cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sagwa is the name of a siamese cat in the children's book Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat by Amy Tan. Sagwa's popularity with children prompted an educational animated series of the same name on PBS Kids. In the series, which is set circa 1900 during the Qing dynasty, Sagwa has fun in her day-to-day life while learning and teaching valuable life lessons. The show is notable for its setting and messages about family and loyalty.

Voice cast
 Holly G. Frankel as Sagwa Miao
 Oliver Grainger as Dongwa Miao
 Jesse Vinet as Sheegwa Miao
 Rick Jones as Fu-Fu
 Arthur Holden as Baba Miao
 Ellen David as Mama Miao
 Hiro Kanagawa as The Foolish Magistrate
 Khaira Ledeyo as Tai-Tai
 Kathy Tsoi as Ba-Do
 Leanne Adachi as Luk-Do
 Rosa Yee as Huang-Do
 Raugi Yu as the Cook
 Russell Yuen as the Reader
 Sonja Ball as Nai-Nai
 Neil Shee as Yeh-Yeh

Cast notes
 Holly G. Frankel, Oliver Grainger, and Sonja Ball previously worked together on two other animated series: Arthur and Mona the Vampire. Grainger is also one of the original voices of D.W. Read in Arthur.

Season 1: (2001-2002)
 101 "How Sagwa Got Her Colors"
 102 "New Year's Clean Up" / "Firefly Nights"
 103 "Royal Cats" / "Acrobat Cats"
 104 "Tung, the Singing Cricket" / "Sagwa's Lucky Bat"
 105 "Cat Burglar" / "Sagwa's Good Deed"
 106 "Harvest Festival Race" / "The Foolish Magistrate's New Robes"
 107 "Fur Cut" / "Magistrate Loses His Post"
 108 "Sagwa's Swan Song" / "Tribal Cats"
 109 "Stinky Tofu" / "Cat and Mouse"
 110 "The Foolish Magistrate's Aching Tooth" / "Sheegwa and the Blizzard"
 111 "By the Light of the Moon" / "Treasure Hunters"
 112 "Fraidy Cats" / "The Tortoise and the Cat"
 113 "Cats of a Different Class" / "Alley Cat Opera"
 114 "Fu-Fu and the Whistling Pigeon" / "Princess Sheegwa"
 115 "Ciao, Meow" / "Sagwa Rules"
 116 "Explorer's Club" / "Time for Everything"
 117 "Not-So-Purrfect Patient" / "Comic Opera"
 118 "Panda-monium" / "Festival of Lanterns"
 119 "Snagged by a Thread" / "Master of Mistakes"
 120 "Collar of Time" / "The Birds, the Bees, and the Silkworms"
 121 "Invention By Mistake" / "Dongwa the Sailor"
 122 "New Cook in the Kitchen" / "Cool Fu-Fu"
 123 "Tough Guy Dongwa" / "The Competition"
 124 "Lord of the Fleas" / "A Precious Gift"
 125 "My Fair Kitty" / "The Favorite"
 126 "Tea for Two Monkeys" / "Luck Be a Bat"
 127 "Sagwa the Stray" / "...And Action"
 128 "Ba-Do and the Lantern Festival" / "Fu-Fu's Full Moon Flight"
 129 "A Catfish Tale" / "Wedding Day Mess"
 130 "Spreading Rumors" / "Up, Up and Away"
 131 "The Jade Rabbit" / "Dongwa's Best Friend"
 132 "The Zodiac Zoo" / "The Four Dragons"
 133 "Lost and Found" / "Three Graces"
 134 "All Grown Up!" / "The Cat and the Wind!"
 135 "Too Close for Comfort! / Sister Act!*
 136 *Sick Day / The Name Game"
 137 *Shei-Hu's Secret / Homesick Jun"
 138 *The Return of the Rat / Great Balls of Fire*
 139 *Catsitter / On the Run"
 140 "Cha-Siu Bow Wow/Mutt That Would Be King"

Other websites
 
 Sagwa's author Amy Tan's Homepage
 
 

Canadian animated television series
Children's television series
Fictional cats
2001 television series debuts
2002 television series endings
The 2009 Pacific hurricane season started on May 15, 2009 and ended November 30, 2009. In this season there were 12 tropical storms, 3 hurricanes, and 5 major hurricanes. This season featured Hurricane Rick, which was the second strongest hurricane recorded in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Another storm to remember was Hurricane Jimena, which caused over $50 million in damage when it made landfall in Baja California.

Storms 
Tropical Depression One-E 
Hurricane Andres 
Tropical Storm Blanca 
Hurricane Carlos 
Tropical Storm Dolores 
Tropical Storm Lana 
Tropical Storm Enrique 
Hurricane Felicia 
Tropical Depression Nine-E 
Tropical Storm Maka 
Hurricane Guillermo 
Tropical Storm Hilda 
Tropical Storm Ignacio 
Hurricane Jimena 
Tropical Depression Two-C 
Tropical Storm Kevin 
Hurricane Linda 
Tropical Storm Marty 
Tropical Storm Nora 
Tropical Storm Olaf 
Tropical Storm Patricia 
Hurricane Rick 
Hurricane Neki

Storm names 
This are the names that were set aside for the 2009 Pacific hurricane season. Names that did not get used are marked in .

These are the name that were set aside for the Central Pacific, which is close to Hawaii. Again, names that did not get used are marked in .

Related pages
2009 Atlantic hurricane season

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
The Bourne Identity is an action-thriller movie released in 2002. It is based on the novel by Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Identity, which was published in 1980. The movie is directed by Doug Liman. It stars Matt Damon as the main character, Jason Bourne.

In the movie, as Jason Bourne recovers from his gunshot wound, he find that he lost his memory. As he recovered his memory, he learns he was involved with an international spy agency. The movie is set in Europe, in places such as Prague, Paris, and Italy. It shows thrilling gunfights, car chases, and action scenes. After release, the box-office profit was successful. Two sequels, The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum were released in 2004 and 2007.

Plot
An unidentified man is rescued from the sea by fishermen. But because of amnesia, he cannot remember who he is. He cannot remember why he was drowning in the sea, how the gunshot wound on his back was made, how he can speak many languages or how he has martial arts skills. He only knows the number to his Swiss bank safe which was hidden in his skin.

In the safe, he finds a huge amount of cash, and passports for each country. He saw the name "Jason Bourne" on his U.S. passport and he believes that is his name. After he has some trouble at the U.S. embassy in Zurich, he moves to Paris with the help of a woman named Marie Kreutz. Wherever he moves, the police and assassins chase him and Marie. In continuous chasing between Bourne and the killers, he notices that some unknown big power threatens his existence. To find his identity and the reason why they are trying to kill him, Bourne gradually gains access to the unknown agency.

Cast
Matt Damon as Jason Bourne
Franka Potente as Marie Kreutz
Chris Cooper as Alexander Conklin
Clive Owen as The Professor
Brian Cox as Ward Abbott
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Nykwana Wombosi
Gabriel Mann as Danny Zorn
Walton Goggins as Research tech
Josh Hamilton as Research tech

Release Dates

Critics

After the movie was released in the U.S., the movie got generally good reviews from several critics, especially for the acting of Matt Damon and the direction of Doug Liman. Peter Howell of the Toronto Star said, "An entertaining thriller that eschews most of the usual spy gimmicks in favour of old-fashioned sleuthing." Eric Harrison of the Houston Chronicle praised the direction of Liman: "The Bourne Identity shouldn’t be half as entertaining as it is, but director Doug Liman and his colleagues have managed to pack it with enough action to satisfy the boom-bam crowd without a huge sacrifice of character and mood." Matt Damon also got praise from Stephen Hunter of the Washington Post: "Great fights. You wouldn’t think of Damon as a tough guy, but he’s worked really hard on the physical stuff here and it shows."

References

Other websites
Official website 

2002 action movies
2002 thriller movies
2000s action thriller movies
2000s American action movies
American spy movies
American thriller movies
German movies
2000s Czech movies
French action movies
French thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Doug Liman
The Antarctic is the area around the Earth's South Pole. It is opposite the Arctic region which is around the North Pole.  The Antarctic includes the continent of Antarctica and the ices, waters and islands in the Southern Ocean.

References
Pool, also known as pocket billiards, is the general term for a family of cue sports. These games are played on a pool table with six holes cut into them called pockets, into which balls are deposited as one of the main goals of play.

History

Outside the billiards industry, the various games played on these tables are very often called  "pool". This is due to an association with the "poolrooms" where gamblers "pooled" together their money to bet on horse races. Because these places often provided billiard tables, the term "pool" became linked to billiards. Though the original "pool" games were played on pocketless carom billiards tables, the name stuck to pocket billiards as it gained in popularity. The traditional view of billiards as a refined and noble pastime did not blend well with the low-class connotations of gambling. Because of this, the billiards industry's attempts to distance itself from the term "pool" beginning in the late 19th century. They were largely unsuccessful.

There are hundreds of pool games. Some of the more well known include eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool, and one-pocket. The game of snooker is played on a table with pockets but is considered separate from pool. It is governed internationally by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (professional) and the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (amateur). There are also hybrid games combining traits of both pool and carom billiards, such as English billiards, American four-ball billiards, cowboy pool and bottle pool.

As a competitive sport, pool is governed internationally by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), which has national affiliates such as the US Billiard Congress of America (BCA), and which represents pool in the World Confederation of Billiard Sports, which in turn represents all forms of cue sports in the International Olympic Committee.

Equipment

Pool uses different equipment from carom billiards. In addition pool tables having pockets, the balls for pool are generally smaller and range from  in diameter to  in diameter. By comparison, carom billiard balls are generally , or . While UMB, the International Olympic Committee-recognized world carom billiards authority, permits balls as small as , no major manufacturer produces such balls any longer. For that reason the normal standard is . Modern pool tables range in size from  by , to  by .  Modern cue sticks are generally  long for pool while cues prior to 1980 were designed for straight pool and had an average length of , while carom billiards cues are generally  long.

References

Shamos, Michael Ian. 1993-1999.  The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards.  .

Cue sports
Troup County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.  As of 2000, 58,779 people lived there. The 2007 census estimate showed 63,535 people living there. The county seat is LaGrange.

History
The land that makes up Troup County as well as other (Lee, Muscogee, Coweta and Carroll) was taken from the Creek people in 1825. This was done through a treaty called the Treaty of Indian Springs. The counties' area were created by the Georgia General Assembly on June 9, 1826. They were not named until December 14, 1826.

The county is named for George Troup. Troup was the thirty-fourth governor of Georgia, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and a U.S. senator.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 446 square miles (1,155 km²). Of this area, 414 square miles (1,072 km²) is land and 32 square miles (83 km²) of it (7.19%) is water.

Major highways
 Interstate 85
 Interstate 185
 U.S. Highway 27
 U.S. Highway 29
 Georgia State Route 14
 Georgia State Route 18
 Georgia State Route 54

Adjacent counties
Coweta County (northeast)
Meriwether County (east)
Harris County (south)
Chambers County, Alabama (southwest)
Randolph County, Alabama (northwest)
Heard County (north-northwest)

Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 58,779 people, 21,920 households, and 15,607 families residing in the county. The population density was 142 people per square mile (55/km²). There were 23,824 housing units at an average density of 58 per square mile (22/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 65.80% White, 31.87% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. 1.71% of the people were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 21,920 households. Of these, 34.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.10% were married couples living together, 17.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.80% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the county the people were spread out with 27.90% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 28.40% from 25 to 44, 21.90% from 45 to 64, and 12.60% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 91.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,469, and the median income for a family was $41,891. Males had a median income of $31,863 versus $22,393 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,626. About 12.20% of families and 14.80% of the people were below the poverty line, including 20.70% of those under age 18 and 14.00% of those age 65 or over.

Cities and towns 
Hogansville
LaGrange
West Point
Mountville, Georgia (Unincorporated)
Harrisonville, Georgia (Unincorporated)

References 

Georgia (U.S. state) counties
1826 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (since 206?), then of an important part of Persia (since 208?), and finally "King of Kings of Persia" (since 226). The dynasty Ardashir founded would rule for four centuries until overthrown by the Rashidun Caliphate in 651.

Ardashir is also known as Ardashīr-i Pāpagān "Ardashir, son of Pāpağ", and other variants of his name include Latinized Artaxares and Artaxerxes.

Ardashir was born in the late 2nd century in Istakhr, what is present-day Fars in Iran. At that time is was a vassal kingdom of Parthia. 
In conclict with  Artabanus IV, who ordered his vassal, the ruler of Khuzestan, to confront Ardashir. It was Ardashir who emerged victorious in that battle.
In 226, Artabanus IV himself invaded Fars to defeat the rebelling Ardashir. But the Parthian army was completely defeated, and Artabanus IV was killed. According to one account, Ardashir and Artabanus fought in close combat on horseback. Ardashir pretended to flee, turned around in the saddle and shot Artabanus through the heart.

Ardashir I was crowned in 226 as the Šāhān šāh Ērān "king of kings [of] Iran" (his consort Adhur-Anahid took the title "Queen of Queens"), Ardashir finally brought the over 400 year-old Parthian Empire to an end and began four centuries of Sassanid rule.

Legacy
Ardashir I was an energetic king, responsible for the resurgence not just of Persia but of Iranian-speaking peoples as a unified nation, the strengthening of Zoroastrianism, and the establishment of a dynasty that would endure for four centuries. While his campaigns against Rome met with only limited success, he achieved more against them than the Parthians had done in many decades and prepared the way for the substantial successes his son and successor Shapur I would enjoy against the same enemy.

Notes

References
 Christensen, A. 1965: "Sassanid Persia". The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery (A.D. 193–324). Cook, S.A. et al., eds. Cambridge: University Press, pp 109–111, 118, 120, 126–130.
 Oranskij, I. M. 1977: Les Langues Iraniennes. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, pp 71–76. .\

Other websites

 Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babak
 R.N. Fye, "Babak" in Encyclopædia Iranica 
 J. Wiesehöfer, "Ardasir" in Encyclopædia Iranica 

Persian people
Middle East
Artabanus IV of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire (c. 216 – 224). He was the younger son of Vologases V who died in 209. Artabanus rebelled against his brother Vologases VI, and soon gained the upper hand, although Vologases VI maintained himself in a part of Babylonia until about 228. 

The Roman emperor Caracalla, wanted to make use of this civil war for a conquest of the East and attacked the Parthians in 216. He crossed the Tigris and destroyed the towns, but when Artabanus advanced at the head of an army, he retired to Carrhae. There he was murdered by Martialis on April 8, 217. Caracalla's successor, the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard Macrinus, was defeated at Nisibis and in a peace with Artabanus he gave up all the Roman conquests and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians. 
 	
At about this time, the Persian Great King Ardashir had already begun his conquests in Persia. When Artabanus tried to subdue him his troops were defeated. The war lasted several years; at last Artabanus himself was killed in 226. Thus the 400-year rule of the Arsacid Dynasty came to an end.

References

 
 Dio Cassius, vii, 12; lxxviii, 26.

History of Iran
216 births
224 deaths
Dame Helen Lydia Mirren DBE (born Helen Lydia Mironoff; 26 July 1945) is an English actor active in theatre, movie and television.

Early life
Mirren was born in Chiswick, Middlesex, England, to a Russian father and an English mother, she was raised in Essex.

Acting
She began her acting career in 1963 with the National Youth Theatre, later joining the Royal Shakespeare Company. She has since then appeared with several theatre companies in a wide variety of roles. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest British actresses of all time.  

She began appearing in movies while still very young but did not really attract attention until the late 1970s. Her movies include: Caligula (1979), The Long Good Friday (1980), Excalibur (1981), Cal (1981), White Nights (1985), Pascali's Island (1988), The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover (1989), The Madness of King George (1994), Gosford Park (2001), and The Queen (2006), for which she won the Academy Award for best actress, and several other awards (Golden Globe, BAFTA, etc.).

Mirren has also appeared in several series on television, notably as Inspector Jane Tennison in the Prime Suspect series, she was also acclaimed as Queen Elizabeth I in the series Elizabeth I (2006).

Personal life
Mirren is an atheist. She has no children. She began a relationship with Taylor Hackford in 1986. The couple married in 1997.

References

Other websites 

1945 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Essex
Actors from Middlesex
BAFTA Award winners
British atheists
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Makgeolli (Makuly, also called nongju or takju) is a Korean traditional rice wine. Made from rice, it is a milky brew with an alcohol content of 6 to 7 percent. Rice, the main ingredient of it, is not sweet in itself, so Nuruk is also used to make it. Once boiled rice and Nuruk are mixed, the enzymes in Nuruk break down carbohydrates in rice into sugar. Then the sugar meets yeasts in Nuruk and there begins fermentation. Because the fermentation keeps on going, Makgeolli should be drunk as soon as possible once it is opened.

It has a long history. Ancient people made liquor with grains such as wheat and rice after they found the way to grow them. That is the beginning of it. There are some records about it. For example, a book written in Three Kingdoms of Korea, it says many people drank ‘grain liquor.’ Moreover, in a document about the brewing of Joesun Dynasty, there says Makgeolli had had long history and been considered as liquor of the folk. Made from newly harvested rice, it was regarded as sacred gift from God. In addition, it played an important role in religious event like praying ceremony for a year of abundance.

Compared to other liquor, it is good for health. Abundant in protein and fiber, it affects to liver much less than any other alcohol. Rather it helps prevent cancer and heart disease. Similar to milk and yogurt, it has good effect on the health with its organic acids.

These days, demand on it is growing from USA and Japan, so exports are rising in Korea. Actually in Korea, most of the men who drank it were farmers or manual workers in 1970s. That’s because it was replaced not only by soju but also by Western drinks such as beer or whisky. Recently, however, even young generations are more likely to drink it than before.

References 

- Yonhap News https://fitcrv.com/benefits-of-brown-rice/ 

Wine
Sadri (also Nagpuri) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar,  Chhattisgarh and   Odisha. It is the native language of the Sadaan, an ethino-linguistic group of the of Chota Nagpur region. In addition to native speaker, Sadri is also used as a lingua-fraca by large number of tribal groups such as: Kharia, Munda, Bhumij, Kurukh and many of these tribal group have adopted Sadri as their first language. It spoken by many Tea-tribes of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh.

Script 
In past, either Devanagari or Kaithi script were use in writing Nagpuri poems. 
 In present,
Nagpuri is commonly written in the Devanagari script.

Geographical Distribution
Nagpuri language is chiefly spoken in western Chota Nagpur Plateau region of west-central Jharkhand in districts such as Latehar, Lohardaga, Chatra, Palamu, Garhwa, Gumla, Simdega, Ranchi, Khunti, West Singhbhum  North-east Chhattisgarh in district  Jashpur, Surguja, Balrampur, South-east Uttar Pradesh in Sonbhadra, Northern Odisha in Sundargarh and south-west Bihar in  Aurangabad district.

Alternate names
Alternate names of dialects include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Nagpuri, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.

References

Languages of Bangladesh
The Rohingya language is a language that is spoken by approximately 1 million in Arakan (which is in Burma), Half a million in Makkah, Jeddah, and Madinah of Saudi Arabia, 300,000 in Karachi and Pakistan, 200,000 in Cox's Bazaar District of Bangladesh (2006), 30,000 in Malaysia, and others in Thailand, UAE and India. It has many alternate names, including: Rohinga, Rohinja, Ruaingga, Arakani, and Arakanese. The Rohingya language is related to the Bengali language. The Rohingya language uses a lot of words from other languages, like Arabic and English. This is due to history (the Rohingya are Muslim and Arabic is an important language in their religion, Islam) and culture (they interacted with the English and many other different groups).

Alphabet 
The Rohingya language has many different alphabets. People have a hard time trying to agree on a single alphabet to write in. They can write in: Burmese alphabet, Arabic alphabet, or the Latin alphabet (the ABCs). A Rohingya man named Mohammed Hanif created the Hanafi alphabet, which is suitable to write the language in. However, not many computers can support the Hanafi alphabet. So for the time being, many Rohingya use the ABCs when they use computers and phones.

Sounds 
Rohingya has 25 consonant sounds and 6 vowel sounds.

Grammar 
Rohingya is a subject-object-verb language. For example, "I love you" in English would be "I you love" in Rohingya.

Sample text 
The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Rohingya: Manúic beggún azad hísafe, ar izzot arde hók ókkol ót, fúainna hísafe foida óiye. Fottí insán óttu honó forók sára elan ot aséde tamám hók ókkol arde azadi ókkol loi fáaida goróon ór hók asé. Ar, taráre dil arde demak diyé. Ótolla, taráttu ekzon loi arekzon bái hísafe maamela goróon saá.

English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Languages of Bangladesh
Jute is a vegetable fibre. It is very cheap to produce, and its production levels are similar to that of cotton. It is a bast fibre, like hemp, and flax. Coarse fabrics made of jute are called hessian, or burlap in America. Like all natural fibres, Jute is biodegradable."Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to make burlap, Hessian or gunny cloth. It is very rough and is very difficult to cut or tear.

The jute plant is easily grown in tropical countries like Bangladesh and India. India is the largest producer of jute in the world. Jute is less expensive than cotton, but cotton is better for quality clothes. Jute is used to make various products: packaging materials, jute bags, sacks, expensive carpets, espadrilles, sweaters etc.
It is obtained from the bark of the jute plant. Jute plants are easy to grow, have a high yield per acre and, unlike cotton, have little need for pesticides and fertilizers.

In Iran, archaeologists have found jute existing since the Bronze Age.

References 

Fibers
Sir Bryan Hopkin (7 December 1914 – 10 October 2009) was a Welsh economist.  He spent a lot of his career giving economic advice to the British government.  At other times he taught economics at university.  He did not agree with the economic policies of Margaret Thatcher.

Life

Hopkin went to Barry Grammar School and then studied at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was a student of John Maynard Keynes.  He then studied at Manchester University.

In 1941, during the Second World War, Hopkin was working as a civil servant at the Ministry of Health. Winston Churchill chose him to be part of the government's statistical team.  He spent many years advising the government, before becoming Professor of Economics at Cardiff University in 1972.

He became head of the Government Economic Service in 1973, and gave advice to Denis Healey.  It was a hard time for Healey because the unions were asking for big pay increases and inflation was rising.  Hopkin helped Healey to persuade people to stick to the pay policy he had made.  Then Hopkins returned to work at the university, from where he criticized Margaret Thatcher's policies.  The economy was not going well, and Mrs Thatcher wanted to make cuts in government spending.  Hopkin and many other economists disagreed.  They thought the government should spend money instead to help the economy.

Hopkin was made CBE in 1961 and knighted in 1971.  In 1938 he married Renée Recour (d. 2002), and they had two sons.  Sir Bryan Hopkin died in Bedford.

References

1914 births
2009 deaths
Economists
Welsh people
Civil servants
Plessy v. Ferguson, , was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled segregation was legal, as long as equal facilities were provided for both races. The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1. The majority opinion was written by Justice Henry Billings Brown, and the minority opinion was written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. 

In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education partially overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling.

Background 
The State of Louisiana passed a law saying that whites and blacks had to ride in different cars on trains, but required that the train cars be "equal."  Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth black (meaning that one of his eight great-grandparents was black) was arrested for riding in a whites-only car.  He challenged the  Louisiana law, saying it was against the United States Constitution. Plessy argued that the state law which required East Louisiana Railroad to segregate trains had denied him his rights under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

The Decision 
The Supreme Court, in a 7-1 decision, ruled that the Louisiana law was valid.  They said that requiring whites and blacks to ride in separate trains did not harm blacks in any way.  Justice John Marshall Harlan was the only justice who thought the law was against the Constitution.  He thought segregation made black Americans feel inferior.  He said that the Constitution is "color blind" and that the law should not treat any group better than any other group.

Brown and Plessy 

In 1954, the United States Supreme Court made it illegal to segregate schools by race.  Chief Justice Earl Warren even ruled that ""separate facilities are [always] unequal."" 

However, Brown did not make it illegal to segregate in any other places, aside from schools.  Segregation in other places was still legal.  This means that Brown overturned part of Plessy v. Ferguson by making school segregation illegal, but it did not overturn the entire law.

Related pages
 Racial segregation
 History of racial segregation in the United States
 Jim Crow laws

References

United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
American civil rights
19th century in Louisiana
Human rights abuses in the United States
Gochujang () is a savory, fermented Korean food. It is made from red chili, glutinous rice, fermented soybeans and salt. It is used to add flavour to a variety of Korean foods such as bibmbab (), bulgogi (), and tteokbokki ().

Ingredients 
The main ingredients of gochujang are red chili powder, glutinous rice powder mixed with powdered fermented soybeans, and salt. Each serving contains 8.9% of protein, 4.1% lipid, 15.9% of carbohydrate, and 3.5% of fibre. It has more Vitamin B than doenjang and ganjang. It contains 5mg of Vitamin C per gram and 2,445mg of carotene per 100 gram.

One peculiar ingredient is capsaicin which is main cause of hot taste. Some people put salted fish or meat into gochujang.

History 
Gochujang (hot pepper paste) has been made since chili was introduced from Japan in 1592, during the middle period of the Chosun Dynasty (). According to Jung-Bo-Sal-Lim-Kyung-Jae (), written in 1766, it was made from beans, sweet from glutinous rice, hot from red peppers, and salty. Since that time, making gochujang became rapidly popular. In Nong-Ga-Wol-Lyung-Ga (), there is content regarding making it.

Types 
Different types of gochujang are made by adding different ingredients in the production process. Recipes are slightly different depending on the parts of Korea it comes from. The most common types of gochujang are listed below.

 Glutinous rice Gochujang

Made by mixing glutinous rice powder with powdered fermented soybeans red peppers, which are the basic ingredients of Gochujang.

 Kaoliang Gochujang 

made by adding kaoliang.

 Barley Gochujang 

made by adding barley. Popularly used as Ssam-Jang (쌈장) in summer. 

 Wheat Gochujang 

made by adding wheat. Used for making Jji-Gaes (찌개, stews), and Jang-A-Jji (장아찌, Pickled Vegetables)

 Red-bean Gochujang

made by adding red-beans. Used in Cho-Gochujang (초고추장) thanks to the beautiful red color.

References 
 이춘자, Lee Chun-Ja/ 장 醬/ 대원사, Dae Won Sa/ 2003/ pp. 89 – 107
 김찬곤, Kim Chan-Gon, 한국문화관광부, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ 우리 민족 문화 상징 100/한솔수북, Han Sol Su Book/ 2006/ pp. 67 - 69

Korean food
Yut is a traditional Korean board game played mainly during the period from Korean New Year to the first full moon. Cheok-sa and sa-hee are the other names of the game. Its origin is not clear, but it seems that the game was started from the age of ancient Korea called Three-Kingdoms. The game is played by throwing four sticks, and moving marks on the board according to shapes of the sticks that fell down. During Korean New Year, many people play the game because it can be enjoyed anywhere by players of any age.

Tools 

The equipment of the game consists of a board, four yut sticks, and four marks, called mal, per each team. The board, which is normally rectangular shaped, is made of various materials like stitched cloth, paper, or leather. It includes a circle with a cross in the center, and 28 circles around this cross. The sticks determine how far a mal can advance. The stick has two sides; one is round, and the other flat. It is usually made of wood from chestnut trees. Players can move their mal from one circle to another, based on the results that their sticks indicate. Any item can be used for a mal, if it can be distinguished from the mal of opposite teams.

Rules 
The facing of the sticks after being thrown indicate the movements of each team’s mal. There are five possibilities: do, gae, geol, yut, and mo, meaning five livestock, pigs, dogs, cow, sheep, and horses. Do, when the flat side of only one stick faces upward, means a one-step advance. When two flat sides are up, it means gae, which is a two-step advance. Geol is three flat sides up, which is a three-step advance, and yut, where all four sticks are lying flat side up, means a four-step advance. When all four sticks face round side up, it is mo which means a five-step advance. Each team normally throw the sticks in turn, but players get one more chance to throw the sticks when they throw a yut or mo.

Players can move only one mal per each movement, unless mals are grouped in one. When a mal reaches the big circles in the center, or reaches the others in each corner, players can move their mal in a shortcut. There are four possible routes to move mal when considering shortcuts. When a mal reaches a circle that is already occupied by a mal of an opposing team, the mal of the opposing team is captured by the new mal, and must restart from the starting point. If a mal lands on a circle with another mal of same team, the two mals can make a group, and move together. The first team causing all of their mals to reach the starting point again becomes the winner of game.

References 
Kim Sang-hoon "Yut playing, a traditional four-stick game" http://www.prkorea.com/engnews/index.cgi?action=detail&number=398&thread=10r01 
http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=251024
http://www.gwangcheon.es.kr/bosco/min38.htm

Board games
Sujebi () is a traditional Korean soup. It is a Korean-style pasta soup consisting of hand-torn dough flakes with various vegetables and has been eaten from the early Goryeo period. In ancient times, when the Korea people were poor, they didn't have much foodstuffs and so made sujebi with small quantity of dough and leftover vegetables. In addition, rice was rare after the Korean War, so many people ate sujebi instead of rice because wheat flour was cheaper at that time. However, sujebi with various kinds of ingredients was considered a special food, so it was eaten on special days like a celebration day or feast. Nowadays, there are many kinds of sujebi and many people enjoy it as a health food. It is similar to another Korean traditional food Kalguksu, but Kalsuksu is made with noodles while sujebi is made with wheat flakes. Both of them are considered as proper food for a rainy day due to its hot and rich flavored broth. It is usually eaten with kimchi.

Origin 
It was during the mid Joseon period that sujebi was named. Its name was originally came from Chinese letter 手(su, 수) meaning ‘hand’ and 摺(jeop, 접) meaning ‘folding’. The pronunciation has been changed as time passes for the ease of articulation. It is called differently depending on the regions, but sujebi is the standard word and most commonly used.

Classification 
Generally, there are two kinds of sujebi depending on the type of broth. One is with Korean clear soup, and the other is with seaweed soup. In the former one, dough flakes are roughly torn by hand, whereas in the latter one, dough flakes are round shaped. This round-shaped dough is called "Saeal"(새알 in Korean). When people order or make sujebi, it usually refers to the former one in Korea. Then, it is again classified as various types depending on other ingredients. Typically, there are potato sujebi which includes potatoes and seafood sujebi with seafood. However, many restaurants are making new sujebi variations to attract customers these days.

Korean food
Soups
Kim Gu (Hangul: 김구, July 11, 1876 – June 26, 1949) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea three times. Kim was the 6th, 12th, and 13th (and final) president. He was the leader of the Korean independence movement against Japanese Imperialism and a reunification activist. Kim was also called Baekbeom. It was his pen name. He is a well respected person to many Korean people. Prime Minister 1921 to 1927 and Interior Minister of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1923 to 1924.

Early life
Kim was born in Hwanghae, Korea in 1876. At the age of 15, he studied the Chinese language. (한학; 漢學). In 1893, he joined the Donghak movement. He became the regional leader for Haeju. The next year, while he was leading the Donghak Peasant Revolution, he went to Manchuria to escape from Japanese soldiers. In 1896, he returned to Korea and killed Josuke Tsuchida, a Japanese soldier. He killed Tsuchida as revenge for the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong of the Korean Empire. Empress Myeongseong was killed by Miura Goro, a Japanese assassin.

After the March 1st Movement in 1919, Kim Gu exiled himself to Shanghai, China. He joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. From that time, he started fighting against Japanese Imperialism. He wanted independence for Korea. He organized the Korea Patriotic Legion. It was a nationalist group. He told Yoon Bong-Gil to bomb the ceremony for the Emperor's birthday at Hongkeou Park in Shanghai. Also, he had Lee Bong-chang try to kill the Japanese Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo. This ended up with failure. Kim also created the Korean Liberation Army. He was re-elected several times as the leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

After the independence of Korea on 15 August 1945, he came back to Seoul. He worked as a right-wing politician with Lee Seung Man and Kim Kyu-sik. He tried to prevent the division of the Korean peninsula. In 1948, he tried to stop South Korea’s national election and to start negotiations between South and North Korea. This failed.

Death
In June 26,1949, Kim was assassinated by a Korean soldier, Ahn Doo-hee. Ahn was later killed by a taxi driver. Many people think there must have been a conspiracy.Some people said that he was ordered by Rhee Syng-man. It is not known if this is true. In 1962, he was awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation. He wrote Baekbeomilji (Journal of Baekbeom). It is his autobiography. It is important both historically and education.His funeral was held at July 5,1949

Book 
 Autobiography, 《Dowaesilki》(도왜실기, 1932)
 《Baikbumilji》(백범일지, 1947)

Related pages
 Kim Kyusik
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Seong-Su
 Chang Myon
 Kim Won-bong
 Park Hon-Yong

References 
Definition in Knowledge Encyclopedia (in Chinese)

1876 births
1949 deaths
Anti-Communists
Korean educators
Terrorists
South Korean politicians
Murder victims
Autobiographers
Southern California is a region of California. The definitions of it vary, but it usually contains the area around Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as the "Inland Empire" of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. Over twenty million people live in Southern California.

Geography of California
A chocolate brownie (or simply called a brownie) is an American dessert or snack made with chocolate. Its name came from its dark brown color. It tastes like a cross between a cake and a cookie. Unlike other cakes, it is baked without baking powder so it is much thicker. It is normally served cut into squares or rectangles. It can be eaten as a snack, or with ice cream or whipped cream as a dessert.

Origin
There is no clear record of how brownies were first made. They were first made in the late 1880s. The first known recipe for brownies was in the 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue. The most popular story about the origin of the brownie is about a housewife in Bangor, Maine. It says that the house wife forgot to add baking powder to a chocolate cake she was making. The cake did not rise but it was still delicious. Chocolate brownies are also very popular dessert in the United Kingdom.

Types of brownies
There are different types of brownie. They are either chewy or cake-like depending on the recipe. Sometimes nuts or chocolate chips are added, or icing or caramel is put on top. A brownie with brown sugar and no chocolate are sometimes called a blondie. Sometimes, brownies are crackled on top, which means the inside is extra soft.

Other websites
 Chocolate brownie recipe

Cakes
A military strategy is a set of ideas or policy used by armed forces to get the results they want. Strategy is used to win combat, battles and wars. It involves planning, logistics (the movement and use of forces and equipment), and the deception of the enemy.

Carl von Clausewitz is considered the creator of modern military strategy.

References

Other websites

Military
Trenton-Robbinsville Airport is a privately owned airport in Robbinsville, New Jersey. It has a 4,275 foot (1,303 meter) long asphalt runway.

Other Information
Airport Type: Public
Elevation: 119 ft above sea level
Coordinates: 40° 12′ 50.19″ N, 74° 36′ 6.46″ W
FAA Location Identifier: N87

References
Airport Home Page

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in New Jersey
Transport in New Jersey
Book Off () is Japan’s biggest chain of second hand bookstores. It is operated by Book Off Corporation Limited. The first Book Off store opened in May, 1990. The first franchisee Book Off store opened in Nov, 1991. The success of the business expanded to 917 stores in Japan and 14 stores abroad (8 in US, 3 in France, 2 in Korea, and 1 in Canada). Book Off sells books including comic books, magazines, and novels, and also sells CDs, DVDs, and Game software. Books are grouped by genres, writers, and prices. The overseas Book Off stores sell second hand books from Japan and also from its own country. Book Off not only sells the second hand books, but also buys the books from customers. For that reason Book Off’s theme copy is “お売りください” which means “Please, sell us your book”. The company uses this copy rather than ”We buy your book” to show respect to customers.

Some Book Off chains, especially ones abroad, have various signboard designs, but still they share the symbol colors of Book Off which are yellow, blue, and red. Book Off has its mascot "Yomuyomukun (Mr. Yomu-yomu)" holding a book in his hands. "Yomu (読む)" in Japanese means "read". Another uniqueness of Book Off is the employees’ loud greeting. Employees shout “いらっしゃいませ! (irashaimase! : welcome!)” when customers enter, and "ありがとうございました! (arigatou gozaimasita! : thank you!)” when customers leave the shop. Book Off chain stores abroad also greet customers with Japanese. 

From 1999 Book Off Corporation Limited started to expand the business into other second hand stores. B-Kids, B-Sports, B-Style, B-Life and B-Select cover second hand baby goods, children wear, sports goods, ladies’ and men’s wear, interior goods, and accessories respectively. After the first B-Kid store opened in Apr, 1999, now there are 26 B-Kids, 32 B-Style, 24 B-Sports stores in Japan. Book Off charges about 81% of the business and the other type of stores charge 19% of the entire sales.

Other websites 
 Book Off Global Website Book Off official English language website

Books
Companies of Japan
1990 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Japan
Françoise Hardy is a French singer, actress and model. As a celebrity in various fields, she has been an icon in France.

Early life 
Hardy was born at 17 January 1944 in Paris and grew up in rich family. From her childhood, she was so interested in literature that she was attracted to Simone de Beauvoir and Albert Camus. She received a guitar from her mother as a present for her passing baccalaureat at 16. It caused her to get interested in Chanson. Hardy mastered guitar by herself and showed an interest in composing chanson. Trying to be a singer was hard, she failed many times. After entering the University of Sorbonne in Paris, she kept studying a chanson in Petit conservatoire de la chanson, a chanson school founded by Mireille  who was a famous singer at that time.Soon, she contracted with the record label Vogue in November 1961.

Success 
In June 1962, she made a great debut with her famous chanson Tous les garçons et les filles which became a hit all over Europe at her age of 18. The song made the wave of Yé-yé music in France with two million sales. It was when another famous song Comment te dire adieu appeared that Hardy estalished her as a singer in 1968. The song received a favorable review from many critics who were indifferent to young singers without precedent. Since then, she has been a cultural iconic figure in France. All of almost her songs were self written, and they have been translated into English, Spanish, Italian and German. As an actress, she appeared in many films - Château en Suède (1963), Une balle au cœur (1965), What’s new pussycat? (1966) Masculin- Féminin (1966) and Grand prix (1967)

She has a son, Thomas Dutronc in 1973 and married his father Jacques Dutronc. Now, they remain a couple.

French singers
French songwriters
1944 births
Living people
Musicians from Paris
Baekje was ancient kingdom on the Korean Peninsula from 18 BCE to 660 CE. Baekje was also called Nam Buyeo. According to the Samguk Sagi, a historical record published in ancient Korea, Baekje was founded by Onjo at Wirye-sung (the present-day Han River area in Seoul). Baekje was one of the three kingdoms of Korea together with Goguryeo and Silla. Beakje, Goguryeo and Silla tried to expand each of their lands by allying and making war against one another. 

In the 4th century, Beakje conquered almost every southern part of the Korean Peninsula and flourished by accepting Buddhism and reforming its system. Also, due to its advantageous natural environment, Baekje easily traded with China and Japan. Especially Baekje established goodwill relationships with Japanese rulers of the Kufun period and transmitted its advanced culture such as pottery and Buddhism to Japan.

However, in the 5th century, Baekje was defeated by Goguryeo. It suffered the loss of its capital. Baekje moved its capital to Ungjin. In 6th century, King Seong decided to move capital to Sabi to restore Baekje's glorious past. However, Baekje was ruined by Silla at 660. Although Baekje was destroyed at that time, many ill-fated attempts were existed to restore Baekje from its descendants.

References

History of Korea
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in Asia
18 BC establishments
660 disestablishments
7th-century disestablishments in Asia
Saturday Night's Main Event was a professional wrestling television show that was aired as a special 36 times by World Wrestling Entertainment. Saturday Night's Main Event was a tremendous ratings success for NBC during its heyday, most notably on the March 14, 1987 show, which drew an 11.6 rating, which to this day remains the highest rating any show has ever done in that time slot. That show was headlined by a battle royal featuring Hulk Hogan and André the Giant, who were slated to face each other at WrestleMania III. As Hogan rarely wrestled on the WWF syndicated and cable television shows, Saturday Night's Main Event was the program on free television where most viewers were able to see him in action.

The Main Event
The success of Saturday Night's Main Event led to several Friday night prime time specials, known as The Main Event. The first of these, on February 5, 1988 featured a WrestleMania III rematch between Hogan and André and drew 33 million viewers and a 15.2 rating, which is still the highest-rated television show in professional wrestling history. This event was shown live. The late night shows however were always taped 1–2 weeks prior to airing.

References

World Wrestling Entertainment television programs
1985 American television series debuts
1992 television series endings
1992 disestablishments in the United States