cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The 2008 Detroit Lions season was the 79th football season of the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). It was their third year under head coach Rod Marinelli. In 2008, the Lions had one of the worst seasons of any major American pro sports team. They lost all 16 of their regular season games. They were the first NFL team to finish a season with no wins and 16 losses after their loss to the Green Bay Packers. They were the second team with no wins after the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Matt Millen was fired during the bye week of the season and the rest of the staff were fired after the season was over.

In 2017, the Cleveland Browns became the second team to lose all 16 regular season games.

Roster

Schedule

Preseason

Regular season

COLOR KEY AND NOTES:

 x Means game was blacked out locally
 #  Means the game was nationally televised

Season facts 
 Three people who were on the 2008 Lions played in Super Bowl 48. They were Manny Ramirez and Paris Lenon of the Denver Broncos and Cliff Avril for the Seattle Seahawks, who won the Super Bowl.
 First 0-16 team in NFL history after loss to the Green Bay Packers
 The team won all 4 preseason games.
 After losing to the New Orleans Saints in week 16 (7-42), they became the first 0-15 team. They also became the first team to lose 15 straight games since the 2001 Panthers
 Gave up 517 points during the season
 Third team to lose 14 games, after the 1980 Saints and the 1976 Buccaneers
 In week 6 against the Minnesota Vikings in Minnesota, it was the first game where the Lions lost by 2.
 In week 13 against the Tennessee Titans, the team gave up 47 points as the team lost 10-47. They fell to 0-12. It would also be the 2nd straight season a NFL team has started 0-12 after the 2007 Miami Dolphins, who finished the year 1-15.

References

Detroit Lions
2008 in sports
National Football League seasons
2008 in the United States
2000s in Detroit, Michigan
Calvin Johnson (born September 29, 1985) is an American football wide receiver played his for the Detroit Lions. His nickname is Megatron. He was drafted by the Lions in 2007. 

He was also on the winless 2008 Lions roster. Even though the Lions went 0-16, Johnson finished as one of the strongest wide receivers statistically for the season, fifth in receiving yards (1,331) and 7th in receiving yards per game (83.2), and leading the league in receiving touchdowns (12). 

At the end of 2015, Johnson retired.

Other websites 
Calvin Johnson stats

African American players of American football
Detroit Lions players
1985 births
American football wide receivers
Alphabet is an American company based in California. It holds Google and 12 other projects. The CEO is Larry Page.

History 
Alphabet was founded as a Google parent holding company on August 10, 2015. It included 9 businesses.

On December 3, 2019, the Google CEO Sundar Pichai became the Alphabet CEO too. 

That year the company was ranked  #15 on the Fortune 500 list of global US corporations by revenue.

In 2020, Alphabet net income was $40,269 million.

On January 16, 2020, Alphabet reached  a $1 trillion market value.

Critics 
In October 2020, the United States Government Department of Justice filed a Anti-Trust Lawsuit against Alphabet Inc over Googles monopoly on Search.

References 

2015 establishments in California
2010s establishments in California
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies listed on NASDAQ
Google
Multinational technology companies
Mountain View, California
Vincent Francis Guzzo, Jr. (August 4, 1939 – September 28, 2015), better known by his stage name Frankie Ford, was an American singer. He was best known for his 1959 hit "Sea Cruise". His main genres were rock and roll, rhythm and blues and pop. Ford was born in Gretna, Louisiana. He was adopted by Vincent and Anna Guzzo.

Ford died from natural causes after a long illness on September 28, 2015 in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was 76.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2015 deaths
American adoptees
American R&B singers
American rock singers
American pop singers
Deaths from natural causes
Singers from Louisiana
"Think of the children" (also "What about the children?") is a phrase that became a strategy used when you are in an argument with someone. Basically in its simplest use it can mean just children's rights, like for example talking about child labor problems. But when this phrase is used in the middle of an argument, it can be used to try to make people feel emotional when thinking about the needs of children, and then to try and fool people into doing what they want because they might be scared that they do not want to harm children.

The 2002 book Art, Argument, and Advocacy (2002) said that using this phrase replaced emotion instead of reason in the middle of an argument with someone. Ethicist Jack Marshall wrote in 2005 that the phrase is so popular because it can stop people from behaving rationally especially when they are talking about morals.  "Think of the children" was used by censorship supporters to try to defend children from things they thought were dangerous to these young people. The book Community, Space and Online Censorship (2009) wrote that calling children just babies in need of protection was a form of focusing too much on the concept of purity. A 2011 article in the Journal for Cultural Research wrote that "Think of the children" was caused by people thinking too hard about telling everyone what to do and the difference between right-and-wrong.

In popular culture 

"Think of the children" as a phrase was used in the 1964 Walt Disney Pictures film Mary Poppins; where Mrs. Banks pleaded with her departing nanny not to quit and to asked her to "Think of the children!". Its use was popularized through satire on the television program The Simpsons, beginning in 1996. Character Helen Lovejoy pleaded: "Won't somebody please think of the children!" during loud arguments in the town of Springfield on the TV show.

Law professor Charles J. Ten Brink in the 2012 Georgia State University Law Review wrote that The Simpsons character Helen Lovejoy's use of "Think of the children" was a good form of parody. The phrase's use was made fun of a lot when people used it in politics. After it became popular on The Simpsons, use of the phrase was called "Lovejoy's Law", the "Helen Lovejoy defence", the "Helen Lovejoy Syndrome", and "think-of-the-children-ism".

References

Other websites

Figures of speech
Politics
Emotions
Lofsöngur (Icelandic for 'Hymn'), also called Ó Guð vors lands ('O, God of Our Land'), is the national anthem (or hymn) of the Nordic country of Iceland. It was written for the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the first Norse settlement of Iceland, though it wasn't considered a nation anthem for another 40 years. It was adopted in 1944 when the country became a republic during the constitutional referendum. Previously in 1874, the music of the hymn was composed by Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson and the lyrics (words) were written by Matthías Jochumsson.

Lyrics
First stanza (in bold) is regularly used as part of the hymn.

Trivia
It's often thought to be difficult to sing due to having vocal range of high and low registers.  
This anthem has strong religious connotations despite the country becoming more secular. It has been suggested that the anthem be replaced with a more modern, less religious anthem.

References

Other websites 
 The Icelandic National Anthem
 Audio of the national anthem of Iceland, with information and lyrics

National anthems
Iceland
Charles deWolf "Charlie" Gibson (born March 9, 1943) is a United States former broadcast television anchor and journalist. He was born in Evanston, Illinois. He grew up in Washington, D.C. He was a host of Good Morning America from 1987 to 1998, and 1999 to 2006. He was the anchor of World News with Charles Gibson from 2006 to 2009. In 2008 he was a moderator for the US presidential debates. He graduated in 1965 with a degree in history from Princeton University.

References 

1943 births
Living people
Journalists from Illinois
People from Evanston, Illinois
Princeton University alumni
American television news anchors
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Television personalities from Illinois
Bathory was an extreme metal band from Vällingby, Sweden. The band formed in 1983. Bathory broke up in 2004. The band's main songwriter was Quorthon. Bathory released 12 studio albums and 5 compilation albums. Bathory's first four albums were "the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal". The band first played black metal but moved on to viking metal in its later years.

Band members 

 Quorthon (Thomas Börje Forsberg) – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, drums (1983–2004)
 Freddan/Hanoi (Frederick Melander) – bass guitar (1983–1984)
 Vans McBurger (Jonas Åkerlund) – drums (1983–1984)
 Ribban – bass guitar (1984)
 Stefan Larsson – drums (1984–1986)
 Adde – bass guitar (1985)
 Paul Pålle Lundburg – drums (1986–1987)
 Kothaar – bass guitar (1988–1996)
 Vvornth – drums (1988–1996)

Discography

Studio albums 
 Bathory (1984)
 The Return (1985)
 Under the Sign of the Black Mark (1987)
 Blood Fire Death (1988)
 Hammerheart (1990)
 Twilight of the Gods (1991)
 Requiem (1994)
 Octagon (1995)
 Blood on Ice (1996) – recorded in 1989
 Destroyer of Worlds (2001)
 Nordland I (2002)
 Nordland II (2003)

Compilation albums 
 Jubileum Volume I (1992)
 Jubileum Volume II (1993)
 Jubileum Volume III (1998)
 Katalog (2001)
 In Memory of Quorthon (2006)

Other websites 

Official website 
Bathory on Allmusic

References 

Swedish musical groups
Black metal bands
1983 establishments in Sweden
Denise Jeanne Horine (born Denise Jeanne Briault; May 3, 1929 – September 27, 2015), better known by her stage name Denise Lor, was an American actress and singer. She was born in Los Angeles. She moved to Long Island at age five. She was best known for being on the CBS series The Garry Moore Show for eight years in the 1950s and 1960s. She was also known for her song, "If I Give My Heart to You", which charted at #8 in September 1954. She appeared in over 100 stage productions, including Gypsy, Annie and Sweeney Todd.

Lor was married twice. She had two sons from her first, Ron and Denis Martin. She died in September 2015 at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 

1929 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from New York
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American pop singers
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York
Singers from Los Angeles
Singers from New York
9½ Weeks is a 1986 American erotic romantic drama movie. It was directed by Adrian Lyne and it was produced by Mark Damon, Sidney Kimmel, Zalman King, and Antony Rufus-Isaacs. It was released on February 20, 1986. It is based on the Elizabeth McNeill memoir of the same name. The movie is about a New York City art gallery employee who has an affair with a Wall Street broker.

The movie got mixed and negative reviews from critics. 1,000 people attended a preview screening of the movie and everybody except 40 people walked out. 35 of the 40 people who filled out cards said that they really did not like it. It has a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie gave the movie 3 and a half stars stars out of 4 and said that "A lot of the success of 9½ Weeks is because Rourke and Basinger make the characters and their relationship convincing."

In terms of money, this movie did not earn much in the United States but it was successful in Europe.

Cast 
 Mickey Rourke as John Gray
 Kim Basinger as Elizabeth McGraw
 Margaret Whitton as Molly
 David Margulies as Harvey
 Christine Baranski as Thea
 Karen Young as Sue
 William De Acutis as Ted (as William DeAcutis)
 Dwight Weist as Farnsworth
 Roderick Cook as Sinclair, the critic
 Victor Truro as Gallery client

References

Other websites

1986 drama movies
1986 romance movies
1980s erotic movies
1980s romantic drama movies
American erotic movies
American romantic drama movies
BDSM in movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Adrian Lyne
Movies set in New York City
Introducing Joss Stone is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Joss Stone. It was released on 9 March 2007 by Virgin Records. The album peaked at number 12 on the UK Albums Chart. In the United States, it debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart.

Reviews

Introducing Joss Stone received mixed to positive criticism from critics.

Track listing

Sampling credits
 "Headturner" contains an interpolation of "Respect" by Otis Redding.
 "Music" contains an interpolation of "The Mask" by the Fugees.
 "Proper Nice" contains an interpolation of "Catch Me (I'm Falling)" by Pretty Poison.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Introducing Joss Stone.

 Joss Stone – lead vocals, executive producer, art direction, A&R
 Isaiah Abolin – assistant engineering 
 Jawara Adams – trumpet 
 Chalmers "Spanky" Alford – guitar 
 Chris Anokute – A&R
 Mike Boden – assistant engineering 
 Oswald Bowe – assistant engineering 
 Brian Bowen Smith – photography
 Chuck Brungardt – mixing, recording ; Pro Tools operator 
 Jonathan "Meres" Cohen – body painting, graffiti
 Anthony Coleman – trumpet 
 Lois Colin – harp 
 Common – vocals 
 Tom Coyne – mastering
 Reggie Dozier – string recording ; horn recording 
 Joi Gilliam – backing vocals 
 David Gorman – design
 Steve Greenwell – additional recording ; vocal recording 
 Charlie Happiness – clavinet 
 Lauryn Hill – vocals 
 Lionel Holoman – organ ; Rhodes ; keyboards ; Wurlitzer 
 Keisha Jackson – backing vocals 
 Priscilla Jones Campbell – backing vocals 
 Vinnie Jones – voiceover 
 Justin Kessler – Pro Tools operator 
 Dave Larring – additional recording 
 Joshua Lutz – mural
 Jeremy Mackenzie – Pro Tools operator 
 Marlon Marcel – assistant engineering 

 Kate McGregor – art coordinator
 Mix Master Mike – turntables 
 Dror Mohar – assistant engineering 
 Sean Mosher-Smith – art direction
 Robert Ozuna – sitar ; percussion ; additional drums ; drums ; turntables 
 Khari Parker – percussion ; drums ; additional drums 
 Jermaine Paul – backing vocals 
 Tino Richardson – saxophone 
 Raphael Saadiq – production ; bass ; guitar ; backing vocals ; horn arrangements ; keyboards ; piano 
 Bob Scott – photography
 Ian Shea – assistant engineering 
 Luke Smith – assistant engineering 
 Scott Somerville – assistant engineering 
 Glenn Standridge – mixing, production coordinator, recording
 Charlie Stavish – assistant engineering 
 Neil Symonette – percussion 
 James Tanksley – assistant engineering 
 John Tanksley – assistant engineering 
 Amy Touma – A&R
 Seamus Tyson – assistant engineering 
 Kenneth "Scooter" Whalum III – tenor saxophone ; baritone saxophone 
 Benjamin Wright – string arrangements ; horn arrangements 
 James Zellar – trombone

References 

2007 albums
Joss Stone albums
Hip hop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
Virgin Records albums
David Ashby (11 November 1949 – 16 September 2015) was a British motorcycle speedway rider. He rode for Swindon Robins between 1972 and 1978, making 151 appearances. He also rode with Peterborough Panthers and Milton Keynes Knights. He retired in 1979.

Ashby was born in Marlborough, Wiltshire. His brother was Martin Ashby. He had two sons, Lee and Jamie.

Ashby died from cancer on 16 September 2015 in Swindon, Wiltshire. He was 65.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Speedway riders
People from Wiltshire
A maternal insult (also referred to as a "yo mama" joke) is a reference to a person's mother. This is through the use of phrases such as "your mother" or other variations, often used to insult the target by way of their mother.  "Your mother" can be combined with most types of insults, although suggestions of promiscuity are common. One of the purposes of these insults is to incite violence. Slang variants such as "yo mama", "yo momma", "yer ma", "ya mum", "your mum", "ya mudda" or "your mom" are sometimes used, depending on the local dialect.

Historic examples
In the Bible, King Joram is greeted by the rebel Jehu with a hostile expression concerning Joram's mother:

When Joram saw Jehu, he said, "Is it peace, Jehu?"
And he answered, "What peace, so long as the harlotries of your mother Jezebel and her witchcrafts are so many?"

William Shakespeare used such a device in Act I Scene 1 of Timon of Athens:
Painter: "Y'are a dog."
Apemantus: "Thy mother's of my generation. What's she, if I be a dog?"

(In this example, the implication is that the mother is a "bitch".)

The world's oldest yo momma joke was written about 1,500 BC. It loses much in the translation but was found in Iraq on an ancient tablet:

'' “...of your mother is by the one who has intercourse with her. What/who is it?

(No answer)”

While it cannot be completely deciphered, it is clear some comment is being made about somebody's mother.

Related pages 
Insult

References

Other websites 
Yo Momma - MTV television show involving the mother-insult style of insult comedy]

Slang
Cultural anthropology
Humor
The origin of the blues. Little is known about the origin of the music known as the blues.  No year can be cited as the origin, because the style evolved over a long period. Ethnomusicologist Gerhard Kubik traces the roots of many of its elements back to the African continent, the "cradle of the blues".

One early mention comes from 1901, when an archaeologist in Mississippi described the songs of black workers which had lyrical themes and technical elements in common with the blues.

There are few characteristics common to all blues. The genre takes its shape from the peculiarities of each individual performance. Some characteristics are common to most styles of African American music. The earliest blues-like music was a "functional expression, rendered in a call-and-response style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure". This pre-blues music was adapted from the field shouts and hollers performed during slave times, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".

Many of these blues elements, such as the call-and-response format, can be traced back to the music of Africa. When African slaves went to work in North America, they took musical traditions with them. Early forms of music include spirituals and work songs. Spirituals were religious songs and work songs were sung to the rhythm of working. Work songs included a vocal call and response, or where the lead drummer makes a beat and then the others respond to it.

The majority of blues songs have four beats in a bar, and are built on the 12 bar blues form which uses three phrases, each four bars long. They can also use the blue scale.

References 

Blues music
Mürwik (also: Muerwik, Danish: Mørvig) is a district of Flensburg. It is on the east side of the Flensburg Firth (estuary) on the peninsula of Angeln. It is well known for the Naval Academy Mürwik with its sail training ship Gorch Fock. It was where the last government of Nazi Germany, called the Flensburg government led by Karl Dönitz was located. It is also the location of the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA), Germany's Federal Motor Transport Authority.

Geography 
There are five communities in Mürwik: 
 Stützpunkt Flensburg-Mürwik 
 Osbek (Danish: Osbæk)
 Wasserloos (Danish: Vandløs)
 Friedheim
 Solitüde (also: Solitude, Danish: Solitude)

The highest elevation of the district is about  above sea level. Mürwik also has some natural undeveloped areas, such as the nature reserve at Twedter field.

History 
Mürwik was first mentioned in 1734. The Naval Academy Mürwik was opened 1 October 1910. At the start of World War I in August 1914, the academy was temporarily closed. The Germans thought the war would be short. It reopened in January 1915. Cadets spent three months training then would go to sea to train aboard cruisers. At the end of World War II, after Adolf Hitler committed suicide, Admiral Karl Dönitz set up the last Nazi government at Flensburg-Mürwik academy. A few days later Germany surrendered.

References 

Flensburg
The Naval Academy Mürwik (German: Marineschule Mürwik) is the training school for German Navy officers in Flensburg-Mürwik. The castle-like building overlooks the Flensburg Fjord. Called the "Red Castle", it is well known for its beautiful architecture. It was patterned after the Marienburg (Malbork Castle) in Poland, the seat of the Teutonic Knights.

History 

The academy was opened 1 October 1910. At the start of World War I in August 1914, the academy was temporarily closed. The Germans thought the war would be short. It reopened in January 1915. Cadets would spend three months training then go to sea to train aboard cruisers. At the end of World War II, after Adolf Hitler committed suicide, Admiral Karl Dönitz set up the last Nazi government at Flensburg-Mürwik academy. A few days later Germany surrendered. 

Currently cadets spend a year at Flensburg-Mürwik academy before going on to study at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in Hamburg or the Bundeswehr University Munich.

References 

Flensburg
Military schools
John Rogers Galvin (May 13, 1929 – September 25, 2015) was an American army general. He served as the sixth dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. He was a member of the U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century. He was born in Wakefield, Massachusetts.

Galvin died in Jonesboro, Georgia, aged 86.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
American military people 
People from Massachusetts
Claude Dauphin (1951 – September 30, 2015) was a French billionaire businessman, and executive chairman of Trafigura Beheer BV. He had served as Trafigura's chairman and CEO. In March 2013 his net wealth was estimated at $1 billion by Forbes.

Dauphin died in the early hours of September 30, 2015 in a hospital in Bogota, Colombia from cancer, aged 64.

References

1951 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cancer
French businesspeople
Ernest Jeffrey Moniz GCIH (born December 22, 1944) is an American nuclear physicist. He was the United States Secretary of Energy, served under U.S. President Barack Obama from May 2013 to January 2017.

References

Other websites

Moniz Nomination: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, to Consider the Nomination of Dr. Ernest Moniz to be the Secretary of Energy, April 9, 2013
Dr. Ernest Moniz at the United States Department of Energy

"Why We Still Need Nuclear Power", Making Clean Energy Safe and Affordable by Ernest Moniz in November/December 2011 Foreign Affairs

1944 births
Living people
American physicists
Politicians from Massachusetts
Scientists from Massachusetts
United States Secretaries of Energy
US Democratic Party politicians
Arrowhead Stadium is a football stadium in Kansas City, Missouri. It is home to the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs. It is the largest sports facility by capacity in the state of Missouri. A $375 million renovation was completed in 2010.

National Football League venues
Sports in Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City Chiefs
James David Watkins (March 7, 1927July 26, 2012) was an American politician. He was a United States Navy admiral and former Chief of Naval Operations.

He served as the U.S. Secretary of Energy during the George H. W. Bush administration, also chairing U.S. government commissions on HIV/AIDS and ocean policy. Watkins also served on the boards of various companies and other nongovernmental organizations and as the co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative.

Watkins died of congestive heart failure on July 26, 2012 in Alexandria, Virginia at the age of 85.

References

1927 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
United States Secretaries of Energy
American military people
Scientists from California
Politicians from California
US Republican Party politicians
Hurricane Joaquin (wah-keen) was a strong tropical cyclone. It threatened the Bahamas and the East Coast of the United States.

Joaquin  became the most powerful cyclone in the Atlantic in 2015.  Hurricane Joaquin passed over the warmest ocean temperatures since record keeping began in 1880, of near 86°F (30°C).

The storm developed on September 28. It became Tropical Storm Joaquin on September 29, and a hurricane the day after.

The storm later threatened Bermuda.

Thirty-four people were killed in the storm, including 33 on the ship El Faro.

The name Joaquin was retired. It was replaced with Julian.

References

Hurricanes
2015 in weather
Cape Fear is a 1962 American psychological thriller movie. It was directed by J. Lee Thompson and it was produced by Sy Bartlett. Cape Fear was released on April 12, 1962. It is adapted from the John D. MacDonald novel The Executioners. The movie is about an attorney who along with his family is stalked by a vengeful criminal who he had helped send to jail for rape. A remake of the movie was made by Martin Scorsese and was released in 1991.

The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Bosley Crowther of the New York Times said that he liked the "tough, tight script" and the "steady and starkly sinister style" that the movie had to it. He finished his review by saying "this is really one of those shockers that provokes disgust and regret." Cady was ranked as #28 on the American Film Institute's list of top 50 movie villains of all time.

Cast 
 Gregory Peck as Sam Bowden
 Robert Mitchum as Max Cady
 Polly Bergen as Peggy Bowden
 Lori Martin as Nancy Bowden
 Martin Balsam as Mark Dutton
 Jack Kruschen as Dave Grafton
 Telly Savalas as Charlie Sievers
 Barrie Chase as Diane Taylor
 Paul Comi as George Garner
 Edward Platt as Judge

References

Other websites

1962 movies
1962 thriller movies
American legal movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about families
Movies about murderers
Movies about revenge
Movies about stalking
Movies based on books
Rape in movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by J. Lee Thompson
Vance DeBar "Pinto" Colvig (September 11, 1892 - October 3, 1967) was an American actor, voice actor, newspaper cartoonist, circus performer, vaudeville performer, animator, and writer. He was best known as the original Bozo the Clown. He was the voice of Disney's Goofy. In 1993 he was honored with a Disney Legends award.

Life and career 
Colvig was born in 1892 in Jacksonville, Oregon. His parents were Addie and William Colvig. His father was the Jackson County attorney. He was the youngest of seven children. He was nicknamed "Pinto" because of all his freckles. Colvig grew up in Jacksonville and nearby Medford. He spend a good deal of time mimicking the sounds he heard all around him. He could mimic the sound of farm animals, a rusty gate and noises from around the village.

He studied art at Oregon Agricultural College (OAC) (later Oregon State University) in Corvallis, Oregon. in 1916 he married Margaret Slaven. They moved to San Francisco where Colvig worked as a cartoonist for the San Francisco Bulletin and the San Francisco Chronicle.

Silent films 
In the 1920s Colvig began working in Hollywood in silent movies. He was a comedy writer and played bit parts for Mack Sennett. He then moved to the Disney studios where he became one of their top artists.

Talking pictures 
When movies changed to sound he began doing voices for characters. He is also known for his Disney work as the voice of Goofy from 1932 until his death in 1967. He was the voice of Bluto in Popeye cartoons. He was Grumpy and Sleepy in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In The Three Little Pigs he was the voice  of the Practical Pig. He was also the co-writer of the song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" in the same movie.

Sound artist 
From the 1920s he provided sound effects on programs such as the Jack Benny Program and Amos 'n' Andy. He invented most of his own sound effects. He was known for making a funny line even funnier. Colvig is a legend among foley sound technicians.

Bozo the clown  
As a teenager Colvig ran away to join the circus. He eventually performed as a circus clown. In 1946 he was hired by Capitol Records to work on the world's first read-along book “Bozo at the Circus.” The book and record were a tremendous success and there were demands by children to see Bozo. Drawing on his circus background, Colvig created a clown character to match the books and records. Station KTTV in Los Angeles created a television series for Bozo the clown starring Pinto Colvig. After Bozo, Colvig returned to doing voice work.

Death
Colvig died of lung cancer on October 3, 1967, in Woodland Hills, California. He was 75 years old.

Filmography

References

1892 births
1967 deaths
Actors from Oregon
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from lung cancer
Vaudeville performers
Comedians from Oregon
Cape Fear is a 1991 American psychological thriller movie. It was directed by Martin Scorsese and it was produced by Barbara De Fina. Cape Fear was released on November 13, 1991. It is adapted from the John D. MacDonald novel The Executioners. It is a remake of the 1962 movie directed by J. Lee Thompson. The movie is about an attorney who is stalked along with his family by a vengeful criminal he had defended in court against rape charges, but was sent to jail for eight years.

The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 76% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars and said that he liked the "Cape Fear is impressive moviemaking, showing Scorsese as a master of a traditional Hollywood genre who is able to mold it to his own themes and obsessions. But as I look at this $35 million movie with big stars, special effects and production values, I wonder whether it represents a good omen from the finest director now at work."

At the 64th Academy Awards, Robert De Niro was nominated in the category of Best Actor and Juliette Lewis was nominated in the category of Best Supporting Actress but neither of them won. At the 49th Golden Globe Awards, De Niro was nominated for Best Actor – Drama and Lewis was nominated for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.

Cast 
Robert De Niro as Max Cady
Nick Nolte as Sam Bowden
Jessica Lange as Leigh Bowden
Juliette Lewis as Danielle Bowden
Joe Don Baker as Claude Kersek
Robert Mitchum as Lt. Elgart
Gregory Peck as Lee Heller
Illeana Douglas as Lori Davis
Fred Dalton Thompson as Tom Broadbent
Zully Montero as Graciella
Martin Balsam as Judge
Charles Scorsese as Fruitstand Customer

References

Other websites

1991 crime movies
1991 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s legal movies
American crime thriller movies
American legal movies
American movie remakes
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies about revenge
Movies about stalking
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
Rape in movies
Universal Pictures movies
A bye in sports and other competitive activities can have two different meanings. Both mean that a participant in a competition is not required to compete while most of the other participants are. Its main use is in tournament competitions. In single-elimination tournaments, when there are an odd number of participants, a bye allows one or more to play in a later round. Other types of eliminator tournaments may also include a bye for others reasons. An example would be as a reward for the best ranked team(s).

In round-robin tournaments where there are an odd number of competitors, usually one gets a bye in each round. However, over the whole tournament, each team plays the same number of games.

Similar to the round-robin context, in leagues where most teams play on the same days during regular-season play, a team that does not play on a given day is said to be on bye. In sports that are played weekly, especially gridiron football, a team that does not play at all during a given week is said to be on its bye week. For example, during the regular football Season in the NFL, each team gets a week off (bye week) during the regular season.

References 

Sports words
Hedjet is the name for the White Crown of Upper Egypt, used in Ancient Egypt. The crown was white and after Lower and Upper Egypt joined together, it was combined with the Deshret, the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. This Double Crown was called the Pschent. The symbol sometimes used for the Hedjet was the vulture goddess Nekhbet. This would be shown next to the head of the cobra goddess  Wadjet, the Uraeus  on the Pschent.

History 
The white crown has a long history, going back into the Predynastic Period. This shows that kingship had been the base of Egyptian society for some time. The earliest image of the Hedjet was thought to have been in the Qustul in Nubia. New discoveries, particularly the excavation of Cemetery U and the tome U-j, dating to Naqada IIIA have shown that it appears earlier in Egypt.

Nekhbet, the protective goddess of Nekhebet (modern el Kab) near Hierakonpolis, was shown as a woman, sometimes with the head of a vulture, wearing the White Crown. The falcon god Horus of Hierakonpolis (Egyptian: Nekhen) was generally shown wearing a White Crown. The White Crown is on the Narmer Palette found at Hierakonpolis. It shows the king of the South wearing the hedjet, triumphing over his northern enemies.  The kings of the united Egypt saw themselves as successors of Horus. Vases from the reign of Khasekhemwy show the king as Horus wearing the White Crown.

As with the Deshret (Red Crown), no example of the White Crown has survived.  It is unknown how it was made or what materials were used. It is possible it was made from felt or leather. The fact that no crown has ever been found, might suggest that the crown was passed from one ruler to the next, much as in present day monarchies.

References

Ancient Egypt
Joe Wark (9 October 1947 – 1 October 2015) was a Scottish professional footballer. He spent all of his professional career with Motherwell. He made 464 appearances for the club in the Scottish Football League between 1968 and 1984. He was born in Glasgow.

Wark died after a long illness on 1 October 2015. He was 67.

References

1947 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Scotland
Scottish footballers
Sportspeople from Glasgow
Jacob "Jack" Pressman (October 26, 1919 – October 1, 2015) was an American Conservative rabbi. He was the rabbi of Temple Beth Am in Los Angeles, California from 1950 to 1985. He was a co-founder of the American Jewish University in Bel Air. He also wrote a weekly column in The Beverly Hills Courier from 2004 to 2015.

Pressman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was born to Jewish parents, Solomon and Dora Pressman. He was married to Marjorie. They had three children.

Pressman died on October 1, 2015 in Beverly Hills, California. He was 95.

References

1919 births
2015 deaths
American columnists
American rabbis
Jewish American writers
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Saqqara Tablet is stone from Ancient Egypt. On it is written a list of Egyptian pharaohs from the New Kingdom. It was found in a tomb at Saqqara in 1861. The tomb belonged to Tjenry (or Tjuneroy), an official of the pharaoh Ramesses II. He was a priest and "Overseer of Works on All Royal Monuments". The stone is now in the Egyptian Museum.

The list names 58 kings, from Anedjib and Qa'a in the First Dynasty to Ramesses II in the Nineteenth Dynasty. The list is in reverse chronological order. It leaves out names of "rulers from the Second Intermediate Period, the Hyksos, and those rulers... who had been close to the heretic Akhenaten".

Each name is surrounded by a border known as a cartouche). The stone is badly damaged, and only 47 names have survived. There are mistakes in the list. For example, it only mentions four kings of the Third Dynasty. The order is correct only for the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty. The only known photograph of the king list was published in 1865.

Kings in the list 
The names are listed in reverse chronological order from the upper right to the bottom left, as they were meant to be read.

Other New Kingdom royal lists 
 Abydos King List
 Karnak king list
 Turin King List
 Medinet Habu king list

References

Bibliography
 Auguste Mariette: La table de Saqqarah in Revue Archeologique Vol 10, Paris 1864, p. 168-186, Pl. 17
 Emmanuel de Rougé: Album photographique de la mission remplie en Égypte, Paris 1865, Photographs, No. 143-145
 Auguste Mariette: Monuments divers recueillis en Égypte et en Nubie (Tables), Paris 1872, Vol. II, Pl. 58
 Eduard Meyer: Ägyptische Chronologie, Pl. 1, (Berlin 1904)

Ancient Egypt
Richard Walker Mallary (February 21, 1929 – September 27, 2011) was an American politician. He was as a U.S. Representative from Vermont representing Vermont's At-large congressional district from 1972 to 1975.

Mallary died of prostate cancer in Brookfield, Vermont, aged 82.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
United States representatives from Vermont
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from Massachusetts
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
Cancer deaths in Vermont
Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and a five times candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States. He earned about a million votes in one election while being in prison.

Early life 
Debs was born in November 5, 1885 in Terre Haute, Indiana. He left school when he was 14 in order to work on scraping paint and grease off cars in the Vandalia Railroad on a 50 cent a day wage.

References

1855 births
1926 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Socialist politicians
Democratic socialists
Politicians from Indiana
Holly Sue Cullen (born December 23, 1979), the model is known mostly  as Holly Madison, is an American model and television personality. She is best known for being one of Hugh Hefner's girlfriends on the reality television series The Girls Next Door. She also had her own reality series, Holly's World.

References

Living people
1979 births
Models from Nevada
Ernest Cotton Deane  (born 4 May 1887 and died 25 September 1915) was a medical officer of the British Indian Army.  He was born in the city of Limerick, Ireland. He went to school in Dún Laoghaire (then called Kingstown) in County Dublin. Deane studied medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, graduating in 1909. He played rugby for Ireland in one match, against England in February 1909. However, his rugby career was cut short after he broke his leg soon after in a game against Oxford University.

Deane became a surgeon at the Adelaide Hospital, Dublin. He was then commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1911. In 1913, he was posted to India and served in Burma. He was sent to Meerut at the start of the First World War. He went to France with the Garhwal Brigade of the Indian Expeditionary Force. They arrived in Marseilles in September 1914. He was then sent immediately to the Western Front. There he served first with the 20th Field Ambulance. Then he served as a medical officer of the 2nd Battalion, The Royal Leicestershire Regiment. His unit saw much active service. On 22 August 1915, he was awarded the Military Cross after running out under machine gun fire to rescue four men who had been wounded by artillery fire. A month later, his regiment participated in the Battle of Loos, and was almost entirely destroyed. He was shot dead after going to help some injured soldiers. His action earned him a mention in dispatches.

References

1887 births
1915 deaths
Doo-wop is a genre of music that was developed in African-American communities in The USA. It started in the 1940s. Doo-wop achieved mainstream popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s. Built upon vocal harmony, doo-wop was one of the most mainstream, pop-oriented R&B styles of the time. Singer Bill Kenny (1914–1978) is often called the "Godfather of Doo-wop". He introduced the "top and bottom" format which featured a high tenor singing the lead and a bass singer reciting the lyrics in the middle of the song. Doo-wop features vocal group harmony, nonsense syllables, a simple beat, sometimes little or no instrumentation, and simple music and lyrics.

The first record to use the syllables "doo-wop" was the 1955 hit "When You Dance" by the Turbans. The term "doo-wop" first appeared in print in 1961. During the late 1950s many Italian-American  groups added to the doo-wop scene. The peak of doo-wop was in 1961. Doo-wop's influence continued in soul, pop, and rock groups of the 1960s. At various times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the genre has seen revivals. Doo-wop was a precursor to many of the afro-American musical styles seen today. An evolution of jazz and blues, doo-wop also influenced many of the major Rock and Roll groups that defined the later decades of the 20th century. Doo-wop is iconic for it’s swing-like beats and using the off-beat to keep time. Doo-wop laid the foundation for many musical innovations, for example, R&B.
 
It has had a revival recently as Meghan Trainor usually makes songs with in the genre.

References

Music genres
R&B music
Elder High School is a Catholic all-boys private high school in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.  The high school has been in existence for 90 years. It is a private high school within the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. This high school is known for its academic and athletic programs. It has a strong following of students, alumni and friends who support the school at sports events. They also support community events and fundraising for capital and operating budgets.

References 

Schools in Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Justice Javed Iqbal (Urdu: ‎ 5 October 1924 – 3 October 2015) was a Pakistani philosopher and senior justice of Supreme Court of Pakistan. He was internationally known for his publications on philosophy of law and modern Islamic philosophy.

Javed began his career as an advocate in Lahore High Court, and later became a judge in 1971 and then Chief Justice of the court. He was also a judge in the Supreme Court of Pakistan

Iqbal died while under treatment for cancer at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital in Lahore, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Deaths from cancer
Pakistani judges
Pakistani philosophers
Tyrus Wong (; October 25, 1910 – December 30, 2016) was a Chinese-born American artist. 

He was a painter, muralist, ceramicist, lithographer, designer and kite maker. Wong has worked for Disney and Warner Brothers. Wong's most famous work was for the Disney animated classic, Bambi.

Other websites
A Profile of Tyrus Wong  by Rosalind Chang. Angel Island Immigration Station Foundation.
Tyrus Wong. Disney Legend Disney Insider.

1910 births
2016 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Chinese people
American artists
American centenarians
The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Responsibilities
The director is responsible for the day-to-day operations. Along with the deputy director, the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of hiring the leaders in any one of the FBI field offices with qualified agents. The director advised the president on any issues that arose from within the FBI. This was until the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 was enacted in response to the September 11 attacks.  Since then, the director reports to the Director of National Intelligence, who in turn reports to the president.

Background
Directors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. In theory, they serve ten-year terms unless they resign, die, or are let go. In reality, none have served a full ten years, except J. Edgar Hoover and Robert Mueller. They both served longer than ten years. J. Edgar Hoover was appointed by Calvin Coolidge to the office in 1924. He was by far the longest-serving director. Hoover held the position from its establishment under the current title in 1935 until his death in 1972 because there was then no law limiting service time. In response to Hoover's lengthy tenure, Congress imposed a term limit of ten years (waived by the Senate for Robert Mueller on July 27, 2011). The current FBI director is Christopher A. Wray, who assumed his position on August 2, 2017.

When the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was established in 1908, its head was called the Chief of the Bureau of Investigation. It was changed to the Director of the Bureau of Investigation since the term of William J. Flynn (1919–1921), and to its current name when the BOI was renamed FBI in 1935.

List

References
Mabel Boll (December 1, 1893 – April 11, 1949) was an American socialite. In 1927 she planned, with Charles A. Levine, to be the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean as a passenger. She was known as the "Queen of Diamonds" as the owner of the 46.57-carat emerald-cut Mabel Boll diamond.

Biography
Boll was born on December 1, 1893 in Rochester, New York. 

In 1927, Boll planned, with Charles A. Levine, to be the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean as a passenger.

Boll died of a stroke at the Manhattan State Hospital, the psychiatric hospital on Wards Island on April 11, 1949 at the age of 55.

References

1949 deaths
1893 births
American socialites
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Deaths from stroke
American aviators
Co-education means education of males and females in the same schools. The practice has been different in different countries, and at different times.

Most primary schools have been co-educational for a long time. There is no reason to educate females separately before the age of puberty. Also, the curriculum in primary schools is not controversial. It emphasize reading, writing and arithmetic, with some elementary knowledge of geography and history. In some countries it includes some religious as well as cultural education.

However, before the mid-19th century, girls were often educated at home, or were not educated at all. On this point, there were great differences in different parts of the world. In England and Wales, universal primary education was set up by the Elementary Education Act of 1870, and attendance from the ages of 5 to 10 was compulsory. This was extended in another Act of 1880. Since then. almost all primary education in the United Kingdom has been co-educational, and so it is in many other countries.

With secondary education, children go through the process of puberty, and there is no general agreement as to whether the two genders should be educated together. There are arguments for and against. At one extreme is the United States, where both sexes are educated together at all stages. At the other extreme are certain traditional societies where girls do not get a secondary education at all. The tendency has been for more countries to move to co-education as the standard at every level of education.

References

Related pages 
Gender equality

Schools
Education
The Temple Institute ( – ) is a museum, research institute and education center in Old City of Jerusalem. It was established in 1987 by Rabbi Yisrael Ariel. The Institute is dedicated to the two Temples in Jerusalem (called the First and Second Temples). Rabbi Ariel plans to rebuild the Second Temple on the man-made plateau the Jews call the Temple Mount. The site is currently occupied by an Islamic shrine, the Dome of the Rock. The institute has collected tens of thousands of dollars, mostly from Jews in the United States. This is in spite of the fact that rebuilding the temple of Herod, destroyed by the Romans in 79 AD, would almost certainly cause a major war. In 2014, the government of Jordan sent a letter to the State of Israel warning them to guard against any attacks by extremist groups against the Temple Mount.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

  The Temple Institute
 

Nationalist organizations
Judaism in Israel
Museums in Jerusalem
Temple Mount