cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Menai Suspension Bridge () is a suspension bridge in Wales. It runs from the island of Anglesey to Holyhead. It was designed by Thomas Telford. They started building it in 1819 and it was finished in 1826.

Building of the bridge

Before the bridge was built, the only way people could get to Anglesey island was by a ferry from Holyhead. The water of the Menai Strait is very rough and dangerous, so it was hard for people to use their own boats or swim to the island. The people who lived on Anglesey sold cattle that they raised. The cattle were forced to swim through the dangerous water, with many of them often dying. If the cows survived the trip, they were sent to London and other places to be sold. 

An engineer named Thomas Telford was working near Holyhead when he thought it would be a good idea to build a suspension bridge to Anglesey. A suspension bridge was big enough that tall ships could go underneath them. He asked the British Parliament if he could build the bridge and they said yes.

Telford designed the bridge. They started building it in 1819. The first thing to be built were the towers that are on both sides at Holyhead and Anglesey. The towers were made out of limestone from Penmon. They were hollow inside. After the towers were built, 16 chains were installed. They were made out of 935 bars of iron. They were long enough to support the  long bridge. Iron can rust. So, the people who made the chains soaked them in linseed oil and the painted. The chains were  long and weighed 121 tons. The bridge opened on January 30, 1826.

Bridge improvements

The road that went over the bridge was not very safe because of the strong winds. Workers made the bridge stronger in 1840. The bridge road was made of wood, and in 1893 it was replaced with steel. The bridge only allowed cars and trucks that weighted up to 4.5 tons to go over the bridge. This made it hard for big trucks to bring goods to the island. In 1938 they installed wrought iron chains to make the bridge strong. In 1999, the bridge closed for one month. The road was fixed and the bridge was made stronger. When it was closed, people had to drive over the Britannia Bridge to get to the island. 

One part of the bridge was closed for six months starting on February 28, 2005. The bridge was painted for the first time in 65 years. It was reopened on December 11.

Surroundings

The Anglesey Coastal Path goes under the bridge. There is a memorial to the Aberfan disaster victims at the bridge on Anglesey.

Popular culture

The closest town to the bridge is called Menai Bridge. British one pound coins have drawings of the bridge. The coins were made in 2005. The bridge is mentioned in Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll.

References

Other websites

Transport in Wales
Bridges in Wales
Suspension bridges
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Christie Fuller (died August 15 1933) was a contralto singer from Australia. She was alive during the Victorian era.

Life

Christie Fuller was born Louisa Christie Fuller. She was the middle daughter of three girls. Her father's name was John Hobson Fuller. Her sisters were Amy Fuller and Florence Fuller. She moved to England to go to school in 1886. She returned to Australia in 1887. She moved to Melbourne. In August, 1890, she married a man named Charles Carty Lance. They were married in Melbourne. After they married they moved to Sydney. They had one child, a daughter named Silvia. She married and changed her name to Sylvia Lance Harper. She became a famous tennis player. Fuller died in the town of Strathfield in August 1933.

Singing career

After moving to Melbourne in 1887, Fuller started singing for a living. Sometimes she performed by herself. Sometimes she performed with other people, including her sister Amy Fuller. They sang together in Sydney in 1898 and in Perth in 1910. Fuller traveled the world singing. She went to London and South Africa. She also toured across Australia.

References

Singers from New South Wales
1933 deaths
Year of birth missing
The Division of McPherson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1948 and is named after the McPherson Range. McPherson is in south east Queensland, and is based on the southern portion of the Gold Coast City.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of McPherson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Karen Andrews website

Electoral divisions of Australia
1949 establishments in Australia
Jiang Yi-huah (; born 18 November 1960) is a Republic of China politician. He was the Premier of the Republic of China from 2013 to 2014.

Before he was Premier, Jiang was the Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 2012 to 2013. He was the Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2012. He was the Minister of Research, Development and Evaluation Commission from 2008 to 2009.

Early life
Jiang was born 18 November 1960 in Keelung.

He earned his bachelor's and master's degree in political science from National Taiwan University (NTU). He earned a doctoral degree in political science from Yale University. Upon graduation, he returned to Taiwan to become a professor at NTU.

Government service
In 2008 he was appointed as the Minister of Research, Development and Evaluation Commission of the Executive Yuan. On 10 September 2009, Jiang was appointed as ROC Minister of the Interior (MOI). He was the youngest person to ever hold the office. Jiang was appointed Vice Premier on 6 February 2012. With this, he had to resign from his professorship at NTU. He became the Premier of the Republic of China on 18 February 2013. In five years he rose from a minister to premiere setting a record for advancement in the Taiwanese government. He is also the youngest premier in the last 50 years.

References

1960 births
Premiers of the Republic of China on Taiwan
Living people
Frank Schirrmacher (September 5, 1959 – June 12, 2014) was a German journalist, literature expert and essayist, writer. Since 1994, he was co-publisher of the national German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.

Schirrmacher died from a heart attack in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, aged 54.

References

Other websites

1959 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German essayists
German journalists
People from Wiesbaden
Writers from Hesse
Morton Grove is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,270.

References

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
James Claude Wright, Jr. (December 22, 1922 – May 6, 2015) was an American politician from Texas. He served for 34 years in the U.S. House of Representatives and was the Speaker of the House from 1987 to 1989. Wright resigned from the House in 1989 because of a scandal.

References

Other websites

View Photos from the Jim Wright Collection from Weatherford College, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
The Jim Wright Scandal
Media Watch comparison of the treatment of the Meese and Wright resignations 
Stories I Never Told the Speaker, by Wright's Chief of Staff Marshall Lynam 

1922 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from oral cancer
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
United States representatives from Texas
Politicians from Fort Worth, Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Majority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Nebraska is a 2013 American black and white movie set in Montana, Nebraska and South Dakota. It was directed by Alexander Payne, and starring Bruce Dern, Will Forte, June Squibb, Stacy Keach and Bob Odenkirk. It was nominated for six Academy Awards.

Other websites 

2013 drama movies
2010s road movies
American drama movies
American road movies
English-language movies
Montana
Movies set in Nebraska
South Dakota in fiction
Robert John "Bob" Odenkirk (born October 22, 1962) is an American actor, comedian, writer, director and producer. He is best known for being the co-creator and co-star of the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show with Bob and David and for his role as Saul Goodman on AMC's Breaking Bad and its spin-off series Better Call Saul. He also starred in The Post. In 2018, he starred as Winston Deavor in the Disney-Pixar movie Incredibles 2.

On July 27, 2021, Odenkirk was taken to a hospital after collapsing while filming Better Call Saul in New Mexico from a heart-related medical emergency.

References

Other websites

 – official site

Emmy Award winners
1962 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
Actors from Illinois
Writers from Illinois
Comedians from Illinois
Cody is a city in Park County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 9,520 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Park County.

Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
Park County, Wyoming
Wacissa is a small unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Florida, United States of America.  It is  in size. The population was 380 in 2010.

Unincorporated communities in Florida
Cody is a village in Cherry County, Nebraska, United States.  As of the 2010 census, the village had a total population of 154. The village has a total area of , all of it land.

References

Villages in Nebraska
A transatlantic telegraph cable is a cable running under the Atlantic Ocean. It was used for telegraph communications. The first was laid across the bottom of the Atlantic from Ireland to Newfoundland. The first message was sent on August 16, 1858. It was from Queen Victoria to President James Buchanan. The cables reduced the communication time between North America and Europe from ten days (by ship) to a matter of minutes. The first cable lasted only three weeks. Transatlantic telegraph cables have been replaced by transatlantic telecommunications cables.

References 

Communication
Tribunes of the plebs were important officials in Ancient Rome. The plebians (plebs) were the free Roman people who were not patricians.

The tribunes provided a balance between the power of the Senate and the needs of the people. There were ten tribunes at any time, and they could act separately or together. 

These tribunes had the power to use the People's Assembly (the Concilium Plebis) to support the common people. They could summon the Senate, propose legislation and intervene on the behalf of plebeians in legal matters. Most important of all was the power to veto the actions of the Consuls and other magistrates, to protect the interests of the plebeians. An assault on any plebian tribune was against the law.

Tribunes of the plebs were elected by the People's Assembly alone. They could be commoners, unlike all the other officials of the Roman Republic. Their role lasted for about 800 years, but under the Roman Empire they did not have real powers. They were in origin and style, a working part of the Roman Republic. 

Although a tribune could veto any action of the magistrates, Senate, or other assemblies, he had to be physically present in order to do so. Once the tribune was no longer present, the action could be completed as if the veto had not occurred. This meant that the tribunes' powers were limited to Rome itself, not the Republic in general.

References 

Ancient Rome
Tom Werner is the chairman of Liverpool Football Club.

Sportspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Allison Mack (born July 29, 1982) is an American movie director, actress and producer. She played Chloe Sullivan in the television series Smallville. She played Kate Jacobs in the television series Opposite Sex.

Mack was born in Preetz, West Germany to American parents.

Mack was arrested by the FBI in Brooklyn on April 20, 2018, on charges of sex trafficking, sex trafficking conspiracy and forced labor conspiracy. She faces 15 years-to-life in prison.

References

Other websites 

1982 births
Living people
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American television directors
People from Schleswig-Holstein
Elizabeth de Beauchamp Goudge (24 April 1900 – 1 April 1984) was an English author of novels, short stories and children's books. She wrote under the name Elizabeth Goudge. She received a Carnegie Medal for children's books in 1946 for The Little White Horse.

She became a best selling author, both in the United Kingdom and United States.

She was born in Wells, Somerset, England. She died at the age of 83.

British children's writers
English novelists
Writers from Somerset
1900 births
1984 deaths
Elon Reeve Musk  (born June 28, 1971) is a South African-Canadian-American businessman. He was born in South Africa. He moved to Canada and later became an American citizen. Musk is the current CEO & Chief Product Architect of Tesla, Inc., a company that makes electric vehicles. He is also the CEO of Solar City, a company that makes solar panels, and the CEO & CTO of SpaceX, an aerospace company. In August 2020, Bloomberg ranked Musk third among the richest people on the planet with a net worth to be $198 billion. With a net worth of around US$255 billion as of December 2021, Musk is the wealthiest person in the world. In 2021, he was Time Person of the Year.

Early life and career 
Elon Musk and his brother started Zip2, a software company, in 1995. In 1999 he sold it and became a millionaire. He then started X.com, which merged with the company Confinity to make PayPal. X.com was then renamed to PayPal, and he focused on growing that part of the company. He then started SpaceX and became the CEO of Tesla.

He has Asperger syndrome.

Musk was born to a Canadian mother and a South African-born British father in Pretoria, South Africa. His parents divorced in 1980 and he mainly lived with his father in many different places in South Africa. He went to Waterkloof House Preparatory School and graduated from Pretoria Boys High School. He then moved to Canada in 1988 when he was 17 after he obtained Canadian citizenship through his mother. He got it before his South African military service was to begin. He felt that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States from Canada than from South Africa.

Education 
He spent two years at the Queen's School of Business in Kingston, Ontario. He then transferred to the University of Pennsylvania where he earned a bachelor's degree in economics from the Wharton School. He stayed a year to finish his second bachelor's degree in physics. Then he moved to California to attempt to get a PhD in applied physics at Stanford but he left the program after only two days because he wanted to pursue his entrepreneurial aspirations (start businesses) in the Internet, renewable energy and outer space. He became an American citizen in 2002.

Projects 
At the end of 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company which focuses on tunneling and infrastructure. He mentioned Los Angeles traffic as the reason for starting this company. In March 2017 Elon Musk announced he has started another company that aims to merge human brains and computers, it is called Neuralink.

As of April 2016, he was worth over $10 billion, making him the 37th most wealthy American. Musk is also known for helping design and create the Falcon Heavy rocket, which successfully launched on February 6 of 2018.

Related pages 
 PayPal
 SpaceX
 Tesla Motors

References

Other websites

 
 Forbes profile

 
1971 births
American billionaires
American inventors
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Canadian businesspeople
Canadian inventors
Living people
Musk
Time People of the Year
Carol Ann Shields (June 2, 1935 – July 16, 2003) was an American and Canadian author. She was best known for her 1993 novel The Stone Diaries. The book won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. She wrote many other books and short stories. 

Shields was born in Oak Park, Illinois. She died of breast cancer in Victoria, British Columbia at 68.

Writers from Illinois
1935 births
2003 deaths
Canadian writers
Pulitzer Prize winners
Louisiana is a state located in the Southern United States. According to the 2010 United States Census, Louisiana is the 25th most populous state with  inhabitants and the 33rd largest by land area spanning  of land. Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes, which are equivalent to counties, and contains 308 incorporated municipalities consisting of four consolidated city-parishes, and 304 cities, towns, and villages.  Louisiana's municipalities cover only  of the state's land mass but are home to  of its population.

According to the 2015 Louisiana Laws Revised Statutes, residents of any unincorporated area may propose to incorporate as a municipality if the area meets prescribed minimum population thresholds. Municipal corporations are divided based on population into three classes: cities, towns, and villages. Those having five thousand inhabitants or more are classified as cities; those having less than five thousand but more than one thousand inhabitants are classified as towns; and those having one thousand or fewer inhabitants are classified as villages. The governor may change the classification of the municipality if the board of aldermen requests a change and a census shows that the population has increased or decreased making it eligible for a different classification. Municipalities are granted powers to perform functions required by local governments including the levy and collection of taxes and to assume indebtedness.

The largest municipality by population in Louisiana in 2010 is New Orleans with 343,829 residents, and the smallest is Mound with 19 residents. The largest municipality by land area is New Orleans, which spans , while Napoleonville is the smallest at . The first municipality to incorporate was Natchitoches in 1712 and the newest is Central in 2005.

List of municipalities

Related pages
 Louisiana census statistical areas
 List of census-designated places in Louisiana
 List of unincorporated communities in Louisiana

Notes

References 

Lists of settlements in the United States
Baker is a small city in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, United States, and a part of the Baton Rouge Area. It is the third-largest city in East Baton Rouge Parish. The population was 13,895 at the 2010 census, an increase of 102 persons from the 13,793 people counted in the 2000 census. 

Cities in Louisiana
Khagen Mahanta () (17 August 1941 – 12 June 2014) was folk and traditional musician. Mahanta was known as the "King of Bihu". His Bihu songs, Borgeet and other folk songs helped shaped the form of his society. The artist along with his wife Archana Mahanta and son Angaraag Mahanta represent one of the most influential families in Assamese music. 

He died on 12 June 2014 from heart disease, aged 72.

References

1941 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Indian musicians
Folk musicians
People from Assam
James Victor "Jimmy" Scott (July 17, 1925 – June 12, 2014), also known as "Little" Jimmy Scott, was an American jazz singer. He was known for his unusually high contralto voice. This is because he had Kallmann's syndrome, a very rare genetic condition. The condition prevented him from reaching puberty, leaving him with a high, undeveloped voice.

Scott died in Las Vegas, Nevada from cardiac arrest, aged 88.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American jazz singers
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
Robert Louis Peters (October 20, 1924 - June 13, 2014) was an American poet, critic, scholar, playwright, editor, and actor. His poetry career began in 1967 when he wanted to write a poem about the death of his son. The poem was called Songs for a Son. 

After Peters divorced, he began dating Paul Trachtenberg. Their relationship lasted for 36 years.

Peters died on June 13, 2014 from natural causes at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Profile at University of California, Irvine

1924 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American poets
American playwrights
American editors
American stage actors
Educators from Wisconsin
American literary critics
LGBT writers
LGBT actors
Gay men
Writers from Wisconsin
Actors from Wisconsin
Gyula Grosics (4 February 1926 – 13 June 2014) was a Hungarian football goalkeeper. He played 86 times for the Hungarian national football team and was part of the legendary Golden Team of the 1950s. He was nicknamed the Black Panther ().

Grosics died on 13 June 2014, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Hungary
Hungarian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
1952 Summer Olympics
The Australian Federation of Women Voters (AFWV) was an organization from Australia. It lobbied for women's suffrage. AFWV was started in 1921.

Overview 
The idea for the organization started at a meeting of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Perth in 1918. By the time the Union met again in 1921, the AFWV was founded. Bessie Rischbieth was the first president of the organization.They had a magazine called The Dawn. They helped get the first woman from Australia to represent them at the Legion of Nations in 1922. After she went, they had a woman attend for them to the Legion of Nations three more times: 1928, 1935, and 1936. They wrote a memorandum about sex discrimination in Australia called the "Status of Women," in 1937. Ten years later, in 1947, they wrote another.  

In 1972, the organization ended. It became a part of the Women's Electoral Lobby.

References

Other websites
  Australian Federation of Women Voters in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia
 Records of the The Australian Federation of Women Voters in the National Library of Australia (finding aid)

Voting
Feminism
Democratic rights
Organisations based in Australia
1921 establishments
Human rights organizations
1920s establishments in Australia
James "Jim" Keays (9 September 1946 – 13 June 2014) was a Scottish-born Australian singer-songwriter and musician. He was best known for fronting the hard rock band The Masters Apprentices from 1965 until 1972. He performed also as a bass guitarist. Until his death, he had been active since 1964. He was later a solo musician and a member of the band Cotton Keays & Morris with Darryl Cotton and Russell Morris from 2000 until 2012.

Life
Keays was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He was adopted when he was six months old. When he was four, his family moved to Adelaide, South Australia.

Keays died from pneumonia caused by multiple myeloma on 13 June 2014 in Melbourne, Victoria, aged 67. He had been diagnosed with cancer in July 2007.

References

Other websites

1946 births
2014 deaths
Adoptees
Australian guitarists
Australian rock singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Bass guitarists
Cancer deaths in Victoria (Australia)
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Australia
Musicians from Glasgow
Musicians from Adelaide
Dorothy Morrison, (born January 3, 1919 in Los Angeles, California), was an American actress. She appeared in a few Our Gang movies during the silent era. Her older brother was Ernie Morrison, another member of the movie series. Some of her movies include The Champeen, Seein' Things, The Love Bug, Isn't Life Terrible? and Hearts in Dixie. Her last movie was a short called Sleepless Hollow in 1936.

References

Other websites
 
 Dorothy Morrison at the American Film Institute

1919 births
Living people
American silent movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Meju is a brick of fermented soybeans in Korean cuisine. It is used in Korean cuisine to make essential condiments such as soy sauce (kanjang), soybean paste (doenjang) and red chilli pepper paste (gochujang). Meju is produced by drying a brick of soybeans. The brick of soybeans is naturally fermented while it dries. There are several ways to make a brick of soybeans. Traditionally, boiled soybeans were crushed in a mortar and made into a brick shape to be tied up with straw.

Meju was commonly made in any Korean home in the past. Condiments made with mejus all tasted different because the production of meju was not standardized. As many Koreans now buy Korean traditional condiments instead of making them, it is difficult to find the wide variety of unique tasting condiments made from homemade meju.

History 
The meaning of the word ‘meju’ originally included all condiments and seasonings made with meju. However, as another word ‘jang’ was used more frequently to refer to condiments made with meju, the meaning of the word ‘meju’ shifted to refer only to the stage before it is used in condiments. Scholars believe the Japanese word ‘miso’ which is similar to Korean doenjang came from the word ‘meju’.

References

Korean food
WC and the Maad Circle is an American hip-hop group formed in 1990.

Discography
Studio albums
 Ain't a Damn Thang Changed (1991)
 Curb Servin' (1995)

Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1990
1990 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
1996 disestablishments in the United States
Lee Alexander McQueen (17 March 1969 – 11 February 2010) was a British fashion designer and couturier. His creative and experimental design received a lot of attention in the world of fashion.

Early life and education 
McQueen was born on 17 March 1969 in Lewisham, London. He started drawing at age three. He wanted to be a designer since he was in primary school. McQueen left school at age 16 and started to serve an apprenticeship with Savile Row tailors in 'Anderson & Sheppard'. Afterwards, he also worked for 'Gieves & Hawkes', which made stage costumes for famous shows in London. The skills he learned as an apprentice on Savile Row helped him to get a reputation in the fashion world. At the age of 21, McQueen was hired by Romeo Gigli as assistant designer in Italy.

Career 
In 1994, McQueen returned to London and got a master's degree from Central Saint Martins College. It was the turning point that led him to be a designer. McQueen worked at Givenchy as a head designer from 1996 to 2001.  After he separated with Givenchy, he focused on his own label. Then, in 2001, he made a debut with The Dance of the Twisted Bull collection in Paris which provoked some scandals.
  
In 2001 "Gucci" Group got 51% shares of Alexander McQueen brand, which was named after McQueen, and became his new partner. As time passed, McQueen launched "McQ" as second brand, and "My Queen" as perfume brand. McQueen also conducted various brand and design collaboration with Puma, Samsonite and Chivas Regal. By the end of 2006, Alexander McQueen brand has entered 25 cities including London, Paris, New York City, Boston, Milan, Moscow, Tokyo and Seoul.

In 1996, he was nominated as the youngest British Fashion Designer of the Year, and again in 1997, 2001 and 2003. Moreover, in 2003 he was nominated as  by Council of Fashion Designers of America(CFDA) and received 'Commander of the Order of the British Empire' from Queen. From mid 1990s to 2000s, he had success in his career.

Personal life, death and afterwards  
McQueen was openly gay. He suffered from depression since the suicide of his close friend Isabella Blow. He hanged himself at his London home nine days after from the death of his mother. Depression was presumed to be the cause of his suicide. After his death, Sarah Burton is now the chief designer of the Alexander McQueen business.

References 

1969 births
2010 deaths
British fashion designers 
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT fashion designers
People from London
Suicide in the 2010s
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Virginia Esther Hamilton (March 12, 1934 – February 19, 2002) was an African-American author of children's books. She was born and raised in Yellow Springs, Ohio. 

Virginia Hamilton’s mother was Etta Bella Perry Hamilton and her father was Kenneth James Hamilton. She attended Antioch College, Ohio State University, and New School for Social Research. On March 19, 1960 Hamilton married Arnold Adoff. They had two children together, Leigh Hamilton Adoff and Jamie Levi Adoff.

Virginia Hamilton wrote mainly about African American folktales and heritage.  Hamilton wrote her stories first thinking about characterization, settings, and themes, then touching on racial topics.  She also wrote about social issues, sibling rivalry, and peer pressure.

She received many awards for her writing. For M. C. Higgins, the Great, a tale of a black boy growing up poor in the South, she won the U.S. National Book Award and the Newbery Medal in 1975.  For lifetime achievement, she won the international Hans Christian Andersen Award for writing children's literature in 1992 and a Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal in 1995.  Because of the racial discrimination against African Americans during her lifetime, her achievements are especially important.

She died in Dayton, Ohio of breast cancer.

References

Wolf, Virginia L. "Hamilton, Virginia." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web. Accessed 23 Mar. 2015

1934 births
2002 deaths
African American writers
Cancer deaths in Ohio
Writers from Ohio
Dee Dee Ramone (or Douglas Glenn Colvin; September 18, 1951 – June 5, 2002) was a German-American singer, songwriter and musician. He was best known for being a founding member of the Ramones.

He was mostly a punk rock singer, although he did some hip hop.

Ramone was born in Fort Lee, Virginia. He died from a heroin overdose, aged 50.

Musicians from Virginia
1951 births
2002 deaths
Mahdi Elmandjra (Arabic: مهدي المنجرة) (13 March 1933 – 13 June 2014) was a Moroccan futurist, economist, writer and sociologist. He was best known for his leadership roles with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 

Elmandjra was born in Rabat. He was educated in Morocco, the United States and the United Kingdom.

Elmandjra died after a long illness on 13 June 2014 in Rabat, aged 81.

References

Other websites

 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Academics
Deaths from disease
Economists
Moroccan educators
Moroccan scientists
Sociologists
UNESCO
Moroccan writers
Virat Kohli is an Indian cricketer. He was born in Delhi, India on November 5, 1988. Virat is the first player in ICC cricket history to win all 3 ICC awards in a single year- ICC ODI player of the year, ICC Test player of the year and ICC Player of the year award in 2018. He is rated as one of the best batsmen in the world. As of December 2021, Virat Kohli is the most followed cricketer on Instagram.he is the goat of cricket

Career 
Virat also became the greatest Indian captain in Test cricket with 27 test wins, 12 overseas test wins and highest winning percentage as captain in both Tests and ODIs. Kohli was ranked eighth in ESPN's list of world's most famous sportspeople in 2016. Virat is the only current player to have a stand named after him in Delhi Firoz Shah Kotla stadium to honour his immaculate contributions to Indian cricket.

Personal life 
He started dating Bollywood actress Anushka Sharma in 2013.  They got married on 11 December 2017 in Florence, Italy. Kohli first came into the limelight in 2008, when he led the Indian U-19 cricket team to victory in 2008 U-19 Cricket World Cup He soon made his debut for the Indian team in August 2008, during a ODI match against Sri Lanka.

References

Other websites
 Virat Kohli from ESPNcricinfo
 Virat Kohli from CricketArchive

1988 births
Indian cricketers
Living people
The London mayoral election, 2008 was on 1 May 2008. It was the third London mayoral election, the first election was held in May 2000 and the second election in June 2004. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Boris Johnson. Boris Johnson became the second Mayor of London.

2008 in England
2008 mayoral election
2008
May events
The 2016 London mayoral election was  held on 5 May 2016 to elect the next Mayor of London. It was the fifth London mayoral election. The sitting  mayor of London Boris Johnson did not stand for re-election. The Conservative Party candidate was Zac Goldsmith  and the Labour Party candidate was Sadiq Khan. In the election, Khan was elected mayor.

Candidates
Conservative Party - Zac Goldsmith
Labour Party - Sadiq Khan
Liberal Democrats - Caroline Pidgeon
Green party - Siân Berry
UKIP - Peter Whittle
Respect Party - George Galloway

Results
Sadiq Khan - 1,310,143
Zack Goldsmith - 994,614
Siân Berry - 150,673
Caroline Pidgeon - 120,005
Peter Whittle - 94,373
George Galloway- 37,007

The election election used the supplementary vote system, which is where the voters choose a first and a second choice of candidates. After two rounds Khan was elected as Mayor.

References

London mayoral elections
2010s in London
2016 elections in the United Kingdom
May 2016 events
Jimmy Boyd (January 9, 1939 – March 7, 2009) was an American musician and actor. He became known for his performance and recording of "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus".

He was born James Boyd in McComb, Mississippi. He died from cancer, age seventy, in Santa Monica, California.

Actors from Mississippi
Cancer deaths in the United States
Musicians from Mississippi
1939 births
2009 deaths
Tupelo is a city in northeastern Mississippi. It is close to the Alabama state line. At the 2010 U.S. census, 34,546 people lived in Tupelo. The city is famous because Elvis Presley was born there. In 1936, a strong tornado struck the area.

Cities in Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi
Jean Rhys, CBE (24 August 1890 – 14 May 1979), born Ella Gwendolyn Rees Williams, was a novelist from Dominica. She is best known for her novel Wide Sargasso Sea.

Early life
Rhys was born to a Welsh father and a white Creole mother. In 1907 Rhys left her Caribbean island home to live in England with her aunt. In 1919 Rhys married. In 1927 her first collection of short stories The Left Bank and Other Stories was published  by Jonathan Cape (London). Her first novel was published in 1928. That year she moved to London. She married her agent in 1934.

Death
Rhys died alone in a nursing home in Devon in 1979, just before her 87th birthday.

References

1890 births
1979 deaths
Dominica people
Novelists
In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered set of mathematical objects (most notably a list of numbers). In some cases, the sequence tends towards a limit, in which case the limit is denoted using the symbol  (as in ), and the sequence is said to be convergent, otherwise it is divergent.

In a convergent sequence, the absolute difference between the value of the current term and the limit, , will decrease towards 0, as the sequence progresses.

Formal Definition

We call  the limit of the sequence  if the following condition holds:
For each real number , there exists a natural number  such that, for every natural number , we have .

In other words, for every measure of distance , we can find an infinite number of terms of the sequence that are closer than  to the limit. We say that the sequence  converges to or tends to the limit , which we write as  or . The limit can be also shown to be unique.

If a sequence converges to a limit, then it is convergent; otherwise it is divergent.

History
The Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea is famous for formulating paradoxes that involve limiting processes.

Leucippus, Democritus, Antiphon, Eudoxus and Archimedes developed the method of exhaustion, which uses an infinite sequence of approximations to determine an area or a volume. Archimedes succeeded in summing what is now called a geometric series.

Newton dealt with series in his works on Analysis with infinite series (written in 1669, circulated in manuscript, published in 1711), Method of fluxions and infinite series (written in 1671, published in English translation in 1736, Latin original published much later) and Tractatus de Quadratura Curvarum (written in 1693, published in 1704 as an Appendix to his Optiks). In the latter work, Newton considers the binomial expansion of (x+o)n, which he then linearizes by taking the limits as o tends to 0.

In the 18th century, mathematicians like Euler succeeded in summing some divergent series by stopping at the right moment; they did not much care whether a limit existed, as long as it could be calculated. At the end of the century, Lagrange in his Théorie des fonctions analytiques (1797) opined that the lack of rigour precluded further development in calculus. Gauss in his etude of hypergeometric series (1813) for the first time rigorously investigated under which conditions a series converged to a limit.

The modern definition of a limit (for any ε there exists an index N so that ...) was given by Bernhard Bolzano (Der binomische Lehrsatz, Prague 1816, little noticed at the time), and by Karl Weierstraß in the 1870s.

Related pages 

 Limit of a function

References

Mathematics
Acholi (also Acoli) is a Luo Nilotic ethnic group from Northern Uganda. About 1.2 million Acholi people live in Uganda. Acholi people speak Acholi.

Notable Acholi people
Joseph Kony
Betty Oyella Bigombe
Akena p'Ojok

Ugandan people
David Michel (born 2 December 1975) is a French producer and head of Marathon Media. He created many famous television series. These include Totally Spies!, Martin Mystery and The Amazing Spiez!.

Since 1999, Michel has produced several long-running animated series with Vincent Chalvon-Demersay (CEO of Marathon). In 2009, David produces an animated movie, Totally Spies, The Movie. It was based on the TV series "Totally Spies". The series was shown in over 130 countries. It was the most shown French TV series internationally.

The movie had a €5.8 Million budget. It was produces by Marathon Media, Studio 37 (owned by European cell phone company Orange) and Mikado. The movie was distributed around the world. The French theatrical release was scheduled for July 22 2009. In 2013 David Michel stepped down as CEO but still worked a Marathon Media.

He is currently president of Cottonwood Media. It is a children's animation production company he created in 2014..

References 

1975 births
Living people
French movie producers
Television producers
Frankie Valli (born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio; May 3, 1934) is an American popular singer. He is most famous as frontman of The Four Seasons beginning in 1960. He is well known for his unusually powerful falsetto voice. He is known for his song "My Eyes Adore You" and "Grease" (1978).

Frankie's younger brother Bobby Valli is also a popular singer and entertainer who has performed with bands such as The Duprees, Joey Dee and the Starliters and Classics IV.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 

1934 births
Living people
Singers from Newark, New Jersey
Kyle Greenwood (born March 1, 1987) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is better known under his ring name Kyle O'Reilly. He is currently working for many different independent promotions which include Ring of Honor (ROH), Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), and Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling (ECCW). During his career, he has won PWG's 2013 Battle of Los Angeles, the PWG World Championship (where he is the current champion), and the ROH World Tag Team Championship three times with Bobby Fish.

He has type 1 diabetes. He notes Bret Hart, Toshiaki Kawada, Royce Gracie, and Muhammad Ali as his role models. He lives with fellow wrestlers Davey Richards and Tony Kozina.

Championships
NWA: Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling
NWA Canadian Junior Heavyweight Championship (three times)
Pacific Cup (2007)
Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
PWG World Championship (one time, current)
Battle of Los Angeles (2013)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #73 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
Pro Wrestling Prestige
PWP Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Davey Richards)
Ring of Honor
ROH World Tag Team Championship (three times, current) (with Bobby Fish)
St. Louis Anarchy
Medallion Tournament (2012)

References

Other websites
ROH profile 

1987 births
Canadian professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from British Columbia
The random walk hypothesis is a financial theory. It says that stock market prices change according to a random walk, Price changes are random and cannot be predicted.

The concept can be traced to French broker Jules Regnault who published a book in 1863. It can also be traced to French mathematician Louis Bachelier. His  Ph.D. dissertation, "The Theory of Speculation" (1900), had comments on the subject. The same ideas were later worked on by MIT Sloan School of Management professor Paul Cootner in his 1964 book The Random Character of Stock Market Prices. The term was was made popular by the 1973 book, A Random Walk Down Wall Street, by Burton Malkiel. It was used earlier in Eugene Fama's 1965 article "Random Walks In Stock Market Prices", which was a less technical version of his Ph.D. thesis. The theory that stock prices move randomly was earlier said by Maurice Kendall in his 1953 paper, The Analysis of Economic Time Series, Part 1: Prices.

References 
Macroeconomics

Other websites 
Consumption, by Robert E. Hall
Stan Smith (born November 22, 1967)  is the main fictional cartoon character of American Dad!. He is voiced by Seth MacFarlane. Smith works for the CIA in Langley Falls, Virginia. 

He is a Republican and his hero is Ronald Reagan. He is often makes bad decisions or lies, but at the end learns his lesson. MacFarlane says that Smith is based on Archie Bunker in All in the Family.

When Stan was young, his father left his mother because he was on the run from the police. His father, Jack, is a burglar.

References

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 2005
American Dad! characters
Francine Smith (née Ling; formerly Dawson) (Born September 26, 1971) is a fictional character on the animated television series American Dad!. She is the wife of the title character Stan Smith and the mother of  Hayley and Steve. 

Francine is voiced by Wendy Schaal. She was adopted by Asian parents when her wealthy parents abandon her at an airport because she was too young to travel in first-class.

References

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 2005
American Dad! characters
Hayley Dreamsmasher Smith (born May 8, 1987) is a character from the animated television series American Dad!. She is voiced by Rachael MacFarlane, the younger sister of one of the series co-creators, Seth MacFarlane.

Hayley, along with her father Stan, was one of the first two characters that were thought of and created for the series. 

During the series, Hayley's storylines is usually about her liberal opinions clashing with her father's staunch conservative beliefs, and her on-again-off-again relationship with boyfriend Jeff Fischer, whom she later marries in the show's sixth season.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 2005
American Dad! characters
Fictional American people
Steven Anita "Steve" Smith (born May 13, 1991) is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!. He is voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters.

Steve's original design was much geekier and gawky and he was voiced by Ricky Blitt. Halfway through production, Grimes replaced Blitt and Steve's design was made to be more attractive, so he would be less comparable to Neil Goldman from Family Guy.

References

Fictional American people
American Dad! characters
Ossie Davis (born Raiford Chatman Davis; 18 December 1917 – 4 February 2005) was an American movie, television and Broadway actor, director, poet, playwright, author, and social activist. He was known for his role as Yar in the 2000 animated movie Dinosaur. He was married to actress Ruby Dee.

Davis died in Miami, Florida from heart disease, aged 87.

Filmography 
 No Way Out (1950) as John Brooks (uncredited)
 Fourteen Hours (1951) as Cab Driver (uncredited)
 The Joe Louis Story (1953) as Bob (uncredited)
 Gone Are the Days! (aka Purlie Victorious) (1963) as Reverend Purlie Victorious Judson
 The Cardinal (1963) as Father Gillis
 Shock Treatment (1964) as Capshaw
 The Hill (1965) as Jacko King
 A Man Called Adam (1966) as Nelson Davis
 Silent Revolution (1967)
 The Scalphunters (1968) as Joseph Lee
 Sam Whiskey (1969) as Jed Hooker
 Slaves (1969) as Luke
 Wattstax (1973) as Himself (uncredited)
 Let's Do It Again (1975) as Elder Johnson
 Countdown at Kusini (1976) as Ernest Motapo
 Hot Stuff (1979) as Captain John Geiberger
 Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars (1979)
 Harry & Son (1984) as Raymond
 The House of God (1984) as Dr. Sanders
 Avenging Angel (1985) as Captain Harry Moradian
 School Daze (1988) as Coach Odom
 Do the Right Thing (1989) as Da Mayor
 Joe Versus the Volcano (1990) as Marshall
 Preminger: Anatomy of a Filmmaker (1991, Documentary) as Himself
 Jungle Fever (1991) as The Good Reverend Doctor Purify
 Gladiator (1992) as Noah
 Malcolm X (1992) as Eulogy Performer (voice)
 Cop and a Half (1993) as Detective in Squad Room (uncredited)
 Grumpy Old Men (1993) as Chuck
 The Client (1994) as Harry Roosevelt
 Get on the Bus (1996) as Jeremiah
 I'm Not Rappaport (1996) as Midge Carter
 4 Little Girls (1997, Documentary) as Himself - Actor and Playwright
 Dr. Dolittle (1998) as Archer Dolittle
 Alyson's Closet (1998, Short) as Postman Extraordinaire
 The Unfinished Journey (1999, Documentary, Short) as Narration (voice)
 The Gospel According to Mr. Allen (2000, Documentary) as Narrator
 Dinosaur (2000) as Yar (voice)
 Here's to Life! (2000) as Duncan Cox
 Voice of the Voiceless (2001, Documentary) as Himself
 Why Can't We Be a Family Again? (2002, Documentary, Short) as Narrator (voice)
 Bubba Ho-Tep (2002) as Jack
 Unchained Memories (2003, Documentary) as Reader #6
 Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property (2003, Documentary) as Himself
 Beah: A Black Woman Speaks (2003, Documentary) as Himself
 BAADASSSSS! (2003) as Granddad
 She Hate Me (2004) as Judge Buchanan
 Proud (2004) as Lorenzo DuFau
 A Trumpet at the Walls of Jericho (2005, Documentary)
   Experimenter (2015) Ossie Davis is played by Dennis Dexter Haysbert.

References

Other websites

 Life's Essentials with Ruby Dee 
 
 
 
 

1917 births
2005 deaths
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American movie actors
African-American stage actors
African-American television actors
African-American voice actors
African American writers
American activists
American movie actors
American playwrights
American poets
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Florida
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Clinch County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.  It was created on February 14, 1850. It was named in honor of Duncan Lamont Clinch.  As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,798.  The county seat is Homerville.

References

1850s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
1850 establishments in the United States
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Homerville is a city in Clinch County, Georgia, United States. Its population was 2,456 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Clinch County, Georgia.

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia