cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Makran () is a partly-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan. It is along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The Persian phrase Mahi khoran, fish-eaters (Mahi = fish + khor = eat) is believed to be the origin of the modern word Makran.

The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. The coastline is 1,000 km, 750 km of this is in Pakistan. The climate is very dry with very little rainfall.

History
According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name " and ENCYCLOPEDIA Iranika   Makran also Mekran and Mokrān  historically in persian and Arabic text was a vast area from Hormuz strait to the Sind River some mentioned as far as gujarat region.also the body of water in that region was called Macran Sea.The name Makrān has found a popular etymology in māhi-ḵᵛorān “fish eaters,” but more probable is a connection with the name Magan,or Maka of the Old Persian. 
Until the early Islamic period, eastern Makrān at least must have been within the sphere of Indian religion and culture.
On his way homewards from the Far East in 1290, Marco Polo (II, pp. 334-35) sailed along the Makrān coast, calling it KisMacoran (i.e. Tiz Makrān), considering it as the last province of India and attributing to it a ruler of its own. In the early 14th century, Ebn Baṭṭuṭa (II, pp. 341-2) records that, after the death of the Il-Khanid sultan (i.e. after 736/1335), a certain Malek Dinār took power in Makrān. It was during these centuries that Makrān was colonized by Baluch tribesmen moving southeastwards from Persia, so that it is today mostly Baluch-speaking. The boundary between Persian Makrān and that part coming within the British Indian province of Baluchistan (the easternmost part forming the Native State of Las Bela) and after 1947 within Pakistan, was demarcated by an Anglo-Persian Boundary Commission in 1870-72.

Notes 

Landforms of Pakistan
Regions of Pakistan
Landforms of Iran
The Geography of Iran contains mountains, rivers as well as plain land. Iran is a country of Southwest Asia, it borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries. 

Iran has an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres and is the sixteenth largest in size. Iran is bordered to the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. The border with these countries are more than 2,000 kilometres long and includes nearly 650 kilometres of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, ending at the Shatt al Arab (which Iranians call the Arvand Rud). The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the southern border (1,770 kilometres). To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the south. The distance from the Iran's border with Azerbaijan in the north-west to the border with Pakistan in the south-east is about 2,333 kilometres.

Other websites 
 Iran in Maps - BBC (population, land, infrastructure)
 "Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan" is an old map from 1897 of Persia, also known as Iran
Pakistan is a country in Asia. It is divided into five provinces and two territories. Pakistan also administers part of Kashmir. This part is divided into two separate areas. The rest of Kashmir is administered by India.

Provinces and federal territories

Local government

Each province of Pakistan is divided into zillas - zillah is an Urdu word () meaning district. There are 105 districts in Pakistan.

A district is divided into tehsils (). A tehsils is similar to a county. Tehsils are used in all provinces except in Sindh province where the word taluka () is used instead. Tehsils may contain villages or towns and cities.

Each tehsil is further divided into union councils. A union council is the smallest part of local government in Pakistan. They are sometimes made up of a few villages.

There are over 5,000 local government areas in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as mayor). Women have been allotted a minimum of 33% seats in these councils; there is no maximum limit to the number of women in these councils.

History 

In the 1960s, Pakistan was simply divided into two "units" these were East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Shortly before East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, West Pakistan reverted to a system with four provinces. The provinces consisted of subunits called "divisions", which were further subdivided into districts, tehsils, and villages or municipalities.

In August 2000, Pervez Musharraf's local government reforms abolished the "division" as an administrative tier. A system of local government councils was established, with the first elections being held in 2001. Since then Pakistan has had greatly changed the local government system. The government had a plan to allow devolution. This plan according to the government "follows the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level."

This means mean that decisions are made locally by people who live in the area and not in far away cities.

Other websites
 Government of Azad Kashmir
 Government of Balochistan
 Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas 
 Government of the Islamabad Capital Territory 
 Government of the Northern Areas 
 Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 
 Government of the Punjab
 Government of Sindh
 Decentralization Support Program 
 National Reconstruction Bureau
“Just Dance” is a 2008 song by American singer Lady Gaga, from her debut album, The Fame. Gaga sang this song with Colby O'Donis. The song was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2009 Grammy Awards. It reached #1 in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and the Netherlands.

References 

2008 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
Electro songs
Pop songs
R&B songs
The British Indian Army, officially called simply the Indian Army (IA), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947). The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles overseas, particularly during the two World Wars.

The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies, especially after the Indian Mutiny. However, the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895. In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).

Between 1903 and 1947  the Army of India consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India. The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.

The Army of India defeated the Ottoman Empire and conquered Iraq in the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

Organization

The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company. Before that the company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.

The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh. These troops rebelled against the British in 1857.

After the rebellion, the British started recruiting what the British called the "martial races," particularly Punjabi Muslims, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Pashtuns, Garhwalis, Mohyals, and Dogras.

After World War II
After World War II, the British formations and units that had been part of the British Army of India were divided between India and Pakistan.

Soon after the Partition of India, both the newly formed armies fought each other in the First Kashmir War from 1947 - '48 which begun the bitter rivalry that has continued into the 21st century.

References

British India
Armies
The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Mutiny, when the British government took over all three presidencies. Eventually all three presidency armies were merged into the Indian Army.

The presidency armies were named after the presidencies, these were:

 The Bengal Army
 The Madras Army
 The Bombay Army

Before the rebellion
From the mid-eighteenth century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘Presidencies’, in India at Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army, and Bombay Army were quite different, each with its own list of Regiments and European officers. All three armies had both European regiments in which both the officers and men were Europeans, and a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.

Also from the mid-eighteenth century the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the Company’s armies. These troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal regiments’.

After the rebellion
Following the Indian rebellion of 1857-58 and the end of the East India Company, its European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies  continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army rather than the British Army. However, the Presidency Armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also after the rebellion artillery was only to be used by the British Army and not by Indian troops.

In the 1890s, the separate Presidency Armies were joined together to form the Indian Army.

Related pages
Bengal Presidency
Bombay Presidency
Madras Presidency

British India
The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages of India have borrowed the word 'maharaja', there languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati. Its use is mainly for Hindu rulers. A female ruler is known as Maharani (or Maharanee) or great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.

British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some states called the ruler Raja or Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well. Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title. In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.

Monarchy
Titles
British India
Almaty (; formerly known as Alma-Ata (Алма-Ата), also Verniy, (Верный)) is the largest city in Kazakhstan. It has a population of over 1,700,000 people (as of 2015). Eight percent of the population of the country live in Almaty. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1927 to 1998. Almaty is the major commercial center of Kazakhstan.

The city is close to China, and was once on the northern silk route between China and the Middle East. Its name derives from the Turkic languages.

The city is in an earthquake zone. There have been three quite serious earthquakes in the last 150 years.

History 
On 4 February 1854 the Russian Empire decided to build a fort Verniy on the west bank of the Malaya Almatinka river. Later Russian settlers arrived. In 1922 the Soviet Union renamed the city to Alma-Ata. In 1927 Alma-Ata became the capital of the Kazakh SSR.

Climate 
Almaty has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Architecture

TV tower 
Almaty TV tower is the highest TV tower above sea level (1130 m.). The tower is the highest building in the city (372 m.). This building able to withstand 10.0 magnitude.

Name 
The name "Almaty" comes from the Kazakh word for "apple" (алма). The name is often translated as a city "rich with apples".  The older Soviet-era Russian name for the city, Alma-Ata, comes from a mistake (the name literally means "Grandfather of apples"). In the area around Almaty, there are many different species of the wild apples. The region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple. A local species of apple, the wild Malus sieversii, may be the ancestor of the modern domestic apple.

References 

Cities in Kazakhstan
Banjo-Kazooie is a video game made by Rare for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. The name of the game comes from the names of the two main characters, a bear called Banjo and an orange bird called Kazooie, who lives in Banjo's backpack. The story follows Banjo and Kazooie as they set out on a quest to rescue Banjo's sister who has been kidnapped by an evil witch named Gruntilda Winkybunion. It was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service in December of 2008.

1998 video games
3D platform games
Nintendo 64 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Halo Wars is a real-time strategy video game for the Xbox 360. It was developed by Ensemble Studios. The game was released by Microsoft. It was released in Japan and Australia on February 26, 2009, in Europe on February 27, and in North America on March 3. It is based on the popular, award winning Halo series of video games, and is set in the year 2531, 21 years before the events of Halo: Combat Evolved. It's the first Halo game that is not a first person shooter.

Real-time strategy video games
2009 video games
Halo
Video game prequels
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Vinje is a municipality in Norway. It is in  the county of Telemark. The administration of this place is done from Åmot.

Notable people from Vinje
Terje Håkonsen, snowboarder
Aslak Brekke, kveder ( a type of folk musician )
Myllarguten, or Targjei Augundsson (1801-1872), Master fiddler / artist 
Odd Nordstoga,popular musician
Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, author 
Tarjei Vesaas, author 
Dyre Vaa, sculptor. Sculptures by him are found in Oslo and Vinje.
Aslaug Vaa, author

Places of interest   
Vinje is the home of folk musician Myllarguten. His home there is now a small museum. A  monument of Myllarguten is located near Kosi. Myllarguten was a 19th-century musician. He who played for kings and inspired Edvard Grieg.

History
Vinje was established in 1838 as a municipality. It is on the Hardangervidda and on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus.

Arabygdi lies  in the western part of Rauland. IT is on Lake Totak. The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, with huge boulders lying on the floor of the valley is here. "Urdbøuri", is the name of this famous place.

The name
The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse Vinjar), since the first church was built here. The name is the plural form of vin f 'meadow, pasture'.

Related pages
Vest-Telemark
Setesdal

Municipalities of Norway
The 1979–80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. This season saw the addition of four teams from the collapse of the World Hockey Association (WHA) the previous season as expansion teams. The Edmonton Oilers, Winnipeg Jets, New England Whalers (later renamed "Hartford Whalers" at the insistence of the Boston Bruins), and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL bringing a new total of 21 teams. The other two WHA teams (Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers) were paid to disband.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References

Hockey Database
NHL.com

1979 in North America
1980s in North America
The viola d'amore is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century. It is a kind of viola. The name is Italian and means “viola of love”. It can have 6 or 7 strings. It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin. Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries. Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it.

Structure and sound 
The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola. However, the shape is more like the shape of a viol. Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box. It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar. The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword.

The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin. In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings. These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter.

The notes it can play 

The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play. This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned). Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: A, d, a, d', f#', a', d'' (see music example. Notice the example uses the "viola clef")

Use 

The viola d’amore became very popular during the 17th century. However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over. The viola d’amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family. However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith.

The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments. It can be heard, for example in Bach’s St John Passion.

References 
 Grove Music Online (subscription)

String instruments
Early musical instruments
Sœur Emmanuelle (born Madeleine Cinquin, November 16, 1908 – October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun.

She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.

She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in İstanbul in 1930s.

In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.

Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this comparison). In 2003, French television broadcast Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman.

She died on 20 October 2008.

Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.

Other websites 
 95-year-old nun is France's favourite woman
  De Madeleine Cinquin à Sœur Emmanuelle 

1908 births
2008 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholics
Nuns
People from Brussels
The 1978–79 NHL season was the 62nd season of the National Hockey League. The 17 teams of the league played an 80-game season.

The Montreal Canadiens beat the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup finals four games to one for their fourth Cup in a row.

Regular season

Final standings
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs
All dates in 1979

Playoff bracket

Preliminary round
Vancouver Canucks vs. Philadelphia Flyers

Philadelphia wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1

Los Angeles Kings vs. New York Rangers

NY Rangers win best-of-three series 2 games to 0

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames

Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0

Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Buffalo Sabres

Pittsburgh wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1

Quarterfinals
Chicago Black Hawks vs. New York Islanders

NY Islanders win best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Boston Bruins

Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers

NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

Semi-finals
New York Rangers vs. New York Islanders

NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 2

Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3

Finals
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens

As of 2008, it is the last time two Pre-war clubs met in the Finals.

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1979 in North America
David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and the 56th Governor of New York. He is the first black governor of New York and the first legally blind governor of any state. He became governor when Eliot Spitzer resigned. Due to Paterson becoming governor, two black governors are serving at the same time for the first time in more than 100 years; as Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts is also African American. He chose not to run for governor in February 26, 2010.

Other websites 
 Governor of New York  - Official Website of the Governor of New York
 Paterson for Governor - Official Website of Paterson For Governor
 Project VoteSmart - Senator Paterson Biography
  Accolades posted to Spitzer's 2006 gubernatorial campaign website.
 2008 Moment of Thanks video of Governor David Paterson thanking the troops

References 

1954 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Governors of New York
Columbia University alumni
The 1972–73 NHL season was the 56th season of the National Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 78 games. For the first time since the collapse of the Western Hockey League in 1926, the National Hockey League had serious competition. A new professional hockey league, the World Hockey Association, made its season debut with 12 new teams, many of which were based in the same cities as NHL teams. Unlike the Western Hockey League, though, the new World Hockey Association would not challenge for the Stanley Cup. In response to the new league, the NHL hastily added two new teams in an unplanned expansion, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames, in an attempt to exclude the WHA from newly constructed arenas in those markets.
The first thing the WHA did was sign Bobby Hull, and the Chicago Black Hawks sued, claiming
a violation of the reserve clause in NHL contracts. Others soon followed Hull to the
WHA, including Bernie Parent, J.C. Tremblay, Ted Green, Gerry Cheevers and
Johnny McKenzie. In the expansion draft, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames made their picks and eleven Islander players skipped off to the WHA. The California Golden Seals, chafing under the unorthodox ownership of the unpopular Charlie Finley, were
also a victim of the WHA, losing eight key players.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1972 in North America
1973
The 1947–48 NHL season was the 31st season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 60 games. The Toronto Maple Leafs were the Stanley Cup winners. They defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to none. This season saw the introduction of a new trophy – Art Ross Trophy – that would be handed out to the player who scored the most points during the regular season.

Regular season

Final standings
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Leading goaltenders
GP = Games Played, TOI = Time On Ice (minutes), GA = Goals Against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals Against Average

Stanley Cup playoffs
All dates in 1948

Playoff bracket

Semifinals

Toronto vs. Boston

Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

NY Rangers vs. Detroit

New York Rangers vs. Detroit Red Wings

Detroit wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2

Finals

Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Playoff scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1947
1948 in North America
1940s in North America
The Chicago Spire is a very large skyscraper that was being built in Chicago, Illinois.  Because of financial problems, the project has not been finished.

As of May 2013, however, interest in the Chicago Spire site has risen, drawing in at least a half-dozen offers for the property. The developer is also considering a bid to take back control of the property, reigniting hope that the 2,000 ft. skyscraper may actually be built. In 2014, a Chicago court ruled in favor of not building the skyscraper thus abandoning plans of it being constructed.

The Gateway Tower, a proposed  tall condo, is proposed to be built on the site of where the Spire would have been built.

References

Skyscrapers in Chicago
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
Rickrolling is an internet meme that involves playing a trick on someone by tricking them into listening to Rick Astley singing his 1987 song, "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was first seen on 4chan and is called a "bait and switch". A "bait and switch" happens when the prankster gives a website to someone saying that the website address (which is somehow hidden) is about something else. When the victim clicks the link, they see the music video and have been "rickrolled" or "rickroll'd".

As rickrolling has grown in popularity, two of the many videos online have been watched over 13 million times each.

On October 27, 2008, at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Astley himself performed a live rickroll. He came out during the singing of "Best Friends" by the cast of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up". At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love rickrolling!"

On February 23, 2010, the most viewed Rickroll video was deleted.

On July 29, 2021, the "Never Gonna Give You Up" YouTube video reached a billion views.

History

Song

Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album Whenever You Need Somebody. This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts. It was also Astley's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing.

Origin of the term
Rickrolling is said to have begun as a spin-off of an earlier prank called duckrolling, which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels. The victim was then said to have been duckrolled. The first instance of rickrolling happened in May 2007 on the 4chan video game board, where a link to the video was said to be a copy of the first trailer for Grand Theft Auto IV. The joke was confined to 4chan for a short time.

By May 2008, Rickrolling had become an internet hit or phenomenon and very soon rickrolling was being covered on mainstream media. A poll in April 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled.

April Fools' Day, 2008
On April Fools' Day 2008 and the weeks after, many instances of Rickrolling showed up on the internet, and news media. All of the featured videos on Youtube's main page hyperlinked to the Rickroll. The prank showed up on international YouTube portals before showing up on the main page.

References

Other websites 
Video on YouTube

Pranks
Internet memes
Rick Astley
sv:Rick Astley#Rickrolling
Printmaking is making art by printing pictures, normally on paper. The advantage of printmaking is that lots of the same picture can be printed. This is called a print. Each print is not a copy, but an original, since it came from the same source (not like painting or drawing).You can also use different types of techniques to start the print.

Materials 
Pictures for prints can be cut into plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. Prints may also be published in books by the artist.

Other websites 
 A glossary for modern prints 
 Large list of links to museum etc. online images of prints
 UnitTwentyFive London Based Print Studio
An old master print is a work of art made by a printing process. Most of the old master prints were made by 1830 and no new ones came after. The main techniques used to make an old master print are woodcut, engraving and etching. Sometimes, old master prints are printed on paper, but rarely.

Many great European artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Francisco Goya, were printmakers.

Other websites 
The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques
Large list of links to museum etc. online images of old master prints
Old master prints blog

Printmaking
Web colors are colors used in designing webpages, and the ways for describing and listing those colours.

There are several ways to chose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an RGB triplet (a set of three numbers) in hexadecimal format (a hex triplet). RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Many common colors can also be chosen by their common English names. Often a color tool or other graphics software is used to create color values.

The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 color names as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as X Window System applications.

Each web color has its own definition, sRGB. This relates to the chromaticities of a single phosphor set, a given transfer curve, adaptive whitepoint, and viewing conditions. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world monitors and viewing conditions. Even without color management, the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, user agents can be different in the fidelity with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for Web-to-print applications.

Hex triplet
A hex triplet is a six-digit, three-byte number used in HTML, CSS, SVG, and other computer programs, to represent colors. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number in the range 00 to FF, or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each of the color components. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: 
Byte 1: red value (color type red)
Byte 2: green value (color type green)
Byte 3: blue value (color type blue)
For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a greyish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example.

HTML web colors
Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.

List of HTML Color Names 
The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them.

X11 colors (formulated in 1987)
These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991.

Chart of selected web colors
This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002.  When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color.

References

Color
Web design
is a Norwegian / English book that has in it a collection of stev and Norwegian folk songs.

They were performed (or sung / recited) by Aslak Brekke, a master of the artists of "kveding" (the art of performing stev)

Other information
The book was published in 1983, as a part of a series called Norsk Folkeminnelags skrifter.
The author of the book is J.P. Ekgren, in collaboration with Dagne Groven Myhren (a professor in Norway).
The book was printed by Aschehoug

Notes

Non-fiction books
OpenOffice Base is the database module released with OpenOffice version 2.0 and later. Currently it is based on the HSQLDB database engine written in Java.

The HSQLDB developers have suggested only 76% of the target has been met in the 1.8.0 release, which is the version that was integrated (merged) with OOo 2.0. They have been asking for contributions to complete all the feature targets, since the inner database engine is an independent project with no outside funding.

OpenOffice users, however, can choose to connect to an external full-featured SQL database such as MySQL, PostgreSQL and even Oracle through ODBC or JDBC drivers. OpenOffice Base can then act as a GUI frontend for SQL views, table design and query. In addition, OpenOffice has its own Form wizard to create dialog windows for form filling and updates.

Starting with version 2.3, Base will offer report generation based on Pentaho software.

Released under the terms of the Apache License, Base is free software.

Related pages
 HSQLDB
 Kexi - a similar free software/open source application
 OpenOffice
 Microsoft Access

Notes and references

Other websites 
 Base information page
 OpenOffice.org Base 2.0 project discussion 
 OpenOffice.org Database Access Project 
 HSQL and OpenOffice.org
 User resources at OOo Wiki
 Tutorials for new and intermediate ooBase users, from Sheepdog Guides

OpenOffice
Mammary intercourse (also titfuck or tittyfuck) is a sexual activity. People may do it during foreplay. It is also done as a safe sex alternative to anal or vaginal sexual intercourse (fucking). It is non-penetrative sex. It involves exciting the penis using the breasts of the partner. 

In most instances, this sexual activity involves the man placing his penis between his partner's breasts. He then thrusts while the breasts are squeezed around the penis for more excitement. Mammary intercourse is sometimes combined with oral sex (blowjob). Sometimes mammary intercourse continues to the point of ejaculation. The semen can land on the breasts, face, or in the mouth of the partner. 
Some gay males may enjoy their partners breasts. They may engage in male-male mammary intercourse if the breasts are large enough.

Several slang terms refer to mammary intercourse. These slang terms include titfuck or titty fuck in the United States. Tit wank or French fuck are slang terms used in the United Kingdom.

Related pages
Breast
Sexual intercourse
Oral sex

Notes

Sources

Sexual acts
Breasts
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (died 1236) was the third Muslim Turkic sultan of the Sultanate of Delhi. He was the third ruler of the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave dynasty). He was married to the daughter of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He became the ruler after fighting against Qutb-ud-din's son. He is said to be the greatest ruler of the slave kings. He was a member of the Ilebar tribe. The first thing he did after becoming a sultan was make his kingdom larger. He also shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi. He had to defend his empire against Mongol invasions. He also had to deal with Rajputs. Iltutmish stopped the Mongol attack in 1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan. He completed the Qutb Minar which was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He also built the Quwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi.He died in 1236 A.D. He did not think his sons would be good rulers. He was succeeded by his daughter, Razia Sultan (also called Radiyya or Raziyya), as the next ruler of Delhi.

References 

12th-century births
1236 deaths
Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
Christopher John Osgood (born November 26, 1972 in Peace River, Alberta) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender that played a career total of 18 seasons in the NHL most notably with the Detroit Red Wings. He spent the first part of his career with Detroit, and then played for the New York Islanders and the St. Louis Blues during his 14-year NHL career before returning to Detroit in 2005. He has won three Stanley Cup championships in his career, all with the Red Wings, two of them while he was the starting goaltender. He announced his retirement on July 19, 2011 but will remain with the Red Wings organization.

Career statistics

Other websites

1972 births
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New York Islanders players
Seattle Thunderbirds players
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles from the Sun. It is made of charged protons, electrons and plasma shot out of the Sun, and creates the heliosphere. The wind is shot out at hypersonic speed, so fast that it can travel the whole length of the Solar System, nearly one light year. 

The particles are dangerous to astronauts and spacecraft. The Earth's magnetic field absorbs or soaks up a lot of the solar wind causing the aurora, the Northern lights and Southern lights.

At a distance of more than a few solar radii from the Sun, the solar wind reaches speeds of 250 to 750 kilometers per second and is supersonic.

A disturbance in the solar wind is called a solar storm. Sometimes it causes a geomagnetic storm. Such a storm in 1989 brought down the Quebec electric power grid and put the entire province in darkness. The largest recorded geomagnetic storm was in September 1–2, 1859. If we were to have another as strong as that one it might cause up to 2 trillion dollars damage.  

Solar wind also causes the tail of a comet. When the comet is close enough to the sun that the heat evaporates some of the comet's ice, the motion of the solar wind causes the resulting water vapor and space dust to stream away from the comet. Because it is blown by the solar wind, the comet's tail does not trail behind it, but always points directly away from the sun.  

The Solar Wind Composition Experiment of the Apollo program studied the atoms in the solar wind.

References 

Sun
Astrophysics
Mulan II is a Disney 2004 movie and the  sequel to the 1998 animated movie  Mulan. It was directed by Darrell Rooney and Lynne Southerland, and features Mulan, and her new fiancé, Shang, on a special mission: getting the Emperor's three daughters across the country to meet their soon-to-be fiancés. The movie deals with arranged marriages, loyalty, relationships, making choices, trust, and finding true love. The entire cast from the first movie returned, except for Eddie Murphy (Mushu), Miriam Margolyes (The Matchmaker), Chris Sanders (Little Brother) and Matthew Wilder (Ling's singing voice). Murphy and Margolyes were replaced by Mark Moseley and April Winchell, and Gedde Watanabe does his own singing for the sequel.

Story 
Fa Mulan gets the surprise of her young life when her love, Captain (now General) Li Shang asks for her hand in marriage. Before the two can have their happily ever after, the Emperor assigns them a secret mission, to escort three princesses to Chang'an, China. Mushu is determined to drive a wedge between the couple after he learns that he will lose his guardian job if Mulan marries into the Li family. After the princesses unexpectedly fall in love with the Gang of Three, Mulan decides to help them escape the fate of marrying men they do not love. This contradicts the Emperor's orders and forces him to put Mulan's relationship with Shang into question. They are attacked by Mongolians, and the fate of China hangs in the balance.

Cast

Soundtrack 

The soundtrank contains songs from the movie performed by various artists, as well as portions of the movie's score composed by Joel McNeely. It was released on January 25, 2005 by Walt Disney Records.

"Lesson Number One" - Lea Salonga and Chorus
"Main Title" (Score)
"Like Other Girls" - Judy Kuhn, Lucy Liu, and Lauren Tom
"A Girl Worth Fighting For (Redux)" - Gedde Watanabe, Jerry Tondo, and Harvey Fierstein
"Here Beside Me" - Hayley Westenra
"(I Wanna Be) Like Other Girls" - Atomic Kitten
"The Journey Begins" (Score)
"In Love and in Trouble" (Score)
"The Attack" (Score)
"Shang Lives!" (Score)
"Here Beside Me (Instrumental)"

Other websites
Disney's Mulan and Mulan II Official site
 
 

2005 movies
Sequel movies
Disney animated movies
Disney direct-to-video movies
Mulan (Disney)
Sherwood Pictures is a movie-making company based in Albany, Georgia. The company is a ministry of Sherwood Baptist Church. It is run by Alex Kendrick, the pastor of Sherwood Baptist Church.

Filmography 
Flywheel - released on April 9, 2003
Facing the Giants - released on September 29, 2006
Fireproof - released on September 26, 2008
Courageous - released on September 30, 2011

References

Other websites 
Official company website

Albany, Georgia
Christian organizations based in the United States
American movie studios
Movie studios
Companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Zero Install is a way to distribute and package software for Linux and Unix-like operating systems.
Currently, the only operating system to include Zero Install is Super Ubuntu

Method of Operation 
Instead of the normal method of downloading a software package, extracting it, and installing it before it can be used, packages distributed using Zero Install need only to be opened and usually comes in Application Directory format (presented to the user as a single file).

Advantages
Some advantages of Zero Install are:
 No root password needed to install software; packages are installed in system locations writable by that user. Thus, package installation affect only the user installing it, which makes it possible for all users to be able to install and run new software.
 Because it is easier to install extra packages later, it is easier to split documentation and translations (for example) into separate packages. For instance, translations would not be downloaded until they are accessed, so if only the default language of a piece of software is used, the translations will never be accessed and thus downloaded and installed. However, most current Zero Install packages are split the same way as their non-Zero Install counterparts.
 All software packaged this way is always available, as long as a network connection is. There is no concept of one computer having a program or library installed, while another one does not have it.

Related pages
autopackage
RUNZ

Linux software
Apple software
Sentosa is a resort island at the south of Singapore. The island is well known for its beach, Fort Siloso and two five-star hotels. The island was used as a place to build a fort during World War II, by the British who ruled Singapore back then. Sentosa is also well known for its theme parks.

Singapore
Places in Singapore
Razia al-Din or Razia Sultana (1205-1240) was a ruler of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) of the Delhi Sultanate.  She was the first and last Muslim lady to rule Delhi.  A Persian historian called her brave, kind and just.  She was the daughter of Iltumish.   She ascended the throne in 1236 A.D.  But the nobles who did not like to be ruled by Razia soon killed her in a war.  Her husband name was Malik Altuniya.

References

1205 births
1240 deaths
Royalty and nobility
Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
The Fray is a rock band formed in 2002. The band's debut album How to Save a Life (album) was released September 2005. The Fray released 1 studio album, 2 live albums, and 2 EP's. The Fray created singles How to Save a Life, Over My Head (Cable Car), Look After You, Vienna, and All at Once.

Discography

Studio albums

EPs

Live

Singles 

 1 In the United Kingdom, "How to Save a Life" was released in early 2007 as the band's debut single, followed by "Over My Head (Cable Car)" a few months later.

References 

American rock bands
Musical groups from Colorado
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Colorado
Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. 

According to an Icelandic Saga, it was founded by the Vikings around 966AD. There are remains of Roman, Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements, so it was obviously a natural place to put a settlement.

With a population of around 50,000, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast.  Yorkshire County Cricket Club's second ground is at North Marine Road.

Local news and information is provided by the towns radio station Yorkshire Coast Radio.

Transport links

Rail 
The town is served by Scarborough railway station.

Roads
Scarborough has four major roads serving the town; these also link it to other major towns and cities.
A64 – Main road that terminates in the town centre, linking Scarborough with Malton, York, Leeds, the A19 and the A1(M). This is the main tourist route to the town and is dual carriageway standard for most of its route (between the A1(M) and Malton).
A165 – This is the coastal route that links the town with Filey, Bridlington and Hull. In 2008, a new road was opened to bypass Osgodby to the south of Scarborough. This now forms part of the A165.
A170 – This links Scarborough to the North York Moors and Thirsk to the west.
A171 – This is the coastal route to the north that links the town with Whitby and Middlesbrough.

These roads can be got to from the M1 motorway, which runs from London to Scotland through the middle of Yorkshire.

Leisure 
The town has fine arts and recreational facilities. Two theatres and two cinemas are popular. There are several museums: Woodend for art, The Rotunda for geology, Scarborough Art Gallery for the fine arts.

The Grade II listed Scarborough Spa complex is home to the Scarborough Spa Orchestra, the last remaining seaside orchestra in the UK.

Fishing 
Scarborough's fishing industry is still active, though reduced in size. The working harbour is home to a fish market with a shop and wooden stalls. Fresh, locally-caught seafood can be bought by the public. A seaweed farm has been in operation since 2018.

References
A mansion is a large and often luxurious house. It can be big enough for an owner, their family, and their many servants. One of the definitions is a large, imposing house. It was originally the called the same as a manor house but when similarly large houses were built in cities they were called "mansions". A "country house" is a common type of mansion in England.

Houses