cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
An acoustic guitar is a string instrument. It has six strings which pass from tuning pegs over the instrument's neck which is marked with lines called frets. These marks show where to press a string with the fingers of the left hand, to change the note that string plays. The right hand plucks or strums the strings, either with the fingers or using a plectrum ("pick"), to make them sound. Acoustic guitars are used in types of music ranging from classical to rock and roll, to bluegrass and folk. The six strings can be steel or nylon. Nylon strings are typically used for classical and related styles of music. Steel strings are typically used for most other styles.

How the guitar became a popular instrument
The acoustic guitar came from Spain (an instrument with six strings), created by Antonio Torres Jurado. But at the beginning, the guitar was different with what we see the guitar now. In the 16th to 17th centuries, the guitar became popular in Europe. In the 18th century, the guitar changed to be similar to how it is now. But before the 19th century, many people thought the guitar could not be same as a piano or violin. They thought it could not play classical music. But at the beginning of 19th century, a famous guitar player, Fernando Sor, made the guitar become more popular and he made more people like playing the guitar. Before the 20th century, people played the acoustic guitar. In the 20th century, a musician in United States, Leo Fender, invented the electric guitar.

Guitar and ukulele compared
The guitar and the ukulele are similar in shape and other ways, but they are also different. The ukulele looking like a small guitar. But the guitar has six strings, and the ukulele has just four strings. The six strings in a guitar are tuned: E, B, G, D, A, and E; the four strings in a ukulele are tuned: G, C, E, and A. Also, the ukulele comes from Hawaii, and the guitar comes from Spain.

Other websites

References

Guitars
Coral fungi or clavarioid fungi, are mushrooms that are usually shaped like coral, but can also be shaped like forks, worms or clubs. They are rubbery and at times are brightly coloured.

Originally, such fungi were put in the genus Clavaria, and called "clavarioid", which means Clavaria-like. It is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. Since they are often studied as a group, we keep the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi", and it is frequently used in research papers.

Habitat 
Most coral fungi grow on the ground, but some grow on well decayed logs and stumps.
They are usually found in forests but some can also be found in fields. They are decomposers.

Eating 
Although they are not poisonous, some kinds are a laxative and some can cause stomach pain.

Other websites

fungi
A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a large baleen whale with long flippers and a knobbly head. They can be found in every ocean.

They can grow to 15–16 m (49–52 ft) long and weigh up to 40 metric tons.

Life history
Humpback whales can live up to 45 years.  They migrate between the places they feed in the winter and the places they give birth in the summer. They usually live alone.

Feeding 

Humpback whales eat krill and small fish, for example herring, capelin, and sand lance. They scoop up their food in their large mouths. Sometimes they round up their prey by swimming in tight circles and blowing curtains of bubbles around them. They often hunt in small groups, called pods.

Whale song 
The male whale is known to sing for up to 22 hours at a time. Because whales do not have vocal cords, they make songs by forcing air through their nasal passages. Every male has a different song. We don't yet know why they sing, it might be to call a female or scare away other males. The songs are made up of a pattern of low notes repeated over a period of hours or days. The whales slowly change their songs over a period of years.

Other sounds 

Both the male and female humpback whales make other sounds, such as moans and grunts, to communicate with each other.

References 

Baleen whales
A tap, faucet, or spigot is something that a liquid or gas comes out of. Taps usually have a handle that can be turned to start or stop the liquid coming out.

Many taps give water and are used in homes. They are found in kitchens and bathrooms.

Water that comes out of a tap is called tap water. At many restaurants, a person can ask for tap water instead of bottled water.

Hardware (mechanical)

la:Clepsydra
A competition or contest is an event where people get together to see who is the best at something.  Someone who takes part in a competition ("enters for a competition") is called a competitor.  The competitors compete against one another.  The person who wins may get a prize.  The prize might be a trophy or money.

Competitions can be for lots of different things, for example, sport, writing, music, dancing, science, or chess.

Some competitions need a referee.  The referee will make sure that the game is played fairly and that the competitors obey the rules.  In events like music competitions there will often be an adjudicator who will decide which person they think is the best.

Forms
In nature, animals compete with one another for the best food, the best nesting places, etc. According to Charles Darwin, the competition in nature results in evolution.
In business, firms that make the same things or offer the same services are in competition with one another (see market forms).

The adjective of 'competition' is competitive.
If persons are "competitive" it means that they like trying to compete with other people.
Businesses often say that they sell things at "competitive prices".  This means that their prices are lower than those of other businesses which sell similar things.

Examples of competitions
There are a lot of different kinds of competitions, for example:
 Eating competitions, where people try to eat the most food
 Running competitions, where people see who is the first to run from one place to another
 Sport competitions, where sports teams try to beat each other to win a trophy
 Singing competitions, where someone decides which person sang the best

or see the gallery of images below:

Related pages

International Mathematical Olympiad
Music competitions
Science Olympiad
Spelling bee

References 

Basic English 850 words
Everyday life
SimCity is a computer game where the player has to build a city. They can do whatever they want to their city. It can be built from the ground up or it can be destroyed by a hurricane or a UFO.

History
Sim City was made by game maker Will Wright and first released by the company Maxis. They are now owned by Electronic Arts. The game was first officially released in 1989.

It was very popular because the game had no end. A player could not win or lose. This was the start of all simulation games.

Gameplay
At the start, the player has to build power plants. Power plants make power so the city can have electricity. By building power lines, power is connected to the different areas of the city. Water needs to be pumped in from a river using pipes to connect them to the city.

Smaller areas are marked out. These are made either residential, commercial, or industrial zones. Zones are the only places where buildings can develop. Every city needs the right amount of each zone otherwise the city will not grow.

Roads, schools and hospitals must all be built for the city to get better. Parks and libraries make more people want to move to the city. Railways and highways provide ways to connect to other neighborhoods.

Sequels
After the first game, many more were created. These were made up of three games, with spin-offs and expansion packs. These were:
 SimCity 2000
 SimCity 3000
 SimCity 3000 Unlimited
 SimCity 3000 UK Edition
 SimCity 4
 SimCity 4 Rush Hour
 SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition
 SimCity DS
 SimCity DS 2
 SimCity Societies
 SimCity Societies Destinations
 SimCity (2013)

1989 video games
Digital rights management (DRM) is a way to make it difficult to copy music, movies, and computer programs. It is used to make people follow copyright laws. It works by using computer technologies.

Many companies use DRM to protect their properties from copyright infringement, such as Sony, Microsoft and the BBC. Other companies also use DRM.

Some people do not like digital rights management. They think that DRM makes copying harder than copyright laws allow. The Free Software Foundation suggested that 'digital restrictions management' is a better name.

People can break DRM. If someone breaks a DRM technology then copying is possible. All common DRM technologies have been broken. Making a DRM technology that can not be broken is very hard. Some people say that all DRM technologies can be broken. In the United States it is illegal to break a DRM.

DRM is a way for companies to keep their profits while sharing their content online. A good example of this is BBC iPlayer. They do this by keeping their content online for a certain amount of time. 

Technology
Copyright
Cement is a material that hardens and sticks to other materials to hold them together. Portland cement is a common kind, and made from quicklime (heated limestone) and clay.  Cement is used to make concrete and mortar.

Materials
Brown algae are a large group of multicellular algae.   All the brown algae are multicellular.  Most brown algae have fucoxanthin, a chemical that gives them a brown color. They inlude many seaweeds in colder waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat. 

There are 2000 species of brown algae.  Most species live in the ocean. They are important as food and as homes for many animals and marine life.  Some brown algae are gathered by humans for food.  The giant kelp Macrocystis is a brown alga that forms underwater forests, and it may grow to 60 meters.  The Sargasso Sea gets its name from the Sargassum seaweed that floats on the surface. Many brown algae grow on rocks at the seashore.

Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues. But they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that look like the cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae).

Classification
This is a list of the orders in the class Phaeophyceae:

References

Algae
Bacillus is a genus of rod shaped bacteria. They are Gram-positive, meaning they have an extra outside cell layer.

Bacilli are partly or wholly aerobic. They do aerobic respiration. They are everywhere in nature. Bacillus includes both free-living (non-parasitic) and parasitic pathogenic species.

Under stressful conditions, they produce endospores. These are not true spores, but like survival pods they can stay in a dormant state for long periods.

Some species of Bacillus are worth noting:

Bacillus anthracis, which causes Anthrax.
Bacillus subtilis is considered an model organism. It is often used in genetic engineering.
Bacillus cereus which is responsible for a form of food poisoning.
Bacillus thuringensis which is used in pest control. It produces a toxin which can kill some moths, and certain butterflies.

Related pages
 Listeria
 Bacillus (shape)

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Square Enix is a Japanese company that makes video games and manga. It was created on April 1, 2003. Two companies called Square Co., Ltd. and Enix combined to form Square Enix.

Square Enix is famous for its role-playing games. This includes the Final Fantasy series, the Dragon Quest series and the Kingdom Hearts series.They are one of the biggest videogame companies in the world.

References

Other websites
 Global Site

Comic companies
Japanese video game companies
2003 establishments in Japan
A game designer is someone who designs games. The term "game designer" usually refers to someone who designs computer or video games, but can also be a person who designs older games like a board game.

 
Games
Individual can be an adjective or a noun.

As an adjective, a living thing that is individual is not in a group (by him/her/itself). An object that is individual is for only one person or thing (not shared by a group). Something that is individual can also be different from anyone else (unique).

Some students learn better with tutors because they get individual attention.
He has a very individual taste in music.

As a noun, an individual is only one person or thing, not a group. An individual can also mean someone who is different from anyone else (one a kind).

The rights of individuals
A strange individual

Relating pages 
Individualism

Basic English 1500 Words
The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) is a type of sea star. Usually, they have orange-red to purplish skin, with yellow or pink spikes on their skin. The crown-of-thorns is also one of the largest starfish in the world, as it has a diameter of up to 3 feet. The crown-of-thorns lives in the warmer areas of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

It only feeds on coral polyps, and usually at night. The crown-of-thorns climbs over its prey, releases digestive enzymes to break down its food, and then absorbs the coral polyp, which has now turned into a liquid. What's left behind by the sea star is the leftover coral skeleton.

They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. These bright colours warn animals that may want to eat it that it is venomous.

Effect on coral reefs 
The crown-of-thorns is well known for its destructive habits of eating coral, especially on the Great Barrier Reef, which is a World Heritage Site. Usually, when there are not too many of them, these sea stars help maintain the coral reef by preventing the faster-growing coral from taking over the coral reef. However, when there are too many crown-of-thorns, they can devastate the reef.

References 

Echinoderms
Brittle stars are Echinoderms of the Class Ophiuroidea. The adults are superficially like starfish, but they are a different group, with different larvae. Like other echinoderms, they do have a skeleton of calcareous plates, and radial symmetry. There are about 1500 different species. 

Usually they have 5 arms, which can grow long, up to 60 cm, in the largest species. The central disk of brittle stars can be three to eight inches in diameter. Unlike starfish, they live deeper in the ocean. Ophiuroids are known even from abyssal (>6000 m) depths.  However, brittle stars are also common members of reef communities, where they hide under rocks and even within other living organisms. Generally, brittle stars live below 500m of depth. 

There are two related groups of Ophiuroids: the Ophiurida (brittle stars) and the basket stars (Eurialida). Basket stars usually live in the deeper parts of the range. Brittle stars are mostly scavengers and detrivores, able to catch some small prey on occasion.

Description 
Many brittle stars are more fragile than starfish, which is how they got their name. When they are picked up, their arms may fall off. This might make the animal seem brittle, but they often do this as a defense to escape from predators.

Movement 

Brittle stars do not use their tube feet for movement, but instead use muscles in their long, thin arms to go around rocks. Ophiurids move quickly when disturbed, and are faster movers than starfish. In living ophiuroids the plates are linked by longitudinal muscles. Ophiurid arms only move horizontally. The way their plates interlock prevents the arms from moving in any other plane.p64 In contrast, basket star arms can move vertically. These movement patterns are distinct, and separate the groups.

Ophiuroids in general are mostly scavengers or detritivores. Small organic particles are moved into the mouth by the tube feet. Ophiuroids may also prey on small crustaceans or worms. Brittle stars will eat small suspended organisms if available. In large, crowded areas, brittle stars eat suspended matter from prevailing seafloor currents.

Basket stars 
Basket stars (Euryalids) are large brittle stars with many rays. Their arms branch, and can be moved in any direction. This distinguishes them from the Ophiurids. Basket stars may be capable of suspension feeding, using the mucus coating on their arms to trap plankton and bacteria. They extend one arm out and use the other four as anchors. The arms form so many branches that they are almost feathery on the ends. They get their name because when they stretch their rays out to catch plankton, they look like the bottom of a basket.

Basket stars can be large and heavy, the biggest Ophiuroids. The largest, Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni, weigh up to 5 kg (11 lbs) and has arms 70cms long, with a disk diameter of 14 cm.

Gallery

References 

Echinoderms
Card most commonly refers to:
 Playing card
 Greeting card

Card may also refer to:

 Business card, contains contact details for a business or business person
 Magnetic stripe card, a plastic card with data stored on it
 Credit card
 Debit card
 Smart card
 Membership card, given to a person when they become a member of a club or organisation
 Memory card, used to store digital data for computers
 Postcard, a card sent to friends or relatives while travelling, with a picture on one side and a message on the other
 Punched card, a card with information that is punched with holes
 Telephone card, used to pay for telephone calls
 Visiting card, used to identify a person as a visitor rather than staff

Computer hardware 
 A small printed circuit board
 Sound card, controls the sound
 Video card, controls the graphics

Other uses 
 , when writing mathematics, a function that returns the cardinality of a set
 Arizona Cardinals, a National Football League team nicknamed the "Cards"
 St. Louis Cardinals, a Major League Baseball team nicknamed the "Cards"

Basic English 850 words
Bishop is a type of clergy in some Christian churches. The bishop is the leader of the Christians and the Christian priests in each diocese. The diocese which a bishop governs is called a bishopric. Episcopal is the adjective for bishops. A cathedral is the church building where the bishop has an episcopal throne. The cathedral is the main church of the diocese and the bishop's see. A bishop may be given the rank of archbishop in an archdiocese. 

Christian priests in some denominations must be made priests by bishops. In these denominations, bishops are above parish priests in the hierarchy of the church's organization. However, some Protestant denominations have no bishops or archbishops. The Presbyterianism is an example. The leader of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator. The General Assembly elects the Moderator of the Church of Scotland each year. Other Christian movements have neither bishops nor priests: Quakers are one example.

In the Catholic church, the Pope is chosen by all the cardinals from amongst their number. According to church law, this does not have to be the case: any male, unmarried, baptized Christian who is judged fit for the office can become pope. However, the last pope who was not a bishop was Urban VI (elected in 1378).

The pope is also 'the Bishop of Rome'.  In fact he rules an independent state within Rome, called the Vatican.  All Roman Catholic bishops answer to the pope (or to patriarchs in some orthodox churches).  In the Anglican church, bishops are governed by Archbishops.

Usually a bishop can be identified by a special hat, called a mitre.

References

Other websites 
 Bishop Citizendium

Christian religious occupations
A tray is a shallow container designed for carrying things.

Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off of them. They are often rectangular, and may or may not have handles with which to carry them.

A butler's tray has a deeper surround, handles on the short sides (usually cut into the surround) so that it can be easily carried, and folding legs. It is used to carry drinks, and can be used as a side table.

Basic English 850 words
The Orkney Islands (often also called only Orkney)  is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, United Kingdom. It is about 16 kilometres north of Caithness. 20 of the about 70 islands have people living on them.  The administrative centre is Kirkwall (with about 8000 people living there). The next largest settlements are Stromness (2000 people) and St. Margaret's Hope (with about 550 people).

In addition to the mainland, most of the islands are in two groups, the North and South Isles. All of them are made of sandstone. The climate is mild and the soil is fertile. Most of the land is farmed and agriculture is the main source of income for the economy. There are many birds and fish.

Transportation 
Ferry services go much of the time to Lerwick (in Shetland). Most islands have air strips (for airplanes). This includes the shortest known flight service in the world, between Westray and Papa Westray. Official flight time is 2 minutes. If the wind goes in the right direction, the flight can take just over a minute.

References

Other websites 

 Orkney.com Official website

 
Counties of Scotland
Scottish Council Areas
Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of Protestant denominations. The movement started in Britain in the 18th century and spread to the United States and the British Empire. Originally it was popular with workers, poor farmers, and slaves. Mr. John Wesley started Methodism. He was a priest of the Church of England. His brother Charles Wesley was a famous writer of Church music.

Related pages
George Whitefield

Other websites
United Methodist Church website
The vas deferens (or ductus deferens)   is a duct in a man’s body.  It is also present in other male vertebrates. Its function is to carry sperm away from the testes, towards the penis.

There are two of these ducts, which are tubes surrounded by smooth muscle.  They connect the left and right epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in order to move sperm. Each tube is about 30 centimeters long. During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the wall of the vas deferens contracts. That pushes the sperm toward the penis. The sperm go from the vas deferens into the urethra. Other male sex glands push out at the same time.

Vasectomy 
There is a surgery called vasectomy that is a method of contraception. The two vasa deferentia (Latin plural) are cut and sealed, so the sperm cannot get out of the body. This is usually permanent, but in some cases it can be reversed.  Sometimes instead of cutting the vas deferentia, the surgeon puts something to block the sperm instead of cutting them.

Related pages 
 Cystic fibrosis

Notes 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Ernesto "Che" Guevara, commonly known as el Che or Che  (June 14, 1928 - October 9, 1967) was an Argentine Marxist, revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla, diplomat, and military theorist. He is popular with socialists. In addition to that he was a writer and some of his articles and speeches were even published.

Time magazine said he was one of the most influential people of the 20th century. Guerrillero Heroico, a picture of him, is called "the most famous photograph in the world."

Early life 
Che Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina in 1928. He studied at the University of Buenos Aires. He wanted to be a doctor. During his holidays, he traveled. He saw how poor some people were. He thought that revolution could fix it.

After college, he went to Mexico. He met Fidel Castro there in 1954. Castro was planning a rebellion in Cuba. Guevara joined Castro. He fought with Castro in Cuba. In 1959, Fidel won and became president of Cuba. Fidel and Guevara declared Cuba a communist country. Guevara was made head of Cuba's bank. He later became Minister of Industry. In 1965, Guevara helped to start other revolutions. They were in Congo-Kinshasa and Bolivia. In 1967, he was captured and executed by Bolivian soldiers. His body was not found until 1997. His nickname among friends was "Chegi Vara".

Che in popular culture 

People have different opinions on Che Guevara. Some see him as a good leader. In addition to that he was an excellent writer and some of his articles and speeches were even published. Others see him as a bad man who wanted to hurt people. A black and white image of Guevara's face is one of the most merchandized images. It can be found on many items. They include t-shirts, hats, posters, and other items. The image was based on a photograph by Alberto Korda Díaz. Díaz was a Cuban photographer. It was taken in 1960.

Guevara is still an important person. He is seen as an example of youthful rebellion.

A movie, The Motorcycle Diaries, is about Che. It describes a trip that he took through South America. The trip took place in the 1950s. The movie was directed by Walter Salles. It was produced by Robert Redford.

References

Other websites 
  BBC News (January 17, 2001). "Profile: Laurent Kabila". Accessed April 10, 2008.
  BBC News (May 26, 2001). Che Guevara photographer dies. Accessed January 4, 2006.
  BBC News (October 9, 2007). "Cuba pays tribute to Che Guevara". BBC News, International version.
  Lacey, Mark (October 26, 2007). "Lone Bidder Buys Strands of Che's Hair at U.S. Auction". New York Times.
  Lacey, Mark (October 9, 2007). "A Revolutionary Icon, and Now, a Bikini". The New York Times.
  O'Hagan, Sean (July 11, 2004). "Just a pretty face?". The Guardian. Accessed October 25, 2006.

Argentine people
Communists
People executed by firearm
Physicians
1928 births
1967 deaths
Cuban scientists
Magma is the melted rock under the ground. 

There are different types of magma. One is called felsic magma. Felsic magma is thick and has silica minerals. It mostly makes light-coloured rocks. Another type is called mafic magma, which is runny and has less silica. It usually makes dark-coloured rocks. Magmas can be intermediate between both types. 

Magma may become solid  by cooling slowly below the surface. This makes "plutonic" rocks such as granite. When magma comes out from the ground in a volcano it is called lava. Lava cools quickly, and forms other kinds of rock such as basalt. 

Magma is produced by melting of the Earth's mantle or the crust. It happens at tectonic settings, such as subduction zones, continental rift zones, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. 

Melted material from the mantle and crust moves up through the crust and collects  in magma chambers. 

When they come up through the crust, magmas may feed a volcano and come out  as lava. But they may solidify underground to form an intrusion. Intrusions eventually cool down and become igneous dikes or  sills. 

The study of magma is usually done in lava flows. However, magma was found under the ground three times in geothermal drilling projects—twice in Iceland and once in Hawaii.

References

Other websites

Volcanology
Glue is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals. 

The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later, people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk.

A simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat, flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together.
Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick coloured things onto paper. 

Some glues can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case, the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders. 

While many glues are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strong-smelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness.    

Glue can also be made from rice or rice flour. 

Chemical compounds
The Angara is a river in Siberia, Russia, close to the Jenissei. It is nearly 1.779 km long. It flows out of Lake Baikal and into the Jenissei. A big city on the river is Irkutsk.

Rivers of Russia
Siberia
The Yenisei (Енисе́й) is a river in Siberia. It belongs to the greatest river system that flows into the Arctic Ocean. The Yenisei is the fifth-longest river in the world. It is a little shorter than the Mississippi River, but with 1.5 times the flow. It comes from Mongolia and follows a northern course to the Kara Sea. The river drains a large part of central Siberia. The longest stream following the Yenisei-Angara-Selenga-Ider is about 5539 km long. Its watershed, which includes the world's largest (by volume) lake, Lake Baikal, holds more water than any other river system.

The upper parts of the system have rapids and flooding, and pass through areas where very few people live. The middle section is controlled by a series of large hydroelectric dams. The dams were built to supply a major Russian primary industry. Partly built by gulag labor in Soviet times, industrial contamination is a big problem in the area. The area is very hard for the police to watch. Moving on through sparsely populated taiga, the Yenisei grows with many tributaries and finally reaches the Kara Sea in desolate tundra where it is covered with ice for more than half the year. As with other Siberian rivers, the flow has increased lately. People think this is because of global warming. A concern was also raised that a change in the salt in the Arctic may have a global impact on ocean currents.

Rivers of Russia
Geography of Mongolia
Siberia
Moonspell is a heavy metal band from Portugal. It was started in 1992. 

Moonspell's first EP was Under the Moonspell, which was released in 1994.

Albums 

 Wolfheart (1995)
 Irreligious (1996)
 Sin/Pecado (1998)
 The Butterfly Effect (1999)
 Darkness and Hope (2001)
 The Antidote (2003)
 Memorial (2006)
 Under Satanæ (2007)
 Night Eternal (2008)
 Alpha Noir / Ómega White (2012)
 Extinct (2015)
 1755 (2017)
 Hermitage (2021)

Band members

Current members
Fernando Ribeiro (Langsuyar) – vocals (1989–present)
Miguel Gaspar (Mike/Nisroth) – drums (1992–present)
Ricardo Amorim (Morning Blade) – guitar (1995–present)
Pedro Paixão (Passionis/Neophytus) – keyboard/guitar (1993–present)
Aires Pereira (Ahriman) – bass (2007–present)

Previous members
Luís Lamelas (Malah/Fenrir) – guitar (1992–1993)
Jorge Fonseca (J.M. Tanngrisnir) – guitar (1993–1995)
Duarte Picoto (Mantus) – guitar (1992–1995)
João Pedro (Tetragrammaton/Ares) – bass (1992–1997)
Sérgio Crestana – bass (1997–2003)
Niclas Etelävuori – bass (2003–2006)
Waldemar Sorychta – bass (2006–2007)

Other websites 
 Official Moonspell page

Portuguese musicians
Black metal bands
Doom metal bands
Death metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Folk metal bands
Siberia is the part of Russia that is in Asia. It covers wide landscapes, and stretches from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific. It goes from the Arctic Ocean to the border with China, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia. The Yenisei river is sometimes called the border between east Siberia and west Siberia. Siberia covers about 70% of all Russian territory, but only 26% of Russians live there. It is one of the coldest places on Earth where people live. 70% of people in Siberia live in big cities and small towns.

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, with a population more than .                     
Omsk and Krasnoyarsk also have populations of over a million people. Tomsk and Kemerovo have populations of over a 500 thousand population. 
Tomsk is one of the most beautiful places in Siberia, it has the best education in Siberia.
Omsk has got very polluted air.

Siberian people

Many different ethnic groups live in Siberia. They are sometimes called Sibiryak (Russian: сибиряк) or Sybirak (Russian: сыбирак, from Polish) people. Most people in Siberia who are not Slavic, are Turkic peoples. The first Slavic settlers, from European Russia, arrived in the 17th century.

Related pages
 Siberian languages
 Russian Far East

References 
 Russian Siberia: Ethnic History and Traditional Culture
 Groups of Russians of Siberia
 Russians in Siberia
 Russians: ethnographic description
 History of Russians in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Siberia
The Opel Corsa is a subcompact car. It has been produced by the German car manufacturer Opel since 1982. There are five generations of the Corsa. The first generation was sold as the Vauxhall Nova in the UK.

The Corsa is also sold under the Vauxhall brand in the UK. 

The first generation Corsa A was made from September 1982 to March 1993 and was sold as the Vauxhall Nova in the UK from April 1983. It was sold with hatchback and saloon bodies with 2 or 4 doors and was facelifted in September 1987 and again in September 1990. 

The second generation Corsa B was made from April 1993 to September 2000 with Vauxhall taking on the name in the UK. It was only available with hatchback models with 3 or 5 doors and was facelifted in August 1997. In May 1994, it launched as the Holden Barina for the Australasian market. 

The third generation Corsa C was made from October 2000 to September 2006 with the same 3 and 5-door versions as before and was facelifted in August 2003. It was also sold as a Holden Barina from 2001 to the end of 2005. 

The fourth generation Corsa D was made from October 2006 to September 2014 and grew larger in size compared to its predecessor. It was facelifted in early 2011. 

The fifth generation Corsa E was made from October 2014 to September 2019 which is a heavy update of the previous version with revised exterior styling and a new interior, it was not facelifted during its run. 

The sixth generation Corsa F is made from October 2019 to present. Only a 5-door model is offered and shares its platform with the second generation Peugeot 208. An electric version called the Corsa-e is also available. 

For the first time in 2021, the Vauxhall Corsa became the UK’s best-selling car.

Cars of around the same size 
Fiat Punto
Ford Fiesta
Peugeot 206
Toyota Yaris
Volkswagen Polo

More pictures

Other websites

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Corsa
Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band. It was started by Steve Harris in 1975. Its first music album was Iron Maiden, which was released in 1980. The singer Paul Di'Anno was replaced by Bruce Dickinson in 1982. Bruce Dickinson left in 1993 and was replaced by Blaze Bayley. In 1999, Dickinson returned to the band.

The mascot of the band is Eddie, a monster, who is present in the concerts and also appears on the album covers. Eddie is most often shown as a dead body that has come back to life and looks very evil. The band's music shows often have a statue of Eddie that is very large and much taller than the band.

Iron Maiden has released many albums. The band's newest album, The Book of Souls, was released in the year 2015. Iron Maiden has sold over 100 million copies of their albums world wide.

Members 

 Bruce Dickinson - vocals
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain - percussion
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Adrian Smith - guitar
 Sean Marleau - keyboards/synth

Previous members 
 Paul Di'Anno - vocals
 Blaze Bayley - vocals
 Clive Burr - percussion
 Sean Marleau - percussion, vocals

Albums 
 Iron Maiden (1980)
 Killers (1981)
 The Number of the Beast (1982)
 Piece of Mind (1983)
 Powerslave (1984)
 Somewhere in Time (1986)
 Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)
 No Prayer for the Dying (1990)
 Fear of the Dark (1992)
 The X Factor (1995)
 Virtual XI (1998)
 Brave New World (2000)
 Dance of Death (2003)
 A Matter of Life and Death (2006)
 The Final Frontier (2010)
 The Book of Souls (2015)
Senjutsu (2021)

References

Other websites
Official website

1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English heavy metal bands
 
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups from London
Ljubljana is the capital city of Slovenia. It is the largest city in that country. The city became the most important settlement in the area when Romans ruled Slovenia. There are many museums with things from that time in Ljubljana.

As of 2002, there were 265,881 people living in Ljubljana. The University of Ljubljana is in Ljubljana.

Geography 
The city has an area of 163.8 square kilometers (63.2 sq mi). It is located about 320 kilometers (200 mi) south of Munich, 477 kilometers (296 mi) east of Zürich, 250 kilometers (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 kilometers (220 mi) southwest of Vienna, 224 kilometers (139 mi) south of Salzburg and 400 kilometers (250 mi) southwest of Budapest.

Ljubljana is 295 meters (968 ft) above sea level.

The main bodies of water in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica, the Sava, the Gradaščica, the Mali Graben, the Iška and the Iščica Rivers. 

July and August are the warmest months.  The daily temperatures at these times are generally between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F).  January is the coldest month with temperatures closer to 0 °C (32 °F).  Ljubljana is also one of the wettest European capitals. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in).  It can also snow anytime from December to February.

Cityscape 
Ljubljana features many kinds of architectural styles.  Prominent buildings include Prešeren Square, Ljubljana Castle, Town Hall, Ljubljana Cathedral, and Nebotičnik.

There are also several parks around the city.  Tivoli City Park (Mestni park Tivoli) is the largest park in Ljubljana.

The most notable bridges of Ljubljana are the Triple Bridge (Tromostovje), the Trnovo Bridge (Trnovski most), the Dragon Bridge (Zmajski most), the Hradecky Bridge (Slovene: Hradeckega most), and the Butchers' Bridge (Mesarski most). The Trnovo Bridge crosses the Gradaščica, whereas the others cross the Ljubljanica.

Twin cities 
  Belgrade, Serbia
  Bratislava, Slovakia
  Chemnitz, Germany
  Chengdu, China
  Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  Klagenfurt, Austria
  Mardin, Turkey
  Leverkusen, Germany
  Moscow, Russia
  Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England
  Vienna, Austria
  Wiesbaden, Germany
  Zagreb,Croatia

References

Other websites 
 The official Ljubljana page, in Slovene and English
 History and Travel Information  

 
15th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Slovenia
Nukuʻalofa is the capital city of Tonga. It is on the island of Tongatapu.

35% of Tongans live in Nukuʻalofa. As of 1996, about 22,400 people lived there.

Tonga
Capital cities in Oceania
General Motors Company is the largest American car company. It is based in the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan. It was founded in 1908 by a man named Billy Durant. It makes cars and trucks in 31 countries. About 209,000 people work for it. It is the second largest car company in the world, after Toyota.

In the 1950s and 1960s, it dominated the car industry, but it fell into decline by the 1980s and 90s. The company went through a bankruptcy in 2009 and was bought by the US Government, which has been selling its stake in the company.

As of April 2014, GM is being investigated by the United States Congress over the deaths of 13 people involving faulty ignition systems that have been used in many GM cars, with some built as early as 1997. In May 2014 the company was fined $35 million from NHTSA over the ignition problem.

Brands 
GM has many brands, including:
 Cadillac
 Chevrolet
 Buick
 GMC
 Holden
In the past, General Motors has used other brands, including Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer, Geo, and Daewoo, but none of these are produced by GM as of 2014. They either have gone out of business or were merged into Chevrolet. GM also owned Saab from 1989-2010, and also held stakes in Isuzu and Suzuki until 2008. In 2017 they sold Opel and Vauxhall Motors to Groupe PSA.

References 

1908 establishments in the United States

1900s establishments in Michigan
 
Companies based in Detroit, Michigan
Bartolomeu Dias(or Bartholomew Dias, 1450 - May 29, 1500) was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail past the Cape of Good Hope now Cape Town. 

In 1487, King John II of Portugal asked  Dias to find a new route for the spice trade and to find a legendary Christian king named Prester John in the east. In 1488 Bartholomew and his sailors sailed along the western coast of Africa. They got caught in a storm and landed at a cape in southern Africa and they could not sail beyond that point. They named it "Cape of Storms" and later returned to Portugal. The king of Portugal considered it as a victory gained by the Portuguese adventurers and named it as "Cape of Good Hope". Because Prester John did not really exist, they did not find his country but the route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean leading to Asia turned out to be valuable. With his voyage over, he'd later continue with a voyage with Vasco Da Gama, Reaching India at last

1450 births
1500 deaths
Portuguese explorers
Commanding a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's later expedition to Brazil he died at sea in 1500 during a storm. There was a statue made for him later in Cape Town, South Africa.
Cape Agulhas is the point in Africa which is farthest south. It is in the country of South Africa. It is near the town of Agulhas. 

Agulhas
Geography of South Africa
Holy Roman Emperor was the title that was given to the ruler of a loose group of places in mostly Central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire.  The title of "emperor" was passed from the Romans to the Frankish kingdom  (for which "France" is named) when, on 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

List of emperors
This list includes all emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they called themselves Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor.

Emperors before Otto the Great
Some historians say the Carolingian Empire was the start of the Holy Roman Empire. Others say the start of the Holy Roman Empire was 962. The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962 were as follows:

Carolingian dynasty

Guideschi dynasty

Carolingian dynasty

Bosonid dynasty

Unruoching dynasty

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

Holy Roman Emperors

Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

Supplinburg dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

Welf dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

House of Luxembourg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Luxembourg

House of Habsburg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

References
Tampere () is the third biggest city in Finland. It is the capital of the  Pirkanmaa area.
Neighbour municipalities are Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Vesilahti, Hämeenkyrö, Orivesi, Pälkäne and Ylöjärvi. 

The population of Tampere was 215,144 in 2011.

History
Tampere was started in 1779. At 1800's, Tampere became to be a notable industrialized city and one of the biggest cities in Finland.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Official Tampere page, in Finnish
 The official Tampere Region visitor website

 
1779 establishments in Europe
Cities in Finland
18th-century establishments in Finland
Asikkala is a municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and the region of Päijänne Tavastia. The downtown of Asikkala is called Vääksy. It has a canal, Vääksyn kanava. Asikkala has an area of 756.2 km². 192.29 km² of it is water.

Asikkala is on the coast of the lake Päijänne. As of 31 May 2013, 8,444 people live in the municipality.

Other websites 

 The official Asikkala page  

Municipalities of Päijänne Tavastia
Lordi is a Finnish heavy metal band, which is famous for their monster costumes and songs like "Would You Love a Monsterman?", "Hard Rock Hallelujah", "Devil Is a Loser", "Blood Red Sandman", "This Is Heavy Metal" and "Sincerely with Love".

Lordi was started in 1992 by Mr. Lordi. Its original members were Mr. Lordi (vocals), Kita (percussion), Amen (guitar), G-stealer (bass) and Enary (keyboards). The first single was "Would You Love a Monsterman?" in 2002. It was also included in the band's album Get Heavy. Their music and style has been compared to the American groups Kiss and Twisted Sister.

Members

Current members 
 Mr. Lordi (Tomi Putaansuu) - vocals (1992-)
 Amen (Jussi Sydänmaa) - guitar (1996-)
 Hiisi - bass guitar (2019-)
 Mana - drums (2012-)
 Hella - keyboards (2012-)

Former members 
 G-Stealer (Sami Keinänen) - bass (1996-1999)
 Magnum (Sami Wolking) - bass, backing vocals (1999-2002)
 Kalma (Niko Hurme) - bass, backing vocals (2002-2005)
 Enary (Erna Siikavirta) - keyboards, backing vocals (1996-2005)
 Kita (Sampsa Astala) - drums (2000-2010)
 Otus (Tonmi Lillman) - drums (2010-2012)
 Awa (Leena Peisa) - keyboards (2005-2012)
 OX (Samer el Nahhal) - bass guitar (2005-2018)

Discography

Albums 
 Napalm Market (demo album, 1993)
 Bend Over and Pray the Lord (1997)
 Get Heavy (2002)
 The Monsterican Dream (2004)
 The Monster Show (collection, 2005)
 The Arockalypse (2006)
 Deadache (2008)
 Zombilation – The Greatest Cuts (collection, 2009)
 Babez for Breakfast (2010)
 Scarchives Vol. 1 (collection, 2012)
 To Beast or Not To Beast (2013)
 Scare Force One (2014)
 Monstereophonic (Theaterror Vs. Demonarchy) (2016) 
 Sexorcism (2018)
 Killection (2020)
 Lordiversity (2021)

Singles and EPs 
 Would You Love a Monsterman? (2002)
 Devil is a Loser (2003)
 Blood Red Sandman (2004)
 My Heaven Is Your Hell (2004)
 Hard Rock Hallelujah (2006)
 Who's Your Daddy? (2006)
 Would You Love A Monsterman? (2006) (2006) (PROMO)
 It Snows In Hell (2006)
 They Only Come Out At Night (2007)
 Beast Loose In Paradise (2008)
 Bite It Like A Bulldog (2008)
 Famous Five (EP, 2008)
 Deadache (2008)
 This Is Heavy Metal (2010)
 Rock Police (2010)
 The Riff (2013)
 Nailed by the Hammer of Frankenstein (2014)
 Hug You Hardcore (2016)
 Your Tongue’s Got the Cat (2018)
 Naked in My Cellar (2018)
 Shake the Baby Silent (2019)
 I Dug a Hole in the Yard for You (2019)
 Like A Bee To The Honey (2020)
 Believe Me (2021)
 Abracadaver (2021)
 Borderline (2021)

Movies 

 The Kin (2004)
 Dark Floors (2008)

Comics 

 Monster Magazine (2002)
 The Uninvited Guests (2003)
 Keräilijä (2006)
 Alkuperä (2006)
 Verenjano (2007)
 Verensininen (2008)
 Graphic Novels (2013)
 Illustrated Lyrics (2014)

Other websites 

 The official Lordi page
 International fan club

Finnish musical groups
Finnish heavy metal bands
Hard rock bands
Eurovision Song Contest winners
A CD-R (also called Compact Disc Recordable) is a compact disc that can be recorded once. When people record a compact disc, they put either music or data on it.

A compact disc that can be recorded multiple times (and erased) is the CD-RW.

When you put data onto a CD, it is called burning a disc. A laser "burns" pits into a dye layer on the disc, making them transparent. These transparent pits can later be read back by the CD drive or audio CD player as data or music.

The first CD-Rs from the early 1990s held 63 minutes of audio. In the mid-1990s, 74-minute discs became common. Most CD-Rs made from 2000 onward hold 80 minutes, or 700 MB of data. 90 and 99-minute CD-Rs are available, although they are non-standard and many players and recorders do not support them.

There are three types of dye used in CD-R discs. The most common is phthalocyanine, and it is usually light green. CMC Pro (formerly Taiyo Yuden) uses cyanine dye. It is usually teal or dark green. Verbatim uses phthalocyanine dye on some discs, and AZO dye on others. AZO dye is usually dark blue or blue-ish silver. The metal layer on the disc is usually made of silver. Archival discs and some professional audio discs use a gold top layer. Verbatim UltraLife discs have a silver main layer, and a gold upper protective layer, providing the reflectivity of silver and the chemical stability of gold. Early cyanine discs could decay and become unplayable within a few years. Recent cyanine discs have preservatives added to the dye to prevent this from happening. AZO and phthalocyanine dyes do not need preservatives and do not decay easily.

References

Compact Disc