cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. Metals are good at heat conduction. The thermal conductivity of a material is a defining property that aids in the development of effective heating/cooling technologies. A value for thermal conductivity can be determined by measuring the rate at which heat can pass through a material. 

Thermal resistivity is the opposite of thermal conductivity. This means not conducting heat much. Materials with high resistivity are called "thermal insulators" and are used in clothing, thermoses, home insulation, and cars to keep people warm or in refrigerators, freezers, and thermoses to keep things cold. 

Thermal conductivity is often represented by the Greek letter "kappa", .  The units of thermal conductivity are watts per meter-kelvin.  Watts are a measure of power, meters are a measure of length, and kelvins are a measure of temperature.  From the units, we can see that thermal conductivity is a measure of how much power moves through a distance due to a temperature difference.

Some great thermal insulators are:
Vacuum, Aerogel, Polyurethane

Some great thermal conductors are:
Silver, Copper, Diamond

Silver is one of the most thermally conductive materials (and is relatively common), and because of this there are some cool experiments you can do with silver that show extremely well how thermal conduction works.

One example is when you put 2 spoons in boiling water, one spoon is steel and the other is silver. When you take the spoons out of the boiling water, the silver spoon is hotter than the steel spoon. The reason for this is that silver conducts heat better than steel. The silver spoon will also cool off faster because of this, as it is better at releasing heat.

Another example of silver's thermal conductivity is to put different materials on ice cubes.  An iron washer will just sit on the ice and slowly become colder.  A copper penny will melt through the ice cube and become colder faster.  A silver coin, spoon, or ring on the ice cube will sink into it almost as though the ice cube were made of thick syrup, and the silver will become ice cold almost instantly.  Again, this is because the silver is really good at drawing heat from the air and giving it to the ice cube.  Copper is also good at this, but not as much as silver.

Thermodynamics
A hydride is a compound with hydrogen bonded to other elements. Except for a few of the Noble gases, all of the elements in the periodic table can form hydrides. The properties of hydrides can be very different, but some of the hydrides have similar properties. 

Metallic hydrides: compounds with ionic bonding. They are very reactive, making them difficult to dissolve. Most alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form ionic hydrides.

Metallic or Interstitial hydrides: These have metallic properties like good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. They are called interstitial because hydrogen can enter the metallic lattice (framework of metal atoms). Metallic hydrides are mostly formed from the metals in the groups 3 to 5 of the periodic table. Some of these are used in the nickel metal-hydride battery.

Covalent hydrides: These have covalent bonds between hydrogen and the other element. Most of the p-block elements form covalent hydrides. Many of these hydrides are unstable in air or water or when heated. Hydrocarbons are the hydrides of carbon, ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen, and water is a hydride of oxygen.

References

Chemistry
Horse the Band is an American hardcore rock band from Lake Forest, California that was started in 1999. They are famous for using video-game style music in their songs.

Members

Current 
 Nathan Winneke - vocals (2003-present)
 David Isen - guitars, (1999-present)
 Erik Engstrom - keyboard (1999-present)
 Daniel Pouliot - drums, (2008-present)

Former 
 Dashiell Han Arkenstone- bass (2005-2008)
 Eli Green – drums (2005-2006)
 Andy Stokes – bass (2001-2005) 
 Jason Karuza – drums, (1999-2003)
 Christopher Prophet - drums, (2007-2008)
 Adam Crook – vocals (1999-2003)

Discography

Albums 
 Secret Rhythm of the Universe (2001)
 R. Borlax (2003, Pluto Records)
 The Mechanical Hand (2005, Combat Records; re-release, 2007, Koch Records)
 A Natural Death (2007, Koch Records)
 Desperate Living (2009, Vagrant Records)

EPs 
 I Am a Small Wooden Statue on a Patch of Crabgrass Next to a Dried Up Riverbed (2001)
 Beautiful Songs by Men (2002)
 Pizza (2006, Combat Records / LIF Records)

DVDs 
 The Effing 69 World Tour tour footage (2004)

Demos 
 Scabies, The Kangarooster, and You (1999)
Offa was the King of Mercia from 757 until his death in July 796. 
Many historians regard Offa as the most powerful Anglo-Saxon king before Alfred the Great. Offa died in 796 and was succeeded by his son, Ecgfrith, who reigned for less than five months before Coenwulf of Mercia became king.

King of Mercia 

Offa was the son of Thingfrith, a descendant of Eowa of Mercia. Eowa was a king of Mercia who ruled along with his more famous brother Penda of Mercia. In 757 the king of Mercia,Athelbald, was murdered. There was a short civil war between others claiming the throne. An ealdorman named Beornred seized the throne of Mercia but Offa drove him out of Mercia and became king himself that same year. The alliances Athelbald had formed fell apart when Offa came to power. Offa had very little power outside of Mercia for the first several years of his reign.

Bretwalda (overlord) 
  
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes no mention of Offa for the years between 757—777. No Mercian chronicles from this time period have survived. Charters are the only records that give any idea of Offa's power outside of Mercia. But he proved to be ruthless, bold and creative in bringing Kent, Sussex and Essex under his control. Aethelbert the king of Kent was apparently under Offa's influence before he died in 762. In 794 another Aethelbert, a king in East Anglia was beheaded at Offa's command. When Egbert of Wessex made a bid for the throne of Wessex in 786 Offa had him banished from England. He made Beorhtric king of Wessex instead. Egbert was welcomed at the court of Charlemagne for at least three years. In charters Offa issued in Kent, East Anglia, Sussex and Middlesex he simply used the style Rex Merciorum (Latin for king of Mercia). Only in three church charters does he expand his title to indicate he is overlord of all of England. 
   
Offa had diplomatic relations with Charlemagne. He was one of the few Anglo-Saxon monarchs to have dealings with continental rulers. Letters and presents were exchanged. But when Offa sought a marriage of his son to one of Charlemagne's daughters, relations were quickly cut off. Charlemagne had all Frankish ports closed to British ships. Offa, very involved in church affairs, presided over church councils personally in 786-7. In 787 he convinced the pope to create the position of archbishop of Lichfield in Mercia. He wanted his own archbishop who was closer at hand than the Archbishop of Canterbury. He reorganized the defenses of his kingdom. One of these defenses, Offa's Dyke was a massive earthworks between Mercia and the Welsh kingdoms to the west. Offa died in 796. His son, Ecgfrith, lasted only 141 days as king. Mercia was never again as powerful as it was during Offa's reign.

Notes

References 

Kings and queens
Year of birth unknown
796 deaths
Kings and Queens of Mercia
The family Fagaceae, also called beech family, is a family of flowering plants. It comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of nuts. 

Fagales
The haka (; plural haka, in both Māori and English) is a ritual dance of the Maori, the native people of New Zealand. Sometimes, a haka is performed to excite friends and to scare enemies. In peace time, a haka is performed as a challenge. 

A haka can include:
voice (chanting)
feet (stamping and leaping)
hand (slapping, waving and clapping)
eyes (rolling)
tongue (poking out)

There are many different haka. Each tells a story. The most famous haka is Ka Mate. The Ka Mate haka is performed by many New Zealand sports teams before games. Another famous haka is 'Kapo O Pango' which is performed by New Zealand's rugby union team. This team is called the All Blacks. 

Women are not usually allowed to perform haka. Instead, they sing and chant in support.

References

New Zealand
War
Crisis on Infinite Earths was a story told in American comic books in the year 1985. It lasted for 12 issues. Marv Wolfman wrote it and George Pérez drew it. It changed much about the history of the DC Universe, and allowed the editors of DC Comics to simplify  their then 55 year old history.

Comic books
American magazines
DC Comics
Magazines published in New York City
The German Confederation replaced the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe. After the Holy Roman Empire fell, Germany had fallen into over 300 different small kingdoms. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna decided that these weak kingdoms were not strong enough to keep France from trying to take them over, which it had already done once under Napoleon. So the Congress combined all those little countries into 39 larger countries, which were still very small compared to the powerful countries of Europe. 

The problem was that the Congress did not want to make them too strong, or they'd start taking over other countries. So they put the 39 countries into a confederation which meant that they were all separate countries, but they agreed to help defend each other, and in some ways acted like one big country. The Confederation would not be strong enough to attack another country; only strong enough to preserve the European balance of power. 

The German Confederation lasted until 1866, when the members fought each other. The winners formed a new North German Confederation. In 1871 after winning the Franco-Prussian War, Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of Prussia, combined all the countries of Germany into the German Empire.

19th century in Austria
19th century in Germany
Former German countries
1815 establishments in Europe
1866 disestablishments
1860s disestablishments in Europe
WrestleMania XXIV is the twenty-sixth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event put on by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on March 28th, 2010 at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona.

Matches

Production
Global Spectrum, University of Phoenix Stadium's operator, had worked in past years with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) to get the event to its venue. On January 18, 2008, Global Spectrum publicly announced that it wants to hold WrestleMania in 2010. The event became more widely known weeks prior when a photo of Wayne Gretzky wearing a shirt showing the event was seen in the Swedish newspaper Expressen. A press conference happened on February 24, 2009 at the University of Phoenix Stadium to officially tell people about the event for Glendale, Arizona at the University of Phoenix Stadium; this event is the first time WrestleMania would happen in the state of Arizona. Tickets for the event went on sale November 7, 2009 at 10:00am MST. Advertisements telling people about the date tickets would go on sale used the song "Welcome to the World" by Kevin Rudolf.

Along with WrestleMania XXVI, a group of events known as "WrestleMania Week" was held in the week before the event. The third yearly WrestleManiArt, an art show and auction featuring work by WWE superstars, was held on March 24. WrestleMania's yearly fan convention, WrestleMania Axxess, was held from March 25 through to March 27. On March 27, WWE hosted its yearly WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the Dodge Theater, where the 2010 members were made an official member of the hall of fame.

Related pages
 List of WWE pay-per-view events

References

Other websites
 The Official Website of WrestleMania

WrestleMania 26
2010 in professional wrestling
Glendale, Arizona
2010s in Arizona
March events
A howitzer is a special type of big gun used by an army. It has a short barrel, and is used fire a shell over a short distance. The barrel length of a howitzer is 15 to 25 times of the caliber. Howitzers are special because they're made to fire higher than a cannon but lower than a mortar. Howitzers are almost always used to shoot at targets on the ground, but they can be used for targets on water, or in the air. The name howitzer comes from an old Czech word, haufnice, which was a catapult that could fire many stones.

Related pages
List of howitzers

References
Dendrites are the branches of neurons that receive signals from other neurons. The signals go into the cell body (or soma).

A cell may have hundreds of dendrites, but may have only one axon. The dendrites carry signals from other neurons into the soma, and the axon carries a single signal from the soma to the next neuron or to a muscle fiber.

A dendrite from one neuron and an axon from another neuron meet at a synapse, which is a very narrow gap between the two cells. When electrical impulses reach the end of an axon, they trigger the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. These chemicals cross the synapse to the dendrite, where they trigger the flow of ions into or out of the cell.

The movement of the charged ions in the dendrite causes an electrical current, which spreads to the soma briefly before being restored to normal.

If the dendrites get lots of signals from axons, then it sets off a chain reaction. The chain reaction is a strong electrical current called an action potential that flows down the axon to the next synapse.

Fully differentiated neurons do not divide. However, stem cells in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism. Generally, once born, neurons do not divide. Many will live the whole lifetime of the animal.

References 

Anatomy of the nervous system
Mischief night is a tradition in some parts of the world; a night when people do mischief to their neighbours. This is usually 30 October, the day before Halloween night.

Traditional practice

Traditional mischiefs:

Knocking and tapping on doors and windows
Throwing paint
Putting treacle on door handles
Tying door handles together to stop them opening
Moving gates
Egging houses
Toilet papering houses

Current Day Practice
Sometimes combined with Trick or Treat.

In Detroit and other parts of Michigan, October 30 is called Devil's Night and includes vandalism and arson.

In northern New Jersey and the Philadelphia region, October 30 is referred to as "Mischief Night," where mischievous teens soap car windows, egg houses, adorn trees with toilet paper, and run away after ringing doorbells. In other parts of New Jersey, October 30 is also known as "Cabbage Night" or "Goosey Night."  In Camden, New Jersey.  Over 130 arsons were committed in that city on the night of October 30, 1991.

It is known as "Gate Night" in Trail, British Columbia, Winnipeg, Canada and as Mat Night in Quebec, Canada, always on the 30 October, the eve of Halloween. It is also commonly known as "Devil's Night" in many places throughout Canada.

In Yorkshire, it is also known as "mischievous night", "Miggy Night", "Tick-Tack Night", "Corn Night", "Trick Night" and "Micky Night". In Liverpool, it is known as "Mizzy Night"(but unlike in Yorkshire, where it is celebrated on October 30th). It was celebrated on Nov 4 in Merseyside during the 1970s, as well as in Manchester after the war.

Mischief night is becoming popular in Ireland, where teenagers get the week around Halloween off school. This means that many of the nights before 31 October are used by teenagers for vandalism.

Modern mischief includes toilet papering gardens and buildings, flouring and egging of cars, people, and homes, "forking" gardens, setting off fireworks and smashing pumpkins and jack-o'-lanterns.  Local shops do not sell eggs to chavs around the time of Halloween.  Sometimes the damage includes spray-painting of buildings and homes.

People play "Ding-Dong Ditch": in this 'game', people knock on doors and then run and hide.

Media
A 2006 film Mischief Night is based on a night in Leeds, UK.

Notes

References
 Confessions from a Mischief Night brat  BBC Yorkshire report — November 2006
 Police Patrol for Mischief Night BBC Merseyside report — November 2006
 Dialect Survey Results  US terms;prevalence and distribution

British culture
Crime
Observances
Shrove Tuesday is a holiday in which the christian has ash put on their head in the shape of a cross in the United Kingdom, Canada, The United States and Australia for the day before Ash Wednesday. Ash Wednesday is the first day of the Christian season of prayer and fasting called Lent.

On Shrove Tuesday people traditionally cook and eat pancakes. The reason for this was to use up foods such as fat, eggs and milk before Lent.

It is also called Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day. In some other countries, such as the United States, it is called Mardi Gras.

In some cultures it has close ties with Mischief night.

Festivals
The Sicilian language () is a language spoken in Sicily island and central Calabria. It is currently spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrants.

Speakers
10 million people speak the language. It has three stocks: the Sicilian, the Calabro-Sicilian and Salentinu.

Differences with Italian
Compared to Italian, it is a distinctly separate form of verbal communication patterned by many years of foreign influence. Efforts to force Sicilians to speak conventional Italian include schools, television and radio. Italians maintain that Sicilian is simply a subset dialect of Italian, while Sicilians see their spoken word as a true and separate language. 

Romance languages
Sicily
Calabria
A portmanteau word () is made of other words, or parts of words. It comes from putting  two (or more) other words together, like motel, from motor and hotel.

Origin 
Portmanteau originally meant a type of suitcase with two separate parts for storage.
The first use as a word combination appeared in Lewis Carroll's book Through the Looking-Glass. There Humpty Dumpty explains that some of the unusual words in Jabberwocky are other words packed together into one word, as two parts of a portmanteau suitcase are packed together.

Examples 
Portmanteau itself is an example, combining the French words for carry (porter) and coat (manteau) into a coat carrier. Wikipedia is a portmanteau of wiki (Hawaiian for fast) and encyclopedia.

References

Related pages 
Neologism 

Words
Installation means to put a program on a computer so that the computer can run it.

Most programs are stored in special ways to make them smaller, or to gather all the different pieces of a program up into one big piece. Before it can be used, though, the program needs to have these changes undone. Some programs also need to know extra information about the computer it is going to run on, so while it is installing, it will figure out what it needs to know and write it down for later.

Software
Computers
Cohomology is something in higher math which is sometimes used to solve certain math problems.

Algebra

ru:Гомология (топология)#Когомологии
The Laplace transform is a way to turn functions into other functions in order to do certain calculations more easily. This way of turning functions to other functions is very similar to U Substitution. The aim of this change is to be able to turn the hard work of integration into a simple algebraic addition and subtraction, just as logarithms allow one to add and subtract instead of multiplying and dividing. An example of its use is in ruin theory, which is a subject of actuarial science with regards to insurance.

Functions usually take a variable (say t) as an input, and give some output (say f). The Laplace transform converts these functions to take some other input (s) and give some other output (F). Because of certain shared properties of Laplace transforms, this makes it very easy to manipulate the original function into something useful.

The Laplace transform of a function , written as  or , is often formulated as:

where:
f(t) is the input function
 t is the old domain
s is the new domain

Related pages 

 Fourier transform

References 

Calculus
The Lorentz factor is the factor by which time, length, and mass change for an object moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds). It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz.

The equation is:
 
where v is the speed of the object and c is the speed of light. The quantity (v/c) is often labeled  (beta) and so the above equation can be rewritten:

Classical relativity 
Classical or Galilean relativity is the idea that if you throw a ball at 50 mph while running at 5 mph, the ball travels 55 mph. Of course, the ball still moves away from you at 50 mph, so if one were to ask you, you saw the ball traveling 50 mph. Meanwhile, your friend Rory saw that you happened to be running at 5 mph. He would say that the ball was traveling 55 mph. Both of you are right, you just happened to be moving with the ball.

The speed of light, c, is 670,616,629 mph. So if you are in a car traveling half the speed of light (0.5c) and you turn on your headlights, the light moves away from you at 1 c... or is it 1.5 c? It ends up that c is c no matter what. The next section explains why it's not c - 0.5c.

Time dilation 
When a clock is in motion, it ticks slower by a tiny factor of . The famous twin paradox says that if there were two twins and twin A stayed on earth while twin B traveled near c for a few years, when twin B got back to earth, he would be many years younger than twin A (because he experienced less time). For example, if twin B left when he was 20 and traveled at .9c for 10 years, then when he got back to earth, twin B would be 30 (20 years + 10 years) and twin A would be almost 43:
 
Twin B would not notice that time had slowed at all. To him, if he looked out a window, it would seem like the universe was moving past him, and therefore slower (remember, to him, he's at rest). So time is relative.

Length contraction 
Things get shorter in the direction of movement when they travel at relativistic speeds. During twin B's journey, he would notice something strange about the universe. He would notice that it got shorter (contracted in the direction of his motion). And the factor by which things get shorter is .

Relativistic mass 
Relativistic mass also increases. It makes them harder to push. So by the time you reach 0.9999c, you need a very big force to make you go faster. This makes it impossible for anything to reach the speed of light.

Still, if you travel a bit slower, say 90% of the speed of light, your mass only grows by 2.3 times. So, while it may be impossible to reach the speed of light, it may still be possible to get close to it—that is, if you have enough fuel.

Relativity
The family Cyperaceae, or the sedges, is a taxon of flowering plants. They look like grasses or rushes, but are not. They are monocot plants (as are grasses), but belong to a different family. 

The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. The largest is the Carex genus of "true sedges", with over 2,000 species.

Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) and papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus). These species are widely distributed, with many in tropical Asia and tropical South America. Sedges may be found growing in almost all environments. Many are wetlands, or have poor soils. Ecological communities dominated by sedges are known as sedgelands.

Features distinguishing members of the sedge family from grasses or rushes are stems with triangular cross-sections (with occasional exceptions) and leaves that are spirally arranged in three ranks (grasses have alternate leaves forming two ranks).

References 

Poales
Objective-C is an object-oriented programming language used to make computer programs for macOS and iOS devices.

History
Objective-C was created in the early 1980s by two programmers named Brad Cox and Tom Love. However, it didn't become popular until it was bought by NeXT in 1988 for their NeXTSTEP operating system. After NeXT was bought by Apple in 1996, it became the main programming language for Mac OS X and later the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. In recent years, swift has been more popular than Objective-C.

Basics
Objective-C is a strict superset of C, meaning that any code that can be written in C can be used in Objective-C programs without changing it. However, it adds some features of its own that can't be used in a traditional C program.

Messages
In Objective-C, functions are called using messages, a feature inspired by the SmallTalk programming language. Messages look like "blocks" of code similar to the one shown below:
[object messageToObject];
These blocks can be nested inside of each other as well, for example:
[[object messageToSendToObject] messageToSendToResultOfInnerMessage];

Interfaces and Implementations
Unlike other programming languages such as C and Java, Objective-C classes are divided into two separate parts: 
 Interface, which contains the initial declarations of variables and functions.
 Implementation, which contains the actual code for functions.

Usually, these are put in two different files, with the interface using the ".h" extension and the implementation using the ".m" extension.

Variations
Objective-C has variants that add features to the original Objective C programming language.

Objective-C++
Objective-C++ allows for C++ code to be used in Objective-C applications.

Objective-C 2.0
Objective-C 2.0 is an improved version of Objective-C. It adds many features, such as garbage collection (automatic memory management), fast enumeration and properties (the automatic generation of variable methods).

References

Programming languages
A Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill.  Tasers use electricity to shock people so they fall on the ground. If a person is shot by a Taser, they feel like they are hurt and cannot move their arms and legs. Tasers are used by police officers to stop people who want to hurt them, and to stop people who are running away.

How Tasers work 

Tasers shoot two small pieces of metal called prongs.  These prongs are connected to long pieces of metal string.  When the Taser is shot, the prongs hit the person and electricity moves along the metal string to shock the person.

If a person is very close, the prongs do not have to shoot but they will still shock.

Safety 
Even though a Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill, the prongs can still hurt people.  There are some times when people die after they are shot with a Taser.  This is because some people get hurt differently by electricity.

Owning Tasers 

In many places, people cannot own a Taser. There are special rules to follow to own a Taser.  This is because it is considered a weapon.  

In Canada, France, Israel and the United Kingdom only police officers can have a Taser, but in the United States of America and Poland, most people can own a taser.

Weapons
Law enforcement equipment

pt:Arma de eletrochoque#Taser
Wallpaper is a kind of paper used to cover walls inside of houses and buildings.  Wallpaper is used to decorate the inside of buildings instead of paint.  It is sold in rolls and are put onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come either plain (so that it can be painted), or with pictures or patterns.

"Wallpaper" is also a word for a picture on a computer monitor.

History 
Wallpaper was first used in Europe around the year 1500.  Wallpaper was made to look like rugs that hang on walls because they were like pictures.  Soon after people started making wallpaper, England and France started making a lot of wallpaper.  For a while in 1650, wallpaper was not used because the religious leader in England did not like it.  However, by 1750 people were using wallpaper all the time and more people got better at making wallpaper.

How to get rid of wallpaper

Water
Water is the easiest way to get rid of wallpaper.  Water makes the wallpaper paste become not sticky, then the wallpaper falls off.

Chemicals
Sometimes the wallpaper paste is too strong for water, then special chemicals need to be used to make the paste not sticky.  Most of the time only new wallpaper has to be taken off with chemicals.

Steam
Hot water makes it easier to remove wallpaper.  There are special machines that people can use to make water into steam and use it to remove wallpaper.

Paper
Construction
Walls
Printmaking
Animal trapping, or simply trapping, is the use of a device to catch an animal. Animals may be trapped for a variety of purposes, including food, wildlife management, hunting and pest control. Each year, over 5 million wild animals, including coyotes, foxes and bobcats, are caught and killed in wild traps, mainly in the US, Canada and Russia, although trapping does occur in other countries too on a smaller scale. Traps are indiscriminate, catching the first animal to step on them. Countless dogs and cats, deer, birds and other animals—including threatened and endangered animals—are also injured and killed each year by the traps. Trap checking times range from once every 24 hours to once every 14 days. The regulations on trapping are weak and extremely difficult to enforce, which means untold amounts of animal suffering goes undocumented and uninvestigated. 

Many animals die trying to free themselves, next to dehydration, blood loss and hypothermia. Often animals become so desperate, they resort to chewing or wringing off their own trapped limb in order to escape, breaking teeth and bones in the process. Some may die from blood loss or shock but most animals will be trapped for days before the trapper returns to kill them. 

There are many kinds. For a deadfall trap, a trapper digs a deep hole in the ground and hides it so the animal falls in the hole and can not get out. A snare is a noose that tightens around the neck or other part of the animal.

Over 100 countries, including the EU and China, have prohibited the use of the steel-jaw leghold trap. But in the United States, steel-jaw traps are not only legal, they are the go-to tool for trappers who capture and kill millions of wild animals a year for the global fur market. In September 2019, California became the first state in the US to ban trapping for commercial and recreational purpose.

References

Animals
Traps
Minnetonka is the fourteenth largest city in Minnesota. It has a population of 51,480 as of the 2000 census. It is located in Hennepin County, eight miles west of Minneapolis.

Cities in Minnesota
Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. 

Bricks are man-made, and so is plaster, concrete, stucco and many other materials. However, they are usually still made out of natural materials, bricks being a good example. They are based on clay. Steel is based on natural types of iron.

One example of a man-made imitation is scagliola, which can imitate more expensive natural materials such as marble.

Materials
Construction
Leon Battista Alberti (February 18, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath.  In Italy, this first name is usually spelled "Leone", but Alberti is known as Leon.  Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's Vite. 
Alberti is often seen as a model of the Renaissance "universal man“.-
He was born in Genoa, because the Albertis had been expelled from their native city, Florence. 
When he was a child the family moved to Venice.
In 1428 Leon visited Florence at first time.

1404 births
1472 deaths
Italian artists
Italian architects
People from Genoa
Information security is about protecting information so that people who should not have access to it cannot distribute, see, change, or delete it. Although this has a lot in common with computer security, information risk management and information assurance, it is different from them. For example, computer security can focus on making sure that the computer is available when it is needed and that it works correctly but may not have anything to do with the data that it stores.

Information security has to do with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data in any form e.g. electronic, print, or other forms. Organizations, including governments, private businesses and others have much information stored and processed on computers. Data that is lost or released to the wrong people or that is not properly secured could lead to legal and ethical problems for the organization.

For an individual person, information security has a big effect on privacy, which is viewed very differently by people in different cultures.

Other websites 
 Information security -Citizendium

Security
San Pietro in Montorio is a church in Rome, which includes in its courtyard The Tempietto (a small commemorative martyrium) built by Donato Bramante.

The Tempietto 
The Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio is a small commemorative martyrium built by Donato Bramante, possibly as early as 1502, in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio. It is considered a masterpiece of High Renaissance architecture.

Churches in Rome
15th-century establishments in Europe
The Juglandaceae, also known as the Walnut Family, is a family of trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. The leaves are pinnately compound, or ternate, and usually 20-100 cm long.

There are eight genera in the family, including the commercially important nut-producing trees walnut (Juglans), pecan (Carya illinoinensis), and hickory (Carya).

Fagales
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) was a NASA satellite mission that was supposed to provide world-wide observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide from space. (CO2). It was lost in a launch failure on February 24, 2009, when the box of the Taurus rocket which was carrying it failed to come off during launch. The added weight of the box it was in prevented the satellite from reaching its intended speed and height. After that it fell back into the atmosphere and crashed into the Indian Ocean near Antarctica.

References 

Satellites
Climate change
The Bulgarian  Wikipedia () is the Bulgarian language edition of Wikipedia. It was founded on 6 December 2003. On 24 May 2010, it became the 32nd largest Wikipedia by size and it passed the "100,000" articles threshold.  As of October 2015, it is the 36th largest edition.

Policies
Rules in Bulgarian Wikipedia are not regarded as flexible in disputes as they are on the English project. Difficult issues are resolved through the Arbitration Committee, which handles content disputes, blocks users or prohibit certain users from editing articles on certain topics. Misuse of administrator privileges is typically appealed through the Arbitration Committee; only this authority and Wikimedia stewards have the power to remove administrator flags.

History

The Bulgarian Wikipedia was created on 6 December 2003. On November 24, 2005, the Bulgarian language Wikipedia added its 20,000th article, and was the 21st largest Wikipedia at the time. As of December 26, 2007 it is the 30th largest Wikipedia by article count, with over 50,000 articles.
In 24 May 2010, the distinctive Wikipedia globe logo for the Bulgarian Wikipedia was temporarily altered to include the number 100,000 to commemorate the 100,000 article milestone.

Timeline
 On 03 October 2004,  the 10,000th article was created.
 On 26 December 2007, the 50,000th article was created.
 On 24 May 2010, the 100,000th article was created.

<p align=center>

References

Other websites

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2003
Similarity in the area of cognitive psychology refers to things or ideas that people put together in the same groups, or categories, in their minds.   Many psychologists try to find out what rules people use when they decide that two things are similar.

Modeling 
One important tool used by psychologists to look into similarity is computer modeling.  Scientists will, for example, ask people to rate a number of objects as more or less similar to each other.  Then they will write a computer program that tries to simulate the same answers that the humans gave.  For instance, a person might say that "cat" and "dog" are similar words, so a good computer model should be able to take the word "dog" and respond with the word "cat" in a list of similar words.  Computer models do this by applying some set of rules to a large collection of real world text (called a corpus).

Once a model can respond with the correct (similar) words, then it is likely that the rules the computer program uses are the same rules that people use to decide whether words are similar.

Behavioral research 
Another way that psychologists look into similarity is by putting people in special situations and watching what they do.  In other words, by using an experiment.  When it comes to similarity, this might include listing words, using categories as clues for learning new words, sorting objects into groups, or other tasks that have to do with comparing things to one another.

Depending on how quickly people do these tasks, or how many mistakes they make, psychologists can find out what rules they are using to decide if things are similar.

How do people decide that two things are similar? 
Features - If something about two things are the same, people might say the things are similar. (coins and wheels are similar, because they are both round.)  Similar features could include: shape, texture (what the surface looks like), material (what something is made out of), color, weight, size, temperature, and other features.
Functions - If two things are used for the same reasons, people might say the things are similar. (cars and airplanes are similar.)
Hierarchy - If one thing is a small part of a larger thing, people might say the things are similar. (A foot and a leg are similar)
Phonetics - If the words for two things sound the same, people might say the things are similar.  Also, if the first parts of the words for two things are the same, people might say the things are similar.
Transformation - If one thing can be changed into another thing easily, either in the real world or in a person's mind, people might say the things are similar (a seed is similar to a plant.  A toy car is similar to a real car.)

Cognition
BIX is a rock group from Lithuania. It was founded in 1987. They are one of the most experienced Baltic bands and traveled on tours to United States.

1987 establishments in Europe
Rock bands
Lithuania
Musical groups established in 1987
Capillary action means either of two things:

 When liquid moves through thin tubes.
 When liquid moves through something that is full of little holes (like a sponge).

Capillary action is a result of the surface tension of liquids. 

An example of capillary action is what happens inside a drinking straw left in a cup of water. The force of adhesion which holds the water together and to the straw is a little stronger than gravity, so the water will rise inside the straw a little higher than the rest of the water.

Another example is what happens when putting a sponge in a puddle of water. The little bubbles in the sponge work like many straws gathered together. When the sponge is dipped in water, the water starts to go into the holes, and the bubbles that are inside the sponge pull on the water that they touch.

Capillary action also takes place inside the human body. For example, it removes tears from the eyes.

Related pages
 Capillaries

Physics
A drill is a type of electrical tool that has a spinning tip. It can be used for many different jobs depending on the attachment. If a drill bit is attached, the drill can be used to make holes in material. A driver bit can also be attached, allowing the drill to put screws into the desired material. A drill can run on a battery or be plugged into the wall, depending on the drill.

Other websites
The Different Types of Drill

Cutting tools
Woodworking tools
The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Liliales. 

Liliaceae
Liliales
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) uses three-letter abbreviation country codes to call each group of athletes that participate in the Olympic Games.

Since 1952, the list of IOC country codes has changed as new countries were added.  Sometimes the names of countries were changed.  Some countries have had as many as four different codes.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

Y

Z

Historic NOCs and teams
Some of the National Olympic Committees no longer exist, such as Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, the USSR, the United Arab Republic, and the West Indies Federation.

Codes still in use
Twelve historical NOCs or teams have codes that are still used in the IOC results database to refer to past medal winners from these teams.

Obsolete codes

Related pages
 Comparison of IOC, FIFA, and ISO 3166 country codes

References

Other websites
  "Official abbreviations" at The Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo, 1964, [p. 9 of 409 PDF]

Olympic Games
Olympics-related lists
Country codes
Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American movie actress.  She is famous for her role in many movies. These include Quentin Tarantino's "Pulp Fiction" and "Kill Bill" Volume 1 and 2.

Family
Thurman's mother, Nena von Schlebrügge, is a psychiatrist and former model. Her father, Robert Thurman, is Professor of Buddhism. Her father is of German, English, Irish and Scottish descent Her mother is of Swedish, Danish and German descent. Before her parents' marriage, her mother was married to Timothy Leary. One of her three brothers is Ganden Thurman, a Hollywood yoga guide. Thurman has three children. She has a daughter and son from her second husband, Ethan Hawke and a daughter from her partner, Swiss businessman Arpad Busson.

References

Other websites

Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
1970 births
Living people
Martinsburg is a city in West Virginia. It is the county seat of Berkeley County and with a 2000 population of 14,972, it is the ninth largest city in West Virginia as ranked by population.

History

Martinsburg was founded in 1778 by General Adam Stephen and named in honor of Colonel Thomas Bryan Martin. It was incorporated by the West Virginia legislature on March 30, 1868.

Commerce

Major employers in Martinsburg include Quad/Graphics, Ecolab, Orgill, Sino-Swearingin, FedEx, and Quebecor World. Government employers include the Internal Revenue Service, the 167th Airlift Wing of the Air National Guard, and the BATF. The now defunct Norwalk car company was located in Martinsburg.

Notable Natives and Residents

Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War
Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy
Vicky Bullett, Olympic gold medalist in women's basketball
Harry F. Byrd, United States Senator and Governor of Virginia
Robert Lee Castleman,Grammy-winning singer/songwriter
Charles James Faulkner, United States Representative from Virginia
Shannon Larkin, drummer for Godsmack
Walter Dean Myers, author
John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch, colonel in the Confederate States Army
Cecil B. Perkins, former pitcher for the New York Yankees
Absalom Willis Robertson, United States Senator from Virginia
David Hunter Strother aka Porte Crayon, artist
Hack Wilson, Hall of Fame baseball player
Fulton Walker, former football player for the Miami Dolphins

References

Cities in West Virginia
County seats in West Virginia
1778 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Monflanquin is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France. It used to be a bastide.

Related pages
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

References

Communes in Lot-et-Garonne
Hannah (meaning grace of God) is a woman in the Bible, in the book of 1 Samuel chapters 1 and 2. She was the wife of Elkanah and the Mother of Samuel. After she begged God for a child, she gave birth to Samuel. Samuel became a prophet of God (a voice for God in Israel). When Samuel was a young child, she took him to live in the temple (as she had promised God), to be an apprentice of Eli the priest.

References 

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Jacob is a figure in the Abrahamic religions. He was a patriarch of the Hebrew people, as told in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an. He was the ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his male children. He had 13 children, 12 sons and a daughter. 

Jacob had an older brother, Esau. His mother was named Rebecca and his father named Isaac. According to the Talmud, immediately after Abraham died, Jacob prepared a lentil stew as a traditional mourner's meal for his father. The Hebrew Bible says that Esau, who was very hungry, begged Jacob to give him some of the stew. (Esau called the dish, "that red, red stuff", which is why he is called Edom,  (`Edom, meaning "Red").) Jacob said, "If you give me your birthright I will give you some stew." Esau agreed. Soon, Issac became almost blind. Rebecca tricked Issac into giving Jacob the blessing. Jacob's brother got angry, so Rebecca sent Jacob away.

Jacob works for his uncle Laban so he can marry his daughter Rachel. But he is tricked into marrying Leah, her older sister as well. He has children with both women, and with their concubines.

He is very upset when his son Joseph is sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers. Jacob moves to Egypt when there is a famine. He dies and is buried in Canaan.

References 

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
EFE is a Spanish news agency created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray.

Companies of Spain
Media in Europe
1939 establishments
1930s establishments in Spain
Pay per click advertising on search engines such as Google and Bing. On Google the adverts are displayed either at the very top of the search results with an orange background, on the right hand side or in both these places. Advertisers pay Google each time someone clicks on their advert. It is often referred to by the letters PPC.  Many pay per click providers exist, Google AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing, and Microsoft adCenter are the three largest operators. 

Advertising