cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Isère is a département in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France named after the Isère river.

History
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Moirans as its capital. It was formed from part of the former province of Dauphiné.

It was divided in four districts: Grenoble, Saint-Marcellin, La Tour-du-Pin and Vienne. The capital was transfered in 1790 from Moirans to Grenoble.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the four districts were changed into four arrondissements: Grenoble, Saint-Marcellin, La Tour-du-Pin and Vienne.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Saint-Marcellin was eliminated.

Geography
Isère is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of .

The department borders with 7 departments in 2 regions:

 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Ain (north)
 Savoie (east)
 Drôme (south)
 Ardèche (west)
 Loire (west)
 Rhône (northwest)
 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region
 Hautes-Alpes (southeast)

The highest mountain in the department is  Pic Lory (); it is  high.

The main rivers that flow through the department are the Rhône and its tributaries Isère and Bourbre.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Grenoble is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb.

Administration
Isère is managed by the Departmental Council of Isère in Grenoble. The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

Administrative divisions
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 281 communes (municipalities) in Isère.

The following is a list of the 29 cantons of the Isère department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Bièvre (3801)
 Bourgoin-Jallieu (3802)
 Chartreuse-Guiers (3803)
 Charvieu-Chavagneux (3804)
 Échirolles (3805)
 Fontaine-Seyssinet (3806)
 Fontaine-Vercors (3807)
 Le Grand-Lemps (3808)
 Grenoble-1 (3809)
 Grenoble-2 (3810)
 Grenoble-3 (3811)
 Grenoble-4 (3812)
 Le Haut-Grésivaudan (3813)
 L’Isle-d'Abeau (3814)
 Matheysine-Trièves (3815)
 Meylan (3816)
 Morestel (3817)
 Le Moyen Grésivaudan (3818)
 Oisans-Romanche (3819)
 Le Pont-de-Claix (3820)
 Roussillon (3821)
 Saint-Martin-d'Hères (3822)
 Le Sud Grésivaudan (3823)
 La Tour-du-Pin (3824)
 Tullins (3825)
 La Verpillière (3826)
 Vienne-1 (3827)
 Vienne-2 (3828)
 Voiron (3829)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Isère are known, in French, as Isérois (women: Iséroises).

Isère had a population, in 2014, of 1,243,597, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Grenoble, with 758,956 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Isère

The communes in the department with more inhabitants are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Isère department
 Communes of the Isère department

References

Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture website 

Departments in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Lozère () is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France near the Massif Central. It is named after Mont Lozère.

History
Lozère was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Lozère was formed with part of the old province of Languedoc.

Les Sources and Hautes-Cèvennes were two other names proposed for this department but they were not accepted.

Geography
Lozère has an area of . It is surrounded by 5 departments belonging to 2 regions:
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Ardèche
 Cantal
 Haute-Loire
 Occitanie region
 Aveyron
 Gard.

The Lozère is divided into four natural regions, covering four mountain ranges:

 The Aubrac. It is a plateau in the northwest of the department that rises between  and , with a cold humid climate. The highest point is Signal de Mailhebiau with .

 The Margeride. Located in the northeast of the department, these mountains are of granite and well forested. The climate here is cold, but dryer than the climate in Aubrac. The highest point is Signal de Randon with .

 The Causses. These are a series of very dry limestone plateaus in the south-west of the department.

 The Cévennes, a southern part of the Massif Central and that is found in the south-east of the department. Here is the highest point in the department, Mont Lozère at .

Three important rivers start in the department:
 The Tarn, with its source on the Mont Lozère.
 The Lot, with its source also on the Mont Lozère.
 The Allier, with its source is in the mountainous region of Margeride.

Administration
The département is managed by the Departamental Council of Lozère in Mende. Lozère is part of the region of Occitanie.

Administrative divisions
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 13 cantons and 176 communes (municipalities) in Lozère.

The following is a list of the 13 cantons of the Lozère department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Aumont-Aubrac (4801)
 La Canourgue (4802)
 Chirac (4803)
 Le Collet-de-Dèze (4804)
 Florac (4805)
 Grandrieu (4806)
 Langogne (4807)
 Marvejols (4808)
 Mende-1 (4809)
 Mende-2 (4810)
 Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole (4811)
 Saint-Chély-d'Apcher (4812)
 Saint-Étienne-du-Valdonnez (4813)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Lozère are known, in French, as Lozériens (women: Lozériennes).

Lozère is the least populated French department. It has a population, in 2014, of 76,360, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Mende, with 63,047 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other arrondissement, Florac, have 13,313 inhabitants.

The only important city is Mende with 11,542 people living there in 2014. The subprefecture, Florac Trois Rivières, has 2,107 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Lozère

The cities with more than 2,000 inhabitants in the department are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Lozère department
 Communes of the Lozère department

References

Other websites

 General Council of Lozère 
 Prefecture website 
  Comité Départemental du Tourisme en Lozère 

Departments in Occitanie
Maine-et-Loire is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Angers and its population is about 810,000 (2015 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

References

Departments in Pays de la Loire
Manche is a department found in the west of France in the Normandy region. Its prefecture is Saint-Lô. Its population is about 486,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Normandy
Meuse is a department found in the east of France in the Grand Est region. Its prefecture is Bar-le-Duc. Its population is about 193,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Grand Est
Morbihan (; , ) is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region. Its prefecture is Vannes and its population is about 677,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Morbihan has also two subprefectures: Lorient and Pontivy.

Related pages 
Cantons of the Morbihan department
Communes of the Morbihan department
Arrondissements of the Morbihan department
La Baule - Guérande Peninsula

Departments in Brittany
Oise is a department found in the north of France in the Hauts-de-France region. Its prefecture is Beauvais. Its population is about 780,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Hauts-de-France
Pas-de-Calais (Picard: Pas-Calés; Dutch: Nauw van Kales) is a department found in the north of France in the Hauts-de-France region. Its prefecture is Arras. Its population is about 1,456,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Hauts-de-France
Rhône is a department in the center of France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its prefecture is Lyon and about 1,646,000 people live there (2006 estimation). 

Departments in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Sarthe is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Le Mans and its population is about 543,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Pays de la Loire
Seine-Maritime is a department found in the northwest of France in the Normandy region. Its prefecture is Rouen. Its population is about 1,245,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Normandy
Seine-et-Marne is a department found in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Melun and its population is about 1,260,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Île-de-France
Yvelines is a department in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Versailles. About 1,395,000 people live there (2006 estimation). 

Departments in Île-de-France
Vendée is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon and its population is about 577,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Pays de la Loire
Vosges is a department found in the east of France in the Grand Est region. Its prefecture is Épinal. Its population is about 382,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Departments in Grand Est
Territoire de Belfort is a department in eastern France, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. The largest city in the department, and its prefecture (capital), is Belfort.

History
The Territoire de Belfort was made a French department on 11 March 1922.

Geography 
Territoire de Belfort is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region; it is in the northeast of the region. It has an area of , the fifth smallest department of France (after Paris and its suburbs Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, and Val-de-Marne).

Rhw Territoire de Belfort borders with 4 departments in 2 regions:
 Grand Est region
 Vosges (north), a short distance
 Haut-Rhin (east)
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Doubs (south)
 Haute-Saône (west)

It also borders, to the southeast, with Switzerland for a distance of about .

The highest point of the department is Ballon d'Alsace (),  high, in the Vosges Mountains, commune of Lepuix.

The lowest point in the department,  high, is where the Savoureuse river leaves the department in the commune of Châtenois-les-Forges.

Administration
Territoire de Belfort is managed by the Departmental Council of Territoire de Belfort in Belfort. The department is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Administrative divisions
There is 1 arrondissement (districts), 9 cantons and 102 communes (municipalities) in Territoire de Belfort.

The following is a list of the 9 cantons of the Territoire de Belfort department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Bavilliers (9001)
 Belfort-1 (9002)
 Belfort-2 (9003)
 Belfort-3 (9004)
 Châtenois-les-Forges (9005)
 Delle (9006)
 Giromagny (9007)
 Grandvillars (9008)
 Valdoie (9009)

Demographics 
The inhabitants of Territoire de Belfort are known, in French, as Terrifortains (women: Terrifortaines).

Territoire de Belfort had a population, in 2014, of 144,334, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Territoire de Belfort

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Belfort
 Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

Other websites

 Departamental Council website 
 Prefecture website  
 Tourist Office website 

Departments in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Essonne is a department to the south of Paris in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Évry. About 1,172,000 people live there (2006 estimation). 

Departments in Île-de-France
Seine-Saint-Denis is a department. It is in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Bobigny. About 1,459,000 people live there (2006 estimation). 

Departments in Île-de-France
Val-de-Marne is a department in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Créteil. About 1,279,000 people live there (2006 estimation). 

Departments in Île-de-France
Val-d'Oise is a department to the north of Paris in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Cergy. About 1,139,000 people live there (2006 estimation).

Departments in Île-de-France
Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (23 August 1769–13 May 1832), usually called Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist.

Cuvier was a very important figure in scientific circles in Paris during the early 19th century. He helped establish the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology by comparing living animals with fossils. He proved extinction was a fact. He was the most influential person believing in  catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century. His most famous work is the Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation 1817; translated into English as The Animal Kingdom.

Cuvier was a member of the elite Académie française and the French Academy of Sciences. He is remembered for strongly opposing the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and Geoffroy. Cuvier believed there was no evidence for the evolution of organic forms, but there was evidence for successive creations after catastrophic extinction events.

Some of Cuvier's most influential followers were Louis Agassiz, and Richard Owen. His is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

He was the elder brother of Frédéric Cuvier (1773–1838), also a naturalist. Cuvier died in Paris, of cholera.

References 

1769 births
1832 deaths
Paleontologists
French scientists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Académie française
George Washington Campbell (February 9, 1769–February 17, 1848) was an American statesman. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives as the Representative from Tennessee's at-large congressional district in 1803. He served in the House from 1805-1809, in the 8th, 9th, and 10th Congresses. During the 10th Congress, he was the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He was also one of the managers appointed in 1804 to conduct the impeachment hearings for John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire, and later in the same year, the impeachment hearings against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Life
Born in Scotland, he immigrated to North Carolina in 1772 with his parents. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1794 and began studying law. He was admitted to the bar in North Carolina and began practicing in Knoxville, Tennessee.

Political life
He left Congress in 1809 to become judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court, serving until 1811.

He served as a United States Senator from Tennessee twice, once from 1811 to 1814, having been elected to fill the seat of Jenkin Whiteside, and again from 1815 to 1818. His first service was from October 8, 1811 to February 11, 1814, when he resigned to accept appointment as the United States Secretary of the Treasury. He returned to the Senate on October 10, 1815. He served as the first chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and its predecessor from December 4, 1815, until his resignation from the Senate on April 20, 1818; on this occasion to accept appointment as United States Ambassador to Russia, a position he held from 1818-1821. Campbell served as a member of the French Spoliation Claims Commission in 1831.

Appointed Secretary of the Treasury by James Madison, he faced national financial disorder brought on by the War of 1812. Congress had failed to recharter the First Bank of the United States after its charter expired in 1811, and appropriations for the war were unavailable, so Campbell had to convince Americans to buy government bonds. He was forced to meet to lenders terms, selling government bonds at exorbitant interest rates. In September, 1814 the British occupied Washington, D.C. and the credit of the government was lowered even further. Campbell was unsuccessful in his efforts to raise money through additional bond sales and he resigned that October after only eight months in office, disillusioned and in bad health.

He died in 1848 and is buried at Nashville City Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.

Campbell County, Tennessee, is named in his honor.

1769 births
1848 deaths
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Chloroform (also called trichloromethane) is a chemical substance. It is an organic compound. Chloroform is one of the intermediate substances that occur in the production of Polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon. Chloroform is used as a solvent. In the 19th century, it was a widely used anaesthetic.

History 
The first who reported to have produced Chloroform was the French chemist Eugène Soubeiran, in 1831. Soubeiran took acetone and ethanol, and used bleach powder for the reaction.  The American physician Samuel Guthrie prepared gallons of the material and described its "deliciousness of flavor."  Independently, Justus von Liebig also described it. Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Starting in the 1850s factories made large amounts. Its use as an anesthetic declined in the early 20th century as safer chemicals were more used.

Production 
Chloroform is produced by mixing methane and chlorine at a temperature of 400 to 500°C. In this reaction, the result is a mix of chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane.

The four compounds get then separated with a distillation.

In laboratories, chloroform can be produced by mixing sodium hypochlorite and acetone together. This is an exothermic reaction, meaning it makes a lot of heat.

Uses 
The main uses of Chloroform are:
 as a solvent
 as an anaesthetic (though no longer used, as there are side-effects)
 as a catalyst to help other reactions

Problems 

Chloroform was used as an anaesthetic during childbirth and surgery, from about 1847. It replaced ether which was used before. Chloroform is very poisonous, and can cause breathing problems, and problems with the heart. Death from chloroform can come from cardiac arrest. When Chloroform is stored for a longer time period, it can decay into Phosgene. Phosgene was a chemical weapon (poison gas) used during the First World War. Chloroform can cause birth defects and lead to miscarriages. It may cause cancer.

References 

Chemical compounds
Organic compounds
Chlorine compounds
Santa Cruz de La Sierra, also known as Santa Cruz, is the largest city in Bolivia, capital city of the Santa Cruz department (in the eastern region of the country). The municipality's population was 1,528,683 inhabitants , and the urban population  was 1,545,161.

Santa Cruz is not only the most populated city in Bolivia, but the department is also the richest, with over 30% of the national GDP. The city is a major center of petrochemical production in Bolivia, especially because the production of natural gas that exports to neighboring countries. The main sectors that drive the economy are the oil, forestry and agrobusiness firms.

Settlements in Bolivia
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a basic building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer,  even the simplest microcontrollers contain one for purposes such as timing. 

Now, modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs have very powerful and very complex ALUs. Also, more recent CPUs may contain up to more than 4 ALUs (see superscalar CPUs).

Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945.

Related pages
 FPU
 Execution unit

References

Other websites
A Simulator of Complex ALU in MATLAB

ALU full Form

Microprocessor design
A floating point unit (FPU) is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers. Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. 

Some systems can also perform more advanced functions as exponential or trigonometric functions calculations, however in most modern processors these functions are done with software library routines, not by hardware.

In most modern general purpose CPUs, one or more FPUs are integrated inside the CPU; however many embedded microcontrollers, especially older designs, do not have hardware support for floating point operations. 

In the past, some systems as the Intel 8086 have implemented floating point via a coprocessor that is controlled by the CPU rather than as an integrated unit.

Most modern computers have integrated FPU hardware; but not all. In the absence of an FPU, many FPU functions can be emulated, which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower.

Related pages
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
 Execution unit

Computer science
An eating disorder is when someone begins eating too much, or when someone begins to avoid eating. This affects one's mental and physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most well known eating disorders today. Eating disorders affect 5-7% of American women, and only a small percent of men are affected.

Eating disorders involve more than just food. Many people with eating disorders are very sad and feel alone. They get depressed and do not want to eat in front of other people. They might use food as a way to cope, or they might restrict their food intake as a means of control. They might eat a lot of food in a very short period of time. They might throw up their food because they feel guilty. They might eat very little because they want to lose weight, even if they are already dangerously underweight (weighing less than what it is considered healthy). Even if they are underweight, they might see themselves as very fat. Many people with eating disorders suffer physical complications, like malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients that the body needs to be healthy), or electrolyte imbalances (a change in the amount of elements such as sodium or potassium that causes problems in the body's ability to work properly). Eating disorders can cause death.

On 1 December 2013 the Daily Telegraph reported that the number of children under thirteen treated in hospital for eating disorders in the UK had tripled.

References

Other websites 
 National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
 National Eating Disorders Association
 Effects of Eating Disorders

Psychology
Paresthesia (pron. ; paraesthesia in British English, pron. ) is a feeling of tingling, prickling, or numbness with no permanent effects. It is commonly called "pins and needles". This feeling may last a short while, or may be more long-lasting. A long-term effect means there is something wrong with neurons in the body.

An example of this can be felt when sitting cross-legged for a long time and your foot "falls asleep". The tingling feeling you get when you move is paresthesia.

Causes

Paresthesia has many known causes, including the following:

Alcoholism
Anticonvulsant drugs such as topiramate, sultiame, and acetazolamide
Anxiety and/or Panic Disorder
Decompression sickness
Dehydration
Fabry disease
Fibromyalgia
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
Heavy metals
Hyperventilation
Hyperkalemia
Hypothyroidism
Immune deficiency, such as Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Ingestion of Beta-alanine
Lidocaine poisoning
Lomotil
Low blood-sugar (Hypoglycaemia)
Menopause
Migraines
Multiple sclerosis
Nitrous Oxide, long term exposure 
Obdormition
Radiation poisoning
Vitamin B5 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Withdrawal from certain SSRIs, such as paroxetine

References

Other websites
 Paresthesia in detail 
 What makes your arms, legs and feet fall asleep?

Neurology
The Garonne is a river that runs through northern Spain and the southwest France. Its mouth is at the Atlantic Ocean. It is  long.

Rivers of France
Rivers of Spain
Catalonia
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Occitanie
Physical abuse is a form of abuse which causes feelings of pain, injury, or other physical suffering. Physical abuse may lead to low self-esteem and other mental problems.

Types of physical abuse
Physical abuse has many forms. A few examples of physical abuse are:

 Striking or hitting
 Punching
 Pushing or pulling
 Slapping
 Whipping
 Striking with an object
 Pinching
 Kicking
 Strangling
 Drowning
 Sleep deprivation
 Freezing
 Burning
 Electric shock
 Cutting
 Exposure to a dangerous animal
 Poisoning
 Withholding food or medication
 Assault
 Humiliation
 Neglect
 Biting
 Torture
dragging
threatening with a gun
Psychology
Sexual abuse (also called sexual molestation) is when one person forces another person to unwillingly commit any sexual act, harassment or any sexual assault. A person who commits sexual abuse is called a molester, abuser, or sexual abuser. When a victim of sexual abuse is under the age of consent, it is known as child sexual abuse. 

Sexual abuse can lead to many psychological problems, including low self-esteem, clinical depression, and other mental disorders, especially if the victim is a child and/or the abuse is severe. 

Some groups of people are more likely to be sexually abused than others. It is common knowledge that girls and women are sexually abused more often than boys and men, and that abusers are usually men. Disabled people, especially disabled girls, are much more likely than non-disabled people to be sexually abused. They are often abused by authority figures in their lives, such as carers. Disabled people are more vulnerable to sexual assault for a number of reasons. People of different races have different rates of being sexually abused. African American girls and women 12 years old and older experience higher rates of sexual abuse.

Other websites 
 
 Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network RAINN is the largest anti-sexual assault organization and operates the National Sexual Assault Hotlines.
 Gender Male - False Accusations of Sexual Abuse  First-hand accounts from men falsely accused of rape and its effect on their lives.

Psychology
The Sakas were a population of Iranic nomadic tribesmen lived in the plains of Eurasia from Eastern Europe to China, from the Old Persian Period to the Middle Persian Period. Then Turkic language speakers took their place.

The ancient Greeks called the Sakas the Scythians.

Sakas came across the river Indus and overan Sind and Saurashtra (near Gujrat) .They finally settled down in Kathiawar and malwa. They were often in war with the Satavahanas. Rudradaman, one of their best known king was the one who stopped the expansion of Sata ahana power to the north of river Narmada. The Sakas themselves could not expand to the north as they would have liked to, because Kushanas held them back.

References

Books and Articles 

 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. 1st Trade printing, 2003.  (pbk).
 Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). Les Saces: Les <<Scythes>> d'Asie, VIIIe av. J.-C.-IVe siècle apr. J.-C. Editions Errance, Paris.  (in French).

Other websites 
Sacaes/Scythians/Chionits
Genetic heritage of central Asia
Genetic journeys and ancestors 
Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.
Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.

Punjab, India
History of Pakistan
Goulburn is a city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is 190 km south-west of Sydney on the Hume Highway. It is 690 metres above sea-level. In 2006 there were 20,127 people living in Goulburn. Goulburn calls itself as "Australia's first inland city". The city of Bathurst also claims to be the first inland city in Australia. 

Goulburn was named by James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, a British politician. The Governor Lachlan Macquarie approved the choice of name. The Aboriginal name for Goulburn is Burbong. This is a Murring/Wiradjuri word meaning a special place.

Goulburn has a railway station on the Main Southern railway line. It is a service centre for the many farms in the area. It also provides a rest stop for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a central park and many historic buildings, including old houses near the railway station on Sloane Street. It also has two 19th-century cathedrals. It is home to the Big Merino, the world's largest cement sheep.

References

Other websites 

Cities in New South Wales
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote and to be elected to an office. The right has generally been given after long political campaigns. In many countries, it was recognised before universal suffrage. Before the late 19th century, a very few countries allowed women to vote in political elections.

The modern movement for women to gain the right to vote started in France in the late-18th century. The French Republic had been founded after a revolution, and political scientist Antoine Condorcet and activist Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women to be allowed to vote in the national election.

In early cases of women's suffrage, only those women who met certain requirements were given the right to vote in certain kinds of elections. In Sweden, there was conditional women's suffrage during the Age of Liberty (1718–1771). Unmarried women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807. In the 1792 election in Sierra Leone, all heads of household—one-third of whom were women—could vote.

Several British colonies recognised women's suffrage before most countries. The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838. This right was kept when they were resettled on Norfolk Island in 1856. Women in South Australia allowed to vote in local elections from 1861, and those on the Isle of Man could vote in parliamentary elections from 1881. In 1893, New Zealand became the first independent country to give all adult women the right to vote in national elections. The women in South Australia got the same right in 1894, and became the first to get the right to stand (run) for seats in parliament.

Many countries did the same soon after, following similar battles. Limited voting rights were also gained by women in several Western countries in the late 19th century, including Sweden, Finland and the United Kingdom. Russian Empire was the first European country to introduce women's suffrage, in 1906. It also elected the world's first female members of parliament in its 1907 elections. At that time it was a part of the Russian Empire. In the years before World War I, women in Norway (1913) and Denmark (1915) also won the right to vote, as did women in the other Australian states. In most other Western countries, women's suffrage came at the end of World War I.

Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka, recognised the right in 1931. It elected the world's first female head of government, Sirimavo Bandaranaike, in the country's 1960 elections. Women's suffrage was explicitly recognised as a right by the United Nations in 1979.

References

Related pages 
Suffragette

Feminism
Grenfell is a country town in the central west of New South Wales, in Australia. It is in the Weddin Shire. It is  west of Sydney. It is close to Forbes, Cowra and Young.  In 2006 there were 1,994 people living in Grenfell.

History
The Grenfell area was the home of the Wiradjuri Aborigines. Europeans first settled when gold was found at Emu Creek. The town was renamed after John Grenfell, the Gold Commissioner at Forbes. He had been killed in 1866 when bushrangers attacked a stagecoach on which he was travelling.

By 1870-71 more gold was found at Grenfell than in any other town in NSW. By the middle of the 1870s the gold was running out.  Wheat was first grown in the area in 1871.  The railway reached Grenfell in 1901.

The Grenfell area has been badly affected by drought since 2001.

Events
The poet and story writer Henry Lawson was born on the gold fields at Grenfell. On the Queen's Birthday weekend in June every year, the town has The Henry Lawson Festival of Arts. Thousands of people come from all over Australia for the art, poetry and writing competitions. Over the years, famous visitors have included Chips Rafferty, Barry Humphries, Patrick White and Sigrid Thornton.

In June 2007, the Spirit of the Bush Concert was held. It was organized by Australian of the Year, Lee Kernaghan, local and international star Steve Forde and the Flange, Adam Brand, Leo Sayer, Diesel, and The McClymonts.

Famous people
Cricketer Stan McCabe, cyclist Reggie "IronMan" McNamara and tennis player Jan Lehane and Creative Writer Adam Burn were born in Grenfell.

References

Other websites
 Grenfell's web site
 About the town
 Sydney Morning Herald 5 January 2003: Grenfell's attempts to woo people to move to the town.

Towns in New South Wales
Michael "Mike" Vernon (born 24 February 1963 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. For 21 years he played in the National Hockey League, he played as a goaltender for the Calgary Flames, Detroit Red Wings, San Jose Sharks and the Florida Panthers. He won the Stanley Cup twice as a member of the Flames in 1989 and then again in 1997 with the Red Wings, where he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP. In 2002 he retired and started working as a Special Assistant to Vice President of Hockey Operations for Tampa Bay Lightning.

Awards
 Hap Emms Trophy, Outstanding Goaltender, Memorial Cup Championship - 1983
 William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Chris Osgood) - 1996
 Conn Smythe Trophy - 1997
 Played in NHL All-Star Game 5 times - 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993
 His number 30 was retired by the Calgary Flames on February 6, 2007.

Records
Mike Vernon holds the following Calgary Flames franchise records:

 Most games played by a goaltender (526)
 Most wins (262)
 Most minutes played by a goaltender (29,649)
 Most playoff games played by a goaltender (81)
 Most playoff minutes played by a goaltender (4,773)
 Most playoff wins (43)

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Other websites

References

1963 births
Calgary Flames players
Calgary Wranglers players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Detroit Red Wings players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
Portland Winterhawks players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Calgary
Stanley Cup champions
The UK general election, 1997 was an election held on 1 May 1997 to elect 659 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The three main candidates to become Prime Minister are shown to the right: 

The Labour Party and its leader Tony Blair gained the majority of seats and created the first Labour government since 1979. The Labour Party won 418 seats which was the highest majority of seats for any party since the Conservatives in the 1931 General Election. The Conservative Party suffered it's lowest number of seats since 1906 and lost all of its seats in Scotland and Wales. Several prominent Conservative politicians lost their seats such as Defence Secretary Michael Portillo, Foreign Secretary Malcolm Rifkind, Scottish Secretary Michael Forsyth as well as Edwina Currie, David Mellor and Ian Lang. 

The Liberal Democrats won 46 seats, which was the highest number of seats for a third party since 1929. The Referendum Party ran on the single issue of taking Britain out of the European Union and won 2.6% of the vote but no seats.

The final results of the election were:

 Labour Party (418 MP's, 43.2% of vote)
 Conservative Party (165 MP's, 30.7% of vote)
 Liberal Democrats (46 MP's, 16.8% of vote)
 Referendum Party (0 MP's, 2.6% of vote)
 Scottish National Party (6 MP's, 2.0% of vote) - Scotland only
 Ulster Unionist Party (10 MP's, 0.8% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Social Democratic and Labour Party (3 MP's, 0.6% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Plaid Cymru (4 MP's, 0.5% of vote) - Wales only
 Sinn Fein (2 MP's, 0.4% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Democratic Unionist Party (2 MP's, 0.3% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 UK Independence Party (0 MP's, 0.3% of vote)
 Green Party (0 MP's, 0.3% of vote)
 Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (0 MP's, 0.2% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Socialist Labour Party (0 MP's, 0.2% of vote)
 Liberal Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)
 British National Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)

Notes

References

1997 in the United Kingdom
1997 elections
United Kingdom general elections
Metropolitan France ( or la Métropole) is the part of France that is in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France plus the island of Corsica. By contrast, Overseas France (France d'outre-mer) is the collective name for all of the French overseas departments, territories and collectivities and New Caledonia. Metropolitan France and Overseas France together form the French Republic.

Metropolitan France covers an area of 551,695 km² (213,011 sq. miles). Excluding the territory of Adélie Land in Antarctica, this is 81.8% of the nation's territory. As of January 1, 2011, 63,136,180 people lived in metropolitan France. This is 95.9% of the nation's population.

The five overseas departments – Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, French Guiana, and Mayotte – have the same political status as the departments in metropolitan France. Metropolitan France and these five overseas departments together are sometimes called France entière ("entire France") by the French administration, especially by INSEE. This grouping does not include the French overseas collectivities and territories, which have more autonomy than the overseas departments.

Related pages 
 French colonial empire

References 

Geography of France
Justin Raimondo (born Dennis Raimondo; November 18, 1951 – June 27, 2019) was an American writer and the editorial director of the website Antiwar.com. He was born in White Plains, New York.

Raimondo died on June 27, 2019 in Sebastopol, California from lung cancer at the age of 67.

References

Other websites

 Raimondo's Online Work at AntiWar.com
 Raimondo's Online Work at TakiMag.com 

Politicians from California
Politicians from New York
Writers from New York
Writers from San Francisco
Anarcho-capitalists
LGBT people from New York
LGBT people from California
Gay men
LGBT writers
LGBT politicians
1951 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in California
American bloggers
People from White Plains, New York
Chelsea Victoria Clinton (born February 27, 1980) is the only child of Bill Clinton, former President of the United States, and his wife, former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.

Early life and education  
Clinton was born at Baptist Health Medical Center in Little Rock, Arkansas. She moved in to The White House when she was twelve years old when her father, Bill Clinton, became president.  She has helped her mother, Hillary Clinton, many times by campaigning for people to elect her mother as the first woman President of the United States.

Clinton has a Bachelor of Arts in History. She also has a Master of Philosophy qualification. She went to university at Oxford University and Stanford University. 

Clinton is vegetarian.

Personal life 
On November 30, 2009, it was announced that Clinton was engaged to Marc Mezvinsky, an investment banker. They married on July 31, 2010. On November 14, 2011, Clinton announced joining as a "special correspondent" for NBC News. She will continue as a PhD student.

On September 2014, Clinton gave birth to a daughter Charlotte.  She was gave birth to a eldest son Aiden on June 2016. 

Her youngest son, Jasper, was born in New York on July 2019.

References 

Bill Clinton
Children of Presidents of the United States
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
1980 births
Living people
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Crich ( kryech)  is a village in the English county of Derbyshire. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum in the Crich Tramway Village.

Memorial Tower
At the top of Crich Hill is a tower. The tower was built to remember members of the regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I.

The tower was built in 1923 on the site of an older tower called Crich Stand. The Memorial Tower is the end of an annual pilgrimage on the first Sunday in July. It is  above sea level. The tower has 52 steps to the top. From the top of the tower, eight counties and landmarks such as the Humber Bridge and Lincoln Cathedral can be seen.

History
Crich is mentioned in 1009 by Ethelred the Unready when he gives away Weston-on-Trent to his minister.

A workhouse opened in 1734 and had 40 people. The workhouse accepted poor people from places, including Melbourne, Pentrich, Willington, Mercaston and Denby.

The television series Peak Practice and the 2007 movie "And When Did You Last See Your Father" were filmed in Crich.

Related pages
National Tramway Museum (Crich Tramway Village)

References

Other websites 

Crich village website 

Villages in Derbyshire
The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period which included the reign of King Edward VII (1901–1910). The "Edwardian era" usually includes some years before and after his reign, up to the First World War.

History 
King Edward VII was very different from Queen Victoria. Victoria had become almost a recluse after her husband died. On the other hand, Edward was an important leader. Edward and his fashionable friends followed the art and fashions of other European countries. Edward enjoyed travelling, and his visits to Paris improved relations between the two countries.

The United Kingdom was a powerful nation in the nineteenth century. There was progress in British science and industry at this time. The British Empire was large. The Royal Navy was the most powerful navy in the world at that time. 

The prosperity of the Edwardian era was built on trade and manufacturing. These were the main industries at the time:
Mining, especially coal, the main source of power
Manufacture of iron and steel
Shipbuilding
Manufacturing cloth and other fabrics from cotton and wool
Manufacture household goods and equipment (such as ceramics and cutlery)

The extent of this trade was big. Railways all over the world were built by the British. They were equipped with machinery made in Britain. Germany also became a powerful nation, and the United States was already becoming an industrial giant. By Edward VII's time. Both of these countries were as industrially advanced.

Most British people in the "Edwardian era" were sure that British progress would continue. They were certain that the United Kingdom would continue to be very powerful. The era came to an unexpected end with the First World War. Economically and in human terms, this was a disaster for most of the European nations. 

There was a lot of inequality in society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era, as there always had been. Rich people and poor people had very different living standards at this time. 
Most adult men could vote, but women could not. Suffragettes were fighting for the right to vote.

References

Further reading

Other websites
The Edwardian Country House (Channel 4 TV series, very evocative of the period)
Home Decor from the Edwardian Age (from the BBC)
Edwardian Promenade (Website devoted to the Edwardian era)

1900s in the United Kingdom
1910s in the United Kingdom
Roderick Raynor "Rod" Paige (born June 17, 1933), served as the 7th United States Secretary of Education from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve as the nation's education chief. He earned a bachelor's degree from Jackson State University in Mississippi and a Master's degree and an Ed.D from Indiana University Bloomington.  He also holds an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Houston presented to him in 2000.

Paige was sitting with George W. Bush at the Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, when Bush received the news that a second plane had hit the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

On November 15, 2004, Paige announced his resignation after overseeing the President's education agenda for four years. White House domestic policy adviser Margaret Spellings was nominated as his successor. The U.S. Senate confirmed her on January 20, 2005 after Bush's inauguration for a second term.

1933 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Education
Politicians from Mississippi
Joshua Brewster Bolten (born August 16, 1954) was the White House Chief of Staff serving U.S. President George W. Bush. Bolten replaced Andrew Card on April 14, 2006.

1955 births
Living people
White House Chiefs of Staff
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
US Republican Party politicians
Alan Stephenson Boyd (July 20, 1922 – October 18, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson in November 1966.

He was appointed to the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1959 by Dwight Eisenhower and promoted to chairman by John F. Kennedy.

When the Richard M. Nixon administration took power, Boyd left the government and became the president of the Illinois Central Railroad, a position he held from 1969 to 1972.

Boyd died at a retirement home in Seattle, Washington on October 18, 2020 at the age of 98.

References

1922 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
United States Secretaries of Transportation
University of Florida alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Florida
Businesspeople from Florida
The 2000 United States presidential election happened on November 7, 2000. George W. Bush, the Republican candidate who was the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st president, George H. W. Bush, won the election. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Al Gore, who was the Vice President.

Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton was not eligible to serve a third term, and Vice President Gore was able to secure the Democratic nomination. Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination, and despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates, secured the nomination by Super Tuesday. Many third-party candidates also ran, most prominently Ralph Nader. Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate, and Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman as his. Both candidates focused primarily on domestic issues, such as the budget, tax relief, and reforms for federal social insurance programs, though the foreign policy was not ignored. Clinton and Gore did not often campaign together, a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky scandal two years prior.

Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266. There was a disagreement over who won Florida's 25 electoral votes because the way Florida voted was different from other states. A recount happened in the state and the uncommon event that the winner got fewer popular votes than the loser. The Court's decision in Bush v. Gore announced on December 12, 2000, this ended the recounts, effectively awarding Florida's votes to Bush and granting him the victory.

Candidates

Democratic Party

Nominees

Withdrawn candidate
Bill Bradley, a former U.S. Senator from New Jersey withdrew on March 9, 2000 and endorsed Al Gore.

Republican Party

Nominees

Withdrawn candidates

References 

Presidential election
2000 elections
2000
2000s elections in the United States