cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Miranda (late latin Miranda meaning to be admired at  or "watchtower", "vantage point"). Miranda is also a family name and a female given name. It may also refer to:

People 
Miranda Hart (born 1972), British actress and comedienne
Miranda Krestovnikoff (born 1973), British television presenter
Miranda Richardson (born 1958), British actress

Literature 
Miranda (Shakespeare),  the daughter of Duke Prospero in William Shakespeare's The Tempest
Miranda (novel), a novel by Antoni Lange written in 1924
Miranda Cornielle, a character in the webcomic User Friendly
Miranda Priestly, a character in the novel and movie The Devil Wears Prada

Geography 
Australia
Miranda, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
Brazil
Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, a town in the Mato Grosso do Sul state of Brazil named for sitting on a river of the same name
Colombia
Miranda, Cauca, a town in Cauca province
Italy
Miranda, Italy, a city in the province of Isernia
New Zealand
 Miranda, New Zealand, historical fort and small village in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, best known as the location of the Miranda Shorebird Centre
Portugal
Miranda do Corvo, town and municipality
Miranda do Douro, a municipality
Terra de Miranda, the historical name of a mesa in northeastern Portugal
Spain
Belmonte de Miranda, also called Miranda in Asturian language, a municipality in Asturias
Miranda de Arga, town and municipality in northern Spain
Miranda de Ebro, an industrial city in the Burgos province of Spain
Venezuela
Miranda (state), one of the twenty-three states of Venezuela
United States
Miranda, California, a census-designated place in Humboldt County, California

In biology 
 The scientific name for the yellow garden spider is Miranda aurantia
 Miranda herba another name for the pitcher plant Nepenthes distillatoria

Other uses 
Miranda (moon), a moon of Uranus
Miranda (programming language), a functional programming language
Miranda IM, an open source multiprotocol instant messaging application for Microsoft Windows
Miranda Camera Company, a former Japanese camera manufacturer which ceased operations in 1976
Miranda House, a residential college for women, forming part of Delhi University, India
 Miranda Do Douro language, see Mirandese language spoken in parts of Portugal
 Miranda railway station in Sydney, Australia
 A character from British science fiction television series Doctor Who
 Miranda (TV series), British television series
Estado Miranda is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Los Teques.

Miranda State covers a total surface area of 7,950 km². It is the second largest state in population after Zulia Venezuela, approximately 3,028,965 (2011).

Administrative divisions

Municipalities and municipal seats

Miranda state is sub-divided into 21 municipalities,. given below with their areas, populations and administrative seats:

Other important towns

Geography

Hidrography

Rivers

El principal río del estado es el río Tuy. Nace a 2.100 m de altitud y recorre de 250 km.  Otros ris del estado son: Guaire, Grande, Curiepe, Capaya, Guapo, Chupaquire, Panapo, Uchire, Chuspa and Aricagua.

Lagoons

In the state there are various gaps: Laguna de Tacarigua, Merecuere, Agua salud, El Conflicto y el Rosario.

National parks

 El Ávila National Park.
 Guatopo National Park.
 Laguna de Tacarigua National Park.
 Macarao National Park.

Natural monuments
 Cueva Alfredo Jahn.
 Pico Codazzi.
 Cuevas del Indio Park.

Other sites of interest

 Acuario Agustín Codazzi.
 Birongo.
 El Pueblo El Jarillo.
 Higuerote.
 Playa de Carenero.
 Playa de Chirimena.
 Playas de Barlovento.
 Playas de Buche y Los Totumos.
 Puerto Francés.
 Tren El Encanto.

References

Other websites

 Gobernación del Estado Miranda
 Instituto Autónomo de Bibliotecas e Información del Estado Miranda 
 Estación Meteorológica de los altos mirandinos 
 Information about the region of the Tuy Valley 
 Notices about the region of Barlovento at Barloventoardiente.com 
 Guatire.net
 Guarenas.com

States of Venezuela
Miranda is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange  and his most famous book today. It is said that Miranda is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia. 
The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.

Explanation of the novel's title
The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Miranda also has been influenced by work such as: Men Like Gods by Herbert George Wells; The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella; Lenore by Edgar Allan Poe,;Genezis z Ducha by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.

Plot summary
The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book think the most important things are anarchy, freedom, peace, and free love. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own parte-parole) falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.

Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.

References

1924 works
Novels
1920s books
Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a semi-aquatic rodent of South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about two feet tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent. 

Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about a meter, or 3 feet, long, and its shoulder is about 60 centimeters, or about two feet, high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur.  When they are old their fur is thin, their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes and ears and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming.

Lifestyle 
Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America.   In the morning, evening, and at night they eat grass, mostly on land. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water.   They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath under water for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favourite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.   

Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups have even had 100 capybaras.  They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.

Conservation and contact with humans 
Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept pets in the United States, but not in some places. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.

References 

Rodents
Mammals of South America
Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, born Martha Wayles (October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782) was the only wife of her second husband, Thomas Jefferson.  

She was a widow at her second wedding, as her first husband had died young.  When her second husband, Jefferson, was Governor of Virginia, she served as First Lady of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
   
The Jeffersons had six children together, but only two daughters survived to adulthood, and only one past the age of 25. Weakened by childbirth, Martha Jefferson died several months after the birth of her last child, twenty years before her husband became the third President of the United States.  At her wishes, he never married again.

Other websites
 Colonial Williamsburg: Interview of Martha Jefferson, YouTube
 Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , Monticello: For accurate, up-to-date information written and moderated by historians at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
 Martha Jefferson at Find-A-Grave
 "Martha Jefferson", First Lady Biography

1748 births
1782 deaths
Thomas Jefferson
People from Virginia
The Great Awakenings were a few periods of religious revival in United States history. The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.  

There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:

The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s)
The Second Great Awakening (1800s - 1830s)
The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s)
The Fourth Great Awakening (1960s - 1970s)

History of the United States
Lycopene is the pigment of tomato. Its chemical formula is (6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)- 
2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31- Octamethyldotriaconta- 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,18,20,22,24,26,30- tridecaene. C40H56.

Ketchup contains the highest concentrations of bioavailable lycopene.

Chemicals
Housefly is the common fly often found in houses. The Latin name for the housefly is Musca domestica. This species is always found near humans. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches. Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they also carry disease-causing organisms. Flies are not only an irritant to farm workers but may be a public health concern. Houseflies are pests and can carry diseases.

Each female fly can lay about 9,000 eggs in its life, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are laid on or near meat, often dead animals. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed on dead and decaying organic material, such as garbage, carrion or faeces. They are pale-whitish, and have no legs. Their life cycle is from 14 hours to 36 hours. 

At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry, cool place and turn into pupae. These are coloured reddish-brown and about 8 mm long. From the pupae emerge adult flies. The whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis. 

Adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild. After they come out from the pupae, the flies do not grow. Small flies of the same species did not get enough food when they were larvae.The function of an adult fly is to reproduce.

References 

Flies
Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with chemistry that came to existence in the early 20th century. Before this time, chemical plants were designed by chemists, who were trained to work on a small scale only. Chemical engineering combines the jobs of a chemist and that of industrial engineer. This makes factories more efficient and chemicals much cheaper. Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics. There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.

Some new topics in chemical engineering include:
 environmental sanitation at factories (making certain that nature is not hurt by the factories); 
 developing types of energy other than those from gas or oil;
 biomedical engineering.

Notes 

Branches of chemistry
Engineering disciplines
The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and each of the other Commonwealth realms.  The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line of the House of Wettin, while the newer part is a branch of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg line of the House of Oldenburg.

Descendants of Victoria
Queen Victoria married Prince Albert, son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.  Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha with the house name of Wettin.  Victoria's son Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house.  But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German.  A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers.  People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken.  Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany. On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions. Prince Louis Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten.  The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle. 

When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

Descendants of Elizabeth II
In April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II said that her descendants will keep name and House of Windsor, the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg through their father, born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, a line of the House of Oldenburg.

On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor but that their personal surname is "Mountbatten-Windsor".  Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.

List of monarchs in the House of Windsor
King George V of the United Kingdom (died 1936)
King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (died 1972)
King George VI of the United Kingdom (died 1952)
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (1952-)

The next in line for the throne is Prince Charles; if so he may be known as King Charles III.

Related pages
 British Royal Family
 Windsor, Berkshire

Further reading
Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). The Royal House of Windsor. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
Roberts, Andrew. The House of Windsor. University of California Press, 2000.

Other websites
 Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
 House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
 Royal Family of Great Britain  including the Houses of Hanover, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor.
Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr., May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer. He won the welterweight and middleweight world championships. Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.

Early life 
Robinson was born in Ailey, Georgia. He moved to Harlem, New York City when he was 12.

Career 
He had no losses as an amateur boxer. He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946. He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951. He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. He retired later that year. He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955. He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch. Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.

Death 
Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s. He died of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease at the age of 67 in Culver City, California in 1989.

Other websites 
 Boxing record 
 The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson 

1921 births
1989 deaths
African-American boxers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from New York City
Randolph Adolphus ('Randy') Turpin (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951.

Turpin was born in Leamington Spa to a white British mother and black Guyanan father. He became a professional boxer in 1946. In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship. Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.

Robinson and Turpin had a rematch in September 1951 where Robinson regained the title by a tenth-round knockout. 

He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s. He lived in Leamington Spa with his wife and four daughters. On 17 May 1966 in Leamington Spa he shot one of his daughters (who survived), then shot himself dead.

References

Other websites
Boxing record 
Tribute website 

1928 births
1966 deaths
Black British sportspeople
British boxers
British criminals
Criminals who committed suicide
Sportspeople from Warwickshire
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm
Suicides in the United Kingdom
Maple (Latin name Acer ) is a genus of trees or shrubs. Sometimes they are put into a family of their own, the Aceraceae. At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae. To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification. There are between 100 and 200 species of maples. Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America. 

The word Acer comes from a Latin word meaning "sharp". It was given because of the characteristic sharp points on the maple leaves. The first person to talk about the genus that way was French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700. The type species of the genus is Acer pseudoplatanus (the sycamore maple).

Seed dispersal  
The maple's distinctive fruit are called samaras, and known by many children as "helicopters" by the way they spin as they fall. Inside the fruit are found their seeds, which are in pairs. Each one is enclosed in a "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. One tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time. Some seeds can remain in the soil for several years before germinating.

What are maples used for? 
Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities. Some species resist the cold rather well. Sugar maples are grown to make maple syrup. Some maples are grown for timber (wood that is used for furniture).

Symbolism 
The flag of Canada shows a maple leaf.

References 

Trees
Sapindaceae
Tilde Maria Henny Märta Fröling (born May 15, 1980) is a Swedish television personality, actress and singer. She is the daughter of actress Ewa Fröling.  Fröling was born in Stockholm, Sweden.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
Swedish actors
Swedish singers
Swedish television presenters
Reality television participants
The Eulipotyphla is an order of mammals. It was formed from those insectivorous mammals which are monophyletic, a single clade. The old order Insectivora is now abandoned because it was polyphyletic. The new order Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic.

The term insectivorous (insect eating) can still be used to describe lifestyle. It explains the food habits of this and some other groups of mammals.

Lifestyles
Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life make up the main food of most members of the group. Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of North America, for example, feed also upon fish. The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.

Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit. They spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they dig for themselves. The eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them: vestigial organs. On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.

Classification
 ORDER Eulipotyphla (old 'Insectivora')
 Family Erinaceidae
 Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
 Subfamily Hylomyinae: moonrats and gymnures
 Family Soricidae (true shrews)
 Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
 Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
 Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
 Family Talpidae
 Subfamily Desmaninae: desmans
 Subfamily Talpinae: moles
 Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew moles
 Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
 Family Nesophontidae: extinct West Indian shrews

Discards
The following groups are now placed in other orders:

 Order Afrosoricida 
 Suborder Chrysochloridea
 Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
 Suborder Tenrecomorpha
 Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
 Order Macroscelidea
 Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
 Order Scandentia
 Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
 Order Dermoptera
 Family Cynocephalidae (colugos)

References

Notes
Bad Kissingen is a city in Bavaria, in the country of Germany. About 21,000 people live there.

History 
It was first mentioned in 801 CE. It is a "spa town", a place where people go to rest and relax. The well that is the source of the spa was first mentioned in 823 CE.

Well-known people 
 Jack Steinberger (born 1921), American physicist and Nobel Prize winner

References

Other websites 

Spa towns in Germany
Bad Kissingen (district)
Reuters is a British news group and money company that is was started in 1851. The group is in London and is owned by Thompson Reuters.

Media in the United Kingdom
The Associated Press (also called the AP and AP Wire) is an American non-profit news media company. It is based in New York City. The AP is a non-profit cooperative owned by the newspapers, radio and Television stations who share its news stories. Most articles are written by staff members belonging to the Newspaper Guild Union, a part of the AFL-CIO. Many news organizations that are not members pay a fee to use the stories. The AP has more than 250 local news offices in more than 100 countries. 

In 2013 the United States Department of Justice announced it had secretly obtained records of telephone calls by AP a few months before the United States presidential election, 2012. Associated Press CEO Gary Pruitt called the DOJ action: a 'massive and unprecedented intrusion' of Freedom of the Press rights, according to Fox News. Eric Holder, the United States Attorney General, claimed that he was not involved.

See
AP official website

Media in the United States
Companies based in New York City
Manhattan
The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach () was created in 1809 when the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were formally joined into one state. The two duchies had shared the same ruler since 1741, which is when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out. It became a Grand Duchy in 1815.

In 1877, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach officially became the Grand Duchy of Saxony (), but this name was not often used. The Grand Duchy was abolished in 1918 with the other German monarchies, and the state joined others to form the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic.

The Grand Dukes full title was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meißen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt and Tautenburg.

Rulers of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1809 – 1815 
 Carl August, 1809 – 15; Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach from 1758

Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1815 – 1918 
 Carl August, 1815 – 28
 Carl Friedrich, 1828 – 53
 Carl Alexander, 1853 – 1901
 Wilhelm Ernst, 1901 – 18

Heads of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1918 – present 
 Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst, 1918 – 23
 Hereditary Grand Duke Carl August, 1923 – 88
 Prince Michael, 1988 – present

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

References

Other websites 
 

1809 establishments
1918 disestablishments in Germany
House of Wettin
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the German Empire
States of the Holy Roman Empire
States of the North German Confederation
States of the Weimar Republic
Thuringia
Weimar
1800s establishments in Germany
Alligators and Caimans make up the second largest family of the crocodilians, Alligatoridae. There are 4 genera and about 7 known species of Alligatorids. Alligatorids range in size depending on species. The Chinese alligator (Aligator sinensis) is usually about  while the American Alligator (A. mississippiensis) is usually . The largest American alligator was  long. The Black Caiman of the Amazon can reach as much as .

Alligatorids live in the southern United States, Central America, northern South America and near the Yangzee river in China.

Alligators vs crocodiles
There are several differences between alligators and crocodiles. Alligators have shorter and wider snouts. They prefer fresh water to saltwater. Crocodiles have a gland that removes much of the salt. Alligators do not have this gland. In alligators, the fourth tooth of their lower jaw fits into a pit in the upper jaw. In crocodilians this tooth fits into a groove on the outside of the jaw. Alligators are also less aggressive than crocodilids. Usually only the largest of the species are a threat to humans.

Species 
 ORDER Crocodilia
 Family Alligatoridae
 Genus Leidyosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Deinosuchus (extinct)
 Subfamily Alligatorinae
 Genus Albertochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Chrysochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Hassiacosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Navahosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Ceratosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Allognathosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Hispanochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Arambourgia (extinct)
 Genus Procaimanoidea (extinct)
 Genus Wannaganosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Alligator
 Alligator prenasalis (extinct)
 Alligator mcgrewi (extinct)
 Alligator olseni (extinct)
 Chinese Alligator, Alligator sinensis 
 Alligator mefferdi (extinct)
 American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
 Subfamily Caimaninae
 Genus Necrosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Eocaiman (extinct)
 Genus Paleosuchus
 Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus 
 Smooth-fronted Caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus
 Genus Purussaurus (extinct)
 Genus Mourasuchus (extinct)
 Genus Orthogenysuchus (extinct)
 Genus Caiman
 Yacare Caiman, Caiman yacare 
 Spectacled Caiman, Caiman crocodilus 
 Rio Apaporis Caiman, C. c. apaporiensis 
 Brown Caiman, C. c. fuscus
 Caiman lutescans (extinct)
 Caiman sorontans (extinct) - Not reported in the literature, probably a nomen nudum
 Broad-snouted Caiman, Caiman latirostris 
 Genus Melanosuchus
 Melanosuchus fisheri (extinct)
 Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger

References

Crocodilia
Princess Nikki is a British reality television show that stars former Big Brother 7 UK house mate Nikki Grahame. It ran on Wednesday nights between 10:00 - 10:30pm on the digital and satellite television channel E4 from 6 September 2006, for a total runtime of 30 minutes. The show was devised by Endemol, the company that also devised Big Brother. It was narrated by the presenter and comedian, Alex Zane.

The format saw Grahame attempt several jobs on each show, which included various unpleasant tasks such as rubbish collecting, deep sea fishing, and waste management. The show's premise was to see whether or not she would perform the tasks given to her and keep her job for a day, or whether she would quit or be sacked due to her infamous tantrums. The concept of the show was taken from one of the tasks Nikki undertook while in the Big Brother house. During the task, she was assigned as Big Brother's personal assistant and had to carry out various duties, which often resulted in Nikki throwing a tantrum and refusing to comply.

The theme music for the programme has been adapted from the 1982 hit single "Hey Mickey!" by Toni Basil, with the lyrics "Hey Nikki!" used as a replacement.

Contrary to rumors, no second season is planned. Creative director Philip Edgar-Jones confirmed the series is finished in an interview with Brother's Bar.

2006 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British television series
Channel 4 reality television programmes
James William Van Der Beek, Jr. (born March 8, 1977) is an American television and movie actor. He was born in Cheshire, Connecticut. He is best known for his role as Dawson Leery in Dawson's Creek.

Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
American television actors
General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is the longest-running ABC Daytime American soap opera broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company television network. It is also the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood (having been taped at the Prospect Avenue ABC Television Center West and Sunset-Gower Studios).

Set in the fictional city of Port Charles, New York, General Hospital debuted on April 1, 1963, the same day that rival network NBC launched its own medical daytime drama, The Doctors. The show originally aired for a half-hour until the network expanded it to the unusual length of 45 minutes in 1976, and then to a full hour in 1978. The serial was created by soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley, a husband-and-wife team.

General Hospital is credited for starting several trends in the soap opera genre in the 1980s, most notably that of the fast-paced action-adventure plotlines that were remarkably different from the more traditional domestic and social issues that had been the sole focus of most soap operas during the previous decades. In 2003, when GH was celebrating its 40th anniversary, TV Guide named it "The Greatest Soap Opera Of All Time." In addition, GH was also named as one of TIME Magazine's "Top 100 Television Shows of All Time."

Cast

Current cast members

Recurring cast

Upcoming cast changes

Debuting and returning

References 

1960s American television series
1963 television series debuts
1960s drama television series
1970s American television series
1970s drama television series
1970s American workplace television series
1980s American drama television series
1980s American workplace television series
1980s soap operas
1980s workplace drama television series
1990s American drama television series
1990s American workplace television series
1990s soap operas
1990s workplace drama television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2000s soap operas
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s American workplace television series
2010s soap operas
2010s workplace drama television series
ABC network shows
American medical television series
American soap operas
American workplace drama television series
Television series set in New York
English-language television programs
Nicole Elikolani Valiente Prescovia Scherzinger (born June 29, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, television personality, and philanthrophist.

Early life 
Her father is of Filipino ancestry. Her mother is of Hawaiian and Russian ancestry. Her Catholic parents separated when she was a baby. At age six, she moved to Louisville, Kentucky. She took her German American stepfather's surname when he adopted her.

Personal life 
Since 2006, Scherzinger has had an on-off relationship with Lewis Hamilton. She has had bulimia nervosa.

Career 
Scherzinger was one of the group members in Edens Crush after winning a spot from the reality show Popstars. Scherzinger was later a member of the Pussycat Dolls. On November 16, 2007, she released her first solo album, Killer Love. She was a judge on The Sing-Off in 2009 and 2010. She was a judge on The X Factor in the United States in 2011. She has been a judge on The X Factor in the United Kingdom since 2012.

will.i.am is the executive producer of her second album.

Discography

Solo singles

As featured performer

Album appearances

References 

1978 births
Living people
American adoptees
Pussycat Dolls
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Writers from Hawaii
Musicians from Hawaii
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
American pianists
People from Honolulu
Singers from Hawaii
Singers from Louisville, Kentucky
Television personalities from Kentucky
Girls Aloud was a British girl group created by an ITV television show named Popstars: The Rivals in 2002. The group's members were Cheryl Cole (née Tweedy), Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh. Girls Aloud have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the 2000s, with a record-breaking twenty consecutive Top 10 singles (including four number ones), six platinum albums (including two number ones) and record sales of more than 4.3 million in the UK.  They have also been nominated for five BRIT Awards, winning Best Single in 2009 for The Promise. The Guinness Book of World Records list them as "the most successful reality TV group of all time".  In March 2013, the group announced that they were splitting up.

Albums 
 Sound of the Underground (2003)
 What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004)
 Chemistry (2005)
 Tangled Up (2007)
 Out of Control (2008)

Compilations 
 The Sound of Girls Aloud (2006)
 Ten (2012)

Singles 
 Sound of the Underground (2002)
 No Good Advice (2003)
 Life Got Cold (2003)
 Jump (2003)
 The Show (2004)
 Love Machine (2004)
 I'll Stand By You (2004)
 Wake Me Up (2005)
 Long Hot Summer (2005)
 Biology (2005)
 See The Day (2005)
 Whole Lotta History (2006)
 Something Kinda Ooooh (2006)
 I Think We're Alone Now (2006)
 Sexy! No No No... (2007)
 Call The Shots (2007)
 Can't Speak French (2008)
 The Promise (2008)
 The Loving Kind (2009)
 Untouchable (2009)
 Something New (2012)
 Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me (2012)

References

Other websites
Official website 

2002 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British girl groups
British pop music groups
 
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups from London 
Musical quintets
The Wulfila Bible (or Gothic Bible) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language. It was done by a Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century. It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament. The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible. Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write. This was impractical, though. For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet. The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.

Many copies of parts of the text still exist today. Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century. The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language. It is very important for research.

Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible 
þ is pronounced like the English th in the.

atta unsar þu ïn himina
weihnai namo þein
qimai þiudi nassus þeins
wairþai wilja þeins
swe ïn himina jah ana airþai
hlaif unsarana þana sin teinan gif uns himma daga
jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijai ma
swaswe jah weis afletam þai skulam unsaraim
jah ni brig gais uns ïn fraistubnjai
ak lau sei uns af þamma ubilin
unte þeina ïst þiudangardi
jah mahs jah wulþus ïn aiwins
amen

Other websites 
 Full text of the Wulfilabible 
 Smaller gothic fragments

Bible versions
The Plague of Athens was an epidemic which hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), when an Athenian victory still seemed possible.  Many historians believe that it entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies. The city-state of Sparta, and much of the eastern Mediterranean, was also struck by the disease.  The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/6 BC.

References
 Gomme, A. W., edited by A. Andrewes and K. J. Dover.  An Historical Commentary on Thucydides, Volume 5. Book VIII  Oxford University Press, 1981.  .
 McNeill, William H. Plagues and People. New York: Anchor Books, 1976. .
 Papagrigorakis, Manolis J., Christos Yapijakis, Philippos N. Synodinos, and Effie Baziotopoulou-Valavani.  "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens," International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10 (2006): 206-214.  ISSN 1201-9712.
 Pomeroy, Sarah B., Spartan Women Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
 Zinsser, Hans. Rats, Lice and History:  A Chronicle of Pestilence and Plagues.  Originally published in Boston in 1935, later edition in 1963.  Most recent edition 1996, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, New York.  .

Other websites 
Access to International Journal of Infectious Disease/Article
History of the Peloponnesian War ii, 47–55 .
 Live Science article Accessed January 23, 2006.
Women in Classical Athens 

Infectious diseases
Ancient Greece
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg () was a country in what is today Thuringia, Germany.

It was formed in 1672 when Frederick Wilhelm III, the last duke of Saxe-Altenburg died and Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (who had married Frederick Wilhelm's cousin, Elisabeth Sophie) inherited his possessions.

The duchy was split up again after Ernest’s death in 1675, and the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg officially came into existence in 1680 when his eldest son, Frederick, took control of the parts of the country Gotha and Altenburg.

When the royal house of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg became extinct in 1825, Saxe-Gotha was given to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Altenburg passed to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. After the abolition of German monarchies at the end of the First World War, both Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg became part of the newly created state of Thuringia in 1920.

Dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 
 Ernest I the Pious (1640-1675), inherited Saxe-Altenburg in 1675
 Frederick I (1675-1691), son of Ernest the Pious and the first to be called Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
 Frederick II (1691-1732), son
 Frederick III (1732-1772), son
 Ernest II (1772-1804), son
 Emil (1804-1822), son
 Frederick IV (1822-1825), brother
Divided between Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen

House of Wettin
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Thuringia
Piraeus is a port and municipality in Athens, Attica, Greece, in the south of the center of Athens.

The population of Piraeus is 163,688 (2011).

Population

Sister cities 
 Marseille, France 
 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA 
 Ostrava, Czech republic 
 Baltimore, Maryland, USA 
 Galaţi, Romania  since 1985
 Varna, Bulgaria 
 Vilnius, Lithuania

Famous residents 
 Polychronis Lembesis (1848-1913) painter
 Ioannis Koutsis (18601953) painter
 Gerasimos Vokos (1868-1927) journalist and writer
 Alexandros Christofis (1875-1957) painter
 Stylianos Miliadis (1881-1965) writer
 Yiorgos Batis (1885-1967) rebetiko musician
 Dimitris Pikionis (1887-1968) architect
 Michalis Oikonomou (1888-1933) painter
 Katina Paxinou (1900–1973) actress
 Markos Vamvakaris (1905-1972) musician and composer
 Emmanuel Kriaras (1906) philologist and lexicographer
 Yannis Tsarouchis (1910-1989) painter
 Dimitrios Gavriilidis (1914) artist
 Michalis Genitsaris (1917-2005) singer and composer
 Andreas Krystallis (1919-1951) painter
 Ektor Kaknavatos (1920) poet
 Nicola Zaccaria (1923-2007) opera singer
 Thanasis Veggos (1926) actor and film director
 Andreas Mouratis (1926) footballer
 John S. Romanides (1927-2001) priest and theologian
 Archbishop Anastasios of Albania (1929)
 Dimitris Papamichael (1931-2004)
 Costas Simitis (1936) economist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece
 Jannis Kounellis (1936) sculptor
 Tolis Voskopoulos (1940) singer and actor
 Thodoris Dritsas (1947) politician
 George Dalaras (1949) singer
 Yiannis Kyrastas (1952-2004) footballer and football manager
 Eleftheria Arvanitaki (1956) singer
 Mando (1966) singer
 Grigoris Georgatos (1973) footballer 
 Spyros Paliouras (1957-1975) writer
 Nikolaos Pavlopoulos (1909-1990) sculptor and writer
 The Andrianopoulos brothers, founders of the Olympiacos sporting club

Mayors of Piraeus 

 Christos Agrapidis (1999-2006)
 Panagiotis Fasoulas (2007- )

Universities and technological institutes 
 University of Piraeus

References

Other websites 

 Municipality of Pireas 
 Piraeus Port Authority
 The Marble Lion of Piraeus 

Settlements in Greece
The Rhône is a river in France and Switzerland. It is 812 kilometers long. The river starts in Rhône Glacier, which is in Switzerland. Then, the Rhône River joints the Saône, in France (and other rivers) and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.

The River Rhône empties into the Mediterranean. Only the Nile brings more water into the Mediterranean. The river drains an area of 95.5500 m2. The usual amount of water is about 1.700 m3 per second (at Tarrascon). During floods, this value has reached over 12.000 m3 per second.

This river splits into two smaller rivers before it flows into the Mediterranean Sea.  The space between those rivers is named the Camargue, and many types of animals live there.

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Switzerland
Occitanie
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Luis Egidio Meléndez (Naples, 1716-Madrid, 1780) was a Spanish painter. Although he received little acclaim or praise during his lifetime and died in poverty, Meléndez is recognized today as the greatest Spanish still life painter of the eighteenth century. His mastery of composition and light, and his remarkable ability to convey the volume and texture of individual objects enabled him to transform the most mundane (ordinary) of kitchen fare into powerful images.

1716 births
1780 deaths
Spanish painters
People from Naples
Saxe-Hildburghausen was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.

History 
Although it was very small, Saxe-Hildburghausen was an independent duchy from 1680 to 1826. In 1684 the duchy changed its capital from Heldburg to Hildburghausen, and changed its name to Saxe-Hildburghausen.

In 1810, a Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen married Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, who became king of Bavaria 15 years later. The marriage is the reason for the Oktoberfest, held annually in Munich.

In 1826, the Ernestine duchies were reorganised after the last ruler of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died without an heir. The duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen gave up his duchy in return for becoming Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. Hildburghausen was given to Saxe-Meiningen. Hildburghausen was not one of the duchies in the Imperial circle, Altenburg was, so by swapping his land the duke gained in social rank, even though the Holy Roman Empire no longer existed

In 1868, four districts were established in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. Hildburghausen was one of these districts, with boundaries very similar to those of the former duchy. It remained almost unchanged until 1993, when the former district of Suhl was dissolved and most of its municipalities joined the district.

Dukes of Saxe-Hildburghausen 
 Ernst II (1675 – 1715)
 Ernst Frederick I (1715 – 24)
 Ernst Frederick II (1724 – 45)
 Ernst Frederick III (1745 – 80)
 Frederick (1780 – 1825)
Incorporated into Saxe-Meiningen

House of Wettin
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Thuringia
The historical method are the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.

Guidelines 

Following Garraghan (in: A Guide to Historical Method, 168) puts six questions that should be answered as minimal standard for a sound historical method:

 When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?
 Where was it produced (localization)?
 By whom was it produced (authorship)?
 From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)?
In what original form was it produced (integrity)?
 What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?

References 

Gilbert J. Garraghan, A Guide to Historical Method, Fordham University Press: New York (1946).   .
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method, Alfred A. Knopf: New York (1950). .
Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, Cornell University Press: Ithaca (2001). .
C. Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions, Cambridge University Press: New York (1984). .
R. J. Shafer, A Guide to Historical Method, The Dorsey Press: Illinois (1974). .

Related pages
Historiography
Scientific method

Other websites 
Historical Sources Online by Marc Comtois
Philosophy of History  by Paul Newall
The Historian's Sources, online lesson by the Library of Congress
Federal Rules of Evidence in United States law
A primary source is an original document or other material that has not been changed in any way. It is a reliable first-hand account usually written at or near the time the event(s) occurred. Usually it was produced by someone with direct personal knowledge of the events that are described. It is used as an original source of information about the topic. Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources. Secondary sources are documents based on primary sources. Thus, a memoir of a participant in an event is a primary source, whilst a history of that event based on several memoirs is a secondary source. Different kinds of work have slightly different definitions of a primary source. In journalism, for example, a primary source can also be a person.

Related pages 

Historiography
Secondary source
Tertiary source

References

Bibliography 
 Jules R. Benjamin. A Student's Guide to History (2003)
 Kathleen W. Craver. Using Internet Primary Sources to Teach Critical Thinking Skills in History (1999)
  Thomas Cripps, "Historical Truth: An Interview with Ken Burns", American Historical Review 100 (1995), 741-64. online at JSTOR
  Michael Drake and Ruth Finnegan (Eds), Sources and Methods for Family and Community Historians: A Handbook, (Cambridge University Press in conjunction with the Open University, 1997)
 Wood Gray, Historian's handbook, a key to the study and writing of history (Houghton Mifflin, 1964).
 Martha C. Howell and Walter Prevenier. From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods (2001)
 Library of Congress, " Analysis of Primary Sources" online 2007
 Richard A. Marius and Melvin E. Page. A Short Guide to Writing About History (5th Edition) (2004)
 Barbara W. Sommer and Mary Kay Quinlan, The Oral History Manual (2002)

Other websites
- to primary sources repositories
A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources
 Find primary sources  in the collections of major research libraries using ArchiveGrid

- to all sources repositories
Wikisource – The Free Library – is the Wikimedia project that collects, edits, and catalogs all source texts.

- to essays and descriptions of primary, secondary and other sources
Ithaca College Library - Primary and secondary sources
"How to distinguish between primary and secondary sources" from the University of California, Santa Cruz Library
"Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary sources"  from James Cook University Library
 Joan of Arc: Primary Sources Series -- Example of a publication focusing on primary source documents.
 Finding primary sources from the University of California, Berkeley library
 "Primary versus secondary sources"  from the Bowling Green State University library
 Finding primary sources in world history

Science