cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Division of Gorton is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 2004 and is named for Sir John Gorton, Prime Minister of Australia from 1968 to 1971. It covers the outer western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes the suburbs of Hillside, Delahey, Kings Park, Caroline Springs, Deer Park, Cairnlea and Melton as well as the satellite townships of Diggers Rest and Toolern Vale.

Members

Brendan O'Connor had also been the member for the Division of Burke. He has held several Ministerial positions in the Rudd Government and the Gillard Government These have included Immigration and Citizenship, Housing, Human Services, Skills and Training, Small Business, and Employment.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Gorton – Australian Electoral Commission
 Brendan O'Connor's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
2004 establishments in Australia
The Division of Holt is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1969 and is named for Harold Holt, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1966–67. It covers the outer south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. This includes Cranbourne, Doveton, Hampton Park, Endeavour Hills, Narre Warren, and Hallam.

Members

Gareth Evans was a member of the Senate before being elected to Holt. He was a Cabinet Minister in the Hawke and Keating Governments, including Foreign Minister. He was the Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 1996 to 1998.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Holt – Australian Electoral Commission
 Anthony Byrne's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1969 establishments in Australia
James Dougherty (born April 12, 1921 – August 15, 2005) was an American policeman in the Los Angeles Police Department. He was Marilyn Monroe's first husband.

Early life
Dougherty was born in Texas. His parents were Ethel and Edward Dougherty. He was youngest of five children. His grandparents were immigrants from England and Ireland. When he was a child, he moved to Globe, Arizona with his parents.

He studied at Van Nuys, California  High School and graduated in 1938. Jane Russell, who grew up to become a very famous actress was in the same graduating class as James Dougherty.

Marriages
In 1942, when he was 20 years old, he met his neighbor, Norma Jeane Baker. She was 16 years-old and they married in Los Angeles. After the wedding, he joined the navy. They separated in 1946. He told the Sun-Journal in 1997, that he was in love with a small town girl, not an actress. Until Monroe died in 1962, he followed the career of his ex-wife.

In 1947, he married Patricia Scoman. They have three daughters Cheryl Ann Dougherty (born 1947), Vivian Kathleen Dougherty (born 1950), and Maria Irene Dougherty (born 1952). Dougherty and Scoman separated in 1972.

His third wife was Rita Lambert. They married in 1974 and moved to her hometown in Maine. They were married until she died in 2003.

Death
At the age of 84 years, he died in August 2005 of leukemia.

Other websites

1921 births
2005 deaths
American police officers
People from Los Angeles
People from Texas
Deaths from leukemia
The Division of Lingiari is an Australian electoral division in the Northern Territory. It was created in 2000 and covers almost the entire Territory. The city of Darwin is in the Division of Solomon. Lingiari covers an area of , making it the second largest division in terms of area in Australia. The largest is the Division of Durack in Western Australia. Lingiari also includes the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

The division was named for Aboriginal rights activist Vincent Lingiari AM (1908–1988), who was a member of the Gurindji nation.

Members

Warren Snowden hheld a number of positions, including Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Minister for Defence Science and Personnel, Minister for Indigenous Health, and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Centenary of Anzac during the Rudd and Gillard governments.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Lingiari - Australian Electoral Commission
 Warren Snowden's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Northern Territory
2001 establishments in Australia
Touraine () is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. In 1790 France changed from being divided into provinces to being divided into departments. Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, :Loir-et-Cher and Indre.

Geography

Touraine has a network of rivers. The Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne all make up a part of the Paris river basin. It is well known for its wine. The TGV connects Tours with Paris. The trip takes less than an hour. This has made Touraine a place of residence for people who work in the capital but seek a different quality of life.

History
Touraine takes its name from a Celtic tribe called the Turones, who inhabited the Tours region about two thousand years ago.  
In 1044, the control of Touraine was given to the counts of Anjou. This same dynasty who (as the House of Plantagenet) became kings of England in 1154. The castle of Chinon was their great stronghold. In 1205, Philip II Augustus of France regained Touraine. At this time, Touraine was made into a Duchy. In 1429, Saint Joan of Arc had a historic meeting with the future King of France Charles VII at Chinon. Throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries, Touraine was a favorite residence of French kings. The castles were converted to Renaissance châteaux; for this reason the region was titled "The Garden of France". These same châteaux became popular tourist attractions in modern times. The royal duchy became a province in 1584, and was divided into departments in 1790.

Famous natives
 René Descartes
 Honoré de Balzac

Famous non-natives
 Leonardo da Vinci died in Amboise in 1519
 Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, Duke of Touraine leader of the Army of Scotland in France during the Hundred Years' War.

Notes

References 

Geography of France
Pays de la Loire
Centre-Val de Loire
Eve Hewson (born 7 July 1991) is an Irish actress. She is the daughter of U2's lead singer Bono and Irish activist Ali Hewson.  Her first big movie role was in Paolo Sorrentino's This Must Be the Place in 2011, with Sean Penn.

Early life
Hewson was born on 7 July 1991 in Dublin. She was named Eve because she was born on 7 July at 7:00pm, and  "eve" is the middle of the word "seven". She has three siblings. She was educated at St. Andrew's College in Dublin and attended New York University (NYU).

U2 song "Kite" was based on a time when Bono his daughters to fly kite on Killiney Hill. When the kite smashed, Eve asked if they could go home to play with their Tamagotchis.

Career
Hewson's parents did not want her to be a performer. However she was in a short movie in 2005 with her sister. This was Erica Dunton's short movie, Lost and Found. her first feature-length movie was in 2008, in Dunton's The 27 Club. The same year Hewson took part in an acting programme at the New York Film Academy. In 2010 she was in a music video and short movie for Irish band The Script's song "For the First Time".

In 2011 Hewson acted with Sean Penn and Frances McDormand in Paolo Sorrentino's This Must Be the Place. Her role was a young punk called Mary. She will play Yvonne in a new movie called Blood Ties by French director Guillaume Canet. Hewson  received her degree from New York University on 22 May 2013. Her father turned down an offer of an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters on the same day.

In July 2013 Jack Quaid from The Hunger Games and Hewson asked fans for money for a new movie called Roadies using crowdsourcing.

Filmography

References

Other websites

1991 births
Living people
Irish movie actors
People from Dublin
The Division of Solomon is an Australian Electoral Division in the Northern Territory. It covers the cities of Darwin (including the surrounding suburbs) and Palmerston. The only other division in the territory, the Division of Lingiari, covers the remainder of the territory.

The division was created in 2000. It is named for Vaiben Solomon, a Premier of South Australia, and member of the first Australian Parliament. He represented the Northern Territory in the South Australian House of Assembly, when it was still part of that state.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Solomon – Australian Electoral Commission
 Natasha Grigg's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Northern Territory
2000 establishments in Australia
Izalco is a volcano in the west part of El Salvador. It is a black color. Izalco is near the Santa Ana volcano, which is three kilometers to the south.

Volcanoes of North America
El Salvador
The Madeira wall lizard (Teira dugesii) or Madeira lizard is a species of lizard in the Lacertidae family, and the only member of the genus Teira.

Distribution
This Madeira wall lizard is endemic to the Madeira Islands, Portugal, where it is abundant. In the Azores, this lizard is found after involuntary introduction during the 19th century by ship trade between the two archipelagos, but the lizards have never reached the population numbers as in their territory of origin. There is also a small population in the port area of Lisbon, probably accidentally transported in ships carrying bananas, and first found in 1992; a study of 2001 found that the population has remained stable in size since its discovery.

Taxonomy
The species was named after the French zoologist Louis Antoine Dugès (1797–1838).

The subspecies Teira dugesii mauli (Mertens, 1938) from the Desertas Islands now is a synonym of Teira dugesii dugesii. Atlantolacerta andreanskyi (Andreansky's lizard) from Morocco, and Scelarcis perspicillata (Menorca wall lizard) from Morocco, Algeria and Minorca, were in the genus Teira but now are in other genera.

The species Teira dugessii presents three subspecies:
 Teira dugesii dugesii (Milne-Edwards, 1829) - of the Madeira island and of the Desertas Islands (Deserta Grande, Ilhéu Chão e Bugio). The population introduced in Azores and Lisbon are of this subspecie.
 Teira dugesii jogeri (Bischoff, Osenegg & Mayer, 1989) - of the Porto Santo island.
 Teira dugesii selvagensis (Bischoff, Osenegg & Mayer, 1989) of the Selvagens islands.

Characteristics
These lizards can reach  in length, although adults have usually between . Their color can vary from light brown to dark gray, but with some of them (usually males) may show other colors, like green, blue and violet. Males can be easily distinguished from females due to the presence of a yellow fold at the bottom of the hind legs.

The females lay two to three groups of eggs annually. And some individuals could live to 16 years or more.

Food
Despite being essentially an insectivorous species, ripe fruits and berries (especially blackberries) are also part of their diet.

Habitat
This species is generally found in arid areas where the vegetation is not dense. It may also occur in open woodland, areas with rocks and where crops are grown.

References

Other websites

 Animal Diversity Web: Teira dugesii
 Catalogue of Life 
 Teira dugessi| The Reptile Database
 Fauna Europea: Taxon Details
 NCBI (Teira dugesii)
 uBio: Teira dugessi Milne-Edwards 1829

Lizards
Moab (not to be confused with Moab, the city in Utah) is the historical name for an area of land in Jordan. The mountainous land covers the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. In ancient times, it was the Kingdom of Möab. There have been many archaeological findings that have helped reconstruct its history. It is also described in the Old Testament of the Bible. According to Genesis (19:37), it was inhabited by the children of Moab, a grandson of Lot. The Moabites were often at war with its neighbours to the west, the Israelites.

The capital of Moab was Dibon.

A well-known Moabite is Ruth. According to the Biblical Book of Ruth, she married an Israelite man and became the greatgrandmother of king David.

Related pages 
 Massive Ordnance Air Blast - MOAB

Other websites
Catholic encyclopedia

Ancient history
History of Jordan
Old Testament
Suffering is pain or mental or emotional unhappiness caused by bad things happening, like disasters or illness. It is an important topic in philosophy, and religion. Much health care exists to help people who are suffering.

Related pages
Misery
Pessimism

Other websites
Peter Kreeft

Life
Emotions
Pain
Ethics
The Defiant Ones is a 1958 American black and white movie which tells the story of two escaped prisoners, one white and one black, who are shackled together and who must co-operate in order to survive. It stars Tony Curtis, Sidney Poitier, Theodore Bikel, Cara Williams, Charles McGraw, and Lon Chaney, Jr.. Ivan Dixon was a stunt double for Sidney Poitier.

Other websites 

1958 drama movies
1950s crime movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Stanley Kramer
Penny Ur (born 1944) is a professor at Oranim and Haifa University. She retired as head of the Masters of Education program at the Oranim Academic College of Education. Ur studied at several universities earning her Master of Arts at Oxford University, PGCE at Cambridge University, Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Reading University. She moved from the United Kingdom to Israel in 1967. She taught in primary and secondary schools in Israel for more than 30 years. She is interested in language-teaching methodologies, how they change the ways teachers teach, and English as a lingua franca. She writes for the Learning English section of the Guardian Weekly.

Ur received the OBE (Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) for her work as an English language teacher.

Works 
 A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge University Press.
 Discussions that Work. Cambridge University Press.
 Five-Minute Activities. Cambridge University Press.
 Grammar Practice Activities. Cambridge University Press.
 Teaching Listening Comprehension. Cambridge University Press.
 Vocabulary Activities. Cambridge University Press.

References 

Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
Linguists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
1944 births
British educators
English people
Feng Shui () is a Chinese system of luck. It has to do with the laws which help one improve luck.

Feng Shui means "wind and water" in Chinese. Invented by the Taoists, many people implement its philosophies in their every day lives.  Feng Shui has five basic "elements", they are: Fire, Earth, Metal, Water, and Wood. These elements are set up in a specific way so that it shows Fire makes Earth, Earth creates Metal, Metal holds Water, Water nurtures Wood, and Wood feeds Fire. Also, Earth dams Water, Water extinguishes Fire, Fire melts Metal, Metal cuts Wood, and Wood consumes Earth.

There are multiple Feng Shui schools such as "The Western School of Feng Shui" and "The American Feng Shui Institute"

Chinese culture
Luck
Adam Michael Rodríguez (born April 2, 1975) is an American actor. He is best known for his long running role as Eric Delko on CSI: Miami.

Early life
Rodríguez was born in Yonkers, New York. His parents are Janet and Ramon Rodríguez. He is Puerto Rican and Cuban. He studied at Clarkstown High School North in New City, New York with the NFL player Keith Bullock of the New York Giants. He graduated in 1993.

Rodríguez wanted to become a baseball player. Because of an injury, he could not do that. Afterwards, he wanted to become an actor. His first casting was at the age of 10 years for The Cosby Show.

References

1975 births
Living people
Actors from New York
People from Yonkers, New York
Exogeny refers to coming from the outside. People, planets, computers, and anything else can be influenced either by things in its environment or by things within itself. Things from within itself are indigenous.

The Earth is shaped by many geological processes. The forces that make these things happen come from both inside and outside the Earth.

In geology, exogenous processes come from forces on or above the Earth's surface. Processes caused by forces from within the Earth are endogenous processes. Exo is a prefix meaning "out", and endo is a prefix meaning "in".

Many exogenous (extraterrestrial) forces are caused by other bodies in the Solar System. For example, the Moon causes tides in the Earth's oceans and other big bodies of water. Impacts from comets and meteoroids change the surface of the Earth. When they strike the Earth, they make craters in the ground.

The Sun is the main exogenous influence in the Solar System. It has many effects on Earth. Radiation from the Sun is a main cause of the surface temperature of the Earth, and for the growth of plant life. We are partly shielded from the Sun's solar wind by the Earth's magnetic field. Storms of solar particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer which protects us from ultraviolet radiation. Sometimes we see aurorae, which are lights that can be seen at night near the poles.

An example of an exogenous process that is not as a result of bodies in space is erosion. Erosion is mostly made by precipitation such as rain and snow, and by wind. 

There are three main endogenous geological processes: folding, faulting and volcanism. They take place mainly along the plate boundaries. These are the zones on the edges of plates. Endogenous processes cause many major landform features.

Earth sciences
"God's Gonna Cut You Down", also known as "Run On" and "Run On for a Long Time", is a traditional folk song which has been recorded by many artists representing many genres. The lyrics are a warning to sinners that no matter how hard they try, they will not avoid God's judgment. Johnny Cash sang this song for an album called American V: A Hundred Highways (2006).

Johnny Cash songs
Folk music
"Hurt" is a song written by Trent Reznor. It was first released on Nine Inch Nails' 1994 album The Downward Spiral. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Song in 1996 but lost to Alanis Morissette's "You Oughta Know".

Originally recorded by Nine Inch Nails, the song "Hurt" has been adapted and covered by several artists, including Johnny Cash and Leona Lewis. The song clearly includes references to self-harm and heroin addiction, although the overall meaning of the song is unknown. 

In 2002, Johnny Cash covered the song for his album, American IV: The Man Comes Around. The line "crown of shit" was changed to "crown of thorns", not only removing profanity from the lyrics, but also more directly referencing Christ and Cash's devout Christianity. Its accompanying video, featuring images from Cash's life and directed by Mark Romanek, was named the best video of the year by the Grammy Awards and CMA Awards, and the best video of all time by NME in July 2011. The cover was released on a single with the B-side 'Personal Jesus', a cover of the Depeche Mode single.

References
 

1996 songs
Johnny Cash songs
Songs about drugs
Nine Inch Nails
"Folsom Prison Blues" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Johnny Cash. The song combines two popular folk genres, the train song and the prison song. Cash would continue to use these genres for the rest of his career. It became one of Cash's best known songs.

1950s songs
Johnny Cash songs
Country songs
Songs written by Johnny Cash
Kingsland is a city in Cleveland County, Arkansas, United States. Its population was 447 at the 2010 U.S. census. It is included in the Pine Bluff, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is famous as the birthplace of legendary country music artist Johnny Cash.

Cities in Arkansas
Jeannette Littlemore studies applied linguistics in the English Language department at the University of Birmingham. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in European Studies at the University of Bradford in 1989, Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics and English Language Teaching at the University of East Anglia in 1993, and PhD in English Language Teaching at Thames Valley University in 1998. She has taught in Spain, Japan, Belgium, and the UK. One of her research interests is the use of metaphor and gestures.

Books 
 Figurative Thinking and Foreign Language Learning. Co-author Low, G. Palgrave Macmillan. (2006).
 Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching. Palgrave Macmillan. (2009).
 Doing Applied Linguistics. Co-author Groom, N. Routledge. (2011)
 Metonymy: Hidden Shortcuts in Language, Thought and Communication. Cambridge University Press. (2015)

Related pages 
List of women linguists

Other websites 
 An Interview with Jeannette Littlemore

References 

Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
British linguists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
"A Boy Named Sue" is a song written by Shel Silverstein. It was first made popular by Johnny Cash.  Cash was at the height of his popularity when he recorded the song live at California's San Quentin State Prison at a concert on February 24, 1969.  The concert was taped by Granada Television. It was later shown as a television program. Carl Perkins played guitar during the performance.  

The sound recording of the concert was later released on Cash's At San Quentin album by Columbia Records. Cash also sang the song as a comedy performance in December 1969 at Madison Square Garden.  

The song became Cash's biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was his only top ten single there, spending three weeks at No. 2 in 1969. The track also topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts that same year. It was certified Gold on August 14, 1969, by the RIAA.

Shel Silverstein's recording was released the same year as "Boy Named Sue". It was a single on his album Boy Named Sue (and His Other Country Songs). It was produced by Chet Atkins and Felton Jarvis.

The song 
The story of the song was inspired by the writer Jean Shepherd, a close friend of Shel Silverstein.  He was often made fun of as a child because of his feminine-sounding name.

In his autobiography, Cash wrote that he had just been given the song and only read it a couple of times. It was included in that concert just to try it out. He did not know the words when he first sang it.  On the video recording, he can be seen regularly looking at a piece of paper. Cash was surprised at how well the song went over with the audience.

References 
 

1969 songs
Country songs
American poems
Johnny Cash songs
"Let It Be" is a song by The Beatles, released in March 1970 as a single, and (in an alternate mix) as the title track of their album Let It Be. 

It was written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon. It was their final single before McCartney announced his departure from the band (by that time, Lennon had already left). 

Both the Let It Be album and the US single "The Long and Winding Road" were released after McCartney's announced departure from and subsequent break-up of the group.

"Let It Be" holds the number-one spot on "The Fans' Top 10" poll included in The 100 Best Beatles Songs: An Informed Fan's Guide by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis. The song is number three in the 100 Best Beatles Songs list, only behind "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "A Day in the Life", which is number one.

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1970 songs
The Beatles songs
Escape from L.A. is a 1996 American science fiction movie directed by John Carpenter. It stars Kurt Russell, Cliff Robertson, Steve Buscemi, Peter Fonda, Stacy Keach, Bruce Campbell, and Pam Grier. Robertson replaced Donald Pleasence as President due to his death in 1995. It was sequel for Escape from New York. It was released on August 9, 1996.

Sources

1996 movies
American science fiction movies
Movies directed by John Carpenter
Movies set in Los Angeles
English-language movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
Movies with underwater settings
American independent movies
The movie Blue Jasmine is a 2013 drama movie. This was directed by Woody Allen. The subject talks about an NYC area woman by the name Jasmine, whose life completely falls apart, at which point she then relocates to San Francisco. This movie was released in July and August 2013. It has received very enthusiastic reviews by the critics. Woody Allen would not release Blue Jasmine in India. It was nominated for 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 2014.

References

2013 drama movies

American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Woody Allen
American independent movies
The Thing (also known as John Carpenter's The Thing) is a 1982 American science fiction horror monster movie directed by John Carpenter. It stars Kurt Russell, Wilford Brimley, Richard Dysart, Richard Masur and Donald Moffat. The movie's title refers to the main antagonist: a parasitic extraterrestrial lifeform that violently assimilates other organisms and in turn changes into their shape. The Thing enters an Antarctic research station, taking the appearance of the researchers that it absorbs, and paranoia develops within the group. It was released on June 25, 1982.

Other websites

 
 
 
 The Thing at theofficialjohncarpenter.com 
 Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum's Set Visit

1982 horror movies
1982 science fiction movies
1980s monster movies
1980s science fiction horror movies
American monster movies
American movie remakes
American science fiction horror movies
Movies set in Antarctica
English-language movies
Movies directed by John Carpenter
Multilingual movies
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
Universal Pictures movies
Poseidon is a 2006 American disaster movie directed by Wolfgang Petersen. It is a remake of The Poseidon Adventure. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. It stars Josh Lucas, Kurt Russell and Richard Dreyfuss. It was released on May 12, 2006.

2006 movies
2000s disaster movies
2000s movie remakes
American action movies
American disaster movies
American movie remakes
English-language movies
Movies directed by Wolfgang Petersen
Survival movies
Air Force One is a 1997 American action-thriller movie written by Andrew W. Marlowe and directed by Wolfgang Petersen. It is about a group of Russian terrorists hijacking Air Force One. It stars Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman, Glenn Close, Xander Berkeley, Jürgen Prochnow, William H. Macy, Dean Stockwell, Wendy Crewson, Philip Baker Hall and Paul Guilfoyle. The President of the United States  Bill Clinton praised it. The movie was composed by Jerry Goldsmith. It was released on July 25, 1997. It received positive reviews from critics. It currently has a 78% on rotten tomatoes and has a score of 61 out of 100.

References

1997 movies
Movies directed by Wolfgang Petersen
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
English-language movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Political movies
Movies about terrorism
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
1990s action thriller movies
American action thriller movies
American crime movies
American disaster movies
American drama movies
Buena Vista International movies
Movies about abduction
Movies about families
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in the 1990s
The triangular trade refers to trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually develops when a region is exporting resources that are not needed in the region from which its main imports come. Instead, the resources are exported to a third region. The routes involved were historically also shaped by the winds and currents during the age of sailing ships.

The best-known triangular trading systems were across the Atlantic Ocean, especially the Atlantic slave trade, which lasted from the late 16th to early 19th centuries. During this time, European countries such as Britain, Spain and France had colonies in the Americas and Africa. The ships carrying slaves, crops and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean and American colonies and the colonial powers in Europe. The use of African slaves was very important to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to buy African slaves, which were then brought west from Africa to the Americas to work on the crops. The middle passage of the triangular trade refers to the transportation of the slaves to America.

The Atlantic economy was tied into the idea of mercantilism, which thought it was a good idea for European countries to have a lot of colonies that traded only with them. Goods that were traded in the Atlantic economy were rum, slaves, sugar, tobacco, gold, spices, fish, lumber and manufactured goods. Triangular trading became less common in the 20th century due to free trade and ships specialized for particular cargoes.

Other websites

 The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages

Atlantic Ocean
History of colonialism
Trade
Economic history
Historic slave trade
Heliocentrism is the idea that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, which is the center of the solar system. Many people proposed heliocentrism, such as Aristarchus of Samos from ancient Greece, but Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to think of good reasons why it is true. This was the beginning of modern astronomy.

Before Copernicus, most people thought that the Sun and the other planets revolved around the Earth (this was called geocentrism). This is because if you stand on Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky. However, when people watched for many years they saw many things that did not make sense if the Earth was the center of the Solar system. For example, sometimes the planets seemed to move back and forth instead of moving around the Earth. Copernicus explained why these things happen in 1543, when he published the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ("On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres"). This gave his reasons for thinking the Sun was at the center instead.

Other astronomers who made further advances after Copernicus were Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. For example, Kepler showed that the planets do not orbit in perfect circles, and Galileo built very good telescopes that helped to confirm the heliocentric model.

Copernicus also thought that the sun was the center of the universe, but we now know that this is incorrect. The Sun is part of the Milky Way galaxy which is one out of billions of galaxies.

Further reading

On the Revolutions; translation of De Revolutionibus with commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, .

References

Solar System
Trance describes a state of mind. A trance is when a person is conscious, and not sleeping, but is unaware of what is happening around him or her.

The term trance is associated with hypnosis, meditation, magic, flow, religion, and certain kinds of music. It is an "altered state of consciousness".

There are many efforts to define what a trance is. Some think it is a borderland between normal consciousness and spirituality

The most straightforward example is when a person is hypnotized, they are in a trance. Conscious, and responding to the hypnotist, the person seems to block out other thoughts and other information.

Another common example is the day-dream, where a person's mind drifts across private thoughts. Everyone daydreams, but young children constantly daydream, and have vivid imaginary fantasies. This is entirely normal. In the language of psychology, this kind of temporary separation from one's surroundings is called "dissociation". Research shows that a lot is going on when we daydream.

There are many examples of trance in religion. African animistic religions, such as that of the Yoruba, feature dances in celebration of the spirits. Under the influence of rhythm and song, a group dances, often for hours at a time. During this time, various members of the group may fall into trances, and some may act as if possessed by one of the spirits being worshiped. States of "spiritual ecstasy" are known in most forms of Christian worship. It is a main part of those aspects of religion known as "mysticism".

Related pages 
Flow (psychology)

References 

Psychology
Words
The Spitzer Space Telescope is a telescope launched into space by NASA in 2003. It is the fourth telescope in the Great Observatories program (the Hubble Space Telescope was the first). The Hubble Space Telescope takes pictures of visible light, and the Spitzer Space Telescope takes pictures of infrared light. Unlike Hubble, Spitzer orbits the Sun instead of the Earth.

The Spitzer Space Telescope is named after the scientist Lyman Spitzer. It was planned to last for 2.5 years, but it actually lasted until 2009 when it exhausted its supply of coolant. Some parts of the telescope can work even when they are warm, and are still working.

Discoveries

The Spitzer Space Telescope was able to see very good detail. Spitzer was the first telescope that could see light from extrasolar planets (planets outside the Solar System.) It was also able to see some of the first stars in the universe, believed to be only 100 million years after the Big Bang.

Further reading
Spitzer Space Telescope website at NASA.
Spitzer Space Telescope website at Caltech.

References

Space telescopes
In cosmology, the age of the universe is the amount of time since the Big Bang. The best measurement of the age of the Universe is 13.8 billion years (specifically, 13.798±0.037 billion years). The most recent and most accurate measurements were made by the Planck spacecraft. These measurements were made using the cosmic microwave background radiation and the expansion of the Universe.

History
In the 1800s, evidence from geology showed that the Earth was at least millions of years old. Later, it was thought that the universe was unchanging. However, in the 1920s, Georges Lemaître and Edwin Hubble determined that the universe was expanding (see Hubble's law). Although the estimates made using the initial data were low, radioactive dating on Earth could be used to give measurements of 11–20 billion years to 13–15 billion years. Eventually, scientists were able to make much better measurements using spacecraft.

References

Cosmology
Carmelo Flores Laura (likely born July 16, 1906 – June 9, 2014) was a centenarian from Bolivia, who some believed to be born in 1890. That would have made him the person living to be the oldest ever known. However, other documents was found, that indicated he was actually born in 1906. Flores himself only said that he was about 100 years or more, which in that case  was correct.

Laura was born on July 16, 1906 in Bolivia.   

Carmelo Flores Laura worked for the rancher who owned Frasquia, a rural area of Bolivia near Lake Titicaca, until 1952. At that time, the government seized the land and redistributed it to peasants such as Flores. He has lived there since, never traveling father than La Paz,  from his home.

Flores had three children, one of which is alive as of 2013 (Cecilio, aged 67). He has 40 grandchildren and 19 great-grandchildren. His wife died in the 2000s. 

The Bolivian government was said to be planning to officially honor Flores as "a living heritage" of the Bolivian people.

A police ID card and entry in the civil registry stating Flores was born on July 16, 1890 were shown to reporters. The longest fully documented lifespan in history is 122 years and 164 days, achieved by France's Jeanne Calment.  

Flores himself only said "I should be about 100 years old or more," when asked about his age. The Gerontology Research Group found a baptismal certificate that indicated Flores was actually 107 years rather than 123.

Laura died in an Andean village in Bolivia, aged 107.

References

1906 births
2014 deaths 
Bolivian people
Centenarians
Longevity claims
John Barry Prendergast, OBE (3 November 1933 – 30 January 2011) was an English composer and conductor of movie music.

He composed the soundtracks for 11 of the James Bond movies between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the "James Bond Theme" to the first movie in the series, 1962's Dr. No. He wrote the scores to the award winning films Midnight Cowboy, Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa, in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999 he was appointed OBE for services to music.

Barry was born on 3 November 1933 in York, Yorkshire, England. He studied at St Peter's School, York.

Barry was married four times. His first three marriages, to Barbara Pickard (1959–63), Jane Birkin (1965–68), and Jane Sidey (1969–78) all ended in divorce. He was married to Laurie from 1978 until his death. The couple had a son, Jonpatrick. Barry had three daughters, Suzanne (Susie) with his first wife, Barbara, Kate with his second wife, Jane, and Sian from a relationship with Ulla Larson between the first two marriages.

Barry died of a heart attack on 30 January 2011 at his Oyster Bay home, aged 77. He is survived by Laurie, his wife of 33 years, and by his four children and five grandchildren.

References

Other websites

 

1933 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English composers
People from Yorkshire
Jericho is a very old city in the West Bank. It is mentioned in the Book of Joshua. In 2007 18,346 people lived there.

References

Other websites
Bible places

Cities in the West Bank
Old Testament
Marvin Kaplan (January 24, 1927 – August 25, 2016) is an American actor. He is known for providing the voice of Choo-Choo in Top Cat. He is also known for appearing in the comedy movie It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) and The Great Race.

Kaplan was born on January 24, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York. His career began in 1949. He was married to Rosa Felsenberg from 1973 until they divorced in 1976. 

He died on August 25, 2016 in Burbank, California of heart failure, aged 89.

References

Other websites

official website
An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part One
An interview with Marvin Kaplan, April 2012 - Part Two

1927 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Earl Cameron, CBE (8 August 1917 – 3 July 2020) was a Bermudian actor. Along with Cy Grant, he was known as one of the first black actors to break the "colour bar" in the United Kingdom. He also had repeated appearances on many British science fiction programmes of the 1960s, including Doctor Who, The Prisoner and The Andromeda Breakthrough.

Cameron was born on 8 August 1917 in Pembroke, Bermuda. He was married to Audrey Cameron until her death in 1994. Then he was married to Barbara Cameron from 1994 to 2020. He had six children with Audrey.

Cameron died on 3 July 2020 in London from pneumonia, aged 102.

References

Other websites
 Podcast interview with Earl Cameron on his life on the occasion of receiving his honorary degree from the University of Warwick on 23rd January 2013
 Feature on Earl Cameron at onecountry.org
 
 Royal Gazette interview with Earl Cameron 
 Biography details on Screenonline
 Detailed filmography at the British Film Institute 

1917 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Bermudian people
British movie actors
British stage actors
British television actors
British voice actors
British centenarians
Actors who played in James Bond movies
Earl Stevick (23 October 23, 1923 - 13 August 2013) was an expert in language learning and teaching. Stevick was influential in developing the communicative approach to language learning. He was a practicing Christian and this greatly influenced his approach to education.

Academic career 
He studied government at Harvard University, earned a Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Columbia University, and a PhD in linguistics at Cornell University. After he received his PhD, Stevick began teaching at Scarritt College for Christian Workers in Nashville, Tennessee. He applied for and received a Ford Fellowship and went to teach in Angola, Belgian Congo and Southern Rhodesia for two years. He then worked for the U.S. State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, creating courses to learn local African languages.

Stevick was one of a small group of language educators who created the Master of Arts in Teaching degree at the SIT Graduate Institute in 1969. It was called School for International Training at that time. He continued to help with that program as a member of the advisory board.

Books 
 Memory, Meaning and Method (1976 & 1996 editions)
 Teaching Languages, A Way and Ways
 Humanism in Language Teaching: A Critical Perspective 
 Teaching and Learning Languages
 Chinyanja Basic Course  (and many other FSI courses)
 Success with Foreign Languages 
 "Images and Options in the Language Classroom"
 "Adapting and Writing Language Lessons"

Family 
Stevick met Betty Rae Culp in 1947. They married in 1948. Some of Stevick's family members are still alive, including: a brother, Bob Stevick, of Seattle, Washington; three children, Becky Clarke of Lexington, Marian Walton of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Joel Stevick of Rockville, Maryland; eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.

References 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
Linguists
People from Sioux City, Iowa
Columbia University alumni
A death anniversary is the custom of commemorating the date of someone's death. It is observed in several Asian cultures, including among Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Jewish and Vietnamese people. The tradition has also been associated with Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism. Like a birthday, it is celebrated each year. Instead of on the date of birth of the individual being celebrated, it is celebrated on the day on which a family member or other loved one died.

Death customs
Confucianism
Chinese culture
Korean culture
Darwin's finches, also known as the Galapagos finches, are finches that live on the Galápagos Islands. They are not actually finches, but they are a kind of passerine bird.

Charles Darwin used the finches to provide evidence for natural selection. He realized that the finches have different beaks because they are adapted to eat different kinds of food. For example, a finch with a big beak is very good at cracking open nuts, and a finch with a long beak is very good at catching insects. Darwin was able to see that the finches had a common ancestor which is why they were so similar except for their beaks. Eventually, this led to the theory of evolution.

Further reading

References

Evolution
Passeriformes
Charles Darwin
York (nicknamed The White Rose City) is a city in south-central Pennsylvania. The city was established in 1741, and officially incorporated to city status in 1887. In the 2010 Census, there were nearly 43,800 people living there. 

Cities in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
1741 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
This is a list of episodes of the television series Kojak.

There have been six seasons of Kojak. The first five seasons (Pilot + 118 episodes) were shown on the channel CBS from 1973 to 1978. The Pilot of the series was "The Marcus-Nelson Murders", which was aired on March 8, 1973. The fifth season was the last season in the series' original run. Then, in the mid-1980s, CBS aired two TV-movies: "The Belarus File" and "The Price of Justice". The series was revived (brought back) in 1989, with a sixth season. In this season, Kojak had the rank of captain. The sixth season is the final season. It consisted of 5 episodes; it was shown on ABC. The last episode was shown on April 7, 1990.

Lt. Theo Kojak is the main character of the series. He is played by Telly Savalas in every episode.

Series overview

DVD / Blu-ray releases

Episodes

Pilot
"The Marcus-Nelson Murders" / Original air date: March 8, 1973

A true story about the double murder of two white girls in New York City (The Wylie-Hoffert Career Girl Murders, 1963). Police arrest a black male, unjustly accusing him of being the murderer, but Kojak tries to show that the suspect was innocent of the crime. The episode is directed by Joseph Sargent.

Season 1  
1973–74

Season 2
1974–75

Season 3 
1975–76

Season 4
1976–77

Season 5 
1977–78

TV-movies 
1985–87
 The Belarus File / Original air date: February 16, 1985  Kojak investigates a series of crimes against Jews. Kojak has a great interest in the case because the victims were his friends. Kojak has a new assistant Dana Sutton to help him solve the case. Directed by Robert Markowitz.

 The Price of Justice / Original air date: February 21, 1987  When the bodies of two young boys are discovered in a river in Harlem, their mother is the obvious suspect, particularly with her bad past. But Kojak believes that she is innocent.

Season 6 
1989–90

References

Other websites 

The Official Site of Telly Savalas 

Lists of television series episodes
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time is a list published in 1990 by the Crime Writers' Association (CWA).

Five years later, the Mystery Writers of America (MWA) published a similar list named The Top 100 Mystery Novels of All Time. Many titles can be found in both lists.

The CWA Top 100

The MWA Top 100

Related pages
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction – Lee

References

Other websites
The CWA Top 100, Past Offences: classic crime reviews and news

Lists of books
19th-century books
20th-century books
Crime fiction books
African art is art made in Africa or by Africans. Although the term itself is debatable, as there are few other continents whose art is grouped in this way, and given the differences between individual countries within Africa, historically art from Africa has often been considered in this way.

Other websites
National Museum of African Art
Inside African art

Art
Art
Showaddywaddy are a British pop group famous for their hit "Under the Moon of Love". They mostly played songs by other groups from the 1950s and 60s.

Band members
Original members listed in bold

Current members
Romeo Challenger (born 19 May 1950, St John's, Antigua, West Indies) — drums (1973–present)
Rod Deas (born 13 February 1948, Scarborough) — bass (1973–present)
Paul Dixon — guitars (2008–present)
Rob Hewins — drums (2012–present)
Dean Loach — keyboards (2012–present)
Andy Pelos — vocals (2012–present)

Former members
Dave Bartram (born 23 March 1952, Leicester) — vocals (1973-2011)
Trevor Oakes (born Trevor Leslie Oakes, 9 September 1946, Leicester) — guitars (1973-2009)
Al James (born Geoffrey Betts, 13 January 1946, Leicester) — bass (1973-2008)
Buddy Gask (born William Gask, 18 December 1945, Leicester – 7 June 2011, Spain) — vocals (1973-1987)
Russ Field (born James Lewis Russell Field, 1 September 1949, Berwick-upon-Tweed) — guitars (1973-1985)
Malcolm "Duke" Allured (born 27 August 1945, Leicester) — drums (1973-1984)
Ray Martinez — guitars (1985-1995)
Danny Willson — guitars (1995-2009)
David Graham — saxophone (2009-2011)

Other websites
Official Showaddywaddy website
Interviews from the Leicester Mercury, on the Leicester Band's website

People from Leicester
English pop music groups
1970s British music groups
A dependent personality disorder (DPD) is a personality disorder that involves a psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term (chronic) condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs. Only a small percentage of people with dependent personality disorders are eventually able to manage on their own.

Personality disorders
Psychiatry
A fugue state (dissociative fugue or psychogenic fugue) is a rare psychiatric disorder. It involves temporary loss of memory (amnesia). It usually only lasts a short time (from hours to days), but can last months or longer. In a fugue state, the person not only forgets all about who they are, but may suddenly adopt a new identity. They may leave home and wander, settle in another area with a new name. Fugue occurs to avoid stress and anxiety. After the fugue state comes to an end, the person recovers the memories they lost, but usually forgets all that happened during the fugue.

References

Other websites
"Dissociative Fugue " from the Mental Health Matters website.
"Dissociative Fugue" from the Merck & Co. website.

Disorders
Psychiatry