cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Multitasking is a feature available on iOS that allows multiple applications to run and perform tasks at the same time. It is available in iOS 4 or later.

Multitasking was first released in June 2010 with the release of iOS 4.0.  Only iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation were able to use multitasking. The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2 was released in November 2010. Multitasking is currently supported on iPhone 3GS or newer, iPod Touch 3rd generation or newer, and all iPad models.

Features

Fast app switching
Fast app switching lets apps to pause and resume themselves quickly and easily change to other apps.An app that is on the screen is "running". An app that is not on screen but is still in memory is "suspended". All apps that are built with iOS 4 SDK support fast app switching if running on iOS 4 and a compatible device. Users can use fast app switching by opening the multitasking bar. The multitasking bar can be displayed by double-tapping the home button.

Task completion
Task completion lets apps continue a certain task after the app has been suspended. Apps can ask for up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background in iOS 4.0 or later.

Running in the background
Apps can run in the background by using background APIs. The following are available in iOS 4.0 or later:
 Audio—plays audio
 Location—uses location services
 VOIP—makes VOIP calls
The following two APIs were added in iOS 5.0:
 Newsstand—downloads content for Newsstand
 External accessory—interacts with an external accessory

Related pages
 Multitasking

References

Apple software
The name Gordon is a masculine given name in the English language. The name is also a family name in Scotland. People who have the name Gordon include race-car driver Jeff Gordon, and English actress Lucy Gordon. The name has been used on several hurricanes over the Atlantic Basin. In November 1994, Hurricane Gordon moved through Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola and the southeastern United States.

Given names
Surnames
The Barnum Museum is a museum in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It collects memorabilia pertaining to 19th century circus showman, P. T. Barnum.

Museums in the United States
Connecticut
Denise is a female given name. It is a feminine form of the masculine name Dennis. The name Denise means "to be devoted to Bacchus". People with the name include Deniece Williams, Denise Richards, Denise Darcel and Denise Huxtable, a character on The Cosby Show.

Given names
The Anglo-Dutch Wars ( or ) were a series of wars fought between the Dutch Republic and first the Kingdom of England and then the United Kingdom of Great Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries. The nations fought for control over trade routes on the seas.  All of the wars were mostly fought by naval warfare.

The First War (1652–1654) took place during the Interregnum in England, the period after the Civil War when England did not have a king or queen. The war was fought between the navies of England and the Dutch Republic (also known as the United Provinces). It mainly took place in the English Channel and the North Sea. It ended with the Royal Navy of England gaining control of these seas and a monopoly over trade with the English colonies.

The second (1665–1667) and third (1672–1674) wars happened after the English Restoration of the monarchy. England tried to end the Dutch monopoly over world trade. Most of the fighting in both wars was done in the North Sea. In the Third War, England fought alongside France. Both of these wars ended in strong victories for the Dutch. They confirmed the Dutch Republic's position as the leading maritime power of the 17th century. The English took New Netherland and the Dutch let them keep it in return for Suriname.

The Fourth War (1780–1784) took place after the Acts of Union 1707 in Great Britain, and involved the Dutch Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain. It mainly started because Britain disagreed with the Dutch trading with the United States during the American Revolutionary War. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris (1784). It ended with a very bad defeat for the Dutch. They lost parts of their Dutch Empire.

Related pages
 Glorious Revolution
 History of the Netherlands
 History of England
History of the United Kingdom
 British East India Company
 Dutch East India Company
 Anglo-Manipur War

References

More reading
 D. R. Hainsworth, et al. (1998) The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652-1674
 James Rees Jones (1996) The Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century
 Angus Konstam and Tony Bryan (2011) Warships of the Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-74

Other websites
 .
National Maritime Museum , London.
Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyters' flagship 'The Seven Provinces'  is being rebuilt in the Dutch town of Lelystad.
 .

17th century in Europe
18th century in Europe
History of the Netherlands
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Wars series
Abigail is a feminine given name. The name is from the Hebrew name Avigail, which indicates "father rejoice". The name can be shortened to Abbie or Abby. People with the name include Abigail Breslin, Abigail Adams and Abbie Cornish. The shorthand Abby was used for several Atlantic hurricanes in the 1960s.

People named Abigail
 Abigail Adams (1744–1818), wife of U.S. President John Adams
 Abigail Breslin (born 1996), American actress
 Abbie Cornish (born 1982), Australian actress
 Abigail Fillmore (1798–1853), wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore
 Abigail and Brittany Hensel, (born 1990), American conjoined twins
 Abigail (born as Abigail Rogan) (born 1946), Australian actress
 Abigail Kubeka (born 1945), South African jazz musician and actress
 Abigail Spears (born 1981), American tennis player

Given names
The Tosa Inu () also called the Japanese Mastiff is a breed of dog of Japan.  It was originally bred in Tosa (present day Kōchi) as a fighting dog and still today is a known fighting dog.

Appearance 
The Japanese breed generally weighs between 40 and 60 kg, while the non-Japanese breeders have focused on dogs that weigh from 55 to 95 kg and stand 24.5 to 31 inches (62 to 80 cm) at the withers.
The coat is characterized by its short and smooth appearance and is often red, brindle, or fawn. Occasionally it can be a dull black, but this is somewhat rare. Maintenance of the coat is usually minimal. Dogs should be very muscular and athletic. Tosa is a very resistant to pain and physical exhaustion.

History
This breed originated in the second half of the nineteenth century in Japan. The breed started from the native Shikoku-Inu, an indigenous dog weighing about 25 kilograms (45 pounds) and standing about 55 centimetres high, which closely resembles the European Spitz.  These dogs were crossed with European dog breeds, such as the Old English Bulldog in 1872, Mastiff in 1874, St. Bernard, German Pointer in 1876,  Great Dane in 1924, and the Bull Terrier.  The aim was to breed a larger, more powerful and very fast agile fighting dog. Today it is still used in some countries as a fighting dog, but usually it is kept as a pet where it is ideal companion. In family environment Tosa is patient and very friendly in attitude.

References

Other websites
 Shakuhachi Imperial Tosa-inu 
 Tosa Inu Information Pages
 Wielie Walie Tosa Inu 
 Molosserworld's Tosa Inu Page 
 More Japanese dog breeds
 Greatbreed.com 
 Ostuni, Steve (2003) Japanese Tosa.  Allenhurst: Kennel Club Books. .
 Tosa Inu Information Pages

Dog breeds
Computer data storage is the name for a number of components of a computer. The main purpose of these components is to store data. The central processing unit is then able to fetch and change the data. In most computers, there is a computer memory hierarchy: Memory that is "closer" to the CPU is usually faster to access, but it is also smaller; data that is stored in this kind of memory usually needs electrical power to keep the data.

Memory that is farther away is usually slower to access, but also bigger.  Classical storage media of this kind of data include hard drives and USB flash drives.  Some media offer even more capacity, but accessing them is very slow. Examples for such media are tape drives. Modern CPUs have registers that can store data, they also often have several levels of cache.

Finally, there is the main memory the CPU can access. These three are usually referred to as Primary data storage. Some computers also have a cache memory.

Secondary storage is usually not directly accessible by the CPU, and data needs to be transferred to primary storage to be available. Secondary storage includes hard drives and non-volatile random-access memory. Tertiary storage is used for archival and backup; very often it is copied to secondary storage before use. Software is sometimes distributed by tertiary media such as magnetic tape and CD-ROM.

Computing
Eugene Onegin (, Yevgeniy Onegin) is a novel in verse by Alexander Pushkin.

It is a classic of Russian literature. It was published in parts between 1825 and 1832. The first complete edition was published in 1833, and the currently accepted version is based on the 1837 publication.

Almost the entire work is made up of 389 stanzas of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme "AbAbCCddEffEgg". This form has come to be known as the "Onegin stanza" or the "Pushkin sonnet."

The story is told by a narrator (a lightly fictionalized version of Pushkin), whose tone is educated, worldly, and intimate. The narrator digresses at times, commenting on aspects of the social and intellectual world. This helps develop the characters and the drama of the plot.

An opera Eugene Onegin by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky has been composed based upon the book.

The storyline 
Onegin, a nobleman who has just taken over his uncle's estate, is a fine young dandy, but bored and cynical. He does not value shy, bookish Tatyana Larina. Soon after their meeting she bares her soul to Onegin in a letter. She expresses her love for him.

Onegin does not write back. When they meet in person, he rejects her advances. This famous speech is often referred to as 'Onegin's Sermon' He admits that the letter was touching, but says that he would quickly grow bored with marriage and can only offer Tatyana friendship. He advises her to keep more emotional control in the future, lest another man take advantage of her innocence.

As their lives develop. His life falls apart after he kills his best friend in a duel. On the other hand, her life blossoms.

Years pass, and he attends a society ball in St. Petersburg. He sees a beautiful woman who captures the attention of everyone. He realizes her as Tatyana. Now she is married to an aged prince. He becomes obsessed with winning her affection, despite the fact that she is married. However, his attempts are rebuffed. He writes her several letters, but receives no reply.

Eventually Onegin manages to see Tatyana, and offers her the opportunity to renew their past love. She recalls the days when they might have been happy, but that time has passed. Onegin repeats his love for her. Faltering for a moment, she admits that she still loves him, but she will not allow him to ruin her. She declares her determination to remain faithful to her husband. She leaves him to his bitter regrets.

Notes 

Russian novels
19th-century books
1820s books
The name Flora is a female given name. The name originally referred to a plant. Hurricane Flora in 1963 struck many Caribbean Islands. The storm killed more than 7,000 people.

Given names
Gertrude is a female given name. It comes from Germanic words that mean "spear" and "strength". The short forms of Gertrude are Gertie or Gert. The name Gertrude was used for an Atlantic storm in 1974. Gert has been used for Atlantic tropical storms every six years since 1981.

Given names
Monica is a female given name. In the United States, the name was very popular in the late 1970s, when it peaked near #39. The popularity has been declining since then. In 2010 the name ranked #363. The 1858 novel Doctor Thorne had a character was named Monica Thorne. People with the name include Monica Lewinsky, Monica Seles and Monica Potter. Fictional people by the name include Monica Geller from the television sitcom Friends.

Forms of the name include the French name Monique.

Given names
Agatha is a female given name. It comes from the Ancient Greek word agathos, meaning "good". The name last ranked in the Top 1000 girls names in the United States in the 1930s.

Saint Agatha of Sicily was a 3rd-century saint. There was a famous crime writer named Agatha Christie. There have been several tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Region named Agatha. Tropical Storm Agatha in 2010 caused over $1 billion in damage and over three hundred deaths across Central America.

There are different versions of the name, for example Agata.

People named Agatha
 Saint Agatha of Sicily (died 251), Christian saint
 Agatha Barbara (1923–2002), only female President of Malta
 Agatha Christie, British novelist
 Agatha Sangma (born 1980), member of the Parliament of India

Given names
The name Lisa is a female given name. It is a form of the name Elizabeth.

Across the United Kingdom, Lisa was the fifth most popular female name. Around 1996, the name fell out of Top 100. In the United States, during the 1960s and 1970s, Lisa was among the most popular feminine names. However, by around the late 1970s, the name began to decline.

People with the name include Lisa Loeb, Lisa Kudrow, and Lisa Marie Presley. In the Atlantic, there have been several tropical cyclones named Lisa.

Given names
Lake Malawi (or Lake Nyasa, Lake Niassa) is a lake in Africa. It is the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system. It is shared between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Before Malawi became independent in 1964, the territory was called Nyasaland. For this reason, Mozambique and Tanzania call the lake Lake Nyasa.

Lake Malawi is the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. It is the ninth largest lake in the world. 

Malawi
Geography of Malawi
Geography of Mozambique
Geography of Tanzania
Safed (, Tzfat; , Ṣafad) is a major city in northern Israel. It is in the Safed region of the Upper Galilee Mountains. Safed is an international center for Kabbalah study. It is one of Judaism's four holiest cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Tiberias. 

Located at an elevation of 900 meters (2,953 feet), Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and in Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed has warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters.

Due to its pleasant climate and scenic views surrounded by pine forests, Safed has become a popular holiday resort visited by Israeli and foreign tourists.

Related pages 
 Safed Old Jewish Cemetery

Other websites 

Zefat.net
Safed's Old City 

Cities in Israel
A writ of  (; Latin: "may you have the body") is a writ (legal action) that requires a person who has been arrested or imprisoned to be brought to a judge or into court. Once the person is brought before the court, the judge will determine if the person is being lawfully detained or must be released.

References

Other websites
 ACLU: Background on Habeas Corpus
 Library of Congress: Magna Carta: Muse and Mentor
 This American Life: 331: Habeas Schmabeas 2007
 Habeas Corpus Resource Center

Law
Human rights
Latin phrases
Jean-Luc Godard (born 3 December 1930) is a French-Swiss movie director, producer, editor, cinematographer, writer and actor. He was born in Paris to a French mother and Swiss father. The English film magazine Sight and Sound called him one of the top three film directors of all time. Breathless, based on a story by Francois Truffaut, is one of his most famous movies. He was married to Anna Karina from 1961 until they divorced in 1965.

Other websites
Godard entry at the Criterion collection

Actors from Paris
Cinematographers
French screenwriters
Movie directors from Paris
Movie editors
Movie producers from Paris
Swiss movie actors
Swiss movie directors
Swiss screenwriters
Swiss movie producers
Writers from Paris
1930 births
Living people
Amelia is a female given name. It is a form of Amalia, which comes from the Germanic word amal, meaning "work". The name also means "industrious" and "fertile". The form Amelie comes from the French equivalent Amélie. Related names are Amy and Millie.

There are many princesses and celebrities named Amelia. One is Amelia Earhart. Another is Minnie Driver, who was born Amelia Fiona J. Driver.

In 1978, Tropical Storm Amelia caused a flooding disaster across Texas and killed thirty-three people.

People
 Princess Amelia of Great Britain (1711–1786)
 Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom (1783–1810)
 Amelia Bullmore (born 1964), English actress

Places
 Amelia, Umbria, a town in Italy
 Amelia, Louisiana, a census-designated place in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, United States
 Amelia, Nebraska, an unincorporated community in Holt County, Nebraska, United States
 Amelia, Ohio, a village in Clermont County, Ohio, United States
 Amelia, West Virginia
 Amelia City, Florida, a town in Nassau County, Florida, United States
 Amelia Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador, a hamlet in the St. Barbe District, near Griguet
 Amelia County, Virginia, United States
 Amelia Courthouse, Virginia, a village in Amelia County near Richmond
 Amelia Island, the southernmost of the Sea Islands, near Florida

Media
 Amelia (film), a 2009 film based on the life of Amelia Earhart
 Amelia Bedelia, a series of US children's books

Other
 Amelia (typeface)

Given names
Dennis Henry Burkley (September 10, 1945 – July 14, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his voice role as Carl Moss in the animated series King of the Hill. 

Burkley was born on September 10, 1945 in Van Nuys, California. He grew up in Grand Prairie, Texas. Burkley died on July 14, 2013 in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California from a heart attack, aged 67.

References

Other websites

1945 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Limnognathia maerski is a microscopic animal. It is a newly discovered type, found in homothermic springs on Disko Island, Greenland in 1994. Its place in taxonomy is uncertain.

It is described as a class or subphylum in the phylum Gnathifera or as a phylum in a Gnathifera superphylum, called Micrognathozoa. It is related to the rotifers and gnathostomulida, grouped together as the Gnathifera. 

With an average length of one-tenth of a millimetre, it is one of the smallest animals known.

L. maerski has very complicated jaws, with fifteen separate parts. The parts of the jaw structure are connected by ligaments and muscles. The jaw parts are very small, ranging from 4 μm to 14 μm. The animal can extend part of its jaw structure outside of its mouth while eating. It also extends much of its jaw structure outside of its mouth when it is regurgitating (pushing out) items that are indigestible.

L. maerski has a large ganglion, or 'brain', in its head. Paired nerve cords go along the lower side of the body) to the tail. Stiff sensory bristles made up of one to three cilia are scattered about the body. These bristles are similar to those on gnathostomulids.

Flexible cilia are arranged in a horseshoe-shaped area on the forehead, and in spots on the sides of the head and in two rows on the underside of the body. The cilia on the forehead create a current that moves food particles towards the mouth. The other cilia move the animal.

All specimens of L. maerski that have been collected have had female organs. They lay two kinds of eggs: thin-walled eggs that hatch quickly, and thick-walled eggs that are believed to be resistant to freezing, and thus capable of over-wintering and hatching in the spring. The same pattern is known from rotifers, where thick-walled eggs only form after fertilization by males. The youngest L. maerski specimens collected may also have male organs: it is now thought that the animals hatch as males and then become females.

Phylogeny 
Cladogram (adapted from  ) showing the relationships of Limnognathia:

References

Comprehensive information on L. maerski
Science Now article on L. maerski 

Invertebrates
Minor phyla
A brumby is a feral horse in Australia. They are found in many areas around the country, but the best-known brumbies are found in the Australian Alps region in south-eastern Australia. Today, most of them are found in the Northern Territory and Queensland. A group of Brumbies is known as a "mob" or "band".  

Brumbies are the descendants of horses that escaped or were lost many years ago. In some cases, they descend from the horses that belonged to the early European settlers. They had brought horses from South Africa, Indonesia, Great Britain, as well as many thoroughbreds and Arabians.

Today brumbies live in many places, including some national parks. Sometimes they are captured and domesticated. Most are then used as working horses on farms or stations. Some may be used as riding horses or show horses.

Brumbies are regarded as pests by environmentalists and the government. They are considered a threat to native ecosystems. There are several programmes to eradicate (kill) all feral horses across Australia. However, there are also many people working to stop this, as brumbies are also valued by many as part of Australia's history. The Brumby also might get its name from James Brumby, a horse breeder.

References

Other websites

 Australian Brumby Alliance
 Brumby Watch 
 National Parks Wild Horse Control 

Mammals of Australia
Horse breeds
Google Maps is a mobile application for mapping that was released by Google for Android in 2008. An iOS version was released on December 13, 2012. The iOS version was released as an alternative to Apple's built-in maps application, which was released with iOS 6.

Google Maps has many features, including turn-by-turn navigation, street view, and public transit information. The application's user interface was completely redesigned. The original version did not support the iPad, but Google added iPad support with version 2.0.

Background
The built-in maps application on iOS used Google Maps until iOS 6. With the release of the first iOS 6 beta in June 2012, Apple announced that they had created their own map service. iOS 6 was released on September 19, 2012 with a new maps application that uses map data by Apple. Google decided to create its own maps application after Apple's built-in maps application was criticized a lot.

Release
Google Maps was launched on the iOS App Store on December 13, 2012. After only two days, the application had been downloaded over 10 million times. It was initially reported shortly after the application was released that the number of iOS upgrades to iOS 6 increased by as much as 30%. Later reports suggested that the increase was actually because of the iPhone 5's release in China.

Reception
The application has had mostly favorable reviews from critics. USA Today said, "The reemergence in the middle of the night of a Google Maps app for the iPhone is like the return of an old friend. Only your friend, who’d gone missing for three months, comes back looking better than ever." CNET, called it "the king of maps" and said, "With its iOS Maps app, Google sets the standard for what mobile navigation should be and more." Bree Fowler of the Associated Press compared Google's and Apple's map applications. He said, "The one clear advantage that Apple has is style. Like Apple devices, the maps are clean and clear and have a fun, pretty element to them, especially in 3-D. But when it comes down to depth and information, Google still reigns superior and will no doubt be welcomed back by its fans." Gizmodo gave it a "gizrank" of 4.5 stars. in 2013 Google even admitted that the iPhone and iPod touch version of its mapping software was more advanced than the version on its own Android mobile phone and tablet operating system.

Mobile App
Google Maps is available as a mobile app for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems. The Android app was first released in September 2008, though the GPS-localization feature had been in testing on cellphones since 2007.

Related pages
 Google Maps

References

Other websites
Google Maps on the iOS App Store

Software
Google
Cartography
The Eurocopter AS-350 Ecureuil is a light helicopter designed and built in France by Aérospatiale, and later produced by Eurocopter. It is one of the most important civilian helicopters in the world, like the United States' Bell 206. Many are used by militaries.

Specifications 
It is a single-turboshaft helicopter built entirely of metal. It can carry a pilot and at least five passengers. Some are used for aerial work. AS-350B3 is a variant for flying at high altitudes.

Variants 
 Aérospatiale AS-350Z is an experimental variant with a Fenestron tail rotor, like on the Aérospatiale SA-342 Gazelle.
 Eurocopter AS-550 Fennec is a military variant.
 Eurocopter AS-355 Ecureuil 2 is a twin-turboshaft variant.

Bibliography 
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

Helicopters
French military aircraft
German military aircraft
AS-350 Ecureuil
The  fuselage (from the French fuselé, meaning "spindle-shaped") is the main body section of an aircraft. It holds the crew and passengers or cargo, as well as an engine in many cases. It is often made out of a metal, such as aluminium.

Other websites

NASA page on fuselage
Institute of Aircraft Design and Lightweight Structures (IFL) 

Aircraft
The Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE; ) is the central stock exchange of Israel. It is in Tel Aviv. In 2014 the Stock Exchange will move to a new building next to the Shalom Meir Tower.

Other websites 

 Tel Aviv Stock Exchange website 

Stock exchanges in Asia
Economy of Israel
Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Israel Diamond Exchange Ltd. is the world's largest diamond exchange. It opened in 1937 in Tel Aviv. In 1968, it moved to Ramat Gan.

Other websites 
 Israel Diamond Exchange

1937 establishments
Companies of Asia
Economy of Israel
1930s establishments in Israel
The Jerusalem central bus station is the main bus station of Jerusalem. It is in the western entrance of the city in Jaffa Street, near the Jerusalem Binyanei HaUma Railway Station and the Jerusalem Chords Bridge.

Other websites 

 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Bus transport
The Tomb of Benei Hezir () is ancient cave tomb in eastern Jerusalem. It is from the Second Temple period. It is located in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in the Kidron Valley.

Other websites

Mount of Olives
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Burial monuments and structures
Caves
Grand Festivities Square is a festival and parade ground in Zawraa Park, Baghdad, Iraq. It was built in 1986 by order of president Saddam Hussein to celebrate the victory of Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War. There is a large reviewing stand and pavilion in the square.  The pavilion also contains a cinema and theatre. The square was used for executions and military parades. The Victory Arch was built over the two entrances to the square. Grand Festivities Square is next to The Monument to the Unknown Soldier.

Other websites 
 Great Celebrations square on WikiMapia

1986 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Baghdad
Town squares
National squares
20th-century establishments in Iraq
The Iraq Museum, lately known as the National Museum of Iraq (), is a history museum in Baghdad, Iraq. It shows the history of the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Assyria and Babylon. The museum was started in 1926 by the British mandate in the Middle East.

Other websites 
 The Virtual Museum of Iraq
 Lost Treasures from Iraq Illustrated site by University of Chicago
 The 2003- Iraq War & Archaeology
 Bogdanos, Matthew. The Casualties of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum American Journal of Archaeology, 109, 3 (July 2005)
 University of Chicago
 Rothfield, Lawrence. The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum, excerpt

Iraq
1926 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Baghdad
Marianne is a female given name. It is the French form of Mariamne, which in turn is a version of Mary. In the late Greek, Marianna was used. In 18th century France, Marianne became a popular version of the name Marian. People named Mariannne include singer Marianne Faithfull. Fictional characters with the name include Marianne Dashwood in the book Sense and Sensibility.

Given names
Nadia is a female given name, mostly in the Russian and Ukrainian languages. The name means "hope". The name is very popular in Italy, Spain, France and Russia. One person named Nadia is Nadia Comăneci. Several fictional characters are named Nadia.

Given names
The name Camille is a usually feminine given name, though there are some males by the name. The name is a French form of the name Camilla. People named Camille include Camille Claudel, a painter.

In mid August 1969, Hurricane Camille hit the Gulf Coast States of Mississippi and Alabama, causing heavy damage and killing over two hundred people.

References

Given names
The Weizmann Institute of Science ( ) is a public university for scientific research. It is in Rehovot, Israel.

Other websites 

 Weizmann Institute of Science Website
 Institute's blog on ScienceBlogs
 American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science

Colleges and universities in Israel
Scientific organizations
Retro is a term used to describe fashions, trends and other cultural items that were popular or relevant many years ago. Generally, something that is retro is at least of  fifteen or twenty years of age. For example, a video game from 1997 could be considered as something retro.

Related pages 
 Rockabilly
 Steampunk
 Vintage clothing

Cultural history
Jacob "Jack" Kevorkian (May 26, 1928 – June 3, 2011), mostly known as "Dr. Death", was an American pathologist, euthanasia activist, painter, author, composer and instrumentalist. He is best known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claimed to have helped at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said, "dying is not a crime". He was convicted of murder in 1999 and sent to prison. Concomitantly in 1999 the Geneva-based self-determination society Exit International commissioned conductor David Woodard to orchestrate wind settings of Kevorkian's organ works. Kevorkian was released in 2007.

Kevorkian was born on May 26, 1928 in Pontiac, Michigan. He was of Armenian descent. Kevorkian studied at University of Michigan Medical School. He never married and had no children. Kevorkian died on June 3, 2011 in Royal Oak, Michigan from thrombosis, aged 83. He was buried in White Chapel Memorial Park Cemetery in Troy, Michigan.

References

Other websites

 "Papa" Prell Radio interview with Kevorkian. (MP3, 15 minutes). Prell archive at Radio Horror Hosts website.
 
 "The Kevorkian Verdict: The Life and Legacy of the Suicide Doctor" Frontline; PBS.org — with timeline and other info. 

1928 births
2011 deaths
American activists
American composers
American painters
American physicians
American people convicted of manslaughter
American murderers
Deaths from thrombosis
Euthanasia activists
People from Pontiac, Michigan
Criminals from Michigan
Disease-related deaths in Michigan
Musicians from Michigan
Writers from Michigan
Agriculture is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan. It contributes only 6% of the GDP of the country, but employs 38.3% of the workforce. 21.78% of the total land area is arable land (land where crops can be cultivated (grown)) and 2.1% are used for permanent crops (crops which last for many seasons, rather than being replanted after each harvest). 16.45% of the total land area, which makes up the majority of Azerbaijan's cultivated lands, is irrigated. The major crops for are agricultural cash crops, grapes,cotton, tobacco, citrus fruits, rice, tea and vegetables. Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products. Farms in Azerbaijan are organized as state and cooperative farms which employ many farmers, and small private farms which are owned and run by one farmer and his/her family. A leading caviar producer and exporter in the past, Azerbaijan's fishing industry today is concentrated on the dwindling supply of sturgeon and beluga in the Caspian Sea.

Under the Soviet Union, agriculture in Azerbaijan was collectivized in large state farms. Collectivization meant taking the land from owners of all farms and joining it into large farms run by the government. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, economic reforms took place, which led to the rapid changes in the agricultural sector as well, including privatization. After the "Law on Land Reforms" was passed in 1996, land has been given to individuals who are now allowed to own small private farms and sell their farm products. Nevertheless, Azerbaijan's agricultural sector still needs a lot of modernization, if it is to realize its vast potential. Prices for agricultural products are below the cost of labor, because the Soviet-era communist collective farm system discouraged private initiative; equipment in general and the irrigation system in particular are old, and modern technology is still not widespread, especially in small private farms.

Related pages
 Economy of Azerbaijan 
 Azerbaijani manat

References

Other websites

 Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Azerbaijan 

Azerbaijan
Economy of Azerbaijan
The Tower of David (, Migdal David, , Burj Daud) is an ancient citadel located in Jaffa Gate of the Old City of Jerusalem. It was originally expanded during the 2nd century BC. It was destroyed and then rebuilt several times, in the Christian, Muslim, Mamluk and Ottoman periods in Jerusalem. Today the citadel is used for the History of Jerusalem Museum.

Other websites 

 360 degrees HD virtual tour of the Tower of David Museum 
 Tower of David Museum 
 A tourist's guide to the Tower of David Museum

Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls
Crusades
Fortification
Jeanette (also Jeannette) is a female given name. It comes from the name Jeanne. Other variations are Jennette, Janette and Janet. The name means "God is gracious" in Hebrew. People named Jeannette include Jennette McCurdy. Fictional characters include Jeanette Miller of the Chippettes. People named Janet include Janet Jackson, Janet Leigh and Janet Reno.

The related name Janet was used for a hurricane, which in 1955, caused major devastation in eastern Mexico.

Given names
According to Encyclopædia Britannica, a historical novel is 

"a novel that has as its setting a usually significant period of history. [It] attempts to convey the spirit, manners, and social conditions of a past age with realistic details and fidelity (which is in some cases only apparent fidelity) to historical fact. The work may deal with actual historical characters... or it may contain a mixture of fictional and historical characters".

Development
Many regard Sir Walter Scott as the first to write historical novels. György Lukács, in his The Historical Novel, argues that Scott is the first fiction writer who saw history not just as a convenient frame in which to stage a contemporary narrative, but rather as a distinct social and cultural setting.15-29 His novels of Scottish history such as Waverley (1814) and Rob Roy (1817) focus upon a middling character who sits at the intersection of various social groups in order to explore the development of society through conflict.31-38 His Ivanhoe (1820) gains credit for renewing interest in the Middle Ages.  

Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) furnishes another 19th-century example of the romantic-historical novel as does Leonie Greg Tolstoy's War and Peace. In the United States, James Fenimore Cooper was a prominent author of historical novels.69-72 In French literature, the most prominent inheritor of Scott's style of the historical novel was Balzac.92-96

References 

genres
Literature
Despina Vandi (, ), born Despina Malea ( 22 July 1969), is a Greek singer and actress. Vandi has sold one million records in Greece.

Vandi was born in Tübingen, West Germany. Her family returned to Kavala, Greece when she was six years old. She enrolled at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, but eventually dropped out to start her music career. Vandi moved to Athens in the early 1990s.

In 2003, she released the single "Gia" ("hello" or "goodbye") internationally. It became a big hit. In 2004, she did a cover of the Notis Sfakianakis song "Opa Opa". It was recorded in English which became a big hit worldwide. Even Antique has made a cover of this song.

Vandi is married to Demis Nikolaidis, ex-international soccer player and former president of AEK soccer club. She has two children, Melina (born in February 10, 2004) and Giorgos (born August 20, 2007).

Discography
Studio albums
 Gela Mou (1994)
 Esena Perimeno (1996)
 Deka Endoles (1997)
 Profities (1999)
 Gia (2001)
 Despina Vandi Live (2003)
 Stin Avli Tou Paradeisou (2004)
 10 Hronia Mazi (2007)
 C'est La Vie (2010)
 Allaksa (2012)

References

Other websites
Official website
Official Despina–Phoebus collaboration website 

1969 births
Living people
Greek actors
Greek singers
People from Baden-Württemberg
Morelos Municipality may refer to:

Morelos Municipality, Coahuila
Morelos Municipality, Chihuahua
Morelos (municipality of Michoacán)
Municipal seat: Morelos, Michoacán
Morelos (municipality of the state of México)
Municipal seat: San Bartolo Morelos
Morelos (municipality of Zacatecas)
Municipal seat: Morelos, Zacatecas

Related pages
Gran Morelos, municipality of Chihuahua
Municipal seat: San Nicolás de Carretas
Tepatitlán de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Jalisco
Municipal seat: Tepatitlán de Morelos
Ecatepec de Morelos, municipality of the state of México
Municipal seat: San Cristóbal Ecatepec de Morelos
Ocotlán de Morelos (municipality), municipality of  Oaxaca
Municipal seat: Ocotlán de Morelos
Santo Domingo de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Oaxaca
Municipal seat: Santo Domingo de Morelos
Tepelmeme Villa de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Oaxaca
Municipal seat: Tepelmeme Villa de Morelos
Totontepec Villa de Morelos (municipality), municipality of Oaxaca
Municipal seat: Totontepec Villa de Morelos  
Cañada Morelos, municipality of  Puebla
Municipal seat: Morelos Cañada
José María Morelos (municipality), municipality of Quintana Roo
Municipal seat: José María Morelos, Quintana Roo
Antiguo Morelos (municipality), municipality of  Tamaulipas
Municipal seat: Antiguo Morelos
Nuevo Morelos, municipality of Tamaulipas
Municipal seat: Villa de Morelos
Mazatecochco de José María Morelos, municipality of Tlaxcala
Municipal seat: Mazatecochco
Tropical Storm Bret was a deadly storm that crossed Venezuela, Colombia and eastern Nicaragua. Winds of this storm peaked at 60 miles an hour. Bret caused serious damage and the deaths of almost 200 people along its path. The storm happened in early August 1993. It was the deadliest Atlantic cyclone of the 1993 Atlantic storm season.

Hurricanes
20th century in Venezuela
History of Nicaragua
1993
20th century in Colombia
August events
1990s in South America
1993 in North America
Samuel Hui Koon-kit (born 6 September 1948), usually known as Sam Hui, is a Hong Kong Cantopop musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He is credited with popularizing Cantopop. His music includes Western-style music and popular, street Cantonese jargon in his lyrics writing.

Discography

Cantonese albums
gwai maa seung sing (1974)
tin choi yu bak chi (1975)
The Private Eyes (1976)
財神到 (1978)
The Contract (賣身契) (1978)
79夏日之歌集 (1979)
念奴嬌 (1980)
Security Unlimited (摩登保鑣) (1981)
難忘您‧紙船 (1982)
最佳拍檔大顯神通 (1983)
新的開始 (1983)
最喜歡你 (1984)
最緊要好玩 (1985)
熱力之冠 (1986)
宇宙無限 (1986)
潮流興夾Band (1987)
許冠傑新曲與精選 (1987)
Sam and Friends (1988)
許冠傑89歌集 (1989)
香港情懷90 (1990)
90電影金曲精選 (1990)
歌神與您繼續微笑04 (2004)
人生多麼好 (2007)

English albums
Time of The Season (1971)
Morning After (1974)
Interlude (1975)
Came Travelling (1977)

Filmography
Back Alley Princess (馬路小英雄,1973)
The Tattooed Dragon (龍虎金剛, 1973)
Chinatown Capers (小英雄大鬧唐人街, 1974)
Naughty! Naughty! (綽頭狀元, 1974)
Games Gamblers Play (鬼馬雙星, 1974)
The Last Message (天才與白痴, 1975)
The Private Eyes (半斤八兩, 1976)
Money Crazy (發錢寒, 1977)
The Contract (賣身契, 1978)
Security Unlimited (摩登保鑣, 1981)
Aces Go Places (最佳拍檔, 1982)
Aces Go Places 2 (最佳拍檔大顯神通, 1983)
Aces Go Places 3 (最佳拍檔之女皇密令, 1984)
A Family Affair (全家福, 1984)
Robby the Rascal (1985)
Working Class (打工皇帝, 1985)
Aces Go Places 4 (最佳拍檔千里救差婆, 1986)
The Legend of Wisely (衛斯理傳奇, 1987)
Chicken and Duck Talk (雞同鴨講, 1988; Cameo)
Aces Go Places 5: The Terracotta Hit (新最佳拍檔, 1989)
Dragon from Russia (紅場飛龍, 1990)
The Swordsman (笑傲江湖, 1990)
Front Page (新半斤八兩, 1990)
Laughter of the Water Margins (水滸笑傳, 1993)
All's Well, Ends Well Too (花田囍事, 1993)
Winner Takes All (大贏家, 2000)

Other websites

Sam's latest album's official site 

Actors from Hong Kong
Singers from Hong Kong
Living people
C-pop singers
1948 births
Hurricane Alma was an unusual June hurricane in 1966. The storm struck western Cuba and the Southeastern United States. It was responsible for almost 100 deaths and $210 million in damage. Its peak winds hit 125 mph. Despite the severe damage and death tolls, Alma was not retired.

Hurricanes in the United States
June events
1966 in the United States
1960s in Cuba
Robert II Archbishop of Rouen (989–1037) and Count of Évreux. He was an important and influential member of the clergy of Normandy. Robert was an advisor to five dukes of Normandy.

Career
Robert was the son of Richard I the Fearless by his wife Gunnora. He was a younger brother of duke Richard II and the uncle of duke Robert I. He was appointed the Archbishop of Rouen by his father . He was also given the countship of Évreux at the same time. Robert had always been involved in Norman politics and was a strong supporter of the Norman dukes. His nephew Richard III had a troubled and short reign of just over a year. When he was succeeded by his brother Robert I, as Duke of Normandy, Archbishop Robert had a great deal of trouble helping the new duke. In 1028 the duke attacked him and then made him leave Normandy. Duke Robert I then laid siege to Hugh d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux who also questioned his authority as duke. From exile in France, Archbishop Robert excommunicated his nephew Duke Robert and placed Normandy under an interdict. 

The Archbishop and Duke finally came to an agreement. Archbishop Robert lifted the interdict and excommunication; Duke Robert restored the Archbishop to his see. He also gave back his countship of Evereux, and returned all his properties. Duke Robert also returned all the property that he or his vassals had taken from the church. By 1033 Duke Robert was starting a major campaign against his cousin Alan III, Duke of Brittany. He and Alan had been raiding back and forth but finally a peace was negotiated between them by Archbishop Robert, their mutual uncle. In 1035 Duke Robert had decided on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After making his illegitimate son William (William the Conqueror) his heir he asked the archbishop to watch over and protect his young son. Duke Robert then set out on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem never to return to Normandy. He died on his return journey.

Archbishop Robert kept his promise and ruled Normandy as regent for William until his death in 1037. When Robert died it caused an increase in lawlessness in Normandy. Robert was a witness to at least fifteen ducal charters during his career. He influenced Norman politics for nearly fifty years.

Family
Robert married Herlevea  and they had the following children:

 Richard, Count of Évreux (d. 1067).
 Ralph de Gacé, Sire de Gace. He married Basilla, daughter of Gerard Flaitel.  They had one son, Robert, who died without heirs. Basilla 

married secondly Hugh de Gournay.
 William d'Évreux, married Hawise de Echauffour, daughter of Giroie, Lord of Échauffour, and had a daughter, Judith, who married Roger I of Sicily.
 Herleva de Evereux (married Gerard Flaitel)

References

989 births
1037 deaths
French Roman Catholics
House of Normandy
Normans
Roman Catholic archbishops
Jorge Cardona Marquez (born November 2, 1987 in Zaragoza) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is class 10 player. He played table tennis at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 2008, he finished second in team table tennis.  In 2012, he finished third in team Class 9-10.

References 

Spanish sportspeople
Living people
1987 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Zaragoza
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type Class 10
Table tennis players
Susana Echeverria Martínez (born August 24, 1976 in Pamplona, Navarra) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  She has an intellectual disability: She is a T20/F20 type athlete. She competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  She was the third best thrower in the F20 javelin.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1976 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T20
People from Navarre
Blood donation is about donating blood; it does not affect the health of the person donating.

Bloodletting is the practice  of withdrawing blood from a patient to cure a disease. The practice was widely used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. People stopped using it in the 19th century. The idea of bloodletting comes from an ancient system of medicine called Humorism: This system states, that there are different humors in the body. To remain healthy, a patient had to keep these humours in balance. Bloodletting was the most common medical practice performed by physicians from antiquity until the late 19th century, a span of almost 2,000 years.

It was found that only in very few cases, this treatment helps cure a disease. The practice has now been abandoned for all except a few very specific conditions. There was no other treatment for hypertension. Bloodletting could sometimes have had a beneficial effect in temporarily reducing blood pressure by reducing blood volume. The problem with hypertension is that it is difficult to diagonse from its symptoms. Modern methods directly measure blood pressure. In Antiquity, this  effect was therefore unintentional. In most cases, the historical use of bloodletting was harmful to patients.

The diseases where bloodletting actually helps include Polycythemia vera. In this disease, the number of red blood cells is increased, which changes the viscosity of the blood. Another disease is Polycythemia, which also leads to an increased number of red blood cells.

References

History of medicine
Paloma is a female given name. It comes from the Latin word palumba, which means "dove". This name is often understood to mean a Christian type of symbol of The Holy Spirit in this bird. The name is common in Italy, Spain and Hungary.

In November 2008, Hurricane Paloma caused heavy destruction over the Cayman Islands and Cuba. The name Paloma was then retired and replaced with Paulette for 2014.

Given names