cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The 1968 Democratic National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August 26 to August 29, 1968. Because President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, the reason of the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic Party's candidate for the office. The keynote speaker was Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii). 
 
Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine, were nominated for president and vice president.
 
The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the assassination of Democratic presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, who had been murdered on June 5. Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running against the eventual Democratic presidential nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Another candidate was Senator of South Dakota George McGovern.
 
Chicago's mayor, Richard J. Daley, intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago police during what was supposed to be, in the words of the Yippie activist organizers, “A Festival of Life.” Rioting and protesting took place between demonstrators and the Chicago Police Department, who were assisted by the Illinois National Guard. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. Network newsmen Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were both roughed up by the Chicago police while inside the halls of the Democratic Convention.

References

Other websites
1968 Democratic National Convention  at Smithsonian Magazine
Chicago '68: A Chronology
Chicago '68: An Introduction, by Dean Blobaum (2000)

Democratic National Convention
1960s in Chicago
United States presidential nominating conventions
United States Democratic Party
August events
Sereno Peck Fenn (April 25, 1844 – January 3, 1927) was an American businessman. He was one of three main people who started the Sherwin-Williams Company. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A gift of $100,000 was left to Fenn College. It is now called Cleveland State University. He is buried in Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years. He founded the YMCA building in Cracow, 8th Street Krowoderska, Poland.

Other websites
Where, oh where, did the Fenn money go? 
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FENN, SERENO PECK
Fenn on Findagrave.com

1844 births
1927 deaths
Businesspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
John Andrews (b. 1821) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean Expedition.

Medal of Honor citation
Andrews' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in action against Korean forts in June 1871. At the front of his a small boat, he measured the depth of shallow waters while under a heavy fire.

The words of Andrews' citation explain:
On board the USS Benicia in action against Korean forts on 9 and 10 June 1871. Stationed at the lead in passing the forts, Andrews stood on the gunwale on the Benicia's launch, lashed to the ridgerope. He remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire.

References 

United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
1821 births
Year of death unknown
Government College University, Lahore (formerly Government College, abbreviated GCU) is a co-ed public university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 

The original College was opened during the British Raj on 1 January 1864, and is thus one of the oldest higher educational institutes in the country. Its first principal was Professor Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

In 1882, it was affiliated to the University of the Punjab but in 2002 was given a separate charter as a university itself. The word "college" is still attached to the name because of its historical importance.

References 

Education in Pakistan
Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Lahore
Kinnaird College for Women is a women's-only college in Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It was founded in 1913 by Christian missionaries during  the British Raj.

The college is the oldest full-fledged women's college in Pakistan and is now a semi-government institute recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The early students were mostly Christian. Now most of the students are Muslims.

Other websites
Official website

Education in Pakistan
Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Lahore
Begum Nur Jahan (also Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc.) (1577–1645), also known as Mehr-un-Nisaa Khanam, was a Mughal Empress and wife of the Emperor Jahangir. She was also an aunt of the later Empress Mumtaz Mahal.  

She is buried in Shah Dara, near Lahore, Pakistan.

With Nur Jahan's help, her father and brother became the chief advisers to the emperor, and soon the three of them were in practice running the empire. Eventually,  Nur Jahan signed the laws,  her name appeared on the coins,  and she was in effect the empress.  She did great charitable works, but her extravagances at court greatly strained the royal treasury. 

1577 births
1645 deaths
Indian people
Emperors and empresses
Mughal Empire
Professor Dr. Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner or Gottlieb William Leitner (14 October 1840, Budapest – 22 March 1899, Bonn) was a British Jewish orientalist of Hungarian roots.

From a very early age, he was a brilliant linguist. He is said to have learnt some fifty languages by the age of eighteen, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek. At twenty-three, he was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim studies, at the King's College London. 

In 1864, he was asked to become Principal of the new Government College Lahore in British India  (now in Pakistan) and he accepted and went there.  In 1882 he succeeded in helping establish the University of the Punjab. He dedicated himself fully to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he also helped establish many schools, libraries and literary associations in the Punjab region. He also travelled to a number of remote places such as Dardistan and Baltistan, and wrote several books.

He retired from educational service in India in 1886.

He is mentioned by MARC DAVID BAER in his article "Muslim Encounters with Nazism and the Holocaust: The Ahmadi of Berlin and Jewish Convert to Islam Hugo Marcus," p. 150.

1840 births
1899 deaths
Hungarian Jews
Jewish British academics
British linguists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Budapest
People of British India
The Nemmersdorf massacre was an event during World War II in which soldiers of the Red Army killed many civilians. During the war, Nemmersdorf was a village in East Prussia (it is now called Mayakovskoye, in Kaliningrad Oblast). The people living there were ethnic Germans. It was captured by the Red Army in October 1944. On 21 October, the Russian soldiers shot and killed women and children. The total number killed is not known: reports talk of between 50 to 100 people. The event has been labelled a war crime.

References 
 Brandenburg, Christel Weiss and Dan Laing. Ruined by the Reich: Memoir of an East Prussian Family, 1916-1945. McFarland & Company. 
 Dönhoff, Marion. Namen die keiner mehr nennt. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbücher Verlag, 1962.
 Fisch, Bernhard. Nemmersdorf, Oktober 1944: Was in Ostpreußen tatsächlich geschah. Berlin: 1997. 
 Samuel, Wolfgang. "War on the Ground", in The War of Our Childhood: Memories of World War II, University Press of Mississippi. 
 Thorwald, Jürgen.Wielka ucieczka (Große Flucht). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1998.

Further reading 
 Gerd R. Ueberschaer, (Hrsg.): Orte des Grauens. 2003
 Thorsten Hinz: Eines der düsteren Kapitel - Nemmersdorf: Neue Aspekte eines Verbrechens, in www.jungefreiheit.de 47/97 14. November 1997 
 Joachim Reisch: Ein Storchennest als Mahnmal - Ostpreußen: Ein Augenzeuge erinnert sich an das Massaker von Nemmersdorf, in www.jungefreiheit.de 08/98 13. February 1998 
 Archived website mirroring various reports about Nemmersdorf 
 German TV channel ZDF: Die Wahrheit über Nemmersdorf  

1944 in Europe
1940s in Germany
Massacres in Europe
Massacres during Word War II
October 1944 events
The Alaska Peninsula is a peninsula of southwestern Alaska. It is between the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.

Other websites 
Alaska Peninsula on Thefreedictionary.com

Geography of Alaska
Peninsulas
Jack Williams (October 18, 1924 – March 3, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
Williams' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to a marine who was wounded in a grenade battle. Williams dragged the man to a shallow hole in the ground; and he remained in the area to care for another marine who was also wounded.

The words of Williams' citation explain:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the 3d Battalion 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during the occupation of Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, March 3, 1945. Gallantly going forward on the frontlines under intense enemy small-arms fire to assist a marine wounded in a fierce grenade battle, Williams dragged the man to a shallow depression and was kneeling, using his own body as a screen from the sustained fire as he administered first aid, when struck in the abdomen and groin 3 times by hostile rifle fire. Momentarily stunned, he quickly recovered and completed his ministration before applying battle dressings to his own multiple wounds. Unmindful of his own urgent need for medical attention, he remained in the perilous fire-swept area to care for another marine casualty. Heroically completing his task despite pain and profuse bleeding, he then endeavored to make his way to the rear in search of adequate aid for himself when struck down by a Japanese sniper bullet which caused his collapse. Succumbing later as a result of his self-sacrificing service to others, Williams, by his courageous determination, unwavering fortitude and valiant performance of duty, served as an inspiring example of heroism, in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

Namesake
Jack Williams is the namesake of the USS Jack Williams (FFG-24) which was named in his honor.  The ship was in service from 1981 to 1996.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 

1924 births
1945 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Pharmacists
John Harlan Willis (June 10, 1921 – February 28, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
Willis' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to the many marines wounded in fighting.

The words of Willis' citation explain:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Platoon Corpsman serving with the 3d Battalion, 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during operations against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 28 February 1945. Constantly imperiled by artillery and mortar fire from strong and mutually supporting pillboxes and caves studding Hill 362 in the enemy's cross-island defenses, Willis resolutely administered first aid to the many marines wounded during the furious close-in fighting until he himself was struck by shrapnel and was ordered back to the battle-aid station. Without waiting for official medical release, he quickly returned to his company and, during a savage hand-to-hand enemy counterattack, daringly advanced to the extreme frontlines under mortar and sniper fire to aid a marine lying wounded in a shellhole. Completely unmindful of his own danger as the Japanese intensified their attack, Willis calmly continued to administer blood plasma to his patient, promptly returning the first hostile grenade which landed in the shell-hole while he was working and hurling back 7 more in quick succession before the ninth exploded in his hand and instantly killed him. By his great personal valor in saving others at the sacrifice of his own life, he inspired his companions, although terrifically outnumbered, to launch a fiercely determined attack and repulse the enemy force. His exceptional fortitude and courage in the performance of duty reflect the highest credit upon Willis and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

Namesake
John Willis is the namesake of the destroyer escort ship USS John Willis (DE-1027) which was named in his honor.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 

1921 births
1945 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Pharmacists
Prophylaxis is a term in chess, as well as being a general idea. It was introduced by the grandmaster Aaron Nimzovich in his book My system in the 1920s. The term refers to actions taken by a player to anticipate and thwart the opponent's plans, and moves of these type are often called prophylactic moves.

Example #1 
One simple example of a prophylactic move is when a player moves a rook's pawn forward h3 or h6 to prevent a back rank mate, and at the same time prevent an enemy bishop or knight from occupying g4 or g5. In the example, mate was not an issue, but h3 was still played by world champion Karpov.

Example #2 
Other examples are so subtle that club players would probably never think about them as possible moves. In the second example Nimzovich himself was playing black. In general, he wanted to turn his KP into a passed pawn by advancing it. However, the direct ...e5 does not work well, because the black king gets pushed back:
1....  e5
2.fxe5 fxe5
3.g4+ hxg4
4.hxg4+ Ke6
5.Rd6+ and the black king is kept out of play.

Nimzovich found another way to go:

1....  Rf8! and now after
2.Be1  g5! is best because
3.fxg5 fxg5
4.g4+  hxg4
5.hxg4+ Ke5+ wins the white rook.

To avoid this, White himself neeeds to play a prophylactic move, namely:
2.Kg1. This would prevent the discovered check on the f-file. Nimzovich's opponent did not find this, and Black went on to win the game. The game was won and lost on the players' relative awareness of prophylactic moves.

References 

Chess
The Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), is a pelagic schooling species of mackerel found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. The species is also called Boston mackerel, or just mackerel.

The Atlantic Mackerel is by far the most common of the ten species of the family that are caught in British waters. It is extremely common in huge shoals migrating towards the coast to feed on small fish and prawns during the summer.

Abundant in cold and temperate shelf areas, it forms large schools near the surface. They overwinter in deeper waters but move closer to shore in spring when water temperatures range between 11° and 14°C.

In north-east Atlantic: North Sea (east) and British Isles (west). The North Sea stock decreased dramatically in the 1960s because of direct overfishing.

Male and female Atlantic mackerel grow at about the same rate, reaching a maximum age of about 20 years and a maximum fork length of about 47 centimetres (19 in). Most Atlantic mackerel are sexually mature by the age of three years.

Perciformes
Edible fish
Lester Archer (1838 - October 27, 1864) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

Biography
Archer was born in Fort Ann, New York sometime in 1838. He served in the American Civil War in the 96th New York Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on April 6, 1865 for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. He died before the Medal could be presented to him so it was received posthumously.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

Gallantry in placing the colors of his regiment on the fort.

References

Other websites

Military Times

1838 births
1864 deaths
People from New York
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
George Lovell Banks (October 13, 1839 - August 20, 1924) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

Biography
Banks was born in Lake County, Ohio October 13, 1839. He served in the American Civil War in the 15th Indiana Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on February 18, 1891 because of his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

As color bearer, led his regiment in the assault, and, though wounded, carried the nag forward to the enemy's works, where he was again wounded. In a brigade of 8 regiments this flag was the first planted on the parapet.

References

Other websites
 
 Military Times

1839 births
1924 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Ohio
Richard Dennis (born 1826, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, because of his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Born in 1826 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, Dennis was living in Boston when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a boatswain's mate on the USS Brooklyn. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he operated the ship's torpedo catcher (an early naval minesweeping device). He helped fire the bow chase gun during heavy fire. Because of this action, he was given the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

Dennis's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern, Dennis displayed outstanding skill and courage in operating the torpedo catcher and in assisting in working the bow chasers throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

References 

1826 births
Year of death unknown
People from Massachusetts
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
is a Japanese author. He is best known for writing mystery novels.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Higashino, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 274 works in 530+ publications in 12 languages and 4,700+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 放課後 1985
 卒業―雪月花殺人ゲーム 1986
 魔球 1988
 鳥人計画1989
 眠りの森 1989
 分身 1993
 パラレルワールド・ラブストーリー 1995
 どちらかが彼女を殺した 1996
 悪意 1996
 白夜行 1999
 Naoko, 1998
 探偵ガリレオ 1998
 白夜行 1999
 私が彼を殺した 1999
 嘘をもうひとつだけ 2000
 予知夢 2000
 ゲームの名は誘拐 2002
 手紙 2003
 殺人の門 2003
 幻夜 2004
 The devotion of suspect X, 2005
 赤い指 2006
 使命と魂のリミット 2006
 夜明けの街で 2007
 The secret, 2008
 ガリレオの苦悩 2008
 流星の絆 2008
 聖女の救済 2008
 新参者 2009
 プラチナデータ 2010
 麒麟の翼 2011
 真夏の方程式 2011
 虚像の道化師 ガリレオ7 2012
 禁断の魔術 ガリレオ8 2012

References

Other websites
 Keigo Higashino at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 

1958 births
Living people
Japanese writers
People from Osaka
is a Japanese figure skater.

Personal life 
Kozuka was born in Nagoya. His grandfather, father, mother and aunt were figure skater so he was called "thoroughbred".  He studied sports education at Chukyo University.  His coach is Nobuo Sato and Kumiko Sato. He has very good skating skills. He is in good terms with Mao Asada, Miki Ando, Daisuke Takahashi and so on. He likes karaoke and goes to karaoke with Mao Asada frequently. His favorite food is grilled meet.

Program

2012-2013
SP   Exodus
FS   Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso(Saint-Saëns's)

2011-2012
SP   Inner Urge
FS   Fantasia for NAUSICAA

2010-2011
SP   Soul Man Medley
FS   Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)

2009-2010
SP   Bold as Love(Jimi Hendrix)
FS   GUITAR CONCERTO(Michael Kamen)

2008-2009
SP   Take Five
FS   Romeo and Juliet (Nino Rota)

Career
In 2006, he won the gold medal at the Junior World Figure Skating Championships. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics and placed 8th. In 2011, he was the Japanese national champion. He won the silver medal (in 2008) and the bronze medal (in 2010) at  Grand Prix Final. He won a silver medal at the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships.

References

Other websites

1989 births
Living people
Japanese figure skaters
People from Aichi Prefecture
Thomas John Ryan, Jr. (August 5, 1901 – January 28, 1970) was a career American naval officer who rose to the rank of Rear Admiral.  He received the Medal of Honor during peacetime.

Medal of Honor citation

Ryan's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in Japan during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

The words of Williams' citation explain:
For heroism in effecting the rescue of a woman from the burning Grand Hotel, Yokohama, Japan, on 1 September 1923. Following the earthquake and fire which occurred in Yokohama on 1 September, Ens. Ryan, with complete disregard for his own life, extricated a woman from the Grand Hotel, thus saving her life. His heroic conduct upon this occasion reflects the greatest credit on himself and on the U.S. Navy, of which he is a part.

References 

1901 births
1970 deaths
People from New Orleans, Louisiana
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Abraham Cohn (June 17, 1832 in Guttentag, Prussia, June 2, 1897 in New York City)  was an American Civil War Union Army soldier of Jewish descent. He received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. Cohn earned the award for his actions in combat at the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia on May 6, 1864, and the Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, Virginia on July 30, 1864.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Sergeant Major, 6th New Hampshire Infantry
Place and date: At Wilderness, Virginia, May 6, 1864; At the mine, Petersburg, Virginia,  July 30, 1864
Entered service at: Campton, New Hampshire
Birth: Guttentag, Prussia
Date of issue: August 24, 1865

Citation:
During Battle of the Wilderness rallied and formed, under heavy fire, disorganized and fleeing troops of different regiments. At Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864, bravely and coolly carried orders to the advanced line under severe fire.

References

Further reading

1832 births
1897 deaths
American Jews
German Jews
Jewish military people
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Prussia
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
First Sergeant Richard Barrett (1838 – March 20, 1898) was an Irish-born American officer in the U.S. Army. He served with the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment during the Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor during the Apache Wars. He voluntarily led a group of troops against a group of hostile Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon on May 23, 1872.

Biography
Richard Barrett was born in County Mayo, Ireland in 1838. He eventually moved to the United States and settled in Buffalo, New York. It was there that Barrett enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to Company A of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment. By 1872, he had risen to the rank of first sergeant. On May 23 of that year, while posted to the Arizona Territory, Barrett volunteered to lead a group of soldiers against a group of renegade Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon. He was cited for "conspicuous gallantry" and recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions which he received on April 12, 1875. Barrett moved to Washington, D.C. after his retirement from military service. He died there on March 20, 1898, at the age of 60. He was interred at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company A, 1st U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Sycamore Canyon, Ariz., 23 May 1872. Entered service at: --. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 12 April 1875.

Citation:

Consplcuous gallantry in a charge upon the Tonto Apaches.

References

Further reading
Konstantin, Phil. This Day in North American Indian History: Important Dates in the History of North America's Native Peoples for Every Calendar Day. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002.

Other websites

1838 births
1898 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from New York
Alkali Ridge, also known as Alkali Point, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture. They represent a period of change from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle. These multi-story buildings and kivas have yielded high-quality ceramics. They form the type location for the Pueblo II period (ca. 900 CE - ca. 1100 CE).

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

References

Other websites
BLM page  on the Alkali Ridge area

Utah
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Archaeological sites in the United States
Ren Höek is a fictional character from the Nickelodeon series The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Spike series Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon". He is one of the main characters. Ren is the main protagonist/antagonist of the series. He first appeared in the pilot episode "Big House Blues". He is a friend of Stimpy

Ren is a 40 year old "Asthma-Hound" Chihuahua. He has a long, rat-like, pink tail. His tail disappears often to the point of it not being seen in the later series.

Fictional dogs
Fictional characters introduced in 1991
The Ren & Stimpy Show characters
Angelica Pickles is a fictional character in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats and All Grown Up!. She was voiced by Cheryl Chase in both the original  and reboot version. Angelica is one of the series' original characters. She is the cousin of Tommy and Dil Pickles. Angelica is the main antagonist of the TV series. In movies, she is more of an antihero who would side with the babies near the end against the villains. In 2002, TV Guide listed Angelica Pickles as 7th in their list of "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".

References

Television characters
Movie characters
Animated characters
John Joseph Clausey (May 16, 1875- September 9, 1951) was a chief gunner's mate serving in the United States Navy. He received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

Biography
Clausey was born May 16, 1875 in San Francisco, California. He joined the navy where he was stationed aboard the USS Bennington as a chief gunner's mate. On July 21, 1905 one of the USS Bennington’s boilers exploded while it was in San Diego, California. Because of his actions he received the Medal January 5, 1906.
 
He died September 9, 1951. He is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery San Bruno, California. His grave is in section C, grave 121-B.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Chief Gunner's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 16 May 1875, San Francisco, Calif. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 13, 5 January 1906.

Citation:

On board the U.S.S. Bennington for extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion of a boiler of 
that vessel at San Diego, Calif., 21 July 1905.

References

Other websites

1875 births
1951 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
People from San Francisco
Larry Martin Hagman (September 21, 1931 – November 23, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as J.R. Ewing in Dallas and as Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson in I Dream of Jeannie. His mother was actress Mary Martin. His father was of Swedish descent.

Hagman was born on September 21, 1931, in Fort Worth, Texas. Hagman was raised in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Black-Foxe Military Institute, at Weatherford High School, and at Bard University. Hagman was diagnosed with cirrhosis in 1992.

He received a liver transplant in 1995. Hagman was married to Maj Axelsson from 1954 until his death in 2012. They had two children. Hagman died on the morning of November 23, 2020 in hospital in Dallas, Texas from acute myeloid leukemia, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 Larry Hagman Official website
 
 
 
 

1931 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Actors from Fort Worth, Texas
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Organ transplant recipients
Jonathan Kimble "J. K." Simmons (born January 9, 1955) is an American actor. He played Emil Skoda in Law & Order, J. Jonah Jameson in Spider-Man, Spider-Man 2, Spider-Man 3 and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Mac MacGruff in Juno, Terence Fletcher in Whiplash and Commissioner Gordon in Justice League and Batgirl.

He also voiced Tenzin in The Legend of Korra between 2012 to 2014.

Simmons was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Columbus, Ohio and in Missoula, Montana. Simmons studied at the University of Montana originally to be a composer. He married Michelle Schumacher in 1996. They have three children. He won a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Whiplash. In 2022, he was nominated for another Academy Award for his role as William Frawley in Being the Ricardos.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Video games

References

Other websites

 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Satellite Award winners
1955 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American musical theatre actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
Actors from Montana
People from Missoula, Montana
Sir Ganga Ram,  KCSI (1851 – 1927) was a famous civil engineer and philanthropist of the Punjab, in British India. He was born in Mangtanwala, a small village of Punjab province in British India (now in Punjab (Pakistan)).

Biography 
He was especially well known for designing many of the fine buildings in colonial Lahore, which city he settled in and called home. These included the Lahore General Post Office, the Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (now the National College of Arts), Ganga Ram Hospital, Lady Mclagan Girls High School, the chemistry department of the Government College University, the Albert Victor wing of Mayo Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram High School (now Lahore College for Women), the Hailey College of Commerce (now Hailey College of Banking & Finance), Ravi Road House for the Disabled, the Ganga Ram Trust Building on the Mall and others.

He built Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore (1921), the Lady Mclagan School and some other structures and public facilities with his own money.

Further reading
 Bedi, Baba Pyare Lal, Harvest from the desert. The life and work of Sir Ganga Ram, NCA, Lahore 2003 ISBD 969-8623-07-8 (reprint version)

1851 births
1927 deaths
People of British India
Kim Il-yeop (April 28, 1896 - May 28, 1971) was a South Korean writer, journalist and feminism activist. He was also a Buddhist monk. Il-yeop was his Buddhist name (; ; ). His real name was Kim Wom-ju (, ).

Books 
One think of a monk ()
Fire shout to Manhood ()
The middle of happiness and unhappiness ()

References

Other websites 
 Buddhist nun Il-yeop 
 Revisiting the women who changed Korea with their pens 
 Buddhist nun Il-yeop - koreatimes 

1896 births
1971 deaths
Feminists
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
South Korean journalists
Autobiographers
Arthur Bryce Courtenay AM (14 August 1933 – 22 November 2012) was a South African-Australian novelist and one of Australia's most commercially successful authors.

Awards and honours
 Member of the Order of Australia (AM): 1995; in recognition of service to advertising and marketing to the community and as an author
 Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) (honoris causa): 2005; from the University of Newcastle
 Australia Post Literary Legend: 2010; honoured on an Australian postage stamp

Bibliography

African books
The Power of One (1989)
The Power of One: Young Readers Edition (1999)
Tandia (1992)
The Night Country (1998)
Whitethorn (2005)

Australian trilogy
The Potato Factory (1995)
Tommo & Hawk (1997)
Solomon's Song (1999)

Nick Duncan Saga
The Persimmon Tree (2007)
Fishing for Stars (2008)

Other fiction
A Recipe for Dreaming (1994)
The Family Frying Pan (1997)
Jessica (1998)
Smoky Joe's Cafe (2001)
Four Fires (2001)
Matthew Flinders' Cat (2002)
Brother Fish (2004)
Sylvia (2006)
The Story of Danny Dunn (2009)
Fortune Cookie (2010)
Jack of Diamonds (2012)

Non-fiction
April Fool's Day (1993)

References

Other websites

 Bryce Courtenay's official website
 Find Bryce Courtenay in Libraries Australia - click on the name 'Heading' to find related works in 800+ Australian library collections
 Bryce on Jim Ball's radio program 

1933 births
2012 deaths
Australian novelists
Writers from Sydney
South African people
Deaths from stomach cancer
CatDog is an American animated television series.  The first show was on April 4, 1998. The series is about a character with one half being a cat and the other a dog. Nickelodeon produced the series from Burbank, California, United States.

At the Kids' Choice Awards, USA, the show was nominated for a Blimp Award for Favorite Cartoon in 1999 and 2000.

Episodes

Season 1
Dog Gone/All You Can’t Eat:

Dog Gone: Dog runs for a garbage truck. All You Can’t Eat: Dog tries to get Cat to go to a Taco restaurant.

References

Children's television series
Animated television series
English-language television programs
1998 television series debuts
2005 television series endings
Bowerbirds are the bird family Ptilonorhynchidae. The family has 20 species in eight genera. Bowerbirds are most known for their unique courtship behaviour. Males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects. The Vogelkop bowerbird is a good example. The function of this courtship ritual is to attract a mate. The bowerbirds have a "female choice" mating system.

The bowerbirds have an Austro-Papuan distribution, with ten species endemic in New Guinea, eight endemic to Australia and two found in both large islands. Their distribution is mainly in the tropical parts of New Guinea and northern Australia, though some species extend into central, western and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including rainforest, eucalyptus and acacia forest, and shrublands.

The birds are medium to large-sized passerines, ranging from the golden bowerbird at  and  to the great bowerbird at  and . Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species. The satin and spotted bowerbirds are sometimes regarded as pests because they feed on introduced fruit and vegetable crops. They have occasionally been killed by affected farmers.

References 

Passeri
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania
Syed or Sayyid or Sayed is a title of honour and respect in Islam. It is originally a word from the Arabic language which means 'Sir' or 'Mister' or 'Honourable Person'. 

However, the word is now also used in different parts of the world by Muslims to refer specially to a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. For example, if someone is called a 'Syed/Sayyid' in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Malaysia etc., then that person is descended from the prophet of Islam.

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Sadat (Sayyids) are recognized as an ethnic group. On 13 March 2019, addressing the Sadat gathering at the presidential palace (Arg), President Ashraf Ghani said that he will issue a decree on the inclusion of Sadat ethnic group in new electronic national identity card (e-NIC).

President Ashraf Ghani decreed mentioning 'Sadat tribe' in the electronic national identity on 15 March 2019.

Sayyids of the north are generally located in Balkh and Kunduz; while in the east they can be found in Nangarhar. While most are Sunni Muslims, some in the Bamiyan province are Shi'a.

References

Middle East
Asia
Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison (1832 – 1896), was a British Indian administrator. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1882 to 1887.  He was of Scottish origins.

He is specially remembered today for founding the Aitchison College, Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1886. He also played an important role in supporting the earlier establishment of the University of the Punjab in 1882, on the recommendation of Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

Aitchison later also was Chief Commissioner of the British Crown Colony of Burma from 1878 to 1880.

1832 births
1896 deaths
People of British India
Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an  American novelist. He created the famous character Tarzan of the Apes in his novels. He wrote 25 novels on Tarzan's adventures starting from 1914 onwards.

He also wrote other novels and stories that became quite famous. Tarzan and John Carter were some of his characters that became famous.

References

1875 births
1950 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American novelists
Tarzan
Writers from Chicago
A planetarium is a theater built to show educational and entertaining presentations about astronomy and the night sky. They are also used for training in celestial navigation. A main part of most planetariums is the large dome-shaped screen onto which images of stars, planets and other celestial objects can be shown and made to move to show the 'motions of the heavens'. The celestial scenes can be created using many different technologies. These include 'star balls' that combine optical and electro-mechanical technology, slide projector, video, full dome projector systems, and lasers. These technologies are used together to give an accurate image of the motion of the sky. Common systems can be set to show the sky at any point in time, past or present. They often show the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth. 

There are many different sizes of planetariums. They can be as large as the Hayden Planetarium's 21-meter dome. It seats 423 people. They can also be as small as a three-meter portable domes where children sit on the floor. These portable planetariums are used for education presentations outside of the permanent planetariums at museums and science centers.

The term planetarium is sometimes used to mean other things which show the solar system. These include computer simulations or an orrery. Planetarium software refers to software that creates a three dimensional image of the sky on a two dimensional computer screen. The term planetarian is used for someone who works at a planetarium. The plural of planetarium is either planetariums or planetaria.

Buildings and structures
Astronomy
Highways in Greece are the most significant roads of the country. There are 10 most significant highways. They are:
  (PAThE Motorway): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the second biggest city Thessaloniki and the MK border at Evzoni.
  (Egnatia Odos): The highway that connects the west gate, the port of Igoumenitsa with the east one, the Greek-Turkish Borders at Evros river.
  (Central Greece Motorway): The highway that connects the major cities of Thessaly region, starting at Grevena and ending at Lamia.
  The highway that connects the city of Larissa and the city of Trikala at Thessaly region
  (Ionia Odos): The highway that traverses all the Western Greece, Starting at Ioaninna and ends at Kalamata at Pelloponnese.
  (Attiki Odos): The metropolitan ring road of Athens
  (Moreas Motoerway): The highway that connects the city of Corinth with the city of Kalamata, traversing all the Central Pelloponnese.
  (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the third biggest city Patra.
  (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the city of Patra with the city of Pyrgos at Western Pelloponesse.
  (BOAK Motorway): The highway that traverses all the island of Crete, connecting the cities of Chania, Rethimno, Hrakleion, Agios Nikolaos, ending at Siteia.

Roads
Greece
El Dorado is a neighborhood in northeast Houston, Texas, United States. The site of a halfway house, El Dorado had the highest amount of convicted felons per resident of all of the Houston neighborhoods in 2007.

Super Neighborhood #53 El Dorado/Oates Prairie includes El Dorado.

References

Houston, Texas
The Abilene Eagles were a West Texas League minor league baseball team. They were based in Abilene, Texas, USA from 1920 to 1922,. They won the league championship in both 1920 and 1921. The team managers for those years were Bugs Young and Ed Kizziar (1920) and Grady White and Hub Northen (1921). They finished in sixth place in 1922. The league folded following the 1922 season, and the Eagles followed suit.

Future major league baseball player Fred Johnson played for the Eagles.

References

Baseball teams
Sports in Texas
Abilene, Texas
1920 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Texas
1922 disestablishments
1920s disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in Texas
Jairus Cassius Fairchild (December 27, 1801-October 24, 1862) was an American politician and businessman.

Biography
Fairchild was born in Granville, New York. He moved to Hudson, Ohio and became a merchant.  Later he would move to Franklin Mills, Ohio for a short time. While there he operated a tannery before moving to Cleveland around 1834. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1845 and then to Madison, Wisconsin. Fairchild had a business working with cranberries and the lumber industry. He was also president of a railroad. From 1848 to 1852, Fairchild was the first State Treasurer of the State of Wisconsin. In 1856 he was elected the first Mayor of the city of Madison, Wisconsin. Two of his sons Cassius, and Lucius were also active in Wisconsin politics.

References

Businesspeople from New York
Businesspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Politicians from Cleveland, Ohio
Politicians from New York
1801 births
1862 deaths
Irène Joliot-Curie (12 September 1897  17 March 1956) was a French scientist. She won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie

Education
Curie started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris. During World War I, she served as a radiographer. Curie became Doctor of Science in 1925. She did her thesis on the alpha rays of polonium.

During World War I (1914-1918), she helped her mother using X-ray technology in military hospitals. She helped train radiological workers. Curie then graduated from the Sorbonne in Paris. She earned a degree for work on radioactivity in polonium in 1925.

Research
Curie did important work on radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics. Curie and her husband won the 1935 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their creation of new radioactive elements. This work was written about in their paper "Production artificielle d'éléments radioactifs. Preuve chimique de la transmutation des éléments" (1934).

In 1938, she researched the action of neutrons on the heavy elements. This was an important part of the discovery of the nuclear fission of uranium. Curie became Professor in the Faculty of Science in Paris in 1937. She became Director of the Radium Institute in 1946. After six years as a Commissioner for Atomic Energy, Curie took part in the construction of the first French atomic pile in 1948. Its construction was continued after her death by her husband.

Personal life
Curie was born in Paris. Marie and Pierre Curie were her parents. In 1926, Curie married Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a French physical chemist. He joined Curie’s Radium Institute in 1925. In 1934, they discovered that they that could make stable elements radioactive. Curie and Joliot had a son and a daughter. Curie was also interested in social and intellectual advancement of women. In 1936, she became the Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research.

Curie died on March 17th, 1956.

References

French physicists
1897 births
1956 deaths
Scientists from Paris
French Nobel Prize winners
French chemists
Lucius Fox is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity. 

He is played by Morgan Freeman in Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises. Brock Peters was his voice actor in Batman: The Animated Series. Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Commissioner James Gordon is a fictional Batman character who is the police commissioner of Gotham City and is a fellow ally of Batman who gives him all of his missions and criminals to capture or question. In some cases, Gordon doesn't know Batman's identity, in other cases he does. He is the father of Barbara Gordon, who is secretly Batgirl.

As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to stop the city of crime. The character is typically portrayed as having full trust in Batman and is even somewhat dependent on him. In many modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him. 

He was played by Lyle Talbot in Batman shows, Neil Hamilton in Batman, Bob Hastings made his voice in Batman: The Animated Series, he was played by Pat Hingle in four Batman movies; Batman, Batman Returns, Batman Forever, and in Batman & Robin, and he was recently played by Gary Oldman in The Dark Knight Trilogy; Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises. He was voiced by Ray Wise in Batman: The Killing Joke and by Héctor Elizondo in The Lego Batman Movie. He was played by J. K. Simmons in the 2017 movie Justice League and Batgirl. He will be played by Jeffrey Wright in the 2022 movie The Batman.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Alfred Pennyworth is a fictional character. He is Batman's loyal butler and assistant who helps him complete his missions. He took care of Bruce Wayne when he was a child after his parents were killed. Pennyworth gives Batman all the information he needs and the location where villains are held at. He has a British accent.

He was played by Alan Napier and by Ian Abercrombie in television shows. He was voiced by Clive Revill and by Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in Batman: The Animated Series and was voiced by Ralph Fiennes in The Lego Batman Movie. In 2016, he was voiced by Brian George in Batman: The Killing Joke. In movies, he was played by Michael Gough, Sir Michael Caine, and Jeremy Irons, and will soon be played by Andy Serkis.

Batman characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s
Fictional British people
DC Comics characters
Bane is a fictional Batman character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in Batman: Vengeance of Bane #1 (January 1993). Bane is a supervillain who appears in the Batman comics. He is physically strong and wears a Mexican wrestlers mask. He has a tube that connects from his body to a chemical tank that is strapped to his suit that keeps him strong. He is one of Batman's most physical and smarter villains credited to be the only character in comic books who has broken the bat, both physically and mentally.

He is played by Jeep Swanson in Batman & Robin and by Tom Hardy in The Dark Knight Rises. In Batman & Robin, Bane appears like in the comics with a Mexican wrestling mask, but doesn't talk. In The Dark Knight Rises, Bane has a mask that only covers the front of his mouth and nose, his eyes can be seen and he had a muffled voice with a Caribbean accent.

References

Batman characters
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in 1993
Fictional mass murderers