cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the Federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution. Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts, and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III United States federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die.

Courts
The federal courts are composed of three levels of courts. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court. It is generally an appellate court that operates under discretionary review, which means that the Court can choose which cases to hear, by granting of writs of certiorari. There is generally no right of appeal to the Supreme Court. In a few situations (like lawsuits between state governments or some cases between the federal government and a state) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction.

The United States courts of appeals are the intermediate federal appellate courts. There are 13 appellate courts that determine if the law was applied correctly in trial courts. In some cases, Congress has diverted appellate jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review.

There are 94 United States district courts. These are general federal trial courts, although in many cases Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Court of International Trade, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Alien Terrorist Removal Court, or to Article I or Article IV tribunals. The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear appeals from such tribunals (unless, for example, appeals are to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.)

References
Der Barbier von Bagdad (The Barber of Baghdad), is an German comic opera with music and libretto by Peter Cornelius. It is based on "The Tale of the Tailor" and "The Barber's Stories of his Six Brothers" in One Thousand and One Nights. It was first performed in Weimar, on December 15, 1858. By far Cornelius' most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed.

Principal characters

 Nureddin - tenor
 Bostana - mezzo-soprano
 Abdul Hassan Ali Ebn Bekar, the barber - bass
 Margiana - soprano
 Baba Mustapha, the Cadi - tenor
 The Caliph - baritone

Discography
 1952: Rudolf Schock (Nureddin), Hilde Rössl-Majdan (Bostana), Gottlob Frick (Abdul Hassan), Sena Jurinac (Margiana); Chor und Orchester Radio Wien, Heinrich Hollreiser - (Melodram)
 1956: Nicolai Gedda (Nureddin), Grace Hoffmann (Bostana), Oskar Czerwenka (Abdul Hassan), Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Margiana); Philharmonia Chorus and Orchestra, Erich Leinsdorf - (EMI Classics)
 1973: Adlabert Kraus (Nureddin), Trudeliese Schmidt (Bostana), Karl Ridderbusch (Abdul Hassan), Sylvia Geszty (Margiana); Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Münchner Rundfunkorchester, Heinrich Hollreiser - (RCA Records)
 1974: Horst R. Laubenthal (Nureddin), Marga Schiml (Bostana), Hans Sotin (Abdul Hassan), Helen Donath (Margiana); Kölner Rundfunkchor, Kölner Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester, Ferdinand Leitner - (Profil)

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

operas
CRISPR is a term in DNA research. It stands for clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats. These are part of the genetic code in prokaryotes: most bacteria and archaea have it. It is their defence against attack by viruses. Its structure and function was discovered in the 21st century.

CRISPR has a lot of short repeated sequences. These sequences are part of an adaptive immune system for prokaryotes. It allows them to remember and counter the bacteriophages which prey on them. They work as a kind of acquired immunity for bacteria.

They can modify the genes of almost any organism. They are used by researchers as a tool to cut and insert genes in genetic modification (GM). Work is under way to find how they can be used to attack virus diseases in humans (gene therapy).

How it works 
Each repetition is followed by short segments of "spacer DNA". These come from previous exposures to a bacterial virus or plasmid. CRISPR spacers recognize and cut up the foreign genetic elements in a manner like RNA interference in eukaryotic organisms.

In effect, the spacers are fragments of DNA from viruses that have previously tried to attack the cell line. The foreign source of the spacers was a sign to researchers that the CRISPR/cas system could have a role in adaptive immunity in bacteria.

The actual cutting is done by a nuclease called Cas9. Cas9 has two active cutting sites, one for each strand of the DNA's double helix. Cas9 does this by unwinding foreign DNA and checking whether it is complementary to the 20 basepair spacer region of the guide RNA (the spacer region RNA). If it is, the foreign DNA gets chopped up.

Applications 
CRISPR is an anti-viral defensive system which originated in bacteria and archaea. Gene editing is a human exploitation of CRISPR.

The technology has been used to switch off genes in human cell lines and cells, to study Candida albicans, to modify yeasts used to make biofuel and to genetically modify crop strains.

The CRISPR-Cas9 system cuts DNA, but can do more. It can turn gene expression on and off, and can be used to fluorescently tag particular sequences.

Nobel award 
The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2020 which was awarded jointly to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.

References 

Genetic engineering
Immunology
Prokaryotes
DNA
A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer, elected or appointed to a local court that has limited jurisdiction. In some locations a JP deals with traffic violations, parking tickets and may have the authority to perform marriages ceremonies. In many places they are the entry-level courts that most criminal cases pass through. JP courts were popular in early history, but are now found mostly in rural areas. Otherwise people would have to travel longer distances to other courts of law.

History 
In 1195, a proclamation of Richard I of England local knights were appointed to keep order. In 1264, "Keepers of the Peace were appointed in every county to serve the king. Such men were called "Justice of the Peace" beginning in about 1362. When colonists came to British North America they brought with them the common law system that included JPs. In France, "Lords of the Court" administered justice. After 1789, justices of the peace were elected.

Requirements 
While the requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another, generally, to become a JP there are few if any educational requirements. An application is filled out and usually there is a fee. Justices may be chosen by their qualifications and references. Many have law degrees while others may have taken a few law classes.

References

Other websites 
 Justice of the Peace, Texas Association of Counties
 How to Become a Justice of the Peace in Canada
 Justice of the Peace in Australia
 Becoming a Magistrate in England and Wales

Law
Garry Emmanuel Shandling (November 29, 1949 – March 24, 2016) was an American comedian, actor, writer, producer and director. He was best known for his work in It's Garry Shandling's Show and The Larry Sanders Show.

Early life
Shandling was born Garry Emmanuel Shandling in Chicago, Illinois on November 29, 1949. He was raised in Tucson, Arizona. He studied at the University of Arizona.

Career
Shandling began his career in 1975. He started writing for sitcoms such as Sanford and Son and Welcome Back, Kotter. He began his career in comedy when he was on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and was on the show many times. 

Shandling was for a thought to replace Carson (other hopefuls were Joan Rivers, David Letterman and David Brenner). In 1986, he created It's Garry Shandling's Show, for the pay cable channel Showtime. It was nominated for four Emmy Awards (including one for Shandling) and lasted until 1990. His second show, The Larry Sanders Show, which began airing on HBO in 1992, was even more successful. 

Shandling was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards for the show and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series in 1998, along with Peter Tolan, for writing the series finale. In movies, Shandling had the same role as Senator Stern in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Iron Man 2 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, as well as a voice in DreamWorks Animation's Over the Hedge.

His last movies were Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2015) and The Jungle Book (2016).

Personal life
Shandling was in a relationship with Linda Doucett from 1987 through 1994. He lived in Los Angeles, California.

Death
Shandling died in Los Angeles from a pulmonary embolism caused by thrombosis in his leg on March 24, 2016. He was aged 66.

Awards
During his career, Shandling was nominated for 19 Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, along with many other awards and nominations. He served as host of the Grammy Awards four times and as host of the Emmy Awards three times.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Garry Shandling on Charlie Rose  via Google Video (2006)
  in 2002
 AllMovie.com: Garry Shandling
 Museum of Broadcasting: It's Garry Shandling's Show / The Larry Sanders Show 
 Filmbug.com: Garry Shandling

1949 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Tucson, Arizona
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television presenters
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Comedians from Arizona
Comedians from Chicago
Writers from Tucson, Arizona
Writers from Chicago
Emmy Award winners
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Deaths from thrombosis
Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions. These are found either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported. Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information.

A legal citation is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or work, that either agrees with or contradicts a given position". Where cases are published on paper, the citation usually contains the following information:
 Report title
 Volume number
 Page, section, or paragraph number
 Publication year

In some report series, for example in England and Australia, volumes are not numbered independently of the year. So the year and volume number (usually no greater than 4) are required to identify which book of the series has the case reported within its covers. In such citations, it is usual in these jurisdictions to apply square brackets "" to the year (which may not be the year that the case was decided, For example, a case decided in December 2001 may have been reported in 2002).

The Internet brought with it the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on websites. Decisions of many courts from all over the world can now be found through the website WorldLII and its member institutes.

Most court decisions are not published on paper. The large number of court decisions found online  resulted in a flood of information. The result was that a medium-neutral citation system was adopted.  This usually contains the following information:
 Year of decision
 Abbreviated title of the court
 Decision number (not the court file number)
Rather than utilizing page numbers for "pinpoint references", which would depend upon particular printers and browsers, pinpoint quotations refer to paragraph numbers.

The conjunction "versus" is abbreviated to "v" in Commonwealth countries and to "v." in  the United States.

Pronunciation of case titles

In common law countries with an adversarial system of justice, the names of the opposing parties are separated in the case title by the abbreviation v. The abbreviation represents the Latin word versus, which means against. When case titles are read out loud, the v. can be pronounced, depending on the context, as and, against, versus, or vee.

References 

Law
Barisal Zilla School is a boys school located in Barisal, Bangladesh. It is one of the oldest and top ranked high schools in the country and the first high school in Barisal Division.

It was founded by an Englishman, N. W. Garret, on 23 December 1829 with only 8 students. Now it has more than two thousand students.

Notable alumni 
Barisal Zilla School produced many leading local reformers, politicians, statesmen, educationists, philosophers, poets-writers, and sportsmen. Those notable persons include:

 Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq, Bengali nationalist and statesman 
 Abdul Jabbar Khan, former speaker
 Abdur Rahman Biswas, former president of Bangladesh
 Altaf Mahmud, music composer
 Sardar Fazlul Karim, scholar, academic, philosopher and essayist
 Buddhadeb Guha, writer 
 Lieutenant General Hasan Mashhud Chowdhury, ex-chief of Army staff

References

Barisal
Education in Bangladesh
1829 establishments
Establishments in Bangladesh
19th-century establishments in Asia
Schools in Bangladesh
Boynton v. Virginia, , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. On December 20, 1958, Bruce Boynton, a senior at Howard Law School, left Washington, D.C. on a bus to go home for Christmas to Montgomery, Alabama. At the bus terminal in Richmond, Virginia he entered the restaurant and sat in the "white only" section.  For refusing to leave, he was arrested and convicted for violating a Virginia statute making it illegal for anyone "without authority of law" to remain after being forbidden to do so. He then appealed the conviction to the Supreme Court of Virginia. He maintained “that his conviction violated the Interstate Commerce Act and the Equal Protection, Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the Federal Constitution.” But the state Supreme Court upheld his conviction.He next petitioned the United States Supreme Court for certiorari. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the conviction of the lower court. The Court held that Boynton “had a federal right to remain in the white portion of the restaurant” as the Interstate Commerce Act “forbids any interstate common carrier by motor vehicle to subject any person to unjust discrimination.” Justice Hugo Black delivered the majority opinion.

The decision 
The court ruled in a 7-2 decision in favor of Boynton. It held that interstate passengers were protected by the Interstate Commerce Act and the terminal's restaurant was a part of that facility. In part the decision read:

Effects of "Boynton" 
Justices Tom C. Clark and Charles Evans Whittaker dissented in the 7-2 decision. It was the first time since 1946 the court had split over matters of racial segregation. 

Boynton v. Virginia paved the way and inspired the Freedom Riders to test the new ruling. Black and white riders rode together on Southern racially segregated buses beginning in 1961. After six months of protests and press coverage of the Freedom Riders, The Interstate Commerce Commission outlawed racial discrimination in seating passengers on interstate busses. It ordered the removal of "whites only" signs from all interstate bus terminals.

References

Other websites 
 Boynton v. Virginia,  The 1961 Freedom Rides 
 The Freedom Rides of 1961, Testing Boynton v. Virginia

United States Supreme Court cases
United States law
1960 in the United States
American civil rights
20th century in Virginia
A proof-of-work (POW) system is a system where finding a solution to a given problem is difficult and/or expensive, but verifying the solution to the given problem is simple and/or cheap.

Example

Find the positive integer whose sha256 hash value is:

 c75cb66ae28d8ebc6eded002c28a8ba0d06d3a78c6b5cbf9b2ade051f0775ac4

To find this integer, you must compute the sha256 value for every integer starting with zero until you find the right value. While each individual computation is trivial and cheap, cumulatively the work adds up and becomes time consuming and expensive. To successfully reproduce the given hash value, you must do some work.

Find some data whose sha256 hash value begins with at least 8 leading zeros:

 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f

In the first example, the problem required the original value as proof that work had been done. In this example, it does not matter what the data is, only that it produces a hash value with the given constraints. Finding this data is difficult, but once found, it is trivial to verify by running it through sha256.

Cryptography
Barisal Sadar () is an Upazila of Barisal District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh.

Population
The population of Barisal Sadar Upazila is 527,017. Males are 52.72% of the population, and females 47.28%. The population density is about 1625 people per km².

References

Subdivisions of Bangladesh
Peristalsis is a process of contraction and relaxation of the muscle around parts of the alimentary canal.Or Peristalsis is a series of wave of contraction that Pass from one end to other

The most familiar example of this is in the oesophagus. In the oesophagus, peristalsis pushes the ball of food down the oesophagus. The smooth muscle of the oesophagus contracts and relaxes in sequence, and this pushes the ball of food down the oesophagus.

The muscle is worked by a nervous mechanism called the "migrating motor complex". This works in one direction only, and also works in the lower regions of the digestive system.

Digestive system
The Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE-SUPAERO; ) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (South France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur SUPAERO (SUPAERO Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science & Doctorat (PhD doctorate studies )
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS) (In partnership with the French Civil Aviation University)
 Massive Online Open Course

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a lot of nationalities participate to the different curricula at SUPAERO.

Most of the 1600 graduate engineer students at ISAE-SUPAERO live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

History 
The school results from the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (created In 1909) and the École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de construction aéronautique (created in 1946).

Admission 
Admission to the Supaero engineering Programme implemented at ISAE is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either:
 an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences ;
 a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
 a selective application as per Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The Supaero Programme typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the Supaero Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.

However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ISAE and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

Research labs 
Research activities at ISAE relate to the following topics:
 Aerodynamics, energetics, propulsion
 Mechanics of structure and materials
 Electronics, optronics and signal
 Mathematics, computer science, automatics
 Languages, arts, cultures, societies
 Aeronautics and Space Centre

Notable graduate 
 Guy du Merle, French aerospace engineer, pilot and writer

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
1909 establishments in France
A peremptory challenge is a right during voir dire (the process of selecting a jury) to reject a certain number of potential jurors without having to give a reason. The word "peremptory" means without a reason given; allowing no contradiction or refusal. Peremptory challenges may be made by either party to the proceedings. This kind of challenge has been more difficult to use because the Supreme Court of the United States has prohibited peremptory challenges (also called peremptory strikes) based on gender or race. Different jurisdictions allow different numbers of peremptory challenges to each side. Some jurisdictions allow additional peremptory challenges. In United States federal courts each side is allowed three peremptory challenges. Also, if there are more than two parties involved in the proceeding the court may allow additional challenges or restrict the number for all parties.

Peremptory vs for cause 
To insure an impartial jury, during voir dire, prospective jurors are questioned by the lawyers and the court. Either lawyer may challenge a juror for cause. Reasons may include the prospective juror's opinions on issues, personal knowledge of the case, their occupation or any reason to believe the juror may not be able to be fair. Unlike peremptory challenges, challenges for cause may not be limited to a certain number in most jurisdictions. The reason for either type of challenge is that each lawyer is trying to find jurors who are sympathetic to their case.

History 
The peremptory challenge has its roots in Roman law. Both parties would propose up to 100 prospective jurors, then each could strike 50. This left a total of 100 jurors on the jury. In English common law, a prosecutor had an unlimited number of peremptory challenges while the defendant has 35. In 1305, the Parliament of England eliminated all peremptory challenges for the prosecution. In 1988, Parliament eliminated all peremptory challenges for the defense. Peremptory challenges came to the United States with the colonists and Common Law. Peremptory challenges remained much the same until the late 20th century.

Peremptory challenges and the Supreme Court 
The following observation is attributed to Mark Twain:

While the right to use peremptory challenges is not guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, The Supreme Court has held peremptory challenges are "to assure the parties that the jurors before whom they try the case will decide on the basis of the evidence placed before them, and not otherwise."

Three Supreme Court decisions have shaped the modern peremptory challenge:
 In Turner v. Murray, , the Court held that in "special circumstances" judges must question potential jurors about racial prejudice to prevent a biased jury.
 In Batson v. Kentucky, , prosecutors may not use peremptory challenges to exclude jurors based on race as it violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
 In Tanner v. United States, , the Court held that a jury verdict would not be overturned even when the jury had been consuming copious amounts of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during the trial and deliberations.

Notes

References 

Legal terms
Sher-e-Bangla Medical College (SBMC), is a government medical school in  Bangladesh, established in 1968. It is located in Barisal.

History
Construction began on the college on 6 November 1964, at that time it was known as Barisal Medical College.

Campus
There are three hostels for male students and two for the female students. Both male and female intern doctors have each one hostel for them.

Photo Gallery

References

Barisal
1968 establishments
Colleges and universities in Bangladesh
This is the Results of the first round of 2015–16 La Liga.

Results

2nd round

3rd round

5th round

7th round

8th round

9th round

11th round

12th round

13th round

14th round

16th round

19th round 

La Liga
Football in Spain
2015 in association football
2016 in association football
The Château de Saint Cloud was a château in Paris, France. It was sometimes called the Palace of Saint Cloud. It was burned down during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. It was once a private property of Queen Marie Antoinette. Since December 2006, there has been a movement to rebuild the Château de Saint-Cloud.

Early history

The building was originally called the "he Hôtel d'Aulnay". In the 16h century, it was expanded into a château by the Gondi banking family. The estate was in the hands of the Gondi family till 1658. At that time it was bought by Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, the only brother of Louis XIV of France. The estate remained the personal property of the descendants of Philippe of France. It was a country residence, as opposed to the Palais Royal in the center of Paris.

Queen Marie Antoinette
After negotiating for a long time, the Château de Saint-Cloud was bought in 1785 by Louis XVI. He bought it for Marie Antoinette. She thought that the air of Saint-Cloud would be good for her children. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who had not visited the château since his morganatic marriage to his mistress Madame de Montesson, sold it for 6,000,000 livres. Marie Antoinette started changing Saint-Cloud in 1787-1788. She used her preferred architect Richard Mique. He had also decorated parts of the Palace of Versailles for the queen.

Emperor Napoléon III

During the Second Empire, Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugénie held their imperial court at Saint-Cloud during the spring and the autumn. There was also a reception for Queen Victoria in honour of her 1855 visit to France. In 1859, a model railway was built in the private park. It was built for Napoléon, Prince Imperial, the 3-year-old son of emperor Napoléon III,.

Other websites

Napoléon III et la reine Victoria. Une visite à l’Exposition Universelle de 1855
 Official site of the Domaine National de Saint-Cloud

Buildings and structures in Paris
An essential oil is a liquid from a plant. Essential oils contain chemical compounds that are useful for their scent. They are used in aromatherapy. Perfumes are made with essential oils.

Around the world, essential oils are being studied in modern clinical trials to test ancient claims of healing. They are being studied for their effectiveness as antibacterial agents, fungicides, insecticides, pain relief, stress reduction, and skin problems.

Name

The name essential oil comes from theories in the Middle Ages of a fifth element. People than believed that there were four basic elements that everything was made of: fire, water, air and earth. The elusive "soul" of things was called the quintessential element or the fifth element. Over time, quintessential was shortened to essential. Alchemists said that this element could change iron to gold. Some believed it held the planets in their orbits.

Producing the essential oil
Most essential oils today are steam distilled. This process separates out the aromatic essential oils from the solid plant matter. With steam distillation, it can take thousands of pounds of plant matter to create just one liter of essential oil.

Other methods include expelling and solvent extraction. Expelling is using pressure to squeeze the essential oil out of the plant. This method is generally used for citrus oils. Solvent extraction uses substances such as carbon dioxide to extract the essential oil. This method is used for delicate plants such as rose and jasmine, which can be too fragile to go through the distillation process.

Plants
Chemical compounds
Oils
Benjamin Franklin Tilley (March 29, 1848 in Bristol, Rhode Island – March 18, 1907 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an admiral in the US Navy who served in the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War. He was also governor of American Samoa.

1848 births
1907 deaths
Admirals
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
Governors of American Samoa
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Politicians from Rhode Island
Deaths from pneumonia
The Black Hills are a small mountain range from the Great Plains of North America in South Dakota.

Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took over the territory of the Black Hills. 

In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. This exempted the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. 

But, when European Americans discovered gold there in 1874, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to other reservations in western South Dakota. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans from population centers to the west and south. Miners flocked there from earlier gold boom places in Colorado and Montana.

As the economy shifted from mining and logging, the tourism industry has grown. The Black Hills have two areas: "The Southern Hills" and "The Northern Hills". The Southern Hills is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Harney Peak (the highest point in the United States east of the Rockies), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), the Crazy Horse Memorial (the largest Mountain sculpture in the world), and the Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, the world’s largest mammoth research facility.

Mountain ranges of the United States
Mountains of the United States
Knossos is a Bronze Age archaeological site on the island of Crete. It is at modern Heraklion. It may be Europe's oldest city.

Many Roman coins found on the site had 'Knosion' or 'Knos' on one side, and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse. These are symbols from the myth of King Minos, supposed to have reigned at Knossos.

The excavations at Knossos began in 1900 by the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) and his team. They worked there for 35 years. The palace was excavated and partly restored. It was large. The team discovered two ancient scripts, called Linear A and Linear B. From the layering of the palace, Evans developed an idea of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan. The palace was built over a previous Neolithic town. During the Bronze Age, the town surrounded the hill on which the palace was built.

The palace was abandoned at some unknown time at the end of the late Bronze Age, c. 1380–1100 BC, for reasons which are not known.

References 

Islands of Greece
Archaeological sites in Europe
Imre Nagy (7 June 1896 - 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian communist politician. He was born in Kaposvár. He was chairman on two occasions. He was executed by hanging in Budapest.

1896 births
1958 deaths
Communist politicians
Hungarian politicians
People executed by hanging
Lee Buck Trevino (born September 1, 1939) is a retired American professional golfer who was born in Dallas, Texas.

1939 births
Living people
American golfers
Sportspeople from Dallas, Texas
The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is the national space agency of China, and is based in the Haidian District. It is in charge of the national space program and of managing different space-related activities.

Space agencies
China
A mamba is a fast-moving venomous snakes of the genus Dendroaspis (means "tree asp"). It belongs to the Elapidae family.

They are native to Africa. The black mamba is one of the well-known species and is also the most feared. Other members include the eastern green mamba, western green mamba and Jameson's mamba.

Behavior 

Most mambas are arboreal, meaning they live in trees. The only exception is the black mamba, which lives on land. All mamba species hunt during the day. They prey on birds, lizards and small mammals.

There are many stories of mambas chasing humans, but these snakes usually prefer to avoid contact with humans. Humans are actually their main predators, rather than prey.

Because mambas and cobras are in the same family, they share some similarities. Like the cobra, a mamba might display a hood when threatened. However, a mamba's hood is more narrow and is longer. A mamba usually opens its mouth when threatened, so they lean forward unlike the cobra which usually stands erect.

Venom 

All mambas are very venomous. Their venom is mostly comprised of neurotoxins, which attack the nervous system. The venom can also contain cardiotoxins (which damage the heart muscle) and fasciculins (which cause muscle twitches).

The toxicity of the venom varies. Changes in the toxicity can even be caused by the weather or altitude.

All mamba species have similar venom, but the black mamba has the most toxic venom and is more aggressive. 

Untreated black mamba bites are fatal.

References 

Elapidae
Chanel is a French fashion company created by  Coco Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971).

It designs clothing, perfumes, luxury goods and jewellery, usually of simple design. It is widely known for the "little black dress" and Chanel No. 5 perfume.

1909 establishments in France
French fashion houses
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is an American organization that works to protect marine life. It was founded in 1977 by activist Paul Watson, a former member of  Greenpeace. One of the things they heavily campaign against is whaling.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society website

Environmental organizations
Swinging is a human sexuality based on multi-partner relations. In contrast with an affair, both partners are consenting to sexual exchange of one and the other. It was this exchange that creates a certain eroticism and even sexual arousal.

Human sexuality
The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 objects. It includes star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by English astronomer Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.

The Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation. However, it was not compiled for that purpose. It does  not include many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. As Messier got his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae. 

So Moore compiled a list of 109 objects – to match the accepted number of Messier objects. The list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.

References 

Astronomical catalogues
The United States district courts are the trial courts of the federal court system.

How they work
United States district courts hold trials, like state courts do.  However, the Constitution only gives federal courts the power to hear certain kinds of cases.  For example, federal courts can hear cases about:
 Whether a law is constitutional
 Disagreements between two or more states
 Crimes that happen at sea
 Bankruptcy
 United States Ambassadors' treaties

Each trial is heard by a judge and decided by a jury.

Organization
There are 94 U.S. district courts in the United States.  Every district court also includes a bankruptcy court.

Each state (and Washington, D.C.) has at least one district court.  So do four U.S. territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

Appeals

The next-most powerful federal courts are the United States Courts of Appeals.  They are also called "appellate courts."  There are 13 Courts of Appeals.  The 94 district courts are organized into 12 larger areas, called "circuits."  Each Court of Appeals deals with appeals filed in their circuit.

For example, the Districts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, and Puerto Rico are grouped together into the "First Circuit."  If, for example, somebody wanted to appeal a decision made by the District Court of Massachusetts, they would write an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.

The last choice for appealing a court decision is to file an appeal asking the United States Supreme Court to hear the case.

Locations of District Courts

Here is a map that shows which circuit each United States District Court is in.  States that are the same color are in the same circuit.  Each circuit has a number on it  for example, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are in the 5th Circuit.

The dotted lines on the map also show the areas which the District Courts cover.  On the map, some states have no dotted lines in them.  This means there is only one District Court in that state.  For example, Alaska has only one District Court: the District Court of Alaska.  This court covers the entire state of Alaska.

Other states are divided into more than one district.  The dotted lines on the map show where one district ends and another begins.  For example, on the map, Washington is divided down the middle by a dotted line.  Washington has two District Courts: the District Court for the Western District of Washington, and the District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.

List of District Courts

Here is a list of information about all of the United States District Courts.  Just like with the map, districts that are in the same circuit are the same color.  The colors are the same as the map (for example, districts in the 8th Circuit are orange on the map and on the list).  To sort this table, click on the little triangle on the top row of the table, in the column you want to sort by.

Related pages
 Federal judiciary of the United States (the whole federal court system)
 United States courts of appeals

References

Federal judiciary of the United States
Swati (also known as Swazi) ( SiSwati) is part of the Nguni group of Bantu languages. It is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Eswatini and South Africa. It is one of the eleven official languages in South Africa. It is taught in the schools of Eswatini, and in some South African schools. Swati is closely related to Phuthi, a language spoken in Lesotho, and to Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa.

Swati has four main varietes: Shiselweni, Hhohho, Manzini and Shiselweni. They correspond with the four administrative regions of Eswatini.

References

Bantu languages
Languages of South Africa
Ryan Drummond (born January 10, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, mime and comedian. He is best known for voicing Sonic the Hedgehog in several installments of the Sonic the Hedgehog series from 1998 to 2004. He is also known for being the bass vocalist in the A.Y.U. Quartet since 1991. He has been starring in a musical comedy in San Diego called "Forever Plaid".

Personal life
Drummond married his wife, Lisa Drummond, on October 8, 2002. They live in San Francisco, California. He and his wife, Lisa Drummond, are divorced in 2019.

Filmography

Film

Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- 
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || Baywatch || DJ Johnny Jam || Episode: "Baywatch at Sea World"
|-
| 1998 || Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place || Isaac Glickstein || Episode: "Two Guys, a Girl and an Elective"
|-
| 2001 || The Chronicle || Andy || Episode: "What Gobbles Beneath"
|-
| 2001 || The Invisible Man || Mime, Man || 2 Episodes: "Money for Nothing: Part 2", "Immaterial Girl"
|-
| 2003-06 || Sonic X || Sonic the Hedgehog/Super Sonic/Dark Sonic || Originally
|-
| 2004 || Veronica Mars || Associate || Episode: "You Think You Know Somebody"
|-
| 2005 || Point Pleasant || Booth Vendor || Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Choked"
|-
| 2009 || Trauma || Fair Patron || Episode: "All's Fair"
|-
| 2011 || Dual Suspects || Robert Evans || Episode: "Fast Food Fatality"
|}

Video game roles

Albums
 S.C.R.A.M., 1994 studio album by the A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals
 Atomic Young Ultrasonics, 1996 studio album by The A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals
 Acappella Yuletide Uproar'', 2010 studio album by The A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals

References

American voice actors
1973 births
Living people
People from Lima, Ohio
Actors from Ohio
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.  In case citations, the Court's name is abbreviated "5th Cir."

The 5th Circuit
The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 5th Circuit.  These less powerful courts are called United States district courts.  They are federal trial courts.  If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit.

These are the United States District Courts that are located in the 5th Circuit:

 Eastern District of Louisiana
 Middle District of Louisiana
 Western District of Louisiana
 Northern District of Mississippi
 Southern District of Mississippi
 Eastern District of Texas
 Northern District of Texas
 Southern District of Texas
 Western District of Texas

The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit handles appeals from every one of these District Courts.

The Court
The Court has 17 judges.  The main court building is located in the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana.  The court clerk's office is at the Felix Edward Hébert Federal Building in New Orleans.

The Court met for the first time on June 16, 1891, in the Customs House in New Orleans.

Famous decisions 
The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit decided a landmark case called Gates v. Collier, which stopped the severe physical abuse of prisoners by "trustys" at Mississippi State Penitentiary (then called Parchman).

Related pages
 Federal judiciary of the United States (the entire federal court system)
 United States Supreme Court
 United States courts of appeals
 United States district courts
 Gates v. Collier

References

Courts (law)
United States courts of appeals
1891 establishments in the United States
Steven Browning Sample (November 29, 1940 – March 29, 2016) was the 10th president of the University of Southern California (USC). He became president in 1991 and was succeeded by C.L. Max Nikias on August 3, 2010.

Before he was president at USC, he held the same position at the University at Buffalo (UB) in the State University of New York (SUNY) system from 1982 to 1991.  He was succeeded by William R. Greiner.

Personal life and death 
In 2001, Sample was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, but said he still felt able to serve as president of USC.  On March 29, 2016, Sample died at the age of 75.  He had lived in San Marino, California.

References

Other websites
 Steven B. Sample University at Buffalo presidential biography 
 University of Southern California, President website
 

1940 births
2016 deaths
Engineers from Missouri
Scientists from St. Louis, Missouri
Action Comics is an current comic book series. Superman first appeared in it. It is one of the longest comic series in America. It started in 1938.

Comic books
1938 establishments
James Hadley "Jay" Snyder (born February 7, 1975) also known by his stage name as Dan Green, is an American voice actor, voice director and script adapter who is known for his work with 4Kids Entertainment, DuArt Film and Video, NYAV Post and Central Park Media. He is best known for his voice work as Yugi Mutou in the Yu–Gi–Oh! franchise and as Knuckles the Echidna in Sonic X and in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game franchise from 2005 to 2010.

Personal life
He married his wife Michal Lura Friedman, a singer and fellow voice actress in 2008. they were married for four years until her death in 2011, from complications during childbirth. They have two children, Jackson James Snyder and Reverie Vivian Snyder.

References

1975 births
Living people
Actors from Marin County, California
American voice actors
The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.  In case citations, the Court's name is abbreviated "1st Cir."

The 1st Circuit
The Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 1st Circuit.  These less powerful courts are called United States district courts.  They are federal trial courts.  If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit.

These are the United States District Courts that are in the 1st Circuit:
  District of Maine
  District of Massachusetts
  District of New Hampshire
  District of Puerto Rico
  District of Rhode Island

About the Court

The Court is based at the John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse in Boston, Massachusetts.

The First Circuit is the smallest of the thirteen United States courts of appeals.  As of 2016, the Court has six full-time judges and six judges on senior status.  Senior status is like being partly retired.  Three of the Senior Judges do not hear any cases.  The others may hear cases if they choose to.

Since he retired from the United States Supreme Court, Justice David Souter regularly sits on the First Circuit "by designation."  This means he is a visiting judge who comes to hear cases at the First Circuit, to add his knowledge and experience.

Schedule
The Court usually "sits" (meets at the Courthouse and hears cases) for one week a month, eleven months per year.  Court sittings are held in the mornings, usually between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM (EST).  For one month out of the year  either July or August  the Court takes a summer break and does not meet.

This is the Court's normal schedule:
 In every month except September and the Court's summer break month: The Court sits for one week each month, starting on the first Monday of the month
 In both March and November: The Court sits for an extra week at the Jose V. Toledo Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico
 In September: The Court starts on the Wednesday after Labor Day, sits for the three days in that week, and sits for all five days the next week

History

On March 3, 1891, the United States Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.  Congress approved two judgeships for the Court (it allowed two judges to sit on the Court).

On January 28, 1915, Congress passed a law that added the District of Puerto Rico to the First Circuit.  The law said that the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit would hear appeals from Puerto Rico's district court.

Over time, Congress approved more full-time judgeships for the Court:

Related pages
 Federal judiciary of the United States (the entire federal court system)
 United States Supreme Court
 United States courts of appeals
 United States district courts

References

United States courts of appeals
1891 establishments in the United States
The Zomi Baptist Church is a christian believer church. In India the  Zomi Baptist Church (ZBC) was established in 1982. 

The ZBC headquarters is at Champhai, India. In  Myanmar the ZBC is known as ZBCM (Zomi Baptist Church in Myanmar). Nowadays the ZBC is also present in the United States (Tulsa) and other countries in the world.

References

Baptist churches
Myanmar
Religion in India
Christianity in the United States
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in India