cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield PC KG (22 September 1694 – 24 March 1773) was a British statesman and intellectual.

Stanhope was born in London. He got his schooling at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. After that, he went on the Grand Tour of the continent. He became gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales.

Career in government
In 1715, he entered the House of Commons as Lord Stanhope of Shelford and member for St Germans. He left for Paris and sent the government valuable information about the Jacobite plot. In 1716, he returned to Britain and sat in the House of Commons. He liked to take part in the debates. 

He took his seat in the House of Lords. In 1728, he was sent to the Hague as ambassador. He did a good job, and got the Order of the Garter in 1730, and the position of Lord Steward. After he did not support Walpole's Excise Bill, he was dismissed from his stewardship. He spent years opposing the ruling party in the House of Lords. First against Robert Walpole and then against King George II of England. In 1744, the "Broad Bottom" party, led by Chesterfield and Pitt, came into office. They ruled together with the Pelhams. 

He was then sent to the Hague as ambassador a second time. The object of his mission was to persuade the Dutch to join in the War of the Austrian Succession. His mission was successful. When he got back to London, he was made Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland. This was a position he wanted for a long time.

He took the his role seriously. He established schools and manufacturing in Ireland. In politics, he found a way to work with both Protestant and Roman Catholic parties. 

He also still took his seat in the Upper House. In 1751, he helped in making the Gregorian calendar a fact. That Act of Parliament is sometimes known as Chesterfield's Act. After he slowly became deaf, he had to stop his work in the parliament. 

He lived for some years at the Ranger's House, Chesterfield Walk, Greenwich, London.

How he is remembered
In politics, he is best known for the time he was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. As a writer, he is best known for his Letters to his Son. Those letters were not really written to be read by the general public. His widow Eugenia Stanhope first published them in 1774. Letters to his Godson was published in 1890. Both sets of letters are written with great style and knowledge. 

Chesterfield County, Virginia and Chesterfield County, South Carolina in the United States were named in his honour. He also plays a role in the 1757-1758 novel The Virginians by William Makepeace Thackery.

Things he has probably said: 

"An able man shows his spirit by gentle words and resolute actions."

"I recommend you to take care of the minutes, for the hours will take care of themselves."

Other websites

Scans of Stanhope's Letters to his son, 1774–1775 edition, Vol. 1, Vol. 2
Guide to the Chesterfield Manuscripts at the Lilly Library, Indiana University

References

Knights of the Garter
1694 births
1773 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Members of the House of Lords
The Grand Tour was the name of travel through Europe by rich European (mostly British) young men between 1660 until about 1840. It was done to learn about European society and art. The idea was that what they learned on their travels could be used to help those that stayed at home. Italy was often the final country to visit. They would mostly travel with servants and a teacher called a bear-leader.

Example Grand Tour
Which places the Grand Tour would visit  changed through the years. An example would be a British tourist would go from  Dover, England and crossed the English Channel to Ostend, in the Spanish Netherlands/Belgium, or Calais, or Le Havre in France.

There they could rent or buy a carriage and travel to Paris. Or they could make the trip by boat, traveling up the Seine to Paris, or up the Rhine to Basel.

In Paris, the traveler could take lessons in French, dancing, fencing, and horse riding. Paris was popular because of the language and fashion of French high society.

From Paris he would go to Switzerland for a while, often to Geneva. From there the traveler would make a difficult crossing over the Alps into northern Italy.

Once in Italy the tourist would visit Turin, then might spend a few months in Florence. Other Grand Tourists would be in Florence to welcome him. A trip to Pisa then on to Padua, Bologna, and Venice.

Venice was seen as the most important place for Italian architecture, and was very important place to visit.

From Venice the traveler went to Rome to study the ruins of ancient Rome. Some travelers also visited Naples to study music. Naples was often the final destination before turning back.

From here the traveler went north through the Alps to the German-speaking parts of Europe. From there travelers visited Holland and Flanders before returning across the Channel to England.

References

Other websites
 The Grand Tour
 Grand Tour online at the Getty Museum
 In Our Time: The Grand Tour: Jeremy Black, Edward Chaney and Chloe Chard. 
  "Grand Tour" an exhibition project of the Swedish artist Matts Leiderstam 
  Voyagers and Voyeurs - Travellers in 19th century France, an anthology
  Contemporary Grand Tour in Italy, Pictures and quotes
 Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth Century Rome

Tourism
Travel
Alnico is a type of alloy made up of iron with aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co). The name is an acronym from Al-Ni-Co. Alnico may also contain copper and sometimes titanium.

Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic (a mechanism by which some materials form permanent magnets). Alnico alloys also have a high coercivity (they do not easily lose their magnetism) and are used to make permanent magnets. Before rare-earth magnets were developed in the 1970s, alnico magnets were the strongest type of magnet. The development of Alnico began in 1931 when T. Mishima in Japan found that an alloy of iron, nickel, and  aluminium had double the coercivity of the best magnets of that time. (the coercivity of Alnico is 400 oersted).

Properties 
Alnico alloys can be made magnets by strong magnetic fields. Rare-earth magnets like neodymium and samarium-cobalt are the only easily found magnets which are stronger than alnico magnets. Alnico magnets produce very strong magnetic fields at their poles (a pole is one of the two ends of a magnet) as high as 1500 gauss (0.15 tesla which is about 3000 times stronger than earth's magnetic field.

Some types of alnico magnets are isotropic (properties are same in all directions) and can be properly magnetised in all directions. Other types like alnico 5 and alnico 8 are anisotropic (properties change when direction changes) have a preferred direction (one direction would be better than other directions) for magnetisation. Anisotropic alnico alloys will make stronger magnets in their preferred direction than an isotropic alnico alloy.

Alnico magnets are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated red-hot. 

In 2008, the cost of Alnico magnets was about $44/kg ($20/pound).

References 

Alloys
The Dublin Zoo (), in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland is the largest zoo in Ireland. It is one of Dublin's most popular attractions. It was opened in 1831. 

It is over  in size. It has a number of special areas like:
 The Kaziranga Forest Trail. This is an Asian rainforest with elephants.
 African Savanna. This area has animals like giraffes and zebras.
 Family farm. In this area people can see goats and sheep and other farm animals.
 South American House. Animals like the saki monkey, the two-toed sloth and iguana live here.

It was founded on 10 May 1830 and opened to the public on 1 September 1831. This makes it the third oldest zoo in the world. The animals, 46 mammals and 72 birds,< were a present from London Zoo.> It now has over 600 animals from all over the world.

In 2010, Dublin Zoo received 963,053 visitors.

References

Other websites 

Zoos
Dublin
A how-to or a how to is an informal, often short, description of how to do a specific physical task, think to solve a specific problem, or think about a topic. There are many forms of these, such as video-game walkthroughs, parkour how-to guides, and others.

Characteristics 
How-to guides "guide" you through a topic. They include videos, descriptions, and other resources to help the reader understand what the guide is trying to teach. Usually, the guide contains helpful third-party resources. An example of this is wikiHow. However, the topic taught needs to be in layman's terms, or a simple general guide, similar to this project. To meet the requirements for a how to, the creator has to understand the topic better than the reader. For example, if a person is reading a guide on particle physics, the author of the guide does not need to be a astronaut with a Phd in physics, but the author also cannot be a person who just found out about the subject. This is explained better in Mentorship.

Guidance 
Some guides are for the field, like the Golden Guides, and others made to help others understand a topic, like a guide on Nuclear Science. The reader cannot observe the reactions but can understand how they happen. How to guides are mostly populated by field guides, like "How to fire a gun properly." and "How to be a helpful Wikipedia contributor". Guides can't start without the "how to" prefix, in the process confusing potential readers and making the title seem like a statement rather than a question-statement hybrid. "Fire a gun properly" sounds like a statement, so people will click away from the guide without actually understanding how, just planning to do what the title said.

Topics 
A topic needs to be teachable. A subject cannot be "How to watch a show" because the solution can be easily found. A topic needs to be teachable to a new person who wants to learn more about the subject, and retain its hard-earned difficulty.
Problem solving
Communication
Cmune is a software development company. It is the maker of UberStrike, a popular web-based video game. Cmune was started in 2007 by Shaun Lelacheur Sales and Ludovic Bodin.

UberStrike was originally developed under the name Paradise Paintball. It is a free, multiplayer first-person shooter browser game. There are over 10 million registered players. As of November 2012, it was still the largest FPS inside Facebook.

2007 establishments in Asia
Video game companies
Tábor is a city in the Czech Republic. It is in the South Bohemian Region. At the 2007 census, 35,859 people lived there. The city was started in 1420. The current mayor is Hana Randová. The city is named after Mount Tabor.

Other websites 

Tábor's Official website

Cities in the Czech Republic
1420 establishments
1420s establishments in Europe
Yamaguchi is a city in southern Japan. It is the capital of Yamaguchi Prefecture. The city had a population of 198,971 people in 2010. Yamaguchi was made when 40 towns were merged on April 1, 1889.

Other websites 
 Yamaguchi's Official city website (Japanese)

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Yamaguchi Prefecture
The Ernst-Happel-Stadion is a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. The Ernst Happel Stadium is the largest football stadium in Austria. It is the home of the Austrian national football team. Club football matches are limited to the Austrian cup final and international competitions with one of Vienna's top clubs, FK Austria Wien and SK Rapid Wien, as their homegrounds are too small for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. Local derbies between FK Austria and SK Rapid have also been played in the stadium. In 2014, it became the official homeground of SK Rapid Wien because their stadium was being rebuilt.

History
The stadium was built between 1929 and 1931. It was used and opend for the second Workers' Olympiad 1931. The capacity of the stadium was approximately 60,000 people. The first match in the new stadium was a match between a selection from workers sportclubs from Lower Austria and Vienna. (2:3). 

During the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany it was used as barracks and also as collecting point for Viennese Jews. In 2003 a private plaque was created in the VIP area to remind on this incidents. In 1944 the stadium was bombed and heavily demaged.

After the Second World war  the stadium was reconstructed. 1956 the capacity was extended to 92,708 people.The record was 91,000 visitors on October 30, 1960 at the football match between Spain and Austria (3-0). After the death of former Austrian top player and coach Ernst Happel, the Prater Stadium was renamed after him in 1992.

UEFA Euro 2008

The Ernst-Happel-Stadion hosted 7 games of Euro 2008: 3 group games of the Austrian team, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final.

Other  matches
    1995 UEFA Champions League final: Ajax 1 – 0 Milan
    1994 UEFA Cup final: Internazionale 1– 0 Austria Salzburg
    1990 European Cup final: Milan 1 – 0 Benfica
    1987 European Cup final: Porto 2 – 1 Bayern Munich
    1970 European Cup Winners Cup final: Manchester City 2 – 1 Górnik Zabrze
    1964 European Cup final: Internazionale 3 – 1 Real Madrid

Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including AC/DC, Bon Jovi, David Bowie, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Guns N' Roses, Michael Jackson, Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Rihanna, The Rolling Stones, U2, Kanye West and Robbie Williams, among others.

Football stadiums in Austria
Vienna
1931 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Austria
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a transducer which converts photons into electrons, which generate a current and voltage. Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect low levels of incident light, even as low as a single photon.

An incoming photon will strike the photocathode surface of the PMT which will emit electrons. These electrons are then accelerated toward additional electrodes by a potential difference of about 90 volts. Upon striking this electrode, more electrons are emitted. This process repeats nine times, each time generating more and more electrons. This process can generate 106 to 107 electrons for each individual photon. These electrons are then collected at the anode where the current and voltage is then measured. 
	
Photomultiplier tubes are highly sensitive and have very quick response times. The sensitivity of the PMT can be improved by cooling it, to reduce temperature induced noise. Photomultiplier tubes must not be exposed to intense light, such as the sun or ambient light because the intensity can damage the components. 
	
Photomultiplier tubes are commonly used for analysis techniques as well as medical and research purposes.

References

Light
The 2011–12 season is Juventus Football Club's 114th in Serie A. Juventus starts the season with a new Manager, Antonio Conte.

On June 15, Former Juventus director manager Luciano Moggi has been banned for life from all Italian football.

On July 8, Juventus start pre-season training in Turin.

On October, President Andrea Agnelli said that Alessandro Del Piero will leave Juventus at the end of the season.

Transfers

Pre-season

Squad

Serie A

References

2011 in association football
2011 in Europe
2012 in association football
2012 in Europe
2010s in Italy
Football seasons
Juventus F.C.
History of Turin
Beauvais is a commune. It is in the Oise department in the north of France. In 2012, 54,289 people lived there.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities
Beauvais is twinned with:
  Maidstone, United Kingdom, since 1961
  Witten, Germany, since 1975
  Setúbal, Portugal, since 1982.

Partnerships
There are also partnerships with:
  Dej, Romania, since 2003
  Tczew, Poland, since 2003

Communes in Oise
Departmental capitals in France
Andrea Moda Formula, commonly referred to as Andrea Moda, was a Formula One team which raced in the 1992 Formula One season. It was founded by Andrea Sassetti, who owned a shoe maker in Italy. In 1991 Sassetti bought the old Coloni F1 team which had failed to get through pre-qualifying.

The team was excluded from the opening race in South Africa after not paying the required $100,000 entry fee for new teams. Sassetti argued that the team was a continuation of the Coloni team. Even still, the car was not ready, as the team did not participate in the next race in Mexico. Even though the team was entered in the next race, in Brazil, with drivers Roberto Moreno and Perry McCarthy, the cars were still not ready. At the fifth race in San Marino the car was finally ready but McCarthy did not receive his Super License, which is required to race a F1 car. However, Moreno finally qualified his car in Monaco, only to retire during the race due to an engine problem.

In Canada, the team did not have engines because Sassetti did not pay the engine supplier, Judd, the money. The team also missed France due to their car being stuck in a blockade by French truck drivers.

In August of 1992, the FIA warned the team that they might be excluded (disqualified, does not count) from the championship. It was a known fact that McCarthy was barely given a chance, since the team could not afford to properly run two cars, so they mainly worked on Moreno's car while McCarthy was only there to meet the rules of having two cars in the race.

Finally, at the Belgian Grand Prix, Sassetti was arrested for forging invoices  . The team was not allowed in the paddock at the Italian Grand Prix, because the FIA banned the team brought Formula One into disrepute.

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) 

Formula One constructors
Thin layer chromatography (or TLC) is a method by which mixtures are separated into their individual components. 

TLC is performed on a TLC plate.  These plates consist of a layer of silica and are usually backed by a thin piece of glass, although other materials like plastic may be used.  The silica coating on the front of the TLC plate is called the stationary phase.

Performing TLC
The process of running a TLC experiment starts with placing a small droplet of liquid analyte near the bottom of the TLC plate.  This is called “spotting” the TLC plate.  Very thin glass tubes are commonly used as spotters.

Once a plate has been spotted, it is placed into a glass container with a small amount of solvent.  This solvent is called the mobile phase.  It is important that the height of the solvent is below the height that the compound was spotted on the plate.  As the solvent moves up the TLC plate by capillary action, the compound will also move.  The compound will be separated into its components based upon each component’s attraction for the stationary phase versus the mobile phase.  Components that are attracted to the mobile phase more than they are attracted to the stationary phase will move further up the column.  Attractive forces are based on polarity differences.  

The TLC plate should be removed before the solvent reaches the top of the plate.  Separated compounds will sometimes be colored, but further work is often required for analysis.  Many compounds will be illuminated when the TLC plate is placed under an ultraviolet lamp.  TLC plates are also commonly dipped in stains (such as anisaldehyde, potassium permanganate, or iodine) to force a compound to appear on the plate.

Application 
TLC is commonly used by organic chemists to monitor the progress of reactions.  The presence of starting material and products may be monitored using a single TLC plate.

Based on the results of a TLC experiment, a larger volume of mixture may be separated by another technique (like column chromatography) using a similar solvent system.  Or, a TLC experiment may be repeated using a different solvent.  Mixtures of solvents may also be used.  Use of different solvents will affect how well individual components are separated on the TLC plate.

Laboratory techniques
The Reichshofstadion is a football stadium in Vorarlbergs city Lustenau. It is the largest stadium in this federal state of Austria. The stadium is the homeground of SC Austria Lustenau . From 207 till 2014 it was also used by FC Lustenau 07, the second club from Lustenau. The stadium is no called Planet Pure Stadium named after a sponsor of Austria Lustenau.

History
The stadium was built from 1952 till 1953 and was in the beginning a multipurpose stadium with a running track. During the construction of new stands the track was used so today the stadium is de facto a pure football stadium. It is the homeground of both Lustenau clubs in Austrias First league. Originally it was the homeground of Austria Lustenau, but after the promotion of FC Lustenau to the first league their stadium was not good enough for the league. The stadium offers 8 800 places, 2.126 roofed seats, 2.390 roofed and 4.284 unroofed  standing room.

On 3 August 2007 the chapel of the stadium was consecrate, where fans of Austria Lustenau can merry. It is named after Hugo Kleinbrod, who cared after the 2. World War for children and orphans.

In May 2011 supporters of FC Lustenau coloured the main stand and a cash desk in their club colour blue, although they were originally green, which is Austrias colour.

References

Football stadiums in Austria
Vorarlberg
1950s establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Austria
Billiard Congress of America (BCA) is a group that organizes for cue sports in the United States. It started in 1948 as a non-profit trade organization The BCA headquarters is in Broomfield, Colorado.  The voting members of the organization are mostly equipment manufacturers.

References

Cue sports
Sports organizations of the United States
1948 establishments in the United States
The Austrian Football Association (ÖFB) (German: Österreichischer Fußball-Bund) is the highest body of football in Austria. It organizes the football league Austrian Bundesliga, the Austrian Cup and the Austrian national team, and the same items in women's football. It is based in Vienna.

In 2010 501,685 male and female players are organized into 2,256 teams. This number makes the ÖFB the largest sport organisation in Austria.

History
In 1894. the first football club was founded, and 10 years later the Österreichischer Fußball-Bund (Austrian Football Association). Until 1904, the Österreichische Fußball-Union was the leading body in Austrian football, but it dissolved after the foundation of the ÖFB. In 1905 it became a member of FIFA. In 1908 the ÖFB was host for the fifth FIFA-congress. Since 1954 the ÖFB has also been a member of the UEFA.

The time before the Second World War was the most successful for the ÖFB. Between 1930 and 1933 the so-called Wunderteam (miracle team) won 14 matches. In 1934 they reached fourth place in the FIFA World Cup. The Austrian team won the silver medal in the Olympic football tournament in Berlin. Also, after the Second World War, Austria played in different FIFA-World Cups: 1954, 1958, 1978, 1982, 1990, and 1998. The most successful World Cup was 1954 with third place. The last international tournament was the UEFA Euro 2008 which was hosted by Austria and Switzerland.

Regional organizations
Burgenländischer Fußball-Verband (BFV) 
Niederösterreichischer Fußball-Verband (NOEFV) 
Oberösterreichischer Fußball-Verband (OOEFV) 
Salzburger Fußball-Verband (SFV) 
Steirischer Fußballverband (StFV) 
Tiroler Fußball-Verband (TFV) 
Vorarlberger Fußball-Verband (VFV) 
Wiener Fußball-Verband (WFV) 
Kärntner Fußball-Verband (KFV)

List of coaches of the Austrian team

Hugo Meisl 1912–14
Heinrich Retschury	1914–1919
Hugo Meisl 	1919–1937 ("Wunderteam")
Heinrich Retschury 	1937–1938
Between 1938 and 1945 Austria was occupied by Germany
Karl Zankl 	1945
Edi Bauer 	1945–1948
Eduard Frühwirth 1948
Walter Nausch	1948–1954 (third place World Cup 1954)
Hans Kaulich 	1954–1955
Josef Molzer 	1955
Karl Geyer 	1955–1956
Josef Argauer and Josef Molzer 	1956–1958
Alfred Frey, Franz Putzendopler, Egon Selzer, and Josef Molzer 	1958
Karl Decker 	1958–1964
Josef Walter and Béla Guttmann 	1964
Eduard Frühwirth 	1964–1967
Erwin Alge and Hans Pesser 	1967–1968
Leopold Šťastný	1968–1975
Branko Elsner 	1975
Helmut Senekowitsch 	1976–1978
Karl Stotz 	1978–1981
Georg Schmidt and Felix Latzke 	1982
Erich Hof 	1982–1985
Branko Elsner 	1985–1987
Josef Hickersberger	1988–1990
Alfred Riedl 	1990–1991
Dietmar Constantini 1991 (caretaker)	
Ernst Happel 	1992
Dietmar Constantini 	1992 (caretaker) 	
Herbert Prohaska	1993–1999
Otto Baric 	1999–2001
Hans Krankl 	2002–2005
Willibald Ruttensteiner, Andreas Herzog, and Slavko Kovacic 	2005 (caretaker)
Josef Hickersberger 	2006–2008
Karel Brückner 	2008–2009
Dietmar Constantini 	2009–2011
Willibald Ruttensteiner 2011 (caretaker)
Marcel Koller 2011- 2017
Franco Foda 2017-

Football in Austria
William Francis "Bill" Nighy (born 12 December 1949) is an English actor. He was born in Caterham, Surrey. He starred in the movies Love Actually and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End as Davy Jones. 

He was partners with actress Diana Quick from 1980 until they separated in 2008. Their daughter is actress Mary Nighy.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Actors from Surrey
BAFTA Award winners
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Flame Ionization Detectors (shortened FID) is a common type detector used in gas chromatography. These detectors are best at detecting organic compounds. The first flame ionization detector was developed in 1957 in Australia.

The purpose of a FID is to detect compounds as they exit the gas chromatography column. The compounds that are exiting the column are in a gaseous state. Detection is done by first turning the gas compounds into ions and electrons and then collecting the charged molecules. The FID turns compounds into ions and electrons by putting them into a flame. The fuel used to make the flame in FIDs is usually made of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.  As these charged materials are collected, they make a current which is measured. The larger the current the more charged compounds are being collected. Currents for FIDs are usually about 10-12 amps and are measured by a high-impedance picoammeter.

Flame ionization detectors are used most often for organic compounds. This is because organic compounds contain lot of carbon atoms which easily turn into ions. Reduced carbons (carbons with no oxygen bonds) make the most ions. Other carbons such as alcohols (C-O-H) and carbonyls (C=O) do not make as many ions.

Many times organic samples being tested are not pure. The samples often contain impurities such as water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NO), and noble gases. The FID does not detect these impurities because they do not burn. This makes the FID a very useful detector because the samples being tested do not have to be purified before being tested.

FID can be used to detect very small amounts of material, as small as 10-13 g/s. It is also accurate over a large range of molecule amounts (a range of over 107). One problem with FID is that it destroys the sample being tested. Any sample used in gas chromatography with an FID cannot be used for other measurements afterwards. Also, a lot of fuel is required as well as very exact equipment to get exact results.

Laboratory equipment
"Little Wing'" is a 1967 psychedelic rock song by the English band The Jimi Hendrix Experience and was featured on their album Axis: Bold as Love. The song was written by lead vocalist and guitarist Jimi Hendrix. The song was ranked as #357 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". The song has been covered by many other musical artists.

Rock music
1967 songs
Edam is a city in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. About 7,380 people live there. The town is part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam. It is famous for Edam cheese which was first made in the town. The town has a little pub and a young population.

Other websites

20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland
Edam-Volendam
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy comedy adventure movie that was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Rob Marshall. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was released on May 18 and May 20, 2011 in North America. The movie was the fourth movie in the Pirates of the Caribbean francise by Disney and the first and currently the only to be directed by Rob Marshall. It is the sequel to Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. It is based on the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers. The movie was shot in Hawaii, California and Puerto Rico.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, the film was well welcomed from audiences and fans which praised its story, humor, directing, cast performances (especially those of Depp and Rush), Zimmer's musical score, emotional weight and the action scenes but it was criticizied for being really inferior to the first three movies and the character of Angelica Teach.

Cast 
 Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow
 Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
 Penélope Cruz as Angelica
 Ian McShane as Blackbeard/Edward Teach
 Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs
 Sam Claflin as Philip Swift
 Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey as Syrena
 Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr. Theodore Groves
 Damian O'Hare as Lieutenant Gillette
 Stephen Graham as Scrum
 Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard
 Gemma Ward as Tamara
 Richard Griffiths as King George II
 Bryson Carvalho as Kales Kamen
 Keith Richards as Captain Teague
 Judi Dench as a noblewoman
 Derek Mears as the Master-at-Arms
 Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand VI
 Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret.
 Roger Allam as Henry Pelham
 Paul Bazely as Salaman
 Gerard Monaco as Spanish Captain

References

Other websites 
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides official website
 
 

2011 movies
American adventure movies
American fantasy movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Disney movies
On Stranger Tides
Merle Ronald Haggard (April 6, 1937 – April 6, 2016) was an American country music singer and songwriter. He was known for his song "Okie from Muskogee". He was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame. He was involved with the growing outlaw country movement in the 1970s. Haggard won three Grammy Awards.

On April 6, 2016, Haggard died at his home in Palo Cedro, California from complications of pneumonia. He was 79 years old.

Discography

Singles

"Okie from Muskogee" (1969)

Studio albums

Strangers (1965)
Just Between the Two of Us  (1966)
Swinging Doors  (1966)
I'm a Lonesome Fugitive  (1967)
Branded Man  (1967)
Sing Me Back Home  (1968)
The Legend of Bonnie & Clyde  (1968)
Mama Tried  (1968)
Pride in What I Am  (1969)
Same Train, A Different Time   (1969)
A Portrait of Merle Haggard  (1969)
A Tribute to the Best Damn Fiddle Player in the World (or, My Salute to Bob Wills)   (1970)
Hag  (1971)
Someday We'll Look Back  (1971)
Let Me Tell You About a Song  (1972)
It's Not Love (But It's Not Bad)  (1972)
Merle Haggard's Christmas Present (Something Old, Something New) (1973)
If We Make It Through December  (1974)
Merle Haggard Presents His 30th Album  (1974)
Keep Movin' On  (1975)
It's All in the Movies  (1976)
My Love Affair with Trains  (1976)
The Roots of My Raising  (1976)
Ramblin' Fever (1977)
A Working Man Can't Get Nowhere Today  (1977)
My Farewell to Elvis (1977)
I'm Always on a Mountain When I Fall (1978)
Serving 190 Proof (1979)
The Way I Am (1980)
Back to the Barrooms (1980)
Songs for the Mama That Tried (1981)
Big City (1981)
A Taste of Yesterday's Wine  (1982)
Going Where the Lonely Go (1982)
Goin' Home for Christmas (1982)
Pancho & Lefty  (1983)
Heart to Heart  (1983)
That's the Way Love Goes (1983)
It's All in the Game (1984)
Kern River (1985)
A Friend in California (1986)
Out Among the Stars (1986)
Seashores of Old Mexico  (1987)
Chill Factor (1987)
5:01 Blues (1989)
Blue Jungle (1990)
1994 (1994)
1996 (1996)
Two Old Friends  (1999)
If I Could Only Fly (2000)
Cabin in the Hills (2001)
Roots, Volume 1 (2001)
The Peer Sessions (2002)
Like Never Before (2003)
I Wish I Was Santa Claus (2004)
Unforgettable (2004)
Chicago Wind (2005)
Kickin' Out the Footlights...Again  (2006)
Last of the Breed  (2007)
The Bluegrass Sessions (2007)
I Am What I Am (2010)
Working in Tennessee (2011)
Django and Jimmie  (2015)
Timeless  (2015)

Related pages

List of country musicians from California

References

Other websites 
Merle Haggard's Official website

1937 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from California
American country guitarists
Deaths from pneumonia
Grammy Award winners
Infectious disease deaths in California
Kennedy Center honorees

Musicians from California
Singers from California
Gut flora consists of microorganisms that live in the digestive system of animals. It is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human microbiome.

The human body, consisting of about 100 trillion cells, carries about ten times as many microorganisms in the intestines. The metabolic activities performed by these bacteria resemble those of an organ, leading some to call gut flora a 'forgotten organ'. It is estimated that these gut flora have around 100 times as many genes in aggregate as there are in the human genome.

Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and up to 60% of the dry mass of faeces. Somewhere between 300 and 1000 different species live in the gut, with most estimates at about 500. However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species.  Fungi and protozoa also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their activities.

Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a symbiotic relationship.  Though people can survive without gut flora, the microorganisms perform a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system, preventing growth of harmful, pathogenic bacteria, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats.  However, in some conditions, some species can cause disease by producing an infection or increasing cancer risk for the host.

Such food compounds as polyphenols, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides may be useful for good bacteria and help reduce pathogenic species of human gut flora.

Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut are anaerobic, but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.

The traditional view is that no metazoan phylum can break down cellulose by producing the enzyme cellulase. Instead, herbivores contain, in their gut, microorganisms which produce cellulase. This is important because cellulose is the most common organic compound on Earth. About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose (the cellulose content of cotton is 90% and that of wood is 40–50%). Recently, evidence has emerged that some animals do produce their own cellulase. The question is not yet quite settled.

Related pages 
Human microbiome

References 

Microbiology
Physiology
First-past-the-post is a voting system used by some countries to elect their governments or the members of their parliaments.  In a first-past-the-post system, a country is divided into constituencies.  In these constituencies people known as candidates, each of whom usually represents a different political party, will stand for election to the country's parliament.  In the individual constituencies, the candidate who gets the most votes from people, wins the race to be elected to a seat in parliament.  Plurality is another name for such an electoral system.  It is in contrast to the majority system, where the winning candidate must have more votes than all other candidates combined.

If a party wins over 50% of the seats, it can form a majority government. If no single party wins over 50% of the seats, then either the party with the most seats can form a minority government, or a coalition government can be formed from two or more of the other political parties who together have over 50% of the seats.

Countries using first-past-the-post include the United Kingdom, Canada, India and partly in the United States.

Considerations 
First-past-the-post, often called 'plurality voting', is the most common method for electing representatives in the United States and some other countries. Voters vote for one candidate, and the candidate with the most votes wins.

Political parties often use a primary in order to avoid splitting their party vote in a general election. For example, if 60% of the voters are Republican, and 40% Democrat, but two Republicans run for the same office and each get 30% of the vote, the Democrat would win with 40%, since that is the most votes, even if 60% of voters least preferred the Democrat.

If more than two candidates are on the general election ballot, voters often compromise vote an acceptable candidate whom they think  has a chance of winning.

Opponents of plurality voting argue that the media has too much power since they tell people which of the two has a chance and that voting for a third candidate is in effect voting for the worse of the two strong candidates. It is theoretically possible that the two "front runner" candidates not to be not centrist and not to represent the people.

Proponents of plurality voting argue that it is very simple and that it forces voters to elect a centrist candidate through compromise voting. To avoid its problems, some elections require a minimum percentage of votes, or a majority, through a "run-off election".

Example

In a first-past-the-post system, candidate A wins because that candidate received more votes than anyone else.

Voting systems
Alexander Tolmer (1815—1890) was the man in charge of the South Australian police force. Born in England to French parents, he studied to be a teacher of languages. He joined the army and saw action in Portugal from 1826—1833 during the civil war. Tolmer moved to South Australia in 1836, where Governor George Gawler thought his background in the cavalry would make him the right person to set up a group of mounted police.

In 1852 Tolmer became the police commissioner. He led a group of police from South Australia to the Victorian gold fields and escorted a load of gold back to Adelaide.

In 1856 after a number of small arguments with his offices, Tolmer was removed as commissioner. He tried farming, but this was unsuccessful. He tried to lead an exploring group to cross Australia from south to north, but this also failed before it left Adelaide. He became a ranger for crown lands in 1862 and retired in 1885. He died at Mitcham, South Australia, on 7 March 1890.

References

Other websites
 Photograph of Alexander Tolmer

1815 births
1890 deaths

Exploration of Australia
Australian police officers
The term conversion of units refers to changing an amount of a measurement unit into another unit. There are many different systems of units, so some conversions can be very complex. Most conversions involve a conversion factor (named "m"), and a shift amount (such as "b"), to change from a unit x into a unit y by the general equation: y = mx + b. That type of conversion is known as a linear transform or a mathematical translation.

A conversion factor is a ratio that lets one convert a measured quantity to a different unit of measure without changing the amount. When a conversion factor is multiplied by the item one are converting, it cancels out the units they does not want and leaves those that they do. Because the top and bottom of conversion factors are the same, conversion factors always equal 1. For example, a  conversion factor of (1 day)/(24 hours) equals 1, because 1 day = 24 hours.

One of the most common conversions is to change meters (or "metres") into feet, by multiplying the amount in meters by about 3.28 feet per meter (ft/m):
 Convert 10 meters: 10 meters × 3.28 ft/m = 32.8 feet.
Typically, conversion amounts are rounded to the same precision as the original input amount, such as 10 meters being 33 feet (when 32.8 feet is rounded to 2 digits as "33").

References 

Measurement
Robert O'Hara Burke (1821—1861) was an Irish policeman, who led the Burke and Wills expedition. This was the largest and best equipped expedition to explore Australia. They successfully crossed the country, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1861. The expedition ended in disaster when Burke and his second in command, William John Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their way back to Melbourne.

References

1821 births
1861 deaths
Deaths from starvation
Exploration of Australia
Explorers
People from the Republic of Ireland
Super 8 is a 2011 American science fiction movie that was produced by Steven Spielberg, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk and was directed by J. J. Abrams. Super 8 was released on June 10, 2011 in North America. The movie has received positive reviews in early reviews.

Cast 
 Kyle Chandler as Jackson Lamb
 Ron Eldard as Louis Dainard
 Noah Emmerich as Colonel Nelec
 Joel Courtney as Joe Lamb
 Riley Griffiths as Charles Kaznyk
 Elle Fanning as Alice Dainard
 Ryan Lee as Carey
 Zach Mills as Preston
 Josh McFarland as Tom Ashton
 Gabriel Basso as Martin
 Amanda Michalka as Jen Kaznyk
 Glynn Turman as Dr. Woodward
 Michael Hitchcock as Deputy Rosko

Story line 
In the summer of 1979, a group of friends in a small Ohio town witness a catastrophic train crash while making a super 8 movie and soon suspect that it was not an accident. Shortly after, unusual disappearances and inexplicable events begin to take place in town, and the local Deputy tries to uncover the truth - something more terrifying than any of them could have imagined.

Other websites 
Super 8's Official website 

2011 science fiction movies
2010s mystery movies
American mystery movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by J. J. Abrams
Cowboys & Aliens is a 2011 science fiction-western movie that was produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Alex Kurtzman, Damon Lindelof, Roberto Orci, Scott Mitchell Rosenberg and Steven Spielberg and was directed by Jon Favreau. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg.

Cast 
 Daniel Craig as Jake Lonergan
 Harrison Ford as Colonel Woodrow Dolarhyde
 Olivia Wilde as Ella
 Sam Rockwell as Doc
 Noah Ringer as Emmett
 Paul Dano as Percy Dolarhyde
 Clancy Brown as Meacham
 Keith Carradine as Sheriff Taggart
 Adam Beach as Nat Colorado
 Abigail Spencer as Alice
 Ana de la Reguera as María
 Walton Goggins as Hunt

Other websites 
Cowboys & Aliens Official website 

2011 science fiction movies
2010s western movies
American western movies
American science fiction movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jon Favreau
"Like a Boss'" is a 2009 comedy hip hop song by the American comedy trio The Lonely Island and was featured on their album Incredibad. The song is a parody of Slim Thug's first single off his debut album, Already Platinum which was also called "Like a Boss". The song is about a man (played by Andy Samberg) who is having a performance review at a law firm. The person who is reviewing Samberg is played by Canadian actor Seth Rogen.

2009 songs
"Ride wit Me'" is a 2001 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the third single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song features rapper City Spud. It reached #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #4 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the movies Soul Plane, Scary Movie 2, Are We There Yet?, Bride and Prejudice and Osmosis Jones. It was also featured in the television shows Scrubs, Friends, King of the Hill and Glee.

Nelly songs
2001 songs
"Batter Up'" is a 2001 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the fourth and last single from his first album, Country Grammar. The song was released on September 11, 2001 in the United States and on November 21, 2001 in Germany. It features hip hop group St. Lunatics. It uses the beat from The Jeffersons theme song.

2001 songs
Nelly songs
"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)'" is a 2000 midwestern hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the debut single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on February 29, 2000. The song was parodied on MADtv where it was turned into a rap-duet which was titled "Country Slammer" and was done by 2000 presidential and vice presidential candidates George W. Bush and Dick Cheney. 

Nelly songs
2000 songs
"E.I.'" is a 2000 pop/rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the second single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on October 28, 2000. The song reached #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #11 on the UK Singles Chart.

Nelly songs
2000 songs
Fenugreek is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Fenugreek is often used as a herb (the leaves) and spice (the seeds, also called methi).

Medicinal uses 

Fenugreek said to stop the uncomfortable feeling of arthritis.

References 

Fabaceae
"Hot in Herre'" is a 2002 pop/hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the second single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on April 16, 2002. The song is very popular and reached #1 on the Canadian Singles Chart, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2002 songs
"Air Force Ones'" is a 2002 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song features the hip hop group St. Lunatics. It was the fourth single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on November 7, 2002. The song reached #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks.

Nelly songs
2002 songs
"Work It'" is a 2003 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song features pop singer Justin Timberlake. It was the fifth single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on February 25, 2003. The song reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart and #68 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

Nelly songs
2003 songs
Greater Concepción is a metropolitan Area that surrounds the city of Concepción, with another 9 cities being the primary commercial center in the VIII region, Chile.

Communes 
 Concepción
 Talcahuano
 San Pedro de la Paz
 Tomé
 Penco
 Lota
 Coronel
 Hualpén
 Hualqui
 Chiguayante

Education

Universities 
 Universidad de Concepción (Concepción)
 Universidad del Bío-Bío (Concepción)
 Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (Concepción)
 Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (Hualpén)
 Universidad de Los Lagos (Concepción)
 Universidad del Desarrollo (Concepción)
 Universidad San Sebastián (Concepción)
 Universidad Andrés Bello (Talcahuano)
 Universidad Santo Tomás (Concepción)
 Universidad Tecnológica de Chile (Talcahuano)
 Universidad de las Américas (Concepción)
 Universidad La República (Concepción)
 Universidad ARCIS (Concepción)
 Universidad Bolivariana (Concepción)
 Universidad de Pedro de Valdivia (Concepción)
 Universidad del Pacífico (Concepción)

Institutes 
 Instituto Profesional INACAP (Talcahuano)
 Instituto Profesional DuocUC (Concepción)
 Instituto Profesional Santo Tomás (Concepción)
 Instituto Profesional AIEP (Concepción)
 Instituto Profesional Providencia (Concepción)
 Instituto de Estudios Bancarios Guillermo Subercaseaux (Concepción)
 Instituto Profesional Virginio Gómez (Concepción)
 Instituto Profesional Diego Portales (Concepción)
 Instituto Tecnológico UCSC (Talcahuano)
 Instituto Profesional La Araucana (Concepción)
 Instituto Profesional Valle Central (Concepción)

Notes

Other websites 
 Infome del INE, Chile: Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos. 2005 (PDF & ZIP) (Spanish)

Cities in Chile