cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Gordian Knot is a  legend of associated with Alexander the Great.  It is often used as a metaphor for a problem which has no easy or obvious solution.

Myth story
In Phrygia (modern Turkey), there was a legendary prophesy about a unique knot which could only be loosened by the man who would rule all of Asia.  It was called the "Gordian" knot because it was preserved in Gordium.  It supposed to have been created by a man named Gordius.

The knot was complex and tangled.  This mythical knot was tied around the part of a wooden cart or wagon.

According to traditional version of the story, Alexander the Great cut the knot with his sword.

In another version of the story, Alexander took away the wooden part which was at the center of the knot; and in this way, the knot was undone.

Alexander solved the problem in a way no one had expected. Then he went on to lead Greek armies which conquered much of the known world.

Meaning 
Today the phrase implies "make it happen" or "get things done".

"Cutting the Gordian knot" has come to mean resolving a difficult problem with one forceful action.

It may mean a problem that has no solution.

Related pages
 Excalibur

References

Other websites

Greek mythology
Metaphors
Puzzles
The Top 40 is a radio format that measures the top forty songs in any music genre. The Top 40 became a dominant radio format in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

Music charts 
Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
Pop Songs (Billboard)
UK Singles Chart
Dutch Top 40 (is a Dutch music chart)
Los 40 Principales (in Spain)
Ö3 Austria Top 40 (the official Austrian music chart)

Books 
 Pete Battistini, "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem The 1970s", Authorhouse.com, January 31, 2005.  
 Susan Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination (New York: Times Books, 1999)
 
 
 Ben Fong-Torres, The Hits Just Keep On Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 1998)
 Elwood F. 'Woody' Goulart, The Mystique and Mass Persuasion: Bill Drake & Gene Chenault’s Rock and Roll Radio Programming (2006)
 David MacFarland, The Development of the Top 40 Radio Format (New York: Arno Press, 1979)

Other websites 
Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 
Public Radio documentary featuring a history of Top 40

Pop music
Record charts
The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP protects its members' musical copyrights. They do this by monitoring public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC).

Books 
Blume, Jason (2006).  This Business of Songwriting.  Billboard Books (New York City).  .
 Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011
Passman, Donald S. (2003).  All You Need to Know about the Music Business.   Free Press (New York City).  .
Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990).  This Business of Music.  Billboard Books (New York City). .

Related pages 
Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)

Other websites 
ascap.com, official website
ascap.com/about/history, history module of ASCAP at its official website
ascap.com/playback, Playback magazine module at ASCAP's official website

American music
Organizations based in the United States
Ali-Ollie Woodson (September 12, 1951 – May 30, 2010) was an American R&B singer, songwriter, keyboardist and actor. He was known for singing with The Temptations, starting in 1984. He has also worked with Aretha Franklin and Bill Pinkney. Woodson was diagnosed with throat cancer. He died in southern California after battling with leukemia for 18 months.

Other websites 
Ali Ollie Woodson interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2001 (reprinted June 2010)
Ali Ollie Woodson feature with an interview at Soul Express
Ali Ollie Woodson, Singer in Temptations, Dies at 58

1951 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
African American musicians
American soul musicians
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Deaths from leukemia
"My Heart Will Go On" is a hit song by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It was in the movie Titanic. Its music was composed by James Horner. The lyrics were written by Will Jennings. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

The song reached number one in over 10 countries. It became Dion's signature song. It helped her become a popular singer. It was one of the best selling singles worldwide. It was the best-selling single of 1998.

Track listing

European CD single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Because You Loved Me" – 4:33

European CD single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21

French CD single
"The Reason" – 5:01
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40

French CD single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Southampton" – 4:02

French CD single #3
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21

Japanese CD single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04

UK cassette single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"I Love You" – 5:30

US CD single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Rose" (instrumental) – 2:52

Australian/Brazilian/European/UK/Korean CD maxi single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Because You Loved Me" – 4:33
"When I Fall in Love" – 4:19
"Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04

Australian CD maxi single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18
"Misled" (The Serious mix) – 4:59
"Love Can Move Mountains" (Underground vocal mix) – 7:10

Brazilian CD maxi single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" (Cuca's radio edit) – 4:22
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem edit) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable edit) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem vocal) – 9:41

European CD maxi single #2 / UK 12" single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18

Japanese/Korean CD maxi single
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable club mix) – 10:04
"My Heart Will Go On" (Matt & Vito's unsinkable epic mix) – 9:53

UK CD maxi single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" (soundtrack version) – 5:11
"Have a Heart" – 4:12
"Nothing Broken But My Heart" – 5:55
"Where Does My Heart Beat Now" – 4:32

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

End of year charts

References

1997 songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Celine Dion songs
, also known as McDonald's Tokio Hot 100, is the official music chart program of J-Wave. It is also the flagship program of the Japan FM League's Hot 100 music chart series. It ranks the most popular 100 songs every week. It is published on Billboard magazine.

Songs of the Year
1988: U2 — "Desire"
1989: Prince — "Batdance"
1990: Madonna — "Vogue"
1991: Stevie B — "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
1992: Shanice — "I Love Your Smile"
1993: Mariah Carey — "Dreamlover"
1994: Big Mountain — "Baby I Love Your Way"
1995: Diana King — "Shy Guy"
1996: Eric Clapton — "Change the World"
1997: Jamiroquai — "Cosmic Girl"
1998: Celine Dion — "My Heart Will Go On"
1999: Jamiroquai — "Canned Heat"
2000: Madonna — "Music"
2001: Janet Jackson — "All for You"
2002: Underworld — "Two Months Off"
2003: Beyoncé Knowles featuring Jay-Z — "Crazy in Love"
2004: Avril Lavigne — "Don't Tell Me"
2005: Def Tech — "My Way"
2006: Daniel Powter — "Bad Day"
2007: Ne-Yo — "Because of You"
2008: Coldplay - "Viva la Vida"
2009: Madonna — "Celebration"
2010: Maroon 5 - "Misery"
2011: Maia Hirasawa - "Boom!"

Other websites 
 

Japanese music
Record charts
Helmet is an alternative metal band from New York. The band was formed in 1989 by vocalist and lead guitarist Page Hamilton, who is their only constant member.

Helmet became popular when they released their 1992 major-label debut Meantime, which peaked at number 68 on the Billboard 200 and featured their best known songs "Unsung" and "In the Meantime". Meantime is also Helmet's only album to go gold in the United States. They made two more albums before breaking up in 1998. However, Helmet reformed in 2004 and released a new album later that year. The album was called Size Matters and was their last release on their longtime label Interscope Records. Helmet was briefly signed to Warcon Records, who released their next album Monochrome in 2006, but today, they are signed to Work Song Records. That label released their latest album Seeing Eye Dog in 2010.

Discography
So far, Helmet has released seven full-length studio albums, which include:

 Strap It On (1990)
 Meantime (1992)
 Betty (1994)
 Aftertaste (1997)
 Size Matters (2004)
 Monochrome (2006)
 Seeing Eye Dog (2010)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Alternative metal bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups from New York
Bug spray is a chemical in a spray can that is used for killing bugs or keeping them away.

Bug killer
Some bug sprays are sprayed at the bug to kill it. Other bug sprays are sprayed around a house or picnic area. Bugs that come too close to this kind of bug spray will usually die.

Bug repellent
Bug repellent is never sprayed at a bug. Bug repellents can be used to keep bugs from coming into a house or picnic area. Some kinds of sunscreen have bug repellent that keeps mosquitos away. Some bug repellents are spread over the skin of a person.

Insects
Poisons
The Crafoord Prize is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger and Anna-Greta Crafoord. It is administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The prize is for "international basic research in the disciplines Astronomy, Mathematics, Geosciences, and Biosciences, with particular emphasis on ecology, and rheumatoid arthritis" (the disease from which Holger severely suffered in his last years). According to the Academy, "these disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prizes are awarded."

Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics; then geosciences; then biosciences. A Crafoord Prize is only awarded for arthritis when a committee decides that substantial progress in the field has been made. On Crafoord Day in April, the prize is presented by the King of Sweden, who also presents the Nobel Prize Awards at the ceremony in December. The prize is to fund further research by the prize winner. In 2012 it is US$600,000.

Winners

References 

Science awards
1980 establishments
David Howell Petraeus (pronunciation: /pɨˈtreɪ.əs/; born November 7, 1952) was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He was sworn in on September 6, 2011. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus was a four-star general serving over 37 years in the United States Army. On November 9, 2012, Petraeus resigned as CIA director following a marital scandal.

References

Other websites

Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
1952 births
Living people
American generals
People from New York
Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) was the 23rd United States Secretary of Defense from 2011 until 2013. Before that, he served as director of the CIA from 2009 to 2011 and as Bill Clinton's White House Chief of staff from 1994 to 1997.

Panetta was born on June 28, 1938 in Monterey, California to an Itallian-American family. He studied at Santa Clara University. He served in the army from 1964 until 1966. He had won an Army Commendation Medal for his services in the force. Panetta is married to Sylvia Panetta.

References

Other websites

 Office of the Secretary of Defense 
 Biography of the Central Intelligence Agency (archived)

 Biography of Panetta, Hartnell University
 Conversations with History – Interview with Leon Panetta, UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies
 The Panetta Institute for Public Policy

1938 births
Living people
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
White House Chiefs of Staff
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
United States Secretaries of Defense
Politicians from California
American military people
US Democratic Party politicians
Denton Burn is an area of housing in the city of Newcastle, United Kingdom. The area has 3 schools and has many shops and take-aways. It is close to Benwell and Scotswood.

Newcastle, Tyne and Wear
Leeds Trinity University College is a university in Horsforth, Leeds, England. It has about 3,000 students. It is one of the smallest universities in the country.

Colleges and universities in England
Leeds
Batasuna (formerly Herri Batasuna) was a political party in Spain. Herri Batasuna was founded after the fall of the Franco regime, in 1978. In 2001, the party changed its name into Batasuna. In 2003, the party was outlawed in Spain, but it continues to be a political party in France. The party was suspected to have close ties with ETA. The party was active in the Basque Country,  and Navarre. It wanted to form an independent state of the Basque country. The region where Basque is spoken is split between the Basque country, Navarre in Spain and the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in France. The area is known as Euskal Herria (literally,: Basque country). 

Spain, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Union see Batasuna as the political wing of ETA. 

Because it was outlawed, the party has had different names, such as Euskal Herritarrok, Sozialista Abertzaleak, Ezker Abertzaleak and AUB, Aukera Guztiak.

Bastasina sees itself as a nationalist, left-wing party.  It is also called socialist (with Marxist and Libertarian tendencies). Other ideas of the party include to fight for feminism, and to be seen as envirnomentalist. Batasuna is the only party in the did not condemn the violent attacks carried out by ETA. According to Batasuna, it is sterile and hypocritical to condemn only one form of violemce; by the same token, the violence of Spain should be condemned, which oppresses the Basque people. According to the Spanish state, there were no violations of human rights after the fall of the Franco regime, and the use of violence for political reasons is inacceptable. 

Batasuna has run in elections in the French part of the Basque country, in Ustaritz, about 12 km from Bayonne.

The party dissolved in January 2013.

References

Political parties in Spain
Political parties in France
Nationalist organizations in Europe
2013 disestablishments in Europe
1978 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Spain
Simon Marc Amstell (born 29 November 1979) is a British comedian, television presenter, writer and actor.

Amstell was born and raised in Gants Hill, London in a Jewish family. He is openly gay.

Amstell has presented Popworld and Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He writes and stars in Grandma's House.

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References

Other websites 
 

Official website

Actors from London
Comedians from London
English LGBT people
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
Gay Jews
Jewish British actors
Jewish British writers
Jewish comedians
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
LGBT writers
People from the London Borough of Redbridge
Writers from London
1979 births
Living people
Potentiometers are variable resistors. Potentiometers are resistors where the resistance can be changed using a knob or a slider. Potentiometers are used to control many things, including how bright or dim the lights in your house are and the volume controls on your television. Some are used in voltage dividers.

The idea of a device that could be used to control the amount of electricity going to a component was thought by many people, but the carbon potentiometer we commonly use today was invented by Thomas Edison in 1872 at the age of 25. He called this device a "coiled resistance wire rheostat". His patent for this device was issued in 1872. Carbon resistors, as said above, are the most commonly used resistors today. They are used in radios to control the volume, in televisions to control picture brightness, contrast, and color response.

Different types
There are many different types of potentiometers. These different types include carbon potentiometers, plastic potentiometers, and wire potentiometers. Carbon potentiometers are the most common potentiometers that we use today because they are inexpensive to make and are easy to put together. Wire potentiometers are the most powerful type out of the three listed above. The wire inside the potentiometer is wound so that it has more power. Plastic potentiometers have the same amount of power that carbon potentiometers do, but are of a higher quality. They are made of a special kind of plastic that conducts electricity just as effectively as carbon potentiometers. It as a better life than carbon potentiometers do. Trimmer potentiometers are small. They are adjustable with a screwdriver.

References 

Electronic components
Shitoku (至徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eitoku and before Kakei.  This period started in February 1384 and ended in August 1387.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu' Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Shitoku era
 1384 (Shitoku 1, 3rd month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu gave up his position in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1385 (Shitoku 2, 8th month): Yoshimistu made a public visit to Kasuga-taisha.
 1385 (Shitoku 2): The forces of the Southern Court were defeated at Koga.
 1386 (Shitoku 3, 7th month''): Yoshimitsu authorized the Five Mountain System for ranking state-sponsored Buddhist temples; and Nanzen-ji was ranked at the top and in a class of its own.

Southern Court nengō 
 Genchū, 1384–1393

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1384 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1387 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
An incandescent light bulb has a small thin wire with two bigger wires holding it up. This wire is called a filament. The filament is the part of the light bulb that produces light.

Filaments in incandescent light bulbs are made of tungsten. Whenever an electric current goes through the filament, the filament glows. It may also be known as the electron emitting element in a vacuum tube. To make the bulb produce more light, the filament is usually made of coils of fine wire, also known as the coiled coil.

Electricity

en:Incandescent light bulb#Filament
Kakei (嘉慶) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Shitoku and before Kōō.  This period started in August 1387 and ended in February 1389.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Kakei era
 1387 (Kakei 1, 1st month): Nijō Yoshimoto is removed from his position as sesshō and daijō daijin in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1387 (Kakei 1, 2nd month): Konoe Kanetsugu is named sesshō.
 1388 (Kakei 2, 3rd month): The sesshō Konoe Kanetsugu dies at age 29; and Yoshimoto re-assumes this role.
 1388 (Kakei 2, 6th month): Yoshitomo dies at age 69; and his son Nijō Morotsugu succeeds him with the title of kampaku. 1389 (Kakei 3''): Yoshimitsu pacifies Kyūshū and distributes lands.

Southern Court nengō
 Genchū, 1384–1393

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1387 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1389 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
Cryptopsy is a Canadian death metal band from Montreal, Quebec, formed in 1988. The band has sold over 300,000 records.

Members

Current members
 Flo Mounier – drums (1992–present)
 Jon Levasseur – lead, rhythm guitars (1993–2005, 2011–present)
 Christian Donaldson – guitar (2005–present)
 Matt McGachy – lead vocals (2007–present)
 Olivier Pinard – bass guitar (2012–present)

Former members
Vocals
 Lord Worm – lead vocals (1988–1997, 2003–2007)
 Mike DiSalvo – lead vocals (1997–2001)
 Martin Lacroix – lead vocals (2001–2003)
Rhythm guitar
 Steve Thibault – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1988–1995, 1996)
 Miguel Roy – rhythm, lead guitars (1996–1999, 2004)
 Alex Auburn – rhythm guitar, lead, backing vocals (1999–2009)
 Youri Raymond – guitar, backing vocals (2009–2011), bass guitar (2011)
Bass guitar
 John Todds – bass guitar (1988–1992) as Necrosis
 Kevin Weagle – bass guitar (1992–1993)
 Martin Fergusson – bass (1994–1995)
 Eric Langlois – bass guitar (1996–2011)
Lead Guitar
 Dave Galea – lead, rhythm guitars, vocals (1992–1993, 2000)
Keyboards
 Maggy Durand – keyboards (2007–2008)
Drums
 Mike Atkin – drums (1988–1992) as Necrosis

Session members 
 Dan Mongrain – lead guitar (2004)
 Steve Shyy (aka Steven J. Robillard) – keyboards (studio and live) as Necrosis

Discography

Studio albums
Blasphemy Made Flesh (1994)
None So Vile (1996)
Whisper Supremacy (1998)
…And Then You'll Beg (2000)
Once Was Not (2005)
The Unspoken King (2008)
Cryptopsy (2012)

Live albums
None So Live (2003)

Demos
Ungentle Exhumation (1993)

References

Other websites

Canadian death metal bands
Canadian heavy metal bands
Deathcore bands
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in Canada
Katra is a Finnish symphonic metal band featuring vocalist Katra Solopuro.

Members
Current members

2006: Katra Solopuro - vocals
2006: Kristian Kangasniemi - guitar
2006: Johannes Tolonen - bass
2009: Teemu Mätäsjärvi - guitar
2009: Matti Auerkallio - drums

Former musicians
2006: Jani Wilund - keyboards
2006: Tom "Tomma" Gardiner - guitar
2006-2009: Jaakko Järvensivu - drums

Tour musicians
2008: Teemu Mätäsjärvi – guitar

Discography

Studio albums

2007: Katra (Edel)
2008: Beast Within (Napalm)
2010: Out of the Ashes (Napalm)

Singles

2006: Sahara
2007: Tietäjä/Vaaratar
2010: One Wish Away

Music Videos
2007: Tietäjä
2008: Beast Within
2010: One Wish Away

Other websites
Official Website
Official Myspace
Katra Blog
Metal Storm band page

Finnish heavy metal bands
Symphonic metal bands
]
Bruno Sammartino (October 6, 1935 – April 18, 2018) was an Italian-American retired wrestler. He was born on October 6, 1935 in Italy. He became a wrestler in 1959. He would often beat opponents with his bearhug. 

On May 17, 1963, Bruno beat Buddy Rogers to become the second World Wide Wrestling Federation champion. He held this title for over seven years, a record for professional wrestling world champions. He had his first match in Japan in 1967. He lost to Ivan Koloff on January 18, 1971. On December 10, 1973, Sammartino beat Stan Stasiak to once again be the champion. Billy Graham won the championship from Bruno on April 30, 1977 in Baltimore. World Wide Wrestling Federation became the World Wrestling Federation in March 1979. Sammartino wrestled less often after but he did have classic feud with Larry Zbyszko that ended in a steel cage match at Shea Stadium in 1980. He retired in 1987.
Sammartino was also a commentator with Vince McMahon. 

In 2013, he accepted an invitation for induction into the WWE Hall of Fame, after he declined many times in prior years.

Sammartino died on April 18, 2018 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania of multiple organ failure caused by heart disease at the age of 82.

References

Other websites

More on Bruno Sammartino

1935 births
Italian people
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
2018 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American professional wrestlers
WWE Hall of Fame
was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Shōkyō and before Ryakuō. This period started in January 1334 and ended in August 1338 in the Northern Court, but it lasted until only February 1336 in the Southern Court.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Kemmu era 
In 1333-1336, the Kemmu Restoration was an attempt by Emperor Go-Daigo to restore Imperial authority after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate. The failure of this effort led to the creation of two rival Imperial courts.
 1334 (Kemmu 1): Emperor Go-Daigo caused Kemmu nenchū gyōji to be written. This was a book which described the ceremonies of the court; and its purpose was to aid the process of reviving ancient court etiquette.
 25 October 1334 (Kemmu 1, 27th day of the 9th month): Emperor Go-Daigo made an Imperial progress to Kamo-jinja. No other emperor would visit Kamo's shrines until April 29, 1863 (Bunkyu 3, 11th day of the 3rd month), when Emperor Komei made an Imperial progress to Kamo.
 1336 (Kemmu 3): An anonymous author published Kemmu nenkan ki, which was a chronicle of the Kemmu era. The text is a source of information about laws, government, bureaucrats, and arable lands and estates given by the emperor to the nobility or to religious institutions (shōen).
 1336 (Kemmu 3): Ashikaga Takauji issued a new legal code with 17 articles (Kemmu-shikimoku).
 17 May 1336 (Kemmu 3, 6th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Go-Fushimi died.

Southern Court nengō
The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Shōkei 1 as time was reckoned in the Northern Court in Kyoto; and the era began in Genkō 4, as time was ordered in the Southern Court in Yoshino.

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1330s establishments in Japan
1330s disestablishments in Japan
1334 establishments
1338 disestablishments
Mary Claire Cheney (born March 14, 1969) is an American businesswoman and the younger daughter of former U.S. Vice President, Dick Cheney and his wife, former second lady, Lynne Cheney. She is openly lesbian and has stated support for same-sex marriage along with her father. She is in a long relationship with Heather Poe, a former parking ranger with whom she has had 2 children, Samuel David and Sarah Lynne. On June 22, 2012, Cheney married her long time partner Heather Poe. Cheney has a sister, Elizabeth Cheney (born 1966).

References 

1969 births
Living people
American LGBT rights activists
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Lesbians
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT people from Wisconsin
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) are a common crustacean. They are often found around the sea shore.

They come in a variety of colours. They are often green or brown. They have eight legs and two large pincers. The width across the shell is up to . The usual width is about .

They are normally found in the North Atlantic or the Baltic Sea but are beginning to live in many other areas of the world. Shore crabs live on beaches and rocky shores.

Shore crabs are a nocturnal predator which means it hunts at night. They eat small crustaceans, molluscs, worms and some fish.

A female shore crab can lay up to nearly 200 thousand eggs at once. They carry the eggs with them until they hatch. Like most crabs, when a shore crab gets too big for its shell, it sheds its shell. After that, it has a new soft shell which soon hardens.

Other websites

Crustaceans
Phytosaurs are an extinct group of large semi-aquatic Upper Triassic archosaurs. 

Phytosaurs were long-snouted and heavily armoured, bearing a remarkable resemblance to modern crocodiles in size, appearance, and lifestyle. This is an example of convergence or parallel evolution. The name 'phytosaur' means 'plant reptile': the first fossils of phytosaurs were mistakenly thought to belong to plant eaters. The sharp teeth in phytosaur jaws clearly show they were predators.

Although phytosaurs were not true crocodilians themselves, they were more closely related to the crocodilians than to other modern reptiles. Crocodiles did not become phytosaur-like until the Lower Jurassic. "Consensus generally places phytosaurs as basal crurotarsans, possibly the basal-most group".

Phytosaurs had a nearly global distribution. Fossils have been recovered from Europe, North America, India, Morocco, Thailand, Brazil and Madagascar.

References 

Archosaurs
Triassic
Fossils
Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip is the debut album by American band TLC. It was released on February 25, 1992 by LaFace Records. The album reached number 14 on the US Billboard 200 chart, number two on the Top Heatseekers, and number three on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album shipped 4,000,000 copies in the United States.

Reception 

Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review on the album. Steve Huey of Allmusic gave a "mixed" review on the album and believed it helped TLC to become more popular. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold 2,500,000 copies in the United States. It was later certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA.

Track listing

References

Other websites 
 
 Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip at Discogs

1992 albums
Debut albums
TLC albums
R&B albums
Hip hop albums
CrazySexyCool is the second studio album by American girl group TLC. It was released on November 15, 1994 by LaFace Records. The album reached number three on the US Billboard 200, number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number four on the UK Albums Chart. The album became TLC's best-selling album, it was known as their "breakthrough album". Rolling Stone magazine ranked the album number 377 of the "500 greatest albums of all time" list. The album was certified 1x Diamond in the United States. TLC became the first and only girl group to have a diamond-certified album. The album features more of a R&B and soul sound than hip hop sound due the fact that Left Eye wasn't able to record much of her own raps for the album due to being in rehab for setting her then-boyfriend's house on fire.

Release and reception 

The album sold 127,000 copies on the first day of release. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold 7,200,000 copies in the United States. It was certified 1x Diamond, which means 10,000,000 copies of the album were shipped to the United States. The album was also certified 11x Platinum (11,000,000 copies shipped) by the RIAA.

Track listing
 "Intro-Lude" (featuring Phife Dawg) – 1:01 (Jermaine Dupri)
 "Creep" – 4:28 (Dallas Austin)
 "Kick Your Game" – 4:14 (Dupri, Lopes, Seal)
 "Diggin' on You" – 4:14 (Babyface)
 "Case of the Fake People" – 4:04 (Dallas Austin)
 "Crazy Sexy Cool - Interlude" – 1:42 (Combs, Thompson, Watkins)
 "Red Light Special" – 5:04 (Babyface)
 "Waterfalls" – 4:39 (Lopes, Ethridge, Organized Noize)
 "Intermission-Lude" – 0:43 (Dupri)
 "Let's Do It Again" – 4:16 (Babyface, Jon John)
 "If I Was Your Girlfriend" (Prince) – 4:36
 "Sexy - Interlude" (featuring Puff Daddy) – 1:34 (Combs, Thomas)
 "Take Our Time" – 4:33 (Hennings, Killings)
 "Can I Get a Witness - Interlude" (featuring Busta Rhymes) – 2:57 (Combs, Rhymes, Thomas)
 "Switch" – 3:30 (Dupri, Lopes, Seal)
 "Sumthin' Wicked This Way Comes" (featuring Dré of OutKast) – 4:23 (Benjamin, Lopes, Ethridge, Organized Noize)

References 

1994 albums
TLC albums
Hip hop soul albums
New jack swing albums
R&B albums
FanMail is the third studio album by American girl group TLC. It was released on February 23, 1999. It was released by LaFace Records. It features a more electronic and hip hop influence to the album, along with the group's signature R&B sound.

Release and reception 

On the first day of release, the album sold 318,000 copies in the United States. It debuted at number one on the US Bollboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It also reached the top ten in Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The album was given eight Grammy Awards nominations. It won the Grammy Award for "Album of the Year". According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album sold 4,700,000 copies in the United States. It was certified 6x Platinum (6,000,000 copies shipped) by the RIAA.

Track listing

Notes

References 

1999 albums
TLC albums
Electronic albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 German-American war movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It takes place in Nazi-occupied France during World War II. The movie was rated 4 out of 4 stars by movie reporter Roger Ebert.

Release dates

References

Other websites 

2009 movies
2000s war movies
American war movies
German movies
Movies directed by Quentin Tarantino
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in the 1940s
Multilingual movies
World War II movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies set in Paris
, also known as JSL or NS, is the main sign language in Japan.

History

In 1878, the first school for the deaf was established in Kyoto.

In 1900, the  was founded.

In 1948, Deaf children were required to attend school.

In the late-20th century, Japanese sign language began to be recognized.

The Japanese Federation of the Deaf is for those Japanese whose primary language is JSL.

JSL has a friend in the Imperial family. Kiko, Princess Akishino has studied JSL and is a trained sign language interpreter.  She also signs in informal Deaf gatherings.

In 2006, the Japanese government amended the "Supporting Independence of People with Disabilities Act."  The new language in the law encourages local governments to increase the number and use of JSL interpreters.

Elements of Japanese Sign Language (JSL)
As in other sign languages, JSL (usually called simply 手話 shuwa, "hand talk") consists of words, or signs, and the grammar with which they are put together.

Examples of JSL signs

References

Further reading
 Monaghan, Leila Frances. (2003). Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. ;  OCLC 248814292
 Nakamura, Karen. (2006). Deaf in Japan: Signing and the Politics of Identity. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ; ;  OCLC 238810838

Other websites
 Japanese Association of Sign Linguistics (JASL) 
手話教室 (online JSL lessons and dictionary, in Japanese)
Online JSL dictionaries
 Kyoto Prefectural Education Center Website with explanations in English

Japanese language
Sign languages
Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports drama movie directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story. The movie, distributed by United Artists, stars Robert De Niro as Jake LaMotta, an Italian-American middleweight boxer whose self-destructive and obsessive rage, sexual jealousy, and animalistic appetite destroyed his relationship with his wife and family. Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, LaMotta's well-intentioned brother and manager who tries to help Jake battle his inner demons, and Cathy Moriarty as his wife. Nicholas Colasanto, Theresa Saldana, and Frank Vincent all play supporting roles in the movie.

Scorsese was initially reluctant to develop the project, though he eventually came to relate to LaMotta's story. Schrader re-wrote Martin's first screenplay, and Scorsese and De Niro together made uncredited contributions thereafter. Pesci was an unknown actor prior to the film, as was Moriarty, who was suggested for her role by Pesci. During the filming, each of the boxing scenes was choreographed for a specific visual style and De Niro gained approximately 60 pounds (27 kg) to portray LaMotta in his later post-boxing years. Scorsese was exacting in the process of editing and mixing the movie, expecting it to be his last major feature.

Raging Bull premiered in New York on November 14, 1980, and was released in theaters on December 19, 1980. The movie had a lukewarm box office of $23.4 million against its $18 million budget. The movie received mixed reviews upon its release; while De Niro's performance and the editing were widely acclaimed, it garnered criticism due to its violent content. Despite the mixed reviews, the movie was nominated for eight Academy Awards at the 53rd Academy Awards (tying with The Elephant Man as the most nominated movie of the ceremony), including Best Picture and Best Director, and won two: Best Actor for De Niro (his second Oscar) and Best Editing.

After its release, Raging Bull went on to garner a high critical reputation, and is now often considered Scorsese's magnum opus and one of the greatest movies ever made. In 1990, it became the first movie to be selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in its first year of eligibility.

References

Other websites 
 

1980 drama movies
1980s biographical movies
1980s sports movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American sports movies
English-language movies
Sports drama movies
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
James George Janos, better known as Jesse Ventura, is an American statesman, actor, author, and former professional wrestler. He served as the 38th Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003. He was elected in 1998. He was Mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota from 1991 to 1995.

Ventura served as a Navy UDT during the Vietnam War. As an actor, he appeared in The Running Man and Predator. He called wrestling matches with Vince McMahon for TV shows and with Gorilla Monsoon for pay-per-views in the WWF. In WCW, he called matches with Jim Ross. Ventura and Ross teamed up again to call XFL football games.

Ventura was born on July 15, 1951 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. His height is 6' 4". His wife is Theresa Larson Masters since 1975.

In September 2019, Ventura expressed interest in running for President in 2020 under an Independent bid.

References

1939 births
American military people
American movie actors
American professional wrestlers
Governors of Minnesota
Independent politicians in the United States
Living people
American political writers
American political commentators
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
WWE Hall of Fame
Ilya Yefimovich Repin (,  – 29 September 1930) was an important Russian painter and sculptor.

Biography 
Repin was born in a village near Kharkov, Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine). He came from a poor family. Repin first learned to paint from an icon painter. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg. Later he became a professor of painting at the same academy. He is best known for his paintings of scenes from Russian history and his portraits.

References

1844 births
1930 deaths
Russian painters
Jonathan "John" Roberts (born 1979) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice arist, and comedian. He is the voice of Linda Belcher in Bob's Burgers.

References

Other websites
 

1979 births
American stand-up comedians
American voice actors
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Daniel "Dan" Mintz (born 1981) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice arist, and comedian. He is the voice of Tina Belcher in Bob's Burgers.

Other websites
 

1981 births
American stand-up comedians
American voice actors
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
Actors from Alaska
People from Anchorage, Alaska
Comedians from Alaska
Kristen Schaal (born January 24, 1978 ) is an American stand-up comedienne, actress and voice artist. She is the voice of Mabel in Gravity Falls. She also is the voice of character Louise Belcher in Bob's Burgers. Schaal was born in Longmont, Colorado.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 Adventure Time - Boobafina, Jake Jr.
 American Dad! - Girl, Librarian
 Bob's Burgers - Louise Belcher
 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange - Squash McAdams
 The Penguins of Madagascar - Buffy the Rabbit, Fluffy the Rabbit, Muffy the Rabbit
 The Simpsons - Louise Belcher

Film Roles
 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 - Barb the Orangutan
 Despicable Me 2 - Shannon
 Shrek Forever After - Palace Witch, Pumpkin Witch
 Toy Story 3 - Trixie
 Toy Story 4 - Trixie
 Woody's Roundup: The Movie - Trixie

References

Other websites

 

1978 births
American stand-up comedians
American voice actors
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
Actors from Colorado
Comedians from Colorado
Michael Anthony Hall (born April 14, 1968) is an American actor, movie producer and director.  He is known  as Anthony Michael Hall. He was in several movies for teens in the 1980s. Hall began his career in commercials and on stage as a child.  He first made a movie in 1980. Hall was born in West Roxbury, Boston, Massachusetts and grew up in New York, New York.

He expanded his jobs to abstain from turning out to be pigeonholed as his nerd persona, joining the cast of Saturday Night Live (1985–1986) and featuring in movies, for example, Out of Bounds (1986), Johnny Be Good (1988), Edward Scissorhands (1990) and Six Degrees of Separation (1993). After a progression of minor jobs during the 1990s, he featured as Microsoft's Bill Gates in the 1999 TV film Pirates of Silicon Valley. He had the main job in the USA Network arrangement The Dead Zone from 2002 to 2007. In 2020, he showed up in ABC's The Goldbergs.

Selected filmography

Movies

Television

References

Other websites 
 
 

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
Movie producers from Massachusetts
The wing-banded antbird (Myrmornis torquata) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.

It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It feeds by hopping on the ground, turning dead leaves over in search of insects. It uses its long bill to do this, and never picks the leaves up.

References

 BirdLife International 2004. Myrmornis torquata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 26 July 2007.

Passeriformes
The Seine is a river in France. It flows into the English Channel between Le Havre and Honfleur. It is  long. It is the second-longest river in France. Other important cities along its course are Paris, Troyes and Rouen. Its drainage basin has a surface of . The Seine starts in Source-Seine, in Côte-d'Or, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, at an height of .

Navigation

Between Rouen and the sea, ocean-going vessels of up to  in length, and 150,000 tons in weight can travel the Seine. This section of the river has a length of about . Ships of a draft of up to  can circulate. Draft is a word describe the height of the part of a ship that is below the water line. There are three bridges in this section. They can be raised. The maximum air draft (or height above the water line) of a ship is . Because there are few briges, the river can be crossed by ferry, at different locations. The port of Rouen is an important maritime port in France; it is the most important port in Europe for cereals,  and the most important port in France for flour and fertilizers. Even if the port of Le Havre is more important for petroleum, that of Rouen is still important. About 25 million tons of produce is handled by the port of Rouen each year.

The course of the river was corrected between Rouen and Paris in  the 19th century. There are seven locks. Barges with merchanise, of a capacity of up to 350 t can circulate. The dimension of the lock determines the maximum dimension of the ship. When most canals were built in France, the mister for public works, Charles de Freycinet  determined the maximum length of the locks. As a result, the maximum dimension of the ship are  by , with a draft of . In the case of the French canals, the maximum draft is . The load of a peniche is about that of ten lorries or eight rail waggons.  Other ship types that can circulate have a  capacity of  to . Convois of barges with a length between  to  and can transport betweeen  and  of freight. Other ships include river-vessels that can transport up to  of freight.

The port of Paris is the most important fluvial port in France: About 20.2 million tons of merchanise are handled each year, 20 miilon  tons of this merchandise come from fluvial transport.  There is a project called Seine–Nord Europe Canal, to build a high-capacity canal to connect the Paris region to the Ports of Antwerp, Dunkerque and Rotterdam, for large ships of a with of  width and  length.

Floods
Different floods of the river have been reported. The oldest report is from Emperor Julian who reported a flood of the river in his work Misopogon in the year 358. Gregory of Tours reported a flood in  February 528 in his Historia Francorum.

Arts

The river has inspired different painters, mainly in the 19th and 20th century. Honoré de Balzac describes it in many of his books. Gustave Flaubert uses the river as a metaphor or image to describe the flow of time. Other authors include Jacques Prévert, and Guillaume Apollinaire.

References

Rivers of France
Île-de-France
Normandy
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Louis Perry Anderson (March 24, 1953January 21, 2022) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, author and game show host. Anderson made the cartoon series Life with Louie and has written three books. He was the host of the second revival of the game show Family Feud, from 1999 to 2002. He was nominated three times for an Emmy Award, for his performance on the comedy television series Baskets, and won it once in 2016.

On January 18, 2022, it was announced that Anderson had been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and was undergoing treatment in Las Vegas. He died three days later at the age of 68.

References

1953 births
American game show hosts
American television personalities
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Comedians from Minnesota
Emmy Award winning actors
2022 deaths
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
The National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus is the parliament of Belarus. The two parts of the National Assembly are:

Council of the Republic- The upper house
House of Representatives- The lower house

The houses meet every year. The first session starts October 2.  It cannot be more than 80 days. The second session starts April 2. It does not last more than 90 days. Sometimes the President can have them meet a third time.

Council of the Republic
The Council of the Republic is the upper house.  It has 64 members.  The members are based geographically.  Eight members of the Council are picked by the President of Belarus.  The remaining members are elected by secret vote: eight members of the Council are elected from each of the country's regions and Minsk City.  Members must aged 30 and more and live in the region they are elected from for at least five years.

Speakers of the Council of the Republic

 Pavel Shipuk January 13, 1997–December 19, 2000
 Alyaksandr Vaytovich December 19, 2000–July 28, 2003
 Henadz Navitski July 28, 2003–October 31, 2008
 Boris Batura October 31, 2008–May 20, 2010
 Anatoli Rubinov May 24, 2010–Present

House of Representatives
The House of Representatives is the lower house.  It has 110 deputies.  Any citizen of 21 years is eligible for election.

Speakers of the House of Representatives

References

Politics of Belarus
Belarus