cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Birch bark or birchbark is usually the bark of the paper birch tree or sometimes of similar trees such as gray (wire) birch.

Birch bark is useful because it is strong and water-resistant. It is similar in some ways to cardboard. And can be easily cut, bent and sewn. Because of this it has been very valuable for building, crafting, and writing material ever since ancient times.  Birch bark also contains substances that are used in medicines and chemicals.

Uses

Birch bark was valuable throughout the world where birch trees were available:

In North America, the native people used birch bark for canoes and wigwams and more.
In Scandinavia and Finland, it had many uses, including roofs, boxes, casks and buckets.
In Russia, many birch bark documents have survived from the Middle Ages. 
In the Indian civilisation birch-bark, along with dried palm leaves,  replaced parchment for writing. 

Birch bark is can also be used as a tinder. It is very good tinder as the inner layers will stay dry even through heavy rainstorms.  To make birch bark useless as tinder, it must be soaked in water for a very long time.

References
The Algonquin Birchbark Canoe by David Gidmark .

Other websites

The Birch Bark Torch, a Wilderness Way Magazine'''s article by Kevin Finney.
Birchbark articles from the NativeTech'' site.
Birch and Birch Bark , an article by John Zasada at an University of Minnesota site.
Birch Bark Canoe Building Courses at the North House Folk School, Minnesota.
Birch Bark Canoe  page on the site of the Algonquins of Pikwàganagàn.

Wood
Fagales
bazaar is an Azerbaijani word which can be also seen in other languages like   and . bazaar is an area that is always used for shopping. It can be a market place or a street of shops where things are exchanged or sold. 

The word bazaar is from the Persian word bāzār, this word itself comes from the Pahlavi word baha-char (بهاچار), meaning "the place of prices". Although the meaning of the word "bazaar" started in Persia, it has spread and is now used in many countries around world. 

The world's biggest bazaar is the Grand Bazaar, Tehran, other well-known ones are the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, the Old Bazaar in Cairo, the Chandni Chowk in Delhi or the  Anarkali Bazar in Lahore. Very often, banks, or moneylenders, cafes and mosques can also be found in a bazaar.

Related pages
 Market

References

Other websites
Iran Chamber Society on Architecture of the Bazaar at Isfahan 
1911 Britannica article "Bazaar"

Economic markets
Alo is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has a height of 406 metres (1335 feet).

References 

Union Councils of Mardan District
Graham William Nash (born 2 February 1942 in Blackpool, England) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He was a founding member of The Hollies, but left that band to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby and Stephen Stills. He moved to California to be part of the new group, which Neil Young also joined later.

While Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young broke apart and came back together many times, Nash has almost always worked with David Crosby since the 1960s.

Nash became an American citizen in 1978. Besides music, he is also a talented photographer, and collector of photographs.

1942 births
Living people
English singers
English songwriters
English photographers
Babini is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Babozai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°50'0N 72°8'0E and has a height of 1754 metres (5757 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Bala Garhi is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°14'0N 72°9'0E and has a height of 302 metres (994 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Chamtar is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°10'47N 71°59'2E and has a height of 286 metres (941 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Charguli is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°19'0N 72°14'0E and has a height of 342 metres (1125 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Dagai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Dheri is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Garhi Daulatzai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has height of 294 metres (967 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Garhi Ismail Zai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has a height of 294 metres (967 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Garyala is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°16'0N 72°13'0E and has a height of 317 metres (1043 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Gujar Garhi is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°14'0N 72°1'0E and has a height of 298m (980 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Hathian is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°23'35N 71°55'0E and has an altitude of 372m (1223 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Lund Khwar, is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°23'22N 71°58'51E with a height of 371 metres (1220 feet). Lund Khwar means "the ever flowing stream (or brook)". The village was founded in the 12th century by Yousafzai and Khattak tribesmen.

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Muslim Abad is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°23'0N 71°54'5E and has a height of 379 metres (1246 feet).

References 

Union Councils of Mardan District
Rustam is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°21'0N 72°17'0E and has a height of .

References 

Union Councils of Mardan District
Shamozai is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°22'60N 72°7'60E and has a height of 713m (2342 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Saro Shah or Sari is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°14'9N 71°54'30E and has a height of 316 metres (1040 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Takkar is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°17'18N 71°53'50E and has a height of 338m (1112 feet).

References

Union Councils of Mardan District
Toru is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°9'0N 72°6'0E and has a height of 291m (958 feet).

References 

Union Councils of Mardan District
The University of Bologna is the oldest university in continuous operation. It was founded in Bologna, Italy in about 1088.

The university received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158. In the 19th century, a committee of historians traced the founding of the University back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuous university in the world. That is slightly earlier than the University of Oxford, where there is evidence of teaching in 1096.

Bologna was also the first to use the term universitas for the corporation of students and masters which make up a university.

History 
In the Middle Ages, the University of Bologna was famous in all Europe for its schools of humanities and law.

The poets Dante and Petrarca studied at this university. Called officially Alma mater studiorum, the university is an institution for students of both sexes, supported by the state. It offers courses in arts, law, medicine, pharmacy, mathematics, engineering, agronomy, veterinary medicine and pedagogy. The Italian semiologist and writer Umberto Eco was the Chair of semiotics at the university. The former prime minister of Italy, Romano Prodi, is a professor in the Department of Economics.

References

Other websites 
  Official website

Colleges and universities in Italy
Bologna
1088 establishments
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
The Great Pyramid of Giza is a huge pyramid built by the Ancient Egyptians. It stands 18.4 km from Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain mostly intact. When it was built it was 146.5 metres (481 feet) tall. It was the tallest building in the world for over 3,800 years.  Erosion and other causes have shrunk it to 138.8 metres. The pyramid was probably built for Khufu, an Egyptian pharaoh. It was perhaps built by Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu. It is believed that it took about 20 years to build, and was completed around 10,000 BC.

When it was built, the Great Pyramid was covered by white stones that formed a smooth outer surface. Some of these stones  can still be seen around the base. Most of what can be seen of the pyramid now is its basic core 2,300,000 blocks of limestone and granite. There have been many different theories to explain how the pyramid was built. Most accepted building ideas are based on the idea of moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.  Archaeologists found that the Pyramids of Giza were not built by slaves, but workers who were paid for working. Their graves were found near the pyramid in 1990. 

There are three known rooms, or chambers, inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the rock on which the pyramid was built. This chamber was not finished. The other two chambers are higher up inside the pyramid. They are called the Queen's Chamber and the King's Chamber, but these are modern labels as we do not know how the Egyptians were going to use them. The Great Pyramid has two passages, one leading up, and the other down. It is the only Egyptian pyramid to have the two passages.

The Great Pyramid is part of a group of buildings, called the Giza Necropolis. This includes two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu. One is close to the pyramid and one near the Nile. There are three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives. Other buildings include an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, and a raised causeway which joins the two temples. There are other tombs, called mastaba, probably for other important people.

References

Other websites 
 Great Pyramid of Giza -Citizendium

Ancient Egypt
Pyramids
Buildings and structures in Egypt
Archaeological sites in Egypt
Giza
Radio:Active (typeset as Radio:ACTIVE) is the fourth album by British pop rock band McFly. It is the band's first album with their new label Super Records. They created this label after they left Island Records. The first single from the album is "One for the Radio".

On 24 June 2008, McFly said that they would give Radio:Active free with the newspaper The Mail on Sunday on 20 July 2008. They released a second single on 15 September 2008 called Lies which is also on the album. The deluxe edition has four extra songs, a bonus DVD and a 32-page booklet. McFly released this on 22 September 2008.

The Mail on Sunday edition tracklist 
 "Do Ya" - 2:53 (T. Fletcher, D.Poynter, J.Bourne,)
 "Falling In Love" - 4:26 (D.Jones, T.Fletcher, J.Perry)
 "Everybody Knows" - 3:15 (T.Fletcher, D.Poynter, J.Bourne)
 "Smile" - 3:18 (D.Jones, T.Fletcher, J.Perry)
 "One for the Radio" - 3:06 (T.Fletcher)
 "POV" - 3:53 (T.Fletcher)
 "Corrupted" - 3:39 (T.Fletcher, L.Christy, G.Edwards, S.Spock)
 "The Heart Never Lies" - 3:26 (T.Fletcher)
 "Going Through The Motions" - 3:25 (T.Fletcher, D.Jones, D.Poynter)
 "The Last Song" - 4:51 (T.Fletcher, D.Jones, D.Poynter)

Deluxe edition tracklist Cd + Dvd 
 "Lies" - 3:39
 "One for the Radio" - 3:06
 "Everybody Knows" - 3:15
 "Do Ya" - 2:53
 "Falling In Love" - 4:26
 "POV" - 3:53
 "Corrupted" - 3:39
 "Smile" - 3:18
 "The End"
 "Going Through The Motions" - 3:25
 "Down Goes Another One"
 "Only The Strong Survive"
 "The Last Song" - 4:52

 DVD - PART 1 - Down Under with McFly - The making of radio : ACTIVE
 DVD - PART 2 - Behind the scenes with McFly - promotion radio : ACTIVE Summer 2008
Townsend Records
 Download of 'Lies' - Johnny Phonetti Remix
 Download of 'Lies' - Johnny Phonetti Dub Mix

References 

McFly albums
2008 albums
The Silmarillion is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was first published posthumously (after Tolkien was dead) in 1977, edited by his son Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion is set in Tolkien's world Middle-earth, and is about its early history before The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. 

The name "Silmarillion" can mean the published book (as in The Silmarillion), but it can also mean all the stories from the First Age of Middle-earth (the Quenta Silmarillion).

Overview 
The published The Silmarillion has five parts:
 The Ainulindalë tells how Eru Ilúvatar (God) created the Ainur and the universe (called Eä).
 The Valaquenta tells of the Ainur who came into the world, where they were known as Valar and Maiar.
 The Quenta Silmarillion tells the stories of the First Age of Middle-earth. It is about the wars of the Elves and Men against the Dark Lord Morgoth, and the fight for the Silmaril jewels. The Quenta Silmarillion is the biggest part of the book.
 The Akallabêth tells of the Downfall of Númenor.
 The Of The Rings of Power and the Third Age tells the story leading up to The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Books by J. R. R. Tolkien
1977 books
Fantasy books
The Mail on Sunday is a British newspaper. Over six million people read it every week. It was first published in 1982 by Lord Northcliffe. It sells the second biggest amount of Sunday newspapers in Britain afterThe News of the World. The Daily Mail was launched nearly a century before(1896) and is The Mail on Sunday's sister paper.

They are both owned by Associated Newspapers, but the editorial staff are completely separate.

History
The Mail on Sunday was first launched on 2 May 1982, to go with the Daily Mail. The first story ever printed on the front page was the RAF's bombing of Port Stanley airport in the Falklands. The Daily Mail and General Trust(DMGT)came up with some tough targets for the paper to reach. Initially DMGT wanted to sell 1.25 million copies a week. But the launch of The Mail on Sunday was not a success. After six weeks, sales were only around 700,000 copies.

Lord Rothermere then brought in the Daily Mail'''s editor David English (later Sir David). He helped redesign and re-launch The Mail on Sunday. In the first three and a half months, Sir David managed to stop the fall in sales. The circulation then increased to 840,000. Three new sections were introduced:
The first was a sponsored partwork the first of which was a cookery book.
The second was a colour comic supplement (something new to the British Sunday newspaper market).
The third was a magazine called You magazine.
Today (2008)the circulation is around 2.3 million, an increase of more than 1.5 million.

The newspaper's reputation developed thanks to Stewart Steven. Its circulation grew from around 1 million to almost 2 million during his time in charge. The editor who followed him was Jonathan Holborow and the current editor is Peter Wright.

SectionsFinancial Mail on Sunday - now incorporated into the main section of the paper, it includes the award winning Financial Mail Enterprise, focusing on small business.You - You magazine is a women's magazine featured in the Mail on Sunday. 3 million women and 2.3 million men read it every week.Live - this magazine is aimed at men although it also includes the TV listings section. The main features are columns that well-known people write, such as Piers Morgan. It also has a particular stance towards gadgets, and was criticised for brand favouritism.Mail on Sunday 2 - this includes review, including articles on the arts, books and culture.Sportsmail - on the back pages of the Mail. It features a variety of sports and sometimes has an emphasis on alternative sports such as darts and snooker.Football Mail on Sunday - reviews the Premier League, the Championship and the Football League games from Saturday as well as most international games.

References

 Other websites 
 Mail Online''

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
Miguel Ángel Nadal (born July 28 1966 in Manacor, Majorca) is a former Spanish football player. He played as a defender or a midfielder. He played for Mallorca from 1986 to 1991 and for Barcelona from 1991 until 1999 where he was nicknamed The Beast of Barcelona. He also played for the Spain national team earning 62 caps, and played in three world cups (1994, 1998, 2002). He returned to Mallorca in 1999 until 2005 when he retired.

He is Rafael Nadal's uncle and his brother is Rafa's coach, Toni Nadal.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="5"|Mallorca||rowspan="2"|La Liga||8||1
|-
|1987/88||20||2
|-
|1988/89||Segunda División||30||7
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|La Liga||34||7
|-
|1990/91||38||5
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="8"|Barcelona||rowspan="8"|La Liga||25||3
|-
|1992/93||36||4
|-
|1993/94||33||0
|-
|1994/95||29||0
|-
|1995/96||35||2
|-
|1996/97||27||1
|-
|1997/98||21||0
|-
|1998/99||2||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="6"|Mallorca||rowspan="6"|La Liga||31||0
|-
|2000/01||36||3
|-
|2001/02||37||2
|-
|2002/03||22||0
|-
|2003/04||24||1
|-
|2004/05||6||0
494||38
494||38
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||6||0
|-
|1994||12||2
|-
|1995||8||0
|-
|1996||9||0
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||8||1
|-
|2002||7||0
|-
!Total||62||3
|}

Honours
With Barcelona he won:
5 La Ligas in 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1997/98 and 1998/99.
3 Supercopa de España in 1991/92, 1992/93, 1994/95.
2 UEFA Super Cups in 1992/93, 1997/98.
2 Copa del Rey in 1996/97 and 1997/98.
1 UEFA Champions League in 1991/92.
1 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1996/97.

With Mallorca he won:
1 Copa del Rey in 2002/03.

References

1966 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman is a reality children's television program that is shown on PBS. It is hosted by an animated dog, Ruff Ruffman, who gives out challenges to the six kids competing on the program.

Broadcasts History

United States 
PBS Kids (2006-2018)

Universal Kids (2006-2019)

Canada 
CBC Kids (May 16 2008-present)

TVO Kids (2006-2008)

Brazil 

Gloob (2008-presente)

VIVA Kids (2006-2020)

Israel 
Hop! (2007-2018)

Israeli Educational Television

Icelandic  
RUV (2007-2019)

United Kingdom 
CBBC (2007-present)

Norway 
ZTV (2006-present)

Portugal  
Zigzag RTP (2006-present)

Canal Panda (2008-present)

France  
TiJi (2007-2020)

Arabic  
JeemTV (2006-present)

Spain 
20th Century Studios TV (2006-2010)

Canal Panda (2007-2011)

American reality television series
American children's television series
Animated television series
English-language television programs
The African wild dog or painted dog (Lycaon pictus) is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family. In past centuries it had a wide distribution in Africa.

The African wild dog is very social, living in packs. They hunt antelopes, which they catch by chasing them to exhaustion. Like other canids, the African wild dog regurgitates food for its young, and other adults. Their natural enemies are lions and hyenas: the lions kill the canids where possible; hyenas frequently steal their kills.

References

Canids
Luna Sea is a Japanese rock band, formed in Kanagawa in 1989. They were a very successful band during the 1990s. They stopped playing in 2000 but got together again in 2007, and again in 2008. They had a reunion world tour in 2010.

Members 
 Ryuichi Kawamura (河村隆一, Kawamura Ryuichi?) – Vocals
 Yasuhiro "Sugizo" Sugihara (杉原有音 Sugihara Yuune) – Lead guitar and violin
 Shinobu "Inoran" Inoue (井上清信 Inoue Shinobu) – Rhythm guitar
 Jun "J" Onose (小野瀬潤 Onose Jun) – Bass
 Shinya Yamada (山田真矢 Yamada Shinya) – Drums

Discography

Albums 
 Luna Sea (April 21, 1991)
 Image (May 21, 1992)
 Eden (April 21, 1993)
 Mother (October 26, 1994)
 Style (April 22, 1996)
 Shine (July 23, 1998)
 Lunacy (July 12, 2000)
 A Will (December 11, 2013)

Singles 
 "Believe" (February 24, 1993)
 "In My Dream (With Shiver)" (July 21, 1993)
 "Rosier" (July 21, 1994)
 "True Blue" (September 21, 1994)
 "Mother" (February 22, 1995)
 "Desire" (November 13, 1995)
 "End of Sorrow" (March 25, 1996)
 "In Silence" (July 15, 1996)
 "Storm" (April 15, 1998)
 "Shine" (June 3, 1998)
 "I For You" (July 1, 1998)
 "Gravity" (March 29, 2000)
 "Tonight" (May 17, 2000)
 "Love Song" (November 8, 2000)
 "The One -Crash to Create-" (March 21, 2012)
 "The End of the Dream/Rouge" (December 12, 2012)
 "Thoughts" (August 28, 2013)
 "Ran" (乱, alternately "Run") (November 13, 2013)

Compilations 
 Singles (December 17, 1997)
 Tribute Spirits (1 May 1999)
 Never Sold Out (May 29, 1999)
 Period ~The Best Selection~ (December 23, 2000)
 Guitar Solo Instruments 1 & 2 (December 19, 2001)
 Piano Solo Instruments 1 - 4 (December 19, 2001)
 Another Side of "Singles II" (March 6, 2002)
 Slow (March 23, 2005)
 Complete Best (March 26, 2008)

Japanese rock bands
Hard rock bands
Punk bands
Visual kei bands
Roger Philip Bresnahan (June 11, 1879 – December 4, 1944), nicknamed "The Duke of Tralee" for his Irish roots, was an American Major League Baseball player who played catcher and a player-manager.

References 

1879 births
1944 deaths
American baseball players
People from Toledo, Ohio
Sportspeople from Ohio
Chicago Cubs players
New York Giants (NL) players
St. Louis Cardinals players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Isaac Slade is an American singer-songwriter. He is a member of the rock band called The Fray. He was born in May 1981. He has released several albums with the band The Fray including How to Save a Life and Live at the Electric Factory. He records and performs more of a piano rock and acoustic. Singles include How to Save a Life, Look After You, and Cable Car.

American singer-songwriters
American pianists
Writers from Denver, Colorado
Musicians from Denver, Colorado
Singers from Denver, Colorado
1981 births
Living people
GParted is a program used for creating, deleting, resizing, moving, checking and copying partitions, and the file systems on them. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems (works with Vista System & Data partitions), reorganizing disk usage, copying data residing on hard disks and mirroring one partition with another (disk imaging).

References

Software

de:GNU Parted#GParted
Acoustic may mean:

In science:
 Acoustics, a branch of physics that studies sound
 Musical acoustics, the branch of acoustics that studies the physics of music
 Acoustic meatus, another name for the ear canal

In music:
 Acoustic music, music that solely or primarily uses instruments that do not need electric amplification to make a sound
 An instrument used in acoustic music (see link above), such as:
 Acoustic guitar, as opposed to electric guitar
 Acoustic bass guitar, as opposed to electric bass guitar
 An album:
 Acoustic (Deine Lakaien album), 1995
 Acoustic (John Lennon album), 2004
 A record label:
 Acoustic Americana
 Acoustic Disc
 Piano acoustics
 Acoustic fingerprint

Warfare
 Acoustic torpedo
 Acoustic signature

Other:
 Acoustic Control Corporation, a company which produced instrument amplifiers using Acoustic as a brand name
 Acoustic thermometry, observation of the oceans' climates using long-range acoustic instruments
 Acoustic cryptanalysis, in cryptography, a side channel attack which exploits sounds
SLA may mean:

 Second language acquisition, the process by which people learn additional languages
 Service level agreement, a term used in information technology
 Shared line appearance, a technique used in telephony
 SLA Industries, a role-playing game written by Nightfall Games
 Slow left arm, a bowling style in cricket
 Software license agreement, a contract placing restrictions on the use of software

Geography 
 Martín Miguel de Güemes Airport (via IATA airport code), in Salta, Argentine
 South Los Angeles
 State Line Avenue, in Texarkana, United States

Science/Engineering 
 Sealed lead-acid, a type of lead-acid battery
 Short long arms suspension, a wheel suspension type for vehicles with wishbones of unequal length
 Specific leaf area, Botanist's term describing a property of a leaf on a plant, often used as a measure of leaf "thickness"
 Stereolithography apparatus, a type of rapid prototyping machine

Organizations 
 Saint Lawrence Academy, a college preparatory school located in Santa Clara, California
 School Library Association, an association for school librarians
 South Lebanon Army, an Israeli-backed militia during the Lebanese Civil War
 Special Libraries Association, an association for professional librarians working in specialized libraries
 Sri Lanka Army, the oldest and largest of Sri Lanka's armed services 
 State Liquor Authority, New York State organization that enforces liquor laws
 Sudan Liberation Army, a rebel group in the Sudanese region Darfur
 Symbionese Liberation Army, kidnappers of Patricia Campbell Hearst
Jesus of Suburbia was the fifth and final single to be released from Green Day's seventh studio album, American Idiot.

Track listings
Australian single:
"Jesus of Suburbia" - 9:09
"Are We the Waiting" (Live from VH1 Storytellers) - 2:57
"St. Jimmy"  (Live from VH1 Storytellers) - 3:07

10" vinyl:
Side A
"Jesus of Suburbia" - 9:09

Side B
"St. Jimmy"  (Live from VH1 Storytellers) - 3:07

Green Day songs
2005 songs
The National Bowl is a entertainment venue in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It can hold up to 65,000 people.

Other websites 
 National Bowl official web site

Buildings and structures in England
Music venues
1979 establishments in England
Kerrang! is a weekly Rock magazine by Bauer Consumer Media in the United Kingdom.

Other websites 
 Official Site

Music magazines
Bullet in a Bible is a live CD, DVD and UMD release by Green Day, which was issued on November 15 2005.

Green Day albums
2005 albums
"The Pretender" is the first single from the Foo Fighters' 2007 album Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace.

Track listing 
2-track CD
"The Pretender"
"If Ever"

Maxi CD
"The Pretender" - 4:31
"Come Alive" (Demo) - 5:31
"If Ever" - 4:15
"Monkey Wrench" (Live from Hyde Park video) - 5:35

7"
"The Pretender"
"Bangin"

Chart positions

References 

2007 songs
"It's Been Awhile" is a song by American alternative metal band Staind. The song was released in March 20, 2001. It was the first single on their third studio album Break the Cycle.

On the Billboard charts, "It's Been Awhile" was able to peak at #5 on Hot 100, #1 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, #1 on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks, #3 on the Top 40 Mainstream, #6 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks, and at #4 on the Top 40 Tracks charts.

References

Other websites
"It's Been Awhile" on YouTube

2001 songs
Rock ballads
"Scar Tissue" is the first single from the American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers' seventh album  Californication.

1999 songs
Red Hot Chili Peppers songs
Songs about drugs
In music, a theme is the beginning or primary melody. It is usually familiar sounding and able to be recognized when it is heard.

From that beginning part of the music, variations can be played as the composition is developed or put together.

Musical terminology
Ronnie Blake (born May 23, 1972) is a trumpeter from Fullerton, California.  He has played with many well known musicians including  Aaliyah, Ben Harper, Dr Dre, and Big Bad Voodoo Daddy. Blake has also toured with Green Day.

Trumpeters
Green Day members
Musicians from California
1972 births
Living people
Jason White (born November 11, 1973 in Little Rock, Arkansas) is a U.S. guitarist who has played in many punk rock bands. He plays for punk rock band Green Day.

1973 births
Living people
Green Day members
American guitarists
Singers from Arkansas
Musicians from Arkansas
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
Jason Jeremy Freese (born in Orange County, California, on January 12, 1975) is an American singer, musician and record producer. He plays piano/keyboard, guitar, tenor saxophone, accordion, trombone, and sings backing vocals for Green Day when the band tours.

1975 births
Living people
Green Day members
Musicians from California
Singers from California
is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. He was the 92nd Prime Minister of Japan. He is from Iizuka, Fukuoka.

Early life and education
Asō, a Roman Catholic, was born in Iizuka in Fukuoka Prefecture on 20 September 1940.

Asō graduated from the Faculty of Politics and Economics at Gakushuin University, and the London School of Economics.

Honours
  Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun, 2008

Bibliography
 Takashi Hirose (広瀬隆); 『私物国家 日本の黒幕の系図』 Tokyo:Kobunsha (1997) Genealogy14

References

Other websites

 Official website　
 Official website of Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet

1940 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Deputy Prime Ministers of Japan
Group velocity is often considered to be the wave velocity at which information travels. Often, this can be seen as the speed at which the envelope of the wave travels.

Wave physics

fr:Vitesse d'une onde#Vitesse de groupe
nl:Voortplantingssnelheid#Fase- en groepssnelheid
Boys Like Girls is the debut hit album released in 2006 by rock band Boys Like Girls. The album was recorded in 2005-2006. The album has 4 singles.

Singles 
2006 - The Great Escape
2007 - Hero / Heroine
2007 - Five Minutes to Midnight
2008 - Thunder

Track listing
"The Great Escape" (Martin Johnson, Sam Hollander, Dave Katz) – 3:28
"Five Minutes to Midnight" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:47
"Hero/Heroine" (Johnson) – 3:52
"On Top of the World" (Johnson) – 3:36
"Thunder" (Johnson, Paul DiGiovanni) – 3:56
"Me, You and My Medication" (Johnson, Bleu) – 4:28
"Up Against the Wall" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:39
"Dance Hall Drug" (Johnson) – 3:29
"Learning to Fall" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:04
"Heels Over Head" (Johnson) – 3:08
"Broken Man" (Johnson) – 3:31
"Holiday" (Johnson) – 5:08

The album was re-released on November 13, 2007 which contains an acoustic version of "Hero/Heroine" plus live performance videos and photo galleries as part of the enhanced portion of the disc.

Discography

Albums
2006 - Boys girl's album
2009 - Untitled Second Studio Album

Singles
2006 - "The Great Escape"
2007 - "Hero / Herione"
2008 - "Thunder"

Performers
Paul DiGiovanni – lead guitar
Bryan Donahue – bass
Martin Johnson – vocals, rhythm guitar
John Keefe – drums

2006 albums
Boys Like Girls
"This Love" is the second single from rock band Maroon 5's first album Songs About Jane. A music video for the song was created and is included on the CD version of the single. The single was released 2003.

Charts 

2003 songs
Maroon 5 songs
Cedrus deodara (; Hindi, Sanskrit:  devadāru;  xue song) is a species of cedar trees. It is also known as: Deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or Himalayan deodar. 

It is common in the western Himalayas, eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, north-central India (states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand. It is also local to Kashmir, southwesternmost Tibet and western Nepal.

It grows in places that are 1500–3200 m above sea level. It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m tall, exceptionally 60 m, with a trunk up to 3m thick. It has a cone-shaped crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.

Appearance 
The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5–5 cm long. It occasionally grows up to 7 cm long. It can be very thin (1 mm thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-30 on short shoots. Its colours range from bright green to glaucous blue-green. 

The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7–13 cm long and 5–9 cm broad, and break up when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are 4–6 cm long, and shed their pollen in autumn. 

The Himalayan deodar is the state tree of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and National tree of Pakistan..

Notes

References 

National symbols of Pakistan
Plants of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Personal space is a concept from sociology. The concept talks about two actors (two people). The basic idea behind it is these actors have space around them. The closer they are to each other emotionally, the closer an actor will be able to stand to the other, without being intrusive. The concept was introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966.  Discomfort will result if one actor steps into the personal space of the other, without this being desired. The amount of space a being needs can be classified in two categories:
Immediate individual physical space (determined by imagined limits)
A space an individual considers theirs to live in; this is often called territory or habitat. Its size is dependent on many things, such as growth needs, habits, courtships, etc.

Hall's spacing models were based on Heini Hediger's 1955 psychological studies of zoo animals.

References

Sociology
The London Gazette is one of the official records of the British government, and one of the most important in the UK. The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper. It was first published on 7 November 1665. It is not a normal newspaper with typical news stories. The London Gazette is still published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The Gazette is being digitising and records between the years 1752–1998 are online.

History

The London Gazette was first published as the Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665.  Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch, let alone read, London newspapers for fear of becoming ill.  When the King returned to London after the end of the plague the Gazette moved too. The first issue of the London Gazette (labelled No. 24) was published on 5 February 1666.  The Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers. It was not printed for sale to the general public.

Traditions
In time of war, dispatches from the various conflicts are published in the London Gazette. People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been “gazetted”.

Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") sometimes also meant becoming bankrupt. Notices of engagement and marriage also used to be published in the Gazette.

References

Other websites
 London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes 
 TSO (The Stationery Office)

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, in short: PAN) with seat in Warsaw, is one of the two Polish institutions which have the nature of an academy of sciences.

History
The Polish Academy of Sciences is an institution of studies of the Polish state, with seat in Warsaw. It had been established in 1952 by the partnership of previous societies of studies, including Polish Academy of Abilities (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, in short PAU), with its seat in Cracow, and the Scientific Society of Warsaw (Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie) which had been established in the 18th century as Society of Warsaw of the Friends of Sciences (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk).

In 1989, the Polish Academy of Abilities, in Cracow, assume again its independent existence, out of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in Warsaw.

Polish Academy of Sciences at Present
The Polish Academy of Sciences funciona as docta society which acts through a chosen corporation of distinguished scholars and of institutions of research. The academy also acts through its committees, creating an important scientific consulting body.

Remarkable members
 Tomasz Dietl physicist;
 Bohdan Paczynski astrophysicist;
 Adam Schaff (Marxist philosopher who had been a member of the academy);
 Aleksander Wolszczan astronomer.

Foreign members
 Aage Niels Bohr physicist;
 Karl Alexander Müller physicist;
 Roger Penrose mathematician;
 Carlo Rubbia physicist;
 Chen Ning Yang physicist.

Related pages
 Royal Society

Other websites
 Website of PAN

Warsaw
Education in Poland
1952 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Poland
Shorinji kenpo is the style of kenpo (a kind of martial art). It was created by Nakano Michiomi.

History 
A Japanese with the name Nakano Michiomi - he later changed his name to So Doshin - incorporates his martial art school into his Buddhist teachings. So Doshin said, that he taught martial arts mostly in order to attract young people to Buddhism. Religious societies didn't pay the taxes, and So Doshin probably considered it, too. Until 1972, So Doshin said that he was the 21st grand master of an esoteric northern Shaolin system called Iher Man Thuen. In 1972 he changed his mind because the Japanese court gave an official decision that his style was not Chinese, but a mixture of karate (perhaps Wado-ryu) and jujutsu (perhaps Hakko-ryu). Consequently, the style's name was changed from "Shorinji Kempo," meaning "kung fu of Shaolin Temple," to "Nippon Shorinji Kempo," meaning "Japanese Way of Fist of Shaolin." The students of Nippon Shorinji Kempo have signs of manji on their kimonos, but it is not treated as the symbol of fascism, it signifies happiness in Buddhism.

Martial arts
In music, a riff is an ostinato; a repeated chord progression, pattern, or melody, often played by rhythmic instruments. The riff is the base of the musical composition. They are most common in rock music, funk, and jazz.

Some of famous riffs in rock music can be found in the following songs:

Deep Purple – "Smoke On The Water"
AC/DC – "Highway to Hell" 
Nirvana – "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
Metallica – "Enter Sandman"
Michael Jackson – "Beat It"
Chuck Berry – "Johnny B. Goode"
The White Stripes – "Seven Nation Army"
Black Sabbath – "Iron Man"
Jimi Hendrix – "Purple Haze"
The Rolling Stones – "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
Guns n Roses – "Sweet Child O'Mine"
 Queen – "Bohemian Rhapsody"

Musical terminology

en:Ostinato#Riff
A Stop error screen is a screen that a device shows when it has an error it cannot fix and has to stop. These screens are usually called screens of death because the device cannot recover from the error and the operating system or firmware has to close.

The screens are usually color-coded such as a Windows computer showing a Black Screen of Death (BSoD) or an Xbox showing a green screen of death when they have errors.

History
If its settings tell it to, the computer will do a "core dump" and save data to a disk file, or "dump file", for later, to help an expert fix the problem.

These screens are usually caused by problems in device drivers. They can also be caused by hardware errors, such as bad RAM or power supplies, overheating of the inside of the system, or hardware which is run at higher rates than the limits. This is called overclocking.

These errors were in all the Windows operating systems since Windows 3.1.

Windows 1.0 and 2.0
The first BSODs were seen when starting Windows 1.0 and Windows 2.0, and had random data, mess, shown with a blue screen, hence the name.

Windows 3.x, 95, 98, and ME

The first BSOD that looked like an error was in Windows 3.1. BSODs like that appeared in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME. These showed an error message with an all-blue screen. The error screen was shown when there was a startup error, or when there was some other error such as an error occurring in a hardware driver file.

When Bill Gates was showing Windows 98 to the public, a BSOD happened. The computer crashed when his assistant, Chris Capossela, connected a scanner to show that Windows 98 could support Plug and Play. Bill Gates responded: "That must be... er... that must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet!"

Windows NT family
Beginning with Windows 2000, the BSOD remained an all-blue color, but changed to show more detailed technical information, and also listed a few steps that the user could do to fix the problem causing the BSOD to appear. The same screen was used in Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.

Windows 8
Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 uses a lighter blue color for the BSOD, and made the message easier to read. It even added an emoticon of a frowing face. The technical details was replaced with a simple line of text showing the name of the crash error so that the user could look it up on the Internet.

Windows 11
Windows 11 has a black screen of death instead of blue.

Related pages
 Red Ring of Death
 Kill screen
 Computer virus
 Computer hardware
 Data loss

References

Other websites 

 Microsoft Website

Computers
Portland Bill is a peninsula off the south coast of England. It has strong tidal currents. The nearby town of Weymouth is a sailing venue for London 2012.

Geography of England
CERN is a research institute near Geneva, Switzerland.  The full name is Organisation Européene pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The letters "CERN" are left over from the older Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research). CERN was founded in 1954. Today 22 nations are members of the organisation. It is the world's biggest laboratory for particle physics. About 2600 people work there full-time, and over 7800 scientists from about 500 universities and research institutes work there in total.

The Large Hadron Collider, the largest particle accelerator in the world, is at CERN.

References

Other websites

Scientific organizations
Nuclear physics
Research organizations in Europe
1954 establishments in Europe
Pilot whales are two species of oceanic dolphins, whose scientific name is Globicephala. The two types of pilot whales are the long-finned pilot whale and the short-finned pilot whale. Their behaviour resembles that of the larger whales more than that of dolphins. 

The two look similar at sea and are usually just known simply as pilot whales or calderón in Spanish. They and other large dolphins are also known as blackfish.

Pilot whales can be found nearly worldwide. The long-finned variety prefers colder waters, for example near Antarctica. The short-finned ones can also be found in tropical waters. Pilot whales are highly social animals, they live in groups of 20-30 animals, called pods. Larger groups of over 100 pilot whales have been observed. Studies suggest that the young remain in the same pod as their parents, which is unusual for mammals. Female short-finned pilot whales go through menopause. Females that no longer reproduce contribute to the survival of the young.

For reasons which are unknown, pilot whales seem to end up stranded on a beach fairly often.

References 

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Asia
Bungie Studios is an American video game developer. They are most famous for developing the award winning Halo series of video games. They also made Destiny. The studio was founded in May 1991 under the name Bungie Software Products Corporation by two students of the University of Chicago, Alex Seropian (Eng.) rus. and Jason Jones (Eng.) rus.. Originally based in Chicago, the company focused mainly on developing games for Macintosh computers and in the first 9 years of its existence created two successful series of games - Marathon and Myth, while Bungie West - a division of Bungie on the West Coast of the United States - was developing Oni games for PC and consoles.

In 2000, Bungie was acquired by Microsoft, and the Halo: Combat Evolved project, which was in development at that time, was reoriented to the upcoming Microsoft console — Xbox. The game was included in the console's starter game package, and subsequently became the so-called "killer application" of the Xbox platform, selling millions of copies and bringing billions of dollars in profits. Bungie has been releasing Halo series games for several years, but on October 5, 2007, it announced its independence from Microsoft, becoming a private company of Bungie (LLC); at the same time, the rights to Halo remained with Microsoft. In return, Bungie signed a contract with another game publishing company, Activision, in 2010, developing and releasing the multiplayer games Destiny (2014) and Destiny 2 (2017). In 2019, Bungie announced the end of the contract with Activision, expressing its intention to release further Destiny series games independently.

References 

halo
American video game companies
A flamethrower is a device used to shoot fire. They have been used by the military since the days of Greek fire. Most modern military flamethrowers project flaming liquids. 

Flamethrowers became rare in the 19th century, due to improvements in other weapons.  Trench warfare made them more useful again, and the German army began using them in 1915.  Flamethrowers were used during World War 2 as a bunker clearing device.  Many Axis troops used pillboxes and other small fortifications in Northern France, Germany, and on Pacific Ocean islands.  Small fire squads used these weapons to draw them out.  Although flamethrowers project flames, burning was not the most common form of death associated with these weapons.  Rather, smoke released as a byproduct of combustion presented soldiers with the grim ultimatum between death by smoke inhalation or leaving the trench and facing enemy gunfire.

Due to advancements in ballistic technologies and modern warfare tactics, flamethrowers are much less common in modern theatres. Presently, these weapons have been converted for civilian use for clearing old crops, domestic defense and even landscaping. In 2018, the Boring Company headed by Elon Musk developed a civilian flamethrower in a limited production of 20,000 units. With the prominence of Musk in contemporary culture, these flamethrowers were sold quickly yielding 10 million dollars for the Boring Company in gross revenue.

Weapons
Confetti is a lot of small pieces of paper or other material that is thrown into the air at a celebration such as party or a wedding.

In some places, the use of confetti is banned due to health problems of people or animals, or due to the work needed to clean up the confetti afterward.

Confetti comes in a variety of colors and shapes.

References 

Parties
Alanis Morissette: The Collection is the greatest hits compilation album by Alanis Morissette, released in the United States on 15 November 2005.

Track listing
"Thank You" (Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard)
"Head over Feet" (Ballard, Morissette)
"8 Easy Steps" (Morissette)
"Everything" (Morissette)
"Crazy" (Seal, Guy Sigsworth)
"Ironic" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Princes Familiar" (Nick Lashley, Morissette) (MTV Unplugged)
"You Learn" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Simple Together" (Morissette)
"You Oughta Know" (Ballard, Morissette)
"That I Would Be Good" (Morissette, Ballard)
"Sister Blister" (Morissette)
"Hands Clean" (Morissette)
"Mercy" (Jonathan Elias, Morissette) (from The Prayer Cycle)
"Still" (Morissette) (from the Dogma soundtrack)
"Uninvited" (Morissette) (from the City of Angels soundtrack)
"Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" (Cole Porter) (from the De-Lovely soundtrack)
"Hand in My Pocket" (Ballard, Morissette)
iTunes bonus tracks
"So Unsexy" (Morissette) (acoustic/Vancouver sessions) - also available for free download at Alanis' official website.
"Crazy" (Tony Kanal extended mix)

The Collection Info 
Morissette's singles that are not on the album include "All I Really Want", "Joining You", "Unsent", "So Pure", the live track "King of Pain" (a cover of The Police song), "Precious Illusions" and the European single "Out Is Through". Additionally, none of her eight dance pop single releases under MCA Records's Canada imprint are present.

References
"Alanis Morissette". Mariah-charts.com. Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Other websites
The Collection site at Alanis.com 

2005 albums
Alanis Morissette albums