cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (30 August  or 4 December  1962 – 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service. Later he was a dissident and writer who was later poisoned and killed in 2006.

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia was responsible for Litvinenko's poisoning.

Background
Litvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but later released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.

While he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.

On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died in London three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet.

How the poison works 
Unlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits only alpha particles. These do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or human skin. Thus they are invisible to normal radiation detectors. Hospitals only have equipment to detect gamma rays. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation, and can cause radiation sickness.

An alpha-emitting substance can cause damage only if taken in (as food or drink) or inhaled (breathed in). It acts on living cells like a short-range weapon.p327 Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment only hours before his death.

Related pages
 Boris Berezovsky

References 

1962 births
2006 deaths
Colonels
People murdered in London
Russian murder victims
Russian writers
Unsolved murders in the United Kingdom
Coprophilia is a sexual fetish people have where they enjoy coming into contact with feces. Possible other names for coprophilia include scat-play, scat kink, or shit kink. Coprophilia is said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus, or having a sexual partner excrete feces onto their chest.

Eating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of falling ill with  hepatitis, infection, and HIV/AIDS. Those with weak immune systems should not eat feces.  There are also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath, is commonly seen as disgusting, and is taboo.

There are those who make movies involving coprophilia and coprophagia. This is called scatology. One of the more famous pornographic films involving coprophila is known as Hungry Bitches, a pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The opening scene that became an internet reaction video trend is known as Two Girls One Cup. Creators would have a friend, family member, or sibling watch Two Girls One Cup and record and post their (usually digust-filled and comedic) reaction to the film.

Paraphilias
A monument is a statue, building, or something else made to remember a person or important event.  They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the look of a city or place.

Other websites 
 Website of Monuments and Sculptures in UK
Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The news articles are written by users working together with each other. Old articles are archived, and protected so that people cannot change it anymore, except if an edit request is given. Every article has a talk page where people can talk about the news in the article. The news are then peer reviewed by an administrator to see if the page is ready to be published.

Wikinews is under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, which is different from the license that the other Wikimedia projects are under.

Sources

Other websites 
 Wikinews: Multilingual Portal

Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2004
The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were held in Moscow, Soviet Union from July 19 to August 3.

Number of Medals for Each Country 

These are the top 10 best countries in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
Events 
Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the battle of Vouille in 507, decisively forcing the Visigoths into Spain, and securing supremacy over Gaul
506 – Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo.
506 – Dara in Syria is fortified by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I as a frontier against Persia.

500s
Events
481 – Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482)
481 – Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo.
488 – Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths.
488 – Kavadh I succeeds Balash in Persia.
Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli on April 9, 1974) is a former American porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.

In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale. The book was at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list for six weeks.

Born a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.

On January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Las Vegas, Nevada
Actors from Montana
American adult models
American autobiographers
American crime victims
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American pornographic actors
American Roman Catholics
Bisexual Christians
Bisexual Jews
Businesspeople from Las Vegas, Nevada
Businesspeople from Montana
Converts to Judaism
Former Christians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish models
Jewish sex industry people
Models from Nevada
Writers from Montana
Writers from Nevada
Journalism is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine. 

There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

References
Vaihingen an der Enz is a town in southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. About 30,000 people live there.

History
Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 a.d.. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.

People
 Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829), Professor of Philosophy
Born in Vaihingen May 9, 1751. Published his "Introduction to the doctrine of spirituality" ("Einleitung in die Seelenlehre") in Stuttgart, 1786
 Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759-1825), Viennese theater director
 Karl Gerok (1815-1890), Bishop
 Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) Chief Justice Inspector, Diarist
Born in Vaihingen February 1, 1885. Kellner lived in Laubach, Hessen, during WWII. He recorded the misdeeds of the Nazis in a secret diary. His 10-volume diary was exhibited at the George Bush Presidential Library in 2005. A Canadian documentary, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, was made in 2006.

References

Other websites

 Internet website for Vaihingen
 Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
 Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
Integration may be any of the following:

 Integration, in the most general sense, may be any bringing together and uniting of things: the integration of two or more economies, cultures, religions (usually called syncretism), etc.
 Integration, in mathematics, a concept of calculus, is the act of finding integrals
 Indefinite integration, in mathematics, refers to antidifferentiation
 Racial integration, refers to social and cultural behavior
 Economic integration
 Regional integration
 Horizontal integration and vertical integration, in microeconomics and strategic management, refer to a style of ownership and control
 Integration clause, in a contract, a term used to declare the contract the final and complete understanding of the parties
 In computer science
 Digital integration, in computer science, allows data from one device or software to be read or manipulated by another, resulting in ease of use
 Enterprise application integration, as the use of software and computer systems to bring together a set of enterprise computer applications
 Systems Integration, refers to the discipline of designing systems by means of glueing together otherwise separate parts. Usually associated to the construction of complex systems.
Cultural assimilation, or absorption (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot." In essence, cultural Assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal. 
 
From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as a painful or coercive.

Other websites
Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated

Cultural assimilation
New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.

New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop. 

In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was lyrically complex, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.

When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is Whip It by Devo.

Notable artists
Blondie
Boomtown Rats
Elvis Costello
Devo
Ian Dury and the Blockheads
Joe Jackson
Lene Lovich
The Cars
The Police
The Pretenders
Talking Heads
They Might Be Giants
Squeeze
XTC

New wave
Rock music
Punk rock
Electronic music
Talking Heads was a rock band from the United States. The band first became popular in the late 1970s.
Talking Heads had an early influence on other musical groups by combining the sounds of punk, art rock, funk, dance and world music with an avant-garde style and the anxious way David Byrne sang on stage.

Reception 
Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads was  "one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s."

In 2002, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Four of the band's albums appeared on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Three of their songs ("Psycho Killer," "Life During Wartime," and "Once in a Lifetime") were listed in "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time." In the 2011 update of Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," the band was ranked at No. 100.

Albums

Talking Heads: 77 (1977)
More Songs About Buildings and Food (1978)
Fear of Music (1979)
Remain in Light (1980)
Speaking in Tongues (1983)
Little Creatures (1985)
True Stories (1986)
Naked (1988)

References 

1975 establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
1991 disestablishments in the United States
American new wave bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Funk bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups from New York City
Musical quartets
Warner Bros. Records artists
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Devo is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio. Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers. They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.

Devo often used various keyboards (called synthesizers) in their songs, including the Moog synthesizer.

Their most famous song was called "Whip It". That song was released in 1980.

Devo occasionally performs concerts for the public.

Discography 

 Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are DEVO! (1978)
 Duty Now for the Future (1979)
 Freedom of Choice (1980)
 New Traditionalists (1981)
 oh, no! it's DEVO (1982)
 SHOUT (1984)
 Total DEVO (1988)
 smoothnoodlemaps (1990)
 Something for Everybody (2010)

Line up

Other websites 

 
 Official YouTube channel
 
 
 Devo Live Guide
 

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups established in 1973
American new wave bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Electronic music bands
Enigma Records artists
Musical groups from Ohio
Musical quintets
Warner Bros. Records artists
Dame Leslie Lawson DBE (born Leslie Hornby 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as Twiggy. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .

As an actress, she starred in The Boy Friend, and had featured roles in The Blues Brothers and Young Charlie Chaplin. She recently appeared as herself, on America's Next Top Model, as one of the judges.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television personalities
Models from London
Singers from London
Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.

Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up. 

Science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background. 

Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction movies from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.

Movie production
Television
Arts
Technology
The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.

These revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.

The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.

But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

Related pages  
 European Revolutions of 1848

Other websites 
 1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION 
 German Revolution of 1848/49 
 The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
 Constitution of the German Empire ("Constitution of Paulskirche") of 28th March 1849, in full text

1848 in Europe
1849
1840s in Germany
19th century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
Revolutions
Abdication is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign.  The term is also used for popes.

A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.

King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated.

Select list of abdications
 Caedwalla of Wessex, 688
 Ine of Wessex, 726
 Pope Benedict IX, 1048
 Stephen II of Hungary, 1131
 Pope Celestine V, 1294 
 Richard II of England, 1399
 Pope Gregory XII, 1415.
 Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, 1444-1445
 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556
 Christina of Sweden, 1654
 James II of England, 1688
 Philip V of Spain, 1724
 Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey, 1730
 Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 1814 and 1815
 Charles X of France, 1830
 Pedro I of Brazil, 1831
 Miguel of Portugal, 1834
 Louis Philippe I of France, 1848
 Fredrik Kaarle I of Finland, 1918
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, 1936
 Pope Benedict XVI, 2013.
 Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, 2013
 King Albert II of Belgium, 2013
 King Juan Carlos I of Spain, 2014
 Emperor Akihito  of Japan, 2019

References

Monarchy
Politics
The Philadelphia Eagles are an American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933.  They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season.  They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers. Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999-2009. He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010. Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback. Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, but Nick Foles guided the win in 2018.

The Eagles were named after the Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S.. The city of Philadelphia played a large part in the early history of the United States.

Other websites 
Official Philadelphia Eagles website

1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
Greenwich  is a district of London. It is the main part of the Borough of Greenwich, about 8.9 km east south-east of Charing Cross.

The Royal Greenwich Observatory is in Greenwich. It was originally built for the Astronomer Royal. The Oservatory created the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

Greenwich is a town with a long history. It became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia, from the 15th century. This was the birthplace of many members of the Tudor dynasty, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace became ruined during the English Civil War. It was rebuilt as a hospital by Sir Christopher Wren. These buildings became the a military college in 1873, which lasted until 1998. The town became a popular resort in the 17th century. Many rich houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717). Estates were built above the town centre.

Greenwich was part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created.

World heritage site 

Maritime Greenwich is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is on the River Thames. The site includes buildings along the riverfront, and surrounding the 17th century Queen's House. The group include the complex of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Park.

The Royal Hospital was laid out to a master plan created by Christopher Wren.  The hospital complex was built over many decades. Other architects who added to this long-term project included Nicholas Hawksmoor.

The core of this group of buildings is the Queen's House which was designed by Inigo Jones.  This was the first Palladian building in Britain.

The Royal Observatory is now the baseline for the world's time zone system and for the measurement of longitude around the globe.

The Royal Park is a symmetrical design in an irregular landscape around the buildings of the World Heritage Site.  The park was created by André Le Nôtre.

The park and grounds behind the buildings on the river held the competitions for the horse-related events of the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Public transport
National Rail and Docklands Light Railway services call at Greenwich station.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Your Online Guide to Greenwich 
 Greenwich World Heritage Site — official website 
 Greenwich Tourist Information Centre 
 Greenwich Guide
 Map 

London Borough of Greenwich
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.

Catch Me if You Can is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks. Carl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.

Then Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl. He works as a lawyer, so that he can marry the girl from the hospital. Carl Hanratty is at the wedding. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank tells his wife the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape. Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.

References

Other websites 
 

2002 crime movies
2002 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s crime drama movies
American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Movies set in the 1960s
Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers

Other websites 
 An Tour Tan- Dorioù Breizh – Breton culture and traditions
 Gouelioù Breizh - Breton events 
 Sevenadur ha gizioù Breizh e saozneg - Breton culture and traditions in English
 Skol uhel ar vro – High Institute of Brittany - Ti Istor Breizh – The house for the History of Brittany
 Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English

Ancient history
Geography of France
Gaul () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls". 

In English, the word Gaul () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or for all ancient speakers of the Gaulish language.  In this way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.

Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome with the Battle of the Allia (390 BC).

Trivia
In Greek, modern-day France is called Γαλλία (same as the Latin Gallia) and the term for a Gaulish person is  Γαλατία (Galatia).

Other websites 
The Gallic Wars

History of Europe
Former countries in Europe
The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu, Danish: Danelagen ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England. This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.

As can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was about a third the territory of England. Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages.

References 

History of England
History of Denmark
Jórvík was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there.

York had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of Eboracum and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of Eoforwic. It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings.

Other websites 
 Brenda Ralph Lewis & David Nash Ford, "York: Viking Times" 
Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England 
 Jorvik Viking Centre
 York Archaeological Trust
 Welcome to Jorvik : links on on-line resources

History of the British Isles
A prion (pronounced pree-on) is an infectious protein. The word is short for "proteinaceous infectious particles". 

All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue. Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.

Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) and kuru. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in the infected animals. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts.

Because prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work. A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far.

Related pages
 Prion disease

References 

Biochemistry
William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 — 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1782—1783, 1783—1801 and 1804—1806. He was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as "William Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who also served as prime minster. He became the youngest prime minister in 1783 at the age of 24. During his time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain and both kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. Pitt continued to be prime minister in the new Parliament of the United Kingdom. Known as "William Pitt Jr.", unlike his father and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, William Pitt Sr.

The period of William Pitt Jr.'s presidency was during the reign of King George III and was accompanied by significant events in Europe, such as the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

Pitt is often considered a Conservative party, but he considered himself non-partisan and generally opposed a strict party political system.

Value 
William Pitt was the youngest Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and died at the age of 46, leaving no children or wife. He was an influential and talented politician of the country, enjoyed the support of voters and especially the support of the monarch. In the then political system of Great Britain, the king still played a significant role in the political life of the country, and the king's commitment to Pitt allowed him to remain at the head of government for a long time. Pitt's main credit is his financial reforms, reduction of government debt after the war with the United States, and changes in the tax system. Despite some setbacks, especially with regard to parliamentary reform, William Pitt is considered one of the country's great prime ministers, primarily for his political acumen and ability to pursue his own policies despite opposition protests.

References

Notes

Other websites 
 1791 Caricature of William Pitt by James Gillray

1759 births
1806 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Politicians from Kent
Prime Ministers of Great Britain
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, novelist, playwright, screenwriter,  and critic. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1964, but refused it, saying "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution". He was a Marxist and an atheist.

Sartre's life 
Sartre was born in Paris, France. He studied philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure, an élite (high quality) education establishment. In 1929, Sartre graduated with a doctorate in philosophy. Sartre served in the French Army from 1929 to 1931.

In 1929 at the École Normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne. She went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions. In 1938, Sartre wrote the novel called La Nausée (Nausea). This story explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.

Draft to the army
In 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army. France was at war with Germany, because Germany had invaded France (World War II) Sartre was captured by German troops in 1940, and Sartre spent nine months as a prisoner of war in a camp. Sartre was released from the prison camp (jail) in 1941. He then began working as a teacher again. He made friends with other writers and thinkers such as Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint and Dominique Desanti, and Jean Kanapa.

1940s
In 1943, Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called L'Être et le Néant, which means Being and Nothingness. In this book, Sartre said that when people tried too hard to conform to the rules of society (or of their country), then people did not really make their own decisions. And he concluded that life is useless disaster.

In 1945, Sartre started a newspaper called Les Temps Modernes (Modern Times), which had articles about politics, art and literature. He also began writing a group of novels (stories) called Les Chemins de la Liberté (The Roads to Freedom). In 1946 Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called Existentialism is a Humanism, which explains existentialism.

After 1950s
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sartre became involved in politics. Sartre said that France should leave Algeria, a country where France had many soldiers. In the 1960s, Sartre said that the Vietnam War was bad. In 1960, he wrote the Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason). In the 1960s, Sartre had many arguments with Louis Althusser, a man who also believed in communism.

Death
Sartre died of oedema of the lung in 1980 in Paris. His body is buried in Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. His funeral was attended by 50,000 people.

References 

1905 births
1980 deaths
20th-century French philosophers
Continental philosophers
Disease-related deaths in Paris
French atheists
French military people
French Nobel Prize winners
French novelists
French people of World War II
French playwrights
Marxism
Writers from Paris
Akira Kurosawa (March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese movie director. Kurosawa's movies are liked in Japan. Kurosawa's movies are also liked by people in other countries. He made 30 movies in 50 years. He is thought to be one of the most important movie directors.

In many of his famous movies, including Rashomon and The Seven Samurai, he worked with the actor Toshiro Mifune.

Kurosawa started in the Japanese movie industry in 1936.  Before he worked a little bit as a painter. After years of working on many movies as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he became a director in 1943.  This was during World War II with the popular action movie Sanshiro Sugata (a.k.a. Judo Saga). 

Rashomon, was first shown in Tokyo in August 1950.  On September 10, 1951 it was the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.  It then was shown in Europe and North America. Because the movie was so well liked, it made people in the western world want to see more Japanese movies.  This helped make other Japanese movie makers become successful. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed about one movie each year.

In 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. After he died, he was named "Asian of the Century" in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by AsianWeek magazine and CNN.

Related pages 
 Mikio Naruse

References

Other websites 

 Akira Kurosawa's grave 

1910 births
1998 deaths
Japanese screenwriters
Movie directors from Tokyo
Movie editors
Japanese movie producers
Science fiction films are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.

Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about politics.

Important science fiction films
 A Trip to the Moon (French: Le Voyage dans la lune) was made by Georges Méliès in 1902. It was one of the first SF films.
 Metropolis is a silent film about a society in the future. That society has two groups: rich thinkers and poor workers. Fritz Lang made the film in 1927.
 2001: A Space Odyssey is a film by Stanley Kubrick. The film shows ideas about human evolution and artificial intelligence. It was released in 1968.
Star Wars movies are amongst the highest grossing science fiction movies of all time.

Science fiction movies and other genres
Some SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too. 
 Alien is also a horror movie.
 The Road Warrior is both a science fiction movie and an action movie.
 Men in Black is comedy and science fiction.

References

 

nl:Sciencefiction#Film en televisie
Reading is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest city in Pennsylvania with 80,506 at the July 2008 mark. It is located in Berks County.  There were more jobs when it was more populated.  Yuengling is available as well.

Cities in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
Swanage is a seaside town on the east-south coast of England. The town, in Dorset, has a population of around 10,001 people. The town has a wide range of tourist attractions: A steam Railway, Durlston Country Park (Nature reserve), Victorian Pier, two public swimming pools, tennis courts, Indoor & Outdoor bowling greens,and Corfe Castle.

There is a nudist  beach close to Swanage Bay
Towns in Dorset
The Old English language, often called Anglo-Saxon, was spoken in Anglo-Saxon England from 450 AD to 1100 AD. It was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, who came to Great Britain from what is now Germany and Denmark. Different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms spoke different dialects, but a western dialect became the main literary version. Both modern languages of England and Scotland (English and Scots) came from the language of the Anglo-Saxons.

Old English is very different from Modern English and has many more Germanic words. In early centuries, it was rarely written down and even then was in runes. After the 9th century, the Latin alphabet was used more often. Old English grammar is difficult, with complex inflections, and close to Old German. Latin was used by churchmen like the venerable Bede. Old English gradually turned into Middle English after the Norman Conquest of 1066.

Beowulf is written in Old English in an alphabetic script.

Other websites 

 Old English -Citizendium

English language
5th-century establishments in Europe
11th-century disestablishments
450s establishments
Hungen is a town in the district of Gießen, in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is  southeast of Gießen. It is  northeast of Friedberg. Other towns near Hungen are Laubach Nidda, Wölfersheim and Münzenberg.

The first documented mention of Hungen is in the year 782. In 1806 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen.

Interesting buildings in Hungen are the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, and the Hauptbahnhof, (the main railroad station). Also in Hungen can be seen parts of the town's medieval boundary wall.

Hungen in the media
My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner: The railroad station of Hungen can be seen in this 2007 Canadian documentary. Robert Scott Kellner came to Hungen in 1960 to search for his grandfather, Friedrich Kellner. Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector of Laubach. He wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. Robert Scott Kellner is the English translator of the diary.

References

Other websites

Giessen (district)
Towns in Hesse
Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station in the German city of Bremerhaven, Bremen.

The station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestemünde. At the time, Geestemünde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestemünde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896. 

Because there were too many trains in the old station and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Central railway station, was opened in 1914. Because it still was in Geestemünde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called Geestemünde-Bremerhaven. 
In 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Wesermünde. The station got a new name, Wesermünde-Bremerhaven, because of that.

In 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.

Wesermünde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof. That means "Bremerhaven Central railway station", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.
Electric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city.

1914 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Bremen (state)
Railway stations in Germany
A duchy is a territory or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.  Historically, some duchies in Continental Europe were sovereign, while others (especially in France and Britain) were subordinate districts of a kingdom. 

Traditionally, a grand duchy, such as Luxembourg, was generally independent and sovereign. Sovereign duchies were common in the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking areas. In France, a number of duchies existed in the medieval period. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom still holds the medieval French title of Duke of Normandy; the only lands still attached to the Duchy of Normandy are the Channel Islands. 

In medieval England, the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were made duchies, with certain powers given to their Dukes.

Other websites 
The Duchy of Cornwall - On the Prince of Wales' official web-site
Tyr Gwyr Gweryn The Duchy charters, Cornish foreshore case and much more in full

Forms of government
Langues d'oïl (which literally means in English: "languages of yes") is the linguistic and historical name for the Gallo-Romance languages which developed from Latin in the northern territories of Roman Gaul that now are occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands.

 Romance languages
 Gallo-Romance languages
 Langue d'oïl or Oïl languages
 Langue d'oc or Occitan language

Meanings and disambiguation 

Langue d'oïl (in the singular), Oïl dialects and Oïl languages (in the plural) refer to all the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants. The most widely spoken modern Oïl language is French, and others include Norman, Walloon, Picard, Gallo, Poitevin-Saintongeais, Champenois.

They share many common linguistic features. One of these is that Oïl (pronounced [wil], or [wi] as in modern French oui), was the ancestor of the word for yes used in all the Oïl languages (oc was and still is the word used in territories to the south, and that is why the Occitan language is also called langue d'oc (literal English translation: "language of yes")).

Romance languages
For the article about a mathematical concept, see Ring (mathematics)

A ring is a piece of jewelry that is usually worn on the finger.

It is usually made of metal such as gold, silver, platinum, but can be made of other things, for example, bone or glass. Many rings have gemstones on them, for beauty and decoration on your finger. It is a fashion accessory and sometimes a sign of importance (status). The Lord Chancellors of England were given a ring when taking office, and returned it when leaving the position. The ring identified them as the second most important person in the kingdom.
In most religions, senior clergy have rings of their office. It is standard practice for members of a church to kneel and kiss the ring as a sign of faith and obedience.

Engagement and wedding rings 
Rings have been used for engagements and weddings since prehistoric times.The engagement ring is meant to be a sign of luck and happiness. Both men and women used to wear an engagement ring to show that they were going to be married, but more recently only women have worn them. A diamond ring is seen as being especially lucky, as the sparkle of the diamond is said to come from the fires of love. A pearl in a ring is unlucky, as the pearl is a sign of tears. Because the ring is round and does not have an end, it is seen as a symbol of love which never ends. These are, of course, superstitions. However, a wedding ring is a public symbol of a legal relationship, and in many societies rings have that kind of function.

References

Gallery

Basic English 850 words
Jewelry
The term descendant or descendent has several meanings, some of which 

Primary meaning:

The progeny of a previous generation; the product of reproduction. Descendants are offspring.
A later evolutionary type in the same line.

It can also mean, by extension:
A type of object that developed from another object existing before it.
descendant (astrology), the point directly opposite from the ascendant, or Rising Sign

wikt:descendant
The Gallo-Romance are a branch of Romance languages. It includes French and several other languages spoken in modern France and northern Italy and Spain. According to certain linguists, it also includes Occitan and Catalan; others group these two together as a separate Occitano-Romance branch, or place Catalan within the Ibero-Romance group.  The Gallo-Romance languages, along with the Ibero-Romance and Rhaeto-Romance groups, form Western Romance.

Examples of Gallo-Romance languages 
Lombard
Piedmontese
Emilian-Romagnol  
Venetian
Ligurian  
Franco-Provençal
Capital accumulation means the gathering of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In this context capital can be understood as assets used for profit.

In economics capital accumulation is often seen as the same as investment.

But capital accumulation can refer as well to 

real investment in tangible means of production.
financial investment in paper assets.
investment in non-productive physical assets such as residential real estate that appreciate in value.
"human capital accumulation," i.e., new education and training increasing the skills of the (potential) labour force.

Non-financial capital accumulation is an essential factor for economic growth, since additional investment is essential to enlarge the scale of production and increase employment opportunities.

Rosa Luxemburg insisted that capital accumulation is the cause of the imperialism on her essay ""The Accumulation of Capital".

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics
 Imperialism

Other websites 
 Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 by Rodney Edvinsson
 The Crises caused by Capital Accumulation  - Oxford University publication
 The Accumulation of Capital

Economics
Investment or investing means that an asset is bought, or that money is put into a bank to get a future interest from it. Investment is total amount of money spent by a shareholder in buying shares of a company. In economic management sciences, investments means longer-term savings.

It is a term used in business management, finance and economics, related to saving or deferring consumption. Literally, the word means the "action of putting something in to somewhere else" (perhaps originally related to a person's garment or 'vestment').

Types of investment
There are two major uses of the term investment between the economics field and the finance field. Economists refer to a real investment (such as a machine or a house), while financial economists refer to a financial asset, such as money that is put into a bank or the market which may then be used to buy a real asset. Advisors, who tell people how to manage their investments, might say that even when an investment is losing money because of bad times, not to give up and withdraw it.  Instead, wait for the situation to improve. This is a risk for each person to decide.

Business management 
The investment decision (also known as capital budgeting) is one of the fundamental decisions of business management.

Related pages
Stock exchange
Social Investment

Other websites 

Financial Times
Wall Street Journal
NASDAQ
Good books on investing and value investing 

Business
Finance