cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States through Central America, South America as far as south as central Argentina and western Peru, and on Trinidad and Tobago. Birds from the northernmost and southern breeding areas migrate to warmer parts of the range after breeding.

Description and ecology
An adult tropical kingbird is  long and weighs . The head is pale gray, with a darker eye mask (area around its eyes), an orange crown stripe, and a heavy gray bill. The back is grayish-green, and the wing and forked tail are brown. The throat is pale gray, becoming olive-colored on the breast, with the rest of the underparts being yellow. Both male and female are similar, but young birds have pale buff edges on the wing coverts.

The call is a high-pitched twittering trill, tree-e-e-e-e-e-e, with a more complex version sung by the male at dawn.

Their breeding habitat is semi-open areas with trees and shrubs, including gardens and roadsides. Tropical kingbirds like to view their surroundings from an open perch, usually high in a tree. They take long flights to catch insects in mid-air, which is called hawking. They sometimes hover to pick food off of plants, which is called gleaning. They also eat some fruit.

These birds will defend their territory against intruders, even much larger birds such as toucans, caracaras or hawks. 

They make a flimsy cup nest in a tree. The eggs are cream-colored with reddish-brown marks. The female incubates the typical clutch of two or three eggs for 16 days. After they hatch, it is about 18–19 more days until fledging.

The tropical kingbird is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. This is because this bird is very common and they adapt well to changes in their environment.

References

Other websites

 Nesting Tyrannus melancholicus

 

Kingbird, Tropical

Kingbird, Tropical
Tyrannides
The word contraband (Old French contrebande "a smuggling") means any item which is illegal to be possessed or sold. The term is used for goods such as:
 smuggled goods
 stolen goods – knowingly dealing in stolen goods is an offense in itself, called fencing
 the fruits of fraud, forgery etc.

Law of armed conflict

In international law, contraband means goods sent to territories under the control of the enemy that can be used in armed conflict. Traditionally, contraband is classified into two categories, absolute contraband and conditional contraband. Absolute contraband includes arms, munitions, and various materials. These can include chemicals and certain types of machinery that may be used to wage war.

Conditional contraband includes food and livestock feed. Cargo of this kind, while presumably innocent in character, can be seized if the supplies are destined for the armed forces of the enemy. Under conditions of modern warfare almost everything can be called absolute contraband.

American Civil War 
During the American Civil War, slaves who sought refuge in Union army military camps or who lived in territories that fell under Union control were declared contraband.  This policy was first used by General Benjamin F. Butler in 1861, in what came to be known as the "Fort Monroe Doctrine," established in Hampton, Virginia.  By war's end, the Union had set up 100 contraband camps in the Southern United States.  The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867) was developed to be a colony. Many adult former slaves worked for wages for the Army at such camps.

References 

Legal terms
International law
The Dogue de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Mastiff, French Mastiff is a dog breed that originated in France. The dogs are large, and usually grow to a shoulder height of between  and . They weight between  and , but the official standard does not specify a weight. The Bordeaux is a very powerful dog, with a very muscular body. The breed has been put to work in many different capacities, from pulling carts and hauling heavy objects, to guarding flocks and, historically, the castles of the European elite.

Dog breeds
Molossers
The Australian Kelpie, or simply Kelpie, is an Australian sheepdog. The word 'Kelpie' is Gaelic and means "water sprite". They are very successful at herding and driving livestock with little or no guidance. The Kelpie is a medium-sized dog. They come in both the tan markings and solid colors. The Kelpie has been exported throughout the world and is used mainly to herd sheep, cattle and goats.

Characteristics 
The Kelpie can do the work of several men. They are tireless workers and can work all day in the hottest climates. Kelpies are able to travel more than  in a single day. Like the Border Collie the Kelpie is an intimidator. It locks eyes with an animal to get it to move. Unlike the Border Collie, the Kelpie also nips at the heels of herd animals to get and keep them moving. 
A typical Kelpie weighs from 25 to 45 pounds. They have a life expectancy of from 10 to 14 years on average. Kelpies have natural oils in their skin that keeps their coat weather resistant. For that reason they should be bathed only when absolutely necessary to avoid drying out their skin. An occasional rubdown with a towel keeps them clean.

Types 
The breed has been separated into two distinct varieties: the Show (or Bench) Kelpie and the Working Kelpie. The Show Kelpie is seen at conformation dog shows in some countries and is selected for appearance rather than working instinct, while the Working Kelpie is bred for working ability rather than appearance.

References 

Dog breeds
Working dogs
Kelpie
Tajdid () is an Arabic word that means "renewal". It is usually put together with din to mean "renewal of the religion." A similar but less common expression is ihya' al-din (), which may be translated as "revival of the religion."

The purpose of the tajdid (renewal or revival) is to implement this ideal model in Muslims' lives, wherever and whenever Muslim society exists. This purpose implies that tajdid is a continuous effort by Muslims always to explain Islam and make it applicable in continually changing situations without violating its principles. 

The notion of tajdid in the Islamic tradition can be traced back to the Prophet Muhammad, who said that "At the start of each century there will arise in this ummah (the Muslim community) those who will call for a religious renewal". Such people (mujaddids, or renewers of Islam), are believed to always come in the time when Muslim community departs from the true path defined by the Qur'an and sunnah (example of the Prophet). The task of the mujaddid, therefore, is to return Muslims to their basic sources (the Qur'an and sunnah), to clean Islam from all un-Godly elements, to present Islam and make it flourish more or less in its original pure form and spirit.

The tradition of a renewal of the faith went back to Islam's first century, with the caliph Umar II ('Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz), who came to power in the Muslim year 99 and was particularly revered for his piety, in contrast to his predecessors. He was viewed as a renewer of the faith in an age of increasingly profane rule, and later mujaddids and their movements in various parts of the Islamic world followed his precedent.

References 
 A Quest For True Islam: A Study of the Islamic Resurgence Movement among the Youth in Bandung, Indonesia by Rifki Rosyad.

Islam
Arabic words and phrases
John Harvard (June 4, 1938 – January 9, 2016) was a Canadian journalist and politician in Manitoba.  He served as a federal Member of Parliament from 1988 to 2004, and was appointed the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba just before Canada's federal election in 2004.

Harvard died in Manitoba at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Canadian journalists
Canadian writers
People from Manitoba
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
Abbas Bahri (1 January 1955 – 10 January 2016) was a Tunisian mathematician. He was the winner of the Fermat Prize and the Langevin Prize in mathematics. He was a professor of mathematics at Rutgers University.

He mainly studied the calculus of variations, partial differential equations, and differential geometry. He introduced the method of the critical points at infinity, which is a fundamental step in the calculus of variations.

On 10 January 2016, he died following a long illness at the age of 61.

Related pages
 List of scientists

References

Other websites
 Official Rutgers website

1955 births
2016 deaths
Tunisian academics
Differential geometers
Ann Zeilinger Caracristi (February 1, 1921 – January 10, 2016) was an American cryptanalyst. She was the former Deputy Director of the National Security Agency, where she served at many positions over a 40-year career. She served as a member of the Secretary of Defense Joint Security Commission and President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. She became the first woman at NSA to be promoted to GS-18 rank, in 1975. She was born in Bronxville, New York.

In 2002, her name was given to a Naval Intelligence Professionals' award. Caracristi died January 10, 2016, in Washington, D.C. from complications of dementia at the age of 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Civil servants
Deaths from dementia
Disease-related deaths in Washington, D.C.
Scientists from New York
Gunnel Vallquist (19 June 1918 – 11 January 2016) was a Swedish writer and translator. She became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1982. She wrote over twenty books. She also translated In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust from French into Swedish. She was born in Stockholm.

Vallquist died on 11 January 2016, aged 97.

References

1918 births
2016 deaths
Translators
Writers from Stockholm
Brian James Johnson (26 June 1956 – 11 January 2016) was an Australian professional rugby league player and coach. He played as a fullback. He played in Sydney for the St George Dragons and Eastern Suburbs. He later played in England for Warrington. He was born in Dapto, New South Wales.

Johnson died from Alzheimer's disease on 11 January 2016 in Wollongong, aged 59.

References

1956 births
2016 deaths
Australian rugby league players
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Darryl Cherney (born 1950s) is an American musician and environmental activist. He is a member of the Earth First! environmental movement. He was born in New York City, New York, but raised in Eureka, California. Cherney ran for congress in the 1988 Democratic primary, but lost.

On May 24, 1990, Cherney and his friend, fellow activist Judi Bari, were injured when a pipe bomb exploded in his car. Both were severely injured by the explosion. The case was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which accused Cherney of bombing themselves. He later sued the FBI and was later awarded $4.4 million. Bari died from her injuries. In 2012, Cherney's documentary movie Who Bombed Judi Bari? was released.

Cherney announced in 2015 that he was running for President of the United States for the Green Party nomination in the 2016 United States presidential election. He is running against Jill Stein for the nomination.

References

Other websites
 Darryl Cherney's home page
 March 2012 interview with Cherney about his documentary Who Bombed Judy Bari?
 Interview with Cherney  on Independent Eye's public radio series Hitchhiking off the Map.
 Infamous Troubadour: The Life, Times and Future of Darryl Cherney, North Coast Journal February 17, 2005.
 Interview with Darryl Cherney  in Modern Pagans, RE/Search publications.
 Cherney's documentary Who Bombed Judy Bari?
 Activist songs by Darryl Cherney covering the bombing
 Who Bombed Judi Bari? Los Angeles Times review accessed Oct. 19, 2012.

1950s births
Living people
2016 United States presidential candidates
American environmentalists
Musicians from New York City
Musicians from California
Green Party of the United States politicians
Jill Stein, a physician from Massachusetts, is seeking the nomination of the Green Party of the United States for President in 2016. In 2012, Stein was the Green Party's nominee and received 469,501 votes for President of the United States in the 2012 general election.

Background
On February 6, 2015, Stein announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparation for a potential campaign for  the Green Party's presidential nomination in the 2016.

She officially declared she was running for president for a second time during an appearance on Democracy Now! on June 22, 2015.

Supporters
 Medea Benjamin,  co-founder of Code Pink and Global Exchange
 Marsha Coleman-Adebayo, former senior policy analyst for the United States Environmental Protection Agency and racial justice advocate
 Immortal Technique, rapper and activist
 International Socialist Organization, a socialist organization in the United States
 Richard D. Wolff, professor emeritus of economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst
 Cornel West, philosopher and activist

References

Stein, Jill
Green Party of the United States
In sport, doping is the use of a drug that athletes or competitors are not allowed to use. Certain drugs, such as steroids, are not allowed (or banned) in professional sports. This is because they can help a competitor's performance, by making them stronger or faster. This gives them an unfair advantage over other competitors. The drugs may be legal, but competitors will not be allowed to use them. Many sports make competitors take a drug test to prove that they are not using any drugs.

Related pages 

 Blood doping
 List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
 List of doping cases in athletics
 List of doping cases in sport
Gloria Estela La Riva (born August 13, 1954, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician. She works with the Party for Socialism and Liberation and in California with the Peace and Freedom Party, and previously with the Workers World Party.  

She was the PSL's 2008 presidential candidate, and was also vying for the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party in California, but lost the bid to Ralph Nader. La Riva ran as the PSL's presidential candidate in the 2016 race, with Eugene Puryear as her running mate.

She is running for President in the 2020 election with Leonard Peltier as her running mate.

References

Other websites
2016 campaign website
"Standing for Castro at the US election", a brief report on Gloria La Riva by France 24, October 29, 2008
 "Meet Gloria" , profile on Votepsl.org

2020 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
2008 United States presidential candidates
1954 births
Living people
American political activists
Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Politicians from California
The Governor of the State of New Mexico is the chief executive of the state of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New Mexico's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. They also make annual State of the State addresses to the New Mexico State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced. 

The current governor is Michelle Lujan Grisham, a Democrat. Grisham won the November 2018 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 32nd Governor of the state of New Mexico on January 1, 2019.

List of governors

Living former governors of New Mexico
, there were six former governors of New Mexico living, the oldest being Jerry Apodaca (1975–1979, born 1934). The most recent governor of New Mexico to die was David Cargo (1967–1971), who died on July 5, 2013. The most recently serving governor of New Mexico to die was Bruce King (1971–1975, 1979–1983, 1991–1995), who died on November 13, 2009.

References

Other websites
 Official site of Governor's office
In electronics, doping is the process of adding certain chemical elements to a semiconductor in order to change its electric conductivity. These elements are tiny impurities. This is done to create diodes that make electricity go in one direction, or to make transistors and semiconductor switches.

When the element boron is added to silicon, the boron "dopant" is called an "acceptor" because it likes accepting electrons. When the element phosphorous is added to silicon, the phosphorous is called a "donor" because it does not like electrons.

There are two types of doping: (1) n-type(negative type) doping (2) p-type(positive type) doping

(1) n–type doping: In this, element with five valence electrons are added as impurity(pentavalent impurity or donor impurity) in the semiconductor. Semiconductor has four valence electrons, when it is doped with pentavalent impurity the four valence electron makes covalent bond and the remaining one is now free to move, this is how n-type doping increases conductivity of the semiconductor. Due to excess of electron (e-) in the n-type semiconductor it generates an overall negative charge and thus the name n-type semiconductor.

(2) p-type doping: In this, element with three valence electron are added as impurity (trivalent impurity or acceptor impurity) in the semiconductor. The three electron in the semiconductor bonds with the three electrons of the dopant. The one electron could not make bond and thus the vacant space where electron should be there is created. This vacant space is know as holes. Electron from another atom jumps in these hole to fill it and a hole is created there, and then the same thing continues. Thus, by this way conductivity is  increased in p-type doping.

The impurities are added to the silicon through multiple processes, including "Spin Coating".  A thin layer of phosphorus or boron, usually mixed with a liquid to help it spread out, is spun at high speeds on the silicon.  The mixture spreads out the phosphorous or boron, and then is baked. 

Another process involves a scaled down particle accelerator that smashes atoms of the chosen "dopant" into the silicon, which adds the impurity, called "Ion Implantation".

Engineering
Physics
Materials science
Physical chemistry
Dope may mean:

 A slang word for cocaine, marijuana, opium, heroin, methamphetamine, and other illegal drugs
 Dopant, an chemical added to a substance to change it
Marc Allan Feldman (October 10, 1959 - June 22, 2016) was an American physician, political commentator, and activist. Feldman was also a practicing physician. He had been employed at the Cleveland Clinic since August 1998. He was also the owner of a small business called Openivo, Inc. Feldman had also served as the president of the Ophthalmic Anesthesia Society.

On January 13, 2015 Feldman announced that he was running for President of the United States in the 2016 election as a Libertarian. His main goal in running was to address how much money influences the political system. He had called his campaign "Votes Not For Sale" and wouldn't take any donations over $5. On May 26, 2016, Feldman participated in a political debate at the 2016 Libertarian National Convention, alongside Gary Johnson, Austin Petersen, John McAfee, and Darryl W. Perry. Feldman would place fifth on the second nominating ballot, losing to Gary Johnson.

On June 22, 2016, Dr. Feldman was found unresponsive at the America's Best Value Inn in Brook Park, Ohio.  He was pronounced dead at the scene a short time later.  The cause of death was atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

References

2016 United States presidential candidates
1959 births
2016 deaths
American physicians
American political commentators
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Politicians from Cleveland, Ohio
US Libertarian Party politicians
Austin Wade Petersen (born February 19, 1981) is an American producer, writer, political activist, and commentator. He was the runner-up for the Libertarian Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016, finishing second place to former governor Gary Johnson with 21% of the vote. 

As of 2016, Petersen is the owner and CEO of a photo and video consulting firm called Stonegait LLC and is the founder of The Libertarian Republic and Liberty Viral, both libertarian news and commentary websites.

Early life
Petersen was born in Independence, Missouri, but raised on a farm in Peculiar, Missouri. He is the son of Donna and John D. Petersen. He studied at Missouri State University, where he graduated with a degree in musical theater.

United States presidential campaign, 2016
Petersen was running for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election for the presidential nomination for the Libertarian Party. 

After Gary Johnson won the nomination for President of the United States of the Libertarian Party (United States), Petersen delivered a concession speech. During the speech, Petersen said, "You have my full support, my full respect, and my gun!" and proceeded to gift Johnson with a replica of George Washington's flintlock pistol. Petersen could not, however, endorse Johnson's preferred Vice Presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Governor, William Weld. He threw his support to ballot access lawyer Alicia Dearn. Afterwards, Gary Johnson threw away the pistol that Austin Petersen had given him.

Petersen has stated his intention to return home to spend time with his family, to relax, and to recover from the strenuous months of campaigning. He looks forward to supporting Gary Johnson's presidential campaign and working to further the ideals of the Libertarian Party (United States).

Post-political activities
A few months after losing the Libertarian Nomination for President Petersen has done Facebook Live streams where he talks about current political issues and has stated he is interested in running for President in 2020.

United States senate campaign, 2018
On July 4, 2017, Petersen announced that he is running under the Republican Party in the 2018 Missouri Senate race against current Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill.

References

Other websites

Personal website
Stonegaite Pictures official website	
Austin Petersen at The Libertarian Republic

2016 United States presidential candidates
1981 births
Living people
American political commentators
American television presenters
American activists
Politicians from Missouri
People from Independence, Missouri
US Republican Party politicians
John David McAfee   (September 18, 1945 – June 23, 2021) was a British-American computer programmer. He was the developer of the first commercial anti-virus program. This bore the McAfee brand-name for years, until it was bought by Intel and given the Intel name.

Early life
McAfee was born in an U.S. Army base stationed in the United Kingdom. He was raised in Virginia and Alabama.

Business career
His wealth peaked at $100 million, before his investments suffered in the global crisis of 2007. McAfee also has interests in smartphone apps, yoga and all-natural antibiotics.

Political career
On September 8, 2015, McAfee announced that he would seek the office of President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election as the candidate of a newly formed political party called the Cyber Party. On December 24, 2015 he re-announced his candidacy bid, saying that he would instead seek the Libertarian  nomination for President.

On June 4, 2018, McAfee announced his plans to run for president as a Libertarian in the 2020 presidential election.

Death
On June 23, 2021, McAfee was found dead after committing suicide by hanging in a prison cell in Sant Esteve Sesrovires near Barcelona. Hours before his death, Spain approved for McAfee to be extradited to the United States for tax crimes.

References

Other websites

 John McAfee's website
 McAfee's 2016 presidential campaign website 
 John McAfee on Facebook
 
 
 Bio on NNDB
 "Zone Labs To Get Funding, New Board Member" , InformationWeek, October 2, 2000

 
2020 United States vice-presidential candidates
2020 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
1945 births
2021 deaths
American computer scientists
Scientists from Virginia
Politicians from Virginia
Scientists from Tennessee
Politicians from Tennessee
US Libertarian Party politicians
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Suicides by hanging
People who died in prison custody
The National Geographic, formerly The National Geographic Magazine, is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published since the first issue in 1888. This was nine months after the Society itself was founded. It mostly contains articles about world culture, history and geography. Its famous trademark is the yellow rectangular border that goes around the cover of each issue. 

The magazine is published monthly. Additional maps are also included with subscription copies. It is available in a traditional printed format. Special and online formats are also available.

As of 2015-2016 the magazine had a worldwide circulation of 6.8 million per month. Its U.S. circulation is around 3.5 per month.

In 2008 the magazine won three National Magazine Awards. This included an award for general excellence the second year in a row.

On 9 September 2015, the National Geographic Society announced a deal with the 20th Century Fox that would move the magazine to a new partnership, National Geographic Partners, controlled by 20th Century Fox.

The magazine has had various editors since it was founded.

References

1888 establishments in the United States
Monthly magazines
American magazines
Ivan Aleksandrovich Bukavshin (; 3 May 1995 – 12 January 2016) was a Russian chess Grandmaster. He won the Russian Cup in 2015. He became Grandmaster in 2011. He was U12 European champion in 2006, U14 European Youth Champion in 2008 and U16 European champion in 2010. He was born in Rostov-on-Don.

Bukavshin died in Tolyatti on 12 January 2016. He was originally thought to have suffered a stroke. Now it is reported that a massive overdose (or poisoning) of Drotaverine caused his death. It is possible that the reports are consistent, because the overdose might have caused the stroke.

References

Other websites

 Ivan Bukavshin chess games at 365Chess.com

1995 births
2016 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Russia
Deaths from stroke
Russian chess players
Missionaries of Charity (MC) is a Roman Catholic Latin rite congregation started on 7 October in 1950. It was founded  by Mother Teresa. It started in the slums of Kolkata (Calcutta, India) with Mother Teresa and 12 sisters. It now has a membership of nearly 5,000 sisters worldwide. Members of the religious order show they belong to this group using the order's initials, "M.C." A sister who belongs to MC must follow their vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. There is also a fourth vow, to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor." MC members all wear the same white and blue habit that Mother Teresa wore.

From one to three stripes 
In 1948 Mother Teresa changed her Sisters of Loreto habit to a simple cotton white sari with one blue stripe. Blue is the color of the Virgin Mary. The sari covered an all white habit. She (and later, her sisters of charity) wore the habit for over ten years. But parents of several Bengali sisters pointed out that the sari with one blue stripe was also worn by poor women who swept the streets of Calcutta. Mother Teresa and her sisters officially adopted the three blue stripes in 1960.

References

Other websites 

 Volunteering with the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata
 Missionaries of Charity Fathers (started by Mother Teresa)
 

Roman Catholic religious orders
1950 establishments in Asia
Kolkata
1950s establishments in India
Saint Columba (Irish Colm Cille, "Columb of the Church"; 7 December, 521–9 June, 597) was an Irish priest and missionary. He left Ireland in 563 AD on his mission to bring Christianity to Dál Riata, now western Scotland. He built the famous monastery on the Island of Iona which became known as a "holy island'.

Early life 
Columba was born on December 7, 521 A.D. in Gartan, County Donegal. His his father was Fedhlimidh, a great-grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages, 4th century High King of Ireland. His mother was Eithne of the Uí Néill clan. She was a member of the royal family of Leinster. While still young he decided on a monastic life. He was educated in Ireland at schools in Moville, Glasnevin and Clonard Abbey. He founded the Irish monasteries at Derry and at Durrow, County Offaly.

Iona 
In about 563 AD, Columba and his followers left Donegal by boat and traveled to the island of Iona off the west coast of Scotland. His mission to Scotland may have been more a case of penance for a battle he may have caused. He refused to return a copy of the Gospels he had copied without permission. He upset the king of Ireland by his refusal, which led to a battle won by his clan. Columba felt remorse over the deaths this caused. Once there he and his monks began the religious conversion of most of Scotland which at that time was pagan. Their fame and influence spread to most of Europe. It became a place of pilgrimage. It also became known as a holy island where 48 kings of Scotland, 4 kings of Ireland and 8 kings of Norway are buried. In 597 Comumba died on Iona. Books on his life began being written a century later. The best known of these was written by Adomnán sometime between 697 and 700. He was proclaimed a saint before the modern process of canonization.

References

Other websites 
 Text of "The Life of Columba'', by Adomnán of Iona
 Text of The Life of St. Columba, author unknown

Christian clergy
Christian saints
520s births
590s deaths
James Edward "Jimmy" Fitzmorris, Jr. (November 15, 1921 – June 30, 2021) was an American businessman and civic leader. He was the Democratic Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana from 1972 to 1980. He was the first full-time lieutenant governor in state history. He was the last lieutenant governor whose duties included presiding over the Louisiana State Senate.

In 1979, he ran third in the nonpartisan blanket primary for governor. In 1983, he was unsuccessful is his effort to regain the lieutenant governor's office.

Fitzmorris died on June 30, 2021 in Slidell, Louisiana less than five months before his 100th birthday.

References

1921 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from Kentucky
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Businesspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
Politicians from New Orleans, Louisiana
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Louisiana
George Bernard "Bernie" Worrell, Jr. (April 19, 1944 – June 24, 2016) was an American keyboardist and composer. He was best known as a founding member of Parliament-Funkadelic and for his work with Talking Heads. He was a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.

Personal life 
Worrell was born in Long Branch, New Jersey. He was raised in Plainfield, New Jersey. Worrell studied at Juilliard School. He lives in Hampton, New Jersey.

In January 2016, Worrell was diagnosed with stage-4 lung cancer.

Worrell died of the disease on June 24, 2016 in Everson, Washington, aged 72.

Albums
1982: The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads by Talking Heads
1983: Speaking in Tongues by Talking Heads
1984: Stop Making Sense by Talking Heads
1984: Fred Schneider and the Shake Society by Fred Schneider
1985: Army Arrangement by Fela Kuti
1986:  Horses & Trees by Ginger Baker
1992: Transmutation (Mutatis Mutandis) by Praxis
1993: Every Silver Lining Has a Cloud by Julian Schnabel
1999: Unison by Shin Terai
2004: The Big Eyeball in the Sky by Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains
2004: The New Danger by Mos Def
2005: BananAtomic Mass by Munkeez Strikin' Matchiz
2006: Gold & Wax by Gigi
2007: Lightyears by Shin Terai
2007: Tennessee 2004 by Praxis
2007: Turn My Teeth Up! by Baby Elephant
2008: Profanation (Preparation for a Coming Darkness) by Praxis
2008: Living on Another Frequency by Science Faxtion
2008: A New Mind by Activities of Dust
2008  Delicate Thing by Eric McFadden Trio
2010: For You, For Us, For All'' by Socialybrium
2013: "BWO Is Landing" by The Bernie Worrell Orchestra

Awards
 Independent Music Awards 2013: "Get Your Hands Off" - Best Funk/Fusion/Jam Song

References

Other websites
The official website of Bernie Worrell 
Stranger: Bernie Worrell on Earth - the official documentary on Bernie Worrell
Bernie Worrell collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive (currently empty)
Bernie Worrell and the WOO Warriors collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
Artist Connection Podcast Interview

1944 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American composers
Musicians from New Jersey
People from Plainfield, New Jersey
Thomas Paul "Tom" Latham (born July 14, 1948) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for  serving from 2013 through 2015. He is a member of the Republican Party. On December 17, 2013, Latham announced he would not seek reelection next term, becoming the third member of the House to announce his retirement on the same day (along with Rep. Frank Wolf from Virginia and Utah Rep. Jim Matheson).

References

1948 births
Living people
American Lutherans
People with cancer
United States representatives from Iowa
US Republican Party politicians
Andrew Smith (September 9, 1990 – January 12, 2016) was an American basketball player. He was a center. He played college basketball for the Butler Bulldogs (Butler University) from 2009 to 2013. He played professionally for BC Neptūnas in Lithuania from 2013 to 2014. He was born in Washington, D.C. and grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Smith died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma on January 12, 2016 in Indianapolis, at the age of 25.

References

Other websites

 Official profile  at Butler Sports

1990 births
2016 deaths
American basketball players
American Christians
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Sportspeople from Indianapolis, Indiana
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Arthur S. Obermayer (July 17, 1931 – January 10, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the founder and president of the Moleculon Research Corporation. He was a co-founder of Partners for Progressive Israel and the Obermayer German Jewish History Awards.

Obermayer was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He came from a German Jewish family. He was married to Judith Obermayer and had three children.

Obermayer died from cancer on January 10, 2016 in Dedham, Massachusetts, aged 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
American Jews
American philanthropists
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish philanthropists
Businesspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jacob Farj Rafael Jacob (14 June 1923 – 13 January 2016) was an Indian Army Lieutenant General. He was best known for the role he played in India's victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Liberation of Bangladesh. Jacob, then a Major General, served as the Chief of Staff of the Indian Army's  Eastern Command during the war. He also served in World War II and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was the Governor of Goa and Punjab. He was also the administrator of Chandigarh between November 1999 and November 2003.

Jacob was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, British India. His family were Baghdadi Jews from Iraq.

Jacob died from pneumonia on 13 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Asian Jews
Autobiographers
Deaths from pneumonia
Generals
Indian military people
Governors of Punjab, India
Administrators of Chandigarh
Governors of Goa
Indian writers
Infectious disease deaths in India
Jewish military people
Jewish politicians
Jewish writers
People from Kolkata
Carotenoids (or tetraterpenoids) are organic pigments. They are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants, and also some bacteria and fungi. 

The only animals known to produce carotenoids are aphids and mites, which got the genes from fungi. 

There are over 600 known carotenoids. They are of two types, xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen). 

Carotenoids have two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis, and they protect chlorophyll from photodamage. Beta-carotene is the most common form in plants. 

Some carotenoids (like β-carotene) have vitamin A activity (so they can convert to retinol). These and other carotenoids can also act as antioxidants. In the eye, certain other carotenoids (lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin) apparently act directly to absorb damaging blue and near-ultraviolet light. This protects the macula of the retina, the part of the eye with the sharpest vision.

References 

Hydrocarbons
Pigments
Horizontal gene transfer
János Radványi (4 August 1922 – 11 January 2016) was a Hungarian diplomat who became an American political scientist and academic professor. He served as Hungarian Ambassador to the United States between 1962 and 1967. He became an American citizen in 1978. He taught at Mississippi State University  (MSU). He was born in Budapest.

Radványi died after a long illness on 11 January 2016, aged 93.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors to the United States
American academics
American political scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Budapest
Cornelis Zitman  (9 November 1926 – 10 January 2016) was a Dutch sculptor and draftsman. He was born in Leiden, Netherlands. He began teaching classes in design at Central University of Venezuela and continued drawing and painting. In 1958, he exhibited a collection of drawings and paintings at the Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas. His works can be found in collections and museums of various countries, such as the National Art Gallery and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas in Venezuela, and the Musée Maillol in Paris.

Zitman died on 10 January 2016 in Caracas at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Dutch artists
People from Caracas
People from Leiden
Robert Black (21 April 1947 – 12 January 2016) was a Scottish serial killer convicted of the kidnapping and murder of four girls between the ages of 5 and 11, between 1981 and 1986 in the United Kingdom. He was convicted of sexually assaulting one of the girls, and of raping the other three. Black was also convicted of the kidnapping of a fifth girl, and the attempted kidnapping of a sixth. Black was born in Grangemouth, Stirlingshire.

Black was arrested on 14 July 1990, near Stow, Scotland. The following month, Black was convicted of abduction and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Black was attacked in his Wakefield prison cell in July 1995 after being ambushed by two inmates.

Black died on 12 January 2016 of natural causes in Maghaberry prison, Northern Ireland, aged 68.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
British crime victims
British people convicted of assault
British rapists
British serial killers
Deaths from natural causes
Kidnappers
Scottish people
Peter Gavin Hall FAA FRS AO (20 November 1951 – 9 January 2016) was an Australian researcher in probability theory and mathematical statistics. The American Statistical Association described him as one of the most influential and prolific theoretical statisticians in the history of the field. Hall was an author in probability and statistics. Mathscinet lists him with more than 500 publications as of January 2008.

Hall died in Melbourne, Victoria from leukaemia at the age of 64.

References

1951 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Australian scientists
Mathematicians
People from Sydney
Georg Nees (23 June 1926 – 3 January 2016) was a German academic. He was a pioneer of computer art and generative graphics. He studied mathematics, physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart and was scientific advisor at the SEMIOSIS, International Journal of semiotics and aesthetics. He was born in Nuremberg, Germany.

In 1977, he was appointed Honorary Professor of Applied computer science at the University of Erlangen Nees is one of the "3N" computer pioneers, an abbreviation that has become acknowledged for Frieder Nake, Georg Nees and A. Michael Noll, whose computer graphics were created with digital computers. He retired in 1985.

Nees died on 3 January 2016 in Nuremberg, Germany of heart failure at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
German artists
German scientists
German educators
People from Nuremberg
Canadian Pacific Air Lines, also known as CP Air, was a Canadian airline. It existed from 1942 to 1987. In the 1940s, several small airlines were combined to form CP Air. Air Canada was owned by the government and CP Air could not fly the same routes that Air Canada flew. So in 1949, the airline started international flights to Australia, China, Fiji and The Netherlands. These were countries that Air Canada did not service. In 1961, it bought its first jet aircraft - a Douglas DC-8. By the 1960s CP Air flew to several cities across 5 continents—Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. In the early 1980s CP Air was allowed to fly wherever it wanted. It rapidly increased the number of planes and opened several new routes. By 1987, the airline had a debt of $1 billion. In 1987 Air Canada was privatized by the National Transportation Act. The company Pacific Western Airlines then purchased Canadian Pacific Airlines. It was renamed Canadian Airlines. Canadian Airlines itself was combined with Air Canada in 2001.

Gallery

References

Airlines of Canada
1942 establishments in North America
1987 disestablishments
1940s establishments in Canada
1980s disestablishments in North America
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Zaharije Trnavčević (; 2 January 1926 – 13 January 2016) was a Serbian journalist and politician. He was president of the political party Rich Serbia from 2011 until his death. He became a member of parliament in 2012. He was acting President of the National Assembly of Serbia from 31 May 2012 to 23 July 2012. He was born in Šabac.

Trnavčević died on 13 January 2016 in Belgrade, aged 90.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Journalists
Politicians
Serbian people
Giorgio Gomelsky (28 February 1934 – 13 January 2016) was a Georgian-British record producer, band manager, filmmaker and impresario. He owned the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London. He managed the rock bands The Rolling Stones and The Yardbirds. He also worked closely with Daevid Allen. In 1967, he started Marmalade Records (distributed by Polydor). He wrote songs under the name "Oscar Rasputin".

Gomelsky was born in Tiflis (now Tbilisi). His father was a doctor and his mother was from Monte Carlo. He grew up in many countries including Syria, Egypt, Italy and Switzerland. He moved to London, United Kingdom when he was a young adult in the 1950s. In the 1970s, he moved to New York City, United States.

Gomelsky died from cancer on 13 January 2016 in New York City. He was 81.

References

Other websites
 
 

1934 births
2016 deaths
British cinematographers
British record producers
British songwriters
Cancer deaths in New York City
People from Tbilisi
The Rolling Stones
Leonid Ivanovych Zhabotynsky (; 28 January 1938 – 14 January 2016) was a Soviet weightlifter. He set 19 world records in the super heavyweight class. He won gold medals at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics.

Zhabotinsky was born in a village in Uspenka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was born a Cossack family. He was married and had two sons. He became a Russian citizen after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Zhabotinsky died after a long illness on 14 January 2016 in Zaporizhia. He was 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths

Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Ukrainian sportspeople
Russian sportspeople
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Weightlifters
Sucre is the capital city of Bolivia. It was also known as Charcas, La Plata, and Chuquisaca in the past. About 250,000 people lived there in 2006. Sucre lies at an altitude of  and is the sixth largest city in Bolivia. The city is named after Antonio José de Sucre, an 18th century revolutionary leader.

Capital cities in South America
Settlements in Bolivia
The Lamborghini Huracán is a sports car built by Lamborghini. It replaced the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has been produced from 2014 to present. The name Huracán comes from the Spanish language. It means Hurricane. Huracán was also the name of a brave fighting bull. And the Mayan god of wind, storm and fire.

Huracán LP610-4 Coupé (2014-)
The LP610-4 is the base model of the Huracán. It is a coupe with two doors and two seats. The name LP610-4 means that the car has a longitudinal engine with 449 kW and all-wheel drive.

Huracán LP620-2 Super Trofeo (2014-)
The LP620-2'' is a rear-wheel drive version of the LP610-4 coupé. It is built especially for the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo Series, a race series for Lamborghini only.

Huracán LP610-4 Spyder (2016-)
The LP610-4 Spyder is a convertible version of the LP610-4 coupé. It was first shown at the 2015 International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt. It has the same engine as the LP610-4 coupé.

Huracán LP580-2
The LP580-2''' is also a coupé on the basis of the LP610-4, but instead has 427 kW and rear-wheel drive. This is to decrease the cost.

Specifications

Engine
The Huracán has the same mid-engine V10 as the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has 449 kW. The displacement of the engine is 5,204 cm3.

Performance
The top speed of the Huracán is 325 km/h. It can accelerate to 100 km/h in 2.5 seconds. The Huracán weighs 1,422 kg, which means it has a power-to-mass ratio of 0.32 kW per kg. The maximum torque is 560 N⋅m at 6,500 rpm. The CO2 emissions are 290g/km.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Lamborghini Huracán LP610-4 at the official website of Lamborghini
 Lamborghini Huracán LP610-4 Spyder  at the official website of Lamborghini

Huracan
Sports cars
2010s automobiles
George William Needles CM, LL.D, (January 2, 1919 – January 12, 2016) was an American-born Canadian actor and teacher. He was born in Yonkers, New York, and raised in Kitchener, Ontario.

Needles member of the acting company of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival since its inception in 1953, he has appeared in over one hundred roles with the company, among which are Albany in King Lear (1964 and 1972); the Duke of Venice in The Merchant of Venice (1996); the White King in Alice Through the Looking Glass (1996); the Lord Mayor in Richard III (1997); the Shepherd in Oedipus Rex (1997); Merriman in The Importance of Being Earnest (2000); Mortimer in Henry VI: Revenge in France(2002).

Needles died in Allison, Ontario from natural causes at the age of 97.

References

Other websites

An Interview with William Needles , Legend Library, TheatreMuseumCanada

1919 births
2016 deaths
Actors from New York
Actors from Ontario
American stage actors
Canadian stage actors
Deaths from natural causes
People from Yonkers, New York
Twin Falls County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho.  As of the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 77,230. The county seat and largest city is Twin Falls.

Communities

Buhl
Castleford
Filer
Hansen
Hollister
Kimberly
Murtaugh
Rogerson
Twin Falls

References

 
1907 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Idaho
The butterfly effect is an idea from chaos theory. A small change can sometimes make much bigger changes happen. One small incident may have a big impact on the future. The emphasis here is on the words may and can. There is no general theory which tells us what is going to happen.

Weather is hard to forecast, but that doesn't mean when a butterfly flaps its wings in Tokyo and a tornado occurs in Tennessee. That's just silly and impossible. However, what seem to be tiny changes in a planet's orbit can and do cause big changes to the weather: see Milankovich cycle.

Author Ray Bradbury wrote the short story "A Sound of Thunder" with this idea—time travelers make a very small change in the past that makes a large change in the present. However, remember that time travel is impossible, or at least has never been shown to be possible.

Related pages
 Chaos theory

References

Weather
Causality
Systems theory