cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The following is a list of all the towns and villages in the county of Bedfordshire, by letter:

See also List of places within Luton.



A 
Aley Green -
Ampthill -
Arlesey -
Aspley Guise -
Aspley Heath -
Astwick

B 
Barton-le-Clay -
Battlesden -
Beadlow - 
Bedford -
Beeston - 
Begwary -
Biddenham - 
Bidwell -
Biggleswade -
Billington -
Bletsoe - 
Blunham -
Bolnhurst - 
Bourne End -
Briar Bank Park -
Brickhill (Bedford) -
Briggington -
Brogborough - 
Bromham -
Broom -
Budna

C 
Caddington -
Campton -
Cardington -
Carlton -
Castle - 
Cauldwell - 
Chalgrave -
Chalton -
Chawston -
Chellington -
Chicksands -
Chiltern Green -
Clapham -
Clifton -
Clipstone -
Clophill -
Cockayne Hatley -
Colesden -
Colmworth -
Cople -
Cotton End -
Cranfield

D 
Dean -
De Parys -
Dunstable -
Dunton

E 
East Hyde -
Eastcotts -
Eaton Bray -
Edworth -
Eggington -
Elstow -
Eversholt -
Everton -
Eyeworth

F 
Farndish -
Felmersham and Radwell -
Flitton -
Flitwick

G 
Goldington -
Gravenhurst -
Great Barford -
Great Billington -
Great Denham -
Greenfield

H 
Harlington -
Harpur -
Harrold -
Harrowden -
Hatch -
Haynes -
Heath and Reach -
Henlow -
Henlow Camp -
Higham Gobion -
Hinwick -
Hockliffe -
Hockwell Ring -
Holwell -
Honeydon -
Houghton Conquest -
Houghton Regis -
Hulcote -
Hundred of Willey -
Husbourne Crawley -
Hyde

I 
Ickwell -
Ickwell Green -
Ireland

K 
Kempston -
Kempston Hardwick -
Kensworth -
Keysoe -
Kingsbrook -
Knotting

L 
Langford -
Leagrave -
Leedon -
Leighton Buzzard -
Lidlington -
Limbury Cum Biscuit -
Linslade -
Little Barford -
Little Billington -
Little Staughton -
Lower Caldecote -
Lower Gravenhurst -
Lower Stondon -
Lower Sundon -
Lower Woodside -
Luton

M 
Marston Moretaine -
Maulden -
Melchbourne -
Meppershall -
Millbrook -
Milton Bryan -
Milton Ernest -
Moggerhanger

N 
Newnham -
Northill

O 
Oakley -
Odell -
Old Warden

P 
Pavenham -
Pepperstock -
Pertenhall -
Pine View Park -
Podington -
Potsgrove -
Potton -
Pulloxhill -
Putnoe

Q 
Queens Park

R 
Radwell -
Ravensden -
Renhold -
Ridgmont -
Riseley -
Roxton

S 
Salford -
Sandy -
Seddington -
Sewell -
Sharnbrook -
Sharpenhoe -
Shefford -
Shefford Hardwick -
Shelton -
Shillington -
Shortstown -
Silsoe -
Skimpot -
Slip End -
Souldrop -
Southcote -
Southill -
Stagsden -
Stanbridge -
Stanford -
Steppingley -
Stevington -
Stewartby -
Stopsley -
Stotfold -
Streatley -
Studham -
Sundon -
Sutton -
Swineshead

T 
Tebworth -
Tempsford -
The Hyde -
Thorn -
Thurleigh -
Tilsworth -
Tingrith -
Toddington -
Totternhoe -
Turvey

U 
Upper Caldecote -
Upper Gravenhurst -
Upper Stondon -
Upper Sundon

W 
Westoning -
Wharley End -
Whipsnade -
Wilden -
Willington -
Wilshamstead -
Wilstead -
Wingfield -
Woburn -
Wood End -
Woodside -
Wootton -
Wrestlingworth -
Wyboston -
Wymington

Y 
Yielden

Bedfordshire
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field,  or HUDF, is an image of a small part of space in the direction of the constellation Fornax. 

It took more than 3 months to capture this image, from September 24, 2003 to January 16, 2004. It is the furthest image of the universe ever taken by humans. In it we see the universe as it was 13 billion years ago, when it was about 800 million years old.

The HUDF contains an about 10,000 galaxies. The patch of sky where the galaxies are was chosen because it has few bright stars in the near-field. Although most of the targets visible in the Hubble image can also be seen at infrared wavelengths by ground-based telescopes, Hubble is the only instrument which can make observations of these distant targets at visible wavelengths. 

Southwest of Orion in the Southern-Hemisphere constellation Fornax at right ascension 3h 32m 40.0s, declination -27° 47' 29" (J2000), the image covers 36.7 square arcminutes. This is smaller than a  square of paper held  away, and equal to roughly one thirteen-millionth of the total area of the sky. The image is such that the upper left corner points toward north (-46.4°) on the celestial sphere. The star near the center of the field is USNO-A2.0 0600-01400432 with apparent magnitude of 18.95.

In total, the image required 800 exposures taken over the course of 400 Hubble orbits around Earth. The total amount of exposure time was 11.3 days for the ACS and 4.5 days for the NICMOS.

Later versions 
On September 25, 2012, NASA released a more refined version of the Ultra-Deep Field called the eXtreme Deep Field (XDF). The XDF reveals galaxies that span back 13.2 billion years in time, revealing a galaxy theorized to be formed only 450 million years after the big bang event. On June 3, 2014, NASA released the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image composed of, for the first time, the full range of ultraviolet to near-infrared light.

On January 23, 2019, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias released an even deeper version of the infrared images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field obtained with the WFC3 instrument, named the ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The new images improve the previous reduction of the WFC3/IR images, including careful sky background subtraction around the largest galaxies on the field of view. After this update, some galaxies were found to be almost twice as big as previously measured.

Related pages
 Hubble Deep Field
 Hubble Extreme Deep Field
 Hubble Space Telescope

References

Satellites
Cosmology
Galaxies
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (;

19 September 1935) was a Russian who pioneered spaceflight. His works later inspired Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko.

Early life 
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was born on  at Izhevskoye, Ryazan Governorate, Russian Empire.

When he was 10, he had scarlet fever; because of that he had some problems with hearing. When he was 13, his mother died.

Due to the hearing problems, he was not admitted to the school, so he had to study by himself. He passed much of his time by reading books. Later, he became interested in mathematics and physics. As a teenager, he began to believe that space travel would possible.

Education and career 
Tsiolkovsky spent three years attending a Moscow library, where Russian cosmism proponent (who supports the library) Nikolai Fyodorov worked. He later believed that living in space would make the human race immortal.

References

Other websites
 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E.

Russian scientists
1857 births
1935 deaths
The Brisbane Broncos are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Brisbane, Queensland. They were founded in 1987. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won six premierships, most recently in 2006.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Brisbane
1987 establishments
1980s establishments in Australia
The Kuril Islands dispute is a territorial disagreeent between Japan and Russia over the Kuril Islands. The Japanese government is asking for the restoration from Etorofuto island, Habomai islands, Kunashiri island, and the Shikotan island which are under the control of Russia.

Other websites
The history of the Kuril Islands dispute- Sputnik News

Politics of Japan
Politics of Russia
Territorial disputes
Yahata Nishi-ku is one of the wards in Kitakyūshū. It is the most populous of seven wards in Kitakyūshū. The ward has about 200,000 people living in it.

Kitakyūshū
In Japan, a ward (Japanese: 区, Ku) is one of the divisions of a large city.

Related pages

 Municipalities in Japan

References

Other websites
 "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows wards compared with other Japanese city types at p. 1 [PDF 7 of 40]

Settlements in Japan
Dreamgirls is a musical.  Tom Eyen wrote the book and lyrics. Henry Krieger wrote the music. The musical was loosely based upon The Supremes, The Shirelles, and other all-girl groups. 

The musical premiered on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on 20 December 1981. It closed on 11 August 1985 after 1,521 performances. It was released as a feature-length movie in 2006.

Broadway musicals
1980s musicals
Musicals adapted to movies
, also known as a  or ,  is a defined class or category of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.   These cities all have a population over 500,000 people.

History
The designated cites or ordinance cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan. Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures.

List
Cities designated by government ordinance recognized starting in 1956. There are 20+ of these cities, including
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Chiba, 1992
 Fukuoka, 1972
 Hamamatsu, 2007
 Hiroshima, 1980
 Kawasaki, 1972
 Kitakyushu, 1963
 Kyoto
 Kobe
 Kumamoto, Kumamoto
 Kyoto
 Nagoya
 Niigata
 Okayama
 Osaka
 Sagamihara
 Saitama
 Sakai
 Sapporo
 Sendai
 Shizuoka
 Yokohama

Related pages

 Administrative division
 Urban area
 Municipalities in Japan

References

Other websites
 "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows designated cities in context [PDF 7 of 40]
A robbery is the act of stealing from a person using violence or by causing fear of violence. A person who commits robbery is known as a robber.

A person who steals without using violence or fear (such as stealing items from a store, or pickpocketing, or car theft), commits theft, not robbery.

In some US states, however, Simple Robbery refers to the knowing procurement of an item or items belonging to another by force but without “aggravating factors” such as violence or weapons.

Types of robbery 
 Armed robbery - Stealing from someone using a weapon.
 Aggravated robbery - Stealing from someone using a deadly weapon, such as a gun.
 Highway robbery - Often known as mugging, stealing from someone in a public place.
 Carjacking - Stealing someones car, by force.

Notable robberies 
 Great Train Robbery - £2.6million was stolen from a train on 8 August 1963 by 15 people, including Bruce Reynolds, Ronnie Biggs, Buster Edwards and Brian Field. The money was never recovered. It was the largest robbery in British history until 2006.
The United States Atomic Energy Commission was an agency of the United States government, started after World War II by the United States Congress. It was made to help the development of atomic science and technology. This was because the control of atomic energy was with the people after president Harry S. Truman signed the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act in 1946. Congress then declared that atomic energy should be used for peace, not nuclear war.

References 

United States government agencies
Your Show of Shows was a 90-minute long comedy television series appearing weekly in the United States on NBC, from 1950 until June 5, 1954. The main people of the show were Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca. Other people who appeared were Carl Reiner, Howard Morris, Nanette Fabray, Bill Hayes, Judy Johnson, The Hamilton Trio and the soprano Marguerite Piazza. José Ferrer also appeared on the show sometimes, as a guest.

Writers for the show included Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Danny Simon, Larry Gelbart, Mel Tolkin, and Carl Reiner who, though a cast member, always sat in with the writers. Although it is not true, some people think that Woody Allen wrote for Your Show of Shows. He did, however, write for Caesar's Hour, which ran from 1954 to 1957.

Other websites

The Sid Caesar Collection

American comedy television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Donnie Darko is a 2001 American psychological supernatural drama thriller movie. It was written and directed by Richard Kelly. It is set in Middlesex, Virginia in 1988.

The movie did not earn much money when it was first shown in theaters, but it became much more popular when it came out on DVD.

A sequel, called S. Darko, was released in 2009.

Cast members 
Jake Gyllenhaal as Donald J. "Donnie" Darko
Jena Malone as Gretchen Ross
James Duval as Frank
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Elizabeth Darko
Mary McDonnell as Rose Darko
Holmes Osborne as Eddie Darko
Katharine Ross as Dr. Lilian Thurman
Drew Barrymore as Karen Pomeroy
Noah Wyle as Dr. Kenneth Monnitoff
Patrick Swayze as Jim Cunningham
Daveigh Chase as Samantha Darko
Beth Grant as Kitty Farmer
Patience Cleveland as Roberta Sparrow ("Grandma Death")
Jolene Purdy as Cherita Chen
Jerry Trainor as Lanky kid

Other websites 

2001 drama movies
2001 thriller movies
2000s drama thriller movies
2000s psychological movies
2001 science fiction movies
American drama thriller movies
American psychological movies
American science fiction movies
American supernatural movies
English-language movies
Movies about suburbia
Movies set in 1988
Movies set in Virginia
Time travel movies
American independent movies
A paramedic is a health care professional who works for the emergency medical services, usually on an ambulance. They help people who have been injured or become ill very suddenly.

Paramedics can do many different things to decide what the problem is and to treat the patient at the scene. If it is needed, they then take the person to a hospital in the ambulance. They try to prevent the person's illness from getting worse before they reach the hospital, where doctors and nurses will take over care. Paramedics have to work in many different types of emergency, and cannot predict what the next one will be.

People often use the term "paramedic" for anyone who works on an ambulance. However, not all ambulance crew have paramedic as their job title. "Emergency Medical Technicians" or "Emergency Care Assistants" do similar work but have less training. Some ambulances also have doctors and nurses. In many countries, the title of "paramedic" is for those who have taken a specific training course.

Videos
Ambulance (Urgences-Santé) 911 call

References

Other websites 

 Emergency Health Services of Quebec (in French)

Emergency services
Artemis Fowl is a book written by Eoin Colfer. It is the first book in the Artemis Fowl series. One of the main characters is Artemis Fowl II, trying to get gold from a group of fairies.

Characters

Some of the main characters are:

Humans
Domovoi Butler, usually known as Butler, Artemis' bodyguard and only friend
Juliet Butler, Butler's little sister and in the first book Artemis' family's maid
Angeline Fowl, Artemis' mother. She has gone crazy with grief because her husband is missing.
Artemis Fowl I, a character who is not present during the book. He is Angeline's wife.
Artemis Fowl ||, the main character in the book, also he is 12 years old and is a criminal mastermind.

Fairies
Holly Short, an elf who works for LEPrecon (a pun on leprechaun)
Julius Root, an elf who is Holly's superior. He acts as a father figure. He is nicknamed Beetroot as he goes red or purple when he is angry.
Foaly, a centaur and computer expert. He enjoys annoying Root, and often stands up for Holly when Root is cross with her.
Mulch Diggums, a dwarf who steals nearly everything he can. He has lost his magic because he has entered a human dwelling.
Briar Cudgeon, another elf who does not get on with Root.

Plot

Artemis kidnaps Holly to try and get gold from the fairies. He succeeds because she does not have any magic as she has used it all. The fairies then put a time stop on Artemis' manor, to control the time for eight hours so they can get Holly back. As the negotiations fail, the fairies attack, but Artemis and Butler beat the fairies. The fairies send in Mulch, who discovers the reason Artemis knows about the fairies. They then send in a troll, which very nearly kills Butler and severely injures Holly. Luckily, Holly has got her magic back, so she can heal them both. After the troll episode, the fairies finally decide to give Artemis the gold, planning to kill him later so they can take the gold back. Artemis however escapes the time stop. At the end of the book, Artemis has given half the gold back so Holly heals his mother Angeline, who was sick.

The book received a good review by reviewers.  A movie was supposed to be filmed in 2007, but it was released on Disney+ on June 12, 2020

References 

2001 books
The Anaconda or green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) is one of the biggest snakes in the world.

This Is a anaconda It is a non-venomous boa species from South America. It is the thickest, heaviest, and second longest known living snake (behind the reticulated python). The term "anaconda" usually means this species.

Habitat 
This giant snake (which is also called the water boa) lives in swampy areas of tropical South America. It spends a lot of time in shallow water, hidden from unsuspecting prey. Anacondas give birth to live young; 20 to 40 baby snakes are born at one time. The largest specimens measured 17.1 feet long and weighed 215 pounds.

Hunting and diet 

All snakes are carnivores (meat-eaters). Anaconda eat 4 to 5 times year because it takes 3 to 4 months to digest their food. Anacondas mostly hunt at night. Anacondas kill by constricting (squeezing) the prey until it can no longer breathe. Sometimes they drown the prey. Like all snakes, they swallow the prey whole, head first. The anaconda's top and bottom jaws are attached to each other with stretchy ligaments, which let the snake swallow animals wider than itself. Snakes do not chew their food, they digest it with quite strong acids in the snake's stomach. Anacondas eat pigs, deer, caiman (a type of crocodilian), birds, fish, rodents (like the capybara and agouti), and other animals. After eating a large animal, the anaconda needs no food for a long time, and rests for weeks. The young (called neonates) can care for themselves soon after birth, including hunting (but are pretty much defenseless against large predators). They eat small rodents (like rats and mice), baby birds, frogs and small fish.

Other species 
There are four species in the genus Eunectes:

List Of References 

Boidae
Animals of South America
Harry Power (1819–1891) was born as Henry Johnson in Waterford, Ireland on 18 May 1819. He was a famous Australian bushranger. He is believed to be the man who taught Ned Kelly how to be a bushranger. 

Power was sent to Van Diemen's Land for seven years for stealing a  stealing a bridle and saddle. Released in 1848 he moved to Victoria where he set up a horse selling business in Geelong. 

During the gold rush Power went to Maryborough in central Victoria to search for gold. When two policemen tried to arrest him for horse stealing in March 1855, he shot one of them. He was captured and sentenced to prison for 13 years. He was able to escape from HM Prison Pentridge in 1862 and moved to northern Victoria where he met the Kelly, Quinn and Lloyd families. In 1864 he was captured near Beechworth and sent back to prison. He escaped from Pentridge again on 19 February 1869. 

Ned Kelly, who was 13 years old, helped him with several robberies near Beechworth. Power then carried out more than 600 robberies by himself during the year. He had a hideout in a cave looking out over the King River which is still called Power's Lookout. The police offered a reward of ₤500 for his capture. Ned Kelly's uncle, James Quinn, told the police the location of the cave and Power was again caught and sent back to prison.

He was released in 1877 because of concerns for his health. He worked on a farm near Sunbury. In his old age he acted as a guide on a ship set up as a convict museum. On 11 October 1891 he was found drowned in the Murray River, near Swan Hill.

References

1820 births
1891 deaths

Australian criminals
Ned Kelly
Bushrangers
People from Waterford
Behrain is a popular hill station in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Hill Stations in Pakistan
The Galyat region is an area roughly 50–80 km north-east of Islamabad, Pakistan, on both sides of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Punjab border. The word Galyat is the plural of the Urdu word gali, which means an alley between two mountains on both sides of which there are valleys and it is not the highest point in the range. Many of the towns in the area have the word gali as part of their names. These are popular summer-holiday destinations in Pakistan. Murree, one of the most popular hill stations of Pakistan, is the largest town of the Galyat area.

Localities in the Galyat 
 Ayubia (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Bara Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Bhurban (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Changla Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Charra Pani (Punjab)
 Dunga Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Ghora Gali (Punjab)
 Khaira Gali (Punjab)
 Khanspur (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Murree (Punjab)
 Nathia Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Thandiani (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

Hill Stations in Pakistan
Kalam is worth seeing site in Swat valley. Kalam is located at the distance of 100 km from the mingora, in the northern upper part of Swat valley. It is located at the bank of Suvastu river in KPK province.Kalam is encircled by green hills, thick forests and blessed with mesmerizing Lakes, lively meadows and waterfalls, which make the Valley a must wandering place. It is the birthplace of Swat River, which is conflux of two major tributaries; Gabral River and Ushu River.

It is a vast sub-valley of Swat; is located at an elevation of about 2,000 meters (6, 562 feet) above sea level, and providing a room for a small but fertile plateau above Swat River, making it ideal for farming. A metalled road ends here in Kalam and a shingled road leads to the Ushu and Utror valleys. Visitors can see the snowy mountains from Matiltan, including Falak Sair Mountain, with the height of 5, 918 meters (19,416 feet) and an unnamed peak of 6,096 meters (20, 000 feet) height.

population 
According to the population survey of 2017 the population of Kalam valley is 84,434  persons & no of houses are 9810.

Languages 
Kalam and Dir Kohistani (also called Gawri ) is one of about two dozen languages that are spoken in the mountain areas of northern Pakistan. The name Kohistan in Urdu and Persian means ‘land of mountains’, and Kohistani, when used as the name of a language, can be translated as ‘mountain language’.

Ethnic Groups 
The Dardic people of the Kalam region in northern Swat are known as Kohistanis.

Climate 
The climate in Kalam کالام is cold and temperate. Kalam کالام is a city with a significant rainfall. Even in the driest month there is a lot of rain. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Dfb. In Kalam کالام, the average annual temperature is -1.1 °C | 30.0 °F. The rainfall here is around 1361 mm | 53.6 inch per year.

Tourists Spots 
 The Kalam Bazaar (The Downtown)
 Matiltan
 Ushu
 Utror
 Gabral
 Mahodand Lake
 Kundol Lake
 Izmis Lake

The Kalam Bazaar 
The Kalam Bazaar is the main marketplace and commercial centre of the kalam valley. Despite being small, Kalam Bazaar has hotels, restaurants, cafes, medical stores, and a good number of general stores. This Bazaar serves as a high street or Downton for locals and tourists in Kalam and rounding areas.

References 

Hill Stations in Pakistan
Malam Jabba (also Maalam Jabba, ) is a Hill Station in the Karakoram mountain range nearly 40 km from Saidu Sharif in Swat Valley, Sarhad, Pakistan. It is 314 km from Islamabad and 51 km from Saidu Sharif Airport.

Malam Jabba is home to the largest ski resort in Pakistan. The area also contains two Buddhist stupas and six monasteries that are scattered around the resort. The presence of the monuments at such a height indicates that the area has been inhabited for over 2000 years.

Hill Stations in Pakistan
Patriata also known as New Murree is a hill station in northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated 15 km south-east of Murree hill.

Hill Stations in Pakistan
Charra Pani is a hill station in the Galyat region of northern Pakistan.

Hill Stations in Pakistan
An invest in meteorology (weather) (also INVEST) is a labelled area of bad weather that is being looked at for a possible tropical cyclone being made. Invests are labelled by three hurricane centers: the National Hurricane Center, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The labelling of an area of bad weather as an invest does not always mean that a tropical cyclone will be started.  Invests have numbers from 90 to 99, with a L in the Atlantic, E and C in the East and Central Pacific in that order, or W in the West Pacific after the number.

References

Other websites 
Navy/NRL Tropical Cyclone Page - tropical cyclones and INVESTS around the world right now

Meteorology
Bullet for My Valentine often known as BFMV are a heavy metal band from Wales. They have released three albums on the major record label Sony BMG. These albums are entitled The Poison, Scream Aim Fire and Fever, released in 2006, 2008 and 2010 respectively. they also have a self-titled EP and DVD's of performances live from the O3 Brixton School.

Discography

Studio albums
The Poison (2005)
Scream Aim Fire (2008)
Fever (2010)
Temper Temper (2013)
Venom (2015)
Gravity (2018)

Other websites
Official website

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Welsh musical groups
British heavy metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Wales
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) (formerly named Jabber) is a protocol for instant messaging. It is inspired by XML.

It is different to most protocols because it is an open standard. This means that anybody who has a domain name and an internet connection can run their own server. Most of the software and the clients are open source.

Other software such as Google Talk and the Gizmo5 use the XMPP protocol. It has been installed on thousands of servers across the internet. There are over five hundred million users who use software based on the protocol. Clients include Pidgin and iChat.

History 

Jeremie Miller started the Jabber project in 1998. The first major public release was in May 2000. This early software was the basis of XMPP. It was a competitor to SIMPLE, which was based on the SIP protocol.

In August 2001, the Jabber Software Foundation (JSF) was started. The main role of the JSF was to manage the XML protocols for XMPP by documenting them. As well as this, the organisation was to co-ordinate the many companies that were using the XMPP technology.

In 2002, the Internet Engineering Task Force created a working group to formalize the protocol. The group was named the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol Working Group, or XMPP WG.

In 2007, Jabber Software Foundation (JSF) became XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF).

XMPP and HTTP 

XMPP can use HTTP to send data to the servers. This is useful when there are strict firewalls in place, because data can be sent through the web instead of through a different port (port 5222 and 5223).

There are also open public servers which use standard ports (port 80 and 443) so that users can connect from behind most firewalls.

References

Other websites 
 XMPP Standards Foundation
 Jabber.org (always maintained, the first XMPP server)

Internet communication
Computer protocols
Phillip Martin Simms (born November 3, 1955 in Lebanon, Kentucky) is a former American football quarterback, and is now a television sportscaster for the CBS network.

1955 births
Living people
New York Giants players
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Kentucky
Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983 in Chico, California, U.S.) is the starting American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the NFL. He played college football in California, starting at Butte Community College before transferring to Cal to play for the Golden Bears. The Packers chose him in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft with the 24th pick.

Career 
He spent a few years as Brett Favre's backup, and after Brett Favre's first retirement fiasco, was named the starter of the Green Bay Packers. 

He became the Packers' starting quarterback in 2008 after Favre left the Packers to play for the New York Jets. He led the team to a Super Bowl championship in 2010 and was named the game's MVP in Super Bowl XLV. Rodgers is famous for his "championship belt celebration," which was used in commercials for State Farm as "a discount double check." Rodgers's best statistical season was in 2011.

References 

1983 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Football players from California
Green Bay Packers players
Submission was a movie made in 2004. It was directed by Theo van Gogh. Ayaan Hirsi Ali wrote the script. She made the story. The movie is 10 minutes long. The movie title is a direct translation of the word Islam into English.

The movie tells the story of four fictional characters.  All four characters are played by a single actress wearing a veil. The woman wears a see-through chador but is otherwise naked. Different verses of the Qur'an are painted onto her body.

The characters shown in the movie are Muslim women who have been abused in different ways.  For example, one woman has been raped by someone close to her. These women have a monologue - they speak to themselves.

The movie dramatically  highlights three verses of the Quran (  and ). These verses seem make it permissible  to treat women badly. The authors of the movie show the verses painted on the women's bodies.

Mohammed Bouyeri assassinated Theo van Gogh, after the movie had been shown on Dutch TV. Bouyeri is a Moroccan-Dutch Muslim who was upset about the movie. The assassination happened on 2 November 2004. A letter linked the murder to Van Gogh's movie and his views regarding Islam. It was addressed to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and  called for jihad against kafir. Kafir is an Arabic word for unbeliever, a person who hides, denies, or covers the truth. The letter was also against America, Europe, the Netherlands, and Hirsi Ali herself. After the murder of Van Gogh, tens of thousands gathered in the center of Amsterdam to mourn Van Gogh's death. There were fire-bombings of mosques and Muslim schools. Christian churches were also attacked.  Eleven other Muslim men were also arrested, other than Bouyeri. They were charged with conspiracy to assassinate Hirsi Ali.

After the murder of Theo van Gogh, Submission gained international fame. It was withdrawn from the International Film Festival Rotterdam. The movie had been scheduled to be shown on Sunday during a discussion on freedom of speech in movie at the festival. Because of the violent murder of Van Gogh, the producer of Submission, Gijs van de Westelaken, said, "We do not want to take any chance of endangering anyone else who participated in the movie." The movie was shown on television in a number of European countries.

Hirsi Ali has said she would like to make a sequel to the movie because "By not making 'Submission Part II,' I would only be helping terrorists believe that if they use violence, they're rewarded with what they want." When she was asked if she would submit to threats against her life, she said "Not me."

References

Other websites

Hirsi Ali on Film over Position of Women in Koran 

2004 movies
Documentary movies
Dutch movies
Transmutation is a basic process in alchemy. The most important form of transmutation is the change of lead into gold. Alchemists tried and failed to change base metals (metals of very little value) into a metal of high value like gold.

However, more recent work by James Chadwick and Irène Joliot-Curie in nuclear physics has established that radioactivity does lead to elemental changes.

Physics
Occult
Chemistry
Johan Marius Nicolaas "Johannes" Heesters (5 December 1903 – 24 December 2011), known professionally as Johannes Heesters, as a Dutch actor, singer, and entertainer. 

He worked for 91 years, and almost always worked in German-speaking Europe. Heesters was one of the oldest working people in entertainment. Some people have had problems with Heesters because he once sang for Adolf Hitler.  He also supported the Nazi Germany during World War II.

Heesters was married twice: to Belgian actress Louise Ghijs (1906-1985) from 1930 until her death and from 1992-2011 to Simone Rethel. Heesters has two daughters from his first marriage and five grandchildren, eleven great-grandchildren, twenty-five great-great-grandchildren and one great-great-great-grandson as of 2011. His younger daughter Nicole Heesters is a well-known actress in the German-speaking world, as is his granddaughter Saskia Fischer.

On 1 January 2008, he fell down some stairs in his holiday house in Tyrol and broke two ribs.

On 29 November 2011, he suddenly fell ill and was rushed into a hospital. He was operated on to fit a heart pacemaker. He was allowed home less than a week later. This was in time to spend his 108th birthday the next day with family. He did not feel strong enough to make the planned stage appearance to sing in celebration of his birthday.  He also missed the premiere of his latest movie, Ten. Due to a relapse in his condition, on 17 December he went back to the hospital. He had a stroke and died on Christmas Eve 2011.

Discography
Albums
1965: Jetzt geh' ich ins Maxim
2003: Ich werde 100 Jahre alt

Singles
1937: "Ich werde jede Nacht von ihnen träumen"
1939: "Musik, Musik, Musik" (featuring Marika Rökk)
1941: "Liebling, was wird nun aus uns beiden"
1941: "Man müßte Klavier spielen können"
1949: "Das kommt mir spanisch vor"
1949: "Tausendmal möchte' ich dich küssen"
1998: "Ich werde 100 Jahre alt" (song)
2007: "Generationen" (featuring Claus Eisenmann)

Honours, decorations, awards
1984: Bavarian Order of Merit
1993: Berlinian Order of Merit
2000: Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna
Bambi in 1967, 1987, 1990, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
2001: Platinum Romy (TV award)
2003: Goldene Kamera
2004: Kammersänger

Filmography

References

Other websites

Official website  (in German)
Postcards and tobacco cards

1903 births
2011 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from stroke
Dutch centenarians
Dutch movie actors
Dutch people of World War II
Dutch singers
Dutch stage actors
Dutch television actors
Dutch voice actors
People from Amersfoort
Crayfish are crustaceans that are also known as crawdads, crawfish, and freshwater lobsters. they are closely related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. There are about 150 crayfish species in North America, and over 540 species worldwide.

Anatomy 
The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments. They are grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may have one pair of appendages. In some groups these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to  in length, but some grow larger. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.

Habitat 
Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments. The semi-aquatic crayfish burrow into the soil to get to water (so that they can breathe).
Some can also be put in private aquarium to be used as pets

Diet 
Crayfish are omnivores; they eat plants, animals, and decaying organisms. They are nocturnal (most active at night) and eat fish, shrimp, water plants, worms, insects, snails, and plankton. Larval crayfish are very tiny; they eat plankton.

Further reading

References 

Decapods
Chappaquiddick is a place in Massachusetts, in the United States. It became famous because of a fatal car accident involving Edward Kennedy in 1969.

Other websites 
 Martha's Vineyard Vacation Tips 
 Chappy Ferry website
 Chappaquiddick Wampanoag
 Mytoi Gardens
 Wasque Reservation

Islands of the United States
Geography of Massachusetts
An appendectomy or appendicectomy is when a doctor removes the vermiform appendix. This is commonly done as a treatment for appendicitis.

Medical emergencies
Surgery
The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II ("Queen of Pakistan") from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic.

When Pakistan became an independent, self-governing nation in 1947, it, like post-independent India, provisionally continued to use the Government of India Act 1935, as its written constitution until a post-independence constitution could be drafted; by default this contemplated the continuation of the constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth realm Dominion. 

The monarch appointed a Governor-General, upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan to serve as de facto Head of State. 

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, considered Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader"), informed Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma: "when I am Governor-General the Prime Minister will do what I tell him to" -- however Jinnah's rapidly declining health made the issue moot.

After Jinnah's death the Governor-General of Pakistan continued to serve a larger role than the India Act prescribed, dismissing multiple Prime Ministers and consolidating power.

The office of Governor-General was replaced by the office of President of Pakistan when Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The then Governor-General, Iskander Mirza, became Pakistan's first president.

British India
The Kaghan valley is a valley in the Mansehra District of Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has a reputation as a place of great natural beauty. This valley also suffered from the earthquake disaster on 8 October 2005.

Lay out
The valley is approximately 160 kilometers long, starting from Balakot in the 'Lower Kaghan' to Babusar Pass at the extreme end of the 'Upper Kaghan'. It is mostly surrounded by the forests and hills of the Lesvjzxbser Himalayas and the Kunhar River runs though most of its length. The valley is mostly inhabited by semi-nomadic Gujars, and some Swatis, Awans and Syeds.

Background and main sights
Historically speaking, Kaghan was long a backward and neglected area, until the 1880s-1890s when officers of British India established a strategic supply line via the Babusar Pass to the northern areas of the Gilgit Agency. After that, the area soon opened up to tourism and resort centers like Shogran and Naran Valley were developed in it. The famous and lovely Saiful Muluk Lake is also a special feature of this valley as are some other lakes like Ansoo Lake, Dudupat Sar, Lulu Sar and the Lalazar Meadows. Malika Parbat is a high peak in the area.

Between May and August each year, thousands of tourists from Pakistan and abroad dive up from Abbottabad and Mansehra, to visit these places in the valley. For most of the rest of the year, Kaghan area is locked in by heavy snows.

Related pages
Neelum Valley

Valleys of Pakistan
The Yasin Valley is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwest region of Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Yasin is separated from the Ishkoman Valley by a high mountain pass. To reach Yasin one must take the Karakoram Highway north from Islamabad, and then turn left to reach Gupis in Ghizar. After Gupis, one continues northwest to reach the Yasin Valley. Yasin valley has a spectacular natural beauty.

History 
Yasin was originally ruled by the Khushwakhte Dynasty, a collateral line of the Katur Dynasty of Chitral.  The Rajas of Yasin were great warriors and fought against the Sikhs and the Dogras of Kashmir, but this house eventually lost power and the ownership of Yasin changed hands several times between  the rule of the Mehtar of Chitral, and the Maharaja of Kashmir.

British era
Although not highly or densely  populated, Yasin was of strategic importance because it leads to a high mountain pass, to Yarkhun in Chitral, and then to Broghol Pass, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, and into Tajikistan. Thus, Yasin could have formed an invasion route from Czarist Russia into British India.

People
The primary language of Yasin Valley is the Burushaski language. The Khowar language is also spoken.

The majority of the people in Yasin are Ismailies who lead their lives according to the Islamic principles more concerned with the imam of the time. Currently Prince Karim Aga Khan is the Imam and spiritual leader of the Ismailies. However, other sects of Islam like, Sunni, Shia also live in Yasin. 

Ethnically the people of Yasin are of Brosho origin; however, there are the migrants from different parts of the country, mainly from Chitral and even from outside the country like Central Asia.

Passes 
The Darkut Pass connects Yasin with Broghol pass and Chitral whilst the Thoi Pass connects Yasin to Yarkhun Chitral and Asumber pass connects Yasin to Ishkomen. Darkot Pass is a historical pass which discriminately has been labelled as restricted zone by Government of Pakistan. This pass used to be the shortest means of Communication between oxus and Indus ([www.yasinvalley.com]www.yasinvalley.com). Local and Foreign Tourism love to trek along the Assumbur pass to Ishqamen valley.

Valleys of Pakistan
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician. He was the tenth and Prime Minister of Russia from 2012 through 2020. He previously served as the third President of Russia from 2008 to 2012.

Medvedev was born in 1965 in Leningrad, Soviet Union. His parents were teachers. He studied law in the university there. In 1992, he became the law adviser to the Mayor.

In 2005, he was appointed as the Head of the Kremlin Staff under president Vladimir Putin and in 2008 he was elected as third Russian President and the youngest Russian Leader since 1917.

In 2012, he was appointed as Prime Minister of Russia and Leader of United Russia. 

He is known for his modernisation reforms in Russian society, especially in economy and politics.

In January 2020, Medvedev announced his resignation as Prime Minister.

References

Other websites
 24smi.org
 gazeta.ru
 ria.ru
 premier.gov.au

1965 births
Living people
Presidents of Russia
Prime Ministers of Russia
Russian lawyers
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Emperor/Empress of India (Shahanshah-e-Hind in Hindustani) was used as a title by the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, and also by the colonial British monarchs during the British Raj in India.

Sometimes, the term "Emperor of India" is also used to refer to Indian emperors such as Ashoka the Great of the Maurya Dynasty and Emperor Akbar of the Mughal empire. However, they did not claim this title for themselves.

Bahadur Shah II 

Although the Mughal dynasty ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th century onwards, they simply used the title Shahanshah (considered in the West to be the same as emperor). However dring the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British, the rebel sepoys seized Delhi and called the Mughal Bahadur Shah II as Shahanshah-e-Hind, or Emperor of India. After the Brtish defeated the rebels, he was captured and was forced to live in Rangoon, Burma in 1858, this ended the rule of the Mughals.

British monarchs 

After the Mughal Emperor ended by the British East India Company, the title "Empress of India" was taken by Queen Victoria from 1 May 1876. 

Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is usually credited with creating the title for her. Also, the title was created when it became evident that Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, would become an empress when her husband ascended the German imperial throne, many people thought it was wrong for the daughter to be an empress while her mother was just a Queen.

When Victoria died, and her son Edward VII ascended the throne, his title became "Emperor of India". The title continued until India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom at midnight on 14/15 August 1947.

When signing their name for Indian business, a British King-Emperor or the Queen-Empress used the initials R I (Rex/Regina Imperator/Imperatrix) or the shorter version Ind. Imp. (Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix) after their name. This was also used on many British coins, including some 1948 coins of George VI.

King of India and Pakistan 
George VI continued to hold the title King of India for two years during the short Governor-Generalships of Lord Mountbatten and of C. Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January 1950. George VI remained as King of the United Kingdom and King of Pakistan until his death in 1952. Pakistan became a republic on 23 March 1956, Elizabeth II was Queen of Pakistan for four years.

Related pages
 Mughal Empire
 Governor-General of Pakistan
 Governor-General

Notes 

British India
British monarchy
A radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. People eat radishes all over the world. It was first grown in Europe in pre-Roman Empire|Roman times. Radishes are usually eaten as a crunchy salad vegetable. There are many varieties of radishes. Some radishes are different in size, flavor, color and the length of time they take to grow.

It has a somewhat hot taste, rather peppery. This keeps some herbivores away, or limits the amount they eat. It acts as a defence against herbivory.

Root vegetables
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (April 19, 1912 – Feb. 25, 1999) was an American chemist. He was born in Ishpening, Michigan. He won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin M. McMillan.

In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom. Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.

Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project during World War II. He studied the chemical properties of plutonium as a part of the secret war research.

He served as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and element 106, which was named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living. He also developed more than 100 atomic isotopes. Early in his career, Seaborg was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and developed many isotopes of elements that helped to diagnose and treat diseases. For example, he studied iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease. He developed the actinide concept which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table. Seaborg also proposed the placement of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.

References

1912 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American Nobel Prize winners
American chemists
scientists from Michigan
Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath (born June 13, 1932) is an American singer and actor. He is best known for playing the human character Bob on Sesame Street. He was born in Ottawa, Illinois. McGrath's character Bob is one of the longest-lasting human characters on Sesame Street.

Other websites

 Bob McGrath's official website
 

1932 births
Living people
American television actors
Singers from Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Nerf  (written in capitals as NERF) is a brand of toy weapons. It is created by Parker Brothers and currently owned by Hasbro. Most of the toys are a variety of foam-based weaponry. While it is commonly known for its toy guns (or "blasters"), it can also be footballs and other types of sport utilities such as  Nerf skateboards, scooters and bikes. Nerf has a series of guns called Zombie Strike, Modulus, Elite, Mega, Doomlands, N-Sports, Super Soaker, Rebelle, Rival.

Toys
Disney Interactive Studios is an American video game publisher and developer. It publishes video games based on Disney works. It was originally Walt Disney Computer Software. The company was formed in 1988. 

American video game companies
Disney
1994 establishments in the United States