cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Stromboli  is a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily. It is one of the three active volcanoes in Italy. 

Stromboli is one of the eight Aeolian Islands, a volcanic arc north of Sicily. The volcano has erupted many times and is constantly active with minor eruptions, often visible from many points on the island and from the surrounding sea. This gave rise to the island's nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean". The most recent major eruption was on 13 April 2009. Stromboli stands 926 m (3,034 ft) above sea level, and over 2,700 m (8,860 ft) on average above the sea floor. 

There are three active craters at the peak. A significant geological feature of the volcano is the Sciara del Fuoco (stream of fire), a big horseshoe-shaped depression generated in the last 13,000 years by several collapses on the northwestern side of the cone. Two kilometers to the northeast lies Strombolicchio, the volcanic plug remnant of the original volcano.

References 

Volcanoes of Italy
Sicily
Kit Bond (born March 6, 1939) is a former United States Senator from Missouri and a member of the Republican Party. Before his career in the U.S. Senate, Bond served two non-consecutive terms as Governor of Missouri, from 1973 to 1977 and from 1981 to 1985. He was previously State Auditor of Missouri from 1971 to 1973.

Bond was born on March 6, 1939 in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1960 he graduated from Princeton University. He received a law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law. He is married to Linda Bond.

References

Other websites

 Kit Bond Strategies LLP

1939 births
Living people
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Missouri
Governors of Missouri
Princeton University alumni
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
There are 3 arrondissements in the Aude department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Aude are:

 Arrondissement of Carcassonne, (prefecture: Carcassonne), with 207 communes.
 Arrondissement of Limoux, (subprefecture: Limoux), with 147 communes.
 Arrondissement of Narbonne, (subprefecture: Narbonne), with 82 communes.

History
Since its creation, the Aude department has had few changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with six districts: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Lagrasse, Limoux, Narbonne and Quillan; the capital was Carcassonne.
 1800 : creation of four arrondissements: Carcassonne (including the old district of Lagrasse), Castelnaudary, Limoux (including the old district of Quillan) and Narbonne.
 1926 : the arrondissement of Castelnaudary was eliminated and was made part of the arrondissement of Carcassonne.

Related pages
Arrondissement of Carcassonne
Arrondissement of Limoux
Arrondissement of Narbonne
List of arrondissements of France

References

Aude
was a Japanese-born American physicist, a professor at the University of Chicago.

Works
Nambu was known for his works to the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded a one-half share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 for the discovery in 1960 of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics, related at first to the strong interaction's chiral symmetry and later to the electroweak interaction and Higgs mechanism.  

The other half share was split equally between Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."

Nambu became a U.S. citizen in 1970.

References

1921 births
2015 deaths
American academics
American Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Japanese physicists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Tokyo
American theoretical physicists
Wolf Prize winners
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
University of Tokyo alumni
University of Tokyo faculty
Van Miller (November 22, 1927 – July 17, 2015) was an American radio and television sports announcer. He was born in Dunkirk, New York. Miller was known for being the official sports announcer for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League. He worked for them from 1960 to 1971, and again from 1977 to 2003. At the time of his retirement in 2003, Miller was the longest-tenured commentator with one team (37 years) in pro football history.

Miller died from natural causes in Buffalo, New York, aged 87.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Sportspeople from New York
Zhenyuanlong is a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. It lived in the early Cretaceous period, about 125 million years ago. 

There is just one specimen. It is estimated the skeleton would have been about 165 centimetres (5.41 ft) long when complete. That means the animal was too large to have flown, especially since early flight was, almost certainly, less efficient than the flight of modern birds. It would surely have looked more like a bird than a modern reptile. This is shown in most reconstructions of dinobirds.

This type specimen has a nearly complete skeleton with traces of feathers, including long tail feathers and large wings. This specimen is the first evidence of well-developed feathers in a large, non-flying dromaeosaur. The feathers probably had two functions: temperature control and signalling.

References 

Dromaeosauridae
Jon Llewellyn Kyl (born April 25, 1942) is an American politician. He served as the United States Senator from Arizona from September 2018 to December 2018 after the death of John McCain. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 1995. Before his 2018 appointment, Kyle served in the United States Senate from January 3, 1995, to January 3, 2013. He was the senate Republican party whip from 2007 until 2013.

Kyl was born on April 25, 1942 in Oakland, Nebraska. He was the son of John Henry Kyl, a Republican congressman from Iowa. In 1964 he graduated from the University of Arizona with a bachelor's degree in political science. In 1966 Kyle graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of Law. He was editor-in-chief of the school's law review. In 1966 Kyle joined the Phoenix, Arizona law firm of Jennings, Strouss, and Salmon. In 1985, he was a member of the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce. He is married to Caryll Collins. They have two children and several grandchildren.

In September 2018, Kyl was appointed by Governor Doug Ducey to serve in the Senate seat left empty by the death of John McCain. He retired from the Senate on December 31, 2018.

References

Other websites

 Covington & Burling LLP
 American Enterprise Institute - Jon Kyl

1942 births
Living people
Lawyers from Nebraska
Politicians from Nebraska
United States representatives from Arizona
United States senators from Arizona
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from Arizona
Norm Coleman (born August 17, 1949) is an American politician. He is a former United States Senator from Minnesota. Before becoming a Senator, he was Mayor of Saint Paul, Minnesota (1994–2002). He ran for Governor of Minnesota in 1998 but lost to Jesse Ventura.

Coleman was born on August 17, 1949 in Brooklyn, New York City. He graduated from Hofstra University. Coleman received his J.D. degree from the University of Iowa College of Law. He is married to Laurie (Casserly) Coleman. They have four children.

References

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
American mayors
Politicians from Brooklyn
United States senators from Minnesota
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Alex Rocco (born Alexander Federico Petricone; (February 29, 1936 - July 18, 2015) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Moe Greene in The Godfather. He was also known for his roles in Facts of Life, The Famous Teddy Z, The Simpsons, A Bug's Life, and Get Shorty. He won an Emmy Award in 1990.

Other websites

1936 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
John Taylor (25 September 1942 – 17 July 2015) was a British jazz pianist. He was born in Manchester. Taylor was known for forming the Jazz band Azimuth. 

Taylor died of a heart attack at the age of 72.

Other websites
 
 BBC Music Review of the John Taylor album Rosslyn
 Jazz Times on John Taylor & Kenny Wheeler 

1942 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
British jazz musicians
British pianists
People from Manchester
Galina Nikolayevna Prozumenshchikova (, ); 26 November 1948 – 19 July 2015) was a Soviet breaststroke swimmer. She was bornn in Sevastopol, Russian SFSR.

She won five Olympic medals in 1964, 1968 and 1972 and five European Championships medals in 1966 and 1970. Her first Olympic medal, the gold in 200 m breaststroke in 1964, was the first Olympic gold in swimming for the Soviet Union. In 1964–1966 she set five world records: four in 200 m and one in 100 m breaststroke events. Between 1963 and 1972 she won 15 national titles and set 27 national records.

She died of an illness in Moscow.

Notes

1948 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Russia
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics

Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Soviet Olympic silver medalists
Swimmers
Harold "Harry" Landers (born Harold Sorokin; September 3, 1921 – September 10, 2017) was an American actor. He was born in New York City, New York. He was known for his roles in Up Periscope (1959), The Gallant Hours (1960), and the Elvis Presley western Charro! (1969).

On January 4, 2018, it was announced that Landers died on September 10, 2017 in Calabasas, California of natural causes at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
 
 Harry Landers at the American Film Institute
 Interview with Harry Landers Classic TV History Blog, April 30, 2010

1921 births
2017 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Oskar Gröning (sometimes transliterated as Oscar Groening in English; 10 June 1921 – 9 March 2018) was a German former SS-Unterscharführeformer member of the Waffen-SS. He was stationed at Auschwitz concentration camp. Early life  

Gröning was born on 10 June 1921, in Lower Saxony, the son of a strict conservative and skilled textile worker. His mother died when he was four.

Years at Auschwitz
His responsibilities included counting and sorting the money taken from prisoners, and he was in charge of the effects prisoners had arrived with. On a few occasions he witnessed the procedures of mass-killing in the camp. Gröning was captured by the British on 10 June 1945.

Upon his return to Germany he led a normal life, reluctant to talk about his time in Auschwitz. However, more than 40 years later, he decided to make his activities at Auschwitz public after learning about Holocaust denial. He has since openly criticised those who deny the events that he witnessed.

Trial
In September 2014,  Gröning was charged by German prosecutors as an accessory to murder, in 300,000 cases, for his role at the Auschwitz concentration camp. His trial began in April 2015, after the court had ruled that, at the age of 93, he was still fit to stand trial. The trial was held in Lüneburg, Germany. On 15 July 2015 he was found guilty of facilitating mass murder and sentenced to four years imprisonment.

Death
On 9 March 2018, Gröning died at hospital before he had to begin his sentence, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 

1921 births
2018 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Holocaust deniers
Holocaust perpetrators
People from Lower Saxony
SS people
Waffen-SS people
Gennadiy Nikolayevich Seleznyov (; 6 November 1947 – 19 July 2015) was a Russian politician. He was the Speaker of the Duma from 1996 to 2003.

Seleznyov died in Moscow at the age of 67.

References

1947 births
2015 deaths
Russian politicians
Civil servants
Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (12 December 1875 – 24 February 1953) was a German Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) during World War II.

Rundstedt was born into a Prussian family with a long military tradition. He joined the Imperial German Army in 1892 and rose through the ranks. In World War I he served mainly as a staff officer. In the inter-war years, he continued his military career, reaching the rank of Colonel General (Generaloberst) before retiring in 1938.

He was recalled to the Wehrmacht at the start of World War II for the Polish campaign. He commanded Army Group A during the German invasion of France, and was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in 1940. In the Russian Campaign, he commanded Army Group South. The achieved the largest encirclement in history at the first Battle of Kiev. 

Rundstedt was dismissed by Adolf Hitler in December 1941, after the German retreat from Rostov, but was recalled in 1942 and appointed Commander in Chief in the West.

He was dismissed again after the German defeat in Normandy in July 1944, but was again recalled as Commander in Chief in the West in September, holding this post until his final dismissal by Hitler in March 1945. 

Rundstedt was aware of the various plots to depose Hitler, but refused to support them. After the war, he was charged with war crimes, but did not face trial due to his age and poor health. He was released in 1949, and died in Hanover in 1953.

1875 births
1953 deaths
German generals of World War II
German military personnel of World War I
People from Prussia
People from Saxony-Anhalt
Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was a Deputy U.S. Marshal, Deputy Sheriff, and Deputy Town Marshal in the Old West. In Tombstone, Arizona Territory, Earp took part in the Gunfight at (near) the O.K. Corral, during which lawmen killed three outlaws.

He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone, but his brother Virgil was Tombstone City Marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day. His brother had more experience as a sheriff, constable, marshal, and soldier in combat.

Earp lived a restless life. He was at different times in his life a constable, city policeman, county sheriff, Deputy U.S. Marshal, Deputy Sheriff, teamster, buffalo hunter, saloon-owner, gambler, mine owner, bouncer, brothel owner, and boxing referee.

After an unsettled life as a young man, Earp landed in the cattle boomtown of Wichita, Kansas, where he became a deputy city marshal for one year and developed a solid reputation as a lawman. In 1876, he followed his brother James to Dodge City, Kansas, where he became an assistant city marshal. In winter 1878, he went to Texas to gamble, where he met John Henry "Doc" Holliday, whom Earp said saved his life.

Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another. He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil, where a silver boom was underway. The Earps bought an interest in the Vizina mine and some water rights. Wyatt, Virgil, and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury, and Ike and Billy Clanton, who threatened to kill the Earps.

The conflict escalated over the next year, culminating on October 26, 1881 in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the "Cowboys" (the Clanton/ McLaury porn group). In the next five months, Virgil was ambushed and maimed, and Morgan was assassinated. Pursuing a vendetta, Wyatt, his brother Warren, Holliday, and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible. Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights, unlike his brothers Virgil and James or Doc Holliday, which only added to his mystique after his death.

After Earp died in 1929, a flattering, largely fictionalized biography was published in 1931. It became a bestseller, and made his reputation as a fearless lawman. Since then, Wyatt Earp has been the subject of and model for numerous films, TV shows, biographies, and works of fiction that have increased his mystique. Earp's modern-day reputation is that of the Old West's "toughest and deadliest gunman of his day".  Wyatt Earp has become synonymous with the image of the Western lawman, and is a symbol of American frontier justice.

Two years before his death, Earp defended his decisions before the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and his actions afterward in an interview with Stuart Lake, author of the 1931 largely fictionalized biography, Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal:

References 

1848 births
1929 deaths
American Old West
American police officers
History of Arizona
People from Illinois
People from Dodge City, Kansas
In physics, absolute zero (0 K) is the coldest temperature. At that point, subatomic particles stop moving (entropy is at its minimum). Certain things can reach temperatures below absolute zero, known as negative temperatures. This is very difficult to do, and only very small objects can reach negative temperatures.

It might seem absurd, but things at negative temperatures are actually hotter than things at positive temperatures (above absolute zero). If something with a negative temperature comes in contact with a positive-temperature object, heat will go from the negative object to the positive. This is because temperature is a trade-off between energy and entropy. If you add energy to a positive-temperature object, it will increase in entropy. If you add energy to a negative-temperature object, it will decrease in entropy.

Many objects cannot achieve negative temperatures, because adding energy to them will increase their entropy. Only very small things discussed in quantum mechanics can reach this state.

References 

Thermodynamics
The Algarve Cup is a yearly women's association football tournament that has international teams from around the world. It takes place in the Algarve area of Portugal.

The team with the most titles is the United States, with 10. Norway has also won the tournament four times, Germany three times, Sweden three times, China twice and Canada and Spain have won it once.

Even though the Algarve Cup is a very important tournament in women's football, there is no male version of the tournament.

Results

Other websites 

 All results of the Algarve Cup 
 Algarve Cup on WomensSoccerUnited.com

Football in Portugal
Charlie Alexander Villanueva is a Dominican-American professional basketball player. He has played for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association.

Dallas Mavericks players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Dominican Republic sportspeople
American basketball players
The 2015 Algarve Cup was the 22nd Algarve Cup. It was won by the United States.

Teams 

 (hosts)

Group Stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Final group stage ranking 

The top ranked teams in each Group (A, B and C) are shown below:

The runners-up in each Group (A, B and C) are shown below:

The top third placed teams in each Group (A, B and C) are shown below:

The top worst teams in each Group (A, B and C) are shown below:

Final stage

Final

Third-place match

Fifth-place match

Seventh-place match

Ninth-place match

Eleventh-place match

Final positions

Statistics

Top goalscorers 

4 goals
 Sofia Jakobsson

3 goals

 Marta
 Sanne Troelsgaard Nielsen
 Eugénie Le Sommer
 Alexandra Popp
 Solveig Gulbrandsen

2 goals

 Andressa
 Pernille Harder
 Gaëtane Thiney
 Dzsenifer Marozsán
 Anja Mittag
 Kozue Ando
 Dolores Silva
 Caroline Seger
 Lara Dickenmann
 Carli Lloyd

1 goal

 Bia
 Bruna
 Gu Yasha
 Wang Shanshan
 Xu Yanlu
 Caroline Rask
 Johanna Rasmussen
 Camille Abily
 Kenza Dali
 Claire Lavogez
 Simone Laudehr
 Célia Šašić
 Yuri Kawamura
 Nahomi Kawasumi
 Aya Miyama
 Yuika Sugasawa
 Kumi Yokoyama
 Melissa Bjånesøy
 Emilie Haavi
 Ada Hegerberg
 Isabell Herlovsen
 Ingrid Moe Wold
 Trine Bjerke Rønning
 Laura Luís
 Cláudia Neto
 Filipa Rodrigues
 Kosovare Asllani
 Lotta Schelin
 Fabienne Humm
 Rahel Kiwic
 Lia Wälti
 Julie Johnston
 Alex Morgan
 Christen Press
 Amy Rodriguez
 Abby Wambach

Other websites 
Official website report

References 

2015 in association football
Football in Portugal
The France women's national football team is the women's association football team that represents France. The team wasn't very good in the beginning, but they became a powerful team. They reached the quarter-finals of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. They finished fourth in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Their best performance in the UEFA Women's Championship was in the 2013 and 2007 tournament, where they reached the quarter-finals. The top scorer of the team is currently Marinette Pichon, with 81 goals.

Other websites 
 Official website

Football in France
European women's national association football teams
Marinette Pichon (born on 26 November 1975 in Bar-sur-Aube, France) is a retired association football player who played for FCF Juvisy, New Jersey Wildcats, etc. and the France women's national football team. She is currently the top scorer of the French team.

Other websites 

Profile at Footofeminin.fr
Profile at WUSA

1975 births
French footballers
LGBT sportspeople
Louisa Nécib (born 23 January 1987 in Marseille, France, also called Ziza) is a retired French association football player. She is of Algerian descent. Nécib played for Olympique Lyonnais for most of her career. She was often compared to the great French player, Zinedine Zidane.

Personal life 

She was born in Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France on 23 January 1987 to Algerian parents. She was raised in Busserine, a quarter in the Northern part of Marseille. She loved football at a young age. Before that, she was a gymnast. After joining Olympique Lyonnais in 2007, she went to Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, a university in Marseille. She wanted to study "Science and Technology of Sport and Physical Activity."

Career

International

Honours

Club
Celtic Marseille
Division 3 Féminine (1): 2003–04

Montpellier
Challenge de France (1): 2006–07

Lyon
Division 1 Féminine (9): 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Coupe de France Féminine (6): 2007–08, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
UEFA Women's Champions League (3): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2015–16
International Women's Club Championship (1): 2012
Valais Cup (1): 2014

International
France
Cyprus Cup (2): 2012, 2014

Individual
 UNFP Female Player of the Year:  2008–09
 FIFA Women's World Cup All-Star Team: 2011
 FIFA Puskás Award nominee: 2013

References

Other websites 

 Louisa Nécib on SoccerWay.com
 Club profile 
 French Football Federation profile  
 StatsFootoFeminin profile 
 ESPN Soccernet profile 

1987 births
French footballers
Sportspeople from Marseille
Living people
Van Alexander (born Alexander Van Vliet Feldman, May 2, 1915 – July 19, 2015) was an American bandleader, arranger and composer. He was known for his song "A-Tisket, A-Tasket". He also performed music on television. Alexander won several Emmy Awards for his television scores.

Alexander turned 100 in May 2015 and died on July 19, 2015 of heart failure in Los Angeles.

References

Other websites

Emmy Award winners
1915 births
2015 deaths
American centenarians
American composers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from heart failure
Musicians from New York City
John E. Sununu (born September 10, 1964) is a former United States Senator from New Hampshire and a member of the Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2003. Sununu served in the United States Senate from January 3, 2003, to January 3, 2009.

Sununu was born on September 10, 1964 in Boston, Massachusetts to former Governor of New Hampshire John H. Sununu. He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Harvard Business School. He is married to Kitty Sununu. They have three children. His brother, Chris Sununu is the Governor-elect of New Hampshire.

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Engineers from Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
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United States senators from New Hampshire
US Republican Party politicians
Robert Zero Karl Oskar Broberg (2 July 1940 – 21 July 2015) was a Swedish singer, composer and artist. In 1989 he received "Karamelodiktstipendiet" Award.

Broberg died in Stockholm, Sweden from Parkinson's disease, aged 75.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1940 births
2015 deaths
Composers
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
Swedish singers
Dieter Moebius (16 January 1944 – 20 July 2015) was a German-Swiss electronic musician. He founded a band Kluster in 1969.

References

Other websites

 Official site 

1944 births
2015 deaths
German musicians
Swiss musicians
Dirk "Dick" Jacobus Willem Nanninga (17 January 1949 – 21 July 2015) was a Dutch footballer, who played for the Dutch clubs BV Veendam, Roda JC and MVV Maastricht. He also had a short spell with Hong Kong club Seiko.

Nanninga earned 15 caps and scored 6 goals for the Netherlands national football team. In the 1978 FIFA World Cup final, he scored the equalizing goal against Argentina in normal time; however, Argentina went on to win 3–1 in extra time.

In 2012 Nanninga went into a coma and only regained conscience five months later. Due to diabetes his left lower leg had to be amputated.

Having lost left lower leg, he was asked what he missed most about not having a leg. The answer went along the lines of, "..er, well, actually eh..., the lower part." In 2014 his right lower leg also had to be amputated. His death was announced on 21 July 2015.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Dutch footballers
People from Groningen (city)
Sportspeople from Groningen (province)
James Abdnor (February 13, 1923 – May 16, 2012) was a Republican U.S. Senator from South Dakota. He served in the United States Senate from 1981 to 1987. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1973 to 1981.

Abdnor was born on February 13, 1923 in Kennebec, South Dakota. He graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 1945. Abdnor died on May 16, 2012, at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 

1923 births
2012 deaths
Administrators of the Small Business Administration
American military personnel of World War II
Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico
United States representatives from South Dakota
United States senators from South Dakota
US Republican Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of South Dakota
Sven Axel Christofer Hedfors (born 18 December 1977), better known under his stage name Axwell, is a Swedish DJ and record producer. He is a remixer and owner of Axtone Records. He is one third of what once was the Swedish House Mafia along with Sebastian Ingrosso and Steve Angello. In 2013 he was placed 19th on the DJ Magazine Top 100 DJ Poll.

References 

DJs
Spencer Bachus (born December 28, 1947) is an American politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1993 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he served as chairman of the House Financial Services Committee (2011–2013).

Bachus was born on December 28, 1947 in Birmingham, Alabama. He graduated in 1969 from Auburn University. In 1972 he graduated from the University of Alabama School of Law. He is married to Linda Bachus. They have five children.

References

Other websites

 
 Chairman Spencer Bachus 

1947 births
Living people
Lawyers from Birmingham, Alabama
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
United States representatives from Alabama
US Republican Party politicians
Jeb Hensarling (born May 29, 1957) is an American politician. Hensarling was the U.S. Representative for Texas's 5th congressional district, serving from 2003 to 2019.

He was the chair of the House Financial Services Committee, and has previously served as the chairman of the House Republican Conference from 2011 to 2013. Hensarling is a member of the Republican Party.

On October 31, 2017, Hensarling announced that he would retire from Congress at the end of his current term, and would not seek re-election in 2018.

Hensarling was born on May 29, 1957 in Stephenville, Texas. He graduated from Texas A&M University with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He received his Juris Doctor at University of Texas at Austin. He is married to Melissa Hensarling. They have two children.

References

Other websites

 Jeb Hensarling, U.S. Representative, Home Page 

1957 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Texas
American chief executives
United States representatives from Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Isithembu means polygamy and is still a custom in many parts of Africa. Isithembu (also called Sethepu) is the African custom of a man being able to have more than one wife at the same time. There were and are several situations that allow a man to have additional wives. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives cannot have children. He keeps his current wife or wives as divorce is not allowed. She becomes the senior wife, a position of honor. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives have not produced male children. He can marry again if a wife does not want children. In some places, if a man dies, his wife or wives are married to his brother. This way his family is cared for. The Swazi culture says a man should have many wives. Polygamy (Isithembu) is normal for men. Woman should have children, which is normal for them.

Simple polygamy 
 Some African tribes practice a simple form of polygamy. If a man marries one wife after another they have no rankings and are simply the number one wife, number two, and so on. Simple polygamy is one man (for example) married to two or more women.

Complex polygamy 
 Isithembu as practiced by the Xhosa people is a complex form of polygamy. In this system a man's wives all have positions in the family. Where a man has two wives the family is divided into two branches called "estates". The household (wife, children, members of her family and servants) belonging to his first wife is called the "great house" (indlunkulu). His next wife's household is called the "Right hand house" (ukunene). If he takes a third wife, she and her children are affiliated to the great house. Hers is called a "support house" (iqadi). In some cases the third wife served the first wife as a servant before she was married. Should there be a fourth wife, she and her household are also iqadi and affiliated with the right hand house.

 The Zulu people also have a complex form of polygamy. A man's wives form a great house (indlunkulu), a right hand house (iqadi), and a left hand house (ikhohlwa). If there is a fourth or iqadi house, she does not have the same rights as the other three.

References

Other websites 
 How do Zulus explain polygamy?
 Just another day in Mzansi
 Polygamy, South Africa

Marriage
African culture
Family
Edgar Lawrence "E. L." Doctorow (January 6, 1931July 21, 2015) was an American author. He was best known for his works of historical fiction. He was mostly known for his books The Book of Daniel, Ragtime, and Billy Bathgate.

Early life
Doctorow was born in The Bronx, New York City. His mother was Rose Doctorow and his father was David Doctorow, both of Jewish descent. He studied at Kenyon College and at Columbia University. In 1953, he married Helen Esther Setzer. They had three children.

Academic career 
Doctorow taught at several universities. He was professor of English and American letters at New York University.

Awards
Doctorow won many writing awards, including the National Book Critics Circle Award for Ragtime, National Book Critics Circle Award for Billy Bathgate, National Book Critics Circle Award for The March, and the American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Fiction. 

President Barack Obama called him "one of America's greatest novelists".

Death
Doctorow died of lung cancer on July 21, 2015, aged 84, in Manhattan. His wife Helen and their three children were still alive.

References

Other websites

"The Limits of Optimism: E.L. Doctorow and the American Left" by Joseph G. Ramsey http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/07/28/the-limits-of-optimism-e-l-doctorow-and-the-american-left/
 

 
 
 

1931 births
2015 deaths
American novelists
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from lung cancer
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Writers from New York City
Educators from New York City
Luiz Paulo Fernández Conde (6 August 1934 – 21 July 2015) was a Brazilian politician and architect. Conde served as the Vice Governor of Rio de Janeiro state from 2003 to 2007. He previously served as the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro from 1997 to 2001. Conde was born in Rio de Janeiro.

Conde died in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 80.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Brazilian politicians
Mayors
Brazilian architects
People from Rio de Janeiro
Carmino Ravosa (January 29, 1930 – July 19, 2015) was an American composer and lyricist, singer, pianist, as well as a producer, director, and musical historian. Ravosa, who wrote music for children for decades. He was one of the most popular songwriters for schools in the country.

Ravosa was an author and editor for Silver Burdett & Ginn's music textbook series "World of Music" and "The Music Connection", and the composer of the theme musicals in the two series. He also was a songwriter for the CBS children's shows Captain Kangaroo and Romper Room, the PBS program Shining Time Station, and the PBS publication Sesame Street Magazine.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
American singer-songwriters
American pianists
American composers
American television producers
American television directors
American historians
Singers from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Singers from New York
Musicians from New York
Writers from New York
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
The Aude is a river of southern French. It starts in the Pyrénées mountains and ends in the Mediterranean Sea. The Aude department is named after this river.

In Roman times, the Aude was called Atax by the Romans. In all likelihood the current name comes from gradual changes of Atax, a word borrowed from the Celtic atacos meaning "spirited" or "very fast"

Geography
The Aude has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 41.40 cubic metres per second at Moussan.

Course
The Aude starts in the Massif of Carlit at the Lac d'Aude at an elevation of  in the commune of Les Angles (Pyrénées-Orientales department).

From the Pyrénées to Carcassonne, the river flows generally from south to north and then turns to the east. The river then flows into the Mediterranean Sea a few kilometres from Narbonne at Grau de Vendres (near Cabanes-de-Fleury) on the border between the departments of Aude and Hérault.
 
The Aude flows through 1 region, 4 departments and 75 communes. The main communes are:

 Occitanie region
 Ariège: Rouze
 Pyrénées-Orientales: Matemale, Formiguères
 Aude: Axat, Quillan, Couiza, Limoux, Carcassonne, Trèbes, Narbonne, Coursan
 Hérault: Olonzac, Lespignan, Vendres

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries (30 km  or more long) of the Aude river are:
 Left tributaries
 Rébenty - 33.6 km;
 Sou - 29.5 km;
 Fresquel - 63 km;
 Orbiel - 40.9 km;
 Argent-Double - 37.4 km;
 Cesse - 53.5 km;
 Right tributaries
 Lauquet - 36.6 km;
 Orbieu - 84.1 km;

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station Y1612020 - L'Aude à Moussan 

Rivers of France
Occitanie
A gamebook is a book that is also a game. It is sometimes called solo adventure, or choose your own adventure (CYOA). Choose Your Own Adventure is the name of a famous series of gamebooks.

Description 

The book is made of several paragraphs. The paragraphs are numbered. You do not read the paragraphs in order. At the end of a paragraph, you make a choice between two or more possibilities; your choice leads to another paragraph.

For example,
 Paragraph 1. Your are in a corridor. There are two doors: one on the left, one on the right.
 If you want to open the left door, read the paragraph 2.
 If you want to open the right door, read the paragraph 3.
 etc.

You can read the book several times. If you make different choices, you read a different story each time.

Use of gamebooks 

Some gamebooks are adventure games. They tell the story of an adventurer. These books are usually related to role-playing games. They are often science-fiction books, or fantasy books.

Some gamebooks are educational. They are used to learn something. A gamebook is funny to read; the reader is active (he makes choices). The gamebook can describe real situations where people must make choices; the paragraphs explain the consequences of the choices. Gamebooks can be a good way to make a subject more interesting.

Gamebooks can contain small games inside: riddles, puzzles, dice games, etc.

Famous series 

 Choose Your Own Adventure: American series started in 1976. The creator is Edward Packard.
 Fighting Fantasy: British series started in 1982. The books are translated in many languages. The creators are Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone.
 Lone Wolf: British series started in 1984. The author is Joe Dever.
Some series are spin-offs of novels. For example, the gamebooks series Give Yourself Goosebumps is a spin-off of the Goosebumps series.

Some gamebooks are adventure for role-playing games (RPGs), played by only one people. They are called "solo adventure", or "solitaire adventure". The first solo adventure was written in 1976 for the RPG Tunnels and Trolls.

Some games are spin-offs of gamebooks. For example,
 several video games are based on Fighting Fantasy gamebooks;
 several traditional role-playing games are based on gamebooks:
 Advanced Fighting Fantasy is a RPG based on Fighting Fantasy gamebooks,
 Lone Wolf Adventure Game is a RPG based on Lone Wolf gamebooks.

Related pages
 Role-playing game

Genres
Games
The Basilica Cistern  is the largest of several hundred ancient cisterns under the city of Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), Turkey. The cistern, is close to the Hagia Sophia.

History 
Emperor Justinian I commissioned his city prefect Longinus to build it. It was completed in 532, after the Nika riots. As many as 7,000 slaves worked to build the cistern.

The large cistern provided a water source for the emperor's palace. Sometime before the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 the cistern was closed. It was discovered in 1545 by Petrus Gyllius. After that Ottoman city officials used it for dumping waste including corpses. It has been restored at least three times. In 1985 it was closed for cleaning again. In 1987 it was opened to the public as a tourist attraction. 2 million tourist visited the Cistern in 2013.

Size 
The cistern is a huge underground room that measures about  by  It is about  in area. The cistern can hold  of water. The ceiling is supported by 336 marble columns. Each one is  high.

Modern Culture 
The cistern was used for a James Bond movie From Russia with Love. Also the 2009 movie The International was shot here. The 2011 video game, Assassin's Creed: Revelations includes scenes from the Basilica Cistern.

References

Other websites 
 Basilica Cistern by Gizemli Kişi
 The Basilica Cistern, the Coolest Spot in Town
 Kerim Bey's Escape Route (Basilica Cistern) 

Buildings and structures in Turkey
6th century
Byzantine Empire
Advocacy can be defined as "public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy". It is a political process by an individual or group which aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions.

Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes. These can include media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research. It can include conducting exit polls or the filing of an amicus brief. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy. This is where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue in modern politics. Professional lobbyists are employed by advocacy groups also called special interest groups.

There are any number of corporations, religious groups, citizen groups, think tanks and foundations who want to make sure their interests are heard by lawmakers. This is both in the United States and the European Union. Advocacy groups also use their influence in the election and appointing of judges.

References 

Legal terms
The North American Chevrolet TrailBlazer was a midsize SUV sold by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. The name came from a trim package on the S10 Blazer in 1999.

History 
In 2002 the TrailBlazer became its own model and was made through the 2009 model year. It replaced the Blazer as Chevrolet's medium size sport utility vehicle. In 2002 it came with a 270 horsepower 4.2 liter engine. It was built on a truck chassis and came with four-wheel drive. It also had four-wheel disc brakes with an anti-lock braking system. There were two trim levels, LT and SS. The SS model came with a 6.0 liter LS2 V8 engine with 390 horsepower. The SS also had 20" aluminum wheels. The TrailBlazer also offered an extended package that had third row seating. In June 2008 GM announced that the TrailBlazer and its siblings would be discontinued due to the decision to close Moraine Assembly. The last TrailBlazer rolled off the assembly line on December 15, 2008.

In 2012 the TrailBlazer name was brought back for international sales. The new TrailBlazer is built in Thailand and is to be sold in  Thailand. The new TrailBlazer is built on the second generation Chevrolet Colorado chassis. It will be sold worldwide except not in the United States. Chevrolet feels it would steal sales from its Equinox and Traverse CUVs. Although not a true SUV, the Traverse replaced the TrailBlazer in the US model lineup.

References 

TrailBlazer
Sport utility vehicles
The Grant's gazelle (Nanger granti) is a species of gazelle. It lives in many parts of East Africa. Its Swahili name is Swala Granti. It is named after explorer James A. Grant.

Description
The Grant's gazelle stands  tall. The females weigh between  and males weigh between . Its coat is a beige orange on the back with a white belly. The Grant's gazelle looks similar to a Thomson's gazelle, except for some distinguishing features, such as a different horn shape. Grant's gazelles are very fast.

The Grant's gazelle is found in East Africa. It lives in open grass plains and shrublands. They are well adapted to dry areas. They get most of their water by eating plants.

Predators
The most common predators of the Grant's gazelle are cheetahs and wild dogs. Humans also hunt gazelles. Jackals are predators of fawns.

Status
The Grant’s gazelle is still a common species, but its population is going down. Estimates of the population range from 140,000 to 350,000. It is threatened by habitat destruction and hunting. It is protected in national parks and reserves in Tanzania and Kenya.

References

Mammals of Africa
Bovids
EXID is a five-member South Korean-Pop girl group. Its members are Solji, LE, Hani, Hyelin and Junghwa. They debuted on February 12, 2012 with the release of "Holla". The quintet released their first EP Hippity Hop in August 2012. It was met with limited success. Their 2014 single "Up & Down", however, reached number one on the Gaon Singles Chart four months after its release.
They mostly became more famous after the fancam of the member " hani " which hits 10 Views on YouTube .

EXID released their next mini-album Ah Yeah on April 13, 2015. The song of the same name "Ah Yeah" was its lead single. The single also was met with commercial success as it peaked at the runner-up position on the Gaon Singles Chart.

Members
 Solji (), real name Heo Sol Ji (허솔지).
 LE (), real name Ahn Hyo Jin (안효진).
 Hani (), real name Ahn Hee Youn (안희연). 
 Hyelin (), real name Seo Hye Lin (서혜린).
 Junghwa (), real name Park Jung Hwa (박정화).

Discography

EP
 Hippity Hop (2012)
 Ah Yeah (2015)

References

Other websites

 Kara Official Internet Cafe 

K-pop music groups
South Korean girl groups
2012 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in South Korea
K-pop singers
Christopher M. Fairman (1960 or 1961 – July 22, 2015) was an American professor of law at the Ohio State University Moritz College of Law and Associate Dean for Faculty. He was also the C. William O'Neill Professor in Law and Judicial Administration. He was known for his book Fuck: Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties. Fairman was born in Kansas. He was awarded the "Outstanding Professor Award 2003" by the Graduating Class of 2003.

Fairman died after suffering cardiac arrest in Columbus, Ohio, aged 54.

References

Other websites

1960s births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Educators from Kansas
American activists
Writers from Kansas
Spencer Abraham (born June 12, 1952) is an American politician. He represented Michigan in the United States Senate from 1995 until 2001. He was the 10th United States Secretary of Energy. He is a Republican.

Abraham was born on June 12, 1952 in East Lansing, Michigan. He graduated from Michigan State University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974. Abraham received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1979. He is married to Jane Abraham.

References

Other websites
 Biography NGR 
 Spencer Abraham Chairman & CEO 

1952 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Michigan
United States Secretaries of Energy
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
The Pschent was the name of the Double Crown of Ancient Egypt. The Ancient Egyptians called it sekhemti  meaning the Two Powerful Ones. The Pschent was made from the Red Deshret Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Hedjet Crown of Upper Egypt.

The Pschent was a symbol of the pharaoh's power over all Egypt. The design used two animals, a cobra and a vulture.  The Egyptian cobra, known as the uraeus, ready to strike, was a symbol for the Lower Egyptian goddess Wadjet. The Egyptian vulture was a symbol for the Upper Egyptian goddess Nekhbet. These were placed on the front of the Pschent and called the Two Ladies.

History

The First Dynasty pharaoh Menes is said to have invented the Pschent. The first pharoah to be shown wearing the Double Crown was Djet, in a rock inscription showing his Horus wearing it.

The list of kings on the Palermo Stone shows the Lower Egyptian pharaohs wearing the Red Crown. After Egypt is unified, the list shows all First Dynasty and later pharaohs wearing the Pschent. But the Cairo fragment, shows Lower Egyptian rulers wearing the Pschent.

Archaeology
None of the Egyptian crowns have survived (or been found yet). Like the Deshret and the Hedjet Crowns, the Pschent is known only from statues, paintings, inscriptions, and ancient stories.

Mythology
Among the gods shown wearing the Double Crown are Horus and Atum. These both represented the pharaoh or had a special relationship to the pharaoh.

References

Ancient Egypt