cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Shulem Deen (born 1974) is the author of a memoir, All Who Go Do Not Return (2015),  and the editor of Unpious.com, an online journal for voices critical of Hasidic lifestyle and beliefs.

Career 
Deen first became known as the author of the blog, "Hasidic Rebel," which he wrote from 2003 until 2012, and which was the subject of a 2003 feature article in the Village Voice. Deen's blog was the first widely read website by a practicing Hasid casting doubt on his religious faith. His memoir chronicles his often painful change from a devout member of the Skverer Hasidic community in New Square, New York to a secular Jew.

In 2010, Deen launched the Unpious website along with "Shtreimel," another ex-Hasidic blogger, and has served as its editor throughout. He has also written several pieces for other publications on the intersection of Hasidic and secular lives, including articles in the Jewish Daily Forward, Tablet Magazine, Salon, and Zeek.

He currently serves as a Board member at Footsteps, a New York City organization that assists formerly ultra-Orthodox Jews with transitioning to life outside the Orthodox world.

Personal life 
Deen spent his early life among Satmar Hasidim in Borough Park, Brooklyn, and joined the Skverer sect when he was a teenager, moving to the town of New Square, to settle after marriage. He was married in 1993, and has five children.

In 2005, Deen was expelled from New Square by its leaders for holding heretical views, and several years later divorced his wife and left the Hasidic lifestyle entirely. He currently lives in Brooklyn New York  He is mostly estranged from his children, who have remained among the Skverer Hasidim in New Square, N.Y.

References 

Jewish American writers
1974 births
Living people
Jaffna College (JC) is a private school in Vaddukoddai, Sri Lanka.

References 

Colleges and universities in Asia
Jaffna District
1867 establishments
19th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1860s establishments in Asia
John W. North High School is a high school in Southern California, in the United States of America. It is named after the founder of Riverside, John W. North.

Schools in California
Shulamit Aloni (; November 29, 1928 – January 24, 2014) was an Israeli lawyer and politician. She founded the Ratz party. She was the leader of the Meretz party, and served as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993. In 2000, she won the Israel Prize.

Aloni died on January 24, 2014 at her home in Tel Aviv, aged 85.

References

Other websites
Shulamit Aloni Jewish Agency
Shulamit Aloni Jewish Virtual Library
Shulamit Aloni, Knesset website

1928 births
2014 deaths
Columnists
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli educators
Israeli former political leaders
Israeli journalists
Israeli lawyers
Israeli opposition leaders
Jewish atheists
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish Israeli writers
Jewish lawyers
Jewish women politicians
Meretz politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Tel Aviv
Polish Jews
Radio personalities
Teachers
Zionists
François Deguelt (born Louis Deghelt, 4 December 1932 – 22 January 2014) was a French singer. He was best known for his performance on behalf of Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contests of 1960 and 1962.

Deguelt died on 22 January 2014 in Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France from heart failure, age 81.

References

Other websites
 Discography and cover art at encyclopédisque.fr

1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
French singers

People from Occitanie
Movable Ink is a technology company that allows marketers to change emails after they have been sent out. The technology can change emails based on the moment of engagement, the user's current location, social cues, fast-moving inventory, and it works across all email clients. Movable Ink has been called "The Harry Potter of Email"  because it includes parts of code into an email's HTML that makes the content come to life and update in real-time.

Overview 

Movable Ink's technology allows email marketers to pull real-time content from their websites and embed that information into emails. When recipients open the emails, they contain the most up-to-date information as well as contextual data based on a person’s location, time of day, or the device they’re viewing the email on. The company also offers advanced email tracking reports and real-time metrics. Companies using Movable Ink include Nordstrom, Bloomingdale's, American Eagle Outfitters and Verizon,
Movable Ink was founded by Vivek Sharma and Michael Nutt in New York City in November 2010.

Funding 

In October 2011, Movable Ink received $1.3 million dollars in funding, led by Contour Ventures, Metamorphic Ventures, ff Ventures, and Kima Ventures, as well as angels Joshua Baer, Bob Pittman, Andy Russell, and Alan Laifer. In May 2013, Movable Ink received $11 million in funding led by Intel Capital, with participation from its previous investors.

References 

American technology companies
2010 establishments in the United States
Companies based in New York City
San Luis Obispo is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is about halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco. It was founded in 1772 by Junípero Serra.

San Luis Obispo is one of California's oldest settlements. It is the county seat of San Luis Obispo County. At the 2010 census, 45,119 people lived there. California Polytechnic State University is in San Luis Obispo.

References

County seats in California
Cities in California
Settlements in San Luis Obispo County, California
1772 establishments in North America
18th-century establishments in California
Jaffna (, ,  ) is the capital city of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The population of Jaffna is 88,138. Jaffna is Sri Lanka's 12th largest city.The biggest of all in Jaffna is the Jaffna Fort and Nallur Kandasamy temple. The statue made out of gold was the man who was the person who put Sinhala people and Tamil people together.

Related pages 
 Burning of Jaffna library

References

Other websites 
 
 Jaffna District – Jaffna Traveler Information
 Yarl Mann – Jaffna Culture, Tradition & Heritage

Cities in Sri Lanka
1621 establishments
Jaffna District
Establishments in Sri Lanka
1620s establishments in Asia
The sine rule or law of sines, is a theorem in mathematics. It says that, if you have a triangle like the one in the picture, the equation below is true.

This is another version, which is also true.
 

D is equal to the diameter of the triangle's circumcircle. 

The law of sines is used to find the remaining sides of a triangle when two angles and a side are known. This is known as triangulation. The law of sines can also be used when two sides and one of the angles not enclosed by the two sides are known. In some such cases, the formula gives two possible values for the enclosed angle. This is called an ambiguous case.

The law of sines is one of two trigonometric equations which is used to find lengths and angles in scalene triangles. The other is the law of cosines.

Proof
The area  of any triangle can be written as one half of its base times its height (drawn from the vertex not on the base).  Depending on which side one chooses to be the base, the area can be given by

Multiplying these by  gives

References

Mathematics
Catbells is a fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It has a modest height of . It is one of the most popular fells in the area. It is on the western shore of Derwent Water within  of the busy tourist town of Keswick. Its distinctive shape catches the attention of many visitors to the Lakes who like to climb to the top. There is a view of this mountain from Friars Crag on the opposite side of Derwent Water. The fell's unusual name may have come from a distortion of "Cat Bields" meaning shelter of the wildcat. But this is not certain. The fell's name is sometimes written as "Cat Bells".

References 

Mountains of the United Kingdom
Geography of England
Welfare economics is a field of economics that looks at the problem of allocating resources. It uses techniques from microeconomics to assess general well-being. From this assessment, it tries to find an allocation of productive factors as to desirability and economic efficiency within an economy, often  relative to competitive general equilibrium. It analyzes social welfare in terms of economic activities of the individuals that compose the theoretical society considered. Individuals and their economic activities are the basic units for aggregating to social welfare. The aggregation may focus on a group of people, a community, or a society. There is no "social welfare" apart from the "welfare" associated with its individual units.

Welfare economics typically takes individual preferences as given and tries to improve  welfare in terms of  Pareto efficiency. As an example, social state B is "better" than social state A, if at least one person prefers B and no one else opposes it. Another aspect of welfare treats income/goods distribution, including equality, as a further dimension of welfare.

Social welfare refers to the overall welfare of society. With sufficiently strong assumptions, it can be defined as the sum of the welfare of all the individuals in the society. Welfare may be measured either cardinally in terms of "utils" or dollars, or measured ordinarily in terms of Pareto efficiency. The cardinal method in "utils" is rarely used in pure theory today. Its main problem is that different kinds of "utility" cannot easily be summed up without losing the meaning of the measurement. In applied welfare economics money-value estimates are often used. One example of applied welfare economics is cost-benefit analysis.  Money-value estimates are a useful form of measurement where income-distribution effects are factored into the analysis or seem unlikely to change the analysis.

The capabilities approach to welfare argues that freedom - what people are free to do or be - should be included in welfare assessments, and the approach has been particularly influential in development policy circles where the emphasis on multi-dimensionality and freedom has shaped the evolution of the Human Development Index.

Other classifying terms in welfare economics include externalities, equity, justice, inequality, and altruism.

References

subfields of economics
American Motors (AMC) was an American car company. It was formed in 1954 when Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company became one company.  It is famous for its Javelin and AMX muscle cars. AMC bought the Jeep car company in 1970. In 1987, Chrysler bought AMC for US $1.5 billion.

References

1954 establishments in the United States
1987 disestablishments
20th-century establishments in Michigan
American automobile companies
Companies based in Michigan
Defunct companies of the United States
Renault
Valkeakoski is a city in Finland. It is known for its paper industry. Nearby municipalities are Akaa, Hattula, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Lempäälä and Pälkäne. In 1973, Sääksmäki was merged with Valkeakoski.

Other websites

Cities in Finland
The Central Province ( ,  ) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. It is located in the central mountainous area of the island. It is the sixth largest province by area. About 2.5 million people live here. The border of this province are North Central Province on the North, Uva Province on the East, North Western Province on the West and Sabaragamuwa Province on the South and West. The province's capital is Kandy.

Towns

Large towns
 Nuwara Eliya (Municipal Council)
 Matale (Municipal Council)
 Gampola (Urban Council)
 Dambulla (Urban Council)

Other towns
 Walapane
 Madawala Bazaar
 Nawalapitiya UC
 Hatton-Dikoya UC
 Wattegama UC
 Ginigathena
 Galewela
 Akurana
 Hanguranketa
 Ukuwela
 Kadugannawa UC
 Kundasale
 Naula
 Laggala
 Udupussellawa
 Rattota
 Abewela
 Alawatugoda
 Lindula-Talawakele UC
 Pilimatalawa
 Teldeniya
 Kotmale
 Maskeliya
 Talatuoya
 Walapane
 Padiyapalella
 Sigiriya
 Watawala

References

Other websites

 Central Provincial Council Sri Lanka 
 Central Provincial Postal Codes Sri Lanka 
 Cities in Central province  
 Searchable Map of Sri Lanka

Provinces of Sri Lanka
1833 establishments in Sri Lanka
Pope Linus was the second Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He was pope from 67 to 76 C.E.

Linus came from Volterra, Tuscany.  He became a follower of Peter. Peter was pleased with Linus and introduced him to the teachings of Christianity.  After a time He was conscrated by Peter as a Bishop. He formed a Christian community in Ruvo, Apulia. The location where the community of Linus met is now known as the Crypt of San Cleto. He was also sent to Besancon and brought many people to Christianity.

When Peter was put into prison, Linus became the next leader of the Church. He served at a very dangerous time during the reign of Nero.  He converted to Christianity the daughter of a Roman official named Saturinus and was for that reason put into prison and beheaded.  He was buried near Peter.

Linus is one of the three popes mentioned by name in the New Testament. He is recognized as a saint. His feast day is 23 September, the same day as his death.

References 

Linus
76 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People from Tuscany
North Western Province ( ,  ) is a province of Sri Lanka. The districts of Kurunegala and Puttalam are in North Western Province. Its capital city is Kurunegala.

The only higher educational institute in the province is the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka.

Districts

North Western Province is divided into 2 districts:
 Kurunegala District 
 Puttalam District

Settlements
Major cities
 Kurunegala (Municipal Council)

Big towns
 Puttalam (Urban Council)
 Kuliyapitiya (Urban Council)
 Chilaw (Urban Council)

Other towns
 Wariyapola
 Anamaduwa
 Narammala
 Wennappuwa
 Galgamuwa
 Pannala
 Alawwa
 Dankotuwa
 Hiripitiya
 Maho
 Nattandiya
 Kalpitiya
 Nikaweratiya
 Hettipola
 Bingiriya
 Marawila
 Giriulla
 Madampe

References

Other websites
 
 North Western Province Postal Codes [complete list of post codes for all towns and villages of wayamba palatha]
 North-Western Provincial Council  at the official website of the government of Sri-Lanka

Provinces of Sri Lanka
1845 establishments
19th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1840s establishments in Asia
Uva ( Uva,  Uva) is a province of Sri Lanka. It was created in 1896. The capital city of the province is Badulla. There are about 1,259,880 people living in Uva Province. It is the second least populated province in the country.

Uva consists of two districts: Badulla and Moneragala. Eastern, Southern and Central provinces form the border of Uva.

Its major tourist attractions are Dunhinda Falls, Diyaluma Falls, Rawana Falls, the Yala National Park (lying partly in the Southern and Eastern Provinces) and Gal Oya National Park (lying partly in the Eastern Province). The Gal Oya hills and the Central mountains are the main highlands. The Mahaweli and Menik rivers and the huge Senanayake Samudraya and Maduru Oya Reservoirs are the major waterways.

Districts

Uva is divided into 2 districts:
 Badulla District 
 Moneragala District

Towns
Badulla is the only major city in the province. It is governed by a Municipal Council.

Large towns
 Bandarawela (Municipal Council)
 Haputale (Urban Council)

Other towns
 Monaragala
 Welimada
 Haputale
 Passara
 Ella
 Mahiyanganaya
 Diyatalawa
 Haliela
 Bibile
 Wellawaya
 Haldummulla
 Beragala
 Lunugala
 Buttala
 Madulla
 Kataragama
 Tanamalwila
 Badalkumbura
 Siyambalanduwa
 Okkampitiya

References

Other websites
 
 All Cities in Uva province  

1896 establishments in Asia
Provinces of Sri Lanka
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr. (born July 3, 1940) is an American politician. He was a United States senator from Tennessee from 2003 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. Alexander was conference chair of the Republican Party in the US Senate from 2007 to 2012.

He unsuccessfully ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.

In December 2018, Alexander announced his retirement from the Senate by not running in the 2020 election.

References

Other websites

Senator Lamar Alexander  official US Senate site
Lamar Alexander for Senate
Profile  at SourceWatch

1940 births
Living people
1996 United States presidential candidates
2000 United States presidential candidates
New York University alumni
Governors of Tennessee
United States Secretaries of Education
United States senators from Tennessee
US Republican Party politicians
American Presbyterians
Educators from Tennessee
Lawyers from Tennessee
Warren Minor Christopher (October 27, 1925 – March 18, 2011) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician.

Early life
Christopher was born in Scranton, North Dakota on October 27, 1925. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Christopher studied at the University of Southern California and at Stanford Law School.

Career
Christopher served as the 63rd Secretary of State under Bill Clinton's presidency. He also served as Deputy Attorney General in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, and as Deputy Secretary of State in the Jimmy Carter administration.

At the time of his death, he was a Senior Partner at O'Melveny & Myers in the firm's Century City, California, office. He also served as a professor in the College Honors Program at the University of California, Los Angeles. At the behest of Al Gore, Christopher oversaw the Vice President's Florida recount effort in the aftermath of the disputed United States presidential election, 2000.

Personal life
He married Joan Workman during the 1940s. They had two children. They soon filed for a divorce. Christopher soon remarried in 1956. They had two children. Their marriage would last until his death in 2011. Christopher lived in Los Angeles and in Century City, California.

Death
Christopher died at his home in Los Angeles, California on March 18, 2011, from complications of kidney and bladder cancer. He was 85 years old.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2011 deaths
American diplomats
Lawyers from North Dakota
American military personnel of World War II
American Methodists
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from kidney cancer
Writers from California
Writers from North Dakota
Politicians from California
Politicians from North Dakota
Stanford University alumni
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of State
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
United States Deputy Attorneys General
Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (August 1, 1930 – June 4, 2011) was an American statesman and diplomat.

Early life
Eagleburger was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 1, 1930. He was raised in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Eagleburger studied at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Career
Eagleburger served briefly as the Secretary of State under President George H. W. Bush. Previously, he had served in lesser capacities under Presidents Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and as Deputy Secretary of State under George H. W. Bush.

Eagleburger is the only career Foreign Service Officer to have served as Secretary of State.

Personal life
Eagleburger married Marlene Ann Heinemann in 1966. They had three sons, Lawrence Scott, Lawrence Andrew, and Lawrence Jason. Their marriage would last until Eagleburger's death in 2011.

Death
Eagleburger died of pneumonia at the University of Virginia Medical Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. He was 80 years old.

References

Other websites

 Sourcewatch article on Eagleburger.
 Lawrence Eagleburger profile, NNDB.
 Lawrence Eagleburger has been interviewed as part of Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, a site at the Library of Congress.

1930 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
United States Secretaries of State
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
American diplomats
Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Alvey Augustus Adee (November 27, 1842 – July 4, 1924) was an American politicians and diplomat. He was a long-time official with the United States Department of State. He served as the acting Secretary of State in 1898 during the Spanish-American War.

References
 Mellander, Gustavo A.(1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Daville, Ill.:Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. 
 Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. . OCLC 42970390. 
An Appreciation of Alvey Adee

Other websites

1842 births
1924 deaths
United States Secretaries of State
American diplomats
Politicians from New York
Cyrus Roberts Vance (March 27, 1917 – January 12, 2002) was an American lawyer and diplomat.

Early life
Vance was born on March 27, 1917 in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Vance studied at Kent School, Yale University, and at Yale Law School.

Career
Vance served as United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. Prior to that position he was the Secretary of the Army and the Deputy Secretary of Defense.

As Secretary of State, Vance approached foreign policy with an emphasis on negotiation over conflict and a special interest in arms reduction. In April 1980, Vance resigned in protest of Operation Eagle Claw, the secret mission to rescue American hostages in Iran. He was succeeded in the position by Edmund Muskie.

Personal life
Vance married Grace Elsie Sloane in 1947. They had four daughters and a son. Vance lived in New York City during his final years. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1995.

Death
Vance died at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City on January 12, 2002 after a long battle with pneumonia. His death was a complication from Alzheimer's disease. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

References

Other websites

Oral History Interviews with Cyrus Vance , from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Cyrus R. Vance and Grace Sloane Vance Papers, 1957-1992, held at Yale University Library, Manuscripts & Archives

Interview on French TV: Cartes sur table, 31 March 1980 (40 minutes)

1917 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of the Army
American diplomats
Lawyers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from West Virginia
John Michael McHugh (born September 29, 1948) is an American politician and diplomat. He is the 21st United States Secretary of the Army. He was a former New York representative in the United States House of Representatives.

On June 2, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated him to the position of United States Secretary of the Army. The United States Senate confirmed McHugh in a voice vote on September 16, 2009. He was sworn in as the 21st Secretary of the Army at a Pentagon ceremony on September 21, 2009. He resigned on November 1, 2015.

References

Other websites

Secretary of the Army, United States Army website
Statemens by John M. McHugh

1948 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of the Army
United States representatives from New York
US Republican Party politicians
Dave Strack (c. 1923 – January 25, 2014) was an American basketball coach and player. He was the former university athletic director for the University of Arizona and head basketball coach of the University of Michigan. He is an inductee of the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.

Strack died on January 25, 2014 in Ann Arbor, Michigan from natural causes, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Strack coaching stats 

1923 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American football coaches
American football players
Sportspeople from Indiana
Sportspeople from Michigan
Norman Noel Quijano Gonzalez (born November 2, 1946) is an Salvadoran politician. He was the mayor of San Salvador from May 2009 through August 2013. He was the President of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador from May 2018 to November 2019.

Early life
Quijano was born Norman Noel Quijano Gonzalez on November 2, 1946 in Santa Ana, El Salvador.

Career
In 2008 he was appointed as the candidate of the Nationalist Republican Alliance for mayor of San Salvador. He won the elections on January 18, 2009. He defeated the incumbent mayor Violeta Menjívar. He was inaugurated as mayor on May 1, 2009.  He was reelected as mayor in 2012.

Presidential election
In August 20 2012, he was appointed as ARENA's presidential candidate for 2014 elections. On August 15, 2013, Quijano resigned his office as mayor, so that he can run for president. He was succeeded by Gloria Calderón de Oñate.

References

Other websites

Official biography in Spanish

1946 births
Living people
Salvadoran politicians
Mayors
"Happy" is a 2013 song performed by American singer and producer Pharrell Williams. It was released as a soundtrack for the animated movie Despicable Me 2 word

It was released for the album Despicable Me 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was ranked at number one at the Ireland musical charts.

Composition
"Happy" was written and produced by Pharrell Williams. Williams is the lead vocalist throughout the song, while the backing vocals are performed by Rhea Dummett, Trevon Henderson, Shamika Hightower, Ashley L. Lee, Jasmine Murray and Terrence Rolle. The song was recorded at Circle House Studios in Miami, Florida in 2013 and later mixed at Music Box Studios in Atlanta, Georgia.

"Happy" is 3 minutes and 53 seconds long and has a tempo of 160 beats per minute.

Chart Performance
In October 2013, a month prior to its release, "Happy" reached the number-one spot on the Dutch Top 40 chart in the Netherlands, partially as a result of radio station 3FM airplay and online downloads, as well as featuring in a Transavia commercial.

"Happy" reached the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 1, 2014. This became the fourth song featuring Pharrell Williams to top this chart, however it is the first song with Williams as the lead vocalist to do so. By March 2014, more than 3 million units of the song were sold in the United States.

In the United Kingdom, "Happy" debuted outside the Top 70 of the UK Singles Chart on 1 December 2013 and eventually reached the number-one position on 29 December. It was the third song featuring Pharrell Williams to chart at number one in 2013, making Williams the first artist to have three number-one singles in the United Kingdom since 2009.

In Australia, "Happy" reached the number-one position on the ARIA Singles Chart on 6 January 2014 and spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at that position.

In New Zealand, "Happy" reached the number-one position on the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart on 6 January 2014 and has spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at that position. On 28 April 2014, its 15th week at the number-one position, it became the song with the most weeks at the number-one position in the chart's history.

Other countries in which "Happy" has reached the number-one position on a national singles chart include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Venezuela.

References

2013 songs
Pharrell Williams
Soul music
Catgory:R&B songs
A varistor, VDR, (voltage dependent resistor) is a type of resistor. It controls the current depending on the voltage.

In these devices resistance drops sharply at a certain threshold voltage. Once the voltage across the device reaches the threshold, there is a breakdown of the electrical structure in the vicinity of the grain boundaries, which results in its electrical resistance dropping from several megohms down to a few hundred ohms.  The major advantage of these is that they can dissipate a lot of energy, and they self reset–after the voltage across the device drops below the threshold, its resistance returns to being high.  

This makes them ideal for surge-protection applications.  As there is control over the threshold voltage and energy tolerance, they find use in all sorts of applications.  The best demonstration of their ability can be found in electrical substations, where they are employed to protect the infrastructure from lightning strikes.  They have rapid response, are low maintenance, and do not appreciably degrade from use, making them virtually ideal devices for this application.

They can be used to protect electronics from voltages that could damage components.

Electronic components
Wheathampstead is a village and civil parish north of St Albans. It is part of the City and District of St Albans, in Hertfordshire. Its parliamentary constituency is Hitchin and Harpenden. The village is on the River Lea (or Lee), a tributary of the Thames.

The population of Wheathampstead at the time of the 2001 census was 6,058.

History
Settlements in this area were made about 50 BC by Belgic invaders. They moved up the rivers Thames and Lea from what is now Belgium. Evidence for them was found in Devil's Dyke, at the eastern side of Wheathampstead.

The Devil's Dyke earthworks are remains of an ancient settlement of the Catuvellauni. It is thought to have been the tribe's original capital. The capital was moved to Verlamion, later the Roman Verulamium. This became the modern St Albans.

The Devil's Dyke is reputedly where Julius Caesar defeated Cassivellaunus in 54 BC, although this claim is disputed. The Dyke may have been part of the same defensive rampart as nearby Beech Bottom Dyke. If correct, this would make the area one of the largest and most important British Iron Age settlements.

Later, the village is recorded in the Domesday Book under name Watamestede. It appears that a church existed at Wheathampstead before the Norman Conquest, as Wheathampstead was given by Edward the Confessor to Westminster Abbey. The original structure was demolished in the reign of Henry III, and the oldest part of the present church dates to about 1280. The main doorways to the church (in the chancel section) and the windows are Early English pointed arches.

References 

Villages in Hertfordshire
Civil parishes in Hertfordshire
Dieter Borst (born 12 May 1950) is a German painter and sculptor of 20th century art.

Career

Borst was born on 12 May 1950 in Schramberg, Germany. As a painter, he specialized in informal painting. The basic element in his paintings is the line, which is carried through colored segments.

In 1969 he studied at the American School of Art in Munich. In 1972 he took a half year study trip to West Africa.
In 1973 he started painting. In 1997 he moved to Gran Canaria. In 2007 his atelier burned in an island fire on Gran Canaria. Hundreds of paintings of all phases of his working life were destroyed.

Exhibits
Borst's works were exhibited in New York, Fort Lauderdale / Miami, Cologne and Gran Canaria.

Paintings

Literature
 Author: Diana Neubauer: Dieter Borst – Art Informel 2013, Verlag: Bod,

Museum / Gallery 
 Broadway Gallery, New York
 Gallery Colonial House Inn, New York  
 The Grand, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 Galerie Tempestas, Cologne
 Galeria de Arte, Spain/Gc

References
 New York Arts Magazine, Dieter Borst
 Lexikonia – Enzyklopädie, Dieter Borst
 Artfairsinternational NY USA, Dieter Borst 
 Broadway Gallery, NY USA, Dieter Borst 
 German National Library, Dieter Borst

Other websites
 Dieter Borst, homepage
 Dieter Borst, You Tube

1950 births
Living people
German painters
German sculptors
Radioactive waste is a term used for certain substances that are radioactive and that are no longer useful. Most radioactive waste is a by-product of operating nuclear power plants. Certain treatments in hospitals use radioactive substances. Scientists doing certain kinds of research use radioactive substances. Nuclear weapons also produce radioactive waste.  Low-level radioactive wastes are radioactive gases, solids, or liquids that give off small amounts of ionizing radiation. High-level radioactive wastes give off large amounts of ionizing radiation. 

Radioactive waste is dangerous to the environment, and there are many regulations about transporting it, handling it, and processing it in such a way that the dangers are reduced. They can contaminate water and affect the living organisms. Storage of radioactive waste must be guaranteed for thousands of years, until it decays sufficiently to be safe to the environment and its inhabitants. Radioactive waste can be stored by deep geological burial or by dry cask storage. Dry Cask Storage is large cylinders of concrete and steel that are used to hold 10 or more metric tons of high-level radioactive waste. The U.S. currently has no long-term radioactive waste storage site. In 1987 Yucca Mountain, Nevada was a candidate for radioactive waste storage, but was shut down.

Waste management
KV42 is a tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings. 

The tomb was constructed for Hatshepsut-Meryetre, the wife of Thutmose III. She was not buried in the tomb. It was reused by Sennefer, a mayor of Thebes.

Ancient Egypt
Shiprock is the remains of an extinct volcano in the U.S. state of New Mexico. 

Shiprock is composed of fractured volcanic breccia and black dikes of igneous rock. It is the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano. The exposed rock was probably formed 2,500–3000 feet (750–1,000 meters) below the Earth's surface, but exposed after millions of years of erosion. 

Radiometric dating of the rock shows that the volcanic rocks solidified about 27 million years ago. Shiprock is in the northeastern part of the Navajo Volcanic Field. El Capitan in Monument Valley is another prominent volcanic neck in this field.

References 

Igneous rocks
New Mexico
The South African Navy is the navy of the South African National Defence Force. The role of the South African Navy is to conduct naval operations in defence of the Republic of South Africa.

The current organisation of the South African Navy dates back to 1 April 1922, when the South African Naval Service (SANS) was created. (However, colonial naval volunteer units date back as far as 1861.) The South African Naval Service was later expanded and renamed to the South African Naval Forces (SANF). In 1951, the South African Naval Forces was renamed to the South African Navy and the ship title HMSAS (His Majesty's South African Ship) was changed to SAS (South African Ship) one year later.

Strength 
The South African Navy has a strength of 6,104 active military personnel. The navy is divided into a Combat Fleet and a Support Fleet. The Combat Fleet is made up of five Valour-class frigates, three Heroine-class submarines, three Warrior-class patrol vessels, three T-class patrol vessels, three River-class mine countermeasures vessels, and twenty-one Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats. The Support Fleet is made up of one replenishment vessel, one Hecla-class survey vessel, and three tugboats. The navy also includes an infantry-trained special forces unit called the Maritime Reaction Squadron (MRS).

References 

Navy
Navies
1861 establishments
19th-century establishments in South Africa
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is the military of South Africa.

The SANDF is made up of four branches: the South African Army, the South African Navy, the South African Air Force, and the South African Military Health Service (formerly the South African Medical Service).

The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of South Africa, currently Jacob Zuma. The Ministry of Defence and Military Veterans, currently headed by Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, is in charge of political leadership. Military command is in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of the South African National Defence Force, who is General Solly Shoke.

The history of the SANDF can be traced back to 1912, with the establishment of the Union Defence Force (UDF). In 1957, the Union Defence Force was renamed to the South African Defence Force (SADF). The SADF fought a bloody guerrilla war against the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) and the African National Congress in South West Africa (now Namibia). SADF forces were also involved in the Angolan Civil War. In 1994, the South African Defence Force was combined with the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the PAC's Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), several Bantustan defence forces, and the self protection units of the Inkatha Freedom Party to form the South African National Defence Force.

Since 1994, South Africa has been trying to develop its military into a professional, well trained and mobile military. The SANDF currently plays a role in peacekeeping in the African continent, in countries such as the DRC and Burundi.

References

Military of South Africa
1994 establishments in South Africa
The Mercedes-Benz Citaro (or O530) is a single-decker low-floor bus for public transport.

It was made in 1997, and built in Germany, France and Spain.

Citaro
Buses
Central Luzon (Filipino: Gitnáng Luzon, designated as Region III (or Region 3), is central part of Luzon, The region has the largest plain in the country and produces most of the country's rice supply. Its provinces are Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales.

Overview
Central Luzon Region is north of Manila, the nation's capital. To the north are Ilocos, Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley. To the south are the National Capital Region, CALABARZON and Manila Bay. To the west is the South China Sea. To the east is the Philippine Sea. 

There are fourteen cities which include: Balanga in Bataan; Malolos, Meycauayan and San Jose del Monte in Bulacan; Cabanatuan, Gapan, Muñoz, Palayan and San Jose in Nueva Ecija; Angeles, Mabalacat and San Fernando in Pampanga; Tarlac in Tarlac; and Olongapo in Zambales. Central Luzon produces the most rice in the whole country. Excess rice is delivered and imported to other provinces of the Philippines. 

The City of San Fernando, in Pampanga, is the regional center.

Aurora was transferred from Region IV by Executive Order No. 103.

Religion
In 2000, 86.9% of the population of Central Luzon was Roman Catholic. Other religions include Iglesia Ni Cristo,  Aglipayan, Evangelicals, United Methodist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist and United Church of Christ in the Philippines. In addition there are smaller numbers of other religions.

Political divisions

Central Luzon has 7 provinces, 14 cities, 116 municipalities, and 3,102 barangays.

Central Luzon has fourteen cities. San Jose del Monte is the city with the most population. Meycauayan is the most densely populated city in the region. Tarlac City is the largest based on land area.

References

Other websites

 Central Luzon Local Search 
 Executive Order No. 561: FORMATION OF THE "SUPER" REGIONS AND MANDATE OF THE SUPERREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHAMPIONS 
 North Luzon Super Region: Potentials 
 North Luzon Super Region: Projects 
 Executive Order No. 103 

Regions of the Philippines
The Valley of the Kings ( ) is a valley in Egypt. From the 16th to 11th centuries BC, tombs were built there for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles.

The valley is on the west bank of the Nile across from Luxor. Some of the people buried there are:
Ramesses II
Thutmose I
Tutankhamun

The valley is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. In 1979 it became a World Heritage Site, with the rest of the Theban Necropolis. Exploration, excavation and conservation continues in the valley, and a new tourist centre has recently been opened.

Geology and climate 

There is little year-round rain in this part of Egypt, but there are rare flash floods that hit the valley. These tons of debris into the open tombs.

References

Further reading 
  – A good introduction to the valley and surroundings

Valleys
Geography of Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Egypt
Burial monuments and structures
Archaeological sites in Egypt
Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio. It was the first college in the United States to accept African-American students as well as female students. It is also known for the Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Oberlin is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Five Colleges of Ohio consortium.

History 

Oberlin College and the town of Oberlin were started together in 1833. In 1837, the college began a program of coeducation; admitting female students. In 1835, the college began a policy of interracial education. The Board of Trustees voted to allow black students at a time when there was only one black person living in the county. The first black student was a former slave, James Bradley from Cincinnati. The first building was Tappan Hall, named for Arthur Tappan of New York City. It was both a dormitory and classroom. In 1903 Memorial Arch was constructed. It was to honor those from Oberlin college who were killed in the Boxer Rebellion in China.

Conservatory of Music

In 1865, Oberlin started its music program. A music conservatory is on the college campus. Students benefit from over 500 performances yearly, most free of charge, with concerts and recitals almost daily. The Conservatory was one of the recipients of the 2009 National Medal of Arts.

Allen Memorial Art Museum

The Allen Memorial Art Museum is on the college campus. It holds an art collection showing the history of Art that has 12,000 pieces. It also has a unique art rental program. At the beginning of every semester, students camp out in front of the north gate to get first pick of artwork by artists including Renoir, Dalí, and Picasso.

References

Colleges and universities in Ohio
1833 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Ohio
Saraiki (sometimes spelled Siraiki and Seraiki) is a language of Pakistan. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan language group and is closely related to the Punjabi language. It is spoken by about 26 million people as of 2017. Most of them are found in the south of the province of Punjab.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
 
Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Languages of Sindh
Languages of India
Punjab (Pakistan)
Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
John Berryman (1914–1972) was an important American poet in the second part of the 1900s. He was born in McAlester, Oklahoma October 25, 1914. He was seen as one of the chief poets of confessional poetry.

Life 

When John Berryman was born in Oklahoma, his name was John Allyn Smith, Jr.. His father was a banker named John Allyn Smith. His mother was a schoolteacher named Martha. When he was ten years old his family moved to Tampa, Florida. In 1926, when he was twelve years old, his father shot and killed himself. This haunted the poet for the rest of his life.

After his father died, his mother married another banker named John. His last name was Berryman. The poet took his father's name, so he ended up with the same last name as his stepfather. They moved to New York City. John was sent to a private boarding school in Connecticut. He went on to graduate from Columbia College.

The book Five Young American Poets had some of his earliest poems alongside other poets like Randall Jarrell. The publisher of this book also published Berryman's first book, Poems. His next book, The Dispossessed, was more mature but received mostly bad reviews. When Jarrell reviewed Berryman's book, he wrote that Berryman's poems sounded too much like William Butler Yeats. Berryman later said, "I didn't want to be like Yeats; I wanted to be Yeats."

In 1947 John Berryman started seeing a married woman while he was married to his first wife. He wrote many sonnets about her, but they were not published until 1967.

In 1950 he wrote a biography of the writer Stephen Crane, who he admired. He also published a book of poems called Homage to Mistress Bradstreet. This book also featured drawings by the artist Ben Shahn. It was his first book to get attention from people all across the United States of America.

Even though Homage to Mistress Bradstreet was successful, Berryman's biggest breakthrough came with 77 Dream Songs in 1964. This book won the Pulitzer Prize in 1965. Berryman wrote a much longer sequel, His Toy, HIs Dream, His Rest. This book was just as successful. He later combined the two into one book, The Dream Songs.

On January 7, 1972, John Berryman killed himself by jumping off the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Poems 

Berryman wrote about shame, like mental illness and lust. He said that he was not writing about himself but about made-up people. Despite this remark, many critics believe Berryman did write about himself. John Berryman's best-known poems were called Dream Songs. He put out the 385 Dream Songs in two books: 77 Dream Songs and His Toy, His Dream, His Rest. Later he put them into one book: The Dream Songs.

References 

Poets
1914 births
1972 deaths
Pope Clement was the fourth Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome).  He served the early Catholic Church from 8897 C.E.  He was born in Velletri, Latium and came from a very important family.  He was the son of a Roman senator, Faustinus, and the cousin of Roman consul Tiberius Flavius Clemens.

He was recognized as a great historian and recorded many important events in his time such as the martyrdom of his predecessors and the settling of disputes among Christians.  During a time of trouble within the Christian community, Clement wrote to the church in Corinth, asking them to end their dispute with their fellow Christians, which they did.  This established the precedent of Popes being the final person to decide the rules within the Church.  He either established, or continued the practice of recording the laws and customs of the Church.

Clement's persecution began with Emperor Trajan who sent him to do hard labor in a mine.  He used that time to teach his fellow Christians and it was said that during that time he even taughted some pagans in Christianity.  He is also credited with performing a miracle during that time.  He is know as the "Pope of Convicts".

His martyrdom was described as being tied to an anchor and dragged out to sea.

His relics and the anchor were retrieved and preserved in a church that was submerged in the Black Sea.  During part of the year, it can still be seen and entered into today.

This pope has been very highly regarded through the centuries and is still honored today by the  Russian Orthodox Catholics in Ukraine and by all Catholics in their ceremonial liturgy. He is considered a Saint of the church and his feast day is November 23.

References 

Linus
97 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Romance or romantic love is a feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love. In relationships, it involves a strong emotional attraction towards the other person. A romantic relationship focuses on feelings rather than sex. Romantic love is the opposite of platonic love.

Romance is often strongest at the beginning of relationships. It comes with uncertainty and anxiety that the love may not be returned.

An example of love is that of Carla, for Quinten, as she loves him most.

The modern concept of romantic love comes from the medieval ideals of chivalry, as set out in its chivalric romance literature. It was made popular in Western culture by the concept of courtly love. Knights were often said to have had intimate relationships with the noble ladies they served. These relationships were usually not physical. Since marriage was commonly just a formal arrangement without love, courtly love allowed women to be emotionally intimate with a man.

Romance is a major theme found in art, particularly literature and fiction. It is often found in fairy tales, women's fiction and the writings of people like William Shakespeare.

Related pages 
 Platonic love
 Chivalric romance
 Romantic friendship
 Romanticism
 Valentine's Day
 Dating
 Romantic orientation
 Romeo and Juliet

References 

Emotions