cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is the largest of the four crocodile species found in Africa. They have a long tail and powerful jaws. Their back feet are webbed for swimming. They can grow up to  in length and can weigh up to . The males are usually bigger than the females.

Nile crocodiles are also found in Madagascar, sub-Saharan Africa and the Nile Delta. They were also found in Jordan and Israel before. They live in different habitats including lakes, rivers, estuaries, freshwater marshes, and mangrove swamps. 

The Nile Crocodile is carnivorous, or eats meat. The Nile crocodile eats bigger animals as it gets bigger. Young crocodiles will eat insects and small fish, while adult crocodiles can catch and eat zebras, antelopes, wildebeests and buffalo. The Nile Crocodile will attack anything, even other crocodiles. 

The crocodiles mate in the water, and then the female lays her eggs in a hole dug in the ground. They can lay 60 eggs which take about 90 days to hatch. One unique thing about the Nile crocodile is that the female will guard the eggs until they hatch. Young crocodiles are able to reproduce when they get to about 12 years old.

References

Crocodilia
Reichswehr was the name of the German military from 1921 to 1935. During these years, their number was severely restricted by the Treaty of Versailles. From 1935 to 1946 they were called Wehrmacht, and since 1946 they have been called Bundeswehr.

Military of Germany
1920s in Germany
1930s in Germany
Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements, ideas, and attitudes which oppose capitalism, toward social equality or environmentalism.  Anti-capitalists, in the strict sense of the word, are those who wish to completely replace capitalism with another system; however, there are also ideas which can be characterized as partially anti-capitalist in the sense that they only wish to replace or abolish certain aspects of capitalism rather than the entire system.

Related pages
Antiglobalization
Class struggle
Communism
Eco-socialism
Socialism
Karl Marx
Naomi Klein
Noam Chomsky

Political geography
Capitalism
Political movements
WHSV-TV, channel 3, is a television station in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The station broadcasts television programs from the ABC Television Network. Also known as WHSV News 3, the station is owned by Gray Television and broadcasts from an antenna west of the town of Stanley on Massanutten Mountain. The station goes to fourteen counties in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and West Virginia.

Additional services
WHSV broadcasts other television channels, called "subchannels", on its broadcast signal:

History
WHSV-TV first was WSVA-TV, which meant Serve Virginia Agriculture and had its first broadcast on air in October 1953. In 1976, the "call letters" the station used were changed to WHSV-TV; these are the call letters the station uses now.

Newscasts

WHSV News 3 Daybreak 5am to 7am
WHSV News 3 at Noon 12pm to 12:30pm
WHSV News 3 at 5pm 5pm to 6pm
WHSV News 3 at 6pm 6pm to 6:30 pm
WHSV News 3 11@11 11pm to 11:35pm

Specials
The Endzone – Weekly highlights of high school American football games, 11:25 pm to 12:05 am every Friday during high school football season.

WHSV Sports X-tra is an online sports show produced by WHSV sports directors Damon Dillman and Zac Choate. It covers the latest news and talk about sports events over the previous week.

Light for Today is a religious show which airs on WHSV Sunday mornings at 11:30 AM. It is broadcast from People's Baptist Church in Harrisonburg and is produced by WHSV.

Virginia Dream Centerstage is a music and variety show that airs from time to time on WHSV. It is produced and broadcast by WHSV.

Websites
WHSV Website

American television stations
Virginia
Altron is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded in 1983. It has developed or published games for the Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Super Nintendo, Sega Mega Drive, Nintendo Entertainment System, Nintendo DS, Game Boy and Game Boy Color video game systems as well as for the PC.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Japanese video game companies
1983 establishments in Asia
Maplewood is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the township population was 23,868.

Townships in New Jersey
Mickey's House of Villains is a Filpino-American-Canadian direct-to-video animated movie created by Disney. It is the movie adaptation of the Disney Channel animated television series Disney's House of Mouse, starring Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Minnie Mouse, Goofy, Daisy Duck, and characters and villains that have appeared in past Disney productions. It was released on both VHS and DVD by Walt Disney Home Video on September 3, 2002.

Voice cast 
 Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse
 Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse
 Bill Farmer as Goofy
 Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck
 Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck / Queen of Hearts / Si / Am / The Fates
 Jonathan Freeman as Jafar
 Gilbert Gottfried as Iago
 Corey Burton as Captain Hook / Chernabog
 Susanne Blakeslee as Cruella De Vil
 Pat Carroll as Ursula
 James Woods as Hades
 Rob Paulsen as Hades (singing)
 Lois Nettleton as Maleficent
 Jim Cummings as Big Bad Wolf / Kaa / Ed the Hyena

Disney animated movies
Disney direct-to-video movies
Methylphenidate is a drug which is similar to amphetamine. Its name is often shortened to MPH but is better known by the brand name of Ritalin. MPH stimulates the central nervous system. It does this by increasing dopamine transmission in the brain.

The drug is commonly used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. It is sometimes used together with other drugs to treat depression. In most countries, its use needs to be prescribed by a doctor.

The most common side-effects of taking the drug are nervousness and sleeping problems. About one in ten patients see these problems. Other side-effects include changes of blood pressure, headache, and weight loss. Some cases of  Tourette syndrome and psychosis have been reported, amongst others.

Sometimes, the drug has been prescribed to children without proper ADHD diagnosis to increase their academic performance.  This use has been criticised by the media. Using methylphenidate in children may be problematic, because it has been linked with slower growth. The media often use the name Ritalin for all drugs containing methylphenidate, and even for other stimulants used to treat ADHD. Ritalin is one drug containing methylphenidate, which is often used in such cases.

This drug can also cause euphoria when it is abused for recreational purposes. Abusing Methylphenidate may lead to psychological addiction and to severe side effects- including, but not limited to: psychosis, cardiac arrest, and death.

References

Drugs used in psychiatry
Drugs
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Many different kinds of animals and humans use it to transmit information. It is used when the brain sends signals to the muscles in the body to make them move. It can make a person feel good. 

Dopamine is an important chemical found in the brain. If the brain does not make enough dopamine, it causes an illness called Parkinson's disease. This can be treated by giving the Parkinson's disease patient a drug called L-Dopa, which the body converts to dopamine. 

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays many important roles in the human brain and body. If you have ADHD, scientists think that you got it from one of your parents' genes. Typically, a number of genes are involved. Many affect the dopamine neurotransmission. It is a chemical which is triggered by the feeling of being in love, or feeling affection. In most cases, it is also activated by nicotine or cocaine. It can also be activated by marijuana. Many scientist have proven this in the past decade.

Molecular biology
Biochemistry
Raining Blood is a song by the American thrash metal band Slayer. It was released in 1986 in the album Reign in Blood. Raining Blood is considered one of Slayer's biggest hits. It is used in the game Guitar Hero 3.

1986 songs
Slayer songs
Melanoma () is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). It is one of the rarer types of skin cancer but causes the majority of skin cancer related deaths. Malignant melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It is due to uncontrolled growth of pigment cells, called melanocytes. According to a report by the WHO, about 48,000 people die of melanoma every year. Melanoma is prominent in New Zealand and Australia due to the hole in the ozone layer and the many beaches.

Melanoma that has metastasised (spread beyond the initial primary tumor) is treated with Dacarbizine or Interleukin-2, also known as Proleukin, in many cases. Interleukin-2 has a response rate of up to sixteen-percent. Recent studies support the use of a new drug called Ipilimumab, which appears to prolong survival in metastatic melanoma patients. Percutaneous liver perfusion with a chemotherapeutic agent known as melphalan can prolong progression free survival in patients with melanoma metastatic to the liver, although the majority of patients in this study had melanoma starting in the eye rather than the skin.

References

Cancer
The West-Eastern Divan is an orchestra for young people. It is based in Sevilla, Spain. The musicians in the orchestra come from Israel and its surrounding Arab countries.

The orchestra was started in 1999 by the Jewish conductor Daniel Barenboim and the Palestinian-American academic Edward Said (pronounce: Sah—eed). The name of the orchestra comes from a group of poems by the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

The West-Eastern Divan Orchestra was started to help bring Israelis and Palestinians together to work for peace and to help solve the fight between Israel and Palestine. The idea was to let Israelis and Arabs work together in countries which had nothing to do with the conflict.

The first workshop of the orchestra took place in Weimar, Germany because it was the 1999 European cultural town. Barenboim chose two leaders for the orchestra: one Israeli and one Arab. They worked with some very famous musicians including the cellist Yo Yo Ma. In 2000 the orchestra met again in Weimar, in 2001 they met in Chicago. Since 2002 they have met every year in Seville. 

The West-Eastern Divan Workshop takes place during several weeks each summer in Andalusia. After the workshop has finished, the orchestra travel to other places to give concerts. They have given concerts in many parts of Europe, North America, South America. In 2004 they performed an historic concert in Ramallah in Palestine. After the concert Barenboim said that the people of Israel and Palestine had a shared future. He said: “Either we all kill each other, or we share what there is to share. It is this message that we come here to bring."

In 2004, the Barenboim-Said Foundation, based in Seville, was started to help develop several education projects. Money is given for this by the Junta de Andalucía (Regional Government of Andalusia). The Foundation helps with the orchestra as well as with projects such as the Early Childhood Musical Education Project in Seville.

The orchestra has won prizes and made recordings. A film called Knowledge is the Beginning was made about them.

In August 2009 the orchestra will give three concerts at the BBC Proms including a concert performance of Beethoven’s opera Fidelio which has a story about people who have been put in prison for their political ideas.

References

Other websites 
 The orchestra’s website 

Youth orchestras
Seville
The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Taiwan have improved since the 1990s, India has expanded economic and strategic cooperation with Taiwan.

Owing to the strategic rivalry, suspicion and tenuous relations between the People's Republic of China and India since the 1962 war, India has slowly sought to develop better commercial and strategic cooperation with Taiwan even while ruling out the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations. Taiwan has also viewed India's rising geopolitical standing as a potential counter-balance to China's dominance in the region. As a part of its "Look East" foreign policy, India has sought to cultivate extensive ties with Taiwan in trade as well as working together over weapons of mass destruction issues, environment and fighting terrorism. Both sides have aimed to develop ties to counteract Chinese rivalry with both nations. The India-Taipei Association (ITA) Office has been established in Taipei since 1995 to promote non-governmental interactions between India and Taiwan, and to facilitate business, tourism, cultural and people-to-people exchanges. The India-Taipei Association has also been authorised to provide all consular and passport services. In 2002, India became the 28th nation to sign the Investment Protection Agreement with Taiwan and in 2006, both nations established the Taiwan-India Cooperation Council. Furthermore, Taiwan promotes trade with India as a means to reduce the extent of their economic dependence with China. In 2007, Ma Ying-jeou, the leader of the Kuomintang, Taiwan's largest political party supportive of reunification, and a major candidate in the 2008 presidential elections made an unofficial visit to India.

References 

Taiwan
Foreign relations of India
Sikkimese people live in the Indian province of Sikkim. The native Sikkimese consist of the Lepcha and Limbu people; they migrated from Tibet. They also include the Bhutias. These are descendants of Buddhists who arrived from Nepal in 15th century; they migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century.

Ethnic groups in Asia
Sikkim
The Crassulaceae, or orpine family, is a family of dicotyledons. They store water in their succulent leaves. They are found worldwide, but mostly occur in the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa, typically in dry and/or cold areas where water may be scarce. The family includes about 1,400 species in 33 genera.

Saxifragales
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln was one of the last events in the American Civil War, and happened on Good Friday, April 14, 1865. President Lincoln was shot while watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.. He died early the next morning.

Lincoln's killer, John Wilkes Booth, was an actor and Confederate supporter who had plotted with other men to kill the Secretary of State, William H. Seward and the Vice President Andrew Johnson. Booth hoped to create disorder and overthrow the Northern government by doing this. Booth was able to kill Lincoln, but Seward and Johnson survived. Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated.

Events
On April 14, Lincoln went to attend a play with his wife at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C..

During the third act of the play, following a line in the play that was the biggest laugh of the night, Lincoln was laughing at this line when he was shot. John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, entered the presidential box and fired a pistol at point-blank range into the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln immediately lost consciousness, but he passed into unconsciousness with laughter and a smile on his face. Katherine M. Evans, a young actress in the play, who was offstage when Lincoln was shot but rushed onstage after Booth's exit stated "I looked and saw President Lincoln unconscious, his head dropping on his breast, his eyes closed, but with a smile still on his face". Lincoln was carried across the street to Petersen House. He was placed diagonally on the bed because his tall frame would not fit normally on the smaller bed. He remained in a coma for nine hours. He died the next morning. As he died his breathing grew quieter, his face more calm. According to some accounts, at his last drawn breath, on the morning after the assassination, he smiled broadly and then expired. Historians, most notably author Lee Davis have emphasized Lincoln's peaceful appearance when and after he died: "It was the first time in four years, probably, that a peaceful expression crossed his face." Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in the Lincoln Administration, Maunsell Bradhurst Field wrote, "I had never seen upon the President's face an expression more genial and pleasing."  The President’s secretary, John Hay, saw "a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features".

After being on the run for 12 days, Booth was tracked down and found on a farm in Virginia, some  south of Washington. After refusing to surrender to Union troops, Booth was killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26.

References

Other websites

 Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress

1865 in the United States
19th century in Washington, D.C.
assassination
American Civil War
April events
Assassinations in the United States
Crime in Washington, D.C.
Murder in the 19th century
Lars Løkke Rasmussen (born 15 May 1964 in Vejle) is a Danish politician who was the Prime Minister of Denmark from 28 June 2015 to 27 June 2019.  He was also Prime Minister from 5 April 2009 until 3 October 2011. 

He has been a Liberal Party member of the Danish Parliament since 21 September 1994. From November 2001 to November 2007 he was Interior and Health Minister of Denmark, and from November 2007 to April 2009 he was Finance Minister of Denmark. 

On 5 April 2009 he took over from Anders Fogh Rasmussen as Prime Minister after Fogh Rasmussen was elected Secretary General of NATO. 

Rasmussen has also been mayor of Frederiksborg County north of Copenhagen from 1998 to 2001. He holds a degree in law from the University of Copenhagen. He is married and has three children.

On 6 June 2019, he resigned from his position as prime minister after a general election, in which his government was narrowly defeated by the Social Democrats and their leader Mette Frederiksen.

References

1964 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Denmark
Dante Terrell Smith (born December 11, 1973) is an Emmy- and Golden Globe-nominated American actor and a Grammy-nominated rapper known by the stage name Mos Def. Mos Def started his hip hop career in a group called Urban Thermo Dynamics, after which he appeared on albums by Da Bush Babees and De La Soul. With Talib Kweli, he formed the duo Black Star, who released the well-received album Black Star in 1998.  He was a major force in the late 1990s underground hip hop explosion spearheaded by Rawkus Records. As a solo artist he has released the albums Black on Both Sides in 1999, The New Danger in 2004, and True Magic, 2006.

References

Other websites

 Mos Def's Official Website.
 Mos Def / Dante Smith discographies at Discogs.
 Mos Def  at Geffen Records.
 

Rap musicians from New York
American movie actors
Singers from New York City
Actors from New York City
1973 births
Living people
In economics, the term stagflation is used when there is almost no growth in production, yet there is high inflation, and unemployment is high. This was supposed to be impossible under the kind of economics described by Keynes (Keynesian economics).

Stagflation is a portmanteau word of stagnation and inflation. It is used in economics when the inflation rate is high, the growth rate slows down, and unemployment stays high. It raises a dilemma for economic policy since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment, and vice versa.

The term is generally attributed to a British politician who became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970, Iain Macleod, who coined the phrase in his speech to Parliament in 1965. 

Keynes didn't use the term, but some of his work refers to the conditions most would recognise as stagflation. In the version of Keynesian macroeconomic theory which was dominant between the end of World War II (WWII) and the late-1970s, inflation and recession were regarded as mutually exclusive, the relationship between the two being described by the Phillips curve.  Stagflation is very costly and difficult to stop once it starts.

A political measure called the Misery Index is got by adding the inflation rate to the unemployment rate.

This situation usually begins with things beginning to cost more while fewer of the things are being made. Because fewer things are being made, fewer people are needed to make them. This causes unemployment to increase. All three of these factors together cause stagflation — stagnation in production and employment and increasing inflation. It is also because of "cost push" factors. When it begins to cost more to make an item, the price will increase. People will be less likely to invest money in the company. This will lead to more unemployment.

1970s recession 
The 1973–75 recession or 1970s recession was a period of economic stagnation in much of the Western world during the 1970s, putting an end to the general post-World War II economic boom. It differed from many previous recessions as being a stagflation, where high unemployment coincided with high inflation.

Notes 

Inflation
The Cleveland Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Cleveland, Ohio.  Their conductor is Franz Welser-Möst. 

The orchestra was started in 1918 with Nikolai Sokoloff as conductor.  In 1931 a new concert hall called the Severance Hall was opened.  It has been the orchestra's concert hall ever since.

The conductor George Szell made them into one of the world's best orchestras.  When he started conducting them after World War II he told twelve of the players that they had to leave.  Another twelve musicians were so angry that they left as well.  Szell then improved the orchestra during the 24 years he was with them.  Even now the orchestra is so good because of what Szell did for them. 

Today's conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Franz Welser-Möst, continues to conduct the orchestra in Cleveland as well as touring with them all over the world.  They perform regularly in the summer at the Blossom Festival in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, and also in Miami, Florida, and in the Musikverein, Vienna.

Conductors
1918-1933 Nikolai Sokoloff 
1933-1943 Artur Rodziński 
1943-1944 Erich Leinsdorf 
1946-1970 George Szell 
1970-1972 Pierre Boulez
1972-1982 Lorin Maazel 
1984-2002 Christoph von Dohnányi 
2002-present Franz Welser-Möst

Other websites
The Cleveland Orchestra Official website

American orchestras
Cleveland, Ohio
1918 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Ohio
The Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) is an American orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts.  It is one of the great orchestras of the world.  They give concerts in the Symphony Hall, Boston.  They also play every summer at the Tanglewood Festival.

The orchestra was started in 1881.  Many of the conductors it had during its history were extremely famous, including Arthur Nikisch from 1889 to 1893, and Pierre Monteux from 1919 to 1924 who gave the orchestra a reputation for a "French" sound which many people think it still has today. Serge Koussevitzky was their conductor for many years and made them a world-class orchestra.  With Koussevitzky, the orchestra gave  radio broadcasts and made its summer home at Tanglewood, where Koussevitzky founded the Berkshire Music Center, which is now the Tanglewood Music Center.

Koussevitzky asked many famous composers to write music for the orchestra.  Works written especially for them include Symphony No. 4 by Sergei Prokofiev and the Symphony of Psalms by Igor Stravinsky. They also gave the first performance of Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra.  Since then many other composers have written for the orchestra including Roger Sessions, Andrzej Panufnik and Elliott Carter.

When the conductor Charles Munch took over from Koussevitzky he gave the orchestra their first tour overseas.  He was followed in 1962 by Erich Leinsdorf, then  William Steinberg, Seiji Ozawa and, since 2004, James Levine who is the first American-born conductor of the orchestra.

As well as the Boston Symphony Orchestra there is also the Boston Pops Orchestra, founded in 1885, which plays light music, e.g. from show tunes.  Arthur Fiedler conducted them from 1930 until 1979.  He was followed by the film composer John Williams.  Today their conductor is Keith Lockhart.

A small group of principal players from the BSO form the Boston Symphony Chamber Players.  They have being playing since 1964 and perform in Boston, Tanglewood and in other places in USA and Europe.  They have made many recordings.

The Boston Symphony have made many recordings with their conductors since 1917 when they made one of the earliest music recordings conducted by Karl Muck.

Conductors
1881-1884 George Henschel
1884-1889 Wilhelm Gericke
1889-1893 Arthur Nikisch
1893-1898 Emil Paur
1898-1906 Wilhelm Gericke
1906-1908 Karl Muck
1908-1912 Max Fiedler
1912-1918 Karl Muck
1918-1919 Henri Rabaud
1919-1924 Pierre Monteux
1924-1949 Serge Koussevitzky
1949-1962 Charles Munch
1962-1969 Erich Leinsdorf
1969-1972 William Steinberg
1973-2002 Seiji Ozawa
2004-present James Levine

Other websites
 Boston Symphony Orchestra official website

American orchestras
1881 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Light music is a musical style that might often be called "easy listening".  It started in the United Kingdom in the 19th century and became very popular in the middle of the 20th century.

Light music was often played at seaside resorts.  It often consisted of arrangements for orchestra of popular songs.  It was music that was supposed to be popular, music that a wide audience would be able to enjoy.

In the 1930s, when the BBC started broadcasting music on the radio (which they then called "wireless"), light music became very popular.  In 1945 the BBC Light Programme was started.  One very popular programme was called Friday Night is Music Night, with music played by the BBC Concert Orchestra.  and Music While You Work was also a very popular programme.

Today Light Music is sometimes seen as not in fashion.  Film music is more popular today, and music from musicals.

Eric Coates is a good example of a composer of Light Music.  His piece "By the Sleepy Lagoon" became the signature tune of a radio programme called Desert Island Discs.  Arthur Wood's "Barwick Green" became the theme of The Archers.

In the United States popular light pieces were written by people such as Leroy Anderson and George Gershwin.

Light Music is similar to what is called Salon Music (German: Salonmusik) in Europe.

Famous composers of light music
Ronald Binge
Eric Coates
Frederic Curzon
Trevor Duncan
Robert Farnon
Albert Ketèlbey
Billy Mayerl
Angela Morley
Ernest Tomlinson
Sidney Torch
Edward White
Charles Williams
Haydn Wood

Music genres

ka:მსუბუქი მუსიკა
The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the air force of the Australian Defence Force. It started in 1912 as the Australian Flying Corps and saw its first action in World War I.

Early history
The first plan for an Australian air force was given to the Military Board in 1910. The plan was approved on 22 October, 1912, and five planes were ordered. A flying school was set up on  of land at Point Cook, Victoria, with the first students starting on 17 August, 1914.

References

Military of Australia
Australia
A terrestrial planet is mostly made of rock (silicate). Earth is the "original" terrestrial planet. When astronomers started understanding the kinds of planet they extended the term to include our nearest rocky neighbours: Mercury, Venus and Mars. 

It is often said that they are similar to Earth. This is true of most of the structure and composition, but not the surface or the atmosphere. A terrestrial planet may be much hotter or colder than Earth, and may have much more or much less atmosphere. 

With the discovery of planets orbiting other stars (exoplanets), the term terrestrial planet has been extended again to any rocky (silicate) planet orbiting any star.

Structure 
All terrestrial planets have a core, a mantle, and a crust. They are a bit like a boiled egg: the central yolk is the core; the white albumin is the mantle; and the shell is the crust. The crust of a terrestrial planet is thin, with the core and the mantle taking up the vast bulk, sometimes with a very large core, sometimes much smaller. Terrestrial planets have metallic cores of mostly iron, with rocky mantles and crusts. 

All terrestrial planets have the same type of structure: a central metallic core, mostly iron, with a surrounding silicate mantle. 

The Moon is similar, but has a much smaller iron core. Io and Europa are also satellites that have internal structures similar to that of terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets can have canyons, craters, mountains, volcanoes, and other surface structures, depending on the presence of water and tectonic activity. Terrestrial planets have secondary atmospheres, got from volcanism, meteorites, and photosynthesis. In the giant planets, their atmospheres are primary, captured directly from the original solar nebula.

References
Cheating happens when someone breaks rules or lies.

Exams
Cheating can be done in many ways. Some students cheat on a test by copying someone else's answers and writing secret notes. This can get them kicked out of school.

Sports
People who break the rules of a game are cheating. For example, if someone holds the ball when playing soccer, they are cheating. Another form of cheating in sport is using performance-enhancing drugs; Ben Johnson and Lance Armstrong are examples of sportspeople who used drugs to cheat.

Relationships
When someone is in a relationship with another person and they kiss, date or have sex with someone else, they are cheating on the person they are in a relationship with - unless they are in an open relationship.

Laws
Local and national governments have laws. If someone breaks the law, they can be punished. If someone cheats in a way that is not illegal, they cannot be punished by law. Some common punishments include jail and fines.

Regulations
Organizations, such as schools, can have rules. Rules are not laws, but people can still be punished for breaking a rule.

In games

The first cheat in video games was thought to be the "Konami Code", a code Konami used to test a game that was too hard for them to do alone. See cheat code for more on cheating in video games.

References

Adultery
Sociology
Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American author, attorney, and diplomat. She is the daughter and the only living child of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy and Former First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy. Caroline had served as United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017 as a member of the Democratic Party during the Barack Obama administration.

Early life
Caroline was born at Weill Cornell Medical Center on November 27, 1957 in New York City. Her parents were then Senator John F. Kennedy and her mother Jacqueline Kennedy. She was only three, when her father became the 35th President of the United States. She lived in the White House from January 20, 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963. She then lived for a while in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. before moving with her mother and younger brother John in New York City in late 1964.

She graduated from Concord Academy in 1975. She earned a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University in 1979. She later earned a Law Degree from Columbia University in 1988.

Marriage and family
Caroline married Edwin Schlossberg on July 19, 1986 on his 41st birthday. Caroline and Edwin have three children together. Rose, Tatiana, and John "Jack". On May 19, 1994 her mother Jacqueline Kennedy died in her sleep of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma at 64 years old and her younger brother John F. Kennedy Jr. tragically died in plane crash on July 16, 1999 at 38 years old along with his wife Carolyn and her sister Lauren.

Ambassador to Japan
Caroline was the nominee of President Barack Obama to be Ambassador to Japan.  On July 24, 2013, Obama announced Kennedy as his nominee to succeed current Ambassador John Roos.  Caroline was confirmed by the Senate on October 16, 2013 and she had became the first female American Ambassador to Japan. The prospective nomination was first reported in February 2013 and, in mid-July 2013, formal diplomatic agreement was reportedly received from the Japanese government. She assumed her ambassador duties on November 13, 2013.

Ambassador to Australia
In May 2021, it was reported that President Joe Biden was seriously considering nominating Caroline as the United States Ambassador to Australia. It was reported on July 23, 2021 that Biden would soon nominate Kennedy as Ambassador to Australia.

References

Lawyers from New York City
Writers from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
John F. Kennedy
Children of Presidents of the United States
Columbia University alumni
Kennedy family
1957 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Japan
The 2004 UEFA European Football Championship (or just Euro 2004) was the twelfth tournament of the UEFA European Football Championship, a football tournament held all four years for European nations. It was held in Portugal between 12 June and 4 July 2004. The UEFA Euro was given to Portugal in 1999. Winner was Greece after a 1:0 versus Portugal.The qualification was held in 10 groups of five in the years 2002 and 2003.

Countries that directly qualified for UEFA Euro 2004
The qualification was held in 10 groups of five in the years 2002 and 2003. 
Group 1:France
Group 2:Denmark
Group 3:Czech Republic
Group 4:Sweden
Group 5:Germany
Group 6:Greece
Group 7:England
Group 8:Bulgaria
Group 9:Italy
Group10:Switzerland

Play offs
The teams on the second place of the groups held a Play off round.

|}

Venues

Referees
Twelve referees were selected for the tournament:

 Kim Milton Nielsen
 Mike Riley
 Gilles Veissière
 Markus Merk

 Pierluigi Collina
 Terje Hauge
 Lucílio Batista
 Valentin Ivanov

 Ľuboš Micheľ
 Manuel Mejuto González
 Anders Frisk
 Urs Meier

Results
All times are Western European Summer Time (UTC+1).

First round

Tie-breaking criteria
For teams that finish equal in points, the following rules are used:
 greater number of points in the matches between the teams in question;
 greater goal difference in matches between the teams in question;
 greater number of goals scored in matches between the teams in question;
 greater goal difference in all group games;
 greater number of goals scored in all group games;
 higher coefficient derived from Euro 2004 and 2002 World Cup qualifiers (points reached divided by number of matches played);
 fair play conduct in Euro 2004;
 drawing

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knock out stage

Statistics

Top scorers

5 goals

 Milan Baroš

4 goals
 Wayne Rooney
 Ruud van Nistelrooy

3 goals

 Jon Dahl Tomasson
 Frank Lampard

 Zinedine Zidane
 Angelos Charisteas

 Henrik Larsson

2 goals

 Marek Heinz
 Jan Koller
 Thierry Henry

 Antonio Cassano
 Rui Costa
 Maniche

 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Zlatan Ibrahimović

1 goal

 Martin Petrov
 Niko Kovač
 Dado Pršo
 Milan Rapaić
 Igor Tudor
 Vladimír Šmicer
 Jesper Grønkjær
 Steven Gerrard
 Michael Owen
 Paul Scholes
 David Trezeguet

 Michael Ballack
 Torsten Frings
 Angelos Basinas
 Traianos Dellas
 Giorgos Karagounis
 Zisis Vryzas
 Simone Perrotta
 Māris Verpakovskis
 Wilfred Bouma
 Roy Makaay

 Nuno Gomes
 Hélder Postiga
 Dmitri Bulykin
 Dmitri Kirichenko
 Fernando Morientes
 Juan Carlos Valerón
 Marcus Allbäck
 Mattias Jonson
 Fredrik Ljungberg
 Johan Vonlanthen

Own goals

 Igor Tudor (playing against France)
 Jorge Andrade (playing against the Netherlands)

UEFA Team of the tournament

References

Other websites

 UEFA Euro 2004 history at UEFA.com
 UEFA Euro 2004 coverage at BBC Sport
 Official website (archived) 

2004 in Europe
2004 in association football

Sport in Portugal
UEFA European Championship tournaments
2000s in Portugal
June 2014 events
July 2014 events
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) is an American orchestra based in Chicago, Illinois.  It is one of the great orchestras of the world.  They play in the Orchestra Hall, part of the Symphony Center, in Chicago.  In the summer they play at the Ravinia Festival.  From 2010 the conductor will be Riccardo Muti.

History
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra was started in 1891.  It was called the "Chicago Orchestra".  In 1905 the orchestra was renamed "Theodore Thomas Orchestra" and Frederick Stock became the conductor.  He stayed with the orchestra until 1942.  The  orchestra was renamed "Chicago Symphony Orchestra" in 1913.

Other conductors have included Désiré Defauw, Artur Rodziński, Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Jean Martinon,  Georg Solti and Daniel Barenboim.   When Barenboim left in 2006, the orchestra named Bernard Haitink  principal conductor and Pierre Boulez became conductor emeritus.  In 2010 Riccardo Muti will become the orchestra’s conductor.

The orchestra has also had many famous guest conductors, including Richard Strauss, John Williams, Arnold Schoenberg, Sergei Prokofiev, Sergei Rachmaninov, Maurice Ravel, Edward Elgar, Aaron Copland, Leonard Slatkin, André Previn, Michael Tilson Thomas, Leonard Bernstein, Leopold Stokowski,  Erich Leinsdorf,  Eugene Ormandy, George Szell and Charles Münch. Many of these guest conductors have also recorded with the orchestra. 

The three principal guest conductors of the orchestra have been Carlo Maria Giulini, Claudio Abbado, and Pierre Boulez.

Every summer the Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays in Ravinia in Highland Park, Illinois The orchestra helped in the first Ravinia Festival in August 1936 and has been to the Festival every summer since. 

Mark Anthony Turnage is the composer-in-residence.

During its history the orchestra have made more than 900 recordings.  They have received many rewards.

The orchestra was composed by John Williams for Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie Lincoln.

Main conductors 
 1891-1905 Theodore Thomas
 1905-1942 Frederick Stock
 1943-1947 Désiré Defauw
 1947-1948 Artur Rodziński
 1950-1953 Rafael Kubelík
 1953-1962 Fritz Reiner
 1962-1963 Fritz Reiner (musical advisor)
 1963-1968 Jean Martinon
 1968-1969 Irwin Hoffman (acting music director)
 1969-1991 Sir Georg Solti
 1991-2006 Daniel Barenboim
 2010- Riccardo Muti (music director designate)

Titled Conductors
 1969-1972 Carlo Maria Giulini - Principal Guest Conductor
 1982-1985 Claudio Abbado - Principal Guest Conductor
 1995-2006 Pierre Boulez - Principal Guest Conductor
 2006-present Pierre Boulez - Conductor Emeritus
 2006-present Bernard Haitink - Principal Conductor

Other websites 
 Official website
 American orchestras
Music in Chicago
1891 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois
The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO) is an American orchestra based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The orchestra's home is Heinz Hall, located in Pittsburgh's Cultural District.

History
The orchestra was started in 1895. Several of the musicians had come from the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The earliest conductors were Archer, Victor Herbert and Emil Paur. Famous guest conductors included Edward Elgar and Richard Strauss. In 1910 the orchestra had to stop playing because they had no money.

In 1926 the orchestra was started again. The musicians were not paid, and they gave money to make it possible for the orchestra to continue. It started to become a good orchestra in 1937 when Otto Klemperer was asked to take the orchestra and reorganize it. Since then the orchestra has developed and become an international orchestra.

Fritz Reiner (1938-48) conducted the orchestra for ten years. It was not easy during the war because the musicians often had to go to fight in the war and others came instead. From 1948 to 1952, several famous conductors led the orchestra, including Leonard Bernstein and Leopold Stokowski.

When William Steinberg took over from 1952 to 1976 he took them on tour to Europe and made many recordings. He was followed by André Previn who helped the orchestra to make a television series Previn and the Pittsburgh. Lorin Maazel, who came from Pittsburgh, conducted them until 1996, taking them on several international tours. Mariss Jansons followed Maazel from 1997-2004. After he left the orchestra had guest conductors but not a musical director (main conductor) for four years. In 2008 the Austrian conductor Manfred Honeck was made music director. Leonard Slatkin is the main guest conductor.

In 2004, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra with conductor Gilbert Levine became the first American orchestra to play for the Pope.

Music Directors and other artistic leaders

References

Other websites
 Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra official website

American orchestras
1895 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Pennsylvania
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans.<ref name=Dubey>Dubey J.P. 2010. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed, CRC Press. </ref>

In humans, it is one of the most common parasites. Blood test show that up to a third of the world population has been or is infected with T. gondii. Infection rates differ greatly from country to country.

Although mild, flu-like symptoms occasionally occur during the first few weeks, infection with T. gondii generally produces no symptoms in healthy human adults. But in infants, HIV/AIDS patients, and others with weakened immunity, infection can cause serious and occasionally fatal illness (toxoplasmosis).p77

Infection in humans and other warm-blooded animals can occur
 by eating raw or undercooked meat containing T. gondii tissue cysts. 
 by drinking water or eating anything contaminated with oocysts. in the faeces of an infected animal.
 from a blood transfusion or organ transplant
 or by transmission from mother to foetus across the placenta.

The parasite can only sexually reproduce in the intestines of members of the cat family (felids). Felids are therefore the definitive hosts of T. gondii'', with all other hosts defined as 'intermediate hosts'.

References 

Apicomplexa
Parasites
The Falklands War was a war between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland Islands in 1982. The Falkland Islands are 480 kilometres from Argentina in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

Argentina and the United Kingdom have argued over which country the Falklands Islands belongs to since the 1800s. In the 1760s and 1770s, the British set up a town at Port Egmont, which nearly led to a war with Spain who had a town at Port Louis. Then Argentina became a separate country from Spain in 1817 and set up a colony on the islands (which they call "Malvinas") in 1820. An American warship later destroyed this town, and the British took the islands again in 1833.

1982 
The British kept the islands until Argentinian Special Forces invaded on 2 April 1982 and took control of the island.

The United Nations Security Council asked Argentina to withdraw, and tried to end the crisis with diplomacy. After seven weeks, Argentina did not withdraw, so the British Armed Forces traveled 8000 miles to attack. After a short battle in the air and at sea, the British landed on 21 May and fought on land until Argentina's army surrendered on 14 June.

The British captured 11,313 soldiers, and killed about 650. Almost half of these Argentinian deaths were when the warship ARA General Belgrano was sunk by the British submarine HMS Conqueror. In total there were 258 British deaths.

Relations after the war 
The relations between the two countries were damaged because of the war. Relations between the two countries came back in 1990.

References 

1982
1982 in the United Kingdom
20th century in Argentina
Falkland Islands

Wars involving the United Kingdom
1980s in South America
The Christ myth theory (also called the Jesus myth theory) is the theory that Jesus of Nazareth, the central figure of Christianity and of the the Bible's Gospels, is only a myth. 

The Christ myth theory is a fringe theory, supported by few Biblical historians nor Biblical scholars. It deviates from the main historical view, which is that a historical Jesus who was crucified in the 1st-century Roman province of Judea.

There are different meaning used for the word myth.  Because of this, there are many different views about how Jesus could be a myth.

Notes

References 

Jesus Christ
Mythology
Pseudoscience
Urolagnia (also urophilia, undinism) is a paraphilia where people gain sexual pleasure from urine and/or urination.  The term has origins in the Greek Language (from ouron, urine, and lagneia, lust). 

Those who enjoy urolagnia may enjoy urinating on other people, or being urinated on.  The practice of drinking the urine is called urophagia, although this word also applies to non-sexual situations. People who practice urolagnia may participate in urolagnia as part of a domination and submission scene, though not all sexual activity involving urine is so.  

These activities are often described with the slang terms golden showers, water sports, or piss play. Urolagnia is sometimes associated with omorashi, but omorashi is usually described in Western culture using terms such as bladder desperation or panty wetting.

In New Zealand, publishing anything promoting or supporting urolagnia, whether in print or online, is an offence punishable by up to ten years in prison.

References

Other websites

Paraphilias
Sexual acts
Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in Turkey. Its name is the Turkish spelling of the Hebrew word shalom meaning "Peace". It was established on 29 October 1947 by the Turkish Jewish journalist Avram Leyon. It is printed in Istanbul and is published every Wednesday. Apart from one Ladino page, it is published in Turkish. İvo Molinas is its publisher. Yakup Barokas is its editor-in-chief. Its circulation is about 5,000.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website 
 The Ladino page of Şalom

Turkish-language newspapers
1947 establishments
Newspapers published in Turkey
Istanbul
The Talmud is a collection of texts which are important in Judaism. These texts are about discussions Rabbis had about Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. The Talmud has two parts, the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah was written down about 200 C.E. The Mishna is about the oral laws of Judaism. The Gemara was written down around the year 500. It discusses the Mishnah, writings of the Tannaim, and the Tanakh. The Talmud is taken very seriously. The Talmud is studied and used every day by Jewish people all over the world and is considered an extremely necessary component of the Jewish religion.

Judaism
Return to the Blue Lagoon is a 1991 American romantic adventure movie starring Milla Jovovich and Brian Krause, produced and directed by William A. Graham. The screenplay was by Leslie Steven. It tells the story of two young people growing up on a small, remote tropical island. It is the sequel to The Blue Lagoon.

Other websites 

1991 drama movies
1991 romance movies
1990s adventure movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s romantic drama movies
1990s sequel movies
1990s teen drama movies
1990s teen romance movies
American adventure movies
American coming-of-age movies
American romantic drama movies
American sequel movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
Coming-of-age romance movies
Movies set in islands
Movies with underwater settings
English-language movies
Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963 in Pomona, California) is a former right-handed First baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Oakland Athletics (1986–1997) and the St. Louis Cardinals (1997–2001). He had a career .263 Batting average, and 583 Home Runs. 

Although McGwire has never admitted to or been convicted of any steroid use, many of his accomplishments, particularly his historic home run surge late in his career, have come into question due to his connection to the steroid scandal in Major League Baseball.

Other websites 
 

1963 births
American League All-Stars
American Olympic silver medalists
Baseball players from California
Living people
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
National League All-Stars
Oakland Athletics players
People from Pomona, California
St. Louis Cardinals players
A dodecahedron is a solid shape that has 12 surfaces. Each face is a  pentagon (has five edges). In total there are 20 corners (also called vertices) and 30 edges altogether.  A dodecahedron which looks exactly the same from all faces is also a platonic solid.

Surface area and volume

If a is the length of one of its edges, the surface area and volume of a regular dodecahedron are:

Platonic solids