cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Joshua Abraham Norton, or Emperor Norton (1819? - 1880) was a man who declared himself Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. He was born in London  to John and Sarah Norton. but no one knows his actual birthday or what year he was born in. 

Before he became emperor he was a citizen of San Francisco. Norton spent a lot of his early life in South Africa. Before he was emperor he made a living by being a businessman. He lost a lot of money by trying to control the rice market in San Francisco by buying all the rice he could find. This did not work because ships came with more rice. 

Emperor Norton I died on January 8, 1880. The reason of his death is unknown. He collapsed on the corner of California and Grant on his way to a lecture. The next day, he had his funeral. During Emperor Norton’s funeral, a solar eclipse took place. The whole city came to his funeral, and all of them mourned. Emperor Norton is now buried at Woodlawn Cemetery. This is what his gravestone says:

NORTON I
EMPEROR
OF THE UNITED STATES
AND
PROTECTOR OF MEXICO
JOSHUA A. NORTON
1816 - 1880

Influence
Writer Mark Twain based the character of The King in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on Norton.

References

Other websites

1880 deaths
American people
1819 births
Torvosaurus was a large carnivorous dinosaur, 
from the Upper Jurassic. It lived about 153 to 148 million years ago in what is now Colorado and Portugal.

Torvosaurus, possibly the largest carnivore of its time, was a large, heavily-built, bipedal carnivore. It grew to  9 to 11 meters (30 to 36 ft) in length and an estimated weight of about 2 metric tons (2.2 tons). Its hands and arms were about average for its size. In proportion, Allosaurus had more powerful arms, and T. rex had tiny arms.

Studies suggest that the paleoenvironment of this part of the Morrison Formation had rivers flowing from the west into a basin with a giant, saline alkaline lake. There were extensive wetlands nearby. Fossils from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry of western Colorado show one of the most diverse Upper Jurassic vertebrate assemblages in the world.   The Dry Mesa Quarry has produced the remains of the sauropods Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Supersaurus, Dystylosaurus, Camarasaurus, the iguanodontid Camptosaurus, and the theropods Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus and Ornitholestes, as well as  Dryosaurus, and Stegosaurus.

References 

Jurassic dinosaurs
Megalosauridae
Life is a 2009 British biology show made by the BBC with many parts. The shows include the animals' aspect of the environment, as well as some examples of how the environment needs what it does.

Parts
An episode is divided into parts, examples of how different animal species must adhere to the environment.

References

Other websites
 Official Life website at BBC Online

2009 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
2000s British television series
BBC Television programmes
British documentaries
Brassica oleracea, or wild cabbage, is a species of Brassica native to coastal southern and western Europe.

Its tolerance of salt and lime, and its dislike of competition from other plants, restrict it to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel.

Cultivation 
B. oleracea is believed to have been cultivated for several thousand years. It has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and more. Some of which are hardly recognisable as being members of the same genus, let alone species.

The plant is used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. It is rich in essential nutrients including vitamin C.

The cultivars of B. oleracea are grouped into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala Group remains most like the natural wild cabbage in appearance: 
Acephala Group: kale and collard greens
Alboglabra Group: Chinese broccoli
Botrytis Group: cauliflower, Romanesco broccoli and broccoflower 
Capitata Group: cabbage 
Gemmifera Group: brussels sprouts 
Gongylodes Group: kohlrabi 
Italica Group: broccoli 

All are in the same species. However, artificial selection has brought about genetic differences between the groups.

In places such as the Channel Islands and Canary Islands where the frost is minimal, and plants can grow all year round, some cultivars can grow up to 3 meters tall. These "tree cabbages" yield fresh leaves throughout the year, and the plant is not destroyed as with a normal cabbage. Their woody stalks are sometimes dried and made into walking sticks.

Some (notably brussels sprouts and broccoli) contain high levels of sinigrin which may help prevent bowel cancer.

References 

 
Leaf vegetables
A covenant is a formal agreement, a promise made between two people. It is often used as a religious promise. It can also be an item which is a symbol of keeping the promise. Some covenants include stone tablets, written documents, and other sacred items. In Judaism, the Ark of the Covenant was a wooden box which held the stone tablets with the Ten Commandments written on them. The Jewish people saw the box as a symbol of God being with them and leading them.

References

Theology
Least concern is a term used by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to talk about living things that are not endangered. They do not need to be worried about because there are many of them found at the time of classification.

Mammals
Here is a list of mammals that are least concern. They include:

 African civet
 African golden wolf
 African linsang
 Amazon weasel
 American badger
 American hog-nosed skunk
 Angolan genet
 Antarctic fur seal
 Asian badger
 Asian palm civet
 Back-striped weasel
 Black-backed jackal
 Black-gilded pipistrelle
 Bobcat
 Brown fur seal
 Brown palm civet
 Burmese ferret-badger
 California sea lion
 Canada lynx
 Cape bushbuck
 Cape genet
 Caracal
 Chinese ferret-badger
 Collared pipistrelle
 Common genet
 Coppery pipistrelle
 Cougar
 Coyote
 Crab-eating fox
 Culpeo
 Darwin's fox
 Egyptian weasel
 Eurasian lynx
 European badger
 European polecat
 Fennec fox
 Geoffroy's cat
 Giant forest genet
 Golden jackal
 Golden palm civet
 Guadalupe fur seal
 Haussa genet
 Honey badger
 Hooded skunk
 Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk
 Jaguarundi
 Japanese badger
 Javan ferret-badger
 Juan Fernández fur seal
 Jungle cat
 Large Indian civet
 Least weasel
 Leopard cat
 Long-tailed weasel
 Malayan civet
 Malayan weasel
 Masked palm civet
 Minke whale
 Molina's hog-nosed skunk
 Necklace pipistrelle
 New Zealand fur seal
 North American river otter
 Nyala
 Ocelot
 Pardine genet
 Reddish-gray mouse lemur
 Rusty-spotted genet
 Saharan striped polecat
 Sand Cat
 Serval
 Servaline genet
 Siberian weasel
 Side-striped jackal
 Small Indian civet
 Small-toothed civet
 Social pipistrelle
 South American fur seal
 South American sea lion
 Southeastern myotis
 Southern spotted skunk
 Steppe polecat
 Stoat
 Striped hog-nosed skunk
 Striped polecat
 Striped skunk
 Subantarctic fur seal
 Western spotted skunk
 Wildcat
 White-tailed deer
 Wolf
 Yellow-bellied weasel

Birds
Here is a list of birds that are least concern. They include:
 Black-banded fruit dove
 Common ground dove
 Dwarf fruit dove
 Eared dove
 Eclectus parrot
 Egyptian plover
 House sparrow
 Laughing dove
 Moreno's ground dove
 Orange fruit dove
 Rock Pigeon
 Ruddy ground dove
 White-bellied green pigeon

Reptiles
 Morelet's crocodile
 Nile crocodile
 Saltwater crocodile
 Spectacled caiman

Fish
 Goliath tigerfish
 Flathead grey mullet

Insects
 Asian tiger mosquito

Ecology
Conservation
The French Communist Party (, PCF) is a French far-left political party. Founded in 1920, it had a large influence in the XXth century, especially after the Second World War, and is still important in the French political life, though it declined over years.

Its National Secretary is Pierre Laurent, since June 2010.

History 

The French Communist Party was founded in 1920 after the Tours Congress of the French Section of the Worker's International (SFIO, today the Socialist Party), as the French Section of the Communist international (SFIC), by members who wanted to join the Third International. It took in 1921 the name of "Communist Party".

In 1936, it was a part of the Popular Front and supported its social reforms, but refused to participate in the government.

During the Second World War, the PCF became a clandestine organisation and organised a massive armed resistance against the Nazi occupation. At the Liberation, the party was the most important in France and had several ministers in the Provisional Government. However, its support to independentist movement in French Indochina and to strikes isolated it from other parties.

From the 1930s to the 1980s, the French Communist Party's line is close to the Soviet Union's. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 also affects the PCF, whose electoral support decreases rapidly.

Electoral results 

At the French 2007 legislative election, the PCF gained 4.29% of the votes, one of its worst results. However, the Communist party is still one of the most important party in some regions of France (Seine-Saint-Denis, Nord...), where it has been historically strong.

In 2009, the PCF created the "Left Front" () with the Left Party, and ran as a part of this alliance in the 2009 European Parliament election and the 2009 Regional election, with some success.

Related pages 
 Political Parties in France

References

Other websites 

  Official website of the French Communist Party
  Official website of the Left Front

Political parties in France
Communist parties in Europe
Michael Howard (born Michael Hecht, 7 July 1941) is a British politician who was the Leader of the Conservative Party from November 2003 to December 2005. He was also a cabinet minister in both Margaret Thatcher's and John Major's governments. He was a Member of Parliament for the constituency of Folkestone and Hythe from 1983 to 2010. In 2010, he entered the House of Lords as Baron Howard of Lympne.

Michael Howard was born in Gorseinon, a town in Swansea, Wales.   He is of Jewish descent. He studied Law at the University of Cambridge and became a Queen's Counsel in 1982. He then became a Member of Parliament at the 1983 General Election. His cabinet jobs included Secretary of State for Employment (1990-1992), Secretary of State for the Environment (1992-1993) and Home Secretary (1993-1997). When the Conservative Party lost the 1997 General Election, Michael Howard became a member of the shadow cabinets of William Hague and Iain Duncan Smith.

In 2003, the Leader of the Conservative Party Iain Duncan Smith was made to resign and Michael Howard was elected unopposed to become the Conservative Party leader. 'Unopposed' means that no-one other than Michael Howard was a candidate. Michael Howard was the Conservative candidate to become Prime Minister at the 2005 General Election. The Conservatives did not win the election, however they had 33 more seats in Parliament than they did before. Michael Howard resigned shortly after this and David Cameron replaced him as Conservative Party leader.

He was made a Companion of Honour in the 2011 Birthday Honours.

References

1941 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British lawyers
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Jewish British politicians
Jewish lawyers
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the House of Lords
Politicians from Swansea
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Skagit Valley is a valley in Washington in the United States. It contains the Skagit River. There was a plan to build nuclear power plants in Skagit Valley but the people didn't want them.

Geography of Washington (U.S. state)
Valleys of the United States
Timothy "Tim" Theodore Duncan (born April 25, 1976) is a former professional basketball player from the US Virgin Islands. He played the power forward and center for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA) his entire 19 year career.

Early life
Duncan was a swimmer when he was young. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo destroyed the pool he used to practice swimming, and his mother died a year later. Duncan gave up on swimming after this and began playing basketball.

Basketball career
Duncan played college basketball for four years at Wake Forest University. After college, the San Antonio Spurs chose him with the first pick in the 1997 NBA Draft. Duncan helped the Spurs win NBA championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. He was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the NBA in 2002 and 2003. Duncan was a 15 time All-Star and received the title of NBA All-Star Game co-MVP in 2000. He won his 5th and final title of NBA in 2014, when he was 38. He retired after finishing his 19th season.

References

Other websites

African-American basketball players
Living people
San Antonio Spurs players
1976 births
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Abelisaurus
| fossil_range = Late Cretaceous, 
| image = Abelisaurus_skull.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstruction of the Abelisaurus skull with original bones of the holotype. Scale = 10 cm
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Abelisaurus
| authority = Bonaparte & Novas, 1985
| type_species = Abelisaurus comahuensis
| type_species_authority = Bonaparte & Novas, 1985
| synonyms = ?Aucasaurus Coria, Chippe and Dingus, 2002
}}Abelisaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Upper Cretaceous period. There is one known species, Abelisaurus comahuensis. Abelisaurus was the first abelisaurid to be discovered, and gives its name to the family, the Abelisauridae. Abelisaurus is the type genus. Despite this, little is known about it. 

The first, and only, fossils discovered were several skull bones found in Argentina. Scientists put them back together in the lab to create a skull. The skull is similar to that of other members of its family. Like most abelisaurs, it is blunt and short in length, but tall in vertical height from a front view. Abelisaurus probably preyed on the large sauropod dinosaurs of the time, such as Amargasaurus, in packs. It may also have hunted smaller plant-eating dinosaurs, such as the small ornithopod Gasparinisaura''.

Abelisauridae
Dinosaurs of South America
Cretaceous dinosaurs
John Andrew Boehner (pronounced /ˈbeɪnər/ BAY-nər; born November 17, 1949) is an American politician. Between 2011 and 2015, he was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

Boehner is a member of the Republican Party.  He served in the Ohio State House from 1985 to 1990.  In 1990, he became a Congressman (a member of the United States House of Representatives). Boehner resigned in early October 2015. He was succeeded as Speaker by Paul Ryan on October 29, 2015.

Early life
Boehner was born in Reading, Ohio and was one of twelve brothers and sisters.  Boehner worked in his family's bar and briefly served in the United States Navy before graduating from Xavier University in 1977. Later, he was a small businessman.

Political career
He has been in politics since 1985. He represents the area north of Cincinnati, Ohio.  Boehner served as chair of several important committees before becoming Minority Leader in 2006.  While minority leader, Boehner was one of the main people who were critical of President Obama.  When the Republicans took back the House of Representatives in the 2010 elections, Boehner became Speaker of the House.

In September 2015, Boehner said he would step down as Speaker and that his resignation would be in effect on October 30. His resignation became in effect on October 29 with Paul Ryan succeeding him.

References

Other websites

 Speaker John Boehner official site for the Speaker's Office
 Congressman John Boehner  official U.S. House site
 Friends of John Boehner official campaign site
 The Freedom Project political action committee

1949 births
Living people
US Republican Party politicians
American Roman Catholics
United States representatives from Ohio
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Majority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Nanosaurus ("small or dwarf lizard") was an ornithopod dinosaur that measured about 4 ft (1.1 m) long, weighing about 50 pounds (22.5 kg). Othnielia had a horny beak and a small skull with self-sharpening cheek teeth. Othnielia may have had cheek pouches. 

This plant eater was bipedal (walked on two legs). It had thin legs and a stiffened tail that gave it speed and agility. It had five-fingered hands and four-toed feet, all clawed. It had large eyes and short arms. Othnielia resembled Hypsilophodon. Its fossils (two partial skeletons and teeth) were found in Colorado and Utah in rocks of the Late Jurassic age. 

Jurassic dinosaurs
Hypsilophodontidae
Club Baloncesto Breogán is a galician basketball team. It was founded in 1966. The team currently plays in league ACB, but in the past the team participated in European competitions.

Major Trophies 
 LEB Oro (LEB Gold) : 3 (Record)
 1998/99, 2017/18, 2020/21
 Prince's Cup of Basketball: 3 (Record)
 2007/08, 2017/18, 2020/21
 Copa Galicia de Baloncesto (Galician League): 13 (Record)
 1986, 1987, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2018, 2021

Current Squad 
This is the 2010-11 Breogán's squad.
 4. James Feldeine (6 ft 4 in)
 5. Eric Hayes (6 ft 4 in)
 6. Jordi Vallmajó (6 ft 3 in)
 7. Camilo Riveiro (6 ft 6.5 in)
 8. Arnette Hallman (6 ft 6 in)
 9. Cliff Brown (6 ft 7 in)
 10. Brandon Polk (6 ft 7 in)
 12. Óliver Arteaga (6 ft 10.3 in)
 13. Xavi Forcada (6 ft 4.7 in)
 14. José Amador (6 ft 11 in)
 15. Betinho (6 ft 6.2 in)
 President:
 Jesús Lázare
 Head coach:
 Natxo Lezkano

Famous Players 
 Santi Abad
 Jeff Adrien
 José Miguel Antúnez
 Charlie Bell
 Tanoka Beard
 Anthony Bonner
 Devin Davis
 James Donaldson
 Greg Foster
 Nikola Lončar
 Pete Mickeal
 Velimir Perasović
 Manel Sánchez

Famous Coaches 
 Andreu Casadevall
 Moncho López

References 

Sport in Spain
Basketball teams
XPilot is multiplayer 2D space action video game. It is an open source game, and its first version was released in 1991.

Development 
XPilot was created in 1991 by Bjørn Stabell and Ken Ronny Schouten, students in computer science at the Tromsø university (Norway), as a multiplayer game similar to Thrust. They received a lot of patches and feedback when they released the first public version. The game has been improved a lot by players from all the world and has many contributors. Originally only available on UNIX, it was ported on the Mac OS and Microsoft Windows. It has been forked and new versions appeared: XPilot 5 and XPilot NG (Next Generation).

In 2009 a version was released for iPhone and iTouch. Several projects are currently in progress: a Java version of XPilot, an optimisate version for the Blood's Music map and a project to improve the artificial intelligence.

References

Other websites

 Official page of the original XPilot
 Page of XPilot 5 and XPilot NT
 Page of XPilot NG
 XPilot iPhone
 Java XPilot Client

1991 video games
Andrei Kolkoutine ( born in 1957 in Smolyaninovo, Primorsky Krai) is a Russian artist. In 1982 Kolkoutine graduated at the Repin Academy of Arts in Leningrad, named after Ilya Repin. Kolkoutine lives in southern Russia in the town of Nalchik. 
He belongs to the art group " FOSTER BROTHERS " together with two other artists - Andrey Efi and Eugeny Lindin.
The medium of his paintings is usually oil on canvas, but Kolkoutine also made a few sculptures and prints. Besides Russia, Kolkoutine has made exhibitions in Denmark, Germany, France and other European countries as well as the United States.

Style 
Kolkoutine settled into his current characteristic style by the end of the 1980s in which he mixes traditions from the Russian icons with other art styles: suprematism from Malevich, cubism and naïve art. Kolkoutine states that he sought the special tones of colours which are seen in the old Russian icons, and he developed a method for making these tones by pasting a layer of neutral grey paint on the canvas before painting the colours. Geometrical and abstract elements are combined with figurative elements. Buildings and playing cards may appear at the bottom of the paintings as well as Cyrillic letters. Frames in different colours surrounding the motifs are often oblique.

Motifs 
Often the motifs are either stylized biblical or simple working people from the Russian province; according to Kolkoutine the biblical characters are in principle the same kind as the provincial people (Bjørnager, 2006). The biblical motifs are also a reflection of his origin; they are distinctly orthodox. Jekatarina Seleznjova states that in her opinion the fundamental question asks in his paintings is ”Why are we here?” (Seleznjova, 2007), and thus despite the culturally characteristic motifs, Kolkoutine's paintings are supposed to touch something universally human. Kolkoutines paintings are both simple and complicated it is said.

References 
 Bjørnager, Kjeld: Andrei Kolkoutine: Signs and deeds from the Russian Province. Ganymed Publishers, 2006
 Kolkoutine, Andrej: Pictures from the Russian Province (kartiny russkoj provincii
 Kolkutin, Andrej), Ganymed Publishers, 1997
 Seleznjova, Jekaterina. ‘Andrei Kolkoutine’, 2007, Galerie Moderne, Silkeborg 
 Galerie Moderne: ’Kolkoutine’ 2001
 Eveleigh, Romilly. ”Postmodern Icon” April 1, 2005

Other websites 
 Homepage of Andrei Kolkoutine 
 Homepage of the "Foster Brothers" 

Living people
Russian painters
1957 births
Phyllis Schlafly (August 15, 1924 in St. Louis, Missouri - September 5, 2016 in Ladue, Missouri) was an American conservative. She was a political activist, author, and constutional attorney. 

Her best-selling book, A Choice, Not an Echo, was written in 1964. The book was about corruption in the Republican Party and how people with lot of money unfairly influenced elections. She was a big supporter of Barry Goldwater, who was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964. Goldwater had beaten Nelson Rockefeller, a more moderate candidate backed by big money. Although Goldwater would lose the 1964 election to Lyndon Johnson, the campaign helped start the modern conservative movement. Starting in 1967, she published her own newspaper, the Phyllis Schlafly Report. When the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by congress, she organized a campaign against it. Schlafly argued that the amendment would not actually help women, often pointing out that it would force women to be drafted. After a long and controversial debate, the amendment was not added to the Constitution. Schlafly is usually considered the main force that stopped it. She is very critical of the feminist movement, saying that "it teaches women to be victims." She helped with Ronald Reagan's campaign for the presidency in 1980. Schlafly remained active in politics until her death. 

Schlafly died at the age of 92 in Ladue, Missouri of pancreatic cancer.

1924 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American columnists
American conservatives
Lawyers from St. Louis, Missouri
American political activists
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
The cult of domesticity, also known as the cult of true womanhood, is an ideology about the roles proper for white women in the 1800s. This way of thinking promoted the ideal that wealthy white women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. This ideology promoted an ideal of separate spheres, in which women remained in the home and men led out in the world. Four ideals were held up for women to aspire to:

Be more religious than men (piety)
Be pure in heart, mind, and body (purity)
Be deferential to their husbands (submissiveness)
Act as keepers of home and hearth, concerned chiefly with household duties (domesticity)

The idea of this domesticity was practiced in 1820. However, the ideology was not recognized and truly followed until the 1840s and 1850. Some think that this domesticity came to an end only when the Civil War had ended (in 1865) due to some changes in beliefs about women's roles.

This ideology strongly discouraged women from obtaining an education. This ideology was thought to elevate the moral status of women and benefit them in ways such as living lives of higher material comfort. It made the roles of wife and mother important in society.

References 

2. https://study.com/academy/lesson/cult-of-domesticity-definition-significance.html

3. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/117679/Bonventre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Women
Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a way symmetry breaks in a physical system. The underlying laws do not change, but the system as a whole changes. Symmetry breaking in physics occurs when a system is crossing a critical point. Small fluctuations decide the system's fate, by determining which branch is taken.

Uses for spontaneous symmetry breaking 
Spontaneous symmetry breaking can create a  particle called a Higgs boson. This is a particle which is the force transferring particle (boson) of the Higgs field. The Higgs field gives mass to fundamental particles such as electrons. Also, many scientists believe in the Higgs effect (which is very similar to spontaneous symmetry breaking) to answer questions that are not answered in the standard model of physics. The standard model predicts that certain types of quarks should have a mass of zero, while in reality they have a non-zero mass value. Some scientists believe that spontaneous symmetry breaking is the answer.

Method of spontaneous symmetry breaking 
For spontaneous symmetry breaking to happen, you need an environment which is completely symmetrical, and has at least two outcomes that are equally likely. Spontaneous symmetry breaking starts with two particles that are completely equal; their spin is equal, too. Mathematically, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be extremely puzzling, since you start out with two identical things and end up with two non-identical things. However, in practice, it is not so puzzling. If you have two particles moving at each other with equal speed, it would seem impossible for either of them to do anything but be symmetrical. However, if each particle has an equal 50-50 chance to be spinning one way or another, it is possible–in theory and in practice–to have this symmetry broken. It begins with symmetry to start with because the particles have an equal and symmetrical 50-50 chance of spinning one way or another.

Quantum mechanics
A Roman villa is a country house that was built and inhabited during the Roman Republic or the Roman Empire. In general the house has a courtyard, and all rooms are accessible from the coutrtyard. The entrance also leads into the courtyard. An example of such a villa, called villa rustica is shown in the picture. Villas were owned by rich people. Some of them even had mosaics, glass windows, central heating system (called hypocaust), and their own baths.

Related pages
 Roman house

Ancient Rome
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange, is an organization for farmers. It is in the United States. It is made for them to more easily buy expensive things. It also tried to make laws that supported farmers. It was the most popular in the 1870's. The most people it ever had was one million.  Today, it has 300,000 people.  Its name comes from the French for barn.

The Grange was fairly active in politics. In the 19th century, many members of the Grange were involved in the Greenback and Populist movements.  The Grange endorsed politicians well into the 20th century. Often, the endorsement of the State Grange was an important endorsement .

Organizations based in the United States
History of the United States
Agriculture in the United States
Green politics
The 1949 Major League Baseball World Series was between the New York Yankees and the then Brooklyn (now Los Angeles) Dodgers. The Yankees won the world series that year; they beat the Dodgers 4 games to 1. They won their 12th title.

Major League Baseball World Series
1949 in sports
1940s in New York (state)
New York Yankees
Los Angeles Dodgers
In the 1950 Major League Baseball World Series the New York Yankees won the world series again. They beat the Philadelphia Phillies 4-0. They won their 13th title

Major League Baseball World Series
1950 in sports
1950 in the United States
1950s in Pennsylvania
1950s in New York (state)
20th century in New York City
20th century in Philadelphia
Archimedes' principle is named after Archimedes of Syracuse, the first to discover this law. When he did, he ran naked out of his bathtub. Archimedes' principle relates buoyancy to displacement.

Principle

Archimedes' treatise, On floating bodies, proposition five states: 

For more general objects, floating and sunken, and in gases as well as liquids (i.e. a fluid), Archimedes' principle may be stated thus in terms of forces:

For a sunken object, the volume of displaced fluid is the volume of the object, and for a floating object on a liquid, the weight of the displaced liquid is the weight of the object.

Briefly: Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid.

Gold 
To use the principle to tell the difference between gold and another substance, the concept of mass (in practice, weight) must be added.

Apply this formula to a suitably pure piece of gold:

That gives you the density of the gold sample. The only unknown is the density of the (gold) object; the density of water is 1.

Repeat for the experimental object (non-gold), when you get a different (and usually lesser) density.

Now you can tell what is gold and what is not, and collect your reward from the King of Syracuse. That is why Archimedes shouted "Eureka!"

Second thoughts 
We do not actually know if Archimedes used exactly this method. An alternative is to use a scale. On one side put the object to be tested (e.g. the crown). On the other side put gold of equal weight. Immerse the scales. The gold will go down, and the crown up (if it is not gold). That is because, being less dense than gold, it occupies a larger volume and receives more buoyancy.

Other sites and pages
 Buoyancy
 Theory

References

Physics
Science experiments
Archimedes
Antiprotons are tiny particles of antimatter. They have a negative charge, and are the nucleus of an Antihydrogen atom. They are not theoretical, as they have been found in scientific studies. When they come in contact with regular protons, each are annihilated and a relatively massive amount of energy is generated.

Actually, antiproton is a subatomic particle of the same mass as a proton but having a negative electric chargeand oppositely directed magnetic moment. It is the proton’s antiparticle. Antiprotons were first produced and identified in 1955 by Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain (for which they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959), and coworkers by bombarding a copper target with high-energy protons from the proton synchrotron at the University of California at Berkeley. Antiprotons were predicted in the early 1930s, but their discovery had to wait for the technology of high-energy particle accelerators to reach the 6 billion electron-volt range. A collision of an antiproton with a proton results in mutual annihilation, but a near miss may produce by charge exchange an antineutron–neutron pair.

Subatomic particles
Antimatter
The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) is a member of the Acipenseridae family. It is one of the oldest fish species in the world. It can be found from New Brunswick, Canada to the eastern coast of Florida. The numbers of Atlantic sturgeon have fallen because of overfishing and water pollution. It is considered threatened, endangered and even extinct in much of its original habitats. The fish live to 60 years of age, 15 feet in length and over 800 pounds in weight.

References

Bony fish
Edible fish
A quantum fluctuation is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as explained in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It applies only to quantum physics. 

That means that conservation of energy can seem to be violated, but only to allow the creation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs for exceedingly short period of time.    Like normal matter and antimatter, theoretical electrons and positrons annihilate each other. Unlike normal matter, however, they do not create any energy when they annihilate each other, but instead create an imaginary photon. Normal photons can interact with matter, but theoretical photons do not.

References 

Abhyudaya Apoorva - The theory of nothing

Quantum mechanics
Captain Iván Castro (born 1967) is a U.S. Army officer who did not leave the Special Forces after becoming blind. He is one of three blind officers who currently serve in the U.S. Army and the only blind officer in the United States Army Special Forces. Castro believes in helping wounded fighters return to a normal life, and has talked to Congress about this. He takes part in marathons and other races.

Early years

Castro was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were from Puerto Rico. In 1979, when he was 12 years old, he moved to Puerto Rico with his mother. After finishing military training, Castro went to university in Puerto Rico. While he was a student he went to many sports running competitions. After four years of university, Castro joined the US Army. He later trained to become an officer. He was blinded during combat in Iraq; while serving in 2006.

Marathons 

Castro is still active as a sportsman even after recovering from debilitating injuries during his army service. He previously trained with Major Phil Young, who was his leader in the United States Army Special Forces. The audiences often encourage Castro for his determination. He now trains with Lieutenant Colonel Fred Dummar, who is his Battalion Commander. Together Castro and Dummar have completed several marathons.

Awards 
Castro has earned many awards. Some of them are as follows:
Medals and Awards
   Purple Heart
   Meritorious Service Medal
   Joint Services Commendation Medal
   Army Commendation Medal
   Army Achievement Medal
   Army Good Conduct Ribbon
   National Defense Service Medal
   Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
   Southwest Asia Service Medal
   Kosovo Campaign Medal
   Afghanistan Campaign Medal
   Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
   Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
   Army Overseas Service Ribbon
   Non-Commissioned Officer Development Ribbon
   Army Service Ribbon
   NATO Medal
   Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabian)
   Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)

   Presidential Unit Citation
   Joint Meritorious Unit Award
   Meritorious Unit Citation
   Valorous Unit Citation

Badges
   Combat Infantryman Badge with Star
   Expert Infantryman Badge
   Master parachutist badge
   Pathfinder Badge
   Air Assault Badge
   Military Freefall Parachutist Badge
   Drill Sergeant Identification Badge
Foreign badges
   German Parachutist Badge
 Dutch Parachutist Badge
 Columbian Jumpmaster Badge
Tabs
   Special Forces Tab
   Ranger tab
  Army Special Forces

References

1967 births
Living people
Disability
American military people
Purple Heart recipients
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
The 2009 European Parliament Election was held in all 27 countries that are part of the European Union on 4 June 2009. In the United Kingdom, 72 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected using proportional representation.

Notable results include the UK Independence Party coming second in a national election for the first time in its history and the far-right British National Party gained its first ever representation in an elected parliament.

Final results across England, Scotland and Wales are shown below:

 Conservative Party (25 MEPs, 27.7% of vote)
 UK Independence Party (13 MEPs, 16.5% of vote)
 Labour Party (13 MEPs, 15.7% of vote)
 Liberal Democrats (11 MEPs, 13.7% of vote)
 Green Party of England and Wales (2 MEPs, 8.6% of vote)
 British National Party (2 MEPs, 6.2% of vote)
 Scottish National Party (2 MEPs, 29.1% of vote in Scotland)
 Plaid Cymru (1 MEP, 18.5% of vote in Wales)

In Northern Ireland, 3 MEPs were elected from Sinn Fein, the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist Party.

The next European Parliament Election will be held in 2014.

2009 in the United Kingdom
2009 elections
2000s elections in the United Kingdom
June 2009 events
Sir Daniel Grian 'Danny' Alexander (born 15 May 1972) is a British politician who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government from 2010 - 2015. He was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey but lost his seat in the 2015 general election.

Danny Alexander was born in Edinburgh and first became an MP at the 2005 general election. Between 2005 and 2010, Danny Alexander was the Liberal Democrats Shadow Secretary for Work and Pensions. When the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010, Alexander was appointed as the Secretary of State for Scotland. He was made the Chief Secretary to the Treasury on 29 May 2010, due to the resignation of David Laws. He was knighted in the 2015 Dissolution Honours.

References

Other websites
Danny Alexander's official website

1972 births
Living people
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Scottish politicians
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
James Andrew Eric "Jaime" Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin English actors, best known for playing Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, which are based on the books.

James and Oliver have been a bit split up since Harry Potter ended, James working in a few more projects than Oliver, but both of them still working. James worked in “Ward 3,” “Danny and the Human Zoo,” “Patchwork,” and a TV series, “Silent Witness.” Oliver worked in “Ears,” and “Danny and the Human Zoo” along with James. Both boys are now have life long friends. Oliver moving in with Katy Humpage in 2015, and James befriending 
Annika Ostle in 2016 but unfriended in 2016 5 months later because of big fight. Both have made up but do not talk.

The actors and actresses we watched grow up in front of our very eyes are all grown up now and even though the Harry Potter films are done being released, the magic will never die.
Both twins run a podcast and still talk about Harry Potter along side some other wonderful things. 

English movie actors
Living people
1986 births
Twin people
Michael Kevin Moore (born June 3, 1965) is a British politician who was the Secretary of State for Scotland in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He was the Member of Parliament for Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk. He was a Liberal Democrat MP from 1997 to 2015.

He was born in Belfast but grew up in Scotland.

1965 births
Living people
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Politicians from Belfast
Scottish politicians
The Year of the Five Emperors refers to the year 193 AD, in which there were five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor. The five were Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus and Severus.

Pertinax 

The year 193 opened with the murder of Commodus on New Year's Eve, 31 December 192. The City Prefect Pertinax was proclaimed Emperor on New Year's Day, 1 January 193. 

Pertinax tried to restore discipline in the Praetorian Guard, and did not pay them what they had expected. He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard on 28 March 193. They then auctioned off the post of Emperor.

Didius 

Later that same day, Didius Julianus outmaneuvered Titus Flavius Sulpicianus (Pertinax's father-in-law and also the new City Prefect) for the title of Emperor. Flavius Sulpicianus offered to pay each soldier 20,000 sestertii to buy their loyalty (eight times their annual salary; also the same amount offered by Marcus Aurelius to secure their favours in 161). Didius Julianus however offered 25,000 to each soldier to win the auction and was proclaimed Emperor by the Roman Senate on 28 March.

Severus 

However, three other prominent Romans challenged for the throne: Pescennius Niger in Syria, Clodius Albinus in Britain, and Severus in Pannonia. 

Severus marched on Rome to oust Didius Julianus and had him decapitated on 1 June 193, then dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax. 

Consolidating his power, Severus battled Pescennius Niger at Cyzicus and Nicea in 193 and then defeated him at Issus in 194. 

Clodius Albinus initially supported Septimius Severus believing that he would succeed him. When he realised that Severus had other intentions, Albinus had himself declared Emperor in 195 but was defeated by Severus at the Battle of Lugdunum on 19 February 197.

References

Roman Emperors
Roman Empire
Septimius Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus, 11 April 145 AD – 4 February 211) was Roman Emperor from 193 AD to 211. Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa. Severus was an born an African, and some portraits show him as such. In 187 he married Julia Domna, from Syria.

As a young man, Severus advanced under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus seized power after the death of Emperor Pertinax in 193 during the so-called Year of the Five Emperors. After deposing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus in a bloodless coup, Severus fought his rival claimants, the generals Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus, and Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum.

After solidifying his rule, Severus waged a brief war against the Parthian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 197. In 202 he campaigned  in Africa against the Garamantes, briefly taking their capital Garama and expanding the southern frontier of the empire radically.

Late in his reign he fought the Picts in Caledonia and strengthened Hadrian's Wall in Britain. Severus died in 211 at Eboracum, succeeded by his sons Caracalla and Geta. With the succession of his sons, Severus founded the Severan dynasty, the last dynasty of the empire before the Crisis of the Third Century.

Assessment 

The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under his reignover  million square kilometres.

According to Gibbon, "his daring ambition was never diverted from its steady course by the allurements of pleasure, the apprehension of danger, or the feelings of humanity".

He secured Africa, the agricultural base of the Empire where he was born. His victory over the Parthian Empire was for a time decisive. His policy of an expanded and better-rewarded army was criticised by his contemporaries Cassius Dio and Herodianus. The large increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors.

References 

145 births
211 deaths
Roman Emperors
Hadrosaurs (meaning "bulky lizards") were the family of duck-billed herbivorous dinosaurs. They were the most common dinosaurs.

Hadrosaurs ranged in size from 10 to 65 ft (3 to 20 m) long. They had horny, toothless beaks and hundreds of cheek teeth in the sides of their jaws. The duck-billed dinosaurs had the most teeth; they had up to about 960 cheek teeth. Hadrosaurs lived during the later Cretaceous, and their fossils have been found in North America, Europe, and Asia.

Characteristics 
Hadrosaurs had a stiff tail that was probably used for balance. They had hoof-like nails on their feet, and bumpy skin. They ran on two legs, holding their tail and head in a horizontal position. They may have walked on all four legs while grazing. Hadrosaurs probably lived near bodies of water, migrating to high ground to lay eggs. It used to be thought that they had webbed hands, but this was an artifact of the fossilization process.

It is a very interesting thing that, as Bakker says, the duckbills were so common, yet they had no obvious defence against the large carnivores. Perhaps herd organisation and running speed were sufficient. Their eating apparatus must have been an advantage as compared to other herbivores.

An exceptional fossil 
One of the most complete hadrosaur specimens was found in 1999 in Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and is known as "Dakota". This fossil is so well preserved that scientists have been able to calculate its muscle mass and learn that it was more muscular than previously thought, probably giving it the ability to outrun predators such as Tyrannosaurus rex.

This mummified hadrosaur fossil comes complete with skin (not merely skin impressions), ligaments, tendons, and possibly some internal organs. It is being analyzed in the world's largest CT scanner, operated by the Boeing Co. The machine usually is used for detecting flaws in space shuttle engines and other large objects, but previously none so large as this. Researchers hope the technology will help them learn more about the fossilized insides of the creature.

They found a gap of about a centimeter between each vertebra, indicating that there may have been a disk or other material between them, allowing more flexibility and meaning the animal was actually longer than shown in a museum. Skin impressions have been found from the following hadrosaurs: Edmontosaurus annectens, Corythosaurus casuarius, Brachylophosaurus canadensis, Gryposaurus notabilis, Parasaurolophus walkeri, Lambeosaurus magnicristatus, Lambeosaurus lambei, Saurolophus osborni, and Saurolophus angustirostris.

Two clades 
Two clearly different clades can be seen. One, the Hadrosaurines (sometimes called Paralophosurines), had solid crests or no crests, and were larger. The Lambeosaurines had hollow crests and were smaller.

Lambeosaurines had narrower beaks than hadrosaurines, which suggests that Lambeosaurus and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad-beaked, crestless counterparts.

Examples 
 Edmontosaurus
 Hadrosaurus
 Maiasaura
 Corythosaurus
 Lambeosaurus
 Parasaurolophus
 Shantungosaurus

References
A Journey is a book written by former British Prime Minister Tony Blair. It is about Tony Blair's time as leader of the Labour Party (1994-2007) and Prime Minister (1997-2007).

The book was published on September 1, 2010. All money made by the book was donated to the Royal British Legion, which is a charity that financially and socially helps people who have served or are serving in the British Armed Forces. The book is 624 pages long and has received mixed reviews from critics.

Autobiographies
Iain Gray (born 7 June 1957) is a Scottish politician and leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 13 September 2008 to 17 December 2011. He is the Member of the Scottish Parliament for East Lothian. Before going into politics he had been a teacher in Edinburgh and Mozambique.

References

1957 births
Living people
Scottish politicians
Scottish Parliament Members
The E-CLASS is a car manufactured by German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
E-Class
Pagani Automobili S.p.A. is an Italian car manufacturer. It was founded in 1992 by Horacio Pagani.

History 
Horacio Pagani used to work with Lamborghini on cars like the Lamborghini Diablo. In the late 1980s, he started to design his own cars. In 1992, he started to work on a concept-car for his very own car.

In 1994, he made a deal with Mercedes-Benz. That gave him a V12 engine for his car. In 1999, he showed his first production car, the Zonda, at the Geneva Motor Show.

Products

Pagani Zonda 

The Zonda was the first production car made by Pagani. It has a V12 engine by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz produced in the very first version, called the Zonda C12, 290 kW.

After several new versions, the very last Zonda, the Zonda Revolución, was released in 2013. It is a very light version with a 597 kW V12 engine.

Pagani Huayra 

The Huayra is the second production model by Pagani. It also has a V12 engine by Mercedes-Benz. It also has a Turbocharger. The engine makes 539 kW. Its top speed is about 372 km/h (231 mph). The official debut of the Huayra was at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show.

Other websites 

Italian automobile companies