cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Kasai River (called Cassai in Angola) is a river in central Africa. The river begins in Angola.  It makes a border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).  It joins the Congo at Kwamouth. The Kasai's tributaries include the Fimi, Kwango, and Sankuru rivers. 

Geography of Angola
Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rivers of Africa
Tony Dow (born April 13, 1945 ) is an American actor, director, and movie producer. He played Wally Cleaver in the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver (1957-1963). Dow was born in Hollywood, California.

References

American television actors
Actors from Hollywood
1945 births
Living people
The Ubangi River, also spelled Oubangui, is a river of Central Africa. It is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River. It begins where the Mbomou and Uele Rivers come together.  It flows west, then bends to the southwest and passes through Bangui. Then the river flows south to the Congo at Liranga. The Ubangi's length is about . The Ubangi's drainage basin is about .  The basin includes parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, and Republic of Congo. 

Together with the Congo River, it important for transportation for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville.

Some people want the water from the Ubangi to go to the Chari River.  The Chari River empties into Lake Chad. They say this will help with fishing and make agriculture better.

Central African Republic
Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geography of the Republic of the Congo
Rivers of Africa
The Benue River is a river in Africa.  It is the major tributary of the Niger River. The river is about 1,400 km long.  People can travel on it for nearly the whole length in the summer months.  It is an important transportation route in the places it flows through.

It starts in the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon. It flows west, and through the town of Garoua and Lagdo Reservoir, into Nigeria south of the Mandara mountains.  Then it goes through Jimeta, Ibi and Makurdi before meeting the Niger at Lokoja.

Large tributaries are the Gongola River and the Mayo Kébbi. Other tributaries are Taraba River and River Katsina Ala.

References

Cameroon
Geography of Nigeria
Rivers of Africa
Rivers of Nigeria
Regina Blois Duarte (born February 5, 1947]) is aBrazilian actress. From March to May 2020, she served as Special Secretary of Culture, a cabinet position in President Jair Bolsonaro's administration.

References

Other websites 

Brazilian actors
Living people
1947 births
Anna Muzychuk  (born 28 February 1990) is the third-rated woman chess player in the world. She earned the title of Woman Grandmaster in 2004, and the title of
Grandmaster in 2012. In 2004 she became a member of the Slovenian chess federation, where she is the strongest female chess player. Her younger sister Mariya  is an International master.

Muzychuk has played on first board for the Slovenian team since 2004. In 36th Chess Olympiad, she defeated, among others, the former Women's World Chess Champion grandmaster Antoaneta Stefanova. In the 37th Chess Olympiad she helped the Slovenian women's team, seeded 17th, to finished tenth.

References

Other websites 

 Chessbase.com: An interview with Anna Muzychuk
 Interview with Anna Muzychuk
 Chessgames.com: The chess games of Anna Muzychuk
 World champion in 2005 (girls U16) - photo 

1990 births
Living people
Slovenian people
Ukrainian chess players
Bionics (also known as biomimetics) is the science about studying nature to create modern technology with biological method.

History 
The name "biomimetics" was coined by Otto Schmitt in the 1950s. The term "bionics" was coined by Jack E. Steele in August 1958. He was then working at the Aeronautics Division House at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. However, terms like biomimicry or biomimetics are more preferred in the technology world in efforts to avoid confusion between the medical term "bionics." Coincidentally, Martin Caidin used the word for his 1972 novel Cyborg, which inspired the series The Six Million Dollar Man. Caidin was a long-time aviation industry writer before turning to fiction full-time.

Methods 

The study of bionics often emphasizes implementing a function found in nature rather than imitating biological structures. For example, in computer science, cybernetics tries to model the feedback and control mechanisms that are inherent in intelligent behavior, while artificial intelligence tries to model the intelligent function.

Related pages 
Biophysics

References

Other websites
The Herschel Space Observatory is a European Space Agency instrument. It is the largest infrared telescope ever put into orbit. Herschel is named after Sir William Herschel, the discoverer of the infrared spectrum, double stars, and planet Uranus.

The device is sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre short wavebands. It has a single mirror of  in diameter.

The observatory was carried into orbit in May 2009. It is at the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system. At these points, 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 miles)  from the Earth, gravity balances, so the object stays in place.

The Herschel Observatory can record ('see') the coldest and dustiest objects in space. For example, dusty galaxies just starting to form new stars. The United States, through NASA, is working with in the ESA-built and operated observatory. It is the fourth 'cornerstone' mission in the ESA science program, along with Rosetta, Planck, and Gaia.

The instrument has four main aims: 
 Galaxy formation in the early universe and the evolution of galaxies;
 Star formation and its interaction with the interstellar medium;
 Chemical composition of atmospheres and surfaces of Solar System bodies, including planets, comets and moons;
 Molecular chemistry across the universe.

References

Other websites 

ESA Herschel Science Centre
ESA Information on Herschel
NASA Herschel website
ESA Herschel operations page
ESA video on YouTube
Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy: Herschel/SPIRE team 

ESA spacecraft
Telescopes
Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American actress. She played Aunt Bee in the sitcom television series The Andy Griffith Show. She played the same character in the sequel series Mayberry, R. F. D.. Bavier won two Emmy Awards. She retired from acting and moved to Siler City, North Carolina. She is buried there.

Early life and career
Born in New York City, Bavier originally planned to become a teacher after attending Columbia University. She first appeared in vaudeville, later moving to the Broadway stage.

Sources

American television actors
1902 births
1989 deaths
Emmy Award winners
Leptodactylidae is a family of frogs. They are believed to have been on Earth since the Cenozoic era or at the end of the Mesozoic. There are 1,100 species in 50 genera. The Eleutherodactylus is the largest genus with over 700 different species. Leptodactylidae frogs lives in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. The family includes terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, and arboreal frogs.

Some of the frogs lay their eggs in foam nests. They will lay their eggs in crevices, on the surface of water, or on the forest floors. For tadpoles that are laid on the forest floors will remain there until they become frogs. They will not eat anything. In the genus Elutherodactylus, the eggs will automatically become small frogs. They will not go through the tadpole stage. Leptodactylids can be found in fossil records. One specimen, was found preserved and is thought to be 37 million years old.

References

Other websites 
 Leptodactylidae, from the Tree of Life Web Project 
 Leptodactylidae taxonomy, from the NCBI taxonomy browser
 Leptodacylidae classification, from Animal Diversity Web
 Leptodactylid description, from AmphibiaWeb 

Frogs
The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a semi-aquatic turtle. It belongs to the family Emydidae. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States. It lives in Southern United States. It is also found in many other places as an invasive species. They can be found in the US state of California where it was introduced. Rhubarb leaves are poisonous for them. Overfeeding may cause diseases for the turtles.

Other websites 

 Red-ear slider
 Discovery Channel's Animal Planet: Red-eared slider
 Information on aquatic turtles & tortoises including a few articles specific to Red-eared Terrapin 
 Gulf Coast Turtle & Tortoise Society: Natural History: Red-eared slider

References 

Turtles
Reptiles of North America
Bletchley Park is an estate in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It was the site of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking team during World War II. Now, Bletchley Park is home to the National Codes Centre and The National Museum of Computing.

The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and Station X, a secret radio interception station, was also at Bletchley Park. The information gained by workers at Bletchley Park was very important for the Allied war effort.

In 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish military showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma. They promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. Having an actual Enigma machine, and knowing how to use it, was a much-needed start for the British work at Bletchley Park. Dilly Knox and Alan Turing were later joined by many other codebreakers and engineering staff.

The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park codenamed Ultra, gave crucial help to the Allied war effort. It was vital during the Battle of the Atlantic, when the German U-boat submarine fleet sank merchant shipping in an attempt to starve Britain of supplies. Winston Churchill was later to say:

The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.

Sir Harry Hinsley (a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War) said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years. The outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.

Location
One of the reasons for choosing Bletchley Park for this task was its location. By train, it is about  north-west of London,  from Oxford and about  from Cambridge all-important university cities. Bletchley railway station is close-by, on the junction of the West Coast Main Line and the Oxford–Cambridge Varsity Line. Apart from the railway lines, Bletchley Park was not near any other likely bombing target.

References 

Cryptography
World War II
Museums in England
1938 establishments in the United Kingdom
1930s establishments in England
A guyot is an underwater mountain  or seamount with a flat top. This geologic feature is also called a tablemount.  In general, the guyot or tablemount is over 200 meters (660 feet) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat underwater summits may be more than .

History
The existence of flat-topped mountains below the surface of the ocean was established in 1965. Harry Hammond Hess used echo-sounding equipment to map the floor of the ocean.  The research revealed that some undersea mountains had flat tops.

Hess called these undersea mountains "guyots" because they reminded him of Guyot Hall at Princeton University. The flat roof was a special feature of this building.  Guyot Hall was  named after the 18th century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot.  In other words, the geology term "guyot" comes from his name.

Description 
Guyots show evidence of having been above the surface at one time. The exposed area was shaped by erosion caused by rain, wind and waves. 

The Hawaiian islands plus former islands which are now beneath the sea make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, and five of the peaks in the chain are guyots.

Related pages 
Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
Hotspot (geology)
Atoll
Seamount

References

Other websites
 Texas A&M University, Figure 3.8: Wilde guyot map 

Plate tectonics
Seamounts
Hazel is a sitcom television series. It was on television from September 28, 1961 to September 5, 1966. It was shown on NBC. It moved to CBS for its last year. The series' first year was made in black and white.  The next four years were in color. The show's first season was fourth in the 1961-1962 Nielsen's ratings.

The series is based on a single-panel comic strip by Ted Key. This comic that ran for many years in The Saturday Evening Post. It was usually on one of the last pages.

The series stars Shirley Booth as Hazel Burke. Hazel is a live-in maid for the Baxter family. Don Defore plays her boss George "Mr. B" Baxter (a lawyer). Whitney Blake plays his wife Dorothy "Missy" Baxter (an interior decorator). Bobby Buntrock plays their young son Harold "Sport" Baxter. The Baxter's have a big, shaggy dog named Smiley.

Other characters were in the series. These characters include George Baxter's client Harvey Griffin (Howard Smith), Rosie, another live-in maid in the neighborhood (Maud Prickett), and postman Barney Hatfield (Robert Williams). Other characters include Hazel's taxi-driving boyfriend Mitch (Dub Taylor), George Baxter's snobby sister Deirdre Thompson (Cathy Lewis), and the Baxter's mixed-up neighbors Herbert and Harriet Johnson (Donald Foster and Norma Varden).

The series is set in a white, upper middle class household. Typical episodes are about Hazel's day-to-day life and work. She might put together a special dinner, or make a home for a stray dog. In one episode, she gets her boss to buy a color television set for her bedroom. Sometimes she comes into conflict with "Mr. B". She gets her way by giving him tiny portions of her delicious desserts.

In the last year, "Mr. B" is sent to the Middle East on a job assignment. Hazel and Harold move in with his brother Steve (played by Ray Fulmer) and his wife Barbara (Lynn Borden) and their daughter Susie (Julia Benjamin). This arrangement lasted for only a year before the series was cancelled. Booth was ill. She did not want to continue to work. Booth won two Emmy Awards for her performance as Hazel (1962 and 1963). She was nominated for a third in 1964.

American sitcoms
1960s television series
1961 television series debuts
1966 television series endings
English-language television programs
2 Broke Girls is an American television sitcom on CBS. It began on September 19, 2011 and ended on April 17, 2017. It is set in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City. It is about two waitresses in their twenties who work together at a diner. Kat Dennings plays Max Black, who is from a poor, underclass background. Beth Behrs plays Caroline Wesbox Channing, who until recently was rich.

Garrett Morris plays Earl, the cashier at the diner. He is an elderly African-American former jazz musician. Jonathan Kite plays Oleg, the diner's cook, a hypersexual Ukrainian who lacks social skills. Matthew Moy plays Han Lee, the diner's owner, a very short Korean. Jennifer Coolidge plays Sophie, Max and Caroline's histrionic Polish neighbor. The show was created by comedian Whitney Cummings.

Other websites 
Official website

2011 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace television series
2010s workplace comedy television series
American workplace comedy television series
Brooklyn in fiction
CBS network shows
Television series about friendship
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Dennis the Menace is a sitcom television series. It is based on the comic strip Dennis the Menace by Hank Ketcham. The four-season series aired from 1959 to 1963 on CBS. The show stars Jay North as Dennis Mitchell, Herbert Anderson as his father Henry, Gloria Henry as his mother Alice, Billy Booth as his friend Tommy Anderson, and Jeannie Russell as his friend Margaret Wade. Dennis wore the same costume in every episode: a striped tee-shirt, a pair of bib overalls with a slingshot in the back pocket, a pair of sneakers, and an enormous blond cowlick. Viewers complained about the slingshot and it was eventually removed. The bizarre costume put Dennis outside the realistic mise en scene of the show, making it difficult to "relate" to him in spite of North's brilliant performance. Margaret had the same problem with her ringlets, eyeglasses, and ever-present patent leather shoes. These clothes were not the sort of things kids were wearing during the shows years on the air.

Margaret wanted to marry Dennis. This was a running gag in both the comic strip and the television show. She pushed a baby carriage through the neighborhood. "Playing house" was something she pressured Dennis to do. When Dennis needed a penny or two, she gave it to him but only after he promised to play house with her. If he turned her down, she would hit him with one of the rag dolls in the baby carriage and prance on her way.

Other players in the show are Joseph Kearns as Dennis's neighbor George Wilson, Sylvia Field as George's wife Martha, and Gale Gordon as Mr. Wilson's brother John. George Wilson was a retired fussy sort of man who gardened, collected coins, did household fixit jobs, and watched birds. Many episodes were about Dennis making a mess of Mr. Wilson's hobbies. Dennis's comic strip dog Ruff was cut from the TV story, but Mr. Wilson was given a little dog named Fremont. Maud Prickett, Irene Tedrow, Dub Taylor, Mary Wickes, and other familiar 1950s TV faces showed up often as minor characters. Ron Howard appeared in several episodes as Dennnis' friend Stewart while also playing Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show.

Dennis the Menace is about a happy little (but trouble-prone) middle class boy named Dennis Mitchell. He would like to be helpful but his attempts always end in disasters. He bothers a lot of people, but mostly his neighbor George Wilson. Actor Joseph Kearns played George Wilson but died while the show was in production. Gale Gordon joined the show as John Wilson, George's brother. Viewers were told that George and his TV wife Martha were taking a long journey and that George's brother John would be living in and taking care of their house. The show ended in 1963 when North became too old (11 years) to play the part of Dennis.

American sitcoms
1950s television series
1959 television series debuts‏‎
1963 television series endings
Black and white television series
English-language television programs
The Huckleberry Hound Show is a 30-minute animated television series. It had four seasons and was first aired between April 2, 1958 and April 24, 1962. It is the work of Joseph Barbera and William Hanna. In 1961, The Huckleberry Hound Show became the first animated television series to win an Emmy Award.

Each episode has three 7-minute cartoons. The first cartoon stars Huckleberry Hound; the second stars Yogi Bear and his friend Boo Boo Bear, and the third stars Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks. Yogi Bear was the most loved character of the show. He was given his own series in 1961. Hokey Wolf took Yogi's place in the series.

Daws Butler was the voice actor who played Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Dixie, Mr. Jinks, and Hokey Wolf. Don Messick gave voice to Boo Boo Bear, Ranger Smith, and Pixie.  Julie Bennett voiced Yogi's girlfriend Cindy Bear and Doug Young voiced Hokey Wolf's friend Ding-A-Ling.

References

1950s television series
Animated television series
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
Barbara Billingsley (December 22, 1915 – October 16, 2010) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. She played June Cleaver on the television series Leave It to Beaver (1957–1963). She played the same character in the sequel series Still the Beaver (1985–1988).

References

1915 births
2010 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Disease-related deaths in California
Eugene Hugh Beaumont (February 16, 1909 – May 14, 1982) was an American actor, television director, and a Methodist minister. He was born in Lawrence, Kansas. He played Ward Cleaver on the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver (1957–1963). He directed many of the show's episodes. In his retirement years, he became a Christmas tree farmer. He died of a heart attack in Munich, Germany while visiting his son.

1909 births
1982 deaths
Actors from Kansas
American television actors
American television directors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American Methodists
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Republicans (United States)
American stage actors
Kenneth Charles "Ken" Osmond (June 7, 1943 – May 18, 2020) was an American actor and LAPD police officer. He played Eddie Haskell in Leave It to Beaver (1957-1963). He was born in Glendale, California.

Osmond died at his home in Los Angeles on May 18, 2020 of problems caused by COPD and peripheral artery disease at the age of 76.

References

Other websites

Ken Osmond at TVGuide.com
Ken Osmond  at TVLand.com

Actors from Glendale, California
American movie actors
American child actors
American television actors
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from peripheral artery disease
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
American police officers
1943 births
2020 deaths
Baffin Bay (,) is a marginal sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is between Baffin Island and the southwest coast of Greenland.  It connects to the Atlantic by Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea. A narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean.

People lived in the bay area from around 500 BC. First there were the Dorset and then Thule and Inuit people. It was reached by Europeans in 1585.  William Baffin described the bay in detail in 1616. He is who the bay and the island are named after. People cannot travel on the bay most of the year because of the ice cover and large amount of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas. 

Baffin Bay was the epicenter of a 7.3 magnitude earthquake in 1933. This is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle.

Wildlife

The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton.  There are many animals. Of about 20,000 Beluga whales living in the Baffin Bay, some 15,000 are around the North Water. Other animals of the region include walrus, narwhal, Harp Seal, bearded seal, ringed seal and polar bear. 

There are about 400 plant and tree species on the bay shores, including birch, willow, alder and plants adapted to salty soils, as well as lyme grass, mosses, and lichens. These serve as food for caribou and rodents, such as lemming. Resident fish species include polar cod, Arctic flounder (Pleuronectidae, Liopsetta), four-horned sculpin and capelin. The birds of the bay are the Little Auk, Snowy Owl, Willow Ptarmigan, Rock Ptarmigan, Gyrfalcon, Arctic Redpoll and guillemots. Most of them migrate to the south during the winter.

References

Bays of Canada
Atlantic Ocean
Nunavut
Geography of Greenland
The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Norway and Russia. It was called the Murman Sea in the Middle Ages.  The new name is from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents.  It is a rather deep shelf sea. The average depth is  and maximum depth is . It is bordered by the Norwegian Sea in the west, the islands of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in the northeast and east. Novaya Zemlya separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. A lot of fossil fuel energy resources are in the Barents Sea area.

Geography
The southern half of the Barents Sea stays ice-free year round due to the warmth brought by the North Atlantic drift. This includes the ports of Murmansk in Russia and Vardø in Norway. In September, the entire Barents Sea is mostly ice-free.  Until the end of the Winter War, Finland's territories reached the Barents Sea.  This made the harbor at Petsamo Finland's only ice-free winter harbor.

Ecology

Due to the North Atlantic drift, the Barents Sea has a lot of plants and animals compared to other oceans of similar latitude.  The spring bloom of phytoplankton can start quite early close to the ice edge. The fresh water from the melting ice makes up a water layer on top of the sea water. The phytoplankton bloom feeds zooplankton. The animals that eat zooplankton include young cod, capelin, polar cod, whales, and Little Auk. The capelin is a main food for animals such as the North-East Arctic cod, harp seals, and seabirds such as Common Guillemot and Brunnich's Guillemot.  The fisheries of the Barents Sea, in particular the cod fisheries, are of great importance for both Norway and Russia.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Norway
Geography of Russia
The Beaufort Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after  hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort. The Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea. Tuktoyaktuk is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores.

The sea is frozen over most of the year. Only a narrow pass up to  opens in August–September near its shores. The seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago. The sea has many resources of petroleum and natural gas. They were discovered between the 1950s and 1980s.  People started exploring the resources in the 1980s. There is a large amount of beluga whales. The United States and Canada do not agree about the sea border.

Geography
Several rivers such as the Kongakut River in Alaska and the Firth River in Yukon empty into the Beaufort. The major river to flow into the sea is the Mackenzie, Canada's longest. The coastal shelf area is rather narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow in the Alaskan part of the sea.  It becomes wider near the delta of the Mackenzie River.  It never gets bigger than . Near the coast, the depths are shallower than .  The quickly get bigger northwards up to a few kilometers. There are many small islands in the sea and in the delta of the Mackenzie River. A few larger ones are west of the Mackenzie River, such as Herschel Island ( off the shore, and Barter Island ( from the coast.  The coasts are low, with the maximum elevations between . The soil is frozen all year around forming permafrost.  Only the top few tens centimeters thaw in summer. Buildings have to be above ground on wooden poles.

Flora and fauna
The shoreline of the Beaufort Sea is covered with tundra.  It is the northern limit of the polar bear in North America. The Mackenzie River is an important place to live for whales and sea birds. The delta of Mackenzie River has many lakes and ponds. The muskrat is one animal that lives here.

The sea has about 80 species of zooplankton, more than 70 species of phytoplankton, and nearly 700 species of polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans and mollusks. But there are not very many of the animals because of the cold climate. Important fish species include polar cod, Arctic cod, saffron cod, Arctic char, chum salmon, Arctic cisco, least cisco, lake whitefish, broad whitefish, Pacific herring, fourhorn sculpin, inconnu and flatfish.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Canada
Geography of Alaska
Northwest Territories
Chukchi Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.  It is bounded on the west by the De Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which is the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The main port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea. It is moved east to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.

The sea has an area of about 595,000 km² (230,000 mi²).  It can only be travelled about four months of the year. The Chukchi Sea has very few islands compared to other seas of the Arctic. Wrangel Island is at the northwestern limit of the sea, Herald Island is near its northern limit, and a few small islands are along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts.

The sea is named after the Chukchi people.  The live on its shores and on the Chukotka Peninsula. The Chukchi worked at fishing, whaling and the hunting of walrus in this cold sea.

In Siberia places along the coast are: Cape Billings, Cape Schmidt,  Amguyema River, Cape Vankarem, the large Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Neskynpil'gyn Lagoon, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Enurmino, Chegitun River, Inchoun, Uelen and Cape Dezhnev.

In Alaska, the rivers flowing into the Chukchi Sea are the Kivalina, the Kobuk, the Kokolik, the Kukpowruk, the Kukpuk, the Noatak, the Utukok, the Pitmegea, and the Wulik, among others. The most important rivers flowing in from its Siberian side are the Amguyema, Ioniveyem, and the Chegitun.

Other websites

Geography of Alaska
Geography of Russia
Seas of the Arctic Ocean
The East Siberian Sea is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean. It is between the Arctic Cape to the north, the coast of Siberia to the south, the New Siberian Islands to the west and Cape Billings, close to Chukotka, and Wrangel Island to the east. This sea borders on the Laptev Sea to the west and the Chukchi Sea to the east.

This sea is one of the least studied in the Arctic area. It has severe climate, low water salinity, and little flora, fauna and human population.  The depths are shallow (mostly less than 50 meters).  There are slow sea currents, low tides (below 25 cm) and frequent fogs, especially in summer.  The ice fields only fully melt in August–September. The sea shores were lived on for thousands of years by tribes of Yukaghirs, Chukchi and then Evens and Evenks.

The largest city and port is Pevek, the northernmost city of mainland Russia.

The most important of the rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea are the Indigirka, the Alazeya, The Ujandina, the Chukochya River, the Kolyma, the Rauchua, the Chaun, and the Pegtymel. Only a few rivers are able to be travelled on. The coastline of the sea is 3,016 km long.

Flora and fauna
There are few flora and fauna due to the harsh climate. The summer plankton bloom is short.  It makes 5 million tons of plankton in August and September.  The yearly amount is 7 million tons.

The sea shores and icefields have ringed seals, bearded seals and walruses along polar bears. Birds include seagulls, uria and cormorants. Sea waters are often visited by bowhead whale, gray whale, beluga and narwhal. Major fish species are grayling and Coregonus (whitefishes), such as muksun, broad whitefish and omul. Also common are polar smelt, saffron cod, polar cod, flounder and arctic char.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Russia
The Greenland Sea is a body of water.  It borders Greenland to the west, the Svalbard archipelago to the east, Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south. The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean and sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean.  

The sea has an Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 °C.  The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea, north of Iceland, between Greenland and Jan Mayen island. It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal.  It has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years.

Major islands of the Greenland Sea include Svalbard archipelago, Edvards, Eila, Godfred Hansens, Île-de-France, Jan Mayen Lynns, Norske and Schnauders. Of those, only the Svalbard islands are lived on, and Jan Mayen has only seasonal military staff.

Fauna
The Greenland Sea is has many of the organisms that form the base of the oceanic food chain. Large invertebrates, fish (such as cod, herring, redfish, halibut, and plaice), birds and mammals (including various species of seals, whales, and dolphins) all feed on the smaller invertebrates and small organisms. Mosses, lichens, and scanty bushes around the coasts serve as food to the deer and musk oxen, which in turn are hunted by the polar bear.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Greenland
Geography of Norway
The White Sea is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea.  It is on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. All of the White Sea is under Russian control and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. It is divided between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts and the Republic of Karelia.

The major port of Arkhangelsk is on the White Sea. It is an important Soviet naval and submarine base. The White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with the Baltic Sea.

The White Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms.  The others are the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Yellow Sea.

Geography

There are four main bays or gulfs on the White Sea.  Kandalaksha Gulf is in the western part of the White Sea.  It is the deepest part of the sea, reaching 340 metres (1,115 feet). On the south, Onega Bay receives the Onega River. To the southeast, the Dvina Bay receives the Northern Dvina River at the major port of Arkhangelsk. On the east side, opposite the Kola peninsula, is Mezen Bay. It receives the Mezen River and the Kuloy River. Other major rivers flowing into the sea are the Vyg, Niva, Umba, Varzuga and Ponoy.

The seabed of the central part and Dvina Bay is covered in silt and sand.  The bottom of the northern part, the Kandalaksha Gulf and Onega Bay is a mixture of sand and stones. 

The White Sea has a large number of islands, but most of them are small. The main island group is the Solovetsky Islands.  They are almost in the middle of the sea, near the entrance to Onega Bay. Kiy Island in Onega Bay is important due to a historic monastery. Velikiy Island, close to the shore, is the largest island in the Kandalaksha Gulf.

Fauna and economy
The sea has more than 700 species of invertebrates, about 60 species of fish, and 5 species of marine mammals. The fishing industry is small.  They mostly target harp seal, ringed seal, herring, saffron cod, European smelt, Atlantic cod and Atlantic salmon. There is a developing seaweed industry.

The White Sea is an important traffic centre of northwestern Russia. The White Sea – Baltic Canal links it through Onega Lake to the Baltic Sea and the major city and port of Saint Petersburg. The Baltic Sea, in turn, is connected by the Volga–Baltic Waterway to the Volga River, Black, Caspian, and Azov seas. The major ports on the White Sea are Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Onega, Mezen, Kem, Kandalaksha and Umba. Even though it is frozen in winter, boats can travel on the sea all year around because of the use of icebreakers.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Russia
Philippe Harache (born 12 April 1954 in Orbec) is a French aerospace engineer and businessman. He is the former Vice-President of Eurocopter.

Graduate from  Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées (1976), Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University, INSEAD and Harvard University, Philippe Harache started his career in 1978 as Helicopter engineer. 
In 1982, he was President of Samaero at Singapore.

He became Vice-President of Eurocopter in 2001. He retired in 2010.

Since 2002, he has also been an adviser of France.

Further reading 
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), Harache, Philippe

Award 
 Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

References 

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
French aviators
French engineers
Harvard University alumni
Raytheon Company is an American defense contractor and industrial corporation. It makes military weapons and commercial electronics. It is the world's largest producer of guided missiles. Raytheon was set up in 1922.

References 

Companies based in Massachusetts
Electronics companies of the United States
Military
Jean-Paul Troadec (born October 14, 1948 in Saint-Renan, Finistère, France) is a French aerospace engineer. He is the current head of the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, the France aviation accident investigation bureau.

Graduate from École Polytechnique (1967) and French Civil Aviation University (1970) he has done a career of 25 years at the French civil aviation authorities. From 1985 till 1993, he was head of the Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique.

He was nominated head of the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile in 2009, succeeding Paul-Louis Arslanian.

Aeronautical qualifications 
 Military parachute licence
 Commercial pilot licence Instrument rating (multi engine)

Awards 
 Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur
 Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite
 Medal of Aeronautics

Further reading 
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

References 

1948 births
Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
French aviators
French engineers
People from Brittany
An artificial island or man-made island is constructed by people.  The island was not formed by nature.  Artificial islands may vary in size.

History
The creation of artificial islands has a long history, including
 14th century: Tenochtitlan, the Aztec city in the same place as Mexico City
 17th century: Dejima (or Deshima), created in the shape of a fan in the bay of Nagasaki during Japan's Edo period
 19th century: Ellis Island, in the harbor of New York City
 20th century: Kansai International Airport in Osaka
 21st century: Palm Jumeirah in Dubai; Fiery Cross Reef, Johnson South Reef, and Mischief Reef by China

Largest artificial islands

Political status
Under the  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11).  Such islands are part of the nearest coastal state if the island is within  (Article 56). 

Artificial islands are not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Gallery

Related pages
 List of artificial islands

References

Other websites
The list of artificial islands is growing.  Artificial islands are being built in the 21st century.

List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

Dubai
 Burj al-Arab 
 Palm Jumeirah

Japan
Chūbu International Airport
Dejima
Kansai International Airport
Kobe Airport
Tokyo International Airport (Haneda)

Maldives
Hulhumale

Netherlands
Flevoland

United Kingdom
Sealand

United States
Palm Island, Florida
Door County, Wisconsin north of the canal

References

Lists of islands
Roulette is a casino game named after a French diminutive for little wheel. In the game, players may choose to place bets on fields which include one or more numbers, the colors red or black, or whether the number is odd or even.

To determine the winning number and color, the game wheel is spun in one direction, then a ball is spun in the opposite direction around a track running around the wheel. The ball eventually slows down and falls on to the wheel and into one of 37 (in French/European roulette) or 38 (in American roulette) colored and numbered pockets on the wheel.

Variants of games
 French roulette is available at the top rated casino roulettes.
 Mini roulette is becoming popular at casinos. The wheel only has 12 figures rather from the standard 36.
 Probably the most performed form of roulette is European roulette. The game has only just one zero, It has the biggest payout of any form of roulette should you bet and land on one number: 35:1.
 American roulette. The game is broadly offered at all online roulette games but it is the version using the greatest house edge, mainly due to the double zero. For those who have an option, especially if you're not a higher roller or really are a novice would be to avoid American roulette before you feel at ease with the sport.

References

Gambling
The Bay of Biscay is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean south of the Celtic Sea. It is along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal.  It is named in English after the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Basque Country.

The average depth is  and maximum depth is .

The Bay of Biscay is home to some of the Atlantic Ocean's worst weather. Large storms occur in the bay, especially during the winter months. Until recently ships would be wrecked in Biscay storms, and many lives were lost. Improved ships and weather prediction have helped to reduce these problems.

Rivers
The main rivers that empty into the Bay of Biscay are:
 France (north to south): Loire, Charente, Garonne, Dordogne, Adour, Nivelle.
 Spain (east to west): Bidasoa, Oiartzun, Urumea, Oria, Urola, Deba, Artibai, Oka, Nervión, Agüera, Asón, Miera, Pas, Saja, Nansa, Deva, Sella,  Nalón, Navia, Esva, Eo, Landro, Sor.

Main cities
The main cities on the shores of the Bay of Biscay are:
 France: Brest, Nantes, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Biarritz.
 Spain: Donostia-San Sebastián, Bilbao, Santander, Gijón, Avilés.

Wildlife

Many species of whales and dolphins can be seen in this area.  It is one of the few places where the beaked whales such as the Cuvier's beaked whale have been seen frequently. This is the best study area for beaked whales in the world. The best areas to see the larger cetaceans are in the deep waters beyond the continental shelf.

Other websites

Bays
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of France
Geography of Spain
The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean.  It is between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude) is in the gulf.

Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.

Islands in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea has a number of islands, the largest of which are in a southwest-northeast chain, forming part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes.

Annobón
Annobón, also known as Pagalu or Pigalu, is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

Bioko
Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

Corisco
Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

The Elobeys
Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea. It became independent from Portugal in 1975.

Other websites

Guinea
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Africa
The Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French: golfe du Saint-Laurent) is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the world's largest estuary.  It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about  and having  of water.

Geography 
The gulf is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula, to the east by Newfoundland, to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and to the west by the Gaspé and New Brunswick. It has Anticosti Island, Prince Edward Island, and the Magdalen Islands.

Besides the Saint Lawrence River itself, some of the tributaries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence include the Miramichi River, the Natashquan River, the Restigouche River, the Margaree River, and the Humber River. Arms of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, and Northumberland Strait.

Outlets 
The gulf flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the following outlets:

 The Strait of Belle Isle between Labrador and Newfoundland (17 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

 The Cabot Strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island (104 km wide and 480 m at its deepest).

 The Strait of Canso between Cape Breton Island and peninsular Nova Scotia (1 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

Protected areas 

St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia, off the northeast tip of Cape Breton Island, is called the "Graveyard of the Gulf" for its many shipwrecks.  Getting to the island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.

Bonaventure Island on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Île Brion and Rochers-aux-Oiseaux (Bird Rock) northeast of the Magdalen Islands are important migratory bird sanctuaries.  They are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.

The Government of Canada maintains national parks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estuary at Forillon.  It is on the eastern tip of the Gaspé, Prince Edward Island on the north shore of the island. Kouchibouguac is on the northeast coast of New Brunswick. Cape Breton Highlands is on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Gros Morne is on Newfoundland's west coast.  And a national park reserve is in the Mingan Archipelago on Quebec's Côte-Nord.

References

Other websites

Saint Lawrence
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Canada
The Labrador Sea (French: mer du Labrador) is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. The sea is surrounded by continental shelves to the southwest, northwest, and northeast. It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. It has been described as a marginal sea of the Atlantic.

The Labrador Sea is about 3400 meters deep and  wide where it joins the Atlantic Ocean. It becomes shallower, to less than  towards Baffin Bay and passes into the  Davis Strait.

The water temperature varies between  in winter and  in summer. The salinity is relatively low, at 31–34.9 parts per thousand. Two-thirds of the sea is covered in ice in winter.

Fauna
The northern and western parts of the Labrador Sea are covered in ice between December and June. The drift ice serves as a breeding ground for seals in early spring. The sea is also a feeding ground for Atlantic salmon and several marine mammal species. Shrimp fisheries began in 1978, as well as cod fishing. The cod fishing quickly lessened the fish population in the 1990s and was stopped in 1992. Other fishery targets include haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster and several species of flatfish and pelagic fish such as sand lance and capelin. Bigger amounts are in the southern parts of the sea.

The sea has one of the two major stocks of Sei whales, the other one being the Scotian Shelf. Also common are minke and bottlenose whales.

The Labrador Duck was a common bird on the Canadian coast until 19th century, but is now extinct. Coastal animals include the Labrador Wolf, caribou, moose, black bear, red fox, arctic fox, wolverine, snowshoe hare, grouse, osprey, raven, ducks, geese, partridge and American wild pheasant.

Flora
Costal vegetation includes black spruce, tamarack, white spruce, dwarf birch, aspen, willow, ericaceous shrubs, cottongrass, sedge, lichens and moss. Evergreen bushes of Labrador tea, which is used to make herbal tea, are common in the area, both on the Greenland and Canadian coasts.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Greenland
Newfoundland and Labrador
The Ligurian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea.  It is between the Italian Riviera (Liguria and Tuscany) and the island of Corsica. The sea is probably named after the ancient Ligures people.

Geography
The sea borders the countries Italy, France, and Monaco. In the east the sea borders the Tyrrhenian Sea, while in the west it borders the Mediterranean Sea proper. Genoa is the most prominent city in the area.  

The Gulf of Genoa is its northernmost part. The sea receives the Arno River from the east. The ports of Genoa, La Spezia, and Livorno are on its rocky coast. It reaches a maximum depth of more than 9,300 feet (2,850 m) northwest of Corsica.

Conservation
In order to provide protection for the many cetacean (whales and dolphins; porpoises are not found in this part of the Mediterranean Sea) species in the Ligurian Sea the bordering countries made the sea a SPAMI in 1999. The International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary now covers 84,000 km².  This covers territorial waters as well as high sea.

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Italy
Geography of France