cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Great Gatsby is a drama movie released in 2013. It is based on the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

The movie was an Australian-American production. It was directed by Baz Luhrmann. The screenplay was written by Luhrmann and Craig Pearce.

The main actors in it are Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, Joel Edgerton and Isla Fisher. This movie also has Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan in a cameo appearance.

Sources

2013 romance movies
2013 drama movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Australian drama movies
Australian romance movies
Movies set in New York City
Warner Bros. movies
The Siege of Tobruk was a battle in Libya during the North African Campaign of World War II. It lasted for 241 days. The battle was between Axis and Allied Forces. The battle started on 11 April 1941, when Tobruk was besieged by an Italian and Nazi German force commanded by Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel. The siege continued for 240 days up to 27 November 1941. On that date, the Allied 8th Army took control of Tobruk.

The reason that both sides wanted to control Tobruk is that it had a deep protected harbour.  This made it a good place for ships to seek shelter.  As well, the Italians had built fortifications.  There were also escarpments and cliffs near Tobruk, which helped to protect the town from attack.

The Allies wanted to control Tobruk so that they could defend Egypt and the Suez Canal.   When the Axis armies could no longer use the port at Tobruk, they had to bring in supplies at the distant port of Tripoli.  This required the Axis armies to bring the supplies by truck through  of desert.  After the Allies won Tobruk, the Axis armies continuted fighting to take it back.  The Axis armies fired many artillery shells at Tobruk and dropped many bombs on the town.

References 

Tobruk
1941
20th century in Libya
Tobruk
The Battle of Berlin was the British bombing raid on Berlin during the Second World War from November 1943 to March 1944. British bombers had new navigation aids to help them, such as the new H2S radar, and Bomber Command made 16 attacks on the city.

Although the bombings were mostly done by British bombers, Australian and Canadian bombers also flew to Germany.

The Battle of Berlin was considered a failure for the Royal Air Force (RAF). It lost 1,047 bombers, with 1,682 more damaged, and over 7,000 air crew members. Also, the bombings did not cause the Germans to give up but left 450,000 of them homeless.

1943 in Europe
1944 in Europe
1940s in Berlin
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Survivor Series (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 27, 2005 at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the nineteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

*Orton replaced Eddie Guerrero in the match when Guerrero died.

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2005 website

2005 in American television
2005 in professional wrestling
Sports in Detroit, Michigan
Survivor Series
2000s in Detroit, Michigan
Bohol is the tenth-largest island of the Philippines and the main island of the Bohol province. It is part of the Region VII (Central Visayas) in the Visayas island group.

The Philippine Tarsier, one of the smallest primate in the world, is one endemic animal of southern Philippines, including the island of Bohol.

Geography
The island of Bohol has an oval shape and is surrounded by 73 smaller islands; the larger of these small islands are Panglao, in the southwest in front of the city of Tagbilaran, and Lapining, in the northeast.

The main island of Bohol has an area of  and a coastline of . It lies southeast from Cebu Island across the Cebu Strait (sometimes called Bohol Strait) and southwest from Leyte, separated by the Camotes Sea and Canigao Channel. Bohol is also located north of Mindanao with the Bohol Sea or Mindanao Sea between them.

The terrain of Bohol is basically hilly and about half the island is covered in limestone. The interior is a large plateau.

In the centre of the island, mainly in the municipalities of Sagbayan, Batuan and Carmen, are the Chocolate Hills, over 1,270 hills cone-shaped hills over an area of .

The main mountain range of the island is Sierra Bullones that is along the south coast. It begins near Loboc, goes to the east and then to the northeast to end near Candijay.  The highest point of this range and in the entire province is Mount Mayana ().

Rivers
There are four main rivers that flow through Bohol:
 Loboc flows from the centre of the island to the southeastern coast.
 Inabanga, the largest river of the island, runs in the northwestern part of the province.
 Abatan flows in the southwest; and
 Ipil river flows in the north.

Climate
The climate of the island of Bohol is a warm tropical climate (Köppen climate classification Af); it is typically hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is both heavy and frequent.

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Central Visayas

Other websites

 Visayan Silent Gardens - Bohol Island 
 Bountiful Bohol
 Bohol, Philippines - Tourism informations

Islands of the Philippines
Exclusionary zoning is the use of zoning laws to exclude certain types of people from a community. Exclusionary zoning laws began to be used in the United States in the late 19th century. Exclusionary zoning rules are still used today across the country. A common type of exclusionary zoning rule is a minimum lot size rule. This type of rule makes it hard for poor families to build a house on a small lot that they could afford. Exclusionary zoning rules make it hard for poor families to find housing in a community.

Urban planning
Discrimination
Extreme Noise Terror (often abbreviated to ENT) are a British crust punk / grindcore band originally formed in Ipswich, England in 1985. The band are one of the earliest European grindcore bands. They also helped to create the crustgrind subgenre.

They are one of the first hardcore punk bands to use two vocalists. They also recorded a number of sessions for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel. The band's songs have political lyrics, grinding guitars, and very fast tempos.

Biography

Early years
Extreme Noise Terror were formed in early 1985 in Ipswich, England, originally consisting of dual vocalists Dean Jones and Phil Vane, guitarist Pete Hurley, bassist Jerry Clay and drummer Darren Olley aka Pig Killer.

Members
Current
 Dean Jones – vocals (1985–present)
 Ollie Jones – guitar (2005–present)
 Michael Hourihan – drums (2008–2011, 2014–present)
 Andi Morris – bass guitar (2012–present)
 Ben McCrow – vocals (2014–present)

Former

 Phil Vane – vocals (1985–1989, 1989–1996, 1997–1999, 2006–2011; died 2011)
 Pete Hurley – guitar (1985–1995; died 2014)
 Jerry Clay – bass (1985–1988)
 Darren "Pig Killer" Olley – drums (1985–1987, 1993–1995)
 Mick Harris – drums (1987–1988, 2008)
 Tony "Stick" Dickens – drums (1988–1999
Si Brown -drums (1990)
 Mark Gardener – bass (1988)
 Peter (Doom) Nash – bass (1988–1990)
 Spit – vocals (1989)
 Mark Bailey – bass (1990–1994)
 Lee Barrett – bass (1994–1997)
 William A. "Was" Sarginson – drums (1995–1997)

 Ali Firouzbakht (Al Todd) – guitar (1995–2005)
 Mark "Barney" Greenway – vocals (1996–1997)
 Zac O`Neil – drums (1997–2008)
 Manny Cooke – bass (1997–2001)
 Jose Kurt – vocals (1999–2000)
 Adam Catchpole – vocals (2000–2006)
 Stafford Glover – bass (2001–2012)
 Woody – Guitar (2001–2010, 2011–2014)
 Chris 'Chino' Casket – guitar/bass (studio: 2009–2014/live: 2010–2012)
 Roman Matuszewski – vocals (2011–2012)
 Barney Monger – drums (2011–2014)
 John Loughlin – vocals (2012–2014)

Studio albums 
 A Holocaust in Your Head (1989)
 Retro-bution (1995)
 Damage 381 (1997)
 Being and Nothing (2001)
 Law of Retaliation (2008)
 Extreme Noise Terror (2015)

References

Other websites
 

1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
British musical groups
The foreign policy of the United States is the way in which the United States acts towards other countries. U.S. foreign policy also involves setting out how U.S. organizations, corporations, and individual citizens should act towards foreign countries.  

The United States has a lot of power in the world for several reasons. The U.S. has a $15 trillion economy and approximately a quarter of the global Gross Domestic Product.  The U.S. also has a defense budget of $711 billion. This is about 43% of military spending in the world. The U.S. has a powerful military that it can send out to protect countries or locations that are considered important to U.S. foreign policy.  

The U.S. Secretary of State is the same type of job as the job of foreign minister of other countries. The Secretary of State is responsible for diplomacy with other countries. Today, Antony Blinken is the U.S.'s Secretary of State.  

The President of the United States has the highest authority over foreign policy. 

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs aims to control nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; foster commercial relations with foreign nations; and safeguard American business abroad. The Committee also watches over international agreements about commodities, international education, and the protection of American citizens abroad.

U.S. foreign policy includes defining what actions and choices are in the best national interest. U.S. foreign policy also includes the strategies that are chosen to lead to policy goals. The goals of the foreign policy of the United States are to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world. The U.S. aims to achieve this goal for the benefit of the American people and the international community. 

U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism both from within the U.S. and from other countries.

References 

foreign relations of the United States
Politics of the United States
John Paton Laurie (25 March 1897 – 23 June 1980) was a Scottish actor who was known for his role as James Frazer in the British sitcom Dad's Army. 

Laurie was born on 25 March 1897 in Dumfries, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. He was married three times. He had one daughter. Laurie died on 23 June 1980 in his Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, England home from emphysema, aged 83 His ashes were scattered into the English Channel.

References

Other websites
 
 

1897 births
1980 deaths
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in Buckinghamshire
People from Dumfries
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Codognè is a town in Veneto. There are 5300 people living there. It is near Venice and the Dolomite Alps. The beaches of the Adriatic Sea are also nearby.

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Veneto
Arthur Ian Lavender (born 16 February 1946), better known as  Ian Lavender, is an English stage, movie and television actor. He is best known for his role as Private Frank Pike in the BBC comedy series Dad's Army. He is the last surviving cast member to have played one of the seven main characters within the platoon.

Early life
Lavender was born in Birmingham, England on 16 February 1946. He studied at the Bournville Boys Technical School and later Bournville Grammar-Technical School for Boys.

Career
His first television appearance was as the lead in a Rediffusion play entitled Half Hour Story: Flowers at my Feet in 1968. In 1968, aged 22, Lavender was cast as Private Pike, the youngest member and 'stupid boy' of the platoon in the BBC sitcom Dad's Army. He appeared in the entire run of the series, and in the spinoff movie released in 1971.

Lavender starred in the movie, 31 North 62 East (released September 2009), an independent psychological thriller starring John Rhys-Davies, Marina Sirtis, Heather Peace and Craig Fairbrass. In August 2013 Lavender made his Edinburgh Fringe debut in a stage version of The Shawshank Redemption.

Personal life
Lavender was married to actress Sue Kerchiss from 1967 until they divorced in 1973. He married his second wife, the American Miki Hardy in 1993.

Lavender was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1993. It was removed in an operation and he has recovered. He had a heart attack in 2004.

References

Other websites

 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Survivor Series (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 14, 2004 at the Gund Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. It was the eighteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2004 website

2004 in American television
2004 in professional wrestling
Sports in Cleveland, Ohio
Survivor Series
2000s in Cleveland, Ohio
HIStory: Past, Present and Future is the ninth studio album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1995. It is Jackson's first album on his record label MJJ Productions. The album has two discs. The first disc is a 'greatest hits' of fifteen popular singles Jackson had released from his previous albums. The second disc is fifteen new songs. Two of them are Jackson's versions of songs that have already been made by people. The album has sold 25 million copies around the world. It is the best selling album with more than one disc. On November 13 2001 the first disc was released again on its own as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I. It has sold 4 million copies.

Singles
Six singles were released around the world from the second disc. The first single "Scream" was a duet with Jackson's sister Janet Jackson. It reached number one in New Zealand, Italy, and Spain. 

The second single "You Are Not Alone" was written and produced by R. Kelly. It was the first song ever to go straight to number one in the Billboard Hot 100. 

The third single "Earth Song" did not reach the Billboard Hot 100. However, it is Jackson's best selling single in the United Kingdom. It was number one there for six weeks.

The sixth single was "Stranger in Moscow". It reached number one in Italy and Spain.

The fourth single, "This Time Around", had The Notorious B.I.G. rapping in it.

"They Don't Care About Us" was released on March 31, 1996. It was number one in Germany for three weeks.

"Stranger in Moscow" was the last single released from the album. It was the least successful single in the United States.

Reviews
Rolling Stone gave the album four stars out of five. The Seattle Times gave the second disc of HIStory a bad review.

Tour
Jackson did the HIStory World Tour to promote the album. It was Jackson's last tour.

References

Michael Jackson albums
1995 albums
Invincible is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. It was released in October 2001. It was the last studio album by Jackson to be released while Jackson was alive. It reached number one in eleven countries. Three singles were released from the album. The first single was "You Rock My World". "Cry" was released as the second single. It was written by R. Kelly. The Notorious B.I.G. rapped on the first song on the album, "Unbreakable". The album was unsuccessful compared to Jackson's previous albums. It sold thirteen million copies. Rolling Stone gave the album a rating of three out of five stars. "You Rock My World" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male.

Track listing

Notes
"Unbreakable" features a rap verse by The Notorious B.I.G. The rap verse was originally from the song "You Can't Stop the Reign" by Shaquille O'Neal. It was written by Carl McIntosh, Jane Eugene and Steve Nichol.
"Break of Dawn", "2000 Watts" and "Threatened" were excluded from the original Chinese release. In the Chinese version box set The Collection released in 2013, all the 16 tracks are included.

References

2001 albums
Michael Jackson albums
Dance-pop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
"Black or White" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the first single from Jackson's eighth album Dangerous on November 11, 1991. Slash plays guitar at the start. Michael wrote the song with Bill Bottrell. It reached number one in the United States.

In 1992, Weird Al Yankovic made a song called "Snack All Night". The song was never released, but he performed it at a concert.

Music video
The video was directed by John Landis. It is eleven minutes long. 500 million people watched it when it was shown for the first time in 27 different countries at once. This was the most people to ever watch a music video at once. The video starts with Macaulay Culkin. Tyra Banks is at the end of the short version of the video.

References

Michael Jackson songs
1991 songs
"Girlfriend" is a song written by Paul McCartney. It was originally recorded by his band Wings in 1978. Michael Jackson covered the song on his 1979 album Off the Wall. It was released in the UK as the album's fifth single.

1978 songs
"The Way You Make Me Feel" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was the third single from Jackson's seventh album Bad. It was produced by Quincy Jones. Like the two singles before it, it reached number 1 in the Billboard Hot 100. It was also number 1 in Spain. He performed the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards. After Jackson died in 2009 the song entered the charts again.

Music video
In the video Jackson follows a girl called Tatiana Thumbtzen around and sings "The Way You Make Me Feel". La Toya Jackson appears as one of the girl's friends.

Cover versions
In February 2010, Whitney Houston performed "The Way You Make Me Feel" at her I Look to You Tour.

1987 songs
Michael Jackson songs
"Smooth Criminal" is a song written by Michael Jackson. It is the theme song of Jackson's 1988 movie Moonwalker. It reached number 1 in the Netherlands, Flanders, and Spain.

On April 10, 2006 it was released again as a single from the Visionary: The Video Singles box-set. It was number 1 in Spain again.

In 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a cover version of the song. It was their first single. It was a number-one hit.

Michael Jackson songs
1988 songs
"Remember the Time" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the second single from his album Dangerous on January 14, 1992. It was written by Teddy Riley, Jackson, and Bernard Belle. When the single was released Jackson dedicated the song with love to Diana Ross. The music video is nine minutes long. John Singleton directed it. In 2006 the song was released again. It reached number 2 in the Spanish chart.

Sources

Michael Jackson songs
1992 songs
"Smile" is a song with music composed by Charlie Chaplin. This music was the theme for the soundtrack of one of Chaplin's movies, Modern Times (1936). The music had no lyrics. It was originally written in D minor. John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons added lyrics and a title in 1954. The lyrics are based on lines and themes from the movie. The singer is telling the listener to smile and be optimistic. "Smile" has become a popular song since its original use in Chaplin's movie.

The song, with its lyrics, was originally sung by Nat King Cole 

in Judy Garland sang a memorable version of "Smile" on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1963. 

Michael Jackson recorded his own version of the song in March 1993 for his album HIStory: Past, Present and Future in 1995. The song was also recorded by Jimmy Durante as part of his album Jackie Barnett Presents Hello Young Lovers. Durante's version was used prominently in the teaser trailer of the 2019 film Joker and is part of the film's soundtrack.

References 

 

1930s songs
Jazz music
Michael Jackson songs
1936
"You Are Not Alone" is a song sung by Michael Jackson. R. Kelly wrote it. The video was directed by Wayne Isham. Lisa Marie Presley, who was Jackson's wife at the time, is in the video. It is the first song to go straight to number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also number one in the United Kingdom, Wallonia, France, New Zealand, Spain and Switzerland.

Cover versions
Diana Ross sung a cover version of the song on her 1996 album Voice of Love.

On November 15, 2009, the last twelve acts from the sixth series of the British talent show The X Factor released a cover of the song.

References

Michael Jackson songs
1995 songs
"Hold My Hand" is a song by Michael Jackson featuring Akon. It was recorded in 2008. It was released posthumously in 2010, a year after Jackson's untimely death. It reached ten in the UK Singles Chart.

References

Michael Jackson songs
2010 songs
"Behind the Mask" is a synthpop song by the band Yellow Magic Orchestra. It was written by the band's keyboardist, Ryuichi Sakamoto. It was first produced in 1978 for a Seiko advertisement. It was later released in 1979 on the band's album Solid State Survivor. English lyrics were added by Chris Mosdell.

Michael Jackson sang his own version of it. It was released in 2010, a year after Jackson's death on the album Michael. Jackson's version was released as a single in France.

References 

1978 songs
Michael Jackson songs
"Too Young" is a popular song. The music was written by Sidney Lippman. The lyrics were written by Sylvia Dee. The song was published in 1951.

Many people have sung their own versions of it. One of the best-known versions of the song was recorded by Nat King Cole in 1951. It reached the number 1 position on the Billboard charts. A version by Donny Osmond in 1972 was also successful. It spent eight weeks on the record charts, with a peak position of #13. Michael Jackson also recorded a version of the song.

References

1950s songs
"We Are the World" is a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie. It was first performed by the band USA for Africa in 1985. It was produced by Quincy Jones. It was meant to raise funds and awareness for the poor in Africa. It sold over 20 million copies. 800,000 records were sent out when the single was released. They were all sold in three days. It won three Grammy Awards. At the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards it won Best Group Video and Viewer's Choice.

The video showed the song being recorded at A&M Recording Studios. It was sold as a video cassette.

The group Artists for Haiti released their own version of the song in 2010. It was titled "We Are the World 25 for Haiti". It was a charity song to help victims of the earthquake in Haiti.

1985 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Michael Jackson songs
"Why" is a song by 3T. Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds. Edmonds wrote the song, and it was produced by Michael Jackson. This song was well received in European and Asian charts.

1996 songs
This page lists singles released by Michael Jackson. It is a partial list only. It includes singles released physically (those that could be bought at a record shop) and other singles released on radio. It does not include re-issues.

The list shows how successful each single was on national record charts by listing the highest position each single reached on each chart. The national charts included are for the United States, Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Listed at the bottom are the record sales certifications for each single, which marks how many copies of each single were sold. The certifications are by RIAA, ARIA, Music Canada, IFPI Denmark, SNEP, BVMI, IFPI Norway, Recorded Music NZ, PROMUSICAE, IFPI Switzerland, and BPI.

Singles

European peaks

Singles released physically

Other singles
This list includes:
 Singles released by other musicians that feature Michael Jackson.
 Singles released only on radio, or digital download.

Certifications

 In the United States, "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" and "Thriller" won also a Gold Award (500,000) in the Digital category. "Billie Jean" won a 2× Platinum award (2,000,000).
 In the United States, "Billie Jean", "Beat It" and "Thriller" won also a Gold Award (500,000) in the Mastertone category.
 Awards from Denmark awarded in the (digital) "Track" category.
 Awards from Spain awarded in the digital category.

Footnotes

Jackson, Michael
Discography, Singles
Penile cancer is cancer of the penis. It is relatively rare in developed countries. In developing countries, however, it is much more common. It can be dangerous.

References 

Cancer
Male reproductive system
Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987), was a 20th-century humanistic (client-centered) psychologist. His 1969 collection of essays, Freedom to Learn, was influential for a young generation in the late 1960s and through the 1970s. Rebellions against college teaching methods, the deschooling movement, flower power and the alternative society often referred to Roger's ideas in their various pamphlets. Rogers is regarded as the second most influential therapist (clinical psychologist) of the 20th century (behind Freud).

Biography 
Rogers was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His parents were Walter Rogers and Julia Cushing. He was the fourth of six children. Rogers was educated in a strict, religious environment. He was first interested in studying agriculture at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a focus on history and religion. His interest changed from agriculture to religion. He received a bachelor's degree in 1924. After that, he entered a liberal Protestant seminary in New York City. That went against the views of his conservative father. Rogers spent two years in seminary. He later transferred to Columbia University Teachers College, where he worked with John Dewey. Rogers received his master's degree in 1928. In 1931, he received a PhD in clinical psychology from Columbia University.

After receiving his PhD, Rogers worked at Ohio State University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Wisconsin. During that time, he developed what was later known as client-centered therapy. After his work at the University of Wisconsin, Rogers worked at the Western Behavioral Studies Institute in LaJolla, California. From there he and several other people formed the Center for Studies of the Person (CSP). He remained there until his death in 1987.

Legacy 
During the last ten years of his life, Rogers used his person-centered approach in a broader field of work. He used helping relationships in the resolution of inter-group and international conflict. He and his colleagues conducted many experiments in cross cultural communication and peacemaking in the Carl Rogers Peace Project. For this work, Rogers was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The work is not widely known, but it puts Rogers' contributions into a wider social and political context.

Selected works by Carl Rogers
 Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (1939)
 Counseling and Psychotherapy: newer concepts in practice (1942)
 Client-Centered Therapy: its current practice, implications, and theory (1951)
 On Becoming a Person: a therapist's view of psychotherapy (1961)
 Person to Person: the problem of being human (1967)
 Freedom to Learn: a view of what education might become (1969) 
 On Encounter Groups (1970)
 Becoming Partners: marriage and its alternatives (1972)
 On Personal Power: inner strength and its revolutionary impact (1977)
 A Way of Being (1980)

References

1902 births
1987 deaths
American psychologists
Survivor Series (2003) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 16, 2003 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. It was the seventeenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2004 website

2003 in American television
2003 in professional wrestling
Sports in Dallas, Texas
Survivor Series
2003 in Texas
21st century in Dallas, Texas
Newark Liberty International Airport , first named Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an airport located in New Jersey. It is located between Newark and Elizabeth.  It is around 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is owned by the city of Newark and run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It was the first major airport in the United States. It is the busiest airport in the New York metropolitan area by number of flights.

The New York City metropolitan area's John F. Kennedy International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, and Newark Liberty International airports are the largest airport system in the United States. They are the second busiest system of airports in the world by number of passengers. They are the busiest in the world in terms of total flight operations. In 2012, the airport had just under 34 million million passengers. JFK had 49.3 million, and LaGuardia had 25.7 million.

On September 11, 2001, United Airlines Flight 93 left Newark on its way to San Francisco International Airport. Two hours later, it crashed into a field just outside of Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing all crew members and passengers on the plane. The passengers had tried to take over the plane from a team of terrorists who took over it. Had it not crashed in Pennsylvania, it is believed that the plane would have crashed into the United States Capitol or the White House. In 2002, to honor the people who were killed on September 11, the airport's name was changed from Newark International Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport.

Airlines
 Air Canada
 Air Canada Express
 Air India
 Alaska Airlines
 American Airlines
 American Eagle
 Austrian Airlines
 Avianca
 British Airways
 Cathay Pacific
 Delta Connection
 El Al
 Icelandair
 Jet Airways
 JetBlue Airways
 Lufthansa
 OpenSkies
 Porter Airlines
 Scandinavian Airlines
 Southwest Airlines
 Swiss International Air Lines
 TAP Portugal
 United Airlines
 United Express
 US Airways
 US Airways Express
 Virgin America
 Virgin Atlantic

Notes

References

Other websites

 Newark Liberty International Airport (official site)
 "World's Busiest Airport" Popular Mechanics, May 1937
 How To Get To Newark Airport 

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in New Jersey
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New Jersey
The cinquillo is a syncopated rhythm found in a number of Afro-Latin musical styles. It is present in the Cuban habanera and danzón, and in the Argentine tango. It is, with polyrhythms, a characteristic African influence on Latin music.

 Cincillo 
 Habanera

References 

Music
Section.80 is the first studio album by Kendrick Lamar. It was released on July 2011 through Top Dawg Entertainment. Its lyrics tell stories about two different women "Keisha" and "Tammy". It was supported by the promotional conscious hip hop song "HiiiPoWeR".

Critical Response
The album was a success, It caught the attention of Dr. Dre who discovered Kendrick Lamar and signed him to Aftermath Records and Interscope Records.

Music and Lyrics
The album Section.80 is a concept album which lyrics revolve around two different women: "Keisha" and "Tammy". Keisha is a fictional prostitute who seeks prostitution only to her demise. Tammy is women who had a boyfriend and leaves him after discovering she was unfaithful and kills him and also talks about another women going through the same thing, These two women then become lesbian and become afraid of all males. HiiiPoWeR is a protest song that was the only single realeased from Section.80, The music video was realeased with the begin showing a statment from Lamar, saying that he was ordered to write the album and claims Tupac Shakur was in his dream and gave him advise. The lyrics to the album deal with racism as well as many other topics. Lamar said in a interview that Section.80 is for people who are from the 1980s which is probably the reason why the album is called that.

Artwork
The album cover shows ammuntion to a rifle with the bible covered with weed and a lighter. This sparked some controversy, saying it is disrespectful to the bible. Lamar responded lightly to this and apoligized.

Tracklisting
"Fuck Your Ethnicity"-3:44
"Hol'Up"-2:53
"A.D.H.D."-3:35
"No Makeup (Her Vice)"-3:55
"Tammy's Song (Her Evils)"-2:41
"Chapter Six"-2:41
"Ronald Reagan Era (His Evils)"-3:36
"Poe Mans Dreams (His Vice)"-4:21
"The Spiteful Chant"-5:20
"Chapter Ten"-1:15
"Keisha's Song (Her Pain)"-3:47
"Rigamortis"-2:48
"Kush & Corinthians (His Pain)"-5:04
"Blow My High (Members Only)"-3:35
"Ab-Soul's Outro"-5:50
"HiiiPoWeR"-4:39

References

2011 albums
Hip hop albums
Good Kid, M.A.A.D. City (written as good kid, m.A.A.d city) is the second studio album by Kendrick Lamar. It was released on October 22, 2012 through Top Dawg Entertainment, Aftermath Records and Interscope Records. After the release of Lamar's mixtape Overly Dedicated (2010), Dr. Dre quickly sighned him to his record label Aftermath.

The lyrics are about Lamar's childhood, living in Compton. He experienced gang violence and the use of drugs, which left him stuck on that type of style. It was supported by several singles, including: "Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe", "Swimming Pools (Drank)", "Money Trees", "Backseat Freestyle", "m.A.A.d. city", and "The Recipe". Other musicians featured on the album include Dr. Dre, Jay-Z, Schoolboy Q, MC E, Black Hippy, Jay Rock and Drake.

Tracklisting
Sherane aka Master Slinter's Daughter  4:33
Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe  5:10
Backseat Freestyle  3:32
The Art of Peer Reasure  5:24
Money Trees   6:26
Poetic Justice ft.Drake  5:00
good kid  3:34
m.A.A.d city  5:50
Swimming Pools (Drank)  5:13
Sing about me, I'm Dying of Thirst  12:03
Real  7:23
Compton  4:08

References

2012 albums
Hip hop albums
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a form of psychotherapy developed by Marsha M. Linehan, a psychology researcher at the University of Washington. Linehan originally developed DBT to help people with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

DBT uses cognitive-behavioral techniques to get patients to control their emotions and test what reality is. It also tests the patient's tolerance for distress, and tries to get them to accept their situation and be aware of their feelings.

Linehan's ideas about how to be aware of your feelings come from Buddhist meditation. DBT may be the first therapy that has been shown to be effective in treating BPD. It can also help patients with spectrum mood problems, including self-injury. DBT may help victims of sexual abuse and people addicted to drugs.

History 
In the early 1990’s, Dr. Marsha Linehan developed an alternative therapy to treat her borderline personality disorder patients. Instead of having a one-way conversation with the patient, the therapist would engage him through the use of real world examples to elicit the desired responses. One by one, Linehan was able to teach her patients how to react differently in a variety of situations. This process removes the obstacles to treatment that had confused therapists treating suicidal patients. In a recent study, DBT has proven especially effective in reducing self-injurious behavior, suicide attempts and inpatient treatment days.

DBT has also been used to treat alcohol addiction and drug addiction.

References

Borderline personality disorder
Obstetrics is the medical speciality that deals with helping a woman during pregnancy and childbirth. It is part of gynaecology.

Medical specialties
The National Library of Spain () is in Madrid. It is Spain's largest library. It is also one of the world's largest libraries. It was started by King Philip V of Spain in 1712.

References

Other websites 

  Official site 
  Official web catalog 

Spain
1712 establishments
Buildings and structures in Madrid
18th-century establishments in Spain
1710s establishments in Europe
Jack Thomas Chick (April 13, 1924 – October 23, 2016) was an American publisher, writer, and comic book artist. He mainly wrote evangelical Christian fundamentalist tracts and comic books. His comics have been described as hate literature by the Los Angeles Magazine.  He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Chick's company, Chick Publications, claims to have sold over 750 million tracts, comics tracts and comic books, videos, books, and posters designed to spread Protestant evangelism from a fundamentalist Christian point of view. Many of his tracts are controversial. For example, some of the tracts accuse Roman Catholics, Freemasons, Muslims and many other groups of murder and conspiracies.  Chick says his views are just not politically correct.

His views have been spread around the world, mostly through the tracts and now online. They have been translated into more than 100 languages. Chick is an Independent Baptist who follows a premillennial dispensationalist view of the end times. He is an firm believer in the King James Only movement, which says that every English translation of the Bible more recent than 1611 promotes heresy.

Chick tracts

Chick tracts are used to spread Evangelicalism and evangelical Christian ideas. The most known of tracts is This Was Your Life!, which was made in 1964. They are known for spreading fundamentalist beliefs and even banned in some countries as hate literature. Some of his tracts are shown in the Smithsonian Institution.

Death 
Chick died on October 23, 2016 in Los Angeles from complications of diabetes, aged 92.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Writers from Los Angeles
American comics artists
American Christians
William Leonard Roberts II (born January 28, 1976), known professionally as Rick Ross, is an American rapper, songwriter and record executive.

After releasing his debut single, Hustlin' in 2006, Ross became the subject of a bidding war, receiving offers from Diddy's Bad Boy Entertainment and Irv Gotti's Murder Inc., before signing a multi million dollar deal with Jay Z's Def Jam Records. Ross released his debut album Port Of Miami through the label later that year, debuting at the top spot on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chart, with sales of 187,000 units during the first week. Ross released his second studio album, Trilla in 2008, once again debuting atop the Billboard 200.

In 2009, Ross founded the record label Maybach Music Group, on which he released his studio albums Deeper Than Rap (2009), Teflon Don (2010), God Forgives, I Don't (2012), Mastermind, Hood Billionaire (2014), Black Market (2015), and Rather You Than Me (2017). Ross was also the first artist signed to Diddy's management company Ciroc Entertainment. In early 2012, MTV named Ross as the Hottest MC in the Game.

References

1976 births
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
African American musicians
Rap musicians from Mississippi
Social cognitive theory (SCT) says that a part of a person's knowledge acquisition comes from observing others, This is done through actions with other people, experiences, and the effects of th media. The threory is used in psychology, education and communication It was advanced by Albert Bandura. The theory is a part of his social learning theory. The theory say that when people see someone doing something and the consequences of that action, they remember what happened and use this information to guide their own actions.  Watching a person do something can also cause the viewer to act in a way they have already learned.  In other words, people do not learn new behaviors only by trying them and either succeeding or failing. The survival of humanity depends on taking the actions as other people. If people are rewarded or punished for their behavior and the outcome of the behavior helps people chose to do the same thing or not to. Media is a source of many things for people to watch and see these actions take place.

History
The basis for social cognitive theory come from Edwin B. Holt and Harold Chapman Brown's 1931 book. It says  that all animal action is based on needs of "feeling, emotion, and desire". The most notable part of this theory is that it saya a person cannot learn to imitate until they are imitated.

In 1941, a book by Neal E. Miller and John Dollard had a new version of Holt's theory.  They said four things affect learning: drives, cues, responses, and rewards.  One driver is social motivation, It  includes imitativeness, the process of matching an action to a cue of where and when to perform the action.  If a behavior is imitated depends on if the person doing it gets a positive or negative response. Miller and  Dollard said that if a person were motivated to learn a particular behavior, then that  behavior would be learned through watching. By imitating these actions a person would learned the action and would be rewarded with positive reinforcement.

SCT has been used to many areas of human life. These include career choice, learning and achievement.

References

Further reading
Bandura, Albert (1976). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 
Bandura, Albert (1985). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 
Berg, Insoo Kim; Miller, Scott D. (1992). Working with the Problem Drinker: A Solution-focused Approach (pp. 733–735). New York: Norton. 
Pajares, Frank; Prestin, Abby; Chen, Jason; Nabi, L. Robin. "Social Cognitive Theory and Media Effects". In Nabi, Robin L.; Oliver, Mary Beth, The SAGE Handbook of Media Processes and Effects. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2009. 283-297. 
Bandura, Albert (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology.

Other websites
 "Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment: Modelling of Aggression." YouTube
 "Albert Bandura speaking at Everett M. Rogers Award Colloquium 2007" YouTube, (1h33)

Behavior
"Yonkers" is a song by Odd Future's frontman Tyler, The Creator. It is from his debut studio album Goblin. It features hardcore lyrics and also contains insults directed at singers Hayley Williams of the band Paramore, Bruno Mars and rapper B.o.B.. This song is the one that Odd Future gained mainstream success with. It was high on the Billboard charts, but lost to Katy Perry's Firework. In response to the insults, B.o.B. made a song entitled "No Future".

Other websites 
 Music video on YouTube

2011 songs
Hip hop songs
"HiiiPoWeR" is the debut single by Kendrick Lamar. It is a conscious hip hop song. It was released in April 2011 through Top Dawg Entertainment. It was a promotional single that was produced by J.Cole. Its lyrics make references to African-American activists such as Martin Luther King and are about racism and the media. "HiiiPoWeR" was the only single released out of the album Section.80. The reason why the title has 3 ‘i’s is because it stands for Honor, Respect and Heart according to Lamar. Lamar was influenced by Thug Life, a hip hop group led by Tupac Shakur.

2011 songs
Hip hop songs
The 
Syrian civil war, also known as the Syrian uprising (), or Syrian crisis (), is an ongoing armed conflict in Syria.

Background
The Ba'ath government is fighting against people who want to remove this government. The conflict began on 15 March 2011, with demonstrations. These demonstrations were like demonstrations held in other Arab countries, which has been called the Arab Spring. Protesters in Syria demanded that President Bashar al-Assad resign. His family has held the presidency in Syria since 1971. Many of Assad's supporters are Shia while most of the opposition is Sunni.

Beginning
In April 2011, the Syrian Army fired on demonstrators across the country. After months of military battles, the protests turned into an armed rebellion. Opposition forces were soldiers who had left the Syrian army and civilian volunteers. Opposition fighters had no central leadership. Battles took place in many towns and cities across the country. In late 2011 the Islamist group al-Nusra Front began to have a bigger role in the forces. In 2013 Hezbollah entered the war in support of the Syrian army.

Military support
The Syrian government received military support from Russia and Iran. Qatar and Saudi Arabia gave weapons to the rebels. By July 2013, the Syrian government controlled approximately 30–40 percent of the country's territory and 60 percent of the Syrian population. A 2012 UN report said the battles were between different sects or groups. The battles were between Shia groups against Sunni rebel groups,.

UN reports
According to the United Nations, over 100,000 people were killed by June 2013. A total of 120,000 were killed by September 2013. In addition, tens of thousands of protesters were put in jail. There were reports that the Syrian government was torturing prisoners. International organizations accused both government and opposition forces of breaching human rights. The UN said most of the abuses were carried out by the Syrian government. More than 4 million Syrians were forced to relocate because of the battles and more than 2 million refugees left their country. Millions of citizens are still short of electricity, food and drinking water.

Chemical weapons
In 2013 the Syrian regime used Chemical weapons against the rebels.  This drew attention from the international community.  The government reportedly surrendered their chemical weapons in 2014 but continued the war using other weapons. Later in 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant became the most powerful opposing army, controlling more territory than the Syrian government itself. By 2019 government forces had take back most of this territory.

Evacuations
With all of this going on in Syria, 5.6 million Syrians were forced to flee to other countries.

Foreign interference
Both Turkey and Iran are also claimed to have recruited Pakistani mercenaries to fight for opposing sides, which could have also resulted them in fighting each other.

Related pages

List of ongoing armed conflicts

References 

Civil war
Civil wars involving Asia
Civil
2010s conflicts
Conflicts in 2020
Conflicts in 2022
Conflicts in 2021
2020 in Asia
2021 in Asia
2022 in Asia
Art music is a term which includes classical music, and various kinds of serious modern music. Other terms for it are serious music, and legitimate music.

The need for such terms came with the modern movement in the arts. Clearly the music of, say, Schonberg was serious, bur not classical in the sense of Bach and Beethoven. Stravinsky's music was a bridge between the two genres. It was classical music in part, and touched with African-influenced syncopations and dischords. So terms like "art music" and "modern music" were used by art critics and academics in their writing.

Art music can be defined as serious music with a written musical tradition. The term art music is used often and has a clear meaning. Musicologist Philip Tagg calls it one part of an clear and unquestioned "triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics". He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria. The main tradition in the Western world is usually called classical music. In this regard, it is frequently used as a contrasting term to popular music and traditional or folk music.

References 

Music genres
Soap&Skin (born 5 April 1990) is an Austrian singer. Her real name is Anja Franziska Plaschg. She plays piano and sings in English and sometimes German. She has released two albums.

Early life
Plaschg grew up in a village called Gnas. She started playing piano when she was six. When she was fourteen she started playing violin.

Career
In 2008 she released an EP called Untitled.

In 2009 she released her first album, Lovetune for Vacuum. Pitchfork gave it a good rating, 7.3. It was No.5 in the Austrian chart.

In 2010, "Brother of Sleep" and "Marche Funèbre", songs from Lovetune for Vacuum, were used in the soundtrack for the movie War Games: At the End of the Day.

In 2011 she sung on the song "Goodbye" on Apparat's album The Devil's Walk. The song was played in the last episode of Season 4 of Breaking Bad.

In February 2012 she made a chocolate for Zotter. It has cumin, red wine, and pig's blood.

She released her second album Narrow in March 2012. It reached No.1 in the Austrian chart. A BBC music critic compared its sound to that of Bjork. NME gave it 7/10.

In 2012 she acted in a film for the first time. The film is called Stilleben. She plays a prostitute called Carmen.

On March 11 2013 Sugarbread, Soap&Skin's second EP, was released. It has three songs. The second song, "Me and the Devil", is a Robert Johnson cover. Drowned in Sound gave Sugarbread 7/10.

References

Other websites
Official website

1990 births
Living people
Austrian musicians
Singers
Tyler Gregory Okonma, better known by his stage name Tyler, The Creator, is an American rapper. He is best known for creating the hip-hop collective Odd Future, in addition to a successful solo career.

References

1991 births
Living people
African American musicians
Rap musicians from California
Musicians from Los Angeles