cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.  It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist, around 1900 (with several further modifications by himself, notably in 1918 and 1936).  It is based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate, thus climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind.

System
Group A is tropical. The average temperature in the coolest month must be at least 18° C.
Group B is arid - desert and steppe/semi-arid. The average precipitation must be less than a certain amount that depends on the temperature.
Group C is mesothermal, the subtropical and temperate climates. The warmest months must have an average greater than 10° C and the coldest month must have a temperature between 0 or -3° C and 18° C. This group includes humid subtropical, Mediterranean, highland and oceanic.
Group D is microthermal or continental (hot/warm summers and cold winters) and subarctic (short warm summers and cold winters). The warmest months must have an average greater than 10° C and the coldest months must have an average of less than 0 or -3° C.
Group E is polar and alpine. The warmest month must have an average temperature less than 10° C.

Related pages 
 Climatology

References

Climate
Relative can refer to:
 Kinship, If two people are connected by birth, they are said to be relatives

Physics
 Relativity, an idea in physics (for example Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity)
 Relative angular momentum, astronomy
 Relative density
 Relativity drive, propulsion
 Relative humidity, meteorology/physics
 Relative decibel, acoustics
 Relative effectiveness factor, demolitions
 Relative intensity noise, optics
 Relative motion, kinematics
 Relative permeability, fluid dynamics
 Relative pressure
 Relative thermal resistance
 Relative velocity
 Relative viscosity
 Relative wind, aeronautics

Math
 Relatively complemented lattice, lattice theory
 Relative risk, statistics and epidemiology
 Relative standard deviation, statistics
 Grothendieck's relative point of view, category/scheme theory

Topology
 Relatively compact subspace
 Relative homology
 Relative interior

Philosophy
 Knowledge relativity, relativity as a philosophical concept, opposed to absolute
 Relativism

Economics/Finance
 Relative deprivation, socioeconomics
 Relative investment performance
 Relative price
 Relative strength index
 Relative valuation
 Relative value

Music
 Relative key
 Relative pitch

Popular culture
Film and television
 Relatively Speaking (play), 1965 British play
 Relatively Speaking, late 1980s television game show
 Everything's Relative, 2000 Japanese anime Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters episode
 Relative Values, 2000 film
 It's All Relative, 2003-4 comedy television series

Literature
 The Relativity of Wrong, 1988 Isaac Asimov essay
 Relative Heroes, 2000 DC comic book series
 Time and Relative, 2001 Doctor Who book
 Relative Dementias, 2002 Doctor Who book series

Music
 Relative Degree, late 1990s rock band of Linkin Park members
 Friends & Relatives, 1999 compilation album
 Dead Relatives, 2000 music album by Canadian Emm Gryner
 Relative Ways, 2001 music album by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
 Relative Theory Records, 2003 record store in Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Other
 Positive relative accommodation, ophthamalogy
 Relative bearing indicator, aviation
 Relative addressing, computer science
 Relative dating, archaeology, geology
 Relative direction, orientation
 Relative gain (international relations)
 Relative location, geography
 Luminance (relative)
 Relative survival, epidemiology

Related pages
 Relativity
Walk or walking is the way people or animals travel on their legs.  It is slower than running, and only one foot is off the ground at any time.  If a person goes out walking, it is said that he or she 'went for a walk'.  Walking quickly or for a long time is known as a healthy exercise.

Related pages
Race walking
Hiking

Notes

Basic English 850 words
Land transport
Sports
Fitness
The muon is an elementary particle. It has a negative electric charge and half spin. Its symbol is "μ-". It is a type of lepton.

The muon has an average life time of 2.2 micro-seconds or 0.0000022 seconds.
A muon is like an electron, but it is 200 times heavier. Unlike an electron, it decays into other particles. The superparticle of a muon is called a "smuon."

How are muons made? 
Muons can be made in particle accelerators with energy levels above 105.7 MeV. Cosmic rays from the Sun also make muons:
 The photons in the cosmic rays crash into air molecules.
 Pions are made in the crash
 The pions undergo atomic decay into neutrinos and muons.

Muon decay

Muons are unstable elementary particles. They are heavier than electrons and neutrinos but lighter than all other particles. They decay via the weak interaction. Because the total of the lepton numbers of the starting and ending particles must be the same, one of the product neutrinos of muon decay must be a muon-type neutrino and the other an electron-type antineutrino. Because charge must be kept the same, one of the products of muon decay is always an electron of the same charge as the muon. So, all muons decay to at least an electron, and two neutrinos. Sometimes, besides these necessary products, additional other particles that have a net charge and spin of zero (e.g., a pair of photons, or an electron-positron pair), are produced.

The dominant muon decay mode (sometimes called the Michel decay after Louis Michel) is the simplest possible: the muon decays to an electron, an electron-antineutrino, and a muon-neutrino. Antimuons, in mirror fashion, most often decay to the corresponding antiparticles: a positron, an electron-neutrino, and a muon-antineutrino.

Other websites
 Muon anomalous magnetic moment and supersymmetry
 g-2 (muon anomalous magnetic moment) experiment
 muLan (Measurement of the Positive Muon Lifetime) experiment 
 The Review of Particle Physics
 The TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test
 The MEG Experiment (Search for the decay Muon → Positron + Gamma) 

Elementary particles
Magnoliopsida or dicotyledons is the name of  a class of plants in taxonomy. They are also called dicots. It is the biggest group of flowering plants. Seedlings in this group have two seed leaves. Monocots have one seed leaf.

Examples of the group
Oaks
Sunflowers
Roses
Blackberries
 Blueberry
 Bilberry

 

tr:Çift çenekliler
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a set of actions that should be done if a person stops breathing, or if their heart stops.  The goal of CPR is to force blood and oxygen to keep flowing through the body.  Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive.  CPR does not start a person's heart again.  However, it can keep pushing blood and oxygen around the body long enough that sometimes, it can keep the body from getting damaged by not having enough oxygen.

There are different types of CPR.  Regular people, who are not medical professionals, can do these things:
 Realize that a person is not breathing or has suddenly collapsed
 Call 911 (or whatever the emergency telephone number in their country is)
 Do chest compressions (press hard and fast in the middle of the chest, on the breastbone, until help comes; this will force blood to keep flowing to the body)
Many medical professionals can also do these things:
 They can use a machine called a defibrillator to give an electric shock to the heart.  This will not restart a heart that is not beating.  However, if the heart is beating in a way that is not normal, the electric shock may make the heart go back into a normal rhythm.
If the heart is not beating at all, they can give medicines (like epinephrine or atropine) to restart the heart. 
 If the heart is not beating in a normal rhythm, they can give medicines to make it start beating in a normal rhythm again
 They can force oxygen into a patient's lungs, in a few different ways:
 With a bag-valve-mask (by placing a mask over the patient's face and squeezing a bag that is attached and is filled with oxygen)
 By placing a tube down a patient's throat to deliver oxygen more directly (this is called intubation).
 They can use an artificial pacemaker to do the heart's job, and force the heart to beat at a certain speed and rhythm

Statistics
Time is very important.  Each minute that passes before CPR is started lowers the chance of survival by about ten percent. If CPR starts within the first three to five minutes, and a defibrillator is available, the chance of survival can be as high as 50%, or even 75% (That is: one out of two, or three  out of four survive). In European countries, emergency services take about eight minutes or more to arrive, once they have been alerted. A victim's survival therefore largely depends on other people who are there and what they do. A quick call to emergency services, and a quick start of basic CPR, especially defibrillation, can double to triple the chance of survival - with adults and children.

References

Emergency medicine
William Penn (14 October 1644-30 July 1718) was an English colonial leader. He was very wealthy and owned slaves who he forced to work on his plantation. He was given what would become the US state of Pennsylvania by King Charles II as a debt to his father. Penn was a member of the Religious Society of Friends, who are known as Quakers.

Penn and his wife were made honorary United States citizens in 1984 by US President Ronald Reagan. He was friends with George Fox.

References

1644 births
1718 deaths
People from London
Pennsylvania
People from Pennsylvania
Quakers
Slavers
George Herman "Babe" Ruth, Jr.  (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was a famous baseball player during the 1910s and 1930s in Major League Baseball. He played with the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and the Boston Braves, and hit 714 home runs in his career. Only two players, Hank Aaron and Barry Bonds, have hit more. At the beginning of his career, he was a pitcher. He is widely considered the greatest baseball player of all time.

Nicknames
Babe Ruth has been called by many nicknames. Some of the most common are: "The Great Bambino",  "The Sultan of Swat", "The  of Clout", "The Titan of Terror", and "The King Of Crash" .

Early career
Ruth learned to play baseball while growing up in Baltimore, Maryland.His first Major League Baseball (MLB) team was the Boston Red Sox. Ruth began playing as a pitcher. He had some of the best pitching statistics in baseball. The Red Sox won the World Series in 1915, 1916, and 1918.

At that time, there was no designated hitter rule in the American League, where the Red Sox played, so Ruth got chances to hit as a pitcher. The team realized that he was also good at hitting. In 1918, Ruth began hitting more and pitching less. Later in his career, he became an outfielder.

Ruth was becoming a star player. However, by 1919, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee was having problems with money. In 1920, the Red Sox sold Ruth to the New York Yankees for cash. Even though the Red Sox had won several World Series in the years before this, they would not win another one until 2004. Many baseball fans believed that the Red Sox had become "cursed" by trading Ruth, and called this the "Curse of the Bambino". (When the Red Sox finally did win a World Series in 2004, they beat the Yankees in the American League Championship to get there.)

After the trade
Ruth spent most of the rest of his career with the Yankees, where he became one of the most famous players in baseball history. Ruth helped the Yankees win World Series championships in 1923, 1927, 1928, and 1932. He left the Yankees after the 1934 season and played one last season with the Boston Braves in 1935.

In 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which was then a record for the most home runs in one season. The record was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 with 61 home runs.

Death
Ruth died of throat cancer August 16, 1948.

Honors
In November 2018, Ruth posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump.

Career batting statistics 

He also had a .474 career on-base percentage, which is second all-time to Ted Williams' .482.

References

Other websites 

 
 baberuth.com - Official site
 baberuthmuseum.com  Ruth Museum
 Photo of Babe Ruth as a member of the 1916 Red Sox

Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1895 births
1948 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American baseball players
Boston Braves players
Boston Red Sox players
New York Yankees players
American Roman Catholics
Sportspeople from Baltimore
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug. It is most commonly used as a pain killer, or to reduce fever or inflammation.  It also has an anti-platelet effect - it reduces the number of platelets in the blood which reduces blood clotting- in that function it is used to prevent heart attacks.  Aspirin is one of the most-used medical drugs in the world.

There are some possible side-effects to this drug. For example, large amounts can damage the kidneys. Children taking aspirin can develop Reye's syndrome which causes the liver to become fatty and not work properly and also the brain to become enlarged. Reyes syndrome can be fatal, but most children survive it with treatment.

People with lung, kidney disease, gout, hyperuricemia (high amounts of uric acid in the blood), hemophilia (a blood clotting disorder), diabetes or high blood pressure should not take aspirin except on the advice of a qualified medical professional. Nor should people who are allergic to it, to ibuprofen or to naproxen. People with asthma where attacks are brought about by aspirin should avoid using any anti-inflammatory drugs based on it.

Aspirin was invented in Germany in 1897. Bayer has a trademark on the brand name "aspirin" in 80 countries. But in other countries, "aspirin" is the common name for the drug.

References

Analgesics
Víctor Jara (September 28, 1932- September 15, 1973) was a singer from Chile, South America. 

He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents. 

At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married  Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile. 

Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns. 

Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty. 

In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.

Popular Songs

 El Derecho de Vivir en Paz  (The right to live in peace)
 Plegaria a un Labrador (Prayer to a laborer)
 Duerme, duerme negrito  (Sleep little black child)
 Vientos del Pueblo  (Winds of the people)
 El Amor es un camino que derrepente aparece  (Love is a road that suddenly appears)
 Cuando voy al trabajo (On my way to work)
 Te Recuerdo Amanda (I remember you Amanda)

Chilean singers
1932 births
1973 deaths
Former Roman Catholics
World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., doing business as WWE, is a big company that produces professional wrestling shows. It is now the most popular company in the wrestling business. Vince J. McMahon started the company in 1963. His son, Vince K. McMahon is currently the chairman and CEO of the company and runs the company along with his daughter Stephanie McMahon and her husband Paul Levesque, better known as Triple H.

The company used to be known as the World Wrestling Federation or the WWF. They changed their name to World Wrestling Entertainment after a lawsuit filed by the World Wide Fund for Nature, formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund, which uses the "WWF" initials in the United States. In 2011, the company rebranded itself as WWE, although its legal name is still World Wrestling Entertainment.

Shows

Weekly shows

Pay-per-view events

Championships and accomplishments 

At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy is the WWE Universal Championship on WWE Raw and the WWE Championship on WWE SmackDown. There are two championships available for female wrestlers: the Raw Women's Championship and the SmackDown Women's Championship. There are two tag team championships: the Raw Tag Team Championship and the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. There are three secondary titles in WWE, the WWE Intercontinental Championship and the WWE Cruiserweight Championship on WWE Raw and the WWE United States Championship on WWE SmackDown.

WWE's developmental brand NXT features its own set of championships.
There is the NXT Championship, the NXT Women's Championship and the NXT Tag Team Championship.

Champions

Other accomplishments
Greatest Royal Rumble

Retired championships

Related pages
 World Wrestling Entertainment roster

References
Scutellosaurus was a small bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period, 200–196 million years ago. It was about a metre long.

Its back was armoured, and it is placed in the Thyreophora with the other armoured dinosaurs. It was one of the earliest members of this group, and the most basal (primitive) form so far known. Its closest relatives may have been Emausaurus and Scelidosaurus. These, and the larger armoured dinosaurs Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus and Huayangosaurus, were all quadrupedal. The lightly built bipedal Scutellosaurus is similar in form to the ancestral dinosaurs, which were bipedal.

Description
Scutellosaurus was around  long,  tall at the hips, and weighed . The fossil evidence includes two partial skeletons recovered from Arizona, although of the skull only the lower jaw has been recovered. There were also several hundred scutes running along its neck to its back and as far down as its tail. Some of these shields were flat, while others were pitted. It had an unusually long tail, possibly a counterbalance to the weight of the armoured body, and long arms that suggest it may have browsed on all fours.

References 

Thyreophora
Jurassic dinosaurs
The London Eye is a large metal Ferris wheel. It is also known as the Millennium Wheel and is one of the largest observation wheels in the world. Since mid-January 2015 it has been known in branding as the Coca-Cola London Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014. The London Eye is at the western end of Jubilee Garden, on the South Bank of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

The Eye was opened in 2000.  It is 135 metres high(442ft). At the time it was built, in 1999, it was the tallest giant wheel in the world, and at present it is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel. It offered the highest public viewing point in London. The  observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard is now the highest public view of London. 
 
It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom: there are over 2.2 million visitors annually, and the Eye has made many appearances in popular culture.

The London Eye was overtaken in height by the Star of Nanchang, which is 160 meters high. On the 11th February 2008, the Singapore Flyer overtook the Star of Nanchang with 165 meters:)

References

Other websites 

Official web site

Buildings and structures in London
Ferris wheels
For other uses, see Finlandia.
Finlandia is a symphonic poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. He wrote it in 1899 and made some changes to it the next year. "Finlandia" is the Latin name for Finland. At the time Sibelius wrote it, Finland was called the "Grand Duchy of Finland". This was because it was being ruled by Russia. The Finnish people wanted to rule Finland for themselves. The music was composed for a pageant to encourage the Finnish people to work for freedom.

The music of Finlandia is exciting and dramatic. It sounds like the Finnish people struggling to be free. Towards the end the music becomes calm and a lovely tune is played. It is a hymn tune which became known as Finlandia. Many years later Sibelius set some words to this hymn and it is often sung as a separate piece by a choir. The words were written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi. It has become Finland's best known song and almost feels like a second Finnish national anthem. It is often sung as a hymn in Christian churches to the words "Be still, my soul: the Lord is on your side". The tune was also used as the national anthem of the short-lived African country Biafra.
 

Compositions by Jean Sibelius
19th-century songs
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves. It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply. The process of  Transpiration helps in regulating temperature in the plant. 

Transpiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761), an English clergyman.  He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.

How transpiration works 
Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores. In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top. The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore.  Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata.  This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in.  The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.

Transpiration also pulls water through the plant. This brings with it the mineral nutrients from roots to shoots. Water moves out of the leaves into the atmosphere. This exerts a pull on the water column, which brings the water up against gravity. Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem. A fully grown tree may lose hundreds of gallons (thousands of liters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots is used for this process; most of the rest is used in photosynthesis.

Desert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss.  Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs. All these reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves. The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree. Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower.

Related pages 
 Translocation (botany)

References

Other websites 
 A description of transpiration, including the mechanism of transpiration & factors affecting Transpiration.

Plant physiology
In botany, a stoma (plural = stomata) is a tiny opening or pore. It is found on plant leaves and stems, and any other green parts of the plant. It is used for gas exchange. Stomata are mostly found on the under-surface of plant leaves. Almost all land plants have stomata.

Stomata have two main functions. First is gaseous exchange i.e. intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen. The second is the process of transpiration in plants.

Air enters  the plant through these openings.  The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis.  Some of the oxygen produced is used in respiration.  Surplus oxygen exits through these same openings.  Also, water vapor goes into the atmosphere through these pores in transpiration.

The pore is formed by a pair of cells known as guard cells. These adjust the size of the opening by opening or closing. To open a guard cell, protons  (hydrogen ions, H+) are pumped into the guard cells. Water enters into them, the cells gets filled, and they open.

References 

Plant anatomy
Cells
Plant physiology
Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787; pronounced MOHT-sart) was a composer, music teacher and violinist. He was the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

1719 births
1787 deaths
Mozart, Leopold
Mozart, Leopold
Austrian Roman Catholics
Famine is a situation where most people do not have enough food to eat. Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies (see malnutrition). In poor countries with much subsistence farming such as in parts of Africa and Latin America, famine can be common.

Famous famines 

 1816, the Year without a Summer was caused by Mount Tambora erupting. Tens of thousands died.
 The Irish Potato Famine lasted from 1846 to 1849.  It was caused by a potato blight.
 In the Holodomor, about 7 million of people starved to death in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933.
 The Great Leap Forward killed a few tens of millions of Chinese, in what was probably the biggest famine in history.

Other websites

Famine Early Warning System monitors agricultural production and other warning signs worldwide
United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News

Social sciences
Disasters
Agriculture
The Monty Hall problem is a famous problem in probability (chance). The problem is based on a television game show from the United States, Let's Make a Deal. It is named for this show's host, Monty Hall.

In the problem, there are three doors. A car (prize of high value) is behind one door and goats (booby prizes of low value) are behind the other two doors. First, the player chooses a door but does not open it. Then the host opens a different door. The host knows what is behind every door, and always chooses a door with a goat behind it. (If there are goats behind both other doors, one is chosen at random.) Last, the player choose whether to keep what is behind the first door or to change to the third door (the one the host did not open).

The rules of the problem are that the host has to open a door with a goat behind it and the player has the opportunity to switch. The question is whether changing choices increases the chances of getting the car.

Most people feel that the car is equally likely to behind either of the two doors that are still closed, so that changing doors does not affect the chance of getting the car. The true answer is that changing choices increases the chances of getting the car from 1/3 (one out of three) to 2/3 (two out of three).

That 2/3 (two out of three) chance comes from the fact in the initial door choice, the player has a 1/3 (one out of three) chance of picking the door with the car. There is a 2/3 (two out of three) chance if the car is behind one of the other two doors. If the player could switch from their one door to the other two doors this would improve their chances. The fact that the host reveals that one of the other doors contains a goat does not change this probability. The player is still effectively swapping their one door for the other two (even though one of them has been opened).

These are the options:

1. (Lose): If the player picks the car, then the host will show a goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a goat .

2. (Win) : If the player picks a goat, then the host will show the other goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.

3. (Win) : If the player picks the other goat, then the host will show the first goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.

So, it is true that if the player changes (switches) then the player will win a car two times out of three.

Other websites 

 Monty Hall Problem at Wolfram MathWorld
 Graphical Proof of the Monty Hall Problem
 A Monty Hall Simulator in Javascript  
 Monty Hall Simulation Online
 Making the Monty Hall Obvious
 A tree-diagram of the Monty Hall problem under the Marilyn vos Savant assumptions
 The Game Show Problem 

Mathematical problems
An emergency telephone number is a telephone number that can be used to quickly contact emergency services for assistance. Emergency services usually include police, medical, or firefighting public services. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or the emergency services number. Most emergency service numbers are 3 digits long so that they can be dialed quickly and remembered easily. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services and are different only by the last digit.

Variations 
In Europe, the telephone number for emergency services is 1-1-2. In North America, the number for emergency services is 9-1-1. It can be dialed from any phone connected to a network, as a cellular service plan isn't required or charged for emergency calls. Some countries, such as Israel, maintains separate but consecutive numbers for police, fire, and medical services. When the number is dialed on the phone keypad, the call is routed to the nearest emergency telephone operating center. This center is oftentimes found within the same city or town that the call is made from. This provides a strong connection and allows emergency services to get to the location better. In some areas, calls are able to be traced on a map with GPS from cell towers. This can be helpful if a person calls but is unable to speak or if the telephone connection line disconnected before the call was ended intentionally.

Technological Implications 
The ability to contact emergency services has changed in recent years as technology has advanced. Some mobile devices like the Apple iPhone and Apple Watch and mobile applications such as Noonlight offer capabilities to contact emergency services without having to call or speak to an emergency phone operator. These features are still being tested and developed by using a smart phone's ability to maintain a very accurate GPS location.

References 

 
Telephone numbers
Satellite cities are smaller cities that are near to a large city that is the center of a metropolitan area. They are different from suburbs, subdivisions and bedroom communities because they have their own centre. Satellite cities could be separate cities outside of the larger metropolitan areas. However, working as part of a metropolis, a satellite city gets "cross-commuting" (people living in the city working outside of the city and people from other places working in the city). For example, London has several satellite cities, like Brentwood, Crawley and Chelmsford. New Haven and Bridgeport are among the satellites of New York City. Ipswich, Queensland, is a satellite to Brisbane (Australia) and Kitchener and Guelph, to Toronto (Canada). 

Cities
Social sciences
Satellite cities are almost self sufficient in terms of amenities and facilities. They usually have all of the things to term them as a separate city but they rely on the parent city or the nearby larger metropolitan area for some of their needs like education or employment.
Shanty towns are slums on the outskirts of many cities – especially in third world countries. Normally there are not many shanty towns in more economically developed countries. Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material. Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun. Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.

Lack of clean water, sanitation and toilets often make people, especially children, more exposed to illnesses such as hepatitis and cholera.

Many are built on land without a permit and often have no roads,  numbered street, electricity or telephone lines. Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards. Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers  – such as in the cities of Brazil- see Favelas.

Many shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water. Some are built close to rubbish dumps.
 
Residents of shanty towns often have poor health, lack education, suffer from high levels of crime and suicide, and have a shorter life expectancy. 

Social sciences
Pterodactyloidea is the suborder of short-tailed pterosaurs. Their fossil record starts in the middle Jurassic. They became extinct in the K/T extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period. Pterodactylus, Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus are in this suborder.

In 2014 remains of the earliest pterodactyloid was found in China. It is called Kryptodrakon. Its minimum age was 162.7 million years ago (mya). This is about five million years older than any previously known confirmed specimens.

Recent work shows that the group had more variety at the end of the Cretaceous than was thought earlier. In the early 2010s, several new pterosaur taxa were discovered dating to the late Cretaceous. These finds include some small sized pterosaur species.

At the end of the Cretaceous period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which made all non-avian and most avian dinosaurs, as well as many other animals, extinct. The pterosaurs seem to have gone extinct in this event.

Classification
This is the classification of the different divisions of pterodactyloidea:
 Order Pterosauria
 Suborder Pterodactyloidea
 Superfamily Ornithocheiroidea
 Family Istiodactylidae
 Family Ornithocheiridae
 Coloborhynchus
 Family Pteranodontidae
 Pteranodon
 Superfamily Ctenochasmatoidea
 Pterodactylus
 Family Ctenochasmatidae
 Pterodaustro
 Superfamily Dsungaripteroidea
 Family Dsungaripteridae
 Dsungaripterus
 Superfamily Azhdarchoidea
 Family Lonchodectidae
 Family Tapejaridae
 Thalassodromeus
 Tupuxuara
 Family Azhdarchidae
 Quetzalcoatlus

References

Pterosaurs
Michael Praetorius (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571? ; died Wolfenbüttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist. He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music. A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.

We are not quite certain about the date of his birth. He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany. His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs. We know very little about the life of Praetorius. He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule (“Latin School”) in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt. He probably never had music lessons after he left school. Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. There Praetorius graduated in divinity. Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He soon earned a good salary. He married in 1603 and had two sons.

Although he had his job in Wolfenbüttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Schütz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt. His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard. When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.

His music 

Praetorius wrote a very large amount of music. Much of it has been lost. He wrote a collection of French dances called Terpsichore for a small group of instruments. These are very happy pieces and are very popular today. A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church. He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play). His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time. He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts). The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.

His theory works 

Praetorius wrote a book about music theory called Syntagma Musicum. Part One talks about religious music. It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services. In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day. Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs. He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it.

1571 births
1621 deaths
Baroque composers
German composers
German organists
Music theorists
People from Thuringia
The Denver Broncos are an American football team in the National Football League (NFL). They play their home games in Denver, Colorado, U.S. at Sports Authority Field at Mile High.  The Broncos play in the West Division of the American Football Conference (AFC). The Broncos won Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII, and Super Bowl 50.

Their current head coach is Gary Kubiak. In 2015, they had the NFL's best defense led by defensive coordinator Wade Phillips.

Hall of Fame players

Five players who have played for the Broncos are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Shannon Sharpe, Terrell Davis, Floyd Little, and Gary Zimmerman.

Other websites 
 Official Website
 The Orange Mane - Denver Broncos News and Discussion
 2005 Team Statistics at NFL.com 

1960 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Colorado
Prometheus, is a  Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus and Clymene. He created humans, originally made out of gold. He also stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans. As punishment, Zeus had Prometheus chained to a mountain. Every day an eagle (symbol of Zeus) would come and eat his liver. Prometheus is immortal, so he never died, and his liver grew back every night. But he still felt great pain.

After a long time, Zeus sent his son Heracles to free Prometheus by breaking the chains which held him.

Aeschylus wrote a play about Prometheus.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Theoi Text, Theogony
 Theoi Text, Works and Days
 Theoi Text, Prometheus Bound
 Theoi Mythology, Prometheus
 Theoi Mythology, Pronoea
 GML, Prometheus 
 Encyclopedia Mythica, Prometheus 
 Messagenet, Prometheus 
 Prometheus, a poem by Noevel (French) 
 Prometheus, a poem by Byron 

Titans
In music, the pitch of a note means how high or low the note is. In physics, it is measured in a unit called Hertz.  A note that is vibrating at 261 Hz will be caused by sound waves that vibrate at 261 times a second.  This will be Middle C on the piano. 

Not all musical instruments make notes of a certain pitch.  Many percussion instruments like drums, triangles and cymbals are instruments used for rhythms.  They do not play tunes because they have no definite pitch (although often a definite pitch can just be heard when listening carefully.)

Some musicians have a sense of absolute pitch or pitch perfect.  This means that they always know what note is being played, even without comparing it to another note.  Having a sense of absolute pitch does not necessarily make someone a good musician, although it can be very useful.

There is evidence to suggest that well-known composers of classical music, such as Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach, had developed and perhaps even mastered their sense of pitch.

Pitch is often confused with frequency. Frequency is used as a scientific means for measuring and changing sound and its possible pitches, though pitch is used to describe a more psychological.

Related pages
note (music)
musical notation
scale (music)
wave (physics)

Other websites 
 Pitch (music) Citizendium

Sound
Musical terminology
A congregation is a group of people who have come together (congregated) for something, usually for religious worship.  In Christian churches the word “congregation” is often used to mean all the people in the main part of the church, but not the choir or the priests. This term came from long ago after the church was first formed. For example: the order of service might say that the choir will sing verse 1 of a hymn and "the congregation are asked to join in at verse 2".

Religion

en:Congregation (worship)
Vegetation means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say vegetation you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, "naturalness", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by flora which refers exclusively to species composition.

Vegetation can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term vegetation.

Other websites

Classification
Terrestrial Vegetation of the United States Volume I – The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, Status, and Applications  (PDF)
Federal Geographic Data Committee Vegetation Subcommittee 
Vegetation Classification Standard  [FGDC-STD-005, June 1997] (PDF)

Mapping-related
USGS - NPS Vegetation Mapping Program 
Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps
Free Vegetation Distribution Site – "free access to almost the entire Spot Vegetation ten daily synthesis archive"

Climate Diagrams 
 Climate Diagrams Explained 
 WBCS Worldwide Climate Diagrams 

Botany
Ecology
Amoeba (plural = amoebae) is a well known genus of unicellular organism, a protist. One of its most common species, the Amoeba Proteus, is about 0.2 to 0.3 mm large. The amoeba was first discovered by August Von Rosenhof in 1757.  It is a genus of protozoa that moves with false feet, called pseudopodia.

The amoeba is a member of a whole group of amoeboid eukaryotic protists called Amoebozoa. They are heterotrophs, eating bacteria and other protists.

The pseudopodia (false feet) are extensions of the organism's cell membrane. They are used by the amoeba for phagocytosis (active food/nutrient intake) and motility (self-propelled movement).

Life 
Amoebae are often found within freshwater, typically on vegetation in decay in still or slow moving water, or in the benthic zone of some lakes. However, they are common organisms of study because it is easy to keep them in a laboratory. They are used to study protozoa and to demonstrate cell structure and function.

Other websites 
 Wikibooks: compare size of cells
 Amoeba info

References 

Protozoa
Last of the Conquerors is a 1948 novel by African-American novelist William Gardner Smith. It concerns African-American GI's serving in United States occupied Germany after World War II. The protagonist, Hayes Dawkins, has an affair with Ilse, a white German woman. He and Ilse fight against racist Army officers and policies to sustain a relationship that some white soldiers condemn (although there are also many friendly whites who help them).

Last of the Conquerors shows post-Nazi Germany as more racially tolerant than the United States. While this  may or may not be correct, Smith's novel gives an opinion of the Marshall Plan claiming that American society should be a model for the world, while African-Americans continued to deal with racism.

The novel begins on  a homecoming US troopship, as the Statue of Liberty comes into view, the reaction from the US troops is somber and wary,  resigned, but not at all glad to be home from the war. Why? They are "colored" troops. After experiencing life in a society (recently liberated Germany), where racial prejudice was not a big factor, they steel themselves for dealing with a still very divided America. An eyeopening look inside a (now hopefully past) society and its impact on those forced to deal with  the unremitting pressure of distrust and hate. A profound reading experience.

1948 books
id Software is an American video game company. They are most famous for their first-person shooter games. They started in 1991.

Games 
ID has made many games.

Early Work 
Wolfenstein 3D (1992)
Spear of Destiny (1992)
Doom (1993)
Doom 2 (1994)
Heretic (1995)

Full 3D Games 
Quake (1996)
Quake 2 (1998)
Quake 3 (1999)
Doom 3 (2004)
Quake 4 (2006)

Other websites 
Official id Software website
"A Chat With id Software ", a GameSpy interview with people at id Software

American video game companies
1991 establishments in the United States
Heretic is a first-person shooter video game made by ID Software for computers. It is like Doom, but it takes place in a fantasy world. The monsters are mostly not human. The player has the ability to look up and down, which they could not do in Doom. The weapons are also fantasy weapons. It uses the same base as Doom and Doom 2. It has two sequels: Hexen and Heretic 2.

Other websites 
Official Heretic website from Raven
Official Heretic website from id Software 

Shooter video games
1994 video games
In a general sense, locomotion simply means active movement or travel, not only of biological individuals.
 In biology, locomotion is the self-powered movement of limbs or other anatomical parts by which an individual moves itself from place to place.  

Forms of locomotion are walking (and knuckle-walking), running, crawling, climbing, swimming and flying.  
 In engineering:
 Locomotion No. 1 is the name of an early steam railway locomotive, even older than Stephenson's Rocket.
 Robot locomotion
 Chris Sawyer's Locomotion is a 2004 computer game by Chris Sawyer.
 Locomotion is a 1981 arcade game by Konami.
 Locomotion (puzzle game) is a 1992 puzzle game by Andre Wuthrich published by Kingsoft. Music by Gunnar Gaubatz (info from Gamebase database)
 "The Loco-Motion" is a 1960s hit song, originally performed by Little Eva, and its accompanying dance.
 "Locomotion" is a museum in the town of Shildon, County Durham, England.
 "Locomotion" was a cable TV channel in Latin America.
 Locomotion is a young adult novel in poetic form by Jacqueline Woodson.
 Locomotion is a 9-piece horn band based in Connecticut (USA).  Started in June 1987, the band plays clubs, weddings, fairs, fund raisers, and private functions of all types.  
 Locomotion is a 6-piece soul band based in Wiltshire (UK).  Started in 1993, this band also plays clubs, weddings, fairs, fund raisers, and private functions of all types.
Therizinosaurus was a huge herbivorous theropod dinosaur from the end of the Cretaceous period. 

New, well-preserved finds such as Alxasaurus in 1993 and Beipiaosaurus in 1996 provided details about the bird-like pelvis, feet and skulls of primitive members. This helped confirm they belonged to the same group of theropod dinosaurs as Therizinosaurus and that therizinosaurs were, more specifically, advanced, herbivorous maniraptoran theropods.

Their fossils were first found in the late 1940s in Asia. They were named in 1954 after more bones were found. It was a thought to be a carnivore and herbivore; it had very long claws - they were about 3 ft long.

Paleobiology
The feeding habits of Therizinosaurus are unknown, since no skull material has ever been found that could indicate its diet. However, like other therizinosaurs, it was probably primarily herbivorous. 

There are multiple possible functions that could have been served by the claws of Therizinosaurus, such as defense against predators (e.g. the contemporary Tarbosaurus) and in intraspecific fighting, such as fighting for territory or for mating, or to pull leafy tree branches towards its mouth. The claws may have served all these functions.

References 

Coelurosaurs