cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Dodder, Cuscuta, is a genus of about 100–170 species of parasitic flowering plants. 

Recent genetic research has shown that it is correctly placed in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. 

The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Most species live in subtropical and tropical regions. The genus is rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe.

Appearance
Dodder can be identified by its thin stems. They look leafless, with the leaves reduced to minute scales. 

From mid-summer to early autumn, the vines can produce small fruit that take the same color as the vine, and are about the size of a common pea.  It has very low levels of chlorophyll; some species, such as Cuscuta reflexa, can photosynthesize slightly. Others such as C. europaea are entirely dependent on the host plants for nutrition. 

Dodder flowers range in color from white to pink to yellow to cream. Some flower in the early summer, others later, depending on the species. The seeds are tiny, and produced in large amounts. They have a hard coating, and can survive in the soil for 5–10 years or more.

Life habit 
Dodder seeds sprout at or near the surface of the soil.  Germination occurs without a host, but the seedling must reach a green plant quickly. Dodder grows toward the smell of nearby plants. 

If a plant is not reached within 5 to 10 days of germination, the dodder seedling will die. Before a host plant is reached, the dodder, as other plants, relies on food reserves in the embryo; the cotyledons are very small.

Parasitism
After a dodder attaches itself to a plant, it wraps itself around it. If the host contains food useful to dodder, the dodder produces 'haustoria' that insert themselves into the host. The original root of the dodder in the soil then dies. 

The dodder can grow and attach itself to multiple plants. In tropical areas it can grow continuously, and may reach high into the canopy of shrubs and trees. In temperate climates it is an annual plant, restricted to low vegetation that can be reached by new seedlings each spring.

Dodder is parasitic on a very wide variety of plants, including a number of agricultural and horticultural crop species, such as alfalfa, flax, clover, potatoes, chrysanthemum, dahlia, trumpet vine, ivy and petunias, among others.

References 

Convolvulaceae
Parasitic plants
Kangaroo Island is Australia's third-largest island after Tasmania and Melville Island. 

It is  southwest of Adelaide in the state of South Australia.

At its closest point to the mainland, it is  offshore from Cape Jervis.  

The island is  long and between  and  wide, its area covering . Its coastline is  long and highest altitude is .

Wildlife and its protection

More than half of the island has never been cleared of vegetation, and a quarter of it is conserved in National Parks, Conservation Parks, and five Wilderness Protection Areas. The main protected areas are:
 Flinders Chase National Park
 Seal Bay Conservation Park
 Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park
 Cape Bouguer Wilderness Protection Area
 Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area

Because of its isolation from mainland Australia, foxes and rabbits are not there. People are forbidden to bring them into the island. Registration and microchipping of cats is complulsory. 

The Kangaroo Island kangaroo, Rosenberg's sand goanna, southern brown bandicoot, Tammar wallaby, common brushtail possum, short-beaked Echidna and New Zealand fur seal are native to the island, as well as six bat and frog species. The sole endemic (found nowhere else) vertebrate species is a small marsupial carnivore called the Kangaroo Island dunnart. The koala, common ringtail possum and Platypus have been introduced and still survive there. Kangaroo Island had a native species of emu, the Kangaroo Island emu which became extinct between 1802 and official European settlement in 1836. Perhaps this was caused by bushfires or hunting by sealers or whalers.

The introduced koalas have flourished so well on the island that their preferred food source, the manna gum tree, is at risk of local extinction. Koalas have recently been forced to turn to other, less tasty, plants. Park Management has been searching for a solution.

Tourism 
The island is a major tourist attraction.

References 

Islands of Australia
Geography of South Australia
Southampton Central railway station is the main train station in Southampton. It is served by First Great Western, South West Trains, CrossCountry & Southern.

It has services terminating for Portsmouth and Southsea, Great Malvern, London Waterloo, Newcastle and other services.

References

Railway stations in England
Arriva Trains Wales () was a train operating company, owned by Arriva, that operated passenger services in Wales and the Welsh Marches. Its busiest stations were ,  and . Other stations on their main line included: , ,  and .

Description 
 
The company operates the Wales and Border railway franchise from the company of the same name in December 2003. They have made direct services between North and South Wales, and the reintroduction of passenger services on freight-only portions of the Vale of Glamorgan Line and Ebbw Vale Line.

It operates on a gauge of 1435 mm, over a route length: 1691 km, with 253 DMU cars and 22 passenger coaches.

Arriva Trains Wales operates almost all services in Wales, with the exception of:

/ to London Paddington (First Great Western)
 to  and  (First Great Western)
 to  and  (CrossCountry)
//Wrexham General to London Euston (Virgin Trains)

References

Other websites
 
 Arriva Trains Wales official website

2003 establishments in the United Kingdom
Birmingham
Rail transport in Wales
Train operating companies
2000s establishments in Wales
There are several companies operating trains in the United Kingdom. These include the operators of passenger services, which are, rather confusingly, officially referred to as "train operating companies" or TOCs, as distinct from "freight operating companies".

Passenger operators in Great Britain

Passenger operator structure in Great Britain

Current passenger operators 
The following operate the services that comprise the National Rail network in Great Britain.

There are also several heritage lines and light rail systems.

Defunct operating companies
A number of operating companies have ceased to exist for a number of reasons, including premature withdrawal of the franchise; the natural term of the franchise has expired; bankruptcy; or there has been a merger.

Future operators
Crossrail, a franchise to be let by TfL managing the cross London Maidenhead/Heathrow to Shenfield/Abbey Wood rail link. It will take over control of its first services from 2014 with the full franchise operating from 2018.
Renaissance Trains, the owner of Wrexham & Shropshire, has proposed running services to several destinations under a number of brand names:
Glasgow Trains has proposed to run services between Glasgow to Blackpool, Liverpool and Nottingham.
Humber Coast & City Railway are planning to run services between Cleethorpes and Lincoln to Stratford, London via Peterborough and Cambridge.
Alliance Rail
Go! Cooperative will operate a service between Yeovil and Oxford, via Melksham.

Passenger operators in Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland passenger trains are still government-owned, under the auspices of Translink. The following brands are used:

Northern Ireland Railways - (domestic services)
Enterprise - (Belfast-Dublin service, jointly operated by Iarnród Éireann)

Railtour operators
Compass Tours
DPS Railtours
Stobart Pullman
Pathfinder Tours
Scottish Railway Preservation Society
Venice-Simplon Orient Express
Vintage Trains
Retro Railtours
Green Express Railtours
Kingfisher Railtours

In Northern Ireland
Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
Irish Traction Group
The Modern Railway Society of Ireland

Freight operators

Colas Rail
Direct Rail Services (incorporating Stobart Rail service)
DB Schenker Rail (replaced English, Welsh and Scottish Railway)
Freightliner
GBRf
Mendip Rail

References

British railway-related lists
Post-privatisation British railway companies
Lists of companies
Abhar is a  city in northwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 55,266 people living there.

References 

Cities in Iran
Colugos are gliding mammals in the order Dermoptera. 

There are two living species, found in south-east Asia. They are also called 'flying lemurs', though they are not lemurs (all lemurs are in Madagascar). They can glide long distances, as they have a thin membrane stretched to the ends of the tail and each limb.

Life style 
Colugos live in the tropical rain forests of southeast Asia. Their diet includes leaves and young shoots. During the day they rest high in the trees, clinging to trunks or hiding in tree holes. At dusk they become active, gliding from trunk to trunk like sheets of paper blown on the wind. The young are carried clinging to the flight membrane.

Habitat 
Colugos range from Burma, Indochina and southern Thailand to peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java. They also occur throughout Borneo. A second colugo species inhabits the southern Philippines.

Mammals of Asia
A main battle tank (MBT), also called a battle tank, is a tank that is used as the most powerful combat vehicle in modern armies. They were made to replace the light, medium and heavy tanks used in World War II with just one tank. Lighter armor made it easier to put bigger guns on tanks without adding weight. Light tanks are still used in places where heavy ones cannot go.

MBT's are the main force in ground fights but get help from other combat vehicles and soldiers who travel in infantry combat vehicles. They also get help from observation or attack aircraft.

History

Cold War

Medium tanks were the earliest MBTs. MBTs started replacing medium tanks when guns on medium tanks became powerful enough to win against heavy tanks. Heavy tanks could not carry armor strong enough to win against medium tanks.

The nuclear weapon threat and other anti-tank weapons in the Cold War made countries add more protection to survive in all types of combat. Weapon designers made powerful cannons to defeat the armor.

The British Centurion is generally considered to have been the world’s first main battle tank, although the term was not popularised until long after it entered service.  The British followed this up with the Chieftain main battle tank, which entered service in 1966.  The first Soviet main battle tank was the T-64 and the first American MBT was the M60 Patton. By the late 1970s, MBT's were manufactured by France, West Germany, Britain, India, Japan, the USSR, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

The Soviet Union made MBTs very quickly because it needed them for their type of war. The Soviet Union improved the cannon by replacing the loader crewman with an automatic autoloader. This made the turret smaller which also makes the tank harder to see or hit The Soviet Union made missiles that could be shot much farther than other ammunition.

Gulf War 
After the Cold War, American tanks quickly defeated Iraqi tanks in the Gulf War. The American MBTs were still not as good as attack helicopters at destroying Iraqi tanks. Some said that the MBTs could not stop an enemy force from attacking.

References

Tanks
Vivekananda (Shami Bibekānondo) (January 12, 1863–July 4, 1902) was the chief disciple of Shri Ramakrishna Paramahansa. At birth, he was called Narendranath Datta (Bengali: নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত). He was the founder of Ramakrishna Mission. He introduced Hindu philosophy of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and America. He brought Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the end of the 19th century. Vivekananda is considered to be a major force in the revival of Hinduism in modern India. He is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech beginning with "Sisters and Brothers of America". Through this he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions at Chicago in 1893.

Childhood
Swami Vivekananda was born in Shim-la Pally in Calcutta on 12 January 1863. He was named Narendranath Datta. His father Vishwanath Datta was an attorney of Calcutta High Court. His mother was Bhuvaneshwari Devi. Narendranath's thinking and personality were influenced by his parents—the father by his rational mind and the mother by her religious temperament. From his mother he learnt the power of self-control. Young Narendra was an expert in meditation and could enter the state of samadhi very easily. He saw a light while falling asleep. Once he had a vision of Buddha during his meditation. During his childhood, he had a great fascination for wandering ascetics and monks. He was also an expert in games and naughty things. Even in his young age he showed remarkable leadership qualities. His childhood friend was Kamal Reddy.

Youth
In his youth he visited the ramakrishna Samaj and later he came in contact with Sri Ramakrishna. Sri Ramakrishna initiated him, and after his death Naren left his house and went on to found the Ramkrishna movement

Vivekananda's mission
Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to humankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions.

Related pages
 Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School

References 

1863 births
1902 deaths
Hindus
The Tasmanian Wilderness is a term that is used for a range of areas in Tasmania, Australia.

The World Heritage Areas in South West Tasmania, Western Tasmania and Central Highlands are the most well known.

However, there are also other wilderness areas in Tasmania, Tarkine and the Cradle mountain wilderness. There is also an organisation known as the Tasmanian Wilderness Society.

The World Heritage Area is one of the largest conservation areas in Australia, covering 13,800 km², or almost 20% of Tasmania. The area constitutes one of the last expanses of temperate wilderness in the world, including the renowned South West Wilderness. The area became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, and it was extended in 1989. It is important for both its natural value but also its cultural values as well.

Remains found in limestone caves show that humans have lived in the area for well over 20,000 years.

The Tasmanian Tiger was the largest Dasyuromorphia and the last living specimen of the family Thylacinidae. The last known specimen died in captivity in 1936.p77 The world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the Tasmanian Devil; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger.p46 It became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in Tasmania.p69

World Heritage area
The following National Parks and reserves make up the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area:
 Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
 Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
 Hartz Mountains National Park
 Mole Creek Karst National Park
 Southwest National Park
 Walls of Jerusalem National Park
 Central Plateau Conservation Area
 Devils Gullet State Reserve
 South East Mutton Bird Islet

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites 

 World heritage listing for Tasmanian Wilderness
 Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service site 
 Position of World Heritage Area 
 UNESCO site
Valeri Mikhailovich Zelepukin (born September 17, 1968 in Voskresensk, URS) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a total of 11 seasons in the NHL; 7 with the New Jersey Devils, 1 with the Edmonton Oilers, 2 with the Philadelphia Flyers and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He moved back to Russia in 2002 and retired. He won the Stanley Cup with the New Jersey Devils in 1995.

Other websites

1968 births
Living people
Russian ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
New Jersey Devils players
Philadelphia Flyers players
American Hockey League players
Mikhail Yakubov (born February 16, 1982 in Barnaul, Russian SFSR) is a retired Russian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League. Yakubov also played in the NHL for a total of 3 seasons; 2 with the Chicago Blackhawks and 1 with the Florida Panthers. He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 10th overall pick in the 2000 NHL Draft.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Other websites

1982 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Red Deer Rebels players
Russian ice hockey players
Ice hockey centres
The elephant shrew, also called sengi, are any of 16 species of rat-sized African mammals named for their long, tapered, and flexible snout (proboscis).  All have slim bodies, slender limbs, and very long hind legs and feet. Although they resemble shrews, they are not insectivores but constitute the mammalian order Macroscelidea.  Long thought to be related to shrews, they are actually more closely related to elephants than to shrews although this was not known or even widely believed until the 1990s.

Description 
Elephant shrews are terrestrial and are active during the day. Their ears and eyes are large, and, when alarmed, they run on their toes swiftly along paths they construct and maintain, sometimes leaping over obstacles. When foraging, they move along the pathways, using their paws and the constantly moving proboscis to turn over leaf litter and soil in search of prey, which consists of small insects (especially ants and termites), other arthropods, and earthworms. Gestation lasts two months, and litters contain one or two well-developed young.

Mammals of Africa
Mammals
Reto von Arx (born 13 September, 1976 in Egerkingen, Switzerland) is a Swiss professional ice hockey left winger that currently plays for the HC Davos of the Swiss National League A. von Arx also played in the NHL for 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks and also for their farm team at the time, the Norfolk Admirals. He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 271st overall pick in the 2000 NHL Draft.

Other websites

1976 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
Swiss ice hockey players
René Gary Wayne Bourque (born December 10, 1981 in Lac La Biche, Alberta) is a former Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Montreal Canadiens, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

Awards 
He was named to the AJHL All-Rookie Team in the 1999–00 AJHL season.
He won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award in the 2004–05 AHL season.
He was named to the AHL All-Rookie Team in the 2004–05 AHL season.

References

Other websites 

1981 births
Living people
First Nations people
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Montreal Canadiens players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
American Hockey League players
Absorption is a condition in which something takes in another substance. It is a physical or chemical phenomenon or  process, in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter in the inner part (called "bulk") of a gas, liquid, or solid material. 

This is a different process from adsorption. Molecules undergoing absorption are going deep into the volume of the material, instead in the case of adsorption molecules stop at the surface of the material. A more general term is sorption, which covers absorption, adsorption, and ion exchange.

Other meanings of "absorption" are:
 Biology: entry of substances through the skin or other boundaries such as the intestine or cell membrane.
 Pharmacology: release of drugs into the blood.
 Physics: receiving of electromagnetic radiation by a material.

Notes 

Physical chemistry
The Syracuse Crunch are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Anaheim Ducks of the NHL. They play their home games in Syracuse, New York at the War Memorial at Oncenter. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Elmira Jackals.

Other websites
Syracuse Crunch's Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Anaheim Ducks
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Syracuse, New York
1994 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New York (state)
The Houston Aeros were an American professional ice hockey team that played from 1994 to 2013 in the American Hockey League. They played in Houston, Texas at the Toyota Center.

On April 19, 2013, it was announced that the team would move to Des Moines, Iowa at the beginning of the 2013–14 AHL season and would be known as the Iowa Wild.

References

Other websites
Houston Aeros' Official Site 

Defunct American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Minnesota Wild
Sports in Houston, Texas
1994 establishments in Texas
2013 disestablishments in the United States
21st-century disestablishments in Texas
Mamata Banerjee () (born 5 January 1955) is the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of West Bengal. She is the first woman Chief Minister of the state. She is also the founder and chairperson of the Trinamool Congress. Mamata Banerjee is also the Minister for Home, Health and Family Welfare, Land and Land Reforms, Information and Cultural Affairs, Hill Affairs, Minority Affairs and Madrassah Education, Agriculture, Power and Personnel and Administrative Reforms departments. She is a good orator. Her followers call her "Didi" (meaning the elder sister).

Mamata Banerjee has defeated the 34-year-old the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front government in West Bengal. That government was the world's longest-serving democratically-elected communist government.

In the past, she was the Minister of Railways twice, Minister of Coal once, and Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Department of Youth Affairs and Sports and Women and Child Development once in the cabinet of the Government of India.

References

Other websites 

 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website 
 Official Party website 
 Profile: by BBC News dated 13 May 2011

|-

1955 births
Living people
Indian politicians
SK Admira Wien is a former football club from Vienna, Austria. It was founded in 1905 by a fusion of the  two clubs „Burschenschaft Einigkeit“ and„Sportklub Vindobona“ which also played in the Jedelsee area of Vienna. The club existed till 1971 when he was merged with  Sportclub Wacker Wien to FC Admira/Wacker.

The most successful aera of the club was in the years between 1926 and 1939 when the club reached seven Austrian national titles and  three Cups. During Nazi occupation of Austria they played in the Gauliga Ostmark. After the Second World War they only reached one title in 1966 and three cup victories. In 1971 the club merged with Wacker Wien and was renamed Admira/Wacker. After financial problems  1997 VFB Mödling and Admira Wacker merges.

Admira players in Austrias team

|-
| 
    Josef Bican
    Michael Breibert
    Fritz Cejka
    Karl Durspekt
    Leopold Facco
    Friedrich Franzl
    Gustav Gerhart
    Erich Habitzl
    Wilhelm Hahnemann
    Josef Hamerl
    Franz Hanreiter
    Anton Janda
    Günter Kaltenbrunner
    Johann Klima
    Anton Koch
    Ferdinand Kolarik
    Gerhard Fleischmann
   Giuseppe Koschier
    Wilhelm Kreuz
    Robert Pavlicek
    Hans Pirkner
    Peter Platzer
    Franz Runge
    Anton Schall
   Johann Schierl
    Karl Schott
    Ignaz Sigl
|
    Karl Skerlan
    Walter Scholz
    Walter Stamm
    Karl Stoiber
    Heinrich Strasser
    Johann Szauer
    Karl Szoldatics
    Johann Urbanek
    Leopold Vogl
    Adolf Vogl
    Josef Wahl
    Rudolf Zöhrer
    Stefan Frühwirth
|}

Wien, SK Admira
Football clubs of Vienna
Spartacus is a 1960 American epic historical drama movie directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the novel of the same name by Howard Fast. The life story of the historical figure Spartacus and the events of the Third Servile War were adapted by Dalton Trumbo as a screenplay.

The movie stars Kirk Douglas as rebellious slave Spartacus and Laurence Olivier as his foe, the Roman general and politician Marcus Licinius Crassus. Co-starring are Peter Ustinov (who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as slave trader Lentulus Batiatus), John Gavin (as Julius Caesar), Jean Simmons, Charles Laughton, John Ireland, Herbert Lom, Woody Strode, Tony Curtis, John Dall and Charles McGraw. The movie won four Oscars in all.

The titles were designed by Saul Bass.

Anthony Mann, the film's original director, was replaced by Douglas with Kubrick after the first week of shooting.

Release dates

Other websites 

1960 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
1960s historical movies
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Universal Pictures movies
Maria Clementina of Austria (24 April 1777 – 15 November 1801) was an Austrian archduchess and the tenth child and third daughter of Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Luisa of Spain. She was the mother of the famous duchesse de Berry.

Infancy

Archduchess Maria Clementina was born at the Villa del Poggio Imperiale, Poggio Imperiale then located in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany which was then ruled by her father Leopold I (later Holy Roman Emperor) since 1765. She was named after Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, her mothers uncle and brother of Maria Amalia of Saxony, Maria Clementina's maternal grandmother.

Marriage

She was married by proxy to Prince Francis, Duke of Calabria, her first cousin, on 19 September 1790. On 26 June 1797 in Foggia, Maria Clementina married the Duke of Calabria, eldest surviving son of Ferdinand IV of Naples and, Maria Carolina of Austria. Prince Francis was the Heir apparent to both the Neapolitan and Sicilian throne's. This marriage was the last of three between the Austrian and Neapolitan royal families, the previous two being between Archduke Francis, her oldest brother and Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily in 1790 after Archduke Ferdinand and Luisa of Naples and Sicily. They were double first cousins as they shared all their grandparents in common. They had two children. She died in Naples after giving birth to a son the previous year which undermined her health. She is thought to have died from lung disease or tuberculosis. She was buried in Basilica of Santa Chiara, Naples with her son. 

After her death, her husband married Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain, again his first cousin, the youngest surviving daughter of Charles IV of Spain (brother of Maria Clementina's mother) and Maria Luisa of Parma. 

Her only daughter Carolina, married Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry in April 1816. He was the son of Charles X of France and Maria Teresa of Savoy. They were the parents of the French pretender Henri d'Artois, Count of Chambord and the Duchess of Parma making Maria Clementina an ancestress of the present Duke of Calabria and his rival the Duke of Castro.

Issue

 Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily (5 November 1798 – 17 April 1870) married Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and had issue;
 Prince Ferdinando Francesco d'Assisi of Naples and Sicily  (27 August 1800 – 1 July 1801) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

24 April 1777 – 26 June 1797 Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria, Princess of Tuscany
26 June 1797 – 15 November 1801 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Calabria

References

Other websites 

1777 births
1801 deaths
Deaths from lung disease
People from Florence
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Bourbon
Tuscan princes and princesses
"Paparazzi" is a song by American pop singer Lady Gaga from her first album, The Fame (2008). It was released digitally in Ireland and United Kingdom on July 6, 2009 and Australia was released on July 10, 2009 as the last single from the album. It is about a stalker who follows someone to become famous. The music video is eight minutes long.

The song managed to reach number one in Germany; the top five in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the UK; and the top ten in the US.  It became Gaga's fourth consecutive number-one song on Billboard's Pop Songs airplay chart. On February 29, 2016, the Recording Industry Association of America certified "Paparazzi" 4× Platinum for sales and streams equal to four million copies in the United States.

Charts

Year-end charts

References 

2008 songs
2009 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
Chaudière-Appalaches is region of Quebec, Canada. It is named for the Chaudière River and the Appalachian Mountains.

According to the Canadian 2006 census 393,669 people live in Chaudière-Appalaches. It also has an area of . Its main cities are Lévis, Saint-Georges, Thetford Mines, Sainte-Marie and Montmagny.

Subdivisions 
Regional County Municipalities
 Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality
 Bellechasse Regional County Municipality
 La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality
 Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality
 Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality
 L'Islet Regional County Municipality
 Lotbinière Regional County Municipality
 Montmagny Regional County Municipality
 Robert-Cliche Regional County Municipality

Independent City
 Lévis
 Borough of Desjardins
 Borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Est
 Borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Ouest

Major communities
Beauceville
Disraeli
Laurier-Station
Lévis
Montmagny
Saint-Apollinaire
Saint-Georges
Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce
Sainte-Marie
Saint-Pamphile
Thetford Mines

Other websites
Portail régional de la Chaudière-Appalaches  Official website
Tourisme Chaudière-Appalaches

Regions of Quebec
The Binghamton Senators are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2002. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Ottawa Senators of the NHL. They play their home games in Binghamton, New York at the Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Elmira Jackals.

Other websites
Binghamton Senators Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Ottawa Senators
The Cleveland Monsters, known before the 2016–17 season as the Lake Erie Monsters, are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2007. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the NHL. They play their home games in Cleveland, Ohio at the Quicken Loans Arena.

Other websites
Cleveland Monsters Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Columbus Blue Jackets
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Sports in Cleveland, Ohio
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Ohio
In statistics, the interquartile range (IQR) is a number that indicates how spread out the data are, and tells us what the range is in the middle of a set of scores. 

The interquartile range IQR is defined as:

That is, it is calculated as the range of the middle half of the scores. The scores are divided into four equal parts, separated by the quartiles  and , after the scores have been arranged in ascending order (becoming bigger as one goes further). The second quartile  is also known as the median.

The interquartile range is not sensitive to outliers (scores that are much higher or much lower than the other scores). In fact, it eliminates them.

Example
Given the following 20 scores arranged from the smallest to the largest: 
1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 11, 11, 14, 14, 15, 15, 29
We can put them into four different groups of five numbers each:

1, 2, 2, 2, 3 | 4, 6, 8, 8, 8 | 8, 8, 9, 11, 11 | 14, 14, 15, 15, 29

The groups are thus separated by:

Hence the interquartile range is:

If the observation 29 has accidentally been written down as 92 instead, then this number is an outlier. Notice that the interquartile range is not affected in that case.

Related pages 

 Range (statistics)
 Standard deviation

References 

Statistics
The Amami Rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi; Amami: ʔosagi) also known as the Ryukyu Rabbit, is a primitive dark-furred rabbit which is only found in Amami Ōshima and Toku-no-Shima, two small islands in between southern Kyūshū and Okinawa in Kagoshima Prefecture in Japan. Often called a living fossil, the Amami Rabbit is a living remnant of ancient rabbits that once lived on the Asian mainland, where they died out, remaining only on the two small islands where they survive today.

Lagomorphs
Mammals of Asia
Animals of Japan
The Albany Devils are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2010. Right now, they play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the New Jersey Devils of the NHL. They play their home games in Albany, New York at the Times Union Center and sometimes at the Boardwalk Hall. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Trenton Devils.

Other websites
Albany Devils Official Site

2010 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in New York (state)
Albany, New York
American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
New Jersey Devils
The Abbotsford Heat were a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009. They played for 5 seasons in the American Hockey League and were the farm team of the Calgary Flames of the NHL. They played their home games in Abbotsford, British Columbia at the Abbotsford Entertainment & Sports Centre. 

The team struggled with financial problems and had low attendance near the end. The city of Abbotsford terminated their contract with the Heat on April 15, 2014. On May 5, 2014, The AHL's Board of Governors said at their spring meeting in Chicago that they had approved the relocation of the team to Glens Falls, New York for the 2014-15 AHL season.

References

Other websites
Official website

2014 disestablishments in North America
American Hockey League teams
Calgary Flames
Defunct American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in British Columbia
2009 establishments in the United States
The Hamilton Bulldogs are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1996. They play in the Onatrio Hockey League
They formerly played in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL. 
They play their home games in Hamilton, Ontario at the Copps Coliseum which is nicknamed "The Dog Pound".

Other websites
Hamilton Bulldogs Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Montreal Canadiens
Sport in Hamilton
The Oklahoma City Barons are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2010. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Edmonton Oilers of the NHL. They play their home games in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the Cox Convention Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Stockton Thunder.

Other websites
Oklahoma City Barons Official Site 

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
2010 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Oklahoma
The Milwaukee Admirals are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2001. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Nashville Predators of the NHL. They play their home games in Milwaukee, Wisconsin at UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Cincinnati Cyclones.

Other websites
Milwaukee Admirals Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Nashville Predators
Sports in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Tennessee
The Hershey Bears are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1938 which makes them the longest-existing team in the AHL. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Washington Capitals of the NHL. They play their home games in Hershey, Pennsylvania at the Giant Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the South Carolina Stingrays. The Bears have won a total of 11 Calder Cups.

Other websites
Hershey Bears Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Washington Capitals
1938 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
In the United States, Social Security is the term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. That program is run by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935. The current version of the Act, as amended, involves many social welfare and social insurance programs.

Social Security gets its money through payroll taxes. Those taxes are called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Almost all salaried income, up to an certain amount set by law (see tax rate table below), is taxed by the Social Security payroll tax. All income over the set amount is not taxed. In 2019, the maximum amount of taxable money is $132,900.

In 2017, Social Security spent $806.7 billion for OASDI and $145.8 billion for DI.

History

A limited form of the Social Security program started during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term. It started using "social insurance" to help during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

References

Other websites
 Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance ("OASDI')
 Social Security Administration
 Social Security Advisory Board
 Social Security Retirement Questions FAQ
 Duties of Social Security Disability Attorneys
 Social Security Internet Myths part 1, Social Security Internet Myths part 2
 Congressional Budget Office: Social Security Primer (2001)
 US Government Accountability Office, Social Security Reform: Answers to Key Questions
 Social Security Act of 1935
 Social Security Amendments of 1983
 Calculators
 Social Security benefit calculators
 Urban Institute's USA TODAY Lifetime Social Security and Medicare Benefits Calculator
 More information
 Commission to Strengthen Social Security
 Social Security Advisory Board
 President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security
 75th Anniversary of Social Security at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Museum and Library
 TimeLines of US SSI Numbers  (Years Numbers States)
 Social Security Death Index Information
 Articles
 
 Social Security: Major Decisions in the House and Senate Since 1935 Congressional Research Service (2016)
 Social Security's Financial Outlook and Reforms: An Independent Evaluation, Jagadeesh Gokhale, member of the Social Security Advisory Board advising Congress and the President
 Time Archives  A Collection regarding Social Security's progression and perception over time

Taxation
Welfare economics
Maria Francisca of Savoy (Marie Françoise Élisabeth; 21 June 1646 – 27 December 1683) was a Princess of Savoy and the Queen consort of Portugal twice as the wife of Afonso VI and his brother Peter II.

Biography

The younger daughter of Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours, and Élisabeth de Bourbon she was the younger sister of Marie Jeanne, Duchess of Savoy who married Victor Amadeus II in 1666. She was baptised with the names Marie Françoise Élisabeth, but was known as "Marie Françoise". 

Born a princess of Savoy, her immediate family had resided in France since the previous century. Styled Mademoiselle d'Aumale she was engaged to Afonso VI of Portugal by order of Louis XIV who wanted an alliance with Portugal against Spain. As such, the young queen left Paris on 29 May 1666, with the Marquis of Sande and his entourage, heading to La Rochelle. On 27 June there was a proxy ceremony where Afonso VI was represented by Sande. She bought a dowry of 1.8 Million pounds as part of an agreement which was signed on 24 February 1666. She arrived had her marriage in person on 2 August 1666. Her husband was pleased at his attractive wife. Her husband was paralysed on his left side and mentally unstable. The marriage was never consummated, and she divorced him. 

On 28 March 1668, she married Afonso's brother, Infante Pedro, Duke of Beja, who was appointed prince regent the same year. The king was exiled for seven years and died in 1683. Maria Francisca again becaf Portugal for the second time when Peter succeeded his brother as Peter II in 1683. She died in December the same year and was buried at the "Convent of the Francesinhas", but was moved to the "Monastery of São Vicente de Fora" in 1912. Pedro II remarried Maria Sofia of Neuburg by whom he had several children.

Children

Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal (6 January 1669 - 21 October 1690) died unmarried and was known as the Princess of Beira as heiress presumptive to the Portuguese throne.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

21 June 1646 – 2 August 1666 Her Highness Mademoiselle d'Aumale
2 August 1666 – 21 December 1668 Her Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
21 December 1668 – 2 April 1668 Dona Maria Francisca de Bragança
2 April 1668 – 12 September 1683 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Beja
12 September 1683 – 27 December 1683 Her Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves

1646 births
1683 deaths
House of Braganza
Kings and Queens consort of Portugal
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
SV Grödig is an Austrian football club from Grödig near Salzburg, Austria . The team plays  in the Regionalliga Salzburg, the third highest league in Austrian football.

History
The club was founded in 1948 and played till the 1990s in different classes of the SFV (Salzburger football association). In the 1990s they won 4 championships. 2003 they promoted to the Regionalliga West(3rd division). 2006 Eduard Glieder, a former team player became coach of SV Grödig, they reached the 6th place. The next year Heimo Pfeifenberger, another former team player became coach. 2008 they were promoted to the 1.Division, the second level in Austrian football. The first year was not successful and they were relegated to the Regionalliga. 2009/10 they won the league and were again promoted to the First Division. The season 2010/11 was successful, they reached th 6th place. After this success the president announced, that the aim for the next season is reaching a top position. Therefore,  the team was chanced and 6 players left the club. 2012/13 they won the league under coach Adi Hütter and were promoted to the Bundesliga. In the 2015/16 league they were relegated to the Second League, but went straight to the third league because of  financial reasons.

Current squad

Coaches

 Miroslav Bojčeski (20 Aug 2005 – 30 June 2006)
 Eduard Glieder (1 July 2006 – 30 June 2007)
 Heimo Pfeifenberger (1 July 2007 – 12 Dec 2008)
 Miroslav Bojčeski (14 Dec 2008 – 30 June 2009)
 Michael Brandner (1 July 2009 – 26 March 2010)
 Johann Davare (interim) (26 March 2010 – 3 April 2010)
 Heimo Pfeifenberger (4 April 2010 – 30 May 2012)
 Adi Hütter (1 June 2012 – 31 May 2014)
 Michael Baur (1 June 2014–15)
 Peter Schöttel (17 June 2015 – 16 May 2016)
 Andreas Fötschl (1 July 2016 – 31 Dec 2017)
 Mario Messner (1 January 2018 – 4 November 2018)
 Miroslav Bojceski (3. December 2018 – 30 June 2020)
 Heimo Pfeifenberger (1 July 2020 – 31 December 2021)
 Thomas Schnöll (1 January 2021 – present)

Honours
 Champion Regionalliga West(3)
 Champion in different leagues of the Salzburg football association (31)

References

Football clubs of Salzburg
The USG Ardagger/Neustadtl is a women's soccer team from Lower Austria. It is formed out of the two clubs SCU Ardagger and SV Neustadtl. The club plays in the ÖFB-Frauenliga league, the highest level in Austrian women's soccer. 

The club was founded in 1996 and started playing during the 1996/97 season in the Lower Austria Women league. The next year they were promoted to the second women league (East division). In 2001/02 they won the league and were promoted to the ÖFB-Frauenliga where they still are.

Squad 2010/11

Goalkeeper
Alexandra Pichler 	
Carina Buchberger

Defence
Isabelle Köck
Carina Buchberger 	
Evelyn Bader 	
Manon Haas 	
Lucia Zolvikova

Midfielder
	Karin Bamberger
	Dragana Beric
	Julia Schneider 	
	Cornelia Just 	
		Viktoria Madl 	
		Anke Brunner

Forward
	Kerstin Koppler
	Katharina Strauchs
	Diana Seitner
	Natalia Mackovicova

Honours
ÖFB Ladies Cup:half final 2002/03, 2004/05
Lower Austria Women's league:Champion 1997/98
2nd division (east division):champion 2001/02

References

Women's football in Austria
Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria
Psycho is a 1960 American slasher movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It is set in Arizona and California. It is considered to be one of the first modern horror films since modern horror began in the 1960s.

Plot
It tells the story of a young woman, played by Janet Leigh, who steals money from her workplace and runs away. When she stops at a motel for the night she is murdered by the hotel's owner, played by Perkins. The owner has dissociative identity disorder and is obsessed with his dead mother. The movie is famous for the unexpected death of Leigh's character early in the movie in the 'Shower Scene' which has in turn become very famous in popular culture. It is now known as the first "Slasher movie" and one of Hitchcock's greatest movies.

Background
The movie is based on the book of the same name by Robert Bloch. This was inspired by the real life crimes of Wisconsin serial killer, Ed Gein. The movie was nominated for four Academy Awards including Best Director. The movie was the first motion picture to feature a toilet flushing.

Remake

The movie was remade in 1998.

Main cast

References 

Notes

Other websites 

 
 
 Alfred Hitchcock Fans Online - Psycho (1960) 
 Bright Lights Film Journal article on Psycho
 Filmsite: Psycho In-depth analysis of the movie.
 Psychohouse WebSite 
 The Psycho Movies Web Site
 Review of the UK Special Edition DVD release, by Brian Elliott of DVD Reviewer

1960 crime movies
1960 horror movies
1960s mystery movies
1960 thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
American horror thriller movies
American mystery movies
American serial killer movies
Cross-dressing in movies
Dissociative identity disorder in movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies composed by Bernard Herrmann
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in Arizona
Movies set in California
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
United States National Film Registry movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Universal Pictures movies
A slasher movie  is a horror or thriller movie in which there is a killer hunting after a group of people, picking them off one by one. Often the killer has a powerful weapon, is crazy or insane, and is either unstoppable or cannot die. Common examples of slashers include: A Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th (1980 movie), Halloween (franchise) and Psycho (movie). Stephen King has written several slasher movies.
A silent movie is a movie made without sound. Silent movies were made from the late 1880s to the early 1930s. They used early cameras that could not record sound.  Either the movie was being made before sound cameras were invented, or the movie makers could not afford the expensive new equipment. 

Charlie Chaplin was known as one of the best movie stars during "The Silent Era", as it's called today in movie history.  Some silent stars also did well in sound movies.  Popular silent movies include Nosferatu: A Symphony of Terror, A Trip to the Moon, The General, and Metropolis.

Technology
Silent movie