cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Gibraltar Chronicle is a newspaper published daily in Gibraltar since 1801. It is not only the oldest newspaper in Gibraltar, but also the second oldest English newspaper in the world.

References

Footnotes

Other websites 
The Gibraltar Chronicle official website

English-language newspapers
Gibraltar
1801 establishments
Alan Graham Johnston (born May 17, 1962) is a British journalist working for the BBC. On March 12, 2007, he was taken by a group of armed men in Gaza. He was kept as a hostage until he was let free on July 4.

British journalists
1962 births
Living people
Laurence Mancuso (born June 30, 1934 - died June 10, 2007) was the founding abbot of the New Skete Eastern Orthodox monastic community in upstate New York.

1934 births
2007 deaths
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Christian religious leaders
Monks
People from New York
The Second Severn Crossing () is a bridge over the River Severn between South Gloucestershire in England and Monmouthshire in Wales. 

The bridge carrie 6 lanes of M4 motorway and is one of the main routes into South Wales. It was opened on 5 June 1996 to allow more traffic than the original Severn Bridge, which opened in 1966. Both bridges are still in use although the newer crossing is more direct and less likely to be closed in strong winds. 

1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Bridges in England
Bridges in Wales
Concrete bridges
Gloucestershire
Monmouthshire
Steel bridges
Yakima is a city in the state of Washington.

References

Other websites
Official City of Yakima website 

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
County seats in Washington
Yakima County, Washington
The University of Washington (UW) is the main state university of the U.S. state of Washington. There are over 40,000 students. It is in Seattle, Washington. The University of Washington's sports teams (the Huskies) are part of the Pacific-12 Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Every year UW has a rivalry game with Washington State University. This game is called the Apple Cup in which the two football teams play each other. As of the year 2010 the University of Washington has won 66 Apple Cups and Washington State University only has 31. The longest consecutive wins of the Apple Cup belongs to U.W. with 8 consecutive wins, with Washington State at 2 consecutive wins.

Washington
Colleges and universities in Washington
Washington
Buildings and structures in Seattle, Washington
1861 establishments in the United States
Screamers is a 2006 documentary by director Carla Garapedian.

Other websites
Official Site 
 Movie Trailer  at Google Video
 Movie Clips 

American documentary movies
2006 movies
Multilingual movies
Ross Bagdasarian (January 27, 1919 – January 16, 1972) was an American pianist, songwriter, actor, and record producer of Armenian descent. He was born in Fresno, California. During his professional life he was better known by the stage name David Seville, which he used on his recordings featuring Alvin and the Chipmunks.

References

1919 births
1972 deaths
American pianists
American voice actors
People from Fresno, California
Singer-songwriters from California
Actors from Fresno County, California
Musicians from California
American record labels
American television actors
American movie actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Grammy Award winners
In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand, usually deposited by eolian processes (wind) or sometimes by the flow of water. Dunes occur, for example, in some deserts and beaches. Sand dunes have different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Sometimes they migrate downwind. A "dune field" is an area covered by many sand dunes.

 

Landforms
Kieran Richardson (born 21 October 1984) is an English football player. He plays for Sunderland, a team in the Premier League in England.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Manchester United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||2||0
|-
|2003/04||0||0
|-
|2004/05||2||0
|-
|2004/05||West Bromwich Albion||Premier League||12||3
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Manchester United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||22||1
|-
|2006/07||15||1
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Sunderland||rowspan="3"|Premier League||17||3
|-
|2008/09||32||4
|-
|2009/10||||
102||12
102||12
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||4||2
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||8||2
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
Premier League players
Riyo Mori (born 24 December 1986 in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan) is a pageant titleholder best known for crowning Dayana Mendoza as Miss Universe 2008. 

She also won the Miss Universe 2007 title in May 2007. She was the second woman from Japan to hold the title. (The first Miss Universe winner from Japan was Akiko Kojima in 1959.) Mori is the eleventh Asian woman to win the pageant.

Crowning Dayana Mendoza 
In 2008, Mori received the grand honour of crowning Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela as Miss Universe 2008. 

Miss Universe winners
1986 births
Living people
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
The American Girl series is a series of books and accompanying dolls about fictional girls who live in different time periods in America's history. The American Girl series was first created by The Pleasant Company in 1986, founded by Pleasant T. Rowland. Today, the dolls and books are made by Mattel, a large toy company. Each doll has her own line of accessories that includes a series of books about her life, furniture, clothing, pets, and things that she would use or play with. For some dolls, a doll of her best friend is included in the collection. Four of the dolls have had movies made about their stories.

Current Historical Dolls

Kaya (1760s)
Maryellen  (1950s)
Josefina (1820s)                                                                                              
Addy (1860s)
Kit (1930s)
Julie (1970s)
Rebecca (1910s)
 Samantha (BeForever) (1900s)
 Melody  (1960s)

'Retired' dolls
There have also been some dolls who have been "retired":

Felicity (1770s)
Kirsten (1850s)
Samantha (1900s), however Samantha was re-released in 2014 as part of American Girl's BeForever Collection 
Molly & Emily (1940s)
 Cécile & Marie-Grace (1850s)
 Caroline (1810s)

Girl of the Year
There is also another line of dolls called "Girl of the Year," (called "American Girl of Today" before 2006). Each girl stars in her two book (one book before 2007) series. Their stories take place in modern times in the year they are released. The line was made starting in 2001. However, there wasn't a Girl of the Year in 2002 and 2004 due to low sales of Lindsey. These are the Girls of the Year:

 Lindsey Bergman (2001) 

Kailey Hopkins (2003)

Marisol Luna (2005)

Jess McConnell (2006)

Nicki Fleming (2007)

Mia St. Clair (2008)

Chrissa Maxwell (2009) (released along with her friends Gwen Thompson and Sonali Matthews)

Lanie Holland (2010)

Kanani Akina (2011)

McKenna Brooks (2012)

Saige Copeland (2013)

Isabelle Palmer (2014)

Grace Thomas (2015)

Lea Clark (2016)
Gabriela McBride (2017)
Luciana Vega (2018)

Other websites
Official American Girl web site
Society of American Girl Collectors
Archived Article about the uniqueness of the American Girls Doll. 
On-Set Pictures : ''Molly: An American Girl Victory
Kit's Movie Headed For Theatres

Series of books
Children's books
Dolls
Sergei Parajanov ( Sargis Hovsepi Parajanyan;  Sergej Iosifovich Paradzhanov; also spelled Paradzhanov or Paradjanov), (January 9, 1924 – July 20 1990), is considered by many to be one of the most original and critically-acclaimed filmmakers of the 20th century. His work reflected the ethnic diversity of the Caucasus where he was raised.

Early life 
He was born to Armenian parents Iosif Paradjanyan and Siranush Bejanyan, in Tbilisi, Georgia. In 1945, Parajanov traveled to Moscow, enrolled in the directing department at VGIK, one of the oldest and highly respected film schools of Europe, and studied under the tutelage of directors Igor Savchenko and Aleksandr Dovzhenko.

Personal life 
In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov, to terrible consequences: she was later murdered by her relatives in retaliation for her conversion. As a result of this tragic event Parajanov moved to Kyiv. There he produced several documentaries (Dumka, Golden Hands, 
Natalia Uzhvy) and a handful of narrative films based on Ukrainian and Moldovan folktales, such as Andriesh, Ukrainian Rhapsody, and Flower on the Stone. He became fluent in Ukrainian, remarried (Svetlana Ivanovna Sherbatiuk in 1956) and had a son (Suren, 1958).

Filmography

1967: Sayat Nova
1984: SURAMI BERD
1986: ASHUGH GHARIB

1924 births
1990 deaths
Movie directors from Georgia (country)
Armenian movie directors
A dress is one of the basic styles of female clothing. It is a garment of a skirt (bottom half) with an attached bodice (top half). The colouring and style of the dress gives the effect of a one-piece garment. A dress is also known as a frock or a gown. In Europe and the Americas, dresses are worn by females of all ages as an alternative to a separate skirt and blouse or trousers.

There are many types of dresses. A dress is usually worn at formal occasions, such as a wedding or a dance. It is also worn in the summer to keep cool. Younger females tend to prefer shorter skirts than older females.

Type of dress
Afternoon dress 
cocktail dress
Evening dress
Saree

History 
In the 11th century, women in Europe wore dresses that were like men's tunics and were loose with the hem(the very bottom cloth of a dress) below the knees or lower. 

Later in the 1550s French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices and also wore ruffs(a frilly circle worn on the neck). In England, Queen Elizabeth said what kinds of dresses women could wear. 

During the 17 century, Lace and slashing(when fabric is layered and cut so it feels like velvet) became popular decorations. Skirts were full, and the overskirt(the skirt worn over all the others) allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. Necklines became lower as well.

Skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts in the 18th century. One-piece gowns were popular until the middle of the century. During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats(undergarments like skirts) were reduced in size. Women also liked lighter colors and lighter fabrics.

Women's dresses in the 19th century began to be sorted by the time of day or purpose of the dress. Dresses with high waists were popular until around 1830. Europeans styles in dresses increased quickly to the hoop skirt and the crinoline using styles of the 1860s. Dresses had "day" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline and very short sleeves. Skirts of the 1860s had a lot of decoration.

References

Other websites
Stylopedia -- an online dictionary of fashion details 
ApparelSeach glossary of textile and apparel terms
An international dress size converter
Thorn has several meanings:
 Thorns, spines and prickles, a sharp structure or growth on plants
 Thorn tree
 Hawthorn, Crataegus
 Thorn (letter) (Þ, þ), a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic alphabets

Places
 Thorn, Netherlands
 Toruń, Poland (known as Thorn in German)

United Kingdom
 Thorn, Bedfordshire
 Thorn, Devon
 Thorn, Herefordshire
 Thorn, Powys

USA
 Thorn, California, in San Bernardino County
 Thorn, Mississippi, in Chickasaw County
 Thorn, Utah, in Salt Lake County

Persons, Characters
 Andy Thorn
 Brad Thorn, Australian/New Zealand rugby league and rugby union footballer
 Damien Thorn
 Erin Thorn
 Gaston Thorn (b. 1928), Luxembourg politician
 George Thorn
 Colonel Herman Thorn (1783–1859), called "the millionaire of New York", brother of Jonathan Thorn
 Jan Thorn-Prikker
 John Thorn
 John Thorn (musician)
 Jonathan Thorn
 Matt Thorn
 Nautica Thorn
 Philip Thorn
 Robyn Thorn
 Rod Thorn
 Stuart Thorn, President of the Fat People United Group
 Tracey Thorn
 Victor Thorn
 Viktor Thorn
 Rose and Thorn is a character with a split personality in DC comics
 Thorn, the main character of the online fantasy story Darksoul Kingdom
 Thorn Harvestar, a main character in Jeff Smith's Bone comic series
 Thorns (band), a Norwegian black metal band
 The Thorns, an American acoustic rock band
 Thorn (Inheritance) a dragon from the Inheritance Trilogy

Companies
 Thorn EMI
 THORN Electrical Industries
 Thorn Cycles, British bicycle manufacturer
 Thorn guitars, guitar manufacturer
 Thorn Lighting, luminaire manufacturer, part of Zumtobel Lighting Group

Other uses
 Thorns (novel), a 1967 science fiction novel by American writer Robert Silverberg
 Thorn (horse), racehorse that won the Kentucky Futurity in 1897
 Thorn (video game)
 Thorn (Inheritance), the red dragon on the cover of the book Eldest
Botanists use three different words for sharp things on plants. They are thorns, spines, and prickles. Thorns are the ends of branches that are hard and sharp. Spines are hard structures with sharp ends. There are many different kinds of spines, some on leaves, some grow instead of leaves. Prickles are on the outside of stems. 

Spines, prickles, and thorns protect plants from plant-eating animals (defence against herbivory). Some plants and animals, such as the acacia tree and giraffe have evolved in response to each other. The plants grow very long spines and the animals develop very long tongues to reach past the spines and feed on the leaves.

Gallery

References 

Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber Press, Portland. 423 pp.

Plant anatomy
Pope Pius IX (, ; May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Feretti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 256th Pope, from 1846 until his death.  Only Saint Peter himself led the church longer than the 32-year reign of Pius IX.

In 2000, he was beatified, which is a step in the process of naming a saint of the Catholic Church.

Career
Mastai-Feretti was ordained as a priest in 1819.

Bishop
Father Mastai-Feretti was named Bishop of Spoletto in 1827.  In 1877, the Golden Jubilee celebrations recalled the 50 years since he was named a bishop.

Cardinal
In 1840, Pope Gregory XVI made Bishop Mastai-Feretti a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Mastai-Feretti was elected Pope in 1846; and he took the name Pius IX.

In 1846, Piux IX declared an amnesty for political prisoners.

In 1848 he ordered that the gates to the Jewish ghetto in Rome be knocked down.
 
Pius formally defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.

Papal States
In 1849, Pius was deposed as the temporal ruler of the Papal States.  As a result of Italian nationalism and the Risorgimento, the Papal States and all of the pope's land outside the Apostolic Palace were seized in 1870 and pope spent his last years a virtual prisoner within the Vatican.

First Vatican Council
In 1869-1870, Pope Pius brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Vatican Council.    The council defined the dogma of papal infallibility.

Pius died at age 85.

After his death
The process of recognizing Pius IX as a saint began in 1907.

The body of Pope Pius IX was exhumed in 1956.<ref> "Body of Pope Pius IX Exhumed in Ceremony," New York Times." October 26, 1956; retrieved 2011-10-30.</ref>  This was part of a ceremony of "recognition".

Preparations for beatification were almost finished in 1962; and they were completed in 1984.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

More reading
 Kertazer, David I. (1997). The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara.'' New York: Knopf. ; ;  OCLC 35829023

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius IX
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Mastai-Feretti

1792 births
1878 deaths
Deaths from epilepsy
Italian popes
Beatified people
Kilometres per hour is a unit of measurement, which measures speed or velocity. The unit symbol is km/h or km·h−1. By definition, an object travelling at a speed of 1 km/h in a straight line for 1 hour moves 1 kilometre. The unit is the most commonly used unit of speed worldwide, more common than the SI unit of speed, metres per second.

Conversions
 3.6 km/h ≡ 1 m/s, the SI unit of speed, metre per second
 1 km/h ≈ 0.277 78 m/s
 1 km/h ≈ 0.621 37 mph ≈ 0.911 34 feet per second
 1 knot ≡ 1.852 km/h (exactly)
 1 mile = 1.609344 km (~1.61 km)
 n km/h ≈ ( 1.61 * n ) mph (where n is a quantity of speed in km/h)
 1 mph = ~1.6 km/h

Other websites
A conversion calculator for Units of Speed

Units of measurement
| birth place = Thousand Oaks,California, USA.
Amanda Laura Bynes (born April 3, 1986) is an American actress, program host on Nickelodeon and fashion designer. After being in several successful television series on Nickelodeon in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Bynes has moved into a movie career. She starred in several movies aimed at teenage audiences. These included Big Fat Liar, She's the Man, Hairspray, and Easy A. She was on the 2007 Forbes list as the 5th highest paid celebrities under 21 earning $2.5 million.

Bynes has been described by The Boston Globe as having an "everygirl" appeal, embodying "both everything her teen fans dream of being and everything they know they really are, and they love her for it." In 2006, she was named one of Teen People's "25 Hottest Stars Under 25".

On June 19, 2010, Bynes said on her Twitter that she is retiring from acting saying she does not like it as much as she used to. A month later, Bynes changed her mind and returned to acting.

Again in 2012 she said that she is retiring from acting.

In April 2012 Bynes was arrested for side-swiping a police car. In June 2012 she was charged with driving under alcohol or drugs when she was arrested in April.

In May 2013 Bynes was arrested at her house in Manhattan for having marijuana. In July she was arrested after she set fire to a stranger's driveway. The police decided that she should be kept for psychiatric evaluation for her own safety. Since September 2013 Bynes has been in The Canyon rehab in Malibu for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder treatment.

References

Other websites
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Ventura County, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Ventura County, California
People with bipolar disorder
People with schizophrenia
An exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark. It is used to show strong emotion at the end of a sentence or after an interjection.

Putting a space before an exclamation mark is incorrect.

In coding, "!" sometimes means not. In mathematics, the use of an exclamation mark can be used for the factorial function (for example, ).

Related pages
 Ampersand
 Punctuation
 Question mark
 Quotation mark

References 

Punctuation
The Yupik (in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, Yup'ik, plural Yupiit) people are a group of native people who mainly live in certain parts of Alaska, somewhere near Fairbanks.  The 1918 influenza pandemic killed many of the indigenous people in Alaska. Many died during famines and the culture suffered when the Soviet government made villagers move. Some of the Yupi'k people's traditions are celebrating the dead. They celebrate by having ceremonies with a shaman, where they connect with the dead. They also name the next child born after the most recent person who has died.

References

People from Alaska
Ethnic groups in the United States
Sk8er Boi is a single by pop-punk singer Avril Lavigne. It is one of her most famous songs.

Song information
In this song, she tells the story of a relationship between a "sk8er boi" (skater boy) and a more preppy girl who does ballet. Although both of them "want" each other, the girl rejects him against her own secret feelings because of peer pressure. In the end, the skater boy becomes famous and is with another punk girl (Avril sings in that girl's point of view) who cares for him, leaving the preppy girl behind.

Track listing
"Sk8er Boi"
"Get Over It"
"Nobody's Fool (live)"
"Sk8er Boi" (video)

Music video
The music video begins with what may be the "Sk8er Boi" in the alley of a city with a bunch of spray paint on the ground. The music video goes along with posters that have a star on them advertising a concert Avril hosts, where people use their cars and amplifiers to have the concert on the streets. The concert gets so wild the police come in trying to stop it. At the end of the video, Avril crashes her guitar into the car windshield. A police helicopter comes in, leaving a mystery as to what they will do.

Movie adaptation
In 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film. However, as of December 2006, the film has apparently been abandoned or is stuck in development hell.

Charts

References

2002 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
Edmond Keosayan (; Leninakan, now Gyumri, October 9, 1936 - Moscow, April 21, 1994) was an Armenian Soviet movie director and musician. From 1954 to 1956 Keosayan studied in Plekhanov Moscow Institute of Economy. From 1956 to 1958 he studied in Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. In 1964, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK (E.Dzigan's master class). Since 1964 Keosayan has been a director at Mosfilm Studio. He has worked worked a few times for Armenfilm Studio.
He was also a Master of Ceremonies of the Soviet State Variety Orchestra. 
His films are mainly in the Armenian and 
Russian languages.

Filmography
1964: Where are you quiet Maxim? (Gde ty teper, Maxim?)
1966: The Elusive Avengers (Neulovimye mstiteli/Неуловимые мстители)
1968: The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (Novye priklyucheniya nuelovimykh/Новые приключения неуловимых)
1971: The Crown of the Russian Empire or Once again the Elusive Avengers (Korona Rossiyskoy imperi, ili snova neulovimykh
1973: Tghamardik (Russian: Muzhchiny, English The Men)
1975: Moratsvatz heqiatneri kirtche (Russian: Ushchele pokinutykh skazok, English: The Canyon of Deserted Tales)
1975: When September comes (Kogda nastupayet sentyabr)
1978: Huso Astgh (Star of Hope, Russian: Zvezda nadezhdy, alternative Armenian title: Mkhitar sparapet)
1980: Legend tzaghratzui masin (Russian: Legenda o skomorokhe, English: Legend of the Clown)

References

Armenian movie directors
1936 births
1994 deaths
Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1451- 22 February 1512) was an Italian merchant, explorer and cartographer. He was the first person to explain that the New World discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was not the eastern area of Asia, but an unknown continent (the Americas). 

America was named after Amerigo Vespucci. North and South America get this name from a feminized and latinized version of his first name, Americus.

Vespucci died of malaria.

References

Other websites 

 Canaday, James A. The Life of Amerigo Vespucci .
 Account of 'The First Voyage', 1497: Letter of Amerigo Vespucci To Pier Soderini - Fordham University (U.S.) Internet Modern History Sourcebook
 A scale model  - A scaled wooden model of the Amerigo Vespucci.
 
 'I am America.' - New York Times: Five hundred years ago, our continent was given a name.

1454 births
1512 deaths
Deaths from infectious disease
Italian explorers
People from Florence
Ralf Schumacher (born 30 June 1975) is a retired German Formula one driver. He was born in Huerth, North Rhine-Westphalia and is the younger brother of Michael Schumacher. He drove for Jordan, Williams and Toyota.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete Formula Nippon results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Complete DTM results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

1975 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, autosport or motorsport) is a sport involving racing cars. Auto racing began in France in 1895 and is now one of the world's most popular spectator sports.

Types of auto racing 
Formula One is the top level racing championship worldwide. Formula One cars have no fenders or quarter panels like regular passenger cars. At the front and back of each car there is a spoiler, or wing, which uses air to push the car onto the ground and give it more grip to go faster. Each Formula One race takes place in a different country. These races are called Grands Prix (French for "grand prize"). 

Indy Cars look very similar to Formula One cars, but race on oval tracks that have only banked left-hand turns, and more complex road courses which have both left and right hand turns.

Endurance races are a type of race involving heavily modified cars called touring cars and purpose-built race cars called sports prototypes. Each race team has more than one driver because endurance races last for several hours, so drivers take turns. The world's most famous endurance race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans in France.

NASCAR is an American organization that runs races on oval tracks with many cars or pickup trucks. The cars, called stock cars, look like passenger cars, but have plenty of racing upgrades.

Related pages

Motor sports
Lascelles Abercrombie (January 9, 1881 – October 27, 1938) was a British poet and critic of Literature, and he was a member of a group of famous poets called "Dymock poets".  He was born in Ashton upon Mersey and studied at the University of Manchester.  

Before the First World War, he lived for a time at Dymock in Gloucestershire.  In 1922, they gave him the job of Professor of English at the University of Leeds.  In 1929 he moved on to the University of London, and in 1935 to the University of Oxford.  He wrote many poems, that were  put together in a book called 'Poems' (1930). In the same year he wrote his most important poem, The Sale of Saint Thomas in six Acts.  He was the brother of the architect Patrick Abercrombie, and his son was the scientist Michael Abercrombie.

Sources

Other websites

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Lascelles Abercrombie

English poets
1881 births
1938 deaths
Ralph Fiennes (born 22 December 1962 in Ipswich, Suffolk, England) is an English actor. He won the Tony Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for his work in Steven Spielberg's movie Schindler's List, and the Genie Award. His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. His brothers and sisters are Joseph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and Jacob Fiennes.

References

Other websites 
 

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Suffolk
Actors who played M
BAFTA Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Ipswich
Tony Award winning actors
Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo (Chinese: 顾维钧；Pinyin: Gù Wéijūn; Wade-Giles: Ku Wei-chün) (January 29, 1887–November 14, 1985) was a Chinese diplomat. He was a representative at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. His wife was Chinese-American diplomat Juliana Koo.

Born in Shanghai in 1887, he went to the United States in 1904 and studied Western culture in order to help China with the problem of imperialism. He spoke perfect fluent English, and came to be interested in China's position in international society.

Other websites

 Biography from Columbia University

Koo, Wellington
1887 births
1985 deaths
Wade-Giles (), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for the Chinese language. It is based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing. The system was produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century. It was fully developed in Herbert Giles's 1892 Chinese-English dictionary.

Wade-Giles was the main system of transliteration in the English-speaking world for much of the 20th century. It is used in several standard reference books. It is also used in all books about China published before 1979. It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that was common until the late 19th century. Wade-Giles has been replaced by the Pinyin system today. It still remains in use in Taiwan (Republic of China).

One well-known feature of Wade-Giles is that it uses the apostrophe to mark aspirated consonants, or breathy consonants. For example, ping in Pinyin would be written as p'ing in Wade-Giles, but bing in Pinyin would be written as ping. Sounds are written this way because Chinese does not have voiced stop consonants, fricatives, or affricates like in English. Chinese only distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated sounds. Therefore, an apostrophe is used instead of using a different letter.

However, the apostrophe was not well understood by people who do not know the Wade-Giles spelling, so many people who read the apostrophe ignored the apostrophe when reading or copying Chinese words down. This had lead many non-Chinese to say Chinese words incorrectly, including Tao, tai chi, and kung fu. Wade-Giles spellings where the apostrophe is completely ignored are called bastardized Wade-Giles.

Comparison chart

Sample sentences of Wade-Giles 
Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Pinyin, and Wade-Giles with English translations.

References

Other websites 
 Chinese Romanization Converter - Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
 Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin conversion table 
 Pinyin → Wade-Giles → Zhuyin conversion table 
 Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin → Word list 
 A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade-Giles to Pinyin
 Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade-Giles
 Pronunciation Guide

Wade-Giles
A prince is a member of the highest aristocracy

Prince may refer to:

The Prince, a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli in the 16th century
The Little Prince, a novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
PRINCE2, a project management method
Prince (album), the second album by Prince
The Prince (song), the first single by Madness
Prince (cigarette), a brand of cigarettes
Prince Sports, Inc., a maker of sporting goods
Prince Motor Company, a maker of automobiles in Japan from 1952 until they joined with Nissan in 1966
Prince XML, a software product from YesLogic
The Prince (Pournelle), a book by Jerry Pournelle and S.M. Stirling.
 Prince, a South Devon Railway 2-4-0ST steam locomotive
Princes (company), a food manufacturing company based in the United Kingdom
The Prince, song by Dimond Head, made famous by Metallica

People 

Prince (musician), stage name of pop music artist Prince Rogers Nelson, known from 1993 to 2000 as  (or informally, "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince") 
"Prince" Naseem Hamed, British boxer
Bonnie Prince Geoffie the reluctant, the McGillicuddy Serious Party's pretender to the throne of New Zealand
Oldest son of Michael Jackson
Prince Johnson, Liberian politician
Mahesh Babu, a popular Indian movie actor from Tollywood who was given the title "Prince" by his fans after his first film
Prince Polley a Ghanaian footballer

Fictional characters 
The Prince from Prince of Persia
The Prince, Katamari Damacy'''s main character
Eileen Prince, mother of Severus Snape in the Harry Potter series
Short name for "Demon Prince" for Beelzebub (Sand Land) in Sand LandIsambard Prince from LEXX''

Related pages 
 Princess (disambiguation)
Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (, Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan; ;  – 21 October 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years.

It was told that, during Khrushchev time, he was the second most powerful man in the Soviet Union.

1895 births
1978 deaths
Armenian people
Communists
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Mitanni was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. 1500 BC.

Mitanni is often associated with Kurdish nobility.

Other websites 
The Hurrian Culture
Vyacheslav Ivanov
Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia," Michigan, 1968
Dutch excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad 
Excerpts from the text of the Shuppililiuma-Shattiwazza treaty
Mitanni Simple article.
Armenian Highland

Assyria
Mesopotamia
There may be many as 300,000 Russians in the United Kingdom. About half of these were born in Russia. Some of the others are citizens of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). Since they joined the EU in 2004, they are free to live in other EU countries, including the UK. There are many Russian language schools in London and the South East. These schools were founded by immigrants from Russia to the United Kingdom. They send their children to the schools so the children can learn about their parents' culture.

Other websites 
Russian shops in the United Kingdom 
British Russian Society  
Понаехали тут! (Ponaehali tut!) Forum 
http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/02/12/russians_feature.shtml 
http://www.guardian.co.uk/russia/article/0,2763,1190191,00.html
Russian London
Gazeta.UK

Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Nassau County is a suburban county in the New York Metropolitan area east of New York City and west of Suffolk County, in the U.S. state of New York. In 2000, 1,334,544 people lived there. It and Suffolk County are together referred to as Long Island. Until 1899 Nassau County was part of Queens County. Along with Suffolk, it was named the safest county in the United States in 2005 by Forbes.

Hamlets in Nassau County include Manhasset, New York.

New York (state) counties
1899 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New York (state)
The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was a war that happened between February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the mostly ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Other websites 
Military Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh

1988 in Asia
1990 in Asia
1991 in Asia
1992 in Asia
1993
1994 in Asia
Anti-Armenianism
Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
20th century in Armenia
20th century in Azerbaijan
Nagorno-Karabakh
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
1989 in Europe
1990 in Europe
1991 in Europe
1992 in Europe
1994 in Europe
Kick the Can Crew is a Japanese hip-hop group. The style is 3MC and 1DJ. The group was started by 1996, but it broke up in 2004.

Japanese musical groups
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1996
2004 disestablishments
1996 establishments in Japan
21st-century disestablishments in Japan
2000s disestablishments in Asia
Judy and Mary is a Japanese rock band. This group began in 1992. The members were YUKI, Yoshihito Onda, Kota Igarashi and TAKUYA. They were very famous, but this group ended in 2001. Their famous songs include "Sobakasu," "Lucky Pool" and "Sanpomichi". Their songs have been sung by many Japanese people at karaoke.

Japanese rock bands
Angela Aki (born September 15, 1977) is a J-pop singer-songwriter. Her former Japanese name is Aki Kiyomi. 

Aki was born in Itano of Tokushima prefecture. Her father is Japanese and her mother is Italian-American.  She is bilingual in English and Japanese. She was raised in Japan, but she moved to Hawaii when she was fifteen. 

Then she went to university at George Washington University. She released an indie album in the United States in 2000, called "These Words". Now she is signed under Sony Japan.

References 

Japanese singers
Japanese songwriters
1977 births
Living people
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Reduction in a general sense means to take of a part of a whole thing or to make it smaller. 

'Reduction or reducing may may mean in special

 Reduction (chemistry), the reverse of oxidation, half of a redox reaction, adding of electrons  to a molecule, which means reducing the valence
 Reduction (cooking), the process of thickening a liquid mixture such as a sauce by evaporation
 Reduction (philosophy), in philosophy, the process of explaining a particular concept or phenomenon in terms of more fundamental concepts or phenomena
 Reduction (linguistics), in linguistics, the shortening of the pronunciation of a word. e.g. wanna, lemme, gimme.
 Reduction, in physiology, another name for weight loss or dieting
 Reduction (orthopedic surgery), in orthopedic surgery, a medical procedure to restore a fracture to a correct alignment
 Reduction (town), a form of Catholic mission in South America in the 17th and 18th centuries
 Purchasing reduction, in economics and in waste management, is the process of decreasing the purchase of consumer goods
 Reduction (Sweden), in 1680 a return of lands to the Crown earlier granted to the nobility.
 Waste reduction is the first and most desirable component of the waste hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle)

In mathematics and computer science''':
 Reduction (mathematics), the process of manipulating a series of equations or matrices into a desired 'simpler' format
 Reduction property, in descriptive set theory, a pointclass allows partitioning the union of two sets in the pointclass into two disjoint sets in the same pointclass
 Reduction (complexity), in computational complexity theory, the transformation of an instance of one problem into an instance of another
 Reduce computer algebra system, a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics.
 Reduce (higher-order function), a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure in some order and build up a return value.
The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America and its peripheries in Asia from 1521 to 1821.  New Spain was the name that the Spanish gave to the area that today is central and southern Mexico, and since the capital city of the Viceroyalty was in Mexico City, the name was also used for the viceroyalty.

The Viceroyalty of New Spain's territory included what is the Bay Islands (until 1643), Cayman Islands (until 1670), Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica until 1821), Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola (including Haiti until 1700), Jamaica (until 1670) Mariana Islands, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, nearly all of the southwestern United States (including all or parts of the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida).  Spain claimed areas as far north as British Columbia and Alaska, but the northern boundary of New Spain was redefined by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819.  New Spain also included Venezuela before it was annexed to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. 

The territories were separated into provinces. Provinces were led by a governor, who was responsible for the administration of the province and often also led the province's army and militias.  The provinces were grouped together under five high courts, called Audiencias in Spanish, at Santo Domingo, Mexico City, Guatemala, Guadalajara and Manila.  Both the high courts and the governors had autonomy from the viceroy and carried out most duties on their own.  Only on important issues did the viceroy become involved in ruling the provinces directly.

In 1821, Spain lost continental territories when it recognized the independence of Mexico, as well as Santo Domingo when it was invaded by Haiti that same year. However, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spanish East Indies (including Mariana Islands and the Philippines) remained a part of the Spanish crown until the Spanish–American War (1898).

Related pages
Mexico

References 

 MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA--PART I: The Settlement of New Spain  at mexconnect.com
 Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain  at Texas A&M University
 1492 -- Middle America at ibiblio.org the public's library and digital archive

History of Spain
Viceroys
1520s establishments in North America
1820s disestablishments in North America
1821 disestablishments
Matthew Steven LeBlanc  Kember (; born March 25, 1967)  is an Australian  actor. He has been nominated for an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award. He is famous for his role as Joey Tribbiani on the television sitcoms Friends (1994-2004) and on its spin-off series Joey. In 2000, he won "Editor's Choice" in TV Guide Awards (as Friends). In 2002, he won "TV - Choice Actor - Comedy" at the Teen Choice Awards (as Friends). In 2005, he won "Favorite Male Television Star" at the People's Choice Awards. He stars in Episodes as a fictional version of himself. He has hosted Top Gear since 2016.

References

Other websites 
 Matt LeBlanc at Mattleblanc.net
 

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
People's Choice Award winners
The Tango is a dance which was created in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The musical style that was created with the dance is also called 'tango'. It is danced today in two versions. Neither version is 'better' than the other; they are rather different in style.

Argentine tango 
The first tango dances and music was called tango criollo, or simply tango. Today, there are various tango dance styles, including Argentine tango, Uruguayan tango and vintage tangos. The Argentine tango is probably closer to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay, though no details survive of its original form.

International tango 
The tango is a standard dance in international ballroom dancing. This version was developed in England before WWII, mainly as a result of the work of Monsieur Pierre, a French dance teacher who lived in London.

The Tango is now danced in international competitions to a style first set out in English ballroom texts and regulations.

Other sources 
Thompson, Robert Farris 2005. Tango: the art history of love. Knopf, New York. . 
Thomson is Professor of Art at Yale University. He started his career with an article on Afro-Cuban dance and music published in 1958, and has devoted his life to the art history of the Afro-Atlantic world.

Collier, Simon and Artemis Cooper 2007. Â ¡Tango!: the dance, the song, the story. Thames & Hudson, London. 
Denniston, Christine  2007. The meaning of tango: the story of the Argentinian dance. Anova.

Other websites 
Basic figures in the International version of the tango. The demonstrators are Marcus and Karen Hilton, nine times World Professional Ballroom Champions. 
Basic tango demo by Mirko and Alessia. 
Basic tango hold and style, by Andy & Wendy, The Grand Ballroon, Richmond, British Columbia.

References 

Dance music
Ballroom dances
Latin dances
Castile or Castilia can mean:

Kingdom of Castile, the historical kingdom from the 9th to the 13th century
Crown of Castile, the historical Kingdom formed in 1230 from the union of the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of León
Castile-La Mancha, an autonomous community of Spain formed in 1982, composed of five provinces: Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo
Castile and León, an autonomous community of Spain formed on February 25, 1983, composed of 9 provinces, six Castilian and three Leonese: León, Zamora, Salamanca, Ávila, Burgos, Palencia, Segovia, Soria and Valladolid
Old Castile, the political name of the region formed by Santander, Burgos, Logroño, Soria, Segovia, Ávila, Valladolid and Palencia. It had some territorial changes in its History, and had this name from 18th century to 1983. It no longer exists
New Castile, the political name of the region formed by  Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, Toledo and part of Albacete. It took this name in the 18th century and disappeared with democracy. It no longer exists

Other
Real Madrid Castilla, a Spanish football team. It is the reserve team of Real Madrid
Castile soap, a name used in English-speaking countries for soap made exclusively from vegetable oil
Castilia (butterfly), a butterfly genus
Castella, a kind of sponge cake popular in Japan. The name comes from the Portuguese phrase pão de Castella, meaning "bread from Castile"
The Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It began in the 9th century: it was called County of Castile and was a vassalage depending from the Kingdom of León. It was one of the kingdoms that existed before the Kingdom of Spain.

History

9th to 11th centuries: The beginnings 

The first Count of Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordoño I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias. In 931 the county was unified by count Fernán González, who made his lands subject to a hereditary succession, independent of the kings of León.

11th and 12th centuries: Expansion and union to the Kingdom of León 
In 1028 Sancho III the Great, of Navarre, married the sister of count García Sánchez and inherited title to the County of Castile after his brother-in-law's death. In 1035 he left the county to his son Fernando. Fernando I was married to Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León. Fernando I began a war with León and in the battle of Tamarón against a coalition of Castile and Navarre the king of León was killed, leaving no offspring. His brother-in-law Fernando took the crown of León for himself and their three sons took the kingdoms of León (Alfonso VI), Galicia (García) and Castile, Sancho, becoming king and borning the Kingdom of Castile.

Notes 

History of Spain
Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 – December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician who lived and died in Bologna (Italy). In 1771, he found out that the muscles of dead frogs twitched when hit by a spark. He was a pioneer in modern obstetrics, and discovered that muscle and nerve cells produce electricity. He is well known as the inventor of chemical cells.

Galvani invented batteries which is probably the most important thing which he has made. He also discovered that nerves and muscles produce electricity, and he was a very intelligent man in many different other ways.

This also links to the story of Frankenstein this story is based on a scientist giving life to a body made from different people's limbs by using the same procedure as Luigi Galvani, by sending an electrical current form lightening.

References

Related pages 
Galvanic isolation
Galvanizing
Galvanometer

Italian physicians
Italian scientists
1737 births
1798 deaths
Lorem ipsum is a dummy text used to replace text in some areas just for the purpose of an example. It can be used in publishing and graphic design. It is used to demonstrate the graphics elements of a document, such as font, typography, and layout.

Background 
The lorem ipsum text is usually a section of a Latin text by Cicero with words altered, added and removed to make it nonsensical. Lorem ipsum text is used in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product. This is often called greeking. The text is derived from Cicero's De finibus bonorum et malorum (On the Ends of Goods and Evils, sometimes the title is translated as [About] The Purposes of Good and Evil ). The words "Lorem ipsum..." make no sense. 

The text was frequently used in desktop publishing templates. To experiment with the text, it can be copy-pasted into the desktop publishing software, and the typeface and its setting can be tried out. The distribution of letters in Lorem Ipsum is close to that in English language. This way, you can see what your own text would look like in that graphic format.

Text 
There are many Lorem ipsum text generators available, including free versions and online sites.  The algorithm and source files for some versions are in the public domain.  Most generators will start the first paragraph with "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, " and then words selected from its word list according to model sentence and paragraph structure rules, so as to approximate the distribution of English word, sentence and paragraph lengths.

Related pages
 List of Latin phrases

References

Other websites 

 The original De finibus bonorum et malorum (Book 1) from Cicero, on Latin WikiSource.

Typography
Latin phrases