cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kriss Donald (2 July 1988 – 15 March 2004) was a Scottish boy who was kidnapped, tortured and stabbed to death by five Pakistani Muslims because he was white. The murderers were later convicted of his murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.

References 

2004 in the United Kingdom
2000s in Scotland
British murder victims
Kidnapped British people
Murder in 2004
Murder in Scotland
Murders by blade weapons
People murdered in the United Kingdom
Racially-motivated violence
Úhořilka is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 51 people live in Úhořilka. It covers 2,52 km². It was first documented in 1454.

Villages in the Czech Republic
, "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries and showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district.  Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.

A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his , gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:

"Living only for the moment, turning our full attention to the pleasures of the moon, the snow, the cherry blossoms and the maple leaves; singing songs, drinking wine, diverting ourselves in just floating, floating; ... refusing to be disheartened, like a gourd floating along with the river current: this is what we call the floating world".

References

Other websites 

 A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet
  Kuniyoshi Project
 Gallery with a lot of info
 Overviews of the Printmaking Process detailed description of the stages of printmaking with many illustrations

Japanese culture
Printmaking
Art movements
, also called Hiroshige,  was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

List of print series

 Famous Places in the Eastern Capital (Tōto Meisho jukkei), 1831
 36 Views of Mount Fuji (Fuji Sanjū-Rokkei), 1832
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō (Tōkaidō Gojūsantsugi), 1832-1834 
 Famous Scenes of Our Country (Honcho meisho), 1832-1837
 Famous Scenes of Kyoto (Kyōto meisho), 1834-1835 
 Famous Scenes of Osaka (Ōsaka meisho), 1834-1835 
 Eight Views of Omi (Ōmi hakkei), 1834-1835
 69 Stations of the Kisokaidō (Kisokaidō Rokujūkyūtsugi no uchi), 1835-1842
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Kyōka version (Kyōka Tōkaidō), 1839-1840
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Gyōsho version (Gyōsho Tōkaidō), 1841-1842
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Reisho version (Reisho Tōkaidō), 1848-1852
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Jinbutsu version (Jinbutsu Tōkaidō, 1848-1852).
 Famous Scenes of Edo (Edo meisho, 1853).
 Famous Scenes of the 60 Provincess (Rokujū yoshū meisho zue), 1853-1858
 Famous Scenes of the 53 estaciones (Gojūsantsugi meisho zue, 1855).
 100 Famous Views of Edo (Meisho Edo hyakkei), 1856-1858
 36 Views of Mount Fuji (Fuji Sanjū-Rokkei), 1858-1859

Gallery
Ukiyo-e from Kachō-ga : Pictures of Flowers and Birds:

Some Ukiyo-e from 53 Statuibs if the Tōkaidō

Some Ukiyo-e from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo

References

Other websites 

 images and descriptions of works by Hiroshige and his contemporaries 
 Hiroshige
 Ando Hiroshige – Free source of information and pictures
 Hiroshige at WebMuseum Paris
 Christian Science Monitor article
 Profile of Hiroshige 
 Brooklyn Museum: Exhibitions: One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
 Utagawa Hiroshige at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut 

Japanese printmakers
1797 births
1858 deaths
People from Tokyo
Forecasting is studying and saying what is likely to happen in the future. It is similar to predicting, but usually forecasting is done with scientific methods. Forecasting can be done for many different things, like weather forecasting (predicting the weather) or economy forecasting.  Science cannot know the future for sure, so forecasters try to identify the most probable events, and sometimes they are wrong.

Words
The  or JMA, is the  Japanese government's weather service. It has the duty of getting the information on the weather and making the weather forecasts in Japan. It also must observe and warn about earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.  

The central office of the agency is in Tokyo, and it has six smaller offices at other regions of Japan.

Other websites 
 Official website

Japan
is a big public park in the Ueno section of Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan. It is in the site of an old Kan'eiji, a temple very related with the Tokugawa shoguns, who had built the temple to guard Edo Castle against the northeast. The temple was destroyed during the Boshin War.

Ueno Park was created through an imperial land grant to the city of Tokyo by Emperor Taishō in 1924. The official name of the park is , which can be translated as "Ueno Imperial Gift Park".

A famous statue of Saigō Takamori walking his dog is in this park.

Geography of Japan
Tokyo
Mansa Musa (about 1280 – about 1337) was an emperor (manse) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. He became emperor in 1312. He was the first African ruler to be famous in all of Europe and the Middle East.  Historians say he was the richest person to have ever lived.  Today, his wealth would be worth about US$400 billion.

Mansa Musa was the great nephew of Sundiata Keita, who started the Mali Empire. He is famous for his Hajj (1324–5). His caravan may have had 60,000 people carrying supplies and bags, 500 slaves each carrying a gold staff, and 80 to 100 camels each carrying 300 pounds of gold dust. On his journey, he is said to have given out millions of dollars worth of gold. He gave out so much gold in Cairo that the price of gold went down and stayed low for many years. Mansa Musa stopped in many places on his way to Mecca for his Hajj. These placed include Timbuktu and Gao. He stopped every Friday at a destination and left enough gold for a mosque to be built.

Mansa Musa made Timbuktu a center of trade, culture and of Islam, which also helped increase the spread of Islam throughout Western Africa. 

Mansa Musa also helped to spread Islam. He was a devoted Muslim, and built many schools based on the teachings of the Qur'an. He sent students to Islamic universities in northern Africa.

After his Hajj, European cartographers began to draw Mansa Musa on maps. As the empire of Mali fell apart, Mansa Musa's reputation did as well; he was no longer drawn as a noble king on maps.  Instead, artists drew him to look uncivilized. He was drawn as a parody of European royalty and a normal person with a crown.

Mansa Musa was married to Inari Kunate.

References 
 "Mansa Musa." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
 MacDonald, Kevin C. "Mansa Musa." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013. Web.  4 Dec. 2013.
 Kane, Ousmane. "Musa, Sultan of Mali." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Ed. Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

Other websites 

 History Channel: Mansa Moussa: Pilgrimage of Gold
 Al-Umari's description of Mansa Musa's 1324 visit to Cairo 
 Sondiata and Mansa Musa on the Web  web directory
 African Legends page
 African Events Mansa Musa page 
 Mansa Musa , from Black History Pages

1280 births
1337 deaths
Kings and queens
Malian people
History of Africa
Macon is a city in central Georgia, USA. It is among the largest metropolitan areas in Georgia, and the county seat of Bibb County. It is near the center of Georgia, more or less 75 miles (129 km) south of Atlanta, that's why the city's called the Heart of Georgia. As of the 2000 census, Macon had a population of 97,255. Macon is the sixth-largest city by population of the state.

Other websites 
 Official City Government Website
 Greater Macon Chamber of Commerce
 Macon-Bibb County Convention and Visitors Bureau
 Macon  (the New Georgia Encyclopedia)

 
County seats in Georgia
is a classic work of Japanese literature.

It is believed to have been written by the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu at the beginning of the 11th century, around the highest point of the Heian Period. The form of the language used at that time is called Late Old Japanese. The Tale of Genji is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, or the first novel to still be considered a classic, but many readers do not agree on this.

Japanese cultural scholar Motoori Norinaga first used the term Mono no aware in his review of the book.  This term in now important in understanding Japanese literature.

The first translation of part of Genji Monogatari into English was by Suematsu Kencho. It was notably translated by Japanese nun Jakucho Setouchi in 1998. Arthur Waley made a free translation of the work, except for one chapter.  Edward Seidensticker made the first complete translation into English, using a more literal way than Waley.  The most recent English translation, by Royall Tyler (2002), also tries to respect the original text.

Other websites 
 The Tale of Genji 1976 Seidensticker translation 
 Tale of the Genji woodcuts 
 Murasaki Shikibu: Genji monogatari (1987) An animated film based on The Tale of Genji.
 The Picture Scroll of The Tale of Genji Some scans of the Genji Monogatari Emaki (Tale of Genji Scroll).
 The Tale of Genji - La novela de Genji Site dedicated to The Tale of Genji .
 The Tale of Genji A photographic guide to The Tale of Genji.
 The Tale of Genji: Genealogical chart

References 

Japanese culture
was a Japanese author of the Shōwa period. He wrote several famous poetic short stories such as "The Lemon", "Winter Days", and "Under the Cherry Trees".

He died at a young age and wrote few works, but his stories have become influential in Japanese culture. For example, many high school students imitate the protagonist of his short story "Lemon", leaving a lemon in a department store. And his first line  is usually said by Japanese people about the cherry-blossoms-watching custom of hanami.

References

Other websites
 A complete list of stories by Kajii (with literal English and Romaji titles) at Griffe - World's Literature
 "An Inner Landscape" (tr. Tony Gonzalez)
 "Caress"  (tr. Ursula Owen)
 "The Feeling on the Bluff" text  and annotated Word format  (tr. Ursula Owen)
 "Lemon"  plus a comment  (tr. Candace Seu)

1901 births
1932 deaths
Japanese writers
People from Osaka
Hank Williams, Sr. (September 17, 1923 – January 1, 1953), born Hiram King Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musicians. Williams is known as "the Father of Country and Western Music", because his songs were some of the first to come from that . As with many musical , Williams did not set out to create a new kind of music. He simply wanted to make music that his listeners would enjoy, that he would also enjoy making for them.

Some of Williams's songs are "Your Cheatin' Heart", "Hey Good Lookin'", "Jambalaya", and "Cold, Cold Heart". The songs were easy to remember, and many fans sang along when they heard them. Other singers began to include Hank Williams songs in their . Williams made recordings, performed on radio and early television, and also made live appearances.

Early life

Williams's parents, Elonzo Huble "Lon" Williams and Jessie Lillybelle "Lillie" Skipper married on November 12, 1916. Hank Williams was of English-American ancestry. Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W.T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919. He was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and sustaining a severe hit to the head. After his return, the family's first child, Irene, was born on August 8, 1922. Another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17, 1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre (one of the three founders of the Masons, according to Masonic legend), but his name was misspelled as "Hiriam" on his birth certificate.
As a child, he was nicknamed "Harm" by his family and "Herky" or "Poots" by his friends.

Personal life
Williams was one of the first  to have problems with alcohol and drugs. Well-meaning fans and friends would buy Williams drinks, or invite him to parties, and he would lose control. He began to miss shows, and to give bad performances because of the effects of drugs and alcohol. He lost many of his best engagements, and his  suffered.

Death
Williams died at age 29 on January 1, 1953, after a  of alcohol drinking. He left behind a wife and son, Hank Williams Jr., who also grew up to become a country musician. Williams' songs are still popular, and sung by many musicians. Hank Jr. performed his father's music for many years, but later found success with songs of his own.

Discography

Singles
"Lost Highway"

Studio albums
Hank Williams Sings (1951)
Moanin' the Blues (1952)

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Official Hank Williams Fan Club
 Hank Williams' Boyhood Home & Museum
 at the Country Music Hall of Fame – 1961 Inductee
 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame &ndasg 1987 Inductee
 at the Alabama Music Hall of Fame – 1985 Inductee 
 PBS – American Masters
 Image of Hank Williams' death certificate
 Sites related to final day

1923 births
1953 deaths
Country musicians from Alabama
American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Drug-related accidental deaths
Blues musicians
Gospel musicians
Singers from Alabama
is a meal that is common in Japanese cuisine, made to take away to be eaten somewhere else. A traditional bento consists of rice, fish or meat, and one or more pickled or cooked vegetables as a side dish. Containers for bento may be very different, from disposable mass produced to handcrafted lacquerware. While bento meals can be bought at many stores and  in all of Japan, it is still considered a very important skill for a Japanese housewife to be able to prepare a good boxed lunch.

Bento can be very elaborate, aesthetically pleasing cuisine arrangements. Often the food is arranged in such a way as to resemble other objects: dolls, flowers, leaves, and so forth. For some special occasions like hanami, more elaborate and bigger bentos are prepared. People often take bento for a picnic.

Types of bento
Bento are often sold in train stations. These are called ekiben (駅弁). Also,Bento are sold in airports. These are called Soraben (空弁).Kyaraben (キャラ弁), is a shortened form of the two words character and bento and is becoming more popular.

Ingredients 
Here are some foods that are often contained in bento:
 Tamagoyaki (Japanese style omelette)
 Karaage (deep-fried chicken)
 Onigiri (rice ball) 
 Takosan Viennese (sausage like octopus)
 Shogayaki (pork grilled ginger and soy sauce)
 Sandwich
 Fruit

Other websites

 Bento*弁当 An artistic Bento blog site (Japanese & English).
 Bento Corner An English language blog about creating bentos, especially bentos for children.
 O-Bento Net 
 Bento Business  A UK bento site with a gallery of bento shops and accessories in Japan, plus illustrated bento recipes.
 Cooking Cute: a bento site
 Science Channel's The Making Series: #33 Making of Convenience Store Bento (video in Japanese)
 My Lunch Can Beat Up Your Lunch! FAQ An American site on making Bento.
 Instructables How-To How to make a bento, also gives some history on bentos.
 ekiben*駅弁 An explanation of ekiben.
  club of kyaraben*キャラ弁  A Japanese kyaraben site. 

Japanese food
A clown is a kind of entertainer, or performance artist, who performs physical comedy and stunts to amuse others. They usually wear grease paint makeup that hides their real face, a large wig with brightly-colored hair, and baggy, padded clothing.

Many clowns belong to a circus, while others freelance or have a talent agent who helps them find work. Some clowns study at a clown college or clown school, where they learn acrobatics, juggling and other physical skills, and ways to interact with an audience. Others learn from experienced clowns, or through study and practice.

Clowns in popular culture 

Clowns are sometimes mentioned in other forms of entertainment. Pagliacci is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, about clowns. This theme was borrowed by Smokey Robinson, when he wrote "The Tears of a Clown" working with Stevie Wonder. Red Skelton was a popular entertainer, who performed clown routines on television.

Ronald McDonald is a clown character who is the mascot of McDonald's restaurants. (Jeff Giuliano, who performed Ronald for many years on television, later became a vegetarian.)

In many different media, clowns are often villains due to the possibility of them being creepy. Examples are Pennywise from Stephen King's It and the Joker from the Batman universe.

Entertainment occupations
Comedy
Circuses
is a Japanese dumpling made from mochiko (rice flour). It is sticky and filling.  It is often served with green tea.

Dango are eaten throughout the year, but the different types are traditionally eaten in certain seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer. One variety of dango from Hokkaidō is made from potato flour and baked with shoyu (soy sauce).

A common Japanese proverb  is related to the custom of cherry blossom viewing (hanami).

Types of dango

There are many different varieties of dango which are usually named after the various seasonings served on or with it.
Botchan dango: Dango that is three colors.  One is colored by red beans, the second by eggs, and the third by green tea.  Botchan dango are often seen in Japanese anime, and are a common dish during hanami.
Chichi dango: Slightly-sweet, usually eaten as a dessert.
Goma: sesame seeds. It is both sweet and salty.
Kinako: A toasted soy flour.
Kushi dango: Dangos held by a skewer
Mitarashi: A syrup made from shoyu (soy sauce), sugar and starch.  Popular with children and women.
Nori: dried and seasoned seaweed
Kibidango: made from millet, and are actually dumplings.

References

Other websites

Japanese food
A music stand is something musicians can use to put sheet music on when they are performing.

There are several different sorts of music stand, but almost all of them can be adjusted in height so that they can be used by tall or short players, and by players whether they are sitting down or standing up.

The most popular type of music stand is the metal one that can be folded up so that it is easy to carry about.  Some music stands are made of wood.  These are sometimes very  and therefore quite expensive.  

Orchestras usually give their players very heavy metal music stands.  This is because the light, fold-up ones are easily knocked over.  It is also very difficult to write on music on a fold-up metal stand because there is nothing to press against (in rehearsals musicians often have to write fingering, bowing and other markings in the music).

There are also very small music stands that do not have legs and are designed to be put on a table.  These can be used for any kind of instrument that can be played sitting at a table.

There are also small ones that can be attached to the instrument itself.  These are used in marching bands. Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, invented a revolving music stand which he never patented because he wanted people to be able to use his invention for free.

There are also digital music stands.  When the violinist Tasmin Little played the LigetiViolin Concerto at a Prom in 2003 she used a special, computerized music stand that had been made for her.  There were no gaps in the music where she could have turned the pages of an ordinary music score.  Instead, the music was on a computer screen, and she moved to the next page by pressing a pedal with her foot.  There was also another pedal for turning back a page which was important to have when practising and for rehearsal.

References 

Music
Cumulative voting is a system for doing an election. There are a certain number of choices. This is a process sometimes known as proportional voting. Each voter has a certain number of points he or she can spread over the choices. That way it is possible to choose more than one option, and to weigh the choices. Usually, this applies when there is more than one position being elected at the same time.  For example, it can be used to elect more than one member of a governing board. In cumulative voting, if five positions are to be elected, a voter could cast one vote for each of five different candidates, or the voter could give all five of his votes to one candidate, or two votes to one candidate and three votes to a different candidate. Bullet voting is giving all of the votes to one candidate.

Cumulative voting is used to elect representatives in many companies. Cumulative voting allow shareholders to vote proportionately to the number of shares they hold. This allows a shareholder with 100 shares to cast the equivalent of 100 votes toward any single issue. 

It is also used to elect some governments. Switzerland and Germany use it for some elections. 

It will lead to a proportional representation.

References 

Voting
Proportional representation is a system used to elect a country's government. The election gets works by taking the results of an election to decide how many seats each party has. Decisions are then made by the people who are elected.

Another way to do this is to take the first-past-the-post system in which constituencies vote in one member. The United Kingdom works this way.

In most western countries, there is more than one political party. Each elected representative will be a member of one or another party. If one party has an overall majority, then it forms the government. Otherwise the government must have members of more than one party.

Countries which use proportional representation include: Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey.

Countries which have systems that are similar or use semi-proportional representation include: Australia, Germany, Hungary, India, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Thailand. 

Similar principles apply to sub-regions, who may have their own parliament or assembly. 

Politics
Voting systems

tr:Seçim#Nispi temsil sistemi
William ("Smokey") Robinson (born February 19, 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. Most of his hit records were on Motown Records or one of its labels, and many of them were performed with The Miracles, his longtime band. 

Robinson is an African American. His mother died when he was young; his sister raised him afterwards. Robinson met Berry Gordy when Motown first became famous. He showed Gordy the lyrics to a song he had written. When Gordy asked if Smokey had any other songs, the young man pulled out a notebook with nearly a hundred of them. Few of the songs had potential, but Gordy liked what he saw in Robinson, and signed him and his band to Motown. Gordy helped Robinson become a better songwriter, and sometimes they wrote together. Some of Robinson's songs, like "My Girl" and "My Guy", were hits for other Motown artists.

Robinson's hits with the Miracles included "Goin' to a Go-Go", "You Really Got a Hold On Me", "Shop Around", "Ooh Baby Baby", "Mickey's Monkey", and "Baby, Baby Don't Cry". Stevie Wonder gave Robinson an unfinished song he'd begun in the studio, to see if he could add lyrics and a tune. The song reminded Robinson of circus music, and he remembered I Pagliacci, an opera about clowns. The finished song was called "The Tears of a Clown", and it became another hit.

Robinson left the Miracles during the 1970s, and began a solo career. The Miracles still had hits (like "Love Machine"), and so did Robinson, with songs like "Cruisin'" and "Being With You".

In the 2000s, Robinson went into the frozen food business, with a line of gumbos and similar cuisine.

Other websites

1940 births
Living people
African American musicians
American R&B musicians
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Sir Andrew Frank Davis CBE (born 2 February 1944) is a British conductor.

Andrew Davis was born in Ashridge in Hertfordshire to Robert J. Davis and his wife Florence J. (née Badminton), Davis grew up in Chesham, Buckinghamshire, and in Watford. He studied at the Royal College of Music, King's College, Cambridge where he was organ scholar, and in Rome with Franco Ferrara.

In 1970 he took his first important job:  associate conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.  In 1975, he took the job of principal conductor with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra.  He gave up this job in 1988, but has continued to be called their Conductor Laureate (honorary conductor).

In 1988, Davis became music director at Glyndebourne, where he met the American soprano Gianna Rolandi, whom he later married.  Davis returned to the BBC in 1989 to become chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, where he held the post until 2000.

Queen Elizabeth II made Davis a CBE in May 1992.  In January 1999, she appointed him a Knight Bachelor in the New Year Honours List. In 2002, he conducted the Prom at the Palace concert, held in the gardens of Buckingham Palace as part of the celebrations for the Queen's Golden Jubilee.

Davis became the music director and principal conductor of the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 2000.  In 2005, he took on the post of Music Advisor to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for three years.
 
Davis has conducted lots of music.  He is especially fond of music by British composers such as Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle.  He was a great favourite at the BBC Proms during his years with the BBC Symphony Orchestra.  He often conducted the Last Night of the Proms and made a witty speech.

Sir Andrew Davis is not related to the conductor Sir Colin Davis

References

Other websites

Sir Andrew Davis official website
 

 

1944 births
Living people
British conductors
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Gennady Rozhdestvensky (4 May 1931, Moscow – 16 June 2018) was a Russian conductor. Rozhdestvensky was born into a musical family.  His name at first was Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov. When he started his musical career, he took his mother's maiden name. 

Rozhdestvensky studied conducting with his father Nikolai Anosov at the Moscow Conservatory. He studied piano with the great pianist Lev Oborin. When he was 20 years old, he conducted Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre.  He soon became famous.  He gave the first performances of many works of Soviet composers, as well as the first Russian performance of Benjamin Britten's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''.

Rozhdestvensky has conducted many orchestras and made many recordings.

In 1969, he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova.

Rozhdestvensky is known for keeping his rehearsals short. He does this so that the orchestra do not get tired and are fresh for the performance.  Sometimes he walks about the stage while he conducts.  He does not stand on a podium (a raised platform).

Orchestras he has conducted

1951-61 Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre (conductor)
1961-74 Symphony Orchestra of All-Union Radio and Television (Moscow)
1964-70 Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre (principal conductor)
1974-85 Chamber Theatre Orchestra
1974-77 Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra (artistic director)
1978-81 BBC Symphony Orchestra (chief conductor)
1980-82 Vienna Symphony Orchestra
1983-91 USSR Ministry of Culture Symphony Orchestra
1992-95 Royal Stockholm Philharmonic

He has also conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras, including the Berlin Philharmonic, the Royal Concertgebouw, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra.

Trivia

His name "Rozhdestvensky" means "Christmas".
Sometimes, when he feels the orchestra are well prepared for a concert, he cancels a rehearsal so that the orchestra have some free time.  In Russia, the players in the orchestra sometimes call this "Rozhdestvensky kanikuli" ("Christmas holidays").

Notes

Rozhdestvensky, Gennady
1931 births
2018 deaths
Waka () or Yamato uta is a genre of Japanese poetry. Waka literally means "Japanese poem" in Japanese. The word waka was originally created by poets during the Heian Period to make clear the difference between native Japanese poetry and the kanshi (, "Chinese poems"). This meant that they put together several different styles, one of them being tanka ( lit. "short poem") and the other chōka ( lit. "long poem"). There are others: bussokusekika ( lit. "rock of the Buddha's footprint poem"), sedōka ( lit. "whirling head poem") and katauta ( lit. "poem fragment").

These last three forms were no longer used at the beginning of the Heian Period, and chōka also disappeared a short time after. So, the term waka came in time to mean the same as tanka. Tanka is a much older form of Japanese poetry than haiku.

Waka did not follow any rules of rhyme, nor line; it was a free style kind of poetry. This can be seen in this example of tanka written by poet Yamanoue no Okura (660 - 733)

Hyakunin Isshu

Other websites
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu - 100 Poems by 100 Poets at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative
 2001 Waka for Japan 2001
American Tanka magazine 
Tanka Society of America
Selected Tanka Bibliography with notes 

Japanese culture
Poetry forms
Amiri Baraka (October 7, 1934 – January 9, 2014) was an American writer. He has written poetry, drama, essays and music criticism. He is also the father of Newark city mayor Ras Baraka.

Racism
Baraka's writings have made controversy over the years, mostly because of his advocacy of rape and violence towards (at many times) women, gay people, white people, and Jews. Critics of his work have said such words are examples of racism, sexism, homophobia, and anti-Semitism in his work.

The following is from a 1965 essay:

Most American white men are trained to be fags. For this reason it is no wonder their faces are weak and blank. … The average ofay [white person] thinks of the black man as potentially raping every white lady in sight. Which is true, in the sense that the black man should want to rob the white man of everything he has. But for most whites the guilt of the robbery is the guilt of rape. That is, they know in their deepest hearts that they should be robbed, and the white woman understands that only in the rape sequence is she likely to get cleanly, viciously popped.

Death
Baraka died January 9, 2014 in Newark, New Jersey after being hospitalized in the facility's intensive care unit for one month prior to his death. He was 79 years old. The cause of death was complications of surgery. Baraka had diabetes.

Works
Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, poems, 1961
Blues Peple: Negro Music in White America, 1963
Dutchman and The Slave, drama, 1964
The System of Dante's Hell, novel, 1965
Home: Social Essays, 1965
Tales, 1967
Black Magic, poems, 1969
Four Black Revolutionary Plays, 1969
It's Nation Time, poems, 1970
Raise Race Rays Raize: Essays Since 1965, 1971
Hard Facts, poems, 1975
The Motion of History and Other Plays, 1978
Poetry for the Advanced, 1979
reggae or not!, 1981
Daggers and Javelins: Essays 1974-1979, 1984
The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, 1984
The Music: Reflections on Jazz and Blues, 1987
Transbluesency: The Selected Poems of Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones, 1995Wise, Why’s Y’s, essays, 1995Funk Lore: New Poems, 1996Somebody Blew Up America'', 2001

References

Other websites 

homepage of Amiri Baraka
Modern American Poetry Page: Amiri Baraka

African American writers
American activists
American Muslims
American playwrights
American poets
American communists
Deaths from surgical complications
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
1934 births
2014 deaths
William J. "Billy" Collins (born March 22, 1941) is a poet who served two terms as the 11th Poet Laureate of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2003. In his home state, Collins has been recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004.

Quotations
 (from 1999): As I'm writing, I'm always reader conscious. I have one reader in mind, someone who is in the room with me, and who I'm talking to, and I want to make sure I don't talk too fast, or too glibly. Usually I try to create a hospitable tone at the beginning of a poem. Stepping from the title to the first lines is like stepping into a canoe. A lot of things can go wrong.
 (from 2004): Moving from the position of United States poet laureate to New York State poet laureate might seem like a demotion or a drop in rank to the military-minded. It might even appear that I am heading toward eventually being crowned laureate of my ZIP code. But in fact, it is very gratifying to be honored again as a representative of poetry, this time by my native state where I grew up — more or less — and continue to live.

Other websites 
 Watch a collection of 11 animated poems read aloud by Billy Collins 
 33 poems read aloud by Billy Collins, no charge (Creative Commons)
 Poems by Billy Collins at PoetryFoundation.org
 Griffin Poetry Prize biography (2004 judge and award emcee) 
 Billy Collins at poets.org
 Billy Collins at poetenladen.de (poetshop)

1941 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
is a famous Japanese game designer.  He was born in 1958.  For most of his life, he has worked for Sega.  Some people say he is as famous as Shigeru Miyamoto.  Suzuki created games like Hang-On and Virtua Fighter and Shenmue.  He was person #6 who was added to the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame.

Both of Suzuki's parents were school teachers.  When Suzuki was growing up, he wanted to be a dentist.  But he could not pass the test, so he decided to study computers instead.  In 1983 he started working at Sega.  In 1993 he wrote a famous game called Virtua Fighter.  It was so famous, that it was added to the Smithsonian museum in Washington DC, as an example of an important game.

Personal life
Suzuki said in an interview that he greatly enjoys creating games. However, he has doesn't care much about playing them. he would rather spend his free time watching movies and visiting theme parks.

Games developed

Canceled games

On top of games, Yu Suzuki lead the creation of a technical demo "Tower of Babel" prepared for the Dreamcast showcase at Tokyo New Otani Hotel on May 1st 1998.

Hardware developed
Sega Space Harrier (1985)
Sega Model 1 (1992)
Sega Model 2 (1993)
Sega Model 3 (1996)

Dreamcast (1998)
Sega NAOMI (1998)

References

Japanese video game designers
Sega people
1958 births
Living people
People from Iwate Prefecture
Fustat was the first Arab capital in Egypt.  It was founded in 641 AD, after the Arabs conquered Alexandria.  The Arabs did not want their capital to be so far away as Alexandria, which is why they made Fustat, which was far from the sea and closer to Arabia, and was on their side of the Nile river.

Fustat became a beautiful and powerful city for over 500 years, but then it was destroyed in 1168, when its vizier Shawar told his army to burn the city.  Shawar did not want the crusaders to capture the city, so he burned it instead.

Today there is not much left of Fustat, but some buildings can be seen in Old Cairo.

Cities in Egypt
641 establishments
Establishments in Egypt
7th-century establishments in Africa
A vizier  is an Arabic word for a kind of government official.  A vizier would usually work for a Muslim monarch like a Caliph or a Sultan.

Notes

References
 Etymology OnLine
 Royal Ark, dynasties in historical context - see each muslim nation quoted in this article, often in the section 'Glossary'
 WorldStatesmen - click on each Islamic present state

Heads of state
Mughal Empire
Randall Hank Williams (born May 26, 1949) is an American musician and songwriter. He is the son of country music legend Hank Williams. His nickname is "Bocephus", given to him by his father. He has a half-sister, named Jett Williams.

From his boyhood, Hank Jr., performed his father's music publicly, because many people were still interested in it, and Hank Sr.'s career was cut short by alcohol and drug abuse. Young Williams wanted to perform music of his own, and to have his own musical career apart from his father's, but it was hard to "get out from his father's shadow", and be recognized for his own talents.

In time, Williams met musicians who liked him for his own ideas, and helped him to develop his own kind of music. He was able to become an original writer and performer, while still being proud to be Hank Sr.'s son. Some of his father's fans were sad that he wanted to do this, but others understood. He also gained new fans, performing his new music.

Some of Williams's songs are "Eleven Roses", "Family Tradition", "Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound", "All My Rowdy Friends", and "A Country Boy Can Survive". Even though he had hit records and many fans, it took years for people in country music to accept him and his chosen style. Williams lost out on many awards he could have earned. Finally in the 1980s, he began to win awards as a country performer.

In the 1990s, Williams recorded a  with his father, by using an old recording, and the two appeared together in a music video through electronic editing.

In 2005, Williams donated $125,000 to relief efforts in Mississippi, after Hurricane Katrina.

Singles
"Long Gone Lonesome Blues" (1964)
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" (1984)
"The Party's On" (2016)

Studio albums

Your Cheatin' Heart (1964)
Connie Francis and Hank Williams Jr. Sing Great Country Favorites (1964)
Ballads of the Hills and Plains (1965)
Blues My Name (1965)
A Time to Sing (1967)
Songs My Father Left Me (1969)
Luke the Drifter Jr. Vol. 2 (1969)
Live at Cobo Hall (1969)
Sunday Morning (1969)
After You, Pride's Not Hard to Swallow (1973)
One Night Stands (1977)
Hank Williams Jr. and Friends (1975)
The New South (1977)
Family Tradition (1979)
Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound (1979)
Habits Old and New (1980)
Rowdy (1981)
The Pressure Is On (1981)
High Notes (1982)
Strong Stuff (1983)
Man of Steel (1983)
Major Moves (1984)
Five-O (1985)
Montana Cafe (1986)
Hank Live (1987)
Born to Boogie (1987)
Wild Streak (1988)
Lone Wolf (1990)
Pure Hank (1991)
Maverick (1992)
Out of Left Field (1993)
Hog Wild (1995)
A.K.A. Wham Bam Sam (1996)
Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts (1996)
Stormy (1999)
The Almeria Club Recordings (2002)
I'm One of You (2003)
127 Rose Avenue (2009)
Old School New Rules (2012)
 It's About Time (2016)

References 

1949 births
Living people
American songwriters
American guitarists
Country musicians
Singers from Louisiana
Musicians from Louisiana
is a landmark in the city of Odawara in Kanagawa Prefecture. It was the fortress of various daimyo during the Muromachi period of Japanese history.

Odawara Castle was destroyed by the Meiji government. However, present Odawara Castle was rebuilt in 1960. It serves as a museum and is designated as an important historical monument. Odawara Castel premise is a park, and there are zoo and small amusement park in addition to historical site such as Castel tower. It was voted the 100 best historic parks in Japan in October, 2006.

References

Other websites
Odawara Castle

Castles in Japan
Ab urbe condita is a way to measure time.

Origin 
The phrase is Latin. It literally means from when the city was founded. The city talked about is the city of Rome. This way of measuring time was not used in Classical antiquity. The first to have used it was the historian Orosius, about 400 AD.

History 
Marcus Terentius Varro found out that the city of Rome was founded 440 years after the fall of Troy. Romulus and Remus founded it. Varro thought that was in the spring of 753 BC. 

Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius thought that Rome was founded one year after the 7th Olympic Games. That would have been in 752 BC.

Other works 
Ab urbe condita is also the main work of Titus Livius, a Roman historian.

Time
Prince of Wales is a royal title. It is usually held by the eldest son of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom.  The title is not automatic, but is given by the reigning monarch.

When a person becomes King or Queen, their eldest son immediately becomes Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. The current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles, was born in 1948, and was known as Prince Charles of Edinburgh (his father is The Duke of Edinburgh). In 1952, his mother became Queen, and he became The Duke of Cornwall (in Scotland he was called The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay).  In 1969, the Queen made him Prince of Wales, and he is now called Prince of Wales, except in Scotland, where he is still The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay.

King George II created his son, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales.  When Frederick died, the King made Frederick's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales.

Related pages
 Titles of European royal heirs

 
British monarchy
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, and it has 32 academic departments, and gives much importance to scientific and technological research. MIT students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards, including 76 Nobel Prizes. In 2013 QS ranked MIT as the best university in the world. It started in 1861. It is one of the most selective universities. It accepted 8.9% of people who applied for class of 2016. Nine months' tuition and fees for 2012–2013 is $42,050. MIT gives financial aid so that anyone who is good enough can pay. In 2011-2012 64% of undergraduates had some kind of financial aid. The student:faculty ratio is 8:1. 45% of undergraduates are women. The most popular major is engineering.

Other websites

 MIT, official web site
 MyMIT, admissions web site
 MIT Alumni Association

Publications
 MIT OpenCourseWare, Free online publication of nearly all MIT course materials
The Tech, student newspaper, the world's first newspaper on the web
Tech Talk, MIT's official newspaper
Technology Review, alumni magazine
MIT Press, university press & publisher

Maps
MIT Maps 
Early Maps of both the Boston and Cambridge Campuses  maintained by MIT's Institute Archives & Special Collections

References

Association of American Universities
Collegiate Water Polo Association
Cambridge, Massachusetts
 
1861 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Massachusetts
The Colbert Report was an American television talk show starring Stephen Colbert.

It was aired on Comedy Central Monday to Thursday, starting October 17, 2005. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. It was a spin-off of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Colbert acts as if he is very conservative, as a parody. His show makes fun of different conservative political commentary shows, especially Bill O'Reilly's show The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News. The show also has many guests, usually one each night on the last part of his show. They are authors, actors, politicians, musicians and others. He also sometimes has other guests in other segments in his show, such as Congress members in his "Better Know a District" segment. The show is directed by Jim Hoskinson.

Colbert has also written three books with the writers of his show. The first book from 2007 is called I Am America (And So Can You!) as the character he plays on television.

The show is aired in Canada on The Comedy Network, The Comedy Channel in Australia, and Comedy Central in New Zealand.

The show won two Emmy Awards in 2013. It ended in December 2014.

Other websites 

Colbert Nation

2005 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American comedy television series
American television talk shows
Emmy Award winning programs
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
was the pen name of a Japanese writer. He is known for writing haiku of free verse. His real name was Taneda Shouichi (種田正一).

Other websites 
 e-texts of Santoka's works at Aozora Bunko
 Weeds, Falling Rain  a selection of Zen Haikai by Santoka Taneda, translated by Okami
 Santoka - a biography and poems 
SANTOKA by Kametaro 
 Fire on the Mountain: The Selected Haiku of a Wandering Zen Monk Taneda Santoka  translated by Hisashi Miura and James Green
 SANTOKA and SAKE by endoy 

Japanese writers
1882 births
1940 deaths
Pen names
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Cid (Sidney) Corman (June 29, 1924 – March 12, 2004) was an American poet well known for editing the magazine Origin.

Other websites 
Thirty-one poems 
Cid Corman on poetry over the radio, October 1952
CID CORMAN & ORIGIN PRESS
  A large collection of Cid Corman's manuscripts is held at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin 
Additional papers (1942-76) are held in the Special Collections library at Kent State University 
Additional papers (1962-1964) are held in the Special Collections library at Washington University, Saint Louis 
An essay on Corman 
New Origin Web site
About.com  Web page on Corman
obituary in The Guardian of London

1924 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Lenard Duane Moore (born February 13, 1958) is an American writer. He was born in Jacksonville, North Carolina. He has written more than 20 forms of poetry, drama, essays and literary criticism. He has been writing and publishing haiku for 25 years.

Poetry
Lenard's poetry has been translated into several languages. He has written the following:
Poems of Love & Understanding (Carlton Press, 1982)
The Open Eye (NC Haiku Society Press, 1985)
Forever Home (St. Andrews College Press, 1992)
Desert Storm: A Brief History (Los Hombres Press, 1993)

Awards
1983, 1994, 2003 Haiku Museum of Tokyo Award
1987-1988 Japan Air Lines Haiku Contest Finalist out of 40,000 entries
1992 First Prize Winner in Traditional Style Haiku,Mainichi Daily News:Tokyo, JAPAN
1992 Third Prize Harold G. Henderson Award, Haiku Society of America
1996 Indies Arts Award
1997 Margaret Walker Creative Writing Award
1998 Tar Heel of the Week Award
1998-2000 Cave Canem Fellow
2000 Alumni Achievement Award
2001 The Heron's Nest Award, First Runner-up for poem "summer moon-"
2006 Sam Ragan Fine Arts Award for contributing to the fine arts of North Carolina

1958 births
Living people
American military people
Writers from North Carolina
Kenneth Rexroth (December 22, 1905 – June 6, 1982) was an American writer. He was one of the first poets in the United States to write in traditional Japanese poetic forms such as haiku. Rexroth is known as one of the main figures in the San Fransisco Renaissance.

Other websites 

In Fall 2006, the literary journal Chicago Review  published a special issue on Rexroth that includes a large collection of his correspondence, an interview conducted by Bradford Morrow, and several essays and poems in his honor.
Introduction to Sacramental Acts: The Love Poems of Kenneth Rexroth
Kenneth Rexroth Archive, a collection of works by and about Rexroth
A biography of Kenneth Rexroth - focussing on his anarchist and working class politics
Kenneth Rexroth , from the Anarchist Encyclopedia
Communalism, Seabury 1972, e-text
 A Life of Kenneth Rexroth - R book reviews ; Fall, 1993; Donald Gutierrez; Literary Review
 On Rexroth's Poetry; 1999; Donald K. Gutierrez; Modern American Poetry; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;

1905 births
1982 deaths
Writers from California
Writers from Indiana
Industrial Workers of the World