cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Imagine Dragons are an American pop band from Las Vegas, Nevada.

The band was formed in 2008. They made 3 EPs Imagine Dragons EP, Hell and Silence EP and It's Time. They released their debut studio album Night Visions on September 4, 2012. And 3 more Albums after that

The band was named Amazon.com's "Favorite Rock artist of 2012" and was listed as one of "2012's Brightest New Stars" by Billboard Magazine.

Band members 
Current
Dan Reynolds -  vocals (2008–present)
Ben McKee - bass,keyboards, backing vocals (2009–present)
Wayne Sermon - Guitars, backing vocals (2009–present)
Dan Platzman - drums, backing vocals (2011–present)
Ryan walker(touring)- rhythm guitar , keyboards, backing vocals, tambourine, mandolin (2011- present)

Former
Andrew Tolman - drums, backing vocals (2008–2011)
Brittany Tolman - piano, backing vocals (2009–2011)
Aurora Florence-keyboards, backing vocals, violin (2008)
Daniivory- keyboards, backing vocals (2011-2012)
Dave Lemke- Bass, backing vocals (2008-2009)
Andrew Beck- Guitars, backing vocals (2008)

Discography

Albums
Night Visions-2012
Smoke and Mirrors-2015
Evolve-2017
Origins-2018
Mercury Act 1-2021

EPs
Imagine Dragons EP (2010)
Hell and Silence EP (2010)
It's Time (2011)
Hear Me (2012)
The Archive (2013)

References

Other websites 
Official website

2000s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2008
2010s American music groups
Alternative rock bands
American boy bands
Indie rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from Nevada
2008 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Dark Tranquillity is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Billdal. 

The band was formed in 1989 by band member Mikael Stanne and guitarist Niklas Sundin. Stanne and Sundin originally formed a band under the name Septic Broiler. Members Anders Fridén, Anders Jivarp and Martin Henriksson joined the band shortly after. Dark Tranquillity is an important part of the melodic death metal genre of music and are one of the longest-standing bands from the original Gothenburg metal scene.

They released their debut album, Skydancer, on August 30, 1993. They are currently signed to Century Media Records.

Band members 
Current
Mikael Stanne - vocals (1989–present)
Martin Henriksson - guitar (1989–present)
Niklas Sundin - guitar (1989–present)
Daniel Antonsson - bass (2008–present)
Anders Jivarp - drums (1989–present)
Martin Brändström - programming, keyboards (1999-present)

Former
Anders Fridén - vocals (1989–1993)
Fredrik Johansson - guitar (1993–1998)
Mikael Niklasson - bass (1999−2008)

Discography

Albums
Skydancer (1993)
The Gallery (1995)
The Mind's I (1997)
Projector (1999)
Haven (2000)
Damage Done (2002)
Character (2005)
Fiction (2007)
We Are the Void (2010)
Construct (2013)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Melodic death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
The 2000 UEFA Cup Final Riots, also known as the Battle of Copenhagen, was a riot in City Hall Square in Copenhagen, Denmark, between fans of English football team Arsenal and Turkish side Galatasaray around the 2000 UEFA Cup Final on 17 May 2000. The fights, in which four people were stabbed, also included fans from other clubs and were viewed by the media as part of revenge attacks for the killing of two Leeds United fans by Galatasaray fans the month before.

References

2000 in association football
2000s crimes

Riots in Europe
UEFA
21st century in Copenhagen
2000 in Europe
Year 1140 (MCXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Europe 
 December 21 – Conrad III of Germany besieged Weinsberg, the stronghold of Welfs.
 Henry Jasomirgott is made count palatine of the Rhine.
 The town of Lanark in Scotland is made a Royal Burgh by David I of Scotland.
 Marburg becomes a town.
 The Assizes of Ariano are enacted by Roger II of Sicily.
 Roger II of Sicily places the practice of medicine under royal control.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 June 3 – Pierre Abelard is condemned for heresy by a church court in Sens, France.
 September 8 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the Kuzari, arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.
 The first Cistercian monastery in Spain is founded in Fitero. The order enjoys a rapid expansion in the region in the following 15 years.
 Camaldolite monk Gratian founds the science of Canon law with the publication of the Decretum Gratiani.

Births 
 May 28 – Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (d. 1207)
 Minamoto no Yoshihira, Japanese warrior (d. 1160)

Deaths 
 January 12 – Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia
 February 6 – Thurstan, Archbishop of York
 February 14 
 Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia
 Leo I, Prince of Armenia
 November 15 – Adelaide of Hungary, Duchess of Bohemia
 date unknown &ndahs; Kitti Sri Megha, Sri Lankan ruler

References
Irreligion (meaning not religious) is a term that describes people who reject religion, or who do not have a particular religion.

The term covers all those who answer "none" to questionnaires which ask people about their religion. In the social survey world, they are called "the nones". The term irreligious is an umbrella term, for atheists, agnostics, deists and ignostics.

Irreligion takes many forms, ranging from the casual and unaware to full-fledged philosophies such as atheism, agnosticism, and secular humanism. 

Irreligion may be a purely naturalist worldview which denies a belief in anything supernatural. The broadest and loosest definition, is the lack of religious identification (attendance at church, temple etc.). The narrowest and strictest is subscribing to "positive atheism". That might be described as a willingness to state rejection of a deity absolutely. Public statements of belief can be, and are, tailored to the various social climates.

'No religion' groups 
There are, at least three different groups of "not religious" people:
Agnostics
Atheists
Deists

References 

Religion
Philosophy
Year 1230 (MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Sundiata starts to rule in Mali (approximate date).
 In the West African village of Siby, Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire, forces the Malinkés to bind themselves to each other by oath.

 Europe 
 March 9 – Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus near the village of Klokotnitsa.
 Iberian Peninsula: Alphonso IX defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as almogàver by the Christians) at the battle of Alange. This success opens the road to Badajoz to the Leonese troops. The Portuguese king Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes Beja, Juromenha, Serpa and Moura.
 September 24 – The Kingdoms of León and Galicia unite with the Kingdoms of Castile and Toledo under Ferdinand III.
 The Teutonic Knights are invited into Prussia to forcibly convert the Prussians and Yatvags to Christianity.

 By topic 

 Arts 
 The Carmina Burana poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).

Births 
 Eudes of Burgundy (d. 1266)
 Hu Sansheng, Chinese historian (d. 1302)

Deaths 
 May 2 – William de Braose (hanged)
 July 28 – Duke Leopold VI of Austria (b. 1176)
 September 23 – Alfonso IX of Leon (b. 1171)
 October 25 – Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (b. 1180)
 December 15 – Otakar I of Bohemia
 December 23 – Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Richard I of England
 Xia Gui, Chinese painter (b. c. 1180) (approximate date).

References
Year 1136 (MCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Africa 
 Béjaïa repeals a Genoan naval assault.

 Europe 
 February 5 – Treaty of Durham: Stephen I of England concedes Cumberland to David I of Scotland.
 The people of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod of Pskov and remove him from power.
 Battle of Crug Mawr: Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans.
 Grimoald, duke of Bari, supported by the emperor, rebels against the king of Sicily Roger II.

 By topic 

 Arts and culture 
 The Saint Denis Basilica is completed in Paris.
 Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, describing his relationship with Heloise.

Births 
 Amalric I of Jerusalem
 William of Newburgh, English historian (d. 1198)

Deaths 
 April 15 – Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare (b. 1094)
 May 28 – Hughes de Payens, first Grand Master of the Knights Templar
 October 28 – Boleslaus III of Poland (b. 1086)
 November 15 – Margrave Leopold III of Austria (b. 1073)
 November 21 – William de Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury
 date unknown
 Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, Spanish mathematician and astronomer (b. 1070)
 Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, Persian physician

References
Year 1132 (MCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 June – A fire breaks out in the Song Dynasty Chinese capital of Hangzhou. It destroyed 13,000 homes and forced many to flee to nearby hills. Due to large fires such as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed to the poor, and the government temporarily suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.
 July 24 – Battle of Nocera: Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily.
 Dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped. He becomes king of the province of Leinster.
 St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church.
 Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales.
 Barnwell Castle is erected in Northamptonshire, England.
 The Japanese era 長承 (Choushou) begins.
 Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq.
 Champa again invades Vietnam.
 Under the Song Dynasty, China's first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai.
 Abd al-Mu'min becomes Almohad caliph in North Africa.

Births 
 Joachim of Fiore, Italian mystic and abbot (d. 1201)
 Rhys ap Gruffydd, ruler of Deheubarth (d. 1197)

Deaths 
 April 14 – Prince Mstislav of Kiev (b. 1076)
 Hugh of Grenoble, French saint (b. 1052)

References
Year 1127 (MCXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Kaifeng, capital of China.

 By area 
 Asia 
 January 9 – Jurchen forces sack the Song Chinese capital of Kaifeng (the Jingkang Incident, 靖康事變), and begin more than a century of political division between northern and southern China.

 Europe 
 Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II.
 The first coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily is formed. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion. To guaranty the security of the seas, the king also establishes a pact with the maritime republic of Savona, probably following an Almoravid raid against his realm. 
 Count Charles the Good of Flanders is assassinated.
 First mention of the consuls in Brescia, indicating that the city has become an independent commune.
 The commune of Milan conquers the neighboring city of Como.

 By topic 

 Arts 
 The minaret of Kalyan is completed in Bukhara (present day Uzbekistan).

Births 
 October 18 – Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1191)
 November 27 – Emperor Xiaozong of China (d. 1194)
 Constance of Antioch (d. 1163), the Princess regnant of the principality of Antioch 
 Yang Wanli, Chinese poet (d. 1206)

Deaths 
 probable – Fulcher of Chartres, French chronicler (b. c. 1059)
 Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin, abbot of Clonmacnoise

References
Year 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Asia 
 January–March – In Song Dynasty China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around Kaifeng for the restoration of a probity military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the Government.
 Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and another by Su Shi, are combined into one written work.
 The rule of Emperor Huizong of Song ends in China.
 The Jin Dynasty is established in the north of China, following the Song Dynasty's loss at the Huang He River valley. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.

 Europe 
 Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland.
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without ruler, but Magnus the Strong claims sovereignty over Gothenland for the time being.
 Alfonso VII is crowned king of Castile and León in Spain.
 King Alfonso the Battler of Navarre and Aragon launches a raid into Granada.
 The Venetians occupy Cephalonia. Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos restores their trading privileges.
 Olegarius creates the community of knights known as the confraternity of Tarragona to combat the Andalusians in Catalonia.

 By topic 

 Science 
 Adelard of Bath translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical tables into Latin.

Births 
 Fan Chengda, Chinese poet, travel writer, and geographer (d. 1193)
 Averoes, Andalus judge and physician
 Eynion de Tilston Lord of the Manor of Tilston

Deaths 
 February 10 – William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and poet (b. 1071)
 March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (b. 1082)
 October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, Queen of Jerusalem
 Edgar Ætheling, last member of the Anglo-Saxon royal house (b. 1052)
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne (killed by upset peasants at the thing)
 Abbot Ekkehard of Aura
 Omar Khayyam, Persian poet and mathematician

References
Year 1108 (MCVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Asia 
 The Taira and Minamoto clans join forces to rule Japan after defeating the warrior monks of the Enryakuji Temple near Kyoto.
 Alexius I Comnenus and Bohemund I of Antioch negotiate the Treaty of Devol.

 Europe 
 May – Battle of Uclés: The Almoravids defeat the Kingdom of Castile and roll back the advances of Reconquista; several towns recently captured by Christians are lost to the conquering Berbers such as Tarragona.
 Saint Magnus becomes the first Earl of Orkney.
 In Pistoia, Italy, the Cathedral of San Zeno burns to the ground.
 Louis VI of France starts to rule.
 First mention of the consuls of Bergamo indicating that the city has become an independent republic.

 By topic 
 Religion 
 Chichester Cathedral is consecrated.

Births 
 Bohemund II of Antioch (d. 1131)
 Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut (d. 1171)
 Leopold IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1141)

Deaths 
 July 29 – King Philip I of France (b. 1052)
 Saint Alberic

References
Year 1111 (MCXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Asia 
 Crusaders and Seljuk Turks fought the Battle of Shaizar in Syria to a draw.
 The Song Dynasty, Chinese Donglin Academy is established.

 Europe 
 May 24 – The commune of Laus is destroyed by Milanese troops.
 Baldwin VII becomes Count of Flanders.
 Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II.
 Santarém and Sintra are captured by the Almoravid troops of the general Sir ibn Abi Bakr. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year, the city had experienced the sole urban rebellion against their lord to take place in Portugal.
 Alfonso VII becomes King of Galicia.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.

Deaths 
 February 22 – Roger Borsa, King of Sicily (b. 1078)
 March 3 – Prince Bohemund I of Antioch (b. 1058)
 October 5 – Robert II, Count of Flanders (b. 1065)
 Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)
 Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys
 Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys in eastern Wales
 Richard II of Gaeta, consul and duke of Gaeta
 Otto II, Count of Habsburg
 Antipope Sylvester IV
 Ōe no Masafusa, scholar and tutor (b. 1041)
 Robert of Molesme, Christian saint and abbot (b. 1027)

References
Year 1113 (MCXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris.
 Alaungsithu succeeds Kyanzittha as king of Burma.
 Suryavarman I's reign begins in the Khmer Empire.
 Bridlington Priory is started.
 The Order of the Knights of the Hospital of Saint John started to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, swears to fight in its defense.
 A riot starts in Kiev.
 The Republic of Florence takes over the neighboring city of Montecascioli as part of its effort to extend its control over the contado.
 Unsuccessful attempt of Queen Urraca to take over Burgos defended by her ex-husband King Alfonso.

Births 
 January 11 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist and co-founder of the Quanzhen School (d. 1170)
 August 24 – Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (d. 1151)
 Stefan Nemanja, Serbian Grand Zupan

Deaths 
 April 13 – Ida of Lorraine, saint and noblewoman (b. c. 1040)
 April 16 – Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Russian ruler (b. 1050)
 August 4 – Gertrude of Saxony, Countess and regent of Holland (b. c. 1030)
 December 10 – Radwan, ruler of Aleppo
 Wanyan Wuyashu, chief of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)

References
Year 1114 (MCXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty emperor Huizong sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments for use in royal banquets to the Goryeo court of Korea, by request from the Goryeo king Yejong.

 Europe 
 January 7 – Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, marries Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
 Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and his Pisan allies, takes over Ibiza and Mallorca.
 The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an offensive against the County of Barcelona but is defeated at the Battle of Martorell by Ramon Berenguer III.
 As part of the Norman expansion southward, the count Routrou II of Perche enters the service of the king of Castille, Alfonso the Battler. 
 The Polovtsy attack the Byzantine Empire.

Births 
 Otto of Freising, German bishop and historian (approximate date; d. 1158)
 Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator of scientific works (approximate date; d. 1187)
 Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1152)
 Bhaskara II, Indian mathematician

Deaths 
 Nestor the Chronicler, Slavic historian (approximate date) (b. c. 1056)
 Koloman, ban (ruler) of Croatia

References
Year 1115 (MCXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Clairvaux Abbey is founded by St. Bernard.
 Anselm of Laon becomes archdeacon of Laon.
 Hugh of St. Victor joins the Victorines in Paris.
 Pierre Abélard becomes canon of Notre Dame de Paris.
 Stephen of England becomes count of Mortain.
 Battle of Welfesholz: Lothair I of Supplinburg defeats Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. 
 Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman, and is briefly removed from his position as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
 The Jurchen start the Jin Dynasty of China.
 The Crusader castle of Montreal is built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
 Roger of Salerno's Crusaders stop the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Sarmin in Syria.
 The Mixtec lord Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a group of city-states led by his brother-in-law

Births 
 Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare (d. 1153)

Deaths 
 July 24 – Matilda, Countess of Tuscany (b. 1046)
 November 8 – Godfrey of Amiens, bishop of Amiens and Catholic saint.
 Adela of Flanders, queen of Denmark, regent of Apulia
 Thierry II, Duke of Lorraine
 King Olaf Magnusson of Norway (b. 1099)
 Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler

References
Year 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Baldwin I of Jerusalem begins an invasion of Egypt.
 The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, takes over the independent island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.

 Americas 
 The Aztecs leave Aztlán, searching for the site of what will eventually become Tenochtitlán (later Mexico City).

 Europe 
 The Portuguese, under the leadership of countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Countess Theresa, Queen Urraca of Leon and Castile, attacks Portugal.
 Almoravid troops take over the Balearic islands whose Muslim king had been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.

 By topic 

 Arts and technology 
 The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China.
 Construction starts on the Chennakesava Temple in India.
 Aak music is introduced to the Korean court by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty.

Births 
 Roger de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (d. 1173)

Deaths 
 February 3 – Coloman of Hungary (b. 1070)
 February 25 – Robert of Arbrissel, a preacher and founder of the abbey of Fontevrault (b. c. 1045)

References
Year 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty governor of the seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports the population of his city has reached 500,000.
 August–September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) – Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script

 Europe 
 January 16 – The Council of Nablus is held in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
 June 17 – at the Battle of Cutanda, the Aragonese troops of Alfonso I defeat the Almoravid army.
 November 25 – The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England.
 Walcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.
 Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.
 Foundation of Freiburg in Breisgau.
 Under admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria and Isa ibn Mayum of Sevilla, the Almoravid fleet attacks the Christian kingdom of Galicia.

Births 
 November 28 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1180)
 Ioveta of Bethany, daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem
 Louis VII of France (d. 1180)

Deaths 
 November 25 – William Adelin, son of Henry I of England (sinking of the White Ship) (b. 1103)
 September 3 – Gerard Thom (The Blessed Gerard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1040)
 Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)

References
Year 1117 (MCXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Africa 
 Conflict between the independent republics of Mahdia and Gabes in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of the Roger I of Sicily.

 Asia 
 Pelusium is destroyed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
 Miidera and the sohei of Enryakuji attack Nara, Japan.

 Europe 
 Borivoj II of Bohemia becomes prince in place of Vladislav I of Bohemia.
 The people of Santiago de Compostela (present-day Spain) try to burn their prelate in his palace, along with the queen.
 Iceland ends slavery.
 Short-lived Almoravid reconquest of Coimbra (Portugal).

 By topic 
 Education 
 May 3 – Merton Priory (Thomas Becket School) is consecrated.

 Technology 
 The earliest use of a compass for navigational purposes is recorded.

Births 
 Humphrey II of Toron, Constable of Jerusalem

Deaths 
 April 16 – Saint Magnus, Earl of Orkney (executed)
 December 9 – Gertrud of Brunswick, Markgräfin of Meißen
 Anselm of Laon, French theologian
 Ivo of Chartres, French canon lawyer (b. 1040)
 Bertrade de Montfort, wife of Fulk IV of Anjou and Philip I of France
 Li Zhiyi, Chinese poet

References
Year 1119 (MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Asia 
 June 28 – Battle of Ager Sanguinis: Ilghazi, the ruler of Aleppo, wipes out a Crusader army from the Principality of Antioch.
 August 14 – Battle of Hab: Baldwin II of Jerusalem's Crusaders defeat Ilghazi's army, saving Antioch.

 Europe 
 August 20 – Battle of Bremule: Henry I of England routs Louis VI.
 September 19 – Severe Earthquake in Gloucestershire & Warwickshire, England.
 Robert Bruce, 1st Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, grants and confirms the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg (Middlesbrough) to Whitby.

 By topic 
 Religion 
 February 2 – Pope Callixtus II succeeds Pope Gelasius II as the 162nd pope.
 Knights Templar Founded by Hugh de Payns.
 Councils of Toulouse and Reims. 
 The archbishop of Tarragona, Oleguer Bonestruga, preaches about a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.
 In Toulouse, condemnation by the Church of the Petrobrusian heresy.

 Technology 
 In his Pingzhou Table Talks published in this year, the Song Dynasty Chinese writer Zhu Yu writes of the earliest known use of separate hull compartments in ships.
 Zhu Yu's book is the first to report the use of a magnetic compass for navigation at sea, although the first actual description of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays published in 1088.

Births 
 July 7 – Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)
 Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1176)

Deaths 
 January 24 – Pope Gelasius II
 July 17 – Baldwin VII of Flanders
 Alan IV, Duke of Brittany
 Roger of Salerno, regent of Antioch
 Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick

References
Year 1090 (MXC) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.

 Europe 
 Third expedition of the Almoravid army in al-Andalus who subdue the taifas kingdoms. Córdoba, Seville, Grenada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

 By topic 

 Arts and culture 
 Troubadours begin playing in Provence.

 Technology 
 Song Dynasty Chinese writer Qin Guan writes the Can Shu (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.

Births 
 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
 Eliezer ben Nathan of Mainz
 Qin Hui, Chinese Song Dynasty Prime Minister (d. 1155)

Deaths 
 June 26 – Jaromír (Bishop of Prague)
 July 3 – Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen (b. c. 1060)
 October 6 – Saint Adalbero

References
Year 1089 (MLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By area

Asia 
 Rama Varma Kulashekhara is crowned in Kerala.
 Palmyra is destroyed by an earthquake.

Europe 
 Northumbria is divided by the Normans into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.
 August 11 – A powerful earthquake is recorded in Britain.
 June 22 – Gaston IV of Bearn and the Frankish crusaders take the Aragonese city of Monzón from the emir of Zaragoza.

By topic

Religion 
 Cîteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is founded in southern France.
 The Synod of Melfi under Pope Urban II issued decrees against simony and the clerical marriage.

Births 
 Dahui Zonggao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1163)
 Han Shizhong, Chinese general (d. 1151)

Deaths 
 May 24 – Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury
 May 31 – Sigwin von Are, Archbishop of Cologne
 September 29 (or 30) – Theobald III, Count of Blois
 November 11 – Saint Peter Igneus, Italian Benedictine monk

References 

1089
Years
Argonautica is a Greek epic poem by Apollonius of Rhodes. It was written in the 3rd century BC. It tells the story of Jason and the Golden Fleece. 

Ancient Greece
Epic poems
Year 1091 (MXCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Europe 
 King William II of England invades Normandy.
 Ladislaus I of Hungary occupies Slavonia.
 King Stjepan II of Croatia, the last member of the Trpimirović dynasty, died without leaving anyone to inherit his thrown and title.

 British Isles 
 October 17 – London Tornado of 1091: A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in St Mary-le-Bow of London, England; the storm destroys London Bridge.
 Henry, the third son of William the Conqueror, is forced to give up his property of Cotentin in Normandy after his two older brothers, William Rufus and Robert Curthose, make a peace agreement. 
 King Malcolm III of Scotland makes an unsuccessful attempt to invade English territory, but is finally forced to give a public statement of allegiance to King William II of England. 
 Cardiff Castle is built.

 Mediterranean 
 April 29 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs surround and attack Constantinople, but are defeated so completely by Emperor Alexius I that they are completely eliminated.
 February; With the taking of Noto, the Normans complete the 30 year long takeover of Sicily from the Islamic rulers.
 The Islamic Abbadid dynasty ruling in Spain falls when the Almoravids storm Seville. Faced with this new threat, the king of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas, got the support of Castile in exchange for the Muslim positions on the Tagus river — Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon.
 Roger Guiscard takes Malta.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 Athanasius VI bar Khamoro becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

Deaths 
 June 17 – Dirk V, Count of Holland
 July 5 – Abbot William of Hirsau
 August 25 – Sisnando Davides, military leader
 December 19 – Adelaide of Susa, margravine of Turin
 date unknown –
Robert D'Oyly, first Lord of Oxford Castle

References
Year 1092 (MXCII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 May 9 – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.
 High tides cause great flooding in England and Scotland. The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin flooded and are now known as the Goodwin Sands
 The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and statesman Su Song publishes his Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower built in Kaifeng, China. It also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps.
 Kingdom of England annexes Cumbria from the Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde.

Births 
 Adélaide de Maurienne, queen of France (d. 1154)
 Foulques V, Count of Anjou and King of Jerusalem

Deaths 
 January 14 – King Vratislaus II of Bohemia
 May 7 – Remigius de Fécamp, first Bishop of Lincoln
 September – Jordan of Hauteville, military commander in Sicily
 September 6 – Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia
 October 14 – Nizam al-Mulk, Seljuk vizier (b. 1018)
 November 19 – Melik Şah I, Seljuk Sultan

References
Year 1075 (MLXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 February – Pope Gregory VII holds a council that publishes a decree against lay investiture.
 April – Pope Gregory VII publishes the Dictatus Papae (Sayings of the Pope, aka the Dictates of Hildebrand), in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.
 Revolt of the Earls: Three earls rebel against William I of England (William the Conqueror), in the last serious act of resistance to the Norman Conquest.
 First Battle of Langensalza: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Saxon nobles and subjugates Saxony.
 The Liao Dynasty version of the Buddhist Tripitaka is completed (approximate date).
 Anund Gårdske is removed as king of Svealand and king Håkan the Red of Gothenland makes himself king of all Sweden.
 The Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem from the Fatimids.
 Lý dynasty forces under Lý Thường Kiệt defend Vietnam against invasion by Song Dynasty China.
 The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo solves a border dispute with the Liao Dynasty by finding old diplomatic records; he argues Emperor Daozong of Liao's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern Pingquan in Hebei), and reestablishes the Song's borders.

Births 
 June 9 – Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1137)
 Saint Magnus Erlendsson (d. 1116 or 1117)
 Adelaide del Vasto (d. 1118)
 Orderic Vitalis, monk and historian (approximate date)

Deaths 
 June 10 – Ernest of Austria (b. 1027)
 August 2 – Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople
 December 4 – Anno II, archbishop of Cologne
 December 19 – Edith of Wessex, queen of Edward the Confessor of England
 John Xiphilinus, Byzantine historian
 Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King of Gwynedd
 Peter Krešimir IV, King of Croatia

References
Year 1077 (MLXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By area

Africa 
 The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain.

Asia 
 The Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea and Jerusalem.
 Suleyman I of Rûm becomes the leader of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in modern Turkey.
 Anush Tigin Gharchai becomes, as a Seljuk vassal, leader of the Khwarezmid Empire.

Europe 
 January 26 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication.
 January 28 – Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.
 April 3 
 The first Parliament of Friuli is created.
 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia.
 Robert Curthose starts his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror, in Normandy.
 The kingdom of Duklja is founded.
 The first recorded Trial by combat is held in England.
 Vsevolod of Kiev becomes the prince of Kievan Rus'.
 Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Coria.
 Pope Gregory VII places the island of Corsica under the secular rule of the archbishop of Pisa.
 Hugh of Burgundy supports the king of Aragon in his conquest of the castle of Muñones from the emir of Zaragossa.

By topic

Arts 
 The Bayeux Tapestry is made.

Religion 
 The first English Cluniac Benedictine priory is established, at Lewes.
 Paul of Caen becomes Abbot of St Albans in England; the building of St Albans Abbey Church commences.
 Pope Christodolos of Alexandria ends his reign as Coptic Pope.
 Dionysius V Lazaros becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

Births 
 Joseph ibn Migash, rabbi (d. 1141)

Deaths 
 April 25 – Geza I of Hungary
 Agnes de Poitou, wife of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor and regent (b. 1020)
 King Anawrahta of Burma (b. 1044)
 Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (b. 995)
 Shao Yong, Chinese philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian (b. 1011)
 Zhang Zai, Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1020)

References 

1077
Years
Shawn Drover (born May 5, 1966) is a Canadian musician. He is best known as the drummer of the American heavy metal band Megadeth.

He also played for the Canadian power metal band Eidolon with his brother Glen Drover.

Megadeth
Drover joined the band in 2004 five days before "Blackmail The Universe Tour" and replaced Nick Menza who wasn't able to prepare for the physical demands of a full US tour. Drover also plays guitar and he played guitar during the "Blackmail The Universe Tour" in Kawasaki, Japan on April 3, 2005. He also played in the band with his brother Glen Drover and switched instruments with him during the songs "Paranoid" and the second half of "Peace Sells".

After Glen quit the band, Shawn suggested that Chris Broderick replace Glen. Drover showed videos of Broderick playing both the classical and electric guitar to Dave Mustaine and Mustaine got in contact with Broderick. Broderick was named the new guitarist for Megadeth two weeks after.

On November 25th, 2014, he announced that he leaving Megadeth. He announced this one day before guitarist Chris Broderick announced that he was leaving the band as well.

References

Other websites

1966 births
Canadian drummers
Canadian musicians
Heavy metal musicians
Living people
Megadeth
People from Montreal
Open All Hours is a British television sitcom written by Roy Clarke. It was broadcast by the BBC from 1973-1985. It is set in a small grocery shop in Balby, Doncaster, South Yorkshire. It stars Ronnie Barker as the owner Albert Arkwright and David Jason as his nephew Granville, who works for him. Lynda Baron plays nurse Gladys Emanuel, whom Arkwright is strongly attracted to.

It was followed in 2013 by Still Open All Hours.

Other websites 

1973 television series debuts
1985 disestablishments in Europe
1970s British sitcoms
1970s British workplace television series
1970s establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s workplace comedy television series
1980s British sitcoms
1980s British workplace television series
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s workplace comedy television series
BBC television sitcoms
British workplace comedy television series
South Yorkshire
Television series about families
Television shows set in Yorkshire
English-language television programs
Year 1079 (MLXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Persian astronomer, Omar Khayyám, determined the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days which has been the most accurate calculation of old times. Khayyam also wrote Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produced a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric answers.
 Murder of Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów (pol. Stanisław ze Szczepanowa) by Polish King Bolesław II the Bold
 Upon the death of Håkan the Red, Halsten returns as king of Sweden, jointly with his brother Inge the Elder.
 Ladislaus Herman succeeds Boleslaus II in Poland.
 William I of England establishes the New Forest.
 Constance of Burgundy founds a monastery in Burgos.

Births 
 August 8 – Emperor Horikawa of Japan (d. 1107)
 Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142)

Deaths 
 April 11 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, bishop of Kraków
 Håkan the Red, king of Gothenland since 1070 and king of Sweden since 1075

References
Year 1069 (MLXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Harrying of the North: King William of England (William the Conqueror) reacts to rebellions made by his Anglo Saxon subjects against him. He rides through the north of England with his army and burns houses, crops, cattle and land from York to Durham, which results in the deaths of over 100,000 people, mainly from starvation and winter cold.
 William the Conqueror founds the Norman Selby Abbey.
 Abbad III al-Mu'tamid succeeds his father on the throne of Sevilla.
 Shenzong appoints Wang Anshi as his chief counsellor.
 Wang Anshi, chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, implements the New Policies, which include financial reforms, raising the salaries of officials to reduce corruption, institution of the baojia system, etc.
 Start of Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam.
 Magnus II of Norway dies and Olav III becomes sole King of Norway.
 The Seljuk Turks fail to capture Iconium, following a Byzantine counter-attack launched from Syria.

Deaths 
 Aldred, archbishop of York
 Ibn Hazm, Muslim philosopher and theologian

References
Year 1065 (MLXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 December 28 – Westminster Abbey is declared sacred.
 The kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal become independent under the rule of Garcia.
 Sima Guang, high chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, heads a team of scholars in initiating the compilation of an enormous written universal history of China, known as the Zizhi Tongjian.

Deaths 
 Ferdinand I of León

References
Year 1063 (MLXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Europe 
 Successful Pisan naval assault upon Muslim-ruled Palermo led by Giovanni Orlandi to support the ambitions of Roger of Hauteville.
 May 8 – The allied Muslim and Christian troops of the king of Castile and the emir of Zaragoza, maybe led by El Cid, defeat the Aragonese army at the battle of Graus. The king of Aragon, Ramiro I, is killed, his son succeeds him.
 The River Thames is frozen for 14 weeks.

 By topic 

 Architecture 
 The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (177 ft) tall.
 The construction of present building of St Mark's Basilica is begun.

 Religion 
 Anselm, later to become Archbishop of Canterbury, becomes prior at the Abbey of Bec.
 The Bishopric of Olomouc is founded.

Births 
 Yuanwu Keqin, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1135)
 Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec Lord and founder of the pre-Columbian city of Tututepec.

Deaths 
 March 21 – Blessed Richeza of Lotharingia, wife of King Mieszko II of Poland (990–1034)
 April 30 – Emperor Renzong of Song (b. 1010)
 August 5 – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd
 September 4 – Toghrül, Turkish conqueror of Persia and Baghdad
 King Bela I of Hungary
 King Ramiro I of Aragon

References
Auriga is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is the Latin word for "charioteer" - someone who drives a vehicle that is pulled by an animal.  The astronomer Ptolemy listed Auriga in the 2nd century when he was writing a list of 48 constellations.

References
Citations

References

 
 
 
 
 

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Boötes, pronounced with both 'O's as 'boötez', is one of the 88 modern constellations in the northern sky. The name is from the Greek word , which means herdsman  someone who takes care of animals.

Shape 
The constellation's shape is like a kite.  Boötes has the third brightest star in the night sky, called Arcturus (α Bootis). The astronomer Ptolemy listed it in the 2nd century when he made a list of 48 constellations.

The Cloverleaf quasar is visually in Bootes.

Main stars 
 α Bootis (Arcturus) is the brightest and most important star of the constellation, with a magnitude of -0.04, the 3rd brightest star of the sky. It is an orange giant star
 β Bootis (Nekkar), yellow giant with magnitude 3.49  and 219 light years from the Earth
 y Bootis (Ceginus), Delta Scuti variable with magnitude 3,04
 δ Bootis (Princeps), another yellow giant.

Deep-sky objects 

 NGC 5248, spiral galaxy, 10º south of Arcturus
 NGC 5466, globular cluster, 9º northwest of Arcturus, near M3, a globular cluster in the constellation Canes Venatici.

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Year 1064 (MLXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Americas 
 Sunset Crater Volcano (present-day Arizona) first erupts.

 Asia 
 The Seljuk Turks storm Anatolia, taking Caesarea and Ani, marking the beginning of Turkish invasions into Anatolia.

 Europe 
 June 9 – Coimbra is taken by King Ferdinand of Castile.
 European warriors go to Spain to participate to the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is approved by the Pope and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.
 Harold II is shipwrecked at Ponthieu, Normandy and taken captive by Count Guy.
 Construction of the Duomo at Pisa in Tuscany begins.

Births 
 Borivoj II of Bohemia, a Duke of Bohemia
 Robert Fitz Richard, a Norman landowner in England
 Niels of Denmark, a King of Denmark

Deaths 
 Abu Muhammad 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa`id Ibn Hazm
 Ottokar I of Styria
 Rabbi Yaakov ben Yakar
 Yi Yuanji – Chinese Northern Song painter famous for his realistic paintings of animals (b. 1000)

References
Year 1061 (MLXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 January – Robert de Grantmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I of Sicily), and eleven monks of Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche are forced to leave Normandy and head to the Mezzogiorno.
 October 1 – Pope Alexander II replaces Pope Nicholas II as the 156th pope.
 The Normans take over Messina in Sicily.
 Construction of the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany, begins.
 Vratislav II becomes duke of Bohemia.
 Most of West Frisia (later part of the county of Holland) is taken over by imperial German armies and given to the Bishop of Utrecht.
 Estonians destroy the castle of Yuryev in Tartu and carry out raids in the Pskov region in Russia.

 Africa 
 Yusuf ben Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest.

Deaths 
 January 28 – Duke Spytihněv II of Bohemia (b. 1031)
 July 18 or July 27 – Pope Nicholas II

References
Year 1058 (MLVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 March 17 – King Lulach of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, who later becomes King as Máel Coluim III.
 September 20 – Agnes de Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary met to talk about the border-zone in present-day Burgenland.
 Antipope Benedict X is crowned pope, but is later removed.
 Pope Nicholas II is elected pope in December and started working in the position the following year.
 Boleslaus II takes office as duke of Poland.
 Construction begins on the Cathedral of Parma, Italy.
 Aldred becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
 The Almoravids take over the Berghouata.

Births 
 Al-Ghazali, Muslim theologian, jurist and mystic.
 probable year of birth of Godefroy de Bouillon, the main leader of the First Crusade

Deaths 
 March 17 – King Lulach of Scotland
 March 29 – Pope Stephen IX
 Casimir I of Poland (b. 1015)
 Saint Alfwold

References
Year 1057 (MLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Africa 
 The Banu Hilal take Kairouan. The Zirid dynasty has to move to Mahdiya.

 Asia 
 King Anawrahta of Burma takes over Thanton in northern Thailand, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country.

 Europe 
 King Macbeth of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm III of Scotland. He is replaced as King of Scotland by his stepson Lulach.
 William the Conqueror defeats a Franco-Angevin army at the mouth of the Dives River, Normandy in the Battle of Varaville.
 Ferdinand I of Castile takes Lamego and Viseu from Christian lords allied to the Muslim taifas.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 August 2 – Pope Stephen IX (sometimes referred to as Stephen X) replaces Pope Victor II as the 154th pope.

Births 
 Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1093)

Deaths 
 Jōchō, Japanese sculptor
 March 1 – Ermesinde of Carcassonne, countess and regent of Barcelona (b. 972)
 July 28 – Pope Victor II
 August 15 – King Macbeth of Scotland
 Late August – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England
 August 31 – Leofric, Earl of Mercia

References