cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rhythm refers to the length of time between each major "beat", or accent, such as in a piece of music. It is the sequence of sounds and silences which make up the rhythm. The first beat of a group of regular, evenly spaced beats usually feels stronger than the others.  When we write music down, we put each group in bars (or “measures”). 

Rhythms can have different patterns which can be clapped or tapped.  In Western music, these patterns are common:  
1 2, 1 2
1 2 3, 1 2 3
1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4.

A conductor will beat time.  The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.

All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm.  To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).

People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat.  However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature.  One has to learn to let the music “breathe” in the right way.  This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly).  It is something one learns with experience.

Feeling the rhythm in music is basically human.  A person who has a stroke may lose language, but not the sense of rhythm.  Neurologist Oliver Sacks says that chimpanzees and other animals do not have a sense of rhythm.

Other uses 

The word rhythm is used in other topics than music.  The heart usually beats rhythmically, and when it does not, that is a sign of a health problem.  Rhythms may be about much longer time periods than a bar of music.  Everything living is rhythmic relating to the 24-hour light-dark cycle on earth.  The moon has its rhythms and the tides have theirs.

Sometimes the word rhythm is used in a more general sense to mean the general flow of music or of life in general ("the rhythm of life").

Notes 

Basic English 850 words
Music theory
Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and duties when someone dies. Those things usually go to family members. People have had laws about inheritance for thousands of years. Often the question is settled in a will.

If only sons and other male family members get the inheritance, it is called patrilineal succession.  If only daughters and other female family members get the inheritance, it is called matrilineal succession.

Cultural inheritance is called legacy. Genetic inheritance is called heredity.

The person who gets the property and other things when someone dies is called the heir (male) or heiress (female).

Death customs
Property
All the letters in the alphabet are either consonants or vowels. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air is at least partly blocked, and any letter which represents this. Consonants may come singily (by themselves) or in clusters (two or more together), but must be connected to a vowel to form a syllable.

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does not match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

Words with single consonants include:
 Go (CV), which has one consonant and one vowel in that order
 On (VC), which has one vowel and one consonant in that order
 Ton (CVC), which has a consonant, a vowel, and another consonant in that order

Words with consonant clusters include:
 Pro (CCV), which has two consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
 Old (VCC), which has one vowel and two consonants in-a-row afterwards 
 Spree (CCCV), which has three consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
 Arcs (VCCC), which has one vowel and three consonants in-a-row afterwards
 Strengths (CCCVCCCCC), which has three consonants in-a-row, one vowel afterwards, and finally five consonants in a row

Consonants have friction when they are spoken, mostly using the position of the tongue against the lips, teeth and roof of the mouth. b and p are plosives, using the lips to produce a tiny sharp sound. Phonetics texts give more details, with diagrams. Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced. The th in the is voiced, but in breath is not.

There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents.p242 Because of the history of the English language, there is no neat one-to-one relationship between letter and sound. th and ch each stand for a single sound, and x in fox stands for two sounds (ks). All these letters are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, (sometimes Y), and Z. "Y" is often used as a consonant, but it is sometimes used as a vowel. For example, in the word yellow, y is a consonant. But in the word happy, y is a vowel.

The rest of the letters of the alphabet are called vowels. Vowels are underdone, for there are about 20 vowel sounds in most English accents.p237 The vowels are:
A, E, I, O, U (and sometimes Y)

References 

Consonants
FC United are an English football team. They are from Manchester and were formed in 2005 by fans when Malcolm Glazer bought Manchester United.

FC United of Manchester play their home matches at Broadhurst Park, Moston, Manchester. They play in the National League North. They have a First team, Reserve team, Under-18s team, and Women's team.

Other websites 
FC United of Manchester official website 

FC United
2005 establishments in England
A metronome is a small device that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time. It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.

A traditional metronome works by clockwork. It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock. It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking. There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed. There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it. These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes. A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second). The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast). Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes. These are very accurate, do not need to be wound and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning). Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.

The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812. A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them. He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816. 

The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted. If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music. Sometimes they write "MM76". The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome". Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.

Related pages
 Beat (music)
 Rhythm

References

Other websites 
 Metronome on-line that simulates real device 

Music
Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk, Lübeek; adjective: lübsch, lübisch, at the latest since the 19th century also Lübeck, Latin: Lubeca) is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
It has about 210,000 inhabitants and a university.

The city's full name is Hansestadt Lübeck (Hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history. It was an important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period. As the Free City of Lübeck, the city was a state of the Weimar Republic. Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

The most famous citizen is the author Günter Grass. He won the Nobel Prize for literature.

Luebeck has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Former states in Germany
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Imperial free cities
Weimar is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.
It has about 60,000 inhabitants and a university.

Most famous citizens in the past were the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.

The city is well known for the Weimar Republic, too. It was founded in Weimar in 1919.

References 

Cities in Thuringia
Urban Districts of Thuringia
 
Weimar Republic
Münster (Münster dialect: Mönster, Dutch: Munster, Frisian: Múnster, Old Saxon: Mimigernaford, Latin: Monasterium) is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 270,000 inhabitants, an airport and a university.
Münster was very powerful in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
The Westphalian Peace was signed in Münster.

References
The military–industrial complex refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that make things for the military. For example, the businesses can give money to politicians in elections.  Then, politicians give more money to the military.  Then, the military buys things from the businesses.  Each group gains something, so they try to keep doing the same thing.

The term was invented in the United States.  However, most countries have politicians and soldiers and people who make weapons and other military supplies; thus they have a military-industrial complex.

When there is a military-industrial complex, problems can happen.  The government can become corrupt.  A business might want the country to be at war because they make more money during war than during times of peace.

Where the term came from
President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his farewell speech—the last speech he gave while he was the President.  He said, "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex."  This was a warning.  It means that people should be careful or the military-industrial complex will get too much power.

Today, the term is used a lot by people writing and talking about politics.  Especially when the subject is militarism in the United States.  It also appears in discussions about private military companies—businesses that commonly employ soldiers who have left the military.

Related pages
 Constitutionalism
 Constitutional economics
 Rule according to higher law
 Roerich Pact
Lockheed Martin
Heidelberg (Alemannic German: Heidelbärg) is a city by the Neckar river in the south-west of Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

It has about 150,000 inhabitants and a well-known university. The old town and the castle of Heidelberg are well-known tourist attractions of Germany.

Heidelberg has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

References

Other websites

 Site of Heidelberg
 Heidelberg image gallery
Göttingen is a city in the centre of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It has a population of about 129,000 people and one of the first universities in Germany.
It was first mentioned in 992 AD.

References 

Hanseatic League
Trevor James Hemmings CVO (11 June 1935 – 11 October 2021) was a British billionaire businessman.  He lived in the Isle of Man.

He owned several race horses and the holiday company Pontins. He also owned Littlewoods, Blackpool Tower and had a £150 million stake in Scottish and Newcastle.

One of his horses, "Hedgehunter", won the 2005 Grand National at Aintree. He died on 11 October 2021, at the age of 86.

References 

Businesspeople from London
2021 deaths
1935 births
Karlsruhe (South Franconian: Kallsruh, Alemannic German: Karlsrueh or Chaarlsruei) is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

As of 2016, Karlsruhe has about 308,000 people.

The city lies on the eastern shore of the Rhine River and has a technical university.

France is close by, on the other side of the Rhine River, a few kilometers to the south.

Karlsruhe is the seat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany). 

The city was the capital of the former Grand Duchy of Baden.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Karlsruhe.de
 Stadtwiki Karlsruhe
Wuppertal is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It neighbours Düsseldorf.
Wuppertal has about 360,000 inhabitants and a university.
A well-known tourist attraction is the Wuppertal Schwebebahn, a tram hanging at a steel way 10 m over the river-ground.

References
Bielefeld (; Low German: Builefeld) is a city in northwest Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bielefeld has about 327,000 people living there and a university.

References

Other websites
Utrecht is a city in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the Province of Utrecht and lies in the midst of both the country and the province. About 358,000 were living there in 2020, which makes Utrecht the fourth-largest city in the Netherlands.

Utrecht is an important public transport junction, especially concerning the railways. It contains the largest university of the Netherlands called Utrecht University.

One of the main sights is the Domkerk, a cathedral that was built between 1321 and 1382. In of a storm in 1674, part of the cathedral was destroyed. This part was never rebuilt, so now the tower is separate from the rest of the church.

Utrecht is the main seat of the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands, the archbishop resides here.

References

Other websites 

 Municipality of Utrecht
  Tourist information 
 FC Utrecht
  Cathedral 

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Utrecht (province)
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Groningen is a city in the north of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Groningen. It has about 233,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called the University of Groningen.

Since 2019, Haren and Ten Boer have been part of the municipality of Groningen.

Well-known people 
 Pete Hoekstra (born 1953), former U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands

Other websites 

 Official website
 Map and photos of Groningen
 Groningen Museum

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Groningen (province)
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Eindhoven is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is in the Noord-Brabant province. It has about 236,000 inhabitants (2021) and a well-known football team called P.S.V. Eindhoven.

Other websites 

 The official international site of the city of Eindhoven 
 The city of Eindhoven on the Internet
 InternetGemeentegids Eindhoven over 1450 links
 Photo history: Eindhoven in the 20th century 
 Eindhoven-in-Beeld 
 Regional Historical Centre RHC-eindhoven 
 The Van Abbe Museum of Modern Art
 Eindhoven University of Technology 
 Eindhoven-eertijds.tk 
 The City Stage 
 The Concert Hall 

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Brabant
Nijmegen is a city in Gelderland in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 177,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called Radboud University Nijmegen.

References

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland
Leiden is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands. It has about 120,000 inhabitants and a very old university (Leiden University).

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in South Holland
Apeldoorn is a city in Gelderland in the Netherlands. It has about 160,000 inhabitants. The Het Loo Palace is in Apeldoorn. This was summer home of the Dutch Royal family.

References 

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland
Tilburg is a city in the south of the Netherlands. About 222,000 people live there (2021).

Tilburg is famous for its Schrobbeler, an alcoholic drink.

Tilburg University is in Tilburg.

Other websites 
 Gemeente Tilburg
 Historie Tilburg
 Tilburgnet
 Kaart van Tilburg 
 Carnaval Tilburg

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Brabant
Zwolle is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 130,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies where the Vecht river flows into the IJssel river, on the eastern side of last one.

It lies also in the regions of Salland and IJsselvallei, and is the capital of Overijssel province.

Zwolle got city rights in 1230 and joined the Hanseatic League in 1294.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
IJsselvallei (Overijssel)
Salland
Haiphong is a city in the north of Vietnam.
It has about 400,000 inhabitants and a marine harbor.
About 1,700,000 people live in the district of Haiphong.
Haiphong is 120 km away from Hanoi.

Cities in Vietnam
Oldenburg (Low Saxon: Ollnborg, Low Saxon spelling: Ollenborg) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It was formerly the capital of the old Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. 

It has about 160,000 inhabitants and a university.

References

Lower Saxony
Braunschweig (English: Brunswick) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It was probably founded in the 9th century. It has about 245,000 inhabitants and a technical university.

References
Kos is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group in the Aegean Sea. 

About 30,000 people live on Kos, 16,000 of them in the island capital Kos City in the west of the island.
There is an international airport near Antimachia in the middle of the island and a sea harbour in Kos City.
Kos Island's main industry is tourism. About 300,000 tourists take rooms on Kos every year and a lot of tourists take a one-day trip to Kos from neighboring islands or the Turkish coast. 17 km overseas lies Bodrum, Turkey.

People have lived on Kos since the 15th century BC, maybe longer.
Until the 4th century BC the capital of the island was in the west of it, near Kefalos. After an earthquake it moved to Kos City.
Later the Hellenics, then the Romans and the Byzantines got the island.
The Knights of St. John built great forts on Kos, in Kos City and near Antimachia.
The Turkish took over Kos in 1523.
From 1912 to 1943 the Dodecanese islands belonged to Italy, from 1943 to 1945 to the Germans, and from 1945 to 1946 the British ruled them. Since 1946 they belong to Greece.

The most important tourist attraction is the Askelepsion, an old temple for the Greek god Askelapsios. It was built between the 5th and the 1st century BC.
The physician Hippocrates was from Kos.

Other websites
Kos Island Official Travel Guide
  photographs castle on Kos.

Islands of Greece
Rhodes is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group. In Greek it is called Rhodos.

The largest cities are Rhodes City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.
About 120,000 people live on Rhodes. It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city). 

First settlement were on Rhodes at the 16th century before Christ.
Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion. In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.

1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 the German took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the Islands belong to Greece.

Rhodes lives mostly on tourism industry now.

History
During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state. 

In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the Middle Ages, it was conquered by the Knights of St. John, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.

Islands of Greece
Tenerife is one of the seven Canary Islands. It is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the province being on the island. The other province in the Canary Islands is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. With 899.833 inhabitants, Tenerife is the most populated island of the Canary Islands and the second most populated island of Spain (after Mallorca).

The flag adopted by the island is that of a white St Andrew's cross on a navy blue background this is due to St Andrew being the patron saint of the island. 

Geologically it grew up from a volcano, the Teide. This volcano has had many violent eruptions over its very long history, the most recent of those eruptions took place in 1909.
Island capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife, other important cities are Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava, Arona, Adeje and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, all in the north of the island. Also important town of Candelaria, where they worship the patron saint of the Canary Islands, the Virgin of Candelaria.

The island is currently dependent on the tourism industry for much of its income.

Tenerife has two international airports, one in the south near the centres of tourism in Playa de Las Americas, Costa Adeje and Los Cristianos, and one in the north near Santa Cruz, which is where the world's worst plane disaster happened on March 27, 1977. Two Boeing 747 planes collided on the runway and killed 583 people.

The biggest tourist attractions are the volcano Teide (top is more than 3,000 m above sea level) and the Loro Parque in Puerto de la Cruz.

References 

Islands of the Canary Islands
Da Nang is the biggest city in central Vietnam and the fourth largest city in Vietnam. It has about 870,000 people (2010). It is a popular city for tourism because of its beaches. Nearby is Hoi An, a popular tourist town, and Hue, Vietnam's former capital. Its airport, Da Nang International Airport, used to also be used as as airbase to fight against North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

Cities in Vietnam
Rostock (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɔstɔk]) is a city in the northeast of Germany. It is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

It has over 200,000 people (204,260 in December 2011) and an old university (founded in 1419). The town is on the river Warnow. The mayor is Roland Methling. The city today carries the name Hansestadt (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been an important part of the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region is influenced by this historic period.

Rostock is on the Baltic Sea. It has an important harbor. A district of the city, Warnemünde, is famous for its long beaches. It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

The most important football club of Rostock is F.C. Hansa Rostock. It is in the German Bundesliga.

Other major Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Lübeck, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

References 

Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
 
Urban districts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
1218 establishments
13th-century establishments in Germany
1210s establishments in Europe
Jena is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.
About 103,000 people live there. Jena has a university called Friedrich Schiller University.

Geography 
Jena partly lies in the middle hall valley between from mixed woodlands covered shelly limestone and sandstone slopes (geological phenomena are among other things the devil holes and the student chute). On them numerous partially rare Orchideenarten occurs. From north to south Jena is  wide, and from east to west . The following larger cities are close to Jena: Gera, approx.  east, Erfurt, approx.  west, Weimar, approx.  west, Naumburg (Saale), approx.  northeast, is (Saale), to approx.  northeast, Leipzig, approx.  northeast and Chemnitz, approx.  east, Rudolstadt, approx.  south.

References

Other websites 
 A traveller's review of Jena
 The University's website 
 University of Applied Science Jena website 

 
Urban Districts of Thuringia
Paderborn (Low German: Patterbuorn, Paterboärn) is a city in the middle west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and "born", an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral.
It has about 150,338 inhabitants  and a university.

Paderborn has got a football club in the first mens league in Germany (SC Paderborn 07) and a basketball team in the 2nd German league (Paderborn Baskets).

Pope John Paul II visited Paderborn in 1996 and Pope Leo III visited Paderborn in 799.

Paderborn has got a very big cathedral. It was built by Charlemagne ("Karl der Große").

References 

Paderborn Rural District
Mannheim (; Palatine German:  or ) is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the north-west of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

The city was built in the Rhine River valley where the Rhine and the Neckar Rivers meet. The city of Ludwigshafen is on the opposite bank of the Rhine. Mannheim and Ludwigshafen together with Heidelberg and other cities make a big area called "Rhine-Neckar-Area" or "Rhein-Neckar Triangle". Nearly 2.4 million people live in this area.

As of 2020, 309,720 people live in the city. Mannheim is the biggest city in "Rhine-Neckar-Area". It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Mannheim has universities. The city has a history of important transport inventions. The first automobile, tractor and bicycle (draisine or velocipede, as the earliest recognisable bicycles were called) were all made or presented for the first time in Mannheim. This is why the city is also called the "city of inventions". The Forbes magazine ranked Mannheim 11th of the most inventive cities worldwide.

During World War II almost all of the old city was destroyed. The houses were built again after the war. Year 2007 was the city's 400th birthday.

Mannheim is now an important city because of its business power and culture. The New Economy Magazine praised Mannheim's positive economic and innovative environment.

It has very good transport connections, by road, rail and water.

Demographics

The following list shows significant groups of foreigners by nationalities. 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The population of Neckarstadt-West district is the most foreign (68.9%). The population of the Wallstadt district is the least foreign (23,1%).

Inventions made in Mannheim

Economy 
Mannheim had a gross domestic product (GDP) of €20.921 billion in 2018. This makes it 17th on the list of German cities by GDP.

It is the economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region. This is one of Germany's most important business locations.

Sister cities

Mannheim is twinned with:
  Bydgoszcz, Poland
  Chişinău, Moldova
  Haifa, Israel
  Klaipėda, Lithuania
  Swansea, Wales
  Toulon, France
  Ulan Ude, Russia
  Windsor, Canada
  Zhenjiang, China

References

Other websites

Official website
Official tourism website

Literature from and about Mannheim in the German National Library
Parks in Mannheim
Mannheim in Britannica.com
U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim homepage
The Mannheim Heritage of World Cultures
Kaiserslautern (; Palatine German: Lautre) is a city in the southwest of Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
It has about 100,000 inhabitants, a university and a well-known soccer team.

References

Other websites

Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Dordrecht is a city in the Netherlands, in the province South Holland.

Dordrecht was founded in 1047 and got its City Rights in 1220. It was the first city in the west of the Netherlands to get City Rights.
In 1572 the Dutch Dukes under Willem van Oranien declared their independence from Spain in Dordrecht.

Dordrecht has about 120,000 inhabitants. It has a marine harbor, metal and food industry.

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in South Holland
11th-century establishments in Europe
's-Hertogenbosch () is a municipality in the Netherlands, and also the capital of the province of North Brabant. It is in the southern Netherlands,  south of Amsterdam.

In 2015, Maasdonk became a part to 's-Hertogenbosch.

References

Notes

Other websites 

 The official site of 's-Hertogenbosch
 Municipality of 's-Hertogenbosch
 Map of 's-Hertogenbosch

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Brabant
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Bremerhaven (Low German: Bremerhoben) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Bremen. It is where the rivers Weser and Geeste meet.

Bremerhaven has more than 115,000 people. It lives mostly on its marine industry. The city was founded in 1827.

A city called Geestemünde was founded in 1847 as a "rival" of Bremerhaven. Some villages around Bremerhaven are older.
Geestemünde and Lehe were joined together in 1927 to Wesermünde. Wesermünde and Bremerhaven were unified in 1939 to Wesermünde. After the Second World War the city was called Bremerhaven.

Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe. In 2005 a museum of emigration opened in Bremerhaven (the "Deutsches Auswanderhaus").

Bremerhaven has a railway station Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof that opened in 1914. It was in Geestemünde in 1862. It was the first railway station in the area.

Bremerhaven has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

References

Other websites 
 English website for tourists

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Jamie Oliver   MBE (James Trevor Oliver, born 27 May 1975) is a British celebrity chef, restaurateur, and media personality. He is known for his television shows, cookbooks and restaurants. He has highlighted the need for improved cooking in schools and hospitals.

Early life 
Oliver was born in the village of Clavering in Essex, where he still lives. His parents run a bar/restaurant where he practised cooking as a youngster.

He was educated in Newport Free Grammar School. He graduated at the age of sixteen with two GCSE qualifications in geology and art. He went on to attend the Westminster Catering College, which is now known as the Westminster Kingsway College. From there he earned what is known as a City & Guilds NVQ (National Vocational Qualification) in home economics.

Career 
Oliver’s first job was a pastry chef at Antonio Carluccio’s Neal’s Yard Restaurant, where he prepared his first Italian cuisine therefore gaining good, helpful experience. He also developed a great relationship with his mentor Gennaro Contaldo. Later on in his career, he offered Contaldo an employment where he could help run Oliver’s thriving selection of High Street restaurants, Jamie’s Italian. Then Oliver became a sous chef of The River Café in Fulham.

School 'dinners' 
In 2005, Oliver started his 'school dinners' campaign to improve the quality of food fed to pupils in schools. At the time it was a controversial shake-up for students and parents, Many of whom preferred food from fast food outlets ("junk food"). Some thought the students should have a healthy option available, but still be allowed to choose what they wanted to eat.

In a four-part documentary TV series Oliver ran the kitchen meals in Kidbrooke School, Greenwich, for a year. He was disgusted by the unhealthy food being served to schoolchildren, and the lack of healthy alternatives on offer. His campaign to improve the standard of Britain’s school meals eventually persuaded the British Government to spend £280m on school dinners.

References

Other websites 
 Jamie Oliver Website in Spanish

1975 births
Living people
British chefs
English television presenters
Television personalities from Essex
Neuss (Low Franconian and Ripuarian: Nüüs, Latin: Novaesium; officially written in Neuß until 1968) is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. In the local dialect it is called Nüss or Neuß. Neuss has about 150,000 inhabitants. It is on the Rhine, opposite the big city of Düsseldorf.

Neuss was founded by the Romans about 2,000 years ago. The Romans called the town Castra Novesia.

References

Other websites

Rhein-Kreis Neuss Rural District
Giessen is also a village in the Netherlands

Gießen or Giessen is a city in the German state of Hesse.

It is  north of Frankfurt. Giessen has about
73,000 inhabitants. The university of Giessen has about 20,000 students.

The German word "Giessen" means "to pour" in English, as "to pour a glass of water." The city is on the banks of the Lahn River, and it is surrounded by many lakes and streams.

People from Giessen
 Justus von Liebig (1803-1873), Chemist, Professor. The official name of the University of Giessen is named Justus Liebig University.
 Fritz Heichelheim
 Demis Nikolaidis
 Martin Gindler, an important piano player. Has lived in North Carolina but currently resides in the Netherlands.
 Samuel Adler, a well known rabbi in the United States, attended the University of Giessen[1]
 Wilhelm Liebknecht, founder of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, was born on 29 March 1826 in Giessen.
 Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) was Chief Justice Inspector of Laubach, where he wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. He was also Chief Regional Auditor in Giessen. The University of Giessen has established the Kellner Project.
 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was professor of physics from 1879 until 1888 at the university of Giessen. After his death in 1923 his body was buried at the "Alte Friedhof".

Education
Universities in Gießen are the University of Gießen and the University of Applied Sciences Gießen-Friedberg

References

Other websites

Giessen (district)
Ludwigshafen am Rhein (literally: Ludwigshafen on the Rhine), commonly referred to as Ludwigshafen, is a City in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. and to Mannheim the second largest city of the Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar.

Ludwigshafen is independent of the local district government, but is administrative seat of the surrounding district.

Geography 
Ludwigshafen lies on the westbank of the Rhine River. 

As one of the five upper centers of the country Rhineland-Palatinate Ludwigshafen forms the core of the European Metropolregion Rhine Neckar triangle together with its neighbour city of Baden-Wuerttemberg Mannheim. Further nearer-lying large cities are Heidelberg (about 25 km southeast), Karlsruhe (about 50 km south) and Mainz (about 60 km north).

Population 
The number of people of the city of Ludwigshafen on the Rhine exceeded the 100,000 by the year 1925. Nowadays it has about 160,000 people, who lives mostly on the chemical industry.

Sister cities 
  Pasadena (United States), since 1948
  Lorient (France), since 1963
  Havering (England), since 1971
  Sumqayıt (Azerbaijan), since 1987
  Dessau (Germany), 1988
  Antwerpen (Belgium), since 1999

References

Other websites 

 Official City Website
 Ludwigshafener Kongress- und Marketing-Gesellschaft mbH 
 BASF Website
Zwickau (Thurginian-Upper Saxon dialect: Zwigge) is a city in the German state of Saxony. It has under 100,000 inhabitants.

References

Zwickau Rural District
Hamm (Latin: Hammona) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region

It has about 185,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg
Europa is a large moon of the planet Jupiter. It is a little smaller than Earth's Moon and it is the sixth-largest moon in the solar system.

Europa's diameter is about 3000 kilometers. It probably has an iron core, and an atmosphere that's mostly oxygen. The surface is icy and very smooth. There are not a lot of craters, but there are some cracks and lines. Because the surface is so young and smooth, scientists believe that there is a liquid ocean under the surface, and that it is kept warm by tidal heating. In other words, Jupiter's strong gravitational pull on Europa makes it warm.

The moon Europa was found by Simon Marius in December 1609. Galileo Galilei first saw the moon in January 1610 (he did not know Marius had found it). Simon Marius was the one who had the idea of the name 'Europa'.

The moon Europa is named after a princess from Greek mythology who became the first queen of Crete. However, people usually called Europa 'Jupiter II' until the middle of the 20th century.

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 Europa 

Jupiter's moons
Timothy James Rice-Oxley (born 2 June 1976, in Oxford, England) is an English musician. He is the pianist of rock band Keane. He plays piano and bass. He also writes the songs for the band.

Early life 
He took piano lessons which he hated. This because he had to play classic music and he thought it was boring. Later, he began playing the piano listening to The Beatles. In 2004, he won the Ivor Novello award for Best composer of the year.

In 1995, his friend Dominic Scott told him to make a band. The band was called "The Lotus Eaters". They asked Richard Hughes to play the drums. Tom Chaplin would play bass. Rice-Oxley and Chaplin had been friends since they were children. In 1997, Rice-Oxley asked Chaplin to sing. The band changed its name to "Keane". When Scott left the band in 2001, Rice-Oxley started playing piano again and recording bass separately. He still does that.

Rice-Oxley married in February 2005.

Equipment list
Complete list: Equipment list
Yamaha CP70 (Piano)
Nord Lead 3 (Synthesizer)
Fender Precision (Bass)
Apple Computer PowerBook G4
Apple PowerMac G5

References

Other websites 
 Nezz-Media! - Dedicated to Keane

1976 births
Living people
english pianists
English guitarists
English rock musicians
Keane
Musicians from Oxfordshire
People from Oxford
Thomas "Tom" Oliver Chaplin (born 8 March 1979) is the singer of the rock band Keane. He comes from Battle, East Sussex.

He went to Tonbridge school with his friend Tim Rice-Oxley. There they met Richard Hughes and Dominic Scott. He was invited to join the band in 1997, when the name "The Lotus Eaters" was changed to "Cherry Keane".

When the band moved to London trying to get a record deal, Tom left his Art History studies at the Edinburgh University in 1999 to join the band. With Scott in the band as the lead guitarist, Tom played the acoustic guitar. After Scott left in 2001, he took the lead vocals, but also plays the keyboard on some songs. Since Scott left, the band has not used guitars, with their first album using only keyboards, drums and vocals.

Chaplin also took part in Band Aid 20's re-recording of Do They Know It's Christmas in November 2004.

1979 births
Living people
English singers
Keane
Musicians from Sussex
People from East Sussex

Nowadays he has two solo albuns (2017's The Wave and Twelve Tales of Christmas), and made a tour around the world, specially in Britain and Europe. The first tour was about he launched The Wave. And, the second, with the album Twelve Tales of Christmas.

Tom rejoined Keane in 2018/2019 and in September 2019 they released their 5th Studio album, Cause and Effect, which toured Europe, USA and Latin America throughout 2019.

During such tour, Tom opened up during interviews about overcoming cocaine addiction and Tim Rice-Oxley family misfortunes that led the songwriter to compose the album songs and approaching Tom in the Christmas of 2018.

He has a child called Freya with his wife Nat; she is four years old.
Under the Iron Sea is the second album by rock band Keane. It was launched in June 2006.

There is a version with a bonus DVD. This includes videos and demo versions of songs.

The title of the album comes from the phrase "I lost my heart. I buried it too deep under the iron sea," of the eighth (8th) song, "Crystal Ball".

In its first week sold 222,297 copies. It was #1 in UK and #4 in US.

The album had sold 1,000,000 copies to date.

Song list 
 All tracks written by Tim Rice-Oxley, Tom Chaplin, and Richard Hughes.
 "Atlantic" (4:13)
 "Is It Any Wonder?" (3:08)
 "Nothing In My Way" (4:02)
 "Leaving So Soon?" (3:58)
 "A Bad Dream" (5:04)
 "Hamburg Song" (4:37)
 "Put It Behind You" (3:35)
 "The Iron Sea" (2:57)
 "Crystal Ball" (3:53)
 "Try Again" (4:26)
 "Broken Toy" (6:07)
 "The Frog Prince" (4:21)

Note: Some editions combine "The Iron Sea" with "Put It Behind You," with a length of 6:33.

Charts

General charts 
 United Kingdom: #1
 United States: #4
 Canada: #7
 Ireland: #1
 Switzerland: #2
 Holland: #1
 Germany: #3
 Portugal: #3
 Norway: #3
 Mexico: #3
 Denmark: #5
 'India': #8

Related pages
 List of songs by Keane

Other websites 
 Official Site
 Austrian Fansite 
 Fansite
 French Fansite
 Link to download a UTIS fan-made font 

2006 albums
Keane
Island Records albums
Rock albums
This is a list of songs of Keane. Keane is a rock band from England.
The songs are divided for easy consult.

Unknown songs
These old songs were written by Keane. They have not been heard as there are no recordings from them. They are known because the band had mentioned them.
11th Hour Blues
All I Was
Captain Planet
Duncan Elliot
Gingerbread
High Time
If Not You
I'll Live in Fear
Innes' Song
In the Light
Less in More
Melodrama
Morsel
Mr. Caravan
Nagasaki Summer
Pot of Gold
Start the Car
The Silence of an Alien
Wonderful River

Unreleased songs
These songs were not released but they are known for recordings. These recordings are on the internet.
A Heart to Hold You
Emily
Maps
More Matey
New One
The Happy Soldier

Singles
These songs had been recorded on CD Singles.
Atlantic
Bedshaped
Bend and Break
Call Me What You Like
Crystal Ball
Everybody's Changing
Is It Any Wonder?
Somewhere Only We Know
This Is the Last Time
Wolf at the Door
The Night Sky
On a Day Like Today

B-Sides not released on albums
A b-side is a song included with a single on its CD.
Allemande
Call Me What You Like
Closer Now
Fly to Me
He Used to Be a Lovely Boy
Maybe I Can Change
Rubbernecking
She Opens Her Eyes
Snowed Under
Something in Me Was Dying
The Way You Want It
Thin Air
To the End of the Earth
Tyderian
Untitled 2
Walnut Tree
Wolf at the Door (Released as a single but not included in any album)

Hopes and Fears
This is Keane's first album.
Somewhere Only We Know
This Is the Last Time
Bend and Break
We Might as Well Be Strangers
Everybody's Changing
Your Eyes Open
She Has No Time
Can't Stop Now
Sunshine
Untitled 1
Bedshaped

Under the Iron Sea
This is Keane's second (2nd) album
A Bad Dream
Broken Toy
Hamburg Song
Leaving So Soon?
Nothing in My Way
Put It Behind You
The Frog Prince
The Iron Sea
Try Again
Let It Slide

Perfect Symmetry
This is Keane's third (3rd) album
Spiralling
The Lovers Are Losing
Better Than This
You Haven't Told Me Anything
Perfect Symmetry
You Don't See Me
Again and Again
Playing Along
Pretend That You're Alone
Black Burning Heart
Love Is the End

Songs not yet released
These songs have not been released. In the future they will.
All Your Days
Any Human Heart
Back in Time
Barcelona Song (Crystal Ball)
Golden Light
If You Feel Bad / Bitter Pill
Love Actually
You Might Be Smiling Now

Cover versions
These songs were written by other artists. Keane have covered them and some of them, recorded.
Dinner at Eight (Rufus Wainwright)
Dirtylicious
Do They Know It's Christmas? (Band Aid 20) (contribution)
Enjoy the Silence (Depeche Mode)
Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (Elton John)
Paperback Writer (The Beatles)
Praise You (Fatboy Slim)
She Sells Sanctuary (The Cult)
The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore (The Walker Brothers)
What a Wonderful World (Louis Armstrong)
White Christmas (Irving Berlin)
With or Without You (U2)
Your Song (Elton John)
Disco 2000 (Pulp)
Another One Bites the Dizzee (Queen / Dizzee Rascal mix)
The River (Bruce Springsteen)
That's All (Genesis)
You've Got to Hide Your Love Away (The Beatles)
Golden Slumbers (The Beatles)
Under Pressure (Queen / David Bowie)
Cast No Shadow (Oasis)
Jealous Guy (John Lennon)
American Tune

Keane
"Everybody's Changing" is the first single by the rock band Keane. It was released two times. It was the first Keane CD to be sold in stores.

Versions
There are two different versions of the song. The song was first composed in 2001 by Tim Rice-Oxley. The first version was recorded at Keane's home. The second one at the Helioscentric Studios in East Sussex.

Fierce Panda single
In December 2002, Simon Williams of Fierce Panda Records saw Keane in a pub. He wanted to record one of their songs for the radio. The song chosen was "Everybody's Changing". They made a CD single and released it on May 2003.

Island single
After Keane signed to Island Records, there was another single, "Somewhere Only We Know". However, they wanted to release "Everybody's Changing" again. This time it was released as an Island single. The record was released on May 2004

Information about songs
The CDs for each version had one or two other songs on them.

To the End of the Earth
"To the End of the Earth" was composed in guitar. A demo version played on guitar was also recorded. It was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley in 2000. The song was re-recorded for the single.

Fly to Me
"Fly to Me" has been thought to be Keane's most beautiful song. Official sheet music for the song is found in the Wise Publication's book of Hopes and Fears.

The Way You Want It
"The Way You Want It" is a piano and voice song. It appeared on the Fierce Panda version. The song appears on the Strangers DVD as well.

Track listing

Fierce Panda single
CD NING133CD
Everybody's Changing
Bedshaped
The Way You Want It

Island Single
CD CID855
Everybody's Changing
To the End of the Earth (Only CD)
Fly to Me
Everybody's Changing (Video)

UK, 7" Vynil IS855
Released May 3rd 2004
Everybody's Changing
Fly to Me

Other versions

Holland, CD
July 23rd 2004
Everybody's Changing
Fly to Me

France, CD
March 21st 2005
Everybody's Changing
Somewhere Only We Know (Live) (Forum, London, May 10th 2004)

UK, 3" Pocket CD
July 19th 2004
Everybody's Changing
Fly to Me
Everybody's Changing (Polytone)
Fly to Me (Polytone)
Everybody's Changing (Truetone)
Fly to Me (Truetone)

Music videos
There are two music videos for this song:
 - (UK, Int’l) Keane appear playing in a white room.
 - (US) Keane appear on a scene representing a sunset and shots of gigs in London, Mexico City and United States.

2003 songs
Keane songs
Dominic "Dom" Scott (15 May 1979) is an Irish guitarist, known for being the guitarist for the rock band Keane. He is the co-founder of a band named,"The Lotus Eaters" It was founded in 1995 withTim Rice-Oxley. They invited Richard Hughes to play the drums.

In 1997 Rice-Oxley asked Scott and Hughes to let Tom Chaplin join the band. Scott and Hughes firstly refused but then accepted.

He left in 2001, after the single "Wolf at the Door" because of musical differences with Rice-Oxley. His exit was friendly. Keane wrote a message on their official page on 14 November 2001 saying this:

"One sad piece of news for us is that in July our guitarist Dom decided to leave the band and return to his studies at LSE. We wish him all the best with that."

Rice-Oxley also said in an interview in Mexico: "Dom is a great fan of U2 so maybe we'll met in New York" (Because Keane was the opening band for U2 in 2005).

1979 births
Living people
Irish guitarists
Keane
Rock guitarists
Langeoog (Low German: Long Island) is a German Island in the North Sea.

Langeoog is about 10 kilometers long (from east to west), has a 14 kilometer long beach and covers an area of about 20 km². There are about 2000 people living on Langeoog.

Traffic
Cars are not allowed to drive on Langeoog. People on the Island use bikes. The port and the village are linked with a small railway, the so-called "Inselbahn" (Island's Rail). The Railway is about 2.4 kilometers long.
The harbour of Langeoog is quite big. It was built in World War II by the German Navy. Today the harbour is used by ferries, that connect Langoog with the harbour of Bensersiel on the coast. The Langeoog harbour is also used by sailors, some fishermen and the German Society for Rescuing Ship-Wreckers.
There is also a little airfield on Langeoog.

Landmarks

The landmark of Langeoog is the Water-Tower, that was built in 1909 on top of a dune near the village.

Tourism 
Tourism is the main source of income for Langeoog's economy. There are several hotels. The youth hostel can be found several kilometers outside the village.

References

Other websites 
 Official site 
 Langeoog Island Ferry 
 Langeoog Online - Travel and Tourism Directory 
 Online Magazine Langeoog  

Islands of Germany
Towns in Lower Saxony