cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Skip (written as $kip) is a singer-songwriter and pop artist. He is known for his single entitled "Skippin'" which is a part from his self-titled debut album. The song was a hit in the Philippines, certified gold.

Music career
At the age of 10, $kip performed for live audiences and clubs where people gave him credits for his act. People also rated him performances. One comment lead him to join a local competition and sang "Benny And The Jets", but didn't he win. Two days after the competition, a call from his old record label offered him to get signed. In 2011, he rejected his label and was forced to move to another one.

A week after releasing his first single, the song directly charted in the Philippines where it peaked in the top 8 for 2 straight weeks. The single was then a certified Gold. According to PARI (Philippine Association of the Record Industry), the single's certification was supposed to be higher, but all agreed that the single can only make it to Gold.

Skip has said that his debut album will be released some time in December 2012. In February 2012, he performed his second single from the album, titled "Clap! Clap! Clap!". The song directly debuted on the Philippine Charts and there it peaked on number 10.

Discography

Albums
 $kip (2012)

Singles

References

Living people
1998 births
Filipino singers
Kim Jip (1574 - 1656) was a Korean politician, scholar, teacher, and writer during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also known as Shindokjae (신독재, 愼獨齋) or Shindok (신독, 愼獨). His Chinese name was Sagang (). He was the son of Kim Jangsaeng, and the teacher of Song Siyeol and Yun Seongeo.

Works 
 Shindokjaejip (신독재집, 愼獨齋集)
 Uiryemunhaesok (의례문해속, 疑禮問解續)

Related pages
 Yi I
 Seong Hon
 Kim Jang-saeng
 Song Siyeol
 Song Ik-phil

1574 births
1656 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Korean writers
Jeong Gu (1543 - 1620) was a Korean politician and philosopher, historian, writer, Confucian scholar and poet of the Joseon Dynasty. a penname was Hangang (), Chinese style name was Dogah () or Gabo ().

Works 
 HangangMunjip (한강문집 寒岡文集)
 Taegeukmunbyun (태극문변 太極問辨)
 GAryejipramboju (가례집람보주 家禮輯覽補註)
 Ohseonsaengyeseolbunryu (오선생예설분류 五先生禮說分類)
 Gangjangrok (갱장록 羹墻錄)
 Shimgyungbalhwe (심경발휘 心經發揮)
 Shimuijejobup (심의제조법 深衣製造法)
 Yefisangryubunryu (예기상례분류 禮記喪禮分類)
 Ohbokyunhyukdo (오복연혁도 五福沿革圖)
 Toegyesanjeryemundab (퇴계상제례문답 退溪喪祭禮問答)
 Gaejeongjujaseojeolyochongmok (개정주자서절요총목 改定朱子書節要總目)
 SEonghyunpung (성현풍 聖賢風)
 SEonghyunpungBeom (성현풍범 聖賢風範)
 Susaeuninrock (수사언인록 洙泗言仁錄)
 Yumjangarngjangrock (염락갱장록 濂洛羹墻錄)
 Gwanui (관의 冠儀)
 Honui (혼의 婚儀)
 Jangui (장의 葬儀)
 Gyeui (계의 稧儀)
 Yukdaeginyon (역대기년 歷代紀年)
 Gogeumchungmo (고금충모 古今忠謨)
 Chiranjeyo (치란제요 治亂提要)
 wharyongji (와룡지 臥龍誌)
 Uianjipbang (의안집방 醫眼集方)
 Gwangsasoljip (광사속집 廣嗣續集)
 Changshanji (창산지 昌山誌)
 Dongbokji (동복지 同福志)
 Kwandongji (관동지 關東志)
 Younggaji (영가지 永嘉志)
 Pyungyangji (평양지 平壤志)
 Hamjuji (함주지 咸州志)
 Jujashibunryu (주자시분류 朱子詩分類)
 Ghogeumhoisu (고금회수 古今會粹)

Related pages 

 Heo Mok
 Yun Hyu
 Yun Seondo

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135770
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3521 

1543 births
1620 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Korean writers
Korean poets
Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) catches fire quickly. It is formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as guncotton. Nitrocellulose can be plasticized by camphor. Kodak, and other suppliers, used placticized nitrocellulose as a film base in photograph, X-ray films and motion picture films. People call this nitrate film. After numerous fires caused by unstable nitrate films, safety film started to be used from the 1930s in the case of X-ray stock and from 1948 for motion picture film.

References

Nitrogen compounds
Functional groups
Explosives
Movie production
Big Bertha  is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer made by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp in Germany on the eve of World War I. Another huge gun,  42-cm Gamma-Device howitzer, was the forerunner of the Bertha.

Name 
Bertha's official name was the L/12 (the barrel was 12 calibre in length), or the M-Device.

Many sources say that Bertha is a reference to Bertha Krupp, heiress and owner of the Krupp industrial empire. However, not all accept this. During the war, the Germans gave numerous other nicknames to the M-Device. 'Dicke', meaning fat or big in German, is apparently not a reference to the physical aspect of Ms Krupp.

The name "Big Bertha" subsequently came to be applied generally by the Allies to any very large German gun. This included the railway guns which used mounted battleship guns known as "Langer Max" and the ultra-long range "Paris Gun". Strictly speaking, however, Dicke Bertha, or Big Bertha, is only applicable to the 42-cm M-Device howitzer.

Origin 
Bertha was the result of lessons learned by the Germans (and Austrians) from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. During the war, the Japanese had dismounted a number of their coastal defence 28-cm howitzers and used them to help break their siege of the fortified Russian naval base at Port Arthur.

This was a complete novelty as, until that time, it had been assumed by military experts that the largest transportable siege guns were around 20-cm in calibre. Other Europeans completely failed to draw the lessons the Japanese had taught, and went forward without any huge siege guns.

In use 
Big Bertha gained a strong reputation on both sides of the lines due to its early impressive successes in smashing the forts at Liege, Belgium. The German press went wild with enthusiasm and declared the Bertha a 'wonder weapon'. When used later during the German assault upon Verdun in February 1916, however, it proved less effective, as the fort, made of concrete reinforced with steel, could mostly withstand the large semi-armour-piercing shells of the Berthas. Only Fort Vaux was severely damaged during this event, destroying the water storage and leading to the surrender of the fort.

A total of 12 complete M-Devices were built; besides the two available when the war started, ten more were built during the war. This figure does not include additional barrels.

As the war ground on several Berthas were destroyed when their barrels burst due to faulty ammunition. Later in the Great War, an L/30 30.5-cm barrel was developed and fitted to a number of Bertha carriages in order to provide longer-range, though not quite as heavy fire.

References 

German Empire
Howitzers
World War I
"Sun, Moon, and Talia" () is a fairy tale by Giambattista Basile. It was published in his Pentamerone (1636). It is similar to the "Sleeping Beauty" tales by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.

Story 
A great lord consults several wise men about the future of his newborn daughter Talia. They predict she will be put in danger from a splinter of flax. To protect his daughter, the father commands that no flax be brought into his house. Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle. She asks if she may try it. As soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail. She drops to the ground, and appears dead. Her father puts Talia in one of his country houses and abandons her.

Some time later, a king, hunting in the nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house. He finds Talia, and tries unsuccessfully to wake her up. He rapes her and returns to his own city. 
Still deep in sleep, Talia gives birth to twins (a boy and a girl). They are tended by fairies. One day, the boy begins to suck on Talia's finger and draws out the flax splinter. Talia awakens immediately. She names them "Sun" and "Moon" and lives with them in the house. The king returns and finds Talia is the mother of twins. He tells her what happened and they form a bond.

However, the king is married. His wife is suspicious and learns the truth. She gains possession of the two children. She orders the cook to prepare them for consumption. The cook spares the children and sends the queen a dish of lamb. The queen taunts the king while he eats. The queen has Talia brought to court. She commands that a huge fire be lit in the courtyard, and that Talia be thrown into the flames. Talia undresses and screams with grief.  The king hears Talia's screams. He commands that his wife be thrown into the fire instead. The king and Talia marry.

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 81-3.

Other websites 
Sun, Moon, and Talia 
Unexpurgated translation of Sun, Moon, and Talia 
Analysis of the Sleeping Beauty stories

Fairy tales 
Sleeping Beauty
Blackout is the title of pop music singer Britney Spears' fifth studio album.
It was her fifth studio album overall. It was released in late 2007 by Jive Records.
It had the singles "Gimme More", "Piece Of Me", and "Break The Ice."

2007 albums
Britney Spears albums
Pop albums
La Belle au bois dormant () is an opera in three acts by Michele Carafa to a French libretto by François-Antonine-Eugène de Planard after the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault. It was first performed on March 2, 1825 at the Salle Le Peletier of Paris Opera. The famous tenor Adolphe Nourrit created the role of the Prince. The choreography was composed by Pierre Gabriel Gardel, and sets designed by Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri.

Main roles 
 Aurora, soprano
 The Queen, soprano
 The Prince, tenor
 Carabosse, baritone
 King Florestan, baritone

Other websites 
Amadeus Almanac

Operas
Sleeping Beauty
A bombard is a large-caliber, muzzle-loading, medieval cannon or mortar. It was used in sieges for throwing heavy stone balls. The name bombarde was used in a French historical text around 1380. The modern term bombardment comes from this.

Bombards were usually used during sieges to hurl various things into enemy forts. Items such as stone or metal balls, burning materials and weighted cloth soaked in quicklime or Greek fire are have been written about.

The name comes from medieval Latin and French words from an earlier Greek word meaning the making of a humming noise.

Famous examples 
A famous example of a bombard is Mons Meg, a large weapon built around 1449 and used by King James II of Scotland. It was very powerful and used for bringing down castle walls. Mons Meg could fire  shots and was one of the largest bombards in its time.  It is now on public display at Edinburgh Castle. Other known bombards include two wrought iron weapons, the Pumhart von Steyr and Dulle Griet. There were also weapons cast in bronze, the Faule Mette, Faule Grete, and Grose Bochse. The Tsar Cannon is a late 16th century show-piece.

The Dardanelles Gun was built in the Ottoman Empire in 1464 by Munir Ali. It weighed 18.6 t and was 518cm long. It could  fire stone balls of up to 63cm diameter.

Bombards were replaced by weapons using smaller calibre iron shells with more powerful gunpowder.

Gallery

References

Further reading 

Artillery
A bombardment is an attack by artillery weapons against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings. It word came from the name of the medieval artillery weapon, the bombard, which was used to fire heavy stones during a siege.

Before World War I the word bombardment was only used for the attack of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. Since then it has come to mean any mass attack delivered by artillery or short range  missiles, and also as aerial bombardment if delivered by bomber aircraft or long range missiles.

It now is also used to describe activities in science, such as firing high energy particles like electrons into atoms in the study of nuclear reactions. The word can also be used informally, for example, a person could be "bombarded" with questions.

History
In its old strict sense the term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. The purpose is to destroy the courage of your enemies. Civilians in a besieged town would put pressure on their military leaders to surrender before the place was destroyed. The practice of using artillery to do this was especially common up until World War I. Since then long range artillery bombardment has been joined by aerial bombardment delivered by aircraft and missiles.

References 

Artillery
Step Up 2: The Streets is a 2008 American musical teen drama movie. It is the sequel to Step Up. This sequel is set in the Baltimore region and was released in February 2008. The movie got substandard reviews, though it received almost $151 million throughout the world.

Plot
The movie tells of teenager Andrea "Andie" West whose mother died from cancer when Andie was 16. Andie now lives with Sarah (her guardian and her mother's best friend), though actually Andie always feels like she does not really belong anywhere. She loves dancing, although she is performing very poorly during school. One day, Andie, who is with Maryland School of Arts, is expelled from there by the MSA school director after the dance studio at her school is vandalized by students from 410 (four-one-oh), a competing [hip hop] dancing crew. She is also expelled from MSA due to her connection with a hip hop crew known as The Streets, at which point Sarah has had enough of Andie's behavior and threatens to send Andie to Texas to live with her aunt. Andie then receives a text from her best friend Missy.

Other websites 

2008 drama movies
2000s musical movies
2000s teen drama movies
American musical movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Maryland
Sequel movies
Movies directed by Jon M. Chu
Phobias are irrational fears of things and situations which can be a danger but most are not harmful. There are many kinds of phobias. Here are listed more than 200 of them.
Phobias are most known to cause panic attacks and shock and epileptic fits, with phobias that have loneliness, spiders, fumes, and maybe heights.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T 

Trypophobia - fear of clustered holes
Turophobia - fear of cheese
Transphobia - fear of　transgender and transsexual people 
Trypanophobia - fear of needles/ injections
Trudoculphobia - fear of a sharp object piercing the eye

U

V

W

X

Z

Funny and fictional phobias 
 Anatidaephobia - fear that a duck, somewhere, is watching you
 Arachibutyrophobia - fear of peanut butter stuck to the roof of the mouth
 Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia - fear of long words
 Venustraphobia - fear of pretty women

References

Other websites 

Lists
In science fiction, an ion cannon is a  beam weapon. It shoots beams of ions (atoms or molecules  with an electrical charge). Because of its power, it is usually said to be a superweapon. An ion cannon is a type of particle cannon. The particles it shoots are ionized. Because of their electrical charges, they can cause electronic devices, vehicles, and anything else that has an electrical or similar power source to stop working. Ion cannons are used in many  science-fiction movies and television series. Ion cannons are also used in many video games.

Real-world connections

The science fiction idea for these weapons comes from the particle cannon created by Nikola Tesla. Tesla's cannon shot ions into the ionosphere. This caused them to be charged more. Research of this idea is still being done with directed-energy weapons.

Media references

In the Star Wars universe, Ion weapons are common. They range from handheld pistols to star ship cannons. Ion weapons are mainly used to stop electronic systems from working. They can stop vehicles, droids and starships without doing any damage. In Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, the Rebel Alliance uses a large ion cannon on the planet Hoth to disable Imperial Star Destroyers near the planet. This is done to stop them from firing on Rebel ships trying to leave the planet. The Jawas used ion blasters to disable R2-D2.
In StarCraft, Raynor's faction is stopped from leaving because of Tarsonis' ion cannon. The weapon is destroyed as part of a mission.
In the computer game Conquest: Frontier Wars, huge Ion Cannon space stations can be built.
 In Master of Orion 2, Ion cannons are used to damage ship's internal systems. They are not stopped by armor.
 In the Pixar movie WALL-E, the robot EVE has an ion cannon in her right arm.
 Destroy All Humans! and its sequels has a weapon called the Ion Detonator.
 In the Command&Conquer franchise the Global Defense Initiative(GDI) uses a orbital ion cannon as that faction superweapon.

Other websites
 Watch the C&C Ion Cannon in action. (Created by Tiberian Dawn Mod team)

Science fiction technology
Weapons
How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It is  written in rhymed verse. Dr. Seuss drew the pictures. It was published in 1957 as a book by Random House. It was also published in a magazine called Redbook. The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas. It also makes fun of those who profit from exploiting the holiday. An animated television program of the story was made in 1966. Boris Karloff narrated the show. The character then appeared in the television specials Halloween is Grinch Night and The Grinch Grinches The Cat in the Hat. He also was a recurring villain in The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss, an educational show for kids, and had a small part in the Broadway play Seussical. In 2000 a movie was made based on the book. Jim Carrey played the Grinch. And in 2018, another movie based on the book was made, which was The Grinch. Benedict Cumberbatch plays the Grinch in that one.

Story 
The Grinch is a nasty creature who lives high on a mountain with his dog Max. He hates the happy people of Whoville and their Christmas celebrations. He goes to Whoville. He steals all the presents, decorations, and food. He thinks Christmas will not come because he has been so mean. Christmas comes all the same. He realizes that Christmas is more than just presents and decorations. His heart grows three sizes larger. He returns all the presents and trimmings. The people of Whoville welcome him.

References

1957 books
Books by Dr. Seuss
English-language picture books
The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval (Gribeauval 12-inch mortar) was a French mortar. It was made using the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery. The measurement of the mortar is given by the diameter of the ball. It is measured using the French ancient system of measurement, in which 1 pouce (1 inch) is equal to 2.707 cm. The Gribeauval system was a new way of making artillery as a single piece of metal and then drilling a bore hole. This meant they could be made much lighter and more accurate.
 
The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was first used during the American Revolutionary War from 1780-82. It was used during the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. It was later used in by the French army during the wars that followed the French Revolution and during the Napoleonic Wars.

The Mortier de 12 pouces used a cylindrical chamber. Although this was quite efficient, it used to wear easily. This shape was later replaced by the Gomer system using a conical chamber.

Some of the Mortier de 12 pouces were used for coastal defense, in which case they were fixed on solid metal platforms.

Related pages

References

Artillery
Aerospace Valley is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the regions of Occitanie and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest of France and is mainly concentrated in and around the city of Toulouse.

There are over 500 companies, including Airbus, Dassault Aviation, EADS and Air France Industries. About 120,000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aerospace Valley is in Toulouse. The chairman of the group is Agnès Paillard.

References

Other websites 
 Website of Aerospace Valley

2005 establishments in France
Aerospace engineering
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Aviation in France
Companies of France
Toulouse
Don Pasquale is an Italian comic opera in three acts. Gaetano Donizetti wrote the music. Giovanni Ruffini wrote the libretto (story and words).

Don Pasquale was the 64th of the 66 operas Donizetti wrote. It is about an old bachelor who wants to marry. The opera was first performed on January 3, 1843 at the Comédie-Italienne in Paris, France.

It was first performed in Italy at La Scala in Milan on April 17, 1843. In London, England, it was first performed on June 29, 1843, and in the United States on January 7, 1845 in New Orleans.

Characters 
 Don Pasquale, an old bachelor (bass)
 Dr Malatesta, his doctor (baritone)
 Ernesto, Don Pasquale's nephew (tenor)
 Norina, a young widow (soprano)
 Carlino, a notary (bass)

Notes

References 
Holden, Amanda (Ed.) 2001. The New Penguin Opera Guide. Penguin Putnam.

Other websites 

 
 Longer synopsis of Don Pasquale  from English Touring Opera
 Discography from Stanford website
 
 
 

Compositions by Gaetano Donizetti
Operas
Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago at the southern tip of South America. The Magellan Strait sepearates it from the South American Mainland. The archipelago consists of a big island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and a number of smaller islands. The land area of the archipelago is 73.746 square kilometers. With about 47.000 square kilometers, Isla Grande  takes roughly half of the total land mass. The Archipelago (and the main island) is divided between Argentina and Chile. About 127.000 people live in the part belonging to Argentina, about 8.000 in that belonging to Chile. The Argentine part is called Tierra del Fuego Province, the Chilenan part has the name Magellanes. The biggest cities on the main island are Rio Grande, 57.000 people, and Ushuaia in the Argentine part, and Porvenir with 5.700 inhabitants in the Chilenan  part. Puerto Williams, with 2300 people, is the most southern city in the world. 

Atlantic islands
Pacific islands
Islands of South America
Islands of Chile
Geography of Argentina
Mons Meg is a mediaeval bombard made in 1449. It is now at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. In contrast to modern shells, which are explosive, these older cannons fired solid balls. Mons Meg fired balls of iron.

It seems, from the accounts of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, that it was made to his order around 1449 and sent as a gift eight years later to King James II of Scotland, with other artillery supplies. Mons Meg weighs , is  in length, and has a calibre of . The final cost of the gun was £1,536. 2s.

History

Manufacture 
The bombard was made from long bars of iron, hooped with rings and fused into one mass. The Duke's artillery maker constructed it, and it was tested at Mons, Wallonia, in June 1449. The Duke did not take delivery until 1453. The Duke decided to help the Scots against the English, and sent it to James II. James imported a lot of artillery from continental Europe during his reign. He used it against his enemies in Scotland, such as the Earl of Douglas. James died as a result of an exploding cannon used in the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

Another story suggests Mons Meg was made in order to help James II in the 1452 siege of Threave Castle in Kirkcudbright, when the Clan MacLellan used it to batter the castle. This version has little support.

In action 
The  calibre cannon accepted balls that weighed about . It could only be fired 8-10 times a day due to the tremendous heat generated by the huge powder charge. In early years the gun, like the other royal cannon, was painted with red-lead to keep it from rusting. This cost 30 shillings in June 1539. 

From the 1540s Meg was retired from active service and was fired only on ceremonial occasions from Edinburgh Castle, from where shot could be found up to two miles away. When Mons was fired on 3 July 1558, workmen were paid to find and retrieve the shot from Wardie Mure, near the River Forth. The salute marked the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the French Dauphin.

The gun was fired in 1680 to celebrate the arrival of James, Duke of Albany and York, later King James II of England and VII of Scotland. The barrel burst. An English cannoneer had loaded the charge and many Scots believed that the damage was done on purpose, since the English had no cannon as big as this. The incident was also seen as a bad omen for the future King.

The cannon was left outside Foog's Gate at Edinburgh Castle. It was next taken, with other disused ordnance, to the Tower of London in 1754, but was returned to the Castle in 1829, after a campaign by the author Sir Walter Scott. It was restored, and now sits outside St. Margaret's Chapel.

References 

Artillery
Edinburgh
Schwerer Gustav (English: Heavy Gustaf, or Great Gustaf) and Dora were the names of two huge World War II German 80 cm K (E) railway siege guns. 

The two guns were developed in the late 1930s by Krupp, the famous German arms manufacturer. Their purpose was to destroy heavy fortifications, especially in the French Maginot Line. The guns weighed nearly 1,350 tonnes, and could fire shells weighing seven tonnes to a range of .

Although they were intended for World War II, they were not ready for action when the Wehrmacht outflanked the Maginot line by sweeping through the low country (Belgium) to start the Battle of France. However, they were ready in Autumn 1941, after the Wehrmacht invaded the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). Gustav was used at the siege of Sevastopol in the summer of 1942. By the end of the siege on 4 July the city of Sevastopol lay in ruins, and 30,000 tons of artillery ammunition had been fired. Gustav had fired 48 rounds and worn out its original barrel, which had already fired around 250 rounds during testing and development. The gun was fitted with the spare barrel and the original was sent back to Krupp's factory in Essen for relining.

Both Gustav and Dora were moved to Leningrad, and may have been intended for Warsaw. Gustav was eventually captured by US troops and cut up, whilst Dora was destroyed near the end of the war to avoid capture by the Red Army.

The Schwerer Gustav was the largest calibre rifled weapon in the history of artillery to see actual combat. It fired the heaviest shells of any artillery piece. A few other huge guns were never fired in anger: the French Monster Mortar (36 French inches; 975mm), the  British Mallet's Mortar (36 inch; 914 mm) and the American Little David mortar (36 inch; 910 mm).

Notes 

Artillery
Nazi Germany
World War II
The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British Dominion from 1907 to 1949. It was in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast. It was made up of the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the mainland. 

The territory was a British colony until 1907, when it was made a dominion. The Statute of Westminster of 11 December 1931 said that the Dominion of Newfoundland was independent within the British Commonwealth, along with Canada, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. But on 16 February 1934 the Newfoundland parliament gave up its self-government, and governance of the dominion went back to being controlled from London. Though governed from overseas, Newfoundland stayed legally a dominion, until it joined Canada in 1949 to become Canada's tenth province.

References

Historical territories of Canada
Former countries in North America
1907 establishments in North America
1949 disestablishments
1900s establishments in the United Kingdom
1940s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century disestablishments in North America
Hamitic theory is a theory that claims that so called  hamitic race is superior to the negroid races on the African continent. John Hanning Speke started the theory. Karl Richard Lepsius and Carl Meinhof extended the theory: they used languages to classify people into hamitic or non-hamitic; this is no longer done today. 

Another way they classified people into hamitic or non-hamitic is by ethnic roots. Negroid people are perceived as Shemetic as opposed to the Hamitic Ethiopian, Sudanese, and some other West African ethnic groups as attested by the genealogy of ancient ethnic lineages.  For example, a person who has ancestry from Rome would be considered closer to a Hamite than a person whose ancestry is in Africa. Ironically, the Hamites include some of the darkest sub-Saharan African groups like the Nilotes that were considered closest to Europeans as opposed to the Chadic sub saharan Africans who share a common RB1 lineage. 
This theory also included giving classes to those members of the negroid races of Africa upon colonization. This, in part, contributed to the Rwandan Genocide, which pinned the members of the Tutsi ethnicity or tribe against the members of the Hutu people, although the tension between them was over small differences.

Race
History of Africa
Muret (Occitan gascon: Murèth) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.

Geography
Muret is at about  to the south of Toulouse and has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The communes that are around Muret are Seysses, Roques, Saubens, Villate, Eaunes , Le Fauga, Beaumont-sur-Lèze, Saint-Hilaire, Lherm, Lamasquère, Saint-Clar-de-Rivière and Labastidette.

Muret is on the Garonne river at its confluence with the Louge, which flows northeast through the commune. The Garonne flows north through the commune and forms part of its northern border.

Muret has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.

Population
The inhabitants of Muret are known, in French, as Murétains (women: Murétaines).

The commune of Muret has a population, in 2014, of 24,975; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Muret

Administration 
Muret is a subprefecture of the Haute-Garonne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Muret and the administrative centre () of the canton of Muret.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Muretain ().

Sister city 
Muret is twinned with:
  Monzón, Spain

Education
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is in Muret.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Muret
 Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Haute-Garonne
Vices & Virtues is the third full-length studio album from Panic! at the Disco. It was released on March 18, 2011 under Fueled By Ramen and Decaydance Records. The album was produced and mixed by music engineers Butch Walker and John Feldmann. The album peaked at number seven on the Billboard 200 albums chart and number five on the Billboard Digital Albums chart. The lead single off the album, "The Ballad of Mona Lisa", was released on February 1, 2011. The single peaked at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second single off the album, titled "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)", was released on June 6, 2011. It peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.

The album has a different sound than their previous two studio album releases A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005) and Pretty. Odd. (2008). That is because two group members had left, and because of the amount of time between the releases of Vices and Pretty. Odd. The album has elements from the band's debut album. It has heavy use of synthesizers and guitars. The track "Mona Lisa" returns to the idea of the band's first single "I Write Sins, Not Tragedies", which had heavier guitar and rock influences.

The song "Let's Kill Tonight" was released in the United Kingdom for the band's 2012 Spring Vices & Virtues Tour. A music video was uploaded on February 10, 2012 on the Fueled By Ramen official YouTube channel with a minute and ten seconds of the band performing the song live in London.

Release
Vices & Virtues was released March 22, 2011 in the United States, Brazil, and Canada. It was released on other dates in other countries. The record debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, with first-week sales of 56,000 copies in the United States. This is very different from the group's previous effort, Pretty. Odd., which debuted without much commercial attention in 2008, with first-week sales of 139,000. The album also came in at #2 on Neilson SoundScan Alternative Albums chart and #5 on the Digital Albums ranking.

Track listing

 "The Ballad of Mona Lisa"
 "Let's Kill Tonight"
 "Hurricane"
 "Memories"
 "Trade Mistakes"
 "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)"
 "Always"
 "The Calendar"
 "Sarah Smiles"
 "Nearly Witches (Ever Since We Met...)"
 "New Perspective" (bonus track from the soundtrack of the 2009 horror film Jennifer's Body)

Bonus tracks

 "Oh Glory" (demo version)
 "Stall Me"
 "I Wanna Be Free"
 "Bittersweet"
 "Turn Off The Lights"
 "Kaleidoscope Eyes"
 "The Ballad of Mona Lisa" (radio edit)

References

2011 albums
Panic! at the Disco albums
Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind (also known as Ready to Go) the second single off the album Vices & Virtues by American pop rock band Panic! at the Disco. The single is the follow up to the band's previously released single "The Ballad of Mona Lisa". The single was produced by Butch Walker, who produced the majority of the band's Vices & Virtues album, and written by frontman Brendon Urie and percussionist Spencer Smith along with co-producer John Feldmann. The single is a branch out statement relative to the group's other well-known songs as this song contains less rock elements and is lacking the group's sound from their previous two albums A Fever You Can't Sweat Out and Pretty. Odd. The single peaked at number fourteen on the U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs chart in July of 2011. 

The song was chosen as the opening act for the band's headlining Vices & Virtues U.S. Tour in 2011 duo to its rev-up sound and pop elements.

Music video
The single's music video premiered on YouTube and VEVO on May 2, 2011 on the official Fueled By Ramen YouTube channel. As of February 1, 2012 the video itself, on YouTube, has a round-up tally of 6,000,000 views.

Track list
 "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)" - 3:37 (Album version)
 "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)" - 3:20 (live tour performance)

2011 songs
Panic! at the Disco songs
The Producers is a 1968 American satirical dark comedy cult classic movie written and directed by Mel Brooks. The movie tells the story of a theatrical producer and an accountant who want to produce a Broadway musical, but they want it to fail. They take more money from investors than they need and plan to abscond to Brazil as soon as the play closes, only to see the show turn out to be a hit.
 
The Producers was the first movie directed by Mel Brooks. He won an Academy Award for his screenplay. Decades later, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry and placed 11th on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list. The movie was later remade by Brooks as a successful Broadway stage musical. The musical itself was adapted as a movie in 2005.

Cast
Zero Mostel as Max Bialystock, the producer
Gene Wilder as Leo Bloom, the accountant
Dick Shawn as L.S.D.
Kenneth Mars as former Nazi soldier and playwright, Franz Liebkind

Other websites 

1968 comedy movies
Academy Award winning movies
American black comedy movies
American satirical movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Manhattan
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Mel Brooks
MyNetworkTV is an broadcast syndication channel in the United States. It is owned by Fox Entertainment Group. It is a major network. Their sister channel is Fox.

Programs
List of programs broadcast by MyNetworkTV

References
"Fall Premieres - TV Grid", Orange County Register, September 14, 2007

MyNetworkTV series and specials from The Futon Critic Showatch
MyNetworkTV schedule  at MyNetworkTV.com

American television networks
Fox Broadcasting Company
2006 establishments in the United States
Currently Airing Off-Network Repeats
Mondays:
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2011–18; 2019–present)

Tuesdays:
Cold Case (2011–12)

Wednesdays:
Burn Notice (2010–12)

Thursdays:
Without a Trace (2009–12)

Fridays:
Monk (2010–14)

Formerly broadcast

Telenovelas
American Heiress (2007)
Desire (2006)
Fashion House (2006)
Saints & Sinners (2007)
Watch Over Me (2006–2007)
Wicked Wicked Games (2006–2007)

Music
Control Room Presents (2007–2008)

Reality
The Academy (2007)
Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed (2007–2009)
Celebrity Exposé (2007–2009)
Decision House (2007–2008)
Jail (2007–2009)
Masters of Illusion (2009)
Meet My Folks (2007–2008)
Paradise Hotel 2 (2008)
Street Patrol (2008–2009)
The Tony Rock Project (2008–2009)
Under One Roof (2008–2009)
Vice Squad (2009)
Whacked Out Videos (2008–2009)
World's Funniest Moments (2008–2009)
Comics Unleashed (2008–2009)
The Best of In Living Color (2007–2008)

Comedy
The Bernie Mac Show (2009–2010)
Scrubs (2009–2011)
The New Adventures of Old Christine (2010–2011)

Drama
The Twilight Zone (2008–2009)
The Unit (2009–2010)
Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2010–2011)

Game Shows
Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (2009–2011)
Deal or No Deal (2009–2010)
Don't Forget the Lyrics! (2010–2011)

Sports
IFL Battleground (2007–2008)
WWE SmackDown    (2008–2010)

Movies
My Thursday Night Movie (2009–2010)
My Friday Night Movie (2007–2008)
My Saturday Night Movie (2008–2009)

Specials
World Music Awards (2007)
Happy Birthday, Elton (2007)
Hawaiian Tropic International Beauty Pageant (2007)
Ujena Bikini Jam (2007)
Hooters Dream Girl Challenge
Night of a Million Laughs: Comics Unleashed (2007)
Eddie Murphy: 25th Anniversary of 'Delirious' (2007)
Taurus World Stunt Awards (2007)
Celebrity Daredevils (2007)
AVP Volleyball specials (2007–2008)
Santa's Funniest Moments (2007)
Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2007)
Christmas Glory: In the Key of Love (2007)
Christmas at the Cathedral (2007)
World Magic Awards (2007)
Masters of Illusion: Impossible Magic (2008)
Secrets of Psychics Revealed (2008)
The Harlem Globetrotters 80th Anniversary Special (2008)
Impossible Escapes (2008)
Heroes Among Us: The 2008 Hero Awards (2008)
The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars (2008)
WrestleMania XXIV (2008)

References
"Fall Premieres - TV Grid", Orange County Register, September 14, 2007

MyNetworkTV series and specials from The Futon Critic Showatch
MyNetworkTV schedule  at MyNetworkTV.com

Television
Meu Bem Querer (My Wishing Well) is a Brazilian historical telenovela. It was first shown in 1998. The series starred Murilo Benício, Alessandra Negrini, Leonardo Brício and Flávia Alessandra.

Cast

References

Other websites
 

1998 television series debuts
Telenovelas
Brazilian television series
Infantry guns are artillery weapons for the use of infantry units. The designs usually have short barrels which fire a low speed shell. They are lightly built so they are easy to moved around on the battlefield. Very few infantry guns are still used by infantry units. They have been replaced by grenade launchers, light anti-tank weapons and heavier wire-guided missiles. Pack guns are similar to an infantry gun, but mean those guns that are meant to be taken apart for movement. Mountain guns are infantry guns designed for use during mountain combat. Airborne guns are those designed for use by paratroopers. They are easy to move and lighter weight when compared to field guns.

History
Infantry guns were the first type of artillery used by armed forces, first in China, and later brought to Europe by the Mongol invasion. At first they were simple cast barrels called pots de fer in French, or vasi in Italian. These weapons were small, immobile, and fired large bolts or quarrels. As the barrels became longer, a way had to be found to move the guns. This led to two different solutions. One was the very light hand-gun, which became the arquebus. The other was to place the gun on wheeled carriages, such as the 2-pounder Culvern moyane, the 1-pounder Falcon, and the 3/4-pounder Falconet. These lighter Renaissance pieces led to the development of the 3-pounder and 4-pounder regimental guns of the 17th century, notably in the army of Gustavus Adolphus. The light field guns of the 17th century, known as a drake in England, came in almost 100 different calibres. Each had its own name, some of which were:
5 pound, 3½ inch saker, weighing 1 ton
4 pound, 3 inch minion, weighing 3/4 ton
2 pound, 2¾ inch falcon, weighing 1/4 ton
1 pound, 2 inch falconet, weighing 200lbs
¾ pound, ¼ inch robinet, weighing 100lbs

The saker and falcon had ranges of 360 and 320 yards if fired straight at the target, and 2,170 and 1,920 yards if fired in an upward arc.

Although oxen were used to pull the heavier field and siege guns, some on wagons rather than limbers, they were too slow to keep up with the infantr. Horses were used to pull the lighter pieces, leading to the development of the artillery carriage and horse team that survived until the late 19th century.

Related pages
 List of infantry guns

References

Artillery
Giacomo Leopardi (Recanati June 29, 1798 – Naples June 14, 1837) was an Italian poet, essayist, philosopher, and philologist. He is considered one of the greatest poets of the 19th century. 
Even if he lived in a secluded town in the ultra-conservative Papal States, he came in touch with the main thoughts of the Enlightenment, and, by his own literary evolution, created a remarkable, renowned and pessimist poetic work, related to the Romantic era.

Italian poets
Italian philosophers
1798 births
1837 deaths
"Good Night" is the first episode of Season 1 of The Simpsons shorts. It was first shown on television on April 19, 1987.

Simple storyline 
Homer and Marge Simpson say good night to their children, Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson, but actually scare them with sayings they have not heard of.

Longer storyline 
Homer says good night to his son Bart, but then he asks questions about the mind. Homer tells Bart to relax, and makes a joke about mind and matter. Bart is still scared when the lights are turned off.

In Lisa's bedroom, Marge is good night to her daughter Lisa. After a few sentences, she uses the saying "don't let the bed bugs bite". This scares Lisa as well.

In Maggie's bedroom, Marge sings the lullaby Rock-a-bye Baby, but in Maggie's thoughts she sees herself falling from a tree. Maggie becomes scared from this thought like Bart and Lisa.

In Marge and Homer's bedroom, they say good night to each other thinking they must be the best parents ever. Then Bart, Lisa and Maggie come in the room quickly, and start shouting and complaining. Marge tells them to come into bed with them to make them feel safer, and they go to sleep. Maggie is last, saying "Good night".

Notes 
This is one of Maggie's small amount of words she has said in The Simpsons.

References 

The Simpsons
1987 in entertainment
1980s television episodes
Brookesia micra is, , the smallest known species of chameleon in the world. It is small enough to stand on the head of a match. It can grow up to  in length.

References

Chameleons
Nocturnal enuresis, also called bedwetting, is a health issue that is often caused by or the symptom of certain health troubles. It happens when a person involuntarily urinates while he or she is asleep. Sometimes people suffering from bedwetting use diapers. Usually this issue is common in newborns and  children.    

Health
The Orion nebula, or  Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976, is a diffuse nebula. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. It is exceptionally bright because it has O-type stars  at its core. They are the hottest and brightest stars. The nebula is south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion.

M42 is 1,344 ± 20 light years away from us. It is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. Big as it is, the Orion nebula is just part of an even larger star-forming area known as the Orion complex.

Stellar nursery 

The nebula is a huge stellar nursery. 700 stars are in the process of forming there. At its heart is a very young open cluster, known as the Trapezium because of the pattern formed by its main stars. 

Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have shown protoplanetary disks inside the Orion Nebula. This is a major discovery. They are called proplyds for short. There are more than 150 of these in the nebula. They are thought to be to be systems in the earliest stages of planetary system formation. The sheer numbers have been used as evidence that the formation of star systems is fairly common in the universe.

Stars form when clumps of hydrogen and other gases in an H II region contract under their own gravity. As the gas collapses, the central clump grows stronger and the gas heats to extreme temperatures by converting gravitational potential energy to thermal energy. If the temperature gets high enough, nuclear fusion will start, and form a protostar. The protostar is 'born' when it begins to emit enough energy to balance out its gravity and halt gravitational collapse.

References 

Nebulae
The Calgary Hitmen are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1995. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Calgary, Alberta at the Scotiabank Saddledome. The teams name pays homage to the nickname of retired professional wrestler Bret Hart. Hart was also a founding member of the Hitmen along with NHL players Theoren Fleury and Joe Sakic. The team has won 2 Ed Chynoweth Cups.

References

Other websites
Official website

1995 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Alberta
Western Hockey League
Sport in Calgary
The Everett Silvertips are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2003. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Everett, Washington at the Comcast Arena at Everett. The team is named after the Silvertip bear. The team has won division titles in the 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–2007 seasons, a conference title in the 2003-04 season and a regular season title in the 2006–0

Other websites
Official website

2003 establishments in the United States
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Western Hockey League
Sports in Washington (U.S. state)
Everett, Washington
2000s establishments in Washington (state)
The Edmonton Oil Kings are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2007. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Edmonton, Alberta at the Rexall Place.

Other websites
Official website

2007 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Alberta
Western Hockey League
Sport in Edmonton
"Chocolate Rain" is a song and music video by Tay Zonday. After being posted on YouTube on April 22, 2007, the song quickly became popular.

License
The song and video are licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-nd license. Even though this license is not completely free, it has been suggested that the relative openness of the license has helped to encourage the song's spread. Creative Commons has praised Tay Zonday specifically for this very reason. Zonday has expressed his own thoughts on the licensing situation on his Myspace blog, stating, "I want non-profit radio and small mom/pop cafes to be able to play my music for free. But I also want giant corporations who can afford to give me a dime or two to pay fair royalties."

References

Other websites
 Tay Zonday's Personal Website

2007 songs
YouTube