cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
is a rhythm video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. Ouendan is about a cheer squad who help people in trouble by cheering them on. It had an Americanized sequel called Elite Beat Agents that has music from the United States and Europe, and had a direct sequel called Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2.

Track listing
 Asian Kung-Fu Generation –  (by Kyōya Asada)
 Morning Musume –  (by Kaoru Kubota, Fumio Kobayashi, Yūko Yajima, Mari Nabatame, and Akina Okabayashi)
 Ulfuls –  (by Hiroaki Takeuchi)
 175R –  (edit of the original version)
 The Blue Hearts –  (by Daisaku Shimada of Bevenuts)
 nobodyknows+ –  (by Bugashman, Cantaman, Moss, Mouse-P, and Sausen)
 B'z –  (by Tetsushi Kimura)
 Tomoyasu Hotei –  (by Hiroaki Takeuchi)
 Road of Major –  (by NoB)
 Linda Yamamoto –  (by Kaoru Kubota)
 Kishidan – "One Night Carnival" (by Kei Imai of South 2 Camp)
 Hitomi Yaida – "Over The Distance" (by Ayako Kawajima)
 The Yellow Monkey –  (by Mitsuru Yanagisako)
 Orange Range –  (by Bugashman, Cantaman, Moss, Mouse-P, Sausen, mimi, and Akasanajar)
 L'Arc-en-Ciel – "Ready Steady Go" (by Tetsushi Kimura)

2005 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Japan exclusive video games
Music video games
Elite Beat Agents is a music video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It's the spiritual sequel to Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan. The gameplay has the player tap and drag on spots on the touch screen in beat to the rhythm of the music to score points. It was released under the Touch! Generations label in North America. In South Korea, it's called Dowajweo! Rhythm Hero (; Help! Rhythm Hero).

Track listing

Songs in the main story
 Steriogram - "Walkie Talkie Man" (by Jason Paige) "Trio of Mayhem! Love and Boyfriends!!"
 Sum 41 - "Makes No Difference" (by Vinn Lombardo) "Red Carpet Premiere! Smash Hit or Box Office Crash!!"
 Avril Lavigne - "Sk8er Boi" (by Angela Michael) "Hey, Taxi! To the Hospital, and Hurry!!"
 Freddie Mercury/Queen - "I Was Born to Love You" (by Paul Vician) "Art and Beauty! Love and Happiness!?"
 Stray Cats - "Rock This Town" (by Mark Latham) "Magic Meets Madness! The Show Must Go On!"
 Deep Purple - "Highway Star" (by Kaleb James) "A Pug's Life! 400 Miles from Home!!"
 Village People - "Y.M.C.A." (by TC Moses) "Ahoy, Mates! Sunken Delights and Adventure!!"
 Earth, Wind and Fire - "September" (by TC Moses) "Cry Wolf! Meteorology and Parenting!!"
 Jamiroquai - "Canned Heat" (by Jason Paige) "Family Honor! Introducing the Secret-Weapon Ninja!!"
 Madonna - "Material Girl" (by Melissa Garber) "Survive! Celebrity Lives and Desert Isles!!"
 Ashlee Simpson - "La La" (by Laura Jane) "NURSE!! Gold Medal Hero or Zero!!"
 Chicago - "You're the Inspiration" (by Julian Miranda) "A Christmas Gift"
 David Bowie - "Let's Dance" (by Delaney Wolff) "Rags to Riches! Go East Wildcatter!"
 Good Charlotte - "The Anthem" (by Kevin Ridel) "Batter Up! Home Run Hero Makes a Comeback!!"
 Hoobastank - "Without a Fight" (by Kevin Ridel) "No More Music!? The Last Hope!!" (part 1)
 The Rolling Stones - "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (by Billy Fogarty) "No More Music!? The Last Hope!!" (part 2)

Bonus songs
 Cher - "Believe" (by Lynn Rose) "Aspire! Dancing to the Limelight!!"
 Jackson Five - "ABC" (by TC Moses and Brittany Kertesz) "Here, Kitty, Kitty! Baby Hijinks!!"
 Destiny's Child - "Survivor" (by April Harmony) "The Last Laugh! Just a Peanut Matter!!"

References

2006 video games
Music video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
The 2008 South Ossetia war was a military conflict that started on 8 August 2008, between Georgia, South Ossetian (and Abkhazian) secessionists and Russia.

South Ossetia and Abkhazia are territories within Georgia that declared independence from Georgia and have been acting in a de facto independent capacity since the early 1990s. Neither state has been diplomatically recognised by any member of the United Nations. The conflict began on August 8, 2008, after Georgia claimed South Ossetian separatists had broken a ceasefire by attacking villages, although South Ossetian officials deny that they attacked villages. Georgia launched a military offensive to surround and capture the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali.

Russian military troops entered the war at the side of South Ossetia and won the conflict. Georgia launched the Georgia versus Russia (Hague court application, 2008)
in the International Court of Justice.

The war ended on Saturday August 16th, 2008.

References

Other websites 
 Official information from Georgia's government  President of the Republic of Poland
 State Committee of Information and Press of the Republic of South Ossetia

Map resources 
 Topographic maps of the region from Poyehali

Videos 
 BBC World News Youtube Channel
 Russia Today Youtube Channel
 A journey to South Ossetia 2007 documentary about life in South Ossetia
 Russian convoy moving towards Tskhinvali, 06:20
 Destruction in Tskhinvali, 01:36
 Casualties in Tskhinvali, 05:17
 Damaged hospital building in Tskhinvali, 02:17

2008 in Europe
2000s in Russia
Abkhazia
History of Georgia (country)
South Ossetia
Wars involving Russia
Identity is an word used in the social sciences to describe a person's understanding of him or herself as an individual.

Related pages 
Cultural identity
Gender identity
Identity politics

Social sciences
Sociology
Setesdal is a valley in the county of Aust-Agder, in the south part of Norway .

History
Since the 1200s, one can find papers, where the name "Setesdal" , has been written.

Geography of Norway
Homeopathy is an alternative medicine. It was created in the 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann. The theory behind homeopathy is that an ill person can be healed with very small amounts of something that produces the symptoms of the illness in a healthy person. Scientists say that homeopathy does not work and only makes people think they feel better (this is called the placebo effect.)

Creation
Homeopaths make their medicines by taking the ingredients, adding water, and shaking the mixture. They then take a drop of the mixture, throw out the rest, and add more water. They do this usually 30 times but sometimes up to 200 times. They call it potentisation. Hahnemann said this would bring out the "spirit-like medicinal powers held within a drug". Science can show how many atoms or molecules—tiny things that cannot be divided up any more—of the original substance are left in the homeopathic drug. Most homeopathic drugs do not contain even a single molecule of the original substance. Homeopaths believe that the solution carries a "memory" of the original substance. Science says that goes against the laws of physics and chemistry.

Disputes
Homeopathy became popular because it was created at a time when medicine did not work very well and could make people sick. Back then, taking homeopathy might have kept people from getting hurt by bad doctors. However, medicine has improved since then, and now helps a lot more than it hurts people. Some homeopaths have told their patients not to take medicines like antibiotics and vaccines that could cure (or keep them from getting) dangerous diseases.

References

Alternative medicine
Vest-Telemark is the name of an area, in the south of Norway .

Some of the towns are: Fyresdal, Tokke, Vinje, Nissedal, Kviteseid, and  Seljord.

In no area, has one found more traces ( examples or  evidence ) of the  Old Norse  language and  grammar.

Geography of Norway
Stev is a form of poetry. It can be found in lyric poetry from Scandinavia. Stev are made of stanzas, that have four lines

The different types of stev

There are different types of stev:
 gamle-stev or "gamlestev" is the oldest type. It is likely that gamle-stev were danced.  The earliest gamle-stev have been found from around the end of the 1200's. Most gamle-stevs are from Setesdal and Vest-Telemark. Some gamle-stev may be part of folk songs. The gamle-stev is the only part of the folk song which was past down from generation to generation. The rest of the folk song is no longer known.
 ny-stev or "nystev" have probably been around since about year 1700. Most ny-stevs have been replaced by rural folksongs in Telemark, but not in Setesdal.
 om-kved or "omkved" are similar to refrains in ballads. Inn-stev, etter-stev, mellom-sleng  and etter-sleng  are different types of om-kved.
 slåtte-stev or "slåttestev" are instrumental dance songs.
 herme-stev or hermestev are often referred to as "parody-quote" stev. The contain apologetic proverbs (also known as Wellerisms).

The people who can perform stev

A person who can perform a stev, is known as a kveder ( a type of artist ). Aslak Brekke is possibly the most well known of those who have been recorded. A kveder from Setesdal, when performing stev, usually sings more slowly, than a kveder from Telemark. One reason for this may be that the text of Setesdal stev are usually more meditative (or elegiac).

Notes

References

Poetry forms
WarioWare: Twisted! is a 2004 Game Boy Advance video game. It was made by Nintendo and is art of the WarioWare series.

Gameplay
Twisted! comes with a gyro sensor. The cartridge is a lot larger than in most Game Boy Advance games. Players tap the A button and twist the game around in order to play. 

Like the other games, Twisted! has many microgames. These last for only a few seconds and involve a simple thing the player must do. The player starts with four lives. After about 12-15 microgames, he or she plays the boss level. If they win, they earn another life. If they lose, they lose a life. The game ends when they have run out of lives.

Wario has gotten seven of his friends to help make games for him. Each one has a different theme, or way to play.

Game Boy Advance games
2005 video games
Intelligent Systems games
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
A punch is when a person puts their hand in a fist and thrusts it forward. This can be used for combat, or in some sports like boxing. Punch is the name of the blows that are thrown with the closed fist, striking, usually to other person, with the purpose of defence or attack.

The technique of the normal punch is performed closing the fist and striking with it. The fist is formed in a horizontal line along with the arm, being the element of usage of all the force performed the arm. There is other kind of punch in which the fist is placed vertically (with the palm of the hand directing towards a side instead of towards down) and directing slightly towards down in relation to the arm, in form where the fingers that blow are only the index finger and the ring finger. It is this latter the punch used usually in Kung-fu and the advised to person who had not had a proper training (because in this form it is much more difficult injury the wrist in case of doing it badly).

The punch is used, with different names and different techniques, in many martial arts, and also in systems of personal defence and attack without weapons, like in Tai-Jitsu.

Martial arts
Boxing
is a famous Japanese record producer, songwriter, and vocalist.

References 

Japanese singers
Japanese songwriters
1968 births
Living people
People from Osaka Prefecture
Yoshio Sakamoto is a video game developer for Nintendo who works in Nintendo R&D 1. He was the co-creator of the Metroid series along with Gunpei Yokoi, and is in charge of most of the games released after Yokoi's death. He also works on Wario games, including games in the Wario Land series and the WarioWare series. He founded Team Shikamaru, which is dedicated to script writing. 

Metroid
Nintendo people
The  (CERO) is a group that rates video games in Japan. It was established in 2002 by the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association. It does not rate games for personal computers.

Ratings
A (all ages)
B (ages 12 and up)
C (ages 15 and up)
D (ages 17 and up)
Z (ages 18 and up only)

Video game ratings
Real Oviedo is a Spanish football Club. It was founded in March 26 1926. Its home stadium is Carlos Tartiere in Oviedo. Real Oviedo has won the Spanish League Cup once.

Seasons 
Primera División (First division): 38
Segunda División (Second division): 37
Segunda División B (Third division): 9
Tercera División (Fourth division): 4

Real Oviedo was relegated to Tercera División due to financial problems in 2003.

Real Oviedo have played in season 2008/09 at Tercera División, the fourth category in Spanish football. It finished in first place in regular tournament, which allowed to play a play-off to promote to Segunda División B. Real Oviedo have won a place in Segunda División B beating Mallorca B in play-off matches.

League position

Former position

Spanish football clubs
Oviedo
The Black Parade is Dead! is a CD/DVD by My Chemical Romance it was recorded live in Mexico.

Track listing 

 CD
All songs written and composed by My Chemical Romance.

From the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007
 1. "The End." 2:34
 2. "Dead!" 3:17
 3. "This Is How I Disappear" 3:51
 4. "The Sharpest Lives" 3:17
 5. "Welcome to the Black Parade" 5:05
 6. "I Don't Love You" 3:47
 7. "House of Wolves" 3:38
 8. "Interlude" 1:01
 9. "Cancer" 3:16
 10. "Mama" 5:21
 11. "Sleep" 5:31
 12. "Teenagers" 3:03
 13. "The Black Parade Is Dead" 1:00
 14. "Disenchanted" 4:58
 15. "Famous Last Words" 5:09
 16. "Blood" 1:21
DVD
From the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007[4]

 1. "The End." 2:34
 2. "Dead!" 3:17
 3. "This Is How I Disappear" 3:51
 4. "The Sharpest Lives" 3:17
 5. "Welcome to the Black Parade" 5:05
 6. "I Don't Love You" 3:47
 7. "House of Wolves" 3:38
 8. "Interlude" 1:01
 9. "Cancer" 3:16
 10. "Mama" 5:21
 11. "Sleep" 5:31
 12. "Teenagers" 3:03
 13. "The Black Parade Is Dead" 1:00
 14. "Disenchanted" 4:58
 15. "Famous Last Words" 5:09
 16. "Blood" 1:21

From Maxwell's in Hoboken, New Jersey, on October 24, 2007[4] 
 
 1. "Welcome to the Black Parade" 5:11
 2. "Thank You for the Venom" 4:23
 3. "Dead!" 5:05
 4. "The Sharpest Lives" 4:40
 5. "This Is How I Disappear" 3:53
 6. "Teenagers" 4:07
 7. "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" 4:05
 8. "You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us in Prison" 4:04
 9. "Famous Last Words" 5:08
 10. "Give 'Em Hell, Kid" 2:45
 11. "House of Wolves" 3:42
 12. "It's Not a Fashion Statement, It's a Deathwish" 4:38
 13. "I Don't Love You" 4:27
 14. "Untitled" 4:19
 15. "Mama" 4:45
 16. "Helena" 4:54
 17. "Cancer" 2:46

References

2007 albums
My Chemical Romance
BBC Two is a television channel in the United Kingdom and The Second BBC Channel in the Franchise. It was released on 20 April, 1964, and was the third television channel in the United Kingdom. The channel was published by BBC. BBC Two was channel of the year in 2007. BBC Two Was Also the first ever channel in the whole of Europe to go Colour In 1967.

Controllers
This is a list of the controllers of BBC Two.
1964–1965: Michael Peacock
1965–1969: Sir David Attenborough
1969–1974: Robin Scott
1974–1978: Aubrey Singer
1978–1982: Brian Wenham
1982–1987: Graeme MacDonald
1987–1992: Alan Yentob
1992–1996: Michael Jackson
1996–1999: Mark Thompson
1999–2004: Jane Root
2004–2008: Roly Keating
2008–2014: Janice Hadlow
2014–2016: Kim Shillinglaw
As of August 2008, the controller of BBC Two was Roly Keating. He took up the post in June 2004. Keating was formerly the controller of BBC Four. He became controller after Jane Root departed in May 2004 to become the executive vice president and general manager of the US-based Discovery Channel. Jane Root was appointed in 1999 and was the first woman to be appointed controller of a BBC television channel.

On 20 January 2016, Kim Shillinglaw announced that she was leaving the BBC and her job as Controller of BBC Two and BBC Four. As a result of a reorganisation, the position was closed, but it was reopened just over a year later.

References

Other websites

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
BBC television channels
The King of Queens was an American television series set in Queens, New York City. The series was shown for nine seasons, from 1998 to 2007. After the last episode was broadcast on May 14, 2007, The King Of Queens became the last American live action sitcom that began in the 1990s to end its run.

Characters 
 Doug Heffernan (played by Kevin James): Doug is a driver for the package delivery company, IPS (International Parcel Service), a spin-off of UPS. His actions are often caused by acting like a little kid and his love of food. He often develop bizarre schemes to get what he wants and more than likely lies to his wife, Carrie, in the process.
 Carrie Heffernan (played by Leah Remini): Carrie is Doug's wife. She never went to college, but works as a secretary for a law firm and later a real estate agency. Originally born as Simone Spooner, her name was traded for Carrie after her father lost it in a card game. She is known for being bossy and mean towards others, especially Doug.
 Arthur Spooner (played by Jerry Stiller): Carrie's widowed father. After losing his home in a fire, Carrie decided to have him live in the Heffernan's basement from then on.
 Deacon Palmer (played by Victor Williams): He is Doug's best friend, Deacon is the more responsible of the two.
 Spence Olchin (played by Patton Oswalt): Spence is another friend of Doug's. He is often viewed as the nerd of the group and lives with his mother.
 Danny Heffernan (played by Gary Valentine): Danny Heffernan is Doug's cousin. He is also seen hanging out with Doug, Spence, and Deacon.
 Holly Shumpert (2001–2005, 2007) (played by Nicole Sullivan): Holly is a cheerful, yet insecure dog-walker. She was hired by Doug and Carrie to walk Arthur.
 Richie Ianucchi (1998–2001) (played by Larry Romano): Was one of Doug's friends before leaving in the third season to go to another sitcom.

Other websites 

1998 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American sitcoms
CBS network shows
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Barbie Horse Adventures: Riding Camp is a video game made by Activision for the Nintendo DS and PC in 2008. It is part of the Barbie franchise. The game is the sequel to Barbie Horse Adventures: Wild Horse Rescue.

References

Other websites 
 Activision press release 

2008 video games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Activision video games
The Olm, or Proteus (Proteus anguinus) is an amphibian, native to the underground waters of the Dinaric karst that flow through the Soča river basin near Trieste in Italy, through to southern Slovenia, southwestern Croatia, and Herzegovina. It is the only species in the genus Proteus, the only European species of the family Proteidae, and the only European cave-dwelling chordate. It is also called the human fish or humanfish, because of its human-like skin (translated literally from Slovenian: Človeška ribica and Croatian: Čovječja ribica), Cave Salamander, or White Salamander.

Amphibians
The Mighty Boosh is a British comedy television series that was shown on BBC Three. It was also a radio programme. Since the television series, there have been live tours of it.

The first series is about two zookeepers called Howard and Vince. The second series is also about them but is set in a flat. The third is set in a shop.

History 
Fielding first met Barratt after seeing him perform his solo stand-up performance at the Hellfire Comedy Club in the Wycombe Swan theatre. The pair soon found that they shared comic interests, formed a double act, and "decided to be the new Goodies". After their first performance together at a bar in London in April 1998, Barratt and Fielding developed their zookeeper characters - Howard Moon and Vince Noir, respectively - in a series of sketches for Paramount Comedy’s Unnatural Acts. It was here that they also met Rich Fulcher, who would become Bob Fossil. Fielding’s friend Dave Brown and Fielding's own brother Michael also became regular collaborators.

The Boosh soon produced three stage shows - The Mighty Boosh (1998), Arctic Boosh (1999) and Autoboosh (2000) - all of them were at the Edinburgh Fringe. With the success of Autoboosh, a radio series was commissioned by the BBC. Produced by Danny Wallace, The Boosh was first broadcast in 2001 on BBC London Live, later moving to BBC Radio 4, from which the team were given a half-hour television show of the same name.

The first eight-part series, directed by Paul King, was then commissioned for BBC Three and broadcast in 2004, with a second of six episodes the following year. The second series moved away from the zoo setting, and instead Howard, Vince, Naboo the shaman and Bollo the talking ape living in a flat in Dalston. In 2006, the Boosh returned to theatre with The Mighty Boosh Live, which featured a new story entitled "The Ruby of Kukundu".

After two years, the Boosh returned to the television in November 2007. Set in Naboo’s second-hand shop below the flat, the third series drew in approximately one million viewers with its first episode, and in light of its success, BBC Three broadcast an entire night of The Mighty Boosh on March 22, 2008, which included a new documentary and six of Barratt and Fielding's favourite episodes from all three series.

There will not be a fourth series till at least 2010 because they will be working upon a movie. This movie has been confirmed by the BBC.

References

Other websites 

2004 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2000s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Radio programs

en:The Mighty Boosh
ru:Майти Буш
The Pontifical Academy of Sciences dates back four centuries to its creation as the Accademia dei Lincei in 1603. Pope Pius IX changed the name to the Pontifical Academy of the New Lincei in 1847 to signify its new status as an official institution of the Pontifical State. Nearly a century later, it was reorganized as the Pontifical Academy of Science on October 28, 1936, by Pope Pius XI in a Motu proprio In multis solaciis (Latin "Among the many consolations").

Mission 
Although it reports directly to the Pontiff, the academy has considerable freedom in conducting its mission: the study of Science and the possible consequences for the human condition. Christian belief is not a prerequisite for membership to the academy, because first and foremost, it is a legitimate Scientific body that follows the Scientific Method. As of 2003 more than two dozen Nobel Prize winners (including Professor Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry 1999) and several Field Medal winners were counted as members. Plenary sessions are interdisciplinary events held every other year to review new developments and discus progress made towards their mission. Common working groups include astronomy and cosmology, cognition and brain science, and genetics.

Reorganization 
 In multis solaciis, issued 28 October 1936 by Pope Pius XI, on the topic of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences

References

Other websites 
 Libreria Editrice Vaticana (1936): In multis solaciis
 The Pontifical Academy of Sciences official website

Christian colleges and universities
1603 establishments
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, KCIE (,  Khaja Nazimuddin) (July 19, 1894 - October 22, 1964) was the second Governor-General of Pakistan, and later the second Prime Minister of Pakistan as well. He was born in Dacca, Bengal, British India (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) into the family of the Nawabs (rulers) of Dacca, who had come from Kashmir and settled there. He received his education from Dunstable Grammar School in England, then Aligarh Muslim University, and later Trinity Hall, Cambridge University until the mid-1930s. After returning to British India, he became involved in politics in his native Bengal. Nazimuddin was initially the Education Minister, but climbed the ranks to become the Chief Minister of the province prior to independence. Nazimuddin also became the head of the Muslim League in Eastern India.

References

Governors General of Pakistan
1894 births
1964 deaths
People from Dhaka
Ghulam Muhammad (20 April 1895 - 12 September 1956, ) served as third Governor-General of Pakistan from 1951 until 1955, and was also the 1st Finance Minister shortly before his death in 1956.

1895 births
1956 deaths
Governors General of Pakistan
British India was the areas of South Asia that were for hundreds of years under the influence of the English and later the British. From the 1600s to 1858, those areas were run by the East India Company. From 1858 to 1947, they were the British Raj. Some areas were under the direct rule of the Governor-General of India. He was appointed by the Government of the United Kingdom in London, and he was also called a viceroy since he represented the British monarch.

After 1876, when Queen Victoria become Empress of India, British India was part of the British Indian Empire, which also included hundreds of Indian princely states that had never been conquered by the British and still had control of their own affairs. They were ruled by local rulers under the protection of the British. They had almost half the land and a quarter of the people of the British Indian Empire. That empire is sometimes called the British Raj.

British India included the regions of the present-day Bangladesh, Republic of India, Burma and Pakistan (185813th August 1947).

Provinces 
Until independence in 1947, British India had seventeen provinces.
 Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri
 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 Assam
 Baluchistan
 Bengal Province
 Bihar
 Bombay Province
 Central Provinces and Berar
 Coorg
 Delhi Province
 Madras Province
 North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)
 Panth-Piploda
 Orissa
 Punjab
 Sind Province
 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh

The former British India was split into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Twelve provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) became provinces within India.  Three (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier, and Sindh) were in Pakistan. Two (Bengal and Punjab) were shared between India and Pakistan.

In 1950, after the new Indian Constitution, the provinces in India were replaced by states and union territories. Pakistan kept its five provinces. East Bengal, which was renamed East Pakistan in 1956, became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Further reading
Edney, Matthew H., and Matthew H. Edney. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843. Vol. 10. University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Major-General Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE, or Iskander Mirza (, November 13, 1899 – November 12, 1969) was the last Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (October 6, 1955 to March 23, 1956) and the first President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (March 23, 1956 to October 27, 1958).

1899 births
1969 deaths
Generals
Governors General of Pakistan
Pakistani military people
Presidents of Pakistan
General Muhammad Ayub Khan (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974) was a general of the Pakistan Army and a self-proclaimed Field Marshal during the mid-1960s. A dictator who imposed martial law he also became the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951. He was the youngest full-rank general and self-appointed Field Marshal in Pakistan's military history.

Khan became president in 1958 as part of a non-violent coup. In the 1965 presidential election, people thought that Khan had cheated so he could win against Fatimah Jinnah.

Other websites 
 www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk

1907 births
1974 deaths
Former dictators
Generals
Pakistani military people
Presidents of Pakistan
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry () (January 1, 1904 - June 2, 1982) was President of Pakistan from August 14, 1973 until he left on September 16, 1978.

References

1904 births
1982 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Presidents of Pakistan
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Bad Liebenwerda is a spa town in the Elbe-Elster district, in southwestern Brandenburg, Germany. It is on the river Schwarze Elster, 57 km northwest of Dresden, and 28 km east of Torgau.

History 
The first written mention is from 1231 as Lievenwerde. The meaning of the name is Liev, or Lieb for life or loveley, and -werde from werda means island, high place in a wather. In the document of 1231 is also mentioned an Otto of Ileburg, Vogt of Lievenwerde, and a Plebanus Walterus, a priest. Liebenwerda had a Water castle with a Keep called Lubwarttower. the first mention as Liebenwerda as a city is from 1304. Liebenwerda was part of the Electorate of Saxony and Kingdom of Saxony till 1815. In reason of the Congress of Vienna the area became part of the Kingdom of Prussia as district Liebenwerda. Since 1905 has Liebenwerda a spa clinical, since 1925 has Liebenwerda the word Bad as a part of the name.

Culture and architecture 
Bad Liebenwerda is home of the Gothic church of St. Nikolai. The tower of the church was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century after lightning struck the tower and caused a fire.
The Lubwarttower (Lubwartturm) is the oldest building in town. The tower was built around 1207 as part of the water castle. Next to this tower is the museum with an exposition about  Carl Heinrich Graun and his brothers. Also is there an exposition about Marionettes, other puppets and the puppet-players of south-east of Germany. 
Bad Liebenwerda has a beautiful little park.

References 

Spa towns in Germany
Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) (Urdu/Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) (January 20, 1915 – October 27, 2006) was President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993.

Presidents of Pakistan

1915 births
2006 deaths
Muslims
Chairmen of the Senate of Pakistan
The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is a type of parrot.  It is native to humid evergreen forests of tropical South America. 

Its range is from south-eastern Mexico to Amazonian Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil in lowlands up to   (at least formerly) up to . It has suffered from local extinction through habitat destruction and capture for the parrot trade, but locally it remains fairly common.  It is the national bird of Honduras.

References

Other websites 

 Scarlet Macaw in-depth research article.
 Tambopata Macaw project  long term research project in south east Peru
 World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia — Species Profiles
 Scarlet macaw videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Page of photographs of Scarlet and green-winged macaws at a clay lick from Parrots International
 Scarlet macaw photo on PBase
 Stamps (15 countries) with RangeMap

 Ara macao conservation and reintroduction in Costa Rica
 Scarlet macaw in illegal traffic in Nicaragua
 The Scarlet Macaw Genome Project

True parrots
Vulgar Latin, or Common Latin, is one of the two types of Latin. Latin is an old language that was spoken by the Romans. Vulgar Latin is not spoken anymore, but its many dialects eventually became what are now Romance languages (such as Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian). Vulgar Latin was spoken by the regular people ("vulgus" in Latin means "common"): farmers, workers and those without a great deal of education.

Origin 
Classical Latin is the type of Latin that was first spoken by the Romans. As time went by, fewer and fewer people spoke Classical Latin, and in the end the language changed to become Vulgar Latin. After a while, only scholars spoke Classical Latin. Books were still written in it. Nobody speaks Latin anymore except for people who study it and the Roman Catholic Church's officials.

Grammar 
Vulgar Latin is similar to Classical Latin but has some differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. Latin has 5 basic noun cases.

Other websites 
 Grandgent, Charles Hall, An introduction to vulgar Latin (1907) (.pdf, .djvu) on www.archive.org

Ancient Rome
Latin language
Snoring is the noise that people often make when they are sleeping. It is often caused by a blocked nose or throat. The noise is often loud, as it is made by air passing through the nasal passages, the nostrils, or the throat.

Sleep
Life on Mars is an award winning British science fiction and police drama television series. It was first broadcast on BBC One between January 2006 and April 2007.

The programme tells the story of DCI Sam Tyler of the Manchester Police (played by John Simm), after being hit by a car in 2006, he is in the year 1973. There, he works for Manchester Police CID as a DI under DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister). Over the course of the series, Tyler faces various problems, most frequently regarding the differences between his modern approach to policing and the more old-fashioned way of his colleagues. It is unclear whether he is insane, in a coma, or if he really has travelled back in time.

Other websites 

2006 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
2000s British workplace television series
2000s workplace drama television series
BBC Television programmes
British crime drama television series
British science fiction television series
British workplace drama television series
Police television series
Television series set in Manchester
Time travel television series
English-language television programs
Ashes to Ashes is a British television crime drama series set in London. It is a sequel to the 2006-2007 series Life on Mars. It is a Kudos Film & Television production for the BBC, and was broadcast on BBC One. It was first shown on 7 February 2008.

Philip Glenister, who plays Gene Hunt, has said in an interview that "he does not think any show featuring his character should be made afterwards."

The second series was broadcast from 20 April - 8 June 2009. The third, final series was shown from 2 April to 21 May 2010.

References

Other websites 

2008 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
2000s British workplace television series
2000s crime television series
2000s science fiction television series
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s British workplace television series
2010s crime television series
2010s science fiction television series
2010s workplace drama television series
BBC Television programmes
British crime drama television series
British science fiction television series
British workplace drama television series
Police television series
Television series set in London
Time travel television series
English-language television programs
John Ronald Simm (born 10 July 1970 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire) is an English actor and musician. He grew up mainly in Lancashire. His roles include two BAFTA award-winning BBC Wales dramas: as Sam Tyler in the drama Life on Mars and as the Master in the long-running science fiction series Doctor Who. He has appeared in many popular television dramas such as The Lakes, State of Play and two BAFTA award-winning serials; Clocking Off and Sex Traffic. His movie roles include Human Traffic and 24 Hour Party People. He was nominated for the Olivier and Theatergoer's Choice Award for the best Actor 2008. 

Besides acting, Simm was a founding member, songwriter and guitarist with the rock band Magic Alex.

Personal life
Simm married actress Kate Magowan in April 2004 in the Forest of Dean. They have a son and a daughter. Simm is a strong supporter of Manchester United.

Filmography

Television

Movies

Theatre

References

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Lancashire
Actors from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English television actors
Musicians from Lancashire
Musicians from West Yorkshire
People from Leeds
Leopold "Butters" Stotch (voiced by Matt Stone) is a popular fictional character in the animated television series South Park. His nickname is a play on the word butterscotch. The creators have said in more than one DVD commentaries that Butters is one of their "top 3 favorite characters". Butters is based on Eric Stough, the animation director of the show.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1997
South Park characters

da:Elever på South Park Elementary#Leopold "Butters" Stotch
Stanley Randall "Stan" Marsh is a fictional character in the animated television series South Park. He is voiced by  the series co-creator Trey Parker. He is also one of the four main characters in the series with Eric Cartman, Kenny McCormick, and Kyle Broflovski. Stan is usually known as the serious and sensitive person of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations.

Stan's character is loosely based on the personality of co-creator Trey Parker. He is best friends with Kyle Broflovski and their friendship is important in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in "Cherokee Hair Tampons", "Cartmanland" and "Super Best Friends". He has a girlfriend, Wendy Testaburger.

Character
Stan lives in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. He and his friends are fourth graders and go to the same elementary school. He lives with his father Randy Marsh who is a geologist, his mother Sharon Marsh, and his older sister Shelley who usually abuses him. He also has asthma. Stan is modeled after his voice actor Trey Parker, and has the same birthday with him on October 19.

References

Other websites
 South Park Studios 
 South Park Wikia

Comedy movie characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
South Park characters

ja:サウスパークの登場人物#主要人物
Old Norse is a Germanic language that was spoken in Scandinavia, during the Viking Age, until about 1300. It was also spoken in Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Orkney Islands and other places that Scandinavians started settlements (similar to colonies).

Modern Icelandic is the modern language that is the closest to Old Norse when written. Another language that is close to Old Norse, is Elfdalian. Other languages that come from Old Norse are Swedish, Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian.

References

Germanic languages
13th-century disestablishments
Honey to the B is the first album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music). Billie (she was known at the time only by her first name) was the first British female singer to have a first single start at #1 on the UK pop charts.

UK track listing 

 "Because We Want To" (Marr/Page/Rambo/Richmond) - 3:48
 "Girlfriend" (Rambo/Richmond) - 3:50
 "Officially Yours" (Mitra) - 3:26
 "She Wants You" (Laws/Sheyne) - 3:38
 "Love Groove" (Marr/Page/Piper) - 4:29
 "Party on the Phone" (Marr/Page) - 4:14
 "Saying I'm Sorry Now" (Rambo/Richmond) - 4:00
 "You've Got It" (Green/McLaughlin) - 3:43
 "I Dream" (Marr/Page) - 5:33
 "Honey to the Bee" (Marr/Page) - 5:03
 "Whatcha Gonna Do" (Rambo/Richmond) - 4:33
 "Don't Forget to Remember" (Marr/Page) - 4:47

1998 albums
Billie Piper albums
Debut albums
Pop albums
Scratchy and Co was a CITV television series. It was shown over the different times in the mid to late 1990s:
 May - December 1995
 May - August 1996
 January - April 1997
 January - April 1998

It replaced What's Up Doc? as the Saturday morning ITV show.

It starred Mark Speight as "Scratchy" and Elliot Henderson-Boyle as "Reg". The main gimmick of the series was Speight and Henderson-Boyle wearing "solid rubber wigs" and very unusual jackets. A stylistic of this was similar to Max Headroom.

1995 television series debuts
1998 television series endings
English-language television programs
Walk of Life is the second album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 2000. Piper's second album did not match the successful start in terms of album sales despite producing three Top 30 singles - "Day and Night" went to #1 and "Something Deep Inside" managed to get to #4 and "Walk of Life" finishing at #25 on the UK charts.

Despite good reviews, the album was not released in the US. Piper then decided have a break from the music industry and concentrate on acting.

Track listing
 "Day & Night"
 "Something Deep Inside"
 "Walk of Life"
 "Safe with Me"
 "Bring It On"
 "Ring My Bell"
 "The Tide Is High"
 "Run That By Me"
 "Promises"
 "Because of You"
 "What Game Is This?"
 "Misfocusing"
 "Makin' My Way (Anyway That I Can) - Pokemon Official Soundtrack"

2000 albums
Billie Piper albums
2000 songs
Billie Piper songs
Pop songs
BBC Parliament is a British television channel from the BBC. It broadcasts live and recorded coverage of the British House of Commons and House of Lords, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, and occasionally from the General Synod of the Church of England. The channel does not broadcast reports from the European Parliament. It Is Available On Sky Channel 504, Terrestrial (Freeview) Channel 230 and Virgin Media Channel 609.

Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as The Parliamentary Channel (from 1992-1998).

References

1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
Parliament
Roy Richard Scheider (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an Academy Award- and Golden Globe-nominated American actor. He was best known for his role as police chief Martin Brody in the 1975 movie Jaws, his Academy Award nominated role (but he did not win the award) as Joe Gideon in the movie All That Jazz, and as Captain Nathan Bridger in Steven Spielberg's Emmy Award winning television series seaQuest DSV.   He played "Heywood Floyd " in the 1984 film 2010.

Scheider's mother was an Irish-American Roman Catholic; his father was a German-American Protestant. Scheider had a daughter from his first marriage, and a son and daughter from his second marriage. He had a form of cancer called multiple myeloma, and died of an staphylococcal infection, aged 75.

Other websites 

 The Roy Scheider Resource 
 Obituary in The Times
 
 Roy Scheider  at the Starpulse Biography site
 Roy Scheider  at The New York Times
 Roy Scheider - Obituary and public tribute 
 Plum TV Hamptons Tribute 
 William Friedkin on Roy Scheider

Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Orange, New Jersey
Deaths from staphylococcal infection
1932 births
2008 deaths
A platform game, or platformer, is a genre of video game. Platformer gameplay is about jumping between platforms or over obstacles. The player controls these jumps and must use skill to avoid their character falling off of platforms or missing jumps.  This kind of gameplay, even in other genres, is called "platforming". Games where jumping is not controlled by the player, such as The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, are not thought of as platform games.

Platform games began as 2D in the early 1980s, and 3D platformers became popular in the mid-1990s. The name describes games where jumping on platforms is a large part of the gameplay. However, platforming is not a pure genre, and often there are other types of genres mixed into it. For example, in a game like Metroid, the player controls a character not only to navigate obstacles, but to fight enemies.

As long as the actually jumping remains a main part of the gameplay, the game can still correctly be called a platformer. Because of this, there are many different types of platformers.

 
Types of video games
Video game genres
The piranha (also known as the caribe) is a ferocious, schooling, fresh-water fish. It is native to warm lowland streams and lakes in South America, east of the Andes Mountains. Piranhas have been introduced to other places, including Northern Brazil, Hawaii, and parts of Central and North America. There are many species of piranha; they belong to the genera Pygocentrus and Serrasalmus. They reproduce by laying eggs.

Diet 
Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores (flesh-eaters). They eat aquatic and land animals that are in the water. Some of the prey includes fish, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, birds, lizards, amphibians, rodents, and carrion (dead meat that they find). These fish are diurnal (most active during the day).

Predators 
Many animals prey upon piranhas (especially young piranhas), including other piranhas, caimans, water snakes, turtles, birds, otters, and people.

Bony fish
Maximilian Maria Kolbe (originally christened Raymund) (1894-1941) is a Catholic saint. He was a Polish Franciscan who worked in Poland and Nagasaki, Japan. He died in Auschwitz because he wanted to save another prisoner. Maximilian saved the life of that prisoner. Maximilian is remembered on August 14, the date of his death. The first-class relics of St Maximilian Kolbe are preserved and distributed by the friary of Niepokalanów, establish by St Maximilian in Poland.

Kolbe was smuggled to a prison hospital to try to stop beatings and lashings as part of being a priest. One day three prisoners disappeared from the camp and then the deputy camp commander decided to choose ten men at random to be starved to death to prevent any more escapes. 

One of the men, Franciszek Gajowniczek, cried out, "My wife! My children!" When Kolbe heard this he volunteered to take his place. 

After two weeks of starvation and dehydration Kolbe was the only one of ten men that was still alive. He was always standing or kneeling in the middle of the cell looking very calm whenever the guards arrived. The guards then decided to give a lethal injection as he was still alive. Kolbe then raised his arm and waited for this deadly injection.

References
Catholic Forum.com, Saint Maximilian Kolbe
 The first-class relics of Saint Maximilian Kolbe
 Niepokalanów, the friary established by St Maximilian Kolbe (English page)

1894 births
1941 deaths
Christian saints
Franciscans
Holocaust victims
People executed by lethal injection
Polish Roman Catholics
Hans Kleppen (March 16, 1907 – April 12, 2009) was a Norwegian who was a ski jumper in the 1920s. He won a bronze medal at the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane.

Kleppen, from Bø i Telemark, became 100 years old in March 2007 and, having been part of the 1928 Winter Olympics, was Norway's oldest living Olympian.

References

Other websites 
Report on Hans Kleppen's 101st birthday  (Norwegian)

1907 births
2009 deaths
Centenarians
Norwegian sportspeople
Skiers
In Utero is the third and last studio album by the American rock band Nirvana and was released on September 21, 1993, by DGC Records. Nirvana wanted the album to be very different from their last album Nevermind and have a less clean sound. The album was recorded at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota over two weeks with the producer Steve Albini. Producer Scott Litt also made small changes to the sound that Albini had produced.

When the album was released, it went into the Billboard 200 at number one and was well liked by critics. Since its release, the album has sold over 15 million copies.

Track listing

References 

Nirvana albums
1993 albums
"Scentless Apprentice" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was on their third album, In Utero, and a live version was on their live album, From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah. Most of their songs were only written by the singer Kurt Cobain, but this song was written by all three members of the band.

The song was written in 1992. The band originally did not like the song, because it was too much of a generic grunge song, however they soon began to like it. They even thought of releasing it as the second single from In Utero (after "Heart-Shaped Box") but this never happened.

The song is about a book that Kurt Cobain read, Perfume. The book and the song are about a boy who is born without body odor but has a strong sense of smell. Soon he becomes a murderer who kills female victims.

In the television show Lost, "Scentless Apprentice" is playing on one of the characters' car radios.

References

Nirvana songs
1993 songs