cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Toon Disney was an American cable television channel owned by Disney. Toon Disney was replaced by Disney XD.

Programs at closure
 Phineas and Ferb
 Kim Possible
 Dave the Barbarian
 Brandy and Mr. Whiskers
 American Dragon
 The Powerpuff Girls

References

American television channels
Disney
1998 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States
is the capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan.  It is on the Tenryū River.
Iwata is made of 5 communities merged together: kyu-Iwata (former Iwata), Toyoda-cho, Fukude-cho, Ryuyo-cho, Toyoka-mura.
Part of Yamaha Corporation is in Iwata.

History

There has been a settlement in the area of Iwata since ancient times.

During the Edo period, Mitsuke-juku was one of 53 government waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road, which was a coastal route that ran from Edo (modern-day Tokyo) to Kyoto.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
 Júbilo Iwata

References

Other websites

 Iwata website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
is a port city on the Pacific coast of Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan.

History
An urban area developed around Kashima Shrine (Kashima-jinga).

It prospered as a temple town in Kashima temple which is Kuniichi Hitachi Miya.

After World War II, the economy of the region around the port city grew larger.

The Kajima seaside industrial zone centering on the Kashima harbor is formed.
 
Kashima city is an industrial city centering on a steel company.

Timeline
 1970 Kashima Line started business.
 1985 Kashima-Rinkai Railway Oarai Kashima Line started business.
 1993 Kashima Soccer Stadium was built.
 1995 Kajima town became Kajima City.
 2002 The World Cup was held in the Kajima stadium.

Sports
The Kashima Antlers is an association football team in Kashima. It is utilizing soccer for town revitalization mainly by the Antlers.

References

Other websites

 Kashima website 
 J.League, http://www.j-league.or.jp/stadium/kashima/ 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Ibaraki Prefecture
Marcus Salvius Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus, 28 April 32 AD–16 April 69 AD) was a Roman military commander who became Roman Emperor in 69 AD. He led a coup against the Emperor Galba, but was defeated in a battle by Vitellius only eight weeks later. He took his own life after the battle. The year 69 was known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

References

32 births
69 deaths
Roman Emperors
is a Japanese city in Saga Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.

History
In 1874, disagreements with the central government of Japan became an armed conflict.  This was called the .  This involved region of the modern city.

 March 12, 2011 — opening of the  which is operated by Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu).   The design won an international award.

Related pages
Sagan Tosu

References

Other websites 

 Tosu website ; http://www.city.tosu.lg.jp/1559.htm

Cities in Kyushu
Settlements in Saga Prefecture
Lorenzo de' Medici (1 January 1449 – 9 April 1492) was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. He was called Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico) by Florentines. He was a diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. He is probably best known for what he gave to the world of art. He gave large amounts of money to artists so that they could make very good artwork. When he died, the Golden Age of Florence ended. The peace he helped keep between the many Italian states collapsed when he died. Lorenzo de' Medici is buried in the Medici Chapel in Florence.

Renaissance

Lorenzo was an artist. He wrote poetry in Tuscan.

Lorenzo's agents took a lot of classical works from the east. Lorenzo had a large workshop to copy his books and spread their content across Europe. He supported the development of humanism through his friends who studied Greek philosophers, and tried to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity. In this group were the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.

Related pages 
 Medici

More reading 

 Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de Medici (Simon and Schuster 2008), biography of Lorenzo.
 Christopher Hibbert, The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall (Morrow-Quill, 1980); general history of the family.
 F. W. Kent, Lorenzo de- Medici and the Art of Magnificence (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004); summarises Lorenzo's relationship with the arts.
 Peter Barenboim, Michelangelo Drawings - Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation ( Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006) .

References

Other websites 

 Works of Lorenzo de' Medici 

1449 births
1492 deaths
Lorenzo I
Renaissance
People from Florence
Italian artists
The Jura Hills are a long mountain arc. The Jura rock or stone consists of limestone. It reaches from Lake Geneva to the Rhine River. The Jura Hills are not only in Switzerland, but also in France. The Chasseral is one of the highest hills in the Jura Mountains. It has an altitude of 1607 metres above sea level. The highest part of the Jura Hills is the “Crêt de la Neige“ in France and it is 1718 metres high. Many fossils and dinosaur tracks have been found there. The rocks of the Jura were formed between 144 million and 208 million years ago. The agriculture and winter tourism are very important for the principal economics.

Other websites
 http://www.swissworld.org/en/geography/the_three_regions/the_jura/
 http://www.schweizerseiten.ch/info/chasseral.htm
 http://www.hikr.org/tour/post2378.html

Mountains of Europe
Jarret Webster Johnson (born August 14, 1981) is an American Football outside linebacker for the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Alabama. Johnson appreciated as an "unsung hero" and defensive leader by Baltimore fans. Johnson has scored two career touchdowns and has been a steady presence on a great Ravens defense.

On March 14, 2012, Johnson signed a 4-year contract with the San Diego Chargers without giving the Ravens a chance to match the offer.

References

1.^ "Johnson signs 4-year deal with Chargers"

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Florida
Baltimore Ravens players
Lambeau Field is a stadium in Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. The stadium is home to the Green Bay Packers, an American football team that plays in the National Football League. The stadium is named after Curly Lambeau.

References

Other websites
 Lambeau Field at Packers.com

Football stadiums in the United States
Green Bay Packers
Buildings and structures in Wisconsin
1957 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Wisconsin
Disney XD is an American digital cable and satellite television network. It is owned by Disney and ABC. It started on the Internet in 2007 and began broadcasting as a television network in 2009. Disney XD mostly airs action-oriented children's animated television series, with some live-action programming and movies aimed at ages 6 to 14.

Disney XD broadcasts programming that is created for the network. The original programming includes Zeke and Luther, Kickin' It, Pair of Kings and Lab Rats. The network broadcasts some of the more popular Disney Channel series. These series include The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, The Suite Life on Deck, Wizards of Waverly Place, Phineas and Ferb and So Random!

They also broadcast programs that were shown on other networks. Many of these are based on characters from the Mavel Universe. Disney bought Marvel Comics in 2009. Because of this, more programs based on Marvel comics will be shown on Disney XD starting in April 2012.

Begining in 2019, with the build up towards the launch of Disney+ and especially during its international expansion during 2020, several Disney XD channels worldwide have began to shut down, mostly in regions where Disney+ is already available. 

As of February 1, 2021, only 5 Disney XD channels remain active, with these being present in the following countries: United States, Canada, Latin America, Netherlands and Poland, with the last one being the only one to cover an area where Disney+ is still absent.

Programming

Disney XD's schedule consists largely of animated and live-action programs aimed at pre-teens and young teenagers. Disney XD content is a mixture of former original series as well as programs inherited from sister network Disney Channel. In addition to full-length live-action and animated original series, the channel also debuts short series similar to those seen on Disney Channel during commercial breaks (such as Two More Eggs), which serve as filler for programs scheduled to end during the half-hour and last usually around one to three minutes.

In addition, Disney XD airs original made-for-TV movies from Disney Channel and theatrically released feature films.

Unlike Disney Channel (and similarly, fellow sister network Disney Junior)—whose advertising comes in the form of program promotions, underwriter sponsorships, and interstitials for Disney films, home video, and game releases produced by the channel—Disney XD operates as an advertiser-supported service running traditional television commercials in addition to promotions for the channel's shows.

References

Disney companies
American television networks
2007 establishments in the United States
Cable television
Makar Sankranti, Sankranti or Sankranthi is one of the main festivals in India. It is the first festival of the year in the Gregorian calendar. This festival is celebrated by the people all over India. It marks the transition of the sun into Makara rashi (Capricorn) on its path across the sky. It is celebrated on the 14th or 15th of January. Makar Sankranti is celebrated with social festivities such as colourful decorations, melas (fairs), bonfires and feasts.

Makar Sankranti is an important pan-Indian solar festival, known by different names, though observed on the same date. It is known as Pedda Panduga in Andhra Pradesh, Makara Sankranti in Karnataka, and by other names.

Hinduism
Andhra Pradesh
Festivals in Asia
David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American movie director. He is best known as the director of the Ku Klux Klan 1915 movie The Birth of a Nation and the 1916 follow-up movie Intolerance. The Birth of a Nation made early use of advanced camera and storytelling techniques. It was a very popular movie. It was also a very controversial movie.  The movie showed African Americans and White anti-racists in a bad way. It also showed slavery and the Ku Klux Klan as good things. The movie was praised by President Woodrow Wilson. He said it was "history written in lightning".  The NAACP boycotted the movie. Griffith responded to all the criticism with another movie, Intolerance. This movie showed the dangers of prejudice. The movie did not make as much money as The Birth of a Nation, but the critics liked it.  Many of Griffith's later movies were critical successes. They did not make a lot of money. Even so, he is one of the most important figures of early movies. Other famous movies by Griffith include Orphans of the Storm and Broken Blossoms.

References 

American movie directors
1875 births
1948 deaths
Deaths from stroke
The Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique (SEFA) was the French national flight school, in nine places in France and managed by the direction générale de l'aviation civile (DGAC). It merged with French Civil Aviation University the 1st of January 2011.

History

1936 - 1946 

SEFA is a direct descendant of a long tradition of state involvement in helping to light aviation. By 1936, the Popular Front creates the "sections d’aviation populaire" (SAP), in order to democratize the flight training for young people and then to train more crew for the French military aviation. In 1946, the "service de l’aviation légère et sportive" (SALS) is created, which purpose is essentially to provide available aircraft and instructors for flying clubs.

1946 - 1976 

In 1955, SALS becomes the "service de la formation aéronautique et des sports aériens" (SFASA), in 1959 the "service de la formation aéronautique, du travail aérien et des transports" (SFATAT), in 1964 it is renamed the "service de la formation aéronautique" (SFA) and finally the "service de la formation aéronautique et du contrôle technique" (SFACT) in 1976. These designations reflect the successive changes in the organization of the civil aviation administration, but also the direct involvement of the State, in flight training. Thus "national centers" will be created, in 1945, for the gliding activities (Challes-les-Eaux, Beynes, Pont-Saint-Vincent, etc.), and then for the flight in piston aircraft (Carcassonne in 1945, Saint-Yan in 1947), and even skydiving (Biscarosse in 1953).

1976 - 1996 

Over the years, the French civil aviation administration gradually withdraw from its activities in the field of gliding and skydiving.
In 1959, the center of Saint-Yan welcomes the first course of airline pilot students (EPL, Elève Pilote de ligne, in English airline pilot student), ushering in a new mission of the SEFA : the training of airline pilots. The national centers were attached to the service of the civil aviation administration in charge of training. The creation of a single management structure was needed.
Thus was created the SEFA in 1993, bringing together under one organization all the necessary needs to implement the tasks entrusted by the DGAC. The direction of the SEFA moved to Muret in 1996, bringing together all central services previously scattered between Saint-Cyr-l'École and Paris.

1996 - 2011 

Finally, on the 1st of January 2011, the SEFA is merged with the French Civil Aviation University in order to create the biggest European aviation school. All the SEFA activities are now providing under the only acronym ENAC.

References

Bibliography 
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999

Other websites 
 Official

Aviation in France
Schools in France
1993 establishments in France
The Paris Opera Ballet (French: Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris) is the oldest national ballet company in the world. Many European and international ballet companies can trace their origins to it. It has always been an integral part of the Paris Opéra, which was founded in 1669 as the Académie d'Opéra (Academy of Opera). 

Theatrical dance was not an important part of the Paris Opera until 1673. Then was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique (Royal Academy of Music) and placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully. The Paris Opera has had many different official names during its long history but since 1994 has been called the Opéra National de Paris (Paris Opera). Currently the company presents ballet primarily at the Palais Garnier.

References 

Ballet companies
Carlos Soria (1 March 1949–1 January 2012) was an Argentine lawyer who became Governor of Rio Negro. A member of the ruling Peronist party, he had been the mayor of General Roca, until his election as governor of the province in October 2011. He died after being shot in the head during an argument at home with his wife.

References

1949 births
2012 deaths
Argentine politicians
The Bolshoi Ballet is a ballet company. It is based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1776. It is one of the oldest ballet companies in the world. It achieved worldwide acclaim in the early 20th century when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. The Bolshoi and the Kirov Ballet are recognised as the foremost ballet companies in Russia.

The origin of the Bolshoi is found in the creation of a dance school for a Moscow orphanage in 1773. In 1776, dancers from the school were employed by Prince Pyotr Urusov and the English theatrical entrepreneur Michael Maddox to form part of their new theatre company. They performed in privately owned venues. Later they acquired the Petrovsky Theatre. The theatre would later be rebuilt as today's Bolshoi Theatre.

The early history of the Bolshoi Ballet is very sketchy. The company staged many famous ballets. It struggled to compete with the Imperial Russian Ballet of St Petersburg. It was not until Alexander Gorsky became Ballet Master in 1900 that the company began to develop its own unique identity. The company was acclaimed for productions of new or restaged ballets including, Don Quixote (1900), Coppélia (1901), Swan Lake (1901), La fille mal gardée (1903), Giselle (1911), Le Corsaire (1912) and La Bayadère (1917).

References 

Ballet companies
American Ballet Theatre (ABT), is a classical ballet company based in New York City. It has an annual eight week season at the Metropolitan Opera House Lincoln Center. It tours around the world the rest of the year. American Ballet Theatre was founded in 1937 by Mikhail Mordkin. It is recognized as one of the world's leading classical ballet companies. American Ballet Theatre is the parent company of the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School. It was recognized as "America's National Ballet Company" in 2006 by the United States Congress.

References

Other websites 
 
 American Ballet Theatre entry in the Encyclopædia Britannica 
 American Ballet Theatre entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia 
 Archive footage of ABT (then Ballet Theatre) performing Interplay in 1949 at Jacob's Pillow
 Daily Telegraph obituary of Georgina Parkinson, December 20, 2009
 NY Times obituary of Georgina Parkinson, December 18, 2009
 NYPL theatrical lighting database, complete lighting paperwork for Fall River Legend

Ballet companies
1937 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur; March 23, c. 1904–1908 – May 10, 1977)  was an American actress. She won the 1945 Best Actress Academy Award for Mildred Pierce. She was voted the tenth greatest female star in the history of American movies by the American Film Institute.

Biography
Crawford was born in San Antonio, Texas. Her real name was Lucille Fay LeSueur.  She began her career as a dancer. She moved to Hollywood in 1925. She worked in silent movies. She played hard-working young women who wanted love, romance, and glamor. She made "talkies", too. She was given the name "Joan Crawford" from a magazine contest sponsored by MGM.

Crawford won the Best Actress Academy Award for Mildred Pierce in 1945.  She made many more movies, but retired in 1970. She died in New York City of a heart attack.

Crawford won success with Letty Lynton (1932). The film is mostly remembered because of the "Letty Lynton dress". This dress was designed by Adrian. It was a white cotton organdy gown with large ruffled sleeves, puffed at the shoulder. It was with this gown that Crawford's broad shoulders began to be accentuated by costume. Macy's copied the dress in 1932, and it sold over 500,000 replicas in the United States.

Crawford was married four times. First to actor Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and then to actor Franchot Tone. Her third husband was actor Phillip Terry, and her fourth and last husband was Pepsi executive Alfred Steele. Crawford became active in the Pepsi-Cola company after Steele's death.

Crawford adopted four children: Christina, Christopher, and "the twins" Cynthia and Cathy. Christina wrote a bestselling "tell-all" biography called Mommie Dearest. This book alleged that Crawford abused her children. It was made into a movie also called Mommie Dearest.

Notes

References 
Leese, Elizabeth. (1991). Costume Design in the Movies. Dover Books. .

Other websites 
 The Best of Everything: A Joan Crawford Encyclopedia
 
 
 
 Excerpt of 2008 biography from Vanity Fair
 
 

1904 births
1977 deaths
Christian Scientists
Actors from San Antonio, Texas
American movie actors
American radio actors
American silent movie actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
This is a list of bridges in Montreal.

Crossings

Spanning the Saint Lawrence River and Saint Lawrence Seaway

The construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in the 1950s required large changes for all bridges that existed at the time. Those are not reflected in the table below.

Spanning the Rivière des Prairies

Spanning the Lake of Two Mountains and the Ottawa River East Channel
All three spans across the Ottawa River East Channel are twinned by another span, built simultaneously, across the West Channel.

Related pages
 List of bridges in Canada

Notes
The section of Honoré-Mercier bridge spanning over the St. Lawrence Seaway was rebuilt to seaway standards in the 1950s. The bridge was twinned by an identical one, on the downriver side, which opened in 1963.

The Champlain Bridge Ice Structure, known in French as "l'Estacade Champlain," was built to control ice floes coming from the Laprairie Basin.

At the north end of Champlain Bridge, two spans, one north-south (aut. 15 and 20) and one east-west (aut. 10) connect Île des Sœurs to I. of Montreal. These two spans, called Pont Île-des-Sœurs and Pont Clément, are part of the Champlain Bridge complex.

Victoria Bridge was built as a one-track tubular bridge which opened in 1860. It was the first bridge to cross the St. Lawrence River, and the longest bridge in the world. It was rebuilt as a two-track truss bridge in 1898. The South Y approach was rebuilt around the Saint Lambert locks of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1961.

Pont de la Concorde (Concorde Bridge) and Pont des Îles ("Bridge of the Islands") were built for Expo 67. Pont de la Concorde connects Montreal Island to Saint Helen's Island, while Pont des Îles connects Saint Helen's Island to Notre-Dame Island.

Jacques-Cartier Bridge was originally named Harbour Bridge/Pont du Havre, and renamed after Jacques Cartier in 1934 (400th anniversary of Cartier's first voyage). The section over the St. Lawrence Seaway was lifted to a new height in 1962.

The Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine complex consists of a tunnel from Montreal to Île Charron and a bridge from Île Charron to the South Shore.

Construction of the Highway 25 Bridge started in early 2008 and was finished in May 2011. It is a toll bridge.

The Rivière des Prairies hydro complex is a set of three dams: one from Montreal I. to Île de la Visitation (west of the Papineau-Leblanc Bridge), which includes a footpath; another between Île de la Visitation and Île du Cheval de Terre; and the longest span between Île du Cheval-de-Terre and Île Jésus. Île de la Visitation is joined to Montreal by another two small bridges: a road bridge, which also serves as a dam (historically, a water mill) and a footbridge.

The railway crossing at Île Bigras consists of two spans, one north and one south of Île Bigras.

A structure known as "Île Bray Bridge" was abandoned while still under construction in favor of Île aux Tourtes Bridge.

Galipeault Bridge was first built in 1925 and doubled in 1964. Both spans have been replaced since. Taschereau Bridge, which was part of the same project, spans the West Channel along the same highway.

References 

Montreal
Island of Montreal
This is a list of current governors of the prefectures of Japan.

References 

Governors of Japan

Lists of Japanese people
is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Nagano. The capital is the city of Nagano.

History 
Nagano Prefecture was created from the area of the former Shinano Province.

Nagano was host to the 1998 Winter Olympics.

Geography
Nagano Prefecture is south of Niigata Prefecture.  The eastern borders of Nagano meet Gunma Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture and Shizuoka  Prefecture.  Nagano's souther border is shared with Aichi Prefecture.  The western borders of the prefecture are shared with Toyama Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Suwa jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 Nagano Prefecture Tourism website
, also known as Yezo or Yeso, is an ancient Japanese name for the lands to the north of Japan. It was the name of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaidō.  It was also used as a name for islands in the Sea of Okhotsk, including the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin. 

The terms Ezo, Yezo, Ebisu or Emishi were also used as a name for the people and culture of northern Honshu, including  Akita Prefecture, Aomori Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture, Iwate Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture.

History
The first published description of Ezo in the West was brought to Europe by Isaac Titsingh in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included  by Hayashi Shihei. This book, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ezo region and people.

Titsingh's translation of Sankoku Tsūran Zusetsu was published in 1832.

References

Other websites

 Waseda University, 三国通覧図説 (Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu)
 An old map of Ezo and two other islands from 1854

Islands of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Akita Prefecture
Aomori Prefecture
Fukushima Prefecture
Iwate Prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture
Yamagata Prefecture
Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges (7 November 1799 – 23 December 1875) was a French writer. He was born in Paris on 7 November 1799 and died there on 23 December 1875. He was one of the most prolific librettists of the 19th century.  He joined with others to write the librettos for the ballet Giselle by Adolphe Adam, for the opera La fille du regiment by Donizetti, and the opera La jolie fille de Perth for Bizet. He wrote over seventy works for the stage. He wrote novels. He liked plot twists and unlikely coincidences. His works are short on convincing characterizations. He was old-fashioned, dressing in 18th century style.

French writers
Librettists
1799 births
1875 deaths
Mildred Pierce is a film noir movie. It was made in 1945. The movie was based on a book of the same name by James M. Cain. It was directed by Michael Curtiz. The movie got good reviews. It stars Joan Crawford. She won the Best Actress Academy Award. The movie was picked for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story 
The movie is about a housewife named Mildred Pierce. Her marriage is troubled. Her husband leaves her for dead-common Mrs. Beedlehoff. Mildred has two little girls. Kay is a nice kid; Veda is a spoiled-rotten, high-falutin' brat. Mildred must take care of her kids alone by secretly slinging hash. She is a good cook. She opens a restaurant. Kay dies. Business is great. She gets rich. Mildred gives Veda everything she wants. Mildred starts to date a playboy named Monty. He is spoiled, too. He constantly asks Mildred for money. He never pays it back. One day she finds Monty and Veda in an act of intimacy.  Mildred has a gun. She wants to shoot Monty. She drops the gun. She runs away crying. Later Veda shoots Monty when he tells her to get out of his life because she is nothing more than a saucy little tramp. Veda is seized at the airport attempting to flee Los Angeles and is sent to jail. There is nothing her rich mother can do. She reunites with her husband.

1945 movies
Film noir
American crime movies
Women's movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Movies directed by Michael Curtiz

zh:幻世浮生 (電影)
Our Dancing Daughters is a 1928 MGM silent movie. The movie is about the loosening of youth morals that took place during the 1920s. The movie was directed by Harry Beaumont. It was produced by Hunt Stromberg. The movie made Joan Crawford a big  star. She remained a big star for the next 50 years.

Story 
"Dangerous Diana" Medford (Joan Crawford) is flashy and popular. Inside, she is a good person. Her friend Ann is an amoral boy-chaser. Diana and Ann both like Ben Blaine. He thinks Diana is not interested in him.  He marries Ann. Diana becomes unhappy for a while. Later, she throws a party. Ann hopes to go with her lover, Freddie. She argues with her husband. She goes to the party. Ben goes to the party behind Ann's back. Ben and Diana realize they love each other. Ann gets drunk. She falls to her death. Ben and Diana are free to wed. 

1928 movies
1920s romance movies
1920s drama movies
1920s romantic drama movies
American silent movies
American romantic drama movies
Women's movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by Harry Beaumont
Lake Biel (also called Lake Bienne) is the biggest lake in the Canton of Bern in Switzerland. The lake has a length of  and a width of . Its surface area is about . Taximum depth is about . It is  above sea level. It is surrounded by a lot of wine-producing villages.

Together with Lake Morat and Lake Neuchâtel it is one of the three largest lakes in the Jura region of Switzerland. There are two rivers which run into Lake Biel. The first one is the Suze, it's Biel’s only river. The second one is the Aare, one of Switzerland’s longest rivers. It was redirected into the lake in 1878.

Vineyards are located on the sunny side of Lake Biel and benefit from the southeast orientation of the hills. The lake provides a balanced climate. Soils are highly calcareous. There are  of vineyards and a large variety of vine types, traditionally white wines, but increasingly red wines. The Chasselas, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Pinot blanc and Chardonnay are grown by about 80 winegrowers.  Most of the wine goods are family farms and the vine is often sold directly from the wine cellars.

Vineyards in the region of Lake Biel have been found since the Roman times. Archeologists found amphora for the wine. The vineyards still exist thanks to a ban released in 1933, which forbid building in the vineyards.

It is a common tourist destination and is a beautiful lake, with many recreational activities to do.

References 
http://www.hydrodaten.admin.ch/en/2208.html
http://www.biel-seeland.ch/
Stadt Biel
App, Beat and Thorens, Anette. Drei-Seen-Land, seine Weinberge  und Hügel, Gassmann Biel, 2009
Bourquin, Werner. Das Rebland und der Weinbau am Bielersee.
 Bandroge Sadnest

Other websites

Prospekt Bielerseewein

Biel
Brandon Marshall (born March 23, 1984) is an American football wide receiver for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was selected by the Denver Broncos out of the University of Central Florida, with the 119th overall pick in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Marshall has also played for the Miami Dolphins, where he wore #19. He holds a record for the most catches in a single game with 21, a record set in 2009 while Marshall was with the Broncos. Throughout his football career, Marshall has been respected as a good player, often one who is hard to tackle.

References

1984 births
Living people
African American players of American football
American football wide receivers
Chicago Bears players
People with borderline personality disorder
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Theda Bara was an American silent movie actress. She was born on July 29, 1885. Her real name was Theodosia Burr Goodman. Bara attended the University of Cincinnati for two years. She worked in theater productions. She moved to New York City in 1908. She made her Broadway debut in 1908. Most of Bara's early movies were shot at the Fox Studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Bara lived with her family in New York City during this time. She moved to Los Angeles, California to shoot Cleopatra in 1917. This movie became one of Bara's biggest hits. No known prints of Cleopatra exist today. There are many photographs of Bara in her costume as Cleopatra. 

Bara married American movie director Charles Brabin in 1921. She had no children. She died of stomach cancer on April 13, 1955 in Los Angeles, California. Bara was one of the most popular stars of her era. She was one of the earliest sex symbols in movies. Her femme fatale (deadly woman) roles earned her the nickname "The Vamp" (short for vampire). The term "vamp" soon became a popular slang term for a sexually predatory woman. Bara made more than 40 films between 1914 and 1926. Cnly six still exist in their entirety.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 
 Excerpt from Golden's biography Vamp 
 Biography at monash.edu.au
 Amateur film of 1937 Fox Studios fire in New Jersey that destroyed many of Bara's films as well as all of the films of her rival Valeska Suratt, the 1921 The Queen of Sheba and several early starring vehicles of John Gilbert
 Theda Bara photo gallery NY Public Library Billy Rose collection
 Literature on Theda Bara

Silent movie actors
1885 births
1955 deaths
Robin Hood is a 1922 silent movie. It stars Douglas Fairbanks. Robin Hood was the first movie to have a Hollywood  premiere. The premiere was held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on October 18, 1922. 

The movie's full title is Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood. It was one of the most expensive movies of the 1920s. It cost about $1,000,000 to make. The movie is about the famous English outlaw. The movie received mostly good reviews.

In spite of the movie's careful construction, it received some negative responses. Vachel Lindsay thought the movie was "a heavy exhibit of armor that does not move." He thought it a failure because the first half of the movie was basically spectacle. 

Nonetheless, Robin Hood was thought at the time to be a milestone in the development of movie art. It would be overshadowed however by the hugely popular Errol Flynn movie of 1938.

Notes

References
 Vance, Jeffrey. 2008. Douglas Fairbanks. University of California Press.
 Zollo, Paul. 2002. Hollywood Remembered: An Oral History of Its Golden Age. Taylor Trade Publications.

1922 movies
American silent movies
Movies directed by Allan Dwan
American adventure movies
Swashbuckler movies
Robert Jonathan Demme (February 22, 1944 – April 26, 2017) was an American filmmaker. He was born in Baldwin, New York. He was best known for directing The Silence of the Lambs, for which he won an Academy Award. He directed and co-produced Philadelphia and Rachel Getting Married.

His nephew Ted Demme (1963-2002) was a filmmaker.

On April 26, 2017, Demme died in New York City at the age of 73 due to complications from esophageal cancer and heart disease.

References

Other websites 

1944 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New York
Screenwriters from New York
is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Ōtsu.

History 
Shiga used to be called Ōmi Province or Gōshū before Japan began using the prefectural system.

Geography 
Shiga borders Fukui Prefecture in the north Gifu Prefecture  is in the east. Mie Prefecture is in the southeast. Kyoto Prefecture is in the west.

Lake Biwa is at the center of this prefecture. The lake divides the prefecture into four areas: 
 , north of lake and centered at Nagahama
 , west of lake and centered at Imazu
 , east of lake and centered at Hikone
 , south of lake and centered at Ōtsu

Cities 
Cities in Shiga Prefecture include
Higashiōmi
Hikone
Iga
Kōka
Konan
Kusatsu
Maibara
Moriyama
Nagahama
Ōtsu (capital)
Ōmihachiman
Rittō
Takashima
Yasu

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 37% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Education 

There are ten universities, two junior colleges, and a learning center of The Open University of Japan in Shiga.
 Shiga University (Hikone and Otsu)
 Shiga University of Medical Science (Otsu)
 University of Shiga Prefecture (Hikone)
 Shiga Junior College (Otsu)
 Shiga Bunkyo Junior College (Nagahama)
 Seian University of Art and Design (Otsu)
 Seisen University (Hikone)
 Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology (Nagahama)
 Biwako-Gakuin University (Higashiomi)
 Biwako-Gakuin College (Higashiomi)
 Biwako Seikei Sport College (Otsu)
 Ritsumeikan University (Kyoto and Kusatsu)
 Ryukoku University (Kyoto and Otsu)

Sister states 
Shiga has agreements with three states.
  Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
  Michigan, USA
  Hunan, People's Republic of China

Shrines and Temples
Takebe jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Further reading
 , 1984. Tokyo: Yamato Shobo.

Other websites 

 Shiga Prefecture official page 
 go.biwako - Travel Guide of Shiga Prefecture, Japan (Biwako Visitors Bureau)
 Shiga-ken.com
As of 2008, there were 87 , 89 public universities, and 580 private universities in Japan. National universities tend to have a good reputation in higher education in Japan. They are often more difficult to get into than private or public universities.

In 2004, the national university system changed. National universities were no longer completely public public and more of a private.  Since 2004, every national university has become a special type of corporation. They are called . They now have more freedom and less control from the government. Faculty and staff are no longer , and they do not work for the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

This is a complete list of Japanese national universities: 

The Government of Japan started The Open University of Japan and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. It also supports them with money. However, these two universities are not national universities; they are private universities.

Related pages 
 List of colleges and universities in Japan

References

Other websites
The Japan Association of National Universities 

Japan
Japan-related lists
Surface runoff is the excess water that flows over land when the soil below it is flooded. This is a big part of the water cycle. This a prime cause for soil erosion and degradation of soil.

References

Ecology
Environmental chemistry
Water pollution
Way Down East is a 1920 silent movie. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The movie stars Lillian Gish as Anna and Richard Barthelmess as David. The movie is based on a 19th-century play by Lottie Blair Parker.

This movie is famous for its exciting climax. Lillian Gish's character is rescued from certain death on an icy river. Way Down East is the fourth highest grossing silent movie in movie history. It brought in more than $4,500,000 at the box office in 1920. Some parts of Way Down East were shot in an early Technicolor process.

Main cast
 Anna Moore, a poor country girl - Lillian Gish
 David Bartlett, son of Squire Bartlett - Richard Barthelmess
 Squire Bartlett, David's father - Burr McIntosh
 Lennox Sanderson, father of Anna's baby - Lowell Sherman

Story 
Anna Moore is tricked into a fake marriage by the rich Lennox Sanderson. She gets pregnant, and he leaves her. She has the baby on her own. The baby dies. Anna wanders until she gets a job with Squire Bartlett. His son David falls in love with her. She rejects him because of her past.

Squire Bartlett learns of Anna's past. He throws her out into a blizzard. Anna becomes lost in the storm. David leads a search party. Anna floats down an icy river towards a steep waterfall. She is rescued by David. He marries her in the final scene.

Response
Some modern critics like the movie, some do not. Paul Brenner has written, "Many of Griffith's features suffer from sententious moralizing, a sense of God speaking to the masses, and outright racism. But Way Down East highlights the greatness of Griffith without having to sit through the Sermon on the Mount or the Ride of The Klan. In Way Down East, Griffith's psychotic nuttiness, for once, didn't get in the way of a good [movie]."

Critic Dennis Schwartz likes "the strong emotional performances of the diminutive Lillian Gish". He decides that "this old-fashioned bucolic soap opera doesn't translate well to modern-times. It's quintessential Griffith melodrama, a mix of opposing forces between those favoring Bible morality and the wealthy hedonists who mock God with their amorality ... [the movie] has an irritating moralistic Bible flavor in supporting monogamy ... The [movie]'s most exciting scene was made without any special effects, and is the only thing about the [movie] worth remembering."

References

Other websites
 
 
 Way Down East at SilentEra.com
 Way Down East at The Greatest Films by Tim Dirks
 Way Down East at YouTube

1920 movies
Women's movies
American silent movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by D. W. Griffith
Lillian Diana Gish (October 14, 1893 – February 27, 1993) was an American actress. She was born in Springfield, Ohio. Gish came from a Episcopalian and Lutheran religious background. She was a descendant of a colonial minister and a Revolutionary War hero. Lillian was very young when her father abandoned his family.  She and her sister Dorothy joined the acting profession with their mother. In 1912, their friend Mary Pickford introduced the sisters to D. W. Griffith. They got contracts with Biograph Studios.  The sisters debuted in Griffith's short movie An Unseen Enemy in 1912. Lillian starred in many of Griffith's most famous movies. These included The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, Broken Blossoms, Way Down East, and Orphans of the Storm. One of the famous images of Gish's silent movie years is the climax of Way Down East. Her character floats unconscious on an ice floe towards a waterfall, her long hair floating in the water. She made "talkies" (movies with sound), too. Her sound movie work was off and on. She was in the controversial western Duel in the Sun and Night of the Hunter. She did a lot of television work from the early 1950s until the 1980s. At the end of her career she appeared with Bette Davis  in the 1987 movie The Whales of August. She never married or had children. She died in her sleep of natural causes on February 27, 1993. She is buried next to her sister Dorothy at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City. Gish's career lasted 75 years, from 1912 to 1987. She was given the nickname "The First Lady of American Cinema". The American Film Institute (AFI) named Gish 17th among the greatest female stars of all time. She received an Honorary Academy Award in 1971. In 1984 she received an AFI Life Achievement Award.

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Official website
 Lillian Gish Film Festival in Springfield, Ohio 
 The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Film Theater 
 Extensive Lillian Gish gallery
 Photographs and bibliography
 Lillian Gish  photographed by Edward Steichen in November 1934
 Maison 140 

1893 births
1993 deaths
Silent movie actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Ohio
Episcopalians
People from Springfield, Ohio
Pollyanna is a 1920 silent movie. It stars Mary Pickford. It was directed by Paul Powell. It was based on Eleanor H. Porter's novel Pollyanna. It was Pickford's first movie for United Artists. It became a great success. It would be regarded as one of the movies that defined Pickford's "little girl" movies. She was 27, but played a 12 year old girl. The movie made $1.1 million (that was about $10 million in 2008). This was a lot of money at the time. 

1920 movies
1920s comedy movies
1920s drama movies
American silent movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Paul Powell
The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1923 silent movie based on Victor Hugo's novel. It was directed by Wallace Worsley, produced by Carl Laemmle and Irving Thalberg, and starred Lon Chaney, Sr.. The 1939 movie starring Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Hara. It was Universal's "Super Jewel". It was their most successful silent movie. It had $3 million. The movie is set in 15th century Paris. Chaney's performance and spectacular make-up as the tortured bell-ringer of Notre Dame are famous. The movie made Chaney a superstar. It set a standard for horror movies including Chaney's own The Phantom of the Opera in 1925. 

American silent movies
1923 movies
1920s horror movies
1920s drama movies
American horror movies
American drama movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies based on books
The Mark of Zorro is a 1920 silent movie. It stars Douglas Fairbanks and Noah Beery. This "swashbuckler" adventure was the first movie version of The Mark of Zorro. It was based on the 1919 story "The Curse of Capistrano" by Johnston McCulley. This book introduced the masked hero, Zorro. The screenplay was adapted from the book by Fairbanks (as "Elton Thomas") and Eugene Miller.

The movie was produced by Fairbanks for his own production company, Douglas Fairbanks Pictures Corporation. It was the first movie released through United Artists. This company was formed by Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith. The movie has been remade twice, once in 1940 (starring Tyrone Power) and again in 1974 (starring Frank Langella).

American silent movies

1920 movies
1920s adventure movies
1920s romance movies
American adventure movies
1920s American romance movies
Swashbuckler movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Fred Niblo
is a prefecture of Japan. It is part of the Tōhoku region on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Yamagata.

History 
The aboriginal  people once lived in the area now known as Yamagata.

Yamagata was part of Dewa Province until the Meiji Restoration.

This area was called "Yamagata" for the first time in Heian period. However, different characters were used to write it. The reason why this area was called Yamagata is not clear. In Nanboku-chō period, Yamagata was written in same kanji that it is today.

Geography 
Yamagata Prefecture is located in the southwest corner of Tōhoku. It faces the Sea of Japan. It borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture on the south, Miyagi Prefecture on the east, and Akita Prefecture on the north.

The Mogami and the Zaou are the two major rivers in the prefecture.

Cities
Thirteen cities are located in Yamagata Prefecture:

National parks
National parks cover about 17% of the total land area of the prefecture. They include:
 Bandai-Asahi National Park

Shrines and temples
Ōmonoimia jinja is the main Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Economy
Yamagata is a farming area. It grows the most cherries and pears in the country. Over 70 percent of cherries in Japan are grown in Yamagata. Growing apples is important around the city of Yonezawa. The safflower is a symbol of Yamagata Prefecture. The number of farms growing safflower have steadily decreased since the 18th century. Yonezawa beef is bred in Yonezawa city. It is one of the most famous varieties of beef in Japan. Yonezawa is also known for its soba noodles.

Shogi (chess) pieces are made in the city of Tendo. The pieces are carved from wood.

Festivals
Hanagasa festival has been held since 1963 and is one of the major festivals in Tohoku region. At the festival, the dancers dance with "Hanagasa" that is a hat decorated with red flowers. Uesugi snow lantern festival is held on the second weekend of February. The candles in more than 300 snow lanterns and 3,000 snow lamps are lit up.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
Montedio Yamagata

References

Other websites 

http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/shokokanko/110012/kokusai/english/eindex.html ; 
Weather in Yamagata City
Yamagata Museum of Art 
Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival
 Japan Guide