cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cnidaria is a phylum with about 11,000 species of animals. All of them are simple and aquatic, and most of them live in the sea. Some are colonial, composed of zooids which may be clones. Cnidarian zooids may take the form of polyps or medusae at different phases of their life.

Cnidaria take their name from special cells which have organelles that sting: the nematocysts. This device is largely responsible for their success: it is their main specialised and distinctive cell type.

Pronunciation 
The word Cnidaria is spoken without the initial "C", and with a long "i". So it sounds like "Naidaria". In a similar way, the term Ctenophore is pronounced as "Teenophore". Originally, a Greek kappa was in front of the words, and it was pronounced. The name comes from Greek language knidi, "nettle", thus mening "nettle-like animals" as all cnidarians have stinging cells like nettles.

Subdivisions 
There are five classes in the group. Jellyfish occur in four of the classes. 
 Subphylum and class Anthozoa: the sea anemones and corals.
 Subphylum Medusozoa: the jellyfish 
 Class Scyphozoa: the 'true' jellyfish.
 Class Cubozoa: the box jellies.
 Class Hydrozoa: the hydroids: (Hydra; Portuguese man o' war).
 Class Staurozoa: the stalked jellyfish.

Unranked, but now known to be cnidarians, is the parasitic group Myxozoa.

Basic body forms
Adult cnidarians are usually either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps. Many alternate between the two forms. Both forms are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively.

Most have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges. Medusae usually have an inner ring of tentacles around their mouth. Some hydroids may be colonies of zooids which serve different purposes: defence, reproduction and catching prey. The mesoglea of medusae is a thick and springy jelly, so it returns to its original shape after muscles around the edge have contracted. This makes a sort of jet propulsion.

Skeletons
In medusae the only supporting structure is the jelly inside their cell layers. Hydra and most sea anemones close their mouths when they are not feeding, and the water in the digestive cavity then acts as a kind of skeleton, rather like a water-filled balloon. Other polyps such as Tubularia use columns of water-filled cells for support. Sea pens stiffen the mesogleal jelly with calcium carbonate spicules and tough fibrous proteins, rather like sponges.

In some colonial polyps, a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps. Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons. A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments, which they attach to their outsides. Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles.

Fossil record 
There is a long fossil record for the corals, and soft-bodied forms appear in some exceptional strata. Some are believed to be among the Ediacaran biota.

References
A Trebuchet was a device used in wars and sieges in the Middle Ages. It could be used to throw stones at ramparts, trying to break them down. It could also be used to throw things over the walls of a city. These could be corpses of animals or people that had died of the plague. Trebuchets were more accurate than other medieval catapults.

How it works
The trebuchet works in a simple way. The basket of the trebuchet is filled with heavy rocks.  This acts as a counterweight for the other end, which is usually filled with one large rock.  Several men arm the trebuchet by raising the counterweight up and the firing arm down.  At this point the arm is released, the heavy basket swings down and the arm swings up, launching the rock far and fast.
The sling adds an additional 10-15 feet of arm length and gives the projectile a whip like speed then releases. The sling gives the projectile most of its speed.

Other websites  

 Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (building of and history of trebuchets), from the NOVA website
 article on Trebuchet Mechanics  (in PDF format)
 The Finnish Trebuchet 
 Homemade Trebuchet 
 Homemade Spring Trebuchet 
 Medieval Trébuchet 
 Animated Trebuchet
 Evolution of Sling Weapons

Weapons
Kurdistan is a mountainous area in the Middle East, that is mainly inhabited by Kurds.

The Kurdish population is estimated to be around 35-40 million people.

In Iranian Kurdistan, the cities of Piranshahr & Mahabad are the two main cities of Mokrian district.

 Northern Kurdistan (Turkey) 
 Southern Kurdistan (Iraq)
 Western Kurdistan (Syria)
 Eastern Kurdistan (Iran)

References 

Iraq
Iran
Turkey
Syria
Leopold II (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was King of the Belgians. Born in Brussels the second (but oldest surviving) son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans.  He succeeded his father to the throne on 17 December 1865 and was king until his death.

Biography 
Leopold is mainly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State.  He lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He treated the people badly in order to make money. His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five to 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. Despite owning and ruling it as a dictator, Leopold II never visited the Congo Free State and Africa.

Personal life
Leopold II married Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria, in Brussels on 22 August 1853.

On 15 November 1902, Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino tried to assassinate Leopold. Rubino fired three shots at the King. The shots missed Leopold and Rubino was immediately arrested. Leopold II had a wedding ceremony with Caroline Lacroix, a prostitute, on 14 December 1909, five days before his death.  This was not legal under Belgian law.

He was succeeded as King of the Belgians by his nephew Albert, son of his brother Philippe.

Titles and styles
9 April 1835 – 17 December 1865 His Royal Highness The Duke of Brabant, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Duke in Saxony. 
17 December 1865 – 17 December 1909 His Majesty The King of The Belgians. Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony.

References

 

1835 births
1909 deaths
Kings and Queens of Belgium
Human rights abuses
Knights of the Golden Fleece
People from Brussels
Candy, also called a sweet, is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. 
The word candy comes from the Persian word for "cane sugar",(نیشکر), and probably also from Sanskrit khanda, which means "piece (of sugar)".

Candy is found in almost any store because they are made in many companies. Candy can also be made at home. Many people like candy and think it tastes good. Other people do not like it. Candy contains lots of sugar, so it is not very healthy, but can be eaten sometimes. It is the most common snacking food, and there are hundreds of flavors, shapes, and sizes.
Candy is not limited to being sweet. Candy can be spicy in different cultures.

Related pages 
Confectionery

References
A loanword is a word that is adopted by a language that comes from another language. Since people who speak different languages often need to talk to each other, it is actually very common for languages to "borrow" words from other languages. 

Examples of this can be seen in the English language because it has many loanwords. When the Normans took over England during the Norman Conquest in 1066, they made French the official language of England. Since then, many French words later became English words. For example, the English words beef, pork, poultry, and mutton are loanwords based on the Norman French names of the animals cow, swine, chicken, and sheep in that same order. In English, the loanwords mean the meat of those animals specifically. Since later the British Empire took over many different countries and people, they also borrowed many words from the languages of the people they took over. An example of this is the word "jungle", which is a Hindi word that has been adopted into English. 

Languages often use loanwords because cultures learn about new ideas and inventions from people of the languages they borrow from.  For example, in English the names of meats and wines often come from French, musical terms often come from Italian, and philosophical terms often come from German.  Although native English speakers are now familiar with Chinese ideas and inventions, they are often called by their Japanese names in English because these were introduced to Americans through Japan. China, on the other hand, was closed off from the world when its ideas and inventions spread throughout the world because its communist government stopped communication with most outside countries, including America.  

The names of food are some of the most common loanwords across languages because people may not have any idea of what the food is like when they are first introduced to a certain culture. For example, Italian food usually has Italian names like spaghetti and pasta, Japanese food has Japanese names like sushi and tempura, and Mexican food has Spanish names like tacos and carnitas.

Related pages
Calque
Gairaigo

Language
Words
Moray eels is a family of eel. Sometimes they are also called by their Latin name Muraenidae. Moray eels can be found all over the world. There are 200 different species in 15 genera. 

Typically, moray eels grow to a length of about 1.5 metres. The largest known moray eel is the Slender giant moray, which can reach 4 metres in length. Moray eels live in coral reefs and rocky areas, at a depth of about 200m. 

These reefs are usually in tropical or subtropical waters. They spend most of their time inside deep cracks in rocks. they are very dangerous and have big teeth Morays are carnivores. They prey on other fish, cephalopods, mollusks, and crustaceans. Groupers, other moray eels, and Barracudas are amongst their predators.They have razor sharp teeth which can pierce your skin.

References

 

Teleosts
The Anguilloidei are a suborder of the order Anguilliformes (the eels) containing three families:

Anguillidae (freshwater eels)
Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels)
Nemichthyidae (snipe eels)

This suborder used to have included several other families that have recently been moved to new suborders: 
Chlopsidae (false morays), Heterenchelyidae (mud eels), Moringuidae (worm eels), Muraenidae (moray eels), and Myrocongridae (thin eels).

References

 

Bony fish
Villeneuve-sur-Lot (Gascon: Vilanuèva d'Olt) is a town and commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department. The commune was formerly named Villeneuve-d'Agen.

It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and of 2 cantons in the department: Villeneuve-sur-Lot-1 and Villeneuve-sur-Lot-2.

History
The region where the city is was first populated by the Romans. In the 11th century, a Benedictine abbey was constructed near where is the city now. There was a small village of potters and farmers around the abbey. Between 1254 and 1263, Alphonse of Poitiers had a bastide built. He also gave the bastide city rights. The bastide has a rectangular look, with a central square.

Because of its privileged geographical situation on the river lot, the city played an important role in wars of the region:
 In the Hundred Years' War
 In the Huguenot wars
 In the Fronde, a civil war in France.

Geography
The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Villeneuve-sur-Lot is surrounded by the communes Lédat, Castelnaud-de-Gratecambe, La Sauvetat-sur-Lède, Monflanquin, Savignac-sur-Leyze, Saint-Aubin, Trentels, Saint-Sylvestre-sur-Lot, Penne-d'Agenais, Hautefage-la-Tour, Pujols and Bias.

The Lot river flows through the city of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. The Lède river, a tributary of the Lot, flows through the northern part of the commune.

Climate
The climate of Villeneuve-sur-Lot is an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Villeneuve-sur-Lot are known, in French, as Villeneuvois (women: Villeneuvoises).

With a population of 23,263, Villeneuve-sur-Lot has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Villeneuve-sur-Lot

Administration
Villeneuve-sur-Lot is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and the administrative centre () of 2 cantons:
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot-1, formed with a part of Villeneuve-sur-Lot-Nord and the commune Lédat, with 16,376 inhabitants (2014).
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot-2, formed with a part of Villeneuve-sur-Lot-Sud and the communes Bias, Hautefage-la-Tour, Pujols, Saint-Antoine-de-Ficalba and Sainte-Colombe-de-Villeneuve, with 17,055 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Grand Villeneuvois ().

Twin towns 
Villeneuve-sur-Lot is twinned with:
  Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
  Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
  Neustadt bei Coburg, Germany
  San Donà di Piave, Veneto, Italy
  Troon, Scotland

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot
 Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Villeneuve-sur-Lot - Official site 
 Departamental Council of Lot-et-Garonne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Bastides
Subprefectures in France
Communes in Lot-et-Garonne
Agen is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department and the capital of the arrondissement of Agen.

The Agenais, the region where is the commune, is a natural region of the old province of Aquitaine, now in Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Geography
Agen is in the southeast of the Lot-et-Garonne department, on the right (eastern) side of the Garonne river and close to the Canal de Garonne. The city is at about  from Toulouse and  from Bordeaux.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Agen is surrounded by the communes Colayrac-Saint-Cirq, Foulayronnes, Pont-du-Casse, Bon-Encontre, Boé and Le Passage.

Climate
The climate of Agen is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Agen are known, in French, as Agenais (women: Agenaises).

With a population of 34,126, Agen has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Agen

Agen forms, together with other 15 communes, the urban area of Agen with a population of 81,110 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Agen, formed by 64 communes, with a population of 112,801 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration
Agen is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1790. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Agen and the administrative centre () of 4 cantons:
 Agen-1, formed with a part of Agen and the communes Bajamont, Foulayronnes and Pont-du-Casse, with 16,720 inhabitants (2014).
 Agen-2, formed with a part of Agen and the communes Boé and Bon-Encontre, with 13,830 inhabitants (2014).
 Agen-3, formed with a part of Agen, with 16,606 inhabitants (2014).
 Agen-4, formed with a part of Agen and the commune Le Passage, with 18,686 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Agen ().

Twin towns 
Agen is twinned with:
  Tuapse, Russia
  Dinslaken, Germany
  Llanelli, Wales, United Kingdom
  Toledo, Spain
  Corpus Christi, United States

Miscellaneous
Agen is the "capital of the prune", a local produce sold as a sweet (stuffed with prune purée) or as an after-dinner delight (prunes soaked in Armagnac – a type of brandy). Every September, the Prune festival organizes rock concerts, circuses and prune tasting.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Agen
 Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

References

Other websites

 Ville d'Agen - Official site 
 Tourist Office of Agen 
 Departamental Council of Lot-et-Garonne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Cities in France
Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Lot-et-Garonne
Libourne (;  ) is a commune in the Gironde department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.

It is the wine-making capital of northern Gironde and lies near Saint-Émilion and Pomerol, both known for their wines.

History
Libourne was created as a bastide by Roger de Leybourne in 1270. The original name of Leybourne changed to the present Libourne. Its original aim was to be a port to ship wine of the Dordogne valley to England.

Geography
Libourne is at the confluence of the Isle and Dordogne rivers. The city is at about  from Bordeaux and  from Arcachon.

It has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Libourne is surrounded by the communes Les Billaux, Lalande-de-Pomerol, Pomerol, Saint-Émilion, Moulon, Génissac, Arveyres, Fronsac and Saillans.

Climate
The climate of Libourne is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Libourne are known, in French, as Libournais (women: Libournaises).

With a population of 24,595, Libourne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Libourne

Administration
Libourne is a sub-prefecture of the Gironde department since 1790. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Libourne and the administrative centre () of the canton of Le Libournais-Fronsadais with 53,307 inhabitants (2014).:

It is part of the intercommunality Le Libournais ().

Twin towns 
Libourne is twinned with:
   Morocco 
   Berne, Switzerland
  Morocco Casablanca, Morocco

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Libourne
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Libourne - Official site 
 Departamental Council of Gironde 
 Prefecture official website 
 Agence de Développement Touristique de la Gironde  
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Bastides
Subprefectures in France
Communes in Gironde
Wine regions of France
Kiss is the self-titled first album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on February 8, 1974.

Track listing 
 Strutter
 Nothin' to Lose
 Firehouse
 Cold Gin
 Let Me Know
 Kissin' Time
 Deuce
 Love Theme from Kiss
 100,000 Years
 Black Diamond

Kiss albums
1974 albums
Debut albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Hotter Than Hell is the second album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 22, 1974.

Track listing 
 Got To Choose
 Parasite
 Goin' Blind
 Hotter Than Hell
 Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll
 All The Way
 Watchin' You
 Mainline
 Comin' Home
 Strange Ways

References

Kiss albums
1974 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Dressed to Kill is the third studio album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 19, 1975.

Track listing 
Room Service
Two Timer
Ladies in Waiting
Getaway
Rock Bottom
C'mon and Love Me
Anything for My Baby
She
Love Her All I Can
Rock and Roll All Nite

Kiss albums
1975 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Alive is the fourth album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It is also their first live album. Released on September 10, 1975.

Track listing 
 Deuce
 Strutter
 Got To Choose
 Hotter Than Hell
 Firehouse
 Nothin' To Lose
 C'mon And Love Me
 Parasite
 She
 Watchin' You
 100,000 Years
 Black Diamond
 Rock Bottom
 Cold Gin
 Rock And Roll All Nite
 Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll

Kiss albums
1975 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Destroyer is the fourth studio album and fifth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 15, 1976.

Track listing 
 "Detroit Rock City"
 "King Of The Night Time World"
 "God Of Thunder"
 "Great Expectations"
 "Flaming Youth"
 "Sweet Pain"
 "Shout It Out Loud"
 "Beth"
 "Do You Love Me"

Kiss albums
1976 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
The 12-hour clock is a way of dividing the 24 hours of the day into two sections. The two halves are called ante meridiem (a.m.) and post meridiem (p.m.). 

Both names are from Latin, and numbered from 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Time from midnight to noon is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the 24-hour clock. Most places in the world use a 12-hour clock for their normal working lives. 

Clocks
Classic could mean:
Classic songs
Classic books
Classic cars
Classic literature
Classic movies
Classic rock music
Classic stamps
Classic television programs
British Classic Races
American Classic Races
Classic cycle races
The Classic (snooker) tournament
Macintosh Classic
Classic (Mac OS X)
Classic (transit bus), a type of transit bus manufactured from 1982 to 1997
The Classic a mid-size car by American Motors
Cult classic
The Classic, a Korean movie
Western canon
Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been), a 2007 song by Kanye West, Nas, Rakim, KRS-One and DJ Premier
A United Kingdom chocolate bar
Products that compare unfavourably with other products from the same manufacturer, for example because of design age, are often marketed as a 'classic' edition - for example the Range Rover Classic
Likewise, basic trim level editions of cars are sometimes labelled 'classic' - e.g. Mercedes Benz C-Class Classic
 Classical antiquity
 Classical scholarship (relating to Classical antiquity)  
Classical music
Classical physics

Related pages
Classicism 
Classical
Classics (disambiguation)
Bootylicious is a song sung by R&B girl group Destiny's Child. It is on their third album Survivor 2001 and was the second single from the album. It was their fourth U.S. number-one single and reached the top-five in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The music video was directed by Matthew Rolston.

The word "bootylicious" is a combination of "booty" (buttocks) and "delicious".

2001 songs
Destiny's Child songs
Songs about sexuality
An amphitheatre (or amphitheater)  is a type of structure. It is a flat area, surrounded by an area that ascends gradually. In the ascending area, people can be seated. Today, such structures are used for presentations, but also spectator sports.

In Ancient Rome, these structures were used to entertain the population. Gladiator combats, athletics and executions were staged there.

Natural amphitheatre
A natural amphitheatre is a natural formation of rocks or cliffs, which resemble a man-made amphitheatre.

Related pages
 Stadium
 Arena

References

Other websites

 The Ancient Theatre Archive

Buildings and structures
Take That are an English boy band from Manchester. They formed in 1989, and between then and 1996, when they broke up, they sold 19 million records.

They reformed in 2006 and went on tour, without Robbie Williams. Williams rejoined the band in 2009, doing the Progress sessions. In 2011 Williams and Take That toured Europe on their Progress Live tour to promote the album.  in October of the same year Williams chose to leave the group again to focus on his solo career, however, in 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020 Williams has performed with the group occasionally.

Jason Orange left Take That in September 2014 and Take That became a 3 piece band. Take That released their seventh album called III in 2014. The band continued as a 3 piece for Wonderland in 2017 and Odyssey in 2018

Members 
Current
 Gary Barlow (1989–96, 2005–)
 Mark Owen (1989–96, 2005–)
 Howard Donald (1989–96, 2005–)

Former

 Robbie Williams (1989–95, 2009–2014)
 Jason Orange (1989–96, 2005–2014)

Albums 
 Take That & Party (1992)
 Everything Changes (1993)
 Nobody Else (1995)
 Beautiful World (2006)
 The Circus (2008)
 Progress (2010)
 III (2014)
Wonderland (2017)
Odyssey (2018)

Career 
Gary Barlow, Mark Owen, Howard Donald, Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were in Take That. Williams left in 1995 after taking drugs and soon the 4 remaining members split up in 1996. Take That returned to the music business in 2005, released their come-back album called Beautiful World and then went on tour in 2006. 2010 saw the return of Williams and in 2011 Take That took a hiatus and Barlow become a judge on the British TV talent show The X Factor UK in that year. Donald then became a judge on the German version of the dancing talent show Got To Dance in 2013. Williams left the band in 2012. Barlow ended his time on The X Factor UK to focus on the group in 2013. In early 2014 it was announced that the band would release their seventh studio album in late 2014. In September 2014 it was announced that Orange had decided to leave the band. The group then became a 3-piece boy band without Orange or Williams. Their seventh studio album called III was released in 2014. Their first single of III called "These Days" was released in November 2014. The second single of III called "Get Ready For It" was released in January 2015 and was also featured in the 2015 film Kingsman: The Secret Service. The third single of III called "Let in the Sun" was released in March 2015.

Other websites 
 TakeThatTV.com  Official website (Polydor)
 TakeThat.com (SonyBMG)
 TakeThat4ever.dk Danish fan website

1990 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
British boy bands
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1990
Boy bands
English boy bands
Rock and Roll Over is the fifth studio album and sixth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 11, 1976.

Track listing 
I Want You
Take Me
Calling Dr. Love
Ladies Room
Baby Driver
Love 'Em and Leave 'Em
Mr. Speed
See You in Your Dreams
Hard Luck Woman
Makin' Love

Kiss albums
1976 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Love Gun is the sixth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on June 30, 1977.

Track listing 
"I Stole Your Love"
"Christine Sixteen"
"Got Love For Sale"
"Shock Me"
"Tomorrow And Tonight"
"Love Gun"
"Hooligan"
"Almost Human"
"Plaster Caster"
"Then She Kissed Me"

References

Kiss albums
1977 albums
Hard rock albums
Alive II is the second live album and eighth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 28, 1977. The last five songs are exclusive to (only on) this album.

Track listing 
Detroit Rock City
King Of The Night Time World
Ladies Room
Makin' Love
Love Gun
Calling Dr. Love
Christine Sixteen
Shock Me
Hard Luck Woman
Tomorrow And Tonight
I Stole Your Love
Beth
God Of Thunder
I Want You
Shout It Out Loud
All American Man
Rockin' In The USA
Larger Than Life
Rocket Ride
Any Way You Want It

Kiss albums
1977 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Gene Simmons is a solo album by Gene Simmons, the bass player of the American hard rock/heavy metal band, Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Track listing 

Kiss albums
1978 albums
Rock albums
Paul Stanley is a solo album from the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Track listing 
Tonight You Belong To Me
Move On
Ain't Quite Right
Wouldn't You Like To Know Me
Take Me Away (Together As One)
It's Alright
Hold Me, Touch Me (Think Of Me When We're Apart)
Love In Chains
Goodbye

Kiss albums
1978 albums
Hard rock albums
Ace Frehley is the first solo album from Ace Frehley, the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss. The album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by AllMusic. They said "Of the four Kiss solo albums released simultaneously in 1978, the best of the bunch is guitarist Ace Frehley's".

Track listing

References

1978 albums
Debut albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Kiss albums
Peter Criss is a solo album from the drummer of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Track listing 
I'm Gonna Love You
You Matter To Me
Tossin' And Turnin'
Don't You Let Me Down
That's The Kind Of Sugar Papa Likes
Easy Thing
Rock Me, Baby
Kiss The Girl Goodbye
Hooked On Rock 'N' Roll
I Can't Stop The Rain

Kiss albums
1978 albums
Rock albums
Pop albums
Pop Rocks are a kind of candy with carbonation added to make a "popping" feeling in the mouth of the person eating them.

Other websites
 Images of US patent 4289794 for Pop Rocks  from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
 Pop Rocks: The Inside Story of America's Revolutionary Candy, book detailing the story of Pop Rocks development to Pop Rocks today
 How do Pop Rocks candy work?, an article from HowStuffWorks that explains how pop rocks candy is manufactured and also has links to the original patent

Candy
Dynasty is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 23, 1979.

Track listing 
I Was Made For Lovin' You
2,000 Man
Sure Know Something
Dirty Livin'
Charisma
Magic Touch
Hard Times
X-Ray Eyes
Save Your Love

Kiss albums
1979 albums
Hard rock albums
Disco albums
Master of the Queen's Music (or Master of the King's Music when the United Kingdom has a king) is the title given to one chosen composer of classical music; it is a post in the Royal Household of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom.  Only one person holds the title at any one time.  It is very similar to the post of Poet Laureate which is for a poet.

The Master of the Queen's Music is now Sir Peter Maxwell Davies.  Instead of being appointed for life, he was appointed for a ten-year term, starting March 2004.  The change was to give more composers the opportunity to serve.

The Master of the Queen's Music has the job of composing music for special royal occasions such as  anniversaries, marriages and funerals, and for special ceremonies.

The title was created in 1626 by Charles I.  It was spelt Master of the King's Musick and was always spelt that way until the time of Sir Edward Elgar who was Master from 1924 to 1934.
 
Holders of the post have been:

Nicholas Lanier (1625-1649 and 1660-1666)
Louis Grabu (1666-1674)
Nicholas Staggins (1674-1700)
John Eccles (1700-1735)
Maurice Greene (1735-1755)
William Boyce (1755-1779)
John Stanley (1779-1786)
William Parsons (1786-1817)
William Shield (1817-1829)
Christian Kramer (1829-1834)
Franz Cramer (1834-1848)
George Frederick Anderson (1848-1870)
Sir William George Cusins (1870-1893)
Professor Sir Walter Parratt, KCVO (1893-1924)
Sir Edward Elgar, Bt OM GCVO (1924-1934)
Sir Henry Walford Davies, KCVO OBE (1934-1941)
Sir Arnold Bax, KCVO (1942-1952)
Sir Arthur Bliss, CH KCVO (1953-1975)
Malcolm Williamson, CBE AO (1975-2003)
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (2004-appointed until 2014)

References

British music
Musicians
British monarchy
Unmasked is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 20, 1980.

Track listing 
Is That You
Shandi
Talk To Me
Naked City
What Makes The World Go 'Round
Tomorrow
Two Sides Of The Coin
She's So European
Easy As It Seems
Torpedo Girl
You're All That I Want

Kiss albums
1980 albums
Pop rock albums
Hard rock albums
Music from "The Elder" is a concept album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 10, 1981.

Track listing 
"Fanfare"
"Just a Boy"
"Odyssey"
"Only You"
"Under the Rose"
"Dark Light"
"A World Without Heroes"
"The Oath"
"Mr. Blackwell"
"I"

Kiss albums
1981 albums
Progressive rock albums
Hard rock albums
Cross-platform software is a type of software that can run on many different operating systems or computer architectures.  Together, the combination of an operating system and computer architecture is commonly referred to as a platform.

Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, BlackBerry, Linux and Android are five different types of well-known platforms.

Cross-Platform Development is very crucial towards marketing business over different platforms. Nowadays, there are multiple platforms for the customer base to surf the internet. A website has a particular pixel and differs in height and width that may not locate the different screen sizes. With the help of cross-platform development, a developer creates the website to mold to any screen size. 

Developing an application for multiple platforms is very complex, as it needs high-tech backend work to make the app run on different platforms. With the wide range of OS, mainly iOS and Android, the application needs to be developed. However, with a cross-platform, both iOS and Android can install and run the application. It means the business is targeting the world market for enhanced revenues. 
 
Software
Cycas is a genus of plants. It is the only genus currently known in the Cycadaceae family. Over 100 species are known. 

Probably the best-known of these is marketed as Sago Palm or King Sago Palm. The plant is not a true palm, however.  The generic name comes from Greek kykas and means "palm tree".

Cycas is native to the Old World; most species are around the equatorial regions. It is native to eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 6 species (4 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30. The northernmost species (C. revoluta) is found at 31°N in southern Japan. The southernmost (C. megacarpa) is found at 26°S in southeast Queensland, Australia.

The plants have often been considered to be a living fossil. The earliest fossils of the genus Cycas appear in the Cainozoic, but Cycas-like fossils occur well into the Mesozoic. Cycas is not closely related to other genera of cycads. Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cycadaceae is the sister-group to all other living cycads.

Other websites 
 Cycad Pages: Cycas
 Singh R. & Radha P. 2006. Cycas annaikalensis, a new species of Cycas from the Malabar Coast, Western Ghats, India. Brittonia 58 (2): 119-123.

Plant families
Gymnosperms
Living fossils
A screenplay or script is the written instruction about what happens in a play, movie or television program. The screenplay for a movie has everything that happens in the movie. It includes the plot, the dialogue and actions of the characters, and instructions for editing.  The person who writes the screenplay is called a screenwriter. A screenplay for television is called a teleplay.  The script is usually slightly changed or things will be added or subtracted as the directors decide. 

Movie terminology
television
Pope Gregory VII (; 1020–May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 158th Pope from April 22, 1073 until he died in 1085.

Early life
Hildebrand was born in Sovana in Tuscany.  As a youth, he became a Benedictine monk.  

In Rome, Hildebrand became the chaplain of Pope Gregory VI.  When Gregory VI abdicated and went into in exile in Germany, Hildebrand went with him.

Cardinal
Pope Leo IX raised Hildebrand to the rank of Cardinal in 1049.

Pope 
Cardinal Hildebrand was elected pope on April 22, 1073; and he chose to be called Gregory. 

Pope Gregory was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

After his death
Pope Gregory died an exile in Salerno. His last words were: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore, I [now] die in exile." ("Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio")..  

Gregory was recognized as a saint in 1728..

Gallery

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
   "Gregory VII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ildebrando

Italian popes
1020 births
1085 deaths
Benedictines
Excommunication is a religious act used to take off or suspend membership in a religious community.

The word literally means out of communion, or no longer in communion.  In some churches, excommunication includes the belief that the person who was exocommunicated is going to Hell. Sometimes punishment  follow excommunication; these include being banned, shunning, and shaming, depending on the group's religion or religious community.

Related pages 
 Takfiri

References
Encyclopedia of American Religions, by J. Gordon Melton 
 Ludlow, Daniel H. ed, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan Publishing, 1992.

Other websites 
 De Fide, a non-profit association, uses Canon Law to defend the Roman Catholic Church from Heresy by filing lawsuits in Ecclesiastical Court, seeking the excommunication of impenitent offenders.
 Excommunication, the Ban, Church Discipline and Avoidance (from Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online)
 Catholic Encyclopaedia on excommunication
 The two sides of excommunication 
 Episcopal Church of America excommunication

Christian terminology
Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from December 1999 to November 2008. She is was later the head of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) from 2009 to 2017. In 2006, she was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th most powerful woman in the world.

Clark is a member of the of Global Commission for the Economy and Climate.

Early life

Clark grew up the eldest of four daughters from a Waikato farming family. Her mother, Margaret, worked as a primary school teacher and her father, George, was a farmer who supported the National Party during the 1981 election.

Clark studied at the University of Auckland, where she graduated with a MA (Honours) in 1974. Her thesis research focused on rural political behaviour and representation.

References 

BBC 100 Women
1950 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) are a type of two dimensional picture that work on vectors, rather than pixels. This means that they can be easily be made bigger or smaller without losing any quality or becoming blurry. SVG is based on XML and created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

History 
The W3C published SVG in September 2001. As of 2018 SVG is widely supported in all modern browsers.

The normal Filename extension is .svg and the MIME-Type is image/svg+xml.

Structure 
SVG uses Extensible Markup Language (XML). So it has a definition of the document type.

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 
 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ev="http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events"
  version="1.1" baseProfile="full"
  width="800mm" height="600mm">
 
 <!-- content of the file -->
 
 </svg>

Difference between bitmap and vector images 

This image shows the difference between bitmap and vector
images. The vector image can be scaled forever, while the bitmap can not.

References

Other websites 
 VectorMagic Online raster to SVG converter

Computer file formats
Computer graphics
Vector graphics
Creatures of the Night is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 13, 1982.

Track listing 
Creatures of the Night
Saint and Sinner
Keep Me Comin'
Rock and Roll Hell
Danger
I Love It Loud
I Still Love You
Killer
War Machine

Kiss albums
1982 albums
Heavy metal albums
Full communion is a term used in Christian ecclesiology to describe relations between two distinct Christian communities or Churches that recognise that each other shares the same communion and the same essential doctrines. That does not mean that there would be no differences at all between them. 

The meaning of full communion is different in, on the one hand, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian theology, and, on the other hand, in the theology of other Western Christians. 

The Roman Catholic Church (which follows the so-called Latin Rite) is in full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church, for example. The Chaldean Catholic Church follows the East Syrian tradition. In other words: Both churches celebrate mass differently, but they agree completely on all ideas.
The Roman Catholic Church is in partial communion with the Protestant Churches. There are many things both Churches agree on; but in some things they are different; As an example: a Catholic priest can forgive sins; a Protestant priest cannot.

All the Eastern Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Oriental Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Churches in the Union of Utrecht are in full communion with the Anglican Church

Related pages
Communion (Christian)

References

Christian terminology
Church organization
A queue is a line of people standing behind one another who are waiting for something.  The person at the front of the queue will have his turn next, then the next person and so on.  When someone comes to join the queue they have to go to the back of the queue and wait until it is their turn.  Sometimes people try to "jump the queue" or "push in".  They are usually told off and have to go to the back of the queue.

The word "queue" comes from the French word for "tail", but when talking about a queue of people in English it is pronounced "kyoo" (like "Kew" in "Kew Gardens").  The word "queue" can be a noun ("Please stand in the queue") or a verb ("Please queue over there").

A queue may also be a queue of vehicles waiting to get passed something or to go in somewhere.

People may queue to be served in a shop, or queue for a bus or taxi or to go into something like a museum.  Queueing is much better than pushing one's way in.

Sometimes, in places where a lot of people are queueing, there may be a system of numbered tickets.  When someone arrives, they take a number and wait until their number is shown on a display board.  This system is often used in banks, doctor's surgeries, passport offices, etc.

People waiting in a queue are not always standing around.  There may be people who, for example, are waiting to have an operation, but they have to wait "in a queue" until one day they receive a letter from the hospital telling them when to come in for their operation.

Russians often make jokes about queues because, in the days of the Soviet Union, there was not much in the shops.  When a shop had a delivery there would suddenly be a long queue of people.  People joined a queue even if they did not know what the queue was for.  If they bought something they did not want they could always sell it.

Perhaps the most famous queue in Britain is the queue for promenade tickets (standing places) at the BBC Proms.  People enjoy chatting to one another in the queue.  The people who are at the front of the queue can have the first choice of where to stand for the concert.  The word queue does not have any word families, however, it has many synonyms. Some of these are: Chain, line, row, and series. It only has two antonyms, and they are disorder and disorganized.

References 

Society
Ecclesia (or Ekklesia) in Christian theology means both: a particular body of faithful people, and the whole body of the faithful. Latin ecclesia, from Greek ekklesia, where the word is a compound of two segments: "ek", a preposition meaning "out of", and a verb, "kaleo", signifying "to call" - together, literally, "to call out". That usage soon disappeared and was replaced with "assembly, congregation, council", or "convocation".

Christian understanding of 'Church' 

If one speaks of the whole body of Christian faithful, then there are included not only the members of the Church who are alive on earth but all who were members of the church before. Some churches therefore describe the Church as being composed of the Church Militant (Christians on Earth) and the Church Triumphant (Christians in Heaven). In Catholic theology, there is also the Church Suffering (Christians still in purgatory).

The Christian family, the most basic unit of Church life, is sometimes called the domestic Church.

Finally, 'The Church' may sometimes be used, especially in Catholic theology, to speak of those who exercise the office of teaching and ruling the faithful, the Ecclesia Docens, or again (more rarely) the governed as distinguished from their pastors, the Ecclesia Discens.

Related pages
 Church
 Roman Catholic Church
 Eastern Orthodox Church

Notes

Other websites 
 Vatican II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium
 The church Alive!
 Ekklesia.co.uk 
 Ekklesia.us 
 Ecclesia.gr
 Reflections on the Church  by Reid Monaghan

Christian theology
Christian terminology
Church organization
A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Renewable energy almost never runs out, for example: solar energy is powered by heat from the sun and never runs out. Other examples include oxygen, geothermal power, fresh water, solar energy and biomass. New resources may include goods or commodities such as paper and leather.

Gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics are other fossil fuels are not renewable. They take millions of years to be made, and cannot be renewed in a human’s, or even a nation's lifetime. Ways have been developed to make biodegradable plastic and bio diesel and other fuels from renewable resources such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans and canola.

Renewable resource harvesting and use typically do not produce pollution or contribute to global warming. The use of renewable resources and energy sources is increasing worldwide, with certain nations, such as Bhutan, and US states, such as California, beginning to rely entirely on renewable energy. From 2008 to 2012, the U.S. doubled renewable generation from wind, solar, and geothermal sources. America and Britain are now home to some of the largest wind and solar farms in the world. There are also things called human resource where human’s waste is turned into energy. There are many other resources such as water power. Renewable resources are basically the opposite of non-renewable resources.

Other websites 
 Alternative Fuels - Beginner's tutorial on using alternative fuels in a diesel engine

References 

Economics
The Byrds were a popular folk rock band, from California. Their members included Jim McGuinn (who later changed his name to Roger), David Crosby, Gene Clark, Chris Hillman and Michael Clarke. Later band members included Gram Parsons, Clarence White, and Gene Parsons.

The Byrds pioneered folk rock, a blend of folk music with rock and roll. Many of their songs were remakes of Bob Dylan's songs, such as "Mr. Tambourine Man", which was their first hit in 1965. They recorded a bright, uplifting version of "Turn, Turn, Turn", which had been adapted by Pete Seeger from Ecclesiastes in the Bible. Other songs were written by band members.

The Byrds recorded "So You Wanna Be a Rock'N'Roll Star?" about the Monkees, not liking the star-making machinery that made the Monkees famous overnight. McGuinn later said the song was about the pop music business, not the Monkees.  They softened their opinions, though, once they'd met the band and saw they had real talent. Members of the Byrds played on Monkees recording sessions, and the later band Crosby, Stills & Nash was formed partly from meetings at Peter Tork's house.

One Byrds song, "You Showed Me", became a hit for The Turtles late in 1968. The Byrds's lineup changed many times, and after the last new lineup disbanded in 1972, the original members reunited to record an album, titled Byrds.

Discography
Mr. Tambourine Man (1965)
Turn! Turn! Turn! (1965)
Fifth Dimension (1966)
Younger Than Yesterday (1967)
The Notorious Byrd Brothers (1968)
Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1968)
Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde (1969)
Ballad of Easy Rider (1969)
(Untitled) (1970)
Byrdmaniax (1971)
Farther Along (1971)
Byrds (1973)

References

Other websites
Hear the Byrds on the Pop Chronicles, 1969. 

1964 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in California
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2000 disestablishments in the United States
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Country bands
Folk music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from Los Angeles