cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Canadian Football League (CFL; , LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. They play Canadian football and are they highest level of competition for the sport. The CFL is the second most popular sports league in Canada after the NHL. There are 9 teams; 4 in the Eastern Division and 5 Western Division. The Grey Cup is the championship for the CFL. The league was founded on January 19, 1958, making it the second oldest professional gridiron football league in North America that still operates.

However, several of its teams played for many years before the modern league was formed. One current team, the Toronto Argonauts, was formed in 1873, and four other teams claim descent from teams that played before 1900.

Teams

Active teams

1The Montreal Alouettes play their regular season games at Percival Molson Memorial Stadium and play their playoff games at Olympic Stadium.

Notes

 The Hamilton Tiger-Cats were created in 1950 as a merger between the Hamilton Tigers (founded in 1869 as the Hamilton Football Club) and the Hamilton Wildcats (founded in 1941).
 The CFL considers the current Montreal Alouettes franchise (founded in 1994 as the Baltimore Stallions, moved to Montreal and renamed the Montreal Alouettes in 1996) to be a continuation of the original Montreal Alouettes (founded 1946, played in the CFL 1958–1981) and Montreal Concordes (founded 1982, renamed the Montreal Alouettes in 1986, folded just before the 1987 season). However this does not include the Montreal Football Club that was formed in 1872, and joined the IRFU in 1907–1915, and the Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers, who played in the IRFU during the 1930s and 40's, winning the Grey Cup in 1931.
 All Ottawa clubs including the previous Rough Riders and Renegades are combined with current Redblacks for historical consistency only, even though the CFL considers them separate clubs.
 While football in Edmonton was first played in 1890, the Edmonton Elks (in their current incarnation) recognize their first season in 1949. This was further evidenced by the "60 seasons" decals worn on their helmets during the 2008 season.
 Became Saskatchewan Roughriders officially in 1950, after the team became the only pro football team left in the province in 1948. Roughriders were originally called the Regina Rugby Football club from 1910 to 1924. then called the Regina Roughriders from 1925 to 1949.
 Created by a merger of the Winnipegs and the St. John's team on June 10, 1930, and become known as the "Winnipeg Pegs" before changing to the current name, Blue Bombers, in 1937.

References

Other websites

 

1958 establishments in North America
Canadian football
1950s establishments in Canada
Shorts are a short length trousers or pants that reach only to the upper part of the legs or more, but do not cover the entire leg. They are worn by both men and women.  Shorts are worn either as outer garment or as underwear. They are called "shorts" because they are a shortened version of trousers (as they are called in British English, or pants in American English) which cover the entire leg.

Why people wear shorts:
 Fashion  appearance, attractiveness
 Practical  cool, light weight, allows for ease of movement; sportswear
 Uniform  decided by the organisation the wearer belongs to

Types

There are many types of shorts:

 Boxer shorts: Shorts mainly used as male underwear. Some years ago, this term also related to a basic style male short.
 Track shorts: Shorts that reach only the upper thigh and are intended to give maximum freedom of movement in sports activities.
 Walking shorts: Shorts with a long pant length reaching to the knees. They are intended for casual wear in warm weather.  
 Cut-offs: Homemade shorts made by cutting the legs off trousers
 Hotpants: Commonly known as "short shorts" and are mostly worn by women. These are short, tight shorts. They are usually made out of cotton, nylon, or some other common material.  
 "Bun huggers": Short, tight, athletic shorts also known as "racing briefs". They are usually made from spandex and/or nylon. These shorts are commonly used for some adult athletic events such as volleyball.
 "Skorts": Shorts that have a piece of fabric in front so that from the front it looks like a skirt. It is a portmanteau of "skirt" and "shorts".
 "Zip-off shorts": A pair of long pants that zip off at the knee. They allow the wearer to change from pants to shorts as the weather changes.
 Board shorts: A combination of shorts and a bathing suit worn by men. They have recently gained in popularity. 
 Three quarter pants: A name used to refer to other types of shorts such as Shants or Shankles.
 "Capris": Shorts that reach below the knee.
 Baggies: Loose fitting shorts which reach the knees. 
 Cycling shorts: Special shorts designed for athletic use, originally in cycling.
 Bermuda shorts: A knee-length shorts commonly worn in Bermuda as business attire, or largely any style less than formal.
 Cargo shorts: Typically khaki shorts with cargo pockets, similar to cargo pants, except they are around knee-length.
 Boyshorts: Similar to boxer briefs, but for females.
 Jorts: Jean shorts using denim fabric.
 Lederhosen: Traditional German leather shorts.
A swimsuit, bathing suit (sometimes shortened to bathers), or swimming costume (sometimes shortened to cozzie) is clothing designed to be worn for swimming.
 
Swimming trunks are a pair of shorts or briefs worn for swimming or bathing.

In New Zealand English and some areas of Australian English, swimsuits are usually called togs. This term is less common in other parts of the Commonwealth where it can also refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting and range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet.

Lists

Womens' swimsuits

Mens' swimsuits

Other websites

Swimwear Glossary

Swimwear
Pangrams are sentences that have one or more of every letter in an alphabet. They are used to show every letter in a font, or to test a keyboard or typewriter.

The most common example in English is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

Language
Binary is base 2 number system. It is base 2 because it uses two possible numbers: 0 and 1. Decimal, the system most of the world uses for daily life, is a base 10 system – it uses 10 characters (0–9). When binary numbers are written, a subscript "(2)" is added to distinguish them from the same number in base 10.

Computers work in binary, because wires can store information in two different ways: by being powered, or not being powered. Sets of binary numbers can be used to represent any information, such as text, audio, or video.

Number system 

When being introduced to binary numbers, it helps to go back and think about how base 10 or decimal numbers work. Consider the number 1101(10) (base 10). We identify this number as one-thousand, one-hundred, one because it has a 1 in the thousands place, a 1 in the hundreds place, and a 1 in the ones place. But since the places represent 8, 4, 2, and 1 in binary, instead of 1000, 100, 10, and 1, the value converted to decimal (base 10) would be 8 + 4 + 1 = 13(10). 

For another example, the binary number 101(2) is 5 in decimal. The bit on the right is 1 and has a value of 1 (2^0). The middle bit has a value of 2 (2^1 or just 2), but it is a 0, so it is not added. The bit on the left is 1 and has a value of 4 (2^2 or 2 * 2). The bits that are 1s have values of 1 and 4. 1 + 4 = 5.

Computers 
All computers use binary at the lowest level. Most hard memory, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.

With computers, eight binary bits together is called a byte. The size of files is commonly measured in kilobytes or megabytes (sometimes in gigabytes). A kilobyte is 1000 bytes. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes, a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes and a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. Sometimes, it is easier to measure bytes in groups of 1024, since 1024 is a power of 2. There are 1024 bytes in a kibibyte, 1024 kibibytes in a mebibyte, and 1024 mebibytes in a gibibyte. 

Computer science
Mathematics
Encodings
The great Northern diver or common loon is a bird. It belongs to the diver family of birds. Adult birds are between 70 and 90 cm in length, and have wingspans of 1.20 metres to 1.50 metres. 

The Great Northern Loon breeds in North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland. This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.

This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater.  It catches its prey underwater, diving as deep as 200 feet (60 m). Freshwater diets include pike, perch,  sunfish, trout, and bass; salt-water diets consist oinclude rock fish, flounder, sea trout, and herring.

The female lays 1 to 3 eggs on a hollowed-out mound of dirt and vegetation very close to water. Both parents build the nest, sit on the egg or eggs, and feed the young.

References

Birds of Kashmir
Birds of North America
The azuki bean is a type of reddish-brown colored bean. It can also be spelled adzuki. The bean is grown in East Asia and the Himalayas. It is often boiled in sugar to make a red bean paste. This paste is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking. Azuki beans are eaten in many places in the world.  Especially, azuki beans are used in sweet meals, snacks and dishes in Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam. Azuki beans have a long and varied history and there are many recipes.

History and origin 

Azuki beans are very famous red beans in Japan.  Excavations suggest that people have been eating Azuki beans since the Jomon period.  At that time, Azuki beans were called "shozu". 

Azuki beans have been grown since the Yayoi  period.  The first time the word "Azuki" was used was in the book "Koziki".  Old Japanese said "Aka" for red.  And Azuki beans were called "zuki" because  Azuki beans get soft when they are boiled.  "Aka" plus "zuki" is "Azuki" and this is the origin of Azuki bean's name.  Another Azuki beans has many origins.

Azuki beans are red, so many old people believed Azuki beans were a good luck charm. Azuki beans were used in many events and ceremonies in Japan, China and Korea.  In the Edo period, people made rice mixed with Azuki         
beans.  This was called sekihan and many people gave sekihan at ceremonies. Azuki beans were used as medicine, because Azuki beans are nutritious.  Now many people eat sekihan when there are ceremonies in Japan. In addition Azuki beans are used in many Japanese cakes, Many sweets use Azuki raw materials for the taste and colour.  So Azuki beans are closely related to Japanese life from ancient times.

Azuki bean jam
Azuki beans make bean jam. A sweet porridge of boiled and crushed azuki beans are eaten with rice-flour dumplings. Oval-shaped sweets are made from glutinous rice and covered with azuki bean. Bean-jam pancakes and bean-jam filled buns are also popular snacks. Azuki beans are also used in pillows and beanbags.

Recipe 
First, the azuki beans are boiled until the azuki skin stretches. The beans are then put into a perforated basket. Next, the azuki are boiled again for a short time to remove harshness. They are again put into perforated basket to drain. While they are draining, a big pan for steaming is prepared. The azuki are put in the pan and covered with a lid. The azuki beans are steamed and then heat is turned off. After steaming you have azuki bean mash, which is then dried on a cloth. The next step is putting them back in a pan to bring to a hot temperature. The azuki are taken out of the pan which is hot from flame. Sugar is added.  The sugar and azuki are mixed and the water from the azuki is left. Finally, the azuki is cooled. When the beans are cold, it is finished.

Azuki bean jam is used in many foods. For example, a fish-shaped waffle is filled with azuki bean jam. Azuki bean jam foods are famous in Japan, and they are eaten by many Japanese.

Beans
Faboideae
The jalapeño is a type of Mexican  pepper. It is related to the family of the Chili pepper. It is pronounced hala-PAYN-nyo or hala-PEE-nyo. It is a reasonably spicy pepper.

A chipotle is a smoked, dried jalapeño.

Other websites 

 http://img.tfd.com/hm/prons/J0011550.wav - audio pronunciation
 http://www.chili-pepper-plants.com/html/medium_peppers.html

Capsicum
The gooseberry is a type of fruit. It has a greenish color. It looks like an ungrown clementine. It belongs to the same family as the currant. Gooseberries are sometimes informally called goosegogs in the British Isles.

Berries
Ribes
A punt is a flat boat with a broad front. It is designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. Punting means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed (the bottom of the river) and this gives the punt a way to move.

Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms. They were for shooting at birds and fishing. In modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England. There are also races at summer regattas on the Thames.

Punt poles 

Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12–16 feet (4–5 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.

The bottom of the pole has a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end. The shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.

Other websites

Clubs
 Thames Valley Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018
 Sunbury Regatta, retrieved November 2018
 Wraysbury Skiff and Punting Club, retrieved November 2018
 Dittons Skiff & Punting Club, retrieved November 2018
 The Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018

Punting stations
 Cherwell Boathouse, Oxford, retrieved November 2018
 Scudamore's Punting, Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Rutherford's Punting Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Punting on the Thames, retrieved November 2018

Further information
 A Thames Library, retrieved November 2018
 A detailed non-commercial guide to punting (and other boating) on the Thames, retrieved November 2018
 The Scudamore's guide to punting in Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Daily Info guide to punting in Oxford, retrieved November 2018

Punting around the world
 In Christchurch, New Zealand
 In Tübingen, Germany
 In the Spreewald in Germany
 On the Mutha River, India
 On the Marais Poitevin, France
 In Botswana

Boats
A moat is a body of water around a castle or town to keep people out. The moat was introduced between 1154 and 1485. At first, moats were simple and used only for protection. Later on, moats became more complicated and were used for show.

Moats are deep, wide ditches filled with water. They were usually built near sources of water that flowed into the moats, filling them with water. The moats were filled with water for a few reasons. It made enemies swimming across the moat easy targets. It also made it impossible for enemies to dig underneath the castle walls, which was a common method of attack. It also prevented fires from destroying the castle.

Origin 
The word moat comes from the French word motte, which means hill. Moats were first used in the Medieval period, from 1016 to 1164. Castles were built on the top of high hills. The area at the bottom of the hill was eventually called the moat.

Usage 
Castle moats were usually between 5 and 40 feet deep, and they were not always filled with water. Not all moats contained water, as a simple dry, wide ditch could prove an obstacle. These were called dry moats.

In many stories, moats are filled with alligators or crocodiles. This is a myth. However, moats were sometimes filled with fish or eels for food.

References 

Castles
A filter is a website feature that removes some kinds of content.  This can be to stop the user viewing the unwanted content.  It can also be to stop the user posting content the site does not want.  Internet filters most often work by stopping certain words being used.  Filters to stop other content, such as certain kinds of pictures, can also be used.  A filter can be used to only stop a certain kind of user seeing the content, children for example.

Where filters are used

Filters are very common in e-mail systems.  Online games, usually children's games, sometimes have filters. Wikis have filters, too.

In the USA, there is a filter used with TV called the V-chip. Sometimes parents use it when they want to control what their children are allowed to watch.

Things filtered

The items that a filter might be used to remove can include:

Swear words
Pictures about Pornography
Threats
Violence
A certain topic, religion for example

Internet
"Online" and "offline" are terms used in telecommunications. If a computer or a user is connected to the Internet, it is said to be "online". A website, for example, is online, because it is on the Internet.

If something is not online, it is said to be "offline". If a system is offline, it is in a disconnected state.

Online can also mean that something is set up correctly and ready to what it is supposed to do. For example:

 A computer printer is online if it has electricity, is turned on, is connected to the computer and has paper in it. Once each of those things is true, then the printer is online and ready to print. 
 A government program is online when it has the equipment and people it needs to do whatever job it was created to do.

References

Related pages 

Computer networking
Online game
Online jobs

Internet
A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power pole, or telegraph post is a post or pole upon which telephone network equipment is situated. Similar poles are often used for electricity cables (with pylons being used for only the higher voltage applications) and frequently a pole will share both power and communications lines. Telegraph poles first became commonplace in the middle 19th century. At first they had only one wire, then in urban areas many. In Canada, the poles are commonly referred to as hydro poles, as the electric companies commonly have "Hydro" in their name.

Utility poles are usually wooden, but vary greatly from nation to nation. Other common utility pole materials are steel and concrete, with composites (fibreglass) becoming used more often. In some countries, for example the UK, poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds for those working on the equipment or connections atop the pole.

Other websites 
 Lots of photographs 
 Photographs of Various U.S. Utility Poles 
 Hungarian Telephone Poles 
 Utility Poles

Tools
High School Musical is a 2006 Disney television movie, starring Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is High School Musical 2.

The story is set in New Mexico. It is about two high school students, Troy Bolton, who is captain of his school's basketball team, and Gabriella Montez, a shy new student who is good in mathematics and science. Together, they try out for the lead parts in their high school musical. Despite other students' attempts to foil their dreams, Troy and Gabriella persist and inspire others along the way. They also make new friends.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 
 High School Musical news

2006 comedy-drama movies
2000s musical movies
2000s television movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American musical movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American television movies
English-language movies
 
Movies directed by Kenny Ortega
Movies set in New Mexico
George Alexander "Alex" Trebek  (July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American television game show host. He hosted Jeopardy! from 1984 until his death in 2020. He was born in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1998. In 2011, he snapped his achilles tendon while trying to stop a thief trying to rob his San Francisco hotel room.

In March 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He died from the disease one year later on November 8, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 80.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 Arthur - Alex Lebek
 Family Guy - Himself
 Rugrats - Alan Quebec
 The Magic School Bus - Announcer
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - Himself
 The Simpsons - Himself

References

Other websites

 

1940 births
2020 deaths
American game show hosts
Canadian television presenters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Order of Canada
People from Ontario
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Jeopardy!
An ugli is a type of citrus fruit. It is related to the lemon family. It started to grow quickly all across Jamaica over 80 years ago and was quickly discovered by the natives there. It became popularly known, but it did not have a name. The natives on Jamaica named it the ugli fruit because of its ugly appearance. It was shipped to the United States and South America on cargo ships and after it arrived in the Americas, its popularity only grew. The original fruit is believed to have been a hybrid formed from the Seville orange, the grapefruit, and the tangerine families.

Other websites 
Ugli(R) official web site
5 recipes with Ugli fruits
Health benefits from eating Ugli fruits

Citrus
Duralumin is an alloy made up of 90% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5–1% magnesium, and less than 1% manganese.
It is an extremely hard alloy that is used, for example, in vehicle armour in the defense industry.

Other website 
Armor-plating composite

Metals

fr:Alliages d'aluminium pour corroyage#Série 2000 (aluminium cuivre)
A mango is a type of fruit. The mango tree is native to South Asia, from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropics. It is harvested in the month of March (summer season) until the end of May. 

Pakistan and India share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as Langra, Dusshera, Chausa, Tota, Safadi. Alphonso mangoes can be found in various parts of  western India.

These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of Nigeria, Akwa Ibom. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes.

Mango trees 

The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its wood. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects. The wood is used for musical instruments such as Ukeleles, plywood and low-cost furniture. The wood is also known to produce phenolic substances that can cause dermatitis. It was the state tree of Junagadh State.

References 

Plants of Asia
Tropical fruit
Sapindales
National symbols of Pakistan
National symbols of India
A shuttlecock is used in the sport badminton. The shuttlecock center is hit with a badminton racquet over the net, in this fast sport. A shuttlecock is also called a shuttle. Other names for shuttlecock are bird, or birdie, because it can be made with feathers.

Materials
Shuttlecocks can be made of many types of materials, including plastic and feathers. It creates a cone shape, and is held together by a round center, usually made of cork or rubber. The cone shape the feathers, or other materials create is called a shuttlecock skirt.

In North America and Europe, feather shuttlecocks cost more. In Asia, where the prices of feathers are lower, shuttles made of plastic are rarely used; feather shuttles are used.

It is harder to hit a feather shuttlecock fast, because there is more drag. They are also less durable than plastic shuttles. Experienced badminton players usually play with feather shuttlecocks, and in competition, badminton is almost always played with feather shuttles. They feel that feather shuttles give them more control, and better play is needed to hit feather shuttles. 

In school gyms and amateur/beginner clubs in Europe and North America, plastic shuttlecocks are more often used than feather ones. This is to save feathers, since plastic shuttlecocks do not break easily. Feathers on the feather shuttles bend or break if the player does not hit the cork or rubber center.  

Sports equipment
is a Japanese rock band from Hirakata, Osaka. The visual kei band's name is sometimes shortened to "Janne" (ジャンヌ) or "JDA".

History
Janne Da Arc formed on May 9, 1996. In early time, they put on make-up like X Japan. Its members are vocalist Yasu, guitarist You, bassist Ka-Yu, keyboardist Kiyo and drummer Shuji.  The origin of the band name is a character of Japanese comic, "Devilman".

Fans were called "Darcar" in the days of the early days. Now they are called "Janner".

Their song "Gettkouka" was used as the opening music for the cartoon Black Jack on television, so this song is famous.

Janne Da Arc stopped making music in 2006. Yasu formed a new band, Acid Black Cherry.

Members
 yasu (Yasunori Hayashi ), singer, born January 27, 1975 in Hirakata, Osaka. When he was in junior high school, he started an X Japan cover band with You and Ka-Yu. This was his first band. In 2007, Janne Da Arc stopped performing, and Yasu started his solo project, Acid Black Cherry.
 you (Yutaka Tsuda), guitarist, born July 24, 1974 in Kobe.
 ka-yu (Kazuyuki Matsumoto), bass player, born January 21, 1975 in Hirakata, Osaka. In 2010 he started a new project called DAMIJAW.
kiyo (Masanobu Kiyose), keyboard player, born June 27, 1974 in Hirakata, Osaka.
shuji (Shuji Suematsu), drummer, born November 21, 1974 in Kobe.

Discography

Singles
 "Red Zone" (1999)
 "Lunatic Gate" (1999)
 "EDEN" (2000)
 "Heaven's Place/Vanity" (2000)
 "will" (2000)
 "Mysterious" (2000)
 "Dry?" (2001)
 "NEO VENUS" (2001)
 "seed" (2001)
 "shirubia" (シルビア) (2001)
 "feel the wind" (2001)
 "Shining ray" (2002)
 "marianotsumeato" (マリアの爪痕) (2002)
 "kasumiyukusorasenishite" (霞みゆく空背にして) (2003)
 "Rainy" (2003)
 "uetataiyou" (飢えた太陽） (2003)
 "FREEDOM" (2004)
 "Kiss Me" (2004)
 "DOLLS" (2004)
 "ROMANCE" (2004)
 "BLACK JACK" (2004)
 "Love is here" (2004)
 "Gettukouka" (月光花) (2005)
 "Diamond vergin" (ダイアモンド　ヴァージン) (2005)
 "Hurimukeba/ Destination" (振り向けば) (2006)
 "HEAVEN/Mevius" (メビウス) (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Janne Da Arc website 
 AvexTrax Janne Da Arc website  

Japanese musical groups
Visual kei bands
People from Osaka Prefecture
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Japan
The olive (Olea europaea) is the fruit of the olive tree.  It is an important food crop in countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and places with a Mediterranean climate. 

It is a healthy food but rather fatty.  It has olive oil, one of the fattiest cooking oils in use, even more than palm, canola and other vegetable oils. Olive oil is the juice made by crushing olives. It is considered to be healthier alternative to sunflower oil.

In Roman literature, the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace: "extending the olive branch". In Christianity, too, it is seen as a symbol of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over. Many writers and illustrators use olive branches around text to give it greater artistic credit (a similar effect is achieved with wheat). 

The raw olives are very bitter. They are "cured" mostly by bacterial fermentation. Later they may be alternately washed with water and packed with salt. The procedures vary a lot, and different varieties of olives get different treatment. The bitter chemical oleuropein, a phenol compound, has to be broken down or removed. This is what the curing process does. Even so, olives still often do have a rather bitter taste. There is a variety called "Kalamata" which grows around 
kalamata region in Greece. The olives which are eaten raw and have a very pleasant taste. 

Fruits
Oleaceae
Star Trek: Voyager was the fourth television series based in the Star Trek universe. It features a starship, Voyager, lost on the other side of the galaxy. It also has the first important female ship's captain.

Cast 

 
Television spin-offs
UPN network shows
English-language television programs
A speed limit is a legal limit on how fast a road vehicle can be driven. Some roads also have a minimum speed limit, which is how slow a vehicle is allowed to travel.

Reasons

Safety 
Reducing speed reduces the number of accidents by giving more time to the driver to manage their vehicle. Reduces the consequences of an accident by reducing the energy involved in that crash.

Climate and environment 
Because the emission of air pollutants increases disproportionately with increasing speed, speed limits are used to protect the climate and the environment. They are also used to reduce noise pollution.

Traffic flow 
Minimizing the speed differences in traffic leads to more consistent speeds, which increases road capacity and reduces the risk of congestion. This improves the flow of traffic.

Due to the lower probability and severity of accidents, there are also fewer accident-related closures with a speed limit.

Driving situation 
Speed limits are also used because they can create a more relaxed atmosphere for drivers.

Speed limits in different countries 

In the UK, the speed limit in towns is usually 30 miles per hour, which is about 50 km/h, and the speed limit on dual carriageways and motorways is usually 70 miles per hour, which is about 105 km/h. In France, the speed limit on motorways is usually 130 kilometres per hour, which is about 80 miles per hour. Also, in the United States, most highways are from 65 to 70 miles per hour, and freeways are from 55 to 80 miles per hour. In Canada, the speed limit is usually about 100 km/h. In Australia the speed limit on freeways, highways and rural roads is between 100 and 130 kilometres per hour, and in towns and cities between 40 and 60 km/h but can go up to 90 km/h.

Nowadays, in the European Union, speed limits may vary from country to country or from region to region. Typical speed limits are 130 km/h or 120 km/h on rural motorways, between 80 and 100 km/h for rural roads, 70 km/h on point requiring a reduced speed, 50 km/h in main urban roads, and 30 km/h on residential urban areas.

Germany does not have a general speed limit for its motorways, but a recommended speed (Richtgeschwindigkeit) of 130 km/h. Sometimes, there are also variable or temporary speed limits.

However, most Germans want a speed limit.

There are also many organizations that support a speed limit in Germany like Deutscher Verkehrssicherheitsrat, Auto Club Europa, Verkehrsclub Deutschland, Deutsche Umwelthilfe, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Greenpeace, World Wide Fund for Nature, Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen, Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH, Gewerkschaft der Polizei, Deutscher Ärztetag, Umweltbundesamt and Evangelische Kirche in Mitteldeutschland.

Other websites
Wikispeedia.org

References

Road transport
Law
Pure Pwnage is an Internet video series.  It is about a man named Jeremy who spends his days playing video games and making fun of other people, or as he calls them, "n00bs". The first season of the show had 12 episodes. The people who make the show are planning to make at least two more seasons and maybe a full length movie. The first season ends with a cliffhanger that leads into the second season. The second season is expected to be put online in 2007.

History
The show started when two friends got together and made a short video of the main character talking about video games. Inspired by the cultural phenomenon that online video gaming has become, and the series creators' personal online experiences; the series actually spawned from a project for film school. After they uploaded the video onto the Internet, it got downloaded a few thousand times, so they made Episode 1: Life of a Pro Gamer. The character 'Jeremy'(Played by Jarett Cale), also known as 'teh_pwnerer', was designed to comically represent, and almost stereotype, online gamers around the world. This concept was based loosely around the idea of a person who had grown up doing nothing but online gaming; whose entire vocabulary and social mannerisms were molded solely by internet interactions. As such, the episode was supposed to be a mockumentary of sorts, as Jeremy is followed and filmed by younger brother 'Kyle'(Geoff Lapaire) (Played depicting "A day in the life of a ProGamer". After this became very popular, they made episodes 2 and 3.  When episode 4 was downloaded roughly 3000 times, they decided that they should pursue this full-time. Throughout the series, the characters make use of many expressions in videogame terminology, including "noob", "uber-micro" and of course "pwnage".

The series has introduced several other recurring characters, such as:
"FPS_Doug" -- Jeremy's illtempered rival (and sociopath), played by Joel Gardiner;
"Dave" -- Jeremy's close friend and local 'ProCook', played by Dave Lee
"Tagi" -- Jeremy's World of Warcraft addicted love interest, played by Miranda Plant
"TBag" -- the heavily sponsored Halo 3 player,
and "Teh_Masterer" -- Jeremy's ninja-clad mentor, Played by Geoff Lapaire - Voiced by Fr.William Craig
as well as an assortment of villains.

The series has also adopted a dynamic storyline in favour of its original, pseudo-casual style of interviews. Despite the additional casting and switch towards plot driven episodes, the series remains true to its satirical view of current trends in the gaming industry and the greater online community. The series has quickly developed a large fan base, spanning across multiple continents, and only continues in its success as its 2nd season comes to a close.

Other websites 
Official site
 Jeremy’s MySpace page
 Pure Podcast  
 Pure Pwnage Quotes on Wikiquote
 Pure Pwnage Interview on the ABC2 Show Good Game

Entertainment websites
West Africa or Western Africa is the west part of Africa. According to the United Nations (UN), West Africa has seventeen countries:

 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cape Verde
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Gambia
 Ghana

 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Morocco

 Niger
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo

Regions of Africa
The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is the most successful Formula One race car driver of the year. The award is given by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the driver who scores the most points during a season.

The WDC was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe "Nino" Farina. The first driver to win more than one Championship was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953. The latest driver awarded the championship is called the reigning or defending champion. As of the end of the 2021 Formula One season, the reigning champion is Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing.

The FIA does not officially award the Championship until the end of the season. Sometimes one driver will be far ahead of the other drivers in points. Even if the leading driver scores no more points, none of the other drivers could pass his point total. When this happens, the driver is said to have clinched the Championship.

Champions

By season 

Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since ).

 The  and  championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
 Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
 Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
 Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the  season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

By driver

By country

By constructor 

Constructors still active in Formula One are in bold.

Records

Youngest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Oldest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Most Drivers' Championships won in a row 

Active drivers are in bold.

Related pages
 List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
 Formula One World Championship scoring system

References 

 GrandPrix.com - Grand Prix Encyclopedia 
 Formula1.com - Hall of Fame
 ChicaneF1 - Drivers' Championships 
 Formula 1 Championships
 

Lists of sportspeople
Henry I the Fowler (German: Heinrich der Finkler or Heinrich der Vogler; Latin: Henricius Auceps) (876–2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and king of the Germans from 919 until his death. He was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and therefore he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, that was known until then as East Francia. As he was an eager hunter, he was called "the Fowler" (someone who hunts wildfowl) because it was said he was fixing birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.

Notes 

876 births
936 deaths

Kings and Queens in Germany
Ottonian dynasty
A propeller makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick.  The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.

Other websites 

Aircraft-Info.net - Propeller Aircraft 
Titanic's Propellers

Tools
Aviation
A shelter is a place where someone or something is put in or goes to be kept safe or hidden. It can also be any place where people live that "shelters" (protects) them from any danger such as the weather.

There are different kinds of shelters and they are for used for different reasons.
Picnic Shelters
Women's Shelters
Men's Shelter
Animal Shelters
Homeless shelter
Political Shelters
Religious Shelters
Shelters from War.
Shelters from disasters or emergencies.

Currently, Women's Shelters are found around the United States, United Kingdom, and many other First World countries.  In these places, women are there to hide or are running away from abusive or dangerous situations. In these shelters, they are given food and a place to stay for an amount of time (usually 1-3 months at a time).  They are put into a support group and given a temporary counselor.  There is a high success rate in this type of place.  

Sociology
Buildings and structures
Zaiger's Genetics is an American company that breeds fruit trees. They are in Modesto, California. They have created fruits such as the Aprium (apricot and plum), the Nectarcot (nectarine and apricot), Peacotum (peach, apricot and plum) and the pluot (plum and apricot).

They are dedicated to improving fruit worldwide.

In 2009 Floyd Zaiger was named one of the "top ten most creative people in food" by Fast Company.

Zaiger's Genetics gives fruit tours to commercial growers every Wednesday. An article in Western Fruit Grower titled "Wednesdays With Floyd" described a typical Wednesday with the Zaiger family.

References

Other websites
Family story 

Companies based in California
Agriculture
An ume (Prunus mume) is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called "ume" in Chinese.

A lot of people have painted pictures of ume. It is often painted with bamboo next to it.

References

Rosaceae
Plums
The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These pears are very crunchy, juicy, and fragrant. They have a skin that is pale white to light yellow, and the inside is white.

Ya pears are sold everywhere in China, and can also be found in shops outside China. Outside China, they are often called Asian pears or Chinese pears.

Rosaceae
Pears
D'Anjou (also known as the poire d'Anjou or Beurré d'Anjou) is a type fruit in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of pear that first came from Anjou,France. D'Anjou pears usually cost less than other types of pears, but are not as sweet. There are two main varieties of D'Anjou:

Green Anjou has a green skin that may turn yellow as the pear ripens.
Red Anjou has a red skin that darkens as it ripens.

Rosaceae
Pears
Roseraie du Val-de-Marne is a garden of roses. It was created in 1894 in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Val-de-Marne, France. It is said to be the first garden created only for roses.

Roseraie du Val-de-Marne has 13,100 rose bushes of 3200 different kinds of roses. The garden has modern French and foreign roses on one side, the formal rose garden with a reflecting pool in the center, and the old garden roses and classic roses on the other side.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 
 Roseraie du Val-de-Marne Website
 Arena Roses website with photos
 Town council website for Roseraie de L'Haÿ  

Botanical gardens in Europe
Buildings and structures in France
Île-de-France
Monochrome comes from the two Greek words mono (meaning "one") and chroma (meaning "surface" or "the colour of the skin"). If something is monochromatic, it only has a single color. 

In physics, the word is used when talking about electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength. 

For an image, the term monochrome usually means the same as black-and-white or grayscale. It may also be used when talking about other combinations that only have two colors, for example, green-and-white or green-and-black. In computing, monochrome has two meanings:

It may mean having only one color which is either on or off.  If it also has shades of that color, then it is called grayscale.
A monochrome computer monitor can only show a single color, often green, amber, red or white. It can often also show shades of that color.

Color

fr:Monochromatique
pt:Luz monocromática
A semitone 
(British English) (also called a half step or a half tone) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.

A whole tone means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.

This is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard.  The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).

To go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.

To go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.

To go from a C to a D is a tone.

An octave is divided into twelve semitones.  These semitones are exactly equal in size.

Related pages
Scale (music)
Interval (music)
Circle of fifths 
Chromaticism

References

Further reading
Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 2001.  .
Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978. .

Music theory
Vaud is a canton of Switzerland. It borders the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Fribourg, Berne and Valais (west to east).  The capital city is Lausanne. About 790,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 138,000 live in Lausanne. About 82% of the population speak French as their first language.

Districts 
Between 1803 and 2007, the canton of Vaud was formed out of 19 districts:

 Aigle, capital Aigle
 Aubonne, capital Aubonne
 Avenches, capital Avenches
 Cossonay, capital Cossonay
 Echallens, capital Echallens
 Grandson, capital Grandson
 Lausanne, capital Lausanne
 Lavaux, capital Cully
 Morges, capital Morges
 Moudon, capital Moudon
 Nyon, capital Nyon
 Orbe, capital Orbe
 Oron, capital Oron
 Payerne, capital Payerne
 Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Château-d'Œx
 Rolle, capital Rolle
 La Vallée, capital Le Sentier
 Vevey, capital Vevey
 Yverdon, capital Yverdon-les-Bains

But since 2008, there is only 10 districts.
 Aigle, capital Aigle
 Broye-Vully, capital Payerne
 Gros-de-Vaud, capital Echallens
 Jura-Nord vaudois, capital Yverdon-les-Bains
 Lausanne, capital Lausanne
 Lavaux-Oron, capital Cully
 Morges, capital Morges
 Nyon, capital Nyon
 Ouest lausannois, capital Renens
 Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Vevey

References
Malvern is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills, and was the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar.

Other websites 
Malvern Gazette Local Malvern weekly newspaper
Malvern Hills District Council
Worcestershire County Council  
Malvern Museum
Biking in Malvern 
Malvern Linux Users Group
Malvern Fringe Festival 

Towns in Worcestershire
An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing, or blade of a propeller, the blade of a ship's screw or the shape of a sail as seen in cross-section. When moving through a fluid it will provide lift and drag. Lift is not only up, it may be in other directions depending on what it is used for. 

Mechanics
Aviation
Tools
Silly Putty (originally called nutty putty) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by Binney & Smith Inc.. It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.

Description
Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids.

Other websites 
 Explanations from the Official Website of Silly Putty
 Full story at MIT's Invention Dimension: Silly Putty page
 Various scientific experiments done with Silicone Putty
 American Chemical Society "What's that stuff?" page about Silly Putty
 Dropping a 50lb beach ball-sized sphere of Silly Putty off a parking garage (pics and video) 

Toys
.htaccess is a type of computer file for the configuring of some web servers. .htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages, or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures, also known as hot-linking to their own sites, costing the website owner bandwidth and therefore money.

Preventing direct or Hot-linking 
A .htaccess file is put onto the website, so that people will not be able to go onto the URL of the image (picture) (example: www.website.com/image.filetype). Owners can replace this picture, after they upload the file, with a message, or it can be made to redirect to an error page.

Examples of .htaccess being used

MediaWiki 
By default, MediaWiki uses http://www.example.org/index.php/Main_Page type of URL to display the main page. But by changing the .htaccess and LocalSettings.php, it can display URLs like http://www.example.org/wiki/Main_Page so that it will look nicer (like Wikipedia).

Wordpress 
By default, all posts made in Wordpress uses http://www.example.org/?p=123 to display posts. But it can be changed into URLs like http://www.example.org/2010/06/postname in .htaccess and the permalink setting in the site admin of that blog.

References 

Internet
Mount Adams is the second-highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is a volcano in the Cascade Range.  Adams is located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount St. Helens.

Other websites 
  USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
 Backpacking information at FreeTrails.org 
 U.S. Forest Service page

Volcanoes of Washington (U.S. state)