cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Funny Face is a 1957 American romantic comedy musical movie starring Audrey Hepburn, Fred Astaire and Robert Flemyng. Hepburn plays Jo Stockton, a shy bookshop clerk. The movie is based on a Broadway musical of the same name.

Other websites 

1957 romance movies
1957 comedy movies
1950s musical movies
1950s romantic comedy movies
American musical movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington erupted. The eruption was recorded as a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Throughout the two months before the eruption, there was a series of earthquakes and steam was vented from the mouth of the volcano. A total of 57 people died in the eruption. Including Harry R. Truman, who ran Spirit Lake, and volcano expert David A. Johnston.

References

1980 in the United States
Disasters in the 1980s
Natural disasters in the United States
20th century in Washington (U.S. state)
Property management is the process of managing and taking care of property. Property management can be applied to personal, business and public properties. Property management is used in various situations, like building a home, where property manager looks over the process of construction, management of resources and security. The process of property management can be carried using both people (onsite management, security) and machines (cameras, detectors and alarms). An example of property management will be hiring security company. They might be allowed to enter property and check for any issues while the owners are not present. In business, property management is extremely important to achieve safety and improve work environment of employees.

References

Business
Property
Management
Shontelle Layne (born October 4, 1985), or just Shontelle, is a Barbadian singer-songwriter. She mainly performs R&B, pop and reggae music. She released her debut album Shontelligence in 2008 and her second album No Gravity in September 2010. Some if her recent songs achieved only modest success. She co-wrote "Man Down" by R&B singer Rihanna in 2010.

Discography
Shontelligence (2008)
No Gravity (2010)

References

Barbadian musicians
R&B musicians
Pop musicians
Reggae musicians
Hip hop musicians
1985 births
Living people
Tiny Wings is an iOS game developed by German game developer Andreas Illiger, released on February 18, 2011.

Gameplay
In Tiny Wings, the player takes control of a bird whose wings are too small to fly. The goal of the game is to use hills in order to gain speed as long as possible. This is done by tapping and holding the screen in order to make the bird dive. The game play mainly revolves around timing your taps so that the bird goes down hills and flies up them. The game's day trip version is separated into several islands, which have different layouts and change every 24 hours. The game features special goals that allow players to upgrade their nest, which adds a score multiplier usually X2. These challenges go around reaching specific islands or performing certain tricks a number of times in one game. The game's visuals change daily along with the islands' layouts.

Flight School
Flight School, a new mode that came out in version 2.0, is similar to normal gameplay, but it instead features a race between 4 young birds (which are siblings). The player can choose to control one of the birds while the rest of the birds are controlled by the CPU. The birds are listed here with their colors and are ranked according to their typical finishing positions The player can also change the birds' names.
 Flami – pink
 Peck – blue
 Peli – orange
 Owell – green

The goal in flight school is to reach mama bird first.
If you are faster than the other birds you'll get the fattest fish. To unlock the next island players must finish in 3rd, 2nd, or 1st place.
In 3rd place you'll get a small Blue fish, in 2nd place a medium-sized Cyan fish, and in 1st place you'll get the fattest Yellow fish. When a set of islands is completed by a bird, its nest is upgraded. This mode includes 2 new features: rubber flowers birds can bounce on, and water holes that slow down the birds.
The mama bird is dark green and is from the day trip mode.
Not all levels are in daytime levels. Levels 1-3 2-3 3-4 are all nighttime levels. They have a different song then the daytime levels.

Release
Tiny Wings was first released with one mode (called Day Trip after version 2). Version 2 was released as an update on July 12, 2012, and added a new mode, Flight School with of a race between 4 birds, one of which is used by the player. The levels in Flight School are divided into islands, with 5 tracks in each. There are 3 island tracks. They are Clown islands, Koi islands, and Orga islands. Also there will be more island tracks coming soon as updates. Flight School includes 2 new features on the islands. The July 2012 update also gives the ability to gift app.
The HD version (released at the same time as version 2) includes Hill Party as the 3rd chapter.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Apple App Store

Mobile games
2011 video games
Adventure games
IOS games
Indie video games
William Taylor Adams (July 30, 1822 – March 27, 1897), was an American writer and children's magazine editor. He used the pen name "Oliver Optic".  Adams was born in Medway, Massachusetts. 

In 1853, he wrote his first novel, Hatchie, the Guardian Slave. Adams taught in the Boston public schools for many years. While teaching, he discovered what kinds of books boys liked best. In 1855, he wrote The Boat Club series for boys. This series was a great success. He wrote many more boys' series. 

In 1865, he stopped teaching. He wanted to devote all his time to writing. He became editor of the children's magazines The Student and Schoolmate, Our Little Ones, and Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls.  He served in the Massachusetts legislature for one year. Adams died at his home in Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1897.

Children's writer Louisa May Alcott did not like his books. She did not like the slang and settings such as saloons. Librarians did not like Adams's books either. They threw them away. They also threw away the books of other boys' writers. Adams kept writing boys' books though. He got good reviews from the critics. His books sold well. They were reprinted many times.

Gallery

References
 William Taylor Adams 
 Dorchester Athenaeum

Other websites

 Biographical essay in PDF
 Biographical essay at the Dorchester Aethenaeum site 
 (plain text and HTML)
Works by Oliver Optic at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions illustrated)
Works by William Taylor Adams at Internet Archive

 
19th-century American children's writers
19th-century American novelists
Writers from Massachusetts
American editors
1822 births
1897 deaths
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
Alameda is a city in California.

History
The city was founded in 1853 as 3 smaller towns. At the west end it was called Woodstock. The east end was called Fernside. In the 1940s the land was filled to make Bay Farm Island.

Related pages
Alameda High School

 
1853 establishments in California
Earl Klugh (pronounced "Clue"; September 16, 1954) is an American smooth jazz musician who also plays R&B. He began his career around 1970 at age sixteen. He is also known for songwriting. Klugh was born in Detroit.

Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
R&B musicians
1954 births
Living people
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 6 is the sixth season of Britain's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 14 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Tiffany Pisani.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Models 1
 A spread & cover in Company Magazine
 A £100,000 contract with Revlon Cosmetics

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
 Alisha White
 Amba Hudson-Skye
 Amelia Thomas
 Charlotte Holmes
 Delita Cole
 Hannah Goodeve
 Harleen Kaur Nottay
 Joy McLaren
 Kirsty Parsons
 Nicola Wright
 Olivia Oldham-Stevens
 Rachelle Harry
 Susan Loughnane
 Tiffany Pisani

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Joy McLaren
Worst: Delita Cole & Hannah Goodeve
Eliminated: Hannah Goodeve

3.
Best: Nicola Wright
Worst: Rachelle Harry & Olivia Oldham-Stevens
Eliminated: Rachelle Harry

4.
Eliminated Outside Of Judging Panel: Susan Loughnane
Best: Alisha White
Worst: Amelia Thomas & Harleen Kaur Nottay
Eliminated: Harleen Kaur Nottay

5.
Best: Nicola Wright
Worst: Delita Cole & Tiffany Pisani
Eliminated: Delita Cole

6.
Best: Charlotte Holmes
Worst: Amba Hudson-Skye & Nicola Wright
Eliminated: Amba Hudson-Skye

7.
Best: Olivia Oldham-Stevens
Worst: Amelia Thomas & Nicola Wright
Eliminated: Nicola Wright

8.
Best: Charlotte Holmes
Worst: Alisha White & Kirsty Parsons
Eliminated: Kirsty Parsons

9.
Best: Alisha White
Worst: Olivia Oldham Stevens & Tiffany Pisani
Eliminated: Olivia Oldham-Stevens

10.
Best: Alisha White
Worst: Charlotte Holmes & Joy McLaren
Eliminated: None

11.
Best: Joy McLaren
Worst: Charlotte Holmes & Amelia Thomas
Eliminated: Amelia Thomas

12.
Best: Tiffany Pisani
Worst: Charlotte Holmes & Alisha White
Eliminated: Charlotte Holmes

13.
Final Three: Alisha White, Joy McLaren & Tiffany Pisani
Eliminated: Joy McLaren

Final Two: Alisha White & Tiffany Pisani
Winner: Tiffany Pisani

Britain's Next Top Model
Judith Rakers (born 6 January 1976 in Paderborn, Germany) is a German journalist and television presenter.

Biography
Rakers grew up in Bad Lippspringe with her single father. She graduated from the Pelizaeus-Gymnasium Paderborn. She studied journalism and communication studies, German philology and modern and contemporary history at the University of Münster. At the same time, Rakers worked as a radio presenter at the NRW-local radio stations; Radio Hochstift and Antenne Münster.

From January 2004 to 17 January 2010, Rakers presented the Hamburg Journal for local TV station Norddeutscher Rundfunk.

Since 2005, Rakers has presented the Tagesschau news programme on ARD, as well as reading the news in the Tagesthemen, Nachtmagazin and Morgenmagazin.

In addition to the Tagesschau, Rakers also presents Radio Bremen's talk show 3 nach 9.

On 14 May 2011 she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany together with Stefan Raab and Anke Engelke.

References

Other websites
 
 Judith Rakers' official website

1976 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
German journalists
German television actors
German television presenters
German voice actors
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
Erik Solbakken (born 17 November 1984 in Hemsedal) is a Norwegian television presenter. Solbakken hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 together with Haddy Jatou N'jie and Nadia Hasnaoui.

He has hosted multiple children's shows including Barne-tv, Julemorgen,Krem Nasjonal, and Superkviss, as well as Barnetimen for de minste on NRK P2.
Erik Solbakken hosted the prestigious Idrettsgallaen with Haddy N'Jie 2010 from Hamar.
In 2010 he is Ready for one more golden moment - "Popstokk", the Norwegian version of "BattlePop", airing spring prime time Friday nights at NRK.

In 2011, he hosted the Eurovision Young Dancers competition 2011.

References

Other websites 
 

1984 births
Living people
Norwegian television presenters
Norwegian people
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
Haddy Jatou N'jie (born 25 June 1979 in Oslo) is a Norwegian singer, songwriter, writer and journalist. Her father is Gambian and her mother is Norwegian. She grew up in Kolbotn near Oslo and is the eldest of five siblings.

N'jie has worked as a reporter for Dagsrevyen and columnist for Dagbladet. She hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 with Erik Solbakken and Nadia Hasnaoui. She hosted the 2010 annual telethon on Norway's largest TV channel NRK 1 which she also co-hosted in 2009.

Haddy N'jie has toured Norway several times, both as a solo artist and as part of the group comedy Queendom, consisting of herself and four other black Norwegian women, all sharing in part African backgrounds. Much of the group's material lampoons either Norwegians or Africans.

When Norway held a national ceremony of remembrance on August 21 for the 77 victims of the worst attacks on the country since World War Two, the TV broadcast was hosted by N'jie.

In 2012 she co-hosted the prestigious sports award show Idrettsgallaen from Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre together with Anne Rimmen. The show was broadcasted on NRK.

Discography
N'jie has released three solo albums:
White Lies (released 16 September 2005)
Welcome Home (released 1 June 2009)
World of the Free (released 25 January 2010)

She is a contributor to
Mitt lille land (2011), with other artists

References

1979 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
Musicians from Oslo
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian singers
Norwegian television presenters
Norwegian singer-songwriters
Writers from Oslo
Liseberg is an amusement park in Gothenburg, Sweden. Liseberg is one of the most visited amusement parks in Scandinavia.

History
Liseberg opened on 8 May 1923. In 2005, Liseberg was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world by Forbes Magazine. In 2010 Liseberg was Sweden's most popular point of interest. Many famous people have been to Liseberg, including Michael Jackson in 1988.

Season
Liseberg attracts about 3 million visitors each year. It is open for the summer season from April til the middle of October. In the winter it's open from November til the end of December.

Attractions
The park has 41 attractions.

Atmosfear is the tallest free fall attraction in Europe. The tower is 116 metres high. The top is 146 meters above sea level. It takes about 90 seconds to reach the top. In the beginning it was an elevator that gave you a view of Gothenburg. In 2010 it was rebuilt to be a free fall attraction. There is only one other attraction in the world that can be compared with Atmosfear, the Giant drop in Australia.

Balder is the biggest and most famous roller coaster. Balder is built of wood. Many times it has been voted the world’s best wooden roller coaster. Balder is 36 meters high an 1070 meters long.

FlumeRide is another very popular ride. It’s a water ride and you go in logs. The ride opened in 1973. In the summer season of 2002 they had a contest to see who could go in the ride longest time. After 9 days, 7 hours and 42 minutes they had a winner. The ride is 610 meters long.

Kanonen is the only roller coaster on Liseberg with a loop. It was built in 2005. You reach the top speed 75 km/h after 1.84 seconds. The ride is 50 seconds and 440 meters long.

"Helix" is a roller coaster coming for 2014. It will be 130 seconds and 1,381 meters long. The top speed is about .

Other attractions include:

Slogan

References
 http://liseberg.com/en/home/ 
 Official Liseberg 

Theme parks in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Gothenburg
"Rip Van Winkle" is a short story by Washington Irving. It was first published in Irving's The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in June 1819. Irving wrote the story one night while staying with his sister's family in Birmingham, England. He read it to his hosts at breakfast the next morning. It was one of the first stories Irving proposed for The Sketch Book. The story is similar to a German story called "Karl Katz". "Rip Van Winkle" has been adapted to theater, cartoons, television, and other media many times.

Story
Rip Van Winkle is a lazy, happy Dutchman. He's a henpecked husband; a man who is being constantly nagged by his wife. He lives in a quiet village near the Catskill Mountains in North America. One day he wanders into the mountains with his dog Wolf.  In a lonely place, he meets the ghosts of Henry Hudson and his men.  They give him a strange drink. He falls asleep for 20 years. When he wakes, he learns that the American Revolution has been fought and won. His family and friends welcome him home to the village.

Other websites  

"Rip Van Winkle", illustrated by N. C. Wyeth (1921).
"Rip Van Winkle", e-text from Bartleby.
"Rip Van Winkle" , audio version from 1946.
"Rip Van Winkle", 1896 film.
 "Karl Katz", a comparison.
1948 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive
 Rip Van Winkle Study Guide
Irving in Birmingham 
"Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" – Irving's Fictions of Revolution

19th-century American short stories
Works by Washington Irving
Nargiz Birk-Petersen (; née Nargiz Abbaszadeh, born 1976) is an Azerbaijani television presenter and commentator. On 22, 24 and 26 May 2012 she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan together with Eldar Gasimov and Leyla Aliyeva. 

Nargiz Birk-Petersen's mother is Maleyka Abbaszadeh, the head of the State Committee for Student Admission of Azerbaijan. She has a sister named Nigar. At the age of 16, Nargiz had her first experience in television. During her student years, Nargiz also worked for Student TV at her alma mater Khazar University, as a reporter of an English language news program for the company. Later Nargiz studied law in the United States, where she had a modelling career to provide financial support for her studies. She continued to practice law in the United States and Russia. She was head of the department of public relations for the Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

She is married to Ulrik Birk-Petersen. They live in Copenhagen, Denmark with their two children.

References

Other websites
 Məleykə Abbaszadənin qızı suallara aydınlıq gətirdi 

1976 births
Living people
Azerbaijani television presenters
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
Leyla Aliyeva (, born 1986 in Baku) is an Azerbaijani television presenter. On 22, 24 and 26 May 2012 she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan together with Eldar Gasimov and Nargiz Birk-Petersen.

Leyla Aliyeva graduated from the Baku Academy of Music with a degree in choral directing and has a master's degree in music. In 2004, while in her first year of undergraduate studies, she was hired by İTV to work for the channel's Department of Music, Arts and Entertainment. In 2007, she began covering Eurovision news and soon became a member of İTV's Eurovision organising committee. Aliyeva also served as the spokesperson of Azerbaijan announcing the country's first voting results in its debut at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia. She hosted the Azerbaijani national Eurovision selection tours alongside Husniyya Maharramova in 2011 and 2012.

She is married to another İTV employee, who works there as a director and has a daughter.

References 

1986 births
Living people
Azerbaijani television presenters
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
People from Baku
Leyla Aliyeva (, born July 3, 1985) is the first daughter of the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev. She is editor-in-chief of style magazine Baku.

Personal life 

According to her personal website, Aliyeva was born in Moscow on 3 July 1985. However, her listing as a director at Companies House in London gives her date of birth as 1984. She studied at a private girls' school in London, Queens College; she left the school in 2000. She entered the European Business School.

From 2006 to 2008, Leyla Aliyeva pursued a master's degree at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). She was the Chairwoman of the Azerbaijan Club at MGIMO until 2010.

In July 2011, the Taraggi (Progress) Medal was conferred upon Leyla Aliyeva for her contributions to the development of Azerbaijan-Russian relations.

Leyla is married to businessman and singer Emin Agalarov. She has twin sons, Ali and Mikail, who were born in 2008.

In 2010 Washington Post reported that Leyla along with her sister Arzu and brother Heydar own real estate in Dubai that is worth about US$75 million.

References

Other websites

 Official channel of Leyla Aliyeva on YouTube

1985 births
Living people
Journalists
Sabina Babayeva (, born 2 December 1979, Baku) is an Azerbaijani singer. She represented Azerbaijan in the grand final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, on 26 May 2012, with the song "When the Music Dies", as the 13th act, she came fourth overall.

1979 births
Living people
Azerbaijani pop singers
Azerbaijani musicians
People from Baku
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 1 is the first season of Britain's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 12 contestants. The winner was 20-year-old Lucy Ratcliffe.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Models 1
 A contract with Ruby & Millie Cosmetics
 A spread & cover in B Magazine
In addition, the winner got another contract with Beatrice Models

Episodes
1.
Best: Marisa Heath
Worst: Shauna Breen & Marina Fallahi
Eliminated: Marina Fallahi

2.
Best: Tashi Brown
Worst: Anne Kent & Claire Hillier
Eliminated: Claire Hillier

3.
Best: Jenilee Harris
Worst: Edwina Joseph & Shauna Breen
Eliminated: Shauna Breen

4.
Quit: Anne Kent
Best: Edwina Joseph
Worst: Lucy Ratcliffe & Stephanie Jones
Eliminated: None

5.
Best: Stephanie Jones
Worst: Hayley Wilkins & Naomi Teal
Eliminated: Hayley Wilkins

6.
Best: Tashi Brown
Worst: Marisa Heath & Jenilee Harris
Eliminated: Marisa Heath

7.
Best: Lucy Ratcliffe
Worst: Tashi Brown & Stephanie Jones
Eliminated: Stephanie Jones

8.
Best: Lucy Ratcliffe
Worst: Naomi Teal & Tashi Brown
Eliminated: Naomi Teal

Best: Jenilee Harris
Worst: Edwina Joseph & Tashi Brown
Eliminated: Tashi Brown

9.
Best: Edwina Joseph
Worst: Jenilee Harris & Lucy Ratcliffe
Eliminated: Jenilee Harris

Final Two: Edwina Joseph & Lucy Ratcliffe
Winner: Lucy Ratcliffe

Britain's Next Top Model
Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which areas of land are cultivated for a short time.Shifting cultivation is practised in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin,tropical Africa,parts of southeast Asia and northeast India. These are areas of heavy rainfall and quick regenerating of vegetation. Then they are left to grow back their natural vegetation, while the farmer moves to another area. It is practised in forested areas of the Amazon basin.It is one of the rudimentary forms of cultivation.
After cultivation a plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them.The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize,yam,potatoes and cassava are grown. After the soil looses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot.
Because the soil is no longer protected from the large trees in the rainforest system, it can be ruined easily by thick rain and too much sun.
One of the main problems with shifting cultivation is that the land is ruined after being used 3 to 4 times, which means that the areas of land are abandoned and not prepared to grow again- and the rainforest becomes smaller with each preparation for a new piece of land. 
Shifting cultivation is also known as slash and burn agriculture.

Agriculture
Juan Pablo Longueira Montes (born August 12, 1958) is a Chilean politician and industrial civil engineer. He has been the Minister of Economy, Development and Tourism of Chile since 2011. He is a member of the Independent Democratic Union (UDI), a right-wing political party. He was a Senator before being appointed by President Sebastián Piñera to serve in the Cabinet. He was a deputy from 1990 until 2006.

On March 30, 2007, Longueira began his candidacy for president in the 2009 presidential election. However, he cancelled that on May 3. On April 29, 2013, Longueira was nominated by the UDI as its candidate for the 2013 presidential election, replacing Laurence Golborne.

Longueira is married to Cecilia Brinkmann Estévez. He has seven children.

Other websites 

 Pablo Longueira official site 
 Senate campaign site  

1958 births
People from Osorno
Living people
Chilean politicians
Osorno is a city and commune in southern Chile. It is the capital of Osorno Province in the Los Lagos Region. It had a population of 145,475 as of the 2002 census. It is  south of the national capital of Santiago,  north of the regional capital of Puerto Montt and  west of the Argentine city of San Carlos de Bariloche, connected via International Route 215 through the Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass.

Osorio is at the confluence of Rahue and Damas River. It is the main service centre of agriculture and cattle farming in the northern Los Lagos Region. The city's cultrual heritage has Spanish, Huilliche and German influences.

Other websites 

  Municipality of Osorno
 OsornoChile.Net  - Information and Pictures of Osorno
Osorno on Google Maps

Cities in Chile
Paulo Andrés Garcés Contreras (born August 2, 1984 in Parral) is a Chilean footballer.

Clubs

Sources 
 Data on the udechile.cl

1984 births
People from Parral
Living people
Chilean footballers
Rubber Duck is a floating sculpture designed by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman. It is the largest rubber duck in the world.

Other websites

Sculptures
Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
Ducks
Abu Dhabi (, ʼAbū Ẓaby) is one of the emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. It is the largest of the seven. The capital city of UAE, Abu Dhabi, is in this emirate. Al Ain is Abu Dhabi's second largest urban area with a population of 348,000 (as of the 2003 census estimate).

Current monarchies
Savka Nevenka Pollak Tomasevic (born 31 August 1973 in Santiago) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter of German, Polish and Croatian origin.

Television

Other websites 
 

1973 births
People from Santiago
Living people
Chilean journalists
Chilean television presenters
Avast! is a brand of antivirus software. It is a free downloadable software that is compatible with Windows XP through Windows 10. It has many features, Avast! Cloud services and upgrades can be bought from inside the program. There are no PC maintenance features. In May 2013, it was the top download of free antivirus of Softonic.

References

Other websites 
 Avast! link

Antivirus software
Free software
Humility Cooper (c. 1619 - prior to 1651) was a passenger on the ship Mayflower in 1620. She was born in Holland to Robert and Joan (Gresham) Cooper of Henlow, Bedfordshire, England about 1619.  

Cooper sailed to the New World with her uncle and aunt, Edward and Ann (Cooper) Tilley.  The Tilleys died during their first winter in the New World.

Humility, and her aunt and uncle left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620.  On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  John Tilley was a signer. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

In Plymouth Colony and back in England 
Cooper received one acre of land when land was divided among the Pilgrims in 1623 She was included in the Edward Winslow family.  She was also included in the Brewster family when the livestock were divided in 1627 so she lived with them for a time. 
In 1651 William Bradford wrote about her saying she "was sent for into England and there died". She was baptized in London on 17 March 1638  when she was aged 19. It is unknown whether she married or had children.  Cooper died before 1651.

References

English people
17th-century births
17th-century deaths
Mayflower passengers
Resolved White (16151687) was a passenger on the Mayflower.  Resolved was the oldest child and given his name as the family resolved or "determined" to make a new life for themselves.  They were Separatists and did not believe in the teachings of the Church of England.

Voyage 
Resolved left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land.  The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

Life in Plymouth Colony 
William White, died in 1621. Resolved's mother married Edward Winslow, another Mayflower passenger.  The family grew and he had five step-brothers and sisters.  One of his step-brothers became Plymouth Colony Governor Josiah Winslow.

When Resolved became a young man he was given 100 acres of land and later he was granted more land. In 1658 he was made a Freeman of Plymouth Colony.  This gave him many rights such as the right to vote.

In 1676, Resolved was a soldier in King Philip's War of 1676 and in 1680.

White married Judith Vassall in 1640. They had seven children: William, John, ResolvedSamuel, Anna, Josiah, Susanna, 

White died in 1687 at Winslow Cemetery and was bured by his first wife Judith. The burial place of his second wife Abigail is unknown. There is also a monument in the Winslow Cemetery to "The Settlers of Green Harbor Marshfield" with Resolved White, his wife Judith, and his brother Peregrine White are mentioned.

References

Mayflower passengers
17th-century births
1687 deaths
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 14 is the fourteenth season of America's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 24-year-old Krista White from Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
 Brenda Arens
 Alasia Ballard
 Raina Hein
 Tatianna Kern
 Gabrielle Kniery
 Simone Lewis
 Anslee Payne-Franklin
 Angelea Preston
 Naduah Rugely
 Jessica Serfaty
 Alexandra Underwood
 Ren Vokes
 Krista White

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Jessica Serfaty
Worst: Alasia Ballard & Gabrielle Kniery
Eliminated: Gabrielle Kniery

3.
Best: Raina Hein
Worst: Naduah Rugely & Ren Vokes
Eliminated: Naduah Rugely

4.
Best: Alasia Ballard
Worst: Brenda Arens & Ren Vokes
Eliminated: Ren Vokes

5.
Best: Alasia Ballard
Worst: Anslee Payne-Franklin & Simone Lewis
Eliminated: Simone Lewis

6.
Best: Jessica Serfaty
Worst: Tatianna Kern & Alexandra Underwood
Eliminated: Tatianna Kern

7.
Best: Angelea Preston
Worst: Alasia Ballard & Brenda Arens
Eliminated: Brenda Arens

8.
Best: Krista White
Worst: Alexandra Underwood & Anslee Payne-Franklin
Eliminated: Anslee Payne-Franklin

9.
Best: Krista White
Worst: Alasia Ballard & Jessica Serfaty
Eliminated: Alasia Ballard

10.
Best: Krista White
Worst: Jessica Serfaty & Raina Hein
Eliminated: Jessica Serfaty

11.
Best: Krista White
Worst: Alexandra Underwood, Raina Hein & Angelea Preston
Eliminated: Alexandra Underwood & Angelea Preston

Final Two: Raina Hein & Krista White
Winner: Krista White

Notes

America's Next Top Model
Giulio Andreotti (January 14, 1919 – May 6, 2013) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democracy party. He was the 41st Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1992. He was also Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978), Defense Minister (1959–1966 and 1974) and Foreign Minister (1983–1989). He was a Senator for life from 1991 until his death in 2013. He was also a journalist and author.

Andreotti was born on January 14, 1919 in Rome, Italy. He studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza. Andreotti was married to Livia Danese from 1945 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Andreotti died on May 6, 2013 in Rome from respiratory complications, aged 94.

References

Other websites

"Les procès Andreotti en Italie"  ("The Andreotti trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by University of Toulouse II, Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate (Study group on contemporary history) 
Il Divo  a Paolo Sorrentino Film

1919 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Politicians from Rome
Prime Ministers of Italy
Writers from Rome
Raymond "Ray" Harryhausen (June 29, 1920 – May 7, 2013) was an American visual effects creator, writer, and producer. He lived in London, England, from 1960 until his death in 2013. He won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for the 1949 movie Mighty Joe Young. His final work featured in the movie Clash of the Titans.

Harryhausen was born on June 29, 1920 in Los Angeles, California to a German family. He was married to Diana Livingstone Bruce from 1963 until his death in 2013. Harryhausen died on May 7, 2013 in his home in London, England from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites

Mother Goose Stories – complete animation film from 1946 on Archive.org
A 2003 interview at Netribution
Ray Harryhausen: An Animation Legend (2004 interview)  at Tail Slate

1920 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Academy Award winners
American animators
People from Los Angeles
Same-sex marriage is recognized in all of the United States. As of May 2014, same-sex marriage was legal in 19 states: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington. It was also legal in Washington, D.C.. On June 26, 2015, the United States Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage is legal in all states, because of the 14th Amendment.

The movement to give marriage rights and benefits to homosexual couples in the United States began in the 1970s. It grew in United States politics around 1993 when the Supreme Court of Hawaii declared the prohibition in that state to be unconstitutional. It was not until around the 21st century that public support for same-sex marriage began growing. On May 9, 2012, Barack Obama was the first President to declare public support for the legalization of same-sex marriage. On June 26, 2015 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional (see United States v. Windsor). That section prevented the federal government from recognizing marriages other than marriages between one man and one woman.

United States federal legislation
Same-sex marriage
The Saab JAS 39 Gripen is a fourth-generation fighter aircraft.

History 
It was created by Saab, a Swedish aerospace company, for use in the Swedish Air Force. The decision for a new aircraft system was made by the Minister of Defence, Torsten Gustafsson. It was approved by Parliament in 1982.

Usage 
The Gripen is one of the first multi-role combat aircraft that can be used for fighter, attack and reconnaissance missions as well as switching between them during flight, hence the name of the JAS 39.  ‘J’ stands for the initial of the Swedish language word for "Hunting", meaning attack against air targets, "attack" to attack ground and sea targets, and ‘S’ stands for the Swedish word for "reconnaissance", to take photos and films.  The name Gripen is the result of a contest held in the early 1980s, and means ‘griffin’.

The Gripen aircraft fighter system has for years been the backbone in the Swedish air force. Recently the Swedish government decided to acquire the latest version of the system, Gripen E, and Saab signed an agreement with the Swedish Defence Material Administration about development and modification of Gripen E.

Military aircraft
Sweden
Sylvia Celeste Shoemaker (known as Sylvia Browne; October 19, 1936 – November 20, 2013) was an American writer and a self-acclaimed psychic. Her predictions began around 1974. She appears on talk shows. She has had her own hour-long radio talk show. In March 2011, Sylvia had a heart attack while in the Hawaiian Islands. 

Browne has been the subject of frequent criticism for making psychic predictions that were later proven false. These have included several predictions related to missing persons, most notably Shawn Hornbeck and Amanda Berry.

She was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Browne was Jewish. Browne made many wrong predictions. She predicted that President Barack Obama would not be re-elected as President of the United States. (In September, she made a different prediction that Obama would be re-elected.) Obama won the presidential election in November with 51.06% of the national popular vote and 62% of the electoral college. 

In May 2003, she told Larry King in an interview that she would die at the age of 88. Browne died on November 20, 2013 in San Jose, California from heart failure with her husband and children by her side, aged 77.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 The Society of Novus Spiritus — Browne's church
 Sylvia Brown's Online Talk Show at HayHouseradio.com

American Jews
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Writers from Kansas City, Missouri
1936 births
2013 deaths
Martín Andrés Cárcamo Papic (born April 21, 1975 in Viña del Mar) is a Chilean television presenter and actor of Basque and Croat origin.

He debuted in television on the Chilean TV channel Rock & Pop where he was the host of Media Naranja and Noches de Verano. Later in 2004 he joined TVN, being the host of Pasiones, replacing Felipe Camiroaga. In 2008 he replaced Rafael Araneda in Rojo, Fama Contrafama. In 2009 was a judge of the Festival de Viña del Mar, and until recently he hosted Calle 7.

In October 2010, it was announced that he left TVN to join rival channel "Canal 13", where he will start working in January 2011, at the end of his current contract.

As a theatre actor, Cárcamo was part of Ellas Quieren y Él No Puede.

TV shows

Canal 2 Rock & Pop 
Media Naranja
Noches de Verano

Chilevisión 
Extra Jóvenes
Ya Siento que Vienen por mí
Amor a Ciegas
El Último Apaga la Luz
Panoramix
Primer Plano

Televisión Nacional de Chile 
Pasiones
Corre Video
Cada Loco con su Tema
El Último Pasajero
Rojo, el valor del talento
Calle 7

Canal 13 (Chile) 
 Bienvenidos
 Quiero Mi Fiesta
 El Último Pasajero
 Vértigo

References

Other websites 
 

1975 births
Chilean stage actors
Chilean television presenters
Living people
People from Viña del Mar
Raúl Ernesto Ruiz Pino (25 July 1941 – 19 August 2011) was an experimental Chilean movie maker, writer and teacher. His work is best known in France. He directed over 100 films.

References

Other websites

Time magazine obituary (2011) by Richard Corliss

1941 births
2011 deaths
People from Puerto Montt
Chilean movie directors
Creatine is a combination of three non-essential amino acids. These are methionine, arginine and glycine. Creatine is used to produce adenosine triphosphate. The short word for Adenosine triphosphate is ATP. ATP is the energy of the human body. Creatine is already in the body as a natural substance and in some food (for example beef). The body changes creatine to phosphocreatine. It is then stored as energy in the muscles.  The energy systems of the body are: aerobic, lactate and phosphocreatine. Most of the creatine is used in the lactate system and the phosphocreatine system because these two systems need more energy the aerobic system. They also take a part of the energy from the production or the absorption of creatine.

Effects on the human body 
Creatine has two main effects: increase of muscles and increase the amount of protein synthesis. The increase comes from the water retention of cells that store creatine. For protein synthesis, it is not entirely known, but creatine can help with the recovery of muscle. During the time a body recovers from training, the creatine gives extra energy so the cells of the muscle can speed up the protein absorption of the cells.

The creatine is used by all the human body because it travels by the blood stream. The heart and the muscles are the main parts that use creatine cells. Most of the creatine production will be stored in the skeletal muscle because these muscles need a lot of energy and they need it quickly. The body produces about two grams of creatine per day. Only 90 to 95 percent of the human creatine production will travel in the blood stream. The five to ten percent that is not used is lost.

References

Biochemistry
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a certification program for the design,  construction and operation of high performance green buildings since 2002. This mark of excellence is known across the world and there are four levels of excellence. There are 100 possible base points distributed across five major credit categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, plus an additional six points for Innovation in Design and an additional four points for Regional Priority. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification.

LEED is not a standard but an evaluation grid.  LEED is a way to think up and realise art projects in a durable way. LEED only applies to buildings and not to products.  It is not a prize but a certification that is delivered by the CaGBC (Canada Green Building Consil). They are the ones who will make sure that all the points are well applied and respected.

So, LEED is a grid that helps us obtain a maximum gain of money, health conditions and restrictions on earth pollution.  If there is a house to build in Canada, we must do the excavation and that earth is usually brought to a landfill.  But, if you want to stay within LEED standards, that earth must be left on the site. Also, if you have to demolish a building, you must use and demonstrate that you recycled all materials in the construction. Also, that you used the maximum quantity of material possible from the old building to the one being built.

Certification

Certified: 40–49 points,
Silver: 50–59 points,
Gold: 60–79 points,
Platinum: 80 points and above

Benefits and disadvantages
There are several benefits but there are also disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage is the amount of money it takes to start a project. At first, it may seem expensive. If you look at it as a long term investment, though, a LEED project can save a good amount of money.

A 2008 white paper by the Leonardo Academy compared LEED-EB buildings to data from BOMA's Experience Exchange Report in 2007. This showed that LEED-EB certified buildings had better operating cost savings, in 63% of the buildings surveyed. It ranged from $4.94 to $15.59 per square foot of floor space, with an average valuation of $6.68 and a median valuation of $6.07.

References

Ecology
Sustainable development
Boardwalk Empire is an American television show. It was created by Terrence Winter, who also created The Sopranos. This television show is based on the novel Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times and the Corruption in Atlantic City from Nelson Johnson. The show started on HBO on September 19, 2010. It has been running for three seasons, with a total of 36 episodes. A fourth season will start showing in the second half of 2013.  On September 26, 2013, HBO announced that they were renewing the show for a fifth and final season starting in 2014. The producer is Mark Walhberg, who also produced the show Entourage. The show is about one of the first boardwalks in Atlantic City and the rise to power of legendary notorious gangsters like Al Capone, Lucky Luciano and Nucky Johnson (called Nucky Thompson here).

The first episode was produced for US$18 million. Boardwalk Empire has been nominated for 30 Emmy Awards and has won 12 of them. It has also won the Golden Globe Award for best drama TV series. The series was in the top 30 to have ever played on national television. Some of the events of this show have a historical meaning like the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. Most of the characters are based on real persons.

Story
The story takes place in Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition Era in the 1920s. It is about the life of main character Nucky Thompson. Thompson was a political figure and controlled a big part of Atlantic City during the 1920s and 1930s. Nucky has one younger brother named Eli who is also the sheriff of the place. During the first episode, alcohol is declared illegal so Nucky goes to bootlegging. He sees profit and a big opportunity there. He deals with corrupt politicians and mobsters from Chicago like Johnny Torrio (Al Capone mentor) and Arnold Rothstein most known for being a big gambler and New York kingpin. He also took an apprentice, Jimmy Darmody a young hero of the First World War, because he sees the potential in him. Nucky will have to deal with Nelson Kasper Van Alden a prohibition agent who watches his every move.

References

Sources
 Profile  on HBO
 Official website
 Historia TV 

2010s American television series
2014 American television series endings
Emmy Award winning programs
Atlantic City, New Jersey
English-language television programs
The AMX-10RC is a modern reconnaissance battle tank. It was built for use in the French army, and has been exported to two countries.

Tanks
Military of France
Richard Wilson, OBE (born Iain Carmichael Wilson; 9 July 1936) is an Scottish actor, theatre director and broadcaster. He is best known for playing Victor Meldrew in the popular BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave from 1990 until 2000. He also appeared in the BBC drama Merlin as Gaius, the court physician of Camelot.

Wilson was born on 9 July 1936 in Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In March 2013, Wilson came out as gay.

References

Other websites

 
 The Official Richard Wilson Archive
 Exclusive Interview with Richard Wilson

1936 births
Living people
Gay men
LGBT actors
Scottish LGBT people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish theatre directors
Dallas Albert Willard (September 4, 1935 – May 8, 2013) was an American philosopher also known for his writings on Christian spiritual formation. His work in philosophy has been primarily in phenomenology, particularly the work of Edmund Husserl. He was Professor of Philosophy at The University of Southern California.

Willard was born on September 4, 1935 in Buffalo, Missouri. He studied at the William Jewell College, at the Tennessee Temple College, at Baylor University, and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Willard died on May 8, 2013, after a short battle with cancer in Pasadena, California, aged 77. His last words were "Thank you."

References

Other websites
Dallas Willard's website (including many articles online)

1935 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American philosophers
American Christians
Writers from Missouri
Jason Statham (born 26 July 1967) is an English Actor, Producer and former Model.

Statham is known for his roles in Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998),  Snatch (2000), The One (2001), The Transporter trilogy (2002–08), The Italian Job, (2003),  Death Race, Crank (2006), War (2007), The Bank Job (2008), The Expendables (2010), The Expendables 2 (2012), Expendables 3 (2014) and The Expendables 4 (2022). Many of these roles are as antihero in action movies. He does most of his own stunts.

Statham was born on 26 July 1967 in Shirebrook, Derbyshire, England. He was raised in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Statham has been partners with Kelly Brook from 1997 until they separated in 2004. He began dating model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley in April 2010 and they got engaged in 2016. He and Rosie welcomed a son named Jack in June 2017.

References

Other websites

 

1967 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
English movie producers
Martial artists
Actors from Derbyshire
Actors from Norfolk
Bryan Forbes (John Theobold Clarke; 22 July 1926 – 8 May 2013) was a British actor, screenwriter, movie director and producer, and writer. He was known for directing the 1975 horror movie The Stepford Wives. He was nominated for an Academy Award.

Forbes was born on 22 July 1926 in Stratford, West Ham, Essex. He was raised in Forest Gate, West Ham. Forbes studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. 

He was married to Constance Smith from 1951 until they divorced in 1954. He was married to Nanette Newman from 1955 until his death 2013. They had two daughters.

Forbes was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1975. In 2012, Forbes said that he was misdiagnosed. Forbes died on 8 May 2013 in Virginia Water, Surrey, England from a long illness, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 
 BFI Screenonline article
 Britmovie article 
 Bryan Forbes at hollywood.com
 Bibliography of Forbes' fiction and non-fiction

1926 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Essex
Actors from London
British movie actors
British movie directors
British movie producers
British screenwriters
British stage actors
British television actors
Disease-related deaths in England
Writers from Essex
Writers from London