cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Nashville Sounds are a minor league baseball team from Nashville, Tennessee. They play at the Triple-A (AAA) level, the most difficult level before Major League Baseball, against other baseball teams in the Triple-A East (a group of 20 baseball teams at the same level). The Sounds are partnered with the Milwaukee Brewers, a Major League Baseball team. When a player shows that he plays well at this level, he may be moved up to play for the Brewers.

The team is named "Sounds" because Nashville, the city where the team plays, is famous for making country music.

The Sounds played at a stadium called Herschel Greer Stadium from 1978 to 2014. In 2015, the Sounds began to play at a new stadium called First Horizon Park.

History 
The Sounds started playing baseball in 1978 in the Southern League, which is at the Double-A (AA) level, two levels before Major League Baseball. They were partnered with the Cincinnati Reds (1978–1979) and New York Yankees (1980–1984). The Sounds won the championship of the Southern League in 1979 and 1982.

In 1985, the Sounds began to play at the Triple-A level in a league called the American Association. While playing in this league, they were partnered with the Detroit Tigers (1985–1986), Cincinnati Reds (1987–1992), and Chicago White Sox (1993–1997).

The American Association ended after the 1997 season, so the Sounds started playing in the Pacific Coast League in 1998. They were partners with the Pittsburgh Pirates (1998–2004), Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2014), Oakland Athletics (2015–2018), and Texas Rangers (2019–2020). The Sounds won the championship of the Pacific Coast League in 2005.

Major League Baseball reorganized Minor League Baseball before the 2021 season. The Pacific Coast League was ended, and the Sounds began playing in the Triple-A East in 2021. They also became partners with the Milwaukee Brewers.

Ballparks 

The Sounds' first ballpark was Herschel Greer Stadium. They played baseball games there from 1978 to 2014. There were many changes to the ballpark after it was completed in 1978. It had seats for 10,300 spectators. Its best known feature was its giant 115.6 foot (35.2 m) scoreboard which was behind the left field wall and shaped like a guitar. After the construction of new and luxurious minor league ballparks in the 1990s, Greer had fallen below standards set for Triple-A stadiums by professional baseball. Therefore, there were several repairs and upgrades made to meet Triple-A standards until a new stadium could be built. Greer Stadium was demolished in 2019.

In 2014, the Sounds and the city of Nashville agreed on a plan to build a new baseball stadium for the team. The Sounds began playing baseball at the new stadium, called First Horizon Park, in 2015. It has space for 10,000 spectators. There are 8,500 seats, and there is a spot of grass where 1,500 others can sit. It also has a guitar-shaped scoreboard.

References

Other websites

 The team's web page
 The team's statistics from Baseball-Reference

Baseball teams
Nashville, Tennessee
LS-120 or SuperDisk is a high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44 MB floppy disk. It is called High density media. The main advantage when compared to FDD and ZD is the possibility to use the united mechanism for these special diskettes even for FDD and ZD. This SuperDisk was introduced by Iomega in 1995 as ZD. But the SuperDisks were not expanded because of slowness and unreliability in comparison with ZD.

SuperDisk 120MB Diskettes may still be available in the marketplace, however are no longer warranted. We do not have information about where these products can be purchased.

Once a drive fails, it may be impossible or expensive to get data off the diskettes.

SuperDisk diskettes are etched with a servo pattern at the factory. This pattern is then read by the SuperDisk drive to precisely align the read/write head. The result is that a SuperDisk diskette can have 2,490 tracks, as opposed to the 160 tracks that conventional 3.5-inch 1.44 MB diskettes use. 

Unlike other removable disk storage solutions, such as the Zip drive, SuperDisk is backward compatible with older diskettes. This means that the same SuperDisk drive can be used to read and write to older 1.44 MB diskettes as well as the new 120 MB SuperDisk diskettes. 

Here are some current data storage and backup technologies that Imation supplies for a variety of customer needs. A combination of backup media may be the best course; for instance, backing up currently used files to Flash Drives or Micro Drives, and keeping seldom used files on DVD or CD.that snapbacks are back.

Storage devices
Good Hair Day (also called ghd) is an English hair styling company. It is the UK's leading maker of hair irons and hair products.

Ownership 
Good Hair Day is owned by Jemella Group. The company was started in 2001 by Martin Penny, Gary Douglas and Robert Powls.  In 2007, after being sold to Lloyds Development Capital, Jemella was re-sold 11 months later to Montagu Private Equity group for ₤160 million.

Popularity
The brand has received endorsements from celebrities, such as Madonna, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Victoria Beckham. Because of this, Martin Penny won the North Region Consumer Products Entrepreneur of the Year in 2005 for the product, and Consumer Products Entrepreneur Of The Year.  The product has been involved with many fashion shows, such as New York Fashion Week, Alice McCall, and Willow Lingerie, and also sponsored the 2004 season of reality TV program The Salon.

Related pages
Hair iron
Jemella Group

References

Other websites
The official GHD site

Companies of the United Kingdom
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Blake River Megacaldera Complex is a giant caldera cluster that spans across the Ontario-Quebec border in Canada. It is considered to be a supervolcano because of its great size (3,000 km2) and its numerous dikes and vents. The cluster is about 2700 million year old.

Other websites
Google Map location

Volcanoes of Canada
Mike Reiss (born September 15, 1959 in Bristol, Connecticut) is an American television comedy writer. He went to Harvard University. He was co-president with Jon Vitti of the Harvard Lampoon. He has frequently collaborated with his writing partner Al Jean as a writer for The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, and writers/producers for many episodes of The Simpsons. The duo created and executive produced The Critic and Teen Angel, which was cancelled in its first season.  Reiss independently produced a short internet cartoon series entitled Queer Duck for Icebox.com. In 2002, the series was picked up by Showtime, where it aired as a supporting feature to Queer as Folk.  Queer Duck: the Movie was released on DVD July 18, 2006. The feature film reunites the Queer Duck cast.  As a professional speaker, Reiss has lectured on comedy and the Simpsons at colleges. He has published six children's books, including How Murray Saved Christmas. He also won an Edgar Award for his mystery story "Cro-Magnon PI".

Other websites
 Reiss feature in The Tattoo Teen Newspaper, including audio about writing for "The Simpsons"
 Channel4 - 100 Greatest Cartoons

1959 births
Living people
American screenwriters
writers from Connecticut
Al Jean (born January 9, 1961 in Farmington Hills, Michigan) is an American television comedy writer best known for his work on The Simpsons. He has been showrunning (managing) The Simpsons since season 13.

Other websites
 
 Washington Post - A Q&A with Al Jean

American screenwriters
The Simpsons
1961 births
Living people
Writers from Michigan

wikipediar.org
Sam Simon (June 6, 1955 - March 8, 2015) was an American television producer and writer, most notable as one of the original developers of The Simpsons, along with Matt Groening and James L. Brooks.  He is perhaps best known for his creation of many Simpsons characters.

In late 2012, Simon was diagnosed with terminal colorectal cancer which later metastasized in his other organs, including his liver and kidneys. Simon died in his Los Angeles home from complications from the disease on March 8, 2015.

References

Other websites
 
 60 Minutes interview with Sam Simon 
 Sam Simon's Foundation for animal welfare

American television directors
American television producers
American television writers 
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
The Simpsons
1955 births
2015 deaths
William Henry Macy (born March 13, 1950 is an Emmy Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated American Actor. He was in the movie Fargo. He is also a teacher and director in theatre, movie and television. He is now known for his award-winning role as Frank Gallagher in the television series Shameless.

Personal Life
Macy and actress Felicity Huffman dated on-and-off for 15 years and married on September 6, 1997. They have three children, two daughters, Sophia Grace (born December 1, 2000) and Georgia Grace (born March 14, 2002), and a son James Robert (born February 23, 2003).

References

Other websites 
 
 William H. Macy  at Tv.com

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Actors from Miami, Florida
Rowan Douglas Williams, Baron Williams of Oystermouth, DD, PC, FBA (born 14 June 1950) was the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury from 2002 until 2012. In this role he was the most senior bishop in the Church of England and the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Williams is a distinguished theologian and poet. He is the current Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. He is married and has a daughter and son.

Williams was ordained as a priest in 1978, and was consecreated as a bishop in 1992. He served as Bishop of Monmouth from 1991. He held the office of Archbishop of Wales from 2000 until his election as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Following his retirement as archbishop, he was created a life peer as Baron Williams of Oystermouth.

References

Other websites

Archbishop of Canterbury official site
The Anglican Communion's official website
Canterbury Cathedral official site
Conservative Evangelical critique of the Archbishop's theology 
"The Archbishop's guide to Muslim intolerance"  - critical op-ed in Haaretz
Church must be 'safe place' for gay and lesbian people

1950 births
Living people
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Anglican archbishops
Anglican priests
Archbishops of Canterbury
English Anglicans
English priests
Members of the House of Lords
People from Swansea
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
A person is called single if he or she is not married, not in a civil union, and not in a sexual or romantic relationship. In a more general sense, the word also means that person currently has no exclusive partner, like a boyfriend or girlfriend. Such people can be classified into different types:
People who choose to live alone. This includes hermits and shamans. The Catholic Church does not want that their priests marry. There are also some restrictions in the Orthodox church. Nuns and monks are also not allowed to marry. Such singles are often part of a religious order or community.
People who live alone because of social norms. This was especially true for children who were born outside a marriage, in the Middle Ages. 
People who have not yet found their partner. Some people actively search for a mate, others simply wait until the right person comes along.
People whose partner died, or who are divorced.

In English, male singles used to be called bachelors, female singles used to be called spinsters (or bachelorettes, more recently). In general, the word single is used more often now, because it also does not make a difference between the two sexes. 

Everyday life
Catfish are an order of teleost fish, the Siluriformes. There are about 40 families in the order.

They are called catfish because their barbels look like the whiskers of a cat. They are very diverse. The heaviest is the Mekong giant catfish, up to  350 kg (770 lb). The longest is the wels catfish, up to 4 m (13 ft). There are also detrivores in the group. There are some tiny parasitic catfish called candiru. Some catfish are grown for food, in fish farms. Some catfish can be kept in aquaria.

Special lifestyles 
Most catfish do not harm people, but some of them can cause problems. It is said that the candiru can enter the human urethra, where they stay as parasites. In normal life they are parasites on fish gills.

The Malapteruridae are a family of electric catfish. Several species of the family can produce an electric shock of up to 350 volts using electroplaques of an electric organ.

References
The Adam's apple is a feature of the human neck. The medical name in English for it is the laryngeal prominence. This lump is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage (a type of soft bone) around the larynx (part of the throat which holds the vocal chords).

The Adam's apple can usually be seen better in adult men than in women, girls, or boys. The Adam's apple is only part of the thyroid cartilage around the larynx. A large Adam's apple is commonly seen as a male secondary sex characteristic, although not all males have it and quite a few women have one too.

History of the name
It is called "Adam's apple" as a reference to the forbidden fruit, which according to a traditional Jewish belief, got stuck in Adam's throat. Different languages use the same term, for instance Adamsappel (Dutch), pomme d'Adam (French) and Adamsapfel (German). Until the 19th century, the medical term was also generally Pomum Adami. When the Basle Nomina Anatomica was introduced in 1895, it became Prominentia laryngea.

References 

Neck
Real Sociedad de Fútbol is a Spanish football team.  The team is in Donostia-San Sebastián in the Spanish province of Guipuzcoa. It was created in 1909. In the 2006/07 season, the team was in La Liga. After 40 years in this division, in the season 2007/08 Real Sociedad plays in Segunda División. The colors of the team are blue and white.

Name 
 1909-1931 Real Sociedad
 1931-1939 Donostia F.C.
 1939-present Real Sociedad

Anoeta 
Anoeta Stadium is the stadium of Real Sociedad. Anoeta has a capacity of 32 000. Anoeta Stadium was opened in 1993.

Title 
 Spain
 La Liga (2): 1981 and 1982
 Copa del Rey (2): 1909 and 1987
 Supercup (1): 1982
Europe
 Real Sociedad has not won any trophies in Europe.

League position

Former position 

Spanish football clubs
Richard Mentor Johnson (October 17, 1780 – November 19, 1850) was the ninth vice president of the United States, serving with President Martin Van Buren. A resident of Kentucky, Johnson served as a U.S. representative and senator from Kentucky, and in the Kentucky House of Representatives.

Johnson started his career as a lawyer representing many people for free. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1806. During the War of 1812, Johnson led troops against the British.

Johnson later served in the Senate before being chosen as vice president. Johnson was elected by the Senate and not through the normal election because he did not have enough electors to win. This happened because Johnson lived with a slave named Julia Chinn, had two children with her, and treated her like his wife.

Johnson was not chosen to run with Van Buren in 1840. Johnson served in the Kentucky House of Representatives again as well as ran for a Senate seat again. In 1850 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives again but died two weeks into his term on November 19, 1850.

1780 births
1850 deaths
United States representatives from Kentucky
United States senators from Kentucky
The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black market and includes the growing, making, distribution, and sale of illegal drugs. While some drugs are legal to possess and sell, in most areas laws do not allow the trade of some drugs.

Those drugs often include heroin, cocaine, marijuana or others. Drug traffickers may punished with time in prison for several years. In some countries, the crime carries the death penalty.

Punishment 
Several countries use the death penalty to punish people for drug trafficking.

 Afghanistan
 Bangladesh
 Brunei
 China
 Egypt
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Iraq
 Kuwait
 Laos
 Malaysia
 Oman
 Pakistan
 Saudi Arabia
 Singapore
 Somalia
 Sri Lanka
 Taiwan
 Thailand
 Vietnam
 United Arab Emirates
 Zimbabwe

Related pages 
Smuggling
Money laundering
Drug cartel
Rum-running

Other websites
News, information, laws and photos of illegal drugs, narcotics and drug trafficking
United Nations - Drug Programme  	 
Geopium: Geopolitics of Illicit Drugs in Asia  (English and French) 
United Nations World Drug Report  	
Illicit drug issues by country, by the CIA 

Organized crime
Illegal drugs
A sarabande (spelt sarabanda in Italian), is a dance that was popular in Baroque music in the 17th and early 18th centuries.

Composers of the Baroque period often composed a group of several dances.  This was called a suite.  There was usually an Allemande, a Courante, a Sarabande and a Gigue, in that order, and sometimes two Bourrées as well.

The sarabande was a slow, stately dance with 3 beats in a bar (3/4 time or Simple Triple). There was always a small stress (Tenuto) on the second beat of the bar. The note on the first beat would often be played quite short so that the second beat would feel heavy. Like the other dance movements in the suite, the Sarabande was in Binary form.

The sarabande seems to have come from Central America where it was known as "zarabanda".  Although it was mainly used in the Baroque Period, composers in the 20th Century such as Debussy, Satie, Howells and Britten sometimes wrote Sarabandes.

Perhaps the most famous Sarabande is one written by an unknown composer. The piece is called La folie espagnole. Many Baroque composers such as Monteverdi and Corelli and even some modern ones used this well-known tune.

Movies 
The sarabande has been used a lot in movies, including one by Ingmar Bergman called Saraband (2003). It uses the sarabande from the 5th suite for solo cello by Bach.

Ballroom dances
Musical forms
Canobbio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland

It is not to be confused with Cannobio in nearby Italy.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.canobbio.ch 

Municipalities of Ticino
Capriasca is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History 
Capriasca was created on 15 October 2001 by a merger of the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined together and became the municipality of Capriasca.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Carabbia was a municipality, in the city of Lugano and in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
Carabietta is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, it was incorporated into the municipality of Collina d'Oro.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Capolago was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009 the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 
 
 Capolago on the City of Mendrisio's website
 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Carona is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Caslano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is near to the Italian border.

References

Other websites 
Caslano

Municipalities of Ticino
Altentreptow () is a town in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte Rural District, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.  Altentreptow is the chief town of the Treptower Tollensewinkel amt

It is on the river Tollense,  north of Neubrandenburg and  south of Greifswald.

Name 
The town was called Trybethowe in 1175. From 1191 it was being called Trebutowe, and Tributowe in 1245. The name Treptow was being used is 1254. In 1295 the Latin Antiquum Treptow was used. This means Old Treptow, or in 

Until 1939 the city's name was Treptow an der Tollense (Treptow on the Tollense).

Fires 
The town was burned down several time in the 1500s. Later, during the Thirty Years War the Holy Roman Empire's army was forced to leave the town by the Swedish Army. Later Prussian troops returned, threw the Swedes out, and looted (robbed) the town.

The modern town 
By the 18th century wars had made the town very poor. The city wall was taken down to get new land for growing food.

1869 a new city hall was built and there were cloth weavers and spinning mills as well as farmers in the city.

Later a new mill, but this was burned down ´in 1999. A railway line connected the town with Neubrandenburg and Stralsund, and a school, a bank, a hospital and a post office were opened.

1888 a dairy cooperative was started, and they opened new building in 1995.

Electricity arrived in the city in 1916. This encouraged more people to move to the city and build.

The official name of the city was Treptow an der Tollense until 26 January 1939.

A big residential area arose with 1049 flats was built between 1960 and 1985. In the middle of the 1960s the old primary school was changed to a home for old people and a zoo was opened in 1972.

Altentreptow was the capital of the Landkreis (administrative district) Altentreptow from 1952 to 1994.

After the German reunification the old town centre was rebuilt. A modern hospital was opened with 108 beds in 2001.

Twin town 
  Meldorf

Culture and sights 
 This newly repaired historical old town with the Little Tollense River, the market place and the town gates. The half-timbered houses at Oberbaustraße 26 were built in 1663 and 1823.
 The St. Petri church was built in the 14th and 15th centuries
 Two gates from the old town wall still exist. The Brandenburg Gate and the Demminer Gate were built in 1450.
 The Fritz Reuter House. (The writer Fritz Reuter lived and worked in the town from 1850 to 1856). 
 The fountain on the market. Water sprays in all directions
 The city hall of 1869 in the neo-Gothic style.
 The meadow landscape along the Tollense.
 The cloister mountain steeped in history with facilities for culture, leisure time, sports and relaxation.

References 

Treptower Tollensewinkel Amt
Cavagnago is a former municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Caviano is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cavigliano is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Cerentino is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Certara is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cevio is the capital of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006, Cevio became bigger when it came together with the villages of Bignasco and Cavergno. Both were municipalities of Ticino before this coming together.

Geography 
Cevio can be found about 23 kilometers northwest of the city of Locarno in the upper Vallemaggia. Most of the area of the municipality, about 64 percent, is covered with trees. About 25 percent of the area has mountains.  Only 5 percent of the langer is used for farming.

History 
Cevio has been the main town of the district for a long time. In 1858, the municipality of Linescio broke off from it.

In the fall of 2006, the villages of Cavergno and Bignasco were put into the municipality, even though Bignasco did not want to do so.

Languages 
The inhabitants of Cevio speak using a language that is different from the Italian.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Massa is a town and "comune" in Tuscany, Italy, in the centre of province of Massa-Carrara. It is in the northern part of the Tuscany region.

Location 
Massa is near the sea, and has a population of approximately 69,000 inhabitants, distributed in five areas.

Tourism 
The Massa area has a high number of touristists, and it's famous for concentration of some 600 industrial and craft activities where are working about 7,000 people. 
Together with the twin town of Carrara, Massa is worldwide known for the extraction and production of marble.

History 
From the 15th to the 19th century, Massa was the capital of the independent Principate (later Duchy) of Massa and Carrara, controlled and ruled by the Malaspina and Cybo-Malaspina families.

In 1829, the city was handed by the Austrian Este family. In 1859, during the unification of Italy process, it joined the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Important monuments 
Massa's attractions include: 
 The Malaspina Castle (15th century)
 The Renaissance Ducal Palace, on the Piazza Aranci
 The Cathedral.

Towns in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Carrara is a city in the province of Massa-Carrara (Tuscany, Italy), famous for white or blue-gray marble, and for being a city "symbol" of international anarchism.

History
Carrara was ruled by Pisa in (1235), Lucca in (1322), Genoa in (1329), and Milan in (1343). After Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan died in 1477, Carrara was controlled by Tommaso Campogregoso, lord of Sarzana, and the Malaspina family.

Carrara and Massa made up the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century.
In 1929, the cities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were mixed in a single big city, called Apuania. In 1945 "Apuania", was separated, and the cities, were returned free.

Important monuments
 Cathedral (12th century).
 Ducal Palace (16th century), now the seat of the Fine Arts Academy.

Economy and culture

Carrara marble has been used since the time of Ancient Rome for buildings, like the Pantheon and Trajan's Column in Rome. Many sculptures of the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo's David, were made from Carrara marble.

The city has academies of sculpture and fine arts and a museum of statuaries and antiquities. The local marble is exported around the world.

Famous people born in Carrara
 Pietro Tacca, an important sculptor
 Pietro Tenerani, sculptor born in 1800
 Carlo Finelli, sculptor
 Gianluigi Buffon, goalkeeper of the Juventus team and of the Italian National Football Team
 Pellegrino Rossi, economist and politician
 Emanuele Repetti, geographic
 Domenico Zaccagna, geologist
 Maurizia Cacciatori, volleyball player
 Danese Cattaneo, sculptor and poet
 Arturo Dazzi, sculptor
 Gino Lucetti, anarchist
 Giorgio Chinaglia, football player
 Belgrado Pedrini, partisan and anarchist
 Renato Ricci, an important man in the fascist era
 Goliardo Fiaschi, anarchist

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Tuscany
VLC media player (also known as VLC or VideoLAN Client) is a free software media player by the VideoLAN project.

It is a highly portable multimedia player, encoder, and streamer that supports many kinds of audio and video. VLC can repair and play corrupt files, damaged or unfinished.

It is one of the most platform-independent players, available for BeOS, BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Solaris and Windows CE, and has over 50 million downloads for version 0.8.6.

VLC uses a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries. Many of its codecs are provided by the libavcodec codec library from the FFmpeg project, but it uses mainly its own muxer and demuxers. VLC gained honor as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux by using the libdvdcss DVD library.

History 
VLC was initially the client for the VideoLAN project, and it was originally made by students at the École Centrale de Paris, and was released under the GPL license on the 1 February 2001.  It now has supporters and contributors worldwide.

The icon of VLC is a traffic cones collected by Ecole Centrale's Networking Students' Association.

Design principles 

VLC has a very flexible design, which makes it easier to include modules for new file formats, codecs or streaming methods.  There are more than 300 modules in VLC.  VLC also supports highly personalizable skins through the skins2 interface, Winamp 2 and XMMS skins and can play high definition recordings of D-VHS tapes duplicated to a computer using CapDVHS.exe

Related pages
 List of media players
 Comparison of media players
 List of multimedia (audio/video) codecs

References

Other websites 
 Official Website

Free software
PeaZip is an open source, cross-platform, portable data compression, file manager and encryption software, available for Microsoft Windows and Linux.

PeaZip created and can open the "Pea" archive format, made by the same corporation of the archiver. Peazip is written in Free Pascal, using Lazarus. Peazip is under  the GNU Lesser General Public License, PeaZip is free software.

Peazip can change look, like opacity, colors, and icons.

Full support formats 
7Z, 7Z-sfx, BZip2/TBZ, GZip/TGZ, LPAQ1/5, PAQ8F/JD/L/O, PEA, QUAD/BALZ/BCM, split (.001), TAR, WIM, XZ, ZIP

Just extract or reading formats
ACE, ARJ, CAB, CHM, COMPOUND files (MSI, DOC, PPT, XLS...), CPIO, DEB, ISO CD/DVD images, Java archives (JAR, EAR, WAR), LZH, NSIS installers, OpenDocument, PET/PUP (Puppy Linux installers), PAK/PK3/PK4, RAR, RPM, WIM, XPI, Z, ZIPX

References

Related pages
 List of file archivers
 Comparison of file archivers

Other websites 
 PeaZip's official website
 Frequently Asked Questions

Software
In volcanology, the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is the way to measure the strength of a volcanic eruption. The Volcanic Explosivity Index measures how large or strong volcanic eruptions are. The index is a scale of 0 to 8. 0 is very small, and 8 is huge and very rare.

The largest eruption in modern times, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, was a 5 on the index. The Oruanui eruption of the Taupo Volcano in New Zealand was the world’s largest known eruption in the past 70,000 years was an 8. Another eruption of the Taupo volcano happened about 1,800 years ago. It was the most violent eruption in the world in the last 5,000 years. Mt Tambora was a 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Supervolcanoes have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8; and if the definition is expanded, also include volcanoes with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7.

Further reading

Other websites 
 VEI glossary entry  from a USGS website
 How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption , from The Guardian
 The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, a 2004 article from the Bulletin of Volcanology
 List of Large Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program

Volcanology

he:התפרצות געשית#מדד התפרצות געשית
For the band, see U2 (band).

The U-2 (nicknamed the Dragon Lady) is an espionage fixed-wing aircraft made by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1957. It flies a lot like a glider. It was made during the Cold War, because the United States needed a way to look at the Soviet military from high up. Taiwan also used it to spy on China.

The United States wanted to keep the purpose of the U-2 secret, but on May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers was shot down in his U-2 by a Soviet SAM SA-2 missile. In 1962, Powers was released and traded for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. After this, the SR-71 Blackbird started spying on the Soviet Union, which was faster and harder to see on radar.

The U-2 is still in service even though the design is over 50 years old.

U-2 details (U-2 model) 

The U-2S is 62.99 feet (19.20 meters) long, 104.99 feet (32 meters wide), and is 15.75 feet (4.80 meters) tall. It weighs 14,991 pounds (6,800 kilograms) empty, but when full, it weighs 41,006 pounds (18,600 kilograms). It is powered by one General Electric F118-101 engine with 17,000 pounds (7711.2 kilograms) of thrust. It can go 475 miles per hour (764 kilometers per hour), fly 7,000 miles (11,265 kilometers) without refueling, and can fly upwards of 70,000 feet (21,336 meters), possibly as high as 84,974 feet (25,900 meters).

Related pages
Cold War
Espionage

References 

Cold War
Taiwan
United States Air Force aircraft
U-2
Russell Edward Brand (born 4 June 1975) is an English comedian, actor, radio host author and activist.

In 2006, he started presenting a radio show, The Russell Brand Show, on BBC Radio 6 Music. In 2007 the show was moved to BBC Radio 2. He was involved in a controversy over a prank phone call with Jonathan Ross in 2008. After this Brand quit his job at the BBC.
He presented Russell Brand's Ponderland in 2007 and 2008. He wrote a book in 2007 about his life, which is called My Booky Wook. In October 2014, he wrote another book called Revolution.

Personal life
Many people notice his unusual fashion sense; his choice of clothing and hairstyle is unique. He has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. He has had bulimia nervosa and been addicted to crack cocaine, heroin and alcohol. As of March 2013, Brand has not used drugs or alcohol for ten years. From 2006 to 2008, Brand won The Sun's Shagger of the Year award. He has been arrested 12 times. He married Katy Perry in October 2010. He filed for divorce from her in January 2012, which was finalised in July 2012. He dated Jemima Khan from 2013-2014. Russell currently is married to Scottish lifestyle blogger Laura Gallacher, with whom he has a daughter. He lives in Shoreditch, London.

References

Other websites

1975 births
Living people
Actors from Essex
BBC radio presenters
British autobiographers
British columnists
British stand-up comedians
Comedians from Essex
English journalists
English movie actors
English radio personalities
English television actors
English television presenters
Katy Perry
People with bipolar disorder
Television personalities from Essex
Writers from Essex
A cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption (coding) or decryption (decoding). It is a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. To encipher or encode is to convert information from plain text into cipher or code. 

In non-technical usage, a 'cipher' often means the same thing as a 'code'; but in cryptography, ciphers are distinguished from codes. One 20th century source gives this explanation: a cipher is "a method in which the basic unit of concealment is the letter. In comparison, a code is a form of concealment in which the basic unit is the word". Late in the century, "codes" in this cryptographic sense became rare. 21st century cryptography mostly encrypts bitstreams.

Codes operated by substituting according to a large codebook which linked a random string of characters or numbers to a word or phrase. For example, "UQJHSE" could be the code for "Proceed to the following coordinates".

A cipher is used to turn the original information ("plaintext") to the encrypted form "ciphertext". The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but cannot be read by human or computer without the proper mechanism to decrypt it.
To encipher or decipher, you need the "key". In encryption, a key specifies the particular transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, or vice versa during decryption.

By type of key used ciphers are divided into:
 symmetric key algorithms (private-key cryptography): the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and
 asymmetric key algorithms (public-key cryptography): two different keys are used for encryption and decryption.

The word cipher in French is cifre and in Medieval Latin cifra, from the Arabic sifr, meaning 'zero'. The first known English use of zero was in 1598.

Related pages 
Code
Encryption
Key (cryptography)
Block cipher
Product cipher
Ciphertext
Ciphertext-only attack

References 

Cryptography
The Sturmabteilung (; often shortened to SA) was a paramilitary group for the German Nazi Party. Their leader was Ernst Röhm. The group was important in helping Adolf Hitler gain power in the 1930s. 

In English, they are often called the Stormtroopers or the Brownshirts, while Sturmabteilung literally translates to " detachment" or "assault section". They wore a brown uniform, similar to the black uniform worn by Mussolini's Blackshirts.

The word Sturmabteilung was used before the founding of the Nazi Party in 1919.  It originally comes from the specialized assault troops used by Germany in World War I using Hutier infiltration tactics.

The SA played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. In 1934, however, he abolished the organization and sent the Schutzstaffel to arrest and kill their leaders.

Related pages
Night of the Long Knives
Ernst Röhm

Other websites 

The night of long knives 

1919 establishments in Europe
 
1910s establishments in Germany
For the Ecumenical Council of 451, see Council of Chalcedon.

Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). Today, in modern Turkish, Chalcedon is called Kadıköy and a district of Istanbul, Turkey.

Greek mythology
Ancient Greece
The Bosporus or Bosphorus is a strait that forms part of the boundary between the European part of Turkey and its Asian part (Anatolia). It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. It is about 30 km long, with a maximum width of 3,700 metres at the northern entrance, and a minimum width of 700 metres between Kandilli and Aşiyan; and 750 metres between Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı. The depth varies from 36 to 124 metres in midstream.

The shores of the strait are heavily populated as Istanbul is nearby. Three bridges and one tunnel cross the strait.

References

Other websites 

  High Resolution Pictures of Bosphorus
  Google Maps link to Bosphorus

Geography of Turkey
Straits
A strait is a narrow channel of water between two land areas. A strait connects two bodies of water. Straits often connect two seas. Many straits are economically and strategically important. Straits may be part of important shipping routes. So, someone who controls a strait can control the shipping. Wars have been fought to control them. Although rivers and canals often connect two large lakes or a lake and a sea, they are not straits. Straits are much larger and wider and do not have water running in a single direction.

Well-known straits 
Well-known straits in the world are:
 Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which connect the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
 Strait of Dover, between England and France, which connects the North Sea with the English Channel
 Strait of Gibraltar, the only natural passage between the World Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea
 Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia, which connects the Pacific and Arctic Oceans
 Strait of Magellan, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans north of Tierra del Fuego
 Palk strait, between India and Sri Lanka, the location of Ram Sethu and rich in natural resources
 Strait of Hormuz connecting the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, through which Persian Gulf petroleum is shipped to the world
 Strait of Malacca, which separates the Malay Peninsula from Sumatra, and connects the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. (It is one of the highest-volume shipping lanes in the world.)
 Bass Strait, which is between mainland Australia and Tasmania, and connects the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.
 Torres Strait which is between Australia and New Guinea.
 Cook Strait, between New Zealand's North and South Islands, and connects the Tasman Sea and the South Pacific Ocean.

Related pages

Canal
Channel
In a general sense channel means connection.

In a more specific sense it may mean:

In context with water:  
 a connection between two bodies of water
 Canal, a manmade water channel
 English Channel, the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France

In other context:
 Television channel, a television station or its cable/satellite counterpart
 Audio channel, the track or location from where the sound comes
 Channel (marketing), the distribution "channel" for selling and delivering a product or service to a company's customers
 Active Channel, a website type which was introduced by Internet Explorer 4.0 in 1997
 Ion channel, a channel in a plasma membrane which helps certain ions to enter/exit a biological cell

Related pages
Chanel, a Parisian fashion house
The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel.

The strait is at the east end of the English Channel, where it joins the North Sea. Its width is the shortest distance between France and England. On a clear day, it is possible to see the coastline on the other side and the buildings on the shore without the help of binoculars.

The shortest distance across the strait is from the South Foreland, some 6 km (4 mi) north-east of Dover in the county of Kent, England, to Cap Gris Nez, a cape near Calais in the département of Pas-de-Calais, France. Between these two points – the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers – the distance is just 33 km (20 mi).

Notes

Other websites 
  Channel Navigation Information Service
 Channel Swimming & Piloting Federation 
 Channel Swimming Association
 Depth Chart showing straits and former course of Rhine 

Dover
Bodies of water of Europe
Geography of France
Geography of the United Kingdom
Hauts-de-France
South East England
Kent
The Pigeon Detectives are an English band who originated from Rothwell in Leeds, they formed in 2002. They have received praise by such well known DJs as Steve Lamacq and Jo Whiley, and performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2006, where they were "the band most likely to leap to the main stage in 2007” in an issue of the NME.

They supported Dirty Pretty Things whilst they toured in spring 2006. In early November 2006 they supported The Kaiser Chiefs, who are known to be admirers of the band. On 8 July 2007, they played on the Radio 1 NME Stage in front of thousands of people at T in the Park. The performance was televised and shown later that day on BBC3 television channel.

Current members
 Matt Bowman (vocals)
 Oliver Main (lead guitar)
 Ryan Wilson (rhythm guitar)
 Dave Best (bass)
 Jimmi Naylor (drums)

Discography

Singles

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Dance to the Radio record label
 The Pigeon Detectives - Leeds Music Scene
 The band at MySpace
 The Pigeon Detectives live images on shootingmusic
 The band  at Drowned in Sound
 Last.fm playbacks, samples and tunes

English rock bands
English punk bands
Indie rock bands
Deuteronomy is a book in the Bible.  It is the last of the five books of Moses, meaning it deals with Moses, the Israelites and their ancestors, and their relationship with God. It is part of the Torah. The Hebrew name of the book is , which means 'people of the Word.'

Layout

The Beginning 
The book begins with the words Moses spoke to the Israelites in the wilderness east of the Jordan.  He told them that they had been very rebellious towards God, so God made them travel from place to place before reaching the land he promised them.  This was the fortieth year they travelled.

The Causes 
Moses told the Israelites what had happened throughout their journey.  He scolded them for disobeying God, who made them go through a very hard journey.  Moses then gave them the Law, teaching them what must be done, and what cannot be done.  These laws were given to him by God.  (See Ten Commandments.) The Law warns against worshipping other gods, and tells that all Israel, every one, must obey God alone. He warned them against worshipping idols, and commanded them to treat the poor, foreigners, and orphans well.  If the Israelites obey God, they will prosper (be successful). But God predicted that the future generations will suffer because of their disobedience.  One day, however the Israelites would return to God.

The Tablets 
God then commanded Moses to write the Law on stone tablets for the Israelites to remember.  Then Moses formally made Joshua, son of Nun, the new leader over the Israelites.  God gave Moses a song to sing, and asked him to teach it to the Israelites.  The song would remind them in the future about how they had gone against God.

The death of Moses 
Moses was very old - 120 years - during that time.  He knew he was going to die because God had told him it would happen.  Therefore, before he died, he gave a blessing to all the twelve tribes of Israel.

Finally God made Moses climb Mount Nebo and showed him all the land he was giving to Israel.  Because Moses and his brother Aaron disobeyed God earlier on, Moses was not allowed to enter the land, only to see it. Moses died on Mount Nebo, and the Israelites mourned for him for thirty days.  After that Joshua began to lead Israel under God's command.

Other websites 
 Book of Deuteronomy article (Jewish Encyclopedia)
 Teacher's Guide to Teaching Deuteronomy
 Deuteronomy by Rob Bradshaw
 "Deuteronomy 32:8 and the Sons of God", Michael S. Heiser, Bibliotheca Sacra 158 (January-March 2001)

Versions and translations
Jewish translations:
 Deuteronomy at Mechon-Mamre (modified Jewish Publication Society translation)
 Deuteronomy (The Living Torah) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
 Devarim - Deuteronomy (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org 
 דְּבָרִים Devarim - Deuteronomy (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)

 Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (King James Version)
 Deuteronomy - Chapter Indexed  (King James Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (New Revised Standard Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (Anglicized New Revised Standard Version)
 Deuteronomy at Wikisource  (Authorized King James Version)

Old Testament books
Static random-access memory (SRAM) is a type of RAM that keeps data that is fed to it without having to be refreshed over and over again. 

Both DRAM and SRAM store information in binary by using very small electronic components. Both are volatile (need electric current flowing to keep the negative and positive charged components stay that way).

One difference is that SRAM are also used for specific applications within the PC, where their good points outweigh their bad points compared to DRAM.

Like other semiconductor chips, SRAM chips are made by photolithography. 

For SRAM, each bit is composed of between four and six transistors, forming a flip-flop to hold information. This complexity is what makes SRAM bigger and more expensive than DRAM. In DRAM each bit has only one transistor plus a capacitor acting like a miniature rechargeable battery).

Good differences
 SRAM does not need to be refreshed.
 Changing Static RAM is faster than DRAM.

Bad differences
 SRAM is more expensive than DRAM. 
 SRAMs take up more space and electricity.

Other websites 
 Uses of SRAM by Intel Corp.

Computer memory