cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
19 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Balbus.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ended the threat to the Romans from German tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.
 Julius Caesar Germanicus (33), Roman commandant of the Rhine legions and the best loved of Roman princes, died of poisoning. On his deathbed he accused Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.
 Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.
 Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, of assassinating her husband Germanicus in Antioch. Piso commits suicide in Rome.
 A Triumphal Arch is built for Germanicus in Saintes.

Asia 
 Last year (6th) of Tianfeng era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
 Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.

Births 
 Tiberius Gemellus grandson of Tiberius.

Deaths 
 October 10 – Germanicus, Roman general
 Vonones I of Parthia

19
Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 – 30 October 1923), commonly called Bonar Law (), served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Law was elected to Parliament in 1900 as a member of the Conservative Party.  He became leader of the Party in 1911.  He was Lloyd George's Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons while Lloyd George served as Prime Minister during World War I.

Law became Prime Minister in October 1922.  He found out he had throat cancer and resigned in May 1923.  He died in October 1923.

References

Other websites

 

1858 births
1923 deaths
British chess players
British Protestants
Canadian Christians
Cancer deaths in London
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from New Brunswick
Presbyterians
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
39 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Corbulo.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.
 Domitius Afer becomes a consul.
 Caligula is also a consul.
 Agrippa I, king of Iudaea, is called back to Rome.
 Legio XV Primigenia and XXII Primigenia are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.
 Caligula's campaign into Germany was stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea.
 Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the temple in Jerusalem. Jews protest.  They are able to stop construction of the statue until the death of Caligula (January 24, 41).
 Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.

Asia 
 The Trung Sisters resist Chinese influence in Vietnam.

Births 
 November 3 – Lucan, Roman poet
 December 30 – Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (79–81)
 Julia Drusilla, daughter of current Roman Emperor Caligula
 Britannicus, son of later Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina

Deaths 
 Seneca the Elder, Roman rhetorician
 Herod Antipas

30s
The pulmonary artery is a blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary artery carries blood that does not have much oxygen. The blood from throughout the body is taken into the heart by the right atrium into the right ventricle. The blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and into the lung capillaries. When the blood passes through the capillaries slowly to absorb the oxygen from the lungs.  The oxygenated blood is taken through the pulmonary vein back into the heart through the left atrium and the left ventricle. It is then pumped throughout the body.

Anatomy 

The pulmonary artery is an extension of the pulmonary trunk (lat. truncus pulmonaris), extending from the right ventricle; it is located in front and to the left of all the vessels that flow in and out of the heart, and brings venous blood to the lungs (the only one of the human arteries, except for the umbilical arteries of the fetus).

The initial lobe of the pulmonary artery goes up and back and somewhat covers the beginning of the aorta. Next, lying to the left of the ascending aorta and in front of the left atrium, the pulmonary artery lies at the level of the IV thoracic vertebra under the concavity of the aortic arch. Here the pulmonary trunk is divided into:

 right branch, right pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris dextra);
 left branch, left pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris sinistra).
Between the initial lobe of the left branch of the pulmonary artery and the concavity of the aortic arch is the connecting tissue cord - the arterial ligament (Latin ligamentum arteriosum).

This is the remnant of the Botal duct (Latin ductus arteriosus (Botalli)), through which the fetus and blood entering the right ventricle are redirected from the pulmonary artery to the aorta: a small circle in the fetal stage of development does not function. In the future, the duct is obliterated (parallel overgrowth of the oval hole in the atrial septum).

Blood vessels
Respiratory system
Jönköping is a city in Sweden. About 90,000 people live there. It is in southern Sweden near the lake Vättern.

Jönköping was actually 3 towns that grew into one large town. The 3 towns were, Jönköping (55.000), Huskvarna (22.000) and Norrahammar (9.000).

Jönköping is the 9th biggest city in Sweden.

Sports 
 HV71, ishockey club
 Jönköping Bandy IF, bandy club
 Jönköpings IK, floor ball club
 Jönköpings Södra IF, soccer club

References

Other websites
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring seeing or hearing the wave (watcher or observer).

Another word for "causer" is "sender" or "source". Another word for "change in distance" is "speed" or "relative velocity". 
A common example is sitting in a car while another car goes by the watcher.  The watcher will hear a change in pitch, while the sender will not.

For waves read all the waves that can send out or reflected by an object. And for reflection read change of direction of a wave.

Effects of changes in distance 

If observer and creator of the wave get closer, the frequency is higher and the wavelength is shorter.
 For light, this causes a shift in colour towards the blue end of the spectrum called a blue shift. The faster something is moving toward us, the greater the blue shift.
 For sound, this causes the sound to become higher in pitch

If the distance between the observer and creator gets longer, the frequency is lower and the wavelength is longer.
 For light, this causes a shift towards the red end of the spectrum called a red shift, the faster something is moving away, the greater the red shift.
 For sound, this causes the sound to become lower in pitch.

Light waves can also be read, examples are:
 Microwaves
 Radio waves

An extreme example of the doppler effect is an aeroplane flying at a faster speed than the speed of sound and how the wall of sound is heard on the ground.

Related pages 
red shift
blue shift

Wave physics
Monagas Sport Club is a club of football from Maturín, Venezuela.

Presidents 
 Rubén León  (1988–1992)
 Rumualdo Romero (1993–1995)
 Jesús Salgado (1995–1996)
 Rafael Castellín Osuna  (1997)
 Claudio González  (2000–2001)
 Roicis Pérez  (2001–2003)
 Antonio del Moral 
 Antonio Núñez
 Manuel Villalba
 Ramón Caballero (–2006)
 Nelson Núñez  (2006–)

Coaches 
   Joaquín (Fariñas) Da Silva
   Víctor Pignanelli
 Luis Fernández
   Antonio Mejías
 Radamel García 
 Manolo Contreras
   Eduardo Borrero
   Luis Mendoza
 Daniel Lanata
   Alí Cañas
   Franco Fasciana
   Del Valle Rojas
   Bernardo Redín

Famous players 
   Alexander Bottini
   José (Cuervito) Rivas
   Rafael Castellín
   José Fasciana
   Franco Fasciana
   César González
   José (el Papi) Rivas
   Carlos (Pomada) Bravo

Current roster 2007 
Goalkeepers 
   José Bottini
   Andrés Rivas
Defenders 
   Juan Carlos Guazá
   Lenín Díaz
   Andrés Mosquera
   Pedro Agustín Duval
   Frank José Presilla
   Luis Salazar
   Benzon Rovira
   Robert Alexander Varrone
   Ever Avendaño
Midfielders 
   Edward Leonett
   Williams Lacle
   John Mancilla
   Jarvy Mejía
   Timshel Tábarez
   Néstor Sánchez
   Laynecker Zafra
  Ricardo Wisniewski
Forwards 
   Alexis Acuña
   Luis Alberto Moreno
   Hermes Orejuela
   Jamerson Rentería

Source 
liderendeportes.com

Other websites 
 Official page

Venezuelan football clubs
The Summer of Love is the name for the summer of 1967 in the United States, especially in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California. Thousands of young people from all over the world went to San Francisco to help create a hippie counterculture. The Summer of Love made the rest of America much more aware of the hippie movement. The Human Be-In is often called the start of the Summer of Love, although it happened in January of that year.

During the Summer of Love, as many as 100,000 young people from around the world travelled to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, Berkeley, California, and other cities in the San Francisco area. Once there, they joined in a popular version of the hippie experience. The people who were a part of the Summer of Love are sometimes called "Flower Children". When these new Flower Children returned home at the end of summer, they brought their new clothing, ideas and behaviors to most major cities in the U.S., Canada, Britain, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

References

1967 in California
American culture
20th century in San Francisco
Sexual revolution
Appenzell Innerrhoden is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It is the smallest canton by population and the second smallest by area.

Districts 
The 6 (districts) of Appenzell Innerrhoden are:

Appenzell, population 5587 (2002)
Gonten, population 1398 (2002)
Oberegg, population 1831 (2002)
Rüte, population 3036 (2002)
Schlatt-Haslen, population 1160 (2002)
Schwende, population 2094 (2002)

Other websites 
Official Page 
Official Statistics
Säntis (German)
The Thai language is the national and official language of Thailand. It is the first language of the Thai people, Thailand's main ethnic group. Thai is closely related to the Lao language. In fact, some dialects of Thai and Lao are mutually intelligible, meaning that speakers of one language can talk with and understand speakers of the other language without knowing the other's language.

The Thai alphabet has 44 consonants:

The alphabet has Thai numbers:
๑ 1 
๒ 2
๓ 3
๔ 4
๕ 5
๖ 6
๗ 7
๘ 8
๙ 9 
๐ 0

Other websites 

 thai-language.com English speakers' online resource for the Thai language
 Thai Online Web Application with 105 Interactive Lessons of which the first 10 are free to access.
 Thai Flashcards, online flashcards with sound.
The New England Patriots is an American football team in the National Football League or the NFL. They are in the American Football Conference or the AFC. Their starting quarterback is Mac Jones. Cody Kessler plays the second string quarterback. The Patriots play in Gillette Stadium on Foxborough, midway between Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.

In the 2007 season, the Patriots have won all 16 games and became the first team with 16 wins and no losses. They would win 2 more playoff games and enter the Super Bowl at 18-0. However, they did not complete a historic 19-0 season, because they lost to the Giants. The Giants scored 17 points when David Tyree made a helmet catch and the Patriots scored 14 points.

The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018. They play in Foxboro, Massachusetts. They lost to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012 in a rematch of Super Bowl XLII which their perfect season got spoiled. This time, the Giants scored 21 points and the Patriots scored 17 points.

The Patriots also won Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks when Russell Wilson threw an interception on the final play. The Patriots scored 28 points and the Seahawks scored 24 points.

The Patriots were originally called the "Boston Patriots", and played in Fenway Park. Their name comes from the city of Boston's importance in the American Revolution.
The Aspidogastrea (gr. aspid - shield, gaster - stomach/pouch) is a small group of flukes. There are about 80 species. 

The group is a subclass of the Trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Species are between approximately one mm to several cm long. They are parasites of freshwater and marine molluscs and vertebrates (cartilaginous and bony fishes and turtles). Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host. 

None of the species has any economic importance, but the group is of very great interest to biologists because it has several characters which appear to be basal.

Other websites 
Aspidogastrea from Tree of Life
Checklist of European aspidogastreans 
Fishdisease.net 

Flatworms
Events 
 July 5 – Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV as the 192nd pope.
 December 24 – Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V as the 193rd pope after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.
 John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, and instead informs the French of Edward's plans and negotiates the Auld Alliance with France and Norway. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, to begin in 1296.
 The Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier in King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.
 Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs the Florentine cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, better known smply as Il Duomo. He also begins work on the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, also in Florence.
 England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.
 The death of Kublai Khan allows the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan Dynasty of China) to formally become independent; they each had already been moving toward independence during Kublai's reign.

Births 
 Charles IV of France (died 1328)
 Kusunoki Masashige, Japanese samurai (died 1336)

Deaths 
 February 18 – Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1215)
 May 3 – John I, Duke of Brabant
 December 25 – Mściwój II of Pomerania
 Roger Bacon, English philosopher and scientist
 Emperor Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia
 John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
 Brunetto Latini, Florentine philosopher (born c. 1220)
 Dmitri of Pereslavl, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
989 is a year in the 10th century.

Events 
 September – Halley's Comet is at perihelion
 Sankore University founded in Timbuktu

Births 
 Adémar de Chabannes (died 1034), monk and historian
 Gisela of Swabia (died 1043), Holy Roman Empress

Deaths 
 6 September – Sharaf al-Daula, emir of Kerman and Fars
986 was a year in the 10th century.

Events 
March 2 – Louis V becomes King of the Franks
End of the reign of Emperor Kazan, emperor of Japan
Emperor Ichijō ascends to the throne of Japan
Explorer Bjarni Herjólfsson becomes the first inhabitant of the Old World to sight North America
Sweyn Forkbeard becomes King of Denmark
Song Dynasty sends armies on three fronts against the Liao Dynasty in the Sixteen Prefectures but are defeated on all fronts.
Neoliberalism is a term for different social and economic ideas. Originally the term was used by a group of liberals who helped shape social market economy in the mid 20th century. Classic liberalism characterized by free market trade, deregulation of financial markets, mercantilism and the shift away from state welfare provision.

Alexander Rustow was the first economist to develop this concept, looking after a Social Democracy system rather than a Laissez Faire Capitalist Society.

Characteristics of Neoliberalism 

In the application of neoliberal ideals, the state might also intervene and regulate, for example, to prevent exploitation, or to ensure social fairness and equality.

Neoliberalism is antithetical to the protection of group - rather than individual - interests, for example, that might be achieved through lobbying of groups, or state interventions that protect national interests via tariffs or subsidies.

Neoliberalism has moved away from a centrally governed economy.

Contemporary use 
Since the 1990s the term has been consistently used in academia to imply the move from welfare state to laissez faire economic management, particularly associated with the promotion of free market ideals in the late 1980s by Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the US.

Examples of neoliberal regimes of Government 

 Chile under Augusto Pinochet
 Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher
 New Zealand under David Lange
 The United States of America under Ronald Reagan attempted to establish this but never did.
 Australia under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating
 Brazil under Jair Bolsonaro

References 

Liberalism
Economic theories

cs:Liberalismus#Neoliberalismus
In economics, an oligopoly is a market form in which the market or industry is controlled by a small number of sellers. Usually, the market has high barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market or even be able to have a significant market share. 

As there are only a few sellers in the market, each seller would take note of the actions made by one another, and thinks about how the other sellers will respond when making decisions  As such, there is a possibility in which an oligopoly can come together to make a common decision that allows them to have less competition and charge higher prices for consumers.

Examples
In many countries, some country-held companies were privatized. Very often, this privatization lead to oligopolies. In many countries, there are only a handful of companies providing networks for mobile phones. They control the prices for accessing the network. That is why using a mobile phone is often much more expensive than using a land line one.

Trains run by private sectors are much costlier than those run by a government. As a government gives rights to private sectors to get a hold of some other sectors, they take advantage of it.

Other websites 
 Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
 Vives, X. (1999). Oligopoly pricing, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. (A comprehensive work on oligopoly theory)
In economics, market structure (also known as market form) describes the state of a market with respect to competition.

Most market forms given below talk about a homogeneous product.  This simply means that they all make the same . They simply want to get the cheapest one, since all kinds of sugars (or soaps) look the same anyway. 

The major market forms are:

 Perfect competition: there are many numbers of buyers as well as many numbers of sellers, all the producers sell the homogeneous product and price remains unchanged
 Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market: there are a large number of  independent firms. Each firm has  a very small proportion of the market share.
 Oligopoly: A market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
 Oligopsony: A  market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.
 Monopoly: There is only one seller and many number of buyers.
 Natural monopoly: A monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
 Monopsony: There is only one buyer in the  market.

The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions.

These somewhat abstract concerns usually determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade.

The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.

Related pages
 Economics
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy
 Microeconomics
 Macroeconomics
 Industrial organization

Other websites 
 Microeconomics  by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition

Market forms
Worcestershire (ˈwʊs.təˌʃə; abbreviated Worcs) is a county in the West Midlands region of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was part of Hereford and Worcester.

The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire.

Physical geography 
Worcestershire is a fairly rural county. The Malvern Hills, which run from the south of the county into Herefordshire, are made up mainly of volcanic rock, some of which date from before 1200 million years ago. For more on the geology of the Malvern Hills, see the other websites section below.

Places of interest 
Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings
Walton Hill and the Clent Hills
Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural beauty
Severn Valley Railway
Worcester Cathedral
Great Malvern Priory
Leigh Court Tithe Barn
Claines Church
River Teme and valley
Tenbury Wells with its unique Pump Rooms.
River Severn at Worcester, River Avon at Pershore or Evesham
Witley Court at Great Witley. A burnt out shell of a large English stately home, famous for its gigantic fountain, now restored to working order. Currently owned by English Heritage.
West Midlands Safari Park
Hanbury Hall
Forge Mill Needle Museum at Redditch, the only remaining working needle mill in the world.

Local groups 
Worcestershire Conservative Future 
Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust

Related pages 
 Worcestershire sauce

Other websites 
Worcestershire County Council main site
Official Worcestershire County Council eHub 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
St Andrews is a town, that has its name from Saint Andrew the Apostle and is a former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, and an important home of golf.  It has a population of about 18 000, and stands on the North Sea coast between Edinburgh and Dundee. It is home to Scotland's oldest university, the University of St Andrews.

The town is called "home of golf" for two reasons. First, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, founded in 1754,has authority over the game worldwide except in the USA and Mexico. Second, the beautiful links (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship, the oldest of the Men's major golf championships. 

Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.

Buildings

Cathedral 

The Cathedral of St Andrew was at one time Scotland's largest building. It was founded by Bishop Robert (1122 - 1159).  It was not completed and consecrated until 1318 in the reign of Robert the Bruce (1306-29).

St Rule's Tower 

St Rule's tower stands in the Cathedral grounds but is older than the cathedral. Probably it was part of the Cathedral up to the early 12th century.

Castle 

The ruins of St Andrews Castle stand on a rock at the sea. It is said that Bishop Roger erected the first stone castle on the site about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence.

The University of St Andrews 
The University of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of Scone and a few others. 

The University library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded about the middle of the 17th century, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889 - 1890. 

The modern buildings, in the Jacobean style, were erected between 1827 and 1847. University College, Dundee, became in 1890 affiliated to the University of St Andrews.

Other websites 
 
 Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council 
 The Official Tourist Portal for St Andrews 

 St Andrews Links

References 
 

Towns in Fife
The element St Andrew, St. Andrews or St. Andrew's is found in the names of many places and institutions.  All of them are named after Saint Andrew, a Christian saint and one of the New Testament Apostles.

Saint Andrew
Other saints who share this name include:
Saint Andrew Corsini (San Andrea Corsini)
Saint Andrew of Crete
Saint Andrew Fool of Christ, who lived in Byzantium in the 10th century and is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Saint Andrew the Scot
Andrew of Lampsacus
Andrew Avellino

British Isles and Europe
 The Saint Andrew's Cross (or saltire) is the national Flag of Scotland or the current Russian naval ensign.
 The Royal Burgh of St Andrews is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland.
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, a world-famous golf club based in the above town.
 The University of St Andrews is a university in Fife, Scotland.
 Saint Andrew's High School, is a Catholic high school outside Glasgow, Scotland
 St Andrews is a suburb of Bristol, England.
 St Andrews is a parish in Guernsey in the Channel Islands.
 St Andrews is the home stadium of Birmingham City football club.
 St. Andrew's College (Dublin) is a private international secondary school in Dublin, Ireland 
St. Andrews Major - a village parish in the Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales

North America
 St. Andrews, South Carolina is a city in South Carolina, United States
 St. Andrews-by-the-Sea is a town in New Brunswick, Canada.
 St Andrews is a town in Manitoba, Canada.
 St. Andrew's Society of Charleston, South Carolina is the first known immigrant Scottish society.
 St. Andrew is an electoral district in Ontario, Canada.
 St. Andrew's School is a boarding school in Middletown, Delaware.
 St. Andrew's College is an all-boys independent boarding school in Aurora, Ontario, Canada.
 St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Jackson, Mississippi.
 St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Potomac, Maryland.
 Saint Andrew Parish is the name of several parishes of the Caribbean.
 St. A's, short for St. Andrew's, is the name of a fraternity at Columbia and Yale Universities in the U.S.

Australia, New Zealand, Japan
 St Andrews is a suburb of Sydney, Australia.
 St Andrews is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia.
 St Andrews is a town in South Canterbury, New Zealand.
 St. Andrew's University is a university in Izumi, Japan.

Egypt
 St. Andrew's United Church in Cairo is a church serving mainly Western and African people in Egypt.

Israel
 St Andrew's Church, Jerusalem

Malta
 St. Andrew's is an informal district in St. Julian's, Malta.

Morocco
 Church of Saint Andrew, Tangier

Other uses
 A Saint Andrew's cross is also a kind of bondage furniture.

See also
 Disambiguation page: San Andreas
The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is one of the most famous editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica.  Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. The articles are still of value and interest to modern scholars as examples for the knowledge of the 19th and early 20th centuries. They contain, however, a number of problematic areas for the modern scholar using them as a source. The eleventh edition is no longer restricted by copyright and is available online, both in its original text and in part in other online encyclopaedias and works.

Background
The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled under the leadership of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper, and edited by Hugh Chisholm. American marketing methods assisted sales. Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to run that side of the enterprise.

Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day, such as Edmund Gosse, J. B. Bury, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Muir, Prince Peter Kropotkin, T. H. Huxley, G. K. Chesterton, Edmund Husserl and William Michael Rossetti, and others well known to that era. 

The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes to the format of the Britannica. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The content of the encyclopaedia was made up as follows:

The eleventh edition has become a commonly quoted source because of the reputation of the Britannica at that time and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on the Internet. The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 has been used as a source for many modern projects, such as Wikipedia and the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.

Gutenberg Encyclopedia
The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is actually the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns.

Other websites

Free, public-domain resources
 Full-page scans in tiff format, at Tim Starling's Wikisource page.  Probably requires the AlternaTiff plugin.  In particular, see:
 In Volume 1, the "Prefatory Note" and "Editorial Introduction," which discuss the history and objectives of the edition. (These, and the different Prefatory Note from the Handy Volume edition of 1915, are also included in the Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.)
The article on Encyclopaedia
Project Gutenberg Volume I
The Project Gutenberg Volume II

Articles about the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
 'Information ... Slightly Coloured by Prejudice', by Lawrence Biemiller, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Notes From Academe, Volume 52, Issue 47, Page A40. (No longer available on-line).
"Music and art in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica" by Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 25 August 2006)

Encyclopædia Britannica
Free encyclopedias
Pontiac was an automobile manufacturer, owned by General Motors. Pontiac was known for making affordable performance cars. It was established in 1926. In 2009 General Motors announced that it would shut down Pontiac.

Pontiac is named for Pontiac (Ottawa leader), an 18th-century war chief, and for the town of Pontiac, Illinois.

Models

Final Models
 Pontiac G3
 Pontiac G6
 G8 (coming in 2008)
 Solstice
 Pontiac Torrent
 Vibe a rebadged version of Toyota Voltz.

Discontinued
 Pontiac Aztek
 Pontiac G2/Matiz
 Bonneville
 Grand Am
 Pontiac Grand Prix
 Pontiac Le Mans
 Pontiac Firefly
 Pontiac Sunbird
 Pontiac Sunburst
 Pontiac Sunfire
 Pontiac Sunrunner
 GTO
 Pontiac Montana

Other websites 
 Pontiac web site
 Canadian Pontiac web site 
 Forever Pontiac web site

General Motors
Buick is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. It is known for making near-luxury cars with excellent performance and value. After the discontinuation of the Saturn brand GM announced Buick's styling would be based off the German Opel's.

Production models

Current

China
 Enclave (2020–present)
 Encore (2013–present)
 Encore GX (2020–present)
 Envision (2015–present)
 Excelle (2003–present)
 Excelle GT (2010–present)
 Excelle GX (2018–present)
 GL6 (2018–present)
 GL8 (2000–present)
 LaCrosse (2006–present)
 Regal (1999–present)
 Velite 6 (2019–present)
 Verano (2012–present)

North America
 Enclave (2008–present)
 Encore (2013–present)
 Encore GX (2020–present)
 Envision (2016–present)
 Regal (1973–2004, 2011–present)

Past

 Model B (1904)
 Model C (1905)
 Model F & G (1906–1910)
 Model 10 (1908–1910)
 Model 14 & 14B (1910–1911)
 Model 28, 29, 34, 36 & 43 (1912)
 Model 24, 25, 30, 31 & 40 (1913)
 Series B (1914)
 Series C (1915)
 Series D (1916–1917)
 Series E (1918)
 Series H (1919)
 Series K (1920)
 Series 21 (1921)
 Series 22 (1922)
 Series 23 (1923)
 Series 24 (1924)
 Master Series (1925–1928)
 Standard Series (1925–1928)
 Series 116, 121 & 129 (1929)
 Series 40 (1930–1935)
 Series 50 (1930–1935)
 Series 60 (1930–1935)
 Special (1936–1958, 1961–1969)
 Roadmaster (1936–1958, 1991–1996)
 Century (1936–1942, 1954–1958, 1973–2005)
 Super (1939–1958)
 Skylark (1953–1954, 1961–1972, 1975–1998)
 Invicta (1959–1963)
 Electra (1959–1990)
 LeSabre (1959–2005)
 Wildcat (1963–1970)
 Riviera (1963–1993, 1995–1999)
 Estate (1970–1979, 1990)
 Centurion (1971–1973)
 Apollo (1973–1975)
 Skyhawk (1975–1980, 1982–1989)
 Opel (1976–1979)
 Somerset (1985–1987)
 Reatta (1988–1991)
 Park Avenue (1991–2005, 2007–2012)
 Sail (2001–2004)
 Rendezvous (2001–2007)
 Rainier (2004–2007)
 Royaum (2005–2006)
 Terraza (2005–2007)
 Lucerne (2006–2011)
 Excelle XT (2010–2015)
 Cascada (2016–2019)
 Velite 5 (2017–2019)

References

Other websites 
 Buick Homepage
 Buick in Canada 
 Buick in China (English and Chinese)
 Buick in Israel  (Hebrew)
 Buick in Taiwan (Chinese)
 History and Picture Buick in Russian 

General Motors
Cadillac, officially the Cadillac Division of the General Motors Company, is a luxury car maker, owned by General Motors. During the 20th century, Cadillacs were so highly thought of that the phrase "the Cadillac of x" was coined, meaning that something of excellent quality and better than everything else in its category.

The company is one of the oldest car companies and was founded in 1902. By the 1950s and 1960s, it had become famous for making high-quality and luxurious cars, often setting the standard for automotive styling. Cadillac had largely declined by the 1980s and lost much of its market to other companies. Since the early 2000s, Cadillac has regained some of its lost reputation. However, it is not the same company it once was. Cadillac is based in Detroit, Michigan. Many of its cars are available as a V-model, which is a sports package.

Current
 CT4
 CT5
 CT6
 XT4
 XT5
 XT6
 Escalade

Discontinued
 Eldorado
 Seville
 DeVille
 Fleetwood
 Brougham
 Cimarron
 Catera
 ATS
 BLS
 CTS
 DTS
 SRX
 STS
 XTS

Gallery

Other websites
 Cadillac.com – Official site
 Cadillac.GM.ca  – Official site of Cadillac in Canada
 CadillacEurope.com – Official site of Cadillac in Europe
 CadillacOwners.com – Community of Cadillac owners and enthusiasts with pictures, classifieds, auctions, discussions, tech tips and more.
 History and Picture Cadillac in Russian 

General Motors
Chevrolet, also known as Chevy, and formally the Chevrolet Division of the General Motors Company, is a car company owned by General Motors. Chevrolet is known for producing popular, affordable cars. Chevrolet produces the Corvette, one of the most famous sports cars in the world.

Chevrolet was created in 1911 by Louis Chevrolet. Louis was a racing car driver. Chevrolet started using its "bow-tie" logo in 1913. It could have come from a wallpaper Chevrolet saw in a hotel. It could also be a version of the cross on the Swiss flag, due to Chevrolet having been born in Switzerland.

In 1917, Chevrolet combined with General Motors. In 2002, GM acquired the recently bankrupt Daewoo Motors company of South Korea, and in 2011, the brand was folded into Chevrolet making the marque global except for Australasia.

Models

Current
Some of these vehicles also come, or used to come in, hybrid-electric versions.
 Avalanche
 Aveo/Sonic
 Camaro
 Caprice PPV
 Chevrolet City Express (a rebadged Nissan transit van)
 Corvette
 Cruze
 Colorado
 Equinox
 Express Commercial Van
 Malibu and Malibu Hybrid
 Silverado
 Spark
 Suburban
 Tahoe
 TrailBlazer (not sold in North America)
 Trax/Tracker
 Traverse
 Volt, a plug-in hybrid
 Bolt EV, a battery-electric vehicle

Discontinued
 Caprice
 Prizm
 Metro
 Tracker
 Uplander
 Impala
 Lumina
 Chevrolet Astro
 Chevrolet Cobalt
 Chevrolet Optra
 Chevrolet S10 Blazer
 K5 Blazer
 Chevrolet Evanda/Epica
 Chevrolet Rezzo
 Chevrolet Orlando

Other websites
 Official Chevrolet Site
 Chevrolet in Canada 

General Motors
A sports car is a small, fast, quick-turning automobile. Most of them only have two seats or very small seats in the back.

Name
A sports car is different from an automobile for racing. The sports car is allowed to drive on a normal road, whereas race cars cannot.

History
Since the invention of automobiles, people have tried to make them faster. The first sports cars were made to be raced by rich people.

Layout
There are different versions of sports cars. There are automobiles with the motor in the front and those with rear-wheel drive. Examples are the Chevrolet Corvette or the Honda S2000. There are also cars with the motor behind the passengers, in the middle of the car. One of the first cars like this was the Lamborghini Miura. Porsche uses a different layout. The motor in a Porsche 911 is in the back, behind the rear wheels. Since the 1980s, a lot of sports cars have four-wheel drive. The motor in the front and front-wheel drive is only used in a few sports cars.

Seats
Most sports cars only have two seats. There are some sports cars that also have small seats in the back. For example, the Porsche 911. The McLaren F1 has three seats, with driver sitting in the middle.

Records
Sports cars are often fast and expensive cars.

 The fastest sportscar is the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport. The maximum speed is .

Examples
These are some sports cars:
 Audi R8
 Bugatti Veyron
 Chevrolet Corvette
 Honda S2000
 Lamborghini Aventador
 Porsche 911

References

Sports cars
Oldmobile was an automobile maker, owned by General Motors.  Oldmobiles were known for being affordable cars with good performance and new technologies. The company was closed in 2004, due to the company being less popular. The cars are still a popular GM car thanks to resale.

Models
 Aurora
 Oldsmobile Bravada
 Custom Cruiser
 Cutlass
 Delta 88
 Intrigue
 Oldsmobile Silhouette
 Toronado

Galery 

General Motors
2004 disestablishments
Holden was an Australian car maker, owned by General Motors. Holden was known for making rear-wheel drive cars with large, naturally-aspirated engines. The company closed down in 2020.

Vehicles

Current

Former

Original models
Holden Monaro
Holden Camira
Holden Torana
Holden Kingswood
Holden Brougham
Holden Special
Holden Commodore
Holden Caprice
Holden Sandman

Toyota-based models
Holden Apollo (1989–1996)
Holden Nova (1989–1996)

Opel-based models
Holden Vectra (1997–2006)
Holden Zafira (2001–2005)
Holden Combo (1996–2012)
Holden Calibra (1991–1998)
Holden Insignia (2015–2017)
Holden Cascada (2015–2017)
Holden Tigra (2005–2007)
Holden Barina (1994–2005)
Holden Astra (1996–2009, 2015–2020)
Holden Commodore (2018–2020)

Chevrolet-based models
Holden Cruze (2009–2016)
Holden Malibu (2013–2016)
Holden Suburban (1998–2001)
Holden Volt (2012–2015)
Holden Barina (2011–2018)

Daewoo-based models
Holden Epica (2007–2011)
Holden Viva (2005–2009)
Holden Captiva (2006–2018)

Isuzu-based models 
Holden Jackaroo (1981–2004)
Holden Rodeo (1981–2008)
Holden Monterey 
Holden Frontera (1995–2004)
Holden Gemini
Holden Piazza
Holden Shuttle

Suzuki-based models
Holden Drover
Holden Scurry
Holden Cruze (2002–2006)
Holden Barina (1985–1994)

Other websites 
Holden Australia 
Holden New Zealand
Holden Special Vehicles

Companies of Australia
The Battle of Dunkirk (French: Bataille de Dunkerque) (Also known as Operation Dynamo) was a major battle during World War II. It lasted from the 26 May until 4 June 1940. The Allied forces were split in two by a German armoured advance to the Channel coast at Calais. The British and French commanders had been taken by surprise at the speed of the advance. The northern part of the army was surrounded In Dunkirk, France, a port on the English Channel. There they made a perimeter and waited for an evacuation. The majority were able to escape. French troops elsewhere continued the Battle of France.

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Invasion of ''France and the Low Countries

1940 in France
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Hauts-de-France
May 1940 events
June 1940 events
Iwao Takamoto (29 April 1925 - 8 January 2007) was a Japanese-American animator, television producer, and film director. He was a production designer for Hanna-Barbera Productions and the artist/character designer of Scooby-Doo.

Biography 
Iwao Takamoto's father moved from Hiroshima to the United States for his health. He only went back to Japan once, and that was to marry his wife. Iwao Takamoto was born on April 19 1925 in Los Angeles, California. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Iwao Takamoto's family, like many Japanese-Americans, had to move to an internment camp. They spent the rest of World War II in the Manzanar internment camp. While he was there, Iwao Takamoto received basic illustration training from other people in the camp.

Iwao Takamoto first started doing cartoons professionally after the end of the war. He was hired as an assistant animator by Walt Disney Studios in 1947. Iwao Takamoto eventually became an assistant animator for the legendary Milt Kahl. He worked as an animator on such titles as Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, One Hundred and One Dalmatians, and Lady and the Tramp.

Takamoto left Disney in 1961 and joined Hanna-Barbera shortly afterwards. He did many jobs there, but is probably best known as a character designer. He was responsible for the original character designs of such characters as Scooby-Doo, The Jetsons' dog Astro, and Penelope Pitstop. He worked as a producer at Hanna-Barbera, supervising shows such as The Addams Family, Hong Kong Phooey, and Jabberjaw. He directed several feature-length animated films, including Charlotte's Web (1973) and Jetsons: The Movie (1990). The inspiration for Scooby-Doo's creation as a Great Dane came from an employee of the Hanna-Barbera company who bred this dog.

Takamoto was Vice-President of Creative Design at Hanna-Barbera, and was responsible for overseeing Hanna-Barbera's product-related merchandising. In 2005, he received the Golden Award from the Animation Guild, to honor his more than 50 years of service in the animation field.

He died on January 8, 2007 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from heart failure at age 81.

References

Other websites 
 

1925 births
2007 deaths
American animators
Deaths from heart failure
People from Los Angeles
Mussels are several families of bivalve molluscs. Mussels live in lakes, rivers, and creeks. They sometimes also live in intertidal areas along coastlines worldwide.  The freshwater mussels (several allied families, the largest being the Unionidae) and saltwater mussels (family Mytilidae) are not closely related, despite the fact that they may look similar. They are grouped in different subclasses.  The freshwater Zebra mussels and their relatives (family Dreissenidae) live attached to rocks in a manner similar to marine mussels, but are classified with the Heterodonta, the taxonomic group including most bivalves referred to as "clams".

From archeology, it is known that humans have been eating mussels for thousands of years. They can be cooked or eaten raw. Care must be taken however as mussels quickly become poisonous after they die.

Other websites 
 Freshwater Mussel Genera
 Methods of mussel farming 
 Photo of bouchot pilings for growing mussels 
 Gilbertson, Lance. (1999). Zoology Laboratory Manual (4th ed.), pp. 11.1-11.4. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Mississippi River Mussels 
 Marine Ecology Station 

Bivalves
Seafood
Shellfish is a culinary term for some aquatic invertebrates used as food: molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. It is not a scientific term, and its use may vary from place to place.

Both saltwater and freshwater invertebrates are considered shellfish. Molluscs commonly used as food include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle, and scallop.

Some crustaceans commonly eaten are the shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish, and crab.

Echinoderms are not eaten as commonly as molluscs and crustaceans. In Asia, sea cucumber and sea urchins are eaten.

Edible cephalopods such as squid, octopus, and cuttlefish and terrestrial snails, though all molluscs, are sometimes considered to be shellfish and sometimes not.

The term finfish is sometimes used to distinguish ordinary (vertebrate) fish from shellfish.

Jewish and Islamic dietary laws forbid the eating of shellfish (those that live on the land, and in the water).

In Japanese cuisine, chefs often use shellfish and their roe. Sushi and sashimi feature both raw and cooked shellfish.

Related pages
Seafood

References

Other websites 

Shellfish News 
Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory  at Rutgers University
Shellfish Gallery  from the Shellfish Association of Great Britain
Shellfish Facts 
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Freshwater and Marine Image Bank -- Shellfish An ongoing digital collection of images related to shellfish.

Seafood
Herefordshire (known as County of Herefordshire) is a county  in the West Midlands region of England. It borders the English counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south east and the Welsh counties of Gwent to the south west and Powys to the west. It is not to be confused with Hertfordshire, a county north of London.

It is pronounced  (i.e. first syllable as in "herring", and -e- a separate syllable).

The county town of Herefordshire is the cathedral city of Hereford.

Waterways
Historically, the Rivers Wye and Lugg were navigable but the wide seasonal variations in water levels mean that few craft larger than canoes and coracles are now used.  There are canoe centres at The Boat House, Glasbury-on-Wye, the Hereford Youth Service  and Kerne Bridge  Ross-on-Wye, as well as a rowing club in Hereford.

The early nineteenth century saw the construction of two canals, The Hereford & Gloucester Canal and The Leominster &  Stourport Canal but these were never successful and there are now few remains to be seen.

Other websites 
The Hereford Times Local news, sport & information
Herefordshire Portal Local events, jobs, photos and news
Herefordshire Libraries 10 Libraries across Herefordshire

Unitary authorities

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. The county includes part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.

The county town is Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Stroud, Cirencester, and Tewkesbury.

Gloucestershire borders the county of Gwent in Wales, and in England the counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Somerset and Bristol.

Economy 
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Antiquities and Other Places of interest 
 Berkeley Castle, an example of a feudal stronghold.
 Beverston Castle
 Calcot Manor
 Forest of Dean
 Hailes Abbey
 Owlpen Manor
 Sudeley Castle
 Tewkesbury Abbey
 Tyndale Monument
 Wildfowl and Wetland Trust, Slimbridge

Other websites 
 Gloucester County Official Site
 Gloucester City Council website
 Visit Gloucester Site
 Gloucester jobs
 Gloucestershire County Council
 Gloucestershire Tourism Partnership
 Official site for Cotswolds tourism
 Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide  - A Guide to Yate and Chipping Sodbury in South Gloucestershire
 Archaeological Handbook of Gloucestershire by George Witts
 Tales of the River Severn  by Chris Witts

Ceremonial counties of England