cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nadine Gordimer (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was known as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity". She was of Jewish descent.

Gordimer's writing helped abolishing apartheid in South Africa. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned. Later on she was also active in HIV/AIDS causes.

Gordimer was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.
Gordimer was born near Springs, a small town outside of Johannesburg on 20 November 1923.

Gordimer died on 13 July 2014 at the age of 90.

Further reading 
 Ronald Suresh Roberts, No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer (2005)
 No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer by Ronald Suresh Roberts (STE)

References

Other websites 

 Index of New York Times articles on Gordimer
 Guide to the Gordimer manuscripts, 1934–1991  (Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana)
 Nadine Gordimer Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

1923 births
2014 deaths
Jewish activists
Jewish atheists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Literature winners
People from Johannesburg
Political activists
South African Jews
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African writers
White South African people
Howard Lex Hesseman (February 27, 1940 – January 29, 2022) was an American actor. He was best known for playing disc jockey Johnny Fever on WKRP in Cincinnati and schoolteacher Charlie Moore on Head of the Class.

Hesseman died on January 29, 2022 after having colon cancer-related surgery in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 81.

References

Other websites
 

1940 births
2022 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Oregon
Deaths from surgical complications
People with cancer
Garrett Gonzalez Morris (born February 1, 1937) is an American comedian, educator, and actor. He was part of the original cast of the sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live, appearing from 1975 to 1980. He also starred as Earl the Cashier on the sitcom 2 Broke Girls.

References

Other websites
 
 

1937 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from New Orleans, Louisiana
Educators from New Orleans, Louisiana
Actors from New Orleans, Louisiana
Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin (10 July 1922 – 8 March 2013) was a German Army officer in World War II and later worked as a publisher.

A member of the von Kleist family, his parents were active in the German resistance against Adolf Hitler. Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, who lived to be 90, was the last surviving member of the 20 July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler.

Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist died at his home in Munich on 8 March 2013 from natural causes. He was 90.

References

Other websites

 Baron von Kleist is Ambassador’s Guest of Honor 
 Interview with Ewald von Kleist 
 Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin on 15 November 2007, Stauffenberg 100th anniversary
  Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist, plotter against Hitler and founder of the Munich Conferences, died on March 8th, aged 90; economist.com, Mar 23rd 2013

1922 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
German military personnel of World War II
People from former German territories
Publishers
Lenexa  is a city in Johnson County, Kansas United States. It is the 9th most populated city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. In 2010, 48,190 people lived there. It is where Garmin was created. It is the regional headquarters of Kiewit Construction and the former headquarters of Applebee’s. It is bordered by the cities of Shawnee to the north, Overland Park to the east, De Soto to the west and Olathe to the south.

Geography
Lenexa is at  (38.964689, -94.759535). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  is water.

People

2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 48,190 people, 19,288 households, and 13,065 families living in Lenexa.

Economy
Garmin was created in Lenexa

Largest employers
The City's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report says that the biggest employers in the city are:

References

Other websites

City
 City of Lenexa
 Lenexa - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
 De Soto School District
 Olathe School District
 Shawnee Mission School District
Maps
 Lenexa City Map, KDOT

Cities in Johnson County, Kansas
1869 establishments in Kansas
James Thomas Condon (27 September 1923 – 14 February 2014) was an Australian actor. He made many television appearances on  shows such as: The Story of Peter Grey, Homicide, Matlock Police, Number 96, Bellamy, The Young Doctors, Carson's Law, Sons and Daughters, Prisoner, The Flying Doctors, Neighbours, Blue Heelers and Something in the Air. He was born on 27 September 1923 in Fremantle, Western Australia. He was of Irish ancestry.

Condon died on 14 February 2014, at the age of 90. He was outlived by his four daughters: Elizabeth, Susan, Katherine and Mary-Jane. His wife, actress Anne Haddy, died in 1999.

References

Other websites
 

1923 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Western Australia
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian stage actors
Wentworth Earl Miller III (born June 2, 1972) is an American actor, model, screenwriter and producer. He is best known for his role as Michael Scofield in the Fox television series Prison Break (2005–2009, 2017–present). For this role, he has a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination. In 2014, he began playing Leonard Snart / Captain Cold in The CW series The Flash, and later the spin-off Legends of Tomorrow. His first screenplay, the thriller drama Stoker, was released in 2013.

Miller was born in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England. He moved to Brooklyn, New York, United States at the age of one. His parents are Americans. His father has African-American, Jamaican, English, German, Jewish, and Cherokee background, and his mother is of Russian, French, Dutch, Syrian, and Lebanese ancestry.

In 2007, Miller denied to InStyle that he was gay. He later came out as gay in August 2013, when he posted a letter on GLAAD's website. In the letter he turned down the offer to go to the Saint Petersburg International Film Festival. The reason was because he felt "deeply troubled" by the Russian government's treatment of its gay citizens. This was referring to anti-LGBT laws passed banning "propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations."

References

Other websites

1972 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
Actors from Oxfordshire
American movie actors
American television actors
English LGBT people
LGBT actors
LGBT people from New York City
Models from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Princeton University alumni
Screenwriters from New York City
Hirvensalmi is a municipality in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 2,350 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Joutsa, Kangasniemi, Mikkeli, Mäntyharju and Pertunmaa.

The municipality was established in 1656.

Villages 
Hirvenlahti, Hirvensalmi (urban area), Hurrila, Hämeenmäki, Kekkola, Kilkki, Kissakoski, Kotkatvesi, Kuitula, Lahnaniemi, Lelkola, Malvaniemi, Merrasmäki, Monikkala, Noitti, Parkkola, Puukonsaari, Pyörnilä, Pääskynsaari, Pöyry (Hirvensalmi), Ripatti, Suonsalmi, Syväsmäki, Tuukkala, Vahvamäki, Vahvaselkä and Vaisälänsaari.

Other websites 

 The official Hirvensalmi page

Municipalities of Southern Savonia
1656 establishments
1650s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Finland
Kangasniemi is a municipality in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 5,800 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Hankasalmi, Hirvensalmi, Joutsa, Mikkeli, Pieksämäki and Toivakka.

Kangasniemi was established in 1867. It has over 40 villages.

Other websites 

 The official Kangasniemi page translated to 4 languages

Municipalities of Southern Savonia
1867 establishments in Finland
Pieksämäki is a town in Southern Savonia, Finland. In Finland it is called a city. As of January 2014, almost 19,300 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Hankasalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Kangasniemi, Leppävirta, Mikkeli, Rautalampi and Suonenjoki. Most people speak Finland.

Pieksämäki was established in 1930. It became a city in 1962.

The former municipality of Pieksänmaa was merged with Pieksämäki in 2007.

Other websites 

 The official Pieksämäki page 
 Culturesite, Poleeni

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Southern Savonia
1930 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Joroinen is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, over 5,200 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Juva, Leppävirta, Pieksämäki, Rantasalmi and Varkaus.

Joroinen was established in 1631.

The nearest airport is in Varkaus.

Nearest cities
 Varkaus – 16 kilometres
 Rantasalmi – 35 kilometres
 Pieksämäki – 40 kilometres
 Mikkeli – 70 kilometres
 Savonlinna – 80 kilometres

References

Other websites 

 The official page

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
1631 establishments
17th-century establishments in Finland
1630s establishments in Europe
Rantasalmi is a municipality in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 3,900 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Joroinen, Juva, Savonlinna, Sulkava and Varkaus.

Rantasalmi was established in 1578.

Known people
Eliel Saarinen, architect
Jarkko Immonen, ice hockey player 
Maria Hänninen, musician
Jussi Leskinen, a person who died at the age 108. He was the oldest person in Finland on 28 February 2010.

Other websites 

 The official Rantasalmi page

Municipalities of Southern Savonia
1578 establishments
16th-century establishments in Finland
1570s establishments in Europe
Honkajoki is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 1,800 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Isojoki, Kankaanpää, Karvia, Kauhajoki and Siikainen. The most notable water system is Karvianjoki. There are no lakes in the municipality. There are many untouched swamps.

Honkajoki was established in 1867.

Economy
Compared to population, Honkajoki has many companies.

Villages 
Antila, 
Katko, 
Lauhala, 
Paasto, 
Vataja, 
Pappila, 
Mämminmaa,
Pukara,
Perämaa and
Jyllinkoski

Other websites 

 The official page, Finnish and Estonian 

Municipalities of Finland
1867 establishments in Finland
St. Moritz (; ; ) is a ski resort in the Engadine valley in Switzerland. The Olympic Winter Games were held here in 1928 and 1948.

References

Other websites

Official website

Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Municipalities of Graubünden
Cortina d'Ampezzo (Ladin: Anpezo, Ampëz, ) is a ski resort and commune in northern Italy. The Olympic Winter Games were held here in 1956. The Ford Cortina, the UK’s best selling car of the 1970’s was named after it.

References

Other websites

Official website

Settlements in Veneto
Ski areas and resorts
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a mountain resort town in Bavaria in southern Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region, and the district is on the border with Austria. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, Zugspitze, at 2961 m (9714 ft.). The Olympic Winter Games were held here in 1936.

References

Other websites

 gapa.de - official website 

Towns in Bavaria
Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)
Lillehammer is a city in Oppland county, Norway. The 1994 Winter Olympics and the Paralympic Winter Games were held here in 1994.

Other websites

 Official website

Cities in Norway
Municipalities of Norway
A cook is a household staff member responsible for food preparation.  The term can refer to the head of kitchen staff in a great house or to the cook-housekeeper, a far less prestigious position involving more physical labour.

The cook in an English great house was traditionally female; today's residences may employ a head cook or chef who may be of either gender. 

When Margaret Powell had begun as a kitchen girl at the age of 15. she later advanced to become a cook.

References

Domestic work
The Division of Fairfax is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1984 and is named after Ruth Fairfax, founder of the Country Women's Association. It is covers the Sunshine Coast region north of Brisbane and includes the towns of Buderim, Coolum, Eumundi, Kenilworth, Mapleton, Maroochydore, Montville, Nambour, Palmwoods, Peregian Springs, Woombye and Yandina.

Members

In the 2013 election, mining millionaire and leader of the Palmer United Party, Clive Palmer won the seat by 36 votes at the first count. This was reduced to 7 votes after a recount of the distribution of preferences. Because this was less than 100 votes, the Australian Electoral Commission counted all the votes again which gave Palmer a win by 53 votes.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Fairfax (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1984 establishments in Australia
Eva "Elisa" Lindström, born 24 April 1991 in Töreboda, Sweden, is a Swedish singer. She is currently the lead singer for the dansband, Elisa's.

As part of the music group Lali, she participated in Lilla Melodifestivalen in 2005, where their song titled "Du får ta mitt hjärta" (You can take my heart) finished in sixth place overall. The song was co-written by Elisa herself and her sister Alma Lindström.

The band Elisa's was formed in 2009 by Lindström and others from the same musical education program in a school in Skövde. In 2010, Lindström and her danceband Elisa's got national attention competing in the SVT danceband reality competition show Dansbandskampen (meaning the battle of the dancebands), where her band qualified to the finals, eventually winning the contest in the final held on 11 December 2010. Elisa Lindström won "Singer of the Year 2011" at the Guldklaven Awards in early 2012.

In 2013, Lindström took part in the choir singing competition show Körslaget (meaning Clash of the Choirs) broadcast on TV4, where she led a choir from her hometown of Töreboda. Lindström made it to the 19 October 2013 final where they competed against the other finalist, a choir led by singer Anna Book. Lindström won the final of Körslaget.

In November 2013 it was revealed that Lindström will participate in Melodifestivalen 2014 in hopes of representing Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark. She competed in the first heat with the song "Casanova".

Discography

Solo albums
Leva - 2014

References

Other websites

1991 births
Swedish singers
Living people
The Seal of the State of Rhode Island is the state seal of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It has a dark blue background. There is a maritime anchor under the word "HOPE". The outer circle says "Seal of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations". The outer circle also has "1636" at the bottom.

The seal was first used before Rhode Island was really a state.

Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Orlando "Ollie" Colón (born March 24, 1982 in San Juan) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. He is currently working for the WWE under the ring name Fernando and has formerly competed under the ring name Epico. He is one half of the tag team Los Matadores with his real-life cousin Primo.

Career
On the November 4 2011 episode of SmackDown, Colón debuted on the main roster as a heel under the ring name Epico. He faced Sin Cara but lost by disqualification after Hunico ran in and attacked Sin Cara.

Epico then began teaming with Primo, with Rosa Mendes as their manager. Epico and Primo defeated Air Boom (Evan Bourne and Kofi Kingston) at a Raw live event on January 15, 2012, in Oakland, California to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the championships to Kofi Kingston and R-Truth on the April 30 episode of Raw.

On the September 30 edition of Raw, Epico and Primo changed their gimmicks and debuted as Los Matadores, as a face team of two masked Spanish bullfighters with El Torito as their mascot. They defeated 3MB in their debut.

Championships
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Hunico)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #76 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012.
World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (six times)
WWE
WWE Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Primo)

References

Other websites
Official website 
WWE profile  (Fernando)
WWE profile (Epico)

1982 births
Living people
People from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican professional wrestlers
WWE wrestlers
"Kill the DJ" is the second single off American punk rock band Green Day's ninth studio album ¡Uno!. The song was released on August 14, 2012. The song is influenced from dance music which Green Day has never attempted before.

Music video 
The video features Green Day riding motorcycles through the desert going towards a nightclub in a black-and-white clip. When they perform at the club, two girls begin fighting and bottles get broken. At the end, the two girls end up with blood on their faces and clothes while they dance.

References

Other websites
"Kill the DJ" on YouTube

2012 songs
Green Day songs
John Henson (April 25, 1965 — February 14, 2014) was an American puppeteer. He was born in Saugerties, New York. He was a performer of The Muppets. Puppeteers Jim and Jane Henson were his parents.

Henson died on Valentine's Day 2014 after having a heart attack.

Other websites 

American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Muppets
American puppeteers
1965 births
2014 deaths
Michael Brett Adkisson (March 2, 1964 — April 12, 1987) was an American professional wrestler. He was better known under the ring name Mike Von Erich. He was a member of the famous Von Erich family. His father was Fritz Von Erich, a wrestling promoter and professional wrestler. Mike made his professional wrestling debut on November 24, 1983. Unlike his older brothers, however, he never wanted to do wrestling (according to certain wrestlers tied to Mike, including his brother Kevin).

In 1985, Von Erich was diagnosed with toxic shock syndrome (rare among men). The condition caused brain damage that then affected his behavior and overall performing abilities.

In April 1987, he was arrested for drunk driving and drug charges. A few days later, Mike wrote and left a suicide note for his family, went to Lake Dallas and overdosed on Placidyl and alcohol. His body was found four days later.

References

Other websites
The Von Erichs on WWE.com

1964 births
1987 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Drug-related suicides in the United States
Sportspeople from Dallas, Texas
Sportspeople who committed suicide
WWE Hall of Fame
Polymyalgia rheumatica ("PMR", sometimes called just polymyalgia) is a syndrome or condition. It causes pain in the joints and muscles of the upper body. Most people with PMR have pain during the morning. Sometimes the pain is in the late afternoon or evening. About 15% of people having PMR may also have temporal arteritis.

PMR affects more women than men. PMR usually happens in people age fifty and older. People under age 50 can be affected, although only rarely.

One blood test usually performed is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) which measures how fast the patient's red blood cells settle in a test tube. The faster the blood cells settle, the higher the ESR value, which means inflammation is present. 

Prednisone is the drug of choice for PMR. Treatment duration is often more than one year.  If the patient does not experience dramatic improvement after three days of 10–20 mg oral prednisone per day, the diagnosis should be reconsidered.  Sometimes relief of symptoms occurs in only several hours.

References

Diseases and disorders of joints
Rheumatology
Steroid hormones
Maria I (English: Mary I) (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) was the Queen of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Known as Maria the Pious (in Portugal), or Maria the Mad (in Brazil), she was the first undisputed Queen (in her own right) of Portugal. Her court, then under the direction of her eldest son and heir Dom João, the Prince Regent, moved to the then Portuguese colony of Brazil. Later on, Brazil would be elevated from the rank of a colony to that of a Kingdom. This led to the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Early life

Maria was born at the Ribeira Royal Palace in Lisbon. On the day of her birth, her grandfather, King João V, created her the Princess of Beira. She was the eldest of all her  four siblings.

When her father succeeded to the throne in 1750 as José I, Maria became his heiress presumptive and was given the traditional titles of Princess of Brazil and Duchess of Braganza. She was also an Infanta of Portugal from birth and thus entitled to the style of Royal Highness. She grew up during the dominating Marquis of Pombal

Marriage

In 1760 Maria married her uncle Pedro, younger brother of her father Jose I. They had six children, of whom the eldest surviving son succeeded Maria as João VI on her death in 1816.

Titles and Styles 
 17 December 1734 – 31 July 1750 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Beira, Duchess of Barcelos
 31 July 1750 – 24 February 1777 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Brazil, Duchess of Braganza
 24 February 1777 – 16 December 1815 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
 16 December 1815 – 20 March 1816 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

Notes

References 

1734 births
1816 deaths
People from Lisbon
House of Braganza
Kings and Queens of Portugal
Maria Gabriela Isler (born 21 March 1988 in Valencia, Carabobo) is a Venezuelan beauty queen. On 9 November 2013, she was crowned Miss Universe 2013 in Moscow, Russia.

References 

1988 births
Living people
Venezuelan people
Miss Universe winners
Venezuelan models
Blight refers to way plants wither when infected. It is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or flowers. Various diseases which cause the symptom are known as blights. Several notable examples are:

 Late blight of potato, caused by the water mould Phytophthora infestans, the disease which led to the Irish potato famine
 Southern corn leaf blight, caused by the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus czused a severe loss of corn in the United States in 1970.
 Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica has nearly completely eradicated mature American chestnuts in North America.
 Bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae.
 Early blight of potato and tomato, caused by species of the common fungal genus Alternaria
Leaf blight of grasses. On leaf tissue, symptoms of blight are the initial appearance of lesions which rapidly engulf surrounding tissue.

References 

Plant physiology
Infectious diseases
The American lion (Panthera leo or P. atrox) is also known as  Naegele’s giant jaguar or American cave lion. It is an extinct species of lion which lived in North America during the Pleistocene (340,000 years ago to 11,000 years ago). It existed for about 330,000 thousand years.

The American lion belonged to the family Felidae. By analysing the species' genes, scientists have shown that it shared the same ancestor as the Eurasian cave lion (Panthera leo spelaea or P. spelaea). Most remains have come from the La Brea tar pits.

The American lion was large, slightly larger than the early middle Pleistocene cave lion, P. leo fossilis and about 25% larger than the modern African lion. There is no evidence that it was a social hunter like the modern lion, and that may explain its size.
Panthera leo atrox hunted large mammals such as horses, camels, bison and mammoth.

References 

Felines
Mammals of North America
Fayetteville State University is a historically black university in Fayetteville, North Carolina. It is part of the University of North Carolina System.

This school began in 1867. The name "Fayetteville State University" was first used in 1969.

Colleges and universities in North Carolina
1867 establishments in the United States
Historically black colleges and universities
Anthony Davis, Jr. (born March 11, 1993) is an American professional basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) since 2012. He plays power forward and center.

Davis was born on March 11, 1993 in Chicago, Illinois.

References

Other websites

 Kentucky Bio 
 stats at NBA.com
 stats at Basketball-reference.com
 Davis at ESPN
 Davis at Chicago Tribune

1993 births
African-American basketball players
Living people
Los Angeles Lakers players
New Orleans Pelicans players
Sportspeople from Chicago
American basketball players
Shaun Roger White (born September 3, 1986) is an American professional snowboarder and skateboarder. He is a two-time Olympic gold medalist. He holds the X Games records for gold medals and highest overall medal count. He has also won 10 ESPY Awards.

White was born in San Diego, California on September 3, 1986. His ancestry includes Irish and Italian.

References

Other websites

 Official Site of Shaun White
 
 Shaun White's U.S. Olympic Team bio
 AP Winter Games Athlete Profile: Shaun White 
 Shaun White Project X Private Halfpipe Video
 Snowboardermag.com — interviews and videos
 Shaun White Interview: Pop Magazine

1986 births
Living people
American skateboarders
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
Haigazian University (; ) is a university in Beirut, Lebanon. It opened in 1955. It offers Bachelor's degrees in the Arts and Sciences, Business Administration and Economics. It also offers Master's degrees in the Arts, Sciences and Business Administration.

The university is supported by the Armenian Evangelical Church. It was opened for the Armenian community in Lebanon. However, it is open to students of all nationalities.

Other websites 
Haigazian University website

Colleges and universities in Asia
Buildings and structures in Lebanon
1955 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Lebanon
Lucía Topolansky Saavedra (born September 25, 1944) is a Uruguayan senator. She is the wife of Uruguay's President José Mujica. She was the Vice President of Uruguay from September 2017 to March 2020, after Raúl Fernando Sendic's resignation.

References

1944 births
Living people
Uruguayan politicians
People from Montevideo
Vice presidents
Hurricane Manuel (pronounced ) was a tropical cyclone in 2013. It crossed western Mexico between September 13 and 19, 2013 at the same time that Hurricane Ingrid was coming to Mexico from the other side.

Damage from Manuel totaled $4.2 billion (2013 USD). About 169 people died.

References

Hurricanes in Mexico
2013 in weather
2013 in the United States
2010s in Texas
2010s in Mexico
September events
Christopher "Chris" Malcolm (19 August 1946 – 15 February 2014) was a Scottish actor, director and producer. He began his career in 1968. He had many different roles in movies, television shows, and musical theatre such as The Empire Strikes Back, Absolutely Fabulous and The Rocky Horror Show.

He was born in Aberdeen, Scotland. He was brought up in Canada after his family emigrated to Vernon, British Columbia in the late 1940s.

Malcolm died from cancer on 15 February 2014, aged 67, in London, England. He was outlived by his wife, actress Judy Lloyd, and their three children. His death was reported by his daughter, Morgan.

References

Other websites

1946 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
People from Aberdeen
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Producers
British filmmakers
The North–South Express Railway () is a proposed high-speed railway in Vietnam. It would start in Hanoi and end in Ho Chi Minh City. It is proposed to have a length of .

Vietnam
High-speed rail
Mandatory Palestine had 18 districts. Two of them existed only until 1945.
 Acre
 Baisan
 Beersheba
 Bethlehem
 Gaza
 Haifa
 Hebron
 Jaffa
 Jenin
 Jericho
 Jerusalem
 Nablus
 Nazareth
 Ramallah
 Ramle
 Safad
 Tiberias
 Tulkarem

Mandatory Palestine
Geography-related lists
Leaf beetles are the family Chrysomelidae. There are over 35,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, so it is one of the largest and most common of all beetle families. Many subfamilies are recognized.

Leaf beetles have a tarsal formula which appears to be 4-4-4, but is actually 5-5-5. Some are difficult to tell from long-horned beetles (family Cerambycidae): it is done by the antennae not arising from frontal tubercles.

Adult and larval leaf beetles feed on all sorts of plant tissue. Their diversity has run parallel with that of the Angiosperms. Many are serious pests of cultivated plants, for example the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), the asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi), the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus), and various flea beetles. A few act as vectors of plant diseases. Others can be used as biocontrol of invasive weeds. Most Chrysomelidae are conspicuously coloured, often in glossy yellow to red or metallic blue-green hues. Some (especially Cassidinae) have spectacularly bizarre shapes. They are highly popular among insect collectors.

Classification 
Selection of notable sub-families:
 Subfamily Bruchinae – includes the bean weevils or seed beetles. They feed on seeds, some even on toxic seeds.
 Subfamily Cassidinae – includes the tortoise beetles and prickly leaf beetles. A recent offshoot of the Hispanae.
 Subfamily Chrysomelinae – includes the broad-bodied leaf beetles. "They defend themselves with a pot-pourri of toxins".
 Subfamily Criocerinae – includes the asparagus beetles and lily beetles
 Subfamily Cryptocephalinae – includes  cylindrical leaf beetles and warty leaf beetle. "The larvae eat dead leaves and carry a protective case made of faecal and debris particles". 
 Subfamily Donaciinae – includes the longhorned leaf beetles
 Subfamily Eumolpinae – includes the oval leaf beetles
 Subfamily Galerucinae – includes the flea beetles. The former subfamily Altricinae is included. 
 Subfamily Hispanae – many are leaf miners.
 Subfamily Sagrinae – frog-legged beetles or kangaroo beetles, diverse in Australia. "They have spiny hind legs built like nutcrackers that grasp and impale attackers".

Phylogeny 
Records from the Cretaceous period are scarce: only three records are known. An early Cretaceous origin from a more general form is suggested by Grimaldi and Engel. Then came an Upper Cretaceous divergence of Chrysolmelid sub-groups, and adaptive radiation connected to that of the flowering plants.

References
The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança; Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾɐˈɣɐ̃sɐ]), officially the Most Serene House of Braganza (Portuguese: Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), is an important imperial, royal, and noble house (dynasty) of Portuguese origin. It is a branch of the House of Aviz. The House changed from being powerful dukes of Portuguese nobility, to ruling as the monarchs of Portugal and the Algarves, from 1640 to 1910. They were also monarchs of Brazil, from 1815 to 1889. The heir to the Portuguese throne was usually given the title of "Duke of Braganza".

History

The House of Braganza was founded in 1442. This is when Afonso, 8th Count of Barcelos, was made Duke of Braganza. Alfonso (Alfonso I) was an illegitimate son of King João I of Portugal, of the House of Aviz. He was made a duke by his nephew, King Afonso V of Portugal. The feudal dukes quickly collected a fortune in properties, titles, and power. By the mid 1600s, the House was the most powerful in all of Portugal. It was also of the greatest houses of Iberia.

The House of Braganza became the reigning house of Brazil, first, when the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves was created in 1815. The United Kingdom lasted until 1822, when the Brazilian Empire became independent from Portugal. The new Brazilian nation was led by Prince Pedro of Braganza, heir to the Portuguese throne, who ruled as Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, as well as King Pedro IV of Portugal. Until 1835, the Portuguese Braganzas were still in the line of succession to the Brazilian throne. The House was deposed (removed) from the Brazilian throne, in 1889, when Brazil was proclaimed a republic.

The House continued to be the claimant house to the Brazilian throne until 1921. This is when Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, died. Her claim passed to her son, Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans and Braganza. Thus the House of Orléans-Braganza became the claimant house to the former monarchy of Brazil. Pedro Henrique died in 1981. The current claimant is his eldest son, Prince Luiz.

In Portugal, King Carlos I of Portugal was assassinated in 1908. Also killed in the attack was his eldest son. His younger son, Manuel II, became king. When the Portuguese Republic was established, in 1910, King Manuel II and the rest of the Braganzas went into exile.

Famous members

 Maria I of Portugal the first female monarch of Portugal known for her suspected madness and making Brazil a colony.
 Mariana Victoria of Spain. Married a King of Portugal and the mother of Queen Maria I.
 Pedro II of Brazil. An Emperor of Brazil.

References 

Brazil
History of Portugal
House of Braganza
The common yabby, Cherax destructor, is an Australian freshwater crustacean. It is in the Parastacidae family. It is listed as a vulnerable species of crayfish by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). But wild yabby populations remain strong, and have expanded into new habitats created by reservoirs and farm dams.

Its common name of "yabby" is also applied to many other Australian Cherax species of crustacean. The name is also applied marine ghost shrimp of the infra-order Thalassinidea. Yabbies occasionally reach up to 30 cm (12 in) in length but are more commonly 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long.

Colour is highly variable and depends on water clarity (how clear it is) and habitat. Yabbies can range from black, blue-black or dark brown in clear waters to light brown, green-brown or beige in dark waters. Yabbies specifically bred to be a vibrant blue colour are now popular in the aquarium trade in Australia.

References 

Crustaceans
Animals of Australia
Sastamala is a city in Pirkanmaa, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 25,500 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Huittinen, Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen, Kankaanpää, Kokemäki , Lavia, Nokia, Punkalaidun, Ulvila, Urjala and Vesilahti.

Some villages 
Sileekallio, Hoipola, Jaara, Häijää and Mustianoja

Culture 
In July 2011 in Sastamala was opened Museum called Pukstaavi Suomalaisen kirjan museo, museum of Finish book.  Museum is national and tells generally about culture history and social meaning of Finnish book.

Sights
 River Kokemäenjoki
 Car and tractor museum

Other websites

 Official website 
 Newspaper

Cities in Finland
Tianhe-2 is a supercomputer built by the National University of Defense Technology in China. It can do more than 33,862 million million operations every second. It is the fastest computer in the world. It is twice as fast as the Tianhe-1, the previous fastest supercomputer. It is predicted to become even faster by 2015, reaching speeds of 100,000 million million operations every second. The computer's name means "milky way". The building of Tianhe-2 was expected to be finished in 2015, but was finished in 2013 instead. Proposed applications for the supercomputer include physics-related applications, such as studying combustion and magnetism. It is also being used to model the atmosphere.

It has been said that Tianhe-2 "may be too powerful for most tasks".

Statistics
Tianhe-2 can do 33,862 trillion operations per second. It could possibly do 54,900 trillion operations per second. It uses more than three million processor cores. The supercomputer uses 17.8 million watts of power. The cost of construction was 2.4 billion yuan.

Records
Tianhe-2 has been ranked at the top of the Top500 list twice, in June 2013 and November 2013.

Related pages
 Tianhe-I

Sources

Computers
The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (or simply Hague Adoption Convention), provides certain protections to children. It guarantees the protection of children from child trafficking. It also guarantees them safe adoption and a quick adoption process.

History 
In May 1993 the proposal was presented at the seventeenth session of The Hague Convention. It became effective in 1995. The United States ratified the Hague Adoption Convention in December 2007. Forty-six countries had ratified the treaty as of May 2002. Thirteen more had yet to ratify it. Many countries which have not ratified the Convention do not permit foreign adoptions of their children nor adoptions of foreign children. For example, Muslim countries do not permit foreign adoptions.

Concerns 
Adopting children from one country into a family from another is a relatively new idea. It developed after World War II. By the 1970s it became a fairly common event. But it was soon recognized this was creating a number of legal and human problems. There were few domestic and international laws that adequately protected children's rights. The Hague Adoption Convention of 1993 addressed these concerns. The Convention gave the responsibility of providing the protection against child trafficking, safe adoption and a quick adoption process to the countries and to adoption agencies.
 
The convention also raised several ethical concerns. In a normal domestic adoption the child loses connections and identification with their biological family. In an international adoption a child may also lose identification with their nationality and ethnicity. Adoptions that span countries should be considered only after all efforts to place adopted children within their own country. UNICEF, by comparison, does not encourage international adoptions. They encourage nations to adopt within their own country.

The Future for international adoptions 
There has been a sharp decline in international adoptions in the last few years. Romania, for one, has ended all foreign adoptions. Belarus and the Ukraine closed foreign adoptions for 2007. The 5000 adoptions from China in 2005 dropped to 4000 in 2006. Wars and natural disasters were the reasons for massive adoptions from the affected countries in the past. But the international community is no longer in favor of this as a solution. Adoptions from Africa are increasing, however. The number of Orphans from Liberia and Ethiopia have increased from 2006–2008. But the costs to adopt a child from another country have risen. This is due in part to the steps taken by the convention to prevent abuse of the system.

References

Other websites 
 Intercountry Adoption 
 Child Welfare Information Gateway
 Countries in force with Australia 
 Children’s Rights: Germany

1995 establishments
International law
Children
1990s in law
NU.nl is a Dutch news website. The website started in 1999. NU.nl is now part of Sanoma Media. Since 2007, NU.nl has been the most visited news website in the Netherlands. Nu is the Dutch word for "now".

References

1999 establishments in Europe
Websites
Netherlands
Mary Grace Canfield (September 3, 1924 – February 15, 2014) was an American actress. She began her career in 1954. She often played the role of a romance-starved spinster or wallflower.

Canfield was born in Rochester, New York. She was brought up in Pittsford, New York. Her older sister, Constance, was two years older.

Canfield died from lung cancer on February 15, 2014, aged 89, in Santa Barbara, California. She was outlived by her husband, John Bischof, and two children from a previous marriage.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2014 deaths
People from Rochester, New York
Actors from New York
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in the United States
De Telegraaf is the biggest Dutch newspaper. The first edition of the newspaper was on January 1, 1893. The format of the newspaper is broadsheet.

Other websites
Official website 

1893 establishments in Europe
Newspapers in Europe
Netherlands
Nikhil Baran Sengupta (13 December 1943 – 18 February 2014) was a Bangladeshi art director, actor, painter and production designer. He was known for his role in Janani (1984), Sahari Bagha (1985), Maa O Mamata, Suna Chadhei (1987), Jugantar, Tahader Katha, Bagh Bahadur (1989) and Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (2002).

Sengupta died 18 February 2014 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India aged 70.

References

Other websites

 
 Shri Nikhil Baran Sengupta  at Srjan
 facebook link- https://www.facebook.com/nikhilbaran.sengupta/info

1943 births
2014 deaths
Bangladeshi painters
Bangladeshi movie actors
Set designers
Home Alone 4 (also known as Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House) is an American family criminal comedy television movie. It first aired on ABC on November 3, 2002. Home Alone 4 was directed by Rod Daniel and is the fourth movie in the Home Alone movie series.

The movie has some of the main characters from the first two movies, but all of the roles are played by different actors. The story is in Chicago, but the movie was actually filmed in South Africa.

The movie was not very popular. A planned TV series based on the movie was cancelled because of the poor reviews. It's an intrequel to the first two movies. In the film, Kevin (Mike Weinberg) gets upset when he hears his parents, Peter and Kate McCalister (Jason Beghe and Clare Carey) will get divorced. He is forced to choose where to celebrate Christmas, at his house or at his dad and his new wife, Natalie's (Joanna Going) mansion. Begrudgingly, he chooses to spend it at Natalie's mansion. However, when he gets there, he has to protect the house from Marv (French Stewart) and his wife, Vera (Missi Pyle).

Release Dates

Other websites 

2002 movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American family movies
American television movies
Christmas movies
Sequel movies
Eric Peter Brewer (born April 17, 1979) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Anaheim Ducks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Tampa Bay Lightning, St. Louis Blues, Edmonton Oilers, New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also won a gold medal with Team Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Brewer played 3 seasons in the Western Hockey League with the Prince George Cougars. He was drafted with the 5th overall pick by the New York Islanders in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Islanders on October 10, 1998 in a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. He scored his first NHL career goal on November 5, 1998 against Trevor Kidd of the Carolina Hurricanes.

He was traded along with Josh Green and their second round selection (Brad Winchester) at the 2000 NHL Entry Draft to the Edmonton Oilers for Roman Hamrlík. Brewer played 2 seasons with the Oilers and 1 season with their American Hockey League affiliate Lowell Lock Monsters.

After the 2004-05 NHL lockout, Brewer was traded along with Jeff Woywitka and Doug Lynch to the St. Louis Blues for Chris Pronger. Brewer would play 6 seasons with the Blues and was traded to Tampa Bay Lightning for Brock Beukeboom and a third round selection in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a four year, $15.4-million contract extension with the Lightning on June 24, 2011.

On November 28, 2014, the Lightning traded him to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft.

References

Other websites 

1979 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Edmonton Oilers players
Living people
New York Islanders players
Prince George Cougars players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Geocentrism is the belief that the Earth is fixed at the centre of the Universe. Geocentrists accept that the earth is round.  Before the 16th century most people believed in the theory of geocentrism. From Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky. In about 150 AD the Greek astronomer, Ptolemy wrote a book to explain in great detail how the spherical Earth is surrounded by things that move in the sky. From the time of Ptolemy through to the 16th Century AD educated people who knew the earth is round almost always believed the Geocentric theory of Ptolemy.

From the 15th to the 17th century, astronomers, especially Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, found evidence that the Earth is not fixed but moves round the Sun. That is called heliocentrism.

Related pages
 Flat Earth

References

Astronomy
Pseudoscience
Kaavi is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 3,260 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuopio, Juuka, Outokumpu, Polvijärvi and Tuusniemi.

History
Kaavi was established 1813.

Sights and activities

 Juutila Foundry
 Telkkämäki Nature Reserve and Heritage Farm
 Vaikkojoki River
 Kaavi Church
 Luikonlahti Orthodox Chapel
 Summertheatres in Luikonlahti and Maarianvaara
 Kaavi Blues Festival in June 
 Spring Market and Autumn Market

Other websites 

 The official page about Kaavi 

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
1813 establishments
19th-century establishments in Finland
1810s establishments in Europe
Äänekoski is a city in Central Finland. It had about 20,060 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Konnevesi, Laukaa, Saarijärvi, Uurainen, Vesanto  and Viitasaari.

The former municipalities of Sumiainen and Suolahti were merged with Äänekoski in 2007.

Other websites 

 The official Äänekoski page

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Central Finland
Ikaalinen is a town in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 7,295 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Hämeenkyrö, Jämijärvi, Kankaanpää, Parkano, Sastamala and Ylöjärvi.

Other websites 

 The official Ikaalinen page

Cities in Finland
Kankaanpää is a city in Satakunta, Finland. It had about 12,000 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Honkajoki, Ikaalinen, Jämijärvi, Karvia, Parkano, Pomarkku, Sastamala and Siikainen.

The municipality of Lavia is today a part of Pori. Lavia is also near Kankaanpää.

Municipalities inside Kankaanpää are Kankaanpää, Niinisalo, Vihteljärvi, Lohikko, Venesjärvi and Veneskoski. 

The town manager is Mika Hatanpää. Before him the town manager was Paavo Karttunen.

Sport
- Kankaanpään Suunnistajat (KanSu) orienteering

- Kankaanpään Maila (KaMa) baseball

- Kankaanpään Pallo (KaPa) football

- Kankaanpään Uimarit (KankU) swimming

- etc.

History
In Kankaanpää has been found lots of Stone Age artifacts. But not so many Copper or Iron Age artifacts.

First inhabitants were in Kankaanpää in 16th century with 10 houses.  

In early 19th century population of Kankaanpää was about 2,000. In 1850s the population was about 4,000.  

The church of Kankaanpää has been built in 1839. Architect of church was C. L. Engel. There is a military and old cemetery in the garden of church. Other cemeteries are in the downtown and near the church. 

There were not big battles in Kankaanpää in the Civil war. Sampakoski battle was on 22. February 1918 in Sampakoski near Lavia. The whites won the reds there. There is novadays a memorial of the battle. Near the battlefield is the cemetery of the reds. 

Kankaanpää has founded in 1865 and it became a market town in 1967 and at last a town in 1972. 

The local magazine Kankaanpään Seutu has founded in 1968. Before it the local magazine was Kankaanpään aluesanomat. The chief reporter of Kankaanpään Seutu is Jarkko Ambrusin.

Other websites 

 The official Kankaanpää page 

Cities in Finland