cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.

The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956.  A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.

Background
About two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery. One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts. They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts. Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.

Ruling
On February 1, 1956, the case of Browder v. Gayle was filed in U.S. District Court. Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.

On June 13, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States," because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court further enjoined the state of Alabama and city of Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.

The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses. One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.

Notes

References 

1956 in the United States
United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
1950s in law
Grace Poe (born September 3, 1968) is the adopted daughter of Filipino actors Susan Roces and Fernando Poe, Jr. She served as chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) from 2010 to 2012 and in the Philippine Senate since 2013.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1968 births
Living people
Adoptees
Filipino politicians
Leni Robredo (born April 23, 1965) is a Filipina lawyer and politician. She is the 14th and current Vice President of the Philippines since June 30, 2016. She is serving under Rodrigo Duterte.

Robredo is the widow of the Philippines Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo. She served as Member of the House of Representatives from Camarines Sur's Third District. She is a member of the Liberal Party. 

In October 2021, Robredo announced her candidacy for president of the Philippines in the 2022 election.

Sources

1965 births
Vice Presidents of the Philippines
Living people
Filipino lawyers
Women lawyers
Leila de Lima (born August 27, 1959) is a Filipino lawyer. She was appointed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as Chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights on May 2008 and served until June 30, 2010 when she resigned and appointed by President Benigno Aquino III as Secretary of the Philippine Department of Justice. She resigned October 12, 2015 to focus on her candidacy for the Senate in the 2016 election.

Sources

1959 births
Living people
Filipino politicians
Filipino lawyers
Women lawyers
Adrienne Corri (13 November 1930 – 13 March 2016) was a British actress. She was known for her role as Mrs. Alexander in Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange.

Corri died at her home in London on 13 March 2016 from coronary artery disease at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

Adrienne Corri  at HorrorStars

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Cardiovascular disease deaths in London
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
Actors from Glasgow
Shozo Awazu (18 April 1923 – 17 March 2016) was a Japanese master of judo. He won the rank of Kōdōkan 9th Dan. He led the development of judo in France. He was born in Kyoto, Japan. Awazu was considered to be one of the top experts in ne waza (grappling techniques), kata and tandoku-renshu.

Awazu died in Paris, France on 17 March 2016 at the age of 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Judoka
Sportspeople from Kyoto Prefecture
Miguel Hernández Agosto (April 5, 1927 – March 18, 2016) was a Puerto Rican politician. He worked with the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). He started his political career as a Cabinet member, but eventually became a Senator at-large. Hernández Agosto served as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico for 12 years (1981-1993).

Agosto died in San Juan, Puerto Rico on March 18, 2016 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Official Biography  from the Senate of Puerto Rico

1927 births
2016 deaths
Puerto Rican people
Politicians
Maggie Blye (October 24, 1942 – March 24, 2016) was an American actress. She was born in Houston, Texas. She was in the 1967 Paul Newman movie Hombre and the 1969 version of The Italian Job. Her later television roles included The Rockford Files, Hart to Hart and Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.

Blye died on March 24, 2016 from cancer at her home in West Hollywood, California, aged 73.

Other websites

 Obituary -Variety

1942 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Houston, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Roger Marcel Cicero Ciceu (6 July 1970 – 24 March 2016) was a German jazz and pop musician. He was born in Berlin, Germany. Cicero represented Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki his song Frauen regier'n die Welt (Women rule the world). He finished 19th. Cicero made his movie debut in Hilde (2009) as musician Ricci Blum.

Cicero died of a stroke in Hamburg, Germany on 24 March 2016, aged 45.

References

1970 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from stroke
German singers
German movie actors
Esther Herlitz (, 9 October 1921 – 24 March 2016) was an Israeli diplomat and politician. She served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment between 1973 and 1977 and again from 1979 until 1981. She was also Israel's first female ambassador, having been appointed as the country's ambassador to Denmark in 1966.

Herlitz died on 24 March 2016 in Tel Aviv at the age of 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of Israel
Former Members of Knesset
German Jews
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish women politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Berlin
Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain (September 8, 1924 – March 24, 2016) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. She was the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court.

On March 24, 2016, she died at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2016 deaths
Canadian judges
Canadian lawyers
Politicians from Quebec
Politicians from Massachusetts
Women judges
Women lawyers
Tibor Richard Machan (; 18 March 1939 – 24 March 2016) was a Hungarian-born American philosopher.  He was the professor emeritus in the department of philosophy at Auburn University. Machan held the R. C. Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at the Argyros School of Business & Economics at Chapman University in Orange, California until December 31, 2014.

On 24 March 2015, he died at the age of 77.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
American philosophers
People from Budapest
Leonard "Lynn" L. Northrup Jr. (March 18, 1918 – March 24, 2016) was an American engineer. He created the commercialization of solar thermal energy. He was inspired by John Yellott, Dr. Maria Telkes, and Harry Tabor.

Northrup's company designed, patented, developed and manufactured some of the first commercial solar water heaters, solar concentrators, solar-powered air conditioning systems, solar power towers and photovoltaic thermal hybrid systems in the United States.

he company he founded became part of ARCO Solar, which in turn became BP Solar, which became the largest solar energy company in the world.

References

1918 births
2016 deaths
American inventors
Engineers from Texas
Scientists from Houston, Texas
Paolo Poli (May 23, 1929 – March 25, 2016) was an Italian theatre actor. He has also acted in movies and on television. He starred in many famous operas such as Aldino mi cali un filino, Rita of Cascia, Caterina de Medici, L'asino d'oro, Gulliver's Travels, La leggenda di San Gregorio, Il coturno della ciabatta, and ''La nemica'

References

Other websites
 
  Poliscena Association: Paolo Poli's Theatre 
  Il mare of Paolo Poli

1929 births
2016 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
People from Florence
Imre András Pozsgay (26 November 1933 – 25 March 2016) was a Hungarian Communist politician.

He played a key role in Hungary's fight for democracy after 1988. He served as Minister of Culture (1976–1980), Minister of Education (1980–1982) and Minister of State (1988–1990). He was also a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 1994.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Hungarian politicians
Hungarian educators
Activists
Communists
David Llewellyn Snellgrove (29 June 192025 March 2016) was a British Tibetologist. He was known for his pioneering work on Buddhism in Tibet as well as his many travelogues. He was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire. 

In 1950, after having finishing his studies at Cambridge, he was invited to teach a course in elementary Tibetan at the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London. He was Professor of Tibetan at SOAS until his retirement in 1982.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
British historians
British educators
Writers from Hampshire
Alain Decaux (23 July 1925 − 27 March 2016) was a French writer and historian. He was born in Lille, France. He was elected to the Académie française on 15 February 1979.

In 2005, he was, with others authors as Frédéric Beigbeder, Richard Millet and Jean-Pierre Thiollet, among the Beirut Book Fair's guests in the Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center, commonly BIEL.

Decaux died on 27 March 2016 in Paris, France at the age of 90.

Bibliography
 1979    (Librairie académique Perrin)
 1980    (Librairie académique Perrin)
 1981    (Librairie académique Perrin)
 1981-1985  
 1982  Les Misérables, d'après Victor Hugo (screenplay, directed by Robert Hossein)
 1982    (Librairie académique Perrin)
 1999   (in collaboration with Alain Peyrefitte)
 1999    (Librairie académique Perrin)
 2000    (Librairie académique Perrin)
 2002    (Perrin)
 2002  
 2005    (Perrin)
 2007    (Perrin)

References

Other websites
 L'Académie française 

1925 births
2016 deaths
French historians
French educators
French screenwriters
Antoine Demoitié (16 October 1990 – 27 March 2016) was a Belgian cyclist. He last rode for Wanty–Groupe Gobert in 2016. He joined the team in 2016 after leaving Wallonie-Bruxelles at the end of the 2015 season. He was born in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium.

Demoitié died on 27 March 2016 after he crashed and went down in a pile-up of several cyclists. He was then hit by a motorcycle in the Gent–Wevelgem road race. He died that evening in hospital in Lille, Hauts-de-France, France, aged 25.

References

1990 births
2016 deaths
Belgian cyclists
People from Liège
Road accident deaths
Cerebrovascular disease, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, is a vascular disease of the cerebral circulation. Arteries supplying oxygen to the brain are affected resulting in one of a number of cerebrovascular diseases. Most commonly this is a stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes can be a hemorrhagic stroke. Any of these can result in vascular dementia.

Causes 
Causes of cerebrovascular disease can be divided into: atherosclerosis, embolism, aneurysms, low flow states, and other rare causes. Major modifiable risk factors include:
hypertension 
smoking 
obesity 
diabetes.

Treatment
Treatment for cerebrovascular disease includes medication, lifestyle changes and surgery.

Examples of medications are:
Antiplatelets (Aspirin, Clopidogrel)
Blood thinners (Heparin, Warfarin )
Antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers)
Anti-diabetic medications

Surgical procedures include:
Endovascular surgery and Vascular surgery (for future stroke prevention)

Notable cases
 Walter Cronkite, American news journalist. Died in 2010.
 Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet. Died in 2011.
 Shirley Hufstedler, American judge, first United States Secretary of Education. Died in 2016.

References

Stroke
James Wilkes Noble (March 5, 1922 – March 28, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for his role of the sweet-natured but naive Governor on ABC's 1980s sitcom Benson. He was born in Dallas, Texas. He retired from acting in 2010. 

Noble died from complications of a stroke at his home in Norwalk, Connecticut on March 28, 2016, aged 94.

References

Other websites

James Noble at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
James Noble(Aveleyman)

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Béla Biszku (13 September 1921 – 31 March 2016) was a Hungarian communist politician. He served as Minister of the Interior from 1957 to 1961. He was charged of suspicion of committing war crimes during the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He became the first and to date only former top-official in Hungary who has been prosecuted because of political role in the communist era.

Biszku died in Budapest on 31 March 2016 at the age of 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Hungarian politicians
Communists
Georges Marie Martin Cottier O.P., (25 April 1922 – 31 March 2016) was a Swiss Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop, Dominican, Theologian emeritus of the Pontifical Household.

Early life
Cottier was born in Carouge, Switzerland. He joined the Dominican Order in 1945. Cottier studied theology and philosophy at the Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum until 1952.  While at the Angelicum he was ordained a priest in 1951.

Career
He was a professor at the Universities of Geneva and Fribourg. He became secretary of the International Theological Commission in 1989. He was nominated Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household in 1990. He was appointed Titular Archbishop of Tullia in 2003 and consecrated on 20 October 2003.

He was named Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Domenico e Sisto, the University Church of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum by Pope John Paul II in the Consistory of October 21, 2003. He served 10 years as a cardinal-deacon. He was promoted to cardinal-priest by Pope Francis on June 12, 2014.

Death
Cottier died on 31 March 2016 at the age of 93.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Swiss people
Roman Catholics
Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid DBE RA ( Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi-born British architect. She was born in Baghdad.

Hadid was elected a Royal Academician in 2005. She became the first woman to receive the Pritzker Prize (2004). She received the Stirling Prize in 2010 and 2011. In 2012, she was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire and in 2015 she became the first woman to be awarded the RIBA Gold Medal.

Hadid's buildings are neo-futuristic, characterized by curving forms with "multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry to evoke the chaos of modern life".

On 31 March 2016, Hadid died of a heart attack in a Miami hospital, where she was being treated for bronchitis, aged 65.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
British architects
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Florida
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Baghdad
Pritzker Prize winners
Gianmaria Testa (17 October 1958 – 30 March 2016) was an Italian singer-songwriter. In the early 1990s, Testa won two consecutive top prizes at the Recanati Festival. He was born in Cavallermaggiore, Italy. 

Testa died in Alba, Piedmont on 30 March 2016, aged 57.

References

Other websites

1958 births
2016 deaths
Italian singers
Songwriters
James "Jim" Harrison (December 11, 1937 – March 26, 2016) was an American author. He was known for his poetry, fiction, reviews, essays about the outdoors, and writings about food.  He was best known for his 1979 novella Legends of the Fall.  He has been called "a force of nature", and his work has been compared to that of William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway.

Harrison died of a heart attack on March 26, 2016, aged 78.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Arizona
American poets
Writers from Michigan
Bedenict of Nursia was the founder of the Benedictine order. He was born around 480, in Nursia (in Perugia, south of Italy), and died on the 24th of March 547, in Montecassino, about  south of Rome. Around 521, he founded the monastery at Montecassino which became the first Benedictine abbey.

480s births
547 deaths
Benedictines
Executive Order 9066 was a presidential executive order. It was signed and issued during World War II by the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. The order cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. As a result, tens of thousands of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals were interned during the war. The same order was also applied to numbers of American residents of Italian or German descent.

Background 
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States was very suddenly at war. Fear, outrage and hatred of the Japanese over the surprise attack was aimed at the Japanese Americans living in the U.S. It became a common belief that the amount of destruction, including most of the U.S. Naval fleet, was because Japanese Americans helped plan the attack. There was also the immediate fear that with the Pacific fleet severely damaged, the Japanese would invade the West Coast of the United States.

The order 
President Franklin Roosevelt issued the order on February 19, 1942. It ordered the evacuation of all persons who could be considered a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland. Over 100,000 Japanese American men, women and children were moved to assembly areas. From there they were moved to camps which were isolated and guarded.

In part, the order read:

References

Other websites 
 Executive Order 9066, Densho Encyclopedia
 Children of the Camps; Internment Timeline

United States law
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1942 in the United States
David Nathaniel Baker Jr. (December 21, 1931 – March 26, 2016) was an American symphonic jazz composer. He worked at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music in Bloomington.  

He has more than 65 recordings, 70 books, and 400 articles to his credit. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Baker was nominated for the 1973 Pulitzer Prize. He has also been nominated for a Grammy Award (1979).

Personal life 
Baker died in Bloomington, Indiana on March 26, 2016, aged 84.

References

Other websites
Indiana University webpage on Professor Baker
Trombone Page of the World webpage on Professor Baker
NPR program about Baker's jazz compositions
Herzig, Monika. David Baker: A Legacy in Music . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.

1931 births
2016 deaths
American composers
American jazz musicians
Musicians from Indianapolis, Indiana
Igor Anatolyevich Pashkevich (; 1 July 1971 – 26 March 2016) was a Russian figure skating coach and competitor. He was the 1990 World Junior champion for the Soviet Union and the 1996 European silver medalist for Russia. He competed at the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics for Russia and the 1998 Nagano Olympics for Azerbaijan.

Pashkevich died on 26 March 2016 in Miami, Florida at the age of 44.

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
Russian sportspeople
People from Moscow
Norman "Norm" Hadley (2 December 1964 – 26 March 2016) was a Canadian professional rugby union player. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

He played professionally first for London Wasps and then Bedford Blues in the 1990s. He played for James Bay and UBCOB Ravens (British Columbia Rugby Union).  He earned an M.B.A. degree from UBC in 1991. He played for Western Suburbs in Wellington, New Zealand. He played for quarter-finalist Canada in the 1991 Rugby World Cup.  In total he earned 15 caps for Canada between 1987 and 1994. 

Hadley died in Japan on 26 March 2016, aged 51.

References

Other websites
Wasps Tribute to-Stormin' Norm Hadley
Wasps profile 
London Wasps Squad 1995/1996 

1964 births
2016 deaths
Canadian sportspeople
People from Winnipeg
Anne Aasheim (22 April 1962 – 30 March 2016) was a Norwegian editor. She was born in Porsgrunn, Norway. She started her journalist career in the neighboring city's largest newspaper Varden in the late 1970s. She worked in Dagen and Bergens Arbeiderblad before being hired in NRK Hordaland in 1988.

Aasheim died of lung cancer in Oslo, Norway on 30 March 2016, aged 54.

References

1962 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Norwegian writers
William Joseph "Bill" Rosendahl (May 15, 1945 – March 30, 2016) was an American politician. He served on the Los Angeles City Council. He represented Council District 11 from 2005 to 2013. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Rosendahl was openly gay. Rosendahl died at his home in Mar Vista, Los Angeles of ureteral cancer on March 30, 2016 at the age of 70.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
Gay men
LGBT people from California
Politicians from California
People from Los Angeles
US Democratic Party politicians
Denise Robertson MBE, DL (9 June 1932 – 31 March 2016) was a British writer and television broadcaster. She made her television debut as the presenter of the Junior Advice Line segment of the BBC's Breakfast Time programme in 1985. She was best known as the resident agony aunt on the ITV show This Morning from its first ever broadcast on 3 October 1988 until her death in 2016.

Robertson died from pancreatic cancer at Royal Marsden Hospital in London, England, aged 83.

References

Other websites

 
 Denise Robertson returns to Uganda 

1932 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English writers
English television presenters
People from Sunderland
Clodomir Santos de Morais, PhD (30 September 1928 – 25 March 2016), was a Brazilian sociologist. He worked with the Organization Workshop (OW) and the associated  Activity-based Large Group Capacitation Method (LGCM).

In the 1940s and 1950s de Morais worked as a trade unionist and a journalist. He became a member of the Pernambuco State Assembly and co-founder of the Ligas Camponêsas (Peasant Leagues). After the 1964 coup he was forced into exile, first in Chile, and, as ILO Regional Advisor on Agrarian Reform for Central America, he later worked as Agrarian Reform consultant in Latin America, Portugal and Africa.

After the end of military rule de Morais returned to Brazil in 1988, answering a call from the University of Brasilia to help in the 'hidden civil war' of unemployment.

References

Works
 
 
 
 .Van Dam was translated into Dutch in 1983 re: Het Experimenteel Laboratorium ISBN  9064432910.

1928 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Brazilian educators
South American sociologists
Adam Roman Żurowski (3 March 1929 – 25 March 2016) was a Polish surveyor. He was the professor of technical sciences at the  Gdansk University of Technology. He was also Dean of the Faculty Hydrotechnics from 1990 through 1993. He was Head of the Department of Geodesy from 1985 through 1999.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Polish people
Polish educators
Vincent Joseph Boryla (March 11, 1927 – March 27, 2016) was an American basketball player, coach and executive. His nickname was "Moose".

Early life
Boryla was born in East Chicago, Indiana. He studied at East Chicago Washington High School in 1944. He played basketball at the University of Notre Dame and the University of Denver. Boryla was part of the U.S team that won the gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Career
Boryla played for the New York Knicks in the early 1950s. In 1951, Boryla scored nine points in the 1951 NBA All-Star Game. He played in the NBA Finals in 1951 and 1953.  Boryla was not in the 1952 playoffs.  He later became the Knicks' coach from 1956 to 1958, and had an 80-85 record with them.

Later in his career, Boryla became the general manager of the American Basketball Association's Denver Nuggets early in their history when they were first the Kansas City ABA team and then the Denver Larks.  He was also the general manager of the ABA's Utah Stars.  Boryla later rejoined the Nuggets when the franchise joined the NBA.  He won the NBA Executive of the Year Award with the Nuggets in 1984.

Death
Boryla died in Denver, Colorado on March 27, 2016 from complications of pneumonia, aged 89.

Honors
Boryla was added into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame, and in 1984 into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites

Vince Boryla (as coach) Statistics at Basketball-Reference.com
National Polish-American Sports HOF profile

1927 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
New York Knicks players
National Basketball Association coaches
Sportspeople from Indiana
People from East Chicago, Indiana
Spahn Ranch, also known as the Spahn Movie Ranch, was a large movie ranch in Los Angeles County, California. It was used for filming mostly old Western movies and television programs. With its mountains and western scenery, the ranch was ideal for cowboy and Indian type shows. Some of the well known TV shows which were made at Spahn were episodes of Bonanza, The Lone Ranger, and Zorro.

The ranch is no longer in use. The entrance was at 12000 Santa Susana Pass Road but the street number has changed. The ranch was very popular due to its being a home for Charles Manson and his followers. They lived there during 1968 and 1969. It was owned and named after a dairy farmer named George Spahn.

Charles Manson
George Spahn, an old man whom lived and owned the ranch decided to allow Charles Manson and his 'family' to move in, rent-free, in exchange for helping out on the ranch. Manson and his family did daily chores and helped run the horse rental business, which had become Spahn's main source of income. One of the Manson girls, Lynette Fromme, would take care of George Spahn, who was half blind, needed and appreciated the assistance. George Spahn was never accused of any involvement in the crimes for which members of the Family were later convicted, the most infamous being the Tate-LaBianca murders committed on August 9th and 10th, 1969. In the months after, a documentary film creator named Robert Hendrickson began filming the Manson Family at the ranch for his documentary film Manson.  There he filmed George Spahn, Lynette Fromme, Nancy Pittman, Catherine Share, Sandra Good, Paul Watkins  and many others. It is the place where the 'family' lived while committing the 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders in Los Angeles. A wildfire destroyed all of the Spahn Movie Ranch film set and building on September 26, 1970. The owner, George Spahn died on September 22, 1974.

Currently 
The Spahn Movie Ranch site is empty, abandoned and now part of California's Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park with the historic section along Old Santa Susana Stage Road, on the park's northern side. Many hiking trails give access to the natural beauty and the panoramic views of the San Fernando Valley. Today, the only physical remains of what was once the Manson residence is known as the Manson Family Cave, so called from a popular photo which has circulated over the years which still is intact and exactly how it appeared back then.

References

Other websites 
 California State Parks: official Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park website
 LAMountains.com: Santa Susana Pass Park website
 {This list is highly inaccurate: no movies were filmed at Spahn after 9-25-70.} endings=on&&locations=Spahn+Ranch,+Chatsworth,+Los+Angeles,+California,+USA IMDB: List of films shot at Spahn Movie Ranch 
 Spahn Ranch History

Movie production
Howard Reid Cable (December 15, 1920March 30, 2016) was a Canadian conductor, arranger, music director, composer, and radio and television producer. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He received an Associate diploma (ATCM) from The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto in conducting and bandmastership 1939. Cable composed and arranged the original theme for the Hockey Night in Canada television broadcast, The Saturday Game which opened the broadcast from 1952 until 1968.

Cable died from complications of pneumonia at his home in Toronto, Ontario on March 30, 2016, aged 95.

Other websites
 Cable, Howard  entry in The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada (part of The Canadian Encyclopedia)
 Howard Cable Northdale Music Press Ltd. biography
 Howard Cable Canadian Music Centre biography
 Howard Cable  profile for University of Lethbridge Music Department
 Howard Cable Remembers the personal blog of Howard Cable

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Canadian composers
Conductors
Grant Almerin Tinker (January 11, 1926 – November 28, 2016) was an American television producer and executive. 

He was the former chairman and CEO of NBC from 1981 to 1986. He is the co-founder of MTM Enterprises. Tinker was the former husband of actress Mary Tyler Moore. After leaving NBC, Tinker tried to repeat his success with MTM Enterprises by forming GTG (Grant Tinker-Gannett) Entertainment but the business venture failed and the company closed in 1990.

Tinker was born in Stamford, Connecticut. His parents were Margaret (née Hessin) and Arthur Almerin Tinker. Tinker died on November 28, 2016 of natural causes in Los Angeles, California, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American television producers
People from Stamford, Connecticut
Christopher "Chris" O'Dowd (born 9 October 1979) is an Irish actor and comedian. He was best known for his role as Roy Trenneman in the Channel 4 comedy The IT Crowd.  

O'Dowd created and starred in the Sky 1 television series Moone Boy, which aired between 2012 and 2015. He had a recurring role on the drama series Girls and starred in the television series Family Tree.

O'Dowd is also known for his movies, most notably Bridesmaids (2011), This Is 40 (2012), The Sapphires (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Calvary (2014) and St. Vincent (2014). He will star as Tiger in the 2018 Disney movie Christopher Robin.

References

Other websites

 
 

1979 births
Living people

Irish comedians
Irish movie actors
Irish stage actors
Irish television actors
Irish voice actors
Irish movie directors
This page is a list of the amendments to the United States Constitution.  Since the Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789, twenty-seven amendments have been added to the Constitution.  This page gives just a short summary of each of these amendments.  For more information about each amendment, click on the links in the box at the right of this page.  The amendments are numbered in Roman numerals from I (One) to XXVII (Twenty-seven).

Background
Usually, for an amendment to be approved and added to the Constitution, there are two steps: 
 Two-thirds of both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives approve the amendment.  They "propose" the amendment to the states (they send the amendment to the states to be ratified)
 The legislatures of three-fourths of the states must ratify the amendment

Once this happens, the amendment becomes part of the Constitution.

The first ten amendments to the Constitution were all approved together.  As a group, they are called the Bill of Rights.

Unratified amendments
Between 1789 and December 2014, about 11,623 amendments were proposed in Congress.   However, most of these suggested amendments "die" in the committees that suggest them.  In total, in the past 227 years, Congress has sent only 33 amendments to the states for ratification  just about one out of every 500 suggested amendments.  Of these 33, the states have set 27.  

Out of the six unratified amendments, two failed when they were not ratified by a set deadline.  The other four are still officially "pending"; they do not have enough votes to pass or fail, but they also do not have deadlines written into them.

Ratified amendments

The Bill of Rights (Amendments IX)

Congress sent twelve amendments to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789.  Ten of these were officially ratified on December 15, 1791: two years, two months, and 20 days after Congress proposed them.  Here is a summary of what those amendments say.

Amendments 1127 (XIXXVII)

Unratified amendments

Notes

References

United States Constitution
An address bus is a computer bus architecture. It is used to transfer data between devices. The devices are identified by the hardware address of the physical memory (the physical address). The address is stored in the form of binary numbers to enable the data bus to access memory storage. 

Address buses are made up of a collection of wires connecting the CPU with main memory that is used to identify particular locations (addresses) in main memory. The width of the address bus (that is, the number of wires) determines how many unique memory locations can be addressed. Modern personal computers and Macintoshes have as many as 36 address lines. This theoretically allows them to access 64 gigabytes of main memory. However, the actual amount of memory that can be accessed is usually much less than this theoretical limit due to chipset and motherboard limitations. 

An address bus is part of the system bus architecture, which was developed to decrease costs and enhance modular integration. However, most modern computers use a variety of individual buses for specific tasks. 

An individual computer contains a system bus, which connects the major components of a computer system and has three main elements, of which the address bus is one, along with the data bus and control bus.

An address bus is measured by the amount of memory a system can retrieve. A system with a 32-bit address bus can address 4 gigabytes of memory space. Newer computers using a 64-bit address bus with a supporting operating system can address 16 exbibytes of memory locations, which is virtually unlimited.

Computer buses
This is the Results of the second round of 2015–16 La Liga.

Results

20th round

22nd round

23rd round

24th round

26th round

27th round

28th round

29th round

30th round

31st round

32nd round

33rd round

34th round

35th round

37th round

38th round 

La Liga
Football in Spain
2015 in association football
2016 in association football
Avolar was a Mexican low-cost airline. Its headquarters and largest hub were in Tijuana. It started on September 7, 2005 with one Boeing 737-500 airplane. It was one of the first low-cost airlines in Mexico. By 2008, the airline had 10 Boeing 737 airplanes. It flew to 21 cities throughout Mexico. Avolar suspended flights for 3 days in August 2008 and for 1 day in October 2008. This was due to large debts. Avolar asked to fly to the United States on October 28, 2008. Avolar finally stopped flying on that same day - October 28, 2008. The airline has never flown again since then.

Gallery

References
 

2005 establishments in North America
2008 disestablishments
Defunct companies of North America
Transport in Mexico
2000s establishments in Mexico
Drag kings are female performance artists who dress in male clothes. They play male gender roles as part of an individual or group routine. Drag kings may be straight, lesbian or transgender. They often perform as macho male characters, like construction workers and rappers. 

In the late 1800s/early 1900s, several drag kings became British music hall stars. British pantomime has preserved the tradition of women in male roles. Starting in the mid 1990s, drag kings started to have the fame and attention for which drag queens are known. 

The term drag king was first used in print in 1972.

Drag kings are mostly a part of lesbian culture. They can be most often seen at lesbian festivals or bars. However, not all drag kings are lesbians.

References

Performing arts
Gay slang
"Pop! Goes the Weasel" is an English nursery rhyme and singing game. 

There are many different versions of this song.

American versions include the following words:

All around the mulberry bush
The monkey chased the weasel
The monkey stopped to pull up his sock
Pop! Goes the weasel

There are many other American and English versions.

References

Songs
A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem for young children. The term has been used since the 18th century or early 19th century. In North America, the term Mother Goose Rhymes, first used in the mid-18th century, is often used.

Examples of nursery rhymes are "Three Blind Mice", "Jack and Jill" and "Hey Diddle Diddle".

Children's literature
Santali is the official language of the Santal community. Most Santal people live in Jharkhand, Odisha, or West Bengal.

References 

Austro-Asiatic languages
Languages of India
Chiang Mai  (Thai เชียงใหม่) is the second-largest province (changwat) of Thailand. It is in the country's north. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lampang and Lamphun to the south, Tak to the southwest, Mae Hong Son to the west, and Shan State of Burma to the north. The capital, Chiang Mai, is 685 km north of Bangkok.

Geography 
Chiang Mai Province is about  from Bangkok. The highest mountain in Thailand, Doi Inthanon at , is in Chiang Mai Province.

Several other national parks are also in the province: Doi Suthep-Pui, Ob Luang, Sri Lanna, Huai Nam Dang, Mae Wang, and Pha Daeng.

History

The city of Chiang Mai was capital of the Lanna Kingdom after its founding in 1296.

In 1599, the kingdom lost its independence and became part of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1932, the province Chiang Mai moved up to the second level subdivision of Thailand when the administrative unit of Monthon Phayap, the remains of the Lanna Kingdom, was dissolved.

Types of People

13.4% of the population in the province are members of hill tribes, among them the Hmong, Yao, Lahu, Lisu, Akha, and Karen.

Climate 
Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and are much lower than daytime highs. The maximum temperature ever recorded is 42.4 °C in May 2005.

Transportation

Car. Chiang Mai is on Highway 11 (Super Highway Rd). 
Train. Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the northern railway route.
Songthaew
Samlor. Samlors (rickshaws) can be found in the urban core.
Tuk-tuks are used for short distances.
Buses. Chiang Mai is served by buses from Bangkok and many other cities.
Bicycle and motorbike. Both forms of transport can be hired in Chiang Mai city.
Air. Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) is one of the seven Thai international airports

References 

Provinces of Thailand
Marie Thérèse Félicité d'Este (; October 6, 1726 – April 30, 1754) was born a princess of Modena. By marriage, she was the Duchess of Penthièvre. She was the mother-in-law of Philippe Égalité and a grandmother to the future Louis Philippe I.

One of nine children, she was the first daughter of the family but her mother eventually returned to France to live. In France she was eventually engaged to the hugely wealthy Duke of Penthièvre, who was a distant cousin of hers. In France she was known as Marie Thérèse Félicité.

Marriage
in 1744 at the Palace of Versailles she was married to a second cousin, the French Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre. A very happy marriage the couple had seven children in total but only two of them survived childhood.

Children

Louis Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Rambouillet (2 January 1746 – 13 November 1749) died young. 
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, "Prince of Lamballe" (6 September 1747 –6 May 1768), married Princess Marie Louise of Savoy, Mademoiselle de Carignan but had no children.
 Jean Marie de Bourbon (Hôtel de Toulouse, Paris, 17 July 1748 – Hôtel de Toulouse, Paris, 19 May 1755), Duke of Châteauvillain died young.
 Vincent de Bourbon, Count of Guingamp (22 June 1750 – 14 March 1752) died young.
 Marie Louise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Penthièvre (18 October 1751 – 26 September 1753) died young.
 Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Mademoiselle d'Ivoy and later Mademoiselle de Penthièvre (13 March 1753 – , 23 June 1821), married Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and had children.
 Louis Marie Félicité de Bourbon (29 April 1754 – 30 April 1754) died young.

Death

Marie Thérèse Félicité died in childbirth in 1754 giving birth to a son who also died. Her husband refused to remarry and died in 1793. Her daughter Marie Adélaïde moved Marie Thérèse Félicité's body to the Royal Chapel, in Dreux.

Titles and styles

6 October 1726 - 29 December 1744 Her Most Serene Highness Princess Maria Teresa Felicitas.
29 December 1744 - 30 April 1754 Her Most Serene Highness The Duchess of Penthièvre.

Other websites
 

1726 births
1754 deaths
Deaths in childbirth
Dukes and duchesses of France
House of Bourbon
House of Este
People from Modena
Gallieno Ferri (21 March 1929 – 2 April 2016) was an Italian comic book artist and illustrator. In 1960, he met writer Sergio Bonelli. His partnership with Bonelli lead to the creation of the comic books Zagor and Mister No. He was born in Genoa.

Ferri died on 2 April 2016 in Genoa, aged 87.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Italian comics artists
Illustrators
People from Genoa
Colobus are a genus of monkeys native to Africa. The word "colobus" comes from Greek κολοβός which means "docked". This refers to their thumbs, which are just stumps.

Colobus are herbivorous. They eat leaves, fruit, flowers, and twigs. Their habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands. Their ruminant-like digestive systems help them occupy niches which other primates do not live in.

Colobus live in territorial groups of about nine individuals, with a single male with a number of females and their offspring. Newborn colobus are completely white. Mothering is shared: other members of the troop the biological mother care for an infant.

Colobus are eaten regularly by the common chimpanzee. Jane Goodall discovered that chimps hunt and eat smaller primates such as Colobus monkeys. She watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then a chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.

References 

Old World monkeys
The Tadpole galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation. It is about 420 million light-years away from Earth.

Barred spiral galaxies
The North America nebula (also known as NGC 7000 or Caldwell 20) is an emission nebula in the Cygnus constellation. It is about 1,600 light-years away from Earth.

Nebulae
The Sneaker Pimps are a British trip hop group. They formed in Hartlepool, England in 1994. They are best known for their songs "6 Underground" and "Spin Spin Sugar".

Their song, "6 Underground", went to #7 on Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.

The band's founding members were Liam Howe and Chris Corner. They then hired Kelli Dayton as a singer, and longtime friend Ian Pickering to write lyrics. Dayton was the original singer of the Sneaker Pimps.

After the first album, the band felt that demos for the 1999 album Splinter was better for the voice of Corner. Following the tour for their first album, Becoming X, they kicked Dayton out of the group. Dayton later had a solo career under the name "Kelli Ali".

The Sneaker Pimps broke up in 2005. They got back together in 2015.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1994 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English pop music groups
Hartlepool
Musical groups established in 1994
Trip hop groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in the 2010s
2015 establishments in Europe
2010s establishments in England
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon (Louis Alexandre Joseph Stanislas; 6 September 1747 – 6 May 1768) was the son and heir of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV by the king's legitimised son, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse. He was known as the Prince of Lamballe from birth. He died before his father, and did not have children.

Biography
Louis Alexandre was born on 6 September 1747, at the Hôtel de Toulouse in Paris. The prince de Lamballe, as he was known all his life, was the couple's only surviving son. He was one of seven children.

Marriage
His father chose his bride, the Italian born Princess Maria Luisa Teresa of Savoy "Mademoiselle de Carignan". The wedding celebration lasted from 17 January 1767, until 27 January with feasts in Turin and Nangis. Prior to the wedding, His father had arranged the marriage to try and get his son to settle down as he was a well known womaniser. However after three months of happiness, Louis Alexandre soon tired of his young wife and resumed his life of débaucherie. He eloped with Mademoiselle de La Chassaigne, an opera dancer, five months into his marriage. At one point, Louis Alexandre even sold his wife's diamonds to raise money to pay his debts.

Death
After a dissipated short life, Louis Alexandre died on 6 May 1768, sixteen months after his marriage, of a venereal disease at the Château de Louveciennes in the arms of his wife. He died without any children. His wife inherited part of his considerable fortune. He was eventually buried at the Royal Chapel, Dreux, France by his younger sister Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

6 September 1747 – 6 May 1768 His Serene Highness the Prince of Lamballe

Commons

1747 births
1768 deaths
Heirs apparent who never acceded
House of Bourbon
Infectious disease deaths in France
People from Paris
Politicians from Paris
NGC 1300 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus. It is about 61 million light-years away from Earth. It has around 110,000 light-years of diameter, about the same size of the Milky Way galaxy. It is a member of a galaxy cluster, the Eridanus Cluster, consisting of at least 200 galaxies.

It was discovered by John Herschel in 1835, and was included in the New General Catalogue as the 1300th member. The galaxy is well known for its long, bright, barred galactic bulge.

Center 
The core of larger spiral arms of NGC 1300, the nucleus shows another inner grand-design spiral structure that is about 3,300 light-years long. These cases are rare, since it requires a galaxy with a large galaxy bars, to have the inner spiral. In a nutshell, the nucleus basically has another spiral arms in it, which makes it — a spiral in another spiral. Some models suggested that the arms can be pulled inwards, shaping a spiral into the nucleus, which may be pulled by the extreme gravity of a supermassive black hole at the very center of the galaxy.

NGC 1300 is not known to have an active nucleus, indicating it is not a quasar, nor accreting matter.

Barred spiral galaxies