cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
De Havilland was a British aircraft manufacturer, founded in 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland. It was based in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. De Havilland produced the first jet-powered passenger aircraft.

References

Other websites 
De Havilland Museum

Aircraft companies
Companies of England
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
1964 disestablishments
The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium is a zoo in Ohio, United States. It is one of the largest zoos in the world in terms of area () and species of animals (about 790). The zoo is located north of Columbus, in Powell, Ohio. There are about 10,000 individual animals in the zoo.

References
 The Top Ten Largest Zoos in the World

Zoos in the United States
Columbus, Ohio
Sir Alan William Parker,  (14 February 1944 – 31 July 2020) was a British movie director from Islington, London. One of his best known movies is Bugsy Malone (1975).

Early years
Parker was born into a working-class family in Islington, North London, the son of Elsie Ellen, a dressmaker, and William Leslie Parker, a house painter.

Death
Parker died in London on 31 July 2020 at age 76.

Filmography

 Melody (1971) (writer only)
 Our Cissy (1974) (short film)
 Footsteps (1974) (short film)
 The Evacuees (TV, 1975)
 Bugsy Malone (1976)
 Midnight Express (1978)
 Fame (1980)
 Shoot the Moon (1982)
 Pink Floyd—The Wall (1982)
 Birdy (1984)
 Angel Heart (1987)
 Mississippi Burning (1988)
 Come See the Paradise (1990)
 The Commitments (1991)
 The Road to Wellville (1994)
 Evita (1996)
 Angela's Ashes (1999)
 The Life of David Gale (2003)

References

Other websites
 
 Official Alan Parker Website

1944 births
2020 deaths
Disease-related deaths in London
Academy Award winning directors
BAFTA Award winning directors
BAFTA Award winning writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Movie directors from London
Movie producers from London
People from Islington
Screenwriters from London
St. Peter's Square ( , ) is a large plaza in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, Rome. The Pope frequently addresses pilgrims gathered in the square. It is named after Saint Peter.

At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.

References

Further reading
 Hibbert, Christopher, 1985, Rome: The biography of a city, London, Penguin.
 Norwich, John Julius, ed. 1975 Great Architecture of the World 
 Touring Club Italiano, Roma e Dintorni

Other websites

stpetersbasilica.info Pages for all 140 Colonnade Saints
Great Buildings On-line: Piazza of St. Peter's
Roberto Piperno, "Piazza di S. Pietro": engravings by Vasi
Mary Ann Sullivan, "St Peter's Piazza, Vatican City"
Obeliscus Vaticanus LacusCurtius.com, The Vatican Obelisk, retrieved September 4, 2006
The legend of the cry of Bresca Legendary Rome
Rome, Nova Online, Mysteries of the Nile, A World of Obelisks: Rome pbs.org, retrieved September 4, 2006
St. Peter's Square, Bernini's Fountain

Vatican City
National squares
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm" is a children's song. It tells of the different animals found on a farm and the sounds they make. Animals include a cow, a duck, a sheep, and any other animals the singer cares to imitate. A typical verse:
Old Macdonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O!
And on this farm he had a cow, E-I-E-I-O!
With a moo-moo here,
And a moo-moo there,
Here a moo, there a moo,
Everywhere a moo-moo,
Old Macdonald had a farm E-I-E-I-O!

Children's songs
The Inheritors is the 1955 second novel by the British author William Golding, who is best known for Lord of the Flies. It was his personal favourite, and concerns the extinction of one of the last remaining tribes of Neanderthals at the hands of the more sophisticated (and malevolent) Homo sapiens.

One of the band, Lok, is a "point of view" character. He is the one we follow as one by one the adults of the band die or are killed, then the young are stolen by the "new people" The new people are a group of early modern humans. Lok and Fa, the remaining adults, are both fascinated and repelled by the new people. They observe their actions and rituals with amazement, only slowly understanding that harm is meant by the 'sticks' (arrows) of the new people.

Lok's people have powerful sense-impressions and feelings, and appear sometimes to share thoughts in a near-telepathic way. They live very simply, using their mental abilities to connect to one another without extensive vocabulary or the kinds of memories that create culture. They have wide knowledge of food sources, mostly roots and vegetables. Their lives are lived so much in the present that the reader realizes they are very different from us, living in something like an eternal present, or at least a present broken and shaped by seasons. The way they cope with planning and imagination is by saying the phrase "I have a picture", and then talking about their thoughts.

In the final chapter, we move to the point of view of the new race, more or less modern humans fleeing in their boats. Apparently they are terribly afraid of the Neanderthals whom they believe to be devils of the forest. This last chapter, the only one written from the humans' point of view, points to the inheritance of the world by the new species.

1955 books
Fantasy books
William Golding
Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? is a song from the Walt Disney animated short movie Three little pigs (1933). It was written by Frank Churchill and Ann Ronell. The song buoyed spirits during the Great Depression. It inspired the title of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1963).

1933
1930s songs
A bird cage (sometimes birdcage) is a cage to hold a bird. Bird cages are used in the home to contain a pet bird, such as a parakeet or a canary. Bird cages used in the home are made of metal wire. A bird cage usually has seed and water dishes, a cuttle bone, and toys such as little bells and mirrors. However, the best ones available are shredding and foraging toys, which are more expensive than the "classic" bird accessories. These keep the birds engaged and prevent boredom. There are perches for the bird to sit on. A cage may be hung from a ceiling or a floor stand. The floor of the cage is usually lined with some sort of paper to absorb the bird's droppings, water spills, etc.

When a bird cage is round, tall and narrow or made of galvanized metal it should be avoided. Round cages confuse the birds and cause behavioral issues due to their shape, narrow and tall cages don't let the bird fly properly and any type of galvanized metal can potentially cause a lethal heavy metal intoxication.

Size
Bird cages should be at least 18x18x18 inches when it comes to small birds. For bigger species an aviary can be the best option.
Breeding birds will need a very big cage and a nest box. 
If a bird is going to be caged many hours everyday it will need at least a small aviary with a lot of shredding and foraging toys to not develop behavioral issues such as feather plucking.

Animal enclosures
Birds
Saint Sophia Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom of God, is a former Orthodox church in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.

This church was built in 1907. It was closed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1997, it was turned into a museum.

Museums in China
Buildings and structures in China
Cathedrals
1907 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in China
Entrapment is inducement to commit a crime, especially by authorities, to get a conviction. The implication is that the person might otherwise have been unlikely to commit the crime. In some countries, entrapment is a possible defence against criminal liability.

Another similar term is agent provocateur, an older French term for the person who does the inducing. 

A sting operation is a more sophisticated way to trap criminals. It usually involves leaving a bait, and filming or catching whoever takes the bait.

References 

Ethics
Law
Types of crime
Tuskegee University is in Tuskegee, Alabama. It is a historic African American college.

Related pages
Booker T. Washington

Other websites
University website

Colleges and universities in Alabama
Sung Wong Toi () is a historic relic in Hong Kong. It is now in the Sung Wong Toi Garden.

There was a legend that Sung Wong Toi was built to remember the Emperor Duanzong of Song and his younger brother. It was because they had once escaped to Hong Kong.

Reference 

Hong Kong
Monuments and memorials
Mutiny on the Bounty is an MGM movie from 1935 directed by Frank Lloyd and produced by Irving Thalberg. It was directed by Frank Lloyd. It is based on the novel of the same name by Charles Nordoff and James Hall. The movie is about the mutiny on the ship Bounty.

It stars  Charles Laughton as Captain Bligh, Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian, Franchot Tone as Roger Byam, and Movita Castaneda as a Tahitian girl. All three were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The movie won the 1935 Academy Award for Best Picture.

1935 movies
1930s adventure movies
1930s drama movies
1930s American adventure movies
Movies based on books
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Movies directed by Frank Lloyd
Omoseye Bolaji (born August 16 1968) is a Nigerian-born writer. He went on to become a successful author of many books in South Africa. He is a novelist, poet, playwright, and journalist. He was conferred with the Chancellor's Medal by the University of the Free State in 2007. His published works include Impossible Love (2000), People of the Townships (2003), My Life and Literature (2007), Miscellaneous Writings (2011) and It Couldn’t Matter Less (2013)

In 2022, Omoseye Bolaji published two new books in early February:

 BOOKS BARDS AND BARBS (2022)
 IYA ALAJE (2022)

References

Other websites
The Bard Of Bloemfontein

1968 births
Living people
Nigerian writers
South African people
Lantau Island is the biggest island of Hong Kong.

Famous Places 
 Hong Kong Disneyland
 Ngong Ping 360
 Tai O

References 

Geography of Hong Kong
Islands of China
Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama series on Netflix. Jenji Kohan created it. She is known for creating Weeds. It is based on the memoir of the same name by Piper Kerman. So far there have been three seasons with 13 episodes each. The first episode of season two aired on June 6, 2014. The third season premiered on June 11, 2015.

In April 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season, to be released on June 17, 2016. In February 2016, the series was renewed through seven seasons.

Orange Is the New Black is the first series to get Emmy Award nominations in both comedy and drama categories. The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, two Producers Guild of America Awards, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.

Plot and cast
The show is about Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a middle class woman who has been sent to prison for carrying drug money for her ex-girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), who is also put in the prison. She is engaged to a man called Larry (Jason Biggs), and describes herself as an 'ex-lesbian'. However, being in prison causes her to rethink her sexual orientation and her identity in general. The show has strong LGBT themes and has been described as a 'lesbian tv show'. Lesbian characters include Carrie "Big Boo" Black (Lea DeLaria), Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren (Uzo Aduba), and Nicky Nichols (Natasha Lyonne). Transgender prisoner Sophia Burset is played by Laverne Cox, a real trans woman. Most of the characters are women of color.

The third episode, "Lesbian Request Denied", was directed by Jodie Foster.

Critical response
Orange Is the New Black was well-received by critics. The Washington Post called the show 'brilliance behind bars'. Taylor Schilling was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for  Lead Actress in a Drama Series.

References

Other websites

2013 American television series debuts
2010s American comedy television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s LGBT television series
American comedy-drama television series
American crime drama television series
American LGBT television programs

LGBT comedy television series
LGBT drama television series

Television series set in New York
Transgender
Peabody Award winners
Netflix original shows
Charles Laughton (1 July 1899 – 15 December 1962) was an Anglo-American actor, screenwriter, producer, and director. He was born in Scarborough, North Riding of Yorkshire. He is known for playing Quasimodo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Captain Bligh in Mutiny on the Bounty. He directed The Night of the Hunter. He won the 1933 Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for The Private Life of Henry VIII. Laughton was bisexual. He was married to actress Elsa Lanchester from 1929 until his death. The couple became American citizens in 1950. They had no children. Laughton died of kidney cancer in Hollywood, Los Angeles.

Other websites 

1899 births
1962 deaths
Academy Award winners
Actors from Yorkshire
American LGBT people
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
Bisexual people
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from kidney cancer
English LGBT people
English movie directors
English movie producers
English screenwriters
English television actors
LGBT actors
LGBT directors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Best Actor Academy Award winners
The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1939 RKO movie based on Victor Hugo's novel, directed by William Dieterle, and stars Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Sullivan. 

1939 movies
1930s horror movies
1930s drama movies
American horror movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Movies directed by William Dieterle
An ealdorman (from Old English ealdorman, lit. "elder man"; plural: "ealdormen") is a term used for a high-ranking royal official who was in charge of one or more shires. The title dates from the sixth century and was in use up to the time of King Canute. Their position was a combination of administrator, judge and military commander. Ealdormen were the predecessors of the later English earls.

Office 

The king appointed an ealdorman to govern one or more shires or territories. The ealdorman was also responsible for leading his local fyrd (part-time army) in battle. But these armies owed their first allegiance to their ealdorman. Very often the support of one or more ealdormen could help a royal candidate to become king. In many cases ealdormen succeeded underkings yet kept the same rights. Several had been underkings and were members of the royal family. In early Anglo-Saxon documents ealdormen are also termed dux, princeps, or comitis in documents of the time.

History 

The term first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 568.  But it was probably used long before then.  As early as the seventh century ealdormen were seen as judges. But the development of the shire may have come later. As ealdormanries began to become hereditary (passed down from father to son) the families who held them became more and more powerful. Several rose in power second only to the king. They were described in documents by the term patricius. In the eighth century these occurred in Northumbria, Mercia and Kent. The term patricius was roughly the same as the office of mayor of the palace in the Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings. This could be dangerous for a king to have someone so powerful exercising power in his name. In the eighth and ninth centuries the most dangerous ealdormen were those who claimed royal descent. They could and in some cases did rise up against a king and took the throne themselves. In the very basic royal administrations of the time a king needed to depend on his ealdormen. A king could create ealdormen from his own family. But he could only fill only a portion of the ealdormanries in that way. As the families of ealdormen banded together in ties of mutual support it became more difficult to remove an ealdorman.

Earl 

The term ealdorman was replaced by the term earl during the eleventh century.  In the laws of King Canute both ealdormen and earls are mentioned. But there was no distinction made between them. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the title Earl was no longer interchangeable with dux or princeps. They were written at times as comes (count). King William replaced most Anglo-Saxon earls with his own appointees. He then limited the power of most earls giving them control of counties, castles or other territories. A few were given more power. These were titled Earl palatine.

Notes

References 

Anglo-Saxons
Centwine († 685) was King of Wessex from  to 685. He appears to have been one of several underkings of Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But at some point he united the kingdom of Wessex under his rule.

King of Wessex  

Centwine was the probable son of Cynegils and grandson of Ceolwulf, King of Wessex. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Centwine became king . Also that he succeeded Aescwine. Bede wrote that after the death of King Cenwalh: "his under-rulers took upon them the kingdom of the people, and dividing it among themselves, held it ten years". Bede's view of Aescwine and Centwine as underkings may represent the views of King Ine. His family ruled Wessex in Bede's time. If the kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh's death, it was reunited during Centwine's reign. An entry under 682 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Centwine drove the Britons to the sea". Aldhelm wrote Centwine won three major victories but does not say who he defeated. Centwine is reported to have abdicated and became a monk. The date of his death is unknown.

Family 

Centwine married Eangyth, niece of Eorcenbert of Kent. Her sister, Eormenburh was married to King Egfrith of Northumbria. Together they had:

 Bugga, Abbess of Eanburh.
 Oshere († bef. 720)

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
680s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Toilers of the Sea is a novel by Victor Hugo. It was published in 1866. It is about the resurrection of a sunken ship. It has been made into movies several times. 

French novels
Works by Victor Hugo
1860s books
Taronga Zoo  is a zoo in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is on the shores of Sydney Harbour in the suburb of Mosman. It was officially opened on 7 October 1916. The zoo covers about . It holds over 2,600 animals of 340 species. There is a larger, sister zoo in Dubbo, the Taronga Western Plains Zoo.

The zoo is divided into eight geographic regions of the world. The largest section is for Australian wildlife. It also has several aviaries, and an aquarium section for seals and penguins.

The Taronga Zoo also helps endangered animals.  In 2009, scientists brought some yellow-spotted tree frogs to the Taronga Zoo to breed.  Then the last wild yellow-spotted tree frogs died.  In 2018, the scientists took some of the frogs from the Taronga Zoo and put them in the wild.

Taronga is an Aboriginal word which means "beautiful view".

References

Other websites
 
 Daily Telegraph feature-section on Taronga Zoo

Zoos in Australia
1916 establishments
Buildings and structures in Sydney
1910s establishments in Australia
Mario vs. Donkey Kong is a 2004 puzzle-platform video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on May 24, 2004, in Japan on June 1, 2004, and in Europe on November 19, 2004. It is a spiritual successor to Donkey Kong, which was released for the Game Boy in 1994.

In the game, the player plays as Mario, who is chasing Donkey Kong through a toy factory after Donkey Kong stole many Mini-Mario toys. It plays similarly to the Game Boy Donkey Kong game. There are five types of levels. In the first type, Mario has to pick up a key and take it to a locked door, then find and pick up the Mini-Mario toy at the end of the level. In the second type, Mario has to guide six Mini-Mario toys to the Toy Box. While doing so, he has to protect them from dangers in the level. In the third type, Mario has to fight Donkey Kong in order to go to the next world. In the fourth type, the Plus level, Mario has to turn on one Mini-Mario with a key and take it to the door. The fifth type of level, the Expert level, plays like the first type of level, but is harder.

Other websites

2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Puzzle video games
Platform games
Mario video games
Donkey Kong
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Wii Party U is a party video game for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to Wii Party. It was released in North America and Europe on October 25, 2013, in Australia on October 26, 2013, and in Japan on October 31, 2013. But only 150 copies was ever sold due to the Wii U being a flop. That’s why the newer Mario games sucks. Nintendo have lost interest in the IP.

Gameplay
Wii Party U is a party video game which takes elements from the Mario Party series. It has over 80 minigames. Players are able to play minigames with the Wii U GamePad.

References

2013 video games
Wii U games
Party video games
The Turn of the Screw is a horror novel by Henry James. It was published in 1898. The story is about two children in a lonely country house. Their governess believes they are possessed by the ghosts of two dead servants. The novel was made into an opera by Benjamin Britten, and into a movie called The Innocents starring Deborah Kerr.

1890s books
American novels
Horror novels
Works by Henry James
English-language novels
The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James. It was published in parts (serialization) in 1880-1881. It was published as a book in the United States by Houghton, Mifflin in 1881.

It tells the story of a rich young American woman, Isabel Archer. She is exploited by the scheming Madame Merle and her friend Gilbert Osmond. Isabel weds Osmond and finds herself in a loveless marriage.

The book was a great success. It is thought one of James's finest works. The story has been adapted to a BBC television program and to a movie starring Nicole Kidman.

1880s books
19th-century American novels
English-language novels
Works by Henry James
Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James. It was published in 1879. It is about a rich and flirtatious young American woman who offends the sensibilities of the Europeans she is moving among. She is an outsider and dies after catching a fever on a visit to the Colosseum. It was a huge success and is still one of James's most popular works. The story was made into a movie starring Cybil Shepherd.

1879 books
American novels
English-language novels
Works by Henry James
Colcannon is an Irish dish made of cabbage or kale and mashed potatoes. Milk, butter, salt and pepper are usually added. It is usually eaten around Halloween.

Irish culture
Foods
Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad. It was first published in parts (serialization) in a magazine in 1899-1900. It is about the sinking of a ship and its abandonment by the crew. One of the crew, "Lord Jim", must come to terms with his cowardice. The book was made into two movies, one starring Peter O'Toole.

Works by Joseph Conrad
1900s books
Novels
Just So Stories for Little Children is a book of stories by Rudyard Kipling. It was published in 1902 by Macmillan & Co. The stories are "origin stories". They explain how things in the natural world came about, such as the elephant's trunk and the camel's hump. Kipling drew the pictures for the original edition.

Works by Rudyard Kipling
British short stories
1900s books
1902 works
Children's books
A blind or blinded experiment is a test or experiment in 
where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce. If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a double-blind trial.

Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product.  Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.

The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms blind (adjective) or to blind (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.

Examples 
Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings.  In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot.  A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.

One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.

Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.

Double-blind trials
Double-blind describes an especially reliable way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects <u/l>and</u/l> conductors.

In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group.   Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.

Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.

References 

Experiments
Crossgates Commons is a plaza in Albany, New York near Crossgates Mall. It has a lot of stores.

Stores
Upper level
Walmart
Tiger Direct
Marshalls
Bed Bath and Beyond
Home Depot
JCPenney
JCPenney Outlet
Old Navy
Golf Galaxy

Lower level
Sam's Club
Land Air Express
Target
Sears
Sears Outlet
Michaels
Olie's Bargain Outlet

Buildings and structures in New York
Songs of a Wayfarer is a set of four songs for low voice and orchestra by Gustav Mahler. Mahler started writing the music in 1884. The music was first performed on March 16, 1896. There are four songs: "When My Sweetheart is Married", "I Went This Morning over the Field", "I Have a Gleaming Knife", and "The Two Blue Eyes of my Beloved".

Compositions by Gustav Mahler
Songs
The Marble Faun is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1860. The story is set in Italy.

American novels
Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
1860s books
Ulgan (, Khakass: Ӱлген, , , ) is a creator god in Turkic mythology. He is ruler of the sky.

He lives in a golden palace on Altyn Dagh (, "Golden Mountain"). He has a golden throne and a lightning arc. His father is Kaira Khan. Ulgan lives on 16th floor of the sky, and manages the stars and other objects in the sky. It was believed that at the beginning of the universe there was only Ulgan and Erlik.

Ulgan has seven sons and seven daughters.

Children of Ulgan
Ulgan has seven sons, named Akoghlanlar (White Boys). They are "Karakush Khan, Karshyt Khan, Pura Khan, Burcha Kan, Yashyl Khan, Er-Kanym Khan, Bakty Khan". And he has nine daughters, that named Akkyzlar. No one knows the names of the daughters.

Akoghlanlar
They are the sons of Ulgan.

Karshyt Khan: The god of purity.
Pura Khan: The god of horses.
Burcha Khan: The god of prosperity.
Yashyl Khan: The god of nature.
Karakush KHan: The god of birds.
Kanym Khan: The god of confidence.
Bakhty Khan: The god of blessing.

Related pages
 Kaira - Father of Ulgan. Sky God.

Other websites
 Çoban, Ramazan Volkan, Türk Mitolojisinde İyilik Tanrısı Ülgen

Gods and goddesses
The ”’Dalmatian City-states”’ were 8 cities in Dalmatia where the autoctonous Dalmatian Italians survived the Slav invasions, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. These cities were: Zara, Spalato, Ragusa, Cattaro, Trau, Ossero (called even Cherso or Crespa), Veglia and Arbe.

History

At the beginning of the seventh century the Avars with some Slav tribes devastated and conquered the Roman province of Dalmatia. The local Latin population survived only in the coast and islands of Dalmatia. There they created 8 little cities that maintained political links with the Byzantine Empire, that defended these cities allowing their commerce.

The original name of the cities was Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium and Cattarum. The language and the laws where initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neolatin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the nineteenth century.

The cities were maritime centers with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. From it they received their Italian culture and arts. After the year 1000 AD, the Venetian Doge Orseolo II started to control all coastal Dalmatia, but it was only in 1420 AD that Venice was able to obtain the full domination of these City-states.

In this way seven of these cities became part of the Venetian republic: Zara was the most Venetian (or Italian) of them, remaining Italian until WWII.

But one of the City-states, Ragusium (or Ragusa) was dominated by Venice only for a few decades in the eleventh century and later created the famous "Repubblica di Ragusa". This was an autonomous state under the protection of the Ottoman empire, and lasted until the conquest by Napoleon in 1804 AD when was united to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy.

Notes

Bibliography

 Jackson, Thomas. Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the Island of Grado.Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1887 .

Related pages
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 Republic of Venice
 Venice and Dalmatia

History of Italy
Dalmatia
The Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas was the last battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on May 12 and 13, 1865.

1865 in the United States
19th century in Texas
Palmito Ranch
May events

AMONG US
Interstate 787 (I-787) is an Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of New York. It goes through downtown Albany. The southern end is at the toll plaza for New York State Thruway (I-87) exit 23. The location of the northern end is unclear. Some sources say it is at 8th Street in Troy. Other sources say it is at its interchange with NY 7 and NY 787 in the town of Colonie.

The route is  long if extended to Troy, or  without the NY 7 overlap.

North of NY 7, the highway continues as NY 787 to the city of Cohoes.

References

Interstate Highways
Roads in New York
Interstate 890 (I-890) is a highway in New York, in the United States. It is  long. It runs southeast to northwest, mostly within Scthenady County. Most of I-890 is six lanes wide.

Other websites 

Interstate Highways
Roads in New York
Parade Square () is a big city square in central Warsaw, Poland. It was established in 1955 by the Soviet Union together with the building of the Palace of Culture and Science. The square is one of the biggest in Europe and the world. It was used in the Communist period by the government of People's Republic of Poland for military parades. After the fall of communism in Poland in 1989 the square was abandoned and made into a marketplace.

Other websites 
  Warsaw Takes Steps on Parade Square Development in The Wall Street Journal.

Warsaw
Buildings and structures in Poland
Town squares
National squares
1955 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Poland
1950s establishments in the Soviet Union
There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Garonne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

The arrondissements of Haute-Garonne are:

History
Since its creation, the Haute-Garonne department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with eight districts: Toulouse, Rieux, Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Castelsarrasin, Muret, Saint-Gaudens, Revel, Grenadel
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Toulouse, Castelsarrasin, Muret, Saint-Gaudens, Villefranche
 1803 : the arrondissement of Muret is eliminated
 1806 : restoration of the arrondissement of Muret
 1808 : the arrondissement of Castelsarrasin is eliminated and became part of the new department of Tarn-et-Garonne
 1926 : the arrondissements of Muret and Villefranche are eliminated
 1942 : restoration of the arrondissement of Muret

References

Haute-Garonne
Lists of arrondissements of France
Anthony of Padua, O.F.M. (born Fernando Martins de Bulhões; 15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231), was a Portuguese Catholic priest. He was a friar of the Franciscan Order. He was born and raised in a rich family in Lisbon. Anthony was canonised as a saint on 30 May 1232, less than a year after his death. He is considered a patron saint of lost or stolen items.

He goes that he had a book of sacred songs in which he'd written his own personal notes. A young novice from his complex of buildings decided to leave the order. As he was leaving, he stole Anthony's book. Anthony prayed for it to be returned. Sometime later the missing novice returned to the order and asked to be taken back in, and returned Anthony's book. This was deemed a miracle.

Anthony died in Padua, Italy. After his death, because of that incident, people prayed to Anthony when they had lost something or had it stolen. Some of them got their things back. Those were also deemed "miracles." They are what got him sainthood.

References 

Christian saints
1195 births
1231 deaths
People from Lisbon
Franciscans
Hurricane Ingrid was a strong Category 1 hurricane which struck eastern Mexico at the same time another storm struck the western parts. The storm claimed the lives of 32 people in Mexico. The winds of Ingrid reached  at its peak. The storm, however, weakened before heading into Mexico as a severe tropical storm in September 2013. The name Ingrid was later retired. It was replaced with Imelda for 2019.
 
Ingrid
2013 in weather
2010s in Mexico
Baidu Baike (Chinese: 百度百科) is an online encyclopedia owned by Baidu, a Chinese search engine. It started providing service in 2006. By August 2013 Baidu Baike had about five million articles. This compares with about 700,000 articles in the Chinese Wikipedia. Early in 2018 these numbers were about fifteen million and one million.

Baidu Baike censors its content to the requirements of the Chinese government.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Websites established in 2006
Encyclopedias

2006 establishments in Asia
Nepal has a unique culture. Its cultural heritage has developed over several thousands of years. It covers Nepal's many ethnic, tribal and social classes.

There are at least 92 living languages spoken in Nepal, though some studies list 123. Nepal's languages come from three major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman and indigenous. The official national language of Nepal is Nepali, written in Devanagari script. It is the first language of about half the country's population, and is used by people of most ethnic groups to communicate with each other.

Both Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal date back more than 2000 years. The 2001 census recorded that 80.6% of the population was Hindu. Buddhism was practiced by about 11% of the population, although many people often practice their own mix of Hindu, Buddhist, and/or animist traditions. About 3.2% practice Islam. Another 3.6% of the population follows the native Kirant religion. Christianity is practiced officially by less than 0.5%.

Nepalese people have several festivals that they celebrate each year. The longest and the most important of these is Dashain. It is celebrated for 15 days, and is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Durga. Most festivals include dancing and music, as well as all kinds of local food.

Some Nepalese dances include:
Charya: popular among the Buddhist community
Kartik: started by King Siddhi Nasingh Malla in Kathmandu valley
Ghatu: popular among the Gurung and Magar communities at Gandaki Zone

Related pages
 Nepal at the Olympics
 Nepal national football team

Other websites
 Nepal Encyclopedia culture category
Nature photography is photography of natural things such as landscapes, wildlife, and plants. It can include close-ups of natural scenes and textures. Nature photography tends to put a stronger emphasis on making the photo look good than other forms of photography like photojournalism and documentary photography. Nature photographs are published in scientific, travel and cultural magazines.

Photography
Photography
Fight Club is a novel by Chuck Palahniuk. It was published in 1996 by W. W. Norton & Company. It was well received. The story is about an insomniac and a man named Tyler Durden. They start a fight club as a form of mental therapy. The book was made into a movie of the same name starring Brad Pitt and Edward Norton.

1996 books
20th-century American novels
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
English-language novels
St Augustine's Abbey was a Benedictine abbey in Canterbury, Kent, England. It is named after Saint Augustine of Canterbury. It was founded during the early introduction of Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons.

The original church was built at the end of the 6th century. It was ordered by King Æthelberht of Kent. Building started in 598.

The ruins of St Augustine's Abbey, together with Canterbury Cathedral and St Martin's Church, were named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. As a group, they are buildings which show the development of Christianity in Britain.

References

Other websites

 at English Heritage

 St Augustine's Abbey at SacredDestinations.com

6th-century establishments in England
Benedictine abbeys
Archaeological sites in England
Churches in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Museums in England
1530s disestablishments
Ruins
Christian Ward (born September 9, 1986), better known by his stage name Hitmaka (used to be Yung Berg) is a rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer from Chicago. He's best known for the song "Sexy Lady" with Junior. He was featured in the song "Sexy Can I" by Ray J.

Reference

1986 births
Living people
African American musicians
Musicians from Chicago
Rap musicians from Illinois
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There is a children's novel by Lewis Carroll. John Tenniel drew the pictures. The book was published by Macmillan in 1871. It is a sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The book is a series of dream-like fantasy episodes. The theme which ties them together is Alice's journey as a pawn from the start of a fantasy game of chess until she reaches the eighth rank and becomes a queen.

The story is about the strange world Alice discovers when she passes through a looking-glass (mirror) above a fireplace at home. The setting is a game of chess. Well known characters from the book include Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the Walrus and the Carpenter, the White Knight, and the Garden of Live Flowers.

Alice meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of her ability to remember future events. Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a stream together. At the moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop. Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers". Unknown to Alice, these are standard terms in the jargon of rowing. Thus (for a change) the Queen/Sheep was speaking in a perfectly logical and meaningful way.

The book has several famous nonsense poems, such as Jabberwocky and The Walrus and the Carpenter. and many examples of word play such as puns and made-up words, in addition to portmanteau words.

English novels
Books by Lewis Carroll
Fantasy books
Children's books
English-language novels
1871 books
The Project for Public Spaces (also called PPS) is a non-profit organization dedicated to public participation in planning urban spaces in cities. The organization works in the subjects of architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, urban geography, psychology, art, and information management.

The institute was established in 1975 and is located in New York, United States. The organization works in over 2,500 communities in 40 countries around the world.

Other websites 
Official website

Urban planning organizations
Non-profit organizations of New York
1975 establishments in New York (state)
Organizations in New York City
Sylvie and Bruno is a novel by Lewis Carroll. It was published in 1889 by Macmillan. Its companion novel Sylvie and Bruno Concluded was published in 1893 by Macmillan. The first volume is set in the real world, but the second volume is set in fairyland. The books were not so well received as the Alice books.

Related pages 
Alice in Wonderland
Through the Looking-Glass

English novels
Fantasy books
Children's books
Books by Lewis Carroll
1893 books
1889 books
The Association of Spanish Language Academies () is the highest institution of the Spanish language. It works in all countries that speak Spanish. It was established in 1951 in Mexico. The Association of Spanish Language Academies is headquartered in Madrid, Spain. It also has 22 other member organizations located in 21 other countries.

List of member countries

Other websites
 

Language regulators
Spanish language
Madrid
1951 establishments
The Académie française (English: The French Academy) is France's main authority on the French language. It was created in Paris on 22 February 1635. Like the French Academy of Sciences, it is one of five academies in the Institut de France.

Other websites 

 L'Académie française 
 L'Académie française  from the Scholarly Societies project

Language regulators
French language
Buildings and structures in Paris
1635 establishments
National academies
1630s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in France
The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin is a picture book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in August 1903. The story is about a squirrel named Nutkin who annoys an owl called Old Brown. The owl grabs the squirrel's tail and pulls it off. Potter's next book was  The Tale of Peter Rabbit.

Story 
Squirrel Nutkin's brother Twinkleberry, Nutkin and their many cousins sail to Owl Island. They made a boat of twigs. They offer the owl Old Brown gifts. They ask his permission to collect nuts on his island. Old Brown  lets the squirrels pick nuts. Squirrel Nutkin dances and sings silly riddles to the owl, every day. Finally Nutkin makes the Old Brown mad. The owl catches Nutkin. Nutkin escapes, but loses most of his tail. After this he becomes furious when he is asked riddles.

Other websites

The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin at Internet Archive
Visiting Cumbria : Photographs of Lingholm, Derwent Water, and environs
The Riddles of Squirrel Nutkin  from Lyndie Chiou's  children's book and music blog.

Beatrix Potter
Fantasy books
1900s books
1903
English-language picture books
The Story of Babar () is a French picture book written and illustrated by Jean de Brunhoff. It was published in 1931. It was published in English in 1933. The story is about a little elephant who travels to the civilized world. He brings back to his jungle animal friends what he has discovered to benefit them.

Children's picture books
1930s books
Books with jungle settings
Fantasy books
1931 works
The Central Hindi Directorate (, Kendriya Hindi Nideshalaya) is the highest authority on the Hindi language. It is based in New Delhi, India. It is organised under India's Ministry of Human Resource Development.

Other websites 
  

Language regulators
Hindi
Buildings and structures in New Delhi
The V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences () is the highest authority on the Russian language. It is in Moscow, Russia. It was established in 1944 as a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Other websites 
 Russian Language Institute 
 Not to be confused with Pushkin State Russian Language Institute

Buildings and structures in Moscow
Language regulators
1944 establishments in the Soviet Union
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, formerly: Academia Sinica) is the supreme institution for all the natural science organisations in China. The academy was established in 1949 in Beijing.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Beijing
National academies of sciences
1949 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in China
Jerome (; ; ;  – 30 September 420), was a Christian priest, theologian and historian. He lived in the Roman Empire. He is best known for translating the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate). He is recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Lutheran Church, and the Church of England (Anglican Communion).

References

Other websites
Saint Jerome at the Catholic Encyclopedia

340s births
420 deaths
Ancient Roman historians
Ancient Roman writers
Bible translators
Christian clergy
Christian saints
Christian theologians
Priests
Great Smoky Mountains National Park  is a national park in the United States.  It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  The park is along the Great Smoky Mountains, which are part of the Blue Ridge Mountains.  It is the most visited national park in the United States.

There are many elevations in the park. The lowest place is Abrams Creek at .  The highest point is Clingmans Dome at . Sixteen mountains in the park reach higher than 6,000 feet (1829 m).

Park officials say there are more than 200 species of birds, 66 species of mammals, 50 species of fish, 39 species of reptiles, and 43 species of amphibians, including many lungless salamanders. The park has about 1,500 black bear  In 2001 elk were brought to the park.

Over 100 species of trees grow in the park. The lower forests are mostly deciduous leafy trees. At higher altitudes, there are more coniferous trees. The park has over 1,400 flowering plant species and over 4,000 species of non-flowering plants.

There are 850 miles (1,368 km) of trails and unpaved roads in the park for hiking. The park also offers backpacking and camping.

References

World Heritage Sites in the United States
National parks in the United States
Tennessee
Geography of North Carolina
Appalachian Mountains
Magna Graecia is a name for coastal areas of Southern Italy on the Gulf of Taranto.  This part of Italy had many Greek settlers.  Magna Graecia is Latin and means "Great Greece".

The settlers began arriving in the 8th century BC.  After the Pyrrhic War in the 3rd century BC the area was added into the Roman Republic.

History of Italy
Ancient Greece
The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes is a children's book. It was published in London in 1765 by John Newbery.  The story is about a poor orphan girl who has only one shoe. A rich man gives her a pair of shoes. She is then known as Goody Two Shoes. She becomes a teacher and marries a rich widower. The name 'Goody Two Shoes' has come to mean anyone who is virtuous. It is not known who wrote the book. Some say Oliver Goldsmith, some say John Newbery himself.

Other websites

 Text of an 1881 reprint of the original version on Project Gutenberg
 Image of an 1787 Edition
 18th Century Children's Book Collections at the British Museum
 1888 chromolithographed pictorial edition at the Internet Archive

English-language novels
Children's books
18th-century books
1765 works