cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A sheriff is generally a legal official with responsibility for a county or parish. The duties of a sheriff vary from country to country. The term comes from Anglo-Norman English. The kings officer in each shire was called a "shire-reeve". His function was to enforce the king's law in the shire or county.

History 

The term shire reeve appears in documents in England in the early 11th century. When William the Conqueror conquered England in 1066, he kept most of the Anglo-Saxon sheriffs. When William abolished the great Anglo-Saxon Earldoms, the sheriff became the immediate representative of the king in the county. His appointment was typically for one year. He held court where he punished minor offenders. Later, his powers were reduced to arresting and imprisoning criminals.

Colonial America

When the American colonies began to grow, Britain established political control.  As each colony established counties, a sheriff was appointed to keep law and order. He was also an officer of the British court. The sheriff had different titles in different colonies. In Rhode Island he was called a general sergeant. In Connecticut and Massachusetts the title was Marshal. In Plymouth Colony he was called a messenger.  In the later colonial period, sheriffs were appointed by the colonial governor. They collected taxes, testified in court and served subpoenas. Because they were paid per task, and tax collecting paid the most, enforcing the law became a lower priority.

After the American Revolutionary War sheriffs were elected by the people.

17th and 18th century America 

In the American west, the Spanish were colonizing what would become Texas, California. The equivalent of the sheriff was called an Alguacil (sheriff/constable). As Americans moved west, they often started new communities. A sheriff was usually the only available law enforcement. Sheriffs had the power of posse comitatus. That means a sheriff had the power to deputize anyone to help him keep the peace or go after and arrest criminals. A group of temporary deputies under the authority of a sheriff is called a posse. As America grew the posse was used less and less. Sheriffs are still the main law enforcement in rural areas.

Modern sheriffs

United States 

In many states the sheriff remains the highest ranking county law enforcement officer. Each state decides what powers the sheriff will have. In some states the sheriff is a court officer and law enforcement is left to the police. In other states they are charged with enforcing laws, investigate crimes, transport prisoners and operate jails. A sheriff can appoint deputies. A small sheriff's department might be run by a sheriff alone. A large sheriff's department could have hundreds of deputies and civilian employees. The main difference between a sheriff's office and a police department is that the sheriff usually operates correctional facilities and county civil functions.

Australia 

Sheriffs were appointed, as early as 1829 in Western Australia, as a court official. Duties included collecting taxes and fines.

Notes

References 

Law enforcement occupations
The 35.7-kilometre Circle MRT Line (CCL) is Singapore's fourth Mass Rapid Transit line, and the first medium capacity line. This underground line is  long with 28 stations (excluding Bukit Brown) and is fully automatically operated. As the name implies, the line is an orbital line linking all radial lines leading to the city, and also covering many parts of the Central Area. It will also connect to Marina South via a spur line branching off from Promenade and ending at Marina Bay. Circle Line is not a full circle, and the Stage 6 will only merge the section from Marina Bay to HarbourFront. The line is colored yellow on the MRT Rail map.

The first part opened to the public from Bartley to Marymount on May 28, 2009. When finished, the line will connect all MRT lines, and will allow passengers to bypass the downtown area, so that the City Hall and Raffles Place interchange stations will be less crowded. The second part opened to the public from Bartley to Dhoby Ghaut on April 17, 2010 while the remaining parts will be opened in October 8, 2011. Circle Line Extension (CCLe) had been in operation since 14 January 2012.

Stations

References 

2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
The Battle of the Nile was an important naval battle (fought by ships) between the British and the French. It happened in 1 to 3 August, 1798, during the Napoleonic Wars. The British Royal Navy, led by Horatio Nelson, defeated the French who were led by Napoleon Bonaparte. It is called the Battle of the Nile because it was fought in an estuary of the River Nile, off the coast of Egypt. Britain took control of the eastern Mediterranean. Napoleon had won the earlier Battle of the Pyramids, but now his army was cut off from France. They eventually surrendered at the Capitulation of Alexandria.

Battles
1790s in France
18th century in the Kingdom of Great Britain
1798
History of Egypt
August events
Mickey Charles Mantle (October 20, 1931 – August 13, 1995) was an American baseball centerfielder. He played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (from 1951 to 1968) for the New York Yankees.  Mantle is considered to be the greatest switch hitter of all time. He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974.  He was born in Spavinaw, Oklahoma. He played on 7 champion Yankees teams. He also hit 16 World Series home runs, and held the record for most home runs in Yankee Stadium for many years.  He was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999.  His three closest teammates were Joe DiMaggio, Roger Maris and Whitey Ford. He was an alcoholic. He had hepatitis C and died in Dallas, Texas from liver cancer.

His nicknames included The Mick, The Commerce Comet, and Muscles.  "The Commerce Comet" is a reference to Mantle's days spent working in the coal mines of Commerce, Oklahoma.  As a result of this work, Mantle grew incredibly strong, which led to the nickname "Muscles".

Mantle was noted for batting average and for his batting power. He won the Major League Baseball Triple Crown in 1956, leading MLB in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI). He received three American League (AL) Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player (MVP) Awards, and played in nineteen Major League Baseball All-Star Game games. Mantle appeared in 12 World Series, his team winning 7 of them. He holds the records for most World Series home runs (18), RBIs (40), runs (42), walks (43), extra-base hits (26), and total bases (123). He is also the career leader (tied with Jim Thome) in walk-off home runs, with a combined thirteen, twelve in the regular season and one in the Major League Baseball postseason.

References

Other websites 
Official website

American baseball players
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from liver cancer
Organ transplant recipients
New York Yankees players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
1931 births
1995 deaths
The President of Ukraine (, Prezydent Ukrayiny) is the Ukrainian head of state. The President represents the nation in international relations, administers the foreign political activity of the state, conducts negotiations and concludes international treaties.

The current president is Volodymyr Zelensky.

Living presidents
Singapore Telecommunications Limited commonly abbreviated as SingTel, is a telecommunications company. SingTel has a combined mobile subscriber base of 285 million customers as of December 2009. This inclues its own operations and regional associates of SingTel. SingTel is an Internet service provider and provides internet television They provide landline telephone (traditional wired telephone) and mobile phone services. SingTel has expanded outside its home market with many regional operators, including Australia and India.

SingTel is the largest company by market capitalisation listed on the Singapore Exchange. The majority of the company is owned by Temasek Holdings, the investment arm of the Singapore government. SingTel Digital Media Pte Ltd (STDM) which owns content portal, insing.com, is a wholly owned subsidiary of SingTel. SingTel has 37 offices in 19 countries located throughout Asia Pacific, Europe and the US.

In June 2008, SingTel was the title sponsor of the first Formula One night race in Singapore. They have continued sponsoring the race through 2010.

References

Other websites 
 SingTel Official Website

Subsidiaries
 SingNet 
 NCS Pte. Ltd.
 inSing 
 LankaCom

Singaporean companies
The Verkhovna Rada (; ) is Ukraine's parliament. The Verkhovna Rada is a unicameral parliament composed of 450 deputies, which is presided over by a chairman or a speaker. It meets in the "Verkhovna Rada building" in Ukraine's capital Kyiv.

The Verkhovna Rada was first established in 1938 as the national parliament of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Since then, 17 convocations (sessions) of the Verkhovna Rada were held. The Verkhovna Rada of the 14th convocation officially changed the numbering of sessions, proclaiming itself the Verkhovna Rada of the third convocation. The sixth convocation is the latest convocation of the parliament.

In the Verkhovna Rada elections, the seats are divided among all parties that achieved a minimum 3% nationwide vote tally, using the "Hamilton method of apportionment".

The latest elections in 2007 to the Verkhovna Rada were held on September 30, 2007. On October 8, 2008, President Viktor Yushchenko dissolved the parliament and called early elections, however these never took place.

Next election to the Verkhovna Rada will be held on October 28, 2012.

Name
The name Rada () means "council". It originated in medieval Rus', and in the 10th century represented a boyar council. It was also used by Dnieper Cossacks in the 17th and 18th centuries for the meetings where major decisions were made and new councils were elected by popular vote.

This name was later used by the Ukrainian Revolutionary government between March 17, 1917 and April 29, 1918 (Central Rada).

Verkhovna, is the feminine form of the adjective  meaning supreme. It is derived from the Ukrainian word  meaning "top".

References 

Ukraine
Ukraine
1938 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Ukraine
Who's Next is the fifth album by the English rock band The Who. It was released on July 31, 1971 by Decca and MCA in the United States and August 25, 1971 in the United Kingdom through Track and Polydor. Who's Next was a huge success when it was released, and has been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA.

Track listing 
All songs written by Pete Townshend except where noted. (All songs copyright Towser Tunes)

Side one
 "Baba O'Riley" – 5:11
 "Bargain" – 5:33
 "Love Ain't for Keeping" – 2:12
 "My Wife" (John Entwistle) – 3:41
 "The Song Is Over" – 6:16

Side two
 "Getting in Tune" – 4:50
 "Going Mobile" – 3:42
 "Behind Blue Eyes" – 3:43
 "Won't Get Fooled Again" – 8:32

Other websites 

1971 albums
Rock albums
The Song Is Over is a song by English rock band The Who, appearing on the album Who's Next. The band never performed the song live.

Other websites

1971 songs
"Baba O'Riley" is a song by the English rock band The Who, written by Pete Townshend. Roger Daltrey sings most of the song, with Pete Townshend singing the middle eight: "Don't cry/don't raise your eye/it's only teenage wasteland". The song's title comes from this combination of the song's philosophical and musical influences: Meher Baba and Terry Riley.

Other websites 

1971 songs
Katarina Waters (born 10 November 1980) is a German-born English professional wrestler and valet that currently wrestles for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name, Winter. She is best known from  World Wrestling Entertainment, wrestling on its Raw brand with the ring name Katie Lea.

Career 
Before signing with WWE, she spent many years on the independent circuit, particularly in the Frontier Wrestling Alliance, where she used the ring name Nikita. After signing with WWE, she competed in Ohio Valley Wrestling, where she became a two time Women's Champion before being called up to the main roster.

Wrestling
Finishing moves

Hair-pull backbreaker – WWE
Kat Nip (Inverted facelock neckbreaker) – independent circuit
Side slam backbreaker – independent circuit
Signature moves
Bridging Northern Lights suplex
Bow and arrow stretch
Enzuigiri
Missile dropkick
Moonsault
Samoan drop
Spinning backbreaker

Managers
Gladiators Ace
Paul Burchill
Wrestlers managed
Hade Vansen
Paul Burchill / The Ripper
Nicknames
"The Scarlet Witch"
"The Kat"
"The Queen of Chaos"
Entrance themes
"Hurt You" by Chibi

Championships and accomplishments
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Women's Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked her #20 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2009
Queens of Chaos
World Queens of Chaos Championship (1 time)
Trans-Atlantic Wrestling 
TWC Women's Championship (1 time)

References

1980 births
Living people
English professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
"Come Together" is a song by The Beatles written mostly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon/McCartney. The song is the first song on the Beatles' 1969 album Abbey Road. One month later it was released as a single with "Something", their twenty-first single in the United Kingdom and twenty-sixth in the United States. The song reached the top of the charts in the US, and peaked at number four in the UK. The song was also featured in a scene in the movie A Bronx Tale starring Robert De Niro.

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Something" is a song written by the Beatles. It was written by George Harrison. The song is the second song on the album, Abbey Road.

Other websites

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Oh! Darling" is a song of The Beatles written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and is the fourth song on the Abbey Road album.

Background

McCartney later said, "When we were recording 'Oh! Darling' I came into the studios early every day for a week to sing it by myself because at first my voice was too clear. I wanted it to sound as though I'd been performing it on stage all week."

In a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine, John Lennon said, "'Oh! Darling' was a great one of Paul's that he didn't sing too well. I always thought I could have done it better—it was more my style than his. He wrote it, so what the hell, he's going to sing it."

George Harrison described the song as "a typical 1950s–'60s-period song because of its chord structure."

Let It Be session

After an early attempt at this song on 27 January 1969 during the Let It Be sessions, Lennon announced, "Just heard that Yoko's divorce has just gone through", after which he and the band burst into an improvised version of the song, singing "I'm free at last" instead of a part of the lyric.

Covers
Robin Gibb recorded "Oh! Darling" in 1977 for the movie Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Released in 1978 as a single, it reached #15 on Billboard's Hot 100 in September.
Huey Lewis recorded a version for the 1995 Beatles tribute Come Together: America Salutes The Beatles.
George Benson also recorded a version for The Other Side of Abbey Road EP.
London also recorded a version for the Don't Cry Wolf album.
It also appears in the movie Across the Universe sung by the characters Sadie (Dana Fuchs) and Jojo (Martin Luther McCoy).
Etta Scollo recorded an Italian version in 1988
Bela Fleck and the Flecktones recorded a version for Live Art, with John Cowan providing the vocals
Sara Bareilles sang "Oh! Darling" in 2007 as the last song for her appearance on Channel 4's Live from Abbey Road. It featured only herself on lead vocals and her guitarist playing rhythm guitar.
Florence + the Machine play a live version on the second CD of the special box set edition of Lungs
Sum 41 did this song live during 2007/08.
Katelyn Epperly sung this song live on American Idol during the Top 24.

Personnel

Paul McCartney – vocal, backing vocals, bass, guitar
John Lennon – backing vocals, piano
George Harrison – backing vocals, guitar, synthesiser
Ringo Starr – drums
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Octopus's Garden" is a song by The Beatles written by Ringo Starr from their 1969 album Abbey Road.

George Harrison worked on this the song with Ringo Starr; perhaps because his own songs were not seen as good enough by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Harrison said: "'Octopus's Garden' is Ringo's song. It's only the second song Ringo has ever written, mind you, and it's lovely." He added that the song gets very deep into your mind "because it's so peaceful. I suppose Ringo is writing cosmic songs these days without even realising it."

Background
Ringo Starr got the idea for the song when he was on a boat owned by comedian Peter Sellers in Sardinia in 1968. He ordered fish and chips for lunch, but instead of fish he got squid. It was the first time he'd eaten squid, and he said, "It was OK. A bit rubbery. Tasted like chicken." The boat's captain told Ringo how octopuses travel along the sea bed picking up stones and shiny objects to build gardens. The Let It Be movie had a scene where George Harrison is shown helping Ringo Starr work the song out on piano.

The song, which contains the words "Oh what joy for every girl and boy / Knowing they're happy and they're safe," is sometimes thought of as being a song for children, like "Yellow Submarine", "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" or "All Together Now". It has been performed by the Muppets several times in their shows.

Recording
The basic instrumental track was recorded April 26, 1969, with two electric guitars (Harrison and John Lennon), bass guitar (Paul McCartney), and drums (Starr). George Martin did not produce the song, so the Beatles themselves were listed as producer, with Martin's assistant Chris Thomas present in the control room to help. Thirty-two takes were needed before the Beatles were happy with the song.

The backing vocals by McCartney and Harrison during the guitar solo were put through compressors and limiters to create a gurgling sound. Harrison added the sound of bubbles being blown into a glass of milk using a straw.

Performers

Ringo Starr – vocal, drums, percussion, sound effects
George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar, synthesizer
Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, piano
John Lennon – guitar
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Other websites

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Here Comes the Sun" is a song by George Harrison from The Beatles' 1969 album Abbey Road.

Origin
Harrison stated in The Beatles Anthology:

Recording
Harrison, McCartney and Starr recorded the song in 13 takes on July 7, 1969. John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash. Towards the end of the session, Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part. Harrison capoed his guitar on the 7th fret, resulting the final key of A major. He also used the same technique on his 1965 song "If I Needed Someone," which shares a similar melodic pattern. The following day he taped his lead vocals, and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound.

A harmonium and handclaps were added on July 16. Harrison's guitar solo was overdubbed on 6 August, and the orchestral parts were added on 15 August. "Here Comes the Sun" was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison's Moog synthesizer part.

Personnel
George Harrison – vocal, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, Moog synthesizer, handclaps
Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, handclaps
Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps
Uncredited – four violas, four cellos, double bass, two piccolos, two flutes, two alto flutes, two clarinets
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

1969 songs
The Beatles songs
Reginald Martinez "Reggie" Jackson (born May 18, 1946) was a baseball player for the Oakland Athletics, the New York Yankees, and the California Angels. He was named Mr. October in the 1977 series. In 1973 and 77 he was named the most valuable player of the World Series. He played right fielder.

Jackson played 21 seasons and reached the post-season in 11 of them, winning six pennants and four World Series.

Jackson was also voted to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1993 on the first ballot. His number was retired by the Athletics and the Yankees.

In 2007, ESPN aired a mini-series called The Bronx is Burning.  It was about the 1977 Yankees. The conflicts and controversies around Jackson are a central part of the storyline. Jackson is portrayed by Daniel Sunjata.

References

1946 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Baltimore Orioles players
California Angels players
Kansas City Athletics players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
{{Infobox Album
| name = Spiritual Machines
| type = studio
| artist = Our Lady Peace
| cover = 
| released = December 12, 2000
| recorded = August–October 2000 at Arnyard Studios in Toronto and Avatar Studios in New York City
| genre = Alternative rock, art rock
| length = 54:15
| language = English
| label = Columbia
| producer = Arnold Lanni, Raine Maida
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Happiness... Is Not a Fish That You Can Catch(1999)

| next_title = Gravity(2002)
}}Spiritual Machines''''' is the fourth studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on December 12, 2000. The producers of the album was Arnold Lanni and lead singer Raine Maida and it was the last Our Lady Peace album produced by long time producer Arnold Lanni. It is certified double platinum in Canada, peaking #5.

Singles from Spiritual Machines 
2000 - "In Repair"
2000 - "Life"
2001 - "Right Behind You (Mafia)"

References

2000 albums
Our Lady Peace albums
{{Infobox Album
| name = Gravity
| type = studio
| artist = Our Lady Peace
| cover = 
| released = June 18, 2002
| recorded = November 2001 – February 2002 at Plantation Mixing and Recording in Haiku, Hawaii
| genre = Alternative rockPop rock
| length = 41:27
| language = English
| label = Columbia
| producer = Bob Rock
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Spiritual Machines(2000)

| next_title = Live(2003)
}}Gravity''''' is the fifth studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on June 18, 2002. The producer of the album was Bob Rock. This album featured new guitarist Steve Mazur who replaced Mike Turner when he left the band in 2001.

Singles from Gravity 
2002 - "Somewhere Out There"
2002 - "Innocent"
2003 - "Made of Steel"

2002 albums
Our Lady Peace albums
{{Infobox Album
| name = Healthy in Paranoid Times
| type = studio
| artist = Our Lady Peace
| cover = 
| released = August 30, 2005
| recorded = May 2003 – May 2005 at Plantation Mixing and Recording in Haiku, Hawaii; The Village Recorder in West Los Angeles, California; Henson Recording Studios in Hollywood, California; Royaltone Studio in Los Angeles, California; Satellite Park in Malibu, California; Metalworks in Toronto, Ontario; The Boat in Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California
| genre = Alternative rockPop rock
| length = 45:21
| language = English
| label = Columbia
| producer = Bob Rock
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Live(2003)

| next_title = A Decade(2006)
}}Healthy in Paranoid Times''''' is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on August 30, 2005. The producer of the album was Bob Rock. The album peaked at #2 on the Soundscan Canadian Albums Chart, #45 on the Billboard 200 chart and #1 on Soundscan's Alternative albums chart. The song "Where Are You", peaked at #28 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart. The album is certified Platinum for the shipment of 100,000 units.

Singles from Healthy in Paranoid Times 
2005 - "Where Are You"
2005 - "Angels/Losing/Sleep"
2006 - "Will the Future Blame Us"

2005 albums
Our Lady Peace albums
{{Infobox Album
| name = Burn Burn
| type = studio
| artist = Our Lady Peace
| cover = 
| released = July 21, 2009
| recorded = February 2007 – June 2009 at Raine Maida's Home Studio in Los Angeles, California, US
| genre = Alternative rockPop rock
| length = 38:03
| language = English
| label = Coalition Entertainment
| producer = Raine Maida
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Live(2003)

| next_title = TBA(2011)
}}Burn Burn''''' is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on July 21, 2009. The producer of the album was lead singer Raine Maida. The peaked at #3 on the Canadian Albums Chart and also peaked at #41 on the U.S. Billboard 200.

Singles from Burn Burn 
2009 - "All You Did Was Save My Life"
2009 - "The End is Where We Begin"
2010 - "Dreamland"

2009 albums
Our Lady Peace albums
Raine Maida (born February 18, 1970 in Weston, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian singer/songwriter. He is the current lead singer of the Canadian alternative rock band, Our Lady Peace and was known for his unique countertenor nasal falsetto singing voice.

He began a solo career in 2006 and released a EP called Love Hope Hero on November 14, 2006. Maida is also a well known producer producing songs for act's like Avril Lavigne, Kelly Clarkson, David Cook and Carrie Underwood.

Maida is involved with numerous charities including War Child and was also a critic of the Iraq War as well as former U.S. president George W. Bush. He is married to Canadian singer Chantal Kreviazuk. Maida and Kreviazuk have three children together. They won the Allan Slaight Humanitarian Spirit Award in 2011 for their high ideals and humanitarian service.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

1970 births
Living people
Canadian singers
People from Ontario
Rock musicians
The Order of the Arrow is an honor society in the Boy Scouts of America. It was started by E. Urner Goodman in 1915. Members of the Order of the Arrow are called Arrowmen or Brothers. The Order of the Arrow uses American Indian symbols and lore. There are some "secret" ceremonies and words.

To be chosen to join the Order, youth members need to be voted in by their Scout troop, and have to have the First Class rank or higher. Adult leaders can also be chosen.

People who are entering the Order have to go through what is called an Ordeal. They have to go through a 24 hour period where they sleep outside, do not get much food, cannot talk, and do work, such as to help the camp where the Ordeal is happening.

Types of membership
Once someone goes through the Ordeal and becomes a member of the Order, they are called an Ordeal member. They can later become what is called a "Brotherhood member" after giving more service and going through another ceremony. Some Brotherhood members can later become "Vigil Members", but usually, no more than one out of every fifty people in a Lodge (local groups of the Order of the Arrow) can become Vigil Members.

References

Scouting
The Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival was a festival of classical music that used to be held in Birmingham, England.  It was started in 1784 and continued until 1912.  “Triennial” means that it happened once every three years.

History
The first music festival was held for three days in September 1768.  It helped to raise money to complete the new General Hospital on Summer Lane.  Another festival was held in 1778 to get more money. The hospital opened in September 1779.

From September 1784 the festival was held every three years.  It continued to raise money for the hospital.

The church and theatre where the festival was held became too small, so in 1834 they built Birmingham Town Hall which had much more room.

Many famous musicians performed at the festival.  In 1837 Felix Mendelssohn conducted a performance of his oratorio St. Paul, played the organ, and played the piano part in the first performance of his Piano  Concerto No. 2 which had been especially commissioned by the Festival.  In the next festival he played his Piano Concerto No. 1.  In 1846  (a year before he died) the festival commissioned him to write his oratorio Elijah.  It was a huge success.  He was paid 200 guineas.  Elijah was played at every festival after that.

The festival commissioned other composers to write works, these included: Arthur Sullivan, Max Bruch, Charles Gounod and Antonín Dvořák.

The great conductor Hans Richter was made principal conductor in 1885.

Edward Elgar wrote several works for the festival.  In 1900 his oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was given its first performance.  In 1903 he performed The Apostles, and 1906  The Kingdom. In 1912 he wrote The Music Makers.  The principal conductor for 1912 was Henry Wood.

The 1909 and 1912 festivals lost a lot of money and they could not give any money to the hospital.  This was soon followed by  World War I, so the festival stopped and did not continue after the war.

Birmingham
Classical music festivals
Music festivals in England
1784 establishments
1780s establishments in England
1912 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in England
"You Never Give Me Your Money" is a song by The Beatles that opens the medley on side two of the album Abbey Road. It was written by Paul McCartney and is credited to Lennon/McCartney.

Recording

The Beatles recorded 26 takes of "You Never Give Me Your Money" on May 6, 1969, with McCartney on piano and vocals, Lennon and Harrison on guitar and Starr on drums. 

On July 1, McCartney overdubbed lead vocals onto take 30, and added more vocals and chimes on July 15.

"You Never Give Me Your Money" was originally to transition into "Sun King" with a long organ note. This was recorded along with more vocals on July 30. They were scrapped the following day, when McCartney completed the song by adding bass guitar and piano. The "Sun King" crossfade was completed on August 5 with a series of tape loops containing the sounds of bells, birds, bubbles and insects.

Personnel

Paul McCartney: lead and background vocals; piano and bass; wind chimes and tape loops.
John Lennon: fuzzed lead guitar and background vocals.
George Harrison: chiming lead guitar and background vocals.
Ringo Starr: drums and tambourine.

Other websites

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Whenever You Need Somebody" is a song originally sang by Rick Astley. The song's style is pop-dance. It was the second single released by Astley, and it is the title track of Astley's debut album Whenever You Need Somebody, that was written and produced by Stock Aitken Waterman.

It was a successful European hit, following the pattern of the artist previous smash single "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was never released as a single in the U.S.

List of tracks

 7" single
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (3:26)
 "Just Good Friends" (3:45)

 7" single - Picture-disc
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (3:26)
 "Just Good Friends" (3:45)
			
 12" maxi
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (lonely hearts mix) (7:34)
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (instrumental) (3:50)
 "Just Good Friends" (3:45)

Peak position in international singles charts

References

1987 songs
Rick Astley songs
"Sun King" is a song written by John Lennon but credited to Lennon/McCartney and recorded by The Beatles for their Abbey Road album.

History
The working title was "Here Comes the Sun King", but was shortened to "Sun King" to avoid confusion with the song "Here Comes the Sun". The song is in three-part harmony, sung by Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Harrison. At the end of the song, the music stops abruptly and a Ringo Starr drum fill leads into the next track, "Mean Mr. Mustard".

The mixing of Romance languages occurs in the last three lines of the song. In 1969, Lennon was interviewed about these lyrics and said, "We just started joking, you know, singing 'cuando para mucho.' So we just made up... Paul knew a few Spanish words from school, you know. So we just strung any Spanish words that sounded vaguely like something. And of course we got 'chicka ferdy' in. That's a Liverpool expression. Just like sort of-- it doesn't mean anything to me but (childish taunting) 'na-na, na-na-na!'"

In 1976, The Bee Gees covered the song for the musical documentary All This and World War II.

Notes

Other websites
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
Alan Gray (born in York, 23 December 1855; died in Cambridge, 27 September 1935) was a British organist and composer.

Gray was born in York.  He went to St Peter's School in York, and Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1883 to 1893, he was Director of Music at Wellington College, Berkshire. In 1893, when Stanford left the post of organist at Trinity College, Alan went back there to become organist, and stayed there until 1930.

From 1922-1923 he was president of the Royal College of Organists.

Gray wrote several cantatas as well as chamber music and organ music, but he is mainly remembered for his church music, including an  Evening Service in F minor (Magnificat and Nunc dimittis).  He also composed several descants to various hymn tunes, several of them are still sung today.  He did a lot of work as editor of the Purcell Society.

Alan Gray was a very tall man: 2 metres (nearly 6 ft 7in).

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; , vol 7

1855 births
1935 deaths
English organists
English composers
"Mean Mr. Mustard" is a song written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on their album, Abbey Road. The Abbey Road version was recorded with "Sun King" in one continuous piece.

Composition

Written in India, Lennon said that the song was inspired by a newspaper story about a miser who hid his cash wherever he could so he can stop people from making him spend it. On reflection, he didn't think highly of the composition, describing it in Anthology as "a bit of crap I wrote in India."

A demo version of the song was recorded in May 1968 at Kinfauns, George Harrison's home in Esher, and appears on Anthology 3. In that version, Mustard's sister is named Shirley. Lennon changed it to Pam when he saw the ochance to ease the segue into the song "Polythene Pam", which is after "Mean Mr. Mustard" on the album. According to Lennon, "In 'Mean Mr. Mustard', I said 'his sister Pam'—originally it was 'his sister Shirley' in the lyric. I changed it to Pam to make it sound like it had something to do with it." Additionally, the original version of the song was a quieter acoustic rendition and was over 4 minutes in length.

Other versions

The version in the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band film was performed by Mean Mr. Mustard (played by Frankie Howerd) and his evil robot companions named the Computerettes. As with the performance of "She's Leaving Home" also in the film, the computerized singing of the Computerettes was performed by the Bee Gees.

Personnel

John Lennon – lead and harmony vocals, piano, maracas
Paul McCartney – harmony vocals, fuzz bass
George Harrison – lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine

References

General

 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
The Nunc dimittis is a hymn from the Bible.  It was sung by Simeon when he saw the baby Jesus.  

The story told in the book of Luke was that Simeon, who was a Jew, had been promised by the Holy Ghost that he would not die until he had seen Jesus.  When Mary and Joseph brought the baby Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem for the ceremony of consecration of the firstborn son, Simeon was there, and he took Jesus into his arms and said the words which are now known as the Nunc dimittis.  He was saying to God that he could now die happily because he had seen the Saviour.

The words of the Nunc dimittis have been set to music by many composers.  In the Anglican Church they are traditionally sung at Evensong.

The English words as found in the Book of Common Prayer, 1662:

Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace : according to thy word.
For mine eyes have seen : thy salvation,
Which thou hast prepared : before the face of all people;
To be a light to lighten the Gentiles : and to be the glory of thy people Israel.

Related pages
Magnificat
service (music)

Christian hymns
"Zangaléwa" or "Tsaminamina" is a 1986 hit song, originally sung by a makossa group from Cameroon called Golden Sounds who were popular throughout Africa for their silly dances and costumes. The song was such a hit for Golden Sounds that they eventually changed their name to Zangaléwa, too. The song pays tribute to African skirmishers (a.k.a tirailleurs) during WW2. Most of the band members were in the Cameroonian Army themselves and used make up, fake belly and fake butt for comic relief.

The song is still used today almost everywhere in Africa by soldiers, policemen, boy scouts, sportsmen and their supporters, usually during training or for rallying. It is also widely used in schools throughout the continent especially in Cameroon as a marching song and the lyrics are well-known among Cameroonians. The song was also popular in Colombia where it was known as “The Military” and brought to the country by West African DJs.

The men in the group often dressed in military uniforms, wearing pith helmets and stuffing their clothes with pillows to appear like they had a swollen buttocks from riding the train and overweight stomachs from eating too much. Music historians say the song, or at least part of it, is a criticism of Black military officers who were in league with Whites to oppress their own people. The rest is Cameroonian slang and jargon from the soldiers during the war.

Translation 
Meaning of the words in Fang language:
 "Tsaminamina" means: Come.
 "Waka waka" means: Do it – as in perform a task. Waka is pidgin language meaning walk while working.
 "Tsaminamina zangalewa" means: where do you come from?.
 "Wana" means: it is mine.
 "Zambo" means: wait.

Other websites 
 Youtube Video

1986 songs
"She Came in Through the Bathroom Window" is a song written by Paul McCartney (although credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on their album Abbey Road as part of the Abbey Road medley.

Origin

McCartney said the song was inspired by Apple scruffs (dedicated fans who would stay outside the Abbey Road studio and the homes of the Beatles), who broke into McCartney's St John's Wood home. Diane Ashley, one of the group, says: "We were bored, he was out and so we decided to pay him a visit. We found a ladder in his garden and stuck it up at the bathroom window which he'd left slightly open. I was the one who climbed up and got in." She then opened the front door to let the others in, and they stole a number of photographs. Another Apple scruff, Margo Bird, remembers being good friends with McCartney - she would often take his dog for walks - and later got a job at Apple Corps. She says that she was asked to get back a certain photograph, which she did.

In the 2006 DVD documentary The Classic Artists Series: The Moody Blues (DVD UK, released October 2006), Mike Pinder, the former keyboard player of Birmingham R&B band The Moody Blues, states that the inspiration for the song actually rests with an incident that happened to them—a groupie climbing into an open bathroom window in the band's home and spending the night with band member Ray Thomas. The next day, Pinder and Thomas told the story to McCartney, who—guitar in hand—strummed and sang "She came in through the bathroom window...".

Recording

The Beatles recorded the rhythm track for this and Polythene Pam as one piece on 25 July 1969. It took them 39 attempts, after which they added lead vocals and re-recorded the drums and bass guitar parts.

On July 28, they added more vocals, guitar, percussion and piano. The song was completed two days later with additional guitar and percussion.

This song was performed directly after "Polythene Pam", the song on the preceding track, without pause.

At the very beginning of the song, in anticipation to the change of meter, John Lennon says "we'll listen to that now... heh-heh" and then shouts "Oh, look out!" A slower, ethereal version of this song, recorded during the Let It Be sessions, appears on Anthology 3.

Personnel
Paul McCartney – lead and harmony vocals, lead guitar
John Lennon – acoustic 12-string guitar, background vocals
George Harrison – bass guitar, background vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine

Cover versions
 Joe Cocker's cover of this song reached number 30 on the Billboard top 40 in 1970.
 Los Lonely Boys' cover of this song appears on their 2009 tribute EP entitled 1969.

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Golden Slumbers" is a song by The Beatles, part of the climactic medley on their 1969 album Abbey Road. The song begins the progression that leads to the end of the album and is followed by "Carry That Weight." The two songs were recorded together as a single piece, and both were written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney).

Recording
McCartney was the lead vocalist. He begins the song in a soft tone, with piano, bass guitar, and string section accompaniment. Starting with the line "Golden slumbers fill your eyes", the drums come in and McCartney switches to a stronger tone. McCartney said, "I remember trying to get a very strong vocal on it, because it was such a gentle theme, so I worked on the strength of the vocal on it, and ended up quite pleased with it."

The main recording session for "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight" was on July 2, 1969.
John Lennon was not present. He was injured in a motor vehicle accident in Scotland on July 1, 1969, and was hospitalized there until July 6.

Additional vocals were added in an overdub session on 30 July 1969, the same day the first trial edit of the side two medley was created. Lennon did participate in this session. On 15 August, orchestral overdubs were made to "Golden Slumbers" and five other songs on Abbey Road.

Personnel
 Paul McCartney – vocal, piano
 George Harrison – bass
 Ringo Starr – drums
 George Martin – producer, arranger
 Uncredited – twelve violins, four violas, four cellos, double bass, four horns, three trumpets, trombone, bass trombone
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

References 

 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Carry That Weight" is a song by The Beatles. Released on Abbey Road and part of the long, climactic medley that closes the album, it has vocals from all four of the Beatles (a rarity in their songs). It is after "Golden Slumbers", and transitions into "The End".

The middle bridge, featuring brass instruments, electric guitar and vocals, repeats the beginning of "You Never Give Me Your Money", but with different lyrics. The ending also repeats the arpeggiated guitar motif from the end of that song, similar to the figure featured in the George Harrison written songs "Here Comes the Sun" and "Badge" (co-written by Harrison and Eric Clapton).

Meaning
Music critic Ian MacDonald said that the lyrics were an acknowledgment by the group that nothing they would do as solo artists would equal what they had achieved together, and they would always carry the weight of their Beatle past. McCartney said the song was about the Beatles' business difficulties and the atmosphere at Apple at the time. In the film Imagine: John Lennon, Lennon says that McCartney was "singing about all of us."

Recording

The Beatles began recording "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight" as one piece on July 2, 1969. McCartney, Harrison and Starr recorded 15 takes of the two songs while Lennon was in the hospital recovering from a car accident in Scotland.

The rhythm tracks featured McCartney on piano, Harrison on bass guitar and Starr on drums. The best were takes 13 and 15, which were edited together on July 3rd. That day and the next, McCartney overdubbed his lead vocals and rhythm guitar, Harrison added lead guitar, and all three sang the chorus.

On July 30, they added more vocals, including Lennon, who had rejoined the sessions on July 9. More vocals, timpani and drums were overdubbed on 31 July. The orchestra was recorded on August 15.

Personnel
Paul McCartney – vocal, chorus vocal, piano, rhythm guitar
George Harrison – chorus vocal, lead guitar, six- string bass
Ringo Starr – chorus vocal, drums
John Lennon – chorus vocal
George Martin – producer, arranger
Uncredited – twelve violins, four violas, four cellos, one double bass, four horns, three trumpets, one trombone, one bass trombone
Personnel per MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn

Cover versions
 In 1976, The Bee Gees covered the song for the musical documentary All This and World War II. Two years later, they did the same for the movie version of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.
 Les Fradkin has an instrumental version included in his 2005 release "While My Guitar Only Plays".
 In 2009, Cheap Trick released Sgt. Pepper Live, which includes the song.
 Orange Bicycle covered this song interloping it with You Never Give Me Your Money.

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 

1969 songs
The Beatles songs
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" is a song credited to Lennon/McCartney, and released in 1967, on The Beatles' album of the same name. The song appears twice on the album: as the first song (transitioning into "With a Little Help from My Friends"), and as "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)", (which transitions into "A Day in the Life"). As the title track, the lyrics introduce the fictional band that performs in the album.

Since its original album release, the song has also been released on singles, on compilation albums, and has been performed by several other artists including Jimi Hendrix (such as at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970), U2, and a comic interpretation by Bill Cosby.

Song structure
On the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, the song opens to the sound of a loud audience, and an orchestra tuning up, which was taken from the February 10 orchestra session for "A Day in the Life". The crowd sounds edited into the song were recorded in the early '60s by Martin, during a live recording of the stage show Beyond the Fringe. When the song itself begins, the band introduces its members. The song is in G major, with a 4/4 meter. A horn quartet was used to fill out the instrumental sections.

Reprise
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" is a repeat of the song at a faster tempo with heavier instruments. While the first track stays largely in the key of G major (except for transient modulation to F and perhaps C in the bridges), the reprise starts in F and modulates back to G. The track opens with a distorted guitar strumming a "Hendrix chord" (dominant 7th sharp 9). McCartney counts 1-2-3-4, and between 2 and 3, Lennon says "bye!".

The idea for a reprise was Aspinall's, who thought that as there was a "welcome song", there should be a "goodbye song". The song contains the same melody as the opening version, but with different lyrics. At 1:18, it is one of the Beatles' shorter songs (the shortest is "Her Majesty" at 0:23). The reprise was recorded on 1 April 1967, two months after the version that opens the album. At the end of the track, Martin's pre-recorded applause sample segues into the real final track of the album, "A Day in the Life".

Personnel
Full version:
Paul McCartney – vocal, bass, lead guitar
John Lennon – harmony vocal, rhythm guitar
George Harrison – harmony vocal, guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
Session musicians – French horns

Reprise:
Paul McCartney – vocal, organ, bass
John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar
George Harrison – vocal, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – vocal, drums, tambourine, maracas
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1967 songs