cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (also known as "Let It Snow!") is a holiday oriented song that is played during the Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years holidays' season, although it does not mention any holiday within the lyrics. It was originally written by Sammy Cahn. It has been covered by many singers, including though not limited to Ella Fitzgerald, Dean Martin and Anne Murray throughout the decades.

Christmas music
Kung Fu was an American television series created by Ed Spielman, and starring David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine. The show was nominated for 2 Golden Globes.

Plot 
Kung Fu follows the adventures of a Shaolin monk named Kwai Chang Caine travelling through the Old West of the United States as the only weapon, using his skills in martial arts and inner strength of his philosophy of life. Its purpose was to find his half-brother, Danny Caine, and start a new family, as Kwai Chang had fled China after the authorities put a price on his head.

63 episodes of the series were filmed between 1972-1975, including the 90-minute TV pilot.

References 
 Action TV: tough-guys, smooth operators and foxy chicks, by Bill Osgerby,Anna Gough-Yates
 Cinephilia: movies, love and memory, by Marijke de Valck,Malte Hagener

Other websites 
 

1972 television series debuts
1975 television series endings
1975 disestablishments
1970s American television series
American drama television series
English-language television programs
Stoichiometry is a branch of science that studies and measures the amount of matter in chemical reactions. It can be used to predict the amount of things that will be made in a chemical reaction. It uses the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite composition and the law of multiple proportions in balancing chemical equations.

Chemistry

zh:化学计量学
"Carol of the Bells" is a very popular song. It was composed by Mykola Leontovych, a Ukrainian composer. It is played during the Christmas season of every year. It has been featured in many movies, in parodies and in television programs. It has also been performed by many musicians, such as Johnny Mathis, The Carpenters, Destiny's Child and Jessica Simpson.

Christmas music
Valentín Paz-Andrade (b. Pontevedra, 23 April 1898-d. Vigo, 19 May 1987) was a Galician lawyer, writer, politician, journalist, poet, businesspeople and economist.

Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2012.

Works

 Pranto matricial (1955) .
 Los derechos sobre el espacio marítimo (1960) .
 La anunciación de Valle-Inclán (1967) .
 Sementeira do vento (1968) .
 La marginacíón de Galicia (1970) .
 X. R. Barreiro Fernández, F. Díaz-Fierros ..., Los Gallegos, (1976), La sociedad y la economía, (1975), pp. 45–93.
 A galecidade na obra de Guimarães Rosa (1978) .
 Cen chaves de sombra (1979) .
 Castelao na luz e na sombra (1982) .
 
 O legado xornalístico de Valentín Paz-Andrade (1997) .
 Epistolario, (1997) .

References

Further information
 Freixanes, Víctor F. (1982), Unha ducia de galegos. .
 Calvo, Tucho (1998), Valentín Paz-Andrade, a memoria do século. .
 
 Rodríguez Vidales, Francisco (1999), VPA, Valentín Paz-Andrade. .

Other websites 

 Enciclopedia Galega Universal 

Spanish poets
Spanish journalists
Spanish lawyers
Galician people
Spanish businesspeople
Spanish economists
1898 births
1997 deaths
People from Pontevedra
Reactivity is a measure of how much a substance tends to react with other things. Some substances are more reactive, and others are less reactive. Reactivity is set by several factors:
 the range of circumstances (conditions that include temperature, pressure, or presence of catalysts) in which the substance reacts,
 the range of substances that will react with it,
 the equilibrium point of the reaction (that is, the extent to which all of it reacts), or
 the speed of the reaction.

Reactivity involves both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the particular chemical reaction. A reaction will be more reactive if the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants. A reaction will be more reactive if the energy of its transition is low.

Lithium reacts with water and air. Gold does not react with water or air. Gold is unreactive, thus low on the reactivity series. Lithium is reactive. There are several ways to measure reactivity. Some are reducing agents, and others can be oxidizing agents. Some absorb water easily. Some break down easily.

References

Chemistry
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" is a widely popular Christmas song first done by Mariah Carey for her fourth studio album, Merry Christmas. It was first released in November 1994. The lyrics of the song declare that the protagonist doesn't care about the Christmas presents or lights and that all she is wanting is to be united alongside her lover for the Christmas holidays. The song has been remixed and covered by other musicians, such as The Cheetah Girls, Shania Twain, Miley Cyrus and John Mayer since it was introduced.  Carey wrote and produced the song with her longtime collaborator Walter Afanasieff.

The song's length is four minutes and one second.  On December 18, 2017, Billboard announced that the song had reached the top ten on the Hot 100 for the first time in the 23 years that the song was released.  In 2018, it reached number three on the Hot 100 and topped the Canadian Hot 100 and Australian Singles Chart.

On December 16, 2019, Billboard announced that, after 25 years of release, the song had reached number one on the Hot 100, marking Carey's 19th chart-topper, extending her record as the soloist with the most US number-ones in history.

After peaking at number two, the song topped the UK Singles Chart on December 11, 2020.

On December 3, 2021, the RIAA certified the song Diamond in the US for sales and streams of 10 million copies there.

Popular culture 
In December 2016, British talk show host James Corden recorded a version of the song as part of his Carpool Karaoke segment on CBS's The Late Late Show.  The video features British musicians Adele, Elton John, and Chris Martin, along with American entertainers Lady Gaga, Selena Gomez, Nick Jonas, Demi Lovato, Gwen Stefani, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Carey herself, singing lines from the song. As of January 2021, this version has over 49 million views on YouTube.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

References 

Christmas music
Mariah Carey songs
1994 songs
AKUT Search and Rescue Association (Turkish: AKUT Arama Kurtarma Derneği) is a non-governmental and volunteer organization in Turkey, which was established in 1996 by a group of mountaineers. The association has established 27 teams in different regions of Turkey and has participated in more than 1000 search and rescue operations in and out of Turkey. It's also a member of the International Rescue Dogs Organization and United Nations' International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG). 

In 2011 the association participated in INSARAG's classification event and since then it's a "medium search and rescue group".

Other websites

 Official webpage 
 Official webpage of Ankara Team  rev. 6. Nov. 2011
 INSARAG USAR Directory rev. 6. Nov. 2011
 IRO - Mitgliedsorganisationen rev. 6. Nov. 2011 (in German)

Turkey
The Twelve Days of Christmas is an English Christmas carol which was published around 1780, and it is said that it was written by Catholics in hiding during the days of Queen Elizabeth I of England's persecution. It was invented to help teach children articles of the Catholic faith without drawing attention from government officials, using imagery as a tool to help the children remember. The song represents increasingly grand gifts given during each of The Twelve Days of Christmas. The partridge in a pear tree symbolizes Christ on the Cross. The two turtledoves represent his Human and divine nature, the two books of the Old and New Testament, and the two tablets the Ten Commandments were carved on. The three French hens symbolize the Trinity of the Catholic faith: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, as well as the three Cardinal virtues of Faith, Hope and Charity. The four calling birds were the four Evangelists who wrote the gospels, etc.
This Christmas song has been subject to parody numerous times and has been covered by multiple musicians, including though not limited to Connie Francis, Natalie Cole, and the Muppets over many years.

Collage 

Christmas music
Orthacanthus was an ancient, fresh-water shark that had a long spine growing from the back of its skull. It had a very long dorsal fin, which ran all along the sharks back, giving it an eel-like appearance. 

Orthacanthus was the terror of freshwater swamps and bayous in Europe and North America. Its body reached nearly 10 feet (3 meters) in length and its powerful jaws were lined with double-fanged teeth.
Orthacanthus lived from roughly 280 million years ago, from the Pennsylvanian period through the Permian period. They were around before the dinosaurs evolved.

Extinct fish
Timothy Donald "Tim" Cook (born November 1, 1960) is the chief executive officer of Apple Inc.. He joined the company in March 1998. On August 24, 2011, he was made the CEO of Apple after the resignation of Steve Jobs, who died on October 5, 2011 from pancreatic cancer.

Early and personal life 
Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama, near Mobile. His father was a shipyard worker, and his mother was a homemaker. Cook finished high school at Robertsdale High School, earned a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Auburn University in 1982, and his M.B.A. from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in 1988.

Career 
Cook spent six months at Compaq as the Vice President for Corporate Materials before he was hired by Steve Jobs to join Apple. At first, he was the Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations.  Before that, Cook was the chief operating officer (COO) of the computer reseller division of Intelligent Electronics and spent 12 years in IBM's personal computer business as the director of North American Fulfillment.

Cook is praised for pulling Apple out of working by closing factories and warehouses around the world. This helped the company get lower inventory levels and make its supply chain easy, making margins a lot bigger. In January 2007, Cook was promoted to COO.

Cook served as Apple CEO for two months in 2004, when Jobs was healing from pancreatic cancer surgery. In 2009, Cook was made Apple CEO again for several months while Jobs had to leave for a liver transplant.

In January 2011, Apple's Board of Directors allowed Jobs to leave again for medical reasons. During that time, Cook was responsible for most of Apple’s day-to-day operations while Jobs made most big decisions. After Jobs retired, Cook was made permanent CEO of Apple on August 25, 2011.

Cook is also on the board of directors of Nike.

References

Other websites 

Executive Biography of Tim Cook at Apple

1960 births
Living people
American chief executives
Apple Inc.
Gay men
Businesspeople from Alabama
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT people from Alabama
People from Mobile, Alabama
Before the British found India, Persian language was the country's second official language. It was also thought of as the cultural and scientific language. However, after the British found India in 1832, they replaced it with English.

Persian inscript 
There are many stone carved or plastered Persian inscript in India and thousands of hand written books.

Gallery

References
http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_parsi_language_history.php
http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/

Related pages 
Persian language
Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments
Languages of India
"Santa Baby" is a holiday themed song about a person who wants extravagant things for the Christmas season. It was first recorded in 1953 by Eartha Kitt, and many other musicians, including though not limited to Pussycat Dolls, Kylie Minogue, Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande and Madonna have covered this melody throughout the decades.

Original recording
"Santa Baby" was originally recorded by Eartha Kitt with Henry René and his orchestra in New York City in July 1953. The song was a huge hit for Kitt, and she later said that it was one of her favorite songs to record.

Ariana Grande version
"Santa Baby" is a song recorded by American recording artist Ariana Grande, featuring a guest appearance from American actress Liz Gillies. The song was released by Republic Records on December 10, 2013, as the fourth single from Grande's EP Christmas Kisses.

Track listing
 Digital download
 "Santa Baby (feat. Liz Gillies)" – 2:51

Charts

References

Christmas music
"Blue Christmas" is a melancholy holiday themed song first recorded under Doye O'Dell around 1948 and made popular via Ernest Tubb in 1949. The song was featured in several Christmas specials and recorded by numerous other musicians, most notably Celine Dion, Elvis Presley, Kenny Rogers and countless others.

Christmas music
Elvis Presley songs
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The three founders were soon joined by William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form a seven-member "brotherhood". After they had broken up, John William Waterhouse painted in their style. Their influence shrank as the impressionists and post-impressionists became more important.

The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the 'mechanistic approach'. This was first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art. So, they are called Pre-Raphaelites. 

In particular, they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind".  In contrast, they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art.

The Pre-Raphaelites continued to accept the idea of history painting, and the imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. Despite this, they were a reform movement: they created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The Germ, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal.

The Brotherhood were highly praised by the art critic John Ruskin, and in turn they were influenced by his ideas. Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal was their favourite model, and she developed into  an excellent artist herself.

References 

Art movements
British artists
"Pretty Vacant" is a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols.  It was released in 1977, as the third single from their album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.

The song is infamous for vocalist John Lydon's phrasing of the word "vacant", emphasizing the last syllable making it sound like the vulgar word "cunt".

The B-side is a cover of The Stooges' "No Fun" which they played on the spot without a proper rehearsal.

References

1977 songs
Sex Pistols
Piccadilly is a major street in central London, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is completely within the City of Westminster. St. James's lies to the south of the eastern section of the street, while the western section overlooks Green Park. The area to the north is Mayfair.

It is the location of Fortnum & Mason, the Royal Academy, The Ritz Hotel, the RAF Club and Hatchards book shop. Simpsons, once amongst the United Kingdom's leading clothing stores, opened on Piccadilly in the 1930s. The store closed in 1999 and the site is now the flagship shop of the booksellers Waterstone's.

History

The name Piccadilly may come from a tailor named Robert Baker, in the late 16th century and early 17th century. He amassed a large fortune by making and selling piccadills – stiff collars with scalloped edges and a lace border, which were then in fashion. With his great fortune he bought a large tract of what was then open country to the west of London.

After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Piccadilly and the area to the north (Mayfair) began to be systematically developed as a fashionable residential locality. Some of the grandest mansions in London were built on the northern side of Piccadilly: Clarendon House, Berkeley House (later Devonshire House), and Sir John Denham's house (later Burlington House) were built in the 17th century. Later mansions included Melbourne House (now The Albany), Apsley House, Bath House  and Cambridge House. Several members of the Rothschild family had mansions at the western end of the street, and that part was colloquially referred to as Rothschild Row. 

By the 1920s most of these buildings had been demolished or were in institutional use.  The enlargement of Park Lane and the formation of Hyde Park Corner as a major traffic gyratory system has cut off the western stretch of Piccadilly, with the result that Apsley House has become detached from it.

21st century Piccadilly is not one of London's principal shopping streets, despite the presence of several famous shops. The Ritz Hotel is in the street, along with some other luxury hotels. There are also some offices and some very expensive flats. Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London.

City of Westminster
Roads in London
"Last Christmas" is a holiday song by the pop duo Wham!. The single focuses about betrayal of the protagonist by a person he thought was there to stay. The song was released in 1984. Other singers have covered it since then, including Ashley Tisdale.

Christmas music
1984 songs
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was the biggest earthquake that has ever hit San Francisco on April 18, 1906. It was felt from Los Angeles to Oregon and Nevada. The earthquake was about a 7.8 on the Richter scale. Around 3,000 people were killed and between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless. There were also fires because gas pipes were destroyed, and the gas caught on fire. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fires that came later. The city is on the San Andreas Fault, which slid, causing the earthquake. Many people looted so then the Army had to come in to keep the peace, but there were reports of the army looting as well.

References

Other websites
 
 The 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the National Archives
 Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897–1916 From American Memory at the Library of Congress.
 A geologic tour of the San Francisco earthquake, 100 years later from American Geological Institute
 The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the Museum of the City of San Francisco website

1906
1900s in the United States
Earthquakes in California
20th century in San Francisco
Natural disasters in the San Francisco Bay Area
April events
"Wonderful Christmastime" is Christmas song which was first recorded by Paul McCartney and released in 1979. The single did not chart on Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. It did, however, reach #6 on United Kingdom music charts. This single is played during the Christmas season worldwide with strong popularity. Other singers, including Kelly Rowland of Destiny's Child, Hilary Duff and Demi Lovato have covered this song throughout the years.

Christmas music
1979 songs
In medicine, saline refers to any solution of salt in water; that is, salt water. Such solutions are sterile when they are to be placed into the body by infusion or injection. If the solution has more salt in it than is found in the human body, it is called hypertonic saline. The normal salt level is 0.9% and any salt amount more than 0.9% is called hypertonic.

Medicine
Rodrigo y Gabriela (Rodrigo and Gabriela), also known as "El Rodri y La Gabi", are a Mexican musical duo. They play fast, rhythmic music on acoustic guitars. The duo is Rodrigo Sanchez, lead guitar, and Gabriela Quintero, rhythm guitar and percussion. 

They became well known playing in the hotels and bars of Dublin, Ireland. One reviewer said that "...Rodrigo y Gabriela's secret is maybe quite simple. They are resourceful musicians, and are open-hearted, happy entertainers. That, very often, is what people want." Both are vegans and support animal rights. They  play a mixture of many influences and styles.

They met in Mexico City while playing in a thrash metal band and later moved to Dublin. Their album, Rodrigo y Gabriela, entered the Irish Albums Chart at Number One.

Recordings

Studio albums
Foc (2001)
re-Foc (2002)
Rodrigo y Gabriela (2006)
11:11 (2009)
Area 52 (2012)

Live albums
Live: Manchester and Dublin (2004)
Live in Japan (2008)
Live in France (2011)

Extended plays
''Live Session (2007)

Live gigs
The Porterhouse, Dublin (2002)

References

Other websites
 Official Rodrigo y Gabriela site
 Video Channel  on MUZU TV
 An early career interview with Rodrigo y Gabriela
 Interview on WNYC's Soundcheck.
 Interview with Gabriela for Irish Migration Studies in Latin America journal, March 2007
 Interview on NPR's All Things Considered, October 10, 2009
 Rodrigo y Gabriela Rock the White House

Mexican musicians
2000s Mexican music groups
Musical groups established in 2000
20th-century establishments in Mexico
Andrew Aitken "Andy" Rooney (January 14, 1919 – November 4, 2011) was an American radio and television writer. His "A Few Minutes with Andy Rooney" was a part of the CBS News program 60 Minutes from 1978 to 2011. His final regular appearance on 60 Minutes aired October 2, 2011. He died one month later, on November 4, 2011, at age 92.

He started as a reporter covering World War II in Europe. Rooney joined CBS in 1949, as a writer for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, when Godfrey was very popular on radio and TV. He also wrote for The Garry Moore Show.

Rooney was an atheist.

References

Other websites
 
 
 CBS Biography
 Archive  of previous "A Few Minutes ..." segments
 Andy Rooney Podcast  among other CBS podcasts
 Snopes.com on Rooney E-Mail Snopes.com's article on false e-mail claims
 Andy Rooney Interview at Archive of American Television
 Some of Andy Rooney's Best Observations and Opinions

1919 births
2011 deaths
American atheists
American journalists
American television presenters
American television writers
Deaths from surgical complications
People from Albany, New York
Television personalities from New York
Writers from New York
Emmy Award winners
"Angels We Have Heard on High" is a well-known Christmas carol that represents the birth of Jesus found under Gospel of Luke in which shepherds outside Bethlehem find many angels praising children. The song has been covered and performed by many singers over the years.

Christmas music
"O Tannenbaum", also known as "O Christmas Tree" in alternate name, is a holiday melody of German origin. The best known form of this song was written in 1824. Notable singers who have performed this song are Aretha Franklin, Johnny Mathis and Chicago.

Christmas music
Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space in London's West End in the City of Westminster.

The Circus links Piccadilly with Regent Street, and the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square), and Glasshouse Street. 

The Circus is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a major traffic intersection has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place and a tourist attraction in its own right. 

The Circus is particularly known for its video display and neon signs mounted on the corner building on the northern side, as well as the fountain and statue of an archer popularly known as Eros. Actually the statue is that of Anteros, who in legend was the brother of Eros. The fountain is a pedestrian area: it and the Circus there is surrounded by several noted buildings, the London Pavilion and the Criterion Theatre. Directly underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus tube station, part of the London Underground system.

Notes 

Roads in London
City of Westminster
The Dale–Chall formula is one of the ways to predict how difficult text is to read. It is a readability test. The Dale–Chall formula is a one-variable test: it measures the difficulty of the words used. It does not measure the difficulty of the sentence structure (the syntax).

One of the first readability tests, the Dale–Chall formula used a vocabulary list. It counted the number of listed words in a passage, and applied a formula which gave a grade level. It was used to rate textbooks for grade levels in US school districts. In 1995 the authors published an updated word list.

It is easy, in principle, to use a vocabulary list as part of a computer-based readability measure. The list is organised as a look-up table. The percentage of listed words in a passage gives the data for the formula, and the user is presented with a grade level.

Related pages 
List of readability tests
Textual difficulty

References 

Written communication
Linguistics
Park Lane is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London.

Park Lane is about three quarters of a mile (1.2 km) in length, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park.  

Despite the traffic noise, the road is upmarket. It features five-star hotels, such as The Dorchester, Grosvenor House Hotel and InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel, and showrooms for several makes of high-end sports car. The hotels are part of the area known as Mayfair.

History
Originally a country lane running north-south along what is now the eastern boundary of Hyde Park, it became a fashionable residential address from the eighteenth century onwards. It has views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London. It became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London, including the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House and the Holford family's Dorchester House (demolished in 1929 and replaced by 1931 with The Dorchester, which are now both hotels, and the Marquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House, which has been demolished. 

On a corner with Oxford Street, Somerset House (No. 40), built in 1769-70, was successively the town house of Warren Hastings, a former Governor-General of India, the third Earl of Rosebery, and the Dukes of Somerset.

In the 1960s the Lane was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation. This required the demolition of a number of houses at Hyde Park Corner. It claimed land previously in Hyde Park to make room for the multi-lane carriageway. The result was to diminish the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, as it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. It has little or none of the countryside atmosphere that once made it popular. The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.

References 

Roads in London
City of Westminster
Alghero (Italian pronunciation: [alˈɡɛro]; , IPA: [ɫəɫˈɣe], locally: [lalˈɣe]; ; ), is a city of about 44,000 citizens in Italy. It lies in the province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the sea.

In the 1930s, the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled Sardinia Side Show, where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent "interned" in Alghero old town during World War I.

References

Other websites
City of Alghero Official website 
Official Alghero tourism web site  
Alghero Tourist Informations and Webcam Live  
Alghero Tourism and Town Information  
Alghero Tourism and Hotels Informations 

Communes of Sardinia
Pope Leo XI (; 2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 233rd Pope for only 26 days in April 1605.

Early life
He was born in Florence.  His grandmother was a sister of Leo X.

Priest
In 1567, Medici was ordained as a priest.

In 1569, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, sent Father Medici to be the ambassador of Florence in the court of Pope Pius V.  For 15 years in Rome, Father Medici was the representative of the city and the Medici family.

Bishop
Gregory XIII made him Bishop of Pistoia in 1573.  He was named Archbishop of Florence in 1574.

Cardinal
Gregory raised him to the rank of cardinal in 1583.

In 1596, Clement VIII sent Cardinal Medici as ambassador to the court of Henry IV of France.

Pope
On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Medici was elected pope.  He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle Pope Leo X.  

When he was elected, Leo XI was almost seventy years of age, and he died within the month.  His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the Basilica of St John Lateran.  He was called Papa Lampo ("Lightning Pope") because his papacy was so short.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Medici family
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 

  "Leo XI" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici
 Leo XI at St Peter's Basilica

Italian popes
House of Medici
People from Florence
1535 births
1605 deaths
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim is a  football club based in Hoffenheim, a suburb of Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg. They play in the German Bundesliga In the year 2000 they played in the 5th division but in  2008 they promoted to the Bundesliga. It was possible with the financial help of the software mogul Dietmar Hopp, who had played in the club's youth system. The financial help was widely criticized by other clubs, fans and by some in the German press. The most important points were the lack of tradition and the small fan base. Hoffenheim has only 3,300 inhabitants, and Sinsheim, where they play their home games, has only about 35,000 residents.
.

Honors
The club's honours:

League
 2. Bundesliga
 Runners-up: 2008
 Fußball-Regionalliga
 Runners-up: 2007
 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV)
 Champions: 2001
 Runners-up: 2010‡
 Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V)
 Champions: 2000
 Runners-up: 2003‡

Cup
 North Baden Cup
 Winners: (4) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
 Runners-up: 2007

Youth
 'German Under 17 championship
 Champions: 2008
 U17 Bundesliga South/Southwest
 Champions: 2008
 Runners-up: 2011
 ‡ Won by reserve team.

Current squad

Players out on loan

Staff

First team

Coaching history
Recent coaches of the club:

*As caretaker coach.

References

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in Baden-Württemberg
1899 establishments in Germany
Mimosa pudica  is a 
well-known species of Mimosa. It is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, re-opening minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a widespread weed.

Description
The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. The leaves of the Mimosa pudica are compound leaves.

The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10-26 leaflets per pinna.  The round-shaped flower heads, which are inflorescences, are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). The floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2-8 pods from 1–2 cm long each.  The pods break into 2-5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects. The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination.

Plant movement 
Mimosa pudica is well known for its rapid plant movement.
Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep".  The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.

The leaves also close when touched, warmed, blown, or shaken. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems release potassium ions which force water out of the cell vacuoles. The water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This is quite a common trait in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighbouring leaves.  The function of this trait is not known. The plant may use its ability as a defense from predators. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one.  Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.

References 

Barneby, R.C. 1992. "Sensitivae Censitae: a description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World." Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 65.
[change]

Mimosoideae
Rapid plant movement
Pope Leo XII (; 22 August 1760 – 10 February 1829), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 253rd Pope from 1823 to 1829.

Life
Della Genga was born in a family of Papal States nobility.

Priest
Della Genga was ordained as a priest in 1783.  

Pope Pius VII made him his private secretary.

Bishop
In 1793, he was made Archbishop of Tyre; and he was sent as papal nuncio to Lucerne.  

He was the papal nuncio in Cologne between 1794 and 1805.

After 1805, he retired to the abbey of Monticelli near Florence.

Cardinal
Tn 1816, Pius VII created him  cardinal. 
 
In 1820, Cardinal della Genga became Vicar-General of Rome.

Pope
Cardinal della Genga was elected pope 1n September 1823.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

  "Leo XII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Genga

Italian popes
1760 births
1829 deaths
James Albert "Jim" Varney (June 15, 1949 - February 10, 2000) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, voice actor and comedian. He was born and raised in Lexington, Kentucky. Varney is best remembered for his role as Ernest P. Worrell in many movies and television programs. He died of lung cancer in White House, Tennessee.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Other websites
 

1949 births
2000 deaths
Actors from Kentucky
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Tennessee
Musicians from Kentucky
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Lexington, Kentucky
is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a  Paralympian Track and field competitor.  He competes in category long distance events.

Marathon
In 2011, he won the wheelchair division of the New York City Marathon.  He completed the course in 1 hour 31 minutes 41 seconds (1:31:41).  He dedicated his race to the children in Japan, who were affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Soejima won the wheelchair division of the Boston Marathon in 2011.

Paralympics
Masazumi has competed in the marathon in both the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics, 10000m in 2004, 5000m and 1500m in 2008. 

In the 4x400m relay in 2004, he won a bronze medal.

References

1970 births
Living people
Japanese sportspeople
Bayesian probability figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence. This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.

You might use Bayesian probability if you don't have information on how often the event happened in the past.

Example
As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam".  One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line.  Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam.  So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.

But if only 1% of your emails were spam and 80% of the emojis were spam, that's different than if half your emails are spam and 80% of emoji emails were spam.

Then you can use Bayes's Theorem to determine one probability of whether this email is spam: 

p (is_spam | contains_emoji) = [ p(contains_emoji | is_spam) * p(is_spam) ] / p(contains_emoji)

P(xy) = P(xy) * Px / Py

Philosophy of science
Dani Rodrik (born August 14, 1957 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish economist in the fields of international economics, economic development and political economy.
He is a professor of economics at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he teaches economics to university students.

Life and work
Dani Rodrik was born in Istanbul, Turkey to a Sephardic Jewish (Jews who come from Spain) family. 
He studied at the high schools, Robert College in Istanbul and École Normale Supérieure in Paris and then at the universities, Harvard University and Princeton University in the United States of America learning economics. He graduated from Harvard University and got his Ph.D. and Professorship from Princeton University.

Dani Rodrik is one of the most important Turkish economists and has made several important contributions to economics. He looks at international economics, economic development and political economy,  and has published many articles about them. The main questions of his research are: what makes a good economic policy and why some governments are better than others in adopting it.

He does not like globalization, because he feels it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer and that people lose their jobs. He also thinks that international organizations like the World Bank and the IMF have made it harder for poorer countries to get richer, or even do not allow them to get richer. He writes critical articles against globalization.

Other websites 
Dani Rodrik's home page
Who is Dani Rodrik 

1957 births
Living people
Asian Jews
Economists
European Jews
Harvard University alumni
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
People from Istanbul
Princeton University alumni
Turkish scientists
Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom. It aired on NBC on Saturday mornings from August 1989 to May 1993. The show performed extremely well, although many TV critics did not like it. The show is set in Los Angeles at a fictional high school.

1989 American television series debuts
1993 television series endings
1980s American sitcoms

1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
American teen comedy television series
High school television series
NBC network shows
Television series about friendship
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
King George III (born George William Frederick 4 June 1738  29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 to 1 January 1801, when he became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was also Elector of Hanover, which made him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

During George's reign, he lost control of the United States of America. His two kingdoms, Great Britain and Ireland, were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Also during his reign, the British were at war with republican and Napoleon I's France. The Electorate of Hanover eventually became a Kingdom.

George suffered from periodic bouts of mental illness. One of them caused a crisis in 1788, and attempts were made to nominate his son George IV as regent. The king quickly recovered and prevented that from happening.

George signed the Quebec Act of 1774, which abolished William III's anti-Catholic laws in the American colonies. Also during his reign, George III signed legislation abolishing some of the anti-Catholic Laws in Great Britain and Ireland. For example, the Catholic Relief Acts of 1772 and 1774 allowed Roman Catholics to have land leases in Great Britain. In 1793, Hogart's Act allowed Roman Catholics to vote in Irish elections, but George blocked a proposal in 1800 to allow Catholics to sit in the British Parliament.

In the later part of his life, George suffered from recurrent mental illness, which was eventually permanent. Although it has since been suggested that he suffered from a genetic blood disease, porphyria, the cause of his illness is not certain. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. On George III's death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV.

Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George III has had the nickname of Farmer George.

Titles and styles
 4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751: His Royal Highness Prince George
 31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh
 20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: His Majesty The King

Ancestors

References

Other websites

1738 births
1820 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Kings and Queens of Hanover
People Buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
18th century in the Kingdom of Great Britain
The Abercrombie River is a river in New South Wales, Australia. It flows west from Mount Werong to the Wyangala Dam near Cowra. The river is a tributary of the Lachlan, which it joins at Wyangala lake.

The Abercrombie River is  in length, and passes through the Abercrombie River National Park. It provides habitat for platypus and rakali. The Goulburn-Oberon Road crosses the Abercrombie River in the steep-sided Abercrombie Gorge.

The first people to live alongside the river were Aborigines of the Wiradjuri and Gundungara tribes. They may have used the river as a trading route. The first European to visit the river was explorer Charles Throsby on 5 May 1819, during an expedition from Sydney to the Central West of New South Wales. Alluvial gold was discovered in and along the river in 1851. This started a small gold rush. It was difficult to find gold because of the rough terrain, and changing water levels in the river. Early miners found up to  of gold a day along the river. By 1862 about 45 mining parties were working at Milburne Creek, a minor tributary of the Abercrombie. 
It is the furthest east of the inland flowing rivers.

References 

Rivers of New South Wales
Pope Benedict XII (; died April 25, 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a French priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 198th Pope from 1334 to 1342.

He was the third of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life
Jacques Fournier is believed to have been born in Saverdun in the Comté de Foix near Toulouse. 

He became a Cistercian monk; and he studied at the University of Paris. 

In 1311, he was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey.

Bishop
In 1317, Fourier was made bishop of Pamiers.  

In 1327, he became Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariège.

Cardinal
Pope John XXIII made Fourier a cardinal  in 1327.

Pope
Cardinal Fourier was elected pope in 1335; and he chose to be called Benedict XII.

Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Benedict XII ordered the construction of the Palais des Papes in Avignon.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XII
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Fourier

1280s births
1342 deaths
French popes
La Toya Jackson (born May 29, 1956, near Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, songwriter, writer, actress, television personality and a former model. She was the fifth of ten offspring born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. She wanted to be an attorney but her father insisted that she work in show business like her siblings. She sang background vocals with The Jackson Five, her brothers' band. She had many musical hits during the 1980s and 1990s and returned in 2004. In 1989 Jackson was on the cover of Playboy magazine.

Early life and careers

1950s 
Jackson was born at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana, She was fifth children and ten child of Joe Jackson and Katherine Jackson

1980s
In 1980 Jackson's first album La Toya Jackson was released. Jackson wanted the album to be called "La Toya" but her dad would not let her. Her second single "Night Time Lover" was produced by La Toya's brother Michael. Jackson's third album was released in 1984. She sung backing vocals on Michael's single ""P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)". In 1985 Jackson sung on "We Are the World" as part of USA for Africa. It sold over 20 million copies.

1990s
In 1991 Jackson's first book La Toya, Growing Up In The Jackson Family was published.
Jackson released her ninth album From Nashville to You in 1994.

2000s
In July 2009 Jackson released the single "Home" in dedication to her brother Michael Jackson, who died on June 25 2009. All of the money from people buying the single went to AIDS_Project Los Angeles, which was one of Michael's favourite charities.

2010s
She released a new EP for 2011, Starting Over. In the same year a best-selling memoir written by Jackson of the same name was released. In 2010 she released Dream Cream, a hand cream for Alessandro International.

On April 13, 2013 a reality series about Jackson's life called Life with La Toya started on the Oprah Winfrey Network.

Jackson's newest single “Feels Like Love” was played for the first time on December 14 at a West Hollywood nightclub.

Personal life
Jackson did not move out of the Jackson family home until she was 31 years old. In 1989 she married her manager Jack Gordon. She did not want to. In 1993 Gordon beat Jackson with a chair many times. She had to have 12 stitches in her mouth. In 1996 Jackson escaped from Gordon with the help of her brother Randy. She sued Gordon under the Violence Against Women Act.
It was reported that on December 9, 2013 Jackson married Jeffrey Phillips in Los Angeles.
However Jackson said this is not true.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1956 births
Living people
Singers from Indiana
American television actors
Actors from Indiana
Jackson family
Models from Indiana
Writers from Indiana
People from Gary, Indiana
American television personalities
The rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster), also known as the water-rat, is an Australian native rodent. The species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries. It feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds. Rakali are  in length with a thick tail measuring around . They weigh . They have webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.

Common names
Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as water-rat. During the 1990s there was a push for English common names to be replaced with indigenous names. In 1995 the Australian Nature Conservation Agency recommended that the name rakali be used as the common name. The Australian Department of Environment and Heritage has taken up this suggestion and both common names are now used.

References

Other websites

Australian Museum Factsheet

Old World rats and mice
Mammals of Australia