cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño (30 June 1909 – 1 November 2001) was a politician, historian, short story writer, essayist, and educator. He was the first democratically elected President of the Dominican Republic in 38 years. He served as president from February through September of 1963. Before this, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo for over 25 years. 

In 1934, he married Isabel García and had two children with her: Leon and Carolina. During Trujillo's dictatorship, Bosch was jailed for his political ideas, being released after several months. In 1938, Bosch managed to leave the country, settling in Puerto Rico.

Juan Bosch died on November 1, 2001 after a long hospitalization period in Santo Domingo. He was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and was hospitalized for respiratory failure. As a former President, he received the corresponding honors at the National Palace, and was buried in his hometown of La Vega.

Related pages
List of historians by continent

References

Other websites
International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
Overview of modern Dominican history
Juan Bosch Foundation (in Spanish)
Dominican Homeland History (in Spanish) 
Juan Bosch: Una vida por la democracia, by Jesús Adolfo Becerril Valencia
 Los Bosch Gaviño: apuntes y gráficas sobre su historia familiar

1909 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
People with Alzheimer's disease
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Historians
Educators
Writers
Felicity Rose Hadley Jones (born 17 October 1983) is a British television, stage and movie actress. She starred in movies including Brideshead Revisited (2008), Cemetery Junction (2009) and Rogue One (2016). Jones was born in Birmingham. Sources differ on her year of birth, with some saying 1983 and others saying 1984.

Filmography

Film

References 

English television actors
English movie actors
1983 births
Living people
Everland is a theme park in Yongin, South Korea. It is about one hour's drive away from Seoul.

Everland is the largest theme park in South Korea. In 2012, it ranked 12th in the world by number of visitors. It had 6.6 million visitors according to Travel + Leisure magazine.

The park is 36 years old. It has many kinds of attractions, as well as a zoo called Safari World, and a water park named Caribbean Bay. Everland also has seasonal festivals throughout the year. Samsung Everland, a part of company of Samsung operates and manages the park and the surrounding area.

Festivals 
 Snow Festival: Jan - Feb
 Tulip Festival: Mar - Apr
 Rose Festival: May - Jun
 Summer Splash: Jun - Sep
 Halloween & Horror Night: Sep.6 - Oct.31
 Christmas Fantasy: Nov.8 - Dec.31
 Romantic Illumination: Nov.22 - Dec.31

Attractions 
 T EXPRESS: South Korea's first and world's the steepest wooden roller coaster (77 degrees) with 3 minutes of running time. It is the longest wooden roller coaster in Asia, and the 7th largest in the world.
 Rolling X-Train: Rolling X-Train have 2 loops and 2 corkscrew. It's only roller coaster that have loops in Everland Resorts.
 K-POP Hologram: World's first holographic concert hall featuring YG stars.
 Safari World: Bus ride through the zoo where various animals wandering around freely. In the caged bus, the visitors will see the roaming lions, tigers, bears, and sometimes some animals come up to the bus to catch the feed thrown by the driver.
 Pororo's 3D Adventure: 3D virtual reality theater featuring Pororo and his friends.

Caribbean Bay 
Caribbean Bay is South Korea's largest water park. It has outdoor and indoor parts, and only indoor parts, named 'Aquatic Center' opens throughout the year.
 Running Water Pool (Indoor/Outdoor)
 Wave Pool (Indoor/Outdoor): Artificially generated waves featuring Caribbean beach
 Diving Pool (Indoor): 5.0 m in depth

Home Bridge 
Home Bridge is a resort and cabin site near  Everland. The wooden lodges are located 2,000 meters above sea level.

Everland Speedway 
Everland Speedway is South Korea's first racing track. It holds many racing events or competitions as well as provides guests to drive racing car.

References 

Theme parks in Asia
South Korea
Tourism
Samsung
Chalet Girl is a 2011 British-German-Austrian romance-comedy movie. It is about introducing people, romance and various family matters. Felicity Jones plays Kim Matthews. Brooke Shields plays Caroline. Sophia Bush plays Chloe.

This movie got mixed reviews from the critics. It was released in the United States in October 2011.

2011 comedy movies
2011 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
Austrian movies
British romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
German romance movies
German comedy movies
Christian Rogelio Benítez Betancourt (May 1, 1986 – July 29, 2013), also known as Chucho, was an  Ecuadorian footballer who played as a forward for El Jaish of the Qatar Stars League at the time of his death.

On July 29, 2013, Benítez entered a hospital in Doha, Qatar because of a "strong pain" in his abdomen. He later went into respiratory failure. He died from complications leading to cardiac arrest at the age of 27.

References

Other websites

Transfermarkt profile
Player details  at Ecuadorian Football Federation 

ESPN Profile 
Profile at Birmingham City F.C. website

1986 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from respiratory failure
Ecuadorian footballers
People from Quito
A feature movie or feature film is a movie (also called a film or motion picture) with a run time long enough to be the main or only movie to fill a program at a movie theatre. A program is the set of shows that people are given for one admission ticket. A feature movie is therefore a movie that runs for long enough to be the main or only show in a program. According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and British Film Institute, a feature movie runs for at least 40 minutes. The Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer.

The majority of feature movies are between 70 and 210 minutes long. The Story of the Kelly Gang was the first feature movie based on length, and was released in Australia in 1906. The first feature-length movie based on a book was Les Misérables which was released in 1909.

Feature movie for children are usually between 70 and 105 minutes. Other early feature movies include a version of Oliver Twist (1912), Richard III (1912) and From the Manger to the Cross (1912).
The Invisible Woman is a 2013 romance-drama movie. The movie is about a secret mistress of Charles Dickens. Ralph Fiennes plays Dickens. Kristin Scott Thomas plays Catherine Ternan and Felicity Jones plays Nelly Ternan. This movie will be released beginning in early 2014 in the United Kingdom and United States.

2013 romance movies
2013 drama movies
2010s romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
Joana Raspall i Juanola (1 July 1913 – 4 December 2013) was a Spanish writer and librarian. She was born in Barcelona on 1 July 1913. Juanola died on 4 December 2013 from natural causes, aged 100.

References

Other websites
Joana Raspall at escriptors.cat

1913 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Spanish writers
Centenarians
People from Barcelona
A superheater is a device that changes saturated steam into dry steam. Dry steam is used in various industrial processes.

Types
 Convection superheater
 Radiant superheater
 Separately fired superheater

Engineering
A heat exchanger is a device used to efficiently transfer heat from one fluid to another. The fluids may be separated to avoid direct contact or mixing. Heat exchangers are used in many engineering applications, such as refrigeration, heating and airconditioning systems, power plants, chemical processing systems, food processing systems, automobile radiators, and waste heat recovery units.

Heating systems that use heat exchanges use natural gasses, propane, or heating oil. When either of these substances is burned to generate heat, they produce water vapor, soot, carbon dioxide, and most notably, carbon monoxide. If the heat exchanger is cracked then a person can be exposed to the carbon monoxide.

Types
 Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger
 Double pipe heat exchanger
 Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger
 Fluid heat exchanger
 Phase-change heat exchanger
 Pillow plate heat exchanger
 Plate and shell heat exchanger
 Plate fin heat exchanger
 Plate heat exchanger
 Shell and tube heat exchanger
 Waste Heat Recovery Unit heat exchanger

Related pages
 Heat pipe
 Heat pump
 Micro heat exchanger

Other websites

References 
Engineering
State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC; ) is a company owned by the government of the People's Republic of China which provides electricity to Northern China, Northeastern China, Eastern China, Central China and Northwestern China.

Website
 State Grid Corporation of China

China
Electric power companies
China Southern Power Grid () is a company owned by the government of the People's Republic of China. It provides electricity transmission and distribution to Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Yunnan provinces.

Website
 China Southern Power Grid

China
Electric power companies
Ma Ying-jeou () is a Taiwanese politician. He was the President of the Republic of China from 20 May 2008 to 20 May 2016.

Early life
Ma Ying-jeou was born in Kwong Wah Hospital in Kowloon, British Hong Kong on 13 July 1950. He studied in National Taiwan University, New York University and Harvard University.

References

Other websites

Official ROC President's website
Ma Ying-jeou Official Website (Traditional Chinese)
CityMayors article
Kuomintang Official Website
Taipei City Government Official Website
Protesters say measures recall the martial law era
DPP-incited disturbance condemned in Taiwan (Xinhua) 2008-11-06
Taiwan DPP Chair leads the "anti-China" rally to besiege the city and Grand Hotel

1950 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Majors
New York University alumni
Politicians from Hong Kong
Taiwanese military people
Presidents of the Republic of China
Elizabeth Debicki (August 1990) is an Australian actress. She played Jordan Baker in The Great Gatsby. Her career began in 2010. The actress was born in Paris, France.

References

Australian movie actors
1990 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
Actors from Melbourne
Bastille are an English Indie rock band. They started in London in 2010. In February 2013, they released a single called "Pompeii". It was number one in Scotland and Ireland. It reached number two in Italy and the UK. They released their first album, Bad Blood, on 4 March 2013 in the United Kingdom. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. It was released in the US in September 2013. It reached number eleven in the United States' Billboard 200. It also reached the top ten in Ireland and Australia. 

Bastille have four members. Daniel Campbell Smith is the main singer. At first he was the only member. He writes all of the band's songs. Chris "Woody" Wood was the main drummer, sometimes his duty performed by former drummer David Kendrick (formerly of Sparks, Gleaming Spires, and Devo). Will Farquarson plays bass, keyboards, and acoustic guitar. Kyle Jonathan Simmons plays keyboards, bass, and percussion. Charlie Barnes has been a touring member since 2015 and plays guitar and keyboards.

Studio albums 
 Bad Blood (2013)
 Wild World (2016)
 Doom Days (2019)
 Give Me the Future (2021)

References

2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 2010
Musical groups from London
Musical quartets
Nicholle Tom (born 23 March, 1978) is an American television program and movie actress. She played Maggie Sheffield in the sitcom The Nanny (1993 to 1999) and Ryce Newton in the Beethoven movies and related TV show. Her sister, Heather Tom, also acts. Nicholle Tom was born in Hinsdale, Illinois.

Reference

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Illinois
1978 births
Living people
Mark LoMonaco (born July 14, 1971) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he competes under the ring name, Bully Ray.

He is also known for working with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1999 under the ring name Buh Buh Ray Dudley and for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) under the name, Bubba Ray Dudley. He is known for being one-half of the tag team, Dudley Boyz (also known as Team 3D) along with Devon.

Championships

All Japan Pro Wrestling
World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2005) (with Brother Devon)

Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree (1997) (with Brother Devon)

Extreme Championship Wrestling
ECW World Tag Team Championship (eight times) (with D-Von Dudley)

Hustle
Hustle Super Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Brother Devon)

New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Brother Devon)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Match of the Year (2000) (with D-Von Dudley vs. Edge and Christian and The Hardy Boyz in a Triangle Ladder match at WrestleMania 2000)
PWI Match of the Year (2001) (with D-Von Dudley vs. Edge and Christian and The Hardy Boyz in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match at WrestleMania X-Seven)
PWI Tag Team of the Year (2001, 2009) (with D-Von Dudley)
He was ranked #4 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
He was ranked #354 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA World Heavyweight Championship (two times)
TNA World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Brother Devon)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Brother Devon)
TNA Tag Team Tournament (2013) (with Devon)

World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with D-Von Dudley)
World Tag Team Championship (eight times) (with D-Von Dudley)
WWE Tag Team Championship (one time) (with D-Von Dudley)
WWF/E Hardcore Championship (ten times)

References

Other websites
TNA profile 

1971 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York
Former WWE wrestlers
TNA wrestlers
Victoria Loren "Tori" Kelly (born December 14, 1992) is an American singer and songwriter. She won America's Most Talented Kids in 2004. In 2010, she was on American Idol. She was not chosen as one of the final twenty-four contestants. On January 21, 2012, Kelly put a video on her YouTube channel of her singing "Thinkin Bout You" by Frank Ocean. A lot of people watched it. It now has over 17 million views. In May 2012, she released her first extended play Handmade Songs. Her manager is Scooter Braun. On November 1, 2013, Kelly sang at Ed Sheeran's concert at New York's Madison Square Garden. In an interview with BBC, Kelly said that Sheeran is "a really close friend". They have written a song together.

References

1992 births
Singer-songwriters from California
Living people
Ella Eyre (born 1 April 1994) is a British singer-songwriter. She sang on Rudimental's single "Waiting All Night". It was number one in the UK Singles Chart in April 2013.

Early life
Eyre was raised in Ealing, London. She went to a private school called Millfield and the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology.

Career
Eyre was signed to Warner/Chappell Music in July 2012.

Eyre sung on the fourth song on Naughty Boy's album Hotel Cabana. The album was released in August 2013. The song, "Think About It", was then released as the album's fourth single on 17 November 2013. It reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart.

On 19 October 2013 Eyre performed at the Music of Black Origin Awards. "Waiting All Night" was nominated for Best Song.

On 31 October 2013 BBC Radio 1Xtra played Eyre's first solo single, "Deeper". She was also interviewed by DJ MistaJam. On 22 November Eyre released the video for the single.

On 4 November 2013, British rapper Tinie Tempah released his second album Demonstration. Eyre sung on the first song on the album, "Someday (Place in the Sun)".
She was nominated for MTV Brand New 2014 on 28 November 2013. Other nominees were The Vamps, Eylar Fox, and Banks. In December MTV started letting the public vote for the winner. In February MTV will tell the public who got the most votes.

On 5 December 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list. She was also nominated for the 2014 Brit Awards Critics' Choice award.

Her first EP Deeper was released on 15 December 2013 by Virgin/EMI.

Personal life
Eyre is dating John Newman.

References

Other websites
Official website

1994 births
Living people
British R&B musicians
British soul musicians
English pop singers
People from Ealing
Singer-songwriters from London
Carlene Denise Moore-Begnaud (born August 27, 1973) is an American professional wrestler. She currently works for Women Superstars Uncensored under the ring name, Jazz.

She is best known for working with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as well as World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment. During her time in WWF/E, she was a two-time WWF/E Women's Championship. She is married to Rodney Begnaud who also competed in World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name Rodney Mack.

Championships
Downsouth Championship Wrestling
DCW Louisiana State Championship (one time)

NWA Cyberspace
NWA Cyberspace Women's Championship (one time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked her #13 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2012.

Women Superstars Uncensored
WSU Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Marti Belle)
WSU Hall of Fame (2010)

Women's Extreme Wrestling
WEW World Championship (one time)

World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
WWF/E Women's Championship (two times)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1973 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Louisiana
Former WWE wrestlers
People from Lafayette, Louisiana
Boos (japanese: テレサ Teresa) is a fictional ghost that appears in the Mario and Yoshi series of video games. Boos first appeared in Super Mario Bros. 3. Since then, they have become a common enemy in the Mario games. They sometimes appear as playable characters in the Mario spin-off games. In some games, such as Paper Mario, they help Mario during his adventure. They are named after the sound that a person might make when they want to scare someone ("boo!").

Boos most often attack the player by sneaking up behind the player while the player's back is turned to them. When the player looks at them, they will hide their faces. They cannot be defeated without certain items or abilities. Boo are voiced by Sanae Susaki.

References

Other websites
Boo at Super Mario Wiki

Mario series characters
Priscilla Renea (born September 14, 1988) is an American and soul musician. She released the single "Dollhouse" in August 2009. The song, however, failed to chart on Billboard Hot 100. It did, though, become a mild hit. Her debut album, Jukebox, got positive reviews from critics. Jukebox did not sell much beyond 3,000 copies in the United States, nor beyond 5,000 copies worldwide.

Renea was born in Vero Beach, Florida.

References

Musicians from Florida
R&B musicians
1988 births
Living people
"Marvins Room" is a song by Drake. It is a dark and emotional song that tells a story of heartache, and a failed relationship. It is off his album Take Care. The song was so successful many artists made their own versions of the song, including: Lil Wayne, Chris Brown, JoJo, Trey Songz.

2011 songs
Drake songs
Rhythm and blues ballads
Brian Christopher Williams, better known by the stage name Birdman, is an American rapper. He is the co-founder of Cash Money Records with his brother. In 1997, he became part of a rap duo called Big Tymers. He was the mentor and father figure of rapper Lil Wayne and is currently one of the richest rappers in the U.S.. Birdman has a reported net worth of $160 million in 2014.

References

1969 births
Living people
African American musicians
Rap musicians from Louisiana
Singers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana
The Division of Lyne is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1949, and named for Sir William Lyne, Premier of New South Wales at the time of Federation and a minister in early Australian governments. Lyne was asked by the first Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun to form the first Federal Government. Lyne did not have the support of other politicians, and so Edmund Barton became the first Prime Minister of Australia.

The division is on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales. It includes Port Macquarie, Taree, Wauchope, Laurieton, Wingham, Gloucester and parts of Kempsey.

Members

Mark Vaile was the leader of the National Party, and Deputy Prime Minister. He retired in July 2008 which caused a by-election. Independent politician Rob Oakeshott won the seat, and after the 2010 election was one of the independents who supported a minority Labor government led by Julia Gillard. Oakeshott retired at the 2013 election.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
Division of Lyne - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1949 establishments in Australia
Kim Bum-Soo (; born January 26, 1979) is a South Korean R&B and soul singer. His first successful song was "One Day", released in early 2000. He became most famous for his song "I Want to See", which was used on the soundtrack of the drama Stairway to Heaven. He performed in the television program I Am a Singer in 2010.

Biography 
When Kim was young, he sung in a church choir in Seoul. He wanted to become a Christian music singer. He went to Soongsil University. He was allowed in because they had a shortage of students. It was disappointing for him enter like that, but he trained a lot to win a scholarship. He wanted a scholarship because his family was having difficulties with money. After he failed to get the scholarship, a singer named Park Sun-Joo began training Kim to sing. By chance he was signed to an agency, and he recorded part of a new song by R.ef, which was a famous rave music group in those days.

Kim released his first album, A Promise. However, after he appeared on a television program, his sales decreased because his appearance did not satisfy the public's expectations. His agency decided to promote him as a "faceless" singer instead. His songs were broadcast through radio and television again, but his name and appearance was never known to people.

After the success of the song "I Want to See", Kim wanted to appear on television again. He made his agency allow him once more to be broadcast. He appeared on a show called Love Letter. He received good comments from the public. His song "I Want to See" was selected to be on the soundtrack of the drama Stairway to Heaven. Kim has remained best known for this song. His later albums were not very successful. He served his military service from 2006 to 2008. After he was discharged from the army he released his sixth album, The Practical Usage of Sadness. His seventh album, Solista, was an ambitious work. The first part was released in 2010, but was not successful.

His appearance on the television show I Am a Singer was a turning point of his career. He became recognized again thanks to the popularity of the program. His song "Please Come Back", which was originally by Lee So-ra, maintained the first position in several websites for a month. Kim released his second part of Solista in 2011. It was popular, and Kim held several concerts to promote it.

Albums 
 A Promise... (1999)
 Remember (2000)
 I want to see (2002)
 The 4th Episode (2004)
 Remember Kim Bum Soo & So Long (2006)
 Kim Bum Soo 6th, The Practical Usage of Sadness (2008)
 Solista (2010 and 2011)

Awards

Mnet Asian Music Awards

References

Other websites
Official website

South Korean singers
1979 births
Living people
R&B musicians
K-pop singers
The Kalinga War fought between the Mauryan Empire and the state of Kalinga, an important kingdom that controlled the trade routes with Southeast Asia. Ashoka, the Mauryan king, wanted to capture Kalinga and so his huge army there in 262 BC.

According to Megasthenes, the Greek historian at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, the ruler of Kalinga had a powerful army comprising infantry, cavalry and elephants. After the ear, 150,000 men and women were deported from Kalinga and forced to work in clearing the wasteland for future settlements, and they were forbidden from ever returning to their old homeland. The descendants of the Kalinga people migrated later to Sindh. From there, they migrated to Persia, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Europe. Their descendants might be the Roma of Europe. 

Although he won the war, Ashoka realized the futility of war. He saw the bloodshed and suffering of the soldiers' families and vowed never to fight again. He converted to Buddhism and he dedicated his later life to help his subjects. He stopped conquering after he won a war. He wrote inscriptions for wanting that his son and grandson also never to think about war. He decided to observe Dhamma, a common code of conduct and was also inspired by the teachings of Buddha. He sent many Buddhist scholars to distant lands to propagate Dharma.

Wars involving Asia
260s BC
History of India
Stereotype threat is the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs. Claude Steele introduced this idea in 1995. Stereotype threat may reduce the performance of people who belong to a negatively stereotyped group.

Steele and Aronson

Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson did research for this theory of social psychology. They had African-American and European-American college students take a difficult verbal portion of the Graduate Record Examination. The design was a 2x3 factorial. The factors were the race of the participant (black or white)and the test description (diagnostic of intelligence, non diagnostic, or non diagnostic and challenging). Performance on the test was the dependent variable. 117 male and female participants were recruited from Stanford University. After comparing the results of the three groups, it was found that the differences were not very significant. However, in their second study results were significant.

Supporting studies

A study on chess players shows that if females are made aware of the stereotype that females are worse at chess than males, they perform worse than the controls. Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley did experiments in which white men performed poorly in sports if they are put in the condition that described the task as reflecting natural athletic ability compared to African-Americans. The African-Americans performed worse when the task was described as involving intelligence of the sport.
Yeung & von Hippel did an experiment in which two groups of women went through a driving simulation. They told the women in the stereotype threat group that they were investigating why men were better drivers than women. That group twice more likely than the control to hit a pedestrian jaywalker.

Effects 

Stereotype lift can increase a person's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a negative stereotype of a group to which he/she does not belong.

Stereotype boost can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a positive stereotype about his/her group.

Stereotype threat can have a bad effect on people. It has a negative effect on performance. It can also cause individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped group to which they belonged, or lead them to dis-identify with the group that they experience stereotype threat. For example, a woman sees herself as "not a math person".

A simple way to stop these negative consequences is to tell people about stereotype threat.

References

Human behavior
Sociology
Cyclone Bodil (also Cyclone Xaver) was a winter storm that affected Western Europe. This storm brought intense snowfall and strong wind to Sweden and the United Kingdom. Belgium, Germany, The Netherlands, Denmark and Poland also suffered from strong winds and downpours. Several people died. Most of them in Sweden.

References

2013 in the United Kingdom
2013 in Europe
Severe weather
2013 in weather
2013 in Sweden
2010s in Belgium
2013 in Germany
2010s in the Netherlands
2010s in Denmark
21st century in Poland
The Vitruvian Man, known in Italian as L'uomo vitruviano, is a drawing made by Leonardo da Vinci in about 1490. Around the drawing are notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. Its original name was Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio - this means "The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius".

The drawing is done in pen and ink on paper. It is of a male figure standing in two positions, that are superimposed (drawn over the top of each other). The figure's arms and legs are drawn in two different positions, while the rest of the body stays in one position. The figure is drawn standing inside both a circle and a square.

The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is stored in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy. It is displayed only occasionally.

The drawing is based on the ideal proportions of a man's body, and how this relates to geometry. This relationship was described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De architectura. Vitruvius wrote the human figure was the main source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. He wrote that the ideal body should be eight heads tall. Da Vinci's drawing is traditionally named in honour of the architect.

References

Other websites

 Willamette University site on Vitruvian Man
 Stanford University site on Vitruvian Man
 Leonardo's Vitruvian Man

1490
Works of art
Geometry
WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as Exciting Pro Wrestling 5 in Japan.

It was released on October 27, 2003 in North America, November 7, 2003 in Europe and on January 29, 2004 in Japan. The game was the first in the WWE SmackDown! video game series and is the sequel to WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth. It was the last game under the SmackDown! title and was followed by WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "One of the best wrestling games we've ever played...With its ultra-improved gameplay mechanics, enhanced visual engine, smarter career mode, and established create-a-character feature, Yuke's and THQ are definitely the track to success.”

GameSpot gave the game a 9 out of 10 and stated "What the game lacks in innovation, however, is more than made up for in sheer playability."

The game was nominated in the "Sports Game" category at the 1st British Academy Video Games Awards. It was also nominated for "Best Sports Game" and won "Best Fighting Game" at the 2003 Spike Video Game Awards.

References

2003 video games
PlayStation 2-only games
SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain
Mary Lambert (born May 3, 1989) is an American singer and songwriter. She is best known for singing on the rapper Macklemore's single "Same Love" from 2012. It sold over 2 million copies in the United States.

Early life
Lambert was born in Everett, Washington. When she was 17 she came out as a lesbian. She moved to Seattle in 2007. She lives there with her girlfriend Rachel.

Career
Lambert released her first extended play Letters Don't Talk on July 17, 2012. The next day "Same Love" was released as a single from Macklemore and Ryan Lewis' album The Heist. Lambert sung on it and helped write the song. The single reached number one in Australia and New Zealand.

In January 2013, her first book of poetry, 500 tips for fat girls, was published.

In May 2013, she sang "Same Love" on The Colbert Report.

Lambert released the video for her single "She Keeps Me Warm" in August 2013. Lambert's second extended play, Welcome to the Age of My Body, was released on December 17, 2013.

She will release her first album in 2014. She was nominated for two awards at the 2014 Grammys. Lambert performed "Same Love" at the ceremony.

References

1989 births
American singer-songwriters
LGBT musicians
Living people
People from Everett, Washington
Solomon Eliot Asch (September 14, 1907 – February 20, 1996) was a Polish and American Gestalt psychologist.

Early life
Asch was born in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, to a Jewish family that considered themselves Polish. He grew up in a small town called Łowicz. In 1920, Asch and his family moved to the United States. They lived on the Lower East Side of New York. He did not speak English well, so he found school difficult. He learned English by reading Charles Dickens. Asch got his degree from the College of the City of New York in 1928. In 1930, he married Florence Miller.

Career
In the 1930s, Asch started to do research. In 1951, Asch did an experiment that is known as the Asch Experiment. Asch's experiment tested how much humans are influenced by other people's opinions. A textbook that Asch wrote, Social Psychology, was published in 1952. In 1966 Asch started the Institute for Cognitive Studies at Rutgers University. In 1972 he moved to the University of Pennsylvania. He stayed there as a professor of psychology until he retired in 1979. He started all of this research because he thought that there was a problem with the Sherif's conformity test.

References

1907 births
1996 deaths
American psychologists
American Jews
Polish psychologists
Polish Jews
Beach House is a pair of dream pop musicians from Baltimore. The band started in 2004. Victoria Legrand sings their songs and plays keyboards. Alex Scally plays guitar and plays keyboards. Beach House have released four albums.

History
They made their first album in two days. Carpark Records released Beach House's first album, Beach House, in 2006. 

Devotion was released in 2008. 

In January 2010 Subpop Records released Beach House's third album Teen Dream.

Beach House performed as an opening act for Vampire Weekend in August 2010. 

In 2012 Bloom was released. It went straight to number seven in the Billboard 200. 

The band released a short film called Forever Still on February 4, 2013.

In January 2014 Beach House performed Gene Clark's 1974 album No Other with Robin Pecknold, Daniel Rossen, Hamilton Leithauser, Iain Matthews, and Jess Wasner in the United States.

On April 19 2014 Space Project, an album with a song by Beach House on it, will be released for Record Store Day.

References

Other websites
Official website

2004 establishments in the United States
Musical groups from Maryland
Indie rock bands
21st-century establishments in Maryland
Harold Eugene "Gene" Clark (November 17, 1944 – May 24, 1991) was an American singer and songwriter. He started the folk rock band The Byrds in 1964. He wrote lots of The Byrds' most well known songs. They were very popular. In 1967 he released his first solo album, Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers. It was not successful. However he went on to make several more solo albums.

Early life
Gene Clark was born in Tipton, Missouri. He was the third of thirteen children. He started writing songs when he was 11.,

Career
In 1964 Clark started The Byrds with Jim McGuinn and David Crosby. Clark was the singer. Clark released his first album with The Byrds, Mr Tambourine Man, in 1965. In 1966 Clark left the band. He joined the band again in 1967. He left after three weeks. In 1968 Clark released his first album with Doug Dillard, The Fantastic Expedition of Dillard & Clark. Dillard & Clark released their second album, Through the Morning, Through the Night in 1969. In 1974 Clark's fourth album No Other was released. It got bad reviews. Clark released an album with Carla Onson in 1987 called So Rebellious a Lover. It was his last studio album.

Death
Clark died on May 24, 1991. He was 46. He died because of a bleeding ulcer that he had.

References

1944 births
1991 deaths
American singer-songwriters
Abdel Fallah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Metnak (born Cairo, 19 November 1954) has been the President of Egypt since June 2014.
Tizi  was Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt from 16 July 2013 - 26 March 2014. He was Minister of Defence from 12 August 2012 until 26 March 2014 when he retired from the Army. tizii ran for President in May 2014, and won against Hamdeen Sabahi. He has supported fighting radical Islam while President. He is also well known for negotiating a ceasefire between Israel and Palestine.

Sisi graduated from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977 with a diploma in military sciences and was an Army officer for more than 30 years. He is married to Entissar Amer.

Sisi was appointed defense minister by Mohamed Morsi in 2012. After Morsi began to crack down on opposition in Egypt, protests broke out. In 2013, with the support of the military and Tizi, Morsi was ousted in Egypt's second revolution in the past three years.

He was voted TIME Magazine's Person of the Year in 2013 by the public, but lost to Pope Francis for the official title.

In 2019 and 2020, Tizii was the Chairperson of the African Union.

References

1954 births
Living people
Egyptian military people
Egyptian Muslims
Generals
People from Cairo
Presidents of Egypt
Dictators
African Union chairpersons
HAIM (which is said like 'time' with a 'h' instead of a 't') is an American indie pop band. The members are sisters Alana, Danielle, and Este. They released their first album Days Are Gone on September 27 2013. The British newspaper The Guardian put the album at number twelve on their list of 2013's 40 best albums. They are often compared to Fleetwood Mac.

Career
The sisters grew up in the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles. In 2006 they started HAIM. For the next five years the band performed where they lived. On February 10, 2012 HAIM released their first EP Forever. It was on their website to download for free for a short amount of time. 

In January 2013 HAIM won BBC's Sound of 2013 poll.

On September 22, 2013 HAIM released their fourth single from their album Days Are Gone, "The Wire". It reached number sixteen in the UK Singles Chart. It was their highest charting single in the UK yet.

On November 23 2013 HAIM performed their singles "The Wire" and "Don't Save Me" on Saturday Night Live.

Albums 
 Days Are Gone (2013)
 Something to Tell You (2017)
 Women in Music Pt. III (2020)

References

Other websites
Official website

2006 establishments in the United States
American pop music groups
Indie bands
Novacane is a song by Frank Ocean. It is from his mixtape Nostalgia, Ultra. It is about a girl who works as a dentist and pornstar to get money for drugs. It is Ocean's first single. It is a PBR&B, neo soul, and alternative hip hop song.

2011 songs
Songs about drugs
Thinkin Bout You is a ballad by Frank Ocean. It is from his debut album Channel Orange. The song is a torch song. It is dedicated to his male lover. Although the song was very successful worldwide it was still very personal to Ocean. The song was originally supposed to be from Shea Taylor for her EP, but ended up being Frank Ocean's song.

2012 songs
R&B songs
Rhythm and blues ballads
LGBT songs
Torch songs
Neon Jungle were a British girl group. They started in early 2013. The members were Shereen Cutkelvin, Jess Plummer, Asami Zdrenka and Amira McCarthy.

On 8 August 2013, the band put a cover they sung of "We Can't Stop" by Miley Cyrus on their YouTube channel.

They released their first single "Trouble" on 1 September 2013. The song was written and produced by CocknBullKid and Benjamin Berry. It reached number twelve in the UK Singles Chart and four in the Scottish chart.

In November 2013, the band performed at the 2013 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.

They released their second single "Braveheart" on iTunes in January 2014. It reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. 

The group separated in 2015.

Background 
Two of the band's members were chosen for their strong looks.

Jess is from London. She has a Jamaican father and English mother. Asami lives in Scotland but was born in Japan. Shereen has a Scottish mother and Belizean father. Amira has a Gambian mother and Jamaican father.

References 

2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
British girl groups
British pop music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Musical groups established in 2013
Neo Soul is a genre (style) of music. It combines soul, hip hop soul, alternative hip hop and quiet storm. Some notable artists that make this kind of music are Frank Ocean, Adele, Beyonce, and Miguel. The term neo soul was created by the record producer Kedar Massenburg.

Fusion music genres
R&B music
Soul music
Qunu [ˈk͡ǃuːnu] is a small rural village in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. It is  south-west of Mthatha on the road between Butterworth and Mthatha. 

Nelson Mandela spent his childhood here and had a retirement home there. On 15 December 2013, Mandela was buried in Qunu after a state funeral.

References

Related pages 
More about the Nelson Mandela Museum at Qunu 

Settlements in South Africa
Villages in Africa
United States National Library of Medicine is a medical library in Bethesda, Maryland. It is operated by the United States Federal government. It is the largest medical library in the world.

References

Other websites
 National Library of Medicine

Libraries in the United States
Buildings and structures in Maryland
Medical education
Medical and health organizations in the United States
National libraries
The Eastern Cape is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bhisho. Its two largest cities are Port Elizabeth and East London. It was formed in 1994. It was the home of the 1820 settlers. The central and eastern part of the province is the traditional home of the Xhosa people. 

This region is the birthplace of many famous South African politicians, such as Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, Chris Hani, Thabo Mbeki, Steve Biko and Charles Coghlan.

References

Other websites
Eastern Cape National Government information 
Eastern Cape Provincial Government
Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council
Eastern Cape Tourism Board
Eastern Cape Development Corporation

Provinces of South Africa
1994 establishments in South Africa
Scarling is an American noise pop band. The members are Jessicka and her husband Christian Hejnal-Addams. They have released two albums.

Overview 
Jessicka Fodera started Scarling. in Los Angeles in 1999 after her band Jack Off Jill broke up. Their first single, "Band Aid Covers the Bullethole" was released in 2003. The b-side was a cover of "Creep" by Radiohead. They released their first album Sweet Heart Dealer on February 17, 2004. It was produced by Chris Vrenna. In the summer of 2004 Scarling. performed at Curiosa, a tour organized by Robert Smith.

They released their second album So Long, Scarecrow on October 25, 2005. Scarling. produced the album with Rob Campanella. They their first UK tour in December 2005. In 2006 they released an EP, Staring to the Sun. It has a cover of "Wave of Mutilation" by Pixies on it. 

On October 29, 2013 they released a single, "Who Wants to Die for Art"? Their next album will be released in 2014 by The Committee to Keep Music Evil.

References

Other websites
1999 establishments in California
Indie rock bands
American rock bands
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Lawrence Douglas Wilder (born January 17, 1931) is an American politician. He served as the first African American to be elected as Governor of Virginia. He was the first African-American governor of any state in the United States since the 1870s during the Reconstruction of the United States.

Early life
Wilder was born in Richmond, Virginia. He studied at Virginia Union University and at Howard University.

Political career
Wilder served as the 66th Governor of Virginia from 1990 to 1994. When earlier elected as Lieutenant Governor, he was the first African American elected to statewide office in Virginia. His most recent political office was Mayor of Richmond, Virginia, which he held from 2005 to 2009.

L. Douglas Wilder was born in the segregated Church Hill neighborhood of Richmond on January 17, 1931.

Later career
On May 30, 2004, Wilder announced his intention to run for Mayor of Richmond. On November 2, 2004, Wilder received 79% of the vote (55,319 votes) to become the first directly elected Mayor of Richmond in sixty years. On May 16, 2008 Wilder announced that he would not seek reelection to another four-year term as mayor.

Personal life
Wilder was married to Eunice Montgomery. Their marriage ended in divorce. He now lives in Richmond, Virginia.

References

Other websites

L. Douglas Wilder's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project

1931 births
Living people
African American politicians
1992 United States presidential candidates
American mayors
Governors of Virginia
People from Richmond, Virginia
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Virginia
DJ Drama is an American DJ and record producer. He has made albums and mixtapes. He is signed to T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records.

References

Hip hop musicians
Rap musicians from Pennsylvania
1978 births
Living people
Deerhoof is a noise pop band. It was started in San Francisco in 1994 by Rob Fisk and Greg Saunier. They have released twelve albums. The members of Deerhoof are now Satomi Matsuzaki, John Dieterich, Ed Rodriguez, and Greg Saunier.

Career
Deerhoof was signed to Kill Rock Stars in 1995. The band released its first album on the label, The Man, the King, the Girl in 1997. In 1998, Kelly Goode joined the band to play keyboard. She left in 1999. The band's fourth album was released by 5 Rue Christine and Kill Rock Stars. In 2001, Chris Cohen became a guitarist for the band. On September 4, 2012, Deerhoof released their 11th studio album, Breakup Song, on Polyvinyl Records.

Discography
 The Man, the King, the Girl (1997)
 Holdypaws (1999)
 Halfbird (2001)
 Reveille (2002)
 Apple O' (2003)
 Milk Man (2004)
 Green Cosmos (2005)
 The Runners Four (2005)
 Friend Opportunity (2007)
 Offend Maggie (2008)
 Deerhoof vs. Evil (2011)
 Breakup Song (2012)

Other websites
Official website

Indie rock bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
1990s American music groups
1994 establishments in California
Musical groups established in 1994