cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
KDE is a community that produces free software, including a desktop environment called KDE Plasma for operating systems based on Linux or UNIX. This replaces the console, which is simply a black screen with text on it. KDE Plasma is a popular piece of software for users of Linux and UNIX.

Plasma runs on top of the X Window System, which runs on top of any UNIX-like operating systems like Linux and Mac OS X. 
Since KDE SC 4.0, many KDE programs also runs on Microsoft Windows.

KDE releases 
The following table lists when each version of KDE was released.

Applications 

There are several major applications for KDE. These include:

 Amarok - Music player
 K3b - CD burner
 Kate - Text editor
 KDevelop - A program for making software
 Konsole - Terminal emulator
 Kontact - Personal information manager that has an e-mail client, a news client, a feed aggregator, To-do lists and more.
 Kopete - Instant messaging client
 Konqueror - File manager and web browser
 KOffice - Office suite
Dolphin - File manager

References

Other websites 

 Official KDE website
The United Kingdom Independence Party (often called UKIP, said "you-kipp") is a political party in the United Kingdom. Its policies promote conservatism, national conservatism, and Euroscepticism. Their main policy is for the UK to leave the European Union.

The party was founded in 1993, and they first won seats in the European Parliament in 1999. They won 3 seats in 1999, which was increased to 12 in 2004 and 13 in 2009. It is now 9. The party does not do well under Britain's 'First-past-the-post' system of elections and only has one seat in the British House of Commons, although they received 3.8 million votes (12.6% of the total vote) at the 2015 UK general election.

Supporters of UKIP mostly believe in the following things:
 - The United Kingdom should leave the European Union.
 - There should be more referendums on certain issues.
 - British people should not have to carry ID cards.

In 2008 UKIP banned people who used to be members of the British National Party (BNP) from joining.

On 9 October 2014 Douglas Carswell became UKIP's first elected MP. Carswell quit the party in March 2017.

May 2014 local elections
In the May 2014 local elections UKIP got 30% of the vote in Sunderland. The party gained 155 local council seats across the country.

2015 general election
UKIP came third in the May 2015 general election, after the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. The party got 12.9% of the vote and gained one seat.

2017 general election
In the 2017 general election, UKIP's share of the vote went down to 1.8 and they didn't win any seats. The next day UKIP's leader Paul Nuttall resigned.

Current members 
There are currently over 20,000 people who are members of the UKIP.

Gerard Batten becomes leader (2018)
In February 2018 Gerard Batten become leader of the party firstly on an interim basis before winning the UKIP leadership election in April 2018 unopposed.

2018 UK local elections
In the 2018 UK local elections UKIP lost 124 of the 126 seats it was defending, and gained a single seat in Derby.

Accusations of embracing the far-right
Since the election of Batten as leader of the party there have been accusations that UKIP is embracing the far-right. Those saying the party was moving to the right began early in Battern's leadership when he began to focus the party around rejecting Islamic ideology and when a quote arose of Battern calling Islam a "death cult". In September 2018 Battern was also criticised for attending an anti-Muslim rally in Sunderland. These accusations grew much stronger after the far-right activist Tommy Robinson was appointed an advisor to Battern in November 2018. This led to many of UKIP's MEPs and former party leaders Nigel Farage and Paul Nuttall to leave the party, as well as the party's leader in Scotland.

Sources

Other websites 
 UKIP homepage

1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political parties in the United Kingdom
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Eurosceptic parties
Brexit
David Bowie's first big hit record was the single "Space Oddity" in 1969. This album though only really sold well when he became more famous in 1973. Many of the songs are very melodic, with good tunes, and are unusual.

The songs on this album are:
 Space Oddity
 Unwashed And Somewhat Slightly Dazed
 Letter To Hermione
 Cygnet Committee
 Janine
 An Occasional Dream
 Wild Eyed Boy From Freecloud
 God Knows I'm Good
 Memory Of A Free Festival

1969 albums
Rock albums
Folk albums
David Bowie
A saxophone is a family of musical instruments that are made of brass. These are often just called a "sax".  It has seven main keys, including the octave key.  Because it is made from brass it is often included in the brass section alongside true brass instruments like the trumpet or trombone.  However, it is not a true brass instrument but a member of the woodwind family of instruments because it has a reed. It was developed from the clarinet and shares many similarities to the clarinet. The player blows into a reed fitted into the mouthpiece of the instrument. Adolf Sax creates the instrument, but at first, it was heavily disliked because he boasted about it. Conductors  would not add it to their orchestras because of the horrible reputations it had because of Adolf Sax. It started to gain popularity and lose that bad review, in the early 20th century.   

The mouth piece is also a way to tune the saxophone. If you are sharp you can pull the mouthpiece out. If you are flat you can push the mouthpiece in. Another way to tune the saxophone is with your mouth. If you are sharp you 'drop your jaw', or loosen up. If you are flat you tighten your embouchure, (mouth).  

There are several different kinds of saxophone. In order from low to high pitch they are: tubax, contrabass, bass, baritone, tenor, alto, soprano, sopranino, and soprillo. However, only the baritone, tenor, alto, and soprano are commonly used.

It was invented in 1840 by Adolphe Sax and is used in classical, jazz, and occasionally in rock, pop, and other styles. The big bands of the 1940s and 1950s always used it too. Famous saxophone players were Marcel Mule (classical music), John Coltrane (jazz music), and Charlie Parker (jazz music).

Woodwind instruments
Jazz instruments
Bryophytes are simple plants. They are the simplest plants that grow on land. There are three forms of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. 

Bryophyta is the formal term for this division of plants who do not have tissues to move water. In some modern classifications the word bryophyta only includes mosses. However, the term is still useful because mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share important traits. 

Scientists think that liverworts evolved from green algae. Then other plants, including moss and hornworts, evolved from liverworts.

A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

Life cycle 

Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. A bryophyte has two forms that have different numbers of chromosomes. The haploid form has unpaired chromosomes. It is called a gametophyte. People often write "1n" for haploid. The other form is diploid and has paired chromosomes. It is called a sporophyte. People often write "2n" for diploid.  

A bryophyte begins when its parent plant makes haploid spores that land on the ground. Each spore grows into a leafy gametophyte. This gametophyte is either male or female. Male gametophytes make haploid sperm. Female gametophytes make haploid eggs. Water moves the sperm to the egg. An embryo is made when they join. This embryo is diploid. It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. 

Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common.  Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium.

References

Other websites 
The British Bryological Society  

Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants
Kent is a county in England. It is just to the south-east of London and is on the coast. The sea to the East of Kent is the North Sea.  The sea south of Kent is called the English Channel by the British. France is opposite Kent on the other side of The Channel. At the most narrow point, between Dover, Calais and Cape Gris-Nez, The Channel is only 21 miles (34 km) wide. Dover is one of the main ports in Kent. From here many ferries sail to and from France.

Ports
Other main ports in Kent include Sheerness and Ramsgate.  The Channel Tunnel goes from Folkestone in Kent to France. It was built in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

History
Kent is a very ancient county. In the 6th and 7th centuries it was ruled by its own kings,  It is often called 'the garden of England' because its countryside is very green and because it produces much fruit. A lot of fruit such as strawberries are grown in Kent, and the county is famous for growing hops which are used to make beer. Maidstone is called the county town because the local government for Kent is based there.

Places
Another important town is the city of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the head of the Church of England. Hundreds of years ago many Christian people would travel to the Cathedral at Canterbury from their homes in other parts of Britain. This was called making a pilgrimage. 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Gavrilo Princip, 25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918, was the Serb nationalist who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the wife of the Archduke, Archduchess Sophie Chotek.

Princip was born in Obljaj a poor area of Bosnia. As a young man he joined a small group who wanted the Slavs in the south of Austria-Hungary to join with Serbia in a new country. They called themselves "Young Bosnia". A group of powerful people in Serbia decided to help them. Those powerful people were called the Black Hand. They gave 'Young Bosnia' guns and small bombs. 

When they heard that Franz Ferdinand was coming to Sarajevo, six of them took the bombs and guns and waited for Ferdinand to drive past. They were going to kill Ferdinand when he drove past. Every one of them failed. After they all failed, Princip went to a cafe to buy a sandwich.

When Princip came out of the cafe, he saw Ferdinand in his car. The driver of the car had driven his car the wrong way and he stalled the car while trying to turn. Princip walked up and shot Ferdinand. He wanted to shoot the general who was also sitting in the car, but Ferdinand's wife Sophie threw her arms around Ferdinand. She was in the way, and Princip shot her instead of the general.

At his trial, Princip said he did it because he loved his people. The Austrians thought it was a very bad crime, but they could not kill him because he was only 19 years old. The law in Austria-Hungary said only people older than 20 could be killed, even when the crime was as bad as killing royalty like Ferdinand. They said Princip must stay in prison for 20 years. During his time in the prison, one of his arms was amputated. He died in prison of tuberculosis and blood loss in 1918. 

Because this crime happened, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia a list of things that Serbia had to do, later called the "July Ultimatum", to stop things like this from happening any more.  Serbia could not do all the things on the list fast enough, because the Austrians really wanted war with Serbia.  Their German allies also wanted a big war. This led to many of the European countries to start fighting.

References

1894 births
1918 deaths
Assassins
Deaths from tuberculosis
People who died in prison custody
Serbian people
World War I people
In mathematics and science, a formula is a rule or statement written in algebraic symbols. The plural of formula can be written in two ways: formulae or formulas - the choice is based on personal preference. 

Formulas use letters instead of words. A simple example of a formula is y = x. If x=1, the formula y=x would make the statement that x is the same thing as y, therefore, y=1. 

In mathematics, a formula can also be an identity which equates two mathematical expressions together. Some key formulas under this category include the Pythagorean theorem, binomial theorem, Euler's formula and De Moivre's formula. The expression "V=lwh", which relates the volume V to the length l, width w and height h of a rectangular box, is another example of a formula in geometry.

In science, one of the most well known formulas is the formula for energy, e = mc2, created by Albert Einstein. Here, e represents energy, m represents mass and c is the speed of light. Thus, energy = mass × speed of light 2.

The formula e = mc2 is also an equation. Every equation is a formula, but not every formula is an equation. For instance, the formula x≡y (x "is defined as" y) is not an equation, because no "=" sign is used.

Related pages 

 Inequality

References 

Mathematics
A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument like a guitar or a piano or a person that sings.

A musician is also someone who writes music, even if they write it for other people to play. People who write music are called composers.

Musicians can also make a group together to play songs.

Lists of musicians

Some famous composers and musicians

Johann Sebastian Bach (Composer)
Ludwig van Beethoven (Composer)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Composer)
Duke Ellington (Composer, plays the piano)
Bob Marley (Plays the electric guitar, also sings)
Paul McCartney (Singer, plays the bass and the guitar)
Michael Jackson (Singer)
Jimi Hendrix (Plays the electric guitar, also sings)
Cat Stevens (Singer)

Some famous bands

The Beatles
Jefferson Airplane
U2
Led Zeppelin

Some famous orchestras

The London Symphony Orchestra, The United Kingdom
The New York Philharmonic Orchestra, USA
The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Germany
The Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Serbia 
The Cleveland Orchestra, USA

References

 
Entertainment occupations
The carrot (Say it: Car-IT) is a type of plant. Many different types exist. The Latin name of the plant is usually given as Daucus carota. The plant has an edible, orange root, and usually white flowers. Wild carrots grow naturally in Eurasia. Domesticated carrots are grown for food in many parts of the world.

Carrots are grown in the ground, and carrots roots are a common edible vegetable. After cleaning, the roots may be eaten raw or cooked. They are served as part of many dishes. In Portugal, carrot jam is a speciality.

Images

Nutrition
Carrots are a moderate source of beta carotene, biotin, vitamin K1, vitamin B6, and potassium. Along with beta-carotene carrots also have carotenoids another antioxidant helpful to enhance  immunity functions and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases, degenerative diseases and different types of cancers

References

Root vegetables
Apiaceae
Conservatism is a type of political belief that supports emphasis on traditions and relies on the individual to maintain society.  The term was first used by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818, during the Bourbon Restoration, which wanted to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term is associated with right-wing politics. It has been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on a given place and time, although most Conservatives oppose Modernism in some way and want to go back to old values.
In Western culture for example, Conservatives try to maintain things like organized religion, property rights, parliamentary government and family values.

Beliefs 
Conservatism tends to support the notion of faith, particularly in Abrahamic traditions in countries where those are the dominant religions. In England, the publication of Edmund Burke’s book Reflections on the revolution in France suggested people should be satisfied and advocated a caring government. The two ideas go together.

Some conservatives seek to keep things as they are, while others want a return to the way things were at an earlier time. This is often called reactionary conservatism. A conservative party in England formed which wanted better co-operation between rich and poor, democracy, and some aspects of a welfare state. This was also favoured by conservatives in France and other parts of Europe.

Types 
 Gradualism: The process of change in a slow, gradual way.
 Liberal conservatism: Conservatism with the classical liberal view that the government should not control the economy.
 National conservatism: Conservatism that is focused more on culture and race without being a Nationalist or Far-right.
 Religious conservatism: Conservatism that applies a religion to politics.
 Social conservatism: Conservatism that focuses on social issues and traditions.

Conservatism in different countries

Brazil 
In Brazil, conservatism comes from its Portugese roots, often being Evangelical, such as President Jair Bolsonaro.

India 
Conservatives in India are pro-Hindu, anti-Pakistan, and are socially conservative. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the biggest conservative party in India, lead by Narendra Modi.

United States 
In the United States, conservatives worry about centralism, do not trust the welfare state, and consider business people trustworthy on wages and prices. The Republican Party is a Conservative political party from the United States.

Related pages 
 Political economy
 Constitutional economics
 Liberalism
 Libertarianism

References
A machine is a thing that is created by people to make work easier. It is a tool or invention which multiplies the effect of human effort. The machine produces a mechanical advantage.

Some machines have many parts that move. Examples are bicycles and clocks.

Some machines do not have parts that move. Examples are computers and telephones.

People have used machines since before there was history.

Often a machine will change one form of energy to another form of energy. Simple machines increase or change the direction of a force.

Simple machine 
There are six 'simple machines'.  They are:
 the wedge, 
 the Inclined plane (ramp), 
 the screw, 
 the lever, 
 the pulley, 
 and the wheel and axle.

Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines.

Other websites 
 APlusProject.com - Machine Design website with a forum
 MachineDesign.com

 
Basic English 850 words
Engineering
Wario Land 4 is a video game released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001 as a part of the Wario video game series. It was later released for the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS as an ambassador game in 2011.

Plot
The main plot of this video game is to save a princess that has been turned into a cat and needs to be saved. Wario arrives and has to defeat a golden diva that has turned the princess in to a cat.

References

2001 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Wario
Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama movie, based on the novel Madame Doubtfire. It stars Robin Williams as Daniel Hillard, a divorced actor who disguises himself as a nanny since he desperately wants to be with his children.

Release dates

Plot
Daniel Hillard (Robin Williams) is a voice actor who quits his job over a smoking issue in a cartoon. Then, he throws his son Chris a birthday party, which is against his wife Miranda (Sally Field)'s wishes because Chris received bad grades on his report card. After a long argument, Miranda asks Daniel for a divorce.

Daniel has 90 days to get a job and a place to live. He later discovers that his wife wants a nanny. So, he makes several calls to his wife, using fake names and different accents, to be hired. Eventually, he gets the job.

Daniel Hillard goes to his gay brother Frank (Harvey Fierstein) and his partner Jack (Scott Capurro) to get a makeover. The makeover makes him look like a woman, which is exactly what Daniel had hoped for.

Miranda is later seen dating Stu Dunmeyer (Pierce Brosnan). Disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire, Daniel babysits his three children. When he, his family, and Stu go to Bridges Restaurant to celebrate Miranda's birthday, Daniel must switch in and out of costume repeatedly since he is also eating dinner with Jonathan Lundy (Robert Prosky). While drunk, Daniel ends up mixing up the two outfits. Later, when he saves Stu from choking (disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire), Daniel's face mask comes off, exposing him. Horrified and angered, Miranda immediately leaves with the children while Stu is confused, but thanks Daniel for saving him.

Afterwards, Miranda is awarded full custody of the children while Daniel can only see them with supervision. After realizing how easier it was having Mrs. Doubtfire around, Miranda calls the court and allows Daniel to pick up his children after school and unsupervised.

Cancelled sequel
In 2001, Bonnie Hunt began development on Mrs. Doubtfire 2, but Williams disapproved and claimed that the script was scrapped multiple times. On April 17, 2014, production on Mrs. Doubtfire 2 began. Williams' death in 2014, production on the sequel was cancelled. However, it is possible that Williams could have filmed scenes for the sequel when he was alive.

Other websites
 

1993 comedy-drama movies
1990s family movies
20th Century Fox movies
Academy Award winning movies
American comedy-drama movies
American family movies
Cross-dressing in movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about entertainers
Movies about families
Movies based on books
Movies set in California
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Movies about divorce
Movies directed by Chris Columbus
Epistemology  is the philosophy of knowledge. It seeks to answer the questions "What is knowledge?" and "How is knowledge acquired?"

Epistemologists are philosophers who are interested in questions such as whether it is possible to have knowledge, what kind of knowledge there is, and how people come to know things.

One of the first philosophers to make a clear statement on these questions was Xenophanes (570–470 BC). The following saying was, and still is, famous:
"Certain truth has no man... for even if he ever succeeds in saying what is true, he will never know it".
This is an early kind of skepticism.

Some questions 

 What is knowledge?
 How can we know anything?
 What is science?
 What is truth?

Some positions 
 Knowing how vs. knowing that: This was an idea of Gilbert Ryle. Moral questions, for example, may come down to knowing how to behave. Science could be about knowing that something is the case.
 Rational vs. empirical knowledge: Rational knowledge (if it exists) is knowledge built up from a person's internal thought. Empirical knowledge is built up from what is received through the senses.
 Error: Knowledge cannot err vs. the possibility of making mistakes is an essential part of knowledge (Ludwig Wittgenstein).

There are other debates of this kind.

Related pages
 Epistemic community
 Philosophy of science

References
The Ford Focus is a small car made by Ford Motor Company from 1998 to the present day.

First generation (1998–2004) 
Ford created the first generation Focus in late 1998 with 3 and 5-door hatchbacks, saloon and estate versions. The older Escort was produced alongside it until 2000. In late 2001, the model was facelifted at the front and inside, It had new front lights, new bumper and different seats as well as new diesel engines. It was very popular thanks to its styling and fun handling.

Second generation (2004–2011) 
Ford created the second generation Focus in late 2004 with the same versions as the previous generation. In early 2008, the model was facelifted at the front and back, it had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. This was the only generation to include a hard-folding convertible model.

Third generation (2011–2018) 
Ford created the third generation Focus in early 2011 with 5-door hatchback, saloon and estate versions, a 3-door hatchback is no longer offered. In late 2014, the model was facelifted at the front and back, It had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. The third generation Ford Focus was also available in the RS Trim, a sport version of the normal Focus and sold for a higher price.

Fourth generation (2018–present) 
Ford created the fourth generation Focus in Summer 2018 with hatchback, saloon and estate versions. It appeared exactly 20 years after the original Focus launched. It was facelifted in late 2021. A fourth generation Focus RS was planned, but ultimately was scrapped due to the cost of developing a hybrid powertrain.

References

Other websites
2000s automobiles
Focus
Seinfeld was an American television series. The series is thought by many people to be a great situation comedy. It was created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David and ran from 1989 to 1998. Jerry Seinfeld plays himself.

People 
 Jerry Seinfeld (himself) - He is a comedian. He lives in a rented apartment in New York City. Jerry always gets into strange situations and funny events with his friends.
 George Costanza (Jason Alexander) - A real estate agent, Jerry's best friend. He is very neurotic and always afraid that nobody likes him.
 Elaine Bennes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) - Elaine is Jerry's ex-girlfriend. But they are still friends and always spend time together. Elaine always has trouble finding a good boyfriend.
 Cosmo Kramer (Kessier from the first episode) (Michael Richards) - He lives in the apartment next to Jerry's. Kramer is very tall and his hair always stands upwards. He is a strange sort of person and always has ideas nobody else has.
 Newman (Wayne Knight) - Jerry's main antagonist who's a very close friend of Kramer. Newman is a lazy mailman.
 Susan Ross (Heidi Swedberg) - George's girlfriend in season 4 and his fiancee in season 7. George hates being with her.
 Frank and Estelle Costanza (Jerry Stiller, Estelle Harris, and John Randoplh) - The parents of George. He hates them.
 Morty Seinfeld (Barney Martin) - Jerry's father.

DVDs 
 Seasons 1 & 2
 Season 3
 The Regift Edition Boxed Set

Other websites 
 
 

1989 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
1980s American comedy television series
1990s American comedy television series
American sitcoms
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
NBC network shows
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
 
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Joey was a 2004 American television series. It was a sitcom on the NBC network. The series was a spin-off of the series Friends. It starred Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from Friends. It consists of Joey, his sister, and his nephew.

Cast 
 Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani
 Drea de Matteo as Gina Tribbiani (Joey's sister)
 Paulo Costanzo as Michael Tribbiani (Joey's nephew; Gina's son)
 Jennifer Coolidge as Bobbie Morganstern
 Andrea Anders as Alex Garrett

Joey stopped broadcasting after the episode "Joey and the Snowball fight" because fewer than 4.1 million viewers tuned in, compared to 18 million who tuned into see the pilot episode. Joey Season 2 on DVD rocketed to over £35 in some cases because so few were made, and they were only released in Canada.

Related pages
 Friends

Other websites 
 

2004 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American comedy television series
American sitcoms
NBC network shows
Television series about families
Television series set in Los Angeles
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Lisgar Collegiate Institute is in Ottawa, Canada. It is the oldest secondary school in Ottawa and possibly Ontario. It was named after a former Governor General of Canada. It was established in 1874 and has been formerly known as the Ottawa Collegiate Institute and the Dalhousie District Grammar School. It celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2004. 
Lisgar houses about 1000 students. It has a gifted program.

Schools in Canada
1874 establishments
1870s establishments in Canada
Aberdeen is a city on the north east coast of Scotland where the rivers Dee and Don flow into the North Sea. It was the capital of the Grampian region of Scotland, but it is now one of Scotland's Unitary Authorities. Aberdeen is the third largest city in Scotland. Its population is nearly 200,000. It is the coldest city in the UK. The city's motto is Bon Accord.

History 
In the 8th AD, Aberdeen was founded as a settlement for fishing. It grew into a town in the early 12th century. By 1264, Aberdeen already had a castle.

Places
Aberdeen is famous for its buildings made from granite. Because of grey colour of the stone, Aberdeen is called the "Silver City by the Golden Sands". Aberdeen has two universities, the University of Aberdeen which was founded on 10 February 1495 by Bishop William Elphinstone and Robert Gordon University which was founded in 1910 but has a history dating back to the 1800s.

Dialect
The local people sometimes speak in a dialect called Doric. They are called Aberdonians.

Sports
Aberdeen has its own football team, Aberdeen F.C.. The team plays in the Scottish Premier League.

Festival
Each year in August, Aberdeen hosts the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. This is one of the most important annual events in Scotland. Hundred of groups of young performing artists come to Aberdeen each year for the festival.

Gallery
Aberdeen shares its name with Aberdeen, Idaho and Aberdeen, Washington in this Gallery.

References 

 
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Psoriasis is a skin condition where cells grow at a faster rate than they can be shed, causing excess skin to build up and form scaly patches on the body. 

The condition: 
It appears to be a buildup of dry skin on your body.  You can have it at any age, but normally as you get older.  It starts with the skin cracking as a paper cut on your fingertips. This skin would begin to die, flake, peal and itch. As your itch the area, it begins to get red and then it begins to blister like, flake and peals to raw skin.  It appears most often on hands, toes, inside arch of your feet and on you heals.  It is also shows up in callus, by cracking.  When washing hands it has a burning effect.     

Living in moist humid climate appears to delay the condition for appearing.  Dry arid climates seem to aggravate the condition.  Washing your hands has a drying affect, which triggers the condition.  When washing, water removes oils from our body, and has a drying effect on our hands.  Washing with Psoriasis removes the dry skin, but then the skin underneath is raw.  Hard water appears to worsen the condition in dry climates, but not as much in humid areas.  Soft water appears better. 

Dermatology
Jurassic Park is a 1990 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton. It was made into a movie in 1993 directed by Steven Spielberg.

Plot 
The plot of this story is of a theme park that is filled with dinosaurs. The park seems like a great idea to the people building the park. John Hammond, the man who built the park, invites several people, including his grandchildren and the paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant, to visit the park. During the tour, Nedry (a computer worker for the park) shuts down the entire park to try to steal some dinosaur embryos, in order to earn a fortune from another company. Now the guests must try to restart power for the park. Complications arise since the dinosaurs have escaped because of the power failure.

Main characters 
 Dennis Nedry — Jurassic Park's main programmer
 Dr. Henry Wu — Chief Geneticist
 Dr. Alan Grant — Paleontologist
 Dr. Ellie Sattler — Paleobotanist
 John Hammond — Owner of InGen
 Ray Arnold — Engineer
 Robert Muldoon — Park Warden
Donald Gennaro — Financial Advisor

Related pages 
 Jurassic Park (movie)

Other websites 

 Jurassicpark.com

20th-century American novels
Jurassic Park
Science fiction books
1990 books
Dinosaurs in fiction
Fantasy books
Science fiction
Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English author. He was born in Bromley, Kent. He wrote about 50 books. He was one of the inventors of science fiction, and also wrote novels and utopias. He wrote books such as The Invisible Man, The Time Machine, The Island of Dr. Moreau, and The War of the Worlds. He also explained how the things he wrote about could actually happen. Some of his books have been made into movies. He had diabetes. He died in London.

Works

Biology 
 The science of life. London: Cassell (1933). Co-authors: Julian Huxley and G.P, Wells.

Science fiction 
 The Time machine (1895)
 The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
 The Invisible Man (1897)
 The War of the Worlds (1898)
 The First Men in the Moon (1901)

Utopian books 
A Modern Utopia (1905)
New worlds for Old (1908)
The World Set Free (1914)
The Shape of Things to Come (1933)
Guide for the New World (1941)
Mind at the End of its Tether (1945)

Novels 
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
Kipps (1905)
Ann Veronica (1909)
The history of Mr Polly (1910)

References 

1866 births
1946 deaths
English novelists
Writers from Kent
Glasgow (Scottish: Glaschu, Lowland Scots: Glesga) is the biggest and busiest city in Scotland. It is on the banks of the River Clyde. People from Glasgow are known as "Glaswegians" (glas-wee-jans), which is a name also used for words that are used only in Glasgow - also known as "The Glasgow Patter".

The number of people living in Glasgow is 621,020 (2017 estimate) and 
626,410 (2019 estimate). Many more people live in the areas round the city. There are 1,209,143 people living in the Greater Glasgow urban area. The wider metropolitan area is home to over 1,670,000 people, about 33% of Scotland's population.

The number of people living inside the city proper used to be much higher. Starting in the early 1960s the old tenements were pulled down and new housing built further out (high-rise blocks were the fashion of the day). Now there is nowhere near the number of people living in Glasgow as during the famous times of the shipyards on the River Clyde. It was said to be the second biggest city in the world after London at one point in the 1800s. 

Many people from other countries visit Glasgow for holidays and trips; most of these people are from Europe France, America (the US and Canada) for weekend and week trips.

Two airports serve the city, Glasgow International Airport and Prestwick Airport. The main railway stations in the city are Glasgow Central and Queen Street stations. They provide rail links to the rest of Scotland, to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe.

There are a number of theatres and concert halls in the city. These include the SECC (Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre), the Royal Concert hall, the King's Theatre, the Pavilion Theatre and the Theatre Royal.

Glasgow has several football teams - the best known are Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.. Partick Thistle, Clydebank, and Queens Park F.C. also play in the city.

Glasgow has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). The weather in Glasgow is almost always changing, and it is hard to say what the entire day's weather is like. Very often, the weather is worst in the morning when it is mostly damp and sometimes misty or even foggy; the Glasgow Patter also refers to dreich weather - damp and drizzly. However, the weather mostly improves through the afternoon and more often than not the weather stays dry and at an average temperature.

In summer it is popular as a base for tourists. They can stay in Glasgow and then travel to see Loch Lomond and the Western Isles. One of the oldest paddle-steamer boats is in Glasgow, and in the summer one can travel down the Clyde to visit other towns and islands.

Twinned cities 
  Marseille, France
  Havana, Cuba
  Turin, Italy 
  Bethlehem, Palestinian Territories
  Nuremberg, Germany
  Dalian, People's Republic of China
  Lahore, Pakistan
  Rostov-on-Don, Russia

References
Grampian was a government region in north east Scotland. It was named after the Grampian mountains which start in this region.

The capital city of the region was Aberdeen.

The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was  made simpler.

Scottish Council Areas
Scottish Borders is a council area (region) in south Scotland. Its name is because it is on the border with England.

The name is usually shortened to    " the Borders".

It is made up of the counties of :-

 Berwickshire
 Peeblesshire
 Selkirkshire

The main town of the region is Newtown St Boswells.

Scottish Council Areas
Central was a government region in central Scotland between 1974 and 1995. After local government in Scotland was made simpler, it was replaced with smaller areas.

Scottish Council Areas
Dumfries and Galloway is a council area in south west Scotland. In takes in three counties:

 Dumfriesshire
 Kirkcudbrightshire
 Wigtownshire

The main and biggest town of the region is Dumfries. Dumfries is 60 miles south of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.

Scottish Council Areas
The Highland Council Area is a local government region in north Scotland.  It covers most of the area which people call the Scottish Highlands.
Tayside was a government region on the east coast of Scotland. It was named after the River Tay. The capital city of the region was Dundee.

The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was made simpler.

References 
Scottish Council Areas
Oxford is a city in England. It is on the River Thames. It is a very old city. It is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom. Some of its buildings were built before the 12th century. It is famous for its university, Oxford University, which is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.

About 150,200 live in Oxford. Two rivers run through the city, the Cherwell and the Thames. These two rivers meet south of the city centre.

Besides its university, there are some buildings famous for their architecture (the style in which they were built), like the Radcliffe Camera. There are also lots of museums and other places for tourists to visit.

The south and east of the city are less wealthy and have fewer students. Cowley used to be a separate town and has a large car factory, and Blackbird Leys is an area of mainly council housing.

Transport

Rail 
Oxford has a station in the centre of the city and a station on the outskirts of the city.

References

Other websites 
 Oxford - Citizendium

County towns in England
George VI (14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was born Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor. He was the king (monarch) of the United Kingdom from 11 December 1936 until he died. He became king when his older brother, Edward VIII, abdicated (resigned) in 1936 to marry Wallis Simpson. George was married to Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon from 1923 until his death.

He was succeeded as monarch by his elder daughter, Elizabeth.

George had a speech problem, a stutter. This made it very difficult for him to carry out many of the public duties of a king which required him to make speeches. He was treated by an Australian speech and language therapist called Lionel Logue. The story of this part of George's life was made into a movie in 2010 called The King's Speech. Colin Firth played the role of George, and Geoffrey Rush played the role of Logue.

George became a very popular king throughout the British Empire. He won admiration during World War II (19391945), in which he stayed at Buckingham Palace during the most intense months of the Blitz. The Palace was bombed more than twice but he still remained, becoming a symbol of resistance and "fighting spirit". He  enjoyed a close working relationship with his wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill, inviting him to join the Royal Family on Victory in Europe Day (1945) to celebrate the defeat of the Nazis.

A heavy smoker, George died of lung cancer and was given a state funeral. He was fifty-six years old.

British Prime Ministers
 Stanley Baldwin (1935–1937)
 Neville Chamberlain (1937–1940)
 Winston Churchill (first term, 1940–1945)
 Clement Attlee (1945–1951)
 Winston Churchill (second term, 1951–1952)

Family 
George VI was the son of King George V and Queen Mary. He was the younger brother of Edward VIII, who gave up the throne to marry an American, Wallis Simpson. In 1923, George married his beloved wife Elizabeth, who later became known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. They had two children, Princesses Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II) and Margaret (19302002).

Death and funeral 
George VI died in 1952. Crowds began to gather in London in the early hours of the morning of the funeral. Thousands saw the event on television. Shortly after 9:00 am, the funeral procession arrived at Westminster Hall. More than 300,000 people paid their respects to his body, which lay in state for three days.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

1895 births
1952 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
English Anglicans
English royalty
House of Windsor
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
People from Norfolk
Elizabeth II
Asia Minor, a peninsula also called Anatolia (from the Ancient Greek: 'Άνατολή),  (Turkish: Anadolu), comprises the Asian part of modern Turkey.

Asia Minor is 750,000 square kilometers (290,000 square miles). Most of Asia Minor is a plateau averaging 1,000 meters (3,000 feet) above sea level. The climate is continental and semi-arid in the interior, temperate along the north coast, and subtropical along the south and west coasts. Most people there today speak Turkish. The seas surrounding Asia Minor are the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Because Asia Minor is between Christian Europe and Asia, many different cultures have lived there. Remnants (small parts) of these cultures are there today.

Many great historical peoples, like the Hittites, Lydians, Greeks, Persians, Armenians, Romans, Goths, Minoans, Byzantines and Turks, have lived in or occupied Asia Minor. The Roman Empire had a province called Asia, also called Phrygia. Later people started to call the entire continent Asia, so the peninsula Asia was called Asia Minor (little Asia). 

Troy is one of many famous cities that were in Asia Minor long ago. 

Middle East
Peninsulas
The Science Olympiad is a nationwide event in the United States that tests students' knowledge in science and technology. It started in 1982, and takes place every year.

Science Olympiad consists of twenty three events testing students in middle and high school on different science topics, such as astronomy and chemistry.

Science
Competitions
Events in the United States
1982 establishments in the United States
A bookstore is a store that sells books, and where people can buy them. A used bookstore or second-hand bookshop sells and often buys used books.

Books
Shops
Lemonade is a drink made with water, lemons or lemon juice, and sugar. 

There are two main types: cloudy, and clear, each known simply as "lemonade" in their home countries. Cloudy lemonade, generally found in North America and India, is a traditionally homemade drink made with lemon juice, water, and sweetened with cane sugar or honey. Clear lemonade is a lemon, or lemon-lime flavored, carbonated soft drink. This type is common in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.

To make 8 cups of lemonade, mix the juice of 8 freshly squeezed lemons with 1/2 a cup of sugar and 5 cups of water and serve over ice cubes. A diced (cut up) lemon or lime can also be added to mixture. The sugar is sometimes replaced by maple syrup.

Pink lemonade can be made by adding some grenadine or another red juice, or using pink lemons. Some pink lemonades are lightly carbonated, including French brand Lorina lemonade.

In the United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, and New Zealand, the term 'lemonade' refers to a clear, carbonated, sweet lemon-flavored soft drink. In India it is commonly referred to as 'Nimbu paani' meaning "lemon water" or 'Shikanji'. It is sold by street vendors, especially in North India.

Lemonade stands are a small shops made by kids especially in the U.S. Children sell it to adults to learn the basics of business and to earn some money.

References 

Drinks
Essex is a county in the east of England. It has a population of around 1,750,000 people. It is part of the East of England region. Chelmsford is the county town of Essex, as well as being its only city. Essex has London and Hertfordshire on its western border and the whole of the east of the county is coast-line. The north of the county borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. The south of the county is on the Thames Estuary. The Dartford Tunnel can be used to drive under the River Thames between Essex and Kent.

Other large towns in Essex are Colchester, the oldest town in England, Basildon, a new town, and in the south-eastern corner of the county Southend, one of Britain's biggest seaside resorts.

There has been lots of recent debate about whether certain sections of East London should be included as parts of Essex, such as Ilford and Romford. Due to boundary changes across the years, these areas were historically in Essex but have been dissolved into the Greater London area since.

Related pages 
 Kingdom of Essex

Other websites 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Southend-on-Sea is town and unitary authority borough in the East of England. It is a seaside resort in the south-eastern corner of the county of Essex. It has a pier which is one of the longest in the world. The pier is 2,158 meters (1.34 miles) long. A railway line runs along the pier. The pier has been badly damaged by fires four times in fifty years, in 1959, 1976, 1993 and 2005. Near the pier there are arcades, casinos and a theme park called Adventure Island.

Other websites 
 Southend Pier

Essex boroughs
Towns in Essex
Cumbria is a county in England. It is in the very north-western part of England on the border with Scotland. The most important and biggest town is Carlisle, in the north of the county. This is the county town and there is an ancient (very old) castle in the centre of the town.

In 1974, Cumberland, Westmorland and bits of Yorkshire and Lancashire were put into the new county of Cumbria. The world famous Lake District national park is in Cumbria. Millions of tourists visit the Lake District to enjoy sailing on the lakes and the impressive mountains that are here. The highest mountain in England is in the Lake District, it is called Scar Fell.

Cumbria is very popular with people who enjoy walking although the weather is very poor here. It often rains and is cold. Many tourists from Japan and China visit Cumbria. Popular places for them and other tourists to see are the poet William Wordsworth's two houses, the home of the famous children's writer Beatrix Potter and the island and lake where the writer Arthur Ransome based his books about the 'Swallows And Amazons'.

Other websites 

 Official Tourist Board Website 
 Cumbria Tourist and Historical Website 
 BBC Cumbria Digital Lives Project
 Cumbria.uk.com Search Engine
 The Cumbria Directory

Ceremonial counties of England
 
1974 establishments in England
Diana Ross is a famous American soul and pop singer. She was born in 1944 in Detroit, Michigan. Ross worked as a secretary for Motown Records in Detroit. She first became successful with a Motown group as The Supremes. The Supremes were the most successful act on Motown in the 1960s. They sold millions of albums and made it possible for other African American musical acts to become famous with international audiences.

Diana Ross had a successful solo career from the 1970s on. She is a high-paid concert performer. She also starred in three movies: Lady Sings The Blues, the story of the blues singer Billie Holiday; Mahogany, a story about a fashion designer; and The Wiz, an African-American version of the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Personal life
Ross has five children and two grandchildren.

Other websites

1944 births
African American actors
African-American singers
 
Living people
People from Bessemer, Alabama
Singers from Alabama
Actors from Alabama
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Singers from Detroit, Michigan