cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eagle Comics was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's 2000 A.D. magazine for distribution in North American. They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada.

History 
The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks). In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications.

Titles 
The series they brought to American audiences included-

 Judge Dredd (33 issues - continued by Quality Comics)
 Judge Dredd: The Judge Child Quest (5 issue mini-series)
 Judge Dredd's Crime File (6 issue mini-series)
 Judge Dredd: The Early Cases (6 issue mini-series)
 The Stainless Steel Rat (6 issue mini-series)
 Strontium Dog (8 issue mini-series)
 Robohunter (5 issue mini-series)
 Nemesis The Warlock (7 issue mini-series)
 2000 A.D. Monthly (6 issues)

Comic companies
London
1986 disestablishments
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s establishments in England
1980s disestablishments in England
Saint Tikhon of Moscow was a  of Moscow in the beginning of the Soviet Union. His name, before he became a saint, was Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin(). He was  by the Synod of Bishops. It is possible that the character of the elder Zosimov in the Russian novel The Brothers Karamazov was influenced by him.

1865 births
1925 deaths
Patriarchs
Russian Orthodox saints
Henry James OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century. James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.

Novels
In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.

Other books
He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.

1843 births
1916 deaths
American novelists
British novelists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Order of Merit
Writers from New York City
Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.

Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.

Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral.  There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond.  Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct - for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than the diamond.   The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.

Relative hardness of some items 
2.5
Fingernail
2.5–3
Gold, Silver 
3
Copper penny 
4-4.5
Platinum 
4-5 Iron
5.5 Knife blade
6.5 Iron pyrite 
5.5 Glass
6.5 Hardened steel file

References

Other websites 
 http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/mohs_scale_of_hardness.htm
 How to use the Mohs scale of mineral hardness 

Minerals 
Tests
Friedrich Mohs (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

Job and Career 
Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness. 

He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them. 

In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

Later Career 
In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna. 

Mohs ended his remarkable career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.

References 

German scientists
1773 births
1839 deaths
The Chelicerata are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.

The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.

The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of  these 'sea spiders'.

The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.

References
The wire-crested thorntail (Discosura popelairii) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Their coloring is steel-blue, with white shafts, making a pretty sight when spread. The bird has a crest of bright green feathers. These birds feed on nectar from flowers using their long tongue or catch insects on the wing.

Hummingbirds
Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a type of personality disorder, a long-term mental illness.

Symptoms 
People diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder are socially inhibited, meaning that they are shy and afraid of social situations. They feel that they are not good people and are afraid of people rejecting them. They are very sensitive to other people saying bad or negative things about them.

Diagnosis 
Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals diagnose people with avoidant personality disorder using a book called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). They look at a person's behaviour and how they are feeling. If the person has four or more of the following signs, the DSM-IV-TR says that they have AvPD.
 Avoids jobs or activities that involve a lot of contact with other people because of being very afraid of rejection or being criticised by other people
 Does not want to get involved with people unless they are sure that the other person likes them
 Is restrained or reserved in relationships and does not let people get too close because of being afraid of being made to feel bad
 Spends a lot of time thinking about being criticised or rejected in social situations
 Feels inhibited when meeting new people because of feeling not as good as other people
 Thinks that they are not good with people, not attractive, or not as good as other people
 Does not like to take risks or do new things in case they get embarrassed or feel bad

The symptoms of AvPD are much more serious than ordinary shyness.

References

Other websites 
 

Personality disorders
Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a major record label. It sold rhythm & blues, rock and roll, and jazz. It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. Some of its groups included Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Foreigner.

Recording artists

Related pages
Jazz
Rock and Roll
Record label

American record labels
1947 establishments in the United States
The Wikimedia Foundation is an American  non-profit foundation. Their main headquarters is in San Francisco in the United States. The Wikimedia Foundation runs many projects using the wiki idea and the MediaWiki software. These projects include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, and Meta-Wiki.

There are many other wikis related to the foundation, but these are mostly smaller projects. They include the Wikimedia Foundation wiki, the MediaWiki wiki, the Test Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Incubator, Bugzilla, and the Wikimania wiki.

The foundation's creation was officially announced by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who was running Wikipedia within his company Bomis, on June 20, 2003.

The foundation gets most of its funds from donations, as it is nonprofit. It also looks for grants. Some companies have helped Wikimedia by giving free computer hardware, and by hosting servers. Since people can write the wikis, Wikimedia projects are free to use. Funds are used to run computer servers and to pay staff. The Foundation had 160 employees in 2013.

In 2013, Sue Gardner was the executive director.

In 2015, Patricio Lorente was the Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board.

In 2016, Katherine Maher became the executive director.

In 2018, María Sefidari is chair of the board.

The different boards

Board of Trustees 

The Board of Trustees in charge of all the affairs of the Foundation has ten members:

 four who are appointed by the Board itself;
 three who are selected by the community of all the different Wikimedia projects;
 two who are selected by the local chapters and thematic organizations;
 and one emeritus for the foundation's founder, Jimmy Wales.

The Signpost reported that two new trustees were elected in 2019:
 Nataliia Tymkiv, user:antanana  (English or Ukrainian)
 Shani Evenstein, user:Esh77 i(English or Hebrew)

Advisory Board 
The Foundation also has an Advisory Board, an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.

References

Other websites 
 
 Governance wiki

 
Non-profit organizations of California
Companies based in San Francisco
Prosauropods were a group of early herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the later Triassic and early Jurassic periods. 

They were the largest herbivores in their environment, and quickly reached (6 to 10 meters long). All prosauropods had a long neck and small head, forelimbs shorter than the hindlimbs, and a very large thumb claw for defense. They were originally thought to be the ancestors of the sauropods, but are now considered by some as a parallel lineage.

Taxonomy 
Infraorder Prosauropoda
?Yimenosaurus
Meroktenos
?Mussaurus
Family Riojasauridae
Eucnemesaurus
Riojasaurus
Family Plateosauridae
Plateosaurus
Sellosaurus
?Unaysaurus
Family Massospondylidae
?Adeopapposaurus
Coloradisaurus
Lufengosaurus
Massospondylus
Yunnanosaurus
Jingshanosaurus
The bee hummingbird or zunzuncito (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Cuba's Isla de la Juventud. 

A newly hatched bee hummingbird chick may weigh about a fingernail clipping. Its weight is less than a tenth of an ounce (2 g). Because of this, it is the smallest living bird as well as the smallest theropod dinosaur on record.

References 

Hummingbirds
Raje () is the honorary title for a king or nobleman (i.e. "your Majesty") in India. In India, south Indian states were ruled by the royal Indian dynasties. The rulers were addressed by the people as Raje.

Some clans of the Maratha community put the name Raje before their original clan name. Examples of these include RajeBhosale, RajeShirke, RajeMahadik, RajeNimbalkar and RajeMane.

In states like Rajasthan, Rajput community chiefs are known by the titles that include Maharawal, Rana and Maharana. These mean the same thing as Raje or Maharaja.

Related pages 
 Raja

Titles
History of India
The Flag of the State of Colorado has three horizontal stripes of the same width; the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white. On top of these stripes sits a circular red "C", filled with a golden disk. The blue is meant to represent the skies, the gold stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains and the red represents the earth.

History
The flag was thought up by Andrew Carlisle Johnson in 1911 and adopted by the state's General Assembly on June 5 of the same year. 

However, the legislature did not specify the size of the "C" or the exact shade of blue or red. Because of this, some flags were in slightly different colors and had the "C" wholly within the center stripe. On February 28, 1929, the General Assembly added to the statement that the flag would be the same color blue and red as the flag of the United States.  On March 31, 1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe.

References

Colorado
Colorado
The amethyst woodstar (Calliphlox amethystina) is a species of hummingbird.Tiny, short-billed hummingbird of forests, forest edges, and savanna woodlands. Both sexes are green on the back with a white band across the rump. The  males have a pink throat and a forked tail. Females have a white throat, a short tail, and cinnamon flanks and undertail. 

It is found in most of central, and eastern South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname (the Guianas), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The bird's range surrounds the "Amazon countries" into the Andes foothills and higher heights of upstream river systems, but is not along the Amazon River proper in the central Amazon Basin, or the central upper Basin; it is in Brazil at the river's outlet, and upstream for about 500 km.

The amethyst woodstar's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.

The amethyst woodstar was named after the amethyst crystal

References

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
A Merit badge is an award earned by youth members of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), based on things within an area of study by finishing a list of  updated . The purpose of the merit badge program is to allow Scouts to find subjects to figure out if they would like to further pursue them as a career or . At first, the program also exposed Scouts to the life skills of contacting an Merit Badge Counselor they had not met before, arranging a meeting and then showing the Merit Badge Counselor their skills, kind of like to a job or college interview.

Merit badges are an important part of earning the high ranks in Scouting (Star, Life, and Eagle).  Eagle requires earning 21 merit badges, including 12 in specific areas such as camping, first aid, and citizenship; Life requires eleven and Star six.

At first, there were fifty-seven merit badges; today, there are 122.

Merit badges are also used as ways to move up in Scouting in other countries, such as Ireland.

List of Merit Badges
The following is a list of Boy Scout merit badges.  Merit badge that are required for Eagle are in italics

American Business
American Cultures
American Heritage
American Labor
Animal Science
Archaeology
Archery
Architecture
Art
Astronomy
Athletics
Automotive Maintenance
Aviation
Backpacking
Basketry
Bird Study
Bugling
Camping
Canoeing
Chemistry
Cinematography
Citizenship in the Community
Citizenship in the Nation
Citizenship in the World
Climbing
Coin Collecting
Collections
Communications
Composite Materials
Computers
Cooking
Crime Prevention
Cycling
Dentistry
Disabilities Awareness
Dog Care
Drafting
Electricity
Electronics
Emergency Preparedness
Energy
Engineering
Entrepreneurship
Environmental Science

Family Life
Farm Mechanics
Fingerprinting
Fire Safety
First Aid
Fish and Wildlife Management
Fishing
Fly Fishing
Forestry
Gardening
Genealogy
Geocaching
Geology
Golf
Graphic Arts
Hiking
Home Repairs
Horsemanship
Indian Lore
Insect Study
Inventing
Journalism
Landscape Architecture
Law
Leatherwork
Lifesaving
Mammal Study
Medicine
Metalwork
Model Design and Building
Motorboating
Music
Nature
Nuclear Science
Oceanography
Orienteering
Painting
Personal Fitness
Personal Management
Pets
Photography
Pioneering
Plant Science
Plumbing
Pottery

Public Health
Public Speaking
Pulp and Paper
Radio
Railroading
Reading
Reptile and Amphibian Study
Rifle Shooting
Robotics
Rowing
Safety
Salesmanship
Scholarship
Scouting Heritage
Scuba diving
Sculpture
Shotgun Shooting
Skating
Small-Boat Sailing
Snow Sports
Soil and Water Conservation
Space Exploration
Sports
Stamp Collecting
Surveying
Swimming
Textile
Theater
Traffic Safety
Truck Transportation
Veterinary Medicine
Water Sports
Weather
Whitewater
Wilderness Survival
Wood carving
Woodwork

For 2010 Only
Carpentry
Pathfinding
Signaling
Tracking

Scouting
The Elephant Seal is a huge seal of the genus Mirounga. There are two species, one in each hemisphere. The southern elephant seal, is found in Antarctic waters, while the northern elephant seal lives on islands of California and Mexico. The elephant seal is the largest amphibious animal. The bulls have a huge proboscis, and may weigh 750 lbs, and 8 ft in length at maturity although old males can approach 11 ft long and weigh 1,375 lbs in rare cases.

Behaviour

On land 
Outside the breeding season, elephant seals come ashore only to shed their skin, a process known as moulting. In late summer, hundreds of seal gather on beaches and wallow in muddy pools of water. They lie close to gather while they gradually shed patches of hair and skin. Eventually, the old skin replaced by a new coat of sleek fur, and the seal return to water.

Mating is preceded by fights between males, who throw their huge bulk against each other. Winners get to mate with females.

Diving 
Elephant seals dive to 1550 metres beneath the ocean's surface: the deepest recorded dive of an Elephant seal is  . The average length of their dives is around 20 min for females and 60 min (1 hour) for males, as they search for their favorite food. Their diet includes skates, rays, squid, octopus, eels, penguin (Southerns only), and small sharks. Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths (stomach stones).

They are surprisingly good on land, faster than humans when moving over sand dunes.

References 

Pinnipeds
James Thomas Humberstone (July 8, 1850 - June 12, 1939) was an English chemical engineer. In 1872, he founded the Peru Nitrate Company in the Tarapacá Province of Peru (now part of the Tarapacá Region of Chile). He introduced the Schanks System and other innovations to the industry.

Life 
 
Humberstone was born in Dover, England. His grandfather had been director of the band of the Scottish Guard. His father worked in a post office. 

His family moved to London when he was young. Humberstone worked for the London and North Western railway when he was 17. While he worked there, he learned about mechanics and chemistry. Later, he joined the Royal School of Mines in London. He was a very good student.

When he  was 25, he was hired by The Tarapaca Nitrate Company and moved to South America. Humberstone arrived at the Peruvian port of Pisagua on January 6, 1875, where he commenced working as a chemist and engineer.

In 1878 he implemented the Shanks system to make sodium carbonate. He also made other changes such as the transfer of waste water to avoid losing the materials in the gravel. 

In 1879 the Chilean army landed in Pisagua, and consequently, many office workers went to the Pampa for safety. Humberstone, his wife, his mother and his two daughters went with them.
When they got to Tarapaca, the governor said they should go to Arica because the military was coming. They crossed the desert because they did not want to be near the coast. It took them twenty days to get get to Arica . When the war ended, and Tarapaca became part of Chile , Humberstone continued working in the Agua Santa office. 

In 1936, King George VI made him a member of the Order of the British Empire. Humberstone died in Iquique on June 12, 1939 and is buried in the British Cemetery, Tiliviche, Chile.

1850 births
1939 deaths
British engineers
English chemists
Nairobi National Park is the smallest park in Kenya.

The park has lots of different kinds of animals.

The park has a lot of educational programmes for teaching visitors about the different species of animals, their habitats and their diet.

The park has an area called the Orphanage where orphaned and abandoned animals are looked after.

Kenya
National parks in Africa
Salomon Wininger (13 December 1877, Gura Humora, Bukovina – December 1968, in Ramat Gan, Israel) was an Austrian-Jewish biographer.

Before World War I, Wininger lived in Chernivtsi and moved to Vienna during the war years, where he decided to write biographies of famous Jewish persons. This idea was pushed in order to counter the self-hating mood of Jewish youth in the city, created under the influence of Otto Weininger's works.

After his return to Chernivtsi in 1921, Shlomo Wininger wrote about 13,000 biographies and published them in seven volumes between 1925 and 1936. He survived the time of World War II in Chernivtsi and emigrated in 1951 to Israel.

Wininger is considered as one of the greatest Jewish biographers of all time.

Works 

 Große Jüdische National-Biographie ("Lexicon of Jewish National Biographies"). Chernivtsi 1925–1936.
 Gura Humora: Geschichte einer Kleinstadt in der Südbukovina ("Gura Humora: History of a Small Town in South Bukovina").

References 
 Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 16. Keter, Jerusalem 1971.
 Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Vol. 3, S-Z. Ed.: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien. K. G. Saur, München 2002

Austrian writers
1877 births
1968 deaths
Biographers
Branko Mikasinovich (born November 6, 1938) is one of the foremost scholars of Yugoslav and Serbian literature and a noted Slavist. He has edited Introduction to Yugoslav Literature (Twayne, 1973), the most representative anthology of modern Yugoslav prose and poetry in English; Five Modern Yugoslav Plays (Cyrco Press, 1977), a unique collection of plays written between 1945 and 1980; Modern Yugoslav Satire (Cross-Cultural Communications, 1979). which was selected for "Best Titles of 1979" by Library Journal, and included in the Puschart Prize V: The Best of the Small Presses; Yugoslav Fantastic Prose (Proex, 1991), the first anthology of Yugoslav supernatural tales in English, and Yugoslavia: Crisis and Disintegration (Plyroma Publishing Co., 1994).

Branko Mikasinovich received his B.A. from Roosevelt University in Chicago (1965), M.A. from Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. (1967), and Ph.D from the University of Belgrade (1984). He has taught Russian language and Slavic Literature at Tulane University and the University of New Orleans, and was president of the Louisiana Association of Professors of Slavic and Eastern European languages. He has appeared as a panelist on Yugoslav press on ABC's "Press International" in Chicago and PBS's "International Dateline" in New Orleans. He also appears on "Voice of America" Serbian Service television program, "Open Studio."

Baron Mihailo Mikasinovich, who was instrumental in opening Serbian schools in Krajina in the 18th century, Stefan Mikasinovich, a teacher of Dositej Obradovic, a prime mover of the Serbian cultural rebirth in the period of Enlightenment, and his father Sava Mikasinovich inspired, to a large extent, the author's scholarly activities.

1938 births
Living people
Academics
Linguists
Serbian scientists
Shillong (Khasi: Shillong, Hindi: शिलांग) is a city in India. Shillong is the capital of Meghalaya. The East Khasi Hills district is in Shillong. In 2001, the city had a population of 260,520. Shillong is a major place in north-east India for education, because it has many schools and universities.

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Shillong had a population of 232,946. Males and females are both 50% of the population. About 80% of people in Shillong can read, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%. 83% of males can read, and 78% of women can read. In Shillong, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Khasis make up most of the population. However, the percentage of Khasi people is decreasing because many other people are moving there. People of all the other northeast Indian tribes live in Shillong. Many Bengali, Nepali, Assamese, Biharis and Marwaris also live there.

Christianity is the main religion in the city. Protestants make up 75% of the Christian population of Shillong and Catholics make up the remaining 25%. A lot of people in Shillong follow the original Khasi religion. There are also many other religions in the city.

References

Other websites 

Muslims in Shillong struggling to make their presence felt - TCN News
Eastern Panorama - Oldest Magazine of North East India
Meghalaya State Government Portal
Shillong.com
Shillong Online
Resubelpara
The Shillong Times - North East India Second Oldest English Daily

Capital cities in India
Meghalaya
Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy. It is a way of treating people who feel ill at ease. It is based on the idea that it is best to experience what we feel "here and now" and not keep thinking about the past or worry about the future. The goal is to help clients become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them. 

It forms part of what is called humanistic psychology and was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s. 

At the center of Gestalt therapy is the idea of "awareness" (knowing). The person being helped is encouraged to know his or her own feelings and behaviour, and the effect they have upon the world around them. 

With Gestalt therapy, the patient is helped to see that they are trying to avoid feeling emotions from the present. Once the patient realizes this, he or she can begin to get better.

Related pages 
Gestalt psychology

Psychology
The olive-spotted hummingbird (Leucippus chlorocercus) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

References
 BirdLife International 2004.  Leucippus chlorocercus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Hummingbirds
William A. Shine Great Neck South High School, also called Great Neck South, is a high school in New York. It is known for its high academic achievement. The school is located in Lake Success. However it is officially listed in Great Neck. It is part of the Great Neck Union Free School District. It teaches students from grade 9 to grade 12.

References

Other websites 
 Official site 

Schools in New York
Eleventh grade (called Grade 11 in some places, also known as junior year in the United States and Australia) is the second to last year of secondary education in the United States, as well as many other nations. Students are usually 16 when they start and are 17 years old at the end.

Education
Village School (commonly VS) is the oldest public alternative high school in New York State. It was judged very good by the Center for the Study of Educational Alternatives at Hofstra University. The American School Board Journal gave the Magna Award to the School for its excellent, unique, high school program. As a member of the Coalition of Essential Schools, the Village School and its staff work closely with other member schools and with the education faculty of Brown University. The Village School is officially recognized by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and certified by the New York State Education Department. There are about 50 students enrolled in the Village School each academic year.

Village School is one of three high schools in the Great Neck School District, which includes Great Neck North High School and William A. Shine Great Neck South High School. VS offers its 46 students an individualized system where students earn credits as they meet curriculum goals that have been established by their teachers. Original, performance, and published documents are assessments of these goals have long been part of a Village School student's academic history. About 99 percent of the students continue their education at four-year schools.

The alternative school provides education for grades 9-12. Many types of students attend the Village School. The Village School's catalogue describes the students saying, 
All have at least average ability, some have exceptional learning abilities and artistic talents, while others have special educational needs. Students who may have felt lost and isolated in a large school often thrive in the smaller and more personalized setting of the Village School. 

The school describes itself as a "college preparatory public high school dedicated to encouraging academic success through a non-traditional, innovative curriculum". Co-founder Arnie Langberg has been called "one of the most important pioneers in the field of public alternative education." The admissions process at Village School is comprehensive. Each student takes part in an on-campus interview and is accompanied by a parent. The children are hand picked and visit the school twice before being considered a candidate for this program.

References 

Schools in New York
1970 establishments in New York (state)
Vanessa Anne Hudgens (born December 14, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She is most well known for starring in High School Musical and High School Musical 2 on Disney Channel. She has won many awards and been nominated since High School Musical. She has been on many TV shows and movies. She began acting and singing at an early age. She is now engaged with her long time boyfriend TITO, who is a professional musician, performer & actor.

Early life
Hudgens was born in Salinas, California, and has lived with her parents along the West Coast, from Oregon to Southern California. Her mother, Gina (née Guangco), held a succession of office jobs, and her father, Gregory Hudgens, was a firefighter. She has a younger sister, Stella Hudgens, who is also an actress. She was raised as a Roman Catholic. Her father is of Irish and Native American ancestry, and her mother, a native of Manila, Philippines, is of Spanish-Chinese-Filipino ancestry. All of her grandparents were musicians.

Discography
V (2006)
Identified (2008)

Tours
The Party's Just Begun Tour (2006)
High School Musical: The Concert (2006/2007)
Identified Summer Tour (2008)

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Actors from Monterey County, California
American child actors
American child singers 
American movie actors
American pop singers
American television actors
High School Musical people
People from Monterey County, California
Singers from California
Twix is a type of chocolate bar made by Mars, Inc. It is a biscuit covered with caramel and milk chocolate. Twix was called Raider in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway for many years before its name was changed in 1991 (2000 in Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Turkey).

Different Products 

 Peanut Butter Twix
 Twix Tea Breaks
 Twix Miniatures 
Cookies-n-Creme Twix (1990) Cookies and cream are inside, instead of caramel.
Chocolate Fudge Twix (1990)
Triple chocolate (First released in 1991 in the UK as limited edition. US, Australia, limited edition).
Choc 'N' Orange Twix (1992 and 1999 limited edition, UK).
King Size Twix (1994 – present, UK).
Ice Cream Twix (Bars) (1995 – present, UK & US).
Chocolate Ice Cream Twix (Bars) (1999 limited edition, UK)
Twix 100 Calorie Bars (2000s, US).
New Twix (2000 – present, UK, Europe)
Twix Mint (2001 limited edition, UK).
Ice Cream Twix (Pot) (2001 – ?, Europe).
Orange Twix (2003 limited edition, Poland).
White Chocolate Twix (2004 limited edition, UK).
 Dark Chocolate Twix (2004 limited edition, US), with dark chocolate instead of milk chocolate.
 White Chocolate Twix (2005 and 2008 limited edition, Europe).
 White Chocolate Twix (2005 limited edition, US).
Coffee Twix (2000s, Asia), includes coffee flavoured caramel.
bisc& Twix (2005 – 2006, UK). This was the relaunch of Twix Top. Other flavours included M&Ms, Bounty as well as others. This product is no longer available in the UK, but was / is still available in Europe.
bisc& Twix Top Choco (2006 – Present, Europe). Contains chocolate biscuit and chocolate caramel. Also available in standard biscuit and caramel.
Twix Pods (2006 – present, Australia)
 Twix Topix (2007, Europe). It has 3 flavors: Milk Cream, Macchiato and Creamy Caramel. 
 Mint Slice Twix (2006 – 2007 limited edition, Australia)
 Twix PB (2007 – present, US)
Twix Super Thick Shake (2007 – present, UK, Ireland)
Twix Java (2008 US). It has coffee-flavored caramel.
 Dark Chocolate Twix (2008 limited edition, UK, 2009 limited edition, Europe).
Twix Cappuccino (2007 limited edition, Poland).
Twix Minis. Tiny Twix bars.
Treacle Twix.

Candy
The tawny-bellied hermit (Phaethornis syrmatophorus), is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

References

  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.

Hummingbirds
Rose can mean:

Rose, a plant

People 
Rose Byrne, Australian actress
Rose Cleveland, First Lady of the United States (1885-1886)
Rose Marie, American and comedian
Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, American philanthropist,  mother of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy

Fictional people
Mad Max is a 1979 Australian action movie directed by George Miller. It is the first role of Mel Gibson.

Mad Max tells a story about life in an apocalyptic world.  There have been sequels.

Other websites 

 Mad Max wallpapers

1970s action movies
1970s adventure movies
1970s road movies
Australian action movies
Australian adventure movies
Australian science fiction movies
English-language movies
1979 science fiction movies
Movies directed by George Miller
Movies set in Australia
Movies set in deserts
Dystopian movies
Rutland County is a county in the U.S. state of Vermont. In 2005, 63,743 people lived there.  Its county seat is Rutland. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has 945 square miles (2,447 km²) of total area. Out of that, 933 square miles (2,415 km²) is land and 12 square miles (32 km²) is water.

Nearby counties 
 Addison County, Vermont - north
 Windsor County, Vermont - east
 Bennington County, Vermont - south
 Washington County, New York - west

References 

Vermont counties
The Treaty of Paris was the treaty that formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America.

The treaty was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783. The American Congress of the Confederation ratified the treaty on January 14, 1784. The British King George III ratified the treaty on April 9, 1784. 

Under the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the new nation, agreed to remove all troops, and set new borders of the United States.  The United States agreed to allow British troops to leave and to encourage the states pay all debts owed to Britain.  It also agreed not to persecute the Tories (people loyal to the British king and so also known as loyalists) still in the United States and allow those who left America to return.

France and Spain, who were allies of the United States, also signed peace treaties with Britain.  France got Tobago and Senegal and some other places. Spain wanted Gibraltar but instead got Menorca and Florida. The Netherlands, which signed later, did not gain or lose land but were forced to allow British trade in the Dutch East Indies. 

In India, the Kingdom of Mysore, which was supported by the French until the treaty was signed, continued fighting for another year but also neither gained nor lost any land.

Related articles 
 Treaty of Paris (1763)

References 

Paris 1783
American Revolutionary War
1783
1784
1780s in the United States
18th century in France
18th century in Spain
History of the Netherlands
18th century in India
Treaty of Paris could refer to: 
 Treaty of Paris (1229), ended the Albigensian Crusade
 Treaty of Paris (1259), between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France
 Treaty of Paris (1303), between King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England
 Treaty of Paris (1323), Count Louis of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over Zeeland, in Flanders
 Treaty of Paris (1355), a land exchange between France and Savoy
 Treaty of Paris (1623), between France, Savoy, and Venice against Spanish forces in Valtelline
 Treaty of Paris (1657), established military alliance between France and England against Spain
 Treaty of Paris (1761), established the third Bourbon Family Compact between France and Spain
 Treaty of Paris (1763), ended the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War
 Peace of Paris (1783) in which Great Britain signed treaties with France, Spain and the Dutch Republic and the United States.
 Treaty of Paris (1783), ended the American Revolutionary War
 Treaty of Paris (1784) ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
 Treaty of Paris (1796), ended the war between France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
 Treaty of Paris (1810), ended the war between France and Sweden
 Peace of Paris (1814), ended the reign of Napoleon, and exiled him to Elba
 Treaty of Paris (1920), united Bessarabia and Romania
 Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, established peace between the World War II Allies and Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Finland
Earmuffs are objects that are made to cover and protect a person's ears. A plastic or metal band fits over the top of the head, and there are two pads at the ends that cover the ears warmly.

Invention 

Chester Greenwood invented the earmuffs when he was 15. His ears would turn into unusual colors like red, white, purple, or blue and begin to hurt when it was cold (he lived in Maine).<ref>Harris, Harry. Good Old-Fashioned Yankee Ingenuity. Chelsea, Mich.: Scarborough House, 1990</ref> Because of this, he could not try the new ice skates he got for his fifteenth birthday. Chester had tried wrapping a scarf around his head, but it was too bulky. So Chester twisted some wire so that it went across the top of his head, and made a loop on each end near his ears. Then he asked his grandmother to sew some material on the end of each loop. She put black velvet on the inside of the ears, and beaver fur on the outside of each loop, then sewed the wire across Chester's hat to make it stay.Soon lots of people in his town wanted ear warmers like Chester's, and he opened a factory when he was 19 to make them.  Each year, his home town (Farmington) celebrates his invention with a parade on "Chester Greenwood Day."  

 Types of earmuffs 
There are two kinds of earmuffs: thermal earmuffs, which keep a person's ears warm, and acoustic earmuffs, also called ear defenders'', which block out a lot of sound and noise and can be used in construction (building) sites, for example, when jackhammering.

References 

Headgear
Rigel is a hot supergiant star in the Milky Way Galaxy. It is classified as a blue supergiant. It is located in the constellation Orion. Many scientists believe that Rigel is the youngest star in the constellation. Rigel is much bigger than our star here in the solar system, the Sun at 78 times its radius and a diameter more than 100 million kilometers. Rigel lies 778 light-years from Earth in Orion. Because it is near the equator, Rigel is visible from Earth as a small, bluish circle on clear nights from both hemispheres.

Fate
The color of this star is bluish-white, hotter than a star with a yellow color, meaning it will use more energy quickly. The Sun uses the same gases as Rigel; hydrogen and helium that makes it shine. When Rigel loses its fuel inside the very hot core, it will blow up into the red supergiant stage of its life and explode in a supernova. A black hole or a pulsar could be left.

References

Supergiants
A cathode ray is a stream of electrons that are seen in vacuum tubes. It is called a "cathode ray" because the electrons are being emitted from the negative charged element in the vacuum tube called the cathode. A cathode ray tube aims the ray at a point on its screen. They were first observed in 1869 by German physicist Johann Hittorf, and were named in 1876 by Eugen Goldstein Kathodenstrahlen, or cathode rays.

Electrons were discovered as the constituents of cathode rays in 1897 by British physicist J. J. Thomson. He showed the rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle, which was later called the electron. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) use a focused beam of electrons deflected by electric or magnetic fields to create the image in a classic television set.

Some properties of cathode rays:
 They travel in a straight path.
 They have a negative electric charge
 They have particle property
 Magnets can deflect them
 Charge/mass ratio of the rays is constant
 They travel from the cathode to the anode
 Their properties are independent from the electrodes and gas present in the cathode ray tube.
 Cathode rays can ionize gas
 The travel more slowly than light
 They can heat objects that they hit
 They can penetrate through thin Aluminium plates
 They can make phosphors glow

References 

Electromagnetism
Electricity
The Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot diagrams or electron dot diagrams or Lewis dot structure  are pictures that show the bonding between a pair of electrons and the atoms of a molecule.

Each dot represents one electron. Two dots side by side represent a lone pair of electrons.

To show a bond between atoms, a line representing a pair of shared electrons is placed between the two atoms. This is showing water also known as H2O 

Rule:-
1. First we have to select central atom.

2. Central atom is that which is  present in list in number.

      if not 

3. central atom is that which has more number of valence electron.

4. hydrogen is never central atom.

5. then we arrange the rest of the atom and their electron as such they become stable.

Basic physics ideas
Sentience is being capable of feeling, consciousness or having some form of mind. Eighteenth-century philosophers used the concept to distinguish the ability to think (reason) from the ability to feel (sentience).

Intelligence and sentience 
In simple English, to be sentient means displaying and/or having the ability to:
Feel
Perceive
Desire
possibly Will, though this goes beyond some definitions.

Philosophy and sentience 
In the philosophy of consciousness, sentience can refer to the ability of any thing to have subjective perceptual experiences, or as some philosophers refer to them, "qualia".

Animal rights and sentience 
Thinking about sentience is important when studying animal rights. This is because feeling is needed in order to suffer. The basis of animal rights is that some animals have emotions, can feel pain and also feel happy and well.

Reference 

Philosophy
Animal rights
Germination occurs when a spore or seed starts to grow. It is a term used in botany. When a spore or seed germinates, it produces a shoot or seedling, or (in the case of fungi) a hypha. The biology of spores is different from seeds.

A spore germinates if and when conditions are right. It has a very limited lifespan. The method of spore-bearers, which are lower plants such as mosses, ferns and also fungi, is to produce vast numbers of spores, of which only a small percentage germinate.

Seeds contain an embryo, a store of food (the endosperm), and a protective coat. Seed plants include Gymnosperms (such as conifers) and Angiosperms (such as flowering plants). Seeds can survive much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years. The strategy of seed-bearing plants is to invest energy and material in the substance of seeds, and they have evolved more sophisticated methods of dispersal than just wind.p98

Seeds do not germinate until their requirements are met, and these needs differ from species to species.
 The dormancy period must be over. Dormancy is governed by changes inside the seed. Each species has its own dormancy period, and will not germinate until that period is over.
 Their hibernation must be over. The hibernation is ended when events in the environment trigger germination. Sometimes this is just temperature and water, sometimes fire, sometimes the seed must go through a long cold spell.

The requirements for fruits is the same as for seeds. A fruit is just a seed with one or more extra layers derived from parts of the flower.

References 

Botany
A main line is a railway line that is a main trunk route and connects large cities.

Rail transport
Newark North Gate train station is a train station that serves the town of Newark in Nottinghamshire, England. It is served by east coast trains and East Midland trains. East coast does intercity trains from King's Cross to Leads, Newcastle, York, Edinburgh, and Glasgow.

Railway stations in England
Keidran Jones (born 15 April 1987), better known by his stage name Iyaz, is a singer and rapper. His song "Replay" reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2009. In December 2009, "Replay" was number one on the Billboard Pop Songs chart. It also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on January 10, 2010. He made a song with Miley Cyrus called "Gonna Get This" for Hannah Montana.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References 

http://www.andpop.com/2009/11/08/iyaz-and-replay-climbing-to-the-top/

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Iyaz at Facebook
 
 

1987 births
Living people
Rap musicians
British Virgin Islands
The Staatskapelle Berlin is a German orchestra.  It is the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera (Berliner Staatsoper Unter den Linden).

The history of the orchestra goes back to 1570, when the Elector of Brandenburg started an orchestra at his court.  By the mid 18th century it was linked to the Royal Court Opera, started in 1742 by Frederick the Great. Famous musicians who have played with the orchestra include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Franz Benda, and Johann Joachim Quantz

Giacomo Meyerbeer became Kapellmeister (Music Director), from 1842.  The orchestra started a series of public concerts.  They were the first orchestra to play the first performances of many famous pieces of music by Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, and Otto Nicolai.  

The orchestra's music director is called the "Staatskapellmeister".  He is also the music director of the Berlin State Opera.  Today the music director is Daniel Barenboim, who has had the job since 1992.  In 2000 Barenboim was given the title of "conductor for life".  Barenboim and the orchestra have made several recordings.

Conductors/Music Directors

Other websites
Berlin Staatskapelle website

German orchestras