cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Greenlandic can be divided into three dialects:

Kalaallisut or, in English, Greenlandic, is the standard dialect and official language of Greenland. This standard national language is now taught to all Greenlanders in school, regardless of their native dialect. It is related to Inuktitut. It reflects almost exclusively the language of western Greenland and has borrowed a great deal of vocabulary from Danish, while Canadian and Alaskan Inuit languages have tended to take words from English or sometimes French and Russian. It is written using the Roman alphabet. The dialect of the Upernavik area in northwest Greenland is somewhat different in sound from the standard dialect.

Tunumiit oraasiat, (or Tunumiisut in Kalaallisut, often East Greenlandic in other languages), is the dialect of eastern Greenland. It differs sharply from other Inuit language variants and has roughly 3,000 speakers.

Avanersuaq is the dialect of the area around Qaanaaq in northern Greenland. It is sometimes called the Thule dialect or North Greenlandic. This area is the northernmost settlement area of the Inuit and has a relatively small number of speakers. It is reputed to be fairly close to the North Baffin dialect, since a group of Inuit from Baffin Island settled in the area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It counts under 1,000 speakers.

References

Eskimo-Aleut languages
Wire is a long, thin and flexible piece of metal. Wires are made in many different metals and sizes, and are used for many purposes. Wire rope has been used for centuries. 

Electrical wire is wire used to carry electricity. When people touch wire that is carrying electricity, they get shocked, which is bad, so the outside coating of electrical wires is colored. Most electric wires are black, but some wires have a differently colored coating. Different colors indicate different purposes, for example, in the United States, green or bare is a ground (earth) wire, white is a neutral wire, and black, blue, red, brown, yellow, and orange are hot (live) wires.

A wiretap is when law enforcement puts a device into a phone or other electronic device to hear what suspected criminals are going to do. 

Copper wire is the best known type of wire, but wire can also be made out of aluminum or other metals. If we did not have wiring almost all of our electronics would not be working or available.

Basic English 850 words
Hardware (mechanical)
Electrical wiring
A whip is a long strand of leather or other fabric with a hard handle. When a person shakes a whip fast, it makes a loud "crack" sound, because it has broken the sound barrier. It is used for directing or hitting animals or people.

Basic English 850 words
Tools
Die Toten Hosen is a German punk band from Düsseldorf, Germany. They are one of the most popular punk bands from Germany. Their career started in 1982. Their first album was released in 1984 and named Opel-Gang.

Most of their songs are in German. Some are in English and in a few other languages such as Spanish. They have many fans in German-speaking countries but also they have many fans in South America and other parts of Europe.

Members
The band consists of the following members:
 Voice - Campino (Andreas Frege)
 Guitar - Kuddel (Andreas von Holst)
 Guitar - Breiti (Michael Breitkopf)
 Bassguitar - Andi (Andreas Meurer)
 Drums - Vom (Stephen George Ritchie)

Albums 
 1983: Opel Gang
 1984: Unter falscher Flagge (With wrong flag)
 1985: The Battle Of The Bands EP
 1986: Damenwahl (Ladies's choice)
 1987: Never Mind The Hosen-Here's Die Roten Rosen (aus Düsseldorf) (... (from Düsseldorf))
 1987: Bis zum Bitteren Ende (LIVE) (Up to the bitter End)
 1988: Ein kleines bisschen Horrorschau (A little bit of Horrorshow)
 1990: Auf dem Kreuzzug ins Glück (On the Crusade to luck)
 1991: Learning English
 1993: Kauf MICH! (Buy ME!)
 1993: Reich & Sexy (Best of) (Rich & sexy)
 1994: Love Peace and Money
 1996: Opium fürs Volk (Opium for the people)
 1996: Im Aufrag des Herrn (LIVE) (In the Name of the Lord)
 1998: Wir warten aufs Christkind (Waiting for Christmas)
 1999: Unsterblich (Immortal)
 1999: Crash Landing
 2002: Auswärtsspiel (Guest Match)
 2002: Reich & Sexy II-Die fetten Jahre(Rich & sexy II-The big years)
 2004: Zurück zum Glück (Back to Luck)
 2005: Nur zu Besuch: Unplugged im Wiener Burgtheater (Only for a visit: Unplugged in the Viennese castle theatre)
 2008: In aller Stille (In complete silence)

Images

Other websites 
 Homepage

German musical groups
Punk bands
Heavy metal bands
Hard rock bands
Düsseldorf
Musical groups established in 1982
1980s establishments in Germany
1982 establishments in Europe
The balalaika is a musical instrument from Russia. The Balalaika family includes the piccolo balalaika, prima balalaika, sekunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika and contrabass balalaika. They all have three strings. There are many ways to tune balalaika; the most common tuning is E-E-A. The prima balalaika is played with the fingers, the sekunda and alto either with the fingers or a pick depending on the music being played. The basses and contrabasses, which have legs that rest on the floor, are played with leather picks.

Early pictures of the balalaika show it had between two and six strings, like some Central Asian instruments. Frets on earlier balalaikas were made of animal gut and tied to the neck so that they could be moved around by the player.

Development 

The balalaika was improved by a Russian, Vasily Vasil'yevich Andreev. He had heard peasants on his farm playing badly made instruments. Andreev wanted to improve the instrument and use it for concerts. He spent the rest of his life working on this instrument with help from two violin makers and a carpenter. They improved the soundboard, which made it louder. He came up with the idea of the prima balalaike, sekunda, alto, bass and controbass balalaika. He then spent several years writing and arranging music for groups of balalaikas to play. The first public performance by the Ensemble of Balalaika Players took place in 1888.
After the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party encouraged the playing of the instrument and large balalaika orchestras were started.

Other websites 
 Balalaika picture
 Балалайка.орг.ру — theory, music sheets, video, forum...

References 

Plucked string instruments
This article is about the cultivation and uses of hemp. For the biology of the plant, see Cannabis. For the drug, see Cannabis (drug). For other uses of the word hemp, see Hemp (disambiguation).

Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) is a plant and the fibers made from it. It is a subspecies of the Cannabis sativa plant. It is usually used to make cloth and other textiles, and ropes.

History
Hemp is one of the oldest plants humans have grown and used. Hemp was domesticated in Asia over 10,000 years ago. It was already used to make clothes, ropes, and an early form of paper. The seeds were eaten, and the plant had medicinal uses. From there the use of hemp spread. In Europe, hemp was at least used 5,500 years ago. It is one of the earliest domesticated plants recorded. It is quite strong and does not need many pesticides (to keep away bugs) and no herbicides. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time.

Hemp is similar to marijuana, but contains very little THC, the chemical that makes people feel good while using marijuana. Hemp is completely legal in most U.S. states, France, Spain, Indonesia, England, and Ireland.

Uses for hemp 
Hemp can be used for the following things:

 Building materials
 Hempcrete
 Mud bricks
 Rammed earth
 Wallboard
 Cellulose based plastics
 Paints and finishes
 Paper
 Medicine (cannabidiol)
 Food & edible oil (seeds)

References

Other websites

Fibers
Plants
Births 
 September 8 – King Richard I of England (died 1199)
 Leopold V of Austria (died 1194)
 Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225)

Deaths 
 May 15—Yury Dolgoruky, Russian prince (b. c. 1099)
 August 21—King Alfonso VII of Castile (b. 1105)
 Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria (b. 1111)
 Eystein II of Norway, king of Norway, (b. c. 1125)
 Sweyn III of Denmark, king of Denmark (b. c. 1125)

Events 
 June 11 Albert I of Brandenburg, also called, The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), became the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first Margrave
 23 October—Battle of Grathe Heath. A civil war in Denmark ended with the death of king Sweyn III. Valdemar I became king of all Denmark and restored and rebuild the country.
Events 
 April 11 – Battle of Ravenna. French forces under Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the fighting.
 October 19 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology [Doctor in Biblia].
 October 21 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg
 November 1 – The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti), is shown to the public for the first time.
 Juan Ponce de León discovers the Turks and Caicos Islands.
 Selim I succeeds Beyazid II as Sultan, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
 Moldavia is conquered by the Turks.
 Copernicus writes Commentariolus and moves the sun to the center of the solar system.
 First use of the word "masque" to denote a poetic drama.
 Florentine Republic is dismantled and the Medici family comes back into power.

Births 
 January 31 – King Henry of Portugal (d. 1580)
 March 5 – Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cartographer (d. 1594)
 April 10 – King James V of Scotland (d. 1542)
 Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (d. 1572)
 Henry Balnaves, Scottish politician and religious reformer (d. 1579)
 Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish renegade (d. 1556)
 Edward Fiennes Clinton, English admiral (d. 1585)
 Marcin Kromer, bishop of Warnia (d. 1589)
 James Lainez, Jesuit General and theologian (d.1565)
 Catherine Parr, sixth wife of Henry VIII of England (d. 1548)
 Mikolaj Rudy Radziwill, Polish magnate (d. 1584)
 Tabinshwehti, king who unified Burma
 Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (d. 1565)
 Jeronimo Zurita y Castro, Spanish historian (d. 1580)

Deaths
The lung is an organ in many vertebrates (animals having a spine, or backbone). It takes blood oxygen from the air, and expels carbon dioxide. Most vertebrates with lungs have two of them.

In animals, the lungs are the area where gas exchange takes place. Without gas exchange, oxygen would not pass into the blood from the lungs so the body cells would not be able to receive the oxygen needed for respiration.

The alveoli are moist to allow oxygen to move from the lung through the alveoli into blood vessels and red blood cells. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli. The oxygen-filled blood goes back to the heart and the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is pushed out of the lungs and into the air we breathe out.

Bird lung 
Birds lungs are smaller than mammal lungs, and do not have alveoli, instead they have millions of para-bronchi. These para-bronchi end up in tiny capillaries or very small blood vessels and they pass close to the body's blood vessels, so diffusion can occur and the oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged. The oxygen and carbon dioxide in birds lungs are continuously  diffused into and out of the blood, not like in mammals where diffusion can only happen in the alveoli. Air does not go into and back out of the lungs as in mammals. Instead, muscular air sacs push the air forward through bird lungs.

Reptile lung 
Reptile lungs open and close because of the ribs surrounding them pressing down on them and then opening up with the help of muscles. The liver is also attached to the bottom of the lungs and when a muscle which is attached to the liver pulls, the liver moves away from the lungs and pulls them, making them bigger.

Amphibian lung 
Frog lungs are very simple compared to most other lungs, they are simply balloons, with moist outsides allowing for diffusion. But frogs do not move around much and so do not need lots of oxygen, but they can also take in oxygen through their moist outer skin if a big demand of oxygen is needed (e.g. Fight or flight response)

Other websites
 A revision site directed towards IGSCE students 
 A to Z list of diseases of the Lung
 List of Lung Cancer information sites 
 In depth articles on the lung
 In depth article on the anatomy of a lung

Anatomy of the respiratory system
Rock music is a genre of popular music. It developed during and after the 1960s in the United States. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of rock and roll. Rock and roll grew out of rhythm and blues and country music.  Rock music is related to a number of other genres such as blues and folk. It has influences from jazz, classical and other music genres.

Musically, rock mostly uses the electric guitar as part of a rock group with bass guitar and drums. Rock music is song-based. It has a 4/4 beat and it has verse-chorus form. However, rock has become very different and it is hard to say what its common musical instruments are. Like popular music, rock music lyrics are mostly about "romantic love". They can also have social or have political themes, however.  Rock focuses on musical skill, live performance, and it tries to be more real than pop music.

By the late 1960s, a number of different rock music below-genres had come out. These included hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion. From these forms, the counterculture developed psychedelic rock. New genres that came from this scene included progressive rock, glam rock and heavy metal. Progressive rock made the music more artistic. Glam rock focused on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal which focused on loudness, power and speed.  In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk caused other below-genres to come about into the 1980s, including New Wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s, alternative rock began to be the most popular type of rock music. It broke through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. More merging of below-genres have since emerged. These include pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.

Rock music has also helped cultural and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the "hippie" culture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture made the goth and emo subcultures. Rock music has the same folk tradition as the protest song. Rock music has been involved with political activism. It has also made changes to social attitudes towards race, sex and drug use. It is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity.

Other websites

Sources
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. Because of this, the Court leads the Judicial Branch of the United States Federal Government. It is the only U.S. court established by the United States Constitution. Its decisions are supposed to be followed by all other courts in the United States. The Court meets in its own building in Washington, D.C. However, until 1935, the Supreme Court met in the United States Capitol. 

There are 9 justices on the court now: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. The most recent justice, Amy Coney Barrett, replaced Ruth Bader Ginsburg after she died. Courts are unofficially named for the Chief Justice; the current Court is called the "Roberts Court" after Chief Justice John Roberts.

The Supreme Court chooses which cases it will decide on. Many people ask the Supreme Court to decide their cases, but the court refuses most of them.  For the Supreme Court to decide a case, the case must be about federal law or be about the laws of more than one state. Cases must first be decided by a federal District Court and a federal Court of Appeals or by a state supreme court. Even after that, the Supreme Court can choose not to decide a case for any reason. There are some cases that can start in the Supreme Court and that the Supreme Court must decide, but those are rare.

The justices serve for life unless they want to retire earlier or are impeached.  If a justice retires, he or she can still be asked to serve as a judge on a federal Court of Appeals. New justices are nominated (picked) by the President of the United States, and later must be approved by the United States Senate. In February 2022, President Joe Biden nominated first back woman Ketanji Brown Jackson as judge of supreme court.

The present Court
The current court is named "The Roberts Court" named after Chief Justice John Roberts.

References

Supreme Court of the United States
A fall is, in everyday language and thought, a movement down that happens due to gravity.  An example is when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor.

Scientific and universal definition 
Falling is a motion towards a place where an object will have a lower total potential energy or lower potential.  Total potential energy being the sum of all potential energies -- those from gravitational fields, electric fields, and magnetic fields.

The idea of falling in natural human language(s) as falling down begs the definition of what down really is.  What is down in natural human language(s)?  Down may be straight towards your feet, or if you are on a hill, be off at an angle.  Often an attempt is made to correct this definition by saying down is towards the center of the Earth.  But that definition only works here on Earth. The idea of falling using common everyday language as being in the direction of down does not work in places in the universe other than Earth.  In space, somewhere between the Earth and it's moon, an object may fall to the earth or fall to the moon.  At other places an object may fall towards the Sun or Jupiter.  At other places in the universe an object may even fall to a point in space between stars and planets.

Falling using common everyday language is also true only due to gravity.  What about an electrically charged object?  A balloon rubbed on your hair and held close to the ceiling will fall up towards the ceiling.  Electrically charged objects do not always fall due to the force of gravity, but due to electric forces.  (Thank goodness or our electronics would not work and life would not even exist.)  As masses fall in gravitational fields, charges or charged objects will fall to a place where they have less total potential energy.  Magnetic objects will fall in a magnetic field to a place where they have less total potential energy.

Falling people
Falling is a very common cause of people's injuries, possibly the most common cause.  This is especially the case for elderly people, people with various conditions causing a loss of balance, and for people who do sports and other leisure activities requiring significant motion.

In many cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet and if they fall they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip, because of the more brittle condition of their bones.

During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall.  Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads.

Force
Safety
Fall
Autumn is the season after summer and before winter. In the United States this season is also called fall. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is often said to begin with the autumnal equinox in September and end with the winter solstice in December. In the Southern Hemisphere, it runs from the autumnal equinox in March to the winter solstice in June.

In many places in the temperate zone, autumn is a time for harvesting most crops. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year) lose their leaves, usually after turning yellow, red, or brown. In many countries, autumn is the time a new school year starts. The period of school between the start of September and the end of December is often referred to as the “Fall Semester”, “Fall Quarter”, or “Fall Term”.

When it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere. On the Equator, autumn is very much like spring, with little difference in temperature or in weather. Autumn is a time when most animals are looking for food so they can store up for winter, because they soon will be going into hibernation. The weather gets colder and more windy.  In Autumn the hours of daylight and the hours of night are the same. In autumn the weather changes all the time. The weather turns cooler and often windy and rainy.
La Marcha Real (English translation: The Royal March) was the national anthem (country's song) of Spain when the fascist dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world (our planet Earth) that does not have official words, only music.

Lyrics

In Spanish (ES) 
¡Viva España! Cantemos todos juntos 

Con distinta voz

Y un solo corazón .

¡Viva España! desde los verdes valles 

Al inmenso mar, 

Un himno de hermandad.

Ama a la patria pues sabe abrazar, 

Bajo su cielo azul,

Pueblos en libertad 

Gloria a los hijos 

Que a la Historia dan

Justicia y grandeza democracia y paz. 

National anthems
Spain
La Marseillaise is the national anthem of France.

It was written by Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 26, 1792. It was first called "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" ("Marching Song of the Rhine Army").

Quotation in music
Composers have often quoted La Marseillaise in their music, for example Tchaikovsky uses it in the 1812 overture.

National anthems
France
Nashville is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is on the Cumberland River in Davidson County. Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels.

Nashville has 569,891 people in it (according to the 2000 census). A resident of Nashville is called a Nashvillian.

Government and politics
The City of Nashville and Davidson County joined in 1963 as a way for Nashville to fight the problems of urban sprawl. The joint metropolitan government offers services such as police, firefighting, electricity, running water, and waste water disposal.

History
On March 3, 2020, a tornado tracked west to east, just north of the downtown Nashville area, killing at least 25 people and leaving tens of thousands without electricity.

On December 25, 2020, a suicide bombing happened in the city.

Sports teams
Nashville sports teams include:

 Tennessee Titans - football
 Nashville Predators - ice hockey
 Nashville Sounds - baseball
 Nashville SC - soccer

References

Notes

Other websites

 Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County website

 
County seats in Tennessee
State capitals in the United States
1779 establishments in North America
1806 establishments
19th-century establishments in Tennessee
1770s establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Tennessee
1800s establishments in the United States
Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America. It became a city on January 28, 1859. As of the 2010 census, it has 46,478 people living in it. The people of Olympia are called Olympians. Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County.

Geography 
Olympia is located at 47°2'33" North, 122°53'35" West (47.042418, -122.893077).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²). 43.3 km² (16.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.77% water.

Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier). On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September.

Economy 
Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington. Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government.

Olympia is the home of the Olympia Farmers Market and The Evergreen State College.

Culture 
Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species,". It is a parade. Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade. Some also play drums or dance the samba.

References

Other websites 
 City of Olympia
 State of Washington
 The Evergreen State College
 Procession of the Species
 Photography of Olympia 

County seats in Washington
 
State capitals in the United States
1859 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a spinal column or backbone. This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate.

The main phyla (groups) of invertebrate animals are:
 Annelida: segmented worms 
 Arthropods: (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and others); the largest group of invertebrates.
 Brachiopods: the lamp-shells.
 Bryozoa: sea mats or moss animals (sometimes they look like corals)
 Cnidarians: jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids.
 Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
 Molluscs: (gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves and others); a large group of invertebrates.
 Nematoda: roundworms
 Porifera: sponges
 Platyhelminthes: flatworms
 Rotifers: tiny "wheel animals", which live in habitats such as pond water.

Insects and other arthropods have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies, called an exoskeleton. 

There are 18 more groups of invertebrates, mostly minor: see List of animal phyla.
Lawrence of Arabia is a British epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness. The opening scene of the movie shows Lawrence dying in a motorcycle accident. The movie then goes into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life.

The 1982 movie Gandhi follows the story pattern of Lawrence of Arabia's: after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks from Gandhi's life.

Lawrence of Arabia won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture.

Considered one of the greatest movies ever made, it has appeared on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list (as the number five selecion).

A director's cut of the movie, running at 216 minutes, has no women talking in it.

Other websites 
 
 Greatest Films
 RaveCentral 

1962 drama movies
1960s adventure movies
1960s war movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
British war movies
Movies directed by David Lean
United States National Film Registry movies
Multilingual movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in deserts
Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses. One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's Roundup. It is also used in genetically modified crops.

There are many studies indicating glyphosate is dangerous for animals, including humans.

Other websites 
 Fact sheet
 glyphosate resistance

References 

Agriculture
A snack is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.

Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only a little bit of people do not snack. Most of the snacks bought are processed foods.

References

Snack foods
Charleston is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America.  It is where the Elk and Kanawha Rivers join in Kanawha County. As of the 2000 census, Charleston has 53,421 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County.

References

Other websites 

 City of Charleston official website  Chat:

State capitals in the United States
County seats in West Virginia
Cities in West Virginia
1788 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Jeannie Longo (born October 31, 1958 at St. Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, France) is a female French cyclist.

One of the greats of cycling, Jeannie's list of achievements follows:

Olympic Road Race Gold Medal 1996

Olympic Silver Medal 1992

Olympic Bronze Medal 2000

World Champion, Road Race 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995

World Time Trial Champion 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001

Tour de France Feminin 1987, 1988, 1989.

World Hour Record 2000 (45.094)

56 French National Titles

Other websites 
Official site

Longo, Jeannie

1958 births
Living people
Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor and futurist.

Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth",  and "Synergetics".

He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs. The best known of which is the geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.

Some of his books 
 Nine chains to the Moon (1938)
 Untitled epic poem on the history of industrialization (1962)
 Ideas and integrities, a spontaneous autobiographical disclosure (1963) 
 No more secondhand god and other writings (1963)
 What I have learned: a collection of 20 autobiographical essays, Chapter "How little I know", (1968)
 Operating manual for Spaceship Earth (1969) 
 Utopia or oblivion (1969) 
 Approaching the benign environment (1970)  (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
 Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, 
 The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973), coauthor Robert Marks, 
 Earth, Inc (1973) 
 Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, 
 Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the three bears,: a cosmic fairy tale (1975)
 And it came to pass — not to stay (1976) 
 R. Buckminster Fuller on education (1979) 
 Synergetics 2: Further explorations in the geometry of thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
 Critical path (1981) 
 Inventions: the patented works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) 
 Humans in Universe (1983), coauthor Anwar Dil, 
 Cosmography: a posthumous scenario for the future of humanity (1992), coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, 

Please check UNITED STATES NAVAL HISTORY for Bucky Buckminster Fuller's service to the United States of America Navy.

References

Other websites

Buckminster Fuller Institute

1895 births
1983 deaths
American architects
Engineers from Massachusetts
American inventors
Designers
Futurists
Writers from Massachusetts
Bill Harry is an English author, from Liverpool. He went to college with John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe, who were members of The Beatles. They promised to make Liverpool famous with Lennon's music, Sutcliffe's paintings and Harry's writing. They did not get far together, but each member later became well-known.

Harry founded Mersey Beat, a newspaper about the local music scene in Liverpool, in 1961. He was the first person to write news articles about the Beatles.

Over the years, Harry has been on over four hundred television and radio shows in Britain, America, Europe and Asia. Shows he has been on include Good Morning, Good Morning America, BBC News, Sky News, CNN, ITV and many television documentaries and movies about the Beatles. The British Council had him represent them for their Beatles exhibitions in Hong Kong. Harry has also been a guest at Beatles conventions in Britain, Europe and America.

Harry moved to London in 1966, when he was a music journalist for Weekend Magazine, and columnist for the Fleetway magazines Marilyn and Valentine.

He was given an award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for everything he has done for the music business in his lifetime.

Artists worked with
In London, Harry worked with many entertainers. His job as their publicist was to deal with the media.
The Kinks
The Hollies
Pink Floyd
Ten Years After
Jethro Tull
David Bowie
Led Zeppelin
The Beach Boys
Procol Harum
Blodwyn Pig
Chicken Shack
Free
Mott the Hoople
Stone the Crows
The Pretty Things
Suzi Quatro
Hot Chocolate
Cockney Rebel
Bill Kenwright
Alexis Korner
Nazareth
Supertramp
The Electric Prunes
Kim Wilde
David Prowse (Darth Vader in Star Wars).

Books by Bill Harry
 Arrows : The Official Story Everest Books (1976) 
 Mersey Beat: The Beginnings of The Beatles Omnibus Press (1977) 
 The Beatles Who's Who	Aurum Press (1982) 
 Beatlemania	Virgin Books (1984) 
 Paperback Writers	Virgin Books (1984) 
 The Book of Lennon	Aurum Press (1984) 
 Ask Me Why	Javelin Books (1985) 
 Beatles For Sale	Virgin Books (1985) 
 The Book of Beatle Lists	Javelin Books (1985) 
 The McCartney File	Virgin Books (1986) 
 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band	Atalanta Press (1987) 
 The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (1992) 
 Jan Olofsson: My 60s     Taschen (1994) 
 The Encyclopedia of Beatles People Blandford Press (1997) 
 The Best Years of The Beatles     Headline (1997) 
 Whatever Happened to ...     Cassell     (1999) 
 The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated Virgin Books (2000 
 The John Lennon Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2000) 
 The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2002) 
 The George Harrison Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2003) 
 The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia     Virgin Books (2004) 
 The British Invasion	Chrome Dreams	(2004) 
 Bigger Than The Beatles, Trinity Mirror (2009) 
 Lennon's Liverpool, Trinity Mirror (2010) 
 The Sixties (Harry & Robert Orbach) Endeavour London Ltd. (2011)

References

Other websites 
Bill Harry's story  on Mersey-beat.com
The Beatles and Mersey Beat by Bill Harry

English journalists
The Beatles
Writers from Liverpool
Living people
1938 births
Lewis Paul Bremer III is an American author and politician.  He was born on September 30, 1941.  He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war..

Biography
Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut.  He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959.  Then he went to Yale University.  He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963.  In 1996, he received a master's degree from Harvard University.  His degree was in business. He also received a degree in Paris.

In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service.  At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan.  He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971.  He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years. During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig.  A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department.  A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President.  He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway.  A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands.  He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism."

Bremer retired in 1989.  Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies. One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger).  He also served as a board member for several corporations.  A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate.  Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company.

Bremer speaks many languages besides English.  He speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.

Bremer is married to named Frances Winfield. They were married in 1966. They have two adult children and two grandchildren.

After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book.  The title of the book is My Year in Iraq:  The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope.  The book was published in January 2006.

1941 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States
American Roman Catholics
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
Events and trends 
 Spanish conquest of Peru
 Beginning of colonization of Brazil
 Henry VIII and his control over the English church.
 Reformation in Denmark and Norway.
A headache is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside.

A headache can be caused by one of several things, which are listed here:

 Fever
 Watching television or looking at a computer screen for a long time.
 Being tired or sleepy.
 As an effect of stress
 By other neurological conditions ('neurological' means touching the nerves and the brain), like with epilepsy

The second edition of the International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) defines more than 220 different types of headaches in three categories:

 Primary headaches, for example migraine, tension headache and cluster headache.
 Secondary headaches
 Cranial neuralgias, central and primary facial pain and other headaches

Many headaches can be relieved with analgesics like aspirin.

Causes 
 Brain tumor
 Lyme disease
 Influenza
 Brain metastasis
 Foodborne Intoxication
 Sinusitis
 Meningitis
 Encephalitis

Treatments 

In many cases headaches can be relieved naturally. Many methods such as massaging the temples near the eye, exercising your eyes (blinking, palming) and walking can all help relieve the tension of headaches. Maintaining a healthy diet, with rich proteins and iron, can keep your brain awake and healthy. One of the main factors is drinking plenty of water. These natural techniques tend to give you long-term relief whilst medication can often give you short term relief.

There are many medicines which can treat mild headaches, such as Paracetamol, Co-codamol, and Ibuprofen; but you should always consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any.

References 

Symptoms
Head (body part)
Pain
A fever is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity.  It is typically cited as 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 F), but naturally varies from person to person by at least .5 degrees Celsius. The actual measurement of body temperature will vary based on the location of the measurement.  For a temperature taken from under the tongue, the measurement may be lower. Rectal temperatures will read about 0.3 C (0.55 F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower.

When people are ill, their body's immune system fights the disease, and so the body temperature rises. Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the life cycles of the germs are disrupted when the body temperature rises.

About 38 °C (100.4 F) degrees is called a low-grade fever, and above 39.5 °C (103 F) degrees is a high-grade fever.

Children usually have a higher fever than adults; their immune system is less mature. Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans.

Sometimes, high-grade fever can be a medical emergency. At or above 42 °C (107.6 F) organs start taking damage that may not be repairable. While most fevers are caused by Infection, whether bacterial or viral, some fevers can be caused by cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

References

Other websites 
 Shands HealthCare article on fever 
 American Academy of Pediatrics article on home treatment of fevers 

Symptoms
Medical signs
Peoria is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois.  In the 2000 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team. One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of tractors.

Roads
Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate 74.  People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474.  Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois.

Culture
Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture. On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public.

References

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
A sleeping pill (people also call it sedative) is a drug that people take to help them sleep. It calms them, and makes them very relaxed. 

There are different kinds of sedatives:
Pills that help people fall asleep.
Pills that help people keep sleeping (not to wake up during the night).
Pills that calm people down, without making them sleep.

Some sedatives can act very fast, usually in 10-15 minutes. Those who consider taking sedatives should talk with their doctor, who can give them the sedatives which are best for them.

Most sedatives are highly addictive, so people need a prescription from their doctor to get sedatives.
If they take sleeping pills for a longer time, they can get addicted. Getting rid of the addiction is very hard to do.  Addiction means that people who take the drug cannot stop taking it, without bad consequences (as described below). It's like people who want to stop smoking, but who cannot.

People who have taken sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sleeping pills act on their ability to react, those who have taken such pills should not do the following:
Operate any machines
Drive a car
Drink alcohol (This may make the effect of the pill bigger.)

Some people are addicted to sedatives. When they stop taking the sedatives, they may experience the following
Insomnia (being unable to sleep)
Restlessness
Anxiety (feeling fear)
Convulsions and seizures

Some addictions can also be psychological; when the users stop taking the drug, they may feel depressed.

Drugs

ja:精神安定剤
A trout is a kind of teleost fish that belongs to the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. There are many different kinds of trout. They belong to the same family as the salmon. 

Most trouts are fresh water fish. They live in clear streams, rivers and lakes in America, Europe, and Asia. 

It is possible to work out the difference between a trout and any other fish, by looking for a second dorsal fin (or adipose fin). Also, you can find for spots in mature trout and parr marks in the young.

Teleosts
Edible fish
Diana Krall (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old.  She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.  She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles.  In 1990, she moved to New York City.

Krall's 1996 album All For You, was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the Billboard jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award.  She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year".  Her 2001 album The Look of Love was #1 in Canada.  It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year.  Her 2002 album Live in Paris won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record.  Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year.  Her version of the Tom Waits song "Temptation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004.

Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003.

Albums
Heartdrops (1989)
Stepping Out (1993)
Only Trust Your Heart (1994)
All For You (1996)
Love Scenes (1997)
When I Look in Your Eyes (1999)
The Look of Love (2001)
Live in Paris (2002)
The Girl in the Other Room (2004)
Christmas Songs (2005)

DVDs
Live in Paris (2002)
Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival (2004)

Other websites 

Diana Krall's website
DianaKrallfans.com fan website
Diana Krall Lyrics
Diana Krall MusicBrainz

Canadian singers
Grammy Award winners
Jazz musicians
Musicians from British Columbia
Canadian pianists
1964 births
Living people
Half-Life 2 is a first person shooter video game created by the company Valve Corporation and released in 2004. This game is the sequel to the original Half-Life video game which came out in 1998. It is sold through the Steam platform also developed by Valve. It is also available in The Orange Box, along with Half-Life 2: Episode One and Half-Life 2: Episode Two (sequels to Half-Life 2), Portal, and Team Fortress 2. Half-Life 3 is currently in development. Half-Life 2 is based on a game engine called Source. There have been many other Source-based games, such as Portal, Team Fortress 2, Counter-Strike: Source, and Garry's Mod.

Half-Life was a very popular video game, and Half-Life 2 was also very popular. Many reviewers believe Half-Life 2 is better than Half-Life and one of the best games ever made. It took six years to create Half-Life 2 (from 1998 to 2004). It was supposed to be released in 2003, but it was not ready. Many fans were very angry and said Valve lied to them. However, it did release the next year (2004). It had much better graphics than Half-Life. It also had more complicated non-player characters and more of a story.

Plot and Characters 
In Half-Life 2, the player is Gordon Freeman (the same character as in Half-Life). It begins about 20 years after the first Half-Life. The Combine, a group of evil aliens, took over Earth and made humans their slaves. Gordon Freeman wakes up on a train in a place named City 17. He finds the resistance, some humans who fight the Combine. In the game, he must help them and fight with them. The game ends with Gordon Freeman stopping Doctor Breen, the evil human who is helping the Combine.

There are many important characters in this game other than Gordon Freeman. Some are Eli Vance, who worked at Black Mesa with Gordon Freeman before the Combine came. He is part of the resistance. Alyx Vance is Eli's daughter. She travels with Gordon in part of the game. Doctor Mossman also worked at Black Mesa. She works with the resistance, but is also a traitor who helps Doctor Breen. Barney Calhoun was a guard at Black Mesa. Now he leads the resistance.

Other websites 
Half-Life 2 official website
Steam website

Shooter video games
2004 video games
Half-Life series
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 1974 American horror movie, based on real events. It was directed by Tobe Hooper and stars Marilyn Burns. It is the first movie of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise.

It was followed by several sequels and a 2003 remake from New Line Cinema.

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 
 
 Snopes.com page talking about the movie's true-life basis
 A tour of the shooting locations

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre movies
1974 crime movies
1974 horror movies
American horror movies
American serial killer movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movie remakes
Movies set in Texas
American independent movies