cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Catal Huyuk  was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. It is the largest and most well preserved Neolithic site found to date. The site is in Turkey: coordinates  E37° 40′ 3″ N; 32° 49′ 42″. The population was about 6,000 and the food they ate was mainly wheat, barely and rice.

In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References 

Ancient history
Archaeological sites in Asia
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Tui T. Sutherland (born July 31, 1978 in Caracas Venezuela) is a writer of children's novels, including the Wings of Fire series. In addition to her real name, she has also written under the pen names Heather Williams, and Erin Hunter, working with Victoria Holmes, Cherith Baldry, and Kate Cary to write the Warriors. As Erin Hunter, she has mainly contributed to the Seekers series, and the Warriors "Field Guides".

Tui Sutherland also appeared on the television game show Jeopardy!, winning $46,200.

Books

Seekers

The Quest Begins (2008, as Erin Hunter)
Smoke Mountain (2009, as Erin Hunter)
Fire in the Sky (2010, as Erin Hunter)
The Melting Sea (2012, as Erin Hunter)

The Menagerie

The Menagerie (2014)
The Menagerie #2: Dragon on Trial (March 11, 2014)
The Menagerie #3: Krakens and Lies (March 10, 2015)

Warriors

 Secrets of the Clans (2007, as Erin Hunter)
 Battles of the Clans (2010, as Erin Hunter)
 Beginning of the clans (2013, as Erin Hunter)
 End of the clans (2015, as Erin Hunter)

Pet Trouble
 Pet Trouble-Runaway Retriever (2009, as T. T. Sutherland)
 Pet Trouble-Loudest Beagle on the Block (2009, as T. T. Sutherland)
 Pet Trouble-Mud-Puddle Poodle (2009, as T. T. Sutherland)
 Pet Trouble-Bulldog Won't Budge (2009, as T. T. Sutherland)
 Pet Trouble-Oh No, Newf! (2010)
 Pet Trouble-Smarty-Pants Sheltie (2010)
 Pet Trouble-Bad to the Bone Boxer (2010)
 Pet Trouble-Dachshund Disaster (2010)

Wings of Fire 
The Dragonet Prophecy (July 1, 2012)
The Lost Heir (January 1, 2013)  
The Hidden Kingdom (May 28, 2013)
The Dark Secret (October 29, 2013)
The Brightest Night (March 25, 2014)
Moon Rising (December 30, 2014)
Winter Turning (June 30, 2015)
Escaping Peril (December 29, 2015)
Talons of Power (December 27, 2016)
Darkness of Dragons (June 25, 2017)
The Lost Continent (June 26, 2018)
The Hive Queen (December 26, 2018)
The Poison Jungle (July 30, 2019)
The Dangerous Gift (March 2, 2021) (unreleased)

Wings of Fire Graphic Novels 
The Dragonet Prophecy (January 2, 2018)
The Lost Heir (February 26, 2019)
The Hidden Kingdom (October 15, 2019)
The Dark Secret (December 29, 2020)

Darkstalker (November 28, 2016)
Dragonslayer (March 3rd, 2020)

Spirit Animals
 Against the Tide (September 30, 2014)

References

1978 births
Living people
Writers from Massachusetts
Venezuelan writers
People from Caracas
Blood and soil is a concept first developed in the 19th century. It looks at a person's blood, to see where they come from, and who their ancestors were. It also looks at the soil a person is working on, to make a claim that they should indeed work and occupy that land. In the nineteenth century, the idea was linked to racism and to nationalism. 
One of the first to use Blut und Boden, or blood and soil was Oswald Spengler in his book Der Untergang des Abendlandes. In the book, Spengler talks about the struggle of blood and soil about the inner form of a relocated species of animal and man. Walther Darré took the phrase and established the link. In his book "Neuadel aus Blut und Boden" (New nobility from blood and soil) he tries to show the relation between economic and agrarian policies, as well as racial ones.

Another idea of the blood and soil ideology comes from Lamarckism: The ethnic characteristics of a population are linked to the geographical regions it inhabits; only in this region will it be able to fully live up to its potential.

There is also a literary genre called blood and soil. In it, it shows an agrarian society living up to this ideals. People writing in this style were Gerhard Schumann and Herbert Böhme. The ideas are also sometimes shown in artworks. Artists included Adolf Ziegler, Arthur Kampf, Arno Breker and Josef Thorak. Very often, such artworks were seen as degenerate art when the Nazi party came to power. Artists had to flee, many died in exile.

Today, the phrase is associated with Nazi ideology. White supremacist gathers at the 2017 Charlottesville riots were heard chanting "blood and soil", presumably to align themselves with Nazism.

References

Political philosophy
Nazism
Argentinosaurus was a titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur. It was an enormous, long-necked, long-tailed, quadrupedal, plant-eater from Argentina, South America during the Cretaceous period.

Argentinosaurus meaning "Argentina lizard", was named by paleontologists Coria & José Bonaparte in 1993. It is known from fossilized back vertebrae, tibia, ribs and sacrum, found in Neuquén Province. It may be the largest dinosaur, but its remains are so incomplete that palaeontologists prefer to use Saltasaurus for their calculations. An accurate estimate was got for the much more complete sub-adult Dreadnoughtus.

Rough estimates 

The following shows the disagreement on estimates of size:
Thomas Holtz: 120 feet (36.6 meters)?
Mickey Mortimer: 2226 meters.

References 

Titanosaurs
Cretaceous dinosaurs
National Public Radio (NPR) is a free media org. It's a national syndicator to a lot of public radio stations in the U.S. It began in '70. This was after the Public Broadcasting Act was passed in '67. This act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. NPR produces/spreads news & cultural programming. Most public radio stations broadcast some NPR programs. NPR is very popular. In '05, NPR was voted the most trusted news source in the U.S.  

NPR makes a 5 min. newscast that plays at the top of every hour.  During some shows, it has a shorter newscast that plays at the bottom of some hours.

Shows
The following shows are made by NPR in their studios in Washington, D.C. & L.A.:

Morning Edition, NPR's big morning news show 
Weekend Edition, the weekend ver. of Morning Edition
All Things Considered, NPR's big afternoon news show
Weekend All Things Considered
Talk of the Nation, NPR's news call-in show
Science Friday, the Friday Talk of the Nation, which's all about science
Wait Wait Don't Tell Me, a weekend news quiz show
All Songs Considered, a music podcast
Thistle and Shamrock, a Celtic music show

The following shows are produced by other people & distributed by NPR
Car Talk, a weekly call-in show about auto repair
Fresh Air, a talk show feat. interviews w/ celebs & entertainment reviews
Latino USA, a weekly 30 min. show 'bout Latino issues
On the Media, a weekly show 'bout journalism, the Internet & free speech

NPR and the Gettysburg Address 
William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of the Gettysburg Address to have left an audio recording of what he remembered. 1 year before he died in '39, Rathvon's remarks were rec. at Feb 12, '38. It incl. his reading the address itself. The title of the rec. was "I Heard Lincoln That Day - William R. Rathvon, TR Productions". NPR found a copy during a "Quest for Sound" project in '99. NPR allows people to hear the rec. around Lincoln's birthday.

References

Other websites 
 

1970 establishments in the United States
Radio
The hornbills (Bucerotidae) are a family of bird found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. They have a long, down-curved bill which is often brightly colored and sometimes has a box-like thing on the upper mandible. Many states of India like Kerala are fond of the hornbills. It is also the state bird of Kerala.

The female hornbill lays her eggs in a hole in a tree. Then, helped by her mate, she seals herself in, covering the entrance with droppings and mud. Only a small slit is left, through which the male gives her food. This keeps the nest safe from snakes until the chicks are grown enough to leave the nest, and learn how to fly.

References 

Coraciiformes
The bellbird is a bird native to Central and South America. It gets its name from its call which sounds like a bell. It uses this call to attract its mate. The bellbird has the loudest voice of any bird, so loud it can be heard a mile or more away.

References 

Passeriformes
Chelsea Grin is an American deathcore band from Salt Lake City, Utah.

The band was originally called Ahaziah before the name of the band was changed to Chelsea Grin, named after the torture method known as the "Glasgow Smile".

The band has released 3 albums, "Desolation of Eden, 'My Damnation, and "Ashes to Ashes" and one ep "Chelsea Grin EP". "Desolation of Eden''" reached number 21 on The Billboard Top Heatseekers Chart.

Band members
Current
Alex Koehler – Vocals (2007–2009, 2009–present)
Andrew Carlston – Drums (2009–present)
David Flinn – Bass (2009–present)
Jacob Harmond – Guitar (2009–present)
Daniel Jones – Guitar (2007–present)
Jason Richardson - Lead guitar (2011-present)

Former
Chris Kilbourn - guitar (2008–2009)
Davis Pugh - bass guitar (2009)
Austin Marticorena - bass guitar (2008)
Kory Shilling - drums (2009)
Michael Stafford – guitar (2007-2011)

Discography
Studio albums

EPs

References

Other websites
Official website

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Deathcore bands
Musical groups from Utah
Salt Lake City
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Utah
Ogden, Utah is a city in Weber County, Utah, USA with a population of 82,865 from 2008 estimates.  The mayor of Ogden is Mike Caldwell. Ogden was originally named Fort Buenaventura. Fort Buenaventura was the first permanent settlement by people whose families came from Europe in the area now known as Utah. A trapper named Miles Goodyear established it in 1846 a mile west of present downtown Ogden. Then a year later, the fort was bought by Mormon settlers for about $2,000. Brownsville is another name that was once used for the settlement. When the area was renamed, it was named after Peter Skene Ogden, a Hudson Bay Company leader who trapped animals for fur in the Weber Valley.

Ogden is the county seat of Weber County. It lies to the east of the Great Salt Lake, the west of the Wasatch Front mountain range, and is basically north of Salt Lake City.

Weber State University is located in Ogden. Damian Lillard, an NBA player on the Portland Trailblazers, played basketball in college for the Weber State Wildcats.

References

 
County seats in Utah
1846 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
Macleans College is a secondary school in Bucklands Beach, Auckland, New Zealand. The school was opened in 1980 by  the Governor General Sir David Beattie. The current principal is Byron J Bentley. Over 2,500 students go to this school. Students have a choice of which qualifications they want to do - NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement), and CIE (Cambridge International Examinations).

House system
Macleans was the first public school in New Zealand to use the "Whanau House System". This is dividing the school up into nine 'houses'. Each house contains about 300 students in total, with two classes of 30 students in each year. These nine houses are named after some famous people from New Zealand. The names are: Batten, Mansfield, Nieto, Rutherford, Kupe, Hillary, Te Kanawa, Snell and Upham. The school began with only 4 of these houses, but has got bigger over the years. The newest house is Upham house, which opened in 2003.

Teachers 

Some of the teachers at Macleans College are Dr Holborow (Physics Teacher). Mr Fletcher (History and Social Sciences teacher). Mrs Bungay (Computing and Information Management teacher). Mr Davidson (Social Sciences). Mr Edwards (Mathematics). Mrs Woodhead (English). Mrs Gill (English). Dr Kleinmans (Science and Chemistry). Ms Power (Science). Mr Tai (Science).

Other websites
Macleans College website

Reference

Schools in New Zealand
Auckland
1980 establishments in Oceania
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Hattusili III was a king of the Hittite empire around 1267–1237 BC. He was the fourth and last son of Mursili II. 

Hattusili led the Hittite forces in the Battle of Kadesh against Egypt in 1274 BC. Hattusili and the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II later made a peace treaty. This is the earliest treaty which has survived to the present day. Apparently, it was based upon previous Hittite models. The treaty set up a long-lasting peace between the two rival empires. Ramesses married Hattusili's daughter, and years later he married another Hittite princess.

References 

Hittite Empire
Mesopotamian people
Garfield and Friends is an animated television show that is based on the comic strip Garfield. The show aired on CBS from 1988 to 1994 on Saturday mornings. Then reran on Cartoon Network from 1995 to 1997, Nickelodeon from 1997 to 2000, ABC Kids (then known as Disney's One Saturday Morning) from 2000 to 2001, Freeform (then known as ABC Family) from 2001 to 2003, Toon Disney from 2003 to 2006, and Boomerang from 2006 to 2007. In addition to Garfield cartoons, it also features cartoons based on U.S. Acres, another comic strip created by Jim Davis.

Characters
 Garfield: A very fat, lazy, orange-skinned, cat. He loves eating, sleeping, and watching television.
 Jon: Garfield and Odie's nerdy owner. He is very loyal to them. He goes on dates and later gets dumped by girls.
 Odie: A yellow-skinned dog. He is very dumb and easily annoys Garfield.
 Nermal: A cute, gray-skinned cat.  She annoys Garfield more than anybody.

Animated television series
1988 television series debuts
CBS network shows
1994 American television series endings
1994 television series endings
English-language television programs
Marc Ferrez (December 7, 1843 – January 12, 1923) was a Brazilian photographer born in Rio de Janeiro.

Ferrez's life was dedicated to the art of photography and he is considered one of the greatest photographers of his time. His production was massive, and his photographs document the consolidation of Brazil as a nation and Rio de Janeiro as a metropolis. His career was energized when he made part of Professor Charles Hartt's Geological Commission which covered the north and south of the country.

In 1865, Ferrez opened his own studio at Rua São José, in the center of Rio de Janeiro. He was made Photographo da Marinha Imperial and his work with images increased through his life. He photographed Brazil from south to north, but paid more attention to his home city, Rio de Janeiro. His masterpieces are the great albums of railway constructions and the great panoramic views of the city of Rio de Janeiro and its quick development.

Ferrez died in 1923 and left thousands of pictures and reproductions of his works.

1843 births
1923 deaths
Brazilian photographers
Goo Ha-ra (Hangul: 구하라; January 3, 1991 – November 24, 2019) was a South Korean singer, known for being a member of girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.

Early life
Goo Ha-ra was born on January 3, 1991, in Gwangju, South Korea. Before debuting, she participated in the SM's youth appearance tournament in 2005. In 2007, she auditioned for JYP, however, she lost the runoff.

She was also an online shopping mall model, having been scouted after her photos were uploaded onto DSP's homepage. Thus, Goo Hara became a member of Kara. Currently, she postponed going to university in order to concentrate on her career.

Career

Kara

Kara debuted on March 29, 2007. In 2008, however, a member, Kim Sunghee, left the group. DSP Entertainment replaced her with two new members, Goo Hara and Kang Jiyoung, and Kara made a comeback with Rock U, which changed their image from "Hip-hop" to "cute and playful".

In December 4, 2008, Kara started their comeback on M! Countdown with "Pretty Girl". In February 2009, Kara released their second mini-album "Honey". "Honey" became the group's first #1 single when it topped the M! Countdown and The Music Trend.

In late July 2009, Kara revealed their second album named "Revolution". Due to the popularity of their songs Wanna and Mister, Kara's overall popularity increased. Kara recently started promotions with their third mini-album "Lupin".

Solo activities
In late 2008, she appeared along with the other Kara members in an episode of MBC sitcom That Person is Coming, having the most prominent role as a female gang leader.

She joined MBC's Hunters, along with SS501's Kim Hyun Joong, Jung Yong Hwa, Lee Hwi Jae, Shin Jung Hwan and two professional hunters to catch overpopulated wild boars that have become a dangerous threat to people and crops. The first episode aired on December 6, 2009. However, due to complaints about animal rights after the first episode, the show's format was quickly changed to Eco House; Goo Hara does not appear in the new show.

In October 2009, she became a cast member in KBS reality show Invincible Youth ("청춘불패"). In January 2015, she became a co-host in KBS A Style For You along with Hani.

Death
On May 26, 2019, Goo tried to kill herself in her apartment and was hospitalized.

On November 24, Goo was found dead at her home in Cheongdam-dong, Gangnam. Police investigation say suicide the likely cause of death.

Filmography

References

Other websites
Kara Official website
 Official Cyworld page

1991 births
2019 deaths
People who committed suicide
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
South Korean singers
K-pop singers
Mervyn Edward "Merv" Griffin, Jr. (July 6, 1925 – August 12, 2007) was the creator of many famous game shows like Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune. He worked from 1944 until his death in 2007.

Griffin was born July 6, 1925, in San Mateo, California to an Irish-American family. He was married to Julann Wright from 1958 until they divorced in 1976. They had one son, Tony Griffin. Griffin died on August 12, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from prostate cancer, aged 82. Premierie on August 18 2007 on GSN with Ten Wheel of Fortune or Jeopardy To Tell the Truth Tic Tac Dough The Joker Wild or Family Feud on January 6 1975 Present Like 1973 Until End July 1994 The Merv Griffin Show Ruckus Headline Chasers Super Jeopardy Monopoly (1990) & More

References
Wheel of Fortune (1973-January 6 1975 Present)

Jeopardy (March 30 1964-September 10 1984)

The All New Jeopardy (1978)

Super Jeopardy (1990)

Jep

Rock & Roll Jeopardy

Sports Jeopardy (2014)

& More

Other websites
 
 He Had a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts at the Wall Street Journal
 Merv Griffin tribute from ABC, from YouTube
 

1925 births
2007 deaths
Actors from San Mateo County, California
LGBT people from California
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television presenters
American voice actors
Bisexual people
Businesspeople from California
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from prostate cancer
Emmy Award winners
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT businesspeople
Musicians from California
Television personalities from California
People from San Mateo, California
Thescelosaurus was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived in forests during the late Cretaceous period in North America, about 77 to 65 million years ago. A Thescelosaurus fossilized four-chambered heart was recently found near Buffalo, South Dakota in USA. 

One complete specimen and 8 incomplete Thescelosaurus skeletons, including skin impressions, have been found in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota in the USA and in Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada.

Hypsilophodontidae
Riojasaurus was a herbivorous prosauropod dinosaur. It was one of the earliest of the large, plant-eating dinosaurs. Riojasaurus lived during the Upper Triassic, roughly 225 to 219 million years ago. Fossils have been found in La Rioja Province in Argentina. There are include incomplete skeletons from about 20 individuals.This dino was 30ft tall and 10ft long.

Riojasaurus had a heavy body, bulky legs, and a long neck and tail. Its leg bones were dense and massive for a prosauropod. By contrast, its vertebrae were lightened by hollow cavities, and unlike most prosauropods, Riojasaurus had four sacral vertebrae instead of three.

It probably moved slowly on all fours and could not rear up on its back legs. The nearly equal length of the fore and hindlimbs is also suggestive of a quadrupedal animal.

References 

Prosauropods
Datuk Nicol Ann David (born August 26, 1983) is a Malaysian professional squash  player. She is the current world number 1 in women's squash, and is the first Asian woman to achieve this. She won the British Open title in 2005, 2006 and 2008. She also won the World Open title in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009.

Nicol is the first squash player to have won the World Junior title twice; in 1999 and 2001. She was the only female squash player to have done this until in 2007. This was when Raneem El Weleily won her second World Junior Championship. Nicol joined WISPA and turned professional in 2000 when she won her first WISPA title, after only a month in the tour. The win came in February, when she beats Salma Shabana in the final of the Savcor Finnish Open. On June 7, 2008, Nicol David was recognized with the Order of Merit (Darjah Bakti) or D.B. in conjunction with the birthday of the His Majesty Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin. She was the first recipient of the award which was started on June 26, 1975. Nicol was also invited to carry the Olympic torch for Malaysia during the build up to the Athens Olympics in 2004 and being appointed as UNDP National Goodwill Ambassador for Malaysia.

Nicol David's other notable achievements include the Asian Squash Championship, which she won with a record of seven times (in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010). She also held a 13-month, 51-match winning streak, from March 2006 until April 2007. In April 2007 she finally lost to Natalie Grinham in the final of the 2007 Seoul Open. Nicol has also won the WISPA  Player of the Year on five consecutive times, from 2005 until 2009.

1983 births
Living people
Malaysian sportspeople
Squash (sport)
Orochimaru is a fictional character of the manga Naruto. He is one of the greatest villain of the story, as well as a very powerful and dangerous ninja. He was formerly a ninja of Konoha, but defected 10 years before the beginning of the story, because his research about a technique which could allow Orochimaru to become immortal was discovered by Konoha officials and the Third Hokage. He then created his own village, Otogakure, and vowed to destroy his former home. When he was a ninja of Konoha, he was the most brilliant pupil of the Third Hokage, the leader of the village, and was considered to be one of the most powerful ninja of the entire village. The Third Hokage even wanted Orochimaru to succeed him as the Fourth Hokage but the title was later given to Minato Namikaze, Naruto's father and Jiraiya's pupil.  

In the first part of the series, Orochimaru tried to destroy his former home, invading it with an army of ninja, and killed his former master, but failed to destroy completely the village. He later took Sasuke Uchiha as his apprentice, but was betrayed by him after training him during two and a half years. Sasuke attacked Orochimaru when he was close to death, but Sasuke could not kill him and absorbed him in his body instead. 

During the fight between Sasuke and his brother Itachi, Orochimaru was able to come out of Sasuke's body, but was quickly defeated by Itachi, who imprisoned him in a eternal illusion. Orochimaru was later reincarnated by Sasuke Uchiha in order to revive the first 4 Hokage. Orochimaru later participated in the Fourth Shinobi World War against Madara Uchiha and Obito Uchiha. Orochimaru had a son named Mitsuki who is the same age as Boruto Uzumaki, the son of Naruto Uzumaki and Hinata Hyuga.  Mitsuki the son of ordinary is part of the new team 7 sarda boruto mitsuki  

The Uzamaki Clan was later reformed to the Senjuists.

Science fiction
Naruto

ro:Akatsuki#Orochimaru
Can anybody solve this problem?
A cylindrical tank filled with molten salt now considering the case half of the tank(top) is at temperature of 873K and bottom half is at 573K.
The dimensions of tank is given as (D = 3 m & H = 6 m). Let's assume there is no fluid flow or mixing hence heat transfer only by conduction.
How the temperature varies within the body w.r.t. time?
Assume density= 1803.8 kg/m3 , Cp = 1520.4 J/kgK and K = 0.45 W/m-K

Other websites 
Answerbag - Inquire Within

Websites
2003 establishments
2015 disestablishments
The Constitution of the United Kingdom is a set of laws and rules in the United Kingdom that governs how the country is organized and the basic rights and freedoms of the people.

The UK's constitution is not written in one single document like many other countries' are. In fact, the UK's constitution is not completely written down at all. Some of it can be found in writing, starting with the Magna Carta of 1215 and the Bill of Rights Act 1689 and including more modern Acts of Parliament. Other parts of it are considered common law and are made up of the decisions of judges over many hundreds of years in a system called legal or judicial precedence. Because of this, some people say that the United Kingdom has a de facto or "unwritten" constitution.

Using the word "unwritten" is a problem, because most British laws and rules are written as statutes, or court judgments, the law of equity and in various treaties. Most of these laws come from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Because most of the constitution is written down in this way, it is not technically correct to call it "unwritten" or "de facto". However, these words are still used. The Constitution of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is even more different to most other constitutions in that it is just a normal set of laws, and not a "higher" law that the government cannot easily change. The constitution has no more authority than any other law in the UK, and the government can change it just by passing a new Act.

Constitutional principles

Parliamentary sovereignty 
Parliamentary sovereignty means that the UK Parliament can pass, change and remove any law it wants. Countries with codified ("written") constitutions usually have a set of rules that make it harder for legislatures to change the constitution. In the UK, the constitution can be changed with a new Act.

Rule of law 
The United Kingdom has rule of law. This means that everyone, including important government officials, has to follow the law. The rule of law also means that people can't be punished for doing something that isn't illegal.

Constitutional monarchy 
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means it has a Queen or a King. The Queen or King is decided by whether or not their parents, or other close relative, were King or Queen. Oldest brothers used to get to be King first, then the next brother, and so on, turning only to daughters when there were no sons. Queen Elizabeth II changed this, however, and rewrote the law so that the eldest child now becomes the next monarch no matter what that person’s gender is.

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutionalism
Constitutional economics

References

Other websites

 Ministry of Justice - Governance of Britain 
 The Constitution Society - Charity founded in order to promote public understanding of the British Constitution 

Government of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
German philosophy refers to philosophy written in German or by German philosophers. It started in the 17th century during the Age of Enlightenment, from Leibniz and Wolff through Kant, Schelling, Fichte, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Marx, Engels, and into the times of Nietzsche and Wittgenstein.

17th century 

The philosophy that dominated this century was the school of German philosopher and mathematican Gottfred Leibniz, later expanded by his follower, Christian Wolff. Leibniz thought that knowledge comes from reason alone.

18th century 

On the wake of the Enlightenment, a new philosophy called "critical philosophy" developed in Germany. It combined the ideals of philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) of France and Switzerland and David Hume (1711-1776) of Scotland, and rationalism and empiricism. The founder of this school was Immanuel Kant. He published three "critiques", the most revolutionary being Critique of Pure Reason (1781), the other two being, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgement. Two followers of Kant, Schelling and Fichte, thought that Kant's system had some errors and sought to improve it. A third philosopher, Hegel (1770-1831), developed his own kind of German idealism. His books are often difficult to read, and his ideas influenced many people, including those who agreed with him, and those who did not.

Germany
Branches of philosophy
The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) was founded in 1924 to promote widespread study, discussion and publicity in the establishment of an international auxiliary language, together with research and experiment.

Although it was created to determine which auxiliary language was best suited for international communication, it eventually determined that none of them was up to the task and developed its own language, Interlingua. The IALA continued to publish materials in and about Interlingua until 1954.

Language
Upper Volta was a territory belonging to France from 1919 to 1932 and later from 1947 to 1958. In 1958, Upper Volta became a republic. Until 1960, it was still part of the French Community. In 1960, Upper Volta gained independence from France. In 1984, it became the country now known as Burkina Faso.

References 

 Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) at Nations Encyclopedia

History of France
Chanelle Hayes (born 11 November 1987) is a British television personality and pop singer.

She was born in Styal prison, Cheshire. She was adopted and raised in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. She has been active since 2007 when she left voluntarily left the Big Brother house in week 9. She has had a single entitled "I Want It" charted at number 63 in the UK, number 33 in Republic of Ireland, number 7 in Turkey and number 5 in Russia.

Hayes has modelled many times for Diva Corsets. She regularly appears in the media promoting the Michelle for George lingerie line. After leaving the big brother house, Hayes has been in numerous Lad's mags, such as nuts magazine and zoo magazine as a glamour model. In October 2011, Hayes appeared fully topless for the first time in Zoo magazine.

Personal life
Hayes dated Middlesbrough football player Matthew Bates for several months in 2009. On 6 August 2009, Hayes was rushed to hospital after trying suicide by taking an overdose of paracetamol and red wine. On 20 January 2010, it was reported that she was expecting her first child with Bates, a boy. She gave birth to her son Blakely Hayes-Bates on 20 July 2010.

Hayes started dating Jack Tweed at the beginning of April 2010. She said they split on 1 July 2010.

References

Big Brother contestants
English models
English pop musicians
English singers
Musicians from Cheshire
Musicians from West Yorkshire
Reality television participants
Television personalities from Cheshire
Television personalities from Yorkshire
1987 births
Living people
East Riding of Yorkshire is a county in the English region called Yorkshire and the Humber in the north of England.

East Riding of Yorkshire
Ceremonial counties of England
Emil Gustav Friedrich Martin Niemöller (14 January 1892 – 6 March 1984) was a German pastor who opposed the Nazis. At first he supported Hitler, but when the Nazis tried to control the churches he helped to form the Confessing Church, an association of anti-Nazi churches. Because of his beliefs, he was imprisoned in concentration camps, and almost got executed. Niemöller is best known because he wrote the poem First they came....

He was born in Lippstadt. He died in Wiesbaden, aged 92.

References 
 Martin Niemöller: Biography on United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

1892 births
1984 deaths
Christian ministers
Christian religious leaders
Christian theologians
German Lutherans
German military personnel of World War I
German people of World War II
German poets
German prisoners
German theologians
Holocaust survivors
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
The poem First they came... was written by Martin Niemöller. It is a criticism of the way people in Nazi Germany did not stop the Nazi Party from treating other people poorly.

The poem is as follows:

First they came for the Communists,
  and I didn’t speak up,
  because I wasn’t a Communist.
Then they came for the Jews,
  and I didn’t speak up,
  because I wasn’t a Jew.
Then they came for the Catholics,
  and I didn’t speak up,
  because I was a Protestant.
Then they came for me,
  and by that time there was no one
  left to speak up for me.

References 

Nazi Germany
Poems

de:Martin Niemöller#Zitat
ARP Spoofing is a method someone (such as a hacker) could use to redirect traffic from a computer through the hacker's computer and then to the internet.  This allows the hacker to then read all traffic sent from or to the first computer.  This will reveal passwords, credit card numbers, and other private information.

A symptom of this sort of attack is a window when browsing to a secure site that says something along the lines of "This website's authentication check has failed".  This means that the hacker has forged a secure connection that cannot be verified. So, the warning is presented.

Computers
Internet
Internet protocols
A36 steel is a standard steel alloy which is commonly used in the United States. It is a standard carbon steel.

References

Alloys
Yorkshire County Cricket Club is a cricket club in Yorkshire, England.  They play most of their games at the Headingley Stadium in the Headingley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire as well as some games at North Marine Road in Scarborough, North Yorkshire.

Cricket clubs
Yorkshire
Headingley Stadium is a stadium in the Headingley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire.  The stadiums has two sides. One side is used for cricket and the other side is used for rugby. It is used for cricket by Yorkshire County Cricket Club, rugby league by the Leeds Rhinos and rugby union by Leeds Carnegie.

Leeds
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
Headingley railway station is a commuter railway station in the Headingley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire. The only train that operates at this station is Northern Rail. This station is on the line from Leeds City Centre to Harrogate and is two stops away from Leeds City Station.  Headingley Stadium is a rugby and cricket stadium that is near to this station.

Leeds
Railway stations in England
1849 establishments in England
North Marine Road is a cricket ground in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. The ground is the second ground of Yorkshire County Cricket Club after the Headingley Stadium in Headingley, Leeds, West Yorkshire.

Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Cricket in England
Burley Park railway station is a railway station in the Burley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire.  It is one stop away from Leeds City Station on the line between Leeds City Centre and Harrogate.  The station is situated ten minutes south of Headingley Stadium.  The railway station serves a large student population in Burley.

Leeds
Railway stations in England
The Leeds Studios are a complex of television studios in the Burley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire.  They are used as the headquarters of Yorkshire Television and also for other ITV filming purposes.  Until 2009, when it moved to The Manchester Studios, Countdown was filmed here by Yorkshire Television for Channel 4.

ITV
Leeds
The chevrotain, also known as mouse deer, is a small even-toed ungulate that make up the family Tragulidae

Mouse deer live in Asia. They are about the size of a hare, with short, thin legs. They stamp their small feet to signal to each other. Mouse deer are extremely nervous. When they are surprised, they freeze immediately, and then run away in a zig-zag through the forest.

References 

Even-toed ungulates

ml:കൂരമാന്‍
Crab spiders are the Thomisidae family of spiders. The group has 170 genera with over 2000 species.

They have two front pairs of legs angled outward and bodies that are flattened and often angular. Also, like crabs, Thomisidae spiders can move sideways or backwards. 

Crab spiders are hunters and ambushers. Some species sit on or among flowers, bark, fruit or leaves where they grab visiting insects. Crab spiders use their powerful front legs to grab and hold onto prey while paralyzing it with a venomous bite.

They are camouflaged: several different types are known. Even at a close range, it is difficult to see the spider. Some species are disguised as birds' droppings resting on a leaf.  Crab spiders live in rainforests all over the world. They get their name from the way they scuttle around like small crabs.

Images

References 

Spiders
Adolfo Bresciano (August 6, 1948 – March 10, 1993) was an Italian-born Canadian professional wrestler. He was better known by his ring name Dino Bravo. He was self-proclaimed as "Canada's Strongest Man" and later the "World's Strongest Man". Bravo is best known for his time wrestling in World Wrestling Federation (WWF). During his time there, Bravo was a one-time WWWF World Tag Team Champion with Dominic DeNucci and was the only wrestler to ever hold the short-lived WWF Canadian Champion.

On March 10, 1993, Bravo was found dead in his apartment by his wife. Bravo was hit by 17 bullets, 7 to the head and 10 to the torso, while he was watching ice hockey in his Vimont, Laval, Quebec home. He had an alleged role in illegal cigarette smuggling in Canada which is what is popularly believed to have led to his unsolved murder.

References

1948 births
1993 deaths
Canadian professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Murder victims
Murders by firearm
Unsolved murders
Our Lady Peace is a Canadian Alternative rock band. They formed in 1992 in Toronto. The members of the group are Raine Maida, the singer, who also plays the rhythm guitar, Jeremy Taggart, who plays the drums, Duncan Coutts, who plays the Bass guitar and Backing vocals and Steve Mazur, who plays the guitar and Backing vocals. A Decade is the name of their greatest hits album. They have a live audience DVD out also. They have many Billboard awards.

Discography

Studio albums
1994: Naveed
1997: Clumsy
1999: Happiness... Is Not a Fish That You Can Catch
2000: Spiritual Machines
2002: Gravity
2005: Healthy in Paranoid Times
2009: Burn Burn
2012: Curve

Live and compilation albums
 2003: Live
 2006: A Decade
 2009: The Very Best of Our Lady Peace

Other websites
Our Lady Peace's official website

1990s music groups
1992 establishments in Canada
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Katherine Marie Weatherston (born April 6, 1983) is a Canadian women's ice hockey player.

Playing career
Born in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Weatherston played for Dartmouth College in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from 2002 to 2007. She began playing international hockey for Canada at the 2004 Four Nations Cup. She played for Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics, held in Torino, Italy.

She played part of the 2007–08 season for the Ottawa Senators (CWHL) in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL), but finished the season skating for the Montréal Stars.

Personal
Her parents' names are David and Anna, and she has two brothers. While at Dartmouth, she majored in psychology.

Career stats

Dartmouth

Hockey Canada

Awards and honours
 2003 ECAC All-Rookie Team
 2003 All-Ivy Rookie Team
 2003 ECAC All-Star Honourable Mention
 New England Writers Association Team, 2004–2005
 Second team All-Ivy, 2004–2005
 Third team All-USCHO, 2004–2005
 2006-07 ECAC Coaches Preseason All-League Selection
 2006-07 ECAC Media Preseason All-League Selection
 Canadian Women's Hockey League Eastern Division All-Star (2008)
 Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Rookie Team (2008)
 2007 ECAC Tournament Most Valuable Player

References

1983 births
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
People from Thunder Bay
The Council of Constance was a council in the 15th century. It was held between 1414 and 1418. It took place in Constance (today known as Konstanz) in Switzerland. 

The result of this ecumenical council by the Roman Catholic Church was a new Pope. His name was Pope Martin V.

References

Other websites 

Christianity in Germany
Constance
History of Germany
Konstanz
Roman Catholicism
1410s
History of Switzerland
In mathematics, a Pythagorean triple is a set of three positive integers which satisfy the equation (make the equation work):

This equation is known as  the Diophantine equation, and is related to Pythagoras' theorem.
The lowest Pythagorean triple is [3, 4, 5] because:

 So, 
The next highest triple is [5, 12, 13] then [7, 24, 25], and so on.
There is an infinite number of Pythagorean triples.

A Pythagorean triple always consists of: 

•	all even numbers, or

•	two odd numbers and an even number.

A Pythagorean triple can never be made up of all odd numbers or two even numbers and one odd number.

Mathematics

no:Pythagoras’ læresetning#Pytagoreiske tripler
The United States presidential doctrines are policy decisions toward other countries made by Presidents.

Examples of Presidential Doctrines 
The first and most important presidential doctrine was the Monroe Doctrine by President James Monroe stated that the United States declared the right to have influence over Latin America and the U.S. threatened war to any European country which interfered.
 
President Theodore Roosevelt expanded on the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary.

The Truman Doctrine by President Harry Truman during the Cold War stated that the United States will give aid to Turkey and Greece to help them resist the spread of communism.

The Carter Doctrine by President Jimmy Carter stated that the U.S. would use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

The Reagan Doctrine was the name for Reagan's policy of giving weapons and money t who wanted to fight against communism.

President George W. Bush's policy of invading Iraq without being provoked was called the Bush Doctrine.=

History of the United States
Claude Bernard (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist. He has been called "one of the greatest of all men of science". He was one of the first to suggest blind experiments to get scientific observations more free of bias. He was the first to define the term milieu interieur, which is now known as homeostasis, a later term coined by Walter Cannon.

Bernard made animal experimentation a part of the standard scientific method. He famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lit hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen".

He was born in 1813 in Saint-Julien near Villefranche-sur-Saône. He wrote comedies and other plays. When he was 21 he went to Paris with his play and went to a critic. But the critic suggested for him to study medicine instead of literature.

In 1845 Bernard married Françoise Marie (Fanny) Martin for her money. Her money helped him in his experiments, but she was firmly against his methods, and founded the first French society for anti-vivisectionists. When he died Bernard was given a public funeral. This was something which had never been given by France to a man of science before.

References

Other websites 

 

1813 births
1878 deaths
Physiology
French scientists
Wednesday Morning, 3 AM is the name of the first album by Simon and Garfunkel. It came out in 1964. Some of the songs on the album were written by Paul Simon, but others were written by other people. The songs "Wednesday Morning, 3 AM", "The Sounds of Silence", "Bleecker Street" and Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'" are on the album. The album did not sell well, though the song "The Sounds of Silence" was later released as a successful single in 1966.

1964 albums
Folk albums
Three 6 Mafia is a rap group from Memphis, Tennessee. They became a band under the name Triple 6 Mafia in 1991 and released their debut studio album Mystic Stylez in 1995. They are signed to Sony Music Entertainment, Hypnotize Minds and Columbia Records. Their song "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2006. The song "Somebody's Gonna Get It" is the current entrance theme song of WWE superstar Mark Henry.

Albums 
 Mystic Stylez (1995)
 Chapter 1: The End (1996)
 Chapter 2: World Domination (1997)
 When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1 (2000)
 Choices: The Album (2001)
 Da Unbreakables (2003)
 Choices II: The Setup (2005)
 Most Known Unknown (2005)
 Last 2 Walk (2008)
 Laws of Power (2014)

References

Other websites 
Three 6 Mafia's Official website 

Musical groups from Tennessee
American rap music groups
Hip hop bands
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Tennessee
In geology, a hotspot or hot spot is a portion of the Earth's surface which experiences volcanism. This may be caused by a rising mantle plume or some other cause. Hotspots may be far from tectonic plate boundaries. 

A volcanic hotspot is where magma pushes up from deep in the Earth's crust or mantle and creates a volcano. The earth's plates can move along, creating a new volcano above the hotspot while moving the older volcanoes away. This creates a chain of volcanoes, such as in Hawaii.

Discussion

Standard account of volcanic activity 
Most volcanoes are explained by the collision or splitting apart of continental plates. This explains the long mountain ranges which have many volcanoes, such as the western edge of the Americas. It also explains the huge rift valleys such as the East African Rift Valley. Most Earth scientists accept that the cause of these great features is plate tectonics. 

The problem arises with volcanoes which are not at the edges of plates. In the United States, the Yellowstone Caldera is obviously active. It has geysers caused by constant geothermal energy activity, and the floor of the crater moves up and down as much as 50 meters in a few years. The Pacific Ocean has six or seven chains of islands formed by volcanic activity. Most of these cannot be explained simply as being on the edge of two or three plates.

Hotspot theory 
J. Tuzo Wilson suggested in 1963 that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a fixed hot spot deep beneath the surface of the planet. Hotspots are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up from the Earth's core–mantle boundary called a mantle plume. 

Other geologists think it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism. They think lithospheric extension (stretching of the Earth's crust) allows melt to rise from shallow depths.

Geologists have identified some 40–50 such hotspots around the globe. Those under Hawaii, Réunion, Yellowstone, Galápagos Islands, are the most active at present.

References 

Geological formations
Beautiful Girls is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It stars Rosie O'Donnell, Matt Dillon, Mira Sorvino and Natalie Portman. The movie was released in February 1996. It is about a reunion. Ted Demme directed the movie. Also starring are Annabeth Gish, Lauren Holly, Michael Rapaport and Uma Thurman.

Other websites 

1996 romance movies
1996 comedy-drama movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies