cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
An Armenian American is an American whose ancestry is from Armenia. During the 2009 Census in the United States, 1,270,000 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.

History 
The first Armenian known to have moved to America is nicknamed "Martin the Armenian". He was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. He arrived in Jamestown in 1618, when the colony was only 11 years old. Martin was invited to the colony to raise silk worms. Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they went back to Europe.

Armenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century. However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

References

Other websites
 Information about Armenian-Americans in the United States
 More Information about Armenian-Americans

Ethnic groups in the United States
William Saroyan () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants. These stories were popular during the Great Depression. Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).

Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "In Armenian it is sor-row'yan, accent on row.  In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'"

Life 
Saroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant. His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister. At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911. At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing. Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery.

Quotations 
 "The writer is a spiritual anarchist, as in the depth of his soul every man is. He is discontented with everything and everybody. The writer is everybody's best friend and only true enemy - the good and great enemy. He neither walks with the multitude nor cheers with them. The writer who is a writer is a rebel who never stops." (from The William Saroyan Reader, 1958)

 "I should like to see any power of the world destroy this race, this small tribe of unimportant people, whose wars have all been fought and lost, whose structures have crumbled, literature is unread, music is unheard, and prayers are no more answered. Go ahead, destroy Armenia. See if you can do it. Send them into the desert without bread or water. Burn their homes and churches. Then see if they will not laugh, sing and pray again. For when two of them meet anywhere in the world, see if they will not create a New Armenia."

References

Other websites 
 The William Saroyan Society 
 William Saroyan article on Armeniapedia.org
 The William Saroyan Literary Foundation Intl. on WilliamSaroyan.org

People from Fresno, California
1908 births
1981 deaths
Writers from California
Vakıflı Köyü ( — Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. It is on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samandağ district of Hatay Province. It has a view of the Mediterranean Sea. From the village, people can see the Syrian border. It has a population of about 130 people.

Cities in Turkey
The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. This was the first part of the European colonization of the Americas. 

The Spanish expanded their territories in America over the years until they included Central America, most of South America, Mexico, the South of what today is Southern United States, the Western part of what today is the United States, the Southwestern part of what today is British Columbia in Canada, and even reaching Alaska. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Spanish possessions in America began a series of independence movements, which led to the complete separation from Spain by the mid 1820's of Mexico, and the colonies in Central and South America. The remaining Spanish colonies, Cuba and Puerto Rico, were lost in 1898 as a consequence of the Spanish-American War

References

Other websites 
 Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America
 Dr. Robert Jackson's Missions of South America
 Spanish Colonial Missions Initiatve NPS/INAH 

History of Native Americans
History of Spain
A Conquistador (English: Conqueror; : Conquistadores, or Conquistadors) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer. The Conquistadors invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands and other islands in Asia Pacific. Many of them were hidalgos (noblemen of low category).

Their conquests brought these lands under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas. They created what is now called Latin America.

The first immensely successful conquistador was Hernán Cortés. Between 1520 and 1521, Cortés, along with native enemies of the Aztecs, conquered the mighty Aztec Empire. Present day Mexico came under the dominion of the Spanish Empire, as New Spain. Francisco Pizarro later found and conquered the similarly large Inca Empire.

List of Conquistadors 
 Alonso Dávila (México, 1520-1533)
 Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
 Alonso de Ojeda (Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Aruba)
 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (United States, 1527-1536, 1540-1542)
 Antonio de Aragón, Tucumán (Argentina)
 Cristóbal de Olid (Honduras, 1523-1524)
 Diego de Almagro (Perú, 1524-1535, Chile, 1535-1537)
 Diego de Nicuesa (Panamá, 1506-1511)
 Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (Cuba, 1511-1519)
 Domingo Martínez de Irala
 Francisco de Montejo (Yucatán, México, 1527-1546)
 Francisco de Orellana (Amazon River, 1541-1543)
 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán, México, 1517)
 Francisco Pizarro (Perú, 1509-1535)
 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (United States, 1540-1542)
 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Colombia, 1536-1537, Venezuela, 1569-1572)
 Gonzalo Pizarro (Perú, 1532-1542)
 Hernán Cortés (México, 1518-1522, Honduras, 1524, Baja California, 1532-1536)
 Hernando de Soto (United States, 1539-1542)
 Hernando Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1560)
 Inés Suárez, (Chile, 1541)
 Juan de Esquivel, (Jamaica, 1509-1512)
 Juan de Salcedo, (North of Philippines, 1570-1576)
 Juan de Grijalva (Yucatán, México, 1518)
 Juan Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1536)
 Juan Ponce de León (Puerto Rico, 1508, Florida, 1513 and 1521)
 Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
 Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (United States, 1524-1527)
 Martín de Goiti, (Manila, Philippines, 1570-1571)
 Martín de Ursúa, (Petén, Guatemala, 1696-1697)
 Miguel López de Legazpi, (Philippines, 1565-1571)
 Nicolás de Federmann (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537-1539)
 Pánfilo de Narváez (Florida, 1527-1528)
 Pedro de Alvarado (México, 1519-1521, Guatemala, 1523-1527, Perú, 1533-1535, México, 1540-1541)
 Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540-1552)
 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Florida, 1565-1567)
 Sebastián de Belalcázar (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533-1536))
 Sebastián Vizcaíno
 Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510-1519)

Other websites 
 The Conquistadors - Start the Adventure (PBS): https://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm

History of Spain
Shushanik Kurghinian (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet. Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems. Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era. Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.

Background 
Shushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout. In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: “Sometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] ‘workstation’ home, in order to save money, and I would work for him – demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin). My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my ‘ill behavior toward my parent,’and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.”

Works 
`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,
alone and lacking faith...
bring them to me
my spirit is free
I will give them of my soul...'
(Selected Works, 1982 Yerevan p260)

Other websites 
`I Want to Live: Poems of Shushanik Kurghinian' or at ArmeniaPedia.org

Armenian poets
Autobiographers
1876 births
1927 deaths
Sevak Ruben or Ruben Sevak (February 15, 1885 - August 26, 1915) was an Armenian poet a prose-writer, and a doctor.

Among many others, he was arrested on April 24, 1915 and killed on August 26, 1915 during the Armenian Genocide.

Armenian poets
1885 births
1915 deaths
The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century.

The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն (CA, EA: , or WA: ), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.

Related pages
Armenian language

Other websites 
 theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
 Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
 stnersess.edu : Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish
Unicode Support for Armenian
 Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
 transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)

Armenian language
The Orontid Dynasty (in Armenian: Երվանդունիների թագավորություն) was the first Armenian dynasty. The Orontids established their supremacy over Armenia around the time of the invasions by the Scythians and Medes in the 6th century BC.

References

Other websites
The Yervanduni Dynasty-A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture
The Orontid (Ervanduni) dynasty 

Monarchs of Armenia
Royal dynasties
The Armenian Highland (also known as the Armenian Upland or Armenian Plateau) is part of the Transcaucasian Highland and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.

The apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands. It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit. Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name .

Many scholars place the Indo-European homeland in the Armenian Highlands and the plateau of Asia Minor to the southwest.
Others believe that it was in Eastern Europe or southern Russia.

Some scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands.

Related pages
 Greater Armenia (political concept)
 Armenian Genocide

References

Other websites 
 The Armenian empire
 History of Armenia

Geography of Armenia
Mountains of Asia
Mountains of Europe
Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento (born 13 January 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Borussia Dortmund.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1997||10||1
|-
|1998||14||0

|-
|1999||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||24||8

|-
|2000||Botafogo||Série A||17||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||2
|-
|2002||22||2
|-
|2003||32||2

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||11||0
|-
|2004/05||9||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||35||5
|-
|2006||7||1

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||31||4
|-
|2007/08||33||4
|-
|2008/09||27||1
|-
|2009/10||||
148||14
24||8
20||0
91||9
283||31
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Porto Alegre
Miss Universe is an international beauty contest. It was started in 1952 and today has over 190 countries taking part. About one billion people watch it on television every year.

The competition was first shown on American national television in 1955. In 1960, the show moved from California to Florida. Until 1971, the competition was held in the United States, and since 1972 - every year in a new country. 

The pageant is owned by WME and IMG, with Fox owning the rights to broadcast the pageant on television. Until 2015, it was owned by NBC and Donald Trump. In 2015, Trump started his campaign for President of the United States and said he wanted to stop illegal immigrants from Mexico from coming into the US. NBC then stopped working with him, and so Trump bought Miss Universe out, and sold it to its current owners a few days later.

History 
After winning the 1951 Miss America competition, Yolanda Betbese refused to pose in Catalina swimwear from Pacific Mills, sponsor of the competition. Because of this, in 1952 the company left the Miss America competition and organized an alternative national Miss USA competition, as well as an international Miss Universe competition.

Sponsored by the American airline Pan Am and the Universal Film Studio The Miss Universe pageant was first held on June 28, 1952 in Long Beach, California. At the beginning of its existence, it was intended to promote beach fashion: for a month, applicants advertised beach products. 

The first winner of the Miss Universe title was 17-year-old Armi Kuusela from Finland. She was crowned with the wedding tiara of the Romanov dynasty. The competition was attended by girls from 30 countries.

References

Other websites 

 Miss Universe official homepage

Universe
1952 establishments
Silvia Night is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland. Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Greece. She is famous for her larger than life and narcissistic persona.

Other websites
Silvia Night homepage

Fictional characters
The Swedish Social Democratic Party () was established on 23 April 1889, and is Sweden's biggest political party of social democracy. The party has been in the lead with a Prime Minister for the longest and most amount of time in Sweden. Stefan Löfven is the current leader for the party. The party lost to the Moderate Party in the 2006 elections, but will have a new chance to take over the power again in 2014.

Olof Palme, one of Sweden's most famous politicians, was the party leader from October many years before he was murdered in February 1986.

Years in power 
 Cabinet Branting I, 1920,
 Cabinet Branting II, 1921-1923,
 Cabinet Branting III, 1924-1925,
 Cabinet Sandler, 1925-1926,
 Cabinet Hansson I, 1932-1936,
 Cabinet Hansson II, 1936-1940,
 SamlingsCabinet (Cabinet Hansson III), 1940-1945,
 Cabinet Hansson IV, 1945-1946,
 Cabinet Erlander I, 1946-1951,
 Cabinet Erlander II, 1951-1957 (With Bondeförbundet),
 Cabinet Erlander III, 1957-1969,
 Cabinet Palme I, 1969-1976,
 Cabinet Palme II, 1982-1986,
 Cabinet Carlsson I, 1986-1990,
 Cabinet Carlsson II, 1990-1991,
 Cabinet Carlsson III, 1994-1996,
 Cabinet Persson, 1996-2006,

Election results 

 1911 - 28.5%
 1914 - 30.1%
 1914 - 36.4%
 1917 - 39.2%
 1920 - 36.1%
 1921 - 39.4%
 1924 - 41.1%
 1928 - 37.0%
 1932 - 41.1%
 1936 - 45.9%
 1940 - 53.8%
 1944 - 46.7%
 1948 - 46.1%
 1952 - 46.1%
 1956 - 44.6%
 1958 - 46.2%

 1960 - 47.8%
 1964 - 47.3%
 1968 - 50.1%
 1970 - 45.3%
 1973 - 43.8%
 1976 - 42.7%
 1979 - 43.2%
 1982 - 45.6%
 1985 - 44.7%
 1988 - 43.2%
 1991 - 37.7%
 1994 - 45.3%
 1998 - 36.4%
 2002 - 39.9%
 2006 - 35.0%
 2010 - 30.7%

Other websites

Socialdemokraterna  

1889 establishments in Europe
Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Europe
Political parties in Sweden
1880s establishments in Sweden
Olof Palme (30 January 1927 – 28 February 1986) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1969-1986 until his death and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969-1976 and 1982-1986. 

He was shot to death in Stockholm after going to the cinema on 28 February 1986. The killer has never been identified, and the gun has never been found. His murder is still a mystery for Swedish police, even though people have been arrested in connection with it.

He was a pacifist and against apartheid, The Vietnam War, and nuclear weapons. He made efforts to improve welfare and economic, social and cultural rights for workers.

References

Other websites 
Olofpalme.org Official page of the Olof Palme Archives with various documents.
Selected Speeches by Olof Palme  - Speeches on Africa in English.
Olof Palme's visit to Cuba - Speech by Fidel Castro on the Swedish-Cuban friendship, 1975.

1927 births
1986 deaths
Anti-Communists
Feminists
Government ministers of Sweden
Murders by firearm
Politicians from Stockholm
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Socialists
Unsolved murders
Elena Paparizou also known as Helena Paparizou (born 31 January 1982) in Borås, Sweden. She is a Swedish-Greek singer and model who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005 for Greece, performing the song My Number One which won the entire contest.

References

Other websites 
 Elena Paparizou website  

1982 births
Greek singers
Living people
Swedish singers
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Miss World is a international beauty pageant that started in 1951. It is the oldest surviving major international beauty pageant. The contest was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley, and run as part of the Mecca Leisure Group. Since his death in 2000, Morley's wife, Julia Morley, co-chairs the pageant.

With its rivals Miss Universe and Miss Earth, this is one of the most publicised beauty contests in the world.

The winner spends a year travelling to represent the Miss World Organization and its various causes. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on December 14, 2019, in London, England, United Kingdom. She is the fourth Jamaican woman to win Miss World. Traditionally, Miss World lives in London during her reign.

Recent Winners

References 

World
Shad Gregory Moss, better known as Bow Wow or formerly Lil' Bow Wow (born March 9, 1987, Columbus, Ohio) is an African-American rapper, actor, and music producer. He began his rap career when he was 13.

Albums 
 2000 - Beware of Dog
 2003 - Unleashed
 2005 - Wanted
 2006 - Price of Fame
 2007 - Face Off (co-performming: Omarion)
 2009 - New Jack City II

References

1987 births
Living people
Singers from Ohio
Rap musicians from Ohio
American movie actors
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
Musicians from Columbus, Ohio
Singers from Columbus, Ohio
John Milton Cage, Jr. usually known as just John Cage, (September 5, 1912 - August 12, 1992) was an American composer, writer, philosopher, and visual artist. He was one of the first composers (or musicians) to introduce different styles of music to popular culture. He made mostly avant-garde music and electronic music, and was very well known for making the piece 4'33", which challenged what music is. He also wrote music for pianos that had been "prepared" by having screws and nails placed in them. He was gay. His life partner from 1943 until his death was choreographer Merce Cunningham (1919-2009). Cage died of a stroke in New York City.

4'33" 
This piece is in 3 movements (sections), and is special in that all of the movements are silent, the score having the Latin word for silence three times (tacit, tacit, tacit). Some people think that it is just a joke because of this, as there is nothing to listen to. It was written in 1952, and is 4 minutes and thirty three seconds long. Cage got the idea from being in a soundless chamber, but realising that even here there was no true silence because he could hear his heart beating.

References

Other websites 
 John Cage's former record label
 John Cage's "Water Walk" video

1912 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American composers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Deaths from stroke
LGBT artists
LGBT composers
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT writers
Musical entertainers from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
The F/A-18 Hornet (CF-18, F-18) is a fighter jet that is made by Boeing, and was originally manufactured by the McDonnell-Douglas Company. It first flew in 1978 and was introduced in 1983.  Its main user is the United States Navy. It can take off from aircraft carriers because of its special design. The F/A-18 can attack land and air targets. Any aircraft which can do this is called "multi-role". The Hornet is also flown by the Blue Angels.

Users 
The F/A-18 is used by many countries, including the United States Navy

United States 
The United States navy is the biggest user of the hornet. The hornet is currently only used by the United States Marine Corps, but until 2019 the U.S. Navy also had them.

The USMC currently has 143 F/A-18 hornets.

Blue Angels 
The Blue Angels are the aerobatic team of the USMC. They use the F/A-18. Before the F/A-18 existed, they used the A-4 Skyhawk.

Australia 
The Royal Australian Air force (RAAF) bought 57 F/A-18A and 18 F/A-18B (the b was used for training) in 1981 to replace the old Mirage III. The difference between the RAAF hornet and the US hornet is that the RAAF removed the carrier Capabilities, because Australia doesn't have any aircraft carriers big enough to fit the plane.

Armament 
The hornet can carry a lot of bombs, missiles, rockets and guns. It can also carry pods, pods give the aircraft more options, the Litening targeting pod,for example, lets the pilot see the ground and guide bombs to the target.

Bombs 
B81 and B83 nuclear bombs

Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)

Paveway laser guided bombs (the bombs are guided by the targeting pod)

Mk80 bombs general purpose

CBU100 cluster bomb

Rockets 
2.75 in (70 mm) Hydra 70 rockets

5 in (127.0 mm) Zuni rockets

Missiles

Air to Air 
Aim-120 AMRAAM

Aim-9 Sidewinder

Aim-132 ASRAAM

Iris-T

Aim-7 Sparrow

Air to Ground 
AGM-65 Maverick

AGM-88 HARM

AGM-164 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)

Taurus Cruise Missile

Anti Ship 
AGM-84 Harpoon

Related pages
F-14 Tomcat
F-16 Fighting Falcon

Simulacrum of Multirole fighter
MiG-35 - Simulacrum of the F/A-18 Hornet
  - on TASS Official Infographic

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
Australian military aircraft
Spain
Military aircraft
The F-15 Eagle is a fighter jet that originally made by McDonnell-Douglas (later Boeing). It is known around the world for its toughness and undefeated record, meaning that it has never been shot down by an enemy plane. It is used primarily by the United States Air Force, but it is also used in Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. It usually carries missiles and an M61 Vulcan gun to shoot down enemy fighter jet planes. More than a thousand have been made.

Redesign 
In 1981, the F-15 was redesigned to include the ability to carry bombs, allowing the F-15 to do the job of attack aircraft. This means it can also destroy things on the ground. This new variant of the aircraft was called the  McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle.

Related pages

F-14 Tomcat
F-16 Fighting Falcon
F-4 Phantom II

United States Air Force aircraft
Military of Japan
Israel Defense Forces
Saudi Arabia
Military aircraft
The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, were one of the two groups of flowering plants or angiosperms. The name refers to one of the characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species in this group. The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, with one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.

From the 1990s onwards, molecular phylogeny showed what botanists already suspected: dicotyledons are not a monophyletic group. They are a number of lineages, such as the magnoliids. Groups now known as basal angiosperms diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are a paraphyletic group. The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are definitely monophyletic. They are distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have an older type of pollen, whereas eudicots have derived pollen.

Compared to monocotyledons 
Apart from cotyledon number, there are other differences between monocots and dicots. These are differences mainly between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and old-type pollen. Also, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.

Related pages 
Magnoliopsida
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

References 

Flowering plants
St Kilda Football Club (nicknamed The Saints) is an Australian Rules Football club who play in the Australian Football League. The club first played in 1873. Their home ground is the Marvel Stadium in Melbourne. Their current captain is Jarryn Geary and their current coach is Brett Ratten. They wear a guernsey that is  red, white and black, in a vertical stripes.

The first mention of a football team in St Kilda was made in 1859. The current club was started in 1873, based on the South Yarra Football Club which had closed the year before. The club colours were formed when the red and white of the South Yarra Football Club merged with the black and white of the new St. Kilda Football Club. The first guernsey worn by the club was red and black striped horizontally, with a white neckerchief. The club joined the new Victorian Football League in 1897, and lost its first 48 games. Their home ground was the Junction Oval, in the Melbourne suburb of St. Kilda. In 1964, the team moved from St Kilda to Moorabbin, where they now train.

The team won their first and only premiership in 1966, beating Collingwood.  In recent years they have been more competitive, playing in the 1997 Grand Final, losing to Adelaide.  Between 2004 and 2011, St. Kilda established a period of dominance, playing in all but the 2007 finals series, and playing in the Preliminary Finals in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2009, St. Kilda went the first 19 games of the season without being beaten, only to lose to Geelong in the Grand Final by 12 points. In 2010 they played in the Grand Final and drew with Collingwood. A moment etched in the memories of St. Kilda supporters was the moment Stephen Milne opted to let the ball bounce through for a behind in the dying minutes, when he had the opportunity to secure St. Kilda's second premiership with a goal. They were defeated convincingly in a replay the next week. They have also placed last on the ladder 26 times since their establishment, the most of any team. 

St. Kilda has featured a number of star players, with 10 Brownlow Medalists, including Ian Stewart and Robert Harvey, who won the award twice. In 1987, Tony Lockett won the Brownlow Medal as well as the Coleman Medal kicking 117 goals.

St Kilda Brownlow Medallists:

 Colin Watson, 1925
 Brian Gleeson, 1957
 Neil Roberts, 1958
 Verdun Howell, 1959 
 Ian Stewart, 1965, 1966
 Ross Smith, 1967 
 Tony Lockett, 1987
 Robert Harvey, 1997, 1998

St Kilda Coleman Medallists:

 Charlie Baker, 1925 (30 goals)
 Bill Mohr, 1936 (101 goals)
 Bill Young, 1956 (56 goals)
 Tony Lockett, 1987 (117 goals), 1991 (118 goals)
 Fraser Gehrig, 2004 (90 goals), 2005 (74 goals)

References

Other websites
 St Kilda Football Club website

Australian Football League
Ingvar Carlsson (born 9 November 1934 in Borås, Västra Götaland County (then Älvsborg County), Sweden), is a Swedish politician, former Prime Minister of Sweden (March 1986–October 1991; October 1994–March 1996) and leader of the Social Democratic Party (March 1986–March 1996). He became Prime Minister in 1986 when Olof Palme was assassinated.

References

References 
Ingvar Carlsson 

1934 births
Living people
Swedish economists
Prime Ministers of Sweden
In any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two main ones. While the term should be used only when discussing the third largest party, it is often used to describe any smaller party. For example, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party other than the Conservative Party and Labour Party that has a presence in the House of Commons. In the United States, a third party is a political party other than the Democratic Party or Republican Party that has national influence.

The term "third parties" is used in countries with first past the post electoral systems as these systems tend to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are rare.

Countries using proportional representation have less of a tendency to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are common. In fact, coalitions between the smaller parties are normal in such a country. A party generally needs to have a certain level of success to be called a third party.  Smaller parties that only win a small percentage of the vote and no seats in the legislature are often called minor parties or fringe parties.

Third parties are not usually likely to win the presidency. Despite this, there are many reasons for third parties to run. In an election, the two main parties listen to the opinions of third parties. The larger parties must respond to these opinions, and sometimes the larger parties copy ideas from third parties.  Some third parties also hope that the party can slowly build its support and eventually become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party did in Britain.

Related pages
Liberal Democrats (United Kingdom)

References
 McGaughey, William (2003). The Independence Party and the Future of Third-Party Politics. Minneapolis: Thistlerose Publications. .  Personal odyssey of unsuccessful candidate for U.S. Senate in Minnesota's 2000 Independence Party primary.

Political parties
Third party is often used in the English language to refer to a person or group that has some connection to a relationship between two parties. Here, a "party" is a person or group of people who act together. If two parties share a close relationship, a third party is farther away or more different from them. It could more directly mean:

 Third party (politics), in any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two dominant ones
 Third-party developer, a hardware or software developer not directly tied to the primary product that a consumer is using
 Third party (civil litigation), a party brought into a civil legal proceeding by a defendant or by another third party
 Third party beneficiary, a person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been a party to the contract; see also, Privity of contract
 Third party insurance

en:Third party
Cardinal directions or cardinal points are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as N, E, S and W.

North and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the afternoon in the west.

If a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which in some places differs from the direction of the North Pole by a few degrees.

Cardinal directions in world cultures 

Through history, different cultures have given different values to each direction. For example, in old Asian culture, each direction is given a color, as follows:

 East: Green or Blue
 South: Red
 West: White
 North: Black

Related pages
 Latitude 
 Longitude
 Compass

Compass directions
A knight is a piece in the game of chess. It is represented by a horse's head and neck. Each player starts the game with two knights. It moves in an L pattern, two squares in one direction then one square in another. It is the only piece in chess to be able to jump over other pieces. It is also the only piece that can be in position to attack a king, queen, bishop, or rook without also being attacked by that piece. Because of this, the knight plays forks well in a game of chess. 

'Knight' is shortened to Kt or N when recording games. In printed game scores it is represented by a figurine.

Knight
The queen in chess is piece which stands next to the King at the start of the game. It can move any number of unoccupied squares diagonally, vertically, and horizontally. When recording games it is shortened to Q.

The queen's movement 
The queen moves like a bishop and rook both. Although both players start with one queen each. A player may promote a pawn to a piece, usually a queen, when the pawn reaches the last line of the opponent team.

History of the queen in chess 
The IndoArabic game lasted for nearly a thousand years until the end of the 15th century. In it, the piece next to the Shah was the Firzān or Visier, who was a counsellor. This piece had a movement even more limited than the king: it moved just one square at a time, on the diagonal. Not surprising, then, that when the move changed into its modern form, the Italians called the new game schacci alla rabioso (~furious chess).

References

Related pages
Through the Looking-Glass

Chess pieces
Dennis the Menace is the name of two different comic strips, which both debuted in 1951. One is a British comic strip, that is featured in the UK comic magazine, The Beano. The other is a daily newspaper comic strip from the United States. This daily strip was a single panel, but the Sunday strip was longer. The single panels were sometimes collected into small paperbacks. Dennis also had a comic book.

In Britain, Dennis is usually drawn as wearing a red and black striped jumper, and spikey black hair. He is normally with his black dog called Gnasher. 

In the United States, Dennis the Menace (Dennis Mitchell)  wore a red and white striped tee-shirt and bib overalls. He had blond hair and a large cowlick. His dog was a sheepdog called Ruff. Dennis'  parents are Henry and Alice. His neighbors are George and Martha Wilson. Dennis wants to be helpful but his attempts often end in disaster. Dennis' friends are Tommy Anderson, Joey McDonald, and Margaret Wade. In 1959, the comic strip was developed into a CBS television sitcom called Dennis the Menace. It stars Jay North as Dennis and Joseph Kearns as George Wilson. The series aired for four years and has been released to DVD.

Comic strips
Altuğ Taner Akçam (born October 23 1953) is a Turkish historian, sociologist and author. He is one of the first Turkish academics to acknowledge and discuss openly the Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman Turkish government in 1915.

Other websites
 Armeniapedia entry
 Turkish Scholar Taner Akçam Lectures on New Book 

Turkish writers
1953 births
Living people
Turkish historians
Turkish scientists
J-pop is a popular music in Japan. J-pop is a short name for Japanese pop, which means popular music or songs in Japan. Some people calls "歌謡曲" toward older songs. From around 1940s until recently, J-Pop has been influenced (affected) by Western popular music and culture. But new J-Pop nowadays sounds different than older J-Pop. This kind of music is common in Japan and it is often played by young and old music groups.

History 
There are many songwriters and singer-songwriters who have been playing Japanese pops. Such musicians follows: 

 Kyohei Tsutsumi (筒美京平) - He is a well-known songwriter for a long period of times. He is a pianist and also known as Jack Diamond, born on May 28, 1940 in Tokyo. He made many hits such as "Blue Light Yokohama" (ブルー・ライト・ヨコハマ), "Mata Au Hi Made" (また逢う日まで), "Watashi no Kare wa Hidari-kiki" (わたしの彼は左きき), Sentimental (センチメンタル) and so on. He was awarded for his works by an official renowned medal "紫綬褒章" from Japanese government in 2003.

 Yumi Matsutoya - Yumi Matsutoya, also known as Yuming, Yumi Arai or Karuho Kureta, is considered by many the "mother" of modern-day J-Pop. She has been one of the most successful Japanese singer-songwriters in the twentieth century in the world of pop music. Almost half of her albums reached number one at the Japanese Oricon charts, and all of her albums reached top 10 since her first album, Hikōki-gumo in 1973. She has sold over 37,800,000 copies of albums and singles. "NO SIDE" was made from Rugby game "Ooita Maiduru vs Tennri high school". The term 'j-pop' was coined in the 1990s.

Related pages
 List of J-pop artists
Ara Darzi (born 7 May 1960) is a British doctor. He was appointed head of Minister of Healthcare of Great Britain.

Ara Darzi was born in Iraq in a family with Armenian descent, which escaped the Genocide of 1915. But most of his life was lived in Ireland.

1960 births
Living people
Armenian diaspora
Iraqi people
British politicians
Puffy AmiYumi was the one of the more popular J-pop groups of the 1990s. The band has two members, Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. It was first formed in 1996.

They had some success when they went to the United States to record and perform. They had a short-lived (April 22, 2003 – June 27, 2006) (118 episodes) cartoon television series on Cartoon Network called Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi.  It can still be seen occasionally on the Japanese version of Cartoon Network.

J-pop bands
Pop punk bands
For other meanings of Yui, see Yui.

YUI, is a Japanese musician. She was born 26 March 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan. She is signed to Sony Music Records Japan. She sings, and plays the guitar, keyboard and electric guitar, although she usually performs with only an acoustic guitar. She started in a Japanese movie released on 17 June 2006 titled 'Taiyō no Uta' (A Song to the Sun). She is popular with young girls,but she decided to stop her music activity as YUI in 2012. It means she carry on her music work but not YUI.

History

Before debut 
She dropped out high school because she want to live with music.Then she started taking music lesson at ongakujyuku.It is famous music private night-school.She practiced playing the guitar and making songs. She participated in music contest and got first prize.By that winning, she can get right to major debut.

2005~2007
She made a debut with "feel my soul". This is her first major song. Afterthat she made many hit songs.Especially,her fifth single goodbye days was hit.And she appeared in "taiyou no uta" that is the movie her song was used.

2008~2012

Songs 
YUI has released seven albums:

 From Me To You (2006)
 Can't Buy My Love(2007)
 I Loved Yesterday (2008)
 My Short Stories(2008)
 Holidays In The Sun(2010)
 How Crazy Your Love(2011)
 She Loves You(2012)
 Green Garden Pop(2012)
 Orange Garden Pop(2012)

And she makes many new single CD.

References

Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
1987 births
Living people
SPEED is a Japanese music group. The group is made up of four female singers. They are from Okinawa, Japan. The members are Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. Hiroko and Eriko are lead vocal singers. 

When they debuted, Hiroko was 12 years old. They made their debut single “Body & Soul” in 1996. They have many songs which sold million records. 

They broke up in March 31, 2000. From 2000 to 2008, they have broken up and came back together several times. They made their latest come back in 2008.

Members
 Hiroko Shimabukuro (島袋寛子 born April 7, 1984)
 Eriko Imai (今井絵理子 born September 22, 1983)
 Takako Uehara (上原多香子 born January 14, 1983)
 Hitoe Arakaki (新垣仁絵 born April 7, 1981)

Discography

Singles
 Body & soul (1996)
 STEADY (1996)
 Go! Go! Heaven (1997)
 Wake Me Up! (1997)
 White Love (1997)
 my graduation (1998)
 ALIVE (1998)
 ALL MY TRUE LOVE (1998)
 Precious Time (1999)
 Breakin’ out to the morning (1999)
 Long Way Home (1999)
 One More Dream (2001)
 Be My Love (2003)
 Walking in the rain/Stars to shine again (2003)
 あしたの空 (2008)
 S.P.D (2009)

Albums
 Starting Over (1997)
 RISE (1998)
 MOMENT (1998)	
 Carry On my way (1999)
 SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear * Friends 1 (2000)
 SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear * Friends 2 (2000)
 BRIDGE (2003)

Other websites
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/speed/index.html 
 http://avexnet.or.jp/hiro/index.html
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/eriko/index.htm 
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/uehara/index.html 
 ''http://www.avexnet.or.jp/hitoe/index.htm 

Japanese musical groups
People from Okinawa Prefecture
Aiko (born November 22, 1975) is a Japanese singer and guitar player. She has a high popularity among young people. Her most famous song is "Kabutomushi". Aiko has won several Japan Gold Disc Awards.

Aiko debuted in 1998. She sings songs about love and girls' feelings. Her famous songs are "Hanabi", "Boyfriend", "Kabutomushi", "Kirakira", and so on. "milk/Nageki no Kisu", her mukaiawase　double A-side single, was her first single to hit #1 on Oricon since her debut..She do many concerts at everywhere in Japan.

References

Japanese singers
1975 births
Living people
People from Osaka Prefecture
Ringo Shiina (born November 25, 1978) is a Japanese singer and guitarist. She is a member of Tokyo Jihen. Shiina is from Fukuoka. 

She was the creative supervisor and music director of the Flag Handover Ceremony at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics / Paralympics.

She stayed in the UK from January to March 1997.

Career 

1998
Debut 

1999
Released the fourth single Honno(instinct). This single has become a million seller

2004-2012
in TOKYO JIHEN(INCIDENTS TOKYO)

2018
Participated in the 69th NHK Red vs. White Song Battle

1978 births
Living people
Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Songwriters
Japanese guitarists
GO!GO!7188 was a band from Japan with three members. One plays guitar, one plays drums, and one plays bass. The main vocalist is a woman. One of their famous songs is "Koinouta".

GO!GO!7188 formed in 1998 by YUU (singer/guitarist) and AKKO (singer/bassist); high school classmates in Kagoshima prefecture. In 1999, they headed to Tokyo where they meet drummer TURKEY.

Ever since they have released 9 full-length albums, 12 singles and 3 DVDs.

When they made their debut in the Japanese music scene, they were quoted to be one of the leading girl's punk band which mixes rock'n roll music with Japanese pop.

They have raised their evaluation as one of most important Japanese rock bands, making performances in live houses events to Nippon Budokan hall, with songs rich and full of originality and high performance ability.

Members
Yu (Yumi Nakashima)
Akko (Akiko Noma)
Tacky (Takayuki Hosokawa)

Discography

single

Other websites
 Official site
 Polish unofficial site

Japanese rock bands
Porno Graffitti is a Japanese J-Pop band. The members of the band are Akihito Okano (vocals) and Haruichi Shindo (guitar). The band is from Innoshima in Hiroshima. The band first started playing in 1999 with three members. The third member, Tama, left the band in 2004. The band has become one of the duos leading the music in Japan.

J-pop bands
Japanese rock bands
People from Hiroshima Prefecture
1990s music groups
Yuki Isoya (born February 17, 1972) is a Japanese singer. Isoya debuted as a singer of the group Judy and Mary in 1993. Judy and Mary broke up in 1999. She began her solo singing career in February, 2002. Isoya has released four albums. 

Japanese singers
1972 births
Living people
People from Hokkaido
Mr. Children, usually called , is a Japanese rock band made in 1988. They belong to Oorong-sha (). Their record company is Toy's Factory.

Members
 Kazutoshi Sakurai (; Vo&G)
 Kenichi Tahara (; G)
 Keisuke Nakagawa (; B)
 Hideya Suzuki (; Dr)

Supporting members
Current
Takeshi Kobayasi (Keyboard)

Past
Naoto Inti Raymi (G&chorus)
Sunny (; Keyboard & chorus)

Success 
They are one of the most successful Japanese bands, selling over 50 million records.

Fan Club 
The official fan club of Mr. Children is called Father & Mother.  The fan club was started in 1994. The fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3.500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership. And there are concert ticket only for the members.

Albums 
As of 2007, Mr. Children has published twelve original studio albums and 30 singles, three compilation albums, a live album, and ten home video releases.
 Everything (1992)
 Kind of Love (1992)
 Versus (1993)
 Atomic Heart (1994)
  (1996)
 Bolero (1997)
 Discovery (1999)
 Q (2000)
 It's a Wonderful World (2002)
 Shifuku no Oto () (2004)
 I Love U (I♥U) (2005)
 Home (2007)
 Supermarket Fantasy (2008)
 SENCE (2010)
 Mr.Children 2001-2005 <micro> (2012)
 Mr.Children 2005-2010 <macro> (2012)
 ［(an imitation) blood orange］ (2012)

Compilations 
 Mr. Children 1992-1995 (2001)
 Mr. Children 1996-2000 (2001)
 B-side (2007)

Live albums 
 1/42 (1999)

Singles 
 ""
 ""
 "Replay"
 "CROSS ROAD"
 "innocent world"
 "Tomorrow Never Knows"
 ""
 "【es】 ~Theme of es~"
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 "Everything (It's You)"
 ""
 ""
 ""
 "I'LL BE"
 ""
 "NOT FOUND"
 ""
 "youthful days"
 ""
 "Any"
 "HERO"
 ""
 "Sign"
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 "GIFT"
 "HANABI"
 ""

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Mr. Children at Toy's Factory

Japanese musical groups
3B LAB.* is a Japanese punk band. They are all men. The vocalist also sang in the folk-rock band 19. Their most popular song is "Ichigo Ichi". They're now called 3B Lab.☆S. Tamakoshi Masahiro left this group in 2009.

J-pop bands
Ellegarden is a Japanese band formed in 1998 by four young men.Their activity pauses now.

Members
Hosomi Takeshi(Guiter&Vocal)
Ubukata Shinichi(Guiter)
Takada yuichi(Bass)
Takahashi Hirotaka(Drums)

References 

Japanese rock bands
Punk bands
Emo bands
Japanese musical groups
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical quartets
Pop punk bands
Def Tech is a Japanese group. The band has three members: Shen, Micro and Playa T. They have sold more than 2.8 million copies of their albums Def Tech and Lokahi Lani. The band took a break in September 2007 and have since reunited as of June 2010.

References

Japanese musical groups
Ai Otsuka (born September 9, 1982) is a Japanese pop female singer-songwriter and pianist from Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Her music is famous because it varies a lot in style but is mainly happy pop. Her first single was called Momo No Hanbira, but it was not until her second single, which was called Sakuranbo, that people really noticed her music.

Japanese singers
J-pop
1982 births
Living people
People from Osaka
Ayaka Iida (born December 18, 1987 in Moriguchi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese female singer signed and songwriter. 
Ayaka is married to Hiro Mizushima. Her favorite singer is the Beatles, DREAMS COME TRUE, Mr.Children and so on. She started musical activities when she was 1st high school student.She released "I believe" and she made her debut in 2006. She sufferd from Basedow's disease and she stopped musical activity in 2009 in order to concentrate on getting well. But she started activities again in 2011 and announced that she made her own record company.

Discography

Singles
 I believe (2006)
 melody〜SOUNDS REAL〜 (2006)
 Real voice (2006)
  (2006)
 Jewelry day (2007)
 CLAP&LOVE/Why (2007)
  (2008)
  (2008)
  (2009)
  (2009)

Albums
original album
 First Message (2006)
  Sing to the Sky (2008)
  The beginning (2012)

best album
 ayaka's History 2006-2009 (2009)
 ayaka's BEST -Ballad Collection- (2012)

References

Japanese singers
1987 births
Living people
People from Osaka Prefecture
Kyu Sakamoto "坂本九" (real name "Hisasi Osima") was a singer and actor, born on December 10, 1941 in Kanagawa, Japan.

Sakamoto's song "Sukiyaki" became the first Japanese song in the United States to sell a million copies and reached No.1 on a popular chart on June 15, 1963. Its original (Japanese) title is "上を向いて歩こう" which means "I look up as I walk". He died on August 12, 1985 by an airplane accident during a flight on Japan Airlines Flight 123) aboard from Kanagawa in Japan.

His hit songs 
His major hit songs were as follows.

何もいらない俺だけど (1959)
悲しき六十才 (1960)
ステキなタイミング (Good Timi`n) (1960)
月夜に歩けば (Walkin' in The Moonlight) (1961)
カレンダーガール (Calendar Girl) (1961)
見上げてごらん夜の星を (1963)
上を向いて歩こう (Sukiyaki) (1963)
幸せなら手をたたこう (1964)
涙くんさよなら (1965)

Notes

Outer links 
Kyu Sakamoto Official Web Site
Sukiyaki (上を向いて歩こう) with English translation and lyrics at YouTube

1941 births
1985 deaths
Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese movie actors