cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Charles Martel (c. 688 – 22 October 741) was a Frankish statesman and military leader who was Duke and Prince of the Franks. He was also Mayor of the Palace. Martel was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. Martel was the illegitimate son of the Frankish statesman Pepin of Herstal. His mother was a noblewoman named Alpaida. Martel successfully asserted his claims as successor to his father as Mayor of the Palace. He continued and built on his father's work. He began the series of military campaigns that re-established Frankish power in Gaul. In foreign wars, Martel defeated and ruled Bavaria, Alemannia, and Frisia. He defeated the Saxons, and halted the Islamic advance into Western Europe at the Battle of Tours in 732.

Martel is considered to be the founding figure of the European Middle Ages. He was skilled as an administrator and warrior. Martel is often credited with a key role in the development of feudalism and knighthood. He was a great patron of Saint Boniface. Martel made the first attempt at reconciliation between the Papacy and the Franks. The Pope wished him to become the defender of the Holy See and offered him the Roman consulship. Martel refused the offer.

Although Martel never assumed the title of king, he divided Francia, like a king, between his sons Carloman and Pepin. The latter became the first of the Carolingians, the family of Charles Martel, to become king. Martel's grandson, Charlemagne, extended the Frankish realms to include much of the West. Charlemagne became the first Emperor since the fall of Rome. On the basis of his achievements, Martel laid the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire.

References 

680s births
Kings and Queens of France
Frankish rulers
Carolingian dynasty
History of Germany
History of France
Deng Minghe (; 8 June 2006 – 28 April 2015) was a Chinese actor of yu opera. He was best known for opening the 2012 CCTV New Year's Gala on China Central Television (CCTV), performing a folk song. He also appeared in the Henan Television series Liyuanchun in 2010. He was born in Handan, Hebei.

Deng died from leukemia on 28 April 2015 in Beijing, aged 8. He had the disease once before and recovered after five rounds of chemotherapy in 2013. However, in February 2015, his condition got worse.

References

2006 births
2015 deaths
Child actors
Chinese movie actors
Deaths from leukemia
Chinese stage actors
Matthias Kuhle (20 April 1948 – 25 April 2015) was a German geographer. He was also a professor at the University of Göttingen in Göttingen. He edited the book series Geography International published by Shaker Verlag.

Kuhle was born in Berlin. He died in an earthquake on 25 April 2015 in the village of Saurpani, Gorkha, Nepal. He was 67.

References

1948 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths
German educators
European geographers
Scientists from Berlin
Writers from Berlin
Marty Napoleon (June 2, 1921 – April 27, 2015) was an American jazz pianist. He was best known for having replaced Earl Hines in Louis Armstrong's All Stars in 1952. He also worked with Gene Krupa, Phil Napoleon, Teddy Napoleon, Charlie Ventura, Kai Winding and Rex Stewart.

Napoleon was born in Brooklyn, New York City to Italian immigrants from Sicily. He died on April 27, 2015 in Glen Cove, Long Island, aged 93.

References

1921 births
2015 deaths
American jazz musicians
American pianists
Jazz pianists
Musicians from Brooklyn
Synthetic genomics is a type of genetic engineering. It makes genes which never occur in nature.

Synthetic genomics does not use naturally occurring genes. It may use custom-designed base pair series. In the future, it might use genetic codes that are not composed of the two base pairs of DNA currently used by life forms.

Synthetic genomics uses techniques from genetics research. Researchers can make long base pair chains cheaply and accurately on a large scale. This allows them to do experiments on genomes which do not exist in nature. They also use ideas in protein folding and high-end computing facilities. 

The J. Craig Venter Institute is working in this field. The team of about 20 researchers is led by  Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, DNA researcher Craig Venter and microbiologist Clyde A. Hutchison III. The Venter group has put together a semi-synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium bacterial genome by recombination of 25 overlapping fragments. This was done in a single step: 
"The use of yeast recombination greatly simplifies the assembly of large DNA molecules from both synthetic and natural fragments". 

Geneticists have made the first synthetic chromosome for yeast. "The genes in the original chromosome were replaced with synthetic versions and the finished man-made chromosome was then successfully integrated into a yeast cell".

Other companies, including one called Synthetic Genomics (company), have been formed to take advantage of the many commercial uses of custom designed genomes.

References 

Genetic engineering
Ray Jackson (1941 – 23 April 2015) was an Australian Aboriginal activist and Wiradjuri elder. He was President of the Indigenous Social Justice Association (ISJA). He was a notable campaigner for the rights of Indigenous Australians. He was a member of the Stolen Generations.

Jackson died on 23 April 2015 in the suburb of Sydney of Waterloo, New South Wales. He was 74.

References

1941 births
2015 deaths
Human rights activists
Indigenous Australian activists
People from Sydney
S. Gopalan, pen-name Gopulu (18 June 1924 – 29 April 2015), was an Indian illustrator and cartoonist. He was best known for his work for the Tamil humour magazine Ananda Vikatan.

Gopulu was born in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. He died on 29 April 2015, aged 91. His son outlived him.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Cartoonists
Illustrators
People from Tamil Nadu
Tamil people
St. Clement Parish is a bilingual Roman Catholic parish community in Ottawa, Canada. It is within the Archdiocese of Ottawa. St. Clement is run by the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter. It was the first parish in the world to be authorized to celebrate the Mass and other sacraments in Latin only. This is according to the liturgical norms of the 1962 Roman Missal. These norms were ended in the 1960s. Since June 3, 2012, St. Clement Parish operates out of St. Anne Church in Lowertown.

History
Before the 1960s, Catholics all over the world prayed together in Latin. In the 1960s, the leaders of the Catholic Church decided that Catholics should pray together using their mother tongue instead of using Latin. Some Catholics still wanted to use Latin when they prayed together. A group of these Catholics were in Ottawa and asked Bishop Joseph-Aurèle Plourde to let them pray together in Latin. He said that they could. The group started to meet together in 1968.

When these Catholics started to meet together, they met at Precious Blood Sisters' Monastery. This was a large home for nuns. In 1984, the nuns could not share their home with them anymore. The group moved to a small building and called themselves St. Clement Latin Community. They stayed in the new building until 1993. At that time they were able to get a church building of their own. The new church was on Mann Avenue in the Sandy Hill neighborhood.

In 2011, Bishop Terrence Prendergast asked St. Clement Parish if they wanted to move into Ste-Anne Church. Ste-Anne Church was an old church building that was important to the history of Ottawa. The parish started to meet at Ste-Anne Church on June 3, 2012.

Marie Reine du Canada Pilgrimage
The St. Clement Parish also runs an event called Marie Reine du Canada Pilgrimage. During this pilgrimage, people walk 100 km from Saint-Joseph-de-Lanoraie to the church of Notre-Dame du Cap in Trois-Rivières. It is based on a similar pilgrimage from Notre-Dame de Paris to Chartres Cathedral in France.

References

Other websites

St. Clement parish website
Marie Reine du Canada Pilgrimage 

Ottawa
Religion in Canada
Henriette Ragon (10 June 1918 – 30 April 2015), better known by her stage name Patachou, was a French actress and singer. She appeared on stage, television and movies between 1953 and 2006. She also wrote at least twenty songs. On 1 January 2009, she was awarded the Legion of Honour.

Patachou was born in Paris. Her son, Pierre Billon (born 1946), is a songwriter.

Patachou died on 30 April 2015 in Paris, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 

1918 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Paris
French movie actors
French singers
French stage actors
French television actors
Legion of Honour
Musicians from Paris
Gregory Mertens (2 February 1991 – 30 April 2015) was a Belgian professional footballer. His position was central defender. He played in the Belgian Pro League, playing for Cercle Brugge (2011–2014) and Lokeren (2014–2015). He was born in Anderlecht.

Mertens went into cardiac arrest and collapsed on 27 April 2015 while playing a game against K.R.C. Genk. He died from heart failure on 30 April at a Genk hospital, aged 24.

References

1991 births
2015 deaths
Belgian footballers
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Belgium
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from heart failure
Ture Lennart Bodström (20 April 1928 - 30 April 2015) was a Swedish politician. He was born in Gothenburg. He served as the Minister for Foreign Affairs in Olof Palme's Social Democratic cabinet from 1982 to 1985. Following the 1985 election, Bodström was reassigned to the post of Minister for Education.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Civil servants
Government ministers of Sweden
People from Gothenburg
The United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor (UNMIT) is a peacekeeping operation that was created in August 25, 2006 by UN Security Council Resolution 1704. Its objectives are "to support the Government in consolidating stability, enhancing a culture of democratic governance, and facilitating political dialogue among Timorese stakeholders, in their efforts to bring about a process of national reconciliation and to foster social cohesion". The operation ended on December 31, 2012.

References 

United Nations
Eric Garner (September 15, 1970 – July 17, 2014) was a man from Staten Island, New York City. He died in the same borough after a police officer put him in a chokehold for 15 seconds. The New York City Medical Examiner's Office found that Garner died partly because of the chokehold.

New York City Police Department officers talked to Garner because they thought he was selling cigarettes illegally. When Officer Daniel Pantaleo took Garner's wrist behind his back, Garner swatted his arms away. Pantaleo then  put his arm around Garner's neck and pulled him backwards and to the ground. After Pantaleo removed his arm from around Garner's neck, he pushed Garner's face into the ground. Four officers went to restrain Garner, who said "I can't breathe" several times.

On December 3, 2014, a grand jury decided to not indict officer Pantaleo. This led to protests and rallies with charges of police brutality. As of December 28, 2014, more than fifty demonstrations had been held across the United States.

In the aftermath of Garner's death, his daughter Erica, Al Sharpton and many others began to protest against police brutality. Erica died of complications from a heart attack on December 30, 2017 at the age of 27.

References

2014 in the United States
2010s in New York City
Staten Island
2014 deaths
Police misconduct in the United States
Black Lives Matter
An anticonvulsant is a drug that is used to treat seizures which are commmonly associated with epilepsy. For this reason, they are also known as antiepileptic drugs or anti-seizure drugs. Many of these drugs act as mood stabilizers. For this reason they are also used to treat mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder. 

Drugs
David "Daisy" Day (1951 – 1 May 2015) was an Australian radio broadcaster. He began his disc jockey career at age 16 in Moree. He was best known for working on radio stations such as 5KA and Triple M from the 1970s in South Australia. In 2013, he published his autobiography, Rock Jock. He was born in New South Wales.

Day died on 1 May 2015 in Adelaide, aged 63. He had health issues for some time before his death.

References

1951 births
2015 deaths
Australian radio personalities
Autobiographers
Disease-related deaths in Australia
Entertainers from New South Wales
People from Adelaide
Thomas Edward Perez (born October 7, 1961 in Buffalo, New York) is an American politician, consumer advocate and civil rights lawyer. On July 23, 2013, he was sworn in as the United States Secretary of Labor. Perez is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously was the Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice.

Perez announced his candidacy for Chair of the Democratic National Committee in the 2017 election on December 15, 2016. On February 25, 2017, Perez was elected Chairman on a second ballot.  Minutes after being elected, Perez named Keith Ellison as deputy chair. He resigned in January 2021.

On June 23, 2021, Perez announced that he would be a candidate for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maryland in the 2022 election.

References 

US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Maryland
United States Department of Labor
1961 births
Lawyers from Maryland
Living people
People from Takoma Park, Maryland
Lawyers from New York
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Benjamin Earl "Ben" King (born Benjamin Earl Nelson; September 28, 1938 – April 30, 2015) was an American soul and R&B singer. He was best known as the singer and co-composer of "Stand by Me". The song became a US Top 10 hit in both 1961 and later in 1986 (when it was used as the theme to the movie of the same name).

King was born in Henderson, North Carolina and grew up in Harlem, New York City from age nine. He later lived in Teaneck, New Jersey. He was married to Betty from 1964 until his death. He had three children.

King died from coronary heart disease on April 30, 2015 in Hackensack, New Jersey, aged 76.

References

Other websites

 

1938 births
2015 deaths
African-American singers
American pop singers
American R&B musicians
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Atlantic Records artists
Baritones
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New Jersey
Musicians from Manhattan
Musicians from New Jersey
Musicians from North Carolina
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
Stirling Castle, is a castle in Stirling, Scotland. It is one of the largest and most important castles in the United Kingdom. It guarded an important crossing of the River Forth, which exits to the North Sea in the east.

Location
The castle sits on the top of Castle Hill, an intrusive volcanic crag, part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. It guards what was, until the 1890s, the farthest downstream crossing of the River Forth, This made it an important fortification from early times.

Structure
Most of the buildings of the castle date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A few structures of the fourteenth century remain, while the outer defences fronting the town date from the early eighteenth century. Several Scottish kings and queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1542. There have been at least eight sieges of Stirling Castle, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The last siege was in 1746, when Bonnie Prince Charlie failed to take the castle. Stirling Castle is a scheduled Ancient Monument, and is a tourist attraction managed by Historic Scotland.

Castles in Scotland
Casey Bailey (born October 27, 1991) is an American professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Bailey played parts of 2 seasons with the Alberni Valley Bulldogs of the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) and 1 season with the Omaha Lancers of the United States Hockey League (USHL). Bailey decided to play college hockey with the Penn State Nittany Lions. He played parts of 3 years with them and was named to the Big Ten Conference First All-Star Team in 2015.

Bailey was not drafted but signed a two-year, entry-level contract with the Toronto Maple Leafs on March 21, 2015. Bailey became the first played from Penn State to sign a contract in the NHL, and also the first to play in the NHL.

On April 11, 2015, Bailey scored his first NHL goal against Carey Price of the Montreal Canadiens in a 4-3 shootout loss.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
American ice hockey players
Living people
People from Anchorage, Alaska
Sportspeople from Alaska
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Robert Lee Elder (July 14, 1934 – November 28, 2021) was an American professional golfer. He is best remembered for becoming the first African-American to play in the Masters Tournament in 1975. He was born in Dallas, Texas.

Elder died on November 28, 2021 in Escondido, California at the age of 87.

References

1934 births
2021 deaths
African-American golfers
Sportspeople from Dallas, Texas
Juan Antonio "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez (born October 23, 1935 in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican professional golfer. He was the first Puerto Rican to be inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites

Profile at the World Golf Hall of Fame

1935 births
Living people
Puerto Rican people
Golfers
María Elena Velasco Fragoso (December 17, 1940 - May 1, 2015) was a Mexican actress, comedienne, singer-songwriter, dancer, screenwriter, movie producer, and one of Mexico's few major female movie directors. She was best known for creating and portraying La India María, a comical character based on indigenous Mexican women.

Velasco died of stomach cancer in Mexico City, Mexico, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican comedians
Mexican singers
Mexican screenwriters
Mexican movie directors
Mexican movie producers
Dancers
"See You Again" is a song by American rapper Wiz Khalifa featuring the vocals and piano playing of American singer Charlie Puth. The song is featured in the 2015 action movie Furious 7. It was created as a final tribute to Paul Walker, who died in a car crash in November 2013. 

The single was released on March 17, 2015 in the US, followed by an international release on April 3, and a UK release on April 12.

References

2015 songs
2010s ballads
Matthew Carle (born September 25, 1984) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the San Jose Sharks and Philadelphia Flyers.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Carle played parts of 2 seasons with the US National Team Development Program, 1 season with the River City Lancers of the United States Hockey League (USHL), and 3 years of college hockey with the University of Denver Pioneers. During his time with the Pioneers, Carle won the Hobey Baker Award in 2006 for being the top National Collegiate Athletic Association men's ice hockey player. He was also the only junior defenseman in history to win the award.

He was drafted 47th overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. On March 25, 2006, Carle made his NHL debut and scored his first NHL goal against Manny Fernandez of the Minnesota Wild in a 5-1 win. On November 21, 2007, Carle was signed to a four-year, $13.75 million contract extension to stay with San Jose.

On July 4, 2008, the Sharks traded Carle along with Ty Wishart and a first round pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and a fourth round pick in 2010, to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Dan Boyle and Brad Lukowich.

After 12 games with the Lightning, they traded him along with a 2009 third round draft pick to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Steve Eminger, Steve Downie and a 2009 fourth round pick on November 7, 2008. Carle missed 5 games at the start of December because of a rib injury. During the home opener of the 2009–10 season for the Flyers, Carle tied the NHL record for assists in a single period by a defenceman when he set up four goals in the second period against the Washington Capitals and also helped Mike Richards achieve his second career hat trick, which was also his personal best for assists in a game.

On July 4, 2012, Carle signed a six-year; $33 million contract to return with the Tampa Bay Lightning.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
American ice hockey players
Living people
People from Anchorage, Alaska
Philadelphia Flyers players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Alaska
Tampa Bay Lightning players
American Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
"Stand by Me" is a R&B ballad which was originally performed by Ben E. King. The song was inspired by the spiritual single "Lord Stand by Me". The song is on the soundtrack of the 1986 movie Stand by Me.

Musicians who have covered the song include Prince Royce and John Lennon. In 1999, BMI named it the fourth most performed song of the 20th century.

References

Rhythm and blues ballads
1961 songs
William Pfaff (December 1928 – April 30, 2015) was an American writer. He was an author and op-ed columnist for the International Herald Tribune. He also worked on The New York Review of Books.

Pfaff was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa. He was of German, English, and Irish ancestry. He studied at the University of Notre Dame. He was a Catholic and was married with two children.

Pfaff died from a heart attack caused by a fall on April 30, 2015 in Paris, France. He was 86.

References

Other websites

 

1928 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in France
American columnists
American journalists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Writers from Iowa
François Michelin (15 June 1926 – 29 April 2015) was a French heir and business executive. He served as the CEO of Michelin from 1955 to 1999.

Michelin was born in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne. His grandfather, Édouard Michelin (1859–1940), was the founder of Michelin. He became an orphan at the age of ten. He was a Roman Catholic. He had five children, including Édouard (1963–2006).

Michelin died on 29 April 2015 in Clermont-Ferrand, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Chief executives
French businesspeople
Roman Catholics
People from Clermont-Ferrand
Gary Liddell (27 August 1954 – 1 May 2015) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a striker. He played from 1972 and 1983 for the teams Leeds United, Grimsby Town, Hearts and Doncaster Rovers.

Liddell was born in Stirling. His son, Andy (born 1973), was also a footballer.

Liddell died on 1 May 2015 in Falkirk, aged 60.

References

1954 births
2015 deaths
Scottish footballers
Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh  (née Grasemann; 17 February 1930 – 2 May 2015), also known as Barbara Vine, was an English writer. She wrote mostly psychological thrillers and murder mysteries. She released at least 90 books and was best known for her character Inspector Wexford.

Rendell was born in South Woodford, Essex (now London). Her mother was born in Sweden and grew up in Denmark, while her father was English. She was married to Don Rendell until his death from prostate cancer in 1999. They had a son, Simon (born 1953).

Rendell had a stroke in January 2015. She died on 2 May 2015 in London, aged 85.

References

Other websites

 

1930 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from stroke
English children's writers
English novelists
Writers from Essex
Writers from London
Members of the House of Lords
People from the London Borough of Redbridge
People from Suffolk
United Kingdom Life Peers
Juan Máximo Rojas Proenza, known as Max Rojas (June 4, 1940 - April 24, 2015) was a Mexican poet, essayist, literary critic and culture manager. Rojas wrote long-winded poem Cuerpos, his last published work originally composed of three thousand pages and that could fill twenty volumes.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Mexican poets
Critics
Writers from Mexico City
Tabaré Ramón Vázquez Rosas (; 17 January 1940 – 6 December 2020) was an Uruguayan politician. He served as President of Uruguay from 2015 to 2020.

In August 2019, Vázquez was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on 6 December 2020 from the disease in Montevideo at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

 Site of President of Uruguay 
 Electoral site of Tabaré Vázquez
 Biography by CIDOB
 New leftist cabinet launched in Uruguay (Xinhua News Agency)
 Uruguay inaugurates first leftist president  (The Globe and Mail)
Left-wing Uruguay leader sworn in (BBC News)
Uruguay joys over new president (BBC News)
 El Espectador: Tax Reform
Leftist Chief Is Installed in Uruguay and Gets Busy on Agenda (The New York Times)
 Links for Plan de Emergencia Nacional

1940 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Presidents of Uruguay
People from Montevideo
Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR (born 17 December 1942) is the President of Nigeria and a former Major General in the Nigerian Army. He first became Head of State of Nigeria on 31 December 1983 when he took over the government by surprise. While he was in power, he passed laws to control how people behaved that were very harsh and put many people in jail, even the famous musician Fela Kuti. On 27 August 1985, there was another surprise takeover and he was no longer in charge of the country.

In the 21st century, Buhari decided to try and become head of state again and ran in multiple elections. He eventually won and became President of Nigeria in 2015. He brought back some of the harsh laws from the last time he was in charge of Nigeria. Now, more people have been criticizing him as part of the End SARS protests.

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References

Other websites

 
 2011 Presidential Election Campaign website
 Muhammadu Buhari - In a HARDtalk interview on 21 January 2004

1942 births
Living people
Generals
Nigerian military people
Presidents of Nigeria
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (16 August 19515 May 2010) was a Nigerian politician. He served as the President of Nigeria and the 13th Head of State.

He became governor of Katsina State in northern Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 28 May 2007. He was declared the winner of the controversial Nigerian presidential election held on 21 April 2007, and was sworn in on 29 May 2007. He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP).

In 2009, Yar'Adua left for Saudi Arabia to receive treatment for pericarditis. He returned to Nigeria in 2010, where he died on 5 May.

References

Other websites

1951 births
2010 deaths
Presidents of Nigeria
An aristocrat is a person of the highest social class of a society. In many places, aristocrats have hereditary titles. In some societies such as Ancient Greece, Rome, and India, aristocratic status may come from membership in a military caste. It has also been very common for aristocrats to belong to priestly dynasties.

Aristocratic status can involve feudal or legal privileges. They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy. In modern era European societies, the term aristocracy has often been used synonymously with the nobility. This was a specific class that arose in the Middle Ages. The term aristocracy derives from the Greek  ἀριστοκρατία (aristokratia ἄριστος (aristos) "excellent," and κράτος (kratos) "power".

Related pages 
 Aristocracy
 Nobility
 Royal family

References 

Society
Discovery is the act of detecting something new, or something "old" that had been unknown. In science and academic disciplines, discovery is the observation of new phenomena. It is discovery of new actions, or new events. It provides new reasoning to explain the knowledge gathered through such observations. A discovery may sometimes be based on earlier discoveries, collaborations, or ideas. Some discoveries represent a radical breakthrough in knowledge or technology. Visual discoveries are often called sightings.

Scientific discovery 
Before the 17th century, it took extraordinary genius to make even small discoveries. Men such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and many of their contemporaries made great discoveries. But their greatest contribution was in developing and furthering the scientific method. This was an organized method of making new discoveries. By the end of the century science literally exploded with new discoveries. Ordinary educated scientists could now do what only geniuses could do before. Ancient Greeks depended on observation and philosophy to come up with theories about the physical laws of the universe. Beginning in the 17th century scientists now used scientific proof of their discoveries through experiments. They also defended their discoveries against their peers. This was an important part of the scientific method.

References 

Problem solving
History of science
Cognition
Vafa Guluzade (; 21 December 1940 – 1 May 2015) was an Azerbaijani diplomat, political scientist and specialist in conflict resolution. He worked as Foreign Policy State Advisor for Azerbaijan President Heydar Aliyev between 1990 and 1999.

Guluzade was born in Baku to a Shia Muslim family. He was married to Leyla Ahmadova. They had a daughter (1974–2010).

Guluzade died from heart failure after surgery on 1 May 2015 in Baku. He was 74.

Related pages
List of Asian scientists by country

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Academics
Azerbaijani politicians
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from surgical complications
Diplomats
Politicians from Baku
Political scientists
Michael Joseph Ingelido (November 20, 1916 – April 28, 2015) was an American Air Force major general. He was Commander of the Fourteenth Aerospace Force, (Air Defense Command), Ent Air Force Base in Colorado. He joined the Air Force in 1941 less than two weeks before the attack on Pearl Harbor of World War II, and retired in 1972 during the Vietnam War.

Ingelido was born in Meriden, Connecticut. He married his wife Elinor Affinto Ingelido in 1942. They had three sons.

Ingelido died from a stroke on April 28, 2015 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, aged 98.

References

1916 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American military personnel of World War II
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Colorado
People from Connecticut
David Bruce "Dave" Goldberg (October 2, 1967 – May 1, 2015) was an American businessman. He was a Yahoo! executive before joining SurveyMonkey in 2009, and later became CEO. He also co-founded LAUNCH Media with Bob Roback.

Goldberg was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota to a Jewish family. He graduated from Harvard University in 1989. He was married to Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg and had two children.

Goldberg died on May 1, 2015 at a resort in Punta Mita, near Puerto Vallarta in southwest Mexico, aged 47. He died from head trauma and blood loss after falling off a treadmill.

References

1960s births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths
American Jews
Harvard University alumni
Businesspeople from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Sarah Gonçalves Correa (14 August 1992 – 2 May 2015) was a Brazilian competitive free-style swimmer. She won the gold medal in the 4×200-metre freestyle at the 2010 South American Games in Medellín, Colombia, beating the competition record. At the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, she won the silver medal in the 4×200-metre freestyle. Born in Rio de Janeiro, retired from swimming in 2014 to become a model.

Correa was hit by a car while waiting at a bus stop on 1 May 2015 near her home in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. She died the next day (2 May), aged 22.

References

1989 births
2015 deaths
Brazilian models
Brazilian sportspeople
People from Rio de Janeiro
Road accident deaths
Swimmers
Harry Geisinger (October 31, 1933 – May 1, 2015) was an American politician for the Republican Party. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1969 to 1975 and then from 2005 until his death.

Geisinger was born in Roswell, Georgia. He got his Bachelors's degree in business from the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Geisinger died from leukemia on May 1, 2015, aged 81.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from leukemia
United States representatives from Georgia
US Republican Party politicians
Michael Lennox Blake (July 5, 1945 – May 2, 2015) was an American author and screenwriter. He was best known for the movie adaptation of his novel Dances with Wolves, for which he won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.

Blake was born in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and grew up in New Mexico, Texas and Southern California. He was married and had three sons.

Blake died after a long illness on May 2, 2015 in Tucson, Arizona. He was 69.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
2015 deaths
Academy Award winning writers
20th-century American novelists
Writers from New Mexico
Writers from Tucson, Arizona
Screenwriters from California
Writers from North Carolina
Writers from Texas
Philip Solomon Goodman (February 20, 1926 – May 2, 2015) was an American screenwriter, producer, and movie director. He was best known for directing the drama movie We Shall Return (1963), starring Cesar Romero. He also wrote for television series such as Profiles in Courage, Danger, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Rocky King Detective, and Johnny Staccato. He also directed plays at the Actors Studio.

Goodman was born in New York City to Flora and Solomon Goodman. He graduated from Brooklyn College and the University of Southern California (USC). He served in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946 during World War II. He was married to Evelyn Twersky and had two children, Nicholas, a producer, and Jody, a lawyer.

Goodman died on May 2, 2015 in New York City, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
American playwrights
American television writers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Abdul Wahid Aresar (11 October 1949 – 3 May 2015) was a Pakistani politician. He was the was one of the heads of the Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM), a political party in Sindh. He was the chairman of the party in the 1990s.

Aresar died on 3 May 2015 at a private hospital in Karachi, aged 65.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from disease
Pakistani politicians
Grace Lee Whitney (born Mary Ann Chase; April 1, 1930 - May 1, 2015) was an American actress and entertainer. She was best known as Janice Rand on the Star Trek television series.

Whitney died at her home in Coarsegold, California on May 1, 2015 from natural causes, aged 85.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Grace Lee Whitney Official Autograph site
 Janice Rand history 
 Grace Lee Whitney- Notable Names Database

1930 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Michigan
Singers from Michigan
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Revaz "Rezo" Chkheidze (; 8 December 1926 – 3 May 2015) was a Georgian movie director. He was known for directing Father of a Soldier and The Saplings, both of which entered at the Moscow Film Festival. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1980.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2015 deaths
Movie directors from Georgia (country)
Soviet people
Karl Guthe Jansky (October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American physicist and engineer. He worked in astronomy. In 1927, he discovered that the Milky Way emitted radio waves. This makes him one of the founding fathers of radio astronomy.

1905 births
1950 deaths
American physicists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New Jersey
Scientists from Oklahoma
Ahmad Akmad Usman y Batabol (1974 – 3 May 2015), better known as Abdul Basit Usman, was a Filipino Islamist and fugitive. He was a bomb making expert who was head of the Special Operations Group of the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters and had links with Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiyah groups.

Usman was born in a village in Shariff Aguak, Maguindanao to a Muslim family. He worked as an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) in Pakistan before taking part in militant activities.

Usman was killed on 3 May 2014 in Guindulungan, aged 40/41.

References

1974 births
2015 deaths
Deaths by firearm
Filipino people
Muslims
Duri Camichel (6 May 1982 – 28 April 2015) was a Swiss professional ice hockey player.

References

1982 births
2015 deaths
Swiss ice hockey players
Treehouses are platforms or buildings built into a tree. They are constructed around, next to, or in mature trees. They are usually above ground level. Tree houses can be used for recreation, work space or as an observation deck. A tree house can be a peaceful quiet place for seclusion or solitude.

Practical uses
Treehouses are often built for children to play. They are a natural extension of children's love of climbing trees. Treehouses can also be a casual retreat or working space, especially if provided with electricity. In many parts of the world guests can rent a treehouse. They can also stay in a treehouse hotel.

Sometimes they are built for protection against wild animals. In some parts of the tropics, houses are either fastened to trees or elevated on stilts. This is to keep the living quarters above the ground to protect occupants. A tree house can also be a place to store food from scavenging animals. The Korowai, a Papuan tribe in the southeast of Irian Jaya, live in tree houses. Some are nearly  high (see image below). They are used as protection against a tribe of neighbouring head-hunters, the Citak.

Tree houses are an option for building eco-friendly houses in remote forest areas. They do not require a clearing of a certain area of forest. Because they are elevated or built into forested areas, they are not desirable to some people.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Amazing Treehouses
 Sphere Tree House
 Short documentary
 Map of tree houses & treehouse hotels from around the world 

Habitats
Woodworking
French touch or French house was a kind of house music, which became popular in France in the mid 1990s, and spread to the rest of Europe later.

References 

Music
Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) is the debut album by American hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan released on November 9, 1993 by Loud Records. It was entirely produced by the group leader RZA.

The album has been considered to be one of the greatest hip-hop album in history and Wu-Tang Clan's best work.

Track list 
 "Bring Da Ruckus" - 4:10
 "Shame On A Nigga" - 2:57
 "Clan In Da Front" - 4:33
 "Wu-Tang: 7th Chamber" - 6:05
 "Can It Be All So Simple" - 6:53
 "Da Mystery of Chessboxin'" - 4:47
 "Wu-Tang Clan Ain't Nuthing Ta F' Wit" - 3:36
 "C.R.E.A.M." - 4:12
 "Method Man" - 5:51
 "Protect Ya Neck" - 4:52
 "Tearz" - 4:17
 "Wu-Tang: 7th Chamber - Part II" - 5:08
 "Method Man (Skun Mix)" - 3:12
 "Conclusion" - 1:00

References 

1993 albums
Hip hop albums
Michael Thomas Richter (born September 22, 1966) is an American retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 14 years in the National Hockey League (NHL) all with the New York Rangers. He also played for the United States in international play and won a silver medal with them at the 2002 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame along with his former teammate Brian Leetch in 2008.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Richter played college hockey with the University of Wisconsin–Madison Badgers from 1985 until 1987. He also played 2 years in the International Hockey League (IHL) with the Colorado Rangers/Denver Rangers organization.

He was drafted 28th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. On April 9, 1989, Richter made his NHL debut in Game 4 of the Division Semifinals against the Pittsburgh Penguins.

The Rangers lost the game and were eliminated from the playoffs but Richter was chosen to be a regular member of the team. The next two seasons, he shared goaltending duties with John Vanbiesbrouck. When the Rangers traded Vanbiesbrouck to the Vancouver Canucks before the 1993–94 season, Richter became the Rangers starting goaltender. During his first year as the Rangers starter, he was able to record 42 wins and a 2.57 goals against average, as the Rangers won the Presidents' Trophy. Richter was also named the Most Valuable Player of the NHL All-Star Game that year.

Richter helped the Rangers reach the Stanley Cup Finals against the Vancouver Canucks. During Game 4, Richter made a career highlight when he was able to stop a penalty shot by Pavel Bure. The Rangers were able to defeat the Canucks in Game 7 and win the Stanley Cup, their first since 1940. He helped the United States win the 1996 World Cup of Hockey and was named as the Most Valuable Player.

Richter was able to record 300 regular season wins before he was forced to retire from playing professional ice hockey on September 3, 2003 because of a skull fracture and concussion. On February 4, 2004, the Rangers retired Richter's jersey #35.

References

Other websites 

1966 births
American Olympic silver medalists
Living people
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
American ice hockey goaltenders
Ryan McHenry (13 December 1987 – 2 May 2015) was a Scottish movie director. He was best known for the movie Zombie Musical in which he received a nomination for the Best Director at the 2011 British Academy Scotland New Talent Awards. He also created the popular Ryan Gosling Won't Eat His Cereal series on Vine.

McHenry was born in Dumfries. He died from osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer), in Dumfries, aged 27.

References

Other websites
 

1987 births
2015 deaths
British movie directors
Cancer deaths in Scotland
Deaths from bone cancer
Scottish writers
Norman Thaddeus Vane (July 7, 1928 – May 2, 2015) was an American screenwriter, producer, playwright and movie director. He served as writer for the 1968 movie Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter. 

Later he was writer and associate producer of the movie Lola. He wrote the screenplay for the 1972 movie, 1931: Once Upon a Time in New York. Vane went on to direct the 1983 movie, Frightmare.

Vane died on May 2, 2015 from heart failure in Hollywood, California at age 86.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1928 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American playwrights
Screenwriters from New York
Movie producers from New York
Movie directors from New York
Joshua Ozersky (August 22, 1967 – May 4, 2015) was an American food writer and historian. He is known for being the finding editor of New York magazine's food blog, Grub Street.

Other websites
Official Ozersky.TV 
 Meatopia.org

1967 births
2015 deaths
American historians
Writers from Miami, Florida
Ste-Anne is a Catholic church building in the Lowertown neighbourhood of Ottawa, Canada. It was built in 1873 by architect J.P. LeCourt. It is built like churches in Quebec even though it is in Ontario. Ste-Anne is the home of St. Clement Parish, a  bilingual parish community that celebrates the Mass and other sacraments in Latin using the 1962 Roman Missal.

History
In the 1870s, the French Catholics in Ottawa were meeting at Notre-Dame Cathedral. This church was too small for them, so Bishop Joseph-Bruno Guigues decided to make a new church. The church was designed by J.P. LeCourt and built by Pierre Rocque. Bishop Guigues laid the cornerstone on May 4, 1873.

In April 2009, part of the roof fell down. The church was closed for 18 months while the roof was fixed. When the church was opened again, not many people were meeting there anymore, so the Archdiocese of Ottawa closed it again. Archbishop Terrence Prendergast gave the church to St. Clement Parish, who started to meet there on June 3, 2012.

Heritage Designation
Ste-Anne Catholic Church is an important building in the history of Ottawa. The province of Ontario lists it as a designated heritage property. The church has a plaque that describes the history of the church.

Architecture
The building is plain and made of stone. It has a round rose window like churches used to have in the Middle Ages. It has a steeple with four bells.

References

Roman Catholic churches
Ottawa
Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (; born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 January 1978, until 5 November 1982.

References

Other websites

  Prof.Dr.Mr. F. (Frits) Bolkestein (Parlement & Politiek)
 Frits Bolkestein at the European Commission
 Frits Bolkestein  at Leiden University

1933 births
Living people
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch academics
European Commissioners
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from Amsterdam
Writers from Amsterdam
Johannes Juliaan Gijsbert "Hans" Jansen (17 November 1942 - 5 May 2015) was a Dutch scholar of contemporary Islam and politician in the Netherlands. He was born in Amsterdam. Until his death he was a Member of the European Parliament for the political party Party for Freedom.

Jansen died of a stroke at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
His website, partially in English contains a list of publications and a CV.
Interview at religioscope site

1942 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from stroke
Dutch academics
Dutch Roman Catholics
Former MEPs
MEPs for the Netherlands
Party for Freedom politicians
Politicians from Amsterdam
Writers from Amsterdam
Austin St. John (born Jason Geiger; September 17, 1974) is an American EMT and former actor and martial artist. He is best known for his role as Jason Lee Scott, the original Red Ranger and first leader of the Power Rangers on the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.

St. John holds a second-degree black belt in taekwondo, a first-degree black belt in judo, and is also a practitioner of kenpo. St. John has also worked as an emergency medical technician and firefighter in Washington, D.C. and on the East Coast.

He graduated from Concordia University.

Filmography

Television
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Jason Lee Scott/Red Power Ranger (1993–1994)
Power Rangers Zeo - Jason Lee Scott/Gold Zeo Ranger (1996)
Exposé - Detective Anderson (1998) (TV movie)
Power Rangers: The Lost Episode - Himself/Jason Lee Scott/Red Power Ranger (1999)
Power Rangers Wild Force - Jason Lee Scott/Red Power Ranger (2002)
Footsteps - Police Investigator (2003) (TV movie)

Movies
Encyclopedia of Martial Arts: Hollywood Celebrities - Himself (1995)
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie - Jason Lee Scott (1997)

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
Actors from New Mexico
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American martial artists
American movie actors
American television actors
Firefighters
River Avon may refer to:

United Kingdom

England
River Avon, Devon, running from Ryder's Hill to Bigbury; also known as River Aune
River Avon, Warwickshire, running from Naseby to Tewkesbury (Also known as Shakespeare's Avon)
River Avon, Hampshire, running from Pewsey to Christchurch
River Avon, Bristol, running from Acton Turville to Avonmouth
Avon Water, Hampshire, running from Holmsley to Keyhaven

Scotland
River Avon, Falkirk, running from near Cumbernauld to Grangemouth
River Avon, Strathspey, running from Ben Macdui to Cragganmore
Avon Water, running from south of Darvel to Motherwell

Wales
River Avon, occasional anglicisation of the River Afan
Afon, the Welsh word for river, often anglicised to 'avon'

Canada
Avon River (Ontario)
Avon River (Nova Scotia)

New Zealand
Avon River (Canterbury)
Avon River (Marlborough)

Australia
Avon River (Gloucester), New South Wales
Avon River (Wollongong), New South Wales
Avon River (Gippsland, Victoria)
Avon River (Grampians, Victoria)
Avon River (Western Australia)

Related pages
 Avon