cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Günter Wilhelm Grass (16 October 1927 in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) – 13 April 2015 in Lübeck) was a German writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was known for writing the controversial, but yet classic novel The Tin Drum.

Life 
Grass was born in Danzig in 1927 and went to school there. In the World War II he had to serve in the military, afterwards he was a prisoner of war of the U.S. army. In 1945 and 1946 he worked as a stonemason. During the rise of Nazi Germany, Grass drafted into the Waffen-SS, the elite armed wing of the Nazi Party. He revealed this in 2006. He said if he had joined the armed wing when he was older, he would have faced war crimes.

From 1946 he studied arts at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and the Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste) in West Berlin. He was a member of the German group of writers known as group 47.

He has lived in North Rhine-Westphalia, Berlin and Schleswig-Holstein. He lived in Lübeck. In 1959 he published The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel), his most famous work. Grass was always interested in politics and helped in the election campaigns of the SPD. He was a friend of Willy Brandt. Grass was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1999.

Grass died from a lung infection at his home in Lübeck, aged 87.

Bibliography 
 Danziger Trilogie
 Die Blechtrommel (Tin Drum) (1959)
 Katz und Maus (Cat and Mouse)(1961)
 Hundejahre (Dog Years)(1963)
 Örtlich betäubt (Local Anaesthetic) (1969)
 Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke (From the Diary of a Snail) (1972)
 Der Butt (1979)
 Das Treffen in Telgte (1979)
 Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus (1980)
 Die Rättin (1986)
 Zunge zeigen. Ein Tagebuch in Zeichnungen (1988)
 Unkenrufe (1992)
 Ein weites Feld (1995)
 Mein Jahrhundert (1999)
 Im Krebsgang (2002)
 Letzte Tänze (2003)

English Translations 
 The Danzig Trilogy
 The Tin Drum (1959)
 Cat and Mouse (1963)
 Dog Years (1965)
 Four Plays (1967)
 Speak out! Speeches, Open Letters, Commentaries (1969)
 Local Anaesthetic (1970)
 From the Diary of a Snail (1973)
 In the Egg and Other Poems (1977)
 The Meeting at Telgte (1981)
 The Flounder (1978)
 Headbirths, or, the Germans are Dying Out (1982)
 The Rat (1987)
 Show Your Tongue (1987)
 Two States One Nation? (1990)
 The Call of the Toad (1992)
 The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising (1996)
 My Century (1999)
 Too Far Afield (2000)
 Crabwalk (2002)

References

Other websites 
 Nobel prize biographical notes  (in English, also available in French, German, and Swedish)
 Nobel Laureate Flays Bush, June 1, 2006 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
German essayists
German Nobel Prize winners
German novelists
German writers
People from former German territories
People from Gdańsk
Playwrights
Waffen-SS people
Occitan (; ), known also as lenga d'òc by its native speakers (), is a Romance language spoken in the south of France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, the Val d'Aran of Catalonia and Monaco. The regions together are sometimes known unofficially as Occitania.

Occitan took a different path from Latin to the main official languages. It is sometimes called lenga d'òc ("language of oc", French: langue d'oc) because its word for yes is òc, as opposed to oil (oui) or sì in other languages. That is one way to classify Romance languages.

Occitan is an official language of Catalonia. Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.

Dialects 

 Alpine (also named Vivaro-Alpine or Provençal Alpine)
 Auvergnat
 Gascon (including Aranese spoken in Val d'Aran, Catalonia, Spain)
 Languedocien
 Limousin
 Provençal

Some of the names (Provençal, Limousin, Gascon) were once used to name the whole language.

Sources

Other websites 

 Dictionary (written in Occitan)
 Ethnologue report page for language with code OCI (Occitan)
 English-Occitan lexicon
 Orbilat.com , Overview and grammar of Occitan
 Occitanet.free.fr, a guide to the language
  Ostaldoccitania.net The house of occitan associations of Toulouse
  Eonet.ne , "LexRomEdic", Electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available).

Romance languages
Languages of Europe
A singer who is a bass is a man with a low singing voice.  Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C.  Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.

In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part.  The part of Leporello in Mozart's Don Giovanni needs a buffo bass.  The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo.  An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's Magic Flute.

Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
Southern gospel singer J.D. Sumner held the world record for lowest bass singer for a number of years, from 1988 until he was beaten by Tim Storms in 2016
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in Der Ring des Nibelungen is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Johnny Cash is well-known for his bass-baritone voice 

Vocal ranges
Plankton are drifting organisms that live in the surface layers of the ocean. They live in the top layer of the ocean, called the epipelagic zone. They are not strong enough to swim against ocean currents. The term is in contrast to nekton, who can control their movements. There are three groups:
 Phytoplankton: which live at the surface of the ocean and photosynthesise (use light to make sugars and other molecules). 
 Eukaryote algae: diatoms, coccolithophores, some dinoflagellates.
 Bacteria: cyanobacteria.
 Zooplankton: small protozoans or metazoans: Ctenophores; jellyfish; rotifers; foraminifera; tiny crustacea and other animals. Some eggs and larvae of larger animals such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids. Apart from the eggs, they all feed on other plankton. 
 Some groups fall into both categories. Dinoflagellates can be either photosynthetic producers or heterotroph consumers; many species are mixotrophic depending upon their circumstances. It is also hard to fit viruses into this scheme; yet they are present in great numbers.

Plankton are important in the ocean's food chain. They are the main source of food for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to catching prey. Basking sharks and blue whales feed on them directly; other large fish feed on them indirectly, by eating fish of smaller size, such as herrings.

The distribution of plankton is governed more by nutrients than by temperature. Large tracts of ocean are blue and sterile. The reason is that these areas lack one or more crucial nutrients for the photosynthetic plankton, upon whom all the others depend. Broadly speaking, areas near land masses get nutrients by rivers and wind. The key nutrient lacking in the Pacific ocean is iron, essential in molecules such as ferredoxins, iron-sulfur proteins which do electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.

References 

Biological oceanography
Ecology
The Gulf of Mexico is a round sea, called a gulf. Land in North America is around much of it. The United States of America, Mexico, and Cuba are the countries around it. The Straits of Florida connect to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Yucatán Channel connects to the Caribbean Sea.   

Petroleum is found near the north and west coast of this gulf. Many hurricanes hit this area, for example, Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hurt many of the oil wells in 2005 in the United States. There is also a big fishing industry in the gulf.

Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of the United States
Geography of Cuba
Geography of Mexico
Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire () was the name of a country that is now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It used this name from 27 November 1971 to 17 May 1997. The name "Zaire" comes from a Portuguese corruption of the Kongo word nzare, meaning "river".

References 

1971 establishments in Africa
1997 disestablishments
1990s disestablishments in Africa
Former countries in Africa
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
States and territories established in the 20th century
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century

ja:コンゴ民主共和国#ザイール共和国（モブツ政権）時代
Winter Olympic Games were originally considered to be linked with the nation hosting the Summer Olympic Games.  The country holding the summer games was preferred as the host for the winter games.  Since 1948, the locations of summer and winter games have developed independent of each other.
 1924 - I Olympic Winter Games - Chamonix, France
 1928 - II Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
 1932 - III Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
 1948 - V Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
 1952 - VI Olympic Winter Games - Oslo, Norway
 1956 - VII Olympic Winter Games - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
 1960 - VIII Olympic Winter Games - Squaw Valley, California, United States
 1964 - IX Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
 1968 - X Olympic Winter Games - Grenoble, France
 1972 - XI Olympic Winter Games - Sapporo, Japan
 1976 - XII Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
 1980 - XIII Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
 1984 - XIV Olympic Winter Games - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
 1988 - XV Olympic Winter Games - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 1992 - XVI Olympic Winter Games - Albertville, France
 1994 - XVII Olympic Winter Games - Lillehammer, Norway
 1998 - XVIII Olympic Winter Games - Nagano, Japan
 2002 - XIX Olympic Winter Games - Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
 2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games - Torino, Italy
 2010 - XXI Olympic Winter Games - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 2014 - XXII Olympic Winter Games - Sochi, Russia
 2018 - XXIII Olympic Winter Games - Pyeongchang, South Korea
 2022 - XXIV Olympic Winter Games - Beijing, China
 2026 - XXV Olympics Winter Games - Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy

References

 
Olympics-related lists
Woodside is a town in California with a population of about 5,000 people and over 5,000 horses. It is in the northern region of Silicon Valley and has the highest percapita population of billionaires, as well as being the home of celebrities including Shirley Temple, Neil Diamond, Joan Baez, Michelle Pfeiffer and a gorilla named Koko that knows more than a thousand words of American Sign Language.

Other websites 
 Town of Woodside home page
 Woodside Public Library - a branch of the San Mateo County Library
 Woodside Fire District

Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in San Mateo County, California
A pathogen is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease. This ability is called pathogenicity.

The body has many ways to defend against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal human flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (for example, chemotherapy, HIV, or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held back can grow and cause harm to the host. Such cases are opportunistic infections.

Some pathogens cause epidemics. These include the bacterium Yersinia pestis which may have caused the Black Death, the Variola virus, and the malarial protozoa. They hurt or even kill large numbers of people. 

The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919. It is not known exactly how many it killed, but estimates range from 20 to 100 million people. This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death. 

The huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and skin also occurred". The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive bleeding and oedema in the lungs.

In plants, fungi are the main cause of infectious disease.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Plant_disease_epidemiology&action=edit&section=2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathology
A pesticide is a chemical that is used to kill or prevent small animals (or organisms) which are considered to be unwanted. These organisms are called pests. Some of these pests that people do not want are insects, microbes that destroy plants, and other things that affect humans in a bad way and it may kill humans too. Many pesticides are poisonous, and are bad for not only the organisms they kill, but for humans too. A pesticide also affects the environment
and the atmosphere. 

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants lists chemicals that are very hard to destroy, or very toxic. In total, twelve chemicals are listed. Nine of them can be used as pesticides.

Types of Pesticides 
There are different types of pesticides for getting rid of different pests.
 Herbicides kill weeds 
 Insecticides kill insects that eat plants and crops
 Fungicides kill any bad fungi

Effects of Pesticides 
Pesticides are used to kill pests, but many are bad for human health. They may pollute water, and go into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.

Pesticide  is very bad for animals, especially amphibians.

Alternatives 
In many cases, there are alternatives to the use of (chemical) pesticides. These include:
 Use of genetic engineering
 Release of other organisms to control the pests, such as predators or parasites. That way, ducks can be used in rice fields to act against snails, for example
 Some foods can be processed and used to control certain pest
 Use of polycultures, that is growing many different crops together, rather than just one crop.

References

Poisons
Gardening
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)  was an atypical pneumonia. It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China. The disease was caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV), a new coronavirus. It was also a part-time STD, it can be spread through both sexual and casual contact. 

SARS is a zoonosis: it is a disease which comes from animals: it came from  Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats. Exactly how the virus got to humans is not known.

SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak; 774 of these died. 

After the Chinese government suppressed news of the SARS outbreak, the disease spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travellers. The last case in this outbreak occurred in June 2003. There were a total of 8437 known cases of the disease, with 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%).

In May 2005 the disease itself was declared 'eradicated' by the WHO and it became the second disease in mankind to receive this label (the other was smallpox). The New York Times reported that "not a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome has been reported this year or in late 2004. It is the first winter without a case since the initial outbreak in late 2002. Also, the epidemic strain of SARS that caused at least 813 deaths worldwide by June of 2003 has not been seen outside a laboratory since then."

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Pulmonology
Coronaviruses
Zoonoses
Lazio (Latin: Latium) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in central Italy. The capital is Rome.

Geography
The region is in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered to the northwest by the Tuscany region, to the north by the Umbria region, to the northeast with the Marche region, to the east with the Abruzzo and Molise regions, to the southeast is the Campania region and to the west is the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Vatican City is within the region.

The main river in the region is the Tiber. The highest mountain in the region is Monte Gorzano, on the border with the Abruzzo region, with an altitude of .

The Pontine Islands () are an archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy. They are part of Lazio.

Provinces
Lazio has four provinces and one Metropolitan city (Rome).

Largest municipalities
The 10 communi with more people living in it are:

References

Other websites

 Lazio Region Official site
Nikolaus August Otto (June 14, 1832 - January 28, 1891) was a German engineer. He is the inventor of the internal-combustion engine. This engine was the first to burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Up until his invention, all engines were external-combustion engines steam engines and burnt their fuel in a separate compartment.

1832 births
1891 deaths
German engineers
German inventors
The Uralic languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Eastern Europe and Asia but originated somewhere in eastern Siberia near Lake Baikal.

There are two modern main kinds: the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages.

Origin 
The proto-Uralic languages and the early Uralic people originated somewhere in eastern Siberia or possibly Northeast Asia. They were closely related to other Siberian and East Asian but also Inuit people. They migrated into central Siberia and then about 3,000 years ago started to migrate to the Baltic region in northeastern Europe. They assimilated many Paleo-European tribes. Genetic and anthropologic studies show that the early Uralic people were similar to various Siberian and East Asian people (Mongoloids).

External relations 

Several linguists and geneticists suggest that the Uralic languages are related to various Siberian languages and possibly also some languages of northern Native Americans. A proposed family is named Uralo-Siberian. It includes Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut (Inuit), possibly Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan.

List of Uralic languages
Finno-Ugric languages
Hungarian
Khanty
Mansi
Estonian
Finnish
Karelian
Livonian
Votic
Ingrian
Saami
Erzya
Moksha
Mari
Udmurt
Komi
Samoyedic languages
Nenets

References

Other weblinks
Iranian language may refer to:
Languages of Iran
Iranic languages
 
Languages of Iran
The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of Indo-Iranian languages. They are mostly spoken in Southern Asia, including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancient ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include many modern languages like Marathi, Odia, Hindustani (including modern Hindi and Urdu), Romani, and Sanskrit, which is the sacred language of Hindus.

Related pages 
Languages of South Asia

Further reading
Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271-279.

Other websites 
 The Indo Aryan languages 
 The Indic languages
The Indo-Iranian languages or Indo-Iranic languages are the largest group of the Indo-European language family. They include the Indo-Aryan (Indic) and Iranic (Iranian) languages. They are mostly spoken in the Indian subcontinent and the Iranian plateau. Originally, they were spoken in Central Asia, to the east and the north of the Caspian Sea.

Indo-Aryan languages

There are about 221 Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages, with more than 800 million speakers.

Below are the most widely spoken Indo-Aryan languages.

 Punjabi (regional official language in India; regional de-facto co-official provincial language in Pakistan)
 Bengali (official language in Bangladesh; regional official language in India)
 Marathi (regional official language in India)
 Hindustani (in the form of Urdu; official language in Pakistan; regional official language in India alongside Hindi, another form of Hindustani)

Sanskrit, the sacred language of the Hindus, is also an Indo-Aryan language. Today it is spoken by around 14,000 people, is an official language in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and is one of the 22 official languages of India.

Iranian languages

There are about 86 Iranian languages, or Iranic languages as argued by some scholars, with between 150 and 200 million speakers.

Below are the most widely spoken Iranian languages.
 Persian (official language in Iran; also official as Dari in Afghanistan and as Tajik in Tajikistan)
 Pashto (official language in Afghanistan)
 Kurdish (official language in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)

The Iranian languages also contain the extinct language Avestan, which is used in the Zoroastrian scriptures of Zoroastrianism. It is similar to Sanskrit but is not widely spoken today.

Nuristani, Bangani, and Badeshi

Some scholars consider the Nuristani and Bangani languages as part of the Indo-Aryan subgroup, but some other scholars consider them as two separate subgroups of Indo-Iranian. The Badeshi language is also an unclassified Indo-Iranian language.

References
The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the largest language family of the Indo-European group. Slavic languages and dialects are spoken in Central, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and northern Asia.

List of Slavic languages

East Slavic languages 
These languages are usually written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

 Ukrainian
 Belarusian
 Russian
 Rusyn

West Slavic languages 
These languages are usually written with the Roman alphabet.

 Czech-Slovak languages
 Czech
 Knaanic
 Slovak
 Pannonian Rusyn
 Lechitic languages
 Polish
 Silesian
 Pomeranian
 Kashubian
 Slovincian
 Polabian
 Sorbian
 Upper Sorbian 
 Lower Sorbian

South Slavic languages 
These languages may be written with the Cyrillic or Latin script, depending on the language.
 Eastern 
 Bulgarian
 Macedonian
 Western
 Serbian
 Montenegrin
 Bosnian
 Croatian
 Burgenland Croatian
 Molise Croatian
 Bunjevac Croatian
 Slovenian

Pan-Slavic languages 
 Interslavic

Other websites 
 Slavic Grammar Matrix

 
Languages of Europe
Language-related lists
Padua () is an Italian city near Venice. It has about 210,000 people.

An old myth says that Padua was founded by the Trojan Antenore. There was a settlement since the 4th century before Christ. It got under Roman power in 215 B.C. In 426 A.D. Padua became destroyed by Attila. Narses reconstructed the city, but the Langobardes destroyed it a second time. Charles, the Great got Padua in 774 under power of the Francs, later the city joined the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.

After struggles with Frederic Barbarossa it declared peace in 1177. In 1222 the second university of Italy was founded in Padua. The Gulfs got Padua in 1256, later the Republic of Venice got control about the city until Napoleon Bonaparte got it.

Other websites 
 The official site in Italian language

 
Capital cities in Italy
Mary Patricia McAleese (born 27 June 1951) was the eighth President of the Republic of Ireland from 1997 to 2011. She was first elected president in 1997 and was re-elected to another seven years in 2004 through 2011. She was ranked the 55th most powerful woman in the world on a list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes, despite the ceremonial nature of the presidency.

She is the first President of Ireland to be born in Northern Ireland.  She is also Ireland's second woman president, and the first in the world to succeed another woman.

Related pages
 President of Ireland

1951 births
Living people
Fianna Fáil politicians
Northern Ireland politicians
Politicians from Belfast
A writing system (also called a script) is a system of symbols used to represent language. There are different kinds of writing systems, with symbols that represent different things. For example, English uses an alphabet (the Latin alphabet).

Types of writing systems 
There are many different types of writing systems. Each grapheme, or symbol, can mean different things in different writing systems. Depending on what an individual symbol means, such as a whole word or a sound, each writing system is categorized as a different type.

Logography 
A logography is a writing system with symbols that mean whole words or symbols that represent ideas. These symbols are called "logograms" or "logographs". Examples of logographies are Chinese characters (used in Chinese) and hieroglyphs.

Syllabary 
A syllabary is a writing system with symbols that each mean a syllable. Examples of syllabaries are hiragana and katakana (used in Japanese) and the Cherokee syllabary (used in Cherokee).

Alphabet 

An alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean individual sounds (or phonemes). There are different types of alphabets.

True alphabets 
A true alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean both consonants and vowels. Examples of alphabetic writing systems are the Latin alphabet, (used in large parts of the world), the Greek alphabet (used in Greek), and the Cyrillic alphabet (used in many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where Russia had a major influence during the days of the Soviet Union).

Abjad 

Alphabets that only write consonants (and do not write vowels) are called abjads. Examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet, which is used in much of the Muslim world, and the Hebrew alphabet used for Jewish languages like Hebrew and Yiddish. Both of these abjads are written in lines that run from right to left. The logic is that people in those areas know what vowels are used when the words are spoken.

Abugida 

Abugidas are alphabets where consonants are written as a symbol, and vowels are written as diacritics. Examples of abugidas are many writing systems of India and Southeast Asia, such as Devanagari (used in Hindi and Sanskrit).

Direction of writing 
Each writing system can be written in different directions. English (which uses the Latin alphabet) is written from left to right. Some languages, like Arabic, are written from right to left.

Some languages, like Chinese and Japanese, can be written vertically (from top to bottom).

Related pages 
 Writing tool
 Constructed script - a writing system made by someone for a specific purpose

References 

Writing systems
Scent marks are what animals leave when they are marking their territory. The leader of the pack rubs his/her scent on his/her pack. This helps establish which animal belongs to which pack, and also which animal is the leader.

Other websites 

Animals

en:Territory (animal)#Spraying
Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. It is on the coast of the Indian Ocean. As of 2004, about 1,114,000 people live in the city. Maputo was founded in the 18th century. The original name was Lourenço Marques, but it was changed after independence. Lisbon in Portugal is a twin town of Maputo. Eduardo Mondlane University is in Maputo.

Baixa de Maputo is a historic district.

Capital cities in Africa
Provinces of Mozambique
Geography of Mozambique
The concept of original sin refers generally to the Christian belief in the universal nature of sin. Original sin is considered to be the result of the story of Adam and Eve in The Bible.  In that story (Genesis 3), God only made one rule for them: They must not eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. But the snake told Eve, that eating the fruit would make Eve like God. Eve then persuaded Adam to eat the fruit. After they had broken  God's only rule, they were removed from the Garden of Eden.

Then Genesis tells the story of how their oldest son Cain killed his brother Abel. Based mostly on this and many other stories and passages in the Bible and Saint Paul's statement in Romans 5:12 (Sin entered the world because one man, Adam, sinned, and death came because of sin. Everyone sinned, so death came to all people.--NIV), Christians traditionally believe that no human is without sin.  

More specifically the term "original sin" refers to the state of being part of the human race. This was first explained fully by Saint Augustine in his writings against the Pelagians. The Eastern Orthodox Churches do not believe in this specific doctrine of Original Sin.

Christian theology
American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is the largest airline of the United States. It is based in Fort Worth It was founded in 1930 with the name American Airways. 82 small airlines were combined in 1930 to form American. In 1934, the name was officially changed to American Airlines. American was the first airline to have computerized reservations, a frequent-flyer program and an airline lounge. In 1999, American helped start Oneworld. In 2001, American bought TWA. In 2011, American filed for bankruptcy. American was combined with US Airways in 2013. In 2016, American will introduce a new no-frills fare. This is to compete with many low-cost carriers.

Accidents and incidents (only 5 listed) 
 American Airlines Flight 191 (1979)
 American Airlines Flight 70 (1988)
 American Airlines Flight 11 (2001)
 American Airlines Flight 77 (2001)
 American Airlines Flight 587 (2001)

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 American Airlines official website
American Airlines Video and Audio on MarketWatch

1926 establishments in the United States
Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Texas
Fort Worth, Texas
United Airlines, commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline. It was founded in Boise, Idaho in 1926 and it is currently the second largest airline in the United States to date. It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. On May 3, 2010, it was announced that Continental Airlines would merge with United to become one company. The new airlines will take the United name but use Continental's globe identity and livery. There was a lot of negative reaction to the new livery.  Most people were in favor of the iconic "Tulip" logo, designed by Saul Bass in 1973.

Accidents and incidents
The following is a handful of memorable incidents involving United Airlines flights;

United Airlines Flight 826 on December 16, 1960.
United Airlines Flight 553 on December 8, 1972.
United Airlines Flight 811 on February 24, 1989.
United Airlines Flight 232
September 11 attacks
United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m.
United Airlines Flight 93 at 10:03 a.m.
United Airlines Flight 328 on February 20, 2021.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 

Airlines of the United States
History of Chicago
Star Alliance
1926 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Idaho
IATA members
Companies based in Chicago, Illinois
Romanization or Latinization of Ukrainian is how to write the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Latin letters are the type that are currently used for this article.

This makes the language easier for non-Ukrainian people to read and pronounce.

There are two different kinds of Romanization. These methods are transliteration, representing written text, and transcription, representing the spoken words.

Transliteration 
Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using a Latin writing system.

The International scholarly system, also called scientific transliteration, is most often seen in linguistic publications about Slavic languages. Each character represents one meaningful unit of sound. This is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet.

Transcription
Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone, and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. It is more specifed as the Transliteration.

Table of latinization Ukrainian letters

 a Notes for the Ukrainian National system
 Transliteration can be rendered in a simplified form:
 Doubled consonants ж, х, ц, ч, ш are simplified, for example Запоріжжя→Zaporizhia.
 Apostrophe and soft sign are omitted, except for ьо and ьї which are always rendered as ’o and ’i.
b. gh is used in the romanization of зг (zgh), avoiding confusion with ж (zh).
c. The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.

Romanization
A time bomb is bomb with a timer on it. When the timer reaches zero, the bomb will explode.

Explosives
Events 
 March 25 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens.
 April 7 – Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII
 April – Admiral Robert Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
 May 7 Pope Alexander VII is chosen to be pope.
 May 10 – English troops land on Jamaica
 August 9 – Oliver Cromwell divides England into districts under major-generals
 New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces.
 The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected, the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library.
 Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan
Year 1412 (MCDXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
January 16 – The Medici family are  made official bankers of the Papacy.
End of the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan.
Emperor Shoko ascends to the throne of Japan.
John II of Castile, declared Valladolid laws that restricted the social rights of Jews. Among many other resrictions the laws forced Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denied from them any administrative positions.

Births 
January 6 – Joan of Arc
Zinedine Yazid Zidane (born 23 June 1972, nicknamed Zizou, Yaz and ZZ) is a French former football player that played as a Midfielder. He played for four European clubs and the French national team. He was the current manager of Real Madrid since 2016 to 2021.

Early life
Zidane was born in Marseille, France and is of Kabyle Berber descent.

Career
Zidane played for several famous football clubs, like Juventus of Italy and Real Madrid of Spain. He led France to win the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship. In 2002 he also won the UEFA Champions League for Real Madrid, which was the ninth championship for Real Madrid. Zidane was picked as the FIFA World Player of the Year three times. He led France to the 2006 World Cup final and was arguably the best player in the tournament. He was said to be one of the greatest players of his generation and of all time.

Retirement
In 2006, Zidane announced that he would retire after the World Cup. Zidane was famous for headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest during the 2006 FIFA World Cup final at the 110th minute of extra time and was sent off with a red card. France eventually lost 5-3 in penalties to Italy and got second place. This incident was widely known as the Zidane headbutt. There is even a sculpture of it in Doha, Qatar.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Cannes||rowspan="4"|Division 1||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1989/90||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1990/91||28||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|-
|1991/92||31||5||0||0||4||0||35||5
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="4"|Division 1||35||10||0||0||colspan="2"|-||35||10
|-
|1993/94||34||6||0||0||6||2||40||8
|-
|1994/95||37||6||3||2||4||1||44||9
|-
|1995/96||33||6||14||3||8||1||55||10

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Juventus||rowspan="5"|Serie A||29||5||9||1||10||2||48||8
|-
|1997/98||32||7||13||5||11||3||56||15
|-
|1998/99||25||2||6||0||10||0||41||2
|-
|1999/00||32||4||14||5||4||0||50||9
|-
|2000/01||33||6||7||2||4||0||44||8

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Real Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||31||7||9||1||9||3||49||11
|-
|2002/03||33||9||7||3||14||3||54||15
|-
|20018/04||33||6||11||4||10||3||54||13
|-
|2004/05||29||6||0||0||10||0||39||6
|-
|2005/06||29||9||15||5||4||0||48||14
200||34||17||5||22||4||239||43
151||24||49||13||49||5||249||42
155||37||42||13||47||9||244||59
506||95||108||31||118||18||732||144
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||2||2
|-
|1995||6||2
|-
|1996||12||1
|-
|1997||8||1
|-
|1998||15||5
|-
|1999||6||1
|-
|2000||13||4
|-
|2001||8||2
|-
|2002||9||1
|-
|2003||7||3
|-
|2004||7||4
|-
|2005||5||2
|-
|2006||10||3
|-
!Total||108||31
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
French footballers
Sportspeople from Marseille
Events 
January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
April 1 – The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zealand, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam), under rebel control.
June 25 – The Sea Beggars capture the city Gorkum. Several Roman Catholic priests are put into a prison.
July 9 – The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests at Brielle.
August 18 – Wedding in Paris of the Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre with Marguerite de France, sister of King Charles, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.
August 24 – St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris. Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny, at the order of King Charles IX. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Condé barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.
November 9 – Siege of Sancerre Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city held out for nearly eight months without bombard artillery. It was one of the last time slings were used in European history.
 December – The Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands, lays siege to Haarlem.
 Ending of the Muromachi period in Japan
 Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572 in Cassiopeia
 Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, conquered by Spanish
Events 
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) 
 Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
 Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband Louis of Bavaria are absolved from excommunication.
 Second Treaty of London signed between England and France, but rejected by the French States-General on May 25.
Events 
 February 24 – Margaret I defeats Albert in battle, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
 June 28 – Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. Both leaders, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Murad I were killed in battle.
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I (1359-1389) to Beyazid I (1389-1402)
The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa. With the giraffe they form the family Giraffidae.

Appearance 
The okapi has a reddish brown body, a whitish gray face, and white and black stripes on its legs. The okapi has a few features that show its link to giraffes. Its height is not as large as giraffes.

Life 
Okapis live in the rainforests of central Africa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

They are mostly active during the day. Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.

Okapis usually live alone. After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby okapi, which drinks milk for up to 6 months. Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old. In captivity, okapis can live for 30 years or so.

Other information 
The okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time. In the past, scientists thought that the okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.

The International Society for Cryptozoology uses the okapi as its symbol, because the okapi was unknown for a long time.

Other websites 
 Okapi fact sheet at BBC.com 

Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of Africa
Amman (), is the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the capital of the Amman Governorate. It is the largest city in the Kingdom and one of the largest Arab cities in terms of population, with a population in 2014 of about 4 million, which also makes it one of the fastest growing cities in the world. The city is located in the center of the Kingdom at latitude 31 north and longitude 35 east in an area covering 20 mountains.

Amman is the commercial and administrative center of Jordan and its economic and educational heart. Amman has become a magnet for many Arab communities due to its distinguished location and contemporary architecture. Amman attracts many tourists annually from Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and from the neighboring and nearby Arab countries. Many families of the Arab Gulf countries in particular visit the city, as there are many tourist attractions in general and medical treatment in particular. As a result of Amman’s location in such a strategic location in the Levant and the Middle East, its location controls the national economy and drives 90% of investment at the national level. 

The history of Amman dates back to the seventh millennium BC, and thus it is considered one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. Amman is an ancient city built on the ruins of a city known as “Rabbath Ammon,” later “Philadelphia,” and finally “Amman,” a modification from “Rabbath Ammon,” and the Ammonites took it as their capital. The city was established on seven hills, and it seems that it was the center of the region at that time. It is one of the four capitals of the Levant. It is also one of the ancient Levantine cities that became the capital of the Emirate of Transjordan and then the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after its independence in 1946 from Britain. 

Modern Amman is inhabited by a diverse group of residents of different origins who came from different regions. Some of them came from nearby Jordanian cities, some came from Palestine, and some came from the Caucasus, Syria and Iraq. 

The Greater Amman Municipality has recently witnessed a huge development, as Amman has expanded in a way that the city has never seen before. Amman's comprehensive plan has won international awards, including the Global Leadership Award in Urban Planning and the City Award for the Asian Continent for 2007. The number of administrative regions in the Greater Amman Municipality is 22 geographically distributed regions, each region contains its staff. As for the administrative aspect, there is the Greater Amman Municipality Council, which includes 68 members headed by the Mayor of the Capital, and the Council is in turn divided into 14 different committees. 

It is noteworthy that March 2 was adopted as city of Amman day the after the Jordanian Cabinet approved a decision in the beginning of 2021, as part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Jordanian state.

References

Other websites 

 Amman Street Food documentary on Youtube
 Amman Digital Community Facebook page
 Greater Amman Municipality Facebook page
 Amman public transportation map

Capital cities in Asia
Cities in Jordan
Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/;  ar-Riyāḍ Najdi pronunciation: ) is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Nejd and Al-Yamama. It is in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 6.5 million people.

The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the governor of Riyadh Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan. He was appointed mayor in 2015. It has been designated a global city.

History

Early history

During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site was called Hajr (), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.

Geography and climate

City districts

Riyadh is divided into fifteen branch municipalities, in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North"). Olaya District is the commercial heart of the city, with accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options. The Kingdom Center, Al Faisalyah and Al-Tahlya Street are the area's most prominent landmarks. The centre of the city, Al-Bathaa and Al-Dir'iyyah, is also its oldest part.

Climate  

Classified as having a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), temperatures during the summer months are extremely hot. The average high temperature in August is 43.6 °C. Winters are warm with cool, windy nights. The overall climate is arid, and the city experiences very little rainfall, especially in summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April. It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under . On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing suspension of classes in many schools in the area and cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international.

References
Popular culture is culture which interests the general masses of people. It is influenced and spread by mass media. People experience or learn popular culture by hearing popular music on the radio, watching television, playing video games, or reading popular books and magazines. Popular culture may affect all kinds of knowledge or thought, including art, religion, or language.

Popular culture as a problem in society   
Popular culture does not follow any one system of ideas, customs, philosophy, religion, or morality. Some of its forms include grammar, language, or pictures that are not accepted under a society's customs. For this reason a society or government may not approve of popular culture. If a government thinks that any form of it may harm people or cause society to change in a bad way, the government may ban it. This practice is known as censorship. In some countries popular culture is protected under freedom of speech or other rights.

American popular culture 
The United States is an industrialized country (see industrialization) in which citizens use mass media. Its government protects language and cultures under freedom of speech. The U.S. has had periods of popular culture since the 20th century. For instance, after World War II a group of children known as Baby boomers experienced a sudden expansion of popular culture.