cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In the Christian religion, The Day of Judgment  is the day in the future when all people who are living or dead will be judged by God.  It is often known as the Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or sometimes it is called The Day of the Lord.

Beliefs of the early Christians

In the Torah the prophets had said that one day God would send His son to forgive people for the wrong things they had done and to save their souls.  In the early years of the Christian church people thought that, although Jesus Christ had now visited the world and died for us on the cross,  salvation will only be completed when the world ends and all people alive or dead will face God who will judge them.

References to the Day of Judgment in the Bible

The Day of the Lord is mentioned several times in the Old Testament (e.g. Book of Ezekiel chapter 13 v.5 and Isaiah chapter 2 v.12).  In the New Testament the coming of Christ as Judge of the world is mentioned very often.  In Paul’s letters and in the Revelation to John, then Christians who are saved by their faith in Jesus will reign with Christ. When Christ comes, His arrival will be announced by a trumpet call.  He will come down from heaven.  All the people who are alive will stay alive, and all the people who are dead will become alive again.

Christ’s Second Coming is talked about in the ancient creeds.  In the Apostles' Creed it says: “He ascended into heaven...From thence He shall come to judge the living and the dead”.  In the Nicene Creed it says: “He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead”.

The Day of Judgment in art

This belief about the Day of Judgment  has inspired many painters throughout the ages to draw or paint the Second Coming of Christ.  One of the most famous is Michelangelo’s painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

References

Related pages
Eschatology

Further reading
New Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 16 p. 369

Eschatology
Christian eschatology
Islam
Judaism
Bible
Afterlife
"Pimp Juice'" is a 2003 rap/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. It was the sixth and final single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on April 1, 2003. The song reached #58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #27 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and #11 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks.

Nelly songs
2003 songs
"Flap Your Wings'" is a 2004 hip hop/pop/dance/doo-wop song by American rapper Nelly. It was the first single from his third album Sweat. The song was released on July 27, 2004. The song reached #1 on the UK Singles Chart and #1 on the RIANZ (New Zealand).

Nelly songs
2004 songs
Gökhan Inler (born 27 June 1984 in Olten) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Udinese and Switzerland national team.

Club statistics

Swiss footballers
1984 births
Living people
"Tilt Ya Head Back'" is a 2004 hip hop/R&B/funk song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American singer Christina Aguilera. Christina Aguilera's singing role was originally meant for Britney Spears but her record label, Jive Records wouldn't allow her to because they thought the song was "too urban" even though Britney wanted to do the song anyways. It was the second single from his third studio album Sweat. The song was released on September 15, 2004. The song reached #4 on the New Zealand RIANZ Charts Singles Chart, #5 on the UK Singles Chart and #5 on the Australian ARIA Charts Singles Chart.

Nelly songs
2004 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
"Over and Over'" is a 2004 R&B/country/country rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American country music singer Tim McGraw. It was the second single from his fourth studio album Suit. The song was released on October 12, 2004 in the United States and on February 28, 2005 in the United Kingdom. The song reached #1 on the Australian Singles Chart, #1 on the Irish Singles Chart, #1 on the UK Singles Chart, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, #2 on the Canadian Singles Chart, #3 on the Romanian Singles Chart, #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks and #51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2004 songs
Zdeno Chára (born March 18, 1977 in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia) is an NHL ice hockey defenseman that currently plays for the Washington Capitals. Until December 30 2020, Chára was the captain of the Boston Bruins. Chára played hockey in the WHL for 1 season with the Prince George Cougars. He is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL, measuring in at 6 ft 9 (2.06 m).

On March 8, 2011, He was involved in an on-ice incident when he hit Montreal Canadiens player Max Pacioretty into the stanchion at the end of the bench in the boards. Pacioretty had to be taken off the ice on a stretcher and he suffered a severe concussion and a non-displaced fracture to the 4th vertebra. Chara received a five-minute major penalty and a game misconduct. The NHL VP of hockey operations Mike Murphy decided that no further punishment was going to be warranted. Despite this a criminal investigation was announced by the Montreal police

Chára is married to his wife Tatiana Biskupicová and they have one daughter named Elliz Victoria Chára.

Awards 
He played in the NHL All-Star Game in 2003, 2007, 2008 (starter), 2009, 2011, and 2012. Chára was also one of the team captains in the 2012 game.
He was named to the NHL First All-Star Team in 2004 and 2009.
He was named to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 2006 and 2008.
He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy in 2009.
He won the Hardest Shot competition at the NHL All-Star Game SuperSkills Competition in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2011 where he set a record of 105.9 mph (170.4 km/hr).
He won the NHL Plus-Minus Award in 2011 with a +33 rating.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 2011.

References

Other websites 

1977 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
New York Islanders players
Ottawa Senators players
Prince George Cougars players
Slovak ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Mark Louis Recchi (born February 1, 1968 in Kamloops, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins for 6 seasons, the Philadelphia Flyers for 10 seasons, the Montreal Canadiens for 5 seasons, the Carolina Hurricanes for 1 season, the Atlanta Thrashers for 1 season, the Tampa Bay Lightning for 1 season and the Boston Bruins. Recchi also played hockey in the WHL for 4 seasons with the New Westminster Bruins and Kamloops Blazers. When he was playing with the Bruins in 2011 he was the oldest player in the NHL at the time at the age of 43. He has won the Stanley Cup three times: 1 with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1990, 1 with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2005 and 1 with the Boston Bruins in 2011.

Awards 
He was named to the West First All-Star Team (WHL) in 1987.
He was named to the Second All-Star Team (IHL) in 1988.
He played in the NHL All-Star Game in 1990.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1990.
He was named to the Second All-Star Team in 1991.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1992.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1993.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1996.
He was named the All-Star Game MVP in 1996.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1997.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1998.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1999.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2005.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 2011

References

Other websites 

1968 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kamloops Blazers players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
New Westminster Bruins players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Milan Lucic (born June 7, 1988 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is an Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). Lucic played hockey in the WHL for 3 seasons with the Vancouver Giants. He has a banner in the Giants' Hall of Fame that hangs in the stands. He has been criticized for frequent unsportsmanlike conduct, most recently his "spearings" of Alexei Emelin in May and Danny DeKeyser in April of 2014. Lucic responded to the criticism, "I’ve been in the league for seven years and I think I’ve only done that three times. I don’t know why I did it.”

Awards 
He won the President's Cup with the Vancouver Giants in 2006.
He won the Memorial Cup with the Vancouver Giants in 2007.
He won the Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy in 2007
He was named to the Memorial Cup All-Star Team in 2007.
He was named to the NHL YoungStars Game in 2008.
He was chosen to play in the NHL YoungStars Game in 2009 but did not play due to an injury.

References

Other websites 

1988 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Calgary Flames players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Vancouver
Vancouver Giants players
Memorial Cup winners
The Lehener Stadion was a former football stadium in Salzburg and between 1971 and 2002 the homeground of SV Austria Salzburg (now F.C. Red Bull Salzburg).

History
Due to the fact that SV Austria Salzburg was promoted to the Nationalliga (former name of Bundesliga) the plan was to build a new stadium. In 1966 architect Hanns Wiser made the first sketch of the new venue with 15 000 seats and two roofed stands. In 1967 the City decided to build the new stadium in Lehen and to make places for 18 000 spectators. The space for the new venue was also before a football groundTogether with Jakob Adlhart Wiser made a new plan and the stadium was built between 1969 and 1971. Because money was short, the east stand was designed as standingroom so the capacity could be 18 000 although the building was cheaper. The floodlight was opened in 1974 because neighbours took legal action against it.

The stadium was opend with a friendly match between SV Asutria Salzburg and the national team of Tunesia.  In mid-1990s the stadium was to small because Austria Salzburg played international matches and the UEFA licensed it for only 5 300 spectators. So Austria Salzburg played the international matches in Viennas Ernst Happel Stadion. It was planed to expand the stadium but the city of Salzburg decided to build a new stadium in Wals-Siezenheim because the city needed a venue for the UEFA Euro 2008. The last match was held on 4 December 2002 versus SK Sturm Graz.

The stadium was demolished in 2006. One part of the former stadium is now used by Salzburgs Citylibrary and a housing project is planed.

Notable matches
In the stadium 9 matches of the Austrian nationalteam were held. The most memorable was the 9:0 versus Malta on 30 April 1977 (Qualification for the FIFA World Cup 1978) where the young Hans Krankl scored 6 goals. But Austria Salzburg played notable matches in the venue for example the 3:0 victory over Sporting Lissabon in the 1993/94 UEFA Cup and in the second round of the UEFA Cup 1976  versus Roter Stern Belgrad.

Football stadiums in Austria
Salzburg
Ruth Florence Allen (1879-1963) was an American plant pathologist.  She helped the understanding of cytology of rust fungi, which are a large cause of cereal disease.  These diseases can have a bad effect on coffee, apple and pine trees.

Allen got a PhD from the University of Wisconsin in 1909, becoming the first woman to get a PhD in the Department of Botany. She worked at the University of Wisconsin, Michigan State College, Wellesley College and the United States Department of Agriculture.

The American Phytopathological Society formed the Ruth Allen Award in 1965 to respect "individuals who have made an outstanding, innovative research contribution that has changed, or has the potential to change, the direction of research in any field of plant pathology."

References

1879 births
1963 deaths
American botanists
The Australian Overland Telegraph Line was a 3200 km telegraph line that joined Darwin with Port Augusta in South Australia. Completed in 1872 the Overland Telegraph Line allowed fast communication between Australia and the rest of the world. It was one of the great engineering feats of 19th century Australia. It followed the route discovered by the explorer John McDouall Stuart in 1862. It was probably the most important milestone in Australia's telegraphic history.

Because of the limits of technology, the telegraph messages could only travel about 300 km along the line. Repeater stations were built at regular intervals so that the messages could be resent. Some of the stations became the start of cities such as Alice Springs or Tennant Creek, while others became forgotten ruins, such as the Peake Repeater Station built near Freeling Springs in South Australia.

References

Other websites
 A Wire Through the Heart An ABC movie on the Telegraph Line

Telecommunications
Australia
Bryan Gunn (born 22 December 1963 in Thurso) used to be a footballer. He was a goalkeeper. He played for Aberdeen and Hibernian in Scotland, but mostly he played for Norwich City. He also played a few times for Scotland, in the early 1990s.

When he finished playing football, he had many different jobs at Norwich City, working at Carrow Road until he eventually became manager of the team. A terrible 7-1 defeat caused him to lose his job and he has since become a businessman.

One of Bryan Gunn's children died of leukaemia. Since then, he has raised more than £1,000,000 to pay for projects to help people with the disease and to try to find a cure for it.

1963 births
Living people
British association football goalkeepers
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
Königslutter am Elm is a city in the district of Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany, near the Elm hills. In 2003, about 17,000 people lived in Königslutter.  Königslutter is twinned with Taunton in Somerset, in the southwest of England.

Königslutter is on the tourist route called the German Half-Timbered House Road (Deutsche Fachwerkstraße).

In its current form, the city was created in 1974 by joining the following 18 municipalities:

 Beienrode
 Boimstorf
 Bornum am Elm
 Glentorf
 Groß Steinum
 Klein Steimke
 Königslutter
 Lauingen
 Lelm
 Ochsendorf
 Rhode
 Rieseberg
 Rotenkamp
 Rottorf
 Scheppau
 Schickelsheim
 Sunstedt
 Uhry

Königslutter proper is on the Lutter stream and developed from the village of Lutter which was first mentioned in 1150. It became a market town around 1300, then a city around 1400. In early modern times, beer brewing and Elm limestone mining and cutting have been its main industries. Tourism is also important, because of the German Half-Timbered House Road and the Dom - the monastery church built by Emperor Lothar II.

In 1924, the village of Oberlutter and the monastery church of Königslutter were incorporated as a city. The Benedictine monastery was founded near the village of Lutter in 1135 by Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II. The monastery church is known for its sculptural art and the tomb of the emperor.

Königslutter is also the site for a large psychiatric hospital.  The hospital, run by AWO can treat over 500 people plus outpatients and day-care therapy in the clinics in Wolfsburg and Peine.

References

Other websites

 Königslutter Official site
 AWO Psychiatriezentrum
Airport is a 1970 American drama movie. It is based on a novel by Arthur Hailey. It is about an airport almost being closed because of a snow storm while a mad suicide bomber is trying to blow up an airliner in flight.

Cast
 Burt Lancaster as Mel Bakersfeld, airport manager
 Dean Martin as Captain Vernon Demerest
 Jean Seberg as Tanya Livingston
 Jacqueline Bisset as Gwen Meighen, stewardess
 George Kennedy  as Joe Patroni, chief mechanic
 Helen Hayes as Mrs. Ada Quonsett, stowaway
 Van Heflin as D. O. Guerrero, airplane bomber
 Maureen Stapleton as Inez Guerrero, wife of D.O. Guerrero
 Barry Nelson as Captain Anson Harris
 Dana Wynter as Cindy Bakersfeld, wife of Mel Bakersfeld
 Lloyd Nolan as Harry Standish
 Barbara Hale as Sarah Demerest (sister of Mel Bakersfeld, wife of Vern Demerest)
 Gary Collins as Cy Jordan
 Christopher Lloyd as Patron in diner (uncredited)

Awards
Academy Awards
Oscar Award - Best Actress in a Supporting Role: Helen Hayes
Golden Globe Awards (1971)
Golden Globe Award - Best Supporting Actress: Maureen Stapleton (Tied with Karen Black)
Laurel Awards (1971)
Golden Laurel - Best Supporting Female Performance: Helen Hayes

Sequels
Airport has three sequels: Airport 1975, Airport '77, and The Concorde... Airport '79.

Other websites 
 

1970 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
Disaster movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies about terrorism
Movies directed by Henry Hathaway
Movies directed by George Seaton
Universal Pictures movies
Andrea Lloyd (b. August 10, 1971 in Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was in the 1996 Summer Olympics.  She won a Bronze medal for Jamaica in the 4 X 100 metres Relay. 

Lloyd attended high school in Camperdown.  She studied at the University of Alabama. Her personal best is 11.36 seconds in the 100 metres which came in 1996.

References

Living people
1971 births

es:Andrea Lloyd
it:Andrea Lloyd
Absh Khatun was a Queen of Persia from 1263 to 1287.  Her mother was Bibi Khatun. 
 
She married Manku Timur and lived in Urdu, capital of the Ilkhanate.  Her father-in-law, Khan Hulägu, sent Absh to Shiraz to rule in 1263. When Absh returned to Shiraz the people were happy.  Coins were made in her name. She was the last ruler of the Atabek dynasty.

References

More books
 Mernissi, Fatima.  The Forgotten Queens of Islam.  Mary Jo Lakeland.  Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1993. p. 104.
 Uçok Un, Badriye.  Al-nisa’ al-hakimat fi tarikh.  Trans. I. Daquqi.  Baghdad:Matba’a al-Sa’dun, 1973. pp. 101ff.

13th-century births
13th-century deaths
Kings and queens
Persian people
Miss Jane Marple is a British fictional character, that appeared in twelve of Agatha Christie's crime novels and in twenty short stories. She is an elderly spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead and acts as an amateur detective. She is one of the most famous characters of crime fiction and murder mystery. Many movies and television series have been made about her investigations.

Novels with Miss Marple
 The Murder at the Vicarage (1930)
 The Body in the Library (1942)
 The Moving Finger (1943)
 A Murder is Announced (1950)
 They Do It with Mirrors, or Murder with Mirrors (1952)
 A Pocket Full of Rye (1953)
 4.50 from Paddington, or What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw! (1957)
 The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side (1962)
 A Caribbean Mystery (1964)
 At Bertram's Hotel (1965)
 Nemesis (1971)
 Sleeping Murder (written around 1940, published 1976)

Short stories
 The Thirteen Problems (short story collection, also published as The Tuesday Club Murders) (1932)
 Miss Marple's Final Cases and Two Other Stories (written between 1939 and 1954, published 1979)

Related pages
 Hercule Poirot

References

Other websites
Miss Marple at the official Agatha Christie website

Characters in written fiction
Fictional British people
The tragedy of the anticommons is a new phrase invention of Michael Heller. It says, that things can go bad if too many people have rights on a shared thing. It is related to the phrase tragedy of the commons, which says that things can go bad if not enough people have rights. It is a general phrase for problems like patent thickets, submarine patents, nail houses, and more red tapes. It is difficult to find solutions, but some of them are eminent domain, Laches, patent pools or other agreements on rights and copyrights.

Related pages
 Tragedy of the commons
 Market failure
 Georgism
 Network effects
 Rivalry (economics)

Tragedy of the anticommons is one of four outcomes:

The prevalent outcome depends on the details of the situation.

References

Rose, Carol M. (1986) The Comedy of the Commons: Commerce, Custom and Inherently Public Property, 53 Univ. of Chi. L. Rev. 711, reprinted as chapter 5  in: Rose, Carol M., Property and persuasion: Essays on the history, theory and rhetoric of ownership, Westview Press 1994

Other websites 
 The Tragedy of the Anticommons (Abstract, with link to complete paper)
 Can Patents Deter Innovation?  The Anticommons in Biomedical Research (full text of article)
 The comedy of the commons, speech by Lawrence Lessig (Lawrence Lessig)
 Heller's talk in the Authors@Google series
 Website complementing gridlock economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives 

Property
Rupert Bottenberg (born: 19 July 1971 in Wolfville, Nova Scotia) is a comic artist and writer.  He works for the Montreal Mirror newsweekly.

Bottenberg grew up in Montreal.  He started "Comix Jams, public events centered around collaborative, improvised comic art," a concept other North American cities copy.  His way of drawing is called "clean-line" and full of "technical precision."

References

Other websites
Home page 

Living people
1971 births
Canadian writers
Comics artists
Masood Farivar (born 1969) is an Afghan-born writer, journalist and author of Confessions of a Mullah Warrior (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2009), which describes two teenage years while a member of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen resistance movement. Since early 2017, he has been the Voice of America (VOA) justice correspondent.

Farivar moved with his family to Pakistan in 1983.  He obtained a degree from Harvard University in 1994 and subsequently worked as a business reporter for Dow Jones Newswires.  According to his LinkedIn resume, as of 2013 he was Chief of the Afghanistan Service at VOA and based in Washington, D.C. Previously he was with Internews Network and spent the 2011-2012 academic year as a Knight Fellow at Stanford University.

References

Living people
1969 births
Afghan writers
Journalists
Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was an American college student who was murdered while attending the University of Wyoming. At the trial for the two attackers, the men were accused of targeting Shepard because he was gay.

Murder
On October 7, 1998, Shepard met two people named Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney at the Fireside Lounge. McKinney and Henderson decided that they would give Shepard a ride home. They drove the car to a remote, rural area, then robbed and tortured Shepard, beating him with a pistol. They tied him to a fence post and left him there to die. They also found out where Shepard lived and they planned to burglarize his house. Shepard was found by a cyclist named Aaron Kreifels, who thought Shepard was a scarecrow at first. Shepard was in a coma and suffered fractures to the back of his head and the front of his right ear. He had severe damage to his brain stem, a part of the brain which controls the body's heart rate, body temperature, and other important functions. He died at 12:53 a.m. on October 12, 1998.

Matthew Shepard Act
A hate crimes law named the Matthew Shepard Act was first introduced on March 20, 2007. The bill passed the House of Representatives and the Senate but then-president George W. Bush said that he would veto the legislation if it had reached his desk. As a result, the legislation was dropped. It was again brought up on April 2, 2009. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act was passed by President Barack Obama on October 28, 2009.

References

1976 births
1998 deaths
American LGBT people
American murder victims
Gay men
People from Wyoming
People murdered in the United States
People with HIV/AIDS
Victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes
Walter Rudolf Hess (17 March 1881 – 12 August 1973) was a Swiss physiologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for "locating the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs". The prize was shared with Egas Moniz. Hess was born on 17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland and died on 12 August 1973 in Locarno, Switzerland.

By stimulating the hypothalamus of cats with tiny electric currents, Hess induced behaviours. The behaviours ranged from excitement to apathy, depending on the position of the stimulation. He could induce different types of responses in the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus. When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of breathing and responses such as wanting food, wanting water, needing to pee and needing to poop. On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defensive behaviour.

Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats – a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed. His work was important step in scientist's understanding of neurosecretion.

References

1881 births
1973 deaths
Swiss scientists
Physiologists
Neuroendocrinology
An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source. Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. Movement of the ions generates energy in the form of heat.

Operation
Inductively coupled plasma sources usually use argon as a fuel. Unfortunately, most ICP sources require at least 5 L/min of argon. This makes inductively coupled plasma a rather expensive source. The argon atoms are ionized with a spark from tesla coil. These ions will circulate due to the magnetic field to produce heat and high temperatures. This will cause additional ions to be formed from the argon fuel. After a period of time, the torch will reach temperatures between 6 000 and 10 000 Kelvin.

Applications 
The high temperatures produced by ICP make it a popular source for many scientific experiments. This source had the advantage of providing strong signals and only small amounts of noise or interference. Also, the data obtained from experiments using an inductively coupled plasma source is often linear. This makes it easy for scientists to determine the amount of something in a sample. Some of the most common applications are 

 ICP-AES, a type of atomic emission spectroscopy
 ICP-MS, a type of mass spectrometry.
 ICP-RIE, a type of reactive-ion etching.

ICP-AES

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the most common applications of ICP. The plasma source is used to heat a sample. At high enough temperatures, electrons in the sample atoms will gain enough energy to move into an excited state. Energy is released in the form of photons when electrons "fall" from the excited state to a lower energy. The lower energy state is usually called the ground state of an atom.

The wavelength of the emissions are determined by a detector. Most atoms will emit light at different wavelengths so scientists may use this information to identify atoms in a sample. The intensity of emission is related to the amount of an atom in the sample. Scientist may use the wavelength and intensity to determine both the identity and amount of an atom. ICP-AES is often used for the detection of toxins, such as heavy metals. It may also be used for chemical studies.

Detection
Inductively coupled plasma source may be used for the detection of approximately 60 different elements. These include most alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metalloids, all transition metals, and some f-block elements.

Related pages
Plasma (physics)

References

Other websites 
 Inductively Coupled Plasma by Traci Bradford and M. Nicole Cook 

Electromagnetism
Spectroscopy
Andrea Sassetti (born 1960 in Fermo) is an Italian shoe designer and the owner of a fashion company named Andrea Moda. He owned a Formula One team also named Andrea Moda.

References

Living people
Italian sportspeople
Italian businesspeople
Italian fashion designers
1960 births
"Na-NaNa-Na'" is a 2005 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American singer Jazze Pha. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Sweat. The song was released in 2005 in the United States. The song reached #65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2005 songs
"Grillz'" is a 2005 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features rapper Paul Wall, rap duo Ali & Gipp and singer Brandi Williams. It was the 13th track from his first compilation album Sweatsuit. The song was released on November 8, 2005. The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #11 on the Australia (ARIA) and #24 on the UK Singles Chart.

Nelly songs
2005 songs
William Marsh Rice University, also called Rice University, is a private university in Houston, Texas. Rice was started in 1912.  It is ranked one of the best universities in the world, especially for undergraduate education.  Rice is named after the Houston businessman William Marsh Rice who provided the money in his will to begin the university.

Rice is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of study, for natural sciences, engineering, humanities, business, architecture, and music.  The students at Rice abide by an honor code that is strictly enforced.

References 

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Texas
Conference USA
Houston, Texas
1912 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Texas
Jane Maria Atkinson née Richmond (15 September 1824 to 29 September 1914) was a pioneer, writer, and the first British woman to climb Mt Taranaki.

Early life
Maria grew up in a Unitarian household. The early death of her father, Christopher Richmond, caused financial trouble for the family. At the age of 28, Maria and her family left for New Zealand along with the Hursthouses, Richmonds, and Ronalds. They came to Auckland May 25th, 1853. They moved to the early New Plymouth colony. She and Arthur Samuel Atkinson  found love on the ship. They married 30 December 1854.

New Zealand
Maria first was a pioneering housewife and mother.  She and Arthur moved to Nelson, New Zealand in 1867.  In Nelson she became active in the community.  She helped support women's right to vote, talked to many about forming a girl's college and guided a debate team.  The Atkinsons let teachers for Nelson College for Girls use their home called Fairfield House.

References

More reading
Born to New Zealand: A Biography of Jane Maria Atkinson by Frances Porter (1989, Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, Wellington) 

1824 births
1914 deaths
New Zealand people
Zoraptera is a order of insects, is one of the least diverse and most poorly understood of insect lineages. Zoraptera are minute, hemimetabolous insects superficially resembling barklice (Psocoptera) or termites (Isoptera).

Description 
Individuals are generally less than 3 mm in total body length, exclusive of their antennae, and are gregarious. Overall, zorapterans are quite homogenous in their morphology and tend to be off-white (mostly nymphs) to brown in color. Individuals of each species occur in two morphs: eyed and winged forms that then shed their wings after dispersal or blind and apterous forms that predominate in colonies.

Insects
Dr Margaret Barnett Cruickshank (1 January 1873 – 28 November 1918) was the first registered woman doctor in New Zealand.

Biography

Cruickshank studied at the University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine and was the second woman, following Emily Siedeberg, in New Zealand to complete medical school.  During World War I she planned the work of the Waimate Red Cross Fund. She died from the 1918 flu pandemic.

Legacy
In 1923 a memorial statue was shown at Seddon Square in Waimate. The plinth was prepared by Daniel Berry and the statue was carved by William Trethewey. In 1948 the maternity room in Waimate Hospital was named after her.

References

More reading
 Ancestry.com page

1873 births
1918 deaths
Deaths from influenza
New Zealand scientists
Physicians
John Ruganda (30 May 1941 to 8 December 2007) was Uganda's best-known playwright.  Ruganda was also a professor at University of North, South Africa, University of Nairobi, and Makerere University.

Ruganda's plays "reflect the reality of the East African sociopolitical situation after independence."  He helped outline East African theater.  The Burdens (1972) and The Floods (1980) are regularly studied in literature classes.

Writing

Plays
 The Burdens, Kampala, Uganda, National Theatre, January 1970
 Black Mamba, Kampala, 1972
 The Good Woman of Setzuan, by Bertolt Brecht, translated into Swahili by Ruganda, Nairobi, Nairobi University Players, November 1978
 The Floods, Nairobi, French Cultural Centre, 1 March 1979
 Music without Tears, Nairobi, Nairobi University Players, February 1982
 Echoes of Silence, Nairobi, 1985

Television
 The Secret of the Season, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, March 1973
 The Floods, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, April 1973
 The Illegitimate, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, August 1982

References

More books
 Horn, "Uhuru to Amin: T he Golden Decade of Theatre in Uganda," Literary Half-Yearly, 19, no. 1 (1978): 22-49.
 Peter Nazareth, "Africa under Neocolonialism: New East African Writing". Busara, 6, no. 1  (1974): 19-32.
 Mineke Schipper. Theatre and Society in Africa (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1982).

1941 births
2007 deaths
"Party People'" is a 2008 Hip hop/crunk/rave/chopped and screwed/R&B/West coast hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features American singer Fergie. It was the first single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on March 18, 2008. The song reached #7 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #14 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, #14 on the UK Singles Chart and #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks, #23 on the German Singles Chart, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100, #40 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #46 on the Austrian Singles Chart, #52 on the Canadian Hot 100 and #62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2008 songs
Nikolai Vladimirovich Levichev (, born May 28, 1953) is a Russian politician, and the leader of A Just Russia party. He was elected the party leader on April 16, 2011.

1953 births
Living people
Russian politicians
"Body on Me'" is a 2008 R&B/Hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ashanti and Akon. It was the second single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles and is also the second single  from Ashanti's fourth album The Declaration. The song was released on June 9, 2008. 

The song reached #10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #17 on the UK Singles Chart, #32 on the Australian Singles Chart, #42 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #57 on the Canadian Hot 100, #58 on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100, #69 on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2008 songs
"Stepped on My J'z'" is a 2008 Hip hop/Crunk&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ciara and rapper Jermaine Dupri. It was the third single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on June 11, 2008 as a digital download and on July 1, 2008 on the U.S. radio. 

The song reached #69 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and #90 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

Nelly songs
2008 songs
"Just a Dream'" is a 2010 Hip hop/R&B/pop song by American rapper Nelly. It was the first single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on August 16, 2010. 

The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Songs and #3 on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Nelly songs
2010 songs
Colmar is a commune in Alsace in north-eastern France, in the Haut-Rhin department, of which it is a prefecture. It is in the Grand Est region.

Geography
Colmar is in the north of the Haut-Rhin department. It is in the plain of Alsace, to the east of the Vosgues mountains. The Lauch river, a tributary of the Ill river, flows through the commune.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Colmar to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Strasbourg, the regional capital - ;
 Marseille - ;
 Lyon - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Nice - .

The commune of Altkirch is surrounded by the following communes:

Climate
The area around Colmar, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Colmar is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Colmar is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Colmar is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Colmar are known, in French, as Colmariens (women: Colmariennes).

With a population of 68,784, Colmar has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Colmar

Colmar forms, together with 6 other communes, the urban area of Colmar with a population of 93,858 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Colmar, formed by 39 communes with a population of 129,678 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration
Colmar is the prefecture of the Haut-Rhin department since 1800. It is the capital of the Colmar-Ribeauvillé arrondissement and is also the administrative centre () of 2 cantons:
 Colmar-1, formed with a part of Colmar and the commune Ingersheim, with 44,524 inhabitants (2014).
 Colmar-2, formed with a part of Colmar and 12 communes, with 51,221 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Colmar Agglomération.

Twin towns 
Colmar is twinned with:
  Schongau, Bavaria, Germany
  Lucca, Italy
  Princeton, United States
  Győr, Hungary
  Eisenstadt, Austria
  Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
  Vale of White Horse, United Kingdom

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Colmar - Official site 
 Ville de Colmar - Colmar Alsace France Tourist Office

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Departmental capitals in France
"Move That Body'" is a 2010 hip hop/electro hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singers T-Pain and Akon. It was the second single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on October 12, 2010. The music video for Move That Body first appeared on Nelly's official VEVO on October 19 2010. 

The song reached #24 on the UK R&B Chart, #29 on the ARIA Charts, #54 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #71 on the UK Singles Chart.

Nelly songs
2010 songs
Chenpi, also called chen pi, is sun-dried tangerine peel used as a traditional seasoning in Chinese cooking and traditional medicine.  They have a bitter taste.

Herbs
Carl Richard Woese  (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

Career
Woese is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977. He used phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by him which is now standard practice.

He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1977, although not by that name. He was the Stanley O. Ikenberry professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Work and discoveries
After defining Archaea as a new domain, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His three-domain system is based upon genetic relationships. It divides life into 23 main divisions in three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Archaea are neither bacteria nor eukaryotes. Looked at another way, they are prokaryotes that are not bacteria.

The tree of life shows the diversity of microbes. Single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere's diversity. This is surprising to some, given our familiarity with the larger metazoan world. Microbes are responsible for many biochemical cycles and are crucial to the whole biosphere. Woese's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes was an invaluable service to ecology, conservation and evolutionary biology.

Personal life
Woese was born on July 15, 1928 in Syracuse, New York. He studied at Amherst College and at Yale University. Woese died on December 30, 2012 in his home in Urbana, Illinois from pancreatic cancer, aged 84.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Woese's homepage 

1928 births
2012 deaths
Cancer deaths in Illinois
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
American microbiologists
People from Syracuse, New York
Scientists from New York
Yale University alumni
"Gone'" is a 2011 R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Kelly Rowland. It is the sequel to their 2002 song, Dilemma. It was the third single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on January 4, 2011.  

The song reached #19 on the UK R&B Chart, #21 on the Australia Urban ARIA Charts, #55 on the Australia ARIA Charts, #58 on the UK Singles and #59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2011 songs
The Bodleian Library (founded in 1602) is the main library of the University of Oxford, and one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It is the second largest library in the United Kingdom after the British Library. It is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom and under Irish Law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland. It has had rights of legal deposit for books since the 17th century. 

Though members of the University may borrow some books from some dependent libraries (such as the Radcliffe Science Library), the vast majority of the material held by the Bodleian may only be read within the library buildings. Besides books, periodicals and manuscripts there are smaller collections of other types of material.

The Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street in central Oxford: the oldest is the late medieval Duke Humfrey's Library. The newest is the Weston Library which opened in 2015, built from an overhaul of what the New Bodleian which dates from the 1930s. Since the 19th century a number of underground stores have been built below parts of these.

Though Duke Humfrey's Library was a library for the university from 1488 to 1560 the Bodleian itself was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in the years 1598 to 1602. In the following centuries it greatly increased in size through collections of books donated by benefactors and through books received through legal deposit.

Many notable scholars have been heads of the library (known as Bodley's Librarians): the present Bodley's Librarian is Richard Ovenden.

References

Libraries in the United Kingdom
Oxfordshire
1602 establishments
1600s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in England
Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on June 27, 2000. The album was made a mainstream success and sold over 235,000 copies on its number one week.

Track listing

Reception
The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200 and peaked at #1 on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

References

2000 albums
Nelly albums
Nellyville is the second studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on June 25, 2002. The album first debuted at #1 on the Billboard charts  and also sold more than 714,000 records in its first week of release.

Track listing

Reception
The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200, #2 on the German Albums Chart, #2 on the UK Albums Chart and #6 on the Finnish Albums Chart.

References

2002 albums
Nelly albums
Sweat is the third studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on September 14, 2004. The album first debuted at #2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 200 charts and also sold more than 342,000 records in its first week of release.

Track listing

Reception
The album peaked at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, #2 on the US Billboard 200, #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums, #11 on the UK Albums Chart and #17 on the German Albums Chart.

References

2004 albums
Nelly albums
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot is a 1992 American action-comedy movie that was produced by Ivan Reitman, Joe Medjuck and Michael C. Gross and was directed by Roger Spottiswoode. The movie was released on February 21, 1992 in North America. The movie received extremely negative reviews with a 4% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie half a star out of five stating that "There isn't a laugh in this movie. Not a single one". The movie won a three Golden Raspberry Awards for Stallone as Worst Actor, Getty as Worst Supporting Actress and the movie earning Worst Screenplay.

Cast 
 Sylvester Stallone as Sgt. Joseph Andrew 'Joe' Bomowski
 Estelle Getty as Mrs. Tutti Bomowski
 JoBeth Williams as Lt. Gwen Harper
 John Wesley as Sgt. Tony
 Ving Rhames as Mr. Stereo
 Al Fann as Sgt. Lou
 Roger Rees as J. Parnell
 Martin Ferrero as Paulie
 Gailard Sartain as Munroe
 Dennis Burkley as Mitchell

Other websites 

 

1992 action movies
1992 comedy movies
American action comedy movies
Movies directed by Roger Spottiswoode
Movies set in California
Universal Pictures movies
Freddy Got Fingered is a 2001 American comedy movie produced by Larry Brezner, Howard Lapides and Lauren Lloyd. It was directed by Tom Green.

The movie is about a 28-year-old man who lives in his parents' basement in Portland, Oregon. He drives to Los Angeles and attempts to become an animator.

The movie was released on April 20, 2001 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie a rare zero-stars rating and listed it as one of his most hated movies of all-time. He described the movie as: "This movie doesn't scrape the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't below the bottom of the barrel. This movie doesn't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with barrels[...]. The day may come when Freddy Got Fingered is seen as a milestone of neo-surrealism. The day may never come when it is seen as funny." It is considered one of the worst movies of all time, but has a cult following.

Cast 
 Tom Green as Gordon "Gord" Brody
 Rip Torn as James "Jim" Brody
 Marisa Coughlan as Betty
 Eddie Kaye Thomas as Frederick "Freddy" Brody
 Harland Williams as Darren
 Anthony Michael Hall as Dave Davidson
 Julie Hagerty as Julie Brody
 Drew Barrymore as Davidson's receptionist
 Shaquille O'Neal as Shaquille

References

Other websites 

2001 comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
2000s black comedy movies
American black comedy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in Asia
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in Oregon
Pakistan
Portland, Oregon
The Adventures of Pluto Nash is an 1997 American science fiction action comedy movie. It was produced by Martin Bregman, Michael Scott Bregman and Louis A. Stroller and was directed by Ron Underwood. The movie was released on April 18, 1997 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 6% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 12 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was a huge box office bomb, the movie grossed around $7.1 million and the budget for the movie was $100 million. The movie was nominated for 5 Golden Raspberry Awards.

Cast 
 Alec Baldwin as Pluto Nash/Rex Crater
 Randy Quaid as Bruno
 Rosario Dawson as Dina Lake
 Joe Pantoliano as Mogan
 Jay Mohr as Tony Francis
 Luis Guzmán as Felix Laranga
 James Rebhorn as Belcher
 Peter Boyle as Rowland
 Pam Grier as Flura Nash
 John Cleese as James
 Burt Young as Gino
 Miguel A. Núñez, Jr. as Miguel
 Illeana Douglas as Dr. Mona Zimmer
 Richard Raybourne as Bartender Phil
 Kelsey Grammer as Michael Zoroaster Marucci (MZM) (uncredited)

Other websites 

1997 comedy movies
1997 action movies
American action movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
Comedy science fiction movies
English-language movies
FBI in fiction
Movies set in the future
Movies directed by Ron Underwood