cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pahariwood is the name of a Kashmiri movie industry that is based in the city of Kotli. Pahari-Pothwari are the native tongues of the ethnic population of Kotli, Mirpur and other area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

References

Cinema of Pakistan
Kashmir
A black smoker is a kind of hydrothermal vent that can be found on the ocean floor. It is a crack in the planet's surface from which geothermally heated water comes out. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

Hydrothermal vents are common on earth because it is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles and geysers. The most famous hydrothermal vent system on land is probably within Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called "black smokers".

Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Chemosynthetic archaea form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp.
Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiter's moon Europa, and ancient hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars.

Other websites 
 Ocean Explorer (www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov) - Public outreach site for explorations sponsored by the Office of Ocean Exploration.
 NOAA, Ocean Explorer Gallery.

Oceanography
RPM may refer to:
 Revolutions per minute
 Revenue per mille, related to cost per mille, in advertising
 Rassemblement pour le Mali, a political party in Mali
 RPM International Inc, a chemical sealant company
 RPM Package Manager, a software package manager, originally Red Hat Package Manager.
 Les Mills International fitness program (RPM)
 Raised pavement marker, on U.S. roads
 Randle Patrick McMurphy, the protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
 Raven's Progressive Matrices, a cognitive test
 Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, performed by a space shuttle
 Resale price maintenance, in economics
 Respiration, pulse (or perfusion), and mental status, a mnemonic used in simple triage and rapid treatment
 Revenue passenger mile, a measure of passenger traffic
 Rounds per minute, used to quantify a weapon's rate of fire

 Power Rangers: R.P.M., the upcoming seventeenth season of the popular television series.
 RPM (Cars), a character in the movie Cars
 RPM (TV series), a long-running Australian motorsport show on Network Ten

In music:

 RPM (Brazilian band)
 RPM (magazine), a defunct Canadian music and radio industry magazine
 RPM Records, USA
 Revolutions Per Minute (album), by Rise Against
 Rock Productions Music, a Christian rock band 
 RPM Records UK, subsidiary of Cherry Red
The England cricket team is the team that represents England and Wales in international cricket. Since 1 January 1997 it has been governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), having been previously governed by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) from 1903 until the end of 1996.

England and Australia were the first teams to play a Test match (between 15 and 19 March 1877). These two countries plus South Africa formed the Imperial Cricket Conference (predecessor to today's International Cricket Council) on 15 June 1909. England and Australia also played the first One Day International (ODI) on 5 January 1971. England's first Twenty20 International (T20I) was played on 13 June 2005, once more against Australia.

As of 25 January 2021, England has played 1,030 Test matches, winning 376 and losing 305 (with 349 draws). The team has won The Ashes on 32 occasions, the same number as their opponents Australia. England has also played 752 ODIs, winning 378, and its record in major ODI tournaments includes finishing as runners-up in three Cricket World Cups (1979, 1987 and 1992), and two ICC Champions Trophys (2004 and 2013). The team has played 126 T20Is, winning 64. They won the ICC World Twenty20 in 2010, and were runners-up in 2016.

England are currently ranked fourth in Tests, first in ODIs and first in T20Is by the ICC.

References 

Cricket in England
1877 establishments in the United Kingdom
Franz Ritter von Epp (October 16, 1868 in Munich – December 31, 1946 in Munich) was a German politician and a military officer in the German Empire.

Between 1928 and 1945 he was a member of the German Reichstag. From 1933 to 1945 he was the Reichsstatthalter of Bavaria.

1868 births
1946 deaths
German generals
German military personnel of World War I
German nobility
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from Munich
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Theodor Eike (October 17, 1892 in Hampont – February 26, 1943 near Kharkov) was an Obergruppenführer of the SS and General of the Waffen-SS.

He was the commander of the concentration camp of Dachau. During the World War II was he the leader of the Totenkopf Division.

Eike was on behalf of the Nazi Party a member of the Reichstag. He was also a member of the SA.

1892 births
1943 deaths
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
Waffen-SS generals
Audio may refer to:
 Sound that is capable of being heard
 Sound recording
 Natural acoustic audio
 Audio frequencies
 Audio content
 Audio book, a sound recording of a book
 Audio content file format
 Windows Media Audio, Microsoft's proprietary digital audio format

Titles
 Audio (album) by Blue Man Group

Related pages
 Audible (disambiguation)
Frederick, Prince of Wales, born Frederick Louis; (1 February 1707 – 31 March 1751) was the son of George II and Queen Caroline of Ansbach and the father of King George III.

He and his parents had many arguments. He died in 1751 after a lung injury. His son was his heir.

Issue

Other websites 
 History of the Monarchy - The Official Website of the British Monarchy
 Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales 
 Unusual royal deaths at Ward's Book of Days
 
 Henry Churchyard "Royal Genealogies, Part 9" 
 Sam Sloan "Big Combined Family Trees (pafg744)"

Bibliography 
 F S Ashley-Cooper, At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742-1751, Cricket Magazine, 1900
 G B Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935
 Timothy J McCann, Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century, Sussex Record Society, 2004
 Thomson, Arthur Alexander: Odd Men In: A Gallery of Cricket Eccentics (The Pavilion Library, 1985).
 H T Waghorn, Cricket Scores, Notes, etc. (1730-1773), Blackwood, 1899
 H T Waghorn, The Dawn of Cricket, Electric Press, 1906
 Michael De-la-Noy, The King Who Never Was: The Story of Frederick, Prince of Wales, London; Chester Springs, PA: Peter Owen, 1996.
 John Walters, The Royal Griffin: Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707-51, London: Jarrolds, 1972.

Princes and Princesses of Wales
House of Hanover
1707 births
1751 deaths
This is a list of the tallest buildings in Chicago.

Tallest buildings in Chicago

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Other websites
 Emporis.com - Chicago High-rise Buildings
 Skyscraperpage.com - Chicago

Chicago
Buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
United States-related lists
Titanoboa cerrejonensis is the largest known snake.  Now extinct, the snake was a relative of the anaconda and the boa constrictor.  It was about 43 feet long (13 m), and weighed over a ton (about 1135 kg or 2,500 pounds).  The snake lived in the Palaeocene epoch, about 58 million years ago.  It ate crocodiles.

The fossil was found in an open-cast coal mine in Colombia, in 2009. Plant fossils at the site proved the climate at the time was a tropical rainforest. The site was in the Cerrejón Formation in La Guajira, Colombia. Other large reptile fossils have been found at this site.

Researchers found three skulls of the snake in 2002. A life-size replica is on view at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C. It was sent on a world tour to be shown at various museums.

Habitat 
Titanoboa lived in the first recorded tropical forest in South America. It shared the ecosystem with large Crocodylomorpha and large turtles. The paleogeography of the late Paleocene was a sheltered paralic (coastal) swamp, with an open connection to the proto-Caribbean in the north. In this environment tropical aquatic ferns like Salvinia flourished. The ferns were found as fossils in the Bogotá Formation and the Palermo Formation.

Related pages 
Gigantophis

References 

Fossils
Boidae
"Poker Face" is a song by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga. It was first released in 2008 in her debut album, The Fame. Later, it was released as the album's second single, after "Just Dance".

The song has been very successful worldwide, reaching #1 in over 20 countries, including the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and Germany.  It finished as the best-performing single of 2009 in the United Kingdom and the second-best performing in the US and Canada.  "Poker Face" has sold over 7.5 million copies in the United States as of February 2018. 

The song has won Gaga several awards, including Best Dance Recording at the Grammy Awards in 2010.  On November 30, 2015, the song was certified Diamond (10× Platinum) in the US for sales and streams equal to 10 million copies in that country alone.

In an interview with Barbara Walters, she said that this song is about dealing with bisexuality. The lyrics "Bluffin' with my muffin" are about her fantasizing about women when having sex with her boyfriend. In a Carpool Karaoke segment of The Late Late Show with James Corden, where Corden and Gaga sang several of her songs as they played on the radio, Gaga revealed that she wrote "Poker Face" in only ten minutes.

Gaga has performed the song at all of her major concert tours, at her Super Bowl LI Halftime show, and at the Coachella Music Festival in April 2017.

Certifications

References 

2008 songs
Lady Gaga songs
LGBT songs
Dance-pop songs
The Abitur (from Latin abire = go away) is a final exam in Germany, Lithuania and the Czech Republic at the end for the secondary education. The Abitur takes usually 12 or 13 years. The official term in Germany for this certificate is Allgemeine Hochschulreife. The Abiturzeugnis get pupils when they passed the final exams. It formally enables the possibility to attend a university.

Education

es:Sistema de educación de Alemania#Sector secundario II
The Republic of Taiwan was a short-lived republic on the island of Taiwan. It is also called in ; which means "Democratic State of Taiwan". In English it was also called the: Formosan Republic, Taiwan Republic and the Republic of Formosa.

The Republic of Taiwan was formed in 1895. It did not last for very long. The Treaty of Shimonoseki which ended the war between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan, gave Taiwan to the Japanese. The republic began when the Chinese left in May, 1895, and ended when the Japanese soldiers arrived in October, 1896. Some historians say it was the first republic in Asia, but there was one earlier, the Lanfang Republic, which had been started in 1777.

The republic was started by a group of high officials and local people who still supported the Qing. They wanted to stop the Japanese take over of Taiwan. On May 24, 1895 the new republic sent a copy of its declaration of independence to all the embassies on Taiwan. The next day the new government held an independence ceremony. The Republic of Taiwan made their own stamps. They also printed their own paper money, which is now very hard to find.

They were always loyal to the Qing, and said that the Republic would be part of the Qing state. The first president of the Republic of Taiwan was the old governor, Tang Ching-sung, who served from May 25, 1895 to June 5, 1895. The second president was Liu Yung-fu, June 5, 1895 – October 21, 1896.

When the Japanese soldiers invaded Taiwan there was a lot of fighting. They quickly defeated the new republic. Most of the republic's official quickly left the island.

The modern Taiwan independence groups want to start a new Republic of Taiwan. They say that there is no connection between them and the 1895 Republic. The first Republic of Taiwan was loyal to China, but the new Republic of Taiwan would be started to be independent of China.

Presidents
 T'ang Ching-sung (23 May 1895 – 5 June 1895)
 Liu Yung-fu (5 June 1895 – 21 October 1896)

References

1895 establishments
1896 disestablishments
1890s establishments in Asia
1890s disestablishments in Asia
Former countries in Asia
History of Taiwan
States and territories established in the 19th century
States and territories disestablished in the 19th century
Establishments in Taiwan
Martina Sáblíková  (born 27 May 1987 in Nové Město na Moravě) is a Czech speedskater, specializing in long distance races. She is the elder sister of fellow speedskater Milan Sáblík.

In 2007 she won her first major tournament, the 2007 European Speed Skating Championships in Collalbo, with an outdoor world record samalog score 162.954 points. She won both the 3,000 m and the 5,000 m in an outdoor world record time. She did not perform so well at the World alround championships in Heerenveen, where she finished fifth, but she managed to win the 2006–07 Speed Skating World Cup on the 3,000 and 5,000 m track. At the end of the season she won two gold medals at the 2007 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships in Salt Lake City on 3,000 m and 5,000 m tracks. She also beat here the 5,000 m track world record and set it for 6:45.61, 1.3 seconds faster than the previous record of Claudia Pechstein.

Other websites
 at SpeedSkatingResults.com
 Martina Sáblíková - official website 
 Photos of Martina Sablikova 

Czech sportspeople
1987 births
Living people
Dianetics is an alternative mental health therapy created by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, who published a book on the subject in 1950 under the name "Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health". It is about the way people think.  Hubbard also started the religion of Scientology, which uses Dianetics.

The photo at the right shows a person learning about Dianetics by doing a stress test. The idea of the stress test is to show people something in their own minds.

Most psychologists think that Dianetics is a pseudoscience. That means that it is not really a science, and it only looks like one.

Scientology
Amy MacDonald is a Scottish singer and songwriter.  She became famous in 2007 with her first album This Is The Life and her first single "Poison Prince".  She has become even more successful in Europe since her single "This Is The Life" charted at number 1 in many European countries.

Awards

Discography
 This Is the Life (2007)
 A Curious Thing (2010)
 Life in a Beautiful Light (2012)

Living people
1987 births
Scottish singers
The Ukrainian Wikipedia (, Ukrayins’ka Vikipediya) is the Ukrainian language edition of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia.

It is the 16th largest edition by article count.

References

Other websites 
The Ukrainian Wikipedia's Main Page

Wikipedias
Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath (2 February 1873 in Vaihingen – 14 August 1956 in Vaihingen) was a German politician and diplomat. He was the Foreign minister of Germany between 1932 and 1938. In those early years of Adolf Hitler's regime, Von Neurath played an important role in the foreign policy. He helped the Nazi dictator to get around the Treaty of Versailles. He also helped in the territorial expansion before World War II. Hitler replaced Von Neurath with the more compliant and fervent Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop.

Von Neurath served as Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia between 1939 and 1943. When he started to work for SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich his authority became nominal. He was one of the 24 accused at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to 15 years in Spandau Prison. He was freed in 1954.

Von Neurath was ambassador in Italy from 1921 to 1930 and ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1930 to 1932.

References 

1873 births
1956 deaths
Anti-Communists
Ambassadors of Germany
German military personnel of World War I
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
Wilhelm Frick (12 March 1877 in Alsenz - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a well-known Nazi official. Between 1933 and 1943, he was a minister of the Third Reich. After the end of World War II, he was executed for war crimes.

1877 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German lawyers
German Protestants
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People executed by hanging
Politicians from Rhineland-Palatinate
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Artur Schnabel (April 17, 1882 – August 15, 1951) was an Austrian classical pianist, composer and teacher. He was one of the best pianists of the twentieth century. He was a very serious pianist. He did not try to impress people by playing fast or loud. He was most famous for playing music by Mozart and Beethoven and Schubert.

The place where Schnabel was born was called Kunzendorf. It was near a town that was called Bielitz, in Austria-Hungary. Now Kunzendorf is called Lipnik, and Bielitz is called Bielsko-Biała, and it is in Poland. When he was two years old his family moved to Vienna. He started to play the piano when he was four. When he was nine he started to take piano lessons with the famous teacher Theodore Leschetizsky. He studied with Leschetizsky for seven years, until 1897. He also studied music theory and composition with Eusebius Mandyczewski. He gave his first concert in Vienna in 1897. After that he played more concerts in Budapest and Prague and Brno.

Schnabel moved to Berlin in 1898. He started to be famous from concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and from playing chamber music. He liked playing chamber music and he played it for all his life. Some of the famous musicians he played chamber music with were Carl Flesch, Joseph Szigeti and Bronislaw Huberman (violin), Paul Hindemith (viola), and Pablo Casals, Gregor Piatigorsky and Pierre Fournier (cello). He also played piano for the contralto singer Therese Behr (1876-1959). In 1905 he married her. They had two sons. Karl Ulrich Schnabel (1909-2001) was a pianist and Stefan Schnabel (1912-99) was an actor.

In 1933 Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany, and Schnabel, who was Jewish, moved to England. He moved to the United States in 1939. After the end of World War II he went back to Europe. He gave concerts there and in the United States for the rest of his life. He died in Axenstein, Switzerland, in 1951.

References

Other websites

1882 births
1951 deaths
German composers
Classical musicians
A recognition signal is a signal where a person, a ship, an airplane or something else is recognized. They can be used during war or can be used to help the police recognize each other during undercover operations. It can also be used in biology to signal that a molecule or chemical is to be bound to another molecule.

Recognition in war
These signals are often used to recognize friends and enemies in a war. For military use these signals often use colored lights or the International marine signal flags

Recognition of police
Other uses of the signal include the police who sometimes use a recognition signal so that officers in uniform can recognize officers in normal clothing (undercover). The NYPD often use headbands, wristbands or colored clothing as recognition signals which are known as the "color of the day".

Recognition in biology
A recognition signal is also a chemical signal used in biology to signal the end of a section of DNA or RNA during gene  in cells.

Related pages
Signal
Communication
Enrique Peña Nieto
International Code of Signals

Notes

Other websites

 Signalman manual 

Communication
Biology
Military terminology
The New York City Police Department (NYPD), started in 1844, is the largest police force in the United States,. It is the police force that serves  the five boroughs of New York City. The NYPD was one of the first "modern" style police departments in the United States with the Boston Police Department. The NYPD uses a color of the day to allow uniformed officers to recognize undercover officers to prevent accidental shootings.

Street Crimes Unit 
The New York Police Department's Street Crime Unit (motto: "We Own The Night") was a 300+ member plain clothes unit for reducing crime that became well known after the 1999 killing of Amadou Diallo.  The four officers who did the killing were all members of the unit. The unit was ended in 2002 because of the Diallo shooting.  The unit's last leader was Inspector Bruce H. Smolka, who was later made Assistant Chief. The Street Crime Unit is now replaced by local precinct Anti-Crime Units.
All of the officers were found not guilty of the criminal charges in a long trial that took place in Albany after a successful request to change the location of the trial from the Bronx, where the shooting happened.

The Street Crime Unit was started in 1971 and had a long history of success in catching armed criminals on NYC streets. The establishment of the Street Crime Unit led to the development of the color of the day undercover officer recognition system.

References

Other websites 
 NYPD Homepage
The NYPD Diaspora, City Journal, Summer 2008
 On the Front Line in the War on Terrorism, City Journal, Summer 2007
 NYPD-Badges 
 NYPD-Current Badges
 Auxiliary Police Benevolent Association
 Unofficial School Safety Myspace Page
 Full listing of NYPD Officers who have been killed in the line of duty 
 NYCPR and COPP NYC police misconduct organizations
 NY Daily News March 12, 2007 
 From database to crime scene: Network is potent police weapon, by Thomas Lueck, New York Times, June 7, 2007
 AM New York, December 8, 2006 
 Google Earth NYPD Car Model
 Site with instruments used by Stephen Hasbrouck, First Surgeon General of the Department *Homepage for the Civilian Complaint Review Board, the only official Civilian Oversight of Police Misconduct in NYC
 Collection of NYPD-Badges and Informations about the NYPD 

Law enforcement in New York City
Law enforcement agencies of the United States
1845 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in New York (state)
The New York City Transit Police Department, that was started in 1953, was a transit police department for the New York City Subway and bus lines. It became part of the NYPD in 1995 as the Transit Bureau of the New York City Police Department by decision of New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani.

Transit police in movies
The New York City Transit Police were made famous in movies such as:
 The Taking of Pelham One Two Three
 Money Train
 Die Hard 3

Related pages
Amtrak Police
British Transport Police
New Jersey Transit Police Department
Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police
Port Authority Police Department
Transit police
TTC Special Constable Services
Color of the day (police)

References

Other websites
 New York City Police Department Transit Bureau 

Law enforcement in New York City
Transport in New York City
Law enforcement agencies of the United States
1953 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in New York (state)
1995 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police, or MTA Police, is the police force of New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority local railroad, or MTA.  Officers of the MTA Police are full police officers in New York State and in the state of Connecticut. The force was started in 1998.

Related pages 
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
New York City Police Department
Color of the day (police)

Other websites
MTA Police Overtime Adding Up
MTA Police-A Consolidated Force 
Request for Information Form
TransitCop.com

Law enforcement in New York
Transport in New York
Transport in Connecticut
Law enforcement agencies of the United States
1998 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New York (state)
20th-century establishments in Connecticut
Sidney Patrick Crosby, ONS (born August 7, 1987 in Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their captain. He was the top pick in the 2005 draft. In his second season, he won the Art Ross Trophy. His nickname is Sid the Kid.

Crosby has won the Stanley Cup three times, all with the Penguins. He first won it in 2009 and again in 2016 and 2017.

He got the game-winning goal for Canada in the 2010 Winter Olympics in overtime against the USA and in doing so won the team the gold medal.

Awards 
The Maurice 'Rocket' Richard Trophy (tied with Steven Stamkos) in 2010 

In both 2016 and 2017, he won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the playoffs.

References

Other websites

 

1987 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
Living people
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Rimouski Océanic players
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
People from Nova Scotia
Stanley Cup champions
A metropolis is a word that means a very big city, that usually has over 500,000 people living in it. A metropolis often has many smaller towns and cities inside its area. The word is very old and began in Greece.

In a broader sense, it refers to the city or state of origin of a colony (as of ancient Greece), a city regarded as a center of a specified activity, or a large important city.

Old Uses

In the past many large cities were called a metropolis due to their size or importance; such as: Alexandria, Angkor, Antioch, Athens, Babylon, Baghdad, Beirut, Benares, Byblos, Cahokia, Carthage, Constantinople, Corinth, Damascus, Dholavira, Ephesus, Great Zimbabwe, Harappa, Jerusalem, Kangla, Leptis Magna, Nanjing, Nineveh, Macchu Picchu, Mohenjo-Daro, Rome, Sarai, Side, Siracuse, Tenochtitlan, Teotihuacan, Tikal, Tyre, Xian and Ur.

Modern Metropolises
The modern metropolises are increasing day by day in this world since pre-21st century.

Africa

North America

Middle America

South America

Eastern Asia

Southern Asia

Southeastern Asia

Western and Central Asia

Europe

Central Europe

Eastern Europe

Northern Europe

Southern Europe

Western Europe

Oceania

Related pages
Megacity

References

 Allen J. Scott (ed.) Global City Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, Oxford University Press (2001).
 Monti, Daniel J., Jr., The American City: A Social and Cultural History. Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 391 pp. .

Other websites
 U.S. Census Bureau: About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistics
 Megalopolis, my Arcadia , a podcast with a worldwide analysis of megacities (focus Latin America)

Urban planning
Cities
Kirby is a common place name, surname, and given name, derived from Old Norse, meaning church settlement. Other common uses include:

Places

England 
 Kirkby, Merseyside (pronounced with a silent k: )
 Kirby Bedon, Norfolk
 Kirby Cane, Norfolk
 Kirby Cross, Essex
 Kirby Grindalythe, North Yorkshire
 Kirby Hill, Harrogate, North Yorkshire
 Kirby Hill, Richmondshire, North Yorkshire
 Kirby Knowle, North Yorkshire
 Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire
 Kirby Muxloe, Leicestershire
 Kirby Sigston, North Yorkshire
 Kirby Wiske, North Yorkshire
 Cold Kirby, North Yorkshire
 Horton Kirby, Kent
 Monks Kirby, Warwickshire
 West Kirby, Merseyside
 see also: Places named Kirkby

United States 
 Kirby, Arizona
 Kirby, Arkansas
 Kirby, Georgia
 Kirby, Indiana
 Kirby, Ohio
 Kirby, Oklahoma
 Kirby, Pennsylvania
 Kirby, Texas
 Kirby, Vermont
 Kirby, West Virginia
 Kirby, Wyoming
 Upper Kirby, a commercial district in Houston, Texas

Canada 
 Kirby, Ontario
 York Regional Road 29, a regional road in Ontario, in which its western segment is called Kirby Road

People 
 Kirby (surname), people with the surname Kirby.
 Kirby (given name), people with the given name Kirby

Also
 List of people with the surname Kirkby
 Christopher Hatton, 1st Baron Hatton of Kirby (c. 1605-1670), English politician
 Christopher Hatton, 2nd Baron Hatton of Kirby (1632-1706), English politician

Buildings, institutions or facilities 
 Kirby Castle, a castle in Kirby Muxloe, Leicestershire, England
 Kirby Hall, an Elizabethan country house located near Corby, Northamptonshire, England
 Kirby Sports Center, a sports arena in Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
 Kirby's Mill, a flour mill located in Medford, New Jersey, USA
 Kirby College of Further Education, now part of Middlesbrough College, North Yorkshire, England
 Kirby Cross railway station, Essex, England
 Kirby Lake Airport, Alberta, Canada
 Kirby Park railway station, a defunct railway station in West Kirby, Merseyside, England

Other uses

Comics 
 Kirby Award, an award presented from 1985-1987 for achievements in comic books
 Kirby dots, an artistic convention in comic books
 Rip Kirby, fictional comic strip character created by Alex Raymond

Law 
 United States v. Kirby, an 1868 US Supreme Court case regarding statutory construction
 United States v. Kirby Lumber Co., a 1931 US Supreme Court case regarding taxation
 R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia, a 1956 Australian High Court case regarding the judicial power of the Commonwealth

Mathematics 
 Kirby calculus
 Kirby-Siebenmann class
 Freedman-Kirby theorem

Miscellaneous 
 Kirby Company, the manufacturer of Kirby vacuum cleaners
 Kirby 23, a sailboat designed by Bruce Kirby and produced in the mid-1980s
 Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing, a medical test
 Kirby wire, a pendulum-based flying system for stage performers
 A fish hook of evenly curved pattern
 Kirby is the name of the vacuum in The Brave Little Toaster

Games 
 Kirby (character), a popular Nintendo video game character
 Kirby (series), the video game series named after the character
 List of Kirby media
 Kirby: Right Back At Ya!, a TV series based on the famous video game character

References
Alfred Wilhelm Franz Maria Hugenberg (19 June 1865 in Hanover - 12 March 1951 in Kükenbruch) was a German businessman and politician. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet in 1933. In 1933, he was the minister of food in Germany.

Hugenberg was heading the German National People's Party (DNVP). During the period of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany he was a member of the Reichstag.

1865 births
1951 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from Hanover
Politicians from Lower Saxony
Führer is the German word for leader. The word Führer is most often used to name Adolf Hitler. Hitler was the German Chancellor during the Third Reich. After the death of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler declared the office of President vacant and made himself Führer (both Head of State and Head of Government). He used the word Führer for his title Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Reich Chancellor).

Nazi Germany
Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht (22 January 1877 in Tingleff – 3 June 1970 in München) was a German politician and minister for economics during the time of the Third Reich. In the Weimar Republic he was the president of the Reichsbank. He was also one of the 24 defendants at the Nuremberg Trials.

His middle names come from the American politician Horace Greeley.

1877 births
1970 deaths
Bankers
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Weimar Republic
Walther Emanuel Funk (18 August 1890 in Trakehnen - 31 May 1960 in Düsseldorf) was a German journalist. During the time of the Third Reich he was a minister for economics and the president of the Reichsbank.

Funk was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sent to prison for life, but was set free in 1958.

1890 births
1960 deaths
Bankers
German journalists
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Wilhelm Bodewin Gustav Keitel (22 September 1882 in Helmscherode – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German field marshal between 1938 and 1945 the chief of the "Oberkommando der Wehrmacht". He was one of the 24 accused of the Nuremberg Trials and hanged in 1946.

1882 births
1945 deaths
Executed German people
German generals of World War II
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People executed by hanging
Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach (9 February   1875 in Wahn am Rhein - 25 August 1943 in Linz am Rhein) was minister of mail and minister of transport.

1875 births
1943 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
German nobility
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
People from Cologne
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Richard Walther Darré (born as Ricardo Walther Oscar Darré, 14 July 1895 in Belgrano, Buenos Aires - 5 September 1953 in Munich) was a leader of the German SS. He was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler. From 1933 to 1942, he was the minister of food and agriculture.

1895 births
1953 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from Buenos Aires
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
Bernhard Rust (30 September 1883 in Hanover – 8 May 1945 in Berne, Lower Saxony) the German minister of education, science and national culture, between 1934 and 1945. He was also a member of the Hitler Cabinet during the Third Reich.

References

1883 births
1945 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Nazis who committed suicide
People from Hanover
Politicians from Lower Saxony
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Politicians who committed suicide
Suicides in Germany
Fritz Todt (4 September 1891 in Pforzheim – 8 February 1942 in Kętrzyn) was a German ingeneur and was responsible for the German roadworks. He was a leader of the SA. In 1940, he became the minister for munitions and armaments. Todt was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler.

References 

1891 births
1942 deaths
German engineers
German generals of World War II
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (19 March 1905 in Mannheim, Germany – 1 September 1981 in London, England) was a leading German architect in the Third Reich. Speer was born in Mannheim, Baden. Adolf Hitler's chief architect before he became the minister for munitions and armaments in 1942. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet. After World War II he was convicted of slavery and spent 20 years in prison.  

Speer died of a stroke. His son, Albert Speer Jr. was also an architect.

1905 births
1981 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in London
Deaths from stroke
German architects
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People from Mannheim
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
German Protestants
Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (12 January 1893 in Tallinn – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German political philosopher from Baltic German origin.

Life
He was an intellectual member of the NSDAP, and also a member of the Cabinet Hitler. He was one of the major developers of the racist theories of the Nazis. His most important work was Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts (English: The Myth of the Twentieth Century, published in 1930), which became a standard for Nazi Germany.

During the war he was minister for Eastern Europe affairs.

Rosenberg was one of the 24 accused of the Nuremberg Trials and because of war crimes sentenced to death. In October 1946 he was hanged. At the Nuremberg Trials it appeared that none of the accused had read his above mentioned book.

1893 births
1946 deaths
20th-century German philosophers
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
19th-century German philosophers
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People executed by hanging
People from Tallinn
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Hans Heinrich Lammers (27 May 1879 in Lubliniec – 4 January 1962 in Düsseldorf) was a German politician. He was a member of Hitler's Cabinet. He was also a SS-Obergruppenführer. 

After the war he got a sentence of 20 years imprisonment because of war crimes.

In World War I, he got the Iron Cross.

1879 births
1962 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 in Halberstadt – 2 May 1945 in Berlin) was a German politician and member of the Nazi Party. He was the private secretary of Adolf Hitler. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet.

In 1923, he took part in the Munich putsch. At this time, he became one of Hitler's closet advisors. Because he took part in a murder, he was convicted to one year in prison in 1924 by the German Staatsgerichtshof. In May 1941, he became a Reichsminister. This was because Rudolf Hess' flight to Scotland. In 1943, he became Hitler's private secretary. At the Nuremberg Trials, Bormann was convicted to death in 1946. This happened while he was not there.

References

Other websites 

  
  

1900 births
1945 deaths
German atheists
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Nazis who committed suicide
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Politicians who committed suicide
SS officers
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Maximum Ride is a young adult science fiction/fantasy series written by the award-winning American author, James Patterson, starting from April 19, 2005 and continuing to the present. Right now, there are six titles in the series: 
 The Angel Experiment
 School's Out - Forever
 Saving the World and Other Extreme Sports
 The Final Warning
 Max: A Maximum Ride Novel
 Fang: A Maximum Ride Novel
Each of the novels in the series has reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list.

The series focuses on six kids who are 98% human and 2% avian, Max, Fang, Iggy, Nudge, Gasman and Angel (also known as the Flock) who must escape from evil mad scientists from "The School". They are being hunted down by Erasers who are a human-wolf mix. The Flock work towards protecting the world from being ruled by strange figures, who have also shown an interest in their capture.

In January 2007 it was announced that a movie based on the Maximum Ride series would be made. The producer of it was Avi Arad, one of the producers of Spider-Man, X-Men and other Marvel movies. In an interview with James Patterson, it was told Arad had already planned out the first movie based on the series. On August 7, 2008, it was announced that Columbia Pictures bought the screen rights to the franchise, and that Don Payne would write the screenplay. The first Maximum Ride movie released in 2016.  However, when they were making the film in 2016, the writers of its screenplay were changed to Angelique Hanus and Jesse Spears.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Maximum Ride at James Patterson.com

Series of books
Fiction books
Juan Carlos I (born 5 January 1938) reigned as King of Spain from 1975 to 2014. 

His name came from his father (Juan de Borbón), his grandfather (Alfonso XIII) and his mother's father's name (Prince Carlo of the Two Sicilies). 

Juan Carlos was born on 5 January 1938 at Rome, He is eldest son of Juan Count of Barcelona and his countess María de las Mercedes of the Two Sicilies, He had two sisters and one brother.  

Juan Carlos has study at Spainish Navy School and Spanish Air Force School in 1960-61. He studied Law, International political economy and Public finance at the University of Madrid. He then went to live in the Palace of Zarzuela and began carrying out official engagements.  

On 22 November 1975, two days after the death of Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos became king. Franco had picked him and prepared him for the job. In 1969 it had been thirty years since the last king.  King Juan Carlos helped change Spain from a dictatorship into a parliamentary democracy. In 2008 he was voted the most popular leader in all Ibero-America.

Juan Carlos' wife Queen Sofía of Spain is his third cousin, She is the sister of ex-King Constantine II of Greece, Juan and Queen Sofia of Greece have three children together, Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo , Infanta Cristina of Spain and Felipe VI of Spain

On 2 June 2014, Juan Carlos announced that he would abdicate in favour of his son, Felipe VI.  The abdication and handover to Felipe occurred on 19 June 2014.  He and his wife kept their titles.

On 24 August 2019 he had heart surgery.

On 3 August 2020, he went into voluntary exile following a financial scandal over some illegal deals he did with Saudi Arabia. He now lives in the United Arab Emirates.

References

Titles and styles 

 5 January 1938 – 21 July 1969: His Royal Highness The Infante Juan Carlos of Spain
 15 January 1941 – 22 November 1975: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias
 21 July 1969 – 22 November 1975: His Royal Highness The Prince of Spain
 22 November 1975 – 18 June 2014: His Majesty The King of Spain
 18 June 2014 – : His Majesty King Juan Carlos I of Spain

1938 births
Living people
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Spain
People from Rome
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Doutzen Kroes (Pronounced Dow-tsen Croos) (born 23 January 1985 in Eastermar, Friesland) is a Dutch-Frisian model who has become internationally famous. In the Netherlands she is not only famous as a model, but also for her support for the Frisian language which is her first language. She is married and has two children.

Life
After she had finished school Doutzen sent a few holiday photos to a model agency Paparazzi in Amsterdam. She hoped she would be able to earn a little extra money. To her amazement she was so successful that in two years she had become a top model.

In 2005, Kroes was selected as "Model of The Year" on Vogue.com by readers and was featured as a supermodel on the cover of the May 2007 issue. Along with several of these models, she appeared in the 2008 Pirelli calendar.

Doutzen appears in shows for Versace and Dolce & Gabbana and has a contract with the cosmetic firm L'Oréal. This contract made her the highest paid Dutch model ever. In November 2007 she became one of Victoria's Secret angels. 

Doutzen’s first language is Frisian. She is very active in the campaign "Praat mar Frysk" ("Let’s speak Frisian") which helps to make the Frisian language popular. She earned a Frisian Press Prize for this work in December 2007.

In 2007 she was the 13th highest paid model in the world, having earned 3,8 million euro.

On 28 April 2008, Madame Tussauds added a wax model of Doutzen to the exhibition. The skirt she is wearing is said to be her favourite skirt. It is designed by Roberto Cavalli.

Doutzen spends most of her time in her apartment in New York.

In 2010 she married Sunnery James a DJ. Their first child, Phyllon, was born in January 2011. Their second child, a girl, was born in 2014.

References

Other websites 
 Profile at YES Model Management 

1985 births
Living people
Dutch models
People from Friesland
A sweatshop is a place where people work, that is very crowded, where the work is very hard and the place is not safe to work in. Many sweatshops are in poor countries but sweatshops are also found in rich countries, where they often have people who are new to the country working in them, or people who are not legal residents. The amount of money people are paid in sweatshops is lower than the amount paid to workers in a richer country, but is often higher than the worker would earn in their old jobs on farms, or working in manual labour.  Children may also work in sweatshops. People in sweatshops often make clothes and shoes. Awareness wristbands for charities have also been made by sweatshops.

Related terms 

 Assembly line
 Body Shops
 Child labour
 Contingent work
 Corporate abuse
 Economic development
 Emerging markets
 Exploitation
 Export processing zone
 Game sweatshop
 Globalization
 Maquiladora
 Precarity
 Race to the bottom
 SA8000 — Social Accountability Certification Scheme for Manufacturing Industry
 Slavery
 Sweating system
 Trafficking in human beings
 Union Organizer

Organizations working on the problem of sweatshops 
 Clean Clothes Campaign 
 International Labor Rights Fund
 International Labour Organization 
 National Labor Committee  
 Co-op America 
 Students & Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior
 United Students Against Sweatshops 
 Woo Harry
 Free the Children

References

Notes

Other websites

Activism 
SweatFree Communities– Local Action Against Sweatshops
United Students Against Sweatshops
National Labor Committee 
Story about Adidas sweatshops

Shopping 
Responsible Shopper Company Profiles
"Shop with a Conscience" Consumer Guide

More reading 
Discussion about the pros and cons of sweatshops (video) 
Fair Labor Standards Act
National Bureau for Economic Research paper: The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Working Conditions in Developing Countries
Matt Zwolinski on the definition, history, and morality of sweatshops
Academic Paper: "Sweatshops, Choice, and Exploitation"
Two Cheers for Sweatshops - New York Times, by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn
The Campus Sweatshop Movement - American Prospect
"Foreign owned businesses in Vietnam aren't sweatshops"  
Triangle Fire: Photographs from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Immaculata High School Child Slave Labor News 
Article on worker takeover of sweatshop in El Salvador
Economist John Miller on sweatshops  in Dollars & Sense
Paradise Lost: sweatshop labor on the U.S. island of Saipan  - Ms. magazine
Rackets, muggings hit social networking sites: Online currency opens channels for money laundering - ComputerWorld
Fashion Victims  - War on Want

Manufacturing
Labor
Clothing
Clothing controversies
The Pirelli Calendar is a calendar (publication showing dates for the year) published by Pirelli company's UK subsidiary.

It started in 1964 and is now very famous because only a few calendars are published each year, and these are given to important people (VIPs) and Pirelli customers.  The calendars have photographs of female models including nudes.

After 1974 publication of the calendar was stopped because there was not enough money after the oil crisis.  Ten years later it was started again and has been published regularly ever since.  Many famous models have been photographed for the calendar including: Sienna Miller, Naomi Campbell, Gisele Bündchen, Sonny Freeman Drane, Kate Moss, Cindy Crawford, Selma Blair, Lauren Bush, Elsa Benitez, Laetitia Casta, Rachael Leigh Cook, Milla Jovovich, Doutzen Kroes, Heidi Klum, Sophia Loren, Penélope Cruz, Brittany Murphy,  Amy Smart, Julia Stiles, Karolina Kurkova, Caroline Trentini, Raica Oliveira, Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Bridget Moynahan, Shannyn Sossamon, Mena Suvari, Monet Mazur, Aurelie Claudel, Fernanda Tavares, Isabeli Fontana, Frankie Rayder, Angela Lindvall, Hilary Swank and Yamila Díaz.

Other websites 
Official Pirelli Calendar Site with Image Archives

Calendars