cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Michail Leontievich Bulatov (Михаил Леонтьевич Булатов),  (1760 in Rjazan, 2 May 1825 in Omsk), was a Russian military who fought during the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1992) and became Major General in 1799 during the Napoleonic Wars and lieutenant-general in 1823.

1760 births
1825 deaths

Generals
King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. He based it on an old British story about a king named Leir or Lyr. The play might have been first performed in December 1606. It was first printed in 1608. It was printed again in 1623 in the First Folio. This is a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. Many great actors over the years have played the part of King Lear.

Story
The play is about an old king named Lear. He wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters. To get the kingdom, they must tell him how much they love him. His youngest daughter Cordelia will not say how much she does, although she's the one who loves him most.

She says words will not be able to describe her love. King Lear does not realize this is true love.  Lear gets angry at her and will not give her land, and says she is not his daughter anymore. He gives his land to his other daughters Regan and Goneril. 

The king soon finds out that Regan and Goneril do not love him. They only wanted his land. The King becomes very mad. The two daughters, and their husbands, throw him out of the land that is now theirs.  Lear goes on a  trip around the land that was once his as he becomes insane. Regan poisons Goneril out of jealousy. She also kills herself. Lear dies after discovering that Cordelia was the one who always cared for him and came with a French army to help him but she and king Lear were caught by Edmund who gave an order to get them both hanged, which happens to Cordelia and causes Lear's grief and death.

Plays by William Shakespeare
The Tillamook are a Native American tribe from the state of Oregon. The word Tillamook means "people of Nekelim" in the Chinook language. Also, Tillamook can mean "Land of Many Waters" but it is not as widely used. Tillamook can also be spelled Calamox, Gillamooks, and Killamook.

Language
The Tillamook tribe used to speak Tillamook. After a while they learned to speak English. The last person that spoke Tillamook died in 1970. This made the Tillamook language gone forever. Starting in 1965, a group of scientists tried to protect the Tillamook language by talking with the Tillamook people and creating a Tillamook language dictionary.

History
The Tillamook tribe used to live between the Necanicum River and Tillamook Bay. The Tillamook were coastal Native Americans. Their  name, Tillamook, means "Land of Many Waters" in their language. The first Tilamook people lived around the 1400s. In the 1700s, the population was counted at about 2200 people.

Native American
People from Oregon
Stick figure is a species that is typically drawn, sometimes simple drawing of a person made out of lines and circles. They are made of simple shapes, such as circles, lines and triangles. These are often the first way that children begin to draw people.

Animations 
Stick figures have also become popular to make simple, and often violent, animations. YouTube channels such as Alan Becker and Hyun's Dojo community create small series of videos.

Art
Animation
The First Folio is the common name for the first collection of William Shakespeare's plays. It was published in 1623. Its title is Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies.  The collection was assembled by Shakespeare's theatrical colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell.  

Four plays are missing: Pericles, Prince of Tyre, The Two Noble Kinsman, and the "lost plays" Cardenio and Love's Labours Won. It is believed about 750 copies were originally published. Two hundred twenty-eight remain in existence. The Folger Library in Washington, D. C. holds the most copies at 82. Copies that arrive at auction realize prices in the millions. 

17th-century books
William Shakespeare
Camp Nou (also known as the Nou Camp) is a football stadium used by FC Barcelona that was opened in 1957. It can hold 99,354 people, making it the largest stadium in Europe and the second largest football stadium in the world. 

The stadium was used to host the 1982 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 Summer Olympics. It also hosted the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich.

Matches hosted

European Competition Finals

European Super Cups/UEFA Super Cups

International Competitions

Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Gallery

References 

 
1957 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Spain
The Dean of the United States Senate is the Senator that has been in office the longest.
 
Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Office of Dean is not an official position.

History
After the death of Daniel Inouye on December 17, 2012, Patrick Leahy became the new Dean of the Senate. Also since the death of Inouye, Leahy became the President pro tempore and "dean". Leahy is the senorist Democratic Senate politician in the United States.

References

United States Senate
Carl Zimmer (born 1966) is a popular science writer and blogger, mostly dealing with the study of evolution and parasites. He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as The New York Times and Discover. He is a Fellow at Yale University's Morse College. He lives in Guilford, Connecticut, with his wife, Grace Farrell Zimmer, and their two children.  His father, Dick Zimmer, was a Republican congressman from New Jersey from 1991 through 1997. His brother, Benjamin Zimmer, is a linguist.

Awards
 American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2004 Science Journalism Award 
 The Pan American Health Organization's Award for Excellence in International Health Reporting
 American Institute Biological Science's Media Award
 Everett Clark Award for Science Writing
 John Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
 United States National Academy of Sciences Communication Award

Bibliography
 Zimmer, Carl At the Water's Edge (1999) 
 Zimmer, Carl Parasite Rex (2001) 
 Zimmer, Carl Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea (2001) 
 Zimmer, Carl Soul Made Flesh (2004) 
 Zimmer, Carl Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins (2005) 
 Zimmer, Carl Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life (2008) 

1966 births
Living people
Writers from New Jersey
38628 Huya, previously known by its provisional designation ) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was found in March 2000 by Ignacio Ferrin and announced on October 24, 2000. It was given the name Huya, after Juyá, the Wayuu rain god, in August 2003 by the International Astronomical Union.

Size 
At the time when it was found, Huya was the biggest and brightest TNO yet found. It was found using data collected by at the CIDA Observatory in Venezuela. Astronomers think it's about 530 km in diameter.

Surface 
The object has a red-sloped reflectance spectrum, saying that the surface could be rich in organic material such as tholins.

Orbit 
Given the long orbit that TNOs have around the sun, Huya comes to opposition in early May of each year at an apparent magnitude of 19.3.

References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
 37th DPS: Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects 
 Planet 10? Tiny 'Plutino' Almost Qualifies 
 Discovery of a bright Trans-Neptunian Object (Yale) 
 From the Rain Forest to Planet Huya 

Possible dwarf planets
Kuiper belt objects
1566 Icarus is an Apollo asteroid (a sub-class of near-Earth asteroid). At its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) it is closer to the Sun than Mercury. In its orbit it crosses the orbits of Mercury, Venus and Mars. It is named after Icarus of Greek mythology, who flew too close to the Sun. The asteroid was found in 1949 by Walter Baade.

Icarus makes a close approach to Earth at gaps of 9, 19, or 38 years. Sometimes, it comes as close as 6.4 Gm (16 lunar distances and 4 million miles), as it did on June 14, 1968. The last close approach was in 1996, at 15.1 Gm, about 40 times as far as the Moon. The most recent close approach was on June 16, 2015, 8.1 Gm (5 million miles).

In 1967, Paul Sandorff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave his students the task of making a plan to destroy Icarus, if it was going to hit the Earth. This plan is known as Project Icarus (which was the basis for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor, starring Sean Connery).

References

Other websites 
 NeoDys Object Listing: orbital elements and list of close approaches
 Article on TheSpaceReview.com about Project Icarus

Icarus
Minor planet designations are number-name combinations given by the Minor Planet Center, a part of the IAU. They are used for dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, but not comets. They are given to a body once its orbit is secured and unrelated to provisional designations, given when an object is found. 

The two parts of a formal designation are
 a number, historically given in a similar order to the order that it was found, now given only after the orbit is secured
 a name, either the name assigned by the astronomer who found it or, more commonly, the provisional designation.
It looks like this: (number) Name, for example (90377) Sedna or . According to what the astronomer wants, the brackets are now often removed, as in 90377 Sedna. In practice, however, the number is primarily a catalog entry for any reasonably well-known object. Therefore, the name or provisional designation is generally used in the formal designation: Sedna, .

The rule for moons of minor planets, such as the formal designation (87) Sylvia I Romulus for the asteroid moon Romulus, is an extension of the Roman numeral convention used, on and off, for the moons of the planets since Galileo's time.

The Minor Planet Center also managed comets but used a different cataloging system.

History 
By 1851, there were 15 asteroids, all but one with their own symbol. The symbols were becoming less and less simple, and, as they had to be drawn by hand, astronomers found some of them hard to draw. This difficulty was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1851, who suggested numbering asteroids in the order that they were found, and placing this number in a circle as the symbol for the asteroid, such as ④ for the fourth asteroid, Vesta. This practice was soon coupled with the name itself into an official number-name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By ca 1858, the circle had been simplified to brackets, "(4)" and "(4) Vesta", which was easier to typeset. Other punctuation such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta" was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.

The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order they were or the order that they're orbit was calculated is the case of Pluto. Since Pluto was originally called a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that didn't include it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation Pluto.

References

Other websites 
IAU FAQ on minor planets 
MPC explanation of provisional designations
Dr. James Hilton, When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets? 

Minor planets
is a popular ball-shaped Japanese dumpling.  It is like a savory pancake in a ball-shape which is cooked in a special pan.

Takoyaki is a specialty of Osaka and Kyoto.  It is usually eaten as a snack.

Many people in Osaka and Kyoto have a special cooker that makes takoyaki. This is because they eat takoyaki often.

History
Takoyaki was invented in Osaka in 1935 by Tomekichi Endo.  It is most often made with flour and small pieces of boiled octopus.

How to make Takoyaki 
First, mix flour and egg with water to make dough. It is important the dough is not too thick but not too watery. 
Second, pour the dough into a takoyaki pan. 
Third, put a piece of cut, boiled octopus into each of the holes of the takoyaki pan. Also, put pickled ginger, and tenkasu (deep-fried flour dough). 
Fourth, turn the dough as it cooks to make a ball-shape. 
Finally, once cooked, put takoyaki sauce, katsuobushi (dried fish flakes), and aonori (green laver) on the balls.

Minor planet
A minor planet named "6562 Takoyaki" was discovered in 1991 by M. Yanai and K. Watanabe at Katani.  The name was selected by children who visited the Funai Space Festival which was held in Osaka in 2001.

References

Other websites

 Just Hungry,  "Takoyaki, the great street snack that's fun to make at home"

Japanese food
Nishinomiya is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is in the Kansai region of Japan and has a population of 483,598. 

It has been recognized as a core city since 2008.

History

The Great Hanshin Earthquake on January 17, 1995 killed 1,134 people in Nishinomiya and injring 6386 people. 34,181 buildings were completely destroyed with 27,116 buildings being partially destroyed. Nishinomiya had 194 evacuation spots with 44,351 evacuees.

Some famous places in Nishinomiya are Koshien Stadium, where the professional baseball team the Hanshin Tigers play, and Nishinomiya Gardens.

Sister Cities
Sister cities
U.S., Spokane, Washington September, 1961 

Friendship cities
Brazil, Paraná, Londrina, May, 1977
China, Zhejiang, Shaoxing July, 1985
France District of Lot-et-Garonne and Agen, April, 1992
 U.S., Burlington, Vermont
 Aquitaine
 Japan, Kagoshima (formerly Naze), Amami, October, 1981
 Japan, Kochi, Yusuhara, March, 1991

Geography 
 Location - Nishinomiya City is in Hyogo Prefecture. It lies on Osaka Bay between Kobe (to the West) and Osaka (to the East).
 Size - Area is 99.96km2
 Transport - There are excellent links to Kobe, Osaka and beyond with a choice of three separate train lines. The Bullet train, which connects to Tokyo, stops in nearby Kobe. Also, roads out of the city are good. Many people within the city travel by bicycle so there are large bicycle parking places especially near stations.
 The Land - most of Nishinomiya is on the flat plain in the south, however there are mountains in the north. The town has expanded up the mountains, so many houses are built on the slopes of these mountains with excellent views over the city below and even out over Osaka Bay.  One small mountain is called Kabuto-yama. This landmark, with its Japanese helmet shape, can be seen from most parts of the city. In the bay, artificial islands have been made on which industries, residential areas and a marina have been built. There is a small beach.

Economy 
Nishinomiya is famous in Japan for its sake (rice wine) production. Other food production is the main industry. There are also docks for shipping.

Leisure and Culture 
There are huge shopping centres that are very popular. The city is the home of the famous Hanshin Tigers baseball team who play at Koshien Stadium. The Tigers have won the Central League pennant five times (1962, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2005) and the Japan Series once (1985). In each of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009, more than three million people attended games at their Nishinomiya stadium. There are many shrines, such as Nishinomiya Shrine, Hirota-jinja and Kannō-ji. A popular light novel, manga, and anime series 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' is set in Nishinomiya.

References

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Hyōgo Prefecture
The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1979 and ended on November 30, 1979. This was an average season with 20 storms, however only 9 became tropical. This was a damaging and deadly season most of the damage was caused by Tropical Storm Claudette, Hurricane David and Hurricane Frederic. Most deaths were caused by Hurricane David.

Storms
Tropical Depression One 
Tropical Depression Two 
Tropical Storm Ana 
Tropical Depression Four 
Hurricane Bob  
Tropical Storm Claudette 
Tropical Depression Nine 
Tropical Depression Ten 
Hurricane David 
Tropical Storm Elena  
Hurricane Frederic 
Hurricane Gloria 
Hurricane Henri 
Tropical Depression Nineteen 
Tropical Depression Twenty 
Tropical Depression Twenty-One 
Tropical Depression Twenty-Two 
Subtropical Storm One 
Tropical Depression Twenty-Five 
Tropical Depression Twenty-Six

Storm names
This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season. The list is not the same as in 1973 because in 1979 male names were added to the list. Names that were not used are marked in .

Retired names
In the spring of 1980, the names, David and Frederic were retired and replaced with the names Danny and Fabian.

Other websites
 Monthly Weather Review
 HPC rainfall pages for 1979 tropical cyclones impacting North America
Hanasaka-jiisan(花咲か爺）is a famous folk story of Japan.  The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)".  The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).

Story 
   
There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms.  The old man and his wife had a white puppy.  One day, their dog barked, “Koko-hore-wan-wan,” (meaning "Dig here! Bark bark!") while digging in a field.  The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich.  The old man was very happy.  The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure. The old couple’s neighbors were jealous of this.  So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure. They beat him, then he went to search for treasure.  But they only found rubbish. So, then they killed the dog.  The old man was crushed with grief. The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes.  
Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream.  The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!"  The old man followed the dog's directions. Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom.  The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.

Japanese folklore
Mono no aware (物の哀れ) is a Japanese literary term.  It means "the pathos of things" in English. Pathos is the power in literature that creates feelings of sorrow, pity and tenderness. Mono no aware is a very important concept when reading old literature, so that the reader can understand the importance and beauty of the literature.  It is used to express the keen emotion and pathos of a piece of literature and the feeling it gives the readers' senses, such as the description of a sound or scenery.  The Tale of Genji, said to be the world's oldest novel, is a good example of literature that gives its readers the sense of mono no aware.

Origin 
The term mono no aware was first used by Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801) to describe Heian Period (794 AD - 1185 AD) literature, especially Tales of Genji.

In contemporary culture
Notable manga artists who use mono no aware–style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano, Kozue Amano, and Kaoru Mori. In anime, both Only Yesterday, by Isao Takahata and Mai Mai Miracle, by Sunao Katabuchi make note of the passing of time in a gentle way by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past.  In addition, the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu was well known for making a sense of mono no aware. 

Japanese culture
A saddle is like a seat for a rider, which is held to an animal's back by a belly strap called a girth. The most common type is the equestrian saddle made for a horse. Saddles have been made for camels and other animals. The earliest saddles were simple pads fixed with a surcingle seen by 800 BC, with the saddle tree coming into use about 200 BC, and paired stirrups by 322 AD Saddles in use today, date back to the 1700s. Today, modern saddles come in different styles, designed for different equestrian activities. They need careful fit for both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for many years.

The two most common saddle types used for horse riding are the English saddle and the Western saddle. The English saddle is used for horse sports like show jumping, dressage, and eventing. It is also used for horse showing. It has less leather and is lighter than most Western saddles. 

The Western saddle is used for horse activities where the rider needs more support than in and english saddle. It is also used for showing,  barrel racing,  rodeo, and many other sports. The biggest difference is it has a horn on the front, and a higher cantle. This was used originally for tying cattle off when working, so the ranchers could brand or work with the cow. It's now used more widely, in barrel racing it's used for support, in roping events, it's still used to tie cattle. 

The there are many different types of English and Western saddles. All are designed for a specific purpose. So while they might look different, they all help the rider for the sport or activity for which they were designed. For example, a rider would not want to jump in a Western saddle because the horn would make it hard for them to stay in the correct position over the jump. A rider would not want to work cows in a jumping saddle because they would not have a horn and because the Western saddle puts the rider in a better position for working cows.

Horse riding

it:Finimenti#Selle
A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct and control a horse. The bridle is the headgear that holds a bit which goes in the mouth of a horse, and also the reins that are joined to the bit.

Bridles are usually made of leather. They are made of different parts which are buckled together. The headpiece, also called a crownpiece, goes behind the horse's ears. The browband is placed across the horse's forehead. The throatlach goes behind the horse's cheek. The cheekpieces extend across the horse's cheek and attach to the bit. The noseband goes across the horse's nose and under its chin. Some bridles do not have a noseband. Others have special nosebands designed to prevent the horse from opening its mouth too widely and crossing its jaw. Sometimes, a strap called a martingale is attached to the noseband.

A bridle without a bit uses a noseband to control a horse, and is called a hackamore, or a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles work by pressure and leverage on the horse's nose and chin groove. Bitless bridles can be useful for horses that have problems with their mouths. It is more difficult to turn a horse using a bitless bridle, and bitless bridles can provide tremendous leverage and stopping power.

References

Horse riding
The Greek Wikipedia (also Hellenic Wikipedia, Elliniki Vikipedia, ) is the fifth language of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It started on December 1, 2002. By 15 December 2003, it had 1,000 articles. As of October 2009, it had reached over 45,000 articles.

As of October 2015, it is the 50th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

References

Other websites

  Greek Wikipedia
  Greek Wikipedia mobile version
 Statistics for Greek Wikipedia by Erik Zachte
 Tell us about Greek Wikipedia
 Pontic Wikipedia
  Ancient Greek Wikipedia

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2002
August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche (21 April 1900 in Bochum – 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a Nazi official, ending the war as Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium.

Fritzsche was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was acquitted.

References 

1900 births
1953 deaths
Civil servants
German journalists
Nazi leaders
People from Bochum
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions in the Philippines, including its degree-granting programs. The CHED was established in May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.

Related pages
Professional Regulation Commission (Philippines)

Other websites
CHED Philippines official website 

Education in the Philippines
Professional Regulation Commission is a governing body tasked by the government of the Philippines to administer and supervise licensing examinations in the Philippines.

Related pages
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

Other websites
Professional Regulation Commission official website

Education in the Philippines
Reserve Officers' Training Corps is a type of military officer commissioning program, mostly in the United States. It is designed as a subject that students can choose to take at college. It focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. After joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, the person involved must be involved in the military for a period of time.

The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries have ROTC programs. The Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of Santo Tomas during American colonial rule. ROTC in South Korea started in 1963; while China created its own program in 1997.

Military
Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano (born October 2, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer and politician. He is the spokesperson of the United Opposition.  He was president of the University of the City of Manila.

Early life And career 
Tamano is the eighth son of the late Senator Mamintal Tamano and civic leader Hadja Putri Zorayda Abbas Tamano. Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan, who is also a lawyer. They have two children.

During the 2007 elections, Tamano was the spokesperson for the United Opposition. He is also a member of Kapunan, Tamano, Villadolid & Associates. He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School, and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila.

Education 
Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education. He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law, graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively. Thereafter, he attended the University of the Philippines and took a master's degree in Public Administration.

In June 2005, he matriculated in Harvard Law School's Master of Laws graduate program. He was the first Filipino Muslim to graduate from Harvard Law School.

References

Other websites 
 Harvard Commencement Speech
 Tamano:His Own Man

Living people
1970 births
University of the City of Manila
Filipino politicians
Benjamin G. Tayabas is the longest-serving university president of the University of the City of Manila.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Filipino people
University of the City of Manila
Living people
The University of Arizona (also known as UA, or Arizona) is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona.

The school began in 1885. It was the first university in the Arizona Territory. The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson. This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix.

The mission of the University of Arizona is, "To improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through education, research, creative expression, and community and business partnerships."

Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions). It is the only school from Arizona in the group.

Athletics 
The sports teams are nicknamed the Arizona Wildcats (often shortened to "Cats"). They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College. The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats." Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs.

They are members of the Pacific-12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 1978. The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.

References 

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Arizona
Arizona
1885 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Arizona Territory
The  square meter is the SI-derived unit of area. It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one metre.  The square metre is derived from the SI base unit of the metre, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of  of a second.

Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units.  For example, a kilometre is one thousand times the length of a metre, but a square kilometre is one million times the area of a square metre.

A "square metre" is not the same thing as a "metre square"  - although it is true that exactly 1 square metre is exactly 1 meter square. But that only works for the numbers 1 and 0; no others.

For example, a square that is 2 metres long and 2 metres wide has 4 square metres of area.

But a square that is 4 metres squared would have 4 metres on each side. This means it would have 16 square metres of area.

That is,  is 4 meters squared, whereas  is 4 square meters.

SI prefixes applied to the square metre 
The square metre may be used with all SI prefixes used with the metre.

Conversions

A square metre is equal to:
 0.000 001 square kilometre (km²)
 10,000 square centimetres (cm²)
 0.000 1 hectares (ha)
 0.01 ares (a)
 1 centiare (ca)
 0.000 247 105 381 acres
 1.195 990 square yards
 10.763 911 square feet
 1,550.003 1 square inches

Related pages

Notes

Other websites 
BIPM (SI maintenance agency)  (home page)
BIPM brochure (SI reference)

Units of area
Cologne or Eau de Cologne is a toiletry, a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany. Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils. Cologne may be used by men or women.

Composition
In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine.

History  
Eau de Cologne is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8). He named his fragrance Eau de Cologne, in honour of his new hometown. 

The Original Eau de Cologne composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet). His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of Eau de Cologne prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of Eau de Cologne and even Farina. 

Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711", have the name in common but smell different. In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), opened a perfumery business at Paris that developed into Roger & Gallet, that owns the rights to Eau de Cologne extra vielle in contrast to the Original Eau de Cologne from Cologne.

Eau de Cologne, or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.

Perfumery
Going the Distance is a 2004 Canadian movie. It was directed by Mark Griffiths. It is set across Canada. Its tagline was "They came. They saw. They came." The film was released in Canada as Going the Distance, but in the USA, it was called National Lampoon's Going the Distance. The Canadian DVD release has its original release title.

Other websites

2004 comedy movies
2000s road movies
2000s teen comedy movies
Canadian comedy movies
English-language movies
Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American television sitcom. It is based on the Archie comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on ABC from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on The WB Television Network from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.

Other websites 

1996 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s teen television series
ABC network shows
American teen comedy television series
College television series
High school television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
WB network shows
English-language television programs
Total Request Live (known from 1998 to 2008 as TRL) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests.

TRL played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online. The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day. As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day. The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years. Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded.

On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be over and it was later replaced by another show. A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m.

Until 2010, a local version of TRL was still running in Italy on MTV.

History

The beginning of TRL
The beginning of TRL traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce MTV Live from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York. MTV Live featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates. Music videos were not a major part of the program. At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers.

At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called Total Request, hosted by Carson Daly. Total Request was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set.

By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge MTV Live and Total Request into a new show called Total Request Live. The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998.

The end of TRL
On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be shut down. The last regular weekday episode aired on November 13, 2008. The episode showed the process of the set being torn down.

A three-hour special that was aired on November 16, 2008 marked the end of the show. The final show included several musical performances.

On June 25, 2014, MTV announced that it will bring back TRL for one day on July 2, 2014 with American singer Ariana Grande.

References

1998 American television series debuts
Music television series
2008 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Multi-criteria optimization, or multiobjective optimization is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called Pareto efficiency, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies. 

In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient. 

If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its Pareto Frontier or Production Possibility Frontier, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called resources or factors of production). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.

Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.

Welfare economics
Proper motion is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move relative to each other when seen from Earth. 

The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it). 

Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree.

Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.

References 

Astronomical phenomena
Reddit is a website where people share links to articles, media and other things on the web. The website is organized into "subreddits", communities within the Reddit community to discuss certain topics or to look at specific content. The posted links can be voted on, and the links with most votes are displayed on the front page of the website. Reddit was founded in 2005 by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, and is also available in other languages. People in the Reddit community call themselves "redditors". Some examples of subreddits are /r/Pics, /r/Aww, /r/FakeHistory, /r/WritingPrompts, /r/Showerthoughts, /r/todayilearned. Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like educational, funny, cute pictures of animals, intellectual nonsense, internet memes, and more.

Reddit has occasionally been the topic of controversy due to the presence of subreddits devoted to explicit or controversial material, including subreddits r/Creepshots and r/jailbait.

Site overview
Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content that can be discussed like a forum.

Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users.

Users and moderators
Reddit users are called "redditors." Moderators are called "mods".

Subreddits
Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits".

References

Other websites

Websites established in 2005
Bryde's whale is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5 m (41 ft) to 14 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male. 

Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, Balaenoptera brydei. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. Balaenoptera edeni and Balaenoptera omurai are two other species in the group. 

There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis, and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. Bryde's whale is unique in having three long ridges on its head that go from between the eyes towards the blowhole. All other rorquals have just one. The Bryde's whales skin varies from black to dark grey.

The whale was named after Johan Bryde, who built South Africa's first factory to process whales. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, B. brydei and B. edeni may be sister species.

References

Baleen whales
Nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on cloth. Velvet in one of these clothes with nap.  Nap can also mean a felt cloth.

In the 14th century, the word described the roughness of woven cloth before it was cut.

Piled nap
In the 15th century, the term nap refers to a pile given to the cloth. The word pile means the raised fibers that are there on purpose.  They were put there, instead of vy producing the cloth. The nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric.  The can then be cut or left on the cloth. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by weaving a second yarn through woven cloth, making a nap or pile.

References 

Cloth
An art exhibition is a place where works of art are shown to the public. The word exhibition comes from Latin exhibere, which means to show. This can be in a museum or an exhibition hall. The exhibition can be temporary, or permanent (like a section of a museum). Some exhibitions show works of art of the same artist, others show works of art on a common theme.

Art
A tournament is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament.

The word tournament is now defined in two ways:

 One or more competitions held at a single place and held over a short period of time. Some game clubs help prepare members for such tournaments. Chess clubs, for example, often use ranking systems, chess clocks, and rules like those used in chess tournaments.
 A competition with many matches, each with a small group of competitors. The tournament winner is based on the combined results of these individual matches. These are common in sports and games where each match can only have a small number of competitors, often  two, as in most team sports, racket sports, combat sports, many card games and board games, and competitive debating. Such tournaments allow large numbers to compete against each other, even though there are only two teams or players in a single match.

These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.

Sports competitions
Transhumanism is a cultural movement that thinks that humans could benefit from technology (mostly the biological type) that improves the condition of life. It seeks to find a solution to aging, disease, and natural death by making use of such technology.

References

Other websites 

 What is Transhumanism?

Philosophical movements and positions
Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist for the band Metallica. He also sings in the background (backing vocals) during most of their songs. Joe Satriani was Hammett's guitar instructor. Before joining Metallica, he was the founding member of another band called Exodus. He left Exodus when the other musicians in Metallica asked him join them.

1962 births
Living people
Metallica
In Greek mythology, Pandora's box was a large jar (πιθος Pithos) carried by Pandora. It contained the evils to be let loose on mankind. When the box was empty, hope remained. The actual evils are not specified by Hesiod.

Where the word box is from 
The word in the original text is Pithos, which usually refers to a large container; used to store wine or other things. Such containers were also used for funerals. In the case of Pandora, this jar may have been made of clay for use as storage as in the usual sense, or, instead, of bronze metal as an unbreakable prison.

The mistranslation of Pithos as "box" is usually attributed to the 16th century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasums is thought to have made the error when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's Pithos refers to a storage jar for oil or grain. Erasmus, however, translated pithos into the Latin word pyxis, meaning "box". The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since. This error was further backed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting Pandora.

References

Bibliography 
 Neils, Jenifer, The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod’s Elpis, in "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives", eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin: University of Texas Press), 2005, pp. 37–45.

Greek mythology
Longshore drift is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach. 

The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

 The waves carry the rock material up the beach at an angle. (waves move at an angle)
 The backwash carries the material directly down (gravity) into the sea or it stays there.
 This process goes again.

There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.

Wave physics
Environmental issues
Erosion
Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll (17 January 1801 – 16 January 1856), an illegitimate daughter of William IV and Dorothy Jordan, married William Hay on 4 December, 1820, at the age of 19. Hay was born with the name Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence.

She married her husband at St George's, Hanover Square, an Anglican church in Westminister.

She is shown in a Fitzclarence portrait in House of Dun, and she kept a stone thrown at her father William IV and the gloves he wore on opening his first Parliament as keepsakes.

She died on 16 January 1856 in Edinburgh, Scotland, aged 54.

Children and Relatives
With her husband she had four children:
 Lady Adelaide Harriet Augusta Hay (18 October 1821 – 22 October 1867)
 William Harry Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll (3 May 1823 – 3 December 1891), married Eliza Amelia Gore on 20 September 1848
 Lady Agnes Georgiana Elizabeth Hay (12 May 1829 – 18 December 1869). She married James Duff on 16 March 1846. Their son, Alexander Duff, married Princess Louise, who was the daughter of Edward VII.
 Lady Alice Mary Emily Hay (7 July 1835 – 7 June 1881) married Charles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (1824–1882; known also as Count d'Albanie) nephew of fraud John Sobieski Stuart.

She is also the grandmother of Princess Louise's husband, the Duke of Fife.

David Cameron is related to Elizabeth Hay through William IV, which makes him the fifth cousin, twice removed to the Queen.

References

1801 births
1856 deaths
British royalty
Earls and countesses
Robert Roberts Taylor Blyth (2 June 1900 – 1956) was a Scottish professional football player from the 1920s.

Blyth was born in Muirkirk, Scotland.  His father was a soccer player for Portsmouth, who later became the manager from 1901 to 1904.

Blyth played in eight Portsmouth games in the 1921-1922 season.

1956 births
Scottish footballers