941 – May 17, 2016) was a Grammy Award winning American country and folk singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer. He has released more than twenty albums.

His songs have been recorded by other artists including Jerry Jeff Walker, Jimmy Buffett, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, and Rodney Crowell. 

Clark won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: My Favorite Picture Of You.

Clark died in Nashville, Tennessee from lymphoma on May 17, 2016, aged 74.

References

Other websites
Official website
Guy Clark's “Someday The Song Writes You” review at CountryMusicPride.com
Guy Clark and His Craft: The Turnstyled Junkpiled Interview
Slipcue.Com profile 
Feature story and reviews of Guy Clark at Country Standard Time

Grammy Award winners
1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in Tennessee
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
Country musicians from Texas
American folk singers
American folk musicians
American guitarists
Musicians from Texas
Singers from Texas
Writers from Texas
Country musicians from Tennessee
Huguette Dreyfus (30 November 1928 – 17 May 2016) was a French musician and educator. She was known for playing the harpsichord. She was born in Mulhouse, Alsace. Dreyfus taught at the Schola Cantorum, at the Sorbonne in Paris, and at the National Conservatory of Music and Dance of Lyon.

Dreyfus died on 17 May 2016 in Lyon, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
French musicians
French educators
People from Grand Est
Michael Roberds (January 18, 1964 – May 15, 2016) was a Canadian actor. He starred on Fox Family's The New Addams Family as Uncle Fester. He also starred in Da Vinci's City Hall and Police Academy. He was also known for his movies roles in Elf and Hot Tub Time Machine.

Roberds died from a suspected heart attack at a hospital in Langley, British Columbia on May 15, 2016, aged 52.

References

Other websites

TV.com : Michael Roberds 
Brenna and Brittany Interview - Michael Roberds - August 1999
Michael Roberds(Aveleyman)

1964 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Actors from Vancouver
Alexandru Lăpușan (1 February 1955 – 17 May 2016) was a Romanian politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture from 1992 through 1996. He was member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1990 through 1992. He was born in Țăndărei, Romania.

Lăpușan died on 17 May 2016, aged 61.

References

Other websites
Alexandru Lăpușan on Chamber of Deputies official site.

1955 births
2016 deaths
Romanian politicians
Civil servants
Fritz Richard Stern (February 2, 1926 – May 18, 2016) was a German-born American historian of German history, Jewish history, and historiography. 

He was a University Professor Emeritus at New York's Columbia University.  His work focused on the relationships between Germans and Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries and on the rise of National Socialism in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.

Stern died on May 18, 2016 in New York City, aged 90.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2016 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German writers
American historians
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
Luis Héctor Álvarez Álvarez (October 25, 1919 – May 18, 2016) was a Mexican industrialist and politician. Álvarez was a member of the National Action Party. In 1958 he was a candidate for the Presidency of Mexico. He has also served as Mayor of Chihuahua. He served as President of the National Action Party from 1987 through 1993.

Other websites
 Biography of Luis H. Álvarez

1919 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Mexican politicians
Mayors
Giovanni Coppa (9 November 1925 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as a diplomat of the Holy See. He was elevated to cardinalate in 2007. He was born in Alba, Italy.
	
Coppa died on 16 May 2016, aged 90.

References

Other websites	
	
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church	
Catholic-Hierarchy	
Catholic-pages 
 	
	
1925 births	
2016 deaths	
Italian Roman Catholics	
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church