cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Santa Cruz, California is a city north of Monterey Bay. Santa Cruz is about 100 miles (60 km) south of San Francisco. Santa Cruz was first settled by Ohlone Indians, Native American hunter-gatherers. Santa Cruz was colonized in the mid-1700s by the Spanish. They created a mission, (Mission Santa Cruz). The Spanish forced the Ohlones in the mission. Their populations began to decline because of diseases and overworking.

Americans first arrived in Santa Cruz in the 19th century. They were immigrants from Italy, China and Portugal. Around the same time, forestry and commercial fishing were the first industries. There were also diary farming and leather production. Santa Cruz is most famous for their university. The University of California, Santa Cruz was built in the 1960s. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake had a major effect in Santa Cruz. It killed five people.

The industries that are present in Santa Cruz are agriculture, tourism and high technology. The climate in Santa Cruz is Mediterranean. This means that they have mild summers because of fog. Winters are usually rainy; however, the city has dealt with many droughts.

References

Other websites 

 Santa Cruz City official site
 Santa Cruz Wiki – The People's Guide to Santa Cruz, California
 Via Riva Trigoso Sister City street
 Pogonip Open Space Preserve
 Santa Cruz Chamber of Commerce
 

County seats in California
Cities in California
1791 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in California
Santa Cruz County, California
The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is a semi-aquatic frog. It is part of the Ranidae frogs or "true frogs". The California red-legged frog are endemic to California and Baja California, Mexico. The frog is a near threatened species. It is protected by law.

References

Books
  (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34(2): 299–314.  PMID 15619443 PDF fulltext .
 
  (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42: 331–338.

Other websites 
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,  http://www.fws.gov/endangered/features/rl_frog/rlfrog.html 
   "Calif. Frog at Center of Protection Debate" Washington Post

Frogs
Cope's gray treefrog, Cope's chameleon tree frog, the western common tree frog, southern gray tree frog, or central Texas tree frog (Dryophytes chrysoselis) is a species of tree frogs. They live in the United States. Scientists think Cope's grey tree frog evolved after the last major ice age. Cope's grey tree frog can live in temperatures as low as -8 °C. Females can lay up to 10–40 eggs. The eggs hatch in four days. When the eggs hatch, they are called tadpoles. Tadpoles become small frogs in 45–65 days. The species name chrysoscelis is from the Greek word chrysos, which means "gold." The Greek word scelis means "leg."

This frog is gray or green in color with bright orange spots on its legs.  This frog stays in the trees.  Its color helps it blend in with the gray or brown tree bark.  Human beings only see this frog on the ground when it is time for the frogs to mate and lay eggs.

This frog lives in Ontario, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas, Texas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Maryland south to Florida.

References

Books 
  
Bernard S. Martof et al. (1980). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. .
Sargent (1969). A suggestion regarding hindwing diversity among moths of the genus Catocala OF (Noctuidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 23: 261-264. (Available here .)
Thomas F. Tyning (1990). A Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. .

Other websites 

Amphibiaweb — accessed 1 June 2006
Animal Diversity Web: Hyla versicolor & Hyla chrysoscelis
Atlanta's Backyard Herps — accessed 8 May 2006
Univ. Maine Wetland Connections  — accessed 11 May 2006
Frogs and Toads of Ohio — accessed 11 May 2006
Exploratorium: Amazing Adaptable Frog — accessed 11 May 2006
IUCN  — Global Amphibian Assessment, accessed 1 June 2006
NatureServe  — conservation status, accessed 1 June 2006

Frogs
Animals of North America
Reptiles is a monthly magazine. It is published in Irvine, California. Reptiles magazine is a reptile and amphibian magazine. It talks about keeping and breeding many of their species. The magazine's publisher is BowTie Inc. The first issue of the magazine was in October 1993.Spadafori, Gina (23 October 1993). Reptiles slither into the animal magazine kingdom, The Baltimore Sun It was a bimonthly magazine for one year. It became a monthly magazine starting with its December 1994 issue. The columns such as "Herptological Queries" and "Veterinarian Q&A" have been in the magazine since it was first released. 

Many reptiles and amphibian species have been talked about in the magazine. Popular pets such as the bearded dragon, red-eared slider, leopard geckos, and ball pythons often appear in the magazine. They consider themselves "The World's Leading Reptile Magazine". Their June 2012 issue celebrated their 20th anniversary.

References

Other websites

American magazines
Reptiles
Monthly magazines
Science and technology magazines
Irvine, California
1993 establishments in California
Nazi songs were songs made for the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany.

Some songs used by the Nazis are very old, and so these songs are often thought of as to be a Nazi song. An example would be Deutschlandlied, which was written in 1841. The Nazis used the Deutschlandlied with the Horst-Wessel-Lied. Same with the song Die Wacht am Rhein, which at that time was almost 100 years old.

Horst-Wessel-Lied 

The Horst-Wessel-Lied, also known as Die Fahne Hoch (The flag on high), was the anthem of the Nazi Party. The song was made by Horst Wessel, a SA leader, who was killed by a member of the Communist Party of Germany. The song, as with many Nazi songs, is banned in Germany.

Es zittern die morschen Knochen 

Es zittern die morschen Knochen was made by Hans Baumann, was a very popular Nazi song. The song was the official song of the Hitler Youth: which is why there are some attacks on the old people in the song. Many Germans know some of the song, but a lot don't know the full song.

Below is the order of how the full song would be sung.

Related pages 
Nazism

Nazism
Songs
The Fiordland penguin (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) is a crested penguin. They have white stripes on their belly and cheeks, and they have a black back. They have bright yellow eyebrows and when they get older they turn darker. They also have an orange beak; big feet and they have small black tails. They weigh 8 pounds and are 17-24 inches tall.

They eat fish, squid and krill (small shrimps) and they like to drink extra cold water. The Fiordland penguin’s main predator (animal which hunts animals) is seals.
 
Most Fiordland penguins live in the woodland on the coast of south New Zealand but some also live in Tasmania. They live up to 15 to 20 years in the wild. They swim very fast in the water near New Zealand.

References

Other websites
 http://www.mrsbauer.com/fiordland.htm
 http://tellurian.net/teach/penguins/facts.html                                                              
 http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/poi/penguins/fiord.html
 http://www.theanimalfiles.com/birds/penguins/fiordland_penguin.html
 http://www.penguinworld.com/types/fiordland.htm

Penguins
The yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes), also known as the hoiho or tarakara, is an endangered species of penguin, and the third largest penguin in the world. The penguin gets its name from the yellow stripes on its head. They live and breed on the sea shore of New Zealand and some also in the Antarctic islands in the south. They have a high pitched call which can be heard very clearly.

Yellow-eyed penguins eat small to medium sized fish, red cod and squid. 

They make their nests out of twigs, grass and leaves, carefully formed into a bowl shape. The chicks take 39 to 51 days to hatch and both parents share keeping the eggs warm.

Other websites
 http://www.siec.k12.in.us/west/proj/penguins/yellow.html  
 http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/sea-and-shore-birds/penguins/yellow-eyed-penguin-hoiho/facts/ 

Penguins
A mononymous person is a person who is known and addressed by a single name. Such names are called mononyms. In some cases, the person was known by a composed name (polynym) before, and selected a single name. Today, this is often the case with artists, who select a stage name.

In many cultures, people only had one name. This is the case of Ancient Greece. Composed names were only used to avoid confusion. Both Zeno of Elea and Zeno of Citium were called Zeno, but the origin was added to avoid confusing the two. In Ancient Rome, people had a composed name which included a clan name and a family name, which did not change. While we refer to Cicero as Cicero, his real name was Marcus Tullius Cicero. Sometimes he is called Tully in English. Other people called Tullius include Manius Tullius Longus, a Roman consul, about 500 BC, and Quintus Tullius Cicero, one of Caesars generals. Nero was known as Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. 

After the Romans, composed names started to be more commonplace in the Middle Ages. In the Americas, mononyms survived until the early 20th century. Examples include Pocahontas (1595-1617) and Geronimo (1829-1909). Pocahontas married and English settler, and took the name Rebecca Rolfe after her marriage.
 
Royals usually adopt a single name. Sometimes, a numeral is added. That way, Elizabeth I (1533-1603) and Elizabeth II (born 1926) both have a surname, but it is not used.

Similarly, popes select a single name, when they are elected. The current pope is called Jorge Mario Bergoglio, but since his becoming pope, everyone has called him Pope Francis.

Names
Crotalus viridis (commonly known as the prairie rattlesnake) is a species of venomous Pit vipers. There is currently only one subspecies recognized, not including the nominate subspecies.

Description
The Prairie Rattlesnake usually grows up to the length of around 100 centimeters (3.3 ft). Prairie Rattlesnakes in Montana can sometimes grow up to the length of 120 centimeters (3.9 ft), but the longest ever found was 151.5 centimeters (4.97 ft) long. They are usually light brown in color with some patches of dark brown.

Feeding
Prairie Rattlesnakes eat mainly small mammals like ground squirrels, mice, rats, small rabbits, and prairie dogs. Young Prairie Rattlesnakes eat amphibians, and small reptiles.

Reproduction
Prairie Rattlesnakes are viviparous, and can give birth to around 3-25 young at a time. The young are born around between August and October.

Behavior
Prairie Rattlesnake are diurnal in cool weathers, and nocturnal in hot weathers. They have a very powerful venom which they only use if attacked. Like other rattlesnakes they shake their tail to make a rasping sound which warns enemies.

Common names
The Prairie Rattlesnake is also called the "Western Rattlesnake", the "Plains Rattlesnake", the "Black Rattler", the "Confluent Rattlesnake", the "Missouri Rattlesnake", the "Spotted Rattlesnake", and the "Western Pacific Rattlesnake".

Where they live
It is also found in southwestern Canada, south to the United States of America, and northern Mexico. In Canada it is found in Alberta, and Saskatchewan, in the United States of America it is found in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and eastern Arizona, in Mexico it is found in northern Coahuila, and northwestern Chihuahua.

Subspecies
Not including the nominate subspecies, Crotalus Viridis Viridis, the Prairie Rattlesnake only has one subspecies: the "Hopi Rattlesnake" (Crotalus Viridis Nuntius) which is found in northeastern and north-central Arizona, and New Mexico.

References

Vipers
Harry Judd  (born 23 December 1985, Chelmsford, Essex) is an English pop/rock musician. He is best known as being the drummer in the band McFly. Judd has made a guest appearance in the Busted video for "Crashed the Wedding" as the drummer. In 2011, he won Strictly Come Dancing. In 2012, he got engaged to his long term girlfriend Izzy Johnston. and is now married to her.

References

Other websites 

1985 births
Living people
Chelmsford
English pop musicians
English rock drummers
Musicians from Essex
Strictly Come Dancing participants
DeJuan Lamont Blair (born April 22, 1989) is an American basketball player. He plays for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He graduated from Pittsburgh University. He also played for the San Antonio Spurs from 2009 to 2013 and the Dallas Mavericks from 2013 to 2014.

References

Other websites

 

1989 births
African-American basketball players
Dallas Mavericks players
Living people
San Antonio Spurs players
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Washington Wizards players
American basketball players
The common coquí or coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is a species of frog. They live in Puerto Rico. The coquí is an important symbol of Puerto Rico. They are known for their loud calls they make at night. They belong to the genus Eleutherodactylus.

References

Books

Other websites

Control of Coqui Frog in Hawaii
Eleutherodactylus coqui information from HEAR
Children Story About Coqui; El Coqui De Madagascar 

Frogs
Bufo apolobambicus is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Bolivia and Peru. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forest. Their population is dying because of habitat loss.

References
 De La Riva, I. 2006.  Bufo apolobambicus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
The Herveo plump toad (Orsornophryne percrassa) is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Colombia. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forests. They like to live on high-altitude grasslands. Their population is dying because of habitat loss.

References 
 Bolívar, W. & Lynch, J. 2004.  Osornophryne percrassa.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
The Amargosa toad (Bufo nelsoni) is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They were once considered a subspecies of the Western toad.

References

  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.

Other websites

Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office: Amargosa Toad - website of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Nevada Office

Toads
The Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) is a species of toads. They are among the largest toads. They can grow up to 5.6 and 13 cm long. They live in western North America.

References
http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/amphibian/bubo/all.html

Books
 (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
This article is based on a description from A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California, Robert N. Fisher and Ted J. Case, USGS.

Other websites

Toads
The Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad (Gastrophryne olivacea) is a species of toads. They belong to the family Microhylidae. They live in south central United States. They can be found in Nebraska, Texas and northern Mexico. They are not "true toads". They are territorial.

References 
  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
Herps of Texas: Gastrophryne olivacea
Amphibian Species of the World: Gastrophryne olivacea

Toads
The plains spadefoot toad (Spea bombifrons) is a species of spadefoot toad. They live in southwestern Canada, the Great Plains of the United States and northern Mexico. Like many spadefood toads, they get their name for having spade-like legs. This allows them to dig into sand and soil.

References 

Herps of Texas: Spea bombifrons
Canada's Amphibians: Spea bombifrons 

Toads
The American toad (Bufo americanus) is a species of toad. They live in eastern United States and Canada. There are three subspecies: the eastern American toad, the dwarf American toad, and the rare Hudson Bay toad.

Subspecies

Eastern American toad 
The eastern American toad (A. a. americanus) is a medium-sized toad. Most of the time, its size is . The biggest one measured was .

Dwarf American toad 
The dwarf American toad (A. a. charlesmithi) is smaller than the eastern American toad. Its size is .

Hudson Bay toad 
The Hudson Bay toad (A. a. copei) is a rare toad. Small groups of them are found in north Ontario.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 B. americanus at the United States Geological Survey site
 B. americanus  at the USDA's Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Animal Diversity Web: Bufo americanus
Photograph and audio recording of male American toad

Toads
Boulengerula taitana (also known as the Taita African caecilian, Taita Hills caecilian or Taita Mountains caecilian) is a species of caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They live in Africa in countries like Kenya. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forests. Many people mistake them for worms. They lay their eggs in foam nest in water.

References

Loader, S. & Measey, J. 2004. Boulengerula taitana. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 6 April 2007.

Other websites
A BBC documentary
New Scientist article on Boulengerula taitanus
Video of Boulengerula behaviour 
BBC footage of young caecilians

Caecilians
The California newt (Taricha torosa) is a species of newts. They are also called the orange bellied newt. They can grow to 8 inches (20 cm) in length. They have toxic skin. Because of this, the only predator of the California newt are garter snakes. California newts lives in California.

Subspecies 
Sierra newt
Coastal Range newt

Other websites 

 San Diego Natural History Museum
 California Newt facts  
 California Newt mating
 Caudata Culture  

Newts
The Sierra newt is a subspecies of the California newt. They live in the Sierra Nevada.

Newts
The Coastal Range newt (Taricha torosa torosa) is a subspecies of the California newt. They live in California Coast Ranges and San Diego, California.

References

Newts
The Atelopus ignescens is a species of toad. It is often known as the Jambato toad or the Quito stubfoot toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Ecuador. They were thought to be extinct until some were discovered in 2016.  Their habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude. It was believed to be the closest relative of the Carrikeri Harlequin Frog.

References

Books 
 Ron, S., Coloma, L.A., Lötters, S., Duellman, W., Bustamante, M.R., Bolívar, W. & La Marca, E. 2004.  Atelopus ignescens .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
The Yunnan lake newt (Cynops wolterstorffi) was a species of newts. It was part of the family Salamandridae. It was also known as Wolterstorff's newt. It used to live in China.

References
 Datong, Y. & Lau, M.W.N. 2004. Cynops wolterstorffi .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 

Newts
The Black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus Molossus) is a species of venomous Pit vipers, found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. There are currently three subspecies recognized.

Description
Most Black-tailed rattlesnakes grow to the length of . They can be as long as . Females are said to be larger than males.

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is olive green, yellow, brown, or black in color. They are called the "Black-tailed rattlesnake" because of their tail which is the color of black. Like other rattlesnakes the Black-tailed rattlesnake has a rattle on the end of its tail, but its rattle is weak and can be broken. They can shed their skin several times a year.

Common Names
The Black-tailed rattlesnake is also called the "Green rattler", the "Dog-faced rattlesnake", and the "Mountain Diamondback".

Where they live
The Black-tailed rattlesnake is found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. In the U.S.A it is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and west and central Texas, in Mexico it is found in Oaxaca. It is also found on islands of the Gulf of California, like San Estèban Island and Tiburòn Island.

Behavior
In the spring and fall the Black-tailed rattlesnake are diurnal, in the summer they are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat, and in the winter they hibernate in other animals dens. Even though they are okay climbers and good swimmers they are terrestrial. They live in grasslands, deserts, mountain areas, and forests.

Feeding
Like all rattlesnakes they are carnivores and eat rodents, other small mammals, birds, and small reptiles.

Reproduction
The Black-tailed rattlesnakes mate in the spring, once they have mated the male stays with the female to stop other males from mating with her. It is in the summer that the female gives birth to her young, the young stay with their mother for around a day or two before leaving by their selves. A female usually mates every year and has 10-12 young at a time. They live for around 15–20 years.

Subspecies
 San Esteban Island Black-tailed Rattlesnake, Crotalus Molossus Estebanensis
 Mexican Black-tailed Rattlesnake, Crotalus Molossus Nigrescens
 Oaxacan Black-tailed Rattlesnake, Crotalus Molossus Oaxacus

References

Vipers
Young Men's Christian Association (or the YMCA or the Y) is an organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It was originally meant to put Christian principles into practice. It was founded in 1844 in London, England, United Kingdom. At first, the organization provided beds and shelter to young men leaving the countryside for work in the cities. It promotes Muscular Christianity.

Basketball was invented in an American YMCA. 

The similar Young Women's Christian Association or YWCA was founded in 1870.

Other websites 

Christian organizations
Youth organizations
1844 establishments
Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder. A person with ASPD fails to conform with socially accepted behavior. People with this disorder often disregard social norms or the rights of other people. 

The ASPD pattern begin in childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood.  People with ASPD have no conscience or sense of morality, although the large majority know right from wrong. Those with ASPD  often commit crimes. They can also be impulsive, aggressive, reckless, and destructive. About three percent of men and one percent of women have ASPD.

DSM-V criteria
According to the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (the DSM-V), a person has ASPD if they fit the following requirements:

 A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
 Failure to conform to social norms concerning lawful behaviors, such as performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
 Deceitfulness, repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for pleasure or personal profit.
 Impulsivity or failure to plan.
 Irritability and aggressiveness, often with physical fights or assaults.
 Reckless disregard for the safety of self or others.
 Consistent irresponsibility, failure to sustain consistent work behavior, or honor monetary obligations.
 Lack of remorse, being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another person.
 The individual is at least age 18 years.
 Evidence of conduct disorder typically with onset before age 15 years.
 The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

References
The Causinae, commonly known as the "night adders", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa. The family is monotypic, since it only has the genus Causus. There are six species.

The night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 36 in) long. They are usually dark gray, light gray, light brown, or black in color with gray or black blotches.

Even though they are called the night adders, they are usually active at day, but some are active at night. When they are attacked or disturbed, they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off. Some may raise their head and neck off the ground, and with their tongue sticking out, move froward like a the Cobra does. 

They eat mainly toads and frogs, but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food.

Reproduction
All night adders are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. This is unusual for most vipers, because most vipers are viviparous, they give live birth. They lay around two dozen eggs at a time. These eggs take around four months to hatch, when they hatch the hatchlings are 4-5 inches (10-12.5 cm) long.

Venom
The night adders have very big venom glands, which are around 10 centimeters long. But even though the venom glands are big, the adders don't always use their venom on their prey. The venom would kill the prey fast enough, but they usually seize their prey and swallow it.
When someone is bitten by a night adder, the venom does not spread around the body, and only causes swelling in the place of the bite. There have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom.

Species
 Two-striped night adder, C. bilineatus
 Snouted night adder, C. defilippii
 Lichtenstein's night adder, C. lichtensteinii
 West African night adder, C. maculatus
 Green night adder, C. resimus
 Common night adder, C. rhombeatus

Vipers
The common night adder is a species of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Description
The common night adder can grow up to around 60 centimeters (24 in) long, making it the longest species of the genus Causus. The longest ever recorded was a male found in eastern Zimbabwe which was 93 centimeters (around 37 in) long. They are usually olive green, brown, or grayish-brown in color with black rhombic-shaped blotches, but not all have blotches on them.

Common names
The common night adder is also called the "rhombic night adder", the "demon night adder", the "Cape Viper", and the "African night adder".

Where they live
The common night adder is found in the savannas of Sub-Saharan Africa, from Nigeria, east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, and eastern South Africa.

Behavior
The common night adder is a fairly fast species of snake; it can move at the speed of 3.3 km per hour. They are usually found on the ground, but they can climb trees and can swim. They are mainly nocturnal, but some have been seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. When disturbed they coil up, inflate their body (which makes the black blotches on them stand out), and start hissing loudly.
 
Common night adders are oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs, while other vipers are usually viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. Females lay around two dozen eggs at a time, which take around four months to hatch. Once hatched, the young are 10 to 12.5 cm long and eat small frogs and toads.

Feeding
Their diet is made up of mainly frogs and toads, and sometimes small mammals like mice and rats.

References

Vipers
Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape. In particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts. In most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. Most allometric relationships are adaptive. For example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases.

Also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves. Allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution. Changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. The trend is known as heterochrony.

Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, D'Arcy Thompson in 1917, and Julian Huxley in 1932.  The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law:
   or in a logarithmic form: 
where  is the scaling exponent of the law.

On being the right size 
JBS Haldane's 1926 essay On being the right size gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure. Haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have:
"Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells".

Many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. If an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. This alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger of smaller. There are many such lineages.

The bigger an animal gets, the more would they have to change their physical shape, but the weaker they would become.

References 

Anatomy
Zoology
, also known by her married name as ,  is a Japanese amateur athlete, coach, university professor and sports administrator.  She is best known as a gymnast who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics, in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

She won a gold medal on the balance beam at the 1954 World Gymnastics Championships.  She is the only Japanese woman to win a gold medal in this international competition.

History

Timeline
 1954: World Championships Gold Medal, balance beam

 1958: World Championships Bronze Medal, balance beam and floor exercise

 1962: World Championships Bronze Medal, balance Beam and team

 1964: Olympic Games Bronze Medal, team

 1966: World Championships Silver Medal, uneven bars; and Bronze Medal, all-around and team

Honors
 International Gymnastics Hall of Fame, 2002

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics

References

1933 births
Living people
1956 Summer Olympics
1960 Summer Olympics
Japanese gymnasts
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
People from Hiroshima Prefecture
Abhinav Bindra (born September 28, 1982, in Dehradun) is an Indian amateur athlete and businessman.  He is best known as the current World and Olympic champion in the 10 m Air Rifle event.

At the Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal.

Early life
He was born in Punjab.  He became interested in shooting a gun as a sport when he was in school in Chandigarh

International competitions

Timeline
 2000: Summer Olympic Games
 1998: Commonwealth Games
 2002: Commonwealth Games
 2004: Summer Olympic Games
 2006: Commonwealth Games
 2006: World Championship
 2008: Summer Olympic Games
 2010: Commonwealth Games
 2012: Summer Olympic Games

Honours
 Arjuna Award, 2000

Related pages
 Sports in India
 India at the Olympics

References

Other websites 
 Abhinav Bindra's Profile & Records 

1982 births
Living people
Indian sportspeople
Olympic gold medalists
Punjabi people
Sport shooters
Lake Mackay (Pintupi: Wilkinkarra) is a large salt lake in central Australia. It stretches across the border between Western Australia and the Northern Territory. All around it is desert. The Great Sandy Desert is to the northwest, the Tanami Desert is to the northeast, and the Gibson Desert is to the south. There are hundreds of salt lakes along this border area, and Lake Mackay is the largest. It has a surface area of , and is about  long from east to west and north to south. It is the second-largest lake in Australia.

The lake was named after the first European to visit it, Donald George Mackay. The lake is most often dry, because of quick evaporation. Salt and other minerals float on the surface.

Lake Mackay is a central place in dreamtime stories for several Aboriginal groups, especially the Pintupi. The lake forms the centre of the Pintupi ancestral lands. Many sacred paths and tracks come together at the shores of the lake. According to mythology, the lake was formed after a fierce bushfire that ruined the land around it.

References

Lakes of the Northern Territory
Geography of Western Australia
Papunya is a small community in central Australia. It is about  northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. The people who live there are Aboriginal people who were forced off their traditional country during the 1930s and 1940s. They are mainly from Pintupi- and Luritja-speaking groups. In the 2006 census, Papunya had a population of 299. The town is now on private Aboriginal land. People visiting or travelling through need a permit.

During the late 1950s, a Lutheran mission was set up at Papunya. In the 1970s, many of the people living here moved back to their homelands as part of the outstation movement. The Pintupi moved back west, closer to their homeland around Lake Mackay. They set up the town of Kintore in 1981, about  west of Papunya. During this time, local painters were slowly forming a new style of art. By the mid-1980s, it became internationally known as Papunya Tula.

References

Towns in the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian communities
Pintupi
1950s establishments in Australia
William Thomas Stead (5 July 1849 – 15 April 1912) was a British writer and journalist. He was a pioneer of investigative journalism, and one of the most controversial figures in British journalism during the Victorian era.

His death occurred during the sinking of RMS Titanic.

Other websites 

Encyclopedia Titanica: Biography of William Thomas Stead

British journalists
1849 births
1912 deaths
Victims of the RMS Titanic
Thomas Daniel "Tim" Conway (December 15, 1933 – May 14, 2019) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, writer, singer, voice artist, and comedian. He has worked in sitcoms, comedy sketches, and in movies. Conway is best known for McHale's Navy as Ensign Charles Parker. To younger viewers, Conway is known for Barnacle Boy in SpongeBob SquarePants.

Early life
Conway was born Thomas Daniel Conway in Willoughby, Ohio on December 15, 1933. His mother was Romanian. He was raised in Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

Conway went to Bowling Green State University.

Personal life
Conway was married twice: His first marriage was to Mary Anne Dalton in 1961.

Conway and Dalton had six children. One of them is radio host Tim Conway, Jr.. Conway and Dalton divorced in 1978. Conway's second marriage was in 1984 to Charlene Fusco. Conway and Ernest Borgnine were good friends until Borgnine's death in 2012.

Conway died on May 14, 2019, at the age of 85 from complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Q&A with Tim Conway

1933 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from brain disease
American stand-up comedians
American voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
People from Willoughby, Ohio
Comedians from Ohio
Actors from Ohio
Emmy Award winning actors
This is a complete list of all cities and towns in Bulgaria sorted by population. Province capitals are shown in bold.

References

Bulgaria
This is a list of cities and towns in Burkina Faso.

10 largest cities

References 

Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
This is a list of cities in Cambodia.

 Battambang
 Kampong Cham
 Kampong Chhnang
 Sihanoukville (Kampong Som)
 Kampong Speu 
 Kampong Thom 
 Kampot
 Koh Kong
 Kratié 
 Mongkol Borei
 Neak Leung
 Pailin
 Phnom Penh
 Poipet
 Preah Net Preah
 Samraong 
 Takéo 
 Prey Veng 
 Pursat
 Siem Reap 
 Sisophon 
 Stung Treng
 Svay Rieng
 Ta Khmau
 Thmar Kol
 Thmar Puok

10 largest cities

Cambodia

Cambodia
Cillian Murphy (born 25 May 1976) is an Irish movie and theatre actor. Murphy is known for his roles in Christopher Nolan movies such as Scarecrow in The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005–2012). He also appeared in Inception and Dunkirk. He also plays Tommy Shelby in the BBC drama television series Peaky Blinders. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2005 for his role as Patrick/Patricia "Kitty" Braden in Breakfast on Pluto.

Early life
Murphy was born on 25 May 1976 in Douglas, County Cork, Ireland. He was raised in Ballintemple, a suburb of Cork. His father, Brendan Murphy, worked for the Irish Department of Education. His mother is a French teacher. He went to University College Cork.

Career
Murphy started his career as a rock musician. After he turned down a record deal, he started his acting career in a play in Disco Pigs in 1996. He went on to star in a British and Irish movie and stage production in the late 1990s and early 2000s. His first worldwide role was in 2003 as the hero in the horror movie 28 Days Later.

Murphy's best-known roles were villains in two blockbusters: Scarecrow in the superhero movie Batman Begins, and as Jackson Rippner in the thriller movie Red Eye. He also played the Scarecrow in the next two Batman movies: The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises. He played the orphan teen in the 2005's Breakfast on Pluto. For that role, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. He played a 1920s Irish revolutionary in The Wind That Shakes the Barley.

He has also played the main protagonist, Thomas Shelby, in the BBC drama Peaky Blinders.

Personal life
Murphy lived in London, England from 2001 until 2015 when he moved to Dublin, Ireland. He often works in or near a city. He has no thoughts of moving to Hollywood. He doesn't feel right with the celebrity circuit. He often gives interviews about his movies. He does not give information about his private life. He didn't appear on TV interviews until 2010. He won an Irish Film & Television Award in 2007. He won a Drama Desk Award in 2012.

Murphy married Yvonne McGuinness in 2004. They have two sons; Malachy (b. 2005) and Carrick (b. 2007). He currently lives in Monkstown, Dublin, Ireland.

References

Other websites

 

1976 births
Living people
Drama Desk Award winners
Irish movie actors
Irish stage actors
Irish television actors
Irish voice actors
People from County Cork
Vegetarians
Hurricane Charlie was the deadliest storm in 1951. It was the second hurricane of the year in the Atlantic hurricane season. This hurricane hit Jamaica with winds around Category 3 levels, strengthened to Category 4 at 135 miles an hour and then struck Mexican Yucatán Peninsula. The storm made its last landfall in the Tampico area of Mexico. Over 250 people died, half of whom near the Tampico region. This hurricane was Tampico's worst tropical cyclone since 1936.

Hurricanes in Mexico
1951 in North America
1950s in Mexico
20th century in Jamaica
Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy, CBE, (born 15 September 1977) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in Star Trek: Nemesis, RocknRolla, Bronson, Inception, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, This Means War, and the television series Stuart: A Life Backwards.

For his work in that series, he earned a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. He also played Freddie Jackson in Martina Cole's The Take. That was a television movie based on Cole's novel of the same name. He played Bane in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie The Dark Knight Rises. Hardy also played Max Rockatansky in Mad Max: Fury Road and as Venom in the 2018 movie Venom.

Hardy appeared as Farrier in the 2017 Nolan movie Dunkirk.

Hardy was born on September 15, 1977 in Hammersmith, London, England. He is an only child. His parents were Anne (née Barrett) and Edward "Chips" Hardy. He was raised in East Sheen, London. Hardy went to Reed's School, Tower House School, and the Drama Centre London.

Hardy married Sarah Ward in 1999. They divorced in 2004. He has a son with ex-girlfriend Rachael Speed, Louis Thomas Hardy (born 8 April 2008). Hardy proposed to actress Charlotte Riley, after a year of dating. They were married in 2014.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama.

References

Other websites

 
 
Tom Hardy as Freddie Jackson
Tom Hardy as Bane

1977 births
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Living people
People from Hammersmith

Screenwriters from London
The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise.  It covers both practical and magical advice.  There are over 700 different drugs described in the papyrus. Some are useful such as opium for pain.  Other things in the papyrus can seem ridiculous. An example of that is tapping a person on the head with a fish if they have a migraine.  Aside from covering a large number of treatments, the papyrus also has information on a broad range of ailments from intestinal complaints and eye problems to depression or other mental disorders.

Other websites

Ancient Egypt
History of medicine
Marion Cotillard (born September 30, 1975) is a French stage and movie actress, and singer.

Career
She made her career well known by roles in such movies as in La Vie en Rosa, My Sex Life...or How I Got Into an Argument, Taxi, Furia and Jeux d'enfants. She has also appeared in movies like Big Fish, A Good Year, Public Enemies, Nine, Inception, Midnight in Paris, Contagion, and The Dark Knight Rises "Rust & Bone.

In 2007, Cotillard starred as a French singer in Édith Piaf in La Vie en Rose. For that role she won the Academy Award, the BAFTA Award, the César Award, and the Golden Globe Award for best actress. She made movie history by becoming the first person to win an Academy Award for a French language performance. In 2010 she received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance in the musical Nine.

Early Life and Family
Cotillard was born in Paris, France on September 30, 1975 to Jean Claude-Cotillard who is an actor, former mime, and a Molière Award-winning director. Cotillard's mother Monique (known as Niseema) Theillaud, is also an actress and a drama teacher. She has two younger twin brothers, Quentin and Guillaume. Guillaume is a screenwriter and director. She began acting during her childhood, appearing on stage for her father's plays.

Personal life
Cotillard currently lives with her partner Guillaume Canet. Many reports say the couple prefer to live in a simple lifestyle, and they are often spotted in cafes and shopping together in Paris. Neither of the two discusses their relationship with the media, although photos of the couple regularly surface in the European tabloids. On May 20, 2011 the couple had their first child called Marcel.

References

Other websites

 
 

1975 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Paris
Satellite Award winners
BAFTA Award winning actors
French movie actors
French singers
French television actors
Musicians from Paris
French stage actors
French voice actors
Matthew Avery Modine (born March 22, 1959) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. His movie roles include Private Joker in Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket, the title character in Alan Parker's Birdy, high school wrestler Louden Swain in Vision Quest, football star turned spy Alec McCall in Funcky Monkey and the oversexed Sullivan Groff in Weeds. He appeared in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises as Officer Peter Foley.

Personal life
Modine was born on March 22, 1959 in Loma Linda, California. He is the son of Dolores (née Warner), a bookkeeper, and Mark Alexander Modine, who managed a drive-in theater. He was educated at Brigham Young University. Modine is married to Caridad Rivera since 1980 and have 2 children.

Other websites

Bicycle for a Day
Full Metal Jacket Diary

1959 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Living people
Actors from San Bernardino, California
Omar Suleiman (, 2 July 1936-19 July 2012) was an Egyptian general, diplomat, and politician. He was the spy intelligence chief from 1993 to 2011 while Hosni Mubarak was President of Egypt. In January 2011 Suleiman was appointed vice-president by Mubarak. He served until they left in early February 2011. In 2012, Suleiman wanted to be president but was disqualified from running. He was not seen in public since Mubarak's regime ended. On 19 July 2012, Suleiman died in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. from heart attack while undergoing medical trials.

References

1936 births
2012 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Diplomats
Egyptian military people
Egyptian Muslims
Generals
Vice-Presidents of Egypt
is a Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a women's field hockey player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics and in three Summer Olympic Games.

Early life
Komazawa was born in Osaka.  As a schoolgirl, she became interested in field hockey.  At Tenri University, she played on the school's field hockey team.

International competitions

Timeline
 2004: 2004 Summer Olympics
 2008: 2008 Summer Olympics
 2012: Summer Olympic Games

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics

References

1982 births
Living people
Japanese sportspeople
People from Osaka
The Arjuna Awards were established by the government of India in 1961. The honour recognizes "outstanding achievement in sports and games". The award includes a cash prize. The Arjuna Awards recognise the achievements of the country’s sportsmen.

The symbol of the award is a small bronze statue of Arjuna with his bow.

International competitions
The Indian government confers Arjuna Award on selected athletes who take part in Olympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Cup Championships and sports for the physically challenged.

References

Other websites

  List of Arjuna Awardees

Sport in India
1961 establishments in Asia
Sports trophies and awards
1960s establishments in India
Renault 12 Toros is a modernized version of Renault 12 in Turkey. It was designed in 1989, and released in the second half of the year. The name "Toros" comes from the Taurus mountains in Turkey. Renault 12 Toros had high traction so it used for many years. It was used as the official vehicle for many years by the Turkish National Police and Turkish Gendarmerie. Its production stopped in 2000 because its emissions polluted too much for the European Union's Emission Norms.

Renault automobiles
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (born January 29, 1970) Jaisalmer, Rajasthan is an Indian athlete.  He is best known for shooting in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

In the 2004 games, Rathore finished second in the men's double-trap shooting event. He was the first Indian to win an individual silver medal.

Honours
 Arjuna Award, 2003

Related pages
 Sports in India
 India at the Olympics

References

Other websites
 Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore at Time 

1970 births
Living people
Indian sportspeople
Commonwealth Games medallists
Olympic silver medalists
Sir Bradley Marc Wiggins, CBE (born 28 April 1980) is a British cyclist. He was born in Ghent, Belgium. He grew up in Kilburn and Maida Vale, London. His mother Linda is English; his father was Australian cyclist Gary Wiggins (1952-2008). 

Wiggins won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, a gold medal, silver medal and bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the 2012 Tour de France.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
British cyclists
British Olympic bronze medalists
British Olympic gold medalists
British Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
People from Ghent
People from the City of Westminster
Sportspeople from London
Tour de France winners