cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lost Horizon is a 1937 American fantasy adventure drama movie.  Frank Capra directed the movie. It follows the story of the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by James Hilton. Ronald Coleman, Jane Wyatt, Edward Everett Horton, Isabel Jewell, John Howard, and Margo acted in the movie.  Columbia Pictures. distributed it. It was nominated for 7 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1938 and was remade in 1973.

Other websites
 
 
 

1937 movies
1930s fantasy movies
1930s adventure movies
1930s drama movies
American fantasy movies
1930s American adventure movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Frank Capra
Video gaming in India is an emerging market. As investments continue to rise, the video game market is expected to grow rapidly in India.

India is one of the top five mobile gaming markets in the world in terms of number of users. In FY 2019, online gaming in India was estimated at ₹6,200 crore (US$870 million) market with an estimated 300 million gamers.

As of 2019, India is one of the top five mobile gaming markets in the world in terms of number of users. In FY 2019, online gaming in India was estimated at ₹6,200 crore market with an estimated 300 million gamers.

PUBG Mobile became the most popular online game in India in 2018, as of January 2020, India became PUBG Mobile'''s largest market in the world with 116 million downloads, which is 21% of 555 million PUBG Mobile'' players worldwide.

Estimates suggest that India's mobile games market will be worth $1.1 billion by 2020, and number of users projected to become 628 million by then.

Video gaming is growing very quickly especially in the mobile space with the advent of cheap and affordable smartphones. A recent survey has found that women mobile gamers are actually more active than men in India.

Video games
India
Group 5 is a group of elements in the periodic table.

Group 5 has vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) and dubnium (Db).

Group 5 is in the transition metals section.

Chemical elements
Periodic table
One Hundred Men and a Girl is a 1937 American musical comedy movie directed by Henry Koster. Deanna Durbin, Adolphe Menjou, Leopold Stokowski, Eugene Pallette, Alice Brady, and Alma Kruger were in it. It was distributed (spread around) by Universal Pictures. The movie was nominated for 5 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1938.

Other websites

1937 movies
1930s musical movies
1930s comedy movies
American musical comedy movies
Movies directed by Henry Koster
The Portuguese alphabet is a Latin alphabet with 26 letters. Also, the language uses accent marks to show sound changes and stressed syllables. The accents used in Portuguese are the acute accent (Áá, Éé, Íí, Óó, Úú), the circumflex (Ââ, Êê, Ôô) and the tilde (Ãã, Õõ). Respectively (in order), the accents mark open, closed and nasal vowels. There are rules that tell when to put an accent in a word. Most of the time, accented syllables are the stressed ones, and some words even have more than one accent, like "órgão", meaning "organ".

Lastly, the language has a "ç" character (C with a cedilla, used for historical reasons. It has a /s/ sound like in the word "soap" and it never appears at the very start or at the very end of a word.
Writing systems
Latin alphabet
Language
Stage Door is a 1937 American drama movie directed by Gregory La Cava and was based on the 1936 play of the same name. It stars Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers, Adolphe Menjou, Gail Patrick, Andrea Leeds, Lucille Ball, Eve Arden and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1938.

Other websites
 
 
 

1937 movies
1930s drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on plays
A Star Is Born is a 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by William A. Wellman and Jack Conway. It stars Janet Gaynor, Fredric March, Adolphe Menjou, May Robson, Andy Devine, Lionel Stander, Owen Moore, Peggy Wood and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was nominated for 8 Oscars and 2 Academy Awards in 1938 and was remade three times in 1954, 1976 and 2018.

Other websites
 
 
 

1937 movies
1930s romance movies
1930s drama movies
1930s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Jack Conway
Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in North Dakota
Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the ninth game in the Ratchet & Clank series of video games. It was released on Fall 2009 exclusively for the PlayStation 3.

Gameplay
The game plays as Ratchet and Clank. Clank's levels has him solve puzzles and do time recording. Ratchet gets to explore various parts of the Polaris Galaxy. He can find and collect up to 40 Zoni to gain extra health. When he gets all of them, he gets to defeat Lord Vorselon a third and final time.

Plot
Ratchet and Qwark are going to a sector of the Polaris Galaxy to follow Dr. Nefarious, who has captured Clank at the Great Clock.

Reception
Many say it is one of the better Ratchet & Clank games.

Other websites 
Official website

2009 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 3-only games
Ratchet & Clank
Whipsaw is a 1935 American romantic crime drama movie directed by Sam Wood and starring Myrna Loy, Spencer Tracy, Harvey Stephens, William Harrigan, Robert Warwick, Clay Clement, Wade Boteler. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites
 
 
 

1935 movies
1930s romance movies
1930s crime movies
1930s drama movies
American romantic drama movies
American crime drama movies
Movies directed by Sam Wood
The Tumen River one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into the Sea of Japan. The river also makes up the Russia-North Korea border. The name comes from the Mongolian word tümen, which means "ten thousand".

Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. Some have even escaped into Russia. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.

North Korea
Rivers of China
Rivers of Russia
Gwendolyne Maxine Stacy is a Marvel Comics character created by Stan Lee and Steve Dikto. She is Peter Parker's first love interest in the comics.

Portrayal
Bryce Dallas Howard played Stacy in Spider-Man 3, with Emma Stone playing her in both The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Hailee Steinfeld would later voice her in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Marvel Comics characters
Marvel Comics movie characters
The Yalu River one of the two rivers that make up the China-North Korea border. It is also one of the two rivers that comes from Mount Paektu, the mountain on the China-North Korea border, and it empties into Korea Bay. The origin of the name is unknown. Linguists believe yalu either comes from Manchu meaning "between two places" or from Mandarin meaning "duck green".

Since the easiest way to leave North Korea is through the China-North Korea border, many North Korean defectors have crossed this river to escape North Korea. However, it has become more difficult to escape the country since the government has sent more guards, more electric fences, and more traps on its borders.

Rivers of China
North Korea
Korea Bay is a bay shared by China and North Korea. It is northwest of the Korean Peninusula. The Yalu River empties into this bay.

Bays
Geography of China
North Korea
Air Force is a 1943 American World War II action movie directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Garfield, John Ridgely, Gig Young, Arthur Kennedy, Harry Carey, George Tobias, Ward Wood. It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1944.

Other websites
 
 
 

1943 movies
1940s war movies
1940s action movies
American war movies
American action movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by Howard Hawks
The Middle East tree frog (Hyla savignyi), also known as the Lemon yellow tree frog, Savigny's tree frog, is a frog from the Middle East.  It can be found in Egypt, Israel, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

This frog can live in places that are very hot and dry.  Unless it is the breeding season, this frog hides during the day and moves around at night.  Adult frogs eat arthropods, for example insects, and tadpoles eat plants and animals.  The tadpoles turn into frogs at different times of year depending on how high up a mountain they are.

References

Animals of Asia
Frogs
The Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (formerly Second Sea Lord) is one of the most senior admirals of the Royal Navy. Previously, titled Second Naval Lord in 1830, the post was restyled Second Sea Lord in 1904. Currently, the Second Sea Lord is based at Navy Command. His counterpart is the Fleet Commander.

Departments under the office
As of September 2020:

Current
 Office of the Assistant Chief (Policy)
 Office of the Director of Personnel and Training & Office of the Naval Secretary
 Director Navy Acquisition
 Office of the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Capability) and Director Development

References

Royal Navy
Military ranks
Norman Manuel Abramson (April 1, 1932 – December 1, 2020) was an American engineer and computer scientist. He was most known for creating the ALOHAnet system for wireless computer communication.

References

Other websites
 Engineering and Technology History Wiki
Biography from IEEE
 Oral history interview with Severo Ornstein, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Ornstein discusses the computing contributions of Wesley Clark and Norman Abramson.

 Author profile in the database zbMATH

American engineers
American computer scientists
1932 births
2020 deaths
Scientists from Boston, Massachusetts
Robert Bresson (; 25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French movie director. 

His works A Man Escaped (1956), Pickpocket (1959) and Au hasard Balthazar (1966) were ranked among the 100 greatest movies ever made.

References

1901 births
1999 deaths
French movie directors
Ferenc Tóth (30 December 1950 – 4 December 2020) was a Hungarian engineer and Fidesz politician. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) for Paks (Tolna County Constituency II) between 1998 and 2014.

Tóth died on 4 December 2020 from COVID-19, aged 70.

References

1950 births
2020 deaths
Hungarian politicians
Hungarian engineers
Hungarian businesspeople
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary
James Odongo (27 March 1931 – 4 December 2020), was a Ugandan Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tororo in Uganda, from 5 January 1985, until his retirement on 27 June 2007. Odongo was born in Tororo District, Uganda.

Odongo died on the morning of 4 December 2020 at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Profile of Military Ordinariate of Uganda 
Profile of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tororo 

1931 births
2020 deaths
Ugandan people
Roman Catholic bishops
Robert Moyal (21 May 1933 – 5 December 2020), better known as Robert Castel, was an Algerian-born French actor and comedian. He was born in Algiers, Algeria. Castel was known for his roles in Georghiu in The Tall Blond Man with One Black Shoe (1972), Andre in Two Men in Town (1973) and as Trinita in Je suis timide mais je me soigne (1978). His career lasted from 1955 until 2016.

Castel died of a long-illness on 5 December 2020 in Paris at the age of 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French comedians
People from Algiers
Henryk Jerzy Kukier (1 January 1930 – 5 December 2020) was a Polish boxer. He was born in Lublin. He won the gold medal in the Flyweight class at the 1953 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Warsaw, and the bronze medal at the 1955 European Amateur Boxing Championships in West Berlin. He competed three times in the Summer Olympics (1952, 1956, 1960).

Kukier died on 5 December 2020, at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Polish Olympians
Boxers
Viktor Vladimirovich Ponedelnik (, 22 May 1937 in Rostov-on-Don – 5 December 2020) was a Russian footballer and manager. He played for the Soviet Union national team.

References

Other websites
Biography from the official website of the Russian national team 
Unofficial biography  

1937 births
2020 deaths
Soviet sportspeople
Russian footballers
Martin A. Sandoval (January 12, 1964 – December 5, 2020) was a Democratic politician. He admitted guilt to corruption charges in 2020.  He was a member of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to 2020. Sandoval was born in Chicago.

On December 5, 2020, Sandoval died at a hospital in Chicago of COVID-19 at the age of 56.

References

1964 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Chicago
Criminals from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria which make lactic acid. This is an end product of carbohydrate fermentation. The bacteria change carbohydrates to lactic acid and energy. 

The bacteria are the order Lactobacillales.  Most of them are anaerobic: they do not need oxygen. Usually, they can live well in acidic environments. They are either rod-shaped, or spherical. They are found in decomposing plants and milk products. 

Lactic acid bacteria are important, and they are common. There are about 40 genera. Some species occur in the gut of animals, including humans. Several lactic acid bacteria are pathogens: they cause infectious diseases.

Lactic acid fermentation has been used since the Stone Age. It makes food last longer, and be easier to digest. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of cheese and yogurt.

Adult humans originally could not digest milk products. Then, all humans were lactose intolerant (as, for example, cats are after weaning). Lactase persistence is the phenotype where genes prolonging the activity of lactase beyond infancy. Humans are unusual in having lactase persistence. We know it evolved fairly recently (in the last 10,000 years) among some populations. Still, most people worldwide are lactase nonpersistent. They cannot digest lactose products after weaning. The evidence is that lactose persistence grew in human groups who herded cattle. To them it was a great advantage: they could digest milk throughout life.

References 

Bacteria
Digestive system
Genetics
Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for about 600 species of old world climbing palms.

They belong to the subfamily Calamoideae. 

Rattan is also known as manila, or malacca, after the ports of Manila and Malacca City, and as manau (from the Malay rotan manau, the trade name for Calamus manan canes in Southeast Asia). 

The climbing habit comes with a flexible woody stem, got from a secondary growth. This makes rattan a liana rather than a normal or true wood. It grows much faster than most tropical wood. 

'Dragon's blood' is a red resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense. It can come from the fruit of a rattan.

References 

Wood
Arecaceae
Group 10 is a group of elements in the periodic table.

Group 10 has nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and darmstadtium (Ds).

Group 10 is in the transition metals section. It is worth noting that darmstadtium has unknown chemical properties, but is probably a transition metal.

Transition metals
Periodic table
Group 7 is a group of elements in the periodic table.

Group 7 has manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re) and bohrium (Bh).

Group 7 is in the transition metals section.

Periodic table
Transition metals
Muslihan Diding Sutrisno (4 August 1946 – 6 December 2020) was an Indonesian military official and politician. He was born in Bengkulu, Indonesia. He was a member of the People's Conscience Party. DS was Regent of Rejang Lebong from 1994 to 1999 and of North Bengkulu from 2001 to 2006.

DS died on 6 December 2020 in Bengkulu of COVID-19 at the age of 74.

References

1946 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
Indonesian politicians
Peter Alliss (28 February 1931 – 5 December 2020) was an English former professional golfer, television presenter, commentator, author and golf course designer. He was born in Berlin. In 2012 he was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in the Lifetime Achievement category.

Between 1952 and 1969, Alliss won 20 professional tournaments, including three British PGA Championships, in 1957, 1962 and 1965. He had five top-10 finishes in the Open Championship.

Alliss played on eight Ryder Cup teams between 1953 and 1969 with a record of 10 wins, 15 losses and 5 halved matches. 

Allis died on 5 December 2020 at the age of 89.

References

1931 births
2020 deaths
English sports commentators
English television presenters
Golfers
Golf broadcasters
Writers from Berlin
Sportspeople from Berlin
The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and started the Second Empire.

References

French Republic 2
French Republic 2
19th-century establishments in France
1848 establishments in Europe
1850s disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in France
1852
1840s in Europe
1850s in France
States and territories established in the 19th century
States and territories disestablished in the 19th century
The Government of National Defense () was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War. It was formed after the Emperor Napoleon III was captured by the Prussian Army.

Members
General Louis Jules Trochu, President of the Government
Léon Gambetta, Minister of the Interior
Jules Favre, Vice-President, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adolphe Le Flô, Minister of War
Léon Martin Fourichon, Minister of the Navy and the Colonies
Ernest Picard, Minister of Finance
Jules Ferry, Secretary of the Government
Jules Simon, Minister of Education, Religion, and Arts
Adolphe Crémieux, Minister of Justice
Emmanuel Arago, Minister of the Interior
Pierre Frédéric Dorian, Minister of Public Works
Henri Rochefort, Minister without Portfolio 
Alexandre Glais-Bizoin, Minister without Portfolio
Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès, Minister without Portfolio
Eugène Pelletan, Minister without Portfolio

References

Politics of France
The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government created in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the creation of the Vichy government in France.

References

Politics of France
French Republic 3
French Republic 3
1870s in Europe
1880s in Europe
1890s in Europe
1900s in Europe
1910s in France
1920s in France
1930s in France
19th-century establishments in France
1870 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1940s disestablishments in Europe
1940 disestablishments
States and territories established in the 19th century
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR;  (GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 after the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon, and lasted until the creation of the French Fourth Republic.

List of Chairmen of the Provisional Government

References

1940s establishments in France
1944 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1946 disestablishments in Europe
Politics of France
The French Fourth Republic () was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. 

It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic that was in place from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, and suffered many of the same problems.

Notes

References

Politics of France
French Republic 4
French Republic 4
1940s in France
1950s in Europe
1940s establishments in France
1946 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1950s disestablishments in Europe
1958 disestablishments
States and territories established in the 1940s
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
The Fifth Republic (), France's current republican system of government, was created by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. 

The Fifth Republic was created after the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state.

Notes

References

Politics of France
The Directory (also called Directorate, ) was a five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.

Notes

France
The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. 

During this time, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul (Premier consul), created himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler.  

Napoleon brought authoritarian personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship.

References

France
Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (; 27 February 17673 March 1855) was a  French lawyer and statesman. He is best known as the first head of state of the Second Republic.

References

1767 births
1855 deaths
Presidents of France
The Executive Commission of 1848 was a short-lived government during the French Second Republic. It was chaired by François Arago. It lasted from 9 May 1848 to 24 June 1848. It replaced the Provisional Government of 1848 and was in turn replaced by the Cabinet of General Cavaignac.

The members of the Commission acted as joint head of state.

References

France
Louis-Jules Trochu (; 12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's de facto head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 22 January 1871.

References

1815 births
1896 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Patrice de MacMahon, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta (; born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician. He was Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1875 and as President of France, from 1875 to 1879.

References

1808 births
1893 deaths
Presidents of France
François Judith Paul Grévy (; 15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891) was President of France from 1879 to 1887, and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction.

References

1807 births
1891 deaths
Presidents of France
Félix François Faure (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.

References

1841 births
1899 deaths
Presidents of France
Émile François Loubet (; 30 December 183820 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France and later President of France.

References

1838 births
1929 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Clément Armand Fallières (; 6 November 1841 – 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1906 to 1913.

References

1841 births
1931 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Alexandre Millerand (;  – ) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924.

References

1859 births
1943 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 18 June 1937) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1924 to 1931.

References

1863 births
1937 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932. At the age of 74, he is the oldest person elected president.

References

1857 births
1932 deaths
Assassinated people
Murders by firearm
Presidents of France
Ruth Williams Khama is the first first lady of the Republic of Botswana since it gained its independence in 1966. She was a British citizen. Her love life with the first president of Botswana, Sir Seretse Khama was filled with controversies. They got kicked out of the country because the bangwato tribe believed Khama broke the laws by marrying a white woman. Controversies spiked because the bangwato had grudges over the whites, claiming they were killers and manipulators.

With many negotiations, the Khamas, Ruth and Seretse were able to return and eventually became the first president and first lady of Botswana.

Botswana politicians
First Ladies of Africa
Albert François Lebrun (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic.

References

1871 births
1950 deaths
Presidents of the Senate (France)
Presidents of France
Deaths from pneumonia
Félix Gouin (; 4 October 1884 – 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

Honours and awards
 Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
 Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria

References

1884 births
1977 deaths
Presidents of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
Georges-Augustin Bidault (; 5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. From 1949 to 1950, he was the Prime Minister of France.

References

1899 births
1983 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Vincent Jules Auriol (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician. He was President of France from 1947 to 1954.

References

1884 births
1966 deaths
Presidents of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
André Léon Blum (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister.

References

1872 births
1950 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.

References

1882 births
1962 deaths
Presidents of France
Paavo Tapio Lipponen () (born 23 April 1941) is a Finnish politician and former reporter. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1995 to 2003, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1993 to 2005.

References

1941 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Council
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
This is a list of prime ministers of the Czech Republic, a political office that was created in 1993 following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

List
 Parties

References
The Order of Isabella the Catholic () is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country. 

The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I.

References

19th-century establishments in Spain
1815 establishments in Europe
Orders, decorations, and medals
The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword () is a Portuguese order of chivalry.

Other websites
Homepage of the order, with pictures of the badges and explanation of the several grades 
The Cross of Saint James, history of the St James' Cross used by the Order of St James of the Sword 

Orders, decorations, and medals
Portuguese culture
Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. He was Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981.

References

1924 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He was Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974.

References

1916 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Jean-Pierre Fourcade (born 18 October 1929) is a French politician. He was a member of the Senate of France. He represented the Hauts-de-Seine and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement Party.

References

1929 births
Living people
French Ministers of Finance
Henri Marie Edmond Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (born 17 October 1956) is a French businessman. He was the son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard was born in Paris.

Giscard d’Estaing joined the resort company Club Med in 1997 as chief operating officer in charge of finance, development and international relations. He became chief executive officer in 2001 and chairman in 2002.

References

1956 births
Living people
French businesspeople
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
People from Paris
Presidential elections were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history.

Other websites
 Radio-TV debate Valéry Giscard d'Estaing/François Mitterrand 

20th century in France
1974 in Europe
Presidential elections in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
The Constitutional Council (;  ) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was created by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 to make that constitutional ideas and rules are seen through. It is located in the Palais-Royal, Paris.

References

France
The French presidential election of 1981 took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.

References

1981 in Europe
20th century in France
Presidential elections in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Alexandre Parodi (1 June 1901 – 15 March 1979) was a French diplomat. He was the first ambassador of France to the United Nations.

Parodi was a member of the State Council.

From 1944 to 1945, Parodi was the Minister of Work and Social Security. From 1945 to 1960, Parodi worked as a French diplomat.

References

French politicians
1901 births
1979 deaths
The First Army () was a field army of France that fought during World War I and World War II. It was also active during the Cold War.

References

Army
Military of France
Lycée Janson de Sailly is a lycée located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The lycéens of Janson are called les jansoniens and they usually refer to their high school as Janson, or JdS. It is the biggest academic institution in the region: 3,200 boys and girls from 11 to 20 attend classes ranging from junior high school to Classes Préparatoires.

References

Schools in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
The Lycée Louis-le-Grand () is a secondary school located in Paris. Founded in 1563 by the Jesuits as the Collège de Clermont, it was renamed in King Louis XIV of France's honor.

References

16th-century establishments in France
1560s establishments in Europe
1563 establishments
Colleges and universities in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
The Inspectorate General of Finances or Inspection générale des finances (IGF) is a supervisory body in France. In the recent years, the IGF has been at the head of the movement of modernization of the state.

It is currently run by Marie-Christine Lepetit. It is placed under the joint responsibility of the Ministry for Economy, Finance, and Industry and the Ministry for Budget, Public Accounts and State Reform.

Other websites
 

Politics of France
Edgar Faure (; 18 August 1908 – 30 March 1988) was a French politician, essayist, historian, and memoirist. From 1973 to 1978, he was President of the French National Assembly. He was also Prime Minister of France in 1952 and again from 1955 to 1956.

References

1908 births
1988 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
The 1969 French presidential election took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969. It happened after the resignation of President Charles de Gaulle on 28 April 1969.

More readings
 
 Penniman, Howard. "French Elections, 1969." World Affairs 132.2 (1969): 101–117. online

1969
1960s in France
Presidential elections in France
A constitutional referendum was held in France on 27 April 1969. The reforms would have led to government changes to the Senate. It was rejected by 52.4% of voters. This led to President Charles de Gaulle's resignation.

References

1969
1960s in France
The Élysée Palace (; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. It was used as the office of the French President for the first time in 1848.

Other websites
 Official website

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Paris
Presidents of France
The Helsinki Final Act, also known as Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third part of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during 30 July – 1 August 1975. 

All then-existing European countries as well as United States and Canada, altogether 35 participating states, signed the Final Act in an attempt to improve the détente between the Soviet bloc and the West.

References

1975
Gerald Ford
Opération Lamantin (French for manatee) was a December 1977 – July 1978 military operation by France with the help of the Mauritanian government, in its war against Sahrawi guerrilla fighters of the Polisario Front. It supported independence for Western Sahara. 

Airstrikes were launched in the provinces, but the results of the operation were not significant. France used Jaguar combat aircraft from Dakar Airbase. The bombings were targeted in the rail mines in Zouérat to the coast of Nouadhibou, which were blocked by Polisario.

References

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1970s in Africa
1977
1978
Military of France
Mauritania
Wars involving Africa
Jean-Bédel Bokassa (; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I, was a Central African political and military leader. He was the second president of the Central African Republic and as the emperor of the Central African Empire, from his Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a coup in 1979.

References

1921 births
1996 deaths
Former dictators
African politicians
Operation Caban was a military operation that happened in September 1979, to put former president, David Dacko back into power, and restore the Central African Empire to the Central African Republic by removing Emperor Bokassa I.

References

1979
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Military of France
The diamonds affair, known in France as "l'affaire des diamants", was a major political scandal in the 5th French Republic. 

In 1973, the Minister of Finance, future president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, was offered two diamonds from the Emperor of the Central African Empire Bokassa I. The affair was revealed by satiric newspaper Le Canard Enchaîné on October 10, 1979, towards the end of Giscard's presidency.

Many believe this was the reason for Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid.

References

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1973
20th century in France
Political scandals
The Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP) (Georges Pompidou European Hospital) is a French hospital located in Paris. It opened in 2001.

In 2013, French Professor Alain Carpentier created the first 100% artificial heart, using biomaterials and electronic sensors. The device was successfully implanted by a team at the hospital on 18 December 2013.

References

Hospitals in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
The Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) is the largest organisation of local and regional governments in Europe. Its members are 60 national groups of towns, municipalities and regions from 41 countries that are part of the Council of Europe. Together these associations represent about 130,000 local and regional authorities.

Other websites
 
 United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)
 Local Government in Europe
 The Archives of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions are consultable at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
 European elections: local and regional governments' manifesto

20th-century establishments in Belgium
1951 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Europe
Brussels
Presidential elections happened in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988.

In 1981, the Socialist Party leader, François Mitterrand, was elected President of France and the Left won the legislative election. 

However, in 1986, the right regained a parliamentary majority.

Other websites
  Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/François Mitterrand
  Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV

20th century in France
1988 elections
Presidential elections in France
Presidential elections in France to elect the fifth president of the French Fifth Republic happened on 23 April and 7 May 1995.

Other websites
 Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/Lionel Jospin
 Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV

1990s in France
1995 in Europe
Presidential elections in France
SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001 Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra,  Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the recipients of this award. 
Nepali poet, lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is only writer to get this award twice.

Award Recipients

The year wise list of the award recipients are as follows:

References

Other websites
Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature
FOSWAL Advisory Committee 
Related News on OneIndia
Related News on Hindustan Times
Related News on NDTV
Related News on Afgan Embassy
Related News on The Kathmandu Post
Related News on Outlook India
Related News on Greater Kashmir 

Asian culture
Literary awards
Gaullism () is a French political term of people who support the ideas and presidency of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle.

Gaullism cannot be seen within a political ideology, meaning it is not left or right. It is more of how the President of France should use their power.

"Neo-Gaullism" has been used to describe a movement after the death of de Gaulle in 1970 from people who are economic liberal than both traditional and social Gaullism.

Gaullist political parties 
The following is a list of Gaullist political parties and their successors:
 1947–1955: Rally of the French People (RPF)
 1955–1958: National Centre of Social Republicans (CNRS)
 1958–1962: Union for the New Republic (UNR) and Democratic Union of Labour (UDT)
 1962–1967: Union for the New Republic – Democratic Union of Labour (UNR – UDT)
 1967–1968: Democratic Union for the Fifth Republic (UD-Ve)
 1968–1971: Union for the Defence of the Republic (UDR)
 1971–1976: Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR)
 1976–2002: Rally for the Republic (RPR)
 1994-2018: Movement for France  (MPF)
 1999–2014: Debout la République (DLR)
 2002–2015: Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)
 2014–present: Debout la France (DLF)
 2015–present: The Republicans (LR)

References

Political parties in France
The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III, originally Royal and Much Distinguished Order of Charles III (, originally ) was created by the King of Spain Carlos III with the motto Virtuti et mérito. 

It honors people for their actions benefiting Spain and the Crown. Since its creation, and second to the Order of the Golden Fleece, it has been the most distinguished civil award that can be given in Spain.

References

Orders, decorations, and medals
Spain
Sofema (Société française d’exportation de matériel militaire et aéronautique) is a French company which works in the renovation, marketing and maintenance of first generation land, sea and air equipment for the French Armed Forces. The company is based in Paris.

Technical facilities are in La Teste (Gironde - in the south west of France) and Châteauroux (Indre).

References

Companies of France
Sindhi Cultural Day (, ), also known as 'Aekta jo ddihaarro', is widely celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to spotlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh. The day is celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora around the world.  Cultural day is the celebration, demonstration of culture of Sindh, Sindhis in Sindh and Sindhi diaspora all over the world celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards the rich heritage and culture of Sindh. On this jubilation people gather in all major cities of Sindh at Press Clubs, and other places and arrange various activities of literary (poetic) gatherings, Mach Katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies. It is also a symbol of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
Casus belli is a Latin phrase for an event or a situation that directly provokes a war. Note that the plural of the phrase is also casus belli. If this was an aggression in the sense of international law, the country is allowed to start a war in self-defence. It is common to provoke an aggressor, so as to be able to legally start a war. Examples of this are the Arrow incident that started the Second Opium War, or the Maine incident, which led the United states to annex Cuba and the Philippines from the Spanish Empire. The Iraq War was started by the US and its allies, on the pretext that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Years after the war, it turned out he didn't have any. Another example: the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the casus belli for the First World War.

Latin phrases
War
The Champ is a 1931 American drama movie directed by King Vidor and starring Wallace Beery, Jackie Cooper, Irene Rich, Roscoe Ates, Edward Brophy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1931. It was remade twice in 1953 as The Clown and in 1979 as The Champ.

Other websites
 
 
 

1931 movies
1930s drama movies
American drama movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by King Vidor
Movies about alcoholism‏‎
The flag of South Africa from 1928 to 1994 was originally used by the Union of South Africa from 1928 to 1961 and later the Republic of South Africa until 1994. It was also used in South West Africa (today Namibia) until 1990 when the territory was under South African rule.

The design features three horizontal bands of orange, white and blue with three small flags (the flag of the United Kingdom to the left, the vertical version of the flag of the Orange Free State in the centre and the flag of the South African Republic to the right) centered on the white band. Because of its colours it was known as the Oranje, Blanje, Blou (Afrikaans for Orange, White, Blue) by citizens.

The flag is viewed as a symbol of apartheid and white supremacy, since 2019 it is illegal to display this flag in public in South Africa and is classified as a hate speech.

Gallery

References

South Africa
South Africa
1928 establishments
1994 disestablishments
Apartheid
Controversies
Aromanticism or aromanticity is a romantic orientation in which a person does not experience romantic attraction, whether entirely, partially or circumstantially. They may not feel romantic love, and may not feel the need to be in romantic relationships. It doesn't mean they are agamous.

They can have any sexual orientation, be asexual, bisexual, heterosexual, homosexual, pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, pomosexual, or ceterosexual. It's often shortened to aro.

References 

LGBT variations
Polysexuality is a sexual orientation in which the person feels or experiences attraction to many, but not necessarily all genders. Polysexuality, not to be confused with pansexuality or omnisexuality, is under what some people would call the bisexuality umbrella, sometimes seen as non-monosexual spectrum.

References 

Human sexuality
LGBT variations
Seventh Heaven is a 1927 American silent romantic drama movie directed by Frank Borzage and was the first adaption of the 1922 play of the same name by Austin Strong. It stars Janet Gaynor, Charles Farrell, Ben Bard, Albert Gran, David Butler, Gladys Brockwell and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won 3 Academy Awards in 1929 and was remade in 1937.

Other websites

1927 movies
1920s romance movies
1920s drama movies
1920s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on plays
American silent movies
Movies directed by Frank Borzage
Movies set in the 1910s
The Free European Song Contest (abbrev. as FreeESC) is a song contest run by the private channel ProSieben that started in 2020. Different singers representing countries in Europe (mainly) compete every year.

Some of the competitors are famous singers include: Nico Santos (famous singer in Germany), Max Mutzke (represented Baden-Württemberg at the Bundesvision Song Contest 2014, Ilse DeLange (represented the Netherlands at the ESC2014 as member of The Common Linnets), Sarah Lombardi (participant in the 8º season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar), Eko Fresh (German rapper of Turkish and Kurdish descent who won 5 awards).

The latest winner of the Free European Song Contest is Rea Garvey of Ireland.

The Free European Song Contest was created by Stefan Raab (with the collaboration of the private channel ProSieben and the production company Brainpool TV) after the cancelation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The first contest took place at the ProSieben Studios, Cologne, Germany on 16 May 2020 at 20:15 CEST on the television channel ProSieben and the second contest took place at the Lanxess Arena, Cologne, Germany.

List of winners

Highest placings of non-winning countries

Related pages
Eurovision Song Contest (Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light)
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Asia Song Contest (Asian version of Eurovision)
AfriMusic Song Contest (African contest based in Eurovision)
Bundevision Song Contest (previus contest made by ProSieben)
Turkvision Song Contest (Turkish contest organised by TMB TV and created by TÜRKSOY for the Turkic countries and Turkic people)

Other websites
ProSieben.de FreeESC- the official website at ProSieben 
Brainpool's Info of FreeESC - at the official Production website 
Free European Song Contest on IMDb

2020 establishments in Europe
Free European Song Contest
Undercurrent is a 1946 American crime drama movie directed by Vincente Minnelli and was based on the 1944 story You Were There by Thelma Strabel. It stars Katharine Hepburn, Robert Taylor, Robert Mitchum, Edmund Gwenn, Marjorie Main, Jayne Meadows, Dan Tobin, Leigh Whipper and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites
 
 
 

1946 drama movies
1946 crime movies
1940s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Vincente Minnelli
Xu Shousheng (; 23 January 1953 – 5 December 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was the Communist Party Secretary of Hunan from 2013 to 2016. He was the Governor of Hunan and Gansu provinces from 2006 to 2013. Xu was born in Jiangsu, China.

Xu died on 5 December 2020 in Nanjing, China at the age of 67.

References

1953 births
2020 deaths
Chinese politicians