cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Conakry or Konakry is the capital and largest city of Guinea. The city is a port on the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Conakry is about 2 million people.

History 
Conakry was first settled on Tombo Island. It later spread to the Kaloum Peninsula. The city was founded after Britain gave the island to France in 1887. It became the capital of French Guinea in about 1904.

Economy 
Conakry is Guinea's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic center. The main part of the city's economy deals with the port. The port has up to date facilities for handling and storing cargo. It is used for transporting alumina and bananas.  Items created in Conakry include food products and materials used for building houses.

Things to see 

Things to see in the city include the Guinea National Museum, several markets, the Guinea Palais du Peuple (the People's Palace), Conakry Grand Mosque and the nearby Iles de Los.

The city is noted for its botanical garden.  The Polytechnical Institute of Conakry is also located in Conakry.

References and notes 

Settlements in Guinea
Capital cities in Africa
Cotonou is the economy capital of Benin. It is the largest city in that country. The city officially has 761,137 people, but it is thought that the actual number of people living in the city may be as high as 1.2 million. Many of the government and diplomatic services of Benin are in Cotonou. Because of this, the city is Benin's de facto capital, even though the official capital is Porto-Novo.

The city is best known as a major port because of the Autonomous Port of Cotonou. It is also home to an airport and a railway between it and Parakou. Other features of Cotonou include Cotonou Friendship Stadium, Cotonou Cathedral, Cotonou Central Mosque and the 20-hectare Dantokpa Market. The National University of Benin is in Cotonou.

History 
The name 'Cotonou' means 'the mouth of the river of death' in the Fon language. At the beginning of the 19th century, Cotonou (then spelled Kotonou) was a small fishing village. The village was a part of the Kingdom of Dahomey. In 1851, the French made a treaty with the Dahomean King Ghezo. It let them build a place to trade at Cotonou. During the reign of Glele (1858-89), who ruled after Ghezo, the area was given to France by a treaty signed on May 19, 1868. In 1883, the French navy was at the city to stop the British from taking over the area. After Glele's death in 1889, his son Behanzin tried to challenge the treaty but he failed.

Capital cities in Africa
Settlements in Benin
Dodoma is the capital city of Tanzania. It is the third biggest city in the country. The city is also the capital of the Dodoma region. The city has a population of 410,956 people. The name Dodoma means "It has sunk".

History
During German colonial rule in East Africa, the town of Dodoma was founded at the same time as the creation of the Tanzanian central railway. The British took over the city after World War I. Dodoma became an administrative center for the region until the independence of Tanzania in 1964. In 1973, plans were made to move the capital from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. Tanzania's National Assembly moved there the next year. Many government offices are still in Dar es Salaam.

Other websites 
 Dodoma Region 

Cities in Tanzania
Capital cities in Africa
N'Djamena is the capital of Chad. It is the largest city in the country.  The city is a port on the Chari River. N'Djamena is also a special statute region. It is a regional market for livestock, salt, dates, and grains.  Meat processing is the main industry. N'Djamena has a population of 721,000 people.

Attractions in the city include the Chad National Museum, a cathedral and several mosques. Religiously the city is very mixed, although many of the people there are Islamic . N'Djamena has a university, schools of administration and veterinary medicine,  and the American International School of N'Djamena. N'Djamena International Airport is located just outside the city.

History 
N'Djamena was founded as Fort-Lamy by the French commander Émile Gentil on May 29 1900. It was named after Amédée-François Lamy. He was an army officer who had been killed in the Battle of Kousséri a few days earlier. The name was changed to N'Djamena (taken from the Arab name Niǧāmīnā, meaning "place of rest") by the President François Tombalbaye on April 6, 1973.

The city was badly damaged during the Chadian Civil War, in 1979 and again in 1980. On April 13, 2006, the United Front for Democratic Change attacked the city but the attack failed.

References

Other websites 
 Map of N'Djamena 

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Chad
Regions of Chad
The San Jose Sharks are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). The team is based in San Jose, California and was founded on May 9th, 1990. It started playing in the NHL in autumn 1991. The team colours are pacific teal, grey, burnt orange and black. Because of this it is often called "Team Teal".

The Sharks host their games at SAP Center at San Jose and are coached by Peter DeBoer. Before that, Todd McLellan was their coach from 2008 to 2015. Some famous players for the Sharks are Joe Pavelski, Joe Thornton, Jonathan Cheechoo, Rob Blake, Evgeni Nabokov, Dan Boyle and Patrick Marleau.

On May 25, 2016, the San Jose Sharks went to their first Stanley Cup by beating the St. Louis Blues 5-2 in 6 games but however, on June 12, 2016, they lost to the Pittsburgh Penguins which was also in 6 games.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

 
1990 establishments in California
Bujumbura is the former capital city of Burundi. The city is at the northeastern corner of Lake Tanganyika. It is the largest city in the country. The city is the administrative, communications, and economic center of Burundi. Bujumbura has a population of about 324,000 people.  The city makes textiles, soap and other things. Bujumbura is Burundi's main port. It transports most of the country's main export, coffee, as well as cotton, animal skins, and tin ore.

The city center is a colonial town. It has a large market, the national stadium, a large mosque, and a cathedral. Museums in the city include the Burundi Museum of Life and the Burundi Geological Museum. Other things to see include the Rusizi National Park.

Ferries sail from Bujumbura to Kigoma in Tanzania. The city is also home to the Bujumbura International Airport and the University of Bujumbura.

History 
Bujumbura grew from a small village after it became a military post in German East Africa in 1889 . After World War I, it was made the administrative center of the Belgian controlled Ruanda-Urundi. The city's name was changed from Usumbura to Bujumbura when Burundi became independent in 1962 . Since independence, Bujumbura has been the scene of much fighting between the country's two main ethnic groups, with Hutu militias fighting against the Burundi army which has many Tutsi people in it.

Other websites 

 Map of Bujumbura at fallingrain.com

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Burundi
Hope is a confidence in something wanted.  It can also mean:

Surname
For people surnamed Hope, see Hope (surname)First names
Famous people with Hope as a first name:
 An old English girl's first name, now more popular in the USA
 Hope (Xena), a villain from Xena
 The Hope, a Clow Cards and villain from the series Cardcaptor Sakura
 Hope Clarke, an American dancer
 Hope Cooke, an American woman who became the Queen of Sikkim
 Hope Davis, an American actress
 Hope Lange, an American actress
 Hope Sandoval, an American singer
 Hope, an artificial construct created by Lex Luthor in Lex Luthor: Man of Steel Place names 
Hope College in Holland, Michigan
Hope, Derbyshire, England
Hope, Flintshire, Wales
Hope, British Columbia
Hope, New Zealand
Hope, Quebec
Hope, Rhode Island

United States:
Hope, Alaska
Hope, Arkansas
Hope, Illinois
Hope, Maine
Hope, Michigan
Hope, New Mexico
Hope, New York
Hope, North DakotaSee also: Hope Island

 Things 
 The Hope Diamond, a famous diamond.
 HOPE-X, the HOPE shuttle program, or the "H-II Orbiting Plane"
 Hackers On Planet Earth, a biennial conference series sponsored by hacker magazine 2600
 HOPE Worldwide, a benevolent organization
 The Hope Channel, a Christian television channel
 Hope (Doctor Who), a novel based on the television show Doctor Who Hope (ship), American merchant ship circa 1800
 Hope (emotion), a belief in a positive outcome in circumstances in one's life

 Music 
 Hope (album), a progressive rock album by the Canadian band Klaatu
 Hope (hip hop album), a hip hop album by underground rapper Sage Francis and producer Joe Beats
 Hope, an album by Hillsong Music Australia (2003)
 "Hope", a 1985 Descendents (band) song from the album Milo Goes to College "Hope", a Cantonese theme song for Dae Jang Geum by Kelly Chen
 "Hope", a song by Avail from their 1992 album Satiate "Hope", a song by Shaggy (artist)
 "Hope", a song by Fat Freddy's Drop
 "Hope", a 1998 song by R.E.M. from their album Up "Hope (Twista song)", a 2005 song featuring Twista and R&B singer Faith Evans
 "Hope (Rush song)", a 2007 song by rock group Rush
 "Hope (Toshiko Akiyoshi single)", a song by jazz pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi
 Also the title of a Toshiko Akiyoshi album, Hope (Toshiko Akiyoshi)'' (2005)
 Hope (band), a Canadian punk rock band
 Hatikvah, Hebrew for "The Hope", the national anthem of Israel
 Hope Recordings, a record label

Concepts 
 Hope (virtue)
 Hope programming language, a small functional programming language

Other 

Hope is the state motto of :Rhode Island.

Basic English 850 words
Frosted Flakes (North American countries) or Frosties (UK, Commonwealth of Nations and EU countries) is a cereal like Corn Flakes from Kellogg's, but coated with frosted sugar. Tony the Tiger has been the mascot in Frosted Flakes since it was first introduced in 1952 as Sugar Frosted Flakes (the word "sugar" was dropped in the mid-1970s), and he is known for saying the cereal's slogan: "They're grrreat!". Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Thurl Ravenscroft, who continued providing his voice until his death in 2005. The character is currently voiced by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall, starting in January of 2006. Frosted Flakes are also available with apple pieces, banana pieces or coated in chocolate. In 2004, Kellogg's introduced a 1/3 Less Sugar recipe.

Taglines 
This cereal has had a lot of taglines, but the classic, "They're grrreat!" has always been used along with the others.

They're more than good, they're grrreat!
They're gonna taste great!
Bring out the tiger in you! (1980's) 
The taste adults have grown to love. (1980's - 1990's) 
Earn your stripes!
Put a tiger on your team!
Show the world...you've got game.
Show your stripes!
They're grrreat!

Trivia 
Kellogg's was a major sponsor of Adventures of Superman throughout most of the 1950s.  Many of the Frosted Flakes commercials featuring the show's star George Reeves are considered classics and are available on the DVD release of the series' first season.

 Frosted Flakes has been the primary sponsor of the NASCAR Nextel Cup #5 Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet since 2000.
 The term "Frosted Flakes" can be used by any company making a similar product. However, the term "Frosties" is a registered trademark and so cannot be used by others.
 This product is called "Zucaritas" in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries.
 In Brazil, Frosties is called "Sucrilhos".
 Because of the not so specific slogan, it has been parodied many times, such as in Family Guy

Other websites 
 Official website of Frosted Flakes
 Official website of Frosties 
 Advert on The Link Portal 
 Nutrition facts for Frosted Flakes
 Frosted Flakes Cereal Science Report 

Breakfast cereals
Cowley is a town in the American state of Wyoming.  It is in Big Horn County in northern Wyoming. The mayor of Cowley is Roland Simmons.

History
The town of Cowley was settled by a group of Mormon followers in Wyoming's Big Horn Basin. The town was named for Matthias F. Cowley, one of the Apostles of the Mormon church at the time. The first group of Mormons got to the area May 2, 1900. When they got there, they started building the Sidon Canal to bring water to the town from the Shoshone River. The Canal was over 30 miles long. They finished building it in 1904.

By the end of 1900 there were about 18 log houses built in the area. The first school was opened in a log house in January 1901. There were about 24-30 students.

On September 26, 1910, the Big Horn Academy was opened in Cowley. It was the area's first High School. The first class to be graduated from the Big Horn Academy was the class of 1912. It had 13 students.

A new stone building was made for the Big Horn Academy in 1916. In 1925 the name was changed to the Cowley High School. The mascot of the school was the Jaguars. The Cowley High School remained in the Big Horn Academy building until 1983, when the last class was graduated from Cowley High School. There were only six students in the class of 1983. Because of the small number of students, the school in Cowley was closed. Beginning in 1984, the town's students began attending the consolidated Rocky Mountain High School in Byron, Wyoming.

Schools
Student from Cowley attend school at:
Rocky Mountain Elementary School
Rocky Mountain Middle School
Rocky Mountain High School

References

Towns in Wyoming
Big Horn County, Wyoming
1900 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Wyoming
Big Horn County is a county in Northern Wyoming. The county seat is Basin. The largest city is Lovell.

Communities

Towns

Basin (county seat)
Burlington
Byron
Cowley
Deaver
Frannie
Greybull
Lovell
Manderson

Census-designated places
Hyattville
Shell

Unincorporated communities
Emblem
Otto
Meadow Lark Lake

Other websites
Basin Republican Rustler - Local newspaper
Map of Otto

 
1897 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Wyoming
Byron is a town in the American state of Wyoming.  It part of Big Horn County. At the 2010 census, 593 people lived in Byron. 

In high school, students go to Rocky Mountain High School in Byron. Middle School students go to Rocky Mountain Middle School in Deaver and elementary school students attend Rocky Mountain Elementary School in Cowley. 

The town has an area of 0.9 mi². 0.1 mi² of it (5.62%) is water.

Towns in Wyoming
Big Horn County, Wyoming
Fort Bragg is a town in California's Mendocino County. The population was 7,026 at the 2000 census. Fort Bragg is located on the Pacific Coast Highway, California Rte-1. A US Army officer named it for one of his old commanding officers, Braxton Bragg (1817–1876) who was a career U.S. Army officer. He was later a general in the Confederate States Army. Because of this, the town shares a name with Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and they are named for the same man.

Cities in California
Settlements in Mendocino County, California
Mendocino County is a county in Northern California.  The county seat is in Ukiah. In 2000, 

Towns in Mendocino County include:
 Fort Bragg
 Ukiah
 Willits

References

 
1850 establishments in California
Brigham Young University (BYU) is an American university. It is named after the second Latter-day Saints prophet, Brigham Young. The school is in Provo, Utah. Their team colors are royal blue and white. Their mascot is the cougar. Their rivals are University of Utah.
Brigham Young University (BYU) is often called “The Y” and is a private research university. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) owns and runs the school. It is the biggest church school and third biggest private university in the United States with 33,511 students. About 99 percent of the students are part of the LDS Church, and 32% of them are from Utah. BYU students have to live an honor code, a set of rules on behavior. They must be honest in their work, follow dress rules, have no sex outside of marriage, and not take illegal drugs or drink alcohol. 66% of students (88 percent of men, 39 percent of women) start school late or take a break from school to be Mormon missionaries. It is cheaper to study at BYU than at other private universities because most of the cost of attending BYU is paid for by the LDS church.

BYU has many topics to study. This includes liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical science and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is grouped into 11 smaller parts that create their own rules on how to be allowed to study a topic. The university also has two satellite campuses(a small part of the campus that is far away from the rest of the campus), one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City. The main university is run by the Church Educational System (CES), and also runs two other schools in Hawaii and Idaho. The main focus of the school is on undergraduate education, with 187 undergraduate majors and 110 undergraduate minors, but it also has 88 masters and 32 doctoral degree programs.

BYU’s sports teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars.  Their football teem is a NCAA Division I independent. BYU's other sports teams play in the West Coast Conference or the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYU’s sports teams have won fourteen national championships. In September 2021, BYU announced they would be joining the Big 12 Conference for all sports starting in Fall 2023.

References

Colleges and universities in Utah
Mormonism
West Coast Conference
Provo, Utah
1875 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
Provo is an American city in the state of Utah. It is in Utah County and is east of Utah Lake. It lies to the west of high mountain peaks in the Wasatch Range. It is home to Brigham Young University. The city is the third largest city in the state. It has a population of 105,166 people.

References

 
County seats in Utah
1849 establishments in the United States
Kimberly Denise Jones, better known as Lil' Kim, (born July 11, 1974 in Brooklyn, New York) is an African-American rap artist and actress. She released her first album, Hard Core, in 1996. It was very successful. In 2001 she released a single with Christina Aguilera, Mýa, and Pink called "Lady Marmalade" for the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack which reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, making her the first female rapper to have a number 1 on that chart. It also reached number 1 in 13 other countries and won two MTV Video Music Awards and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Kim also rapped on Aguilera's 2003 single "Can't Hold Us Down", which was nominated for the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.

Career
In 1999 Kim started her own record label, Queen Bee Entertainment. In 2010 the name changed to International Rock Star Records. In 2012 Kim signed Tiffany Foxx to the label. In 1994 Kim was a member of rap group Junior M.A.F.I.A.. They released one album, Conspiracy. Kim left the group in late 2001.

In 2003 Kim released a single called "Magic Stick". 50 Cent raps in it. It reached No.2 in the Hot 100. It was also nominated for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the Grammy Awards. In 2012 she did a tour of the United States, Return of the Queen Tour.

Kim released her first solo single in four years, "Looks Like Money" in 2013. On November 29 (Black Friday), 2013 Kim is going to release a mixtape, Hard Core 2K13. She released the first song from it, "Dead Gal Walking" Halloween 2013.

Fights
Kim has been in a fight with Nicki Minaj since Pink Friday.

Discography

Studio albums 

 Hard Core (November 12, 1996) (Big Beat Records)
 The Notorious K.I.M. (June 27, 2000) (Atlantic Records)
 La Bella Mafia (March 4, 2003) (Atlantic Records)
 The Naked Truth (September 27, 2005) (Atlantic Records)

Remix albums 

 Dance Remixes (June 6, 2006)

Mixtape albums 

 Ms. G.O.A.T. (June 3, 2008)
 Black Friday (February 14, 2011)
 Hard Core 2 (September 11, 2014)

References

Other websites 
 

1970s births
Living people
Rap musicians from New York
Singers from New York
Basing is a town in the American state of Wyoming.  It is the county seat of Big Horn County. It had 1,285 people living in it at the 2010 census.

Basin is near the Big Horn river. The town has an area of 2.0 mi². 0.04 mi² of it (1.47%) is water.

Towns in Wyoming
Big Horn County, Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
Chen Shui-bian (, born October 12, 1950 in Guantian, Tainan, Taiwan) was the President of the Republic of China from 2000-2008. His term ended 55 years of Kuomintang rule in Taiwan. His nickname is Ah-bian (). Chen is a member of the Democratic Progressive Party.

Early years 
Chen Shui-bian is raised from a poor family in southern Taiwan. He worked hard and studied at National Taiwan University. He passed a test and became a lawyer in his junior year.  He graduated from university in 1974.

1950 births
Living people
Presidents of the Republic of China
São Tomé is the capital city of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is the largest city in the country.  The city has a population of 56,166 people. Its name is Portuguese for "Saint Thomas."  São Tomé is important as a port. It is located on Ana Chaves Bay in the north east of São Tomé Island.

History 

The city was founded by Portugal in 1485. It is centred on a sixteenth century cathedral. Another early building is Fort São Sebastião. It was built in 1575 and is now the São Tomé National Museum. In 1599, the city as well as the islands were captured by the Dutch for two days and again in 1641 for a year. São Tomé was the colony's capital until 1753. It has been the national capital since 1852.

São Tomé is known for its role in the forced conversion of Jews during the Inquisition. When King Manuel I of Portugal wanted to force the Jews to convert, he took away their children and had them sent to this remote island.

Areas of interest 
Features of the town include the Presidential Palace, the Fisherman's Church, and a cinema. The city is also home to two markets, a radio station, a hospital, and an international airport. São Tomé also serves as the center of the island's road and bus networks.

Other websites 
 Open Directory Project - Sao Tome and Principe  directory category

Capital cities in Africa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Lost could mean:
 Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
 Lost, Aberdeenshire, a tiny hamlet in Scotland
 Lost Energy, a commercial energy drink
 Mustard gas, from LOmmel and STeinkopf who developed a process for mass-producing the gas for war
 Local Option Sales Tax (LOST), a special-purpose tax often appended to standard state sales tax on certain purchases

In entertainment:
 Lost (TV series), a drama which follows the lives of plane crash survivors who land on a mysterious island
 Lost (video game), a video game based on the television series
 Lost (2001 TV series), a short-lived reality television program
 Lost (1956 movie), a British thriller directed by Guy Green
 Lost (2004 movie), an American indie thriller starring Dean Cain
 Lost (2001 novel), a revisionist novel by Gregory Maguire
 The Lost, a 2006 memoir by Daniel Mendelsohn
 Lost (Eightball album), a 1998 album by American rapper Eightball
 Lost (RTZ album), a 1999 album by American rock band RTZ
 Lost (Cool Calm Pete album), a 2005 album by American hip hop artist Cool Calm Pete
 "Lost" (Kreator song), a 1995 single by the German thrash metal band Kreator
 "Lost" (song), a 2003 single by English singer Skin
The Western United States—commonly referred to as the American West or simply The West—traditionally refers to the westernmost states of the United States.  As the United States has expanded westward since its founding, the definition of the West has changed over time.  In the 18th and early 19th centuries the Appalachian Mountains were considered to be the boundary.  Nowadays the Mississippi River is often referenced as the easternmost possible boundary of the West.  The Census Bureau defines the western United States as these states:

 Alaska
 Arizona
 California
 Colorado
 Hawaii
 Idaho
 Montana
 Nevada
 New Mexico
 Oregon
 Utah
 Washington
 Wyoming.

The "West" had played a large role in American history; the American Old West is an important part of America's folklore.

 
Census Regions of the United States
The Monaco Grand Prix (Grand Prix de Monaco) is a Formula One race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world alongside the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Winners

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

* Between 1998-2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

** Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

*** Built by  Porsche

By year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

References 

Formula One Grands Prix
Bangui is the capital city of Central African Republic. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 531,763 people. Most of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, near Bangui.

History 
The city was founded in 1889 in what was then the French colony Haut-Oubangui ('Upper Ubangi'). The colony was later renamed Oubangui-Chari and made part of French Equatorial Africa. The city grew around the French military post on the Ubangi river. Bangui served as an administration center for the colony and is now the administrative center of the CAR.

Much violence in Bangui came after the March 1981 elections. These elections took place after the French removed Jean-Bedel Bokassa from office and replaced him with David Dacko. People who did not like Dacko attacked Bangui and made Dacko leave the country. Andre Kolingba then formed the Comité Militaire pour le Redressement National.

About 200 Central African Republic soldiers mutinied in Bangui in May 1996. They wanted back pay and for dictator Patassé to be removed from control of the country.  French soldiers in the country stopped them and returned Patassé to power.  More than 50 people were killed during this time.

Geography and Climate 
Bangui is on the northern banks of the Ubangi River. It is just below a series of rapids. The Congolese town of Zongo is on the opposite side of the river from Bangui. The city centre is near the river. It has a large triumphal arch, the Presidential Palace and the central market. North of the city lie rolling hills.

The Central African Republic is just north of the Equator. Because of this, the daily high temperatures rarely fall below the high 80s Fahrenheit. The rainy season lasts from May until October. Bangui, being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country.

Economy 
Bangui is an administrative, trade, and commercial center. Bangui makes textiles, food products, beer, shoes, and soap.  The main exports are cotton, timber, coffee, and sisal.  Unemployment in the city was near 23% as of 2001.

Transportation 
Bangui is a river port. It is served by Bangui M'Poko International Airport.  The port handles the most of the country's trade with other countries.  River ferries sail to Brazzaville and Zongo. Roads connect the city to Cameroon, Chad, and Sudan.

Culture 
Several periodicals and three daily newspapers publish in Bangui.  Other things to see in Bangui include Boganda Museum and Bokassa Palace.

Education 
Bangui is home to the University of Bangui. It was founded in 1970. The University of Bangui is the only non-agricultural college in the Central African Republic.

Notes and references 

Capital cities in Africa
Central African Republic
ITV (first known as Independent Television) is a public television broadcasting service in the United Kingdom. It was set up in 1955 by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) to provide competition to the BBC.

History
ITV was first set up as one network of television stations and stayed that way until 2002. Then they were split into: ITV, ITV2, ITV3 and ITV4. These channels are also available in High definition.

Current ITV regions
Listed as they were originally named and as they are known now:

Anglia Television (now known as 'ITV Anglia', broadcasting to the East of England)
Carlton Central (now known as 'ITV Central', broadcasting to the English Midlands)
Carlton / London Weekend Television (now known as 'ITV London', broadcasting to London)
Meridian Broadcasting (now known as 'ITV Meridian', broadcasting to South West England)
Tynee Tees Television (now known as 'ITV Tynee Tees', broadcasting to North East England)
Granada Television (now known as 'ITV Granada', broadcasting to North West England)

Related pages
Yorkshire Television

1955 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in the United Kingdom
Secularism, also called Secularity, is the idea of something being not religious or not connected to a church or other religious organization. An example of this is the government, which is independent of any religion in many states. In some countries, such as Pakistan, England (though not the rest of the UK), Greece, Iran or Saudi Arabia, there is a state religion. In that case, the government follows the state religion. In contrast, India, South Africa or the United States have laws that religion and government should stay separate.

In a theocracy like the Vatican City and Iran, the priests of religion are the rulers of the country.

Related pages 
Secular state
Separation of church and state
State religion
Theocracy
Freedom of religion

Religion
Jérémie Aliadière (born 30 March 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Middlesbrough.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Arsenal||rowspan="4"|Premier League||1||0||0||0||2||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2002/03||3||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||3||1
|-
|2003/04||10||0||1||0||3||4||1||0||15||4
|-
|2004/05||4||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||6||0

|-
|2005/06||Celtic||Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0

|-
|2005/06||West Ham United||Premier League||7||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2005/06||Wolverhampton Wanderers||League Championship||14||2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2006/07||Arsenal||Premier League||11||0||4||0||6||4||2||0||23||4
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||29||5||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||5
|-
|2008/09||29||2||3||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||34||3
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
108||10||12||0||14||9||3||0||137||19
0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
108||10||12||0||14||9||5||0||139||19
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References

1983 births
Living people
French footballers
Walgreens is a pharmacy chain in the United States. It was founded in 1901 in Chicago. Its  headquarters are in Deerfield, Illinois.

In the 1980s, Walgreens owned and operated a chain of casual family restaurants/pancake houses called Wag's. It was very similar to Denny's, IHOP and Golden Bear. In 1988, Walgreens sold most of Wag's to Marriott Corporation and by 1991 the chain was out of business.

On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire another pharmacy chain, Rite Aid.

References

Other websites

 Walgreenslistens Survey

1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
Companies based in Illinois
The Cascade Volcanic Arc (also known as the Cascade volcanoes or the Cascade Arc) is a major range of volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and in northern California. The arc is central to the Cascade Range, a mountain range in the Pacific Northwest. It includes about 20 major volcanoes, among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents.

Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in height, and the two highest, Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta, are over 14,000 ft (4,300 m). By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of Medicine Lake Volcano and Newberry Volcano, which are about 145 mi³ (600 km³) and 108 mi³ (450 km³) respectively.

The volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago, but most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2 million years old. The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the arc was at Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980.

The major volcanoes within the arc include Mount Silverthrone, Mount Meager, Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, Three Sisters, Broken Top, Mount Bachelor, Newberry Volcano, Mount Thielsen, Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Mount McLoughlin, Medicine Lake Volcano, Mount Shasta, Shastina,Mount Tehama and Lassen Peak.

References 

Harris, Stephen L. 2005. Fire mountains of the West: the Cascade and Mono Lake volcanoes. 3rd ed, Mountain Press Publishing Company.

Other websites 
Living with volcanic risk in the Cascades

Volcanoes of Washington (U.S. state)
Geography of Oregon
Geography of California
Volcanoes of British Columbia
Lint is a collection of clothing fibers and other materials usually on or around clothing.

Types

Pocket lint 
Pocket lint is lint in the bottom of pockets. Pocket lint is usually made up of, but not limited to detached fabric, dust and paper scraps. In some contexts, pocket lint may also refer to random items in one's pocket.

Navel lint 
Navel lint, also called belly button lint, belly button fluff or navel fluff, is an collection of fluffy fibres in one's navel.

Many people find that, at the beginning and end of the day, a small lump of fluff has appeared in the navel cavity. People have wondered why this happens for many years. In 2001, Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki of the University of Sydney, Australia, did a survey to find out why this happens. This is what he found out:

 Navel lint is mostly stray fibers from one's clothing, mixed with some dead skin cells and body hair.
 Unlike what most people think, navel lint comes from a person's underwear and not from their shirts or tops. The fibres move there from friction of body hair on underwear.
 Women have less navel lint because of their finer and shorter body hairs. Older men have it more because of they have more hair and it is thicker.
 Navel lint's color is usually blue-gray.  The color is most likely an average of all clothing colors worn.
 Navel lint is entirely harmless and does not need to be corrected.

Dr. Kruszelnicki was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in 2002. The Ig Nobel Prize is given for "achievements that cannot or should not be repeated".

Austrian scientist Georg Steinhauser has also done research on the navel lint.

References

Other websites 
 
 A tree grows in a man's navel lint 
 World record navel lint collection by Graham Barker 

Fibers
Materials
Subtropical Storm Andrea was now the first named storm and first subtropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was made on May 9; three weeks earlier than when the 2007 season was supposed to start. Andrea started from a non-tropical rain weather area off the coast of Daytona Beach, Florida. After staying close to the same area, on May 10, Andrea weakened into a subtropical depression after coming near to dry air and wind shear, and on the next day, the National Hurricane Center stopped looking at the storm and stopped giving out advisories.

The storm made bad surf along the beach areas from Florida to North Carolina. Andrea killed a total of 6 people not in a direct way, and 5 of those deaths happened when Andrea was extratropical before being a subtropical storm.

Andrea was the first tropical storm to form before the official start of the season since Tropical Storm Ana from the 2003 season which formed on April 2003. The storm was also the first named storm to form in the month of May since Tropical Storm Arlene from the 1981 season.

Storm history 

Subtropical Storm Andrea formed out of an area of a kind of strong non-tropical rainy place that slowly moved around the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South Carolina. After becoming stronger a bit more and having the National Hurricane Center look at the storm closely, it was named "Andrea" on May 9 after the NHC discovered that the system had a closed low-level spinning and looked subtropical.

The storm did little more than stay near the same place before it became weak and turned into a subtropical depression after coming in contact with dry air and wind shear, both things which weaken tropical and subtropical cyclones. Andrea then died out off the coast of Florida on May 11 after collapsing because of bad weather conditions for the storm.

Preparations 
The extratropical system that would later be Andrea created high waves that made the National Weather Service give a High Surf Advisory at the coastlines between Florida and North Carolina. Almost right after the NHC called the storm Andrea, it also gave out Tropical Storm Watches to Florida and Georgia's coast.  But the NHC those stopped giving out advisories after Andrea weakened into a depression. Also, a gale warning was given out for much of the South Carolina coastline.

Impact 
Andrea was known to have killed a total of 6 people, while 5 of the people killed happened before Andrea became a subtropical storm. Also, the storm only made small damages between the Florida and the North Carolina coast.

Related pages
 Subtropical cyclone
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
 List of hurricanes in Florida

References

Other websites 

Advisory archive on Subtropical Storm Andrea

Subtropical cyclones
Andrea
2007 Atlantic hurricane season
May events
2000s in North Carolina
2000s in South Carolina
2007 in Georgia (U.S. state)
2007 in Florida
A force field is a field of energy that usually blocks something. The force field is common in science fiction and fantasy stories. The ideal of a force field may be from the vector field, thought it resembled the warding spells, the protective magic that was claimed to be used by shamans from long ago.

Research and development 
The plasma window is a real-live object that resembles the force field, it provides a separation between vacuum and gas. There is only one true ideal of creating a 'force shield': using an electric field to change the way metallic items move, although no power is known to be powerful enough to do this.

Other websites 
 Electrostatic "invisible wall" encountered in a plastic film factory Report from an electrostatics industry symposium.

Physics
Science fiction technology
A Plasma window is a field of plasma that fills an area of space. It is similar to a force field. The area is created by using magnetism to hold the plasma in place. With current technology, this area of space is quite small. It is in the shape of a flat planes inside a cylinder.

As plasma increases in temperature, it becomes thicker. At a high enough temperature, plasma is thick enough to separate a vacuum from normal atmosphere. Plasma does not stop radiation, such as lasers, from moving through it. Because of this, scientists can use a plasma window to create an area of vacuum while still letting radiation to move through it. This is needed because certain types of radiation can only be created in a vacuum, but scientists need to use the radiation on things that are found in a normal atmosphere.

History 
The Plasma Window was created at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch. It was patented in 1995. Other creations using the same idea as the plasma window include the Plasma Valve.

Plasma Valve 

The Plasma Valve is related to a plasma window. It was created a year after the plasma window. The plasma Valve is a layer of gas inside a special shell. A ring around the shell holds a vacuum. A breach in the ring can be very bad but technology lets scientists shut off the machine in time before anything happens.

Properties 
A plasma window is usually created at temperatures of 15,000 kelvin. The only limit to the window's size is the amount of energy needed to create it. A window needs 20 kW of energy for every inch in size.

Plasma windows will glow in different colors depending on the gas used to create the plasma.

Other websites 
Official article by Ady Hershcovitch - Inventor of the Plasma Window.
BROOKHAVEN LAB WINS R&D 100 AWARD FOR THE "PLASMA WINDOW" 
Brookhaven National Laboratory - Where the Plasma Window was invented
News on the Plasma Window 
Plasma Valve Patent

Physics
Bari (; Bari dialect: Bare; ; ) is a city in southern Italy. Bari is the capital of Bari Provence and of the Apulia Region. The city itself has a population of about 320,475, as of 2011, over 116 km2, while the fast-growing urban area counts 653,028 inhabitants over 203 km2. The metropolitan area has a million inhabitants. It is the second biggest city in southern Italy (after Naples).

During World War II there was an air raid on Bari. It was called the "Little Pearl Harbor".

Geography

Municipalities

Bari is divided into 5 municipalities (Municipi), constituted in 2014. The municipality is also divided into 17 official neighbourhoods ("quartieri").

Climate
Bari has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification) with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Snowfall is rare.
During the summer of 2008 temperatures reached as high as .

Twin towns—Sister cities
Bari is twinned with:

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Site of AQP S.p.A. - Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A.
 City of Bari
 Province of Bari 

 
Regional capitals in Italy
Mount Edziza is a dormant volcano in British Columbia, Canada.

The volcano is 38 km southeast of Telegraph Creek in an area of potentially active volcanos in the Stikine Volcanic Belt. It is a shield volcano that began erupting about 10 million years ago with continued activity until about 1,340 years ago.

Edziza is made up of a lot of cinder cones and blocky lava flows that still keep their first forms. This is the second biggest area of volcanic activity in the northern Stikine Volcanic Belt as well as in Canada. The complex includes the Mount Edziza Plateau, a big volcanic plateau (65 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide) made of mostly basaltic lava flows with four big stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau.

A lot of eruptions have happened in the last 10,000 years including: Desolation, Mess Lake, Snowshoe lava fields, Kana Cone, Eve Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, and Walkout Creek. Many of the volcanic features in the volcanic complex are protected as part of Mount Edziza Provincal Park one of the bigger provincial parks in British Columbia.

References

Mountains of British Columbia
Volcanoes of British Columbia
Omar Khayyām () or Omar Khayyam (b. May 18 1048 Nishapur, (Iran) – d. December 4 1131) was a Persian, mathematician, astronomer and poet.

In mathematics he contributed to the theory of equations, to the understanding of the parallel axiom, and possibly to the generalization of the binomial theorem. As an astronomer he contributed to a calendar reform when Sultan Malik-Shah decided that the calendar needed some adjusting. He is best known for his agnostic and sceptic poetry, largely because of the publication in 1859 of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by the translator Edward Fitzgerald.

References 
 E.G. Browne. Literary History of Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and 25 years in the writing). 1998. 
 Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968.

Related pages
 List of Persian poets and authors

Other websites 

 
 The Persian Poet (http://www.omar-khayyam.org ) - Contains the translations by Edward FitzGerald and a biography.
 The Rubaiyat
 On Omar's solutions to cubic equations
 Khayyam, Umar. A biography by Professor Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota.
 
 The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam 

1048 births
1131 deaths
Persian mathematicians
Persian poets
Muslims
Asian Sufis
The subfamily Deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents. These were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently.  They are sometimes called Acomyinae, particularly in references that predate the discovery that the link rat, Deomys ferugineus, is part of the clade.  Deomyinae is the older and more appropriate name.

Deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids. Subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested, though.  This subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations.  These conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization.

Because of the lack of physical characteristics that supportthis group, it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized could grow bigger.  Many of the genera currently placed in Murinae or Dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis.  There are potential surprises awaiting when they are.

All genera are found in Africa, suggesting the deomyines may have originated there.  The spiny mice, Acomys spp. are also found in Asia.

There are currently 4 genera and 36 species included in the Deomyinae.

List of Genera
Subfamily Deomyinae
Genus Acomys - spiny mice
Genus Deomys - link rat
Genus Lophuromys - brush-furred mice
Genus Uranomys - Rudd's mouse

References
Chevret, P., C. Denys, J.-J. Jaeger, J. Michaux, AND F. M. Catzeflis. 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (Acomys) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.

Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents