cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892 is a football club which plays in Vercelli, Italy.

Name 
 1892-1910 S.G. Pro Vercelli
 1910-2010 U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio
 2010-present F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892

League title 
 Italian Football Championship : 7
 1908, 1909, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1920/21, 1921/22
 Serie D: 2
 1983/84, 1993/94

League position

Former position 
 1929/30 : Serie A - 9th
 1930/31 : Serie A - 10th
 1931/32 : Serie A - 13th
 1932/33 : Serie A - 12th
 1933/34 : Serie A - 7th
 1934/35 : Serie A - 16th

Italian football clubs
1892 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Italy
A.S. Casale Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.

Name 
 1909-1972 F.B.C. 1909 Monferrato Casale
 1972-1979 Junior Casale A.C.
 1979-present A.S. Casale Calcio

League title 
 Italian Football Championship : 1
 1913/14

League position

Former position 
 1930/31 : Serie A - 16th
 1931/32 : Serie A - 12th
 1932/33 : Serie A - 16th
 1933/34 : Serie A - 18th

Italian football clubs
U.S.D. Novese is a football club which plays in Italy.

League title 
Italian Football Championship : 1
1921/22

League position 

Italian football clubs
1919 establishments in Italy
Bologna F.C. 1909 is an Italian professional football club from Bologna, Italy. It currently plays in Serie A. The club's home stadium is Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, which has a capacity of 38,000.

League title 
 Italian Football Championship / Serie A : 7
 1924/25, 1928/29, 1935/36, 1936/37, 1938/39, 1940/41, 1963/64

League position

Former position 

Italian football clubs
1909 establishments in Italy
The True Cross is the name given to parts which are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified.

Empress Helena (c.250–c.330 AD) was the mother of Constantine, the first Christian Emperor of Rome. Christianity was legalised through the Roman Empire in 312. According to the early writers, like Socrates Scolaticus,  Helena travelled to the Holy Land, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. She is said to have discovered the resting place  of the three crosses used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves - Dismas and Gestas - who were executed with him. Through a miracle it was revealed which of the three was the True Cross.

Many churches have fragmentary remains which are by tradition alleged to be those of the True Cross. Their authenticity is not accepted  by all those of the Christian faith. Many Christians question the accuracy of the reports surrounding the discovery of the True Cross.  The acceptance and belief of that part of the tradition that pertains to the Early Christian Church is generally restricted to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The Medieval legends where it came from are not the same in Catholic and Orthodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a saint, as does also the Anglican Communion.

Some Christians believe that wood from the true cross has miraculous healing powers. During the Middle Ages people made pilgrimages to churches and shrines where pieces of the cross were kept, and touched the wood in the hope of being cured of a sickness or infirmity.

References

Christian religious objects
Jesus Christ
A logical disk is a concept from computing. Logical disks provide a certain amount of space to store data. Unlike real (called physical) hard disks that can be touched, logical disks can take this storage space from different locations.

Common locations where this can be taken from:
A disk partition on a hard disk
A logical volume from a logical volume manager
A combination of hard drives (as in a RAID system, which contains the physical disks)
A storage area network
The main memory of a computer (this can be used for temporary files, which can be deleted when the system shuts down)

The disk is described as logical because it does not actually exist as a single physical entity in its own right.

Why do we need them?

When IBM first released the magnetic disk drive in the 1956 (IBM 305) a single drive would be directly attached to the using system, with each disk managed as a single entity. As the development of drives continued, it became apparent that reliability was a problem and systems using RAID technology evolved. This means that more than one physical disks are RAID-ed together to produce a single logical disk. 

In a modern home PC environment, disk drives now provide hundreds of gigabytes of storage capacity which can be impractical to use as a single entity. Therefore most systems have their drives partitioned into multiple logical drives.

In most modern business IT environments, some form of a Storage area network will exist. Here, many storage devices are connected to many host server devices in a network. A single RAID array may provide some capacity to one server, and some capacity to another. Therefore logical disks are used to partition the available capacity and provide the amount of storage needed by each host from a common pool of logical disks.

Computing
Robert Green (born 18 January 1980) is an English football goalkeeper. He plays for Chelsea F.C.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="8"|Norwich City||rowspan="6"|First Division||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1999/00||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2000/01||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2001/02||44||0||2||0||1||0||47||0
|-
|2002/03||46||0||3||0||1||0||50||0
|-
|2003/04||46||0||1||0||1||0||48||0
|-
|2004/05||Premier League||38||0||1||0||2||0||41||0
|-
|2005/06||League Championship||42||0||1||0||2||0||45||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||26||0||0||0||1||0||27||0
|-
|2007/08||38||0||2||0||1||0||41||0
|-
|2008/09||38||0||4||0||1||0||43||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
328||0||14||0||10||0||352||0
328||0||14||0||10||0||352||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||3||0
|-
!Total||11||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
2010 FIFA World Cup players
English association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Surrey
West Ham United F.C. players
Premier League players
The British Rail Class 423 (or 4Vep) electrical multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1967 to 1974, although the MBSOs and TSOs of the first 20, 7701-7720, were constructed at Derby Works. They feature manually opening doors next to every seating row. They were mostly found working outer suburban services in South London, and rural services in Kent and Sussex, up to 2005 when they were finally replaced by Electrostar and Desiro units.

423
"Always" is a single by Sum 41, released on their greatest-hits  album 8 Years of Blood, Sake and Tears: The Best of Sum 41. It is the only new song on the record, recorded especially for this release, and was released as a radio single on December 9, 2008.   
Although the album was released on November 26, 2008, the song was released to the public for free listening on the Universal Japan website on November 11, 2008.

Overview
"Always" is not a typical Sum 41 song. It switches tempos back and forth during the whole song, from an acoustic slow intro to an up-tempo verse and chorus, up until a quiet piano break, again into an up-tempo chorus, and back to a totally stripped acoustic slow break from the whole tempo of the song. The song features a prominent use of piano and acoustic guitar, and has a much heavier sound than the one present on the band's last album Underclass Hero.   
    
Like the band's last effort, Underclass Hero, the song was totally produced, mixed and engineered by lead singer Deryck Whibley himself.

Sum 41 songs
2008 songs
The British Rail 4-TC multiple units were unpowered fixed formation 4 carriage set (fitted with driving cabs at each end) converted by BR at York Works from locomotive-hauled Mark 1 carriages in 1966-1967 and 1974. The units built on experience gained from the prototype 6TC unit. They were initially classified as Class 442 and numbered in the 300 and 400 series. This was later changed to Class 491, under which they spent the majority of their working lives. Shortly before withdrawal they were reclassified Class 438 and the units were renumbered to 8001-8034.

438
The British Rail Class 444 (or 5Des) "Desiro" electrical multiple units were built by Siemens AG from 2003-04. Forty-five of these units were built for express services for South West Trains. The "Desiro" family also includes units of Classes 350, 360 and 450.

444
Ukrainians are a group of East Slavic people from Ukraine. Ukrainians speak the Ukrainian language. Also widespread is the Russian language (mostly in the south and east).

The Ukrainians - one of the largest European nations totaling about 44 million. The majority of Ukrainians, about 37 million, living in Ukraine. The largest Ukrainian community abroad Ukraine is in Russia. About 3 million Russian citizens consider themselves to be Ukrainians. About 2 million Ukrainians live in North America (890,000 in the United States and 1 million in Canada). Many Ukrainians live in countries such as Brazil (880,000), Kazakhstan (500,000), Moldova (450,000), Argentina (305,000), Poland (300,000), Belarus (250,000) and Slovakia (200,000). Also, Ukrainian diaspora exist in Germany, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Romania and Latvia.

Related pages
Ukrainian Americans
Ukrainian diaspora in the United Kingdom

References

Slavic peoples
Lipovans or Lippovans (, , ) are the Old Believers, mostly of Russian ethnic origin, who settled in the delta of the Danube River in Tulcea county in the Dobrogea region of eastern Romania and in the southwestern part of Odessa Oblast (in Budjak) as well as in Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine as well as in two villages in North-Eastern Bulgaria. According to the 2002 Romanian census there are a total of 35,791 Lipovans in Romania, of whom 21,623 still live in Dobrogea.

Romanian people
Bulgaria
Ukraine
The British Rail Class 455 is a type of electric multiple unit drawing power from a 750 V DC third rail. Built by BREL at York works in the early and mid-1980s, they were initially categorised as Class 510 as the successor to the Class 508. They are used on suburban services in South London, by South West Trains and Southern.

455
455
The phylum Ctenophora, the comb jellies, is a phylum of marine invertebrates. They are part of the plankton, and there are also pelagic species. The phylum includes the sea gooseberry (Pleurobrachia pileus) and Venus' girdle (Cestum veneris).

The phylum was grouped with Cnidaria (jellyfish) in the former Coelenterata phylum. Ctenophores are the most basal known type of animals.  

Even though they look like jellyfish, they are zoologically not related to them. They lack the characteristic nematocysts (stinging cells), but have colloblasts, sticky cells that snare small victims. They have eight rows of cilia which look like the teeth of a comb, hence Ctenophore = comb-bearer. Ctenophores have connective tissues and a nervous
system. There are about 150 described species of ctenophora spread throughout the world's oceans, from shallow estuarine waters to the deep sea. 

Although there are a few benthic species, most are gelatinous zooplankton and form a considerable proportion of the entire planktonic biomass worldwide. A few species, such as the sea gooseberry, native to the North Sea, have reached such high populations that they clog fishermen's nets, while of other species only a few examples are known. The fragile makeup of ctenophores makes research into their way of life extremely difficult. For this reason their lifespan is not known, but ctenophores begin to reproduce at an early age.

Colour and light 
Many planktonic ctenophores produce a rainbow effect, which is not caused by bioluminescence but by diffraction, the scattering of light, as the cilia on the combs beat. Most species are also bioluminescent, but the light is usually blue or green and can only been seen in darkness. However some groups appear incapable of bioluminescence.

References 

Ctenophores
Minor phyla
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Poles  Polacy
| image = Matejko Christianization of Poland.jpg
| caption = The Baptism of Poland. Detail from Jan Matejko's Christianisation of Poland AD 966.
| popplace = 38,000,000
| region1 = 
| pop1 = 10,600,000
| ref1 = 
| region2 = 
| pop2 = 3,000,000
| ref2 = 
| region3 = 
| pop3 = 2,850,000
| ref3 = 
| region4 = 
| pop4 = 1,250,000 (ancestry, passport eligible); 202,300 (citizenship)
| ref4 = 
| region5 = 
| pop5 = 1,010,705
| ref5 = 
| region6 = 
| pop6 = 1,000,000
| ref6 = 

| region7 = 
| pop7 = 911,000
| ref7 = British Office for National Statistics
| region8 = 
| pop8 = 500,000
| ref8 = 
| region9 = 
| pop9 = 295,000
| ref9 = 
| region10 = 
| pop10 = 273,000
| ref10 = 
| region11 = 
| pop11 = 216,056
| ref11 = 
| region12 = 
| pop12 = 164,000
| ref12 = 
| region13 = 
| pop13 = 144,130
| ref13 = 
| region14 = 
| pop14 = 122,515
| ref14 = 
| region15 = 
| pop15 = 120,000
| ref15 = 
| region16 = 
| pop16 = 109,018
| ref16 = 
| region17 = 
| pop17 = 75,323
| ref17 = 
| region18 = 
| pop18 = 70,600
| ref18 = 
| region19 = 
| pop19 = 70,606
| ref19 = 
| region20 = 
| pop20 = 69,898
| ref20 = 
| region21 = 
| pop21 = 60,000
| ref21 = 
| region23 = 
| pop23 = 44,783
| ref23 = 
| region24 = 
| pop24 = 37,876
| ref24 = 
| region25 = 
| pop25 = 34,057
| ref25 = 
| region26 = 
| pop26 = 30,000
| ref26 = 
| region27 = 
| pop27 = 20,305
| ref27 = 
| region28 = 
| pop28 = 16,748
| ref28 = 
| region29 = 
| pop29 = 14,500
| ref29 = 
| region30 = 
| pop30 = 14,145
| region31 = 
| pop31 = 10,540
| ref31 = 
| region32 = 
| pop32 = 9,000
| ref32 = 
| region33 = 
| pop33 = 7,000
| ref33 = 
| languages = PolishKashubianSilesian
| rels = Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholicism
| related = Other West Slavs: Silesians, Kashubs, Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians, Sorbs, Hanoverian Wends(†), Obotrites(†), Veleti(†)
| region34 = 
| pop34 = 5,730
| ref34 = 
| region35 = 
| pop35 = 4,174
| ref35 = 
| region36 = 
| pop36 = 3,671
| ref36 = 
| region37 = 
| pop37 = 3,084
| ref37 = 
| region38 = 
| pop38 = 3,000
| ref38 = 
| region39 = 
| pop39 = 2,166
| ref39 = 
| region40 = 
| pop40 = 1,747
| ref40 = 

| native_name_lang = pl
| population = 
}}
The Polish people, or Poles (, singular Polak'') are a Slavic nation and ethnic group native to Poland, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe, living mainly in Poland. Their religion is mainly Roman Catholic. They use modified Latin alphabet.

There are about 60 million Poles in the world. Besides Poland, many live in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Ukraine and elsewhere.

The most famous Poles are Pope John Paul II, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Nicolaus Copernicus and Lech Wałęsa.

Polish names often end with "-ski", "-ska", "-cki" or "-cka".

The most popular Polish surnames are Nowak and Kowalski.

References 

Slavic peoples
The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Written about 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, The Histories tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC.

References

History books
Classical Greek literature
The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes who spoke the Thracian language - a rare branch of the Indo-European language family. Those peoples lived in Thrace: the eastern, central and southern part of the Balkan peninsula, and the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe.

References

History of Europe
Indo-European
Ethnic groups in Europe
The South West Trains Class 458 (or 4JOP) electrical multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1998 and 2000. These units are part of Alstom's Juniper family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 460.

458
Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus, 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death in AD 96.

Biography 
Domitian was the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, This included the reigns of Domitian's father Vespasian (69–79), his elder brother Titus (79–81), and that of Domitian himself.

When Titus died (he was struck down by a fatal illness in 81), the next day Domitian was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard. This started a reign which lasted fifteen years – longer than any man who ruled since Tiberius.

As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage. He expanded the border defenses of the empire, and started a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.

Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Scotland, and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to win a decisive victory against king Decebalus.

Domitian's rule was totalitarian. He saw himself as the new Augustus, as an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new age. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality. By nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate.

Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. The same day, he was succeeded by his advisor Nerva. After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories showing Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.

Modern history has rejected these views. Now we see Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political program provided the foundation of the peaceful second century.

References 

51 births
96 deaths
Roman Emperors
Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th, 1839 - ), German prince, was elected Domnitor (Prince) of Romania on  April 20th, 1866, following the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza.

Relatives

References

Other website

 Online edition of Carol's 1899 book Reminiscences of the King of Roumania

1839 births
1914 deaths
Romanian leaders
German nobility
Roman Catholics
The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (, ,  or ,  /in Hungarian diplomas) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family. 

Eurasian nomads
The First Bulgarian Empire (Old Bulgarian: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, ts'rstvo bl'garskoe) was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta and which disintegrated in AD 1185 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire.

References

Former empires
History of Bulgaria
632 establishments
12th-century disestablishments in Europe
Establishments in Europe
1185 disestablishments
Dragoş (Drágfi of Béltek) was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353). He left Maramureş by orders from the Hungarian King Louis I, in order to establish a defense line against the Golden Horde. He was succeeded by his son, Sas (Szász or Sas of Béltek) (ruled 1354-1358).

Moldova
Romanian people
The Kingdom of Hungary (short form:  Hungary), which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1919 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe.

History of Austria
1918 disestablishments in Europe
10th-century establishments in Europe
1919 establishments in Europe
1946 disestablishments in Europe
1000 establishments
The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state. It was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711. It was a part of the Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire from 1711 to 1867.

References

Former countries in Europe
Suzerainty (American accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country X has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country Y. This more powerful country Y is called the suzerain and can usually control the foreign relations of X (how X interacts with other countries).

It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.

A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. Vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.

Some examples 
The term suzerainty originally described the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions including:

 Moldova
 Principality of Serbia
 Wallachia

China historically had suzerainty over Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.

Related pages 
 tributary state

Citations 

International law
International relations
Alexander Joan Cuza (a common English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first Domnitor of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.

References

1820 births
1873 deaths

Romanian leaders
Iaşi is a city in the northeastern part of Romania.  It is the second largest city in Romania as of the year 2007. Iaşi used to be the capital of Moldavia.

History 

Alexandru Lăpuşneanu changed the capital of Moldavia from Suceava to Iaşi in 1564.  One of the first churches to be built in Moldavia was built by the Greek adventurer Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid.

The Tatars burned the city down in 1513.  The Ottoman Empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the Imperial Russian army did so again in 1686. The plague spread throughout the city in 1734.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 was stopped when the Peace of Iaşi happened.  Alexander Ypsilanti and the Filiki Eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.

Iaşi was the capital of Moldavia from 1568 to 1859.  When World War I happened, Iaşi became the capital of Romania.  This happened when the Central Powers took Bucharest on 6 December 1916.  Bucharest became the capital again when Imperial Germany was defeated.

Geography 
Iaşi can be found on the Bahlui River, which is a tributary of the Jijia.  Forests and uplands are very common.  These woods and hills include the monasteries of Cetăţuia, Frumoasa, and Galata.  People have thought that Iaşi was built on seven hills (Cetăţuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Şorogari, Repedea and Breazu in Romanian).

Population 
The population of Iaşi has changed a bit over the years:

 1859:  50,000
 1900:  78,000 
 1930: 102,872
 1948:  96,075
 1966: 161,023
 1977: 265,002
 1992: 344,425 
 2002: 320,888 
 2004: 317,812 (Since July 4, 2004, the second-biggest city)
 2006: 306,000 (the third-biggest city)
 2007 (July 1st): 315,214 (second biggest city)

Sister cities 
The following are the sister cities of Iaşi:

  Chişinău, Moldova.
  Assiut, Egypt.
  Atlanta, United States.
  Filacciano, Italy.
  Forano, Italy.
  Ilioupoli, Greece.
   Isfahan, Iran.
  Jericho, Palestine.
  Ramleh, Israel.
  Kozani, Greece.
  Monterrey, Mexico.
  Morlupo, Italy.
  Nazzano, Italy.
  Padua, Italy.
  Peristeri, Greece.
  Poitiers, France.
  Rhodes, Greece.
  Quebec City, Canada.
  Sant'Oreste, Italy.
  Torrita Tiberina, Italy.
  Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
  Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
  Xi'an, China.

References

Other websites 

 Iasi City Hall website
  Official site of the Iaşi police inspectorate
 Events in Iaşi 
 Iasi Map 

Municipalities of Romania
County capitals of Romania
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empire's goal of recovering territorial losses that it had suffered because of the Crimean War.

Related pages
 Constantinople Conference

History of Bulgaria
History of Romania
Wars involving Russia
1877
1878
1870s in Europe
19th century in Asia
Ottoman Empire
The Kingdom of Romania (or 'Romania' after 1969) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the First (in 1866), and respectively, the Second Constitution of Roumania. Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania.

From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. Socialist republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy.

References

History of Romania
House of Hohenzollern
1881 establishments in Europe
1947 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Europe
The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty formed in 1920 by the Allies and Hungary.  

Hungary lost World War I and so the treaty made two thirds of its land and one third of its population go to neighbouring countries like Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The partition of Hungary irredentism since many of the lost lands wanted to stay in Hungary. Also, the treaty forced Hungary to pay reparations and to limit the size of the its army.

References 

1920 in Europe
20th century in Austria
1920s in Ukraine
Trianon
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 by the winning Allies and the new Republic of Austria on the other. Austria lost large amounts of territory to the Allies after it lost World War I.

Like the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the treaty contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and so the United States did not ratify either of them.

1919 in Europe
20th century in Austria
1919 in France
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
September events
Bessarabia is the word for the area in Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine. It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west. 

During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire. It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century. The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944. Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.

Other websites 

Divided regions
Moldova
Geography of Romania
Geography of Ukraine
Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine.  It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.

Areas of Romania
Geography of Ukraine
Dobruja is an area between Bulgaria and Romania.  It can be found between the Danube and the Black Sea.  

The Romanian part of Dobruja, Dobrogea, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea.  The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, Dobrudzha, is made up of the regions of Dobrich and Silistra.

This historical region however, sees today, little but significant nationalistic conflict, for who, out of the coastal Balkan countries should control the western coastal lying areas of the Black Sea. 

The areas of interest are seen to varying amounts of tourism amongst the Black Sea and its huge saline content, which brings in a leveled amount of income in the tourism sectors of the Dobruja region, i.e. Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. 

In Dobruja live a Muslim minority since Ottoman Empire times, this are Turkish people, Crimean Tatars and Turkish speaking Xoraxane Roma. Many of them left Romania and settled in Turkey. 

They was also once settlemants of the Dobruja-Germans from 1840 until 1940, when they went back to Germany. 

History of Romania
Geography of Bulgaria
Golaniad was a protest in Bucharest, Romania. It started in April 1990.

1990 in Europe
20th century in Romania
Bucharest
Protests in the 20th century
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams.

Liverpool

Liverpool to Southport
The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904. Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current.

Liverpool Overhead Railway
Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth & Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station. Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree. From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland. In 1906 the L&YR electrified the line to Aintree.

Liverpool to Ormskirk
Electrification to Ormskirk was completed in 1913.

Manchester

Bury to Holcombe Brook
From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook. The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export.
The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines. In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line.

Manchester to Bury
After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line. The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail.  Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works. The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,

LYR
Carol II of Romania (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940.

1893 births
1953 deaths
Romanian leaders
Kings and queens
Ion Victor Antonescu (15 June 1882 in Piteşti – 1 June 1946) was the  fascist prime minister of Romania from 4 September 1940 to 23 August 23 1944. After the war he was tried and executed by firing squad for war crimes.

1882 births
1946 deaths
Anti-Communists
Eastern Orthodox Christians
European military people
Former dictators
Generals
Holocaust perpetrators
Military personnel of World War I
People executed by firearm
Prime Ministers of Romania
Recipients of the Knight's Cross
Amayé-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Amfreville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Asnières-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Aubigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Banneville-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Banneville-sur-Ajon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Malherbe-sur-Ajon.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Barbery, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Beaulieu, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bellengreville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bernesq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bernières-d'Ailly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bernières-le-Patry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bissières is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Méry-Bissières-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Blainville-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bons-Tassilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Network SouthEast (NSE) was one of three passenger sectors of British Rail created in 1982. NSE principally operated commuter trains in the London area and inter-urban services in densely populated South East England. Before 1986, the sector was known as London & South Eastern.

Privatisation
After privatisation, NSE was divided up into several franchises:

British Rail
Thameslink
Rail transport in the United Kingdom
1982 establishments in England
Brouay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Thue et Mue.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bréville-les-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bures-les-Monts is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bénouville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie  region in the Calvados department in north France.

Communes in Calvados
Cagny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Cambes-en-Plaine is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Campandré-Valcongrain is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Campeaux, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Campigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Carville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Castillon, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Castilly is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Caumont-sur-Orne is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Cesny-Bois-Halbout is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Cléville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Colleville-Montgomery is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Colleville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Colomby-sur-Thaon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Colomby-Anguerny.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Condé-sur-Ifs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Conteville, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Coudray-Rabut is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Pont-l'Évêque.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Coulonces is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Courtonne-la-Meurdrac is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Croissanville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Démouville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Espins is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Esquay-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Estry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Fontenermont is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Formentin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Frénouville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Grainville-Langannerie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Jurques is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Dialan sur Chaîne.

Related pages
Communes of the Calvados department

References

INSEE

Former communes in Calvados
Juvigny-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

History
The commune existed before the French Revolution. Before, it was simply Juvigny. The name only became Juvigny-sur-Seulles in 1938.

Geography
The commune is a few kilometres away from the D-Day landings beaches. It is also near Caen and Bayeux.

Demography

Monuments
An 18th century castle and the village's church. They were badly damaged during the Second World War bombings in 1944.
The old bridge of Juvigny-sur-Seulles over the river Seulles. It is a listed building in France (French: Momunment Historique) since 19 September 2006. The bridge dates back to the Middle Ages. It is made of stone and has five arches. It is one of the oldest of its kind in the Calvados department. Pilgrims used to use it to go to the Mont-Saint-Michel. Many inns, a cabaret, a bakery and a blacksmith settled around the bridge. In the 18th century, people used the bridge more because of Lime commerce.
In 1850, the inhabitants built a more modern bridge.

References

Communes in Calvados
L'Oudon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
La Graverie is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Lantheuil is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Le Gast is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Le Mesnil-Eudes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Le Tronquay, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Livarot is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Lécaude is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Lénault is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Malloué is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Manvieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Meulles is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Mittois is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Montchauvet is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

Related pages
Communes of the Calvados department

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Mézidon-Canon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

History 
On 9 September 1972, Mézidon merged with Canon to create Mézidon-Canon. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Noron-la-Poterie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Notre-Dame-de-Livaye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Olendon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Ondefontaine is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Pennedepie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Ranville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Rocquancourt is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Castine-en-Plaine.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Rosel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Roullours is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Rouvres, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Rucqueville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moulins en Bessin.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Léger-Dubosq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sommervieu is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Surville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Thury-Harcourt is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tortisambert is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Varaville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Vaudry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Villers-Canivet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados