Kingston upon Hull, often shortened to Hull, is a city and unitary authority independent of a county in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, in the Ceremonial county of East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is on both sides of the River Hull where it meets the Humber Estuary on the north bank estuary, near England's east coast,  from the North Sea.

Hull has been a market town, military supply port, trading centre, fishing and whaling port, and industrial giant. Hull was also an early battleground in the English Civil Wars, and was the backdrop to events leading to the abolition of the slave trade in Britain. Hull was heavily damaged during the Second World War, and after a period of decline, when many factories closed; the city has started to regenerate.
The Port of Hull is one of the UK's largest goods and passenger ports.

History 
Meaux Abbey was founded between 1150 and 1179. This is the earliest date people are known to have lived in the area.

Edward I used the port to help supply his troops when he was fighting the Scots. as a site from which to supply his troops as they engaged their northern foes

The king granted a royal charter, dated April 1, 1299, that renamed the settlement of Wyke to King's town upon Hull, or Kingston upon Hull. The charter remains preserved in the archives of the city's Guildhall.

In 1440, a new charter allowed the town to choose a mayor, a sheriff, and twelve aldermen to run its own affairs. The charter also said that the aldermen also be justices of the peace (that is, judges) for the town and its county.

Hull's port grew busier in the Middle Ages, sending wool, cloth, and leather to north Germany, towns on the Baltic Sea, and the Low Countries, bringing back timber, wine, furs, and dyes.

Sir William de la Pole was the town's first mayor.

The town grew rich during the 16th and early 17th centuries. At this time Wilberforce House was built. It is now a museum about William Wilberforce. who campaigned to abolish the slave trade.

In 1642 Hull decided to support for Parliament and refused to let Charles I enter the town. This meant the king could not have Hull's arsenal. Named a traitor, Hotham was eventually executed, in spite of a pardon issued by Parliament. Charles I besieged the town, that is he ordered his army to surround the town and force Hull to surrender. This siege helped start the fighting in the Civil War.

Hull became a city in 1897 This was then time when the city was the richest it had ever been. Catching whales and fishing were very important. Whaling is now banned, and fishing is limited by EU rules. But Hull is still a major port sending bulk goods and commercial road traffic by RORO ferry to and from the Dutch ports of Rotterdam and Zeebrugge and on to Europe. Hull is also an important centre of food-processing for the United Kingdom.

In the Second World War much of the city centre was completely destroyed. Hull was the most severely-bombed city or town apart from London during World War II, with 95% of houses being damaged or destroyed.

Hull was hit hard by the June 2007 floods. There was standing water over a wide area affecting 20% of the city's housing and damaging 90 out of its 105 schools. But the flooding was not as dramatic as the localised flooding in Sheffield and Doncaster. Newspapers and television reported about other areas, and Hull Council leader Carl Minns said Hull was the "forgotten city" of the floods.
Damage to schools alone has been estimated at £100 million.

Geography 
Kingston upon Hull's city centre is close to the Humber. The city is surrounded by the rural East Riding of Yorkshire, isolating it from the rest of the United Kingdom.

Much of Hull is on reclaimed land at or below sea level. The Hull Tidal Surge Barrier is where the River Hull joins the Humber Estuary and is lowered at times when unusually high tides are expected. It is used between 8 and 12 times per year and protects about 10,000 people from flooding.
Due to its low level, Hull is expected to be at increasing levels of risk from flooding due to global warming.

The city is quite small, but there are many villages in the metropolitan area. The largest of these suburbs is Cottingham.

Government 

Hull was a county borough in the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1889 to 1974. Then it became a non-metropolitan district of the new Humberside county. When that county was abolished in 1996 it was made a unitary authority.
The governing body of the city is now Hull City Council, based in the Guildhall in the city centre.
The council has adopted the "leader and cabinet" model. This means that most decision are made by the leader of the council and a Cabinet

The council was the UK's worst council in both 2004 and 2005, but is now rated as a two star improving adequate council after its recent corporate performance assessment.

Cities and towns linked to Hull 
Hull has the following twin towns:
  Freetown
  Niigata
  Raleigh, North Carolina
  Reykjavík
  Rotterdam
  Szczecin

Hull, Massachusetts in the USA is named after this city, as is Hull, Quebec, which is part of Canada's national capital region.

Telephone system 
Hull is the only city in the UK with its own independent telephone network company, now called KCom. On 24 May 2007, the council sold their remaining stake in the company for over £107 million.

People associated with Kingston upon Hull 
People linked to the city include:
 John Alderton, actor, grew up in Hull and attended Kingston High School.
 Jon Culshaw, impressionist and comedian, also began his career as a DJ on Hull station Viking FM.
 John Godber, playwright, has been Artistic Director of the Hull Truck Theatre Company since 1984.
 Marion Hood, singer, grew up in Hull and performed in music hall there as a girl and young adult.
 JK and Joel, presenters on BBC Radio 1, began their partnership on local radio station Viking FM.
 Ted Lewis, author of Jack's Return Home, later filmed as Get Carter, attended Hull School of Art.
 Andrew Lincoln, actor, spent some time growing up in Hull.
 Clive Sullivan, rugby league player, played for both of Hull's rugby league teams. The main road into the city from the Humber Bridge is named after him (Clive Sullivan Way).

References

Other websites 

 Holy Trinity Church
 Hull City Council
 Hull City Council photo archive 
 Hull Daily Mail
 Hull Philharmonic Youth Orchestra 
 Hull York Medical School
 "The Humber Mouth" - Hull Literature Festival
 Photographs of modern and historic features in Kingston upon Hull 
 Port of Kingston upon Hull
 Prince's Quay (shopping centre)
 Quay West Project
 Skyscrapercity: Developments for Kingston-Upon-Hull. Urban discussion forum dedicated to new development and regeneration 
 St Stephens Project
 The University of Hull
 Wikivoyage Guide

 
Unitary authorities
12th-century establishments in Europe