cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Plastic Ono Band was a rock and roll band formed by Yoko Ono with husband (and former Beatle) John Lennon. They were active from 1969 until 1974.

Lennon and Ono recorded their first single together, titled "Give Peace A Chance", in a Montreal hotel with a roomful of guests, including Tommy Smothers, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Timothy Leary, and the local Hare Krishna chapter. The pair were in an auto accident before the single was to debut (be played in public for the first time), and they had to stay in the hospital. Not wanting to cancel the debut, they sent the first version of their "new band" – a set of plastic cases that held the sound equipment – which played in their place. It was a strange kind of debut for a new band, but the song (a protest against the Vietnam War) became a minor hit that year, in England and in the United States.

The second version of the Plastic Ono Band included Ono and Lennon in person, along with musicians Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann and Alan White. They performed together at a rock concert in Toronto in September 1969, and it was the first time Lennon had played in public with a band other than the Beatles. The show went well, and helped Lennon decide to leave the Beatles, which he had thought about doing for some time. A second single, "Cold Turkey", was recorded with this lineup.

After the Beatles ended, Lennon decided he did not want to have another permanent band, and he and Ono used the Plastic Ono Band name to refer to any musicians who appeared on the records they made together. Even listeners were called a part of the band, especially when the band gave a concert. An advertisement for one of their records included a page from a telephone book, and the words "YOU are the Plastic Ono Band".

Ono and Lennon separated for a time during 1973 and 1974. Lennon still used forms of the band name on the two albums he released during their separation, while Ono's records of the time appeared under her name alone. When they got back together in 1975, Ono became pregnant, and both decided to retire from music to be parents. Their son Sean Lennon was born on October 9, 1975, which was Lennon's 35th birthday.

In 1980, Lennon and Ono decided to restart their music careers, but this time their records appeared under their own names, and the Plastic Ono Band name was retired.

English rock bands
Olsztyn is a city in northeast Poland, on the Łyna river. Olsztyn is the biggest city and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

Geography
The town is near a lake region of forests and plains. There are 13 lakes in the town and many more surrounding it: (Krzywe, Długie, Żbik, Redykajny and others).

Demographics

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities 
Olsztyn is twinned with:

References

Other websites

Official website 
Olsztyn City Guide

Cities in Poland
Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca ( ; October 15, 1924 – July 2, 2019) was an American automobile executive and writer. He was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Iacocca created the Ford Pinto in 1971 and the Ford Mustang in 1964. He was best known for his time as chairman of the Chrysler Corporation from 1979 until his retirement in 1992. From 1970 to 1978, he was President of the Ford Motor Company.

Iacocca studied at Lehigh University and at Princeton University.

Governor Robert P. Casey wanted to make Iacocca a United States Senator after John Heinz's death, but Iacocca declined. Iacocca was an Independent who supported the presidential bids of George W. Bush, John Kerry, Bill Richardson and Mitt Romney. He considered running for President in 1988, but declined.

Portfolio named Iacocca the 18th-greatest American CEO of all time.

In 1984, he released his autobiography. In 2007, Iacocca released Where Have All the Leaders Gone?, a New York Times bestseller.

Iacocca died on July 2, 2019 at his home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California at the age of 94. The cause was problems from Parkinson's disease.

References

Other websites

 Iacocca.com 
 Iacocca Foundation
 Iacocca Says "Detroit Is Living in the Past", National Public Radio
 

1924 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
American inventors
American autobiographers
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Writers from Pennsylvania
A standard is a basis for comparison. Standards are made either by many people that agree on something, or if some organisation makes it so. There are many different standards in many fields of daily life. Standards are important so that correct comparisons can be produced.

Other standards make things work together. For example, rail cars with a standard gauge can run on tracks that follow the same standard. Communication protocols such as Morse code and USB are standards that allow different machines and people to communicate.

Measurement
The International System of Units is a standard that is agreed on by most countries. In it there is metre (or meter). It measures length.  A rod (made from a special material) is in Paris. The length of the rod said, years ago, how long a meter is. When people wanted to measure something, they compared it to the length of the rod. For practical purposes, the length of the rod was divided by 10 (to get dezimeter), by 10 (to get centimeter), and so on.

The iridium rod as it is called is the original measure of meter. Now new ways of measuring the meter have been utilized such as the measuring the wavelength of radiation from a certain chemical element to determine an exact meter.

Music 
A standard in music is a song that remains very popular, and is performed and recorded by many different artists. Such songs include "Sentimental Journey" written by Les Brown and Ben Homer, "Yesterday" and "Something" by members of The Beatles. Many of Hank Williams's songs have become standards in country music.

Related pages
 Standard Model of Cosmology
 Standard temperature and pressure

Measurement
The ginkgo is a genus of trees. There is only one living species, Ginkgo biloba. All the other known species are fossils.  Ginkgo biloba is native to China. It is the National tree of China.

Gallery

References 

Trees
Gymnosperms
Living fossils
Fossil plants
A detergent is a chemical that people use in washing things. Many people use washing powder, which is a type of detergent, when they need to clean their clothes. It is also used to clean glasses and other items. Detergent is mostly used in washing machines, to clean dirty clothes. People usually use liquid detergent to wash clothes, but powdered detergent is usable too.

Method 
Detergents clean clothes using a similar method to soap. For liquid detergents, the molecules in detergent are inserted in water beforehand (that's why its liquid) so it doesn't clog the washer like powdered detergent. The molecules in both powdered and liquid detergent have one side that attracts to dirt, grime, oil, and other undesirable things on clothes. The other side attracts to water. When detergent is thoroughly mixed in with clothes, it detaches the dirt and grime and makes it soluble in water.  The used detergent is then rinsed out, normally piped into a sewer or septic tank. The washer then usually spins, to increase the g-force inside and effectively squeeze out the water. Afterwards, the wet (but clean) clothes are loaded into a dryer or hung out to air dry. When powdered detergent is used, the detergent is placed in water and mixed in with clothes very quickly, so there may be powder still on clothes because the detergent didn't have time to mix in with the water.

Related pages 

 Soap

Home
Events 
 February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).
 Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated (suspended from the Catholic Church) by Pope John XXII.
 Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.
 The cathedral in Frombork, Poland begins construction.
 Amberg, Germany passes to the Wittelsbach family.
 Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.
 Stefan Dusan defeats the Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromanić.
 Wiesbaden is granted the right to be depicted on coins by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
 David II becomes King of Scotland.

Births 
 Prince Lazar of Serbia (estimated date) (died 1008)
 Philip II of Taranto (died 1374)

Deaths 
 April 21 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (born 1282)
 June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (born 1274)
 Michael I of Imereti
 Qutugtu Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (born 1300)
 Oshin of Korikos, Armenian head of state (assassinated)
 Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China, and Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
 Edward of Savoy
Klaus Voormann (born April 29, 1942) is a German artist and musician. He was born and raised in Berlin. He was a friend of The Beatles.  He met them when they played in Hamburg, where he was going to art school. 

Voormann designed the cover of their Revolver album, and later did cover art for The Beatles Anthology and some of George Harrison's solo records. He also played bass guitar with Manfred Mann, and on records by John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, and their friend Harry Nilsson.

He also became a record producer, and produced the band Trio, whose biggest hit was "Da Da Da", which was used later in a Volkswagen television commercial.

References 

1942 births
Living people
German artists
German rock musicians
Musicians from Berlin
Alan White has been the name of several people, including:

 Alan White (Yes drummer), drummer with the band Yes.
 Alan White (Oasis drummer), ex-drummer with the band Oasis.
Alan White (born 14 June 1949) is an English musician, best known as the drummer from the band Yes. He also played on records by former Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison.

Discography
Solo:
Ramshackled (1976)

With White:
White (2006)

With Yes: See infobox below

With The Alan Price Set:
A Price on His Head (1967)
The Amazing Alan Price (EP), (1967)
This Price is Right, (1968)

With John Lennon and The Plastic Ono Band:
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, 1970
Live Peace in Toronto, September 13th 1969
Imagine, (John Lennon, 1971)
Fly, (Yoko Ono, 1971)

Guest appearances/sessions:
The Downbeats: "My Bonnie" (single)
The Blue Chips: "I'm on the Right Side" (single)
The Blue Chips: "Some Kind of Loving" (single)
The Blue Chips: "Good Loving Never Hurts" (single)
The Gamblers: "Dr Goldfoot (and His Bikini Machine)" (single)
Happy Magazine: "Satisfied Street" (single)
Happy Magazine: "Who Belongs to You" (single)
Johnny Almond Music Machine: Patent Pending (1969)
Johnny Almond: "Solar Machine" (single) (1969)
Doris Troy: You Tore Me Up Inside
Billy Preston: Encouraging Words (1969)
George Harrison: All Things Must Pass (2001)
Gary Wright: Extraction (1970)
Denny Laine and Balls: "Fight for My Country" (single) (1971)
Jesse Davis: Jesse Davis
Sky: Don't Hold Back (1971)
Brian Short: Anything for a Laugh (1971)
Donovan: "The Music Makers" (1973)
Chris Squire: Chris Squire's Swiss Choir (2007; re-release of "Run with the Fox")

and work with Rick Wakeman, Steve Howe, Billy Sherwood, Esquire and The Syn

1949 births
Living people
English drummers
English pop musicians
A stock market is an institution where humans and computers buy and sell shares of companies.

Shares
Shares are small pieces of a company. Shares can be bought by humans, companies, and mutual funds. When buying shares in a company, the buyer owns a small part of that company.  The price of a share can be based on many different things. The main thing that affects the price is the balance between supply and demand. If many buyers want to buy a stock the price goes up. If there are more sellers than buyers, the price goes down.

Stock brokers 
Some buyers trade shares in stocks through a stockbroker. A stockbroker is a person who buys or sell stocks for their customers. A stockbroker can also help customers make choices in stocks. Their advice is based on public information about the companies.

Stock markets in the world 
 NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) - USA
 NASDAQ (stock market for mainly technology shares) - USA
 London Stock Exchange - UK
 TSX (Toronto Stock Exchange)

Cultural changes in the stock market 
Trading stocks online has become more popular. Stocks can be traded online. There is a fee or commission each time a position is opened.

References

Other websites 
 Live Stock Market
Irwin Allen Ginsberg (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and author. He was part of the Beat Generation movement of poets in the 1950s. He was a friend of writers Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, and later made friends with musicians Bob Dylan, Donovan, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, and many other celebrities.

Ginsberg's most famous work was called Howl. It was a long poem about the social conditions of the United States in the 1950s. It began with the words "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." It went on to describe the frustration felt by many Americans, young people and minorities in particular. There were problems in the country, such as prejudice and intolerance, that needed to be spoken about. Ginsberg published the poem, and also performed it at public poetry readings.

A few people did not like Howl, or the graphic language Ginsberg used. They tried to have Howl banned, and they wanted Ginsberg to be prosecuted (given a court trial, then either fined or put in jail). Ginsberg went to trial, and the judge decided Howl was an important work, and told the truth about America at the time. The judge rejected the ban and cleared Ginsberg, who could then continue to publish and perform the poem.

Ginsberg became involved in social causes through his work, and through the famous people he met. He grew up in the Jewish faith, but later became a Buddhist. He was a homosexual, and his longtime partner was another poet, Peter Orlovsky. He also had a long relationship with Neal Cassady, who appeared as "N.C., secret hero of these poems" in Howl.

Death
Ginsberg died in 1997 of liver cancer.

References 

1926 births
1997 deaths
American activists
American Buddhists
LGBT people from New Jersey
American poets
Beat Generation
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from liver cancer
Gay men
Industrial Workers of the World
Jewish American writers
LGBT writers
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Northwestern University is a university in Evanston, Illinois, and Chicago, Illinois. It is very prestigious and selective. It has many people who learn and also people who teach.

The university is known most for providing a strong education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), political science (the study of politics), and mathematics (the study of numbers). There is also a Medical school named Feinberg School of Medicine.

There is another university in Chicago, the University of Chicago.

References

Other websites

American Lacrosse Conference
Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Colleges and universities in Chicago
1851 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Illinois
Himno Istmeño is the anthem of Panama. It was written by Santos Jorge. It is known as the Isthmus Anthem.

Spanish lyrics

Alcanzamos por fin la victoria,
En el campo feliz de la unión;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación.
 
Es preciso cubrir con un velo,
Del pasado el calvario y la cruz;
Y que adorne el azul de tu cielo,
De concordia la espléndida luz.
El progreso acaricia tus lares,
Al compás de sublime canción;
Ves rugir a tus pies ambos mares,
Que dan rumbo a tu noble misión.
 
Alcanzamos por fin la victoria,
En el campo feliz de la unión;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación.
 
En tu suelo cubierto de flores,
A los besos del tibio terral;
Terminaron guerreros fragores,
Sólo reina el amor fraternal.
Adelante la pica y la pala,
Al trabajo sin más dilación;
Y seremos así prez y gala,
De este mundo feraz de Colón.
 
Alcanzamos por fin la victoria,
En el campo feliz de la unión;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación;
Con ardientes fulgores de gloria,
Se ilumina la nueva nación.

English translation

We finally achieved for the victory,
In the happy field of the union;
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
 
It is necessary to cover with a veil,
From the past of the calvary and the cross;
And that adorns the blue of thy sky,
Of the concord in the splendid light.
Progress caresses your lares,
To the beat of a sublime song;
Thou see, both seas roar at your feet,
That leads to your noble mission.
 
We finally achieved for the victory,
In the happy field of the union;
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
 
On thy flower-covered floor,
To the kisses of the warm earth;
The fearful warriors had ceased,
Only brotherly love reigns.
Forward ahead the pike and shovel,
To work without further delay;
And we will be like such work and gale,
Of this fertile world of Columbus.
 
We finally achieved for the victory,
In the happy field of the union;
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.
With blazing flashes of glory,
The new nation is illuminated.

National anthems
Panama
Jack Neo (born Neo Chee Keong on 24 January 1956) is a Singaporean movie director at MediaCorp, a Singapore media company. He directed I Not Stupid, Money No Enough, Ah Boys to Men and Ah Boys to Men 2, all of which were very popular. Neo was once a comedian.

Neo received the Best Director Award at the Silver Screen Awards in 1998. He was also awarded with the Lifetime Achievement Award in the following year for his contributions to Singapore's media industry. In 2004, Neo became the first moviemaker in Singapore to be honoured with the Public Service Award. He also received the Cultural Medallion on 21 October 2005 together with musician Dick Lee.

In 2008, Neo and Mark Lee bought the Singapore master franchise rights for Old Town White Coffee.  It is a coffee retail store from Ipoh, Malaysia. Their first store at Big Splash opened on 30 March in 2008.

Neo married Irene Kng in 1988 and they have four children. It is his second marriage. He is a Christian and worships at City Harvest Church.

In March 2010, it was revealed Neo had an affair with model Wendy Chong.  Later it was reported that Neo tried to have relations with up to 11 women.

Filmography

References

1956 births
Living people
Movie directors
Singaporean people
Julia Boggs Dent Grant (January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902), was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, and was First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.

Early life
She was born at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri. She was the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent.

Engagement to Grant
After her schooling, she and Ulysses S. Grant got engaged in 1844. At that time, Ulysses S. Grant was a Lieutenant in the US Army. In the meanwhile, Mexican War began. Ulysses went to war. He returned from the war after many years. They married in 1848.

Children
The Grants had three sons and a daughter:
Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912)
Ulysses Simpson Grant, Jr. known as "Buck" (1852–1929)
Ellen Wrenshall Grant known as "Nellie" (1855–1922)
Jesse Root Grant (1858–1934)

First Lady
She entered the White House in 1869 to begin, in her words, "the happiest period" of her life. With Cabinet wives as her allies, she entertained extensively and lavishly. The social highlight of the Grant years was the White House wedding of their daughter in 1874.  Contemporaries noted her finery, jewels, and silks and laces. After four years of war, an assassination, and an impeachment trial, Washington was ready for a little levity, and Julia obliged. She offered a full array of events and became a popular hostess. She planned lavish state dinners, where guests enjoyed expensive wines and liquors.

As First Lady it was suggested to her that she have an operation to correct her crossed eyes, but President Grant said that he liked her that way.

After the Presidency
Upon leaving the White House in 1877, the Grants made a trip around the world. Julia proudly recalled details of hospitality and magnificent gifts they received. A highlight of the trip was an overnight stay and dinner hosted for them by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in England. They also enjoyed a swing through the Far East, being cordially received at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo by the Emperor and Empress of Japan.

In 1884 Grant suffered yet another business failure and they lost all they had.

She became the first First Lady to write a memoir, though she was unable to find a publisher, and had been dead almost 75 years before "The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant)" was finally published in 1975.

She had attended in 1897 the dedication of Grant's monumental tomb overlooking the Hudson River in New York City. She was laid to rest in a sarcophagus beside her husband. She had ended her own chronicle of their years together with a firm declaration: "the light of his glorious fame still reaches out to me, falls upon me, and warms me."

Other websites
White House biography 
White Haven - Ulysses S Grant National Historic Site

1826 births
1902 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Ulysses S. Grant
Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.

Early life
Her father’s name was Jesse Appleton. When her father died, her mother moved with her to Amherst, New Hampshire.

Marriage
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, almost 30, married Jane, 28, on November 19, 1834, at the bride's maternal grandparents' home in Amherst, New Hampshire. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Jane's brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C.. 
 
Franklin Pierce was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U.S. Senator in 1837.  Jane hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1842. Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero. He returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire, in the happiest period of their lives, where they watched their son Benjamin "Benny" grow up.

References

1806 births
1863 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Franklin Pierce
People from Concord, New Hampshire
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.

Lucy was nicknamed "Lemonade Lucy."  She did not serve alcohol in the White House.

Early life
She was born in Chillicothe, Ohio. She was the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb. Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Delaware, Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes.

Lucy Hayes studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. She was the first First Lady to graduate from college.

The First Lady
As First Lady, Hayes supported her husband's ban of alcoholic beverages at state functions, excepting only the reception for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia in 1877, at which wine was served. She also instituted the custom of conducting an Easter egg roll on the White House lawn. A devout Methodist, she joined the president in saying prayers after breakfast and conducting group hymn sings with the cabinet and congressmen on Sunday evenings.

Children
The Hayes had four sons and a daughter to live to their adulthood:
Sardis “Birchard Austin” Birchard Hayes (1853–1926) 
James Webb Cook Hayes (1856–1934) 
Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858–1931) 
Joseph Thompson Hayes (1861–1863)
George Crook Hayes (1864–1866)
Frances “Fanny” Hayes-Smith (1867–1950)
Scott Russell Hayes (1871–1923) 
Manning Force Hayes (1873–1874)

In popular culture
In the musical comedy 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, the First Lady sings the “Duet for One,” in which she transforms from Mrs. Grant into Lucy Webb Hayes.
In the Lucky Luke comic book Sarah Bernhardt, which is set in the late 19th-century Wild West, President Rutherford B. Hayes's wife is portrayed as being one of many who strongly disapproves of the titular actress's tour of the United States, given her reputation for loose morality. Disguised as a man called “George,” the First Lady infiltrates Sarah’s entourage and sabotages their tour throughout the U.S., though she does come to accept Sarah when the French actress's charms and singing talent moves a tribe of hostile Indians.  "The president’s wife" is not mentioned by name in the book, and thus might be regarded as fictional, although she and her husband do resemble Rutherford and Lucy Hayes in many ways. Hayes himself is portrayed as a man who is very taken aback by his wife's hostility towards Sarah, and keeps making the same speech over and over again, even when there is no one there to listen to him.

Death
She died of a stroke on June 25, 1889. When she died, people in the United States lowered the flag to half-mast.

Other websites

Lucy Ware Webb Hayes  - Official White House biography
Lucy Hayes’ Civil War Letters 
Lucy Hayes at Findagrave

1831 births
1889 deaths
Deaths from stroke
First Ladies of the United States
Rutherford B. Hayes
Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.

Early life
Her parents were Harriet Collins and John W. Herron. She was their fourth child. She spent her childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Marriage
When Helen Herron was 18 years old, she met Will Taft. They married in 1886. William Howard Taft and Helen Herron Taft had three children:
Robert A. Taft (1889-1953), United States Senator from Ohio
Helen Taft Manning (1891-1987), Professor at Bryn Mawr College
Charles Phelps Taft II (1897-1983), mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio.

First Lady
She was a part of her husband’s rise in administration and politics. When her husband became the president, she gave special attention to the social life at the White House. When she suffered from stroke, her daughter Helen Taft Manning left college for a year to look after the social life at the White House. 

During their stay at the White House, the couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1911. People celebrate a silver anniversary after 25 years of any occasion. She had also written a book named  Recollections of Full Years. The book tells about her work and life. Her husband died in 1930. She continued to live in Washington D.C. after the death of her husband. She died on May 22, 1943.

Other websites
 Helen Herron Taft  White House biography
 Helen Taft at Find-A-Grave

William Howard Taft
First Ladies of the United States
People from Cincinnati, Ohio

1861 births
1943 deaths
Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881–1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.

Early life
She was born in Greenwich, New York. Her parents were William and Malvina S. Arthur. Her parents had nine children, Mary being the last. In 1880, her brother Chester Arthur, became the Vice President of the United States. In July 1881, after the assassination of the President, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur became the president of the United States and he requested his sister to become "First Lady" during his term in office.

First Lady
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.

McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Gardiner Tyler and Harriet Lane, James Buchanan's niece and social hostess, by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House. McElroy's oldest daughter May and Arthur's daughter Nell often assisted. Her final reception took place on February 28, 1885, one week before the end of the Arthur administration: 3,000 people attended (including Adolphus Greely) and 48 daughters of officials and of the social elite assisted her.

Personal life
When her brother retired as the President, Mary went to live in Albany, New York.

Death
She died on January 8, 1917 at the age of 75 in Albany, New York.

References

Other websites
Mary McElroy 

Chester A. Arthur
First Ladies of the United States
1841 births
1917 deaths
Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston (July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947) was the wife of the President of the United States Grover Cleveland and the 27th First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897.

Early life
She was born in Buffalo, New York. Her birth name was Frances Clara Folsom. Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom. Her father later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland. All of her ancestors were from England. Cleveland was a family friend to Oscar's family. After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family. He arranged for education of Frances Folsom. She studied at Wells College. Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.

Marriage and family
In 1885, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland. Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other, despite being around 27 years younger than Cleveland. On 2 June 1886, they married. This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House. When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady. She gave two receptions every week. She became very popular.

Personal life
In 1888, Cleveland lost the election. The couple lived in New York City. There their first child Ruth was born. In 1893 Cleveland again became the president. Frances Folsom again became active as the First Lady. In 1893, she gave birth to a second child, Esther. In 1895, she bore a third child, named Marion. By the time Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.

The couple retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey. During this time, they had two sons. She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908. In 1913, Frances remarried. Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr., a professor of archeology.

Death
Frances Folsom lived until the age of 83, and had become well known in the Princeton University community.

First Ladies of the United States
People from Buffalo, New York
Grover Cleveland
1864 births
1947 deaths
Elizabeth Anne Ford (née Bloomer; April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011) was an American spokesperson and women's rights activist who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 as the wife of the 38th President of the United States, Gerald Ford. She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from 1973 to 1974 when her husband was 40th Vice President under Richard Nixon.

Early life
She was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her birth name was Betty Bloomer. Her parents were Hortense Neahr and William Stephenson Bloomer. She was the third child of her parents. She had two older brothers named Robert and William, Jr. She spent her childhood in Grand Rapids, Michigan and graduated from school there. In 1935, she graduated in dance from the Calla Travis Dance Studio. She gave dance lessons to earn money during the Great Depression.

Marriages
Betty Bloomer married William G. (Bill) Warren, a furniture salesman. But the marriage did not last long. They divorced in 1947.

After that she started dating Gerald Ford. Ford was a good football player at his college, and a graduate of the University of Michigan and Yale Law School. They married on October 15, 1948. The Fords have three sons and one daughter:
 Michael Gerald Ford (born 1950) - a minister
 John Gardner "Jack" Ford (born 1952) - a journalist and public relations consultant
 Steven Meigs Ford (born 1956) - an actor and rodeo rider
 Susan Elizabeth (Ford) Vance Bales (born 1957) - a photographer

Personal family
As of 2005, the Fords have seven grandchildren.

First Lady tenure
In 1974, President Richard Nixon resigned. Nixon had named Gerald Ford as the Vice President of the United States. After Nixon's resignation, Ford became the 38th President of the United States.  Betty Ford became the First Lady.

As the First Lady, Betty Ford played an active role. She spoke on many issues. She spoke on political and many other things. She had an open mind, and spoke honestly about benefit of mild psychiatric treatment. She also talked about marijuana use and premarital sex. She always supported women's rights. Her surgery for breast cancer made the public more aware of this disease.

After being First Lady
In 1987, Betty Ford found a place into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. In 1978, she published her autobiography The Times of My Life. In 1999, President Gerald Ford and Betty Ford jointly got  the Congressional Gold Medal, "in recognition of their dedicated public service and outstanding humanitarian contributions to the people of the United States of America."

Personal life
In 2003, Betty Ford published Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery.

She was the active Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Betty Ford Center, until 2005, when she gave that position to her daughter, Susan.

Death
Betty Ford died on July 8, 2011 with her family by her bed.

References 

American autobiographers
First Ladies of the United States
Gerald Ford
People from Chicago
Second Ladies of the United States
Time People of the Year
1918 births
2011 deaths
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

She was born in Norwich, Connecticut. Her parents were Charles (1825-1883) and Gertrude Tyler Carow (1836-1895). She spent her childhood in old New York City. As small children, Edith Kermit Carow and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (younger sister of Theodore Roosevelt) played together. During childhood, she and "Teedie" (nickname of Theodore Roosevelt) were in and out of each other's houses.

Edith went to Roosevelt's wedding with Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt in 1880. Soon Alice Hathaway died. In 1885, Rooservelt married Edith.

Theodore Roosevelt and Edith were married in London in December 1886. They settled down in a house on Sagamore Hill, at Oyster Bay, headquarters for a family that added five children in ten years: Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel Carow, Archibald Bulloch, and Quentin. Throughout Roosevelt's intensely active career, family life remained close and entirely delightful.

After assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt became the President. Mrs. Roosevelt became the First Lady. She guarded the privacy of her family. Still she was an active First Lady. The White House became a social center of that time.

After her husband’s death in 1919, she spent more or less a retired life. She also traveled outside the USA. But, she always came back to Sagamore Hill as her home. In 1932, she briefly came out of her retirement. She gave a speech in support of Herbert Hoover’s re-election for the presidency of the United States. At that time, her nephew-in-law Franklin Delano Roosevelt was also a candidate for the post of the president of the United States. She died at her Oyster Bay home in New York on September 30, 1948, at the age of 87.

1861 births
1948 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
People from Norwich, Connecticut
Theodore Roosevelt
Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.

Early life
She was born in Garrettsville, Ohio. Her father was Zeb Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and her mother was Arabella Mason-Rudolph. Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ. She was of German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry. Lucretia Garfield's paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania (in a part that is now Delaware) from Württemberg, Germany.

Marriage and family
She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school. They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. They got married on November 11, 1858.

The First Lady
In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States. The family moved into the White House. Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely. She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady. But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House. In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria. She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey, and was yet to become fit. At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot President Garfield, her husband.  She rushed to Washington by train. On its way, the train met with an accident. She did not suffer any injury. When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband. He could not remain alive and died after about three months.

Personal life
After his death, she left for Ohio. There she lived for 36 years, and spent her time arranging and caring for the records of her husband’s career. A part of her home became a presidential library of her husband’s papers.

Death
She died at her home in South Pasadena, California on March 4, 1918. Her casket was placed above ground beside the coffin of her husband in the lower level crypt of the presidential tomb at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

Other websites
Find a Grave
Lucretia Garfield White House biography 

First Ladies of the United States
1832 births
1918 deaths
James A. Garfield
Biotechnology is a technology that involves the use of living organisms. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task.

Examples 
An example of biotechnology is the use of the fermentation reaction in yeast to make beer and other alcoholic drinks. Another example is the use of carbon dioxide produced by yeast to make bread rise.

Usage 
Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century. However, the term is used for many ways of modifying biological organisms for the needs of humanity. It started with modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Biotechnology has also made cloning (the process duplicating organisms) possible. A lot of people think that this is morally wrong while others think it could solve many diseases.

Biotechnology can be used to solve a great number of problems, ranging from product efficiency to reducing global warming.

Related pages 
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified food

References 

Interdisciplinary fields
Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.

Early life
She was born in Canton, Ohio. Her father was James A. Saxton, who was a famous banker. He educated Ida and their sister well. After their schooling, they went to Europe on a tour.

Marriage & family
She started to work as a cashier in a bank. In 1867, Major William McKinley came to Canton to start his work as a lawyer. Ida and William McKinley came to know each other, and they fell in love. They married each other. While her husband devoted time to his work and career, Ida devoted time to her home and husband. 

She had a daughter on the Christmas Day of 1871. They named their daughter Katherine. She bore a second daughter in April 1873. At that time Ida was very weak and ill. The second daughter dies in August. Their first daughter also died in 1876. By this time, Ida had become very weak and an invalid. 

In the meanwhile, her husband has become a Congressman. He them became a governor of Ohio. He always paid his attention to his wife and cared for her. She spent most of her time in a small Victorian rocking chair. This chair was with her since her childhood.

The First Lady
When they entered the White House, Ida’s health was very weak. She took the role of the First Lady, but while seated in a blue velvet chair. She sat by the side of her husband during official dinners. The President kept a careful watch on her condition. At that time, very few people know of her bad physical condition. Only in recent years, people came to know of her bad physical condition. 

Just after his second term as the President of the United States, an assassin shot William McKinley. McKinley at that time also remembered his wife’s weak condition. He told his secretary: “My wife…be careful, how you tell her; oh, be careful.” 

After her husband’s death, Ida Saxton McKinley returned to Canton. Her younger sister cared for her. She visited her husband’s grave almost daily. She died in 1907. She lies buried by the side of her husband and their two daughters in Canton’s McKinley Memorial Mausoleum.

Reference
Original text based on White House biography

Other websites 
 Ida Mckinley - National First Ladies' Library

1847 births
1907 deaths

William McKinley
First Ladies of the United States
People from Canton, Ohio
Mary Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 as the wife of the 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Early life
She was born in Boone, Iowa. Her father was John Sheldon Doud. He became very rich after earning much money in meatpacking industry. For sometime, Doud family lived in Pueblo, Colorado. Then the family settled Denver, Colorado. There Mamie and her three sisters grew in a big house. The family had many servants. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants.

Marriage and family
In 1915, Mamie met Dwight D. Eisenhower. At that time, he was a young second lieutenant. On Valentine's Day in 1916 he gave her a ring as token of their engagement. On July 1, 1916, they married.

Their first son, Doud Dwight, was born in 1917. He died in 1921 of scarlet fever. A second son, John Eisenhower was born in 1922. He became an author, and also served as a U.S. ambassador to Belgium.

Their life was like any other family of army officers – moving from one place to another. Mamie once estimated that in 37 years, they shifted to at least 27 places. They lived in many places in the United States. They also lived near Panama Canal; in France; and in Philippines.

During the Second World War, “Ike” continued to rise in the army. She lived in Washington DC. After the Second World War, her husband became president of the Colombia University. They bought a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first home they had ever bought. Before becoming President of the United States, her husband also served as the commander of the of North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The First Lady
Mamie Eisenhower was the First Lady for eight years, from 1953 to 1961. She was a popular First Lady. She was a charming lady. She wore pretty dresses and jewelry. Many leaders from different countries came to the White House. They received a very good welcome.

Her recipe for "Mamie's million dollar fudge" was cooked by homemakers all over the country after it was printed in the news.

Later life
After retirement of her husband as the President of the United States, Mamie and her husband returned to Gettysburg. They lived there eight years retirement together. In 1969, her husband died. Mamie continued to live on the farm. She died on 1st November 1979. At the time of her death she was 82 years old. Her grave lies by the side of her husband’s grave in a small chapel. The chapel is a part of the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas.

Popular culture
A park in southeast Denver, Colorado bears her name.

References

1896 births
1979 deaths
Dwight D. Eisenhower
First Ladies of the United States
People from Pueblo, Colorado
People from Iowa
Furniture is the word that means all the things like chairs, tables, cupboards, beds and bookcases, etc. 

In other words, furniture are all the things that are in the house and that people can use to sit, to lie on or that are supposed to contain smaller things like cloths or cups. Furniture is made of wood, particle boards, leather, screws etc.

Different rooms have different furniture for different purposes. Offices have office furniture such as desks and office chairs. Dining rooms have a table and dining chairs. Theaters and classrooms have rows of seats facing forward.

Bedroom furniture includes a bed covered by sheets, a bedspread and maybe a blanket and pillow . Next to the bed is the nightstand or night table. A lamp may be on the nightstand. The dresser has drawers for clothes. On top of a dresser may be a mirror.

Etymology 
The word furniture comes from the French fourniture, which means equipment. In most other European languages, however, the corresponding word (German Möbel, French meuble, Spanish mueble, Italian mobile) is derived from the Latin adjective mobilis, meaning movable.

History 
The concept of furniture first developed as early as 3100-2500 B.C. The first items created for household use were made of stone, as wood was not readily available during the Neolithic time period. Dressers, cupboards and beds were amongst the first forms of furniture. The dresser was said to be the most important piece of furniture in the beginning, as they faced the entrance of each house in Neolithic society and often displayed carved artwork of symbolic objects. Over the years, especially in modern years, the concept of functional furniture in households exploded while keeping the artwork aspect that was displayed in the Neolithic period. This has made way for pieces in our culture that are both functional to our everyday lives but also a form of artwork that are pleasant to look at. The basic design of most furniture has remained the same for the most part though material and stability has become stronger and longer lasting with more of a focus on comfort and luxury in our modern lives.

Related pages 
 Cabinet making

References

Furniture