cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Disturbed is a rock band from Chicago, Illinois. They were formed in 1994 and have sold over 11 million albums in the United States alone and almost 20 million around the world.  All of Disturbed's albums have been number one on the Billboard 200.  Four of their albums have been number one on their first week on the Billboard 200.

History
Disturbed's original name was Brawl, and had a different singer.  David Draiman joined Brawl, and changed the name to Disturbed.  In 2000, Disturbed released their first CD, called The Sickness.  Since 2000, The Sickness has sold over 4 million copies in the United States.  In 2002, Disturbed released a DVD called M.O.L..  This has music videos and videos of the band while on tour.  Later in 2002, Disturbed released another CD, called Believe.  After Disturbed finished a tour in 2003, they fired bassist, Steve Kmak.  He was replaced with John Moyer.  In 2005, Disturbed released another album called Ten Thousand Fists.  One of Disturbed's songs, "This Moment" was put in the movie Transformers.  In 2008, Disturbed released another album, called Indestructible.  Some of the songs from Indestructible were put on the video game Rock Band.

Band members
Current lineup
 Dan Donegan – guitars (1996–2011, 2015–present)
 Mike Wengren – drums (1996–2011, 2015–present)
 David Draiman – vocals (1996–2011, 2015–present)
 John Moyer – bass (2004–2011, 2015–present)

Former
 Steve "Fuzz" Kmak – bass (1996–2003)

Timeline

Albums

References

1994 establishments in Illinois
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Chicago
Survivor is a rock band from Chicago, Illinois. They were active from 1978 to 1989. They reunited in 1993. Their best-known single was Eye of the Tiger, which was the theme song to the movie Rocky III.

1978 establishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
1970s establishments in Illinois
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from Chicago
Murten (French: Morat) is a city in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is a historic city on the south side of Lake Morat. The name of the city first appears in 515 as Muratum. The name is probably related to Celtic Moridunum. This is made from Mori (lake), and dunum (castle, fortification). The city used to be part of the duchy of Burgundy. It got city rights in 1337.

Today, about 6,000 people live there. Almost all of the old parts of the city still exist.  In 2000, about 77% of the people spoke German, 13% spoke French, and about 2% spoke Italian. About 19% of the people living there are foreigners.

On 1 January 1975 the former municipality of Burg bei Murten merged into the municipality of Murten. It was created on 1 January 1991 by the former municipality of Altavilla and on 1 January 2013 by the former municipality of Büchslen. On 1 January 2016 the former municipalities of Courlevon, Jeuss, Lurtigen and Salvenach merged into Murten.

Images

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 The panorama of the battle of Morat
 Photo Gallery from Morat

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Fribourg
Imperial free cities
Bobby Convey (born May 27, 1983) is an American soccer player. He plays for San Jose Earthquakes.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="5"|DC United||rowspan="5"|Major League Soccer||22||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|-
|2001||12||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2002||26||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||5
|-
|2003||19||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||2
|-
|2004||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="5"|Reading||rowspan="2"|League Championship||18||0||2||0||2||0||22||0
|-
|2005/06||45||7||0||0||0||0||45||7
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Premier League||9||0||3||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2007/08||20||0||2||0||2||1||24||1
|-
|2008/09||League Championship||6||0||1||0||2||0||9||0

|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|San Jose Earthquakes||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||26||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
110||9||5||0||colspan="2"|-||115||9
98||7||8||0||6||1||112||8
208||16||13||0||6||1||227||17
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||15||1
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||8||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||46||1
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Bruce Arena (born September 21, 1951) is a former American soccer player. He played for Tacoma Tides and the United States Men's national team. Arena graduated from Cornell University in 1973. He last coached the United States Men's national team.

International career statistics

|-
|1973||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites 
 

1951 births
Living people
American soccer players
American soccer coaches
Sportspeople from New York City
Association football goalkeepers
Cornell University alumni
New York Red Bulls managers
Jimmy Glass is an English retired football player.

References

1973 births
Living people
English association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Surrey
Åge Hareide is a former Norwegian football player. He has played for Norway national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1975||rowspan="7"|Molde||rowspan="4"|First Division||9||3
|-
|1976||22||9
|-
|1977||21||7
|-
|1978||19||2
|-
|1979||Second Division||0||0
|-
|1980||First Division||22||0
|-
|1981||Second Division||0||0

|-
|1981-82||rowspan="2"|Manchester City||rowspan="2"|First Division||16||0
|-
|1982-83||8||0
|-
|1982-83||rowspan="2"|Norwich City||rowspan="2"|First Division||12||0
|-
|1983-84||28||2

|-
|1984||rowspan="4"|Molde||rowspan="4"|First Division||17||3
|-
|1985||22||3
|-
|1986||18||3
|-
|1987||15||1
165||31
64||2
229||33
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||50||5
|}

1953 births
Living people
Norwegian footballers
Paul Mariner (22 May 1953 – 9 July 2021) was an English football player. He played for England national team from 1977 until 1985.

Death
Mariner died on 9 July 2021 from brain cancer, aged 68.

Club career statistics

|-
|1973-74||rowspan="4"|Plymouth Argyle||rowspan="2"|Third Division||41||14
|-
|1974-75||46||20
|-
|1975-76||rowspan="2"|Second Division||38||15
|-
|1976-77||10||7
|-
|1976-77||rowspan="8"|Ipswich Town||rowspan="8"|First Division||28||10
|-
|1977-78||37||11
|-
|1978-79||33||13
|-
|1979-80||41||17
|-
|1980-81||36||13
|-
|1981-82||25||8
|-
|1982-83||37||13
|-
|1983-84||23||12
|-
|1983-84||rowspan="3"|Arsenal||rowspan="3"|First Division||15||7
|-
|1984-85||36||7
|-
|1985-86||9||0
|-
|1986-87||rowspan="2"|Portsmouth||Second Division||33||5
|-
|1987-88||First Division||23||4
511||176
511||176
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1977||3||1
|-
|1978||2||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||8||4
|-
|1981||5||1
|-
|1982||11||5
|-
|1983||4||2
|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||1||0
|-
!Total||35||13
|}

References

1953 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
English footballers
Sportspeople from Lancashire
English football managers
Whiststable is a small seaside town in Kent, southeast England. It is a few miles north of Canterbury, near Herne Bay. The town is famous for its oysters which have been collected there since the Roman period.

Towns in Kent
Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom
Charles Doyle "Charlie" Haas II (born  on March 27, 1972) is an American professional wrestler and former amateur wrestler.

References 

1972 births
American Christians
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Houston, Texas
Former WWE wrestlers
Van Halen was a hard rock group from Pasadena, California.  They were formed in 1972.  Guitarist Eddie Van Halen's style of playing changed the guitar world.  He used lots of new techniques such as shredding and tapping. They made history with their first self-titled debut album in 1978, producing 4 major hits. The band released twelve studio albums, which have sold 80 million records worldwide.

Eddie Van Halen died on October 6, 2020, from cancer. His son, bass guitarist Wolfgang Van Halen, confirmed that the band had broken up.

References

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Grammy Award winners
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from California
Pasadena, California
Musical groups established in 1972
1972 establishments in California
Warner Bros. Records artists
Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science. 

In some doctrines of idealistic thought the ideal relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images. 

Philosophical movements and positions
Reality
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that all knowledge comes from experience. 

'Experience' is sometimes translated as 'sense data', i.e. we cannot know anything except by information which comes through our senses.

The British philosophers John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, clarified some of its basic ideas in the 17th and 18th century, building on the ideas of classical philosopher Aristotle. 

Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "study of knowledge". Materialism and physicalism share some of attitudes of empiricism.

Epistemology
Philosophical movements and positions
Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy. It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom. This philosophy claims that it is virtuous to maintain a will (a determination, prohairesis) which is in accord with nature. 

Stoic doctrine was popular in Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 AD by the Emperor Justinian I, who thought their pagan character was at odds with his Christian faith.

Stoic philosophers 
 Antipater of Tarsus (210 BC129 BC)
 Cato the Younger (Uticensis 94 BC46 BC)
 Chrysippus (280 BC204 BC)
 Cleanthes (of Assos), (330 BC232 BC)
 Diodotus, (~120 BC59 BC), teacher of Cicero
 Diogenes of Babylon (230 BC150 BC)
 Epictetus (55 AD135 AD)
 Hierocles (2nd century AD)
 Marcus Aurelius (121 AD180 AD)
 Musonius Rufus (25 AD100AD)
 Panaetius of Rhodes (185 BC109 BC)
 Posidonius of Apameia (~135 BC51 BC)
 Seneca (4 BC65 AD)
 Contemporaries: Musonius Rufus, Rubellius Plautus, Thrasea Paetus
 Zeno of Citium (332 BC262 BC), founder of Stoicism
 Contemporaries: Aristo of Chios, pupil of Zeno; Herillus of Carthage

References 

Philosophical concepts
William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism. Godwin is famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, an attack on political institutions, and Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel. He was also married to Mary Wollstonecraft, with whom he had two children.

Major works 
 Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness (1793)
 Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794)
 The Enquirer (1797)
 Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798)
 St. Leon (1799)
 Fleetwood (1805)
 Mandeville (1817)
 History of the Commonwealth (1824-28)

1756 births
1836 deaths
English philosophers
English journalists
Anarchists
A Rose garden or Rosarium is a garden or park, often open to the public, in which roses are grown. While some rose gardens have only a decorative purpose, most of them are used to present and grow various types of roses.

The first known rose garden was planted by French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais in Malmaison. When she died, in 1814, the garden had around 250 types of garden roses. Another old rose garden is the Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt, Germany created in 1810 by Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

Growing roses for commercial purposes started in the 19th century. The important rose gardens created for commercial rose breeding were:

 "Roseraie du Val-de-Marne" in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, France
 "Dolná Krupá rosarium in Austria-Hungary (now Slovakia
 "Europa-Rosarium in Sangerhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

References
Jardins de roses, André Gayraud, éditions du Chêne, 
 Roseraies et jardins de roses, H. Fuchs in Le Bon jardinier, encyclopédie horticole, tome 1, La Maison rustique, Paris, 1964, .

Agriculture
Roses
Gardening
Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin () (9 December 1842 - 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, philosopher, revolutionary, scientist, geographer, and one of the first advocates of anarcho-communism.

Early life
Kropotkin was born on December 9, 1842 in Moscow, Russia.  His father, Aleksey Petrovich Kropotkin was a prince of the Rurik Dynasty. His father owned large amounts of land and over 1000 serfs.  His mother, Yekaterina Nikolaevna Sulima was the daughter of a Cossack general.  In 1846, Kropotkin's mother died of tuberculosis. Two years after, Kropotkin's father married a woman named Yelizaveta Mar'kovna Korandino.

Books 
  Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
 The Conquest of Bread Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
 Fields, Factories and Workshops
 P.Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.
 Memoirs of a Revolutionist, London : Smith, Elder; 1899. Kropotkin's own memoirs, which were also published in the United States in the same year and have appeared in a number of modern editions.
 The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, London, William Heinemann, 1909, translated from the French by N.F. Dryhurst. e-text (in French)
 Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1915). Available online at the Anarchy Archives,
 Ethics (unfinished). Included as first part of  Origen y evolución de la moral (Spanish e-text) 
 In Russian and French Prisons. Online book. A criticism of the existence of prisons.

Articles 
 "Research on the Ice age", Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1876.
 "The desiccation of Eur-Asia", Geographical Journal, 23 (1904), 722-741.
 Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion",  The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep., 1903), pp. 294–299, JSTOR
 "Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun., 1904), pp. 770–772, JSTOR
 "The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug., 1897), pp. 196–202, JSTOR
 "The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep., 1898), pp. 306–310, JSTOR

Pamphlets 
 Listen, Anarchist!
 An Appeal To The Young 
 War.
 Law and Authority.
 The Place of Anarchy in Socialist Evolution.
 Revolutionary Government.
 Are Prisons Necessary? Chapter X from "In Russian and French Prisons" (1887)
 Anarchism : Its Philosophy and Ideal (1896)
 The State : Its Historic Role (1897)
 On Economics Selected Passages from his Writings (1898-1913)

References

Other websites
"Map of the Southern Half of Eastern Siberia and Parts of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Sakhalin: For a General Sketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia" is a map that was made by Peter Kropotkin

Anarchists
Russian writers
1842 births
1921 deaths
Anarcho-communism, also known as anarchist communism, is the belief that hierarchies, money, and social classes should not exist, and that the means of production should be held in common by society. Anarcho-communists support direct democracy and a network of voluntary associations, workers' councils, decentralized economic planning and a gift economy in which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs.

Some well-known anarcho-communist writers are Peter Kropotkin, Ricardo Flores Magón and Nestor Makhno. Anarcho-communism is opposed to more authoritarian forms advocated by Leninists and Maoists. These groups have violently clashed in Russia, Korea and Spain over their beliefs. Some examples of anarcho-communism in practice include the Free Territory of Ukraine, Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, Shinmin Autonomous Region, and the  Revolutionary Spain.

References 

Communism
Anarchism
Eureka Tower is a 297.3 metre (975 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof. Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres. Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.

Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006.

The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating and golden toilets. The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.

Other websites 
 Official website
 Emporis Page

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Skyscrapers in Australia
2006 establishments in Australia
Adam Nyerere Bahner (born July 6, 1982), often called by the pseudonym Tay Zonday, is an American keyboardist. His song "Chocolate Rain", and its YouTube video, became a popular Internet meme in July 2007. He has won YouTube Awards and Webby Awards.

References

Other websites
 Tay Zonday's website
 

1982 births
Living people
Singers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
American Internet celebrities
Vheissu is an album by experimental band Thrice. It was released in 2005. The album introduced a new sound to the bands post-hardcore roots. It also used many new elements from music boxes to chain gangs and has much softer, dreamy songs such as "Atlantic"

The songs on Vheissu use many biblical themes but Thrice does not think of themselves as a Christian band. Some of the statements from the album which are clearly from the bible include:

There's no greater love, then that one shed his blood for his friends - from "For Miles"
We were all lost, and now we're found - from "Image of the Invisible"
Once again the bread and wine - from "From Moths to Flame"

The album artwork was created by author Dave Eggers and artist Brian McMullen. It includes pictures of various things and quotes lyrics from different Thrice songs found on the album.

Songs

 "Image of the Invisible"
 "Between the End and Where We Lie"
 "The Earth will Shake"
 "Atlantic"
 "For Miles"
 "Hold Fast Hope"
 "Music Box"
 "Like Moths to Flame"
 "Of Dust and Nations"
 "Stand and Feel Your Worth"
 "Red Sky"

2005 albums
Vincent James McMahon (better known as Vince McMahon, Sr., (July 6, 1914 –May 24, 1984) was a U.S. professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for founding the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment, of which his son, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, is now the Chairman of the Board of Directors.

References 

1914 births
1984 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
WWE people
WWE Hall of Fame
René Adler (born January 15, 1985 in Leipzig)  is a German footballer. He plays on the position of a goalkeeper for Bayer Leverkusen. Leverkusen is a city in Germany. The club Bayer Leverkusen plays in the Bundesliga, the first football league in Germany.

On October 11, 2008, Adler made his first match in the German national team against Russia (2-1).

References

1985 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Saxony
Kreator is a German Thrash metal band from Essen. They formed in 1982 as Tormentor and are counted to the big three German Thrash Metal bands together with Sodom and Destruction.

Discography 
 Endless Pain (1985)
 Pleasure to Kill (1986)
 Terrible Certainty (1987)
 Extreme Aggression (1989)
 Coma of Souls (1990)
 Renewal (1992)
 Cause for Conflict (1995)
 Outcast (1997)
 Endorama (1999)
 Violent Revolution (2001)
 Enemy of God (2005)
 Hordes of Chaos (2009)
 Phantom Antichrist (2012)
 Gods of Violence (2017)

Other websites 

 Official website
 Official MySpace page
 Artist page at Allmusic
 Sinister Online interview with Mille Petrozza

References 

1980s establishments in Germany
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
Essen
German heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1982
Thrash metal bands
Colin James Barnett (born 15 July 1950) is the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He was Premier from 23 September 2008 until 17 March 2017. He is from the Liberal Party.

References
 

1950 births
Living people
Barnett, Colin
People from Perth, Western Australia
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Anna Maria Bligh (born 14 July 1960) is an Australian politician who was the 37th Premier of Queensland from 13 September 2007 to 24 March 2012. She is from the Labor Party. She is the first female to be Premier of Queensland. On 16 August 2012 it was announced that Bligh was moving with her husband Greg Withers and the rest of her family to Sydney.

Early Life
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh. She grew up on the Gold Coast in south east Queensland. She was educated at several Catholic primary schools. Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School. She completed the last six months of her schooling at Nowra State High School. She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980. Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service. She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy.  She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995 and retired on 30 March 2012 following her defeat as Queensland Premier.

Parliament
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998. Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister. She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion.

References

1960 births
Living people
Bligh, Anna
Australian Labor Party politicians
John Mansfield Brumby (21 April 1953) was the 45th Premier of Victoria. He became Premier on 30 July 2007. He is from the Labor Party. After being defeated in the 2010 elections, Brumby was replaced as Premier by Ted Baillieu on 1 December 2010.

Early life
Brumby was born in Melbourne and educated at Ivanhoe Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School.
Brumby went to the University of Melbourne in 1971 and completed a Bachelor of Commerce degree. He then got his Diploma of Education from the State College of Victoria, Rusden, in 1975. He worked at Eaglehawk, Victoria, as a teacher for three years and then became a union official.

Politics
Brumby was an elected to the Parliament of Australia in 1983 and represented the electorate of Bendigo. he lost the seat in the 1990 election. He was elected to the upper house, the Legislative Council, of the Parliament of Victoria in 1993. When the leader of the Labor Party, Jim Kennan, resigned from Parliament, Brumby was became the new leader. He had to resign from the upper house as leaders have to be members of the lower house, the Legislative Council. He won an election for Jim Kennan's seat of Broadmeadows, Victoria. He was the Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for six years. Julia Gillard, the current Prime Minister of Australia, worked as his Chief of Staff. The Labor Party did not win as many votes in the 1996 election and lost two seats. Over the next few years the party did not think Brumby would be able to lead them to a win in the next election. Brumby was replaced as leader by Steve Bracks in March, 1999. Bracks led the Labor Party and won an election in September 1999. Brumby became the Minister for Finance in the new government, and a year later was made the Treasurer (in charge of all government spending).

Bracks resigned as Premier in July 2007, and the Labor Party elected Brumby as their new leader. This made him the Premier of Victoria. In November 2010 the Labor Party was defeated in the election with a 5.3% swing of votes to the Liberal and National Parties. Brumby resigned as the leader of the Labor Party.

References

1953 births
Living people
Premiers of Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian educators
Dame Quentin Alice Louise Bryce  (née Strachan; born 23 December 1942) was the 25th Governor-General of Australia, from September 2008 to March 2014. She was the first woman to be the Governor-General. Before this she was the Governor of Queensland and she used to be a lawyer.

For her community works she was created a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John in 2003. If she were not already a Dame, she would have become a Dame of Justice when she became Prior of the Australian Priory of the Order of St John.

References

1942 births
Living people
Australian lawyers
Governors of Queensland
Australian Governors-General
Politicians from Brisbane
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Order of Australia
Blue-baby syndrome, or blue baby is usually caused by a heart defect which laymen often call "a hole in the heart". Normally, oxygenated blood from the lungs is separated from deoxygenated blood from other tissues. Because of a defect in the heart ventricle walls, deoxygenated blood sometimes  mixes with the blood from the lungs. The resulting blood going through the aorta has less oxygen than usual. The baby then looks blue. An operation is usually done to fix this. 

There are several heart defects which produce this syndrome. There are also some causes which are not related to heart conditions.

On November 29, 1944, the first successful operation for the heart condition was done at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1976, the university awarded the surgeon an honorary doctorate.

References 

3. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24529 

Syndromes
A minaret is  a tower. Many mosques have minarets. Muezzins to call Muslims to prayers from minarets five times a day.

Architectural elements
Islamic architecture
A free market is a system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. It is a result of a need being, then the need being met. A free market contrasts with a regulated market, in which government intervenes in supply and demand through non-market methods such as laws creating barriers to market entry or price fixing. In a free-market economy, prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy, and it typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises.

Although free markets are commonly associated with capitalism within a market economy in contemporary usage and popular culture, free markets have also been advocated by free-market anarchists, market socialists, and some proponents of cooperatives and advocates of profit sharing.[1] 

Economic markets
Libertarianism
Quba Mosque is a mosque in Medina. It is the oldest mosque in the world. When Muhammad and his friends were coming to Medina, they stopped over in Kuba. Muhammad started to build the mosque after his friend helped him.  Umar II added a minaret and enlarged the mosque. Suleiman the Magnificent destroyed the mosque and rebuilt it.

References 

Mosques in Saudi Arabia
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Renton is a city in King County, Washington, United States.  It is 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Seattle, Washington. Renton is on the southeast shore of Lake Washington. At the 2000 census, 50,052 people lived there. As of April 1, 2008, there were about 78,780 people.  The number of people increased a lot because of the addition of the Benson Hill communities directly southeast of the city.  According to the data from the Office of Financial Management, Renton is the 11th largest city in Washington, and 5th largest in King County.

Based on per capita income, Renton ranks 100th of 522 areas ranked in the state of Washington.

Notable residents
Jimi Hendrix, famous musician, buried in the city's Greenwood cemetery since 1970.
Ann Rule, the true crime novelist currently resides in Renton.
Sean Kinney, drummer of Alice In Chains grew up in Renton.
Bonnie Guitar, singer in the 50's and 60's, gave singing lessons as Bonnie Tutmarc, in the early 50's.
Tim Lincecum, famous Major League Baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants grew up in Renton, and attended Liberty HS.
Brandon Roy, NBA basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers, resides in Renton.
Jamal Crawford, NBA player for the Golden State Warriors, has a home in Renton and resides there during the off-season.
Kristina Horner, Eia Waltzer, Brittany Vahlberg, and Nick Horner, members of the wizard rock group The Parselmouths

References

Other websites
Renton city government webpage

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
The Premier of Western Australia is the leader of the Western Australian government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of Western Australia.

The current Premier is Mark McGowan from the Labor Party.

List of Premiers of Western Australia

# There were no political parties in Western Australia until 1904.

References

Other websites
Christian Heinrich Nebbien, sometimes referred to as Heinrich Nebbien or Henrik Nebbien, (September 22, 1778 in Lübeck - December 2, 1841 in Glogau) was a German landscaping architect.

His most important project was the Városliget park at the end of Andrássy ut in Budapest (1817).

Other projects for which he is known are:

 the park of the Betliar mansion in Slovakia (1783-1795) 
 the park of the Dolná Krupá mansion in Slovakia (1813-1819);
 The park in Martonvásár, Hungary.

He also wrote a book on the methods of increasing agricultural output, published in Prague in 1835.

Works
 Wie vielmal wohlfeiler kann der Landwirth produziren? Und: Wie vielmal größer kann der Ertrag des Bodens werden? -  Prag, J. G. Calve, 1835.

References

 Rosengräfin Marie Henriette Gräfin Chotek (24.11.1863 - 13.2.1946) 
 Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá  
 Prírodný park kaštieľa Betliar 
 Örsi Károly - Történeti kertek A magyar kertépítészet legszebb alkotásai 
 Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein und Lübeck 
 Neue Deutsche Biographie. Band 19 
 A Városliget Színházai 
 Magyar Erzsébet - Kertek, parkok Buda-Pest társaséletében a 19. században  
 Mittel-Transdanubien  
 Magyar kertművészet az újkorban 
 Nebbien Henrik (19. sz.) - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990 

1778 births
1841 deaths
German architects
People from Lübeck
Kingfishers are small birds of the order Coraciiformes. There are about 90 species, mostly in the Old World and Australasia, Most species are tropical in distribution.

Their feathers are often bright colours, such as blue or orange. They have large heads, long, sharp bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

Most species have bright plumage with little differences between the sexes. Most are found only in forests. They eat a wide range of prey, including fish. They usually catch prey by swooping down from a perch. Many live near rivers and eat fish, but most species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other birds  of their order they nest in holes, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. A quarter of all kingfishers nest in disused termite nests.

Classification 
Based on sequence analysis, the 90 or so species of kingfishers are now divided into three families:
River kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
Tree kingfishers (Halcyonidae )
Water kingfishers (Cerylidae)

Habitat 
Kingfishers are found all over the world. They often make their nests near rivers where the water flows slowly. They make their nests in tall river banks. They dig a hole in the side of the river bank. Most kingfishers lay 3–6 eggs each time.

Many kingfishers eat fish. They sit on branches hanging over the river's edge and wait for a fish to appear. They then dive into the water to catch the fish. Some kingfishers eat lizards or other reptiles. Kookaburras do this.

History 
Most species are in the Australasian region, but the family did not originate there. They evolved in the Northern Hemisphere and invaded the Australasian region a number of times. Fossil kingfishers have been described from Lower Eocene rocks in Wyoming 50 million years ago (mya) and in Germany, around 30-40 million years ago. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene/Pliocene rocks of Australia (5-25 mya).

Conservation 
Kingfishers are easily harmed if there is a lot of snow and cold weather in winter. They can also die if humans cause a lot of water pollution or if the places where Kingfishers live are destroyed. Some kingfishers are endangered species.

References 

Coraciiformes
Yone Minagawa (January 4, 1893 – August 13, 2007) was a Japanese supercentenarian and the world's oldest living person between January 29, 2007, and Minagawa's death at age 114 years 221 days. 

Minagawa became Japan's oldest person in April 2005, following the death of 114-year-old Ura Koyama. With the death of 114-year-old Emma Tillman on January 29, 2007, Minagawa became the world's oldest living person. She was 114 years 25 days old at the time. Following her death, then 114-year-old Edna Parker became the new world's oldest living person.

References 

Japanese supercentenarians
1893 births
2007 deaths
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Richard Gable Hovannisian (, born November 9, 1932 in Tulare, California) is an American historian. 

He received his M.A.(1958) degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D.(1966) from University of California, Los Angeles. He was also Associate Professor of History at Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, from 1966 to 1969. In 1987, Professor Hovannisian was appointed as the first holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History at the UCLA. His biographical entries are included in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World among other scholarly and literary reference works.

Books 
The Republic of Armenia, Volume 1 (1971) and Volume II (1982), Vols. III & IV (1996) U.C. Press
The Armenian Holocaust, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Armenian Heritage Press (1980)
The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 2 vols. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997
Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998
Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2004)

References

Other websites 
Full bibliography 

American historians
Living people
1932 births
The Ottoman rule of Armenia or Ottoman Armenia begins with the initial accession of Mehmed II, but it was during the rule of Selim II (1524 – 1574) that Armenia become an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. This condition ended after 300 years when following the Russo–Turkish War (1828–1829), Eastern Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire. Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule until the Ottoman Empire itself fell in World War I.

On April 24, 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia died in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

History of Armenia

de:Armenien#Armenier im Osmanischen Reich
The Beltway Sniper attacks were a series of sniper attacks on civilians over three weeks in October 2002 in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The shootings all took place in the Maryland and Virginia area, mainly in and around Washington, D.C. The shootings were carried out by American John Allen Muhammad (1960-2009) and Jamaican Lee Boyd Malvo (born 1985).

2002 in the United States
2000s in Maryland
2000s in Virginia
2000s in Washington, D.C.

Crime in Virginia
Crime in Washington, D.C.
Murder in 2002
Murder in the 21st century in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
October events

Terrorist attacks in the United States
Terrorist incidents in the 2000s
Chitral National Park is one of the national parks of Pakistan. It is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan at the side of Chitral River, just at a distance of two hours drive from the Chitral city.  The word, Gol in local language means ' the valley'. This park has many valleys thereby the name, Chitral Gol National Park.

Wildlife 
This park has three valleys. There are several galciers in the park . The park has cedar trees and endangered wild goat species Markhor. The snow leopard is sometimes seen there. The Tibetan wold, red fox, are also found in the park. Common birds are the bearded vulture, golden eagle, demoiselle crane, peregrine falcon,  snow partridge and rock partridge.

Related pages 
 Chitral District

National parks in Pakistan
Hazarganji Chiltan National Park is a park in the Quetta District on the west side of Balochistan Province. It is in western Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan

ur:ہزار گنجی چلتن نیشنل پارک
The Indus Valley Desert is a desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan. The Indus Valley desert covers an area of 19,500 square kilometers (7,500 square miles) in northwestern Punjab Province, lying between the Chenab River and Indus rivers. The Indus Valley Desert is drier and less hospitable than the Northwestern thorn scrub forests that surround it.

Deserts of Pakistan
Kharan Desert () is a desert in Kharan District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Deserts of Pakistan
John Ben "Benny" Benson Jr. (October 12, 1913 – July 2, 1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. When he was three years old, his mother died. His father sent him and his brother Carl to boarding school because Benny's father could not take care of them. Benny grew up in Unalaska and later in Seward.

Alaska Flag 

Fame came to him from designing the Alaska flag. Benny was the winner of the contest run for Alaska students in grades seven to twelve in 1926. The Alaska Legislature adopted the design as the official flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2, 1927. Later, the drafters of the Alaska constitution stipulated that the territorial flag would become the official flag of the State of Alaska.

References

People from Alaska
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1913 births
1972 deaths
Bowling for Soup is an American pop punk band from Wichita Falls, Texas.  

The band was formed in 1994 by Jaret Reddick, Chris Burney, Erik Chandler and Lance Morrill. The name of the band is from one of Steve Martin's comedy acts. They released their self-title debut album, Bowling for Soup, in September 1994.

Band members 
Current
Jaret Reddick – lead vocals, guitars (1994–present)
Chris Burney – guitars, backing vocals (1994–present)
Erik Chandler – bass guitar, backing vocals (1994–present)
Gary Wiseman – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1998–present)

Former
Lance Morrill – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1994–1998)

Discography

Albums
Bowling for Soup (1994)
Rock on Honorable Ones!! (1997)
Let's Do It for Johnny! (2000)
Drunk Enough to Dance (2002)
A Hangover You Don't Deserve (2004)
The Great Burrito Extortion Case (2006)
Sorry for Partyin' (2009)
Fishin' for Woos (2011)
Lunch. Drunk. Love (2013)
Drunk Dynasty (2016)

Other websites
Official website

1994 establishments in Texas
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Texas
Pop punk bands
The 2005 civil unrest in France was a series of riots in October and November. Many cars and public buildings, for example schools were burnt. The riots started on October 25, 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois, a suburb of Paris. Afterwards they spread to other parts of France. Together they lasted for about 3 weeks. The riots were a reaction to the accidental deaths of two teenage boys and the serious injuries of another. The three boys hid in a power substation and got an electric shock, after being chased by police. However the boys did not commit a crime.

The event starting the riots
The New York Times said the event started at 17:20 on 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois. They said they know this from a police report. The police were called to a construction site, because of a burglary. Three teenagers thought they were being chased by the police, so they climed a fence of a power substation. This was because the feared long questioning by the police. Another 6 teenagers were caught by the police for questioning by 17:50. At 18:12 at the local police station in Livry-Gargan the lights went out because of a blackout. This black-out was caused by the death of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré in the power station and the injury of the third boy.

There is a controversy, if the boys were chased by police. The local prosecutor and Nicholas Sarkozy, who was minister of interior at that time said no. But the newspaper The Australian, who asked some of his friends, said yes.

Before this event there had been in issues with unemployment and police brutality in this town. But after this event mobs of protesters gathered. The Associated Press quoted a protester with "People are joining together to say we've had enough. We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear."

Statistics

 Started: 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois.
 Towns with riots: 274 (on November 7)
 Property damage: 8,973 vehicles (Not including buildings).
 Costs: Estimated at €200 million.

 Arrests: 2,888
 Deaths: 1 (Jean-Jacques Le Chenadec)
 Police and firefighters injured: 126

Statistics by night

References

2005 crimes
2005 in Europe
2000s crimes in Europe
2000s in France
2000s riots
Crime in France
November events
October 2005 events
Riots in Europe
ASCII (pronounced "az-kee", "ass-key" if American), is a table of characters for computers. It is binary code used by electronic equipment to handle text using the English alphabet, numbers, and other common symbols. ASCII is an abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ASCII was developed in the 1960s and was based on earlier codes used by telegraph systems.

The code includes definitions for 128 characters: most of these are the printable characters of the alphabet such as abc, ABC, 123, and ?&!. There are also control characters that cannot be printed but instead control how text is processed, to start a new line for example. Those are in the left column in the table below. Most of the control characters are no longer used for their original purpose. There is no real formatting control (for bold or Italics, etc.) 

Sometimes someone talks about a file or document in ASCII, meaning it is in plain text.

ASCII usually uses 7 binary digits (bits) to represent characters: 1000001 (or 41 in hexadecimal or 65 in standard base-10 numbers) represents the upper-case letter A; 1000010 represents B; 1000011 represents C; and so on in sequence. Eight bits allowed a parity bit to be included in each byte sent over a serial port or modems, this bit is used for avoiding errors. This was more important years ago when connections were often noisy.

Extended ASCII

ASCII does not have diacritics (marks that are added to a letter, like the dots (umlauts) above vowels in German, or the tilde (~) above the 'n' for the 'ñ' used in Spanish). It was only meant for English and doesn't work well for most other languages. Some English words borrowed from other languages use these marks as well, like resumé (see Appendix:English words with diacritics).

This led to some systems using 8 bits (a full byte) instead of 7 bits. The proper name for systems that use 8 bits is called extended ASCII. Eight bits allows for 256 characters. The first 128 characters must be the same as for ASCII and the rest are usually used for alphabetic letters with accents, for example like É, È, Î and Ü. This solves the problem for languages that are based on the Latin alphabet, although not all extended ASCII systems are the same. Other alphabets, like the Greek alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet need a different set of characters. And some systems like those using Chinese characters still do not work, as they use thousands of characters. So unicode was created to have one common system for all languages.

Standard ASCII is still commonly used, particularly in computer software and HTML files. Until 2010 it was the standard for URLs. Often a web site that has fields for entering text will only take ASCII text. Any special markups for bold or centered text, etc. will show up incorrectly.

References

Other websites
 Make ASCII art Convert a graphic into ASCII
 ASCII Table with explanations

Data input
Encodings
Vantage Point is a 2008 mystery thriller movie from Columbia Pictures, written by Barry Levy and directed by Pete Travis. It stars Dennis Quaid, Matthew Fox, Forest Whitaker with Sigourney Weaver, Édgar Ramírez and William Hurt. It was released on February 22, 2008.

Plot 

United States President Henry Ashton (William Hurt) is participating in an anti-terrorism summit in Salamanca. Over a twenty-three-minute period, an assassination attempt on the President unfolds. The movie loops through this period over and over, each time from the perspective of a different participant, adding a new piece to the larger puzzle with each loop.

Cast 
 Dennis Quaid as Thomas Barnes
 Matthew Fox as Kent Taylor
 Forest Whitaker as Howard Lewis
 Bruce McGill as Phil McCullough
 Edgar Ramirez as Javier
 Said Taghmaoui as Suarez
 Ayelet Zurer as Veronica
 Zoe Saldana as Angie Jones
 Sigourney Weaver as Rex Brooks
 William Hurt as President Ashton
 James LeGros as Ted Heinkin
 Eduardo Noriega as Enrique
 Richard T. Jones as Holden
 Holt McCallanyas Ron Matthews
 Leonardo Nam as Kevin Cross
 Dolores Heredia as Marie

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Vantage Point at The Numbers
 Mosaic  at SonyPictures.com
 Official world wide release dates  with links to different national sites.
 Vantage Point  Full Production Notes

2008 movies
American movies
Multilingual movies