cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bacon is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved.

In the U.S., back bacon and smoked ham is sometimes called Canadian bacon.

Bacon has lots of fat. Because bacon comes from pigs, people of some religions will not eat it. In some cultures and religions (such as Islam and Judaism), eating pork may be considered "unclean." Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork-based bacon.

References

Pork
Breakfast foods
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, otherwise known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact, was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Soviet foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's German foreign minister) on 23 August 1939. The agreement promised that neither the Soviet Union nor Nazi Germany would attack each other.

A secret part established spheres of interest in Eastern Europe, and a border between both countries existed after they had invaded and divided Poland.

Only nine days later, on 1 September 1939, the German invasion of Poland began. On 17 September, the Soviet invasion of Poland began. 

About 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities. About 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD, and 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, which was under German control, were transferred to the Germans. In turn, the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners from the Germans, which showed how close the co-operation was between the Germans and the Soviets. 

On 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war soon because both had promised to defend Poland if it was attacked. Since neither of them was ready for war, they did nothing to help Poland for some time, but the Second World War clearly had started on that day.

Hitler later broke the pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The war would end by the Soviet victory in 1945.

References 

1930s treaties
World War II
Nazi Germany
1930s in the Soviet Union
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (;  in Kukarka – November 8, 1986 in Moscow) was a Soviet politician and diplomat. He was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he came to power. He was a protégé of Joseph Stalin until the 1950s, when Nikita Khrushchev dismissed him from office.

Molotov was the main Soviet signatory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. The pact was signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, and both countries promised not to attack each other. The pact lasted about two years until Germany started the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

The Molotov Cocktail, which was invented by Finns fighting in the Winter War against the Soviet invasion of Finland, is named after him.

1890 births
1986 deaths
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Soviet people of World War II
Heads of government of the Soviet Union
Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop ("von" was added only later) (30 April 1893 in Wesel – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was the foreign minister of Germany from 1938 to 1945. He was executed by hanging for war crimes after the Nuremberg trials.

Drom 1936 to 1938, before the Second World War, he had been the ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Other websites 

1893 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
Ambassadors of Germany
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People executed by hanging
People from Wesel
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
German Lutherans
Arson is a crime. When someone deliberately sets fire to a building, vehicle, etc. they do not own and they want to cause damage, it is called arson. A person who commits arson is an arsonist. Arsonists usually use gasoline or kerosene to start a fire. 

Arson
Types of crime
A cocktail is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.

Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.

Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.

Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.

Common cocktails 

There are many kinds of cocktails. They include:

 A martini is the most common cocktail. It is made with gin and vermouth, and served with an olive
There are many variations on a martini, which include a Gibson (martini with an onion instead of an olive), a Bronx (Martini plus orange juice), and an Appletini (made with apple liqueur instead of vermouth)
 The old-fashioned is thought to be the first cocktail. It is made with whiskey, sugar, bitters, and soda water
 A margarita is made with tequila, triple sec and lime juice. It came from Mexico, and is commonly served in Mexican cuisine.
A sidecar is similar to a margarita, but is made with cognac instead of tequila
 A Manhattan is made with rye whiskey, vermouth, and bitters
If it is made with scotch, it is called a Rob Roy
 A mojito is made with rum, lime juice, sugar, water and spearmint leaves.
A mint julip is similar to a mojito. It made with bourbon, sugar, water, and spearmint leaves. It is popular in the Southern United States, especially at the Kentucky Derby
 A daiquiri is made with rum and lime juice. Like many popular cocktails, it came from Cuba.
 A piña colada is an iced cocktail made with pineapple juice, coconut cream and rum. It came from Puerto Rico.
 A bloody Mary is made with tomato and lemon juices, plus vodka. It is different not only because of its blood-red color, but because it is served with a pickle or celery.

References

Other websites
 Wikibooks:Bartending for many recipes

Alcoholic drink
Events 
 April 27 – Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile after falling out with Henry I of England
 Amadeus III becomes Count of Savoy
 Bohemund I of Antioch is released from imprisonment among the Turks
 The Scandinavian city of Lund becomes a see within the Roman Catholic Church

Births 
 Emperor Toba of Japan
A sneeze is a reaction in the body that suddenly presses air out of lungs so it flows quickly out through the mouth and nose. Air and mucus (the liquid found in the nose) are forced out quickly. Sneezing often happens after breathing dust or other small things that irritate the membranes in the nose. The function of sneezing is to clean the space in the nose by removing the mucus and irritating things. Sneezing is mostly involuntary, which means that it happens without trying.

A sneeze consists of a deep inward breath that fills the lungs, a closing or partial closing of the throat, and a sudden increase in pressure in the lungs that forces air out. This increase in pressure is a result of muscles near the lungs that contract (tighten and shorten). Sneezing never happens during sleep because reflex signals do not pass to the part of the brain that causes muscles to move. When people sneeze, their eyes close. The speed of the air from sneezing is about 150 kilometers per hour or more.

Many animals sneeze, including human beings, cats, dogs, chickens and iguanas.

When a person sneezes, many small drops of saliva and mucus blow out from the nose and mouth. These tiny drops often contain viruses and bacteria. Some of these are germs, which can make other people sick. To keep this from happening as much, is important to block the sneezed air with something like cloth or tissue to catch the drops. It also helps to move away from other people, go outside, or face away.

A common thing to say to people when they sneeze is "Bless you!", or sometimes in the United States sometimes "Gesundheit!" (from German, meaning "Good health"). There is a story that the blessing started with Pope Gregory VII (540–604 AD). He said a blessing might stop people from getting the bubonic plague which was killing people in Rome at the time. There is a myth that when you sneeze your heart and all internal organs stop functioning.

The sound of a sneeze is written "achoo!" in English. Other languages write it differently. For example, in Swedish it is "atjoo!", in French it is "atchoum!" and in German it is "Hatschi!".

Some involuntary ways that people move air in or out of the lungs are: to sneeze, laugh, cough, hiccup, or yawn.

Related pages 
 Cough

References

Basic English 850 words
Physiology
Pumas (Puma concolor), also called cougars, mountain lions or brown panthers, are large wild cats that live in the western half of North America, along with Florida, and most of Central and South America. Pumas are mainly tan-color, and can be up to 9 feet long, although average length is 6 – 8 feet. They can weigh from 29 kilograms to 90 kilograms.  (The males are larger.)  Most pumas live up to 21 years. Although pumas are very large and some are larger than humans, the puma is classified as a small cat. That means that, in scientific terms, the puma is more closely related to the domestic cat than they are to lions. Unlike the big cats in the genus Panthera, the puma cannot roar. Instead, it can growl, hiss, screech, and purr. Since pumas are, in the biological sense, small cats, they are capable of purring continuously. The big cats can only purr while breathing out. 

Pumas are carnivores because they eat only meat. Pumas are apex predators. They hunt deer, raccoons, squirrels, foxes, rabbits and skunks.  They can also eat mice, beavers, coyotes, bobcats, birds, porcupines, cattle, goats, fish and bear cubs. They hunt at night. Cougars can see better at night than people can.  They can hear well too.  Pumas stalk their prey, which means they walk slowly and quietly, they hide and then when close, they jump or run fast to catch their prey by surprise.  They live and hunt alone. Female cougars take care of their babies until they are old enough to take care for themselves. Baby cougars are called cubs or kittens.

Pumas live in the mountains and forests far from people. However, encounters with humans happen sometimes. 26 people have been killed by cougars in North America in the last 30 years. However, many more cougars have been killed by humans. Cougars used to be found all in eastern North America, but they were hunted to extinction there by the beginning of the 1900s. Also, recent sightings of cougars have been reported from Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Indiana, Kentucky, and Vermont. For now, the only confirmed, population of cougars east of the Mississippi River is in Florida, where a subspecies of the cougar called the Florida Panther lives.

School Mascots 
Schools that have a cougar as their mascot include:
 Brigham Young University (Cougars)
 College of Charleston (Cougars)
 Chicago State University (Cougars)
 Eastern Illinois University (Panthers)
 Florida International University (Panthers)
 Georgia State University (Panthers)
 High Point University (Panthers)
 University of Houston (Cougars)
 University of Northern Iowa (Panthers)
 Pennsylvania State University (Nittany Lions)
 University of Pittsburgh (Panthers)
 Prairie View A&M University (Panthers)
 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (Cougars)
 Washington State University (Cougars)
 Alvarado Middle School (Cougars)
University of Sioux Falls (Cougars)

Related pages
Florida Panthers

Sources

Other websites 
 IUCN 

 Information on Pumas 

Felines
Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Armour (or armor U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.

Plastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets.  Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.

For vehicles 
Armour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.

Tanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank. 

Sometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked, e.g. film stars or presidents of major companies.

For animals 
In the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.

For sports
Many sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic. 

 
Military
North Star Computers was one of the earliest manufacturers of microcomputers. Before they started making their first computer, the North Star Horizon, they made floppy disk drives for S-100 bus computers. They included a disk operating system called North Star DOS (or N*DOS). The Horizon used the North Star disk controller and operating system. It was one of the first microcomputers that had multi-user features.

Their second computer, called the North Star Advantage, ran CP/M, and had the keyboard and monitor built-in. The graphics were very powerful for their time. When the IBM PC came out, North Star made an MS-DOS compatible processor card that could be added to the Advantage.

Their third computer, the North Star Dimension, was multi-user like the Horizon, but MS-DOS based.

Because their products in the early 1980s were only MS-DOS compatible, not fully PC compatible, they never sold very many, and the company went out of business.

American technology companies
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1976 establishments in California
1985 disestablishments in the United States
The words Celt and Celtic can have many meanings.  

Pronounced /kel-(tik)/:

Celt, either ancient or Modern Celts
Celtic languages, descending from the Proto-Celtic language, spoken by these people and their modern descendants
Celtic mythology
Celtici, Celts from ancient Lusitania (which is now Portugal). (See also Celtiberians for a Celtic people on the Iberian peninsula)
Irish music, folk music that started in "Celtic" cultures.
Celtic art, art from the "Celtic" culture
Celtic Christianity
Celtic calendar

The following should only be pronounced /selt(ik)/:

Boston Celtics professional basketball team
Celtic F.C. a football team in Glasgow
Manx, or Manx Gaelic, (known in Manx as "Gaelg" or "Gailck"), is a language spoken in the Isle of Man. 

It is a Celtic languages of the Gaelic language family. It is in the same family as Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.

Manx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last of the old native speakers died in 1974.

Manx is protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

History 

Manx was beginning to differ from Middle Irish in about 900–1600 AD, and it is called Yn Ghaelg / Yn Ghailck by Manx speakers. There became fewer and fewer Manx speakers during the 19th century and the language was replaced by English. In 1901, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx but in 1921 the number dropped to only 1%. 

Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s pre-schools. Manx is taught as a 2nd language at all of the Island's primary and secondary schools.

Manx today 
There is now a school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. The census of 2001 said that 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54,000 second language Manx speakers, mainly in the Isle of Man.

References

Celtic languages
Languages of Europe
The Manx is a breed of domestic cat. It either has no tail at all, a "rumpy", or it has a very short tail, a "stumpy". This is because of a natural difference in spine length. The back legs are also longer than the front legs. The breed comes from the Isle of Man, where it was found as early as three hundred years ago.

The Manx's character is nervous. The Manx's appearance is round on the whole. They are skilled hunters.

Other websites 

Cat breeds
Charles Francis Richter (April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist (someone who studies earthquakes) and a physicist. He is known for creating the Richter scale of magnitude, which says how big an earthquake is.

Childhood 
Richter went to work at the Carnegie Institute in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested.

Other websites
Charles Richter interview, at USGS
Charles F. Richter Papers, Caltech Archives

1900 births
1985 deaths
American physicists
Scientists from Ohio
Events 
 September 3 – St. Cuthbert reburied in the Durham Cathedral
 The Venice Arsenal, is founded in Venice.
 Alfonso I of Aragon becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.
 Historian Guibert of Nogent becomes abbot of Notre Dame de Nogent.
 Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Acre.
 Baldwin II, count of Edessa, is taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Harran; Tancred becomes regent.
 Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Rüm, starts a war with the Danishmends.
Crunk is a sub-genre of hip hop music that started in the clubs of Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1990s. The word 'crunk' is the past tense version of the word 'crank' as in "crank the music up". It can also be used as an adjective. It is a mixture of Miami bass, Southern rap, and electronica with a lot of yelling and chanting. Lil Jon is the most popular crunk artist, and his song 'Get Low' with the Ying Yang Twins is the song that made crunk music mainstream. After this song came out, crunk became a really popular style of music and it saw it's heyday in the mid-2000s, but it eventually started to fade away and disappear, being replaced with trap music in the 2010s.

Hip hop genres
Allan Kardec  (Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail 3 October 1804  31 March 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher.

Works
He dedicated the last 15 years of his life to organise a philosophical doctrine called Spiritism. He spread the educational ideas  of Pestalozzi in the 19th century. He published books on grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France. He was a teacher of physiology, astronomy, physics and chemistry. The classes were at his home in Paris.

In 1854, Kardec started studying phenomena which some people call "paranormal" or "supernatural". This were quite common at that time.

In his philosophy the spiritual manifestations were useful to the social and moral improvement of men.

Other websites 

 Allan Kardec Educational Society 
 ALLAN KARDEC: spiritisme, spiritism...
  Allan Kardec Biographic Information 
 The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec
 Le Livre des Esprits  (PDF file)
 The Book on Mediums  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
 The Gospel According to Spiritism  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)

1804 births
1869 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French esotericists
Occultists
People from Lyon
Teachers
19th-century French philosophers
Deaths from aneurysm
Disease-related deaths in France
French educators
French writers
Parapsychology
Pseudonyms
Hyves is a website where people can have contact with friends online. It can be used to make new friends or to stay in touch with old friends. It was started in 2004 and has over 9 million users; most of them are Dutch. That is the reason why it is very popular in the Netherlands.
Pictures and videos can be put and shared on it. Hyves is similar to Facebook or the German VZ Networks.

Link
 http://www.hyves.nl

Social networking
Sir Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier,  (22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor.  He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be raised to the peerage. Olivier married English actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.

Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.

Olivier had many awards: twelve Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film Hamlet), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was awarded five Emmy Awards. He was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner. In 1976 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Olivier's ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

References

1907 births
1989 deaths
Actors from Surrey
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in England
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English theatre directors
Knights Bachelor
Order of Merit
People buried in Westminster Abbey
United Kingdom Life Peers
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
Spiritism is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec. His first two books were:
The Spirits' Book — Defines the guidelines of the doctrine, covering points like God, Spirit, Universe, Man, Society, Culture, Morals and Religion.
The Mediums' Book — Details the mechanics of the spiritual world, the processes involved in channeling spirits, techniques to be developed by mediums, etc.

Other characteristics ideas of his were:
 Promoting the dialog between the three classical forms of knowledge (science, philosophy and religion) for achieving a more complete comprehension of the reality;
 Submitting the fundamental points of the religious systems to a critical and empirical exam, for separating fantasy and reality. This way, men can avoid materialism and dogmatism at once, being critical and spiritual.
 Emphasizing human power and responsibility for acting, creating and changing the world around.

Although Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism. Kardec's books were based on reporting séances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book History of Spiritualism. This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa). As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.

Other websites 
The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull

References 

New religious movements
Occult
Alexa is an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website. At Alexa.com, people can enter a website address and Alexa will show them how well-visited the website is. It can also tell them how its popularity has changed over time.
Alexa has 6 million unique visits monthly.

Alexa was created in 1996 by American businessman Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat.
In 1999, Alexa was bought by Amazon.com for about US$250 million in Amazon stock.
Alexa provides a free API that is used by services and toolbars all around the world to easily display Alexa Rating.

Some virus companies mark Alexa toolbar as adware (McAfee), trackware (Symantec) and potentially unwanted Program.

Alexa is an Alphabet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website.

Sources

Other websites
Alexa

Websites
Amazon (company)
Irish, Irish Gaelic, or Gaeilge is a language spoken in the Republic of Ireland and (less commonly) in Northern Ireland. Irish is a Celtic language. This means that Irish is similar to Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Cornish, Manx Gaelic and Welsh. Many people who speak Irish can understand some Scottish Gaelic, but not Welsh, because the Celtic languages are divided into two groups. One group is called the p-Celtic languages and the other is called the q-Celtic languages. Irish and Scottish Gaelic are q-Celtic languages and Welsh is a p-Celtic language. Irish has no "yes" or "no" words.

There were great poets who wrote in Irish. Their poems became the songs of the people. People told stories about the heroes of old times. Many of the poems were about them. 

Queen Elizabeth I of England tried to learn Irish and Christopher Nugent, 9th Baron of Delvin, gave her an Irish primer. She also asked her bishops to translate the Bible into Irish, an unsuccessful attempt to split the Catholic people from their clergy.

Until the 19th century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish but that changed after 1801 when Ireland joined the United Kingdom. Ireland’s state schools then became part of the British system and had to teach or even allow only English. The Roman Catholic Church also began to discourage Irish as did Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell, although an Irish-speaker himself, saying that most job opportunities were in the English-speaking United States and wider British Empire.

Today, Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland but in practice English still has a dominant position in government. It is not spoken by most Irish people outside the Gaeltacht in day-to-day life, although many speak it when among friends or family. It also must be taught in all schools in Ireland.

The newest Gaeltacht in Ireland is on the Falls Road in Belfast City, where the whole community now tries to use Irish as their first language. This area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.

Figures 
There are around 2 million speakers. The places where Irish is spoken a lot are called Gaeltacht areas or in Irish, Gaeltachtaí. Around 70% of the people in these areas speak Irish.

Common words and phrase 
 aon = one (a-n)
 dó = two (doe)
 trí = three (tree)
 ceathair = four (cacahuete)
 cúig = five (coo-igg)
 sé = six (shay)
 seacht = seven (quatre)
 ocht = eight (uk-ed)
 naoi = nine (kinee
 deich = ten (de)
 céad = one hundred
 dhá chéad = two hundred
 Dia Dhuit = Hello (literal translation is "God be with you")
 Céad Mile Fáilte = One hundred thousand welcomes
 Ceist ag éinne? = Anyone have a question?
 Éire = Ireland
 go maith = good
 Slán = goodbye
 Leabhar = book
 Madra = dog

References 

Celtic languages
Ireland
Languages of Europe
Max and Ruby is a Canadian children's television series created by Rosemary Wells. The series originally aired on Nick Jr. on Nickelodeon in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. It is aimed at a preschool children. The series was created by children's book author / illustrator Rosemary Wells. It is based on the fictional world of her Max and Ruby books. The episodes show stories about three year old Max, an anthropomorphised toddler bunny, and his big sister, seven year old Ruby, a patient young lady. The show has a good message for its audience by showing Max and Ruby playing together and using respect and love in solving their problems.

Cast 
 Katie Griffin - Ruby
 Billy Rosemberg - Max

Max gets into trouble in almost every episode, but Ruby gives him a helping hand.

2002 establishments in Canada
2010s disestablishments in Canada
2002 television series debuts
2019 television series endings
Children's television series
English-language television programs
Nickelodeon television series
Television shows about rabbits and hares
Television series about siblings
Events 
 August 5 – In the Battle of Peterwardein 40.000 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha
 Pirate Edward Teach the "Blackbeard" raids shipping in the Caribbean
 Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded.
 Crieff, Scotland burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
 Kangxi Dictionary published this year. This dictionary lays the foundation of most references to Han characters studies nowadays.
Advaita Vedanta is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore Advaita know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.

History 
Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (a = not, dvaita = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was "Atman is Brahman."

Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, maya, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit. 

Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.

This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)

References

Other websites 
 Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal

Hinduism
The Parthenon is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years, and originally had a huge idol to her. The name Parthenon means the virgin's place in Greek. It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles. It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments. 

The building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble. The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side. 

In 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759. They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816.

References

Ancient Greece
Buildings and structures in Athens
Ancient Greek and Roman temples and shrines
Jackals are canid species found in Africa and Asia. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time. Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and proficient scavengers.

Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.

Jackals are not a clade.  They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes.
There are three species of jackals:
Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats;
Golden jackal (Canis aureus) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta) - live in central and Southern Africa;

A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.

References 

Canids
Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin. Milwaukee is also the 31st largest city in the United States. The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago. As of 2009, about 604,133 people lived in Milwaukee. Part of Milwaukee is in Washington County. Cavalier Johnson has been the acting mayor since 2021.

The city got its name from the Indian word "millioke", which is thought to mean "the good land" or "gathering place by the water".

References

County seats in Wisconsin
The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a volunteer-based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors, socialists, and others on their website.

The texts are available in many different languages.

References

Other websites 

Websites
Politics
Marxism
Non-profit organizations
Events 
 January – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed.
 February 13 Lisbon – Peace Treaty between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England where it is recognized the legitimity of the Portuguese monarch. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.
Bishop Issac Barrow founds a trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man. (King William's College)
July 25 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.
First performance of Molière's comedy, Tartuffe
The British East India Company takes over Bombay
 Foundation of the First National Bank of Europe in Stockholm, Sweden "Riskbank"
 Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics in Ethiopia.

Births 
 November 10 - François Couperin, French composer
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21 1921 – December 14 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

Life 
Sakharov was a very clever scientist. He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government. Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s. But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.

The bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident. He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests.  He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need. He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech.  The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist. Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.

Persecution only made him speak out more.  He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail. The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him. After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour.  "Do you want to kill us?" cried Sakharov's wife. "We can do worse things than kill you," they replied. After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it. The police did not really care.

The only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union. The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR. But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky. There he was watched by the police outside his apartment. He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything. The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).

Sakharov kept on asking for glasnost (openness). In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be glasnost, let the dissident scientist return home. Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. . But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. .

References 

1921 births
1989 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Human rights activists
Nuclear physicists
Russian physicists
Year 1686 was a common year that started on a Tuesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 May 4 – The Municipality of Ilagan was founded in the Philippines.
 July 17 – A meeting took place at Lüneburg between 'some evangelical Princes and Electors' and representatives of the King of Navarre, the King of Denmark and the Queen of England. The object of this meeting is the formation of an 'evangelical' league of defence against the Catholic League, called the 'Confederatio Militiae Evangelicae'.
 July 22 – New York City and Albany, New York are granted city charters by the colonial governor.
 September 2 – The forces of the Holy League of 1684 liberate Buda from the Ottoman Turkish rule that leads to the end of Turkish rule in Hungary during the subsequent years.

Undated 
 The League of Augsburg is founded.
 Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria join the Holy League against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
 A group of conspirators met at Charborough House in Dorset to plan the overthrow of king James II of England by Parliamentarians and the Dutch William III of Orange-Nassau.
 A hurricane saves Charleston, South Carolina, from attack by Spanish vessels.

Births 

 January 16 – Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (died 1766)
 January 31 – Hans Egede, Norwegian Lutheran missionary (died 1758)
 April 9 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician (died 1721)
 April 28 – Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (died 1721)
 April 29 – Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (died 1742)
 May 24 – Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist and inventor (died 1736)
 June 9 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (died 1747)
 July 6 – Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (died 1758)
 July 9 – Philip Livingston, American politician (died 1749)
 July 31 (or August 1) – Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer (died 1739)
 August 12 – John Balguy, English philosopher (died 1748)
 August 19 – Eustace Budgell, English writer (died 1737)
 August 19 – Nicola Porpora, Italian composer (died 1768)
 October 15 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (died 1758)

Deaths 

 January 31 – Jean Mairet, French dramatist (born 1604)
 February 10 – William Dugdale, English antiquarian (born 1605)
 April 6 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (born. 1614)
 April 19 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish writer (born 1610)
 June 23 – William Coventry, English statesman (born c.1628)
 July 10 – John Fell, English churchman (born 1625)
 July 16 – John Pearson, English theologian (born 1612)
 August 13 – Louis Maimbourg, French-born historian (born 1610)
 October 26 – John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (born 1623)
 November 11 – Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French general (born 1621)
 November 11 – Otto von Guericke, German physicist and inventor (born 1602)

References
Events 
 Castle of Carimate destroyed.
 Nur ad-Din defeats the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab.
The Lynx is a small cat. It is a genus with four species. The four species are in Eurasia, Spain, Canada and America, and do not overlap much.

Appearance 
Lynx have short tails, and usually some hair on the ears. They have large paws (feet) padded for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the face. The color of the body is from light brown to grey and is sometimes marked with dark brown spots, especially on the legs. They weigh about 5 kg or about 11 pounds (approximately the size of a large domestic cat) and can weigh up to about 30 kg (66 pounds). They are between 70 and 150 cm long, with a relative short tail - 5-25 cm. They live for about 20 years.

Lynx are similar to a regular house cat, but larger. They have a powerful body on short, furry legs attached to hefty feet, and a bobbed, black-tipped tail. The fur is spotted and yellowish-brown to grey. It has a collar of fur around the face, giving a triangular shape. They also have long black ear tufts.

Habitat 
Lynx live in the high altitude forests with many shrubs, reeds and grass. They hunt only on the ground, but can climb trees and swim.

They can be found in the some places in northern Scandinavia, in North America and also in the Himalayas. Since the 1990s people try to move part of the population of the Eurasian lynx to Germany. They can also be found in Białowieża Forest (northeastern Poland), and southern Spain.

The Colorado Division of Wildlife tried to move other wild Lynx populations from Canada back to the United States.

Behaviour 
Lynx are usually solitary, although a small group may travel and hunt together occasionally. Mating takes place in the late winter and once a year the female gives birth to between two and four kittens. The young stay with the mother for one more winter, a total of around nine months, before moving out to live on their own as young adults.

Lynx make their dens in crevices or under ledges. They feed on a wide range of animals from white-tailed deer, reindeer, roe deer, small red deer, and chamois, to smaller, more usual prey: snowshoe hares, fish, foxes, sheep, squirrels, mice, turkeys and other birds, and goats. They also eat ptarmigans,voles, and grouse.

The genus Lynx 
 Genus Lynx
 Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis
 Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx
 Iberian lynx or Spanish Lynx, Lynx pardinus
 Bobcat, Lynx rufus

Conservation 
The Iberian lynx is the most endangered feline in the world. There are only two populations (together, 300 animals), in the southern Spain.
Hunting lynxes is illegal in many countries.

References

Other websites 

 Canada Lynx in the Southern Rockies 
 The Iberian Lynx The natural history of the Iberian lynx
 Hopes raised by Spain lynx births

Felines
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia
Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian band. They formed in Toronto, Canada in 1988. The band is made up of four men. In 1991, the band was taken off the program for a New Year's Eve concert in Toronto because someone thought the name was bad. The band started as a duo with Ed Roberstson and Steven Page. Lead singer Page left the band in 2009 to begin a solo career. He was also arrested in 2008 for having the illegal drug cocaine.

Members
The current band members are:
 Ed Roberston - guitar and vocals
 Jim Creegan - vocals and bass
 Kevin Hearn - vocals, keyboard, accordion and guitar
 Tyler Stewart - vocals and drums

Television
Ed Robertson is also the host of a television programme, called Ed's Up. On the programme, he travels around Canada by airplane. A plane he was flying crashed into trees in 2008. Roberston and the other passengers were not hurt.

The theme song to the television series The Big Bang Theory is performed by Barenaked Ladies.

Recordings
The band have made 14 albums:
 Gordon (1992)
 Maybe You Should Drive (1994)
 Born on a Pirate Ship (1996)
 Rock Spectacle (1996)
 Stunt (1998)
 Maroon (2000)
 Disc One: All Their Greatest Hits (2001)
 Everything To Everyone (2003)
 Barenaked For The Holidays (2004)
 Barenaked Ladies Are Me (2006)
 Talk To The Hand: Live In Michigan DVD (2007)
 Barenaked Ladies Are Men (2007)
 Snacktime! (2008)
 All In Good Time (2010)

References

Other websites
 Ed's Up TV pages 

1980s Canadian music groups
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups
2010s Canadian music groups
Canadian rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Ontario
1988 establishments in Canada
Paul Revere & the Raiders were an American pop group who were popular in the 1960s. They started in Portland, Oregon in 1960.

American rock bands
Musical groups from Oregon
Musicians from Idaho
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Singers from Idaho
Singers from Portland, Oregon
Musical groups established in 1958
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oregon
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
1976 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
is a video game for the Nintendo DS. In Nintendogs, the player has dogs. At the start of the game one can choose a type of dog and give it a name. They give the dogs food and drinks if a dog is good one might get to feed them a dog biscuit or a jerky treat. The dogs can be washed, taken for a walk, taught to do tricks and put into contests. The contests are: agility trial, disc competition and obedience trial. One can find out how to compete in these contests by looking at their care books, under Supplies.

There are four versions of the game each with different breeds.
They are: Dalmatian and Friends, Chihuahua and Friends, Labrador and Friends and Dachshund and Friends. All breeds are unlockable in every version and a player can unlock dogs by increasing his trainer points. However, the player can only have three dogs at home. To get more the player must drop off one at the Dog Hotel. Every player can only drop off five dogs at a time.

If the player does not play the game for a long period of time, the dog may run away. So players need to play with their dogs daily.

A sequel, Nintendogs + Cats, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011.

References

Other websites
 Official website

2005 video games
Cancelled Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games