cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Despicable Me is a 2010 American family/animated/comedy/crime movie directed by Pierre Coffin. It stars Steve Carell, Will Arnett, Kristen Wiig, Russell Brand, Jason Segel, Julie Andrews, Ken Jeong, and Miranda Cosgrove. It was released on July 9, 2010. The movie received positive reviews. A sequel Despicable Me 2 was released on July 3, 2013, while a another sequel Despicable Me 3 was released on June 30, 2017. There is also a spinoff movie all about the comic relief characters in the series.

Cast 
 Steve Carell as Gru
 Jason Segel as Victor "Vector" Perkins
 Russell Brand as Dr. Nefario
 Kristen Wiig as Miss Hattie
 Miranda Cosgrove as Margo
 Dana Gaier as Edith
 Elsie Fisher as Agnes
 Will Arnett as Mr. Perkins
 Julie Andrews as Marlena, Gru's mother
 Danny McBride as Fred McDade
 Jack McBrayer as a Carnival Barker
 McBrayer also voices a tourist, who is Justin's father
Additional Voices Lori Alan, Steve Alterman, Jeremy Bowker, Jack Angel, Dee Bradley Baker, Bob Bergen, Gregg Berger, J.B. Blanc, Rodger Bumpass, Earl Boen, David Cowgill, Darin De Paul, Jim Cummings, Holly Dorff, Richard Epcar, Eddie Frierson, Jackie Gonneau, Kyle Hebert, Ranjani Brow, Crispin Freeman, Katie Leigh, Wendy Hoffman, Greg Ellis, Don Fullilove, Philip L. Clarke, Anne Lockhart, Mike Gomez, Edie Lehmann-Boddicker, Luisa Leschin, Django Craig, Tony Lee, Tom Kane, Danny Mann, Mona Marshall, Scott Menville, Edie Mirman, Juan Pacheco, Bradley Pierce, Jonathan Nichols, Paul Pape, Phil Proctor, Tony Oliver, Al Rodrigo, Michelle Ruff, Regina Taufen, David Randolph, James Kyson, John Hans Tester, Randy Thom, Josh Petersdorf, Andre Sogliuzzo, Skip Stellrecht, Kirk Thornton, Claudette Wells, Debi Mae West, Dave Wittenberg, Jim Ward. Additional Children's Voices Charles Bright, Mikaila Baumel.

2010 animated movies
2010s criminal comedy movies
2010 crime movies
2010 comedy movies
American family movies
American animated movies
American criminal comedy movies
American adventure movies
Despicable Me
Universal Pictures movies
Supervillain movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Pierre Coffin
Julianne Nicholson (born July 1, 1971) is an American actress. She works mostly on television programs. She played the Detective Megan Wheeler in Law & Order: Criminal Intent. She played Esther Randolph in Boardwalk Empire. She was born in Medford, Massachusetts.

American television actors
Actors from Massachusetts
1971 births
Living people
Hilarie Burton (born 1 July 1982) is an American actress. She works mostly on television. She played Lauren in Grey's Anatomy. She played Sara Ellis in the television show White Collar. She has also been in movies. Burton was born in Sterling, Virginia.

American television actors
American movie actors
1982 births
Living people
Actors from Virginia
Evelyn King (born July 1, 1960) is an American singer. She mostly performs disco and rhythm and blues. She had the hit singles "Love Come Down" and "Shame". King was born in the Bronx, New York. She was raised in Philadelphia.

Singers from Pennsylvania
Singers from New York
R&B musicians
1960 births
Living people
People from New York City
The View is an American television talk show that airs on ABC. It started in 1997. It features a panel of women who talk about current issues and news items such as tabloid headlines and celebrity news. As of 2017, the panel included moderator Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Paula Faris, Sara Haines, Jedediah Bila, and Sunny Hostin.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 

1997 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television talk shows
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Restorationism, also called Christian primitivism is a movement that tries to restore to model itself after what is known or believed of the Early Church. Over the course of time, different groups have used the term, with different meanings:
In the Middle Ages, most groups were active during the time when the Protestant Reformation happened. In the 15th century, a movement called the Lollards started. Another group  with similar ideas was the Brethren of the Common Life.
Movements such as the Hussites, the Anabaptists,  the Landmark Baptists, the Puritans and the Waldensians were called Primitive, as is the Primitive Methodist Church.
After the Protestant Reformation, the Protestant movement split in many groups. Some of these groups, such as the Churches of Christ and the Baptists are more restorationist than others. Other movements include the Glasites, in Scotland. In the United States, there was a Restoration Movement, which is also known as Stone-Campbell Movement and the Mormons
A number of Pentecostal movements has been described as restorationist: Among them are the Assemblies of God, and the evangelical British New Church Movement
Some movements use the term to say that Jewish people must be "restored" to the Promised Land. These movements are usually called Christian Restorationism or Christian Zionism.
 The term has also been used in reference to Muslim movements with similar aims, such as Salafism, Muwahhidism, Ghair Muqallids and Quranism.

Christian movements and denominational families
Religious terminology
Apocatastasis, which can be translated as universal restoration is a concept that can be found in Ancient Greece. The theological idea was that people did not fully agree with their creator, and moved away; this is called Apostasy. At the end of time, everything would be re-united with its creator, according to the idea. Different people have seen the process differently: Some say, that everything, even those that have "fallen", will be reunited; these people speak about apokatastasis panton or restitutio omnium (quae locutus est). 

Ancient Greek philosophy used the term, before it was used by Christian scholars. That way, the Pythagoreans, Heraclitus, and the Stoics used the term. Neoplatonism, as well as Friedrich Nietzsche also used the term in this meaning. Most of these philiosophers believed, that this "restoration" was periodic, and not an event that occurred only once.

Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Gregory of Nyssa where the first Christian scholars who used the term: For them, this "restoration" would occur only once, and was not periodic. 

Christian theology
Before Midnight is a 2013 American romantic drama movie. Ethan Hawke stars as Jesse Wallace and Julie Delpy as Celine. This movie is set in Greece. Before Midnight has gotten strong praise from the movie critics. It was released during May and June of 2013 in the United States.

It was preceded by Before Sunrise and Before Sunset.

Other websites 

2013 drama movies
2013 romance movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
American sequel movies
Multilingual movies
Movies set in Greece
American independent movies
Movies directed by Richard Linklater
Summer of Sam is a 1999 crime drama movie. It was directed by Spike Lee, who also co-wrote and co-produced it. The movie is about a series of murders done by David Berkowitz (nicknamed the Son of Sam) during the summer of 1977 in New York City. John Leguizamo, Mira Sorvino, Adrien Brody and Jennifer Esposito play fictional characters. The MPAA threatened Summer of Sam with an NC-17 due to a sex scene, which was then cut out. The movie was released in July 1999.

Other websites 

1999 crime movies
1999 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American serial killer movies
English-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies directed by Spike Lee
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1970s
Screenplays by Spike Lee
Christina Hendricks (born 3 May 1975) is an American actress. She acts in both television series and movies. She plays Joan Harris in the AMC series Mad Men. She played Saffron in the series Firefly. She played Kelly Kramer in the series Beggars and Choosers. Christina was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. She has lived in Idaho.

American television actors
American movie actors
1975 births
Living people
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Actors from Tennessee
Immortal Beloved is a 1994 drama movie in which Gary Oldman and Isabella Rossellini star. The movie is about Ludwig van Beethoven. This movie was released in December 1994 in United States theaters. It received mixed reviews. It debuted strongly at the box office.

 
1994 drama movies
British drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
A Diophantine equation is an equation that only takes integer coefficients, and that can be written as , where f is a polynomial. Diophantine analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, concerned with such equations. Typical questions include:
Are there any solutions?
Are there any solutions beyond some that are easily found by inspection?
Are there finitely or infinitely many solutions?
Can all solutions be found in theory?
Can one in practice compute a full list of solutions?
Very often such problems were unresolved for centuries. With time, mathematicians  came to understand their depth (in some cases), rather than treat them as puzzles. The equation is named after Diophantus of Alexandria, a mathematician, who described them first. The restriction on integer coefficients makes sense, when one is concerned about finding Divisors, or in the case of modular arithmetic. In everyday life, many equations solve problems where only whole numbers make sense: A product is composed of many parts, but only whole pieces can be produced. 

Some diophantine equations are very famous. These include the Pythagorean triple, Fermat's Last Theorem and Pell's equation. Hilbert's tenth problem was to find an algorithm to decide, whether a given Diophantine equation has an integer solution.   

Equations
Eva Ngui Nchama (born on June 9, 1985 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea) is a athlete from Spain. She has a disability: she cannot see and is a T12/B2 type athlete. She competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece in the women's 100 metres - T12 event.  She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and finished third in the women's 100 metres - T12 event and thir in the women's 200 metres - T12 event.  She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and was the 14th runner to finish.

In 2012, she had a Plan ADO €18,000 athlete scholarship with a €3,000 reserve and a €2,500 coaching scholarship.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Equatorial Guinea
José María Pámpano Cillero (born December 10, 1978 in Badajoz) is a T36 athlete from Spain.

Pámpano competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens and finished second in the 4x400m relay and finished second in the T36 1500 meter race.  He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in the 800 meter race but was not one of the first three racers to finish. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and finished sixth in the 800 meter race.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1978 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T36
People from Extremadura
Bloody Sunday took place in Russia in 1905. More than 3,000 people marched towards the Winter Palace in hopes of presenting Tsar Nicholas II a petition for reform, however he was not present at the palace.  Without the order of the tsar to stop them, the army shot their rifles into the crowd, leaving 96 dead and around 300 wounded. This event is considered a cause of the Russian Revolution.

Later Dmitri Shostakovich composed his 11th Symphony based on this event.

References

Russian Revolution
1905
Saint Petersburg
Massacres in Europe
Protests in the 20th century
The Kamba (Akamba in the plural) are a Bantu ethnic group.

They live in the semi-arid Eastern Province of Kenya,  from Nairobi east to Tsavo and north up to Embu, Kenya. This land is called Ukambani. They are one of the largest ethnic group in Kenya. They speak the Bantu Kikamba language as a mother tongue. 

The Kamba mostly live in the Machakos District of Kenya. The total population of the Kamba is about 4 million. The Kamba are also called Kikamba, Kekamba, Masaku, Ukamba, Kitui and Mumoni.

References 

Ethnic groups in Africa
Kenyan people
Abdülaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز) ( February 1830 – 4 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and was 111st Caliph of Islam. He ascended the throne when he was 31 years old, reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876. He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and became sultan after the death of his brother Abdülmecid I.  He was deposed in 1876, having become unpopular, and was found dead six days later.

His Reign 
Abdülaziz was fond of wrestling, hunting and arm wrestling.  He expanded and modernized the Ottoman Navy, making it the third largest in the world.  This resulted in large debts to European countries.  He also bought modern weapons for the Ottoman Army and expanded it.

Sultan Abdülaziz frequently organized trips to inland and out of country. He was first Sultan who visited Egypt after Yavuz Sultan Selim that conqueared Egypt.

As well as principalities Abdülaziz was first Sultan that visits Europe often. And often contacted with other countries leaders.

In peroid of Abülaziz Ottomans pay attention to get along with West. Ottoman's westernization politics that come from Edict Of Gülhane continued.

New provinces announced country-wide and Istanbul University edited with copying France Education System. Sirkeci Station's foundation started Abdülaziz era.

This is the Abülaziz's a few innovation during his 15 years reign.
 New soldier uniforms prepared.
 Post stamps used first time
 Lighthouses built to coasts.
 Ottoman Bank opened.
 High school and industry school opened.
 Forest, mine, and medicine schools opened
 France, Austria, and Iran Managers visited Istanbul.

Lover of Polish Arabian Horses 
In 1864 the westernizing Ottoman sultan Abdülaziz imported 90 mares and two stallions from Count Branicki"s studs in Bialocerkiew/Poland.

The descendants of Abdulaziz have her own throne succession arrangements 
Only male descendants of Abdulaziz are considered representatives of the former Ottoman throne.
   
Abdülmecid II, last Ottoman Caliph (1922–1924), 37th Post-Imperial of the House of Osman (1922–1944), son of Abdülaziz I.
Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin, Post-Imperial Head of the House of Osman (1944-1946), grandson of Sultan Abdülaziz I.
Şehzade Ömer Faruk Osmanoğlu, Post-Imperial Head of the House of Osman (1946-1969), grandson of Sultan Abdülaziz I.
Şehzade Mehmed Abdülaziz II, Post-Imperial Head of the House of Osman (1969–1977), grandson of Sultan Abdülaziz I.
Şehzade Süleyman Saadeddin, Post-Imperial Head of the House of Osman (1977-1985), great-grandson of Sultan Abdülaziz I.
Şehzade Orhan Saadeddin, Post-Imperial Head of the House of Osman since 1985, great-great-grandson of Sultan Abdülaziz I.

References

Other websites 

1830 births
1876 deaths
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Caliphs
Cynthia Myers (September 12, 1950 – November 4, 2011) was an American actress and fashion model. She acted primarily in B-movies. She was Playboy Playmate of the Month in December 1968. Her most famous theatrical movie was Beyond the Valley of the Dolls, a 1970 movie in which she starred as bisexual musician Casey Anderson.

Myers was born in Toledo, Ohio. She died due to lung cancer at age sixty-one.

American movie actors
Actors from Ohio
1950 births
2011 deaths
People from Toledo, Ohio
Deaths from lung cancer
Evelyn Lauder (August 12, 1936 – November 12, 2011) was an American businesswoman and socialite. She became well known for being one of the creators of the pink ribbon symbol of breast cancer.

Lauder was Senior Corporate Vice President of Estée Lauder Companies. She was responsible for raising over $13 million for a breast cancer club that had the Evelyn Lauder name. Lauder was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria, but later relocated to and was raised in New York City. She died at home in Manhattan, New York City, due to complications of ovarian cancer at 75.

Businesspeople from New York
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from ovarian cancer
People from Vienna
Austrian businesspeople
1936 births
2011 deaths
Billie Jean Spears (January 14, 1937 – December 14, 2011) was an American country music singer. She reached the top ten in the country charts five times. She first sang "Harper Valley PTA", though that failed to chart. Her biggest song was "Blanket on the Ground" in 1975. She had other popular singles. Billie was born in Beaumont, Texas. She died of cancer at age seventy-four.

Singers from Texas
People from Beaumont, Texas
Country musicians from Texas
1937 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Tintoretto (1518 – 31 May 1594), born Jacopo Comin, was an Italian Renaissance painter. He was known by the nickname Il Furioso. His works are very dramatic, often depicting muscular figures and a bold use of perspective. These elements he paints in the Mannerist style. His use of colour and light, however, is typical of the Venetian School.

Tintoretto was from Venice. He spent most of his life painting there. He was a devout Roman Catholic. He painted frescos and other murals on the walls and ceilings of several churches and other buildings in Venice, such as the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, the Doge's Palace. His largest work is Il Paradiso, which dominates the main hall of the Doge's Palace. It is 22.6 x 9.1 metres in size, and is said to be the largest painting ever done on canvas.

Notes

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References 
 
 Carlo Ridolfi, La Vita di Giacopo Robusti (A Life of Tintoretto) 1642
 Tintoretto, and Pierluigi De Vecchi. 1970. L'opera completa del Tintoretto. Milano: Rizzoli.  (Italian language)

Other websites 

Works at Web Gallery of Art
www.JacopoTintoretto.org - 257 works by Tintoretto

1518 births
1594 deaths
People from Venice
16th-century Italian painters
Italian Roman Catholics
Renaissance
The Nok culture was an ancient civilisation in what is now Nigeria. It appeared around 1000 BC and vanished around 300 CE. This civilisation lived in northern and central Nigeria. Its social system is thought to have been very advanced for its time. The Nok are considered to be the earliest producers of life-sized Terracotta sculptures in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been suggested that the Nok culture eventually evolved into the Yoruba. The use of iron, in smelting and forging tools, appears in the Nok culture at least by 550 BC and possibly earlier.

References

Ancient history
History of Nigeria
Nigerian culture
The renminbi (RMB, ¥; code: CNY; also CN¥, 元 and CN元) is the currency of the People's Republic of China. It is the main currency used in mainland China. It is also sometimes accepted in Hong Kong and Macau, and can be easily exchanged in those territories. The currency is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of China. Its name means "people's currency" ().

The main unit of renminbi is the yuán (/). One yuan is divided into 10 jiǎo (). One jiǎo is subdivided into 10 fēn (份). Renminbi banknotes are available in denominations from 1 jiao to 100 yuan (¥0.1–100). Coins have denominations from 1 fen to 1 yuan (¥0.01–1). Therefore, some denominations exist in both coin and banknote form. Coins under ¥0.1 are rarely used.

Currently, only ¥20,000 can be taken in or out of China without declaring it, or telling customs that you have it.

References

More reading

 Ansgar Belke, Christian Dreger und Georg Erber: Reduction of Global Trade Imbalances: Does China Have to Revalue Its Currency? In: Weekly Report. 6/2010, Nr. 30, 2010, , S. 222–229 (PDF-File; DIW Online).
 
 

Currency of Asia
People's Republic of China
The Scandinavian  Mountains are a mountain range that runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula. The western sides of the mountains drop steeply into the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, where they form the fjords of Norway. To the north they form the border between Norway and Sweden, and passing across the Arctic Circle. A small part of the range runs into Finland, but this part mostly consists of hills.

Galdhøpiggen in southern Norway is the highest peak in the range, at . Kebnekaise has the highest peak on the Swedish side, at . Halti is the highest peak in Finland, at . The range's proximity to the Arctic and the North Atlantic ocean has caused the formation of many icefields and glaciers.

References

Other websites

Mountain ranges
Mountains of Europe
Mountains of Norway
Geography of Finland
Geography of Sweden
The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are a clade of passerine birds from the Americas. They are the largest family of birds on Earth, with more than 400 species. They are the most diverse family of birds in every country in South and Central America. They also live in North America.

The family is named after the Old World flycatchers. Some members have similar features to the Old World flycatchers, but they are not related to them. They are members of suborder Tyranni. They do not have the song (vocal capabilities) of most other songbirds. 

Tyrant flycatchers are opportunistic feeders and often catch any insect they run across. Some, like the large great kiskadee, may eat fruit or small vertebrates such as frogs.

Kingbirds are flycatchers of the genus Tyrannus. They can be quite aggressive in defence of their interests.

References

Other websites

 
 Tyrant Flycatcher videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
 

Tyrannides
Semyon Grigorevich Frug (born in 1860) was a writer. He was born into a family of Jewish farmers in southern Ukraine. From 1912 until his death in 1916, he lived in Odessa, where the sixth edition of his three-volume Complete Works was published in 1913.

His talent was at its best in Odessa. Frug's works were mainly written in Russian with a few stories written in Yiddish. In his writing, he described the life of the Jewish colonists, their relationships with their Ukrainian and Russian neighbors, and the disagreements and occasional arguments about various Yiddish dialects. Many of Frug's poems were set to music and performed on stage.

Ukrainian writers
Poets
1860 births
1916 deaths
Susan Ann Sulley (sometimes known as Susan Ann Gayle; born 22 March 1963) is a British singer-songwriter. She began singing at age 17. She worked with The Human League and had major hit singles with them, including "Human" in 1986. Sulley was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

References

1963 births
Living people
English pop musicians
English singers
Musicians from Sheffield
Pericles, Prince of Tyre is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source was The Patterne of Painefull Adventures (1576) by Lawrence Twine. Pericles, Prince of Tyre was probably first acted between 1608 and 1609.  It was probably first printed in quarto form in 1609.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Measure for Measure is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source may be George Whetstone's Promos and Cassandra.  Measure for Measure may have been first acted on 24 December 1606. It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Richard II is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a history play. Shakespeare's sources were probably Holinshed's Chronicles and The Civil Wars (1595) by Samuel Daniel. Richard II was probably first printed in 1597. It was first acted on 7 February 1601.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
Henry V is a play by William Shakespeare. It is called a history play. Shakespeare's source was The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed. The play was probably first acted between 1598 and 1599. It was first printed in 1600. Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branaugh have both made movies of the play.

References
  

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
Henry IV, Pt. 2 is a play by William Shakespeare.  It is a history play. Shakespeare's source was The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed. It was probably first acted on 3 March 1592. It was probably first printed in 1594.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
The Taming of the Shrew is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source was Suppositi (1509) by Ludovico Ariosto. George Gascoigne's play Supposes (1566) may have also been used. The play was probably first acted between 1593 and y first printed in 1623 in the First Folio. The   musical, Kiss Me Kate, was based on the play. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton made a movie of the play.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Timon of Athens is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy.  Shakespeare's source was probably The Misanthrope by Lucian. Timon was probably first acted between 1607-1608.  It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Iolanthe, or The Peer and the Peri is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the seventh of the team's fourteen operettas. It opened at the Savoy Theatre on 25 November 1882. It had a run of 398 performances. It is the first of the operettas to have its first performance at the Savoy. The story is about a group of immortal fairies who find themselves on a different side as the House of Peers. The opera makes fun of many parts of British government and law.

 

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
Princess Ida; or, Castle Adamant is a three-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the eighth of their fourteen operettas. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre in London, England on 5 January 1884. It had 246 performances, a short run compared with the team's other operettas. After the operetta closed, it was not revived in London until 1919. 

Gilbert based Princess Ida on a play he wrote in 1870 called The Princess. This play was based, in turn, on The Princess, a long poem of 1847 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Ida is the only Gilbert and Sullivan operetta in three acts. It is their only operetta to be written in blank verse. 

Princess Ida was a great success with early audiences, but the critics did not like it. Sullivan told Gilbert three weeks after the opening that he would not write another comic opera, and it appeared their collaboration was over.  Princess Ida has its roots in the work of a poet little read today, and its themes are somewhat dated. The operetta is not a modern audience favorite.

Story
In her babyhood, Princess Ida was betrothed to Prince Hilarion. In her young womanhood however, she has forsaken the company of men and has set up an all-female university. Hilarion and two of his friends, Cyril and Florian, gain entrance to the school disguised as women. They are discovered, and war ensues. As the casualties mount, Princess Ida relents and accepts Hilarion as her husband to be.

References
 Bradley, Ian. 2001. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. pp. 451-453.
 Brahms, Caryl. 1975. Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords. Little, Brown. pp. 123-136.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
The Sorcerer is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the third of their fourteen operettas. It opened in London at the Opera Comique on 17 November 1877. It ran for 178 performances. The play is about the effects of a love potion on the residents of an English village.

References
 Bradley, Ian. 2001. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. pp. 43-45.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
Trial by Jury is one-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the second of their fourteen collaborations and their earliest work still performed today. It opened at the Royalty Theatre in London on 25 March 1875 with Jacques Offenbach's La Périchole and the farce, Cryptoconchoid Syphonostomata. 

Trial by Jury moved about to several different theatres. It was performed about 300 times in its first two years. It was a popular and a critical success. It is only about 45 minutes long, has only one act, and has no spoken words. 

Trial is about a young man who is sued for jilting his bethrothed. The judge hearing the case decides to marry the young woman himself. Today, it is sometimes played with another Gilbert and Sullivan operetta such as H.M.S. Pinafore.

References
 Bradley, Ian. 2001. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. pp. 3-5.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
The Yeomen of the Guard, or The Merryman and his Maid is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It was first performed on 3 October 1888. It had 423 performances. It is the eleventh of fourteen operettas written by Gilbert and Sullivan. Unlike their previous operettas, Yeomen is darker and more serious in its tone and atmosphere.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the first of their fourteen operettas. It was commissioned in 1871 by John Hollingshead, manager and owner of the Gaiety Theatre in the Strand. It was not well rehearsed, and lasted only 65 performances. It was generally well received by the critics.

Thespis takes place on Mount Olympus and tells of a theatrical company which takes over the duties of the ancient Greek gods. Most of the music has been lost, making it impossible to reconstruct the operetta.

References
 Bradley, Ian. 2001. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. p. 3.   

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
The Pirates of Penzance; or, The Slave of Duty is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the fifth of their fourteen operettas. The London premiere was 3 April 1880 at the Opera Comique. It ran for almost a year, closing on 2 April 1881. It had 363 performances.

American copyright 
Gilbert, Sullivan, and their manager Richard D'Oyly Carte arrived in New York in October 1879 to present an authorized version of H.M.S. Pinafore. During this time, Sullivan continued work on the team's next operetta, Pirates, and completed it on 28 December.

In order to secure the American copyright, the operetta premiered in New York City at the Fifth Avenue Theatre on 31 December 1879. Sullivan conducted.
The operetta was a great success.

In order to secure the British copyright, the operetta had been performed at the Bijou Theatre in Paignton, Devon, the day before the New York premiere on 30 December. The singers wore their costumes from Pinafore (they were performing this operetta in nearby Torquay) and sang from hand-written sheets of music newly delivered from the United States.

Adaptations
American director and producer Joseph Papp adapted the operetta for summer performances in Central Park, New York City, in 1980. The production was then staged on Broadway and in the West End with great success. In 1983, a movie version of the Papp adaptation was released, starring Angela Lansbury, pop singer Linda Ronstadt, and Kevin Kline.

Roles
 Pirate King (bass-baritone)
 Samuel (baritone), his lieutenant
 Frederic (tenor), a pirate apprentice
 Ruth (contralto), a "piratical maid of all work"
 Sergeant of Police (bass)
 Major-General Stanley (comic baritone)
 Mabel (soprano), Stanley's daughter
 Edith (mezzo-soprano), Stanley's daughter
 Kate (mezzo-soprano), Stanley's daughter
 Isabel (speaking role), Stanley's daughter

References
 Bradley, Ian. 2001. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. pp. 189-191.
 Brahms, Caryl. 1975. Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords. Little, Brown. pp. 88-96.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
The Jew of Malta is a play by Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe's source is unknown. It is possibly a forgotten story, or he may have studied Jewish life first-hand in London. The exact date the play was written is uncertain. It is certain though that it was written no earlier than December 1588. It was first printed in 1633. 

The play is unbalanced; the first two acts show a masterful hand while the last three do not. The character of Barabas, the Jew, is a portrait of depth in the first two acts, but he descends to nothing more than a typical stage villain in the last three.  One critic believes the play was ordered on short notice by the players, and Marlowe had only enough time to sketch the character of Barrabas.

References

Plays by Christopher Marlowe
The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy. Marlowe's source was The English Faust Book of 1592. The play was first performed about 1592. It was first published in 1604. It tells of a scholar who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for youth, power, knowledge, and wisdom. The play contains the well known line, "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships?" The play was released as a movie in 1967 starring Richard Burton.

Plays by Christopher Marlowe
Dido Queen of Carthage is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy. The date of the play is uncertain. It is probably Marlowe's first play, and possibly written while he was a student at Cambridge University. The source material was Virgil's Aeneid and Ovid's Heroides. Unlike his sources however, Marlowe emphasizes not the character of Aeneas but the character of Dido.

References
  Cheney, Patrick (Ed.) 2004. The Cambridge Companion to Christopher Marlowe. Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
 

      
 Plays by Christopher Marlowe
The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a history play. It was probably written no earlier than 1590. Marlowe's source was probably Holinshed's Chronicles. The play is about King Edward II's downfall and his homosexual passion for Piers Gaveston.

References

Plays by Christopher Marlowe
Plays based on British history
Tamburlaine is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy written in two parts. The first part was performed in 1587. Both parts were printed in 1590. The play is about the Asiatic emperor Timur the Lame and his obsessive passion for power.

Plays by Christopher Marlowe
The Massacre at Paris is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is thought to be his last play, and probably written about 1593. Massacre is about the slaughter of Protestants on Saint Bartholomew's Day in Paris in 1572.  The text is significantly flawed, and is likely an actor's recollection of the play rather than the text as Marlowe actually wrote it. What is left of the play is violent and full of jokes about stabbing and murder. As it stands, the play is impossible to perform without extensive alterations.

References
 Mendel, Jolene. 2008. Christopher Marlowe. Lulu Publishing. pp. 256ff.

Plays by Christopher Marlowe
Javier Porras Santana (born on August 22, 1981 in Olot, Girona) is a athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he cannot see and is a T11/B1 type athlete. He competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and was the third best athlete in the triple jump.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1981 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T11
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
People from Catalonia
The Dixie Cups is an American girl group. They perform rhythm and blues mixed with pop music. The group formed in 1964 in New Orleans. "Chapel of Love" is their best-known song. The group members are Barbara Ann Hawkins, Joan Johnson and Rosa Lee Hawkins. There have been other members in the past.

Discography

Singles 
 "Chapel of Love" b/w "Ain't That Nice" (1964)
 "People Say" b/w "Girls Can Tell" (1964)
 "You Should Have Seen The Way He Looked at Me" b/w "No True Love" (1964)
 "Little Bell" b/w "Another Boy Like Mine" (1964)
 "Iko Iko" b/w "I'm Gonna Get You Yet" (1965)
 "Iko Iko" b/w "Gee Baby Gee" (1965) 
 "Gee The Moon Is Shining Bright" b/w "I'm Gonna Get You Yet" (1965)
 "Two-Way-Poc-A-Way" b/w "That's Where It's At" (1965)
 "What Goes Up Must Come Down" b/w "I'm Not The Kind Of Girl (To Marry)" (1965)
 "A-B-C Song" b/w "That's What The Kids Said" (1965) 
 "Love Ain't So Bad (After All)" b/w "Daddy Said No" (1966)

Albums 
 Chapel of Love (1964) 
 Iko Iko (1965)
 Riding High (1965)
 Doing It Our Way (2011)

Compilations 
 Teen Anguish Volume One (1979)
 The Best of the Dixie Cups (1985) 
 The Dixie Cups Meet The Shangri-Las (1986)
 The Very Best of the Dixie Cups: Chapel Of Love (1998)
 The Complete Red Bird Recordings (2002)

American girl groups
American R&B bands
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1964
Entertainers from Louisiana
20th-century establishments in Louisiana
1964 establishments in the United States
OpenVMS is an operating system, which Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) originally developed for their VAX servers. Later, it was ported, and now also runs on DEC Alpha and  Itanium-based systems. It is a 32 bit operating system. When it was published in 1977, it was one of the first of its kind. OpenVMS is capable of supporting many concurrent users; each user is able to run several programs at the same time. It was also one of the first operating systems with a Graphical user interface, the VAXstation was a very popular workstation at the time. OpenVMS uses virtual memory, and was originally developed as a time sharing, batch processing system. It was made for transaction processing, and is a real-time system. The jobs users submit can have a higher priority than those of the operating system. The operating system offers high availability through clustering: The system load can be distributed over multiple computers. That way, the system is "disaster-tolerant": One machine that fails will not shut the operation down.

OpenVMS introduced many features that became standard in later operating systems:
It supported  computer networks, first using DECNet, later using TCP/IP
Symmetrical, asymmetrical, and NUMA multiprocessing, including clustering
A distributed file system
An integrated database: first RMS, later Rdb
Support for different programming languages, including a standardized mechanism of calls between those programming languages
An extensible Shell
A high-level of security
Today, OpenVMS is used in many enterprises where availability and uptime are critical: These include banks and insurance companies.  System up-times of over a decade have been reported. A feature called "rolling upgrade" allows  to upgrade software or hardware without the need to shut the system down. A data center that is destroyed will not lead to downtime either, if the system is configured properly.  Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, network information services, and large-scale industrial manufacturers of various products.

References

Operating systems
Karina Lombard (born 21 January 1969) is a French-American actress who acts primarily in independent movies. She played Antoinette Cosway in the 1993 movie Wide Sargasso Sea and Isabel Two in Legends of the Fall the following year. Lombard was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, though is a naturalized United States citizen.

American movie actors
1969 births
Living people
French Polynesia
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Utopia, Limited, or The Flowers of Progress is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the thirteenth of their fourteen operettas. It opened at the Savoy Theatre on 7 October 1893. It had a run of 245 performances.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
The Grand Duke; or, The Statutory Duel is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the last of their fourteen operettas. It opened on 7 March 1896 and closed after 123 performances.

References
 Bradley, Ian, 2001. The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. pp. 1083ff.

Operettas by Gilbert and Sullivan
The Stringipoidea is a small superfamily of New Zealand parrots. It only has three genera: Nestor, the Kakapo Strigops and the fossil Nelepsittacus.

The genus Nestor consists of the Kea, and the Kaka, while the genus Strigops contains the iconic Kākāpō. All living species are endemic to New Zealand. The modern common species names, Kea, Kākā and Kākāpō, are the same as the original Māori names.

The nearby island species, the Norfolk Kaka and the Chatham Kaka, became extinct in recent times. The extinct species of the genus Nelepsittacus have been extinct for 16 million years. All living forms are threatened. Human activity caused the two extinctions and the decline of the other three species.  Settlers introduced invasive species, such as pigs and possums, which eat the eggs of ground nesting birds. Also hunting for food, killing as agricultural pests, habitat loss, and introduced wasps have added to the problem.

The family diverged from the other parrots around 82 million years ago when New Zealand broke off from Gondwana, and the ancestors of the genera Nestor and Strigops diverged from each other between 60 and 80 million years ago.

References 

Birds of New Zealand
Parrots
Maila Nurmi (11 December 1922 – 10 January 2008) was a Finnish-American actress. She was born Maila Elizabeth Syrjaniemi in Petsamo, Finland. She created the character Vampira in the 1950s. She played Vampira in Ed Wood's Plan 9 from Outer Space. She also played Vampira in the 1959 movie The Beat Generation.

Gallery

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Finnish people
1922 births
2008 deaths
William Fawcett (1894–1974) was an American character actor in movies from 1946 through the 1960s. He also played on television. He starred in the television series, Fury from 1955 through 1960.

References

American movie actors
American television actors
1894 births
1974 deaths
American Methodists
American academics
American military personnel of World War I
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Legion of Honour
Actors from Minnesota
Educators from Minnesota
The Persistence of Memory (; ) is a painting by artist Salvador Dalí. It was done in 1931. It is one of his most famous paintings.

The painting was first shown in 1932. It has been in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City since 1934. The painting typifies what critics call "surrealism".
It is easy to recognise and is often used in popular culture.

Description
The painting was the first to have a melting pocket watch, called a "soft watch". Some people thought that the soft watch was inspired by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Dalí said that the watches were not inspired by the theory of relativity, but by Camembert cheese melting in the sun.

There is a human in the middle of the painting. The orange clock at the bottom left is covered in ants. Dalí often used ants in his paintings as a symbol for death.

The Persistence of Memory uses "the exactitude of realist painting techniques". In practice, the painting looks more like something a person might see in a dream, rather than awake.

Landscape
The rocks to the right are supposed to be a tip of the Cap de Creus peninsula in north-eastern Catalonia. Many of Dalí's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of Catalonia. There is a strange shadow in the foreground of the painting, which is a reference to Mount Pani.

Versions
Dalí returned to this idea with The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (1954). This painting is in the Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. The first Persistence of Memory is in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Dalí also made many lithographs and sculptures of soft watches.

References

Other websites
The Persistence of Memory  on Authentic Society
The Persistence of Memory in the MoMA Online Collection
"Keep your eyes wide shut" by Kelly Grovier in The Observer
The mapping cylinder from the Fomenko et al. book
Homotopic Topology
Salvador Dali Museum, St. Petersburg FL USA

20th-century paintings
Spanish paintings
1931 works
Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaiek (, ; 8 January 1899 – 26 September 1959) commonly known as S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, was the fourth Prime Minister of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He was killed (assassinated) by a Buddhist monk named Talduwe Somarama.

Early life 
It is believed he was privately tutored and was sent to S.Thomas' for sake of record. He entered Oxford University instead.

Bandaranaike was born in Colombo, Ceylon to a Sinhalese Anglican Christian family and was the son of the powerful Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranike the Maha Mudaliyar (the chief native and advisor to the Governor) of Horagolla Walauwa in Atthanagalla, during the British colonial rule, who named his son after West Ridgeway, the Governor of Ceylon at the time was his god father. In later life he converted to Buddhism in order to join politics. He received his secondary education at St Thomas' College and went on to study modern greats at Christ Church, Oxford University, where he was Secretary of the famous Oxford Union.

Political career 
As a young lawyer, Bandaranaike became active in the Ceylon National Congress (CNC). He was elected to the Colombo Municipal Council in 1926. From 1931 to 1947 he served in the State Council of Ceylon. In order to raise Sinhala culture and community interests, Bandaranaike organized the Sinhala Maha Sabha in 1936. In 1946 he backed the United National Party (UNP) and held posts from 1947 to 1951. In 1951, Bandaranaike led his Sinhala Maha Sabha out of the UNP and established the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP).

References

1899 births
1959 births
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Assassinated people
People from Colombo
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Living people
Dionibel Rodríguez Rodríguez (born April 4, 1991)  is an athlete from Spain. He has an intellectual disability: he is a T20 type athlete. He gets help to play track and field from the Carmen Pardo Valcarce Foundation. He competed at the INAS World Games, INAS World Athletics Championships  and the INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships.

Personal
Rodríguez was born on April 4, 1991. He is from Madrid. Other sports he has played include football and basketball. He has received training in being an electrician.

Athletics
Rodríguez is a T20 athlete from Spain and competes for the  Madrid sports federation in competitions against people from other parts of Spain.  He is a member of AD Maratón de Madrid.  He also belongs to the Madrid Federation of Intellectual Disability Sports, and Club Sports Medicine Infant Jesus of Carmen Pardo-Valcarce Foundation.  Since 2004, when he was 13 years old, he has been helped by the Carmen Pardo Valcarce Foundation. This help makes it so he can compete in athletics. It means he can use the same tools to practice as Rafael Nadal, a Spanish tennis player.

In 2006, when he a 15 year old, Rodríguez was one of the most successful athletes at the Madrid Regional Outdoor Athletics Championship. He competed in the  2007 World Games in Shanghai, China. He competed at the 2008 INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships in Tallinn, Estonia, and he finished second in the 200 meters and third in 4x400 meter relay.

Rodríguez competed in 2010 INAS European Athletics Championship, and won two gold medals: one in the 200 meters and one in the 400 meters. He competed in the 2011 INAS World Games, and won two silver medals in the 400 meters and the 4x100 meter relay. In 2012, he competed at the INAS  World Indoor Athletics Championship, and finished first in the 200 meters, third in the  relay event and finished fourth in the long jump. He competed in the 2013 INAS World Athletics Championships in the Czech Republic. He finished first in the  200 meters and first in the 400 meters.

References

Spanish athletes
1991 births
Sportspeople from Madrid
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T20
Living people
The Order of Prince Henry is a knighthood and honor for the citizens of Portugal or any citizen from another country. The order was named after Henry the Navigator. The order was created in 1960.

References

Other websites

Honorific orders of Portugal
List of the Grand Collar of the Order of Infante D. Henrique 

Portuguese culture
1960 establishments in Europe

Orders, decorations, and medals
20th-century establishments in Portugal