cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Foals are a dance-punk band from Oxford who play a mixture of Indie, techno and Math-Rock. The band work with Transgressive Records.

TV Appearances 
In August 2007, the band appeared in a mini episode of Skins, which aired on Myspace.

The band appeared on the 16th November 2007 episode of Later With Jools Holland playing their songs 'Balloons' and 'Red Socks Pugie'.

The band have also appeared on T-Mobile's Transmission on Channel 4 where they performed the song Hummer.

Discography

Albums 
 Antidotes, 2008
 Total Life Forever, 2010
 Holy Fire, 2013
 What Went Down, 2015

EPs 
 Live EP (Transgressive Records, 26 February, 2007)

Singles 
Try This On Your Piano / Look At My Furrows Of Worry (Try Harder' April 03 2006)
Hummer / Astronauts And All (Transgressive Records, April 23 2007)
Mathletics / Big Big Love (Fig #1) (Transgressive Records, August 20 2007) UK #109
Balloons / Brazil is Here! (CD only) / Dearth (7" only) / Balloons Produced by Kieran Hebden (Limited edt. etched 12" only) (Transgressive Records, December 10 2007)  UK #39

References

Other websites 
 Foals Official Web Site
 Foals MySpace page
 Foals Fansite 

English punk bands
Laura Marling (born 1 February 1990) is a British folk singer-songwriter. Marling won Best Female Solo Artist at the 2011 Brit Awards.

Early life
Marling was born in Hampshire. She went to Leighton Park School. When she was 16 she moved to London.

Career

Marling has toured with a number of well-known indie artists in the UK including Jamie T, who personally invited her on tour with him last year after he attended her second-ever gig.

She performed at this summer's 02 Wireless Festival
  
and also performed at the first Underage Music Festival in August 2007 at Victoria Park, East London. She has also performed at Electric Gardens Music festival in Kent .

Her debut single came out on WayOutWest Records, with a new single coming out soon on Virgin Records. 

She appeared on Later with Jools Holland where she performed the song New Romantic. Marling's first album "Alas I Cannot Swim" was released on 4 February 2008. Her single Ghosts was out on 15 January 2008.

Marling's second album I Speak Because I Can was released in 2010.

In 2011 her third album A Creature I Don't Know was released.

In 2013 Marling's fourth album Once I Was An Eagle was released. It got good reviews. It reached number three in the UK Album Chart. Marling was nominated for Best British Female at the 2014 Brit Awards.

Singles
My Manic and I
New Romantic
Ghosts
Cross Your Fingers
Night Terror
Goodbye England (Covered in Snow)
Devil's Spoke
Rambling Man
Blues Run the Game
Sophia
The Beast
Master Hunter

EPs
London Town EP
My Manic and I EP
iTunes Live: London Sessions
Cross Your Fingers

Albums
Alas I Cannot Swim
I Speak Because I Can
A Creature I Don't Know
Once I Was An Eagle

Other websites
MySpace page
Official website
BBC London article
Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling perform My Manic and I 
Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling interview, Nov 2007

References

1990 births
Living people
Brit Award winners
British folk musicians
English guitarists
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Hampshire
This is a list of notable record labels starting with numbers.

Characters
+1 Records
-ismist Recordings

0–9

Other websites 
 AllRecordLabels.com  very extensive site with links to over 22,000 current record labels

Lists of record labels

cs:Seznam hudebních vydavatelství
en:List of record labels: 0-9
hu:Lemezkiadók listája
nl:Lijst van platenlabels 0-9
ja:レコード会社一覧
ru:Список лейблов звукозаписи
sl:Seznam glasbeno-založniških hiš
Reproduction may mean:

Biological reproduction, the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced
Asexual reproduction, where an organism creates a copy of itself; there is no genetic contribution from another organism
Sexual reproduction, where two organisms contribute genetic material in the creation of a new individual organism
Self-replication, mechanical, memetic and other form of self-replication
Reproduction (economics), in Marxian economics, recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created
Reproduction (album), a 1979 album by British electronic band The Human League
Reproductions (album) - a 2007 album by singer Charlotte Martin
Reproducibility

Related pages
Copy
Replication is a general word for making a copy. Self-replication is a process by which a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, in suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. The process is self-organising, given the basic machinery of a cell. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. 

Other kinds of replication occur. RNA viruses use the mechanism of a cell to replicate their own RNA strand and make its protein coat. Retroviruses are one of most important RNA viruses; there are a number of other types. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers.

Memes reproduce using the human mind and culture as their reproductive machinery.

References

 von Neumann, J., 1966, The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata, A. Burks, ed., Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
 
 Kenyon, R., Self-replicating tilings, in: Symbolic Dynamics and Applications (P. Walters, ed.) Contemporary Math. vol. 135 (1992), 239-264.
 http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~sipper/selfrep/ The Artificial Self-Replication Page

Biological reproduction
Technology
Palladium is an English Pop Rock band. It started in September 2006.

The four band members are Peter, Rufio, Fez and Rocky. They met each other during various tours on the session musician circuit.
They played their first gig together under the name, "The Peppernotes" at a Caribbean Restaurant dressed as Peter Pan in drag. Since then they have changed their name to Palladium and played alongside Amy Winehouse, Mika and The Thrills.
They were soon signed to Virgin Records. The deal being signed whilst they were on tour in Japan.
Through their live shows Palladium have gained many fans, including Amy Winehouse, Mystery Jets and Get Cape, Wear Cape, Fly.
Their debut single, "Happy Hour", was released on 23 July 2007.
They have recorded their debut album, The Way It's Not, with Tony Hoffer (The Kooks, Beck, The Fratellis).  It was announced that the album was due to be released on 28 January 2008. However, according to HMV and Amazon.co.uk it is now expected to be released on 17 March 2008.
They were announced as main support for Mika's late 2007 UK tour.

Musical Style

Palladium get ideas from a wide range of music. Pink Floyd, The Police, Toto, Fleetwood Mac, Stevie Wonder and Hall and Oates have all been mentioned by the band. They have also played at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith.

Discography

Singles

References

Video
PalladiumOfficial Video page 
Palldium - White Lady, Live
The Strange Musician, Part one - PalladiumOfficial Video Blog Story
Palladium - Get it Right, Live

Other websites
Official MySpace Page
Bandstand
Official Website 

English musical groups
An analogy is a comparison between two things that are similar in some way. When you draw an analogy between two different things, you are comparing them because you want to make a concept easier to understand.

"In general (but not always), such arguments belong in the category of inductive reasoning, since their conclusions do not follow with certainty but are only supported with varying degrees of strength".

There is a difference between superficial analogies and profound analogies. Two things might look alike, but work quite differently, or they might look different, but work in ways like each other. Most effort is put into finding profound analogies which teach us something worth knowing. As another philosopher puts is:

"The goal has been to find the formal criteria that distinguish good from bad analogical inference. These efforts have met with mixed success, at best".

Mario Bunge sees analogy as a main way of getting new hypotheses which can be tested. He points out that analogies may be based on similarities in behaviour, or in structure.

Famous examples 
The parables of Jesus are analogies. For instance, in the parable of the sower the analogy of the seed falling on good ground is to "such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit".
Charles Darwin chose the term "natural selection" as an analogy with the selection of domesticated animals and plants. The artificial selection of  breeds of pigeons was one of his favourite studies.

References

Other websites and references

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Medieval Theories of Analogy.
 Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991).  Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy.
 Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 
 Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
 Juthe, A. (2005). "Argument by Analogy", in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
 Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, .
 Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind.
 Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Logic
Literary terms
The Wimbledon Championships is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Wimbledon, a suburb of London in England, Great Britain. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court. Wimbledon is the third tennis grand slam of the year and is widely seen as the biggest event on the sport's calendar.

Wimbledon was first competed in 1877. The women's single and the mens doubles events began seven years later in 1884. It has always been played during the summer. It is played over two weeks, from late June to the beginning of July. The tournament is played after the French Open and before the U.S. Open. In 1968, the championships were opened up to both professionals and amateurs for the first time, with Rod Laver and Billie Jean King winning their respective singles titles.

The winners in 2016 were Andy Murray and Serena Williams.

Traditions

Seedings 
In every tennis competition, players are given a seed to help decide their place in the draw. At Wimbledon, they use a player's performances (whether good or bad) on grass to help decide the seed. At other tennis competitions, seeding are chosen based only on rankings.

Clothing 
The umpires (referees) and linesmen all have to wear special dark green and mauve clothing. The players have to wear all white.

Etiquette 
Female players used to have their names announced with "Miss" or "Mrs"; this was unlike any other Grand Slam tournament. However, this changed for the 2009 tournament. In this tournament, only the surnames were used. If The Queen is in the audience, it is normal for players to bow to her.

Records 
Men - William Renshaw, Pete Sampras and Roger Federer have won the singles 7 times each
Women - Martina Navratilova has won the singles 9 times

Gallery

1877 establishments in England
Sport in London
Tennis tournaments
A legume is a type of dry fruit. It is usually produced by plants in the family Fabaceae. Legumes can be a variety of fruits: peas and beans are types of legumes.

Description 
Legumes grow from the carpel, the female reproductive part of a plant. The fruit of a legume is found inside a pod that can be split on both sides. However, there are some foods that grow inside pods that are not legumes.

Health 
Legumes contain many healthy nutrients, such as protein. They are a good source of protein for vegetarians and vegans, or people who do not eat meat and fish. They also contain fibre. This helps to have a healthy digestive system. However, they contain some nutrients which humans find difficult to digest. It is recommended that legumes are soaked (left in water) before cooking to help with nutrient absorption (taking in more nutrients). Some amino acids, such as methionine, are not found very much in some legumes. However, they are needed to help the body use protein.

Use 
India imports (buys from other countries) the most legumes. This may be because a lot of Indians follow the religion of Hinduism, which does not let people eat meat. Legumes are a cheap and plentiful source of food in a country where around 22% of the population are in poverty. The top four producers and exporters (selling to other countries) of legumes are:
Canada
Myanmar
Australia
USA
The USA uses legumes for a variety of reasons. It is the highest producer. It uses soybeans to feed cattle and make vegetable oil. Peanuts are a popular snack food in the USA and these are also a type of legume.

Related pages
 List of fruit

References

Legume
Bifocals are eyeglasses with lenses that are split between two different strengths. Usually the lower half of each lens is made to help the wearer read, while the upper one is to help the wearer see at a distance.

Optics
Ashland is an American city in the state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Clay County. The city has a population of about 2,000 people. Ashland is the hometown of Alabama's 52nd governor Bob Riley.  Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black is from Ashland.

Geography
Ashland has an area of 7.2 miles. The city is Alabama's highest elevated county seat at 1130 feet.

County seats in Alabama
Cities in Alabama
Robert Renfroe "Bob" Riley (born October 3, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican party. He was the 52nd Governor of Alabama from 2003 until 2011. He was first elected to office in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. Riley was born in Ashland.

Personal life
He has a wife, four children (one is dead), and seven grandchildren.

References

Other websites
 National Governors Association—Alabama Governor Bob Riley  biography
 Bob Riley for Governor  - Official campaign site
 Follow the Money—Bob Riley 2006 campaign contributions
 On the Issues—Bob Riley issue positions and quotes
 Project Vote Smart—Governor Robert R. 'Bob' Riley (AL) profile

1944 births
Living people
American Baptists
Governors of Alabama
Real estate developers
US Republican Party politicians
Leon Czolgosz (May 5, 1873 - October 29, 1901) was an American assassin and an anarchist best known as the murderer of William McKinley. He was born in Alpena, Michigan to Polish Catholic immigrant parents. Czolgosz shot President William McKinley in Buffalo, New York on 6 September 1901. The President died from his injury on September 14, 1901, 8 days later. Czolgosz shot the president because he believed the President committed war crimes in the American Philippines war (1899-1913) and was an enemy of the people. He was influenced by Emma Goldman. Some people have questioned the sanity of Czolgosz.

Czolgosz was found guilty of murder in a very fast trial. He was executed by electric chair in Auburn prison, New York on October 29, 1901. 

1873 births
1901 deaths
American anarchists
American people executed for murder
Anarchists
Assassins
Criminals from Michigan
People executed by electric chair
William McKinley
The federal district is the area around the national capital in some federal countries. that are organized as 
capital districts and territories.

A federal district is made so that no state in the country can claim to be more important than the others because the national capital is inside the state, or to stop one state trying to have control over the national capital.

Countries with a federal district include:

 , Washington is in the federal district of the District of Columbia
 , Canberra is in the Australian Capital Territory
 , Islamabad City is in the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)

Belgium is a federal country, but its capital (Brussels) is not a federal district, but is its own language region. To show that the French language and the Flemish language are equal Brussels is a special bilingual (two-languages) region.

Countries

de:Hauptstadtdistrikt
fa:‫حوزه فدرال
Mobile County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is named after a tribe of Indians, the Maubila tribe.  As of 2003, 399,747 people lived there.  Its county seat is Mobile.  The entire county is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area.

History 
 Mobile County was first settled in 1702.
 The county was declared a disaster area in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic.
 The county was declared a disaster area in September 2005 due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.

Government 
The county-wide government is a 3 member district county commission which represents both the unincorporated residents and the residents of other municipalities.

Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  of it (25.00%) is water.

Neighbouring Counties 
 Washington County (north)
 Baldwin County (east)
 Jackson County, Mississippi (southwest)
 George County, Mississippi (west)
 Greene County, Mississippi (northwest)

Demographics 
The census of 2000 said that there were 399,843 people, 150,179 households, and 106,777 families living in the county.  The population density was 324 people per square mile (125/km²).  

The racial makeup of the county was 63.07% White, 33.38% Black or African American.

Municipalities 

City (population)

 Mobile (197,833), the county seat
 Prichard (27,963)
 Saraland (12,288)
 Chickasaw (6,364)
 Satsuma (5,687)
 Citronelle (3,659)
 Bayou La Batre (2,313)

Towns
 Creola (2,002)
 Dauphin Island (1,371)
 Mount Vernon (844)

Census-designated place
 Tillmans Corner (15,685)
 Theodore (6,811)
 Grand Bay (3,918)

Unincorporated communities 
 Eight Mile (partially in the city of Prichard, partially unincorporated)
 Semmes

Education 
All of the public schools in Mobile County are operated by the Mobile County Public School System.

Other websites 
 Information on Mobile metropolitan area
 Mobile County map of roads/towns (map © 2007 Univ. of Alabama).

Alabama counties
1812 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in Alabama
Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup (August 24, 1905 – March 28, 1974) was a delta blues singer and guitarist. He wrote songs that Elvis Presley later sang.

Life and career

Early life 
Crudup was born in Forest, Mississippi, and worked as a migrant worker until he and his family went back to Mississippi in 1926.

Early career 
Crudup sang gospel music and blues music. He played in a band called the Harmonizing Four in 1939. A record producer called Lester Melrose got him work with the Bluebird label.

Later career 
Crudup stopped recording in the 1950s. His last Chicago recording was in 1951. He also recorded in 1952–54 for a radio station called WGST in Atlanta. In the 1960s he started recording again with Fire Records and Delmark Records.

Later life 
In the mid 60s, Crudup went back to working as a farmer in Virginia, where he lived with his family: his three sons and several of his own siblings.

Death 
He died because of heart disease and diabetes. He died in the Nassawadox hospital in Northampton County, Virginia, also on the Eastern Shore in 1974.

References

Other websites
 Biography of Arthur Crudup 
 Biography of Arthur Crudup

1905 births
1974 deaths
Blues guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
David "Honeyboy" Edwards (June 28, 1915 – August 29, 2011) was an American blues guitarist and singer. Honeyboy was the last original Delta Blues guitarists still performing.

Life and career

Early life 
Edwards was born in Shaw, Mississippi, United States. He was friends with Robert Johnson, and was with him when he died.

Later career 
Culture expert Alan Lomax recorded Edwards in 1942 for the first time. In his later years, Honeyboy still played concerts around the world, sometimes up to 100 concerts a year. He died on August 29, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois from congestive heart failure, at the age of 96 years.

Author 
Edwards has also written a book, The World Don't Owe Me Nothin', which was published in 1997 by Chicago Review Press. The book is about his life from childhood to when he arrived in Chicago. It describes his journeys through the South in the early 1950s.

Awards 
1996: Got into the Blues Hall of Fame
2005: Blues Artist of the Year
2007: Acoustic Artist of the Year

His albums White Windows, The World Don't Owe Me Nothing, Mississippi Delta Blues Man, and Henry Townsend  were all nominated for the W. C. Handy Award.

References

Other websites 

Official website for David Honeyboy Edwards
Official myspace of David Honeyboy Edwards

Illustrated David 'Honeyboy' Edwards discography

1915 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Blues guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Singers from Chicago
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
Musicians from Chicago
Pompeii was a Roman city. Now it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

On 24 October, 79 AD, a volcano called Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city and its people, killing 2,000 of them. 

Pompeii is now considered one of the world's most important historical sites because of the way the volcanic ash preserved the city and its people. This gives historians and archaeologists a vivid picture of life in the Roman Empire around 2,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have found graffiti written by the people who lived in the town.

People often wrote on walls, and archaeologists have been able to read some of what they wrote. Pompeii is an interesting attraction for tourists from around the world and is visited by 2.5 million people every year.

History 
The town was started around the year 600 BC. It was started by a group of people from central Italy, the Osci. They chose to start it in this location because it was already an important location for trade by both land and sea. By the 5th century BC, Pompeii had become part of Rome. While under Roman control, Pompeii was improved a lot. The Romans built Aqueducts, and these were used to provide the citizens with water.

Before the eruption, Pompeii was a beautiful and wealthy city. At the time of the eruption, the town may have had about 11,000 people living there. It was in an area where Romans had holiday villas. Modern professor William Abbott said, "At the time of the eruption, Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations."

Witnesses 
Pliny The Younger was a witness to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He sent letters to a friend describing the eruption. For he was much too scared to go any closer, he stayed where he was. He was quite a distance from the sight, but close enough to see the eruption clearly.

Dating 
Recent research has questioned the day of the eruption, with some scholars arguing for an autumn date.

Related pages 
Herculaneum

References 

Places of Ancient Rome
Cities and towns in Italy
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Blacks and Whites' Carnival (Spanish: Carnaval de Negros y Blancos) is a carnival in the Colombian city of Pasto, and was proclaimed by UNESCO as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The carnival happens each year, from January 2 to January 7. Many tourists visit it.

Stages 
It has two stages: pre-carnival with Fool's Day and New Year's Eve Puppets (parade and burning); and the carnival itself with four celebration days: Colonies Day, Carnavalito (Children's Carnival), the Arrival of the Castañeda Family, Blacks' Day and Whites' Day with the Grand Parade (this being the most important day for its beauty).

Colonies Day was added as an official day into the traditional Carnival programing, with several new acts: Tribute to the Virgin of Mercy, Colonies Parade, and Rock Day. 

Carnavalito (Children's Carnival) began in 1966, as a copy of the adults' carnival, originally with little floats, accompanied by child musicians and dancing girls.

The Arrival of the Castañeda Family began in 1929 as a salute to the settlers in the east of the country.

Blacks' Day originally commemorated the day in which the African slaves had a free day, after the 1607 slave rebellion in the Colombian town of Remedios. It is said that when news reached Popayan, the African population there went to the streets and danced, and blackened all the white walls of that city with coal. In Pasto the celebration has probably taken place since 1857, when white people began to paint their faces black.

Whites' Day (and the modern carnival) began in 1912 as a new way to celebrate the Epiphany. The people began to paint their faces white with cosmetics and powder. In 1926 the Great Parade began, full of colorful and giant floats, and people began playing with streamers and confetti.

Carnival Remate (Finish) happens by celebrating "Cuy's day", when locals and tourists delight in the typical dish of the region.

Today the carnival is very important for tourism. People use costumes and masks, and still play with black cosmetics and white powder.

Related pages
 Carnival

References

Other websites

 "Corpocarnaval" – Corporación oficial del carnaval de Negros y Blancos (in Spanish).
 Periódico de la UN: El carnaval de Pasto: oxígeno de una identidad (in Spanish) .
 Colombia turismo, Carnaval de Negros y Blancos (in Spanish).
 Inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Festivals
Colombian culture
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (birth name), (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known by the popular name of Le Corbusier, was an architect and writer born in Switzerland. In the 1930s, he became a French citizen. He is famous for his theories about modernism in architecture. His plans included the improvement of housing for people in large cities. This was because many people lived in poverty at that time. Many of his designs have been built across the world.

He also liked to paint and was skilled at designing furniture.

Early life 

Le Corbusier grew up in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small town in the north of Switzerland. In 1907, aged 19, he moved to the French city of Paris. He travelled across Europe, and learned a lot of new ideas. He learned to speak German and worked with famous architects, such as Peter Behrens.

The World War 
During World War I, Le Corbusier went back to Switzerland and became a teacher. Soon, he opened his own architectural business with his cousin, and they worked together until 1940. It was in 1918 that he met a painter, Amédée Ozenfant, who would become a great friend. They combined their ideas to create a new type of art called Purism.

Post-World War 
After the war, Le Corbusier concentrated on his art until 1922. After this, he began designing apartments that could be stacked on top of each other, to house people and meet their needs. This type of low-density housing was to deal with the problem of over-crowding in Paris. He said this transformation was needed, or a revolution could occur from the unhappy lower classes. He created a design for an ideal city (Ville Contemporaine) that was never built. It was a plan developed around a lot of skycrapers. He presented this plan to the French government, who refused it. This did raise their awareness of overcrowding in the city though.

1930s 
Le Corbusier began to dislike capitalism, and said that people's house size should depend on the size of their family, and not by how rich they were.

Later life 
Le Corbusier was not active in politics from 1942. Instead, he built smaller housing blocks around France.

His name 
The name, Le Corbusier, is French. It is a different version of his grandmother's surname, Lecorbésier. The name translates in to English as "the crowlike one". He chose this name in 1920.

Famous ideas 
 Le Corbusier said that buildings should built with transportation, especially the car, in consideration. He was one of the first architects to suggest this, and now almost every city planner considers this when designing a building.

He considered speed in architecture by saying that house is a machine to live in. This machine's purpose is to speed up the activities of the people who live in it.
He introduced an idea of building a residence with just some slabs, columns, and, stairs. These three things can produce any kind of residence, for any class of people.

1887 births
1965 deaths
French architects
French writers
Swiss writers
Urban planners
Anna Karenina (), also Anglicised as Anna Karenin, is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.

Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel.

Characters in "Anna Karenina" 
 Anna Arkadyevna Karenina – The title character, the sister of Stepan and the lover of Vronsky
Anna Arkadyevna Karenina is romantic and has a very strong character. For example, she likes to write children's books and admires art. She is described as being very beautiful, and there is a lot of energy in her. She loves her son very, very, much, and this is one of the biggest reasons why she is afraid of running away with Vronsky. Although she does not love her husband, Karenin, she feels sorry and guilty. However, she says that "I hate him for his virtues!" She is emotionally honest and really does not like to pretend. She thinks that Karenin loves to pretend, and this is one of the greatest reasons why she does not like him. She thinks that love is more important than anything, even duty.

 Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky – The lover of Anna
Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky is a handsome, rich, passionate soldier. He is romantic and charming, but he, too, is just a man. Anna is disappointed after she runs away with him and commits adultery because he is not perfect. His head begins to become bald, he loses at horse games, and he does not care about Kitty's feelings. He becomes a bored, embittered man. Tolstoy does not often write about his thoughts and feelings as he does about the other characters.

 Prince Stepan Arkadyevitch Oblonsky ("Stiva") – a good, kind servant

 Darya Alexandrovna Oblonskaya ("Dolly") – Stepan's wife

 Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin – Anna's husband

 Konstantin Dmitrievitch Levin – Kitty's suitor and the novel's other protagonist

 Nikolai Levin – Konstantin's brother

 Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya ("Kitty") – Darya's younger sister

 Countess Lydia Ivanovna – Interested in all things mystical

 Kapitonich - Karenin's butler

Movies 
 Anna Karenina (1935 movie), a critically acclaimed 1935 drama movie, directed by Clarence Brown. It is based on the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. The movie stars Greta Garbo, Fredric March, and Maureen O'Sullivan. 
 Anna Karenina (1948 movie), directed by Julien Duvivier with Vivien Leigh as Anna Karenina.
 Anna Karenina (1997 movie), a 1997 British-American production filmed in St. Petersburg, Russia, by director Bernard Rose with Sophie Marceau as Anna Karenina. 
 Anna Karenina (2012 movie),  a 2012 British production movie directed by Joe Wright adapted by Tom Stoppard.

Related pages
War and Peace

Other websites 

 
 
 Anna Karenina Map

Anna Karenina in English 

 Anna Karenina formatted for online reading (At literature.org.)''
 Sparknotes: Anna Karenina An analysis of the book.

Anna Karenina in Russian 
 «Анна Каренина» at LitPortal.ru 
 Full Russian text of Anna Karenina at Alexey Komarov's Internet Library

Related works 
 Tolstoy's Confession
 Literature at IBN.ru

References

1878 books
Adultery in fiction
Books by Leo Tolstoy
Russian novels
For movie, TV, radio, or theatrical adaptations of the novel see: 

1914: Anna Karenina (1914 movie), a Russian adaptation directed by Vladimir Gardin.
1915: Anna Karenina (1915 movie), an American version starring Danish actress Betty Nansen.
1927: Love (1927 movie), an American version, starring Greta Garbo and directed by Edmund Goulding.  This version featured significant changes from the novel and had two different endings, with a happy one for American audiences.
1935: Anna Karenina (1935 movie), the most famous and critically acclaimed version, starring Greta Garbo and Fredric March and directed by Clarence Brown.
1944: A radio adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater starring Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck. Ingrid Bergman also did a Theater Guild on the Air adaptation in 1948.
1948: Anna Karenina (1948 movie) starring Vivien Leigh, Ralph Richardson and directed by Julien Duvivier.
1953: Anna Karenina (1953 movie), a Russian version directed by Tatyana Lukashevich.
1961: Anna Karenina (TV programme), a BBC Television adaptation directed by Rudolph Cartier, starring Sean Connery and Claire Bloom.
1967: Anna Karenina (1967 movie), a Russian version directed by Aleksandr Zarkhi.
1971: Anna Karenina (ballet), a ballet by Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin.
1977: Anna Karenina (1977 TV serial), a 10 part British TV miniseries directed by Basil Coleman.
1985: Anna Karenina (1985 movie), a TV Movie starring Jacqueline Bisset and Christopher Reeve, directed by Simon Langton.
1992: Anna Karenina (musical), an ill-fated Broadway musical adaptation.
1997: Anna Karenina (1997 movie), the first US version to be filmed on location in Russia, directed by Bernard Rose and starring Sophie Marceau and Sean Bean.
1997: A 4 part BBC radio production starring Toby Stephens
2000: Anna Karenina (2000 TV serial), a 4 part British TV adaptation directed by David Blair.
2005: Anna Karenina (2005 ballet), a Russian ballet in 2 acts choreoraphed by Boris Eifman.
2007: Anna Karenina (2007 opera), an American opera with music by David Carlson from a libretto by Colin Graham which premiered in April 2007 at Florida Grand Opera starring Kelly Kaduce as Anna.
2009: Anna Karenina (2009 movie), a Russian mini-series by Sergei Solovyov.
For the cruiseferry, see M/S Anna Karenina

References
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known to English speakers as Horace, was a famous poet in the Roman Empire.

Life 
Horace was born in the small Italian town of Venusia. His father used to be a slave, but was known as a freedman because his master had freed him. They moved to Rome a short time later. Horace's father had a job taking items from the seller to the buyer. He received money from these sales. His father became richer and was able to send Horace to the best schools in Rome. He was also able to send him to Athens (Greece) to study the Greek language and philosophy. Horace's native language was Latin. Horace was incredibly proud of his father, and said he felt no shame in being the son of a freedman.

In his early adult life, Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was killed. War was declared against the people who killed him. Horace joined the army. When the war was over, Horace returned to Italy to find that other people were living in his apartment. His father was also gone. Horace became very poor. Eventually, he found a job in the treasury. This involved sorting the country's money.

His friends, Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil, who were also writers, introduced him to Maecenas. Maecenas was a close friend of Augustus, the emperor of Rome. Horace lived in Tivoli, an area of Rome. When he died, he gave the land he owned to Augustus, to increase the land the state owned. Today, other writers visit the land to remember him.

Quotes 
Horace wrote many famous quotes in his poems. These lines are still spoken today, by speakers of every language, in the original Latin.
 Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country.
 Carpe diem - Pluck the day (Seize the day is the common translation, though it is incorrect in terms of translation and usage).

Poetry 
Some of Horace's poems are difficult to translate because of their syntax, grammar and structure, which is sometimes very different to modern languages.

Horace is viewed by many people, including experts, to be one of the best Latin poets.

Other websites 

 
 Espace Horace
 The works of Horace at The Latin Library
 Selected Poems of Horace
 The Perseus Project -- Latin and Greek authors (with English translations), including Horace
 Biography and chronology 
 Litweb 
 Horace's works: text, concordances and frequency list

65 BC births
8 BC deaths

Ancient Roman writers
Space in simple understanding is an area or volume.

Space or spacing may also refer to:

In science:

 Outer space, the area beyond the limit of the atmosphere of Earth
 Space (physics), one of the fundamental concepts like time and mass.

In music:

 Space music, music that facilitates the experience of contemplative spaciousness.
 Space-themed music, music of any genre with themes or lyrics about outer space.
 Space rock, a musical genre related. to 1970s progressive rock.
 Space jazz, a musical genre related to free jazz.
 Space age pop, certain musical styles popular in the 1950s and early 1960s.
 Space, Space music, or Space jam - free musical improvisation, with or without melody, often using non-tonal sounds, see:
Grateful Dead
Rhythm Devils
 Names of bands, albums, or nightclubs:
 Space (indie rock band), a 1990s indie band from England
 Space (electronic band), a 1970s electronic music band from France
 Space (album), an eponymous album by members of The Orb
 Space Music (album) by Eloy Fritsch
 Space (Ibiza nightclub), world-renowned nightclub
 Space (Miami nightclub), one of the biggest nightclubs in downtown Miami

In media:
 Space (computer game), a computer role-playing game
 Space (novel), a novel by James A. Michener
 Manifold: Space, a science-fiction book by Stephen Baxter
 SPACE: The Imagination station, a Canadian television channel
 Spacing (magazine), a Toronto-based magazine
 Episodes, films, or series by this title:
 Space: Above and Beyond, a.k.a. Space 2063, an American sci-fi TV series
 Space: 1999 was a British science-fiction television show
 Space (documentary), a 2005 BBC documentary
 "Space" (The X-Files episode)

People:
 Zack Space, a United States Representative from the 18th District of Ohio

Television:
 Space (TV series), a 1980 TV mini-series starring James Garner

In other fields:
 Space (punctuation), the. gap between text characters
 Personal space, in the study of human relations
 White space (visual arts). portion of a page, canvas or other medium that left unmarked,
 Space (commercial competition), a loose.ly defined term to classify businesses and technology,
 SPACE -  Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment, Kerala.
 A space or square in a board game.
Ebisu (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷, 戎), also known as Yebisu or Hiruko (蛭子) or Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami (事代主神), is the Japanese god of fishermen, good luck and working men, and also the guardian of the health of children. He is one of the Seven Lucky Gods.

Origins as Hiruko
Ebisu was first named Hiruko, meaning "leech child". He was the first child of Izanagi and Izanami, born without bones (or, in some stories, without arms and legs) because of his mother's mistake in her marriage.  Hiruko tried hard to survive but he was thrown to the sea in a boat made out of reeds. He was eventually washed ashore and was cared for by the Ainu people Ebisu Saburo (戎三郎).

Life Story
The weak child overcame many problems, grew legs, and became the god Ebisu. He remains slightly crippled and deaf, but is still joyful (which is why he has the title, "The Laughing God"). He is often shown wearing a tall hat — the Kazaori Eboshi (風折烏帽子) — holding a fishing rod and a large sea bass.

In Popular Culture
The brand name Evisu is named after Ebisu.

References

Japanese deities
Luck
The Dominican peso is the money of the Dominican Republic. Its official name is Peso oro and its symbol is "$" with RD in front of it (RD$) to differentiate it from other pesos or dollars. The ISO 4217 for the Dominican peso is DOP. Each peso is divided into 100 centavos (English, "cents").

History
The first Dominican peso was introduced in 1844. It replaced the Haitian money. In 1905, the peso was replaced by United States currency. The peso oro was introduced in 1937, although the US dollar continued to be used alongside the peso oro until 1947.

Coins were introduced in 1937 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos. Since 1991, coins of denominations 1, 5, 10 and 25 pesos have been introduced. However, due to inflation, coins below 1 peso are now rarely found. Banknotes in use are 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 pesos.

Other websites 
General information on the Dominican Peso

Dominican Republic
Currency of North America
1844 establishments in the Dominican Republic
A permutation is a single way of arranging a group of objects.  It is useful in mathematics.   

A permutation can be changed into another permutation by simply switching two or more of the objects. For example, the way four people can sit in a car is a permutation. If some of them chose different seats, then it would be a different permutation.

Permutations without repetitions
The factorial has special application in defining the number of permutations in a set which does not include repetitions. The number n!, read "n factorial", is precisely the number of ways we can rearrange n things into a new order. For example, if we have three fruit: an orange, apple and pear, we can eat them in the order mentioned, or we can change them (for example, an apple, a pear then an orange). The exact number of permutations is then . The number gets extremely large as the number of items (n) goes up.

In a similar manner, the number of arrangements of r items from n objects is considered a partial permutation. It is written as  (which reads "n permute r"), and is equal to the number  (also written as ).

Related pages 

 Combination (mathematics)
 Superpermutation

References 

Mathematics
To help in showing the sizes of different geographic regions, areas between 1 km² (100 hectares) and 10 km² (1000 hectares) are listed below.
 Areas smaller than 1 km²
 1 square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. It is equal to:
 100 hectares
 1 E+6 m² or 106 m² in scientific notation
 1,000,000 m²
 0.386 square miles
 247.105381 acres
 the area of a square of side length 1 km 
 a cube with this surface area has sides of length 408 m
 a circle of this area has a radius of 564 m
 a sphere of this surface area has a radius of 282 m
 179 hectares—Bennebroek, smallest municipality in the Netherlands
 195 hectares—Monaco (country ranked 192nd by area) 
 200 hectares—Herm, Channel Islands
 250 hectares—Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens in London 
 290 hectares—City of London
 320 hectares—Hampstead Heath in London
 341 hectares—Central Park in New York
 400 hectares—Great Wall of China, largest human structure.
 460 hectares—Pitcairn Island
 493 hectares—University of the Philippines Diliman
 650 hectares—Gibraltar
 890 hectares—size of largest organism on Earth, Armillaria ostoyae.
 Areas larger than 10 km²

Notes

Orders of magnitude

en:Orders of magnitude (area)
A lipid is a type of organic molecule found in living things. It is oily or waxy. Fats are made from lipid molecules. Sources of lipid can be found in algae, seeds, meat, cheese, butter and fish. Lipids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules. Lipids are classified as simple and complex. Examples of complex molecules could be steroids or phospholipids.  

A very important biological function of lipids is as lipid bilayers, the basis of many cell membranes. Another function of lipids is to serve as an energy reserve. Lipids can be hydrophobic (non-polar), or amphipatic (containing both polar and non-polar parts).

Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), glycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signalling, and acting as components of cell membranes.

References 

Biochemistry
 
Chemistry
Margherita of Savoy or Margaret of Savoy (born November 20, 1851 in Turin, died January 4, 1926 in Bordighera), was an Italian queen of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign (1878-1900) of her husband, Humbert I.

Family
She was a daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa and Elizabeth of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were John of Saxony and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria.

Marriage and child
She married her first cousin Humbert (Prince Umberto of Savoy) on April 21, 1868. In November 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel.

Life
On January 9, 1878, Humbert succeeded as the new King of Italy. She became his Queen consort and remained by his side for the rest of his reign. Humbert was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci on July 29, 1900.

Margherita supported artists and writers,and the Red Cross, and founded cultural institutions, like the Società del Quartetto, and the Casa di Dante.

In 1889 the pizza Margherita was named after her. It is the colors of the Italian flag. Red sauce, green basil and white cheese. After the pizza, a Peak was named like the queen, and then in 2007, the third highest mountain in Africa.

Politically she supported the Fascism.

Children

 Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy (future king of Italy) (I11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) married Princess Elena of Montenegro and had children.

Titles and styles

Titles and styles

20 November 1851 – 21 April 1868 Her Royal Highness Princess Margherita of Savoy
21 April 1868 – 9 January 1878 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piedmont
9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900 Her Majesty The Queen of Italy
29 July 1900 – 4 January 1926 Her Majesty The Queen Mother of Italy

1851 births
1926 deaths
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Kings and Queens of Italy
House of Savoy
Kings and Queens consort
In music, consonance and dissonance are words which are used to describe certain musical intervals or chords.  The adjectives are consonant and dissonant.

A consonant interval or chord is one which sounds stable and pleasant.  It could, for example, be the end of a piece of music.  For example: C and E sound well together, or the chord C, E and G (a C major chord).

A dissonant interval or chord is one which sounds unstable.  It may even sound harsh by itself.  The notes seem to clash.  It cannot be the end of the piece of music (if the music is a normal, traditional tonal piece).  It sounds as if it wants to move on to a consonant interval (this is called "resolving" onto a consonant chord).  The notes C and Fsharp together make a dissonant interval.  The chord C - Dsharp - Fsharp is a dissonant interval: it is full of tension, and it sounds as if it wants to "resolve" onto C - E - G.

Scientifically a consonant interval is one in which the two notes vibrate at frequencies which have a simple mathematical relationship, e.g. in two notes which are an octave apart the higher note vibrates exactly twice as fast.  If they are a fifth apart the top note vibrates 1 1/2 times as fast as the lower note.  The more complicated mathematically the interval, the more dissonant it will sound.

Music theory
Gustav Walter Heinemann (born 23 July 1899 in Schwelm; died 7 July 1976 in Essen) was a German politician. He was Interior Minister under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. He resigned when Adenauer started getting ready to set up the German Army. He later resigned from the CDU and joined the SPD. He also served as Justice Minister before he was elected Federal President in 1969. He served for one term, and left office in 1974.

1899 births
1976 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Essen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany