cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Selenium dioxide, also known as selenious oxide, selenous oxide, or selenium(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions. It is toxic.

Properties
Selenium dioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make selenous acid. It easily evaporates. The vapor smells like horseradish sauce. It can burn the nose. It reacts with bases to make selenites.

Preparation
Selenium dioxide can be made by burning selenium in air. It can also be made by reacting selenium with nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide. Another way to make it is to heat selenous acid.

Occurrence
Selenium dioxide is very rare as a mineral. It only is in places where coal caught on fire and the selenides were oxidized to selenium dioxide.

Uses
Selenium dioxide is used in making organic compounds. Selenium dioxide is used as a coloring in glass. Cobalt in glass makes a blue color. When a little selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes colorless. When more selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes ruby red.

Safety
Selenium dioxide can dissolve in water to make toxic selenium compounds. Swallowing any more than a very tiny amount can cause selenium poisoning. Selenium dioxide is a weak oxidizing agent and does not catch things on fire.

Related pages
Selenium trioxide
Selenic acid

Selenium compounds
Oxides
Selenium trioxide, also known as selenium(VI) oxide and selenic oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO3. It contains selenium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
Selenium trioxide is a white solid. It evaporates easily. It dissolves easily in water. It is not stable and breaks down to make selenium dioxide and oxygen when it is heated. It is a powerful oxidizing agent like all selenates. It dissolves in water to make selenic acid.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting potassium selenate with sulfur dioxide. It can also be made by dehydrating (removing the water from) selenic acid with a strong dessicant, like phosphorus(V) oxide.

Related pages
Selenium(I) chloride

Chemical compounds
Oxides
Selenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is Se2–. Selenides are similar to sulfides. Selenides are reducing agents when pure. They are stronger reducing agents than sulfides. Selenide ores are the source of selenium. Selenides are normally mixed with sulfides. The selenide ion is unstable except in very basic conditions. Normally hydroselenide is made, which is HSe-. In acidic conditions, hydrogen selenide gas is made.

Related pages
Selenite
Selenate

Selenium compounds
Hydroselenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is HSe-. Hydroselenides are normally made in neutral or slightly basic conditions. If it is very basic, selenides are made. If it is acidic, hydrogen selenide is made.

Related pages
Selenate
Selenite

Chemicals
Selenite is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO32-. It makes the hydrogen selenite ion, HSeO3- in neutral conditions. When in acidic conditions it makes selenous acid. They are normally made by heating metal oxides with selenium dioxide. An example would be sodium selenite. Selenites are weak oxidizing agents.

Related pages
Selenate
Selenide

Selenium compounds
Selenate is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO42-. They dissolve easily in water. They are strong oxidizing agents. In very acidic conditions, it makes selenic acid. Sodium selenate is an example.

Related pages
Selenite
Selenide

Selenium compounds
Selenic acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formul is H2SeO4.

Properties
It is normally a colorless solution in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can turn into selenium trioxide when dehydrated carefully. It is a very strong acid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and selenous acid. It can dissolve gold to make gold selenate. When heated above 200°C, it releases oxygen and turns into selenous acid. It reacts with bases to make selenates.

Preparation
Selenic acid is made by oxidation of selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide. It is hard to evaporate it, but when it is evaporated, it makes colorless crystals. It can be made by oxidation of selenous acid with a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate, chlorine, or bromine. The HCl and HBr made as a byproduct can reduce the selenic acic to selenous acid again, though, so it has to be taken out. 

It can also be made by reacting selenium with chlorine in water.

Related pages
Hydrogen selenide

Acids
Selenium compounds
Art Deco is a style of decorative art, design and architecture of the 1920s and 1930s in Europe, the United States and other countries. It was named after an international exhibition held in Paris in 1925, but there are some examples dating back to before the First World War. Art Deco followed another design style, Art Nouveau, which was influenced by organic plant-like forms.

Art Deco was one of the first styles of modern architecture. It was influenced by different styles and movements of the early 20th century, Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, and Futurism. Later Art Deco of the mid to late 1930s is also sometimes called Streamline Moderne.

One idea behind art deco architecture was to apparently streamline buildings the same way you would streamline a car for aerodynamics. The style was much more common in commercial buildings than in houses; many banks, schools, and libraries were built in this style.  Most of the public buildings built by the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression are in the Art Deco style.

Examples 
Famous Art Deco buildings include the Chrysler Building in New York City and the Chicago Board of Trade Building in Chicago.  Another is Bullock's Wilshire in Los Angeles. Many art deco buildings have elaborate terra cotta or murals inside them. The towers of the Golden Gate Bridge have an art deco design.

Gallery

References
Eydie Gormé, (Edith Gormezano, August 16, 1928 – August 10, 2013) was an American singer. Her husband, Steve Lawrence, sang with her. They were known as the duo "Steve and Eydie". Gormé herself has had some hit songs. One was "Blame it on the Bossa Nova".

Gormé was born on August 16, 1928 in The Bronx, New York City to Sephardi Jewish parents. Her father was from Sicily; her mother was from Turkey. She studied at William Howard Taft High School in New York. Gormé was married to Steve Lawrence from 1957 until her death in 2013. They had two sons. 

Gormé died on August 10, 2013, six days before her 85th birthday, following a brief illness, in Las Vegas, Nevada.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in the United States
American musicians
Singers from New York City
The Andrews Sisters were an American singing group in the 1930s, the 1940s and the 1950s. They were from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Their names were LaVerne (July 6, 1911 – May 8, 1967), Maxene (January 3, 1916 – October 21, 1995) and Patty Andrews (February 16, 1918 – January 30, 2013). They broke up in 1967 after the death of LaVerne, but their music is still played over certain radio stations in the United States. The Andrews Sisters were notable for their song "The Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy". That song was covered and recorded by multiple singers over the years.

Personal lives 
The Andrews sisters were born in Minnesota, to a Greek father and Norwegian mother. They grew up in Minneapolis.

Maxene 
Maxene was married to Jack Kapp from 1941 until his death in 1949. They had two adopted children. Andrews died on October 21, 1995 in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, from a heart attack, aged 79.

LaVerne 
LaVerne was married to Louis A. Roger from 1948 until her death in 1967. Andrews died on May 8, 1967 in Brentwood, California from cancer, aged 56.

Patty 
Patty was married to Martin Melcher from 1947 until they divorced in 1950. Then she was married to Melvin W. Weschler from 1951 until his death in 2010. Patty was the last survivor of the group. She died on January 30, 2013 in her home in Northridge, California from natural causes, aged 94.

References

Other websites
 Andrews Sisters official website
 Andrews Sisters on BigBands.net 
 Vocal Group Hall of Fame page on the Andrews Sisters 

1950s American music groups
1960s American music groups
1967 disestablishments
American girl groups
American movie actors
American radio actors
Musical trios
Musicians from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
1925 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Minnesota 
Musical groups established in the 1950s
1951 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in the United States
1956 establishments in the United States
1960s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Minnesota
Selenium disulfide, also known as selenious disulfide, selenous disulfide, or selenium(IV) disulfide is a chemical compound. Its formula should be SeS2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains sulfide ions.

Properties
Selenium sulfide is a poorly known chemical compound. Sometimes it has more selenium, sometimes it has more sulfur. It is an orange solid.

Preparation
Selenium sulfide can be made by heating selenium and sulfur.

Uses
It is used to kill fungi that make dandruff in hair. It can also be used to treat fungal (from fungi) skin infections.

Related pages
Selenium tetrachloride
Selenium monochloride

Selenium compounds
Sulfur compounds
A braided river is a network of small channels separated by islands that are often not fixed. In other words, the river channels wander across a flat area.

Braided rivers are found in places where the river carries a lot of sediment, and when it slows down and spreads out. The river delta of the Amazon River is a good example on a huge scale, and the Waimakariri River is a good example on a smaller scale.

Large systems 
Large braided river systems are found around the world:
 Alaska
 Canada
 New Zealand's South Island
 the Himalayas

All these regions contain young mountains that have quick erosion.

Europe has two notably braided rivers:  the Narew, in Poland and Belarus, and the  Tagliamento in northeastern Italy.

Related pages 
Meander

Other websites

Rivers
Mohsin Hamid is a writer from Pakistan. He wrote some famous novels like The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Moth Smoke.

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
Pakistani writers
People from Lahore
Uthman ibn Affan () was the third ruler of the Muslim Empire and one of the four righteous caliphs of Sunni Islam. Uthman belonged to a noble family of Ummayyah, branch of the Quraish in Makkah.  Uthman was one of the very few who was literate. When he became older, he started a business in cloth, which made him very rich.

Biography
He was born in about the year 583 and was ruler for 12 years. During his time as ruler he conquered Khurasan and the regions of the west of the Arabian Peninsula. He also united the Muslim upon one uniform version of the Quran. He was well known for marrying two of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum, both at different times. For this, he became known as Dhu al-Nurayn, the "Possessor of Two Lights". He participated in both immigrations, first to Ethiopia and then to Medina.

Death
He was attacked while in his house, although he did not defend himself out of fear of further trouble. He was killed while reading the Qur'an by Sudaan ibn Hamran on Friday, June 17, 656. He died aged 72-73 years.

References

Sahaba
Muslims
Caliphs
570s births
656 deaths
Windham  Rotunda (born May 23, 1987) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently wrestling a free agent. He was known as the leader of a stable with Luke Harper and Erick Rowan known as The Wyatt Family. Daniel Bryan was also a member for a short time before turning against the stable.

He first wrestled in WWE from 2009 to 2011 where he competed under the name Husky Harris and was a part of the stable, The Nexus. He competed on the 2nd season of WWE NXT but was eliminated 5th. Rotunda stayed in WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and made his debut as Bray Wyatt in FCW in April 2012. He stayed in FCW through its name change to NXT Wrestling (now WWE NXT), and returned to the main WWE roster in July 2013. The Wyatt Family quickly became some of the company's biggest heels ("bad guys").

Championships
WWE Smackdown Live! Tag Team Champion

WWE Champion

Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Bo Rotunda)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Feud of the Year (2010) – The Nexus vs. WWE
Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2010) – as part of The Nexus
He was ranked #129 of the top 500 singles wrestlers by PWI in the PWI 500 in 2011.

Other websites

1987 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Florida
WWE wrestlers
Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial places. Movement on land makes different problems than that on water, with less friction instead being the effects of gravity.

There are three basic forms of movement found among land animals:
Legged - Moving by using legs
Limbless locomotion - moving without legs, mostly using the body
Rolling - rotating the body

Legged locomotion
Movement on legs is the most common form of land movement. It is the simple form of movement of two big groups with many members, the vertebrates and the arthropods.

Limbless locomotion

There are a number of land and amphibious limbless vertebrates and invertebrates. These animals, due to lack of legs, use their bodies to move.  These movements are sometimes called to as "slithering" or "crawling".

Rolling

Although animals have never have wheels for locomotion, some animals can move by rolling their whole body.

Limits and extremes

The fastest terrestrial animal is the cheetah, which can get speeds of about 104 km/h (64 mph).

Related pages
Walking fish

References

 Charig, A.J. (1972) The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hind-limb: an explanation in functional terms. In Studies in Vertebrate Evolution (eds K.A.Joysey and T.S.Kemp). Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 121–55. 
 Reilly, Stephen M. and Elias, Jason A. 1998, Locomotion in alligator mississippiensis: kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling-to-erect paradigm , J. exp. Biol 201,2559-2574.
 García-París, M. & Deban, S. M. 1995. A novel antipredator mechanism in salamanders: rolling escape in Hydromantes platycephalus. Journal of Herpetology 29, 149-151.
 Tenaza, R. R. 1975. Pangolins rolling away from predation risks. Journal of Mammalogy 56, 257.

Zoology
Hamilton is New Zealand's fourth largest city. It has a population of 140,700 people. It is the largest inland city in New Zealand. It has an area of . The mayor is Andrew King.

References 

Cities in New Zealand
Beijing Normal University is a public university in China, located in Beijing. It is one of the most highly ranked universities in China, and focuses on teaching humanities and sciences. It was first opened in 1902, which makes it one of the oldest universities in China. Its nickname is Beishida.

Originally, it was called a "normal school" because it was only a school for teachers, and all teacher schools were named the same way. It was attached to the Imperial University of Peking. Later, it became a university on its own, teaching subjects other than education, but kept its name the same.

Rankings 

 QS World University Ranking: 292nd, 7th in China 
 Academic Ranking of World Universities: 201-300th, 7th-12th in China
 Humanities and Social Sciences overall ranking in China: 3rd

Nobel laureates
Liu Xiaobo (Peace)
Mo Yan (Literature)

References

Other websites
University website 

Colleges and universities in Beijing
1902 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in China
The University of Oslo (, ) is the oldest and largest university in Norway. It is in the Norwegian capital, Oslo.

The university began in 1811 as The Royal Frederick University (in Norwegian Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet and in Latin Universitas Regia Fredericiana). The university was modelled after the recently established University of Berlin, and originally named after King Frederick of Denmark and Norway. In 1939 it changed to the name it has now.

The university has faculties of (Lutheran) Theology, Law, Medicine, Humanities, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Dentistry, Social Sciences, and Education. The Faculty of Law is still located at the old campus on Karl Johans gate, near the National Theatre, the Royal Palace, and the Parliament. Most of the other faculties are at a modern campus area called Blindern. The Faculty of Medicine is split between several university hospitals in the Oslo area.

In 2019, the university had 30,505 students and employed 6,595 people.

References

Oslo
Education in Norway
Colleges and universities in Europe
1811 establishments
1810s establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Norway
The Central Region of Singapore is also known as the south of Singapore. It is a place where most commercial buildings are in.  The Istana is also found in this area.

History 
When Sir Stamford Raffles first arrived in Singapore in 1819, he signed a treaty with Tengku Abdul Rahman (the local Sultan) and Tengku Hussein (the Temmengong which became Sultan since he was the elder brother). The Sultan and Temmengong were paid money for allowing the British to set up a port in Singapore.

The British were given the southern part of Singapore to develop. Therefore, it was also recognised as the Central Region of Singapore, or also called Central Business District.

Size 
The Central Region of Singapore starts from the harbour all the way to Bishan as the north, Queenstown as the west and Marine Parade as the east. In total, it takes up 13,150 hectares of land area.

The Southern Islands are also part of the Central Region of Singapore.

11 planning areas 
Bishan
Bukit Merah
Bukit Timah
Geylang
Kallang
Marine Parade
Novena
Queenstown
Southern Islands
Tanglin
Toa Payoh

References

Other websites 
 Central Region, Singapore 

Geography of Singapore
Places in Singapore
Tuas is a region in the far west of the island of Singapore. It is not reachable by the Mass rapid transit (MRT) of Singapore. The nearest MRT station is Joo Koon.

Tuas is mainly an industrial estate like Jurong and the Tuas checkpoint (called the Tuas Second Link) is found there.

Geography of Singapore
William Laws Calley (William Laws Calley, Jr.) (born June 8, 1943) is a convicted American war criminal.  

He was held responsible and found guilty for the killings of the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War. Of the 26 officers and soldiers first charged for their part in the My Lai Massacre or the  cover-up, only Calley was convicted. He was sentenced to a life term, but was put on house arrest instead. William Calley only spent three years on house arrest then was released.

References

Living people
1943 births
People of the Vietnam War
American spree killers
People from Miami, Florida
The North African food is at couscous
A Cuscus is a marsupial from Papua New Guinea. It has a pouch on its front where its baby begins to grow and develop in. The cuscus has thick white fur and a long tail, with a slightly pink tip. It uses its tail to help it climb through the trees.

References 

Marsupials
Papua New Guinea
Couscous is a kind of food, originally from the Berbers of North Africa. It has two related meanings:
A kind of wheat known in English as durum wheat or fairy pasta. The wheat used is in a form called "wheat middlings". It is the same material which is used to make semolina, and is not a kind of pasta.
A stew of vegetables and/or meat, together with a plate of couscous wheat. 
Couscous is not cooked, but rather steamed over hot water. Couscous is served as a side-dish, or as a main dish. The stew must have plenty of liquid, or else a separate
bowl of sauce must be provided. This is because the couscous grain is rather dry, and absorbs plenty of liquid. It is a definite fault to serve a couscous dish with too little liquid.

Spices such as ras el hanout and harissa are used for seasoning. Couscous can also be served cold. In this case, may be the base of a salad, with seafood, or it is used to make taboulé. Couscous can also be used for sweets, by adding milk, raisins or almonds.

Couscous originated in North Africa also known as the Maghreb. It is now popular in Armenia and the Middle East. The dish is extremely popular in other areas like southern France, Sicilia and Brazil.

In Brazil, couscous is a typical dish from the Northeast of the country, which is part of the three meals of the day. Being commonly prepared with starch, wheat flour, corn, rice or cassava. In Southeast, it is consumed with butter, eggs or meat. In North, it is more common for couscous to be eaten for breakfast, made with coconut milk and accompanied by tapioca. In general, all types of side dishes are accepted in the country. Other examples of foods eaten with couscous are fish, shrimp, and chicken.

Couscous is sold in most supermarkets across Europe and the United States and has been pre-steamed and dried; the package directions are usually to add 1.5 measures of boiling water or stock and butter to each measure of couscous and to cover tightly for five minutes. The couscous swells and within a few minutes it is ready to fluff with a fork and serve. Pre-steamed couscous takes less time to prepare than regular couscous.

Other websites

BBC food glossary: Couscous 
 Clifford A. Wright. History of couscous. Mediterranean and world cuisine: Couscous 
 Greg Noakes and Laidia Chouat Noakes 1998. Couscous - the measure of the Maghrib.Saudi Aramco World article on Couscous
 Couscous: long-term Maghreb staple still going strong.  Magharebia.com: News and Views of the Maghreb article on Couscous

Middle Eastern foods
Algeria
Libya
Mauritania
Moroccan culture
Tunisian culture
The 2010 Copiapó mining accident was a mining accident that happened on August 5, 2010, when the copper-gold mine of San José, near Copiapó, Chile, collapsed. It left 33 miners trapped around 700 meters under the ground.

The Mine of San José (Mina San José) is about  north of Copiapó, in the Region of Atacama. The miners were trapped at about  deep and about  from the entrance of the mine. The mine has had accidents in the past, including one death. A report from the Chilean Government from July 2010, said that the owners of the mine did not "reinforce the roof." The lack of reinforcement "led to an earlier collapse of the roof". There has been controversy over why the mine was not closed down earlier.

Some people, including lawyers representing the mining company, think that the owners of the mine will declare bankruptcy after the miners are rescued.

On October 13, 2010, Florencio Ávalos reached the surface. He was the first miner to be rescued.

Related pages
 2006 Copiapó mining accident
 2010 Cauquenes earthquake
 2010 Pichilemu earthquake

References

2010 disasters
2010 in Chile
Mining
Cherkasy (, transliterated: Čerkasy) is a city in central Ukraine. It is the capital of the Cherkasy Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Cherkasky Raion (district) within the oblast.

The city is cultural, educational and industrial center of Cherkasy Oblast and Central Economical Region of Ukraine. Cherkasy is famous since 13th century and played a great role in history of Ukraine. Cherkasy was the center of Cossacks, citizens took part in Khmelnychchyna and Koliyivschyna (cossacks and peasants rebellions).

The city is on the right bank of Dnieper River (specifically at the Kremenchuk Reservoir), about  south of the nation's capital, Kyiv. The city is divided into 2 parts (raions) - Sosnivskiy (with Orshanets village) and Pridniprovskiy. The current population of Cherkasy is 285,526 (as of 2010).

Cities in Ukraine
1286 establishments
Establishments in Ukraine
13th-century establishments in Europe
The Dnieper River is one of the major rivers in Europe. It flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, to the Black Sea. It is fourth largest by length in Europe.  Its total length is .  is in Russia,  is in Belarus, and  is in Ukraine. Its basin covers .  is in Ukraine. In antiquity, it was known to the Greeks as the Borysthenes.

The river is part of the Quagga mussel's native range.

References

Rivers of Belarus
Rivers of Russia
Rivers of Ukraine
State Electoral District means an electorate in the Lower House or Legislative Assembly of Australian states and territories. Most state electoral districts (except Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, which have multi-member electorates using a proportional voting method) send a single member to a state or territory's parliament using the preferential method of voting. The size of a state electoral district depends on the Electoral Acts in the state and vary in size between them. At present, there are 407 state electoral districts in Australia.

State electoral districts do not apply to the Upper House, or Legislative Council, in the states which have one (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia). In New South Wales and South Australia, MLCs represent the entire state, in Tasmania they represent single-member districts, and in Victoria and Western Australia they represent a region formed by grouping electoral districts together.

By State/Territory

Australian Capital Territory 
There are three electorates for the Legislative Assembly, two with five members each, and one with seven members, making up seventeen members in total.

New South Wales 

 

There are currently 93 electoral districts in New South Wales.

Northern Territory 

There are 25 single-member electoral divisions in the Northern Territory, and 13 former divisions.

Queensland 

There are 89 electoral districts in Queensland, for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland.

South Australia 
There are 47 single-member electoral districts in South Australia, for the South Australian House of Assembly.

Tasmania 

There are 5 electoral divisions in Tasmania.

Victoria 

There are 88 electoral districts in Victoria, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly.

Western Australia 

There are 59 single-member electoral districts in Western Australia for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. 42 are in the Perth metropolitan area and 17 are in the rest of the state.
Government of Australia
Sedan () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. It is also the chief-lieu (administrative centre) of the arrondissement of the same name.

Geography
The old centre is on land within a curve of the Meuse River. It is about 10 km (6 miles) from Belgium, and about 200 km (120 miles) from Paris.

History
Sedan was built in 1424.  In the sixteenth century Sedan was a safe place for Protestants escaping from the Wars of Religion.

Until 1651, the Principality of Sedan belonged to the La Tour d'Auvergne family.  It was independent.  The most famous member of the family, Marshal Turenne, was born at Sedan on 11 September 1611.  With help from the Holy Roman Empire, Sedan defeated France at the Battle of La Marfée. Immediately after that it was surrounded, and its prince, Frederic, surrendered to France.  Only a year after that, it became part of France in return for sparing Frederic's life after he was in a plot against France.

During the Franco-Prussian War, on 2 September 1870 the French emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner with 100,000 of his soldiers at the Battle of Sedan.

Because of this major victory, which also made the "Second Reich" of Germany possible, 2 September was declared "Sedan Day" (Sedantag) and a national German holiday in 1871. It remained a holiday until 1919.

In World War II the German army invaded neutral Belgium and crossed the Meuse River in Sedan.  This allowed them to get past the French fortification system, called the Maginot Line.

Sedan Castle

Sedan Castle may be the biggest of its kind in Europe with a total area of 30,000 square metres on seven levels. Building started in 1424 and the castle's defences were improved over the years. It is the only part left of the huge fortifications that there were in Sedan and around Sedan.

Economy
Sedan was a centre of cloth production, which was started under Cardinal Mazarin. It supported the town until the late nineteenth century.

Born here
These people were born in Sedan:
 Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France
 Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald (1765–1840), Marshal of France
 Charles Baudin (1792-1854), admiral
 René Guyon (1876-1963), jurist
 Yves Marie Joseph Cardinal Congar (1904-1995) was a French Dominican priest and theologian
 Pierre Cartier (born 1932), mathematician
 Yannick Noah (born 1960), was a professional tennis player
 Benjamin Lemaire (born 1985), actor and film director
 Anais Dechamps (born 1988), distance runner

Twin town
 Sedan is twinned with Eisenach, Germany since 1991

Related pages
 CS Sedan Ardennes, football club based in Sedan
 Stade Louis Dugauguez , a multi-use stadium in Sedan

Other websites
 Sedan city council website (in French)
 The German breakthrough in 1940 
 Webpage about the fortifications of Sedan 
 Article on the Battle of Sedan at 'Battlefields Europe' 

Communes in Ardennes
Subprefectures in France
1424 establishments
1420s establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
The KNVB Cup () is a competition in the Netherlands organized by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1899. It was based on the format of the English FA Cup. Outside of the Netherlands, it is often referred to as the Dutch Cup. The tournament consists of all teams from the top two leagues of Dutch football (the Eredivisie and Eerste Divisie), as well as the top four teams from each of the six third tier of Dutch football (Hoofdklasse), while the remaining teams are drawn from the fourth tier (Eerste Klasse). The finals of the tournament usually takes place in De Kuip, and has been held there every season since 1988. The winners of the cup compete against the winners of the Eredivisie for the Johan Cruijff Shield, which is the first game of the following season.

History
The competition was created during a board meeting of the Dutch National Football Association, in the Hague, on 19 January 1898. The tournament began the following season, 1898–1899. The first final was played on 9 May 1899 between RAP Amsterdam and HVV Den Haag. In 1946, the trophy was changed to one made out of silver, which was very rare in after World War II.

Name changes
Like many national cup competitions, the name of the tournament has changed with sponsorship. From 1995, the competition went from being the KNVB Cup Tournament to being known as the Amstel Cup after the then sponsor Amstel. On 16 August 2005, the name was changed to the Gatorade Cup after the drinks company Gatorade. In 2006, the name returned to being the KNVB Cup Tournament with Gatorade remaining as the principal sponsor.

European competition
Up until 1998, the winner of the cup entered into the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but with the abandonment of that tournament, the winner now goes into the UEFA Europa League. If the winning team has won the Eredivisie and thus entry into the UEFA Champions League, then the beaten KNVB Cup finalist will take the place in the UEFA Europa League.

In 1998, both teams in the KNVB final, Ajax and PSV, had won places into the Champions League. So a game was played between the beaten semi-finalists, SC Heerenveen and FC Twente, to determine who would take the Cup Winners' Cup place.

Number of titles

Notes

References

Other websites
KNVB.nl - Official website KNVB 
RSSSF History of the Dutch Cup

Netherlands
Tadeusz Reichstein (20 July 1897  1 August 1996) was a Polish-born Swiss  chemist, botanist and Nobel laureate. 

Reichstein was born into a Jewish family at Włocławek, Congress Poland, and spent his early childhood at Kiev, where his father was an engineer. He began his education at boarding-school in Jena, Germany.

In 1933, working in Zürich, Switzerland, Reichstein made vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in what is now called the Reichstein process. 

Reichstein, E.C. Kendall and P.S. Hench were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for their discovery of cortisone.

He died in Basel, Switzerland. The main industrial process for the artificial creation of Vitamin C still bears his name. Reichstein was the longest-lived Nobel laureate at the time of his death, but was beaten in 2008 by Rita Levi-Montalcini.

References

Other websites
Brief bio on the Nobel Website 

1897 births
1996 deaths
Swiss botanists
Jewish academics
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish scientists
Polish Jews
Polish Nobel Prize winners
Swiss chemists
Swiss Jews
Manú National Park is a biosphere reserve in Peru.

Before becoming an area protected by the Peruvian government, the Manú National Park was conserved because it was inaccessible; that is, people could not get to it. The park is fairly inaccessible by road to this day. In 1977, UNESCO recognised it as a Biosphere Reserve and in 1987, it was named a World Heritage Site.

It is the largest National Park in Peru, covering an area of 15,328 km². The Biosphere Reserve includes an additional 2,570 km², and a further 914 km² are included in a "Cultural Zone" (which also given protection), bringing the total area up to 18,811 km².

The park protects several ecological zones ranging from as low as 150 metres above sea level in parts of the Amazon Basin, to Puna grassland at altitudes of 4200 metres. Because of this topographical range, it has one of highest levels of biodiversity of any park in the world.

Overall, more than 15,000 species of plants are found in Manú, and up to 250 varieties of trees have been found in a single hectare.

The reserve is visited by birdwatchers from all over the world, as it is home to over 1000 species of birds. This is over 10% of all living bird species, and more than the number of bird species found in the entirety of North America.

The Park has one of the most varied collections of land vertebrates ever found in Latin American tropical forests.

References 

Peru
National parks in South America
World Heritage Sites in South America
Biosphere reserves
Plane Stupid is a non-violent environmentalist group in the United Kingdom. It is against making airports bigger.

Plane Stupid was started in 2005 by Joss Garman, Richard George and Graham Thompson.

References

Environmental organizations
Organisations based in the United Kingdom
2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, certain drugs are classified as controlled drugs. Controlled drugs are illegal to possess, use, or supply to others without a license. These drugs are governed under the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971. This act defines three categories of controlled drugs: A, B, and C. The penalties for illegaly possessing, using or supplying a controlled drug are different depending on which category the drug belongs to. Many of these drugs are also governed by other laws, such as the Medicines Act. Also, there are many other drugs that are not controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act but that are controlled by other laws.

Class A drugs are drugs that are considered the most dangerous. They carry the harshest punishments. Class C drugs are those that are thought to be much less dangerous. They therefore carry much less serious punishments. More serious punishments are dealt if the person is considered to have had the intention to supply the drug to others. Possession with intent to supply carries a maximum penalty of life in prison.

The laws governing the use and supply of drugs for medical purposes are not part of the Misuse of Drugs Act. A different set of categories apply, which are defined in the Misuse of Drugs Regulations. This sets out five schedules, each with their own restrictions. These restrictions say that a person can possess and use certain drugs if they have the proper prescriptions for them. A prescriptions must be given by somebody who is licensed to provide it (e.g., a medical doctor). The drug itself must be supplied by somebody who is licensed to supply it (e.g., a pharmacy).

References

Illegal drugs
United Kingdom law
"Lose Yourself" is a hip hop song by American rapper Eminem. Eminem won an Academy Award in 2003 and a Grammy in 2004 for "Lose Yourself". It was performed live at the 2022 Super Bowl in Los Angeles and has had over 5,000,000 downloads in the United States alone.  It is from and about his movie "8 Mile." It is Eminem's second-biggest hit to date.

References

2002 songs
Eminem songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
John Robert Isner (born April 26, 1985) is an American professional tennis player from Greensboro, North Carolina. He is best known for his first round marathon match at Wimbledon in 2010 against Nicolas Mahut, where they played the longest ever tennis match, which lasted 11 hours and 5 minutes and was played over three days.

References

Other websites

Isner`s official website

1985 births
Living people
American male tennis players
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Steve Keirn is a professional wrestler. He was born on September 10, 1951. Since the early 1990s, he has had a wrestling school called the "School of Hard Knocks".

1951 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
The 2010 US Open was a tennis event played on an outdoor hard courts, held between August 30 and September 13, 2010 at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, New York City, United States.

The men's singles final was initially going to be played on September 12. Rain postponed the final till the following day. In the past two years the final was also pushed forward because of rain.

Seniors finals

Men's Singles

 Rafael Nadal beat  Novak Djokovic, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2

Women's Singles

 Kim Clijsters beat  Vera Zvonareva, 6–2, 6–1

Men's Doubles

 Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan beat  Rohan Bopanna /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 7–6(5), 7–6(4).

Women's Doubles

 Vania King /  Yaroslava Shvedova beat  Liezel Huber /  Nadia Petrova, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(4)

Mixed Doubles

 Liezel Huber /  Bob Bryan beat  Květa Peschke /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 6–4, 6–4.

Juniors finals

Boys' Singles

 Jack Sock beat  Denis Kudla, 3–6, 6–2, 6–2

Girls' Singles

 Daria Gavrilova beat  Yulia Putintseva, 6–3, 6–2

Boys' Doubles

 Duilio Beretta /  Roberto Quiroz beat  Oliver Golding /  Jiří Veselý, 6–1, 7–5

Girls' Doubles

 Tímea Babos /  Sloane Stephens beat  An-Sophie Mestach /  Silvia Njirić, walkover

Wheelchair finals

Wheelchair Men's Singles

 Shingo Kunieda beat  Nicolas Peifer, walkover

Wheelchair Women's Singles

 Esther Vergeer beat  Daniela Di Toro, 6–0, 6–0

Wheelchair Men's Doubles

 Maikel Scheffers /  Ronald Vink beat  Nicolas Peifer /  Jon Rydberg, 6–0, 6–0

Wheelchair Women's Doubles

 Esther Vergeer /  Sharon Walraven beat  Daniela Di Toro /  Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–3

Wheelchair Quad Singles

 David Wagner beat  Peter Norfolk, 6–0, 2–6, 6–3

Wheelchair Quad Doubles

 Nick Taylor /  David Wagner beat  Johan Andersson /  Peter Norfolk, 7–5, 7–6(4)

Qualifying stages
Before the 2010 US Open began a series of qualifying matches were held for players who were not able to automatically enter the main draws.

Men's Singles

  Ričardas Berankis
  Rik de Voest
  Ivan Dodig
  Marc Gicquel
  Andreas Haider-Maurer
  Ryan Harrison
  Robert Kendrick
  Martin Kližan
  Dušan Lojda
  Adrian Mannarino
  Kei Nishikori
  Benoît Paire
  Peter Polansky
  Milos Raonic
  Lukáš Rosol
  Júlio Silva

Women's Singles

  Akgul Amanmuradova
  Maria Elena Camerin
  Lourdes Domínguez Lino
  Irina Falconi
  Zuzana Kučová
  Michelle Larcher de Brito
  Nuria Llagostera Vives
  Mirjana Lučić
  Rebecca Marino
  Mandy Minella
  Sania Mirza
  Monica Niculescu
  Zuzana Ondrášková
  Tamira Paszek
  Sally Peers
  Olga Savchuk

Boys' Singles

  Sam Barry
  Julien Cagnina
  Alexios Halebian
  Daiki Kondo
  Mackenzie McDonald
  Karue Sell
  Bruno Semenzato
  Michael Zhu

The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Giammarco Micolani

Girls' Singles

  Nigina Abduraimova
  Robin Anderson
  Brooke Austin
  Julia Elbaba
  Miyu Kato
  Risa Ozaki
  Sabina Sharipova
  Chanelle Van Nguyen

The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Gabrielle Desimone

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

2010 US Open (tennis)
2010 in tennis
2010 in New York (state)
The 2010 US Open Men's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Marsel İlhan (First Round)
  Go Soeda (First Round)
  Karol Beck (First Round)
  Édouard Roger-Vasselin (First Round)
  Simone Bolelli (First Round)
  Grega Žemlja (First Round)
  Adrian Ungur (First Round)
  David Guez (Qualifying Round)
  Ričardas Berankis (Qualifier)
  Rui Machado (Second Round)
  Federico del Bonis (First Round)
  Stéphane Bohli (Second Round)
  Martin Fischer (First Round)
  Ilija Bozoljac (Qualifying Round)
  Ramón Delgado (Second Round)
  João Souza (First Round)

<ol start="17">
 Josselin Ouanna (Second Round)
 Carlos Salamanca (First Round)
 Stefan Koubek (Second Round)
 Thiago Alves (First Round)
 Daniel Muñoz-De La Nava (Qualifying Round)
 'Robert Kendrick (Qualifier)
 'Ivan Dodig (Qualifier)
 Kei Nishikori (Qualifier)<li> Kevin Kim (Qualifying Round)<li> Adrian Mannarino (Qualifier)
<li> Conor Niland (Second Round)<li> Rajeev Ram (First Round)<li> Uladzimir Ignatik (Second Round)<li> Izak van der Merwe (First Round)<li> Mischa Zverev (First Round)''
<li> Benoît Paire (Qualifier)</ol>

Qualifiers

  Ivan Dodig  Lukáš Rosol  Peter Polansky  Dušan Lojda  Andreas Haider-Maurer  Júlio Silva  Martin Kližan  Milos Raonic'''

<li> Ričardas Berankis
<li> Ryan Harrison
<li> Robert Kendrick
<li> Kei Nishikori
<li> Adrian Mannarino
<li> Rik de Voest
<li> Benoît Paire
<li> Marc Gicquel

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Ninth Qualifier

Tenth Qualifier

Eleventh Qualifier

Twelfth Qualifier

Thirteenth Qualifier

Fourteenth Qualifier

Fifteenth Qualifier

Sixteenth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Singles Qualifying
Gisborne is a city on the East Coast of New Zealand's North Island. Gisborne is known as "the first city in the world to see the sun". This is because it is the first major city on the side of the International Date Line that sees the new day first.

Cities in New Zealand
The 2010 US Open Women's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Akgul Amanmuradova (Qualifier)
  Jelena Dokić (First Round)
  Monica Niculescu (Qualifier)
  Zhang Shuai (Second Round)
  Varvara Lepchenko (Second Round)
  Evgeniya Rodina (Qualifying Competition)
  Shenay Perry (First Round)
  Andrea Hlaváčková (First Round)
  Mariana Duque Marino (First Round)
  Anastasia Pivovarova (Second Round)
  Patricia Mayr (Qualifying Competition)
  Zuzana Kučová (Qualifier)
  Zuzana Ondrášková (Qualifier)
  Rossana de los Ríos (First Round)
  Tatjana Malek (First Round)
  Anastasiya Yakimova (Second Round)

<li> Nuria Llagostera Vives (Qualifier)
<li> Arantxa Rus (Second Round)
<li> Katie O'Brien (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Olivia Sanchez (First Round)
<li> Maria Elena Camerin (Qualifier)
<li> Anna Floris (First Round)
<li> Alexandra Panova (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Michaëlla Krajicek (First Round)
<li> Stéphanie Dubois (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Laura Pous Tió (First Round)
<li> Maša Zec Peškirič (First Round)
<li> Lilia Osterloh (First Round)
<li> Sesil Karatantcheva (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Anna-Lena Grönefeld (Second Round)
<li> Ekaterina Bychkova (First Round)
<li> Nina Bratchikova (First Round)

Qualifiers

  Akgul Amanmuradova
  Nuria Llagostera Vives
  Monica Niculescu
  Mirjana Lučić
  Sally Peers
  Tamira Paszek
  Mandy Minella
  Lourdes Domínguez Lino

<li> Rebecca Marino
<li> Irina Falconi
<li> Maria Elena Camerin
<li> Zuzana Kučová
<li> Zuzana Ondrášková
<li> Olga Savchuk
<li> Sania Mirza
<li> Michelle Larcher de Brito

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Ninth Qualifier

Tenth Qualifier

Eleventh Qualifier

Twelfth Qualifier

Thirteenth Qualifier

Fourteenth Qualifier

Fifteenth Qualifier

Sixteenth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Singles Qualifying
The 2010 US Open Boys' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Diego Sebastian Schwartzman (First Round)
  John Morrissey (First Round)
  Sam Barry (Qualifier)
  Diego Galeano (Qualifying Round)
  Giammarco Micolani (Qualifying Round) (Lucky Loser)
  Libor Salaba (First Round)
  Shane Vinsant (Qualifying Round)
  Julien Cagnina (Qualifier)

<li> Vitor Galvao (First Round, retired)
<li> Augusto Laranja (Qualifying Round)
<li> Karim Hossam (First Round)
<li> Gregoire Barrere (First Round)
<li> Karue Sell (Qualifier)
<li> Tomas Hanzlik (First Round)
<li> Gonzales Austin (First Round)
<li> Sai Kartik Nakireddi (First Round)

Qualifiers

  Bruno Semenzato
  Michael Zhu
  Sam Barry
  Daiki Kondo

<li> Alexios Halebian
<li> Mackenzie McDonald
<li> Karue Sell
<li> Julien Cagnina

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Boys' Singles Qualifying
The 2010 US Open Girls' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Chanelle Van Nguyen (Qualifier)
  Lin Zhu (First Round)
  Sabina Sharipova (Qualifier)
  Klara Fabikova (First Round)
  Risa Ozaki (Qualifier)
  Miyu Kato (Qualifier)
  So-Ra Lee (Qualifying Competition)
  Katerina Popova (First Round)

<li> Gaia Sanesi (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Nour Abbes (First Round)
<li> Rishika Sunkara (First Round)
<li> Robin Anderson (Qualifier)
<li> Melis Sezer (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Lauren Herring (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Zhaoxuan Yang (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Nigina Abduraimova (Qualifier)

Qualifiers

  Chanelle Van Nguyen
  Julia Elbaba
  Sabina Sharipova
  Brooke Austin

<li> Risa Ozaki
<li> Miyu Kato
<li> Nigina Abduraimova
<li> Robin Anderson

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Girls' Singles Qualifying