cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Choi Soo-young (; Hanja: ; Japanese: チェ・スヨン also known as Sooyoung Choi or Summer Choi; born February 10, 1990) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress and TV presenter. She is a former member of the Korean-Japanese duo group Route θ and a current member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. Sooyoung is the only Asian woman in Complex's Hottest '90s Babies.

References 

Living people
1990 births
People from Seoul
South Korean actors
South Korean singer-songwriters
Pop singers
South Korean models
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
The Year 10,000 problem (also known as the Y10K problem, Y10K Bug, and Y10K) is an error machines and computers will encounter when the need to express five digits for a year.

Cultural practicing

Some people practice the art of cutting the last two digits of a decade. For example, the "1970's" becomes just the "70's".
However, this becomes a problem, because to keep order, one will now need to take the last three digits, rather than two.

Computer Errors due to this 
This is also a problem because the "000's" might be confused with the standard digits "00's", representing a new century. Also, the year can overflow with certain computer programs. For example: in Microsoft Excel, 12/31/9999 is considered a valid date, but 1/1/10000 is invalid and will raise errors. The date "ten thousand" is unable to be supported, producing a large negative instead.

Efforts

So far, the Long Now Foundation is able to preempt the Y10K by adding a "0" in front of the date. So the current year of , will look like 0. However, it would still be affected by the "Y100K" problem.

Database Errors 
In MySQL  databases, the values of some datatypes are limited to the scope of only 31-12-9999 which causes some problems as the computer would not be able to compile the data in the SQL. Many other SQL software can also be affected by this error.

Related pages 
 Year 2000 problem
 Programming bug
 Integer overflow

References

Other websites 
 Official Long Now Site

Computing
Araucaria is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 species in the genus, with a scattered distribution. They are found in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.

The present populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and shrubland, in exposed sites. These tall trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic era. 

Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, due to the island's long isolation and stability.

Description 
Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30–80 m. The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow and shaped like a lance, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.

Fossil record 

The whole group was common in the Jurassic period. The living Araucaria araucana is often called the monkey-puzzle tree, The whole family Araucariaceae is often called that name by palaeo-botanists. The leaves (pictured here) have an average lifespan of 24 years, and cover most of the tree except for the older branches.

References 

Conifers
Living fossils
Fossil plants
9500 is a year in the 10th millennium.

Events

 Simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.

Years
Agathis is a genus of evergreen, coniferous trees, the kauri. They grow mainly in the southern hemisphere, including southeast Asia, areas of the western Pacific, and Australasia.

Agathis is a relatively small genus, with only 21 known species. As a conifer, it bears its seeds in conifer cones. Mature Agathis can become quite large, reaching 130 feet (about 40 m) in height and 10 feet (about 3 m) in diameter.

The genus is part of the ancient Araucariaceae family of conifers, a group once widespread during the Jurassic period, but now largely restricted to the southern hemisphere.

Description 
Mature kauri trees have large trunks, forming a bole with little or no branching below the crown. In contrast, young trees are normally conical in shape, forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they mature.

Uses 
In the logging industry it is generally referred to as commercial grade mahogany. Timber from the Agathis has several uses, including cabinet making, boat building, musical instruments, and in years past, artificial limbs. It also produces a wide variety of resins.

References 

Conifers
Safe mode is a mode of startup in computers that allows the user to detect and fix errors. Many things do not run on safe mode. The reason is to see whether any of the recently added or updated device drivers were causing the problem.

When safe mode is used, a computer will only start with the minimum number of system files needed for it to work properly. This is to make it easier to find a problem that may be causing a computer to work incorrectly. The screen resolution is also smaller and there is no sound or internet connection in safe mode. This is because these features are not necessary for the computer to work properly.

Computers
is a prefecture  in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Takamatsu.

History 
Kagawa was formerly known as Sanuki Province.

Drought is common in Kagawa history.  For example, in 1973 the region was called "the Takamatsu desert".

Geography 
Kagawa is in the northeast part of Shikoku.  The prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture in the southwest. Tokushima Prefecture is in the south. Kagawa has a coastline with many small islands on the Seto Inland Sea across from Okayama Prefecture.

The prefecture built 17 dams between 1947 and 1974.

Cities

Towns 

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Tamura jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

 http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/foreigner.shtml ; http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/
is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Shizuoka.

History 
Shizuoka prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi Province, Suruga Province and Izu Province provinces.

Timeline
 1586 – Construction begins at Sumpu Castle
 1617 – Tōshōgū Shrine
 1949 – Founding of University of Shizuoka

Geography
Shizuoka is on the east coast of Honshu facing the Pacific Ocean. The prefecture is bordered on the west by Aichi Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture.  The northern borders of Shuzuoka are shared with Yamanashi Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture.

Mount Fuji is on the northern border of Shizuoka.

Suruga Bay is its main coastal feature.  The Izu Peninsula forms the eastern side of the bay.

Throughout history, every 100 to 150 years, an earthquake of disastrous proportions called the Tokai Earthquake has hit Shizuoka.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Oguni jinja, Kotonomamahachimangū, Sengen jinja and Mishima taisha were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Suruga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Júbilo Iwata
 Shimizu S-Pulse

Notes

Other websites 

 Official Shizuoka Prefecture website
The Gion Festival or Gion Matsuri is a festival held every year in Kyoto in July. The festival is held at Yasaka shrine.

Other websites 

Festivals in Asia
Japanese culture
Kyoto
Red Bull can refer to:

 Red Bull, an energy drink
 Red Bull GmbH, the company that manufactures the energy drink
 Red Bull Records, independent record label owned by the energy drink company

Sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH
In association football:
 FC Red Bull Salzburg, a club based in Salzburg, Austria
 Red Bull Arena (Salzburg), a stadium, home of the FC Red Bull Salzburg
 New York Red Bulls, a team based near New York that competes in Major League Soccer
 Red Bull Arena (Harrison), a stadium, home of the New York Red Bulls
 RB Leipzig, a club based in Leipzig, Germany 
 Red Bull Brasil, a club based in São Paulo, Brazil 

In auto racing:
 Red Bull Racing, a Formula One team based in Milton Keynes, England
 Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Red Bull Stable), a Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy. Scuderia Toro Rosso is a separate team from Red Bull Racing
 Team Red Bull, a NASCAR team

In ice hockey:
 EC Red Bull Salzburg, a member of the Austrian Hockey League who play their games in Salzburg, Austria

Sponsored by Red Bull
 Red Bull Air Race World Series
 Red Bull Barako, a Philippine professional basketball team
 Red Bull Drifting World Championship, non-championship all-star drifting contest
 Red Bull Flugtag
 Red Bull Trolley Grand Prix
 Red Bull X-Fighters

Unrelated to the energy drink
 Red Bull, a Schlitz Malt Liquor from Pabst Brewing Company
 Red Bull Theatre, a seventeenth century playhouse in London
 Red Bull (Imaginary Creature), an imaginary creature from the fantasy novel The Last Unicorn by Peter S. Beagle
 The 34th Infantry Division (United States), the "Red Bull" division in the United States National Guard with members from Minnesota and Iowa
 Red Bull Highway (Minnesota), a commemorative designation for Interstate 35 in Minnesota in honor of the 34th Infantry (Red Bull) Division
 Red Bull Highway (Iowa), a commemorative designation for U.S. Route 34 in Iowa in honor of the 34th Infantry (Red Bull) Division
The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) is a small species of wallaby from Australia. They were the first macropods to be seen by Europeans. Francisco Pelsaert, captain of the Batavia, saw them when the ship was wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands in 1629. He said they looked like hopping cats. There are three sub-species of tammar wallaby:
M. e. eugenii from mainland South Australia. 
M. e. derbianus from Western Australia.
M. e. decres, the darma or dama wallaby, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

The name tammar comes from the word tamma, meaning sheoak. The wallaby lives under sheoak plants.

Tammar wallabies became extinct on mainland South Australia in the 1930's.  Extinction has been caused by habitat destruction, hunting, and foxes.  In 1998 a small population of South Australian wallabies was found living on Kawau Island near Auckland, in New Zealand. This group had been established by former South Australian governor, Sir George Grey in 1862 as part of his own private zoo. In New Zealand these wallabies were seen as a pest, and scientists have been studying ways to get rid of them. 85 wallabies were taken back to South Australia. After extensive fox controls at Innes National Park, 10 wallabies were released in November 2004. Another 36 were released in June 2005. These first releases were tracked with radio collars. Another group has been put into a captive breeding program at Monarto Zoo.

Tammar wallabies live in thick scrub during the day and come out into grassland to feed at night. They eat mainly grass and herbs. In dry areas they have been known to survive by drinking seawater. They range over an area of about .

They are about  in height, with a dark grey brown fur. They have reddish colour on their arms and sides, with pale grey fur on their bellies. They may also have a feint white line on their cheeks.

The wallabies have a very unusual breeding pattern. The fertilized eggs remain dormant inside the mother until the summer solstice when foetal development restarts. This is called "embryonic diapause". All the young are born on the same day about 31 days later, at the end of January or the beginning of February.

The tammar wallaby is the marsupial chosen for the genome sequencing project. Scientists are studying the milk from the wallaby as they think it might contain a new and powerful antibiotic.

References

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification built across northern Great Britain by the Roman Empire in the middle 2nd century. The Roman emperor Antoninus Pius built the wall to control barbarians: the ancient Britons to the north of the wall, in Caledonia. The wall is now in Scotland, and runs between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in the modern Scottish Lowlands. When the Romans built the wall, it was the northern border of the Roman Empire.

The Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Lollius Urbicus, built the wall for the emperor between 139 and 142. The wall was about  long. Its foundations were made of stone and was between  and  wide. The wall itself was made of turf. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was  away from the wall. The ditch was at least  deep and was nearly  wide in places. The Romans used the wall until after 158. The last Romans went away from the wall in around 163. After that, the wall fell into ruins slowly.

The Antonine Wall is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Frontiers of the Roman Empire. It shares this listing with Hadrian's Wall in England and the German fortifications known as the Limes Germanicus. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are less visible than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south.

Construction began in AD 142 at the order of emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about twelve years to complete. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus Pius to send the empire's troops farther north. The wall was protected by sixteen forts with a number of small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the barbarians in a number of decorative slabs, twenty of which still survive.

Despite this good start, the wall was abandoned after only twenty years. The garrisons were sent back to Hadrian's Wall. In 208 the emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs. This has led to the wall being referred to as the Severan Wall. However, this occupation ended only a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Committee. Most of the wall is private property.

References 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Rome
History of the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Defensive walls
The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland is a liberal and non-sectarian political party in Northern Ireland. It is neutral on the issue of whether Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom. The party currently has 8 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Its current leader is Naomi Long

The party was founded in 1970 and gained its first elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 UK General Election. It is close to the British Liberal Democrats.

Liberal parties
Liberal Democrats (UK)
Political parties in Northern Ireland
1970 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
Jeremy John Durham "Paddy" Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon  (27 February 1941 – 22 December 2018) was a British politician and international diplomat. He served as leader of the Liberal Democrats from July 1988 to August 1999.

Biography 
Paddy Ashdown was born in New Delhi, British India, but was brought up in Northern Ireland and his Irish accent brought him the nickname "Paddy". He served in the Royal Marines from 1959 to 1972 and saw fighting in Borneo, Hong Kong and Northern Ireland. At the 1983 general election, Ashdown became the Liberal Party's Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Yeovil.

In 1988, when the Liberal Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democrats, Ashdown was elected the leader of the new party and led the party through the 1992 and 1997 general elections. He resigned in 1999, and was given both a knighthood and a seat in the House of Lords. In the House of Lords, he was given the title Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon. From 2002 to 2006 he served as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

His reputation was damaged slightly in 1992, when it was revealed that he had a five-month extra-marital affair with his secretary, and many British newspapers exposed this in great detail. The Sun newspaper ran a famous headline which played on Ashdown's name, calling him "Paddy Pants-Down".

Ashdown was diagnosed with "serious" bladder cancer in October 2018. He died two months later on 22 December 2018 from the disease in Norton-sub-Hamdon, Somerset, at the age of 77.

References

Other websites
 
 

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2018 deaths
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James Francis 'Jim' Murphy (born August 23, 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of East Renfrewshire.

He was first made a Member of Parliament at the 1997 General Election for the Eastwood constituency. He has been the East Renfrewshire MP from 2005 onwards. He held two cabinet posts: Minister of State for Europe (June 2007-October 2008) and Secretary of State for Scotland (October 2008-May 2010). He was made the shadow Secretary of State for Defence in October 2010. He became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in 2013. He resigned from this job in November 2014 because he wanted to be the leader of the Scottish Labour Party.

On 13 December 2014 he became the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Because he was an MP in the UK Parliament, the deputy leader of the Scottish Labour Party represented him in the Scottish Parliament. The deputy leader was Kezia Dugdale.

After the Scottish Labour Party's defeat in the 2015 general election (with Murphy himself losing his seat), Murphy resigned as party leader.

References

Other websites
Jim Murphy's website 
Page at parliament.co.uk

1967 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Politicians from Glasgow
Islamic Azad University (, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a private university system based in Iran. The university was founded in 1982. It is the world's third largest university. 1.5 million students study there. The university has over 100 branches across Iran and also in other countries such as the emirate of Dubai and the United Kingdom. Over the years, the university has become richer. It is estimated to be worth between $20 and $25 billion.

References

Colleges and universities in Asia
Iran
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Iran
Sadiq Aman Khan (born 8 October 1970) is a British politician. He is the Mayor of London since 8 May 2016. He was the Shadow Justice Secretary in Ed Miliband's and Jeremy Corbyn's shadow cabinet. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Tooting.

Khan was born at St George’s Hospital in Tooting, London, to Pakistani immigrants. He grew up in Earlsfield, London.

Khan worked as a human rights solicitor until the 2005 General Election when he was elected as an MP. He became the Minister of State for Transport from June 2009 to May 2010 and when Ed Miliband became leader of the Labour Party, he was made the Shadow Justice Secretary.

Khan was chosen to be the Labour Party candidate in the 2016 London mayoral election. On 6 May 2016, Khan was elected to the office of mayor by winning 57% of the vote. He became the first Muslim to be elected mayor of a British capital city. He became mayor on 8 May.

References

1970 births
Living people
British feminists
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People from the London Borough of Wandsworth
Politicians from London
Sir John Vincent "Vince" Cable (born 9 May 1943 in York, England) is a British politician. He was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2017 to 2019. Cable was the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He is the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Twickenham.

Early life
Vince Cable studied economics at university and became an economic advisor to the Kenyan government in 1966.

Early career
He was an advisor to the British government and to the Commonwealth Secretary-General in the 1970s and 1980s. He served as Chief Economist for the oil company Shell from 1995 to 1997. In the 1970s, Cable was active in the Labour Party and became a Glasgow councillor. However, in 1982, he joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which would go on to form the Liberal Democrats and he unsuccessfully contested seats in the elections of 1983, 1987 and 1992 until being elected as the MP for the London constituency of Twickenham in the 1997 general election.

Before the leadership
He was the main economics spokesperson for the Liberal Democrats from 2003 to 2010 and became the Liberal Democrats' Deputy Leader in 2006. In May 2010, a coalition government was formed between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats and Vince Cable was made the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. He has promised a 'very radical overhaul' of the state pensions system. He resigned from his position as Deputy Leader in May 2010.

Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2017-2019)
After Tim Farron resigned, Cable said he would stand for leader. No other MP decided to stand against him and Cable became leader on 20 July 2017. 

Cable announced in September 2018 that he would resign as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in May 2019. He later changed his retirement date to whenever "Brexit is resolved or stopped". On 24 May 2019, Cable said he would step down as party leader on 23 July. He was replaced by Deputy Jo Swinson on 22 July 2019.

Personal life
Cable was a contestant in the BBC's Christmas 2010 Strictly Come Dancing contest. He did not win. Cable was the second politician to appear on the show, after Ann Widdecombe.

References

1943 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
People from York
Politicians from Yorkshire
Strictly Come Dancing participants
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2017–2019
Fosse Way was one of the main Roman roads in Britain. Its route was unusual, because despite its length it went nowhere near London. It went directly from the south-west coast to the midland east coast. It linked Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) in South West England to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) in the East Midlands. The road went via Ilchester (Lindinis), Bath (Aquae Sulis), Cirencester (Corinium) and Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum).

It joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at Venonis (High Cross) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln.

The word Fosse is derived from the Latin fossa, meaning ditch. For the first few decades after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron Age Britain. It is possible that the road began as a defensive ditch that was later filled in and converted into a road, or possibly a defensive ditch ran alongside the road for at least some of its length.

It is remarkable for its extremely direct route. From Lincoln to Ilchester in Somerset is a distance of 182 miles. The road is never more than six miles from a straight line.

Place names with words like -cester or -chester are derived from the Latin castra, meaning 'military camp'. 'Street' is derived from the Latin strata, meaning a paved road.

Fosse Way still exists. In places it is a major road, in others a country path. The A46 between Lincoln and Leicester is on the Fosse Way. From Bath to Ilchester the A37 follows the Fosse, and from Ilchester to Exeter the A30/A303 roads follow the Fosse for the most part.

The Roman road is, quite simply, the shortest route possible.

Roman roads in Britain
Ann Noreen Widdecombe MEP (born 4 October 1947 in Bath, Somerset, England) is a British former politician. She was the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Maidstone and The Weald from 1987 to 2010.

Early life
Widdecombe is the daughter of a Ministry of Defence civil servant James Murray Widdecombe and Rita N Plummer. She attended the Royal Navy School in Singapore, and a convent school in Bath. She then read Latin at Birmingham University and later attended Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). She worked for Unilever (1973–75).  She was then an administrator at the University of London (1975–87) before entering Parliament.

Career
She was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. From 1995 to 1997, she was the Minister of State for Prisons. Ann Widdecombe served in William Hague's shadow cabinet from 1997 to 2001.  Widdecombe retired from politics at the 2010 general election.

Throughout her political career, Widdecombe was socially conservative and converted from the Church of England to Catholic Church in 1992 after the Church of England voted to allow female priests.

She is a committed animal lover. She is one of the few Conservative MPs to have consistently voted for the ban on fox hunting.

Widdecombe was a contestant in the 2010 series of Strictly Come Dancing. In 2002 she took part in a Louis Theroux television documentary. It showed her life, both in and out of politics. She was cast as herself in an episode of the science-fiction drama Doctor Who.

On 23 April 2012, Widdecombe presented an hour-long documentary for BBC Radio 5 Live. It was Drunk Again: Ann Widdecombe Investigates, looking at how the British attitude to getting drunk has changed over the last few years.

Bibliography

Fiction

 2000: The Clematis Tree. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2002: An Act of Treachery. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2005: Father Figure. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2005: An Act of Peace. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson

Non-fiction
 1999: Inspired and Outspoken: the collected speeches of Ann Widdecombe; edited by John Simmons, with a biographical preface by Nick Kochan. London: Politico's Publishing 
 2000: Kochan, Nicholas Ann Widdecombe: right from the beginning. London: Politico's Publishing

References

Other websites 

1947 births
Living people
English novelists
English Roman Catholics
English television presenters
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Bath, Somerset
Politicians from Somerset
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Television personalities from Somerset
Women politicians
Writers from Somerset
Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside (6 April 1926 – 12 September 2014) was a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. He founded the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in 1971 and was its leader until May 2008. 

He was born in Armagh and grew up in Ballymena. He founded the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster in 1951 and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Antrim from 1970 to 2010. He was the First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008 at the head of an all-party government.

He called himself the Reverend Doctor Ian Paisley.

Paisley died in Belfast on 12 September 2014, aged 88. At the time of his death, Paisley suffered from cardiomyopathy.

References

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Armageddon ( Harmagedōn, , Har Megiddo, , ) is the place where the great war of the end of day will start.

Christians that believe that Jesus Christ will someday come back to earth, translated the sentences of the Messiah and the Lamb of God, are the symbolism of Jesus, that will return to the earth to fight the Antichrist (or the Beast) in the battle of Armageddon. After that war Satan (or the Antichrist) will be thrown to the bottomless pit, or Abyss for a 1,000 years, known as the Millennium Age. After Satan will be out of the pit, he will gather one man called Gog and Magog (In the texts he is named God and Magog but also named Gog kind of Magog, in Jewish texts, the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people, and God will kill him and his army. In Christianity, Gog and Magog are two separate people that are Evil.) from the Four corners of the Earth. They will trap the Holy Ones (means Christians) in the Beloved City, (means Jerusalem). Then Fire will come from God and from the Heavens, and it will destroy Gog and Magog and will trap the Devil in Gehenna (Gehinom, Valley of Hinom, a place near Jerusalem, lake of fire and brimstone, also known as Hell).

The word Armageddon appears only once in the Greek New Testament. This word comes from the Hebrew Har Megiddo (), which means - Mountain of Megiddo. In Israel there is a small city, that is in the Azrieli Vally, called Megiddo. The Mountain of Megiddo is a small mountain which had a big Roman fort.

Related pages
Rapture
Apocalypse
Second Coming
Eschatology
World War III

Christian eschatology
San Luigi dei Francesi is a French church in Rome. It was build by Giacomo della Porta who completed it in 1859. The church is found near the Roman Pantheon, Piazza Navona and the French Cultural Center. The main attraction are some Caravaggio paintings; The Calling of Saint Matthew, The Inspiration of Saint Matthew, and the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew.

The outside facade was also done by Giacomo della Porta as a decorative piece apart from the actual church. It shows French heroes and saints like Charlemagne and Saint Louis.

The church is also a burial site for Pauline de Beaumont, Frédéric Bastiat, and Cardinal François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis.

Churches in Rome
1859 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Italy
Kingsmeadow is an association football stadium in Kingston upon Thames, London. It has been used since 1989. There are four parts to it. It could hold 4,720 people as of 2009. It has a grass surface.

Football stadiums in London
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s establishments in England
The Leader of the Conservative Party is the most senior politician within the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. The post is currently held by Boris Johnson who is also the Prime Minister at the head of a Conservative majority government. There was no proper leader of the Conservative Party until 1922:

Leaders in the House of Lords 1834–present
Those asterisked ( * ) were considered the overall leader of the party.
 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 1834–1846
 Edward Smith-Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley (14th Earl of Derby from 1851) 1846–1868 *
 James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury 1868–1869
 Hugh Cairns, 1st Baron Cairns 1869–1870
 Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond 1870–1876
 Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield 1876–1881 *
 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 1881–1902 (* from 1885)
 Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire 1902–1903
 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne 1903–1916
 George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Earl Curzon of Kedleston (1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston from 1921) 1916–1925
 James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury 1925–1931
 Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham 1931–1935
 Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry 1935
 E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1935–1938
 James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope 1938–1940
 Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote 1940
 E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1940
 George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd 1940–1941
 Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne 1941–1942
 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (5th Marquess of Salisbury from 1947) 1942–1957
 Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home 1957–1960
 Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham 1960–1963
 Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1963–1970
 George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe 1970–1973
 David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham 1973–1974
 Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1974–1979
 Christopher Soames, Baron Soames 1979–1981
 Janet Young, Baroness Young 1981–1983
 William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw 1983–1988
 John Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead 1988–1990
 David Waddington, Baron Waddington 1990–1992
 John Wakeham, Baron Wakeham 1992–1994
 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne 1994–1998
 Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde 1998–

Leaders in the House of Commons 1834–1922
 Sir Robert Peel 1834–1846 *
 Lord George Bentinck 1846–1847
 Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby 1848
 None 1848–1849
 Jointly Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby and John Charles Herries 1849–1852
 Benjamin Disraeli 1852–1876 (* from 1868)
 Sir Stafford Northcote 1876–1885
 Sir Michael Hicks Beach 1885–1886
 Lord Randolph Churchill 1886–1887
 William Henry Smith 1887–1891
 Arthur James Balfour 1891–1906 (* from 1902)
 Joseph Chamberlain 1906
 Arthur James Balfour 1906–1911 *
 Andrew Bonar Law 1911–1921 (* from 1916)
 Austen Chamberlain 1921–1922

Leaders of the Conservative Party 1922-Present

Date in brackets shows when each person became leader.
White people are people with light skin. Most white people are of European origin, but are also found in other places. Sometimes it refers to a larger group: white people among other groups. The term "Caucasian" is often used as a synonym for "white people", but sometimes it means people of the Caucasus Mountains.

Before the modern age, no Europeans thought of themselves as "white". Instead, they defined their race, ancestry, or ethnicity in terms of their nationality (Greek, Roman, etc.).  The concept of a unified white race came into use in the 17th century, or later. The strongest proponents of racism in 20th century Europe, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, regarded some European peoples such as Slavs as racially different from themselves.

Related pages
Black people 
White Americans

Race
is a Japanese architect and university professor at Tama Art University and Keio University in Tokyo. Sejima won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

Career
Sejima worked in the design office of Toyo Ito.

In 1987, she started her own company, Kazuyo Sejima and Associates in 1987.

In 1995, she started a partnership with Ryūe Nishizawa in Tokyo.  It was called SANAA.

In 2005-2008, she was a visiting professor at the School of Architecture at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey.

In 2010, Sejima became Director of the Architecture Sector for the Venice Biennale. She organized the 12th Annual International Architecture Exhibition. She is the first woman to be in that position.

Projects
This table is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

Unbuilt
 Platform III House, Tokyo, Japan, 1990
 Nasumoahara Harmony Hall, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, 1991
 Service Center at the Tokyo Expo 96, Tokyo, Japan, 1995
 Yokohama International Port Terminal, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, 1994

Honors
 Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
 Pritzker Prize, 2010.
 Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal, 2019

References

Other websites 

 SANAA website
 Vernissage.tv, "SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York"

1956 births
Living people
Japanese architects
Pritzker Prize winners
People from Ibaraki Prefecture
The article about the capital of Yemen is at Sana'a

SANAA is an architecture partnership in Tokyo. SANAA won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

History
Kazuyo Sejima and Ryūe Nishizawa started the design office in 1995.

List of projects

 1995-1996 — Multimedia Studio, Gifu, Japan
 1995-1997 — N Museum, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
 1995-1999 — O Museum, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
 1995-1996 — S House, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
 1996-1997 — M House, Tokyo, Japan
 1996-1997 — K Office Building, Ibaraki, Japan
 1997-1998 — Koga Park Café, Ibaraki, Japan
 1997 — Welfare Center, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
 1999-2004 — 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
 2000 — Prada Beauty Store, Arezzo, Italy
 2000 — Japan Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy
 2001-2003 — Dior Omotesando Store, Tokyo, Japan
 2001-2006 — Glass Pavilion at the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio
 2003 — Issey Miyake Store, Tokyo, Japan
 2003-2006 — Zollverein School of Design, Essen, Germany
 2003-2006 —  Naoshima Ferry Terminal, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
 2003-2007 — New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York City, New York
 2009 — Serpentine Gallery, London, England
 2004-2010 — Rolex Learning Center at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Unbuilt
 1997-1999 — Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia
 1998 — Campus Center of the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
 2002 — Mercedes Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany
 2002 — Extension to the Rietberg Museum, Zurich, Switzerland

Awards and exhibits
 "City of Girls" in the Japanese Pavilion at the 2000 Venice Biennale
 Garden Cafe at the 7th International Istanbul Biennale, Istanbul, Turkey
 Zumtobel Staff-Lichtforum, Vienna, Austria
 Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain
 Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany
 Gallery MA, Tokyo, Japan
 N-museum, Wakayama, Japan
 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
 Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
 46th Mainichi Shinbun Arts Award (Architecture Category), 2005
 Schock Prize in the visual arts, 2005
 Pritzker Prize in 2010

References

Other websites
 SANAA website
 Verissage.tv, SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York

Japanese architects
Pritzker Prize winners
Companies of Japan
1995 establishments in Japan
is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Kumamoto.

History 
The area of Higo Province was renamed Kumamoto during the Meiji Restoration.

Timeline
 1607-1614 (Keichō 12-19): Kumamoto Castle, construction lasted 7 years
 December 1637 (Kan'ei 14): Shimabara Rebellion
 May 21, 1792 (Kansei 4, 1st day of the 4th month): Earthquake centered at Mount Unzen caused tsunami which hit Higo

Geography 
Kumamoto Prefecture is in the middle of Kyūshū  The western border of Kumamoto is the Ariake Sea and the Amakusa Islands.  Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture are in the north. Miyazaki Prefecture is in the east. Kagoshima Prefecture is in the south.

Mount Aso (1592 m) is an active volcano in the eastern part of the prefecture.

Cities

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
 Aso Kujū National Park

Shrines and Temples
Aso-jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Roasso Kumamoto

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/english/list.html ,
Thomas Peter Thorvald Kristian Ferdinand Mortensen (August 16, 1882 – April 25, 1998), known as an adult as Christian Mortensen, was a Danish-born American supercentenarian who lived to age 115 years and 36 weeks and was believed to be the second oldest person ever born in Europe behind the possibly disputed 122-year-old Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment as well as the second-oldest man in history behind the nowadays debunked 120-year-old Japaneseman Shigechiyo Izumi. However, as both Calment and Izumi are debunked or possibly disputed, Mortensen was the fifth oldest person in history at the time of his death (behind Canadianwoman Marie-Louise Meilleur who died just nine days earlier, Americanwoman Sarah Knauss who then was the oldest living person, Japanesewoman Tane Ikai and Americanwoman Maggie Barnes who died less than 14 weeks earlier), the only man who became 115 years old (before Emiliano Mercado del Toro's 115th birthday on 21 August 2006) and the oldest man ever though until December 27, 2012 whereafter his record was broken by Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura (who was the third man to become 115 years old as well as the only man to become 116 years old).

Mortensen was baptised in Fruering Church on December 26, 1882. Besides his baptismal record, other records include the 1890 and 1901 census enumerations in Denmark, and church confirmation in 1896.

References

American supercentenarians
1882 births
1998 deaths
Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (23 January 1673 – 30 May 1731) was the wife of the Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany, the heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. 

She was the youngest child of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy and was a sister to Louis XIV's daughter-in-law. 

She married Ferdinando de' Medici on 9 January 1689 and became known as the Grand Princess of Tuscany. Her husband died on 31 October 1713 and she did not have any children. She was put in charge of Siena in 1717 and died in 1731.

Titles and styles 

 23 January 1673 – 9 January 1689: Her Serene Highness Princess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria
 9 January 1689 – 5 February 1691: Her Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
 5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: Her Royal Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
 31 October 1713 – 12 April 1717: Her Royal Highness The Dowager Grand Princess of Tuscany
 12 April 1717 – 30 May 1731: Her Royal Highness The Governor of Siena

1673 births
1731 deaths
House of Wittelsbach
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was the wife of Louis, the Grand Dauphin. She had three sons including the father of Louis XV of France and a King of Spain. In France she was known as Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire. She was a sister of the Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, the last Medici Grand Princess of Tuscany. At court she was known simply as Madame la Dauphine. 

She was a daughter of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy.

Children

 Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
  Philippe of France (19 December 1683 –  9 July 1746), "Duke of Anjou", (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had further children such as a future Dauphine of France;
 Charles of France, Duke of Berry (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714); married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had children but none survived over a year.

Through her first two sons she is an ancestor of the present King of Spain as well as the present Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Titles and styles

28 November 1660 – 7 March 1680 Her Serene Highness Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
7 March 1680 – 20 April 1690 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)

1660 births
1690 deaths
House of Bourbon
House of Wittelsbach
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms in non-representational compositions. This art is not meant to depict our everyday visual world, but instead uses the shapes of basic geometry.

Wassily Kandinsky, one of the forerunners of pure non-objective painting, was among the first modern artists to explore this geometric approach in his abstract work. Other examples of pioneer abstractionists such as Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian have also embraced this approach towards abstract painting.

Geometric abstraction is not just an invention of 20th century avant-garde artists or movements. It is present in many cultures throughout history both as decorative motifs and as art pieces themselves. 

Islamic art, in its prohibition of depicting religious figures, is a prime example of this geometric pattern-based art. It existed centuries before the modern movement in Europe, and in many ways influenced this Western school. Geometric patterns were often used in the architecture of Islamic civilisations from the 7th century-20th century, to visually connect spirituality with science and art.  

Abstract art has also historically been likened to music in its ability to convey emotional or expressive feelings and ideas without reliance upon or reference to recognizable objective forms already existent in reality. Wassily Kandinsky has discussed this connection between music and painting, as well as how the practice of classical composition had influenced his work, at length in his seminal essay Concerning the Spiritual in Art.

Expressionist abstract painting, as practiced by artists such as Jackson Pollock, is the opposite of geometric abstraction.  

Artists who have worked extensively in geometric abstraction include Josef Albers, Theo van Doesburg, Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Barnett Newman, Kenneth Noland, Bridget Riley, Alexander Rodchenko, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, among others.

Related pages 
Suprematism
Constructivism
Abstract art

References

Other websites
 Geometric Arts
 Easy Abstract Painting
Art movements