cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
America's Next Top Model: All-Stars is the seventeenth cycle of America's Next Top Model. This cycle features contestants from previous cycles who didn't win. They compete for a grand prize. The winner was 30-year-old Lisa D'Amato.

The prizes for this cycle were:
A spread in Vogue
A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl
A correspondent for Extra
A campaign with Express
A chance to be the face of America's Next Top Model fragrance "Dreams Come True"

Contestants
This cycle had 14 previous contestants:
 Shannon Ratliff (runner-up) | (6th)
 Camille McDonald (5th) | (11th)
 Brittany Brower (4th) | (14th)
 Lisa D'Amato (6th) | (Winner)
 Brittany "Bre" Scullark (3rd) | (10th)
 Bianca Golden (4th) | (8/9th)
 Dominique Reighard (4th) | (5th)
 Isis King (10th) | (12th)
 Sheena Satana (6th) | (13th)
 Allison Harvard (runner-up) | (Runner-up)
 Laura Kirkpatrick (runner-up) | (4th)
 Angelea Preston (3rd/4th) | (3rd)
 Kayla Ferrel (3rd/4th) | (8/9th)
 Alexandria Everett (4th) | (7th)

Episodes
Episode 1
Best: Isis King
Worst: Alexandria Everett & Brittany Brower
Eliminated: Brittany Brower

Episode 2
Best: Lisa D'Amato 
Worst: Kayla Ferrel & Sheena Satana
Eliminated: Sheena Satana

Episode 3
Best/Immune: Allison Harvard
Worst: Isis King & Angelea Preston
Eliminated: Isis King

Episode 4
Best: Angelea Preston
Worst: Lisa D'Amato & Camille McDonald
Eliminated: Camille McDonald

Episode 5
Best: Laura Kirkpatrick
Worst: Lisa D'Amato & Angelea Preston
Eliminated: None

Episode 6
Best: Dominique Reighard
Worst: Alexandria Everett & Bre Scullark
Eliminated: Bre Scullark

Episode 7
Best/Immune: Lisa D'Amato
Worst: Bianca Golden, Kayla Ferrel & Shannon Ratliff
Eliminated: Bianca Golden & Kayla Ferrel

Episode 8
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Alexandria Everett & Angelea Preston
Eliminated: Alexandria Everett

Episode 9
Best: Dominique Reighard
Worst: Laura Kirkpatrick & Shannon Ratliff
Eliminated: Shannon Ratliff

Episode 10
Best: Laura Kirkpatrick
Worst: Dominique Reighard & Angelea Preston
Eliminated: Dominique Reighard

Episode 11
Best: Lisa D'Amato
Worst: Laura Kirkpatrick & Allison Harvard
Eliminated: Laura Kirkpatrick

Episode 12
Disqualified: Angelea Preston

Final Two: Lisa D'Amato & Allison Harvard
America's Next Top Model: Lisa D'Amato

America's Next Top Model
Wuhan () is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is the city with most people in Central China. It is at the east of the Jianghan Plain, where the Yangtze and Han rivers meet. Joining three nearby cities, Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, Wuhan is a center of transportation, with many railways, roads and expressways passing through. Because of its important role in transportation, Wuhan was sometimes called the "Chicago of China." It is also recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, and educational center of central China. 

The city of Wuhan, first called so in 1927, has 10,020,000 people (as at 2011). In the 1920s, Wuhan was the national capital of a Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang Jingwei when he was against Chiang Kai-shek, and it was also the capital in 1937.

In December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan.

References

Cities in China
1927 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in China
Wuhan University () is a university in Wuhan, China. It started teaching in 1893. The buildings and the cherry blossom in the university are very beautiful and well known.  People think it is one of the most beautiful universities in China.

References

Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China
1893 establishments
Mantarur is a hilly area in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It forms the southeastern end of the Olia Chain of mountains. This outcrop includes Butler's Dome (; 1102 metres above sea level). The granite escarpment called Foster's Cliff is nearby to the east. Mantarur is located about  southwest of Kata Tjuṯa. It is on Pitjantjatjara land, part of the Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust. A family outstation was established here in the 1980s, at a rockhole in the western slopes. It has since been abandoned.

Frank Rees George led a prospecting expedition through the area between 1905 and 1906. George gave names to several of the landforms, including Butler's Dome, which is believed to have been named after Richard Butler, who was a minister of South Australia. He named Foster's Cliff after R. W. Foster, the South Australian Commissioner of Public Works. The expedition found traces of gold at Foster's Cliff, but not enough of it to warrant mining. It was the only place in the Petermann Ranges found to contain any gold.

References

Geography of the Northern Territory
Elizabeth Marie Tall Chief (stage name Maria Tallchief; January 24, 1925 - April 11, 2013) was the first person of Native American descent to become prima ballerina for a major company. She is especially well known for her time with the New York City Ballet, where she performed between 1948 and 1965. 

Maria Tallchief grew up on an Indian reservation in Oklahoma. Her father was Osage. Her mother was Scottish-Irish. She started doing ballet at age four. By the time she was eight, she had already gone through all teachers at her level in Oklahoma, so her family moved to Beverly Hills. She was trained by Bronislava Nijinska, David Lichine, and George Balanchine. Balanchine became her husband in 1942. She starred in many of her husband's ballets including The Firebird. After she starred in The Firebird, she got international recognition. She was an artistic director of the Chicago City Ballet from 1980 to 1987. She was recognized in the National Women's Hall of Fame. 

Maria Tallchief died due to complications from surgery to fix a broken hip at the Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago at age 88.

References

Anderson, Jack. "Maria Tallchief, a Dazzling Ballerina and Muse for Balanchine, Dies at 88." New York Times Apr 13 2013, Late Edition (East Coast) ed. ProQuest. 29 May 2015.
Matheson, Katy. "Tallchief, Maria."  World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  29 May 2015.

Other websites
Archive footage of Maria Tallchief and Michael Maule performing Firebird in 1951 at Jacob's Pillow 
Biography for Maria Tallchief at the Internet Movie Database
Maria Tallchief from Upstream Video Productions
Maria Tallchief interview by Bruce Duffie
 Maria Tallchief Dances  TV appearance, Christmas 1952

Entertainers from Oklahoma
1925 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from fractured hip
Accidental deaths in Chicago
Accidental deaths from falls
American dancers
Native American people
Two vectors in an inner product space are orthonormal if and only if they are orthogonal (perpendicular) and unit vectors.

Algebra
Functions and mappings
Harvey Forbes Fierstein (born June 6, 1954) is an American actor and playwright. He is known for playing his voice roles as Yao in the 1998 animated movie Mulan and Koosalagoopagoop in Dexter's Laboratory. He won two Tony Awards and two Drama Desk Awards.

Fierstein was born on June 6, 1954 in Brooklyn, New York. He was raised Jewish, but he is an atheist. Fierstein is openly gay. He now lives in Ridgefield, Connecticut. Fierstein is an activist for Gay Rights as supporter for the Democratic Party.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

Other websites

Review of Torch Song Trilogy, with information about Fierstein 
TonyAwards.com Interview with Harvey Fierstein 
 Donald L. Brooks' memoir of early casting of Fierstein and commissioning and directing Fierstein's first play. 

1954 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American atheists
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American playwrights
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
Drama Desk Award winners
Gay Jews
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American writers
Jewish atheists
LGBT actors
LGBT playwrights
Tony Award winning actors
James Abbott McNeill Whistler  (; July 11, 1834July 17, 1903) was an American painter, most famous for a portrait of his mother.

References 

1834 births
1903 deaths
American painters
A railgun is a gun that fires metal projectiles (bullets) using a magnetic field produced by electricity. Unlike conventional guns, it does not use brass casings or gunpowder, and rarely needs to be cleaned or unjammed. Currently most railguns are experimental and are not used in war yet, but the U.S. Army is expecting to create one for war within the next few decades. In theory, a railgun could fire a bowling-ball-sized projectile fast enough to destroy a small building, even over long distances. Railguns are usually very large and not portable because of the need for a large power supply. There have been proposals to use the same technology for non-weapon purposes, such as aircraft and spacecraft launchers and specialized tools.

Firearms
Artillery
The Katiti Aboriginal Land Trust is a land trust for a block of land in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created through the Katiti Land Claim in 1980. The trust's owners include Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people. The block of land is officially referred to as Northern Territory Portion 1818. It borders the larger Petermann Land Trust area and Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park to the north and west, and two pastoral stations to the east and south: Curtin Springs and Mulga Park. The town of Yulara is excluded from the Land Trusts, and sits between the Katiti block and Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park.

The trust is named after Katiti (), a natural spring located about  south of Lake Amadeus. This spring was first written about by Baldwin Spencer and Francis James Gillen. They visited it in 1894 on their way to Uluṟu, and recorded the name "Kurtitina" (more accurately, ). The prospecting expedition led by Lawrence Wells visited the spring in 1903, and Herbert Basedow marked it on his maps as "Curtyteena".

History
Before the 1970s, the area of land now held by the Katiti ALT was considered crown land by the government. The region to the southwest had been declared an Aboriginal reservation in 1920. An area of land around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa had been made into the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park in 1958. The Katiti block, however, was considered unused. In 1976, the Australian Federal Government passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act. This law allowed Aboriginal communities to claim ownership of unused land, and to be granted freehold title to that land if they could show that they had a historical association with it. Section 4 of the act gave the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs the power to establish Land Trusts to look after the title.

The Katiti Land Claim was formally submitted in 1979. The claim was for a larger area than what is held by the Trust today, and included the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park. It was sumbitted by the Central Land Council on the behalf of several hundred people, most of whom lived at Muṯitjulu. The people were granted legal ownership to the block of land now held by the Katiti ALT on 30 September 1980. They were not granted the title to Ayers Rock–Mt Olga because it was already being used as a national park. They were, however, recognised as the park's traditional owners (). Also excluded from the property granted were a  area surrounding the resort town of Yulara, and a  area covering the Petermann Road, which provided tourist access to Uluṟu.

Petermann Road was later replaced by the Lasseter Highway, and the government transferred the title to the old road to the Katiti ALT on 23 February 1990. Legal ownership over the national park's land was eventually granted to its traditional owners in 1985, and the title to this area is held by the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust. Ownership of the Yulara area was the subject of a court case, which ended in 2006.

References

Aboriginal Land Trusts
Northern Territory
1980 establishments in Australia
Palestinian political violence is the violence of the Arabs in Palestine. Its history begins from 1851 during the Ottoman Empire, and continued after the declaration of Israel in 1948 until today. The violence has included stabbing, shootings, and bombings. Palestinian political violence has targeted Israelis, Palestinians, Lebanese, Jordanians, Egyptians, Americans, and citizens of other countries.

Other websites 
 Palestinian terror groups in the Jewish Virtual Library website

Arab–Israeli conflict
Palestine
Nationalism
Violence
William Frederick "Fred" Durst (born August 20, 1970 in Gastonia, North Carolina) is an American singer and movie director known for being the lead singer of the nu metal band, Limp Bizkit.

He is also known for his work in independent movies and made his directorial debut in with the 2007 movie The Education of Charlie Banks. The second movie he directed was the 2008 movie The Longshots. He was ranked at #71 in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader.

References

Other websites

 

1970 births
Living people
American heavy metal musicians
American movie directors
Rap musicians from North Carolina
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from North Carolina
Singers from Florida
David Lombardo (born February 16, 1965 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban American musician, best known as the co-founder and drummer of the American thrash metal band Slayer. 

Lombardo has also been a part of his side project Grip Inc., Fantômas, Philm, and Testament. He was born in Havana and moved to South Gate, California with his family when he was two years old. He was given his first drum set at the age of ten. He was given the title "the godfather of double bass" from Drummer World. He is known as an inspiration to many modern metal drummers, mainly within both the thrash and death metal genres. 

He left Slayer in 2013 and was replaced by Paul Bostaph. After he left Slayer, he decided to reform his side project Grip Inc.

Lombardo now plays for Suicidal Tendencies, Dead Cross, and The Misfits.

References

American drummers
American heavy metal musicians
Cuban musicians
Drummers
People from Havana
1965 births
Living people
"Plastic Brit" is a rude insult that is used towards sportspeople who were not born in the United Kingdom but were chosen to compete for Great Britain. It was mainly used by the Daily Mail in the build up to the 2012 Summer Olympics. It was argued against by some of the sportspeople who were called "Plastic Brits", including Yamilé Aldama who wrote a page against it in The Guardian.

Sources

Phrases
Pejoratives
Subculture
British culture
Worm charming, worm grunting, and worm fiddling are methods of attracting earthworms out from the ground. It is usually done to collect bait for fishing, but it can also be a sport. Most worm charming methods involve vibrating the soil, which encourages the worms to the surface. One method involves twirling a steel pole in the ground, which moves the dirt, making the worms in the area go to the top of the ground.
The worm grunting capital of the world is Albuquerque, New Mexico. Every year on June 21, thousands of fishermen show up for the annual worm grunting festival.
The activity is usually performed to collect bait for fishing.

References

Sports involving animals
Fishing
Leisure
Yoruba religion is a traditional West African religion, mainly from Nigeria. It is the religion of the Yoruba people. It has influenced some off-shoot religious groups. It is nowadays a minority religion. A central idea behind the Yoruba religion is that natural objects, like trees, rivers, stones, and iron have a spiritual existence.

The Yoruba religion has had great influence among black people in Cuba, many of whom are Yoruba descendants. It has some usage in other Caribbean islands, and in the United States.<ref>Canizares, Raul 1993. Walking with the night: the afro-Cuban world of santeria. Rochester, VT: Destiny.</ref>Gonzalez-Whippler, Migene 1982. The santeria experience. N.Y. Original Publications. ISBN 0-942272-15-3Mason, Michael Atwood 2002. Living santeria: rituals and experiences in an Afro-Cuban religion. Washington: Smithsonian. ISBN 1-58834-077-5Thompson, Robert Farris 1983. Flash of the spirit: African and Afro-American art & philosophy. N.Y. Vintage. ISBN 0-394-72369-4  In Cuba the religion is known locally as regla d'ocha, (meaning 'the way of the spirits'). Santería'' is a slightly wider term referring to the merging ("syncretism") of African spirits and Catholic saints. Adherents in countries like Cuba may be received into the Catholic church and initiated into the Yoruban religion, sometimes on successive days.

References

African traditional religions
Nigerian culture
Benin
Cuban culture
Cerebral aneurysms, also called brain aneurysms, are a cerebrovascular issue in which weakness in the walls of a cerebral artery causes localized dilation or ballooning in the blood vessel. Small, unchanging aneurysms may produce very few symptoms. However, before a larger aneurysm ruptures, individuals may experience sudden or severe headaches, nausea, vomiting and vision problems. The rupture may also directly cause serious damage directly to the brain, usually from the bleeding itself-this is a hemorrhagic stroke that can lead to and may cause arm or leg weakness or paralysis and speech troubles. Cerebral aneurysms may result due to congenital defect, high blood pressure or head trauma. Onsets are sometimes sudden and without warning, and such ruptures are extremely dangerous and usually result in bleeding into the brain itself, leading to a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which then constitutes a stroke. This condition may lead to death or permanent disability for some individuals.

Health problems
Stroke
James Jesus Angleton (December 9, 1917 – May 12, 1987) was chief of CIA counterintelligence from 1954 to 1975. His official title was Associate Deputy Director of Operations for Counterintelligence (ADDOCI). He started towards the end of World War II, and worked in Italy for the OSS (Office of Strategic Services) after the war. Returning to Washington DC, he became one of the founding members of the CIA in 1949.

The peak of his career was in detecting "moles", that is, foreign spies in American and western secret services. The 1970s Church Committee of the US Senate established that Angleton was in charge of the domestic spying activities of the CIA under 'Operation CHAOS'.

Eventually he was fired when he accused several western prime ministers of aiding the Soviet Union, and the anti-war and civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s as having foreign funding.

References

 Engelberg, Stephen.  1987. James Angleton, Counterintelligence Figure, Dies. The New York Times, May 12, Late City Final Edition, Section D, Page 31, Column 1.
 Hersh, Seymour. The Angleton Story". The New York Times Magazine, June 25, 1978, p. SM4.
 Holzman, Michael. 2008. James Jesus Angleton, the CIA and the Craft of Counterintelligence, University of Massachusetts Press.

Other websites

 Frontline—"The Spy Hunter" May 14, 1991 by Tom Mangold for the PBS program
 

1917 births
1987 deaths
American autobiographers
Anti-Communists
Harvard University alumni
People from Boise, Idaho
Politicians from Idaho
Yale University alumni
Museo Reina Sofía is a museum in Madrid, Spain. Picasso's painting Guernica is there.

The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (MNCARS, also called the Museo Reina Sofía, Queen Sofia Museum, El Reina Sofia, or simply The Sofia) is Spain's national museum of 20th century art. The museum was officially inaugurated on September 10, 1992 and is named for Queen Sofia of Spain. It is located in Madrid, near the Atocha train and metro stations, at the southern end of the so-called Golden Triangle of Art (located along the Paseo del Prado and also comprising the Museo del Prado and the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza).

The museum is mainly dedicated to Spanish art. Highlights of the museum include excellent collections of Spain's two greatest 20th century masters, Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí.  The Reina Sofia Museum also hosts a free-access library specializing in art, with a collection of over 100,000 books, over 3,500 sound recordings and almost 1,000 videos.

The central building of the museum was once an 18th-century hospital. Extensive modern renovations and additions to the old building were made starting in 1980. In 1988, portions of the new museum were opened to the public, mostly in temporary configurations; that same year it was decreed by the Ministry of Culture as a national museum. Its architectural identity was radically changed in 1989 by Ian Ritchie (architect) with the addition of three glass circulation towers.  A €92 million designed by French architect Jean Nouvel opened October 2005.

The building has been functioning as the Centro del Arte (Art Center) since 1986 but was established as the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in 1988. But analyzing the building's history up until these events, it appears that the building was subjected to being tested out as different representations of what it is today.

Photo Gallery, Reina Sofía Museum

Museums in Spain
Ensemble Studios was a video game developer. It was founded in 1995 at first as an independent company. It was founded by Tony Goodman, Rick Goodman and John Boog-Scott. It was acquired by Microsoft in 2001 and operated as an internal studio until 2009, when it was officially disbanded. Ensemble developed many real-time strategy games, including the Age of Empires game series, Age of Mythology, and Halo Wars. In addition to game development, Ensemble Studios also made the Genie Game Engine used in Age of Empires, Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings, and Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds.

References

American video game companies
1995 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States
Companies based in Dallas, Texas
The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London where Shakespeare's plays were held. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. Over the years, several theatres have held this name, all in central London.

The Globe could seat 3000 people and 1000 standing in the yard. It was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613.  A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614. It was closed in June 1642, with other theatres, by order of the Puritan Long Parliament.

Drawings
There are drawings of the outside of the theatre, but historians do not really know what the inside of the Globe looked like. They have had to use written descriptions, details from the building contracts, drawings of other theatres, and clues in the plays written to be performed in the Globe. In 1989 an archaeological dig at the site showed that the building was in the shape of a polygon, with 20 sides. They also discovered the building was 100 feet (30 m) in diameter.

Reconstruction
A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named "Shakespeare's Globe", opened in 1997 about 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre. The rebuilding was a project started by an American actor, director and producer, Sam Wanamaker. He set up the Globe Theatre Trust, and spent years raising money and researching so that the theatre could be built. He died before the new Globe was finished.

References 

Buildings and structures in London
London Borough of Southwark
Theatres in the United Kingdom
William Shakespeare
Altrincham is a town in the borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.

Altrincham has an ice-rink and a cinema.

Towns in Greater Manchester
Lin Biao (Chinese: 林彪; December 5, 1907 – September 13, 1971) was a Chinese communist military leader. Lin was a general in the First Chinese Civil War (1927-1936) and the  Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Second Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) of the People's Liberation Army.

After the war, Lin was key in creating Mao Zedong's personality cult. He wrote the introduction to The Little Red Book. Lin was rewarded for his service to Mao by being named Mao's successor in the Ninth Party Congress, 1966. This he remained until his death in 1971.

Lin died in September 1971 when his aeroplane crashed in Mongolia. He was attempting to flee China with his son after what appeared to be a failed military coup. After Lin Biao's death, he was branded a traitor by the Communist Party of China. He, along with Jiang Qing (Mao's forth wife) and the Shanghai Radicals are still officially blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution (1966).

References
 Lin's introduction to the Little Red Book
 The Encyclopaedia Britannica's article on the man

1907 births
1971 deaths
Chinese generals
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
A slot machine (American English), called also fruit machine (British English), the slots (Canadian English), poker machine or "pokies" (slang) (Australian English and New Zealand English) or simply slot (American English), is a casino gambling machine with set of numbers or pictures that after putting money in it and pressing button will randomly spin. The game is popular in casinos as it is easy and hassle free way to gamble money. Display of a slot machine have a reels, which have symbols and when player go to play, build in random number generator generates result in different symbols. If same numbers or pictures will line up - player will win his bet or multiplier of it.

Slot machines include a currency detector that detects if coins and notes are real ones and what values they have. The machine pays the winning or issue a coupon that will entitle to collecting reward in cash or prizes.
In some countries where money gambling in casinos is illegal the slot machines can issue free prizes, coupons or vouchers. Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and are responsible for about 70 percent of the US casino's income.

The first slot machine was invented by Charles Fey of San Francisco, California, U.S in 1894. The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement; it proved so successful at a local saloon that he soon quit his job and opened a factory to produce more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel slot machine with automatic cash payouts. The Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and playing card suitmarks that lined up to form poker hands. His next slot machine, the Liberty Bell, was built in 1899 and used horseshoes and bells as well as playing card suitmarks on the reels. Three bells lined up in a row meant the top payout. Chiefly because of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, only 4 of more than 100 Liberty Bell machines built by Fey survive. The Liberty Bell proved immensely popular among saloon patrons in San Francisco and was quickly copied by Fey’s competitors, such as the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago.

Variants 

 Progressive Jackpot Slots 
 Multiple Pay-Line
 Multiplier Slots
 Bonus Multiplier Slots

References

Gambling
Machines
Freemium is a business model, and a marketing term, used for digital products. It means that the base features of a product can be used without payment, but that more advanced features require payment. 

Marketing
Donald Arthur Glaser (September 21, 1926 – February 28, 2013) was an American physicist and neurobiologist of Jewish descent. He won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamber used in subatomic particle physics.

Glaser was born on September 21, 1926 in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Case Western University and at the California Institute of Technology. Glaser was married to Ruth Bonnie Thompson from 1960 until they divorced in c. 1970. Then he was married to Lynn Bercovitz from 1975 until his death in 2013. Glaser died on February 28, 2013 in his home in Berkeley, California from natural causes, aged 86.

References

Other websites

Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Biography of Glaser, Donald A. 

1926 births
2013 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Deaths from natural causes
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
American neuroscientists
Scientists from Cleveland, Ohio
Otfried Preußler or Otfried Preussler (October 20, 1923 – February 18, 2013) was  a German children's book author. He wrote over 100 books. Some of them are The Robber Hotzenplotz and The Satanic Mill (Krabat). His books sold 50 million copies. They have been translated into over 55 languages.

Preußler was born on October 20, 1923 in Liberec, Czechoslovakia to German parents. He was married to Annelies Kind from 1949 until his death in 2013. He won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1972 for Krabat. Preußler died on February 18, 2013 in Bavaria, Germany from natural causes, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Preußler's Official Website 
 www.worldcat.org: List of Preußler's books that have been translated into English

1923 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
German writers
Czechoslovak writers
The City of God is a work of Christian theology. It was written by Augustine of Hippo in Latin in the early 5th century.

The work's full title is On the city of God against the pagans (Latin: Dē cīvitāte Deī contrā pāgānōs). It is made up of 22 books. Augustine began to write it in 412 or 413. He finished it sometime between 422 and 429.

References

Other websites
Latin text
English translation by Marcus Dods
SparkNotes: The City of God 

Christian theology
Christian texts
Kirby's Tilt 'n' Tumble is an action puzzle video game for the Game Boy Color game console. It was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on August 23, 2000, and in North America on April 11, 2001. It is a spin-off game in the Kirby series of video games.

The player controls Kirby by moving the game console. The game comes with a built-in accelerometer to allow the player to do so. The object of the game is to guide Kirby to a level's goal within the time limit. To do so, the player tilts the console in the direction they wish to move Kirby. 

Kirby can jump if the player moves the console vertically in a jerking motion (moving the console forward quickly). The game involves the collection of stars that are in the level. Levels also have one secret star. The player has to collect all of the secret stars to fully complete the game.

References

2000 video games
Game Boy Color games
Puzzle video games
Kirby
A speedometer is a type of gauge that shows the speed a vehicle is moving.  It usually shows the speed in miles per hour (mph) for countries that use the statute mile for distances or Kilometres per hour (kph) for countries that use the metric system. Originally, a speedometer was an option that car owners could buy to put on their car. Beginning about 1910 it was built into all cars.

History 
The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888, and was originally called a velocimeter. Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer. These were usually fitted to locomotives.

A speedometer was patented by a German, Otto Schulze on October 7, 1902, it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the output of the vehicle's transmission. The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel.

Speedometer accuracy 
Most speedometers have tolerances of some ±10%, mainly due to variations in tire diameter. Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size. Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to show the vehicle is going faster.

Underinflation 
When a tire has less air pressure than it should, it is underinflated. Underinflation causes excessive heat and reduces the diameter of the tires. This causes it to rotate faster than the speedometer shows it is. Tires underinflated by only 10 psi can mean a car or truck reading 70 mph on the speedometer is actually traveling at 72 mph.

References 

Auto parts
Measuring tools
Automotive technologies
The major professional sports leagues, or simply major leagues, in  Canada and United States are the highest professional competitions of team sports in the two countries. Although individual sports such as golf, tennis,  auto racing, and gymnastics are also very popular, the term is usually limited to team sports.

The term "major league" was first used in 1921 in reference to Major League Baseball (MLB), the top level of professional American baseball. Today, the major northern North America professional team sports leagues are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). Other notable leagues include Major League Soccer (MLS), the Canadian Football League (CFL),  the Arena Football League, Major League Lacrosse, the National Lacrosse League, Professional Lacrosse League and the Women's National Basketball Association.

Sports in the United States
Sport in Canada
"All Through the Night" is a song by American singer Cyndi Lauper. It is off her first album, She's So Unusual.  It is a synthpop song written by Jules Shear and produced by Rick Chertoff. This was the only single by Lauper released worldwide which did not have a music video. It peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100. It became her fourth top-five song in the United States.

The song received mostly positive reviews from critics. It was released in September 1984 in the United States.

References

1984 songs
Pop songs
Jon Santacana Maiztegui (born 1 November 1980) is a Spanish skier who has problems seeing. He skis with help from Miguel Galindo Garces who helps him with directions. Santacana has played in the IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, in the European Cup and the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup, and Spanish national competitions. He represented Spain at the 2002 Winter Paralympics, 2006 Winter Paralympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics, making, getting a gold and a two silvers at the 2010 Paralympics.

He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the second skier to finish in the visually impaired men's downhill race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super-G race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super Combined race and in the Giant Slalom race. He was the second skier to finish in the slalom race. Because he cannot see, Miguel Galindo Garces was his guide and told him where to when going down the mountain.

References

Living people
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1980 births
Spanish skiers
2002 Winter Paralympics
2006 Winter Paralympics
2010 Winter Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Competitors at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Anne T. Hill (November 24, 1916 – March 8, 1999) was an American fashion designer and yoga teacher.

Hill was born on November 24, 1916 in Atlanta, Georgia. She studied at Commercial High School and at the University of Georgia. Hill was married to Harry Leher. Then she was married to Roy W. Hill from 1971 until his death in 1986. Then she was married to Edgar L. McCoubrey from 1990 until her death in 1999. Hill died on March 8, 1999 in her home in Rancho Mirage, California from heart failure, aged 82.

Other websites

 

1916 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American fashion designers
American teachers
Businesspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Educators from Atlanta, Georgia
Spanish Paralympic Committee (, CPE) is a Spanish non-profit sport organisation started in 1995. It oversees disability sport organisations in Spain. The organisation has a Secretary General and a President. Since 2005, they have been supported by Plan ADO. In 2000, the CPE had a scandal.

References 

Paralympic Games
Sports for the disabled
Sport in Spain
1995 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Spain
Parks Australia is an agency that manages national parks and conservation areas in Australia. The parks are governed by the Director of National Parks, which is a division of the federal government's Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities. Parks Australia looks after parks in the federal territories; those in the six states are managed by their own state-government agencies. Parks Australia provides some support to each state in managing their parklands. It also supports indigenous landholders to establish Indigenous Protected Areas.

Parks Australia manages six national parks and two botanical gardens:
 Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens, Jervis Bay Territory
 Christmas Island National Park, Christmas Island
 Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory
 Norfolk Island National Park, Norfolk Island
 Pulu Keeling National Park, Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Northern Territory
Booderee, Kakadu and Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa are managed jointly with their traditional owners.

References

Other websites
Official website
Official blog

National Parks Australia Council

Government agencies of Australia
Conservation in Australia
Michael Daniel Higgins (born 18 April 1941) is the ninth and current President of Ireland. He took office on 11 November 2011. Higgins is an Irish politician, poet, sociologist, author and broadcaster. 

Higgins was a Teachta Dála (TD) and represented the Galway West constituency. He also was the Minister for Arts, Culture and Gaeltacht from 1993 to 1997. Higgins was the President of the Labour Party from 2003 until his election to the presidency in 2011.

Higgins is known because he was the first president to make a state visit to the United Kingdom.

Early life 
Higgins was born on the 18 April 1941. His father's name was John and he was from Ballycar, County Clare. His father was a member of the militant group, the Irish Republican Army. His fathers rank was a 2nd Lieutenant. He served alongside his brother Peter and Michael.

In the 1970s and some of the 1980s, Michael was involved in University and College positions, but later moved to politics in 1987.

On 11 November 2011, Michael D. Higgins became the 9th President of Ireland, after Mary McAleese. It was the first time the President of Ireland has been a male since Patrick Hillery left in 1990.

Personal life 
Higgins studied at University College, Galway, at Indiana University, Bloomington, and at the University of Manchester. Higgins has been married to Sabina Coyne since 1974. They have four children.

References

Other websites

Biography at Áras an Uachtaráin website
 Documentary about Michael D. Higgins (family, career, and presidential campaign)  on YouTube, TG4,  2011.
Presidential election acceptance speech (RTÉ video in Irish and English)  
Presidential inauguration speech (Text)
Audio recording of speech opening the G. B. Shaw: Back in Town conference, Dublin 2012
Henry, William (2002). Role of Honour: The Mayors of Galway City 1485–2001. Galway: Galway City Council. 

1941 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Presidents of Ireland
People from Limerick
José Manuel Abal Lores (born 15 July 1961) is a disability sport athlete from Spain. He is a T53/F53 type track and field athlete.  He ran in the pentathlon events and he ran the marathon.  He was at the 1992 Summer Paralympics and 1996 Summer Paralympics. He won a silver medal in 1992 in the pentathlon. He lost to Vojtech Vasicek from Czechoslovakia. He did not win any other medals in 1992 or 1996.

References

Spanish athletes
Living people
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1961 births
1992 Summer Paralympics
1996 Summer Paralympics
Nicolás Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician who has been the 46th President of Venezuela since 2013. He previously was the Vice President of Venezuela and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Maduro became the interim President of Venezuela following the death of Hugo Chávez.

On 14 April 2013, Maduro was elected President of Venezuela, narrowly defeating Henrique Capriles, with 1.5% of the vote separating the two candidates. Capriles demanded a recount, refusing to recognize the outcome as valid.

Maduro was born on 23 November 1962 in Caracas, Venezuela. Maduro was raised as a Roman Catholic, and his paternal family ancestry is of Sephardic Jewish origin. He is married to Cilia Flores. Before Maduro became a politician, he was a bus driver in Caracas.

In 2013, Maduro denied rumors of homophobia. He stated that if he were gay he would "shout it to the four winds". He said that "I would have no problem loving whoever I had to love with my heart". He also stated that the Chávez government had supported LGBT rights starting from 14 years ago, promoting inclusion and non-discrimination.

In March 2016, Maduro endorsed United States senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

In January 2017 Maduro endorsed the murder of Venezuelan dissident Óscar Pérez in what has been named as the Raid in El Junquito.  The international media and some politicians & citizens all over the world defined what has happened in El Junquito as a massacre. They harshly criticized about Maduro & his government.

Despite calls to resign as president when his first term ended on 10 January 2019, Maduro inaugurated himself. This caused many people to be angry across the world and caused the National Assembly to call for a State of emergency. Many countries removed their embassies from Venezuela. Many believe that his election was illegitimate, they claimed that by retaking power, Maduro was making Venezuela into an illegal de facto dictatorship.

References

Other websites

Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores  (Venezuelan Foreign Ministry) 
Biography by CIDOB 

1962 births
Living people
Presidents of Venezuela
Vice Presidents of Venezuela
Current national leaders
Dictators
Hindus
People from Caracas
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust is the land trust that holds the freehold title to the land of Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park (referred to as Northern Territory Portion 1728). The trust is the legal landowner and holds the title on behalf of the people who are recognised as the land's traditional owners. It was created on 26 October 1985.

The land was originally claimed as part of the Katiti Land Claim in 1979. It was sumbitted by the Central Land Council on the behalf of several hundred people, most of whom lived at Muṯitjulu. The claim was judged in 1980, and Commissioner Justice John Toohey formally recognised 104 traditional owners for Uluṟu and 57 for Kata Tjuṯa. He granted them freehold title to the land now held by the Katiti Aboriginal Land Trust. They were not granted the title to Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa because it was already being used as a national park.

There was then a long legal case over the freehold title (actual ownership) of the park lands. The case continued until November 1983, when Prime Minister Bob Hawke acknowledged that the traditional owners had the rights to Uluṟu. In 1985, the Territory passed two amendments: one for the Aboriginal Land Rights Act and one for the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. The freehold title to the land in the park was passed to the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust on 26 October 1985. As part of the agreement, the land was immediately leased back to the Director of National Parks for a period of 99 years. The title is inalienable, which means that it can not be sold, traded or given away; it is inherited continuously by the community's descendants.

References

Other websites
Uluru - Kata Tjuta Aboriginal Land Trust  at the Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project, University of Melbourne

Uluru
Northern Territory
1985 establishments in Australia
The Palisades Sill is a Triassic intrusion, formed 200 million years ago. It runs through parts of New York and New Jersey. It is noteworthy for The Palisades, cliffs which rise steeply above the western bank of the Hudson River. The visibility of the sill,and its unique features, have got much attention from nature enthusiasts, rock climbers, and geologists.

Location
 

The outcrop of the Palisades Sill is quite recognizable for its prominent cliffs above the Hudson River; it is easily seen from the western portions of Manhattan. The exposure is approximately  long, most of it following the Hudson River. It first emerges in Staten Island in New York City. The sill then crosses the state line into New Jersey, where Hoboken, Jersey City, Union City, Fort Lee, and Englewood Cliffs all lie on it.

Geology

The end of the Triassic saw large-scale rifting during the break-up of Pangaea. What is now eastern North America began to separate from what is now north-western Africa, creating the young Atlantic Ocean. Magma came from decompression melting, and some was pushed into the pre-existing sandstones and arkoses. The magma solidified and, after millions of years, the overlying rocks got uplifted and eroded, exposing the Palisades Sill as we see it.

There is an average stratigraphic thickness of 300 meters (~1000 feet), with the famous cliffs rising 100 meters (300 ft) on average above sea level. The intrusion dips between 10 and 15 degrees westward for most of its length. The sill was intruded at a depth of about 3-5 kilometers. These studies also concluded that the sill was in a position nearly identical to its current one (10-to-15-degree dip); this is further confirmed by the still-vertical orientation of the columnar jointing.

The Watchung basalt flows of the Watchung Mountains are eruptions onto the surface of the same magma that created the Palisades Sill.

References 

Igneous rocks
New York
New Jersey
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 13 is the thirteenth cycle of ANTM. The season included originally 15 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Nicole Fox.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Wilhelmina Models
 A spread in Seventeen Magazines
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Contestants
 Jennifer An (3rd/4th)
 Lulu Braithwaite (11th)
 Courtney Davies (12th)
 Amber DePace (15th) (Disqualified)
 Rachel Echelberger (13th)
 Nicole Fox (Winner)
 Ashley Howard (9th)
 Laura Kirkpatrick (Runner-up)
 Sundai Love (5th)
 Brittany Markert (6th)
 Lisa Ramos (14th)
 Bianca Richardson (10th)
 Kara Vincent (8th)
 Erin Wagner (3rd/4th)
 Ashley "Rae" Weisz (7th)

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Disqualified: Amber DePace
Added: Lisa Ramos
Best: Rae Weisz
Worst: Bianca Richardson & Lisa Ramos
Eliminated: Lisa Ramos
3.
Eliminated Outside Of Judging Panel: Rachel Echelberger
Best: Erin Wagner
Worst: Bianca Richardson & Courtney Davies
Eliminated: Courtney Davies
4.
Best: Kara Vincent
Worst: Lulu Braithwaite & Brittany Markert
Eliminated: Lulu Braithwaite
5.
Best/Immune: Brittany Markert
Worst: Ashley Howard & Bianca Richardson
Eliminated: Bianca Richardson
6.
Best: Brittany Markert, Jennifer An & Rae Weisz
Worst: Ashley Howard & Kara Vincent
Eliminated: Ashley Howard
7.
Best: Nicole Fox
Worst: Sundai Love & Kara Vincent
Eliminated: Kara Vincent
8.
Best: Jennifer An
Worst: Erin Wagner & Rae Weisz
Eliminated: Rae Weisz
9.
Best: Nicole Fox
Worst: Erin Wagner & Brittany Markert
Eliminated: Brittany Markert
10.
Best: Jennifer An
Worst: Erin Wagner & Sundai Love
Eliminated: Sundai Love
11.
Best: Nicole Fox
Worst: Erin Wagner, Jennifer An & Laura Kirkpatrick
Eliminated: Erin Wagner & Jennifer An
12.
Final Two: Nicole Fox & Laura Kirkpatrick
America's Next Top Model: Nicole Fox

America's Next Top Model