cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12 is the twelfth cycle of America's Next Top Model. 13 girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Teyona Anderson.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Elite Model Management
 A spread in Seventeen Magazine
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Contestants
 Celia Ammerman (4th)
 Teyona Anderson (Winner)
 Aminat Ayinde (3rd)
 Tahlia Brookins (8th)
 Kortnie Coles (10th)
 Kelly Marie "Isabella" Falk (13th)
 Nijah Harris (11th)
 Allison Harvard (Runner-up)
 Lauren "London" Levi-Nance (7th)
 Sandra Nyanchoka (9th)
 Natalie Pack (6th)
 Felicia "Fo" Porter (5th)
 Jessica Santiago (12th)

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Isabella Falk & Sandra Nyanchoka
Eliminated: Isabella Falk

3.
Best: Teyona Anderson
Worst: Fo Porter & Jessica Santiago
Eliminated: Jessica Santiago

4.
Best: Sandra Nyanchoka
Worst: Allison Harvard & Nijah Harris
Eliminated: Nijah Harris

5.
Best: Tahlia Brookins
Worst: Kortnie Coles & Sandra Nyanchoka
Eliminated: Kortnie Coles

6.
Best: Fo Porter
Worst: Celia Ammerman & Sandra Nyanchoka
Eliminated: Sandra Nyanchoka

7.
Best: Celia Ammerman
Worst: Tahlia Brookins & Allison Harvard
Eliminated: Tahlia Brookins

8.
recap episode

9.
Best: Teyona Anderson
Worst: Aminat Ayinde & London Levi-Nance
Eliminated: London Levi-Nance

10.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Aminat Ayinde & Natalie Pack
Eliminated: Natalie Pack

11.
Best: Teyona Anderson
Worst: Celia Ammerman & Fo Porter
Eliminated: Fo Porter

12.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Celia Ammerman & Aminat Ayinde
Eliminated: Celia Ammerman

13.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Teyona Anderson & Aminat Ayinde
Eliminated: Aminat Ayinde
Final Two: Allison Harvard & Teyona Anderson
Winner: Teyona Anderson

America's Next Top Model
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 18 "British Invasion" is the eighteenth cycle of ANTM. This cycle includes British models from Britain's Next Top Model (BNTM) who didn't win. The winner was 22-year old Sophie Sumner from Oxford, England. The cycle had a total of 14 contestants, 7 seven American and 7 British.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with LA Models & NY Model Management
 A spread in Vogue Italia
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl
 A correspondent for Extra
 A chance to be the face of the America’s Next Top Model perfume product "Dream Come True"
 A production of a music title

Contestants
British        Original Rank ANTM Rank
 Ashley Brown 4th           10th
 Annaliese Dayes 7th        3rd
 Jasmia Robinson 3rd        14th
 Sophie Sumner  Runner-up  Winner
 Catherine Thomas Runner-up 6th
 Louise Watts Runner-up 12th (quit)
 Alisha White Runner-up 4th (quit)

American
 Seymone Cohen-Fobish 7th
 Eboni Davis 5th
 Ashley "Kyle" Gober 8th
 Laura LaFrate Runner-up
 Ashley "AzMarie" Livingston 9th
 Candace Smith 11th 
 Mariah Watchman 13th

Episodes
1.
Best: Seymone Cohen-Fobish
Worst: Ashley Brown & Jasmia Robinson 
Eliminated: Jasmia Robinson
2.
Best: Laura LaFrate
Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Mariah Watchman
Eliminated: Mariah Watchman
3.
Quit: Louise Watts
Best: AzMarie Livingston
Worst: Alisha White, Ashley Brown, Candace Smith, & Eboni Davis
Eliminated: None
4.
Best: AzMarie Livingston
Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Candace Smith
Eliminated: Candace Smith
5.
Best: Eboni Davis
Worst: Ashley Brown & Catherine Thomas 
Eliminated: Ashley Brown
6.
Best: Alisha White
Worst: AzMarie Livingston & Kyle Gober
Eliminated: AzMarie Livingston 
7.
Best: Sophie Sumner
Worst: Alisha White & Kyle Gober
Eliminated: Kyle Gober
8.
Best: Alisha White 
Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Eboni Davis
Eliminated: Seymone Cohen-Fobish
9.
Best: Laura LaFrate
Worst: Alisha White & Catherine Thomas 
Eliminated: Catherine Thomas 
10.
Best: Laura LaFrate
Worst: Eboni Davis & Alisha White
Eliminated: Eboni Davis
Quit: Alisha White
11.
Best: Sophie Sumner
Worst: Laura LaFrate & Annaliese Dayes
Eliminated: Annaliese Dayes
12.
Final Two: Sophie Sumner & Laura LaFrate
Winner: Sophie Sumner
America's Next Top Model
Sansha (三沙) is a city of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Hainan Province.  The city government's main building was built on Woody Island in the South China Sea.

History
In 2012, the city was established to administer several uninhabited island groups and undersea atolls in the South China Sea, including the Spratly and Paracel Islands as well as the Macclesfield Bank. 

The area of city includes disputed territory not controlled by China. 

The city plans to develop virtual economic activity. In early 2013, there were 11 companies that have registered in Sansha.  They are paying tax in Sansha.

Timeline
 1911: Guangdong Provincial Government of PRC claims the Xisha Islands as part Hainan's Yaxian County 

 1946–1948: the Republic of China (ROC) took over Xisha Islands

 1959: PRC sets up the Guangdong Province administrative office for Xisha, Nansha and Zhongsha islands

 1984: Hainan Administrative Region was set up

 1988: Hainan Province was set up to take over the administrative office

 2012: Sansha City established

Government
The first mayor of the city was elected by a People’s Congress with 45 delegates.  

The city has a court of justice and a clinic. A kindergarten and a school are being planned.

Related  pages
 Kalayaan, Palawan

References

Other websites
 Administrative divisions of Hainan Province 
  "Paracel Islands Cruise? China Invites Tourists To Disputed South China Sea"

Cities in China
2012 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in China
Paracel Islands is the name for a number of uninhabited atolls and reefs in the South China Sea. They are about  from Hainan and about  from Vietnam. Currently they are under the control of the People's Republic of China, but Taiwan and Vietnam also claim them. The islands are uninhabited. 

The islands are located in the South China Sea consisting of over 30 islets, sandbanks and reefs with about  of the ocean surface. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of Vietnam and China,  southeast of Hainan Island, and about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents except military personnel and fishermen.  

The islands are divided into two main groups. The Amphitrite group is in the northeast and the Crescent group is in the southwest, and they are located about  from one another. Subject to hot and humid climate, with abundant rainfall and frequent typhoons, the archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and potential oil and gas reserves.

Related pages
 Sansha

References

Territorial disputes
Territorial disputes of China
Islands of Asia
Pacific islands
Uninhabited regions
The Beach Erosion Board (BEB) was a federal board organized under the US Government's War Department (later, the Department of Defense), U.S. Army, and was a part of the civil works program of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.  The Board had seven members and a staff.  The life of the BEB spanned a period of 33 years, beginning with its establishment in July 1930. The BEB was abolished in November of 1963.

The functions of the BEB pertained to review of reports of investigations made concerning erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters, and the protection of those shores.  Under its implementing legislation, Section 2 of Public Law 520, 7lst Congress, approved on July 3, 1930, the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, was given authority to make, in cooperation with the appropriate agencies of the various coastal States, investigations and studies aimed at devising effective means of presenting erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters by waves and currents.   The funding provision for these investigations and studies was that no money should be expended under authority of the Act in any State which did not provide for cooperation with the agecies of the United States and contribute to the project such funds and/or services as the Secretary of War deemed appropriate and required.

In 1963, certain of the BEB’s functions were transferred to the newly created Coastal Engineering Research Center, while others were transferred to the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors.  Pursuant to the federal Water Resources Development Act of 1992, the duties and responsibilities of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors subsequently were transferred by the Secretary of the Army to other elements within the Department of the Army as the Secretary determined to be necessary.

Sources
 "The History of the Beach Erosion Board,U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, 1930-63," by Mary-Louise Quinn, MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 77-9, AUGUST 1977

United States government agencies
1930 establishments in the United States
1963 disestablishments in the United States
Mario & Luigi: Dream Team, known as Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros. in Europe and as Mario & Luigi RPG 4: Dream Adventure in Japan, is a roleplaying video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It was revealed during the Nintendo Direct presentation by Nintendo on February 14, 2013. It is the fourth game in the Mario & Luigi series of games. It was released in Europe on July 12, 2013, in Japan on July 18, 2013, and in North America on August 11, 2013.

The game features similar gameplay to past Mario & Luigi games. Mario and Luigi explore the game's world and fight in turn-based battles. The game will involve a setting of Luigi's dreams, where Luigi falls asleep at certain points in the story and opens a portal leading to his dreams. Mario will be able to go through the portal to explore Luigi's dreams. In the dream world, the player will be able to use the console's touch screen to cause events to happen.

References

Mario roleplaying games
Nintendo 3DS games
2013 video games
Dissection was a Swedish black and death metal band from Strömstad, Sweden. 

Dissection was formed in autumn 1989 by lead singer Jon Nödtveidt and bassist Peter Palmdahl. The band recorded and released a demo tape titled The Grief Prophecy in December 1990. The band released their debut album The Somberlain in 1993. Their second studio album Storm of the Light's Bane was released on November 17, 1995. 

Their final studio album Reinkaos was released on April 30, 2006 in Europe and on May 16, 2006 in North America. The band a final European concert and broke up on 24 June 2006.  On 13 August 2006, lead singer Jon Nödtveidt committed suicide by an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound inside a circle of lit candles.

Band members 
Final line-up
Jon Nödtveidt – vocals, guitars (1989–1997, 2004-2006) (†)
Set Teitan – guitars (2004–2006)
Tomas Asklund – drums (2004–2006)

Former
Peter Palmdahl - Bass (1989–1997)
Mattias "Mäbe" Johansson - Guitar (1990) (live session)
Ole Öhman - Drums (1990–1995)
John Zwetsloot - Guitar (1991–1994)
Johan Norman - Guitar (1994–1997)
Tobias Kjellgren - Drums (1995–1997)
Emil Nödtveidt  - Bass (1997) (session live)
Brice LeClercq - Bass (2004–2005)
Hakon Forwald - Bass (2005)
Erik Danielsson - Bass (2005–2006) (live session)

Discography

Albums
The Somberlain (1993)
Storm of the Light's Bane (1995)
Reinkaos (2006)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s music groups
Musical groups established in 1996
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
2010s music groups
Black metal bands
Death metal bands
Melodic death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Michael Barry Eastwood (born July 1, 1967 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 13 seasons in National Hockey League (NHL).

He played college hockey at Western Michigan University. Eastwood was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs with the 91st overall pick in the 1987 NHL Draft.

Eastwood played in the NHL for seven teams, Toronto Maple Leafs from 1991 to 1995, Winnipeg Jets from 1994 to 1996, Phoenix Coyotes during the 1996–97 NHL season, New York Rangers from 1996 to 1998, St. Louis Blues from 1997 to 2003, Chicago Blackhawks during the 2002–03 NHL season and the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2003-04 NHL season. He retired in 2004 and currently co-hosts the Ottawa Senators post-game show with Scott MacArthur.

References

Other websites

Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
People from Ottawa
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
1967 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
John Leonard Douglas Haig Dyte (October 13, 1918 - April 9, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played 27 games in National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks.

He played with the Baltimore Orioles of the Eastern Hockey League for 2 seasons as well as the Jonestown Bluebirds for 1 season. He played for the Montreal Royals of the Quebec Senior Hockey League for 1 season. He played in the AHL with Providence-Buffalo for 1 season, the Buffalo Bisons for 2 seasons and the St. Louis Flyers for 1 season. He played in the CBSHL with the Northside Victorias for 1 season and then retired from playing professional hockey. He died on April 9, 1974.

Other websites

1967 births
1974 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Eastern Hockey League players
The West Fertilizer Plant explosion was an explosion in West, Texas, near Waco, United States. It happened just before 7:50 pm CDT. There was a lot of damage to buildings, including houses. Fourteen people were killed and over 160 injured. The cause of this blast was ammonium nitrate. However, the cause of the fire that took place before the explosion is currently unknown.

References

2013 in the United States
2010s explosions
2010s in Texas
April 2013 events
Explosions in the United States
Geoffrey is an English male given name. It is often spelled Jeffrey and abbreviated as "Geoff", "Jeff" or "Geof". It was very prominent in the early 1990s in England and America.

Given names
The rufous hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus) is a small wallaby found in Australia. It is also known by its Western Desert name mala. It used to be found widely across the western half of Australia, but is now only found in Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay. It is currently classified as a vulnerable species.

The rufous hare-wallaby is a nocturnal herbivore that eats herbs, leaves and seeds. It is usually solitary, meaning that it lives alone. The species was first described by John Gould in The Mammals of Australia (1844). It is currently being reintroduced to mainland Australia, to the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. Four distinct groups of this species have been described as subspecies:
Lagorchestes hirsutus hirsutus, now extinct
Lagorchestes hirsutus bernieri, only found on Bernier Island
Lagorchestes hirsutus dorreae, only found on Dorre Island.
The fourth is an unnamed subspecies that is extinct in the wild. It was originally discovered in the Tanami Desert, and was once widespread across the centre of Australia. The only existing members of this group have been moved to conservation reserves in Western Australia.

The mala is a common totem in Western Desert Aboriginal Dreamings.

References

Other websites

Animal Info – Rufous Hare Wallaby

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
ITT Corporation is a global manufacturing company in the United States, in aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. They are in global markets including water and fluids management. ITT originally stood for International Telephone and Telegraph; it was founded around 1920. It was originally combined from other telephone companies. Today's ITT Corporation was founded in 2006.
They work in three areas:
 Fluid Technology
 Defense Electronics & Services
 Motion & Flow Control

American technology companies
Companies based in New York
Manufacturing companies
2006 establishments in New York (state)
George Gamow (August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (), was a theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He discovered a theoretical explanation of alpha decay through quantum tunneling. Gamow was born in Odessa in the Russian Empire. He studied atomic physics and a few other kinds of physics. He ran away from the Soviet Union in 1933. He went to the United States and taught at the University of Washington. He wrote books in German, French and Russian, and later in English. Some of his books were for fellow scientists and some explained science to laymen. His most famous book was One Two Three... Infinity.

Related pages
Ukrainian Americans

1904 births
1968 deaths
American academics
American theoretical physicists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Odessa
Russian academics
Soviet people
Russian theoretical physicists
The Kelly Hills () are a mountain range at the southern end of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located directly north of the Musgrave Ranges, and about  northeast of Amaṯa. Its highest point is about  above sea level. Mount Robert, at the eastern end of the range, is about 796 metres above sea level. The area is known as Aputjilpinya in the native Yankunytjatjara language. It forms part of an important Mala Dreaming track that runs between Uluṟu and Ulkiya.

There are a few soakages located within the hills. One of them, Puntitjara, was recorded by several early White explorers travelling through the Kelly Hills. The South Australian government's North-West Prospecting Expedition, led by Lawrence Wells, was brought there by an Aboriginal guide in 1903. One of the expedition's prospectors, Herbert Basedow, recorded the name as "Punndijarrinna" and reported that it was a good source of water. Basedow returned to Puntitjara in June 1926 on another expedition, this one led by Donald Mackay. According to Mackay, they found it dry and covered with a layer of sand. The anthropologist Ted Strehlow visited Puntitjara in August 1936, but founded it covered by mud.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
Pikmin 3 is a real-time strategy video game that was released by Nintendo for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to Pikmin 2 and the third game in the Pikmin series. It was released in Japan on July 13, 2013, in Europe on July 26, 2013, and in North America on August 4, 2013.

Pikmin 3 has the same gameplay as the last 2 Pikmin games. Players control 100 plant-like creatures called Pikmin. The player uses them to pick up object, reach areas, and fight enemies. There are three characters that players can play as. In addition to the five types of Pikmin from Pikmin 2 (Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, Blue Pikmin, Purple Pikmin, and White Pikmin), there is two new types of Pikmin. The Rock Pikmin can destroy tough barriers, while the Flying Pink "Winged" Pikmin can attack airborne enemies and carry items in the air.

The player is able to control the game with the Wii U GamePad or the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination. The Wii U GamePad gives the player a map of the game environment, which is visible on its touch screen.

References

Notes

2013 video games
Pikmin series
Wii U games
Tivoli Gardens (or Tivoli) is an amusement park in Copenhagen, Denmark. It opened on 15 August 1843 and it was founded by Georg Carstensen. It is the second oldest amusement park in the world. The oldest is Dyrehavsbakken in Klampenborg, Denmark. Tivoli's original Chinese decorations inspired Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale".

References 

Theme parks in Europe
Copenhagen
1843 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Denmark
Jenny Lind (Johanna Maria Lind, Stockholm, 6 October 1820 –  Wynd's Point, Herefordshire, 2 November 1887) was a Swedish opera singer. She was nicknamed the "Swedish Nightingale". She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s, and became the protégée of Felix Mendelssohn. After two acclaimed seasons in London, she announced her retirement from opera at the age of 29.

In 1850, Lind went to America at the invitation of the showman P. T. Barnum. She gave 93 concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management. She donated her proceeds to charities, mainly the endowment of free schools in Sweden. With her husband, Otto Goldschmidt, she returned to Europe in 1852. They had three children. She gave occasional concerts over the next two decades, settling in England in 1855.  From 1882, for some years, she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London. She was the inspiration for Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale". Lind died on 2 November 1887 in Herefordshire, England, of cancer. She is buried in the Great Malvern Cemetery.

Other websites
 Profile about Jenny Lind
 The jennylind.org website 

Cancer deaths in England
Swedish opera singers
Singers from Stockholm
1820 births
1887 deaths
Raymond Redvers Briggs, CBE (born 18 January 1934) is an English writer and artist, known for his books for children. His books include The Snowman, Fungus the Bogeyman, When the Wind Blows and Father Christmas.

British children's writers
English artists
1934 births
Living people
English writers
Nintendo Land is a 2012 party video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U video game console. It was announced during E3 2012.

The game has twelve mini-games that are playable in it, based off of famous Nintendo franchises like The Legend of Zelda, Mario and Metroid. Each minigames are styled like theme park attractions. They are supposed to show off how the Wii U GamePad works, and they all use some of its abilities, such as motion controls and the touch screen. The game supports the Wii Remote controller. The game had 'asymmetric gameplay', which means to have a different experience depending on what controller you use.

The game was mostly liked by reviewers and sold five million copies.

Gameplay 
Nintendo Land takes place in a theme park, which also serves as the game's hub for its twelve minigames. A robot named Monita acts as a guide throughout the game, and teaches the player the basics of the game. Finishing minigames will earn the player coins, which can be used to play a pachinko game. If the player wins the pachinko game, they get a prize of a building from one of the minigames that they can decorate the theme park with.

Team attractions 
Number of players: 1–5
 The Legend of Zelda: Battle Quest

This minigame is based on The Legend of Zelda series. Players using the Wii Remote wield a sword to fight enemies with. The player using the Wii U GamePad has a bow, and they must shoot the bow at enemies. The GamePad player can also spy on enemies by lifting the GamePad, or reload their arrows by facing the GamePad down.

Metroid Blast

This minigame is based on the Metroid series. Players using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk battle on the ground and players using the Wii U GamePad battle in Samus Aran's gunship. There are three game modes in this minigame. There is "Assault Mission", where the player must pass each level, "Surface-Air Combat", where those on foot must kill the player in the air and "Ground Battle", where all players are on foot and have to collect tokens. Metroid Blast is based off of a Nintendo tech demo from E3 2011.

References 

2012 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Party video games
Ambrosius Aurelianus was a powerful Romano-British leader in Sub-Roman Britain around mid-5th century. He has been identified with the legendary King Arthur by historians like John Morris.

Life

Ambrosius Aurelianus was born in Roman Britain in the years when Roman legions withdrew from the British isles and started the Anglo-Saxon conquest. He seems to be born in a noble Roman family, resident in Britain for many generations.  He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century "Historia Brittonum", written by Nennius.

His importance comes from the fact that he is the only Romano-british leader named by Gildas, who was the only historian who lived during Sub-Roman Britain times: this fact makes Ambrosius Aurelianus an historical and "real" personality in the King Arthur legends.

He was renowned for his campaigns against the Anglo-Saxons, and there is some speculation that he (or his son, according to the historian Gildas) may have commanded the Romano-British forces at the Battle of Badon Hill, where the barbarians were won around 500 AD. After this battle for fifty years the Anglo-Saxons were stopped from conquering all of Britain.

According to Gildas

Ambrosius Aurelianus is one of the few people that Gildas (a sixth century historian who lived in South-west Britain and wrote "De Excidio Britanniae", which focused largely on the history of Christian Britain) identifies by name in his sermon De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, and the only one named from the 5th century. Following the destructive assault of the Saxons, the survivors gather together under the leadership of Ambrosius, who is described as:

"... a gentleman who, perhaps alone of the Romans, had survived the shock of this notable storm. Certainly his parents, who had worn the purple, were slain by it. His descendants in our day have become greatly inferior to their grandfather's [avita] excellence."

We know from Gildas that he was of high birth, and had Roman ancestry; he was presumably a Romano-Briton, rather than a Roman from elsewhere in the empire, though it is impossible to be sure.  It also appears that Ambrosius was a Christian: Gildas says that he won his battles "with God's help". According to Gildas, Ambrosius organised the survivors into an armed force and achieved the first military victory over the Saxon invaders. However, this victory was not decisive: "Sometimes the Saxons and sometimes the citizens (meaning the Romano-British inhabitants) were victorious."

Related pages
 King Arthur
 Sub-Roman Britain

Notes

Bibliography
 Gidlow, Christopher. The Reign of Arthur: From History to Legend. Sutton Publishing. London, 2004 .
 Higham, N. J.  King Arthur, Myth-Making and History Routledge. London, 2002   
 Morris, John. The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650. Scribner Ed. New York, 1973 
 Reno, Frank. Historic King Arthur: Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain. Publisher McFarland. London, 2007  

Roman people
History of the British Isles
5th-century births
Year of death unknown
Fools Garden is a German musical group. It was formed in 1991 under the name Fool's Garden. They started in 1991 with the album Fool's Garden. The offical first album which included the complete band was Once in a Blue Moon (1993). Two years later, Fool's Garden released their third album Dish of the Day, which scored a hit on the music charts in Europe and Asia with "Lemon Tree". The re-released track peaked at #26 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1996.

Go And Ask Peggy For The Principal Thing followed in 1997, along with three more albums in 2000, 2003 and 2005. In 2003, three members left the band, and were replaced by Dirk Blümlein (bassist), Claus Müller (drummer) and Gabriel Holz (second guitarist, who then left the band in 2007). The name of the band was changed to Fools Garden (without the apostrophe).

The band has released cover-versions of rock and roll songs during live performances (The Beatles' "Ticket to Ride" or The Who's "My Generation"). Fools Garden's interest in The Beatles's led them to put cover versions of songs "Cry Baby Cry" and "Martha My Dear" on their studio albums.

The band released a greatest hits compilation album in October 2009. The album, High Times, contained fifteen songs. They included a brand new song, "High Time", and some of the well-known hits re-recorded with the new band ("Lemon Tree", "Wild Days", "Suzy").

The latest album Who Is Jo King? was released in October 2012.

Discography

Studio albums
 1991: Fool's Garden
 1993: Once in a Blue Moon
 1995: Dish of the Day
 1997: Go and Ask Peggy for the Principal Thing
 2000: For Sale
 2003: 25 Miles to Kissimmee
 2005: Ready for the Real Life
 2012: Who Is Jo King?

Compilation albums
 2009: High Times - The Best of Fools Garden

EPs
 "Napster Session 2008" (2008)
 "Home (limited tour edition)" (2008)

Singles
 "Tell Me Who I Am / Careless Games" (1991)
 "Spirit '91 / Once in a Blue Moon" (1992)
 "Wild Days (1st edition)" (1994)
 "Lemon Tree" (1995) (UK #26)
 "Wild Days (reissue)" (1996)
 "Pieces" (1996)
 "Why Did She Go?" (1997)
 "Probably" (1997)
 "Rainy Day" (1998)
 "Suzy" (2000)
 "It Can Happen" (2000)
 "Happy (special tour edition)" (2000)
 "In the Name" (2001)
 "Dreaming"  (2001)
 "Closer" (2003)
 "Dreaming (2004 version)" (2004)
 "Man of Devotion" (2005)
 "Does Anybody Know? / Welcome Sun" (2005)
 "Cold (Italian promo)" (2005)
 "I Got a Ticket" (2006)
 "High Time" (2009)
 "Everywhere the Light Shines" (2010)
 "Innocence" (2012)
 "Maybe" (2013)

Fools Garden members
 Peter Freudenthaler - vocals (1991–present)
 Volker Hinkel - guitars (1991–present)
 Dirk Blümlein - bass (2003–present)
 Claus Müller - drums (2003–present)

Former members
 Thomas Mangold - bass (1991–2003)
 Roland Röhl - keyboards (1991–2003)
 Ralf Wochele - drums (1991–2003)
 Gabriel Holz - guitars (2003–2007)

References

Other websites
 Official Fools Garden website

German musical groups
Musical groups established in 1991
1990s establishments in Germany
1991 establishments in Europe
In property law, a freehold (also called frank-tenement) is the ownership of real property. This includes land and everything that naturally comes with it, such as buildings, trees and natural resources. Freehold is different to a leasehold, in which the property is kept by the owner of the land after the lease has expired. Ownership of a freehold estate is indefinite amount of time.

Freehold is used in the laws of many Commonwealth countries. It comes from the United Kingdom.

References 

Legal terms
Property
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of America's Next Top Model. Thirteen girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Jaslene Gonzalez (who did not make the cut last cycle).

Contestants
 Renee Alway 3rd
 Whitney Cunningham 7th
 Kathleen DuJour 13th
 Samantha Francis 12th
 Natasha Galkina Runner-up
 Jaslene Gonzalez Winner
 Brittany Hatch 5th
 Felicia Provost 10th
 Jael Strauss 6th
 Sarah VonderHaar 8th
 Dionne Walters 4th
 Cassandra Watson 11th
 Diana Zalewski 9th

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Elite Model Managment
 A spread in Seventeen Magazines
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Kathleen DuJour & Jael Strauss
Eliminated: Kathleen DuJour
3.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez 
Worst: Samantha Francis & Natasha Galkina
Eliminated: Samantha Francis
4.
Best: Brittany Hatch
Worst: Diana Zalewski & Cassandra Watson
Eliminated: Cassandra Watson
5.
Best: Renee Alway
Worst: Dionne Walters & Felicia Provost
Eliminated: Felicia Provost
6.
Best: Natasha Galkina
Worst: Whitney Cunningham & Diana Zalewski
Eliminated: Diana Zalewski
7.
Best: Jael Strauss
Worst: Whitelle Cunningham & Moe VonderHaar
Eliminated: Moe VonderHaar
8.
Best: Dionne Walters
Worst: Jael Strauss & Whitney Cunningham
Eliminated: Whitney Cunningham
9.
Best: Natasha Galkina
Worst: Brittany Hatch & Jael Strauss
Eliminated: Jael Strauss
10.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Dionne Walters & Brittany Hatch
Eliminated: Brittany Hatch
11.
Best: Renee Alway
Worst: Natasha Galkina & Dionne Walters
Eliminated: Dionne Walters
12.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Natasha Galkina & Renee Alway
Eliminated: Renee Alway

Final Two: Natasha Galkina & Jaslene Gonzalez
America's Next Top Model: Jaslene Gonzalez

08
The control unit is a circuit inside of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It controls the activity of all other units in the computer system, giving them directions. Its main job is to get the code from the program, decode it and operate the arithmetic logic unit and other units to run the code. The control unit manages all the computer resources. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.

References

Computers
South China Sea Islands are 250+ small islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars in the South China Sea.  Most of these small islands are uninhabited.

There are minerals, natural gas, and oil deposits on the islands or under the seafloor near the islands.

List
The islands in the South China Sea include
 Spratly Islands -- disputed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China {ROC(Taiwan)} , Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines
 Paracel Islands -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC and Vietnam
 Pratas Islands -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC
 Macclesfield Bank -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC, the Philippines and Vietnam.
 Scarborough Shoal -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC

References

Further reading 
 Li, Jin Ming and Li Dexia. "The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea: A Note,"  Ocean Development & International Law, 34:287–295.

Islands of Brunei
Islands of China
Islands of Malaysia
Islands of the Philippines
islands of Taiwan
Islands of Vietnam
An uninhabited region is a place where no people live. By 'uninhabited' is meant "no one lives there permanently". The difficult case is Antarctica, where there are permanent stations, but their staff do not stay permanently. In other places there may be visitors, and sometimes research teams visit for longer periods.

List 

 Antarctica
 Antipodes Islands
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Bajo Nuevo Bank
 Baker Island
 Balleny Islands
 Much of interior Nunavut
 Big Major Cay
 Bouvet Island
 Caroline Island
 Clipperton Island
 Devon Island
 Elephant Island
 Elobey Chico
 Ernst Thälmann Island
 Much of Inland Greenland
 Gough Island 
 Hans Island
 Harmil
 Hashima
 Hatutu
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Howland Island
 Highlands of Iceland
 Jaco Island
 Jan Mayen
 Jarvis Island
 Jong Batu
 Kahoolawe Island
 Kerguelen Islands
 Kingman Reef
 Mborokua
 Minquiers and Ecréhous
  Melville Island
 Monomoy Island
 Prince Edward Islands 
 Navassa Island
 Novaya Zemlya
 Nomans Land
 Much of Northern Ontario
 Paracel Islands
 Palmyra Atoll
 Redonda
 Round Island
 South Orkney Islands
 Spratly Islands
 Stirling Island
 Much of Northern Siberia
 St Kilda
 Tetepare Island
 Tinakula

Related pages
 Inhabited

References

regions
James Edward Kelly (born February 14, 1960) is a former American football quarterback in the NFL for the Buffalo Bills and in the USFL for the Houston Gamblers. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. While Kelly was drafted by the Bills in 1983, he did not want to play for them at first, instead joining the Gamblers in the USFL. He was a star player for Houston until the USFL went out of business in 1986, after which he finally joined the Bills. 

Kelly continued playing at a high level, helping the Bills become one of the NFL's best teams for some time. From 1990 to 1993, the Bills appeared in four straight Super Bowls with Kelly at quarterback. Though the Bills failed to win every time, they remain the only team in NFL history to make it to four or more Super Bowls as of 2019. Long after retiring in 1997, Kelly is still considered the greatest quarterback in Buffalo Bills team history by many people, as he still holds many passing records for the team.

References

1970 births
Living people

American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Buffalo Bills players
People with cancer
William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an very respected American-Ghanaian sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. He was the leader of a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise by Booker T. Washington.

Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 (approximately) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He studied at Fisk University, Harvard University, and the University of Berlin.

Du Bois was married to Nina Gomer Du Bois from 1895 until her death in 1950. Then he was married to Shirley Lola Graham from 1951 until his death in 1963. Du Bois had two children with Gomer and one son with Graham.

In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he decided to become a citizen of Ghana. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship  and moved from his home in New York City to Accra, Ghana.

Du Bois died on August 27, 1963 in his home in Accra from natural causes, aged 95. Du Bois received a state funeral. He was buried near his home in Accra.

References

Other websites

 University Massachusetts Amherst Website 
 University of Massachusetts Amherst Du Bois collection 
 Du Bois Lifetime Chronology 
 W.E.B. Du Bois in Georgia /New Georgia Encyclopedia 
 Poems by W. E. B. Du Bois at PoetryFoundation.org

1868 births
1963 deaths
American civil rights activists
American communists
American historians
American sociologists
Deaths from natural causes
Democrats (United States)
Ghanaian people
People who lost citizenship
Writers from Massachusetts
Dead Reckoning (or DR) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a fix), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is. 

It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at.  Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important.  But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed.  It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.

Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew.  So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning.  This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.

Method
Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix).  Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known.  In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time).  This would give the speed of the ship.  Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction.  From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle.  However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called drift) so this needs to be measured as well.  Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean.  Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents. 

Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called ground speed).  A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed.  If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground.  (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move).  A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.  

A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning.  Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.

References

Navigation
Iltur is the name of a remote Pitjantjatjara homeland in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. It is also known as Ilturnga or Coffin Hill after the rocky outcrop where it is located. It is located at the southern end of the Birksgate Range, and is one of the most southerly locations on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It was visited by the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition in 1981, led by the explorer David Lindsay.

Many of the families who had lived in this region historically were forced to leave the area due to nuclear weapons tests at Maralinga. They were moved to Fregon in the north and to Yalata, very far to the south. Not all of them left, however, and some still living around Iltur reported that they were affected by the fallout of the tests. In 1976, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs offered AU$10,000 for the establishment of an outstation community at Iltur. An outstation was built, but is not always occupied.

References

Indigenous Australian communities
Settlements in South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Honeypot ants, or repletes, are sterile worker ants which are used as food stores. They develop swelled abdomens,  filled with food by other worker ants. They are living storage containers. There are five genera of honepot ants. 

Ant species often have polymorphs: different forms of the same type. The soldier ants which defend colonies are genetically the same as the normal workers. The way they develop is different. This is done by changes in food, or by pheromones. 

Young honeypot ants are more or less force-fed until their gasters (=stomachs) are swelled up. Then they act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called repletes. 

These replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant Myrmecocystus mexicanus. Rissing found that usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes. This shows the flexibility of this polymorphism.

Honey ants use their own bodies as living storage, but they have more function than just storing food. Some store liquids, body fat, and water brought to them by worker ants. They can later serve as a food source for their fellow ants when food is otherwise scarce. When the liquid stored inside a honeypot ant is needed, the worker ants stroke the antennae of the honeypot ant, causing the honeypot ant to regurgitate the stored liquid.

In certain places, such as the Australian outback, honeypot ants are eaten by people as sweets and are considered a delicacy.

References

Ants
Indigenous Australian culture
Britain and Ireland's next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. This cycle contains 14 contestants. The host is still Elle MacPherson. The winner was 18-year-old Letitia Herod.

Prizes
A modeling contract with Models 1
A spread in Company magazine 
A contract with Revlon cosmetics 
A trip to Dubai 
An apartment 51 Buckingham Gate
A respected brand as Miss Selfridge

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
 Kellie Forde
 Tasmin "Tas" Golding
 Emma Grattidge
 Letitia Herod
 Jennifer Joint
 Anita Kaushik
 Lisa Madden
 Roxanne "Roxy" O'Connor
 Risikat "Pussycat" Oyebade
 Amelia Raven
 Emma Sharratt
 Madeleine "Maddy" Taga
 Penelope Williamson
 Anne Winterburn

Episodes
Episode 1 & 2 Casting episodes 

Episode 3
Quit: Amelia Raven
Best: Anne Winterburn
Worst: Emma Sharratt & Tasmin Golding
Eliminated: Emma Sharratt
Episode 4
Best: Roxanne O'Connor 
Worst: Tasmin Golding & Penelope Williamson
Eliminated: Penelope Williamson
Episode 5
Best: Roxanne O'Connor & Emma Grattidge
Worst: Tasmin Golding & Anne Winterburn
Eliminated: Tasmin Golding
Episode 6
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Emma Grattidge & Anne Winterburn
Eliminated: Anne Winterburn
Episode 7
Best: Lisa Madden
Worst: Madeleine Taga & Kellie Forde
Eliminated: Kellie Forde
Episode 8
Best: Emma Grattidge
Worst: Jennifer Joint & Madeleine Taga
Eliminated: Jennifer Joint
Episode 9
Best: Risikat Oyebade
Worst: Roxanne O'Connor & Madeleine Taga
Eliminated: Madeleine Taga
Episode 10
Best: Lisa Madden
Worst: Letitia Herod & Roxanne O'Connor
Eliminated: Roxanne O'Connor
Episode 11
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Lisa Madden & Risikat Oyebade
Eliminated: Risikat Oyebade
Episode 12
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Letitia Herod & Lisa Madden
Eliminated: Lisa Madden
Episode 13
Best: Emma Grattidge
Worst: Letitia Herod & Anita Kaushik
Eliminated: Anita Kaushik

Final Two: Emma Grattidge & Letitia Herod
Winner: Letitia Herod

References 

Top Model television series
Britain's Next Top Model
Spiders of the genus Hogna are large and powerful wolf spiders.<ref>Benjamin Julian Kaston, Spiders of Connecticut under the section on the "Genus Lycosa'''," p. 321ff. The genus Lycosa has since been split into two additional genera, Hogna and Tigrosa. All of the American members of Lycosa have been transferred to Hogna or Tigrosa.</ref> They belong to the Family called Lycosidae. They will readily catch and eat crickets and other large insects. They do not try to hurt humans unless they are getting hurt themselves. Usually their colors are dull, mostly they are brown, dark brown, or black. Hogna carolinensis is the largest spider in the United States and can have a body length (head to tail) of up to almost 1.5 inches or 35mm. They scare people, but it is hard to get them even to try to bite. Instead of showing their fangs, they will run away. They can run very fast. They are about 16 times larger than the smallest species of wolf spiders. For instance, the smallest of the wolf spiders of the genus Trabeops are only 4 mm. long. Hogna carolinensis often digs burrows to live in. 

Other species in this genus include:
H. antelucana
H. baltimoriana
H. coloradensis
H. frondicola
H. lenta

In Europe there is a slightly smaller spider called Lycosa tarantula, a kind of wolf spider that people once believed could kill people. It gets its name from the city of Taranto in Italy. There are other wolf spiders that get a little larger than Hogna carolinensis, one of which is found in the Canary Islands, Allohogna singoriensis,'' which reaches a full 40mm.

References

Lycosidae
Great Expectations is a novel by Charles Dickens. It depicts the growth and personal development of an orphan named Philip Pirrip ("Pip"). The novel was first published in serial form in Dickens' weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes.

It is set among the marshes of Kent and in London in the early to mid 19th century. From the outset, the reader is "treated" by the terrifying encounter between Pip, the protagonist, and the escaped convict, Abel Magwitch. Great Expectations is a graphic book, full of extreme imagery, poverty, prison ships, "the hulks," barriers and chains, and fights to the death. It therefore combines intrigue and unexpected twists of autobiographical detail in different tones. Regardless of its narrative technique, the novel reflects the events of the time, Dickens' concerns, and the relationship between society and man.

Dickens felt Great Expectations was his best work, calling it "a very fine idea," and was very sensitive to compliments from his friends: "Bulwer, who has been, as I think you know, extraordinarily taken by the book." The cast includes the capricious Miss Havisham, the cold and beautiful Estella, the kind and generous blacksmith Joe, the dry and sycophantic Uncle Pumblechook, and the eloquent and wise  Herbert Pocket. Throughout the narrative, typical Dickensian themes emerge: wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual triumph of good over evil.

Great Expectations has been translated into many languages and adapted many times to movies and other media.

References

1861 books
Books by Charles Dickens
English-language novels
English novels
London in fiction