cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Baton Rouge is the capital and second-largest city of the U.S. state of Louisiana. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Notes

References

 
Parish seats in Louisiana
State capitals in the United States
1699 establishments
1690s establishments in North America
Jackson is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Mississippi.

References 

 
State capitals in the United States
County seats in Mississippi
1822 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Mississippi
Carson City is the capital city of the American state of Nevada. At the 2010 United States Census, Carson City had a population of 55,274.

History
Settlers who lived present-day Carson City named the area "Washoe", after the Washoe Native Americans who lived there. John C. Frémont and his party of explorers were the first European Americans to visit the Carson City area in 1843. Frémont named a river flowing through the valley Carson River for Christopher "Kit" Carson, who was a scout on Frémont's expedition.

When Nevada became a state in 1864 during the Civil War, Carson City was confirmed as Nevada's permanent capital. Abraham Curry, the founder of Carson City, reserved an area equivalent to four city blocks (10 acres or 4.04 ha) at the center of the town for the future state capitol building. When the Capitol building was built ten years later, it was located there. The fourth session of the state legislature met in the still-incomplete building at the beginning of 1871. Construction was completed by May 1, 1871.

Transportation

There are three major highways in the city US Route 395, US Route 50 and Interstate 580.

Carson City's first bus system, called Jump Around Carson, opened in October 2005. There is almost no ground public transportation to other cities.  Passenger train service stopped in 1948. Greyhound Lines stopped bus service there in 2006. Amtrak stopped their bus to Sacramento in 2008. Greyhound and Amtrak have busses to Reno, Monday to Friday.

Carson Airport is in the northern part of the city. Reno-Tahoe International Airport,  away, has domestic commercial flights.

References

State capitals in the United States
Cities in Nevada
Nevada counties
1858 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Nevada
Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Travis County. Austin is the 11th-largest city in the United States, and the 4th-largest in Texas. Its population in 2016 was 931,830. The University of Texas at Austin is located there.

Austin is frequently called the "Live Music Capital of the World". Several Fortune 500 companies have their main offices (also known as the headquarters) and regional offices in Austin.

History 
Austin was first called Waterloo in 1835.  In 1839, it was chosen to be the capital city of The Republic of Texas and named for Stephen F. Austin.  The University of Texas at Austin was founded in 1883.

In March 2018, a series of bombings occurred in Austin killing two people.

Climate
Austin has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification) with hot summers and mild winters. The city rarely gets snow at all and frosts are infrequent.

Government 
The current mayor of Austin is Steve Adler.

Austin also has a city council with ten district representatives plus the mayor.

Business 
Many businesses have their main offices in or near Austin, including AMD, Dell, Freescale Semiconductors, PayPal, and Whole Foods.

Famous Destinations 
-6th Street (Also known as Pecan Street): Known for various bars, including old fashioned saloons, dive bars, gay bars, etc. Most of these bars host live music.

-Mount Bonnell: The highest point in Austin, TX. Come here for romantic moments and beautiful nature in front of scenic vistas.

-Capitol Building: Taller than the U.S. Capitol.

-Congress Ave.: One of the main streets of the city. Famous for the bat bridge which hosts millions of Mexican Free-Tail Bats. South Congress Ave. (Aka SOCO) is a famous tourist district with unique and odd shops, trailer park eats, and more live music.

Sports 
The sports team of the University of Texas at Austin is known as the Texas Longhorns.

Austin is the largest city in the United States without a major-league professional sports team.

Formula One has made an agreement with the city of Austin to host the Formula 1 United States Grand Prix in the city. A new racetrack was built to host the race. The United States Grand Prix began taking place in Austin since 2012.

References 

1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas
 
State capitals in the United States
County seats in Texas
Concord is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. The land which Concord now occupies along the banks of the Merrimack River was settled thousands of years ago by Native Americans. The broad sweeps of the river valley, good soil for farming, and easy transportation on the Merrimack made the site of Concord equally inviting to English-speaking settlers in the eighteenth century. Settled by immigrants from Massachusetts in 1725, the community grew in prominence during the eighteenth century. Some of Concord's earliest houses remain today at the north end of Main Street. In the years following the American Revolution, the City's central location made it a logical choice for the state capital, and in 1808 Concord was named the official seat of state government. Today the 1819 State House is the oldest state capitol in which the legislative branches meet in their original chambers.

History
This area's first settlement in 1659 was named Penacook, for the Indian name Pannukog, meaning crooked place or bend in the river. The first land grant was in 1725, and the town was incorporated as Rumford in 1733. The name was changed to Concord in 1765 upon resolution of a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and Bow. Its central location was the logical choice for state capital, and Concord was so named in 1808. The State House, built in 1818 and first occupied in 1819, is the oldest in continuous use in the country. In 1853, the State granted Concord a city charter. It was in Concord that the Abbotts built the famous Concord Coach, modeled after the coronation coach for King George III. Granite quarrying has been another major industry, and Concord's quarries supplied granite for the US Library of Congress. Concord was home to Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States, following his presidency.

Population Trends
Concord had the tenth largest numeric change in population, totaling 12,777 over 50 years, from 27,988 in 1950 to 40,765 in 2000. The largest decennial percent change was a 22 percent increase between 1980 and 1990; all other decades increased by ten percent or less. The 2005 Census estimate for Concord was 42,336 residents, which ranked third among New Hampshire's incorporated cities and towns.

 
County seats in New Hampshire
State capitals in the United States
1733 establishments
1730s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in New Hampshire
Santa Fe (; Tewa: Ogha Po'oge, ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico.  It is the fourth-largest city in the state. It is the seat of Santa Fe County. Santa Fe (literally 'holy faith' in Spanish) had a population of 67,947 in the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Santa Fe-Española Combined Statistical Area. The city's full name when founded was "La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís" ("The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of St. Francis of Assisi").

In 1912, New Mexico became the United States of America's 47th state, with Santa Fe as its capital.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.4 square miles (96.9 km2), of which, 37.3 square miles (96.7 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) of it (0.21%) is water.

Santa Fe is at 7,199 feet (2134 m) above sea level, making it the highest state capital in the United States.

Museums
Santa Fe has many world-class museums. Many are around the historic downtown Plaza or close by:
 New Mexico Museum of Art – collections of Southwestern Arts.
 Institute of American Indian Arts Museum – Native American arts with political aspects.
 Georgia O'Keeffe Museum – devoted to the work of O'Keeffe and others whom she influenced.
 New Mexico History Museum – behind the historic Palace of the Governors, showcasing the history of New Mexico.
 Site Santa Fe – A contemporary art space, at 1606 Paseo De Peralta. Known as the forefront for contemporary art presentation in the Southwest.

Others are on Museum Hill:
 Museum of International Folk Art – showcasing folk arts from around the world.
 Museum of Indian Arts and Culture – exhibits Native American arts.
 Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian – Native American art and history.
 Museum of Spanish Colonial Art – Tradition arts from the Spanish-colonial era to contemporary times.

References

Other websites

State capitals in the United States
Cities in New Mexico
County seats in New Mexico
17th-century establishments in New Spain
Raleigh (pronounced , ) is the capital and the second largest city in the state of North Carolina as well as the county seat of Wake County. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" for its many oak trees. The area is also nicknamed "The Triangle".
 
Raleigh is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham and Chapel Hill. The "Triangle" nickname began after the 1959 plan and construction of the Research Triangle Park, in Durham and Wake Counties. It is in the middle of the three cities and their universities.

The Research Triangle area makes up the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA). It had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013.

History

Raleigh was started in 1770. In 1788, it became North Carolina's state capital. The first state fair happened in 1853 and has kept on happening. Raleigh was not hurt by the Civil War. It did not grow much after the Civil War.

In the early 1900s, Raleigh had streetcars, but they got rid of them later. Raleigh got its first TV station in 1956. In 1959, the Research Triangle Park was built. This caused people to move to the area for the jobs. In the late 1900s, Interstate 40 and Interstate 440 (freeways)were built, helping traffic. Since the late 1900s, Raleigh has grown quickly.

November 28, 1988 tornado 

On November 28, 1988, Raleigh was hit by a F4 tornado. The tornado formed after a very warm late November day. A line of thunderstorms that was spotted over the Charlotte area during the afternoon hours hit Raleigh just after 1:00 a.m. ET, however the National Weather Service (NWS) issued no tornado or severe thunderstorm watches for the area. They believed the conditions had not support the right for a tornado. There were two fatalities in the city of Raleigh, and four in total.

2011 tornado 
On April 16, 2011, a EF3 tornado struck Raleigh, killing 24 people in North Carolina and four in Raleigh.

Geography
Raleigh is in north-central North Carolina. It is in a hilly area.

Climate
Raleigh has a mild climate. The summers are hot, with an average high of about 90 °F (32 °C). The winters are cool, with an average high of about 50 °F (10 °C). It snows about twice a year with a total of six inches (15 centimeters). Raleigh also gets around 45 inches of rain.

Transportation
Raleigh has a lot of good transportation. Some freeways are Interstate 40, I-440, and I-540. Some highways are U.S. Route 1, 64, and 70, and N.C. highway 50. Raleigh also has a Amtrak station and a big airport.

Other things
Raleigh has a lot of museums. North Carolina State University is also in Raleigh.

Raleigh is pretty rich, but there are some poor areas. The region also has a lot of suburban developments, but there are some crowded areas.

References

Other websites
 Official website of Raleigh, NC
 Raleigh Chamber of Commerce
 From Crossroads to Capitol: the Founding and Early History of Raleigh, N.C. 

County seats in North Carolina
 
State capitals in the United States
Bismarck is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is also the county seat of Burleigh County. As of the census held in the year 2010, its population was 61,272. The population of its metropolitan area was 108,779.

Bismarck was founded in 1872. It has been North Dakota's capital since it gained statehood in 1889.

Bismarck is situated on the east bank of the Missouri River, directly across the river from Mandan. The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, towers over the central part of Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city.  As a hub of retail and health care, Bismarck is the economic center of a large portion of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota.

References

 
County seats in North Dakota
State capitals in the United States
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Dakota Territory
Columbus is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Ohio. It is in the middle of the state. The Ohio State Buckeyes and Columbus Blue Jackets play there. In 2010 there were 787,033 people.

Columbus is the third largest city in the American Midwest, and the fifteenth largest city in the United States of America. It is the county seat of Franklin County. The city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. It is named for explorer Christopher Columbus. The city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers. It became Ohio's state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology.

Columbus has many technology companies. It has the world's largest private research and development foundation, the Battelle Memorial Institute; CAS, or Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, the nation's largest campus.

In 2008, MarketWatch named Columbus as the 7th best place to do business in the nation. In 2011, the city had five corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list including Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, Limited Brands, Momentive Specialty Chemicals, and Big Lots. Major foreign corporations operating or with divisions in the city include Germany-based Siemens and Roxane Laboratories, Finland-based Vaisala, Tomasco Mulciber Inc., and A Y Manufacturing, as well as Switzerland-based ABB Group and Mettler Toledo.

Media

Television stations

References 

 
County seats in Ohio
State capitals in the United States
Oklahoma City is the capital city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and the largest city in the state. As of 2006, the population of the city was about 537,734. In 1995, 168 people were killed by a truck bomb. Oklahoma City has an NBA team called the Oklahoma City Thunder. It is the county seat of Oklahoma County. The city has a large Native American population.

Images

References 

 
County seats in Oklahoma
State capitals in the United States
Casablanca is a 1942 American movie set in the eponymous city of Morocco during World War II. It stars Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. From the time of its debut, it has been called one of the greatest movies ever made.

Other websites 

 
 Casablanca at the Movie Wiki

1942 movies
1940s drama movies
1940s romance movies
1940s war movies
American romantic drama movies
American war movies
Best Picture Oscar
Casablanca
English-language movies
Movies set in Africa
United States National Film Registry movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by Michael Curtiz
Warner Bros. movies
The Godfather is a 1972 American movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It is based on Mario Puzo's novel of the same name, and stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino. The story of the movie takes place from 1945 to 1955.

It has been considered one of the best movies about the Mafia. In addition, many have called it the best movie of all time; it also appears on many such lists, including AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (where it was ranked at number three).

The Godfather won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor (for Marlon Brando, who refused the award), and Best Adapted Screenplay.

A sequel, The Godfather Part II, was released in 1974 and won another Best Picture Oscar. It was the only sequel to do so until 2003's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. The third movie in the Godfather trilogy, The Godfather Part III, came out in 1990. The critics thought it was not as good as the other two movies.

Related pages
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

References

Other websites 

1969 books
1972 crime movies
1972 drama movies
1970s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Gangster movies
Italian-language movies
Mafia
Movies based on books
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in the 1950s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola
The Venus flytrap, Dionaea muscipula, is a carnivorous plant (a plant that eats small animals, such as insects). Carnivorous plants

grow in soil that has little nitrogen. They get nitrogen from the insects they trap. This nitrogen is used to make intravenous food like proteins and fats.

The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that can snap shut very quickly. When an insect or spider crawls along the leaves and touches a hair, the trap closes only if a different hair is touched within twenty seconds of the first touch. The two-touch trigger means that little energy is wasted on things that are not food.

Appearance 
The Venus flytrap is a small plant, with small leaves. Its clam-shaped leaves look rather like flowers, and so they attract insects. When they are open, they are red and smell sweet. They have stiff hairs on each edge. Inside the leaves, there are very sensitive, tiny hairs which cause the leaves to snap shut when they are touched. Two hairs must be touched to make the leaves close. This makes it more likely that the thing that touched its hair is living.Then it secretes juices to digest the insect

Nutrition 
The Venus flytrap feeds on insects, such as ants, beetles, woodlice, worms, flies, grasshoppers, and moths.
First it traps the insect inside its leaves, and then lets out a liquid that helps digest the trapped animal. The plant consumes the insect and takes the nitrogen from the insect's body.

The Venus flytrap makes sugar by photosynthesis. The insects give it nutrients which it cannot get from the waterlogged soil. With the nutrients it can build up enzymes and other molecules which need trace elements as well as sugars and amino acids.

House plants 
Venus flytraps were first discovered in North America on the coast of North and South Carolina, where it grows wild near the Cape Fear River. However, people anywhere can grow Venus flytraps in pots. Venus flytraps in pots need water and soil without calcium or nitrogen in it. It is named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus.

References

Other websites
 Information about the Venus flytrap from the Botanical Society of America website
 website with information about the Carnivorous Plants of the world

Caryophyllales
Mimicry
Carnivorous plants
Rapid plant movement
An igloo (or iglu) is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome (like half of a hollow ball). They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes.

They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called Eskimoes). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing.

Accommodations
Fleet is a town in Hampshire, United Kingdom and tends to be a dormitory town serving London and Reading.

Fleet has one shopping center, and a music shop just off the High Street and many small, fun attractions.

There are a number of pubs there with some character, and even two small nightclubs. It has a lot of green, and is good for rambling but there is the danger of a field being an army firing range.

Working in Fleet
Its local business parks seem to be a focus for many CAD companies serving the local military in Fleet, Aldershot, and Farnborough. Notably there are AutoDesk and PTC.

There are also many good schools especially Heatherside Infant and Juniors and Court Moor!

Travelling in Fleet
It has its own train station on the London-Basingstoke line. It also has bus services running to and from local towns, including Reading. The local bus company did go bust a few times, notably at the same time as the major plague of train accidents and strikes in early 2002 - where combined with large snow deposits, made travel in or out of the town impossible or at least very unpleasant. Anyone who lived on the London-Basingstoke line will remember people being crammed into the guard-vans of the train after waiting 90 minutes, or being stuck between stations for what seemed like days.

Towns in Hampshire
Hentai is a Japanese word that literally means "strange appearance", but also means "perverted". Hentai, because of this, is a word used by countries outside of Japan to show porn and sex-related anime, manga and video games. The word is not used to mean this in Japan. In Japan, terms such as ecchi are used.

The word hentai is sometimes used to apply to cartoon characters that are not anime characters. Hentai is the anime version of porn. There is on screen sex, often very graphic and very imaginative. Since hentai is anime, the performers are not bound by physical laws. Makers of hentai often use this in very creative ways. Some of the acts performed in hentai would be physically impossible. Some of the performers are often impossible themselves. Fairies, monsters, and even new and strange creatures are stars of hentai.  Monsters and demons with tentacles are seen so often that “tentacle porn” is its own sub-category of hentai.

Most of the hentai (anime)-films in the late 1990s to the present day are based on Ero-Games, where the only actual goal is to date the girls in the game and have sex with one of them. The games feature various character-types, like a bookworm, a tough girl, a younger girl, and a tomboy. Ero-games can include highly taboo themes, such as coprophilia or dismemberment, pedophilia, and rape. Sometimes slightly less taboo subjects, such as incest. Some examples of these kind of game-to-hentai-anime conversions are Immoral Sisters, Isaku, Pia Carrot, Five Card, Bible Black, Words Worth, Night Shift Nurses, Huniepop, and Milk Junkies.

Famous hentai films include:
 Cream Lemon (1984)
 Urotsukidôji (1987)
 La Blue Girl (1992)
 Night Shift Nurses (2000)
 Bible Black (2001)
 Boku No Pico (2006)

Human sexuality
Pornography
Anime
Hentai
Rapping is a type of vocals, like singing. It is different to singing because it is more like talking, but timed with rhythm over music. Someone who raps is called a rapper, or sometimes an MC. That stands for Master of Ceremonies.

Rapping can be done over music of many types (or genres), including jazz, house, reggae and many more. One genre of music that includes a lot of rapping is hip hop. What people think of as rapping today, was started by African Americans in New York City, USA, in the 1970s. People would talk over disco music DJs at parties, and this gradually evolved into rapping. But, the start of the art of rapping is even older. Reggae artists in Jamaica used a similar style to rapping from the 1950s. Going back further than that, the West African Griots (travelling musicians and poets) would also rap over tribal drums in the 1400s.

Today rapping is a very popular style of vocals. Many of the best selling artists in the world use it in their music.

References 

Music
Snowboarding is a sport that is much like skiing. A person stands on a snowboard and rides down a mountain covered with snow. A snowboard is a flat board with bindings that hold your feet in place while gliding down the mountain. It is different from skiing because both feet are on one board - like surfing.

Some snowboarders like to ride over jumps and do tricks.

Origin 
The snowboard was born in the seventy's through the imagination of several different Americans.

The original idea was born in 1965 through Sherman Poppen. He invented the ‘’snurfer ‘’, which was made of two skis fixed together, as a gift to his daughter. It soon became very popular, so he licensed it to the Brunswick Corporation who sold about a million over the next 10 years.

In the mid 1970s Dimitrije Milovich created a snowboard inspired by the surfing board called the 'Winterstick'. Finally, in 1977 Jake Burton Carpenter helped by Tom Sims and Chuck Barfoot created the first snowboard model, which made them very rich.

During the eighty's, the sport became very popular. In 1982 the first National Snowboard race was held in Vermont at Suicide Six. The number of windsurfering and snowboarding stations grew very fast everywhere there was snow and mountains.

Snowboarding was first recommended to join the Olympic program in 1996 by the Olympic council in Atlanta. Two years later, some competitions like the Big slalom and the Half-pipe took place in The Olympic Nagano games.

Equipment 
Snowboarders must wear hot and good quality clothes against the cold temperature. They wear also some ski goggles to protect their eyes from reflection of the sun on the snow, against the snow and the wind that can be very hurtful. It is essential to have a good view during the ride. The board that they used has to be fitted by squares on all its length that allow snowboarders to practice this sport even if there is not a lot of snow. Also, the snowboard is equipped with binding to provide snowboarders solidity and stability. The security attach have to be firmly tied on the binding and clip on one of your boots adapted to this sport. Wearing a helmet is strongly recommended.

Positions 
There are two possible positions on the board. First of all, there is the regular one. With this position, your right foot is placed in the back. The second one is called goofy where you have to put your left foot in the back. The choice between those two positions is personal to everyone. Contrary to what everybody can thinks, goofys are not necessary left-handed or regulars right-handed. In fact, seventy-five percent of the people are regulars. Because the board make a curve in the front and in the back, it can glide on the two sides. In addition, the board called twin-tips is perfectly symmetric, so it allows windsurfers to glide in switch (when the favorite foot is in the back) or in normal-foot (when the favorite foot is in the front).

References 

Winter Olympic sports
Winter sports
Board sports
TNT (Trinitrotoluene, also called Trotyl, Tritol, Tolite and Tol) is a powerful, shattering (brisant) nitroaromatic explosive, somewhat similar to dynamite (which is based on the nitric acid ester nitroglycerin, however).

Sometimes TNT is used to mean dynamite, or dynamite is used to mean TNT, because they can both be used in similar ways; however the two materials are distinct, different chemicals with only some of their properties (such as the brisance, their shattering power) being similar while other properties (such as stability and sensitivity) are entirely different. 

Traces of TNT can be detected by analytical forensic chemical investigation even in extremely small amounts.  For example, if a person has been involved in a crime using TNT, scientists can track it down by testing hair or clothing samples to see if TNT traces are found on them.  These traces can remain in the hair or in the fabric of the clothes even after many washings.  TNT is a nitroaromatic explosive and it can be dangerous both as an explosive and for being poisonous if handled incorrectly.  Soldiers, engineers and workers who must work with TNT should therefore observe strict safety measures when handling this explosive.

Construction
Explosives
Nitrogen compounds
Spores are the way fungi and some non-seed plants (ferns and mosses) reproduce. They are also made by bacteria for long-term survival. Some protozoa also make long-term survival spores.

The spores of seed plants are single cells that grow into a pollen grain or the gametophyte inside the ovule. The structure of seeds in higher plants is more complicated than spores. The main 'innovation' of seeds is their nutrition for the developing embryo, which spores do not have.

Fungal spores 
Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have inside them the genetic material to make a whole new organism identical to its parent.

Conidia are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in dispersal.

Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species.

Germination
Sporangia

Bacterial spores 
Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right.p186

Plant spores
Plants have alternation of generations. One of the generations is the sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, and the other is the gametophyte with produces gametes.

References 

Plant anatomy
Fungi
Bacteria
Ladino (also called Judeo-Spanish) is a Jewish Romance language that is very close to the Spanish language. It has many old Spanish words and Hebrew words.

History
During the Middle Ages, many Jews lived in Spain. They were called Sephardic Jews or Sephardim (in Hebrew).  Forced to leave Spain after the country was taken over by Christians, they brought the old Spanish with them to their new countries. Some Sephardic Jews still speak Ladino in Israel, Turkey, Bulgaria, the United States, and other countries.

Like many other Jewish languages, Ladino is an endangered language, is in danger of language death. It could become an extinct language. Most native speakers are old because many of them who emigrated to Israel and did not pass on the language to their children or grandchildren. In some Sephardic Jewish communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of dialect levelling by the extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish.

Writing
Ladino is usually written by using the Latin alphabet but in Israel, it uses the Hebrew alphabet.

Ladin language
Ladino should not be confused with the Ladin language, which is related to the Swiss Romansh and Friulian languages and is mostly spoken in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of Northern Italy.

References

Other websites 

 Socolovsky, Jerome. "Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain", Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 19, 2007.

Romance languages
Languages of Europe
Guns N' Roses is a popular American hard rock band. The band was formed in Los Angeles, California, USA. The five original members of the band were Axl Rose (lead vocals), Slash (lead guitar), Izzy Stradlin (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Duff McKagan (bass, backing vocals), and Steven Adler (drums). The band's most known songs are Welcome to the Jungle, Paradise City, Sweet Child O'Mine, Patience, Live and Let Die, November Rain", Knockin' on Heaven's Door, Don't Cry, and Civil War.

The music they made was different from the rock music that was popular in the 1980s. They played harder rock music. It was also closer to traditional rock. Because of this, many music fans became interested in Guns N'Roses. Guns N'Roses was created in Los Angeles in June, 1985. By singer W. Axl Rose, guitarists Tracii Guns and Izzy Stradlin, bassist Ole Beich and drummer Rob Gardner. Axl's old band was named Hollywood Rose, and Tracii's old band was named L.A. Guns. They joined the two names and got the name Guns N' Roses.

In 1985, Guns N' Roses went to Seattle to perform. Tracii Guns and Rob Gardner could not attend the show. Rose called guitarist Slash and drummer Steven Adler, who were his friends. He asked them for help. They agreed, and became permanent members. On the way back to Los Angeles, the five members wrote the lyrics for 'Welcome to the Jungle' which became one of their most famous songs. Then in 1990 Drummer Steven Adler got fired from the band because of his drug abuse. He was replaced by The Cult Drummer Matt Sorum.

Slash, McKagan and Sorum were in Velvet Revolver with Stone Temple Pilots frontman Scott Weiland and Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner, until Scott died.

Since parting ways with the Appetite for Destruction lineup, Rose has remained a constant member and many lineups have changed since. The last studio album the band  released was Chinese Democracy, which had been delayed for over ten years, to mixed reactions. In 2016, Slash and Duff rejoined the band, along with the band's first female member, Melissa Reese.

The band members now
 Axl Rose- Lead Vocals
 Slash - Lead Guitar
 Duff McKagan - Bass, backing vocals
 Dizzy Reed-Keyboards, Piano, backing vocals
 Melissa Reese - Keyboards, backing vocals
 Richard Fortus- Rhythm Guitar, backing vocals, Lead Guitar
 Frank Ferrer- Drums

Discography
 Appetite for Destruction - 1987 (toured in 1987-1988)
 G N' R Lies - 1988 (toured in 1988-1989)
 Use Your Illusion I - 1991 (toured in 1991-1992)
 Use Your Illusion II - 1991 (toured in 1991-1992)
 The Spaghetti Incident? - 1993 (Tour cancelled, initially planned for 1993-1994)
 Live Era: '87-'93 (Gold) - 1999
 Greatest Hits -2004
 Chinese Democracy''- 2008 (initially going to release in 1999, but was in development hell for about nine years)

References

Other websites
 LAGUNS - (COVER BAND) - forums, videos, chat, photos 

 
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Glam metal bands
Events 
January 19 – British East India Company captures Aden
January 20 – In the Battle of Yungay, Peruvian and Bolivian soldiers lose to Chilean soldiers.
February 24 – William Otis patents for the steam shovel
March 23 – First known use of "OK" oll korrect in the Boston Morning Post
March 26 – The first Henley Royal Regatta
April 9 – The world's first commercial electric telegraph line is built, next to the Great Western Railway line from Paddington station to West Drayton.
April 19 – The Treaty of London makes the kingdom of Belgium
June 22 – Louis Daguerre receives patent for his Daguerrotype camera. By September a company sells copies of the camera for 400 French Francs.
July 1 – Slaves fight their masters on the Amistad
November 11 – The Virginia Military Institute starts in Lexington, Virginia, USA
November 17 – Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio opens in Milan.

Undated 
Abd-ul-Mejid becomes emperor of the Ottoman Empire.
Mississippi passes the first state law in the U.S. letting women own property.
The first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri is found by Thomas Henderson.
Excavation on Copan begins
Half of the Limburg province of Belgium was added to the Netherlands, making a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg.
Abd al-Kader makes a jihad against the French.

Births 
January 19 – Paul Cézanne, French painter (died 1906)
February 11 – Josiah Willard Gibbs American physicist and chemist (died 1903)
February 22 – Francis Pharcellus Church, American editor and publisher (died 1906)
March 9 – Phoebe Knapp, American hymnwriter (died 1908)
March 21 – Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (died 1881)
April 12 – Nikolai Przhevalsky, Russian explorer (died 1888)
July 8 – John Davison Rockefeller, American industrialist and philanthropist (died 1937)
July 17 – Ephraim Shay, Inventor (died 1916, see Shay locomotive)
December 5 – George Armstrong Custer, American cavalry officer (died 1876)

Deaths 
April 1 – Benjamin Pierce, U.S. politician (born 1757)
April 2 – Hezekiah Niles, American editor and publisher (born 1777)
April 11 – John Galt, Scottish novelist (born 1779)
May 17 – Archibald Alison, Scottish writer (born 1757)
August 10 – John St Aubyn, British fossil collector (born 1758)
August 22 – Benjamin Lundy, American abolitionist (born 1789)
August 28 – William Smith, English geologist and cartographer (born 1769)
November 15 – William Murdoch, Scottish inventor (born 1754)
December 3 – Frederick VI, King of Denmark, ex-King of Norway (born 1768)
Hans Enoksen (born 1956) was the Prime Minister of Greenland. He was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 2002-2009.

1956 births
Prime Ministers of Greenland
Living people
Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit (You Our Ancient Land; ) is the national anthem of Greenland. It was written by Henrik Lund, and it became the national anthem in 1916.

Greenlandic 
Nunarput, utoqqarsuanngoravit niaqqut ulissimavoqq qiinik.
Qitornatit kissumiaannarpatit tunillugit sineriavit piinik.

Akullequtaastut merlertutut ilinni perortugut tamaani
kalaallinik imminik taajumavugut niaqquit ataqqinartup saani.

Atortillugillu tamaasa pisit ingerlaniarusuleqaagut,
nutarterlugillu noqitsigisatit siumut, siumut piumaqaagut.

Inersimalersut ingerlanerat tungaalitsiterusuleqaarput,
oqaatsit "aviisit" qanoq kingunerat atussasoq erinigileqaarput.

Taqilluni naami atunngiveqaaq, kalaallit siumut makigitsi.
Inuttut inuuneq pigiuminaqaaq, saperasi isumaqaleritsi.

English 
Our country, which has become so old your head is all covered with white hair. 
Always held us, your children, in your bosom and gave us the riches of your coasts.

As middle children in the family we blossomed here Kalaallit, 
we want to call ourselves before your proud and honourable head.

With a burning desire to develop what you have to give, renewing, 
removing your obstacles of our desire to move forward, forward.

The way of matured societies is our zealous goal to attain; 
the effect of speech and letters we long to behold.

Humbleness is not the course, Kalaallit wake up and be proud! 
A dignified life is our goal; courageously take a stand.

Greenland
National anthems
The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple way to find all the prime numbers up to some number n:

 Write all the numbers from 2 up to n onto a piece of paper, in order. We will perform the following steps so that all the non-prime numbers will be crossed out, and what's left will be the primes.
 Choose the first, i.e. the smallest available number. Call it p (it will be 2 at the start). If there's no more available numbers, stop.
 Count up from p as 2p, 3p, 4p, ..., up to n in steps of p, and cross out each of those numbers. Some numbers will be already crossed out, that's okay. Do not cross out the number p itself but consider it no longer available.
 Go back to step 2.

When the algorithm is finished all the numbers that are left not crossed out are all the prime numbers from 2 up to n.

As an optimization we can start the counting in step 3 from  p2, and stop in step 2 when  p2  is greater than n. 

This is allowed because for each number k that is smaller than p, the number kp in step 3 will be already crossed out as part of the algorithm working for some previous prime that is smaller than p – the smallest such prime which divides k evenly.

Number theory
In Buddhism, the Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: ariya atthangika magga) is the path to the end of suffering. It is the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. It can be summed up in three categories: wisdom (pañña), virtue (sila), and concentration (samadhi). It asks for the Right view and the right intention, as well as other things. It also asks for the right speech.

Here is a description of the path:

 Right Thought - Realizing the Four Noble Truths (samyag-dṛṣṭi, sammā-diṭṭhi)
 Right Understanding - Commitment to mental and ethical growth in moderation (samyak-saṃkalpa, sammā-saṅkappa)
 Right Speech - One speaks in a non hurtful, not exaggerated, truthful way (samyag-vāc, sammā-vācā)
 Right Actions - Wholesome action, avoiding action that would do harm (samyak-karmānta, sammā-kammanta)
 Right Livelihood - One's job does not harm in any way oneself or others; directly or indirectly (weapon maker, drug dealer, etc.) (samyag-ājīva, sammā-ājīva)
 Right Effort - One makes an effort to improve (samyag-vyāyāma, sammā-vāyāma)
 Right Mindfulness - Mental ability to see things for what they are with clear consciousness (samyak-smṛti, sammā-sati)
 Right Concentration - State where one reaches enlightenment and the ego has disappeared (samyak-samādhi, sammā-samādhi)

Other websites 
 Notes on the Noble Eightfold Path
 Noble Eightfold Path, in Chapter 7: Success, in "A Young People's Life of the Buddha" by Bhikkhu Silacara
 The Noble Eightfold Path - The Middle Way by Ven Dr.K.Sri.Dhammananda
 The Fourth Noble Truth: The Middle Path: BuddhaNet’s Buddhist Studies for Secondary Students

Religious ethics
Buddhist terminology
Gone with the Wind is a 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. It tells the story of a family woman in the American South (and in the plantation of Tara) during the Civil War. She falls in love with a city gentleman. It is one of the most famous books of its time, and was made into a movie of the same name.

The title takes the name from the line of Ernest Dowson's poem: "I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind." (The line appeared in the book). Critics and historians have disagreed with its views of Confederacy and the American South before the Civil War. But it is true to the events of the time, and also has a well-written account of the fall of Atlanta in 1864. The book won the Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937. In 1991, Alexander Ripley wrote its official sequel, Scarlett. Three years later, it was made as a television miniseries. In 2001, the copyright holders of the original book tried to stop sales of Alice Randall's The Wind Done Gone. (The book retold Mitchell's story from a slave's point of view.) The resulting lawsuit allowed the book to be published; it was seen, based on rules in the First Amendment, as a parody.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

Other websites 
 The Story behind Margaret Mitchell's book 
 
 RaveCentral: Gone with the Wind 
 Greatest Movies page
 
 Photos of the first edition of Gone with the Wind

1936 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Fiction set in the past
Georgia (U.S. state) in fiction
Novels about the American Civil War
Pulitzer Prize winners
Romance novels
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies is a list of the top one hundred movies in American cinema. It was made by the American Film Institute in 1998. The television station CBS aired the list's special.

Movies that were on the list:
had to be made in the United States;
must have English as their language;
must run over sixty minutes in length;
had to be recognised at many award shows and festivals, and by critics and audiences;
left a lasting mark on American history and society.

The list 
Citizen Kane (1941)
Casablanca (1942)
The Godfather (1972)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Graduate (1967)
On the Waterfront (1954)
Schindler's List (1993)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
It's a Wonderful Life (1946)
Sunset Boulevard (1950)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Some Like It Hot (1959)
Star Wars (1977)
All About Eve (1950)
The African Queen (1951)
Psycho (1960)
Chinatown (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
The Grapes of Wrath (1940)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
The Maltese Falcon (1941)
Raging Bull (1980)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
Bonnie and Clyde (1967)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
Annie Hall (1977)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
High Noon (1952)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
It Happened One Night (1934)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Double Indemnity (1944)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
North by Northwest (1959)
West Side Story (1961)
Rear Window (1954)
King Kong (1933)
The Birth of a Nation (1915)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Taxi Driver (1976)
Jaws (1975)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)
The Philadelphia Story (1940)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
Amadeus (1984)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)
The Sound of Music (1965)
M*A*S*H (1970)
The Third Man (1949)
Fantasia (1940)
Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Vertigo (1958)
Tootsie (1982)
Stagecoach (1939)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Network (1976)
The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
An American in Paris (1951)
Shane (1953)
The French Connection (1971)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Ben-Hur (1959)
Wuthering Heights (1939)
The Gold Rush (1925)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
City Lights (1931)
American Graffiti (1973)
Rocky (1976)
The Deer Hunter (1978)
The Wild Bunch (1969)
Modern Times (1936)
Giant (1956)
Platoon (1986)
Fargo (1996)
Duck Soup (1933)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
Frankenstein (1931)
Easy Rider (1969)
Patton (1970)
The Jazz Singer (1927)
My Fair Lady (1964)
A Place in the Sun (1951)
The Apartment (1960)
Goodfellas (1990)
Pulp Fiction (1994)
The Searchers (1956)
Bringing Up Baby (1938)
Unforgiven (1992)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)
Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)

Other websites 
American Film Institute 
Filmsite.org article
Montreal Mirror's opinion of the list 

Lists of movies
American Film Institute
The Flag of Greenland was designed by Greenlander Thue Christiansen. It features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk at the center. The top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white.

Its local name in the Greenlandic language is Erfalasorput, which means "our flag", but Aappalaartoq (meaning "the red") is also used for both the Greenlandic flag and the Dannebrog. Today Greenlanders display both the Erfalasorput and the Dannebrog, often side by side.

Greenland first thought of the idea of a flag of its own in 1973, when five Greenlanders proposed a green, white and blue flag. The following year, a newspaper printed eleven design proposals (all but one of which was a Nordic Cross), and polled the people to determine the most popular. The Dannebrog was better liked than any. Little came of this effort.

In 1978, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, making it an equal member of the Danish Kingdom. The home rule government asked for flag proposals, receiving 555. 293 were made by Greenlanders.

Out of all the designs, the current red-and-white design by Christiansen narrowly won over a green-and-white Nordic cross by a vote of fourteen to eleven. Christiansen's red-and-white flag was officially adopted on June 21, 1985.

To honor the tenth anniversary of the Erfalasorput, the Greenland Post Office issued commemorative stamps and a leaflet by its creator. He described the white stripe as representing the glaciers and ice cap; the red stripe, the ocean; the red semicircle, the fjords; and the white semicircle, the icebergs and pack ice. The design is also reminiscent of the setting sun half-submerged below the horizon and reflected on the sea.

Greenland
Greenland