cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fanta is an orange soda drink. It was created in Germany in 1940. Fanta was created during World War II in Nazi Germany by the German Coca Cola (GmbH) bottling company. Because of the war, there was no shipping between Nazi Germany and the United States. Therefore, the German bottling plant could no longer get Coca-Cola syrup. The manager of the plant, Max Keith, needed to do something to keep the plant going. He came up with a fruit-flavored drink made from whatever he could find. Using apple fiber leftover from lollipops and whey, from cheesemakers, Fanta was created and became quite popular. The original German Fanta had a yellow color and tasted different from today's Fanta Orange; the flavor would change during the war, depending on what ingredients could be found.

Back in America, the Coca-Cola Company—led by Robert Woodruff—did not discourage this. The company sponsored the 1936 Berlin Olympics, which Woodruff attended, and made banners featuring the Coca-Cola logo alongside the swastika. Keith used a 10th anniversary party for Coca-Cola GmbH to order a mass Sieg-Heil (Nazi salute) in honor of the dictator’s 50th birthday. He declared that this was “to commemorate our deepest admiration for our Fuhrer.”

The name 'Fanta' came during an employee contest to name the new beverage. Keith told them to let their Fantasie (German for imagination) run wild. On hearing that, salesman Joe Knipp thought of the name Fanta.

After the war, Fanta was brought to the United States by Coca-Cola, and in 1960 they bought the trademark. Fanta Orange is the most popular Fanta flavor. It is available in 180 countries. In terms of volume, Brazil is the largest consumer of Fanta in the world. Fanta is more popular in Europe and South America than in the United States.

There are over 90 different flavors worldwide. Most of them are only available by region in some countries. For example, in Romania (and some other countries), there is "Fanta Shokata" based on the traditional Romanian drink "Socată". This drink is made from Elderflower. In Switzerland and the Netherlands the local fruit, blackcurrant is used to make Fanta as well. Some identical flavors have different names in different markets. “The classic orange”, for example, was renamed "Fanta Funky Orange" in 2003 for the Nordic countries and Belgium, while other countries have kept the older "Fanta Orange" brand name. As of the year 2005, the Fanta brand has been connected with the word Bambaacha (or Bamboocha), which is often seen in the Fanta commercials. TaB diet Cola was originally produced by the Fanta division of Coca-Cola.  It was available in different non-cola flavors as well. Later in 2005, Fanta branched out into new Fanta Zero (diet versions) varieties in Great Britain and in other countries as well.

References 

Soft drinks
Agavaceae is a family of plants. Many of these plants grow in dry, hot climates. Some grow in the desert. Well-known plants of this family are the agave, yucca, and Joshua tree.  The family includes about 550-600 species in around 18 genera. It is widespread in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world.

It is not quite clear how large the family really is. There are genera which some biologists leave out of the family. This includes for example Cordyline and Dracaena, which are sometimes separated off into a separate family, Dracaenaceae. Recent research has tended to incorporate these into a larger family Ruscaceae, though.  Nolina, Beaucarnea, and Dasylirion are sometimes recognized as Nolinaceae or placed in Ruscaceae. Conversely, data from molecular systematics now suggest that Agavaceae should be broadened to include a number of genera previously classified elsewhere. Among them  are Chlorogalum, Camassia and the family Anthericaceae. This would enlarge the family with anything up to 22 genera.  The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's APG II classification places Agavaceae, along with a number of other families (including Ruscaceae) in an expanded family Asparagaceae.  However, APG II allows the alternative of keeping some of these families, including Agavaceae, separate. In this case, it recommends expanding the family to include the genera currently classified in Anemarrhenaceae, Anthericaceae (with Anthericum and Paradisea), Behniaceae and Herreriaceae. Most references have retained Agavaceae (in varying circumscriptions) as a family distinct from Asparagaceae. Hesperocallis, sometimes placed in its own family, Hesperocallideaceae, has recently been shown to be closely related and its inclusion in Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al. 2004).

Some species are succulent. In general, Agavaceae leaves occur as rosettes at the end of a woody stem, which may range from extremely short to tree-like heights, as in the Joshua tree.  The leaves are parallel-veined, and usually appear long and pointed, often with a hardened spine on the end, and sometimes with additional spines along the margins.

Agave species are used to make pulque and mezcal, while others are valued for their fibres.  They are quite popular for xeriscaping, many types having showy flowers.

References

Other websites 
 Agavaceae in Flora of North America.
 Agavaceae  in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.

 
Plant families
Succulent plants are plants that have adapted to very dry climates. They have adapted in such a way that they can store water, either in their leaves, stems or roots. 

Often, they look different than plants that do not do this. Their leaves may look more fleshy.  Almost all cacti are succulents. Not all succulents are cacti. Other plant families with this property are the Agavaceae (Agave family), Azioaceae and Crassulaceae. Other well-known succulents are the Aloe and the bottle tree.

References 

Types of plants
There are 79 known moons of Jupiter. Jupiter has the second largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System. 

The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius. They were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter. The other 75 known moons and the rings together make up just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass. The four are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are roughly the same size as Earth's moon, some are a bit bigger, some are smaller.

From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered. All these are less than  in diameter, with most barely exceeding . Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined. Many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).

List of moons 
This list starts with those that go around Jupiter (orbit) the fastest.  That is, they have the shortest orbital period. Moons highlighted in purple are the "Galilean moons," moons highlighted in dark gray have a retrograde orbit, and moons with the regular white background have a prograde orbit.

Notes

References 

 
Astronomy lists
The planet Saturn has 53 named moons, and another 29 which are still being studied. Many of the moons are very small: 33 are less than  in diameter and thirteen moons are less than . Many of the moons are named after Titans, Giants, or minor Greek or Roman gods. Some of Saturn's moons are very large; the moon Titan is bigger than the planet Mercury.

Confirmed moons 
The moons of Saturn are listed here by orbital period (or semi-major axis), from shortest to longest. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold, while the irregular moons are listed in red, orange and gray background.

Very recently, there have been 20 new discoveries of moons on saturn that have not yet been named.

Unconfirmed moons
The following objects (observed by Cassini) have not been confirmed as solid bodies. It is not yet clear if these are real satellites or merely persistent clumps within the F Ring.

Hypothetical moons
Two moons were claimed to be discovered by different astronomers but never seen again. Both moons were said to orbit between Titan and Hyperion.
 Chiron which was supposedly sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861, but never observed by anyone else.
 Themis was allegedly discovered in 1905 by astronomer William Pickering, but never seen again. Nevertheless, it was included in numerous almanacs and astronomy books until the 1960s.

References

Notes

Astronomy lists
The king is the most valuable chess piece in a game of chess. It can move left, right, up, down or diagonally. It can only move one square at a time. When recording chess games, king is shortened to K.

The object of the game is to checkmate (capture the king). If a player's king is attacked by an opponent's piece, it is called check. The player with the attacked king must move so that the king is no longer in check. If the king cannot do this, it is in checkmate, and that side loses the game.

Castling 
With a rook, the king may make a special move called 'castling'. This is when the king moves two squares toward one of its rooks and then the rook is placed on the other side of the king. Castling consists of moving the king two squares on its first rank toward either one of the first rooks, then moving the rook onto the square over which the king crossed. Castling is only allowed when the king nor the castling rook has moved already, when no squares between them are occupied, when the king is not in check, and when the king will not move across or end its movement on a square that puts the king in check.

Check and Checkmate 
If a player's move places the opponent's king under attack, that king is in check, and the player in check is made to stop the attack. There are three possible ways to remove the king from check:
 Moving the king to an adjacent non-threatened square
 Blocking the check with another piece between the king in check and the attacking piece in order to break the line of threat (not possible when the attacking piece is a knight, or when in double check).
 Capturing the attacking piece (not possible in double check, unless the king captures)

If none of these three ways are possible, the player's king has been checkmated and the player with the checkmated king loses the game.

Stalemate 
A stalemate is when the player to move has no legal move, but is not in check.

Advice 
In the opening and middlegame, the king will mostly not play an active role in the development of an attacking or defensive position. Instead, a player will usually castle and find safety on the edge of the board behind pawns. In the endgame, however, the king may comes out of hiding to play an active role as an offensive piece as well as helping in the promotion of their remaining pawns.

References 
  
 
 

King
In thermodynamics, work transfer is an energy transfer in which temperature is not considered during energy transfer. Unit is always in Joules. It is also a result of force acting through the distance. W=FxD

History

1824
Work, i.e. "weight lifted through a height", was originally defined in 1824 by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in his famous paper Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire. Specifically, according to Carnot:

1845

In 1845, the English physicist James Joule wrote a paper On the mechanical equivalent of heat for the British Association meeting in Cambridge. In this work, he reported his best-known experiment, in which the work released through the action of a "weight falling through a height" was used to turn a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water.

In this experiment, the friction and agitation of the paddle-wheel on the body of water caused heat to be generated which, in turn, increased the temperature of water.  Both the temperature change ∆T of the water and the height of the fall ∆h of the weight mg were recorded.  Using these values, Joule was able to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat. Joule estimated a mechanical equivalent of heat to be 819 ft•lbf/Btu (4.41 J/cal).  The modern day definitions of heat, work, temperature, and energy all have connection to this experiment.

Overview 
According to the First law of thermodynamics, it is useful to separate changes to the internal energy of a thermodynamic system into two sorts of energy transfers. Work refers to forms of energy transfer which can be accounted for in terms of changes in the macroscopic physical variables of the system, for example energy which goes into expanding the volume of a system against an external pressure, by driving a piston-head out of a cylinder against an external force.  This is in contrast to heat energy, which is carried into or out of the system in the form of transfers in the microscopic thermal motions of particles.

The concept of thermodynamic work is slightly more general than that of mechanical work because it includes other types of energy transfers as well.  The electrical work required to move a charge against an external electrical field can be measured, as can the work required to move heat against a temperature gradient.  Thermodynamic work need not have any mechanical component to be considered such.

Related pages
Thermodynamics
Chemistry

References

Thermodynamics
In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by U, or sometimes E, is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals. It includes the energy in all the chemical bonds, and the energy of the free, conduction electrons in metals. 

The internal energy is a thermodynamic potential and for a closed thermodynamic system held at constant entropy, it will be minimized.

One can also calculate the internal energy of electromagnetic or blackbody radiation. It is a state function of a system, an extensive quantity. The SI unit of energy is the joule although other historical, conventional units are still in use, such as the (small and large) calorie for heat. (Calories that are on classic food labels are actually kilo-calories.)

Overview 
Internal energy does not include the translational or rotational kinetic energy of a body as a whole. It also does not include the relativistic mass-energy equivalent E = mc2. It excludes any potential energy a body may have because of its location in external gravitational or electrostatic field, although the potential energy it has in a field due to an induced electric or magnetic dipole moment does count, as does the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain).

The principle of equipartition of energy in classical statistical mechanics states that each molecular degree of freedom receives 1/2 kT of energy, a result which was modified when quantum mechanics explained certain anomalies; e.g., in the observed specific heats of crystals (when hν > kT). For monatomic helium and other noble gases, the internal energy consists only of the translational kinetic energy of the individual atoms. Monatomic particles, of course, do not (sensibly) rotate or vibrate, and are not electronically excited to higher energies except at very high temperatures.

From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the total energy of the system.

References 

 

 

 

Thermodynamics
Mechanics
Energy
A physical law, scientific law, or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations of physical behavior.  Empirical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments over many years, and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community.  The production of a summary description of nature in the form of such laws is a fundamental aim of science.

Laws of nature are distinct from the law, either religious or civil, and should not be confused with the concept of natural law. 
Nor should 'physical law' be confused with 'law of physics' - the term 'physical law' usually covers laws in other sciences (e.g. biology) as well.

Origin of laws of nature
Some extremely important laws are simply definitions. For example, the central law of mechanics F = dp/dt (Newton's second "law" of mechanics) is often treated as a mathematical definition of force just like Newton's first law of mechanics (an object that is at rest stays at rest and an object that is in motion stays in motion unless acted by an out side force). Although the concept of force predates Newton's law, there was no mathematical definition of force before Newton.  The principle of least action (or principle of stationary action), Schroedinger equation, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, causality and a few other laws also fall into this category (of mathematical definitions).

Related pages
 Scientific method

References 

 Barrow, John (1991). Theories of Everything: The Quest for Ultimate Explanations. ()
 Davies, Paul (1992). The Mind of God ()
 Feynman, Richard (1965). The Character of Physical Law ()
Hans Wehrli: Metaphysik - Chiralität als Grundprinzip der Physik, 2006, 
Francis Bacon "Novum Organum"

Other websites 
 Baaquie, Belal E., "Laws of Physics  : A Primer". Core Curriculum, National University of Singapore.
 Carroll, John W. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
 Francis, Erik Max, "The laws list". Physics. Alcyone Systems
 Pazameta, Zoran, "The laws of nature ". Committee for the scientific investigation of Claims of the Paranormal CSICOP.

Science
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney is a visual novel/adventure game developed and published by Capcom. The game was originally a Japan-only Game Boy Advance title called Gyakuten Saiban. However, the Nintendo DS remake Gyakuten Saiban Yomigaeru Gyakuten was translated and released in 2005 outside of Japan. The DS remake features a bonus case called Rise From The Ashes which was not in the original GBA version.

Characters

Phoenix Wright
Phoenix Wright is the main protagonist of the game. He is a defense attorney who must prove that his falsely-accused clients are not guilty.

Mia Fey 
Mia Fey is Phoenix's boss and mentor. She is killed in the second case. However, her spirit can be channelled by Maya and sometimes she reappears to give Phoenix help or advice.

Maya Fey
Maya is Mia's little sister. She is Phoenix's assistant. She is also a spirit medium and can sometimes channel Mia's spirit.

Miles Edgeworth
Miles Edgeworth is a prosecutor, and Phoenix Wright's rival. He is the prosecutor in every case in the game except for The First Turnabout and Turnabout Goodbyes.

Larry Butz
Larry Butz is Phoenix's client in the first case of the game, where he is accused of murder. He is also a witness in the fourth case.

Winston Payne
Winston Payne is the prosecutor of the first case. He has appeared in every Ace Attorney game except Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Dual Destinies. He is normally the prosecutor of the Tutorial cases of each game.

Dick Gumshoe
Dick Gumshoe is a detective who is usually in charge of investigating the cases that Phoenix takes on.

Manfred von Karma
Manfred von Karma is the prosecutor in case 4 of the game, and is Edgeworth's mentor.

Plot
The game features 5 cases.

The First Turnabout
Phoenix defends Larry Butz, who is accused of murdering his girlfriend.

Turnabout Sisters
Phoenix's mentor, Mia Fey, is killed. Phoenix defends her sister, Maya Fey, who is accused of murdering her.

Turnabout Samurai
Will Powers, an actor who potrays the Steel Samurai, is accused of murdering Jack Hammer. Phoenix defends him in court.

Turnabout Goodbyes
A man is killed on a boat at Gourd Lake, and Miles Edgeworth is accused of the murder. Phoenix defends him.

Rise from the Ashes
Lana Skye is accused of the murder of Bruce Goodman. Her sister, Ema Skye, convinces Phoenix Wright to take her case.

Game System
The game is split into 2 segments, Investigation segments and Trial segments.

Investigation 
During Investigation sections Phoenix visits the crime scene, looks for evidence that might be useful in the trial, and talks to witnesses.

Trial
Phoenix has to defend his client, and Cross Examine witness testimonies.

2001 video games
2005 video games
Ace Attorney
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo DS games
Video game remakes
Windows games
Visual novels

ja:逆転裁判#蘇る逆転
A pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder for the transport of fluid. The terms 'pipe' and 'tube' can be used for the same objects. 'Pipe' is generally specified by the internal diameter (ID) whereas 'tube' is usually defined by the outside diameter (OD) but may be specified by any combination of dimensions (OD, ID, wall thickness). 'Tube' is often made to custom sizes and may often have more specific sizes and tolerances than pipe. The terms 'tube' and 'tubing' are more widely used in the USA and 'pipe' elsewhere in the world.

Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a '' is usually portable and flexible.

Uses 
 Domestic water systems
 Pipeline containing high pressure gas or fluid
 Scaffolding
 Structural steel
 As components in mechanical systems such as:
 Rollers in conveyor belts
 Compactors (E.g.: steam rollers)
 Bearing casing
 Casing for concrete pilings used in construction projects
 High temperature or pressure manufacturing processes
 The petroleum industry:
 Oil well casing
 Oil refinery equipment
 The construction of high pressure storage vessels

Related pages
 Pipe (disambiguation page)

References 

Engineering
Cameron Michelle Diaz (born August 30, 1972) is an American retired actress and former fashion model. She was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards in 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2003.

Early life
Cameron Diaz was born in San Diego, California. Her mother, Billie Joann (née Early), is an import-export agent. Her father, Emilio Luis Diaz (1949–2008), worked for the California oil company UNOCAL for more than 20 years as a field gauger. Diaz has an older sister, Chimene. Her father's family were Cubans, and settled in Tampa's Ybor City, later moving to California, where Emilio was born. Her mother has English, German, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Diaz was raised in Long Beach, California.

Filmography

References

Other websites

Actors from San Diego, California
Models from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors

1972 births
Living people
The Bacon number of an actor or actress is the number of degrees of separation (see Six degrees of separation) they have from actor Kevin Bacon, as defined by the game known as Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon. It applies the Erdős number concept to the movie industry. The higher the Bacon number, the farther away from Kevin Bacon the actor is.

For example, Kevin Bacon's Bacon number is 0. If an actor works in a movie with Kevin Bacon, the actor's Bacon number is 1. If an actor works with an actor who worked with Kevin Bacon in a movie, the first actor's Bacon number is 2, and so forth.

Other websites
 The Oracle of Bacon at the University of Virginia computes the Bacon number of any actor or actress from data scraped from Wikipedia (formerly using IMDb data).

References
2. "Modern Family", Daddy Issues (2018)

Entertainment
Games
Enya (born Eithne Patricia Ní Bhraonáin on 17 May 1961 in Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland) is an Irish singer. She is famous for hits such as Orinoco Flow (1988) and Anywhere Is (1995).
She has also won four Grammy Awards and has become one of the world's most successful female singers. Her vocal range is mezzo-soprano.

She grew up speaking the Irish language, and did not speak English until she attended primary school.

Her first works were soundtracks for The Frog Prince movie by David Puttman and The Celts documentary by BBC.

Enya is very popular and has sold more than 75 million albums worldwide. Her best selling album is A Day Without Rain (2000).

Albums
Enya has recorded the following albums:
 Enya (1987)
 Watermark (1988)
 Shepherd Moons (1991)
 The Celts (1992)
 The Memory of Trees (1995)
 Paint the Sky With Stars (1997)
 A Day Without Rain (2000)
 Amarantine (2005)
 And Winter Came (2008)
 Dark Sky Island (2015)

She has also recorded music for the following movie soundtracks:
 The Frog Prince (1985)
 The Celts (1987)
 Far And Away (1992)
 Toys (1992)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)

Related pages
 Clannad

References 

1961 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Irish singers
Mezzo-sopranos
New Age music
People from County Donegal
Downing Street is a street in London. It is close to Whitehall and Buckingham Palace. The official residences of the two most senior Government ministers are here. These are the Prime Minister, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

Downing Street is a few minutes' walk from the Houses of Parliament. The street was built in the 1680s by Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet (1632–1689) on the site of a mansion called Hampden House. The Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the Chief Whip all have official residences in buildings along one side of the street. The houses on the other side were all replaced by the Foreign Office in the nineteenth century.

Related pages

 10 Downing Street

Buildings and structures in London
1680s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in England
Alcatraz Island (sometimes just called Alcatraz or The Rock) is a small island in San Francisco Bay in California. It was first a lighthouse, then a military fort, then a military prison, and finally a federal prison. In 1969, it became a museum.

The name Alcatraz comes from the original Spanish name of the island, Isla de los alcatraces (Island of the pelicans).  It was given that name when a Spanish explorer, Juan Manuel de Ayala, noticed the great amount of pelicans roosting on the island. 

The famous Alcatraz prison opened in August 1934 and closed on 21 March 1963. At first, the island served as a war prison for confederate soldiers during the Civil War. At the turn of the century, it would become the most famous and posthumously, most infamous prison in American history. Some of the most famous inmates at Alcatraz are Al Capone and Machine Gun Kelly.  The prison was eventually shut down in 1963 after the State of California and the US Congress agreed that it costs too much to run. Soon after, Native American Indians used the prison and the island for a huge protest in favor for Native American rights.  After being kicked out from the grounds, the prison was vacated and was never used again.

People still love to go see the prison. It draws in millions into the San Francisco area. People enjoy the tales of possible ghost encounters on the prison grounds. It has been a huge haunting site because spirits are said to have left behind wandering the prison. 

Alcatraz Island is one of many islands in the San Francisco Bay area.

References

Other websites

Islands of the United States
Landmarks in San Francisco
Prisons
Museums in California
1963 establishments in California
A manuscript is any document that is written by hand, not printed or made in some other way. The early history of writing is intimately connected with the history of writing materials, of which the manuscript is one. Early printing made use of many ideas which developed in the era of manuscripts.

References 

Manuscripts
The Blue Mosque () is a mosque in Yerevan, Armenia. It was built in 1766 during the reign of Huseyn Ali.

Yerevan
Buildings and structures in Armenia
Mosques
1766 establishments
Events
 Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor.
 Docimus, the regent of Phrygia, and Phoenix, the strategos of Lycia, desert Antigonus.
 The Macedonian general, Philetaerus, moves his allegiance from Antigonus to Antigonus' rival, Lysimachus. In return, Lysimachus makes Philetaerus guardian of the fortress of Pergamum with its treasure of some 9,000 talents.
Akdamar Island (also known as Aghtamar, Ahktamar, and Aght'amar; Armenian: Աղթամար, Kurdish: Axtamar) is a small island in Lake Van in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

Other websites 
 The Surp Hach (Saint Cross) church on Akhtamar Island

Islands of Turkey
Armenian Apostolic Churches
The Gandzasar monastery (Armenian: Գանձասար) is an Armenian monastery in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the Mardakert region, near the village of Vank. Gandzasar means "treasure mountain" in Armenian.

Notes

Churches in Armenia
Armenian Apostolic Churches
Deportation, means the removal of someone from a country. People may be deported from a country for many reasons. For example, one may be deported from a country if he has got into the country illegally, or without a visa (permission).

Deportation can also happen inside a country. A person or a group of people may be forced to move to a different part of the country, as a punishment.

Related pages
Ethnic cleansing

Forced migration
Law
Rhadamistus (other names Ghadam or Radamisto) was an Iberian prince who reigned in Armenia from 51 to 53 and 54 to 55 CE. 

Monarchs of Armenia

la:Radamisto
Construction is the process of erection or assembly of any building or infrastructure on a site. In general, there are three types of construction:

 Building construction
 Heavy/civil construction
 Industrial construction

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component.

History
The first buildings were huts and shelters, constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the Middle Ages, these were organized into guilds. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and electric powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers.

Modern construction is consistently made of materials such as glass, steel, concrete and bricks. So it is easy to build simple forms like simple cubic forms. The new style of architecture is based on the economic basic principle:
 Social economics: The need to build houses results in having  too many houses to build and to create fewer special houses. Decorations and ornaments were not important.
 Constructive economics: The reduction of needing points and areas allows new possibilities. That results in more free forms with the same work.
 Stylistic economics: The houses represent universality and objectivity and they are a product of art.

Related pages
 Architecture
 Building code
 Project management
 Civil Engineering

Other websites
A ceremony is an activity performed at a special time usually with according seriousness. Ceremonies may be done to celebrate an event or rite of passage.  Other important ceremonies include  the tea ceremony in Asian cultures, 

A ceremony may mark a rite of passage in a person's job or life, showing how important it is. Examples:
 initiation
 graduation
 marriage
 funeral

Other ceremonies may mark yearly events like:
 vernal equinox
 winter solstice
 occasions in a Christian calendar

Government ceremonies 
Sometimes, a ceremony may only be done by certain people. A wedding is done by a priest or a Civil Celebrant. The President of the United States is sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States at his or her inauguration. The British monarch is usually made king or queen by the Archbishop of Canterbury at his or her coronation.

Related pages 

 Ritual

Ceremonies
Kerkor "Kirk" Kerkorian (June 6, 1917 – June 15, 2015) was an Armenian-American 
billionaire, and president/CEO of Tracinda Corporation, his private holding company based in Beverly Hills, California.

Kerkorian is known as one of the important figures in shaping the city of Las Vegas, Nevada.

1917 births
2015 deaths
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
In chemistry, a property is any aspect of a substance which is only seen by means of a chemical reaction. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance. This is different from a physical property, which can be discovered without changing the substance's chemical structure. 

Usually a chemical property is discovered by changing the substance's internal structure. When a substance goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically, resulting in chemical change. However, a catalytic property would also be a chemical property.

Chemical properties can be used for building chemical classifications. They can be used to identify an unknown substance or to separate or purify it from other substances.

Examples of chemical properties 
 reactivity
 toxicity
 coordination number
 flammability
 enthalpy of formation
 heat of combustion
 oxidation states
 chemical stability
 Viscosity
 Electronic configuration
 Boiling point

Chemistry
A drum kit (or drum set or trap set) is a collection of drums, cymbals, and other percussion instruments that is used by a drummer in a musical group.

Setup 
A normal drum kit consists of the following:
 Bass drum - The largest drum, which is also called a kick drum. It is struck with a hammer that is moved by one's foot.
 Snare drum - A drum with small cables of metal wires stretched across the bottom to make the loud "tat" sound. It can also make a "click" sound if hit in a special way.
 Tom Toms - Often simply called "toms", there are usually two of these drums across the top of the kit. To the drummer's left (if he/she is right-handed) is the high tom that makes a higher sound; on the other side is the medium or middle tom with a slightly lower sound, depending on the tuning. Sizes tend to range between 10 and 13 inches. The number and positioning varies by the drummer; some drummers have several toms on their kit, such as an 8-inch tom giving an even higher sound (often used in jazz drumming).
 Floor Tom - Usually placed to the right of the drummer, this is a tom that has its own legs or stand and produces a lower note than the other toms (usually the second lowest after the bass drum). Sizes tend to range between 14 and 18 inches.
 Hi-hat - Two cymbals, usually the same size, that can be pushed together (closed) with a pedal. They can be hit with a drumstick. This sound varies if the hi-hat open, closed, and in-between positions. Another way to play it is to clap the cymbals together with the pedal. The hi-hats are the most important cymbals on the kit, and are often used for detailed timing. Some drummers have more than one hi-hat setup around their kit.
 Crash Cymbal - A cymbal that makes a loud "crash" sound. The sound of a crash cymbal varies by brand and product line. The number of crash cymbals depends on the drummer's personal taste and need for the style of music being played. Crash cymbals are very often used to mark the start of a new section of a song.
 Ride Cymbal - A large, heavy cymbal that, typically, makes a light, airy sound, named from the fact that the drummer can "ride on it" or keep time on it. It is often used an alternative to the hi-hat. The middle of the ride cymbal is called the bell, and it makes a "ping" sound if hit.

Other cymbals and drums can be added to the setup for a wider range of sounds like the Splash, a small cymbal around 10"/25 cm giving a distinct crash sound with a quick decay, or a China cymbal, that gives an "oriental feel" to beats, rhythms, solos and fills. The latter is much like a crash cymbal popped inside out with the screw and sponge holding it to the stand inside it, so it has a shallow bowl shape.

The drummer can do other things to the kit, such as attach a tambourine to the spine of the hi-hat, so when he/she puts his/her foot down on the pedal or hits it with a drumstick, the drummer gets the tambourine sound at the same time. Cymbals can also have rivets inserted into them to give them a 'sizzling' sound, or a cowbell can be attached to the top of the bass drum between the snare and floor tom to use in fills, solos, grooves, etc.

Drums
Back Dorm Boys () are two Chinese people who have made several well known spoof music videos in 2006. Their name comes from their lip sync video of the Backstreet Boys' song "As Long As You Love Me". They are often called the "Back Dormitory Boys". Their spoof music videos have been selected by Motorola China to promote mobile phones. The two members of the Back Dorm Boys are 韦炜 (Wei Wei) and 黄艺馨 (Huang Yi Xin). They were university students at Guangzhou Arts Institute (广州美术学院) majoring in sculpture. Their videos were very famous in China. The became very famous around the world after the videos were shown on YouTube.

Chinese people
Comedy
Musical groups
Natto ( (hiragana), 納豆 (kanji); nattō or nattou) is a traditional Japanese food made by fermenting soybeans. Natto is known for its strong musty smell and unusual slimy texture, which yields mucous-like (or sticky) strings when stirred and eaten. In order to mediate some of the strong flavors, it is usually eaten on top of rice with mentsuyu, a soy sauce-based condiment, or Japanese mustard to their liking. Eating Natto as a custom is not so popular in Kansai area. Whether it is popular or not depends on regions in Japan.

Types 
There are many kinds of Natto. First, Natto is classified under two types of Natto, Itohiki Natto and Ji Natto. Also Itohiki Natto has three kinds of Natto, Marudaizu Natto, Hikiwari Natto, and Goto Natto. We usually eat Marudaizu Natto and Hikiwari Natto.

Availability 

Natto may be bought in stores in Styrofoam boxes. Sometimes, they come with a mustard packet and a packet of tsuyu to eat with the natto.

Preparation 

Although it is not customary to cook natto, natto may be prepared in food items like sushi or donburi. Donburi is any Japanese dish served with rice in a bowl. Natto can be made into a donburi by adding natto and other items like tuna or egg to rice inside a bowl. "Nattojiru" is what people add natto to miso soup as a seasoning. Also Natto is used for topping when we eat Soba, Udon, Spaghetti, Okonomiyaki and so on.

Spices, and Condiments. 
In general, soy sauce, tsuyu, karashi mustard is used, but some people use egg, leek, Japanese ginger, Grated radish, laver, okra, and etc.

References 

Japanese food
is a type of thick, wheat-based noodle popular in Japanese cuisine.

Udon is most often served hot as a noodle soup in a mild, salty broth. Its simplest form is called kake udon. This consists only of dashi stock, soy sauce (shōyu), mirin, and udon noodles. Different things can be put on top of the soup as toppings. Often thinly cut scallions are used, along with other common toppings such as kamaboko, prawn or vegetable tempura, some spices, and wakame.

The flavor of the broth and toppings, as well as even noodle texture and thickness, is different from region to region. Usually, dark brown broth made from dark soy sauce (koikuchi shōyu) is common in eastern Japan. Light brown broth made from light soy sauce (usukuchi shōyu) is common in western Japan. However, many other regional types exist outside of just broth color and mainly vary in toppings used.

Kagawa Prefecture is famous for using udon as a staple food.

Types 
 Tempura Udon (topped with tempura such as prawn and squid)
 Tororo Udon (served with grated yam on top) 
 Kitsune Udon (topped with deep-fried bean curd)
 Tikara Udon (topped with rice cake)
 Curry Udon (Udon soup is curry,which contains dashi)
 Niku Udon (topped with beef that has been seasoned with mirin and sugar)
 Tanuki Udon (topped with agedama)
 Kamatama Udon (raw egg in boiled udons)
 Bukkake Udon (consists of noodle soup)
 Kamaage Udon (to eat without tighten the boiled noodles)
 Tamagotoji Udon (udon closed with egg)
 Tsukimi Udon (topped with raw egg)
 Nabeyaki Udon (noodles braised in a pan with many toppings)
 Yaki Udon (seasoned baked noodles in a sauce)
 Nabe Udon (to eat with vegetables in a pan)
 Zaru udon  (cold udon on zaru)

Definition 
According to JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard), to be udon, a round noodle's diameter has to be over 1.7 mm and a flat noodle's width over 1.7 mm. Udon dough is made from wheat flour and salt.

Noodles
Japanese food
is a Japanese city in  on the island of Honshu.   It is about 40 kilometers west of the center of the 23 special wards of Tokyo. The city is the 8th biggest city around the Tokyo metropolitan area. It is the 24th largest city in Japan.

History
Hachiōji officially became a city on September 1, 1917, but it has been an important point on the Kōshū Highway, the main road that connected Edo (the old name of Tokyo) with Western Japan since before modern times, especially during the Edo period. For a short period of time, a castle, Hachiōji Castle (八王子城; Hachiōji-jō) was in the area. It was made in 1584 by Hōjō Ujiteru (北条氏照), but was soon broken in war by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590. In the Meiji period, Hachiōji grew larger because of silk and silk textiles. However, the industry became less popular in the 1960s. Today, Hachiōji is home for many Tokyo workers.

In Hachioji, there are about 20 colleges and universities, including Takushoku University.

Geography
There are 3 mountains around Hachioji.

References

Other websites

 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Nerima is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Nerima City" in English.

Nerima is called "the town of animation" because the earliest  anime businesses started up in the area.

History
On 1 August 1947, the ward of Nerima was formed by separating from the ward of Itabashi.

Geography
Nerima is a western ward. It borders Nakano and Suginami on the south.  Musashino and Nishitokyo are on the ward's western border. Saitamo Prefecture is on the northern border. Itabashi and Toshima are on the west.

There is a long river in Nerima.

Related pages 
 List of special wards of Tokyo
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

 Nerima website 
 Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards 

Wards of Tokyo
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
1947 establishments in Japan
is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Suginami City" in English.

Geography
Suginami is in the western part of Tokyo's special wards. It is next to Setagaya to the south. Its western neighbors are the cities of Mitaka and Musashino. Nerima is on the northern border. Nakano is to the east.

The Kanda river runs through the ward.

Related pages 
 List of special wards of Tokyo
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

 http://www2.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/life/english.htm , http://www2.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/life/japan.htm 
 Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards 
 Suginami Animation Museum 

Wards of Tokyo
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, Japan.

It is southwest of the town of Hiranai. It is a coastal city, and is near the Mutsu-wan (陸奥湾). It has been recognized as a core city since 2006.

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
 Aomori Prefecture
 Fujisaki
 Goshogawara
 Hirakawa
 Hiranai
 Itayanagi
 Kuroishi
 Shichinohe
 Towada
 Yomogita

Demography
According to Japanese census data,

Festivals
The Nebuta festival is one of the most famous festivals in Japan. It takes place at the beginning of August. More than 300,000 people come and see this festival every year.
This festival is called both “Nebuta” and ”Neputa”. In Aomori city, they use the word “Nebuta”, and in Hirosaki city, they use the word “Neputa”.

References

External links
 Official website

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Aomori Prefecture
Land Registry or Her Majesty's Land Registry is a United Kingdom government office which started in 1862.  It publicly records interests in land in England and Wales.  It answers to the Ministry of Justice.

Purpose
The office records the owner of land and legal rights over land.  It has recorded about half of the land in England and Wales, and they request owners to record the rest.

Persons make payments to the Land Registry to record land or for copies of the records.  The British Government does not make payments to the Land Registry.

Offices
The Land Registry has 24 offices in England and Wales and a head office at Lincoln’s Inn Fields in London, England.  It wants to shut the offices in York and Harrow.

The head of the Land Registry is called the Chief Land Registrar and Chief Executive.

History
In 1857 a government committee said there should be a record of land.  The Land Registry started after the Land Registry Act 1862.  The failure of this law led to a new law in 1875.  But this law was also a failure because persons could decide if they wanted to record their land, and most persons decided not to.  In 1897 a new law forced persons in London to record their land when they sold it.  Step by step this law was applied to the rest of England and Wales by 1990.  A new law – the Land Registration Act 2002 – modernised the law and made possible the electronic sale of land.

Other websites 

 Land Registry website
 Registers of Scotland website 

Departments of the United Kingdom Government
Government agencies of the United Kingdom
1862 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Yamuna (), sometimes called Jamuna (, , ) or Jumna, is a major river in North India. It is the largest branch of a bigger river called the Ganges. It is 1370 km long. It begins at the Yamunotri, which is in the Himalayas. It goes through the Indian states of Delhi, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. At the end, it flows into the Ganges. Rivers that come out of the Yamuna include the Tons (the largest of the ones that come out of it), Chambal, Betwa, and Ken.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of India

Other websites

The Geography of the Rigveda
 Yamuna Action Plan 

Rivers of India