cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
St Mirren Park, also known as "Greenhill Road", is a football stadium in Paisley, Scotland and is the home of St. Mirren FC. The capacity of the stadium is 8,023 all seated.

History
St. Mirren FC previously played at Love Street, which was also known as St. Mirren Park. Love Street was sold to the supermarket Tesco. The money from the sale was used to build the new ground.

The new St. Mirren Park was officially opened on 31 January 2009 by club chairman Stewart Gilmour and First Minister Alex Salmond, prior to the first match at the new ground. The game between St Mirren and Kilmarnock finished in a 1–1 draw, with the first goal at the new stadium being scored by Kilmarnock striker Kevin Kyle. Dennis Wyness scored St. Mirren's first goal at the new ground, in the same match. The opening match set the record attendance of 7,542, a record which still stands.

St. Mirren Park has become the regular home of the Scotland national under-21 football team.

Structure and facilities
The Stadium has four stands with a total capacity of 8,023. The North Stand is used by away fans but for larger away supports part of the West Stand can also be given to away fans.

Main Stand (Greenhill Road) - capacity 2,220.
West Stand (Craigielee Drive) - capacity 2,516.
North Stand (Ferguslie Park Avenue) - capacity 1,633.(Normally designated for away fans.)
South Stand (Drums Road) - capacity 1,654.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
2009 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Scotland
St Catharine's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called just Catz by the students. It was created in 1473 by Robert Wodelarke, who was the Provost (head) of King's College. At the beginning, the rules were that people could only study theology or philosophy but this changed with time. It now has about 600 students.

St Catharine's College takes its name from Catherine of Alexandria. She is the patron for learning in Christianity. The mother of King Henry VI was also called Catherine, so it is possible that the name comes from there. 

At the beginning, there was not much money for the college. There were also few students and Fellows (teachers). Over time though numbers went up. They had to make new buildings to let more students join the college. The modern first court, which only has three sides, was built between 1675 and 1757. In 1880, people started to think about joining St Catherine's College back with King's College, since they are right next to each other. However, this did not happen because the Master did not agree in the end.

Some important people have studied here, like Ian McKellen, an actor.

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1473 establishments
15th-century establishments in England
1470s establishments in Europe
The Golden Hockey Stick () is an award given to the top Czech ice hockey player. It was first awarded to the top player in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League, beginning in the 1968–69 season. After the Czech Republic and Slovakia became separate countries in 1993, it was awarded to the top Czech player.

Jaromír Jágr has won this award more than any other player: ten times. Dominik Hašek has won it five times.

Winners (team in parentheses)

1969 Jan Suchý (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1970 Jan Suchý (Dukla Jihlava)
1971 František Pospíšil (HC Kladno)
1972 František Pospíšil (HC Kladno)
1973 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1974 Jiří Holeček (Sparta Prague)
1975 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1976 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1977 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1978 Ivan Hlinka (HC Litvínov)
1979 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1980 Peter Šťastný (HC Slovan Bratislava)
1981 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1982 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1983 Vincent Lukáč (HC Košice)
1984 Igor Liba (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1985 Jiří Králík (HC Gottwaldov)
1986 Vladimír Růžička (HC Litvínov)
1987 Dominik Hašek (HC Pardubice)
1988 Vladimír Růžička (HC Dukla Trenčín)
1989 Dominik Hašek (HC Pardubice)
1990 Dominik Hašek (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1991 Bedřich Ščerban (Dukla Jihlava)
1992 Róbert Švehla (HC Dukla Trenčín)
1993 Miloš Holaň (HC Vítkovice)
1994 Roman Turek (HC České Budějovice)
1995 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
1996 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
1997 Dominik Hašek (Buffalo Sabres)
1998 Dominik Hašek (Buffalo Sabres)
1999 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
2000 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
2001 Jiří Dopita (HC Vsetín)
2002 Jaromír Jágr (Washington Capitals)
2003 Milan Hejduk (Colorado Avalanche)
2004 Robert Lang (Detroit Red Wings)
2005 Jaromír Jágr (HC Kladno, Avangard Omsk)
2006 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2007 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2008 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2009 Patrik Eliáš (New Jersey Devils)
2010 Tomas Vokoun (Florida Panthers)
2011 Jaromír Jágr (Avangard Omsk)
2012 Patrik Eliáš (New Jersey Devils)
2013 David Krejčí (Boston Bruins)
2014 Jaromír Jágr (New Jersey Devils)
2015 Jakub Voráček (Philadelphia Flyers)

Source
 The Highest Competition in Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia 

Ice hockey trophies and awards
Ice hockey in the Czech Republic
Jennifer Alice Clack FRS (née Agnew; 3 November 1947 – 26 March 2020) was an English palaeontologist. She was curator at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, and Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at Cambridge University. Her career was devoted to studying the early evolution of tetrapods.

Lobe-finned fish in the Devonian evolved into tetrapods in a series of transitional fossils. Clack adopted the term "fishapod" to describe these animals. They then colonized the freshwater swamps of the Carboniferous period.

Life 
Clack attended Bolton School, one of the oldest schools in Lancashire. She received a BSc in Zoology from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1970. and a PhD in 1984. She also held a Graduate Certificate in Museum Studies from the University of Leicester and an M.A. and D.Sc. from the University of Cambridge.

In 2006, Clack was awarded a personal chair by the University of Cambridge, taking the title Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology. In 2008 she was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2009.

The fairly complete fossil of Acanthostega she discovered in Greenland in 1987 is a transitional, water-bound primitive tetrapod.

In April 2012 she was featured in an episode of the BBC television series Beautiful Minds, a set of documentaries about scientists who have made important discoveries.

Clack died on 26 March 2020 at the age of 72.

Books and articles 
2000. The origin of tetrapods. In Amphibian biology, vol 4. Heatwole H. and Carroll R.L. (eds) Surrey Beatty pp. 973–1029. and (with Carroll R.L.) Early Carboniferous tetrapods.  pp. 1030–1043
2002. An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'. Nature 418, 72–76 
2005. Fossil vertebrates: Palaeozoic non-amniote tetrapods. Encyclopaedia of Geology. Elsevier, Oxford 2: 468-497
2005. Getting a leg up on land. Scientific American.  
2012. Gaining ground: the origin and early evolution of tetrapods. 2nd ed,  Bloominton, Indiana: Indiana University Press. , ()

References

Other websites 
Jenny Clack on the Cambridge University website 
Home page - Jennifer "Jenny" Clack
Profile on PBS website
Interview on PBS website

1947 births
2020 deaths
English palaeontologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Dina Manfredini (née Guerri, 4 April 1897 – 17 December 2012) was an Italian-born American supercentenarian who was, at the time of her death, the oldest person ever born in Europe (if discounting possibly disputed Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment), surpassing the record of Danish-born Christian Mortensen by just five days, as well as the eighth verified person ever.

Personal history
Manfredini was born in Pievepelago, Modena, Emilia-Romagna. She moved to Des Moines, Iowa in 1920 with her husband Riccardo Manfredini, whom she raised four children with, of whom three were living at the time of her death. She worked in an ammunition factory during World War II and cleaned houses until she was 90. Her husband died at the age of 79 in 1965, when she was 67. After her husband's death she lived alone until moving into a nursing home at the age of 110. Besides four children, she even had seven grandchildren, seven great-grandchildren and twelve great-great-grandchildren.

Death
Manfredini, who became the world's oldest living person after Besse Cooper's death on 4 December 2012, died of natural infection at 9:30am on 17 December 2012, just 13 days later and a week before her successor as the oldest living woman Japanesewoman Koto Okubo's 115th birthday, at age 115 years, 257 days, and was succeeded as the oldest living person by Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura, who was just 15 days younger, and as the oldest living person in the United States by Gertrude Weaver, who was 15 months younger.

References 

American supercentenarians
People from Emilia-Romagna
Deaths from natural causes
1897 births
2012 deaths
Gabriel Abraham Rojas or Gabriel Rojas (born 1985 in Mérida, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan athlete. 

In 2007, he was 68th in Triathlon World Championship. In 2009, he got the bronze medal in the 16th Bolivarian Games in the sprint and team categories. Those games were played in Tarija region, in the south of Bolivia. In 2011 he was Aquatlon Venezuela Champion.

He currently holds the record in the Hebraic Triathlon (2004) with a time of 1:53:04.

References 

1985 births
Venezuelan sportspeople
Living people
2034 (MMXXXIV) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

Date unknown
The 2034 Winter Olympics will be held.

September 
 September 28 – Lunar eclipse.

Date unknown 
 Switzerland will phase out the last of its nuclear power plants.
 Alberto Fujimori, former President of Peru, is eligible for release from prison.
 Aurigny will retire the last of its Trislander fleet.

In fiction 
 The anime comedy Copihan is set in the year 2034.

References 

 
Years in the future
{{year nav|2022

2033 (MMXXXIII) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

Date unknown 
 The final phase of Britain's HS2 rail link will be complete.
 NASA hopes to send humans to Mars.
 The ESA's Aurora programme plans to send a manned spacecraft to Mars.

In fiction

Movies 
 Death Racers (2008): The movie depicts a second American civil war that begins in 2030 and ends in 2033 with the construction of a large prison-city similar to the situation in Escape from New York.
 Tank Girl is set in this year.
 2033 (movie) (2009): A Mexican science fiction movie.

Music
 "Drive-In Saturday" (1973) by David Bowie, depicting a world placed in 2033 in which its inhabitants have forgotten how to reproduce and need to watch old porn movies to remember how it's done.

Books 
 Metro 2033  is set in the year 2033, as is its video game counterpart.

Other 
 Svedka vodka advertises that in the year 2033 Svedka will be the most popular vodka in the world.

References 

 
Years in the future
2028 (MMXXVIII) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

April
 April 14 – Partial solar eclipse

June 
 June 26 – Asteroid  will pass  from the Earth.

July 
 July 21 – August 6: 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles, California, United States.
 July 22 – A total solar eclipse will be visible across Australia, including Sydney, and New Zealand.

October 
 October 26 – Asteroid  will pass  from the Earth.

November 
 November 7 – The United States presidential election will take place.

Date unknown 
 End of replacement of A-10 Thunderbolt and F-16 Fighting Falcon fleets with F-35 Lightning II.
 Institution of African Monetary Union, bringing a common currency to members of the African Union.
 Lease on Moldauhafen port lot in Hamburg, Germany, to the Czech Republic is set to expire.
The 2028 Summer Paralympics will be held in Los Angeles.

In fiction

Computer and video games 
 Blood II: The Chosen (1998)
 Carmageddon (1997)
 Trauma Center: New Blood (2007)

References 

 
Years in the future
Rodney Jamus Takahashi Yano (December 13, 1943 – January 1, 1969) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Vietnam War.

Early life
Yano was born in Hawaii. His grandparents were Japanese immigrant parents.  Yano was a Sansei, which means that he was a third generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Yano joined the Army from Honolulu, Hawaii in 1963, When he died in January 1969, he was as a Sergeant First Class in the Air Cavalry Troop, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment.

He was age 25 at his death.  He was buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Medal of Honor citation
Yano's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Vietnam in 1969. He grabbed burning ammunition and threw it from the aircraft after being seriously wounded by a grenade explosion aboard a helicopter.

The words of Yano's citation explain:
Sfc. Yano distinguished himself while serving with the Air Cavalry Troop. Sfc. Yano was performing the duties of crew chief aboard the troop's command-and-control helicopter during action against enemy forces entrenched in dense jungle. From an exposed position in the face of intense small arms and antiaircraft fire he delivered suppressive fire upon the enemy forces and marked their positions with smoke and white phosphorus grenades, thus enabling his troop commander to direct accurate and effective artillery fire against the hostile emplacements. A grenade, exploding prematurely, covered him with burning phosphorus, and left him severely wounded. Flaming fragments within the helicopter caused supplies and ammunition to detonate. Dense white smoke filled the aircraft, obscuring the pilot's vision and causing him to lose control. Although having the use of only 1 arm and being partially blinded by the initial explosion, Sfc. Yano completely disregarded his welfare and began hurling blazing ammunition from the helicopter. In so doing he inflicted additional wounds upon himself, yet he persisted until the danger was past. Sfc. Yano's indomitable courage and profound concern for his comrades averted loss of life and additional injury to the rest of the crew. By his conspicuous gallantry at the cost of his life, in the highest traditions of the military service, Sfc. Yano has reflected great credit on himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

Namesake
Yano is the namesake of the USNS Yano (T-AKR-297), a Shughart class cargo ship. She is a 'roll-on roll-off' non-combat United States Navy designated a "Large, Medium-speed, roll-on/roll-off" (LMSR) ship.

Yano Fitness Center at Camp Zama, Japan and Yano Hall Helicopter Maintenance Facility  at Fort Rucker, Alabama are named in his honor.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 

1943 births
1969 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
2049 (MMXLIX) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

May 
 May 7 – Transit of Mercury.

December 
 December 20 – The present "One country, two systems" with Macau, guaranteed for 50 years starting from December 20, 1999 provided under the Basic Law, will expire.

Date unknown 
 The 99-year lease in the Churchill–Roosevelt Destroyers for Bases Agreement, in which the United States traded 50 destroyers to the British Commonwealth in return for the right to use several British colonial possessions as bases, will expire, barring a renegotiation.

In fiction 
 The technology  that allows a person to control a Custom Robo is developed by Ergo Corp., according to the Custom Robo series of video games.
 The events of the series IGPX take place.
 The Disney Channel movie Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century takes place in 2049, 50 years after the movie debuted on television in 1999.
 The video game Vectorman takes place in 2049
 The video game Miner 2049er takes place in 2049
 The video game M.A.C.H. takes place in 2049
 The video game When it's Over takes place in early 2049
 The video game Nier takes place in 2049
 The video game Crimson Tears is set in Tokyo in 2049

 
Years in the future

 The 2017 Film Blade Runner 2049 takes place in the year 2049
St Edmund's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only has students who are at least 21 years old. They can be both undergraduates or postgraduates. It was created in 1896 and is named after St Edmund of Abingdon who was an Archbishop of Canterbury.

The college is found northwest of the city of Cambridge. It has about 450 students. At the beginning, it mainly had Roman Catholic students because it was built a short time after they were allowed back again in the University. Now it has a very international feeling. It was only in 1998 that St Edmund's was given full college status. Before, it was only considered a "House of Residence" by the University.

Some important people have studied here, like Georges Lemaître, an astronomer. Sir Martin Evans and Amartya Sen, who both won Nobel Prizes, were Fellows (teachers) here. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was an Honorary Fellow.

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1896 establishments in England
Henrikh Mkhitaryan (, born 21 January 1989) is an Armenian football player. He current plays for Borussia Dortmund of the German Bundesliga and Armenian national football team and Manchester unitted.

Club Career statistics
.

1989 births
Living people
Armenian sportspeople
2045 (MMXLV) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events
August 12 – A solar eclipse will occur from northern California to Florida.
October 24 – 100th anniversary of the United Nations

Date unknown
Futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts a technological singularity for 2045, i.e. a runaway cycle of self-improvement by intelligent machines, resulting in explosive technological development.
Based on Ray Kurzweil's ideas, Time magazine predicts humans will be immortal by this year.
Demographic projections "foresee the population of Egypt overtaking that of Russia by 2045," according to Niall Ferguson.
Two of Japan's largest cities - Tokyo and Osaka - will be connected by a direct high-speed maglev route.
The United Kingdom is set to overtake Germany as Europe's leading economy.

In fiction
In the novel 2045: A Story of Our Future, Peter Seidel portrays what the world could be like in 2045, if current trends in environmental destruction, population growth, and economic inequality continue.
Beginning of Corporation War in Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere
In South Africa white minority rule comes to an end as most of the whites are massacred in an uprising, in John Wyndham's The Outward Urge.
The American Dad character Klaus has a body again and a grandson.
The events portrayed in the movie Critters 4 take place in 2045.
Time in History where Command & Conquer: Tiberium Wars, the 3rd Tiberium War takes place.
In Macross 7, The main events of the series take place in this year.
Doomsday in Angels & Airwaves movie L)VE (LOVE)

References

 
Years in the future
First lieutenant is a military rank in many armed forces. They are considered commissioned officers and in some militaries an appointment.

The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations. In the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior (second lieutenant) rank. In navies it may relate to a particular post rather than a rank.

U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force
In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer. It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services.

U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard
In the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard, first lieutenant is a position title, instead of a rank. It is held by the officer in command of the deck department. On smaller ships, the first lieutenant holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign. On larger vessels, the position is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as aircraft carriers, a lieutenant commander or even commander. However, on submarines, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the first lieutenant may be a senior enlisted member, such as a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer.

References

Military ranks
Baramulla () is a sub-district of Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an armed conflict in India. It is being fought between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian government.

Related pages

List of ongoing armed conflicts

References

Politics of India
20th century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
Communism
Insurgencies
20th century in India
Hilary Hinton "Zig" Ziglar (November 6, 1926 – November 28, 2012) was an American author, historian, salesman, educator, and motivational speaker. He was a supporter for the Republican Party.

Ziglar was born on November 6, 1926 in Coffee County, Alabama. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, in Plano, Texas, and in Yazoo City, Mississippi. Ziglar studied to part of the United States Navy at the V-12 Navy College Training Program. He studied to write at University of South Carolina.

Ziglar was married to Jean Ziglar from 1946 until his death in 2012. They had four children, one of them died in 1995. He had seven grandchildren. Ziglar died on November 28, 2012 in Plano, Texas from pneumonia, aged 86. He is buried in McKinley, Texas.

References

Other websites

Booknotes interview with Ziglar on Zig: The Autobiography of Zig Ziglar, October 6, 2002. 

1926 births
2012 deaths
American historians
American activists
Deaths from pneumonia
Educators from Mississippi
Businesspeople from Dallas, Texas
Businesspeople from Alabama
Businesspeople from Mississippi
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
People from Plano, Texas
People from Yazoo City, Mississippi
Republicans (United States)
Writers from Alabama
Writers from Mississippi
Writers from Dallas, Texas
Educators from Dallas, Texas
Educators from Alabama
Landman (or, in the United States Navy, Landsman) was a military rank given to naval recruits.

United Kingdom
In the middle of the 18th century (c.1757) the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom used the term Landman. This referred to a seaman with less than a year's experience at sea.  After a year, the Landman was usually promoted to the rank of Ordinary Seaman. 

Most were acquired by impressment (a common method of recruitment from c.1700-1815). Landmen were usually between the ages of 16 and 35. While seasoned sailors (who started as Ordinary Seamen) could be impressed up to the ages of 50 to 55 depending on need. In 1853 the practice of impressment ended after the passing of the Continuous Service Act. The rank's title was changed to Apprentice Seaman. The term Landman evolved into a more formal rating for a seaman assigned to unskilled manual labor.

United States of America
Landsman was the lowest rank of the United States Navy in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was given to new recruits with little or no experience at sea. Landsmen performed basic unskilled work aboard ship. A Landsman who gained three years of experience or re-enlisted could be promoted to Ordinary Seaman. The rank existed from 1838 to 1921.

References

Further reading
N.A.M. Roger.  The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.

Military ranks
Ordinary seaman is a military rank used in naval forces.

United Kingdom 
The term Ordinary seaman was used in the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century. The term was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years' experience at sea. They showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain. A seaman with less than a year's experience was referred to as a landman. A sailor with more than two years' experience was referred to as an able seaman.

Later, the term was formalized as a rating for the lowest normal grade of seaman. They are not trained in any special task. They are required to work at physically hard tasks of great variety. One needs an Ordinary Seaman Certificate to obtain work. One can become an able seaman as a promotion from this position.

United States 
Ordinary seaman was the second-lowest rank of the 19th century United States Navy. It ranked above landsman and below seaman. Promotion from landsman to ordinary seaman required three years of experience or re-enlistment. An ordinary seaman who gained six years of experience and knew the name and use of every line in the ship's rigging, could be promoted to seaman. An ordinary seaman's duties aboard ship included "handling and splicing lines, and working aloft on the lower mast stages and yards."

The rank existed from 1797 to 1917, when it was renamed "seaman second class". Seaman second class was later changed to the modern-day rank of seaman apprentice. The related ranks of ordinary seaman second class and ordinary seaman, engineer's force, existed in 1876–1885 and 1871–1883, respectively.

Other countries 
The term ordinary seaman is currently used in the Royal Canadian Navy and Irish Naval Forces (who inherited the military ranking structure from the previous generation of Royal Navy, Army, and Air Force ranks.)

References

 N.A.M. Roger.  The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.

Military ranks
is a Japanese lake in Shikotsu-Toya National Park on the island of Hokkaidō, Japan.

History
The 2008 G8 Summit was held at Lake Tōya.

Geography
It is the ninth largest lake in Japan.

References

Other websites
 Guide of Lake Toya 
 Toya Usu Geopark 

Geography of Japan
Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in several countries.

The originated when they were part of the staff of a British Army regiment. They were paid at that level rather than as a member of a battalion or company.

United States
Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Army

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Marine Corps

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Air Force 
Staff Sergeant (SSG) is the title of the E-6 rank in the U.S. Army and United States Marine Corps. It is just above Sergeant. It is just below Sergeant First Class in the U.S. Army or Gunnery Sergeant for the Marine Corps. It is a non-commissioned officer.

In the United States Air Force a Staff Sergeant (SSgt) is the title of an E-5. It ranks just above Senior Airman (SrA) and below Technical Sergeant (TSgt). It is the Air Force's first non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank.

References

Other websites
United States Army Staff Sergeant duties 
U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
Enlisted rank insignia

Military ranks
The Nevill Ground is a cricket ground in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent. It played host to one One Day International during the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the group stage match between India and Zimbabwe in which Kapil Dev scored 175 not out. The Nevill Ground is recognised in cricket for having rhododendron bushes around the edge of the pitch.

References

Cricket in England
Kent
Sport in England
Kay Bailey Hutchison (born July 22, 1943) is an American politician. Hutchison was the 22nd United States Permanent Representative to NATO from August 28, 2017 to January 20, 2021. She was the senior Senator from Texas. Hutchison is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. In 2001, she was named one of the thirty most powerful women in America by the Ladies Home Journal.

On June 29, 2017, Hutchison was nominated to be the next United States Permanent Representative to NATO by Donald Trump. She was confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote on August 3, 2017.

References

1943 births
Living people
People from Galveston, Texas
Permanent Representatives of the United States to NATO
United States senators from Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Women diplomats
Women politicians
The United States Navy occupational rating of gunner's mate (GM) is given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) to enlisted sailors. They must either complete school training or by showing they are familiar with the field of ordnance.

The Gunner's Mate school is held at Naval Training Center Great Lakes, Illinois.  The school was originally very hands-on. It is now primarily conducted through self-study computer-based training (CBT). The training focuses on the operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of Naval guns, missile launchers, and torpedoes. It has a strong emphasis on basic explosives, guidance and tracking systems, small arms, Naval ammunition classification, and safety. Upon completion of this school enlisted members often continue on to a specialized school. At the specialized school they learn a particular weapons system.

A GM will specialize in weapons such as the M500 shotgun, M60 machine gun, M14 rifle, M2 Browning machine gun, M9 pistol, M11 pistol, M16 rifle, M240 machine gun, M203 grenade launcher, M79 grenade launcher, M1911 pistol, M1 Garand, Mk 19 grenade launcher, Mk 18 Mod 0 Carbine Rifle, 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, M242 Bushmaster chain gun, Vertical launching system, Missiles, torpedoes, pyrotechnics, hand grenades, non-lethal weapons, force protection & anti-terrorism, as well as operating shooting ranges, armories, and the storage and issue of ammunition.

Notes

Other websites

 GM from Navy Personnel Command (NPC): Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) 
 Enlisted Ratings and Jobs in the US Navy (Historical)
 Navy Ratings, Past and present
 Navy Speciality ratings & Emergency ratings 

Military ranks
Sergeant First Class is a military rank in some military's and other uniformed organizations around the world. It is typically a senior non-commissioned officer.

United States Army

Sergeant First Class (SFC) is the seventh enlisted rank (E-7) in the U.S. Army. It is above Staff Sergeant and below Master Sergeant and First Sergeant. It is the first senior non-commissioned officer rank.

References

Other websites
 U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images

Military ranks
USS Benicia was a screw sloop in the United States Navy during the late 19th century. She was named for Benicia, California.

History
Benicia was launched 18 August 1868 by Portsmouth Navy Yard as Algoma. She was renamed Benicia on 15 May 1869. It was commissioned 1 December 1869 with Commander S. Nicholson in command.

Between March 1870 and August 1872, Benicia served on the Asiatic Station. It took part in Rear Admiral John Rodgers' expedition to Korea (16 May-11 June 1871). During this period Ordinary Seaman John Andrews, Chief Quartermaster Patrick H. Grace and Private Michael McNamara, USMC, received the Medal of Honor.

Following repairs at Mare Island Navy Yard, Benicia joined the North Pacific Squadron 6 December 1872. She cruised in Mexican, Central American, and Hawaiian waters and arrived at San Francisco, California on 29 November 1874 carrying King Kalākaua of Hawaii and his suite. 

Captain of the Mizzen Top Albert Weisbogel also received the Medal of Honor (his first award) for service on Benicia, in 1874.

Benicia made a cruise to Alaska (11 May-21 July 1875) and was decommissioned at Mare Island 29 November 1875. Benicia was sold 3 May 1884.

References

Other websites
US Navy Historical Center of USS Benica photographs 

Naval ships of the United States
Corporal Charles Brown (born 1849) received the United States's highest honor for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. Corporal Brown was a United States Marine. He was born in New York City. He enlisted in Hong Kong in 1870. The tracking number for his Medal of Honor is number 169. It is dated 8 February 1872. He received the medal for his actions while stationed aboard the USS Colorado.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
On board the  in action against a Korean fort on 11 June 1871. Assisted in capturing the Korean standard in the center of the citadel of the fort.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
1849 births
Year of death unknown
People from New York City
John Coleman (October 9, 1846 – October 30, 1904) was a United States Marine. He received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions during the Korean Expedition. He was Irish-born, and received the Medal for saving the life of Boatswain's Mate Alexander McKenzie while under enemy attack on the .  His death was the result of a electric tram car accident in San Diego, California.  He was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego with a headstone depicting his Civil War service.  A new marker proudly displaying his the symbol of the Medal of Honor was placed in the Spring of 2018 courtesy of the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation.

On board the U.S.S. Colorado in action at Korea on 11 June 1871. Fighting hand-to-hand with the enemy, Coleman succeeded in saving the life of Alexander McKenzie.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1847 births
1897 deaths
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
James Dougherty (November 16, 1839 – November 25, 1897) was a U.S. Marine in the 1871 Korean Campaign. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition. He was serving as a private aboard . His Medal of Honor was issued on February 8, 1872. Private Dougherty was one of fifteen United States sailors and Marines who received the Medal of Honor for this little known American military action.

He is buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Section 6, Grave 12374.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

On board the  in various actions of that vessel. Wounded several times, Dougherty invariably returned to duty, presenting an example of constancy and devotion to the flag.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

Note/Another James Dougherty
There may have been either two James Doughertys awarded the medal during the Korean Expedition. One served on board the Carondelet, while the other may have served on the . Alternatively, the medals may have been awarded to the same Marine.

The U.S.S. Carondelet does not appear to have served in Korea, raising the possibility that two James Doughertys received the Medal of Honor (on-line resources do not support this point) or that the citation for Private Dougherty's medal refers incorrectly to the U.S.S. Carondelet instead of to another ship (possibly the U.S.S. Benicia) involved in the Korean campaign.

1897 deaths
1839 births
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Ganghwa Island is an island in the beginning of the Han River. It is on the west coast of South Korea. Ganghwa Island is separated from Gimpo on the mainland by a narrow channel. The channel is connected by two bridges. The main channel of the Han River separates the island from Gaeseong in North Korea.

About 65,500 people live on the island. With an area of . It covers most of Ganghwa County, a division of Incheon Municipality. About half of the island's population lives in Ganghwa-eup, Ganghwa Town, in the northeastern part of the island. The island's highest point is Mani-san,  above sea level. The island measures  long and  wide, and is the 4th largest island in South Korea.

Historically, it is significant as being the location of separate and brief attacks. One was the French in 1866. Another was the United States in 1871 and the Japanese in 1875 when Korea was emerging from isolation.

Climate

Notes
 Lee (1976, p. 96).
 Lee (1976, p. 100).
 Lee (1976, p. 148).
 Lee (1976, p. 151).
 Lee (1976, p. 216).
 Lee (1976, p. 264); Nahm (1996, p. 148).
 Lee (1976, p. 268); Nahm (1996, p. 151).

References

Islands of South Korea
Sidney Sussex College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called Sidney by the students. It was created in 1596. It takes its name from Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex, who gave money to build it. Today it has about 550 students.

It is quite a small college, and it is found in the town centre of Cambridge. Because it is in quite a small area, it has changed little since it was first built. The buildings were made of red brick at the beginning, but then they were covered by cement. 

Many important people have studied here:
Oliver Cromwell, a military and political leader in Great Britain
Cecil Frank Powell, who won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, who won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics
John E. Walker, who won the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alan MacDiarmid, who won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Carol Vorderman, a television presenter

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1596 establishments
1590s establishments in England
The sexagenary cycle (六十花甲 liùshí huājiǎ), also known as the "stems-and-branches" or "trunks-and-branches" (干支 gānzhī), is a traditional Chinese calendar system.  It is a list of sixty terms which are used for identifying days or years.

History
The oldest Chinese system for recording and organizing time uses repeated periods of 60 days. 

Ancient records show that the sexagenary cycle was used to count years in the 3rd century B.C.  

The repeating series of 60 terms has been an important part of historical calendar systems in East Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, Tibet and Vietnam.

Overview 
Each term in the sexagenary cycle is made up of two Chinese characters: 
 One character is taken from a list of "heavenly stems" or "trunks" (天干 tiāngān), including wood, fire, earth, metal and water.  
The other character is taken from a list of "earthly branches" (地支  dìzhī) or animal signs, including Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig.   
 The combinations make up a total of 60 different names for a period of time.

Heavenly stems

Earthly branches

Conversion tables
Tables show specific years in the context of a repeating sexagenary cycle.

1804–1923

1924–2043

Related pages
 Chinese Zodiac

References

Other websites
  "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar" 
 "The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar"

Calendars
Units of time
Christopher Dennis Alexander Martin-Jenkins (January 20, 1945 – January 1, 2013) was an English sportcaster, historian, and journalist who broadcast Test Match Special on BBC Radio.

Martin-Jenkins was born on 20 January 1945 in Peterborough, England. He studied at Marlborough College and at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He had one son, Robin. Martin-Jenkins died on 1 January 2013 in Rudgwick, West Sussex from lymphoma after being diagnosed a year before, aged 67.

References

Other websites

BBC profile of CMJ
CMJ's 'Aggers & Johnners' moment. See also legover.
Debrett's People of Today

1945 births
2013 deaths
British historians
British journalists
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lymphoma
English sportspeople
English writers
People from Cambridgeshire
James Sebastian Faulkner (born July 18, 1948) or James Reed Faulkner is an English actor who is known for his roles in The Bank Job, Bridget Jones's Diary, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London, and in Zulu Down.

Faulkner was born on July 18, 1948 in Hampstead, London, England. He is married to Kate Faulkner. They had two sons, Guy and Leo Faulkner. He now lives in London, England.

References

Other websites
The Official James Faulkner Website 

James Faulkner at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database

1948 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; ), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic as well as being unofficially known as Soviet Russia, Russian Federation  or simply Russia, was an independent socialist state from 1917 to 1922. Afterwards it was the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991.

References

Soviet Union
Frederick Franklin (1840–1873) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the 1871 Korean Campaign.

Biography
Frederick H. Franklin was born in 1840 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 

Along with Bosun's Mate Alexander MacKenzie, Marine Private John Coleman, Ordinary Seaman Samuel F. Rogers and fellow Quartermaster William Troy in the attempt to save the life of Lieutenant Hugh McKee. Mckee was mortally wounded in the action. Lieutenant McKee was not eligible for the medal as an officer. 

He is buried in Proprietors' Cemetery Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

On board the U.S.S. Colorado during the attack and capture of the Korean forts on 11 June 1871. Assuming command of Company D, after Lt. McKee was wounded, Franklin handled the company with great credit until relieved.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1840 births
1873 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Specialist (abbreviated "SPC") is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army. It is just above Private First Class and equivalent in pay grade to Corporal. Unlike Corporals, Specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers (NCOs).

Specialist

On 1 July 1955 four grades of Specialist were established. The first was Specialist Three (E-4). It is the only one that still exists. It was changed to Specialist Four in 1958. Specialist Two (E-5), Specialist One (E-6), and Master Specialist (E-7) were also created in 1955. These were all eventually replaced with other titles. In 1958 the DoD added two more pay grades. This gave enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress to a full career. These were Specialist Eight (E-8) and Specialist Nine (E-9) which were abolished in 1968. All except SP4 were abolished in 1984 when SP4 was renamed as "Specialist" and abbreviated as "SPC".

References

Other websites
U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
The Short History of the Specialist Rank by Daniel K. Elder, CSM (Ret), USA

Military ranks
The 442nd Regimental Combat Team () of the United States Army was a regimental size fighting unit. It was composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese descent.  These men  volunteered to fight in World War II even though their families were subject to internment. The 442nd, beginning in 1944, fought primarily in Europe during World War II. The 442nd was a self-sufficient force. It fought with uncommon distinction in Italy, southern France, and Germany. The 442nd is considered to be the most decorated infantry regiment in the history of the United States Army. The 442nd was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations and twenty-one of its members were awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team motto was, "Go for Broke".

References

References

Other websites

Official sites
  22 Asian Americans Inducted into Hall of Heroes  (pentagon.mil)
 The "Go for Broke" Regiment Lives Duty, Honor, Country (defenselink.mil)

Resources
 Asian-Nation: 442nd RCT Rescue of the Lost Battalion
 Go For Broke National Education Center 
  The 442nd Regimental Combat Team 
 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry
 Hawaii Star Bulletin article on Hawaii Statehood passage 
 "U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres" by Pierre Moulin
 The Story of the 442nd Combat Team compiled by members of the 442nd Combat Team, Mitsuye Yamada papers, Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, via Calisphere.
 "From a Quiet American, a Story of War and Remembrance". The New York Times. 16 August 2008.
 Medal of Honor recipient George Joe Sakato on Veterans Chronicles  produced by the
 Japanese American Veterans Collection , Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library

Media
 442-Live with Honor, Die with Dignity: Documentary Film 2010
 Valor with Honor: documentary film on the Japanese American 442nd Regimental Combat Team
 ONLY THE BRAVE Official Movie Site
 The Official Website for upcoming movie LITTLE IRON MEN about the 442nd's rescue of the Lost Battalion
 A Path to Lunch Liberation Day and the Liberation of America, the 442nd in Lunigiana and Versilia.

Organizations
 Americans of Japanese Ancestry World War II Memorial Alliance 
 WWII Japanese American Veterans' Registry 
 442nd Regimental Combat Team Historical Society
 442nd World War II Reenactors
 Go For Broke National Education Center

Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Vincent Canby (July 27, 1924 – October 15, 2000) was an American movie critic, historian, and journalist who is known for being the critic for The New York Times.

Canby was born on July 27, 1924 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in New York City, New York. He studied at Dartmouth College. He was never married. Canby died on October 15, 2000 in Manhattan, New York City, New York from cancer, aged 76.

References

Other websites
 Vincent Canby Reviews at The New York Times
 

1924 births
2000 deaths
American historians
Movie critics from Chicago
Journalists from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Writers from New York City
American military personnel of World War II
Cancer deaths in New York
Michael Lee Alfonso (January 24, 1965 – February 17, 2007) was an American professional wrestler best known for wrestling with Extreme Championship Wrestling, World Championship Wrestling and the WWF/WWE best known under the ring name Mike Awesome.

ECW
During his time with ECW, he won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship two times and the ECW World Tag Team Championship one time with Raven.

WCW
He joined WCW in 2000 and started his "Career Killer" gimmick when he threw Chris Kanyon off the top of the first level of a triple cage and he landed on the entrance ramp. His gimmick was somewhat changed and he started calling himself "The Fat Chick Thrilla" after his heavy women. He would later change his gimmick once again and was known as "That '70s Guy" Mike Awesome which was a reference to That '70s Show. As The '70s Guy, he would dress up in different 1970s inspired outfits and also hosted an interview segment called the "Lava Lamp Lounge". He also used to drive a bus which was painted like the bus in The Partridge Family into arenas for his entrance. He also feuded with Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse members Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope.

WWF/WWE
He became part of The Invasion storyline and debuted on WWE television when he attacked Rhyno with a metal pipe after Rhyno defeated Test for the Hardcore Championship. After he attacked Rhyno, he powerbombed him onto a ladder and pinned him to become Hardcore Champion because of the 24/7 rule. He become the first member of the Invaders to win a title in the WWF but he finally lost the title when he was pinned by Jeff Hardy on SmackDown!. He was later assigned to appear on WWE Velocity where he jobbed before being released on  September 27, 2002. He later said in the book, The Death of WCW, that "Being in the WWE (formerly the WWF) sucked. I hated it. You had to kiss everybody's ass... You had to be on your political toes all the time. You would not believe the backstage politics. You were getting stabbed in the back constantly. I was so happy when I was told I was gone [fired]."

He left the WWE and appeared on the independent circuit for five years before retiring from professional wresting in February 2006 to spend more time with his family.

Death
He was found hanged in his Tampa home by a group of his friends on February 17, 2007.

References

Other websites 

1965 births
2007 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Suicides by hanging in the United States
Ansbertus, Ansbert or Ausbert was a Frankish nobleman and politician. His wife, Billihild, claimed to be the daughter of Charibert I, Merovingian King of Paris, and granddaughter of Chlothar I Magnus. Ansbert was the father of Arnoald of Mez and grandfather of Doda of Mez.

Related pages 
 Pepin von Landen

6th-century births
6th-century deaths
Carolingian dynasty
European politicians
Autobiographers