cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Michael Elliot "Mike" Epps (born November 18, 1970) is an American actor. His movies include Next Friday, Friday After Next, and Open Season 2. Epps' trademark is a voice similar to Martin Lawrence in the original Open Season. He replaced Lawrence as the voice of Boog in Open Season 2, but was replaced by Matthew J. Munn in Open Season 3.

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
African American actors
Actors from Indiana
Comedians from Indiana
A proposition is a term in philosophy and logic. It is a statement which has a truth value, meaning it can be proved to be true or false. For a proposition to be valid, it must be possible to prove the proposition is either true or false. Many teachers and students of logic use the term statement and proposition to mean the same thing. Propositions are also often represented by capital letters such as ,  and .  

It is possible to express the same proposition in many way. Proposition are only concerned with actual meaning, not the way the proposition is expressed. Propositions can look different, yet still mean the same thing. When two different propositions mean the same thing, they are said to be synonymous, meaning each statement has the same meaning. 

For example, "Snow is white" (in English) and "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) are different sentences, because they are written in different languages. However, they mean exactly the same thing: snow is white. No matter what language the statement is written in, it will mean the same thing. As a result, these statements are synonymous. 

In Aristotelian logic, a proposition is a specific kind of sentence that confirms or denies an action or predicate took place through a subject. Aristotelian propositions take forms like "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man". In each sentence, the subject (men, Socrates) has a status (are mortal, is a man) which can be regarded as true or false.

In logical positivism, a proposition whose truth value cannot possibly be decided is meaningless (Quine, for instance, believes that propositions generally have no clear criterion of identity). For example, statements about the existence of deities cannot be proved under logical positivism. Because the statements have no truth value, a logical positivist would consider propositions about deities (such as "God exists" or "God does not exist") to have no logical meaning.

Related pages 
Axiom
Propositional logic
Predicate logic

References 

Philosophy
Logic
Karst is a geological system of rocks where water has eroded (dissolved) the bedrock. If it is very extensive, karst can be a geographical or topographical feature. It is classed as a badland if it difficult to travel through the environment, which it often is.

Almost always, karst is formed in carbonate rocks, such as limestone or dolomite. Since carbonate sedimentary rocks are very common, karst areas occur all over the world.

Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with sinkholes being the most common. However, karst surface features may be absent where the soluble rock is mantled (covered), such as  by a non-soluble rock strata on top of the carbonate strata. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, and the water is generally underground.

The world's largest karst area is the Nullarbor Plain, part of the area of flat, almost treeless, dry country of southern Australia. It is on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single exposure of limestone bedrock, and occupies an area of about . At its widest point, it stretches about  from east to west across the border region between South Australia and Western Australia.

Sinkholes 
Many parts of the world suffer from sinkholes which form when karsts are underground. Beneath the flat surface of the land in Florida, Guatemala City and elsewhere are vast systems of limestone. Water running through the limestone is dissolving the limestone away, leaving huge caverns. Without warning, huge holes appear in the surface, causing great damage. Practically the whole of Florida is sitting on a gigantic karst system, as are several countries in Central America. The area round Tampa is especially at risk, and there is a huge karst system under Mexico City. According to a senior geochemist, there are as many as 15,000 sinkholes in Illinois.

The world's deepest sinkhole is China's Xiaozhai Tienkeng at 2172ft (662m). 

The Qattara Depression in Egypt is part of the Libyan Desert. It is roughly 50 miles (80km) by 75 miles (121km) in surface area. It is the world's largest natural sinkhole. It lies below sea level and is covered with salt pans, sand dunes and salt marshes.

Related pages 
Aquifer
Limestone

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Badlands
PubMed Central is a free database of scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences. It is on the Internet. It grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system.  PubMed Central was developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) as an online archive of biomedical journal articles. It was started in 2000. As of 2021, it had over 7 million science papers in it.

All the words in the PubMed Central articles can be read freely. Some publishers, though, do not show their articles for some time after they publish them on paper (usually about six months).

History

PubMed Central was started in 2000.  At first, it only had papers from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Molecular Biology of the Cell.  People can add older papers to PubMed Central.  The oldest papers in PubMed Central are from the 1700s.

As of September 2004, PubMedCentral, PubMed, and related NLM services had about 1,300 hits every second, and gave 1.3 terabytes of data every day. The Library of Congress and the British Library showed support for the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has also been popular with journal service providers.

PubMed Central and PubMed

PubMed Central is different from PubMed. The regular PubMed has papers' titles and abstracts, and PubMed central has the whole paper.  Scientists call this "full text."

PMCID

The PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID) is an ID tag for papers written by scientists and doctors.  It is like an ISBN is for books.  It shows the reader where to find the paper in the PubMed Central database.

References

Other websites 
PubMed Central
PubMed Central FAQ
National Institutes of Health Submission System (NIHMS)
NIH Public Access Policy

Public databases
Science websites
2000 establishments
The Medical University of Innsbruck (German: Medizinische Universität Innsbruck) is a university in Innsbruck, Austria. It used to be one of the four historical faculties of the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, but it became an independent (by itself) university in 2004.

History 
The medical tradition dates back long before the university began. The first hospital began in the silver-mining city of Schwaz nearby in 1307. Because people grew as years went by, a medical faculty was added to the university, begun in 1669 by Emperor Leopold I, making it the first of its kind in the Alpine region.

Nobel Prize laureates 
 Fritz Pregl, 1923 (chemistry - for his contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis) 
 Adolf Windhaus, 1928 (chemistry - for his work on sterols and their relation to vitamins)
 Hans Fischer, 1930 (chemistry - for the synthesis of haemin)

Other websites 
 
 Study in Austria: A Guide 

Colleges and universities in Europe
Innsbruck
2004 establishments in Europe
Gravel is small, loose, rock particles. It is any loose rock that is larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in its smallest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 64 mm (2.5 in).

Small gravel is composed of granules (>2 to 4 mm/0.079 to 0.16 in). Large gravel is called pebbles (>4 to 64 mm/0.16 to 2.5 in). 

Particles smaller than gravel are sand, larger particles are cobbles.

Gravel and sand are used for road surfaces, and for cement and Tarmac. Mixtures of gravel and sand mixed with various crushed material, are known as aggregate in the trade. This is used for drainage in the basement of roads, and other purposes. Mixture of stones and resin is also used to pave footpaths, driveways, etc. This mixture is known as Resin Bonded Gravel.

Origin 
Natural gravel comes from ancient beaches which have not consolidated (turned into solid rock). In effect, beaches from (for instance) the Jurassic are dug up in quarries. The material is then sifted into size categories. The gravel and sand is then sold on to engineering companies. Most natural sand and gravel is silica, SiO2, in its chemistry. This is very hard-wearing.

However, if the material is originally in hard rock form, then it is first crushed. This enables the industry to offer other materials such as granite or limestone, originally solid rock, as gravel.

The open-cast mining and processing of gravel, sand and aggregate is a huge world-wide industry, sometimes called "conglomerates".

References 

Rocks
Mining
People have been using spices for thousands of years. Often they wanted ones that didn't grow near them, so they got them from far away. One of the biggest spice routes was a route between Asia and Europe. 

Only a few spices grew in Europe, so the others had to be brought from Asia. People made a route to go from Europe to Asia to buy spices. The route was very difficult and so the spices were expensive. People tried to find ways cheaper than the spice route, including going the other way around the world. This made the Age of Discovery, when they found places that they didn't know about, such as the Western Hemisphere.

Countries traded spices for gold and other things. They did this so they could get new spices or gain money and gold by selling their own. Sometimes people traded the spices because their country is running out of that certain spice.

Trade routes
Nuclear winter is a theory stating the possible effects of the use of nuclear weapons during a nuclear war; which could include reduced sunlight, extreme cold, and the presence of large amounts of smoke and soot in the Earth's atmosphere. 

Fears are rising that World War III could go nuclear and lead to a nuclear winter

Nuclear physics
Mesons are incredibly small subatomic particles that are made of one quark and one antiquark. Antiquarks are the antimatter counterpart of a regular quark. Since antimatter quarks have the opposite spin of regular quarks, their spins can cancel each other out, which forms a particle similar to a Higgs Boson. The name meson comes from Greek "mesos", meaning middle. This is because the masses of the first mesons discovered were between the mass of light particles like electrons, called leptons, and heavy particles like protons, called baryons.

Mesons' spin
Mesons are hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. Since quarks have different fractional charges, mesons can have a charge. However, the charges of the quarks may cancel out, forming an uncharged meson. The rest of the hadron family are known as baryons, which are made of three quarks. Since quarks all have a spin of 1/2, three of them will never add up to an integer spin. An integer spin is simply 0, 1, or 2. Particles with an integer spin are called bosons, which obey Bose-Einstein Statistics. This means that more than one boson can actually be in the same point in space at the same time. However, a meson is made of one quark and one antiquark, which each do not have an integer spin. Particles which do not have an integer spin have a spin of 1/2 or 3/2. These particles with 1/2 spin are called Fermions because they obey Fermi-Dirac Statistics. This means that no more than one fermion can be in the same point in space at the same time. All known baryons and quarks (and antiquarks) are fermions, and all mesons are bosons. This can get very confusing because this means that more than one meson can exist in the same point in space at the same time, but the quarks that make up mesons cannot exist in the same point in space at the same time.

Creation of Mesons
The most common natural way that we find mesons are through the interactions of cosmic rays with matter. This process can be duplicated in particle accelerators, which smash high-energy quarks and antiquarks. However, the mesons are very unstable and quickly turn into other particles. Charged Mesons can decay into electrons and neutrinos, and uncharged mesons can decay into photons. Since antimatter is destroying matter, a large amount of energy is given off. The energy follows the equation E=mc2.

Quantum mechanics
Subatomic particles
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex KCVO ADC(P) (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984) is a member of the British royal family. He is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales and is the younger brother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and is sixth in the line of succession to the British throne. Harry was a pupil at Eton College.

Harry launched the Invictus Games in 2014, and remains patron of its Foundation. He also gives patronage to several other organisations, including the HALO Trust, the London Marathon Charitable Trust, and Walking with the Wounded.

Early life
Harry was born in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, on 15 September 1984 at 4:20 pm as the second child of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II, and Diana, Princess of Wales.

Education
Like his father and brother, Harry was educated at independent schools. He started at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London.

Marriage
Prince Harry began dating Meghan Markle in June 2016. They became engaged in November 2017. The couple married at Windsor Castle on 19 May 2018. The couple's first child, Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor, was born on May 6, 2019. In November 2020, Markle revealed in an opinion piece for The New York Times that she suffered a miscarriage in July of that year. On 4 June 2021, the couple's daughter Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor was born in Santa Barbara, California.

Ancestry

Notes

References

Other websites

 The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the British Monarchy
 The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the Prince of Wales
 
 

|-

|-

1984 births
Living people
House of Windsor
People educated at Eton College
Princes and princesses
Royalty from London
The Meccan suras are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad when he was in Mecca. They are usually shorter than the Medinan suras and are usually placed after them in the Qur'an.

References

Islam
Mecca
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Religious texts
Christopher Edward "Chris" Hansen (born September 13, 1959) is an American television personality most famously known for his role on Dateline NBC. He was on a part of the show called To Catch a Predator, where he tries to catch people who are trying to meet minors aged 13–15 on the Internet for sexual activity. Hansen has done other investigative reporting, and has won seven Emmy Awards for his reporting.

Career
He went to Brother Rice High School in Bloomfield Hills Michigan. Hansen became a reporter for Lansing NBC affiliate WILX in 1981 during his senior year at Michigan State University. He then reported for WFLA in Tampa, various radio stations and newspapers in Michigan, WXYZ in Detroit, and WDIV as an investigative reporter and anchor from 1988. In May 1993, Hansen joined NBC News as a correspondent for the newsmagazine Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric.

Dateline NBC
Hansen's notable work for Dateline includes coverage of the Columbine massacre, the Oklahoma City terrorist attack, the Unabomber and the TWA Flight 800 disaster; as well as investigative reports on Indian child slave labor and on counterfeit prescription drug sales in China. Hansen was responsible for most of Dateline's coverage of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as well as stories on terrorist groups and the operations of Al-Qaeda. He exposed how a group linked to Osama Bin Laden had tried to buy missiles and nuclear weapons components, and he also worked on an exclusive report detailing an attempted 1994 terrorist attack in France. His series on the lack of security at airports resulted in the Federal Aviation Administration opening an investigation and ultimately revising its policies.

Awards
Hansen has received seven Emmy Awards, four Edward Murrow awards, three Clarion awards, the Overseas Press club award, an IRE, the National Press Club award, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists Award; as well as awards for excellence from the Associated Press and United Press International.

Personal life
Hansen was born in Chicago, Illinois but grew up in northern Detroit suburbs of West Bloomfield and Birmingham. In an interview with the Lansing City Pulse, Hansen said that watching the FBI and police investigate the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa when he was fourteen inspired him to want to become a journalist. He graduated from Michigan State University College of Communication Arts and Sciences in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in telecommunications. 

He is married to Mary Joan Hansen; the couple has two sons. The family resides in Connecticut.

References

1959 births
Living people
American journalists
Writers from Michigan
Emmy Award winners
Metriacanthosaurids were a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. They tended to be large predators, and some were 30 ft (10 m) long. 

Metriacanthosaurids are carnosaurs. At first they were classified in the Megalosauridae or Allosauridae, now they are put in their own family. A gigantic tooth, which may come from a giant metriacanthosaurid, was described recently (2008).

Classification 
The Metriacanthosauridae is a monophyletic group. Cladistically it includes Metriacanthosaurus parkeri and species closer related to Metriacanthosaurus than to Allosaurus fragilis, Carcharodontosaurus saharicus, or to birds. These theropods are close to the ancestors of the allosaurs.

Metriacanthosauridae is often referred to as "Sinraptoridae", but Metriacanthosauridae is the correct name under ICZN rules, since Metriacanthosaurus was the first member of the family to be described and named. 

The cladogram here follows a study by Benson and colleagues.

References

Other websites

Taxon Search - Sinraptoridae 
Carnosauria

Carnosaurs
Mario Monicelli (May 15, 1915 in Rome, Italy — 29 November 2010, Rome, Italy) was an Italian movie director famous for his comedy movies of the 1940—1960s. He was twice nominated for an Oscar award. One of his movies, The Great War (1959), won a Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. In 1991 the Venice Film Festival gave him a lifetime achievement award.

Suffering from terminal prostate cancer, Monicelli jumped to his death from a fifth floor hospital window in Rome. He was 95 years old.

Movies
 The Boys of Paul Street (1935)
 Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958)
 The Great War (1959)
 I Compagni (1963)
 Casonova 70 (1965)

References

1915 births
2010 deaths
Italian movie directors
People from Rome
People with cancer
Suicides by jumping
A wedding dress or wedding gown is the clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. The color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion and culture of the bride.

History
The origin of wedding dress is from the Roman Empire period. When the Christian religion spread to Europe, wedding ceremony was held the church and a bride wore a wedding dress. In the Middle Ages, all most wedding dresses were black with white veil because of religion. It changed white dress and veil in the 1840s. This style of dress spread to Asia when Europen culture came there.

Types of dress
Slender line is a dress which is tight along a person's body. The Mermaid line is similar to slender line. It looks like a mermaid. A line looks like an "A" from the waist to foot. Like these, today there are so many kinds of wedding dress.

Decoration
The veil is the most popular decoration. It is used for covering the face or head of women. There are special white gloves. People use various length glove suiting their dress. A woman usually carries a small bunch of flowers, called a bouquet.

Dresses
The Medinan suras are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad after his journey (the hijra) from Mecca to Medina. They are usually longer than Meccan suras and are usually placed before them in the Qur'an.

Islam
Medina
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Religious texts
Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing cars, vans, buses, tractors, and trucks, and, in the past, autorail vehicles. Its alliance with Nissan makes it the world's fourth largest vehicle maker. Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, Renault owns the Romanian Automobile Dacia and the Korean Renault Samsung Motors.  Thierry Bolloré is the current CEO. The company's most successful cars to date are the Renault Clio and the Renault Laguna, and its core market is Europe. The company is known for numerous revolutionary designs, security technologies and motor racing.

Notable Cars 
Clio
Mégane
F1
Laguna

References 

 
1899 establishments in France
O Brother, Where Art Thou? is a 2000 American crime comedy movie directed by Joel and Ethan Coen and starring George Clooney. The movie is set in Mississippi in 1937 during the Great Depression. The movie's story is a comedy based on Homer’s Odyssey.

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 

2000 crime movies
2000 comedy movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Mississippi
Movies directed by the Coen brothers
Belemnites (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, similar in many ways to the modern squid, and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

Like them, the belemnites had an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they had ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles.

The belemnites are a monophyletic group of superorder status, called the Belemnoidea. There are four orders.

Occurrence
The belemnites evolved from nautiloids, which are the basal group of cephalopods. Well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Lower Carboniferous).

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often with their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites and ammonites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Life-style 
 
Like some modern squid, belemnite arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnites were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws.

In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Belemnites swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.

Ancient ink 
Fossils which preserve the soft parts of belemnites show that, like many modern cephalopods, they had an ink sac, hard beaks, tail fins and large eyes. Well-preserved specimens show evidence of muscular fibers in the mantle, indicating that they were powerful swimmers like modern squids.

In 1826 Mary Anning discovered what appeared to be a chamber containing dried ink inside a belemnite  fossil. She showed it to her friend Elizabeth Philpot who was able to revive the ink with water, and use it to illustrate some of her own ichthyosaur fossils. Other local artists were soon doing the same when more fossilised ink chambers were discovered. Anning noted how closely the chambers resembled the ink sacs of modern squid and cuttle fish, which she had dissected to better understand the anatomy of fossil cephalopods. This led William Buckland to publish that Jurassic belemnites had used ink for defence just as many modern cephalopods do.

References 

Fossils
Cephalopods
Nikolai Nikolaevich Tsukanov (Russian: Николай Николаевич Цуканов)  (born March 22, 1965 is a Russian politician. He is from the village Lipovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia). In September 2010, he became governor of the Kaliningrad oblast. He became Secretary of the Kaliningrad regional council of the party "United Russia"  in 2010. He was also the mayor of the municipality "Gusev City District" in 2005-2010.

References

1965 births
Living people

Russian politicians
Horace Andy (born Horace Hinds, February 19, 1951, Kingston, Jamaica), is a roots reggae songwriter and singer, known for his distinctive vocals and hit songs such as "Government Land", "Angel", "Five Man Army" and a cover version of "Ain't No Sunshine". In recent years he has mostly worked as a guest singer for trip hop band Massive Attack.

References

1951 births
Living people
Reggae musicians
Trip hop musicians
Frank Fenner (21 December 1914 Ballarat — 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist. He was famous for his work on smallpox and the myxoma virus,
which had been deadly for rabbits in Australia.

Fenner was born in Ballarat, Victoria in 1914. He studied for a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery at the University of Adelaide and graduated in 1938. In 1940 he completed a diploma in tropical medicine and 1942 he completed his Doctor of Medicine degree. During World War II he joined the Australian Army as a doctor and studied the parasite that caused malaria.

After the war he worked at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne where he studied smallpox. In 1949 he became the first professor of microbiology at the new Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra. His interest on research was the myxoma virus. This virus was used to kill millions of rabbits that were destroying large areas of Australian grasslands and farms.

In 1967 Fenner became the Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU and also Chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. In 1973 he became director of the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at ANU.

Awards
 MBE (1945) 
 Britannica Australia Award for Medicine (1967)
 Australia and New  Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Medal (1980)
 World Health Organization Medal (1988)
 Japan Prize (1988)
 Companion of the Order of Australia (1989)
 Senior Australian Achiever of the Year (1999)
 Albert Einstein World  Award for Science (2000)
 Prime Minister's Science Prize (2002)
 Australian Capital Territory Australian of the Year (2002)

Frank Fenner Medal
The John Curtin School of Medical Research awards the Frank Fenner Medal for the best Phd research in medicine at ANU.

References

1914 births
2010 deaths
Australian biologists
Australian medical researchers
Microbiologists
Virologists
Scientists from Victoria (Australia)
Order of Australia
People from Ballarat
University of Adelaide alumni
George Bush Intercontinental Airport is an international airport in Houston, Texas. It opened in June 1969.

The airport has five runways. At least 700 planes takeoff from the airport daily. These planes carried 40,007,345 passengers during the year of 2009. Planes fly from this airport to around 170 cities in the world.

Airlines
These are the airlines that operates at Houston Bush Airport as of November 2018:

Aeroméxico
Aeroméxico Connect
Air Canada
Air Canada Express
Air China
Air France
Air New Zealand
Alaska Airlines
All Nippon Airways
American Airlines
American Eagle
Avianca El Salvador
Bahamasair
Boutique Air
British Airways
Delta Air Lines
Delta Connection
Emirates
EVA Air
Frontier Airlines
Interjet
KLM

Lufthansa
Qatar Airways 
Scandinavian Airlines
Singapore Airlines
Spirit Airlines (focus city)
Sunwing Airlines
TACA Airlines
Turkish Airlines
United Airlines (hub)
United Express
US Airways
Vacation Express
VivaAerobus
Volaris
WestJet

References

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
Transport in Texas
George H. W. Bush
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
Cheonggyecheon is a stream bisecting down town Seoul, South Korea. This stream has a length of 5.84 km(its trail-12.04 km long) and its greatest width is 84m. This stream is famous for restoration. It was a sewer of Seoul in the Joseon Dynasty. For half a century, industrial era after the Korean War, it had been entombed by pavement and had been a highway. After the restoration, Cheonggycheon has become an ecological park. The restoration of Cheonggyecheon took three years spending almost $400 million. Since its opening in 2005, hundreds of thousands of people have visited Cheonggyecheon with friends and family. Many interesting events have been often held at Cheonggyecheon as well.

History
It was originally called 'Gaecheon(Hangul:개천, Hanja:開川 ).' The Cheonggyecheon used to be a naturally formed stream before the Joseon Dynasty designated Seoul as its capital. This stream caused a flood and inundated private houses in full spate. In ordinary times, it was unsanitary because of standing sewage therein. Therefore, King Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, firstly beginned river training work by starting construction work for an open channel. After that, King Yeongjo, the 21st king of the Joseon Dynasty, conducted the overhaul of the stream in earnest by dredging the stream, building stone banks and changing a waterway. Due to this construction, the curved waterway of the stream became straight one at last. During the reign of King Sunjo and King Kojong, the overhaul of the stream was continued. There were 24 bridges over the stream(now 22 bridges).

During the Japanese colonial period, it came to get called "Cheonggye" as it is called today, supposedly from 1914, when the colonialists rearranged stream names in Korea. In this perion, the large-scale dredging of this stream was planned in terms of a modern urban planning by Japan but it wasn't carried out because of lack of funds. Therefore, the urban improvement project was neglected.

As a result, by Korea’s independence from Japan in 1945, the Cheonggyecheon was severely contaminated with wastes from flimsy shacks built alongside of the stream. It had a fetid smell as well. In terms of Seoul's appearance and sanitation, the then Cheonggyecheon was a serious problem. The easiest way of solving this promblem was covering over the stream with concrete. In 1958, finally, the work to cover it up with concrete started as quickly as possible by August 1958. In addition, a 5.6 km-long, 16 m-wide elevated highway was completed over the stream in August 1971 after four working years.

About 40 years after covering over the stream with concrete, Seoul city had resuscitated the stream since July 2003. After $386 milion recovery project, Cheonggyecheon was born again as a haven for wildlife as well as pedestrians in September 2005

References

Other websites

Official website of Cheonggyecheon

Seoul
Rivers of Asia
Geography of South Korea
The Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Australia, is the only university set up by the Federal Government of Australia. The law to start the university was passed in 1946. It was set up to be a research university for subjects of national importance. These included physics, medicine, social sciences and Pacific studies. The university started undergraduate courses in 1960.

Nobel prizes
ANU has had five Nobel Prize winners:
 Sir Howard Florey (1946) who was Chancellor of the University 1965—1968
 Professor John Eccles (1963) - first Professor of Physiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research
 Professor John C. Harsanyi (1994) - economics teacher at ANU from 1958—1961
 Professor Rolf Zinkernagel and Professor Peter Doherty (1996) - researchers at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
 Brian Schmidt (2011) - astrophysicist

Related pages
 Mount Stromlo Observatory
 Siding Spring Observatory

References

Colleges and universities in Australia
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1960 establishments in Australia
The Renault 5 was a car produced by Renault from 1972 to 1996. It was sold in two generations with the second arriving in 1985. It was replaced by the Renault Clio in 1990 but it remained on sale until 1996 as the budget Campus model.

It is available as hatchback with three or five doors, and with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines from 35 to 94 hp, and as the Renault 5 Turbo with 110 or 160 hp.

5
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Leonid Denisovich Kizim (5 August 1941 – 14 June 2010) was a Soviet cosmonaut. In 1986 he was the commander of the only space mission to visit two space stations on one flight. These were the new Mir station and the old Salyut 7 station. At the end of the flight he became the first person to have spent a whole year in space. All together he spent 374 days 17 hours 56 minutes in space.

He became second in charge of the Russian Ministry of Defense's satellite control center. In 1995 he was put in charge of the Military Engineering Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics in St. Petersburg.

References 

1941 births
2010 deaths
Cosmonauts
Soviet people
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Mineral water is water obtained from rocks. It is often collected from springs or from underground rivers when they emerge from the rocks. Mineral waters are very clean and have no germs in it. Because they have been held in rocks for a long time they often contain chemicals that have come from the rocks. This chemicals can give the water an interesting taste. Some mineral waters may be good for health. Because some underground water comes to the surface from very deep layers in the earth, it can also have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it. This can make the water fizzy.

Water
The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is a prize for comedians.   The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts awards this prize every year.  They first gave this prize in 1998. It is named after  Mark Twain.  Mark Twain was an American author.  The Mark Twain Prize is America’s foremost award for humor.

Mark Twain Prize winners
 1998 - Richard Pryor
 1999 - Jonathan Winters
 2000 - Carl Reiner
 2001 - Whoopi Goldberg
 2002 - Bob Newhart
 2003 - Lily Tomlin
 2004 - Lorne Michaels
 2005 - Steve Martin
 2006 - Neil Simon
 2007 - Billy Crystal
 2008 - George Carlin
 2009 - Bill Cosby
 2010 - Tina Fey
 2011 - Will Ferrell
 2012 - Ellen DeGeneres
 2013 - Carol Burnett
 2014 - Jay Leno
 2015 - Eddie Murphy
 2016 - Bill Murray
 2017 - David Letterman
 2018 - Julia Louis-Dreyfus
 2019 - Dave Chappelle
 2020–2021 - Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 2022 - Jon Stewart

Other websites
 Mark Twain Prize from the Kennedy Center website
 Mark Twain Prize from the PBS website

Comedy
Literary awards

Mark Twain
New Mexico State University is a four-year public university in the United States. It has five campuses, but its main campus is in Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2010, it had about 18,000 undergraduate students.

History 
The school started in 1888. It was first called the Las Cruces College. Soon after, it changed its name to New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. In 1960, its name was changed to New Mexico State University.

Sports 
New Mexico State University's sports teams are called the Aggies.

References

Other websites 
 New Mexico State University

Colleges and universities in New Mexico
1888 establishments in the United States
Beaumaris (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) is a small town on the island of Anglesey of the Menai Strait.

History
The town itself began  in 1295 when Edward I of England started to build Beaumaris Castle. This was one of several castle along  the North Wales coast  - others include Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech . Many of the builders of the castle were from France.

The castle was built on a marsh by the village of Llanfaes. The French builders called the marsh beaux marais which means "beautiful marsh". This is how the town got its name.  The people who lived village in Llanfaes were removed  to a new village in the west of Anglesey to make way for the castle. This village was called Newborough and it still exists today.

Architecture
Notable buildings in the town include the castle, a courthouse built in 1614, St Mary's parish church, and the town gaol.

Beaumaris has a pier which was opened in 1846. The pier was  enlarged to 570 feet after storm damage in 1872.  Beaumaris Pier is still a busy base for yachts and other boats.

References

Other websites 

 Beaumaris Photo Gallery
 Beaumaris Official Website 
 Beaumaris Gaol
 photos of Beaumaris and surrounding area on geograph
 Beaumaris Lifeboat station

Anglesey
Lotte Giants is a South Korean professional baseball team. It was started in 1982. The company Lotte supports the team. Lotte Giants are based in Busan, South Korea. They are one of the first teams in the Korea Baseball Organization league. They play in the Sajik Baseball Stadium and the Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium. Lotte Giants won the Korean Series in 1984 and 1992. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, Lotte Giants had about 4 million people watch them play. This is the most people to watch a team in the league.  The symbol of the team is a gull. It represents the harbors of Busan.

Other websites
 Homepage 

Baseball teams
Busan
Sport in South Korea
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
The Halomonadaceae are a family of halophilic proteobacteria. The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera Halomonas and Deleya. Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them.

GFAG-1 
GFAJ-1 is a strain of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the Halomonadaceae. It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute. 

Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California. Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment. They grew in an arsenic-containing medium.

Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved. A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic. The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic.

Background 
Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions.

It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together. Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Chemical elements
Biochemistry
Extremophiles
Sewage treatment is the process of dealing with sewage so that it  does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. 

Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out.  This protects the machines in later stages. 
Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage.  Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top.  Fats and solids stay in the tank and the water continues to the next stage. This is called primary treatment.

Modern sewage treatment started in London about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

Importance of oxygen 
Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to  run the sewage through oxygenated water.  It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.

Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria.  Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on.  Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.

Solids from the first and second treatment  tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.

References 

Waste management
Vladimir Arnold (12 June 1937 — 3 June 2010) was a Russian mathematician of Jewish descent, said to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He worked in many areas of mathematics including dynamical systems, differential equations, hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, classical and celestial mechanics, geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry, and singularity theory.

Arnold was born in Odessa, Ukraine. He worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and later at the Moscow State University. Arnold died in Paris after going there to seek medical treatment.

Awards
He would have be given the Fields Medal in Mathematics in 1974, but this was opposed by the Soviet government. His other awards include:
 Lenin Prize (1965)
 Crafoord Prize (1982)
 Lobachevsky Prize (1992)
 Harvey Prize (1994)
 World Prize in Mathematics (2001)
 Prize of the American Institute of Physics (2001)
 Wolf Prize (2001)

References

1937 births
2010 deaths
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
People from Odessa
Russian academics
Russian Jews
Russian geometers
Soviet Jews
Ukrainian Jews
Algebraic geometers
Topologists
Sewage or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes.  In some places it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads.  It can also have liquid waste from factories in it.  It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works.

Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful.  It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans.  Most sewage in poor counties is not treated, and may spread disease.

Waste management
Superstar K () is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year. The concept is the same as the Pop Idol franchise. It involves finding the next "superstar". The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers. First held in 2009, Superstar K has become more and more popular. 

As the slogan of this program is “Sing the miracle”, plenty of people who volunteered “Season 2” to become a singer were about 1,430,000. Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA. 

This audition has lots of stages. First, participants should take the first local preliminary round, and after passing it, they face the second, and then the third. After the third round, all participants from all areas gather to Seoul, and semi round, called “Super Week”, is began. From this stage, all stages become survival formats, and keen. After the round, 11 people are chosen as last members, and they stay at the same house, take the vocal training, and compete each other every week. Finally, the one who survive from the competition win the audition. In this audition, famous judges appear. The judges are Korean popular singers, Seungchul Lee, Jongsin Yoon, and Junghwa Um. These singers judge each participant. As this is TV show, viewers can join the judgment. When last 11 people compete each other, viewers can vote who they want, and it accounts for 60%. The singers’ judgment forms 30%, and the rest is up to internet survey. 

The winner of each season gets huge rewards. In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million. In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video. He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.

South Korean television series
Reality television series
2009 television series debuts
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
The Jeju United FC, founded in 1982, is a professional football team in the K League 1. It uses the Jeju World Cup Stadium as its home stadium. Although it is based in Seogwipo at this moment, it has been through several base changes. Its original name was Yukong Elephants FC, which was founded in 1982 and based in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. This YooGong football club changed its home stadium to Seoul in 1990. In 1996, as a part of localization policy, it again changed its home stadium to Bucheon, and changed its name as Bucheon SK. However, the overall facilities in Bucheon were not enough, so it finally changed its home stadium to the Jeju World Cup Stadium in Jeju Island, thus getting the name 'Jeju United FC.'

Overview
Jeju United is famous for educating coaches and for supporting the development of football techniques. For example, Valeri Nepomniachi, the Russian coach hired in 1994, delivered many developed strategies and techniques to the K League. This created a vogue 'Nepomniachi Style' among other teams. Its mascot is Kamguri, which represents the symbol of Jeju, the Mandarin. Its home stadium, 'Jeju World Cup Stadium,' can accommodate 35,545 people.

Jeju United FC has been doing well in the K League. It came in 3rd in the 1983 Superleague. Beginning from this, it has usually maintained good rankings in K-league including the championship in 1989. In 2010, it maintained first place throughout the season, but was surpassed by FC Seoul at the last match, ending in second place.

Emblem

The emblem of Jeju United FC is a shield-shaped one with the combination of black, red, and blue. This will enable people to feel the power of the football team. To be more specific, the emblem represents Hallasan and the horn of a deer which symbolize Jeju Island. This expresses the defense power of the team. At the same time, the sword in the middle which was made from the 'J' in Jeju Island involves the team's spirit that it will adopt the attacking-strategy as its main one. In addition to this, it uses the motif of SK group's Happy Wings so that the Jeju residents would become united through the soccer.

Stadium

Jeju World Cup Stadium was built in harmony with Jeju's culture, nature, and life. First, the entrance was made after the traditional entrance, Olle. Also, Jeongnang, a traditional door, stands next to the entrance. The overall shape of the stadium resembles the so-called 'Oreum'. Oreum is a parasitic volcano, and its top has a concave shape. To attain this concave shape, the stadium made the field 14m under the ground, which minimized the effect of the wind. Besides, the roof of the stadium symbolizes Teu, the traditional boat for fishing. As a home stadium of Jeju United FC, it can accommodate more than 35.000 people.

References

South Korean football clubs
John Edward Schella (May 9, 1947 – August 3, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Schella made his NHL debut in 1970 with the Vancouver Canucks, spending parts of two seasons with the team before moving to the Houston Aeros, where he spent six seasons. Schella played one final year in the minor leagues before retiring in 1979.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

Other websites

1947 births
2018 deaths
American Hockey League players
Binghamton Dusters players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Central Professional Hockey League players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Vancouver Canucks players
World Hockey Association players
Norman Robert "Bud" Poile (February 10, 1924 – January 4, 2005) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach, general manager, and league executive.

Awards
 Awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1989.
 Inducted into the NHL Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990.

Career statistics

Coaching statistics

1 Midseason replacement

² Replaced midseaseon

Other websites

1924 births
2005 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Stanley Cup champions