cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was the fourth edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It was for young singers aged 8 to 15. The contest was broadcast live from Bucharest, Romania on 2 December 2006. It was the second time the contest had been held in a capital city. It was organised by the Romanian national broadcaster, Romanian Television (TVR), in co-operation with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). TVR won the rights to host the contest over AVRO of the Netherlands (who hosted the next contest). Croatia also showed an interest in hosting this contest.

Results

Score sheet

12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received:

 All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This is so no country gets nul points.

Commentators
  - Pavlo Shylko (DJ Pasha)
  - Fernando Argenta & Lucho
  - André Vermeulen (VRT), Maureen Louys (RTBF)
  - Olga Shelest
  - Adam Alsing (TV4)

Spokespersons 
 - Joana Galo Costa
 - George Ioannidies
 - Tess Gaerthe (Represented Netherlands in 2005)
 - Andrea Nastase
 - Assol
 - Lucia
 - Milica Stanišić
 - Jack Curtis
 - Dennis Dimoski
 - Amy Diamond
 - Alexandros Chountas
 - Liza Anton-Baychuk
 - Sander Cliquet
 - Lorena Jelusić
 - Roman Kerimov

References

Other websites
Official websites
Official Junior Eurovision Song Contest website
TVR website 

News sites
Junior Eurovision coverage by ESCKaz, in English and Russian
ESCToday.com news

2006 in music
Bucharest
21st century in Romania
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
2006 in Europe
Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest is a book by W. H. Hudson (William Henry Hudson). It was published in 1904. The story is about a jungle-dwelling girl, Rima, and Abel, the man who loves her. The story has been adapted to opera, a movie starring Audrey Hepburn, and comic books.

More reading
.

1904 works
Books with jungle settings
British novels
English-language novels
1900s books
Kidnapped is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. It tells the story of the 18th-century "Appin Murder" following the Jacobite Rising. Some of the characters in the book were based on real people. The book has been adapted to movies many times and to comic books.

Related pages
 Kidnapped (movie)

References

1886 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
English-language novels
A Child's Garden of Verses is a book of poems by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1885. The book's subject is childhood. Well-known poems include "My Shadow", "The Swing", and "The Land of Counterpane".

Other websites
 "A Child's Garden of Verses" at Bartleby.com

1885 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
19th-century British poems
The Master of Ballantrae: A Winter's Tale is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1889. It has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

References

1889 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
English-language novels
The Young Acrobat of the Great North American Circus is a boys' book by Horatio Alger, Jr. It was first published in parts (serialization) in the magazine Golden Argosy in 1887. It was published as a book in 1888 by Frank A. Munsey of New York. The setting of the book was suggested to the writer by his friend, circus showman P. T. Barnum.

Story 
Kit, a young teen boy, is an orphan. He is cheated of his inheritance by his guardian. His guardian sends him off to work with a brutal, stupid blacksmith. The boy runs away. He joins the circus. He is followed by the blacksmith. The boy stays away from him. He becomes a big star in the circus. Later, he is restored to his rightful place with the help of a man who was his father's friend.

References

1888 books
Books by Horatio Alger, Jr.
Books first published in serial form
Books with circus settings
American novels
English-language novels
Children's books
Nintendo Direct is an online presentation produced by Nintendo. It is used to give information about upcoming Nintendo content and products such as video games and consoles. It is hosted by different people depending on the country where it airs. In Japan, it was hosted by Nintendo president Satoru Iwata but ever since he died in July 2015, It has been hosted by Yoshiaki Koizumi. In North America, it is hosted by Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aime. In Europe, it is hosted by Nintendo of Europe president Satoru Shibata. It began in Japan on October 21, 2011. It started to air in other countries later on. There are five different types of Nintendo Direct presentations:

Nintendo Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about all different types of Nintendo products. They take place every two months.
Wii U Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about the Wii U.
Nintendo 3DS Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about the Nintendo 3DS.
Nintendo Direct Mini: A 5-10 minute presentation about all different types of Nintendo products.
Special Nintendo Direct editions: A 30-50 minute presentation about a specific Nintendo or third-party (not directly tied to Nintendo) franchise.

References

Nintendo
2011 establishments
2010s establishments in Japan
William Henry Hudson (4 August 1841 – 18 August 1922) was a writer, naturalist, and ornithologist. He wrote ''Green Mansions.

Related pages
List of biologists

Other websites
  (plain text and HTML)

1841 births
1922 deaths
British writers 
British naturalists
British ornithologists
Jack and Jill: A Village Story is a children's book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1880.

Story
Jack Minot and Janey Pecq are best friends who live next door to each other.  They are always seen together. Janey gets the nickname of Jill, to mimic the old Jack and Jill rhyme.  Seriously injured in a sledding accident, they recover from their physical injuries, while learning life lessons along with their many friends. They are helped along their journey to recovery by various activities created by their mothers.

References

Other websites
Original text at Project Gutenberg
Literature Network
Daily Lit

1880 books
Books by Louisa May Alcott
Children's books
American novels
Neil Simon (July 4, 1927 – August 26, 2018) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He wrote more than thirty plays and almost the same number of movie screenplays, most adapted from his plays. He has received more Oscar and Tony Award nominations than any other writer.

Simon was born on July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City to a Jewish family. He studied at New York University and at the University of Denver. Simon was married five times. The first four ended in divorce. He was married to Elaine Joyce from 1999 until his death in 2018. Simon had three children, including one adopted child. 

Simon died on August 26, 2018 of complications from pneumonia after being on life-support while hospitalized for renal failure in Manhattan, aged 91. He also had Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites

 
 
 video: "Neil Simon's Broadway", 6 minutes
 Neil Simon Theatre Festival
 PBS article, American Masters

1927 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
People with Alzheimer's disease
American playwrights
American television writers
Comedians from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
New York University alumni
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie producers from New York City
Pulitzer Prize winners
Screenwriters from New York City
Tony Award winners
Writers from the Bronx
Angus Stanley King, Jr. (born March 31, 1944) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from the state of Maine.  A political independent, he served as the 72nd Governor of Maine from 1995 to 2003.

King won Maine's United States Senate election in Maine, 2012 and took office on January 3, 2013. For committee assignment purposes, he caucuses with the Democratic Party.

King was born on March 31, 1944 in Alexandria, Virginia. He studied at Dartmouth College and at University of Virginia. King has been married to Mary Harman since 1984. They have five children. He now lives in Brunswick, Maine.

References

Other websites

U.S. Senate website
Angus King for U.S. Senate official campaign site
 June 2006 Speech by Angus King on the Maine laptop program 
 King family site documenting the motorhome trip. (retrieved September 13, 2006)

1944 births
Living people
Lawyers from Virginia
Governors of Maine
United States senators from Maine
Independent politicians in the United States
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from Virginia
Lawyers from Maine
People from Alexandria, Virginia
Archimedes' screw is a machine. It is a type of pump used for raising water up. It is a screw inside a fairly tight-fitting cylinder. With the bottom end in water, the screw lifts water up to the top, where it pours out of a spout. The screw can be turned by hand, or by a windmill, or by an engine. The screw is often used for filling irrigation ditches.

Archimedes wrote about it when he was in Alexandria, Egypt. It is not known for certain whether he did invent it, but it is always attributed to him. The Archimedes screw is still much in use all over the world.

There is also a kind of reverse Archimedes' screw. Water poured in on top turns the screw. The turning drives an electric generator, which makes electricity. It is good for rivers with modest water drops ('low heads'). The reverse screw has the same benefits as using the screw for pumping: it can handle very dirty water and widely varying rates of flow, with high efficiency.

References 
 P. J. Kantert: „Manual for Archimedean Screw Pump“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .
 P. J. Kantert: „Praxishandbuch Schneckenpumpe“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .

Machines
Mechanics
History of technology
Archimedes
Ezra (; , Ezra; fl. 480–440 BC), is a highly respected figure in Judaism.

Name
He is called Ezra the Scribe (, Ezra ha-Sofer) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra. In an early Greek translation of the bible, the Septuagint, the name is written as Esdras (), from which comes . His name may be an abbreviation of , "God-helps".

In Islam he is known as Uzair (). He was mentioned in the Qur'an.

Early bible history
The Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the history of Ezra,. Many of the other books they say are written by Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are written after that. Those books take the story from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Ezra was a member of the family of Seraiah the high priest. He lived in Babylon when in the seventh year (~ 457 BCE) of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, the king sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them.

Ezra led a large group of exiles back to Jerusalem. He discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women. He worked to stop this from happening again.

Some years later the king Artaxerxes sent a Jewish nobleman, Nehemiah, to Jerusalem. He had to rebuild the city walls. Once this was done, Nehemiah asked Ezra to read the Law of Moses (the Torah) to the people. The people and priests agreed to keep to this law and to separate themselves from all other peoples.

Later literature
The second book of Esdras was written a lot later, c. AD 100. In this book, Ezra talks with an angel or God three times and has four visions. At the end, he is taken up to heaven like Enoch and Elijah. Ezra is seen as a new Moses in this book.

Ezra in rabbinic literature

Judaism believes Ezra started the Great Assembly of scholars and prophets. Later, this would become the Sanhedrin, the authority when it comes to religious law.

It is said that Ezra was the writer of the Books of Chronicles.

Ezra's tomb
His tomb at Al-ʻUzair on the banks of the Tigris near Basra, Iraq, is a pilgrimage site for the local Marsh Arabs.

Related pages
Esdras -  about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah - the non-rabbinical tradition
1 Esdras and 2 Esdras - the Greek version of the texts

References

Other websites 

 Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Turkana boy, or Nariokotome boy, is the fossil KNM-WT 15000. It is a nearly complete skeleton of a hominid who died in the early Pleistocene 1.5 million years ago (mya), near present-day Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya. This specimen is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. It was first classified as Homo erectus; after much heated debate, it was re-classified as Homo ergaster.

His age at death has been estimated from 7 years six months to as old as 15 years. The most recent scientific review suggests 8 years of age. It was first thought that he would have grown to 1.85 m tall, but recently a height of 1.63 m was proposed. Research showed that his growth differed from that of modern humans: he would have had a shorter and smaller adolescent growth spurt.

The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya.

Adolescence and maturity 
The shape of the pelvis identifies that the specimen was a male. His estimated age at death depends upon whether the maturity stage of his teeth or skeletal is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or chimpanzees.

A key factor here is that while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early Homo. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.

Morphology
The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which might indicate more efficient running, whether to run down small game or to avoid predators. The Boy was relatively tall, which would have increased his surface area and helped him to lose heat.

Body hair may also have been thinner to hasten cooling. Body hair was lost in the shift towards savanna living. In equatorial Africa, modern humans evolved this trait an estimated one million years ago.

The skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in H. sapiens. The arms were slightly longer. Turkana Boy had a projecting nose rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.

References

Sources
 
  – Good popular level presentation
  – Technical papers
 

Hominins
Fossils
Archaeology
Kenya
Prehistoric Africa
The Heinkel He 114 is a Nazi German two-seated biplane seaplane. It is used by Luftwaffe, and Romanian, Spanish, and Swedish air forces for aerial reconnaissance. Maiden flight was in 1936 and it started on unit on 1939. It was built by Heinkel.

Military aircraft
World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft
The Technische Universität München (TUM; University of Technology, Munich; Technical University of Munich) is a research university with campuses in Munich, Garching and Freising-Weihenstephan. It was founded in 1868. The university alumni and professor list include 17 Nobel Prize winners. As of winter semester 2018 TUM has 41.375 students, 566 professors, and 10.501 staff members.

References

1868 establishments in Europe
Bavaria
Munich
Munich
1860s establishments in Germany
The Prelude Op. 28, No. 15, by Frédéric Chopin is known as the "Raindrop" prelude. It is one of the 24 Chopin preludes.  This is the longest of the preludes.  It lasts between five and seven minutes. The prelude is famous for its repeating A-flat. This note appears throughout the piece. It sounds like raindrops to many listeners. It is known for it's repetitive raindrop motif.

Composition
Some of the Preludes were written during Chopin and George Sand's stay at a monastery in Valldemossa, Majorca in 1838.  In her Histoire de ma vie, Sand told how one evening she and her son Maurice, returning from Palma, Majorca, in a terrible rainstorm, found a frantic Chopin who cried, "Ah! I knew well that you were dead." While playing his piano he had a dream:
"He saw himself  drowned in a lake. Heavy drops of icy water fell in a regular rhythm on his breast, and when I made him listen to the sound of the drops of water indeed falling in rhythm on the roof, he denied having heard it. He was even angry that I should interpret this in terms of imitative sounds. He protested with all his might – and he was right to – against the childishness of such aural imitations. His genius was filled with the mysterious sounds of nature, but transformed into sublime equivalents in musical thought, and not through slavish imitation of the actual external sounds."

Sand did not say which prelude Chopin played for her at that time. Most music critics think it was no. 15, because of the repeating A flat, with its suggestion of the "gentle patter" of rain. Peter Dayan points out that Sand accepted Chopin's protests that the prelude was not an imitation of the sound of raindrops, but a translation of nature's harmonies within Chopin's "génie". Frederick Niecks says that the prelude "rises before one's mind the cloistered court of the monastery of Valdemosa, and a procession of monks chanting lugubrious prayers, and carrying in the dark hours of night their departed brother to his last resting-place.

Description

The prelude opens with a "serene" theme in D flat. It then changes to a "lugubrious interlude" in C sharp minor, "with the dominant pedal never ceasing, a basso ostinato". The repeating A flat, which has been heard throughout the first section, here becomes more insistent. Following this, the prelude ends with a repetition of the original theme. Niecks says, "This C sharp minor portion...affects one like an oppressive dream; the re-entrance of the opening D flat major, which dispels the dreadful nightmare, comes upon one with the smiling freshness of dear, familiar nature – only after these horrors of the imagination can its serene beauty be fully appreciated.

Related pages
Preludes (Chopin)

References

Other websites
, performed by Martha Argerich
, performed by Valentina Igoshina

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
‪Solo piano pieces‬
A GSSP, more fully a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point,  is an internationally agreed point which defines the start of a stage on the geologic time scale.

The work is done by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, a part of the International Union of Geological Sciences. As of 2012, 64 of the 101 stages that need a GSSP have been decided.

Rules for GSSP 
A geologic section has to follow the rules to be adapted as a GSSP by the ICS. The list below are the rules:

 A GSSP has to decide the lower boundary (start of a geological period) of a geologic stage.
 The lower boundary (start of a geological period) has to be decided using a primary (main) marker (usually first appearance datum of a fossil specie).
 There should also be secondary markers (other fossils, chemical, geomagnetic reversal).
 The horizon in which the marker appears should have minerals that can be radiometrically dated.
 The marker has to have regional and global correlation in outcrops of the same age
 The marker should be independent of facies.
 The outcrop has to have an acceptable thickness
 Sedimentation has to be constant without any changes in facies
 The outcrop should not be affected by tectonic and sedimentary movements, and metamorphism
 The outcrop has to be accessible to research and free to access.
 This includes that the outcrop has to be located where it can be visited quickly (International airport and good roads), has to be kept in good condition (Ideally a national reserve), in accessible terrain, extensive enough to allow repeated sampling and open to researchers of all nationalities.

List 

This list shows some of the GSSPs.

Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSAs)

Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more harder as one goes farther back in time.  Before 640 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as "Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages". The oldest GSSP is the one that marks the start of the Ediacaran at 635 million years ago.

References

Earth sciences
Geological periods
Neurodiversity is a word for differences in people's brains. It is a type of biodiversity (diversity in living creatures).

Examples of neurodiverse conditions include autism, Tourette syndrome, ADHD, and dyslexia.

Movement 
The neurodiversity movement is an approach to mental disability in which some neurological conditions are variations of the human genome. The term was first used in the late 1990s as a challenge to the idea that neurological differences are disorders instead of features. The movement believes that these variations should be recognised as a social category along with gender, human race and sexual orientation.

Some people claim that neurodiversity would not be good for individuals with severe disabilities, such as low-functioning autism.  They state that the difficulties are far greater than any potential strengths.

Related pages 
Autism rights movement
Biodiversity

References 

Controversies
Neurology
Luo Meizhen (July 9, 1885 – June 11, 2013) was a Chinese woman who claimed to be the world's oldest person. It is unknown if Meizhen was the world's oldest person since there China did not keep birth certificates when she was born. She was allegedly the world's oldest woman. 

Meizhen died of natural causes at the claimed age of 127 on June 11, 2013 in Guangxi.

References

1885 births
2013 deaths
Chinese people
Longevity claims
Supercentenarians
Milton Conrad Schmidt (March 5, 1918 – January 4, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre, coach and general manager, mostly for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. He was an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. From 2014 until his death in 2017, Schmidt was the oldest living former NHL player.

Schmidt was born on March 5, 1918 in Kitchener, Ontario. He was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Schmidt died on January 4, 2017 from a stroke in Needham, Massachusetts, aged 98.

References

1918 births
2017 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Deaths from stroke
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Toronto
Evelyn Kozak (née Jacobson) (August 14, 1899 – June 11, 2013) was an American supercentenarian who was the world's oldest living Jewish person, until her death at the age of 113 years, 301 days. She was also the oldest verified Jewish person in history after surpassing fellow American Adelheid Kirschbaum's age of 113 years and 83 days on November 6, 2012.

Kozak was born on August 14, 1899 in Manhattan, New York City. She died from a heart attack on June 11, 2013 in New York City, aged 113.

References

1899 births
2013 deaths
American Jews
American supercentenarians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Jewish supercentenarians
People from New York City
Gordon Bitner Hinckley (June 23, 1910 – January 27, 2008) was an American religious leader and author. He was the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from March 12, 1995 until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members. Hinckley was the oldest person to preside over the church in its history.

Hinckley was born on June 23, 1910 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at the University of Utah. Hinckley was married to Marjorie Pay in 1937. She died in 2004. They had five children. Hinckley died on January 27, 2008 in Salt Lake City, Utah from cancer, aged 97.

References

Other websites

Obituary in The Times, January 29, 2008
 Official Church History - Basic Facts about Gordon B. Hinckley
 A biography of three recent Church Presidents: Ezra Taft Benson, Howard W. Hunter and Gordon B. Hinckley
 Larry King Live - Gordon Hinckley: Distinguished Religious Leader of the Mormons (Aired December 26, 2004)
 Transcript: National Press Club Q&A with President Gordon B. Hinckley  (Questions from Jack Cushman, The New York Times)
 Feature story — President Gordon B. Hinckley on lds.org
 Official Church tribute to Gordon B. Hinckley
 Quotes, teachings, stories, and videos of President Hinckley
 Grandpa Bill's G.A. Pages: Gordon B. Hinckley
 

1910 births
2008 deaths
American activists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Writers from Salt Lake City, Utah
was a Japanese supercentenarian who was the world's oldest living person since the death of 116-year-old Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura on 12 June 2013 until her own death on 1 April 2015. She was the world's oldest living woman since the death of 115-year-old Japanese woman Koto Okubo on 12 January 2013 until 1 April 2015. She was the oldest verified Japanese and Asian person ever, until being exceed the record by Nabi Tajima in 2017.

Biography
Okawa was born on 5 March 1898, in the Tenma district (present-day Kita-ku) of Osaka, and in her latter years lived at a nursing home in Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka. She married Yukio in 1919, and had three children, two of whom were still alive at the time of her death. She also had four grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.

Longevity
On 27 February 2013, a few days before her 115th birthday, Misao Okawa was officially recognized by Guinness World Records as the oldest living woman in the world, and was presented with a certificate at her nursing home in Osaka.

References

1898 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Japanese supercentenarians
People from Osaka
World record holders
Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family musical movie directed by George Miller. It is a sequel to Miller's 2006 movie Happy Feet. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski, and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first movie. Brad Pitt also stars in the movie.

References

2011 animated movies
2010s musical movies
2010s computer-animated movies
American animated movies
American musical movies
Movies about animals
Movies set in Antarctica
Australian movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by George Miller
Mario Kart 8 (stylized as MARIOKART8) is a racing video game released on May 30, 2014 for the Wii U game console. It is part of the Mario Kart series.

The game is like the other Mario Kart games, where characters from the Mario series race each other in go-karts. Players are able to use items from item boxes to keep their opponents from winning. Along with go-karts, the game also has motorcycles. There are 12 players in a race. Like in Mario Kart 7, karts have hang-gliding attachments, and players are able to drive underwater. For the first time in the series, players are able to drive on walls and ceilings. There is one new types of vehicles: and four-wheel buggies. There is local and online multiplayer for up to 12 players. Players include Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, etc. The first DLC track pack was revealed in October 2014.

A port remake titled Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was released on the Nintendo Switch in 2017, having pre-installed and changed some in-game mechanics such as the battle mode.

Mario Kart 8 sold 8.45 million copies and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe sold 33.41 million copies.

References

2014 video games
2017 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Mario Kart games
Super Mario 3D World is a 2013 platform video game released for Wii U. It is part of the Mario series. It is the sequel to the 2011 Nintendo 3DS game Super Mario 3D Land. It was released in Japan on November 21, 2013, in North America on November 22, 2013, in Europe on November 29, 2013, and in Australia on November 30, 2013. A Nintendo Switch remaster, Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury was announced during a Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary themed Nintendo Direct and was released worldwide on February 12, 2021.

Gameplay
Players control Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad. Like in Super Mario Bros. 2, each character has their own unique abilities. Luigi can jump higher than other characters, Princess Peach can float in mid-air for a short time, and Toad can run fast. Rosalina also appears as a fifth playable character who needs to be unlocked in order to play as her. She can use the spin attack move that is seen in Super Mario Galaxy and Super Mario Galaxy 2, but is the slowest character. There is a new item called the Super Bell, that turns the player into their cat form, which allows players to climb up walls, run faster, perform unique attacks, and run up to the top of the goal pole at the end of each level. The game features multiplayer mode.

References

2013 video games
2021 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Mario platform games
Ann Turner Cook (born November 20, 1926) is an American mystery novelist, who was the model for the familiar Gerber Baby artwork seen on baby-food packages of the Gerber Products Company.

Cook was born on November 20, 1926. She studied at the University of Southern Florida. 

After retiring from teaching, Cook became a novelist. A member of the Mystery Writers of America, she is the author of the Brandy O'Bannon series of mystery novels set on Florida's Gulf Coast. The adventures of Florida reporter and amateur sleuth O'Bannon are detailed in Trace Their Shadows (2001) and Shadow over Cedar Key (2003).

Other websites
Ann Turner Cook's website
USF 50th Anniversary—College of Education Philanthropic Activities (with photo of Ann Turner Cook)

1926 births
Living people
American novelists
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Shane is a male first name, or a surname. It is a form of the Irish name Sean, or Shawn, which means John.

People
Paul Shane, English actor
Shane Warne, Australian cricketer
Shane MacDougall, Canadian comedian
Shane MacGowen, lead singer of The Pogues.
Shane McMahon, wrestler
Shane Mosley, boxer
Shane Johnson, ice hockey player
Shane Lechler, football player
Shane O'Connor, rugby player

Fiction
Shane (1953 movie), a Western starring Alan Ladd.

Given names
Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze is a platform video game for the Wii U game console. It was developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo. It is the seventh game in the Donkey Kong Country series. It is the sequel to the 2010 Wii game Donkey Kong Country Returns. It was released on February 21, 2014.

The story is about a group of Viking animals that invade Donkey Kong Island. Players are able to play as Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, and Cranky Kong. This game is the first game to have Dixie Kong as a playable character since Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! It has two-player multiplayer.

The music for this game was composed by David Wise. David Wise wrote the music for the original Super Nintendo Donkey Kong Country games a very long time ago. He was not involved in Donkey Kong Country Returns, which was released in 2010. A port was released for the Nintendo Switch on May 4, 2018.

References

2014 video games
2018 video games
Donkey Kong
Platform games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body has. The influence extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena (effects). It is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg). 

In the original Newtonian concept, gravity was a force between point masses. Following Newton, Laplace attempted to model gravity as some kind of radiation field or fluid. Since the 19th century explanations for gravity have in terms of a field model, rather than a point attraction. This revolution was brought about by Einstein's general theory of relativity. Most scientists believe that the gravitational field and its gravitational waves are the physical interpretations of Einstein's equations of general relativity.

In a field model, rather than two particles attracting each other, the mass of objects distort spacetime. This distortion is what is perceived and measured as a "force". In such a model matter moves in certain ways in response to the curvature of spacetime. One can say either there is no gravitational force, or that gravity is a fictitious force.

References 

Relativity
One Ok Rock (written as ONE OK ROCK) is a Japanese rock band formed in 2005. The band is composed of Taka, Toru, Ryota, and Tomoya. Originally there were five members in the band, but a guitarist Alex left the group in 2009, and it is a four-piece band now.

The band had various singles that entered the Oricon charts and their songs are getting more and more popular.

Members
 Taka – vocalist
 Toru – guitarist
 Ryota – bass guitarist
 Tomoya – drummer

History
2005
In April, Toru, Ryota, Alex, and Tomo started activities of One Ok Rock. In May, Toru invited Taka, and he started singing in the band.

2006
Tomo gave up his membership in One Ok Rock. On July 26th, they released the first album "ONE OK ROCK" and it became an indie rock band.

2007
In March, for the substitution of Tomo, Tomoya became a new member. In March 25th, they released the 1st single "naihishinsho", and that allowed this band to made a major debut.

2009
In April, Alex was accused of sexual assault(groping) on a train. Because of that, One Ok Rock made a statement that it would stop its activity for a while. In the next month, Alex dropped out of the band. However, the rest of the members decided not to quit working and they restarted the activity of One Ok Rock.

2010
In February, One Ok Rock released the fourth single "完全感覚Dreamer". On November twenty eighth, they did a live in Budoukan for the first time of their career.

Discography
Albums

2007.11.21 release
1st album "ゼイタクビョウ"

2008.5.28 release
2nd album "BEAM OF LIGHT"

2008.11.12 release
3rd album "感情エフェクト"

2010.6.9 release
4th album "Nicheシンドローム"

2011.10.5 release
5th album "残響リファレンス"

2013.3.6 release
6th album "人生×僕="

Singles

2007.4.25 release
1st single 内秘心書

2007.7.25 release
2nd single 努努-ゆめゆめ-

2007.10.24 release
3rd single エトセトラ

2010.2.3 release
4th single 完全感覚Dreamer

2011.2.16 release
5th single アンサイズニア

2011.7.20 release
6th single Re:make / NO SCARED

2012.8.22 release
7th single The Beginning

2013.1.9 release
8th single Deeper Deeper / Nothing Helps

Other websites 
 One Ok Rock's official website (Japanese) 
 One Ok Rock's official website(English)

References 

Japanese rock bands
Punk bands
2000s music groups
The Bouquinistes of Paris are small bookstores on each side of the River Seine. They are green boxes made of wood. They were classified as a World Heritage Site in 1991. 

The word bouquinistes is used only in Paris. The word comes from bouquin, book in French slang.

Paris
Books
Shops
World Heritage Sites in France
is a Japanese artist. He designs characters and costumes. His works are delicate and mysterious. His works are exhibited in many places in the world.

Other websites 

Yoshitaka Amano's Official Blog (Japanese)
Yoshitaka Amano Museum  (Japanese)
Deva Zan Official website 

1952 births
Living people
Japanese artists
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
Environmental economics is a domain of economics that looks at problems of the environment from an economical perspective.  Natural resources, such as clean water are  limited, because of pollution. They are also seen as free public goods. This means that if there are no rules on how to use these goods, they will be used too much. There are externalities for using these goods, and there is the problem of free riders. In this perspective, the solution is to convert these resources into economic goods, which are integrated in the market. This will lessen the problem of free-riding, and give incentives to use these goods sparingly. An example for this is a  tax which is tied to pollution. Proper legislation and observation of property right  on how to regulate the use of these public goods is also another important factor in ensuring that market inefficiencies don't result.

Related pages
Ecology
Green economy

References

Economic theories
Environment
Katherine Patricia "Kate" Flannery (born June 10, 1964) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Meredith Palmer in the NBC sitcom The Office. Flannery was born in Philadelphia.

Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American television actors
1964 births
Living people
The Gauss-Bonnet theorem is a theorem that connects the geometry of a shape with its topology. It is named after the two mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777-1855) and Pierre Ossian Bonnet (1812-1872) who both found it, independently of one another. The Curvature of the shape is used, as well as its Euler characteristic.

Mathematical theorems
Relations between Bangladesh and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Dhaka and Bangladesh has an embassy in Moscow. Diplomatic relations were established on 25 January 1972, when Russia was the Soviet Union.

Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has visited Russia twice to meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin. The first time was in 2009 and then in 2013.

Soviet-era relations 
Relations between the Soviet Union and Bangladesh were good in the years immediately after Bangladesh's independence in 1971. The Soviet Union supported Indian actions in aiding the war of liberation, and after the war the Soviet Navy sent a floating workshop to Bangladesh for clearing Pakistani mines from the Chittagong and Chalna harbors. Mujib visited Moscow in 1972, and high-level officials from both countries made numerous reciprocal visits until 1975. The Soviets supported the socialist programs of the Mujib government and its very exceptionally close ties with India. Early Soviet aid was limited, however. During the first four months of its existence, Bangladesh received economic aid worth US$142 million from India, but only US$6 million from the Soviet Union.

It also believed that the Communist Party of Bangladesh was funded and supported in the erstwhile volatile region of the former East Pakistan since then it was part of a United Pakistan itself allied with the United States and the China which were hostile towards rival Soviet Union, the party itself was based on the idealogical principals of Marxism.

Bangladeshi-Soviet relations rapidly improved in 1984 and regained a level of cordiality in the mid- and late 1980s. In 1985 the Soviet Cultural Centre reopened in Dhaka. In 1986 a Soviet special envoy visited Dhaka, and later the Bangladeshi foreign minister visited Moscow. Although Soviet aid to Bangladesh was still small compared with assistance from Japan, the United States, or even China, by 1987 Bangladesh had entered into sixteen different economic accords with the Soviet Union. Soviet assistance has concentrated on the energy sector, especially several power plants at Ghorasal, near Dhaka.

References

Russia
Politics of Russia
Abu Hurairah (603 – 681), also known as Horayra, was a companion of Muhammad. He narrated the most hadiths in the Kutub al-Sittah.

Related pages
Islam

References

603 births
681 deaths
Muslims
Religious leaders
History of Islam
The White Guard () is a novel by 20th century Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov, whose later work The Master and Margarita brought him posthumous fame.

History 
The White Guard first appeared in serial form in the Soviet-era literary journal Rossiya in 1925, but the magazine was closed down before the serial was completed. It was not reprinted in Russia until 1966.

The Day of the Turbins 
After the first two parts of The White Guard were published in Rossiya, Bulgakov was invited to write a version for the stage. He called the play The Days of the Turbins.  This was produced at the Moscow Art Theatre, to great acclaim:

"The Day of the Turbins... became a theater legend... The production ran from 1926 to 1941, it had 987 performances... Stalin... saw it no fewer than 20 times".
In fact, the play completely overshadowed the book, which was in any event virtually unobtainable in any form.

Since Bulgakov was refused permission to publish his most important works, he pleaded with Stalin to be allowed to leave the country. Stalin personally arranged for a job for him at the Moscow Arts Theatre.  Bulgakov was still writing and re-writing his uncompleted novel, The Master And Margarita, when he died in 1940.

His widow had The White Guard published in large part in the literary journal Moskva in 1966, at the end of the Krushchev era. This was the basis for the English translation by Michael Glenny  published in 1971 (New York: McGraw-Hill; London: Collins; reissued 2005 by Academy Chicago Publishers. This lacks the dream flashback sections. In 2008 Yale University Press published a translation by Marian Schwartz of the complete novel, an edition which won an award.

The novel 
Set in the Ukraine, beginning in late 1918, the novel concerns the fate of the Turbin family as the various armies of the Russian Civil War  the Whites, the Reds, the Imperial German Army, and Ukrainian nationalists – fight over the city of Kiev. Historical figures such as Petlyura and Pavlo Skoropadsky appear as the Turbin family is caught up in the effects of the October Revolution.

English translations 
 translated by Michael Glenny, London, HarperCollins/Havill, 1971; New York: McGraw-Hill 1971; London, Fontana 1973;
 translated by Marian Schwartz, Introduction  by Dobrenko, Evgeny: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-15145-9

Autobiographical elements 
The novel contains many autobiographical elements. Bulgakov gave the younger Turbin brother some of the characteristics of his own younger brother.  The description of the house of the Turbins is that of the house of the Bulgakov family in Kiev. (Today it is preserved and operated as the Mikhail Bulgakov Museum).

References 

1966 books
Russian novels
Plays
Books by Mikhail Bulgakov
Novels
1929 books
Edward Joseph Snowden (born 21 June 1983) is an American former contractor who worked for the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States. He released top secret NSA documents proving the United States Government was monitoring phone calls, emails, webcams of its own citizens. His job at the NSA allowed him access to them. He has said, "I do not want to live in a world where anything I do or say is recorded."

Snowden traveled to Moscow after giving the documents to American journalists in Hong Kong. He had asylum in Russia for one year. Then he was granted permission to stay in the country for three more years. This has increased tensions between Russia and the United States. In October 2020 he was granted permanent residency in Russia.

In 2013 Snowden was voted Person of the Year by The Guardian.

After Snowden published information that pointed to mass surveillance by the US government, NPR reported sales of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell had gone up.

References

Other websites 

1983 births
Living people
American activists
Civil servants
People from North Carolina
National security
This page describes the qualifying procedure for the UEFA Euro 2008.

Seedings 

1 as 

2 as 

3 as 

 (1.980) is already assured of places at Euro 2008 as European champions.

 (1.850) and  (1.830) are already assured of places at Euro 2008 as host nations.

Summary 
Below is a table containing all seven qualifying groups. Teams that have secured a place in the final tournament are highlighted in green. The order of teams is by final group position.

1 as 

2 as 

3 as

Groups 
Key:
Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Worst Runner-up 
The Worst Runner-up will not make the qualify to automatically for the final tournament.

Qualified nations

Tournament 

UEFA
2008 in association football
2008 in Europe
The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds is a  action-adventure video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It is part of The Legend of Zelda series. It is the second The Legend of Zelda game released on the Nintendo 3DS, after The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D. It takes place in the same world as The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past.

The game features the top-down two-dimensional gameplay seen in the past Zelda games. Dungeons feature 3D effects. Link is able to move between levels to solve puzzles and get through the dungeons. New to the series is the ability for Link to enter walls and become a painting. Link is able to move along walls to reach new areas, using Ravios bracelet. Link needs to purchase items from Ravio to traverse Hyrule. Link can travel to Hyrule's dark counterpart, Lorule. Link's main quest is to defeat Yuga, Lorules's evil counterpart to Ganondorf, and restore the triforce to Lorule. In Lorule, counterparts to Zelda, Link, and Ganondorf can be found. You will find Ravio, the cowardly hero, Yuga, the insane sorcerer, and Hilda, the rash princess.

References

2013 video games
Link Between Worlds
Nintendo 3DS games
Anne McCaffrey (1 April 1926 – 21 November 2011) was an American writer of fantasy fiction. She is best known for her books about dragons, the Dragonriders of Pern. She was the first woman to win a Hugo and Nebula Award.

References

Other websites 

McCaffrey Triad

Books

Other 
  – official website, Anne McCaffrey 
 Pern Home – official website, Pern and The Dragonriders of Pern™ 
 
 Anne McCaffrey Guest of Honour at Eurocon 2007
 Remembrances by Peter Morwood

1926 births
2011 deaths
American novelists
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Robert "Bob" Menendez (born January 1, 1954), or Bobby Menendez is the senior United States Senator from New Jersey. He was first appointed to the Senate in January 2006. He was elected Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in January 2013. 

On April 1, 2015, Senator Menendez attracted national media attention when he was indicted on federal corruption charges in the United States District Court. He pleaded not guilty.

Menendez was born on January 1, 1954 in New York City, New York. He is of Cuban descent. Menendez was raised in Union City, New Jersey. He studied at St. Peter's College and at Rutgers School of Law in Newark. Menendez was married to Jane Jacobson from 1976 until they divorced in 2005. They had two children.

References

Other websites

 United States Senator Robert Menendez official U.S. Senate site
 New Jersey's New Senator, editorial, New York Times, December 9, 2005
 Menendez on the Move , Al Sullivan, Union City Reporter, December 11, 2005

1954 births
Living people
Lawyers from New Jersey
People from Union City, New Jersey
Politicians from New York City
United States representatives from New Jersey
United States senators from New Jersey
US Democratic Party politicians
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Little Men, or Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1871. The story is about Jo Bhaer and the children at her Plumfield Estate School. It has been adapted for movies and television.

References

1871 books
Books by Louisa May Alcott
Children's books
Jo's Boys, and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men" is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1886. It tells of what happened to the children at Plumfield as they grew to adulthood.

Other websites
Jo's Boys on Project Gutenberg

1886 books
Books by Louisa May Alcott
Children's books