Events

Up to 1900 
 622 – The Prophet Muhammad completes his Hijra (pilgrimage) from Mecca to Medina.
 1180 - Manuel I Komnenos, the last Emperor of the Komnenian restoration, dies. This leads to an irreversible decline of the Byzantine Empire.
 1645 - English Civil War: Battle of Rowton Heath - Parliamentarian victory over a Royalist army commanded in person by King Charles I of England.
 1664 – The Dutch Republic surrenders New Amsterdam (New York) to England.
 1780 - Benedict Arnold flees to British Army lines when the arrest of British major John Andre exposes Arnold's plan to surrender West Point.
 1789 - United States Congress passes the Judiciary Act which creates the office of United States Attorney General and the Federal Judiciary System, also ordering the composition of the United States Supreme Court.
 1830 - Belgian Revolution: A revolutionary committee of notables from the Provisional Government of Belgium.
 1841 - The Sultan of Brunei cedes Sarawak to the United Kingdom.
 1846 - Mexican-American War: General Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey, Mexico.
 1852 - The first airship powered by a steam engine, created by Henri Giffard, travels 17 miles (27 kilometres) from Paris to Trappes.
 1853 - France takes control of New Caledonia.
 1856 - The paddle steamer Niagara sinks on Lake Michigan, near Port Washington, Wisconsin, killing over 60 people.
 1869 – The Black Friday crisis occurs in the United States, in relation to gold prices.
 1877 - Battle of Shiroyama: Decisive victory of the Imperial Japanese over the Satsuma Rebellion.

1901  2000 
 1906 – Devils Tower in Wyoming becomes the first National Monument in the United States.
 1932 - Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar agree to the Poona Pact, which reserved seats in the Indian provincial legislatures for the "Depressed Classes" (Untouchables).
 1946 - Cathay Pacific Airways is founded in Hong Kong.
 1948 – The Honda Motor Company is founded.
 1950 - Forest fires black out the Sun over parts of Canada and New England.
 1957 – The Camp Nou football (soccer) stadium opens in Barcelona, Spain.
 1957 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends the 101st Airborne Division  troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce desegregation.
 1962 - The United States Court of Appeals orders the University of Mississippi to admit James Meredith.
 1968 – Swaziland joins the UN.
 1968 - The TV program 60 Minutes is first broadcast on CBS.
 1973 – Guinea-Bissau declares independence from Portugal.
 1979 - Compu-Serve launches the first consumer internet service, which features the first electronic mail service.
 1988 – The National League for Democracy is founded by Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma.
 1988 - 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul: Canada's Ben Johnson wins the Men's 100 metres race over Carl Lewis, smashing the world record. However, Johnson fails a drug test shortly after, leading to a major scandal.
 1990 - The Periodic Great White Spot is observed on Saturn.
 1991 - Nirvana's Nevermind album is released in the US.
 1993 – The Cambodian monarchy is restored, with Norodom Sihanouk as King.
 1996 – Bill Clinton signs the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty at the UN.

From 2001 
 2005 – Hurricane Rita strikes land near the Texas–Louisiana border.
 2007 - 30,000 to 100,000 people protest in Rangoon against Burma's ruling military junta.
 2007 - The sitcom The Big Bang Theory is first broadcast.
 2009 - The G20 summit begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US, with over 30 global leaders attending.
 2013 - A magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes southern Pakistan, killing over 300 people. It also creates a small island off the south coast.
 2014 - The Mars Orbiter Mission, a Mars orbiter launched into Earth orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation, successfully enters into orbit around the planet Mars.
 2015 - At least 717 people are crushed to death and 863 wounded in a stampede at the Hajj pilgrimage near Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
 2015 - Pope Francis becomes the first Pope to speak in front of the United States Congress.
 2016 - Jeremy Corbyn defeats a challenge from Owen Smith to his leadership of the British Labour Party.
 2016 - The National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC is officially opened by Barack Obama.
 2017 - German federal election, 2017: Angela Merkel's alliance of the CDU and CSU remains the strongest faction in the Bundestag but with a much-reduced vote share at 33%. The Social Democrats return their worst result ever at 21%; the Free Democrats return to the Bundestag, while the far-right Alternative for Germany party, at 13%, is represented there for the first time.
 2019 - The United Kingdom's supreme court rules that Prime Minister Boris Johnson's suspension of parliament was unlawful, thereby declaring the suspension to be null and void.
 2019 - Spain's supreme court rules that the remains of General Francisco Franco should be removed from the Valley of the Fallen in the central area of the country.
 2019 - An impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump is launched by the US Democrats over a phone call in which he is said to have pressured Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to launch an investigation on Presidential candidate Joe Biden's son.

Births

Up to 1800 
 15 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor (died 69)
 1301 – Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (died 1372)
 1473 - Georg von Frundsberg, German soldier (died 1528)
 1501 – Gerolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician (died 1576)
 1534 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (died 1581)
 1564 – William Adams, English navigator and samurai (died 1620)
 1583 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general (died 1634)
 1599 - Adam Olearius, German writer and diplomat (died 1671)
 1625 – Johan de Witt, Dutch politician (died 1672)
 1667 - Jean-Louis Lully, French musician and composer (died 1688)
 1705 – Count Leopold Josef von Daun, Austrian field marshal (died 1766)
 1714 - Alaungpaya, King of Burma (died 1760)
 1717 – Horace Walpole, British novelist and politician (died 1797)
 1724 – Sir Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (died 1803)
 1739 – Grigory Potyomkin, Russian field marshal (died 1791)
 1755 – John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States (died 1835)
 1763 - Ezra Butler, 11th Governor of Vermont (died 1838)
 1796 - Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (died 1875)

1801  1900 
 1801 – Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky, Ukrainian scientist (died 1862)
 1802 – Adolphe d'Archiac, French paleontologist and geologist (died 1868)
 1817 – Ramon de Campoamor y Campoosorio, Spanish poet and philosopher (died 1901)
 1836 - Pablo Arosemena Alba, 5th President of Panama (died 1920)
 1851 - Federico Boyd, 4th President of Panama (died 1924)
 1852 - Elizabeth Maria Molteno, South African women's rights activist (died 1927)
 1857 – Richard Mansfield, German-born actor (died 1907)
 1858 - Eugene Foss, 45th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1939)
 1859 - S. R. Crockett, Scottish novelist (died 1914)
 1861 - Walter Simons, German politician and jurist (died 1937)
 1870 - Georges Claude, French chemist and engineer (died 1960)
 1871 – Lottie Dod, English tennis player (died 1960)
 1872 - Jaan Teemant, Estonian lawyer and politician (died 1941)
 1878 – C. F. Ramuz, Swiss writer (died 1947)
 1880 – Sarah Knauss, American supercentenarian (died 1999)
 1882 - Max Decugis, French tennis player (died 1978)
 1883 - Franklin Clarence Mars, American businessman (died 1934)
 1883 - Lawson Robertson, Scottish-American high jumper (died 1951)
 1884 – Ismet Inönü, second President of Turkey (died 1973)
 1884 – Hugo Schmeisser, German weapons designer (died 1953)
 1885 - Artur Lemba, Estonian pianist, composer and educator (died 1963)
 1886 - Roberto Maria Ortiz, President of Argentine (died 1942)
 1887 - Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, Scottish politician and colonial administrator (died 1952)
 1890 – A. P. Herbert, British humorist, barrister, novelist (died 1971)
 1890 - Mike Gonzalez, Cuban baseball player, coach and manager (died 1977)
 1892 - Adélard Godbout, 15th Premier of Quebec (died 1956)
 1894 – Tommy Armour, Scottish-American golfer (died 1968)
 1894 - Billy Bletcher, American actor, singer and screenwriter (died 1979)
 1895 – André Frédéric Cournand, French born physician, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1988)
 1896 – F. Scott Fitzgerald, American novelist (d. 1940)
 1898 – Howard Walter Florey, Australian-born pharmacologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945 (died 1968)
 1898 - Charlotte Moore Sitterly, American astronomer (died 1990)
 1899 – Sir William Dobell, Australian portrait artist (died 1970)

1901  1950 
 1902 - Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (died 1989)
 1905 – Severo Ochoa, Spanish–born biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1993)
 1908 - Saizo Saito, Japanese footballer (died 2004)
 1909 – Gerard Ciołek, Polish architect and historian of gardens (died 1966)
 1910 - Jean Servais, Belgian actor (died 1976)
 1911 – Konstantin Chernenko, Soviet premier (died 1985)
 1911 - Jimmy Smith, Scottish footballer (died 2005)
 1912 – Don Porter, American actor (died 1997)
 1913 - Herb Jeffries, American singer and actor (died 2014)
 1914 – John Kerr, Governor-General of Australia (died 1991)
 1914 - Andrzej Panufnik, Polish composer, pianist and conductor (died 1991)
 1917 - Otto Günsche, German SS officer (died 2003)
 1918 – Audra Lindley, American actress (died 1997)
 1919 – Dayton Allen, American actor and comedian (died 2004)
 1921 - Sheila MacRae, English-American actress, singer and dancer (died 2004)
 1922 - Bert I. Gordon, American director, producer and screenwriter
 1923 – Louis Edmonds, American actor (died 2001)
 1924 - Hidemaro Watanabe, Japanese footballer (died 2011)
 1924 - Nina Bocharova, Ukrainian gymnast
 1924 – Theresa Merritt, American actress (died 1998)
 1925 - Geoffrey Burbidge, English astronomer (died 2010)
 1925 – Autar Singh Paintal, Indian medical scientist (died 2004)
 1928 - René Lavand, Argentine illusionist (died 2015)
 1930 – John Young, American astronaut (died 2018)
 1931 - Gilberto Aceves Navarro, Mexican artist (died 2019)
 1931 – Anthony Newley, British actor and singer (died 1999)
 1931 - Tom Adams, Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 1985)
 1931 - Elizabeth Blackadder, Scottish painter
 1931 - Brian Glanville, English author
 1931 - Leopoldo Verona, Argentine actor (died 2014)
 1932 - Miguel Montuori, Italian-Argentine footballer (died 1998)
 1933 - Raffaele Farina, Italian cardinal
 1934 – Manfred Wörner, German politician and diplomat (died 1994)
 1934 - John-Roger Hinkins, American author, public speaker and religious leader (died 2014)
 1934 - Donald Wrye, American director, actor and screenwriter (died 2015)
 1936 – Jim Henson, American puppeteer (died 1990)
 1939 - Wayne Henderson, American musician (died 2014)
 1939 - Moti Kirschenbaum, Israeli television personality (died 2015)
 1941 – Linda McCartney, American singer and activist (died 1998)
 1942 – Ilkka "Danny" Lipsanen, Finnish singer
 1942 – Gerry Marsden, English singer (Gerry and the Pacemakers)
 1943 - Antonio Tabucchi, Italian writer (died 2012)
 1945 - John Rutter, English composer
 1945 – Lou Dobbs, American journalist
 1946 – "Mean" Joe Greene, American football player
 1946 – Lars Emil Johansen, former Prime Minister of Greenland
 1948 – Gordon Clapp, American actor
 1948 – Phil Hartman, Canadian actor (died 1998)
 1949 – Pedro Almodóvar, Spanish movie director
 1950 - Alan Colmes, American talk show host
 1950 - Mohinder Amarnath, Indian cricketer, coach and sportscaster
 1950 - Harriet Walter, English actress

1951  1975 
 1952 – Mark Sandman, American musician (died 1999)
 1954 – Patrick Kelly, American fashion designer (died 1990)
 1954 - Helen Lederer, English comedienne, writer and actress
 1954 – Marco Tardelli, Italian footballer
 1955 – Riccardo Illy, Italian politician
 1955 - Sophie Dessus, French politician (died 2016)
 1956 – Hubie Brooks, American baseball player
 1956 - Ilona Slupianek, German athlete
 1957 - Wolfgang Wolf, German footballer and manager
 1957 - Brad Bird, American director, screenwriter, animator, producer and writer
 1958 - Murdo MacLeod, Scottish footballer
 1958 – Kevin Sorbo, American actor
 1959 - Theo Paphitis, Cypriot-British businessman
 1959 – Steve Whitmire, American voice actor
 1961 - Fiona Corke, Australian actress
 1961 - Jack Dee, English comedian
 1961 - Luc Picard, Canadian actor, director and screenwriter
 1962 – Nia Vardalos, Canadian actress, writer, and comedienne
 1962 – Mike Phelan, English footballer
 1962 – Ally McCoist, Scottish footballer
 1964 - J. Michael Mendel, American television producer (died 2019)
 1964 - Osamu Taninaka, Japanese footballer
 1964 – Rafael Palmeiro, Cuban-born baseball player
 1966 – Michael J. Varhola, American writer, editor, publisher, and game designer.
 1966 - Stefan Molyneux, Irish-Canadian blogger and author
 1968 - Michael Obiku, Nigerian footballer
 1969 – Shawn Crahan, American musician (Slipknot)
 1969 – Donald DeGrate, Jr., American music producer
 1969 - Goya Toledo, Spanish actress
 1970 – Karen Forkel, German athlete
 1970 - Gary McSwegan, Scottish footballer
 1971 - Craig Burley, Scottish footballer
 1972 - Pierre Amine Gemayel, Lebanese politician
 1972 - Kate Fleetwood, English actress
 1974 - Kati Wolf, Hungarian singer

From 1976 
 1976 – Stephanie McMahon, American business person and writer (World Wrestling Entertainment)
 1978 – Wietse van Alten, Dutch archer
 1979 – Casey Johnson, American socialite and heiress (died 2010)
 1980 – Petri Pasanen, Finnish footballer
 1980 – John Arne Riise, Norwegian footballer
 1980 - Victoria Pendleton, British cyclist
 1981 - Drew Gooden, American basketball player
 1982 – Morgan Hamm, American gymnast
 1982 – Paul Hamm, American gymnast
 1982 - Cristian Daniel Ledesma, Argentine-Italian footballer
 1985 - Eleanor Catton, Canadian-New Zealand writer
 1985 – Jessica Lucas, Canadian actress
 1986 - Leah Dizon, American-Japanese singer and model
 1987 - Spencer Treat Clark, American actor
 1987 - Gürhan Gürsoy, Turkish footballer  
 1988 - Birgit Oigemeel, Estonian singer
 1988 – Kyle Sullivan, American actor
 1989 - Pia Wurtzbach, German-Filipina actress and model
 1991 - Oriol Romeu, Spanish footballer
 1992 - Jack Sock, American tennis player
 1997 - Tosin Adarabioyo, English footballer

Deaths

Up to 1900 
 366 - Pope Liberius (b. 352)
 768 – Pippin the Younger, King of the Franks (b. 714)
 1054 - Hermann von Reichenau, German scholar, mathematician and astronomer (b. 1013)
 1120 - Welf II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1072)
 1143 - Agnes of Germany (b. 1072)
 1143 - Pope Innocent I
 1180 – Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1118)
 1435 - Isabeau of Bavaria (b. 1370)
 1494 – Poliziano, Italian humanist (b. 1454)
 1522 - Tupac Amaru I, Incan ruler
 1541 – Paracelsus, Swiss physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer and general occultist (b. 1493)
 1732 – Emperor Reigen of Japan (b. 1654)
 1742 - Johann Matthias Hase, German mathematician, astronomer and cartographer (b. 1684)
 1802 – Alexander Radishchev, Russian philosopher and writer (b. 1749)
 1834 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (b. 1798)
 1877 – Saigo Takamori, Japanese samurai (b. 1828)
 1889 - Daniel Harvey Hill, American Confederate general (b. 1821)
 1889 - Charles Leroux, American balloonist (b. 1896)
 1896 – Louis Gerard De Geer, first Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1818)

1901  2000 
 1904 – Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish doctor, won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)
 1920 - Peter Carl Faberge, Russian jeweler (b. 1846)
 1929 – Mahidol Adulyadej, Prince of Thailand (b. 1892)
 1930 - William A. MacCorkle, 9th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1857)
 1939 - Carl Laemmle, German-American film producer (b. 1867)
 1945 - Hans Geiger, German physicist (b. 1882)
 1950 - Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (b. 1863)
 1969 – Warren McCulloch, American neuropsychologist (b. 1898)
 1973 - Josue de Castro, Brazilian physician, geographer and activist (b. 1908)
 1978 - Hasso von Manteuffel, German general and politician (b. 1897)
 1980 - Theodor Luts, Estonian-Brazilian director, producer and cinematographer (b. 1896)
 1981 - Patsy Kelly, American actress and singer (b. 1910)
 1982 - Sarah Churchill, English actress (b. 1914)
 1991 – Dr. Seuss, American writer (b. 1904)
 1991 - Peter Bellamy, English singer-songwriter (b. 1944)
 1993 - Ian Stuart Donaldson, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1957)
 1993 - Bruno Pontecorvo, Italian physicist (b. 1913)
 1994 - Cheb Hasni, Algerian singer (b. 1968)

From 2001 
 2002 - Tim Rose, American-born English musician (b. 1940)
 2004 - Françoise Sagan, French writer (b. 1935)
 2005 - Tommy Bond, American actor (b. 1926)
 2008 - Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (b. 1918)
 2009 – Nelly Arcan, Canadian novelist (b. 1975)
 2009 – Susan Atkins, American murderer (b. 1948)
 2010 – Gennady Yanayev, Soviet politician (b. 1937)
 2014 - Greg Mackey, Australian rugby league player (b. 1961)
 2014 - Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, English Duchess and last-surviving of the Mitford sisters (b. 1920)
 2014 - Christopher Hogwood, English conductor (b. 1941)
 2014 - Karl Miller, British literary editor (b. 1931)
 2014 - Carlotta Ikeda, Japanese dancer (b. 1941)
 2014 - Stephen Sykes, English bishop (b. 1939)
 2015 - Ellis Kaut, German author (b. 1920)
 2016 - Vladimir Kuzmichyov, Russian footballer (b. 1979)
 2016 - Bill Nunn, American actor (b. 1953)
 2016 - Bill Mollison, Australian author, physicist and biologist (b. 1928)
 2016 - Buckwheat Zydeco, American musician (b. 1947)
 2017 - Valery Asapov, Russian army general (b. 1966)
 2017 - Washington Benavides, Uruguayan poet, professor and musician (b. 1930)
 2017 - Gisèle Casadesus, French actress (b. 1914)
 2017 - Joseph M. McDade, American politician (b. 1931)
 2017 - Kito Lorenc, German writer and poet (b. 1938)
 2017 - Carlos Vidal Layseca, Peruvian physician and politician (b. 1931)
 2018 - Norm Breyfogle, American comic book artist (b. 1960)
 2018 - Jim Brogan, Scottish footballer (b. 1944)
 2018 - José María Hurtado Ruiz-Tagle, Chilean politician (b. 1945)
 2018 - Ivar Martinsen, Norwegian speed skater (b. 1920)
 2018 - Tommy McDonald, American football player (b. 1934)
 2019 - Donald L. Tucker, American politician (b. 1935)

Observances 
 Independence Day in Guinea-Bissau
 Heritage Day in South Africa
 Mahidol Day in Thailand
 New Caledonia Day
 Republic Day in Trinidad and Tobago
 Armed Forces Day (Peru)

Days of the year