cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) was an English novelist who wrote 47 novels and a number of other books. 

His mother Frances Trollope was also a writer. Trollope became an official of the Post Office and lived in Ireland from 1841 to 1859; he left his Post Office job in 1867.

Trollope is well known for his series of novels set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire.  His first novel was published in 1847 and The Warden, the first Barsetshire novel, in 1855. The rest of the series were published during the next 12 years: The Barchester Chronicles (1857), Doctor Thorne (1858), Framley Parsonage (1861), The Small House at Allington (1864), and The Last Chronicle of Barset (1867). Barsetshire is imagined as a county in southwest England. The county town is Barchester, which is the seat of the Bishop of Barchester. 

Trollope also wrote a series of political novels featuring the Palliser family. These began in 1864 with Can You Forgive Her?. The rest of the series is Phineas Finn (1869), The Eustace Diamonds (1873), Phineas Redux (1876), The Prime Minister (1876), and The Duke's Children (1880). Trollope was an industrious and disciplined writer who wrote short stories, travel books and biographies as well as novels.

Source 
Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1985) The Oxford Companion to English Literature; 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 996-97

English novelists
1815 births
1882 deaths
Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum of 925 in continental European terms.

Pure silver, for example 99.9% pure, is generally too soft for making objects for use. Therefore, the silver is usually alloyed with copper to give it strength while keeping the ductility and beauty of the precious metal. Other metals can replace the copper, to improve various properties of the basic sterling alloy such as increasing resistance to tarnish. These replacement metals include germanium, zinc and platinum, as well as a variety of other additives, including silicon and boron. Alloys such as argentium silver have appeared in recent decades. Argentium silver has some germanium added, and resists tarnishing well.

The first legal definition of sterling silver appeared in 1275. A statute of Edward I specified that 12 ounces of silver for coinage should contain 11 ounces  pennyweights of silver and  pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to the Troy ounce.

Sterling silver standards are protected by hallmarks stamped on pieces by officials.

References 

Metals
Standards
Richard Philip Henry John Benson, known as Richard Benson (born 10 March 1955, Woking, England) is an English–Italian guitarist.

Career
Benson probably moved to Rome in 1965. In 1971 he joined the progressive rock band Buon Vecchio Charlie. In 1972, he took part in the festival "Villa Pamphili".

From 1978 to 2013 he hosted TV shows relating to new musical releases of the time. The music was mostly hard rock and heavy metal, but also jazz, funk, blues, fusion and Italian rock.

In 1983, Benson released his first LP, Animal Zoo. In 1984, he released the LP Renegade. In 1987 he was included on the compilation album, Metal Attack (RCA Italy – Talent).

In 1992, Benson played himself in Carlo Verdone's movie Maledetto il giorno che t'ho incontrato. In the second half of the 1990s he gave concerts in Rome. In 1999, he released his first CD, Madre Tortura.

Benson has then appeared in Italian national broadcast television as a music critic (Rai 2), together with Max Giusti. His work in the show was comical instead of serious. He played a sort of parody of his own character. In June 2013, he created an online television channel, "RichardBensonTV". He hosts a show there about heavy metal music. RichardBensonTv closed after just over a year.

In 2015 he released his second CD, L'inferno dei vivi.

Discography
 1990: Buon Vecchio Charlie (recorded in 1971)
 1983: Animal Zoo (single)
 1984: Renegade (single)
 1999: Madre Tortura
 2015: L'inferno dei vivi

References

Other websites

 Article on la Repubblica
 

1955 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Rome
Musicians from Surrey
People from Woking
Kjell Arnljot Wig (31 December 1924 – 18 January 2015) was a Norwegian media personality. He was a journalist for Morgenbladet from 1948. He was later with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1963 to 1992. He hosted a series of television shows, including Aktuell debatt, Vindu mot verden, and Åpen post. Some of his novels were Det skjulte Norge (1969), Kongen ser tilbake (1977), and Eventyret om Blaafarveværket (1995).

Wig was born in Stjørdal. He was married and had children.

Wig died after an illness on 18 January 2015 at Bærum hospital. He was 90.

References

Other websites
 

1924 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian writers
Novelists
Norwegian television personalities
Suspicion is a 1941 romantic thriller movie. It is based on the novel Before the Fact. The movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cary Grant plays Johnnie, a gambler. Joan Fontaine plays Lina. Dame May Whitty plays Martha.

This movie was nominated for Academy Awards for the Best Picture and the Best Original Score. Fontaine won the Best Actress award.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1941 movies
1940s mystery movies
1940s thriller movies
Academy Award winning movies
American mystery movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Gustav I of Sweden, born 14 May 1496, dead 29 September 1560, was the King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560. During his reign, Sweden broke relationship with the Kalmar Union and the Roman Catholic Church.

References

Other websites

1650 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Marie Hermanson, born 1956, is a Swedish writer and journalist.

Bibliography
Det finns ett hål i verkligheten - 1986
Snövit - 1990
Tvillingsystrarna - 1993
Värddjuret - 1995
Musselstranden - 1998
Ett oskrivet blad - 2001
Hembiträdet - 2004
Mannen under trappan - 2005
Svampkungens son - 2007
Himmelsdalen - 2011
Skymningslandet - 2014

Awards 
 Partille Bookstore's Writer's Scholarship -1997
 Bokhandelns val - 2005

Nominations
August Prize - 1995 (for Värddjuret).

References

Other websites
official website 

1956 births
Living people
Swedish writers
Pietra dura () or pietre dure () (see below), called parchin kari or parchinkari () in the Indian Subcontinent, is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images. 

The stonework is glued stone-by-stone to a base after being "sliced and cut in different shape sections; and then assembled together so precisely that the contact between each section was practically invisible". Stability was achieved by grooving the undersides of the stones so that they interlocked, rather like a jigsaw puzzle, with everything held in place by an encircling 'frame'. Many different colored stones, particularly marbles, were used, along with semiprecious, and even precious stones. 

The technique first appeared in Rome in the 16th century. It reached its peak in Florence.  Pietra dura items are generally crafted on green, white or black marble base stones. Typically the resulting panel is completely flat, but some examples have the image is in low relief.

There are a number of similar techniques which should not be called pietra dura. The English term "Florentine mosaic" is sometimes used for the work of Giovanni Montelatici (1864-1930). He was an Italian Florentine artist whose brilliant work has been distributed across the world by tourists and collectors.

Pietra dura is also different from mosaics because stones are mostly much larger and cut to a shape suiting their place in the image, not all of roughly equal size and shape as in mosaic. In pietra dura, the stones are not cemented together with grout, and works in pietra dura are often portable. Nor should it be confused with micromosaics, a form of mosaic using very small tesserae of the same size to create images for Byzantine icons, and later for furniture panels.

References 

Materials
Art
Cats can be many different breeds and fur coat colours. A pink cat is not a color found in nature. But several pink cats have been reported about in the news  media. Sometimes the cat colour has changed to pink with chemicals or dyes. There are also several fictional pink cats in popular culture.

Real pink cats 

In September 2005, a cat named Brumas roamed away from his owners in Launceston, Cornwall. When he came back after a short time, his fur was coloured pink. No one ever figured out the cause of the colour change. Brumas was taken to the RSPCA to be tested. He did not have any toxins.

In September 2010, a cat with dyed pink fur was found in Swindon, South West England. The RSPCA said the dyeing was a "sick prank". Even though they tried to wash the colour out of the cat's fur, it stayed pink. The cat did not have any signs of side-effects or harm. The event made worldwide news. Soon the owner told the truth. She said that the cat had been dyed pink using food colouring because she was a fan of the colour. She said the act "seemed like a good idea. I always wanted a pink animal - a bit like my hair". She said she read the instructions carefully and the food colouring could not be harmful because it was safe for humans to eat. The RSPCA decided not to arrest her for harming her animal.

In May 2011, four kittens were found in a concrete factory in Redruth, Cornwall. One kitten had pink fur. A cat rescue group named "Cats Protection", tried to wash out the colour with shampoo, but could not.

Pollution from a steel factory in Port Talbot, Wales, has turned cats both pink and grey.

Cats having pink patches are found in Bulgaria. The color is probably a genetic mutation and is very close to orange. They are usually pink-white bicolor; or pink-blue-white or pink-black-white calico cats.

Fictional pink cats 

The Pink Panther is a cartoon cat that was created by Friz Freleng. He is seen in the opening titles of the Peter Sellers movies with his own theme music. He also had his own cartoon show. Animation historian Jerry Beck has said the cartoon cat is "anti-authority – he's cool yet he's pink".

The character of the children's television series Bagpuss was a pink cat. The Bagpuss puppet was really supposed to be an orange marmalade colour. When the puppet was made, it was dyed pink by mistake.  

Another children's television show, Roobarb and Custard, had a pink cat named Custard. Roobarb, the dog, was yellow. This program was shown on BBC television in England. The characters acted similar to the animated cat and mouse, Tom and Jerry.

In 2014, a Dutch artist, Florentijn Hofman, made a  tall pink cat for an exhibition in Century Park, Shanghai.

Princess Carolyn from BoJack Horseman is a pink cat.

References

Other websites 

Fictional cats
Doraemon:Nobita's Dinosaur is a 1980 Japanese animated movie. This movie  also known as Doraemon: motion picture. It is based on the popular manga and anime series Doraemon. The movie was released in Japan on 15 March 1980.

Cast

Music
Doraemon no Uta (ドラえもんのうた) by Nobuyo Oyama

Reference

1980 movies
Animated movies
Movies about dinosaurs
is a Japanese voice actress. She is represented by Production Baobab. Her son is Sunrise animator .

She is known for the roles of Nobita Nobi (Doraemon), all female lead villains in the Time Bokan series, Conan (Future Boy Conan), Peter (Heidi, Girl of the Alps), Oyuki and Claudia LaSalle. In the first ever Seiyu Awards in 2007, she won the Synergy award.

Voice roles
Alps no Shōjo Heidi (Peter)
Urusei Yatsura (Oyuki)
Starzinger
Space Pirate Captain Harlock (Mime)
Space Battleship Yamato II (Sabera, Jiro Shima)
Chōdenji Machine Voltes V (Hiyoshi Gō)
Soreike! Anpanman (Kurobarajoou)
Time Bokan series (Maajo, Doronjo, Muujo, Ataasha, Mirenjo, Munmun, Yanyan, Ruuju)
The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (Claudia LaSalle, Narrator)
Doraemon (Nobita Nobi, Nobisuke Nobi)
Future Boy Conan (Conan)
Wansa-kun (Wansa)
Crusher Joe (Ricky)
La Seine no Hoshi (Catherine)
Genesis Climber Mospeada (Refless)
Tatsunoko vs. Capcom (Doronjo)
Wacky Races (Japanese dub; Penelope Pitstop)

References

Other websites 
 Noriko Ohara at IMDb

1935 births
Living people
Actors from Tokyo
Japanese voice actors
Anthony F. Verna (November 26, 1933 – January 18, 2015) was an American television producer. He was known for creating instant replay and for producing interviews with Pope John Paul II, Ronald Reagan, and Charlton Heston. Verna was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Verna died in Palm Desert, California from leukemia, aged 81.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
American television producers
American inventors
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
George Elmer Pataki (; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician. He was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995, until December 31, 2006.

Early life
Pataki was born in Peekskill, New York. He is of an Austrian-Hungarian ancestry. After graduating fom Peekskill High School, he entered Yale University in the same year as George W. Bush in 1964 on an academic scholarship and graduated in three years. While there he served as chairman of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union.

Governor of New York (1995-2006)
Pataki's first job in politics was mayor of his hometown of Peekskill. In 1994 he ran a campaign against Mario Cuomo for Governor of New York. Cuomo was one of the most famous politicians in the country at the time and he was an icon of liberalism in the country. Few people expected Pataki to win, but in a major upset, Pataki won the election.

He served three terms as Governor of New York State. A popular governor, Pataki became most famous for his leadership of the state after the September 11th attacks in 2001. He also focused on creating jobs in the state and creating increased parkland for New Yorkers.

2016 presidential race

Pataki had often been mentioned as a possible presidential candidate. In early 2015, he began exploring a candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016, and announced his candidacy on May 28, 2015. On December 29, 2015, Pataki announced that he would be ending his presidential campaign. A few days later, he announced his support for Marco Rubio for president. After Rubio dropped out and days before the New York primary, Pataki endorsed Ohio governor John Kasich for the nomination.

Personal life
Pataki married Elizabeth Rowland in 1973. They have four children: Emily, Teddy, Allison, and Owen.

References

Other websites

 George Pataki for President
 Video of speech at cornerstone laying ceremony for the Freedom Tower on July 4, 2004

2016 United States presidential candidates
1945 births
Living people
Governors of New York
American mayors
People from Peekskill, New York
US Republican Party politicians
The National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) is a fellowship of member denominations, churches, organizations, and individuals. Its stated goal is to honor God by connecting and representing evangelicals in the United States. Today it works in four main areas: Church & Faith Partners, Government Relations, Chaplains Commission, and World Relief. The NAE is a member of the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA).

Other websites

Generation Forum 

1942 establishments in the United States
Evangelicalism
Christianity in the United States
Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a public university for scientific research. It is located in Bangalore, India. Jamshetji Tata gave active support to establish this institute. He is one of the earliest industrialists of India. IISc is well known as India's finest research university.

History
In 1893, Jamshetji Tata had a chance meeting with Swami Vivekananda on a ship from Japan to Chicago. Then, Jamshetji Tata discussed his plan with Vivekananda to bring Iron and Steel industry to India. Five years later, Tata wrote a letter to Vivekananda about his desire to establish a research institution. He also asked Vivekananda for guidance in this matter. Vivekananda softly declined this proposal.

The government of Mysore donated (371 acres or 1.50 sq km) to build the institute. They also agreed to donate 50,000 rupees every year. The institute was established in 1909. It had two departments - Department of General and Applied Chemistry and Electro Technology. Morris Travers became the first director of IISc.

Campus
IISc campus is in Malleswaram,  north of Bangalore City railway station. A number of other research institutes are nearby. These are Raman Research Institute, Central Power Research Institute and the Institute of Wood Science and Technology. There are regular bus services between them and IISc.

The campus is home to over 40 departments and centers of sciences. It has more than 3,000 students who are pursuing their undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The facilities on the campus include a library,gymnasium, dining halls and restaurants. There are dormitories for men and women and accommodation for staff members. A visitor's hostel was built in 1990. The campus is full of greenery. It has over 110 species of trees and rare and native plant species. The roads connecting the departments are named after species of trees. For example Arjun Marg (Marg means path in Hindi), Tala Marg and Silver Oak Marg.

Related pages 
 Indian Institute of Astrophysics
 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

References

Other websites 

 Indian Institute of Science
 Top Universities: Indian Institute of Science

Buildings and structures in India
1909 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in India
Dan Waern (born 17 January 1933 in Sköldinge, Sweden) is a Swedish former middle-distance runner. In 1957, he became the first Swede to run the first sub-four-minute mile. 1957 was also the year he was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal.

In 1961, the IAAF disqualified him for professionalism.

References

1933 births
Living people
Swedish sportspeople
Michel Guimond (December 26, 1953 - January 19, 2015) was a Canadian politician. From 1987 to 1993 he served as a city councillor in Boischatel, Quebec. After this, he ran in the 1993 federal election for the Bloc Québécois.

Career
He was elected into the Canadian House of Commons as the member from Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans. He was re-elected in the 1997 and 2000 federal elections (in the riding of Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans) and in the 2004 federal election (in the riding of Charlevoix—Montmorency).

In the 2004 and 2008 elections, he won in Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord before being defeated in the 2011 federal election. A lawyer, he has served as the Bloc critic of Parliamentary Affairs, Transport and to the Auditor General.

He then served as whip and deputy whip of the Bloc Québécois, and was also the vice-chair of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs.

In the 2014 provincial election, he ran unsuccessfully for the Parti Quebecois to represent the riding of Montmorency.

Death
Guimond died of heart failure on January 19, 2015 in Quebec City, Quebec, aged 61.

References

Other websites
 Parliament Webpage 

1953 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Quebec
Deaths from heart failure
Politicians from Quebec
Vladimir Petrovich Kesarev (; 26 February 1930 – 19 January 2015) was a Soviet Russian footballer.

He earned 14 caps for the USSR national football team, and participated in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. He was selected in the squad for the first ever European Nations' Cup in 1960, where the Soviets were champions, but did not play in any games at the tournament.

Other websites
Profile (in Russian)

1930 births
2015 deaths
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Russian footballers
Russian football managers
Soviet sportspeople
Sportspeople from Moscow
Miriam Akavia (born Matylda Weinfeld, 20 November 1927 – 16 January 2015) was a Polish-born Israeli writer and translator. She was a Holocaust survivor. Akavia served as president of the Platform for Jewish-Polish Dialogue. She was born in Kraków, Poland.

Akavia died in Warsaw, Poland of natural causes, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Platform for Jewish-Polish Dialogue

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Holocaust survivors
Jewish Israeli writers
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Kraków
Polish Jews
Polish writers
Anne Kirkbride (21 June 1954 – 19 January 2015) was an English actress. She was best known for playing Deirdre Barlow in the long-running ITV soap opera, Coronation Street, from 1972 to 2014.

On 19 January 2015, Kirkbride died of breast cancer in a Manchester hospital. She was 60 years old. Before she died, Kirkbride was planning to go back to Coronation Street, but never had the chance to do so.

References

Other websites
Anne Kirkbride at the Internet Movie Database
What's on TV profile

1954 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Cancer deaths in England
English television actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
Actors from Lancashire
People from Oldham, Greater Manchester
José Carlos Carrasco Távara (1944 – 18 January 2015) was a Peruvian politician. He represented Piura from 2006 through 2011. Carrasco was a member of the Peruvian Aprista Party. He was born in the Sullana Province, Peru.

Carrasco died in Lima, Peru on 18 January 2015 from lung cancer, aged 70.

References

Other websites 

Official Congressional Site

1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Peruvian politicians
In association football, an assist is a pass or a cross by a player which helps to score a goal. Most commonly, an assist is given to a player for passing or crossing the ball to the scorer.  It may also be awarded to a player whose shot rebounds (off a defender, goalkeeper or goalpost) to a teammate who scores. Some systems may give an assist to a player who wins a penalty kick or a free kick for another player to score. An attacking player for contributing to an own goal can also get an assist. A goal may be unassisted, or have one assist. In some systems, even two assists is possible.

References

Association football
Renzo De Felice (8 April 1929 – 25 May 1996) was an Italian historian. He was born in Rieti and studied at the Sapienza University of Rome. In his youth De Felice joined the Italian Communist Party. He left the party after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He wrote more than 20 books and a large number of essays based on his extensive research. He was especially known for his studies on fascism. On this subject he was considered an expert.

He spent more than 40 years (1956-1996) of his life writing a biography of Benito Mussolini. He died before completing it. De Felice was considered an historical revisionist. He taught history at the Sapienza University of Rome. He was married to Livia De Ruggiero. De Felice died May 25, 1996 in Rome.

Selected Works
Storia degli ebrei italiani sotto il fascismo, 1961.
The Jews in Fascist Italy. A History, Enigma Books, 2001. Mussolini, 4 volumes, 1965-1997 (Turin, 1965–97)vol. 1, Mussolini il rivoluzionario, 1883–1920; vol. 2, Mussolini il fascista, pt. 1, La conquista del potere, 1921–1925, pt. 2, L’organizzazione dello Stato fascista, 1925–1929; vol. 3, Mussolini il duce, pt. 1, Gli anni del consenso, 1929–1936, pt. 2, Lo stato totalitario, 1936–1940; vol. 4, Mussolini l’alleato, 1940–1945, pt. 1, L’Italia in guerra, 1940–1943, bk. 1, Dalla guerra “breve” alla guerra lunga, bk. 2, Crisi e agonia del regime, pt. 2, La guerra civile, 1943–1945.Le interpretazioni del fascismo, 1969.Il fascismo: le interpretazioni dei contemporanei e degli storici, 1970.Intervista sul fascismo, edited by Michael Ledeen, 1975.Ebrei in un paese arabo: gli ebrei nella Libia contemporanea tra colonialismo, nazionalismo arabo e sionismo (1835-1970)'', 1978.

References 

1929 births
1996 deaths
Italian historians
Nerd Corps Entertainment is a Canadian computer-animation studio based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Nerd Corps has been world known for Slugterra television series. It airs on Disney XD in Canada and worldwide.
 DHX Media bought the company for $57 million in December 24, 2014.  It became a Subsidiary of DHX Media.

Information
Nerd Corps Entertainment is one of the largest children’s animation studios in North America. Founded by Asaph Fipke and Chuck Johnson in 2002. Nerd Corps has grown from a small operation working out of an apartment in downtown Vancouver to more than 400 artists and storytellers.

Properties 
 Slug-Terra (9 September 2012-Present) (Produced With Family Channel, Disney XD in Canada, Astral Media and distributed by Shout! Factory and Entertainment Eone) 
Endangered Species (5 February 2012)(Jam Filled/Nerd Corps Entertainment)
Kate And Mim-Mim (Produced with FremantleMedia/Disney Junior Original)20 December 2014-2018
League Of Super Evil(14 March 2009)(Nerd Corps Entertainment/Cartoon Network Original)
Rated A For Awesome(16 April 2011)(Disney XD Original/Nerd Corps Entertainment/YTV/DHX)
Storm Hawks(26 May 2007)(Nerd Corps Entertainment/Cartoon Network Original)
Monster High(5 October 2013)(MGA Entertainment/Flying Bark Productions/Nerd Corps)
Max Steel(9 August 2013)(Nelvana/Nerd Corps Entertainment/Mattel Toys)
Hot Wheels Battle Force 5(29 August 2009)(Cartoon Network Original/Hot TV/Nerd Corps)
Dragon Booster(23 October 2004)(Jetix/Nerd Corps Entertainment/CineGroupe/Studiopolis)
ToddWorld(20 November 2004)(TG4 Original/Star Utsav Original/TVOKids Original/CBeebies Original/Discovery Kids Original/Taffy Entertainment/Mike Young Productions/HOT Animation/HIT Entertainment/Telegael Teoranta/DQ Entertainment/C.O.R.E.Toons/Nerd Corps Entertainment)
The Story Hat(5 May 2002)(Nelvana/Doozer/Nerd Corps Entertainment)

References

Other websites  
 Nerd Corps Website

Canadian animation studios
DHX Media
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 ( or ) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt. It was against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies. It lasted from 23 October until 10 November 1956. It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out the Nazis at the end of World War II and took over Eastern Europe. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential. It played a role in the fall of the Soviet Union decades later.

Prelude 
At the end of World War II Hungary was liberated from the Nazis. It was occupied by the Soviet Union’s Red Army. Hungary's communists were led by General Secretary Mátyás Rákosi and backed by Joseph Stalin. The communists destroyed all political opposition. In 1949 Hungary officially became the People’s Republic of Hungary. Rákosi was an oppressive ruler. He exiled, imprisoned or killed over 300,000 Hungarians. After Stalin died, the soviet communists replaced Rákosi with Imre Nagy. They thought his softer approach would win them popularity. But the Kremlin decided he had become too popular. Rákosi was returned to power in April 1955. His secret police, the AVO, carried out Rákosi's oppressive orders again. Eventually, the Hungarian people got tired of their bad living standards and protested.

When the revolt broke out in October 1956, the Hungarian revolt was very sudden. Nobody had any idea it would sweep the country and break out everywhere all at once. However, there were warning signs that trouble was coming. The Communist Party in Hungary had lost much of its authority and respect. In July of 1956 Rákosi was removed again as leader of the party. He was sent back to the Soviet Union.

Results 
2,500 Hungarians died and thousands were imprisoned. Hundreds of Soviet troops died. 200,000 fled Hungary. Communists in the Western Bloc argued about the Soviet Union intervening to stop the uprising.

References 

1956
1950s in the Soviet Union
20th century in Hungary
Revolutions
Time People of the Year
American Sniper is a 2014 American drama movie. It is directed by Clint Eastwood. It is based on a book by Chris Kyle called American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History. It stars Bradley Cooper in the leading role with Sienna Miller. It was released to positive reviews on December 25, 2014. The movie was nominated for six awards at the 2015 Oscars.

References 

2014 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Movies based on the September 11 attacks
SummerSlam (2001) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on August 19, 2001 at Compaq Center in San Jose, California. It was the fourteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWF.

The main event saw The Rock defeat Booker T to win the WCW Championship. The Rock won the match by pinfall after he hit the Rock Bottom on Booker T. Another main match was between Steve Austin and Kurt Angle for the WWF Championship. Angle won the match by disqualification after Austin attacked referees. On the undercard, the main match was a steel cage match between the WCW Tag Team Champions Undertaker and Kane and the WWF Tag Team Champions Diamond Dallas Page and Kanyon. The Undertaker and Kane won the match by pinfall after Undertaker executed the Last Ride on Page.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2001 website

2001 in professional wrestling
Sports in San Jose, California
SummerSlam
2001 in California
2001 in American television
August events
History of San Jose, California
SummerSlam (2000) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on August 27, 2000 at Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was the thirteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWF.

The main event saw The Rock defeat Triple H and Kurt Angle in a Triple threat match to retain his WWF Championship. The Rock won the match by pinfall after he hit Triple H with the People's Elbow. A featured match on the undercard saw Kane and The Undertaker fight to a no contest. the match ended in a no contest after Undertaker unmasked Kane. Another main match on the undercard was Edge and Christian (c), The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) and The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) in the first Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Edge and Christian won the match after they climbed the ladder and grabbed the belts that were hanging above the ring.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2000 website

2000 in American television
2000 in professional wrestling
Sports in North Carolina
SummerSlam
20th century in North Carolina
Denis Mack Smith CBE FBA FRSL (3 March 1920 – 11 July 2017) was a British historian. He has written many books and articles on the history of Italy from the Risorgimento onwards. He wrote biographies of famous Italians in history: Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II, and Benito Mussolini. He was born in London.

Career 
Between 1942 and 1945, Smith was an officer in the British War Cabinet. From 1947 to 1962 he was a fellow, tutor and lecturer at the University of Cambridge. From 1962 to 1987 he was a Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He is an Honorary Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford and of Peterhouse, Cambridge.

Smith died on 11 July 2017 in London at the age of 97.

Bibliography 
 Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict, 1954.
 Garibaldi: A Great Life in Brief, 1956.
 Italy: A Modern History, 1958, revised 1969, completely revised and reprinted as Modern Italy: A Political History, 1997.
 A History of Sicily, with Moses Finley, in two volumes, Medieval Sicily 800-1713 and Modern Sicily after 1713, 1968; abridged and reprinted as the single volume A History of Sicily with Moses Finley and Christopher Duggan, 1986.
 The Making of Italy, 1796-1870, 1968 (editor), reprinted as The Making of Italy, 1796-1866, 1988.
 Great Lives Observed: Garibaldi, 1969 (editor).
 Victor Emanuel, Cavour and the Risorgimento, 1971.
 Vittorio Emanuele II, 1975.
 Mussolini's Roman Empire (Le guerre del Duce), 1976.
 Mussolini, 1981.
 Cavour, 1985.
 Il Risorgimento italiano. Storia e testi, 1987.
 Italy and its Monarchy, 1989.
 Mazzini, 1994.
 La storia manipolata, 1998.

References 

1920 births
2017 deaths
British historians
People from London
Robert Alexander Schutzmann (6 May 1924 – 19 January 2015) was an Austrian-born British inventor and television presenter.

He was known for his works in Tomorrow's Land and on model railways. Symes was known for his relaxed and gentle but well-informed style on his shows. Symes was born in Vienna, Austria.

Symes died in west Wales from cancer, aged 90.

Other websites
 

1924 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cancer
British inventors
British television producers
Austrian businesspeople
People from Vienna
The twenty-cent coin was part of the Australian decimal currency system. It replaced the florin on the 14th of February, 1966. The florin was for two shillings. As the system changed, the Australian pound became worth two Australian dollars.

On the obverse side, there is the Queen Elizabeth of Australia. On the other side, there is a platypus, the mascot used for national events.

References

Other websites
 Australian Decimal Currency 
 20 cent coin collection

Currency of Australia
Robert Knox (4 September 1791 – 20 December 1862) was a Scottish anatomist, zoologist, ethnologist and doctor. He is best known for the Burke and Hare murders. Some of his work had controversy because he tried to prove that Anglo-Saxons were superior to other people.

Life 

Robert Knox was born in Edinburgh's North Richmond Street to Mary and Robert Knox. His father was a teacher of mathematics and philosophy. He had smallpox as an infant, which blinded his left eye and changed his face. He was educated at the Royal High School, where he bullied his friends.

In 1810, he joined medical classes in Edinburgh. He became interested in transcendentalism.

Knox graduated from Edinburgh University in 1814.

Knox married his wife Susan in 1824.

References

Other websites
Robert Knox MD, FRCSEd, FRSEd 1791–1862: The first Conservator of the College Museum The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Historical Review, 2000. Accessed 23 February 2007.
Collection of prints related to the Burke and Hare murders 

1791 births
1862 deaths
People from Edinburgh
British anatomists
Ambrosia beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae. They live in symbiosis with ambrosia fungi and bacteria. The beetles make tunnels in dead trees where they grow fungal gardens for nutrition.

During their evolution, most weevils became more or less dependant on fungi. Some bark beetles that ate phloem are using more fungi. These beetles are called mycophloeophages.

References

Other websites

 Images and information on the Ambrosia beetle at the University of Florida.
 The MSU HISL database  contains a species list
 American Bark and Ambrosia Beetles

Polyphaga
Michel Jeury (23 January 1934 – 9 January 2015), also known by his pseudonym Albert Higon, was a French science fiction writer. He wrote over seventy books between 1958 and 2013.

Jeury was born in Razac-d'Eymet, Dordogne.

Jeury died on 9 January 2015 in Vaison-la-Romaine, Vaucluse, aged 80.

References

Other websites

 Michel Jeury at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database

1934 births
2015 deaths
French writers

People from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Science fiction writers
Bettino Ricasoli, 1st Baron Ricasoli, 1st Count of Brolio (29 March 1809 - 23 October 1880) was an Italian statesman. He was born in Florence. Ricasoli served as Mayor of Florence from January 1848 to November of the same year. Member of the "Historic Right", after the Camillo Cavour's death Ricasoli became Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 12 June 1861 to 3 March 1862 and from 20 June 1866 to 10 April 1867. He was also twice Foreign Minister, twice Interior Minister and once Minister of War.

In the last years of his life he was mayor of Gaiole in Chianti, a small town near Siena. Ricasoli died in his castle in Broglio, another village near Siena. Ricasoli's private life and public career were marked by the utmost integrity, and by a rigid austerity which earned him the name of the "Iron Baron". He was also a freemason.

Note 

1809 births
1880 deaths
Freemasons
Italian esotericists
Mayors
People from Florence
Politicians from Tuscany
Prime Ministers of Italy
Kinyarwanda is the official language of Rwanda. Many natives in the country speak it.

References

Rwanda
Languages of Africa
Five Nights at Freddy's 2 is a survival horror point and click video game. It was created by Scott Cawthon. It is canonically  a prequel to Five Nights at Freddy's. The game was released November 10, 2014.

Five Nights at Freddy's (series)
SummerSlam (1999) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on August 22, 1999 at Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the twelfth SummerSlam event held by the WWF.

The main event saw Mankind defeat Steve Austin and Triple H in a Triple threat match to win the WWF Championship. Mankind won the match by pinfall after hitting Austin with a Double arm DDT.

Matches

Entrances and eliminations

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 1999 website

1999 in American television
1999 in professional wrestling
Sports in Minneapolis, Minnesota
SummerSlam
1999 in the United States
1990s in Minnesota
History of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Alain Leroy Locke (September 13, 1886 – June 9, 1954) was an American writer, philosopher, educator, and patron of the arts. He was the first African American Rhodes Scholar in 1907. Locke was called the "godfather" of the Harlem Renaissance. As a result, popular listings of influential African-Americans have repeatedly included him. On March 19, 1968, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said: "We're going to let our children know that the only philosophers that lived were not Plato and Aristotle, but W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke came through the universe."

Early career 
Locke was born on September 13, 1886 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were both schoolteachers. He was a graduate of Central High School and the Philadelphia School of Pedagogy. He was a member of the Harvard University of 1908. However, he graduated (magna cum laude) after only three years in 1907. In 1912 he won a Rhodes Scholarship which he used to attend Oxford University. He also studied for a year at the Frederick William University of Berlin. In 1918 he received his Ph.D. from Harvard.

Career 
He began teaching at Howard University where he remained until 1953. He retired because of heart problems. Locke died on June 9, 1954 in New York City. His last work was an unfinished book, The Negro in American Culture. It was finished and published in 1956 by his daughter, Margaret Just Butcher.

References

Other websites 
 Alain Locke Society

1886 births
1954 deaths
African American writers
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Educators from Pennsylvania
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Gay men
Harvard University alumni
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
LGBT writers
Rhodes scholars
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
20th-century American philosophers
Urbano Pio Francesco Rattazzi (29 June 1808 – 5 June 1873) was an Italian statesman.

He was born in Alessandria (Piedmont). He studied law at Turin and in 1838 began working as a lawyer. He began his political career in 1848, when he was elected deputy of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Urbano Rattazzi served as President of the Chamber of Deputies three times: twice in the Kingdom of Sardinia (from 11 May 1852 to 27 October 1853 and from 10 January 1859 to 21 January 1860) and once in the Kingdom of Italy (from 18 February 1861 to March 3 1862).

Very moderate member of the "Historical Left", he was twice Prime Minister of Italy: from March 3 1862 to December 8 of the same year and from 10 April 1867 to 27 October of the same year.

When Giuseppe Garibaldi tried to join Rome to Italy with a forceful action, Rattazzi ordered that he be arrested. However, "the hero of two worlds" escaped: consequently, Rattazzi was forced to resign and retire from political life.

Rattazzi was also several times Minister and deputy, both in the Kingdom of Sardinia and in the Kingdom of Italy.

He died at Frosinone.

His wife, Maria Wyse Bonaparte, was a granddaughter of Lucien Bonaparte and a grandniece of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Note 

1808 births
1873 deaths
People from Alessandria
Prime Ministers of Italy
Odd Olsen Ingerø (born September 22, 1950) is a Norwegian civil servant. He is the current governor of Svalbard, Norway. Ingerø was governor from 2001-2005, and came back in 2009 for a second term. For 20 years he was the chief of police in Kirkenes.

References 

1950 births
Norwegian politicians
Göingeflickorna was a girl vocal trio from Sweden. It was active between 1955-1955. The members were sisters Sonja Martinsson (1934–2013), Barbro Svensson (born 1941) and Agnetha Gardelid (born 1945). Their major breakthrough came in 1961 with the song Kära mor. Barbro left the trio in 1975. Sonja and Agnetha then continued appearing together.

Svensktoppen songs 
Vår lyckodröm - 1962 
Där näckrosen blommar - 1963 
Säterjäntans söndag - 1965 
När Solen ler - 1974 
Balsalens drottning – 1980

References

1955 establishments in Sweden
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
Swedish musical groups
20th-century disestablishments in Sweden
Virgilius Justin Capra (22 February 1933 – 19 January 2015) was a Romanian inventor, teacher and engineer. He was known for his many inventions including: the world's 1st first jetpack (named "flying backpack"), electric tricycle Oblio and Troty, the smallest car in the world Soleta (with a consumption of 0.5l / 100 km), first "rocketcar", car with a plane engine (Virgilius) and more.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Romanian people
Inventors
Romanian educators
Engineers
The Austrian School is a school of economic thought based on the actions of the individual person. It started in late 19th and early 20th century Vienna, Austria. It is referred to as Austrian economics, because the primary economists were Austrian although its followers are from all over the world today.

Followers of the Austrian school criticize central planning, government price controls and other state regulations. They say that it is impossible for government institutions to make comparatively better decisions about production or the prices of goods and services because they do not have the knowledge or flexibility that millions of individual consumers have. Followers of the Austrian school also criticize government inflation of the money supply.

Important economists of the Austrian School of Economics 
Carl Menger
Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk
Ludwig von Mises
Friedrich Hayek 
Yuri Maltsev
Murray Rothbard

References 

Economics
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II is a 2002 musical comedy movie. It is a direct-to-video sequel to the 1996 Disney animated movie The Hunchback of Notre Dame. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It was released on March 19, 2002.

References 

2002 movies
2002 animated movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Sequel movies
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Disney)
American movies
Electroreception is the ability animals have to sense electrical sources. It is mostly found in aquatic or amphibious animals. This is because water helps the signals travel better than air. Some exceptions are the echidnas, cockroaches and bees.  Electroreception is used in electrolocation.

Research 
Until recently, people thought only vertebrates had electroreception. However, research has shown that bees use electroreception to find flowers. Electroreception is found in lampreys, cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, chimaeras), lungfishes, bichirs, coelacanths, sturgeons, catfishes, gymnotiformes, monotremes, and at least one species of cetacean. Fish have electroreception from their lateral lines.  In most groups electroreception is used for predation. The Western long-beaked echidna has about 2,000 electroreceptors on its bill. Its relative, the duck-billed platypus, has 40,000.

Electrolocation
Electroreceptive animals use this sense to find where objects are. This is important in ecological niches where the animal cannot see. For example, animals cannot use their vision in caves, in murky water, and at night. Many fish use electric fields to find buried prey. Some shark pups "freeze" when they feel the electric signal of their predators.

Related pages 
Lateral line
Electric fish

References

Other websites
ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
Electrolocation on Scholarpedia
Video clips of Gnathonemus, Apteronotus, and Ameiurus
Electroreception in fish, amphibians and monotremes — Map of Life,  University of Cambridge

Ethology
Physiology
Rachael Taylor (born 11 July 1984) is an Australian actress and model. She acts in both Australian and Hollywood movies. She played Maggie Madsen in the 2007 movie Transformers. She played Teri in Man-Thing.

Taylor was born in Launceston, Tasmania.

References

Australian television actors
Australian movie actors
Australian models
1984 births
Living people
Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. 
Depending on the charge of the ion, there are two types: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.

Cation (positively charged) 
When hydrogen loses its electron, the cations can be formed:

 Hydron: general name referring to the positive ion of any hydrogen isotope (H+)
 Proton: 1H+ (i.e. the cation of protium)
 Deuteron: 2H+, D+
 Triton: 3H+, T+
The ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water, as well as their hydrates, are also called 'hydrogen ions'.

In connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" usually refers to hydrons.

Anion (negatively charged) 
Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired:

 Hydride: general name referring to the negative ion of any hydrogen isotope (H−)
 Protide: 1H−
 Deuteride: 2H−, D −
 Tritide: 3H−, T −

References 

Hydrogen
Emilia Ramboldt, earlier Emilia Andersson, born 31 August  1988 in Sollentuna, Sweden) is a Swedish female ice hockey defencewoman. She played for Sweden during the women's ice hockey tournament during the 2010 Olympic Winter Games.

Awards and honors
 2008–09 MSU Mavericks Rookie of the Year

References

Other websites

 Swedish Olympic Commitee - Emilia Andersson  

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Swedish ice hockey players
Ice hockey defencemen