cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thomas Young (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was an English polymath. Young made important scientific contributions to many fields. His most famous work is on the wave theory of light.  He also did good work to the fields of vision, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. Among others, William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein have praised Young's work.

References

1773 births
1829 deaths
English writers
English archaeologists
Quakers
British physiologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Delaware State University (also called DSU, DESU, or Del State) is a public university in Dover, Delaware. It is a historically black university. That means that it was started to teach African American students.

DSU has campuses in Wilmington, Delaware and Georgetown, Delaware.  It has six colleges. It has about 4,500 students, both undergraduate and postgraduate. DSU is the second-largest university in the state (after the University of Delaware).

History

The school started on May 15, 1891 as the State College for Colored Students. It first gave degrees in 1898. In 1944, it received provisional accreditation. Three years later, it became Delaware State College. The school lost its accreditation in 1949, but got it back in 1957. On July 1, 1993, the school's name changed to Delaware State University.

Campus
The main campus in Dover covers . It has thirty buildings. There are seven buildings where students live, four for women and three for men.  There are also three apartment-style buildings where upperclassmen live. There are two dining halls.

The university has several research computer laboratories. Almost every building has a computer lab. Every student has their own port for internet access, their own phone, and a campus email address. There is cable television access in all residence hall rooms. Most campus buildings also have wireless connectivity.

DSU owns two farms near Kenton and Smyrna. It has an Airway Science Program based at Delaware Air Park in Cheswold.

References

Colleges and universities in Delaware
1891 establishments in the United States
Historically black colleges and universities
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
Dover, Delaware
19th-century establishments in Delaware
James Timothy Shaw (August 9, 1939 – January 30, 2014), known as The Mighty Hannibal, was an American R&B, soul and funk singer, songwriter and record producer.

Hannibal died on January 30, 2014, at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
Discography at Soulfulkindsmusic.net
Discography at Koti.mbnet.fi
Review of Hannibalism from The Tuscaloosa News at News.google.com

1939 births
2014 deaths
American R&B singers
American record producers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Everett McKinley Dirksen (January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was an American politician. He represented Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives (1933–1949) and U.S. Senate (1951–1969).

As Senate Minority Leader for ten years, he was very important in the politics during the 1960s. Some things he did was to help passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Open Housing Act of 1968, both landmarks of civil rights legislation.

He was also one of the Senate's strongest supporters of the Vietnam War and was known as "The Wizard of Ooze" for his oratorical style. Dirksen was a freemason.

Dirksen died on September 7, 1969 in Washington, D.C. from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by lung cancer-related bronchopneumonia, aged 73.

References

Other websites

 Stan Mendenhall, "Everett Dirksen and the 1964 Civil Rights Act." 
 Abstract of Byron C. Hulsey, Everett Dirksen and His Presidents: how a Senate giant shaped American politics U. Kansas, 2000. 
 The Dirksen Congressional Research Center
 IMDB profile
 
 Dirksen Primary School, Pekin, IL 
 Dirksen Junior High School, Joliet, IL 
 Complete transcript and audio of Everett Dirksen's RNC Nomination of Barry Goldwater
 Oral History Interviews with Everett Dirksen, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library 

1896 births
1969 deaths
Minority leaders of the United States Senate
American esotericists
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Freemasons
United States representatives from Illinois
United States senators from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and museum. It was constructed in honor and to remember the life and achievements of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy. It is located in Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by the architect I. M. Pei. It was opened to the public on October 20, 1979 and was rededicated on October 23, 1993.

On April 15, 2013, a fire began in the library. At first, reports said the fire appears to have started in a mechanical room. An official communication from the library stated that the fire is being investigated. At this time, the fire appears to be unrelated to the Boston Marathon bombings that occurred on the same day.

References

Other websites

 JFK Library and Museum
 JFK Library and Museum Online Store

John F. Kennedy
Museums in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Boston, Massachusetts
Kennedy
I. M. Pei buildings
1979 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
Tomáš Fleischmann (born May 16, 1984, in Kopřivnice, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech NHL ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, Anaheim Ducks, Florida Panthers, Colorado Avalanche, and Washington Capitals.

Career
Before playing the NHL, Fleischmann played 2 seasons with Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League. He was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings with the 63rd overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He never played with the Red Wings however and he along with draft picks were traded to the Washington Capitals for Robert Lang. He played 3 seasons in the AHL with their affiliate, the Hershey Bears. Fleischmann would play 6 seasons with the Capitals and was traded to the Colorado Avalanche for Scott Hannan on November 30, 2010. His season with the Avalanche was cut short when he was diagnosed with pulmonary emboli and had to miss the rest of the season.

On July 1, 2011, he signed a four-year contract worth $18 million with the Florida Panthers.

On February 28, 2015, he was traded from Florida to Anaheim Ducks in exchange for forward Dany Heatley and a draft pick in the third round of 2015 NHL draft. After the season he left the team as an unrestricted free agent. On September 13, 2015, he was invited through proffesional tryout to Montreal Canadiens camp  and on October, 4, 2015, he signed a one-year contract worth $750.000.

On February, 26, 2016, he was traded along with forward Dale Weise to Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for forward Phillip Danault and a draft pick in second round of 2018 NHL draft.

References

Other websites

1984 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Czech ice hockey players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Washington Capitals players
František "Frank" Kaberle (born November 8, 1973, in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey defenceman. He played a combined ten seasons in the National Hockey League. His brother Tomáš currently plays for HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and formerly played in the NHL.

Career
Before playing the NHL, Kaberle played two seasons with HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and four seasons with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 76th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Kaberle only played one season with the Kings and was traded along with Donald Audette to the Atlanta Thrashers for Kelly Buchberger and Nelson Emerson on March 13, 2000.

He played five seasons with the Thrashers and signed with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 15, 2004 after the 2004-05 NHL lockout. With the Hurricanes, he reached the Stanley Cup Finals and scored a powerplay goal against the Edmonton Oilers which would wind being the winner as the Hurricanes won the Stanley Cup. His contract was bought out by the Hurricanes during the final year of his contract on July 28, 2009. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2012.

References

Other websites

1973 births
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Czech ice hockey players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Stanley Cup champions
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
In Christianity, prima scriptura is the idea that canonical scripture is the most important kind of  divine revelation. People who believe in this idea say that revelation that comes from scripture is more important than revelation that comes from other sources. Other sources include traditions, spiritual gifts, conscience, common sense and the views of experts. Prima scriptura suggests that there are  ways of knowing or understanding God and his will that do not originate from canonized scripture. These may be helpful in interpreting that scripture, but that if they seem to contradict the scriptures, the scriptures should be used instead.

Prima scriptura is sometimes mentioned together with Sola scriptura. Sola scriptura is a view mainly held by protestants which states that only scripture is the source of divine revelation. Sola scriptura rejects scripture which is not in the Bible, while prima scriptura says that there may be such scripture. 

Christian theology
Latin words and phrases
Christian terminology
Crocin is a chemical compound that produces a type of natural pigment. It is found in the flowers of crocus and gardenia plants. It has a deep red colour. Crocin is what is mainly responsible for the colour of saffron. It is also called saffronin or polychroite.

Crocin was used as a dye for textiles. Because it is unstable it is no longer used for that purpose..

References 

Chemical compounds
Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park in southwestern Utah. Its major feature is Bryce Canyon.

Despite its name, this is not a canyon but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is known for its hoodoos. The hoodoos are badlands formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rocks. 

The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce is much higher than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet (2,400 to 2,700 m).

References 

Utah
Badlands
National parks in the United States
A doorbell is a device which is typically installed to or near a door. When a visitor presses a button, the bell rings inside the building, alerting the presence of the visitor.

History
Older doorbells were fully mechanical. Newer electrical doorbells were installed by wires and use a push-button to activate the sound. The latest doorbells have wireless connections.

Electronic components
Milan Hejduk (born February 14, 1976, in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey right winger. He played a combined 14 seasons in the National Hockey League all with the Colorado Avalanche.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Hejduk played 5 seasons with HC Pardubice of the Czech Extraliga. He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 87th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. In 2001, Hejduk won the Stanley Cup with the Avalanche when they defeated the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 3. During the 2002-03 NHL season, he was able to win the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy beating out Markus Näslund of the Vancouver Canucks. When the 2004-05 NHL lockout happened, Hejduk returned to the Czech Republic to play for his old team, HC Pardubice. He became the captain of the Avalanche on November 14, 2011. He gave up captaincy because of his role in the organization changing.

Hejduk retired from playing professional ice hockey on November 13, 2013.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Colorado Avalanche players
Czech ice hockey players
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists
Olympic gold medalists
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Stanley Cup champions
The International Association of Universities (IAU) is an association of universities that belongs to UNESCO. It brings together educational institutions from some 120 countries. They work together on common concerns and projects. The organisation also works with various international and national groups active in higher education. It was established in 1950 in Paris, France.

Other websites 
International Association of Universities

International organizations
1950 establishments
Paris
Nina Andrycz (11 November 1912 – 31 January 2014) was a Polish actress. Her last movie was in the 2009 movie Before Twilight. Andrycz was the wife of Józef Cyrankiewicz. She earned the name "The Great Dame of Polish Theatre" because of her long and successful career.

Andrycz died on 31 January 2014 in Warsaw, Poland from natural causes, aged 101.

References

Other websites

1912 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
People from Brest, Belarus
Polish movie actors
Polish stage actors
Polish television actors
Maximilian Schell (8 December 1930 – 1 February 2014) was an Austrian-Swiss actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Judgment at Nuremberg in 1961. He was also a writer, director and producer for some movies. 

He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his role in Stalin. He also appeared in Abraham, Deep Impact, Coast to Coast, and in The Brothers Bloom. His sister was actress Maria Schell.

Early life
Schell was born on 8 December 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. He studied at the University of Zurich. His father was Swiss. Schell began acting at the Basel Theatre.

Career

Schell's career began in 1955. His movie was Kinder, Mütter und ein General. He then appeared in two other movies until he bagn his role as Hans Rolfe in Judgment at Nuremberg in 1961. His role as Hans brought him great fame and success. He won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. 

Schell then appeared in other big picture movies that earned him nominations for an Academy Award. He was nominated for his role as Arthur Goldman in The Man in the Glass Booth, for his role as Johann in Julia. He then won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1992 for his role as Vladimir Lenin in the movie Stalin.

Afterwards, Schell then directed a television movie Candles in the Dark. After his win in 1992, Schell then appeared in many television movies. In 1998, Schell appeared as Jason Lerner in the 1998 movie Deep Impact. His last role was in the 2008 comedy movie The Brothers Bloom as Diamond Dog.

Personal life

Schell married Natalya Andrejchenko in 1985. They divorced in 2005. Then in 2013, Schell married Iva Mihanovic. Schell never had children. Schell suffered diabetes. 

He was good friends with Leonard Bernstein. He performed with Claudio Abbado in many performances. His sister Maria died in 2005 from pneumonia.

Honors
Schell was a guest professor at the University of Southern California. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago.

Death
Schell died on 1 February 2014, in Innsbruck, Austria after a "sudden and serious illness". The German television news service Tagesschau reported that he had been receiving treatment for pneumonia.  Schell was 83 years old when he died.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2014 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Vienna
Austrian movie actors
Austrian movie directors
Austrian movie producers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian screenwriters
Austrian stage actors
Austrian television actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Austria
Golden Globe Award winning actors

Swiss movie actors
Swiss screenwriters
Swiss television actors
From Under the Cork Tree is the third studio album by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released 2005. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, and Andy Hurley. The single on the album Sugar, We're Goin Down helped make them popular.

Tracklisting 

1. "Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued"

2. "Of All the Gin Joints in All the World"

3. "Dance, Dance"

4. "Sugar, We're Goin Down"

5. "Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner"

6. "I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)"

7. "7 Minutes in Heaven (Atavan Halen)"

8. "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year"

9. "Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends"

10. "I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me"

11. "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me""

12. "Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)"

13. "XO"

2003 albums
Fall Out Boy albums
Fall Out Boy
Wohl Rose Park (, ) is a public garden on the Presidential Hill in Givat Ram, central Jerusalem, Israel. The garden includes lawns, hills, and quarries. There is an ornamental pond with aquatic plants and fish. The garden also has a waterfall, rockeries, sculptures, and a sixth-century mosaic floor. The floor was unearthed at Kibbutz Sde Nahum. The garden was opened in 1981.

Over 400 varieties of roses are grown there. Many of them are gifts from countries around the world. The Wohl Rose Park covers . It is one of the few rose parks of its kind in the Middle East, where there is no rainfall in summer. The park's Garden of Nations is made up of sections donated by other countries. Each section has rose varieties characteristic of, or grown in, the respective country. The park also has an experimental section. This is where new varieties of roses are tested for their suitability for public and private gardens in Israel. It is Jerusalem's official reception area for visiting guests of state and dignitaries.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites 

 Wohl Rose Park in the "Jerusalem City Hall" website

Jerusalem
Botanical gardens in Israel
Roses
The Knesset Menorah (, Menorat HaKnesset) is a monument in front of the Knesset. It was built by Benno Elkan in 1956. It was a gift from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Knesset Menorah is in the southern part of the Wohl Rose Park called the Menorah Garden. The statue was first put in the Horse Garden in central Jerusalem and moved when the new Knesset building opened in 1966.

Other websites 

 The Knesset Menorah in the "Shalom Israel Tours" website

Monuments and memorials in Israel
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American drama movie directed by Stanley Kramer. The movie was about crimes being wrongly committed by citizens during the Nuremberg Trials by the Nazis. The was set during World War II. It stars Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Maximilian Schell, Werner Klemperer, Marlene Dietrich, Judy Garland, William Shatner, and Montgomery Clift. It was released to very positive reviews on December 19, 1961.

1961 movies
American crime drama movies
American war movies
Movies directed by Stanley Kramer
Maria Margarethe Anna Schell (15 January 1926 – 26 April 2005) was an Austrian-Swiss actress. She won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival in 1956 for role in Gervaise.

Early life 
Schell was born in Vienna, Austria. Her mother was Margarethe, an actress who ran an acting school. Her father was Hermann Ferdinand Schell, a Swiss poet, novelist and playwriter. She was the older sister of actor Maximilian Schell.

Later life 
Schell lived reclusively in ill health in Carinthia in the Austrian Alps until her death from pneumonia in Preitenegg, Austria on 26 April 2005, aged 79.

Books
 
 1998: „... und wenn’s a Katz is!“ Mein Weg durchs Leben. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach, .

References

Other websites

 
 
 Obituary: Maria Schell (1926-2005) 
 Photographs and literature
 Maria Schell Estate  at Deutsches Filminstitut, Frankfurt am Main

1926 births
2005 deaths
Austrian movie actors
Austrian stage actors
Austrian television actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from Vienna
Swiss movie actors
Swiss television actors
Werner Klemperer (March 22, 1920 – December 6, 2000) was a German-born American stage, movie, and television actor and musician. He won an Emmy Award in 1968 and in 1969.

Klemperer died of cancer on December 6, 2000, aged 80, at his home in Manhattan, New York City.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
Werner Klemperer  at concentric.net
Klemperer's parents, Otto and Johanna, 1920s  portrait by Nickolas Muray
 
 Interview with Werner Klemperer by Bruce Duffie, July, 1985

Emmy Award winning actors
1920 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German movie actors
German television actors
German stage actors
German musicians
People from Cologne
Stanley Earl Kramer (September 29, 1913 – February 19, 2001) was an American movie director and producer. He was born in New York City. Kramer studied at New York University.

Kramer was known for his works in High Noon (1952, as producer), The Caine Mutiny (1954, as producer), The Defiant Ones (1958), On the Beach (1959), Inherit the Wind (1960), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Ship of Fools, (1965) and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967).

In 1945, Kramer had an annulled marriage with actress Marilyn Erskine. From 1950 to 1963, he was married to Anne Pearce. In 1966, Kramer married Karen Sharpe and lasted until Kramer's death in 2001. Kramer had four children, two with Pearce and two with Sharpe.

Kramer died on February 19, 2001 in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged 87.

References

Other websites

"Tribute to Stanley Kramer" with Tom Brokaw, Steven Spielberg, Quincy Jones, Harrison Ford and Al Gore
 "The Godfather of Independent Film", video, 3.5 min.
 
 

1913 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
The Division of Bowman is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named for David Bowman (1860-1916), an early leader of the Australian Labor Party, in Queensland. The seat is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, and includes Capalaba, Cleveland, Redland Bay, Birkdale, Thorneside, Alexandra Hills, Thornlands, Mount Cotton, Cornubia, Ormiston, Wellington Point and Victoria Point. It also includes the islands of Moreton Bay including Coochiemudlo Island, the Bay Islands (Russell, Karragarra, Macleay and Lamb) and North Stradbroke Island.

After the 2009 electoral redistribution there was only a difference 0.005% between the two main parties, making Bowman the most marginal seat in the country.

Members

In 2007, Andrew Laming won the seat by only 64 votes.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 - Division of Bowman (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1949 establishments in Australia
The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. The library was started in 1941. It is in Hyde Park, New York.

Other websites
 Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

Roosevelt
Buildings and structures in New York
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Dutchess County, New York
1941 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in New York (state)
The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Jimmy Carter. The library was started in 1986. It is in Atlanta, Georgia. Its system is regulated by the National Archives and Records Administration. It is the location of the Carter Center.

Other websites
 Jimmy Carter Library and Museum

Carter
Buildings and structures in Atlanta, Georgia
Jimmy Carter
1986 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Museums in the United States
The George W. Bush Presidential Center is a presidential library in honor of George W. Bush, the 43th president of the United States. It houses the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation. It is on the campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas. It was dedicated in April 2013.

References

Other websites

George W. Bush Presidential Center
George W. Bush Presidential Library of the National Archives and Records Administration.
Southern Methodist University website for the Bush Library 
An Interview with Ambassador James K. Glassman, Founding Executive Director of the George W. Bush Institute. at Free Market Mojo

Bush
George W. Bush
Buildings and structures in Texas
Dallas, Texas
2013 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Texas
The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States. The museum contains many important files, his birthplace, his presidential helicopter, and his tomb. It is located in Yorba Linda, California. It was dedicated on July 19, 1990, when it was called the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. It was then rededicated in July 11, 2007.

References

Other websites
Richard Nixon Presidential Library
Richard Nixon Foundation
Video of the dedication of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, 1990
"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon", broadcast from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits

Nixon
Richard Nixon
Buildings and structures in California
1990 establishments in California
Vasily Ivanovich Petrov () (15 January 1917 – 1 February 2014) was a senior Russian military official and Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Petrov was born on 15 January 1917 in Chernolesskoye, Stavropol Governorate. Petrov joined the Red Army in 1939 and completed the lieutenant's course in 1941.

In the late 1970s, Petrov served as a military advisor to the Ethiopian Army. He was assigned to assist and rebuild the force during the Ogaden War.

Petrov died on 1 February 2014 in Moscow, Russia from natural causes, aged 97.

References

Other websites

1917 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Russian people
Soviet generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Manfred Bleskin (13 December 1949 – 21 January 2014) was a German journalist and television presenter.

Bleskin was born in Tribsees, East Germany. He began working after receiving a doctorate from the Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften. He spoke five languages.

Bleskin died on 21 January 2014, aged 64, in Berlin, Germany.

References

Other websites

1949 births
2014 deaths
East German people
German television presenters
German writers
German journalists
People from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He was best known for his critique of group selection, though later in life he recognized that it did sometimes occur. The work of Williams in this area, with W.D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and others, led to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution.

In 1999 Williams shared the Crafoord Prize, with Maynard Smith and Ernst Mayr, for developing the concept of evolutionary biology.

Academic work
Williams' 1957 paper Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence was influential in 20th century evolutionary biology. It contains three important ideas. In this paper Williams proposed that senescence should be  generally synchronized by natural selection.
"if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other. In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system." 

This paper also contains the first outline of the idea that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females, although Williams does not explicitly mention grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grandparenting. By helping grandchildren survive, grandparents promote the survival of an average of one-quarter (1/4) of their own genome.p100

In his first book, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Williams advocated a "ground rule  or perhaps doctrine would be a better term  ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it. This contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book The Selfish Gene.

Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex, and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine.

Books 
 Williams G.C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C., ed. 1971. Group selection. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.
 Williams G.C. 1975. Sex and evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C. 1992. Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Nesse R.M. and G.C. Williams. 1994. Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine. Times Books, New York.
 Williams G.C. 1996. Plan and purpose in nature. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (published in the U.S. in 1997 as The Pony Fish’s glow and other clues to plan and purpose in nature. Basic Books, New York).

References 

1926 births
American evolutionary biologists
2010 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson (2 February 1882 – 20 May 1906) was an Icelandic poet.

Sigurðsson was a new New Romantic-style writer. He was born in Reykjavík. He studied at the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík until 1903.

In November 1905, Sigurðsson fell ill and was hospitalized. He died on 20 May 1906, aged 24, in Reykjavík.

References

1882 births
1906 deaths
Johann Gunnar Sigurdsson
Johann Gunnar Sigurdsson
Poets
Menachem Zilberman (6 October 1946 – 13 January 2014) was an Israeli actor, comedian and songwriter.

Zilberman was born in Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel). He started working in 1965. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Zilberman died from a heart attack on 13 January 2014, aged 67, in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He had lived there since 2000. He was survived by his three children.

References

Other websites

1946 births
2014 deaths
Comedians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Israeli movie actors
Israeli television actors
Jewish Israeli actors
Songwriters
The Battle of Lewes was an important battle in the history of England.  It was fought near the town of Lewes, in Sussex,    England. The battle took place on 14 May 1264. It was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.

Background 

The two armies that met in the battle were led by King Henry III of England and a rebel leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Henry III's son, Prince Edward, fought on his side. The battle came about because many of the leading noblemen of England were unhappy with the way King Henry was ruling the country.  They wanted more involvement in the government. The Barons voted to hold a Parliament regularly so that they could discuss subjects such as taxation.  King Henry would not agree to this, and so both sides started to raise armies. When the two sides met at Lewes two days before, Simon de Montfort tried to arrange a truce with the king. King Henry refused and so both sides got ready to fight a battle.

The battle 

The king's army was nearly twice as big as the rebel army. The battle began when the Baronial forces attacked the king's foragers. When the fighting started, it looked as though the king's army would win easily. Prince Edward, who was only 25, was headstrong and made one big mistake.  Edward was in charge of the cavalry, who did well in the battle but then chased some of the rebels who were running away. By the time they came back to the battlefield, the rebels had managed to win the battle. With Edward off chasing foot soldiers, Henry was forced to attack using his two remaining divisions. Henry led one, the other was led by his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Henry's division fought until driven back by the Baronial reserve forces. Cornwall's division did not do well from the start. Cornwall fled the field and hid in a windmill but was quickly captured by the barons. As a result of the battle, King Henry III was forced to sign a document called the Mise of Lewes. This gave the rebel barons what they wanted. A year later the barons were defeated at the Battle of Evesham.

References

Additional reading

Other websites 
 Battle of Lewes, The Battlefields Trust

1264
English Barons
Lewes
Lewes
13th century in England
May events
Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution of Muslims (persecution based on their religion). This can mean any form of participating in discrimination against Muslims. This includes using violence against them or putting them in prison. Muslims were persecuted during the crusades. There was also persecution during the Mongol invasion and in the Iberian Peninsula when they were subject to the Inquisitions. Modern persecution of Muslims exists in many countries such as Myanmar, Central African Republic and Serbia. 

Islam is a major religion and like other major religions they have suffered violent persecution.

Related pages
 Religious persecution
 Anti-Shi'ism

References 

Islam
Religious violence
Discrimination
Eduardo Coutinho (May 11, 1933 - February 2, 2014) was a Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, and actor.

He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian movie, ABC do amor. It was made near the beginning of his career. The movie was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

He died on February 2, 2014 in a suspected murder in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.

References

Other websites
 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Murder victims
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian movie directors
Brazilian movie producers
Brazilian screenwriters
People from São Paulo
Madalyn Murray O'Hair (April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American atheist activist. She was the founder of the American Atheists and its president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine. Many people criticized her and called her "the most hated woman in America".   

In 1995 she was kidnapped, murdered and dismembered along with her son Jon Murray and granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair, by the former American Atheist office manager David Roland Waters.

References

Other websites
 Biography of O'Hair at About.com
 Biography of O'Hair  at Rotten.com
 1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair  – MP3 file
 
 Madalyn Murray O'Hair at NNDB
 Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com
 Meeting Satan Herself: An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair: 14 September 1977
 The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine

1919 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from asphyxiation
American murder victims
American activists
American atheists
People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
The Division of Brisbane is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named after the city of Brisbane.

At first, the Division of Brisbane included the northern part of the City of Brisbane, but boundary changes cut it back to the inner suburban area. 

It includes Alderley, Ascot, Ashgrove, Bowen Hills, Brisbane City, Clayfield, Enoggera, Ferny Grove, Fortitude Valley, Gaythorne, Grange, Hamilton, Hendra, Herston, Kelvin Grove,  Keperra, Milton, Mitchelton, New Farm, Newmarket, Newstead, Red Hill, Spring Hill, Upper Kedron, Wilston, Windsor, parts of Bardon, Everton Park, Paddington and Stafford.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Brisbane (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1901 establishments in Australia
The Division of Dawson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Anderson Dawson, the first Labor Premier of Queensland and leader of the first parliamentary socialist government in the world. It is on the North Queensland coast, and includes the towns of Ayr, Bowen, Mackay, Proserpine and parts of Townsville.

Members

Rex Patterson won the seat at a by-election for Dawson in 1966 following the death of George Shaw. Patterson became Minister for Northern Development, and later Minister for Agriculture in the Whitlam Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Dawson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1949 establishments in Australia
Sigrid Ida Matilda Kahle (née Nyberg; 18 September 1928 – 31 December 2013) was a French-born Swedish journalist and writer.

Born in Paris, France, she studied humanities at Uppsala University and Harvard University. At the University of Bonn she studied Arabic. Kahle married German diplomat John H. Kahle in 1951, and stayed together until his death in 2003.

Sigrid Kahle died after a short illness on 31 December 2013, aged 85, in Uppsala, Sweden.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
People from Paris
People from Uppsala
Swedish journalists
Harold Fitzgerald Hogue, Sr. (born November 13, 1967 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1990 to 2001. He competed in WCW under the ring names Ice Train and M.I. Smooth.

Hogue retired from professional wrestling in 2001 soon after the WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

Championships
Catch Wrestling Association
Catch Cup (1995)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #221 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993.

References

Other websites
Ice Train's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

1967 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Luis Raúl Martínez (March 6, 1962 – February 2, 2014), better known by his stage name Luis Raúl, was a Puerto Rican actor, comedian, and host.

Born in Ponce, he started working in 1983. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Raúl died from bilateral pneumonia on February 2, 2014, aged 51, in San Juan. He arrived at hospital on January 13 and his condition worsened two weeks later.

References

Other websites

1962 births
2014 deaths
Puerto Rican actors
Comedians
Television presenters
Deaths from pneumonia
Raymond M. Lloyd (born May 13, 1964 in Brunswick, Georgia) is an American professional wrestler, martial artist and actor. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) during the late 1990s. He competed in WCW under the ring name Glacier. He currently wrestles on the independent circuit.

Outside of professional wrestling, Lloyd has appeared in movies and television series. The first movie he appeared in was a low budget movie called Blood Bath, in 2002. In 2007, Lloyd guest starred in an episode of Burn Notice.

Championships
AWA World-1 South
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Georgia All-Star Wrestling
GASW Tag Team Championship (one time, last) (with R.D. Swain)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
GCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with R.D. Swain)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jason Sugarman)
Peach State Wrestling
PSW United States Tag Team Championship (two times, first) (with R.D. Swain)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #146 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 1997.
Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling
TCW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
TCW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Jorge Estrada (one), Big Ron Studd (one))
United States Wrestling Alliance
USWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jesse Neal)
World Karate Association
Southeastern Super Heavyweight Full Contact Karate Champion

References

Other websites
Glacier's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

1964 births
Living people
American movie actors
American professional wrestlers
American voice actors
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Stuntmen
The system of highways in Puerto Rico is made up of about  of roads. It is managed by Puerto Rico's Department of Transportation and Public Works.

The roads in Puerto Rico are divided into four types:
 Primary roads
 Urban primary roads
 Secondary (or inter-municipal) roads
 Tertiary (or local) roads
A highway may contain several types of roads, but the highway will continue to have the same route number. Primary roads have numbers 1 to 99. Secondary roads are numbered 100 to 299. Municipal (tertiary) roads are numbered 300 to 9999.

Interstates

There are three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico. Together, they total . As with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Hawaii, these routes do not connect to the rest of the United States' Interstate Highway System. However, they still get money from the U.S. government.

These Interstate Highways run along tollways and roads that are not grade-separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road. There are no signs for these Interstate Highways. They are signed as Puerto Rico routes.

Puerto Rico's interstate routes are not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3. These are other major highways in Puerto Rico. 

The three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico are:
Interstate PRI-1 goes from San Juan southwest to Ponce on the shortest route. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 52 and Puerto Rico Highway 18. It is  long.
Interstate PRI-2 goes from San Juan to Ponce along the coast of western Puerto Rico. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 22 and Puerto Rico Highway 2. It is  long.
Interstate PRI-3 goes from San Juan southeast to Ceiba. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 53. It is  long.

References

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
A police car is a motor vehicle used by police. It is used to assist with their duties in patrolling and responding to incidents. Typical uses of a police car include transportation for officers to reach the scene of an incident quickly. Police cars are also used to transport suspects, or to patrol an area. Some police cars are adapted for certain functions such as traffic control, to transport police dogs or bomb disposal.

Police cars usually marked to identify them. There are two reasons for this: firstly, so that other drivers know to get out of the way of a police car that is rushing to a crime scene, and secondly so that the car can be a deterrent to crime. Police cars also have sirens and flashing lights which are also used when they rush to a crime scene. However, some police cars are unmarked, so that police can carry out work without being noticed.

History 

In the United Kingdom in the early 1900s, police vehicles were first used to chase speeding motorists. This had very poor results until police schools were opened to teach officers how to use their vehicles properly. In 1910 the first police car in the US was used in Akron, Ohio. By 1920 police cars were in wide use in the US. It was noticed that patrol cars allowed police to respond faster. It also allowed an officer to cover a wider area. By the 1960s most major cities had shifted away from foot patrols altogether in favor of police cars. But studies proved a mix of foot officers and police vehicles worked best.

Chases 

Police cars are used for chases ("pursuits") against suspects. The crime the suspect is believed to have committed may have been anything from a traffic violation to a major felony. Suspects often attempt to lose law enforcement by driving away, sometimes at high speed. From 1990 to 2005, 136 people were killed in the US in high speed pursuits by police. Despite controversy as to whether high speed chases are necessary police continue to work on the problem using technology and new techniques. One technique is the 'take out'. A take out is a technique used to cause the fleeing vehicle to lose control and be turned sideways by the police vehicle.

When rushing to a crime scene, police officers can drive their cars through red lights and break the speed limit and other traffic laws. They must still be careful when doing this, however.

Other names 

Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. They may also be informally known as a cop car, a 'Black and white', a 'Cherry top', a 'gumball machine', a 'jam sandwich' or 'panda car'. Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.

Notes

References 

Land vehicles
Police
Vehicles
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), , is a federal law. It allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The law defines agency records subject to disclosure. It outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the law. It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his doubts, on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year.

References 

Government
United States law
YM (or Your Magazine) was an American magazine for teenaged girls. It originally began being published in the 1930s. It was published for 72 years. It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being Seventeen.

It began as two separate magazines: Compact and Calling All Girls. Compact was aimed at older teenagers. It was first published in 1932. Calling All Girls was intended for younger girls. It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in Parents' Magazine produced a positive interest from readers. It was the first magazine for girls. Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories. It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month. This was because it was popular. By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue. The average reader was aged 13. The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.

During the 1960s, the two titles (Compact and Calling All Girls) merged into Young Miss. The title changed again to Young & Modern in the 1980s. It was changed one final time in 2000 to YM. This was said to stand for Your Magazine.

YM stopped being published in 2004. Subscriptions were replaced with Teen Vogue.

References 

Monthly magazines
American children's magazines
American teen magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
1932 establishments in the United States
2004 disestablishments in the United States