cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Lady Garden Park (originally Ladies' Garden) is a public park in Abbottabad town, Pakistan.

History
The park was established soon after the foundation of Abbotabad town itself (January 1853) by Major James Abbott. As distinct from the Company Bagh (East India Company Park) which was also founded down in the main bazaar for the recreation of "natives", the Ladies Garden was exclusively for the use of European or White ladies and families. It was laid out over a whole block of the urban military cantonment area, opposite to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad. A number of trees and flowers imported from England and other places were also planted here.

While the British Raj in India lasted, this park retained its exclusive character, but after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was opened to all the general public.

Present status
The park is a very popular recreational place for the citizens of Abbottabad. Apart from the general, open area with lawns and walks etc., a section has also been segregated for women and children, with swings, slides, see-saws and so on. A small snack-bar and benches are also placed in a pleasant location, under some fine old trees. A special feature of the park is the copy of the farewell poem written by Major Abbott, the town's founder, which has been carved on a big stone slab beneath a majestic cedar tree. Many tourists come to see and read this and get themselves photographed here (See Link Below for Abbott Poem Text).

In literature
The park has some literary connections, or has been mentioned in some literary works, most notably:

 The Urdu poem "Abar" (Rain-cloud) by the national poet of Pakistan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal was written during a visit to this park in the town during the British period, in the early 20th century (probably in 1904).
 The park is mentioned in passing for its beautiful old trees in a poem by Pakistani poet and writer, Omer Tarin in the collection A Sad Piper, 1st edition, Islamabad, 1994.

References

Other websites
 Text of Abbottabad Poem at English Wikipedia, by Major James Abbott; Retrieved 17 November 2012

Abbottabad
Parks in Pakistan
A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, is a plate made of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material. It is usually placed on a wall or a large stone. It usually has text and sometimes an image in memory of one or more persons, as used for epitaph, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing.  A plaquette is a small plaque. The word plaquette is not usually used for outdoor plaques fixed to walls.

United Kingdom
In England there is the Blue Plaques scheme. Plaques are put on to buildings to commemorate their links with important people or events. The scheme has been run by English Heritage for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world.

Other commemorative plaque schemes are run by local councils and charities throughout the United Kingdom. These use their own rules for deciding when to put up a plaque. A list of schemes in England can be found on the English Heritage website.

Theft
As the price of scrap metal has increased plaques have been stolen by thieves wishing to sell the metal for cash.

Awards
Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, are also given as awards instead of trophies or ribbons. Such plaques usually have text describing the reason for the award and, often, the date of the award.

Examples

References

Other websites

 History of the First World War bronze memorial plaques
 WW I memorial plaques history
 Gallery of Commemorative Plaques carved by lettercutter Ieuan Rees
 Blue Plaque Scheme: English Heritage
 Open Plaques - list of commemorative plaques in UK and elsewhere
Valonia ventricosa, also known as "bubble algae" and "sailors’ eyeballs", is a species of algae found in oceans throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is one of the largest single-celled organisms. However, although genuinely a single cell, it has more than one nucleus.

Characteristics

Environment
Valonia ventricosa usually grow alone, but sometimes they grow in groups. They appear in the littoral zones and continental shelf of tropical and subtropical areas, like the Caribbean, north to Florida, south to Brazil, and in the Indo-Pacific. Overall, they inhabit most oceans in the world, often living in broken coral.
The deepest water it lives in is about .

Physiology and reproduction
The single-cell organism has a spherical to ovoid (egg-like) shape. The colour varies from grass green to dark green (though in deep dark water they may appear to be silver, teal, or even blackish). This is determined by the number of chloroplasts of the specimen. The surface of the cell shines like glass. The body is a thin-walled, tough, single cell with more than one nucleus. The diameter is usually from  although it may get to  in rare cases. The "bubble" alga is attached to the bottom by fibres: "... anchored to a substrate by minute hair-like appendages called rhizoids that create a surprisingly strong hold". 

Reproduction occurs by cell division, where the multinucleic mother cell makes daughter cells, which become separate from the mother cell.

Studies
Because its cells are so large, Valonia ventricosa has been used to study the permeability of cell membranes.< In studying the cellulose lattice in the cell wall, Valonia ventricosa has undergone extensive X-ray analytical procedures. It has also been studied for its electrical properties, due to its unusually high electrical potential relative to the seawater that surrounds it.

References

Other websites

Algae
Maharaja Gulab Singh (1792–1857), Dogra Rajput,  was the founder of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was the second largest princely state in British India.Though he was a man of principles, his descendents especially Hari Singh then turned out to be an autocratic ruler who suppressed the Muslims during his reign.

In 1821, Gulab Singh caprajauri from Azhar Khan and vishwa from raja tej Mohan Singh comma full stop that same year gulab into part in VI who had been leading of revolution against the se Kishore Singh died in 1822 and gulab Singh was confirmed as raja of Jammu by his subject Ranjit Singh afterwards gulab Singh ticket, declaration of sun

References

1792 births
1857 deaths
People of British India
Indian monarchs
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839) was the founder of the Sikh Empire, which came to power in the Indian subcontinent from the 16th-19th century. This was based in the Punjab region, from around 1799 to 1849. The capital was at Lahore.

After Ranjit Singh's death, his successors were weak and divided and the entire Punjab fell to the British East India Company, later to become part of British India. 

1780 births
1839 deaths
Indian monarchs
19th century in India
Punjabi people
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 15 is the fifteenth cycle of America's Next Top Model. It premiered on September 8, 2010. The episode titles for this cycle were based on the guest judges. The international destinations for this cycle are Venice, Milan, Verona and Como. The winner was 19-year-old Ann Ward from Dallas, Texas.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Chelsey's age during on the recap episode, when she turned 23.

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated outside from judging panel

 The contestant won the reward challenge

 The contestant won the reward challenge but was eliminated

 The contestant was eliminated

In episode 1, the pool of 21 girls was reduced to 14 who moved on to the main competition. However, this first call-out does not reflect their performance that first week.
In episode 3, Terra was eliminated after makeovers, and was therefore not present at panel for judging.
Episode 12 was the recap episode.

Photo shoot guide

 Episode 1 photo shoot: Paired up wearing Cynthia Rowley designs (casting)
 Episode 2 photo shoot: Teen bullying
 Episode 3 photo shoot: Fallen angels
 Episode 4 photo shoot: Underwater beauty shots
 Episode 5 photo shoot: Lucha Va Voom
 Episode 6 photo shoot: Walking down Rodeo Drive
 Episode 7 photo shoot: Portraying iconic fashion designers
 Episode 8 commercial: H2T water on roller skates
 Episode 9 photo shoot: Gondola group shoot with a cassanova
 Episode 10 photo shoot: Marble statues coming to life
 Episode 11 motion editorial: Modelli folli ("model madness")
 Episode 13 photo shoot and commercial: CoverGirl Lash Blast Fusion print ad and commercial & beauty In Vogue spread

References

America's Next Top Model
Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana KCSI, OBE (7 August 1900 – 20 January 1975) () was a Punjabi politician of British India. He was a member of the Unionist Party (Punjab). He remained Premier of the Punjab region from 1942 to 1947, just before the Partition of India.

He was from a Tiwana Rajput landowning family which had been prominent since the 15th and 16th centuries. His father Malik Sir Umar Hayat Tiwana had also been a faithful vassal of the British Raj and did much to elevate the family further.

1900 births
1975 deaths
People of British India
Punjabi people
Pahalgam () is a town in India. It is located in the Anantnag District in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Common Ivy (Hedera helix) is a vine. It is evergreen - it does not lose its leaves in winter. Originally, the plant grew on the Macaronesian islands, but it spread  through the Mediterranean and Europe to Asia. All parts of the plant are poisonous. It is often used as a decorative plant in gardens. Ivy is very important for ecology: its nectar and seeds are available when few other plants are. Sometimes ivy is considered to be an invasive species, esp. in North America.

Other websites

Hedera helix  at Weedbusters (New Zealand)
The Know Ivy League at the City of Portland, Park & Recreation Bureau website 

Vines
The Macaronesian islands, or simply Macaronesia is a modern name for several groups of islands of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe and Africa. They belong to three countries: Portugal, Spain, and Cape Verde.

Origin of name
Macaronesia (Greek: makáron 'blessed', 'happy', nêsoi 'island'; 'blessed/fortunate islands'). This term was used by Ancient Greek geographers for islands to the west of the Strait of Gibraltar.

The modern use of the term Macaronesia goes to the botanist Philip Barker Webb in the 1830s for botanical descriptions. The name is occasionally misspelled "Macronesia" in analogy with Micronesia.

Islands included
The following groups of islands (archipelagos) are commonly counted as being part of the Macaronesia - from north to south:
Portuguese islands
Azores (): area , population 245,746 (2012)
Madeira Islands (): area , population 267,785 (2011)
Spanish islands
Canary Islands (): area , population 2,117,519 (2011)
Independent
Cape Verde (): area , population 523,568 (2013 est.)

Spanish is spoken in the Canary Islands and Portuguese in the rest of the islands. Cape Verde was a colony of Portugal but it is independent since 1975.

Geography and environment

The islands of Macaronesia are volcanic in origin, and are thought to be the product of several geologic hotspots.

The climate of the Macaronesian islands goes from Mediterranean in the Azores and Madeira to arid in Cape Verde. The Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a generally cooler climate and higher rainfall than the Canary Islands and Cape Verde.

Even if the distances between the different groups of islands are large, the plants and animals are similar and there are many endemic plants that are found only in these islands.

The islands have a unique biogeography, and are home to several distinct plant and animal communities. The laurel forests, known as laurisilva, of Macaronesia are a type of mountain cloud forest with species of a vegetation type which originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of the region was more humid and evolved to adapt to island conditions. These forests once covered most of the Azores, Madeira, and parts of the Canary Islands ("Canaries") between 400–1200 m altitude (the eastern Canaries and Cape Verde being too dry).

Conservation issues
Cutting the trees for timber and wood, clearing vegetation for grazing and agriculture, and the introduction of plants and animals by humans has displaced much of the native vegetation. The laurisilva has been reduced to small pockets.  As a result, many of the endemic biota of the islands are seriously endangered or extinct.

Notes

Related pages
Jérôme Petit et Guillaume Prudent, « Macaronésie », Changement climatique et biodiversité dans l’outre-mer européen, UICN/ONERC, 2008, p. 124-137

References

 
Islands of Africa
Islands of Europe
Carl Hilding "Doc" Severinsen (born July 7, 1927) is an American pop and jazz trumpeter.  He is best known for leading the NBC Orchestra on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. He has won a Grammy Award.

Severinsen was born on July 7, 1927 in Arlington, Oregon. He was married to Evonne Nyman from 1964 until they divorced in 1976. He married Emily Marshall in 1980. He has five children.

References

Other websites

 
 Official website
 Doc Severinsen Discography
 Tonight Show Bio 

1927 births
Living people
American jazz musicians
American pop musicians
Trumpeters
American television actors
Actors from Oregon
Grammy Award winners
The Warraich or Warraich are found in Pakistan and India. They mostly live in Pakistani Punjab and also in Indian Punjab. They belong to Sikh religion and people left in Pakistan converted to Muslim. Apparently, the roots are all over the Punjab including Pakistan and india.

Religion
The majority of Warraich are muslim. The Warraich from the Pakistani side of Punjab are mostly Muslim, while those from the Indian states of Haryana and Punjab are predominantly Sikh.

Geographical distribution
In Pakistan, the Warraich are mostly found in the districts of Gujrat and Gujranwala. They also live in Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, Dunyapur Tehsil of Lodhran, Faisalabad and Sargodha.
In India, Warraich are mostly found in Haryana, Patiala and the Amritsar District.

References 

Punjabi people
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Lena Mary Calhoun Horne (June 30, 1917 – May 9, 2010) was an American singer, actress, civil rights activist and dancer.

Family Life
Horne was born on June 30, 1917 in Brooklyn, New York City. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and in New York City. When she was three years old, her father, Edwin “Teddy” Horne, and her mother, Edna, divorced. She lived with her grandmother, Cora Calhoun, and her grandfather, Edwin Horne. Her mother was an actor and singer, but she was not very successful. She took Lena to the South, where they moved often. When she returned to Brooklyn, she continued to move often. After her career started, Horne married Louis Jones. They divorced later. They had two children, Gail and Edwin “Teddy”. Then, she was married to Leonard George “Lennie” Hayton, a white musician. Because marriage between two races was against the law in California, they were married in Paris, France. In 1970, Horne’s son and father died. The year after, Horne’s husband died of a heart attack.

Career
Even though her parents did not want her to be a singer, she still spent a lot of time doing it. Her family thought that she was able to do better things. Later, she decided to leave high-school to spend her time singing. Horne cared a lot about helping people without equality. Horne was a singer, actress, and dancer. She mostly sang a type of music called the blues and had a strong voice. Horne began her career in the arts by dancing and singing at the Cotton Club when she was 16. When she was 25, Horne became the first black singer with a long term singing contract. A few years later she was very popular in clubs. In the 1940s and 1950s she was in many movies and musicals, such as Stormy Weather, The Wiz, Ziegfeld Follies, Till the Clouds Roll By, Death of a Gunfighter, and in The Duke is Tops. At age 46, Horne wrote a book about herself called “Lena.” She won the Spingarn Medal, the Tony Award, and the Drama Desk Award. Horne won these awards at ages 64 and 66. Horne died on May 9, 2010 in New York City, New York from heart failure, aged 92.[1]

References

Other websites

 
 

1917 births
2010 deaths
Actors from New York City
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
African American actors
African American musicians
American civil rights activists
American dancers
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Drama Desk Award winners
Singers from New York City
Singers from Pennsylvania
Tony Award winning actors
Warner Bros. Records artists
Francis Preston Blair, Sr. (April 12, 1791 – October 18, 1876) or Preston Blair was an American journalist and politician, before and during the American Civil War.  Blair wanted to reunite the North and the South during the war. Blair helped to create the Republican Party. He supported many Democrats, but was mostly the ally of Republican President Abraham Lincoln. He is nicknamed The Father of the Republican Party since he was one of the men who started the Republican Party.

Early life 
Blair was born at Abingdon, Virginia on April 12, 1791. He moved to Kentucky and later graduated from Transylvania University in 1811. Blair became a journalist in Frankfort, Kentucky and Washington D.C., and a prominent leader of the Democrats. He was married to Eliza Violet Gist from 1812 until his death in 1876. They had five children. He founded Silver Spring, the second largest city in Maryland, in 1840.

Political career

Blair helped create the Republican Party and supported the first nominee of the party, Abraham Lincoln. Although he had slaves, Blair was said that after the Mexican War that slavery should not be extended beyond where it was allowed. In 1848 he actively supported Martin Van Buren, the Free Soil Party candidate for the presidency. Later, he supported Franklin Pierce, but then went on to help organize the new Republican Party in supporting Anti-Slavery reforms at a convention at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in February 1856.

Abraham Lincoln
Blair wanted John C. Frémont for president and supported him at the June 1856 convention. At the 1860 convention he supported the nomination of Edward Bates as president. When it was clear that Bates would not be nominated, Blair then supported the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. Blair helped many democratic politicians to vote yes on making slavery illegal and becoming the 13th Amendment.

Blair asked President Lincoln that once Savannah, Georgia fell, he should travel to the capital of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia to talk to President Jefferson Davis, whom he knew.  He organized a peace conference that failed.

In 1862, Blair had told his slaves that they could "go when they wished." He said that "all but one declined the privilege," choosing to stay on as servants.

Death 
Blair died on October 18, 1876 in Silver Spring, Maryland from natural causes, aged 85. He was later buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C. His wife, Eliza, died on July 5, 1877, a year after his death.

Culture
In Steven Spielberg's 2012 biography movie Lincoln, Blair was played by actor Hal Holbrook.

Legacy 
A town is named after him in Georgia, Blairville, Georgia.

His great-great grandson is American actor Montgomery Clift.

References

Other websites

 Francis Preston Blair, Sr. at Find A Grave

1791 births
1876 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American journalists
American abolitionists
Democratic Republican party (US) politicians
Politicians from Virginia
Politicians from Kentucky
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Spies
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Hindkowans is a general term used to identify speakers of the Hindko dialect of North Punjabi (claimed to be a separate language, according to some people) within Pakistan. In fact this is not an ethnic grouping or category properly speaking, and comprises diverse elements in the Punjab, and small amount in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and in Mianwali District and Dera Ghazi Khan areas of Punjab (Pakistan). 

However, over time, this linguistic category or grouping has come to be linked to various indigenous regional demands and aspirations and is now thought to be an ethnic group in itself.

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani people
Patricia Neal (January 20, 1926 – August 8, 2010) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actress who is known for her roles in Breakfast at Tiffany's, The Day the Earth Stood Still, Hud, A Face in the Crowd, and in The Fountainhead. She has won an Academy Award in 1963, two BAFTA Awards in 1963 and in 1965, an Golden Globe Award 1971, and an Tony Award in 1947.

Neal was born on January 20, 1926 in Packard, Kentucky. She was raised in Knoxville, Tennessee. She studied at Knoxville High School and at Northwestern University. Neal was married to Roald Dahl from 1953 until they divorced in 1983. They had five children. She was partners with Gary Cooper before she meet Dahl. Neal died on August 8, 2010 in Edgartown, Massachusetts from lung cancer, aged 84.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2010 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Kentucky
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Tony Award winning actors
Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868) was an American Republican leader. He was one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives from 1849 until his death in 1868.

He was chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee. Stevens was a witty, sarcastic speaker and confident party leader. He dominated the House from 1861 until his death. Stevens helped create the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. He also helped with the act that helped the Reconstruction of the United States.

Early life
Stevens was born in Danville, Vermont on April 4, 1792. He went to  Dartmouth College and the University of Vermont. Stevens was never married and had no children. He was in a relationship with his black housekeeper even when slavery was legal. He wore a wig because he was bald.

Political career
He wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the war and Reconstruction era. He worked and supported Abraham Lincoln's plan to end slavery and the U.S. reconstruction plan. He was part of Andrew Johnson's impeachment.

Death
Stevens died on August 11, 1868 in Washington, D.C. from a stomach infection, aged 76. He was buried in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Personal life
Stevens never married. However, there were rumors about his 20-year relationship (1848–1868) with his widowed housekeeper, Lydia Hamilton Smith (1813–1884). She was a light-skinned African-American; her husband Jacob and at least one of her sons were much darker than she was.

Culture
He was played by actor Tommy Lee Jones in Steven Spielberg's 2012 biography movie Lincoln.

References

Other websites

Stevens and Smith Historic Site
Thaddeus Stevens Society
Thaddeus Stevens's Legacy 

1792 births
1868 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Lawyers from Vermont
American abolitionists
US Republican Party politicians
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Vermont
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was a U.S. lawyer and United States Senator. In the Senate, he was associated with the Radical Republicans of that time. Wade was only one vote away from becoming the President of the United States due to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Wade was born on October 27, 1800 in Springfield, Massachusetts. He was raised in Jefferson, Ohio. Wade was married to Caroline M. Rosekrans from 1841 until his death in 1878. They had two children. Wade died on March 2, 1878 in Jefferson, Ohio from natural causes, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 Riddle, A.G. (1888). The life of Benjamin F. Wade. Cleveland: The Williams Publishing Company

1800 births
1878 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Deans of the United States Senate
Politicians from Massachusetts
United States senators from Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
American abolitionists
American judges
Whig party (US) politicians
Lawyers from Ohio
New Year in Japan is one of the most important festivals. Unlike the Chinese New Year, it is held on January 1.

Related pages
Heisei period

Japanese culture
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 16 is the sixteenth cycle of America's Next Top Model and the tenth season to be aired on The CW network. It premiered on February 23, 2011. The international destination for this cycle is Marrakech, Morocco. The winner was 19-year-old Brittani Kline from Beech Creek, Pennsylvania.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Episodes
Episode 1
Best: Molly O'Connell 
Worst: Angelia Alvarez & Dominique Waldrup
Eliminated: Angelia Alvarez

Episode 2
Quit: Ondrei Aroe
Best: Hannah Jones
Worst: Nicole Lucas & Dalya Morrow
Eliminated: Nicole Lucas

Episode 3
Best: Alexandria Everett 
Worst: Sara Longoria & Dominique Waldrup
Eliminated: Dominique Waldrup

Episode 4
Best: Kasia Pilewicz
Worst: Alexandria Everett & Sara Longoria
Eliminated: Sara Longoria

Episode 5
Best: Hannah Jones
Worst: Dalya Morrow & Molly O'Connell 
Eliminated: Dalya Morrow

Episode 6
Best: Brittani Kline
Worst: Monique Weingart & Mikaela Schipani
Eliminated: Monique Weingart

Episode 7
Best: Jaclyn Poole
Worst: Brittani Kline & Mikaela Schipani
Eliminated: Mikaela Schipani

Episode 8
Best: Alexandria Everett 
Worst: Jaclyn Poole & Molly O'Connell 
Eliminated: Jaclyn Poole

Episode 9
Best: Molly O'Connell 
Worst: Kasia Pilewicz & Alexandria Everett 
Eliminated: Kasia Pilewicz

Episode 10
Best: Molly O'Connell 
Worst: Hannah Jones & Alexandria Everett 
Eliminated: Alexandria Everett

Episode 11
Best: Molly O'Connell 
Worst: Brittani Kline & Hannah Jones
Eliminated: Hannah Jones

Episode 12
Final Two: Brittani Kline & Molly O'Connell 
Winner: Brittani Kline

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated
  The contestant won the competition
 The contestant won the reward challenge

In episode 2, Ondrei quit the competition during judging. She took no part in the call-out.
Episode 9 was the recap episode.

References

America's Next Top Model
Bill Tarmey (born William Piddington GBE; 4 April 1941 – 9 November 2012) was an English actor, singer,  author, and comedian, he was best known for playing the role of Jack Duckworth in the long-running ITV soap opera, Coronation Street, first playing the role in 1979, he played the role regularly from 1983 to 2010.

Tarmey was born on 4 April 1941 in Ardwick, Manchester, England. He was married to Alma Tarmey from 1962 until his death in 2012. They had a son and daughter. Tarmey died on the morning of 9 November 2012 in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain from a heart attack, aged 71.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English television actors
English movie actors
English singers
English stage actors
English voice actors
English writers
Actors from Manchester
Musicians from Manchester
People from Lancashire
Stanley Tucci (born November 11, 1960) is an American character actor, writer, producer and film director who is known for his roles in Winchell and in The Lovely Bones. He has won two Golden Globe Awards and two Emmy Awards.

Tucci was born on November 11, 1960 in Peekskill, New York. He was raised in Katonah, New York. He studied at John Jay High School and at SUNY Purchase. Tucci was married to Kathryn Spath from 1995 until her death in 2009. Then he was married to Felicity Blunt since 2012. He has three children with Spath. He currently lives in London.

References

Other websites

 
 

1960 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Peekskill, New York
Mia Wasikowska (born 14 October 1989) is an Australian movie, television, and voice actress who is mostly known for her role as Alice in Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland. She is also known for her television role as Sophie in In Treatment.

Early life 
Wasikowska was born and raised in Canberra, Australia. She has an older sister named Jess, and a younger brother named Kai. Her mother, Marzena Wasikowska, is a photographer from Poland while her father, John Reid, is an Australian painter-and-collagist. As a child, she frequently accompanied her parents on their gallery rounds in Europe, and in her spare time, she continues to enjoy photography. She studied ballet as a child and turned to acting when she was 15.

Career 
After some television and movie works in Australia, Wasikowska moved to Los Angeles to be in the cable drama In Treatment. Her portrayal of a suicidal teen earned critical praise and led to more work in American movies, including Defiance and Amelia. In Tim Burton's Alice, Wasikowska co-starred with Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter and carried a blockbuster movie, appearing in almost every scene. She won an AFI International Award, a Teen Choice Award and nominated an Empire Award for her performance. In 2009, it was announced that Wasikowska was cast in the Lisa Cholodenko-directed indie comedy film The Kids Are All Right alongside Annette Bening, Julianne Moore, Josh Hutcherson and Mark Ruffalo. Film received positive reviews from critics, and Wasikowska received Hollywood Film Festival Breakthrough Actress Award for her role. From March to May 2010, Wasikowska filmed Cary Fukunaga's adaptation of Jane Eyre, in which she starred as the title character opposite Michael Fassbender as Mr. Rochester. In 2011, Wasikowska shot the small supporting role of Shia LaBeouf's character's love interest in John Hillcoat's Lawless. Then she filmed the lead in Park Chan-wook's English-language debut movie, Stoker, alongside Nicole Kidman and Matthew Goode. In 2014, she starred in David Cronenberg movie titled Maps to the Stars with Julianne Moore, John Cusack, Robert Pattinson, Olivia Williams, and Sarah Gadon which  premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.

In November 2013, it was announced that Wasikowska was cast in Alice Through the Looking Glass, the 2016 sequel to Alice in Wonderland.

Personal life  
Wasikowska lives in Bronte, New South Wales. In 2013, she began dating her The Double co-star Jesse Eisenberg. The two split in 2015.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Other websites

 
 

1989 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
People from Canberra
Alfred Hermann Fried (November 11, 1864 – May 5, 1921) was an Austrian Jewish pacifist, publicist, journalist, co-founder of the German peace movement, and winner (with Tobias Asser) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911.

Fried was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on November 11, 1864. Fried left school at the age of 15 and started to work in a bookshop. In 1883 he moved to Berlin, where he opened a bookshop of his own in 1887.

In 1892 he was a co-founder of the German Peace Society (). He was one of the fathers of the idea of a modern organisation to assure worldwide peace (the principal idea was fulfilled in the League of Nations and after the Second World War in the United Nations).

Fried was a prominent member of the Esperanto-movement. In 1903 he published the book  (Textbook of the International Language of Esperanto). In 1911 he received the Nobel Peace Prize together with Tobias Asser. During the First World War he lived in Switzerland. Fried died in Vienna on May 5, 1921, aged 56.

References

Other websites
Alfred Hermann Fried (November 11, 1864 – May 5, 1921) (Archived 2009-10-25)
Nobel biography

1864 births
1921 deaths
Austrian Jews
Austrian journalists
Esperantists
Jewish activists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish writers
Writers from Vienna
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Christian Lous Lange (September 17, 1869 – December 11, 1938) was a Norwegian historian, teacher, and political scientist. He was one of the world's foremost exponents of the theory and practice of internationalism.

Lange was born in Stavanger, Norway on September 17, 1869. His father was a military engineer. He graduated from secondary school in 1887 and later went to travel and study history, English, and French at the University of Oslo in Oslo, Norway. He received the cand. philol. degree in 1893. He taught at secondary schools for many years and eventually returned to the University of Oslo to receive a doctorate.

His support of internationalism was demonstrated by the first of a three volume historical treatise (Histoire de l'internationalisme). The work, published in 1919, was said to contribute to the ideological preparation for the League of Nations. For this and all his other activities, Lange shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Hjalmar Branting in 1921.

Lange died on December 11, 1938 in Oslo, Norway from an illness, aged 69.

References

Other websites
 

1869 births
1938 deaths
Activists
Norwegian historians
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People from Stavanger
Norwegian political scientists
Teachers
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian Nobel Committee
Norwegian Nobel Prize winners
Karl Hjalmar Branting (23 November 1860 – 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (1907–1925), and Prime Minister during three separate periods (1920, 1921–1923, and 1924–1925). When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden. When he took office for a second term after the general election of 1921, he became the first socialist politician in Europe to do so following elections with universal suffrage. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 with Christian Lous Lange.

He was also minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs.

Branting was born on November 23, 1860 in Stockholm, Sweden. He studied at the University of Uppsala. He was married to Anna Branting. Branting died on February 24, 1925 in Stockholm, Sweden from unknown causes, aged 64.

References

Other websites

Nobel Committee information on 1921 Laureates 

1860 births
1925 deaths
Activists
Government ministers of Sweden
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Fredrik Bajer (April 21, 1837 – January 22, 1922) was a Danish writer, teacher, and pacifist politician. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1908.
 
Bajer was born on April 21, 1837 in Vester Egede, Denmark. He fought  in the 1864 war against Prussia and Austria where he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. He was discharged in 1865, and moved to Copenhagen where he became a teacher, translator and writer.
 
He entered the Danish Parliament in 1872 as a member of Folketinget and held a seat there for the following 23 years. As a member of parliament, he worked for the use of international arbitration to solve conflicts among nations, and it is due to Bajer's efforts that foreign relations became part of the work of the Danish Parliament and that Denmark participated in the Inter-Parliamentary Union from the beginning and earned a distinguished position among its members.
 
He supported many peace organizations, both inside Denmark and Europe-wide. He helped guide the passage of a bill to reach arbitration agreements with Sweden and Norway.

Bajer died on January 22, 1922 in Copenhagen, Denmark from unknown causes, aged 84.

References

Other websites
 Nobel Committee information on 1908 laureates 

1837 births
1922 deaths
Danish writers
Danish politicians
Danish educators
Teachers
Activists
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Danish Nobel Prize winners
Charles Albert Gobat (May 21, 1843 – March 16, 1914) was a Swiss lawyer, educational administrator, and politician. He jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize with Élie Ducommun in 1902 for their leadership of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.

Gobat was born on May 21, 1843 at Tramelan, Switzerland. He was the son of a Protestant pastor. He was the nephew of Samuel Gobat, a missionary who became bishop of Jerusalem. He was educated at the University of Basel, University of Heidelberg, University of Bern, and University of Paris. He received his doctorate in law, summa cum laude, from the University of Heidelberg in 1867.

In 1902, Gobat jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902 with Élie Ducommun for their leadership of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
 
After the death of Élie Ducommun in 1906, Gobat took over the direction of the International Peace Bureau.

Gobat died on March 16, 1914 in Bern, Switzerland from unknown causes, aged 70. He died while attending a meeting of the peace conference at Bern. He stood as if to speak but collapsed, dying about an hour later.

References

Other websites
Nobel Committee Information on 1902 peace prize 
about Charles Albert Gobat  

1843 births
1914 deaths
Swiss lawyers
Swiss politicians
Swiss teachers
Swiss activists
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Élie Ducommun (19 February 1833 – 7 December 1906) was a Swiss peace activist. He won the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize, which he shared with Charles Albert Gobat.
 
Ducommun was born in Geneva Switzerland on December 19, 1833. Ducommun worked as a tutor, language teacher, journalist and a translator for the Swiss federal Chancellery (1869–1873).
 
In 1867, he helped to found the  (League for Peace and Liberty), though he continued working at other positions, including secretary for the Jura-Simplon Steel Company from 1873 to 1891. That year, he was appointed director of the newly formed  (International Peace Office), the first non-governmental international peace organization, based in Bern. He refused to accept a salary for the position, stating that he wished to serve in this capacity solely for reasons of idealism.
 
His keen organizational skills ensured the group's success. He was awarded in the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902 with Charles Albert Gobart. He served as director of the organization until his death.

Ducommun died from respiratory and heart failure on December 7, 1906 in Bern, Switzerland at the age of 73.

References

1833 births
1906 deaths
Swiss activists
Swiss teachers
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People from Geneva
The Garden of the Missing in Action (, ) is a memorial garden in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. It is in the National Military and Police cemetery of Israel. The garden is dedicated to the missing in action whose bodies were never found from 1914 to today. There is also a temporary monument for the unknown soldiers. It is planned to move this to the National Memorial Hall. The memorial includes names of Jewish and non-Jewish soldiers and officers who have served in the Israeli Army and Israeli Police. The garden was built in 1954 a short time after an ancient Jewish cave was discovered nearby. It became the Garden of the Missing in 2004. The garden includes "empty graves" with a memorial board with all the names of the missing in action next to a memorial plaza.

The Operation Boatswain Memorial is next to the garden.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Official web site (in Hebrew)
 Stamp commemorating the opening of the Garden of the Missing Soldiers  by the Israel Postal Company
 Israeli Soldiers "Missing in Action" 

Missing in action
Monuments and memorials in Mount Herzl
Military monuments and memorials in Israel
The Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial in Israel (Hebrew: אנדרטת חללי פעולות האיבה, Andartat Halalei Pe'ulot HaEiva) is a memorial to all victims of terrorism in Israel from 1851 onward. The memorial is located at the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. The memorial includes the names of Jewish and non-Jewish people who have been killed in acts of terror.

Other websites 

  The Monument for Victims of Hostile Acts: Honor Inscribed In Stone .

Terrorism
Monuments and memorials in Mount Herzl
Monuments and memorials in Israel
Roy Edward Disney (January 10, 1930 – December 16, 2009) was an American animator and executive for The Walt Disney Company. He is the nephew of Walt Disney. Disney is the last member of the Disney family. He and Michael Eisner are one of the most well known people in the Disney industry. Disney had about 1.2 million dollars.

Disney was born on January 10, 1930 in Los Angeles, California to Roy O. Disney and to Edna Francis. He was raised in Los Angeles, California and in Chicago, Illinois.

He studied at the Buckley School and at Pomona College. He was married to Patricia Ann Dailey from 1955 until they divorced in 2007. Then he was married to Leslie DeMeuse from 2008 until his death in 2009. He had three children with Dailey.

Disney died on the morning of December 16, 2009 from stomach cancer in Newport Beach, California, aged 79. After his death, his remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered at the Pacific Ocean.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Roy E Disney
 Interview with Netribution

1930 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Disney people
Chief executives
Disney animators
American animators
Artists from Chicago
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Chicago
The Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research (Hebrew: מכון וולקני) is an agricultural research center named after its founder and director Yitzhak Elazari Volcani. The Institute is located in Rishon LeZion, Israel.

Other websites 

Institute of Agricultural Research website

Scientific organizations
The Academy of the Hebrew Language (, HaAkademya laLashon ha'Ivrit) is the main institution of the Hebrew language. The academy was started in 1890 as the "Hebrew Language Committee" in Jerusalem. In 1953 it was replaced by the "Academy of the Hebrew Language" that was established in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on the Givat Ram campus.

Other websites 
  

Language regulators
Hebrew language
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
1890 establishments
Educational organizations
Electra Heart is an album released by Marina and the Diamonds on 27 February 2012. It was met with average reviews, scoring 57/100 on Metacritic.

Marina has released a series of seven videos on YouTube surrounding the release of Electra Heart. Part 2, 4, 6 and 7 are music videos to singles released from the album.

The album entered at number one in the United Kingdom (selling 21,358 copies) and Ireland. It also peaked at number 2 on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart, whilst reaching the top twenty in three other countries. It also reached number 31 on the US Billboard 200.

Singles 

Radioactive was released as a 'teaser' single on 23 September 2011. It reached number 25 in the United Kingdom. The single was later not included in the released version of Electra Heart but is included on the deluxe version.
Homewrecker was released as a free track for signing up to Marina's mailing list.
Primadonna was released as the lead single on 20 March 2012. It reached the top 10 in six countries. It gave Marina her most successful single. It reached number eleven in the UK and three in Ireland.
How to be a Heartbreaker was released as a worldwide single on 16 December 2012. The single is not included in the UK edition of Electra Heart.

Power & Control was released in the UK as a second single in July 2012.

2012 albums
Gentianaceae are a family of flowering plants of 87 genera and over 1500 species.

Distribution is cosmopolitan. The family consists of trees, shrubs and herbs showing a wide range of colours and floral patterns.

Economically, some species are cultivated ornamental plants and many species yield bitter principles used medicinally and in flavorings.

Many of this group are mycoheterotrophs: their roots need fungi to break down organic material for them to absorb.

Gentianales
Gatka is a  South Asian martial art most commonly practised in the Punjab region. Though today generally identified with Punjabi Sikhs, it has also traditionally been practiced by other ethno-cultural groups in India and Pakistan, in various parts.

The word gatka properly refers to the wooden sticks which were originally used for sparring in this sport although now a range of other weapons are also employed.

Gatka can be practiced either as a contact sport (khel) or ritual/ceremonial demonstration (rasmi).

Martial arts
Sport in India
Pakistani culture
Michael Dammann Eisner (born March 7, 1942) is an American executive of The Walt Disney Company from 1984 through 2005.

Eisner was born on March 7, 1942 in Mount Kisco, New York. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Eisner studied at The Lawrenceville School and at Denison University. He has been married to Jane Breckenridge since 1967. They have three children. He now lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites
 Official site MichaelEisner.com
 
 Eisner Foundation 

1942 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives
American Jews
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from New York
Jewish billionaires
Jewish businesspeople
Disney people
People from Mount Kisco, New York
Rita Sahatçiu Ora (born 26 November 1990) is a British singer-songwriter and actress. Her first album Ora was released in August 2012 and entered the charts at number one in the UK and number two in Ireland. Four singles have been released which appear on the album. "Hot Right Now" featured Rita Ora's vocals and entered at number one in the UK in March 2012. Rita was the lead artist on "R.I.P" and "How We Do (Party)", which also entered the UK charts at number one. Her single "I Will Never Let You Down" also reached number one in 2014.

So far in the UK she became the first artist to appear on four top 10 singles in 2012.

Ora played Mia Grey in the 2015 movie Fifty Shades of Grey. In 2019, she will appear in the movie Pokémon: Detective Pikachu.

Personal life 
Rita Ora was born in 1990 in Prishtina, Kosovo to Albanian parents and moved to London in the same year. In 2004, she appeared in the British movie Spivs. She auditioned for Eurovision: Your Country Needs You on BBC One to be the British contestant for the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest. She later withdrew from the competition after a few episodes, as she did not feel ready. In 2009, Ora made a cameo on Jay-Z's video for "Young Forever" and "Over" by Drake. Ora caught the attention of Jay-Z and he signed her to Roc Nation, for which she was featured in a commercial for Roc Nation + Skullcandy Aviator Headphones. Ora dated Calvin Harris.

Discography 

Albums
Ora (2012)
Singles
As featured artist
Hot Right Now (2012)
Black Widow (2014)
As main artist
R.I.P. (2012)
How We Do (Party) (2012)
Shine Ya Light (2012)
Radioactive (2013)
I Will Never Let You Down (2014)
Poison (2015)
Body on Me (2015)
Champagne Lights (2020)

References

1990 births
Living people
English singer-songwriters
 
Singers from London
Yugoslavian people
English R&B singers
English pop singers
English dance musicians
Atlantic Records artists
Andrew Ebbett (born January 2, 1983 in Vernon, British Columbia) is a Canadian former NHL ice hockey left winger who currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

Ebbett has also played 3 seasons with the Anaheim Ducks, 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks, 1 season with the Minnesota Wild and 1 season with the Phoenix Coyotes. He played college hockey with the University of Michigan for 4 seasons before entering the NHL. He signed a one-year contract worth $525,000 with the Vancouver Canucks on July 1, 2011.

References

Other websites 

1983 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Vancouver Canucks players
American Hockey League players