cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Antidisestablishmentarianism is a political position. It means "to keep an established church". An official state church is called the "established" church, so a disestablishmentarian is a person who wants to stop the state church. These people say a state church hurts the freedom of religion. These people say the state should be secular, meaning religion and the country are separate. This idea is called disestablishmentarianism. So antidisestablishmentarianism wants to keep the state church.

It is famous because it is one of the longest words in the English language.

History in England 
The word comes from England in the 1800s. In England, Ireland and Wales, there was an official state church called the Anglican Church. Ireland disestablished in 1871, and Wales disestablished in 1920. England still has the Anglican Church as the state church.

In 2014 Nick Clegg, who was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats at the time, said that he thought the Church of England should no longer be the established church. David Cameron, who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said the establishment helps the church and state.

As a word 
Antidisestablishmentarianism is one of the longest words in the English language. It has 28 letters and 12 syllables. It is considered to be the longest word, if you do not count technical terms. For example, "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" is a technical term for a lung disease made by people who wanted it to be the longest word.

In pop culture 
The word became famous because of a popular television show in the 1950s called The $64,000 Question, where someone spelled it and won. Duke Ellington, a jazz artist, had a song called "You're Just an Old Antidisestablishmentarianismist". Eminem, a rapper, used the word in his song "Almost Famous".

Construction of the word 
 establish
 to set up, put in place, or institute
 dis-establish
 to end the established status of something, in this case a state church
 disestablish-ment
 the separation of church and state
 anti-disestablishment
 do not want disestablishment
 antidisestablishment-ary
 about anti-disestablishment
 antidisestablishmentari-an
 someone who does not want disestablishment
 antidisestablishmentarian-ism
 the movement or ideology that does not want disestablishment

Related pages
State religion
Freedom of religion
Secularism
Multiculturalism

References

Linguistics
Long words
1193 (MCXCIII) was .

Events 
 Saladin dies, and the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants.
 Qutb-ud-Din, a Ghurid slave commander, captures Delhi.
 Muhammad Khilji, a general under the command of Qutb-ud-Din sacks and burns Nalanda, India's greatest Buddhist university.
 Philip II of France marries Ingeborg, daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark.

Births 
 William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (d. 1254)
 Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1280)
 John III Ducas Vatatzes, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1254)

Deaths 
 March 4 — Saladin, Sultan of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria (b. c. 1138)
 Balian of Ibelin, noble of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
 Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Gyalwa Karmapa (b. 1110)
 Minamoto no Noriyori, Japanese general (b. 1156)
 Emperor Renzong of Western Xia, 5th emperor of the Western Xia dynasty (b. 1124)
 Fan Chengda, Chinese poet

Heads of states 
 England — Richard I King of England (reigned 1189–1199)
 France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned 1180–1223)
 Byzantine Empire — Isaac II Angelus (reigned 1185 to 1195, and 1203–1204)
 Pope — Celestine III (Pope 1191–1198)
 China — Emperor Guangzong of Song (reigned 1189-1194)
Sarah Ann McLachlan (born January 28, 1968) is a Canadian singer-songwriter who is known for her emotional music. She was adopted and raised in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She went to the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, then moved to Vancouver, British Columbia.

Her recording company, Nettwerk, released her first album in 1988. After recording several albums, she organized the all-female music festival Lilith Fair in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Some of the money made from these concerts went to women's charities. McLachlan received the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Visionary Award in 1998 for helping women's music.

She married her drummer, Ashwin Sood, in 1997. They have a daughter, India, born in 2002.

McLachlan has been written about in magazines such as Rolling Stone, Time, and Entertainment Weekly. She has won Grammy and Juno awards for her music.

She funds a Vancouver program that helps poor children learn music. She has played at charity concerts, such as for victims of the December 26, 2004 tsunami and at the 2005 Live 8 concert in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Some of McLachlan's best-known songs include "The Path of Thorns", "Into the Fire", "Possession", "Building a Mystery", "Sweet Surrender", "Adia", "Angel", and "World on Fire".

Albums 
Albums with only new songs:
 Touch (1988)
 Solace (1991)
 Fumbling Towards Ecstacy (1993)
 Surfacing (1997)
 Afterglow (2003)

Live albums 
 Mirrorball (1999)
 Afterglow Live (2004)
Live EPs (shorter albums) were released in 1992 and 2004.

Other albums 
 The Freedom Sessions (1994)
 Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff (1996)
 Albums called Murmers were released only for her fan club every year from 1995 to 2001.
 Two remix albums were released, in 2001 and 2005.

1968 births
Canadian adoptees
Canadian pop singers
Canadian singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Living people
Entertainers from Nova Scotia
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), more widely known as Mark Twain, was a well known American writer born in Florida, Missouri.  He worked mainly for newspapers and as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before he became a writer. He married in 1870, and raised his family in Hartford, Connecticut. In later life he invested and lost the money that his writing had made, and toured the world giving lectures that brought him enough money to pay his debt and recover his fortune. 

Clemens was  best known for his works in fiction, and especially for his use of humour. His first published story, in 1865, was The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered by many to be Clemens' best work.  This story of a white boy who helps a black man escape slavery in the southern United States is known for its humanity.

Clemens's style was usually informal and humorous. This made him different from many important 19th century writers whose books he disliked. For example, he greatly disliked Jane Austen's works, such as Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice, and famously remarked, "She makes me detest (hate) all her people, without reserve."

Actor Hal Holbrook plays Mark Twain on stage in a one-man show called Mark Twain Tonight.

Halley's Comet appeared in the sky during the year Twain was born and the year he died. This periodic comet comes back every 74 years, which is how long he lived.

Bibliography 
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
 The Prince and the Pauper (1882)
 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889)

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 The Mark Twain Papers and Project of the Bancroft Library (Archive of Mark Twain's papers and writings)
 Samuel Langhorne Clemens collection of papers at New York Public Library

1835 births
1910 deaths
 
19th-century American novelists
American autobiographers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Pen names
Comedians from Connecticut
Comedians from Missouri
Writers from Missouri
Comedians from Nevada
Writers from Nevada
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. The book was released on 8 July 1999. It covers Harry Potter's third year at Hogwarts. A movie based on the book was released on 31 May 2004. This is the only book where Lord Voldemort does not make an appearance.

Plot 
After accidentally inflating his aunt Marge, Harry leaves the Dursleys, and catches a ride on the street on a magical bus called The Knight Bus. Before he begins his way back to Hogwarts, he learns of Sirius Black, a mass murderer, believed to have killed thirteen people with a single curse. Black has escaped from the wizard prison, Azkaban. Meanwhile, upon meeting the Weasleys, Harry learns that, despite accidentally using magic (which is illegal), he has not been expelled.   Mr. Weasley tells Mrs. Weasley of Sirius Black's motive to kill Harry when Harry overhears this he is told not to go looking for Black. Later in the book, Harry soon realizes why.

Other websites

1999 books
Harry Potter books
British novels
Children's books
Crohn's disease is a disease that causes the intestines to become swollen. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The intestines may also develop ulcers. People with Crohn's disease often have pain in the stomach, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Crohn's can also cause skin rashes, arthritis, and swollen eyes. It is named after Burrill Bernard Crohn, who described cases in 1932. It was first
described by Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771) in the 18th century.

Nobody knows exactly what causes Crohn's disease. In the disease, the person's body attacks itself. The immune system attacks healthy parts of the digestive tract. This causes swelling in the digestive tract.

Though Crohn's is an immune-related disease, it is not an autoimmune disease (the immune system is not triggered by the body itself). The exact underlying immune problem is not clear.  Crohn's disease seems to be connected to the person's genes. People whose brothers or sisters have the disease are the most likely to get it. Men and women can both be affected by Crohn's disease.

Managing Crohn's disease includes both lifestyle changes and various kind of medication. It is a chronic condition for which there is no cure. Certain parasitic intestinal worms appear to make the bowel less inflamed. It is supposed that the worms modify the immune reactions in the parts of the intestine where they live.

Alternative medicine of various kinds has been tried, with uncertain results.

References

Other websites 
Crohn's disease information and tools for patients 
Crohn's disease facts from the National Institutes of Health 
Crohns Disease Resource Site 

Diseases
Immunology
Pet doors, also known as cat doors, dog doors, doggie doors, or in the United Kingdom, cat flaps, are small doors for pets. They are usually built in regular doors, but can also be in windows or walls. They usually have the hinge on the top, with no latch, so the animal can push their way in and out. Newer models sometimes only let the pet go outside, but not inside. Others have a latch and something that can be put on the pet that makes the latch open when the pet gets close to the door. They are most commonly used for pet cats, but can also be used for dogs, miniature pigs, or other small pets.

The pet door was developed by Isaac Newton.
Pets
Architectural elements
Mount Rainier is a mountain 54 miles (87 kilometres) southeast of Seattle, Washington, in the United States. The volcano is the highest mountain in the Cascade Range, at 14,410 feet (4,392 metres). The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. Rainier is an active volcano, but has not had an eruption for more than 100 years. Some describe Rainier as dormant or inactive.

On March 2, 1899, U.S. President William McKinley made the mountain and area around it Mount Rainier National Park. It was the country's fifth national park.

References

Other websites 

USGS: Mount Rainier -- Learning to Live with Volcanic Risk
Mount Rainier National Park 
Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System 
Mount Rainier stream drainage

Volcanoes of Washington (U.S. state)
Henry Knox (1750-1806) was a military leader for the Americans during the American Revolutionary War. Originally from Boston, Massachusetts, he was appointed Chief Artillery Officer of the Continental Army. He is best known for transporting cannons and other artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston through icy conditions using oxen. Later, George Washington named him the first Secretary of War. 

Fort Knox in Kentucky & Maine are named after him.

1750 births
1806 deaths
American generals
American revolutionaries
Founding Fathers of the United States
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
18th-century American politicians
Events 
May – beginning of American Revolutionary War
May – First Continental Congress
June – Second Continental Congress
Shrewsbury is the county town of Shropshire, a county of England. It is located 9 miles (14 km) east of the Welsh border and serves as the commercial centre for Shropshire and mid-Wales.

The town is very old. It was started around 700 AD. The town centre has almost the exact same medieval street plan and over 660 listed buildings. Many of these buildings have timber framing from the 15th and 16th centuries. There is also Shrewsbury Castle, which was built  in 1074, and Shrewsbury Abbey, which was built in 1083. The town centre is almost completely surrounded by the River Severn.

Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury and lived there for 27 years.

The population of Shrewsbury is just over 71,000, making it the second largest town in Shropshire, the biggest being Telford.

The town has a railway station and a professional football club, Shrewsbury Town, who compete in League One.

Twinning
Shrewsbury is twinned with  Zutphen, Netherlands.

In fiction
Shrewsbury Abbey is the setting of the Brother Cadfael Chronicles by Ellis Peters (Edith Pargeter). The books were later made into a television show.  The story is about a 12th-century monk who solves mysteries.  In 2013, the Abbey honoured Pargeter on the 100th anniversary of her birth.

Gallery

References

County towns in England
Market towns in Shropshire
Ludlow is a town in Shropshire, a county of England. The town is very old and dates back to around 800 AD. There is a large castle and many other historic buildings. 

There are just over 10,000 people living in the town.

It is the largest town in the South Shropshire area.

The town, though not large, is important in its area, which includes the Welsh Marches, Wales and South Shropshire. Its parish church, St Laurence's, is the largest in the county.

Transport

Road 
The A49, A4117, B4361 and B4365 roads pass through or go near Ludlow.

Rail 
Ludlow has a train station.

References

Towns in Shropshire
9th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in England
Civil parishes in Shropshire
Events 
 January 21 – Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade
 September 3– Richard I of England is crowned as king of England.
 August 29– Ban Kulin wrote "The Charter of Kulin", which become a symbolic "birth certificate" of Bosnian statehood
 This year was fixed as the start of time immemorial in English law in 1276.
 Beginning of the Siege of Acre.
 The Crusader castles of Montreal and Kerak are captured by Saladin.

Births 
 Yuri II, grand prince of Vladimir (d. 1238)

Deaths 
 July 6 — King Henry II of England (b. 1133)
Events 
 February – The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens move from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong to get away from an invasion by the Mongol Empire.
 March 9 – Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City. Ravensburg also does in the same year.
 June – King Rudolph I of Germany starts a war with King Otakar II of Bohemia; by November, Otakar II has to give him four important pieces of land. (The diet of Nuremberg already decided this in 1274.)
 Four different men are pope in this year, as Popes Gregory X, Innocent V, and Adrian V all die in a short time.
 King Otakar II of Bohemia lays the foundation stone of the Minorite Church in Vienna.
 Mamluk sultan Baibars takes Al-Maris, which was part of Makuria, and goes through it into Egypt.
 A 23-year drought begins to change the Grand Canyon area. In the end, the agriculture-dependent Anasazi culture has to migrate out of the region.

Births 
 October 19 – Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (died 1328)
 Christopher II of Denmark (died 1332)
 Vakhtang III of Georgia (died 1308)
 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford (died 1322)
 Yesün Temür Khan of the Mongol Empire (died 1328)
 Louis d'Évreux, son of King Philip III of France

Deaths
1198 (MCXCVIII) was .

Events 
 End of the reign of Emperor Go-Toba, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan
 January 8 – Pope Innocent III ascends Papal Throne
 Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, crowned King of Sicily

Births 
 August 24 — King Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1249)
 Ertugrul, Turkish leader, father of Osman I (d. 1281)
 Ferdinand III of Castile (d. 1252)
 Sybilla of Lusignan, wife of Leo II of Armenia (d. c. 1230)

Deaths 
 January 8 — Pope Celestine III (b. c. 1106)
 March 11 — Marie de Champagne, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1145)
 April 16 — Duke Frederick I of Austria (b. c. 1175)
 September 1 — Dulce Berenguer, Queen of Portugal, spouse of King Sancho I of Portugal (b. 1160)
 November 27 — Queen Constance of Sicily, wife of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1154)
 December 10 — Averroes, Arab philosopher and physician (b. 1126)
 Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, High King of Ireland
 Alix of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1150)
 William III of Sicily (b. 1190)
 June 2 — Lord Ygo III of Galama, Frisian knight and nobleman (b. 1139)
 William of Newburgh, English historian (b. 1135)
Events 
 September 21 – Peace of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy, ending the English-Burgundian alliance.
 Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU) () is the university of Düsseldorf, Germany, named after the most famous son of Düsseldorf, the poet Heinrich Heine.

History
In the era of Napoleon Bonaparte there was the first university in Düsseldorf, which ended after Napoleon surrendered.
So in the further 19th century there was only a Medical Academy and the famous Arts School of Düsseldorf and a Teacher Academy (Special University only for studying to became a teacher) until the 1970s, but no regular university, in Düsseldorf. In the 1960s the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to have a regular university in the state's capital. The university started about 1970.
It got its name only in the 1980s, because the medicine faculty wanted to have a physician's name, because of the tradition as Medical Academy.

Current situation
Currently the Heinrich-Heine-University is a university with about 20,000 students, which is middle-class in Germany.
It has a lot of subjects in sciences, arts, economics, and so on. The deep points are on biological-medicinal research in sciences and some deep points in arts, economics, political sciences, and philosophy.

Subjects
Like most German universities it has many subjects:

Other websites 
 http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de

Colleges and universities in Germany
Düsseldorf
Education in North Rhine-Westphalia
Events 
 February 6 – The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed.
 July 27 – A Royal Charter is granted to the Bank of England.
 December 22 – The Triennial Bill became law.
 December 28 – Queen Mary II of England dies; King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland is now sole ruler after his co-ruler's death.
 Much of the town of Warwick, England destroyed by fire.
 The Lao empire of Lan Xang unofficially ends.
Events 
 March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal; it moves to Coimbra in 1308.
 July 18 – King Edward I of England banishes all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from Britain; Jews traditionally hold that this event occurs on Tisha B'Av, a sorrowful Jewish holiday.
 August 1 – The country of Wallachia is founded (traditional date).
 December – The twelve Eleanor crosses are erected between Lincolnshire and London in England as King Edward I mourns the death of his queen consort Eleanor of Castile.
 Construction of Llandaff Cathedral is completed in Cardiff, Wales, 170 years after it was begun.
 The Mongol Empire invades the Bessarabia region of Moldavia.
 The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under king Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church. The statute Quia Emptores is also passed, reforming the feudal system of land leases and allowing the sale of fee simple estates.
 King Denis of Portugal decrees that Portuguese be the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.
 Construction on the Akershus Fortress of Oslo, Norway is begun.
Fight Club is a 1999 American drama movie. It stars Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter. The movie was directed by David Fincher. It is based on a novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk.

The story is about an unnamed character's path during a dark form of personal enlightenment (or eternal happiness) which is achieved primarily through fighting. The story is dark and, in both the book and the movie, contains strong depictions of violence. There are a large number of metaphors which are revealed in its complex and twisted storyline. Some would think that the morals and life guidelines taught in the story would be an extreme form of Buddhism, such as the idea of detachment from material possessions (things). The central character has dissociative identity disorder.

Cast 
 Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden
 Edward Norton as the Narrator
 Helena Bonham Carter as Marla Singer
 Meat Loaf as Robert Paulson
 Jared Leto as Angel Face

Other websites 

Fight club wallpapers

1999 drama movies
1990s satirical movies
American drama movies
American satirical movies
Cult movies
Dissociative identity disorder in movies
English-language movies
Movies about terrorism
Movies based on books
Movies directed by David Fincher
20th Century Fox movies
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is a nation in the south Caribbean Sea. It is 11 km (7 miles) away from Venezuela. The country has two bigger islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and many smaller islands.  The capital is Port-of-Spain.  The country has about 1,262,366 people in it.

Trinidad and Tobago received independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, 1962.  Before that, it was ruled by the U.K.  Right now, the head of state (person who is in charge of the country) is Ms Paula-Mae Weekes. The head of government (person who is in charge of the government) are Prime Minister Keith Rowley and President Paula-Mae Weekes.

Trinidad and Tobago is very diverse. It has people of many different races and religions. There are people who are children of Africans, Europeans, Arabs, Indians, and Chinese who moved to the islands a long time ago. The biggest religions in the country are Christianity and Hinduism. There are also Islam and African religions in the country. Trinidad and Tobago was home to the indigenous Caribs.

The country has some natural gas beneath the ground and underwater in the ocean. Natural gas is a liquid that makes machines work and heats houses.  Also, many people called tourists visit the islands. They take pictures and learn about the islands.

The people in the country are famous for their music and artists such as Nicki Minaj and Haddaway. They also play football and cricket.

Demographics 

The population of Trinidad and Tobago is 1.17 million as of (2002). The ethnic groups of the population are: 
 40.3%: East Indian
 39.5%: West African descent
 18.4%: Mixed Race
 1.2%: Chinese and Other
 0.6%: European descent

Related pages
List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics
Trinidad and Tobago national football team

References

Other websites 

 Official Government Website
 Official Tourism Website
  National emblems of Trinidad and Tobago
 Central Statistical Office, Government of Trinidad and Tobago

 
Caribbean Community
1962 establishments in North America
The Oder-Neisse line (named after the Oder and Neisse rivers) is the border between Germany and Poland since the end of the Second World War. As a result of the defeat Germany lost a part of its territory to Poland. Previously, the German Empire had to cede the former Prussian provinces of Posen and Westpreußen, as well as parts of upper Silesia, to the newly founded Polish state after the First World War in 1919.  In earlier centuries these territories were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.  They were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, as a result of the tripartite partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Kingdom Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire and the Russian Empire. 

Most of the ethnically-German part of the population of these provinces, alongside most of the German minority population in what was Poland before the Second World War (741,000 people), either fled before the Red Army to central and western Germany or were forcibly resettled later. It should be noted here that German citizens of Polish descent and ethically-Polish residents of these regions and other parts of Germany faced systematic discrimination, internment in concentration camps, property-confiscations, forced-resettlement and expulsion under the Nazi administration.

Geography of Germany
History of Germany
Geography of Poland
History of Poland
World War II
Jimmy Donal "Jimbo" Wales (; born August 7, 1966) is an American-born British Internet entrepreneur. He is one of the people who started Wikipedia and Wikia. Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. There, he went to Randolph School. He then earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in finance. In 1996, he and two partners started Bomis. Bomis was an Internet portal with entertainment and adult content. The company gave money for Nupedia (2000–2003) and, after that, Wikipedia.

Personal life 

Wales has been married three times. He also has two children. When he was 20, Wales married Pam. Pam was a worker at a store in Alabama. He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in Chicago. They had a daughter before their marriage ended. Wales moved to San Diego in 1998. In 2002, he moved again to Florida. In 2007, he still lived there. As of 2012 he lives in London, England. In 2012, Wales married Kate Garvey, a government worker for Tony Blair. Wales has three daughters: one with Rohan and two with Garvey.

Wales says that he follows the ideas of Objectivism. He also says that he is a libertarian to some extent, meaning that he thinks people should be allowed to do whatever they want so long as they do not hurt others.

Career 
On January 15, 2001, with Larry Sanger and others, Wales started  Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a free, open content encyclopedia. It grew and became popular very quickly. As Wikipedia became known to the public, he became the project’s promoter and spokesperson. He is often called a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has argued against the "co-" part. He said he was the only founder. Wales is on the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation. In 2004, he co-founded Wikia, a wiki-hosting service which tries to make money. In 2015, Wales started the Jimmy Wales Foundation for freedom of expression, to try to help bloggers or internet activists who are in prison.

References 

1966 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Alabama
Writers from Huntsville, Alabama
Wikimedia Foundation
Wikipedia people
Libertarians
British bloggers
Exeter is a city in South West England on the River Exe, from which it takes its name. It is the county town of Devon. Just over 100,000 live there. In the city are a ruined castle, much of the old Roman city wall, and Exeter Cathedral.

History
Exeter was built by the Romans, who called it Isca Dumnoniorum (Isca of the Dumnonii, the local British tribe). After the Romans left and the Anglo-Saxons moved into the area in the seventh century, the name changed to Exeter. In the 1060s, Exeter was a centre of resistance to the Norman conquest.

In 1050, the Bishop of Crediton moved to Exeter; from then until 1876 the bishops were the heads of the church in the whole of Devon and Cornwall. Now, only Devon is within the Exeter diocese.

Today
Today it is home to the Meteorological Office, which forecasts the country's weather.

County towns in England
Settlements in Devon
Cities in England
The United States Congress is the legislative, or law making, branch of the United States government. It meets in the United States Capitol.

It has two houses (parts): The United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. This two house system is known as a bicameral (bi is the Latin word for "two", and camera is Latin for "chamber" or "room") legislature. There are 435 Representatives in Congress, split between the states based on how many people live in the state. There are 100 Senators in Congress, with two coming from each state.

The primary duty of Congress is to write, debate, and pass bills (laws they want).   For Congress to pass a bill, both houses must pass exactly the same bill.  For each house to pass a bill, more than half of its members must vote in favor of passing the bill.  After both houses pass the same bill, this bill is then sent to the President.  If the President agrees the bill should be a law he or she signs the bill within 10 days.  If the president does not agree, then he or she can veto the bill and send it back to Congress.  If the bill is neither signed nor vetoed by the president within 10 days, the bill becomes law anyway if Congress does not adjourn (end its session) within that time.  If Congress adjourns within that time, the bill does not become a law.  Congress may override a president's veto of a bill by having more than two thirds of its members passing the bill.  In that case, the bill becomes law even though the president vetoed it.  

Article 1 of the United States Constitution lists what subjects Congress can pass laws on.  

Members of Congress cannot be arrested, except for certain crimes, during a session of Congress or going to or returning from a session.  

Each house of Congress can decide to expel (throw out) one of its members if more than two thirds of them vote to expel him or her.  

The political party with the most members in a house of Congress usually decides which bills are voted on in their house.

Related page 

 Parliamentary procedure

References
Lord Charles Cornwallis (31 December 1738  5 October 1805) was a British general and colonial governor. He is best known for leading the British forces in the American Revolution.

His parents were Elizabeth, and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis.

Cornwallis moved to the 13 colonies in North America in 1776 to try to control the rebelling colonies. He fought at the Battle of Princeton. George Washington led the Americans in that battle. Later, Cornwallis led British forces through North Carolina and South Carolina, where he fought against American forces under Nathanael Greene. In October 1781, Cornwallis's forces surrendered to George Washington at the Battle of Yorktown, ending the American Revolution.

In 1786 Cornwallis was appointed Governor-General of the British colony of India.

From 1798 to 1801 Cornwallis was Lord Lieutenant and Commander in Chief of Ireland.

He died in 1805 because of a fever.

1738 births
1805 deaths
People from London
British in the American Revolutionary War
British Earls
British Marquesses
A fork is a tool for eating.  It has points called tines.  Most forks have three or four tines.  Some cooking-forks have two tines.  The tines help you pick up your food.  Forks are useful only for eating solid food.  For example, a fork would be useless for eating soup because all the soup would fall through the tines and into your lap.  Most forks are made of metal.  Some are made of plastic or wood.

The word "fork" is also used to describe a two choices of course. A fork in the road would be a split in the road leading in two (or more) directions. A forked tongue would have two parts or tips.

Forks are very common in Western culture. Many countries do not use forks, but instead have their own ways to eat food, such as chopsticks.

Related pages
 Garden fork

Basic English 850 words
Food utensils

de:Essbesteck#Gabel
Backgammon is a game played by two players. Each player moves pieces around a board. Players roll two dice to find out how far their pieces can move in one turn. The winner of one game is the first to get all pieces all the way around, and off, the board.

The game is laid-out asymmetrically. White's direction of travel is counter-clockwise, whereas black's direction of travel is clockwise. (There is no advantage  to either side due to this asymmetry.)

White moves from white's far right to white's home area on white's close right, in the shape of a right-hand "C" from white's point of view. Black moves along the same "C", beginning from black's far left and ending at black's home area on black's close left. (The "C" is the same for both sides - the "C" points to the right for white and points to the left for black.)

As shown in the image, some pieces (for each side) begin already in the home quadrant, and some pieces must make their way all the way around. Pieces can be sent backwards to their starting position during play.

The roll of two dice introduces a random component in the game, but Backgammon is basically a game of strategy. 
 
Usual playing time is around 15– 30 minutes, for a single game (which could be thought of as something like one particular long "hand" of a card game). An overall championship or round of backgammon involves a number of ongoing single games, with the involvement of points, a "doubling cube," and other complications.

The game has a long history. Games that resemble it have been played for thousands of years. Archaeologists doing excavations at a place called Burnt City in modern-day Iran have found parts of a game that resembled backgammon. They have found 60 pieces to play with, and two dice. They could show that the game utensils date from around 3000 BC. These pieces around 100–200 years older than another set, found in Ur, in Mesopotamia.

Other websites
http://www.backgammon-fr.com

References 

Dice games
Backgammon
Friction is a force that acts to stop the movement of two touching things. The energy lost to friction is turned into sound and heat. Two kinds of friction are static and kinetic. Static friction is when the friction is strong enough to stop movement between two objects. Kinetic friction is used when the frictional force is not strong enough to stop all motion. An effect of kinetic friction is heat production. 

Many everyday mechanisms that utilize friction include car brakes, suitcases, and shoes. Even a person sliding across the floor uses a form of friction.

Some facts about friction are:

Friction can be thought to be caused by bumps on two touching surfaces. These bumps are called asperities. As these two rough surfaces move against each other they get stuck and prevent motion until the asperities are broken or slid over. Even the smoothest materials have these asperities.

As the force that is pushing on an object increases, the static friction increases too. However, if the force gets bigger than the maximum static friction, it makes the object accelerate. The object will begin to accelerate as soon as the static friction is less than the force pushing on it. After that point kinetic friction will act on the object.

The coefficient of friction is the ratio between the force slowing something down and the force pushing them together. The larger it is the stronger friction is (and the more the object is slowed down). For example, a person's skates on ice have a small coefficient of friction, but rubber on concrete has a big one.

Internal friction in a fluid is called viscosity. Viscosity is how hard it is for the fluid to move or flow. For example, honey is more "viscous" than water.

Friction is caused by electromagnetism. When the atoms that make the objects come close they are drawn to each other and may connect. Effort is needed to break this connection in objects that are not moving and effort is needed to keep an object moving against this attraction. Things with high friction have many points of contact or have atoms that strongly attract others. There are 4 types of friction. Static, sliding, rolling,Fluid friction.

Related pages
Laminar flow
Force
Movement

Force
Lima is the capital city (where the government works), and is considered the most important and largest city of Peru. 75% of the Peruvian economy is handled in Lima. 
Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America.

It is an important city of South America and the entrance to Peru. Lima is city in constant urban growth. It has a large population. Over 8 million people live in the metropolitan area, which includes Callao Seaport. Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.

The city was founded by the Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. He called it 'La Ciudad de los Reyes' (the City of the Kings). It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Perú. And after the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru.

In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth, with the migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people. They wanted to find better opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980.

Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, popular traditions, and gastronomy. Lima is considered Americas's gastronomical capital.

Lima is made up of mainly Spanish speaking inhabitants with over 90% of the population speaking the language.  Lima Province has 43 districts, including:

1 - Cercado de Lima

3 - Ate

4 - Barranco

5 - Brena

7 - Comas

9 - Chorrillos

10 - El Agustino

11 - Jesus Maria

12 - La Molina

13 - La Victoria

14 - Lince

17 - Magdalena del Mar

18 - Miraflores

21 - Pueblo Libre

22 - Puente Piedra

25 - Rimac

27 - San Isidro

28 - Independence

29 - San Juan de Miraflores

30 - San Luis

31 - San Martin de Porres

32 - San Miguel

33 - Santiago de Surco

34 - Surquillo

35 - Villa María del Triunfo

36 - San Juan de Lurigancho

38 - Santa Rosa

39 - Los Olivos

41 - San Borja

42 - Villa El Savador

43 - Santa Anita

References

 
1535 establishments
16th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
1530s establishments in South America
A cleaner (or janitor) is someone who takes away garbage and cleans surfaces. Cleaners sometimes  repair things, and maintain their equipment in good working order, as well as dusting, washing, waxing and polishing.

Heavy duty cleaners often move furniture, large containers of recycled materials and waste, and other objects, and operate large buffers and other weighty equipment. "Light" duty cleaners clean chalk boards, windows, shelves, desks, light fixtures, and ledges. Some duties, like using a vacuum cleaner, can be done by either "light" or "heavy" duty cleaners. Cleaners can clean offices, staircases, kitchens, bathrooms, hallways, sidewalks, elevators, escalators, and other areas. Cleaners can specialize in washing windows, or in cleaning carpets, hospitals, food processing plants, or construction sites. Cleaners who discover seriously damaged surfaces and equipment on their sites can notify specialists, like plumbers and carpenters, about the need for professional repairs.

Cleaners are also alert for security problems, like vandalism, signs of theft (forced windows or doors, missing computers or stock), blocked fire escape routes, lights or fire alarms not working, or trespassers. When these occur, the cleaners promptly notify their sites' Security Officers and Site Supervisors. Janitors know how to keep themselves and their sites safe, by immediately removing hazards like broken class, spilled fluids, and waste from kitchens and bathrooms, and by checking hand rails, floor mats, stairs, automated doors, escalators, elevators, intercoms, and plumbing.

References

Occupations
Bovinae is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. About 26 species of bovines belong to this subfamily.

Bovines are herbivores, and they mostly eat grass.

Taxonomy 
 Subfamily Bovinae
 Tribe Boselaphini
 Genus Tetracerus
 Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis)
 Genus Boselaphus
 Nilgai, Boselaphus tragocamelus
 Tribe Bovini
 Genus Bubalus
 Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
 Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)
 Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis)
 Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)
 Genus Syncerus
 African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
 Genus Bos
 Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus)
 Kouprey (Bos sauveli)
 Banteng (Bos javanicus)
 Gaur (Bos frontalis or Bos gaurus)
 Yak (Bos grunniens)
 Aurochs or urus (Bos primigenius) †
 Domestic Cattle (Bos taurus)
 Genus Pseudoryx
 Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)
 Genus Bison
 American Bison (Bison bison)
 Wisent (Bison bonasus)
 Tribe Strepsicerotini
 Genus Tragelaphus
 Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekeii
 Nyala, Tragelaphus angasii
 Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus
 Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni
 Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis
 Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros
 Bongo (antelope), Tragelaphus eurycerus
 Genus Taurotragus
 Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx
 Giant Eland, Taurotragus derbianus

The four genera Tetracerus, Boselaphus, Tragelaphus and Taurotragus are sometimes put into their own subfamily Tragelaphinae, and sometimes with the bovines.

Images
The Fourier transform is a mathematical function that can be used to find the base frequencies that a wave is made of. Imagine playing a chord on a piano. When played, the sounds of the notes of the chord mix together and form a sound wave. This works because each of the different note's waves interfere with each other by adding together or canceling out at different points in the wave. A Fourier transform takes this complex wave and is able to find the frequencies that made it, meaning it can find the notes that a chord is made from.

The output of a Fourier transform is sometimes called a frequency spectrum or distribution because it displays a distribution of possible frequencies of the input. This function has many uses in cryptography, oceanography, machine learning, radiology, quantum physics as well as sound design and visualization.

The Fourier transform of a function , sometimes written as , is given by

where:

  is a frequency.
  is the Fourier transform function and returns a value representing how prevalent frequency  is in the original signal.
  represents wrapping the input wave function  around the origin of the complex plane at some frequency .

The inverse Fourier transform is given by

A Fourier transform shows what frequencies are in a signal. For example, consider a sound wave which contains three different musical notes: A, B, and C. Making a graph of the Fourier transform of this sound wave (with the frequency on the x-axis and the intensity on the y-axis) will show a peak at each frequency which corresponds with one of the musical notes.

Many signals can be created by adding cosines and sines together with varying amplitudes and frequencies. The Fourier transform plots the amplitudes and phases of these cosines and sines against their respective frequencies.

Fourier transforms are important, because many signals make more sense when their frequencies are separated. In the audio example above, looking at the signal with respect to time does not make it obvious that the notes A, B, and C are in the signal. Many systems do different things to different frequencies, so these kinds of systems can be described by what they do to each frequency. An example of this is a filter which blocks high frequencies.

Calculating a Fourier transform requires understanding of integration and imaginary numbers. Computers are usually used to calculate Fourier transforms of anything but the simplest signals.  The Fast Fourier Transform is a method computers use to quickly calculate a Fourier transform.

Related pages 
 Fourier analysis
 Fourier inversion theorem
 Fourier series
 Laplace transform

References

Other websites

Digital signal processing
Events 
 January 24 – King Charles II of England disbands Parliament
 June 22 – the Duke of Monmouth subdues an insurrection of Scottish Covenanters at Birthwell Bridge
 August 7 – The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes.
 December 24 – Domenico Sarro, a composer from Italy, was born. 
 Battle of Bothwell Bridge
 Habeas Corpus Act 1679 passed in England.
 European explorers discover Niagara Falls.
Events 
 March 5 – French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons
 March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion – New governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours
 March 29 – Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender
 May 6 – Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Jews in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake
 May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason
 October 3 – Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to Catholics was signed. (it was broken "before the ink was dry")
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Suleiman II (1687-1691) to Ahmed II (1691-1695).
 Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
 In New England the two separate Colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.

Births 
 February 27 - Edward Cave, English publisher

Deaths
 January 13 - George Fox, one of the founders of the Quakers
 December 31 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist
Jacksonville is the largest city in the state of Florida and one of the 15 largest cities in the United States. It is home to the University of North Florida. It is the county seat of Duval County.

It is the largest city in the Continental United States in terms of area. It covers nearly all of Duval County in North Florida. The Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL play here.

References

Other websites

 
County seats in Florida
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata Group) is an edible plant. It is a lot like broccoli, cauliflower or Brussels sprouts. Cabbage is eaten in many ways around the world. Coleslaw and sauerkraut are popular foods that use cabbage. It is also used to make kimchi and borscht, and can also be used in salads. Red cabbage juice can be used as a pH indicator. Cabbages are usually green, but they can also be red.

Types of cabbage

Cabbages can come in many different types, such as the previously mentioned red and green cabbages, but they can also be in other types. These include white cabbage, also known as Dutch cabbage, and Savoy cabbage.

References

Brassicaceae
Leaf vegetables
500 (Roman numerals: D) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events 
Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 510) Note: This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur
Possible date at which Fergus I of Dalriada begins his reign
Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England
Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei China becomes sovereign of the Northern Wei Dynasty
Uxmal founded (approximate date)
Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia