cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mary Elizabeth Gore (née Aitcheson; born August 19, 1948), known as Tipper Gore, is an author and photographer who was the Second Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the wife of Al Gore, from whom she is separated. She and Al Gore separated in 2010. She is known for her role in the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), criticizing music with profane language and promoting Parental Advisory stickers (known as "Tipper Stickers") on record covers, especially in the heavy metal, punk and rap genres.

Early life
Gore was born as Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson in Washington, D.C.. She is of English, Scottish, German, and Swedish ancestry.

References

Second Ladies of the United States
American photographers
1948 births
Living people
Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney (born August 14, 1941) was the second lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009. She is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney. She is a novelist, conservative scholar, and former talk-show host.

Early life
Lynne Ann Vincent was born in Casper, Wyoming. Her mother, Edna Lolita (nee Lybyer), became a deputy sheriff, and her father, Wayne Edwin Vincent, was an engineer. She is a descendant of Mormon pioneers. She has family roots in Denmark, Sweden, England, Ireland, and Wales. She was raised Presbyterian and became Methodist after she married Dick Cheney.

Books

Lynne Cheney is the author or co-author of several books:

 Blue Skies, No Fences: A Memoir of Childhood and Family (2007) ()
 Our 50 States: A Family Adventure Across America (2006) ()
 A Time for Freedom: What Happened When in America (2005) ()
 When Washington Crossed the Delaware : A Wintertime Story for Young Patriots (2004) ()
 A is for Abigail : An Almanac of Amazing American Women (2003) ()
 America: A Patriotic Primer (2002) ()
 The Body Politic: A Novel (2000) ()
 Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History (1996) ()
 Telling the Truth (1995) ()
 Academic Freedom (1992) ()
 American Memory: A Report on the Humanities in the Nations Public Schools (1987) ()
 Sisters (1981; New American Library, Penguin Group) ()
 Executive Privilege (1979) ()

References

Second Ladies of the United States
Writers from Wyoming
1941 births
Living people
People from Casper, Wyoming
Sauerbraten (also known as Cube 2 or Sauer, German for “sour roast”) is a cross-platform, Quake-like, first-person shooter computer game that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL. The game features single-player and multiplayer game play and contains an in-game level editor, its main feature. The game engine is free and open source software, under the Zlib License, with commercial support available from the developer's own business counterpart, Dot3 Labs.

The game started as a redesign to the original Cube Engine, and its first release was made on May 6, 2004. The game gets updated quite regularly.

Technology

Sauerbraten was made out of the game Cube, but is much more advanced and a player can create new levels. Sauerbraten was not made to look very good, but to allow easy map making within the game without making a big download. Sauerbraten CTF Edition is less than 350 megabytes.  The game Crysis is around 3,000 megabytes.

Map editing 

Maps are made out of cubes, which can be made longer or shorter and can be reshaped. These cubes can be mapped out easily, using the in-game editor. This means that both map-makers and players can make very big, detailed maps very quickly. This is not like other games such as Quake, where you need a lot of effort and bugfixing work to even get the map to work.

This simplicity in editing has resulted in a lot of maps released by players and developers. They are available on the Quadropolis forums.

Gameplay 

The game has singleplayer and multiplayer modes. Multiplayer can be with LAN and Internet connection. Online game types are deathmatch, last man standing,"Capture" (where teams fight for control of parts on the map), Quake-style Capture the Flag, also instant-shot games (Instagib, Insta-clan-arena, insta-capture) as well as online multiplayer map editing, which is one of Sauerbraten's most interesting and popular features. In single player modes the computer controls monsters against you.

Media 

The game has been shown in a Burger King television commercial, it received four out of five stars in a MacWorld UK review, and the game was mentioned in Issue 3 of Games for Windows: The Official Magazine (as well as their 101 Free Games Article), where it was described as being "perfect for both stingy and creative gamers alike".

The CTF edition was given a long review by Phoronix, a website focused on Linux and software reviews, as well as Linux.com, a website providing news related to free and open source software.

References

Other websites 

 Official Sauerbraten site
 Sauerbraten project at SourceForge.net
 Community Cube/Sauerbraten mapping and modding site 
 Tool to monitor servers for cube-based games

2004 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic caused by bubonic plague. It happened during the years of 541 to 542 in the Byzantine Empire. It was the first pandemic recorded in history. Historians estimate that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world, partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.

Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe. It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests. Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death.

Origin and impact 
Through trade, the plague came from India to Ethiopia or Egypt. Eventually, trade ships brought the plague north to the large city of Constantinople. Ships bringing grain, which Constantinople imported, carried rats along with them. These rats carried the plague. By the end of the pandemic, the plague had killed 40% of Constantinople's population. At its worst, it killed 10,000 people in Constantinople every day.

In total, about 25 million people died because of the Plague of Justinian. It is said to have contributed to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, because it killed farmers and caused famine. Also, the empire relied on tax money, and the plague killed many taxpayers.

References

Sources 
 Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, . —The author, Evagrius, was himself stricken by the plague as a child and lost several family members to it.
Procopius. History of the Wars, Books I and II (The Persian War). Trans. H. B. Dewing. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1954.—Chapters XXII and XXIII of Book II (pages 451–473) are Procopius's famous description of the Plague of Justinian. This includes the famous 10,000 people dead a day in Constantinople statistic (page 465).
Little, Lester K., ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. .
Rosen, William. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, Viking Adult, 2007. .

Byzantine Empire
Ancient Rome
Plague pandemics
541
542
History of Europe
The zlib License is an open source software license.

The license
The words of the zlib License are:

This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.

Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:

1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
   claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
   in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
   appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
   misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

Related pages
 List of software licenses

References
http://www.zlib.net/zlib_license.html

Software licences
Ferdinand Lassalle (11 April 1825 — 31 August 1864) was a German jurist and socialist politician.

Lassalle was born in Breslau. His father sent him to a business school in Leipzig. Lassalle changed to the University of Breslau. He later studied in Berlin.
He studied Philosophy, Philology (Latin and Ancient Greek) and Law.

Lassalle took part in the revolutions of 1848-49. He was put into prison and later banned from Berlin. He lived in Düsseldorf that time. In 1859, Lassalle returned to Berlin.

Lassalle was a liberal politician in the early 1860s. The liberals had some struggles with Otto von Bismarck. Lassalle thought about the living conditions of the working class. He found that the idea of self-help would not help the working class people. This led him to become a member of the Communist league. There he was in opposition to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 

Lassalle founded the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV) in 1863. This party later became the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Lassalle was killed in a duel.

1825 births
1864 deaths
German politicians
German prisoners
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
Hans-Dietrich Genscher (21 March 1927 – 31 March 2016) was a German politician.

Early life
Genscher was born at Reideburg, near Halle. Genscher served in World War II from 1943 to 1945. He joined the Nazi Party at the age of 18. After the war, he studied economics and law in Halle and Leipzig. He joined the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) in 1946.

In 1952, Genscher fled to West Germany. There he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP). He passed his second state examination in law in Hamburg in 1954. After that, he became a solicitor in Bremen.

Career 
In 1965, Genscher was elected to the Bundestag, the West German parliament for the first time. From 1969 to 1974, he was Federal Minister of the Interior under Chancellor Willy Brandt.
 
Genscher was Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 under Helmut Schmidt.  Two weeks later, he began to serve in the same positions under Helmut Kohl. He served the second time from 1982 to 1992.  He was Germany's longest serving Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor.

Death
Genscher died at his home in Wachtberg, Germany from heart failure on 31 March 2016, aged 89.

Related pages 

 Politics of Germany

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
Former members of the German Bundestag 
German lawyers
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Nazis
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Franz Müntefering (born January 16, 1940) is a German politician. He used to be Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Müntefering was born in Neheim-Hüsten near Arnsberg.
After his school time he was taught to became an industrial salesman.
He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1966.
He was member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) from 1975 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2013.

1998 he was a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1992 to 1995 he was Secretary of Social affairs in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1995 to 2001 Party Chairman in that state.

From 1995 to 1998 he was Bundesgeschäftsführer (federal executive director) of the SPD.
In 1998 he became Secretary for Transport and Infrastructure of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.
From 1999 to 2002 he was Secretary General of the Social Democratic Party.
From 2002 to 2005 fraction leader in the Bundestag.

He was Party Chairman of the SPD from 2004 to 2005. 
Uo from 2005 to 2007 he was Secretary for Working and Social Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel in her Grand Coaltion.
In 2007 he gave up all his jobs - excepted the mandate in Federal Parliament - for caring his ill wife.
After the death of his wife he returned.

From 2008 to 2009 he was Party Chairman of the SPD again.

Other websites
 Biography by German Bundestag 

1940 births
Living people
Former members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Martin Halsall (born 25 December 1984 in Blackpool, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1984 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
People from Lancashire
Secret Water is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published in 1939.

This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze. It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon. Ransome sailed to Hamford Water, an area of salt marshes and low lying islands in his boat Nancy Blackett. He set the book in this tidal place which offered a new setting for his characters and chances to explore and map the area.

Plot summary

The Swallows mean to sail in the Goblin to Hamford Water and camp with their father, but he is called away on naval business. Instead he maroons them with a small boat (dinghy) on an island. Before he leaves, Father gives them a basic map of the area they call Secret Water and suggests they map the area before he returns to pick them up.
For a surprise, he has arranged for the Amazons to come down from the Lake District and join them with another dinghy.

They see some mysterious footprints which turn out to belong to the Mastodon, a local boy. He mistakes them for the Eels, another family who camp in the area regularly. Later the Eels arrive and are initially hostile before they settle down for a friendly war.

It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed. However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it.

Related pages
 Beaumont Cut

1939 books
Children's books
English novels
A brute force attack is a term in cryptanalysis. It means trying to break a coded cyphertext by trying a lot of possibilities with fast computers. For example, a large number of the possible keys are tried in the key space. If successful , this decrypts the encrypted message.

Overview 
The theoretical possibility of a brute force attack is recognized by the cryptographic system designers. They work to make the cryptographic system very difficult for computers to break using brute force attack. For that reason, one of the definitions of "breaking" a cryptographic scheme is to find a method faster than a brute force attack.

The selection of an appropriate key length depends on how difficult it will be to break it using a brute force attack. By obfuscating the data before encryption, brute force attacks are less effective and more difficult to determine.

The brute force attack can be used together with a dictionary attack.

For symmetric encryption, a key size of 128 bits is considered secure against brute force by traditional computers. 192 or 256 bits is considered secure against quantum computers. Many old ciphers, such as DES, used short keys which made them breakable by brute force.

Cryptography
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering.  Information theory measures the amount of information in data that could have more than one value.  In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication.  Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values.  The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.  

A key measure in information theory is "entropy". Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a dice (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.

Computer science
In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on a groups of bits of fixed length, called blocks, using an exact transformation. During encryption, a block cipher algorithm might take (for example) a 128-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding 128-bit block of ciphertext. The exact transformation is controlled using a second input — the secret key. Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes, in this example, a 128-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and output the original 128-bit block of plaintext.

One of the early block cipher designs was the Data Encryption Standard (DES), developed at IBM and published as a standard in 1977. A successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); also using block cipher, was adopted in 2001.

Cryptography
Wassily  Kandinsky  ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist.

He was one of the most important 20th-century artists. He was a major figure in modern art and painted some of the first modern abstract works. His art changed several times during his life. It was fauvist, abstract, expressionist and constructivist in turn.

Life 
Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa. He enrolled at the University of Moscow and chose to study law and economics. Quite successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat—he started painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.

In 1896 he settled in Munich and studied first in a private school, then at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. He went back to Moscow in 1914 after World War I started. He was unsympathetic to the official theories on art in Moscow and returned to Germany in 1921. There he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France where he lived the rest of his life, and became a French citizen in 1939.  He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.

Influences 
Later in life he would recall being fascinated and stimulated by colour as a child. His fascination with colour symbolism and psychology continued as he grew. In 1889, he was part of an ethnographic research group which travelled to the Vologda region north of Moscow. In Looks on the Past, he tells how the houses and churches were decorated with such shimmering colours that, on entering them, he felt he was moving into a painting. This experience, and his study of the region's folk art (particularly the use of bright colours on a dark background), can be seen in much of his early work.

He was interested in geometry in art and philosophy. The creative aspect of the form is expressed by a descending series of circles, triangles and squares.

Artistic periods 
1 Youth and inspiration (1866–1896)
2 Metamorphosis
3 Blue Rider Period (1911–1914)
4 Return to Russia (1914–1921)
5 The Bauhaus (1922–1933)
6 The Great Synthesis (1934–1944)

References 

1866 births
1944 deaths
People from Moscow
Printmakers
Russian painters
Public-key cryptography, also called asymmetric cryptography, is a  communication where people exchange messages that can only be read by one another. 

In public key cryptography, each user has a pair of cryptographic keys:
 a public key 
 a private key
The private key is kept secret, while the public key may be widely distributed and used by other users. 

Incoming messages are encrypted with the recipient's public key and can only be decrypted with their corresponding private key. The keys are related mathematically, but the user's private key cannot be easily got from the widely used public key.  The most usual problem with this method arises when private key is accidentally leaked.

The two main branches of public key cryptography are:
 Public key encryption: a message encrypted with a recipient's public key cannot be decrypted except by the recipient private key. This is used to ensure secrecy.
 Digital signatures: a message signed with a sender's private key can be verified by anyone who has the sender's public key. So if the sender signed the message no one can alter it. This is used to get authenticity.

They are often used together on the same message.

Related pages
 Symmetric-key algorithm
 RSA algorithm

Cryptography
John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American consultant, lobbyist and politician. He was the 79th United States Attorney General. He served during the first term of President George W. Bush from 2001 until 2005. Ashcroft was previously the Governor of Missouri (1985–1993) and a U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001). Ashcroft was born in Chicago, Illinois.

References

Other websites 
 

1942 births
Living people
American lobbyists
American Pentecostals
Governors of Missouri
People from Springfield, Missouri
Politicians from Chicago
United States Attorneys General
United States senators from Missouri
US Republican Party politicians
Yale University alumni
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from Missouri
In cryptography, the key space of an algorithm refers to the set of all possible keys that can be used to initialize the cryptographic algorithm. For example, if an algorithm works using a key that is a string of 10 bits, then its key space is the set of all binary strings of length 10 bits; i.e. we have key space of size 210 = 1024.

To avoid attackers from guessing the key using a brute-force attack, the key space is usually designed to be very large. Another needed attribute is that the key space designed to be flat, having no or very few weak keys.

Examples
The block cipher Rijndael/AES uses a key of up to 256 bits, resulting in a key space containing about 2256 which is over 1.1579 × 1077 keys.  This makes it computationally infeasible to check each possible key by brute force.

In the DES block cipher, a 56-bit key is used, resulting in a relatively small key space of size 256.

The ROT13 cipher is only designed to prevent people from accidentally reading messages (e.g. movie plot details). As there is no key, the key space is therefore empty.

References

Cryptography
Roger Williams (December 21, 1603 – April 1, 1683) was an English-American Puritan, and a Calvinist-Baptist theologian. He was widely known as a supporter of religious toleration and separation of church and state. He also supported fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a royal charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the main island in Narragansett Bay. He is believed to have started the first or second Baptist church in the United States. He is known to have left the church soon afterwards, saying, "God is too large to be housed under one roof."

Famous descendants 
These are some famous descendants of Roger Williams:
Nelson Rockefeller
Gail Borden
Charles Eugene Tefft
Michelle Phillips
Julia Ward Howe
Sarah Palin
Bill Gore

References

Further reading 
Brockunier, Samuel. The Irrepressible Democrat, Roger Williams, The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1940.
Gaustad, Edwin, S., ed., Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1991.
Miller, Perry, Roger Williams, A Contribution to the American Tradition, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc, Indianapolis and New York, 1953.
Settle, Mary Lee, I, Roger Williams: A Novel, W. W. Norton & Company, Reprint edition (September 2002).
Winslow, Ola Elizabeth, Master Roger Williams, A Biography. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1957.
Peattie, Donald Culross, Roger Williams- First Modern American. The Reader's Digest. December 1946.

1603 births
1683 deaths
American Baptists
American Calvinists
American theologians
Christian ministers
Christian theologians
Christian writers
English Protestants
English theologians
History of Rhode Island
People from London
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Puritanism
Procopius of Caesarea (, c. 500 – c. 565) was a prominent Eastern Roman scholar. He took part in the wars of the Emperor Justinian I, and was the major historian of the 6th century AD, writing the Wars of Justinian, the Buildings of Justinian and the celebrated Secret History. He is commonly held to be the last major historian of the ancient world.

Writings 
The writings of Procopius are the primary source of information for the rule of the Roman emperor Justinian. Procopius was the author of a history in eight books of the wars fought by Justinian I, with information on Justinian's public works throughout the empire, and a book known as the Secret History (Greek: Anekdota) that claims to report the scandals that Procopius could not include in his published history.

A number of historical novels based on Procopius' works (along with other sources) have been written, of which the best, Count Belisarius, was written by poet and novelist Robert Graves in 1938.

Further reading 

 Greatrex, Geoffrey: Recent work on Procopius and the composition of Wars VIII; in: Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 27 (2003), 45-67.
 Treadgold, Warren: The Early Byzantine Historians, Basingstoke 2007, 176-226.

List of selected works 
 Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia.  Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth.  3 vols.  Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64.  Greek text.
 Procopius.  Edited by H. B. Dewing.  7 vols.  Loeb Classical Library.  Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press and London, Hutchinson, 1914–40.  Greek text and English translation.
 Procopius, The Secret History, translated by G.A. Williamson. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966. A readable and accessible English translation of the Anecdota.

Other websites

Texts of Procopius 

 Complete Works, Greek text (Migne Patrologia Graeca)  with analytical indexes
 The Secret History, English translation (Atwater, 1927) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
 The Secret History, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at LacusCurtius
 The Buildings, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at LacusCurtius
 The Buildings, Book IV  Greek text with commentaries, index nominum, etc. at Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project
 
 Dewing's Loeb edition of the Wars, books 1 and 2 at the Internet Archive
 Dewing's Loeb edition of the Wars, books 3 and 4 at the Internet Archive
 Complete Works 1, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 1, 1833. (Persian Wars I-II, Vandal Wars I-II)
 Complete Works 2, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 2, 1833. (Gothic Wars I-IV)
 Complete Works 3, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 3, 1838. (Secret History, Buildings of Justinan)

This article is based on an earlier version  by James Allan Evans, originally posted at Nupedia.

500 births
565 deaths
Byzantine Empire
Ancient Roman historians
Ancient Roman writers
Porter Johnston Goss  (born December 10, 1938) is an American politician. He was the last Director of Central Intelligence and the first Director of the Central Intelligence Agency following the passage of the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which abolished the DCI position. A CIA officer in Latin America during the Cold War, he served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1989 until he took up his post at the agency.

1938 births
Living people
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Politicians from Connecticut
United States representatives from Florida
US Republican Party politicians
People from Waterbury, Connecticut
George John Tenet the son of  Greek northern Epirus immigrants was born in January 5, 1953.  He was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency and is Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University.  Tenet held the position as the DCI from July 1997 to July 2004, making him the second-longest serving director in the agency's history — behind Allen Welsh Dulles — as well as one of the few DCIs to serve under two U.S. presidents of opposing political parties. 

Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
People from New York

1953 births
Living people
Peer Steinbrück (born 10 January 1947) is a German politician.

Steinbrück was born in Hamburg. From 1968 to 1969 he was training as a reserve officer of the Bundeswehr (German army). From 1970 to 1974 he studied national economy in Kiel. After that he worked in different ministries.

In 1969 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1993 he became Secretary for Economy and Infrastructure in the State of Schleswig-Holstein. In 1998 he changed to the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and became Secretary for Infrastructure, up from 2000 Secretary of Finance. In 2000 he was elected into the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia.

He was Minister President (Ministerpräsident) of North Rhine-Westphalia from November 2002 to June 2005.

On the state election on 22 May 2005 Steinbrück failed to be reelected as Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia. His successor was Jürgen Rüttgers (CDU).

Since November 2005 he has been finance minister of Germany and Vice chief of SPD.

1947 births
Living people
Ministers-President of North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
{{Infobox animanga/Other
| title           = Related anime
| content         =
 Beyblade: Fierce Battle (film)
 Metal Saga (sequel)
 Metal Fusion
 Metal Masters
 Metal Fury
 Shogun Steel
 BeyWheelz (spin-off)
 BeyWarriors: BeyRaiderz
 BeyWarriors: Cyborg
 Beyblade Burst
 Beyblade Burst Evolution
 Beyblade Burst Turbo}}

Beyblade (爆転シュート ベイブレード, Bakuten Shūto Beiburedo, literally translates to Explosive Shooting Beyblade'') is an anime and manga series about a group of kids battling with highly powerful spinning tops enchanted with sacred bit-beasts or spirits of mythical and powerful creatures.

Synopsis 
Thirteen-year-old Tyson Granger (Takao Kinomiya), along with his teammates, Kai Hiwatari, Max Tate (Max Mizuhura), and Ray Kon (Rei Kon), strive to become the greatest beybladers in the world. With the technical help of the team's resident genius, Kenny (Kyouju), and with the powerful strength of their bit beasts, the Bladebreakers armed with their tops (AKA: blades) attempt to reach their goal.
The Defense Intelligence Agency, or DIA, is the central producer and manager of foreign military intelligence for the United States. As one of the principal members of the U.S. Intelligence Community, the agency works to answer national-level defense objectives for the President, the Secretary of Defense, and senior U.S. policymakers.

Although the DIA is designated a Department of Defense combat support agency, the majority of its 16,500 employees (65%) are civilian and its intelligence operations in support of U.S. national strategic planning extend far beyond the zones of combat. The agency has its own Clandestine Service, which conducts espionage activities around the world, particularly in countries where the military has better access or more specialized military experts than the Central Intelligence Agency. Further, DIA leads the Intelligence Community in collection and production of measurement and signature intelligence. 

The agency was established in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency - who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate - chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community.

References

 
United States intelligence agencies
Makenna Cowgill (born 11 September 1998) is an American actress. She has provided voices for many animated movies.

Filmography 
Bambi II (2006)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
The Time Traveler's Wife (2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)
Monsters University (2013)

References

Other websites 

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Connecticut
Living people
1998 births
The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the larger of the two species of African elephant. The bull males can weigh 13000 pounds and stand 13 feet tall at the shoulder. 

The population of bush elephants has drastically declined in the last thirty years. It is hunted for its ivory and meat. Protection by game wardens has been only partly successful.

This large elephant is well adapted to the grassland plains of East Africa, and it is sometimes called the African savannah elephant. 

The African bush elephant occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa including Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, and Angola. 

It moves between a variety of habitats. These include subtropical and temperate forests, dry and seasonally flooded grasslands and woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land from sea level to mountain slopes. In Mali and Namibia, it also lives at times in desert areas.

References 

Elephants
Binda is a village in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia in Upper Lachlan Shire.

It is about 261 km south-west of Sydney and 19 km north of Crookwell. Other near-by towns or locations are:
Crooked Corner
Peelwood
Redground
Wheeo
Narrawa North

In 2006, the population of Binda was 131 people.

History
The word Binda is thought to be from the Gandangara Aboriginal word for deep water.

The first Europeans in the Binda area were the explorers James Meehan and John Oxley in 1820. People began living in the area in the 1840s. Police were based at Binda in 1840 to protect local farmers from bushrangers. The town was begun in 1851. Blocks of land in the town were made ready for sale in 1852. It was the first town in the area to have a school, post office, police station and a courthouse. At Funny Hill, a sheep farm, a racing track for horses was made and the Binda Picnic Races began in 1848.

On Boxing Day, December 26, 1864, the bushrangers Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn rode into the town with 3 local girls. They robbed a shop owned by Edward Morriss. They locked all the local people into the Flag Hotel. They made everyone dance to celebrate Boxing Day. Morriss got out of the hotel at 2.00 a.m. and set off to tell the police. Hall set fire to Morriss's shop and burned it down.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Ronald "Ron" Simmons (born May 15, 1958) is an American retired professional wrestler and American football player. He competed under his real name and the ring names Faarooq Asaad and Faarooq. He is currently signed to the WWE under a Legends program.

He competed in the National Wrestling Association (NWA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (WWF/E). During his time in WCW, he became the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Championship when he defeated Big Van Vader on August 2, 1992. In the WWF, he is known for being one-half of the Acolytes Protection Agency along with Bradshaw and was also a member of The Nation of Domination. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Bradshaw in 2012.

Simmons played college football at Florida State University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Cleveland Browns and one season in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Ottawa Rough Riders.

References

Other websites
An interview with Ron Simmons, conducted by Thomas Chamberlin
WWE Profile
Ron Simmons at Accelerator3359.com
Ron Simmons at Canoe.ca
Ron Simmons at Online World of Wrestling
Solie's title histories

Florida State University Year-By-Year Photos 
Florida State University Official Athletic Site 
Heisman Trophy 

1958 births
American professional wrestlers
Cleveland Browns players
College Football Hall of Fame
Living people
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
WWE Hall of Fame
WWE people
The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Fire services
In England, there is a fire service for each county and large city, although some cover two counties. Wales is divided between three fire services. Scotland has had only one fire service since 2013. Northern Ireland has had only one fire service since 1973.

Fire services are known as fire and rescue services, or fire services for short, or by the older phrase fire brigades. Most of them now have the name "[Place] Fire and Rescue Service", e.g. Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are a few that do not: London Fire Brigade, Cleveland Fire Brigade and West Midlands Fire Service.

How fire services work
There are two main types of firefighter:
Wholetime firefighter: Those who work full-time as firefighters. They usually work both during some days and during some nights. When they are on duty, they wait at the fire station to be called to an emergency. Wholetime firefighters are found in towns and cities. In the largest cities, all firefighters work wholetime.
Retained firefighter: Those who are called out to do firefighting work a few times a week, or less. They do not work full-time at the fire service, and many have full-time jobs somewhere else. However, they are paid some money. They spend long periods of time on call. When called to an emergency, they drive to the fire station in their cars and bring out the fire engine. In villages, all firefighters are retained. Some fire stations (especially in medium-sized towns) have both wholetime firefighters and retained firefighters.
Some fire stations are day-crewed, meaning they are covered by wholetime firefighters during the day and by retained firefighters at night. A few places have volunteer firefighters, who are like retained firefighters but are not paid at all.

Wholetime firefighters work as part of a 'watch'. This is a group of 5-15 firefighters who work the same hours at the same fire station. A fire station's watches are usually named with a colour (e.g. red watch, white watch, blue watch, green watch).

The fire service has ranks. In most fire services, these are, from lowest to highest:
Firefighter
Crew Manager
Watch Manager
Station Manager
Group/Area Manager
Assistant Chief Fire Officer
Deputy Chief Fire Officer
Chief Fire Officer

Notes

Firefighting
Public services in the United Kingdom
Zub is a computer game made for use on the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers which was released in 1986 by Mastertronic. The code was written by John and Ste Pickford on the ZX Spectrum and Phillip Brian Allsopp on the Commodore 64, and the music was composed by David Whittaker.

The plot of the game
Zub works for the Emperor Zub of the Zub galactic empire and must find the Green Eye of Zub. Zub has been permitted to use the Ancient Intergalactic Elevators which take him to other planets.  The elevators can only be reached by jumping and riding on platforms to reach the top of the sky.  The platforms and elevators are guarded by creatures (also known as Zubs) but each planet has a different sub-species - for example the first level's Zub resembles a gyroscope whilst he fourth level Zub is a fish.  The Zubs can be shot and stunned.  They will float to the top of the sky where the recover and return to attack Zub again.  The Green Eye of Zub was located on the tenth planet and once the Eye is found, Zub has to return to the first planet to give the Eye of Zub to Emperor Zub.

There are seven difficulty levels, each one increases the number of enemy Zubs per planet.

Other websites 
Zub at World of Spectrum

1986 video games
Canowindra (pronounced Can-noun-dra) is an historic town near Cowra in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. Canowindra is on the Belubula River.

History
A post office opened in 1847. The mail came through Carcoar. It was not part of the road to the Lachlan because it didn't have a bridge.

In October 1863, bushranger Ben Hall's gang took over the village for three days. Everyone was held hostage in the hotel. The gang held a big party for everyone in the hotel. A monument to Ben Hall was put up in 1951 on the site of Robinson's hotel, the Travellers' Rest. New research shows that the events happened at an hotel on the other side of the river.

Modern Canowindra
The Royal Hotel is on the site of another hotel owned by Robinson. A sign on the wall says this was where Ben Hall's gang had their party. Other important buildings include the nursing home, the Junction Hotel, Finn's Building, the Victoria Hotel, the former Bank of NSW and the former CBC Bank. The Trading Post is a homewares shop that won a tourism award for 2006.

Canowindra is also known as the Balloon Capital of Australia. One of the largest festivals in Australia used to take place here every April. This was called Marti's Fiesta, which is no longer held due to lack of money.

Australian country music star Captain Flange makes his home in Canowindra.

Fossils
The town is the site of one of the world's great fossil discoveries. A road worker in 1956 found 360 million year old fish fossils. These were from the Devonian period in the Palaeozoic era. The "Canowindra slab" was taken to the Australian Museum, Sydney. The fish had been trapped in a pool of water that dried up. The fish found were two armoured antiarch placoderms, Remigolepis walkeri and Bothriolepis yeungae. They also found Canowindra grassi, a lobe-finned crossopterygian fish, with two rare young arthrodire placoderms, Groenlandaspis species.

More fossils were found in January 1993 using an excavator to dig down to the fossil layer. Many fish were preserved in detail. Specimens can be seen in the Age of Fishes Museum. This was built with support and funding from the Australian Museum.  The Canowindra site has now been listed as part of Australia's National Heritage because of its international scientific importance.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Robert Cutler (1895 – 1974) was a U.S. administrator. He served as National Security Advisor between 1953 and 1955, and again from 1957 to 1958. A graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School and attorney and bank executive in Boston, Massachusetts before taking public office, he was the person to serve in the newly created position of National Security Advisor during the Eisenhower Administration.

References
"Bostonian at Work ", Time, June 4, 1953. Retrieved January 19, 2015

United States National Security Advisors
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
1895 births
1974 deaths
The St. Anthony-Chapel is a chapel in the district Kornelimünster of the German city of Aachen.

It was built in 1718 but destroyed by an earthquake a short time later. The abbot of the abbey at Kornelimünster ordered to rebuild the damaged building. It was completed in 1781.

The St. Anthony-Chapel belongs to a group of five chapels of Kornelimünster.

Other websites 
 Sehenswürdigkeiten in Kornelimünster 
 Antoniuskapelle 

Aachen
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Churches in Germany
The Bushwackers Band was first called the Bushwackers and Bullockies Band. It is an Australian folk and country music band. It was active from the early 1970s to 1984. The group started as a trio playing around Latrobe University, Melbourne. The players were Dave Isom, Jan Wositzky and Bert Kanahoff.  Their first album, The Shearer's Dream was made in 1974 with Dobe Newton on lagerphone and vocals, Mick Slocum on accordions and vocals, Jan Wositzky on harmonica, bush bass and vocals, Tony Hunt on fiddle and viola and Dave Isom on guitar. 

Recordings include Faces in the Street, Beneath the Southern Cross, Bushfire, Murrumbidgee and The Shearers Dream. some of these were made through Australian record label Astor Records. The album And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda was made with EMI records in 1976. It is regarded as one of their best recordings.

Many songs were settings of poetry written by Australian bush poets including Henry Lawson.

Band members

Other members and musicians who have played and recorded with the band over the years include:
Andy Colville
Roger Corbett
Pete Farndon
Steve Groves
Michael Harris
Dave Kidd
Fred Kuhnl
Trevor Lucas
Gregory Martin
Dave Mattacks
Louis McManus
Eddy van Roosendael.

In the 90's the band reformed with Newton and Corbett back in the lineup.

The band members in 2000 were: 
Dobe Newton: Vocals, lagerphone, bones, whistle and bodhran.
Roger Corbett: - Vocals, bass guitar, songwriter, producer, manager.
Mark Oats: Fiddle.
Justin Duggan; Drums.
Tim Gaze: Vocals, guitars, songwriter, producer.
Pamela Drysdale: Vocals, piano accordion, guitar, songwriter, poet.

The band members in 2008 were:
Dobe Newton - vocals, lagerphone percussion
Roger Corbett - vocals, bass
Tony O’Neill - guitar
Ben Corbett - electric guitar
Mark Oats - fiddle
Clare O’Meara - fiddle and mandolin
Justin Duggan - drums

In 2010 the band members were:
Dobe Newton - vocals, lagerphone, percussion, whistle
Roger Corbett - vocals and guitar
Mark Oats - fiddle
Clare O'Meara - fiddle and accordion
Michael Vidale - bass
Adrian Cannon - drums

Recordings
The Shearers Dream (1974)
Beneath the Southern Cross (1981)
And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda (1976)
Murrumbidgee (1977)
Bushfire (1979)
The Bushwackers Dance Album (1980)
Faces In The Street (1981)
Warrigal Morning - music for the film Bush Christmas (1983)
Down There For Dancing (1982)
No Nuts 'Til Monday (2000)
Handy (2003)
April 25 (2006)
Ned (2007)
The Lawson Project (2008) - spoken word recording

References 

 http://www.bushwackers.com.au/index.htm 
 http://www.answers.com/topic/and-the-band-played-waltzing-matilda-rock-album?cat=entertainment

Australian musical groups
Folk music groups
Country bands
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in Australia
Musical groups disestablished in 1984
1984 disestablishments in Australia
Musical groups established in 1993
1990s establishments in Australia
The United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (also known as HEW) was a cabinet-level department of the United States government from 1953 until 1979.  It was administered by the United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.  In 1979, a separate Department of Education (ED) was created from this department, and HEW was renamed as the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

History 
President Warren G. Harding proposed a Department of Education and Welfare as early as 1923, and similar proposals were also recommended by subsequent presidents, but for various reasons was not implemented.  It was only enacted as part of Reorganization Plan Number 1 of 1953, transmitted to Congress by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 12, 1953. HEW ran a Community Public Health Program, which was famous for its grants to cities like Chicago for rat control. It ran a Solid Waste program focused on municipal waste issues, like how to build sanitary landfills rather than dumps. It also had a radiation program under which it wrote standards on things like microwave ovens. When the EPA was created in 1970, it assumed a number of HEW’s programs that related to environmental protection, including its pesticides program and half of its radiation program.

To date, this was the only department of the U.S. government to be created through presidential reorganization authority, in which the president is allowed to create or reorganize bureaucracies as long as neither house of Congress passed a legislative veto. This power to create new departments was removed after 1962, but in the early 1980s, the Supreme Court declared legislative vetoes unconstitutional.

References

Former United States Executive Departments
United States Department of Education
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1953 establishments in the United States
1979 disestablishments in the United States

en:United States Department of Health and Human Services