cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Newquay () is a town, civil parish, seaside resort, and fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, South West England. It is bounded to the west by the River Gannel and its associated salt marsh, and in the east by the Porth Valley. The town has been expanding inland (south) since it was founded. According to the 2001 census it had a permanent population of 19,423. It is the largest holiday resort in Cornwall and is served by Newquay Airport. The large beach provides very good conditions for surfing. There are numerous shops varying from the usual charity shops to shops selling many different brands of surf clothing.  There are many places to enjoy eating within the town.

Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and South West England, Newquay experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest Met Office weather station is St. Mawgan/Newquay Airport, about 3.5 miles to the north east of the town centre. Temperature extremes in the area since 1960 vary from  in June 1976 and August 1995  down to  during January 1987.

References

Other websites 

 Newquay Town Council
 Treninick entry in the Domesday Book
 1st Newquay Scout Group
 Newquay Nightlife - Guide to bars, hotels, restaurants, beaches and more

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Cairnryan is a small Scottish village overlooking Loch Ryan and is notable today for its large modern ferry port, operated by P&O, which links Scotland with Larne in Northern Ireland. The village has been of vital importance in maritime history.

Other websites
 Larne Ferry Web - for news & history of ferries to Larne

Villages in Scotland
Stranraer (Gaelic: An t-Sròn Reamhar, ) is a town in the south of Scotland in the west of the region of Dumfries and Galloway and in the county of Wigtownshire. It was formerly the ferry port connecting Scotland with Belfast in Northern Ireland.  Ferries now leave from Cairnryan.

References

Towns in Scotland
Coleraine () is a very large town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland near to the mouth of the River Bann. It is  northwest of Belfast and  east of Derry City, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. George Best Belfast City Airport to the south–east, City of Derry Airport,  to the west, and the main regional airport, Belfast International Airport, to the south are all relatively accessible from Coleraine.

Notable people 
Famous people who have lived in Coleraine include the actor James Nesbitt, Andrew Bonar Law who was Prime minister of the United Kingdom for a short period in the 1920s, and also suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams.

References

Other websites
 Coleraine Borough Council
 Coleraine Community Safety Partnership 
 Coleraine Youth Forum 

Towns in Northern Ireland
Rostrevor (in Irish: Ros Treabhair, i.e. Trevor’s Wood, also Caislean Ruairi, i.e. Rory's Castle) is a village in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on Carlingford Lough and the hill of Slieve Martin, at the base of the Mourne Mountains and on the Kilbroney River. It had a population of 2,444 in the 2001 Census. The town is known for its folk music festival, Fiddler's Green Festival. It is in the Newry and Mourne District Council area. The name 'Rostrevor' first appeared circa 1618 and was named after Rose Ussher (the daughter of Henry Ussher, the Anglican Archbishop of Armagh) by her husband Edward Trevor (who came from Brynkynallt in Wales).

References 

Villages in Northern Ireland
County Down
1610s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Northern Ireland
Saint Thomas is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). The territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie is on the island. As of the 2000 census, Saint Thomas had 51,181 people, about 47% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of 80.9 km² (31.24 sq mi).

Other websites 
Official sites
United States Virgin Islands  - Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau 

Map
St. Thomas USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. Thomas, USVI

US Virgin Islands
Saint John is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). It is the smallest of the three main USVI islands.

St. John is about 4 miles east of Saint Thomas, and 4 miles south and west of Tortola, part of the British Virgin Islands. It is 50.8 km² (19.61 sq mi) in area. It has a population of 4,197 (2000 census).

Other websites 
Official sites
 St. John  - Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
 Cruz Bay Visitor Center  - Virgin Island National Park, U.S. Department of the Interior
 St. John, USVI  - Official site for the US Virgin Islands Hotel & Tourism Association
 VINP Archaeology -Friends of the Virgin Islands National Park Archaeology blog (provides weekly updates of National Park excavations on St. John)

Map
 St. John USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. John, USVI

References

US Virgin Islands
Neuenhof is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Niederlenz is a municipality in Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Niederrohrdorf is a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Niederwil is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberbözberg was a municipality, in the new municipality of Bözberg and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Aargau
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Oberentfelden is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberflachs is a former municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Oberflachs and Schinznach-Dorf merged into the new municipality of Schinznach.

Other websites
Official Website of Oberflachs

Former municipalities of Aargau
Oberhof is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberkulm is a municipality in Kulm, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberlunkhofen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Obermumpf is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official website of the municipality of Obermumpf

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberrohrdorf is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
A heat wave is a period of unusually warm or very hot weather, and may be accompanied by high humidity. "Heat wave" is not an exact term: Any weather that feels warmer than people expect, might be called a heat wave. For example, temperatures normal for a warmer climate might be called a "heat wave" by people living in a place that is usually cooler.  So a "heat wave" could mean a little warm weather, (like "several days as hot as summer, but in winter"), or temperatures so high they make history, (such as, "the hottest summer in a hundred years").

References

Other websites
 FEMA: Extreme Heat
 Hot Weather Tips
 Marble Bar heatwave, 1923-1924 

Weather
Clarence Ray Nagin, Jr. () (born June 11, 1956) was the mayor of New Orleans. He was first elected on March 2, 2002, to succeed his fellow Democrat, Marc Morial. Nagin gained international attention in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the New Orleans area.

In 2014, Nagin was convicted on twenty of twenty-one charges of wire fraud, bribery, and money laundering related to bribes from city contractors before and after Hurricane Katrina and was sentenced to ten years in federal prison.

References

Other websites
 BBC NEWS | Americas |Profile: Ray Nagin, BBC News
 Nagin calls for rebuilding 'chocolate' New Orleans, CNN 1/17/2006
 The City of New Orleans 
 Campaign contributions made by Ray Nagin 
 Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan 
 Mayor to feds: 'Get off your asses', CNN transcript and the audio  of WWL-AM radio interview.
 Profile on CityMayors.com
 Southeast Louisiana Evacuation Plan Supplement 
 New Orleans “overrun” by Mexicans 
 Profile of Ray Nagin in Tulane University Magazine
 Nagin Works Both Sides of Aisle for Aid The Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2006
 The Tavis Smiley Show - interview with Ray Nagin, January 13, 2006
 Ray Nagin's Redemption, by William Robinson, Washington Post, May 23, 2006
 Labou Movie - Independent Film In Which Ray Nagin stars as the Mayor of New Orleans.

1956 births
Living people
African American politicians
Mayors of New Orleans
US Democratic Party politicians
The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) is the world's largest physical commodity futures exchange. It is in New York City. Its two principal divisions are the New York Mercantile Exchange and the New York Commodities Exchange (COMEX) which were once independent companies but are now merged.

Other websites
 National Futures Association
 New York Mercantile Exchange Official Website

Companies based in New York City
Stock market
1882 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
Saba (spoken as "Sah-ba") is the smallest island of the Caribbean Netherlands and the former Netherlands Antilles. It is a special municipality (public body) of the Netherlands. It lies at . It is mostly made up of Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Scenery is a dormant volcano.

Saba has a land area of 13 km² (5 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, 1,349 people lived there. In 2004, about 1,424 people lived there.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Saba's Tourist Bureau homepage
 Saba Conservation Foundation's homepage
 Saba Ferry Dawn II
 Saba (N.A.): Bos en nationale parken. 54pp. 
 Saba University School of Medicine
Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, or Saint Eustace, is one of the islands which make up the Caribbean Netherlands and formerly the Netherlands Antilles. It is in the northern, Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, some distance southeast of the Virgin Islands. It forms part of the inner arc of the Leeward Island chain, lying immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba at . The regional capital is Oranjestad. It is named after the legendary Catholic Saint Eustace.

Sint Eustatius is a special municipality (public body) of the Netherlands. 

Sint Eustatius has a land area of 21 km² (8.1 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 2,292 inhabitants, which means a population density of 109 inh. per km². In 2004, the population was estimated at 2,498 inhabitants.

References

Other websites 
 Sint Eustatius Tourist Office's homepage 
 Sint Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website
 Sint Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research

Caribbean special municipalities of the Netherlands
Geography of the Netherlands Antilles
Royal Caribbean International () is a Norwegian-American cruise ship company based in Miami, Florida.

Other websites
 Official site
 RCI ship history at Fakta om Fartyg (only in Swedish)
 F/Y 2006 Report for Royal Caribbean from 10kwizard.com
 Independent Royal Caribbean Cruise resource 

American transport companies
Companies of Norway
Companies based in Miami, Florida
Transport in Florida
1968 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in Norway
Inagua is the southernmost district of the Bahamas.  It is the islands of Great Inagua and Little Inagua.

Great Inagua is the third largest island in the Bahamas at 596 square miles (1544 km²) and lies about 55 miles (90 km) from the eastern tip of Cuba. The island is about 55 × 19 miles (90 × 30 km) in extent, the highest point being 108 ft (33 m) on East Hill. It encloses several lakes, most notably the 12-mile long Lake Windsor (also called Lake Rosa) which occupies nearly ¼ of the interior. The population of Great Inagua is 969 (2000 census).

The island's capital and only harbour is Matthew Town.

There is a large bird sanctuary in the centre of the island.  There are more than 80,000 West Indian Flamingoes and many other exotic birds such as the native Bahama Parrot, the Bahama woodstar hummingbird, Bahama pintails, Brown pelicans, Tri-colored herons, Snowy egrets, Reddish egrets, Stripe-headed tanangers, Cormorants, Roseate spoonbills, American kestrels, and Burrowing owls.

Districts of the Bahamas
Islands of the Bahamas
1999 establishments in the Bahamas
Acklins and Crooked Islands was a district of the Bahamas until 1996, and as Acklins, Crooked Island and Long Cay until 1999. The islands are at .

The population of Acklins was 428, and Crooked Island 350, at the 2000 census.

Since 1999, Acklins and Crooked Island are separate districts.

References

Islands of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas
1996 disestablishments in North America
1999 disestablishments
Indie rock is a subgenre of alternative rock music which originated in the United Kingdom and North America in the early 1980s. Initially a form of independent music, it was based on small labels with low budgets which produced lo-fi rock records. Indie rock, as a genre, is very diverse; indie rock has several subgenres, and each vary greatly in style. Nevertheless, indie rock distinguishes itself from indie pop as it is generally rougher and more hard-edged. 

Indie rock and alternative rock are often used interchangeably. Nevertheless, there are some differences between the genres. Initially, the term "indie" was used for British-based music, whilst "alternative" for American. In 1986, British magazine NME released a cassette, C86, which defined much of the sound of what is today regarded as "indie" music, notably the usage of jangly guitar sounds, retro elements borrowing from 1960s rock bands, and a DIY, amateur-like sound.

According to About.com, the term indie has two different general meanings in the UK and North America. In the UK, "indie" is a term used to describe "melancholy" and "non-rock" ballad-based music; in North America, on the other hand, "indie" is often used to refer to retro-sounding, "twee" and "Anglophilic" music.

Today, indie rock has been able to find some commercial success. Popular indie rock acts and artists include R.E.M., Pavement, Regina Spektor and Superchunk, to name a few.

Additionally, indie rock has fused to create several new genres and subgenres. Indietronica, or indie electronic music, is a genre which fuses elements of indie rock, pop and electronic music, and often makes usage of synthesizers and drum machines. Alternative dance music, or indie dance, is also a genre which fuses elements of electronic dance music, alternative rock, indie rock and New Wave, usually incorporating elements of the rock genres and using them in a dance-based context.

References

Alternative music
Acetic acid, or ethanoic acid, (CH3COOH) is a carboxylic acid, which is the main compound of vinegar, other than water. It tastes and smells sour; it has no color. Its melting point is 16.5 °C(61.6 °F) and boiling point is 118.1 °C(244.5 °F). It has a pH of 2.4.

Acetic acid is commoblyused as a food additive. It has the E numbers E 260 (acetic acid). Potassium acetate (E 261), sodium acetate (E 262), and calcium acetate (E 2639 are salts of acetic acid; they are comonly used in preserving food, usually vegetables. In sourdough, ethanol fermentation is used.

References

2
Acids
Boris Franz Becker (born 22 November 1967) is a  German retired tennis player. He was born in Leimen, Germany. At the age of 17, he became the youngest ever winner at Wimbledon in 1985. He won the contest while being unseeded. That means that he had not achieved enough to be assigned within an order of the better players at the start of the tournament.

He became a very successful player, winning the Wimbledon title again in 1986. Becker also helped West Germany win its first Davis Cup in 1988. In 1989, he won the Wimbledon, the US Open and another Davis Cup.

In 1991, he reached the World number 1 ranking by winning the Australian Open. Becker defeated Jim Courier in straight sets to win the 1992 Association of Tennis Professionals Tour World title. His final Grand Slam title was in 1996, where he beat Michael Chang for another Australian Open title in four sets.

Becker completed at the 1992 Summer Olympics where he won a gold medal in the men's doubles event.

Throughout his career, Becker won 49 singles titles and 15 doubles titles. He is known for his rivalry with certain players, including Ivan Lendl, Stefan Edberg and Michael Stich.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1967 births
Australian Open champions
German Olympic gold medalists
German Roman Catholics
German tennis players
Living people
Male tennis players
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
The General Certificate of Education Advanced Level (commonly shortened to A-Level) is a set of exams taken worldwide.  They are usually taken during the end of secondary school.  In the UK, they are usually taken two years after the students have completed GCSE or IGCSE exams.  

A-Levels are usually split into six parts, each with its own exam.

Most people study three A-Levels, and one AS-Level.  An AS-Level is the first half of an A-Level.  An AS-Level can be studied on its own, but to get an A-Level the second half must also be completed.  The second half of an A-Level is an A2-Level. A student might opt to appear for his AS (Advanced Subsidiary) and A2 together in one go.

A Levels are a requirement for most universities if the student wishes to proceed to degree level education.

Education in the United Kingdom
Examinations
In music, a suite (pronounce "sweet") is a collection of short musical pieces which can be played one after another. The pieces are usually dance movements. The French word “suite” means “a sequence” of things, i.e. one thing following another.

In the 17th century many composers such as Bach and Handel wrote suites. They were collections of dances: usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue. Sometimes other dances were included as well, e.g. a minuet, gavotte, passepied or bourree. Sometimes the first movement was not a dance movement but an introduction. It may have been called a prelude or even overture. Some of Bach’s suites were called Partitas. The French composer François Couperin called his suites Ordres.

Bach wrote suites for orchestra which he called "overtures". Handel wrote two very famous collections of dance movements for orchestra: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks. These are also suites although they are not given that title. He also wrote 22 suites for keyboard, and Bach wrote "French Suites", "English Suites" and "Partitas" for keyboard as well as partitas for unaccompanied violin and suites for unaccompanied cello.

Earlier composers, e.g. Renaissance composers, had also written suites, but the word “suite” was not used until around the middle of the 17th century.
By the 1750s composers had stopped writing suites. They were more interested in the symphony and concerto, 

In the late 19th century, the word "suite" started to be used again. Composers who had written opera's or ballets with lots of popular dance movements often made an arrangement of these movements for orchestra so that it could be played at concerts. Tchaikovsky wrote the "Nutcracker Suite" which includes the most popular dances from his ballet "The Nutcracker". Some composers used the word "suite" for pieces with movements which had a common theme: Gustav Holst called "The Planets" a suite, as each movement is about one of the planets. French composers of the Impressionist period such as Ravel and Debussy wrote suites for piano.
Michael Te-Pei Chang (; born February 22, 1972) is an American retired tennis player. He was the youngest-ever male winner of a Grand Slam singles title, when he won the French Open in 1989 at the age of 17.

Chang was often in the Top 10 in the Association of Tennis Professionals world rankings for several years in the 1990s. His highest ranking (that is, the order in which it is shown how good he is in the sport at a certain time) was World No. 2.

When he won the French Open in 1989, Chang had a well known semi-final match with Ivan Lendl.  Before the match, many people thought the unseeded Chang would lose to the No. 1 ranked Lendl.  At first Chang was losing, but he won the important third set.  Starting then, Chang began to have leg cramps, but won the match through determination.  Today, many people remember this game as one of his best matches when the name Michael Chang is mentioned.

Chang was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, United States. His parents are Taiwanese. Chang is a Christian. With his family he started the Chang Family Foundation in 1999 "to introduce the Good News of Jesus Christ to the world".

References

1972 births
American Christians
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Living people
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae. It includes horses, asses, and zebras. Equus is the only living (extant) genus of horses, and there are seven living species. They are the one-toed horses, and are adapted for living in various types of grasslands.

The term equine refers to any member of this genus. Equus has many extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies) and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers with simpler digestive systems than ruminants. They can live on low-quality vegetation.

Feral equine populations are widespread, but wild equines are found only in Africa and Asia. Wild populations may have a harem system. In this case one adult male or stallion, several females or mares and their young or foals. Otherwise they live in  a territory where males control territories with resources that attract females. In both systems, females take care of the foals, though males may play a role as well. Equines communicate with each other visually and vocally. Human activities have threatened wild equine populations and out of the seven living species, only the plains zebra is still widespread and abundant.

The one-toed horses of the grasslands developed from smaller three-toed horses which lived more in forests and wooded savannahs. Before the coming of humans, horses were much more varied and widespread, though the number of species is not known.

Living horses 
There are seven species of living horses in the wild. They are:
E. africanus—African wild ass
E. ferus—wild horse
E. grevyi—Grévy's zebra
E. hemionus—onager
E. kiang—kiang
E. quagga—plains zebra
E. zebra—mountain zebra

This is not counting the many types of horse which mankind has modified by breeding. Equus ferus has been the species used by man as the basis of the various breeds of horse.

References 

Horses
216 Kleopatra is a Main belt asteroid found by Johann Palisa on April 10, 1880 in Pola. It is named after Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt.

Kleopatra is an unusual object. Its odd shape was revealed by adaptive optics on the ESO 3.6m telescope at La Silla. By bouncing radar signals off the asteroid, a team of astronomers at the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico were able to develop a more detailed computer model of its shape, which confirmed the dog-bone like shape. A favored explanation is that Kleopatra is a contact binary: two similarly-sized asteroids that have hit and stuck together instead of breaking apart.

Kleopatra is a fairly big asteroid, measuring 217 × 94 × 81 km. It is believed to be a loosely packed metallic object, based on its radar albedo.

Other websites 
 Bilobated shape of 216 Kleopatra
 Astronomers Catch Images of Giant Metal Dog Bone Asteroid – NASA article
 An Asteroid for the Dogs

References 
 The Asteroid Orbital Elements Database
 Minor Planet Discovery Circumstances
 Asteroid Lightcurve Data File

Asteroids
The Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg) is a Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. At present the headquarters of the ministry are still in Bonn with 3230 working in the Hardthöhe. The second office employs about 500 people in the Bendlerblock in Berlin.

Organisation
The BMVg is at the highest Federal authority and the highest command authority of the defence forces. The BMVg has civilian and military departments:
 the General staff (Führungsstab)of the defence forces, under the Inspector General of the Federal Armed Forces
 the top staffs of the 3 forces (Army, Navy and Air Force)
 the armaments department the department of defence administration, infrastructure and environmental protection
 the personel, social and central department
 the legal department
 the Budget department
 the department for modernisation.

Operatively the General Staff of the Defence Forces (or "FÜ S", which is short for ) is the most important, it has seven sections divided into 42 smaller sections

The press and information staff and the planning staff work directly under the minister

Federal Minister of Defence
In peace time the Federal Minister of Defence is commander in chief of the Armed Forces, not the Federal President.

If Germany is attacked, or about to be attacked, command passes to the Chancellor.

History 
In 1950 Chancellor Konrad Adenauer gave Theodor Blank the job of preparing for the time when Germany could have an army. In December 20 people where working in the "Blank Office". On 7 June 1955 it had 1300 employees, and it became the Federal Ministry for  Defence.

It was renamed in Federal Ministry of defence on December 1961 and was seen as one of the "classic departments" . At German reunification the National People's Army (Nationale Volksarmee) of East Germany was made part of the Federal Armed Forces. Not long after this, Germany's army took part in the war in Kosovo. This was the first time that Germany's army had been sent to fight outside Germany since the end of World War II

Federal Ministers of Defence since 1955

References
An angstrom or ångström (symbol Å) is a unit of length that equals 0.1 nanometer (nm). It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−10 m (normalized notation) or  (exponential notation) — both mean . It is sometimes used to express the sizes of atoms, lengths of chemical bonds and visible-light spectra, and dimensions of parts of integrated circuits. For example, a single atom is about two ångströms wide, and a human hair is about a million ångströms thick.

History 
The ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), one of the founders of spectroscopy who is known also for studies of astrophysics, flow of heat, the earth's magnetic field, and the aurora borealis. 

In 1868, Ångström created a spectrum chart of solar radiation that expresses each wavelength in the spectrum of sunlight in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre, or 1 metres. This unit of length later became known as the ångström, Å.

Human beings can see light having wavelengths ranging from about 4,000 ångströms (violet) to 7,000 ångströms (deep red), so the ångström was a convenient unit of measurement. Because of its closeness to the scale of atoms and molecules it was also popular in chemistry and crystallography.

Today, the use of the ångström as a unit is less popular than it used to be, and the nanometre (nm) is often used instead (The ångström is officially discouraged by the International Committee for Weights and Measures, and by the American National Standard for Metric Practice.)

References 

Units of length
Oberrüti is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Obersiggenthal is a municipality of the district of Baden, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberwil-Lieli is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oeschgen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Aargau
Oftringen is a city and municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Aargau
The Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English  :Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is a trilogy, written by Isaac Newton and published on 5 July 1687. The three-book work describes physics and mathematics. It states Newton's laws of motion and the derivation of Kepler's Laws, and observations on gravity.

17th-century books
Mathematics books
Physics
Olsberg is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Olsberg

Municipalities of Aargau
Livorno is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy.

History 
Today, Livorno is known for the fortified town walls and for the small streets. Many foreigners moved to Livorno such as Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Dutch, and English. Some Moriscos (Muslim Spaniards forced to turn Catholic), much later, also moved to Livorno (from Spain and during the 18th century).

Main monuments 

Bridges, houses and streets, mostly from the neo-classical era are in the district of Livorno.

Examples 
The "Monumento dei quattro mori" ("Monument of the Four Turks"), dedicated to Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici of Tuscany, is one of the most important monuments of Livorno.

Another important monument is the old fortress which has 3 bastions called “Capitana”, “Ampolletta” and “Canaviglia”. It was made before the Renaissance.

Culture 
Politically, Livorno is one of the most left-leaning cities of Italy. The Communist Party of Italy was founded in Livorno on 21 January 1921.

Economy 
Tuaca liqueur is produced in Livorno. The city also has a petrochemical industry.

Sport 
Livorno has a football team in Serie A, A.S. Livorno Calcio.

Languages 
Livorno inhabitants speak a Tuscan dialect of Italian, called vernacolo.

Climate 
Livorno has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Sister cities 
  Bat Yam (Israel)
  Guadalajara (Spain)
  Haiphong (Vietnam)
  Novorossiysk (Russia)
  Oakland (United States of America)

Important people from Livorno 
 Mario Ancona (1860-1931), opera composer
 Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942), painter
 Giorgio Caproni (1912-1990), poet
 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 1920), former President of the Republic of Italy
 Piero Ciampi (1934-1980), musician
 Giovanni Fattori (1825-1908), painter
 Voltolino Fontani (1920-1976), painter
 Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi (1804-1873), writer and politician
 Cristiano Lucarelli (born 1975), football player
 Pietro Mascagni (1863-1945), opera composer
 Matteo Mazzantini (born 1976), rugby player
 Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920), painter and sculptor
 Aldo Montano (born 1978), fencer, Olympic gold medalist
 Alfredo Muller (1869-1940), artist
 Armando Picchi (1935-1971), football player and manager
 Dario Resta (1884-1924), Racecar driver, Indy 500 winner
 Angiolo Tommasi (1858-1923), artist
 Alberto Fremura (born 1936), artist
 Francis Levett English merchant

Other websites 

 Municipal website 
 ItalianVisits.com 
 Photographic map of Livorno 

 
Capital cities in Italy
Police is a town in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2007, 34,220 people live there.  The town is located on the river Oder, near the border with Germany. It is one of the largest sea ports in Poland. Police borders with Szczecin. In the Police area, there is another town called Nowe Warpno. 

Cities in Poland
Nowe Warpno is a town in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2004, 1,214 people live there. The town is located on the Szczecin Lagoon, at the border with Germany. In the area of Nowe Warpno there are Police, Poland, Świnoujście, Szczecin, Eggesin and Ueckermünde.

Towns in Poland
Othmarsingen is a municipality in Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Reinach is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Reitnau is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipality of Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Rekingen is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior  are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust,  and gas compounds are some of these "ejecta".

Eruptions can come from side branches or from the top of the volcano. Some eruptions are terrible explosions that throw out huge amounts of rock and volcanic ash and can kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

Volcanic Explosivity Index 
The Volcanic Explosivity Index (commonly shortened VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for measuring the strength of eruptions. It is used by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program to assess historic and prehistoric lava flows. It works in a way similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes: each interval in value is a tenfold increase in magnitude (it is logarithmic). Most volcanic eruptions are of VEIs between 0 and 2.

Volcanic eruptions by VEI index

Related pages 
 Volcanism
 Volcano  

Volcanology
Remetschwil is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Remigen is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
The Gifford Pinchot National Forest is a United States National Forest in Washington, USA. It has  of land. The forest includes the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, which takes up  of the property.

Forests
IUCN Category VI
Geography of Washington (U.S. state)
Rietheim is also the name of a number of places in Germany

Rietheim is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
The Cascade Range is a mountain range in western North America. It goes from Northern California, through Oregon and Washington, and ends in British Columbia, Canada. The range includes the Western Cascades in northern California and the North and Canadian Cascades in Washington State and Canada. 

 in the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. Volcanos in the range include Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Shasta. The Cascades are part of the "American Cordillera", the almost continuous spine of mountains which runs right down the western side of the Americas.

The highest mountain in the cascades is Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet or 4,392 metres.

Geology 

The Cascade range was formed by thousands of small, short-lived volcanoes that built a platform of lava and volcanic debris. Rising above this volcanic platform are a few strikingly large volcanoes, like Mount St. Helens, that dominate the landscape.

The fundamental reason for all these mountains on the western side of the Americas is the steady movement of the great landmasses away from Eurasia and Africa. The process of continental drift is fuelled by the production of sea-floor material at the mid-Atlantic trench. The landmasses of the Americas have buckled the edges of the Pacific plates, resulting in the continual volcanic build-up of mountains on the western side of the continents. The Cascade Volcanic Arc made its first appearance 36 million years ago. The major volcanic peaks today were born in the last 1.6 million years. More than 3,000 vents erupted during the most recent volcanic episode that began 5 million years ago. As long as subduction continues, new Cascade volcanoes will continue to rise.

As the oceanic slab sinks deep into the Earth's interior beneath the continental plate, high temperatures and pressures allow water molecules locked in the minerals of solid rock to escape. The water vapor rises into the pliable mantle above the subducting plate, causing some of the mantle to melt. This newly formed magma rises toward the Earth's surface to erupt, forming a chain of volcanoes.

References

Other websites

Mountains of Canada
Geography of Washington (U.S. state)
Geography of Oregon
Mountains of California
Mountains of the United States
Volcanoes of North America
Riniken is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Rohr could mean any of the following:

Places

Austria
Rohr im Gebirge, in Lower Austria
Rohr im Kremstal, in Upper Austria

France
Rohr, in the Bas-Rhin département, Alsace region

Germany
Rohr (Thuringia) , in the Schmalkalden-Meiningen district, Thuringia
Rohr (Mittelfranken) , in the Roth district, Bavaria
Rohr in Niederbayern, in the Kelheim district, Bavaria
A part of Plattling in the Deggendorf district, Bavaria
A part of Waltenhofen in the Oberallgäu district, Bavaria
A part of Blankenheim in the Euskirchen district, North Rhine-Westphalia
A part of Freystadt in the Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz district, Bavaria
A part of Rohrbach in the Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm district, Bavaria
A part of Eurasburg in the Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen district, Bavaria
A part of Neudrossenfeld in the Kulmbach  district, Bavaria
A part of Weilheim in the Waldshut district, Baden-Württemberg
A part of Günzach in the Ostallgäu, Bavaria
A part of Stuttgart-Vaihgingen, in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg

Switzerland
Rohr, in the Canton of Aargau
Rohr, in the Canton of Solothurn

People
Adam L. Rohr (1976- ) 
Heinrich Rohr (1902-1997) composer
Franz Freiherr Rohr von Denta (1854-1927), last commander of the Austro-Hungarian First Army
Tony Rohr Disc Jockey
Ignaz Rohr (1866-1944) Catholic theologian
Otto van Rohr (1914-1982) composer
Richard Rohr (1943- ) Franciscan priest
Rohr is a former municipality of the district of Aarau in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Since 2009 Rohr is a part of the municipality and city of Aarau.

Former municipalities of Aargau
Rothrist is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Rottenschwil is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Rüfenach is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Rümikon is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Welwel is an oasis in Ethiopia, near Somalia. It used to be called Walwal.  Walwal was where a border dispute happened with Italy.  Mussolini used the dispute as an excuse to start a war against Ethiopia.

Ethiopia
Rupperswil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Safenwil is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Sarmenstorf is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Schafisheim is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Scherz is a former municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Scherz merged into the municipality of Lupfig.

Former municipalities of Aargau
Schinznach-Bad was a municipality in Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 Schinznach-Bad became part of Brugg.

References 

Former municipalities of Aargau
Schinznach-Dorf is a former municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Schinznach-Dorf and Oberflachs merged into the new municipality of Schinznach.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Aargau
Schlossrued is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Schmiedrued is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Schneisingen is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Schöftland is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Aargau
Schupfart is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Schwaderloch is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Seengen is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Seon is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Siglistorf is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Rheinfelden is a city and municipality of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland, seat of the district of Rheinfelden.  It is  east of Basel.  The name means the fields of the Rhine, as the town is on the Hochrhein.  It is home to Feldschlösschen, the most popular beer in Switzerland. The city is across the river from Rheinfelden in Baden-Württemberg; the two cities were joined until Napoleon Bonaparte fixed the German–Swiss border on the Rhine in 1802 and are still socially and economically tied.

Geography 
The old town of Rheinfelden is on the Rhine river. The Rhine can be traveled down by ship from Rheinfelden all the way to the North Sea.

History 
The area around Rheinfelden was already settled about 10,000 years ago. At that time, people lived in the "Hermitage", a small natural cave next to the current highway. In the year 45 BC, a few kilometers west, the village Augusta Raurica was made, the first Roman town in Switzerland, near modern Kaiseraugst.  Towards the end of the 4th century, a fort was built at the western settlement.

During the 17th century, there was very little time during which the city enjoyed peace. During the Rappenkrieg (a peasant uprising that lasted from 1612 until 1614), the city was ruined. Between 1633 and 1638, the Thirty Years' War reached Fricktal, where Rheinfelden played a big role. On 15 July 1633, Swedish and French troops ruined the city. On 5 February 1638, the city was put under attack by Protestant troops sent by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. On 28 February, the Battle of Rheinfelden began, as the city was attacked by the bigger Imperial and Bavarian troops sent by Johann von Werth and Federigo Savelli. The Protestants lost this battle and moved on. Bernhard brought them weapons, but in the second passage on 3 March they were defeated, as he and his men unexpectedly re-appeared on the battlefield, with Savelli and Werth falling into captivity.

By the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Austrians had built a fortress on the island to secure the southwestern border of the Breisgau. In 1678, French troops sent by François de Créquy fired at the city. In 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French made a fortress on the same ground and also ruined part of the city wall.  On 17 July 1796, Rheinfelden was again occupied and looted by the French.

Because of the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, the Fricktal became a protectorate of the French, making the front line between the French Revolutionary and the Austrian troops in the War of the Second Coalition.  On 20 February 1802, Rheinfelden was made the capital city of the new Canton of Fricktal, joining the Helvetic Republic in August, the point at which the city became mostly Swiss. The seat of the cantonal government was here instead of in Laufenburg. With the beginning of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (the German Mediatisation), Napoleon Bonaparte removed the canton of Fricktal. Since 19 March 1803, Rheinfelden has been the capital of the district of the same name, in the canton of Aargau.

References

Other websites 

  Official website
 Feldschlösschen brewery

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
The Klickitat (also spelled Klikitat) are a Native American tribe of the Pacific Northwest.  A Shahaptian tribe, their neighbors to the east were the Yakama, who speak a closely related language. Their neighbors to the west are the Salishan and Chinookan tribes.  Their name has been used for naming places like Klickitat County, Washington, Klickitat, Washington, and the Klickitat River, a tributary of the Columbia River.  

Native American
Arzo was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009 the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Ascona is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
Der Monte Verità in Ascona 
Der "Heilige Berg" Monte Verità 
Museo comunale d’arte moderna Ascona  
www.ascona.ch
www.maggiore.ch
New Orleans Jazz Festival

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Ticino
Astano is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Astano 

Municipalities of Ticino
Lugano is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Circles and municipalities 

The district of Lugano has 98 municipalities divided in 12 circles:
 Circle of Lugano: Lugano, Aldesago, Brè, Castagnola, Gandria;
 Circle of the Ceresio: Maroggia, Rovio, Arogno, Melano, Bissone;
 Circle of Carona: Paradiso, Carona, Melide, Morcote, Vico Morcote, Carabietta, Grancia, Agra, Gentilino, Montagnola, Barbengo, Carabbia;
 Circle of Magliasina: Caslano, Pura, Ponte Tresa, Curio, Neggio, Magliaso;
 Circle of Pregassona: Pregassona, Cureggia, Davesco, Noranco, Pambio, Pazzallo, Soragno, Viganello;
 Circle of Agno: Agno, Biogno, Bosco Luganese, Cimo, Iseo, Muzzano, Cademario, Vernate;
 Circle of Sessa: Sessa, Astano, Bedigliora, Biogno-Beride, Croglio-Castelrotto, Monteggio;
 Circle of Sonvico: Sonvico, Certara, Bogno, Colla, Insone, Scareglia, Signôra, Piandera, Cadro, Villa Luganese;
 Circle of Vezia: Vezia, Cureglia, Cadempino, Lamone, Comano, Sorengo, Massagno, Savosa, Porza, Canobbio;
 Circle of Breno: Breno, Arosio, Fescoggia, Mugena, Vezio, Novaggio, Miglieglia, Aranno;
 Circle of Taverne: Torricella-Taverne, Rivera, Bironico, Camignolo, Mezzovico-Vira, Sigirino, Bedano, Gravesano, Manno;
 Circle of Tesserete: Tesserete, Cagiallo, Campestro, Sala Capriasca, Lopagno, Roveredo Capriasca, Vaglio, Bidogno, Corticiasca, Lugaggia, Ponte Capriasca, Origlio;
 Circle of Riva San Vitale: Riva San Vitale, Meride, Arzo, Besazio, Tremona, Rancate, Capolago.

Districts of Ticino