cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jaundice  (also called icterus) is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow color. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing heme properly. Heme (from hemoglobin) changes to a chemical called bilirubin after red blood cell death. Bilirubin causes the yellow coloring of the skin. Jaundice is common in newly born babies. It usually starts the second day after birth.

Jaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like malaria, hepatitis, or gallstones.

Jaundice is the most common of all liver problems. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.

The bile, made by the liver, is a vital digestive fluid needed for proper nutrition. It also stops decaying changes in food. If the bile is stopped from entering the intestines there is an increase in gases and other products. Normally, the production of bile and its flow is constant.

Types of Jaundice
There are three types of jaundice:
 haemolytic jaundice - caused by destruction of red blood cells. This causes increased bilirubin formation and anaemia
 obstructive jaundice  - caused by a blockage in the pathway where bilirubin is made in the liver cells and where bile goes into the duodenum
 hepatocellular jaundice - caused by damage to liver cells. The damage could be from a viral infection or toxic drugs.

Yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes happens in all types of jaundice.

Symptoms
The symptoms of jaundice are:
 extreme weakness
 headache
 fever 
 loss of appetite
 tiredness
 severe constipation
 nausea 
 yellow coloration of the eyes, tongue, skin and urine. 
 dull pain in the liver region.
 Obstructive jaundice may also cause intense itching.

Causes
Jaundice is a sign that the liver is not working. It may be caused by a blockage of the bile ducts which release bile salts and pigment into the intestines. The bile then gets mixed with blood and this gives a yellow colour to the skin. The blockage of the bile ducts could be caused by:
 gallstones 
 inflammation (swelling) of the liver, called hepatitis. This is caused by a virus. The virus can spread and may lead to epidemics caused by:
 overcrowding 
 dirty surroundings
 insanitary conditions
 contamination of food and water.

Other causes of jaundice are pernicious anaemia and diseases affecting the liver such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis.

References

Symptoms
Liver disease
Hildegard of Bingen (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey in about 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.

Hildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of “mother superior”. She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near Rüdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of “abbess”. After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened. She does, though, have a feast day on September 17, which is celebrated in some parts of Germany.

Known as the "Sybil of the Rhine", Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down.They were mostly about God and his relationship with humans, the church, redemption from God, and creation. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. Her music was also different because the chants she wrote were written for female voices, in a higher range than earlier chants. This made them easier for women's voices. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.

Hildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She may possibly be the first woman to write about female sexuality.

References 

1098 births
1179 deaths
Christian mystics
German composers
German esotericists
German Roman Catholics
German writers
Medieval composers
Women composers
Alternative medicine describes practices used in place of conventional medical treatments. Some patients seek these practices along with conventional medicine. When the patient's medical doctor coordinates with an alternative medicine therapist, this is called "complementary medicine."

Alternative medicine includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious belief; non-evidence-based practices, non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing. 

Examples include acupuncture, chiropractic and homeopathy.
Divaldo Pereira Franco or simply, Divaldo Franco is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927.

He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.

On 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.

The First Years
Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.

When he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.

1927 births
Living people
Brazilian people
Bahia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (sometimes also called G6PD deficiency, or favism) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention (avoiding parents passing it on to their child). As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are male. 

Sufferers can not make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This will mean the circulation of sugar in their body is different. More red blood cells will be destroyed because of it. About 400 million people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also malaria. This is because the red blood cells found in people with favism are not targeted by malaria.

This condition may result from an allergy to alkaloids in Vicia faba (Faba Bean, Broad bean, Windsor bean).

Diseases
Blood
Guido (von) List (born Karl Anton List; 5 October 1848 in Vienna – 17 May 1919 in Berlin) was an Austrian writer. His works were influenced very much by ideas of race. He was influenced by Arthur de Gobineau, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, and others. He believed there was a global jewish conspiracy. He thought that the conspiracy threatened those he believed to be the Aryan race. He also believed that runes had magic power. His beliefs were not unpopular in Western Europe in the 19th century. He was an occultist. A contemporary of his was Houston Steward Chamberlain. Chambelain lived at the same time as he did. One of his successors was Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels.

Other websites 
 The Guido von List website 
 ‘Der Meister' Guido von List and the Controversy of ‘von' 
 The Armanen Futharkh: A Controversial Rune Row? 
 Works by and about Guido von List in the German National Library catalogue
 Armanenschaft glossary 
 Das Geheimnis der Runen (The Secret of the Runes) (German)
 Die Armanenschaft der Ario-Germanen (The Armanism of the Ario-Germans) (German)
 Die Rita der Ario-Germanen (The Rites of the Ario-Germans) (German)
 On the German Wotan Priestcraft (German)

1848 births
1919 deaths
Nazism
Occultists
Writers from Vienna
Franklins is a cheap supermarket company in New South Wales in Australia. At one time, it had shops in other states of Australia.

The name of the shops is named after Frank Lindstrom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops were created in a time when other supermarkets had low prices, by keeping expenses low. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be Australia's Original Discount Grocer.

Franklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.

Franklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.

A wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.

When Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices or as Franklins had put it: Strictly No Frills. Because of big competition with other "good-looking" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy.

Franklins is still cheap but it has more competition from other markets, such as Aldi. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened Franklins Family Supermarkets in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay.

Supermarkets of Australia
1941 establishments in Australia
Hannover 96 is a sports club in Hanover, a city in northern Germany.
 
The sports club was founded in 1896. Hannover 96 is famous for its football (AE: "Soccer") team that has almost always played in the first or second German football league (Except 1996-1998).

Hannover 96 was German Football Champion in 1938 and 1954 and German Cup winner in 1992. The club played eight seasons in European cup competitions (24 matches).

Home stadium of Hannover 96 is the HDI-Arena (capacity: 49.000).

In 1963 the German national Football League, the Fußball-Bundesliga was founded. Hannover 96 joined the Bundesliga in 1964 and played there for the following ten years. In the 1970s and 1980s the club went down to the second league and up again several times. In the 1990s Hannover 96 played eight seasons in the second Bundesliga and two years in the third league, the Regionalliga Nord (1996-98).

Since 2002, Hannover 96 is (again) a member of the first German Football league, the Bundesliga.

Some famous players who have been in the team for a long time: Altin Lala Albanian national player, Steven Cherundolo, USA-national player, Robert Enke, former German national goalkeeper.

The coach of the football team (August 2014) is Taifun Korkut, the club's president is Martin Kind.

Former Coaches: Dieter Hecking 2009, Andreas Bergmann 2009, Peter Neururer 2006, Ewald Lienen 2005, Ralf Rangnick 2004, Horst Ehrmanntraut 2001, ......

Other websites 

Website of Hannover 96

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Hanover
Sport in Lower Saxony
1896 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Germany
The Aral Sea ( (Aral tengizi), , ) was a lake in Central Asia. It is between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south.

Since the 1960s, the Aral Sea shrank. 90% of the sea has gone. The rivers that fed it (the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya) were used by the Soviet Union for irrigating cotton production. What is left of the Aral Sea is heavily polluted, largely as the result of weapons testing, industrial projects, and fertilizer runoff before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

There is a project to save at least the northern part of the Aral Sea. For this, a dam was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and was rebuilt in 2005, with international funding.

Another problem was that the Island of Rebirth had been used for the testing of biological weapons until 1993. It is currently contaminated with anthrax, the plague, and tularemia. Since 2001, it is no longer an island, but a peninsula.

References

Other websites

Lakes of Kazakhstan
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be divided into octaves — as sound waves are — adding up to eighty-one octaves. Physicists have studied electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to fractions of the size of an atom. It is commonly said that EM waves beyond these limits are uncommon, although this is not known to be true. The short wavelength limit is likely to be the Planck length, and the long-wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself, though in principle the spectrum is infinite. 

Radiation of shorter wavelength than about 30 μm is commonly detected by its ability to exceed the ionization energy of atoms. Radiation of longer than 3mm is commonly detected by its ability to induce electrical currents. Radiation between these limits was little used until the 21st century because of the difficulty of detecting it.

Spectra of objects 
Nearly all objects in the universe emit, reflect or transmit some light. (Black holes do not.) The distribution of this light along the electromagnetic spectrum (called the spectrum of the object) is determined by what the object is made of. Several types of spectra can be distinguished depending upon the nature of the radiation coming from an object.

Spectroscopy is the branch of physics that observes matter by its emitted or reflected spectra.

References

Other websites 

 U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart - Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from Department of Commerce)
 Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations  (from Industry Canada)
 UK frequency allocation table (from Ofcom, which inherited the Radiocommunications Agency's duties, pdf format)
 The Science of Spectroscopy  - supported by NASA, includes OpenSpectrum, a Wiki-based learning tool for spectroscopy that anyone can edit
 An EM Spectrum Overview in Flash  by e-builds

Electromagnetism
A spectrum is a condition or value that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum.

Spectrum may refer more specifically to:

In physical sciences
 The electromagnetic spectrum
 The spectral class of asteroids
 The visible spectrum or optical spectrum, a subset of the electromagnetic spectrum
 An emission spectrum observed in light
 An absorption spectrum observed in light
 The spectral class of stars in Stellar classification
 The timbre (spectrum of sound energy) of a musical note
 The energy spectrum of a collection of particles (particle physics)
 The frequency spectrum of a signal
 The power spectrum of a signal
 The spectrum of activity of a chemical

Proper nouns
 The ZX Spectrum, an early British home computer
 IEEE Spectrum, a magazine
 Spectrum (magazine), published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church
 Spectrum Value Partners, a management consulting firm
 Spectrum (band), an Australian group of the 1970s led by Mike Rudd
 Spectrum, a band headed by Peter Kember
 The Smith Spectrum, a sports arena in Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
 The Wachovia Spectrum, formerly The Spectrum, a sports arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
 Guildford Spectrum, a leisure complex in Guildford, England
 Spectrum London, UK, an art gallery
 The Gaylactic Spectrum Awards or Spectrums, a literary award
 Spectrum (album), debut album of fusion drummer, Billy Cobham

In social and medical sciences
 The economic spectrum
 The political spectrum of opinion
 A spectrum disorder, in psychiatry

In mathematics
 The spectrum of a matrix, in linear algebra
 The spectrum of an operator, in functional analysis (a generalisation of the spectrum of a matrix)
 The spectrum of a ring, in commutative algebra
 The spectrum of a C*-algebra
 A spectrum (homotopy theory)
 The Stone space of Boolean algebra
 The spectrum of a theory, in mathematical logic
A Continuum is a continuous series where all parts are very similar to their nearest neighbour, but the ends or extremes of it are different from each other. 

This describes something that changes gradually (little by little) from one condition, to a different condition, but without any sudden changes or discontinuities.

The difference between a continuum, and something with very different changes that can be measured, is important for all continuum theories.

Continuum may also refer to:

 The space-time continuum
 Continuum (mathematics), the real line, or more generally any space, ordering, or cardinal that shares certain properties of the real line (e.g., "connectedness" or "size")
 Language continuum - a group of dialects, where the dialect of each area is understandable in neighboring areas, and these dialects may gradually 'slide' from one language to another related language, even though speakers of the different languages who live farther apart may have more difficulty understanding one another.
 Continuum concept, Jean Liedloff's articulation of the natural principles upon which attachment parenting was founded
 Continuum Entertainment, a Brazilian game developer
 Continuum Health Partners, a consortium of New York City Hospitals
 Continuum hypothesis, a mathematical hypothesis
 Continuum International Publishing Group, a publishing house
 Continuum mechanics, a branch of physics that deals with continuous matter
 Continuum RPG, the time travel role-playing game C°ntinuum
 Apache Continuum, a continuous integration server for building Java based projects
 Q Continuum, a parallel existence in the fictional Star Trek universe
 Continuum (song), a song by Jaco Pastorius released on his self-titled album, August 1976
 Continuum (album), an album by John Mayer released September 12, 2006
 Continuum (CD), the debut album by music project Continuum released in 2005
 Continuum (computer game), the North American version of the classic computer game, Alpha Waves
 Continuum (game client), a game client for the SubSpace computer game
 Continuum (games convention), a biannual British roleplaying convention dedicated to the worlds of Greg Stafford, Michael Moorcock, H.P.Lovecraft and many others
 Continuum (instrument), a "fretless keyboard"
 Continuum (Ligeti), a composition for harpsichord by György Ligeti
 Continuum (music project), the musical collaboration between Steven Wilson and Dirk Serries
 Stargate: Continuum, a direct-to-DVD movie of the Stargate franchise
Revenge is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 14, 1992.

Track listing 
 Unholy
 Take It Off
 Tough Love
 Spit
 God Gave Rock 'N' Roll To You II
 Domino
 Heart Of Chrome
 Thou Shalt Not
 Every Time I Look At You
 Paralyzed
 I Just Wanna
 Carr Jam 1981

Kiss albums
1992 albums
Alive III is a live album by the American hard rock and heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 18, 1993.

Track listing 
Creatures Of The Night
Deuce
I Just Wanna
Unholy
Heaven's On Fire
Watchin' You
Domino
I Was Made For Lovin' You
I Still Love You
Rock And Roll All Nite
Lick It Up
Forever
I Love It Loud
Detroit Rock City
God Gave Rock 'N' Roll To You II
The Star Spangled Banner

Kiss albums
1993 albums
A turbine is an engine that turns fluid movement into energy. 

Simple turbines have a shaft with a blade on it. Moving fluids, such as water or air, push the blades so that they turn around with the shaft. The turning movement is most often used to turn a generator. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels. Turbine blades can also be turned to move a fluid. This is how simple propeller airplanes work.

A casing can be placed around the turbine to control the movement of the fluid.

Types
 Steam turbine
 Gas turbine
 Transonic turbine
 Jet engine, including
 Turbojet
 Turbofan
 Turboprop
 Turboshaft
 Ceramic turbine
 Contra-rotating turbine
 Statorless turbine
 Shrouded turbine
 Shroudless turbine
 Bladeless turbine
 Water turbine
 Wind turbine
 Impulse turbine
 Velocity compound Curtis

Other websites 

 Turbine introductory math
 Turbines jet powered 1/16 scale Airbus A330

Engineering
Rotor ( part) may mean:

In engineering:
Helicopter rotor, the rotary wing(s) of a rotorcraft such as a helicopter
Rotor (electric), the non-stationary part of an alternator or electric motor, operating with a stationary element called the stator.
ROTOR, a former radar project in the UK following the Second World War
Rotor (turbine), the rotor of a turbine powered by fluid pressure
Rotor (brake), the disc of a disc brake, in U.S. terminology
Rotor (distributor), a component of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine
Rotor (engine), the rotary piston in a rotary combustion engine
Rotor (antenna), an electric motor that rotates an antenna to the direction of transmission or reception
Rotor (magazine), a US magazine covering the civil helicopter industry

In computing:
Rotor machine, the rotating wheels used in certain cipher machines, such as the German Enigma machine
Rotor (software project), the former code name for Microsoft's shared source implementation of its Common Language Infrastructure

In music:
 Rotor (band), a German progressive stoner rock band
 Rotor Plus (sometimes known as Rotor), an experimental electronica band from New Zealand

In other fields:
SC Rotor Volgograd, a Russian football club
Rotor (Sonic the Hedgehog), a fictional character from the Sonic the Hedgehog universe
Rotor (ride), the trade name for an amusement ride
Rotor (meteorology), a turbulent horizontal vortex that forms in the trough of lee waves
Rotor (mathematics), an n-blade object in geometric algebra, which rotates another n-blade object about a fixed or translated point
Rotor (planet), a planet in Isaac Asimov's book Nemesis
Rotor (game), a game written for the Commodore Amiga computer
Electric power is defined as the power dissipated by an electric circuit. Electric power is a measurement of the rate at which energy is used over a period of time. The SI unit for power is the watt, the unit for energy is the joule, and the unit for time is the second.

For a direct current circuit, electric power equals the electric current multiplied by the voltage.

When electric current flows through a circuit, it is slowed down by the resistance in the circuit. Devices can convert this current to useful forms of work, such as heat radiation, light emission, mechanical motion, or acoustic vibrations.

Related pages 
 Electric power transmission
 Electric power distribution
 Electrical generator

References
 Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North American Electric Reliability Council website 
 
 

Electricity
Electromagnetism

da:Effekt (fysik)#Effekt i elektriske kredsløb
et:Võimsus#Võimsus elektrotehnikas
sv:Effekt#För likström (DC) och spänning
Kiss Unplugged is an album of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss's performance on MTV Unplugged on August 8, 1995. The album was released on March 12, 1996.

Track listing 
 Comin' Home
 Plaster Caster
 Goin' Blind
 Do You Love Me
 Domino
 Got To Choose
 Sure Know Something
 A World Without Heroes
 Rock Bottom
 See You Tonight
 I Still Love You
 Every Time I Look At You
 2,000 Man
 Beth
 Nothin' To Lose
 Rock And Roll All Nite

Kiss albums
1996 albums
Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 28, 1997.

Track listing 
 Hate
 Rain
 Master & Slave
 Childhood's End
 I Will Be There
 Jungle
 In My Head
 It Never Goes Away
 Seduction of the Innocent
 I Confess
 In the Mirror
 I Walk Alone

Kiss albums
1997 albums
Hydraulic head is a specific measurement of water pressure or total energy per unit weight above a datum.

It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water well), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth.

Atmospheric pressure 
Even though it is conventional to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)

Analogs to other fields 

Hydraulic head is a measure of energy, and has many analogs in physics and chemistry, where the same mathematical principles and rules apply:
Hydraulic head is analogous to:
magnetic monopole
electric charge
heat (i.e., temperature)
concentration
A continuous "field" of hydraulic heads is analogous to:
an electric field
a magnetic field
Similar differential operators can be applied to the fields, to find:
the gradient, or the direction of flow
the divergence of flow
the curl, or if the field is rotating

Related pages
fluid dynamics
Darcy's law

References 
 Bear, J. 1972. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, Dover. .
 for other references which discuss hydraulic head in the context of hydrogeology, see that page's further reading section

Fluid mechanics
Susan Brownmiller (born February 15, 1935) is an American radical feminist, journalist and activist. She is best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (1975). Brownmiller says that rape has been defined by men rather than women until now. Men use rape as a means of continuing male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear. All men benefit from this. Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism. She joined CORE during the sit-in movement and volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964. She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968. There she joined a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization. Brownmiller went on to co-ordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journal in 1970, began work on Against Our Will after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979. She continues to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism, In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution  (1999).

As of 2005, she is an Adjunct Professor of Women's & Gender Studies at Pace University in New York City,

References 
 Susan Brownmiller.com: An Informal Bio 
 In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution  ()

Other websites 
 Susan Brownmiller.com
 Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive
 1989 audio interview with Susan Brownmiller  by Don Swaim

1935 births
Living people
American activists
American feminists
American journalists
Jewish American writers
Time People of the Year
Writers from New York City
Erich Seligmann Fromm (23 March 1900 in Frankfurt – 18 March 1980 in Muralto) was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher. He was part of what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He taught at several universities.

Fromm was born in a family of Rabbis. Because of his Jewish background Fromm fled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and settled into the United States. After the war he moved to Mexico. The last years of his life he lived in the Swiss Alps. He died 1980 in Muralto.

One of his famous works is Haben oder Sein (To Have or to Be?) from the year 1974, in this book he critices many aspects in the western society like the pursuit of wealth.

Other websites 

 Erich Fromm on the Mystical Site www.mysticism.nl
 Website der Internationalen Erich-Fromm-Gesellschaft
 www.erich-fromm.info  - German site - Curriculum vitae and available books.
 Clark, Neil. "Wanted: an Erich Fromm party." Guardian Unlimited, February 20, 2007.

1900 births
1980 deaths
American atheists
20th-century American philosophers
American psychologists
Continental philosophers
German atheists
20th-century German philosophers
German psychologists
Humanists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish American writers
Jewish atheists
Jewish German scientists
Jewish German writers
Jewish philosophers
Psychoanalysts
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from Frankfurt
François Adrien Boieldieu (December 16, 1775 – October 8, 1834) was a French composer. He mainly wrote operas.

List of operas 
 La fille coupable (1793)
 Rosalie et Myrza (1795)
 La famille suisse (1797)
 L'heureuse nouvelle (1797)
 Le pari, ou Mombreuil et Merville (1797)
 Zoraïme et Zulnar (1798)
 Le dot de Suzette (1798)
 Les méprises espagnoles (1799)
 Emma, ou La prisionière (1799)
 Béniovski, ou Les exilés du Kamchattka (1800)
 Le calife de Baghdad (1800)
 Ma tante Aurore ou Le Roman impromptu (1803)
 Le baiser et la quittance, ou Une aventure de garrison (1803)
 Aline, reine de Golconde (1804)
 La jeune femme colère (1805)
 Abderkan (1805)
 Un tour de soubrette (1806)
 Télémaque (1806)
 Amour et mystère, ou Lequel est mon cousin? (1807)
 Les voitures versées (Le séducteur en voyage) (1808)
 La dame invisible (1808)
 Rien de trop, ou Les deux paravents (1810)
 Jean de Paris (1812)
 Le nouveau Seigneur de village (1813)
 Bayard à Mézières, ou Le siège de Mézières (1814)
 Le Béarnais, ou Henri IV en voyage (1814)
 Angéla, ou L'atelier de Jean Cousin (1814)
 La fête du village voisin (1816)
 Charles de France, ou Amour et gloire (1816)
 Le petit chaperon rouge (1818)
 Les arts rivaux (1821)
 Blanche de Provence, ou La cour des fées (1821)
 La France et l'Espagne (1823)
 Les trois genres (1824)
 Pharamond (1824)
 La dame blanche (1825)
 Les deux nuits (1829)
 La marquise de Brinvilliers (1831)

Sources 
 François Adrien Boieldieu on Find a Grave site

1775 births
1834 deaths
French composers
Red Hot Riding Hood is a movie made by Tex Avery. It is a short cartoon. It was made in 1943. In 1990, the public voted it to be one of the best animated movies of all time.

1943 movies
Animated movies
Movies about animals
English-language movies
The Turkish Van is a breed of cat that comes from Turkey. It has lived in the Lake Van area of Turkey for hundreds of years. This is why it is named the Turkish Van. This part of Turkey is in very high mountains and has long, cold winters. But the summers are hot. 

This cat got used to this climate over time by its body changing. It now has a thick, full fur coat in the winter, but sheds in the summer and becomes a short-haired cat. The Turkish Van swims in the summer to cool itself off and the thin summer coat dries quickly.

Eye colous 

A Turkish Van may have blue eyes, amber eyes, or eyes with two different colors.

References

Other websites 

Cat Fanciers' Association: The Turkish Van breed

Cat breeds
The Turkish Angora is a cat from Turkey. It has long white fur.  It is like the Turkish Van cat, but its fur is different.

cat breeds
In physics, a force does work when it acts on a body and there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force. 

The work done by a force acting on a body is the force along the direction of the displacement multiplied by the displacement of the point of application. 

It is the force that does the work, not the agent that created the force. Motion is a requirement of work. 

Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI units of joules. Heat conduction is not considered to be a form of work, since there is no macroscopically measurable force, only microscopic forces occurring in atomic collisions.  The term work was created in the 1830s by the French mathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis.

According to the work-energy theorem if an external force acts upon a rigid object, causing its kinetic energy to change from Ek1 to Ek2, then the mechanical work (W) is given by:

where m is the mass of the object and v is the object's velocity.

If a constant force F acts on an object while the object is displaced a distance d, and the force and displacement are parallel to each other, the work done on the object is the product of F and d:

If the force and the displacement are in the same direction, the work is positive. If the force and the displacement are in opposite directions the work is negative. For example, the work done by the weight on a book being lifted is negative. This is because the downward weight is in the opposite direction to the upward displacement.

References

Other websites 
 Work - a chapter from an online textbook
 Work, Power, Kinetic Energy on Project PHYSNET

Mechanics
Energy
Psycho Circus is the eighteenth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 22, 1998.

Track listing

Personnel

Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar, bass on track 8, acoustic guitar on tracks 5 & 8
Gene Simmons – vocals, bass (except on 1, 8 & 9), rhythm guitar on track 5
Ace Frehley – lead guitar and vocals (on tracks 4, 6 and 11)
Peter Criss – drums (on track 4), vocals (on tracks 6 & 8)

Additional musicians
Kevin Valentine - drums (except track 4)
Tommy Thayer - lead guitar (except tracks 2, 4, 6 & 11)
Bruce Kulick - backwards guitar intro & solo on track 2, bass and backing vocals on tracks 1 and 9, rhythm guitar on track 9
Shelly Berg – acoustic piano, orchestration and conductor on tracks 8 and 10
Bob Ezrin – Fender Rhodes on track 8

Certifications

References

Kiss albums
1998 albums
Biological warfare (or germ warfare) is when pathogens are used as a weapon. This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is called chemical warfare. 

Biological warfare has been used throughout history. The first form of biological warfare may have been when the plague hit the Mongols. During battle, they were said to have thrown plague victims' bodies at their enemies. Before the 20th century, it took some of the following forms:
Deliberate poisoning of food or water supplies with infectious materials
Use of microorganisms, living or dead animals in a weapon system.
Use of fabrics that are contaminated

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China. The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.

Today, pathogens for diseases like anthrax or smallpox could be used as agents for biological weapons.

The production, and stockpiling of such weapons was forbidden in the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.

war
Biology
Kiss Symphony: Alive IV is a live album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss performing with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. It was released on July 22, 2003.

Track listing 
Deuce
Strutter
Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll
Lick It Up
Calling Dr. Love
Psycho Circus
Beth
Forever
Goin' Blind
Sure Know Something
Shandi
Detroit Rock City
King Of The Night Time World
Do You Love Me
Shout It Out Loud
God Of Thunder
Love Gun
Black Diamond
Great Expectations
I Was Made For Lovin' You
Rock And Roll All Nite

References 

Kiss albums
2003 albums
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (in German Börse Frankfurt) is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Hesse. It is the biggest stock exchange in Germany by the amount of money exchanged and the number of companies.

Other websites
Frankfurt Stock Exchange - Website for investors 

1585 establishments
Stock exchanges in Europe
Economy of Germany
Frankfurt
Establishments in Germany
1580s establishments in Europe
A General-purpose programming language (GPL) is a way to tell a computer what to do that makes a user's job easy and quick without much confusion. It is not restricted to only one field (e.g. HTML). GPLs can be used for many different things. An example can be BASIC, invented by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963.

programming languages
A Bikini is a type of swimsuit for women. It consists of two parts; pants and a bra top, leaving an uncovered area between the two. The bikini is an ancient invention, reinvented after the Second World War.

The bikini is perhaps the most popular female beachwear around the globe.
"This is due to "the power of women, and not the power of fashion... The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women". Olivier Saillard.
By the mid 2000s bikinis had become a US$811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company. The bikini has boosted spin-off services like bikini waxing and the sun tanning industries.

History 

Predecessors of the bikini date back to antiquity, in Çatalhöyük and the Greco-Roman world. Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period (286-305 AD) in Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor. The images of ten women, dubbed the "Bikini Girls", exercising in clothing that would pass as bikinis today, are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles at the site. Archeological finds, especially in Pompeii, show the Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini. A statue of Venus in a bikini was found in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere; others were found in the front hall.

By the early 1940s two-piece swimsuits were frequent on American beaches. Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear.

The modern bikini was introduced by French engineer Louis Réard and fashion designer Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946. Réard was a car engineer but by 1946 he was running his mother's lingerie boutique near Les Folies Bergères in Paris. Heim was working on a new kind of beach costume. It comprised two pieces, the bottom large enough to cover its wearer's navel. Réard named his swimsuit the "bikini", taking the name from the Bikini Atoll, one of a series of islands in the South Pacific where testing on the new atomic bomb was occurring that summer. Réard could not find a model to wear his design. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the Casino de Paris. That bikini, with a g-string back, had  of cloth with newspaper type printed across. It introduced on July 5 at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris. Heim's design was the first worn on the beach, but the clothing was given its name by Réard. The bikini became increasingly popular throughout the 1960s and 70s.

Images

Other websites 
 "David Dodge and the Art of the Bikini"
 "A Brief History of the Bikini: How the tiny swimsuit conquered America", Slate Magazine, July 5, 2006.
 Bikini Science

References 

Swimwear
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in November 1976 in Europe and delayed for release in USA until 1981.

Track listing 
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
Love At First Feel
Big Balls
Rocker
Problem Child
There's Gonna Be Some Rockin'
Ain't No Fun (Waiting Round To Be A Millionaire)
Ride On
Sqeealer

AC/DC albums
1976 albums
1981 albums
Hard rock albums
Blues rock albums
Rock and roll albums
Iron oxides are chemical compounds. There are sixteen known iron oxides. Iron oxides are used in pigments. It is used in both man-made and natural pigments.

Venetian red (haematite), Magnetite (Fe3O4), or a mixture of oxides make black or purple pigments. The umber, sienna and ochre are oxides or hydrated oxides of a yellow to chestnut colour.

Most iron oxide is mined as iron ore. Every year millions of tons go into blast furnaces to make iron.

Various iron oxides 

Iron(III) oxide, reddish, commonly known as rust, found in the earth as haematite
Iron(II,III) oxide, magnetic, black, found in the earth as magnetite
Iron(II) oxide, black, rare, flammable, not stable at room temperature
Iron(II) hydroxide, dark green hydrated iron oxide

Chemical compounds
Iron compounds
Oxides

de:Eisen#Oxide
Maynard James Keenan (born James Herbert Keenan on April 17, 1964) is an American rock singer, songwriter, musician, and producer. He sings in the band Tool, and also in the band A Perfect Circle. He has a side project called Puscifer.

Early life
James Herbert Keenan was born in Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1964. His mother is Judith and his father is Michael, who was a high school teacher. Keenan's parents divorced when he was three years old, and Michael moved away. Keenan did not see him very much for the next 12 years. Later, his mother married someone else. He was mean and did not allow Keenan to be creative. When Keenan was 11, his mother, Judith, had a brain aneurysm that paralyzed her. Two years later, she told Keenan to move to Michigan with his father.

The Army

Keenan joined the United States Army after he graduated from high school. He wanted to use the G.I. Bill to go to art school. He joined the United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point Prep School) where he picked up the nickname "Maynard". He did very well in his training, but said no to an offer to stay in the Army and work at West Point. He decided to start his music career instead.

Art
After being honorably discharged from the Army, Keenan went back to Michigan to go to art school. Then, in 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to help design the inside of pet stores. He was fired from this job and then worked creating movie sets. He also played bass guitar in a band and sang for another band.

Music career
Keenan started playing soon after leaving art school. Then he and Adam Jones formed Tool. They have a thing for releasing albums every five years. They did so with Undertow, Ænima, and 10,000 Days. Keenan left and formed A Perfect Circle. They had 3 albums, Mer De Noms, The Thirteenth Step, and eMOTIVe. He then left again to go and pursue family time. He now has a vineyard where he makes fine wine but still takes tours for his working side project; Puscifer... Tool's new album had officially set to release August 30th, 2019

Tool
Keenan met Adam Jones in Los Angeles. They started the band Tool in 1990. The band's line up later became Keenan as singer, Jones playing guitar, Danny Carey playing drums, and Paul D'Amour playing bass. When D'Amour left the band, Justin Chancellor took his place. Tool signed to Zoo Entertainment in November 1991.

References

Other websites
MaynardJamesKeenan.com, currently redirecting to the Puscifer website

Wine Spectator Online , where Maynard maintains a running blog about wine collecting and winemaking.

American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Musicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Singers from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Singers from Ohio
Musicians from Ohio
Singers from Los Angeles
Musicians from Los Angeles
American heavy metal musicians
1964 births
Living people
Lukas Podolski () born 4 June 1985 in Gliwice, Poland) is a Polish born German football player. He plays for Köln. From 2004 until 2006, he played for Köln. He has plays Germany national team.

He is known for his fashion during press conferences. He often wears button down shirts and polished shoes. He has a girlfriend named Monika and they have a son. Their son's name is Louis, he was born in April 2008.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Köln||Bundesliga||19||10||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||10
|-
|2004/05||2. Bundesliga||30||24||2||5||colspan="2"|-||32||29
|-
|2005/06||Bundesliga||32||12||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||12
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||22||4||3||2||7||1||32||7
|-
|2007/08||25||5||4||0||12||5||41||10
|-
|2008/09||24||6||3||1||4||2||31||9
|-
|2009/10||Köln||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||
152||61||14||8||23||8||189||77
152||61||14||8||23||8||189||77
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||8||2
|-
|2005||12||8
|-
|2006||17||12
|-
|2007||7||2
|-
|2008||16||7
|-
|2009||9||6
|-
|2010||14||5
|-
|2011||12||1
|-
|2012||11||1
|-
|2013||5||2
|-
|2014||5||1
|-
!Total||116||47
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
German footballers
Polish people
Naphthalene is a crystalline, white hydrocarbon, with a strong smell. It is best known as the main ingredient in mothballs, urinal deodorizer blocks, and can be used as an antiseptic. In mothballs, it is used as an insecticide or pesticide.

Naphthalene is toxic. In humans, being exposed to naphthalene can destroy red blood cells. Naphthalene may also cause cancer.

History 
In the early 1820s, two different papers are published on something that matches the description of Naphthalene. Both groups made it by distilling coal tar. In 1821 John Kidd cited both reports, and condensed their results to accurately describe the properties of naphthalene, and how to make it. Kidd named it naphthalene because "naphtha"  means any explosive hydrocarbon mixture. By 1826, Michael Faraday discovered the formula for it. Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that it is two fused benzene rings in 1866, and Carl Gräbe confirms this three years later.

References

Other websites 
Naphthalene (PIM 363) - mostly on toxicity of naphthalene

Chemical compounds
MySQL is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. And to extract data from the tables queries are used. 

For example: SELECT id_number FROM main_database WHERE name='John' 

This query will return the 'id_number' of the person named 'John' from the table named 'main_database'.

History 

MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.

Compatibility 

MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.

Major users 

Some of the largest MySQL users on the internet include:

 Apple
 Amazon.com
 Digg
 Google

Many PHP scripts also use MySQL. These include:

 WordPress
 phpBB
 MediaWiki - the software behind Wikipedia

Related pages
 PHP

Notes 

Free software
Databases
Sun Microsystems
Oracle Corporation