cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lake Amadeus () is a huge salt lake in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, in Australia. It is about  north of Uluṟu. The lake is 180 km long and 10 km wide. It is the largest salt lake in the Northern Territory. Because of the dryness of the area, the lake is usually a dry salt crust. When it rains enough, water flows through it towards the east. It eventually connects to the Finke River. Lake Amadeus holds up to 600 million tonnes of salt. The groundwater soaks into the ground, and the lake supports several reliable springs.

The first European to find the lake was the explorer Ernest Giles in 1872. He had seen Kata Tjuta from far away and was making his way there. The lake blocked his path. He could not go over it because the dry lake bed was not able to hold the weight of his horses. He described the lake as "an infernal lake of mud and brine". Giles was going to name it "Lake Ferdinand" after Baron Ferdinand von Mueller. But Mueller asked Giles to instead name it after King Amadeus I of Spain. Amadeus had honoured Mueller a few years before.

Lake Amadeus is on Aboriginal land, and is covered by the Katiti and Petermann Aboriginal Land Trusts.

References

Lakes of the Northern Territory
Elder Futhark is the oldest known runic script. It was used by Germanic tribes during the 2nd to 8th century. It consists of 24 different characters that are used like an alphabet; each character represents a sound or syllable. All Germamic tribes used the same form and same language. Its use lasted to the mid 8th century. Scholars are still discussing when it was first used: The oldest known use which is not disputed is a comb on the Vimose inscriptions from Denmark. It dates around the year 160. There are also runes on the Meldorf fibula, which date from the year 50. The inscription on the fibular is made of characters that are probably runes. The problem is that these characters can also represent symbols in the Latin alphabet.

Many of the characters from Elder Futhark resemble Latin or etruscan ones. For this reason, Elder Futhark had probably modelled form Southern Europe. The ordering of the Futhark letters is completely different from other known alphabets. In contrast, the ordering of the Latin alphabet is the same as the Greek one, which preceded it.

Runes
Germanic languages

de:Futhark#Das ältere Futhark
sv:Futhark#Den äldre futharken
Adam Faith (real name Terence Nelhams-Wright, 23 June 1940 - 8 March 2003) was a British singer, actor and journalist.

Faith was born in Acton, London. He died of a heart attack in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

Other websites 

 This is It! The Adam Faith website

Actors from London
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English television actors
Journalists from London
Singers from London
1940 births
2003 deaths
A Trip to the Moon is a 1902 French silent movie. It is based loosely on Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon and H. G. Wells' The First Men in the Moon. In French, the title of the movie is Le Voyage dans la lune. The movie was written and directed by Georges Méliès. He had some some help from his brother Gaston. The movie runs about 14 minutes. It was very popular when it was shown for the first time. It is the best-known of the many movies made by Méliès. A Trip to the Moon is the first science fiction movie. The movie has many new twists on animation and special effects. One of the most well known images is the one showing a spaceship landing in the Moon's eye. A Trip to the Moon was named one of the 100 greatest movies of the 20th century by The Village Voice. It was ranked at #84.

Story 
Six astronomers agree to take a trip to the moon. They build a space capsule in the shape of a bullet. A huge cannon shoots it into space with the help of "marines". These marine are mostly pretty girls in sailor outfits. Some of the marines are men though. The Man in the Moon watches the capsule as it moves toward the moon. He gets hit in the eye. 

The astronomers get out of the capsule. They are tired. They unroll their blankets and sleep. A comet passes. The Big Dipper appears with human faces looking out of each star. Snowfall wakes the astronomers. They go into a cavern and find giant mushrooms. One astronomer opens his umbrella. It turns into a giant mushroom.

Selenites appear. They are insectoids that live on the moon. The astronomers fight them. They are captured. They are taken to the Selenite Palace. One astronomer destroys the Chief Selenite. The astronomers run to their space capsule.  They take off. They land in an ocean on Earth. A ship rescues them. A celebration is held in honor of the brave men.

Other websites 

 
 
 Le Voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon) on YouTube (hand-colored with narrated stills of missing final scene)
 Filmsquish — Blog-A-Thon of critics celebrating the film
 Was the Nasa splash down inspired by Georges Méliès?  — A letter to NASA
 A 192 page book about the film and its color version by the Technicolor Foundation

References 

Silent movies
1900s movies
Science fiction movies
Fantasy movies
French science fiction movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
Movies directed by Georges Méliès
Hard Candy is the 11th studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on April 19, 2008 by Warner Bros. The first single from the album, "4 Minutes" has Justin Timberlake and Timbaland singing in it.  It went on to top charts around the world and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100.  The second single, "Give It 2 Me", has vocals from Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes.  It reached the top ten in Canada and the UK.

Hard Candy was number one in several countries. Madonna did The Sticky and Sweet Tour to promote the album. Hard Candy has sold over four million copies around the world.
It was certified Gold in the United States for shipments of over 500,000 copies.

Track listing

References

Catwgory:Dance pop albums

2008 albums
Madonna albums
R&B albums
Dord is a ghost word, a word that has no definition. In 1934, the New International Merriam Webster Dictionary accidentally printed the word, dord. Philip Babcock Gove was an editor at Merriam-Webster and became editor-in-chief of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Gove wrote a letter to the journal American Speech fifteen years after the error was caught. He explained why "dord" was printed in the second edition of the New International dictionary. It got through when a slip was sent saying D or d? Readers could think it was a word, dord. It only appeared in the second edition of the dictionary. It was soon caught and taken out. Dord is the only known ghost word in the Merriam Webster's Dictionary history.

Words
etalk (formerly eTalk Daily) is a Canadian entertainment news show hosted by Ben Mulroney and Tanya Kim.

1995 television series debuts
1990s Canadian television series
2000s Canadian television series
2010s Canadian television series
Life of an American Fireman is a silent movie. It was made by Edwin S. Porter. It was shot late in 1902. It was distributed early in 1903. It is one of the earliest American storytelling movies. It is about the rescue of a woman and child from a burning building. It has seven scenes and nine shots. Movie expert Charles Musser points out that this movie shows that  the social role of firefighters was changing at the time it was made.

References 

1903 movies
American silent movies
The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is one of the last remaining large, nearly intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone of the Earth. It is partly in Yellowstone National Park. Its management has been controversial: the area is a flagship site for conservation groups that promote ecosystem management. The Greater Yellow Ecosystem (GYE) is a kind of natural laboratory in landscape ecology and geology. It is a world-renowned recreational site, and home to the animals of Yellowstone.

History
The Yellowstone National Park boundaries were drawn in 1872 to include all the geothermal basins in the area. By the 1970s, the grizzly bear's (Ursus arctos) range in and near the park became the unofficial minimum boundary of a Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. This had at least . Since then, definitions of the greater ecosystem's size have steadily grown larger. A 1994 study listed the size as , while a 1994 speech by a Greater Yellowstone Coalition leader enlarged that to .

In 1985 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittees on Public Lands and National Parks and Recreation held a joint subcommittee hearing on Greater Yellowstone. The result was a 1986 report by the Congressional Research Service which said that different agencies were not working well together, and the area's essential values were at risk.

There are other areas within the Greater Yellowstone area which are managed by federal authorities. They include the Gallatin, Custer, Caribou-Targhee, Bridger-Teton and Shoshone National Forests, the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park. The GYE also includes some private lands around those managed by the U.S. Government. 

Outside of Yellowstone National Park, ten wilderness areas have been established in the National Forests since 1966 to get more habitat protection than usual.

References 

Biosphere reserves
Calderas
Ecosystems
Animals of North America
National parks in the United States
Volcanoes of the United States
Wilderness Areas of the United States
Idaho
Montana
Wyoming
is a mountain in Japan. It is 50 km from the center of Tokyo.  It is in Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park.

In 1927, Mount Takao was named one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period.

Geography
The city of Hachiōji, Tokyo is at the base of Mount Takao.

Mount Takao is  above sea level.

References

Other websites

 Mount Takao website 

Mountains of Japan
Tokyo Prefecture
Japanese culture
Anthony Perkins (April 4, 1932 - September 12, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles in Psycho and its sequels, where he played Norman Bates, a serial killer who suffered from dissociative identity disorder.

Perkins was born in New York City and was the son of actor Osgood Perkins (1892-1937). He moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1942.

Personal
Perkins was bisexual. He was married to photographer Berry Berenson (1948-2001) from 1973 until his death from AIDS in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California in 1992. The couple had two sons, actor Oz (born 1974) and musician Elvis (born 1976). Berenson was killed in the September 11 terrorist attacks. She was aboard American Airlines Flight 11 when it was hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center.

References

Other websites 

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American movie directors
American pop musicians
American television actors
Bisexual people
Deaths from AIDS
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
LGBT actors
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Massachusetts
LGBT people from New York City
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Singers from Boston, Massachusetts
Singers from New York City
1932 births
1992 deaths
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a database that keeps track of all known human genes.

It list those which cause  genetic disorders, and those which simply cause traits. There are about 8,000 entries for genes, and 15,000 entries for phenotypes, which are (roughly) the feature(s) caused by a person's genes.

When possible it links diseases to specific genes. It provides a useful tool for further research.  OMIM is one of the databases housed in the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). People search it using the NCBI search menus.

Versions 
Mendelian Inheritance in Man was started as books in the early 1960s. The 12th edition is the most recent book. The online version, OMIM, has been available since 1987. NCBI move it to the World Wide Web in 1995. By 2004, OMIM contained more than 15,000 records.

The MIM code 
Every disease and gene is given a six digit number. The first digit in each number tells how the gene or disease is inherited (passed from one generation to the next).

If the initial digit is 1, the trait is autosomal dominant; if 2, autosomal recessive; if 3, X-linked. Each trait defined in this dictionary has a MIM number, the number from the 12th edition of MIM. The MIM number is printed in square brackets with or without an asterisk (asterisks indicate that the mode of inheritance is known; a number symbol (#) before an entry number means that the phenotype can be caused by mutation in any of two or more genes) as appropriate. For example, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease [MIM #312080] is an X-linked recessive disorder.

Range of MIM codes: method of inheritance 
 100000–299999: Autosomal loci or phenotypes (created before May 15, 1994)
 300000–399999: X-linked loci or phenotypes
 400000–499999: Y-linked loci or phenotypes
 500000–599999: Mitochondrial loci or phenotypes
 600000–above : Autosomal loci or phenotypes (created after May 15, 1994)

These codes have been used in the medical literature to provide a unified index to genetic diseases.

References

Other websites 
 OMIM home page
 NCBI

Public databases
Classical genetics
Humans
Valdagno is a comune in the province of Vicenza, in Italy

Settlements in Veneto
Un ballo in maschera (A Masked Ball) is an Italian opera in three acts. The music was written by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto was written by Antonio Somma. It is based on Eugène Scribe's Gustave III ou Le Bal Masqué. 

The opera was first performed at the Teatro Appollo in Rome, on February 17, 1859. One of Verdi's richest  middle-period works, it relates the events surrounding the assassination of King Gustav III of Sweden, but because of censorship, the story was transposed to 17th century Boston, with Gustav becoming an English governor, Richard of Warwick. Nowadays, most productions present the opera in its original Swedish setting.

Principal characters

 Gustavo/Riccardo, King of Sweden in love with Amelia- tenor
 Amelia, a courtier - soprano
 Renato, a courtier and Amelia's husband - baritone
 Ulrica, a fortune teller - mezzo-soprano
 Oscar, a page - soprano
 Samuel, conspirator - bass
 Tom, conspirator - bass
 Silvano, conspirator - baritone

Sources
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
Operas
Broken Blossoms, or The Yellow Man and the Girl is a silent movie directed by D. W. Griffith. It was distributed by United Artists. It premiered on May 13, 1919.

It tells the story of a young girl who is abused by her alcoholic father. She meets a kind-hearted Chinese man who falls in love with her. The movie is based on Thomas Burke's short story The Chink and the Child.

In 1996, Broken Blossoms was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Story 
Cheng Huan (Richard Barthelmess) leaves his native China. He "dreams to spread the gentle message of Buddha to the Anglo-Saxon lands." His idealism fades in London’s brutal and gritty inner-city. He meets and grows devoted to the "broken blossom" Lucy Burrows (Lillian Gish). She is the beautiful but unwanted and abused daughter of prizefighter Battling Burrows (Donald Crisp).

After being beaten and discarded one evening by her raging father, Lucy finds sanctuary in the beautiful and exotic room above Cheng's shop. As Cheng nurses Lucy back to health, the two form a bond as two unwanted outcasts of society. When Lucy’s father gets wind of his daughter's whereabouts, he drags her back to their home to punish her. Fearing for her life, Lucy locks herself inside a closet to escape her brutal father.

By the time Cheng arrives to rescue Lucy, it is too late. Lucy’s lifeless body lies on her bed as her father drinks in another room. Cheng gazes at Lucy’s youthful face which, in spite of the circumstances, beams with innocence. Her father enters the room to make his escape. The two stand for a long while, exchanging spiteful glances, until Battling Burrows lunges for Cheng with a hatchet. Cheng retaliates by shooting Burrows repeatedly with his handgun. After returning to his home with Lucy’s body, Cheng builds a shrine to Buddha and takes his own life with a knife to the stomach.

The 'closet scene'
The most-discussed scene in Broken Blossoms is the "closet" scene. Gish writhes in the claustrophobic space like a tortured animal who knows there is no escape. Critic Richard Schickel writes, "It is heartbreaking – yet for the most part quite delicately controlled by the actress. Barthelmess reports that her hysteria was induced by Griffith’s taunting of her. Gish claims that she improvised the child’s tortured movements on the spot and that when she finished the scene there was a hush on stage. Griffith then exclaimed, 'My God, why didn’t you warn me you were going to do that?'”. The scene also demonstrates Griffith's ability to create an aural effect with only an image. Gish's screams apparently attracted such a crowd outside the studio that people needed to be held back.

References 

1919 movies
1910s drama movies
1910s romance movies
American romantic drama movies
American silent movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies based on short stories
Movies directed by D. W. Griffith
Vincent Frank Testaverde (b. 13 November 1963) is a retired American Football quarterback. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. In the National Football League, Testaverde played 21 seasons for seven different teams. He had much success, but also struggled with limiting turnovers, which was part of the reason he never stayed long with any professional team. Testaverde also never won a Super Bowl.

Early years
Testaverde was born in Brooklyn, New York, USA.  While living in Elmont, on Long Island, Testaverde went to school at Sewanhaka High School in Floral Park, and graduated in 1981.

College
Testaverde played college football for the Miami Hurricanes for four years from 1982 through 1986. He won the Heisman Trophy as a senior.

Professional career

Career
Testaverde was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1987. He struggled with them and went on to play for the Cleveland Browns. In 1996 with the new Baltimore Ravens, Testaverde threw 33 touchdown passes, over 4,100 passing yards, and 19 interceptions. He struggled again in 1997, and went on to the New York Jets, where he had success. Over his later career, Testaverde bounced around the league as a backup for multiple teams. In his final NFL season in 2007, Testaverde and David Carr split time. Testaverde later announced his retirement.

Records
Testaverde holds several NFL records, but not all are positive. He has thrown a touchdown in 21 consecutive seasons. He has the most losses by a starting quarterback with 123. He has thrown touchdown passes to an NFL record 70 different players.

Personal
He and his wife, Mitzi, have two daughters, Alicia Marie and Madeleine, and a son, Vincent, Jr.

References

Other websites
 New England Patriots bio 
 
 

1963 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Carolina Panthers players
New England Patriots players
New York Jets players
Dallas Cowboys players
Baltimore Ravens players
Cleveland Browns players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Sportspeople from New York City
Heisman Trophy winners
The Florida Seminoles are a college football team that plays in the NCAA.

College football
Sports in Florida
Shannon Goad Sharpe (born June 26, 1968) is a former American Football tight end who played for the Denver Broncos and Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. Sharpe is known for his creative commentary and occasional trash-talking.  He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and inducted on August 6, 2011.  Sharpe played 12 seasons for Denver (1990–99, 2002–03) and two years with the Baltimore (2000–01), winning three Super Bowls and finishing his career as the NFL's all-time leader in receptions (815), receiving yards (10,060) and receiving touchdowns (62) by a tight end until Tony Gonzalez surpassed all 3 of these records, including breaking his total yardage record on October 5, 2008.  Sharpe holds the distinction of being the first tight end ever to amass over 10,000 receiving yards. Shannon was also named a member of the NFL's first team All-Decade team of the 1990s.

Sharpe grew up poor and is the brother of former wide receiver Sterling Sharpe. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio in 2011.

References
Sharpe HOF bio

1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Chicago
Denver Broncos players
Baltimore Ravens players
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Kabisa Akili Maradufu Smith (born August 21, 1975 in San Diego, California) is a retired American football player. He played quarterback in both American and Canadian football. Smith played in the NFL and CFL.

References

1975 births
Living people
Cincinnati Bengals players
Green Bay Packers players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Frankfurt Galaxy
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
Jamal Lafitte Lewis (born August 26, 1979) is a former American football running back in the National Football League.  He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens fifth overall in the 2000 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tennessee. He also played for the Cleveland Browns from 2007 to 2009. Lewis helped the Ravens win Super Bowl XXXV in his rookie season in 2000.

1979 births
American football running backs
Baltimore Ravens players
Living people
Cleveland Browns players
Sportspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Christopher Jason Witten (born May 6, 1982) is an American football tight end for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Tennessee.

College career
In his first of three years playing college football at the University of Tennessee, Witten went from being a defensive end prospect to a record breaking tight end. He posted school records for most receptions (39) and receiving yards (493). He continued to be a good, solid player in college.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Jason Witten was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the 3rd round (69 overall) by the Dallas Cowboys in the 2003 NFL Draft. Witten has a successful career in Dallas. He has been voted to seven Pro Bowls. On November 28, 2008, Witten made his 400th catch in a Thanksgiving day game against the Seattle Seahawks. Witten became the 3rd all-time catch leader for a tight end over Ozzie Newsome with his 663rd career catch.

Personal
Witten is a Christian, and appeared on the show I am Second and talked about his faith. Witten lives in Texas, USA and is married. He has two sons, CJ and Cooper. He also owns the Jason Witten SCORE Foundation, which helps people affected by domestic violence.

Other websites
 Jason Witten official site
 Dallas Cowboys bio

References
 I am Second-Jason Witten video
 Witten makes tight end history-ESPN
 Jason Witten a Cowboy for life-ESPN

American football tight ends
1982 births
Living people
Dallas Cowboys players
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Sportspeople from Tennessee
Cecil Blount DeMille (August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was an American movie director. He was an Academy Award-winning producer of both silent and sound movies. He was renowned for the flamboyance and showmanship of his movies. Among his best-known films are Cleopatra, Samson and Delilah; The Greatest Show on Earth, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture; and The Ten Commandments, which was his last and most successful movie.

Personal life and death 
DeMille married Constance Adams on August 16, 1902 and had one child, Cecilia. The couple adopted Katherine Lester in the early 1920s. She married Anthony Quinn. They also adopted two sons, John and Richard. DeMille suffered a near fatal heart attack in 1956 during the shooting in Egypt of The Ten Commandments. He never fully recovered.  He died on January 21, 1959 of heart failure. He rests in Hollywood Forever Cemetery). At the time of his death, he was planning to direct a movie about space travel. He also wanted to do a movie about the Biblical Book of Revelation.

References

Other websites 
 
 Bibliography of books and articles about Demille via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
 
 
 
 Obituary, NY Times, January 22, 1959, Cecil De Mille, 77, Pioneer of Movies, Dead in Hollywood
 Costs and Grosses for the Early Films of Cecil B. DeMille essay with detailed financial breakdowns by David Pierce 
 Official Cecil B. DeMille Site
 DeMille Studio Museum also known as the Lasky-DeMille Barn, run by Hollywood Heritage.
 DeMille celebrates his last birthday with Mary Pickford and Bob Hope and cake & sword 1958
 Bibliography
 DeMille page at Corbis
 Newsweek, Sept. 2010, How Cecil B. DeMille Created Modern Hollywood
 Cecil B. DeMille's birth record 
 DeMille, 1900 Census 
 1910 Census , 1920 Census 
 1930 Census 
  1942 World War II Draft Registrations .

American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American movie actors
1881 births
1959 deaths
Academy Award winners
Actors from Massachusetts
Deaths from heart failure
Episcopalians
Writers from Massachusetts
19th-century American entertainers
Jameel Leshawn McClain (born July 25, 1985 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) is an American football linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. He was signed by the Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2008.  He played college football at Syracuse. McClain scored his only official professional touchdown on October 4, 2011 after recovering a fumble against the New York Jets. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

McClain grew up poor in Philadelphia and basically lived at a Salvation Army center. He now often helps in the community.

References
 McClain fights his way into starting job-Yahoo!

1985 births
Baltimore Ravens players
American football linebackers
Living people
Sportspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōei and before Kannō.  This period started in October 1345 and ended in February 1350.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and .  Their Southern Court rival in Yoshino was .

Events of the Jōwa era 
 1346 (Jōwa 2, 2nd month): Takatsukasa Morohira was relieved of his duties as Chancellor (kampaku); and he was replaced by Nijō Yoshimoto.
 1347 (Jōwa 3, 9th month): Nijō Yoshimoto was demoted; and he was given the role of Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 2 December 1348 (Jōwa 4, 16th day of the 11th month): Former-Emperor Hanazono died.
 1349 (Jōwa 5): Go-Murakami fled to A'no. 
 1349 (Jōwa 5): Ashikaga Motouji was appointed Kamakura Kanrei

Southern Court nengō 
 Kōkoku, 1340–1346
 Shōhei, 1346–1370

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1345 establishments
1340s establishments in Japan
1350 disestablishments
1350s disestablishments in Japan
Chelation refers to the bonding of elemental atoms that cannot normally be bonded. For example, Sodium is a metal element that can bond with many other elements, like chlorine (forming common table salt: NaCl), or hydrogen and oxygen (Sodium hydroxide). The reason for this is that the way that atoms bond with each other is similar to a jigsaw puzzle: Only the proper shape can fit into the empty space made by the other pieces. However, with atoms, it's a bit different. For each element, the atom carries a certain number of electrons in orbit around its nucleus. Sometimes these orbits are split into levels, and only a certain number of electrons can fill each orbit before moving to a higher orbit. 

Sometimes, an orbit level is not filled all the way and can only be filled with electrons from another element with a smaller number of electrons in a higher level. When the atoms bond together, the electrons are traded between the two equally and create a very strong bond.

However, there are a few elements that cannot bond with many other elements, because they have orbits that are already filled, or nearly filled, equally. (Like a finished jigsaw puzzle) These elements can sometimes be poisonous to a human, and cannot be removed easily (for example, mercury.) Chelation enables a non-bonding element to bond, thereby enabling removal.

Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Mother's Day is a holiday that is celebrated on the second Sunday of May every year. It started in the United States. The holiday was founded in 1908 by Anna Jarvis. Mother's Day was first made to celebrate a person's own mother. Now it is made to celebrate all mothers and motherhood in general. It is celebrated at different times in different countries. In the United States of America, it is the second Sunday in May. Children can make cards and a lot of other things for their mother.

History

The idea for Mother's Day started in the 1850s. Ann Reeves Jarvis had mother's day work clubs where women tried to fight disease and bad milk. They also helped make hurt soldiers better during the Civil War. After the war, Ann made Mother's Day Friendship picnics and Mother's Friendship Day for the women from both sides of the war.

In 1908 after her mother died, Anna Jarvis made the first Mother's Day celebration in Grafton, West Virginia. People also celebrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and many other cities. For six years, Anna made the celebration bigger until President Woodrow Wilson made it a national holiday in 1914.

References

 National Geographic Mother's Day history

Holidays
1908 establishments in the United States
Anjelica Huston (born July 8, 1951) is an American stage, television, voice, movie actress, and movie director. Huston is mostly known for her role as Morticia Addams in the movie The Addams Family and its sequel Addams Family Values. She is the daughter of director John Huston and granddaughter of actor Walter Huston. She won a Golden Globe Award in 2004.

She was born in Santa Monica, California on July 8, 1951. She dated Jack Nicholson from 1973 until they separated in 1989. Huston was married to Robert Graham, Jr. from 1992 until his death in 2008. They had no children. Her career started in 1967. She now lives in Three Rivers, California.

References

Other websites

 
 

1951 births
Living people
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie directors from California
Yundi Li (Chinese: 李云迪; pinyin: Lǐ Yúndí), born October 7, 1982 in Chongqing, Sichuan, China, is a Chinese pianist who is very famous for being the youngest pianist to win the International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition, in 2000, at 18 years old. He now lives in Hong Kong.

Early life 
Li's parents both worked at the Sichuan Chongqing Steel and Iron Company. When he was three years old, his parents bought him an accordion. He studied the instrument with Tan Jianmin, a music professor in China, and mastered it when he was four. Only one year later, he won the top prize at the Chongqing Children's Accordion Competition. At seven years old Li began to learn the piano. He continued to study with Dan Zhaoyi for another nine years. In 1994, he learned at the Shenzhen Arts School at Shenzhen, China, and later learned at the Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien Hannover in Hanover, Germany.

Prizes 
Li won the Children's Piano Competition in Beijing in 1994. In 1995, he was awarded first place at the Stravinsky International Youth Competition. In 1998, he won the Missouri Southern International Piano Competition's junior division, and got Third Prize at the International Franz Liszt Piano Competition of Utrecht the next year. He also won the China International Piano Competition. He also got first place at the Gina Bachauer Young Artists International Piano Competition. Li participated in the 14th International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw and won the first prize and the "polonaise award".

Recordings
Chopin
 Complete Nocturnes

Chopin Recital
 Piano Sonata in B minor No. 3 op. 58
 Andante spianato et Grande Polonaise brillante op. 22
 Études op. 10 Nos. 2 + 5 op. 25 No. 11 »Winter Wind«
 Nocturnes op. 9 Nos. 1 + 2 op. 15 No. 2
 Impromptu op. 66

Franz Liszt
 Piano Sonata in B minor
 La Campanella
 Widmung after Schumann: Liebeslied
 Liebestraum No. 3
 Tarantella from Venezia e Napoli
 Rigoletto-Paraphrase
Awards: Echo Award 2003

Chopin: Scherzo & Impromptus
 4 Scherzi:
 No. 1 op. 20 · No. 2 op. 31
 No. 3 op. 39 · No. 4 op. 54
 3 Impromptus
 No. 1 op. 29 · No. 2 op. 36
 No. 3 op. 51

Vienna Recital
 Liszt: Rhapsodie espagnole
 Mozart: Piano Sonata KV 330
 D. Scarlatti: Sonatas K. 380 + K. 13
 Schumann: Carnaval op. 9

Chopin & Liszt Piano Concerto No.1
 Liszt: Concerto for piano no.1 in E-Flat,S.124
 Chopin: Concerto for piano no.1 in E-minor,op.11

Prokofiev/Ravel: Piano Concertos
 Prokofiev: Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor
 Ravel: Piano Concerto in G major

Yundi – The Young Romantic
 Frédéric Chopin: Scherzo in B minor, op.20 Scherzo in B flat minor, op.31 Scherzo in C sharp minor, op.39 Scherzo in E major, op.54; Franz Liszt: Grandes Études de Paganini: La Campanella
 Bonus: Yundi Li plays at La Roque d’Anthéron

References 

1982 births
Living people
Chinese pianists
Anders Behring Breivik (born 13 February 1979) is a Norwegian terrorist and perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks. The attacks were on 22 July 2011, when Breivik bombed the government buildings in Oslo, which caused eight deaths, and then he went on to carry out a mass shooting at a camp of the Workers' Youth League of the Labour Party, which ended in 69 deaths, most of whom were teenagers. He was charged with violating paragraph 147a of the Norwegian Criminal Code, which is "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population", acts of terrorism under the criminal law and ordered held for eight weeks; the first four in solitary confinement which was pending further court proceedings. 

Breivik has sued Norway; he won part of his lawsuit in the district court in 2016, but lost in the higher courts in 2017; he has formally asked European Court of Human Rights, if that court can try his case against Norway.

Breivik was born and raised in Oslo. 

Breivik failed to develop a stable and safe identity when he was at schools, and the places where he worked, and on internet forums about politics, and in the world of gaming, and as a result he turned the defeats, shame, and hate, towards society,
said Svein Østerud (no:) professor emeritus.

In Norway, as of 2017, Breivik has become [, to a degree,] "the person whose name shall not be mentioned", claimed an article in Dagsavisen; furthermore, if Norway [wishes] to fight against what he stood for, then one must study "step by step" why [the attacks] happened, in the same way we study how, kind doctors in another country, became able to kill mentally disabled, Jews, and persons who had Schizophrenia.

Religious and political views
Breivik converted [or changed his religion, faith or belief,] to Nazism, while in prison, his lawyer Øystein Storrvik(no:) said in 2016.

The religious faith of Breivik, is Odinism. Previously, Breivik and others had linked his religious beliefs to Christianity: in 2011 he said that he was a Protestant, however in 2016 he said that he was not a Christian, and that never had he been a Christian.

A compilation (or so-called manifest)
Hours before the 2011 Norway attacks, Breivik e-mailed a copy of a compilation of text by various authors, and some text by Breivik.

In 2017, blogger and author "Fjordman" (real name: Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen) gave his opinion about texts written by Breivik (in the compilation and in letters from prison): Breivik appears to have psychiatric problems.

Health
He has been diagnosed with personality disorders: antisocial and narcissistic, media said in 2012.

In 2012, his health was found to be good enough to be a defendant in a criminal trial, for the 2011 Norway attacks.

References

1979 births
Living people
Murderers
Norwegian people
People from Oslo
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with narcissistic personality disorder
Prisoners
Terrorists
The following is the 2011–12 Canadian network television schedule.

Fall schedule

Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

2010s in Canada
2011 in television
2012 in television
Xenoturbella is a genus of bilaterian animals; it contains two marine worm-like species. The first known species was discovered in 1915 but was only described in 1949. A 2003 DNA study has shown it is a primitive deuterostome phylum. The genus was the first member of its subphylum (the Xenoturbellida) to be discovered. 

This phylum is basal within the deuterostomes. It is related to the Acoelomorpha, forming a sister clade to the echinoderms and hemichordates. Other members of this phylum are now known.

Xenoturbella has a very simple body plan: it has no brain, no through gut, no excretory system, no organized gonads (but does have gametes), or any other organs except for a statocyst containing flagellated cells. It has cilia and a diffuse nervous system. The animal is up to  long, and has been found off the coasts of Sweden, Scotland and Iceland.

The association of specimens of Xenoturbella with mollusc larva has led many to suggest that they are molluscivores. However, another idea is that the Xenoturbella larval stage develops as an internal parasite of certain molluscs.

The genus Xenoturbella contains two species:
 Xenoturbella bocki
 Xenoturbella westbladi

References

Other websites

A PCR survey of Xenoturbella bocki Hox genes
Movie of adult Xenoturbella bocki

Invertebrates
Minor phyla
Christian VII of Denmark (29 January 1749 – 13 March 1808)  was the King of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to 1808, and the duke of Schleswig and Holstein. He was the son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Louise of Great Britain.

Early life
He lost his mother at the age of three. His stepmother, Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, did not take an interest in him, and preferred her own son, Frederik. Christian suffered from epileptic seizures. His educator, Count Detlev of Reventlow, educated him very severely, locking him up in dark chambers for hours at times. Starting at an early age, Christian showed signs of mental illness. At age 17, he was married to his cousin, Caroline Matilda of Great Britain. Caroline Matilde bore a son, the future King Frederick VI of Denmark.

Court life
When he became king, his cabinet ruled, much like in his father's time. The cabinet was led by Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff. When he toured Europe, he met Johann Friedrich Struensee, a medical doctor, who was influenced by the ideas of Enlightenment. Struensee soon gained influence at the court. Struensee initiated a number of liberal reforms. He also became the lover of queen Louise, who Christan neglected. In the year 1771, Princess Louise Auguste of Denmark was born. People think that Struensee was probably her father. Struensee was executed on 28 April 1772 outside the gates of Copenhagen. The queen was banned from the court. One of the last decrees of Struensee was to create the town of Christiansfeld, where people from the Moravian Church found shelter.

After the execution, Ove Høegh-Guldberg led the kingdom, supported by Queen Juliane and her son. Many of Struensee's reforms were undone. Andreas Peter Bernstorff stepped down in 1780. In the year 1784, Christian's son Frederick took power, reigning in the place of his father. Frederick was influenced by Enligtenment, and made a number of reforms; for example, the abolition of serfdom. Ernst Heinrich von Schimmelmann was made minister of finances. Together with Christian Ditlev Reventlow they boosted trade. Von Bernstorff returned to power in 1784, and was a strong supporter of the neutrality of Denmark. There was an economic boom.

Death
Christian VII died in 1808 as a result of a stroke.

Kings and Queens of Denmark
Dukes and duchesses
1749 births
1808 deaths
James Torrey Smith (born January 26, 1989) is an American wide receiver in the National Football League. He was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the 2011 NFL Draft. Smith attended Stafford Senior High School in Stafford, Virginia, where he played basketball and football. He accepted a scholarship to the University of Maryland.

College career

Smith played college football for the Maryland Terrapins from 2007 through 2010. Smith redshirted as a freshman in 2007, but had gained a larger role by his sophomore year.

 

These numbers tell about Smith's play with the Terrapins:

Professional career

Baltimore Ravens

The Baltimore Ravens selected Smith in the 2nd Round (58th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. Smith started out slow in the preseason and struggled with drops. However, in Week 3 against the St. Louis Rams, Smith had five catches for 152 yards and three touchdowns. His first catch in the NFL was a 74-yard score from quarterback Joe Flacco. Smith continued his good play, even catching a game-winning touchdown against the Pittsburgh Steelers at Heinz Field on November 6, 2011. Smith finished his first season with 50 catches for 841 yards and seven touchdowns.

References
Ravens Draft Torrey Smith at No. 58
Smith makes history against Rams
Smith scores game-winning TD against Steelers

Other websites
Torrey Smith on Twitter
Torrey Smith Facebook
Torrey Smith Ravens bio 

1989 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Sportspeople from Virginia
Klamath Falls ( ) (Klamath: ʔiWLaLLoonʔa) is a city in Klamath County, Oregon,  United States. It was first called Linkville when George Nurse founded the town in 1867. This name came from the Link River, because the city sat on its falls. No falls exist there currently. The name was changed to Klamath Falls in 1892.  As of the 2010 census, 20,840 people lived there.

History
The Klamath and Modoc Indians were the first people to live in the area. The Klamath name for this place was Yulalona or Iwauna. Their name for the falls was Tiwishkeni, or "where the falling waters rush".

The Klamath Reclamation Project began in 1906. The aim of this project was to drain marshland and move water to allow agriculture. When the main "A" Canal was built, water was first available on May 22, 1907. Veterans of World War I and World War II were allowed to live there.

Geography
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of .  of this is land and  (4.54%) is water. The elevation is .

Klamath Falls has a high desert landscape. The older part of the city is above natural geothermal springs. These have been used to heat houses and streets, mostly in the downtown area.

Sister city 
Klamath Falls has one sister city:

 Rotorua, New Zealand

Related pages 
 Crater Lake

References

Other websites 
Entry for Klamath Falls in the Oregon Blue Book.

Cities in Oregon
County seats in Oregon
is the capital city  of Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

It is a core city in Japan.

Related pages
 Fagiano Okayama
 Okayama Prefectural Museum

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.okayama.jp/english/index.html ; 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Okayama Prefecture
The Cycliophora are a platyzoan phylum, based on a single genus Symbion. They are so different from other animals that they were put in their own phylum. They were discovered in 1995, and are the most recent new phylum. So far, three species have been found.

They live on the bodies of cold-water lobsters. They are microscopic: the feeding stage is about 0.3 mm long, and 0.1 mm wide.

Their life style is commensal, (a form of symbiosis) – they feed on the leftovers from the lobster's own meals.

Life stages 
They have three different body forms, and a two-stage life-cycle.
 Asexual Feeding Stage – at this stage, the tiny animal is neither male or female. On the posterior end of the sac-like body is a stalk with an adhesive disc, which attaches itself to the host. On the anterior end is a ciliated funnel (mouth) and an anus.
 Sexual Stage – these are even smaller than the feeding stage.
 Male – Has no mouth or anus, which shows the absence of a digestive system. It also has two reproductive organs.
 Female – Has a digestive system which collapses and reconstitutes itself as a larva.

Reproduction
Symbion can reproduce both asexually by budding and sexually. In sexual reproduction the male attaches to a feeding stage and impregnates a budding female. The female then separates from the feeding stage and attaches herself to another host, where the larva in her develops. The female dies, and the larva escapes.

The sexual reproductive cycle is triggered when the host crustacean moults its 'shell' (exoskeleton) in order to grow.

References 

Minor phyla
Invertebrates
Jules-Joseph Perrot (18 August 1810 – 29 August 1892) was a French dancer and choreographer. Perrot was born in Lyon, France, and studied with Auguste Vestris. He debuted at the Paris Opéra in 1830, and became premier sujet (principal dancer) within a year. He became Carlotta Grisi's lover in 1836, and choreographed most of her role in Giselle in 1841. He passed six years creating ballets for Her Majesty's Theatre in London. He was appointed ballet master for the Imperial Ballet in St. Petersburg, and remained there until 1858. He returned to Paris, and retired in 1864, although he taught classes at the Opéra for many years. Perrot died on 29 August 1892. He created some of the most famous ballets of the 19th century including Pas de Quatre, La Esmeralda, Ondine, and Giselle.

References 
 Encyclopedia Britannica: Jules Perrot
 Garfunkel, Trudy. 2002. On Wings of Joy. e-reads. 0-7592-2862-0.

Other websites 

 
The Grand Pas des Naiads from the Kirov/Mariinsky Ballet's revival of Perrot's Ondine, music by Cesare Pugni, choreography by Pierre Lacotte 

1810 births
1892 deaths
French choreographers
French ballet dancers
is a city in Nara Prefecture, Japan.

History
The city was founded on October 1, 1991.

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
 Nara Prefecture
 Kanmaki
 Katsuragi
 Kōryō
 Ōji
 Yamatotakada
 Ōsaka Prefecture
 Habikino
 Kashiwara
 Taishi

Population
From Japanese census data,

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Nara Prefecture
, sometimes called Matsuzaka, is a city in central Mie Prefecture. It is on the island of Honshū, Japan.  The city is famous for its Matsusaka beef.

Famous people
Mitsui Takatoshi (三井高利) (1622–1694) - founder of the Mitsui group.
Motoori Norinaga (本居宣長) (1730–1801) - scholar of the Edo period whose teachings were based on the kokugaku, the rejection all foreign, particularly Chinese, influence on Japanese culture.
Kana Nishino (西野カナ) (1989-) - J-pop/R&B singer

Other websites

 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Mie Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It is known as the site of the 2005 World Exposition.

The Toyota Automobile Museum is in Nagakute.

History

Timeline
 1584 (Tenshō 12):  
 2005 (Heisei 17): Expo 2005 World Exposition

Geography
Nagakute is to the east of Nagoya.

Related pages 
 Seto, Aichi

References

Other websites 

 Nagakute City Homepage (in Japanese, select English)
  Aichi Shukutoku University 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Aichi Prefecture