cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Juan Evo Morales Aima (born October 26, 1959) was the President of Bolivia from 2006 through 2019. He is an Aymara Native American, and is politically a leftist. He is the founder and leader of the Movement toward Socialism (or MAS) political party. Movimiento al Socialismo is its Spanish name.

Presidency
On January 22, 2006, he became President of Bolivia. His party has declared that he is the first indigenous person to be president of Bolivia. Not everyone believes this to be true because of his mestizo heritage and similar backgrounds of several past Bolivian presidents. Nonetheless, he is likely the first culturally indigenous president of Bolivia.

Policies
Born in Oruro, Morales was a leader in a union of coca growers. Morales has said he does not like United States policy toward Latin America, criticizing the country's past failures to stand up for democracy, trade agreements which he feels have not helped Bolivia, and especially for the US's anti-drug policies. Coca is a component in cocaine, but is also an important part of Bolivian culture. Morales became well known for this, and he was elected to Congress.

Even though he was forced out of Congress in 2002, he became a very popular person in Bolivia, and won the country's presidential election in 2005. As president, he focused on economic changes that moved the country toward a more socialist economy, instead of a capitalist one. He also worked with other leaders in South America like Rafael Correa and Nestor Kirchner. Morales has been a popular president, and has been reelected in 2009 and 2014. During this time he has criticized both George W. Bush and Barack Obama and has had arguments with the United States.

In 2016, Morales wanted to pass a Constitutional amendment that would allow him to run for another term in 2019. Many people in Bolivia saw this as a power grab, and the amendment lost the election.

2019 political crisis
On 20 October 2019 Morales won 47.1% of the vote in the first round of the 2019 Bolivian general election. The results were immediately challenged and led to widespread protests. On 9 November 2019 the Organization of American States published a preliminary report that there were "clear manipulations". The police joined the protests against Morales and on 10 November the military forced him to resign.

References

1959 births
Living people
Presidents of Bolivia
Democratic socialists
Native American people
The Bali tiger, or Balinese tiger (Panthera tigris balica) is one of the three extinct sub-species of the tiger. They became extinct in 1937. They lived on Bali. This was the first sub-species of tiger to become extinct.

The Bali was also the smallest tiger sub-species. There is no record of a Balinese tiger ever being held in a zoo collection. The Balinese tiger's close sub-species were the Javan tiger and the Caspian tiger, which are now also extinct. The Balinese and Javan tigers were once the same, but during the Ice Age, Bali became isolated from Java by the Bali Strait. This split the tigers into two groups which then went onto develop alone. 

The killing of the very last wild Balinese tiger is usually thought to have been at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September, 1937. It was an adult tigress. So the government of Bali made a strict law on killing tigers, but by then it was too late, because the Bali tiger had already become extinct.

References 

Tigers
Extinct species
Sitting Bull (about 1831 – December 15, 1890), real name Tatanka Yotanka, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux. At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow (warriors).
At the age of 10, however, he killed his first buffalo.
He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom of Native Americans. He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won. They are the most deadly tribe.

He was shot and killed by Red Tomahawk, a police sergeant, during an attempt to arrest him.

References

1831 births
1890 deaths
Native American people
Michelle Kwan (born July 7, 1980) is a retired American figure skater.  She has won five world championships and nine U.S. championships.

Birth and childhood 

Michelle Kwan was born on July 7, 1980, in Torrance, California. Kwan showed interest in figure stating when she followed Ron and Karen, her brother and sister, onto the ice, saying that all she could remember was "every day, tying up my skates and a big smile on my face, excited to go on the ice". She attended public school until eighth grade, when she began being homeschooled in 1994.

Junior world champion 

Kwan won the world junior championship in 1994.  The same year, at the age of 13, she came in the top 10 in the world senior championship.  She became world champion in 1996, when she was 15.

Diplomatic career
On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he planned to nominate Kwan to be United States Ambassador to Belize.

Olympics 

 World Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003
 Olympics:  1998 - silver; 2002 - bronze
 U.S. Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

References

Other websites 
 
 
United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) Athlete Biography 
International Skating Union (ISU) Skater Biography 
US Olympic Committee Biography
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (1) 
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (2)

Figure skaters from California
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
1980 births
Living people
Frank Jack Fletcher (29 April 1885 - 25 April 1973) was an Admiral in the United States Navy. He was born at Marshalltown, Iowa, of the same family line as Captain Frank "Pat" Fletcher and of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, noted men in the Navy. He attended the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and had jobs on many warships. In 1914 he got the Medal of Honor at Vera Cruz. Then he was in control of a destroyer in World War I received the Navy Cross. Later he took Naval and Army War College training, became chief of staff Asiatic Fleet, aide to Secretary of the Navy Swanson, and Commanding Officer of battleship New Mexico. He became Rear Admiral in control of Cruiser Division 3 in 1939. He was Commander of Cruisers, Pacific Fleet at the time
of Pearl Harbor. In the very bad, first six months of the war, he was Task Force Commander at the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Eastern Solomons. Vice Admiral Fletcher then became Commander North Pacific Forces where he took the surrender of the Imperial Northern Fleet. After the war he became Chairman of the Navy General Board till he retired. Admiral Fletcher rests at Arlington National Cemetery.

"Frank Jack Fletcher, was the best fighting commander in the U.S. Navy in the twentieth century. He came out best in all three aircraft carrier battles in which he fought -- there were only five such fights in of all history. Admiral Fletcher was outnumbered at all times and when the other side was at its highest point in the early years of the Pacific War. He did not let the other side take Australia, Midway, and Guadalcanal. He put down six of the ten Japanese carriers with four of the six great carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor. His acts were completely his own, because there was no such thing as carrier fighting experience before him to learn to fight ships from the air. He kept the Pacific safe which let much support to go to Europe and started the Allied victory in World War II."

References 

1885 births
1973 deaths
Admirals
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Iowa
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Lu Chen (Simplified Chinese: 陈露, Traditional Chinese: 陳露, Chen Lu in Chinese) (born November 24, 1976, in Changchun) is a Chinese figure skater. She was world champion in 1995.

Chen's mother played table tennis and her father coached ice hockey. She started skating at the age of five in Jilin, and also took ballet dancing. She won the bronze medal at the world junior championship in 1992, and came third at the world senior championships the same year, at the age of 16.

Her nickname is "Lulu," and she is also known as "Butterfly on Ice." She is admired for her artistic ability.

Chen skated for the professional show Stars on Ice for two years. Now she runs an ice skating club in Shenzhen. This club is named after her.

 World Championships: 1991 – 12th, 1992 – 3rd, 1993 – 3rd, 1995 – 1st, 1996 – 2nd
 Olympics: 1992 – 6th, 1994 – 3rd, 1998 – 3rd
 Chinese National Figure Skating Competition: first from 1990 to 1995

Source 
 Figure Skating: A Celebration by Beverly Smith

1976 births
Living people
Chinese sportspeople
Figure skaters
Oksana Baiul (born November 16, 1977 in Dnipropetrovsk) is a Ukrainian figure skater. She came first at the 1993 world championships and at the 1994 winter olympics.

Baiul's grandfather gave her first skates to her when she was three years old. When her mother died, she became an orphan (had no parents). But she kept skating, and won the world championships when she was only 15 years old. She became famous for her artistic ability when she skated as "the swan" to win the Olympics when she was 16. 

She has skated for many professional shows such as Champions on Ice and Stars on Ice. A T.V. movie was made about her - A Promise Kept: The Oksana Baiul Story. She now lives in New Jersey. She still skates professionally, and also makes figure skating clothes.

Amateur competitions 
 World Championships: 1993 - 1st
 Winter Olympics: 1994 - 1st
 European Championships: 1993 - 2nd, 1994 - 2nd

References

Other websites 
 OksanaStyle.com Official Website
 Golden Skate - Interview
 View Zone - Interview
 oksanabaiul.com - Additional info

1977 births
Living people
Ukrainian sportspeople
Figure skaters
The Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) is one of the six living tiger subspecies, and is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southwestern China. The Indochinese tiger is also known as the Corbett's tiger, named after Jim Corbett. It has been listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In Myanmar it is the National animal of the country.

Description
Males are around 8–9 ft (2.4-2.7 meters) long, and weigh around 330 to 430 pounds. Females are around 7–8 ft (2.1-2.4 meters) long, and weigh around 221 to 287 pounds. Indochinese tigers are darker in colour than the Bengal tiger, and have narrow stripes which usually break up into a row of spots. Their belly, chin and cheeks are white in colour.

Where they live
The Indochinese tiger is found throughout Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma and Vietnam. It also lived in China, but no Indochinese tiger has been seen in China since 2007.
It is found mostly in lowland and highland tropical deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The Indochinese tiger is also found in hilly and mountainous areas.

Feeding
Indochinese tigers feed mainly on medium-sized and large-sized wild ungulates. Sambar deer, wild pig, serow, and large bovids such as banteng and young gaur make up most of the Indochinese tiger's diet. Some of its prey, like the  kouprey and Schomburgk's deer, are extinct, but some, like the Eld's deer, hog deer and wild water buffalo, are still living but rare. Indochinese tigers also feed on muntjac deer, porcupines, macaques and hog badgers. 
They have been known to supplement their diet with birds, fish, monkeys and reptiles.

Reproduction
Female Indochinese tigers are pregnant for around 3–4 months, before giving birth to about 5 cubs. Newborn Indochinese tigers weigh around 1 kg (2 lb), and are blind and helpless. The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the Indochinese tiger cubs are introduced to meat. Indochinese tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.

References

Tigers
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian language: Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was the leader of the Soviet Union for a short time. He became the leader in 1984. He had emphysema, hepatitis and cirrhosis. He ruled for 13 months until his death in from heart failure in Moscow in 1985. Chernenko had a son called Albert.

References 

1911 births
1985 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in the Soviet Union
Former dictators
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian politicians
Soviet politicians
A Shetland Sheepdog is a kind of small dog whose ancestors came from the Shetland Islands.   Many people call them "Shelties". They are popular pets in many countries. Shelties have the same origins with Rough Collie and Border Collie. Shelties are a working dog and are sometimes used for herding.

A Sheltie can have a mix of several colors in its coat. Most shelties are sable and white (brown and white) or tri-color (black, white and tan). Their fur is long and they shed twice a year.  Shelties range in size from 13 to 16 inches.  They usually weigh about 25-30 pounds.

Shelties are very energetic dogs that run and bark a lot. They are great with children. 
It was said that Shelties were sheep dogs so they try to please their master and have a strong sense of responsibility. They do not need very much discipline. Shelties rank in the top ten smartest dogs. They learn new things very quickly and remember them well. Shelties make great family pets as long as you do not mind a dog that barks.

Dog breeds
Shetland
A belief is a firm thought that something is true, often based on revelation. Belief is usually a part of belonging to a religion. It is different to scientific knowledge that can be tested, but belief is not able to be tested. For example, a person may believe in God or gods.
The word is also used to describe what a person expects will happen based on limited information. For example, "I believe Amy will come around today". Belief is also something you believe in but you cannot prove exactly.

Related pages
Faith
Evidence
Epistemology
Karl Popper

Basic English 850 words
Religion
Social sciences

References
The German Shepherd (), also known as the Alsatian, is a breed of medium-large dog. It was first developed in Germany. They are often used as police dogs, but they have many other uses. They have been used as herding dogs, guard dogs, military dogs, eyes for the blind and as pets between others. Because of their intelligence, speed, drive, eagerness and balance, they are now called 'multi-terrain' dogs as well as 'most complete dog breed' also considered the most versatile breed both in adaptability and suitability.

An important modern use is the dog's ability to perform search and rescue. In former times the American Rescue Dog Association only used air-scenting Alsatians to locate people who are missing or lost. They search in wilderness, disaster, human body remains and water search and rescue and recovery missions. The breed is smart, athletic and can live in a wide variety of climate conditions. 

Male German Shepherds usually weigh around . Females usually weigh around .

The term Alsatian wolf dog, instead of German Shepherd dog, was first popularly used by the British in the First World War. This was because the country was at war with the German Empire. Adolf Hitler, a German dictator, was also known to have German Shepherds as companions.

The German Shepherd Dog breed, as it is currently known, was developed by the founder and the first president of the Association for the German Shepherd Dog breed Max Emil Friedrich von Stephanitz at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.

Gallery

References 

Dog breeds
Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back is a science fiction movie and the second film in the Star Wars saga. The movie was released in 1980. It includes action, romance and drama.

Cast 
 James Earl Jones as Darth Vader
 Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
 Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
 Kenny Baker as R2-D2
 Frank Oz as Yoda

Plot 

The Rebels hide from the Empire on the icy planet Hoth. The Empire finds the Rebels and they have to leave the planet after a battle.
Luke Skywalker finds Yoda, a 900-year-old Jedi Master and begins the training to become a Jedi. Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and C-3P0 are caught by the Empire and Solo is frozen in carbonite. In his Jedi training, Luke gets a vision that his friends are in danger and tries to help them. He has to confront Darth Vader, and the two of them fight. When Luke fights Vader, he cuts off Luke's hand and Luke also learns that Vader is his father. His hand is replaced with a prosthetic one, including nerves, muscles, and some other stuff.

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 
 
 The Empire Strikes Back The Movie Database

1980 movies
1980 science fiction movies
Christmas movies
Empire Strikes Back, The
United States National Film Registry movies
thumb|right|A Caribbean reef squid 

Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida. They are the sister group to the octopods. Squid are carnivores, but they are also hunted as prey. The largest squid, the giant squid and colossal squid, are eaten by sperm whales and sleeper sharks. 

There are about 300 species of squid.

Characteristics 
Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs, and two longer tentacles with suckers.

All squid have a mouth with a radula, and jet propulsion with the siphon from the mantle. The radulla is a scraping organ in the mouth that scrapes nutrients from food sources. 

Tentacles are used for locomotive power and capturing food sources. All squids are carnivores; they eat other animals, not plants. 

Like other cephalopoda, squid are intelligent animals. Squids have a head-like structure, with sense organs and brains in the front end. Although the squids lack exterior shells they have a vestigial shell inside, made of chitin.

The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change colour to suit its surroundings, making it effectively camouflaged. Controlled by the nervous system, the camouflage can change in 'real time'.

Locomotion 
Squids mainly rely on moving via jet propulsion, though deep sea squids may use their fins instead to save energy. A squid sucks in water through its mantle, than pushing it out through its siphon. Squids also have their gills inside the mantle to collect oxygen while moving.

Squid reproduction 
After a male and female mate, the female squid lays eggs. The eggs are laid inside an egg case. Since the squid is usually a part of a shoal, it is laid with many other egg cases from many other squids, and then anchored to the sea floor. Because of this, squid eggs are often (many times) found in clumps, and those clumps often look like a flower.

Often, the male will die a short time after mating, and the female will die once she has released her eggs. Because of this, squids usually lay eggs only once. Squids do not live very long. Although there are some long-lived species, most squids live for only one or two years.

Size

Most squid are no more than  long, although the giant squid may reach .

In 1978, sharp, curved claws on the suction cups of squid tentacles cut up the rubber coating on the hull of the USS Stein. The size suggested the largest squid known at the time.

In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught a colossal squid weighing  and measuring around  off the coast of Antarctica. This specimen is the largest invertebrate ever found. Squid have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

Giant squid are featured in literature and folklore with a frightening connotation. The Kraken is a legendary tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of real giant squid.

References 

Cephalopods
Mimicry
The giant squid (Architeuthis dux) is a genus of deep-ocean dwelling squid. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size: recent estimates put the maximum size at 12 metres (39 ft) or 13 metres (43 ft) for females and 10 metres (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles.

There is a larger squid, known as the Colossal Squid.

Until 2005, nobody had ever seen a giant squid that was alive. Only dead giant squids had been found. On 30 September 2004, researchers from Japan took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat. Several of the 556 photographs were released a year later. The same team successfully filmed a live adult giant squid for the first time on December 4, 2006.

There is no agreement as to how many species there are. The Kraken is also believed to be a giant squid,

History 
For many years, people would hear stories from fishermen about giant squids at sea. According to the stories, an enormous squid would wrap its arms around a whale, causing a terrible fight to start. Whalers said that sometimes, when they caught a whale, it would have scars as big as dinner plates on its body. Other times, when they cut open the stomach of some of their whales, they would find squid arms as long as 30 ft with suckers up to four inches wide. The whalers who told these stories either chopped up the squid parts to eat or use as bait, or they threw them back out to sea before scientists were ever able to examine them. However, in 1861, a French ship was able to bring back parts of a giant squid so scientists could study them.

Then, in the late 18th century, several giant squids washed up on shore, proving that giant squids really exist. After that, many giant squids were found washed ashore or dead at sea. Scientists grew very interested in these mysterious creatures, but few ever saw them alive. Scientists think they spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean.

In December 2005, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia got the intact body of a giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice. It had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand's South Island that year.

The number of known giant squid specimens was close to 600 in 2004, and new ones are reported each year.

References 

Cephalopods
Googol officially known as ten-duotrigintillion or ten thousand sexdecillion  is the number 10100 (or Ten duotrigintillion) (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000).

A 9-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, first used the word googol. Sirotta made this word in 1937, for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.

The company Google was named after the number "googol."  Its creators originally called it BackRub because it used backlinks to tell how important each page was.  Someone suggested "googolplex." They shortened it to "googol" and then spelled the word wrong when looking for a domain name that was not taken yet.

Related pages 
 Graham's number 
 Googolplex, which is 10googol

References

Integers
The Super Bowl is a special American football game played every year to decide the winner of that National Football League (NFL) season. The best team from the National Football Conference plays the best team from the American Football Conference to win the Vince Lombardi Trophy, which was named after the first coach to win a Super Bowl. For most American football fans, it is a very special event.

Some people who do not like American football still watch it for the television advertisements and the half-time show. The TV advertisements during Super Bowl are the most expensive in the world in per second value. Because of the high cost of advertising, companies usually produce unique advertisements. As a result, watching advertisements has been a well publicized event in itself.

The Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots are the teams with the most Super Bowl Wins with six victories each. The San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys currently are tied for the second-most Super Bowl wins with five. The Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars have never played in a Super Bowl. The New York Jets have not played in the Super Bowl since the American Football League (AFL) and the NFL joined together in 1970.

Champions

AFL-NFL World Championships

NFL Championships

Notes

References

Other websites 
Official website of the Super Bowl
America's Game  - America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions, an NFL Films documentary of all Super Bowl winning teams

 
Sports in the United States
"We Will Rock You" is a song by Queen. It is one of their most famous songs. It is used at a lot of sports events. The main song has the band stamping their feet twice, and clapping once. At the end, a short guitar part is played.

Musicians:
 Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
 Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
 Roger Taylor - backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
 John Deacon - handclaps, footstamps

Queen songs
1977 songs
Rock songs
Lagos is the second largest city in Africa and the most populous city in Nigeria and in West Africa. There are about 12.5 million to 18 million people living in Lagos, which makes it one of the biggest cities in Africa. Lagos is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The city is made of several local government areas. Some of these areas are Somolu Koshofe, Ifelodun, Surulere, Agege, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Ajegunle, Oshodi, and Maryland.

Each Local government area has a presence of the central government with the establishment of general hospital, judiciary and police stations.

Lagos was the capital of Nigeria until 1992, when the capital became Abuja. Lagos is still the commercial capital of Nigeria and a gateway to West Africa. Lagos is made up of different islands like Victoria island, Bananna island, Snake island, and the mainland

Notes

References 

Former national capitals
 
15th-century establishments
Establishments in Africa
The infinitive is a verb form. It has no person, number, mood, or tense.

The infinitive in English 
In English, there are two main forms of the infinitive:

 the full infinitive (to-infinitive) has the word to at the beginning. For example: I want to run 
 the bare infinitive does not have the word to. For example: I must go.

After a modal verb you must use an infinitive. For example, I must go, he must go (he must goes is not correct)

To express time relationships, here are 6 types of infinitives:
 
 simple infinitive, for example, to write
 continuous infinitive, for example, to be writing
 perfect infinitive, for example, to have written
 perfect continuous infinitive, for example, to have been writing
 passive infinitive, for example, to be written
 passive perfect infinitive, for example, to have been written

The infinitive in other languages 
 In German, the infinitives end with -en, -eln or -ern. There are 2 exceptions -  (to be) and  (to do). 

In Esperanto, the infinitives end with -i, for example  (to sleep)

References 

Grammar
An album is a collection of sound recordings. It is usually made by a musician, and is sold in stores. Albums were originally a collection of gramophone records, each having one or two songs. Today an album is usually in the form of a compact disc, although many artists also release their albums on vinyl records.

Types of albums 
There are two main types of albums, studio albums and live albums. Studio albums are recorded at a recording studio. Live albums are normally recorded while the musicians are performing for an audience. Live albums are usually recorded at concerts. 

Other types of albums include:
 Compilation album: Compilation albums are usually made of songs that first came from many different albums. These songs can all be from the same musicians (often called "Greatest Hits" albums) or they can each be from different musicians.
 Debut album: the first album from a musician or musical group.
 Solo album - A solo album is an album by a single musician. This often happens when a singer or musician who is a part of a band creates an album without the rest of the band. It may also happen when the person leaves the band and starts performing alone. For example, most of Beyoncé's albums after she stopped performing with Destiny's Child are solo albums.  
 Tribute album: Tribute albums or "cover albums" are albums where a second group or musician plays songs which were first played by another, often more famous, group or musician.  The second group is usually called a "Tribute band" when most or all of the music they play is from another band.  For example, a Slipknot tribute band would mostly play songs that were written and played by the band Slipknot.
Live album: Live albums are made from songs that are performed live, such as during tour.

Tracks 
Albums are normally separated into Tracks. Each track is a part of the album which has one song in it. The term is often used to mean a specific song on the album by number. For example, the "fourth track" or "track four" from an album is the fourth song on the album when it is played from the beginning.

Related pages
 Extended play
 Single (music)
Baker Island is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is just above the equator. It belongs to the United States. The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island. It is called the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge. 

The island has no trees. The island is surrounded by a coral reef. This makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of uninhabited regions

References

Other websites 

 Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge

Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Uninhabited regions
Hermaphrodite is a term which comes from Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. It is used as a scientific term in biology.

In zoology, an animal which can produce both sperm and ova is  a hermaphrodite. As an example, most earthworms are hermaphrodites. A simultaneous hermaphrodite has both sets of sex organs throughout life. A sequential hermaphrodite has ovaries at first, replaced by a testis later, or the other way round.

In botany, hermaphrodite is used for 'complete' flowers with both male and female parts, and for plants which have bisexual reproductive units. See flowering plant sexuality for details.

With people, the term hermaphrodite is not correct, because true functioning hermaphrodites are not possible in humans. What sometimes happens is errors in development which lead to intersex persons. A definition of intersex is :
"... individuals of a bisexual species that have characteristics intermediate between the male and female".

People who are intersex may have a very small penis and no testicles, or a very small and short vagina and a large clitoris that looks like a penis.

References 

Biology
Sexuality
The epididymis is the part of the human male reproductive system. It is the tube that holds the testicles in place. It stretches from the back of each testicle to the van deferens.

Parts 
The dinges is made up of three parts:
 The head (Caput)
 The body (Corpus) 
 The tail (Cauda)

Uses 
Sperm made in the testis go into the head (caput) of the epididymis, go through the body (corpus) and stop at the tail (cauda), where they are stored. When sperm are first made and travel to the head, they are not yet ready to be ejaculated. They cannot swim or fertilize an egg. By the time they reach the tail, the sperm can fertilize an egg. The sperm are transferred to the Seminal visicle through the vas deferens. The sperm can not swim yet, so muscle contractions push the sperm to the seminal vesicle where final development is finished. .  

When the sperm are ejaculated, they move through the tail of the epididymis. There are so many sperm that they cannot swim, but use peristalsis from muscles in the vas deferens.

Disease 
An injury or infection of the epididymis causes epididymitis, a painful condition that can take months to heal. Sometimes the testicle has to be removed. There does not seem to be any single cause, or treatment for this condition. Some doctors treat it with antibiotics, some take a "wait and see" attitude. At times just one testicle is affected and at others, both.

Removal 
Sometimes males get their epididymis removed either as a form of birth control or for other reasons (such as for post-vasectomy pain syndrome) in a surgery known as an epididymectomy.

Pictures

References 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Events 

 The War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States.
 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo in Belgium. (1815)
 Denmark lets Norway go; Norway declares independence.
 Congress of Vienna changes Europe.
 Volcano Mount Tambora explodes in the Dutch East Indies (1815)
 Year without a Summer (1816)

Births 
 James Strang, Mormon. (1813)
 John A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada (1815)
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (1815)
 Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States
 Frederick Douglass, writer. (1818)

World leaders 
 Emperor Francis II (Austria)
 Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
 King Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
 Jiaqing Emperor (China)
 Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
 King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
 Pope Pius VII
 Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
 King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
 King George III (United Kingdom).
 President James Madison (United States)
 President James Monroe (United States)
 Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)

Deaths 
 Paul Revere, silversmith. (1818)
 Jemima Wilkinson, preacher. (1819)
Mammary glands are the part of the female body designed for the making milk for baby mammals to drink. In humans they are in the breasts.

Integumentary system
Glands
Breasts
The Year without a Summer was 1816.  The year before that, in 1815, a volcano had erupted in the Dutch East Indies.  The volcano's name was Mount Tambora.  The volcanic ash from the eruption spread across the world.  It darkened the sky, and made the Earth's surface colder.  

In much of Europe and northern North America, summer never came. In New England and Germany, there were frozen lakes in the middle of June.  Flowers never bloomed, and every day was cold. These places and China suffered famine.

1816
Weather
San Jose (officially San José) is a city in Santa Clara County, California in the United States. 

It is the third biggest city in California, after Los Angeles and San Diego. It is the tenth biggest city in the United States. It is south of San Francisco. The city has nearly 2,000,000 people. It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb in the Koeppen climate classification).

By the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for high tech and internet industries, making it California's fastest-growing economy.

References

Other websites 

 City of San Jose Web site

 
County seats in California
Venus, Texas is a town in the United States. Around 2,960 people lived there (about 1,981 males and 979 females) in 2010.

References 

Cities in Texas
Evergreen, Colorado is a community in the United States, about 30 miles from Denver, Colorado.

The historic section of Evergreen has a charming strip of small shops and restaurants. Before the town became a hot spot for outdoor recreations, the town used to be a hunting ground for the Ute Indians. 

By 1860 settlers had converted the land to farms and ranches and the people created an economy based on lumber trade. Eventually, Evergreen became known for its proximity to nature and scenic landscape. It was a popular getaway for celebrities of Old Hollywood including Greta Garbo and Teddy Roosevelt.

References 
Cities in Colorado
Toller Cranston (April 20, 1949 – January 24, 2015) was a Canadian figure skater.

Early life and career 
Cranston was born in Hamilton, Ontario. He grew up in Kirkland Lake, Ontario.  He was Canadian champion six times, and, despite never coming higher than third at a world championship, he came first in the free skate four times. He was well-respected for his artistic ability, and is recognized as someone who brought a new level of artistry to men's figure skating.

Professional career 
He skated as a professional for many years, choreographed (designed movement patterns for) skating routines, and was a commentator (talked about events) on T.V. during skating events. Many people don't realize that Toller was also an extremely successful and talented fine art painter. He funded his career off the sale of his artworks, and continued to paint ferociously until the end of his days.

Retirement and death 
After his retirement, Cranston lived in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. He was found dead at his home in San Miguel de Allende on the morning of January 24, 2015. He was 65 years old. His cause of death was later said to be a heart attack.

Amateur competitions
World Championships:  third in 1974
Olympics:  bronze medal in 1976
Canadian Championships:  first in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1976

References

Other websites
Toller Cranston  official site

 

1949 births
2015 deaths
Bisexual people
Canadian figure skaters
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian Olympic bronze medalists
Canadian painters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
LGBT choreographers
LGBT Olympians
People from Hamilton
Sportspeople from Ontario
The Montreal Canadiens are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Their nickname is the "Habs" (short for the French "Habitants", early settlers in Quebec from France).  They have won the Stanley Cup championship 24 times, more than any other team.

History 
The Canadiens (who use the French spelling of "Canadian") were formed in 1909, as part of the National Hockey Association.

Early games 
They won their first Stanley Cup in 1916, with star players such as Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde and goaltender Georges Vezina.  The Canadiens joined the NHL in 1917; Canadien Joe Malone won the first NHL scoring title (Art Ross Trophy).  They won the Cup again in 1924, with players such as Billy Boucher. Howie Morenz was a big star in the early years of the NHL.  He was a great skater.  Morenz won the Hart Trophy, as the league's top player, three times.  Goalie George Hainsworth played at the same time, and along with others such as Aurel Joliat, they won the Stanley Cup in 1930 and 1931.

It took 13 years before they won the Cup again.  A young Maurice "The Rocket" Richard, star goalie Bill Durnan,Hector "Toe" Blake, and Elmer Lach led the Canadiens to the cup again in 1944, as well as 1946.  Richard scored 50 goals in a 50-game season in 1944-45.  No one did that again for 36 years.  He led the NHL in goals five times.

Later games 

The Canadiens became a very powerful team in the 1950s.  Led by legendary center Jean Beliveau, Doug Harvey (who won seven Norris Trophies as best defence, six on Montreal), Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Dickie Moore, Jacques Plante (who won seven Vezina Trophies for goalies), and Richard (along with his younger brother, Henri, the "Pocket Rocket"), the team won the Cup in 1953, and five times in a row, 1956 through 1960.  They won again in 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969.

New members 
New players led the team in the 1970s:  Guy Lafleur, Ken Dryden, Bob Gainey, Larry Robinson, and Yvon Cournoyer led them to the cup in 1971, 1973, and four times in a row, 1976 through 1979.  By 1979, they had won the Stanley Cup 16 times in 27 years.

Related pages
List of Montreal Canadiens players

References 

Notes

Other websites
Official website

 
1909 establishments in Canada
Hockey is a type of sport in which players try to get points by hitting an object into the other team's goal with a stick. Others believe hockey came from the French word “hoquet” which means shepherd's stick. James Creighton, an engineer who learned how to play the game of hockey while living in Nova Scotia, is credited for bringing the game to a new level. He taught his friends at McGill University in Montreal how to play the game. There are three main ways that hockey is played.

Field hockey is played with a ball on grass or astroturf. there are eleven players in each team . Field hockey is usually played outdoors, but there is indoor field hockey. Field hockey is played in the Summer Olympic Games.
Ice hockey is played on ice. Players on each team wear ice skates. They try to hit a small rubber disc called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are up to 6 players on the ice at a time for each team. It can be played indoors or outdoors. Professionals play indoors in arenas. Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is played in the Winter Olympic GamesThe modern game was invented in the mid-1850´s by British soldiers based in Canada. Rules were set by students at McGill University in Montréal, Canada, in 1879, and many amateur clubs and leagues were organized in Canada by the late 1880´s. The game is believed to have been 1st played in the USA in 1893.
Roller hockey is played on a roller hockey rink, usually inside. Players on each team wear roller skates. They try to hit a small plastic disk called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are 5 players on each team. There is no contact.
Evidence exists that shows ancient Aztecs, Greeks and Romans played similar forms of the game. The modern game of field hockey came to fruition in the mid-19th century in Great Britain. The British army brought the game to its colonies, and the first international competition took place in 1895.
St. Basil's Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Intercession, is a very famous cathedral in Moscow, Russia. It is officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, or Pokrovsky Cathedral. It was commissioned by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), for Saint Basil the Blessed. It is in the area called Red Square. It was built in 1555-1561.

The cathedral is has eight distinctive onion-shaped towers. The building itself is made up of separate chapels. There is a ninth spire in the middle, forming an eight-point star.

The cathedral has been close to destruction many times. Napoleon Bonaparte decided to take it to Paris, but such an undertaking would have been impossible. Instead, he ordered it to be demolished. Explosives were lit, but torrential rain suddenly started, extinguishing the fuses. 

Joseph Stalin also ordered it to be destroyed, since it interfered with parades.  Pyotr Baranovsky, who was the architect in charge, objected and was sent to the GULAG but the demolition was cancelled.  The city of Moscow also caught fire numerous times, and the cathedral wasn't spared. Even so, it still stands to this very day.

Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Moscow
A death grunt is when a singer uses a scream which is very low and deep. It is used in many types of music, but usually death metal. In many people's opinions, it is hard to understand the death grunt. However, some people who listen to them a lot think they are not so hard to understand. Some people believe that death grunts in music sound "scary", so they do not like them.

Bands that use death growls include Necrophagist, Morbid Angel, Opeth, and many more.
Bands that use higher screams that come from the throat include Escape the Fate, Alesana and Greeley Estates.

Other terms for death grunts are death growls, harsh vocals, and unclean vocals.

References 

Music
A clique is a small group of people who like the same things.  Sometimes, people use the word clique to talk about groups of young people.  The word is also used to talk about groups of adults, usually groups of politicians.

In a clique there are leaders and followers.  A clique may also have people they do not like. Such people are called outcasts. The outcasts were followers, then they were not liked.
 

Relationships
Sociology
Goth can also mean a member of a Germanic tribe

A goth is a word usually used to describe a person who listens to gothic music and/or dresses in a goth style clothes. Goths often wear black and unusual jewelry. Both goth men and goth women often wear make-up.

The goth subculture originated in the early 1980s among fans of the first gothic rock group, Bauhaus.

The word goth comes from the word Gothic which actually means gloomy or dark.  This meaning of the word comes from gothic fiction, a type of literature popular during the late 18th and early 19th century. 

People who call themselves a goth are those who live up the meaning of the name through wearing clothes or putting on makeup that is in colours that represent death, decay, or gloominess, such as the colour black, deathly white face makeup, dark bloody red colours, or the tones of the colour puce.

Goth people may also make and listen to Goth music.

Goths wear normal black clothes and mix them with other colours to make a new look.

Goth people are often mistaken to be emo or punk because of the everyday stereotypes. 

Subculture
Cigarettes can be any dried leaf that people roll in thin paper to smoke, but the word is most often used to refer  ones with dried tobacco leaves. The nicotine in the tobacco can be addictive to people. The nicotine from cigarettes makes people want to smoke more, even if they do not like the taste or its other effects. The smoke also has other things that are bad for people's health. Many countries have laws saying who can smoke tobacco cigarettes and where they can smoke them. They can cause lung cancer, heart disease and many other diseases. Most packs of cigarettes have warning labels on them. Until the mid-1950s, cigarettes were advertised as being healthy or at least not harmful. Tobacco companies used images of doctors smoking in their advertisements to falsely convince the public that cigarettes were safe. Cigarettes were advertised as a remedy for throat irritation, the common cold, obesity, indigestion, and even asthma. Today, all of the major tobacco companies admit that cigarettes are harmful to health.

Dangers 
Smokers have symptoms such as frequent coughing, chest pain, and breathlessness. Doctors say that people should not smoke, as it can harm almost every organ in the body.

Cigarette smoke contains many harmful substances. Among them are nicotine, tar, carcinogens and carbon monoxide.
 Nicotine is a drug that is addictive. It damages brain tissue. 
 Tar is a sticky substance that kills cells and causes lung cancer.
 Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer.
 Carbon monoxide is a colourless and poisonous gas that stops hemoglobin from taking oxygen around the body.
 Filtered, light, ultra-light, menthol, natural, nicotine-free, and electronic cigarettes are just as harmful as regular cigarettes.
 Nicotine in cigarettes is as addictive as cocaine and heroin.
 Other tobacco products, such as cigars and chewing tobacco, are not a safe alternative to cigarettes.
 Improperly extinguished cigarettes are a common cause of house fires.
 Smoking near fuel or flammable chemicals can cause a fire or explosion.

Notable brands 
 Marlboro
 Camel
 Lucky Strike
 Kool
 Pall Mall

References

Smoking
Gdańsk is a city in the north of Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, near the place where the Vistula river meets the Baltic Sea. It is Poland's 6th largest city (population of 500 000 people) and the largest and most important sea port.

It has existed since the 10th century and many times played a very important role in Poland's history. In the 19th century it was part of Prussia. This is where Solidarity, the movement which helped end Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, came to life.

Gdansk has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Wikimania 
The sixth Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2010.

Related pages 
 Golden Gate in Gdańsk

References 

 
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Montserrat is a Caribbean island. It is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. The governor of Montserrat is Deborah Barnes-Jones. The capital is officially Plymouth, but the government has moved to Brades after a volcano, Chances Peak, destroyed Plymouth in 1995.

Before the island was called Montserrat, Kalinago and Taíno people had lived in the region for a long time. They knew it as Alliouagana. 

Montserrat was colonized mostly by Irish Catholics. They brought many black slaves to the island and forced them to work on sugar plantations. The work the slaves made many plantations grow wealthy. When slavery was made illegal in the 1830s, the British Empire paid all the slave owners.

References 

 
Caribbean Community