cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Standing stones or menhirs  are stones set into the ground vertically. They were put there by Neolithic people in the British Isles and Brittany, and they also occur elsewhere in the world.

There may be single standing stones, circles, lines or groups of them. Their dates are mostly from 4000 BC to 1,500 BC. Since Neolithic peoples did not have writing, we know little about their use. It is generally thought they had both practical (meeting place) and ceremonial or religious uses. Pottery that has been found near some of these stones suggest some of them in Europe belonged to the so-called 'Beaker culture'.

Their shape is generally uneven and squared, often tapering towards the top. Menhirs can be found across Europe, Africa and Asia, but they are most numerous in Western Europe; in particular in the British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland), and Brittany. There are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas. Standing stones are usually difficult to date, but pottery found underneath some in western Europe connects them with the Beaker people. They were erected as part of a megalithic culture which flourished in Europe and beyond.

Where they appear in groups, often in a circular, oval, henge or horseshoe formation, they are sometimes called megalithic monuments. These are sites of ancient religious ceremonies, sometimes containing burial chambers. The developments of radiocarbon dating and tree-ring calibration have added to our knowledge of their timing. In some archaeological sites, the remains of wooden henges can be found. Woodhenge was a henge and timber circle monument in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) north-east of Stonehenge.

History
Practically nothing is known of the social organization or religious beliefs of the people who erected the menhirs. There is not even any trace of their language. We do know that they buried their dead, and had the skills to grow cereal, farm and make pottery, stone tools and jewellery. Some recent research into the megaliths in Brittany suggests a much older origin, perhaps back to six to seven thousand years ago. This is not generally accepted at present.

Related pages 
Stonehenge
Avebury
Carnac stones

Further reading 
Malone, Caroline. 2005. Neolithic Britain and Ireland. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

References 

Europe
Prehistoric buildings and structures
Buildings and structures
Archaeological sites
Neolithic
Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust.

Feldspar forms crystals from magma in both intrusive and extrusive rocks, and they can also happen as compact minerals, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed entirely of plagioclase feldspar is known as anorthosite. Feldspar is also found in many types of sedimentary rock.

Feldspar is typically reddish or pale pink in color, and has a hardness of 6 on the Mohs scale, making it roughly as hard to scratch as glass.

There are two groups of feldspar, both made out of silica and aluminum:
Orthoclase or "alkali" feldspars: a group of minerals that all have the same formula (KAlSi3O8 with sodium sometimes replacing the potassium in some pieces), but are formed in different ways because of how different the times and places where they formed were. 
Plagioclase feldspars: A series of minerals that are made up of a series of two chemicals (Albite, NaAlSi3O8, and anorthite CaAl2Si2O8), with a given piece having its place on the series determined by the relative amounts of the two chemicals.

Minerals
Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud  (20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet, born in Charleville. He wrote his best works when he was 15–18 years old.  He was  and moved around the world a lot. He was homosexual. He died of bone cancer just after his 37th birthday.

Works
 Le Soleil Était Encore Chaud (1866)
 Poésies (c. 1869–1873)
 Soleil et chair (1870)
 Le bateau ivre (1871)
 Proses Évangeliques (1872)
 Une Saison en Enfer (1873) – published by Rimbaud himself as a small booklet in Brussels. Although "a few copies were distributed to friends in Paris... Rimbaud almost immediately lost interest in the work."
 Illuminations (1874)
 Lettres (1870–1891)

References

Other websites 
  Arthur Rimbaud, his work in audio version 
 THE QUIET LIFE A collection of photos and drawings of Arthur RİMBAUD Edited by Beyaz Arif AKBAS Yalnizgoz BOOKS/Edirne 2011 USA 

Deaths from bone cancer
Cancer deaths in France
French poets
French LGBT people
LGBT writers
1854 births
1891 deaths
Élisée Reclus (March 15 1830–July 4 1905), also known as Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus, was a French geographer and anarchist.

Biography
He was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant priest, who had a family of fourteen children. His education, begun in Rhenish Prussia, was continued in the Protestant college of Montauban, and completed at the university of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Karl Ritter.

After 1851, he spent the next six years (1852–1857) visiting the British Isles, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. On his return to Paris he contributed to the Revue des deux mondes, the Tour du monde and other papers, with a large number of articles about geography.

In 1867–1868 he published La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe, in two volumes.During the 1870 siege of Paris, he was in the National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the Cri du Peuple an article against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on April 5, and on November 16 sentenced to transportation for life; but, after changed in an ban as an exile.

Reclus also visited Italy, and Switzerland, where he wrote many articles about geography.

In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement. After this was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High Court of Lyon, against the anarchists, members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the other anarchist Kropotkin were designated as the two "leaders" of organization. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus, being resident in Switzerland, escaped.

After 1892 he taught in university of Brussels, and contributed in many journals about science and geography.

Some articles wrote by Reclus:
 Nouvelle Géographie Universelle - Nuova Geografia Universale (1875- 1894 ).
 La Terre, description des phénomènes de la vie du globe (1867-1868).
 Histoire d'une montagne (1872).
 Histoire d'une ruisseau (1876).
 L'Homme et la Terre - (postum) in (1905).

Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges.

Related pages
 Anarchism in France
 Onésime Reclus, his brother

Other websites
 Élisée Reclus, le site 
 Reclus at the Anarchy Archive

1830 births
1925 deaths
French people
Anarchist communists
Michael Emerson (born September 7, 1954) is an American theatre, television, and movie actor. He won an "Outstanding Guest Actor" Emmy in 2001 for a part on The Practice. He is best known for playing Zep Hindle in the 2004 movie Saw and Ben Linus in the television series Lost.

Biography

Early life 
Emerson was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and grew up in the nearby town of Toledo, Iowa. He studied theater and art at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated in 1976. He then moved to New York City. He had trouble finding work as an actor so he took retail jobs and worked as a freelance illustrator. In 1986, he moved with his first wife to Jacksonville, Florida. In Jacksonville, between 1986 to 1993, he was in local productions, and worked as a teacher and director.

Career 
Emerson thought about not being an actor and being a teacher instead, because it is a more stable job. He decided to go back to school and get a Master of Fine Arts. He thought it might help him meet theatre professionals and directors. 

Emerson's first big role was in 1997. He starred as Oscar Wilde in Moises Kaufman's play, Gross Indecency: The Trials of Oscar Wilde, and then was in many other plays. In 1998, he acted with Uma Thurman in the off-Broadway production of The Misanthrope. In 1999, he played the part of Willie Oban in The Iceman Cometh with Kevin Spacey. He co-starred with Kate Burton in both Give Me Your Answer, Do! and Hedda Gabler.

In movies and television, Emerson played somewhat dangerous, damaged characters. He played the roles so that the character would seem mysterious. In 2001, he won an Emmy Award as "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series", for playing the (fictional) confessed serial killer William Hinks in several episodes of The Practice.

One of Emerson's most well-known works was in 2004, as the character Zep Hindle in the horror movie Saw. In 2006, Emerson began guest-starring on the television series Lost as Henry Gale/Ben Linus . He was originally planned to be in a small number of episodes, but he returned for season 3 as a main cast member. In 2007, he was nominated for another Emmy Award for his work on the series.

References 

1954 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Actors from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
The Battle of Chantilly happened on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia. It was the last battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War. The battle had two names: the Union side called it the "Battle of Chantilly" and the Confederates called it the "Battle of Ox Hill".

Background
Confederate General Robert E. Lee had just won the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 29. The Union Army, commanded by John Pope, started retreating north towards Washington, D.C. Lee wanted to destroy Pope's army. He sent Thomas J. Jackson's corps to march around Pope's army in order to capture the road to Washington. If the Confederates captured the road, Pope would have been surrounded and be forced to surrender.

On September 1, Pope found out where Jackson was. He sent Jesse L. Reno with two divisions to attack Jackson. Jackson had stopped on Ox Hill, which was near the Chantilly Plantation. He decided to stop there because he found Pope's army was farther north than he expected.

The battle
The first Union commander to arrive at Ox Hill was Isaac Stevens. He decided to attack Jackson's men about 5 p.m. At the same time, a thunderstorm broke out and made some of the solders's ammunition too wet to fire. Many men had to fight with bayonets. Stevens's division made part of the Confederate army retreat. But the Confederates counterattacked and forced Steven's division retreat. During the attack, Stevens was killed.

After Stevens' s attack failed, Philip Kearny's division arrived. Kearny tried to attack the Confederates but he was killed too. After sunset, the Union soldiers retreated from the battlefield.

Aftermath
The Union army lost about 1,000 casaulties in the battle. The Confederates lost about 500 to 600 casualties. Pope continued retreating to Washington on September 2.

Sources
 Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. .
 Taylor, Paul. He Hath Loosed the Fateful Lightening: The Battle of Ox Hill (Chantilly) September 1, 1862. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Books, 2003. .

Chantilly
September 1862 events
1862 in Virginia
Jörg Haider (26 January 1950 – 11 October, 2008) was an Austrian politician who was often called to be off right-populism ("rechtspopulist"). He was born in Bad Goisern, Upper Austria, and died near Klagenfurt, Austria.

At the age of 29 he became the youngest member of the Austrian parliament and in 1989 the Governor of Carinthia for the first time.

Haider lead the Freedom Party to great success so that in 1999 the party reached the second most votes with 27% behind the SPÖ with 33% and could form a coalition with the Austrian People's Party ÖVP (having for the first time only the third most votes) making Wolfgang Schüssel Chancellor of Austria.

Haider passed his leading position to other party members so that a coalition could take place and returned to Carinthia to work as Governor again.

In 2004 Haider was re-elected as Governor of Carinthia. One year later the leading members of the FPÖ as well as there party members in the government together with Jörg Haider (as their new head) founded a new Party, the BZÖ. In 2006 the BZÖ party reached the 4% (that time lead under P. Westenthaler) in the Austrian elections and so became part of the Parliament with 7 representatives. For the snap elections in September 2008 he was voted unanimity in his party for the leading position and ran as candidate again for the elections like back in the nineties. Surprisingly the party gained 10.7% and therefore could rise its seats 3 times now having 21 representatives under the lead of Jörg Haider. However Haider promised before the votes toke place too remain Governor as he would have only changed as of becoming Chancellor. There were possibilities to build a government with Jörg Haider as chancellor (Haider already achieved to form a coalition where the ÖVP under Schüssel with the 3rd most votes got the Chancellor) or at least the BZÖ represented in the government. For this a coalition of BZÖ with FPÖ and ÖVP was necessary, however Haider never got into this position.

On 11 October 2008, Haider died in a traffic accident near the town of Klagenfurt. He was returning home after an event that had taken place earlier. Many people living in Carinthia in reaction to his death, left public offerings as flowers, candles, cards and personal messages, Austrian singer and intendant Harald Serafin called the tragic death even an "Austro-Lady-Diana-Story".

References

1950 births
2008 deaths
Austrian politicians
Austrian Roman Catholics
Governors
People from Upper Austria
Road accident deaths
Yagan (c. 1795–11 July 1833) was a Noongar warrior who played an important part in early  indigenous Australian resistance to European settlement and rule in the area of Perth, Western Australia. 

Yagan was the son of Midgigoroo, one of the elders of the tribe who lived in the Perth area. Yagan was blamed for spearing cattle near the Swan River. There were not many cattle in the new colony and food was scarce. Yagan's taking of the settlers animals and food supplies was seen as a very serious crime. After a European was killed, the military started a search for Yagan. He was found after four months and sent to Carnac Island. He escaped after six weeks. One of the soldiers who had got to know him on Carnac Island, compared him to William Wallace.

Yagan's brother was killed in April 1833 while trying to steal flour from a cart. Yagan, Midgigoroo and several others attacked another cart and killed the drivers. They were declared outlaws, which meant they had no legal rights and could be killed by anyone. A reward of £30 was offered for their capture. Midgigoroo was soon captured and executed. Two months later, on 11 July 1833 a shepherd, William Keates, shot and killed Yagan. Keates was killed soon afterwards in another fight with the Aborigines, and his brother claimed the reward for the capture of Yagan. Yagan's head was cut off and sent to England for display. 

After a long search his remains were rediscovered in an unmarked grave in Liverpool and returned to Australia in 1997. On 10 July 2010, Yangar was reburied in Perth, at a site now called the Yagan Memorial Park. The park is on the site where Yagan was killed in 1833.

References

Indigenous Australian history
1795 births
1833 deaths
People from Western Australia
Indigenous Australian people
Osaka University is a national university of Japan. It was started in 1869. It is in Osaka. It has 11 departments.

Related pages
 List of national universities in Japan

Other websites

Official website

Colleges and universities in Japan
1869 establishments in Japan
Osaka
The Daytona 500 is an auto race held in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is the opening event of the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Daytona has hosted racing for many years. Originally cars raced on the beach, but in 1959, race officials built the Daytona International Speedway, where the race has been held ever since. The Daytona track hosts many other races as well. The Daytona 500 is considered the most important event in NASCAR.

The Daytona 500 has many memories, the winners receive a Harley J. Earl Trophy every year at the end of every race, The trophy is not the only one awarded to the event, The crew chief of the teams receives the Cannonball trophy, a trophy by Cannonball Baker.

Eventually, the  race was held in 1959, It was the second 500-mile NASCAR race, following the Southern 500, By 1961, the race was referred as the Daytona 500.

At Daytona, the cars pile up in multi-car wrecks, known as The Big One.

List of Daytona 500 winners

Other websites

NASCAR
1959 establishments in Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky () is a city in Russia. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Kamchatka Krai. Population: 181,181 (2019).

The city lies on the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

It was founded by Vitus Bering in 1740 and was named after ships the St. Peter and the St. Paul.

Principal industry is fishing.

Education
 Kamchatka state university
 Kamchatka state technical university

Science

Institute of volcanology and seismology of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the city.

Climate is mild. Annual average temperature is +2,8 °C.

Other websites 
 Official website of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district 

Capital cities in Russia
In graphic arts, perspective is the representation of how an image is seen by the eye. It is about how the angle and distance of a three-dimensional object is represented on a flat surface. To create a real scene, objects are drawn smaller to show that they are farther away from the person looking at the artwork. The dimensions of an object are also drawn differently depending where the line of sight is. The size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are usually drawn shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. This is called foreshortening, and is used to create the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Landscape paintings have a horizon line. This line represents objects that are infinitely far away. They have shrunk, in the distance, like objects on the Earth's horizon. Changing the height of the horizon level changes the view point for the picture. A person lying on the ground and looking up would have a different view to a person on a ladder looking down.

Basic concept

Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the painting), to the viewer's eye.  It is similar to a viewer looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. If viewed from the same spot as the windowpane was painted, the painted image would be identical to what was seen through the unpainted window.  Each painted object in the scene is a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Teaching Perspective in Art and Mathematics through Leonardo da Vinci's Work  at Mathematical Association of America
Perspective in Ancient Roman-Wall Painting at Southampton Solent University
Mathematics of Perspective Drawing

Graphics
Art
Graphic arts is a term that was used for the art of printmaking and drawing. Today it means the skills of a graphic designer or print technician. Graphic arts as a trade can be traced back to the first instances of the stamped image or word.

Traditional Meaning
Graphic art is an artistic process of creating a design where one uses a medium (like rubber or plexiglas) and transfers the image to a material (like paper).

Related pages
Graphic design

Other websites
 American Institute of Graphic Artists
 Online Design Degrees 
 Graphic Artists Guild

Graphics
Print may mean:

 Printing, mostly using a printing press
 Printing press, printing with moveable metal type, see also Letterpress printing
 Publishing, the distribution of printed works or other information
 Print run, the number of copies that will be printed of a forthcoming book
 Printmaking, various processes for producing multiple copies of works of art by printing
 Old master print, a product of printmaking, such as an engraving, etching or woodcut, in the European (as opposed to e.g. Asian) tradition, especially those made before 1830
 Textile printing
 Input/output, computer output on a screen or on paper
 Computer printer, a device to put ink on paper
 Photographic print, i.e. photograph or photo
 Print (filmmaking), e.g. distribution print
 A BASIC (programming language) programming language command that generates text in text modes. 
 Print (magazine), a bimonthly magazine about visual culture and design 
 Print server, a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network.
A cylinder is a three-dimensional geometric shape. Cylinder may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Cylinder (engine), the space in which a piston travels in an engine
 Gas cylinder, a container for storing compressed gas
 Diving cylinder, a type of gas cylinder used in scuba-diving
 Cylinder (firearms), the rotating device that contains the firing chambers of a revolver
 Cylinder lock, the part that is profiled to accept a specific key
 Graduated cylinder, glassware for measurement of liquids in laboratories
 Hydraulic cylinder, using pressurized liquid
 Pneumatic cylinder, using compressed gas
 Cylinder (locomotive), in a steam locomotive

Information storage
 Phonograph cylinder, the dominant medium of audio storage from the 1870s until 1904.
 Cylinder (disk drive), in computer hard drives
 Cylinder seal, an ancient, often clay, cylinder engraved with a 'picture story'
 Cuneiform scripts, on cylinders, e.g. ancient documents of Babylonian kings:
 Cylinder of Nabonidus
 Cyrus Cylinder

Mathematics
 Cylinder (algebra), the Cartesian product of a set with its superset

Places
 Cylinder, Iowa, a city in the United States

Related pages
 Cylinder set, the natural open set of a product topology
 Cylinder hat, a type of hat popular in 19th and early 20th centuries
La Chaux-des-Breuleux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Epauvillers is a village and former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Epauvillers, Epiquerez, Montenol, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne, Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs.

Former municipalities of Jura
Villages in Switzerland
There are also other towns named Adams in Wisconsin.

Adams is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 1,208 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census.  The town has an area of 37.0 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Jackson County, Wisconsin
Into the Wild is the first book in the Warriors series.  It was written by Kate Cary and Cherith Baldry under the pen name of Erin Hunter.

Plot Summary 
Rusty was an ordinary house cat who dreamed of living in the wild, catching his own prey and sleeping under the stars. One night, he decided to explore the nearby forest but was warned by his friend, Smudge, that the forest was filled with dangerous, wild cats. Rusty continued into the forest anyway and meets with the leader of ThunderClan, Bluestar leader of one of the four wild cat clans living in the nearby forest. He decides to accept her invitation to join her clan and becomes Firepaw, an apprentice of ThunderClan. The other Clan cats are initially reluctant to accept Firepaw because of his kittypet origins, but he  earns a place in the Clan as he is a natural fighter, hunter,and a truly loyal member of ThunderClan.

Firepaw quickly becomes best friends with the apprentices Graypaw and Ravenpaw, and falls in love with the Clan's medicine cat (a Clan healer with spiritual abilities, forbidden to have a mate or kits) Spottedleaf. He continues his apprenticeship and learns to hunt, fight, survive in the wild and about Clan traditions. He finds another great friend, Yellowfang, an old, grumpy but very profound medicine cat who was exiled from ShadowClan and later accepted into ThunderClan and taken care of by Firepaw.

The cats have no natural enemies in the forest, but the Clans occasionally fight with each other to occupy hunting grounds, to settle dissensions, or even to drive each other out from their territories. In an earlier battle to re-occupy a region known as sunning rocks, the ThunderClan deputy (second in command) Redtail loses his life. This happens shortly before Firepaw arrives. Firepaw later learns from Ravenpaw that the deputy was not killed by the enemy Clan but by Tigerclaw, an ambitious ThunderClan warrior. Expecting to be named deputy, he is disturbed when Lionheart is made the new deputy just after Firepaw arrives. Firepaw and Graypaw help Ravenpaw escape the forest to live on a farm as Tigerclaw plans to kill him for knowing about his secret....

After driving out WindClan for more hunting territory, ShadowClan tries to drive out ThunderClan, leading to a battle. Lionheart is killed during the fight, and Tigerclaw is named deputy. After this, Clawface of ShadowClan kills Spottedleaf and steals some ThunderClan kits. Everyone leads to suspect that it was Yellowfang who took the kits, considering she disappeared the moment they revealed Clawface's murder. Firepaw, along with Graypaw, follow Yellowfang's scent to ShadowClan territory, to find out the truth about Spottedleaf and the missing kits. Together, with some help from within ShadowClan, they drive out Brokenstar, the villainous leader of ShadowClan. Yellowfang, having proved her loyalty, becomes ThunderClan's new medicine cat, while Firepaw and Graypaw are made warriors and receive their warrior names, Fireheart and Graystripe.

References

2003 books
Warriors books
Non-Euclidean geometry is a type of geometry. Non-Euclidean geometry only uses some of the "postulates" (assumptions) that Euclidean geometry is based on. In normal geometry, parallel lines can never meet. In non-Euclidean geometry they can meet, either infinitely many times (elliptic geometry), or never (hyperbolic geometry).

An example of Non-Euclidian geometry can be seen by drawing lines on a ball or other round object, straight lines that are parallel at the equator can meet at the poles

Origin 
It is called "Non-Euclidean" because it is different from Euclidean geometry, which was discovered by an Ancient Greek mathematician called Euclid. The different names for non-Euclidean geometries came from thinking of "straight" lines as curved lines, either curved inwards like an ellipse, or outwards like a hyperbola.

The first authors of non-Euclidean geometries were the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai and the Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, who separately published treatises on hyperbolic geometry around 1830. As well Eugenio Beltrami published book on non-Eucludean geometry in 1868. Others, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, had earlier ideas, but did not publish their ideas at the time.

Fields of geometry
Miranda de Ebro is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest city in Burgos province, in the region of Castile and León. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 39,589 people (2009).

The river which runs through the city is the Ebro.

Other websites
 Official Website

Cities in Castile and León
Municipalities in Castile and León
Michael Kenji "Mike" Shinoda (born February 11, 1977)  is a Japanese-American musician,  record producer, and artist from Agoura Hills, California. He is famous for being the rapper, keyboard and piano player, vocalist and rhythm guitarist of Linkin Park, and his side project, Fort Minor. He also does artwork, production and mixing for both groups.

Personal life
Mike Shinoda has been married to children's author Anna Hillinger since May 10, 2003. The couple have three children.

References

1977 births
Living people
American record producers
Linkin Park
The Toyota Corolla is a sedan automobile made by Toyota since 1966.

Sales 
It was first sold in America in 1968. The Corolla is made in many countries all around the world including the United States. The Corolla once had a twin called the Sprinter and it was sold by Chevrolet in the United States as the Nova and Geo Prizm in the 1980s and 1990s. The Corolla is Toyota's best selling car besides the Hi-Lux pickup truck and the bigger Toyota Camry.

Corolla
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Sedans
Front wheel drive vehicles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
The  (sometimes written as HiLux or in the past called the Hi-Lux, in North America since 1976 called the Toyota Truck, Toyota Pickup Truck, or Toyota Compact Truck, or sometimes in North America since 1995 the Toyota Tacoma)  is a compact pickup truck sold by Toyota. Toyota has been building the Hilux since 1968. New versions have been made at least every decade since then. The most recent big change was in 2015, and the most recent small change was in 2017.

References

Hilux
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Pickup trucks
Trucks
Vehicles
Fair trade is a social movement which tries to help people who make things in developing countries. The movement helps people to work in better conditions and helps them get more money for what they make. These things give workers the opportunity to improve their lives and plan for their future, and they help reduce poverty. The movement also tries to keep the environment the same or improve the state that it is in. it is a way to help poverty

Fair trade helps people in developing countries sell to people in developed countries. Things that are sold in international trade include handicrafts and other manufactured goods, agricultural products such as grains, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, honey, cotton, quinoa, fresh fruit, chocolate, wine and flowers, and minerals such as iron and petroleum.

Merchandise that has fair trade status must be given a fair trade certificate. This says it follows rules about fairness to workers and the environment. This will mean the product can put the Fairtrade symbol on their packaging if they earn the certificate.

Related pages
Moral purchasing
Oxfam

Other websites 
FLO International
FLO-CERT

Trade
David C. Jewitt is a Professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. He was born in 1958 in England, and graduated from the University of London in 1979.

1958 births
Living people
English astronomers
Epiquerez is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Epiquerez, Epauvillers, Montenol, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne and Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs.

Former municipalities of Jura
Les Genevez is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References
Goumois is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.

Former municipalities of Jura
Lajoux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites

Municipalities of Jura
Greiz is a Landkreis (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
Historically the area of the district was part of the Vogtland, named after the title Vogt given to the local rulers in the 13th century. Only two lines of the Reuß family survived from that time, with one principality based in Greiz, and the other in Gera and Schleiz. In 1919 both were merged into the Volksstaat Reuß (People's State of Reuss), which then became part of Thuringia in 1920.

A subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp was located at Berga/Elster during World War II. The SS made inmates dig tunnels and lay railway tracks for the Schwalbe V project.

The district in its current form was created on July 1, 1994, when the districts Gera-Land, Zeulenroda and the previous district Greiz were merged.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Sights
Sights in the district Greiz:
 The Upper Castle of Greiz
 The Lower Castle of Greiz
 The Summer Palace Greiz
 Weida Osterburg Castle
 Ronneburg Castle
 Reichenfels Castle Ruin
 Old Guardhouse "Alte Wache" in Greiz
 Zeulenroda Town Hall
 Widen Church Ruin in Weida
 St. Veit Parish Church
 Mildenfurth Monastery
 Cronschwitz Monastery Ruin
 Greiz Park
 Fairy Tale Forest in Wünschendorf

Museums in the district Greiz:
 Museum of Local History in Greiz
 Summer Palace in Greiz
 Zeulenroda City Museum in Zeulenroda
 Osterburg Castle Museum in Weida, Thuringia
 Heinrich-Schütz-House in Bad Köstritz
 Museum in Hohenleuben

References

Other websites
 Official website
Montfaucon is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Montfavergier merged into the municipality of Montfaucon.
Montfavergier is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Montfavergier merged into the municipality of Montfaucon.

References 

Former municipalities of Jura
Muriaux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Le Peuchapatte merged into the municipality of Muriaux.

Other website
Le Noirmont is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official Website of the municipality of Le Noirmont
Le Peuchapatte is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Le Peuchapatte merged into the municipality of Muriaux.

Former municipalities of Jura
Les Pommerats is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.

Former municipalities of Jura
Saignelégier is a municipality in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district of Franches-Montagnes. 

The bog and nature preserve around étang de la Gruère is found in the municipality.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.

Other websites
 Official website of the municipality of Saignelégier

Municipalities of Jura
Saint-Brais is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References
Dietary fiber is the part of food from plants that cannot be digested. Dietary fiber helps to absorb water or remove waste from the body. Dietary fiber has many parts that plants have, and  is eaten in plant foods.

Dietary fiber includes substances like cellulose, wax and lignin, among others. The term "fiber" is not the best way to describe it, because many of these substances are not actually fibers.

Dietary Fiber   is grouped if it is soluble or insoluble. Soluble means if it helps to absorb water or not. If it is insoluble, it helps remove wastes from the body.

Food supplements
Henry Ian Cusick (born April 17, 1967) is an Emmy Award-nominated Scottish-Peruvian actor of stage, television, and movies.

Biography

Early life 
Cusick was born in Trujillo, Peru to a Peruvian mother and a Scottish father. He lived in Trinidad and Tobago for 10 years. He went to high school there at Presentation College. He can speak both English and Spanish. Cusick spent six months at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. After that he joined the Citizens' Theatre.

Career 
Cusick's first leading roles at the Citizens' Theatre were Dorian Gray in The Picture of Dorian Gray with Rupert Everett, Hamlet in The Marovitz Hamlet with Helen Baxendale, and Horner in The Country Wife.

His performances as Torquato Tasso in the Edinburgh International Festival production of Torquato Tasso, and Creon in the Citizens' Theatre production of Oedipus earned him a special commendation for the Ian Charleson Award 1995 for "Outstanding Performance by a Young Actor in a Classical Theatre Role". He was nominated for an Emmy for his guest role as Desmond Hume on the television series Lost. He joined the main cast of Lost in season 2. He was also in two episodes of season 5 of 24.

Other websites

1967 births
Living people
Scottish stage actors
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Peruvian entertainers
Kyffhäuserkreis is a rural district in the northern part of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
In the 12th century there was a castle on the Kyffhäuser mountains, which was built during the reign of emperor Frederick I. According to the local legend, the emperor did not die, but instead went to sleep in this castle.

From 1579 on the region belonged to Saxony, but after 1815 it was divided between the Prussian Province of Saxony and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

In 1952 the two districts of Artern and Sondershausen were set up by the East German government. These districts were merged in 1994, with only a few municipalities joining other districts.

Partnerships
The district has a partnership with the district Ahrweiler in Rhineland-Palatinate, which was actually established with the district Artern in 1990.

Geography 
The district is named after the Kyffhäuser mountains. The main river is the Unstrut, which flows through the east of the district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
 Touristic website (English, German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Saalfeld-Rudolstadt is a Landkreis (district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district dates back to the Landratsamt Saalfeld, which was created in 1868, and in 1922 it was converted into the Landkreis. Also in 1922 the district Rudolstadt was created. Both districts were merged in the local government changes of 1994.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
The electron-volt or electron volt, symbol eV, is used to measure energy. It is defined as the amount of energy an electron gains after being accelerated by 1 volt of electricity. Joules are used often for energy measurement, but it is sometimes useful to use electron-volts for very small amounts of energy, such as that carried by a single subatomic particle. To convert joules into electron-volts, divide joules by the charge of an electron, which is about 1.602 coulomb.

E.g. 5 J = 5/1.602  5 J = 3.125 eV.

The electronvolt is often used in atomic, nuclear and particle physics. For example, the energy of photons can be measured by the voltage necessary to overcome their photoelectric effect.

Other websites 
 Conversion Tool
 Electronvolt Citizendium

Units of measurement
Physics
Meltingen is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Messen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Balm bei Messen, Brunnenthal, Messen and Oberramsern merged to form the municipality of Messen.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Metzerlen-Mariastein is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Mariastein Abbey website  

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Mühledorf is a former municipality in the Bucheggberg district in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.  On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Mühledorf, Aetingen, Aetigkofen, Bibern, Brügglen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, Küttigkofen, Kyburg-Buchegg and Tscheppach merged into the new municipality of Buchegg.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Solothurn
Kolding is a Danish seaport found at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark (Region of Southern Denmark). Kolding is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre, and has many industrial companies.

With a population of 86,000 inhabitants, Kolding is the seventh largest in Denmark.

History

Battles of Kolding

1658
In the Battle of Kolding on December 25, 1658, the alliance of Polish and Danish forces under hetman Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Swedish forces of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

1849
A battle between German and Danish troops in the town on April 23 1849 during the First War of Schleswig.

The fireworks accident in Seest

On November 3, 2004, N. P. Johnsen's Fireworksfactory in Seest exploded. One firefighter died, 85 people were injured, and around 2000 people were evacuated during this accident in Kolding,.

Important places in Kolding
 The Museet på Koldinghus, the museum of the city. It has a collection of Danish art from the late Middle Ages to the 1940s, and a very large collection of items in gold and silver.
 The Trapholt art museum.
 The Designskolen Kolding, a university school of design

Sister cities
The following cities are sisters of Kolding:
  Anjo, Japan (since 1997)
  Delmenhorst, Germany (since 1979)
  Drammen, Norway (since 1946)
  Huéscar, Spain (since 1982)
  Lappeenranta, Finland (since 1947)
  Panevėžys, Lithuania (since 2000)
  Pisa, Italy (since 2007) 
  Stykkishólmur, Iceland (since 1979)
  Szombathely, Hungary (since 1991)
  Örebro, Sweden (since 1946)

Notes

Other websites

 Official English homepage of Kolding municipality 
 Official site of Koldinghus castle
 Kolding Museum 

Cities in Denmark
Drammen is a city and municipality in the county of Viken, Norway. It has a population of 101 000 people. 

Drammen was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Skoger was merged with Drammen January 1, 1964. (And then transferred from the county of Vestfold to the county of Buskerud.)

Drammen is one of the larger cities in Norway, and is about 47 km from the capital of Norway, Oslo. The city centre is at the end of a valley, on  both sides of the river Drammenselva, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord. Drammen is also the main city for car and fruit import in Norway.

The name 
The Norse form of the name was Drafn, and this was originally the name of the inner part of Drammensfjord. The fjord is, however, probably named after the river Dramselva (Norse Dröfn).

Geography 
{
  "type": "FeatureCollection",
  "features": [
    {
      "type": "Feature",
      "properties": {},
      "geometry": {
        "type": "Point",
        "coordinates": [
          10.200347844511272,
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}The city centre lies at the end of a valley, on both sides of the Drammenselva river, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord. Drammen is also the main harbor for car and fruit import in Norway. The forests around Drammen are called Drammensmarka. In the summer it is a popular area for hiking. In the winter skiing tracks are made and lighting make it cross country skiing possible during the evenings.

Famous people 
 Martinus Rørbye, painter (1803–1848)
 Marcus Thrane, labour movement leader (1817–1890)
 Hans Peter Faye, sugar plantation pioneer (1859–1928)
 Johan Halvorsen, composer, conductor and musician (1864–1935)
 Betzy Kjelsberg, politician and feminist (1866–1950)
 Geirr Tveitt, composer and pianist (1908–1981)
 Charles Mathiesen, speed skater (1911–1994)
 Hans-Jørgen Holman, musicologist and educationalist (1925–1986)
 Sverre Holm, actor (1931–2005)
 Sten Stensen, speed skater (1947–)
 Ole Hermann Borgan, referee (1964–)
 Johann Olav Koss, speed skater (1968–)
 Kim Christiansen, snowboarder (1976–)

Sport clubs 
 SBK Drafn 21 Norwegian Championships in bandy.
 Drammen golfklubb. Founded 1989.
 IF Hellas
 SBK Skiold
 Strømsgodset IF. Founded February 10th 1907. Four Norwegian championships in football (1969, 1970, 1973, 1993). Winner of the Norwegian football league 1970. 6 Norwegian championships in bandy.
 IF Sturla
 Drammen HK Handball club in Men's European Champions League (07/08)

References

Other websites 
 Statistics Norway about Drammen 
 History of Drammen
 Weather forecast and map for Drammen
 Webcamera, Drammen 
 iDrammen, local site for news and events 
 Drammen Photoclub, pictures from Drammen 
 Drammen og Oplands turistforening
 Drammen theatre
 Drammen museum
 Drammens Sportsfiskere
 FIS World Cup Sprint Cross Country in Drammen
 Drammen Elvefestival

Cities in Norway
Municipalities of Norway
The Congress of Arras was a meeting in Arras in 1435, between representatives of England, France, and Burgundy. The Treaty of Arras (1435) was an important diplomatic win for France, late in the Hundred Years' War. The English expected only to talk peace with the French. However, Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy made peace with Charles VII of France. This hurt England because Philip the Good had helped them for 16 years. Richard the Lionheart refused to accept any documents of proposals after the signing.

Hundred Years' War
1435
15th century in England
15th century in France
The New Statesman is a British left-wing political magazine that is published weekly in London.

History 
The New Statesman was founded in 1913 with the support of George Bernard Shaw and other prominent members of the Fabian Society. 

In 1930 the Statesman  with the Liberal weekly the  Nation, and changed its name to the New Statesman and Nation, which it remained until 1964.  The chairman of the Nation'''s board was the economist John Maynard Keynes, who came to be an important influence on the paper.

During the 1930s, the Statesman'' moved to the left politically. It became strongly anti-fascist and was generally critical of the government policy of appeasement of Mussolini and Hitler.

Other websites
New Statesman official website
New Statesman PDF edition

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
In politics, left-wing is a position that supports social equality and egalitarianism.  

What a person means by left-wing depends on where the person lives.
 In Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand left-wing politics is often associated with social democracy and democratic socialism.

Related pages

Left-wing ideologies
 Socialism
 Social democracy
 Democratic socialism

Left-wing issues
 Egalitarianism
 Democracy
 Secularism

Bibliography
 
 Lin Chun, The British New Left, Edinburgh : Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1993
 
 Marxism on Terrorism  by John Molyneux
 Terrorism and Communism by Karl Kautsky
 Leftism in India

Related pages
 Right-wing

Other websites
 The Marxists Internet Archive (a free online Marxist library)
 Leftist Parties of the World List of present-day leftist parties and organizations of the world, with links to their websites.

Communism
Socialism