cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lana Wachowski (born June 21, 1965) and Lilly Wachowski (born December 29, 1967), known together professionally as the Wachowskis and formerly as the Wachowski Brothers, are Polish American movie directors, writers and transgender women, most famous for creating The Matrix series. Their other projects include live-action adaptation of Speed Racer, Jupiter Ascending and the Netflix television series Sense-8.

Lana Wachowski had a sex change operation in 2008 and changed her name from Larry Wachowksi. Lilly changed her name from Andrew in 2016.

Filmography 
 Assassins (1995) (story, screenplay credits)
 Bound (1996) (written and directed, executive producers)
 The Matrix (1999) (written and directed, executive producers)
 The Matrix Reloaded (2003) (written and directed, executive producers)
 The Matrix Revolutions (2003) (written and directed, executive producers)
 The Animatrix (2003) (producers, wrote four of the nine animated shorts)
 V for Vendetta (2006) (produced and written, based on the graphic novel by Alan Moore and David Lloyd)
 The Invasion (2007) (rewritten various parts and added a twist ending, uncredited)
 Speed Racer (2008) (produced, written and directed, based on the Speed Racer anime)
 Ninja Assassin (2009) (producers)
 Cloud Atlas (2012) (written and directed, executive producers)
 Jupiter Ascending (2015) (written and directed, executive producers)
 Sense8 (2015) (directed)

References

Other websites 
 
 

1960s births
Living people
Sibling duos
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Illinois
Transgender and transsexual people
V for Vendetta is a ten-issue graphic comic book series from DC Comics and Vertigo, written by Alan Moore and illustrated mostly by David Lloyd. It is set in a dystopian future United Kingdom imagined from the 1980s about the 1990s, which has become a totalitarian fascist dictatorship. It was published from 1982 to 1988.  

In 2005, it was made into a movie with the same name. Unlike in the comic book, the movie takes place in 2020. There are also a few differences from the comic book.

Other websites 

V for Vendetta official site  at DC Comics
V for Vendetta: Comic vs. Film at IGN
An Annotation of Literary, Historic and Artistic References in Alan Moore's Graphic Novel, V For Vendetta  by Madelyn Bourdeaux

Comic books
The Mozilla Foundation is a non-profit organization that was created to support and give leadership for the open source Mozilla project. The organization sets the policies that govern development, operate important things that keep Mozilla working and control trademarks and other intellectual property. It owns a taxable for-profit subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which employs several Mozilla developers and sets releases of the Mozilla Firefox. The Mozilla Foundation is based in Mountain View, California, USA.

The Mozilla Foundation describes itself as "a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving choice and promoting innovation on the Internet". Mozilla Japan and Mozilla China are non-profit organizations whose mission is to help promote and deploy Mozilla products and projects.

History
On February 23, 1998, Netscape created the Mozilla Organization to help the development of the Mozilla Application Suite. It made-up of mostly Netscape employees but was not part of Netscape. 

When America Online (AOL) (Netscape's owner) stopped its involvement with the Mozilla Organization by a lot, the Mozilla Foundation was created on July 15, 2003 to make sure Mozilla could survive without Netscape. AOL helped during the start of the creation of the Mozilla Foundation, moving hardware and intellectual property to the organization and employing a three-person team for the first three months to help with the move. AOL promised to donate $2 million to the foundation over two years.

People
The Mozilla Foundation Board of Directors has six members: 

Mitchell Baker (Chair)
Brian Behlendorf
Joichi Ito
Bob Lisbonne
Cathy Davidson
Ronaldo Lemos

Originally Christopher Blizzard had a seat on the board but he moved to the Mozilla Corporation Board of Directors when it was established; Joichi Ito joined the Mozilla Foundation board at that time. Bob Lisbonne and Carl Malamud were elected to the board in October 2006.

The foundation also has a number of paid staff members, who focus on project and policy issues:

 Mark Surman — Executive Director
Gervase Markham
Zak Greant

The Mozilla Corporation also has a number of employees, many of whom worked for the foundation before the establishment of the corporation.

The Mozilla project has traditionally been overseen by a committee known as mozilla.org staff; the individuals on that committee later became foundation or corporation board members or staff members.

Related pages
Mozilla Firefox — Mozilla's web browser
Mozilla Thunderbird — Mozilla's e-mail client

References

Notes

Other websites
About the Mozilla Foundation
2005 presentation about the Mozilla Foundation
Press release about the creation of the Mozilla Foundation
Details about the reorganization caused by the formation of the Mozilla Corporation
mozilla.org Staff Members and Meeting Minutes

 
Mountain View, California
2003 establishments in California
A graphic novel is a type of comic book usually with a long storyline similar to those of novels. The term also encompasses comic short story anthologies, and in some cases bound collections of previously published comic book series (more commonly referred to as trade paperbacks).

Graphic novels are often bound in a better format than the comic magazines, using the same materials and methods as printed books, and are generally sold in bookstores and specialty comic book shops rather than at newsstands. Graphic novels are popular around the world. The graphic novel traditions are very strong in Japan and the United States. There are many Latino superheroes in American mainstream comics and graphic novels.

Types of Graphic Novels 
There are many kinds of graphic novels.  The most popular types are:

 Personal Narratives ("Perzines") are autobiographical stories about person experiences or opinions.
 Non-fiction graphic novels deal with major social issues such as war or immigration.
 Manga are Japanese style comics. People read Manga from top to bottom and right to left. This format comes from the traditional Japanese reading pattern.

Famous Graphic Novels 

 Maus: A Survivors Tale, My Father Bleeds History by Art Spiegelman. This graphic novel is about the Holocaust.
 Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi. This is a story about the Islamic revolution of 1979.
 Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic by Alison Bechdel. This tells the story of a gay father who commits suicide. This is an example of a personal narrative.
 United States of Banana: A Graphic Novel by Giannina Braschi. This is an epic graphic novel about Puerto Rico's struggle for liberty. 
 Road to Perdition by Max Allan Collins.  This is a crime story that became a movie starring Tom Hanks and Jude Law.
 Fullmetal Alchemist, a Manga book.

Further Reading 
 Tychinski, Stan. Brodart.com: "A Brief History of the Graphic Novel" (2004)
 Couch, Chris. "The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon", Image & Narrative #1 (Dec. 2000)
 Aldama, Frederick Luis. The Oxford Handbook of Comic Book Studies (Sept. 2020)

References 

Fiction genres
Fiction books
Comic books
Comics artists
Alan Moore (born 18 November 1953 in Northampton) is an English writer most famous for his influential work in comics, including the acclaimed graphic novels Watchmen, V for Vendetta and From Hell.<ref name="Alan Moore Bibliography">
"Alan Moore tml Interview - Alan Moore, BBC - Movies, accessed 10 February 2007</ref> 

 Awards and recognition 
A number of Jack Kirby Awards
Nominated for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards several times, winning for Favorite Writer in 1985, 1986, 1987, 1999, and 2000.
CBG Fan Award for Favorite Comic Book Story (Watchmen) in 1987 and Favorite Original Graphic Novel or Album (Batman: The Killing Joke with Brian Bolland) in 1988.
Harvey Award for Best Writer for 1988 (for Watchmen), for 1995 and 1996 (for From Hell), for 1999 (for his body of work, including From Hell and Supreme), for 2000 (for The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen), and for 2001 and 2003 (for Promethea).
Eisner Award for Best Writer nine times, since 1988.
In 1988, Moore and artist Dave Gibbons won a Hugo Award in the category Other Forms for Watchmen''. The category was created for that year only, via a rarely-used provision that allows the Committee of the Worldcon to create any temporary Additional Category it feels appropriate (no subsequent committee has chosen to repeat this category).
In 2005, Watchmen had the honour of being the only Graphic Novel to make it onto Time Magazine's "All-Time 100 Novels" list.

References

Other websites 

 

1953 births
Living people
Comic books
English writers
Hugo Award winning writers
People from Northampton
The Matrix Revolutions is a 2003 movie that was written and directed by the Wachowskis. It is the sequel to The Matrix Reloaded. It is a prequel to The Matrix Resurrections.

Plot 

When Neo wakes up, he finds himself at a train station. He is there because, when he used his power to destroy the sentinels at the end of the second movie, he touched the source and did not come back all the way. He is stuck there. Meanwhile, his girlfriend Trinity, Morpheus, and Seraph enter a club to talk to the Merovingian, who controls a lot of the Matrix. A gun fight ends in a Mexican standoff with guns pointed towards everyone. The Merovingian agrees to let Neo go, and Trinity picks him up.

The city of Zion is preparing for war. They pool all of their resources into a dock area. They use Armored Personnel Units (APU) to fight back. However, there are too many machines, and they soon have to fall back to the temple.

Niobe on her ship attempts to return to Zion by going through an area that only a very skilled pilot can go through. However, Niobe makes a mistake and the machines come after them. During one part of the dock battle, the commander Milfune tries to repel the machines but is overwhelmed. He dies. He tells the Kid to take his APU and to open the dock doors. The Kid does so and the ship comes through, blows its EMP, and saves the dock for now.

Near the end of the movie, Neo wants to take a ship to talk directly to the machines. Niobe turns her ship, the Logos, over to him. Earlier, Bane (who is now Smith) had stabbed a crew member and hid away on the Logos. While on the ship, Bane fights Neo and ends up burn his eyes out. However, Neo has the power and can still see and kills Bane. As Neo and Trinity approach, the machines attack. Trinity flies above the clouds to kill the machines, but it also destroys their engines, and they lose control and crash into the ground and Trinity is viciously killed by being impaled by metal rebar.

Neo walks up to the head of the machines, whose name is Deus Ex Machina. He says that Smith has gotten out of control and that he is the only one that can stop him. He says that he wants peace, so the machines stop attacking Zion. Neo and Smith start fighting again. This time Neo cannot beat him like he did with Bane. At the end, he says, "It was inevitable" and allows Smith to touch him and acquire him. Smith is then destroyed, as his only purpose was to balance Neo, who is now gone.

Cast 
 Keanu Reeves as Neo
 Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus
 Carrie-Anne Moss as Trinity
 Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith
 Jada Pinkett Smith as Niobe

Other websites 

2003 movies
Matrix series
Drone movies
IMAX movies
Sequel movies
Warner Bros. movies
English-language movies
Hercules in the Underworld is the fourth made-for-TV movie in the series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. When villagers begin disappearing it is discovered that they had fallen through a crack in the earth which goes straight to Hades. Hercules once again comes to the rescue and  faces one of his most difficult challenges, and must prove himself as a man as well as a god.

Plot synopsis
In the centre of a village the ground begins to open up and a strange green light emanates from within. Two drunken men see the light and walk over to take a closer look. As they approach a gaseous vapour begins pouring out of the fissure and in a flash of light the two men are charred with only their bones remaining.

The following day Hercules is working in the smithy with Nessus, the Centaur. He watches the children playing outside when a woman, Iole, comes looking for him. She says she's from the village of Gryphon and that they need Hercules' help. Hercules agrees to help, but Deianeira tells the girl to rest first.

Hercules and Iole continue onto Gryphon, when they arrive the people take him to the area where the hole has opened up in the ground. He walks through the village seeing fire and destructions and dead bodies strewn on the floor.

With the kiss her memories return and Hercules makes a deal with Hades that if he can capture Cerberus, then Deianeira can go back to Earth with him. Hercules goes after Cerberus, he finds Hades' men trying and failing to capture him. Hercules fights and defeats Cerberus and chains him up again. Once Cerberus is chained the hole in the ground closes up and Deianeira appears. Back on Earth the villagers thank Hercules for helping them and he and Deianeira go home.

Series Continuity and notes

Nessus, Hades, and the Cerberus all play into the labors of Hercules, although not in the fashion portrayed here.  The capture of Cerberus was supposedly the last labor of Hercules where he brings Cerberus to the surface world at the demand of King Eurystheus, not a request of Hades.  He returned Cerberus to Hades only after the twelfth labor was completed.
The scene where Deianara was abducted by the Centaur and where Hercules shot him with an arrow was supposedly the last days of Hercules as a mortal.  When he was caught by the fire, Hercules chose to be cremated alive to hasten his death but was transformed by Zeus into a full god.  Also Deianara is the second wife and her death was by suicide, Megara is the first wife.

Main cast

Kevin Sorbo as Hercules
Tawny Kitaen as Deianeira
Anthony Quinn as Zeus

Other websites 
Hercules in the Underworld at Whoosh.org

1994 movies
1990s adventure movies
Television movies
Xenaverse
Hercules movies
Marzahn is a locality within the borough Marzahn-Hellersdorf of Berlin. 

Marzahn became part of Greater Berlin in 1920, as a part of the Lichtenberg district. In 1979, the large housing estate of Marzahn was separated from Lichtenberg to become an East Berlin borough in its own right and in 1986 the new Hellersdorf district (including Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf) was split from it. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform led to the former boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf fusing into a single new borough.

In the north the locality includes the neighbourhoods of Bürknersfelde and Ahrensfelde, an overbuilt strip of land which once belonged to the Brandenburg municipality of Ahrensfelde and was incorporated into Berlin in 1990.

The historic village of Marzahn was first mentioned as Morczane in a 1300 deed by Margrave Albert III of Brandenburg-Salzwedel, when he granted the estates to the Friedland Cistercian abbey (in today's Neuhardenberg). After the Thirty Years' War it fell to Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg.

Marzahn was the site of a labour camp (today a water treatment plant), where Roma were interned from July 16, 1936 on, two weeks prior to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, away from visitor's eyes. As a part of the  Nazi Porajmos extermination policy, up to 2000 inmates remained there until in 1943 they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most of them were gassed. In 1941 the large factory of the Carl Hasse & Wrede machine tool company (now Knorr-Bremse) was erected, where hundreds forced labourers were employed. The victims were buried at the nearby Parkfriedhof, a memorial marks the site.

In 1987, Marzahn hosted the Berliner Gartenschau a horticulture show on the occasion of Berlin's 750th anniversary. The area today called Erholungspark Marzahn includes the Gärten der Welt (Gardens of the World) project showing a Chinese, Japanese, Balinese and Korean garden, labyrinths modelled on Hampton Court Palace and Chartres Cathedral as well as a garden of the Italian Renaissance.

Transportation 
Marzahn is served by the S-Bahn lines S7 and S75 at the stations Springpfuhl, Poelchaustraße, Marzahn, Raoul-Wallenberg-Straße, Mehrower Allee and Ahrensfelde. Tramway connections to the inner city are provided by the M6 and M8 lines of the Berlin Straßenbahn.

Other websites 
 http://www.adam-jones.net/?album=marzahn  Photo essay of the area

Districts of Berlin
Schöneberg is a locality of Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a separate borough including the locality of Friedenau. Together with the former borough of Tempelhof it is now part of the new borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg.

History
The village was first documented in 1264 by Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg. In 1751 Bohemian weavers founded Neu-Schöneberg also known as Böhmisch-Schöneberg, along the current Hauptstraße.

During the Seven Years' War on 7 October 1760 Schöneberg and its village church were completely destroyed by a fire due to the joint attack on Berlin by Austrian and Russian troops.

Alt & Neu Schöneberg were combined as one entity in 1874 and received town privileges in 1898. In 1920 Schöneberg became a part of Greater Berlin. Its town hall Rathaus Schöneberg was completed in 1914.  Subsequent to World War II it served as the city hall of West Berlin until 1991 when the administration of the reunited City of Berlin moved back to the Rotes Rathaus in Mitte.

Notable Individuals

Born in Schöneberg
Blixa Bargeld, musician, born 12 January 1959
Marlene Dietrich, actress, born 27 December 1901, Sedanstraße 65 (today: Leberstraße 65), Rote Insel, died 6 May 1992 in Paris, buried in the Städtischer Friedhof III cemetery, Friedenau
Gisèle Freund, photographer, born 19 December 1908, Bayerisches Viertel, died 31 March 2000 in Paris
Wilhelm Furtwängler, conductor, born 25 January 1886, Maaßenstraße 1 at Nollendorfplatz, died 30 November 1954 in Ebersteinburg, Baden-Baden
Alfred Lion, co-founder of the Blue Note jazz record label, born 21 April 1909, Gotenstraße 7, died 2 February 1987 in New York City
Helmut Newton, photographer, born 31 October 1920, Innsbrucker Straße 24, died 23 January 2004 in West Hollywood, buried in the Städtischer Friedhof III cemetery, Friedenau
Nelly Sachs, writer, holder of the 1966 Nobel Prize for Literature, born 10 December 1891, Maaßenstraße 12, died 12 May 1970 in Stockholm
Willi Stoph, politician, born 9 July 1914, Rote Insel, died 13 April 1999 in Berlin

Dwelt in Schöneberg
Hans Baluschek (1870–1935) Ceciliengärten housing estate, 1929-1933
August Bebel (1840–1913) Hauptstraße 97
Gottfried Benn (1886–1956) Bozener Straße 20
David Bowie (1947–2016) Hauptstraße 155, 1976–1978
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924) Viktoria-Luise-Platz 11, buried in Städtischer Friedhof III cemetery, Friedenau
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) Haberlandstraße 5, 1914-1933
Hans Fallada (1893–1947) Luitpoldstraße 11
Sepp Herberger (1897–1977) Bülowstraße
Christopher Isherwood (1904–1986) Nollendorfstraße 17
Klaus Kinski (1926–1991) Wartburgstraße 3, from 1930-1944
Hildegard Knef (1925–2002) Sedanstraße 68
Else Lasker-Schüler (1869–1945) Motzstraße 7
Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919) Naumannstrasse
Iggy Pop (born 1947) Hauptstraße 155, 1976–1978
Rudolf Steiner and Marie Steiner-von Sivers Motzstraße 30, 1903-1923
Claire Waldoff (1884–1957) Regensburger Straße 33, 1919–1933
Billy Wilder (1906–2002) Viktoria-Luise-Platz 11 from (1927 to 1928)
Paul Zech Naumannstraße 78

Districts of Berlin
Xena: Warrior Princess is a "beat 'em up" video game that was released on the PlayStation in September 30, 1999, developed by VU Games and published by Electronic Arts, based on the television series.

Description 

Playing as the television series' title character, you must rescue your companion, Gabrielle, from a fate worse than death and fight the forces responsible for her capture in the first place. The game is played from a third-person perspective and revolves around slashing, jumping, and kicking your way through a series of 3D environments. Various button combinations produce special combo moves like those seen on the show, but since mashing the buttons alone appears to work well, you will not be inclined to learn the combinations. Xena can also use power-ups, which she will find along the way, as well as her trademark chakram. Once you throw the chakram, the perspective switches to that of the whirling circle, which you are able to aim, after a fashion. Once it hits something, it is propelled back. The downside to using it is that Xena is defenseless while the weapon is in the air, so you have got to use it wisely when you are under fire from archers perched up above or from multiple opponents on the ground. You use the chakram to flip switches, cut chains, and pick off opponents from a distance. These opponents sometimes become tougher targets because of the hostages they keep so near to them.

Other consoles 

 Xena: Warrior Princess for the Game Boy Color was developed and released by Titus Software in 2000.
 Xena: Warrior Princess for the PS2 only released in Europe.

Related pages
 Xena: Warrior Princess video games
 Hercules: The Legendary Journeys

Other websites 
 Xena: Warrior Princess at Mobygames.com

1999 video games
Game Boy Color games
PlayStation games
PlayStation 2 games
Electronic Arts video games
Xenaverse
Video games based on television shows
Xena: Warrior Princess: The Talisman of Fate is a fighting video game. It was released on the Nintendo 64. The game was created by Saffire and published by Titus Software. It is based on the Xena: Warrior Princess television series.

Description 
It seems that Xena and Despair (the Champion of Dahak) have both said the Talisman of Fate belongs to them. Whoever controls it will have power over all of mankind. Because of this, Xena does not want it to belong to someone who would do bad things with it. A battle takes place, but the Fates themselves decide that the only way to who should have the talisman is to have a tournament. Each of Earth's greatest heroes and villains will fight in the tournament.

Game play 
Up to four people can play. Each player controls one of the many characters from the series and tries to beat everyone else with punches, kicks, and many special moves. Xena has her sword, the Chakram, and a torch that lets her breathe fire; Gabrielle has her staff, some very good kicks, and a meditation-into-projectile attack. The game is 3D.

Characters 
 Xena
 Gabrielle
 Autolycus
 Joxer
 Caesar
 Ares
 Velasca
 Lao Ma
 Callisto
 Ephiny
 Despair

References

Other websites 

 Xena: Warrior Princess: The Talisman of Fate at Nintendojo.com

Xena: Warrior Princess
1999 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Video games based on television shows
Trauma Center: Under the Knife, known in Japan as , is a medical simulation video game made by Atlus for the Nintendo DS game console. It's Atlus' most successful game ever.

References

2005 video games
Atlus
Nintendo DS-only games
Trauma Center series
Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho (December 15, 1907  December 5, 2012) was a Brazilian architect who is thought to be an important name in worldwide modern architecture. He was a pioneer in the idea of using reinforced concrete for buildings.

Buildings made by Niemeyer often have a lot of empty space, making odd patterns. The biggest work he made was the plan for the city of Brasília.

Politically, Niemeyer was a communist, which sometimes had a bad effect for him: When the military dictatorship of Brazil happened in 1964, Niemeyer was forced into exile in Paris. Fidel Castro once said  "Niemeyer and I are the last Communists of this planet."

In 1988, Niemeyer won the Pritzker Prize.

In 2012, he died of cardiac arrest due to a respiratory tract infection.

References

Other websites 

 May 2006 Interview with Niemeyer, age 98, in Metropolis Magazine 
 Oscar Niemeyer, A Legend of Modernism , a book
 Niemeyer in Brasília history 
 Images of The Museum of Contemporary Art, Niteroi, Cathedral of Brasília, and Memorial dos Povos Indigenas (Memorial for the Indigenous People)

1907 births
2012 deaths
Brazilian architects
Centenarians
Communists
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Deaths from cardiac arrest
People from Rio de Janeiro
Pritzker Prize winners
A centenarian is a person who has lived to be at least 100. Because people normally die before this age, the word centenarian is usually linked to longevity. The United States has the most centenarians, while Japan is second. 

Much more rare is a supercentenarian, who is a person that has lived to be at least 110.  Famous supercentenarians have included Harry Patch, who was the last surviving British soldier of the First World War trenches.  He died on 25 July 2009 (aged 111).  For the last seven days of his life he was Britain's oldest man.  Henry Allingham, another First World War veteran, had died a week earlier (aged 113).

Other websites
 Centenarians’ Road 
 The Okinawa Centenarian Study
 New England Centenarian Study 
 Salt of the Red Earth: Wit, wisdom and portraits of 100 Oklahoma centenarians
 Living to 100 and Beyond: Search for Predictors of Exceptional Human Longevity 
 Mortality of Centenarians 
 Purple Medical Blog Predictors of Reaching 100 Years Old..How To Live A Long Life.. A Quiz  
 U.S. politicians who lived the longest 
 Noted Nonagenarians and Centenarians
 Centenarian research & celebration
 Table of numbers of centenarians for select nations, 1960 and 1990

References
Auguste Comte (full name:  Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; January 17, 1798 – September 5, 1857) was a French thinker who was one of the founders of sociology (from the Latin: socius, "companion"; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Greek λόγος, lógos, "knowledge" ) and positivism.

Life 
Comte was born on 19 January 1798 at Montpellier, in southern France. After attending the University of Montpellier, one of the oldest European universities, Comte was admitted to the École Polytechnique in Paris.

He married Caroline Massin, but divorced in 1842.

He died in Paris on 5 September 1857 and is buried at the famous Cimetière du Père Lachaise. His apartment from 1841-1857 is now conserved as the Maison d'Auguste Comte.

Law of three stages 
The law of three stages is a socio-historical idea of Auguste Comte.  Comte said that knowledge developed in three stages. The first stage is the "theological" stage, in which Comte says that people use religion or gods to explain why things happen or where things came from.  The second stage is the "metaphysical" or "abstract" stage, where people use philosophy and abstract ideas to think about their beliefs and explain things.  The last stage is the "positive", regarding to the three stages of positivism. Comte said that society could shift into a positivist society if the sciences, including sociology, are all used to explain things.

Works 
 
 Comte, A.; Bridges, J.H. (tr.); A General View of Positivism; Trubner and Co., 1865 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )
 
 Comte, A; Martineau, H. (tr.); The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte; 2 volumes; Chapman, 1853 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ) (but note that C.U.P. say "Martineau's abridged and more easily digestible version of Comte's work was intended to be readily accessible to a wide general readership, particularly those she felt to be morally and intellectually adrift", so this is not really Comte's own writings)
 
 Comte, A.; System of Positive Polity; various publishers
 Comte, A.; Cours de Philosophie Positive, Tome II; Bachelier, Paris, 1835, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31882/31882-h/31882-h.htm; scans of the six volumes are at Projet Gallica

References

Other websites 

 Selections from first volume of Cours of positive philosophy
  Auguste Comte quotes
 Auguste Comte and Positivism 

1798 births
1857 deaths
French philosophers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
People from Montpellier
French sociologists
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
George Berkeley (12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753), or Bishop Berkeley, was an Irish bishop and philosopher.

Berkeley was one of the three 'British Empiricists', philosophers around the late 1600s and 1700s who believed in 'empiricism', the philosophy that everything we learn comes through our senses. The other British Empiricists included the Englishman John Locke and Scotsman David Hume.

Philosophy 
His philosophy was called "immaterialism", or "subjective idealism". His idealism said that all our ideas came through sensations, but our senses didn't tell us anything about the world.

He said that Locke's belief in matter was wrong. He said that even though we can see, hear, taste, touch and smell, there was no way of knowing that our senses were reacting to matter, because to find out how accurate our senses were, we would need to study the very thing we use to study. Instead, he said that our experiences are caused by God, a being that is also a mind, like us, and powerful enough to create all our ideas and senses.

Life 
Berkeley was born at his family home, Dysart Castle, near Thomastown, County Kilkenny, Ireland. He was educated at Kilkenny College and attended Trinity College, Dublin, completing a Master's degree in 1707.

Bibliography 
Philosophical Commentaries (1707–08, notebooks)
An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision (1709)
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Part I (1710)
Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713)
De Motu (Berkeley's essay)|De Motu (1721)
Alciphron: or the Minute Philosopher (1732)
The Theory of Vision or Visual Language … Vindicated and Explained (1733)
The Analyst (1734)
The Querist (1735–37)
Siris (1744)

Notes

Other websites 

A list of the published works by and about Berkeley as well as online links 
A bibliography on George Berkeley
More easily readable versions of Principles of Human Knowledge, Three Dialogues, and Alciphron
An extensive compendium of online resources, including a gallery of Berkeley's images 

1685 births
1753 deaths
Irish philosophers
Bakot is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Earthquake 
Bakot was badly affected by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, as the place where the earthquake happened was nearby.

Location 

Bakot is in the east of Abbottabad District and is next to the Muzaffarabad and Bagh districts of Kashmir. It is also next the following Union Councils within Abbottabad District: to the north by Nambal, to the south by Berote Kalan and to the west by Phalkot, Namli Maira, Nagri Bala.

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Bakote is made up of three areas these are: Bakot, Moolia and Sagnal.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Bakot
Baldheri is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, the union council of Baldheri is named after the main village of the area.

People
The population of Baldheri Union Council is 14,796.

Location 
The village of Baldheri itself is at 34°15'0N 73°12'0E  which is about 11 km east of Abbottabad city centre on the route towards Mansehra city on the main Mansehra Road. Mansehra is directly to the north, but because it is a very hilly area the roads do not go straight - so Baldheri is on the road from Mansehra to Abbottabad city.

Baldheri has a height of 1143 metres (3753 feet), the Union Council is between Ferozabad village to Tanan Village and Mangal to Halmaira.

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Baldheri is made up of the following areas:
Baldheri, Gojri, Hal Maira Uta, Hal Maira Tarta, Jalalpura, More Kalan, Sajikot and Tannan

Qalandarabad
Qalandarabad is major town in Baldheri Union Council and is famous throughout Hazara for its Chapal Kebabs.  The Bach Christian Hospital is in the town.

Villages 
The Union Council of Baldheri consists of the following villages:

Baldheri
Gogri
Halmaira
Mangal
Morkalaan
Neelay Pair
Qalandarabad
Sajikot
Ferozabad
Tannan
Tarhana Malik
Tarhana Mistri

Geography 
Like much of the Abbottabad area it is a very beautiful place, with fresh water streams running down from the hills and mountains. The main steam is called Mangal, and its water is very important for farming. There are primary schools almost in every village. Bach Christian Hospital is also here in Baldheri UC, this hospital was very important during the 2005 Pakistan earthquake that struck the area, due to its location on the Karakoram Highway.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Bandi Atai Khan (also known as Banda Atai Khan) is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Location 
Bandi Atai Khan is in the south of the district at 34°02'60"N, 73°13'0"E. It has a height of 1035 metres (3398 feet).

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Tehsil d'Havelian
Beeran Gali (also known as 'Berin Gali' or 'Baran Gali') is a Union Council of Abbottabad District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

History 
This area used to be called Baad Burhan and is mentioned by Al Biruni in his famous book Ta'rikh al-Hind, The Chronicles of India, from 1030. Al Biruni describes Baad Burhan as a beautiful area.

Land 
The area is between two mountains, Thandiani and Miranjani. It is at 34°11'40N 73°21'50E and has an average elevation of 2176 metres (7142 feet) above sea-level.

Subdivisions 
The Union Council is made up of the following areas:
Andarseri, Beerangali and Jhafar.

People 
Its population numbers about 12,300. The two main tribes are the Karlal or 'Kiraal' and the Quraishi.

References 

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Birote Kalan is one of the 51 Union councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Meaning of name
The name of the Union Council - "Birote Kalan" means Greater Birote, this is because there is a small village called "Birote Khurd". The words Khurd and Kalan (little and big) are words that started being used in Mughal times - to tell the difference between two areas with the same name, so Birote Khurd means little Khurd, The words Khurd (small) and Kalan (big) is Taken form Persian. (Just like Britannia major means "Greater Britain" and Britannia minor means "Lesser Britain").

Location 

Birote Kalan is in the south eastern part of Abbottabad District and borders the Bagh District of Kashmir and so was affected by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake.

Subdivisions
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Berote Kalan, Berote Khurd, Kahoo Gharbi and Kahoo Sharqi.

Additional information
Berote is quite close to the Punjab area of Murree, in the  district of Rawalpindi. 
Termuthian is the village which separates Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from Punjab Province. Termuthian is a small valley from where you can view the heights of Mushkpuri, Kashmir, Bagh, and Circle Bakote. It is an area mostly inhabited by the Dhund Abbasi's.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Boi is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Boi means "fragrance of roses".

Location 
Boi is in the northwest part of Abbottabad District. It is next to Kashmir (Muzaffarabad District). It is located at 34°18'10N 73°26'20E and has an average elevation of 853 metres (2801 feet).

Subdivisions 
The Union Council is made up of the following areas Didal, Barbeen, Nakka, Bandi Pahar, Bandi Hamza, Gali Mohri, Bandi Samand, Boi, Batangi, Tori, Phogram, Chak, Sumbli Dheri, Pal, Rankot,Makrela,Dana(Tald),Lari(mehras),Sambli deri,saran,Sathal and Batangi.

References 

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Chamad (also known as Chamhad) is one of the 51 Union Councils (subdivisions) of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Location 
Chamad is located at 34°7'0N 73°4'60E, in the west of the district where it borders Haripur District, it has a height of 870 metres (2857 feet).

Subdivisions
The Union Council is made up of areas: Khani Thathiara, Shadial, Chamhad, Fateh Bandi, Sarbangala, Chamak Mera, Bagh Darah, Bermgali, Bisala, Mohal, Baln Seri, Bain Noora, Bain Gojra, Bothiala, Jattal, Baghati, Thana, Kasaki Khurd, Kasaki Kalan, Daroparh and Bhoraj.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Chamhad
Dalola is one of the 51 Union Councils (sub-divisions) of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Location 
Dalola is located at 34°21'20N 73°23'50E. Its elevation is . It is in the northwest of the district and is the most northern part of the district. It borders Mansehra District of to the north and the Muzaffarabad District of Kashmir to the east. It was hit quite badly by the 2005 Pakistan Earthquake.

Subdivisions
The Union Council is divided into the following areas: Dabban, Daloa and Naroka.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Dewal Manal is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The main tribe of this Union Council is the Karlal.

Location 
Dewal Manal is in the southern part of Abbottabad district, it borders the following Union Councils, Nara and Seer Gharbi (to the South), Nathia Gali and Nagri Bala to the east and Garhi Phulgran  to (to the west and north).

Subdivisions
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Chehr, Dewal Manal, Makool Payeen, Nagri Tarli and Sajkot.

References 

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Garhi Phulgran is one of the 51 Union Councils (administrative subdivisions) of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Subdivisions
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Garhi Phulgran, Takia Sheikhan, Ghora Bazgram, Harnara, Kiala, Mannan, Rajoya and Thith Ochar. Until the local government reforms of 2000, Rajoya was separate Union Council.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Goreeni is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Location
Goreeni is in the South of Abbottabad District and forms part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's border with Punjab province where it lies next to Murree Tehsil of Rawalpindi District.

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Goreeni is made up of the following areas: Bagla, Bajarian, Banwari, Danah, Goreeni, Kotal, Palasi and Surna Garhage.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Haveliani Urban is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at the west of the district.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
The Union Council of Jarral is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Location 
Jarral is 35 km from the city of Abbottabad. It is also approachable from Haripur, which is about 25 Kilometer from the town.  It is in a valley which is surrounded by large forested mountains on three sides. These forests have a number of wild animals, such as jackals, wolves, pigs, porcupines and sometimes tigers. On the south of the valley there is the famous Tarbela Dam Jheel. The southern area of Jarral UC borders Haripur District. Jabbi is a scenic hill station in the suburbs of Jarral. Jarral has many small related areas:
 Jabbi
 Heeraan
 Jabri
 Bandi Dara
 Nara Doga
 Sorha Dara
 Punj-khoeeyan
 Swayee Dara
 Pujwar
 Kachian
 Tarhaqi
 Thalian

People 
Jarral has a population of over 10,000. The local language is Hindko while Urdu and English are understood. The Tanoli is the main tribe of Jarral. But there is significant number of Awans and Syeds. A lot of people from Jarral are living abroad in countries like USA, UK, UAE, Saudi Arabia and other countries around the globe. Jarral is the main market area and people from nearby come to shop. A very beautiful mosque, the Jamia Masjid Jarral, is of historic and architectural significance. It is well known for old-styled wooden door, which is a mater piece of carved art on wood. This old town has also relics of thousands of years old deserted town on a nearby hill on west side.

Farming 
Locals grow crops such as maize (makai) and wheat (kanak). Different vegetables are also grown by people for their own use.

Education 
There are four schools in Jarral: Government Primary School for Boys, Govt High School for Boys, Govt Girls High School and Fatima Jinnah Public School Jarral (English Medium).  Adult Literacy rate in Jarral is more than 80%.

Subdivisions 
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Bacha Sani, Kachhian, Pajwarh, Gul Bandi, Jabbi, Jarral, Khuliala, Bandi Dara, Sohai Dara, Sorha Dara, Kotnali and Nakhey Syedan.

References 

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Jhangi is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is also known as Jhangi Syedan to the local people. It is to the north of Abbottabad city (the district capital). It includes the northwestern parts of the city, its suburbs, and outlying villages.

Jhangi is at 34°12'0N 73°13'60E with a height of 1201 metres (3943 feet). To the south is the city of Abbottabad.

Subdivisions
The Union Councils is administratively subdivided into the following areas: 
Banda Amlok
Banda Batang
Banda Falzullah
Banda Khair Khan
Banda Lamba
Banda Noor Ahmed
Banda Qazi
Banda Sher Khan
Bandi Gasan
Dheri
Dobather
Jhangi
Phagwarhan

Other villages are:

Banda Buraj
Banda Jalal Khan
Banda Laman
Boi Di Gali
Laman Mera

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Jhangi
Jhangra is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the southwest of the district.

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Jhangra is administratively subdivided into the following areas: Chamba, Darooni Maira, Havelian village, Jhangra, Kalu Maira, Mala, Nowshera, Sultanpur and Wazeera.

Location 
Jhangra is located at 34°1'0N 73°7'60E with a height of 836 metres (2746 feet).

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Kakul is a hamlet and union council in the Kakul Valley of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is 5 km north of Abbottabad city near the Thandiani Hills at a height of 1300 metres. The Pakistan Military Academy is also located here.

History
Kakul was historically a small village in the suburbs of Abbottabad, close to the larger Nawanshehr hamlet, which was owned by the Jadoon Pashtun tribe. When the Hazara region was annexed to British India in 1849, the then District Commissioner Major James Abbott decided to build a cantonment town which was founded in 1853 as Abbottabad; and at that time, a smaller military station or tented garrison was set up close to Kakul. In 1900-1901 this site became one of the first 'concentration camps' for  Boer Prisoners of War (POWs) from the Anglo-Boer War, where some 400 such prisoners were held until 1903. In 1904-1905, a part of this camp became the British Indian Armys Mountaineering and PE Camp, whereas the rest was made into the zonal headquarters of the Royal Indian Army Supply Corps(RIASC). This position lasted until 1947, when after Independence the new Pakistan Army decided to set up the Pakistan Military Academy here, which was done in 1948.

Administration
The small township of Kakul is the capital of Kakul Union Council. The Union Council is divided into the following areas: Balolia, Kakul, Mandroch Kalan, Mandroch Khurd, Nawansher Janoobi and Nawansher Shamali.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Kakul
Kehal Urban is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the west of the district.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
Kukmang is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Location 
Kukmang is located at 34°16'20N 73°25'30E and has a height of 1208 metres (3966 feet).  It is in the northwest of the district, it borders Boi to the north and Pattan Kalan to the east.

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Kukmang is divided into the following areas: Kothiala, Kukmang and Pattan Khurd, as part of the local government reforms of 2000 Pattan Khurd Union Council was merged into Kukmang.

Notable native sportsman
Yasir Hameed Qureshi  was the first player of Pakistan National Cricket team who participated in international cricket with two test centuries. His family migrated to Peshawer in 1965 but has family members remaining in Kukmang Union Council.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Kukmang
Kothiala is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Subdivisions
Naka - Nalla - Doga - jab - gali Syedian - golra - panyali - Salyot - Sora - Mukdabi Gup - Brahan - Todumira - Nalla (tudumira) - Tali - Misser -karmatti- Poona - Chakuli - Cheera thandi Khuiy - Hall Syedian - Tarada - Mubarak - Kalya - Char - Lunda - Daki -Beeri Patyan - Cahri - Banjgalli - Paswal - Soben Galli - Bagacote - Chariala -

Tribes
The main tribes are:
Tanolis 
Awan
Syed
Gujr

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Kuthiala
Kuthwal  is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is northwest of Abbottabad city (the district capital).

Villages 
The main villages of this Union Council are  Kuthwal, Bandi Mansoor, School Wali Gali, Gali Banian, Chatry Balla, Dunna Sharif, Maira Rehmat Khan Mohra Kalan and Charti.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk 

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Kuthwal
Langra is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Location 
Langra is at 34°4'0N 73°10'0E at a height of 871 metres (2860 feet). It is to the south of Abbottabad city, neighbouring Union councils are, Salhad - which is to the north and forms the approach to Abbottabad city, Rajoya to the east, Havelian to the South and Kokal to the west (which forms the approach to Haripur District).

Subdivisions 
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Banda Sahib Khan, Lari and Langra.

References 

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Langra
Langrial is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the south west of the district and borders Haripur District.

Subdivisions
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Basgora, Chotala, Dabran, Danna Nooral, Faqir Mohammad, Gali Batgran, Karkaki, Langrial, Lassan and Manjia.  Other villages are Kialapain and Basara.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Langrial
3 and three may mean:

 3 (number), a number, numeral, and glyph
 3, the year 3 AD
 3 BC, the year 3 BC

In music and film:
 #3, the pseudonym of American musician Chris Fehn, when performing with Slipknot

3 can also mean:
 3 Juno, a large asteroid
 Ȝ, a letter used in Middle English and Middle Scots
Murree is a mountain resort town in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is in the north of Punjab and is near the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and Kashmir.

In January 2022, over 20 tourists were killed by a snowstorm.

From Pindi Point one can see the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

References 

Hill Stations in Pakistan
Punjab (Pakistan)
Towns in Pakistan
Malikpura Urban is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the west of the district.

Malikpura is the one of most populated union councils of Abbottabad city/urban area and an old settled area of the municipal committee.Many prominent people in the past have been residents of Malikpura at one time or the other, including ex-president of Pakistan General Mohammad Ayub Khan,Justice Sajjad Ahmad Jan, ex-Chief Minister of NWFP, Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan,Chaudhry Mohammad Ali ex-Vice Chancellor of the Peshawar University, famous local freedom movement activist Jalal-ud-din Baba,Sheikh Ghulam Khalid Sehgal and others.

References

Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Malikpura Urban
Mirpur is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the west of the district.

References 

Union Councils of Abbottabad District