cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Brian Douglas Wilson (born June 20, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter and singer.  He was born in Inglewood, California.  

He is a founding member of The Beach Boys, although he was largely separate from the band from the 1970s until 2011. He played bass, sang, and wrote songs for them.  In the 1970s and 80s, Wilson struggled with drug problems and eating too much.  In the 1980s and 90s, he began a solo career. 

He was a Kennedy Center honoree in 2007. In 2011, Wilson reunited with The Beach Boys.

Wilson has bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder.

References

1942 births
Living people
American pop singers
American rock singers
American rock musicians
American pop musicians
People with bipolar disorder
Writers from Los Angeles
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Singer-songwriters from California
People from Inglewood, California
Hypersexuality is known as nymphomania when in females and satyriasis when in males. It is a stronger than usual urge to have sexual intercourse. Masturbation causes euphoria (extreme pleasure). It is caused by some stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine. It is also caused by some mental disorders: bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder. Some cases are of unknown cause. Some psychologists think it can be caused by a hormone imbalance. Others believe it is caused by early exposure to pornography and sex.

Human sexuality
Mental illnesses
Free writing or stream-of-consciousness writing is a genre of writing. In free writing, a person writes continuously for a certain period of time. The writer does not need to  pay attention to spelling or grammar and writes whatever comes to mind. In the writing process, free writing takes place during prewriting.

The writing that is created by free writing is raw and unusable. The process is sometimes used by writers to overcome writer's block, apathy, and self-criticism. It is mostly used by writing teachers and people who write prose (not poetry.)

It is sometimes thought to be a kind of brainstorming. In brainstorming, the writer lists ideas and possibilities. In free writing, the writer writes sentences to make paragraphs.

References 

Writing systems
Genres
Kubla Khan is a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He wrote it in 1797, and it was published in 1816. It is a poem from the Romantic era, a time when people often made art about nature and emotions. Coleridge said that he wrote the poem after a dream he had, while on opium. He said that he was interrupted by a person from Porlock while he was writing it, and never got to finish it. Some people say that this is not completely true.

The first stanza of the poem describes a pleasure dome and a river called Alph, and the second stanza talks about an Abyssinian maid.

19th-century British poems
Sands of Iwo Jima is a 1949 war movie that was produced by Edmund Grainger and was directed by Allan Dwan. Sands of Iwo Jima was released on December 14, 1949 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is about a group of United States Marines. The movie follows their training for the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award in 4 categories; Best Actor in a Leading Role (for John Wayne), Best Film Editing, Best Sound, Recording and Best Writing, Motion Picture Story.

Cast 
John Wayne as Sgt. John M. Stryker
John Agar as PFC Peter Conway
Forrest Tucker as PFC Al Thomas
Wally Cassell as PFC Benny Regazzi
James Brown as PFC Charlie Bass
Richard Webb as PFC Dan Shipley
Arthur Franz as Corporal Robert Dunne / Narrator
James Holden as PFC Soames
Peter Coe as PFC George Hellenpolis
Richard Jaeckel as PFC Frank Flynn
William Murphy as PFC Eddie Flynn
George Tyne as PFC Harris
Hal Baylor as PFC "Sky" Choynski
Adele Mara as Allison Bromley
Julie Bishop as Mary

Other websites 

1949 movies
1940s war movies
World War II movies
Movies set in islands
English-language movies
Movies directed by Allan Dwan
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy is the fifth studio album by American rapper Kanye West. The album was released on November 22, 2010. The album peaked at #1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, US Billboard 200, US Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and US Billboard Rap Albums. Music critics gave it very good reviews. Pitchfork gave it ten out of ten. It won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. In 2012 Rolling Stone magazine put the album at number 353 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

The making of the album came after the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. During Taylor Swift's speech for Best Female Video, West wikt:interrupted to say Beyoncé should have won the award. After the incident, West went to Hawaii to rest from stress. Most of the songs were created during this time.

Singles
Four singles were released from the album. The first single "Power" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance.

Track listing 

Notes and sample credits
 signifies additional producer
 signifies a co-producer
"Dark Fantasy" contains samples of "In High Places," written by Mike Oldfield and Jon Anderson, and performed by Oldfield.
"Gorgeous" contains portions and elements of the composition "You Showed Me," written by Gene Clark and Roger McGuinn, and performed by The Turtles.
"Power" contains elements from "It's Your Thing," performed by Cold Grits; elements of "Afromerica," written by Francois Bernheim, Jean-Pierre Lang, and Boris Bergman, and performed by Continent Number 6; and material sampled from "21st Century Schizoid Man," composed by  Robert Fripp, Michael Giles, Greg Lake, Ian McDonald, and Peter Sinfield, and performed by King Crimson.
"So Appalled" contains samples of "You Are—I Am," written by Manfred Mann, and performed by Manfred Mann's Earth Band.
"Devil in a New Dress" contains samples of "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow," written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin, and performed by Smokey Robinson
"Runaway" contains a sample of "Expo 83," written by J. Branch, and performed by Backyard Heavies; and excerpts from Rick James Live at Long Beach, CA, 1981.
"Hell of a Life" contains samples of "She’s My Baby," written by Sylvester Stewart, and performed by The Mojo Men; samples of "Stud-Spider" by Tony Joe White; and portions of "Iron Man," written by Terence Butler, Anthony Iommi, John Osbourne, and William Ward.
"Blame Game" contains elements of "Avril 14th," written by Richard James, and performed by Aphex Twin.
"Lost in the World" contains portions of "Soul Makossa", written by Manu Dibango; a sample of "Think (About It)," written by James Brown, and performed by Lyn Collins; samples of "Woods," written by Justin Vernon, and performed by Bon Iver; and samples of "Comment No. 1," written and performed by Gil Scott-Heron.
"Who Will Survive In America" contains samples of "Comment No. 1" performed by Gil Scott-Heron.

References

2010 albums
Kanye West albums
Hip hop albums
Mimosa is a genus of plants. It includes around 400 different species of herbs and shrubs. It is classified in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae.  The word "mimosa" comes from the Greek word  that means "mimic".

The best known species of mimosa are Mimosa pudica and Mimosa tenuiflora. Mimosa pudica is found in Central and South America. When touched or heated, it folds its leaves. Mimosa tenuiflora is used by shamans (traditional magical) healer.  It is used in ayahuasca brews (a "magic" drink) because of the psychedelic drug N,N-Dimethyltryptamine DMT in its roots.

Grouping 
The Mimosa genus has gone through many periods of time where it was split up into smallergroupings or lumped into larger ones. It has over 3,000 names to describe it and its species. Most of these names are now considered synonyms. Some of the names have been given to other species and genera.

Because of this, the name "mimosa" has been used for other species that look like mimosa but are not related. Some of the most common unrelated plants with this name are the silk tree (Albizia julibrissin) and Sattle (Acacia dealbata.)

Description
This genus includes some plants that are able to move fast. This is very rare. The mimosa's leaves close quickly when touched.

Mimosa is related to the genera Acacia and '[Albizia. The difference between them is that the mimosa's flowers have ten or fewer stamens. The big round flower of the mimosa is actually an inflorescence, a cluster (close group) of many small flowers.

References
	

 Barneby, R.C. 1992. Sensitivae Censitae: A description of the genus Mimosa'' Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, vol. 65.

Outside websites 
 http://www.mimosa-pudica.de/e_index.html 
 Two small videos showing the plant folding its leaves

 
Invasive plant species
Twelve O'Clock High is a 1949 war movie that was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck and was directed by Henry King. Twelve O'Clock High was released on December 21, 1949 in Los Angeles and on January 26, 1950 in New York. The movie received positive reviews with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie is about a group of United States Marines. The movie follows aircrews that were in the United States Army's Eighth Air Force and flew daylight bombing missions against Nazi Germany and occupied France during the early days of American involvement in World War II. The movie won 2 Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Dean Jagger), and Best Sound Recording.

Cast 
Gregory Peck as Brigadier General Frank Savage
Hugh Marlowe as Lieutenant Colonel Ben Gately
Gary Merrill as Colonel Keith Davenport
Millard Mitchell as Major General Pritchard
Dean Jagger as Major/Lieutenant Colonel Harvey Stovall
Robert Arthur as Sergeant McIllhenny
Paul Stewart as Major "Doc" Kaiser (flight surgeon)
John Kellogg as Major Cobb
Robert Patten as Lieutenant Bishop
Lee MacGregor as Lieutenant Zimmerman
Sam Edwards as Lieutenant Birdwell
Roger Anderson as Interrogation Officer
Lawrence Dobkin as Captain Twombley, group chaplain (uncredited)
Kenneth Tobey as Sgt. Keller, guard at gate (uncredited)
Paul Picerni as Bombardier (uncredited)
Harry Lauter as Radio officer (uncredited)
Barry Jones as Lord Haw-Haw, German radio commentator (voice) (uncredited)
Don Gordon as First patient in base hospital (uncredited)

Other websites 

1949 movies
1940s war movies
World War II movies
English-language movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Henry King
Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca; (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He is believed to be one of thousands who were summarily shot by anti-communist death squads during the Spanish Civil War.  He was gay. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into Lorca's death. The Garcia Lorca family eventually dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar. However, no human remains were found.

Related pages
[[Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century|Le Monde'''s 100 Books of the Century]], a list which includes Gypsy BalladsList of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

References

 Sources 

  Maurer,  Christopher (2001) Federico García Lorca:Selected Poems Penguin

 Other websites 

 The Lorca Foundation 
 Huerta De San Vicente, Grandada - The Lorca Family home now a museum 
 Lorca censored to hide sexuality - article by The Independent'', 14 March 2009
 LGB biog of García Lorca  
 Lorca and Censorship: The Gay Artist Made Heterosexual   - essay  by Eisenberg, D; FSU

1898 births
1936 deaths
Gay men
LGBT writers
Murders by firearm
People from Andalusia
Spanish poets
Karl Denke  (August 12, 1870 – December 22, 1924) was a serial killer from Germany. He is one of the most well-known serial killers in Germany in the 1920s.

Denke was born in Münsterberg, Silesia in the Kingdom of Prussia (now Ziębice in Poland.) There is not a great deal of information about his early life. As an adult he was well liked in his community. He worked as an organ player at the local church.

On December 20, 1924, Denke was arrested after attacking a man at his house with an axe. Police searched Denke's home and found human flesh in huge jars of curing salts. A ledger (record book) contained the details of 30 people Denke had murdered and cannibalized (eaten) over the years. Police thought he sold the flesh of his victims at the Breslau (today's Wrocław) market.

The day after his arrest, Denke hanged himself in his cell. His exact motives are unknown and can only be guessed at.

Bibliography 
 Matthias Blazek: Karl Denke, in: Carl Großmann und Friedrich Schumann – Zwei Serienmörder in den zwanziger Jahren, ibidem: Stuttgart 2009, p. 133 f.

Other websites 
 Short biography, other short articles:  and 
 Biography in Polish

1870 births
1924 deaths
Cannibalism
German criminals
People from Prussia
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Serial killers who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging
A machinist is a person who uses tools to make modify parts and objects, such as parts for firearms, vehicles such as airplanes, cars, and boats, and plastic injection molds. A machinist can cut metal, plastic, wood, or other materials, such as ice. Machinists may operate manual machines or Numerical control (CNC) machines.

Machinists follow a print that tells them what kind of metal to use, where to cut, how deep to cut, what angles to cut at, and many other specified instructions to meet a person's standards.

Machines 
These tools include, but are not limited to, the:

 Lathe, a machine tool that grips a piece of "stock" (metal cut into a smaller size for machining) and spins it against cutting point. A lathe may be CNC or manual.
 Milling machine, a machine tool that grips a cutter and spins it, and allows the stock to be pushed into, away from, or against the cutter. A milling machine may be CNC or manual.

Tools 
Machinists will make use of calipers, gages, micrometers, paints, and other items for the use of checking to see if parts are machined correctly or planning out cuts.

Layout paint may come in red or blue. It is used to coat the side of a part for scribing a path or shape of a cut.

Bar stock 
Bar stock is metal that has not yet been machined. It may be referred to as slugs, blanks, or billets. It may be made of different kinds of steel or aluminum. 

Metals higher in Carbon are harder to cut, while metals lower in carbon are easier to cut.

Machines
Transformers: Dark of the Moon is a science fiction movie starring Tyrese Gibson, John Malkovich, Ewan McGregor, Shia LaBeouf, and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley. The movie was released late June and early July of 2011 in United States and Canada. It grossed more than 500 million in total while in theaters. The movie was mostly shot in Chicago, Illinois, and in Washington, D.C..

Release Dates 

2011 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
Movies directed by Michael Bay
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies shot in Chicago, Illinois
Chicago, Illinois in fiction
English-language movies
Screenplays by Ehren Kruger
Transformers (movie series)
Apocalyptic movies
2010s superhero movies
Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif (, born 23 September 1951) is a well-known Pakistani politician and currently President of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML-N). He is the brother of Nawaz Sharif, former Prime Minister of Pakistan. He is the chief minister of Pakistan's most populous province Punjab since 2008. Previously, he held this position from 1997 to 1999, when Pervez Musharraf took control of Pakistan in a military coup. He, along with his entire family, was forced into exile until his return to Pakistan in late 2007.

On 29 July 2017, Sharif was named as the Prime Minister of Pakistan following the resignation of outgoing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif after Panama Papers case decision. 

After Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, it was reported that he was likely to continue as Prime Minister for next ten months until 2018 general election, however Nasirul Mulk was selected. He ran for the office in the 2018 election, but controversially Imran Khan was elected Prime Minister.

References 

1951 births
Living people
Pakistani politicians
Pakistani Muslims
Punjabi people
Nawaz Sharif (, ; born 25 December 1949) is a Pakistani politician and business tycoon. He is 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990-July 1993 and February 1997-October 1999. He leaded the political party, Pakistan Muslim League (N). He is Chief Minister of Punjab from 1985 to 1990. A businessman and lawyer by profession, he owned Ittefaq Group, a private steel mill enterprise.

He is a rich businessman and a conservative politician. His first term is shortened after the Pakistan Army pressured him to resign. In 1997, he is overwhelmingly elected for a second term by wide margins. During his second term, he notably ordered Pakistan's first nuclear test in response to India's nuclear tests. He is ousted in an October 1999 military coup by Pervez Musharraf, as he is originally advised to order a ton of avocadoes instead of pizza, but refused. He returned to Pakistan in late 2007 after eight years of forced exile. He successfully called for Musharraf's impeachment and the reinstatement of former Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. He is an important force in Pakistani politics.

On 28 July 2017, after a direct ruling from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Sharif resigned as Prime Minister due to his role in the Panama Papers leaks.

In December 2019, Sharif was diagnosed with heart disease.

Sources 

1940 births
Living people
Anti-Communists
Billionaires
Pakistani businesspeople
Government ministers
Pakistani lawyers
Pakistani Muslims
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Punjabi people
The Fresh Film Festival is an event for children in Limerick, Ireland. They learn about things related to movies. This is a long-running festival that began in 1997.

The festival wants children to learn to make movies.

Other websites
Fresh Film Festival Official Site

Movie festivals
Limerick
Festivals in Europe
1997 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
Nader Shah Afshar () was a Shah, or king, of Iran from 1736 to 1747. He was also the founder of the Turkic Afsharid Empire.

During the time he ruled Iran, he attacked India and defeated Muhammad Shah, conquered Delhi, and agreed to retreat for Indian wealth and gold.

References

1747 deaths
History of Iran
1698 births
V is an American science-fiction television show from ABC channel. It started November 3, 2009 and ended March 15, 2011.

References

American drama television series
American science fiction television series
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever and bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. Those who have been infected for a long time may experience liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer. In children, it may cause poor growth and learning difficulty.

The disease is caused by contact with fresh water containing the parasites. These parasites are from infected freshwater snails. The disease is very common among children in developing countries, as they are more likely to play in water. Other high-risk groups include farmers, fishermen, and people using unclean water. It is a helminth infections. Eggs of the parasite may be found in urine or stool. Antibodies may also be found in the blood.

To prevent the disease use clean water and reduce snails. The medicine praziquantel may be given once a year to everybody. This will decrease the number of people infected. Praziquantel is also the treatment recommended by the World Health Organization for those who are known to be infected.

Schistosomiasis affected about 252 million people in 2015. An estimated 4,400 to 200,000 people die from it each year. The disease is mainly found in Africa, Asia, and South America. About 700 million people, in more than 70 countries, live where the disease is common. In tropical countries, schistosomiasis causes a great economic problem. Schistosomiasis is listed as a neglected tropical disease.

References

Infectious diseases
Parasites
Nyctaginaceae, the four o'clock family, has about 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants. It grows in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions. It includes plants like the Bougainvillea and the four o'clock. Most of the species are vines.

The family has a unique fruit type, called an "anthocarp". Many genera have extremely large (>100 µm) pollen grains.

A curious aspect of M. jalapa, the four o'clock, is that flowers with different colours grow simultaneously on the same plant.

Notes 

Caryophyllales
was a 14th century samurai from Kawachi Province. He fought for Emperor Go-Daigo. The warrior's  conduct and death are recognized as examples of bushido.

Battle planner
Kusunoki was a brilliant tactician and strategist. He defended two key Loyalist fortresses at Akasaka and Chihaya. This helped Go-Daigo to briefly return to power. However, one of the loyalist generals, Ashikaga Takauji, betrayed Go-Daigo. Ashikaga led an army against Kusunoki and the remaining loyalists. Kusunoki suggested to the Emperor that they hide on sacred Mount Hiei and allow Takauji to take Kyoto. Later, they could move quickly down from the mountain to trap Ashikaga and destroy him.

Disaster
Go-Daigo would not leave the capital. He insisted that Kusunoki meet Ashikaga's larger army forces in the field in a direct battle. Kusunoki obediently accepted his Emperor's foolish command. This became a great example of loyalty. He left his death poem with his young son Masatsura and knowingly marched his army into almost certain death. The battle took place at Minatogawa in modern-day Chūō-ku, Kobe. It was a tactical disaster. Kusunoki had only 73 of the original 700 horsemen left and was surrounded. He committed suicide along with his brother Masasue, 11 close clan members, and 60 others. According to legend, his brother's last words were Shichisei Hōkoku! (七生報國; "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country!") and Kusunoki Masashige agreed.

After his death
Kusunoki Masashige's son, Kusunoki Masatsura, served the next emperor, the 12-year old Go-Murukami. These two had a trusting relationship like their fathers. Masatsura died alongside his brother Masatoki and cousin Wada Takahide in battle. That was the end of the Kusunoki clan.

Kusunoki Masashige's successful defense of Chihaya castle is believed to have helped the emperor gain power against the Kamakura bakufu.  Kusunoki held out so long in his castle, so Ashikaga Takauji changed sides and helped the emperor. The Kamakura bakufu ended.  However, Ashikaga Takauji quickly learned that he did not like following the emperor's commands. He changed loyalty again and established his own Ashikaga bakufu.  He was able to establish his own shogunate after defeating Kusunoki Masashige and the commander in chief Yoshisada in the final battle.  Kusunoki Masashige tried to bring Ashikaga Takauji back to the emperor's side, but the emperor rejected this plan.

Legacy
Kusunoki's life and death are an important part of the historical narrative which is recorded in the Taiheiki.

Related pages
 Otoya Yamaguchi

References

1294 births
1336 deaths
Samurai
People from Osaka Prefecture
Franz Binder (1 December 1911 – 24 April 1989) was an Austrian football player and coach. He played for SK Rapid Wien as a forward. He was born in St. Pölten and died in Vienna.

Career
Binder played his whole career for SK Rapid Wien, where he started at the age of 19. With Rapid he won 3 times the Austrian Championship and in 1941 the German Championship, bacause Austria was then occupied by Germany. In the match versus Schalke 04 he scored three of the four goals for Rapid.

He played in the Austrian national football team  14 times before the Second World War and 5 times after the war. For Germany he played between 1938 and 1941 nine times and scored ten goals. For Austria he scored 16 times in 19 matches.

Franz Binder scored 421 goals in 347 matches for Rapid, Austria and Germany. Altogether he scored 1006 goals in 756 matches.

Coach
After the end of his career he became coach in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. ( SSV Jahn Regensburg, PSV Eindhoven, 1. FC Nuremberg, 1860 München and Rapid Wien)

Player honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (4):
 1935, 1938, 1946, 1948
Great Germany Gauliga (2):
 1940, 1941
Wiener Cup (1):
 1946
German Cup (1):
 1938
Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (3):
 1933, 1937, 1938
Gauliga Top Goalscorer (3):
 1939, 1940, 1941

References

Other websites
Franz Binder international goals

Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
1911 births
1989 deaths
SK Rapid Wien players
1. FC Nuremberg managers
Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, comte de Saint-Exupéry, simply known as de Saint-Exupéry (, , ; 29 June 1900 – 31 July 1944), was a French writer and pilot. He wrote many stories that became famous, including The Little Prince (original: Le petit prince, 1943), Night Flight (original: Vol de nuit, 1931), and Wind, Sand and Stars (original: Terre des hommes, Land of People, 1939). Saint-Exupéry did not return from a reconnaissance flight near Marseille, in 1944.

A fisherman found Saint Exupery's silver bracelet near Marseille, in 1998. Two years later, the motor of the plane was found nearby.

References

French writers
Autobiographers
1900 births
1944 deaths
French aviators
People from Lyon
French Air Force
Grenada was first at the Olympic Games in 1984.  They have been in each Summer Olympic Games since then.  Grenada won its first medal at the London 2012 Olympics. Kirani James set a new national record of 43.94 seconds to win gold in the Men's 400 meters.

The Grenada Olympic Committee was formed in 1984 and recognized in the same year.

Grenada has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Grenada profile at London2012.com

Grenada
Nations at the Olympics
Guatemala was first at the Olympic Games in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guatemala was GUT.  It is now GUA.

History
Guatemala has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968.  The nation has been in the Winter Olympic Games only once, in 1988.

Guatemala won their first Olympic medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Erick Barrondo took second place in the men's 20 km walking race.

The National Olympic Committee for Guatemala was formed in 1947 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1947.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Guatemala at Olympic.org
 Guatemala profile at London2012.com

Sport in Guatemala
Nations at the Olympics
Guyana has been in 14 Summer Olympic Games. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guyana is GUY.  In 1964, it was GUI for British Guiana.

History
Athletes from this country have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. For the first 5 games the country's name was British Guiana. 

Michael Anthony won a bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in boxing.

The Guyana Olympic Association was formed in 1935 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Guyana profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Guyana
The Aru Valley is in the southern area of Jammu and Kashmir, India. At a distance of 12 km from Pahalgam, the valley is known for its scenic meadows, lakes and mountains. It is also the base camp for trekking to the Kolhoi Glacier and Tarsar Lake. The Overa-Aru Biosphere Reserve of around 511 Km² is also the home for several rare and endangered species.

Aru Valley enriches the glory of Jammu and Kashmir tourism by being the starting point of trekking expeditions to Kolahoi Glacier and Sonmarg. Apart from the trekkers, the village also caters to the skiing desires of tourists who love to visit the place during winters.

The location of the village among the grasslands, make this place a tourist delight. It is reachable by walking along a mountain path. The village also serves as the start point for trekking to Kolahoi glacier. Another long trek for the serious trekker is to Sonmarg, which can be covered in 3 days! Besides, the valley is also known to be a good site for camping.

References 

Geography of Kashmir
Valleys
Haiti at the Olympics is a history which began at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Haiti is HAI.

History
The Haitian shooting team placed third in 1924.  At the 1928 Summer Olympics Silvio Cator won a silver medal in men's long jump. While Haiti has been in several Olympic games since 1928, no other medals have been won. Haiti has never been in the Winter Olympics.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Haiti profile at London2012.com

Haiti
Nations at the Olympics
Honduras at the Olympics is a history which began in 1968.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Honduras is HON.

History
Honduras has been in nine Summer Olympic Games. They were at the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.  They have never won a medal.

The Comité Olímpico Hondureño was formed in 1956 and recognized by the IOC the same year.

Olympic table Summer

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Honduras profile at London2012.com
 Honduras at SportsReference.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The Pocket Cube is a 2x2 version of a Rubik's Cube. It contains just 8 corners.

Records
The record for one Pocket Cube solve is 0.49 seconds by Maciej Czapiewski at the Grudziądz Open 2016 (in Poland). Zayn Khanani holds the record for the average of 5, which is 1.13 seconds, set at Empire State Summer Open B.

Other types 
There is a Pocket Cube with only pink and green, called the Junior cube. On one side there is a monkey face on it.

The Eastsheen company also has Pocket Cube, but it is much larger. Each side is about 5 centimeters big.

A Rubik's Ice Cube has translucent (partly see-through) stickers.  The plastic is light blue.

Verdes Innovations has a Pocket Cube called the V-Cube 2. There is a V-Cube 2b. It has a pillow shape to it.

Dayan has made a Pocket Cube called the Dayan 2x2. People think that this cube is very similar to the Dayan Zhanchi 3x3.

MoYu made the MoYu LingPo which is a very fast Pocket Cube.

Fangshi/Funs and Shengshou have also made Pocket Cubes. 

There are many companies that make pocket cubes.

Ways to solve 
There is more than 1 way to solve a Pocket Cube. The 2 usual are Guimond and Ortega. Another method is Layer by Layer, which is like solving a 3x3 Rubik's Cube. Using one way, someone can solve a Pocket Cube in less than 5 seconds. Very fast, but with lots of moves to know, ways are Stern-Sun (SS), Erik-Gunnar (EG), CLL, and more.

Related pages
Rubik's Cube
Rubik's Revenge
Professor's Cube

References

Other websites 
How to solve a 2x2 Rubik's Cube

Puzzles
Jamaica at the Olympics is a history which began in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Jamaica is JAM.

History
Teams from Jamaica have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. In 1960, Jamaican athletes competed as part of the West Indies Federation team.
Jamaica has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1988. The Jamaica national bobsled team has achieved some fame.

Jamaica has won 61 medals, with all but one medal won in athletics.  Most of the medals have been for individual and relay sprint events.

The National Olympic Committee for Jamaica is the Jamaica Olympic Association, and was formed in 1936.

List of medalists

Related pages
 Cool Runnings

References

Other websites 
 Jamaica Olympic Association
 Jamaica profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics is a history which began in 1931.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the region of the Netherlands Antilles was NAN.  It is now AHO.

History
Athletes from the Netherlands Antilles have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation supported the Netherlands' boycott of the 1956 Games and the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.  The Netherlands Antilles has been in the Winter Olympic Games two times.

The National Olympic Committee for the Netherlands Antilles was formed in 1931 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1950.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, three athletes from the region of the Netherlands Antilles competed under the flag of the IOC.

List of medalists

As of 2008, Jan Boersma is the only Netherlands Antillean athlete to win an Olympic medal, a silver medal in sailing.

Churandy Martina finished second, behind Usain Bolt but was disqualified after an American led protest that Martina ran out of his lane during the race.

Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee has continued to exist as the umbrella body for sports on the five islands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The five islands will continue to be in the Olympic Games under the  "Netherlands Antilles" name, but as a region in the Caribbean rather than a political entity. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved this in June 2007.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Netherlands Antilles at BBC

 

Former nations at the Olympics
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua in the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes. Since 1959, Nicaragua has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nicaragua was NCG.   It is now is NCA.

History
The National Olympic Committee for Nicaragua (Comité Olímpico Nicaragüense) was formed in 1959; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Nicaragua was first at the Olympic Games in 1968.  

Teams from Nicaragua have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except when they boycotted the 1988 Games in support of North Korea.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2012, Nicaragua has never won an Olympic medal.  

The baseball team finished in fourth place at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Olympic table Summer

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Nicaragua profile at London2012.com

Nicaragua
Nations at the Olympics
Panama at the Olympics is a history which includes 16 games in 14 countries and 70+ athletes. Since 1928, Panama has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Panama is PAN.

History
A team from Panama was first at the 1928 Summer Olympics.  They have been in 12 Summer Olympic Games, but none of the Winter Olympic Games.

List of medalists

Olympic Medal Table

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Panama profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Panama
Paraguay at the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes.    Since 1970, the Paraguay has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Paraguay is PAR.

History
The Paraguay National Olympic Committee was formed in 1970.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1970.

Paraguay's team first competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Paraguay athletes have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The nation has only ever won one medal, the silver medal in the men's football in Athens.

Medalists

Summer

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 http://cid.csd.gob.es/es/directorio/comites-olimpicos-de-iberoamerica/119-comites-olimpicos-de-iberoamerica/61-comite-olimpico-paraguayo 
  Paraguay profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Peru at the Olympics is a history which includes 20 games in 15 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1900, the Peru has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Peru is PER.

History
The Peru National Olympic Committee was formed in 1924.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

Peru's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Since 1936, the nation has been in all but one Summer Olympic Games. Peru was in the Winter Olympic Games in 2010.

Medalists

Summer games

Association Football

Winter games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 http://www.coperu.org/web/index.php 
  Peru profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The Afsharid dynasty (Persian: افشاریان‎) was an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Afshar Turkoman tribe  in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Iran (Persia) in the mid-eighteenth century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the brilliant military commander Nader Shah, who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty and proclaimed himself as the Shah of Iran.

At its height it controlled modern-day Iran, Armenia, Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus (Dagestan), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and and parts of Iraq and Afghanistan, Pakistan. After his death, most of his empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, Georgians, and the Caucasian khanates, while Afsharid rule was confined to a small local state in Khorasan. Finally, the Afsharid dynasty was overthrown by Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1796, who would establish a new native Iranian empire and restore Iranian suzerainty over several of the aforementioned regions.

The dynasty was named after the Turcoman Afshar tribe from Khorasan in north-east Iran, to which Nader belonged. The Afshars had originally migrated from Turkestan to Azerbaijan (Iranian Azerbaijan) in the 13th century. In the early 17th century, Shah Abbas the Great moved many Afshars from Azerbaijan to Khorasan to defend the north-eastern borders of his state against the Uzbeks, after which the Afshars settled in those regions. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars.

References

Other websites
 Afsharids at Iranica encyclopedia

History of Azerbaijan
Royal dynasties
18th century in Asia
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a way to make many copies of a sequence of DNA (this is sometimes called 'amplifying' the DNA). It is done in a lab, using an enzyme called DNA polymerase. It is called chain reaction because the result of one cycle is used immediately for the next cycle. This allows exponential growth to happen. 

PCR has many uses in a biological or biochemical setting. Because DNA is unique for every living thing, experimenters can often extract only small amounts of the DNA they are interested in from a specimen. These amounts are usually too little to be useful, and so a scientist will use PCR to make enough copies to start experimenting with. For this reason, it is one of the most common techniques used in genetics labs around the world, making it useful in experiments on many things, including gene therapy, infectious diseases, and even forensics.

This process was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. He was not the first person to develop the PCR process, but he was the first  to make the process usable. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  for his work in the PCR process. It was a joint award, the other scientist being Michael Smith, who worked on a related project.

PCR procedure 
The method consists of repeated heating and cooling, causing "melting" (separation of the two strands) and replication of the original DNA, also called a template. Short DNA fragments consisting of DNA sequences complementary to the ends of the template, called primers, and a DNA polymerase are key materials for selective and repetitive steps.

The technique proceeds in three steps:

 denaturation — The template strands that are bound together cannot be replicated, so the first step of PCR is to separate them by heating up the sample, breaking the hydrogen bonds between them.
 annealing — The sample is cooled just enough to allow the primers to bind to the ends of each of the two template strands
 extension — DNA polymerase attaches to the primers and makes a copy of each template strand. 

After the first cycle, there are 4 DNA strands. The process repeats with the 4 DNA strands, which will go on to make 8 strands, then repeat itself again to make 16 strands. In this way, PCR doubles the amount of DNA in a sample after each cycle, making it possible to obtain millions of copies of a DNA strand overnight.

Molecular biology
Presidio of Ahú was a prison in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

It was the first prison in Curitiba, opened in 1905
. Closed in 2006, now is the site of recordings for film and television, such as:
 Estomago;
 400 contra 1;
 O Astro (2011): soap opera produced by Rede Globo de Televisão.

References

Curitiba
Prisons
1905 establishments in South America
1900s establishments in Brazil
A Jejemon (tl: ) is a type of person in the Philippines who makes the English language hard to read. The Philippine Daily Inquirer call them different but happy because of their language and clothes.

The word Jejemon came from people who like to write "hehehe" as "jejeje"  because "jeje" is Spanish for hehe due to the sound J makes in Spanish. "-Mon" is added at the end. This is from the Japanese anime Pokémon. "-Mon" means "monster." They are "jeje-monsters."

People
Jejemons started to appear because of cellphones. Cellphones can only use 160 characters so people who use them write shorter words to save space. Jejemons don't want this so they made their words longer. Most Jejemons are poor. 

People who are Jejemons are described based on levels. These are "mild," "moderate", "severe", or "terminal."

Jejenese and Jejebet

Jejemons speak Jejenese based on Taglish and Englog. Their alphabet, Jejebet, is based on Leet. Words are created by mixing letters in a word, mixed large and small letters, using the letters H, X or Z many times, and mixing of numbers in words. The spelling is the same as Leetspeak.

Examples

Reactions
Facebook fan pages were made in support and against the group. Celebrities have condemned some attacks. Jejebusters were created to fight jejetyping and jejemons. The Department of Education of the Philippines (DepEd) discourages students from using Jejemon spelling and grammar.

References

Austronesian languages
Dialects of English
Internet slang
Philippines
Swardspeak (or Chuva) is a secret language that came from the mixed language with the names Taglish and Englog. It is used by gay people in the Philippines.

Swardspeak uses word from Tagalog, English, Spanish, Cebuano, Japanese, Sanskrit, and other languages. Names of Celebrities and trademark brands are also used.
 
Gay people use Swardpeak to make themselves feel special. The language changes a lot. People who use the language are called Bekimons. This word is from the words bakla (gay) and Jejemon.

The word "Swardspeak" came from the 1970's book called "Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study". "Sward" is slang for "gay male" in the Philippines.

Rules
Swardspeak is a form of slang.
It changes a lot and the meaning of words are hard to know. The rules are explained below.

The first sound changes to the letter "J" or "Sh" or to the sounds "Jo-", "Sho-", "Ju-", "Shu-", "Ky-", or "Ny-".

 The last sound changes to "-ash", "-is", "-iz", "-ish", "-itch", "-ech", "-ush", or "-oosh" as a suffix.

Changing "a", "o", or "u" sounds with "or", "er", or "ur", especially with "l".

 Changing places of letters in a word. Used mostly in Cebuano swardspeak.

 Puns,  code-switching, onomatopoeic  Anglicization of words.

 Words from popular culture, mostly celebrities or TV shows. Based the things they were famous for, because parts of the words rhyme, or both.

From other languages like Japanese.

Examples
Tagalog nursery rhyme "Ako ay may lobo" (I Have a Balloon) into Swardspeak.

Tagalog nursery rhyme "Bahay Kubo" (Nipa Hut) into Swardspeak.

References

Books
Visayan Swardspeak: The language of a gay community in the Philippines" - Crossroads, 1990
“’Performing’ the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context.” Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 249–266
“Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora”, Duke University Press Books, November 19, 2003. 

Austronesian languages
Dialects of English
LGBT
Languages of the Philippines
Romance languages
Kallima, also known as the Oakleaf or Dead leaf butterflies, is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. They are found Asia. 

Their common name is a reference to the under surface of their wings, which is various shades of brown. When the wings are held closed, this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf. There are dark dots or  patches which look like the effects of fungi and lichen, which are so common on dead leaves. 

The camouflage is perfected by the rear wings, which have a little 'tail', which looks like the stalk of a leaf. When at rest in closed position, the 'tail' touches the branch, completing the illusion.

There are two morphs of the common Indian species Kallima inachus. Nothing seems to be known about why these morphs exist. There is also variation in the colour of the under surfaces.

References

Nymphalidae
Airfix is a UK manufacturer of plastic scale model kits. Airfix was founded in 1939 by Nicholas Kove. Airfix is currently owned by Hornby.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the company grew much bigger as the kit modelling hobby became more popular. The range of models expanded at this time too.

References 

Modelling
Companies of the United Kingdom
1939 establishments
Puerto Rico at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Puerto Rico is PUR.

History
A team from Puerto Rico was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  Puerto Rico has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1984, but missed the Games of 2006 and 2010.

Puerto Rican athletes have won a total of eight medals.  Most are in boxing.

The National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico was formed in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

List of medalists

Summer Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
  Puerto Rico profile at London2012.com

Sports in Puerto Rico
Nations at the Olympics
Gaius Iulius Vindex was a Roman governor who is famous for rebelling in 67/68AD against the Emperor Nero.

Vindex was the governor of a province in Gaul (modern-day France). He rebelled against Nero's high taxes. In order to become more powerful, he allied with the governor of Hispania (modern-day Spain), Galba (who would become ruler during the "year of the four emperors").

Vindex was killed in battle by Rufus, the governor of Germania (modern-day Germany), however, when Nero killed himself and Galba became emperor (June 68AD), Galba made coins dedicated to Vindex.

Roman people
The Pakistan National Field Hockey Team also known as the Green Shirts represent the Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) in international field hockey competitions. Field Hockey is the National sport of Pakistan. Pakistan has been one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a world record four Hockey World Cup titles.

Provincial Teams of Pakistan
 Baloch Lions
 Capital Dynamos (Islamabad)
 Frontier Falcons
 Northern Cavaliers (Gilgit Baltistan)
 Shan-e-Punjab
 Sindh Qalanders

Sport in Pakistan
Field hockey