cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Black tea is a kind of tea made from leaves of Camellia sinensis. Often, it is stronger in taste than other varieties of tea, like green tea or oolong. It also has more caffeine. In some parts of the world, like China, it is called red tea, a description of the colour of the liquid. The Western term "black tea" comes from the color of the tea leaf. It has been traded a lot because it could be kept longer. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West. All People Consumed tea in a daily life routine. Tea is the most-consumed thing in the world after water. One of the best tea is Black tea and Its benefits is very effective.

Producing area and varieties
Unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced.

India
One of the most famous countries producing black tea, exporting more than 12% of the world's tea. Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri are known as representative producing areas.

Darjeeling
Darjeeling is grown in Darjeeling district on the foothills of the Himalayas in West Bengal, India. The fragrance is outstandingly good and is compared to the incense of flower or the fruit such as muscatel. It is regarded as the "Champagne of Teas".

Assam
Assam district is major producing area in the northeast of India. It has a sweet fragrance and full-bodied taste and suits milk or sugar. The colour of liquid is dark red.

Nilgiri
The Nilgiri region is hilly area in southern India. The liquid is clear red. It is suitable for tea with milk and particularly spice. Nilgiri has fresh and clear fragrance and clean but solid flavor.

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is next to India in the total production of black tea. The generic name for black tea which grown in Sri Lanka is Ceylon tea. 

Uva
Kandy
Dimbula
Nuwara Eliya
Ruhuna

China
Tea produced in China has characteristic that the taste is not so bitter. Straight tea is more popular than tea with milk or sugar in China.

Keemun

Blends
Black tea is often blended with other black tea or various other plants.

English Breakfast
One of the most popular blended tea for breakfast. It is blended to go well with milk or sugar. 

Earl Grey
The blended tea sprayed  bergamot oil which gives it the smell of a citrus fruit.

Health
Black tea without milk or sugar contains no calories. Black tea also contains tannin and the caffeine. There is a connection between blood-cholesterol-lowering (BCL) and drinking black tea. According to a 2001 Boston University study, there is a relationship between a more drinking black tea and a decrease in a kind of cardiovascular disease.

References

Tea
Bautzen () is a district in the Free State of Saxony in Germany.

The district was created in 1994 by joining the former districts of Bautzen and Bischofswerda. The independent city of Hoyerswerda and the former district Kamenz became part of the district in 2008

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities 
{|
! align="left" | Towns
! align="left" | Municipalities
!
|- valign="top"
|
Bautzen (Budyšin)
Bernsdorf
Bischofswerda
Elstra
Großröhrsdorf
Hoyerswerda (Wojerecy)
Kamenz (Kamjenc)
Königsbrück
Lauta (Łuty)
Pulsnitz
Radeberg
Schirgiswalde
Weißenberg (Wospork)
Wilthen
Wittichenau (Kulow)
||
Arnsdorf
Bretnig-Hauswalde
Burkau (Porchow)
Crostau
Crostwitz (Chrósćicy)
Cunewalde
Demitz-Thumitz
Doberschau-Gaußig (Dobruša-Huska)
Elsterheide (Halštrowska hola)
Frankenthal
Göda (Hodźij)
Großdubrau (Wulka Dubrawa)
Großharthau
Großnaundorf
Großpostwitz (Budestecy)
Guttau (Hućina)
||
 Haselbachtal
Hochkirch (Bukecy)
Laußnitz
Lichtenberg
 Kirschau
 Königswartha (Rakecy)
 Kubschütz (Kubšicy)
 Lohsa (Łaz)
 Malschwitz (Malešecy)
Nebelschütz (Njebjelćicy)
 Neschwitz (Njeswaćidło)
 Neukirch, Bautzen
Neukirch, Kamenz
 Obergurig (Hornja Hórka)
 Ohorn
 Oßling

||
  Ottendorf-Okrilla
 Panschwitz-Kuckau (Pančicy-Kukow)
Puschwitz (Bóšicy)
 Räckelwitz (Worklecy)
 Radibor (Radwor)
 Ralbitz-Rosenthal (Ralbicy-Róžant)
 Rammenau
 Schmölln-Putzkau
 Schönteichen
 Schwepnitz
 Sohland an der Spree
 Spreetal (Sprjewiny doł)
 Steina
 Steinigtwolmsdorf
 Wachau
 Wiednitz
|}

Other websites 
 Official website 

 
1994 establishments in Germany
In the United States, Super Tuesday commonly refers to the Tuesday in early February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions. Each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated. 

More delegates can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar, and accordingly, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their party's nomination. 

In 2008, Super Tuesday was February 5; 24 states held primaries or caucuses on this date, with 52 percent of all pledged Democratic Party delegates and 41 percent of the total Republican Party delegates at stake.

Events in the United States
Politics of the United States

he:הבחירות המקדימות לנשיאות ארצות הברית#סופר טיוזדיי
The Brauerei Kaiserom (English: Brewery Kaiserdom) is a brewery in Gaustadt, a quarter of Bamberg, Germany.

History

The brewery was founded in 1718 by Georg Morg. Since 1910, it has been managed by family Wörner. In 1953, they brewed 0,6 million litres. The production today is about 20-30 million litres. It is the biggest brewery in Bamberg.

Products
They are producing 6 different kinds of beer:

Pilsener
Weizenbeer bright
Weizenbeer dark
Kristallweizen (Crystal Weizen)
Schwarzbier (Blackbeer)
Alkoholfreies (Soft beer)

They also make some soft drinks.

Other websites
Homepage of the brewery in English 

Companies of Germany
Alcoholic drink
1718 establishments
18th-century establishments in Germany
1710s establishments in Europe
Cleveland is the name of a number of places around the world, and also some people.

Places
The two biggest Clevelands are:

Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland, England

Australia
Cleveland, Queensland
Electoral district of Cleveland
Cleveland Bay, Townsville, Queensland
Cleveland, Tasmania

Canada
Cleveland, Quebec

United Kingdom
Cleveland, England, an area and former county in the north east of England.
Redcar & Cleveland, a unitary authority which covers some of the former county.
Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency) (1885-1974)
Cleveland and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency) (1974-1983)
Cleveland (European Parliament constituency) (1979-1984)
Cleveland and Yorkshire North (European Parliament constituency) (1984-1994)
Cleveland and Richmond (European Parliament constituency) (1994-1999)

United States
Cleveland, Ohio, the best known and largest city named Cleveland
Cleveland, Alabama
Cleveland, Florida
Cleveland, Georgia
Cleveland, Illinois
Cleveland, Minnesota, a small city in Le Sueur County
Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minnesota, a neighborhood
Cleveland, Mississippi
Cleveland, Missouri
Cleveland, New York
Cleveland, North Carolina
Cleveland, North Dakota
Cleveland, Oklahoma
Cleveland, Tennessee
Cleveland, Texas
Cleveland, Utah
Cleveland, Virginia
Cleveland, Washington
Cleveland, Wisconsin:
Cleveland, Chippewa County, Wisconsin
Cleveland, Jackson County, Wisconsin
Cleveland, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin
Cleveland, Marathon County, Wisconsin
Cleveland, Taylor County, Wisconsin
Cleveland County, Arkansas
Cleveland County, North Carolina
Cleveland County, Oklahoma
Cleveland National Forest, California
There are also several Cleveland Townships

People
Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897
Benjamin Cleveland, American Revolutionary War patriot
Carol Cleveland, comedic foil for Monty Python
Rose Cleveland, sister of Grover Cleveland, and 27th First Lady of the United States
Frances Folsom Cleveland, wife of Grover Cleveland, and 28th First Lady of the United States
Esther Cleveland, daughter of Grover and Frances Cleveland
Ruth Cleveland, daughter of Grover and Frances Cleveland
Grover Cleveland Alexander, Hall of Fame baseball player
James Cleveland, a gospel singer, arranger, composer
Cleveland Amory, animal rights activist and author
Freiberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
The district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Freiberg, Brand-Erbisdorf and Flöha.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Mulda is a municipality in Saxony, Germany.

References

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Dorfchemnitz is a municipality of the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

References

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Jodie Louise Marsh (born 23 December 1978) is an English glamour model and television personality. She has appeared topless in many tabloid newspapers and has appeared on her own reality TV show, Totally Jodie Marsh.

After being in Celebrity Big Brother, Marsh was on several of the spin off shows including: Big Brother's Little Brother, Big Brother's Big Mouth and Big Brother's EForum. In 2005, Marsh published her autobiography Keeping It Real. 

In December 2006, Marsh said she would marry Brentwood DJ David Doyle, after dating for 11 days. The relationship ended between late December and mid-January 2007.  Doyle said it was because of Marsh's constant drinking and poor personal hygiene. Marsh said Doyle had been unfaithful. In 2008, Marsh dated a female hairdresser. In July 2012 Marsh started dating Kirk Norcross.

In 2007 she started presenting her own reality TV show Get a Life on Living TV, but it was stopped after two episodes because not enough people watched it.

References

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
English LGBT people
English models
LGBT models
People from Brentwood, Essex
Reality television participants
Television personalities from Essex
Frankenstein is a former municipality in the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

About 1200 people live in the village.

With effect from 1 January 2012, it has been incorporated into the town of Oederan.

Former municipalities of Germany
Settlements in Saxony
Mittelsachsen Rural District
A yearbook is a book that shows the people and events at a school during the school year (usually a high school or college).

Compilation
Yearbooks are generally put together by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty and staff. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and putting together all of the information to be put into the book, also deciding the layout and giving of space for each contributor.

Distribution
Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow members to get the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the US, those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation), as well as other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each others yearbooks.

Some schools distribute yearbooks before the end of the school year – such as during July, at Homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors.

Basic English 1500 Words

sv:Examenstidning
Tim Borowski (born May 2, 1980 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Werder Bremen. A member of the Germany national team since 2002, he has played 33 matches and scored 2 goals.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="7"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||26||1||2||1||2||0||30||2
|-
|2002/03||18||0||4||0||2||0||24||2
|-
|2003/04||25||1||5||5||1||0||31||6
|-
|2004/05||31||7||5||3||6||0||42||10
|-
|2005/06||31||10||3||0||9||3||43||13
|-
|2006/07||17||2||0||0||6||1||23||3
|-
|2007/08||21||2||3||1||7||0||31||3
|-
|2008/09||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||26||5||2||1||7||1||35||7
|-
|2009/10||Werder Bremen||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||
195||28||24||11||40||7||259||46
195||28||24||11||40||7||259||46
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||13||1
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
!Total||33||2
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Marcell Jansen (born November 4 1985 in Mönchengladbach) is a German football player. He plays for the Hamburg and for the Germany national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||18||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|-
|2005/06||32||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||3
|-
|2006/07||23||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|-
|2007/08||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||17||0||3||0||10||0||30||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Hamburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||25||3||4||1||10||0||39||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9
115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||9||1
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
|2009||2||1
|-
!Total||30||2
|}

References 

1985 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Mönchengladbach
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Arne Friedrich (born May 29, 1979) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Hertha Berlin. He has played for the Germany national team in 82 matches, scoring a goal once.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Arminia Bielefeld||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||25||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2001/02||22||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||33||5||1||0||8||0||42||5
|-
|2003/04||30||2||3||1||2||0||35||3
|-
|2004/05||25||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|2005/06||31||1||3||1||8||0||42||2
|-
|2006/07||26||2||4||0||4||0||34||2
|-
|2007/08||30||0||2||0||0||0||32||0
|-
|2008/09||25||0||1||0||4||0||30||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||16||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||10||1
|-
|2011||3||0
|-
!Total||82||1
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Oliver Neuville (born 1 May 1973) is a German football player. At the moment he playes for Borussia Mönchengladbach. For the Germany national team he has played 69 matches and scored 10 goals.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||Locarno||Nationalliga B||15||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||8
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Servette||rowspan="4"|Super League||28||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||28||4
|-
|1993/94||32||16||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||16
|-
|1994/95||14||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||6
|-
|1995/96||34||15||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||15

|-
|1996/97||Tenerife||La Liga||33||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||5

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Hansa Rostock||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||17||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||17||8
|-
|1998/99||33||14||8||1||colspan="2"|-||41||15
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||33||4||5||0||5||2||43||6
|-
|2000/01||34||15||6||0||7||1||47||16
|-
|2001/02||33||13||9||2||16||7||58||22
|-
|2002/03||33||4||5||0||10||0||48||4
|-
|2003/04||32||6||3||0||0||0||35||6
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||32||12||1||0||0||0||33||12
|-
|2005/06||34||10||1||0||0||0||35||10
|-
|2006/07||16||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||4
|-
|2007/08||2. Bundesliga||34||15||2||1||colspan="2"|-||36||16
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||25||1||1||0||0||0||26||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
123||49||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||123||49
33||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||5
356||106||43||4||38||10||437||120
508||158||43||4||38||10||593||174
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||12||1
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||10||1
|-
|2002||10||2
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||14||4
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||3||1
|-
!Total||69||10
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
German footballers
Thomas Hitzlsberger (born April 5, 1982) is a German football player. He plays for West Ham United and Germany national team. In 2014 he told Die Zeit that he is gay. He is the first Premier League footballer to come out as gay.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2000/01||Aston Villa||Premier League||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001/02||Chesterfield||Second Division||5||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Aston Villa||rowspan="4"|Premier League||12||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||1
|-
|2002/03||26||2||0||0||3||2||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2003/04||32||3||1||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||38||5
|-
|2004/05||28||3||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||3

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Stuttgart||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||26||2||2||1||0||0||7||0||35||3
|-
|2006/07||30||7||5||3||0||0||0||0||35||10
|-
|2007/08||25||5||4||2||colspan="2"|-||2||0||31||7
|-
|2008/09||32||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1||39||6
|-
|2009/10||12||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||5||0||20||2

|-
|2009/10||Lazio||Serie A||6||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||6||1
104||8||1||0||10||4||colspan="2"|-||115||12
125||20||16||7||0||0||19||1||160||28
6||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||6||1
235||29||17||7||10||4||19||1||281||41
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||11||0
|-
|2006||7||2
|-
|2007||10||2
|-
|2008||13||2
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
!Total||52||6
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
German footballers
German LGBT people
LGBT sportspeople
Sportspeople from Munich
Gerald Asamoah (born October 5 1978) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Schalke. While playing for the German national team, he made 43 matches and 6 goals.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Hannover||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||25||5
|-
|1997/98||33||20
|-
|1998/99||2. Bundesliga||21||4
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="11"|Schalke||rowspan="11"|Bundesliga||33||4
|-
|2000/01||29||4
|-
|2001/02||32||6
|-
|2002/03||27||3
|-
|2003/04||24||4
|-
|2004/05||31||8
|-
|2005/06||24||3
|-
|2006/07||13||2
|-
|2007/08||31||7
|-
|2008/09||27||2
|-
|2009/10||||
350||72
350||72
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||7||1
|-
|2005||11||3
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
!Total||43||6
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
German footballers
Ghanaian people
Clemens Fritz (born 7 December 1980) is a German football player. He plays for Werder Bremen.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||Leipzig||Regionalliga||6||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Rot-Weiß Erfurt||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||25||4||||||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2000/01||32||10||||||colspan="2"|-||32||10
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Karlsruhe||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||31||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2002/03||30||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||14||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2004/05||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||1||0||2||0||32||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||32||1||0||0||12||1||44||2
|-
|2007/08||23||1||0||0||8||0||31||1
|-
|2008/09||24||0||5||0||5||0||34||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||8||2
|-
|2008||11||0
|-
!Total||22||2
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Erfurt
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Paul Freier (born 26 July 1979) is a German football player. He plays for Bochum. In the Germany national team he played 19 matches and scored 1 goal.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Bochum||2. Bundesliga||6||0
|-
|2000/01||Bundesliga||22||1
|-
|2001/02||2. Bundesliga||30||7
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||7
|-
|2003/04||27||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||6
|-
|2005/06||29||6
|-
|2006/07||31||3
|-
|2007/08||19||2
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Bochum||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||28||1
|-
|2009/10||||
257||34
257||34
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||8||1
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||19||1
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
Polish people
Riesa-Großenhain was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Riesa and Großenhain. It ended in 2008.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Alizée Jacotey (born 21 August 1984 in Ajaccio, Corsica) is a French singer. Her stage name is Alizée — which is the feminine form of alizé and means "trade wind". Alizée was found by Mylène Farmer, after Alizée's performance in the talent show, Graines de Star, in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée put out two albums. Both of which were hits both inside and outside of France. After the first two albums she broke up with Mylène and Laurent. She has released three more albums. On 6 November 2003 she married Jérémy Chatelain. In 2012 they divorced.

References

Other websites 

 Alizée's official website
 Alizée Art - News, photos & more
 Alizée-Forum - Place to meet the fans 

1984 births
Living people
French pop singers
People from Corsica
The Scarlet Letter is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published on March 16, 1850 by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields of Boston, Massachusetts. It is set in Puritan Boston, Massachusetts in the 1640s. It is about adultery, its punishment, and aftermath. It has been adapted to movies.

1640s
1850
1850s books
19th-century American novels
Adultery in fiction
Boston, Massachusetts in fiction
Fiction set in the past
Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Uetersen () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approx. 7 km (4 miles) south of Elmshorn, and 30 km (18 miles) northwest of Hamburg. Uetersen is home to the Rosarium Uetersen, the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany, created in 1929.

Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987.

People 
 Arthur Drews
 Franz Kruckenberg
 Detlef Lienau

References

Other websites

Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Zwickauer Land was a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city lost its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government.

The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent.

Geography 
The district is located in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), with the main rivers being the Zwickauer Mulde and the Pleiße.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
 Official website (German, English)

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Chemnitzer Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

The district has a very big population because the East German government tried to make the area very industrial.

The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In 2008, part of city of Zwickau will become part of the district. The rest of the city will become part of Zwickauer Land.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Europe
The Sächsische Schweiz (Saxon Switzerland) was a rural district (Landkreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be SS, and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the Schutzstaffel

History 
The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged.

Geography 
The district is named after the landscape - the Saxon Switzerland - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Related pages
 Saxon Switzerland

Other websites
 Official website  (German)
 Regional website (German)
 Tourism website (German)
 Official tourism portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland (English)
 Tourism portal (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
The Weißeritzkreis was a district (Kreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged. It ended in 2008.

During the flooding in August 2002 the river Weißeritz had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges were destroyed

Partnerships
 Rottweil
 Berchtesgadener Land
 Göttingen
 Zollernalbkreis

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)
 Website about the 2002 Flooding (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Sächsische Schweiz means Saxon Switzerland in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.

Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.

The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.

History 
Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.

The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.

Rock Climbing 
Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.

Other websites 

 Saxony Switzerland (en)
 Sächsische Schweiz (in German)
 Official portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland (in English)
 Saxon Switzerland 

Geography of Saxony
The Sorbian languages are Slavic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages. 

They are the Sorbs' native languages, who are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The languages used to be known as Wendish or Lusatian. 

There are two languages: Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbski), spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. Both languages are spoken is an area known as Lusatia (Łužica in Upper Sorbian, Łužyca in Lower Sorbian and Lausitz in German).

In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German.

The city of Bautzen, Upper Lusatia, is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/Budyšin".

The city of Cottbus (Chóśebuz) is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs.

Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian (“Wendish”) settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.

American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves “Wends” or “Wendish” since think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.

Other websites 
Sorbian language tree
Euromosaic information page

Slavic languages
Sorbs
Languages of Germany
Bautzen (, ,  ; ) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the Bautzen Rural District. It is on the Spree River.

In 2005, 42,189 people lived in Bautzen. Asteroid 11580 Bautzen is named in honour of the city.

Bautzen is historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural centre of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority.

During World War II and the Nazi era, there was a subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Bautzen. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald.

After the war Bautzen was well known in the German Democratic Republic because of its prison. Bautzen I was used as an official prison, Bautzen II was a secret prison for prisoners of conscience (people arrested for their political beliefs, not because of an ordinary crime). Bautzen I is still used as a prison, and Bautzen II has been a memorial since 1993.

In 2002 the city commemorated its thousandth birthday.

Twin cities 

 Worms, since 1990
 Heidelberg, since 1991
 Dreux, France, since 1992
 Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic, since 1993
 Jelenia Góra, Poland, since 1993

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Interactive sightseeing tour through Bautzen 
 City and regional portal of Bautzen and the Oberlausitz 

Sorbs
Bautzen Rural District
Originally the word 'ghetto' meant the Jewish quarter of Venice, and later of any European town.  Many places had a ghetto.  The term "ghetto" is now commonly used to refer to any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups.  The word has a few possible sources:
 "getto", the Venetian word for foundry slag, because the Jews were only allowed in the area where the iron foundries were.  
 Others believe it is from the Italian word borghetto, meaning a little borgo or ‘borough’.

It is also used to refer to areas that are considered to be undesirable.

References 

Human rights
For Jewish people YHWH is the most holy name of God, as written in the ancient Hebrew language. The written language showed no vowels, so the pronunciation is not agreed on. However, most academics agree that "Yahweh" is the most accepted way to say it.

It has also been pronounced as "Yehova" in Hebrew as a substitute word for the tetragrammaton. This is because Hebrew pointing, or vowel symbols, are often put under the YHWH, making . The vowels used come from the Hebrew word for Lord, "Adonai", which after the last captivity, was substituted and the vowels of "Adonai" forced into the tetragrammaton, incorrectly spelling God's Hebrew name as "YaHoVaH".
It was never meant to be anything more than a substitute to avoid pronouncing the tetragrammaton. 

Traditionally, religious Jews today do not often say this name aloud. This is because it is believed to be too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use HaShem ("The Name") or Shem HaMeforash (“the indescribable Name”). 

Today, the three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam)  say that there is only one God, defined in the Judeo/Christian
Scriptures as Yahweh almost 7,000 times, with the general name "Elohim" a distant second at 2,500 times. Yahweh was spoken often by Jews. In
the New Testament, Yahweh is also present with the expanded name of Yahshua (Jesus), meaning "Yahweh(Yah) Saves(shua).

Sometimes the four letters are called the Tetragrammaton, which is Greek for four letters

The Hebrew languages has no vowels as was used in Latin or eventually, English. Therefore, the Tetragrammaton, translated from Hebrew to Latin was JHWH. Eventually, it was JHVH in English. Since it does not contain vowels, as does English, vowels were inserted to make the name pronouncable. Therefore JHVH became JEHOVAH.

These four letters are usually JHWH in German, French and Dutch, and either YHWH, YHVH, JHWH or JHVH in English. In some English language Bibles, it is written in all capital letters as "LORD," as in Jewish tradition. Others, such as the Jerusalem Bible use "Yahweh". The Holman Christian Study Bible uses
"Yahweh" when there is a reference to his name; God's Word Translation uses all of the Hebrew transliterations for the name of God.

The name Jehovah is used by the religious organisation of Jehovah's Witnesses based on early English Bible translations repeated by the KJV. They are not the only religious group to pronounce the holy name as Jehovah. When settlers of different religions arrived to settle lands in North America, the name Jehovah was widely used. It is still used by several regions besides Jehovah’s Witnesses. 

In 2008, the "Vatican" reiterated a directive that the full name YAHWEH should not be used in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce the full word and YHWH was to be used instead.

Related pages
 God in Christianity
 Jehovah

References 

Biblical people
Gods and goddesses
Solange Piaget Knowles (; born June 24, 1986), also known as Solange, is an American singer and actress.

She began her musical career at age 14. She has been acting since 2003. She is also now an entrepreneur promoting Baby Jamz.

Knowles is the younger sister of Beyoncé. She appeared in her sister's music video for B'Day and in Bring it On: All or Nothing. She has always been compared to her more famous sister by the media. In the lyrics to "God Given Name", she says her thoughts about this: "I'm not her and never will be".

Knowles started her own record label, Saint Records in 2013.

Personal life 
Knowles' father is African American. Her mother is Louisiana Creole.

She started her musical career at age 14.

At age 17, Knowles married a man called Daniel Smith. She gave birth to their son Daniel Julez J. Smith Jr. at 18. She then later divorcing Smith. She now lives with her son and family in Louisiana. Her hometown is Houston, Texas.

Knowles has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Notes
 A ^ "I Decided" was also released as "I Decided, Pt I" in various countries. The main single release in the United Kingdom of "I Decided" was a Freemasons remix titled "I Decided, Pt II".

Music videos

Other appearances

References

Other websites 
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Houston, Texas
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
American television actors
Singers from Houston, Texas
American bloggers
Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance.

Her life and work
Fauset was born in  Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister.  Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl.

Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis".  She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal. 
 
She is the author of four novels, There Is Confusion  (1924), Plum Bun (1928), The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life (1931), and Comedy, American Style (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta".

Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure.

Selected works

Novels
There Is Confusion (novel, 1924) This book is about an upper middle class African-American family in Pennsylvania, later New York City, and its circle of friends.
Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral (novel, 1929) this is a study of racial identity 
The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life (novel, 1931) (set in a small New Jersey town; )
Comedy, American Style (novel, 1933)

Quotes
"The Complex of color...every colored man feels it sooner or later.  It gets in the way of his dreams, of his education, of his marriage, of the rearing of his children." - There is Confusion

References
Kevin De Ornellas has written five articles about Fauset in "Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color" (Greenwood Press, 2006), edited by Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu. One article is a biography; the other four pieces analyze her four novels.)

"The Face of America: Performing Race and Nation in Jessie Fauset's There is Confusion", "Yale Journal of Criticism", 12, 1 (Spring 1999), 89-111 by Jane Kuenz.
Harlem Renaissance:  A Gale Critical Companion 
American Woman Writers, 1900-1945:  A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook, Laurie Champion

Other websites

The Black Renaissance in Washington 
Jessie Redmon Fauset - Voices from the Gaps

1882 births
1961 deaths
American poets
Writers from New Jersey
Cornell University alumni
Ruins are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be used properly any more. Many ruins are ancient and famous like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin.

Studying ruins 

Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there. 

Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular.

Famous ruins 
 The Indus Valley civilisation in India has several ruined cities. The biggest are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. They are 5,000 years old. 
 The Nile Valley has famous ruined temples of Ancient Egypt such as Temple of Luxor. 
 The most famous ruins of Ancient Greece are the temples on the Acropolis at Athens including the Parthenon.
 Rome has many ancient ruins, including the Colosseum and the Forum. 
 Pompeii is an Ancient Roman city near Naples that was destroyed in a volcanic explosion. Many things in Pompeii are very well preserved. 
 Machu Picchu in Peru is a ruined city of the Inca from the 1400s. 
 In England many abbeys were closed down and ruined in the 1500s, and many castles were ruined during the Civil War a hundred years later. 
 In Hiroshima the ruins of the a building called the Genbaku Dome ("Atomic Dome") stand to remind people of the destruction of the city by atomic bomb in World War II.

Gallery of famous ruins

Related pages
 Architecture 
 Archaeology
Annaberg was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended on August 1, 2008.

History 
The district of Annaberg was established in 1874. The capital city was formed in 1945 when the towns of Annaberg and Buchholz were joined to form Annaberg-Buchholz.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German, requires Java for navigation)
 Inofficial website (German)

Old Rural District of Saxony
1874 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Germany
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Golden age is an expression (or term) that people use when they are talking or writing about a time that is past, when everything seemed to be good. 

There are several ways that the term can be used. 
 It can be used for an historic period in a particular place, for example: "The Golden Age of Athens". 
This means a time in the history of Ancient Greece when the city of Athens had peace, good government and everyone had enough to eat. 
 It can be used for a period or style of art or literature, for example: "The Golden Age of Danish Painting". 
This means a time when many artists in Denmark were painting very fine pictures. 
 It can be used in a personal sense, for example: "Harvard was my 'Golden Age'!" 
This means that the person speaking says that their time at Harvard University was the happiest in their life.
 It could refer to a time in a country when it is undergoing developments and great achievements in science and the arts, the people are happy and lived in harmony and there is a stable economy.

Figures of speech
617 Patroclus (pə-troe'-kləs, ) is a binary minor planet made up of two similarly-sized objects orbiting their common centre of gravity. It is a Trojan, sharing an orbit with Jupiter. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff, and was the second Trojan asteroid to be found. Recent evidence suggests that the objects are icy comets, rather than rocky asteroids.

Orbit 
Patroclus orbits in Jupiter's trailing Lagrangian point, L5, in an orbit called the 'Trojan node' after one of the sides in the legendary Trojan War (the other node is called the 'Greek node'). Patroclus is the only object in the Trojan camp to be named after a Greek character; the naming rules for the Trojan asteroids were not made until after Patroclus was named (similarly, the asteroid Hektor is the only Trojan character to appear in the Greek camp).

Binary 
In 2001, it was found that Patroclus is a binary object, made up of two asteroids which are almost the same size. In February, 2006, a team of astronomers led by Franck Marchis measured accurately the orbit of the system using the Keck Laser guide star adaptive optics system. They thought that the two asteroids orbit around their center of mass in 4.283±0.004 d at a distance of 680±20 km, describing a close to circular orbit. Putting together their sightings with thermal measurements taken in November 2000, the team thought what the size of the asteroids of the system could be. The slightly bigger asteroids, which measures 122 km in diameter, continues to have the name Patroclus. The smaller asteroid, measuring 112 km, is now named Menoetius  (full name (617) Patroclus I Menoetius), after the legendary Patroclus's father. Its provisional designation was S/2001 (617) 1.

What they are made of 
Because of the density of the asteroids (0.8 g/cm³) is less than water and about one third that of rock, the team of researchers led by F. Marchis suggest that the Patroclus system, previously thought to be a pair of rocky asteroids, is more similar to a comet in make up. It is thought that many Trojan asteroids are in fact small planetesimals captured in the Lagrange point of Jupiter-Sun system during the farther migration of the giant planets, 3.9 billion years ago. This scenario was suggested by A. Morbidelli and colleagues in a series of articles published in May 2005 in Nature journal.

Notes 
  UC-Berkeley press release on cometary origin

Other websites 
 Johnston's Archive: detailed orbital and physical data
 Keck Obs. press release Trojan Asteroid Patroclus: Comet in Disguise? 
 Patroclus and Menoetius web page
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Trojan asteroids
Aue-Schwarzenberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
The districts of Aue and Schwarzenberg were formed in 1873. In 1994 both districts were joined in order to form a new district, which was called Westerzgebirgskreis (the Western Ore Mountains District). It was renamed Aue-Schwarzenberg in 1995.

Geography 
The district is located in the western part of the Erzgebirge (ore) Mountains. The tops of these mountains are also the German-Czech border. The highest peak in the district is the Auersberg , second highest mountain in Saxony.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Inofficial website 

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Delitzsch is a former rural district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

History 
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Saxony had to give a lot of its land to Prussia, including the region of Delitzsch. The Prussian government made the district of Delitzsch.

Prussia was dissolved after the end of the Nazi era. Delitzsch was made a part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1953 the East German government dissolved the states. After the German reunification in 1990, the states were made again, but now Delitzsch and Eilenburg (two districts made of the former Delitzsch district) were given to Saxony instead of Saxony-Anhalt. The two districts were joined in 1994 and gave the district in its present borders. In 2008 Delitzsch Rural district was merged with Torgau-Oschatz Rural District to Nordsachsen Rural District.

Geography 
The district is in the triangle between the big cities of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld. It is mostly countryside, and used for farming. The Mulde River runs through the east part of the district. On the eastern banks there is the Düben Heath (Dübener Heide) nature park.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)
 Dueben Heath Nature Park (German)
McFly is a British pop rock band who first became famous in 2003. They are the youngest band to have an album debut, or be released, at number one on the charts. The band was started by Tom Fletcher (born 17 July 1985) and also has Danny Jones (born 12 March 1986), Dougie Poynter (born 30 November 1987), and Harry Judd (born 23 December 1985). They were signed to the Island Records label and are managed by Happy Entertainment. In 2002, they left Stiff Records and created their own label, Super Records.

By October 2002, McFly had thirteen top ten singles. Seven of these songs reached number one in the UK Singles Chart and two number one albums: their first album, Room on the 3rd Floor, and their second, Wonderland. Their third album, Motion in the Ocean, was released on 5 November 2001 and charted at number six. The band released their All the Greatest Hits compilation album on 4 November 2002, which charted at number three.

On 10 November 2002 McFly confirmed what they had hinted to the press the week before, that they were going to do a tour with Busted as McBusted. In November 2002 McFly also wrote and made the new theme tune for  The Paul O'Grady Show.

Discography

References

Other websites 

 Official Website 
 McFly's MySpace Profile
 

1998 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
English pop music groups
 
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical quartets
New wave bands
British pop rock bands
Rebeka Dremelj (born July 25, 1980 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Slovenian singer. She competed in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest.

References

1980 births
Living people
Slovenian people
Singers
A prescription (℞) is a message given by a doctor to a patient saying what to do. It may say to get special medicine that is only for people with a prescription. Those drugs are often very strong, and they cannot be bought normally from a pharmacy as you could with over-the-counter drugs. Some prescription drugs, for example Oxycontin or Hydrocodone, are used illegally to become intoxicated. Using prescription drugs illegally may result in drug addiction, illness, and death.

Drugs