cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cheers is a long-running American sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.

Format: Sitcom
Run time: approx. 0:30 (per episode)
Creators: James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles
Producers: David Angell

Characters and actors who portrayed them 

Sam Malone (Ted Danson)
Diane Chambers (Shelley Long)
Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley)
Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto)
Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman)
Cliff Calvin (John Ratzenberger)
Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson)
Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth)
Norm Peterson (George Wendt)

Setting

Cheers was set in a Boston bar.  This bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town.

The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale.

The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show (Frasier) the season after Cheers ended.  Frasier's love interest Lilith Sternin appeared on both shows but Frasier and Lilith were no longer married in Frasier.

The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.

The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar.

Ratings 
It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows).  But it eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards out of a total of 111 nominations.

Other websites 

1982 television series debuts
1993 television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
1990s American sitcoms
Boston, Massachusetts in fiction
NBC network shows
Television series set in Massachusetts
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
Pixar Animation Studios, or simply Pixar, is an American animation studio. It is known for its advanced CGI productions. It has been a partner of Disney for many years. In 2006, Disney bought the company.

Pixar started as a division of George Lucas' Lucasfilm in early 1979. In 1986, Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs bought it for $10 million. He worked as a chairman and CEO until 2011.

The company has made a total of 28 movies and short films based on the characters, starting with Toy Story which was released on November 22, 1995, Toy Story 2 was premiered in 1999 and Toy Story 3 was made in 2010. The fourth film of the franchise is Toy Story 4 which released in 2019. The Toy Story franchise has globally become the highest-grossing animated films of all time and has also released several short films and several television series.

Movies 

 Toy Story (1995)
 A Bug's Life (1998)
 Toy Story 2 (1999)
 Monsters, Inc. (2001)
 Finding Nemo (2003)
 The Incredibles (2004)
 Cars (2006)
 Ratatouille (2007)
 WALL-E (2008)
 Up (2009)
 Toy Story 3 (2010)
 Cars 2 (2011)
 Brave (2012)
 Monsters University (2013)
 Inside Out (2015)
 The Good Dinosaur (2015)
 Finding Dory (2016)
 Cars 3 (2017)
 Coco (2017)
 Incredibles 2 (2018)
 Toy Story 4 (2019)
 Onward (2020)
 Soul (2020)
 Luca (2021)

Short movies 

 A Computer Animated Hand
 Adventures of André & Wally B. (Lucasfilm)
 Luxo Jr.
 Red's Dream
 Tin Toy
 Knick-Knack
 Geri's Game
 For the Birds
 Mike's New Car
 Boundin'''
 Jack-Jack Attack One Man Band Lifted Mater and the Ghostlight Your Friend the Rat Presto Resuce Squad Mater El Materdor BURN-E Tokyo Mater Partly Cloudy Dug's Special Mission George & A.J. Day & Night La Luna Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex The Legend of Mor'du The Blue Umbrella Party Central Lava Sanjay's Super Team Riley's First Date? PiperLou Bao''

Other websites 
 The Official Site
Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo Fibonacci and Leonardo of Pisa, lived c. 11701250. He was an Italian mathematician. He was thought "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".

Fibonacci popularized the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to the Western World. He did this in his composition in 1202 of Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation). He also introduced to Europe the sequence of Fibonacci numbers which he used as an example in Liber Abaci.

Fibonacci number sequence 

Fibonacci is best known for the list of numbers called the Fibonacci Sequence. The list never stops, but it starts this way:
 1,  1,  2,  3,  5,  8,  13,  21,  34,  55,  89, 144,  233,  
 377,  610,  987,  1597,  2584...

In this list, a person can find the next number by adding the last two numbers together.
 1 + 1 = 2
     1 + 2 = 3
         2 + 3 = 5
             3 + 5 = 8
                 5 + 8 = 13
                     8 + 13 = 21
                         13 + 21 = 34
                              21 + 34 = 55
                                   34 + 55 = 89
                                        55 + 89 = 144
                                             89 + 144 = 233
                                                  144 + 233 = 377
                                                        233 + 377 = 610
                                                              377 + 610 = 987
                                                                    610 + 987 = 1597
                                                                          987 + 1597 = 2584
                                                                          etc...

This series is also interesting because the ratio of two adjacent numbers in the series approaches the golden ratio.

References 

1170s births
1250 deaths
Italian mathematicians
People from Pisa
The National Hockey League or NHL, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. It has 32 teams - seven are from Canada and the other 25 are from the United States. The winner of the playoffs each year wins the Stanley Cup.

The NHL began in 1917. Some of the owners in the National Hockey Association had problems with owner Edward Livingstone, so they got rid of him by creating a new league. There were five teams in 1917:

 Montreal Canadiens
 Montreal Wanderers
 Ottawa Senators (later St. Louis Eagles; not related to the current Ottawa Senators)
 Quebec Bulldogs (later Hamilton Tigers)
 Toronto Arenas (later St. Patricks, then Maple Leafs)

They played 22 games a year. The Wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. Over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, Montreal Maroons, Pittsburgh Pirates (later Philadelphia Quakers), New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Falcons, then Red Wings).

Some teams folded during the Great Depression, so by 1942 there were only six teams:

 Boston Bruins
 Chicago Black Hawks
 Detroit Red Wings
 Montreal Canadiens
 New York Rangers
 Toronto Maple Leafs

There were only these six teams for 25 years, so they became known as the "Original Six".

By the 1940s, they were playing 50 games a year, but this increased slowly to 80 games by the 1970s. In 1967, the league increased to 12 teams. By 1979 it had 21 teams, and today it has 31. Some of the teams that no longer exist are the Oakland Seals, Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars), Winnipeg Jets (now the Arizona Coyotes), Kansas City Scouts (which became the Colorado Rockies and are now the New Jersey Devils), Hartford Whalers (now the Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now the Colorado Avalanche) and Atlanta Thrashers (now the current Winnipeg Jets).

Today they play 82 games a year, plus four rounds of playoffs. The players make a lot of money (many make over a million dollars a year). Because they could make so much money, many Europeans came over to North America to play in the NHL. Today almost all the world's best hockey players are in the NHL.

List of teams

Notes

 An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.
 The Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers (now Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now Colorado Avalanche), and original Winnipeg Jets (now Arizona Coyotes) all joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL–WHA merger.

Related pages
 History of the National Hockey League

References

Notes

Other websites 
 Official NHL website

National Hockey League
1917 establishments in North America
Isaac Asimov ( – April 6, 1992) was a  writer of science fiction. He was also a biochemist with a PhD from Columbia University.

Life 
Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Smolensk Oblast, Russian SFSR to a Jewish family, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919 and January 2, 1920. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. He was taken to the United States when he was three, and learned English and Yiddish as his native languages. He wrote many books. People know about Isaac Asimov because of his science fiction books and his science books for non-scientists.

Writing 
Asimov's most famous books were the Foundation series. He also wrote the Galactic Empire and the Robot Series. He also wrote mystery, fantasy, and non-fiction books. He wrote or edited over 500 books and about 90,000 letters. Other subjects he wrote about were history, the Bible, literature, and sexuality.

Many of Asimov's early writings were short stories published in cheap science fiction and fantasy magazines. Years later, most of them were collected and republished as collections. Well-known collections include I, Robot, The Rest of the Robots, Earth is Room Enough and The Early Asimov.

Asimov's reading list 
Asimov made a list of 15 of his science fiction books, which he advised should be read in this order:
 I, Robot (1950). Alternatively, The Complete Robot (1982).
 Caves of Steel (1954).
 The Naked Sun (1957).
 The Robots of Dawn (1983).
 Robots and Empire (1985).
 The Currents of Space (1952).
 The Stars, Like Dust (1951).
 Pebble in the Sky (1950).
 Prelude to Foundation (1988).
 Forward the Foundation (1993).
 Foundation (1951).
 Foundation and Empire (1952).
 Second Foundation (1953).
 Foundation's Edge (1982).
 Foundation and Earth (1986).

Numbers 1–5 are 'Robot' books; 6–8 are 'Galacticos Empire' books; 9–15 are Foundation series books.

Asimov's novels have influenced science fiction on television and movie. Especially his 'Three Laws of Robotics' is a lasting contribution to our thinking.

 A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
 A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Beliefs 
Although ethnically a Jew, Asimov was an atheist:
"I am an atheist, out and out. It took me quite a long time to say it. I've been an atheist for years and years, but somehow ... it was better to say one was a humanist or an agnostic".

Death 
When he had heart surgery in 1983, he received blood infected with HIV. He developed AIDS, and died of the effects of the medical condition in 1992. His widow did not speak of this until years later.

Related pages 
 Arthur C. Clarke

Notes

References 

1919 births
1920 births
1992 deaths
American atheists
American biochemists
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from AIDS
Jewish American writers
Writers from New York City
Scientists from New York
Births 
January 2 – Roger Miller, American singer (d. 1992)
January 28 – Alan Alda, American actor
March 9 – Mickey Gilley, American singer, Nightclub owner
March 26 - Giora Feidman, Israeli clarinetist
May 7 – Tony O'Reilly, Irish billionaire
May 16 - Edmond Classen, Dutch actor (d. 2014)
May 17 – Dennis Hopper, American actor (d. 2010)
June 2 – Sally Kellerman, American actress
July 10 - Lois Lilienstein, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram) (d. 2015)
December 22 – Wojciech Frykowski, Polish actor (d. 1969)
September 21 – Yury Luzhkov, Mayor of Moscow
October 10 – Gerhard Ertl, German physicist, Nobel prize winner (chemistry)

Deaths 
January 16 - Albert Fish (executed by electrocution)
January 18 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer
March 9 – Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru.

Events 
January 15 – The first building to be completely covered in glass is completed in Toledo, Ohio, for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.
January 16 – Serial killer Albert Fish executed in Sing Sing
January 20 – Death of George V of the United Kingdom. His son Edward VIII succeedes him as King of the United Kingdom, King of Ireland and Emperor of India.
January 24 – Albert Serraut's government begins in France.
January 31 – The Green Hornet radio show debuts.
February 4 – Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
February 6 – The 1936 Winter Olympic Games opens in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
February 10-15 – Italian troops defeat Abyssinian army in Enderta
From February 14, 1936, to March 1, 1945, AG Weser launched a total of 162 U-boats.
February 19 – Manuel Aznar's government begins in Spain
February 26 – 1400 Japanese soldiers invade government offices in Tokyo. They demand arrest of general Kazushige Ugaki and that general Sadao Araki made head of the Kwantung Army and death of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, the minister of Finance and Inspector General of Military Education
February 29 – Emperor Hirohito orders Japanese army to arrest 123 conspirators in Tokyo government offices – 19 of them are executed in July.
December 11 – King Edward VIII gives up his throne to marry the woman he loves.
Summer-The central and southern United States are hit by a major heat wave.

Movies released 
After the Thin Man

Hit songs
 "The Way You Look Tonight" – by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern, from the movie Swing Time, won the Academy Award for the best song.

Nobel Prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Henry Hallett Dale, and Otto Loewi.
1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 6 – Maria Montessori opens her first school and daycare center for working class children in Rome (Casa dei Bambini in San Lorenzo).
 January 14 – An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000.
 January 23 – Charles Curtis from Kansas, becomes the first Native American US Senator.
 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French doctor, won in 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Rudyard Kipling awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Births 
 May 12– Katharine Hepburn, American actress
 May 14 – Edythe Wright, American singer
 May 22 – Hergé, Belgiun cartoonist
 June 16 - Jack Albertson, American actor, singer, musician, comedian, and dancer (d. 1981)
 August 8 – Benny Carter, American jazz saxophonist, composer, arranger and bandleader
 September 29 – Gene Autry American actor
 October 5 – Mrs. Miller, singer (d. 1997)
 November 15 – Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, German army officer during World War Two (d. 1944)
 December 25 – Cab Calloway

Deaths 
 January 31 – Timothy Eaton, Canadian department store founder (b. 1834)
 February 2 – Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (b. 1834)
 February 16 – Giosue Carducci, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835)
 February 16 – Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of King Louis-Philippe of France (b. 1817)
 February 20 – Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
 February 26 – C. W. Alcock, English footballer, journalist, and football promoter (b. 1842)
 March 19 – Thomas Bailey Aldrich, American poet and novelist (b. 1836)
 May 12 – Joris-Karl Huysmans, French writer (b. 1848)
 August 15 – Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (b. 1831)
 August 16 – James Hector, Scottish geologist (b. 1834)
 September 4 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (b. 1843)
 September 6 – Sully Prudhomme, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1829)
 November 16 – Robert I, Duke of Parma, last ruling Duke of Parma (b. 1848)
 November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish writer, painter, and architect (b. 1869)
 December 8 – King Oscar II of Sweden (b. 1829)
 December 17 – Lord Kelvin, Irish-born physicist and engineer (b. 1824)
1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 April 19 – Michel Fokine's Le Spectre de la Rose debuts in Monte Carlo with Nijinsky in the title role
 June 13 – Michel Fokine's Petrushka debuts in Paris with Nijinsky in the title role
 December 14 – Roald Amundsen arrived the south pole

Date unknown 
 The Secret Garden is published
 Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition is published

Births 
 February 6 – Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States (d. 2004)
 June 24 – Juan Manuel Fangio, legendary Formula 1 driver

Deaths 
 January 17 – Sir Francis Galton
 March 1 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
 April 25 – Emilio Salgari
 May 18 – Gustav Mahler
 May 21 – Williamina Fleming
 May 29 – William S. Gilbert
 June 9 – Carrie Nation
 August 1 – Edwin Austin Abbey
 August 8 – William P. Frye
 September 16 – Edward Whymper
 October 7 – John Hughlings Jackson
 October 14 – John Marshall Harlan
 October 29 – Joseph Pulitzer
 October 31 – John Joseph Montgomery
 December 10 – Joseph Dalton Hooker
Events 
 American Ballet Theatre founded
 January 1 – Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua
 January 11 – The first issue of Look magazine goes on sale in the United States.
 January 19 – Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.
 January 23 – In Moscow, 17 leading Communists go on trial accused of participating in a plot led by Leon Trotsky to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime and assassinate its leaders.
 January 31 – Ohio River floods
 January 31 – 31 people executed in the Soviet Union for "Trotskyism"
 March 18 – 300 students and teachers die after an exploson is a caused by a gas leak at the New London school in Texas.
 May 7 – the German zeppelin (airship) LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire, while trying to land in New Jersey.
 October - Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina orders the execution of the Haitian population living within its borderlands with Haiti, resulting in the Parsley Massacre.

Births 
January 8 - Shirley Bassey, Welsh singer
January 30 - Vanessa Redgrave, English actress
February 21 - King Harald V of Norway
March 20 – Jerry Reed, American musician (d. 2008)
April 6 – Billy Dee Williams, American actor
April 28 - Saddam Hussein, Iraqi leader (d. 2006)
July 18 – Hunter S. Thompson, American writer and journalist (d. 2005)
December 21 – Jane Fonda, American actress
December 30 - Gordon Banks, English footballer
December 31 - Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor

Hit songs
 "Sweet Leilani" – by Harry Owens, from the movie Waikiki Wedding, won the Academy Award for the best song.
"The Ugly Duckling" () is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. Andersen lavished great care on this story, spending a year perfecting it. It was first published in 1844 with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Nightingale" in New Fairy Tales. The critics liked these stories. Andersen considered the story "a reflection of my own life." The moral of the tale: "it does not matter if you were born in a duck yard if you have lain in a swan's egg." The tale has been adapted to various media such as animated movies.

Story 
A mother duck hatches six pretty little ducklings. A seventh bird is hatched. He is homely. The other ducks abuse him. He runs away. He is given a home by an old woman. Her cat and hen do not like him. He runs away again. Winter comes and a kind farmer gives him a home. The little bird almost dies. Spring comes. The "ugly duckling" has grown into a beautiful swan. The other swans welcome him as their own. They bow to him. He is happy for the first time in his life.

Notes

References
 Wullschlager, Jackie. 2000. Hans Christian Andersen. Knopf.

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Adlai Ewing Stevenson (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was an American politician. He was vice president of the United States under Grover Cleveland, and ran for President and several other political offices, but lost. He was also first assistant Postmaster General and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois, as well. His grandson of the same name also was a notable politician and writer. Another grandson, McLean Stevenson was an actor. His other grandson was Illinois Senator Adlai Stevenson III.

1835 births
1914 deaths
Politicians from Kentucky
United States representatives from Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
19th-century American politicians
Grover Cleveland
Toledo is a city in Ohio, USA. It was named after Toledo, Spain. It is a large industrial city, and has many factories that make things like car parts and glass. In 1835 and 1836, Ohio and Michigan both claimed to own the city and surrounding territory. Michigan gave up its claim and got the Upper Peninsula in exchange. Toledo is about an hour from Detroit, Michigan. The main highways in and out of Toledo are Interstate 75, Interstate 90, and U.S. 24 (Detroit Boulevard, Telegraph Road). It is the 59th largest city in the United States.

Toledo's manufacturing industry concentrates on automobiles and glass.

Toledo has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).

Famous people from Toledo 
 Jamie Farr, actor (M*A*S*H)
 Katie Holmes, actor
 Joe the Plumber, political activist
 Gloria Steinem, writer

 
County seats in Ohio
1883 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Ohio
The Carpenters were an American musical duo. The members were Richard Carpenter and his sister Karen. Starting in 1969, the duo had many popular songs including "We've Only Just Begun", "Close to You", "Sing", "Rainy Days and Mondays", "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" and others. They continued until Karen's death in 1983 of bulimia in Downey, California. They sold over 100 million albums.

Albums 
 Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969)
 Close to You (1970)
 Carpenters (1971)
 A Song for You (1972)
 Now & Then (1973)
 Horizon (1975)
 A Kind of Hush (1976)
 Passage (1977)
 Christmas Portrait (1978)
 Made in America (1981)

Posthumous releases 
 Voice of the Heart (1983)
 An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984)
 Lovelines (1989)
 As Time Goes By (2004)

Other websites
Official site

1969 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups from Los Angeles
People from Downey, California
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1960s establishments in California
1980s disestablishments in California
Jerry Reed (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008) was an American country music singer and actor.  Best known for his songs "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot You're Hot" and "Eastbound and Down", he also acted in several movies including Smokey and the Bandit and The Waterboy. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He died in Nashville, Tennessee due to complications from emphysema.

Other websites 

1937 births
2008 deaths
American movie actors
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
The Bee Gees were a British–Australian pop group. For most of its history, the band consisted of three brothers all of whom were born on the Isle of Man, a British Crown Dependency. The  brothers, Barry Gibb (born 1 September 1946), and twins Maurice Gibb (22 December 1949 – 12 January 2003) and Robin Gibb (22 December 1949 – 20 May 2012), started singing at a young age when living in Manchester. In the late 1960s, the band briefly expanded to include Australian born Vince Melouney and Colin Petersen. When the band reformed a couple of years after splitting in 1969, Australian born Geoff Bridgford briefly became a member. The Bee Gees existed for almost 40 years They are most famous for their album, Saturday Night Fever, the soundtrack for the movie of the same name. They stopped performing after Maurice died. The two other brothers reunited as a duo in 2009. In 2012 Robin died. They had a younger brother, Andy Gibb (1958–1988), who was also a singer.

Group history
The Gibb brothers were born on the Isle of Man, then lived in Manchester, England, before moving to Australia in 1958. It was in Australia that the Bee Gees' band was formed. In January 1967, the Gibb brothers returned to England where their band the Bee Gees started to become internationally famous. In 1967, Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney joined the band but by the end the decade both had left and the brothers themselves had briefly gone their separate ways, only to reform in 1970. Between 1970 and 1972, Geoff Bridgford was a member of the Bee Gees. In 1975, the brothers relocated to the United States.

Other websites
Hear the Bee Gees  on the Pop Chronicles

1958 establishments in Australia
1950s music groups
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Australian pop music groups
Disco groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1958
Musical groups from Queensland
Pop music groups
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Rock bands
Soul bands
2010s disestablishments in Australia
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Improverts are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are a part of the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to Who's Line is it Anyway?, Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games. 

They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students). 

Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes  are a favourite of theirs.

Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes

Other websites 
Official website : - Reviews/extra gig information and a list of past players and crew

Comedy
Scottish entertainers
Edinburgh
Events 
 January 10 – First meeting of the United Nations.
 August 16 - Muslim League began "Direct Action Day" which killed 10,000 people from Kolkata.
 AIESEC started

Births 
 January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bass guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
 January 19 – Dolly Parton, American country singer
 January 22 – Malcolm McLaren, music manager
 March 8 - Randy Meisner, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
 March 12 – Frank Welker, American actor
 May 10- Donovan, Scottish musician
 July 6 – George W. Bush, American politician, 43rd President of the United States
 August 1 - Chris Tulloch, English filmmaker
 August 19 – Bill Clinton, American politician 42nd President of the United States
 August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
 September 1 – Barry Gibb, Singer/Songwriter (Bee Gees)
 September 5 — Freddie Mercury, British Singer/Songwriter (Queen) (d. 1991; AIDS)
 October 29 - Peter Green, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2020)
 November 4 – Laura Bush, 45th First Lady of the United States
 November 6 - Fred Penner, Canadian children’s musician
 November 24 - Ted Bundy, English serial killer (d. 1989; executed)
 November 26 - Mark L. Lester, American film director
 November 28 - Joe Dante, American film director
 December 16 - Benny Andersson, Swedish pianist (ABBA)
 December 28 – Edgar Winter, Albino pop musician (The Edgar Winter Group)
 December 30 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet

Deaths 
 December 25 – WC Fields
 August 13 – H.G. Wells

New books 
All the King's Men – Robert Penn Warren
Bridge on the Drina – Ivo Andric
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – Benjamin Spock
Delta Wedding – Eudora Welty
I Spit On Your Grave – Boris Vian
Jule – George Wylie Henderson
The Littlest Angel – Charles Tazewell
The Miracle of the Rose – Jean Genet
Mr. President – Miguel Angel Asturias
Mister Roberts – Thomas Heggen
The Story Of Dorothy Stanfield – Oscar Micheaux
Strawberry Girl – Lois Lenski
The Street – Ann Lane Petty
Then and Now – W. Somerset Maugham
''The Adventures of Tintin
Sergio Aragonés Domenech (; born September 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist. He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico. He is most famous for his cartoons for MAD Magazine and the comic book Groo the Wanderer.

References 

Cartoonists
Spanish people
1937 births
Living people
Lisa Bonet (born Lisa Michelle Bonet; November 16, 1967), also known as Lilakoi Moon, is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Denise Huxtable on television series, The Cosby Show and A Different World. She was also married to singer Lenny Kravitz from 1987 to 1993. She is of African American and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Belarus, Moldova, Poland and Russia) descent.

References

Other websites 

1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
Bonet,Lisa
Actors from San Francisco
American Jews
African American actors
Jewish American actors
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family.

History

Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in the Americas.  The earliest know use of tobacco comes  from  nicotine residue from a  pipe in the Southeastern United States.  It is Radiocarbon dated  at  1685-1530 BC.  Europeans in the Americas learned to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became very popular. At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe.

The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe. This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade. In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. Rolfe was the first  non-native farmer to use nicotiana tabacum, which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. He also married Pocahontas, a Native American woman who became famous when she went to live in London.

In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco.

In 1864 the first American tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually. By 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals. Today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients.

Tobacco and health

Tobacco users (especially smokers) and people around them (with passive smoking) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide". There are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic. Sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer. Smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller.

Countries that grow tobacco

References

Smoking
Carcinogens
The Rocky Mountains (often 'The Rockies') are a range of mountains in the western United States and Canada. They stretch from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. The Rocky Mountains are more than 3,000 miles long (4,800 kilometers). 
The highest point in the Rocky Mountains is Mt. Elbert. Mt. Elbert is 14,433 ft tall (4,401m)

The Rocky Mountains are relatively new, formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago (mya) during the Laramide orogeny. North America began to move westwards as Pangaea broke up. A number of tectonic plates began to slide under the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers has sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. 

The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces. The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.

In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 mya, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.

References 

Mountains of the United States
Western United States
Mountains of Canada
Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City. It also covers the same area as Kings County. Brooklyn is the second largest borough in land area. 
In the early 21st century, about 2.5 million live there. This is more than in any of the other four boroughs.

Brooklyn is the west end of Long Island.  The East River separates it from Manhattan in the north. Brooklyn's only land boundary is with Queens in the east.  Jamaica Bay separates Brooklyn from Rockaway in the south.  The Narrows separates Brooklyn from Staten Island in the west. 

Coney Island is the south end of Brooklyn.  The Brooklyn Museum is near the middle of Brooklyn, near Prospect Park.

History 
Brooklyn is named after a Dutch town called "Breukelen". Dutch people were the first people from Europe to live in the area. When they got there, there were already some Native American people living there called the Lenape. The Dutch started the town in 1634 as part of the colony of New Netherland.

During the 19th century Brooklyn expanded and filled Kings County. It remained a separate city before the people there voted to join New York City in 1898. Today, many parts of Brooklyn are home to people who are mostly from one culture or ethnicity. Other parts are mixed.

The Brooklyn Bridge is old and famous. It goes over the East River and connects Downtown Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan. The longest bridge in New York, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in Bay Ridge connects Brooklyn to Staten Island.

References

County seats in New York
 
1634 establishments in North America
1630s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York
Cornish is a very old language from Cornwall in the southwest of England. Cornish is a Celtic language and is very similar to Welsh and is related to Gaelic.

History 
A long time ago, Cornish was the only language spoken in Cornwall, but more and more people began to speak English, instead of Cornish. In 1550, when the prayer book was written in English instead of Latin, the Cornish people got angry and there was a rebellion. Because many Cornish-speakers died and  they would now hear the Bible in English, Cornish was used less and less.

By 1800, only a few people could speak Cornish, and since no one spoke it to one another any more, Cornish became endangered.

People say that a woman called Dolly Pentreath was the last person who could speak Cornish. That is not quite true, but she was one of the last people to use it instead of English.

Methods of spreading 
Some people learned about Cornish by traveling around talking to people who could still speak it and by reading old plays and books. Some people wanted to learn the language and speak it and so in 1904 a learned man, Henry Jenner, wrote a book to help people. Some people then began to learn the language and speak it again.

Today 
No one knows how many Cornish-speakers there are now. People think that about 8,000 to 13,000 people probably speak Cornish. Some young people have grown up speaking it. Most people in Cornwall know a few sentences or words in Cornish. In 100 years, Cornish has grown from almost no speakers to many thousands, which is very exciting for many people.

There are now many new books, films and songs in Cornish. The Bible has now been translated into Cornish. There is an event, the open Gorseth, with a story and poetry competition. Sometimes, Cornish is used in churches.

There used to be a problem with Cornish: three different dictionaries had different spellings, and people did not agree about how to write words or say them. That was confusing for people when they have not been speaking for long. In 2008, people who used different types of Cornish came together and agreed on a new standard form of Cornish to be used everywhere.

Sample phrases 

 Kernowek: Cornish
 Kernow: Cornwall
 Den: Man
 Benyn: Woman
 Gorthugher da: Good afternoon
 Dydh da!: Good day!
 Duw genes!: Goodbye!
 Onen hag oll: One and all.

References

Other websites 

 Ferdinand, Siarl (2013). Brief History of the Cornish language, its revival and its current situation. E-Keltoi,  2, 199–227

Celtic languages
Cornwall
Languages of Europe
The Watergate scandal was a major scandal during and after the 1972 presidential election. 

United States President and Republican Richard Nixon was running for election against Democrat George McGovern. Frank Wills, a security guard, discovered clues that former FBI and CIA agents broke into the offices of the Democratic Party and George McGovern months before the election. These people listened to phone lines, and secret papers were stolen. 

When these men were found, it turned out that Nixon was involved and he had helped them cover it all up and might have even hired the men. The Washington Post was a newspaper which played a big role in exposing the misdoings, specifically reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. This showed the public that Nixon was not to be trusted, and society began to view him in a different light.

Nixon chose to resign from office on August 9, 1974 because he wished not to be impeached. This means that he might have been charged with crimes. The U.S. Congress could not impeach him if he resigned. After this, Gerald Ford, his vice-president, became the President by default. Ford later forgave and pardoned Nixon for all of his crimes. The name "Watergate" comes from the hotel in Washington, D.C. where the first crime took place and is often associated with political scandals.

Other resources
Brittanica

1970s crimes
1970s in the United States
Burglary
Cyan is the color halfway between blue and green on the color wheel.  It is one of the primary (main) colors of ink in an inkjet printer, along with black, yellow and magenta.

Cyan is a secondary color of light, along with magenta and yellow. The primary colors of light are: blue, red and green. Cyan is made by mixing green and blue light.

Cyan is the opposite of red and is halfway between green and blue.

Meaning of cyan
 Cyan is associated with making someone feel better and protection, as well as being associated with good health from getting exercise by going swimming.  This is because the water in a swimming pool is usually colored cyan from having a plaster white bottom that reflects the blue sky.  The tiles of a swimming pool are often colored cyan, which makes the cyan color of the water in a swimming pool even more intense.

 Cyan is a restful, calming color that symbolizes relaxation, especially that shade of cyan known as bright turquoise (shown below) which can be the color of the water in lagoons in tropical countries where people go swimming on their vacation.

 The shade of Cyan called medium aquamarine (shown below) is used for the uniforms of nurses and surgeons and also used to paint rooms in hospitals because it is regarded as a color that calms and relaxes the patients.

Tones of the Cyan color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
 Aqua
 Aquamarine
 Blue-green
 Electric blue
 Teal
 Turquoise
 Viridian
La Liga Filipina was a group created by Doctor Jose Rizal on July 3, 1982 in the Philippines. 
The aims were:

To unite the whole archipelago into one society with equality for Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines.
Mutual protection in every want and need;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
Study and application of reforms.

Jose Rizal tried very hard to make it a peaceful group. But the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. On the night of July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal to be deported to Dapitan.

After Rizal's arrest, La Liga Filipina became inactive. Then it was reorganized by Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio. The society broke apart into two separate groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the La Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines.

Philippines
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in the Philippines
Sir Elton Hercules John  (birth name Reginald Kenneth Dwight, born 25 March 1947 in Pinner, Middlesex, England), better known simply as Elton John, is an English singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. He started his music career immediately after leaving school. Elton John was the biggest music star in the 1970s.

Early life 
Elton John was born in 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex. He was eldest child Stanley Dwight and Sheila Eileen. He was educated in Pinner.

Career
John became famous in the early 1970s when he and lyricist Bernie Taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded. John became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality. He composed several musicals. He also composed the music for the animated movies The Lion King (1994) and The Road to El Dorado (2000). He is active in charity work. In 1997, in honor of Diana, Princess of Wales, John co-wrote and released a version of his hit Candle in the Wind. That became the world's best-selling single of all time. It sold 37 million copies within two months.

Outside of music, John has raised millions of pounds for people living with HIV and AIDS through the Elton John AIDS Foundation.

Awards

John has received the following awards.

Academy Awards
 1995: Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King
 2020: Best Original Song for “(I’m Gonna) Love Me Again” from Rocketman

Grammy Awards
 1987: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "That's What Friends Are For", performed by Dionne Warwick & Friends (award shared with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder)
 1991: Best Instrumental Composition for "Basque", performed by James Galway
 1995: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" 
 1997: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Candle in the Wind 1997"
 1999: Grammy Legend Award
 2001: Best Musical Show Album for Elton John & Tim Rice's Aida (award shared with Guy Babylon, Paul Bogaev & Chris Montan (producers), Tim Rice (lyricist) and the original Broadway cast with Heather Headley, Adam Pascal, and Sherie Rene Scott)

Tony Awards
 2000: Best Original Musical Score for Aida

Personal life
John has had treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and bulimia nervosa.

In 2005, John entered a civil partnership with David Furnish. They had been together for 12 years.  On 21 December 2014, John and Furnish married. Guests at their wedding included English former footballer David Beckham along with his wife Victoria Beckham and their younger sons and their daughter. Their eldest son, who is also John's godson, was not present.

Discography
Studio albums

References 

1947 births
Brit Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Grammy Award winners
Living people
English LGBT people
English pianists
English rock musicians
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from London
Musicians from Middlesex
Singers from London
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Companions of Honour
The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They became known for high energy live shows. The Who have sold about 100 million records.  Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time.

The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed. Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States.

Keith Moon died in 1978. The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983. They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57. Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire."

The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.

Discography
Studio albums
 My Generation (1965)
 A Quick One (1966)
 The Who Sell Out (1967)
 Tommy (1969)
 Who's Next (1971)
 Quadrophenia (1973)
 The Who by Numbers (1975)
 Who Are You (1978)
 Face Dances (1981)
 It's Hard (1982)
 Endless Wire (2006)
 TBA (2015)

Other websites
Hear the Who on the Pop Chronicles. 

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from London
Warner Bros. Records artists