cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A gribble is any species of marine isopod from the family Limnoriidae. They are mostly pale white and small (1-4  mm long) crustaceans. 

The term gribble was originally used for the wood-boring species, especially the first species described from Norway by Rathke in 1799, Limnoria lignorum. The Limnoriidae have species which bore into seaweed and sea grass, as well as wood borers. 

There are three genera, Paralimnoria, Limnoria and Lynseia. Limnoria has species in most seas. Those gribbles able to bore into living marine plants are thought to have evolved from a wood (dead plant) boring species. 

Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for food. The cellulose of wood is digested. The most destructive species are Limnoria lignorum, L. tripunctata and L. quadripunctata. According to an expert, they are the only animals able to make a cellulase to dissolve plant cell walls. Other animals that eat plant fibres make use of bacteria in their gut to produce the enzyme. Gribbles do not. This has led some biologists to think of biofuels.

Related pages 
Gut flora

References 

Isopods
Veronica is a Latin name for females.

Literature
Veronica, a 2005 book by Mary Gaitskill

Music
Veronica, an American dance singer
"Veronica", a song by Elvis Costello
Veronica Mehta, a British Asian singer
The Veronicas, the twin sister pop rock group from Australia

People
Veronica De La Cruz, a CNN News anchor
Veronica Finn, a former pop singer
Veronica Franco, a poet and courtesan in sixteenth-century Venice
Veronica Giuliani, an Italian mystic
Veronica Lodge, a rich teenage girl in the Archie Comics universe
Verónica Páez, an Argentine marathon runner
Veronica Ruiz de Velasco, a neo-figurative Mexican artist
Saint Veronica, with her famous veil (Veil of Veronica), is part of Christianity's many legends
Veronica Lake, an American film actress

Places
Veronica, a city of Argentina

Plants
Veronica, the Speedwells, a genus of plants

Science and technology
V.E.R.O.N.I.C.A. (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-Wide Index to Computer Archives), a computer search engine for Gopher

Television
Veronica, a television channel in The Netherlands
Veronica Mars, a television series starring Kristen Bell

Other
Veronica (bullfighting), a technique in bullfighting
The Tuatara are reptiles which look like lizards. However, they are the only surviving member of an order of reptiles which flourished 200 million years ago.

There is now only the genus Sphenodon, with two species of Tuatara. Both are endemic to (only live in) New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.

Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80 cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back: the Maori word tuatara refers to this.
The crest is more pronounced in males. Tuatara are special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among living species.

Sense organs

Third 'eye' 
Tuatara are also unusual because they have a third 'eye'. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It does not see like a normal eye. The parietal eye, as it is called, is only visible in hatchlings. They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months this becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment.

The function of the parietal eye is unknown, but it may be useful in absorbing ultraviolet rays to manufacture vitamin D. It may also do other things. Of all living tetrapods, the parietal eye is most obvious in this animal. The parietal eye is part of the pineal system. The animal's pineal gland secretes melatonin at night. Some salamanders use their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.

Hearing 
Tuataras do not have ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.

Endangered species 
The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895. The second species, S. guntheri, was not discovered until 1989.

Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and the introduced Polynesian Rat Rattus exulans. They were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands, until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.

References

Scaled reptiles
Living fossils
Animals of New Zealand
Hüsker Dü was an American hardcore punk and later alternative rock band from the 1980s. The band formed in 1979 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The people in the band were Bob Mould who sang and played electric guitar, Greg Norton (later replaced by Enrique Peña Nieto) who played bass guitar and Grant Hart who sang and played drums. The band stopped playing together in 1987.

The band's sound changed very much over the years they were together, but it was always very loud and powerful. The band began as a hardcore band. They played extremely loud and very fast and often screamed their vocals instead of singing. As time went on, the songs began to get slower and more melodic. By the time the band had stopped playing together, their music was no longer punk rock and had changed to alternative rock.

Hüsker Dü always had more than one singer. This is because the band decided early in their time together that whoever wrote the lyrics of a song would sing that song. This meant that many of the songs were be very different from each other, but it also caused fights within the band. In 1987, the band stopped playing together because of these fights.

American punk bands
Musical groups from Minnesota
Musicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Minnesota
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
1988 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Minnesota
Interstate 75 (often shortened to 75) is an Interstate Highway in the midwest and southeastern United States that runs north and south. It travels from State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway) and State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway) in Hialeah, Florida (just west of Miami) to Sault St. Marie, Michigan, at the Ontario, Canada, border. The route is  long.

Major Cities along the highway
Sault Ste. Marie, MI
Detroit, MI
Toledo, OH
Dayton, OH
Cincinnati, OH
Lexington, KY
Knoxville, TN
Chattanooga, TN
Atlanta, GA
Macon, GA
Tampa, FL

References

75
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael applied the Daubert standard to expert testimony from non-scientists.

Facts of the case
Patrick Carmichael was driving his minivan on July 6, 1993, when the right rear tire blew out. One of the passengers in the vehicle died, and others were severely injured. Three months later, the Carmichaels sued the manufacturer of the tire, claiming that the tire was defective and the defect caused the accident. The Carmichaels' case rested largely on testimony from a tire failure expert.

The tire failure expert relied on features of tire technology that the manufacturer did not dispute, as well as background facts about the particular tire on the Carmichaels' van. The expert's conclusion that a defect in the tire caused the accident rested on certain observations about the tire that Kumho Tire vigorously disputed. Kumho also disagreed with certain aspects of the tire expert's methodology, and asked the federal district court hearing the case to exclude it under Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.

The district court took its cue from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, which had solidified a gatekeeping role for trial judges in admitting expert testimony. Under Daubert, certain factors contribute to the reliability, and hence the admissibility, of expert testimony, one of which is the general validity of the expert's methods. The district court found the tire expert's methods not to be scientifically valid, and hence excluded his testimony. This meant that Kumho Tire would prevail. The Carmichaels appealed to the Eleventh Circuit.

The Eleventh Circuit reversed the district court's ruling in favor of Kumho Tire. It reasoned that Daubert was expressly limited only to scientific expert testimony and did not apply to "skill- or experience-based observation." The tire expert's testimony rested on observation and experience, and so the Eleventh Circuit reasoned the district court should have made a different ruling based on Rule 702 without the Daubert gloss. Kumho Tire asked the Supreme Court to review whether Daubert applied solely to scientific evidence.

United States law
Politics
Silesia (; ; ; Silesian: Ślůnsk) is a historical region of Poland. Between 1742 – 1945, it was the eastern part of Germany and was a Prussian province. In 1945, all of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Red Army. In the following years, the communist occupant enacted laws that in effect chased away the remaining all owners.

Geography 
Silesia is along the upper and middle Oder River, upper Vistula River, and along the Sudetes Mountains and the Carpathian Mountains.

The highest point of Silesia is the Śnieżka, in the Sudetes Mountains.

Cities 
The largest cities of Silesia (Population of 1939):

Other cities are Brzeg, Boleslawiec, Kozle, Zabkowice Slaskie, Klodzko, Głogów, Strzelce Opolskie, Zielona Gora, Zlotoryja, Jelenia Gora, Glubczyce, Nysa, Swidnica and Trzebnica.

Famous people 
There are many famous people who were born in Silesia:

 Writers, poets and playwrights like Andreas Gryphius, Martin Opitz, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau, Carl Hauptmann, Gerhart Hauptmann (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1912), Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Gustav Freytag
 Members of the German Resistance such as Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke,
 Military officers such as Manfred von Richthofen, Erwin von Witzleben
 Painters like Adolph von Menzel
 Philosophers like Jakob Böhme
 Actors like Dieter Hildebrandt, Victor de Kowa, Ludwig M. Lommel, Wolfgang Neuss, Willy Fritsch, Hanna Schygulla, Georg Thomalla
 Politicians like Paul Löbe (SPD), Klaus Töpfer (CDU), Manfred Kanther (CDU), Ferdinand Lassalle, Erich Mende (FDP)
 Scientists like Hans G. Dehmelt (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1989), Paul Ehrlich (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1908), Friedrich Bergius (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1931), Max Born (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1954), Fritz Haber (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1918), Reinhard Selten (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 1994), Konrad Bloch (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1964), Bernhard Grzimek, Johannes Winkler, Maria Goeppert-Mayer (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1963), Kurt Alder (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1950), Otto Stern (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1943)
 Builder and architects like Carl Gotthard Langhans
 Musicians like Katja Ebstein, Roy Etzel, Michael Jary

Gallery

Other websites 

 http://www.schlesien-lm.de - official website of the Landsmannschaft Schlesien
 http://www.schlesierbund.de - Schlesierbund from Nürnberg, Germany
 http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/provinz_schlesien.htm - Deutsche Schutzgebiete - Provinz Schlesien

Geography of the Czech Republic
Geography of Poland
Geography of Saxony
Regions of Germany
Josh Holloway (born July 20, 1969 in San Jose, California) is an American actor most known for his role as James "Sawyer" Ford on ABC's Emmy award-winning show Lost.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos and games

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Santa Clara County, California
People from San Jose, California
Galicia or Galiza is a nationality in Spain that became a Spanish autonomous community in 1978. It is in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It shares borders with Portugal to the South and the communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east.

History 
Galicia is a green country with Celtic features. Since re-gaining autonomy in 1978, Galicia has been governed by the Xunta de Galicia (government of Galicia). Galicia was strictly governed from 1990 until 2005, during the Manuel Fraga years. The Xunta de Galicia was then under a socialist president Emilio Perez Touriño, who had made Galicia more liberal than ever before, until 2009. From March 2009 Partido Popular (right-wing party) won power and the new president is Alberto Núñez Feijoo, who won a second term as President in 2012.

Language 
Galicia has one main language:Galician "galego". It has many similarities with Portuguese. Galego and Portuguese have the same origin. Spanish is also spoken in Galicia, but mainly as a second language.

Cuisine 
Galicia is very famous for its fishing industry and seafood remains an important part of its cuisine. A very popular dish in Galicia is polbo á feira, ("polbo" means octopus). There are many restaurants that serve seafood in Galicia.
Bilirubin is a product that comes from the breakdown of haemoglobin. Its levels are higher in certain diseases and it causes the yellow color of bruises and the brown color of faeces. Its level usually measured to monitor liver or gallbladder problems.

Biochemistry
Physiology
Nelly Kim Furtado ComIH (born December 2, 1978) is a Canadian singer-songwriter.

Music
She can also play many musical instruments. She learned to play the trombone and the ukulele at the age of four. In later years, she learned to play the guitar and keyboard. She has released five albums. The first album was released in 2000 and was called Whoa! Nelly. She become famous worldwide because the album was very popular. The first single released was "I'm Like a Bird" which earned her a Grammy Award. Her second album was Folklore released in 2003. It was not as popular as the previous album. Her third album in 2006 was Loose which spawned many hit songs including "Promiscuous", "Maneater", "Say It Right" and "All Good Things (Come to an End)".  She then released a Spanish language album in 2009 titled Mi Plan and in 2010 released a greatest hits album. Her next English language album The Spirit Indestructible was released in 2012. Furtado's parents are Portuguese immigrants. She sings in English, Spanish and Portuguese.

Family
On September 20, 2003, she gave birth to a daughter, Nevis.

Biography
Her parents named her Nelly Kim in reference to Kazakh gymnastics champion Nellie Kim who won 5 gold medals (3 in 1976 and 2 in 1980) and 1 silver (in 1976) at the Olympic Games.

She learned to play trombone, guitar and ukulele at the age of 9 and the synthesizer at age 11. Passionate about music from an early age, she knows from the age of 4 that she wants to become a singer. Nelly sang with her mother in a choir, especially during Portugal's National Day.

As a teenager, she began to write songs and was part of a Portuguese fanfare. During this time, she listened to R & B, hip-hop, alternative rock, alternative hip-hop, trip hop, fado, bossa nova, Indian music and variety. The artists that Nelly loved (and influenced her) include: Jeff Buckley, Caetano Veloso, Jennifer Lopez, Amalia Rodrigues, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Cornershop, Maryh Blige, Mariah Carey, TLC, Digable Planets, De The Soul, Aaliyah, Radiohead, Oasis, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Verve, U2, Kylie Minogue, Beck.

1978 births
Living people
Canadian pop singers
Grammy Award winners
 
Musicians from Victoria, British Columbia
Portuguese singers
R&B musicians
Latin Grammy Award winners
Anna Jurkiewicz (born February 9, 1984 in Oświęcim, Poland) is a Polish figure skater.

As a young girl, she was one of the best young skaters in the world. Then she had some health problems and was not able to skate. She returned in 2006 and has been competing internationally since autumn 2006.

Other websites 
 Official Homepage
 ISU Official Profile 

1984 births
Living people
Polish sportspeople
Figure skaters
Exmoor is a national park in England. The border of two counties, Devon and Somerset, runs through it. It is an area of sandstone hills which form tall cliffs on its north coast. The high ground of Exmoor is mostly rough grassland, but there are small woodlands on its lower slopes.

In Exmoor is an important water reservoir, Wimbleball Lake.

It is also famous for the Exmoor Pony.

Other websites

Exmoor National Park Authority
North Devon & Exmoor Official Guide  

Devon
Somerset
National parks in the United Kingdom
Barnstaple is a town in Devon, a county in South West England. 20,724 people live there. It is found  west southwest of Bristol,  north of Plymouth and  northwest of the county town of Exeter.

References

Other websites 
 
 Barnstaple Town Council and Town Centre Management 
 North Devon District Council
 Barnstaple Webcam (from Civic Centre) 
 Barnstaple's History
 Museum of Barnstaple & North Devon
 State of Devon's economy 2006 
 Pannier Market's History 

Towns in Devon
Tiverton is a town in Mid Devon, Devon, England. In 2001, it had a population of 18,621. It was once a centre of lace making, but this industry has now declined.

People have lived around the area since the Stone Age. There is a hillfort on a hill above the town. Roman fortifications have been found nearby.

References

Other websites 
 Tiverton's Homepage 
 Genuki Tiverton page
 2nd Tiverton Scouts 
 Tiverton Town Council
 Tiverton Town Football Club 
 Tiverton Town Youth Development The Youth section of Tiverton Town Football Club 
 Tiverton Museum
 Tiverton High School
 East Devon College 
 Tiverton Gazette
 Mid Devon District Council
 Tiverton on Panoramio 

Mid Devon
Towns in Devon
Events 
 Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, decrees that Christianity should be the only religion allowed in the Empire.
Water polo is a sport played in water with a ball. It has similarities to basketball and soccer, although players are in the pool. Players try to get the ball into the goal more times than the opposing team, without using goggles.

Outline 
Water polo is a team game. Two teams play a match. Each match has four periods called quarters. The length of each period is usually between 5 and 8 minutes. Because the amount of time spent on fouls or out throws is not counted in the quarter time, an average quarter really lasts around 12 minutes.

Each team has six field players and one goalkeeper. Water polo players need to be good at swimming and ball handing. They need good reflexes and awareness.

Players must keep floating in a game. Players may not stand on the bottom of the pool.

Water polo is played in a pool : depth is above 2 m, a vertical line is 30 m and width is 20 m.

Positions 
 Goal Keeper (2)
 Floater (1)
 Floater Back (1)
 Driver (4)

Equipments 
To play water polo, you need swimwear, caps, mouth guards, a ball and a goal.
The caps' design is unique. They are designed to protect head and ears.

Fouls
 Putting an offensive player who doesn't have a ball under the water; a defensive player who does this should go outside of the field for 20 seconds
 Sinking a ball
 Grasping a carrier's swimwear
 Touching a ball with both hands
 Putting both hands up to defend from shoot

History 
The rules of water polo were originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. The game originated as a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes in England and Scotland with a ball constructed of Indian rubber, probably from the 1850s onwards.

Famous players 
 Koji Kikkawa
 Kan Aoyagi
 Seichiro Okuda
 Yoshitaka Koike
 Gerben Zwiep

Other websites 
 FINA Official Website
 Waterpolo-world
 Water Polo Planet
 Coaching Information on Water Polo 

 
Summer Olympic sports
Fishsticks or fish fingers are a type of food probably invented in the United Kingdom.  They are made of a whitefish like cod that is battered and breaded.  They are often eaten with tartar sauce, cocktail sauce, or ketchup. Fishsticks are popular with children and their parents as an easy-to-prepare finger food that is somewhat healthy for kids.

History
Fishsticks first came about as a result of the invention of the plate froster in 1929, the first quick freezer. To ensure rapid freezing, food needed to be in slim rectangular slabs. A suitable candidate for this freezing method was fishsticks, slivers (small, thin pieces) cut from large fish and dipped in bread crumbs for frying.

In Britain in the 1950s, most of the herring catch was pickled and exported to other North European countries. In an attempt to make herring more appealing on the home market, companies tried to present it in a new way, creating herring fishsticks called “herring savouries” and were tested on the market against a bland control product of cod sticks, sold as “fish fingers.” Shoppers in Southampton and South Wales, showed an overwhelming preference for the cod. Cod fishsticks were first produced in Great Yarmouth and introduced in Britain on 26 September 1955. They became immensely popular after television advertising began in 1956.  To this day, fish sticks are a favorite food among children.

Production

On modern production lines, headless fish are processed through a machine that removes a fillet from each side of the backbone. The fillets then pass over a wheel and a blade that separates the skin from the flesh. Machine filleting leaves a few pin-like bones in the fillet, so the flesh containing the bones is cut out.

Fillets are formed into frozen blocks. A conveyor sends the blanks through batter and breadcrumbs, doubling the thickness of the fishstick. Then each is passed through a hot vegetable oil bath for about one minute to seal the coating and allow the fishstick to be grilled or fried. Then the fishstick is frozen again, with the center reaching -4 °F/-20 °C in less than 20 minutes. After packaging, it is stored at -18 °F/-28 °C, ready for distribution.

Trivia 

 Fans of the New York Rangers of the NHL often taunt their rival team and fans, the New York Islanders because in the mid 1990s, the Islanders briefly changed their uniform from their traditional logo to a more new-age logo that featured a fisherman that many thought resembled the one on the box of Gorton's fish sticks. Rangers fans have been known to chant "We want Fishsticks" at both Madison Square Garden and the Nassau Coliseum during games between the teams.

Sources
 Readers Digest. (1990). "Fish fingers: coated cod fillets ready for frying." How in the World? Pleasantville, NY: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. 

Seafood
Fast food
Cornell Iral Haynes Jr. (born November 2, 1974) is an American rapper, singer, and entrepreneur. He is better known as his stage name Nelly. He won three Grammy Awards in 2003.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Remix albums

EPs

Filmography

References

1974 births
Living people
Rap musicians from Texas
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Missouri
Singers from Austin, Texas
 
Musicians from Austin, Texas
A boy band is a type of musical group with three or more young male singers. Usually, the singers are able to perform as dancers as well. Most singers in boy bands do not play musical instruments. Boy bands usually perform pop or R&B music.

Best-selling boy bands
Despite negative critical reception, boy bands continue to be generally successful, with some notable ones managing to sell tens of millions of records, placing them among the world's best selling music artists. The best-selling boy bands based on sales figures are:

Total sales

Examples 
For a full list, see :Category:Boy bands
Some of the most popular boy bands include the following:

 Big Bang (band) (2000s–present)
 The Jackson 5 (1960s–80s)
 The Monkees (1960s-present)
 The Temptations (1960s–present)
 One Direction (2010s–present)
 'N Sync (1990s–2000s)
 Backstreet Boys (1990s–present)
 O-Town (2000s–present)
 Westlife (1990s–present)
 Jonas Brothers (2000s–present)
 Blue (2000s–present)
 98 Degrees (1990s–present)
 A1 (1990s–present)
 New Edition (1980s–present)
 New Kids on the Block (1980s–present)

Related pages 
 Girl group
In musical performance, a solo is a piece or a section of a piece that is played or sung by a single performer. This performer is called a soloist. A soloist can be a singer or an instrumentalist.

Solos are common in classical music and jazz. In popular music, a solo is an improvised melody played by a single performer, such as a guitar solo. In the country music genre a solo is known as a ride.

Related pages
Concerto
Virtuoso

References

Music
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a species of krill that lives in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. They are shrimp-like and belong to the invertebrates. 

They live in large groups, called swarms. Sometimes these swarms have a density of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic meter. 

They feed directly on very small phytoplankton, so they can use the energy that the phytoplankton originally got from the sun in order to sustain their life in the open ocean. They grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh up to 2 g, and can live for up to six years. They are a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and are, in terms of biomass, probably the most successful animal species on the planet (approximately 500 million tonnes).

In aquaria, krill have been observed to eat each other.

References

Further reading
 Hempel, G.: The krill-dominated pelagic system of the Southern Ocean. Envir. Inter. 13, pp. 33 – 36; 1987.
 Hempel, G.: Life in the Antarctic sea ice zone. Polar Record 27(162); pp. 249 – 253; 1991
 Hempel, G.; Sherman, K.: Large marine ecosystems of the world: trends in exploitation, protection, and research. Elsevier, Amsterdam: Large marine ecosystems 12, 423 pp; 2003
Nicol, S. & de la Mare, W. K. Ecosystem management and the Antarctic krill. American Scientist 81 (No. 1), pp. 36–47. Biol 9:129–135; 1993.
 Nicol, S.; Foster, J.: Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill , Aquat. Living Resour. 16, pp. 42 – 45; 2003.
 Sahrhage, D.: Antarctic Krill Fisheries: Potential Resources and Ecological Concerns. In Caddy, J. F. (ed.): Marine Invertebrate Fisheries; their assessment and management; pp. 13 – 33. Wiley, 1989.
Ikeda, T. (1984) The influence of feeding on the metabolic activity of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Polar Biology 3(1)
Clarke, A. (1983) Towards an energy budget for krill: The physiology and biochemistry of Euphausia superba Dana. Polar Biology 2(2)

Other websites 

 Euphausia superba from MarineBio.
 "Virtual microscope"  of Antarctic krill for an interactive tour of their morphology and behavior, along with other peer-reviewed information.
 "Krill fights for survival as sea ice melts" from the NASA's "Earth Observatory".
 "Antarctic Wildlife at Risk From Overfishing, Experts Say", from National Geographic News, August 5 2003.
  Diary  of the RRS James Clark Ross, giving a popular introduction to the Antarctic krill.
"Less krill for predators in the Southern Ocean"  from the British Antarctic Survey. See also "Climate row touches blue whales", from the BBC, July 19 2001.
 A time to krill
 Extensive bibliography.
 Krill Count Project
 WIKIversity Lecture "Biology of Antarctica" 

Krill
The cubic metre (symbol m³) is the SI unit of volume. It is a cube with a length, height, and width of one metre, with 1,000 litres of space.

In the many places it is spelled "cubic meter". Other names are stère and kilolitre or kiloliter.

Conversions 

1 cubic metre equals:
 1,000 litres
 Approximately 35.3 cubic feet
 Approximately 1.31 cubic yards
 Approximately 6.29 oil barrels

A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 °C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0 °C, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kg.

It is sometimes abbreviated , , , , , when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups).

Abbreviated CBM in the freight business and MTQ (or numeric code 49) in international trade.

Multiples and submultiples

Multiples 
Cubic decametre
the volume of a cube of side length one decametre (10 m)
equal to a megalitre
1 dam3 = 1,000 m3 = 1 ML

Cubic hectometre
the volume of a cube of side length one hectometre (100 m)
equal to a gigalitre
1 hm3 = 1,000,000 m3 = 1 GL
 
Cubic kilometre
the volume of a cube of side length one kilometre (1,000 m)
equal to a teralitre
1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3 = 1 TL

Submultiples 
Cubic decimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one decimetre (0.1 m)
equal to a litre
1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 = 1 L

Cubic centimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one centimetre (0.01 m)
equal to a millilitre
1 cm3 = 0.000001 m3 = 10-6 m3 = 1 mL

Cubic millimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one millimetre (0.001 m)
equal to a microlitre
1 mm3 = 0.000000001 m3 = 10-9 m3 = 1 µL

Units of volume
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger established on 16 October 1945.

It serves both developed and developing countries and acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.

FAO offices

Regional offices 
 Regional Office for Africa in Accra, Ghana
 Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean  in Santiago, Chile
 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific  in Bangkok, Thailand
 Regional Office for the Near East in Cairo, Egypt
 Regional Office for Europe at FAO headquarters, Rome, Italy

Subregional offices 
 Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa  in Harare, Zimbabwe
 Subregional Office for the Pacific Islands  in Apia, Samoa
 Subregional Office for Central and Eastern Europe in Budapest, Hungary
 Subregional Office for the Caribbean  in Bridgetown, Barbados
 Subregional Office For North Africa in Tunis, Tunisia

Liaison offices 
 Liaison Office with the United Nations in Geneva 
 Liaison Office for North America in Washington D.C.
 Liaison Office with the United Nations in New York
 Liaison Office with Japan in Yokohama 
 Liaison Office with the European Union and Belgium in Brussels

Related pages 
World Food Programme

Other websites 
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
 Fact sheets / features / press releases
 FAO Statistics Division 
 FAOSTAT website
 TeleFood 
 World Food Day
 Avian Flu 

United Nations
Green politics
A colorimeter is a device used for measuring colours, or colorimetry. It measures the absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. It can be used to measure the concentration of a known solute.

Different chemical substances absorb different wavelengths of light. When the concentration of the solute is higher, it absorbs more light in a specific wavelength. This is known as the Beer-Lambert law.

Different parts 
The most important parts of a colorimeter are:
 a light source, which is usually an ordinary filament lamp
 an aperture, which can be adjusted
 a set of filters in different colors
 a detector that measures the light which has passed through the solution

Filters 
Different filters are used to select the wavelength of light which the solution absorbs the most. This makes the colorimeter more accurate. Solutions are usually placed in glass or plastic cuvettes. The usual wavelengths used are between 400 and 700 nanometers. If it is necessary to use ultraviolet light (below 400 nanometers) then the lamp and filters must be changed.

Output 
The output of the colorimeter may be shown in graphs or tables, by an analogue or digital meter. The data may be printed on paper, or stored in a computer. The output may be shown as transmittance (a linear scale from 0-100%) or as absorbance (a logarithmic scale from zero to infinity). The useful range of the absorbance scale is from 0-2 but it is desirable to keep within the range 0-1 because, above 1, the results become unreliable due to scattering of light. A Transmittance-Absorbance conversion table may be seen here.

Laboratory equipment
Valletta is the capital city of Malta. It was founded by Jean Parisot de la Valette, the Grandmaster of the Order of Saint John on March 28, 1566. The city's population is 6,315 (in 2005) and it is currently decreasing as people move to the UK, Italy, or the newer areas of Malta.

National capitals in Europe
Cities in Malta
The Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) is the highest level of basketball competition in Germany. The BBL determines the national champion.

Teams

Champions since 1939 

2008: Alba Berlin
2007: Brose Baskets Bamberg 
2006: RheinEnergie Cologne 
2005: GHP Bamberg 
2004: OPEL Skyliners Frankfurt am Main 
2003: Alba Berlin 
2002: Alba Berlin 
2001: Alba Berlin 
2000: Alba Berlin 
1999: Alba Berlin 
1998: Alba Berlin 
1997: Alba Berlin 
1996: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1995: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1994: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1993: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1992: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1991: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1990: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1989: BG Steiner Bayreuth
1988: BSC Saturn Köln 
1987: BSC Saturn Köln 
1986: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1985: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1984: ASC Göttingen
1983: ASC Göttingen 
1982: BSC Saturn Köln 
1981: BSC Saturn Köln 
1980: SSC Göttingen 
1979: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1978: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1977: USC Heidelberg

1976: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1975: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1974: SSV Hagen 
1973: USC Heidelberg 
1972: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1971: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1970: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1969: VfL Osnabrück 
1968: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1967: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1966: USC Heidelberg 
1965: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1964: Alemannia Aachen
1963: Alemannia Aachen 
1962: USC Heidelberg 
1961: USC Heidelberg 
1960: USC Heidelberg 
1959: USC Heidelberg 
1958: USC Heidelberg 
1957: USC Heidelberg 
1956: ATV Düsseldorf
1955: FC Bayern München 
1954: FC Bayern München 
1953: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1952: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1951: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1950: BC Stuttgart-Degerloch 
1949: MTSV Schwabing 
1948: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1947: MTSV Schwabing
1939: LSV Spandau

Other websites
Basketball Bundesliga

Basketball leagues
Sport in Germany
1939 establishments
1930s establishments in Germany
Butterfield, Missouri is a village in Missouri, United States.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²), all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 397 people, 136 households, and 102 families living in the village. The population density was 365.0/km² (947.6/mi²). There were 149 houses at an average density of 137.0/km² (355.7/mi²). The racial mix of the village was 85.14% white, 0.50% African American, 0.50% Native American, 11.59% from other races, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.41% of the population.

There were 136 households out of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were [married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the village the population was spread out with 34.0% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males.This is also the case for females over 18. 

The median income for a household in the village was $24,706, and the median income for a family was $28,000. Males had a median income of $20,417 versus $18,750 for females. The per citizen income for the village was $9,460. About 19.8% of families and 19.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 28.6% of those age 65 or over.

Cities in Missouri
Andorra la Vella is the capital city of the principality of Andorra and is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the southwestern part of the country.

Geography
The Andorra la Vella parish is in the southwestern part of the country at the confluence of two mountain streams, the Valira del Nord (Northern Valira) and the Valira de l'Orient (Eastern Valira), which join to form the Gran Valira that flows through the capital city.

The parish borders with the La Massana parish to the north, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the east, with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish to the south and with Spain to the west.

The highest mountain in the parish is Pic d'Os () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish and Spain.

At 1023 m (3,356 ft) above sea level, it is the highest capital in Europe.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 22,886 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Andorra la Vella

Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:

Economy
Andorra la Vella is the country's commercial centre. The city is also the centre for many banks and businesses. The state is not a member of the European Union, but has a customs arrangement with the EU, and uses the euro.

References

National capitals in Europe
Parishes of Andorra
Woodland is a low-density forest with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. It forms an open habitat. 

Woodlands have an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodlands grade into shrubland in drier conditions or in early stages of plant succession. Higher densities and areas of trees, with largely closed canopy, and nearly continuous shade and are often called forests. 

Woodland in British forestry means any smaller area covered in trees, however dense. Forest in the British Isles means extensive wooded areas, regardless of density. Royal forests may not be wooded at all. The term ancient woodland is used in British conservation to mean any wooded land that has existed for a very long time (equivalent to the American term old growth forest).

Conservationist work hard to preserve woodlands. The woodlands in Northwest Indiana have been preserved as part of the Indiana Dunes.

References

Other websites 
The Woodland Trust

Forests
Other meanings are at Limburg
Limburg is the southernmost province of the Netherlands. Its capital is Maastricht. About 1,116,000 people are living in Limburg (2021).

It is the only province in the Netherlands which has hills. It is a very old province; the capital city, Maastricht, is over 2000 years old. The Limburgish people do speak Dutch, but they also speak their own dialects called Limburgish. These dialects - especially the ones in the South of Limburg, the normal Dutch people find difficult to understand. These dialects have many influences from German and French. The Limburgish are renowned for their famous vlaai. 

Limburger cheese comes from this region.

References

Other websites
Mount Cayley is an eroded stratovolcano. It is 11 km southeast of Callaghan Lake and 24 west of Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.

A scenario of an eruption of Mount Cayley shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is based on past activity in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and involves both effusive and explosive eruptions. The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in valleys.

In 2003, Catherine Hickson, a scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada, was one of the three scientists to report on the hypothetical eruption at Mount Cayley. The first signs of activity at the volcano would probably be enlarged seismic activity in and close to the mountain. Flooding would turn out to be a huge issue for the community of Squamish and could eventually overrun parts of Highway 99.

The Mount Cayley volcanic field is named after Mount Cayley.

References

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mountains of British Columbia
Limburg is the easternmost of the five provinces of modern Flanders, which is one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium. Its capital is Hasselt.

Geography
Limburg is located west of the Meuse (Dutch Maas) river, upon which it borders the similarly named province Limburg of the Netherlands. It also borders on the Walloon province of Liège to the south, with which it also has historical ties. To the north and west are the old territories of the Duchy of Brabant, the Flemish provinces of Flemish Brabant and Antwerp to the west, and the Dutch province of North Brabant to the north.

The province of Limburg has an area of  with a population of  and a density of  inhabitants per km². The province is divided into three arrondissements (arrondissementen in Dutch) with 44 municipalities. Among these municipalities are the current capital Hasselt, the early medieval capital Borgloon, Genk, Diepenbeek (home to Hasselt University), and Tongeren, the only Roman city in the province and regarded as the oldest city of Belgium.

The municipality of Voeren is geographically detached  (an exclave) from Limburg and the rest of Flanders, with the Netherlands to the north and the Walloon province of Liège to the south. This municipality was established by the municipal reform of 1977.

The highest point of the province, , is in the town of Remersdaal, Voeren municipality.

The centre of Belgian Limburg is crossed east to west by the Demer river and the Albert Canal, which run similar paths. The Demer river's drainage basin covers most of the central and southern part of the province, except for the southeastern corner, where the Jeker (in French: (le) Geer) runs past Tongeren and into the Maas river (in French: (la) Meuse) at Maastricht.

The eastern border of the province corresponds to the western side of the Maas, which originates in France. It's drainage basin includes not only the Jeker but most of the northern part of Belgian Limburg.

Administrative divisions
The province of Limber is divided into 3 arrondissements (Hasselt, Maaseik and Tongeren) and a total of 44 municipalities.

Population by arrondissement
Population on 1 January or on 1 July of each year.

References

Related pages
 Limburg (Netherlands), a province in southeastern Netherlands.

Other websites

  
  Toerisme Limburg
Other meanings are at Limburg
Limburg an der Lahn (Limburg on the Lahn river) is a German town and the capital of the Kreis Limburg-Weilburg in the west of Hesse.

References
An illusion is a distortion  of perception. The brain arranges, sorts, and organises data from the senses. Normally the system works well. Sometimes it does not, and we see illusions. In general, they are shared by most people in the same situation.

Illusions can happen with all five senses (taste, touch, sight, smell, and hearing), and some involve the way information from two senses is put together. Some illusions happen because of disorders, but generally, all normal people can sense the same illusion. An illusion is different from a hallucination; a halucination is sensing something which is not real, but an illusion is interpreting what we sense wrongly.

Optical illusions 
Optical illusions are the best known and understood. Because they are illusions common to most people, it follows that they are a product of the visual system. The visual system, from the retina to the visual cortex, is what is common to most humans.

Auditory illusions 
These are illusions which are heard. The person listening hears sounds that aren’t really there, or sounds that can’t really happen.  A Shepard tone is an auditory illusion.

Touch illusion 
They are when a person feels something that is not there, or something that should not be there but feels like it is. This happens sometimes when a person loses their arm.  The person still feels like the arm is there.  They might want to scratch the arm, or the arm might hurt them.  This can happen with any limb of the body, and it is called the phantom limb.
Charcoal is a carbon-containing substance made from wood, naturally black and powdery. Charcoal is made from wood by heating it in an "airless" (minimal oxygen) space at a high temperature. The wood will not burn, but instead turn into charcoal. The by-product of making charcoal is tar and turpentine.

People use it for different things such as cooking on a barbecue grill, and in painting.

Fuel
Biofuels
Brose Baskets Bamberg (also Brose Baskets) is a basketball club in Bamberg, Germany. In 2005 (as GHP Bamberg), 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 it won the BBL. In 1992, 2010, 2011, and 2012 it won the German Cup.

Bamberg
Basketball teams
Sports clubs
Sport in Bavaria
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Armenian:  – Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun, Dashnaktsutiun,  – Dashnak or Tashnag) is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis (Tbilisi in modern-day Georgia) in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. The party works in Armenia and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is active, notably in Lebanon and the ethnically Armenian-dominated de facto Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.

Museum
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum was created during an official ceremony Friday 2007 at Yerevan's Kristapor Mikaelian Center, with the party's leaders and supporters on hand to mark this momentous occasion.

Opened in 1946, the ARF History Museum was in Paris and during the years has collected more than 3,000 artifacts describing the party's history. After the ARF's return to Armenia, the museum and the ARF archives have been sent to Armenia.

Giro Manoyan is one of the leaders of ARF.

References

Other websites 
Official web site - Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Armenian Revolutionary Federation Shant Student Association
History of the Armenian Socialist Party 

Politics of Armenia
Socialist International
Political parties in Europe
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Tbilisi
1890 establishments
Varasdates or Varazdat (, Varazdat) was an Armenian prince who succeeded his uncle King Papes as King of Armenia in 374.

Following the murder of King Papes, Valens sent Varazdat, a nephew of Pap, a young man highly reputed for his mental and physical gifts, to hold the Armenian throne.  Shapur II, having failed on the battlefield, now proposed to Valens in 375 that Armenia be divided between the two powers. The Emperor rejected the proposal, but sent Victor Magistrianus to the Persian King to discuss the question. This emissary was cozened into exceeding the bounds of his authority and agreeing to the Persian proposal. In the meantime, the internal condition of Armenia was imperiled through friction between King Varazdat and the nakharars, culminating in the assassination of Musel Mamikonian, the leader of the latters' party. Manuel, the son of Musel, took up arms against the King and compelled him to flee from Armenia in 378, after four years of reign.  Varazdat's life was saved, but the country was thrown into confusion. The Persians took advantage of the turmoil and invaded Armenia; but their occupation was a short-lived one. Shapur II died in 379, and the Persians evacuated in haste. Manuel, the dynamic Mamikonian, had rallied a formidable national force for action.

Related pages
 List of Armenian Kings

Monarchs of Armenia
Adana (Greek Άδανα) (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. According to the 2000 census, with 1,130,710 inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous city of Turkey (after İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Bursa). The 2006 estimate of Adana's population is 1,271,894. 

For most Turkish people, the word 'Adana' associates with Kebab, şalgam, cotton, oranges and very hot weather, in the awareness that Adana also embodies more than just these. 

Adana is also named among the 25 European Regions of the Future for 2006/2007 by Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey, Adana scored the most points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life. 

Adana has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Related pages
Adana massacre

References

Other websites 

 Governorship of Adana
 Municipality of Adana 

Cities in Turkey