cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man is a 1964 book by Marshall McLuhan. It was a pioneering study in media theory. McCluhan was a Professor of literature who was deeply interested in the way media had changed society.

The book proposes that media themselves affect their content in important ways. It is an attempt to understand how changing media have affected society. McLuhan suggests that media play a role, not by the content delivered, but by the characteristics of the medium itself. 

McLuhan pointed to the light bulb as an example. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, but it is a medium that has a social effect. The light bulb lets people do things at nighttime which would be impossible in darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence". 

More controversially, he thought that content had little effect on society — for example, it did not matter if television broadcasts children's shows or violent programming — the effect of television on society would be identical. He noted that all media have characteristics that engage the viewer in different ways; for instance, a passage in a book could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened again in its entirety to study any individual part of it. He made the point that reading, by its very nature, is a sequential medium. One reads it in a sequence. On the other hand, a medium like film presents information more holistically. There is a kind of "all at once-ness" about films and television.

The book is the source of the well-known phrase "The medium is the message". It was a leading indicator of the upheaval of local cultures by increasingly globalized values. The book's influence spread much further than academics, writers, and social theorists. It was widely read. It became a corner-stone in media studies courses.

References 

1964 books
Robbie Robertson is the solo debut album by Robbie Robertson. It was released in 1987. The album won the Juno Award for "Album of the Year". Robertson and Daniel Lanois also won the "Producer of the Year" award.

U2 and Peter Gabriel contributed to the album. U2's contribution is heard in the song "Sweet Fire of Love" which is a duet between Robertson and Bono. The other track featuring U2 is "Testimony", which also has singing from Bono. Gabriel's contributions are heard on the song "Fallen Angel". This song was dedicated to Robertson's former bandmate from The Band, Richard Manuel.

The lyrics of "American Roulette" deal with the theme of Elvis Presley's rise to popularity. The song is notable for its guitar solo throughout as well as the instrumental outro. Elvis Presley is talked about in the second verse.

Track listing
All songs written by Robbie Robertson except where noted.
 "Fallen Angel" (Robertson, Martin Page) – 5:52
 "Showdown at Big Sky" – 4:43
 "Broken Arrow" – 5:17
 "Sweet Fire of Love" (Robertson, U2) – 5:08
 "American Roulette" – 4:46
 "Somewhere Down the Crazy River" (Robertson, Martin Page) – 4:44
 "Hell's Half Acre" – 3:45
 "Sonny Got Caught in the Moonlight" – 3:45
 "Testimony" – 4:45
Bonus tracks on the expanded edition (2005):
"Christmas Must Be Tonight" – 4:51
"Testimony (Edited 12" Remix)" – 6:34

Personnel
Robbie Robertson – vocals, backing vocals, guitar, keyboards
Manu Katché – drums, percussion
Bill Dillon – guitars, backing vocals
Tony Levin – Chapman Stick, bass
Daniel Lanois – percussion, backing vocals, omnichord, guitar

Charts
Album

Single

Sales certifications

References

Other websites 
 Review from Rolling Stone

1987 albums
Alberto Suárez Laso (born December 19, 1977 in Riosa, Asturias) is a T12 athlete from Spain who competes in long distance races: the 5,000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon and marathon.  He is a world record holder in the men's T12 marathon, winning gold in the event at the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

Personal
Suárez was born December 19, 1977 in Riosa, Asturias. , he resides in Oviedo, Asturias. He has a vision impairment.

Suárez won an award related to human values at the 2011 Asturian Best Sportspersons awards organized by the Asturian Sports Press Association,.  In 2012, he won the Asturian Sports Press Association award for best male athlete.

Athletics
Suárez is a T12, a blind runner, and he sometimes compete against runners without disabilities. He belongs to the Laso Oviedo Athletics Club. As of 2012, Chus Castaño is his coach. He is a world record in the marathon.

Suárez competed in the 2011 Gran Fondo Siete Aguas International Trophy President of the Council of Valencia. He competed in the 2011 Spanish Paralympic national athletics championships held in Gijón. He competed in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships in Christchurch New Zealand. He was one of two Spanish competitors in the marathon.  He was the first runner to finish the marathon and he made a world record by running the race with a time of 2.28:10.  He also finished third in the men's T12 10,000 meter race.

Suárez's goal for his running in 2012 was to finish first at the 2012 London Paralympics in the marathon. He race in the 2012 Riosa Sports Days. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, where hefinished firset in the men's T12 marathon and finished 6th in the men's T12 5,000 meter event.  His first place was Spain's eighth first place of the Games.  He finished the marathon in a time of 2:24.50, a new Paralympic Games record and World Record.

Suárez finished sixth in the 2013 Bareclona half marathon while racing against runners who did not have a disability. He set a personal best time in the half marathon at the race. He competed in the 2013 Divina Pastora 8 km Orotava held in the Canary Islands. He gave a speech two days before the race about physical activity, sport and eating patterns for athletes.

References

Other websites

 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1977 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
People from Asturias
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Project X is an American comedy movie from 2012. It was directed by Nima Nourizadeh and written by Michael Bacall and Matt Drake. The story is about three teenagers—Thomas, Costa and J. B.—who plan to gain popularity by throwing a party. Their plan quickly gets out of their control. Most of the movie's cast were not famous, being relatively new to acting. The movie is filmed as a home video from the perspective of one of the teenagers attending the party and using a camera to record the night's events.

Project X was released in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom on 2 March 2012. It made over US$100 million worldwide during its time in cinemas.

Cast
 Thomas Mann as Thomas Kub.
 Oliver Cooper as Costa.
 Jonathan Daniel Brown as J.B.
 Dax Flame as Dax
 Kirby Bliss Blanton as Kirby
 Brady Hender and Nick Nervies as Everett and Tyler
 Alexis Knapp as Alexis.

Soundtrack

The Project X (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the movie. It was released by WaterTower Music on February 28, 2012. It has several artists and tracks released in the past decade. Musical genres range from hip hop to house music.  The soundtrack mainly has the thirteen tracks that played in the movie. The soundtrack debuted on the U.S. Billboard Top 200 albums chart at number twenty-three. It peaked at number three on March 15th.

The soundtrack featured songs by Kid Cudi, D12, MGK, Nas, and . A popular song from the album is American rap artist Kid Cudi's 2010 single "Pursuit of Happiness." The song was re-released by disc jockey and house music producer Steve Aoki in 2011. Both versions were on the soundtrack.

References

Documents

Other websites

 
 
 

2012 movies
American teen comedy movies
Warner Bros. movies
Liquor is any alcoholic drink containing ethanol and produced by distilling. They are also called distilled beverages. The term hard liquor is used around North America and India to tell distilled beverages from those that are weaker. If the beverage carries no added sugar or has at least 20% alcohol by volume, it is referred to as a spirit. Alcoholic beverages are under different regulations around the world.

Alcoholic drink
Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model, Cycle 9 is the ninth season of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 14 contestants.

Series summary

Episode 1
Eliminated semi-finalists: Aleksandra Kozielska, Angel Ojera, Ayoola Sundari Smart, Carly Gordon, Claire Bodie, Dominique Binns, Elizabeth Hamilton, Ella, Hannah Gardner, Janay Sandler, Lucy Bell, Lydia Lyn & Stephanie Taylor

Episode 2
Best: Emma Ward
Bottom Four: Saffron Williams, Sarah Kennedy, Christina Chalk & Danielle Sandhu
Eliminated: Christina Chalk

Episode 3
Best: Lauren Lambert
Bottom Four: Saffron Williams, Abigail Johns, Danielle Sandhu & Laura Young 
Eliminated: Danielle Sandhu

Episode 4
Best: Naomi Pelkiewicz
Bottom Four: Abigail Johns, Jessica Patterson, Sophie Ellson & Holly Carpenter
Eliminated: Jessica Patterson

Episode 5
First Call-Out: Sarah Kennedy
Bottom Four: Laura Young, Emma Ward, Angel Mbonu & Abigail Johns
Eliminated: Abigail Johns

Episode 6
First Call-Out: Lauren Lambert
Bottom Four: Laura Young, Saffron Williams, Naomi Pelkiewicz & Emily Garner
Eliminated: Laura Young

Episode 7
First Call-Out: Lauren Lambert
Bottom Four: Naomi Pelkiewicz, Holly Carpenter, Emily Garner & Angel Mbonu
Eliminated: Emily Garner

Episode 8
First Call-Out: Angel Mbonu
Bottom Three: Saffron Williams, Sarah Kennedy & Holly Carpenter 
Eliminated: Saffron Williams

Episode 9
First Call-Out: Lauren Lambert
Bottom Three: Naomi Pelkiewicz, Holly Carpenter & Sarah Kennedy
Eliminated: Holly Carpenter

Episode 10
First Call-Out: Sarah Kennedy
Bottom Two: Emma Ward & Angel Mbonu
Eliminated: Angel Mbonu

Episode 11
First Call-Out: Emma Ward
Bottom Two: Sophie Ellson & Naomi Pelkiewicz
Eliminated: Naomi Pelkiewicz

Episode 12
First Call-Out: Emma Ward
Bottom Two: Sophie Ellson & Lauren Lambert
Eliminated: Sophie Ellson

Episode 13
Final Three: Sarah Kennedy, Lauren Lambert & Emma Ward
Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model: Lauren Lambert

Contestants
First group of eliminated semi-finalists

Second group of eliminated semi-finalists

Contestants Progress 

 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant joined the Bottom Four/Three/Two
 The contestant won picture of the week

References

Top Model television series
Amy Lee is Korean-American singer and actress in South Korea. She is known by the stage name Ailee. Born in Denver, she grew up in New Jersey, in the United States. She started as a Youtube singer, with some success. In 2010 she moved to South Korea with the goal of being a professional singer. Her first single, "Heaven", was released in 2012. Within one month of her debut she had already won two music awards. 

On September 13, 2011, Ailee along with Wheesung held a performance on the MBC's Chuseok special episode of "Singer and Trainee". Ailee's stage presence was immediately felt by the audience, who was amazed that she was like a professional singer, even though she had not yet officially debuted. Following her solo performance of "Halo" by Beyoncé, singer BMK expressed, "Wherever she goes, she has the potential to be a big star. She definitely has the voice." After the judges had graded everyone, Ailee won first place.

Ailee is known for her strong vocal quality and range. By 2016, she had won 26 music awards.

List of albums

Studio albums 
 2015: Vivid
 2019: Butterfly

EPs 
 2012: Invitation
 2013: A's Doll House
 2013: Magazine
 2016: A New Empire

References 

1989 births
Living people
K-pop singers
Singers from Denver, Colorado
Actors from Denver, Colorado
Actors from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Marta Eggerth (April 17, 1912 – December 26, 2013) was a Hungarian actress whose career lasted almost thirty years. She did movies, stage and television. That included the Broadway musical Higher and Higher.  Eggerth was born in Budapest.

Eggerth died on December 26, 2013 in Rye, New York from natural causes, aged 101.

References

Other websites

Marta Eggerth on Internet Broadway Database
Photographs and literature
Marta Eggerth on PatriaMusic
WNYC "Evening Music" segment
"Marta Eggerth's YouTube channel"

Actors from Budapest
Centenarians
Deaths from natural causes
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian stage actors
Singers
1912 births
2013 deaths
Evelyn Venable (October 18, 1913 – November 15, 1993) was an American actress. She performed as the Blue Fairy in Pinocchio, a 1940 movie. She also played the mother of Shirley Temple in the movie The Little Colonel.

Venable was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She died from cancer in Idaho, aged eighty.

Other websites 

Actors from Cincinnati, Ohio
American movie actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
1913 births
1993 deaths
Charles Langford Modini Stack (or Robert Stack; 13 January 1919 – 14 May 2003) was an American television and movie actor. He also hosted television programs. He played crime fighter Eliot Ness in the TV series The Untouchables and in the series The Name of the Game. He hosted Unsolved Mysteries (1987-2002).

Stack was born in Los Angeles. He died of a heart attack at age 84 in Beverly Hills, California. He was married to actress Rosemarie Bowe from 1956 until his death. They're great-nephew is SNL comedian Taran Killam.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1919 births
2003 deaths
The Bristol Beaufighter is a British military aircraft of World War II. It is a twin-engine aircraft. It has two or three seats. It is built of metal and wood. It was developed from the Bristol Beaufort light bomber. It was used by the Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force, and United States Army Air Force. After war, it was used by other countries like Dominican Republic, Israel, and Turkey.

Royal Air Force aircraft
World War II British aircraft
Dame Jean Iris Murdoch DBE (15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999) was an Irish-born British author, known professionally as Iris Murdoch. Her novels were about good and evil, sexual relationships and the power of the unconscious. Her first book, Under the Net, was released in 1954 and became a classic. Her other memorable books include The Black Prince and The Sea, the Sea. Both of those books were about eroticism and love. In 1987, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland. She died at age seventy-nine due to Alzheimer's disease in Oxfordshire, England.

British writers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in England
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Writers from Dublin
1919 births
1999 deaths
WWE 2K14 is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's & Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

The game was released on October 29, 2013 in North America, October 30, 2013 in Japan, October 31, 2013 in Australia, and November 1, 2013 in both Europe and India. It is the first game in the WWE 2K video game series and the first WWE game to be released under 2K Sports since Take-Two acquired the license from THQ in a bankruptcy filing. This game, along with NBA 2K14, were planned for Wii U releases, but were canceled. Dwayne Johnson is the cover athlete of the game.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 8.7 out of 10 and said "It still lacks the brains to deliver competent AI and commentators, but WWE 2K14 has more than enough brawn to make up for it. 30 Years of Wrestlemania provides the strongest campaign backbone the series has had in a long time, the in-ring action is faster and more fluid than it's been in years, and thanks to WWE 2K14s continually expanding creation suite, we're swimming in more options than we ever knew we wanted. It is indeed "time to play the game."

GameSpot gave the game a 6 out of 10 and said that the game was clunky, they stated "It's a shame the wrestling isn't up to par in WWE 2K14 because the elements surrounding it are so interesting...For anyone who grew up loving professional wrestling, be prepared to be swept away in a tide of nostalgia. If only the core action could have been as compelling.''"

References

Other websites

2013 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
2K14
The Saint Vincent amazon (Amazona guildingii), also known as Saint Vincent parrot,  is the only parrot that lives in the island of Saint Vincent in the Caribbean.

It is a large, multi-colored  parrot with a yellowish white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts plumage, and violet blue-green wings.

Description 

The bird is  long. The plumage of this attractive species is highly variable: virtually no two birds look alike, with a yellowish white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts, violet blue-green wings, grey feet, and reddish eye. Its tail feathers are blue with broad yellow tips. Both sexes are similar.

There are two different colour morphs: a more common ‘yellow-brown’ morph, and a less common ‘green’ morph. Although both morphs are broadly similar in appearance, the upperparts of the 'green' morph are mainly dull-green and the head is bluish white.

Range and habitat 
The Saint Vincent amazon is endemic to the heavily forested mountains of the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles.

It lives in rainforests in the island's central mountains, from ; it prefers mountains and valleys at low elevation because there are larger, mature trees needed for the nests.

Biology 
The Saint Vincent amazons live in groups and feed on the upper parts of large trees. Its diet consists mainly of fruits, seeds, flowers and leaves of several species of the rainforest.

They breed between January and June (mostly February-May) and their nests are in holes in mature, large trees. The female usually lays two to three eggs.

Status 
The combined effects of habitat loss, hunting for food, the capture to trade them as pets, and natural disasters (volcanoes and hurricanes, made that the number of Saint Vincent Amazon declined through the 20th century.

Due to all these contributing factors, the St. Vincent parrot is considered Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I and II of CITES.

Conservation
A group of conservation measures has been able to avoid the extinction of the St Vincent Amazon, including: the enforcement of international and domestic legislation protecting this species from hunting and trade; the protection of habitat through the establishment of the St Vincent Parrot Reserve; and the delivery of successful public education campaigns.

On October 27, 1979, A. guildingii was declared the national bird of St. Vincent and the Grenadines as part of the country's first independence celebration.

References

Other websites

 ARKive - images and movies of the Saint Vincent Amazon (Amazona guildingii) 
 Animal Diversity Web - Amazona guildingii
 BirdLife Species Factsheet 
 Catalogue of Life 
 ITIS Report
 UNEP-WCMC Species Database Amazona guildingii

Saint Vincent Amazon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Janet Waldo (February 4, 1920 – June 12, 2016) was an American actress and voice artist. She worked in movies, television and on radio. She was the voice of and Josie McCoy in Josie and the Pussycats, Judy Jetson, and Penelope Pitstop. Janet played Corliss Archer in CBS' Meet Corliss Archer during the 1930s.

Waldo was born in Yakima, Washington. She died June 12, 2016 from brain cancer at her home in Encino, Los Angeles, California, age 96.

References

American voice actors
American television actors
American movie actors
1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Actors from Washington
The L'Oréal Group are the world's largest beauty and cosmetics group. They have a registered office in Paris. Their products include skin care, sun protection and perfume. They are the main patent holder of nanotechnology within the United States. The group were established in 1909.

The net worth of the company as of 2017, is reported to be, $102.9 billion. In April 2017, the company moved to its new headquarters in New York.

References 

1909 establishments in France
Fashion
Companies of France
Valerie Jean Solanas (9 April 1936 – 25 April 1988) was an American radical feminist author and playwright. Solanas was born in Ventnor City, New Jersey. She was a lesbian misandrist. She wrote many notable non-fiction books, and self-published SCUM Manifesto in 1968. That year, she shot Andy Warhol and Mario Amaya. In 1969, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia. She was convicted of assault and sent to prison. She was released in 1971. She died due to complications of pneumonia in San Francisco in 1988, aged 52.

American feminist writers
American people convicted of assault
American playwrights
American radical feminists
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
LGBT people from New Jersey
LGBT writers
People with schizophrenia
Writers from New Jersey
1936 births
1988 deaths
Andy Warhol
"Reflection" is a song that is on the soundtrack of the 1998 animated movie, Mulan. It was the first single by American singer Christina Aguilera. It was performed in the movie by Lea Salonga. Ming-Na Wen played the speaking voice of the main character Fa Mulan. Aguilera approached RCA Records. They allowed her to record the song. Disney was looking for a performer who could sing a musical note that was difficult for most performers. Aguilera recorded herself singing Whitney Houston's song, "Run To You". This was a response to Disney, who were impressed by her performance. Aguilera agreed to take a trip to Los Angeles to spend a week recording the album.

The song received a mixed review. Many reviewers agreed that it is a "nice song", however, they said it was not memorable. "Reflection" helped fund for Aguilera's debut album. It also gained her popularity among songwriters and music producers. Because the song was not released for commercial audiences, it only charted on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. It peaked at number 19. The music video was included on the DVD release of Mulan. Aguilera had performed the track on four televised performances. This includes at the CBS This Morning show. This caught the attention of songwriter Diane Warren.

Track listing
CD single
"Reflection" – 3:34

Charts

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 

1998 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
"I'll Stand By You" is a song by The Pretenders. It was released in 1994. It was for their sixth studio album, Last of the Independents. It was written by Chrissie Hynde with help from Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg. "I'll Stand By You" became a hit song for the group and their most popular recording. It became their last successful single in North America.

The song is a power ballad. It talks about love and faithfulness in times of feeling down or worthless. Since its release, the track had also became a major hit for the British girl group Girls Aloud in 2004. American singer Carrie Underwood recorded the song in 2007. She did so as a charity single to help others. Colombian singer Shakira recorded the song as a charity single as well. It was to raise money for the victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

The Pretenders' version

Charts

Peak positions

End of year charts

Girls Aloud version

Charts

Year-end chart

Certification

Chart procession and succession

Carrie Underwood version

Charts

 A Charted from unsolicited airplay.

Shakira version

Chart performance

Other versions
Patti Labelle (2005)
Rod Stewart (2006)
American Idol Season 6 contestant Gina Glocksen performed the song in the Top 10 round.
The cast of Glee (2009)
The girl group "Belle Amie" performed the song in the 2010 X Factor finals.
One of American Idol Season 10 Top 24 Girls, Pia Toscano, performed this song, in which the judges made their first standing ovation of the season.
Kim Wilde (2011)
 Girl Group Fifth Harmony performed the song on the second season of The X Factor USA during Thanksgiving week.
During the 12th season of American Idol, contestant Angela Miller performed the song.

References 

1994 songs
Girls Aloud
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" is a duet by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes. It was written by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz. The song was on the soundtrack of the 1987 movie, Dirty Dancing. The song reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week. It also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary chart for fourt weeks. In the United Kingdom, it reached number six. In January 1991, after the movie was released on television in the UK, it reached number eight.

The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1987. It also won the Grammy Award in 1988 for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Also in 1988, the song won the Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song.

Cover versions 
 Carmen & Piero (2004)
 Katie Price and her then-husband, pop singer Peter Andre (2006)
 Jermaine Jackson and R&B/dance music singer Jocelyn Brown (2007)
 Barry Manilow (2008)
 The cast of Glee (2009)
 Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga (2009)
 The Black Eyed Peas used the chorus in their song, "The Time (Dirty Bit)" (2010)
 Datarock
 Kris Lawrence and Kyla (2011)
 The song was also used a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts.
 Panzerballett (2012)
 This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers, led by David Arch, in 2012, as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final.

Track listings 
 7" single
 "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" (4:47)
 "Love Is Strange" by Mickey & Sylvia (2:52)
			
 12" maxi and CD single
 "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" (6:46)
 "In the Still of the Night" by The Five Satins (2:59)
 "Love Is Strange" by Mickey & Sylvia (2:53)
 "Overload" by Zappacosta (3:39)

 Cassette
 "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" (4:47)
 "In the Still of the Night" by The Five Satins (2:59)
 "Love Is Strange" by Mickey & Sylvia (2:53)
 "Overload" by Zappacosta (3:39)

Charts and sales

Peak positions

Year-end charts

Certifications

References 

1987 songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Naval Aviation is the air force branch of a navy. Its equipment is composed of both aircrafts and helicopters.

Missions 

 Naval Aviations have got several different missions :
 Maritime patrol, with aircrafts like Lockheed P-3 Orion or Ilyushin Il-38 May. It is for air reconnaissance over oceans and seas. This is looking for enemy warships, and in particular submarines. Weapons are generally torpedoes, missiles, mines, and light rockets.
 Coastal Survey, with aircrafts like Dassault Falcon 50M or Fokker 50 MPA. It is like maritime patrol, but closer to the coast. Some of the aircrafts used are armed, but not all of them.
 Search and rescue, with aircrafts and helicopters like Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon or Lockheed HC-130 Hercules. It is to find and rescue the victims of accidents at sea. This is done after a shipwreck or in heavy storms.
 Fighting and air combat, is the mission of naval fighters that fly from an aircraft carrier. Most famous aircrafts in 2013 are Dassault Rafale M and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet.
 Fighting against submarines, is the mission of naval helicopters like Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk or Mil Mi-14. Weapons are generally torpedoes and mines.

Examples of countries 
In 2013 the following countries had a naval aviation: Argentina, Brazil, France, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States.

History 

The first naval aviation was the British Royal Naval Air Service, that was created on 13 April 1912. On April 1, 1918 the RNAS and the Royal Flying Corps were merged into the Royal Air Force. During World War I and after World War II, naval aviations were used for all kinds of combat missions. Famous battles were Pacific War, Normandy Landings, Dieppe Raid and Battle of Midway. After the World Wars it was used for the Falklands War, the Libyan Civil War, and the Gulf War.

USMC Naval aviation

U.S.M.C. aviation was used in World War II,Korean War and the Vietnam War

U.S. Naval aviation 

U.S. Naval aviation was used in World War II,Korean War and the Vietnam War

Aviation
Navy
Shirley Knight Hopkins (July 5, 1936 – April 22, 2020) was an American movie, stage and television actress. Knight was born in Goessel, Kansas.

Knight was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles in The Dark at the Top of the Stairs and Sweet Bird of Youth. She played Ruth in the TV show Thirtysomething, Edith Niedelmeyer in Color of Night and Edie Danziger in Diabolique. 

She also starred as Phyllis Van De Kamp in Desperate Housewives. Knight also played Mrs. Blart in Paul Blart: Mall Cop.

She won a Golden Globe, a Tony and three Emmy Awards. 

Knight died of natural causes on April 22, 2020, at her daughter’s home in San Marcos, Texas. She was 83.

References

Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Kansas
1936 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from natural causes in the United States
Disease-related deaths in Texas
The Poor Little Rich Girl (or Poor Little Rich Girl) is a 1936 musical movie. Shirley Temple plays Barbara Barry, Gloria Stuart plays Margaret Allen and Alice Faye plays Jerry Dolan. The subject is a girl who is neglected by her rich and busy father. The movie got poor reviews from critics.

1930s drama movies
1936 movies
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Irving Cummings
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. They are one of the richest families of insects: there are between 50,000 and 150,000 species worldwide. The species are grouped into 45 subfamilies and about 1,000 genera.

Parasitism
Most braconids are parasitoids (both external and internal) on other insects. Their victims are the larvae of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera, and also some hemimetabolous insects such as aphids and bugs. 

Most species kill their hosts, though some cause the hosts to become sterile and less active. The endoparasitoid species lay their eggs inside the victim. They have elaborate adaptations which improve larval survival inside the host. They have endosymbiotic viruses which disable the host immune defences. These polydnaviruses are often used by the wasps instead of a venom cocktail. 

The DNA of the wasp actually has bits which are the templates for the viral particles. A study suggested these arrangements had started about 100 million years ago.

These viruses suppress the larva's immune system and allow the parasitoid to grow inside the host undetected. Through the evolutionary history of being used by the wasps, these viruses apparently have become so modified, they appear unlike any other known viruses today. Because of this highly modified system of host immunosuppression, a high level of parasitoid-host specificity is not surprising. In other words, the viruses need to be a bit different for every host species.

Parasitism on adult insects (particularly on Hemiptera and Coleoptera) also happens. Members of two subfamilies are known to form galls on plants.

References 

Wasps
Parasitoids
Little Miss Broadway is a 1938 musical comedy-drama movie. Shirley Temple plays an orphaned girl named Betsy Brown. Edna May Oliver plays Sarah Wendling. The movie is about an apartment landlord who demands certain occupants pay $2,500, or move out. This movie is also about adoption and musical plays. Critics gave the movie very positive reviews.

Comedy-drama movies
1938 movies
English-language movies
American musical movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Irving Cummings
1930s comedy movies
1930s drama movies
1930s musical movies
Anthony T. "Tony" Thompson (15 November 1954 – 12 November 2003) was an American session drummer. He is best known as the drummer of the band The Power Station and a member of Chic.

Thompson was raised in Queens, New York. His mother was Trinidadian and father was of Antiguan descent. He first played drums for the group Labelle, and then for a short time was a member of the band Ecstasy, Passion & Pain. While he was the drummer for Chic, he played music with many artists such as Jody Watley, Madonna, Rod Stewart, Adam Ant, Mick Jagger and David Bowie.

Thompson died of renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer) in Los Angeles. It was just two months after his bandmate Robert Palmer died from a heart attack. Thompson was a member of the band Non-Toxic at the time of his death. He was survived by his wife, Patrice Jennings, and two children. On 19 September 2005, Thompson and the rest of the Chic band members were inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites 
 A tribute from several Chic members and others
 Biography at Allmusic.com
 ArtistDirect discography 

1954 births
2003 deaths
African-American people
Deaths from kidney cancer
American drummers
Musicians from New York City
I'll be Seeing You is a drama movie released in 1944. Ginger Rogers is Mary Marshall; Shirley Temple is Barbara Marshall. The movie is about social outcasts, romance and Christmas. The movie was released in January 1945 in United States theaters. It performed extremely well at the box office.

1940s drama movies
1944 movies
English-language movies
Cirrhosis is a disease of the liver.  Normal liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue. The liver does not work so well. 

Cirrhosis is caused mostly by alcoholism, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Ascites (retention of fluid in the abdomen) is the most common complication for cirrhosis. The patient's skin develops a yellowish hue (jaundice) as the disease gets worse. Liver damage by cirrhosis cannot be repaired. It leads to a poor quality of life, and can cause death. 

Liver disease
The Lady Vanishes is a comedy-thriller movie of 1938. The subjects of the movie are a beautiful tourist named Iris Henderson, disappearance and abduction. Margaret Lockwood stars as Iris. The movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It performed quite well in the box office. The reviews were very positive.

1938 movies
1930s thriller movies
1930s comedy movies
British thriller movies
British comedy movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
English-language movies
RIAA equalization means equalization used in vinyl records. Without it is not possible to have so much music on one disk. It was established by the Recording Industry Association of America.

audio technology
Mrs. Miniver is a 1942 British drama movie. It won six Academy Awards, including the Best Picture and Best Director. The movie is about a housewife during World War II who finds herself confronting a German pilot, and about relationship disagreement. Walter Pidgeon and Greer Garson play Mr. and Mrs. Miniver. May Whitty plays Lady Beldon.

Mrs. Miniver was released in June 1942. It got very positive reviews from critics. It made a lot of money.

1940s drama movies
1942 movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Movies directed by William Wyler
Ruth Ann Minner (also known as Ruth Ann Coverdale; January 17, 1935 – November 4, 2021) was an American businesswoman and politician. She was the first female governor in Delaware (2001 to 2009). She was a member of the United States Democratic Party. She began her political career during the 1970s. She was born Ruth Coverdale in Sussex County, Delaware.

Minner died on November 4, 2021 under hospice care in Milford, Delaware from problems caused by a fall at the age of 86.

References

Governors of Delaware
1935 births
2021 deaths
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Delaware
Businesspeople from Delaware
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Robert Conrad (born Conrad Robert Falk; March 1, 1935 – February 8, 2020) was an American television series and movie actor. He also hosted a two-hour national radio show. He portrayed Secret Service Agent James West in CBS' TV show The Wild Wild West. He also played an American spy in the series Assignment Vienna. He was born in Chicago.

In 2003, Conrad was involved in a car accident after driving under the influence. He was convicted of drunk driving and sentenced to six months under house arrest. The accident left him partially paralyzed.

Conrad died of heart failure at his home in Malibu, California on February 8, 2020 at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Actors from Chicago
Ciaran Bourke (February 18, 1935 – May 10, 1988) was an Irish singer. He was part of the group The Dubliners. His songs included "Penny Lettermore" and "Roddy McCorley".

Bourke was born in Dublin. He died due to complications of an aneurysm near the brain, age 53.

Irish singers
1935 births
1988 deaths
People from Dublin
Muriel Teresa Wright (or simply Teresa Wright; 27 October 1918 – 6 March 2005) was an American Academy Award winning actress. She starred in many movies. She received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her acting performance in Mrs. Miniver in 1942. She was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Pride of the Yankees, also in 1942. She was also in Shadow of a Doubt, which was by Alfred Hitchcock and in other movies.

Wright was born Harlem in New York City. She died in New Haven, Connecticut from a heart attack at 86.

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1918 births
2005 deaths
Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction movie. It stars James Franco, John Lithgow, Brian Cox, Tom Felton, and Andy Serkis. It was released on August 5, 2011. It got positive reviews. A sequel to the movie, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, was released on July 11, 2014. A third movie, War for the Planet of the Apes was released on July 14, 2017.

Roger Ebert gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars. He liked how Serkis played Caesar by saying it was a "wonderfully executed character" and "one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin, but Serkis or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie."

References

Other websites

2011 science fiction movies
English-language movies
Planet of the Apes movies
20th Century Fox movies
Reboot movies
Dystopian movies
Romeo is Bleeding is a melodramatic 1993 crime movie. Annabella Sciorra plays Natalie, Gary Oldman plays Jack and Juliette Lewis plays Sheri. The movie is about activities by the Mafia and corrupt officers. This movie was released in 1994 in United States theaters. Reviews of Romeo is Bleeding were very bad. The movie performed very badly in the box office.

1990s crime thriller movies
1993 movies
English-language movies
Sdertälje SK is an ice hockey club in the town of Södertälje in Sweden. It was established on 22 February 1902 and originally practiced gymnastics, track and field athletics, soccer, tug of war and speed skating. A bandy section was established in 1907. The 1910's and 1920's saw the club scoring successes in competitive cyccling. The club started practicing and playing ice hockey in January and February 1925.

The club won the Swedish national ice hockey championship in the years of 1925, 1931, 1941, 1944, 1953, 1956 and 1995. The club also lost the national finals in the years of 1928, 1929, 1932, 1937, 1942, 1946, 1951 and 1986.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Sodertalje SK
Sodertalje SK
1900s establishments in Sweden
Djurgårdens IF Hockey is the ice hockey section of sports club Djurgårdens IF in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. The section was started in 1922. They won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1926, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1991, 2000, 2001 and 2001. The team also lost the Swedish national finals in the years of 1923, 1924, 1927, 1979, 1984, 1985, 1992, 1998 and 2010.

References

Other websites

 Official website

1921 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Sport in Stockholm
Brynäs IF is an ice hockey club in the town of Gävle in Sweden. It was established in 1912. The club adopted the game of ice hockey in 1939. The club won the Swedish national ice hockey championship in 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1993, 1999 and 2012. It also lost the Swedish national finals in 1975, 1995 and 2017.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Brynas IF
Brynas IF
Sir John Lionel Kotelawala, KBE, CH, KStJ, CLI (; 4 April 1897 – 2 October 1980) was a Sri Lankan soldier and politician. He was the third Prime Minister of Ceylon from 1953 to 1956.

Early life and family 

Sir John Kotelawala was from a rich family. His father, John Kotelawala Snr, was an inspector in the Ceylon Police Force. His mother was Alice Attygalle. John Kotelawala Snr committed suicide when his son was 11. The family were in ruins, Alice Attygalle converted to Christianity from Buddhism. He attended the same Royal College, Colombo, but dropped out after independence riots in 1915.

Thereafter he took a trip to Europe after leaving school, which was very dangerous because World War I was being fought there. He stayed in Europe for five years, spending most of that time in England and France and attending  Christ's College, Cambridge, University of Cambridge to study farming.

Kotelawala was known as a strict man who loved sports, horseback riding, cricket and particularly as a young man, got into fights when he was made fun of. He knew Sinhala, English and French. After returning to Ceylon, he took up managing his family's "farm" and mines.

Military career 
He went on to serve 23 years mostly as a reservist (meaning a back up) since the Ceylon Defense Force was a army reservist of the British Army. In 1939 he became the commanding officer of the Ceylon Light Infantry and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1940. With the start of World War II, he became a member of the Ceylon's War Cabinet and was made a Colonel in 1942, the highest rank that a Ceylonese could achieve. Making himself a respectful man.

A strong supporter of the military, he was the first Chairman of the Ceylon Light Infantry Association in 1974. He was promoted to the rank of general on his deathbed.

He gave his home to the government to establish a national defense academy.

Political career 
As early as 1915, Kotelawala had become interested in political leaders such as Don Senanayake and his brother F.R. Senanayake, who was married to Kotelawala's mother's sister.

He entered politics by being elected to the Legislative Council as the member of Kurunegala. Thereafter he entered the State Council as a backbencher and was re-elected in 1936. In his second term he was appointed Minister of Communications.

1897 births
1980 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Buddhists
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan generals
Wijeyananda Dahanayake (; 22 October 1902 – 4 May 1997) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Ceylon from 1959 to 1960.

1902 births
1997 births
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Living people
Don Stephen Senanayake (; 20 October 1884 – 22 March 1952) was an independence activist. He was the first Prime Minister of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from 1947 to 1952.

Early life 
He was born in the village Botale. He was the son of Mudaliyar Don Spater Senanayake and Dona Catherina Elizabeth Perera Gunasekera Senanayake. Brought up in a Buddhist family, he entered Anglican school S. Thomas' College, Mutwal. Though a smart student, at school Senanayake did not succeed. He witnessed Buck’s famous farewell speech "You have learned the best lessons from STC (St. Thomas’s College)... true manliness and truth, courage, purity and all those things that make a man a gentleman...".

1884 births
1952 births
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Living people
Talduwe Ratugama Rallage Weris Singho, better known as Talduwe Somarama (1915–1962), shot and killed Solomon Bandaranaike, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) in 1959. He later converted to Christianity, just weeks before being hanged in the Welikada gallows.

References 
 A.C. Alles, Famous Criminal Cases of Sri Lanka, Volume III: The Assassination of Prime Minister SWRD Bandaranaike (Dec-1979): Published by the author. Hardcover published by Vantage, Inc., N.Y., U.S.A. 1986 as The Assassination of a Prime Minister. .
 Lucian G. Weeramantry, The Assassination of a Prime Minister - The Bandaranaike Murder Case (Hardcover, Geneva, Switzerland, 1969).
 Firoze Sameer, dOSSIEr COREA: A portfolio on crime (Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1999) .
 Seneviratne, H.L: Buddhist monks and ethnic politics. Anthropology Today, April 2001; 17(2): 15-21.
 Weeramantry, L.G: Assassination of a Prime Minister – The Bandaranaike Murder Case, Geneva, 1969.

1915 births
Assassins
People executed by hanging
Sri Lankan people
1962 deaths
Mjällby AIF is an association football club in Hällevik in Sweden. The club was founded in 1939, and played its first Allsvenskan season in 1980.

Other websites
 Official website

1939 establishments in Sweden
Swedish football clubs
An initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is a type of public offering. A public offering is any tradable asset that is offered to the public. In an initial public offering, shares of stock in a company are sold to the general public, on a securities exchange, for the first time. Through this process, a private company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise money for expansion and to become publicly traded enterprises. A company selling shares is never required to repay the money to the people who buy them.

Largest IPOs
The IPO of Alibaba was the largest ever. Now 2019 ARAMKO from Soudi Arabia becames largest one by 25.6 Billion dollars

Before 2009, the United States was the leading issuer of IPOs in terms of total value. Since that time, however, China (Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong) has been the leading issuer. It raised US$73 billion up to the end of November 2011. This was almost double the amount of money raised on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ combined.

Agricultural Bank of China US$22.1 billion (2010)
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China US$21.9 billion (2006)
American International Assurance US$20.5 billion (2010)
Visa Inc. US$19.7 billion (2008)
General Motors US$18.15 billion (2010)
Meta, Inc. US$16 billion (2012)

References

Other websites
Initial Public Offering (IPO) Definition and Calendar, Wikinvest
IPO Guide from Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati
Online IPO Application - Top retail stock brokerage firm in Bangladesh

Finance
Stock market
The Rouen Cathedral series of oil paintings of the Rouen Cathedral were done by Claude Monet in the 1890s. The paintings in the series each capture the front of the cathedral at different times of the day and year. They each show the changes in the way the cathedral looks under different lighting conditions. There are more than thirty paintings in the series.

In the middle of winter in 1892, Monet lived in rooms across from Rouen Cathedral. He stayed until spring, painting its façade many times. Most versions were painted as seen here: close up and cropped at the sides. He returned the next winter to paint the cathedral again. He made more than thirty views of it. It was not the Gothic façade that was Monet's subject. It was the atmosphere that surrounded the cathedral. "To me the motif itself is an insignificant factor," Monet said, "What I want to reproduce is what exists between the motif and me."

All of the paintings in the series were made in 1892 and 1893. They were reworked in Monet's studio in 1894. In 1895, he chose what he considered to be the twenty best paintings from the series, and displayed them at his gallery in Paris. Of these twenty, he sold eight before the exhibition was over. Pissarro and Cézanne visited the exhibition and praised the series highly.

Gallery

References

Other websites

An analysis of Monet's Rouen series
Essay on Monet's Rouen Cathedral series from the J. Paul Getty Museum

Paintings by Claude Monet
1890s paintings
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris