cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In God We Trust is one of the national mottos of the United States. The other is E Pluribus Unum. In God We Trust has been put on American money since 1864 when it was added to a two-cent coin. A law passed in 1956 made it a national motto. It is also the motto of Florida.

State mottos of the United States
Florida
Mottos of the United States
Software development is the process of creating a computer software. It includes the software release life cycle of preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs. The final goal is software release of a product that serves the wishes of users.

Software product is usually a result of research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities.

There are 3 main goals of software development:

 to meet specific needs of a specific client/business;
 to meet a need of some set of potential users;
 for personal use.

Process 
A software development process (model, methodology) is a system that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. Each model is defferent, more or less structured and is considered to be suitable to only some kinds of projects.

There are several stages of software development:

 Analyzing the problem
 Market research
 Gathering requirements for the proposed software
 Devising a plan or design for the software
 Implementation (coding) of the software
 Testing the software
 Deployment
 Maintenance and bug fixing

Activities

Understanding the need 
There are different sources of ideas for software products like market research. The next step is market evaluation. It includes a check of cost and time assumptions, economic feasibility, fit with existing channels distribution, effects on existing product lines, required features, fit with the company's marketing objectives.

This process is also connected with non-technical activities like human resources, risk management, intellectual property, budgeting, crisis management, etc.

Planning 
An important task in creating a software program is understanding the requirements. The software engineers must accept the client's idea and adapt it to the working process.

Designing 
After establishing the requirements, the engineers start creating a software design document. Design of the software means the high-level design of the main modules with a full picture of how the parts fit together. The language, operating system, and hardware components should be clear at this stage.

Implementation, testing and documenting 
There are 3 next processes which are combined:

 implementation — programming the code for the project.
 testing — looking for defects
 documenting — making documents of the inner design of software, API can be also included

Deployment and maintenance 
The deployment includes installation, customization, testing, and possibly a longer period of evaluation.

Software training and support are important because software is only effective if it is used rightly.

Maintaining and improving software is the stage to cope with new faults or requirements, it usually takes a lot of time and effort.

References

Other websites
 Software Development Magazine

Software
Computers
Kaliningrad (; ; German: ; ; briefly Russified as  Kyonigsberg) is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea. It is the westernmost Oblast of Russia.

It is surrounded by NATO and European Union members Poland and Lithuania and is geographically separated from the main part of Russia itself. Borderless connection is only possible by sea or air.

In 2002, it had a population of 430,003 people. This was more than in 1989, when the last census was done. At that time, the city only had a population of 401,280. About 78% of the people there are Russians, 8% Belarusians, and 7.3% Ukrainians.

It was named Königsberg originally. It was the capital city of the German province of East Prussia, the earlier Duchy of Prussia, and before that of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. The city had that name from 1254 to 1945. The people were mostly Germans but they were expelled and replaced during wars. 

One of the famous people from Königsberg was the philosopher Immanuel Kant.

References

 
Exclaves
Capital cities in Russia
Sargon was one of the first people in recorded history to create an empire, or multi-ethnic state. His empire included the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and part of what is present-day Turkey.

His capital was called  in the Akkadian language.

Sargon of Akkad may have been the same person as the first Sargon of Assyria (also known as Sharrukin or Sharru-kin). Sargon's empire would probably have included Assyria. He is listed in the Assyrian king list as the son of Ikunum and the founder of a dynasty. He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia.

The Empire 
Sargon's vast empire is known to have extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea, including Mesopotamia, parts of modern-day Iran and Syria, and possibly parts of Anatolia and the Arabian peninsula. He ruled from a new capital, Akkad, which the Sumerian king list claims he built on the left bank of the Euphrates. He is sometimes regarded as the first person in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, although the Sumerians Lugal-anne-mundu and Lugal-zage-si also have a claim. His dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half.

Akkadian language 
The Akkadian language was made the official language of international discourse. During Sargon's reign, Akkadian was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script, which was previously used for the Sumerian language. A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual.

References 

Mesopotamian people
An incubation period is the time it takes between the day a person is infected with a pathogen (something that causes a disease, like a virus), and the day that the person starts having symptoms of the disease.  For example, if a person is infected with the common cold, it usually takes about one to three days for the person to start having cold symptoms.  This means that the common cold's incubation period is one to three days.

With some diseases, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), a person can still give other people HIV during the incubation period.  Even though the person with HIV has no symptoms, the virus is making copies of itself during the incubation period.

What affects incubation periods
Many different things affect the incubation period for a disease.  These things include:
 How much of the pathogen a person got
 Whether the person was vaccinated against this pathogen, and if they were, which vaccine was used
 How fast the pathogen makes copies of itself once it is in the body
 How strong the person's immune system is

Examples of incubation periods 
Incubation periods are not exactly the same for everyone, because every person is different.  Because of this, an incubation period is always written as a range (for example, "one to three days").

For many conditions, incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants.

Some diseases have very short incubation periods.  Other diseases have incubation periods of many years.  For example:

References

Diseases
The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics. Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city. The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors. It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925. Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues. In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it).

The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger,  Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story The Lottery drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine.

References

Other websites 
 The New Yorker

American magazines
Magazines published in New York City
1925 establishments in the United States
Weekly magazines
The Brundtland Commission was created  by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development. 

The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development.

Brundtland Report
The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the Brundtland Report  can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report.

The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Notes and references

History of the United Nations
Sustainable development
1983 establishments
Climate change recognises that the climate of Earth does change. Climate change is now seen as a problem. It is worth remembering that the Earth's climate has been both hotter and colder than it is today. It is not a fixed value: it is affected by variations in the Sun and in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and by activities of the planet's life-forms.

Climate change this century and last century is sometimes called global warming, because the average temperature on the surface has risen. 

At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the Ice Age ending about ten thousand years ago. 

Over longer time periods, climate change may be caused by variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. The Earth has certainly been much warmer and much cooler than it is today.

In common use, especially in environmental policy, "climate change" usually refers to rapid changes in the climate over recent decades. These climate changes are due primarily to human-caused generation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere (see global warming).

History of climate change studies 
Joseph Fourier in 1824, Claude Poulliet in 1827 and 1838, Eunace Foote (18191888) in 1856, Irish physicist John Tyndall (1820–1893) in 1863 onwards, Svante Arrhenius in 1896, and Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964) are credited with discovering the importance of CO2 in climate change. Foote's work was not appreciated, and not widely known. Tyndall proved there were other greenhouse gases as well. Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901 invented the term.

The Sun 

The Sun gets a little bit hotter and colder every 11 years. This is called the 11-year sunspot cycle. The change is so small that scientists can barely measure how it affects the temperature of the Earth. If the sun was causing the Earth to warm up, it would warm both the surface and high up in the air. But the air in the upper stratosphere is actually getting colder, so scientists do not think changes in the sun are causing the global warming which is happening now.

Related pages
Ecology

References.
Mia Rose (aka Miaarose) is a YouTube artist who sings. She was born on January 26, 1988. She has signed a record deal with NextSelection. Her real name is Maria Antónia Teixeira Rosa. She says she is Portuguese. She is currently recording songs with groups. Rose also works with Prez Wszeborowski, a 17-year-old music composer that has written "You're Pitiful" for Weird Al Yankovic, and also made beats for celebrities like Sean Paul, Busta Rhymes, Silva Sisters, The Millionairs, and The Anarckists.

Other websites 

Internet celebrities
1988 births
Living people
YouTubers
Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus.  Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease.

How is hepatitis A spread?
When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces.  Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces.  For example, hepatitis A can be spread by:
 Using ice that was made from contaminated water
 Eating fruits, vegetables, or other foods that are not cooked, which may have gotten contaminated when a person with hepatitis A prepared them 
 Foods that are not cooked are more likely to spread hepatitis A because cooking food will kill the virus
 Eating shellfish that lived in contaminated water, and were not cooked well enough to kill the virus

Hepatitis A can also be spread by having sex with someone who has hepatitis A.

Signs and symptoms
Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
Abdominal pain
Fever
Nausea and Vomiting
Fatigue
Anorexia (loss of the desire to eat)

Treatment and prognosis
There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own. In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months.

Unfortunately, a small number of patients develop Fulminant hepatic failure, which is very serious.

Prevention
A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A, and anti-hepatitis A immunoglobulin is also used.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Liver disease
Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus. The virus is not spread by food or casual contact. It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person.  A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth. It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it.

Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus. However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection.

Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly. Many people are infected for life. Usually they have few or no symptoms. Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure. A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver. Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver.

Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged. If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus. Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself. However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Sexually transmitted diseases
Liver disease
A mutual fund is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund.

Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors.

There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.

Related pages
Stock
Bond (finance)

See Also

 Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

References

US SEC answers about mutual funds

Finance
Fullmetal Alchemist (in  ) is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) Monthly Shonen Gangan. The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga. A film, The Conqueror of Shamballa was made for the 2003 show, and The Sacred Star of Milos was created for the 2012 show.

Plot 
The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science. Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother. When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour. Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs. As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange.

Fullmetal Alchemist became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise.

Characters 
Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series. He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs. He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment. 

Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother. The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work. In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse. Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs.

References 

Anime
My Dying Bride is an English doom metal band. They are from West Yorkshire. The band formed in 1990.

Members 

 Aaron Stainthorpe - Vocals (1990-)
 Hamish Glencross - Guitar (1999-)
 Andrew Craighan - Guitar (1990-)
 Lena Abé - Bass (2007-)
 Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards (2009–present)

Past members
 Rick Miah – drums (1990–1997)
 Martin Powell – violin, keyboards (1991–1998)
 Calvin Robertshaw – guitar (1990–1999)
 Bill Law – drums (1998–1999)
 Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards (1998–2002)
 Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums (1999–2006)
 Adrian Jackson – bass (1991–2007)
 Sarah Stanton - Keyboards (2002-)
 Katie Stone – violin, keyboards (2008–2009)
 Dan Mullins – drums (2007–2012)

Albums 

 As the Flower Withers (1992)
 Turn Loose the Swans (1993)
 The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
 Like Gods of the Sun (1997)
 34.788%... Complete (1998)
 The Light at the End of the World (1999)
 The Dreadful Hours (2001)
 Songs of Darkness, Words of Light (2004)
 A Line of Deathless Kings (2006)
 For Lies I Sire (2009)
 Evinta (2011)
 A Map of All Our Failures (2012)
 Feel the Misery (2015)
 The Ghost of Orion (2020)

Other websites 
 My Dying Bride's website 

Musical groups established in 1990
English heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
Death metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Framework is a term describing established practices in a society, science, software development, or hardware design that can be repeatedly applied to solving problems. The problems are solved uniformly (in the same or very similar way) in a framework.

Logic
Documentation is something that people read for instructions or information on how to
do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page,
a file, and other media.

Written communication
In mathematics, a finite set is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., n} and n must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements.

Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with n elements is called an n-set.

A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself.  (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself).  For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2n corresponds to n), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1).  This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.

Set theory
Cardinal numbers
The Vikram era, or Vikram samvat is an Calendar System(mostly followed in Hinduism and Sikhism from people of Indian Subcontinent) starting in 57 BC. The Vikram Samvat calendar starts half a century before the Gregorian calendar and works on an Indian calendar cycle.

The calendar starts in the month of Vaishak, which usually falls in the Gregorian month of February/March.

The date marks the day when the King Vikramāditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started to honor this achievement.

The story 
The story of this event is told by a sadhu (Jain monk) called Mahesara Suri.

The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a sadhvi (Jain nun), who was the sister of the sadhu. The sadhu went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and captured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger.

Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the Vikrama era.

History of India
50s BC establishments
Calendars
In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set A = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as . 

Two sets have the same (or equal) cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. The cardinality of the set A is less than or equal to the cardinality of set B if and only if there is an injective function from A to B. The cardinality of the set B is greater than or equal to the cardinality of set A if and only if there is an injective function from A to B. 

The cardinality of a set is only one way of giving a number to the size of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way.

Notation

||A|| is the cardinality of the set A. Single vertical bars can also be placed around a set to mean cardinality, such as |A|.

Finite sets 

The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set A is n, then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality n+1 (for example, the set A ∪ {A}). If ||A|| ≤ ||B|| ≤ ||A ∪ {A}||, then either ||B|| = ||A|| or ||B|| = ||A ∪ {A}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality.

Infinite sets 

If the cardinality of a set is not finite, then the cardinality is infinite.

An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers ). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call  (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of —the cardinality of the continuum.

Related pages
Bijection
 Cardinal number
 Cantor's diagonal argument
 Cantor's theorem
 Continuum hypothesis
 Injective function

Notes and References 

Cardinal numbers
Set theory
Boňkov is a small village near Herálec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 58 people live in Boňkov. Its size is . It was first documented in 1305.

Other websites 
 Boňkov

Villages in the Czech Republic
Utopia is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia. This is usually translated to On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia.

The book is about an island with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word is used to refer to a society that is unrealistic, and impossible to make.

There were several attempts to create such perfect societies (They did not work). The word utopia can also refer to a society of such an attempt.

Religious utopias 
The ideas Christians, Jews and Muslims have of the Garden of Eden, and of Heaven can be seen as such utopias.

Other websites 
 Digitally reconstructed edition of the book
 A newer critical approach as to how to see the book (pdf)

Novels
16th-century books
Slavníč is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic by Highway D1. 40 people live in Slavníč. It covers 2,13 km². It was first documented in 1305.

Villages in the Czech Republic
Milan Nakonečný (* February 8, 1932, Horažďovice) is a Czech psychologist (professor of psychology) and historian. During the so-called normalization era in the Czechoslovakia, communists banned him from teaching and publishing books.

Books (selected) 
Motivace lidského chování (1997) 
Psychologie osobnosti (1998) 
Encyklopedie obecné psychologie (1997) 
Lexikon magie (1993) 
Lexikon psychologie (1995) 
Novodobý český hermetismus (1995) 
Psychologie osobnosti (1995) 
Základy psychologie osobnosti (1993) 
Úvod do sociální psychologie
Motivace pracovního jednání a její řízení (1992) 
Emoce a motivace (1973)
Sociální psychologie (1970)
Martinismus (1991) 
Základní otázky psychologie (1968)
Sociální psychologie  (1999) 
Základy psychologie (1998) 
Průvodce dějinami psychologie (1995) 
Lidské emoce (2000) 
Úvod do psychologie (2003) 
Psychologie téměř pro každého (2004) 
Sociální psychologie organizace (2005) 
Vlajka: k historii a ideologii českého nacionalismu (2001) 
Český fašismus (2006) 
Motivace lidského chování (1996) 
Magie v historii, teorii a praxi (1999) 
František Mareš (2007) 

1932 births
Living people
Czech psychologists
Czech historians
Skorkov is small village near in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of 77. It covers 6.2 km².

Villages in the Czech Republic
Neon Genesis Evangelion (Japanese: 新世紀エヴァンゲリオン Hepburn: Shin Seiki Evangelion) is a Japanese anime series directed by Hideaki Anno, and produced by Gainax and Tatsunoko Production. It is set 15 years after a world-wide disaster. The main characters are teenagers that pilot giant robots called "Evangelions" to fight giant monsters called "angels". The imagery is inspired by Christianity and Judaism, depression, and philosophy. The show was liked by critics, but the ending made many fans angry. The film End of Evangelion was released in 1997, acts as a different version of the show's ending. Other related media, including several manga, soundtracks, and the Rebuild of Evangelion film series.

Related pages
 List of Neon Genesis Evangelion characters

References 

Anime
Václav Benda (August 8, 1946 in Prague – June 2, 1999 in Prague) was Czech right-wing and anticommunist politician. During the communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia he signed Charter 77. He was in prison from 1979 to 1983. After the Velvet Revolution, Benda co-founded the Christian-Democratic Party which later became part of the Civic Democratic Party. His son Marek Benda is also a Czech politician and member of the Civic Democratic Party.

1946 births
1999 deaths
Czech politicians
Andie MacDowell (born Rosalie Anderson MacDowell on April 21, 1958 in Gaffney, South Carolina) is an American movie actress.

Personal life 
From 1986 until 1999 Andie was married to Paul Qualley. They have three children, son Justin Qualley (born 1986) and two daughters Rainey Qualley (born 1989) and Sarah Margaret Qualley (born 1995).

From 2001 until 2004 she was married to Rhett DeCamp Hartzog.

Movies

 Barnyard (2006)
 Tara Road (2005)
 Beauty Shop (2005)
 Dinner with Friends (2001)
 Crush (2001)
 Harrison's Flowers (2000)
 The End of Violence (1997)
 Muppets from Space (1999)
 Multiplicity (1996)
 Michael (1996)
 Unstrung Heroes (1995)
 Bad Girls (1994)
 Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
 Short Cuts (1993)
 Groundhog Day (1993)
 The Player (1992)
 The Object of Beauty (1991)
 Hudson Hawk (1991)
 Green Card (1990)
 sex, lies, and videotape (1989)
 St. Elmo's Fire (1985)
 Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984)

Other websites

 
 

1958 births
Living people
Actors from South Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
Goth can also stand for a member of the Goth subculture

The Goths (Gothic: , Gutans) were an East Germanic tribe. They spoke the Gothic language. Jordanes was a scholar from the 6th century who wrote a summary of a twelve volume work by Cassiodorus about the Goths. Jordanes work is commonly called Getica. The original work by Cassiodorius was lost, Getica is the only surviving contemporary account about the Goths. According to this book they left Scandinavia via Gotland and settled close to the mouth of the Vistula river (in present day Poland). In the 3rd and 4th centuries they settled Scythia, Dacia and parts of Moesia and Asia Minor. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, they fought with the Roman Empire and later adopted Arianism (a form of Christianity). 

In the 4th and 5th centuries, they split into the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. With this move, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in Italy and on the Iberian peninsula (now Spain & Portugal).  Traces of Gothic blood can be found in many people </u>.

References 

Germanic tribes
Ancient Rome
An HTTP cookie (usually just called a cookie) is a simple computer file made of text.  The information stored by cookies can be used to personalise the experience when using a website.  A website can use (the information used by) cookies to find out if someone has visited a website before and record information (data) about what they did.

When someone is using a computer to browse a website, a personalised cookie file can be sent from the website’s server to the person’s computer.  The cookie is stored in the web browser on the person’s computer. At some time in the future, the person may browse that website again. The website can send a message to the person’s browser, asking if a cookie from the website is already stored in the browser.  If a cookie is found, then the data that was stored in the cookie before can be used by the website to tell the website about the person’s previous activity.  Some examples where cookies are used include shopping carts, automatic login and remembering which advertisements have already been shown.

Cookies have been a problem for Internet privacy. This is because they can be used to track browsing behavior. Because of this, laws have been made in some countries to protect people's privacy. There are many other options than cookies, but each option has its own problems.

Cookies have often been mistaken for computer programs. But cookies cannot do much on their own. They are simply a piece of data. They are often called spyware or viruses, but they are not either of these.

Most web browsers allow users to choose whether to accept cookies. If the user does not allow cookies, some websites will become unusable. For example, shopping baskets which use cookies do not work if the user does not allow cookies.

Internet
The Chinese calendar, also known as the "agriculture calendar" (農曆/农历), is a lunisolar calendar (yinyangli). It was used until 1912 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. This is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.  It was developed in part from a lunar calendar (陰曆 yinli) and in part from a solar calendar (陽曆 yangli).

History
The current version of the Chinese calendar was developed for the Chongzhen Emperor in the 17th century.  It has

Today in China the Gregorian calendar is used for most activities. At the same time, the Chinese calendar is still used for traditional Chinese holidays like Chinese New Year or Lunar New Year.

Related pages
 Sexagenary calendar

References

Other websites
  Gregorian-Lunar Calendar Conversion Table

Chinese culture
Calendars
Music for the Royal Fireworks is a group of five pieces for orchestra composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749. He was asked by King George II to write the music because the king wanted some music and fireworks to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This was an agreement between a lot of European countries to end the war they had been fighting.

The king wanted the celebrations to take place in Green Park in London. He wanted the orchestra to have lots of military instruments such as trumpets and drums and “hoped there would be no violins”! He wanted the orchestra to have a rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens to which the public would be able to go. Handel was not very happy with these arrangements, but in the end he agreed.

The rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens took place on 21 April. This was just for the music, there were no fireworks. There were 12,000 people in the audience. The huge crowds caused a three hour traffic jam on London Bridge. The tickets for entrance cost 2s 6d (two shillings and six pence, worth 12 ½p in modern money).

Six days later the real performance took place in Green Park. The orchestra played in a building which had been specially made. The music was played while the fireworks went off. Unfortunately there was a disaster. The building caught fire when a huge bas relief of the king fell down. However, no one was hurt.

The music has five movements: an overture, a Bourrée, a movement called La paix (The Peace), La réjouissance (The Rejoicing), and two minuets.

Handel wrote the music for a large orchestra with 24 oboes, 12 bassoons (including a contrabassoon), nine trumpets, nine horns, three pairs of kettledrums, and a number of side drums. On 27 May Handel conducted the music again at a special concert for the Foundling Hospital. This time he used a normal orchestra with string instruments and wind instruments. This is the way it is usually played today.

Compositions by George Frideric Handel
Sophia Loren (born 20 September 1934) is an Italian actress, one of the best known and most popular of Italian actresses.

Life and career

Born Sofia Scicolone in Rome, Italy, out of wedlock. She grew up in Puzzuoli, near Naples, raised by her single mother in poverty.

In 1950, she entered a beauty contest and was noticed by film producer Carlo Ponti (1912-2007) who took her under his wing. With his help and guidance, she began appearing in bit parts in film, and got her first major role in director Vittorio De Sica's The Gold of Naples in 1954.

Ponti made her learn English and took her to Hollywood. Her first film there was The Pride and the Passion in 1957, opposite Cary Grant and Frank Sinatra. This was followed by Desire under the Elms (1958) with Anthony Perkins, Houseboat (1958) with Cary Grant, Black Orchid (1958) with Anthony Quinn, It Happened in Naples (1960) with Clark Gable, Heller in Pink Tights (1960) with Anthony Quinn, A Breath of Scandal (1960) with John Gavin.

Back in Italy, she was reunited with Vittorio De Sica in La Ciocara (Two Women) in 1961, which won her the Academy Award and the BAFTA for best actress.

Thereafter, she pursued her career both in Italy and the United States, appearing in films such as El Cid (1962), The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1964), Marriage Italian Style (1964), Arabesque (1966), The Countess from Hong Kong (1967), The Man from La Mancha (1972), The Cassandra Crossing (1976), etc.

Sophia Loren and Carlo Ponti were first married on 17 September 1957, but Ponti being Catholic his divorce from his first wife was not recognized in Italy and the marriage was declared invalid. Ponti took French citizenship and after being legally divorced, he and Loren were remarried on 9 April 1966, and had two sons; Carlo (b. 1968) and Eduardo (b. 1973). The Italian former model and politician Alessandra Mussolini is her niece.

Other websites 

 
 
 Official website 
 All Movie Guide biography of Loren 
 

Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Campania
Actors from Rome
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
1934 births
Living people
Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress. She has won the Emmy, Golden Globe and Academy Awards. She is best known for her role in the television sitcom Mad About You.

Awards 
Hunt has been given many awards in her career. In 1998 she became one of only two actresses (the other is Helen Mirren) to win a Golden Globe Award, an Academy Award and an Emmy Award in the same year. She is the only actress to win four consecutive Emmys and to win four Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.

Academy Award
 1998 Best Actress in As Good as It Gets

Emmy Award
 1996 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You
 1997 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You
 1998 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You
 1999 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You

Golden Globe Award
 1994 Best Performance by an Actress in Mad About You
 1995 Best Performance by an Actress in Mad About You
 1997 Best Performance by an Actress in Mad About You
 1998 Best Performance by an Actress in As Good as It Gets

Screen Actors Guild Award
 1995 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in Mad About You
 1998 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in As Good as It Gets

Television series 
 Amy Prentiss (1974)
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1975)
 It Takes Two (1982)
 The Fitzpatricks
 My Life and Times (1991)
 Mad About You (1992)
 Empire Falls (2005)

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 

Actors from Culver City, California
Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1963 births
Living people
Jane Seymour OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on 15 February 1951) is an English actress. Her father was a Jew from England whose family was from Poland. Her mother was a Dutch Protestant. Seymour is known as the co-star of the James Bond movie Live and Let Die and star of the TV series and movie Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.

Famous movies
 Live and Let Die (1973)
 Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977)
 Battlestar Galactica (1978)
 Somewhere in Time (1980)
 The Scarlet Pimpernel (1982)
 Lassiter (1983)
 Head Office (1985)
 War and Remembrance (1988)
 Wedding Crashers (2005)

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 Official website
 Jane Seymour cast bio on The WB
 Jane Seymour: Actress, Artist, and Heart-Health Activist
 Official Somewhere In Time website
 Official fan website (FriendsOfJane.com)

1951 births
Living people
Actors from Middlesex
Actresses who played Bond girls
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Dennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954 in Houston, Texas) is an American actor.

Movies 
 Crazy Mama (1975)
 I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977)
 September 30, 1955 (1977)
 Are You in the House Alone?,  (1978)
 Our Winning Season (1978)
 The Seniors (1978)
 Breaking Away (1979)
 The Long Riders (1980)
 Gorp (1980)
 All Night Long (1981)
 Caveman (1981)
 The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (1981)
 Stripes (1981)
 Tough Enough (1983)
 Jaws 3-D (1983)
 The Right Stuff (1983)
 Dreamscape (1984)
 Enemy Mine (985)
 The Big Easy (1987)
 Innerspace (1987)
 Supsect (1987)
 D.O.A. (1988)
 Everybody's All-American (1988)
 Great Balls of Fire! (1989)
 Come See the Paradise (1990)
 Postcards from the Edge (1990)
 Wilder Napalm (1993)
 Undercover Blues (1993)
 Flesh and Bone (1993)
 A Century of Cinema (1994) (documentary)
 Wyatt Earp (1994)
 Something to Talk About (1995)
 Dragonheart (1996)
 Gang Related (1997)
 Switchback (1997)
 Savior (1998)
 The Parent Trap (1998)
 Playing by Heart (1998)
 Any Given Sunday (1999)
 Frequency (2000)
 Traffic (2000)
 Dinner With Friends (2000)
 The Rookie (2002)
 Far from Heaven (2002)
 Cold Creek Manor (2003)
 The Alamo (2004)
 The Day After Tomorrow (2004)
 In Good Company (2004)
 Flight of the Phoenix (2004)
 Yours, Mine and Ours (2005)
 American Dreamz (2006)
 Vantage Point (2007)
 Smart People (2007)
 The Horsemen (2007)
 Battle of Terra (2008) (voice)
 Shame on You (2008)
 Vantage Point (2008)
 The Express (2009)
 Pandorum (2009)
 G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009)
 Legion (2009)
 Horsemen (2009)
 Soul Surfer (2011)
 Footloose (2011)
 Beneath the Darkness (2011)
 The Words  (2012)
 Reagan (2021)

Other websites 

 
 D.Q. and the sharks Dennis Quaid's Band

1954 births
Living people
Actors from Houston, Texas
American movie actors
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) is a British organisation that gives awards at a special show every year, for movies, television, children's movies and television, and media.  The award for movies is called the British Academy Film Awards.

BAFTA was created in 1947 as The British Film Academy. In 1958, the Academy joined with The Guild of Television Producers and Directors and together they formed The Society of Film and Television.  This later became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.

BAFTA's main office is on Piccadilly in London, but it also has smaller offices in Northern England, Scotland, Wales, New York City and Los Angeles.

The Academy's awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was ordered by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955.

Other websites
 BAFTA official site
 BAFTA/LA Britannia Awards site 
 BAFTA Cymru site 
 BAFTA Scotland site 
 Museum of Broadcast Communications: BAFTA 
 IMDB: BAFTA 
 The most-honored films nominated for BAFTA Best Film
 Up to date news and reviews of BAFTA Films 

BAFTA Awards
An essay is a written text. It is usually about the personal point of view of the author who wrote it. The definition of an essay is vague.  Articles and short stories can be quite similar.  Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been called essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism and An Essay on Man). People that write essays are called essayists.

Most essays are short. This does not have to be the case. John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population are long essays.

Essays can have all sorts of purposes. For example, an essay can be very argumentative, it can talk about points for and against the essay question to give a balanced argument or opinion. Essay must be essential and give some new points about topics. Its must be useful to readers.

Types
argument led approach. An argumentative essay is a critical piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective view of a subject matter. It is narrowed down to a single topic. 
thesis led approach. A thesis statement based essay follows a thesis which supports a particular case.
cause and effect, 
problem and solution, 
comparison and contrast, 
description, 
classification, 
analysis, 
argument and evidence, 
procedural sequence, 
chronological ordering.

Argumentative Essay 
The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by coherence, logical arguments, evidential support, and a conclusion.   Some examples of argument essay topics are 'Is polygamy evil or not?', 'Are US elections always fair?'

Thesis Essay 
This is a genre of essay where a stance is presented in an essay using a thesis statement. A thesis statement is one or more sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question. The thesis statement serves as a guide for the readers throughout the whole entire essay.

References
Black Beauty is the name given to a children's book by Anna Sewell. 

A horse named Black Beauty is the main character in the book. In this book, the horse tells a story about his own life and experiences. 

The story begins with Black Beauty being a comfortable and free young horse living with his mother. When he is old enough, he is sold from farm to farm and is owned by different people. Through his adventures, Black Beauty meets many people, the kind and the cruel. He also makes new friends and experiences many difficulties. The book was published in 1877.

It was banned in South Africa during the Apartheid era because of the title, even though it was about a horse.

References

Other websites

Children's books
1877 books
Hayden Christensen (born April 19, 1981) is a Canadian actor. He was in Canadian television programs when he was young, then he went to act into American television in the late 1990s. He did minor acting roles before being praised for his role of Sam in Life as a House. He became very famous worldwide by playing the young adult Anakin Skywalker in the Star Wars movies.

Personal life
Christensen was born in Vancouver, British Columbia and raised in Thornhill, Ontario. In 2007, he began dating actress Rachel Bilson. They met while making Jumper. They became engaged on December 25, 2008. In mid-2010, the couple split up, but were dating again a few months later. 

Christensen performed a public service announcement for Do Something's Teens for Jeans Campaign in 2008. He was a model in Louis Vuitton's advertising. He is in RED’s new Lazarus Effect Campaign, which is to increase awareness for its efforts to fight AIDS in Africa.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 
 
 Hayden Christensen profile at NNDB.
 Hayden Christensen Interview, Hayden Christensen talks about his role as Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
 Hayden Christensen doing Gumball 2007

1981 births
Actors from Toronto
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Living people
Stand-up comedy is a style of comedy where the comedian speaks directly to the audience. A person who performs stand-up comedy is known as a stand-up comic, stand-up comedian, or simply stand-up. It is usually done by a single comedian, and with the help of a microphone. The comedian normally speaks quickly many funny stories and short jokes (called bits). This is called a monologue, routine or act. Some stand-up comedians use music or magic tricks in their acts. Stand-up comedy is usually done in comedy clubs, bars, colleges, and theaters. However, there is no restriction on where it can be done. Many smaller clubs, bars, and restaurants do "open microphone" events where amateur comedians can perform comedy before a live audience, offering a way for the performers to become better and possibly become professional comedians.

Related pages
 List of stand-up comedians
 Rakugo – Japanese verbal entertainment
 Manzai – style of stand-up comedy in Japan
 Open mike – live show where audience members may perform at the microphone

Comedy
Theatrical forms