cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
McDonaldland was a "fake" cartoon land made by the fast food restaurant, McDonald's. McDonaldland was used in commercials, which are short clips on TV to sell things. McDonaldland was used to sell McDonald's Happy Meals (the kid's meal). The McDonaldland people were Big Mac, Birdie, Captain Crook, CosMc, Fry kids, Grimace, Hamburglar, Iam Hungry, and some others. The main person is Ronald McDonald. McDonald's got sued (a case for money) by a company that said everything in McDonaldland was a ripoff (copy with little difference) of their TV show. McDonald's gave them one million dollars and lost many of the people who were in the commercials. 4 were left and they were in the real world instead of a cartoon land. Now in later years, Ronald has been in the commercials by himself without any of the McDonaldland people.

Advertising
McDonald's
Club Atlético de Madrid is a Spanish football team from Madrid, the capital city of Spain, that play in La Liga. They are managed by Diego Simeone and they play their home games at the Wanda Metropolitano. They have had famous players like Luis Suárez, Antoine Griezmann, Kieran Trippier, Jan Oblak, and Renan Lodi. 

In the number of titles, Atlético Madrid is the third most successful club in Spanish football, behind Real Madrid and Barcelona.

Madrid Derby 
Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid are city rivals, because both are from Madrid. They compete each year in what is called the Madrid Derby. Until recently, Atlético Madrid had struggled in the derby, carrying a 14-year winless streak into the 2012–13 season. This ended on 17 May 2013 after Atlético beat their city rivals Real Madrid 2–1 at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the final of the 2012-13 Copa del Rey.

Name 

 1903-1939 Athletic Club de Madrid
 1939-1941 Athletic Aviación
 1941-1946 Atlético Aviación
 1946-present Club Atlético de Madrid

Titles 
 La Liga : 10
 1939/40, 1940/41, 1949/50, 1950/51, 1965/66, 1969/70, 1972/73, 1976/77, 1995/96, 2013/14, 2020/2021
 Copa del Rey (Kings Cup) : 10
 1959–60, 1960–61, 1964–65, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1984–85, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1995–96, 2012–13
 Supercopa de España (Spanish Super Cup) : 2
 1985, 2014
 Intercontinental Cup : 1
 UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1
 1961–62
 UEFA Europa League : 2
 2009–10, 2011–12
 UEFA Super Cup : 1
 2010, 2012
 Intercontinental Cup: 1
 1974

League position

Former position

References 

Spanish football clubs
Madrid
1903 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Spain
The buttocks are two parts of the body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. They can also arouse human sexuality.

Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the gluteus maximus and the glutius medius. They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species.

In some African populations the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as steatopygia. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the Khoisan (San people) of southern Africa and the pygmies of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andamanese islands in the Pacific Ocean.

Slang words for the buttocks include "booty", "butt", "hiney", and "ass".

Gallery

References 

Torso
The Toyota Camry (; Japanese: トヨタ・カムリ) is a made by Toyota since 1980. The name "Camry" comes from the Japanese word kanmuri (冠, かんむり), which means "crown".

Sales
The Camry is Toyota's best-selling car in the United States.

Camry
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Sedans
Front wheel drive vehicles
Kush civilization had its center in the region of Nubia. This was in northern Sudan of today. We know about it through the Egyptians who moved south around 2500 BC. When the Middle Kingdom of Egypt ended an independent kingdom of Kush developed. About 1500 BC Egyptians moved southwards again, but this time met organized resistance. Historians are not sure whether this resistance came from many city states or a single unified empire. The Egyptians won, and the region became a colony of Egypt under the control of Thutmose I. The region supplied Egypt with resources.

In the eleventh century BC internal disputes in Egypt caused colonial rule to collapse and an independent kingdom arose based at Napata in Nubia. This kingdom was ruled by locals who overthrew the colonial regime. But Kush had many beliefs and gods in common with Egypt.

In the Bible
The name given to this civilization comes from the Old Testament where Cush (Hebrew: כוש) was one of the sons of Ham (Son of Noah) who settled in Northeast Africa. The Bible refers to Cush on a number of occasions. Moses wife, Tzipporah, is described as a Kushite in the book of Numbers.

Related pages
 Meroe

References

Jean Leclant. "The empire of Kush: Napata and Meroe"  UNESCO General History of Africa
A. Hakem with I. Hrbek and J. Vercoutter. "The civilization of Napata and Meroe" UNESCO General History of Africa
P.L. Shinnie. "The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia c. 660 BC to c. AD 600" Cambridge History of Africa - Volume 2 Cambridge University Press, 1978.

Other websites
Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile
On Kush 
  Voyage au pays des pharaons noirs Travel in Sudan : pictures and notes on the nubian history
Scholars Race to Recover a Lost Kingdom on the Nile from the New York Times.

History of Africa
Ancient Egypt
Cybernetics is the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. Norbert Wiener added: "Information is information, not matter or energy".155

Ross Ashby defined it as: "the art of steermanship... co-ordination, regulation and control will be its
themes, for these are of the greatest biological and practical interest... it treats, not things but ways of
behaving. It does not ask “what is this thing?” but “what does it
do?” Ashby continued: 
"Cybernetics stands to the real machine—electronic, mechanical, neural, or economic—much as geometry stands to a real object in our terrestrial space".

Louis Couffignal said cybernetics was "the art of ensuring the efficacy of action".

Cybernetics was from the first an inter-disciplinary field of study. It included people from at least a dozen academic disciplines. There were two events which sparked it off after World War II. The first was that scientists from different backgrounds had, during the war, worked together on various military projects. They learned a good deal about how to cooperate with their various partners. The second event was the invention of computers during the war.

The countries which started cybernetics were Britain and the United States, but the idea spread quickly to France, Russia and other countries. Another, more famous, example of 'interdisciplinary studies' was molecular and cell biology.

The building block 
Imagine a simple system such as a central heating system.

A goal-directed or control system has these four parts: 
 Sensor (S): test the system's environment.
 Goal (G): the specification of the desired state of the system. 
 Error Detection (E): a method for finding the difference between the present state and the goal state. 
 Effector (E'): operations the system can make to get the environment closer to the goal.

The device which does this is called a thermostat.

Later years 
Cybernetics started rapidly, and some of the greatest thinkers of the post-war era were interested in it. When this generation died, and some of the hopes for artificial intelligence and robotics were slow to produce results, cybernetics fell somewhat out of favour.

Related pages 
Homeostasis
Self-organisation
General systems theory

References 

Systems
Systems theory
Complexity is a property of something with many parts and a complicated arrangement. It is also the state of being complex. Its opposite is simplicity. In science, complexity is also the name for systems science. 

Systems
Systems theory
Cabal Online is a free Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) created by ESTsoft Corporation.

Characters 
There are eight characters players can choose from in Cabal Online. They are: Warrior, Blader, Magician, Force Archer, Force Blader, Force Shielder, Force Gunner and Gladiator.

Online games
Blackletter or Gothic script is an old way to write. Blackletter in writing or print was used in Western Europe from about 1150 to the 17th century. It was used for printing in Germany until the 20th century.

Letter shapes in printing were copied from letter shapes in a style of handwriting. So, the Gothic script of northern Europe and the Latin script used in Italy were both copied into print typography.

The name Gothic script 
Some people call blackletter Old English. This is not right, because Old English is a language, not a script, and many centuries older. Also Gothic script has nothing to do with the Goths. They lived in central Europe from the 3rd to 6th century and wrote in runes. Blackletter must not be confused either with the ancient Gothic alphabet or with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called Gothic.

The term Gothic was first used to describe this script in fifteenth century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance. Scholars thought it was a barbaric script: Gothic was a synonym for barbaric. 

Not only were blackletter forms called Gothic script, but any other seemingly barbarian script was also labeled "Gothic". In contrast, the humanists preferred the Carolingian minuscule, a highly legible script. They called it littera antiqua, "the ancient letter", believing that it was the script used by the Romans. But actually it was invented in the reign of Charlemagne.

Origins
Carolingian minuscule was the direct and linear ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter came from Carolingian when Europe in the twelfth century needed new books in many different subjects when more and more people learned to read. New universities were founded, each writing books for business, law, grammar, history, and other topics, not only religious books, where earlier scripts were used.

These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Carolingian, though legible, was time-consuming and labour-intensive to produce. It was large and wide and took up a lot of space on a manuscript in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the eleventh century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-twelfth century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in north-eastern France and the Low Countries.

Sources
Bernhard Bischoff, Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Middle Ages
Typography
Writing
SNoW (born June 11, 1985 in Tokyo, Japan) is a J-Pop singer. She is now studying at Santa Monica College in California. She was raised in a two language environment. Her favorite artists include Ani DiFranco, Iggy Pop, Talking Heads, and Jack Johnson.

Her first single "Yes" was released under an indie record label in November 2004. In 2005, she changed labels to Sony Music Entertainment Japan. With Sony, she released "Hanabi made Ato Sukoshi" (花火まであとすこし - unofficial translation: "A Little Longer Until the Fireworks") in July. Her third single, "Sakasama no Chō" (逆さまの蝶, "The Inverted Butterfly"), was released on January 25, 2006. "Sakasama no Chō" was the opening theme of the 2005/2006 anime Jigoku Shoujo (地獄少女). It will also be used in the movie Humoresque to be released in February 2006. The opening theme for Jigoku Shōjo's second season, "NightmaRe", was also performed by SNoW. It was released as a single on December 6, 2006.

Singles 
 "Yes" - November 25, 2004
 "Hanabi Made Ato Sukoshi" - July 6, 2005
 "Sakasama no Chō" - January 25, 2006
 "On & On" - July 5, 2006
 "NightmaRe" - December 6, 2006

1985 births
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
A funnel cloud is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets.  They usually appear with a rotating column of air.   These extend from the bottom of a cloud that does not touch the ground or a water surface. A funnel cloud can usually  be seen as a cone or needle shaped cloud that extends out from the main cloud base. Funnel clouds, very often, develop when supercell thunderstorms happen.

If a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado. Most tornadoes begin as funnel clouds.  Many funnel clouds that appear do not actually touch the ground, and do not become tornadoes.  Tornadoes can only be seen when they pick up stuff off the ground (debris), but one can see them from a distance of many miles.

A funnel cloud that makes contact with water is called a waterspout. 
A funnel cloud that touches the ground in front of a snow squall is called a winter waterspout.

Cold-air funnel clouds 
Cold-air (or cold-core) funnel clouds are usually short-lived and are usually much weaker in strength than the tornadoes produced by supercells.  Cold-air funnel clouds usually do not touch the ground, but here have been reports that it can happen. Then, they become weak tornadoes or waterspouts.

They are a common sight along the Pacific Coast and USA, usually seen in the spring or autumn.

Related pages
Tornado
Waterspout
Landspout
Winter waterspout

References

Other websites

NOAA FAQ on Tornadoes
TORRO Tornado FAQ 

Clouds
Wallington Jr/Sr High School is a six-year public high school that serves students in seventh through twelfth grade from Wallington, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, as part of the Wallington Public Schools.

References

Schools in New Jersey
A waterspout is a funnel cloud over water. It is a nonsupercell tornado over water. Waterspouts do not suck up water; the water seen in the main funnel cloud is actually water droplets formed by condensation. It is weaker than most of its land counterparts.

Types

Non-tornadic 
Waterspouts that are not associated with a rotating updraft of a supercell thunderstorm, are known as "nontornadic" or "fair-weather waterspouts", and are by far the most common type.

Fair-weather waterspouts occur in coastal waters and are associated with dark, flat-bottomed, developing convective cumulus towers.

Snowspout
A winter waterspout, also known as a snow devil, an icespout, an ice devil, a snonado, or a snowspout, is a very rare meteorological phenomenon in which a vortex from snow develops that looks like a waterspout.  One does not know much about this rare happening and there are only six known pictures of this event so far.

There are three main things that produce a winter waterspout:
 Very cold temperatures present over a body of warm water enough to produce fog that looks like steam above the water's surface.  This usually needs temperatures of -18 °C or colder if the water temperature is no warmer than 5 °C.
 Lake-effect snows in a small, enclosed or banded  must be present and going on.
 The wind speed has to be slow, usually less than 5 knots (9.25 km/h).

Related pages
 Winter waterspout
 Funnel cloud
 Tornado

References

Other websites 

 British and European Tornado Extremes 
 A series of pictures from the boat Nicorette getting impressively close to the south coast tornadic waterspout.
 USA Today online article on waterspouts 
 Home video of a waterspout on Long Island Sound on 27 September 2006 
 Pictures of cold-core waterspouts over Lake Michigan on 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on March 102007.
 http://aoss-research.engin.umich.edu/PlanetaryEnvironmentResearchLaboratory/ 

Weather
Mordecai Fowler Ham, Jr. (April 2, 1877 – November 1, 1961) was an American evangelist. He entered his ministry in 1901. In 1936, he started his Christian radio evangelism career. He continued working as an evangelist until shortly before his death in 1961.

Other websites 
Biography from Christian History Institute 

1877 births
1961 deaths
American Baptists
Christian religious leaders
Evangelists
People from Kentucky
Charles Bradley Templeton (October 7 1915 - June 7 2001) was a Canadian cartoonist, evangelist, agnostic, politician, newspaper editor, inventor, broadcaster and author. At the age of 17 during the Great Depression, Chuck Templeton (as he was then known) got his first job as a sports cartoonist for The Globe and Mail. This would be the first of many of his careers. In the late 1990s, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.  He died from problems with the disease in 2001.

Other websites 
His homepage
An obituary of Charles Templeton

1915 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Canadian politicians
Cartoonists
Canadian journalists
Canadian inventors
Canadian writers
People from Toronto
The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) is an organization founded by Rev. Billy Graham in 1950. The purpose of the BGEA is to tell the gospel of Jesus Christ to as many people as they can. They have done this through crusades, evangelism training, youth outreach, television broadcasts, and radio programs, just to name a few. The current President of BGEA is Graham's son Franklin.

Other websites 
Official website

Christian organizations
The Washington National Cathedral is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, it is the sixth largest cathedral in the world and second largest in the United States. It was built between 1907 and 1990.

On Tuesday, August 23, 2011, the central tower on the Cathedral was damaged by an earthquake. A 5.8-magnitude earthquake struck northern Virginia, about  from Washington D.C. The earthquake knocked off some of the cross-shaped finial stones. Finials are the decorative top of the pinnacles or towers. One pinnacle is leaning to the side. The inside of the cathedral did not receive any serious damage from the earthquake.

Officials have stated that it will cost millions of dollars to repair the damage. The cost of repairs will not be covered by insurance. There are many cracks in the limestone exterior. There was concern that the landfall of hurricane Irene would cause more damage. The hurricane did not cause any additional damage to the cathedral.

State funerals for four American Presidents have been held at the cathedral:
 Dwight Eisenhower (1969): Eisenhower was lying in repose at the cathedral before lying in state
 Ronald Reagan (2004)
 Gerald Ford (2007)
 George H.W. Bush (2018)
Memorial services were also held for presidents Warren G. Harding, William Taft, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman, and Richard M. Nixon.

References 

Anglican Cathedrals
Cathedrals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
The United States Postal Service (USPS) was founded in 1971, replacing the United States Post Office Department. Its headquarters is in Washington D.C. In the United States, it is referred to as "the post office", "the postal service", or just "the mail". Its job is to deliver letters, packages, and other items to people.

History 
The Postal Service was originally the Post Office Department, which began in 1775. In 1971, the Postal Reorganization Act went into effect, creating the United States Postal Service. Since then, the Postal Service has had 14 Postmaster Generals, the current one being Louis Dejoy.

Mission 
The purpose of the Postal Service is to deliver equal service to all citizens of the United States. The Postal Service has almost 500,000 employees to deliver and sort mail, as well as run management and clerk positions. The Postal Service is for the service of Americans, so it is generally left out of politics between political parties.

Laws Affecting The Postal Service

U.S. Constitution 
The Constitution gives Congress the ability to "establish post offices and post roads." Congress used this power to originally create the Post Office as well as give it power.

U.S. Code Title 39 
This code outlines the duties and powers of the Postal Service, making its mission of service clear.

Postal Reorganization Act 
This law, signed in 1970 by President Richard Nixon, separated the Postal Service from the rest of the Executive Branch, allowing them to act independently without approval from Congress.

Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act 
This law, signed in 2006, requires the Postal Service to put money into their Retiree Health Benefit Program ahead of time. This would allow them to save money for the future. Since this law, however, the Postal Service has often been losing money due to high operating costs.

Other websites

 Official USPS website

References

Postal Service
Samford University is a private, Southern Baptist-related university in Homewood, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. Samford ranked 118 out of 262 institutions in U.S. News and World Reports'  college rankings.

History 
Samford University was founded as Howard College in 1841 and opened its doors to students on January 3, 1842, in Marion, Alabama. In 1887 the school moved to Birmingham.

Women were first admitted to Howard College in 1895. In 1920 the school joined the Southern Association of Colleges and in 1927 it added its pharmacy school. In 1965, Howard got back its master's degree program. This led to the college's becoming a well-known college by November 9, 1965.  The school was renamed in honor of Frank Park Samford, chairman of the Board of Trustees and most generous personal supporter, because there was already a Howard University in Washington, D.C..

References

Other websites 

Samford University
Samford University Catalog 
Samford Bulldogs Athletics

Christian colleges and universities in the United States
Colleges and universities in Alabama
1841 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Alabama
A vortex is a dynamic phenomenon of fluids.

Vortex could also mean:

In amusement:
 Vortex (California's Great America), a stand-up roller coaster at California's Great America in Santa Clara, California, United States
 Vortex (Canada's Wonderland), a suspended roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
 Vortex (Carowinds), a stand-up roller coaster at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 Vortex (Kings Island), a steel roller coaster at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, United States

In fiction:
 Cindy Vortex, a fictional character on the TV series The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and movie Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
 Time vortex (Doctor Who), the space-time vortex in the Doctor Who television series
 Vortex (novel), a 1991 war novel by Larry Bond and Patrick Larkin
 Vortex (Transformers), a member of the Combaticons from Transformers who transforms into a helicopter
 Vortex life form, a fictional extraterrestrial species of the Ecco the Dolphin video game series

In gaming:
 Vortex (game), several games
 Vortex Software, a defunct video game developer

In music:
 ICS Vortex, a Norwegian metal singer and bassist
 Vortex (album), a remix album by Collide
 Vortex I: A Biodegradable Festival of Life, a state sponsored music festival held in 1970 in Estacada, Oregon
 Vortex Jazz Club, a London venue that primarily features live jazz music but will occasionally have intriguing programmes of other music

In science and technology:
 Aureal Vortex, the PC audio accelerator chipset which powered such sound cards as the Monster Sound MX300
 Vortex (satellite), a class of United States Reconnaissance satellites
 Caltex Vortex, a brand of 95 and 98 octane unleaded fuels from Caltex
 Vorticity, a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics

In television:
 Vortex (DS9 episode), a first-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 Vortex (Smallville episode), the first episode in Season 2 of Smallville
 Vortex (YTV), a programming block produced by YTV and hosted by Paula Lemyre

In other fields:
 Subaru Vortex, a sporty coupe sold from 1985 to 1991 by Subaru
Alan Dawazhouma (known as alan) or 阿兰 is a Tibetan-Chinese singer and erhu player from Sichuan province who debuted in 2005 with 声声醉如兰. As well as Tibetan and Mandarin, she speaks some English and Japanese. Her first release in Japanese was the single, 明日への讃歌.

Biography 
alan was born on 25 July 1987. Her stage name "alan" is pinyin for 阿兰, which is her surname. In Japan, she is also known as あらん. Her real name is Alan Dawa Dolma (阿兰达瓦卓玛 in Chinese, which is pronounced in pinyin as Alan Dawazhuoma).

alan grew up in the Meiren valley in the Danba County of Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in China. Her father is a civil servant, while her mother was a former singer. She learned singing from a young age and started to learn how to play the erhu at the age of eight. At nine years old, alan was selected for the leading role in the TV drama Tai Yang Nu Shen and first pursued a career as an actress.

After graduating from her musically oriented high school, she enrolled in a relatively well known music school in China, the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company (解放軍芸術学院), where two members of 12 Girls Band were also being taught. Later in 2005, alan debuted with a cover album titled Sheng Sheng Zui Ru Lan under a Chinese independent label. Currently, the album has sold over 50,000 copies.

In October 2006 at the Shanghai International Art Festival, alan won second place (tied with Filipino singer Jimmy Layo Marquez) at the 9th Asia New Singer Competition. In July 2007 she graduated the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company with excellent grades.

alan was discovered when the Japan-based record label Avex Inc. held auditions in Beijing. Her first single was in November the same year. It was called "Ashita e no Sanka", which can be translated as "a song for tomorrow." She is currently still studying Japanese and only has a basic grasp of the language.

Discography

Filmography 
 [1997]  (; lit. Goddess of the Sky) as 电视剧
 [2008] 
 [2012] 
 [2013] 
 [2016] 
 [2017]

References & other websites 
 Official Website (Japan)
 Official Blog 
 Official Blog 
 Oricon Profile 

1987 births
Living people
C-pop singers
Chinese musicians
Chinese singers
J-pop singers
People from Sichuan
Pop musicians
Tibetan people
Denpasar () is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia. It is also the site of Ngurah Rai Airport, the main gateway to Bali. It has a population of 897,300 (2017).

Cities in Indonesia
Bali
An Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 documentary movie about global warming directed by Davis Guggenheim, presented by former United States Vice President Al Gore. The movie was first shown at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. It opened in New York and Los Angeles on May 24, 2006. The movie was released on DVD on November 21, 2006. A companion book by Gore reached Number 1 on the paperback nonfiction New York Times bestseller list on July 2, 2006.  The movie won Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature and for Best Original Song.

An Inconvenient Truth is the story of Al Gore and his efforts to tell people about the climate change concerns. Gore says, "I've been trying to tell this story for a long time and I feel as if I've failed to get the message across." The movie closely follows a "slide show" presentation that Gore has shown throughout the world. It shows Gore's exploration of the global warming data, and predictions regarding climate change and its potential for disaster.

Related pages
 Stern Review
 The Dirty Energy Dilemma

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2006 movies
Climate change
American documentary movies
Energy
Green politics
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Matthew "Matt" Moore Hardy (born September 23, 1974) is an American professional wrestler. He works for OMEGA Championship Wrestling and Ring of Honor (ROH). He has workied for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. He teams with his younger brother Jeff Hardy.

References

Other websites 

 The Hardy Show website 
 WWE profile
 SLAM! Sports bio and story archive
 Profile on Online World of Wrestling
 

1974 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Raleigh, North Carolina
American professional wrestlers
AEW wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
American bloggers
Kerobokan Prison is a prison in the town of Kerobokan in Bali, Indonesia. In addition to local criminals, a number of foreigners are held there, notably Schapelle Corby and the Bali Nine — all convicted of drug smuggling.

Prisons
Bali
Buildings and structures in Indonesia
Edmund Spenser (; c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an important poet from England. He is most famous for his epic poem The Faerie Queene, which talks about different knights who fight against evil. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England. He wrote also many sonnets and poems. The sonnets were collected under the name of Amoretti.

Edmund Spenser invented a new rhyme-scheme for sonnet (abab bcbc cdcd ee) and a nine-line stanza (ababbcbcc). These forms are today called Spenserian sonnet and Spenserian stanza. Spenserian stanza was later used by many poets, among others by George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Alfred Tennyson.

Sources

1552 births
1599 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
English poets
British poets laureate
The term Papuan languages means languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. That is, the term is defined negatively and does not mean a linguistic relationship.

The languages
The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea (which is divided between the country of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya), with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island, and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor, and the Alor archipelago to the west. One Papuan language, Meriam Mir, is spoken within the national borders of Australia, in the eastern Torres Strait. The only Papuan languages with official recognition are those of East Timor.

New Guinea is perhaps the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to anything else, plus a large number of language isolates.

References

Other websites
2003 bibliography of languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Indonesian Papua 
Summer Institute of Linguistics site on languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Papua New Guinea 
Map of Papuan languages (formerly known as the East Papuan family) of island Melanesia
Bill Foley on Papuan languages 
 Dryer's Papuan Language Families and Genera

Languages
Lombok (population 2,950,105 in 2005) is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It is to the east of Bali on the other side of the Lombok Strait. The capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.

The Gili Islands are very popular with tourists. There are many places to dive and the beaches are lovely.

Mount Rinjani, 3,726 m (12,224 ft), is the third-highest volcano in Indonesia.

In the summer of 2018, two major earthquakes, in July (6.4 magnitude) and in August (6.9 magnitude) hit the city killing nearly 270 people all together.

Other websites
 
 NY Times on Lombok
 Inside Lombok 

Lombok
Islands of Indonesia
Lesser Sunda Islands
Australasia
Gondwana
The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. The poem was first published in 1590. A longer version of the poem was published in 1596. This version of the poem is in six parts or books. 

The Fairie Queene is about different knights who fight against evil. It is an allegorical work, and each book of the poem is about a different virtue. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England and her family, the Tudors. Queen Elizabeth liked the poem so much that she gave Spenser a pension as a reward.

16th-century British poems
Epic poems
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. They are culturally related to the coastal peoples of Papua New Guinea. They are regarded as being distinct from other Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland.

Population 
There are 6,000 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the Torres Strait, and 42,000 others who live outside of this area, mostly in the north of Queensland, particularly in Townsville and Cairns.

Culture 
The indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. They are a sea-faring people, and engaged in trade with peoples of Papua New Guinea. The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and some Austronesian elements, just like the languages.  The Islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence in religious ceremonies and the like.  Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Austronesian.  Unlike the indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, the islanders were traditionally agriculturalists although they supplemented their food supplies through hunting and gathering.

Related pages
 Indigenous Australians
 Papua New Guinea

References

Other websites 
 Torres Strait Regional Authority 
 Church of Torres Strait

Indigenous peoples of Australia
Queensland
The Omagh bombing was a car bomb attack by the Real Irish Republican Army in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, on 15 August 1998. It killed 29 people and injured 300 others.

References

1998 in the United Kingdom
1990s building bombings
1990s crimes in the United Kingdom
1990s in Northern Ireland
1990s murders in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in Northern Ireland
August events
Building bombings in the United Kingdom
Car and truck bombings in Europe
County Tyrone
Explosions in Northern Ireland
Irish Republican Army
Mass murder in Northern Ireland
Mass murder in the 1990s
Massacres in the United Kingdom
Terrorist incidents in the 1990s
The Troubles
On April 28, 1905, the American astronomer William H. Pickering said that he had found a tenth moon of the planet Saturn. Pickering named the moon Themis. No other astronomer has ever seen the moon that Pickering said he saw. Because of this, astronomers do not count Themis as an official moon of Saturn.

Pickering tried to figure out an orbit for Themis. He thought that Themis had an inclination of 39.1° to the ecliptic, with 0.23 eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis distance of 1,457,000 km. This meant that Themis had an orbit like the moons Titan and Hyperion. Pickering believed that it took Themis 20.85 days to orbit Saturn, in a prograde motion.

Pickering thought that the diameter of Themis was about 38 miles (61 km). Pickering had also discovered the moon Phoebe, but modern astronomers know that Pickering made a mistake when he gave 42 miles (68 km) as the diameter of Phoebe. Because astronomers know how Pickering made his mistake, they can say that if Themis existed, it would have a diameter of 200 km.

In April 1861, Hermann Goldschmidt also thought he discovered a new satellite of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion. Goldschmidt called this moon Chiron. The moon Chiron also does not exist, but the name was used much later for the comet/asteroid 2060 Chiron.

In 1906, the French Academy of Sciences gave Pickering the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences for his "discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of Saturn".

The actual tenth satellite of Saturn (in order of discovery) was Janus, which was discovered in 1966 and confirmed in 1980. Its orbit is far from the supposed orbit of Themis.

There is also an asteroid named 24 Themis.

Themis in fiction
John Varley's science fiction novel Titan takes place on an expedition to Saturn. As they approach the planet and prepare to enter orbit, the astronomer onboard discovers a new moon. At first she believes she has recovered Pickering's lost moon, so she names it Themis.
Robert Anton Wilson's novel Schrödinger's Cat trilogy makes frequent reference to Pickering's Moon as a satellite that revolves the "wrong way" around its primary.

References
 Harvard College Observatory Bulletin No. 189, p.1 (April 1905)
 Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 173-185 (1905)
 AnHar 53 (1905) 173
 AnHar 61 (1908) 86
 Obs 28 (1905) 12:433
 PASP 18 (1906) 96
 Obs 31 (1908) 8:295
 MNRAS 69 (1909) 215
 Obs 32 (1909) 3:79

Saturn's moons
The Real Irish Republican Army (or Real IRA) is a group from Ireland who want Northern Ireland to become part of the Republic of Ireland, and want it to leave the United Kingdom. The group started after they left the Provisional Irish Republican Army, after an argument. On 15 August 1998 they did the Omagh bombing, which killed 29 people and hurt over 300 people. They have shot police officers and have also bombed places in England, such as London and Birmingham. It is against the law to be a member of the Real IRA.

References 

Northern Ireland
Nationalist organizations in Europe
National liberation movements
Irish Republican Army
1997 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the United Kingdom
The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck is a comic book painted and written by Don Rosa. To make it, Rosa needed to see Carl Barks's stories and the more important facts of Scrooge's fictional life.

Chapters 
The story has 12 original parts, with more added later, that tell Scrooge's life:

Comic books
Disney
The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is a set of exams taken in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and other British territories. They are usually taken by students aged 15–16, after two years of study. Some students can take their exams early if their teachers think the students are capable. Most students taking their GCSEs study between 5 and 25 subjects.

All pupils have to study English, mathematics and science until they are 15-16. They do not have to take the GCSE exams, but the large majority do so. In Wales, students must also study Welsh until they are 14.

Most schools require that a pupil passes 5 or more GCSE exams at grades 4 or 5 or above before they can move on to study A-levels.

In 2020, the exams were cancelled for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Subjects 
Many of the subjects in this list are not offered by every school.

Required
In all schools students have to study Mathematics, Science, and English linguistics and literature.

Creativity
 Art
 Art Textiles
 Film studies
 Textiles
 Music
 Design and Technology
 Drama
 Dance
 Performing arts
 Food technology

Languages
 Modern foreign languages including: Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Spanish, Somali, Turkish, Tamil, Urdu and Welsh 
 Classical languages including: Classical Greek, Biblical Hebrew and Latin

Technology
 Electronics
 Engineering and Manufacturing (Double Award)
 Graphic products
 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
 Applied ICT (Double Award)
 Product Design
 Electronics with Resistant Materials
 Resistant Materials
 Systems and Control Technology
 Textiles
 IT

Humanities
 Humanities
 Geography
 Religious Studies
 History
 Citizenship
 Philosophy & Ethics
 Economics
 Hinduism
 Islamic Studies

People and society-related
 Citizenship (Personal Social Health Education)
 Health and Social Care (Double Award)
 Home Economics: Child Development
 Home Economics: Food and Nutrition
 Law
 Psychology
 Social Science
 Sociology

Natural sciences
 Astronomy
 Geology
 Human Biology
 Human Physiology and Health
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology

Others
 Further Mathematics (Further Pure Mathematics for Edexcel IGCSE)
 Applied Business (Double Award)
 Archaeology (may not currently be available as a separate GCSE  )
 Business Studies
 Business and Communication Systems
 General Studies
 Outdoor Pursuits - Birdwatching - Fishing
 Physical Education (PE)
 Sports Studies
 Statistics
 Media Studies

A-levels - Exams taken after GCSEs 
International GCSE - GCSE exams for students whose first language is not English.
Standard Grades - Similar exams taken in Scotland

References

Other websites

Education in the United Kingdom
This article is about Edo. For more information, see Tokyo (disambiguation).
 is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world.

History
The site of the city, on what is now known as Tokyo Bay, had been settled for several centuries, but first became historically significant with the building of Edo Castle in 1457 by order of Ōta Dōkan. Kyoto was the site of the Japanese emperor's residence and the capital of Japan for many centuries, until the Tokugawa shogunate was established in 1603 and Edo became its seat of government. From that point Kyoto remained merely the formal capital of the country, while the de facto capital was now Edo, the center of real political power. Edo consequently rapidly grew from what had been a small, virtually unknown fishing village in 1457 to a big city of 1,000,000 residents by 1721, the largest city in the world at the time.

In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital", and the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan.

Gallery

Related pages

 Edo period

References

 Alternate spelling from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article

History of Tokyo
1457 establishments
Establishments in Japan
1868 disestablishments in Japan
15th-century establishments in Asia
The Renault Vel Satis was a large automobile created by the French car manufacturer Renault. It has five seats and four doors. It was produced from 2001 to 2009· It was known for its daring styling and was sold in the UK from 2002 to 2005 but was dropped there due to poor sales. Renault also produced another big car with bold styling called the Avantime which was a coupe/grand tourer but it was a poor seller with only 8,557 made between 2001 and 2003.   

Vel Satis
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding a secret key. In non-technical language, this is the practice of codebreaking or cracking the code, although "break" can also mean just a part of a complete solution.

People have been making and breaking codes for many centuries. In the 1930s specialized machines were invented to do the calculations. Code-breaking machines such as the Colossus computer were important during World War II. Computers were the main tool of cryptanalysis in the Cold War and later.

Related pages 
 Code
 Cryptography

References 
 Helen Fouché Gaines, "Cryptanalysis", 1939, Dover.

Other websites 

 Basic Cryptanalysis
 Simon Singh's crypto corner 
 Distributed Computing Projects
 UltraAnvil tool for attacking simple substitution ciphers 
 A lot of real encrypted messages on newsgroups
 A javascript codesystems solver for many types of ciphers, with examples 
 The National Museum of Computing Cipher Challenge 

Mathematics
The International General Certificate of Secondary Education, or IGCSE, is an international exam for school students. It is typically taken by 14 to 16-year–olds, and it makes students ready for more academic work, including moving to A-Level and AS-Level study. The IGCSE is recognised as the same quality as the United Kingdom GCSE.

IGCSE courses cover subjects from a variety of areas: Languages, Humanities, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Creative, Technical and Vocational.

Most subjects can be studied at two levels of ability, either an easier level or a harder level. This is so that the IGCSE is appropriate for students with different levels of ability. It is planned to be appropriate for students whose first language may not be English and this is seen in all the tests for the IGCSE.

Subjects available
The following is a list of subjects for which IGCSEs are available:

 Accounting
 Afrikaans as a first language
 Afrikaans as a second language
 Agriculture
 Arabic as a first language
 Arabic as a second language
 Art
 Art and Design
 Bangladesh Studies
 Biology
 Business Studies
 Chemistry
 Child Development
 Chinese as a first language
 Chinese (Mandarin) as a second language
 Computer Studies
 Commerce
 Czech as a first language
 Drama
 Design & Technology
 Development Studies
 Dutch as a first language
 Dutch as a second language
 Economics
 English Language
 English Literature
 English as a second language (ESL)
 Environmental Management
 Food and Nutrition
 French as a first language
 French as a second language
 Geography
 German as a first language
 German as a second language
 Greek as a second language
 Hindi as a First Language
 History
 Human Anatomy
 Indonesian as a second language
 Information and Communication Technology
 Information Technology
 IsiZulu as a second language
 Japanese as a first language
 Japanese as a second language
 Korean as a first language
 Latin
 Malay as a second language
 Mathematics
 Mathematics - Additional
 Music
 ORACLE
 Pakistan Studies
 Physical Education
 Physical Science
 Physics
 Portuguese as a first language
 Portuguese as a second language
 Punjabi
 Religious Studies
 Russian as a first language
 Science - Combined
 Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double Award)
 Sociology
 Spanish as a first language
 Spanish as a second language
 Spanish Literature
 Thai as a first language
 Thai as a second language
 Travel and Tourism
 Turkish as a First language
 Urdu
 Sinhala

Related pages
GCSE - GCSEs in the UK.
List of GCSE subjects.
Advanced levels (A-levels) - Exams taken after GCSEs in the UK.

Education
Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953) is a British politician. Julie was born and raised in London. Her parents were Jamaican immigrants. She is now the Member of Parliament for the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency in London, UK. She was oppurtune to be the first black woman to be elected to the House of Common  when she was elected in the 1987 General Election. In 2010, Abbott became Shadow Public Health Minister after unsuccessfully standing for election as leader of the Labour Party. Abbott was made Shadow Home Secretary by Jeremy Corbyn in October 2016.

She attended Newnham College, Cambridge.

Abbott is a frequent public speaker, newspaper contributor and TV performer.  She has been on so many programmes such as Have I Got News For You, Celebrity Come Dine with Me, Cash in the Celebrity Attic.

and many more.

References

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
BBC people
Black British people
British feminists
Democratic socialists
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Paddington
Politicians from London
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Women politicians
British journalists
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
David Hywel Francis (6 June 1946 – 14 February 2021) was a Welsh politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberavon constituency in the United Kingdom. He was elected in the 2001 General Election.

He was a member of the Labour Party.

References 

1946 births
2021 deaths
British historians
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015