This is a list of noted scientists ordered by nationality.

Afghanistan
Ashraf Ghani, President of Afghanistan (as of 2017); he is a scientist in the field of Anthropology
Abdul Karim Mustaghni, was Defense Minister of Afghanistan; died in 2004

Albania
Ferid Murad - he has a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Argentina
Ernesto Sabato - he got the award, Legion of Honour; his field was Physics; he died in 2011

Armenia
Boris Babaian - he got the awards (from the Soviet Union): the USSR State Prize for his achievements in 1974 in the field of computer-aided design, and the Lenin Prize in 1987 for the Elbrus-2 supercomputer design. Since 1984, he has been a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later - Russian Academy of Sciences)

Australia
Peter C. Doherty - he got the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; his fields of science are Medicine and veterinary science.

Peter Gavin Hall, one of only three researchers based outside of North America to win the COPSS presidents' Award; Mathematics, statistics; died in 2016

Austria
Peter M. Gruber, Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, for "contributions to the geometry of numbers and to convex and discrete geometry"; Geometric number theory, and convex and discrete geometry; died in 2017

Azerbaijan
Lotfi A. Zadeh - pioneer (or one of the earliest scientists) of fuzzy logic; computer scientist, electrical engineer, mathematician; d. in 2017

Bangladesh
Muhammed Zafar Iqbal - he has a Bangladesh National Film Awards for Best Story; he is a scholar of engineering and computer science.

Belarusia
Lev Vygotsky, credited for starting the concept, zone of proximal development, or ZPD, which is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she cannot do; Psychology; died in 1934

Belize
Janet Gibson - she got the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1990; she is a zoologist (and therefore also a biologist). 
Andrea Gill - she is a former president of the Senate of Belize; biologist

Bermuda
Louis L. Mowbray - he successfully bred the first Galapagos tortoises and Galapagos penguins in captivity; he was a naturalist and an ornithologist; death in 1952
David B. Wingate (He got the awards, the Queen’s Honours (UK); and (UN's) Global 500 Award)

Bolivia
Roberto Iván Aguilar Gómez.  - minister of the Ministry of Education; economist

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alojz Benac - became a corresponding member of the Yugoslav/Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Archeology; died in 1992.

Brazil

 Fernando Henrique Cardoso, sociologist and former President
 Adib Jatene, was Minister of Health; heart surgeon; died in 2014

 Warwick Estevam Kerr, is a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, and of the Third World Academy of Sciences; member of the National Order of Scientific Merit; Genetics, Biology, Agronomy, Entomology
 Fritz Müller, known for Müllerian mimicry; Evolutionary biology; died in 1897

Bulgaria
Lyubomir Ivanov, got the award, Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics.; Linguistics, Mathematics

China

Shen Kuo, was finance minister; Astronomy; died in 1095

Tong Dizhou, the first to successfully clone a fish; Embryology; died in 1979

Tu Youyou, got the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; scientist within Pharmacology

Chien-Shiung Wu, known for the Wu experiment (en); Nuclear physics; died in 1997

Xu Guangxian, was president of the Chinese Chemical Society; Chemistry; died in 2015
Zhang Heng, made the first seismometer; Astronomy, engineering, meteorology, geology, philosophy, and mathematics; died in 139 A.D.

Croatia
Roger Joseph Boscovich, maker of a precursor of atomic theory; made the first geometric procedure for finding out the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position; discoverer of the absence of atmosphere on the Moon; he was from a city in what later became Croatia; died in 1787

Cuba

Czechia
Petr Vopěnka, he developed Alternative set theory; died in 2015

Egypt

Ibrahim Abouleish, founder of SEKEM - an organization for biodynamic farming methods; got the Right Livelihood Award; Pharmacology; died in 2017
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, was United Nations Secretary-General; a leading figure in the peace process between Egypt and Israel; Law; died in 2016
Mamdouh Eldamaty, is a former Minister of Antiquities; Egyptology
 Euclid of Alexandria, known for Euclidean geometry, Euclid's Elements, Euclidean algorithm; died in the middle of 3rd century BC

Ahmed Zewail, got Nobel Prize for Chemistry; Chemistry; 2016

Estonia 

Karl Ernst von Baer, Embryology (within Biology); died in 1876
Madis Kõiv - he got the award, the  Tuglas short story award; physicist, writer and philosopher; died in 2014

Fiji
Mahendra Reddy - minister of Ministry for Education, National Heritage, Culture and Arts

France

 Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta, the first female mathematical sciences professor in Norway; Applied mathematics, she died in 2017
 Sophie Germain

Georgia 
Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze - a former member of the Parliament of Georgia;  he is an assyriologist (and therefore a linguist)
Jamshid Giunashvili - he was a linguist (Iranologist); died in 2017

Germany

 Fritz Müller, known for Müllerian mimicry; Evolutionary biology; died in 1897

Great Britain

England
 Charles Babbage, credited with inventing the first mechanical computer (or analytical engine); died in 1871
 Alan Turing, he was important in the development of theoretical computer science, and is known for the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer; died in 1954

Greece
 Eratosthenes
 Euclid
 Pythagoras

Guatemala
Ricardo Bressani, one of the 42 founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences, later known as The World Academy of Sciences; Biochemistry, Nutrition; died in  2015

Guyana
Opendra Narayan - he is known for engineering a type of HIV that could cause AIDS-like disease in monkeys; the veterinarian died in 2007

Haiti
Jean-Baptiste Chavannes - he got the Goldman Environmental Prize for his work on forest protection; he is an agronomist.

Honduras
Julieta Castellanos - she has the award, the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.

Hungary
János Bolyai, one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry — a geometry that differs from Euclidean geometry in its definition of parallel lines; Mathematics; died in 1860
Paul Erdős, published around 1,500 mathematical papers during his lifetime, a figure that remains unsurpassed; died 1996

Iceland

Gísli Guðjónsson - he is the creator of the Gudjonsson suggestibility scale

India

Satyendra Nath Bose, known for Bose–Einstein condensate and Bose–Einstein statistics; Mathematics, Physics; died in 1974 
Srinivasa Ramanujan, known for Landau–Ramanujan constant, Mock theta functions, Ramanujan conjecture, Ramanujan prime, Ramanujan–Soldner constant, Ramanujan theta function, Ramanujan's sum, Rogers–Ramanujan identities, Ramanujan's master theorem; Fellow of the Royal Society; Mathematics; died in 1920

Indonesia
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie - a former president of Indonesia; scientist of aerospace engineering

Iran

Italy
 Gerolamo Cardano, he invented - partially - the gimbal consisting of three concentric rings allowing a supported compass or gyroscope to rotate freely, and the Cardan shaft; died in 1576

Japan

 Masaaki Sugihara - former professor at the University of Tokyo
 Masao Iri
 Masatake Mori
Motoo Kimura, and one other, introduced [or where the first to present] the neutral theory of molecular evolution; Population geneticis, Evolutionary biology; died in 1994
 Ryogo Hirota - former professor at Waseda University
 Shinichi Oishi

Kazakhstan
Askar Dzhumadildayev -  member of the Kazakhstan National Academy of Science. He is a former member of Supreme Council of Kazakh SSR and Republic of Kazakhstan; he is a mathematician and physicist.

Kenya

Kosovo
Idriz Ajeti (the first chief of Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts)

Kyrgyzstan
Askar Akayev - he is a former president of Kyrgyzstan; he is a natural scientist.

Laos
Daosavanh Sanamxay - the discoverer of the Laotian giant flying squirrel(en);  biologist

Latvia
Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds, discovered Freivalds' algorithm for checking the correctness of matrix products; Theoretical computer science; died in 2016

Macedonia
Ratko Janev, a member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Atomic physics

Morocco
Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi, wrote Meknes's history and a commentary to the treatise of Ibn al-Banna; a work that explained the mentioned work, was named ["The desire of students for an explanation of the calculator's craving"] Bughyat al-tulab fi sharh munyat al-hussab (including, arithmetic and algebraic methods). Mathematics, linguistics; died in 1513

Nepal

Kumud Dhital - he is one of the members of the team that first transplanted a heart donated after circulatory death (DCD), where the heart has stopped beating; he is a surgeon.

New Zealand
Nancy Adams, got the awards,  Queen's Service Order, and the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. Botany; died in 2007
Margaret Cruickshank, the first registered woman doctor in New Zealand; died in 1918
Fred Hollows; Medicine, surgery, ophthalmology; died in 1993
Ernest Rutherford -  he got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry; nuclear physicist, and chemist; he died in 1937
Pat Suggate, creator of the "Suggate rank scheme", which is used internationally by oil exploration companies to measure the oil and gas potential of sedimentary rocks; fellowship at Royal Society of New Zealand; died in 2016
Maurice Wilkins, got the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; his fields were Physics, Molecular biology; died in 2004

North Korea

Ri Sung-gi (He is the inventor of Vinalon, and he got the Lenin Prize)

Norway
Niels Henrik Abel, did the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation (en) in radicals; died in 1829

Philippines

Romania

Ion Creangă - he wrote books, including Childhood Memories; the education theorist died in 1889
Solomon Marcus, recognised as an initiator of (, or one of the people that started) mathematical linguistics, and mathematical poetics; also a semiotician, he died in 2016

George Emil Palade - he and two others got one  Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine; the cell biologist died in 2008.

Ion Heliade Rădulescu - the first president of the Romanian Academy; the linguist died in 1802
Codrin Țapu - known as a writer about hypostatic approach to personality, and hypostatic abstraction" (en); he is a psychologist

Russia
 Leonid Kantorovich - Russian mathematician
 Sofya Kovalevskaya - Russian mathematician

Solomon Islands
Hikuna Judge, collected the first known sample of the Vangunu giant rat; Tyrone Lavery and Judge gave the first species description (for the Vangunu giant rat)

Spain 

 Santiago Ramón y Cajal - Spanish scientist

South Korea
Yanghee Choi - he is a former minister of Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning; he is a computer scientist.

Switzerland

 Leonhard Euler, was the first to show the notion of (or idea about), a mathematical function; died in 1783

Syria
Al-Battani, known for showing several relations within trigonometry; he lived and worked in a city that now belongs to Syria; died in 929

Thailand
Phraya Anuman Ratchathon - he was the first Thai scholar to conduct a serious study of Thai folkloristics, taking notes on the nocturnal village spirits of Thai folklore; the anthropologist and ethnographer died in 1969

Tunisia
Abbas Bahri, introduced the method of the critical points at infinity, which is a fundamental step in the calculus of variations; Mathematics, Variational analysis; died in 2016

Turkey

Feza Gürsey, took part in the formulation of E(6) grand unified theories; Mathematical physics; died in 1992

Ukraine
Kostiantyn Sytnyk - he was a Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (a parliament) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic;  Botany; he died in 2017

United States
Thomas Edison - he and his workers made "the first practical incandescent light bulb"; died in 1931
Benjamin Franklin, President of Pennsylvania,  died in 1790

Vietnam

Ngô Bảo Châu - best known for proving the fundamental lemma for automorphic forms (en). He is the first Vietnamese national to have received the Fields Medal; mathematician

Related pages
List of scientists from Africa
List of scientists from Asia
List of scientists from Europe
List of scientists from North America
List of scientists from Oceania
List of scientists from South America
List of astronomers
List of astrophysicists
List of biologists
List of ecologists
List of neuroscientists
List of mathematicians
List of physicists
List of women scientists

References