cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paul Hamilton Williams (born September 19, 1940 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American musician, songwriter and actor.

As a boy, Williams auditioned for a role in a television series, Circus Boy, which went to another boy, young Micky Dolenz. Ten years later, Williams auditioned for The Monkees, and was again beaten out for a role by Dolenz. There were no hard feelings between the two, and the Monkees later recorded "Someday Man", which Williams cowrote with Roger Nichols.

Williams's songs include hits for Three Dog Night ("An Old Fashioned Love Song", "Family of Man", "Out in the Country"), Helen Reddy ("You and Me Against the World"), and the Carpenters ("Rainy Days and Mondays," "I Won't Last a Day Without You," and "We've Only Just Begun"). He wrote many songs with Kenneth Ascher, including "The Rainbow Connection", featured in The Muppet Movie.

His acting credits include roles in Battle for the Planet of the Apes, Phantom of the Paradise (a retelling of Phantom of the Opera; Williams also wrote the music), Little Enos Burdette in Smokey and the Bandit, and Miguelito Loveless Jr. in The Wild Wild West Revisited.

In 2013, Paul Williams was revealed to be working with French electronic duo Daft Punk on their album Random Access Memories singing the song "Touch" and co-wrote "Beyond".

Other websites
 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American folk musicians
American movie actors
American pop singers
American rock musicians
American songwriters
American television actors
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Singers from Omaha, Nebraska
The Lonely Island is an American comedy group made of three people. The people are Andy Samberg, Jorma Taccone, and Akiva Schaffer. They are from Berkeley, California, but are now based in New York City. They work for Saturday Night Live. They are known for songs such as "I'm On A Boat", "Like a Boss", "Jizz in My Pants", "Dick in a Box", and "Lazy Sunday". They have three albums called Incredibad, Turtleneck and Chain and The Wack Album.

Background 
The three members of the Lonely Island (Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, and Jorma Taccone) all grew up in Berkeley, California, and met in junior high school. The three friends moved to Los Angeles and rented an apartment, which they called the Lonely Island.

Saturday Night Live 
With increasing recognition, the trio was invited to write parts of the 2005 MTV Movie Awards, which Jimmy Fallon was hosting. Impressed with their material, he brought them to the attention of Lorne Michaels, the producer of Saturday Night Live, who agreed to see them.  

Samberg auditioned for the show. He was the only member of TLI who had also been doing stand-up comedy in his free time He was called back for a second audition a few weeks later and was invited to be a cast member; Schaffer and Taccone were invited to join the writing staff based on their work in the trio. Since their arrival on SNL, the group has written some of the most popular bits in recent SNL history, most notably, the SNL Digital Shorts.

MacGruber 
The group also made the skit "MacGruber", in which Will Forte plays a MacGyver parody as the main character. In every episode, MacGruber is trapped with his helpers, played by Kristen Wiig (originally Maya Rudolph) and a third person, usually the episode's host and occasionally Richard Dean Anderson as MacGyver, in a room with a bomb that is about to explode.  

MacGruber starts asking for simple objects to make something to stop the bomb, but he is later distracted by something (usually involving his personal life) that makes him run out of time. Every skit ends with the bomb and place where they are in exploding. All of the skits are directed by Taccone (except for 2 episodes which were directed by writer John Solomon).

Incredibad 

The Lonely Island released their first album, Incredibad, on February 10, 2009, on Universal Republic Records. Many of the songs on the album debuted on Saturday Night Live as SNL Digital Shorts. The album also includes a DVD featuring some of the digital shorts. 

Collaborators on the album include T-Pain, Norah Jones, Jack Black, E-40, Julian Casablancas of The Strokes, Sly & Robbie, DJ Nu-Mark, J-Zone, Natalie Portman, Chris Parnell, and Justin Timberlake.

Other websites 
Official Website

American comedy bands
Hip hop bands
Musicians from Berkeley, California
2011 establishments in the United States
Valve Corporation is an American video game developer and digital distributor company in Bellevue, Washington. It was founded in 1996 by Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington, two Microsoft employees in the past. The company is widely known for Steam and its critically acclaimed first-person shooter series, Half-Life, with the first being released in 1998. Also, the company develops the SteamOS. The company plans to make popular the all-in-one hardware, called Steam Deck, by the first half of 2022.

Games developed by Valve

References

Other websites 
 Valve Software - Official Website
 Steam - Official Website

American video game companies
1996 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Washington
Sistān o Balūchestān  is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country. It has borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan. Its capital is Zahedan. 

The province is the largest in Iran, with an area of 181,785 km² and a population of 2.4 million. The counties of the province are Iran Shahr, Chabahar, Khash, Zabol, Zahedan, Saravan, and Nik Shahr.

The region is also home to Iran's Baloch Sunni minority.

References

Other websites

Provinces of Iran
Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid region on the Iranian plateau. The plateau is in Southwest Asia and South-central Asia, between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. The area is named after the numerous Baloch tribes.  The Baloch are of Aryan and other races who moved into the area from the west around A.D. 1000.  All natives are considered Baloch even if they do not speak the Balochi language; Pashto, Persian, Hazaragi language, and Brahui languages are also spoken in the region. The southern part of Balochistan is known as Makran. Now it is recognised by UNPO as an Unrepresented Nation.

Topography 
Baluchistan's landscape is made of barren, rugged mountains and fertile land. During the summer, some regions of Baluchistan are the hottest. Most of the land is barren, particularly the Iranian and Afghan side of the region. Relatively few people live there. In the south (Makran) is the desert through which Alexander the Great passed with great difficulty.

Other websites
 Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is an old map, written in English, from 1897 of Baluchistan and two other areas.
Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc. is another old map, published by the Methodist church, in 1893

Regions of Pakistan
Capsaicin is a chemical substance. It is responsible for the sense of spiciness or hotness found in chili peppers. In mammals, it causes a sensation of burning of the tissues it comes in contact with. Capsaicin, and other similar substances called capsaicinoids are produced by chili peppers and other plants, probably as a protection against being eaten. Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, crystalline to waxy compound.

Capsaicinoids are added to food to make it have a hot taste, but it can also be used as an analgesic, a painkiller. Such painkillers are often directly used on the skin. The burning of the capsaicin will mask the real pain. Capsaicin is also the main agent in pepper spray. 

Capsaicin is not soluble in water; it binds to oil and fat. Soap can be used to wash it off. If something too hot has been eaten, milk or yoghurt can be used.

References 

Chemical compounds
Organic compounds
Analgesics
A football team refers to a group of players who together play football.

A football team may represent a football club, or their nation, group or other associations. In general, there may be 11-18 members in such a team depending on the type of football, i.e., whether it is association football or American football or any other format of the game.

Football
West Ham station is a London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and  National Rail station. It is on the District Line, Hammersmith & City Line, Jubilee Line and is served by c2c train services. It is in Travelcard Zone 3, and is managed by London Underground. All open platforms have step-free access to the street and each other.

References

Other websites

District line stations
Hammersmith & City line stations
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
Jubilee line stations
Docklands Light Railway stations
West Ham
Wimbledon station is a National Rail, London Underground, and Tramlink station in Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton. It is the only London station that provides an interchange between rail, Underground, and Tramlink services. The station serves as a junction for services from London Underground's District line and National Rail operators (South West Trains and First Capital Connect), as well as Tramlink route 3. Some early morning services on the First Capital Connect route are provided by Southern. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3.

Services 
The typical off-peak service frequency is:
South West Trains
 16tph (trains per hour) to Waterloo
 4tph to Guildford, of which
 2tph via Cobham
 2tph via Epsom
 2tph to Chessington South
 2tph to Dorking
 2tph to Hampton Court
 2tph to Shepperton
 2tph to Woking
 2tph to Waterloo via Kingston & Richmond
First Capital Connect
 2tph to Luton
 2tph to Sutton
London Underground
 6tph to Upminster via Tower Hill
 6tph to Edgware Road via High Street Kensington
Tramlink
 8tph to New Addington

Gallery

Related pages 
 Wimbledon Traincare depot – a little to the north of the station, on the west side of the main line tracks.

References

Bibliography

Other websites 

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 . This entrance has been rebuilt as part of the Centre Court shopping centre development.
 Pictures of both entrances to station

Proposed

London Travelcard zone 3
The London Underground 1967 Stock was a deep-level tube stock that ran on the Victoria line from 1968 to 2011. These trains do not run on the London Underground anymore as they were replaced by the London Underground 2009 tube stock between 2010 and 2011. The stock was built by Metro-Cammell. The trains have also ran on the Woodford–Hainault section of the Central Line in the past.

Background 
An order to buy 30½ 8-car trains of 1967 tube stock was made in March 1964. They were built by Metro-Cammell. Each train is made up of two 4-car units that are joined. The trains cost £2.25 million to build. Today this would buy just three trains. The first unit was delivered to West Ruislip depot on 27 September 1967, and the fleet was bought to run the Victoria Line. The units were then tested at the depot, before they were moved to Hainault depot and being tried out in passenger service on the Woodford-Hainault shuttle on the Central line. Once the tests were finished, the trains were moved from Hainault to Northumberland Park Depot using a battery locomotive. The trains were looked after at this depot until they were scrapped. It is the only part of the Victoria line that is not Underground, and it is unusual because, unlike the rest of the London Underground network, there is a staff rail link from Seven Sisters station.

The Trains 
The trains had Automatic Train Operation (ATO). The train operator controls when the doors open and close and also starts the train by pressing two buttons at the same time. These buttons start the automatic process of driving the train. The trains  were built with wrap-around windows in the driving cabs and were the first London Underground trains to have windows like this. The trains were delivered with a shiny grey coat, but this soon faded to a dull grey.

When the extension Victoria line to Brixton opened in July 1971, a further 72 cars of 1967 tube stock were ordered, which made up 9 trains. This brought the total number of 1967 tube stock trains to 39½.

Refurbishment 
In 1989, a refurbishment programme was started across the whole fleet of London Underground rolling stock, following the King's Cross fire in 1987. The Victoria line stock was chosen to be the first to be refurbished (repaired, changed and made to look newer). The refurbishment was carried out by Tickford Rail at Rosyth Dockyard. The refurbishment was due to take 5 years to complete, but the last train did not leave the works until 1997, because each train was slightly different to the next train. When the trains had completed the refurbishment the outside was painted in a white, blue and red colour scheme. The insides of the trains have fire-resistant materials and are finished in the Victoria line blue colours, though some have the Bakerloo line brown as they run on that line too.

Replacement 
The last 1967 stock in passenger service ran on 30th June 2011. It has been replaced by 2009 stock.

Numbers

References

Other websites 

 Tubeprune - 1967 Tube Stock
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 

1967
A Private bill is a proposal for a law that would apply to just a person or a group of individuals. This is unlike public law which applies to everyone within its jurisdiction. 

Law
Uherské Hradiště is a town in the Czech Republic. About 26,280 people live there (2008). It is located in the South-East of the historical region Moravia in the Zlín region. It was founded on October 15 1257 by the Czech king Přemysl Otakar II.

Partner towns 
  Bridgwater, United Kingdom
  Mayen, Germany
  Trenčín, Slovakia

Other websites 

Uherské Hradiště webpage

Cities in the Czech Republic
Boing is an Italian TV channel marketed at children and teenagers, produced and broadcast in Italy by Time Warner on its DVB-T frequencies.

Cartoons/Anime 

The Smurfs (I Puffi) (USA/Belgium)
Police Academy (Scuola di polizia) (USA)
Tazmania (USA)
Ed, Edd n Eddy (Ed, Edd & Eddy) (USA)
Justice League (USA)
Dexter's Laboratory (Il laboratorio di Dexter) (USA)
Johnny Bravo (USA)
Camp Lazlo (USA)
Pokemon (USA)
Animaniacs (USA)
Tiny Toons (I favolosi Tiny) (USA)

Television channels in Europe
Italian television

ca:Boing
Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (; born 29 September 1941) is an Iranian  politician, painter and architect. He belongs to the Iranian reform movement. 
He was the fifth Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1981 to 1989. After his term, the constitution was changed, and the post of prime minister was abolished. Mousavi is currently the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts. He also was a candidate for the 2009 presidential election.

Before his post as prime minister, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council and the High Council of Cultural Revolution. He has not attended their meetings for years. Political analysts think that he does not like these councils.  In the early years of the revolution, Mousavi was the editor-in-chief of the official newspaper of the Islamic Republican Party, the Jomhouri-e Eslami (Islamic Republic) newspaper. In 2009 presidential election, Mousavi chose green as his campaign color, a color which has since become common in Iran.

References 

1941 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Iran
René Lévesque (August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Minister of the Provincial Government of Quebec from 1960-1966. He was born in New Brunswick and raised in Quebec. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois have twice tried to get Quebec to leave Canada and become a separate country.

Politics 
Lévesque was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1960 until 1967. He had the position of Minister of Natural Resources.

Parti Québécois 
The goal of the Parti was to give Quebec its own Sovereignty, or to make it a separate country outside of Canada. The Parti Québécois won the 1976 Quebec provincial election. Soon after coming to power, Bill 101 was made a law. This law says that French is the only official language of Quebec. At this time, Canada had two official languages; English and French. In 1980 a vote was held. This vote was a referendum where the citizens of Quebec were asked if they wish to leave Canada and become a new country. 60% of the voters wanted to stay in Canada.

Death 
For most of his life, René smoked cigarettes. On November 1, 1987 he started having chest pains. He died of a heart attack later that day while in hospital in Quebec.

References 

1922 births
1987 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Quebec
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Quebec
People from New Brunswick
Politicians from Quebec
Dead Space is a third-person survival horror video game, made by Visceral Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The player plays as an engineer named Isaac Clarke. He fights against an alien infestation which turns humans into monsters called "Necromorphs" on a mining ship in space named the USG Ishimura.

Characters
Issac Clarke

He is the main character. He has a job as an engineer. The Concordance Extraction Corporation sent him to the USG Ishimura to repair it. 

Kendra Daniels

She is an engineer, too. She is good at network technology such as hacking. Her opinion often clashes with Hammond's.

Zach Hammond

He is Issac and Kendra's colleague. He is a black man and a senior guard.

Nicole Brennan

She is Issac's former lover. She is a member of the USG Ishimura's crew. She sent the video asking for help to Issac.

Plot

Reception

Legacy and sequels 
Dead Space is part of 3 games. It has 2 sequels.
2008 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Fulham Broadway is a London Underground station on the Wimbledon branch of the District Line. It is famous as the nearest station to Stamford Bridge stadium. The stadium is the home of Chelsea Football Club. The station was opened as Walham Green on 1 March 1880.

References 

London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn PC, GCOT (6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British politician. She was born as Barbara Anne Betts in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. She grew up in Pontefract and Bradford, Yorkshire. She graduated from St Hugh's College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. She adopted her family's politics, which were left wing. Castle joined the Labour Party. She was Member for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979. She was Minister of Transport from 23 December 1965 – 6 April 1968. She died in Chiltern, Buckinghamshire.

References 

1910 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Bradford
People from Derbyshire
Politicians from Yorkshire
Weak interaction,  the weak force or weak nuclear force, is one of the four fundamental forces in the universe. 

It is carried by particles known as the W and Z bosons, which are gauge bosons. The weak force causes beta decay, a form of radioactivity. At extremely high energy levels, the force of weak interaction and electromagnetism begin to act the same, and this is called electroweak interaction.

Beta decay 
Beta decay is what scientists call a neutron breaking down, in contrast with alpha decay where an atom breaks down. These types of breaking down are more commonly known as radioactive decay. In a beta decay a neutron breaks into a proton,  an electron and a neutrino. However, this is not a complete picture, there is an intermediary step. Notice that this process preserves the total charge. Conservation laws are very important when calculating the possible outcomes of these interactions.

With more detail, beta decay begins with a neutron, which is made of one up quark and two down quarks. Since up quarks have a charge of +2/3, and each down quark has a charge of -1/3 this results as giving 2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0 charge. Due to weak force, if there are too many neutrons in an atom nucleus, one of the down quarks in one of the neutrons turns into an up quark. This would change the charge of the neutron from 0 to (2/3 +2/3 -1/3) = 1. From this, the neutron is no longer a neutron, but actually a proton ( a particle with a charge of +1). 

In a strange quantum effect, this transformation releases a particle called a W boson. This is the gauge boson (force-carrying particle) of weak force. Oddly, the W boson has a mass about 80 times as much as a neutron. This sort of thing actually happens very often in quantum mechanics, but it follows the conservation of energy because it happens so quickly. After 3x10–25 seconds, the W boson breaks into an electron and an electron antineutrino. (The electron antineutrino doesn't really do much). This releases the electron and basically creates a proton from a neutron.

Other websites 
 Weak force -Citizendium

References 

Nuclear physics
Cognition is the scientific word for the thought process. This process is the way we think. The word comes from the Latin word cognoscere, which means "to know" or "to recognize". Cognitive psychology is the science which studies cognition.

Psychology
Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager (February 13, 1923 – December 7, 2020) was a major general of the United States Air Force. He was the first person to break the sound barrier. This was accomplished on 14 October 1947 in a Bell X-1 aircraft. Yeager also served in World War II.

Yeager died on December 7, 2020 at a Los Angeles hospital at the age of 97.

References

American people of World War II
American military people
People from West Virginia
1923 births
2020 deaths
American aviators
Pierre Monteux (born Paris, 4 April 1875; died Hancock, Maine, 14 July 1964) was a French-born conductor who later became an American citizen.  He was one of the great conductors of his time.

Life
Monteux was born in Paris and started to learn the violin when he was six.  When he was nine he learned at the Paris Conservatoire.  When he was twelve he conducted an orchestra in Paris with the pianist Alfred Cortot as soloist.  He played in orchestras, and was the principal of the viola section in the first performance of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande.  He started to conduct some of the concerts in the series Concerts Colonne.

Monteux also played his viola in chamber music.  He played a string quartet by Brahms with the composer in the audience.

Monteux soon became famous as a conductor.  He conducted the orchestra for Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes, conducting the first performances of Stravinskys 'Petrouchka, Rite of Spring as well as Ravel’s Daphnis et Chloé and Debussy’s Jeux.  These were some of the greatest ballets of the 20th century.

In 1916 Monteux went to the USA and conducted the French operas at the Metropolitan Opera.  In 1920 he moved to Boston, conducting many new works by Debussy, Chausson, Darius Milhaud and others.  In 1924 he became assistant conductor at the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam.  He started the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris in 1929, and also a school for conducting, the École Monteux, in Paris. Later he continued this teaching in his American home in Maine. Neville Marriner and André Previn were two of his pupils.

In 1936 he became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.  He stayed with this orchestra until 1952.  He made this orchestra internationally famous.  In 1942 he became an American citizen.  In the 1950s he often conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Monteux continued to conduct until shortly before his death at the age of 89.    In 1961 he was appointed chief conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra for 25 years, although he did not live long enough to fulfil this.   He conducted this orchestra in 1963 in a performance of the Rite of Spring, fifty years after he had conducted the first performance.

Monteux’s conducting
Monteux always prepared his work very carefully.  He was not a conductor who liked to show off.  He rehearsed his orchestras thoroughly, and conducted with small gestures.  Although he made gramophone recordings, he did not like recordings.  He preferred concerts with a live audience.  He received many honours, including the Légion d’honneur and the Knight of the Order of Oranje Nassau.

References

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1875 births
1964 deaths
French conductors
American conductors
Willem Mengelberg (born Utrecht, 28 March 1871; died Zuort, Switzerland, 22 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor.  He is famous for conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam for fifty years, making them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

Life
Willem Mengelberg studied music in Utrecht, Netherlands and at Cologne Conservatory.  He had four years of experience conducting an orchestra in Lucerne.  Then, in 1895, he was given the job which was to last him the rest of his working life: conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra.  He took over this job from Willem Kes who had started the orchestra five years earlier.  At Kes’s farewell concert on 25 October 1895 Mengelberg performed as solo pianist.

Mengelberg soon made it into a great orchestra.  He was particularly good at conducting the music of Richard Strauss and Mahler.  He took the orchestra on tours to many countries, including Norway, Belgium, France, Germany, England and Switzerland.  He celebrated his 25th year of conductor of the orchestra by performing all the orchestral works of Mahler.

He also conducted other orchestras abroad, including the Royal Philharmonic Society in London and, in the 1920s, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Mengelberg also conducted other groups in the Netherlands, including Maatschappij Caecilia and the Amsterdam Toonkunst Choir.

Mengelberg worked hard to get good discipline in his orchestra.  He worked to introduce his audiences to good music and to make them listen quietly to the music.  He did a lot to help the musicians get better working conditions and he conducted a lot of music by Dutch composers, helping them to become better known.

During World War II he accepted invitations by the Nazis to conduct in Germany.  After the war people in Holland were very cross that he had done this, and he was forbidden to conduct in Holland for six years.  He said that he had only conducted in Germany for the sake of the musicians.

Mengelberg was very sad and went to live in Switzerland.  He died just before his six year ban would have come to an end.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 
Encyclopedie van de Muziek; Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957

1871 births
1951 deaths
Dutch conductors
People from Utrecht (city)
Cathay Dragon, known as Dragonair before, was an airline based in Hong Kong International Airport. It had a fleet of 46 airplanes, including Airbus A320s, A321s and A330s. It flew to 44 destinations in China and Asia. It was named the "World’s Best Regional Airline" by Skytrax World Airline Awards four times. On 21 October 2020, Cathay Pacific announced to stop the operation of Cathay Dragon due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gallery

References

Airlines of Asia
Transport in Hong Kong
Hong Kong International Airport (IATA airport code: HKG; ICAO airport code: VHHH), also known as Chek Lap Kok Airport is the airport of Hong Kong that was built at Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island. It opened in 1998. It is one of the leading airports in the world, and has won "World Airport of the Year" from Skytrax for 7 times in 10 years. It is the hub for Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airlines, Hong Kong Express and Air Hong Kong. It is the third busiest airport in terms of international passenger traffic in the world, and the busiest in the world in terms of cargo traffic. Until the 2020s when Hong Kong missed feeling like it was in the 18th Century.

The airport has an advanced highway and railway system linking it to the city centre of Hong Kong. The building project was one of the largest in the world, and featured in Discovery Channel's "Ten Greatest Modern Projects of the World". It was designed by the famous architect, Norman Foster. The aim of the airport was to increase traffic and capacity which the old Kai Tak Airport could not handle. It remains one of the best airport in the world, along with Singapore's Changi Airport and Seoul's Incheon International Airport.

References 

Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
Transport in Hong Kong
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS or PSNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system.  It does the opposite things of the sympathetic nervous system, the other part of the autonomic nervous system.  This way, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems balance each other's effects.  The sympathetic nervous system helps a person "fight or flight" when they are in danger.  When the danger is gone, the parasympathetic nervous system lets the person "rest and digest," "feed and breed."

Effects 
The parasympathetic nervous system has many different effects.  It affects every part of the body, including:
 The heart: The heart relaxes and beats slower.  This makes the heart rate and blood pressure lower.
 The lungs: Breathing slows down.  The bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) also get narrower.
 The eyes: The pupils get smaller.
 The digestive system: Extra blood is sent to the stomach and intestines.  The stomach and intestines also work faster.  This helps the person digest the food in their stomach.
 The blood vessels: The blood vessels in the parts of the body that are far away from the heart, lungs, and brain get wider.  (This is called vasodilation.)  This helps make the blood pressure lower.  It also makes the skin warmer, and can cause a man to have an erection.

Because of these effects, the parasympathetic nervous system always has to balance with the sympathetic nervous system.  For example, if only the parasympathetic nervous system was working, a person's heart rate and breathing would keep getting lower and lower.  Eventually the person would stop breathing or their heart would stop beating.

However, in a healthy person, the brain realizes when the parasympathetic nervous system's effects are getting too strong.  For example, the brain may realize that the person is breathing too slowly, or that their heart rate is too low.  The brain reacts by making the sympathetic nervous system kick in.  Because the sympathetic nervous system has the opposite effects, it will make the person breathe faster and raise their heart rate.  These two systems have to balance each other constantly for a person to stay healthy.

Control 
The parasympathetic nervous system is controlled mostly by the vagus nerve.  This is an important nerve that comes from the brain and goes all the way down to the bottom of the spinal cord.  The vagus nerve sends out chemical messengers called neurotransmitters - mostly one called acetylcholine.  This chemical causes changes in many different parts of the body.

Related pages 
 Autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Enteric nervous system

References

Nervous system
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, also polypeptide) is a kind of hormone that has 28 amino acid residues in it and is made in many areas of the human body including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei (which is a small part of the brain's midline) of the hypothalamus in the brain. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded, or transforming information from one format into another, by the VIP gene.

VIP has a half-life in the blood of about two minutes.

VIP is made more than it should in a VIPoma.

Hormones
Increase intestinal secretion, relaxes sphincters and smooth muscles. Released from nerve cells in mucosa and smooth muscle.
Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a European self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings to consumer video games. The PEGI system is used in more than thirty countries. PEGI has rated more than 15,000 video games from 2003 to 2010.

Ratings 
  - 3 years old
  - 7 years old
  - 12 years old
  - 16 years old
  - 18 years old

History

Sources 

2003 establishments in Europe
Cultural organizations
Video game ratings
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry, and treats people with mental illness. Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.

Education
In the United States, psychiatrists train by  going to university first, then they go to Medical School for 4 years. Then they must complete a residency. When they graduate, they get to use the initials M.D. or D.O. after their names.  Then these doctors specialize by training for 3 or 4 years in Psychiatry. In other countries psychiatrists train in similar ways but may not have to go to a separate university and medical school.

Other websites
 American Psychiatric Association
 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
 Royal College of Psychiatrists
 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

Psychiatry
Healthcare occupations
Eugen Jochum (; 1 November 1902 – 26 March 1987) was a German conductor.

Jochum was born in Babenhausen, near Augsburg, in the south of Germany.  He soon showed musical talent and was playing the organ for church services when he was eight.  He studied at the Augsburg Conservatory and then the Munich National Theatre and at Mönchen-Gladbach.  He became conductor of the Kiel Opera where, during three years, he conducted more than 50 operas in several German cities.  Then, in 1934, he followed Karl Böhm and Karl Muck as the conductor of the Hamburg Staatsoper.    He stayed there until 1949.  He also was guest conductor in Amsterdam with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and later he became chief conductor.  

After World War II, Jochum became the first chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in 1949.  He often conducted in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, the LSO gave him the title of conductor laureate. 

He appeared regularly at Salzburg and, from 1953, Bayreuth.  The first opera he conducted there was Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.

Jochum is remembered especially for his warm, romantic performances of Anton Bruckner's symphonies.  He often conducted the passions of Bach and music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Haydn, Schumann, Wagner and Carl Orff. 

Jochum died in Munich, Germany at the age of 84.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN  1-56159-174-2

1902 births
1987 deaths
German conductors
21st Century Breakdown is the eighth studio album by the punk rock band Green Day. It is the band's second rock opera, following American Idiot, and its first record to be produced by Butch Vig. The band started work on the record in January 2006. 45 songs were written by vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong by October 2007, but the band members did not start studio work with the producer, Butch Vig until January 2008. The writing and recording process was three years long. The band used four recording studios and was finished in April 2009.

Songs on the album

 "Song of the Century"
 "21st Century Breakdown"
 "Know Your Enemy"
 "Viva la Gloria!"
 "Before The Lobotomy"
 "Christian's Inferno"
 "Last Night on Earth"
 "East Jesus Nowhere"
 "Peacemaker"
 "Last of the American Girls"
 "Murder City"
 "Viva la Gloria? (Little Girl)"
 "Restless Heart Syndrome"
 "Horseshoes and Handgrenades"
 "The Static Age"
 "21 Guns"
 "American Eulogy"
 "See the Light"

Special Edition
 "Hearts Collide"
 "Lights Out"

References

2009 albums
Green Day albums
Reprise Records albums
Punk albums
Nelson F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Former position
1921/22 : Third Division - 16th / North
1922/23 : Third Division - Champions / North
1923/24 : Second Division - 21st
1924/25 : Third Division - 2nd / North
1925/26 : Third Division - 8th / North
1926/27 : Third Division - 5th / North
1927/28 : Third Division - 22nd / North
1928/29 : Third Division - 15th / North
1929/30 : Third Division - 19th / North
1930/31 : Third Division - 22nd / North

English football clubs
1881 establishments in England
Hereford United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Hereford
1924 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in England
Wrexham A.F.C. is a football club which plays in Wales.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1873 establishments in the United Kingdom
19th-century establishments in Wales
Cambridge United F.C. is an English football club based in Cambridge that currently plays in the EFL League One, the third tier of English football.

Name 
 1912-1951 Abbey United F.C.
 1951-present Cambridge United F.C.

League position

Former position 

Cambridge
English football clubs
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
1910s establishments in England
The National Health Service is a government run health care organisation that provides health and medical services to citizens and residents of the United Kingdom. It was started in 1948 and intended by its creators to be "free at the point of service". This meant that people who use the NHS would not be required to pay for services each time they used them.

The NHS is paid for out of employee contributions from their wages and also from general government money raised in the form of taxes.

The promise of a health service that would be free at the point of service was broken almost right away with the start of prescription charges. Prescription charges are a set price that people within England must pay for each item on a prescription form. This charge is currently £8.60 for each item and is raised each year.

Systems
The NHS is made up of four systems: National Health Service (England), Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland, NHS Scotland and NHS Wales. Each system is run by its government. For example, National Health Service (England) is ran by the UK Government. The systems are run in different ways depending on which country within the United Kingdom a person lives in. For instance, there are no charges for prescriptions in Scotland or Wales, but there are in England.

Services
The service also provides basic dental services and prescription eyeglasses, hearing aids, prosthetic limbs and other services. There are normally charges at the point of service for these services unless one lives in a no-charge country or is considered a special needs case; such as children (aged up to 18, or up to 21 if you are a student), pregnant women or the elderly.

Cuts to the NHS
The coalition government has made cuts to the NHS. On 29 September 2013 around 50,000 people protested in Manchester. They set up a stage with banners saying things like 'Save Our NHS' around it. Hospitals can now earn up to 50% of their income from private work.

Opinions
The NHS has been criticized for working through a 'postcode lottery', meaning that access to quality treatment depends on where you live. The percentage of diabetics getting the NICE recommended levels of care ranges from 6% to 69% depending on where they live.

Related pages
Constitutional economics
Political economy

References

Public services in the United Kingdom
Health care
Windows CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded Compact post version 6.0, and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is Microsoft's operating system for embedded devices and minimal computers. Windows CE is a different operating system and kernel. It is not a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based.

The Zune portable media player, as well as the Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 smartphone platforms are based on Windows CE.

Version 8, or Windows Embedded Compact 2013, released in June 2013 is the only still supported version (until October 10, 2023).

Versions

References 

Microsoft operating systems
Simon Cowell MBE (born 19 April 1952) is a British television presenter and author who hosts the Animal Planet documentary series Wildlife SOS. He is the co-founder of a Leatherhead, Surrey, based charity called Wildlife Aid.

In June 2005, Simon was awarded an MBE for his services to wildlife.

Simon lives in Leatherhead, Surrey. He received a PhD for Biological sciences at Jesus College, Cambridge.

References

Living people
1952 births
British television personalities
Yasunari Kawabata (14 June 1899–16 April 1972) was a Japanese writer.  He was the winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature.  He was the first Japanese author to receive the award.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

1899 births
1972 deaths
Japanese writers
People from Osaka
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
University of Tokyo alumni
2018 (twenty eighteen) (MMXVIII) was .

Events 
 January 1 – Estonia takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from the United Kingdom.
 January 20-22 – The United States government enters a shutdown due to a dispute over the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
 February did not experience a completely realized full moon this year
 February 9-25 – 2018 Winter Olympics were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
 March 1 – President Donald Trump announced import for tariff steel 25% and 10% of Aluminum.
 April 23 – A white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street in Toronto.
June 14-July 15 — 2018 FIFA World Cup was held in Russia.
 July 1 – Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected President of Mexico.
 July 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from Estonia.
 July 27 – Mars made its closest approach to Earth since 2003. It will not be as close as the 2003 opposition.
 August 11 – The final Drum Corps International World Championship to be held in the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana, after an 11-year run.
 September 16 – Swedish general election for the Riksdag take place.
 September 28 – An earthquake and tsunami hits Sulawesi, Indonesia killing 2,256 people.
 October 23 – The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge is opened for the public to use. It is the longest bridge in the world that crosses a sea.
 November 6 – The United States mid-term elections take place.
 December 22 – A tsunami hits the Sunda Strait in Indonesia, killing more than 430 people.

Computer and video games 
Games set in 2018:
 Fortnite (2018)
 Krazy Ivan (1996)
 Trauma Center: Under the Knife (2005)
 Phoenix Wright: Trials and Tribulations (2007)

Movies 
 Rollerball (1975)
 Terminator Salvation (2009)
 I Spit on Your Rave (2010)
 Iron Sky (2011)

Literature 
 Halting State (2007) by Charles Stross.

Television series 
 The storyline for the sci-fi television series seaQuest DSV begins in 2018.
 The second season of Code Geass takes place in 2018.

Science 
 1,000 petaflops 100 million core computer
 Driverless Cars
 Exomars launch

Deaths

References
2024 (MMXXIV) will be .

Events
 26 July – 11 August: 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France.
 5 November: The United States presidential election will take place.

Date unknown 
 SpaceX will send tourists to Mars.

Movies released

January

February

March

April

May
May 3 - Corduroy
May 10 - Motor Rider
May 17 - The Lord of Talon II

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

2024
Years in the future
2025 (MMXXV) will be .

Predicted events 
 March 31 – Yolanda Saldivar will be eligible for parole. This event will occur during the 30th anniversary of American singer Selena's death. Saldivar killed the twenty-three year-old singer at her Days Inn motel room in 1995.

Unknown dates 
 The Giant Magellan Telescope is expected to be completed.

References 

 
Years in the future
Shmuel Yosef Agnon (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was an Israeli writer and winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon. In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.

References

Other websites 

Nobel Prize lecture
 

1887 births
1970 deaths
Israeli Nobel Prize winners
Jewish Israeli writers
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Poets
Short story writers
Ukrainian Jews
Ukrainian writers
Acid throwing or vitriolage is a form of violent assault. Sometimes the crime is called acid attack. The attackers throw acid or other corrosive substances at their victims. Usually they throw it at the targets' faces. They want to damage skin tissue, even to expose and to dissolve the bones. The consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scars of the face and body.

In India, the number of acid attacks have been rising. There had been 68 acid attacks in Karnataka alone (of which Bengaluru is the capital) since 1999. These are only the cases that have been reported. Unlike India, Bangladesh has introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and laws strictly controlling the sales of acids since 2002. An important role for the introduction of that legislation had the Acid Survivors Foundation.

Acid throwing is a crime in most countries in the world.  Many Islamic countries have the concept of qisas, or retributive justice. With this, a victim can ask that the attacker be disfigured in a similar way. That way, an Iranian court ordered that the attacker of a woman who was blinded by such an attack, be blinded as well.

Epidemiology
According to researchers and activists, countries with many occurrences of acid attacks include Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:

 Afghanistan
 Australia
 Bangladesh
 Belgium
 Bulgaria
 Cambodia
 China
 Hong Kong S.A.R.
 Colombia
 France
 Gabon
 Germany
 India
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Ireland
 Israel
 Italy
 Jamaica
 Kenya
 Laos
 Mexico
 Myanmar
 Nepal
 Nigeria
 Philippines
 Pakistan
 Russia
 Sri Lanka
 Sweden
 South Africa
 Taiwan
 Tanzania
 Thailand
 Uganda
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Vietnam

Additionally, evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as South America, Central and North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. However, South Asian countries maintain the highest incidence of acid attacks.

Police in the United Kingdom have noted that many victims are scared to come forward to report attacks, meaning the nobody knows how many attacks have happened.

Related pages
 Domestic violence
 Monira Rahman

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Bangladesh: Acid Attacks in Bangladesh: A Voice for the Victims
 Cambodia: Living in the Shadows: Acid Attacks in Cambodia Report
 China: Hospital offers surgery to victim of acid attack
 South Asia: Acid attacks on the rise in South Asia
 Pakistan: A 16 year old boy was badly injured in an acid attack after he refused a Muslim cleric's sexual advances
 Thailand: 6 teens hurt in acid attack
 Iran: Woman blinded by acid wants same fate for attacker

Domestic violence
Human rights
Hate crimes
Nelly Sachs (; 10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. She is a Nobel Prize winner and of Jewish descent.

Works 
 In the Dwellings of Death

Other websites 
 Nobel Prize Lecture 

1891 births
1970 deaths
German Nobel Prize winners
German poets
Jewish German writers
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Literature winners
Swedish playwrights
Swedish poets
The year 2008 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events 

 January 15 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its first flyby of Mercury at 200 km height.
 August 1 - Total solar eclipse that could be seen in Canada, Siberia, Mongolia and northern China.
 October 6 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes the second flyby of Mercury.

Deaths 
 April 13 - John Archibald Wheeler, theoretical physicist
 April 16 - Edward Norton Lorenz, mathematician and meteorologist
 April 29 - Albert Hofmann, chemist
 May 15 - Willis Lamb, physicist, winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics

2008
Years in science
The year 2007 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events 

 March 3 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and in all of Europe and Africa.
 March 19 - A partial solar eclipse happened that could be seen in Asia.
 April 25 - The planet Gliese 581 c was found.
 August 28 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and all of Australasia and the Pacific Ocean.
 September 27 - NASA's spacecraft Dawn is launched.

Deaths 
 July 23 - Ernst Otto Fischer

2007
Years in science