Year 1680 was a leap year that started on a Monday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 February – the Reverend Ralph Davenant dies leaving £100 in his will to start up a new school for the poor boys of Whitechapel, in the East End.
 May – an eruption occurs at the volcano Krakatoa, probably on a relatively small scale.
 July 8 – The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 August 21 – Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe (New Mexico) from Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt.
 November 17 – Whigs organize pope-burning processions in London.
 November 23 – Great Comet of 1680 first sighted.

Undated 
 Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV): decide on complete annexation of Alsace.
 First Portuguese governor is appointed to Macau.
 The Swedish city Karlskrona founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there.

Births 
 January 23 – Joseph Ames, English writer (died 1759)
 February 14 – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (died 1737)
 February 23 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (died 1767)
 April 9 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (died 1754)
 June 22 – Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (died 1754)
 September 22 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (died 1747)
 October 19 – John Abernethy, Irish Protestant minister (died 1740)
 November 22 – Edward Teach (Blackbeard), pirate (died 1718)
 date unknown – John Machin, English mathematician (died 1752)

Deaths 
 February – Reverend Ralph Davenant, founder of Davenant Foundation School
 February 17
 Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (born 1599)
 Jan Swammerdam, Dutch scientist (born 1637)
 February 22 – Catherine Monvoisin, French sorceress (born c.1607)
 March 14 – René Le Bossu, French critic (born 1631)
 March 17 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French writer (born 1613)
 March 23 – Nicolas Fouquet, French statesman (born 1615)
 march 4 – Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire (born 1630)
 May 31 – Joachim Neander, German Calvinist clergyman (born 1650)
 June 18 – Samuel Butler, English poet (born 1612)
 June 10 – Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (born 1635)
 July 10 – Louis Moréri, French encylopedist (born 1643)
 July 26 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (born 1647)
 July 30 – Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory, Irish naval commander (born 1634)
 August 20 – William Bedloe, English informer (born 1650)
 August 22 – John George II, Elector of Saxony (born 1613)
 August 24 – Thomas Blood, thief of the English Crown Jewels (born 1618)
 August 25 – Simeon of Polotsk, Belarusian churchman and poet (born 1629)
 September 2 – Per Brahe (the younger), Swedish soldier and statesman (born 1602)
 September 9 – Henry Marten, English regicide (born 1602)
 September 10 – Baldassare Ferr, Italian castrato (born 1610)
 September 11
 Roger Crab, English Puritan political writer (born 1621)
 Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (born 1596)
 October 4 – Pierre Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder (born c.1640)
 October 30 – Antoinette Bourignon, Flemish mystic (born 1616)
 November 27 – Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar (born 1602)
 November 28 – Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor (born 1598)
 November 28 – Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (born 1606)
 December 4 – Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (born 1616)
 December 8 – Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, English politician (born 1606)