cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Razan Zaitouneh or Zeitunah () is a Syrian human rights lawyer and activist. She was born 29 April 1977. In March 2013, Zeitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.  In December 2013, Zeitouneh disappeared in Syria.

Early life  

Zaitouneh was part of the Syrian uprising.  She documented human rights in Syria for the Local Coordination Committees of Syria.  After the government accused her of being a foreign agent she went into hiding and her husband was arrested.

Education and career 
Zaitouneh finished law school in 1999.  In 2001 started her work as lawyer, and she became a member of the team of lawyers for defense of political prisoners. In the same year, she was one of the founders of the Human Rights Association in Syria (HRAS). In 2005, Zaitouneh started SHRIL (the Syrian Human Rights Information Link), to report about human rights problems in Syria. In 2005, Zaitouneh became a member of the Committee to Support Families of Political Prisoners in Syria.

Recognitions 
On 27 October 2011, Zaitouneh received the 2011 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, together with four other Arabs.  In 2011, she also received the Anna Politkovskaya Award. In 2013, Zaitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award.

In December 2013, pro-opposition websites said that Zaitouneh was kidnapped along with her husband, Wael Hamadeh, and two colleagues, Samira Khalil and Nazem Hammadi, in the opposition-held town of Douma to the north of Damascus. As of 4 February 2014, their location was still unknown.  The identity of the kidnappers was not certain, although they were suspected to be from the Islamist rebel group the Army of Islam.

Awards 
 European Parliament’s Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, 2011.
 The 2011 Anna Politkovskaya Award.
 The Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought for the year 2012 in Berlin.
 International Women of Courage Award 2013

References

Other websites 

 
 Profile at Huffington Post
 2013 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1977 births
Syrian people
Human rights activists
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Missing people
Gideon (Gidi) Eilat (17 January 1924 - 21 April 2015) was a German-born Israeli military person. He was a former member of the Palmach. He was the commander of the third battalion of the Yiftach Brigade during the War of Independence. His highest rank was that of lieutenant colonel (sgan aluf).

He was active in the Kibbutz Artzi movement. Eilat was one of the founders of the Civil Guard of the Israel Police Department. He was also a member of Kibbutz Beit Alfa.

Eilat was born in Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He was raised in Tel Aviv, Israel. Eilat died at a hospital in Beit Alfa, Israel at the age of 91.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Colonels
German Jews
Israeli Jews
Israeli military people
Jewish military people
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
People from Tel Aviv
Robert Patrick "Bob" Casey, Sr. (January 9, 1932 – May 30, 2000) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 42nd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1987 to 1995. He previously served as a state senator (1963–68) and Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–77).

Casey died at the age of 68 from a rare disease called amyloidosis in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

References

1932 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Governors of Pennsylvania
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
American Roman Catholics
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Richard Nelson Corliss (March 6, 1944 – April 23, 2015) was an American movie critic. He was one of several editors of Time magazine who focused on movies, with occasional articles on other subjects. He created the widely used term "Drop Dead Gorgeous" in 1985 when describing Michelle Pfeiffer's performance in the movie, Into the Night.

Corliss died in New York City, New York from a stroke, aged 71.

References

Other websites

Biography  - from Time magazine
Biography - from Allmovie
Corliss's Top Ten Picks  - a yearly breakdown of Corliss's favorite movies.
Top 100 Movies Ever  - Corliss and fellow Time critic Richard Schickel's list of the greatest movies ever made

1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie critics
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Władysław Bartoszewski  (February 19, 1922 in Warsaw – April 24, 2015 in Warsaw) was a Polish politician, social activist, journalist, writer, historian, former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner, World War II Resistance fighter, Polish underground activist, participant of the Warsaw Uprising, twice the Minister of Foreign Affairs, chevalier of the Order of the White Eagle, and an honorary citizen of Israel and a member of the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Activists
Polish journalists
Politicians from Warsaw
Writers from Warsaw
Polish historians
Political prisoners
Righteous Among the Nations
Leonard Edward "Lennie" Mayne (8 November 1927 – 20 May 1977) was an Australian television director. He was best known for directing four Doctor Who serials, The Curse of Peladon (1972), The Three Doctors (1972), The Monster of Peladon (1974) and The Hand of Fear (1976). He also worked on television series such as Dr. Finlay's Casebook, Warship and The Onedin Line. He was married to actress Frances Pidgeon, with whom he had twin daughters.

Mayne died by drowning in a sailing accident on the English Channel in May 1977.

His life is documented in the film, Looking For Lennie, which is featured on the Bluray release of the Doctor Who story, The Three Doctors.

Other websites
 

1927 births
1977 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Australian people
Television directors
The titan arum, Amorphophallus titanum, is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. 

The titan arum's inflorescence is not as large as that of the talipot palm, Corypha umbraculifera, but the inflorescence of the talipot palm is branched rather than unbranched.

Due to its odor, which is like the smell of a decomposing animal, the titan arum is called a 'carrion flower', or 'corpse flower', or 'corpse plant'.  For the same reason, the name 'corpse flower' is also used for the genus Rafflesia which, like the titan arum, grows in the rainforests of Sumatra. The function of the smell is to attract insect pollinators.

Both male and female flowers grow in the same inflorescence. The female flowers open first, and only lasts (or is "receptive") about 12 to 24 hours. Then a day or two following, the male flowers open. This usually prevents the flower from self-pollinating.

The popular name "titan arum" was invented by the broadcaster and naturalist Sir David Attenborough for his BBC series The Private Life of Plants, in which the flowering and pollination of the plant were filmed for the first time. Attenborough felt that calling the plant Amorphophallus on a popular TV documentary would be inappropriate.

The record size is 3.1 m (10 ft 2.25 in) tall.

References

Araceae
On 24 February 2015, a mass shooting happened at the  restaurant in the town of Uherský Brod, Czech Republic. The gunman, 63-year-old Zdeněk Kovář, killed eight people and injured another. He was in the restaurant for around two hours ( 12:30 p.m.–14:23 p.m.) before the tactical team went into the building. After they entered the building, the gunman committed suicide (killed himself).

References

2015 mass shootings
2015 murders in Europe
2010s mass shootings in Europe
History of the Czech Republic
February 2015 events
Mass murder in 2015
Mass murder in Europe
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in Europe
A p-type semiconductor is an extrinsic type of semiconductor. When a trivalent impurity (like Boron, Aluminum etc.) is added to an intrinsic or pure semiconductor (silicon or germanium), it is said to be a p-type semiconductor. Trivalent impurities such as boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), aluminum (Al) etc. are called acceptor impurity. Ordinary semiconductors are made of materials that do not conduct (or carry) an electric current very well but are not highly resistant to doing so. They fall half way between conductors and insulators. An electric current occurs when electrons move through a material. In order to move, there must be an electron 'hole' in the material for the electron to move into. A p-type semiconductor has more holes than electrons. This allows the current to flow along the material from hole to hole but only in one direction.

Semiconductors are most often made from silicon. Silicon is an element with four electrons in its outer shell. To make a p-type semiconductor extra materials like boron or aluminum are added to the silicon. These materials have only three electrons in their outer shell. When the extra material replaces some of the silicon it leaves a 'hole' where the fourth electron would have been if the semiconductor was pure silicon.

Manufacture
P-type semiconductors are made by doping the pure semiconductor material. The amount of impurity added is very small compared to the amount of semiconductor. The exact character of the semiconductor can be changed by varying the amount of 'dopant' that is added. In p-type semiconductors the number of holes is much higher than that of thermally generated electrons.

Properties 

 p-type semiconductors are the impure or extrinsic semiconductors. Trivalent atoms are doped with intrinsic semiconductors to produce p-type semiconductors.
 Concentration of holes is greater than the concentration of electrons in p-type semiconductors. That means holes are the majority carriers in p-type semiconductors.
 Majority current flow in p-type semiconductors are caused by the movement of holes inside it. (How the holes move in semiconductor?)
 p-type semiconductors have greater conductivity than the pure or intrinsic semiconductors.
 p-type semiconductor behaves like an intrinsic semiconductor at very high temperature.

Examples 
Boron doped Silicon, Aluminum doped Silicon, Boron doped Germanium etc. are the examples of p-type semiconductors.

Related pages

Semiconductor

Other websites
 The Doping of Semiconductors - Hyperphysics
Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor materials by Electronics & Physics
P-type Semiconductor material

Electronic components
The Finger Plan () is an urban plan from 1947 which provides a strategy for the development of the Copenhagen metropolitan area in Denmark. According to the plan, all future development of Copenhagen would be along five 'fingers'. These grouped business areas would be near S-train commuter rail lines. The finger-line areas extend from the 'palm' which represents the dense urban area of central Copenhagen. Between the 'fingers', is land for agriculture and recreational use.

By the definition used in the Finger Plan, the metropolitan area has a population of 1,930,260 (1 October 2011). It has an area of  over 34 municipalities.

In 2007 the Finger Plan was updated to the "Finger Plan 2007". This plan is written into the laws and is legally binding over Greater Copenhagen. The Finger Plan for 2007 does share the metropolitan area like this:

 Inner metropolitan area (the palm)
 Outer metropolitan area (the fingers)
 the green areas (the space between the fingers)
 The other metropolitan area (as are for the end of the fingers)

References 

Planning
Copenhagen
1947 in Europe
20th century in Denmark
The Pee Dee River, also called the Great Pee Dee River, is a river in North Carolina and South Carolina. It originates in the Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina. Its upper course, above the mouth of the Uwharrie River, is known as the Yadkin River.  It has a number of dams for flood control and hydroelectric power. The lower part of the river is named Pee Dee (in colonial times written Pedee). It is named after the Native American Pee Dee people.  The Pee Dee region of South Carolina was named after either the tribe or the river. The first Europeans believed to have navigated part of the river was a party sent by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1521. They named it "River of St. John the Baptist ()."

References

Geography of North Carolina
Rivers of South Carolina
The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States. It makes up most of the border between the states of South Carolina and Georgia. The Savannah River drainage basin extends into the southeastern side of the Appalachian Mountains just inside North Carolina. It is bounded by the Eastern Continental Divide. It is formed by the confluence of the Tugaloo River and the Seneca River. Today this confluence is under Lake Hartwell, a man-made reservoir. From Lake Hartwell to the Atlantic Ocean the Savannah River is  long.

Two major cities are located along the Savannah River: Savannah, and Augusta, Georgia. They were the center of early English settlements during the Colonial period of American history. The Savannah River is tidal at Savannah. Downstream from there, the river widens into an estuary. Then it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The area where the river's estuary meets the ocean is known as "Tybee Roads".  The Intracoastal Waterway flows through a section of the Savannah River near the city of Savannah.

References

Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rivers of South Carolina
George Cressler Young (né Jung; August 4, 1916 – April 24, 2015) was an American lawyer and judge. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. Young was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Young was reassigned to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida on October 29, 1962. He served as chief judge from 1973 to 1981 and assumed senior status on October 19, 1981. 

Young died of a heart attack in Orlando, Florida, aged 98.

References

1916 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Lawyers from Cincinnati, Ohio
American judges
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
Sabeen Mahmud () was a Pakistani human rights activist and social NGO worker. She was the founder and director of the Karachi-based cafe The Second Floor (T2F) and president of the Karachi branch of TiE. 

On 24 April 2015, she was shot dead by unidentified gunmen in Karachi while on her way home after attending a seminar.

References

2015 deaths
Activists
Murders by firearm
Pakistani murder victims
People murdered in Pakistan
Rustum Ghazaleh () also transl. from Arabic as Rostom Ghazale, Rustom Ghazalah, Rustom Ghazali; 3 May 1953 – 24 April 2015) was a Syrian military and intelligence officer. On 24 July 2012, Ghazaleh was appointed chief of political security.

References

1953 births
2015 deaths
Generals
Syrian military people
Ismail Hussain (1 April 1950 – 24 April 2015) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian Parliament representing the Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency) for the Indian National Congress party.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Indian politicians
Anton Vratuša, born Vratussa Antal (21 February 1915 – 30 July 2017) was a former politician and diplomat. He was Prime Minister of Slovenia and Yugoslavia's ambassador to the United Nations. Vratuša died on 30 July 2017 at the age of 102.

References

Other websites

1915 births
2017 deaths
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Centenarians
Prime ministers
Slovenian politicians
Yugoslavian people
Wang Guozhen (; 22 June 1956 – 26 April 2015) was a Chinese poet and painter. He began writing in 1985, and publishing in 1990. He released at least ten poetry books between 1990 and his death, most notably Top Modem Chinese Poem: Wang Guozhen's 80 Poems in English Verse.

Wang was born in Beijing. His ancestral home was in Xiamen, Fujian. He graduated from Jinan University in 1982.

Wang died from liver cancer on 26 April 2015 in Beijing, aged 59.

Related pages
List of Chinese painters

References

1956 births
2015 deaths
Chinese painters
Chinese poets
Deaths from liver cancer
Writers from Beijing
There are 6 arrondissements in the Gironde department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 6 arrondissements of Gironde are:

History
Since its creation, the Gironde department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the Gironde department with seven districts: Bordeaux, Libourne, La Réole, Bazas, Cadillac, Blaye and Lesparre. Bordeaux was the capital of the department.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bordeaux, Bazas, Blaye, Lesparre, Libourne, La Réole.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Lesparre and La Réole were eliminated; the subprefecture of Bazas was moved to Langon.
 1942 : Lesparre is again an arrondissement of the department with the name of Lesparre-Médoc.
 2006 (6 December) : creation of the arrondissement of Arcachon.

References

Gironde
The arrondissement of Arcachon is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Gironde département. Its capital is the city of Arcachon.

History
The arrondissement of Arcachon was created on 6 December 2006, to begin on 1 January 2007, with four cantons taken from the arrondissement of Bordeaux.

Geography
The arrondissement of Arcachon is in southwestern Gironde, with an area of . It has 146,160 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc, to the northeast by the arrondissement of Bordeaux, to the southeast by the arrondissement of Langon, to the south by the Landes department and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Biscay).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Arcachon, there is only one canton where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: Les Landes des Graves. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Arcachon has 17 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Andernos-les-Bains (33005)
 Arcachon (33009)
 Arès (33011)
 Audenge (33019)
 Le Barp (33029)
 Belin-Béliet (33042)
 Biganos (33051)
 Gujan-Mestras (33199)
 Lanton (33229)
 Lège-Cap-Ferret (33236)
 Lugos (33260)
 Marcheprime (33555)
 Mios (33284)
 Saint-Magne (33436)
 Salles (33498)
 Le Teich (33527)
 La Teste-de-Buch (33529)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Gironde department
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Arcachon
The arrondissement of Blaye is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Gironde département in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Blaye.

History
When the Gironde department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Blaye was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Blaye is the smallest of the arrondissements of the Gironde department, with an area of . It is in northern part of the department and it has 88,115 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Blaye is bordered to the north and northeast by the Charente-Maritime department, to the southeast by the arrondissement of Libourne, to the south by the arrondissement of Bordeaux and to the west by the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc. The Gironde estuary is to northwest of the arrondissement.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Blaye, there are only two cantons: 

 L'Estuaire, with 39 communes, all in the arrondissement of Blaye;
 Le Nord-Gironde, with 26 communes in the arrondissement of Blaye and 2 communes in the arrondissement of Bordeaux.

Communes
The arrondissement of Blaye has 63 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Anglade (33006)
 Val-de-Virvée (33018)
 Bayon-sur-Gironde (33035)
 Berson (33047)
 Blaye (33058)
 Bourg (33067)
 Braud-et-Saint-Louis (33073)
 Campugnan (33089)
 Cars (33100)
 Cartelègue (33101)
 Cavignac (33114)
 Cézac (33123)
 Civrac-de-Blaye (33126)
 Comps (33132)
 Cubnezais (33142)
 Cubzac-les-Ponts (33143)
 Donnezac (33151)
 Étauliers (33159)
 Eyrans (33161)
 Fours (33172)
 Gauriac (33182)
 Gauriaguet (33183)
 Générac (33184)
 Lansac (33228)
 Laruscade (33233)
 Marcenais (33266)
 Marcillac (33267)
 Marsas (33272)
 Mazion (33280)
 Mombrier (33285)
 Peujard (33321)
 Plassac (33325)
 Pleine-Selve (33326)
 Prignac-et-Marcamps (33339)
 Pugnac (33341)
 Reignac (33351)
 Saint-André-de-Cubzac (33366)
 Saint-Androny (33370)
 Saint-Aubin-de-Blaye (33374)
 Saint-Caprais-de-Blaye (33380)
 Saint-Christoly-de-Blaye (33382)
 Saint-Ciers-de-Canesse (33388)
 Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde (33389)
 Saint-Genès-de-Blaye (33405)
 Saint-Gervais (33415)
 Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives (33416)
 Saint-Laurent-d'Arce (33425)
 Saint-Mariens (33439)
 Saint-Martin-Lacaussade (33441)
 Saint-Palais (33456)
 Saint-Paul (33458)
 Saint-Savin (33473)
 Saint-Seurin-de-Bourg (33475)
 Saint-Seurin-de-Cursac (33477)
 Saint-Trojan (33486)
 Saint-Vivien-de-Blaye (33489)
 Saint-Yzan-de-Soudiac (33492)
 Samonac (33500)
 Saugon (33502)
 Tauriac (33525)
 Teuillac (33530)
 Villeneuve (33551)
 Virsac (33553)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Gironde department
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Blaye
The arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Gironde département in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Lesparre-Médoc.

History
When the Gironde department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc was part of that original department, with the name of Arrondissement of Lesparre.

The arrondissement was dissolved on September 1926 but it was again an arrondissement on June 1942 but with the name of Arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc.

Geography
The arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc is in the northwest of Gironde, with an area of , the second largest, after the arrondissement of Langon, of the arrondissements of the department. It has 86,560 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement is bordered to the north by the Charente-Maritime department, to the east by the arrondissements of Blaye, to the southeast by the arrondissement of Bordeaux, to the south by the arrondissement of Arcachon and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Biscay).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc, there are only two cantons:

 Le Nord-Médoc, with 29 communes, all in the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc;
 Le Sud-Médoc, with 22 communes in the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc and 1 commune in the arrondissement of Bordeaux

Communes
The arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc has 50 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Arcins (33010)
 Arsac (33012)
 Avensan (33022)
 Bégadan (33038)
 Blaignan (33055)
 Brach (33070)
 Carcans (33097)
 Castelnau-de-Médoc (33104)
 Cissac-Médoc (33125)
 Civrac-en-Médoc (33128)
 Couquèques (33134)
 Cussac-Fort-Médoc (33146)
 Gaillan-en-Médoc (33177)
 Grayan-et-l'Hôpital (33193)
 Hourtin (33203)
 Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac (33208)
 Labarde (33211)
 Lacanau (33214)
 Lamarque (33220)
 Lesparre-Médoc (33240)
 Listrac-Médoc (33248)
 Margaux-Cantenac (33268)
 Moulis-en-Médoc (33297)
 Naujac-sur-Mer (33300)
 Ordonnac (33309)
 Pauillac (33314)
 Le Porge (33333)
 Prignac-en-Médoc (33338)
 Queyrac (33348)
 Saint-Christoly-Médoc (33383)
 Saint-Estèphe (33395)
 Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil (33412)
 Saint-Julien-Beychevelle (33423)
 Saint-Laurent-Médoc (33424)
 Saint-Sauveur (33471)
 Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne (33476)
 Saint-Vivien-de-Médoc (33490)
 Saint-Yzans-de-Médoc (33493)
 Sainte-Hélène (33417)
 Salaunes (33494)
 Saumos (33503)
 Soulac-sur-Mer (33514)
 Soussans (33517)
 Talais (33521)
 Le Temple (33528)
 Valeyrac (33538)
 Vendays-Montalivet (33540)
 Vensac (33541)
 Le Verdon-sur-Mer (33544)
 Vertheuil (33545)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Gironde department
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Lesparre-Medoc
William Terry "Bill" Valentine, Jr. (November 21, 1932 - April 26, 2015) was an American professional baseball umpire. He worked in the American League from 1963 to 1968. Valentine was an umpire in the 1965 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In his career, he umpired 947 Major League games.

Valentine died on April 26, 2015 in Little Rock, Arkansas, aged 82.

References

1932 births
2015 deaths
Businesspeople from Arkansas
Sportspeople from Arkansas
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
Piura is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Piura Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Sugar Land is a city in Texas. It is in the  big city area and Fort Bend County. It is one of the richest cities in Texas. It is growing very fast. It grew more than 158 percent in the last ten years. As of the 2010 census, its population was 78,817. It is here that  Miss Teen USA Katie Blair lived during her freshmen, sophomore and junior years.

References

Other websites

 City of Sugar Land

Cities in Texas
Trujillo is a city in Peru. It is the capital of La Libertad Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Huaraz is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Ancash Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Huacho is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Lima Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Ica is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Ica Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Moquegua is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Moquegua Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Cajamarca is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Cajamarca Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Huancayo is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Junín Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Huancavelica is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Huancavelica Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Ayacucho is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Ayacucho Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Puno is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Puno Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Moyobamba is a city in Peru. It is the capital of San Martín Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Brian Ferlin (born June 3, 1992) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Ferlin played parts of 2 years with the Indiana Ice of the United States Hockey League (USHL) and parts of 3 years of college hockey with the Cornell University Big Red. Ferlin won the Greg Ratushny Award for most promising freshman.

He was drafted 121st overall by the Boston Bruins in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. On April 11, 2014, Ferlin signed a two-year entry-level contract with the Bruins. He began playing for their AHL-affiliate, the Providence Bruins.

On February 20, 2015, the Bruins called Ferlin up and he made his NHL debut in a 5-1 loss to the St. Louis Blues. On February 22, 2015, Ferlin recorded his first NHL point when he assisted a Gregory Campbell goal in a 6-2 win against the Chicago Blackhawks.

References

Other websites 

1992 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Boston Bruins players
Living people
Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
United States Hockey League players
Jayson Megna (born February 1, 1990) is an American professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League. He also played for Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks, and New York Rangers of the (NHL). He was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and grew up in Northbrook, Illinois.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Megna played 2 seasons with the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders of the United States Hockey League (USHL) and half a year of college hockey with the University of Nebraska Omaha Mavericks. During his time with the Mavericks, Megna was named to the WCHA All-Rookie Team.

He was not drafted but he signed a two-way contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins on August 1, 2012. He was sent down to play for their AHL-affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins.

The Penguins called Megna up on October 24, 2013. Megna made his NH

L debut the next day in a 4-3 loss against the New York Islanders. On October 28, 2013, Megna recorded his first NHL point on a Tanner Glass goal and also scored his first NHL goal in a 3-1 win against the Carolina Hurricanes.

On July 10, 2014, the Penguins re-signed Megna to a one-year, two-way contract.

References

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1990 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Colorado Avalanche players
ECHL players
Ice hockey centres
Living people
New York Rangers players
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Sportspeople from Florida
United States Hockey League players
Vancouver Canucks players
Masudur Rahman Baidya (1968 – 26 April 2015) was an Indian swimmer. He was the world's first physically handicapped swimmer to swim across the English Channel (1997), the Strait of Gibraltar (2001), and the Palk Strait (2010). He was a double amputee below the knees.

Baidya was born in Ballabhpur, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. He has married and had two daughters.

Baidya died from a heart attack on 26 April 2015 in Kolkata, aged 46.

References

1968 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian sportspeople
Swimmers
Gordon Keith Mackenzie Moyes  (17 November 1938 – 5 April 2015) was an Australian Christian evangelist, broadcaster and politician. From 3 September 2002 to 4 March 2011, he was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, first for the Christian Democratic Party until March 2009. From November 2009, he was the Family First Party's only parliamentary representative in New South Wales.

Moyes was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He was married and had four children.

Moyes died on 5 April 2015 in Sydney, aged 76.

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
Australian Christians
Christian religious leaders
Evangelists
Independent politicians in Australia
Order of Australia
Politicians from Melbourne
Politicians from Sydney
Christine Susan Stewart  (January 3, 1941 – April 25, 2015) was a Canadian politician for the Liberal Party of Canada. She was member of the Canadian Parliament for Northumberland from 1988 to 2000. She was also the Minister of the Environment during the government of Jean Chrétien from 1997 to 1999.

Stewart was born in Hamilton, Ontario. She was also a nurse and graduated from the University of Toronto.

Stewart died on April 25, 2015 in Cobourg, aged 74.

References

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1941 births
2015 deaths
Canadian scientists
Nurses
People from Hamilton
Politicians from Ontario
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Hojatollah Khatib (‎; 1954 – 26 April 2015) was an Iranian sports administrator. He was the chairman of multisport club Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club based in Tehran between July 2004 and December 2005. He was also a wrestling president. He died from cancer in Tehran, aged 61.

References

1954 births
2015 deaths
Iranian businesspeople
Deaths from cancer
Disease-related deaths in Iran
Iranian Muslims
People from Tehran
Don Martin Mankiewicz (January 20, 1922 – April 25, 2015) was an American screenwriter and novelist. He was born in Berlin, Germany. He was the son of Sara (Aaronson) and the screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz. His 1955 novel Trial won the Harper Prize and was made into a movie of the same name.

Mankiewicz died of congestive heart failure in Monrovia, California, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2015 deaths
American novelists
American screenwriters
American television writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Writers from Berlin
Joseph Émile Alcide "Butch" Bouchard, CM, CQ (September 4, 1919 – April 14, 2012) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played defence with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League from 1941 to 1956. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, won four Stanley Cups,  was captain of the Canadiens for eight years and was voted to the NHL All-Star Team four times.

Other websites

 
 NYTimes obituary

1919 births
2012 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Joseph Henri Richard (February 29, 1936 – March 6, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played centre with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1955 to 1975.

Richard died on March 6, 2020 in Laval, Quebec of Alzheimer's disease-related problems, aged 84.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Canadian ice hockey centres
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Larry Paul Langford (March 17, 1946 – January 8, 2019) was an American politician and convicted criminal. He was the mayor of the city of Birmingham, Alabama serving from 2007 to 2009. He was serving a 15-year federal felony sentence at the time of his death.

Political life
He previously served on the Jefferson County, Alabama, Commission, including four years as the first African-American commission president. He also served as mayor of Fairfield, Alabama, and served one term on the Birmingham City Council.

Langford was a well-known television personality, having worked for then-local ABC affiliate, WBRC TV as the community's first African-American TV news reporter. In 2010, Langford began serving a 15-year federal felony sentence, the result of a highly publicized public corruption trial in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Prison time
On April 27, 2015, Langford transported from his prison in Ashland, Kentucky to a hospital due to a case of pneumonia. Langford was rejected for an early release after describing himself as "terminally-ill".

Death
He was granted compassionate release from prison in December 2018 due to his failing health and was hospitalized for respiratory failure and pneumonia in Birmingham. Langford died on January 8, 2019 at the hospital in Birmingham from complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 72.

References

Other websites

 Official Birmingham website – Langford page 
 Larry Langford profile at Bhamwiki.com

1946 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from COPD
American mayors
American criminals
American television personalities
People from Fairfield, Alabama
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Entertainers from Birmingham, Alabama
US Democratic Party politicians
Mary Jane Veloso (born 1984/85) is a Filipino maid. She was arrested and sentenced to death for apparently smuggling 2.6 kg of heroin into Indonesia. She was denied a pardon many times. She also said that she was innocent, and worked in Malaysia and Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Veloso was born in Nueva Ecija, Luzon. She was also once married and has two children.

References

1980s births
Living people
Drug traffickers
Filipino people
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (Charlotte Elizabeth Diana; born 2 May 2015) is a member of the British royal family. She is the daughter of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. She is the granddaughter of Charles, Prince of Wales. She is the great-granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II. She was born at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London. Her mother's pregnancy was announced on 8 September 2014 by Clarence House. From birth, she was the fourth in line to succeed the Queen, Elizabeth II, after her grandfather, father, and older brother, Prince George of Cambridge. She is the first member of the royal family born after the change to the law on 26 March 2015 which removes gender from consideration in succession. Meaning she is higher in the line of succession than her younger brother, Prince Louis, the first time a female royal has been in that position.

References

2015 births
Living people
English Anglicans
House of Windsor
People from Paddington
Royalty from London
Andrew Lesnie  (1956 – 27 April 2015) was an Australian movie cinematographer. He was best known as the cinematographer for The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003) and its prequel The Hobbit trilogy (2012–2014), both directed by New Zealand director Peter Jackson. He received the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring in 2002. He also worked on I Am Legend (2007) and The Water Diviner (2014).

Lesnie was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He died from a heart attack on 27 April 2015 in Sydney, aged 59.

References

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1956 births
2015 deaths
Academy Award winners
Australian filmmakers
BAFTA Award winners
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Cinematographers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Sydney
Tommy Shane Steiner (born October 9, 1973 in Austin, Texas) is an American country music artist. He made his debut in 2001 with the single "What If She's an Angel". The song reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts. It was the first of three chart singles from his singular album Then Came the Night which was released in 2002. The album peaked at No. 6 on the Country Albums chart.

Discography
Studio albums
 Then Came the Night (2002)

Singles
"What If She's an Angel" (2001)

Related pages 

List of country musicians from Texas

Sources 

1973 births
Living people
"Ms. Jackson" is a song by American alternative hip hop duo Outkast. The song was released in October 2006 . It was the second single on their fourth studio album Stankonia. During an interview with Vibe, André 3000 said about creating the song: "'Ms. Jackson' was an acoustic guitar song that I was doing at home. Then I just converted it over into something people could understand a little bit more."

On the Billboard charts, "Ms. Jackson" was able to peak at #1 on Hot 100, #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and at #13 on the Mainstream Top 40 charts.

In 2006, the song won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group.

References

Other websites

2000 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Hip hop songs
Princess Gabriella of Monaco, Countess of Carladès (Gabriella Thérèse Marie; born 10 December 2014), is the twin daughter of Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene. She is second in line to the throne of Monaco. She was born at The Princess Grace Hospital Centre in Monaco. She was born two minutes before her twin brother, Hereditary Prince Jacques. She was granted the title Countess of Carladès by her father.

Titles and styles

"Her Serene Highness The Countess of Carladès".

References

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2014 births
Living people
House of Grimaldi
Earls and countesses
Templers are members of the Temple Society (). It is a German Protestant sect. Their roots are in the Pietist movement of the Lutheran Church. The Templers were expelled from the church in 1858. This was because of their millennial beliefs. Their aim was to realize the apocalyptic visions of the prophets of Israel in the Holy Land.

Christoph Hoffmann founded the Temple society in 1861. He had 60 followers when they left the Wuerttemberg state (Lutheran) church. Hoffmann believed his calling was to build Christian communities in the Holy land. They founded Templer communities at Haifa (1869), Sarona (1871) and Rephaim near Jerusalem (1873).

References 

Christian denominations
1861 establishments
The Briard (or Berger de Brie, Shepherd (dog) from Brie) is a French kind of dog. Originally, the Briard was used for herding livestock. The Briard is an old race of dogs, which is mentioned in a manuscript of the 14th century (about hunting). The Briards exist in different colors, the most common ones are pale brown and black. The Briard is a long-haired breed of dog; the short-haired Beauceron is probably the same race. The Briard is a working dog breed; it has also been used as a search-and-rescue dog, and in certain roles as a therapy dog, for example to help people with certain conditions, such as those with Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Working dogs
Guy LeBlanc (October 16, 1960 – April 27, 2015) was a Canadian keyboardist and composer. He led his own progressive rock band Nathan Mahl. He also had been a member of the British progressive band Camel from 2000 until his death.

LeBlanc was born in Moncton, New Brunswick. He was married and had children.

LeBlanc died from kidney cancer on April 27, 2015, aged 54.

References

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1960 births
2015 deaths
Canadian composers
Cancer deaths in Canada
Deaths from kidney cancer
Keyboardists
People from New Brunswick
Antônio Abujamra (15 September 1932 – 28 April 2015) was a Brazilian theatre and television director and actor. His notable works included Carlota Joaquina, Princess of Brazil (1995), Terra Nostra (1999), Villa-Lobos: A Life of Passion (2000), Começar de Novo (2004), Poder Paralelo (2009), Assalto ao Banco Central (2011), Brichos – A Floresta é Nossa (2012) and Corações Feridos (2012)

Abujamra was born in 1932 in Ourinhos, São Paulo. He was of Lebanese ancestry. He majored in journalism and philosophy at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul in 1957. His son is musician André Abujamra (born 1965).

Abujamra died from a heart attack on 28 April 2015 in São Paulo, aged 82.

References

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1932 births
2015 deaths
Brazilian critics
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors

Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
People from São Paulo
Brazilian stage actors
Television directors
Brazilian television presenters
Brazilian theatre directors
Behaviour therapy is used for a number of methods of psychotherapy. Ivan Pavlov found that it is possible to "learn" how to react to a stimulus. His method is known as classical conditioning today. Behaviour therapy tries to use this knowledge to change the behaviour of people. In that way, people "learn" how to cope with their fears, for example. In a similar manner, people can be helped to cope with a number of mental disorders. One well known kind of behaviour therapy is exposure therapy: People with fears are "exposed" to them, and learn how to cope. As an example, someone who is afraid of spiders will be exposed to spiders.

Types of behavioural therapy 
There are a number of different types of behavioural therapy. The type of therapy used can depend on a variety of factors, including the condition being treated and the severity of the person's symptoms.

 Applied behaviour analysis uses operant conditioning to shape and modify problematic behaviours.
 Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) relies on behavioural techniques, but adds a cognitive element, focusing on the problematic thoughts behind behaviours.
 Dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) is a form of CBT that utilizes both behavioural and cognitive techniques to help people learn to manage their emotions, cope with distress, and improve interpersonal relationships.
 Aversion therapy is often used to treat problems such as substance abuse and alcoholism.

References 

Medicine
Rodrigo Muxfeldt Gularte (13 July 1972, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil – 29 April 2015, Central Java, Indonesia) was a Brazilian drug-trafficker. He was executed in Indonesia by firing squad for drug trafficking after being sentenced in 2006.

References

1972 births
2015 deaths
Brazilian people
Drug dealers
Laverne Clarence "Verne" Gagne (February 26, 1926 – April 27, 2015) was an American professional wrestler, football player, wrestling trainer, and wrestling promoter. He was the owner and promoter of the Minneapolis, Minnesota-based American Wrestling Association (AWA). He remained in this position until 1991, when the company folded.

Death of Helmut Gutmann
On January 26, 2009, Gagne got into an altercation with Helmut Gutmann, a 97-year-old resident of the Bloomington, Minnesota facility where they both resided. According to Gutmann's widow, who was not present during the altercation, Gagne picked Gutmann up and hurled him to the floor, then broke his hip by pulling back on his body. Gutmann was admitted to the hospital, and died on February 14 from complications of the injury. 

On February 25, 2009, the older man's death was officially ruled a homicide by the Hennepin County medical examiner's office.

Death
On the night of April 27, 2015, Gagne died in Bloomington, Minnesota at the age of 89 from Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Profile of Verne Gagne 
WWE Hall of Fame Profile of Verne Gagne

1926 births
2015 deaths
American wrestlers
American football players
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Minnesota
American murderers
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Calvin Peete (July 18, 1943 – April 29, 2015) was an American professional golfer. He was the most successful African-American on the PGA Tour, with 12 wins, before Tiger Woods. Peete was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Peete died after a long battle with lung cancer, in Atlanta, Georgia on April 29, 2015, aged 71.

References

Other websites

Calvin Peete Golf Companies

1943 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American golfers
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
René Féret (26 May 1945 – 28 April 2015) was a French actor, screenwriter, movie director and producer. He was known for his movie Solemn Communion.

References

Other websites

1945 births
2015 deaths
French movie directors
French movie producers
French screenwriters
French movie actors
(January 8, 1947April 28, 2015) was a Japanese rugby player and professional wrestler. He was better known by his ring name .

On April 28, 2015, Hara died from pneumonia in a hospital in Isahaya, Nagasaki.

References

1947 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Japanese sportspeople
People from Nagasaki Prefecture
Japanese professional wrestlers
Rugby union players