cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The namtap or spectacled dormouse (Graphiurus ocularis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family, and one of the four Dormouse species which are endemic to South Africa.

The namtap has a bushy tale like a squirrel, a fairly short muzzle (the part of the Dormouse's head which includes the nose, mouth and jaws), small ears and soft fur.  Its face has white and grey marks, with dark rings (like spectacles) around its eyes. Its cheeks, underparts and the upper surfaces of its paws are white. Its tail is usually has a white tip.

It is only found in western South Africa. It can usually be found in rocky habitats, as well as in trees and outbuildings. It is nocturnal and it is good at climbing. It mainly eats seeds, other plant material and invertebrates.

References
 
 Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus ocularis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
 Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Arduino is a small popular electronic machine that makes it very easy for people to make electronic things. It has two parts: a circuit board and a program that lets people tell the circuit board what to do. As of 2011, more than 300,000 Arduinos had been sold.

The machine
The machine part is open source, which means that anybody can make their own version of an Arduino machine for free. An official Arduino costs around US$30. The original Arduino is made by a company in Italy called "Smart Projects" but other types of Arduino boards have been designed by SparkFun Electronics, an American company.

"Shields"
Sometimes, people will make other machines that go on top of an Arduino board and let the board do more things. These are called "Arduino shields". They can do different things, like let an Arduino machine connect to the internet, or add a touchscreen, or let an Arduino use GPS to figure out where it is. Shields can also combine and stack on top of each other.

Telling the Arduino what to do
Arduinos are programmed in C or C++, using a program also called Arduino. An example program to blink a light (LED) could look like this:
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
define LED_PIN 13

void setup () {
  pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Enable pin 13 for digital output
}

void loop () {
  digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
  delay (1000); // Wait one second (1000 milliseconds)
  digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED
  delay (1000); // Wait one second
}
</source>

First, the code after "void setup() {" runs. This tells the Arduino that pin 13 is going to be sending data out. Most Arduino boards have an LED attached to pin 13. Then, the code after the "void loop () {" runs. When it reaches the bottom, the code after the "void loop" runs again, until the Arduino is turned off. This code makes the Arduino tell the LED to turn on, wait a second, then turn off and wait another second. Since it repeats, this code will turn the LED on and off again and again.

References

Software
Computer hardware
In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two. 

The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri. 

The centrosome has apparently only evolved in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.

A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each another. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.

Roles of the centrosome 
The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome. 

Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.

Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, they are needed for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.

References 

Organelles
The forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family found throughout much of Eurasia.

References 

Dormice
The woolly dormouse (Dryomys laniger) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is endemic to Turkey.

References 
 Baillie, J. 1996.  Dryomys laniger .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
Animals of Turkey
The Chinese dormouse or Sichuan dormouse (Chaetocauda sichuanensis) is a species of dormouse that lives in subalpine mixed forests in northern Sichuan, China. 

Only two female specimens have even been caught. These were both caught in the Wanglang Natural Reserve and was first described by Wang Youzhi in 1985. Corbet and Hill (1991, 1992) relisted it under a new genus as Chaetocauda sichuanensis. It is  the only member of the genus Chaetocauda.

The two specimens had the following measurements:
 Specimen 1:
 head and body length: 
 tail length: 
 weight: 
 Specimen 2:
 head and body length: 
 tail length: 
 weight: 

Cjaetocauda is nocturnal (it is awake at night) and arboreal (lives in trees). It nests in trees about  above the ground and the two specimens were found at an altitude of more than  above sea level. It is classified as endangered by the IUCN as of the 2004 Red List due to its small isolated habitat.

References

 *Corbet, G.B. & Hill, J.E. 1991. A world list of mammalian species, 3rd ed. Natural History Museum Publications & Oxford University Press, London and Oxford.: v-viii, 1-243.
Wang, Youzhi. 1985. A new genus and species of Gliridae.  Acta Theriologica Sinica,  5 (1985), pp. 67-75.

Other websites
 The Dormouse Hollow
 An illustration of The Chinese Dormouse at the Animal Diversity Web 

Dormice
Mammals of Asia
The forest dormice, genus Dryomys, are a genus of dormouse found throughout much of Eurasia.  They are usually found in forests or thickets.  

The length of the head and body is , and the length of the tail is .  The animals weigh .

Natural history 
These dormice hibernate in tree hollows or in burrows. At night they nest in low branches or shrubs.  They spend most of their lives in trees. They are nocturnal animals.  

They are omnivorous feeding on seeds, acorns, buds, invertebrates, eggs, and baby birds.  

Forest dormice in southern areas breed from March to December. Forest dormice in northern areas breed from May to August. Gestation takes 21-30 days and 2-5 young are born at a time.

Species 
Woolly dormouse - Dryomys laniger
Niethammer's dormouse - Dryomys niethammeri
Forest dormouse - Dryomys nitedula

References 
Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London. 

Dormice
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
The Asian garden dormouse (Eliomys melanurus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rocky areas.

References
 Aulagnier S. 2004.  Eliomys melanurus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
Johann Andreas Wagner (21 March 1797 – 17 December 1861) was a German palaeontologist, zoologist and archaeologist.

Wagner was a professor at the University of Munich. He was also the  of the Zoologische Staatssammlung (the German State Zoology Collection). He was the author of Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt (1844-46).

Bibliography 
  1844-1846. Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt.
  Johann Andreas Wagner 1897. Monographie der gattung Pomatias Studer.

References
Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists:Chrono-Biographical Sketches

1797 births
1861 deaths
German archaeologists
German academics
German biologists
German writers
Paleontologists
German zoologists
The garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) is a rodent in the dormouse family.

Features 

Garden Dormice are usually  in length, with the tail adding another .  It weighs .  The coat is gray or brown and it is white underneath. The garden dormouse has black eye marks, large ears (for a rodent), short hair, and a white tassel at the end of the tail.

Range and habitat 

The garden dormouse's main habitat is the forest (and not usually gardens), though it can also be found in fruit-growing regions. It is very common in southern Europe, but its range (the area in can be found) goes up to the north of Europe. Garden dormice are often found in the Alps, in the Bavaria Forest, and in the Ore Mountains.

The species can also be found in northern Germany, but the population there is low. In the Netherlands, it is nearly extinct. In 2007 only nine animals were found in two woods in Limburg. It used to be very common in this area. Scientists
think that his is because the landscape has changed. They also think that climate change might be a reason, because it interrupts the Dormice's hibernation.

How the dormice live 

Garden dormice are  mostly nocturnal. They sleep in spherical nests in trees during the  day.  At night they look for food like larger insects (grasshoppers and beetle), snails, eggs, baby birds, small mice, and spiders. They also eat berries, fruit, and nuts (like acorns and beechnuts).  While omnivorous, the diet of dormice contains a bit more animal protein than vegetation.

The mating period is from April to June.  To show that she is ready for mating, the female squeaks loudly.  The babies are usually born in litters of three to seven, after a gestation period of 23 days.  The babies are blind and have no fur when they are born. They open their eyes after about eighteen days. They are nursed until they are one month old.  When they are two months old, they live on their own. They become ready to mate when they are a year old. They will normally live for about five years.

Male Garden dormice may eat a rival dormouse during the mating season. Cannibalism sometimes happens when the animal is coming out of hibernation.

Classification 

On the islands of the Mediterranean Sea there are a few subspecies of garden dormouse. They are all very hard to find. These subspecies are:
 the Sardinian garden dormouse (E. q. sardus)
 the Sicilian garden dormouse (E. q. dichrurus)
 the Liparian garden dormouse (E. q. liparensis).

The Garden dormice in western Asia and north Africa have been separated into their own species Eliomys melanurus.

References 
  Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1c v2.3)
ITIS report 

This article includes information from the English Wikipedia which was originally translated from the German and French Wikipedias.

Dormice
Mammals of Europe
The masked mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus personatus) is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Iran and Turkmenistan.

Source 
 Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Myomimus personatus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Myomimus
Sergej Ivanovich Ognew (1886–1951) was a Russian zoologist and naturalist, remembered for his work on mammalogy.  He graduated from Moscow University in 1910. In 1910 he also published his first book.  In 1928, he became a professor at the Pedagogical Institute.  He published many books for education about zoology and economy.  His most important work which was to be called Mammals of Russia and adjacent territories was never completed.

Other websites
Profile from the Moscow University Zoological Museum

1886 births
1951 deaths
Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus roachi), also known as the ground dormouse or mouse-tailed dormouse, is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.

Source 
 Amori G. 1996.  Myomimus roachi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Myomimus
The Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus setzeri) is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Iran.

Source 
 Baillie J. 1996.  Myomimus setzeri.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Other websites 
 EDGE of Existence page on Setzer's Mouse-tailed Dormouse 

Myomimus
The desert dormouse (Selevinia betpakdalaensis) is a species of rodent in the dormouse family Gliridae.
When it was first found, the species was placed in its own family, the Seleviniidae, but now it is considered to be a dormouse. It is the only species in the genus Selevinia.

It is endemic to Kazakhstan.

References
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Selevinia betpakdalaensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Dormice
The Japanese dormouse (Glirulus japonicus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is the only species in the genus Glirulus. It is endemic to Japan. 
Its natural habitat is temperate forests. In Japanese it is called Yamane (山鼠). It has the special ability of running at great speed upside down, underneath branches. Its main food is nectar or pollen, although nursing females will eat small insects.

References 
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
Endangered species
Animals of Japan
Heinrich Rudolf Schinz (March 30, 1777 - March 8, 1861) was a Swiss physician and naturalist.

Schinz was born at Zurich and studied medicine at Würzburg and Jena. In 1798 he returning to Zurich to work as a doctor. In 1804 he became a teacher at the medical school. In 1833 he became professor of natural history at the University of Zurich.

Schinz was also curator of the Natural History Society of Zurich. He also wrote a lot of important zoological books between 1824 and 1852. These included Das Thierreich (1821-4), Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Reptilien (1833-4), and
Europäsche Fauna (1840). Karl Joseph Brodtmann made the pictures for these books.

References
Mearns and Mearns - Biographies for Birdwatchers 
Biography 

1777 births
1861 deaths
Swiss scientists
This is a list of colonial administrators in The Gambia from when Fort James was created by the United Kingdom in 1815 until The Gambia's independence in 1965.

Commandants of Fort James (1815–1829)
 Alexander Grant, 1815–1821

Lieutenant Governors of The Gambia (1829–1843)
In 1821, The Gambia became a British colony.  A lieutenant governor was appointed in 1829. They reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone.
 Alexander Findlay, 1829–1830
 George Rendall, 1830–1837
 Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1837–1838, first time
 William Mackie, 1838–1839
 Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1839–1840, second time
 Sir Henry Vere Huntley, 1840–1841
 Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1841–1843, third time

Governors of The Gambia (1843–1866)
Between 1843 and 1866, a governor was appointed who was independent of the Governor of Sierra Leone.
 Henry Froude Seagram, 1843
 Edmund Norcott, 1843–1844
 Charles Fitzgerald, 1844–1847
 Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, 1847–1851
 Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy, 1851–1852
 Luke Smythe O'Connor, 1852–1859
 George Abbas Kooli D'Arcy, 1859–1866

Administrators of The Gambia (1866–1901)
In 1866 the job of governor was replaced with that of an administrator who reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone.
 Charles George Edward Patey, 1866–1869
 Alexander Bravo, 1869–1871
 Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald Callaghan, 1871–1873
 Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright, 1873–1875
 Sir Samuel Rowe, 1875–1877
 Valerius Skipton Gouldsbury, 1877–1884
 Sir Cornelius Alfred Moloney, 1884–1886
 Sir James Shaw Hay, 1886–1888
 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, 1888–1891
 Sir Robert Baxter Llewelyn, 1891–1900
 Sir George Chardin Denton, 1900–11 January 1901

Governors of The Gambia (1901–1965)
In 1901, an independent governor was again created.
 Sir George Chardin Denton, 11 January 1901–21 December 1911, continued
 Henry Lionel Galway, 21 December 1911–11 April 1914
 Edward John Cameron, 11 April 1914–1918
 Herbert Henniker, 1918–1919, acting, first time
 Sir Edward John Cameron, 1919–1920, continued
 Herbert Henniker, 1920–3 January 1921, acting, second time
 Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, 3 January 1921–10 March 1927
 Sir John Middleton, 10 March 1927–29 November 1928
 Sir Edward Brandis Denham, 29 November 1928–11 September 1930
 Sir Herbert Richmond Palmer, 11 September 1930–12 April 1934
 Sir Arthur Frederick Richards, 12 April 1934–22 October 1936
 Sir Thomas Southorn, 22 October 1936–23 March 1942
 Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood, 23 March 1942–29 March 1947
 Andrew Barkworth Wright, 29 March 1947–December 1949
 Percy Wyn-Harris, December 1949–19 June 1958
 Sir Edward Henry Windley, 19 June 1958–29 March 1962
 Sir John Warburton Paul, 29 March 1962–18 February 1965

In 1965, The Gambia achieved independence from the United Kingdom.  After independence, the viceroy in The Gambia was the Governor-General of the Gambia.

References
 Rulers: The Gambia
 Guinness Book of Kings, Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd
 African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland

British Empire
The Gambia
Lists of people
Rhizobia are soil bacteria which become established inside root nodules of legumes (the pea family: Fabaceae). 

They fix nitrogen in a form the plant can use. Rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. The relationship is a classic example of symbiosis and mutualism.

The word rhizobia comes from the English root for root (rhizo) and the Ancient Greek for life (bios).

Plant physiology
Ecology
Gram-negative bacteria
The London Bach Society is a society devoted to performing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

The London Bach Society was started in 1946 by Paul Steinitz because he wanted to perform Bach in a style which was like the way it sounded in Bach's time. Bach lived from 1685 to 1750. By the 20th century a lot of things had changed in music. Choirs and orchestras were much bigger and instruments were made differently. Steinitz wanted to get back to the sort of sound that Bach would have known. He started a choir called the London Bach Society so that they could give concerts of Bach's music, making it sound much clearer than it did with huge, romantic choirs.

The choir was formed in 1947. The singers were good amateur singers. Steinitz rehearsed them a lot until they were very good. The London Bach Society (LBS) gave many concerts of Bach's music, as well as singing music by other Baroque composers such as Handel, Telemann and Heinrich Schütz. They also sang works by modern composers such as Stravinsky, John Tavener and Nicholas Maw. Between 1958 and 1987 the LBS choir performed all the cantatas by Bach which survive. 208 of them are known. Many others have been lost. The choir performed one of Bach's passions every Lent, usually the St Matthew Passion. They also went on tour, travelling to the USA, Israel, Bulgaria and twice to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) where they sang at St Thomas Church, Leipzig, where Bach had been Director of Music.
  
In 1968 Steinitz got a group of players together, calling them the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who understood how to play Baroque music. Gradually he was able to add more and more historical instruments to his concerts, such as the natural/clarino trumpet, oboe da caccia, baroque flute and sackbuts. By 1985 there were enough professional players of Baroque instruments in England for the LBS choir to be able to perform the St Matthew Passion with a complete orchestra of period instruments in Wells Cathedral and later in 1987 at Westminster Abbey

After Steinitz's death in 1989 there was no more choir, but the society still continues. Today they organize a festival of Bach's music every year, called "Bachfest" (German for "Bach Festival").

Other websites 
http://www.bachlive.co.uk/
http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/LBS.htm

Choirs
British orchestras
Charles Michael "Chuck" Palahniuk (born February 21, 1962) is an American satire author. He is well known for writing the award-winning book Fight Club. It was later made into a movie directed by David Fincher. He lives in the state of Washington.

Biography 
Palahniuk was born in Pasco, Washington and raised in Burbank, Washington and Eastern Washington. started writing books when he was in his mid-thirties. His first book, Insomnia: If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Already, was never made into a book because he didn't think the story was very good. When he tried to write his next novel, Invisible Monsters, publishers did not like it because they thought it was too scary. This made him work on his best known book, Fight Club. He wrote it to try to scare the publisher even more for not publishing his book. Palahniuk wrote this story in his spare time. After first writing it as a short story, Palahniuk made it longer into a full book, which, surprising to him, was published.

In 1999, a changed version of Invisible Monsters, and his fourth novel, Survivor, were published. This made Palahniuk a cult figure. A few years later Palahniuk wrote his first New York Times bestseller, Choke. After that, Palahniuk's later books would mostly have the same success. This success allowed him to travel and promote his books, where he reads from new and upcoming books.

Palahniuk is openly gay and a lapsed Catholic.

Bibliography

Fiction 
 Fight Club (1996)
 Survivor (1999)
 Invisible Monsters (1999)
 Choke (2001)
 Lullaby (2002)
 Diary (2003)
 Haunted (2005)
 Rant (2007)
 Snuff (2008)
 Pygmy (2009)
 Tell All (2010)

Non-fiction 
 Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon (2003)
 Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories (2004)
 You Do Not Talk About Fight Club: I Am Jack's Completely Unauthorized Essay Collection (2008) (introduction)

Movies 
 Fight Club (1999)
 Choke (2008)
 Invisible Monsters (2010)
 Haunted (TBA) - optioned property
 Survivor (TBA) - script stage
 Rant (TBA) - optioned property
 Diary (TBA) - optioned property
 Lullaby (TBA) - optioned property

References

20th-century American novelists
American LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT writers
Writers from Washington
1962 births
Living people
Canada Day is a national and an official holiday in Canada celebrating its anniversary of Confederation. It takes place annually on July 1st.

Other page 
O Canada - legally adopted on Canada Day in 1980.

Canada
Canada
The 2nd millennium started on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 2000.  

2nd millennium
Millennia
Chromatin is the complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

Chromatin is divided into heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin (extended) forms.
Heterochromatin is composed mostly of satellite DNA tandem repeats. The active components of chromatin are DNA and histone proteins, although other proteins also occur. The functions of chromatin are:
to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell
to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis
to control DNA replication and gene expression. How this works is not yet clear.

Chromatin definitions 
 Simple and concise definition: Chromatin is a macromolecular complex of a DNA macromolecule and protein macromolecules (and RNA). The proteins package and arrange the DNA and control its functions in the cell nucleus.
 The DNA + histone = chromatin definition: The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones. The formed protein/DNA complex is called chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome.

References 

Chromosomes
Molecular biology
The Santa Claus 3: The Escape Clause is the third movie in The Santa Clause series of movies.

It is an 2006 American Christmas comedy adventure movie directed by Michael Lembeck.

Cast
Main characters
 Tim Allen as Santa Claus / Scott Calvin
 Martin Short as Jack Frost
 Elizabeth Mitchell as Mrs. Claus / Carol Newman-Calvin
 Judge Reinhold as Neil Miller
 Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
 Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
 Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
 Alan Arkin as Mr. Bud Newman
 Ann-Margret as Mrs. Sylvia Newman
Supporting characters
 Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
 Peter Boyle as Father Time
 Michael Dorn as Sandman
 Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
 Kevin Pollack as Cupid
 Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
Small roles
 Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
 Charlie Stewart as Dr. Hismus
 Abigail Breslin as Trish

2006 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Christmas movies
Disney movies
Sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Michael Lembeck
"Lisa the Greek" is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 23, 1992. In this episode, Homer begins to bond with his daughter, Lisa, after learning her unique ability to pick winning American football teams. When Lisa finds out Homer has only been using her for gambling, she doesn't to speak to her father until he fully understands her. "Lisa the Greek" was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky, and directed by Rich Moore.

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
1992 television episodes
"Homer Alone" is the 15th episode of The Simpsons ' third season and the 50th episode of the series. The title is based on the movie Home Alone. The episode is written by David M. Stern, the brother of actor Daniel Stern, who co-starred in Home Alone and its first sequel. Marge suffers a nervous breakdown and spends time at a local health spa to recover while the rest of the family struggle without her and Homer loses Maggie but is soon found.

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
1992 television episodes
Nucleosomes are the building blocks which make up chromosomes. They consist of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core.

First, DNA and a protein make up chromatin. Then the chromatin is packed up into nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are then packaged up to make a chromosome. The packages do three things: the chromosomes function in cell division; the very long DNA is wrapped up in a shorter package; and the proteins regulate the gene action in cells.

Details 
Nucleosomes form the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin. This packs the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus and allows it to be controlled.

In mammalian cells about two metres of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10 µm diameter. Nucleosomes are folded, in a series of higher order structures, to form a chromosome. This folding compacts the DNA and adds a layer of regulatory control. The control ensures correct gene expression. 

Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information, as modifications of their core histones. This information can be passed on to daughter cells, but it usually wiped out by meiosis in germ cells.

The nucleosome hypothesis proposed by Don and Ada Olins and Roger Kornberg 
in 1974, was a big step for understanding eukaryotic gene expression. Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  (2006) for this and other discoveries.

Nucleosome dynamics 
Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static. It undergoes some structural re-arrangements, such as nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure. Nucleosomes can inhibit or facilitate transcription. 

Since they were discovered in the mid 1960’s, histone changes were thought to affect transcription.

Some modifications have been shown to be correlated with gene silencing, others seem to be correlated with gene activation. The information stored in this way is considered epigenetic: it is not coded in the DNA but is nevertheless inherited by daughter cells. The maintenance of a particular state of a gene is often necessary for cellular differentiation.

References 

Chromosomes
Molecular biology
Arturo Rodas (born 1954) is a leading Ecuadorian composer. He has lived in London since 1989.

Biography 

Rodas has composed 24.5 Preludes for piano; Climax for orchestra, Atonal fugue I for oboe d'amore & piano and electronic music works.

"Since emigrating to England in 1990, he has composed works such as The Book of the Orchestra,(2002-2003)  which is intended to be performed in a house with many rooms so as to allow an “audience” to hear different instrumental groups as they wander from room to room".

References 
 Béhague, Gerard. 2001. "Ecuador. Art Music". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
 Enciclopedia de la música ecuatoriana. Corporación Musicológica Ecuatoriana (CONMUSICA). Edited by Pablo Guerrero Gutierrez. Quito, 2003. 
 Walker, John L. 2001. "The Younger Generation of Ecuadorian Composers". Latin American Music Review 22, no. 2 (Fall/Winter): 199–213.

Compositions 
 Arcaica for full orchestra
 24.5 Preludes for piano
 Life Class 2005 for piano, electroacoustics & film 
 El árbol de los pájaros (the birds' tree) an opera for the voice ... of the instruments.

Notes

Other websites 
Audio: Tutti frutti for piano & tape (fragment)
 Recordings of Rodas' works Reverbnation
 El Árbol de los Pájaros

Scores 
 Periferia publisher, Barcelona.
 Virtualscore internet publishers, Paris

1954 births
Living people
21st-century composers
Composers
Ecuadorian entertainers
The Great Seal of the State of Alabama is the state seal of the U.S. state of Alabama. It was designed in 1817 by William Wyatt Bibb, the governor of the "Alabama Territory" and the subsequent first governor of the state. When Alabama became a state in 1819, the state  got the design as the official state seal. The seal  has a map showing one of the state's most valuable resources—its major rivers. Bibb's design served as the official seal until 1868, when it was replaced by a  design having on it an eagle holding in its beak a banner that read "Here We Rest." The legislature and Governor Frank M. Dixon restored Bibb's original design in 1939, and it has remained unchanged since.

Alabama
Alabama
Modular origami (also called unit origami) is a type of paperfolding that uses many sheets of paper. Modular origami is used to make large structures that cannot be made with one sheet of paper. Many sheets of paper are folded in identical shapes, and they are then put together by inserting flaps into pockets.

History 
The first modular origami model comes from a 1734 Japanese book by Hayato Ohoka called Ranma Zushiki. The book has pictures of many traditional origami models, and one is a modular cube called tamatebako. Tamatebako is a Japanese word meaning "magic treasure box", and it is called this because the box can be opened on any side. Another traditional model, kusudamas, are balls of folded paper flowers. They are often hung as decorations using string or thread.

Module 
The various number of modules is combined from two to tens of thousands modules.  When modules are put together, most are supported only by the friction of paper, also they are glued together or sewn by threads.

Module of Sonobe method 
Mitsunobu Sonobe designed in 1970s. It is so simple that most people can make kusudamas. Module of Sonobe method is one of the most famous modules. We can make a polyhedron like a cube or a trisoctahedron(a dodecahedron?) by putting together many modules.

Modular Rate 
Modular Rate is the facility of putting together. This rate is how many people can put together without joining materials like glues. This rate applies the model that was designed so that it was put together without using joining materials from the beginning.

References 

Origami
The University of Missouri (often shortened to MU, and also nicknamed Mizzou) is a public university in Columbia, Missouri, in the United States that was started in 1839.  It has about 31,000 students.

Sports
Missouri's athletics teams are called the Tigers. Missouri has 18 varsity teams that now compete in the Southeastern Conference. The school's mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after President Harry Truman, who was from Missouri.

Academics
There are more than 280 degree programs at the University of Missouri.

Missouri School of Journalism 
The university's well known school of journalism is the oldest university journalism program in the United States. The school has awarded its Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism. The medal has been awarded yearly since 1930.

References

Other websites
The University of Missouri
Missouri Tigers

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Missouri
Southeastern Conference
1839 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Missouri
A fiddler crab, also called a calling crab, is a land crab that lives in mud or sand flats near the beach. The reason this crab is called a fiddler crab is because it holds its large cheliped in front of its body and moves it back and forth as if it is playing a fiddle.

Description

The male fiddler crab has one huge cheliped and another smaller cheliped. Sometimes it's the right cheliped that's the big one and sometimes it's the left. If a male loses its large cheliped, the smaller one will grow large to replace it. This huge cheliped is so large that it is sometimes bigger than the whole crab. It is this cheliped they wave back and forth.

Fiddler crab's diet

The fiddler crab eats by first opening its mouth, then using its maxillipeds (a part of its mouth), it scoops in a small amount of mud or sand, depending on where it lives. Then, it uses its other mouthparts to scrape any food matter (algae, decaying animals or plants)it can from the dirt it has just put into its mouth. After this, it forms the mud or sand into a little pellet, which is called a feeding pellet. It then drops the feeding pellet and starts all over again.

Mating 
The reason the male fiddler crab has such a big claw is to attract females. Every two weeks during the summer, male fiddler crabs build little round burrows, which are deeper and better than the ones they usually build. The crabs guard these burrows fiercely. Where there are lots of fiddler crabs, there are usually hundreds of these little burrows all lined up only a few inches apart. Each male fiddler crab stands out in front of his burrow waiting for the females to return from eating. The females then walk around looking at the different burrows. As they walk past, the males wave their big chelipeds back and forth. If a female likes a male or burrow, she will stop and stare. Then the male begins waving his cheliped wildly. Sometimes the female will run away. However, if she stays, the male will run between her and the burrow, back and forth, again and again. If she has still not run away, she will come closer to the burrow. Then the male will enter the burrow a little and start drumming against the side of the tunnel with his cheliped. If the female likes what she hears, she will go down into the burrow, and they will mate.

References

Other websites
  - Videos of Fiddler Crabs
Info on systematics, phylogeny and morphology of fiddlers - Fiddlercrab.info
The colorful fiddler crabs in the mangrove forest of Borneo - mysabah.com

Crabs
Night or nighttime is the time when the Sun is not in the sky. Night happens after dusk and before dawn. The opposite of night is day. The start and end times of night are different in different geographic locations. It varies on season, latitude, longitude and timezone.

In other time zones, the night occurs at different times. This is because the Sun shines on different parts of the Earth at different times. During a solar eclipse it is also partially night because the Sun is blocked out by the Moon.

In popular culture, night is often thought of as a symbol of evil, possibly because of the fear of the dark or possibly because of the lack of visibility.

Related pages
 Light pollution
 Polar night

Parts of a day
The Flag of Washington has the state seal (which has an image of George Washington) on a field of dark green with gold fringe being optional. It is the only U.S. state flag with a field of green as well as the only state flag with the image of an American president.

Washington
Washington (U.S. state)
Back at the Barnyard is a cartoon which is a spinoff from the Barnyard movie. It began airing on September 2007.

Characters 
Otis - A cow.
Pip - A mouse.
Abby - A cow.
Pig
Freddy - A ferret.
Peck - A chicken.
Duke - A collie.
Bessy - A cow.
Dawn - The farm bully.

Episodes

Season 1: 2007-2008 
5 half episodes were aired in July 2008 as "Barnyard Blowout Week".
5 half episodes have be airing in September 2008 as part of "Barn to Party Week".

Season 2: 2008-2010 
In March 2008, Nick renewed Back at the Barnyard for a second season of 20 episodes and two holiday themed specials. The new season premiered on October 24, 2008, part of "Some Like It Snotty Week", which became the first 30-minute episode called, "Some Like it Snotty". A brand new Barnyard movie aired on November 29, 2008, which is the third day of the second "Super Stuffed Nicktoons Weekend". Four new episodes aired from January 20-23, 2009 part of "Battle of the Barnyard Week". Five more new episodes aired from February 23-27, 2009 part of "Animal Invasion" week, followed by five new episodes aired from May 18-22, 2009 part of an "Barnyard Bizarro Week".  Another quintet new episodes aired June 29 - July 3, 2009 part of "Battle of the Barnyard 2 week".

References

Nicktoons
2000s American television series
Children's television series
English-language television programs
2007 television series debuts
2011 television series endings
Nickelodeon television series
This article is about the American paperfolder. For the Czech hockey player, see Robert Lang.

Robert J. Lang (born May 4, 1961) is an American physicist known for his contributions to the art of origami.

Lang started his career in origami forty years ago, and many think he is now one of the world's best paperfolders. He travels often, giving lectures about how origami is related to other topics, like science, mathematics, and technology. Lang is also the author of nine books, and has written articles in several origami magazines. He has found many uses of origami in real life situations, like airbag design and an expandable space telescope.

Before being a professional origamist, Lang had many different jobs. He was a physicist, engineer, and research and development manager in chemistry. Lang has helped to write 80 publications, and has over 50 patents.

Personal life 
Lang was born on May 4th, 1961 in Dayton, Ohio, but he grew up outside Atlanta, Georgia. He was first introduced to origami when he was six years old. Lang was very good at math and math class bored him, so his teacher gave him an origami book to keep him entertained. He quickly folded the models in the book, and then folded models in many other books. In his early teens, Lang began folding his own models, and he drew diagrams on how to make them.

Lang went to college at Caltech, The California Institute of Technology, where he learned electrical engineering. He found college very hard, and often folded origami as a distraction from college life. Lang was afraid to tell people about his hobby, and he was even "a little embarrassed about it." For a long time, Lang didn't know any other origamists. He graduated from Caltech with a Ph.D. in physics, and later he graduated from Stanford University with a master's degree in electrical engineering.

While in college, Lang noticed the name and address of the Origami Center of America, and he soon became friends with other experienced paperfolders, including Michael LaFosse, John Montroll, Joseph Wu, and Paul Jackson. They inspired Lang with their pretty and complex models, and he soon created new models; he designed a hermit crab, an ant, a skunk, and many other others. Soon afterwards, he took a trip to Germany, where he was fascinated by their beautiful cuckoo clocks. They inspired him to make origami clocks, which impressed many paperfolders. Soon after completing his first origami clock, Lang began a job at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

In 2000, Lang decided to quit his job and begin a career in origami.

In 2011, Lang discussed his work in an interview with Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota.

Books 
Lang has written nine books about origami:

Notes

References 

American physicists
Scientists from Ohio
Origami
Writers from Dayton, Ohio
1961 births
Living people
Lent, in the Christian tradition, is a period of about six weeks before Easter. It is a time in which Christians are supposed to be quiet and thoughtful, preparing themselves for Easter.  They should pray a lot, give money to charities and give up some of the things they might otherwise do for pleasure.  The period of Lent ends at Easter, which is a time of great celebration as the Christians think of how Jesus had died on the cross but then rose again from the dead.

Lent is traditionally supposed to be forty days long. That is because the Bible says that Jesus spent forty days in the wilderness, preparing for his death and resurrection.

Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. In the Catholic Church, it ends at the Ninth Hour of Maundy Thursday (44 days). In The Anglican Catholic Church, it ends on Holy Saturday (46 days).

Churches in the Byzantine tradition (for example, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic) count the days of Lent differently.  There are also different local traditions in the Oriental Orthodox church.

Lent is traditionally a time for fasting (not eating much).  This tradition was useful because it was a time when food which had been kept for the winter had to be eaten up before it went bad. Many Roman Catholics do not eat meat other than fish on Fridays during Lent.

The word "lent" came from the Old English lencten meaning "spring" (the season).

Related pages 
 Ash Wednesday
 Carnival
 Easter
 Eastern Orthodox Church: Fasting
 Good Friday
 Maundy Thursday
 People's Sunday
 Quinquagesima
 Shrove Tuesday

Other websites
American Catholic 

Liturgical calendar
Oskar Schindler (April 28 1908 – October 9 1974) was a Sudeten German industrialist. He was born in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary and was a Roman Catholic.

Schindler was a member of the NSDAP. He saved almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by making them work his enamelware and ammunitions factories, which were in what is known today as Poland and the Czech Republic. He is the subject of the novel Schindler's Ark, and the film based on it, Schindler's List. He died of liver failure in Hildesheim, Germany. He is buried in the Catholic Cemetery on Mount Zion, Jerusalem.

References 

1908 births
1974 deaths
Czech businesspeople
Deaths from liver failure
Disease-related deaths in Germany
German businesspeople
Former Roman Catholics
Humanitarians
Nazis
World War II people
Righteous Among the Nations
Wisteria is a type of plant. It is a climbing shrub with blue/lilac flowers. The plant only flowers after a being a few years old but when it does the flowers have a very sweet fragrance. It looses its leaves in winter. The seeds come in pods and are disc shaped.

Fabaceae
Epiphytes
The moment magnitude scale is a way to measure the power of earthquakes. The higher the number, the bigger the earthquake.  It is the energy of the earthquake at the moment it happens.  Like the similar and older Richter scale, it is logarithmic, with a base of ten.

Related pages
Mercalli intensity scale
Richter scale

Other websites 
What is Richter Magnitude?

Earthquakes
Measurement
Basic English (Business Academic Scientific International Commercial) is a controlled language used to explain complex thoughts. It has 850 basic English words chosen by Charles Kay Ogden. Some articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use only Basic English.

In 1936, Ogden hired Otto Neurath and Marie Neurath to make International Picture Language as one of group of eight books in a Basic English.

Rules of word use 
The word use of Basic English is simpler and more regular than the word use of normal English. In normal English, words often have a number of different meanings. To make Basic English easier, not all the meanings of a word are used.

Basic English uses Ogden's rules of grammar. Ogden's rules of grammar let people use the 850 words to talk about things and events simply.
-s / -es / -ies change singular nouns into plural nouns.
-ing / -ed change verbs into adjectives.
-ing / -er change verbs into nouns.
-ly changes adjectives into adverbs.
-er / -est or more / most describe amounts.
un- changes the meanings of adjectives into their opposites.
The opposite word order with do makes questions.
'Operators' (verbs) and pronouns change as in normal English.
Make combined words (compounds) from two nouns (for example "football") or a noun and a direction ("sundown").
Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in English forms. E.g. Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00
Use the words of an industry or science. For example, in this grammar, some special words are for teaching languages, and not part of Basic English: plural, conjugation, noun, adjective, adverb, qualifier, operator, pronoun, and directive.

Related pages 
 Basic English 850 word list
 Basic English alphabetical wordlist
 Basic English ordered wordlist
 Basic English picture wordlist – 200 Picturable words
 Basic English international wordlist
 Basic English compound wordlist
 Basic English combined wordlist
 Related resources
 List of simple adjectives
 List of simple verbs
Plain English Campaign
International auxiliary language
Simplified English
Français fondamental

References 

 Ogden C.K. 1940. General Basic English dictionary. London: Evans Brothers. 
 The dictionary for Simple English

Other websites 
 Ogden's Basic English
 Basic English Utility
Automatic online simplifying and summarizing tool. - Detect language and convert to Basic English or summarize many documents into standard or Basic English, reading material and Basic English course included.
Preston Maki Wamsley (born April 29, 1986) is an American television actor.

Wamsley is best known for his recurring role as "Ronnie Wilson"" on the 1990s sitcom, The Hughleys. Wamsley has also made appearances on other sitcoms including My Wife and Kids, The Nanny, and Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction.

References

Other websites

American television actors
Actors from California
1986 births
Living people