cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dale Jonathan Winton (22 May 1955 – 18 April 2018) was an English television personality and DJ. He began his DJ career in 1982 by DJing on weekends. He was born in London. This led him to United Biscuits Industrial Radio where he did many kinds of jobs before getting his own morning show. After that, he joined Radio Trent in Nottingham. He was on a variety of different radio stations. He was a DJ on Radio 2.

His television career began in 1987, working for Channel Four, the Lifestyle Channel. his best known television programme however was Dale's Supermarket Sweep It was broadcast from 1993 to 2007 on ITV with a new series in 2010 on Sky. He also acted in Pets Win Prizes, The Great British Song Contest, Gimme Gimme Gimme, Touch The Truck, Dale's Wedding, Celebrity Fit Club,  Never Mind the Buzzcocks, In It To Win It, Show Me What You've Got and Hole In The Wall among other TV programmes.

He had 1 hit single to date, his hit was as Dale Winton featuring Bar-codes & Alison Brown. It reached number 72 in 1994 

Winton was openly gay.

Winton died suddenly on 18 April 2018 in London at the age of 62.

References

1955 births
2018 deaths
Actors from London
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters
British radio personalities
English LGBT people
English television actors
English television presenters
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
ITV presenters
Radio personalities from London
Shikoku  is the smallest of Japan's four main islands.  About 4 million people live there, fewer than on any of the other main islands. 

The island lies south of Honshu and east of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. A bridge connects it to Honshu. 

Farming is a very important business in Shikoku. Citrus fruits are an important product. Shikoku is the home of the 88 Temple Pilgrimage of the Shingon sect of Buddhism.

Regions 
Shikoku region covers the entire island.

The name Shikoku literally means "four countries" in Japanese. Shikoku was made of four old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. In other words, each prefecture has a modern name and an old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art. 

Ehime, formerly Iyo Province – to the west
Kagawa, formerly Sanuki Province – to the north
Kōchi, formerly Tosa Province – to the south
Tokushima, formerly Awa Province – to the east

Cities 
 Kōchi – home of "Yosakoi" and many local sights
 Matsuyama, Ehime – is best known for the old hot springs at Dogo Onsen
 Takamatsu, Kagawa – the largest city in Shikoku
 Tokushima – home of the Awa Odori festival in August
 Uwajima – has a fertility shrine and wrestling bulls
 Naruto – the east gate of Shikoku.

Points of interest 
 Cape Ashizuri – a scenic cape at the southernmost point of Shikoku
 Iya Valley – a remote but beautiful mountain valley
 Kotohira – the site of the Kompira-san shrine
 Mount Ishizuchi – the tallest peak in Shikoku

Castles
There are twelve original castles that are left in Japan and Shikoku is home to four of them. 
 Marugame Castle, Marugame
 Kōchi Castle, Kochi
 Matsuyama Castle
 Uwajima Castle, Uwajima.

Temples and Shrines
The 88 Temple Pilgrimage is a famous but difficult 1,647-kilometer circle around the entire island. Serious pilgrims may choose to complete the 88 Temple Circuit on foot. Other people uses buses.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Islands of Japan
Shikoku region
There are several things called Naruto. Some of these are:

Naruto (manga) is a Japanese manga
Naruto, Tokushima, a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan

Naruto has a nine tailed demon fox sealed inside him.
The name of the nine tailed fox is Kurama/Kyubi the meaning of the name is nine tailed fox or demon fox.
is a Japanese city in Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku.

One of the famous attractions is the Naruto whirlpools between Naruto and Awaji Island in the Seto Inland Sea.

Naruto has the home stadium of professional soccer team Tokushima Vortis.

Ryōzen-ji and Gokuraku-ji are in Naruto. They are the first two temples of the 88 Temple Pilgrimage.

References

Other websites
 Naruto City website  
  Image of Naruto whirlpool

Cities in Shikoku
Settlements in Tokushima Prefecture
A spiral galaxy is a kind of galaxy that looks like a flat, slowly rotating disk with a bulge in the centre, and spiral patterns extending outward from the bulge. It contains stars, gas, dust, dark matter and a supermassive black hole at its centre.

Galaxies were long thought to be nebulae.  The spiral nebula as a type was first described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae.  They are now listed as galaxies, and are named after their shape.

The barred spiral galaxy is an important and common type of spiral galaxy. There are three other kinds of spiral galaxies. Grand-design spiral galaxies have two well-shaped and well-defined arms. Multiple-arm spiral galaxies have more arms. In flocculent spiral galaxies, it is hard to see the arms at all, as they are choppy and are ill-defined.

About 60% of galaxies in the universe near us (the 'local universe') are spiral and irregular galaxies. They are mostly found in low-density parts of the universe, and are rare in the centers of galaxy clusters.

Spiral arms 
Spiral arms are regions in spiral galaxies.  They often contain dust,gas and star clusters of young ,hot  and massive stars.  They extend from the central bulge area of spiral and barred spiral galaxies.  The young, hot and massive stars are why the arms are brighter than the center of the galaxy. Some spiral galaxies have yellow, 'fossil' arms of older stars.

Milky Way 
Our own Milky Way was found to be a spiral galaxy in the early 20th century. In the 1990s it was found to be a barred spiral galaxy. The bar is difficult to see from our position in the Galactic disk. The most convincing evidence for its existence comes from a survey,  performed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, of stars in the Galactic center.

References

Other websites
Terrence William "Terry" Buck was an Australian swimmer and coach. He represented Australia at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 400m individual medley and placed eighth. He was the first Australian swimmer to participate at the Olympics as both an athlete and a coach. He was head coach in the 1984 Summer Olympics, and team manager in 1992 and 1996. Buck was also a surf lifesaver and a life member of the Clovelly Surf Club in New South Wales. He died in a tractor accident on his farm, leaving behind his wife, Laraine and three daughters.

In 2003, Greg Rogers filed a civil lawsuit against Buck. He claimed that Buck had sexually abused him from 1960 when Rogers was 11 and Buck was 16. He also said that his younger brother, Neil, was sexually abused from when he was eight. This was settled outside court. After Buck died, the Telegraph published an interview with an anonymous "Olympic and Commonwealth medalist" who said that he had been abused by Buck as a child. The person who was interviewed was not named, but many knew it was Rogers. Police had begun private investigations into the matter in 1998, but stopped the investigation in 2001, saying that it did not have enough proof. His wife said that the stories were all untrue. She said that she had "trusted" Rogers, who had been the godfather of their late daughter, Sarah, and that having "looked at it from every angle, I can say with certainty in my  they are lies."

References

Accidental deaths in Australia
Sportspeople from Sydney
1943 births
2005 deaths
Edwin Powell Hubble  (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. Hubble's findings changed the scientific view of the universe.

Career
In 1925 he showed that there are galaxies beyond our own, the Milky Way. Also, he developed a method for classifying galaxies.

Then he proved the galaxies were moving away from each other. Hubble found the degree of Doppler effect (redshift) from a galaxy increased in proportion to its distance from Earth. Doppler effect is the change in pitch or colour when an object or sound comes in (higher pitch, brighter color) or moves away (lower and darker). Redshift is observed in the light spectrum

In 1929 Hubble formulated what is called Hubble's law. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. Georges Lemaître, a Belgian priest and astronomer, had published the idea two years before in an obscure journal. Nevertheless, the idea bears Hubble's name to this day.

Today, the 'apparent velocities' of galaxies are understood as an increase in proper distance which occurs due to the expansion of space. Light traveling through stretching space experiences a Hubble-type redshift.

This work helped to establish that the universe is expanding. Some have incorrectly said that Hubble discovered the Doppler shift in the spectra of galaxies, but this had already been observed earlier by Vesto Slipher, whose data Hubble used.

The Hubble Space Telescope was named after Hubble.

Four major achievements 
According to Sandage, Hubble achieved four main things:
A classification system for nebulae, both galactic (diffuse) and extragalactic (both nebulae inside our Milky Way galaxy, and other galaxies outside it).
Hubble settled decisively the question of the nature of the galaxies (as being other things like the Milky Way).
The distribution of galaxies was found to be homogeneous in distance (the galaxies were all over the universe, not in any particular location).
The linear velocity-distance relation was established. This discovery lead to the notion of the expanding universe which is the centre-piece of the cosmology of the present day.

Hubble's personal opinion on the data 
Hubble himself did not see his 1929 data as evidence for an expanding Universe. Even six years later, Hubble wrote:

Inflation as an explanation for expansion 
Hubble's words were forgotten, and the notion of the expansion of the universe became the consensus. Until the theoretical developments in the 1980s no one had an explanation for why this seemed to be the case. The question "why is the universe expanding?" is now answered by understanding the details of what happened in the first inflationary epoch (10−32 seconds) of the existence of our universe.

Hubble's law

References 

1889 births
1953 deaths
Cosmology
American astronomers
Scientists from Missouri
Nationalization is when a business is owned and run by the government. If the government stops owning the business and it becomes controlled by citizens, this is called privatization.

Government
Commerce

it:Espropriazione per pubblica utilità
Star Wars: TIE Fighter is a space flight simulator game that came out in 1994. It takes place in the Star Wars universe and has starfighters and other spacecraft from the movies and books. The player flies starfighters for the Galactic Empire in various missions.

Story
TIE Fighter takes place in several parts with different storylines. In early missions the player fights against members of the Rebel Alliance, as well as space pirates and other enemies. There is also a story section where the player helps the Empire mediate between two groups that have been at war but say they want a peace treaty.

Later in the game, the player helps find out about a plot by a traitor Admiral to leave the Empire and join the Rebellion, and steal Imperial ships and technology. The rest of the game is about the player working with the Empire to stop the traitors.

Gameplay
In TIE Fighter, the player is a starfighter pilot who flies in combat missions. The game is normally played in first person from the view of the cockpit, but the player can also choose third person camera. There are many starfighters the player can fly, but some can not be used until later in the game. For many missions the player can choose which starfighter to fly and what warheads to use during the mission.

Most missions are combat missions. The player fights enemy starfighters, as well as "capital ships", which are very large starcraft that are hard to destroy. Different missions have different goals. Sometimes the player will escort supplies, scan other spacecraft, or simply hunt enemy ships.

Since the game is in space there is no gravity and the player can fly in any direction. Each starfighter the player can use has laser guns and many have warheads and rechargeable shields.

Star Wars games
Simulator video games
1994 video games
DOS games
"Empire State of Mind" is a song by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. It was released as the third single from Jay-Z's 11th music  album The Blueprint 3 (2009). The song is about New York City, and has a music sample of "Love on a Two-Way Street" (1970) by The Moments. The title of the song takes its name from Billy Joel's "New York State of Mind" (1976).

Charts

References

2009 songs
Alicia Keys
Jay-Z songs
New York City
is a prefecture in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Kōchi.

History 
Before to the Meiji Restoration, Kōchi was known as Tosa Province.

Geography 
Kōchi is in the southwestern part of Shikoku.  The prefecture faces the Pacific Ocean. Ehime Prefecture is to the northwest.  Tokushima Prefecture is to the northeast.

Kochi is famous for its clear streams. The most famous stream is Shimanto. The head of the Yoshino River is in Kōchi.

Mount Inamura (Inamura-yama) is the highest peak in the prefecture. Its height is 1,506 m (4,941 ft) above sea level.

Cities

Rivers 
Shimanto river
Niyodo river
Kagami river 
Kuma river

Towns and villages 

These are the towns and villages in each district.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 7% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Tosa jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Great person
Ryoma Sakamoto
Katsutoyo Yamauchi
Shintaro Nakaoka
Taisuke Itagaki

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

Kōchi Prefecture ;
In video games, first person means the player sees the game from the eyes of the character he or she is playing as. This is different than third person where the player watches what the character does from a virtual camera. The player is supposed to feel like he or she is inside the character. 

A common type of first person game is first-person shooter. In a first-person shooter the player can usually see his or her arms holding a gun or other weapon. Some games such as Call of Duty let the player look right down the sights of the gun to aim.

Many simulation games (or "sims") where the player controls a vehicle are first person. This includes most flight simulators and many racing video games. The player can often see the controls and instruments of the vehicle, such as the steering wheel and speedometer in a car or the joystick and altimeter in an airplane.

Video game design
The one-child policy (or family planning policy) was a policy introduced in the People's Republic of China in the year 1979. Mao Zedong had thought that a bigger population resulted in a stronger country, but of course, they faced a lot more problems. China had gone above carrying capacity and there were not enough resources for everyone. After the Second World War, the Chinese population grew quickly. In September of 1980, the one-child policy was introduced. The policy was introduced to control population growth and declares that Chinese families should only have one child. There are a few exceptions to this rule.

Beyond the exceptions, if a couple wanted to have more than one child, they must pay money to the government. In some places in China, couples were able to get a permit so they would not have to pay the fee. Because most families would not be able to afford the fee, women were often forced to have an abortion. There were punishments for those who had a second child. However, if the first child were to be a female, the couple could try to have a second child, in hopes of a male child. Since it was started in 1979, the policy has prevented 400 million births from happening. About 36% of the Chinese population is affected by the rule. The policy does not apply in some areas, such as Hong Kong, Macau or Tibet.

After more than 30 years of the one-child policy, China started to face a population ageing problem. And as the Chinese economy developed rapidly in recent years, the workforce also became tight. In 2015, it was decided that the one-child policy was to be removed and instead allowed couples to have two children for the first time in thirty years. Effective from January 2016, the one-child policy was replaced by a two-child policy, allowing each couple to have two children.

Even before the policy was introduced, China took many steps to encourage families to have fewer children. These steps included messages preaching the importance of family planning. There was one such of these messages that was a sign put up in Tang Shan that read, 'For a prosperous and powerful nation and a happy family, please use birth planning'. There were also incentives and rewards for those who only had one child, which continued through the one-child policy. Some of these included access to government services, better employment opportunities, higher wages, longer maternity leave, quality childcare, and better housing.

As of May 2021, the two child policy increased to three children. This is because of the decline in China's population

References 

People's Republic of China
Population
The 2010 Commonwealth Games is the nineteenth Commonwealth Games, and the ninth to be held under that name. The Games are being held in New Delhi, India from 3 to 14 October 2010, the largest multi-sport event conducted to date in Delhi and India, which has previously hosted the Asian Games in 1951 and 1982. 

The opening ceremony took place at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event. It is also the first time the Commonwealth Games is held in India and the second time the event has been held in Asia (after 1998 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

While allegations of delays and corruption were a cause of concern before the start of the games, the games generally ran smoothly and the opening ceremony was described as "spectacular".

Host selection 
Delhi was selected to host the Commonwealth Games, beating the bid from Hamilton on November 14 2003 at the Commonwealth Games Foundation General Assembly.  This was India's third bid, bidding unsuccessfully in 1990 and 1994.

References

2010 in India
Commonwealth Games
Delhi
October 2010 events
Kelantan is a state in Malaysia on the northeast part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Kelantan is Kota Baru.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Melaka (formerly known as Malacca) () is a state in Malaysia that is on the southern part of Malay Peninsula. The Strait of Malacca is to the south. The capital city of Malacca is Malacca City.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Negeri Sembilan is a state in Malaysia. It is on the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Negeri Sembilan is Seremban.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Pahang is a state in Malaysia on the eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Pahang is Kuantan.

There are 11 districts in Pahang, which are Bera, Bentong, Cameron Highlands, Jerantut, Kuantan, Kuala Lipis, Maran, Pekan, Raub, Rompin and Temerloh.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Perak is a state in Malaysia on the western part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Perak is Ipoh.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Perlis is a state in Malaysia that is on the very northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering Thailand. The capital city of Perlis is Kangar.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Sabah is a state in Malaysia on the northeast part of the island of Borneo. The capital city of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Sarawak is a state in Malaysia. It is mostly on the northwestern part of the island of Borneo. The capital city of Sarawak is Kuching.

Languages
The official languages of Sarawak are Malay and English. Other local spoken languages include Chinese, Iban, Melanau, Bidayuh, Punan, Penan, Kelabit, Kayan and others.

References

Other websites

States of Malaysia
Terangganu (; Jawi:ترڠݢانو, Terengganu Malay: Tranung, Thai: ตรังกานู) formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a state in Malaysia on the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Terengganu is Kuala Terengganu.

References

Other websites

Terengganu State Government Information Portal
Tourism Malaysia - Terengganu 
Terengganu tourism page

States of Malaysia
Counter-terrorism, also spelled as counterterrorism, is work to prevent and fight against terrorism. Counter-terrorism is usually done by governments, militaries, paramilitaries, police forces, and special counter-terrorism units.

There are many different ways to do counter-terrorism. An important goal is to stop terrorism before it happens. This is done by trying to find out about plans to commit terrorism. If the plan is discovered, sometimes the terrorists can be arrested or security can be sent to protect the target of the terrorism.

Sometimes no one finds out about the terrorist plot until it starts to happen. When this happens, police or counter-terrorist soldiers may be sent to try and stop the terrorists from completing the plan, which usually leads to combat. 

Security
Terrorism
Police
Chlorite is an ion. Its chemical formula is ClO2–. It is an oxidizing agent. It contains chlorine in its +3 oxidation state. They can be known as salts of chlorous acid. Some chlorites are explosives. It can be made by dissolving chlorine dioxide in a base. It can also be made by reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide. Sodium chlorite is the most common chlorite.

Related pages
Hypochlorite
Perchlorate

Chlorine compounds
Sodium chlorite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaClO2. It contains sodium and chlorite ions.

Properties
Sodium chlorite is a colorless solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It disproportionates sometimes. It forms the unstable chlorous acid when reacted with a strong acid.

Preparation
It is made by reducing chlorine dioxide in a basic solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Uses
Sodium chlorite can be used to disinfect water. Since chlorine dioxide is too reactive to store, sodium chlorite is stored and converted to chlorine dioxide before use. It is also used as a disinfectant. It can be used in oxidation reactions in organic chemistry.

Safety
It is similar to chlorates in toxicity. Ingestion of about 10 grams would be fatal. A smaller amount could make someone very sick.

Related pages
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium chlorate

Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NH4NO3. It contains ammonium and nitrate ions. The nitrogen is in the -3 and +5 oxidation states.

Properties
Ammonium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It makes water cold when it dissolves. It is an oxidizing agent. When it is heated gently, it turns into water and nitrous oxide. It can detonate when heated strongly. There were several disasters where ammonium nitrate exploded. Ammonium nitrate fertilizers were banned in some places because they were used to make explosives.

Preparation
Ammonium nitrate is made by reacting ammonia with nitric acid. This reaction is very violent. It can be made by reacting sodium nitrate with ammonium sulfate. This makes a solution of ammonium nitrate and sodium sulfate. When the mixture is cooled, the sodium sulfate is crystallized and can be filtered.

Uses
Ammonium nitrate is used as a fertilizer. It contains more nitrogen than most fertilizers. It is also used in explosives. It can be used as an oxidizer in rockets.

Related pages
Ammonium chlorate
Ammonium perchlorate

Nitrogen compounds
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound (a thing made when two or more chemical elements attach to each other). Its chemical formula is ClO2. The Cl means 1 chlorine ion and the O2 means two oxide ions. The chlorine is in its +4 oxidation state. That means that when the chemical compound was made, four electrons were taken from the chlorine and given to the oxygens.

Description
It is a yellowish gas. It has a bad smell. It can explode easily. It reacts (has chemical reactions with) many other chemicals. It explodes when it is more than 15% concentration in air. When light is shined on it, it can explode. It dissolves easily in cold water.

How it is made
It is made by oxidation (the pulling of electrons away from) of sodium chlorite by chlorine gas.

It can also be made by reduction (giving electrons to) of sodium chlorate in an acidic solution. There are some reducing agents (chemicals that reduce another chemical) that can be used. Methanol (an alcohol), sulfur dioxide (a gas made by burning sulfur), hydrochloric acid (a common acid), or hydrogen peroxide can be used.

There are even more ways to make chlorine dioxide. Sodium chlorite can react with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.

Sodium chlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.

Electrolysis (the passing of an electric current through a liquid) of a chlorite solution like sodium chlorite makes chlorine dioxide.

Chlorine dioxide can explode easily.  That is why it is normally made when it is needed, and immediately dissolved in water to make it safer.  It is not normally packaged and sent to people that need it.

Uses
Chlorine dioxide is used to bleach wood pulp to make paper. It can also be used to disinfect water. There are some ways it is better than chlorine. It is less corrosive (breaking down other things) than chlorine and does not make as many bad things in water.

Related pages

Perchlorate
Hypochlorous acid
Bromine dioxide

Chlorine compounds
Oxides
The Corrymeela Community is a Christian community whose objective is the promotion of reconciliation and peace-building in Northern Ireland. They want to do this through the healing of social, religious and political divisions in Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland
Client state is a word used to describe a state that has to follow a more powerful state in international politics.  The word is not specific compared with the other words which have similar meanings: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state.  The greater state may be said to exercise hegemony over the lesser one.

International relations
Panties are a kind of underwear. Women's panties are also called knickers. Other names are underpants ("undies"), briefs and smalls.

There are many different shapes and sizes of panties. A common type are bikini panties, which are usually small like a bikini bottom. Bloomers are panties which are loose-fitting and bigger. Panties with a high waistline are usually thought to be worn by older or more conservative women. 

Panties may be made of silk, cotton, satin or man-made fabrics, and decorated with lace. Most full cut panties are made of cotton or other comfortable materials.

Names 
Knickers in British English only refers to female panties; in American usage the term is also used for a type of male trousers more properly called "breeches".

Underwear

fr:Culotte (vêtement)#Costume féminin
Alan Eugene Jackson (born October 17, 1958 in Newnan, Georgia) is an American country music singer. Jackson is a member of the Grand Ole Opry. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in April 2010. Jackson was also inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2001.

Jackson is married to his high school sweetheart, Denise Jackson and has three daughters, Mattie Denise, Alexandra Jane "Ali", and Dani Grace.

Albums

Singles

"Blue Blooded Woman" (1989)
"Livin' on Love" (1994)
"Where I Come From" (2001)
"Hard Hat and a Hammer" (2010)

Christmas singles
"Honky Tonk Christmas" (1993)

Music charts

Notes

References

Other websites 
Alan Jackson's Official website

1958 births
Living people
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013) was a British scientist who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing in vitro fertilisation (IVF). This method is sometimes called making "test tube babies".

He began work on his ideas in the 1950s, and the first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born on 25 July 1978. His research partner from 1968 was Patrick Steptoe (1913–1988). By 2010, more than 4 million babies had been born using the IVF method.

Early life
Edwards served in the military in World War II. In 1948, after the war, Edwards went to study at the University of Wales, then to the University of Edinburgh in 1951, where he completed his PhD. His studies had been on how embyros developed in mice. He had a research position at the California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1958 he returned to England and began work for the National Institute of Medical Research. While at the Institute he began to study human fertilisation. In 1962, he took a up a new job at the University of Glasgow, but in 1963 went to Cambridge University. In 1965 he went back to the US where he was a visiting scientist at Johns Hopkins University and later at the University of North Carolina. he returned to Cambridge and taught physiology from 1969.

IVF
While scientists had some success in fertilising rabbit eggs in a laboratory, Edwards soon discovered that the process for humans was quite different and much more complex. He spent many years studying the human egg, and how it could best be fertilised by sperm outside the body. He succeeded in fertilising an egg in 1969, but they did not develop. Patrick Steptoe was a British gynecologist who had done a lot of work using a laparoscope to investigate the ovaries. Using the laparoscope he was able to take eggs directly from the ovaries. Edwards was able to use these eggs and successfully fertilize them in a test tube, actually a cell culture dish. This discovery caused a lot of debate and discussions about whether this sort of study should be allowed to continue.

Family
His wife was Ruth Fowler Edwards, the granddaughter of physicist Ernest Rutherford and daughter of physicist Ralph Fowler. He has 5 daughters and 12 grandchildren.

Death
Edwards died on 10 April 2013 after a long lung illness in England, aged 87.

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
British military personnel of World War II
British Nobel Prize winners
Disease-related deaths in England
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Yorkshire
Osteoarthritis normally affects older people: it is a disease where joints wear out. As the joint surface wears away, it sheds particles which stimulate the joint lining to produce fluid. This causes the joint to swell. When the joint cartilage wears away, the core of the bone becomes exposed. The exposed bone rubs against other exposed bone.

Symptoms

Joints will be stiff and painful, and may be swollen. The pain may be worse after exercise. It may get harder to move the joint.

Diseases and disorders of joints
Diseases
Berriew () is a village in Powys, Wales. It is on the Montgomeryshire Canal and the river Rhiw near the merge with the River Severn. The village has won several 'Best Kept Village' awards - although the scheme has now been stopped.

Main facilities in Berriew 

The village bowling green is outside the village on the way to Brooks/Bettws. The bowling green is used regularly. The village primary school is by the road leading to Castle Caereinion. 

The football pitch and tennis courts are past the Talbot pub & restaurant. There are two pubs in the village centre - the Talbot and the Lion hotel. There is also the Horseshoes, a little way out of the village.

Glansevern Hall and Gardens are also near to the village.

The village post office at the corner shop, closed on Monday 20th October, 2008, and a new outreach service opened in the SPAR Stores shop also in the village a day later on 21 October 2008.

Berriew is the home of Berriew Football Club.

Mirror-artist and sculptor, Andrew Logan, bought the village squash courts and converted the building into The Andrew Logan Museum of Sculpture.

The church is dedicated to St. Beuno, supposidly born in the village.

Best kept village in Wales 

Berriew has won this competition many times. It was first won in 1970.

Other websites 
Photos of Berriew and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
Glanservern Hall & Gardens website
St Beuno's Church 

Villages in Powys
Harry Leroy Halladay III (usually called Roy Halladay, May 14, 1977 – November 7, 2017), was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He joined the Phillies in 2010 after pitching for the Toronto Blue Jays from 1998 to 2009. He was born in Denver, Colorado.

Career highlights
Halladay has been chosen to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game seven times, and won the American League Cy Young Award in 2003. On May 29, 2010, Halladay threw a perfect game against the Florida Marlins. On October 6, 2010, in his first career MLB playoff game, he threw a no hitter against the Cincinnati Reds, allowing only one walk.  Halladay won the 2010 National League Cy Young Award, and became one of five pitchers who have won Cy Young awards in both leagues.

Death
Halladay was killed when his plane crashed in the Gulf of Mexico near Holiday, Florida on November 7, 2017. He was the only passenger on the plane, which belonged to his father. He was 40 years old.

References

1977 births
2017 deaths
Aviation deaths in the United States
Philadelphia Phillies players
Toronto Blue Jays players
National League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Denver, Colorado
Pacifism is when someone does not think war or violence is a good way to stop a fight or to get ahead of someone and move toward peace. Pacifism was encouraged in the first days of people as a whole. Conscientious objector also oppose of pacifism and conscience for peace. Buddhists believe that war is a bad thing. War can't be solved just by fighting.

India 

Compassion (or care) for all life, human and nonhuman is central to Hinduism, Buddhism, which was founded by Siddhattha Gotama (or Buddha), and also Jainism, founded by Mahavira. Both the Buddha and Mahavira were by birth kshatriya, the varna (social order) of soldiers and officials.

Related pages
Anti-war movement
Constitution of Japan
Nonviolence
Nuclear disarmament
World peace

Peace
Politics
The Adelaide Football Club, the Crows, is an Australian Rules Football team in the Australian Football League (AFL) based in Adelaide, South Australia. The club was formed by the South Australian National Football League as a joint team to represent South Australia in the AFL. The Crows played their first game on March 22 1991, against the Hawthorn Football Club which they won 155 to 69, in front of a crowd of 44,902 people. Since 2014, its home ground is the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, which it shares with the Port Adelaide Football Club. Before that, they played at AAMI Stadium. The Crows have won two AFL Premierships, in 1997 against St Kilda Football Club, and in 1998 against the North Melbourne Football Club.

References

Other websites
 Adelaide Football Club website

Australian Football League
Adelaide
1991 establishments in Australia
The Carlton Football Club, the Blues, is an Australian Rules Football team that plays in the Australian Football League. It is based in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton. The club began in 1864, and its first home ground was a clearing in Melbourne's Royal Park. In its first season the Blues won only one game out of ten. In 1877, the club joined the Victorian Football Association, and then in 1897 it joined the Victorian Football League as one of its original teams. After using grounds in East Melbourne and Melbourne University, the club moved to its new football ground at Princess Park, Carlton in 1897. In 1908, the club added the letters CFC to its navy blue jumpers.
Carlton has won 16 Premierships in the VFL/AFL, the last one was in 1995.

References

Other websites
Carlton Football Club website

Australian Football League
The Essendon Football Club, the Bombers, is an Australian Rules Football team which plays in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club began in 1872, and played its first game in 1873 against Carlton. In 1877, the team joined the Victorian Football Association.

Essendon was one of the original teams in the Victorian Football League (VFL) which began in 1897.  The other teams were Collingwood, Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, South Melbourne and Geelong). Its first home ground was the East Melbourne Cricket Ground, and at the end of the 1921 season the club moved to the Essndon Recreation Reserve, known as Windy Hill. In 2000, the club moved its home ground to Etihad Stadium.

References

Other websites
 Essendon Football Club website

Australian Football League
The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Triumvirate) against the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, at Philippi in the Roman province of Macedonia. The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war to avenge Julius Caesar's murder.

The battle consisted of two engagements in the plain west of the ancient city of Philippi. The first occurred on the first week of October; Brutus faced Octavian, while Antony's forces were up against those of Cassius.

At first, Brutus pushed back Octavian and entered his army's camp. But to the south, Cassius was defeated by Antony, and committed suicide after hearing a false report that Brutus had also failed. Brutus rallied Cassius' remaining troops and both sides ordered their army to retreat to their camps with their spoils. The battle was essentially a draw, but for Cassius' suicide. This deprived the Liberatores of their best commander.

A second encounter, on 23 October, finished off Brutus's forces, and he committed suicide in turn, leaving the triumvirate in control of the Roman Republic. The Battle of Philippi marked the highest point of Antony's career: at that time he was the most famous Roman general and the senior partner of the Second Triumvirate. Antony's life was defined in this moment.

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Battles of the Ancient World
42 BC
October events
A healthy lifestyle is one which helps to keep and improve people's health and well-being and overcome lots of stress. Many governments and non-governmental organizations work in promoting healthy lifestyles.  Healthy living is a lifelong effect. Being healthy includes healthy eating, physical activities, weight management, and stress management. 

A healthy lifestyle includes a balanced diet. This does not mean cutting out important food groups of your diet or limiting yourself on the amount of calories per day. A well-rounded diet involves eating most food groups in every meal. Meats, dairy, fruits and vegetables are all important components of a meal that will ensure your body is healthy.

Components of a healthy lifestyle 
A healthy lifestyle is mostly associated with:
 Good diet
 Physical exercise
 Good sleeping pattern
 Personal hygiene
 No bad habits or addiction
 Health education
 Safe environment
 Physical fitness
 Love through social support and healthy relationships
Emotions
 Active social life

References

Other websites 
 Health & Fitness Guide Fitness Information & Articles 
 Health Library - Health Information
 Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office
 Health-EU Portal  Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
A Galileo thermometer or Galilean thermometer is a thermometer that uses the density of liquids to measure temperature. The thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei, who had noticed that the density of a liquid changes with temperature. The thermometer is made of a glass container, filled with a liquid. Inside, there are other containers, usually with other liquids. When the temperature changes, so does the density of the "container" liquid. As a consequence, the smaller containers may fall to the floor, or rise to the surface.

Usually, such thermometers are calibrated, to either 2° or 1°. The temperature is then that of the bulb with the lowest temperature, floating above.

Now, Galileo thermometers are used mainly for decoration rather than for measuring temperature, although you can still read the temperature off them.

Temperature
Weather instruments
Measuring tools
Aristotle Socrates Onassis (20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a prominent Greek shipping magnate and founder of Olympic Airways.

Life and career

Onassis was born in Smyrna (now Izmir), Ottoman Empire, into a prosperous Greek family. He received a good education and became fluent in several languages. In 1922, when Turkey took possession of Smyrna, the Onassis family lost most of their fortune and had to flee to Greece. The following year, Onassis left for Argentina where he quickly established himself as a prominent businessman.

He later began to invest in shipping and eventually acquired a large fleet of freighters which made him one of the richest men in the world. In 1957, he founded Olympic Airways. He converted one of his ships into a luxury yacht called Christina, which he used to  entertain famous people (artists, politicians, royalty, etc.).

He married Athina Livanos (1926-1974) in 1946, with whom he had two children; Alexander (1948-1973) and Christina (1950-1988). In the late 1950s, he met diva Maria Callas and began a liaison with her that led to his divorce. In 1968, he startled the world by marrying Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of slain President John F. Kennedy.

He died at American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, from complications of myasthenia gravis and pneumonia, aged 69.

1906 births
1975 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from myasthenia gravis
Disease-related deaths in France
Greek businesspeople
Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers, also known as The Heartbreakers, were an American rock band. They formed in New York in May 1975. They were one of the first punk rock bands. One of their most popular songs was called Chinese Rocks. Dee Dee Ramone and Richard Hell wrote this song about heroin in 1976.

Early History and the UK
Johnny Thunders (vocals/guitar) and Jerry Nolan (drums) had quit the New York Dolls. That same week Richard Hell (vocals/bass) was kicked out of Television. The three musicians joined to make the new band. After a few shows, Walter Lure (vocals/guitar) from a group called The Demons joined the band also. In 1976, Hell left group. He was replaced by Billy Rath. Hell went on to form his own band, The Voidoids.

The Heartbreakers came to Europe to tour just as the UK punk scene was growing. The Heartbreakers got many fans by playing in and around London. The Sex Pistols invited them to play first on the Anarchy Tour. Many things went wrong on this tour.

Recording
They soon signed a contract with Track Records. Their debut—and only—studio album,  L.A.M.F., had all the Heartbreakers' popular live songs. Making and selling this album caused problems for the band. Some band members were angry about the poor quality of the sound. Several members of the band left at this point. The Heartbreakers reformed in 1979 for a few goodbye shows at Max's Kansas City with drummer Ty Stix replacing Nolan. These shows were recorded and became the album Live at Max's Kansas City '79. The Heartbreakers' song, "London Boys", insulted the Sex Pistols. This was to answer the Sex Pistols' song "New York", that insulted the New York Dolls.

After breaking up and reunions
The band got back together sometimes to play at New York clubs until Johnny Thunders died in 1991. Jerry Nolan died in 1992. These live shows often had songs from the New York Dolls or from Thunders' solo career. Hell rarely plays music live, concentrating instead on writing and spoken-word performances. Lure became a stockbroker on Wall St. but still performs once in a while when he is not working at his regular job. In 2007 Lure went on a short European tour.

Discography
 L.A.M.F. (1977, Track)
 L.A.M.F. Revisited (1984, Jungle)
 L.A.M.F. The Lost '77 Mixes (1994, Jungle)
 Live at Max's Kansas City (1979, Max's Kansas City Records)
 D.T.K. Live At The Speakeasy (1982, Jungle)
 Live At The Lyceum Ballroom 1984 (1985, Jungle)
 Live At Mothers (1991, Fanclub)
 What Goes Around (1991, Bomp!)
 Vive La Révolution (Live In Paris - Le Bataclan - December 8, 1977) (1992, Skydog)
 Thunderstorm In Detroit (Live At The Silverbird 21/12/80) (2002, Captain Trip Records)
 Down To Kill (2005, Jungle)

References

Other websites
Chinese Rocks: YouTube Video

American punk bands
Musical groups from New York
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments in New York (state)
1990 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
The Battle of Actium decided the final war of the Roman Republic. It was fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the ships of his lover, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt.

Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps ("first citizen"). As a result of the victory he was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate.

As Augustus, he would keep the trappings of a restored Republican leader. However, historians view this as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.

References 

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Actium
September events
31 BC
Rebecca St. James (born Rebecca Jean Smallbone; 26 July 1977) is a Christian rock singer. She is signed to Forefront Records.

St. James has sold a total of two million albums.

Personal life
St. James is originally from Australia.  She now lives in Nashville, Tennessee. Her brothers are Joel and Luke Smallbone from the band for King & Country.

On 3 January 2011 she announced her engagement to Jacob Fink.  He is the bassist of the band Foster the People.  The couple were married on 23 April 2011 at the Junípero Serra Museum in San Diego, California.

Awards
2000: Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album – Pray
2002: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Prayer of Jabez
2004: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – !Hero
2006: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Discography
1991: Refresh My Heart
1994: Rebecca St. James
1996: God
1997: Christmas
1998: Pray2000: Transform2002: Worship God2005: If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something2011: I Will Praise You''

Bibliography

Filmography

References

Christian music singers
1977 births
Living people
Musicians from Sydney
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian pop musicians
Australian rock musicians
A metalloid or semimetal is a chemical element. Metalloids are elements that have the properties of both metal and non-metal elements. It might be shiny, but brittle. It might be dull, but conducts electricity.

The most common semimetal is silicon. Silicon has electrical conductivity between metals and nonmetals. It is a semiconductor.

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An approximate way to classify metalloids is to look at the Periodic Table of elements. See the double diagonal line: top left Boron and Aluminium, bottom right Polonium and Astatine. Those diagonals are the metalloids. Some metalloids are not semimetals, and some semimetals are not metalloids.

Gallery 

Semimetals