cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Casey Kasem (born Kemal Amin Kasem; April 27, 1932– June 15, 2014) was an American radio personality, music historian, actor, and voice artist. He is known for his many voice roles in cartoons and for being a public radio personality.

Early life
Kasem was born Kemal Amin Kasem in Detroit, Michigan, on April 27, 1932, to Lebanese immigrant parents. They settled in Michigan, where they worked as grocers. Kasem graduated from Northwestern High School in Detroit and Wayne State University.

Career
Kasem's career began in the radio business in the 1950s in Flint, Michigan. He then made his first movie appearance in Easy Rider in 1967.

He was the host of the weekly American Top 40 radio show from 1970 to 1988, and again from March 1998 until January 10, 2004. Ryan Seacrest is now the host. Kasem is the host of two weekly radio shows, American Top 20 with Casey Kasem and American Top 10 with Casey Kasem.

Kasem did the voice of many advertisements, has done many voices for Sesame Street, and is the voice of 'Shaggy' for the animated television show Scooby-Doo.

Kasem retired in 2009 because of old age and health concerns.

Personal life
Kasem married Linda Myers in 1972. The couple had three children. Kasem then married Jean Thompson in 1980. The couple had one child. Kasem lived in Washington state.

Kasem was a Democrat. He narrated television ads for 1972 president candidate George McGovern's campaign.

Disappearance
On May 12, 2014, Kasem was declared missing by a Los Angeles court judge ordered an investigation for his whereabouts. Soon after, Kasem was found alive in Washington state.

Health
Kasem suffered from Parkinson's disease and an early form of dementia.

On June 6, 2014, Kasem was in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state hospital, receiving antibiotic treatment from blood pressure and bedsores. He also suffered from Lewy body disease, the most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's and was bed-ridden.

Death
Kasem died in Gig Harbor, Washington from complications of dementia and sepsis, aged 82. On August 14 it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo. The funeral administration of Oslo, Norway confirmed that Kasem was buried at Vestre Gravlund in Oslo on December 16, 2014.

References

Further reading
 Durkee, Rob. American Top 40: The Countdown of the Century, Schriner Books, New York, 1999. 
 Battistini, Pete. "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem (The 1970s)", Authorhouse.com, January 31, 2005.

Other websites
 Kasem entry at the National Broadcaster's Hall of Fame 
 

1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies
Deaths from sepsis
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
People with Parkinson's disease
VfR Mannheim a German football team. It is in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was formed in 1911.

Other websites 
Official team site

1911 establishments in Europe
German football clubs
Mannheim
Sport in Baden-Württemberg
1910s establishments in Germany
SV Waldhof Mannheim is a German football club. It is in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded 1907. The club today has over 2,400 people. The team plays in the Regionalliga Süd the 4th German Football division.

Other websites 
Official website

German football clubs
Mannheim
Sport in Baden-Württemberg
If a book or a TV show is about science, and is made easy so everyone can understand, then it is popular science.  It is popular because it is made for the whole population, not just for scientists.  Nature documentaries  are examples of popular science.

Popular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as science fiction. Popular science is also not the same as Science journalism. Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.

Some famous people who make popular science are David Attenborough, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Martin Gardner, J.B.S. Haldane, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.

Popular science and scientific literature
When scientists write about their work, first they publish in scientific journals such as Nature and Science. Then they may write books. The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea may be left out or added in.

Popular science is a bridge between the literature written for scientists, and the realms of popular writing which ordinary people use. The goal of the genre is to capture the methods and accuracy of science, while making the language more accessible.

Popular science has its problems. Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are reliable. Museums, television programs and websites are also in the business of communicating science to the wider public. Not all of these are reliable. The oldest institution devoted to link science to the public may be the Gresham College, which was founded in 1597 in London. It was not entirely devoted to science. The Royal Institution in London has similar aims, and is devoted to science. It was founded in 1799. Both of these institutions have always given lectures by experts to the general public.

References 

Science
Literature
Communication
A lullaby is a song which is sung to help a baby or small child go to sleep. Composers of classical music often wrote pieces for instruments to play (very often for piano solo) which they called "lullaby". They also used the French word Berceuse. Brahms wrote his famous Wiegenlied originally for a young singer, Bertha Faber, when she gave birth to her second son.

Lullabies always have a gentle, rocking rhythm with a simple accompaniment. Frédéric Chopin's Berceuse is a lullaby for piano. Gabriel Fauré wrote one at the beginning of his Dolly Suite for piano duet. There are many other examples. 

Mothers sing lullabies to their children at bedtime. Rock-a-bye Baby and Hush Little Baby are two very well-known lullabies.

There is an example of lullaby:

Rock-a-bye baby

On the tree tops,When the wind blows

The cradle will rock.

When the bough breaks

The cradle will fall,

And down will come baby

Cradle and all.

Song forms
Guadalcanal is the biggest island in the Solomon Islands. During World War II, there was a battle there between the Americans and the Japanese.

Related pages
Guadalcanal Campaign

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Guadalcanal Campaign

Solomon Islands
1. FC Eintracht Bamberg is a football team in Bamberg, Upper Franconia Germany. In 1946 they were called 1. FC Bamberg and were in the "first Division". Now they play in the "Fourth Division", Regionalliga Bayern, with the new name, F.C. Eintracht Bamberg.

Bamberg
German football clubs
Sport in Bavaria
Joachim Löw (born 3 February 1960) is a former German football player who formerly managed the Germany national football team after being eliminated by England in the UEFA Euro 2020 Round of 16. He became a World Cup winning manager when his team won the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Honours

Managerial
VfB Stuttgart
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1997–98
 DFB-Pokal: 1996–97
 DFB-Ligapokal runner-up: 1997

Tirol Innsbruck
 Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2001–02

Austria Wien
 Austrian Supercup: 2003

Germany
 FIFA World Cup: 2014; third place: 2010
 FIFA Confederations Cup: 2017
 UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008

Individual
 Sport Bild German Sports Manager of the Year: 2010
 German Football Man of the Year: 2011, 2014
 German Football Manager of the Year: 2014
 FIFA World Coach of the Year: 2014
 World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year: 2014
 IFFHS World's Best National Coach: 2014, 2017
 L'Équipe Sports Manager of the Year: 2010
 European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award: 2014
 FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2014
 Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: 2010, 2014
 Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande: 2010
 IFFHS World's Best Man National Coach of the Decade 2011–2020

Managerial statistics

References

Other websites 
 Joachim Löw at dfb.de
 Joachim Löw fansite

1960 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Karlsruher SC managers
SpVgg Bayreuth is a German football team in Bayreuth, Bavaria. It was founded in 1921. The club was banned in 1933 by the Nazis but restarted shortly after World War II. SpVgg Bayreuth plays in one of the Fourths Divisions, the Bayernliga. In the season 2005/2006, they played in the Third Division, the Regionalliga. Today the play in the Fifth Division (Bayernliga Nord).

Bayreuth
German football clubs
Sport in Bavaria
Max Reger (born in Brand, Bavaria, 19 March 1873; died 11 May 1916) was a German composer, organist, pianist and teacher.

Life 
Reger’s father was a schoolteacher who was an amateur musician. When he was a boy Max helped his father to rebuild an organ that was going to be thrown away. This was the instrument on which he learned to play. It was some time before he started proper lessons, but by the time he was a teenager he was playing the organ for church services. When he was 15 he went to Bayreuth to hear Wagner’s operas. This was the moment when Reger decided he wanted to become a musician.

Reger studied music in Munich and Wiesbaden with a famous teacher Hugo Riemann. He composed a lot of music, especially for the organ. His musical style was similar to that of Brahms, but he also learned a lot from the music of Bach, Mendelssohn and Schumann. He liked the symphonic poems of Liszt and these gave him the ideas for writing chorale fantasies for the organ, although he never wrote music that tells a story (programme music).

In 1902 Reger married. He and his wife adopted two children. In 1907 he became professor of composition at the University of Leipzig. He was a very good teacher. He became well-known abroad. He travelled to London where he spent hours in the art galleries. Then he bored his friends by talking all the time about the paintings. He conducted the orchestra at Meiningen, performing works by many composers, especially Brahms, Bruckner and his own.

Reger enjoyed eating and drinking. He regularly went to his local café where he would eat ten large sausages and drink ten glasses of beer. His health got bad, and he died of a heart attack in Leipzig, where he was visiting friends on his way home from the Netherlands.

Works 
Reger wrote an enormous amount of music, but very little of it is played nowadays. He wrote in a late-Romantic style. He is best remembered for his organ music. He liked to write fugues and sets of Variations. His Fantasy and Fugue on BACH is one of the hardest pieces ever written for organ. He wrote a lovely song called Marias Wiegenlied (''Mary’s lullaby).

1873 births
1916 deaths
20th-century German composers
Romantic composers
German pianists
The Dark Tower is a series of eight books by American writer Stephen King that tells the tale of lead character Roland Deschain's quest for the "Dark Tower." 

Series of books
Books by Stephen King
Fantasy books
Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 54th Governor of the state of New Jersey.  He represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 2001 until 2006, when he stepped down to take his seat as governor. On November 3, 2009, Jon Corzine lost re-election for another four years as governor. The person who won was Chris Christie, who became the governor on January 20, 2010.

References

1947 births
Living people
Governors of New Jersey
United States senators from New Jersey
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Illinois
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Businesspeople from Illinois
James Edward "'Jim"' McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) was the 52nd Governor of New Jersey. In 2004, he said that he was gay. He resigned as governor after he said he had an affair with a male employee. He was the first openly gay governor of any state in the history of the United States.

References

1957 births
LGBT people from New Jersey
Gay men
Governors of New Jersey
LGBT politicians
Living people
US Democratic Party politicians
In physics, a physical quantity is any physical property that can be quantified, that is, be measured using numbers. Examples of physical quantities are mass, amount of substance, length, time, temperature, electric current, light intensity, force, velocity, density, and many others. A physical quantity is always measured of natural non-living objects (Inanimate objects)

The foundation of physics rests upon physical quantities in term of which the laws of physics are expressed. Therefore, these quantities have to be measured accurately. Physical quantities are often divided into two categories; base quantities and derived quantities. Derived quantities are those quantities which are derived from other physical quantities. Examples of derived quantities are force, velocity, acceleration etc.

Physics
Measurement
A rotor is the rotating part of a helicopter which generates lift, either vertically in the case of a main rotor, or horizontally in the case of a tail rotor.

History and development

Before the development of powered helicopters in the mid 20th century, autogyro pioneer Juan de la Cierva researched and developed many of the basics of the rotor. Cierva is credited with successful development of multi-bladed, fully articulated rotor systems. This type of system is widely used today in many multi-bladed helicopters.

Other websites 

 Rotor Analysis - Blade Element Momentum Theory
 Helicopter Rotorhead Close-up Image Gallery

Helicopters
In music, the word variation is to play a piece of music and change the notes or add parts into it but also making it sound like the piece of music in another way.

Many composers wrote pieces which are examples of theme and variation.  Sometimes the theme is one they made up, at other times they took a theme that another composer had already written and then made variations on it.

There are lots of ways of varying a tune, and each variation will change it in a different way.  A variation may play the tune much faster or much slower, it may change the tune by adding extra sharps and flats or other ornamental notes, or by playing the tune in octaves.  It may change the harmony or the rhythm or use different instruments.  It may combine the tune in different parts (counterpoint).

History in music 
Composers have used variations in music for centuries.  In the Renaissance and Baroque periods composers wrote variations on a short tune in the bass which was repeated again and again.  This was called a ground bass or sometimes it was a passacaglia or chaconne.  Renaissance composers also liked writing what they called “divisions”.  This meant varying a tune by playing it, for example, at twice the speed or half the speed etc. so that crotchets (quarter notes) became minims (half notes) or quavers (eighth notes).

George Frideric Handel wrote a famous set of variations for harpsichord called Harmonious Blacksmith, and Johann Sebastian Bach wrote the Goldberg Variations, which was a set of 30 variations: a very long piece of music.  It was written for a man who found it difficult to sleep at night, so he would ask his harpsichord player, whose name was Goldberg, to play to him.

Many composers from the Classical, Romantic and 20th century classical music periods wrote sets of variations. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote several, one of which was based on a French folktune which we know in Britain as “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”.  Beethoven wrote several wonderful sets of variations.  Many of them were for piano, but he also used the form in other pieces e.g. the slow movement of his Ninth Symphony.  Schubert often wrote variations on tunes from his own songs.

Other composers who wrote variations include Brahms, Elgar, Schoenberg, and Britten.
Musical forms
The article about graphical symbols is at Logo
Logo is a programming language that is easy to learn. It is used to teach students and children to program a computer. It was developed to process lists of words. It was like the language LISP.

History
In 1967, the first Logo ran on a mainframe computer, a machine called a teletype was used to type in and printout the results. There was no screen.

In 1969, it was used to control a Floor Turtle. Commands were added to send the turtle forwards and backwards, and to turn the turtle to left or right. This turtle had pen with different colors. When it moved, it left a trail on the floor.

Versions
When a new version of Logo was developed to draw graphics on a screen, it used the same commands. This was called Turtle graphics.

There are 170 versions of Logo. Many of them are open source and free. There are three Logo textbooks that can be downloaded free. Logo is usually an interpreted language.

Examples

Hello World 
Load the Logo program. Type the next line in the command box.

 print [Hello World!]

The computer replies.

 Hello World!

Example Showing Graphics and Functional Programming 
A spiral drawn using recursion. 
Using the editor, type in this new definition.
 to spiral :size
    if  :size > 30 [stop] ; a condition stop
    fd :size rt 15        ; many lines of action
    spiral :size *1.02    ; the tailend recursive call
 end
Type this in the command box.
 spiral 10

On the screen you will see.

Other websites 
Logo Programs
MSWLogo For Windows
FMSLogo For Windows
Berkeley Logo (UCBLogo)
Microworlds Microworlds, a commercial Logo for Mac and Windows
Elica  a 3D Logo for Windows
Lhogho a Logo compiler for Linux and Windows
 Surf Your Logo Code A modern web based Logo interpreter using HTML5 and JQuery.
MaLT (Machine Lab Turtlesphere) A web based 3D Logo application with the feature of dynamic manipulation (developed in HTML5 & three.js). 

Online books
A Logo Tutorial  for the OLPC project
The Great Logo Adventure, Jim Muller A book for children.
Computer Science Logo Style, Brian Harvey, MIT Press (3 volumes) , , . Advanced books.

References 

Programming languages
Lisp (used to be called LISP) is a programming language. It is among the oldest programming languages that are still used today. Only Fortran is one year older. Lisp was designed by John McCarthy in 1958. The best-known versions of LISP are Common Lisp, Scheme and Clojure. Many concepts that are used in modern programming languages were first created in Lisp.
Linked lists are a very important data structure in Lisp. 
The basic concepts behind Lisp are easy to learn. Logo is another version of Lisp that was made for children. Logo can help young children develop skills and become efficient within the programming language.

Simple examples (Scheme) 
In Lisp, operations are written in prefix notation, and they start and end with parentheses. For example, the formula  is written as:

(/ (+ 3 5) 4)
; returns 2

Because Lisp is a functional language, Lisp programs often use recursion to solve problems. Here is a Scheme program that finds the factorial of a number. The function (factorial n) starts by testing if  or not. If , then (factorial 0) is 1. If , then (factorial n) returns the product of  and the factorial of .

(define (factorial n)
    (if
      (= n 0)
      1
      (* n (factorial (- n 1)))))

(factorial 6)
; returns the factorial of 6: 6! = 6*5*4*3*2*1 = 720

Linked lists are an important idea in Lisp. The list without any things in it is known as the empty or nil list, and is written as '(). A list that has things in it is written as '(dog cat). 

The operation car is used to get the first thing of a list. For example,

(car '(dog cat fish))
; returns 'dog, which is the first thing in the list
(car '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7))
; returns 1
(car '())
; this code gives an error because the list is empty/nil

The operation cdr returns everything in the list except for the first thing.
(cdr '(dog cat fish))
; returns '(cat fish)
(cdr '(6))
; returns '(), because there is nothing in the list after the first thing (6)
(cdr '())
; gives an error because the list is empty/nil

Here is a hello world program in Scheme:

(display "Hello world!")

Programming languages
In mathematical logic and computer science, lambda calculus, also λ-calculus, is a formal system. It was designed to investigate the definition of functions, and how to apply them. It is also a tool for analysing recursion. It was introduced by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s. Church used lambda calculus in 1936 to give a negative answer to the Entscheidungsproblem.  

Lambda calculus can be used to define what is a computable function. No general algorithm can answer the question of whether two lambda calculus expressions are equivalent.  This was the first question, even before the halting problem, for which undecidability could be proved. Lambda calculus has greatly influenced functional programming languages,  such as LISP, ML and Haskell.

Lambda calculus can be called the smallest universal programming language. It consists of just one transformation rule (variable substitution) and just one way to define a function. Each function definition comes together with a list of the function's parameters, i.e. variables that can be used inside that definition. Variable substitution means substitution of values for variables, that is, a transformation step where an application of a function to some arguments is replaced with that function's definition in which all variables (that appear in its list of parameters) are replaced with arguments used in that application. 

Lambda calculus is universal in the sense that any computable function can be expressed and evaluated using this formalism. It is thus the same as the Turing machine formalism. However, lambda calculus emphasizes the use of transformation rules. It does not care about the actual machine that implements them.  It is an approach more related to software than to hardware.

Mathematics
Recursion
Power transmission is moving energy from where it is made to where it is used.

Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time.
In SI units: 1 watt = 1 joule/s = 1 newton * metre/second (1W=1J/s=1N·m/s).

Electrical power 

With widespread establishment of power grids, power transmission has came to be associated most often with electric power transmission.

Mechanical power 

Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the start of the industrial revolution until the end of the 19th century mechanical power transmission was the norm. Factories were fitted with overhead driveshafts providing rotary power. Drivebelts would provide power to individual machines on the shop floor.

Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current.

Chemicals and fuels
Chemical energy is transmitted by moving fuels to generate power in distant places. Pipelines and other large infrastructure projects transport natural gas, petroleum and petroleum products for use as fuel. 

Energy
Ocean surface waves are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. They usually result from wind. Some are made by geologic effects like earthquakes or vulcanicity and may travel thousands of miles before striking land. They range in size from small ripples to huge tsunamis. There is little actual forward motion of individual water particles in an unbroken wave, despite the large amount of energy and momentum it may carry forward. When a wave hits shallow water, it "breaks" because the bottom moves more slowly than the top.

Wave formation  

The great majority of large breakers one sees on an ocean beach result from distant winds. Three factors influence the formation of these "wind waves":

 Wind speed
 Distance of open water that the wind has blown over.
 Length of time the wind has blown over a given area. 

All of these factors work together to determine the size and shape of ocean waves. The greater each of the variables, the larger the waves. Waves are measured by:

 Height (from trough to crest)
 Wavelength (from crest to crest)
 Period (time interval between arrival of consecutive crests at a stationary point) 

Waves in a given area typically have a range of sizes. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their size over a period of time is usually expressed as "significant wave height." This figure represents the average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually twelve hours) or in a specific storm system or event.  Given the variability of wave size, the largest individual waves are likely to be twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm.

References 

 "Anatomy of a Wave" Holben, Jay boatsafe.com captured 5/23/06
 Carr, Michael "Understanding Waves" Sail Oct. 1998: 38-45.
 Rousmaniere, John. The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, New York: Simon & Schuster 1989
 National Weather Service

Other websites 
 Introductory oceanography chapter 10 - Ocean Waves 
 Understanding waves waves, storm, tsunamis, seiches, bores, deadwater, etc. (18pp)
 HyperPhysics - Ocean Waves
 SHOM - in French 
 Water Waves Wiki 
 Wave equation 
 Waverider Buoys for South East Queensland  
 Costalwatch.com: Australian Wave Prediction for Surfers Website

Oceanography

ru:Волны на поверхности жидкости
In physics, a surface wave can refer to a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually two fluids with different densities.  A surface wave can also be an electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient.  For radio waves, a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.

Related pages

Waves 
 Ocean surface waves, internal waves and crests, dispersion, and freak waves
 List of wave topics

People 
Arnold Sommerfeld – published the mathematical treatise on the zenneck wave

Other articles, further reading, and references

Other websites 
 Eric W. Weisstein, et al., "Surface Wave", Eric Weisstein's World of Physics, 2006.
 "Surface waves ". Integrated Publishing (tpub.com).
 Brett Ketter, "Surface Wave Theory ". University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee.
 David Reiss, "Electromagnetic surface waves". The Net Advance of Physics: Special Reports, No. 1
 Gary L. Peterson, "Rediscovering the Zenneck wave". Feed Line No. 4. (ed. reproduction available online at Twenty First Century Books)

Standards and doctrines
 "Surface wave ". Telecom Glossary 2000, ATIS Committee T1A1, Performance and Signal Processing, T1.523-2001.
 "Surface wave", Federal Standard 1037C.
 "Surface wave", MIL-STD-188
 "Multi-service tactics, techniques, and procedures for the High-Frequency Automatic Link Establishment (HF-ALE): FM 6-02.74; MCRP 3-40.3E; NTTP 6-02.6; AFTTP(I) 3-2.48; COMDTINST M2000.7" Sept., 2003.

Books
 Waldron, Richard Arthur, "Theory of guided electromagnetic waves". London, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970.  LCCN 69019848 //r86
 Weiner, Melvin M., "Monopole antennas" New York, Marcel Dekker, 2003. 
 Budden, K. G., "The wave-guide mode theory of wave propagation". London, Logos Press; Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, c1961. LCCN 62002870 /L

Journals and papers
Wait
 Wait, J. R., "Lateral Waves and the Pioneering Research of the Late Kenneth A Norton".
 Wait, J. R., and D. A. Hill, "Excitation of the HF surface wave by vertical and horizontal apertures". Radio Science, 14, 1979, pp 767–780.
 Wait, J. R., and D. A. Hill, "Excitation of the Zenneck surface by a vertical aperture", Radio Science, 13, 1978, pp. 967–977.
 Wait, J. R., "A note on surface waves and ground waves", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Nov 1965. Vol. 13, Issue 6, pg 996- 997 ISSN 0096-1973
 Wait, J. R., "The ancient and modern history of EM ground-wave propagation". IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol. 40, pp. 7–24, Oct. 1998.
 Wait, J. R., "Appendix C: On the theory of ground wave propagation over a slightly roughned curved earth", Electromagnetic Probing in Geophysics. Boulder, CO., Golem, 1971, pp. 37–381.
 Wait, J. R., "Electromagnetic surface waves", Advances in Radio Research, 1, New York, Academic Press, 1964, pp. 157–219.

Other media
  L.A. Ostrovsky (ed.), "Laboratory modeling and theoretical studies of surface wave modulation by a moving sphere", Environmental Technology Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories, 2002. OCLC 50325097

Mechanics
Desalination means any process that removes the excess salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or irrigation. Most desalination is by distillation. Some is by reverse osmosis or other methods.

The main purpose is to make water for people to use. The salt is usually carried away as brine but in some places the solid salt is extracted. 

Desalination  of brackish water is done in the United States in order to meet treaty obligations for river water entering Mexico. Several Middle Eastern countries have energy reserves so great that they use desalinated water for agriculture. Saudi Arabia's desalination plants account for about 24% of total world capacity. The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in UAE. It uses multi-stage flash distillation, dual-purpose and it is capable of producing 300 million cubic meters of water per year.

Methods
Distillation 
Multi-stage flash (MSF)
Multiple-effect (MED|ME)
Vapor compression (VC)
Evaporation/condensation
Membrane processes
Electrodialysis reversal (EDR)
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Nanofiltration (NF)
Forward osmosis (FO)
Membrane distillation (MD)
Cold (freezing)
thermal
Solar humidification 
Methane hydrate crystallisation
High grade water recycling

The traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation — essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure, and thus a much lower temperature than normal. Due to the reduced temperature, energy is saved.

References

Other websites 
 Middle East Desalination Research Centre 
 Encyclopedia of Desalination and water and Water Resources
 Global Water Intelligence - monthly newsletter featuring 'Desal Project Tracker'
 Water Desalination Report - weekly newsletter on international desal 
 International Desalination Association
 Desalination & Water Reuse - Official magazine of the International Desalination Association
 European Desalination Society
 IAEA - Nuclear Desalination 
 German Desalination Society - DME
 Geothermal Desalination 
 SDSU (San Diego State University) Center for Information Technology and Infrastructure (CITI) International Consortium of Advanced Technologies and Security 
 "Desalination Journal" and Desalination Directory of the European Desalination Society
Desalination by humidification and dehumidification of air: state of the art 
 Zonnewater - optimized solar thermal desalination (distillation)
 SOLAR TOWER Project - Clean Electricity Generation for Desalination.
 Solar Desalination using the MEH-Method
 Article: Water issues prompt new look at desalination
 Desalination bibliography Library of Congress
 Water-Technology
Water Desalination Worldewide, Market, Technologies and Companies
Cheap Drinking Water from the Ocean - Carbon nanotube-based membranes will dramatically cut the cost of desalination
BBC2 Newsnight Film: Israel build the world's largest desalination plant 
Solar thermal-driven desalination plants based on membrane distillation 
Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources 

Water
Direct current (DC or "continuous current") is the flow of electricity in a single direction, from the negative to the positive terminals (potential, poles).

The direct current always flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from the alternating current (AC). Direct current used to be called "Galvanic current".

Batteries are some of the main sources of direct current (DC), but many other sources also exist such as bridge rectifiers in power supply, solar panels, etc.

Typically, the current goes through a conductor and other things that can carry DC. DC is also sent through a vacuum as in electron beams or ion beams.

The first commercial electric power transmission was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century using direct current. Today nearly all electric power distribution uses alternating current because of the advantages with transformers and transmission. High-voltage direct current is often used for transporting electricity to places far away.

For applications requiring direct current, the alternating current is typically distributed to a substation and then converted to direct current.

Long after the usage of direct current had been established, physicists realized that the current was made of negative electric charges, the electrons, and that the actual flow was from the negative to the positive pole (and so-called "holes" flow in the opposite direction), but by convention, the usage of the term was never changed.

Related pages
 Electric current
 Alternating current
 Railway electrification system

Other websites 
 AC/DC: What's the Difference?. Edison's Miracle of Light, American Experience. (PBS)

Electricity
A snowmobile is a motorized vehicle used for travelling over snow.  It is like a car, only instead of wheels, it has treads.  Some snowmobiles have skis in the front for steering.  

Adding snowmobile studs to the tread decreases the time and distance it takes to stop a snowmobile.  Once you make a decision to stop a snowmobile, the distance it will take to stop will be a combination of the speed of the machine, weight of the machine and the available friction and or the mechanical damping (which will equal the effective drag factor) between the snowmobile and the surface on which it is trying to stop. If the surface is icy or hard-packed, the mechanical damping portion of the effective drag factor is decreased, leaving you with only the friction provided by the tread to stop.

Snowmobile studs made from steel or stainless steel with carbide tips are installed in the tread. The studs are designed for specific terrains in varying lengths, shapes and materials. The studs control acceleration, deceleration and maneuverability. The correct amount and type of stud installed in an effective pattern will produce the best traction results.

Land vehicles
The Remo Four were a rock band from Liverpool, England, from the late 1950s and early 1960s, at the same time the Beatles were starting their musical careers.

While the Beatles gained experience performing in Hamburg, Germany, the Remo Four played at American Air Force bases in France. Members of the two bands were friends, and often played at the same places back in Liverpool, or would go to watch each other perform.

After the Beatles became famous under Brian Epstein's management, Epstein signed up the Remo Four also. He worked hard to promote the band, but they never achieved massive success as the Beatles had. Epstein paired the Remo Four with a singer he also managed, called Tommy Quickly. They made a series of singles together, but none became hits. Quickly retired from music, and the Remo Four went on to work with other singers, including Billy J. Kramer. They also released an album, titled Smile, on a German record label.

George Harrison was invited to record a movie soundtrack in late 1967. Instead of working with the Beatles, he invited the Remo Four to work with him. The movie, Wonderwall, got little exposure, but the soundtrack album, Wonderwall Music, became a minor hit the next year.

English rock bands
People from Liverpool
The magnitude of a mathematical object is its size: a property by which it can be larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.

In mathematical language one would say: It is an ordering of the class of objects to which it belongs.

The Ancient Greeks distinguished between several types of magnitude, including:
(positive) fractions
line segments (ordered by length)
Plane figures (ordered by area)
Solids (ordered by volume)
Angles (ordered by angular magnitude)

They had proven that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and magnitude is still primarily used in contexts in which zero is either the lowest size, or less than all possible sizes.

Real numbers 
The magnitude of a real number  is usually called the absolute value or modulus. It is written as , and is defined by:

 | x | = x, if x ≥ 0
 | x | = -x, if x < 0

This gives the number's distance from zero on the real number line. For example, the modulus of -5 is 5.

Vector 
The magnitude of a vector  is called its norm, and is usually written as . It measures the length of the vector. For a three-dimensional vector , the norm can be calculated using the formula .

Practical math 

A magnitude is never negative. When comparing magnitudes, it is often helpful to use a logarithmic scale. Real-world examples include the loudness of a sound (decibel), the brightness of a star, or the Richter scale of earthquake intensity.

Because magnitudes are often not linear, they usually cannot be added or subtract in a meaningful way.

Related pages 

 Order of magnitude

References 

Mathematics
A fraction is a number that shows how many equal parts there are. When we write fractions, we show one number with a line above (or a slash next to) another number. For example, ,  and 1/4.are different ways of writing the same fraction (in this case a quarter). The top number tells us how many parts there are, and the bottom number tells us the total number of parts.

The top part of the fraction is called a numerator. The bottom part of the fraction is called a denominator. For example, for the fraction , the 1 is the numerator, and the 4 is the denominator.

Examples of fraction
A room where  of the people are girls, has 1 girl for every 4 people.
A cake can be thought of as being made up of 4 equal parts, where each is 1 part of 4. This can be written as , and is called a "quarter". Similarly, 2 parts of the cake (2 quarters) can be written , which is also equal to 1/2 (one-half).

Mathematical fractions 
A fraction is a mathematical expression relating two quantities or numbers, where one divides the other. When the two quantities are whole numbers (or integers), this is called a rational number (such as the fraction ). When the two quantities are polynomials, this is called a rational function.

Mathematically, a fraction is a quotient of numbers, representing the number's value when the numerator (upper number) is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus  means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5.

To find  of , the denominators are multiplied, and because denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4, we have that  x  = , or 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.

(In this case, “ of” means "multiplication".)

To find  divided by , multiply  by the reciprocal of , which is 2. That answer is 1.

Multiplying 
To multiply two fractions, the first numerator is multiplied by the other numerator, and the first denominator is multiplied by the other denominator. For example.  x  = . One can simplify this by dividing both numbers by a common factor. This would be  after the simplication.

Related pages 

 Algebraic fraction
 Egyptian fraction
 Mixed number
 Ratio

References

Other websites 
 Curricula for Creating Fractions
 Worksheets:Fractions
 Interactive and dynamic worksheets to visualize fractions
 Worksheets: Identifying Fractions
 Worksheets: Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers
 Curricula for Teaching about Equivalent Fractions
 Free online quizzes about Fractions
 Printable fraction worksheets for elementary grades.

Mathematics
Numbers
Brian Patrick Carroll, better known as Buckethead, is an American musician and songwriter. As of 2016 he has released 255 solo albums. He has performed on over 50 more albums by other music artists. His music spans many different styles and genres.

When performing onstage Buckethead wears a white KFC bucket over his head and an expressionless plain white costume mask.

Although he can play many different types of musical instruments, Buckethead is best known for his guitar playing. He has been voted as a top guitarist in many magazines dedicated to the topic of guitar playing.

Buckethead records and performs onstage as a solo artist most of the time. He has also worked with a wide variety musicians including: Bill Laswell, Bootsy Collins, Bernie Worrell, Iggy Pop, Les Claypool, Serj Tankian, Mike Patton and Viggo Mortensen. Buckethead was a member of Guns N' Roses from 2000 to 2004.

Buckethead has created music for movies such as: Saw II, Ghosts of Mars, Beverly Hills Ninja and Last Action Hero.

Notes 

American guitarists
American composers
Musicians from California
American heavy metal musicians
American funk musicians
American rock musicians
American jazz musicians
1969 births
Living people
Multi-instrumentalists
In mathematics, the quotient is the result of a division. For example, in the division of 6÷3, the quotient would be 2. Here, 6 is also called the dividend, and 3 the divisor. The quotient can thus be expressed as the number of times the divisor adds together into the dividend.

On the other hand, a quotient can also mean just the integral part of the result of dividing two integers. For example, the quotient of 17 ÷ 5 would be 3 (since 5 goes into 17 at most 3 times), whilst the remainder, the leftover of the division, would be 2.

Quotients also come up in certain tests, like the IQ test, which evaluates one's intelligence quotient. In this case, the quotient is the score of the test. In recent decades, as people begin to emphasize multi-dimensional personal development, other similar quotients (such as emotional quotient) are being developed and considered as well.

Related pages 
 Difference quotient
 Fraction
 Long division
 Rational number

References 

Numbers
In mathematics, the word "division" means the operation which is the opposite of multiplication. The symbols for division are the slash () and the fraction line, as in:

   or  

where each of the three expressions means "6 divided by 3", with 2 as the answer. The first number is the dividend (6), and the second number is the divisor (3). The result (or answer) of a division is the quotient, where any left-over amount as whole numbers is called the "remainder". For example,  gives quotient 3 with remainder 2, all expressed as the mixed number  or 3.5).

The numbers involved in division can be very big, such as the case with two hundred: , or with 7 billion:  (where the quotient is equal to 7 million).

With multiplication 
If  times  equals , written as:

 

where  is not zero, then  divided by  equals , written as:

 

For instance,

 

since

 .

In the above expression,  is called the dividend,  the divisor and  the quotient.

Division by zero, as in

 

is not defined.

Notation 
Division is most often shown by placing the dividend over the divisor with a horizontal line, also called a vinculum, between them. For example,  divided by  is written as

 

This can be read as "a divided by b", or "a over b". A way to express division all on one line is to write the dividend, then a slash, then the divisor, like this:

 

This is the usual way to specify division in most computer programming languages, since it can easily be typed as a simple sequence of characters.

A typographical variation which is halfway between these two forms uses a slash, but elevates the dividend and lowers the divisor:

 a⁄b

Any of these forms can be used to display a fraction. A fraction is a division expression where both dividend and divisor are integers (in which case, the two numbers are typically referred to as numerator and denominator). A fraction is an accepted way of writing numbers. It is not always expected that the result of the division is written in decimals.

In some non-English-speaking cultures, "a divided by b" is written as . However, in English-speaking countries the colon is restricted to expressing the related concept of ratios (where  reads "a is to b").

Related pages

 Divisor, another meaning as a number which evenly divides an amount
 Division by two
 Long division
 Modular arithmetic
 Remainder

References

Other websites 

 Division on a Japanese abacus selected from Abacus: Mystery of the Bead
 Chinese Short Division Techniques on a Suan Pan
 Rules of divisibility 

Arithmetics
Division could mean:

Processes:
Division (mathematics), a binary operation that serves as the inverse of multiplication
Division (electronics), digital implementation of mathematical division
Division (vote), a manner by which the votes of legislators are recorded
Division (horticulture), a method of vegetative plant propagation, or the plants created by using this method
Division (music) a specific type of ornamentation, most common in 17th century English music
Cell division, how biological cells multiply
Continental divide, the geographical term for separation between watersheds
North-South divide, the geopolitical term for the division between rich nations and poor nations
Segmentation

Units/ Entities:
Division (organisation), a subsidiary of a larger organisation
Division (business), a separate named business operated as a part of an organization
Division (military), a unit typically consisting of from 10,000 to 20,000 troops
Police division, a large unit (often a Basic Command Unit) of the British police
Division (sport), a group of teams in sport
Division (botany), a classification of plants (the botanical counterpart to zoology's phylum)
Administrative division, part of a country
A county constituency or Parliamentary seat in the UK Parliament
A subpart of a hundred (division), former administrative unit in England and Wales
Census division

Music:
A grouping of pipe ranks in a pipe organ, often with its own case, windchest, and keyboard
Divisions, a type of variation form used in the baroque.
Division viol, an English Renaissance instrument

Miscellaneous:
In nautical navigation the compass is called dividers

Basic English 850 words