cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rosalind Franklin (Notting Hill, London, 25 July 1920 – London, 16 April 1958) was a British biophysicist. She was known for helping to discover the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin was about 15 years old when she knew that she wanted to become a scientist. She attended St. Paul's Girls' School and then continued school at Newham College in Cambridge. At Newham College she got a Ph.D in physical chemistry. She worked on coal, studies of RNA, and viruses. She was one of the first people to do X-ray crystallography on DNA. She also spent several years working in Paris studying crystals. [3] She discovered the size, shape, and arrangement of molecules. She dedicated her life to discovering more about molecules. 

In 1951, she moved to London. She joined a group of scientific researchers at King's College. Her assignment was to take pictures of DNA. She looked at the structure and function of DNA in the pictures. This job was very difficult because technology was simple at that time. During this job, Franklin worked with a man named Raymond Gosling. He was also trying to photograph the DNA. Franklin also had to work with Maurice Wilkins. The scientists had many arguments, but Franklin kept working. Instead of working with Wilkins, Franklin liked to work with Gosling. She created X-ray pictures that showed that DNA is shaped like a double helix.

In 1951, Franklin presented her idea about the shape of DNA at a conference. A biologist named James D. Watson went to her conference. Watson and Francis Crick were biologists. They were also studying the shape of DNA. They were building 3D examples of the helix shape.  

Watson and Crick used Franklin's work in their work to discover the structure of DNA. Their final model was presented in 1953. They did not say that Franklin's thoughts helped them complete their work. She also discovered the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus  a couple of years before she died.

Franklin died from ovarian cancer in 1958. Nobel Prizes are not awarded after a person's death, so she was not considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It was awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins.

References

1920 births
1958 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from ovarian cancer
English biologists
British biologists
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Notting Hill
Scientists from London
Echo and Narcissus is a story from Ovid's book of poetry, Metamorphoses, about a young man named Narcissus and Echo, the mountain nymph, or Oread, who fell in love with him.

Zeus had given Echo the task of entertaining his wife Hera with stories, in order that he might have time to slip away and philander around with nymphs. Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature. Always suspicious of Zeus, she mistook Echo to be the object of his uncouth affections. She cast a spell on the unfortunate nymph - from this day forward Echo would only be able to repeat the last words addressed to her and never speak her own again. 

Narcissus, a hunter from Boeotia, got separated from his hunting companions one day in the woods. Echo, being a nymph and also feeling pitiful because of her curse, had been wandering those same woods. The moment she saw Narcissus walking through the forest, she fell in love with him and his breathtaking beauty. But because of Hera's curse, she was unable to tell him, so she followed the boy and waited for him to speak. Eventually, Narcissus began to call for his companions. Echo eagerly stepped out of the trees and repeated the words. A confusing and repetitive exchange ensued, ending with Narcissus shouting to his companions that they should come together. Mistaking this for an invitation, Echo repeated his words and leapt towards Narcissus. However, at that moment, Narcissus decided he'd rather die before letting a wood nymph have him, and pushed her away.  Echo, heartbroken, ran away and hid in a cave, not eating or sleeping, just pining for Narcissus.   

After some time, Echo began to grow thin from starvation until her body withered away entirely into dust, leaving nothing but her voice. To this day Echo's voice still calls back from caves and labyrinths, repeating the last spoken words forever.

Nemesis, the goddess of revenge, punished Narcissus for not accepting the unrequited love of Echo. Nemesis caused him to fall in love with his own reflection he saw in a pool near the cave where Echo had died. Narcissus refused to leave the reflection of himself and, like Echo, starvation was going to claim him. But not before he cried out to his reflection: "Farewell, dear boy. Beloved in vain.". Echo's voice repeated "farewell" from the cave and Narcissus died by the bank of the pool. 

And thus ends the story of Echo and Narcissus.

Greek mythology

de:Echo (Mythologie)#Echo und Narziss
Gene Eliza Tierney (November 19, 1920 – November 6, 1991) was an American actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She starred several movies including Heaven Can Wait, Laura, Leave Her to Heaven, The Razor's Edge, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Whirlpool, The Mating Season and The Left Hand of God.

Early life 

Tierney was born on 19 November 1920. She was born into a wealthy Brooklyn family. On a family vacation she toured the Warner Brothers studio and was spotted by director Anatole Litvak. After a screen test she was offered a contract. But her father disapproved of her becoming a Hollywood actress. He finally approved of her acting on the Broadway stage if she would first make her society debut. She played several bit parts before again being noticed by Hollywood. She had a brief contract with Columbia Pictures but returned to Broadway. Her first break was in the play The Male Animal as a college cheerleader. This time 20th Century Fox wanted to sign her to a contract. They allowed her creative control over her parts and she could return to act on Broadway every year.

Hollywood  

She played a newspaperwoman in love with an outlaw (played by Henry Fonda) in the Western The Return of Frank James. She was then cast in a variety of roles before getting top billing on her own. Her first lead role came in the movie Heaven can Wait also starring Don Ameche. She then starred in the Film noir Laura. This was followed by a second film noir, Leave her to Heaven. Starring with Tyrone Power, she played the female lead in The Razor's Edge. Probably her best known film was The Ghost and Mrs. Muir with Rex Harrison. When it was released in 1947 it did fairly well.  But it did not become a classic until later. She went on to star in several films. But she had a number of personal problems later in her career. This included a love affair gone wrong. As her second husband, she married W. Howard Lee, a rich Houston oilman. She remained happily married to him for 20 years until his death in 1981.

Retirement in Houston 

After her marriage to Howard she did only two more films before retiring. Tierney's autobiography was published in 1979. As an actor she had been a heavy smoker, probably to lower her voice. On 6 November 1991 Tierney died of emphysema in Houston, Texas. She is buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, next to her husband, W. Howard Lee.

References

Other websites 

Actors from New York City
American autobiographers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from emphysema
People with bipolar disorder
1920 births
1991 deaths
Saint Vitus is an American doom metal band. Many consider Saint Vitus to be an influential doom metal band which helped start the genre in the late 1970s and early 1980s, along with their contemporaries Pentagram, Witchfinder General, Trouble and Candlemass.

History
Saint Vitus formed in Los Angeles, California in 1978. Their original lineup was Scott Reagers (vocals), Dave Chandler (guitarist), Mark Adams (drums) and Armando Acosta (drums). Saint Vitus was known as Tyrant until 1980, when they changed their name to their current name Saint Vitus, which was inspired by the song "St. Vitus' Dance" by Black Sabbath, a band they have cited as one of their major influences.

Around 1983, Greg Ginn of Black Flag signed Saint Vitus to his label SST Records and the band managed to record their first album, which is self-titled. It came out in 1984, and later that year, the embarked on their first-ever tour with Black Flag, another band that Saint Vitus is influenced by and would latercover their song "Thirsty and Miserable" for their 1987 EP with the same title. Their second album Hallow's Victim and the The Walking Dead EP were both released in 1985.

Saint Vitus experienced their first lineup change when Scott "Wino" Weinrich replaced Reagers on vocals in 1986. They would achieve moderate success with the next three albums, including Born Too Late, which has been cited as their best-selling release, but they were never able to become a popular band. Weinrich eventually left the band in 1991 to focus on the reunion of The Obsessed, which was his band before he joined Saint Vitus. He was replaced by Chritus Linderson, who sang on C.O.D. (1992), the sixth Saint Vitus studio album, before he left the band.

In 1994, Saint Vitus reunited with their original singer Scott Reagers. With him, the band recorded their seventh studio album Die Healing (1995) and then broke up in 1996. The band reunited twice, in 2003 and 2008, with the Born Too Late lineup. After 31 years in the band, Acosta left Saint Vitus in 2009 and was replaced by Henry Vasquez. This new incarnation recently completed a new album, entitled Lillie: F-65, which was released on April 27, 2012.

Discography
Saint Vitus' full-length studio albums include:

Saint Vitus (1984)
Hallow's Victim (1985)
Born Too Late (1986)
Mournful Cries (1988)
V (1990)
C.O.D. (1992)
Die Healing (1995)
Lillie: F-65 (2012)

Their other recordings include The Walking Dead and Thirsty and Miserable EPs (released in 1985 and 1987 respectively), the live album Live (1990) and the compilation album Heavier Than Thou (1991).

American heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Christopher Henry Gayle (born 21 September 1979) is a Jamaican cricketer. He played for the Worcestershire Country Cricket Club, the Western Warriors, and the Kolkata Knight Riders. He now plays for the Royal Challenger Bangalore in the Indian Premier League.  In the Big Bash League, Gayle represents the Sydney Thunder. In the Bangladesh Premier League, he represents the Barisal Burne. He plays for Kings XI Punjab in Indian Premier League.

References

Jamaican sportspeople
1979 births
Living people
West Indies cricketers
Fates Warning is an American progressive metal band. They formed in 1982 and are from Hartford, Connecticut. Many people say they are pioneers. Fates Warning gained fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche and Dream Theater, who are both credited for creating, developing and making that genre popular.

Fates Warning is not only known for their music, but they are known to have made many changes to their lineup (members). Their original lineup consisted of vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase remained as the only original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Fates Warning now consists of Matheos on guitar, Ray Alder on vocals and Joey Vera on bass. Bobby Jarzombek has been their drummer since 2007, but only plays live with them.

Fates Warning has released a total of ten studio albums. Other than the studio albums, they have released two live albums, one compilation album, one VHS, three DVDs (each of them features live concerts) and four demo tapes. Their two first albums were not very successful. Their next album, Awaken the Guardian, became a mainstream success and peaked at number #191 on the Billboard 200. It became the first album released on their label Metal Blade to enter that chart. Despite the departure of original singer John Arch, Fates Warning's popularity continued to grow with their next three albums, No Exit (1988), Perfect Symmetry (1989) and Parallels (1991); the first two peaked at #111 and #141 on the Billboard 200 respectively. Fates Warning has not released an album since 2004's FWX. They have been working on a new one, which they plan to release in 2012.

Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
Night on Bröcken (1984)
The Spectre Within (1985)
Awaken the Guardian (1986)
No Exit (1988)
Perfect Symmetry (1989)
Parallels (1991)
Inside Out (1994)
A Pleasant Shade of Gray (1997)
Disconnected (2000)
FWX (2004)
Darkness in a Different Light (2013)
Theories of Flight (2016)
Long Day Good Night (2020)

References

American heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Progressive metal bands
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Hartford, Connecticut
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Connecticut
The Province of Concepción () is one of the 4 provinces in the Biobío Region, with capital based in Concepción, part of the Greater Concepción conurbation.

Administration

Communes 

Concepción
Coronel
Chiguayante
Florida
Hualpén
Hualqui
Lota
Penco
San Pedro de la Paz
Santa Juana
Talcahuano
Tomé

References

Concepcion
The term psychological warfare is used to describe methods that military use in war-time. We may understand it as an attempt to influence the behavior/beliefs of enemy armed forces and/or foreign civilian populations. Psychological warfare has many similarities with propaganda messages.

Term 

The term "pychological warfare" has always been considered problematic and offensive. The use of military power is increasingly not any more on the level of an local armored conflict, but on the global basis using mass media. The NATO uses the term "psychological operation" (PSYOP).

People are trying not to use the term "psychological warfare". They would rather use terms like "stabilisation" or "satisfaction".

History 
Psychological warfare has mostly been introduced in the second world war. Both Axis Powers and Allied used it.

 The United States and United Kingdom used the famous German expatriate to appeal to the German population through broadcast.

Related pages
 Propaganda
 Psychology
 War
 Military

References 
 Paul Linebarger: Psychological Warfare. Ayer, 1972. 
 Günther Wirth: Krieg vor dem Kriege. Streiflichter auf Inhalt und Methoden der psychologischen Kriegführung des Imperialismus, Berlin, Union Verlag 1978 (German)

War
Psychology
Black Butler is a manga series by Yana Toboso. The manga started in 2006.

Plot
In Victorian era London, the butler Sebastian Michaelis takes care of his 12 year old master, Ciel Phantomhive. Ciel is the earl of the aristocratic Phantomhive family, which is well-known in England for be the Queen's Guarddogs. Ciel's parents were killed in arson when he was 10 years old. He made a deal with a demon (which is in fact his butler Sebastian) to help him get revenge on his enemies. The demon butler can have his soul in return.

Media
A radio drama was released on CDs on August 10, 2007 and November 26, 2008. The anime was first shown in October 2008. The English version is produced by Funimation. Two musicals are based on the manga called That Butler, Friendship and  Musical Black Butler, The Most Beautiful Death in The World, A Thousand Souls and The Fallen Grim Reaper. A video game called Black Butler: Phantom & Ghost was released in 2009.

Reception
The manga has printed over 10 million copies in Japan. A music distributor in Japan took a poll of anime characters that people would like to marry. The demon butler Sebastian was included in the final results.

References

Manga
2006 establishments
The Viperinae, or Viperines, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are 12 genera and 66 species in this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even lives within the Arctic Circle.

Description 
Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28 cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species live on land, but a few, such as Atheris, live in trees.

Where they live
The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar.

Reproduction
Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.

Genera
Uzungwe viper (Adenorhinos)
Bush viper (Atheris)
Puff adder (Bitis)
Horned viper (Cerastes)
Russell's viper (Daboia)
Saw-scaled viper (Echis)
McMahon's viper (Eristicophis)
Large Palearctic viper (Macrovipera)
Kenya mountain viper (Montatheris)
Lowland viper (Proatheris)
False horned viper (Pseudocerastes)
Palearctic viper (Vipera)

References

Other websites

Vipers
, also known as Embun, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Bunna and before Kōan. This period started in March 1356 and ended in March 1361;  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Enbun era 
 1356 (Enbun 1, 7th month): Minamoto no Michisuke was given the position of naidaijin in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1356 (Enbun 1, 7th month): Ashikaga Yoshinori is raised to the 2nd rank of the 3rd class in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1357 (Enbun 2, 2nd month): Emperor Go-Murakami released captive Kōgon, Kōmyō and Sukō; and they returned to Kyoto.
 1358 (Enbun 3): Death of Ashikaga Takauji; Ashikaga Yoshiakira was appointed as the new shogun.

Southern Court nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1356 establishments
1350s establishments in Japan
1361 disestablishments
1360s disestablishments in Japan
The discography of British rock band Coldplay has five studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, ten extended plays, twenty-nine singles, two promotional singles and thirty-two music videos. As of 2009, Coldplay has sold over 55 million records.  They are one of the best-selling music artists worldwide.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Music videos

Other appearances

References

Discography
Discographies
The barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is found in the Neotropics from Tamaulipas, Mexico, through Central America, Trinidad and Tobago, and a large part of South America east of the Andes as far south as northern Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. There is one record from southern Texas as well. The barred antshrike has many different songs and calls for contacting, such as crow-like cawing "arrrr" or a slow "hoo-hoo".

References

Other websites 
 images
 Barred Antshrike videos, photos & videos  on the Internet

Passeriformes
The Great Britain Olympic football team (also known as Team GB) represents the United Kingdom in international football competitions at the Olympic Games. The selection is currently limited to players under the age of 23.

In 1974 the difference between amateur and professional players was found therefore the Team GB Football team was disbanded.

The Olympic football team has been reformed, again run by the FA, for the 2012 Olympic Games, which are to be hosted in London. The team's coach is Stuart Pearce who will be allowed to select players from across the UK.The SFA are worried that if Team GB field a team in the Olympics Great Britain will field a team in other international competitions.
GB have won the Olympic Football competition s times in 1900 1908 and 1912

Sport in the United Kingdom
European national football teams
The Olympic rings are the official symbol of the Olympic Games. The design was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1913. The rings on the right represent the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from around the world at the Olympic Games. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games Belgium in 1920.The 5 colours of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green.

Other websites

Olympic Games
Symbols
Litoria is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs. They are native to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccan Islands, and Timor.

Species 

The following species are or were once recognised within the genus Litoria (many others have been moved to Nyctimystes and Ranoidea):

References 

Cogger, H.G. 1979. Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. A. H. & A. W. REED PTY LTD 
Tyler, Michael J. 1992. Encyclopedia of Australian Animals: Frogs. Angus & Robertson.

Other websites 
Frogs of Australia. Litoria genus . Amphibian Research Centre.
 Frogs Australia Network search: Litoria 
Frost, Darrel R. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.3 Indexed database. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA

Frogs
The magnificent tree frog or splendid tree frog (Litoria splendida) is a species of tree frogs. They are native to Australia in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. They were first found in 1977. They are related to the White's tree frog.

References

 Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things you can do to ensure your frog has a long, happy and healthy life: Magnificent tree frog 
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: species Lists

Other websites

Animals of Australia
Frogs
For another species commonly known as the giant tree frog, see rusty tree frog or barking tree frog.
The white-lipped tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata) or the giant tree frog is a species of tree frogs. They are the largest tree frog in the world. They are native to Northern Queensland, New Guinea, the Bismarck Islands and the Admiralty Islands. They are related to the White's Tree Frog. The Giant Tree Frogs eats insects and other arthropods. They can live up to 10 years in the wild. In Australia, they can be kept as pets. Australians must have a license to have them.

References

  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

 Cronin, L., (2001). Australian Reptiles and Amphibians, Envirobook, 
 Cogger, H.G. (2000). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. Reed Books: Sydney.

Other websites

Department of Environment and Resource Managmenent: White-lipped tree frog -Conservation status and audio of frog call
Frog Australia Network -frog call available here.

Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things You Can Do to Ensure Your Frog Has a Long, Happy and Healthy Life: White Lipped Tree Frog
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: Species Lists 

Frogs
21 is the second studio album by English singer Adele. It was released on January 19, 2011. It sold 208,000 copies in the first week it was released. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. In the fourth week that 21 had been number one Adele sang "Someone Like You" at the 2011 BRIT Awards. Amazon.co.uk reported that the album increased in sales by 890% an hour after Adele's performance.

It has sold over 20,000,000 copies worldwide as of May 2012.  The singles "Rolling in the Deep", "Someone Like You", and "Set Fire to the Rain" have all reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. 21 has won many Grammy Awards including Album of the Year.

21 has sold over 11.648 million copies in the United States alone and is the best-performing album in Billboard history.

Track listing 

Tracks taken from US iTunes Store.

Credits and personnel
Vocals - Adele

References

2011 albums
Adele albums
Pop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
The Buggles were an English musical duo. It had Trevor Horn on vocals, bass guitar and guitar and Geoff Downes on keyboards. They have been most known for their 1979 debut single Video Killed the Radio Star that was #1 on the singles charts of sixteen countries. The music video was the first to be shown on MTV in the United States of America at 12:01 on 1 August 1981.

Following the poor success of their second album, Adventures in Modern Recording, the group broke up in 1981.

Biography
Horn and Downes first met in the mid 1970s, at auditions for Tina Charles' backing band, and worked with her producer, Biddu, whose backing tracks had inspired their early work. Trevor Horn said that the group was originally planned to be named "The Bugs": "The Bugs were studio insects—imaginary creatures who lived in recording studios creating havoc. Then somebody said as a joke that The Bugs would never be as big as The Beatles. So we changed it to The Buggles."

The Buggles' first hit, "Video Killed the Radio Star", was released in September 1979 and was the 444th number one in the UK charts, spending one week at the top, as well as reaching number one on the singles charts of fifteen other countries Hans Zimmer worked for "Video Killed the Radio Star, and makes a brief appearance in the video.

Downes and Horn worked on their second album, Adventures in Modern Recording. As originally intended, I Am a Camera was brought to completion as a Buggles song under its original title. However, Downes left the group during the recording of the album to form the band Asia with former Yes bandmate Steve Howe. Horn completed the album with a lot of new songwriting partners and musicians. Adventures in Modern Recording was released in late 1981, but five singles released from the album (I Am a Camera, Adventures in Modern Recording, On TV, Lenny and Beatnik) were not as successful as "Video Killed the Radio Star", resulting in the end of The Buggles.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Music videos
"Video Killed the Radio Star"
"Living in the Plastic Age"
"Clean Clean"
"Elstree"
"I Am a Camera"
"Adventures in Modern Recording"
"On TV"

References

Other websites
Buggles discography on The Art Of Noise Online

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1981 disestablishments
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from London
Crossover thrash, also known as punk metal or simply crossover, is a form of thrash metal. It is a mixture of punk and metal.

Bands
Bands associated with the crossover genre include:

Acid Reign
Agnostic Front
Anti Feminism
Attitude Adjustment
Aversion
Bad Acid Trip
Beowülf
Birth A.D.
Biohazard
Blast!
Blunt Force Trauma
Body Count
Bones Brigade
The Brood
Carnivore
Cerebral Fix
Charged GBH
Circle Jerks
Clown Alley
Concrete Sox
The Cooters
Corrosion of Conformity
Cro-Mags
Cross Examination
The Crucified
Crumbsuckers
Cryptic Slaughter
Cynic
Degenerates
Dead Horse
Dead Serious
Discharge
Dr. Know
Dr. Living Dead
Dresden 45
Electro Hippies
English Dogs
Excel
Eyesburn
The Exploited
Final Conflict
Gadnium
Gang Green
Gama Bomb
Generation Kill
Ghoul
Green Jellÿ
Gwar
Hogan's Heroes
Hellbastard
Hirax
Holier Than Thou
Impulse Manslaughter
Lawnmower Deth
Leeway
Lifeless
Lobotomia
Lost Generation
Ludichrist
M.O.D.
Matanza
Madball
The Mentors
Mindsnare
Mucky Pup
Mortal Sin
Municipal Waste
Neurosis
Nuclear Assault
No Mercy
No Warning
Oi Polloi
Poison Idea
Post Mortem
Probot
Prong
Ratos de Porão
Rigor Mortis
Ritam Nereda
S.O.B.
Sacrilege
Send More Paramedics
Septic Death
Shell Shock
Sick Mother Fakers
Sick of It All
Snake Nation
The Prophecy 23
The Stupids
Suicidal Tendencies
Swashbuckle
Sworn Enemy
This Is Hell
Toxic Holocaust
Verbal Abuse
Vitamin X
Void
Wasted Youth
Wehrmacht
What Happens Next?
U.T.I.
X-Cops

References

Heavy metal subgenres
Punk rock
Hardcore punk
Excel is a crossover thrash band from Venice, California. The band was formed in 1983 by singer Dan Clements and guitarist Adam Siegel. Excel was influenced by street art and known for painting graffiti on the streets of the cities where they played their shows.

Excel was also known for jumping on stage with other bands from Venice such as No Mercy, Beowülf, Suicidal Tendencies (with whom Excel are very close friends) and Cryptic Slaughter, and sometimes with other thrash metal bands like Testament and Overkill.

Excel has released three studio albums, three split albums, five demos, three singles and two live albums. They broke up in 1995. Their first two albums, Split Image and The Joke's on You, were reissued in 2001 with bonus tracks, and in August 2009, they released a special collection of eight DVDs of their tours in Europe and Los Angeles and published them on their MySpace page. Excel announced a reunion in January 2012.

Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
Split Image (1987)
The Joke's on You (1989)
Seeking Refuge (1995)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Suicidal Tendencies is a hardcore punk band, which started in 1981 in Venice, California. Since their start, they had a lot of members come and go. Their lead singer Mike Muir is their only permanent member. They are credited by many as one of "the fathers of crossover thrash". Today, Suicidal Tendencies have released nine studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos. They have not released an album of original material since 2000's Free Your Soul and Save My Mind. But they released a small number of new songs that had not been released before on the split/compilation albums Friends & Family, Vol. 2 (2001), Year of the Cycos (2008), No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family (2010) and The Mad Mad Muir Musical Tour (2011).

Suicidal Tendencies became well known when they released their self-titled debut album in 1983. It spawned the single "Institutionalized", which was one of the first hardcore punk videos to get substantial airplay on MTV. Suicidal Tendencies had not released their second album until 1987, with Join the Army. It was the album that got the attention of Epic Records, who signed Suicidal Tendencies in 1988, the same year they released their third album How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today. People began to recognize Suicidal Tendencies more when they released the albums Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu and Lights...Camera...Revolution!, which were both certified Gold by the RIAA. The band made two more albums, The Art of Rebellion and Suicidal for Life, and then broke up in 1995 while serving ties with from Sony and Epic. However, Suicidal Tendencies reformed in 1997 and have continued recording and performing ever since. After over a decade of work and many lineup changes, the band is planning to release first album with all-new material in 12 years in 2012.

Discography
They made nine studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos.

Studio albums
 Suicidal Tendencies (1983)
 Join the Army (1987)
 How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today (1988)
 Lights...Camera...Revolution! (1990)
 The Art of Rebellion (1992)
 Suicidal for Life (1994)
 Freedumb (1999)
 Free Your Soul and Save My Mind (2000)
 13 (2013)
 TBA (2015)

EPs
 Six the Hard Way (1998)

Split albums
 Welcome to Venice (1985)
 Friends & Family, Vol. 1 (1997)
 Friends & Family, Vol. 2 (2001)
 Year of the Cycos (2008)

Compilation albums
 Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu (1989)
 Still Cyco After All These Years (1993)
 Prime Cuts (1997)
 Playlist: The Very Best of Suicidal Tendencies (2010)
 No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family (2010)

Videos and DVDs
 Lights...Camera...Suicidal (1990)
 Live at the Olympic Auditorium (2010)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
The ash-throated antwren (Herpsilochmus parkeri) is a bird in the antbird family. The first species was found in northern Peru in 1983.

Antbirds do anting. The bird rubs ants (or other arthropods) on the feathers before discarded or eating them. While this has conventionally been considered a way to remove and control feather parasites

References 

Passeriformes
The Yapacana antbird (Myrmeciza disjuncta) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The species was named by Friedmann, in 1945.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References

 BirdLife International 2004.  Myrmeciza disjuncta.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.

Passeriformes
, also romanized as Ō-an, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Jōji and before Eiwa. This period started in February 1368 and ended in February 1375.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and   The Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and .

Events of the Ōan era 
 29 March 1368 (Ōan 1, 21st day of the 2nd month): Emperor Go-Murakami died; and his oldest son received the succession.
 1370 (Ōan 3): Imagawa Sadayo sent to subdue Kyūshū.
 1373-1406 (Ōan 6 – Ōei 13): Embassies between China and Japan.
 1374 (Ōan 7): En'yū became the head of the Northern Court.

Southern Court nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370
 Kentoku, 1370–1372 
 Bunchū, 1372–1375

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1368 establishments
1360s establishments in Japan
1375 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ōan and before Kōryaku. This period started in February 1375 and ended in March 1379.   The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Eiwa era
 1375 (Eiwa 1, 3rd month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visits the Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū where he offers a sword for the shrine's treasury, gold foil for the shrine's decoration, and a racehorse for the shrine's stable.
 1375 (Eiwa 2, 4th month): For the first time, Shogun Yoshimitsu is permitted to enter the Imperial quarters at the Imperial palace.
 1377 -- Goryeo diplomatic envoy Jeong Mongju met with the  in Kyūshū, Imagawa Ryōshun. The diplomats discussed steps to control pirates (wakō).
 1378 (Eiwa 4, 3rd month): Yoshimitsu moved into his new home in Muromachi; and the luxurious house and grounds are called Hana-no-Gosho

Southern Court  nengō
 Tenju, 1375–1381

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1375 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1379 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
The Crotalinae, also known as the "pit vipers" or "crotaline snakes", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in Asia and the Americas.

There are 18 genera and 151 species which are currently found: 7 genera and 54 species in the Old World, and 11 genera and 97 species in the New World. They are the only known vipers found in the Americas. Some of the snakes which belong in this group are the rattlesnakes, lanceheads and Asian pitvipers.

Description
Pit vipers range in size from the hump-nosed viper, Hypnale hypnale, which grows to the length of around 30–45 centimetres (12–18 in), to the South American bushmaster, Lachesis muta, which is known to grow to a length of 3.65 metres (12.0 ft), making it the longest venomous snake in the New World. Some pit vipers are arboreal (meaning they live in trees), some are terrestrial (meaning they live on the ground), and one species is even semi-aquatic: the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus.

Where they live
This subfamily of snakes is found from eastern Europe, eastward through Asia to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In the Americas, they are found from southern Canada, southward to Central America to southern South America. Members of this group are found in deserts and rainforests.

Reproduction
Pit vipers are mainly viviparous, meaning the females give live birth. It is believed that all oviparous Pit vipers guard their eggs. Many young pit vipers have brightly coloured tails which is different to the rest of their body.

Genera
Moccasins, (Agkistrodon) 	
Jumping pitvipers, (Atropoides) 		
Palm-pitvipers, (Bothriechis) 
Forest-pitvipers, (Bothriopsis) 
Lanceheads, (Bothrops) 	
Malayan pitviper, (Calloselasma)
Montane pitvipers, (Cerrophidion)  	
Rattlesnakes, (Crotalus) 
Hundred-pace pitviper, (Deinagkistrodon) 
Asian moccasins, (Gloydius) 
Hump-nosed pit vipers, (Hypnale) 	
Bushmasters, (Lachesis)    
Mexican horned pitvipers, (Ophryacus) 	  
Mountain pit vipers, (Ovophis) 		
Hognose pit vipers, (Porthidium)  	
Ground rattlesnakes, (Sistrurus) 
Asian lanceheads, (Trimeresurus)   
Temple vipers, (Tropidolaemus)

References

Other websites

Vipers
Litovel (; ) is a town in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. There are some historical monuments like the Town hall or the Bridge of Saint John. In the town is brewery which makes beer with the same name as the name of the town.

Main sights 
 Town Hall is in Přemysl Otakar II Square. The town bought it in 1557. In 1572 it was rebuilded and they builded there the tower, which is directly over the Morava river.
 Plague column was builded by Václav Render in 1724 in memory of plague epidemy in 1714 and it is near the Town Hall in Přemysl Otakar II Square.
 Bridge of Saint John is stone bridge over the Morava river. They builded it in 1592 and it is the third oldest bridge in the Czech republic and the oldest in Moravia now.

Administrative parts 
 Březové
 Chořelice
 Chudobín
 Litovel
 Myslechovice
 Nasobůrky
 Nová Ves
 Rozvadovice
 Savín
 Tři Dvory
 Unčovice
 Víska

Twin towns 
  Revúca, Slovakia
  Littau, Switzerland
  Wieliczka, Poland

Towns in the Czech Republic
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōryaku and before Shitoku.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in February 1384.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and    Their Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Eitoku era
 1381 (Eitoku 1, 3rd month): The emperor traveled in procession to visit Ashikaga Yoshimitsu at his home.
 1381 (Eitoku 1, 7th month): Nijō Yoshimoto was given the position of Prime Minister (daijō daijin).
 1382 (Eitoku 2, 1st month): Yoshimitsu is raised to the court position of Minister of the Left (sadaijin), and several days later, he was named General of the Left (sadaisho).
 1383 (Eitoku 3''): Emperor Go-Kameyama received the succession in the Southern Court.

Southern Court nengō.
 Kōwa (Muromachi period), 1381–1384

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1381 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1384 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
The , also known by the acronym NAJ, is a Japanese public institution which preserves government documents and historical records.

History
The National Archives Law No. 79 (1999) established NAJ's core function of preserving government documents and records. 
 
Before the creation of the National Archives, there is almost no tradition of preserving "grey-area" records, such as records which show the process which led to the formation of a specific policy.

Independent Administrative Institution
The National Archives became an Independent Administrative Institution on April 1, 2001.

Since 2005, the NAJ website has offered high-resolution images of some of its holdings, including those named as Important Cultural Properties of Japan.

Related pages
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
 National Diet Library

References

Other websites
 National Archives of Japan ;  
 Japan Center for Asian Historical Records 

National archives in Asia
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan
Four temperaments is a theory of psychology about personality. It suggests that there are four bodily fluids that affect human personality traits and behaviour. The temperaments are sanguine, choleric, melancholy, and phlegmatic.

Humours
 
Galen, a doctor from the Roman empire added characteristics to bodily fluids:
Mucus - Cold and damp
Black bile - Cold and dry
Yellow bile - Warm and Dry
Blood - Warm and damp

Galen thought that to cure illness you need to rebalance the fluids. If you, for example, have too much blood, you will need a remedy which is the opposite of warm and damp; something cold and dry.

Personalities

Sanguine
A sanguine person is an energetic person. They are friendly, talkative, encouraging and creative. They like to be noticed by others and to have fun.

But they tend to forget things they are supposed to do and to be late for dates or appointments. If they feel that they are not appreciated, they can become depressed (sad). They tend to lose interest in new hobbies as soon as it is no longer a fun thing to do.

Choleric
A choleric is a bossy, ambitious and critical person. They tend to be good leaders, but when they don't have power over everyone, they can get into a bad mood.

They can be bossy to people of the other temperaments. They are able to make good plans and do things well by not losing interest.

Melancholy
A melancholic or melancholy person is a thinker and perfectionist. They tend to prefer to spend time alone instead of being in social situations. They go by a schedule and are truthful (say what they mean). They can become depressed because of their perfectionist traits. They might suffer in silence and not complain. They are independent and able to do things for themselves.  Melancholics can be creative in artistic areas such as poetry and music.

People tend to say "Melancholic" instead of "Melancholy". The term "Melancholic" in the incorrect way of saying one of these four traits.

Phlegmatic
A phlegmatic is a quiet, kind and peaceful person. They like giving and receiving affection, although they might be shy. They can be content to go along with situations as they are, instead of trying to change them.  They may tend to be relaxed, lazy and not have a lot of energy.

Psychology
Human behavior
Richard Winyu Tsien (born 3 March 1945) is a noted American neurobiologist (or neuroscientist). Tsien has received many honours and awards.

Biography

Richard Tsien was born in Tating, Kweichow, China. He is the eldest of three brothers. Tsien's youngest brother Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist, won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is a descendant of the King Wuyue Tsien Liu. He is the son of Hsue-Chu Tsien, a famous aeronautical mechanic who became the chief engineer for Boeing.

Soon after his birth, Tsien's family moved to the United States. Tsien received BS in 1965 and MS in 1966 both in electrical engineering and both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Tsien then won the Rhodes Scholarship and studied in the United Kingdom at Wadham College, Oxford from 1966 to 1969.  Tsien obtained PhD in biophysics from Oxford in 1970. 

From 1968 to 1970, Tsien was a Weir Junior Research Fellow at University College, Oxford. From 1969 to 1970, Tsien was a teaching fellow at Balliol College, Oxford.

In 1970, Tsien went back to the United States, became an assistant professor in the Department of Physiology at Yale University School of Medicine from 1970 to 1974. From 1974 to 1979, Tsien was an associate professor in the same department, and promoted to full professor in 1979 until 1988.

In 1988, Tsien went to Stanford and founded the Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, where he also served the first chairman. From 1991 to 2001, Tsien was the Director Silvio Conte - National Institutes of Mental Health Center for Neuroscience Research. Since 1988, Tsien has been the George D. Smith Professor of Stanford Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology. And since 2000, Tsien has been the Co-Director for the Stanford Brain Research Centre. 

Tsien did important work on calcium channels, their mechanisms and roles in cell signaling pathways. Tsien's research also helps us understand the long-term plasticity of synapses.

From 1987 to 1988, Tsien was the President of the Society of General Physiologists. In August 2000, Tsien also served the Section Chair of Neurobiology of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Awards
1985 - Kenneth S. Cole Award (for contributions to membrane biophysics)
1991 - 1995, 1999, Kaiser Award for Outstanding and Innovative Teaching, from Stanford University
1993 - Magnes Prize, from Hebrew University, Jerusalem
1994 - elected to the United States Institute of Medicine
1996 - Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award, from the American Physiological Society
1996 - elected to the Academia Sinica
1997 - elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
1998 - elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1999 - elected Charter to the Biophysical Society

References

Chinese biologists
1945 births
Living people
American biologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Contemporary R&B is a music genre of R&B. It mixes rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, electronic and dance. Contemporary R&B is currently a dominant music genre for the Top 40 radios. Artists of this type of music includes,Whitney Houston, Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, and Stevie Wonder. Contemporary R&B became a popular music genre after the disco era in the 1980s. Contemporary R&B is an African American type of music, however, there has been other artists who are not African American that record contemporary R&B.

R&B music
Guy du Merle (1 January 1908 – 6 June 1993) was a French aerospace engineer, pilot and writer. He was the first head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Du Merle graduated from the École Polytechnique (1927) and the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (1932). He began his career as a military pilot, from 1933 to 1935, on more than hundred types of aircraft. From 1940 to 1950, he taught aerospace engineering at the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace. In 1948, he became the first director of the French Civil Aviation University, until 1951.

A roundabout of the city of Toulouse bears his name.

References

Further reading
 Guy du Merle, Construction des avions, Souchier, 1942, 283 p.
 Guy du Merle, Construction des avions, Dunod, 1947, 857 p.
 Guy du Merle, Aviation quand tu nous tiens, 23 p., École nationale de l'aviation civile, 1986 (English version )
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

1908 births
1993 deaths
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
French aviators
French writers
Heads of the French Civil Aviation University
People from Toulon
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur