cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A fireplace is a brick or metal structure used to hold a fire. Fireplaces are most often used for heating but they can also be used for cooking. The part of the fireplace that holds the fire is called a firebox or a firepit. There is a chimney or flue above the firebox that lets the smoke from the fire go outside.

Until the early 1900s, most homes had one or more fireplaces as a source of heat for the residents of the house. In the mid-1900s, gas, oil, and electric heaters became more common and fireplaces were used less often as a source of heat. In the late 1900s, fireplaces were less commonly built in new houses.

Fire
Home appliances
Dubnium is a chemical element. It has the symbol Db and it has the atomic number 105. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab. It is a transuranium element created by bombarding californium-249 with nitrogen-15 nuclei. The isotope that has the longest half-life only has a half life of 32 hours. Dubnium is a transactinide element.

History 
The Soviet Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) had said they first discovered the element in 1968, followed by the American Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1970. Both teams shared their names for the new element and used them without formal approval. The long-standing argument was settled in 1993 by an official investigation of the discovery claims by the Transfermium Working Group, formed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, resulting in credit for the discovery being officially shared between both teams. The element was then named dubnium in 1997 after the town of Dubna, the site of the JINR.

Uses 
There are no current uses for Dubnium seeing as its too radioactive and ts short half life makes it almost impossible to work with.

Chemistry 
Hypothesized research says that dubnium is a member of group 5 in the 6d series of transition metals, placing it under vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. Dubnium should share most properties, such as its valence electron configuration and having a mainly +5 oxidation state, with the other group 5 elements, with a few exceptions due to relativistic effects. Limited research of dubnium chemistry has confirmed this. Solution chemistry experiments have shown that dubnium often behaves more like niobium rather than tantalum, breaking periodic trends.

References 

Chemical elements
Upland is a city in San Bernardino County, California. As of the 2000 census, 68,393 people lived in Upland. It became a city on May 15, 1906, after previously being named North Ontario and a part of Ontario.

Upland used to be famous for skateboarding because of its skate park, The Pipeline, but the park was demolished in the 1980s.

The rapper Litefoot was born in Upland.

Cities in California
Settlements in San Bernardino County, California
Neuchâtel is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of Canton of Neuchâtel. As of 2003, the city had a population of 31,571 people.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 City of Neuchâtel official website 

Capital cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Neuchâtel
Sonic the Hedgehog is a Japanese platform video game series and media franchise created by Sega and featuring their mascot, Sonic. It is a series of fast platform games. Sonic is the main character. He is a blue hedgehog with supersonic speed. Usually, Sonic must stop the villain, Doctor Eggman's, plans for taking over the world. Sonic is often helped by his friends like Tails, Amy Rose, and Knuckles.

The first Sonic the Hedgehog game was released in 1991. It was created by Sega's Sonic Team division after Sega wanted a new mascot character. This was because they wanted to replace Alex Kidd, and they wanted to compete with Nintendo's mascot, Mario. Its success made many sequels, and it helped Sega become one of the biggest video game companies during the 16-bit era of the early 1990s. The first major 3D Sonic game, Sonic Adventure, was released in 1998 for the Dreamcast.

The series made over  by 2014. As of 2018, the series has sold 800million copies. This includes free-to-play mobile game downloads.

Reception and legacy

Sales

References

Note

Sonic the Hedgehog games
The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American crime horror thriller movie. It was directed by Jonathan Demme. It stars Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins.  It is based on the novel by Thomas Harris, which was the second novel about psychopathic psychiatrist and cannibal Dr. Hannibal Lecter. In the movie, Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, is sent to see the Dr. Lecter in prison to ask his advice on catching a serial killer called Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill has been abducting women and skinning them.

The movie was released in 1991.  Jonathan Demme won an Academy Award for Best Director. Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins both won Academy Awards (for their playing Clarice Starling and Dr. Hannibal Lecter). The movie also won Oscars for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture. It is one of only three movies to win the five most important Academy Awards.

Hopkins' performance as Lecter is one of the shortest lead acting Oscar-winning performances ever, as Hopkins is only on screen for seventeen minutes in the movie.

Release dates

Related pages
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

Other websites 

The Hannibal Lecter Studiolo 

Criterion Collection essay by Amy Taubin 

1991 crime movies
1991 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1991 horror movies
1990s serial killer movies
American crime thriller movies
American horror thriller movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
FBI in fiction
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Hannibal Lecter movies
Movies about abduction
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
United States National Film Registry movies
Cloppenburg (Low Saxon: Landkreis Cloppenborg, Saterland Frisian: Loundkring Kloppenbuurich) is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Towns and municipalities

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
Cuxhaven is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany.

It is located on the coast of the North Sea and is enclosed by the river mouths of Elbe and Weser. The coasts are part of the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park.

Towns and municipalities

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare around 1603. It was first performed on 1 November 1604 at Whitehall Palace in London. More recently, Othello was shown on Masterpiece Theater on PBS. The opera Otello of Giuseppe Verdi is based on this play.

Outline 

At the start of the play Othello, a Moorish general in the army, promotes Cassio to lieutenant. Iago, his ensign, is angry and jealous, so he plots against Cassio by making him look bad and making Othello uncertain about keeping him as his lieutenant. Some of the things he does are to get him drunk and to start a fight with someone else from the army. Iago also tells Othello that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with Cassio. Cassio is demoted and Iago is promoted to lieutenant. Othello kills Desdemona and is then told by Iago's wife, Emilia, that Iago plotted against him. He goes after Iago, and injures him but does not kill him. He then kills himself next to his wife after telling Emilia to say sorry to Cassio for what he has done.

Characters of Othello 
Othello
Iago
 Roderigo
 Montano
 Cassio
 Brabantio
 Desdemona
 Bianca
Emilia

Plays by William Shakespeare
The Commonwealth Games is a multinational, multi-sport event. Held every four years, it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. Attendance at the Commonwealth Games is typically around 5,000 athletes.

The idea for a competition between members of the British Empire was first suggested by the Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891. The first such event, then known as the British Empire Games, was held in 1930. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.

Editions 
The following cities have hosted the Commonwealth Games, and their predecessors

British Empire Games 
  1930 British Empire Games - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  1934 British Empire Games - London, England
  1938 British Empire Games - Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  1950 British Empire Games - Auckland, New Zealand

British Empire and Commonwealth Games 
  1954 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  1958 - Cardiff, Wales
  1962 - Perth, Australia
  1966 - Kingston, Jamaica

British Commonwealth Games 
  1970 - Edinburgh, Scotland
  1974 - Christchurch, New Zealand

Commonwealth Games 
  1978 - Edmonton, Canada
  1982 - Brisbane, Australia
  1986 - Edinburgh, Scotland
  1990 - Auckland, New Zealand
  1994 - Victoria, Canada
  1998 - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2002 - Manchester, England
  2006 - Melbourne, Australia
  2010 - Delhi, India
  2014 - Glasgow, Scotland
  2018 - Gold Coast, Australia
  2022 - Birmingham, England

Related pages
 List of Commonwealth Games cities

 
1930 establishments
Multi-sport events
Doncaster is a large town in the north of England. It is in South Yorkshire, which is a Metropolitan County (an area of dense population). 

Doncaster has a population of 109,805; the metropolitan borough has a population of 311,890.

Doncaster is near other, larger, cities, such as Sheffield and Leeds.

History 
Doncaster is an ancient town that developed from a Roman fort called 'Danum'. It was built on a Roman road Ermine Street, which linked London to York. The fort was built where Doncaster Minster now stands. However in the 4th century Roman civilization declined and the last Roman soldiers left Britain in 407 AD.

Later Doncaster developed into a medieval township with a fortified boundary and historic gates. What remains of the gates can still be seen in the town today. Doncaster also has a market which has existed for over 750 years.

As the centuries passed, Doncaster became an important staging post on the route between London and Edinburgh. An ancient road called the Great North Road passed straight through the very centre of Doncaster, and the town grew around and along this road.

Trains 
When railways were invented, Doncaster became famous for steam trains. It was an important stop for trains travelling between Scotland and London. It is still an important stop today. A big factory for making trains was built in Doncaster. Some of the finest and fastest steam trains in the world were built in Doncaster. These trains include The Flying Scotsman, The Mallard, and The Sir Nigel Gresley. The station also houses a unique Victorian themed bar on platform 3b.

Aeroplanes 
Doncaster was one of the first places in the country that made aeroplanes and had an airport. The first airshow in the country was held in Doncaster in 1908.

Doncaster has an international airport which was opened in 2005. The airport is growing very fast and lots of people from across the region and across Europe now use Doncaster as a popular destination – which is something that people have already been doing for the last 2000 years.

Attractions 
Doncaster is famous for horse racing. Doncaster is one of the oldest racecourses in the world. It hosts two famous horse races: The Doncaster Cup, which is the oldest horse race in the world, and the St Leger Stakes, which is the oldest classic horse race in the world. There has been horse racing in Doncaster for over 500 years. The horse racing started because of the horses that used to pull horse-drawn coaches on the Great North Road.

Famous people from Doncaster 
 Louis Tomlinson
Dave Allen
 Billy Bremner
 Brian Blessed
 Douglas Bader
 Dianna Rigg
 George Porter
 Jeremy Clarkson
 John Parr
 Kevin Keegan
 Thomas Crapper
 Tony Christie
 Tan France
 Lesley Garret
 Darren Hill
 Dominic Harrison

Influence 
Doncaster is also the name of a suburb in eastern Melbourne, Australia. It is home to two state primary schools: Doncaster Gardens Primary School and Doncaster Primary School.

References 

Towns in South Yorkshire
Middlesbrough is a large town in North Yorkshire in northeast England. About 135,000 people live there.

Location
It is in the traditional North Riding of Yorkshire. It used to be administered as part of the county borough of Teesside, then the county of Cleveland, and it is now in the unitary authority of the Borough of Middlesbrough.

The name is often spelt incorrectly as 'Middlesborough' but 'Middlesbrough' is correct. The town is abbreviated to Boro by locals.

Sports
It has a Championship football club: Middlesbrough F.C..

Towns in North Yorkshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
The lyrics of the Himno Nacional Argentino (the national anthem of Argentina) were written by Vicente López y Planes, and the music was composed by Blas Parera. This song was adopted as the national anthem on May 11, 1813, three years before the formal declaration of independence from Spain. May 11 is therefore Anthem Day in Argentina.

Modern Version 
The following is the modern version, adopted in 1900, without the vivid attacks against Spain.

2008 comprehensive translation, adapted for the tune
Same meaning, somehow more positive

O'Hear Mortals these sacred words...
We Are Free!, We Are Free!, We Are Free!
O'Hear the sounds of broken old chains,
See enthroned our great noble Flag!
Her glorious passage was for us unveiled,
By The United Provinces of the South.
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!

Chorus

May these Laurels be eternal,
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Let us all live crowned with Glory,
Or full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.

Original version 

The original version, Marcha Patriótica, is as follows:

Argentina
National anthems
Emily Dickinson (December 10, 1830 - May 15, 1886) was an American poet who also wrote short stories. She is famous for writing many poems. Researchers know of almost 1,800 poems that she has written to this day. However, she published only a few of them while she was living. Other people changed her unpublished poems before the world could read them. She was born in Amherst, Massachusetts and died of nephritis there. People describe her poems as lyrical and unique. Sources say that she may have grown wild flowers for medicinal purposes and used them to show her mood in her poems.Today, many think Emily Dickinson's poetry has had a big effect on poetry.

Researchers know little about Dickinson’s life. Most of what they know about her is from people who knew her and may not all be true. Her family had a good amount of money and had many friends. She had a brother and a sister. She had a normal life when she was a child. When she became an adult, she spent more and more time alone and started wearing only white. Only after she died all of her poems were published. Until 1955, editors changed them to a style of writing that was popular at the time. Now, most of her poems have been published and can be found at a local library.

Early life 
Her teachers saw her writing talent. But she did not win any literary awards during her lifetime. Some didn't like her work because of its different use of grammar. In her late twenties, she chose to stay with her family for most of her time.

Her father was a United States Senator. Edward Dickinson was a lawyer from the Whig party. Emily's family did not get along with each other. She described her mother as cold and unloving. Some researchers said that her father didn't support female scholars. Dickinson never married. She had strong relationships with several men as friends, confidantes, and mentors. She also enjoyed a close relationship with her friend and sister-in-law.

End of her life 
She was sick with some health problems, like depression and anxiety disorders. Later in her life, she began to suffer from pain in her eyes and sensitivity to light. She died at the age of 55 from a stroke. She was buried in the West Cemetery, in Amherst, MA.

Hailee Steinfeld plays the role of Emily Dickinson in an future TV show titled Dickinson.

References 

1830 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American poets
Deaths from nephritis
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Writers from Massachusetts
A mahout is a person who drives an elephant. Usually, a mahout starts as a boy, when he is given a young elephant so that they become attached to each other.

The most common tool used by mahouts is a goad called anlius, or ankusha - a sharp hook used to guide a tamed elephant by prodding on the back of its head. 

Occupations
An antihero is a main character in a story who does not act like a traditional hero. The antihero does not show  idealism, courage, and morality.

The antihero became prominent in early 20th century existentialist works such as Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis (1915), Jean-Paul Sartre's La Nausée (1938), and Albert Camus' L'Étranger (1942) (). The protagonist in these works is an indecisive central character who drifts through his life and is marked by ennui, angst, and alienation.

Examples of antiheroes from modern pop culture are Marvel Comics The Punisher & Deadpool, Sega's "Shadow The Hedgehog", DC's Batman, Catwoman of Batman, Sweeney Todd, Light Yagami from the Death Note manga / anime series, Billy the Kid, Robin Hood, Kratos from the God of War video-game franchise.

From English literature the classic example is Prince Hamlet from Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and from children's literature Discord from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.

Most of the time it means a character in fiction, television, or movies. Sometimes it is used to mean a real person. Sometimes the antihero is linked to the author's social critique or message to the reader: for example, the unnamed protagonist in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Notes from Underground.

The whole concept was the subject of a book by Colin Wilson called The Outsider. There the author imagines he is in the position of many of his favourite characters in fiction, such as Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov.

References

Related pages 
 False protagonist
 Villain
 Antagonist

 	
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Hestia is a virgin Greek goddess of the hearth, home and fire.  It was believed all hearths were her altars.  She also symbolized the alliance between colonies and their mother cities. Her sacred animal is the donkey.

Family 
Hestia is the older sister of Demeter and Hera, and is also the sister of Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Her parents are Titans Rhea and Kronos.

Myths 
Hestia was originally one of the Twelve Olympians.  Her throne was described as plain, being made of wood with a woolen white cushion. She did not choose an emblem for herself.

Hestia was the first to be swallowed by her father Kronos when he ate the Twelve Olympians, and the last to be disgorged. 

She gave up her throne on Mount Olympus, and gave it to Dionysus to avoid a possible civil war. Hestia instead tended to the sacred fire on Mount Olympus. Because she could not leave from the hearth, Hestia did not have many stories centered around her. 

In ancient tales, Hestia refused the marriage offers of Apollo and Poseidon. She vowed on the River Styx to forever be a virgin goddess.

Worship 
Hestia was always the first to receive offerings at every sacrifice in a household. Any hearth of a household was forbidden to go out unless the fire was ritually extinguished and ritually revived. The hearth of the prytaneum was Hestia's official sanctuary. When a new colony was formed, a flame from Hestia's public hearth in the mother city would be carried to the new settlement.

Related pages

 Vesta (mythology), a Roman version of Hestia.

Twelve Olympians
Alison Balsom (born 7 October 1978, Hertfordshire) is an English trumpeter.  She grew up in Royston, Hertfordshire in England.  She studied the trumpet at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Paris Conservatory, and also with Håkan Hardenberger.  She is a BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist.  She has made three CD albums with EMI Classics and has been described by many as the best trumpeter of the young generation.

Discography
Alison Balsom: Music for Trumpet and Organ (EMI Classics Debut, 2002)
Alison Balsom & Crispian Steele-Perkins: The Fam'd Italian Masters (Hyperion, 2003)
Alison Balsom: Bach works for Trumpet (EMI Classics, 2005)
Alison Balsom: Caprice (EMI Classics, 2006)
Alison Balsom: Haydn and Hummel Trumpet Concertos (EMI Classics, 2008)
Alison Balsom: Italian Concertos (EMI Classics, 2010)

The BBC Music Magazine cover disc for December 2010 has: Haydn & Hummel concertos (not the 2008 EMI recordings); Albinoni's Oboe Concerto Op. 9 No. 2, transcribed for trumpet; and Vivaldi's Violin Concerto Op. 3 No. 9, arranged for trumpet and instrumental trio.

Awards
Concerto finalist in the BBC Young Musicians Competition, 1998
Feeling Musique Prize for quality of sound in the 4th Maurice André International Trumpet Competition.
Young British Performer at the Classical Brit Awards, 2006
Classic FM Listeners' Choice Award, 2006

Other websites
Alison Balsom Official website
Caprice album microsite 
Alison Balsom on MySpace

Trumpeters
English musicians
1978 births
Living people
Continuity is a word used when talking about art, especially serial art. Serial art is when an artist paints several pictures which all have something to do with each other.

Examples

Pop culture 
The six Star Wars films tell one long story which continues from part to part.  This is where the word continuity comes from.  Continuity refers to consistency from part to part-- that is, everything should fit together like one whole piece.

At the end of the Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker loses one of his hands.  In the next film, Return of the Jedi, he has a fake hand to replace the one he lost.  If he had his real hand again, it wouldn't make sense.  The audience would say, did not he lose his hand in the last one?  Continuity is making sure things make sense.

Art 
Sometimes the word is used to refer to any work of art, like just one film.  For example, a woman has a full glass of wine in one shot.  In the next shot, the wine is gone.  In a third shot, she has a full glass of wine again.  That scene would have very poor continuity: it does not make sense, and it reminds the audience that they are watching a movie.  Poor continuity is continuity that does not make sense and usually has mistakes.

Books 
In American comic books, many different characters live in the same world.  For example, Superman and Aquaman live in the same world.  But if Superman goes to Atlantis and it's different than Aquaman's Atlantis, it does not make sense.  If they are in the same world, Atlantis should be the same no matter who visits it.

Making sure that all the different stories and characters fit together is working with continuity.  Sometimes, the word is used to talk about the stories themselves.

Entertainment
Skinks are a family of small lizards, the  Scincidae.  There are over 1,500 different species of skink.

Skinks are different from other lizards. They have very small legs and necks. Some have no legs at all; these move more like snakes than lizards. Their tails can grow back when part of it is cut off. This is called regeneration.

Skinks are small: most can only grow to be 12cm long. Some can grow to be 35cm. A trait  of skinks is a love of digging and burrowing. Underground they are mostly safe from predators. Sometimes they dig tunnels for easy navigation. They also use their tongues to sniff the air and track their prey. When they encounter their prey, they chase it down until they corner it or manage to land a bite and then swallow it whole. Some skinks live in trees. If they do, then they usually have longer fingers.

Many skinks are insectivorous. They may also eat other small invertebrates like earthworms, millipedes, slugs and snails. Some skinks supplement their diet with fruit and vegetables.

Skinks have been around a long time: their jawbones appear in the fossil record about 140 million years ago, during the early Cretaceous. Definitively skink fossils appear later, during the Miocene period.

References 

Lizards
Dionysus (also spelt Dionysos, Dionysius) is the Greek god of frenzies, festivities, spiritual ecstasy, wine, and alcohol in general.
Amongst the Orphists (who are a select group of followers of the Ancient Greek Religion) Dionysus is considered a saviour.

Mythology
There are two stories on how Dionysus was born. One describes that he was the son of Zeus and Semele, and the other describes that he was the son of Zeus and Persephone, queen of the Underworld. Either way, in both stories Dionysus is sent to the Underworld by Zeus' jealous wife Hera and then saved and brought to life afterwards. He was the God of celebrations.
Dionysus was also the god of wine. According to a myth, the Titans lured Dionysus with toys and wanted to eat him. When Zeus found out it was too late and they had eaten everything except his heart. With that Zeus put the heart in the womb of Semele and he was born again.

Related pages
 Bacchus - Roman mythology version of Dionysus
 Dionysian Mysteries

References

Other websites

Twelve Olympians
The Fields Medal is a prize given to mathematicians who are not over 40 years of age. It is given at each International Congress of the International Mathematical Union. This is a meeting that takes place every four years.

The Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields was the first to propose this medal and it was first awarded in 1936. It has been regularly awarded since 1950. Its purpose is to support younger mathematicians who made major contributions.

The Fields Medal is viewed, at least in the media, as the top honor a mathematician can receive. It comes with a monetary award. In 2006 the award was C$15,000 (US$13,400 or €10,550). The Abel Prize has similar prestige, and more money.

Conditions of the award 
The Fields Medal is often described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics". But there are several differences. First, it is awarded not only to recognize the valuable contributions of a mathematician but also to encourage him or her to continue their works. The Fields Medals have generally been awarded for a mathematician's whole work.

Another difference is that the Fields Medal is awarded every four years. The recipients cannot be over the age of 40.

Fields Medalists 
 2018: Caucher Birkar (UK-Iran), Alessio Figalli (Italy), Peter Scholze (Germany), Akshay Venkatesh (Australia)
 2014: Artur Avila (France), Manjul Bhargava (U.S.), Martin Hairer (UK), Maryam Mirzakhani (U.S.)
 2010: Elon Lindenstrauss (Israel), Ngô Bảo Châu (Vietnam/France), Stanislav Smirnov (Russia), Cédric Villani (France)
 2006: Andrei Okounkov (Russia), Grigori Perelman (Russia) (declined award), Terence Tao (Australia), Wendelin Werner (France)
 2002: Laurent Lafforgue (France), Vladimir Voevodsky (Russia)
 1998: Richard Ewen Borcherds (UK), William Timothy Gowers (UK), Maxim Kontsevich (Russia), Curtis T. McMullen (U.S.)
 1994: Efim Isakovich Zelmanov (Russia), Pierre-Louis Lions (France), Jean Bourgain (Belgium), Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (France)
 1990: Vladimir Drinfeld (USSR), Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones (New Zealand), Shigefumi Mori (Japan), Edward Witten (U.S.)
 1986: Simon Donaldson (UK), Gerd Faltings (West Germany), Michael Freedman (U.S.)
 1982: Alain Connes (France), William Thurston (U.S.), Shing-Tung Yau (China)
 1978: Pierre Deligne (Belgium), Charles Fefferman (U.S.), Grigory Margulis (USSR), Daniel Quillen (U.S.)
 1974: Enrico Bombieri (Italy), David Mumford (U.S.)
 1970: Alan Baker (UK), Heisuke Hironaka (Japan), Sergei Petrovich Novikov (USSR), John Griggs Thompson (U.S.)
 1966: Michael Atiyah (UK), Paul Joseph Cohen (U.S.), Alexander Grothendieck (France), Stephen Smale (U.S.)
 1962: Lars Hörmander (Sweden), John Milnor (U.S.)
 1958: Klaus Roth (UK), René Thom (France)
 1954: Kunihiko Kodaira (Japan), Jean-Pierre Serre (France)
 1950: Laurent Schwartz (France), Atle Selberg (Norway)
 1936: Lars Ahlfors (Finland), Jesse Douglas (U.S.)

Footnotes

Other websites 
 Official site

Mathematics
Science awards
A laugh is a way of showing happiness. It is a  vocal sound which a person makes when something is funny, like a joke, or a tickle.

Sometimes people laugh when they are not happy. When people are ashamed or embarrassed, sometimes they react by laughing.

There are different ways to laugh. A person can laugh using mostly their voice, mostly their throat, or mostly their nose.

You can write a laugh in different ways. Some people write "ha ha ha", or "he he he", or "hehe". If they are on the internet, they also use "LOL". "LOL" does not sound like a laugh, but it stands for Laughing Out Loud.

Human babies first laugh at the age of around three or four months, usually as an expression of surprise. Babies' laughter often produces a positive response in adults who will involuntarily copy the child. Video footage, on the YouTube site, of babies laughing was shown to Queen Elizabeth II during her visit, on 16 October 2008, to the Google headquarters, where both she and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh were reduced to 'fits of giggles'.

References 

Human communication
Hi-5 is an Australian television show for children that started in 1999. The members of Hi-5 are Nathan, Kellie, Charli, Tim and Kathleen. Hi-5 can also be known as a pop music group for young children. They sing songs, dance and act. Hi-5 have recently released an album called Boom Boom beat! The album has 20 tracks. Hi-5 is very popular with  children but also with many other age groups.

Overall, the show has been designed to have a very bright and happy feel to it. The show is aired once a week on Australian television. All the members of Hi-5 had been involved in television before the show had started. They had done commercials and small roles in other television shows. But Hi-5 has definitely been their most successful venture. They have won two Logie Awards (Awards that are voted by the Australian public) for Most Outstanding Children’s Program.

Some of Hi-5’s songs:

"Friends"
"Rain Rain"
"Three Wishes"
"Celebrate"
"Robot One"
"Hi-5 theme song"

Australian television
Australian musical groups
Children's musical groups
Children's television series
1999 television series debuts
1999 establishments in Australia
English-language television programs
A beaver is a kind of large rodent. It is semi-aquatic, meaning some of the time it lives in water, some of the time it lives on land. Beavers can only be found in North America and Europe. In Europe, they almost became extinct (died off), but they are returning. There are beavers living in the Elbe and Rhone rivers, as well as in Bavaria, Poland and Scandinavia. Beavers are known for building and keeping dams in rivers.

Kinds of beavers
Currently there are two different species of beaver, the American beaver (C. canadensis) and the European beaver (C. fiber).

The American beaver
This beaver can be found in North America, in Canada, the United States and in Northern Mexico. It is the second largest rodent in the world, and the largest found in North America. The largest rodent of the world is the capybara from South America.

The European beaver
The European beaver is currently an endangered species. It was hunted almost to extinction. This was done because of its fur, and because of castoreum. Castoreum is made by a certain gland, which is also responsible for the smell of the animal. People are currently (2007) reintroducing the beaver, because the important role of the beaver for the ecology of rivers was discovered. Beaver dams (or the small lakes that form) provide a habitat for many species.

Beaver fur 

Early visitors that met Native Americans saw them wearing animal skin blankets. The fur on these blankets were good for felting. The Europeans wanted felt hats, and the Native Americans wanted metal: so, fur trading began.

Beaver was the most popular fur for hats. At that time in North America, there were about sixty million beavers. Only the soft inside fur was used for felting. The best time for collecting the beaver's fur was winter, when the fur was thickest. It was also a good time to hunt, since the beaver stayed close to its home in the winter and was easy to catch. The fur trade gave money to the European traders. The Indians who caught the beavers got the metal tools and other high technology items they wanted, until the beavers were mostly gone.

Images

References

Other websites 

 Ecology of the Beaver 
 Canadian Heritage - the beaver as a national symbol
 The romance of the beaver; being the history of the beaver in the western hemisphere, by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Illustrated with photographs from life and drawings by the author. Publisher: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott company; London, W. Heinemann 1914 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries)

Rodents
Mammals of North America
Time travel is the idea of going back in time to the past or forward to the future.  We always travel forward, to the future.  Time travel to the past is not known to be possible, but it is much used in fiction.  The Time Machine (1895) by H. G. Wells was one of the first and most famous stories of time travel.  Much later, the American movie "Back to the Future" tells a fictional story about a professor who builds a machine that can take people into the future or back in the past. 

The popular British TV program Doctor Who is about an alien who has adventures by time travelling.  Another TV show about time travel is the series Charmed.  Instead of using machines and science, this one uses magic to go to other times and places.  

Some series that are not mainly about time travel have episodes about it, for example Star Trek and Stargate and The Flash.

Related pages
 General relativity
 Special relativity

Fiction
Physics
Books by H. G. Wells
A dock is a structure built above water along the shore where boats can be tied. Docks are often held up by pilings which are often poles driven into the sea floor or riverbed.

References 

Transport buildings and structures
Water transport

lb:Hafebaseng
They Might Be Giants are an alternative rock band that live in Brooklyn, New York. The two original band members, John Flansburgh and John Linnell, officially formed the band in 1982. While at first a duo, performing using a drum machine, they gained a backing band in the early 1990s.

The band has been given two Grammy Awards, one for the children's album Here Comes the 123s and the other for the theme song of Malcolm in the Middle.

Charting singles

References

Other websites 
 Official homepage
 Official page for their podcast
 A website to buy their music
 Their website for kids 

1982 establishments in the United States
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from New York City
Musical groups established in 1982
Solomon is a figure from Abrahamic religions. He was a King of Israel, the son of King David. His name means "Peace". He is written about in the Qur'an, the Bible (2 Samuel) and other scriptures. He is said to be the author of several Old Testament books. He wrote Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and much of Proverbs. He is famous for building the First Temple, having lots of wisdom, being very rich, and having many wives. Because of his wives, his kingdom became divided right after his death. His wives worshipped idols of gods because many of them were not of Jewish lineage.

Related pages 
 Solomonid dynasty

Other websites 

Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
Old Testament people
A proverb is a wise saying. Many cultures have collections of these, such as the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, was said to be written by king Solomon of Israel.
A proverb is basically a wise saying.

Examples of proverbs

Cultural anthropology
Literature
Oral tradition
Santiago, Chile (also known as Santiago de Chile) is the capital of Chile and the largest city in the country. It has a population of around 7 million people, about 35.9 percent of the population of South America. In Chile, people call the city Gran Santiago (Big Santiago) or Santiago. It has 26 comunas (municipalities). 

With its geographical conditions, because it is located in a valley surrounded by the Andes mountains, Santiago has a large amount of air pollution.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Municipality homepage
 Santiago Tourist - An Independent Travel Guide

 
1541 establishments
1540s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Chile
Psalms (, Tehillim, or "praises") is a book of 150 Hebrew poems in the Bible. The Book of Psalms is the first Ketuvim and part of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and it is also in the Old Testament of the Christian translations. People traditionally believe that many of the Psalms in the Bible were written by King David to God. Perhaps the most famous one is Psalm 23, which starts "The LORD is my shepherd". Psalm 23 is often used for funerals.

There are 150 Psalms in the Biblical canon of Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, but there are also more poems that these religions do not think are holy. Psalm 151 is part of canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Name 
The names "Psalms" and "Psalter" come from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament). There, they were about stringed instruments (for example, the harp, lyre and lute), then to songs sung with them. The traditional Hebrew title is tehillim. Tehillim means "praises", though many of the psalms are tephillot ("prayers"). One of the first collections in the book was titled "the prayers of David son of Jesse" (72:20, NIV).

Literary features 

The Psalter is poetry, though it has many prayers and not all Old Testament prayers were poetic. In fact, not all praise was poetic either. The Psalms are full of images, comparisons and metaphor. The Hebrew text often plays with words and repeats the same words, adding synonyms (words with the same meaning) to fill out the description. Important words show the main themes in the prayer or song.

References 

Old Testament books
Television programs (British spelling: programme) are something that people watch on television.  Several different kinds are made: 

 A series of fictional programs with the same title and characters (a television series). Each television series is made as a series of programs. These individual programs are called episodes. Most series are made up of between 12 and 24 episodes for each season. Some with fewer are called miniseries.
  A single show (episode) from a television series.
 An ongoing series of non-fiction shows using the same title, for example: local and network news shows.
 A single program, for example a sporting event

Television broadcasting presents many different television programs, one after another. In between television programs, a channel may use an announcer to tell the audience what the next program will be. On many channels in many countries, advertisements are shown for short periods of time during and between program screenings. These advertisements are not a part of the television program.

Other websites

References
William Morris "Billy" Hughes (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister during World War I. He tried to introduce conscription but the public did not want it. His party, Labor, kicked him out and he formed a new party with the opposition called the Nationalist Party. He was Prime Minister for over 7 years which was the most of anyone at the time. He was forced to resign by the Country Party in 1923 but he stayed in Parliament until he died.

Before serving as Prime Minister, Hughes was Minister for External Affairs under Chris Watson. He was Attorney-General in Andrew Fisher's three Labor governments in 1908–09, 1910–13 and 1914–15.

References

1862 births
1952 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from London
Australian Labor Party politicians
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Nationalist Party of Australia politicians
United Australia Party politicians
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Attorneys General of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Maid Marian was the female companion of the outlaw Robin Hood. She appears in English folktales, though not in the oldest ones.

Other websites 
, a book

Robin Hood
Fictional characters
Graphite, like diamond, is an allotrope of carbon. They are very similar to each other but the different structures of the molecule affect the chemical and physical properties. Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms. These layers can slide over each other very easily. This means that it is very soft. It is a dull gray in appearance. Due to the delocalized electrons between the layers, it can conduct electricity very well.

Graphite can be formed from coal put under high heat and pressure. Also, graphite can be turned into diamond with enough heat and pressure. This is how synthetic (man-made) diamonds are made.

Most graphite comes from mines in northeastern China. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Canada and the United States. It is also called Lead Black because it looks like the metal lead. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 originating from the Greek language.

It can be used as a lubricant to make mechanical devices run smoother. The most common use of graphite is the "lead" in a pencil, which also has clay.

High-purity graphite is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors, such as RBMKs and AGRs.

Related pages
 Carbon

Carbon
Allotropy (or allotropism) is when a chemical element can exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state or phase. These different forms are called allotropes. Therefore, an allotrope is a different structure in which an element appears. This happens when the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different way.

For example, the allotropes of carbon include:
 diamond, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in a four-cornered lattice arrangement;
 graphite, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a six-sided lattice;
 graphene, single sheets of graphite; and
 fullerenes, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in spheres, cylinders or egg-shaped formations
Only some elements have allotropes. 

The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same state (i.e., different solid, liquid or gas forms); these different states are not, themselves, considered examples of allotropy.

References

Chemistry
Physical chemistry
An ionic bond is the electrostatic forces of attraction between a non-metal and a metal ion in a giant ionic crystal lattice. This occurs when charged atoms (ions) attract. This happens after a metal atom loses one or more of its electrons to the non-metal atom. The greater the difference in charge between the metal and non-metal ion, the stronger the ionic bond. A maximum of three electrons can be transferred in the process. 
  
A metal atom becomes a positive cation because it loses electron(s). A non-metal atom becomes a negative anion as it gains electron(s). This occurs, for example, when sodium and chlorine join to form common table salt, NaCl. First, sodium atoms (Na) oxidize and lose an electron to form positively charged sodium ions (Na+). Chlorine atoms gain the electrons from the sodium atoms to form negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). Both ions are now oppositely charged and they are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.

Features of compounds with ionic bonding 
Three dimensional ionic structure called a giant ionic crystal lattice structure.
 Ionic compounds are soluble in water as the ions form favorable interactions with water molecules which release sufficient energy to break away from the lattice.
In a solid state they do not conduct electricity. However, in a liquid state or when dissolved in water, they will conduct electricity well because the ions are free to move and can carry charge.
They contrast to the characteristics of covalent bonds.
covalent bonds may be stronger than the attraction between two ions, but in ionic compounds there are attractions in all directions.
Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling point due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction, which require a large amount of heat energy to overcome.

References 

Chemical bonding
Chloride is an ion of chlorine. It occurs when chlorine gets reduced, gaining an electrons and becoming an ion. Chloride is necessary for life. It is normally found in the salt sodium chloride, which is very common in diets.

Related pages
Fluoride
Bromide
Iodide

Chlorine compounds
The Bauhaus was a design school that operated from 1919 to 1933 in Germany. It is widely regarded as the most influential art school of the 20th century. It promoted modernism. It is most well known for teaching painting, photography, advertising, weaving, architecture and the design of furniture and household products. The work that it produced and its teaching methods had a world-wide influence on art, design, photography, architecture and art education.

It was formally called the "Staatliches Bauhaus" from 1919 to 1932 because it was state funded in that period. From 1919 to 1925 it was in Weimar, in the state of Thuringia and from 1926 to 1932 it was in Dessau, in the state of Sachsen-Anhalt. It operated as privately funded school in Berlin from the end of 1932 until April 1933. 

Its staff included some of the most famous artists and architects of the 20th century, including: Walter Gropius, who founded the school, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, Marcel Breuer, Josef Albers, Anni Albers, Oskar Schlemmer and Hannes Meyer.   

Its former buildings in Weimar and Dessau were jointly made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.

References

Architecture
Art movements
Design
Schools in Germany
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Nuevo León is a state in the northeast of Mexico and south of Texas. It is known as the financial center of the country. It has a wide range of tourist attractions, such as museums, thematic parks, natural parks, grottos, as well as archaeological sites, gastronomy, and folklore. Its capital, Monterrey, the city of the mountains, is host venue of important international events, congresses, fairs, conventions and exhibitions. 

 
States of Mexico
Go Fish is a game with playing cards.  2 to 10 people can play.

Every player gets five cards.  The rest of the cards (the deck) are put face down where all the players can get them.  Cards that are the same color and the same number are called pairs.  If a player has a pair, they put it face up in front of them so everybody can see it.  The player to the left of the player who gave everybody their cards goes first.  When it is a player's turn, they ask another player for a card that is the same color and number as one they already have.  They can ask any player.  If the other player has the card, they give it to the one that asked, and the one that asked puts the pair in front of them and gets to go again.  

If the other player does not have the card, then they say, "Go Fish," and the player that asked takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If a player has no cards when it is time for him to go, then he just takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If there are no cards in the deck and the player has no cards, then that player does not get to go.  The game ends when all the cards are face up in pairs.  The winner is the player with the most pairs.

Card games