cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
City for Conquest is a 1940 boxing-drama movie that is produced by William Cagney, Anatole Litvak and Hal B. Wallis who was uncredited and was directed by Anatole Litvak and Jean Negulesco who was uncredited.

Plot 
The movie based on the novel City for Conquest by Aben Kandel and is about truck driver, Danny Kenny (James Cagney), who starts as a New York boxing contender. His girlfriend, Peggy is played by Ann Sheridan. Danny's brother, Eddie wants to become a professional musician and Danny decides to help him. Peggy falls in love with her dancing instructor and Danny proposes to her but she rejects him. Danny gets blinded in a fight with a boxer who put rosin dust on his gloves. Danny works as an operator for a newspaper stand and Peggy is sad when her dreams of a dancer are dashed. Eddie becomes a successful composer and dedicates his first major symphony at Carnegie Hall to Danny and Danny is listening to the concert on the radio from his newsstand.

Cast 
 James Cagney as Danny Kenny
 Ann Sheridan as Peggy 'Peg' Nash
 Arthur Kennedy as Eddie Kenny
 Frank Craven as Old Timer
 Anthony Quinn as Murray Burns
 Elia Kazan as Googi Zucco

Ratings 
City of Conquest gained positive reviews:

 Rotten Tomatoes - 80%
 IMDB - 7.3 out of 10

Other websites 
 City of Conquest at Turner Movie Classics 

1940 movies
1940s drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jean Negulesco
Movies directed by Anatole Litvak
Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895 – October 26, 1952) was an American actress and singer. She was born in Wichita, Kansas. She made her movie debut in the 1932 movie, The Golden West. McDaniel is probably best known for her role as Mammy in the 1939 movie, Gone with the Wind where she won a Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress making her the first African-American to win a Academy Award.

McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for singing and one for acting.

McDaniel died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, on October 26, 1952 at age 57 from breast cancer.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 Hattie McDaniel's IMDB profile

1895 births
1952 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from breast cancer
Actors from Wichita, Kansas
Pedro Martínez de la Rosa (born 24 February 1971, Barcelona) is an Spanish Formula One racing driver. He has driven in Formula One since 1999. 

For , de la Rosa was signed by the Sauber team to drive with teammate Kamui Kobayashi. After the Italian Grand Prix, Sauber announced that Nick Heidfeld had been signed to replace de la Rosa. Heidfeld drove for Sauber from  to , and  to . De la Rosa wishes Sauber well, and said, "I still intend to be in Formula One for 2011."

On 27 September, Pirelli announced that de la Rosa had been hired as their new test driver. He will replace Romain Grosjean. Grosjean filled in for Heidfeld when he left Pirelli to join Sauber.

After the Friday morning practice for the  Canadian Grand Prix, Sergio Pérez became ill. He had received a concussion at the Monaco Grand Prix and was unable to race. Sauber announced that de la Rosa would replace Pérez for the remainder of the weekend.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

 The official website for Pedro de la Rosa

1971 births
Living people
Spanish sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
John Bellamy Foster (born August 19, 1953) is editor of the independent socialist magazine Monthly Review and professor of sociology at the University of Oregon in Eugene. His writings have focused on political economy, environmental sociology, and Marxist theory. 

Foster's most recent book, The Ecological Revolution: Making Peace with the Planet, examines the ecological crisis, and includes essays on global warming, peak oil, species extinction, world water shortages, global hunger, alternative energy sources, sustainable development, and environmental justice. Foster says that any attempt to solve our problems merely by technological, industrial or free market means, divorced from fundamental social relations, cannot succeed.

References

1953 births
Living people
socialists
American sociologists
Sébastien Olivier Buemi (born October 31, 1988 in Aigle, Vaud) is a Swiss racing driver, who competes for Scuderia Toro Rosso in Formula One.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References 

Career statistics from driverdb.com, retrieved June 2, 2007.

Other websites 

Official website

1988 births
Living people
Swiss sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Vitaly Aleksandrovich Petrov (born September 8, 1984 in Vyborg) is a Russian Formula One driver for the Renault F1 team. He is known as "Vyborg Rocket" in Russia. By racing in the  Bahrain Grand Prix, he is the first Russian driver to take part in the Formula One World Championship. He lives in Valencia, Spain.

Racing career

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

 VitalyPetrov.com   - Официальный Виталий Петров сайт
 Vitaly Petrov career statistics at Driver Database

1984 births
Living people
Russian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
Samuel David Koch ("Koch" is pronounced "Cook") (born August 13, 1982 in York, Nebraska) is an American football punter for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL).

Career
Koch was drafted out of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln by the Baltimore Ravens with the 203rd pick in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Koch has had a good career, with an impressive 43.8 punting average. In a 2008 Week 16 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Koch has a critical fourth down run. In 2010, he passed to cornerback Cary Williams for a first down on another fake punt. Koch has also kicked occasionally in relief of Matt Stover. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31. During the end of the game, Koch scrambled in his own end zone and took an intentional safety to leave 4 seconds on the clock, he then booted a 60-yard free kick which Ted Ginn, Jr. returned for 31 yards but was tackled in the midfield as the time ran out.

References

Other websites
Sam Koch at nfl.com

1982 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
American football punters
Sportspeople from Nebraska
Vitantonio "Tonio" Liuzzi (born 6 August 1981) is an Italian raceing driver. He was born in Locorotondo. He currently drives for the Hispania Formula One team. He has homes in Lugano, Switzerland and Pescara, Italy.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.
 As Liuzzi was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicates fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

 The official website for Vitantonio Liuzzi
 Vitantonio Liuzzi profile and statistics 

1981 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
Italian racecar drivers
People from Apulia
William A. "Billy" Cundiff (born March 30, 1980) is an American football placekicker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Cundiff played college football at Drake University and was also part of the Drake Bulldog's Men's Basketball team.

References

Other websites

Billy Cundiff at baltimoreravens.com

1980 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Dallas Cowboys players
Cleveland Browns players
New Orleans Saints players
American football placekickers
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Kyle Davis Richardson (born March 2, 1973 in Farmington, Missouri) is a retired American football punter who used to play for the Miami Dolphins, Seattle Seahawks, Baltimore Ravens, Minnesota Vikings, Philadelphia Eagles, Cincinnati Bengals, Cleveland Browns of the NFL. He was on the Baltimore Ravens championship team in 2000 when they won Super Bowl XXXV in 2000.

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Missouri
Baltimore Ravens players
Miami Dolphins players
Seattle Seahawks players
Minnesota Vikings players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Cleveland Browns players
American football punters
is a Japanese racing driver. He last raced in Formula One for the Hispania Racing team. He currently is the test driver for Marussia Virgin Racing.

Early life
He was born in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture,

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

 Sakon Yamamoto Official Website 

1982 births
Living people
Japanese racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
People from Aichi Prefecture
Muscle atrophy or “muscle wastage” is a medical problem where a person loses muscle tissue.  This makes the person's muscles weaker.  With muscle atrophy, muscles can waste away completely, or only partly.

Many older people have muscular atrophy. Muscle atrophy can also happen to people with certain diseases or medical conditions, like cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal failure (where the kidneys do not work correctly).  Muscles can atrophy (or get smaller and weaker) when those muscles are not used as much as usual - for example, when a person has to wear a cast for a broken arm or leg, or when a person must be on bed rest for a long time during a long illness.  Muscle atrophy can also be caused by Dejerine Sottas syndrome, cachexia, burns, liver failure, and starvation.
 
Muscular atrophy can cause serious problems in a person's life.  As the person loses muscle strength, he will lose the ability to do more and more things.  When he tries to do things, he will be more likely to have accidents.  Muscular atrophy also increases the risks of falling among people with certain medical conditions, such as IBM (inclusion body myositis).

No one knows exactly what causes muscular atrophy. It may be due to the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibres, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival.

In muscle atrophy, the normal balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation changes.  There is a down-regulation of protein synthesis pathways, and an activation of protein breakdown pathways.  
In the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway,  particular proteins are targeted for destruction by the ligation of at least four copies of a small peptide called ubiquitin onto a substrate protein. The substrate is later targeted for destruction by the proteasome.

Muscle atrophy can be treated 
 by exercise which induces an increase in muscle mass. The exercise downregulates the pathways which induce muscle hypertrophy, or an increase in muscle size.  
 by the use of functional electrical stimulation to stimulate the muscles. This has seen a large amount of success in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients.
 by therapy with muscle-building amino acids for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. The branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are critical to this process, in addition to lysine and other amino acids.

References

Physiology
The 33rd Annual Annie Awards were held on 4 February 2006 at the Alex Theatre in Glendale, California. They were hosted by Tom Kenny.

Winners and nominees

Winners are highlighted in boldface.

Best Animated Feature

Chicken Little
Corpse Bride
Howl's Moving Castle
Madagascar (film)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit

Best Home Entertainment Production

Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows
Kronk's New Groove
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has A Glitch
Tarzan II
The Batman vs Dracula

Best Animated Short Subject

The Fan and the Flower
Life in Transition
Milch
Moongirl
The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation

Best Animated Television Commercial

ConocoPhillips - "1975"
They Might Be Giants - "Bastard Wants to Hit Me"
Coke - "Futbol"
GE - "Tower"
United Airlines - "Mr. Pants"Best Animated Television ProductionAvatar: The Last AirbenderFoster's Home for Imaginary FriendsMy Life As a Teenage RobotStar Wars: Clone WarsThe BatmanBest Animated Video GamePsychonautsResident Evil 4SpongeBob SquarePants: Lights, Camera, Pants!Tak: The Great Juju ChallengeUltimate Spider-Man''

Annie Awards
Glendale, California
February 2006 events
2006 in entertainment
2006 in the United States
2000s in California
The Genesis Awards are awarded annually to major news and entertainment personalities and media for producing outstanding works which raise public understanding of animal issues. Presented by The Humane Society of the United States, the awards show takes place every March in Beverly Hills, California. The awards have honored such well-known personalities as Peter Gabriel, Jane Goodall, Peter Jennings, David E. Kelley, Sir Paul McCartney, Arthur Miller and Prince as well as journalists, film and documentary writers and producers, print and broadcast news outlets in the United States.

The Genesis award was launched in 1986, by animal advocate, actress and Broadway star Gretchen Wyler.

References

Other websites
Genesis Awards 
The Hollywood office of the HSUS
The Humane Society of the United States

Awards
Animal rights
Karun Chandhok (born 19 January 1984 in Chennai) is an Indian racing driver. In  he began driving for the HRT F1 Team in Formula One. After the British race, HRT announced that Sakon Yamamoto would replace Chandhok at the German Grand Prix. 

Before Formula One, Chandhok won the Formula Asia championship in 2001, and he was the first Formula Asia V6 by Renault champion in 2006. He then drove in the GP2 Series for three years, winning two races.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

Official website
Karun Chandhok career statistics

1984 births
Living people
Indian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
People from Chennai
Chromium(IV) oxide is a chemical compound. It is used in cassettes. Its chemical formula is CrO2. It is made by heating chromium(VI) oxide and water at very high pressures. It is a black crystalline solid.

Related pages
Chromium(II) oxide
Chromium(III) oxide
Chromium(VI) oxide

Chromium compounds
Oxides
Disproportionation is a redox reaction in which an electron from one atom is taken by another one, making two different chemicals. It is the opposite of symproportionation, which is the giving of electrons from one atom to another atom, It makes one chemical from two different chemicals.

Example of disproportionation
Sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) reacts with itself when it is dried. One atom gives two electrons away to two other atoms. The first atom becomes sodium chlorate, while the other two that got the electrons becomes sodium chloride.
3 NaClO → 2 NaCl + NaClO3

Example of symproportionation
Ferric ions react with iron metal. Two ferric ions give two electrons (one electron for each atom) to one iron atom. The ferric ion becomes a ferrous ion. The iron also becomes a ferrous ion. 
2 Fe3+ + Fe → 3 Fe2+

Related pages
Deprotonation
Protonation
Chemistry

Chemical reactions
Chemical processes
Organic reactions
Biochemistry
Sodium chlorate is a chemical compound. It is a crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Its chemical formula is NaClO3. It contains sodium and chlorate ions. It is made by electrolysis of a hot sodium chloride solution. It is used as a herbicide. It is toxic because of its oxidizing properties. It is mostly known to be used as non-selective herbicide.

Related pages
Potassium chlorate
Perchlorate
Chlorate

Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Hypophosphite, also known as phosphonate, is an ion. Its chemical formula is H2PO2-. It contains phosphorus in its +1 oxidation state. It is made by disproportionation of phosphorus in warm alkali. Phosphine is also produced. It is a strong reducing agent. Chemical compounds that contain the hypophosphite ions are called hypophosphites. They are poisonous. Hypophosphites are salts of hypophosphorous acid.

Related pages
Phosphite
Phosphate
Sodium hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Nigel David Short MBE (born 1 June 1965 in Leigh, Lancashire) is often regarded as the strongest English chess player of the 20th century. He became a Grandmaster at age 19. He challenged for the World Chess Championship against Garry Kasparov at London 1993. Still active, Short continues to enjoy international success. He is also a chess columnist, coach and commentator.

Short's best achievement was in the World Candidates matches of 1992, when he beat world-class players Boris Gelfand, Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman to reach the final. In the World Championship match, London 1993, he was decisively beaten by the reigning World Champion, Gary Kasparov. The match caused controversy because the two players broke away from FIDE, for reasons mostly to do with the prize money.

Short has played 21 times for England in Chess Olympiads, and European and World Team championships. He has been living in Greece with his wife and children for a number of years.

References 

1965 births
Living people
British chess players
Chess grandmasters
Stephen Gregory "Steve" Yzerman (born May 9, 1965) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre and current general manager of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. Yzerman played his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Detroit Red Wings and is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. He has three daughters, the youngest being Sophia Yzerman, middle is Maria Yzerman, and the eldest is Isabella Yzerman. All three of them attended Academy of the Sacred Heart in Bloomfield Hills, Mi, with the Isabella at University of Michigan. He won an gold medal with Team Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics. This made Yzerman one of few players to win an Olympic gold medal and the Stanley Cup in the same year.

Yzerman retired as the longest serving Captain in North American Sports history.

1965 births
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Ontario Hockey League
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Union City is a city in Alameda County, California. Union City estimated at year 1959. At 2008, population of the Union City was 73,402. Mayor of the city is Mark Green.

References 

Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in Alameda County, California
Michael Shayne "The Franchise" Graham (born December 9, 1977 in Radford, Virginia) is an American football placekicker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Graham played college football at Virginia Tech University.

Websites
Shayne Graham at baltimoreravens.com

1977 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Buffalo Bills players
Carolina Panthers players
Cincinnati Bengals players
American football placekickers
Sportspeople from Virginia
Hydrogen Phosphite is an ion. Its chemical formula is HPO32-. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Chemical compounds containing the phosphite ion are called phosphites. Phosphites are the salts of phosphorous acid. They are poisonous. They are reducing agents. An example would be sodium phosphite.

Related pages
Phosphate
Hypophosphite
Phosphorus

Phosphorus compounds
Hypophosphorous acid, also known as phosphinic acid, is a chemical compound. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and hypophosphite ions. Its chemical formula is H3PO2.

Properties
It is a colorless solid. It can absorb water to make an oily liquid. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make hypophosphite salts such as sodium hypophosphite. It is a powerful reducing agent. It breaks down when heated into phosphine and phosphorous acid.

Preparation
It is made by protonation of hypophosphites.

Uses
It can be used as a reducing agent. It is also used to make medicines. It can be used to make illegal drugs, which is why it is restricted. It is used to plate metal on objects without using electroplating.

Related pages
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphorus(V) oxide, also known as phosphorus pentoxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is P4O10. It contains phosphorus and oxide ions. It contains phosphorus in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Phosphorus(V) oxide is a colorless solid. It has a strong odor. It dissolves in water to produce phosphoric acid. It can corrode metals. It is irritating to the skin. It can make bad burns.

Preparation
It is made by burning phosphorus into high amounts of air.

Uses
It is used to dry things out because it absorbs water. It dries things out from acids like nitric acid to organic compounds like carboxylic acids.

Safety
Phosphorus(V) oxide is corrosive. Its vapors are toxic and burn the eyes and skin. It also irritates skin and eyes.

Related pages
Phosphorus(III) oxide
Hypophosphite
Phosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphorus(III) oxide, also known as phosphorus trioxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is P2O3 or P4O6. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. It contains phosphorus and oxide ions.

Properties
It is a white, waxy solid that can absorb water. It reacts with water to make phosphorous acid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make phosphorus trichloride and phosphorous acid. It is a reducing agent. It is toxic and has a garlic-like odor.

Preparation
It is made by burning phosphorus in a little air. This is the source of many phosphorus compounds.

Uses
It can attach to certain transition metals.

Related pages
Phosphorus(V) oxide
Phosphate
Phosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H3PO4. It contains hydrogen and phosphate ions. Its official IUPAC name is trihydroxidooxidophosphorus.

Properties
Phosphoric acid is a white solid. It melts easily to make a viscous liquid. It tastes sour when diluted (mixed with a lot of water). It can be deprotonated three times. It is very strong, although not as much as the other acids like hydrochloric acid. It does not have any odor. It is corrosive when concentrated. Salts of phosphoric acid are called phosphates.

Preparation
Phosphoric acid can be made by dissolving phosphorus(V) oxide in water. This makes a very pure phosphoric acid that is good for food. A less pure form is made by reacting sulfuric acid with phosphate rock. This can be purified to make food-grade phosphoric acid if needed.

Uses
It is used to make sodas sour. It is also used when a nonreactive acid is needed. It can be used to make hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride. Phosphoric acid is heated with a sodium halide to make the hydrogen halide and sodium phosphate. It is used to react with rust to make black iron(III) phosphate, which can be scraped off, leaving pure iron. It can be used to clean teeth. 

There are many minor uses of phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid with a certain isotope of phosphorus is used for nuclear magnetic resonance. It is also used as an electrolyte in some fuel cells. It can be used as a flux. It can etch certain things in semiconductor making.

Safety
Phosphoric acid is one of the least toxic acids. When it is diluted, it just has a sour taste. When it is concentrated, it can corrode metals.

Related pages
Phosphorous acid
Hypophosphorous acid
Phosphorus compounds

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium phosphate is a group of chemical compounds. The phosphate atom can hold three other atoms. They can be three hydrogen (phosphoric acid), two hydrogen and one sodium(sodium dihydrogen phosphate), one hydrogen and two sodium (disodium hydrogen phosphate), or three sodium (trisodium phosphate).

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, also known as monosodium phosphate, is a chemical compound with the formula NaH2PO4. It is acidic. It is used in some baking powders. It is used as a laxative or a pH buffer (something that keeps a chemical from getting more acidic or basic). It is made by reaction of a little sodium hydroxide with phosphoric acid.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as disodium phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula Na2HPO4. It is about neutral (not acidic or basic). It is used to prevent clumping in foods. It is made by reaction of some sodium hydroxide with phosphorus.

Trisodium phosphate

Trisodium phosphate, also known as sodium phosphate, is a chemical compound with the formula Na3PO4. It is basic. It formerly was used in detergents, but the phosphate fueled algal blooms. It is made by combining sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid.

Related pages
Phosphite
Sodium phosphite
Hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds
Leopold Ritter von Sacher-Masoch (27 January 1836 – 9 March 1895) was an Austrian writer and journalist, who became famous for his romantic stories about Galician life. The word masochism comes from his name.

During his lifetime, Sacher-Masoch was known as a thinker who supported socialist and humanist ideas in his writing, both his stories and his letters. Most of his works have not been translated into English. The novel Venus in Furs is the only one of his books that can be commonly found in English.

Life

Storytelling
Von Sacher-Masoch was born in what is now Lviv, Ukraine.  His father was an Austrian police director with Spanish ancestry, and his mother was Charlotte von Masoch, a Ukrainian noblewoman. He began learning German at age 12. He studied law, history and mathematics at Graz University. After he finished his study, Sacher-Masoch moved back to Lemberg where he became a professor. His early writing was mainly non-fiction works about Austrian history. At the same time, Sacher-Masoch began looking into the stories of his homeland, Galicia. Soon he stopped lecturing to write stories and letters. Within ten years, his short stories and novels became more famous than his historical non-fiction works, though his fiction had history in it.

Sacher-Masoch was especially interested in capturing stories of the different ethnicities that lived in Galicia. From the 1860s to the 1880s, he collected many volumes of Jewish Short Stories, Polish Short Stories, Galician Short Stories, German Court Stories and Russian Court Stories. His works were translated into Ukrainian, Russian and French. They were very popular in Ukraine.

The Legacy of Cain
In 1869 Sacher-Masoch wrote a large number of short stories under the group title Legacy of Cain. These stories showed his view on life and the world. Six volumes were planned, but only the first two were ever completed. By the middle of the 1880s, Masoch had abandoned the Legacy of Cain. Despite this, the published volumes of the series included his best-known stories, including Venus in Furs (1869) which is the most famous today. The short novel expressed Sacher-Masoch's fantasies and fetishes, which he tried to live out with his mistresses and wives.

Views on semitism and feminism
Sacher-Masoch edited the monthly literary magazine Auf der Höhe. Internationale Review (At the Pinnacle. International Review), which was published in Leipzig from October, 1881 to September, 1885. This was a magazine aimed at helping Jews in Saxony become part of the community, as well supporting women's rights with articles on women's education and suffrage.

In his later years, he worked against local antisemitism through an association called the Oberhessischer Verein für Volksbildung (OVV), which he founded in 1893 with his second wife, Hulda Meister.

References

Other websites

1836 births
1895 deaths
Austrian writers
Christopher Kuper (born December 19, 1982 in Anchorage, Alaska) is an American football Offensive guard for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). Kuper played college football at the University of North Dakota and was drafted by the Denver Broncos with the 161st pick in the fifth round of the 2006 NFL Draft.

Other websites
Chris Kuper at denverbroncos.com

1982 births
Living people
Kuper, Chris
American football offensive guards
Sportspeople from Alaska
People from Anchorage, Alaska
Sportspeople from North Dakota
The Blackout is an Welsh Post-hardcore band from Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. The Blackout has six members in the band; the current band members are Sean Smith, Gavin Butler, Matthew Davies, James Davies, Rhys Lewis and Gareth Lawrence.

Career 
In 2003 a band called Ten Minute Preview was formed out of boredom and is named after the New York City blackout of 1977. The band currently has Sean Smith on Vocals, Gavin Butler on Vocals, Matthew Davies on Guitar and backing vocals, James Davies on Guitar and backing vocals, Rhys Lewis on Bass guitar and Gareth Lawrence on Drums and Backing vocals and they are all original members. 

The Blackout released their debut album, We Are the Dynamite! on October 1, 2007 on the record label, Fierce Panda and it was the fastest selling album ever released by Fierce Panda. The album spawned 2 singles on it, "The Beijing Cocktail" and "It's High Tide Baby!" (which featured lead singer of Lostprophets, Ian Watkins). After their album release The Blackout went on a 14-date headline UK tour playing alongside bands such as The Used and Rise Against.

The Blackout left the Fierce Panda label in 2008 and signed with the record label, Epitaph Records. On the Epitaph record label the band released one album, The Best in Town which spawned 4 singles "STFUppercut", "Children of the Night", "Save Our Selves (The Warning)" and "I Don't Care (This Is Why We Can't Have Nice Things)" and are releasing another album in 2011 which is currently does not have a name.

Band members 

Current
Sean Smith – Vocals
Gavin Butler – Vocals
James "Bob" Davies – Guitar, Backing vocals
Matthew Davies – guitar, backing vocals
Rhys Lewis – Bass guitar
Gareth "Snoz" Lawrence – Drums, backing vocals

Discography 
So far as of 2011, The Blackout has released 1 EP and three albums.

Albums
We Are the Dynamite! (1997)
The Best In Town (2009)
Hope (2011)

EPs
The Blackout! The Blackout! The Blackout! (EP) (2006)

Other websites 
 Official website

Post-hardcore bands
Welsh musical groups
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Wales
The Sunshine Coast (population 312,908) is a coastal region in South East Queensland, north of the Queensland  capital of Brisbane. On 15 March 2008, the former Councils of Noosa Shire, Maroochy Shire and Caloundra City combined to form the Sunshine Coast Regional Council.

The Sunshine Coast is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east, and extends to the local government boundaries beyond the Blackall Range to the west. Sometimes, the towns of Gympie, which is 30 minutes' drive north of Noosa Heads, and Caboolture, 30 minutes' drive south of Caloundra, have been included in a broader definition of the Sunshine Coast region.

History 
The Glass House Mountains, located south-west of Caloundra, were first sighted by James Cook from the deck of the HM Bark Endeavour in 1770.

The Sunshine Coast's first white inhabitants were three castaways who shared the life of the aborigines for eight months. Later it became the home of many runaway convicts. It was also the scene of some of the most bitter skirmishes of Australia's Black War.

Timber-getters  used its rivers and lakes as seaways to float out logs of cedar, and prospectors climbed its mountains to reach the Gympie gold. With the coming of the railway line to Gympie, the coastal towns, which were founded as ports for the early river trade, were bypassed. The Sunshine Coast later grew into a holiday destination, which was further expanded in the development boom of the 1960s and 1970s.

Tourism 
The Sunshine Coast is a centre for tourism. The attractions include: Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo, UnderWater World marine park, Aussie World with the Ettamogah Pub, The Buderim Ginger Factory, The Big Pineapple and the Majestic Theatre at Pomona.

Environment 
The Sunshine Coast contains many beaches. Many well-known beaches within the Sunshine Coast region are located at Noosa Heads, Alexandra Headland, Mooloolaba (the spit), Coolum, Maroochydore and Kings Beach in Caloundra.

The region is also home to more national parks than any other region in Queensland. The natural variety of the area has been protected by five separate parks in both coastal and inland regions, including Mapleton Falls National Park, Kondalilla National Park, The Glasshouse Mountains National Park, Noosa National Park, and the Great Sandy National Park, which includes sections on Fraser Island and in Cooloola near Rainbow Beach.

References
Kia Michelle Stevens (born September 4, 1977 in Carson, California) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, working on their Raw brand under the ring name name Kharma. She debuted at Extreme Rules 2011. Stevens is a best known for her time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name Awesome Kong, where she is a former two-time TNA Women's Knockout Champion and one-time TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion with Hamada.

References

Other websites 
 Awesome Kong's Official website 
 Kharma's WWE Profile

1977 births
American professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
William Joseph Crawford (born January 28, 1984)  is an American rapper. He is better known by his stage name, Ya Boy. 

Ya Boy was written about in a column by The Source magazine called "Unsigned Hype" before being signed to Akon's record label, Konvict Records.

Discography

Studio Albums

EPs

Mixtapes

References

Other websites
 Ya Boy's Official Myspace
 

1984 births
Living people
Rap musicians from California
Singers from California
Musicians from San Francisco
A miniseries (also known as mini-series), in a serial storytelling medium, is a production which tells a story in a planned limited number of episodes.

Related pages

Television series
Metaseries

Other websites
The Museum of Broadcast Communications (MBC) - MINISERIES 
A USC retrospective  on the career of producer David L. Wolper.

 

it:Fiction televisiva#Serialità debole
An elastic collision is when two objects collide and bounce back with little or no deformation. For example, two rubber balls bouncing together would be elastic. Two cars hitting each other would be inelastic, as the cars crumple, and do not bounce back. In a perfectly elastic collision (the simplest case), no kinetic energy is lost, and so the kinetic energy of the two objects after the collision is equal to their total kinetic energy before the collision. Elastic collisions occur only if there is no net conversion of kinetic energy into other forms (heat, sound). The other rule to remember when working with elastic collisions is that momentum is conserved.

One-dimensional Newtonian

Consider two particles, indicated by subscripts 1 and 2. Let m1 and m2 be the masses, u1 and u2 be the velocities before the collision and v1 and v2 be the velocities after collision.

Using Conservation of Momentum to write one formula
Since it is an elastic collision, the total momentum before the collision is the same as the total momentum after the collision.
Given that momentum (p) is calculated as

We can calculate the momentum before the collision to be:

and the momentum after the collision to be:

Setting the two equal gives us our first equation:

Using Conservation of Energy to write a second formula
The second rule we use is that the total kinetic energy remains the same, meaning that the initial kinetic energy is equal to the final kinetic energy.

The formula for kinetic energy is:

So, using the same variables as before: 
The initial kinetic energy is:

The final kinetic energy is:

Setting the two to be equal ( since the total kinetic energy remains the same):

Putting those two equations together
These equations may be solved directly to find vi when ui are known or vice versa.
Here is a sample problem, which can be solved using either conservation of momentum, or conservation of energy:

For example:

Ball 1: mass = 3 kg,       v = 4 m/s
Ball 2: mass = 5 kg,       v = -6 m/s

After collision:

Ball 1: v = -8.5 m/s
Ball 2: v = unknown ( We'll represent it with v )

Using Conservation of Momentum:

After doing multiplication, and then subtracting  from both sides, we get:

Summing the left side, then dividing by  gives us:
, and doing the final division gives us: 

We could have also solved this problem using Conservation of Energy:

Multiplying both sides by , and then do all the required multiplications gives us:

Adding the numbers on the left, subtracting  from both sides, and dividing by  gives us:

Taking the square root of both sides gives us an answer of .

Unfortunately, we'd still need to use conservation of momentum to figure out whether  is positive or negative.

Physics
Elasticity (physics)

ru:Удар#Абсолютно упругий удар
Shaun Toub is an Iranian-American movie and television actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as Farhad in the 2004 movie Crash, as Rahim Khan in the movie The Kite Runner, as Yinsen in the movie Iron Man and as Iroh in the movie The Last Airbender.

Other websites

Shaun Toub cover story in OCPC magazine

References

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Iranian actors
People from Tehran
Nicktoons is an American digital cable and satellite television network owned by Viacom.  It is a sister service of the Nickelodeon cable channel. The network broadcasts Nickelodeon's animated series, Nicktoons, along with other original animated series and foreign animation from other Nickelodeon networks overseas 24 hours a day.  The slogan for the network is "Big Stars, Animated."

Related pages
 Nicktoons
 Nickelodeon
 Nick Jr.

Other websites
 

2002 American television series debuts
 
Companies based in New York City
2000s establishments in New York (state)
Michael Adams (born 17 November 1971 in Truro, Cornwall) is a British chess grandmaster (1989). His highest ranking was world #4, achieved several times from October 2000 to October 2002. He achieved a peak FIDE rating of 2755. 

He has achieved good results in World Chess Championship tournaments. At the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, he reached the final, narrowly losing out to Rustam Kasimdzhanov in the tie-break games.

Adams won the British Chess Championship in 1989 at the age of seventeen. Making only rare appearances, he won (jointly) in 1997, and won again in 2010 and 2011. A fine score of 6½/7 in the 2011 European Club Championship marked a return to form, but his results are no longer so consistent as they used to be.

References

Other websites
 Michael Adams profile at chessgames.com

1971 births
Living people
British chess players
People from Cornwall
Chess grandmasters
Bicarbonate is an anion (a negatively-charged ion). Its chemical formula is HCO3−. It reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide. A sample compound is sodium bicarbonate. It forms carbonate when heated.

Related pages
Carbon
Oxygen
Carbonate

Bicarbonate compounds 
 Sodium bicarbonate
 Potassium bicarbonate
 Calcium bicarbonate
 Ammonium bicarbonate
 Carbonic acid

Chemicals
Yokohama Station () is a railway station of JR East, Keihin Electric Express Railway, Sagami Railway, Tokyu Corporation, Yokohama Minatomirai Railway Company, and the Yokohama Municipal Subway in Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

Adjacent stations
JR East
 Tōkaidō Line
Rapid Acty, Local
Kawasaki - Yokohama - Totsuka
 Keihin-Tōhoku Line
Rapid, Local
Higashi-Kanagawa - Yokohama - Sakuragichō
 Yokosuka Line
Local
Shin-Kawasaki - Yokohama - Hodogaya
 Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
Special Rapid, Rapid
Musashi-Kosugi - Yokohama - Totsuka
Local
Shin-Kawasaki - Yokohama - Hodogaya
Keikyū
 Keikyū Main Line
Rapid Ltd. Express
Keikyū Kawasaki - Yokohama - Kami-Ōoka
Ltd. Express
Kanagawa-Shinmachi - Yokohama - Kami-Ōoka
Airport Express
Naka-Kido - Yokohama - Hinodechō
Local
Kanagawa - Yokohama - Tobe
Sagami Railway
 Sagami Railway Main Line
Express 
Yokohama - Futamatagawa
Rapid
Yokohama - Hoshikawa
Local
Yokohama - Hiranumabashi
Tōkyū, Yokohama Minatomirai Railway Company
 Tōkyū Tōyoko Line,  Minatomirai Line
Limited Exp., Commuter Exp., Expless
Kikuna - Yokohama - Minatomirai
Local
Tammachi - Yokohama - Shin-Takashima
Yokohama Municipal Subway
 Blue Line
Takashimachō (B19) - Yokohama (B20) - Mitsuzawa-Shimochō (B21)

Other websites

Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture
Yokohama
KFAX is a radio station in San Francisco Bay Area, California. Its first radio program was sent January 3, 1925. KFAX is registered in San Francisco, California. The station is owned by Salem Communications.

References 

Radio stations in the United States
San Francisco
1925 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in California
"Don't Bother Me" is the first song written by George Harrison to appear on an album by The Beatles. It was on the group's With the Beatles album in the UK, released in 1963, and on their Meet the Beatles! album in the U.S., released in 1964.

History
Harrison wrote the song while sick in bed at a hotel room in Bournemouth, England, where the Beatles were playing some shows during the summer of 1963. Harrison never regarded it highly, saying, "It was a fairly crappy song. I forgot all about it completely once it was on the album." He considered it an exercise in whether he could write a song, later saying, "at least it showed me that all I needed to do was keep on writing, and then maybe eventually I would write something good." Harrison received a writing credit for two earlier songs, "In Spite of All the Danger" (McCartney/Harrison) and "Cry for a Shadow" (Harrison/Lennon). Both were recorded by the Beatles but neither was released officially by the band until 1995's Anthology 1 compilation. "Don't Bother Me" is considered Harrison's first song by most (including the composer himself).

The sullen mood and sad lyrics—"So go away, leave me alone, don't bother me"—were unusual for the Beatles at the time but would become characteristic for Harrison. The song mostly stays in a minor key and achieves a thick sound through its double-tracked vocal, reverbed guitars, and busy drumming. The elaborate percussion lends the song a Latin rhythm accentuated by its stop-time structure.

The Beatles recorded the song on 11 and 12 September 1963. They were not satisfied with the version recorded on the 11th and did a remake on the 12th.

"Don't Bother Me" is one of several songs featured in A Hard Day's Night, during a scene where the Beatles dance at a nightclub while McCartney's grandfather gambles elsewhere. At the end of the movie, it is noted as a Lennon/McCartney composition rather than a Harrison composition.

British singer Gregory Phillips released a version of "Don't Bother Me" as his third single. Though unsuccessful, this was the first cover version of a Harrison composition.

Personnel
George Harrison – double-tracked vocal, lead guitar
John Lennon – rhythm guitar, tambourine
Paul McCartney – bass, claves
Ringo Starr – drums, bongos
George Martin – producer
Norman Smith – engineer
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

References 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1963 songs
A negotiation is a formal discussion to reach agreement about an issue. It is an important method to reduce conflict, and to get things done. Examples:
Two hostile nations both claim a piece of territory. They may go to war over it. Or, they may negotiate some agreement. The agreement would be written down, and both governments would agree to keep the agreement.
A football club wishes to buy a player from another club. A series of negotiations would take place between the clubs, the player and the player's agent. If the negotiations succeed, the player gets moved. In this case, and in many others, success is followed by a legal contract, or a court decision, which makes the agreement legal.
In less formal circumstances, a negotiation is just bargaining or haggling over, for example, money.

Essential skills for Negotiation 

 Effective verbal communication 
 Listening
 Good Rapport building
 Critical Thinking
 Problem solving
 Objection handling
 Attentiveness

Dispute resolution
Documents
Words
Peabody River State Fish and Wildlife Area is an Illinois state park on  in Randolph County, Illinois, United States.

References

State parks in the United States
Illinois
Lithium hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiOH. It contains lithium and hydroxide ions.

Properties
Lithium hydroxide is a white solid.It is totally white in colour. It can be anhydrous (without extra water molecules attached) or hydrated (water added to it). It dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It reacts with acids to make lithium salts.

Preparation
Lithium hydroxide is made by reacting lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide. A calcium carbonate solid is made and a lithium hydroxide solution is left behind. It can also be made by reacting lithium with water or by reacting lithium oxide with water.

Uses
It is used in spaceships to absorb carbon dioxide. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make lithium carbonate. This prevents people from suffocating in a spaceship. Lithium hydroxide is used to make lithium greases. They are resistant to water and can be used in high or low temperatures. It is used to transfer heat. It can be used in electrolytes. It is also used to prevent corrosion in some nuclear reactors. It can be used to glaze ceramics and make cement.

Safety
Lithium hydroxide is corrosive, like the other alkali metal hydroxides. It is also a little toxic because it has lithium in it. It can burn skin.

References

Related pages
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide

Lithium compounds
The great tit (Parus major) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is found throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central and Northern Asia, and parts of North Africa. Most great tits do not migrate except in places with harsh winters. 

The great tit has a black head and throat. The back is olive-green and the stomach is yellow. It has a white spot on its cheek. The great tit is 12.5-14.0 centimetres long and weighs 16-21 grams. It is a song bird, and has up to 40 kinds of songs and sounds.

In the summer it eats insects and spiders. The great tit eats for example cockroach and grasshopper. 

The female lays about 12 eggs and broods them by herself. Both parents take care of the baby birds. The great tit feeds its fledglings on protein-rich caterpillars.

References 

Passeriformes