cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) is an American labor union representing over 200,000 film and television principal performers and background performers worldwide. According to SAG's Mission Statement, the Guild was created to negotiate and enforce reasonable salaries, benefits, and working conditions for its performers; collect compensation for exploitation of recorded performances by its members, and provide protection against unauthorized use of those performances; and preserve and expand work opportunities for its members.

The Guild was founded in 1933 in an effort to end exploitation of actors in Hollywood who were being forced into oppressive multi-year contracts with the major movie studios that did not include restrictions on work hours or minimum rest periods, and often had clauses that automatically renewed at the studios' discretion.  These contracts were notorious for allowing the studios to dictate the public and private lives of the performers who signed them, and most did not have provisions to allow the performer to end the deal.

In addition to its main offices in Hollywood, SAG also maintains local branches in several major US cities, including:  Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Las Vegas, Miami, Nashville, New York City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington DC.

Since 1995, the guild has annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards.

The membership of the Screen Actors Guild voted to merge with the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists on March 30, 2012. It was later renamed as SAG-AFTRA.

SAG Presidents 

 1933-1933 Ralph Morgan
 1933-1935 Eddie Cantor
 1935-1938 Robert Montgomery
 1938-1940 Ralph Morgan
 1940-1942 Edward Arnold
 1942-1944 James Cagney
 1944-1946 George Murphy
 1946-1947 Robert Montgomery
 1947-1952 Ronald Reagan

 1952-1957 Walter Pidgeon
 1957-1958 Leon Ames
 1958-1959 Howard Keel
 1959-1960 Ronald Reagan
 1960-1963 George Chandler
 1963-1965 Dana Andrews
 1965-1971 Charlton Heston
 1971-1973 John Gavin
 1973-1975 Dennis Weaver

 1975-1979 Kathleen Nolan
 1979-1981 William Schallert
 1981-1985 Edward Asner
 1985-1988 Patty Duke
 1988-1995 Barry Gordon
 1995-1999 Richard Masur
 1999-2001 William Daniels
 2001-2005 Melissa Gilbert
 2005-2009 Alan Rosenberg
 2009–2012 Ken Howard
Later merged as SAG-AFTRA

References

Other websites 
 Screen Actors Guild official site
 Screen Actors Guild Foundation official site
 Actor Rates 2005-2007
 SAGIndie, the Independent Producers Outreach Program of the Screen Actors Guild
 Screen Actors Guild Awards website
 Hollywood Is a Union Town, published in The Nation, April 2, 1938
 SCREEN ACTORS GUILD ANNOUNCES REFERENDUM BALLOT DATES
 SAG background actors pay calculator 

1933 establishments in the United States
2012 disestablishments in the United States
Trade unions in the United States
Los Angeles
1930s establishments in California
A Screen Actors Guild Award is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) to recognize outstanding performances by its members. The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.

SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. Nominations for the awards come from 4200 randomly selected members of the union, with the full membership (120,000 as of 2007) available to vote for the winners.  The awards have been televised for the past several years on TNT, but now also airs on TBS.

The first SAG Awards aired live on February 25, 1995 from Stage 12, Universal Studios. The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while later awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center. Bob Hope was given the first award.

Awards

Film awards 
 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role

Television awards 
 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series
 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series

Life Achievement Awards 
 Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award

References

Other websites 
SAG Awards official site

1995 establishments
Entertainment awards
Movie awards
Machair or machar is a Gàidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) word used to describe a fertile low-lying grassy plain found on some of the north-west coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular the Outer Hebrides. There are machairs in the Isle of Skye, The Isle of Barra, the Isle of Harris and all throughout the west coast and islands.

References 
 Angus, S. (1997). ''The Outer Hebrides: the Shaping of the Islands". The White Horse Press. 

Environments
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981) was a German-American biophysicist and Nobel laureate.

Delbrück was one of the most influential people in the movement of physical scientists into biology during the 20th century.

Delbrück's big idea was to explore genetics by means of the bacteriophage viruses which infect bacteria. This was important in the early development of molecular biology.

Biography
Delbrück was born in Berlin, German Empire. Trained as a physicist, he got his Ph.D. in 1930. he traveled through England, Denmark, and Switzerland. He met Wolfgang Pauli and Niels Bohr, who got him interested in biology.

In 1937, he moved to the United States to pursue his interests in biology, taking up research in the Biology Division at Caltech on genetics of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.  While at Caltech Delbrück became acquainted with bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophage or 'phage').

Delbrück remained in the US during World War II, teaching physics at Vanderbilt University in Nashville while pursuing his genetic research.  In 1942, he and Salvador Luria of Indiana University demonstrated that bacterial resistance to virus infection is caused by random mutation and not adaptive change. This research, known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment, was also significant for its use of mathematics to make quantitative predictions for the results to be expected from alternative models. For that work, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, sharing it with Alfred Hershey.

During the 1940s Delbrück developed a course in bacteriophage genetics at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory to encourage interest in the field. In 1947, Delbrück returned to Caltech as a professor of biology where he remained until 1977.

References 

1906 births
1981 deaths
American molecular biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
American biophysicists
California Institute of Technology faculty
German biologists
German Nobel Prize winners
German physicists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Berlin
Educators from California
Scientists from California
Salvador Edward Luria (Turin, Italy, August 13, 1912 – Lexington, Massachusetts, February 6, 1991) was an Italian microbiologist.

He won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering work with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey on phages in molecular biology.

Biography
Luria was born Salvatore Edoardo Luria in Turin, Italy to an influential Italian Sephardic Jewish family. He attended the medical school at the  University of Turin. There, he met two other future Nobel laureates: Rita Levi-Montalcini and Renato Dulbecco.

In Rome, he was introduced to Max Delbrück's theories on the gene as a molecule and began to formulate methods for testing genetic theory with bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria.

In 1938, he received a fellowship to study in the United States, where he intended to work with Delbrück. Soon after Luria received the award Benito Mussolini's fascist regime banned Jews from academic research fellowships.

Without funding sources for work in the U.S. or Italy, Luria left his home country for Paris, France in 1938. As the Nazi German armies invaded France in 1940, Luria fled on bicycle to Marseilles where he received an immigration visa to the United States.

Phage research
Luria arrived in New York City on September 12, 1940 and soon changed his first and middle names. With the help of physicist Enrico Fermi, whom he knew from his time at the University of Rome, Luria received a fellowship at Columbia University. He soon met Delbrück and Hershey, and they collaborated on experiments at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and in Delbrück's lab at Vanderbilt University.

His famous experiment with Delbrück in 1943, known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment, demonstrated that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles and that mutant genes occurring randomly can still give viral resistance without the virus being present. The idea that natural selection affects bacteria has profound consequences, for example, it explains how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.

From 1943 to 1950, he worked at Indiana University, Bloomington. His first graduate student was James D. Watson, who went on to discover the structure of DNA with Francis Crick. In January 1947, Luria became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

In 1950, Luria moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. While investigating how a culture of E. coli was able to stop the production of phages, Luria discovered that specific bacterial strains produce enzymes that cut DNA at certain sequences. These enzymes became known as restriction enzymes and developed into one of the main molecular tools in molecular biology.

References 

1912 births
1991 deaths
American activists
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Italian Jews
Italian biologists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Microbiologists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Turin
Italian Nobel Prize winners
The flag of Mexico contains a coat of arms which is derived from an Aztec symbol depicting an eagle with a snake in its mouth.
 
In the early 14th century, the Mexica people were a wandering tribe  looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on top of a cactus. The legend relates that the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow Texcoco lake. The Mexica invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there. That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire, which dominated central Mexico until its destruction by Spanish Conquistadores led by Hernando Cortes.

After winning its independence from Spain in 1810, the newly created nation of Mexico–whose capital was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan–adopted the symbol of the eagle and the snake to commemorate its Aztec heritage. The symbol can be found at the center of the Mexican flag.

References

 http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/45177.html
 http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Mexico/Mexican-Flag-Symbol/1074 

Mexico
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan started out as an agricultural and population center for the Olmec civilization, which inhabited a region of what is today southeastern Mexico. The Olmecs emerged as early as 1500 BC as the earliest complex society in the Americas. San Lorenzo is best known as the first city established in the Americas.

The main reason San Lorenzo flourished at such an early period is its location within the Coatzacoalcos flood plain, which provided fertile land for farming. Thus, the settlement of San Lorenzo follows the pattern of settlement of the world’s very first urban centers, which emerged in the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia. Because of the high farming value of the surrounding land, San Lorenzo ranked as the Olmecs’ most populous settlement from 1200-900 BC. During that period, San Lorenzo had the biggest trade market in all of the Olmec Heartland.

For unknown reasons, many people migrated out of San Lorenzo in 800 BC to the nearby city of La Venta. However, San Lorenzo was repopulated in 600 BC, when it became a center for Olmec ritual sacrifices until the population faded away in 400 BC along with the Olmec civilization. Today, San Lorenzo remains a significant archaeological site because the artifacts found there–including the famous Colossal Heads and jade masks–shed some light on Olmec culture and its profound influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec and Maya.

Settlements in Mexico
Terrace farming (also called step farming) is a method of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (hills and mountains) is a World Heritage Site. It dates back two thousand years.

This method of farming uses "steps" that are built into the side of a mountain or hill. On each level, various crops are planted. When it rains, instead of washing away all of the nutrients in the soil, the nutrients are carried down to the next level. These steps prevent water from washing away the soil and plants. This system also allowed them to build aqueducts, which carried water to each level.

The idea was also independently developed by the Inca people. The Incas built their aqueduct system so well that it is still used today.

References 

Terrace Farming: A unique agricultural solution. Social Studies for Kids. Web. 11 Apr. 2011.

Other websites

Terrace Fields around the World

Agriculture
Sapa Inca was the  Inca emperor.  means "The Great Inca" or "The Only Inca" in Quechua, the Inca language. According to legend, the first Sapa Inca, Manco Cápac (c. 1200 CE- 1230) was the son of the sun god, Inti. Manco Cápac became Sapa Inca by founding the city of Cuzco after he was sent on a quest by a god to find a good location for a city and build one. He also united the tribes around Cuzco.

The position of Sapa Inca was hereditary, which means that it passed from father to son. The Sapa Inca was the sole and absolute ruler over the Incas. His word was law, and he was the supreme commander of the military. The Sapa Inca lived in great luxury with many wives, slaves, and riches. Another privilege that he had was that he was allowed to (and usually would) marry his sister even though it was prohibited for common people. When the Sapa Inca died he would be mummified.

The Inca Empire reached its height under Huayna Capac (1493–1527) when it stretched from modern day Argentina to Ecuador, although Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-1493) was responsible for expanding much of the empire to those borders. Tupac Yupanqui conquered the Kingdom of Chimor, the biggest rival to the Inca. He expanded the empire into modern day Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Atahualpa was the last pre-conquest Sapa Inca. He was killed by the invading Spaniards in 1533 and after that there were several Sapa Inca who were installed by the Spanish. The last person to hold the title was Tupac Amaru who was killed by the Spanish in 1572.

References

South America
The central dogma of molecular biology is a phrase by Francis Crick, who proposed the double helix structure of DNA.
It means that information passes from DNA to proteins via RNA, but proteins cannot pass the information back to DNA.

Crick first wrote it in 1958, and repeated it in 1970.

The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information. 

There are 3 major classes of such biopolymers: DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein. There are 3×3 = 9 conceivable direct transfers of information that can occur between these. The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3: 
3 general transfers (believed to occur normally in most cells), 
3 special transfers (known to occur, but only under specific conditions in case of some viruses or in a laboratory), and 
3 unknown transfers (believed never to occur). 

The general transfers describe the normal flow of biological information: DNA can be copied to DNA (DNA replication),  DNA information can be copied into mRNA, (transcription), and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template (translation).
 
The dogma is a modern version of the Weismann barrier (after August Weismann). This is the principle that hereditary information moves only from genes to body cells, and never in reverse. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells.

References 

Molecular biology
Ubar is a ruined city in Oman. English adventurer Ranulph Fiennes discovered the city in 1992. According to Nicolas Clapp, this probably is the lost city Iram of the Pillars the Qu'ran talks about. 

Today, ruins are left, which can be reached in a four-wheel drive. Part of the area forms the ceiling to underground vaults, which have collapsed. These vaults hold water supplies for a nearby settlement, which houses a small museum.
Oman
de:Ubar
Little Caesars is a pizza company in the United States. It is the 4th biggest pizza company in the United States. It was founded on May 8, 1959 in Garden City, Michigan by Mike Ilitch. It is a subsidiary of Ilitch Holdings, Inc.

References

Other websites
Official website

American restaurants
Companies based in Detroit, Michigan
1959 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Michigan
The Human League is a British pop music band from Sheffield. The Human League has 3 members: Philip Oakey, Joanne Catherall, and Susan Ann Sulley. The band originally had 6 members. The other 3 members were Ian Burden, Jo Callis, and Philip Adrian Wright. They all left The Human League in the late 1980s.

The Human League started in 1977 and they had their greatest success during the 1980s. They continue to make new music today. Philip Oakey, the band's singer, is the only Human League member that has been with the band since it started. The other 2 members, Joanne Catherall and Susan Ann Sulley, joined The Human League in 1980.

The Human League has made 10 albums. Their newest album is called "Credo" and it was released in March 2011. Some of The Human League's hit songs are "Don't You Want Me", "Keep Feeling Fascination", "The Lebanon" and "Human".

Albums

Below is a list of all the albums by The Human League.
 Reproduction (1979)
 Travelogue (1980)
 Dare (1981)
 Fascination (1983)
 Hysteria (1984)
 Crash (1986)
 Romantic (1990)
 Octopus (1995)
 Secrets (2001)
 Credo (2011)

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Electronic music bands
English pop music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from Sheffield
New wave bands
20/20 is a television newsmagazine on ABC. It has been on ABC since June 6, 1978 and is currently airing. 20/20 is recently hosted by Chris Cuomo and Elizabeth Vargas, currently hosted by David Muir and Amy Robach.

Anchors
 Harold Hayes (1978)
 Robert Hughes (1978)
 Hugh Downs (1978–1999)
 Barbara Walters (1979–2004)
 Diane Sawyer (1998–2000)
 Charles Gibson (1998–2000)
 Sam Donaldson (1998–2000)
 Connie Chung (1998–2002)
 Jack Ford (2000–2001)
 John Miller (2002–2003)
 John Stossel (2003–2009)
 Elizabeth Vargas (2004–2018)
 Chris Cuomo (2009–2013)
 David Muir (since 2013)
 Amy Robach (since 2018)

Other websites
 Official ABC News website
 
 
 

2000s American television series
2010s American television series
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
"Hit the Road Jack" is a rhythm and blues song from the 1960s.

History
Percy Mayfield wrote and sang "Hit the Road, Jack" in 1960. 

Ray Charles made the song famous. Ray Charles's song was number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in fall of 1961. 

The song is ranked #377 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Lyrics
The chorus of the song is:
Hit the road, Jack, and don't you come back no more, no more, no more, no more.
Hit the road, Jack, and don't you come back no more.

The words of this song are not standard English. In standard English, the words could be "Hit the road, Jack, and don't come back again" or "Hit the road, Jack, and don't come back anymore"

In this context, "hit the road" is an idiom meaning "get lost," as the following words indicate.

Recording Details
For the most popular recording
 Title: "Hit the Road Jack"
 Artist: Single by Ray Charles
 B-side: "The Danger Zone"
 Released: September 1961
 Format: 7", 45rpm
 Genre: R&B
 Length: 2:00
 Label: ABC
 Writer(s): Percy Mayfield

1961 songs
R&B songs
Olaf Scholz (; born ) is a German politician, and has been Chancellor of Germany since 8 December 2021. He was First Mayor of Hamburg from 7 March 2011 to 13 March 2018. From 2018 until 2021, Scholz was the Vice Chancellor of Germany and Federal Minister of Finance during the Angela Merkel cabinet.

Early life
Scholz was born on June 14, 1958, in Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, but grew up Hamburg's Rahlstedt district. He began studying law at the University of Hamburg in 1978 as part of a one-stage legal training course.

Hamburg and national politics
From May to October 2001, he was Minister of the Interior (Innensenator) of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and from 2002 to 2004 he was general secretary of the SPD.

In 2005 Scholz was elected a member of the sixteenth Bundestag, and succeeded Franz Müntefering as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, when the latter left office in 2007.

In 2010, Scholz took part in the annual Bilderberg Meeting in Sitges, Catalonia, Spain.

On 20 February 2011, the Social Democrats led by Scholz won the Hamburg state election, 2011 with 48.3% of the votes, resulting in 62 out of 121 seats in the Hamburg Parliament.  Scholz resigned as a member of the seventeenth Bundestag on 11 March 2011 shortly after his election as First Mayor.

Merkel cabinet
After the 2017 federal election, the CDU, CSU and SPD agreed to continue a coalition, Scholz was accepted by all parties as Federal Minister of Finance. Scholz was sworn in alongside the rest of the Government on 14 March 2018. He also took the role of Vice-Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel. Within his first months in office, Scholz became one of Germany's most popular politicians, reaching an approval rating of 50 percent.

Chancellor of Germany

2021 federal election

On August 10, 2020, the SPD party executive nominated him as its chancellor candidate for the 2021 federal election in Germany. Scholz led the SPD to a narrow victory in the election, winning 25.8% of the vote and 206 seats in the Bundestag.

On 8 December 2021, Scholz was elected and sworn-in as Chancellor by the Bundestag with 395 votes in favour and 303 against. At  of age, Scholz is the oldest person to become Chancellor of Germany since Ludwig Erhard who was  old when he assumed office on 17 October 1963.

Tenure
During his campaign in the 2021 election, Scholz was against forcing a COVID-19 vaccine mandate. However, since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant began to rise in late November 2021, he supported a vaccine mandate, including closure of non-essential retail stores to unvaccinated adults and a vaccine mandate for adults.

Personal life
Scholz is married to SPD politician Britta Ernst since 1998. The couple live in Potsdam since 2018.

References

1958 births
Living people
members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Mayors of Hamburg
People from Osnabrück
Politicians from Lower Saxony
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Chancellors of Germany
Current national leaders
Sunny Day Real Estate is an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. Sunny Day Real Estate formed in 1992 when they were originally called Empty Set. The started in 1992 and broke up in 1995 because Goldsmith and Mendel were leaving to join Dave Grohl's band The Foo Fighters. They reunited in 1997 and disbanded again in 2001. They reunited once again in 2009.

Discography

Albums 
 Diary (1994)
 Sunny Day Real Estate (1995)
 How It Feels to Be Something On (1998)
 The Rising Tide (2000)

Other websites 
Sunny Day Real Estate's Official website

American rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Musical groups established in 1992
1992 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1995 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Washington (state)
1990s disestablishments in Washington (state)
2000s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Alfred Day Hershey (December 4, 1908 – May 22, 1997) was an American Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist and geneticist.

He was born in Owosso, Michigan and received his B.S. in chemistry at Michigan State University in 1930 and his Ph.D. in bacteriology in 1934, taking a position shortly thereafter at the Department of Bacteriology at Washington University in St. Louis.

He began doing experiments with bacteriophages with Italian-American Salvador Luria and German Max Delbrück in 1940. He found that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.

He moved with his wife Harriet to Cold Spring Harbor, New York, in 1950 to join the Carnegie Institution for Science's Department of Genetics. There he performed the famous Hershey-Chase blender experiment with Martha Chase in 1952. This experiment provided additional evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.

He became director of the Carnegie Institution in 1962 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, shared with Luria and Delbrück for their discovery on the replication of viruses and their genetic structure.

Other websites
Nobel biography
Biographical Memoir: Alfred Day Hershey by Franklin W. Stahl for the National Academy of Sciences
Key Participants: Alfred D. Hershey - Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History

1908 births
1997 deaths
American chemists
American geneticists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Scientists from Michigan
American Nobel Prize winners
American microbiologists
A night terror, also known as a sleep terror, is a sleep disorder that causes extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. The person having the night terror wakes up suddenly, usually gasping, moaning, or screaming while waking. It is often impossible to wake up the person fully because they are so concentrated on waking, and after the terror the subject normally settles back to sleep without waking. A night terror can rarely be recalled by the subject. They typically occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Other websites
Night Terror Resource Center 
eMedicine Health: Night Terrors 
National Institutes of Health, Medline Plus: Night Terrors
National Library of Medicine - Medical Subject Headings: Night Terrors

Sleep disorders
Health problems
Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was an American neurobiologist and Nobel Prize winner. 

He shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. In 1989, Sperry also received the National Medal of Science.

Before Sperry's experiments, some research evidence seemed to indicate that areas of the cerebral cortex were largely interchangeable. In his early experiments, Sperry showed that the opposite was true: after early development, circuits of the brain are largely hardwired. That is, they are set with a particular function.

Sperry's work was on 'split-brain' research. In his Nobel-winning work, Sperry tested ten patients who had undergone an operation developed in 1940 by William Van Wagenen, a neurosurgeon in Rochester, NY.  

The surgery, designed to treat epileptics with grand mal seizures, severed (cut) the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer signals between the right and left hemispheres.  

Sperry and his colleagues tested these patients with tasks that were known to be dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness.  In his words, each hemisphere is

This research contributed greatly to understanding how each cerebral hemisphere works. 

Some activities, such as naming objects or putting blocks together in a particular way, can only be done when using one side of the brain or the other. It seems the left hemisphere usually specializes in language processes and the right is dominant in visual-construction tasks.

References 

1913 births
1994 deaths

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
American Nobel Prize winners
American neuroscientists
Scientists from Hartford, Connecticut
Machair was a Scottish Gaelic television soap opera produced by Scottish Television Enterprises between January 1993 and April 1999.

Machair was written in English and translated into Gaelic, then given English subtitles and broadcast during primetime.  At first, critics thought this process would not work, but when the show aired it got lots of praise from reviewers.  Kenneth Roy, television critic of Scotland on Sunday, described it as "A credit to the company (Scottish Television) and a smack in the face to those of us who were doubtful" and after a few episodes said "It is even better than it looked at first glance quite simply the best thing to have happened to television in Scotland for a long time." Audiences liked the show too. Machair got 30% audience share and made it into the Top Ten of programmes viewed in Scotland, even though fewer than 2% of the Scottish population can speak Gaelic.  It was nominated for awards for production and writing from The Celtic Film Festival and Writers Guild of Great Britain.

References

Other websites
 

1993 television series debuts
1999 television series endings
1990s British television series
British soap operas
Scotland in fiction
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
1999 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British television series debuts
1990s establishments in Scotland
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is made into useful petroleum products by fractional distillation and other processes. Products include gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas.

References

Other websites 

 Searchable United States Refinery Map
 Interactive map of UK refineries 
Complete, detailed refinery description
Petroleum Refinery Planning and Optimization Using Linear Programming
Student's Guide to Refining
 Global refinery shortage shifts power balance
Ecomuseum Bergslagen  - history of Oljeön, Sweden
Detailed refinery description 
Fueling Profits: Report on Industry Consolidation (publication of the Consumer Federation of America)
Price Spikes, Excess Profits and Excuses (publication of the Consumer Federation of America)
Refinery study
2011 NACS Annual Fuels Report 
Basics of Oil Refining Overview of crude oil refining process
Basics of Oil Refining  Overview of crude oil refining process with focus on Canadian crude oil
Refinery Animations & Videos  Oil Refinery Process Animations,Videos & 360 Degree Views
Chicago Bridge & Iron: Virtual Refinery 
Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons, ENI and Treccani ed., 5 volumes

Energy
Fuel
The following is a list of episodes from the American animated series Rugrats. The first episode aired on Sunday, August 11, 1991. The first three seasons aired between 1991 and 1995. The series returned with two Jewish holiday specials in April 1995 and December 1996. From 1997 to 2004, the series began airing regular episodes again. The 10th anniversary special "All Growed Up" aired on July 21, 2001, on Nickelodeon. Rugrats ended on Sunday, August 1, 2004. Rugrats reruns still air on TeenNick’s late night programming block NickRewind. There are 9 seasons, 172 episodes, three movies, and two direct-to-DVD specials.

Series overview

Episodes

Pilot (2001)

Season 1 (1991–92)

Season 2 (1992–93)

Season 3 (1993–95)

Season 4 (1996–97)

Season 5 (1998)

Season 6 (1999–2001)
In the United States, episodes 102, 111, 123 and 124 were held over from this season and ended up airing during Season 7. The first Klasky Csupo logo still appeared after the second logo appeared at the end of The Rugrats Movie. The second logo did not appear until "Runaway Reptar".

Season 7 (2001–02)
During season 7, Rugrats made a change with a different format that consisted of three episodes per show. Additionally, all half-hour stories from this point on had two ad breaks instead of one. This is the only season of Rugrats to have three episodes per show.

Season 8 (2001–03)
The original format for Rugrats was brought back for season 8. However, the half-hour episodes retain having two commercial breaks. The first Klasky Csupo logo appeared after the credits in the early airings of this season. However, the Season 8 DVD from Amazon.com, "The '90s Are All That" and the later airings kept the second logo.

Season 9 (2002–04)
The third Klasky Csupo logo appeared after the credits in the early airings of this season. However, the Season 9 DVD from Amazon.com, "The '90s Are All That" and the later airings kept the second logo.

DVD releases
Nickelodeon and Amazon.com produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows through the CreateSpace service. Using a concept similar to print on demand, Amazon manufactures the discs, cover art, and disc art. , Seasons 1–9 were available. , the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.

In Australia, Beyond Home Entertainment has released all 9 seasons on DVD.

In May 2017, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Entertainment released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD. In February 2018, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD.

Rugrats Tales from the Crib (2005–06)
These movies are direct-to-DVD movies that are part of the Rugrats series.

Notes

References

General references

Other websites
 TV.com's Rugrats episodes
 TV Guide's Rugrats episode

Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes
Catscratch is a cartoon television show that aired on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons Network from 2005 to 2007.

American children's television series
Nickelodeon
English-language television programs
2005 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
The American Airlines Center (also known as the AAC) is a multi-purpose arena. It is in the Victory Park neighborhood, near downtown Dallas, Texas. It is currently used by the Dallas Stars, Dallas Mavericks and, Dallas Vigilantes. It is also used for concerts and entertainment.

References

Sports buildings in Texas
Sports in Dallas, Texas
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Texas
Dallas Stars
Torsten Nils Wiesel (born June 3, 1924) is a Swedish neuroscientist.

He and David Hubel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries of information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.

After serving as president of the Rockefeller University, he is now director of the Shelby White and Leon Levy Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior at the same institution. He is also an advisor to several countries and organizations, mainly helping young scientists do research. He is a member of the President's Council of University of the People.

Torsten was married to American editor Jean Stein from 1995 until they divorced in 2007.

References 

Foreign Members of the Royal Society
1924 births
Living people
Swedish neuroscientists
People from Uppsala
Yi junyong (or Lee Junyong, , hanja: , June 25 1870 - March 22, 1918) was a Korean politician. He was a member of the Joseon Dynasty royal family. He was the grandson of Heungseon Daewangun, and elder nephew of Emperor Kojong of the Korean empire. He was rival of his uncle Kojong 1874 to 1907. His title was 'Prince Youngseon' ().

References

Other websites 
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=536044
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=128028

1870 births
1917 deaths
Korean politicians
Polski Koncern Naftowy Orlen S.A. (PKN Orlen) is a Polish oil and gas company. It has a lot of petrol stations in Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Lithuania and Slovakia. It is the biggest company in Poland and one of the biggest oil and gas companies in Europe.

History
PKN Orlen was founded in People's Repubic of Poland.In 1999 it was privatized.

Brands of PKN Orlen Group
 Basell Orlen Polyolefins
 Petrochemia Płock
 UniPetrol
 Benzina
 Solino
 Anwil
 Orlen KolTrans
 Orlen Lietuva
 Polkomtel
 Orlen Transport
 Orlen Lietuva
 Orlen Oil
 Orlen Gaz
 CPN
 Bliska
 Star
 Benzina Plus
 Ventus
 Orlen Petrocentrum
 Orlen Wir
 Orlen Medica
 Orlen Budonaft
 Spolana
 Orlen International Exploration and Production Company
 Orlen Upstream

Companies of Europe
Poland
Sir Richard John Roberts FRS (born 6 September 1943, Derby) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist.

He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Sharp for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".

Roberts has worked at Harvard University, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and New England Biolab. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

Work 
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. Roberts and Sharp independently found out that the genes in adenovirus (which causes the common cold), were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing.

In 1997 Roberts proved that in the adenovirus coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns.

Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.

The second part of Robert's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version. This is now used in genetic engineering.

Suggested effect on evolution 
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.

Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:

"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments - the individual pieces of the mosaic - are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".

References 

1943 births
Living people
English biochemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
English molecular biologists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Derby
Asseco Poland S.A. is a Polish company in the technology sector, the biggest in Warsaw Stock Exchange.

History
It was founded in 1991.

References

Technology companies of Europe
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Poland
Etta Baker (March 31, 1913 – September 23, 2006) was an American blues guitarist and singer from North Carolina, United States. She played in the Piedmont blues style.

Baker was born Etta Lucille Reid in Caldwell County, North Carolina of African American, Native American, and European American origin. Since the age of three she played 6- and 12-string guitar and Banjo. She was thought by her father, who was also a Piedmont blues musician. She did her first recording in 1956, when folk singer Paul Clayton was asked by her father to listen to his daughter. She played "One Dime Blues" and Clayton was very impressed. Next day he did some recordings with his taperecorder in Etta Bakers home.

Over the years she played with different musicians like Bob Dylan, Taj Mahal, and Kenny Wayne Shepherd. Etta Baker had nine children, one of them died in the Vietnam War. She died at the age of 93 in Fairfax, Virginia, while visiting a daughter who had suffered a stroke.

Honours
North Carolina Folk Heritage Award from the North Carolina Arts Council (1989)
National Endowment for the Arts' National Heritage Fellowship (1991)
North Carolina Award (2003)
North Carolina Folklore Society's Brown-Hudson Folklore Award (1982 - together with her sister Cora Philips)

Discography
 1956 : Instrumental Music From the Southern Appalachians (1956, Tradition Records; reissued 1997)
 1990 : One Dime Blues
 1998 : The North Carolina Banjo Collection (various artists) (1998, Rounder)
 1999 : Railroad Bill
 2004 : Etta Baker with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 50)
 2005 : Carolina Breakdown  with Cora Phillips (Music Maker 56)
 2006 : Knoxville Rag with Kenny Wayne Shepherd (CD Title: "10 Days Out- Blues From The Backroads", it also includes a DVD that shows Kenny & Etta playing guitar in her kitchen), Reprise Records, 2006

Singers from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
1913 births
2006 deaths
Piedmont blues
Susumu Tonegawa (born 6 September 1939) is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987.

He discovered the genetic mechanism that produces antibody diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training. In his later years, he has turned his attention to the molecular and cellular basis of memory.

Tonegawa is best known for elucidating the genetic mechanism in the adaptive immune system. If each antibody was coded by one gene, it would take millions of genes to protect against antigens.

Instead, as Tonegawa showed in a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976, genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies. The main mechanism is called RNA splicing.

Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure. Tonegawa compared the DNA of B cells (a type of white blood cell) in embryonic and adult mice. He found that genes in the mature B cells of the adult mice are moved around, recombined, and deleted to make the many versions of the variable region of antibodies.

The critical work 
The critical work was started in Basle, Switzerland, and later at MIT. "Our work resolved the long held debate on the genetic origin of antibody diversity. It turned out that this diversity is generated by somatic recombination of the inherited gene segments and by somatic mutation".

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References 

1939 births
Living people
Japanese scientists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Aichi Prefecture
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
Kyoto University alumni
A chamber pot (also a chamberpot), a piss pot, a potty, a po, a gazunder, or a thunder pot) is a container with a handle, usually used as a urinal at night. It is kept in a bedroom under a bed or in a nightstand.

During Victorian times, some chamber pots were built into a cabinet with a closeable cover.

History
The chamber pot was originally designed for females. Called the Bourdaloue, it allowed women to urinate squatting or sitting without accidents. It was supposedly named after the French Catholic priest Louis Bourdaloue, whose sermon were so long that women brought Bourdaloue so they could urinate without having to leave.

In the 19th century, water closets started to be more common than chamber pots, but chamber pots were still used until the mid-20th century. Today, they are used in countries that have no indoor plumbing.

In North America and the UK, "potty" refer to the toilets made especially for potty training. These toilets are similar to chamber pots.

In the Philippines, chamber pots are used as urinals and are commonly called "Arinola" in Philippine languages like Tagalog and Cebuano.

In Korea, chamber pots are referred to as yogang (요강). Currently, they are still used in some country regions in the North.

Related pages

Furniture
SimCity 2000 is a city building computer game released in 1994. It is the sequel to SimCity. It had a lot of new things such as more power plants, hills and mountains, subways, water pipes, prisons, schools, libraries, museums, and hospitals. There were also roads, highways, and other buildings.

The game also had different scenarios.

1994 video games
Windows games
PlayStation games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo 64 games
SimCity
Amiga games
DOS games
Sega Saturn games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Jonathan Dickinson State Park is a Florida State Park and historic site in Martin County, Florida, between Hobe Sound and Tequesta. The park has many kinds of areas, such as sand pine scrub, pine flatwoods, mangroves, and river swamps. The Loxahatchee River, which was named a National Wild and Scenic River in 1985 (the first in Florida), runs through the park. The address is 16450 S.E. Federal Highway, Hobe Sound.

History
The park is named after Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant who was shipwrecked in 1696, with his family and others, on the Florida coast near the present-day park. He wrote a journal about their encounters with local tribes, and their journey up the coast to St. Augustine.

A man known as Trapper Nelson lived on the banks of the Loxahatchee River after coming to the area in the 1930s, living off the land trapping and selling furs. He soon became known as the Wildman of the Loxahatchee. After he died in 1968 the state got his land, and gave it to the park. 

The United States Army established Camp Murphy, a top-secret radar training school, in the area that is now the park, in 1942. The camp included over 1,000 buildings, and housed more than 6,000 officers and soldiers. The camp stopped being used in 1944, after only two years. Most of the camp buildings were torn down, but some of the building foundations remain. The property was given to the State of Florida in 1947, and opened as a state park in 1950.

Recreational activities
The park has such activities as bicycling, boat tours, boating, cabins, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horse trails, kayaking, picnicking areas, swimming, wildlife viewing and full camping facilities. It also has the Elsa Kimbell Environmental Education and Research Center, with exhibits about the park's natural and cultural history.  The park operates a 44-passenger boat for tours of Trapper Nelson's homestead.

Gallery

Other websites
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park  – official site
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park at State Parks of the United States
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park  at Absolutely Florida

Florida
State parks in the United States
1950 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Florida