cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Shantungosaurus meaning "Shandong Lizard" is a genus of hadrosaur found in the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Formation of the Shandong Peninsula in China, either an Edmontosaurus but larger.

Description
It is the longest and largest known hadrosaur. The skeleton of a medium-sized individual mounted at the Geological Institute of China in Beijing is  in length, and the type skull is  long. The weight of this genus is estimated at up to . With a composite mounted skeleton 16.6 meters long (54.5 ft) it is the largest known ornithischian and the largest non-sauropod dinosaur. 

It had an unusually long tail, presumably to counterbalance the great weight of the body at the animal's hips.

Like all hadrosaurs its beak was toothless, but its jaws were packed with around 1,500 tiny chewing teeth. A large hole near its nostrils may have been covered by a loose flap, which could be inflated to make sounds.

First described in 1973, Shantungosaurus is known from at least five incomplete skeletons.

References 

Hadrosauridae
Tera Patrick (born July 25, 1976) is a former American pornographic actress and adult model. Her real name is Linda Ann Hopkins. She has also used the aliases Tara Patrick, Sadie Jordan, Brooke Thomas and Tera Hopkins. Tera Patrick was born in Great Falls, Montana. She acted in about 120 adult movies.

Patrick has been in Playboy and Penthouse.  In Penthouse she was the "Pet of the Month" for February 2000.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Official film website 
Movies with Tera Patrick

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Montana
American adult models
American pornographic actors
People from Great Falls, Montana
American bloggers
The White Citizens' Council was an American group of people who believed that white people were better than black people (white supremacy). It began on July 11, 1954.  After 1956, it was called the Citizens' Councils of America.  With about 60,000 members, mostly in the South, many people knew the group because it opposed racial integration during the 1950s and 1960s. It responded to integration efforts with economic boycotts and other intimidation against black activists, including depriving them of jobs.  The WCC was a part of the "massive resistance" in the South against court decisions that required racial integration.

Federal civil rights legislation passed in the mid-1960s over the opposition of the WCC. By the 1970s, the federal government was working hard to enforce those laws. So, the influence of the WCC dropped very much. People in the WCC went on to found the Council of Conservative Citizens in the 1985.

References

Further reading

Geary, Daniel and Sutton, Jennifer. "Resisting the Wind of Change: The Citizens' Councils and European Decolonization," in Cornelius A. van Minnen and Manfred Berg, eds., The U.S. South and Europe, University of Kentucky Press, 2013.

Other websites 
The Citizens' Council - Historical resource website by Edward Sebesta, with digitized copies of the full run of The Citizens Council newspaper, 1955–1961. Originally a publication of the Mississippi Citizens' Council, the monthly publication became the official paper of the Citizens' Councils of America in October 1956.
Available in PDF from Internet Archive.
"Civil Rights Documentation Project" , University of Southern Mississippi
Dr. John Dittmer, "'Barbour is an Unreconstructed Southerner': Prof. John Dittmer on Mississippi Governor’s Praise of White Citizens’ Councils", 22 December 2010 video report by Democracy Now! 
 "Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman: The Struggle for Justice", American Bar Association

American civil rights
1954 establishments in the United States
In physics, the weber (symbol: Wb; , , or ) is the SI unit of magnetic flux. A flux density of one Wb/m2 (one weber per square meter) is one tesla.

The weber is named for the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891).

Definition 
The weber may be defined in terms of Faraday's law, which relates a changing magnetic flux through a loop to the electric field around the loop. A change in flux of one weber per second will induce an electromotive force of one volt (produce an electric potential difference of one volt across two open-circuited terminals).  

Officially,
Weber (unit of magnetic flux) — The weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.

In SI base units, the dimensions of the weber are (kg·m2)/(s2·A).  Many times, the weber is expressed in terms of other derived units as the Tesla-square meter (T·m2), volt-seconds (V·s), or joules per ampere (J/A).

1 Wb = 1 V·s = 1 T·m2 = 1 J/A = 108 Mx (maxwells).

References 

SI units
Magnetism
Warka is a small city in Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. The Pilica river runs through the city. 11,435 people live there.

Cities in Poland
Dark adaptor goggles are used in the field of meteorology. They are used for either adapting the eyes to the dark before an observation at night or to help with the identification of clouds during bright sunshine or glare from snow. The goggles are made with red-tinted plastic lenses. The goggles are designed to be worn inside but some people find walking, especially up and down stairs, to be hard.

References
 Environment Canada - Atmospheric Environment Services, Manual of Surface Weather Observations (MANOBS), 7th Edition, January 1977.

Meteorology
Optics
The Digital Visual Interface (or DVI) is a video interface standard. It is used to send video between a source (such as a personal computer) and a display (such as a monitor). This interface cannot be used to transmit audio unless it is connected to a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) converter. HDMI and DVI use the same protocol for signalling, named Transition-minimized differential signaling.

The DVI standard has is widely used in the personal computer industry. Many desktop personal computers and monitors can use it. Most desktop personal computers and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors sold in stores today have more than one video interface, including DVI. Many other devices (such as projectors and televisions) can use DVI as part of HDMI. 

HDMI is a newer video interface standard. Many laptops still have an old-fashioned VGA connector. Many models in the 2010s have HDMI ports. Fewer laptops have DVI.

DVI was created by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). It was created to replace the "legacy analog technology" VGA connector standard.  DVI is designed to carry uncompressed digital video data to a display. It works very well with the HDMI standard in digital mode (DVI-D), and VGA in analog mode (DVI-A). It is also found in some television sets even though it has been widely replaced by HDMI.

References 

Computer hardware
Computer graphics
Electrical connectors
was a  after Enryaku and before Kōnin.  This period started in May 806 and ended in September 810. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Daidō era

 806 (Daidō 1): , also known as , returned to Japan from China; and he settled at Miyajima where he established .
 9 April 806 (Daidō 1, 17th day of the 3rd month): In the 25th year of Emperor Kammu's reign, he died; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Soon after, Emperor Heizei accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 18 May 809 (Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Heizei's reign, he abdicated.  Heizei's successor was his second son who became known as Emperor Saga.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
806 establishments
809 disestablishments
was a  after Daidō and before Tenchō.  This period started in September 810  and ended in January 824. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Kōnin era 

 812 (Kōnin 3):  Official commentary on the Nihongi was written.
 820 (Kōnin 3):  Legal code was re-written in 50 volumes, including all laws since 701.
 822 (Kōnin 13): Death of the monk Saichō, who was the founder of the  sect of Buddhism in Japan
 30 May 823 (Kōnin 14, 17th day of the 4th month): In the 14th year of Emperor Saga's reign, he abdicated.  The succession (senso) was received by a his younger brother.  Soon after, Emperor Junna accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

This era is part of Kōnin-jōgan, which is a historical period from 810 to 877.  The importance of Buddhism and the arts was notable during this time.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
810 establishments
824 disestablishments
The Hessians were German soldiers who were hired to fight for the British Empire.

Some princes in Germany agreed to give Great Britain men to fight in return for money and were made rich by their soldiers' services.

Military of the United Kingdom
History of Germany
was a  after Kōnin and before Jōwa.  This period started in January 824 and ended in January 834.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Tenchō era

 824 (Tenchō 1): This summer was entirely dry; and prayers for rain were offered by the Buddhist priest Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi).  Those prayers seemed to be answered when it did rain.
 824 (Tenchō 1, 7th month): The former-Emperor Heizei died at age 51.
 825 (Tenchō 2, 11th month): The former-Emperor Saga celebrated his 40th birthday.
 826 (Tenchō 3, 11th month): Kūkai advises the emperor to build a pagoda near To-ji in Kyoto.

This era is part of Kōnin-jōgan, which is a historical period from 810 to 877.  The importance of Buddhism and the arts was notable during this time.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
824 establishments
834 disestablishments
The Riverside Stadium is a football stadium in Middlesbrough, England. The stadium is the homeground of Middlesbrough F.C. since its opening.  Its present capacity is 34,742 all seated. There is provisional permission to expand the stadium to 42,000 if it is needed.

History
The stadium was built in 1994/95. It replaced Ayresome Park. After the Taylor Report from 1990 all top league clubs must have all seater stadiums. Because the space was limited to enlarge Ayresome Park the club decided to built a new stadium. This stadium was built in only 32 weeks on the Middlehaven site by the River Tees.

The building had 30 000 seats but was enlarged to its present capacity in 1998. 4 900 seats were built in the north and west corners.

International matches
During the construction of the new Wembley stadium the English nationalteam toured the country. The Riverside was chosen to host the Euro 2004 qualifying match against Slovakia on 11 June 2003. But also some U21 matches were held.

Records
Record Attendance (All teams):  35,000 England v Slovakia, 11 June 2003, (Euro 2004 qualifier)
Record Attendance (Middlesbrough):  34,836 v Norwich City, 28 December 2004 (FA Premier League)

References

Other websites

Riverside Stadium
Riverside Stadium on the Official Homepage MFC 

Football stadiums in England
1995 establishments in England
was a  after Tenchō and before Kashō.  This period started in January 834  and ended in July 848.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Jōwa era 

There were disturbances when Emperor Junna abdicated; and this time was called Jōwa no Hen.
 
 834 (Jōwa 1): Emperor Ninmyō planted a cherry tree near the shishinden to replace the tree Emperor Kammu planted when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō (Kyoto).

 834 (Jōwa 1): Kukai was permitted to create a Buddhist chapel at the Imperial Palace.

 11 June 840 (Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.

 841 (Jōwa 8, 11th month): A broom star was seen in the west.

 24 August 842 (Jōwa 9, 15th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Saga died at the age of 57.

 843 (Jōwa 10): Work was completed on the Nihon kōki.

Coins minted from 835 to 847 were known as Jōwa-shōhō.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
834 establishments
848 disestablishments
The American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) is a contract bridge federation in North America. It is the largest contract bridge organization in North America. It promotes the game of bridge in the United States, Mexico, Bermuda, and Canada. It is a member of the World Bridge Federation.

It was established in 1937 in New York City. Its headquarters are now in Horn Lake, Mississippi. It has a full-time staff of 75 employees in the headquarters, plus about 170 tournament directors throughout the country.

References

Other websites 
 ACBL official website

Bridge federations
1937 establishments in the United States
Organizations based in the United States
1930s establishments in New York (state)
The United States Chess Federation (USCF) is the national chess federation in the United States. It is the U.S. member of FIDE. It was established in 1939, and at present It based in Crossville, Tennessee. 

USCF organizes or sanctions over 20 national championships. It provides the main rating system for tournament chess in the United States. It does this together with about 2,000 affiliates, mostly chess clubs and local chess organizations. It publishes a magazine, Chess Life, for its members and for general sale. Its membership is about 80,000.

Organisation
President: Ruth Haring
Vice president: Gary Walters

Presidents 
 1939 – 1942 ; George Sturgis
 1943 – 1948 ; Elbert Wagner, Jr.
 1948 – 1951 ; Paul Geirs
 1951 – 1954 ; Harold M. Phillips
 1954 – 1957 ; Frank Graves
 1957 – 1960 ; Jerry Spann
 1960 – 1963 ; Fred Cramer
 1963 – 1966 ; Ed Edmondson
 1966 – 1969 ; Marshall Rohland
 1969 – 1972 ; Leroy Dubeck
 1972 – 1975 ; Frank Skoff
 1975 – 1978 ; George Koltanowski
 1978 – 1981 ; Gerald Sperling
 1981 – 1984 ; Tim Redman
 1984 – 1987 ; Steven Doyle
 1987 – 1990 ; Harold Winston
 1990 – 1993 ; Maxim Dlugy
 1993 – 1996 ; Denis Barry
 1996 – 1999 ; Don Schultz
 1999 – 2000 ; Bob Smith
 2000 – 2001 ; Tim Redman
 2001 – 2003 ; John McCrary
 2003 – 2005 ; Beatriz Marinello
 2005 – 2008 ; Bill Goichberg
 2009 – 2011 ; Jim Berry
 2011 ; Ruth Haring

Other websites 
 United States Chess Federation (USCF) 

1939 establishments in the United States
Chess organizations
Sports organizations of the United States
The United States Backgammon Federation (USBGF) is an organisation who are in charge of backgammon in the United States. They were founded in 1939.
The president is Perry Partner.

American backgammon players
Kit Woolsey

1939 establishments in the United States
Backgammon
Organizations based in the United States
Music of Mexico has a lot of different forms of music genres that are performed by Mexican musicians.

Type of music 
Folk musicbutthead is the bum and he iss a type of narrative song that tells a story. Corridos are recorded as a ballad and sometimes as a duet with another artist. Traditional folk music is a type of folk music that is sung by ordinary people. In popular music, this can include the ranchera, mariachi and conjunto music. Mexican folk music are based on instruments such as the violin and guitar. Mexican sones are a type of ranchera music that developed when the Spanish evaded Mexico. Tejano music is a type of folk music mixed with R&B and country. Tejano (or Tex-Mex music) is popularized in South Texas and North Mexico. Tejano began when the Germans settled in South Texas during the 1600s and brought musical instruments to the native people. Ever since, Tejano has grown to become the most widely known type of music in Mexico and has its own music awards held annually in San Antonio, Texas. "The Queen of Tejano music" is Selena and "The King of Tejano music" is Emilio Navaria. Banda and Norteño are two music genres that formed from Tejano music.

Cumbia and pop 
The cumbia music is also popular in Mexico and was brought by the Cubans. "Bolero", which originated from Puerto Rico, is popular in Mexico as a mixed style with cumbia music. In recent year, Mexican Pop music has seen the rise in popularity beginning in the 2000s.

Mexican music
The Surveyor General is a government's official surveyor. They would be responsible for surveying a particular country or area. These would once have been military jobs, but now they are mainly civilian positions.

The following Surveyor General positions exist, or have existed historically:
 Surveyor General (Canada):
 Arpenteur général du Québec
 Surveyor General of Ontario
 Surveyor General (Australia)
 Surveyor General of New South Wales
 Surveyor General of South Australia
 Surveyor General of Victoria
 Surveyor General of Western Australia
 Surveyor General of Cornwall
 Surveyor General of India
 Surveyor General of Ireland
 Surveyor General of New Netherland
 The Surveyor General of Pakistan
 Surveyor General of Sri Lanka (formal Surveyor General of Ceylon)
 Surveyor General of the United States
 Surveyor General of North Carolina
 Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory
Surveyor General of Hong Kong

Surveyor Generals are also known from former centralized markets enterprises and divisions created after finish of 2nd WW. They controled organized development of industrial areas based on coordination of existing plants layouts with future investment projects. Example as former VSZ n.p., etc.

Government occupations
The Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) are in Canberra. They are under the control of the Australian Government's Department of the Environment and Heritage.

The botanic gardens are the largest living collection of native Australian plants. The garen was set up to study and promote Australia's plants. The garden keeps a wide variety of resources for researchers and grows native plants threatened in the wild.

History of the Gardens
The Advisory Council of Federal Capital Territory recommended the setting up of a National Botanic Garden in 1933. A large site for the gardens was set aside on Black Mountain. In September 1949, the first trees were planted by Prime Minister Ben Chifley and Director of Kew Gardens, Sir Edward Salisbury. The Gardens were officially opened in October 1970 by Prime Minister John Gorton.

The Gardens has over  on Black Mountain. About  have been used for the Botanic Gardens. Plans for the development of the remaining land are on hold until money is available.

The collection
The gardens is organised in sections; plants are grouped by shared taxonomy or are presented in groupings that exist in nature. More than 5,500 species are cultivated. Displays include:
Rainforest Gully, featuring plants for the rainforests of Eastern Australia.
Rock Garden, a display of plants which occur in habitats from the desert to alpine areas.
Sydney Region Flora, a display of plants found in the sandstone formations of the Sydney basin. 
Mallee Plants, the mallees is the name given to multi-stemmed eucalypts and the shrubs and grasses associated with them.
Banksias, waratahs and grevilleas (family Proteaceae)
Callistemon, Leptospermum and Melaleuca (family Myrtaceae)
The Eucalypt Lawn, features about 20% of Australian eucalypt species.
Wattles (Genus Acacia)

Research at the Gardens
The Australian National Herbarium is at the National Botanic Gardens. The Herbarium houses the largest collection of pressed, dried plant specimens in Australia. The Herbarium is operated jointly with the CSIRO as part of a joint research facility, the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. It is not open to the public. The Australian National Herbarium is participating in the creation of Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), a web based record of botanical information. This includes six million specimen records displaying geographic distribution, images, descriptive text and identification tools.

The Gardens manages several large plant databases, including What's its Name? This is a simple point of access to the more complex 'Australian Plant Name Index' APNI listing all the scientific names ever used for Australia's plants. A large collection of photographs is also available.

The Gardens' library has important collections of botanical books, journals, CD-ROMs and maps. The library is open to students and the public by appointment.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites
Australian National Botanic Gardens
What's its name? A searchable database for the Australian Plant Name Index  

Botanical gardens
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1970 establishments in Oceania
1970s establishments in Australia
A local ordinance is a law usually found in a municipal code.

United States
In the United States, these laws are enforced locally in addition to state law and federal law.  In some states, the state legislature has limited the scope of local ordinances.  This approach was made popular by John Forrest Dillon called the "Dillon Rule". The law in such states says that local governments could only adopt ordinances when the state gives them authority on particular subjects. States that do not follow the Dillon Rule believe that local government has inherent (unstated) powers of self-government. In those states, local government can make ordinances on any subject not prohibited by the state legislature.

Japan

In Japan, any prefecture or municipality may pass  under authority granted by Article 94 of the Constitution.

There must generally be a statutory basis for an ordinance, the ordinance must be in compliance with any overlapping statutes (although it may impose a stricter standard or penalty), and the ordinance must be related to the affairs of the local government in question.

Ordinances must generally be approved by a local assembly and promulgated by the mayor or governor of the local government in question, who may demand a second vote but may not veto the ordinance.

Under the Local Autonomy Law, an ordinance may impose a penalty of up to two years imprisonment and/or 1 million yen in fines, although any penalty under an ordinance must be prescribed in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure.  There are even some ordinances, such as bans on smoking on the street, for which the police in some districts state that there is no penalty for failure to obey the ordinance.

British colonies

All laws enacted by the legislature of British colonies are referred to as Ordinances, which sometimes delegate power to other parties (usually government departments) to make subsidiary legislations that supplement the Ordinances. In Hong Kong, all laws enacted by the territory's Legislative Council remain to be known as Ordinances, despite the transfer of the territory to the People's Republic of China in 1997.

References

Legal terms
Local government
Local government in the United States
Beitar Jerusalem Football Club (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל בית"ר ירושלים, Moadon Kaduregel Beitar Yerushalayim) is an Israeli football club from Jerusalem. The club has been controversial because of its links with the right wing politics and to the Likud party since it was created. The fans chant racist things towards Arabs.

History
The club was founded in 1936 by David Horn. He was the head of the local Betar movement. The Betar movement was a Zionist youth organisation. Most of the early players came from this group. In 1938 the club stopped playing because the manager and some of the players were arrested and deported by the British authorities in Palestine. In 1943, they were able to play again, but in 1947 the British blocked the games on the day the 1948 Arab-Israeli War started. A player was also killed when he entered a British camp. During his existence the club was very successful. The team has never been relegated from the Israeli Premier League. It was one of the original 14 Israeli Premier League teams at the time of its foundation in 1999. In the all-time table of the league Beitar ranks 4th.

The farthest they have ever gone in a European competition was in the 2016-17 Europa League where they made it to the play off round.

Current team

Stadium
The club first home was the "Banana Field" close to Beitar youth group's "nest". In the 1950s the club moved to the YMCA Stadium. Later it was  shared with Hapoel Jerusalem. The YMCA was nicknamed the sandbox because the field was in a very poor condition.

In 1991 both clubs moved to the Teddy Stadium, named after longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. Initially the stadium was two-sided and held 12,000 spectators. This was increased to 21,600 when a third side was completed in 1997.

Seasons in the Premier League

Honours
Israeli championships
Winners: 1986/87, 1992/93, 1996/97, 1997/98, 2006/07, 2007/08
Second Division
Champions: 1953/54; 1957–58; 1966/68
State Cup
Winners: 1976, 1979, 1985, 1986, 1989, 2008, 2009
Toto Cup
Winners: 1997–98, 2009–10
Shalom Cup (Roma)
Winners: 2000
Israeli Supercup
Winners: 1976, 1986
Lilian Cup
Winners: 1985
Mini Football Championship
Winners: 1988

Other websites

Official Website

References

Israeli football clubs
Jerusalem
1936 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Israel
John Linton Gardner,  (born Manchester,  2 March 1917; died Liss, Hampshire,  12 December 2011) was an English composer of classical music.  He is particularly remembered for his church music, especially for his setting of the carol Tomorrow shall be my dancing day.

Early life and education
Gardner was born in Manchester, England and brought up in Ilfracombe, North Devon. His father was a doctor and amateur composer who was killed while fighting at the end of the First World War. 

Gardner went to school at Eagle House and Wellington College and studied at Exeter College, Oxford.  He enjoyed jazz, but concentrated on classical music and soon started to compose.   An Intermezzo for Organ was published by Oxford University Press in 1936.  In the same year he got an organ scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford.  He got to know the composer Arthur Benjamin and dedicated his Rhapsody for Oboe and String Quartet (1935) to him.   At Oxford he became friendly with Theodor Adorno with whom he played piano duets.

Career
Gardner went to Repton School to teach music, but after two terms World War II started and he joined the RAF.  He conducted the RAF band and played the piano for the dance band.  He enjoyed playing jazz and started a swing band.  Later in the war he was a navigator in the fighting.

After the war Gardner got a job as repetiteur at the Royal Opera House.  He rejected all the music he had composed (although he did not throw it away) and started again by calling his next piece his opus 1.  His First Symphony was numbered opus 2.  It was a mature work and made him famous.  He resigned from his job at the opera house and he had time to concentrate on composing.  He wrote Cantiones Sacrae for the Three Choirs Festival in 1952 and an opera The Moon and Sixpence which was performed at Sadler’s Well in 1957.  

In 1956 he was invited by Thomas Armstrong to teach at the Royal Academy of Music. For 30 years he was professor of harmony and counterpoint there.  A few years later he also had a part-time job as Director of Music at St Paul's Girls' School in London, where Gustav Holst and Herbert Howells had taught. 

Gardner wrote a lot of music for his pupils and also worked on holiday programs.  He composed a total of about 300 works.  The carol Tomorrow shall be my Dancing Day is particularly famous.  It has a lively rhythm with time signatures that keep changing.

Awards
He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976.

Personal life
He married in 1955 and had one son and two daughters.

Other websites and references
John Gardner at Oxford University Press
John Gardner official website
”John Gardner - Obituary, The Independent, 26 Dec 2011 p.47.

1917 births
2011 deaths
20th-century English composers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Manchester
World War II people
People from Manchester
British military people
21st-century English composers
Sadler's Wells Theatre is a performing arts theatre in London.  It is in Rosebery Avenue, Clerkenwell in the London Borough of Islington.  The theatre which now stands is the sixth building that has been there since 1683.  There are two performance spaces: a 1,500 seat main auditorium and the Lilian Baylis Studio.  There are many rehearsal rooms and technical facilities. Sadler's Wells is one of the most important theatres for dance in the United Kingdom.  Several dance companies perform there.

During World War II the theatre was closed and the dance and opera companies toured to many parts of the United Kingdom.  After World War II the dance company was renamed Sadler's Wells Ballet. The opera company became the English National Opera.  When the theatre reopened they performed Benjamin Britten's opera Peter Grimes.

In 1946 the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden reopened and the ballet company was invited to become the resident company there. A second ballet company was formed to perform at Sadler's Wells. This was called the Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet. In 1956 the Sadler's Wells company later moved to Covent Garden where it became The Royal Ballet Touring Company. After a number of years as a touring group, it returned to Sadler's Wells in 1976, becoming the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet.

In 1990 the  Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet moved to Birmingham and changed its name to Birmingham Royal Ballet. Since then there has not been a resident ballet company at Sadler's Wells.

The opera company moved out of Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum in 1968 and was later renamed English National Opera. Sadler's Wells Theatre was used by foreign companies and by dancers at the beginning of their careers. The Lilian Baylis Theatre opened in 1988.

The theatre that now stands was opened in 1998.  The first performance was of Iolanthe and was given by Rambert Dance Company.

Other websites 

Sadlers Wells website
 Independentopera in Sadler's Wells

Dance
Buildings and structures in London
Amber Michaels (born November 17, 1968), is an American pornographic actress. She was born in Bamberg, Germany. Career Start: 1998. Her aliases are Amber Michales, Amber Micheals, Amber Michels, Amber Michesls, Amber Williams, Wanda Starr, and Wendy Starr.

Tattoo: Scorpion near pubic hair; ankh on neck.

Piercing: Clitoral hood and navel

Other websites 
 Official website
 

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Bavaria
American pornographic actors
Han Myung-hoi (한명회, 1415 - 1487) was a Korean Joseon Dynasty politician, writer, soldier. Father-in-law of King Yejong of Joseon (the 8th King of Joseon Dynasty) and Seongjong of Joseon (9th King of Joseon Dynasty and nephew of Yejong of Joseon).

His daughter, Queen Jangsun, married King Yejong of Joseon. Another daughter, Queen Gonghye, married King Seongjong of joseon.

Other websites 
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=13136 
 Han Myung-hoi:Navercast
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186312

1415 births
1487 deaths

South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
CAE Global Academy is a flight school network. It is owned by Canadian group CAE.

Members 
 CAE Global Academy Amsterdam (formerly ) (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
 CAE Global Academy Brussels (formerly Sabena Flight Academy) (Brussels, Belgium)
 CAE Global Academy Douala (formerly Sabena Flight Academy Africa) (Douala, Cameroon)
 CAE Global Academy Évora (formerly ) (Evora, Portugal)
 CAE Global Academy Gondia (formerly National Flying Institute) (Gondia, India)
 CAE Global Academy Langkawi (formerly HM Aerospace) (Langkawi, Malaysia)
 CAE Global Academy Moncton (formerly Moncton Flight College) (Moncton, Canada)
 CAE Global Academy Perth (formerly China Southern West Australian Flying College)  (Perth, Australia)
 CAE Global Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center) (Phoenix, USA)
 CAE Global Academy Rae Bareli (formerly Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi) (Rae Bareli, India) 
 CAE Global Academy San Diego (formerly SAA Flight Training) (San Diego, USA)

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Aviation
Colleges and universities
is an ancient history of Japan written in 797.

This work is the second of the Rikkokushi ("Six National Histories").  It was written after the Nihon Shoki and before the Nihon Kōki.

Sugeno Mamichi was the main editor.

Shoku Nihongi is a primary historical source of information about Japan's Nara period.

The work covers the 95-year period from the beginning of Emperor Mommu's reign in 697 until the 10th year of Emperor Kammu's reign in 791.   The text is an account of nine imperial reigns.

References

Further reading
 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

Other websites 
 Shoku Nihongi text  
 Shoku Nihongi  text  
 Waseda University Library, Shoku Nihongi manuscript 

History of Japan
María Fernanda Morales (born in Mexico City, November 7, 1970) is a prolific Mexican voice actress. Morales is most known for the voice of Saori Kido in Saint Seiya, Kimi Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up!, and Sailor Venus in Sailor Moon among other works she has worked on.

Roles

Television animation
 All Grown Up! (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
 Captain N: The Game Master (Princess Lana (Venus Terzo))
 Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (Chip (Tress MacNeille))
 Corrector Yui (Yui Kasuga (Makiko Ōmoto))
 Talespin (Molly Cunningham (Janna Michaels), Princess Lotta L'Amour (Kath Soucie))
 DuckTales (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor))
 Ed, Edd y Eddy (Johnny (second voice) (David Paul Grove))
 Rugrats (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
 The Powerpuff Girls (Brick, second voice) (Rob Paulsen))
 Sailor Moon (Sailor Venus (Rika Fukami))
 Saint Seiya (Athena (Saint Seiya) (Keiko Han, Fumiko Orikasa
 Zatch Bell! (Kido, Li-en))
 Invader Zim (Tak)

OVA
 Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor)
 FernGully: The Last Rainforest (Crysta (Samantha Mathis))
 FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue (Crysta (Laura Elrich))
 The Lion King 1½ (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
 The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (Nala (Moira Kelly))
 Once Upon a Forest (Abigail) (Ellen Blain)
 The Iron Giant (Annie Hughes) (Jennifer Aniston)
 Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (Chip and Hugo, Paco and Luis (Tress MacNeille and Tony Anselmo).

Theater animation
Kiki's Delivery Service (Ursula (Minami Takayama))
The Lion King (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
Los Caballeros del Zodíaco: La Película (Athena)
Space Jam (Lola Bunny (Kath Soucie))
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (Aki Ross (Ming-Na))

Dubbing roles
Spider-Man 2 (Ursula Ditkovich (Mageina Tovah))
Spider-Man 3 (Ursula Ditkovitch (Mageina Tovah))

References

Living people
Mexican television actors
1975 births
Mexican voice actors
Actors from Mexico City
Katherine "Katie" Leigh (born on December 16, 1958 in Carmel, California) is an American voice actress best known for her role as Connie Kendall on the Focus on the Family radio program Adventures in Odyssey since 1987. She has voice acted in both television and movie roles.

Television roles
 Aladdin - Additional Voices
 All-New Dennis the Menace - Gina Gillotti, Joey MacDonald
 Animalia - Zoe, Fushia Fox, Snipsy Alligator and Echo Elephant
 As Told By Ginger - Jr. Harris and Jr. Harris Jr.
 Darkwing Duck - Honker Muddlefoot
 Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds  - Juliette
 Dumbo's Circus - Umbo
 Dungeons and Dragons - Sheila the Thief
 Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears - Sunni Gummi
 Jim Henson's Muppet Babies - Baby Rowlf
 My Little Pony - Sundance, Fizzy, Baby Shady, Additional voices
 Poppy Cat - Mo
 The Real Ghost Busters - Jason, Cindy
 Slimer! And the Real Ghostbusters - Jason
 Richie Rich (1996 TV series) - Richie
 Rugrats - Additional Voices
 The Adventures of the Little Prince - Little Prince (English Version)
 The Mr. Men Show - Little Miss Chatterbox, Little Miss Daredevil and Little Miss Helpful
 Totally Spies! - Alex (Seasons 1 and 2 only)
 Zatch Bell! - Pamoon
 Olivia - Lily, Additional voices
 Blue Dragon - Noe
 Pound Puppies - Additional voices
 Hi Hi Puffy Ami Yumi - King Chad, Madame Blubbery, Pierre, and Parsephus
 Pandamonium - Peggy

Movie roles
 Babe: Pig in the City - Hungry Kitten
 Lorenzo's Oil - Lorenzo (ADR)
The Color Purple - Esther (ADR)
 My Little Pony: The Movie - Fizzy, Baby Sundance
 Surviving: A Family in Crisis - ADR for Heather O'Rourke

Radio roles
 Adventures in Odyssey - Connie Kendall

Video game roles
 Star Ocean: First Departure - Millie Chliette
 Grim Fandango - Bibi
 Silent Hill - Boy
 Nerf-n-Strike - Asian boy
 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom - Maharajah

Other websites 
 Official website
 

1958 births
Living people
Actors from Monterey County, California
American voice actors
American radio actors
Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister  (23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an English athlete, physician and educator. He is best known for being the first person to run the mile in less than four minutes. Many people thought this was impossible, a natural limit of the human body, until he did it in 1954. 

Bannister was born in Harrow, Middlesex. He was the first recipient of the Sports Illustrated "Sportsman of the Year" award in January 1955. He was a neurologist and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford. He retired in 2001. 

Bannister was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011. He died of the disease on 3 March 2018 in Oxford, England at the age of 88.

Quotations
 "We run, not only because we think it is doing us good, but ... because it helps us to do other things better."

The man who can drive himself further once the effort gets painful is the man who will win.

 "Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up.  It knows it must outrun the fastest lion or it will be killed.  Every morning in Africa, a lion wakes up.  It knows it must run faster than the slowest gazelle, or it will starve. It doesn't matter whether you're a lion or a gazelle--when the sun comes up, you'd better be running."

References

Other websites 

1929 births
2018 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in England
Knights Bachelor
Neurologists
People from Middlesex
Sportspeople from London
Kumbia Kings (or Los Kumbia Kings) are a reggaeton band formed by A.B. Quintanilla III in 1999. They won several Latin Grammy Awards for their albums. In 2007, Quintanilla III formed a new band called Kumbia All Starz because of conflicts from other band members. Frankie J became a successful R&B singer after he left to become a solo artist. Selena's widower Chris Perez joined both of the bands but left in 2010 to start his own band with Joe Ojeda, originally a keyboardist from Selena y Los Dinos.

Other websites 
Official Website
Kumbia All Starz Website
Kumbia Kings Billboard 
www.KumbiaKingsBlog.com 

Musical groups from Texas
Reggae bands
Hip hop bands
American R&B bands
Latin music
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Mexican musical groups
Reggaeton
Latin Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in Mexico
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
2000s disestablishments in Mexico
Musical groups established in 2009
2000s establishments in Mexico
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Mexico
Wind chimes are chimes that are made up of tubes, rods, bells or other objects that are made of wood or metal. Wind chimes are usually hung outside of someone's house near a garden. Wind chimes makes sounds when the wind blows the tubes, rods and bells. In popular music, wind chimes can be used for harmonic music.

References 

Music
Sound
Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space UniversitieS (PEGASUS) is the biggest network for aeronautical and space universities in Europe. It has been created in 1998 by the French National aeronautical universities (ENAC, ENSMA and ISAE).

The European manufacturers like Airbus have close contact with PEGASUS network.

Members 

The network consists of 24 universities in 9 countries:

 In France : École de l'Air, École nationale de l'aviation civile, École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique de Poitiers and Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace.
 In United Kingdom : Cranfield University, University of Bristol and University of Glasgow.
 In Germany : Dresden University of Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, RWTH Aachen University, Berlin Institute of Technology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Technical University Munich and University of Stuttgart.
 In Italy : Politecnico di Milano, Polytechnic University of Turin, University of Naples Federico II, Sapienza University of Rome and University of Pisa.
 In Netherlands : Delft University of Technology.
 In Spain : Technical University of Madrid, University of Seville. 
 In Sweden : Royal Institute of Technology.
 In Czech Republic : Czech Technical University in Prague.
 In Portugal : Instituto Superior Técnico.

References

Other websites 
 Official webiste

Aerospace engineering
Aviation
Technical colleges and universities in Europe
Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan. Alexander the Great visited the town and named it after himself. Alexander the Great founded Kandahar in the 4th century BC. He called it "Alexandria Arachosia". About 500,000 people live there in 2015. It is in the central-south of Afghanistan. Kandahar is the capital of Kandahar Province.  It is an important trading centre for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit, and tobacco. Kandahar has an international airport.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Kandahar Province
Casper Platt (June 6, 1892 – September 16, 1965) was a United States federal judge.

Born in Danville, Illinois, Platt received a B.A. from the University of Illinois in 1914 and a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1916. He was in private practice in Danville, Illinois from 1916 to 1917. He was in the United States Army during World War I, from 1917 to 1918. After the war, he returned to private practice in Danville until 1933, also working as a city attorney for Danville from 1927 to 1928. He was a judge on the Fifth Circuit Court of Illinois from 1933 to 1949. 

On September 15, 1949, President Harry S Truman nominated Platt to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. Platt was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 12, 1949, and received his commission on October 13, 1949. He served as chief judge from 1956 until his death in 1965.

The University of Chicago Law School named the Casper Platt Award for the best student paper in his honor. Danville Area Community College also named a scholarship after him.

References

Sources
 

1892 births
1965 deaths
American judges
American military people
American people of World War II
People from Danville, Illinois
A beat is the basic unit of music . Beats can help measure tempos and are performed in grooves and rhythmic music. They measure the pulse and rhythm of a musical piece. They are usually divided into two kinds: stressed and unstressed beats. Stressed beats are the 'strong' beats and unstressed are the 'weak' beats. Time signatures and tempos are created by moving the beats into particular orders.

On-beat and off-beat
In music that is played in 4|4 time, (counted as "1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4..."), the first beat of the bar (downbeat) is usually the strongest stressed in the melody and the likeliest place for a chord change. The third is the next strongest: these are the on beats. The second and fourth are weaker: these are the off-beats.

So "off-beat" is a musical term in syncopation that emphasizes the weak even beats of a bar, as opposed to the usual on-beat. This is a basic beat in African polyrhythm that was transferred over into popular western music. According to Grove Music, the "Offbeat is [often] where the downbeat is replaced by a rest or is carried over from the preceding bar". The downbeat (the first beat of a measure in music) can never be the off-beat because it is the strongest beat in 4/4 time. Certain genres tend to emphasize the off-beat; especially rock and roll and Ska music.

References 

Musical terminology
is an ancient history of Japan written in 843.

This work is the third of the Rikkokushi ("Six National Histories").   It was written after the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi.

Fujiwara no Otsugu, Fujiwara no Yoshino, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Minamoto no Tokiwa, Asa no Katori and Yamada no Furutsugu were the main editors.  

Nihon Kōki is a primary historical source of information about Japan's Nara period and Heian period. 

The work covers the 135-year period from the beginning of Emperor Mommu's reign in 697 until the 9th year of Emperor Juna's reign in 832.   The text is an account of twelve imperial reigns.

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran

References

Further reading
 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

Other websites 
 Waseda University Library, Nihon Kōki manuscript 

History of Japan
Orientation may refer to:
 Orientation (mental), a function of the mind
 Orientation (movie), a 1996 short movie produced by the Church of Scientology
 Orientation of churches is the custom of having the front of churches on their east side (Latin: oriens)
 Orientation (housing), the position of a building with respect to the sun, a concept in building design
 Student orientation, the first week of a university year in several countries
 Coin orientation and Medallic orientation, a description of the orientation of opposite faces of a coin with respect to one another
 Sexual orientation, the direction of an individual's sexuality relative to the sex of the persons the individual finds sexually attractive
 Map orientation, the relationship between directions on a map and compass directions
 Orientation (EP), a 2001 album by Sonata Arctica
 Page orientation, whether the long or short side of a rectangular page is the bottom for normal viewing

Television 
 "Orientation" (Lost), a 2005 episode of American television series Lost
 Orientación, an episode of the American television series Prison Break
 "Orientation" (Heroes), a 2009 episode of American television series Heroes

Mathematics 
 Orientation (computer vision), an image processing concept related to one-dimensional characterization of a local image
 Orientation (geometry), placement of an object in a rotational coordinate system with respect to a fixed point and a reference position
 Orientation (vector space), a concept in linear algebra
 Curve orientation, a property of a planar simple closed curve
 Orientability, a property of surfaces in Euclidean space measuring whether or not it is possible to make a consistent choice of surface normal vector at every point
 Orientation character, group homomorphism in surgery theory

Related pages
 Orientability, a concept in topology
 Orientation tensor, a tool in geology/earth science
 Orienteering, a sport involving map orientation
 Orientation and mobility