cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Battle of Singapore was a battle of World War II from 8 to 15 February, 1942. The British army of 85,000 men was led by Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, while the Japanese regiment of 36,000 men was headed by Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Japan captured the British naval base in Singapore, built as a protectionary agent for dominions in the Pacific. Japan defeated the inadequate forces at Singapore, allowing the Imperial Japanese forces to move further south in its war against the Allied powers. The defeat of the "Singapore Strategy" meant that thousands of British and Australian POW's were taken.

At the beginning of December 1941, on the same day that Japan was attacking Pearl Harbour half a world away, the Japanese simultaneously bombed the Royal Air Force bases to the north of Singapore on the Malay coast, thereby eliminating the Air Force’s ability to either retaliate or protect the occupying troops on the ground. Their tactics were shrewd and incredibly well thought out. Before a Japanese soldier set foot on Singaporean soil, Britain’s naval and aerial capabilities had both been destroyed.

The worst defeat in the history of British arms, the Battle of Singapore and the preceding Malayan Campaign saw Percival's command suffer around 7,500 killed, 10,000 wounded, and 120,000 captured. Japanese losses in the fighting for Singapore numbered around 1,713 killed and 2,772 wounded. While some of the British and Australian prisoners were kept at Singapore, thousands more were shipped to Southeast Asia for use as forced labor on projects such as the Siam–Burma (Death) Railway and Sandakan airfield in North Borneo.

Many of the Indian troops were recruited into the pro-Japanese Indian National Army for use in the Burma Campaign. Singapore would remain under Japanese occupation for the remainder of the war. During this period, the Japanese massacred elements of the city's Chinese population as well as others who opposed their rule.

References 

Singapore
20th century in Singapore
1942
Eric Jeremy Edgar Dier (; born 15 January 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays for  club Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team. A versatile defensive player, Dier has been deployed as a defensive midfielder, a centre back and a right back.

References

Other websites 

 Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. website
 Profile at the Football Association website
 

1994 births
English footballers
2018 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Premier League players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Association football midfielders
Association football defenders
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
Living people
In science, the terms necessary and sufficient are often used. Some conditions are necessary, meaning that they are needed for something to happen. while others are sufficient, meaning that they are enough to make something happen.

Necessity 
In logic, a necessary condition for a logical statement is a logical consequence of the statement, in the sense that if statement is true, then the condition must have held.

Sufficiency 
A sufficient condition for a statement is a logical precursor of the statement, in the sense that if the condition is true, then so will the statement.

Mixed use of necessity and sufficiency 
Generally, a sufficient condition for a statement needs not be a necessary condition for the same statement (and vice versa). This means that some sufficient conditions are not necessary, and that some necessary conditions are not sufficient.

In logic, the term if and only if (shortened to iff) is often used to describe a condition that is both necessary and sufficient.

Australian philosopher John Leslie Mackie introduced the term INUS condition. INUS stands for "insufficient, but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition".

Related pages 

 Causality

References 

Logic
Philosophy of science
INUS condition stands for an ''insufficient, but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition. John Mackie introduced the term in the 1960s.

Mackie uses the example of a house burning: There was an electric short circuit that caused the fire. There was flammable material nearby, which started to burn after the short circuit happened. He then tries to explain the statement: "The short circuit caused the fire", according to the INUS condition:

 The short circuit is not a sufficient part of the the condition "short circuit and flammable material".
 The short circuit is a necessary part. 
 The condition "short circuit and flammable material" is not necessary for the result (house burning). It can be replaced by other conditions (for example "lightning and flammable material", or "arson") to get the same result.
 "short circuit and flammable material" is a sufficient condition, as it will always result in the house burning.

INUS conditions need prior experience: Only after you have seen a house burning after a short-circuit putting flammable material on fire several times can you deduce that it is indeed sufficient.

Related pages 
 Necessary and sufficient condition

References 
 John Leslie Mackie: Causes and Conditions. ''American Philosophical Quarterly''. 1965, 2(4). pp. 245–264. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20009173.
 John Leslie Mackie: ''The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation''. London 1974: Oxford University Press. especially chapter 3: Causal Regularities, pp. 59–87.

Logic
LeSueur's frog, LeSuer's tree frog or the stony creek frog (Ranoidea lesueurii) is a tree frog from Australia.  It lives in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and parts of Victoria.

This frog lives in forests.  It lives in dry forests and wet forests, such as rainforests.  It can also look for food on land that humans use to graze animals.  The female lays eggs in pools next to streams and other places where the water does not flow quickly.  The eggs stick to the undersides of rocks and to the bottom of the body of water.

This frog can catch the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.

References

Animals of Australia
Frogs
Isoprene is a common organic compound produced by living things. Its full chemical name is 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, and its formula is CH2=C(CH3)−CH=CH2. Isoprene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is produced by many plants and animals (including humans). Its polymers are the main component of natural rubber.

Natural occurrences
Isoprene is produced and emitted by many species of trees (major producers are oaks, poplars, eucalyptus, and some legumes). Yearly production of isoprene emissions by vegetation is around 600 million metric tons, half from tropical broadleaf trees (that is, flowering plants) and the rest mainly from shrubs. 

This is about the same as methane emissions. It accounts for about one-third of all hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere. In deciduous forests, isoprene makes up about 80% of hydrocarbon emissions.  Microscopic and macroscopic algae also produce isoprene, but much less than trees.

Isoprene emission may help trees use to combat stress. In particular, isoprene does protect against moderate heat stress (around 40 °C). It may also protect plants against large fluctuations in leaf temperature. Isoprene is built into cell membranes and helps  membranes keep stable.

Isoprene produces the blue haze which gives the Blue Ridge Mountains their name.

References 

Organic compounds
Ben Gardane or Bengardane ( or , ; ) is a commune and coastal town in south eastern Tunisia, close to the border with Libya. It is located at around .

History

During the Second World War Ben Gardane Airfield was used by the 57th Fighter Group, which flew P-40 Warhawks from the airfield from 9 to 21 March 1943 during the Eighth Army advance into Tunisia from Libya, to which the 57th was attached. It was also used by Spitfires from the 601 Squadron RAF.

The town belongs to the governorate of Medenine. Located 423 km - 559 km by road - from Tunis, it is the city furthest from the capital.

It is the last major city in the governorate of Medenine with total population estimated at 79,912 inhabitants in 2014. It is located 32 kilometers from the Tunisian-Libyan border.

It is best known both in Tunisia and Libya as a trade road and an open exchange market. Tunisians take advantage of the availability and variety of the goods existing in the shops. The great amount of these goods are basically imported from Libya and deemed less expensive.

It is distinguished for its large population of dromedaries estimated at 15,000 head. An annual festival devoted to them during the month of June.

In March 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya attacked the town in the Battle of Ben Guerdane.

Islamic militancy

According to The Washington Post, "hundreds of young men have left Ben Guerdane over the past three decades to wage jihad in Iraq, Afghanistan and Bosnia, radicalized in part by a repressive regime that persecuted Islamists".

The leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi famously said of Ben Gardane, "if it was located next to Fallujah, we would have liberated Iraq."

Population and tribal diversity

There is a mixture of Berbers and Arabs, who from the Twazin tribal alliance which took place centuries ago as a tribal defense shield against the invasion, especially from the east towards Libya. There is no historical record as to the date of the establishment of this alliance but the inhabitants of Bengardane still have this bond and are said to be proud of the alliance. Beside the Twazin, there are other large tribes such as Jelidat, Rabai'a which have participated in shaping the heritage, culture and way of life in Bengardane .

Related pages 
 2016 Ben Guerdane attack

References 

Settlements in Tunisia
Towns in Africa
The Chanda (Malayalam: ചെണ്ട, [tʃeɳʈa]) is a cylindrical percussion instrument used widely in the state of Kerala, Tulu Nadu of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in India. In Tulu Nadu (Coastal Karnataka), it is known as chende. It is greatly identified as a cultural element in Kerala.

Sound
This instrument is famous for its loud and rigid sound. A Chenda has two sides, the left side called "Edamthala" (ഇടം തല)(Left Head) and the right side "Valamthala" (വലം തല)(Right Head). The "Edamthala" is made of only one/two layer of cow skin and the "Valamthala" will have a five/seven layer skin, so as to have a bass sound. The skin are dried in the shade and fastened on wooden rings (Chenda Vattam, ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) made of the trunk of a locally available palm tree (Eeranpana) or bamboo, using a gum prepared from the seed of a tree called "pananchi maram". The circular frame is kept in a vessel, boiled for an entire day and then bent in the form of circle and dried. The body of the Chenda which is 1 ft in diameter and 1.5 inches thickness is made of the soft wood of the jackfruit tree (വരിക്ക പ്ലാവ്) (Varikka Plavu). The thickness is again reduced by 0.25 inches, at simultaneous points separated by 4 inches. This is done in order to produce highly resonating sound. Only the wooden rings with the skin (Chenda Vattam) is replaced once the quality of the sound is not up to the mark. For regular Chenda artists an average of 15 rings are required every year.

Usage
The Chenda is mainly played in Hindu temple festivals and as an accompaniment in the religious art forms of Kerala. The chenda is used as an accompaniment for Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Kannyar Kali, Theyyam and among many forms of dances and rituals in Kerala. It is also played in a dance-drama called Yakshagana (Tenku Thittu) which is popular in Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. There is a variant of this instrument used in northern school of Yakshagana called Chande. It is traditionally considered to be an Asura Vadyam ((demonic instrument)) which means it cannot go in harmony. Chenda is an inevitable musical instrument in all form of cultural activities in Kerala.

Making
In Kerala the craft of making Chenda is now associated with some few "Perumkollan" (smith) families at Peruvembu, Nemmara, Lakkidi, Vellarkad and Valappaya villages. Many famous Chenda percussionists in Kerala make their Chendas from Vellarkad village for it is famous for the quality of the instrument.

Kerala
Percussion instruments
Malindi is a town lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa.

Malindi has a tropical savanna climate (As in the Köppen climate classification). The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture. Malindi developed as part of Swahili Civilization in the 5th–10th centuries.

The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama met Malindi authorities in 1498 to sign a trade agreement and hire a guide for the voyage to India, when he erected a coral pillar.

During World War II Malindi was one of only two towns in East Africa bombed by the Italians. This happened on 24 October 1940.
 
After the World War II Malindi began developing into a resort.
Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre (the previous San Marco Equatorial Range).

Gallery

In popular culture
Novel “MALI D’AFRICA” (by Sara Cardelli) describes the impossible love in Malindi.

Most of the events in the novels “Once in Malindi” and “Our Wild Sex in Malindi” (by Andrei Gusev) take place in Malindi, Watamu, Lamu. The novel describes a few years living in Malindi of Russian writer Andy and his wife Jennifer, who was born in Kenya.

Song “Yasoi Malindi” by Yasoy Kala Kana.

References

Cities in Kenya
King and Queen County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 6,945 people lived there. Its county seat is King and Queen Court House.

Virginia counties
King George County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 23,584 people lived there. Its county seat is King George.

Virginia counties
King William County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 15,935 people lived there. Its county seat is King William.

Virginia counties
Lancaster County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 11,391 people lived there. Its county seat is Lancaster.

Virginia counties
Lee County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 25,587 people lived there. Its county seat is Jonesville.

Virginia counties
Louisa County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 33,153 people lived there. Its county seat is Louisa.

Virginia counties
Lunenburg County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 12,914 people lived there. Its county seat is Lunenburg.

Virginia counties
Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 13,308 people lived there. Its county seat is Madison.

Virginia counties
Mathews County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 8,978 people lived there. Its county seat is Mathews.

Virginia counties
Middlesex County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 10,959 people lived there. Its county seat is Saluda.

Virginia counties
Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 94,392 people lived there. Its county seat is Christiansburg.

Virginia counties
Nelson County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 15,020 people lived there. Its county seat is Lovingston.

Virginia counties
New Kent County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 18,429 people lived there. Its county seat is New Kent.

Virginia counties
Northampton County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 12,389 people lived there. Its county seat is Eastville.

Virginia counties
Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon and Zelda's Adventure were all Legend of Zelda games made for the Phillips CD-i video game console. They are some of the few Zelda games made for a video game console that was not owned by Nintendo. The games all received bad reviews for their poor game design, bad animation, and bad voice acting. Despite not being well-known at the time these games came out, the games became more well-known because of the internet.

1993 video games
CD-i games
Nintendo video games
Video game memes
Agnee Morcha is a Hindi action movie from Bollywood starring Dharmendra, Ravi Kishan, Mukesh Khanna, directed by Raju Chouhan and produced by Rajesh Kothari. The film was released on 4 April 1997 under the banner of Shiva Dolly Films.

Cast 

 Dharmendra 
 Mukesh Khanna 
 Ravi Kishan 
 Simran 
 Johnny lever 
 Raza Murad 
 Mushtaq Khan

References

Other websites 
 

1997 movies
Indian movies
Princess Charlotte might refer to:

People 
 Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1694–1715), wife of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia and mother of Tsar Peter II, Emperor of Russia
 Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (1700–1761), wife of Francesco III, Duke of Modena
 Charlotte, Princess Royal (1766–1828), eldest daughter of King George III; Queen consort of King Frederick I of Württemberg
 Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark (1789–1864), married Prince William of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), mother of Queen Louise of Denmark
 Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817), only child of King George IV of the United Kingdom; first wife of Leopold I of the Belgians
 Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) (1798–1860), born Princess Charlotte of Prussia, empress consort of Nicholas I of Russia as Alexandra Feodorovna
 Princess Charlotte of Württemberg (1807–1873), wife of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia under the name Elena Pavlovna
 Princess Charlotte of Clarence (1819), eldest legitimate child of the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, died hours after birth
 Charlotte of Belgium (1840–1927), a.k.a. Carlota, empress-consort of Maximilian of Mexico from 1864 till the emperor was deposed and shot in 1867
 Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen (1860–1919), Princess of Prussia
 Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois (1898–1977)
 Princess Joséphine Charlotte of Belgium (1927–2005), wife of Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
 Charlotte Casiraghi (born 1986), sometimes incorrectly called Princess Charlotte of Monaco
 Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (born 2015), daughter of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge

Places 
 The Princess Charlotte, now The Charlotte, a music venue in Leicester, England
 Princess Charlotte Bay, in far North Queensland, Australia

Transportation 
 , the name of several ships
 , the name of several ships of the Royal Navy
 , the name of several ships during the Napoleonic Wars
 Princess Charlotte, the name of a GWR 4000 Class locomotive
The 2000 Year Old Man is a comedy sketch. It was first created by Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks in the 1950s. It was then first performed public in the 1960s. Brooks plays a 2000-year-old man. He is interviewed by Reiner in a series of comedy routines that were turned into a collection of records and also performed on television.

History
The main story for the sketches were laid during the making of Your Show of Shows. Here, Reiner was an actor and Brooks was a writer. Reiner explains the first sketch:

It was originally a joke between the two that was then shared at parties. Reiner started bringing a tape recorder to the parties because of this. Lots of people such as George Burns said to the two that they should their sketches on an album. Only Steve Allen, however, wasa able to convince them to record it in his studio.

Recordings and performances
Their first television appearances while doing the sketch were on The Ed Sullivan Show in February 1961. It was then seen on The Steve Allen Show 8 months later.

Reiner and Brooks released five comedy albums. The 2000 Year Old Man character was shown on one track for each of the first three albums and was always shown in the last two.

 2000 Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (1960)
 2000 and One Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (1961)
 Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks at the Cannes Film Festival (1962)
 2000 and Thirteen with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (Warner Bros. Records, 1973)
 The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 (1997)

It won the 1998 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album.

References

Works about old age
This is a list of transport standards organizations:
International Air Transport Association is for international air transport
International Union of Railways
International Road Transport Union

Organizations
Transport lists
The Kimberly water-holding frog, long-footed frog, collared frog, blotchy frog or variegated burrowing frog (Ranoidea longipes) is a frog from Australia.  It lives in the Kimberly region in Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland.

This frog lives in grasslands.  It likes to dig in the ground.  The females lay eggs in shallow water, 50 to 2000 at a time.  The tadpoles grow into frogs after one month.

References

Animals of Australia
Frogs
The term social order can be used in two ways: 

It may mean a particular system of social structures and institutions. Examples are the ancient, the feudal, and the capitalist social orders. 

Secondly, social order is the opposite of social chaos or disorder. It refers to a stable society where the existing social structure is supported by its members. 

The problem of order (the Hobbesian problem} is central to much of sociology, political science and political philosophy. It asks how and why social orders should exist at all.

Sociology
Thomas Hobbes was the first to clearly formulate the problem. He answered with the notion of a social contract.

Social theorists (such as Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Jürgen Habermas) have proposed different explanations for what a social order consists of, and what its real basis is.

Sociology
Sociologists
Androgyne is the combination of any two genders or gender identities, usually man and woman, or genders related to masculinity and femininity, associated with androgyny. Different from androgynous, it's used as a gender identity rather than being a gender expression or presentation.

Terminology 
The word is a mixture of ἀνδρ- (anér, andr-, andro-, man) and γυνή (gunē, gyné, gyne, woman).

References 

Transgender
Operation Moonshot is a programme by the UK government to allow many people in England to be tested for COVID-19 as a way to allow large gatherings of people to happen there while maintaining control over the virus. According to the British Medical Journal, the programme aims to perform 10 million tests per day by 2021.

People are worried about it because, as a leaked government document says, it is thought it may cost £100bn, which is about three-quarters of what the NHS England costs every year. Statisticians say because any test can have inaccuracies, mass testing at this scale might cause hundreds of thousands of false positives a day, resulting in very large numbers of people being told they are infected when they are not infected.

References 

COVID-19 pandemic
England
United Kingdom
Narong Wongwan (; 25 December 1925 – 10 September 2020) was a Thai politician and tobacco businessman. He was a long-term member of parliament representing Phrae.

He was the leader of the United Thai Party and the Justice Unity Party. He was publicly known as the "godfather" (jao pho) of Phrae or even "godfather of the North".

From 1983 to 1986, he was the Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives. In 1992 for a short time, he was the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand.

Wongwan died on 10 September 2020 at a hospital in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand from dementia, aged 94.

References

1925 births
2020 deaths
Thai politicians
Deaths from dementia
Thai businesspeople
Dr. Harold William "Bill" Heller (September 3, 1935 – September 11, 2020) was an American politician and educator. He was born in Scales Mound, Illinois. Heller was a member of the Democratic Party. From 2007 to 2011, he was a member of the Florida House of Representatives. 

Heller died on September 11, 2020 in St. Petersburg, Florida at the age of 85.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Educators from Illinois
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Illinois
Politicians from Florida
People from St. Petersburg, Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
Educators from Florida
François Debré (3 April 1942 – 14 September 2020) was a French screenwriter and journalist. He was a member of the Société des gens de lettres. He was born in Toulouse, France. He was the son of Prime Minister Michel Debré.

He joined the magazine Afrique contemporaine in 1966 before becoming a freelance journalist in 1968. He worked in Biafra for Le Monde, and in Cambodia and Vietnam for L'Obs and Le Point. 

Debré died on 14 September 2020 in Montlouis-sur-Loire, France at the age of 78. His brother, Bernard Debré died the day before.

References

1942 births
2020 deaths
French screenwriters
French journalists
People from Toulouse
Sabit Brokaj (7 January 1942 ) was an Albanian politician, doctor, and professor. In 1991 Brokaj was the Minister of Health of Albania. He was also the Defence Minister between 1997 to 1998. He was a member of the cabinets of Rexhep Meidani and Ramiz Alia. Brokaj was born in Vlorë, Albania.

References

1942 births

Albanian politicians
Educators
Physicians
Bernard Debré (30 September 1944 – 13 September 2020) was a French urologist and politician. He was a member (député) of the National Assembly of France from 2012 to 2017. He was one of the representatives of the city of Paris. He was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. From 1992 to 2001, he was the Mayor of Amboise.

Debré was born in Toulouse, France. He was the son of Prime Minister Michel Debré and twin-brother of Jean-Louis Debré.

Debré died on 13 September 2020 of cancer at the age of 75. His brother, François Debré died the next day.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
French mayors
People from Toulouse
Raghuvansh Prasad Singh (6 June 1946 – 13 September 2020) was an Indian politician. In the Lok Sabha, represented the Vaishali constituency of Bihar between 1996 to 2014. He was the national vice president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal political party until 2010. He was born in Vaishali, Bihar.

Singh died of COVID-19 on 13 September 2020 in New Delhi at the age of 74.

References

1946 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Indian politicians
Jean-Louis Debré (born 30 September 1944) is a French politician.

He was President of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 and President of the Constitutional Council from 2007 to 2016. 

He was the son of Prime Minister Michel Debré. 

He was Minister of the Interior from 1995 until 1997 during the presidency of Jacques Chirac. Since 2016 he has been President of the Superior Council of Archives.

References

1944 births
Living people
People from Toulouse
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
Joaquín Carbonell Martí (12 August 1947 – 12 September 2020) was an Argentine singer-songwriter and poet. He was born in Alloza, Spain. His career began in 1976. He wrote columns about traditional Argentine music on El Periódico de Aragón. He was known for performing with Jose Antonio Labordeta. His last concert was in 2014. 

Carbonell died on 12 September 2020 in Zaragoza, Spain from COVID-19, aged 73.

References

1947 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Argentine singers
Argentine writers
Songwriters
Poets
Carlos Horacio Casamiquela (June 9, 1948 – September 12, 2020) was an Argentine agricultural engineer and politician. He was appointed Minister of Agriculture of Argentina between November 2013 to December 2015. Casamiquela was born in Viedma, Río Negro Province.

Casamiquela died from COVID-19 on 12 September 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 72.

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
Argentine politicians
Argentine engineers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina
Viedma () is the capital and fourth largest city of the Río Negro Province, in South-Central Argentina. In 2020, 80,632 people lived there. It is located on the southern margin of the Negro River, about 30 kilometres off the Atlantic Coast.

References

Cities in Argentina
Capitals of Argentine provinces
Río Negro (; Black River) is the most important river of the Argentine province of Río Negro, and Patagonia. Its name comes from the literal translation of the Mapuche term Curu Leuvu, although the water is more green than black. 

Formerly, it was also known as "river of the willows" because of the big number of weeping willows that grow along the bank. It's 635 km in length.

Other websites
Upper Valley (English)
Valle Medio (Spanish)
El Valle (Spanish)
Regatta's official site (English & Spanish)

Rivers of Argentina
Vale of Leven Academy is a secondary school in Alexandria, Scotland.

History 
The school opened in 1884, as North Public School. It became a secondary school in 1909. In 1962 it moved to it's current location. The school is located in the south of Alexandria.

A new extension to the building was built in 1973 because the school was overcrowded.

In 1996 the school was used for scenes in a Scottish television show called Take the High Road.

On Saturday, 22nd June 2002, the extension to the school was set on fire and was destroyed. Classes were taught in temporary huts after the fire.

A new building was constructed in 2009 and the original building was demolished.

A bomb was brought in by a pupil in 2011 as part of a history project. The school was evacuated. The Royal Naval Bomb Disposal Squad removed the bomb and it was safely blown up.

In September 2018, the school was evacuated because of a fire started by a pupil in the toilets. There was not a lot of damage and the school reopened the next day.

Head Teachers 
Head teachers include:

 Alex Rannie (c. 1965-74)
 Tom Murray (1974 - c. 1980)
 Duncan Penny
 Angus McDonald
 Terry Lanagan
 Catriona Robertson (2009-16)
 Paul Darroch (2016-17)
 Matthew Boyle (2017 - present)

Notable Students 

 David Currie - TV Presenter
 Peter Haining - Rower
 Bobby Kerr - Footballer
 Ian McColl - Footballer
 Sharleen Spiteri - Lead singer of band, Texas
 Stuart David - co-founder of the bands Belle and Sebastian and Looper
 Kelly Ann Woodland - STV News Presenter
 Lynn Faulds Wood - TV Presenter

Images

References 

Schools in Scotland
Robert Lamson Crowell (November 28, 1945 – September 12, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was elected Mayor of Carson City, Nevada in 2008. He was mayor until his death. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Crowell was born in Tonopah, Nevada.

Crowell died at a hospital in Reno, Nevada on September 12, 2020 at the age of 74.

References

1945 births
2020 deaths
Lawyers from Nevada
American mayors
Politicians from Nevada
Businesspeople from Nevada
US Democratic Party politicians
Tonopah ( ) is an unincorporated town in and the county seat of Nye County, Nevada, United States. In the 2010 census, the population was 2,478.

References

County seats in Nevada
Census-designated places in Nevada
Florence Rosenfeld Howe (March 17, 1929 – September 12, 2020) was an American feminist author, publisher, literary scholar and historian. She was known as one of the leaders of the contemporary feminist movement. Howe was born in New York City.

She taught black children in a Mississippi freedom school during 1964 and chaired the Modern Language Association commission on the Status of Women in the Profession.

In 1967, she signed a public statement declaring her intention to refuse to pay income taxes in protest against the U.S. war against Vietnam. 

Howe also founded The Feminist Press in 1970.

She was a professor at State University of New York.

Howe died on September 12, 2020 at her home in New York City from Parkinson's disease-related problems, aged 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Educators from New York City
American political writers
American feminist writers
Writers from New York City
The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that do not have congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek for their political office to gain voting rights in Congress.

Washington D.C.

List of District of Columbia senators (Seat 1)
Florence Pendleton (D), 1991–2007 
Michael Donald Brown (D), 2007–present

List of District of Columbia senators (Seat 2)
Jesse Jackson (D), 1991–1997
Paul Strauss (D), 1997–present

List of District of Columbia shadow U.S. representatives
 Charles Moreland (D), 1991–1995
 John Capozzi, Jr. (D), 1995–1997
 Sabrina Sojourner (D), 1997–1999
 Tom Bryant, Jr. (D), 1999–2001
 Ray Browne (D), 2001–2007
Mike Panetta (D), 2007–2013
Nate Bennett-Fleming (D), 2013–2015
Franklin Garcia (D), 2015–present

Puerto Rico

List of Puerto Rico senators
 Zoraida Fonalledas (NPP/R), 2017–present
 TBD

List of Puerto Rico U.S. representatives
 Luis Fortuño, 1st (NPP/R) 2017–present
 Charlie Rodríguez, 2nd (NPP/D) 2017–present
 Luis Berríos-Amadeo, 3rd (I), 2019–present

References

United States Congress
Mohsen Movaghar (Persian: محسن موقر, Persian pronunciation: m oh h - s eh  n - mo - v -a g- gha -r )  (1924–2013) was a Persian politician, Journalist and  Editor    who served as the  Member of parliament in Iran under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.  He represented Dezful, Khuzestan Province  in the 21th, 22th and  23th  National Consultative Assembly.

Early life 
Mohsen  was born in Iran to Iranian parents. His father Mirza Jalal  was the Mayor and Governor of  Khorramshahr and his mother Fatmeh Bibi Movaghar,  was  the Mayor 's wife , in the 11th, 12th, 13th, and 16th National Consultative Assembly.

Career 
Mohsen  served as the lawyer deputy minister in National Consultative Assembly of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He used to work with Ali Amini a parent  of his aunt, a young princess from Qajar dynasty.

Personal life 
Mohsen is a brother of  an  Iranian scholar Khodadad Movaghar who served in Iranian Army as a military officer under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Princess Nastranbaji 

of Solomonid dynasty was  the nurse of Mohsen and his brother Khodadad called DieuDonné after her freedom by Khatoon,  from slavery.

References

Other websites 
 Mohsen IMDb

1924 births
2013 deaths
Iranian politicians
Cuties (French: Mignonnes) is a 2020 French coming-of-age comedy-drama movie. It was written and directed by Maïmouna Doucouré. The movie stars Fathia Youssouf, Médina El Aidi-Azouni, Esther Gohourou, Ilanah Cami-Goursolas and Maïmouna Gueye. The movie is about a French-Senegalese Muslim girl who becomes interested in internet culture, even though a lot of it is against her religion. The film was first shown at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival on 23 January 2020. It was released in France on 19 August 2020, and to the rest of the world on 9 September 2020 on Netflix.

Critics mainly said that the movie was good, but many people online did not like the movie as they thought it showed children in a sexual way. The National Center on Sexual Exploitation agreed with the people online, and said that Netflix should not have released the movie.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2020 comedy movies
2020 drama movies
French comedy movies
French drama movies
Controversies
Child sexual abuse
The armoured frog, armoured mist frog or Alexandra Creek tree frog (Ranoidea lorica) is a frog from Australia.  It lives in Queensland.

The adult male frog is 2.7 to 3.3 cm long and the adult female is 3.3 to 3.7 cm long.  It is gray or brown in color with a white belly.  Its eyes can be silver or gold in color.  It has a round head and a short nose.  It has vomerine teeth on its upper jaw.  It has more webbing on its hind feet than on its front feet, and it has discs on its front toes.  Male frogs grow spikes out of their skin when it is the time of year to attract females.

This frog is related to the waterfall frog.

References

Animals of Australia
Frogs
Hanna Hanholz (born 17 November 1987) is a German female water polo player.

She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2008 Women's European Water Polo Championship squads, 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2009 Women’s Water Polo World League. and 2009 World Aquatics Championships.

She played for SV Blau-Weiß Bochum.

References 

1987 births
German water polo players
Blue Bloods is an American police procedural drama television series that airs on CBS on September 24, 2010. It stars Tom Selleck, Donnie Wahlberg, Len Cariou, and Bridget Moynahan.

2010 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Alexandra Schilling (born 9 November 1981) is a German female water polo player.

She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2009 Women's Water Polo World League, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships.

References

Other websites 

 dutch-jantien-cabout-fights-for-the-ball-with-german alexandra schilling Getty
 

1981 births
Living people
Hurricane Sally was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm threatened the United States Gulf Coast States of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. Sally first developed near the Bahamas, moved over Florida, then became a tropical storm.

Tropical storm and hurricane notices were put up from Louisiana to northwest Florida as Sally came toward the region. Several million people prepared for the hurricane. Others left the area.

The storm later hit Alabama and northwestern Florida while a Category 2 hurricane.

References

Hurricanes in the United States
September 2020 events
2020 in weather
Claudia Kern (born 28 January 1990) is a German female water polo player.

She was part of the Germany women's national water polo team at the 2008 Women's European Water Polo Championship squads, 2010 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2012 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2009 World Aquatics Championships.

References 

1990 births
German water polo players
Enrique Ramón Fajarnés (1929 – 14 September 2020) was a Spanish politician and lawyer. He was born in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Ramón Fajarnés was Mayor of Ibiza from 1971 to 1974. He was a Senator between 1982 to 1986. He was also a Deputy from 1986 to 1993. He was a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre.

Ramón Fajarnés died on 14 September 2020 in Ibiza at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Spanish lawyers
Spanish politicians
Mayors
Daniel Soulage (14 February 1942 – 14 September 2020) was a French politician. He was born in Monflanquin, Lot-et-Garonne. He was a member of the Senate of France from 2001 to 2011, who represented the Lot-et-Garonne department. He was a member of the Centrist Alliance. 

Soulage was also Mayor of Monflanquin from 1983 to 2008 and Deputy from 1993 to 1997. 

Soulage died on 14 September 2020 in Lot-et-Garonne at the age of 78.

References

1942 births
2020 deaths
French politicians
Christian Manen (3 July 1934 – 11 September 2020) was a French composer and music teacher. In 1961 he won the Premier Grand Prix de Rome with the cantata La Loreley. He worked at the Villa Medici in Rome until 1965. That same year, he began working at Conservatoire de Paris.

Manen died on 11 September 2020 at the age of 86.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
French composers
French educators
Dominique Kalifa (12 September 1957 – 12 September 2020) was a French historian, educator and columnist. He was born in Vichy, France.

Kalifa was professor at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. He was a member of the Institut Universitaire de France.

He was also taught at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) from 2008 to 2015, and was several times visiting scholar at New York University and the University of Saint Andrews. 

From 1990, he was also a columnist (historical reviews) for the French newspaper Libération.

Kalifa killed himself on his 63rd birthday on 12 September 2020.

References

1957 births
2020 deaths
French educators
French journalists
French historians
People who committed suicide
Azmi Mohamed Megahed (; 15 April 1950 – 12 September 2020) was an Egyptian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born in Dakahlia, Egypt.

Megahed died on 12 September 2020 in a hospital in Cairo due to COVID-19 at the age of 70.

References

1950 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt
Egyptian sportspeople
Volleyball players
Olympians
Annette Jahns (24 June 1958 – 11 September 2020) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and contralto, and opera director. She appeared at international opera houses and festivals, with a focus on contemporary music including world premieres. She taught at the Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber Dresden. Jahns was born in Dresden.

Jahns died from a long illness in Dresden on 11 September 2020 at age 62.

References

1958 births
2020 deaths
German educators
People from Dresden
German singers
German opera singers
Jack Roland Murphy (or "Murph the Surf" or "Murf the Surf") (May 26, 1937 – September 12, 2020) was an American convicted murder and robber. He was also involved in the biggest jewel heist in American history, the 1964 burglary of the jewel collection of New York's American Museum of Natural History.

He was released from prison in 1986. He spent his latter years as an ordained minister, working with inmates in the field of prison ministry. He was born in Oceanside, California.

Murphy died on September 12, 2020 in Crystal River, Florida of heart and multiple organ failure, aged 83.

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
American people convicted of murder
Criminals from New York
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Criminals from California
László Gálos (3 April 1933 – 11 September 2020) was a Hungarian volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born in Bátaszék, Hungary.

Gálos died on 11 September 2020 in Budapest at the age of 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Hungarian sportspeople
Olympians
Volleyball players
Srećko Štiglić (11 June 1943 – 10 September 2020) was a Croatian hammer thrower. He competed for SFR Yugoslavia in the 1972 Summer Olympics. Štiglić's personal best was 70.10 m, set in 1981. He was born in Zagreb, Yugoslavia.

Štiglić died on 10 September 2020 at the age of 77.

References

1943 births
2020 deaths
Croatian sportspeople
Olympians
Dickson Wamwiri Wanjiku (December 24, 1984 – September 6, 2020) was a Kenyan taekwondo practitioner. Wamwiri qualified for the men's 58 kg class at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, after winning the championship title from the African Qualification Tournament in Tripoli, Libya.

Wamwiri died on September 6, 2020 from cardiac arrest in Nairobi at the age of 35.

References

1984 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Kenyan people
Olympians
Zelmar Casco (31 July 1926 – 5 September 2020) was an Argentine fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born in La Plata, Argentina.

Casco died on 5 September 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 94.

References

1926 births
2020 deaths
Argentine sportspeople
Olympians
Orlando "Orly" Bauzon (November 17, 1944 – September 5, 2020) was a Filipino basketball player and coach. He was born in Calasiao, Pangasinan. Between 1973 to 1978, he played for the Toyota Super Corollas. He also played for the national team for the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Bauzon died on September 5, 2020 from cardiac arrest in Manila at the age of 75.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Filipino sportspeople
Basketball players
Olympians
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Nada Birko (1 November 1931 – 1 September 2020) was a Yugoslavian cross country skier during the 1950s. She finished 14th in the 10 km event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. Birko was born in Mrkopalj.

Birko died on 1 September 2020 in Zagreb at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
Yugoslavia's 1952 Winter Olympics results

1931 births
2020 deaths
Olympians
Skiers
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Nedeljko Čubrilović (born 5 April 1953) is a Bosnian Serb politician. He is the 7th and current Speaker of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska.

In 2000, he joined the Democratic People's Alliance (DNS). Shortly after, he was elected as the 1st president of the newly established DEMOS on 22 December 2018 in Banja Luka.

References

1953 births
Living people
Speakers of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska
Momčilo Krajišnik (; 20 January 1945 – 15 September 2020) was a Bosnian Serb politician.

Along with Radovan Karadžić, he co-founded the Bosnian Serb nationalist Serb Democratic Party (SDS). 

Between 1990 and 1992, he was speaker of the People's Assembly of Republika Srpska. Between June and December 1992, he was member of the expanded Presidency of Republika Srpska.

After the Bosnian War, he was elected Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the September 1996.

In 2006, Krajišnik was found guilty of committing crimes against humanity during the Bosnian War (1992–95) by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. H

Krajišnik was hospitalized in Banja Luka, Republika Srpska with COVID-19. He died on 15 September 2020 from the infection, aged 75.

References

1945 births
2020 deaths
Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Speakers of the National Assembly of Republika Srpska
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Željka Cvijanović (born 2 August 1967), is a Bosnian Serb politician. She is the 9th and current President of Republika Srpska. 

She was the 11th Prime Minister of Republika Srpska from 12 March 2013 to 19 November 2018. 

On 7 October 2018 she was elected to be President of Republika Srpska. Cvijanović is a member of the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats.

References

1967 births
Living people
Presidents of Republika Srpska
Prime Ministers of Republika Srpska
The House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is an upper house of the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the lower being the House of Representatives. Federal laws need to be passed by both houses. 

The House of Peoples is made out of 17 delegates from each of the constitutive nations of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs as well as seven delegates of the minorities. The House of Peoples has one chairman and two vice-chairmans.

References

Parliaments
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croat-Bosnian: Parlament Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine/Парламент Федерације Босне и Херцеговине) is the bicameral legislature of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH).

The lower house is the House of Representatives, while the upper house is the House of Peoples. The House of Representatives is made up of 98 members, while House of Peoples is composed of 58 members. 

In total, Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina is made up of 156 members. Members of the House of Representatives are chosen by secret ballot, while members of the House of Peoples are chosen by each Cantonal legislature.

References

Bosnia and Herzegovina
The House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the lower house of the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the legislative body of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Other websites
Constitution of Bosnia Herzegovina 1995 (rev. 2009)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
This article lists the members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since the country's independence on 1 March 1992.

The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is made of three members, each member representing one of three constitutive nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Bosnian Croats (elected from the Federation) and Bosnian Serbs (elected from Republika Srpska).

List

Bosniak Members

Croat Members

Serb Members

References
Fikret Abdić (born 29 September 1939) is a Bosnian politician and businessman.

In 2002 he was convicted on charges of war crimes against Bosniaks loyal to the Bosnian government by a court in Croatia and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment, which was later reduced on appeal to 15 years by the Supreme Court of Croatia.

On 9 March 2012, he was released after having served two thirds of his reduced sentence.

References

1939 births
Living people
Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Business people
War criminals