cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Centre is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. It is in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea.

Geography 
The Départment du Centre has an area of 3,675 km². It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the Montagnes Noires (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the Chaine du Trout d'Eau.

Lake Peligre, the second largest lake in Haiti, is in this department; it is an artificial lake created with the construction of the Peligre Dam on the Artibonite river.

The main rivers of the department are Boucan Carré, Fer-à-Cheval, Libon, Macacia, Thomonde and La Tombe, and all are tributaries of the Artibonite.

Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 581,505 persons: 289,028 men and 292,477 women, with only 94,619 (16.27%) living in cities and towns.

The main city is Hinche, the capital of the department.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into four arrondissements (like districts) and 12 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:

 Cerca la Source
 Cerca-la-Source
 Thomassique
 Hinche
 Hinche
 Cerca-Cavajal
 Maïssade
 Thomonde
 Lascahobas
 Lascahobas
 Belladère
 Savanette
 Mirebalais
 Mirebalais
 Saut-d'Eau
 Boucan-Carré

References 

Departments of Haiti
The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity. It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902. When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. This type of dam is called a buttress dam.

The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted.

The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater. The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation. Its height was originally limited because of concern  for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple). That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser.

The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation.

This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam  upstream.

The second function of the dam is to provide electricity. The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator. It still works today. This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries.
Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control.   The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted.

References 

Buildings and structures in Egypt
Dams in Africa
Nile
1902 establishments
1900s establishments in Egypt
Billboard is an American magazine that lists the top albums and singles of the week. It is most famous for the Billboard charts.

The magazine was started on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio by William H. Donaldson and James Hennegan. It was originally called Billboard Advertising.

It started doing music charts in the 1930s.

Picture gallery

Other websites
 Official Billboard website

1894 establishments in the United States
Cincinnati, Ohio
Music magazines
The Strokes are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr., Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti. The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, Is This It is their most famous.

Band history
Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school. In 1998, Hammond joined the band. They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them. They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted. On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects. Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as The Modern Age EP. The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the NME. Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK.

Discography 
 Is This It (2001)
 Room on Fire (2003)
 First Impressions of Earth (2006)
 Angles (2011)
 Comedown Machine (2013)
The New Abnormal (2020)

References

Other websites 
 The Strokes Official Website
 The Strokes on imeem
 The Strokes Official MySpace
 NME Artist page
 Guardian Unlimited bio from December 16, 2001

Musical groups from New York City
The Henry Head Battery is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia.

History
This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears into). The fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless.

The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings. The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from an enemy ship. The battery is currently not in use.

References

Forts in Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Military of Australia
1890s establishments in Australia
Death Cab for Cutie (Death Cab or DCFC) is an American indie band. The band was started in 1997 in Bellingham, Washington. The band members are Ben Gibbard (singer, guitar), Dave Depper (singer, guitar), Chris Walla (guitar, production), Nick Harmer (bass) and Jason McGerr (drums).

The band's name was taken from the song "Death Cab for Cutie", written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their band the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band in The Beatles' 1967 film Magical Mystery Tour.

Members 
 Ben Gibbard - vocals, guitar, piano (1997-present)
 Dave Depper - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016-)
 Nick Harmer - bass (1997-present)
 Jason McGerr - drums (2003-present)
 Zac Rae – keyboards, guitar (2016–present)

Former
 Nathan Good - drums (1997-1999)
 Michael Schorr - drums (2000-2003)
 Chris Walla - guitar, production, piano (1997-2014)

Discography

Studio albums 
 Something About Airplanes (1998)
 We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes (2000)
 The Photo Album (2001)
 Transatlanticism (2003)
 Plans (2005)
 Narrow Stairs (2008)
 Codes and Keys (2011)
 Kintsugi (2015)
 Thank You for Today (2018)

Other websites 
 
 

American rock bands
American pop music groups
Indie bands
Musical groups from Washington
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington (state)
Dave Matthews Band (DMB) is a band from the United States. In 1991, Dave Matthews started the band in Charlottesville, Virginia. The other band members are Stefan Lessard, Boyd Tinsley, and Carter Beauford. Saxophone player LeRoi Moore was in the band until he died in 2008. Since 1998, they usually performed with Butch Taylor, too. Rashawn Ross also performed with the band from 2006-2007. Dave Matthews Band has written 235 songs (included cover songs). They have sold over 31 million albums in the United States, and are one of the Top 100 Highest Selling Music Acts of all time.  The Dave Matthews band has a unique style that stretches across many genres.  Thus, they have a fan-base that stretches across many generations and types of people.

Studio albums 
 Under the Table and Dreaming (1994)
 Crash (1996)
 Before These Crowded Streets (1998)
 Everyday (2001)
 Busted Stuff (2002)
 Stand Up (2005)
 Big Whiskey & the GrooGrux King (2009)
 Away from the World (2012)
 Come Tomorrow (2018)

References

1991 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Bluegrass bands
Funk bands
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Virginia
Suleiman I or Suleyman I (6 November 1494 – 5/6 September 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He became sultan when he was 26 years old. He reigned for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566, which was longer than any other Ottoman sultan. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the Islamic world, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish Kanuni; , al‐Qānūnī), because he reconstructed the Ottoman legal system. He also led many wars in Europe, including wars in Hungary, the Mediterranean, and parts of North Africa.

Childhood 
Sultan Süleyman spent his childhood in the city of Trabzon, where he received a basic education from teachers assigned to him. One of his first known teachers was Hayreddin Efendi. By the age of ten he was expected to take over an administrative position (sancak) in the Ottoman government, but was held back by the sons of Beyazid II..

Notes

Sources

Further reading

Other websites 
 Sultan Suleyman Tomb

1494 births
1566 deaths
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Kālidās (Devanāgarī: कालिदास), was the author of Meghadoot, Shākuntal, and other works in Sanskrit. He has a similar place in Sanskrit as a poet and a dramatist, as Shakespeare in English.

Kālidās's plays and poetry are based on Hindu mythology and philosophy.

Life 

There is very little known for certain about the life of Kālidās. It is not clear where he lived, and the time he might have lived is anywhere from 130 BC to 600 CE.

Kālidās did not mention in his works any king as his patron.

Works

Plays 

Kālidās wrote three plays: Mālawikāgnimitra ("Mālavikā and Agnimitra"), Abhijñānashākuntala ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"), and Vikramorwasheeya ("Pertaining to Vikram and Urwashi"). Abhijñānashākuntala, that is regarded as a masterpiece was the first to be translated into English and German.

Mālawikāgnimitra tells the story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for a servant girl, she becomes very angry and orders that this girl is sent to prison; but it turns out that the girl is a princess, therefore the affair is accepted in the end.

Abhijñānashākuntala tells the story of a king, Dushyanta, who meets in the forests Shakuntalā, the adopted daughter of a wise man who lives with him in a cottage in the forests. 
Dushyanta and Shakuntalā fall in love with each other and get married. Dushyanta stays with Shakuntalā in the forests for while until he gets called back to his court for some pressing matter. After many difficulties there follows a happy end.

Vikramōrwasheeya is more mystical than the above two plays.

Poetry 

Kālidās wrote two very good epic poems, Raghuvamsha ("Dynasty of Raghu") and Kumārasambhawa ("Birth of Kumar Kartikeya"), and the lyrical Meghadoota ("Cloud Messenger") and Rutusamhāra ("The Exposition on the Seasons").
                                         
Some historians credit Kālidās with a few other works, including the following; however, scholars commonly believe that they were the creations of some other authors writing under the name Kālidās:

 ShrungaraTilaka
 ShrungaraRasāshta
 SetuKāwya
 KarpuraManjari
 PushpabānaWilāsa
 ShyāmalaDandaka
 PrashnottaraMālā
 JyotirWiddyābharana

Notes

Further reading 
 K.D. Sethna. Problems of Ancient India, p. 79-120 (chapter: "The Time of Kalidasa"), 2000 New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.  (about the dating of Kalidasa)

Other websites 
 Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works by Arthur W. Ryder
 Biography of Kalidasa
 Kalidasa and Ancient India 
 
 Clay Sanskrit Library publishes classical Indian literature, including the works of Kalidasa with Sanskrit facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
 Kalidasa at The Online Library of Liberty

Indian writers
Poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Sanskrit
The water organ or hydraulic organ is a kind of pipe organ.  As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall.

A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water.  It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by  the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria.  It was the world's first keyboard instrument.  Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ.

The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes.  Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes. 

The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters.  It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached.  To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again. 

During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs.  The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall.  It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard.

Musical instruments
A user interface allows a user to interact with a machine. User interfaces mainly provide two things:
input: The user can change things; he or she can change how the machine works, or give more information to the machine.
Output: After the user has given some input, the machine will do something, and then provide some output

Many machines can be very dangerous. A machine should have a user interface that can be handled easily, even if the person operating the machine has panicked. The user interface should therefore be intuitive, and simple to use. An example of such a user interface is that of the kill switch. A kill switch must shut off the machine at all costs — the idea is to avoid injury or harm to people. This is very different from shutting off the machine at the end of the shift, or when it is no longer needed.

According to EN ISO 13850, the kill switch has to be red on a yellow background.  

The colors used to mark different states are close to those used by signals used on the road.

There may be additional symbols, for example:

In many cases, such symbols are better, because some people are color blind. They need to be explained, like warnings, though.

User interfaces are composed of one or more layers including a human-machine interface (HMI) using physical input devices such as keyboards, mice, and game pads as well as output hardware such as computer monitors, speakers, and printers. User Interface (UI) Design focuses on anticipating what users might need to do and ensuring that the interface has elements that are easy to access, understand, and use to facilitate those actions. UI brings together concepts from interaction design, visual design, and information architecture. 

UI design is closely linked to user experience (UX) design. Both are crucial for the success of a digital product, and both terms are often used interchangeably. However, they’re not the same thing. UI design is the process of creating interfaces with a focus on the surface, the looks, and style, while UX design covers the entire experience a user has with a website or app.

Gallery

References 
Computers
Pizza Hut is an American pizza restaurant, or pizza parlor. Pizza Hut also serves salads, pastas and bread sticks. In 2008, Pizza Hut serves chicken wings as a part of the Wingstreet restaurant franchise logo. Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. The company is known for its Italian-American cuisine menu, including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts.

History 
Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by Dan and Frank Carvey. The first Pizza Hut location was at a intersection in Wichita.

References

Other websites
Official website
PiDubai website 
Official Pizza Hut Indonesia website

1958 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Texas
Plano, Texas
20th-century establishments in Kansas
A chrysalis is the pupa of a butterfly.  The word chrysalis comes from the Greek language word for gold because butterflies often have a brighter pupa than other insects.

Butterflies
Artibonite is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west. Its capital is Gonaïves.

The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the Place d'Armes of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines.

Geography 
The Départment de l'Artibonite, with an area of 4,895 km², is the largest department of Haiti.

The main river of the department is the Artibonite. Other rivers are Ennery, de l'Estère, Montrouis, Quinte.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the Chaine de Terre-Neuve and the Montagnes Noires (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the Chaine des Mattheux.

It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west.

Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 1,299,398 persons: 625,690 men and 673,708 women, with 422,476 (32.51%) living in cities and towns.

The main cities are Gonaïves (the capital) and Saint-Marc.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into five arrondissements (like districts) and 15 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Dessalines
Desdunes
Dessalines
Grande Saline
Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite
 Gonaïves
Ennery
Estère
Gonaïves
 Gros-Morne
Anse Rouge
Gros-Morne
Terre-Neuve
 Marmelade
Marmelade
Saint Michel de l'Attalaye
 Saint-Marc
La Chapelle
Saint-Marc
Verettes

Economy 
Most of the rice of Haiti is grown in the Artibonite department, along the valley of the River Artibonite.

References 

Departments of Haiti
Henry Willis (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs. He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall. He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire. 

Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard.

Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool.

Other websites
 Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd., Organ Builders
 Biography 
 Groves Music Online

Organ builders
Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or dependence syndrome, is a condition where a person feels a strong need to take a drug. Addiction also involves other behaviours. These include finding it difficult to control the need to use the drug and feeling the use of the drug to be more important than more normal things such as family or work. When the person does not use the drug for an amount of time, they may suffer from withdrawal.

When a person is addicted, they are usually addicted to a class (a specific kind) of drug. For example: Heroin is a drug that is in the Opiate class. Which means that a person addicted to Heroin may also be seen to have an addiction to other opiates such as Morphine.

A person who may easily become addicted to drugs is said to have an addictive personality. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines drug addiction as a mental disorder. Drug addiction is often linked with other mental disorders.

Symptoms 

 Neglecting responsibilities at school, work, or home in favor of drug.
 Wanting to quit using drugs, but being unable to stop.
 Experiencing significant cravings or irritability when not using drugs.
 Using drugs despite the impact on relationships, jobs, finances, and physical and mental health it may cause.
 Using more of a substance than intended, or needing to use more of a substance in order to achieve the same result/feeling as when you first began using, which is referred to as tolerance.
 Experiencing mental and/or physical withdrawal symptoms when you stop using drugs, which is referred to as dependence.

The health effects of drug abuse are not just a concern for the individual using drugs. In the case of a woman who is abusing drugs while pregnant, the long-term health of the child can be adversely affected as well. A study from Pediatrics reports that babies born to women who abuse drugs during pregnancy may have physical, emotional, and mental health issues during childhood and even throughout their lives, including:

 Slowed or impeded physical growth.
 Delayed development of language abilities.
 Slowed cognitive development, learning disabilities, and decreased intellectual capabilities.
 Increased risk of behavioural issues, including hyperactivity, attention deficit, and delinquency.
 Increased risk of mental health disorders later in life, including substance abuse.

See also 

 Alcoholism - addiction to ethanol

References 

Human issues
Illegal drugs
Addiction
Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (born Montpellier, 4 February  1811; died Paris, 13 October  1899) was a French organ-builder. He invented many new mechanical devices and his organs changed the way that composers could write for the instrument.  César Franck, Alexandre Guilmant, and Charles-Marie Widor, in particular, were strongly influenced by the new type of organ that he was building.

Cavaillé-Coll grouped the stops of the organ into different families, so that the result was similar to the families of instruments in an orchestra.  He made the lowest of the manuals (keyboards) the most important one.  It was called the “Great” (French: “Grande Orgue”).  The other manuals - there were usually two others, but sometimes three - could be “coupled” to the Great.  He made changes to the English swell box, improved its operation, and divided the windchests on which the pipes were resting.  This made it possible to have louder reed stops because of the higher wind pressure.

Other websites
 Association Aristide Cavaille-Coll 

1811 births
1899 deaths
Organ builders
French people
People from Montpellier
Gottfried Silbermann (born Kleinbobritzsch, 14 January 1683; died Dresden, 4 August 1753) was a very important German builder of keyboard instruments. He built harpsichords, clavichords, organs, and pianos.

Life 
He was born in Kleinbobritzsch and learnt organ construction from his brother in Straßburg. In 1711 Silbermann opened his own workshop in Freiberg and then in 1723 got the title "Honorary Court and State Organ Builder to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony'' from Frederick I. Gottfried Silbermann designed and built approximately 50 organs. He had different ideas about organ building from Arp Schnitger who was an organ builder in the north of Germany. Silbermann's organs were some of the best instruments in the south of Germany, some of them still exist. The Hofkirche organ and that of Freiberg Cathedral are considered his greatest works.

Silbermann's pianos 
Silbermann also played a big role in the history of the piano. He constructed the first German fortepiano in 1732. During the 1740s, King Frederick the Great of Prussia became acquainted with Silbermann's pianos and bought a number of them. He employed Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach who was playing Silbermann fortepianos and wrote music for this particular fortepiano model. They were also played by Johann Sebastian Bach during his visit to Potsdam where during his second visit Silbermann pianos met Bach's "complete approval". In 2020 Paul McNulty made a copy of Gottfried Silbermann’s 1749 instrument for Malcolm Bilson.

References

Other websites
 www.silbermann.org  Gottfried-Silbermann-Society

1683 births
1753 deaths
People from Saxony
Organ builders
Musical instrument makers
Arp Schnitger (2 July 164828 July 1719 (buried)) was a very important German builder of pipe organs. He mostly worked in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day. His organs are different from those of Gottfried Silbermann who worked in south Germany. Arp Schnitger had great influence on later organ builders, in particular in the 20th century when people wanted a change from the Romantic 19th century organs and tried to make instruments that sounded like they had done in the Baroque period.

Examples of his work

Other websites
 Organs of Arp Schnitger

German people
Organ builders
1648 births
1719 deaths
Hello Kitty is a Japanese character of a cat. It was made in 1974 by a Japanese company named Sanrio. Her real name is Kitty White. The character has a large head. She usually has a red bow between her ears. She has no mouth. Sanrio said that she was not given a mouth because she communicates by using the heart instead of speaking one particular language. Hello Kitty is known all over the world.

Hello Kitty became very popular with young school-girls during the 1980s. Because a Japanese singer, Kahara Tomomi, who was very popular among young school-girls said openly that she loved Hello Kitty on the TV.  In the 1990s Sanrio made more products with the picture of the cat which would appeal to teenagers and young women. During the later part of the first decade of the 21st century, Hello Kitty began targeting boys and young men with Hello Kitty for Boys.  The character uses darker colours and a dark bow when it is targeted to males.

Hello Kitty has become very successful. The character's picture is on over fifty thousand products sold in most countries.  Sanrio’s amusement park Puroland opened in 1990. It is visited by more than 1.5 million visitors each year. Hello Kitty has been an animated character, such as in Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theatre, shown on United States television during 1987 and 1991.

Famous stars such as Mariah Carey and Britney Spears were photographed with products which had her picture. Hello Kitty is an example of a Japanese Kawaii (cute in English) character.

Characters

Kitty White
Kitty was born in London, England on November 1st, and to this day she lives there with her family. She likes the apple pie her mother makes. Her mother has her wear a ribbon on her left ear, in order to tell the difference between twins Kitty and Mimmy. She enjoys baking cookies and playing the piano; she aspires to be a pianist or a poet when she is older. Her height is as same as five apples and her weight is as same as three apples. Her boyfriend is Daniel Starr.

Mimmy White
She is the twin sister of Kitty White. She wears a yellow ribbon on her right ear. She is shy and feminine.

Daniel Star
He is Kitty's childhood friend, born on May 3rd. He is often called "Dear Daniel", resembling "Hello Kitty". He has a naive and sentimental personality. His favorite foods are cheesecake and yogurt, and his talents include dancing and playing the piano. He wishes to be a photographer someday.

Mary White
Mary is Kitty and Mimmy's mother. She is very generous and good at cooking, cleaning and washing. Her birthday is September 14th.

George White
George is Kitty and Mimmy's father. He is very reliable and humorous man.  His birthday is June 3rd.

Related pages
 Sanrio

References

The Independent, 21 May 2008 pp22–23.
Sanriotown website

Other websites
 Official Website
 Puroland 
 

Fictional cats
Japanese culture
Herman's Hermits were a rock band from England. They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade. Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles.
None of the members was really named Herman. Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. Noone was an actor before he became a singer. The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums). The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved. They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies.

The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline.

Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved. They are still played today. The band members went on to other careers in the 1970s. Peter Noone went back to acting, but still appeared as a singer.

In the 1980s, Leckenby and Whitwam formed a new band, to tour under the old name. The singer sounded like Noone, and many fans did not know the difference. Other original members also sometimes rejoined. During the 1990s, Noone took over the name for his band, that appeared with him at oldies concerts.

References

English rock bands
English pop music groups
Grand'Anse, or Grande Anse, is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. Its capital is Jérémie.

Geography 
The Départment de la Grand'Anse has an area of 2,091 km². It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Gonâve, to the east by the Nippes Department, to the south by the Sud Department, and by the Caribbean Sea to the west.

The Massiff de la Hotte, an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the south of the department, with the Plymouth, Macaya and Casetaches mountain ranges. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Baradères, Dame-Marie, de la Grande-Anse, de Nippes, des Roseaux and Voldrogue.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into three arrondissements (like districts) and 11 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Anse d'Hainault
 Anse-d'Hainault
 Dame-Marie
 Les Irois
 Corail
 Beaumont
 Corail
 Pestel
 Roseaux
 Jérémie
 Abricots
 Bonbon
 Chambellan
 Jérémie
 Moron

References 

Departments of Haiti
Lara Veronin is a Russian-Taiwanese-American singer born on 2 May 1988. She is famous for being the lead vocalist of the C-Pop band Nan Quan Mama. The band's first album Treasure Map and second album Nan Quan Mama, Version 2 both peaked at #4 on the Taiwanese Album Charts. She has also appeared as a featured voicalist on Jay Chou's sixth album November's Chopin on the track Coral Sea.

Biography

Veronin was born and raised in Monterey Park, California, America and moved to Taiwan in her teens. Her father is a Russian American, and her mother a Taiwanese. She speaks fluent English and Mandarin as shown in her songs, but says she is unable to speak Russian.

Reportedly, Veronin's talent was discovered when she met C-pop singer Jay Chou at a restaurant where she was working. He was interested in her voice and recruited her for his band, Nan Quan Mama. Her role as the lead singer of Nan Quan Mama gave her instant fame.

She gained greater recognition as her songs "靠近一點點 Kao Jin Yi Dian Dian" and "Say You Love Me" were chosen to be theme songs for It Started With A Kiss, a Chinese romantic comedy television series in 2005.

In 2006, Veronin was cast in the television series Engagement for Love, co-starring Alex To and Ambrose Hsu.

As of now, Veronin is studying in college in Taipei while continuing her music career.

Style
Her musical style is often disputed (argued about). This is because most of her songs when she performs solo are in the alternative or pop-rock genre, but when she performs as a vocalist in the band Nan Quan Mama, she often sings blues- and soul-influenced dance music.

References

Other websites
 Nan Quan Mama Official Site 
 Veronin UN-Official Xanga Blog
 Veronin UN-Official Myspace
 Rockers Union

1988 births
Living people
Singers from California
C-pop singers
American pop musicians
American R&B singers
American rock musicians
Russian singers
Taiwanese singers
In music a voluntary is a piece of music, usually for organ, which is played as part of a church service.

The word “voluntary” can be used for the title of a piece of music.   The title was often used by English composers in the late Renaissance or Baroque periods for a piece of organ music that was free in style, i.e. it did not have to be composed in a strict form such as sonata form or a fugue.  It was meant to sound as if it was being improvised (the word voluntary in general means “free”, i.e. not “forced to do something”).

Composers such as Orlando Gibbons, John Blow and Henry Purcell wrote voluntaries, although sometimes they preferred to use other titles such as fancy (an English form of the Italian word fantasia), or even fugue.  However, these fugues were not composed in the proper fugue style: they just started off with imitation as in a fugue, but continued in a freer style.

Some voluntaries were called double voluntaries.  These were pieces written for organs with two manuals (keyboards).  The pieces contrasted a loud manual with a soft one.

Some voluntaries were known as trumpet voluntaries.  These were voluntaries which had a tune which was played (with the right hand) on a stop called a “trumpet” or a “cornet”.  Two very famous trumpet voluntaries, often played at weddings, are the trumpet voluntary by Henry Purcell and the one by Jeremiah Clarke (which people used to think was composed by Purcell).  In the 18th century the composer John Stanley wrote many trumpet voluntaries.

References
groves music online

Musical forms
The German word Burgermeister often spelled in English as Burgomaster or Burgomeister means master of the citizens.

A Burgermeister is chairman of the executive council (or cabinet) in many towns and cities in Germany.  In France, the person is called a maire. In the Netherlands the person is called the burgemeester. The title is usually translated into English as Mayor, but the position of mayor is not quite the same as the Burgermeister.

Municipal government
 Bürgermeister, is used in Germany and Austria.  It was used in Switzerland until the mid-19th century. In Switzerland now various names are used instead, such as  Gemeindepräsident, Stadtpräsident, Gemeindeammann, and Stadtammann.
 In city-states there can be more than one Bürgermeister.  The senior one, equivalent to the Minister-President has an extra title
Regierender Bürgermeister ('Governing Mayor') in Berlin
 Erster Bürgermeister (literally 'First Mayor') in Hamburg
 Bürgermeister und Präsident des Senats ('Mayor and President of the Senate') in Bremen
Many large cities also have more than one Bürgermeister, the senior is usually called  the Oberbürgermeister or Lord Mayor.

Ober- is put in front of many title to show that it is higher than another, especially in military.

Historical title 

 Präsidierender Bürgermeister ('Presiding Bürgermeister') is a name sometimes seen in old documents and books.

Government of Germany
Area codes in Germany () for telephones have  two to five digits, not counting the first zero. The first or "leading" zero must be dialled when calling from inside Germany and not when calling from outside Germany. The area code is not needed when dialling another telephone in the same area, unless one of the telephones is a mobile phone. Usually shorter area codes are used by larger cities, and longer area codes to smaller towns.

The first digit (after the leading zero) shows the region: 
(0)2 are found in the west
(0)3 in the east
(0)4 in the north
(0)5 in the north central part of Germany
(0)6 in the south central part of Germany
(0)7 in the southwest
(0)8 in the south and the 
(0)9 in the southeast.

(0)1 are special numbers such as mobile phones (015, 016, 017), shared cost service (0180), televoting numbers (013) and 010 for dial-around services. The OLD codes 0130 for free phone numbers and 0190 for premium-rate numbers are now moved to 0800 and 0900 to meet international standards.

Germany
Area codes
Mwai Kibaki (born November 15, 1931) is a Kenyan politician. He was the 3rd President of Kenya, from 2002-2013.

Kibaki was the first President of Kenya to belong to a party other than KANU (Kenya African national union). After he became President he has done many good things. Kenya saw economic growth of 6%. He however had complaints from people who think the changes that were too slow to come. Many Kenyans living in the diaspora have begun to return to Kenya as the promise of the future has created high paying jobs. These jobs are appealing to foreign educated Kenyans.

In 2007, many people were angry at him. They thought he changed the election results so that he would win. They started to destroy houses and other property.

Kibaki's term ended in April 2013. He was succeeded by Uhuru Kenyatta as President.

He was married to Lucy Kibaki from 1962 until her death in April 2016.

References

1931 births
Living people
Presidents of Kenya
Prime Ministers of Kenya
Chi-Chi earthquake, also known as the 921 earthquake, was an earthquake in central Taiwan. The earthquake happened on September 21, 1999 at 1:47 am local time (September 20 17:47 GMT). It measured 7.3 on the Richter scale. The epicentre of the earthquake was at  in Chichi Township of Nantou County, about 12.5 km west of the Sun Moon Lake. The depth of the epicenter was 7.0 km.

Damages
The earthquake caused much damage, according to the National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior R.O.C. This damage included:
 2,416 people died or were never found
 11,441 people were badly hurt
 US$9.2 billion worth of damage
 44,338 houses were completely destroyed
 41,336 houses were badly damaged

The earthquake continued to shake Taiwan throughout the night. People tell stories about a house that was not destroyed but moved by the earthquake from one county to another. The story says that because of this, the owners of the house had to change their address.

Chelungpu fault
The epicenter of the earthquake was Chichi Township. The 921 Earthquake happened along the Chelungpu fault line in western part of the island of Taiwan. The fault is located along the foothills of the Central Mountains in Nantou and Taichung counties. Some sections of land near the fault were changed in elevation by as much as 7 meters (23 feet). Near the northern end of the fault line, a 7-meter tall waterfall was created by the earthquake. In the middle-western part of the island, bridges were destroyed. This stopped traffic for weeks.

In Wufeng, a village in southern Taichung County, the damage was very bad. The village's Guangfu High School was located on the fault line. It was badly damaged by the quake. Today the high school is the site of the National Museum of Natural Science's 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan. Landslides were created which in turn caused impromptu formation of lakes.

Notes

Other websites

National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering  (NCREE)

1999 disasters
1999 in Asia
Earthquakes in Taiwan
Earthquakes in the 1990s
20th century in Taiwan
September events
Visibility is a word used in meteorology. It is used to talk about how far a normal person can see depending on the weather. If there is low visibility, such as in a blizzard, a person will not be able to see far. If there is high visibility, such as on a bright, sunny day, a person will be able to see a long way.

Visibility less than  is often called zero. When it is this low, roads may be closed, or lights and signs are turned on to warn drivers. These are put in areas that often have very low visibility. Warning lights help stop accidents. Automobile crashes with many cars happen often in places like this if the warning lights and signs are not put up.

Visibility is said to be good when a person can see farther than about 10 kilometers.

An advisory is put out by meteorologists to warn of low visibility, such as a dense fog advisory from the U.S. National Weather Service. These tell drivers to not travel until the fog leaves. Airport travel sometimes is delayed, or slowed down, by low visibility.

References 

Weather
Lothar Bisky (17 August 1941 – 13 August 2013) was a German politician. He was the chairman of the Left Party.PDS, a socialist political party with its base in the east of Germany. In June 2007 he became of the leaders of The Left, formed by a merger of Left Party.PDS and Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative.

Bisky was born in Zollbrueck, Pomerania. As a child he was very poor, so when he was 18 he moved from northern West Germany to GDR. He was allowed to join the Socialist Unity Party in 1963, but did not became a leader of the party until just after the fall of communism and the old hardliners were thrown out of the party. 

He was rector of the University of Film and Television (Potsdam-Babelsberg) from 1986 to 1990. In 1991 he became a member of the board of directors of regional television channel ORB (now part of RBB.)

In 1990 he was a member of the Volkskammer and since 1990 he has been a member of the state parliament in Brandenburg.

He was chairman of the PDS from 1993 until his resignation in 2000. He was re-elected chairman in 2003. Bisky was seen to be on the moderate, social democratic wing of the party and he was a long-time close ally of the party's most prominent figure, Gregor Gysi.

The party returned strongly to the Bundestag in the 2005 election. Bisky, one of 54 Left MPs, was going to become one of the six vice presidents of the Bundestag. When the new Bundestag met on October 18, however, he failed three times to be elected. Some MPs explained this with allegations (denied by Bisky) that he was an informant of the Stasi. Later, he failed a fourth time, and gave up his bid to be elected.

Lothar Bisky was married and the father of three sons. The oldest son, Jens Bisky, is a journalist and writer and the middle, Norbert Bisky, is a painter. The youngest died in 2008 in Edinburgh.

Bisky died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 13 August 2013.

References

Other websites 

 Homepage from Lothar Bisky
 Biography of party Die Linke Brandenburg 

1941 births
2013 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
German politicians of the Left Party
Members of the Volkskammer
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Louis-Nicolas Clérambault (born Paris, 19 December 1676; died Paris, 26 October 1749) was a French organist and composer.

Clérambault (pronounce “CLAY-ram-bow”) came from a musical family. He learned to play the violin and harpsichord when he was young, and also learned the organ, composition and singing. He became the organist at the church of the Grands-Augustins and then at Saint-Sulpice. He worked for Madame de Maintenon who arranged concerts for King Louis XIV. He also had a job at the royal house of Saint-Cyr, which was a school for young girls from the poor nobility. He directed the music there, played the organ and trained the choir.

Clérambault was the first important French composer of cantatas. They were often about Greek and Roman myths. He also composed for the organ, harpsichord and violin. He was thought of as France’s greatest organist. Two of his sons took over jobs held by their father after his death.

Other websites 
  groves dictionary online

1676 births
1749 deaths
French composers
Baroque composers
Nord (English: North) is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Nord-Est and Nord-Ouest departments were part of the Nord department.

Its capital and largest city is Cap-Haïtien, founded in 1670 by Bertrand d'Orgeron and the old capital city of Saint-Domingue. It had the nickname of Paris of Saint-Domingue.

Geography 
The Départment du Nord has an area of 2,106 km². It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the east by the Nord-Est Department, to the southeast by the Centre Department and to the west by the Artibonite Department. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north.

The main rivers of the department are Grande Rivière du Nord, Haut du Cap and Limbé. The rivers Trois-Rivières and Bouyaha have their sources in this department. All these rivers, except Bouyaha that is a tributary of the river Artibonite, flow to the north, into the Atlantic Ocean.

The Massif du Nord mountain range, known in the Dominican Republic as Cordillera Central, runs from the northwest to the southeast along the southern half of the department. This Massif du Nord is formed by several chains and the most important, in this department, are the Chaine de la Grande Rivière du Nord and the 'Chaine de Saint Raphael.

The Pleine du Nord (in English, "Northern Plain") is in the northern half of the department.

 Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 823,043 persons: 393,547 men and 429,496 women, with 325,318 (39.53%) living in cities and towns.

 Administrative division 
The department is divided into seven arrondissements (like districts) and 19 communes'' (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Acul-du-Nord
 Acul-du-Nord
 Milot
 Plaine-du-Nord
 Borgne
 Borgne
 Port-Margot
 Cap-Haïtien
 Cap-Haïtien
 Limonade
 Quartier-Morin
 Grand-Rivière du Nord
 Grande-Rivière-du-Nord
 Bahon
 Limbé
 Limbé
 Bas-Limbé
 Plaissance
 Plaisance
 Pilate
 Saint-Raphaël
 Saint-Raphaël
 Dondon
 La Victoire
 Pignon
 Ranquitte

References 

Departments of Haiti
Apache HTTP Server, also called Apache, is a web server notable for helping the growth of the World Wide Web.

References

Other websites

 Apache HTTP Server official website

Web server software
Free software
Microsoft Windows software
Linux software