cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Project Runway is a reality television series where clothing designers compete. It is shown on the Bravo network. The winner of the first season was Jay McCarroll. The winner of the second season was Chloe Dao. The winner of the third season was Jeffrey Sebelia.

Season 11
Contestants
 Emily Pollard
 James Martinez
 Cindy Marlatt
 Joseph Aaron Segal
 Matthew Arthur
 Benjamin Mach
 Tu Suitwat Nakchat
 Kate Pankoke
 Amanda Valentine
 Samantha Black
 Richard Hallmarq
 Layana Aguliar
 Daniel Esquivel
 Stanley Hudson
 Patricia Michaels
 Michelle Lesniak Franklin

Episodes
1.
Best: Daniel Esquivel
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & Emily Pollard
Eliminated: Emily Pollard

2.
Best: Layana Aguliar
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & James Martinez
Eliminated: James Martinez

3.
Best: Daniel Esquivel 
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & Benjamin Mach
Eliminated: Cindy Marlatt

4.
Best: Samantha Black
Worst: Joseph Aaron Segal & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Joseph Aaron Segal

5.
Best: Richard Hallmarq
Worst: Michelle Lesniak Franklin, Daniel Esquivel & Matthew Arthur
Eliminated: Matthew Arthur

6.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Benjamin Mach & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Benjamin Mach

7.
Best: Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Eliminated: Kate Pankoke & Tu Suithwat Nakchat

8.
Best: None
Worst: Richard Hallmarq & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Amanda Valentine

9.
Best: Michelle Lesniak Franklin 
Worst: Samantha Black & Richard Hallmarq
Eliminated: Samantha Black

10.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Richard Hallmarq
Eliminated: Richard Hallmarq

11.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Eliminated: None

12.
Best: None
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Layana Aguliar
Eliminated: Layana Aguliar

13.
Best: None
Worst: Daniel Esquivel & Stanley Hudson
Eliminated: Daniel Esquivel

14.
Winner: Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Runners-up: Patricia Michaels & Stanley Hudson

American reality television series
2004 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Lommis is a municipality in Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Mammern is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

It is by the Lake Constance. It has a population of 560 people.

References

Municipalities of Thurgau
Märstetten is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Matzingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Müllheim is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Münsterlingen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Neunforn is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Pfyn is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

Related pages
 Nature parks in Switzerland

References

Other websites

 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Raperswilen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Rickenbach is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Roggwil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Romanshorn is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Cities in Switzerland
Salenstein is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

Salenstein was the home village of Napoleon III who passed there his youth at Castle Arenenberg.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Salmsach is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Schlatt bei Diessenhofen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Schönholzerswilen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Other websites 
 Official homepage

Municipalities of Thurgau
A bong or a water pipe is a special pipe. When a person smokes with a bong, they pull the smoke through the water in it. This makes the smoke not as hot. Most often, either tobacco or cannabis are smoked with it.

Related pages 
 Hukah

References 

Drug paraphernalia
Sirnach is a municipality in Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Sommeri is a municipality in Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Stettfurt is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Sulgen is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Portia is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 1. The moon is named after Portia, the heroine of William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice. It is also designated Uranus XII.

Portia is the second biggest closer moon of Uranus after Puck. The Portian orbit, which lies inside Uranus' synchronous orbital radius, is slowly shrinking due to tidal deceleration. The moon will one day either break up into a planetary ring or hit Uranus.

It heads a group of moons called Portia Group, which includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties.

Little is known about Portia beyond its size of about 140 km, orbit, and geometric albedo of about 0.08.

In the Voyager 2 images, Portia appears as a stretched object whose major axis points towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Portia's prolate spheroid is 0.8 ± 0.1. Its surface is grey in color. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Portia.

References

Other websites 
 Portia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Tom and Jerry Tales is an animated television series which began production in 2005. It was on The CW's Kids WB block. The series stars the well-known title characters from the Tom and Jerry shorts, and is the first made for TV cartoon to emulate the theatrical shorts. It grew from direct-to-video movies The Magic Ring (2001), Blast Off to Mars, The Fast and the Furry (2005), Shiver Me Whiskers (2006), and A Nutcracker Tale (2007).

2006 television series debuts
Animated television series
English-language television programs
Tom and Jerry
Aska Yang (born April 4, 1978) is a popular Taiwanese singer and a member of Million Star Gang (星光幫).

Aska Yang is listed in "Taiwan Who is Who 2007-2008" and he is also ranked the 2nd place of Yahoo! Taiwan Person of the Year 2007, the 2nd place of United Daily Star News of the Year 2007, the 1st place of Apple Daily Person of the Year 2007 and one of the Top Five Newcomers 2007 chosen by SinaNet.

On November 17, 2007, Aska Yang was invited to perform at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall for the 42nd Golden Bell Awards (金鐘獎) in Taipei. He sang a medley of eleven classic TV drama theme songs from the past century.

Early life & Education
Aska Yang was born on April 4, 1978 in Taoyuan, Taiwan. He graduated from Naili Primary School in 1990, Tzu-Chiang Junior School in 1994, and National Chungli Senior High School in 1996. During his college time at the National Changhua University of Education  (NCUE), Aska attended numerous singing competitions at or out of the campus and won several championships. In 2007, he was a contestant on the show One Million Star, a singing competition that was broadcast on CTV. Later that year, he graduated from the Department of Guidance & Counseling at the  National Changhua University of Education . In 2009, he started his master's degree program in the Sports Psychology Department at the National Taiwan Sport University, NTSU.

Albums

Awards
2008：Hito Pop Music Award~ - Aska Yang along with The Million Star Gang won the 「Hito Best New Artists Award」With the 「Million Star Reunion 10 Finalist Special Album」
2008：Hito Pop Music Award  - Aska Yang along with The Million Star Gang won the {Best New Artist Award}
2008：5th Annual SuperStar Singers Award~ Aska Yang won { Best New Artist Award}
2008：Singapore Golden Melody Award~~ Aska Yang won 5 awards including: 「Outstanding New Artist Award」、「Best Male Singer Award」、「Most Popolar New Artist Award」、「Y.E.S 933 Longest Chart Holder Song《Onion》」、「Y.E.S 933 Number # 1 on Top Ten Most Popular Song Chart 《Onion》」
2009: Singapore Entertainment Awards - Aska Yang won 3 awards : Regional Newcomer of the Year Media Award ; Most Popular Regional Newcomer ; Radio 100.3 Most Popular Song ~ Onion
2009: Hito Radio Pop Music Award -　「 2008 Best Top 10 Madarin Songs(05)-Aska Yang (Dove) 」、「 2008 Fan's Choice Award - Aska Yang（Onion）」
2010: CCTV<M! Countdown  > Universal Pop Music Festival In LuoYang City  - HK/TW 2010 Media’s Most Favorite Upcoming Singer’s Award
2011: Elle  20th Anniversary People's Award~ The Greater Chinese Internet Most Favorite Male Artist Of The Year
2011: Beijing Fourth Annual MNSSE Music Billboard Award - Best Album Of The Year: PURE
2011: Third Annual Yahoo! Award『Most Favorite Male Artist Of The Year 』

References

Other websites

 Aska Yang's official website 
 Aska Yang's Blog 
 Aska Yang's introduction in Warner Music website  

C-pop singers
1978 births
Living people
Taiwanese singers
Ara Gevorgian (Gevorgyan) (born April 19, 1960, Yerevan) is an Armenian musician, composer and musical producer. In 2004 he was awarded by the Honorary Artist of the Republic of Armenia title by the President Robert Kocharyan.

Biography
Gevorgian is the son of well-known Armenian folk-singer Valya Samvelyan. He studied at #31 school of Yerevan and at the A. Tigranyan musical school at the same time. During the two years he studied at Yerevan #8 college of Fine Arts. From 1983 to 1987 he studied at Armenian pedagogical institute after Khachatur Abovyan at the faculty of wood wide instruments and pop music department. 
In 1987-1989 Gevorgian taught conducting at the same Institute, then he worked at Armenian Television ("3-Aliq" TV program). 

In 1983 he founded the "Rally" Armenian pop-rock band, the participant of "Song - 85" festival. 

He participated in the Opening Ceremony of the Cultural Year of Armenia in Russia hosted at the Moscow Kremlin Music Hall and honored by the presence of the presidents of Armenia and Russia Robert Kocharyan and Vladimir Putin respectively and the famous singer Charles Aznavour.

Ara Gevorgian co-operates with Jivan Gasparyan, Ian Gillan, Demis Roussos, Pedro Eustache, Daniel Decker and others. Among his most popular songs are "Adana", "Artsakh", "Ov Hayots Ashkharh" and "Ovkyanosits ayn koghm".

Discography
1995 "Ovkianosits Ayn Koghm" (Over the ocean)
1997 "Nostalgie"
1999 "Ani" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA)
2001 "Khor Virab" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA).

Other websites
Ara Gevorgian's Official site 
Gevorgyan at Persons.AM 
Armenian Music Center 

Armenian composers
1960 births
Musicians
Living people
Heidi Klum Kaulitz (born 1 June 1973) is a German model, actress and singer. She hosts Project Runway and Germany's Next Top Model. She also models for Victoria's Secret.

Biography 
Heidi was born in Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Her father was a company leader and her mother was a hair stylist. She won a modelling competition. She beat over 25,000 other people. She got $300,000 from it, and modeled in the United States. She has been on the cover of many magazines. These include Vogue Magazine, Elle, and Marie Claire. She became famous for being in Sports Illustrated.

She is now the host and a judge on Project Runway. It is a show where clothing designers compete to win $100,000 to make designs. She had chances to win Emmys for the first three seasons of the show. She also is the host of Germany's Next Topmodel. It is similar to America's Next Top Model which is hosted by Tyra Banks.

Personal life 
Heidi married Ric Pipino in 1997. Ric was a hair stylist for famous people. They separated in 2002. After the separation, Klum was with race car businessman Flavio Briatore. She became pregnant with his baby. They separated after he was with another woman. Her daughter was born on 4 May 2004 in New York City. Her name is Helene 'Leni' Klum.

She was in a relationship with Seal, a musician, while pregnant with Leni. They were married 10 May 2005 in Mexico. They have two sons, Henry Günther Ademola Dashtu Samuel, born 12 September 2005 in Los Angeles, California, and Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel born 22 November 2006 in Los Angeles. They also have a daughter together named Lou born 9 October 2009. Briatore is not in Leni's life. Seal acts as Leni's father and has adopted her. The couple divorced in 2015.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 
 Heidi Klum in the Fashion Model Directory (FMD)
 
 Interview with Der Spiegel, February 12 2006 
 Heidi Klum Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Photo Gallery at SI.com 
 Heidi Klum Pregnant but not with his Child 
 AOL Books Interview about the book Body of Knowledge 
 Express.de article (in German) 

1973 births
Living people
Actors from North Rhine-Westphalia
German models
German movie actors
German singers
German television actors
German television presenters
People from Bergisch Gladbach
Television producers
Ceratosaurs are a group of theropod dinosaurs. They are defined as "all theropods sharing a more recent common ancestry with Ceratosaurus than with birds". 

Ceratosauria includes the Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous theropods Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus, and Abelisaurus, found mainly in the southern hemisphere. 

The earlies known Ceratosaur is from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Eoabelisaurus. This predates the oldest certainly known known member of the lineage by more than 40 million years. The almost complete skeleton of Eoabelisaurus shows the earliest evolutionary stages of the distinctive  abelisaurid modification of the forelimb. 

Originally, Ceratosauria included the above dinosaurs plus the Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic  Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus. This implied a much earlier divergence of ceratosaurs from other theropods. However, recent studies have shown that coelophysoids and dilophosaurids do not form a natural group with other ceratosaurs, and so they are excluded from this group.

References
The Uzi is a type of submachine gun (SMG). It is famous for being very small and easy to carry, much more easily than any SMG made in World War II. It does this by loading magazines inside the grip, much like a pistol. It was not the first submachine gun to do this, but the Uzi was the first used on a large scale.  

There are different kinds of Uzis: Mini Uzi, which is a smaller version of the Uzi; Micro Uzi, which is only slightly larger than a standard pistol; Para Micro Uzi, which was made for Counter Terrorist Units; and the Uzi Pistol, which is semi-automatic (it fires one bullet every time you pull the trigger).  All of these kinds of Uzis are still in use by the special forces today. It is slowly being replaced by the MP-5.

History 

Uzis were invented by an Israeli army officer, Uziel Gal. This gun was first used in 1956. Uzis were used in the 1967 Six Day War by Israel. They are made by Israel Military Industries and also by the Belgian weapon company, FN.

Even though Uziel Gal told his manufacturers not to name the weapon after him, they ignored his request and did so anyway.

References

Other websites
 Israel Weapon Industries (I.W.I.): Mini Uzi and Micro Uzi 
 The official Uzi website 
 Uzi history, parts, discussion forum
 Uzi in parts (in German)
 Uzi history and lore 
 Video of Uzi being fired (Japanese audio)
 Video of suppressed Uzi being fired

Submachine guns
Military of Israel
Escape the Fate is an American post-hardcore band from Las Vegas, Nevada.

The band was formed in 2004, in 2005 they won a radio competition to open for My Chemical Romance which led to a signing to Epitaph Records. In the year 2006 the band released debut album, Dying Is Your Latest Fashion. With the new frontman Craig Mabbitt (Former Blessthefall vocalist) the band released the album This War Is Ours in October 2008. In 2010, the band released the third album, Escape The Fate, in November.

The lead vocalist Ronnie Radke left the band in 2008 due to legal issues. Radke left the jail in December 2010 and is currently a vocalist in the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse. In 2012, founding member Max Green was kicked out due to drug abuse and missing shows and he was permanently replaced by Thomas "TJ" Bell, formerly of Motionless In White and Micheal Money, brother of Bryan "Monte" Money was introduced as official rythmn guitarist.

Band members

Current members
 Craig Mabbitt (2008 - present) lead vocals
 Robert Ortiz (2004 - present) - drums, percussions, backing vocals
 Thomas "TJ" Bell (2012 - present)- rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals
 Kevin "Thrasher" Gruft (2013 - present) - lead guitar

Touring members
 Kevin Thrasher (2011-Filling In For Monte's On The Uproar Tour)

Former members
 Omar Espinosa (2004 - 2007) - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 Carson Allen (2005 - 2006) - vocals, synthesizers
 Ronnie Radke (2004 - 2006 ; 2006 - 2008) - lead vocals
 Max Green (2004 - 2011, 2013-2014) backing vocals, bass
 Bryan "Monte" Money - lead guitar, backing vocals (2004-2013)
 Michael Money - bass, backing vocals (2004-2012, 2013-2014)

Discography
 Albums
 Dying Is Your Latest Fashion - September 26, 2006
 This War is Ours - October 21, 2008
 Escape The Fate - November 2, 2010
 Ungrateful - May 14, 2013
Hate Me- October 30, 2015
I am Human- March 30, 2018

 Demos
 Escape The Fate Demo - 2005

 EPs
 There's No Sympathy for the Dead - May 23, 2006
 Situations - November 20, 2007
 Issues Remixes - January 11, 2011

Videography
 Not Good Enough for Truth In Cliché (2005) - demo version
 There's No Sympathy for the Dead (2006)
 Not Good Enough for Truth In Cliché (2006)
 Situations (2007)
 The Flood (2008)
 Something (2009)
 10 Miles Wide (2009)
 The Guillotine Part II (2010)
 Massacre (2010) - without video
 Issues (2010)
 City Of Sin (2010)
 Gorgeous Nightmare (2011)
 Ungrateful (2013)
 You're Insane (2013)

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 
 Official Fan Site 
Escape The Fate Benelux 

Post-hardcore bands
Emo bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Nevada
Musicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Post-hardcore is a musical genre that evolved from hardcore punk, itself a part of the broader punk rock movement. One of the main influences on this genre is the band Fugazi. 

Post-hardcore uses elements of hardcore, along with emo, metal, alternative rock or whatever, to create a more experimental sound. It can be more melodic than normal hardcore, but sometimes is heavier.

Post-hardcore contributors
 Fugazi
 Thrice
 Enter Shikari
 Underoath
 Silverstein
 The Used
 Les Savy Fav
 Letter Kills
 Rites of Spring
 Hawthorne Heights
 Pierce the Veil
 Escape The Fate
 Sleeping with Sirens
 Moose Blood
 Touche Amore

Music genres
The Mellotron is a musical instrument, which appeared in the 1960s. It was the world's second sampled keyboard after the Chamberlin. Mellotrons contained  strips made from the sounds of other musical instruments. Instead of sounding exactly like the original instruments, the Mellotron had a unique sound.

Mellotrons did not travel well, and had to be carefully set up every time they were moved. They became popular in recording studios, and with musicians who could leave them in one location.

The Beatles liked the sound of the Mellotron, and used it in many of their songs, like "Strawberry Fields Forever". John Lennon, a member of the Beatles, owned a Mellotron that he kept in his home studio. Paul McCartney and George Harrison, also members of the band, owned Mellotrons and used them in their solo recordings. Harry Nilsson also used a Mellotron on some of his recordings.

Mellotrons are largely obsolete but are still being made in small quantities. Today, digital instruments have mostly taken their place. Digital keyboards are portable, and can be used to make similar sounds anywhere. While digital keyboards have been used since the 1980's to replicate the sounds of many other instruments, they cannot accurately replicate the nuances and idiosyncrasies of the Mellotron because of complex physics involved in the tape playback system. This acknowledged drawback has led to the production of new Mellotrons since 1999. 

Keyboard instruments
The Bayernliga (English: 'Bavaria League') is a German football league. It is the one of the German 5th divisions, and is the 2nd division of football in Bavaria. It was founded in 1945, as the Landesliga Bayern, which was an amatuer league in Bavaria. In 1963, it became the 3rd division of German football. It remained the 3rd division until 1994, when it became the 4th division, after being replaced by the Regionalliga Süd. It remained the 4th division until 2008, when it became the 5th division.

Champions of Bavarian League (Oberliga Bayern)

FC Augsburg is the most successful team.  It has won the league seven times.  Before 1969, it was called BC Augsburg.  The next best teams are SpVgg Bayreuth with six titles and 1860 München with five titles, although two were won by the second team, TSV 1860 München Amateure.

Football in Germany
Football leagues
Sport in Bavaria
Franck Ribéry (born 7 April 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Fiorentina and France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Boulogne||||9||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||1
|-
|2001/02||Championnat National||20||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||5
|-
|2002/03||Olympique Alès||Championnat National||18||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|-
|2003/04||Stade Brestois||Championnat National||35||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||37||4
|-
|2004/05||Metz||Ligue 1||20||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||2

|-
|2004/05||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||14||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||35||6||6||3||7||1||48||10
|-
|2006/07||25||5||7||1||5||1||37||7

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="6"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||28||11||7||5||10||3||45||19
|-
|2008/09||25||9||3||1||8||4||36||14
|-
|2009/10||19||4||4||2||4||2||30||7
|-
|2010/11||25||7||3||2||4||2||32||11
|-
|2011/12||32||12||4||2||14||3||50||15
|-
|2012/13||27||10||2||0||11||1||41||11
162||23||4||1||colspan="2"|-||166||24
14||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||1
156||53||21||10||55||14||235||80
332||75||43||16||72||18||450||112
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||9||1
|-
|2008||9||3
|-
|2009||8||2
|-
|2010||7||0
|-
|2011||8||0
|-
|2012||14||4
|-
|2013||10||5
|-
|2014||1||0
|-
!Total||81||16
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
French footballers

People from Hauts-de-France
The false gharial or Malayan gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a fresh-water reptile. It looks like  a crocodile with a very thin and long snout, like that of the gharial. That is where the name of the species is from.

It has long been classed in the family Crocodylidae. However, recent immunological studies show it is more closely related to the gharial than was originally thought. So now classed in the family Gavialidae, after all.

The animal is native to six river systems in Sumatra and Malaysia. It can also be found in Borneo, Java, Vietnam, Thailand (not seen since 1970), and possibly Sulawesi. Fossils finds in southern China indicate that, at some point in the past, the species occurred there.

The false gharial, like all other crocodilians, lays eggs. It is a mound nester. Females usually mature at 2–3 m. Mated females will lay a clutch of 30-60 eggs in a mound of dry leaves or peat.  Once the eggs are laid, and construction of the mound is completed, she abandons her nest.  Unlike most other crocodilian species, the young receive no parental care and are at risk of being eaten by predators like wild boar, mongooses, big cats such as tigers and leopards, civets, and wild dogs. The young hatch after 90 days and are left to look after themselves.

The false gharial is threatened with extinction throughout most of its range. The drainage of its freshwater swamplands and clearance of surrounding rainforests removes its habitat. The animal is hunted frequently for its skin and meat and the eggs are often taken for human consumption. However, positive steps have been taken by the Malaysian and Indonesian governments to prevent its extinction in the wild.

References

Sources 
  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used

Other websites 

 BBC News: 'Match-making' for rare male croc

Gharials
In optics and photography, an aperture is a hole where light can pass through.

In photography

The aperture of a photographic lens is a hole that can be adjusted to different sizes, using the aperture ring. This ring is behind the lens, but in front of the shutter.  The aperture ring is a flat circle with a small hole in the centre. The small hole is called the aperture. The size of the aperture can be changed. When the aperture is very small only a small amount of light can enter the camera. When the aperture is big, a lot of light can get in.

This lets the photographer control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. The aperture is changed along with the  shutter speed to control the amount of light that enters the camera.  This amount of light is called the exposure.  Typically, a fast shutter speed will not let much light in (meaning the picture could come out too dark), so the photographer will use a larger aperture to correct for this.  A slow shutter speed will need a smaller aperture to stop the picture coming out too bright.

The size of the aperture is described as an "f-stop."  This is a number that describes the size of the hole in relation to the focal length of the lens.  A low number (such as f1.4 or f2.8) means the aperture is wide open, and lets in a lot of light.  A high number (such as f8 or f11) means that the aperture is small, and does not let in as much light.
Optics
Photography
The Ren and Stimpy Show is an American cartoon created by John Kricfalusi, which aired from 1991 to 1999. The main characters are Ren Höek (Maurice LaMarche), a chihuahua, and Stimpson J. Cat (Billy West) (Stimpy for short).

The show premiered on Nickelodeon on Sunday, August 11, 1991, and aired new episodes on the channel from 1991 to 1996.

The series ended on October 20, 1996, with the episodes "Sammy and Me" and "Last Temptation".

It was also shown on MTV, and was shown in other countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe.

People who make cartoons think that Ren and Stimpy is famous because of its classic cartoonish style and gross humor that is different from other animated shows at the time, and then became a cult following. John Kricfalusi got fired after only one year of working on his show. He did not send his work on time and often fought with his friends at Nickelodeon, so they fired him. He made other shows but none were as popular as Ren and Stimpy.

Reruns of Ren and Stimpy currently air on the Nicktoons Network.

Cast 
 John Kricfalusi as Ren Hoek (seasons 1-2)
 Billy West as Stimpy and Ren Hoek (seasons 3-5)
 Harris Peet as Muddy Mudskipper
 Michael Pataki as George Liquor

Related pages
 List of The Ren and Stimpy Show episodes

1991 television series debuts
1996 television series endings
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
The Ren & Stimpy Show
English-language television programs
Perdita is a closer moon to Uranus. Perdita's discovery was not simple. The first pictures of Perdita were taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986, but it was not seen on the photographs for more than ten years. In 1999, the moon was noticed and reported.

Because no further pictures could be taken to confirm its existence, in 2001 it was thought to be non-existent. However, in 2003, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope managed to pick up an object where Perdita was supposed to be. This proved its existence at last.

After its discovery in 1999, Perdita was labelled S/1986 U 10. she was the daughter of Leontes and Hermione in William Shakespeare's play The Winter's Tale. The moon is also called Uranus XXV.

Perdita belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Belinda. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  15 km, and geometric albedo of 0.08, almost nothing is known about it.

References

Other websites
Perdita Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
135 film is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making pictures, rather than films. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called 35mm film. 

It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today.

Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film.

References 

Photographic film formats

fr:Format 35 mm#Utilisation en photographie
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty that was adopted in 1992.

It was designed by the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. It applies only to languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties that are very different from the majority or official language. The treaty does not protect languages that are used by recent immigrants from other countries. Also, the treaty does not protect local dialects of the official or majority language.

To be protected, a language must be spoken either by the people living in a region or area of the country or by a minority in the country as a whole (languages such as Yiddish and Romani are covered by the treaty even if there is no "Romani region").

National official languages are not covered by the treaty, but some regional official languages are. For example, Catalan is official only in a region of Spain and so can benefit from the treaty. However, Irish cannot because it is an official language in Ireland even if it is a minority language. However, Irish is protected in Northern Ireland because it is not an official or national language of the United Kingdom.

France has signed the treaty, but the French constitution does not allow the government to support a language other than French.

There are two levels of protection. Every country that signed the treaty must give all qualifying languages the lower level of protection. Countries may decide to give some languages the higher level of protection. Countries then must do 35 things.

Languages protected under the Charter 

Here are the countries that have ratified the Charter and the languages for which the ratification was made:

Related pages
 European languages
 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
 Languages of the European Union
 Language policy in France
 Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights
 Vergonha

References

Other websites 

 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages page (Legal Affairs, Council of Europe)
 More information

Languages

European Union
Nefertiti (pronounced at the time something like *nafratiːta) (c. 1370 BC  c. 1330 BC) was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. She was the mother-in-law and may have been stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. After her husband died, Nefertiti may have also ruled as pharaoh under the name Neferneferuaten.   However, some archaeologists do not think Nefertiti was Neferneferuaten.

Her name in English means "the beautiful (or perfect) woman has come". Nefertiti was one of the most powerful queens in Ancient Egypt.

Background 
Nefertiti was the first and most loved wife of Akhenaten. He had a total of eight wives, but she was different from the rest. Ramses was devoted and obsessed with her beauty. Nefertiti reigned beside the pharaoh toward the eighteenth dynasty. While she reigned she was known as Ankhkheperure Neferneferuatan. Nefertiti was such an educated woman, she was able to read and write hieroglyphs. It was a rare skill that barely anyone had. While being married she had six daughters, and no matter how old Nefertiti was, Akhenaten still loved her deeply.

Mystery 
There are many tales about Nefertiti being born as a royal and her father being pharaoh Ay, but they are not confirmed. So it would be unlikely that she did become a pharaoh without royal blood. Her daughter Meritaten was born a royal, so she had more of a chance of becoming a pharaoh. Her parenthood is still a mystery. The only detail known is that they were nobles.

Disappearance 
Two of her daughters became queens of Egypt. In the 12th year of Akheneaton rule many of the princesses died, but what was more confusing was that Nefertiti vanished. So everyone assumed that she died like the other princesses. There was no record of Nefertiti’s death and no evidence that she was ever buried.

Bust 
She is best known for her bust, which is in the Altes Museum in Berlin, Germany.  This bust is considered to be a beautiful example of Egyptian art.

A man called Ludwig Borchardt with a team of people discovered a portrait bust of Queen Nefertiti. This bust captured all her beauty even though one of the eyes was damaged. The famous bust that everyone began knowing Nefertiti was displayed at the museum of Berlin in the 1920’s. The queen's bust became very known around the world. This caused Nefertiti to become one of the most recognized and beautiful queens in ancient Egypt before Cleopatra.

References

Other websites 
 Row over Nefertiti bust continues
 Do We Have the Mummy of Nefertiti?  by Marianne Luban, 1999 (predates Joann Fletcher's work).
 J. Kluger, A. Dorfman, Nefertiti found?, Time, June 16, 2003; online edition 
 Tracking Nefertiti Discovery article on Joann Fletcher's work.
 King Tut tut tut The Sunday Times on Joann Fletcher's work.
  Spinning Nefertiti 
 Discussion on the Nefertiti found? program 
 The Encyclopedia of El Amarna, examining her time and connections
 Nefertiti, a musical based on the Egyptian queen.
 Altes Museum, Berlin 
 "Queen Nefertiti, Images & History"
  Reconstruction of  Nefertiti's Face
 "M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection"

Ancient Egyptian queens
The Grand Duchy of Hesse () was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. It was formed in 1806 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the actions of Napoleon, who then elevated the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt to the level of grand duchy. For this reason, this state was occasionally known simply as Hesse-Darmstadt.

History
Because Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to give up a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, was given to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.  

The Grand Duchy changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine () in 1816.

Subdivisions of Hesse

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was divided into three provinces:
 Starkenburg: (Capital: Darmstadt) Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main
 Rhenish Hesse, (Capital: Mainz) Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the Congress of Vienna
 Upper Hesse (Capital: Giessen) North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the Free City of Frankfurt, which was later annexed by Prussia in 1866.

Other websites
Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918
Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910

References

Former states in Germany
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the German Empire
States of the North German Confederation
1806 establishments in Europe
1800s establishments in Germany
1918 disestablishments in Germany
Puck is a closer moon to Uranus. Puck was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on December 30, 1985, and was given the designation S/1985 U 1.

In Celtic mythology and English folklore, a Puck is a mischievous sprite, imagined as an evil demon by Christians; the moon is named after the Puck who appears in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which he travels around the globe at night with the fairies. It is also designated Uranus XV.

Puck is the biggest of the small closer moons to Uranus. It is in the middle in size between Portia and Miranda, the smallest of the five bigger moons. Puck's orbit is also located between these two moons. Little is known about it aside from its orbit, its radius about 81 km, and its geometric albedo approximately 0.11.

Of the moons found by the Voyager 2 imaging team, only Puck was found early enough that the probe could be programmed to take pictures of it in some detail. Images showed that Puck has a shape of a slightly prolate spheroid (ratio between axises is 0.97 ± 0.04). Its surface is heavily cratered and is grey in color. There are three named craters on the surface of Puck. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Puck.

References

Other websites
Puck Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Page that includes a reprocessed version of the Voyager Puck image 

Uranus' moons
Mab is a closer moon to the planet Uranus. It was found by Mark R. Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope. It was named after Queen Mab, a fairy queen from English folklore who is noted in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet.

Because the moon is small and dark, it was not seen in the images taken by Voyager 2 during its Uranus flyby in 1986. However, it is brighter than another moon, Perdita, which was discovered from Voyager's photos in 1997. This led scientists to look at the old photos again, and the moon was finally found in the images.

If it is as dark as Puck, then it is about 24 km in diameter. On the other hand, if it is brightly coloured like the neighbouring moon Miranda, then it would be even smaller than Cupid and comparable to the smallest farther moons.

Mab is heavily perturbed, meaning its movement is not only caused by the gravity of another large thing. The actual source for perturbation is still unclear, but is probably one or more of the nearby orbiting moons.

Following its discovery, Mab was given the code name S/2003 U 1. The moon is also known as Uranus XXVI.

References

Other websites
  Hubble Uncovers Smallest Moons Yet Seen Around Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2003-09-25)
  Hubble Discovers Giant Rings and New Moons Encircling Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2005-12-22)

Uranus' moons
Umbriel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as Ariel.

Name 
The name "Umbriel" and the names of all four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848. Umbriel is the 'dusky melancholy sprite' in Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock, and the name suggests the Latin umbra, shadow. The adjectival form of the name is Umbrielian.

It is also designated Uranus II.

Physical characteristics 
So far the only close-up images of Umbriel are from the Voyager 2 probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.

Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects only about half as much light as Ariel, Uranus' brightest moon. It has far more and bigger craters than do Ariel and Titania and is also the least geologically active.  It is mostly made of water ice, with the balance made up of silicate rock, and other ices such as methane.  Methane can break down and form reddish-black organic compounds such as tholins when bombarded by high-energy particles.  Near-IR spectra of Ariel and Umbriel clearly show that water ice dominates the spectra of these objects.

Craters 
Craters on Umbriel are named after many different demons from various mythologies.

Other websites 
 Umbriel Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 William Lassell, Astronomical Journal 2 (1851) 70
 AN, 33 (1852) 257/258
 AN, 34 (1852) 325/326
 Uranus and moons  as seen by the VLT in August 2007

Notes

References 

Uranus' moons
Titania is the biggest moon of Uranus and the eighth biggest moon in the Solar System.

Discovery 
Titania was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel. He reported it and Oberon the same year. He later reported four more moons, which turned out to be spurious.

Name and pronunciation 
The names of Titania and the other four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel's son John Herschel in 1852 at the request of William Lassell, who had found Ariel and Umbriel the year before. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848.

All of the moons of Uranus are named for characters from Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. Titania was named after Titania, the Queen of the Faeries in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Shakespeare's character's name is pronounced , but the moon is often pronounced , by analogy with the familiar chemical element titanium. 

It is also designated Uranus III.

Physical characteristics 
So far the only close-up images of Titania are from the Voyager 2 probe, which photographed the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.

Although what its interior is made up of is uncertain, one model suggests that Titania is made of about 50% water ice, 30% silicate rock, and 20% methane-related organic compounds.

Surface features 

Surface features on Titania are named for characters from plays by William Shakespeare. Chasms on Titania are called chasmata. Escarpments here are called rupes. They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen. craters on Titania are named after female characters in the plays.

A major surface feature is a huge canyon that dwarfs the scale of the Grand Canyon on Earth and is in the same class as the Valles Marineris on Mars or Ithaca Chasma on Saturn's moon Tethys.

Occultation 
On September 8, 2001, Titania occulted a faint star; this was a chance to both refine its diameter and ephemeris, and to detect any extant atmosphere.  The data revealed no atmosphere to a surface pressure of 0.03 microbars; if it exists, it would have to be far thinner than that of Triton or Pluto.

Other websites 
 Titania Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Notes

Other websites
 USGS: Titania nomenclature

Uranus' moons
The 20 Hunchakian gallows (or Ksan Gakhaghan, also "The 20 Martyrs", "The 20s") is the common name for the group of Hunchakian activists who were hanged in the Sultan Bayazid square of Constantinople in June 15, 1915.

History
The 7th General Convention of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party which was held in Constanţa, Romania, in 1913, had a unique and great importance not only for the Hunchaks, but in the history of the Armenian people as a whole. During the Convention, members stressed their concern of the Ittihad (Young Turk) government's blatant disregard of the Armenian lives who resided in Historic Armenia. The Hunchaks feared that this disregard would only escalate as time past. The Hunchaks also stressed the importance of a United Independent Armenia which would be impossible under the racist and dictatorial Young Turk government's rule of the Ottoman Empire.

Thus the convention adjourned with two main objectives:

I - As stated in its original program, the party was to move from licit to illicit activities, thus becoming once again a covert organization.

II - To plan and assassinate the leaders of the Ittihad (Young Turk) party, the same leaders that carried out the Adana massacres of 1909, and thus the same leaders who at that moment were planning the annihilation of the Armenian people. 
  
Unfortunately, these secret objectives were passed on to the Turks by an Armenian agent for the government; consequently as soon as the delegates arrived in Constantinople, they were arrested. By the end of the year a total of one hundred and forty Hunchak leaders were arrested.

After spending two years in terrible conditions in Turkish prisons, and undergoing lengthy mock trials, twenty prominent figures - Paramaz, Dr. Benne, Aram Ach'ekbashian, Vanig and others were sentenced to death by hanging. A few weeks after the beginning of the Armenian Genocide on June 15, 1915, all twenty men were hanged in the central square of Constantinople, known as Sultan Bayazid Square. Paramaz's last words before his hanging were, "You can only hang our bodies, but not our ideology. ...You will see tomorrow on the Eastern horizon a Socialist Armenia." 

Since their execution, the Twenty Martyrs have been a source of inspiration for thousands of young Armenians throughout the world.

In 2001 the monument of Paramaz and his 19 Hunchakian comrades was opened in Meghri town, Armenia.

The list of hanged Hunchakians
 Paramaz,
 Dr. Benne (Bedros Torosian, Kharpert), 
 Aram Achekbashian (Krikor Garabedian, Arabkir),
 Kegham Vanig (Van), one of the editors of "Gaidz" youth journal,
 Mourad Zakarian (Mush),
 worker Yervant Topuzian,
 Hagop Basmajian,
 Smpat Keljian,
 Roupen Garabedian,
 Armenag Hampartsoumian,
 Apraham Mouradian,
 Hrand Yegavian,
 Karnig Boyajian,
 Hovhannes Yeghiazarian,
 Mgrdich Yeretsian,
 Yerevia Manoukian,
 Tovmas Tovmasian,
 Karekin Boghosian,
 Minas Keshishian,
 Boghos Boghosian.

Two other prominent Hunchakian activists, Stepan Sabah-Goulian and Varaztahd, were condemned to death in absentia.

Other websites
 The Twenty Hunchakian Gallows

References

Armenian people
1915 deaths
Executed people