cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Let Go is singer Avril Lavigne's first album. It was released on June 04, 2002. It has sold 16 million copies, making it Lavigne's best-selling album so far.

Track listing

Original Edition
"Losing Grip" (Avril Lavigne/Clif Magness) – 3:53
"Complicated" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:03
"Sk8er Boi" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:23
"I'm with You" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:42
"Mobile" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:31
"Unwanted"  (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:40
"Tomorrow" (Lavigne/Curtis Frasca/Sabelle Breer) – 3:48
"Anything but Ordinary" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:10
"Things I'll Never Say" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:43
"My World" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:26
"Nobody's Fool" (Lavigne/Peter Zizzo) – 3:56
"Too Much to Ask" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:44
"Naked" (Lavigne/Frasca/Breer) – 3:28

Japan Tour Special Limited Version (with a bonus DVD)

 "Why" – 4:00
 "Complicated" (Video)
 "Sk8er Boi" (Video)
 "I'm with You" (Video)
 "Day in the Life" (NYC Epk)

Tour Edition

 "Get Over It" ("Sk8er Boi" B-side)
 "Why" ("Complicated" B-side)
 "Unwanted" (Live)
 "I'm with You" (Live)
 "Nobody's Fool" (Live)

Standard AU CD Enhanced Media Content
Bio
Video: "Complicated" - 4:12
EPK - 5:55
Bonus track: "I Don't Give"
Lyrics (plays song in background)
"Complicated"
"Sk8er Boi"
"Mobile"
"Unwanted"

References 

2002 albums
Avril Lavigne albums
Debut albums
Pop rock albums
Anshan (or Anzan, , modern: Tal-i Malyan) was an ancient town in what was then Elam empire (today's Iran) in the province Fars. The oldest settlement may have been as early as 5500 BC.

History 
Anshan was later ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty and became one of the primary cities of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Persian prince Teispes (675-640 BC) conquered the city and called himself "king of the city of Anshan"

Anshan is a big archaeological place today containing around 200 hectares. Excavations (digs) carried out by the University of Pennsylvania took place in 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.

Cities in Iran
Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? (known as Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!) is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld. It was released in 2006. It is one of the best-selling DS games. A second game: More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain?, was released in 2007.

Gameplay
Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? uses educational puzzles that are math, word games, memorization games, and other kinds of games. The point of the game is to keep the player's brain young using these educational puzzles. The player is supposed to try and keep their brain at 20, which the game says is the perfect age. It's based on a book by Ryuta Kawashima. The DS is held like a book on its side with the top screen on the left and the bottom screen on the right (opposite for lefties).

Brain Age Check
The Brain Age Check lets the player check how old he or she is by doing puzzles.

Training
The Training mode lets the player play most of the puzzles without doing a Brain Age Check.

Sudoku
The Sudoku mode was added to the non-Japanese versions of the game since it was so popular.

Reception
Brain Age was a popular game, and sold more than 3 million in Japan, 1 million in the United States, and 2 million in PAL regions.

2005 video games
2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Virtual Console games
Puzzle video games
The Halifax explosion took place on December 6, 1917 when the SS Mont-Blanc, a French cargo ship loaded with explosives collided with the SS Imo, a Norwegian ship in the harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1,782 people were killed and over 9,000 people were injured. This was the largest man-made explosion in history until July 1945 when the first atomic bomb blew up. It is still the largest accidental explosion in history.

References

Other websites

CBC website about the Halifax Explosion 

1917 in North America
1910s in Canada
December events
Disasters in Canada
Disasters in the 20th century
Explosions in North America
Explosion
The Kassite dynasty was ruled by the Kassites. They were an obscure mountain tribe who came to power in Babylon after the collapse of the First Dynasty of Babylon in 1595 BC following a Hittite sack of the city, and became rulers of northern Babylonia.

The Kassites 
The Kassites (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains. Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).

In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750). Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured in 1750 BC.

The Kassite dynasty dominated Mesopotamia from the 16th to the 12th century BC.

Importance of this empire 
By turning southern Mesopotamia into a state, instead of a group of temple-cities, the Kassites made Babylonia an international power. They ruled Babylonia almost without interruption for about four hundred years — the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history.

Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam and the Hittites. The Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities. Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt (a source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the tools of trade, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of today's Turkey.

The Kassite kings set up a network of provinces administered by governors. Nippur, a formerly great city, had been virtually abandoned. It was rebuilt in the Kassite period, and became the most important provincial center. Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king. Some 13th century BC Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves.

The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he died. However, Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan long after the Kassite state collapsed.

References

Other websites 
Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum" 

Eurasian nomads
History of Iran
History of Iraq
Mesopotamia
Royal dynasties
Rhythm Tengoku Gold is a music video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It is the sequel to Rhythm Tengoku.

Gameplay 

Rhythm Heaven only uses the touch screen on the DS to play the stages. In the stages, the player has to do what the game wants him or her to, like in a level where the player has a song in the background, and has to fill robots with a liquid to send it off. The robot goes on a conveyer belt, and the player has to drop the nozzle to the beat of the music and try to get it to land on its head. Then, the player has to hold it there until the robot fills up and flies away. If the player does it right, he or she gets a perfect hit. If the player overfills, underfills, or barely misses, it's a half-hit. If the player misses completely, it's a miss. At the end, the player is ranked, either getting a Perfect Level, Mediocre, or a Miss. The touch screen can do a lot of stuff, like a "flick" motion where the player flicks in a direction with the stylus or just touch the screen. The first stage has the player flicking a screw using a spring to the beat of the music. At the right moment, the player has to flick the screw into two squares as they roll down the level at the right time to make them come together. 

There's a mode called Guitar Lessons that's like the Drum Lessons in Rhythm Tengoku.

Music 
Like in Rhythm Tengoku, Tsunku made the music for this game. A soundtrack released on October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and Rhythm Tengoku, which came before this game.

2008 video games
Music video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseball's first all-professional team. The team is in Cincinnati, Ohio.   The Cincinnati Base Ball Club started in 1866 and played teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867 to 1870. In 1969, Major League Baseball played those events officially by starting professional baseball.

The Red Stockings established styles in team uniforms and team nicknames that have some currency even in the 21st century. They also have a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati (and serve as the use of "Red Sox" in Boston as well).

Other websites 

1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Club
19c Base Ball

Major League Baseball teams
Sports in Cincinnati, Ohio
Phở  is a traditional Vietnamese rice-noodle soup dish. It is served in a cup of tea. It has white rice noodles in beef broth with thin cuts of beef, vegetable, and spice such as chili or chili sauce. Sometimes, frog legs, shark intestines, snake heads, tendon, tripe, meatballs, chicken leg, chicken breast, or other organs (heart, liver, etc.) are also available. Pho that is cooked with chicken instead of beef is called phở gà.

Phở is a very popular food in Vietnam. It was brought to many other countries when Vietnamese immigrants and refugees moved to those places.

Making phở

Noodles 
A special kind of noodle called bánh phở that is made from rice is used to make phở. It is flat and white.

Broth 
The broth is usually made from beef bones. Meat can also be used to make the broth. Also there are many spices (ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, star anise, clove) that are boiled too to make the broth.

Vegetables 
Onions, basil, chilis, and other vegetables can be added.

Sauces 
Sriracha (chili) sauce and hoisin sauce can be added to the phở. Some people also like to squeeze lime juice into their phở.

Other websites 

 Lam, Andrew. "Pho," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 2, 1999 Surprising locations to find pho
 Norris, Michele. "From Pho to Fast Food, an Immigrant's Tale," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, February 6, 2007 Biography of Bich Minh Nguyen
 Prakash, Snigdha. "Pho Sells," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 3, 2002. Campbell soup markets pho
 Sullivan, Michael. "Vietnamese Pho Chain Takes on U.S. Competition," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 20, 2007. Introduction of chain restaurant in the USA

Noodles
Soups
Vietnamese food
An ASBO, or an Antisocial behaviour order, is a British legal term for an order that is sometimes served on people who often behave badly and have many complaints made against them because of their behaviour. The order is designed to stop them from being anti-social, which means causing distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act. 1998. ASBO's were ended and replaced with "Injunctions" in 2015

Some types of anti-social behaviour are:
Hurting people
Damaging things/Graffiti
Using bad words, sometimes directed at minorities
Dropping rubbish
Hanging around
Being very drunk
Dealing drugs
Stealing
Being noisy
Scaring and threatening people (attempting to produce fear)
Starting fires
Spitting
Streaking
Going places where you're not allowed to go

An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places. For instance, it might ban a person from gathering with certain friends in the park after 8 o'clock if that group of people have previously caused trouble together.

There is also something called an ABC, which stands for an Acceptable Behaviour Contract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice". It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.

Sometimes the ASBO can seem quite unusual when it is used to stop certain people from doing things, for example:
Wearing a hat anywhere in England and Wales
Sitting on the top deck of a bus
Saying the words grass and cripple
Wearing one golf glove
Playing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?", stomping and dropping objects
Being sarcastic
Attending meetings that deal with anti-social behaviour

References 

Law
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Kochi is a city in the state of Kerala, in India. It used to be called Cochin. It is also called the "Queen of the Arabian Sea". The city has the second-highest population after the capital city of Kerala, Trivandrum. Kochi is the financial and commercial hub of the state. Kochi has a very old synagogue. It is usually called by the name Ernakulam, which is the mainland part of the city. Most regions in Kochi are at sea level. It has a coastline of almost . Kochi is the seat of the High Court of Kerala.Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward, and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era. Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India. It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British, with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala.The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine. Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50% of the world GDP by the year 2025, in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute. In July 2018, Kochi was ranked the topmost emerging future megacity in India by global professional services firm JLL.

Cities in India
Cities in Kerala
A frugivore is an animal that prefers to eat fruit.

Plant and frugivore relationship 
The fruit is part of a plant's sexual reproduction cycle. Plants spend a lot of energy and nutrients in creating fruit. Fruit is produced to attract animals into eating the fruit. The animal digests the pulp but not the seeds, ensuring the plant's genes are spread wherever the animal goes. Seeds can also be germinated by falling near the mother plant. Some seeds must pass through the digestive system (the stomach and intestines) before they can germinate.

Frugivores have also evolved in different ways to eat different fruit; some use teeth, others long beaks or short beaks.

Examples of frugivores 
Many birds eat both fruits and insects which makes them omnivores. Mammals may eat both fruits and protein, or eat mostly fruit or nectar, such as many bats. One primate group is essentially herbivore/frugivore, the Owl Monkeys. They live in a non-seasonal area of the Amazon that supports a constant supply of fruiting trees. Elsewhere, an exclusively frugivore diet is impossible and is supplemented by insects or rougher plant matter. Some people say that humans are frugivores; this is unlikely given the evolution of man in the dry tropical region of the Rift Valley. However, the climate in the Rift valley at the time of our evolution was likely a tropical rainforest. That said, almost all primates and even carnivores will travel great distances to feast when a fruit tree has dropped its ripened fruit. Many species will remember the exact fruiting date and location of a fruiting tree which highlights fruits great nutritional benefit. Some people promote a frugivore diet for humans.

Further reading 
 Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (editors) 2002. Seed dispersal and frugivory : ecology, evolution, and conservation New York : CABI Pub. 511 p.

Other websites 
View on diet and health at NHE Self-Health Care Systems: Biological Adaptations

Animals
The Italian language is the third most spoken language (after Croatian and Serbian) in the Republic of Croatia today. It is an officially recognized minority language in Istria County (where it is spoken by 7.69% of the population).

Speaker Population
The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians in the country (some .44% of the total population). Ethnologue reported 70,000 speakers in 1998: 40,000 ethnic Italians and 30,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people. Native Italian speakers are largely concentrated along the Adriatic coast. In addition, roughly 120,000 Italian tourists visit Croatia each year, so many in the service and tourist industries have some knowledge of the language.As the 3/4 of the Italian community is concentrated in Istria, according to Ethnologue's estimates ( 70.000 ),  at least 20% of the population of Istria is Italian mother tongue, although many simply declare themselves as  Istrian.

Historically, the language had a much larger population than it does now. Italians have lived on the Adriatic coast for hundreds of years, and Istria was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1919 until 1947. However the Istrian exodus after the Second World War and Yugoslavian ethnic cleansing in the form of the Foibe massacres forced the greater part of the Istrian Italians to flee to Italy.
During the Italian exodu, about 350000 people left Istria, Dalmatia and the isles of Croatia.

Italian in Use
Government services are provided in Italian and Croatian in Istria County, including the official government website (which is also available in English). There are four Italian-language schools in Istria: primary schools in Buje (Buie) and Novigrad (Cittanova) and secondary schools in Pula (Pola) and Rovinj (Rovigno).

Related pages 
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
 List of Italian place names in Dalmatia

References
Ethnologue Report for Italian
Region of Istria Official Website
Republic of Croatia Central Bureau of Statistics

Croatia
Objectivism is a philosophy that was started by Ayn Rand. It has four main ideas:

1. Everything that exists has an identity. This identity does not depend on how people think about it or talk about it. This is also true for things like feelings or ideas. It says that a thing is the thing which it is, or "A is A." What people learn about the things that exist comes both from the identity of the things themselves and from the way that people observe (see) and think about what they have observed.

2. Reason is how a person knows that what he thinks or believes is true. A person cannot make something true just by wanting it to be true or by mysticism. Only rational, logical thinking can produce the best outcome. This means recognizing that a thing is the thing it is, and to not confuse it with things which it is not.

3. It is good to be happy, and it is good for a person to try to be happy. People should always try to improve their lives and be happy in the long term, so that they are happy now and in the future. People should not hurt others to try to be happy, but they also should not hurt themselves to try to make other people happy. People should also not make themselves less happy to help something like God. Ayn Rand called this "rational self-interest".

4. If governments or criminals take things away from people, or try to make people do things they do not want to do, it does damage to everybody. Ayn Rand thought that governments should only be able to protect people from violence, theft, fraud, and other actions that go against people's rights. This includes laissez-faire capitalism and is sometimes called libertarianism.

She first told people these ideas in her novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. She talked about them more in The Objectivist Newsletter, The Objectivist, The Ayn Rand Letter, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology and The Virtue of Selfishness.

Philosophical movements and positions
Dalmatia is a region of the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic Sea. It mostly belongs to Croatia. It goes from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor (in Montenegro) in the southeast.

Related pages
Dalmatian Italians
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
Italian language in Croatia
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
Venice and Dalmatia

References
Virtualization (or Virtualisation) is a word used in computing. Virtualization means that the users (programs, or real people) only see an abstraction of a computer resource. Virtualization can be done in software, or with hardware. 
 RAID. RAID is used to virtualize computer storage. A RAID system appears as one "disk". The fact that it is made of several disks that work together is hidden. 
 Virtual memory makes it possible to use more memory than is physically in the computer. The computer figures out a way to write contents of certain memory blocks to disk.
Storage virtualization takes the ideas developed by RAID further. This is what Storage area networks commonly use. All the storage appears as a single big disk. Certain administrators can specify that this large disk is made of "data pools" (which are also virtual). The disk pools are made of single physical disks (or RAID arrays). 
Some computers (mostly mainframes) allow to run several operating systems at the same time. Each operating system believes it is the only one running.
Data virtualization is used by businesses to put together data from a few sources in one place. This helps applications, reporting tools and end users to access data with no need in details about the source structure, location and original data.

References

Computing
The chukar (Alectoris chukar) is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. Other common names of this bird include 'Chukker' (sometimes misspelled as 'Chuker'), 'Chukar Partridge', 'Red-legged Partridge', 'Rock Partridge', 'Indian Hill Partridge', 'Chukka', 'Chukkar', 'Chukor', 'Chukore', 'Chikone', 'Kabk', 'Kau-Kau', and 'Keklik'. The Chukar is the National bird of Pakistan respectively..

Distribution
This partridge has its native range in Asia from Pakistan and Kashmir, and Afghanistan in the east to southeastern Europe in the west, and is closely related and similar to its western equivalent, the Red-legged Partridge, Alectoris rufa. It has been introduced widely, and became established in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Hawaii. In Great Britain, hybrids between this species and the also introduced Red-legged Partridge are common.

Notes

References 

Phasianidae
National symbols of Pakistan
Birds of Pakistan
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
Soral is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Official Website 

Municipalities of Geneva
Get Smart was a television series that was shown on NBC from September 18, 1965 to April 12, 1969. It was then shown on CBS from September 26, 1969, to September 11, 1970. It made fun of the secret agent genre. It starred Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as the chief. Max Smart worked for a secret organization called CONTROL. Their enemy was KOAS. In 1980, a movie The Nude Bomb was released in theaters. In 1989, a television movie was shown called, Get Smart, Again!. Because of the good success of the movie, FOX created a new TV series called Get Smart, which featured Don Adams as Max Smart, now chief of CONTROL. A movie based on the series was released on June 20, 2008. It starred Steve Carell as Max Smart, Anne Hathaway as Agent 99 and Alan Arkin as the chief.  Roger Ebert gave it good reviews.

Other websites 
 
 The Get Smart Wiki

1960s television series
1965 television series debuts
1970 television series endings
Fox television series
NBC network shows
CBS network shows
Spy television series
1960s American television series
English-language television programs
The following list contains some of the most notable symbols in mathematics. Please note that these symbols may have alternate meanings in different contexts.

Related pages 

 Mathematical constant

Other websites 

 Mathematical Symbols — Math Vault
 Math Symbols List — RapidTables

Symbols
Symbols
Mathematical notation
The Jonas Brothers were an American Christian Pop band from Wyckoff, New Jersey. It is made up of three brothers: Kevin Jonas, Joe, and Nick Jonas. They released four albums before disbanding: It's About Time in 2006, Jonas Brothers in 2007, A Little Bit Longer in 2008, and Lines, Vines and Trying Times in 2009.

The band reunited in 2019, releasing the song "Sucker" as the lead single from their new album, Happiness Begins.  Happiness Begins entered at number one on the Billboard 200. "Sucker" became their first chart-topper.

Albums 
 It's About Time (2006)
 Jonas Brothers (2007)
 A Little Bit Longer (2008)
 Lines, Vines and Trying Times (2009)
 Happiness Begins (2019)

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 RIAA Certification Database 

2005 establishments in the United States
2013 disestablishments in the United States
American boy bands
American pop music groups
Disney actors
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical trios
2000s establishments in New Jersey
2010s disestablishments in New Jersey
2019 in entertainment
Artificial turf, or synthetic turf, is a man-made (something made by humans) surface made from synthetic materials, made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that are normally played on grass. However, it is also used on lawns and in commercial applications. The main advantage of artificial turf is low cost of maintenance as there is no need to water it and trim it. Disadvantages include toxicity, limited lifetime, and the requirement for cleaning. Artificial turf is extremely popular in sporting industry - especially in US and regions where weather or heavy use makes it difficult to sustain high quality live turf.

Artificial grass was first used in 1966 when it was installed in the Houston Astrodome, the world’s first domed indoor multipurpose sports stadium. During the stadium’s inaugural season in 1965 its real grass failed to grow. By the second half of the season the field conditions were so bad that they installed artificial grass, called "Astroturf".

Environmental issues 
There are several environmental concerns associated with artificial turf including loss of wildlife habitat, contaminated runoff, and migration of synthetic materials. Contaminants that are harmful to aquatic life, such as zinc, have been found in storm water runoff from artificial turf. Both infill particles and broken synthetic grass fibers can migrate away from yards or playing fields, contributing to microplastic pollution.

References

Other websites 
Rubber pollution in a domestic environment . This article looks at how rubber crumb affects the environment.
List of the major synthetic turf benefits 

Sports
Newgrange is a Megalithic Passage Tomb at Newgrange, County Meath, Republic of Ireland. It was built about 3200 BC. The kidney shaped mound covers an area of over one acre and is surrounded by 97 kerbstones, some of which are decorated with megalithic art. The 19 metre long inner passage leads to a cruciform chamber with a corbelled roof. It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.

The passage and chamber of Newgrange are lit up by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn on the Winter Solstice and for a few mornings either side of the Winter Solstice.

Admission to the Newgrange chamber for the Winter Solstice sunrise is by lottery, application forms are available at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. For the 2007 draw 28,106 applications were submitted. In September each year, 50 names are drawn with 2 places are awarded to each name drawn.

Megalithic mounds

Megalithic mounds such as Newgrange entered Irish mythology as sídhe or fairy mounds. Newgrange was said to be the home of Oenghus, the god of love. The Passage Tomb at Newgrange was re-discovered in 1699 by the removal of material for road building. A major excavation of Newgrange began in 1962; the original facade of sparkling white quartz was rebuilt using stone found at the site.

World heritage site

Newgrange has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and attracts 200,000 visitors per year. There is no direct access to the Passage Tomb at Newgrange, access is by guided tour from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre located close to the village of Donore, Co. Meath. The last tour of Newgrange is 90 minutes before closing time of the Visitor Centre.

Newgrange chamber

Images from inside the chamber at Newgrange including the tri-spiral design on orthostat C10 which is probably the most famous Irish Megalithic symbol. It is often referred to as a Celtic design, but it was carved at least 2500 years before the Celts reached Ireland. At 12 inches in diameter the tri-spiral design is quite small in size, less than one-third the size of the tri-spiral design on the entrance stone.

References

World Heritage Sites in Europe
County Meath
David Américo Ortiz Arias (born November 18, 1975 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic)  is a former Major League Baseball designated hitter who played for the Boston Red Sox. Ortiz used to play for the Minnesota Twins from -. Nicknamed "Big Papi" or "Señor Papi", Ortiz has played in four All-Star Games. He holds the Red Sox single-season record for home runs with 54, which he set during the 2006 season. He also won the 2010 Home Run DeCareer

Early career
Ortiz graduated from Estudia Espaillat High School in the Dominican Republic and
in  he was signed by the Seattle Mariners who listed him as "David Arias" (possibly not understanding Spanish naming customs). In 1996, the Mariners received Dave Hollins from the Minnesota Twins for a player to be named later.  Later that season, the Mariners announced that the player to be named later would be Arias.  When Ortiz arrived in Minnesota, he informed the team that he preferred to be listed as "David Ortiz." He made his major league debut in September of 1997. After moving up and down from the majors to the minors, Ortiz hit .272 with 20 home runs and 75 RBI in , when the Twins lost in the American League Championship Series to the eventual World Series champions Anaheim Angels.

Professional career
In 2003, Ortiz was traded to the Boston Red Sox.  He hit 31 home runs that season.  The Red Sox lost to the New York Yankees in the ALCS.  

Starting in 2004, however, Ortiz became known for his clutch hitting.  He hit two walk-off home runs in the postseason.  His first came when the Red Sox swept the Anaheim Angels in the American League Division Series.  He hit another walk-off home run in Game 4 of the ALCS against the Yankees.  And he also had a walk-off single in Game 5.  He was named ALCS MVP.  The Red Sox went on to win their first World Series since 1918.  They won two more World Series championships in 2007 and 2013.

In Game 2 of the 2013 ALCS against the Detroit Tigers, Ortiz hit a game-tying grand slam with two outs in the bottom of the eighth inning.

Ortiz retired after the 2016 season.  The Red Sox were swept by the Cleveland Indians in the ALDS that year.

2019 shooting
On June 9, 2019, Ortiz was shot in the Dominican Republic while at a club in Santo Domingo. Ortiz was "ambushed by a man who got off a motorcycle" and shot him in the back. He was hospitalized and underwent surgery.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

 Fan-driven, Red Sox social media site 
 Ten Questions for David Ortiz  on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)
 Stephan and Big Papi
 David Ortiz Interview 
 Stephan and Big Papi

1975 births
Living people
Boston Red Sox players
Dominican Republic sportspeople
Minnesota Twins players
Arjumand Banu Begum (also called Mumtaz Mahal) was the second wife of Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor. Mumtaz Mahal (meaning 'Jewel of the palace') was the nickname her husband gave to her.

Life  
Mumtaz Mahal was born in April 1593 in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jahan, the Mughal Empress wife of Jahangir.

Mumtaz betrothed (nikah) with shah jahan at the age of 14 in 1607 when Shah Jahan was 15, Shah Jahan, later married two other women.May 10, 1612 at the age of 19 the official marriage ceremony was held.

Marriage 

Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were married for 19 years. They had thirteen children together. 7 of the children died at birth or at a very young age. Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan and his army as he carried out military campaigns. Mumtaz Mahal supported Shah Jahan and they respected each other very much. Mumtaz Mahal died on June 17, 1631 in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum.

.

Death 
She had been with her husband as he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was kept at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad. A popular story says that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone else. The emperor promised immediately. Her body was buried in the Taj Mahal in Agra. It is also belived that Mumtaz Mahal died, aged 40, while giving birth to Gauhara Begum in Burhanpur, the cause of death being Postpartum hemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss after a painful labour of thirty hours. Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention and Shah Jahan, himself, was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.

Effects 
After she died, Shah Jahan went into mourning for 2 years. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, slowly brought him out of mourning and took the place of Mumtaz at court.

Indian people
1593 births
1631 deaths
An imam  (; ) is an Islamic leader, often the leader of a mosque and/or community. Similarly to spiritual leaders, the imam is the person who leads the prayer during Islamic gatherings. More often the community turn to the mosque imam, if they have an Islamic question. In smaller communities an imam could be the community leader based on the community setting.

Shia Islam uses the term differently. Shiites give the title to only the one true leader of all the faithful.

Other websites 

 Detailed description of the Shiite belief
 Graphical illustration of the Shia sects 
 List of Sunni Imams
 The Imam Movie

Islam
Religious occupations
Earthsea is a fictional place made by Ursula K. Le Guin for her short story "The Word of Unbinding" in 1964, but that became more famous in her book A Wizard of Earthsea, first written in 1968. The books that follow A Wizard of Earthsea are The Tombs of Atuan, The Farthest Shore, Tehanu, Tales from Earthsea and The Other Wind. These are all set in the world of Earthsea

Earthsea books
 A Wizard of Earthsea (1968)
 The Tombs of Atuan (1972)
 The Farthest Shore (1974)
 Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea (1990)
 Tales from Earthsea (2001)
 The Other Wind (2001)

Earthsea books
Dan Simmons (born April 4, 1948 in Peoria, Illinois) is an American writer. He is best known for his Hugo Award-winning series called the Hyperion Cantos, and for his Locus Award-winning Ilium/Olympos cycle. He writes in genres such as science fiction, horror and fantasy.

Books

Hyperion Cantos series
 Hyperion (1989) - Hugo Award 1990, Locus Award 1990 (Science Fiction)
 The Fall of Hyperion (1990)
 Endymion (1996)
 The Rise of Endymion (1997)

Ilium/Olympos cycle
 Ilium (2003) - Locus Award 2004
 Olympos (2005)

Writers from Illinois
Science fiction writers
Hugo Award winning writers
1948 births
Living people
People from Peoria, Illinois
In logic and philosophy, predicate logic is a system of mathematical logic. It uses predicates to express the state of certain things, which are "incomplete propositions" with a placeholder for objects or subjects that must be inserted in order to obtain a valid proposition. 

Predicate logic is different from propositional logic, in part because it has the concept of quantifiers. A quantifier is used in conjunction with a variable (say x) in order to talk about a general instance of x, and in doing so, this allows predicate logic to make statements about quantity.

The best-known quantifiers are the existential quantifier, represented by ∃, and the universal quantifier, represented by ∀. The existential quantifier is used to express statements of the form "there exists", and is true precisely when there is at least one mathematical object from the universe of discourse that matches the predicate or formula. On the other hand, the universal quantifier is used to express statements of the form "for all", and is true precisely when all possible mathematical objects of the universe of discourse match the specified predicate or formula.

In the notation of predicate logic, quantifiers directly precede (and thus introduce) variable names, which are then followed by other quantifiers or mathematical expressions, where the said variables are found. For example. one can use the expression  to mean "there is a person x such that for all persons y, y likes x" ("someone is liked by everyone.").

Examples 

can be read as: "There is at least one cat which is black, and which likes (one or more) dogs."

can be read as: "It is not true that every cat doesn't like any dog."

can be read as: "There does not exist a cat which is also a dog."

Related pages 
 First order logic
 Fuzzy logic
 Rule of inference

References 

Mathematics
The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, is a Turkic language that is spoken in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Azerbaijani is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Dagestan in Russia.

Azerbaijani is also spoken in Dagestan (a republic of Russia), south-eastern and eastern Georgia, north eastern Turkey and in some parts of Ukraine and in northwestern Iran. In Dagesten, there are over 30 different languages, and Russian is used as a lingua franca.

References 

Turkic languages
Languages of Azerbaijan
Languages of Iran
Languages of Russia
Languages of Asia
Languages of Europe
Language
The Bashkir language (Native name:  ) is a Turkic language. Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. A large number of speakers also live in Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, and Kurgan Oblasts.

Alphabet 
Like other languages of Russia, Bashkir uses an alphabet made up of Cyrillic letters. The Bashkir alphabet has 42 letters, made up of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 9 more letters for special Bashkir sounds. These 9 letters and their sounds are:
Ә ә /æ/
Ө ө /ø/
Ү ү [y]
Ғ ғ /ʁ/
Ҡ ҡ /q/
Ң ң /ŋ/
Ҙ ҙ /ð/
Ҫ ҫ /θ/
Һ һ /h/

Turkic languages
Languages of Russia
Od (also called Oad, Odki) is a language spoken mostly about the Sindh and in a few in southern Punjab. It may also be spoken in Rajasthan, Republic of India.

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Pakistan
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (, ; January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician. He was the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. 

He was educated at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States and Oxford University in the United Kingdom. Bhutto was executed by hanging in 1979 for ordering the murder of a political opponent. His execution was ordered by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Bhutto's supporters give him the honorific title Shaheed, the Urdu word for martyr. His name then becomes Shaheed-e-Azam Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ("The Great Martyr") or sometimes Quaid-e-Awam (The Leader the Community).

He was married to Nusrat Bhutto (née Ispahnie) from 1951 until his death. Their elder daughter, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), was also Prime Minister of Pakistan, twice. The couple had three other children: son Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996) daughter Sanam Bhutto (born 1957), and son Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985).

Other websites 
 Official web site of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

1928 births
1979 deaths
Pakistani people
People executed by hanging
Presidents of Pakistan
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Socialists
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Pothwar, Potwar or Potohar) () is a plateau in Punjab, Pakistan. The area was the home of the Soan Culture (a stone age culture), and there are many fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The local people speak a dialect of Punjabi, called Pothohari or 'Potwari'.

Landforms of Pakistan
Punjab (Pakistan)
Plateaus
Pahari (or Pahaari) is a word for a number of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range, not limited to a single country.  The word comes from 'pahar' meaning mountain. The word 'Pahaari' or 'Pahari' is an adjective in Hindi, Urdu, or Punjabi and it means 'of the mountain', so 'Pahari' means 'language of the mountain people'.

Pakistan, India and Nepal are all countries along which the Himalayas run, and in all three countries the word for mountain is Pahar this is due to the fact that Urdu, Nepali, Hindi and Punjabi are all related languages (they are all Indic languages of the Indo-European language family).  The Pahari language is also part of this group.  Travel in mountainous areas is difficult, so dialects close to each other can be very different.

Languages of Pakistan
Kashmir
Languages of India
Activision is an American video game company. It was the first third party in the industry's history. It was founded on October 1, 1979. On July 9, 2008, it merged with Vivendi to make a new company called Activision Blizzard. Activision is best known for Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, Call of Duty, and Guitar Hero.

References

American video game companies
1979 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Los Angeles
Will Wright (born on January 20, 1960 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American video game developer and is the co-founder of Maxis, now a part of Electronic Arts. He's most famous for SimCity, The Sims and Spore.  He is currently working on a new project, and has set up the "Stupid Fan Club".

References 

1960 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Atlanta, Georgia
Video game designers
Pikmin is a real-time strategy video game made by Nintendo for the GameCube game console. It was one of the launch titles made for the GameCube, and is one of the only games Shigeru Miyamoto designed in its generation. It's about a person called Captain Olimar who crash-lands on a planet and meets creatures called Pikmin, who he uses to protect himself and find his ship parts before he runs out of air.

Plot

Setting
The Pikmin Universe has many locations, including the Planet Hocotate where Olimar lives and works and a planet that resembles Earth, but from the perspective of an insect, because Olimar is actually smaller than a quarter. A level in Super Smash Bros. Brawl is based on this planet.

Summary
Captain Olimar is traveling in his spaceship called the Dolphin, when it suddenly gets smashed up and crashes on an unknown planet. He travels for a bit before he finds a creature called a Pikmin. He meets up with other Pikmin, and has to use them to gather up the pieces he lost from his ship before 30 days runs out, or the game will be over.

Gameplay
Captain Olimar control the Pikmin, and they can use them to pick up objects, reach other areas, and fight enemies. Pikmin are plucked out of the ground, and they live in a space ship called an onion when they are not being used. There can be up to 100 different Pikmin out of the onion, and there are three kinds of Pikmin - the Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, and Blue Pikmin. The Red Pikmin are stronger and can not be burnt, the Yellow Pikmin are lighter and can pick up bombs, and the Blue Pikmin can swim.

Music
Music from Pikmin was used in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, including "Ai no Uta" (in Japanese and French).

Reception
Pikmin got good reviews and is considered one of the best GameCube launch games. Reviewers liked its strategic gameplay, but a lot complained about the time limit, saying it made it harder to play the game outside of the main task.

Legacy
Because of Pikmin's popularity, Captain Olimar and his Pikmin appeared in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, along with other creatures and characters as trophies.

Sequels
Pikmin had a sequel called Pikmin 2 in 2004 for the GameCube as well. Another Pikmin game, Pikmin 3, was released on August 4, 2013 for the Wii U.

2001 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Pikmin series
Pikmin 2 is a real-time strategy video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It is the sequel to Pikmin. It's about Olimar and his friend Louie going back to the planet from Pikmin to find treasure to save his boss' company. Olimar and Louie control a hoard of Pikmin and give them commands, which include collecting objects, fighting enemies, and reaching near places.

Plot

Setting 
Captain Olimar, the star of the series, and Louie, his friend, have to go back to the planet Hocotate when the President of their company made them go there to find treasure to get the company out of debt. They met with the Pikmin that Olimar met in the first game, and they join forces to find these treasure, trying to battle through monsters and the environment.

Summary 
The Planet Hocotate has many locations types of locations, including a and resembles Earth, but from the perspective of an insect, because Olimar and Louie are actually smaller than a quarter. The levels have many objects from the real world, like a Duracell battery and an RC Cola pop cap. A level in Super Smash Bros. Brawl is based on this planet.

Gameplay 
The gameplay is mostly the same as Pikmin's. Olimar and Louie control the Pikmin, and they can use them to pick up objects, reach other areas, and fight enemies. Pikmin are plucked out of the ground, and they live in a space ship called an onion when they are not being used. There can be up to 100 different Pikmin out of the onion, and there are five kinds of Pikmin - the first three from Pikmin are the Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, and Blue Pikmin. The Red Pikmin are stronger and can not be burnt, the Yellow Pikmin are lighter, can pick up bombs, and can not be electrocuted, and the Blue Pikmin can swim. Pikmin 2 adds two new Pikmin - Purple Pikmin and White Pikmin. The Purple Pikmin are the strongest and the heaviest, and the White Pikmin are poison and kill enemies if eaten. These Pikmin can be thrown into the air to reach a higher place, and can be guided to get them all in one spot. One new feature Pikmin 2 adds is the ability to switch between two leaders - Olimar and Louie.

A big new feature is the Underground, where Olimar, Louie, and their Pikmin go into a pit, which has treasures and powerful creatures in it. The player has to get all the way to the bottom before he or she can get out.

Music 
Music from Pikmin 2, including the song "Tane no Uta", was used in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Reception 
Pikmin 2 got great reviews, and rates much higher than the original Pikmin. Many reviewers were glad that Nintendo got rid of the 30-day time limit from Pikmin, as well as the treasures based on real life objects. Reviewers were split on the Underground areas, some liking the challenge, while others saying it's boring or too hard.

2004 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Pikmin series

de:Pikmin#Pikmin 2 (2004)
Sid Meier (born at February 24 1954 in Sarnia, Ontario) is an Canadian-American video game developer, most well known for his turn-based strategy games. He founded Microprose in 1982 with Bill Stealey. In 1996 he left Microprose and joined Firaxis Games.

Games 
 Gunship (1986)
 Railroad Tycoon (1990)
 Civilization (1991)
 Colonization (1994)
 Civilization II (1996)
 Alpha Centauri (1999)
 Civilization III (2001)
 Civilization IV (2005)
 Civilization V (2010)

References

Other websites
 

Living people
Video game people
People from Ontario
1954 births