cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A lateen (from French latine, meaning "Latin") or latin-rig is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast. It runs in a fore-and-aft direction.

Dating back to Roman navigation, the lateen became the favorite sail of the Age of Discovery. This was mainly because it allowed a boat to tack "against the wind". It is common in the Mediterranean, the upper Nile River, and the northwestern parts of the Indian Ocean. It is the standard rig for feluccas and dhows. Another form is used on small recreational boats like the Sailfish and Sunfish.

Operation 
A square sail is a very simple device. It catches a following wind and pushes the vessel forward. The lateen sail is more complex. It is set at an angle to the wind. It works by creating a difference in air pressure between the two sides (concave and convex) of the sail. This is the same way a fore-and-aft sail works. This is why the lateen sail is considered the ancestor of the fore-and-aft sail. The advantages of the lateen sail is that it is effective in lighter winds. It causes less drag and so is more efficient. It allows the vessel to sail much "closer to the wind" (meaning it can sail at up to about 45 degrees into the wind). This made the lateen sail a very important invention.

Development 

The lateen sail did not directly come from the square sail. There was an intermediate sail type called the lug sail. It was one of the earliest fore-and-aft rigs. It was developed for use on the Indian Ocean. Sailors knew that the wind does not always come from behind the vessel. They learned that the square sail could be made more efficient by turning it on the mast so it remained at a right angle to the wind. When used with a keel and some form of steering, it provided more options. Instead of simply sailing downwind, the vessel could move in different directions relative to the direction of the wind. If the wind came from the beam (side of the ship), rotating the sail became less effective. But, if the luff (edge of the sail) was pointed into the wind and kept taut, the sail would provide forward movement.  This could be made more effective if the yard (or spar) holding the sail is sloped downward into the wind. From this discovery came the lug, then the lateen.

History 

In ancient history the square sail was used in the Mediterranean. It was used on seagoing ships of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. In Northern Europe at this time, they only used the square sail. This was even after the ships in the Mediterranean were using the triangular lateen sails.

The 15th and 16th century caravel was a favorite type of ship used in the Portuguese and Spanish voyages of discovery. In addition to their distinctive single sterncastle, they carried lateen sails. During this time the caravel developed into a very fast and highly maneuverable ship. Two of Christopher Columbus's ships, the Niña and the Pinta were caravels. He repeatedly praised the Niña as his fastest and favorite ship.

References

Other websites 
 Lateen sailing; YouTube

Sailing
ships
Tacking or coming about is a term in sailing that means the boat is changing directions by turning the bow of the vessel in relationship to the wind. It also means the course you are on relative to the direction of the oncoming wind. A tack with the wind blowing over the port (left) side of the boat is called a "port tack". A tack with the wind coming over the starboard side of the boat is called a "starboard tack". The sailboat's helmsman is responsible for communicating with the rest of the crew when making a tacking maneuver. When making a tack the helmsman calls out "ready about!" When the crew is ready they call out "ready", and the maneuver is started. The opposite of a tack (into the wind) is a jibe (changing direction while moving with the wind).

Tacking maneuver 
In order to tack a boat moving into the wind, some speed is necessary. If too much time is taken in completing the tack, the forward momentum will be lost and the boat may move backwards. If a sailboat is caught going directly into the wind, it is called "in irons." This stops all forward motion of the boat. A tacking maneuver is a basic skill that is learned with practice. The maneuver also is different in a single person small sailboat than in a 40 or 50 foot racing sailboat.

Beating 

Beating is the procedure by which a ship moves on a zig-zag course to make progress directly into the wind (upwind). No sailing vessel can move directly into the wind (though that may be the desired direction). Beating allows the vessel to advance indirectly upwind.

A ship that is beating will sail as "close to the wind" as possible. This position is known as close hauled. In general, the closest angle to the wind that a ship can sail is around 35 to 45 degrees. Some modern yachts can sail very near to the wind, while older ships, especially square-rigged ships, cannot sail very close to the wind.

References

Other websites 
 How to Sail a Boat : Coming About or Tacking; YouTube

Sailing
The Lego Ninjago Movie is an American-Danish 3D computer-animated action comedy adventure martial arts movie. It is directed by Charlie Bean and written by Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Kevin Chesley and Bryan Shukoff. The movie was released in the United States on September 22, 2017 through Warner Bros. and starts the voices of  Jackie Chan, Dave Franco, Olivia Munn, Justin Theroux, Zach Woods, Kumail Ninjiani, Abbi Jacobson, Fred Armisen and Michael Pena. It is the second spin-off of the 2014 movie The Lego Movie.

Plot 
Six young ninjas are tasked to defend their home island Ninjago. By night, they are warriors and use their skills and vehicles to fight against villains and monsters. By they are ordinary teenagers struggling against their greatest enemy: high school.

References

2017 movies
English-language movies
Lego
2010s action movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s comedy movies
2010s animated movies
American action comedy movies
American animated movies
Computer-animated movies
Warner Bros. movies
Prequel movies
Derek Parfit (11 December 1942 – 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher. He specialized in problems of personal identity, rationality, ethics, and the relations among them.

Early life
Parfit was born in Chengdu, China. His parents, Jessie and Norman Parfit, were British medical doctors who moved to Western China. After a year in China, Parfit moved to Oxford, England where he was raised. He studied at the University of Oxford.

Career
Parfit's 1984 book Reasons and Persons has been very well known to other philosophers. His last book, On What Matters (2011), was widely published and discussed for many years before its publication.

Parfit worked at Oxford University for all of his academic career. He was an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at New York University, Harvard University, and Rutgers University. He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories."

Personal life
Parfit was an experienced photographer and a poet. He was married to the philosopher Janet Radcliffe Richards.

Parfit died in London, England on 1 January 2017, aged 74.

References

Other websites
Profile, All Souls College, Oxford 
Derek Parfit: a bibliography. A complete bibliography of writings.
Parfit's Climbing the Mountain reading group on PEA Soup
A Small Amount of Biographical Information

1942 births
2017 deaths
British philosophers
British writers
People from Oxford
In the battle of Austerlitz,   Napoleon Bonaparte  fought Russian and Austrian troops. The battle took place near Austerlitz (now in the Czech Republic) in 1805. Napoleon’s big victory let him create the Confederation of the Rhine. The book War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy contains a detailed description of the battle.

References

Wars involving France
19th century in Europe
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (or just Rogue One) is an American science fiction movie. It was released worldwide in December 2016. A Lucasfilm movie, it is directed by Gareth Edwards. It was written by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy with the story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta. The film stars Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker.

It is the first movie in the Star Wars anthology series. The story follows Jyn Erso, daughter of the unwilling designer of the Galactic Empire's super-weapon the Death Star. Her mission is to get the diagram so it can be destroyed.

Release Dates

Critical response 
James Dyer of Empire Magazine gave the film 4 stars, saying "The ultimate Star Wars fan film, it's short on whimsy but when it gets going there's enough risk-taking and spectacle to bode well for future standalones". Amy Nicholson of MTV gave the film a C-, saying "Audiences once packed theaters to gawk at the future; now, it's to soak in the past. The emphasis is on packing in as much nostalgia as possible and tersely editing it together to resemble a film". IGN's Eric Goldman gave the film a 9/10, stating "The film offers a remarkable recreation of the original Star Wars' world, while exploring this universe from a different, edgier perspective than is the norm". Matthew Pejkovic of Matt's Movie Reviews scored the film a 4/5, saying "Earns its intergalactic stripes as a Star Wars spin-off of visual gumption and gritty action filmmaking, securing its place as the glue between trilogies in this ever expanding space saga". Mark Dujsik of Mark Reviews Movies gave the film a 2/4, stating "We're used to the characters in this series existing primarily as archetypes. The characters here, though, barely qualify as archetypes".

References

Other websites
  at 
 
 Rogue One The Movie Database

2016 science fiction movies
American epic movies
American sequel movies
Prequel movies
Movie spin-offs
Star Wars movies
Richard John "Mack" Machowicz (May 30, 1965 – January 2, 2017) was an American television presenter and Navy SEAL. He was the host of the Discovery Channel and Military Channel show Future Weapons. He also was a member of the Spike series Deadliest Warrior. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Machowicz was diagnosed with brain cancer in 2015. His condition got worse in December 2016. He died on January 2, 2017 in Pearland, Texas at the age of 51.

References

Other websites

 

1965 births
2017 deaths
American martial artists
American military people
American television personalities
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from brain cancer
People from Detroit, Michigan
Alfonso Wong (, 1925 – 1 January 2017) was a Hong Kong manhua artist. He also wrote under the pen name "Wong Chak" (), which is his son's name. He created the comic strip Old Master Q (Lao Fu Zi), which has been published since 1962. He was born in Tianjin, China and moved to Hong Kong in 1960. He had six sons.

Wong died from organ failure on 1 January 2017 in California, United States. He was 91.

References

1925 births
2017 deaths
Comics artists
Comics writers
Chinese writers
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Disease-related deaths in California
People from Hong Kong
Granny ( – ), also known by scientific name J2, was an orca, or killer whale. With an age of about 105, Granny was the oldest orca humans know of to ever live. She was first captured in 1967 with a group of orcas. However, she was believed to be too old for public aquariums and was released.

In January 2017, it was announced that researchers considered Granny dead. She had last been seen on October 12, 2016.

References

1910s births
2017 deaths
Cetaceans
Individual animals
Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne (Oscar Carl Olof; born 2 March 2016) is the second child and only son of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden. His older sister is Princess Estelle.

Titles and styles 
 02 March 216 – present: His Royal Highness Prince Oscar of Sweden, Duke of Skåne. 
(swedish: Hans Kunglig Höghet Oscar, Prins av Sverige, Hertig av Skåne)

2016 births
Living people
Princes and princesses
Swedish royalty
Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray: A Nobleman's Tale from the Years of 1811 and 1812 in Twelve Books of Verse (in Polish Pan Tadeusz, czyli ostatni zajazd na Litwie. Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem) is a long poem by Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz. It is regarded as a national epic. It was first published in Paris in 1834. The poet was then in exile in France. Sir Thaddeus is a story of a conflict between two noble families, the Soplicas and the Horeszkos. The time is 1811 and 1812, shortly before Napoleon invaded Russia. When attacked by Russian soldiers, both families fought against the enemy. The conflict between the families was ended with the marriage of Thaddeus Soplica and Sophia Horeszko.

Adam Mickiewicz was born in the East of the former Polish-Lithuanian state. Because of that he called Lithuania his mother-country.

Litwo! Ojczyzno moja! ty jesteś jak zdrowie.
Ile cię trzeba cenić, ten tylko się dowie,
Kto cię stracił. Dziś piękność twą w całej ozdobie
Widzę i opisuję, bo tęsknię po tobie.

Lithuania, my country, thou art like health; how much thou shouldst be prized only he can learn who has
lost thee. To-day thy beauty in all its splendour I see and describe, for I yearn for thee. (Translation in prose by George Rapall Noyes).

The poem is written in 13-syllable metre, very common in Polish literature.

References

Bibliography 
 Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz; or The last foray in Lithuania; a story of life among Polish gentlefolk in the years 1811 and 1812, Translated from the Polish by George Rapall Noyes, London 1917.

Other websites 
 Full text of the poem in Polish

Epic poems
Charles Joseph Colgan (September 25, 1926 – January 3, 2017) was an American politician and businessman. He served as a member of the Virginia Senate from the 29th district from January 1976 to January 2016. He also served two terms as President pro tempore from 2008 to 2012, and for less than four months in 2014.

Colgan was born in Frostburg, Maryland. He served in the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in 1945. He was married twice and had eight children.

Colgan died from a vascular illness on January 3, 2017 in Aldie, Virginia. He was 90.

References

1926 births
2017 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Businesspeople from Maryland
Businesspeople from Virginia
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Virginia
Politicians from Maryland
Politicians from Virginia
US Democratic Party politicians
Ivo Brešan (27 May 1936 – 3 January 2017) was a Croatian playwright, novelist and screenwriter. He was for known for political satire. He was on screen from the early 1970s to 2006. His work included Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja (1973), How the War Started on My Island (1996) and Marshal Tito's Spirit (1999). He had written screenplays with his son Vinko Brešan.

Brešan was born in Vodice. In 2001, he was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award for Life Achievement in Literature

Brešan died on 3 January 2017 in Zagreb at the age of 80.

References

Other websites
 

1936 births
2017 deaths
Croatian screenwriters
Novelists
Playwrights
Yugoslavian people
A halal snack pack, or HSP, is a dish that comes from Australia. It is made up of halal-certified doner kebab meat (mainly lamb, chicken or beef), chips, sauces (mainly chili, garlic and barbecue sauces) and often cheese. The exact origin of the halal snack pack is unknown. Halal snack packs have become more popular since 2015, when the Facebook group "Halal Snack Pack Appreciation Society" was created.

References

Australia
Fast food
Donnie Yen (born 27 July 1963), also known as Yen Ji-dan (甄子丹), is a Chinese-born Hong Kong actor, martial artist, movie director, producer and action choreographer. He is also a wushu world champion many times. He is best known for his role as Ip Man in the Ip Man (2008–2015) trilogy movies. He also appeared in Shanghai Knights (2003), Flash Point (2007) and Rogue One (2016). 

Yen was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong. They later moved to Boston, Massachusetts, United States when he was 11. He has been married twice and has three children.

References

Other websites

 

1963 births
Living people
Actors from Hong Kong
Chinese movie directors
Choreographers
Judoka
Mixed martial artists
Chinese movie actors
Chinese movie producers
Chinese television actors
Hercules is an American 2014 action-adventure-fantasy film. Directed by Brett Ratner, it stars Dwayne Johnson, Ian McShane, Rufus Sewell and John Hurt and is based off the graphic novel Hercules: The Thracian Wars. It was released on July 25, 2014 and was one of two movies released in 2014 which were about the mythical warrior, the other being The Legend of Hercules; unlike the former, this film gained mixed to positive critical reviews and was a box office success.

Plot
Hercules (Dwayne Johnson), is the leader of a gang of mercenaries, comprised of the prophet Amphariaus (Ian McShane), the thief Autylocus (Rufus Sewell), the barbarian Tydeus (Aksel Hennie), the huntress Atalanta (Ingrid Bolsø Berdal) and his nephew Iolaus (Reece Ritchie).  Hercules is supposedly the lovechild of Zeus and a mortal woman who engaged in 12 legendary labors, but was betrayed by Hera, who induced him with madness, which caused him to kill his wife and children while he was visiting King Eurystheus (Joseph Fiennes). Despite Hercules' origins not being clearly established in the movie, he displays powerful godlike strength and unmatched skill in combat. However, he is frequently plagued by the memory of murdering his family and visions of the three-headed hellhound Cerberus.

After saving his nephew on the coast of Macedonia, Hercules celebrates with his team. As they drink in a tavern, the group are approached by Ergenia (Rebecca Ferguson), the daughter of Lord Cotys (John Hurt) who wants Hercules to train the Thracian armies to defend his kingdom from the warrior king Rhesus, to which the hero accepts. The band are welcomed to Thrace by Cotys and General Sitacles (Peter Mullan). However, Rhesus has reached the Bessi people Cotys insists that Hercules leads the army into battle to defend the tribe, despite their lack of training. However, they arrive too late as Rhesus has cursed the Bessi into turning against the Thracians.

2014 movies
American movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Igor Petrovich Volk (, ; 12 April 1937 – 3 January 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut and test pilot. He was best known for his involvement as a research cosmonaut in the Soyuz T-12 in 1980. It was seventh manned spaceflight to the Soviet space station Salyut 7. He bomber pilot in the Soviet Air Force. He later joined the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1962. He had over 7000 flight hours logged in over 80 different aircraft. He had the rank of colonel in the Russian Air Force.

Volk was born in Zmiiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was given many awards, most famously the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin titles. He was married and had two children.

Volk died on 3 January 2017 while on holiday in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He was 79.

References

1937 births
2017 deaths
Colonels
Cosmonauts
Russian military people
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
René Ballet (1928 – 2 January 2017) was a French journalist and author. He was a communist and a member of the French Communist Party. He started his career as a civil servant in Paris in 1961. He was first a civil servant in finance and later in national education. He was the writer of 14 novels and 35 essays. In 1978, he started working for the communist newspaper L'Humanité.

Ballet was born in Saint-Étienne. He grew up in Grenoble. He joined the French Resistance during World War II. He lived in Vanves.

Ballet died on 2 January 2017 at the age of 88.

References

1928 births
2017 deaths
Communists
French journalists
French novelists
People from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Wayne Brett Westner (28 September 1961 – 4 January 2017) was a South African golfer. He turned professional in 1982. He had a total of 13 wins in his career. He was best known for his 1993 Dubai Desert Classic win. He also notably won the World Cup of Golf in 1996 with Ernie Els. His career ended in 1998 because of injury. He was born in Johannesburg.

Westner was reportedly involved in a hostage event on 4 January 2017 at his home in Pennington, KwaZulu-Natal. He later committed suicide (killed himself) with a gunshot wound to his head at his home. He was 55.

References

Other websites

1961 births
2017 deaths
People from Johannesburg
South African golfers
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm
The rigging of a sailing ship is made up of the ropes and/or chains used to support the ship's masts, yards and sails. The standing rigging is used to support the masts. The running rigging supports the yards and sails. Some types of sailboats that have unsupported masts do not have any rigging. These include the junk rig and catboat rigs. Bermuda sloops with a single mast and one headsail use fairly simple rigging. Cutter-rigged ketches and schooners have the most complex rigging.

Standing rigging 
A sailing ship's standing rigging is made up of the ropes used to support the masts, yards and booms. Most modern sailing vessels use wire rope for the standing rigging. Modern standing rigging is regularly checked for tension using a special gauge. Adjusting the tension is done by use of a turnbuckle. Ropes, wires or rods that run fore-and-aft along the centerline which stabilize the masts or spars are called stays. Those that from the mast to the bow are called forestays. Those that run from the mast to the stern are called backstays.

Running rigging 
The running rigging of a sailing vessel controls the sails. The running rigging is usually made up of various kinds of rope (ropes are also called lines). It uses blocks and Sheaves to adjust the length of the ropes. A block is a kind of pulley. A sheave is the grooved wheel inside the block. Larger sailing boats and ships use winches. The adjustability of the running rigging allows the boat to perform various maneuvers such as tacking and jibing. Common to all sailboats are the outhaul and the downhaul. The outhaul pulls the sail to the free end of the boom. The downhaul keeps the boom from rising on the mast.

References

Other websites 
 Lines, Cables and Spars, oh my…
 Adjusting standing rigging tensions; YouTube
 Rigging Inspections, Check your rigging before heading out; YouTube
 Running Rigging; YouTube

Sailing
ships
Djoser (other names include Netjerikhet, Tosorthos, and Sesorthos) was the first Pharaoh, or king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt, c. 2670 BCE. He is known for the building of the first pyramid built in Egypt, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara. The Third Dynasty, based in Memphis, was the beginning of the Old Kingdom, a period of stability, achievement and unity.

There have been claims that he was not the first king, as the Abydos King List and the Turin King List give a king by the name of Sanakht. There is no archaeological evidence to support this, and most experts agree that Djoser was the first. He ruled for at least 20 years, but he had so many temples, tombs and monuments built that some experts say he may have ruled for up to 30 years.

There is a painted limestone statue of Djoser, which is the oldest discovered life sized Egyptian statue. It was found in Saqqara during archaeological digging in 1924-1925. The statue is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

The Step Pyramid

The building of the Step Pyramid was quite an achievement. It is the first massive monument built in stone, about 62 meters in height. It is surrounded by a 10 meter high wall, which encloses an area of about 16 hectares. It shows that the kingdom must have been stable and wealthy to have spent so much time and money to build it. The man who designed it and supervised the building was Imhotep, the oldest named architect known to us. Thousands of years later, Djoser was known to Egyptians as the "opener of stone", recognising his legacy of using stone for buildings.

The Famine
The Egyptians believed in a story of how Djoser was able to end a famine. There is no evidence from the time of his rule, but an engraved stone, a stele, was made 2000 years later giving the details. Even if the story is a legend, it does show that Djoser was remembered as a great pharaoh. Egypt had been suffering from a famine for seven years, when the god of the Nile, Khnum, spoke to Djoser in a dream. Djoser rebuilt Khnum's temple on Elephantine, an island near modern Aswan. This pleased the god, and the famine ended. The ruins of the temple are still visible today.

References

Pharaohs
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (February 15, 1927 – January 4, 2017) was an Indian sitar player and composer. Khan was born in Madhya Pradesh, India. He won the national awards Padma Shri (1970) and Padma Bhushan (2006) and was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1987. He composed musical movie scores for Goonj Uthi Shehnai (1959), Kohinoor (1960) and Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje (1971).

Khan died on January 4, 2017 at his home in Mumbai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 89.

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian musicians
Composers
Joseph Michael "Joe" Manganiello ( ; ; born December 28, 1976) is an American actor, director, producer, author and philanthropist.

He played Flash Thompson in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy and had many recurring roles in television on ER, How I Met Your Mother, and One Tree Hill, before landing his breakout role as werewolf Alcide Herveaux on the HBO television series True Blood.

He played the supervillain Deathstroke in Zack Snyder's 2017 movie Justice League. He appeared as Burke in the 2018 movie Rampage.

Manganiello has appeared in movies such as Magic Mike, What to Expect When You're Expecting, and Sabotage.

In late 2013, he became a published author when his first book, Evolution, was released by Simon & Schuster's Gallery Books. He is active with several charities, including Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and he serves on the committee of The Art of Elysium.

In 2015, he married Sofía Vergara after three months of dating. They now live in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

 

1976 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American activists
American philanthropists
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television directors
American television producers
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Writers from Pennsylvania
Deathstroke (Slade Joseph Wilson) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Marv Wolfman and George Perez.

He is a mercenary and assassin who first appeared in The New Teen Titans (vol. 1) #2 (1980). Wizard magazine rated him the 24th greatest villain of all time. Also, in 2009, Deathstroke was ranked as IGN's 32nd greatest comic book villain of all time.

Originally the archenemy of the Teen Titans, writers have developed him over the years as a villain of other heroes in the DC Universe; parallels have been established between him and Batman, and he has a deep-seated grudge against Green Arrow. The character has been adapted from the comics into multiple forms of media, including several Batman related projects and the Teen Titans animated series.

Deathstroke later appeared on The CW's live action TV series Arrow, where he is portrayed by Manu Bennett.  Joe Manganiello has been cast as Deathstroke for the DC Extended Universe movie series.

References

DC Comics characters
Jiang Wen (born 5 January 1963) is a Chinese movie actor, screenwriter and director. He directed and starred in the movies In the Heat of the Sun (1994), Devils on the Doorstep (2000), Let the Bullets Fly (2010) and Gone with the Bullets (2014). He also directed a segment of the movie New York, I Love You (2008). In 2016, he starred as Baze Malbus in the Star Wars anthology movie Rogue One.

Jiang was born in Tangshan, Hebei. He moved to Beijing when he was ten. He has been married twice and has three children.

References

Other websites

 

1963 births
Living people
Chinese television actors
Chinese movie directors
Chinese screenwriters
Chinese movie actors
Richard Robert "Dick" Latessa (September 15, 1929 – December 19, 2016) was an American stage, movie, and television actor. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He was known for his stage role as Wilbur in the musical Hairspray. In 2003, he won a Tony Award and Drama Desk Award in 2003.

Latessa died of heart failure in Manhattan, New York City, New York on December 19, 2016, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 
 TonyAwards.com Interview with Dick Latessa 

Tony Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
Actors from New York City
The Sharpeville massacre was when a crowd of between 5,000 and 7,000 black people protested at the police station in Sharpeville, South Africa on March 21, 1960. The police started shooting into the crowd. A total of 69 people were killed including 8 women and 10 children, and 180 people were injured, including 31 women and 19 children. In South Africa today, this day is a public holiday in honor of human rights.

The demonstration was to protest against pass laws. The crowd went to the police station demanding to be arrested for not carrying their passes. At some point the South African Police started shooting. People have different explanations to what the crowd was doing. Some say that the crowd was peaceful. Others say that the crowd were throwing stones at the police. The shooting started when the crowd started going toward the fence around the police station. Some say this was what led Nelson Mandela to engaging in more violent protests.

References

Apartheid-related violence
20th century in South Africa
Kafr Bara is an Israeli-Arab local council in Israel's Central District, Kafr Bara is a village located in the southern triangle area near Jaljulia under 2,400 square-dunum area of influence.

Population and families 
According to the latest statistics, Kafr bara has a population (3,500 inhabitants), the population grows by 5% and its population are Arab Muslims.

Institutions 
There is a Community Center and retirement Centre shabib. and there is 3 mosques, a public library, a post office, a mother and child care centre, and 2 clinics. And a football playground.

Schools 
There is 2 schools in Kafr Bara:
 Omar Bin Khattab primary school, The number of students towards (700 students).
 Comprehensive secondary school of Kafr Bara, Opened in the academic year (2009-2010) number of students (250-300) student.

Local government in Israel
Settlements in Israel
Villages in Asia
The snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) is an owl native to the Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. They hunt rodents.  

Lemmings are a favourite prey. They will also hunt fish and small mammals

The male's mating call sounds like krek-krek, while the female's mating call sounds like pyee-pyee or prek-prek.

In the novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (USA edition: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone), Harry is assigned a female snowy owl as his animal companion. Her name is Hedwig.

References

Strigiformes
Madoc is a long poem by Robert Southey. The author is famous as the third of the Lake Poets. Madoc is an epic poem. It was first published in 1805. The poet worked on the poem for ten years. It tells about legendary Welsh prince Madog, ab Owain Gwynedd. He lived in 12th century. According to the legend, he explored America long before Christopher Columbus. The poem is divided into two parts. The first is named Madoc in Wales while the second Madoc in Aztlan.  The poem is written in Blank verse that is in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

Fair blows the wind, the vessel drives along,
Her streamers fluttering at their length, her sails
All full, she drives along, and round her prow
Scatters the ocean spray. What feelings then
Filled every bosom, when the mariners,
After the peril of that weary way,
Beheld their own dear country ! Here stands one,
Stretching his sight toward the distant shore,
And, as to well known forms his busy joy
Shapes the dim outline, eagerly he points
The fancied headland and the cape and bay,
Till his eyes ache, o'erstraining.

The poem was reviewed in The Poetical Register, and Repository of Fugitive Poetry.

Irish poet Paul Muldoon named his book Madoc: A Mystery (1990) after Robert Southey's poem.

References

Bibliography 
 Matthew Leporati, "Authority from Heaven": Robert Southey's Madoc and Epic Christian Imperialism.

Other websites 
 Madoc by Robert Southey, London 1853 at Archive.org

Epic poems
There are 4 arrondissements in the Bouches-du-Rhône department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Bouches-du-Rhône are:

History
Bouches-du-Rhône is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in six districts: Tarascon, Apt, Aix, Marseille, Salon and Arles, with Aix as is capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into three arrondissements: Marseille, Aix and Tarascon. The prefecture was moved from Aix to Marseille.

In 1817, the subprefecture of Tarascon was moved to Arles. The arrondissement of Istres was created in 1981.

Related pages
List of arrondissements of France

References

Bouches-du-Rhone
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
The arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence is an arrondissement of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Aix-en-Provence.

History
When the Bouches-du-Rhône department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence is in the northeast of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. It is bordered to the north by the Vaucluse department, to the east by the Var department, to the southeast by the Marseille arrondissement, to the southwest by the Istres arrondissement and to the northwest by the Arles arrondissement.

The arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence is the second largest arrondissement of the department both in area, , and population (429,436 inhabitants).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are 9 cantons in the arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence and 5 of them do not have all their communes in the arrondissement:

 Aix-en-Provence-1 (1301)
 Aix-en-Provence-2 (1302)
 Berre-l'Étang (1306) (partly)
 Gardanne (1309)
 Pélissanne (1325) (partly)
 Salon-de-Provence-1 (1326) (partly)
 Salon-de-Provence-2 (1327) (partly)
 Trets (1328)
 Vitrolles (1329) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence has 44 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Aix-en-Provence (13001)
 Aurons (13008)
 Beaurecueil (13012)
 Bouc-Bel-Air (13015)
 Cabriès (13019)
 Charleval (13024)
 Châteauneuf-le-Rouge (13025)
 Cornillon-Confoux (13029)
 Coudoux (13118)
 Fuveau (13040)
 Gardanne (13041)
 Grans (13044)
 Jouques (13048)
 La Barben (13009)
 La Fare-les-Oliviers (13037)
 La Roque-d'Anthéron (13084)
 Lambesc (13050)
 Lançon-Provence (13051)
 Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade (13080)
 Le Tholonet (13109)
 Les Pennes-Mirabeau (13071)
 Meyrargues (13059)
 Meyreuil (13060)
 Mimet (13062)
 Peynier (13072)
 Peyrolles-en-Provence (13074)
 Puyloubier (13079)
 Pélissanne (13069)
 Rognes (13082)
 Rousset (13087)
 Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon (13090)
 Saint-Cannat (13091)
 Saint-Estève-Janson (13093)
 Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde (13095)
 Saint-Paul-lès-Durance (13099)
 Salon-de-Provence (13103)
 Septèmes-les-Vallons (13106)
 Simiane-Collongue (13107)
 Trets (13110)
 Vauvenargues (13111)
 Velaux (13112)
 Venelles (13113)
 Ventabren (13114)
 Éguilles (13032)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Aix-en-Provence
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
The arrondissement of Arles is an arrondissement of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Arles.

History
When the Bouches-du-Rhône department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Arles was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Arles is in the west of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. It is bordered to the north by the Vaucluse department, to the northeast by the Aix-en-Provence arrondissement, to the southeast by the Istres arrondissement, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Gard department.

The arrondissement of Arles is the largest arrondissement of the department in area,  but the one with fewest people living in it, with a population of 205,529 inhabitants.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are 4 cantons in the arrondissement of Arles and 2 of them do not have all their communes in the arrondissement:
 Arles (1304)
 Châteaurenard (1307)
 Pélissanne (1325) (partly)
 Salon-de-Provence-1 (1326) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Arles has 36 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Alleins (13003)
 Arles (13004)
 Aureille (13006)
 Barbentane (13010)
 Boulbon (13017)
 Cabannes (13018)
 Châteaurenard (13027)
 Eygalières (13034)
 Eyguières (13035)
 Eyragues (13036)
 Fontvieille (13038)
 Graveson (13045)
 Lamanon (13049)
 Les Baux-de-Provence (13011)
 Maillane (13052)
 Mallemort (13053)
 Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles (13057)
 Maussane-les-Alpilles (13058)
 Mollégès (13064)
 Mouriès (13065)
 Noves (13066)
 Orgon (13067)
 Paradou (13068)
 Plan-d'Orgon (13076)
 Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône (13078)
 Rognonas (13083)
 Saint-Andiol (13089)
 Saint-Martin-de-Crau (13097)
 Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues (13061)
 Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (13100)
 Saint-Étienne-du-Grès (13094)
 Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (13096)
 Sénas (13105)
 Tarascon (13108)
 Vernègues (13115)
 Verquières (13116)
 

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Arles
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
The arrondissement of Istres is an arrondissement of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Istres.

History
The arrondissement of Istres was created in 1981.

Geography
The arrondissement of Istres is in the south of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. It is bordered to the north and east by the Aix-en-Provence arrondissement, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Arles arrondissement.

The arrondissement of Istres is the smallest arrondissement of the department in area, ; it has a population of 312,489 inhabitants.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are 6 cantons in the arrondissement of Istres and 3 of them do not have all their communes in the arrondissement:

 Berre-l'Étang (1306) (partly)
 Istres (1310)
 Marignane (1311)
 Martigues (1324)
 Salon-de-Provence-2 (1327) (partly)
 Vitrolles (1329) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Istres has 18 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Berre-l'Étang (13014)
 Carry-le-Rouet (13021)
 Châteauneuf-les-Martigues (13026)
 Ensuès-la-Redonne (13033)
 Fos-sur-Mer (13039)
 Gignac-la-Nerthe (13043)
 Istres (13047)
 Le Rove (13088)
 Marignane (13054)
 Martigues (13056)
 Miramas (13063)
 Port-de-Bouc (13077)
 Rognac (13081)
 Saint-Chamas (13092)
 Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts (13098)
 Saint-Victoret (13102)
 Sausset-les-Pins (13104)
 Vitrolles (13117)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Istres
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Nata de coco (also called coconut gel) is a chewy, translucent, jelly-like food produced by the fermentation of coconut water, which gels through the production of microbial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. Originating in the Philippines, nata de coco is most commonly sweetened as a candy or dessert, and can accompany a variety of foods, including pickles, drinks, ice cream, puddings, and fruit mixes.

References

Foods
The arrondissement of Marseille is an arrondissement of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of Marseille.

History
When the Bouches-du-Rhône department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Marseille was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Marseille is in the southeast of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. It is bordered to the north and west by the Aix-en-Provence arrondissement, to the east by the Var department and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea.

The arrondissement of Marseille is the second smallest arrondissement in area of the department but the one with more people living in it. It has an area of  and a population of 1,058,615 inhabitants.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are 15 cantons in the arrondissement of Marseille and all of them have all their communes' in the arrondissement:

 Allauch (1303)
 Aubagne (1305)
 La Ciotat (1308)
 Marseille-1 (1312)
 Marseille-2 (1313)
 Marseille-3 (1314)
 Marseille-4 (1315)
 Marseille-5 (1316)
 Marseille-6 (1317)
 Marseille-7 (1318)
 Marseille-8 (1319)
 Marseille-9 (1320)
 Marseille-10 (1321)
 Marseille-11 (1322)
 Marseille-12 (1323)

Communes
The arrondissement of Marseille has 37 communes, including 16 subdivisions ("municipal arrondissements") of the city of Marseille; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Allauch (13002)
 Aubagne (13005)
 Auriol (13007)
 Belcodène (13013)
 La Bouilladisse (13016)
 Cadolive (13020)
 Cassis (13022)
 Ceyreste (13023)
 La Ciotat (13028)
 Cuges-les-Pins (13030)
 La Destrousse (13031)
 Gémenos (13042)
 Gréasque (13046)
 Marseille (13055)
 La Penne-sur-Huveaune (13070)
 Peypin (13073)
 Plan-de-Cuques (13075)
 Roquefort-la-Bédoule (13085)
 Roquevaire (13086)
 Saint-Savournin (13101)
 Carnoux-en-Provence (13119)
 Marseille 1er Arrondissement (13201)
 Marseille 2e Arrondissement (13202)
 Marseille 3e Arrondissement (13203)
 Marseille 4e Arrondissement (13204)
 Marseille 5e Arrondissement (13205)
 Marseille 6e Arrondissement (13206)
 Marseille 7e Arrondissement (13207)
 Marseille 8e Arrondissement (13208)
 Marseille 9e Arrondissement (13209)
 Marseille 10e Arrondissement (13210)
 Marseille 11e Arrondissement (13211)
 Marseille 12e Arrondissement (13212)
 Marseille 13e Arrondissement (13213)
 Marseille 14e Arrondissement (13214)
 Marseille 15e Arrondissement (13215)
 Marseille 16e Arrondissement (13216) 

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Marseille
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Carl "CJ" Johnson is the main playable character of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. The game's main storyline begins with Carl returning to Los Santos following the tragic demise of his mother.

CJ is a member of the Grove Street Families, a street gang located in Los Santos.

Prior to events in San Andreas, CJ causes the accidental death of his brother. Eventually he decides to leave his gang life behind by moving to Liberty City, where he commences to work with Joey Leone in the car theft business.

He is voiced by rapper Young Maylay.

Enemy Officer Tenpenny

References 

Video game characters
Nisha Ayub is a transgender rights activist from Malaysia.  She started the the SEED Foundation to help transgender people and Justice for Sisters for legal help.    In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

When Nisha was 21 years old, she was sentenced to prison under Sharia law (Islamic law) for wearing women's clothing.   When she got out of prison, she started working for the rights of transgender people in Malaysia.

Awards 

 Alison Des Forges Award from Human Rights Watch, 2015
 International women of courage Award from U.S. Department of State, 2016

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Human rights activists
Jordi Pagans i Monsalvatje (18 April 1932 – 4 January 2017) was a Spanish painter. He was born in Barcelona, Spain. He was known for his traditional figurative and realistic paintings and drawings of the landscape of Cadaqués and Barcelona. His career began in 1948. He retired in 2014.

Pagans died in Barcelona, Spain from congestive heart failure on 4 January 2017, aged 84.

References

Other websites
Official Website

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Spanish painters
People from Barcelona
Christopher Gregory Weeramantry, AM (November 17, 1926 – January 5, 2017) was a Sri Lankan lawyer. He was a Judge of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) from 1991 to 2000. He was the ICJ's Vice-President from 1997 to 2000. 

Weeramantry was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He studied at Royal College Colombo, at King's College London, and at the University of Ceylon.

Weeramantry was a Judge of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka from 1967 to 1972. He was also an Emeritus Professor at Monash University and the President of the International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms.

Weeramantry died in Colombo, Sri Lanka of natural causes on January 5, 2017, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 A Great Son of Lanka"  S. Pathiravitana (2007), Sri Lanka Daily News. Accessed 2007-11-08
 International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms
 German Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms
 Christopher Weeramantry-The 2007 Right Livelihood Award Recipients 

1926 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Sri Lankan lawyers
Judges
People from Colombo
Om Prakesh Puri  (18 October 1950 – 6 January 2017) was an Indian actor. He has appeared in mainstream commercial Pakistani, Indian, British, and Hollywood movies. He was also in independent and art movies. 

Puri was known for his roles in Gandhi (1982), Ardh Satya (1983), City of Joy (1992), Wolf (1994), East Is East (1999) and in The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014). His career began in 1972. He also narrated the widely known Indian nature documentary Bharat Ek Khoj (1988).

He has been awarded Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of India. He won two National Film Awards in 1981 and in 1983. He was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 1999 for his role as George Khan in East Is East. 

Puri was born in Ambala, Haryana, India. He studied at the Film and Television Institute of India and in the National School of Drama. He was married to Nandita Puri from 1993 until they divorced in 2013. 

Puri died in his sleep of a heart attack at his home in Andheri, Mumbai, India on 6 January 2017, aged 66.

References

Other websites

1950 births
2017 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Haryana
Honorary Officers of the Order of the British Empire