cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Turkic languages are a language family of some thirty languages. They are spoken by Turkic peoples across an area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western and Northern China. Traditionally people think that they are part of the Altaic language family.

Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is the Turkish language, or Anatolian Turkish. The speakers of this language are about 40% of all Turkic speakers.

History 

The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia spreads from Turkey in the West to the North-East of Siberia.

Classification
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Languages by native speakers

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35  documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

References

Further reading

 Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81-125.
 Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.
 Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Other websites
Turkic Languages: Resources - University of Michigan
Map of Turkic languages
Classification of Turkic Languages
Online Uyghur-English Dictionary
Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937) was a French teacher and historian. He was very interested in physical education and he loved the idea of a gymnasium as the ancient Greeks had, were young and old learned and sported together. He is the founder of the International Olympic Committee.

Other websites

The International Pierre De Coubertin Committee (CIPC) – Lausanne
Coubertin reader of Flaubert 
The Wenlock Olympian Society 
Discourse of Pierre de Coubertin at Sorbonne announcing the restoring of the Olympic games (in french, audio)  

1863 births
1937 deaths
French historians
Teachers
Presidents of the International Olympic Committee
Chamonix is a French commune next to Mont Blanc. It is in the Haute-Savoie department. The Winter Olympic Games were there in 1924.

 
Olympic cities
The Kansas Turnpike is a road in Kansas, part of the United States. The road is a turnpike—a payment must be made to use it. The road is 236 miles, or 380 kilometers, long. It starts at the line between Kansas and Oklahoma, and goes to Kansas City. It runs through many important cities in Kansas, including Wichita, Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City. The Kansas Turnpike is owned and repaired by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), which is based in Wichita.

The Kansas Turnpike was built between 1954 and 1956. It was built before the Interstate Highway System. The turnpike was not part of the Interstate System at first. However, it became part of the system in 1956. Parts of the turnpike also are parts of four Interstate Highways: I-35, I-335, I-470, and I-70.

Around 120,000 people use the Kansas Turnpike every day. KTA helps users by running a radio station about the road. It has also built places called service areas where people can stop and rest, and buy gasoline and things to eat. One service area has a memorial to American football coach Knute Rockne, who died near the turnpike.

The Kansas Turnpike Authority does not need tax money to pay for repairs to the road. The payments from users are used to pay for the repairs instead.

References

Roads in the United States
Kansas
John Dewey (born 20 October 1859) was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was born in Burlington, Vermont. Dewey graduated from the University of Vermont. He later taught at many schools. In September 1882, Dewey went to the Johns Hopkins University and studied philosophy and psychology and published the paper, "The New Psychology" in the Andover Review in 1884.  Afterwards, he taught psychology at universities and later on, got married to his former student Alice Chipman.  In 1886, he started a new school which came to be known as the "Laboratory School" or "Dewey School".  This school taught pragmatism, which says that a school's curriculum should be based on everyday life, lessons, and focuses on hands-on activities to better help students learn. His wife Alice was principal of the "Dewey School" from 1901 to 1904.  After he retired as a teacher, he continued watching and figuring the society and politics.  John Dewey died in 1952.

Theory
John Dewey believed in the "theory of inquiry", which shows how animals survived in their environment. He used the theory in the way he taught.  He said that children learn best with real-life problems and hands-on activities.  His most well-known essay was "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) which created the stimulus that became the response, which later became known as social behaviorism.  For example, a person focuses on something, decides what to do, then acts on the decision.

References

Other websites

1859 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American psychologists
People from Burlington, Vermont
Scientists from Vermont
Subscript is the text which a small letter/number is written after a particular letter/number. It hangs below its letter or number. It is used when writing chemical compounds. An example of subscript is N2.

Superscript is the small letter / number above a particular letter / number. An example of superscript is 25. The number 5 above the number 2 is an example of superscript. Superscript can be used for exponents in mathematics.

Typing subscripts
In word-processing computer programs like Microsoft Word, the shortcut key for subscripts is Ctrl+= .
You can use Subscript and superscript generators to turn regular text into super/subscript.

Writing systems
Bleed American is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001. They had to change the title in stores to Salt Sweat Sugar because they were scared Bleed American would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way due to the September 11 attacks.

Songs

 Bleed American (some copies list it as "Salt Sweat Sugar")
 Praise Chorus
 The Middle
 Your House
 Sweetness
 Hear You Me
 If You Don't Don't
 Get It Faster
 Cautioners
 The Authority Song
 My Sundown

Trivia 

On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street. Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.

"Hear you me" is believed to be written for two fans who died, it's also referring to the weezer song

"The authority song" makes certain references to the Pop culture - the dj never has it, j.a.m.c automatic, if those were roys headphones, you'd bet he play what goes on.
"Roy's headphones" is referring to Roy Miranda, a popular artist/dj in Arizona. 
2001 albums
The Ancient Church of the East is an Assyrian church.

The church separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. This happened because Mar Shimun XXIII, the patriarch of Assyrian Church of the East introduced reforms which were not supported.  These reforms included changes such as those of using the new Roman calendar rather than the old calendar.  The people who did not support the changes thought they were opposed to the sanctity of being one of the oldest Christian churches in the world. For this reason, the followers of the Ancient Church of the East resisted the changes made to the church. Mar Thoma Darmo, a native of Mesopotamia, who was Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East in India from 1952 to 1968, based at Trichur separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. He became the head of the Ancient Church of the East in October 1968 and moved to Baghdad. He died the following year. After his death, Mar Addai II was elected to replace him.

Since January 2011 the synod of the Ancient Church of the East has split between those accepting the Patriarchate of Mar Addai II and those Old Calendarists rejecting it.

References

Eastern Christian denominations
In telecommunications, cleartext is the form of a message or data which is in a form that is immediately understandable to a human being without additional processing. In particular, it implies that this message is sent or stored without cryptographic protection. The phrases, "in clear", "en clair" and "in the clear" are the same. 

It is close to, but not entirely the same as, the term "plaintext". Formally, plaintext is information that is fed as an input to a coding process, while  ciphertext is what comes out of that process.  Plaintext might be compressed, coded, or otherwise changed before it is converted to ciphertext, so it is quite common to find plaintext that is not cleartext.

Websites using insecure HTTP send using cleartext, with all data supplied (including usernames and passwords) being sent from the user's computer through the internet using cleartext. Anyone with access to the medium used to carry the data (the routers, computers, telecommunications equipment, wireless transmissions, and so on) may read the password, username, and anything else sent to the website.

Related pages
 Plaintext
 Ciphertext

References

Cryptography
A print server, or printer server, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network. It accepts print jobs from client computers, then prints the jobs on the requested printer.

The term can refer to:
 A computer running any of the printing servers software; implementing any of the network printing protocols.
 A dedicated device that connects one or more printers to a local area network (LAN).  It typically has a single LAN connector, such as an RJ-45 socket or a wireless connection,and one or more physical ports (e.g. serial, parallel or Universal Serial Bus (USB) ) to provide connections to printers. Such dedicated device converts network printing protocols from what was sent by client computers to what the printers can understand.

Notes
The term print server usually refers to (1) above, while print server device or print server appliance usually refers to (2).
Some printers have built-in print server's capabilities and can connect direct to the network.

References 

Servers
Computer networking
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over IP networks. 

NTP is one of the oldest Internet Protocols still in use (since before 1985) and uses UDP port 123.

References

Other websites

 NTP Public Services Project This is the home for the NTP (Network Time Protocol) Public Services Project which provides public support for the NTP Project and the IETF NTP Working Group.  Also a Wiki with lists of NTP servers.   
 IETF NTP working group
 David Mills' NTP project page
 NTP version 4 Release Notes
 Time and NTP paper
 NTP Articles and News  - A collection of NTP related articles and news
 NTP Survey 2005 
 Network Time Protocol  - National Research Council of Canada
 Network Time Server - NTP time server software for Windows
 Online NTP Test Utility - Tests a NTP Server which is public to the internet
 A Brief Guide to NTP  - Google Knol on NTP
 Time Synchronisation Blog

Other time synchronization protocols
 Daytime protocol DAYTIME synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 13
 ICMP protocol Time synchronization with ICMP timestamps (basis for timed  )
 HTTP Time Protocol (HTP) Time synchronization with HTTP headers
 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization  (RBS)  Time synchronization for wireless networks
 Time protocol Time synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 37

Internet protocols
Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM.  It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.

The concept that a user could go to any workstation and access any files or applications without finding major differences in the user interface and service, just like browsing the Internet today.

The project created  many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.

References 
 Treese, G. Winfield, Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD USENIX Association, February 1988.
 Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter. Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT IBM Systems Journal Volume 31, Number 3, 1992.
 Champine, George (1991). MIT Project Athena: A Model for Distributed Campus Computing, Digital Press, .
 Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L.  Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project, Information Technology Quarterly (Fall 1990).
 Athena at MIT (mit.edu)

Other websites
 Athena at MIT 
 Project Glue at UMD College Park

Software
A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is traffic encryption key or TEK, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages. Typically TEKs are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.

Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem. However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used. There are two primary reasons for using session keys:
 
First, several cryptanalytic attacks are made easier as more ciphertext encrypted with a specific key is available. By limiting the number of messages encrypted using a single key, those attacks are made more difficult. 
 Second, many otherwise good encryption algorithms require that keys be distributed securely before encryption can be used. All symmetric secret key algorithms have this undesirable property. There are other algorithms which don't require secure distribution of secret keys, but they are too slow to be practical for encrypting long messages (see Public-key cryptography). By using one of these "asymmetric" algorithms to distribute an encrypted secret key for another, faster, symmetric-key algorithm, it's possible to improve overall performance considerably. 

Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem. 

cryptography
The Kite Runner is a 2003 book written by Afghan-American Khaled Hosseini.

In The Kite Runner, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a rich  businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and loves to read and write. Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir. After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away. Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave.  The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan. Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother. When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban. He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye. He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play. Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.

References

Other websites

 Official website of author Khaled Hosseini
 Khaled Hosseini discusses The Kite Runner on the BBC World Book Club
 Article on the novel at Let's Talk about Bollywood
 Excerpts: Excerpt at ereader.com Excerpt at litstudies.org Excerpt at today.com
 Book Drum illustrated profile of The Kite Runner 

2003 books
Kabul
Rape in fiction
Opel Agila was a car from  the German carmaker Opel from 2000 to 2015.

Suzuki Wagon R+ and Splash 
The Suzuki Wagon R+ is a badge engineered version of the Agila. It was replaced by the Splash in 2008 in Europe, however it is still available in countries such as Japan. You may still be able to buy a new Wagon R+ if you are a European, however they sold in small numbers.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Agila
A subculture is a group of people involved in a community of some sort. Subcultures can be hobbies, groups or communities. A subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which makes them different from the larger culture that they belong to, known as the "dominant" culture. If a subculture is described as opposing the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As Ken Gelder notes, subcultures are social, with their own shared rules, values and rituals, but they can also seem self-involved — another thing that makes them different from countercultures.

Identifying subcultures 
Subcultures can be identified by the members' age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender.  The qualities that distinguish among subcultures may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors.  Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, stereotypical behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them (this is known as Argot).  They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.

The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.

References
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (born 21 February 1980) is the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuck and the 5th and current reigning Dragon King (Druk Gyalpo) of the Kingdom of Bhutan. He became king on 9 December 2006. He was officially crowned on 1 November 2008.

References

Kings and queens
Bhutanese people
1980 births
Living people
Current national leaders
People from Kathmandu
Monarchs of Bhutan
Santa Clara (PSGC: 031423021) is one of the twenty-four barangays composing the municipality of Santa Maria, Bulacan, in the Philippines. It is bordered by Barangay Lalakhan on the southwest, Bagbaguin on the south, Poblacion on the east, Sta. Cruz on the north and Barangay Tambubong in Bocaue on the west.

Geography

Area and Location

Sta. Clara is the 17th largest barangay in Santa Maria with a land area of 214.70 hectares or 2.1470 km2, slightly smaller than the barangay of Poblacion.

Sta. Clara is located on the south-west portion of Sta. Maria and thirty-three kilometers north from Manila.

Climate

The prevailing climatic conditions in the barangay are categorized into two types: dry and wet season.

The annual mean temperature in the area is 27℃.  The warmest month is May with a mean temperature of 29.9℃ while the coldest is January at 25.2℃.

The mean annual relative humidity in the Barangay is 77% which is not high. The mean monthly relative humidity is lowest in March at 64% and highest in September at 84%

Demographics
As of 2007 census, Sta. Clara has a population of 10,052 people with a density of 4,682 person per km2. The projected population of the barangay by 2010 is 11,080 with a growth rate of 3.3%

Population Projection

This is the projected population of the barangay by the next few years:

 2008 - 10,384
 2009 - 10,726
 2010 - 11,080
 2011 - 11,446
 2012 - 11,824
 2013 - 12,214
 2014 - 12,617
 2015 - 13,033
 2020 - 15,330
 2030 - 21,210

Barangay officials

 Gerry Mauricio, Barangay Captain

Members of the Sangguniang Barangay

 Henry Edgardo G. Sioson
 Manolito R. Loreto
 Ricardo R. Lorenzo
 Vicente G. Serapio, Jr.
 Danilo C. Barcial
 Narciso G. Andaya
 Julian R. Domingo
 SK Haydee Gumasing
 Sec. Ronaldo T. Reyes
 Treas. Monina A. Babaan

Vision Mission

VISION: A self-reliant, industrialized, commercialized, environment friendly barangay, accessible roads, discipline and morally upright citizenhood and a place where you can say "I BELONG"

MISSION: "Discipline and Determination" by discharging responsible services to the needs of people and continuing communication.

Health Care

Barangay Sta. Clara is a sub-center of RHU-I. This center serves the total population of 10,052 of the barangay.

The Health Center is open daily except on Thursdays.

It is currently headed by Ms. Catalina C. Policarpio.

Schools

 Sta. Clara Elementary school
 Faith Kindergarten
 Estrella Academy of Sta. Clara Inc.

Transportation and Communication

Transportation
Public vehicles such as buses, jeepneys, and tricycles are the means of transportation in the barangay. Tricycles are available for 24 hours.

Main Roads

 Narra St./J.P Rizal St.
 Sta. Clara By-Pass Road
 Tindalo St.
 Yakal St./Luwasan

Other websites
  Official Website of Barangay Sta. Clara SMB 
 Official Website of Santa Maria, Bulacan
 NSCB Sta. Maria, Bulacan 

Barangays
Lapis lazuli is a mineral, and a gemstone. It is formed as a metamorphic rock of the limestone type.

Lapis is famous for its beautiful blue colour: its name means "stone of blue". Lapis Lazuli has been used for many things. Its has been made into beads and used in jewellery since Prehistoric times. It can be carved into statuettes (little sculptures). The major use was as a pigment (colour) in artists' paint. During Medieval and Renaissance times, lapis was ground into powder, and mixed with oil. It was used as the colour for painting the sky, and blue clothes. It can be seen in the fresco paintings of Giotto and the tempera paintings of Fra Angelico.

Sources 
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock made from several minerals, but mainly Lazurite. 
Lazurite has been mined for over 6,000 years in Afghanistan. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; at Mount Vesuvius in Italy; in Burma; Canada; and the United States.

Afghanistan was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the Ancient Greeks and Romans. During the height of the Indus Valley civilization about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines.

In addition to the Afghan deposits, lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes (near Ovalle, Chile), the Lake Baikal region of Russia; Siberia; Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; India; and in the USA in California and Colorado.

Alternatives
Lapis lazuli is commercially "synthesized" (actually simulated) by a chemical process, using artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates. There are also various substitutes for lapis.

References

 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley,

Other websites 
 Mindat with location data
 Mineral galleries 
 Webmineral data

Gemstones
Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are artificial languages built by simplifying the grammar and reducing the number of words in the language to avoid ambiguity or complexity.

There are two types of controlled languages: some designed to help non-native speakers of a language, and some designed to enable automatic semantic analysis.

The first type of languages are often called "simplified" or "technical" languages. They are used by businesses or industries to improve the quality of technical writing. The standard terms simplify the semi-automatic translation to other languages. Examples are: the ASD Sim Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, and IBM's Easy English.

Simplified (or technical) languages guide the writer by general rules such as "write short and simple sentences", "use the person's name ("John Smith" for example) instead of saying "him", and "talk about who is doing something, rather than what is being done, unless you need to say what is being done".

The second type of languages have well defined rules for writing and understanding. These rules can be matched to formal languages, such as first-order logic. The languages can be analysed by computer. They can be checked to see they are correct. They can be searched for information easily.

Languages
Existing controlled natural languages include:

 Globish
 [[Attempto '''' English]]<
 ></ref>
 Basic English
 ClearTalk
 Common Logic Controlled English
 E-Prime
 Gellish Formal English
 ModeLang
 Newspeak
 Plain English
 Processable English (PENG)
 Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
 Special English

Related pages
 Constructed language
 Knowledge representation
 Natural language processing

References

Other websites
 Controlled Natural Languages (Macquarie University)
 Overview of Controlled English and HyperSTE, customizable Controlled English checker
 Simplus – Simplified English Checker
 Freelance Translation
 acrolinx® Information Quality Suite  – Customizable controlled language checker for many authoring environments
 PERMIS Policy Editor uses controlled English in its user interface
 Akis, Jennifer Wells, and William R. Sisson. (2002) Improving Translatability: A Case Study at Sun Microsystems, Inc. Globalization Insider (Localization Industry Standards Association's e-magazine).
 Kohl, John R. (2008) Language Quality-Assurance Software: Optimizing Your Documentation for a Global Audience.Intercom 55.5 (May), pp. 6–9.
 Kohl, John R. (2007) Assisted Writing and Editing at SAS. ClientSideNews Magazine'' 7.8 (August): 7-10.

Constructed languages
Benozzo Gozzoli  (4 October 1497) was an Italian Renaissance painter. He is most famous for a small chapel that he decorated with frescos of the Procession of the Magi.

Life 
Benozzo was born in Florence in about 1420. Nothing is known about his parents, or how he started training as an artist. The first that is known of him is that in 1444 he was working with the famous sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, who was making the bronze doors for the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral.

In 1447 he started working with the painter Fra Angelico. He went to Rome with Fra Angelico to help paint the Chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican. In 1449 he was working in his own studio.

Works 
For many years Benozzo worked as an assistant to other artists. At that time, he had to make his style match the style of the master, so it is hard to tell his art works apart. When Benozzo painted on his own, his pictures are rich with many details in the clothing, the buildings and the landscape. He was extremely good at painting faces, and many of the people in his pictures seem to be portraits of real people.

 In 1450 he had two important jobs. The first was to paint the Life of St Francis of Assisi in the town of Montefalco.
 In Florence, a new palace had been built for Cosimo Medici. Benozzo got the job of decorating the walls with frescos. The paintings are a the Procession of the Magi. "The Magi" is a term used for the wise men who, in the Gospel of Matthew, came to visit Jesus as a young child. They are often also called "The Three Kings". The Palace is called the Riccardi-Medici Palace.
Benozzo painted a great procession going around the walls of the chapel, with well-known people painted as the Kings, and members of the Medici family and their friends in the procession. The painting is brightly coloured and full all many interesting details. It is his most famous work.
Benozzo also worked in the city of San Gimignano. In the Collegiate Church, where there were already many frescoes, he painted a picture of Saint Sebastian.
At St. Augustine's Church, he painted another picture of Saint Sebastian. Saint Sebastian was the saint who people asked to help when plague was making people in the town sick.
Benozzo then painted one of his most important works, a series of frescos in the "chancel" (main chapel) of the church, showing the life of Saint Augustine. There are 17 large pictures, each one telling a scene from the saint's life.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References 
 Rosella Vantaggi, San Gimignano, Town of the Fine Towers, Plurigraf (1979)
 Diane Davies (editor), Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists, Harrap (1990). 
 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, and Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus (1979). 

1420 births
1498 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
People from Florence
{{Infobox Album 
| name = I Am… Sasha Fierce
| type = studio
| artist = Beyoncé
| cover = 
| caption = 
| released = November 12, 2008
| recorded = 2007–2008
| length = 41:46 (standard edition)
| genre = 
| label = 
| producer = 
|Reviews    = 
 About.com  2008
 Allmusic  2008
 Billboard (favourable) 2008
 Entertainment Weekly (B+) 2008
 HMV  2008
 Los Angeles Times (favourable) 2008
 Pitchfork Media  2008
 Rolling Stone  2008
 Slant Magazine  2008
 The Guardian  2008
 The Times  2008
 Vibe (mixed) 2008
| prev_title = Love Letters(2008) 
… Sasha Fierce(2008)
| next_title = Above and Beyoncé (Video Collection & Dance Remixes)  (2009)
| misc = 

}}I Am... Sasha Fierce''' - is the third solo studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé.

 Background 
Knowles worked on the album for almost one year. This is longer than she had spent on her previous solo albums and records with her old group Destiny's Child. She said that she has co-written and co-produced over 70 songs.

In a statement released on Knowles official website, she wrote: I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me.  The music is upbeat for the dance, fun side and it is reflective, passionate and serious for the personal side.  I have taken risks here.  I am not afraid and my music will explain it all.  There is no label or tag on my sound.  It's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18.

 Track listing 

Platinum edition
In September 2009, an enhanced two-disc version of the album was released, its first disc featuring 16 tracks from the original version with four bonus audio tracks, and its second disc, the video collection from Above and Beyoncé'', including seven music videos.

The Bonus Tracks EP

Singles

References 

2008 albums
Beyoncé albums
Gary Reht Shearston (born January 9 1939) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was a leading figure of the folk music scene of the 1960s. He is important as a singer of Australian traditional folk songs. He scored a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1974 with version of the Cole Porter classic I Get A Kick Out Of You.

Early life
Shearston was born in Inverell. His father served in World War II so Shearston and his mother lived with his grandparents at Tenterfield. At the age of 11 his family moved to Sydney. He attended Newington College from 1950 to 1955.

Working life
Shearston began work as a newspaper writer with United Press. His first show business job was with the Tintookies, the Australian travelling puppet show. He joined the Hayes Gordon Ensemble Theatre working as an actor and stage manager. He was the host of a children's quiz show on television called Name That Tune.

Music career
Shearston played guitar and sang English, American and Australian folk songs. At 19 he become a full time singer. He worked in hotels and sang at The Folksinger. He sang with the American gospel and blues singer Brother John Sellers. In 1962 Shearston signed a recording contract with Leedon. The next year Leedon's distributor, Festival, signed him to CBS. In March 1965 Sydney radio stations started playing a song from his record, Australian Broadside. His song Sydney Town hit the Top 10 in his home city. In 1966 and 1967, Shearston was Australia's biggest selling folk singer. He had his own national television show, Just Folk. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded a song he wrote called Sometime Lovin. They invited Gary to go to America. He spent a year in London and then 4 years on the East Coast of the United States of America. In 1972 he went back to England and recorded some songs for the album Dingo. He had big hit with his deadpan (flat, no emotion) version of Cole Porter's I Get A Kick Out Of You. In 1990 he received the Tamworth Songwriters' Association's prize for "Bush Ballad of the Year".

Church career
Shearston returned to Australia in 1989. He is now an Anglican Church minister in country Australia.

Selected recordings
 Sometime Lovin' - 1965 
 Sydney Town - 1965 
 I Get A Kick Out Of You - 1974

Other websites
 Gary Shearston's Official Website
 Howlspace article 
 Pop Archives – I Get A Kick Out of You feature 
 Undercover Music
 SMH Album Review 3 August 2007
 /Photo of Gary Shearston

References

1939 births
Living people

Australian singers
Australian folk musicians
Musicians from New South Wales
Falls Apart was a single released by Thousand Foot Krutch in 2007. It was made available online in July 2007. It is on their album The Flame in All of Us.

Music video 
The "Falls Apart" video starts off showing the band in a dark wood room, with lots of rope around them. The members only have enough room to play their instruments. Eventually a man and a woman are shown and they are being held together by ropes. The man walks over to the woman and puts his arm around her. After a while she gets up and starts walking away, but then the ropes come off around everyone (the band and the couple alike). Because of this all of the body parts of the couple lie on the floor. But the man's hand crawls to the woman's hand and they hold each other while the band ends the song. 

2007 songs
In computer network and computer science, digital bandwidth or just bandwidth means the amount of data that can be sent from one point to another in a certain period of time. It is measured as a bit rate expressed in bits per second (bits/s) or multiples of it (kbit/s Mbit/s etc.) 

Digital bandwidth should not be confused with:
Network throughput: which is the average rate of successful data transfer through a connection. 
Data transfer: which is the quantity of data transferred over a given period of time.

Bandwidth in web hosting 
In web hosting, the term "bandwidth" is often used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website within a defined period of time. Another more specific phrase used for this meaning of bandwidth is monthly data transfer.

Web hosting companies often quote a monthly data transfer for a website, for example 500 gigabytes per month. If the total amount of data downloaded from the website in a particular month reaches this limit, the hosting company may shut off further public access to the site.

Internet connections bandwidths

Broadband
Sometimes, the word "broadband" is used to mean "high-speed", especially with high-speed internet connections.  "Broadband" means "wide band", and suggests high-speed.  However, the term is not clear;  "high-speed" is more clear. A dial-up telephone connection is most often thought to be low-speed, at less than 56,000 bit/s (bits per second). High-speed is usually 200,000 bit/s or faster. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or Cable modem connections are usually high-speed.

References 

Computer science
Niki FM is a song by Hawthorne Heights. It is one of their most famous songs, and their second hit.

The band's singer,  JT, says it is his most personal song from the album The Silence in Black and White, and is his favourite song to perform live in concert. They still play it at concerts, although without the harsh vocals that are on the single.

Music video 

The music video for Niki FM starts with a room with a lot of people in. JT is at the front, and someone in the audience is touching someone's leg. The video also includes JT being kissed by another woman. It shows him in a room tearing a picture in two and he stares at it. He has a radio and goes outside the young woman's house to match with the lyrics "I'm outside of your window, with my radio". The girl walks away and leaves him, and the song finishes.

2004 songs
In mathematics, the Riemann sum is a method of approximating the integral of a function over an interval. One representation of the integral, is the area under a curve in a graph.  The Riemann sum is calculated   by splitting the region into equal parts. In each part, the function is replaced by a shape. Shapes that are commonly used are rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas and cubics.The area of the similar shape can then be calculated. This method is often used when finding the closed form integral is difficult or impossible. The shapes used also influence how accurate the approximation is. More complex shapes give a higher accuracy, but this also means that calculating the approximation becomes more difficult.

Because the region filled by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ from the area being measured. This error can be reduced by dividing up the region more finely, using smaller and smaller shapes. As the shapes get smaller and smaller, the sum approaches the Riemann integral.

The Riemann sum  may also be used to define the integration operation. The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.

Definition

You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces.  That is the n on top of the Σ (Greek letter sigma).  The (xi-xi-1) represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n".  The f(yi) is a y value in an "n" segment.  Since the area of a rectangle is length × width, the multiplication of xi and f(yi) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph.  The Σ means we add up all of these small rectangles to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.

Other websites
A simulation showing the convergence of Riemann sums

Calculus
Ascetic redirects here. You might also be looking for acetic acid. The term should not be confused with aestheticism.

Asceticism (Greek: askēsis) is a word that describes a certain way of living. In this kind of life, a person gets rid of worldly pleasures for religion or spirituality. A person might not have sex or drink alcohol. One might spend much of their time in prayer or meditation. Often, the reason is to follow goals of Christianity and the Indian religions (including yoga). These teach that salvation and freedom involve a process of changing one's mind and body. This is done by limiting speech, what one thinks and does with the body. 

The earliest people who practiced Buddhism, Jainism, and the Christian hermits, lived very simply and without luxury. They rejected sensual pleasures and keeping money. This did not mean that life could not be enjoyed. But spiritual and religious goals are hindered by such indulgence. 

Asceticism is closely related to the abstinence and the Christian concept of chastity and might be said to be the technical implementation of the abstract vows of renunciation. Those who practice ascetic lifestyles do not consider their practices as virtuous but pursue such a life-style in order to satisfy certain technical requirements for mind-body transformation. There is remarkable uniformity among the above religions with respect to the benefits of sexual continence. Religions teach that purifying the soul also involves purification of the body which thereby enables connection with the Divine and the cultivation of inner peace. In the popular imagination asceticism is considered a sort of perversion (self-flagellation by birch twigs as the archetypal stereotype of self-mortification) but the askēsis enjoined by religion functions in order to bring about greater freedom in various areas of one's life, such as freedom from compulsions and temptations bringing about peacefulness of mind with a concomitant increase in clarity and power of thought. Asceticists sometimes neglect their maslowist or maslowic needs.

Other page 
Simple living

References

Lifestyles
Human behavior
Museo Nazionale di San Marco is a church and Dominican convent. in Florence, Italy. The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.

The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s. The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence. The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there. He later became the prior. The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici.  The monks lived in small rooms called "cells". Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes. Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building. In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.

In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola. He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici. He was a great preacher. He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince. He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church. He told everyone that the end of the world was near. Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said. Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested. He was tortured and put to death in 1498. 60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.

Treasures
The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts. Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto. Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.

The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico. On of the most famous is The Descent from the Cross, which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified. The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico. They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.

Another famous fresco is The Last Supper painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.

Gallery

Related pages
 Florence Cathedral

References
Anne Mueller von der Haegen and Ruth Strasser, Art and Architecture of Tuscany, Konemann (2001), 

Churches in Italy
Buildings and structures in Florence
Squidward Tentacles is one of the main characters of SpongeBob SquarePants. He is SpongeBob's grumpy neighbor and a coworker of SpongeBob SquarePants that lives in a moai.

SpongeBob SquarePants characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (; 24 December 179826 November 1855) was a heavily influential national Polish Romantic poet, generally regarded as the greatest figure in Polish literature, especially known for his epic poem Pan Tadeusz. At the later phase of his life he was also a political activist, an ideologue and a Messianic philosopher who lectured Slavic languages at Collège de France.

Life

Early years
Adam Mickiewicz was born on 24 December 1798, either at his paternal uncle's estate in Zaosie (now Zavosse) near Navahrudak (in Polish, Nowogródek) or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus.

Works
In many literary critics' opinion, Mickiewicz is among the most important writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Byron and Homer.

::::Lithuania, my country! You are as good health:
How much one should prize you, he only can tell
Who has lost you.

Notes

Further reading

Other websites

 
 
 

1798 births
1855 deaths
Polish poets
In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric-key block cipher derived from RC5. RC6 is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block size, a variable key size, and a variable number of rounds. RC stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".

In 1997, the NIST announced a competition to choose a successor to Data Encryption Standard (DES) to be known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). RC6 was derived from RC5 to meet the competition requirements, and was selected as one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition, but was not selected as a standard.

In order to provide varieties of security and efficiency levels, RC6 allows choices for the block size: 32 bits (for experimentation and evaluation purposes only), 64 bits (for use as a replacement for DES), and 128 bits (intended for AES). The number of rounds can range from 0 to 255, while the key sizes can range from 0 bits to 2040 bits in size. 

RC6 is very similar to RC5 in structure and could be viewed as interweaving two parallel RC5 encryption processes. However, RC6 does use an extra multiplication operation not present in RC5 and the use of four b/4-bit working registers (see splitting of plaintext blocks in feistel cipher) instead of two b/2-bit registers as in RC5 (b is the block size). Integer multiplication is used to increase the diffusion achieved per round so that fewer rounds are needed and the speed of the cipher can be increased.The reason for using four working registers instead of two is mainly for optimization on 32-bit CPUs. The default block size of RC5 was 64 bits, while the default block size of the AES is 128 bits. RC5 has only two working registers. It uses 32-bit operations when dealing with 64-bit blocks and 64-bit operations when dealing with 128-bit blocks, so four working registers are required to build the AES architecture using only 32-bit operations.

RC6 is a proprietary and patented algorithm (by RSA Security  and ), and may require licensing and royalty payments for any products using the algorithm. It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin, and was also submitted to the NESSIE and CRYPTREC projects.

References

 R.L. Rivest, M.J.B. Robshaw, R.Sidney, and Y.L. Yin. The RC6 Block Cipher . v1.1, August 1998.
 J. Beuchat FPGA Implementations of the RC6 Block Cipher .

Other websites
 SCAN's entry on RC6
 RSA Security's RC6 page 

Cryptography