cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Planaria is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type. 

Planaria are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body. 

Planaria are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of  ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water. 

The digestive system of Planaria consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body. 

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. Planaria do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move.  Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads.

Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon.

References 

Flatworms
The Ironbridge Gorge is a deep gorge formed by the River Severn in Shropshire, England. The area was originally called the Severn Gorge.

The area was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, because the industrial revolution started around here in the mid-1700s.

Ironbridge Gorge has mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. Coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The Iron Bridge was the world's first bridge built from iron.

History
The gorge takes its name from its famous "Iron Bridge", the first iron bridge of its kind in the world. It is a monument to the industry that began there. The bridge was built in 1779 to link the industrial town of Broseley with the smaller mining town of Madeley and the growing industrial centre of Coalbrookdale.

The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. a material which was previously far too expensive to use for large structures. However, a new blast furnace nearby lowered the cost. This encouraged local engineers and architects to solve a long-standing problem of a crossing over the river.

There are two reasons the site was so useful to the early industrialists. The raw materials, coal, iron ore, limestone and clay, for the manufacture of iron, tiles and porcelain are exposed or easily mined in the gorge. Second, the deep and wide river allowed easy transport of products to the sea.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Coalbrookdale

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Shropshire
Canyons
The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. It crosses the River Severn at the Ironbridge Gorge near the village of Ironbridge, in Shropshire, England.

The bridge is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is maintained by English Heritage who launched a crowdfunding campaign in 2017 to support a conservation project which began in 2018.  As well as repairing rusted parts of the bridge, it was painted red to match a painting from 1777 showing how the Iron Bridge looked soon after it was finished.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Ironbridge Gorge

References

Other websites

Bridges in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Shropshire
A herma, commonly in English herm is a sculpture with a head and sometimes a torso, above a tall squared pillar. Often a phallus was carved at the appropriate height. 

The form originated in Ancient Greece and was adopted by the Romans and revived in the Renaissance in the form of term figures. The name of the god Hermes comes from the word herma, and the sculptures originally represented him.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were very superstitious, and the sculptures had an apotropiac function. They were placed at cross-roads and on the borders of lands as protection. 

In Athens, they were placed outside houses, temples and gymnasiums for good luck and to avert harmful or bad influences, like the evil eye. They would be adorned with garlands, wreaths, offerings and anointed with oil to obtain luck and protection.

Gallery

Ancient Greece
Sculpture
The 26th of July Movement was the name of the political party led by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution. In Spanish, it is called Movimiento 26 de Julio, it is often abbreviated M-26-7. The name comes from the date of the attack on the Moncada Barracks, in Santiago de Cuba, which was carried out on 26th July 1953. The participants were condemned to long prison terms, but were freed at an amnesty in 1955. After this, they formed the movement. Their strategy was armed resistance, in small cells, that were spread all over the country, and were kept secret. Frank País was made the leader of the resistance in Cuba, other activists were Raúl Pujol, Celia Sánchez, Haydée Santamaría, Aldo Santamaría and Vilma Espín.

Fidel castro and other Moncadistas went into exile. Castro went to Mexico, where he met Ernesto Guevara. In 1956, Fidel and Raul Castro, Juan Almeida Bosque, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos went back to Cuba to support the cells there. After two years of guerilla fighting, Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba, in 1959. 

Until the fall of Batista, the forces did not have a Marxist ideology, rather they were different people collaborating to overturn the Batista regime. Later they started to work together with the Communist Party of Cuba. In 1961, they merged with the Communist Party.

1950s in Cuba
Political parties
Nationalist organizations
National liberation movements
1953
July events
Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was a British civil servant, cabinet member, colonial administrator, and oriental scholar best known for his administration of the famine relief effort in Ireland during the Potato Famine, while he was assistant secretary to Her Majesty's Treasury. He has been criticized for not doing enough to help the Irish during the Potato Famine. He wrote a book about the famine called The Irish Crisis.

References 

British politicians
1807 births
1886 deaths
Civil servants
Penelope is a 2006 American fantasy romantic comedy movie. It received mixed reviews by critics. It stars Christina Ricci, James McAvoy, Richard E. Grant, Peter Dinklage, Burn Gorman, Nigel Havers and Catherine O'Hara with Reese Witherspoon.

2006 comedy movies
2006 romance movies
2000s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Drosophila simulans is a species of fruit fly closely related to D. melanogaster 

It was discovered by the fly geneticist Alfred Sturtevant in 1919, when he noticed that the flies used in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory at the Columbia University were actually two distinct species: D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Males differ in the external genitalia, while trained observers can separate females using colour characteristics. 

D. melanogaster females crossed to D. simulans males produce sterile F1 females and no F1 males. The reciprocal cross produces sterile F1 males and no female progeny.

D. simulans was found later to be closely related to two island endemics, Drosophila sechellia and Drosophila mauritiana. D. simulans will mate with these sister species to form fertile females and sterile males, a fact that has made D. simulans an important model organism for research into speciation.

References
Sturtevant A.H. 1919. A new species closely resembling Drosophila melanogaster. Psyche 26: 153–155.
Sturtevant A.H. The North American species of Drosophila. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1921.

Other websites
Drosophila simulans at the Washington University in St. Louis Genome Sequencing Center

Drosophila
is the name of the a Japanese spacecraft which was sent toward Mars.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The spacecraft was launched on July 3, 1998. 
  
Nozumi was planned as a Mars-orbiting probe.  The mission was not successful because of electrical failures.  

The Nozumi probe project was ended on December 31, 2003.

International partnership
Nozomi carried scientific instruments from Japan, Canada, Germany, Sweden and the United States. including the European Space Agency, NASA and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics.

Canada provided a thermal plasma analyser. This was the Canadian Space Agency's first participation in an interplanetary mission.

References

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Nozomi (Planet-B) mission profile 
 National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), Nozomi 

Japanese space program
Canada
Spacecraft
is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent into space to collect a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa.

The mission was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Hayabusa was sent into space on May 9, 2003. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid.  The mission was successfully completed in June 2010 when the spacecraft returned to earth in June 2010.

Mission
Hayabusa studied Itokawa's shape, spin, topography, colour, composition, density, and history. The Hayabusa mission was the first time that an attempt was made to bring an asteroid dust sample to earth for analysis.

In popular culture
Three different feature-length films are being made about the Hayabusa mission.

References

Further reading

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),Hayabusa (Muses-C) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Spacecraft
21st century in Japan
Jessica Michelle Chastain (born March 17, 1986) is an American actress. She is ranked as one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2012.

Filmography
Dark Shadows (2004) - Carolyn Stoddard Television series
Blackbeard (2006) - Charlotte Ormand Television series
Jolene (2008) - Jolene
Stolen (2009) - Sally Ann
Murder on the Orient Express (2010) - Mary Debenham Television series
The Debt (2010) - Rachel Singer (young)
Take Shelter (2011) - Samantha LaForche
Coriolanus (2011) - Virgilia
The Tree of Life (2011) - Mrs. O'Brien
The Help (2011) - Celia Foote
Wilde Salome (2011) - Salome
Texas Killing Fields (2011) - Pam Stall
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012) - Voice of Gia
Lawless (2012) - Maggie
Tar (2012) - Mrs. Williams
Zero Dark Thirty (2012) - Maya
Mama (2013) - Annabel
Interstellar (2014) - Murphy Cooper
It – Chapter Two (2019) - Adult Beverly Marsh

Personal life
Chastain married Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo in 2017. They have a daughter.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Sacramento, California
1977 births
Living people
was a  after Yōwa and before Genryaku.  This period started in May 1182 and ended in March 1184.  The reigning emperors were Antoku-tennō (安徳天皇) and .

Events of the Juei era
 1182 (Juei 1): The entire country suffers a famine.
 14 August 1183 (Juei 2, 25th day of 7th month): the Taira (also known as the Heike)  flee the capital with Emperor Antoku.
 8 September 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Antoku's reign, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa named another emperor; and the young child was given the acceptance of abdication rites (juzen). Go-Shirakawa wanted it to look like the succession (senso) was received by someone other than Antoku; and soon after, Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the responsibility and powers of the emperor (sokui).   Emperor Go-Toba is enthroned without the imperial regalia.
 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): When Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Genji, there were two emperors  one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Rush Hour is an 1998 American movie by New Line Cinema. It stars Chris Tucker, Jackie Chan, Julia Hsu, Philip Baker Hall, Tom Wilkinson, Ken Leung and Chris Penn.  It was followed by the sequel movies, Rush Hour 2 (2001) and Rush Hour 3 (2007).

Cast 
 Jackie Chan as Inspector Yan Niang Lee
 Chris Tucker as Detective James Carter
 Julia Hsu as Soo-Yung
 Phillip Baker Hall as Captain Bill Diel
 Tom Wilkinson as Griffin / Juntao
 Ken Leung as Sang
 Chris Penn as Clive Cod

Jackie Chan Stunt Team 
 Kwan Yung
 Mars
 Ken Lo
 William Tuan
 Johnny Cheung
 Andy Cheng
 Nicky Li
 Chan Man Ching
 Stuart Yee
 James Lew

Sequel 
 Rush Hour 2 (2001)
 Rush Hour 3 (2007)

Release dates 

American comedy movies
American action movies
1998 movies
Movies directed by Brett Ratner
Multilingual movies
was a  after Bunji and before Shōji.  This period started in April 1190 and ended in April 1199. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kenkyū era
 1191 (Kenkyū 2): Esai brings Zen Buddhism to Japan
 26 April 1192 (Kenkyū 3, 13th day of the 3rd month): Former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa died at the age of 66.  He had been father or grandfather to five emperors -- Emperor Nijō, the 78th emperor; Emperor Rokujō, the 79th emperor; Emperor Takakura, the 80th emperor; Emperor Antoku, the 81st emperor; and Go-Toba, the 82nd emperor.
 21 August 1192 (Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month): Minamoto Yoritomo was named leader of the forces to fight the in the north of Japan.
 15 April 1195 (Kenkyū 6, 4th day of the 3rd month): Shogun Yoritomo visited the capital.
 18 February 1198 (Kenkyū 9, 11th day of the 1st month): In the 15th year of Go-Toba's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his eldest son.
 1198 (Kenkyū 9, 3rd month): Emperor Tsuchimikado accepted his official role as emperor (sokui).
 9 February 1199 (Kenkyū 10, 13th day of the 1st month): Shogun Yoritomo died at age 53 in Kamakura.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1190 establishments
1190s establishments in Japan
1199 disestablishments
12th-century disestablishments in Japan
2112 is the fourth studio album released by the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. The album was released in 1976.

The album is most famous for its song 2112, which has the same name as the album. It is a seven-part epic that lasts about twenty minutes. It tells the story of a man living in a dystopian society in the year 2112. The first song takes up the entire first side of the album, while the second side featured a few more songs.

Track listing
All lyrics by Neil Peart and music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson, except where noted.
Side one
 "2112" – 20:38
 I: "Overture" – 4:33 (0:00—4:33)
 II: "The Temples of Syrinx" – 2:12 (4:33—6:45)
 III: "Discovery" (music: Lifeson) – 3:29 (6:45—10:14)
 IV: "Presentation" (music: Lifeson) – 3:42 (10:14—13:56)
 V: "Oracle: The Dream" – 2:00 (13:56—15:56)
 VI: "Soliloquy" – 2:21 (15:56—18:17)
 VII: "Grand Finale" – 2:14 (18:17—20:33)
Side two
 "A Passage to Bangkok" – 3:34
 "The Twilight Zone" – 3:19
 "Lessons" (Lifeson) – 3:53
 "Tears" (Lee) – 3:35
 "Something for Nothing" (music: Lee) – 4:00

References

1976 albums
Rush albums
Progressive rock albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
was a  after Shōji and before Genkyū.  This period started in February 1201 and ended in February 1204. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kennin era

 1202 (Kennin 2, 1st month): Nitta Yoshishige died.  He was the deputy director for cuisine for the Dairi (大炊助) in the palace.  His court rank was 2nd rank of the 5th class (従五位下).
 1202 (Kennin 2, 7th month): Minamoto no Yoriie was raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class; and he was named the 2nd shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.
 1202 (Kennin 2, 10th month):  The naidaijin Minamoto no Michichika died at 54;  and his court position was then filled by dainagon Fujiwara no Takatada.
 1202 (Kennin 2): On orders from Shogun Minamoto no Yoriie, the monk Eisai founded Kennin-ji, a Zen temple and monastery.
 1203 (Kennin 3, 8th month): Shogun Yoriie fell gravely ill.
 1203 (Kennin 3, 9th month): Yoriie shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest; and the emperor named Minamoto no Sanetomo as the 3rd shogun.Hōjō Tokimasa became Sanetomo's shikken (regent).

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1201 establishments
1204 disestablishments
The spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), or the common caiman, is a medium sized crocodilian species that lives in the wetland areas of South America. This size of this species generally can get up to between . The spectacled caiman gets its name from the bony ridge between its eyes, looking like a pair of eyeglasses. As the seasons get colder, this caiman can change colors. Spectacled caimans have been known to eat insects, crustaceans, and mollusks.

In captivity 
According to ISIS, there are known to be 170 spectacled caimans in zoos.

Other websites

Crocodilia
The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda was made in 1966 by Gordon Christopher.  It is similar to the Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.  The symbolism is more complex.

At the top of the Coat of Arms is a pineapple.  The island is famous for this fruit.  Many plants are around the shield: red hibiscus, sugarcane, and yucca plant.  The pair of deer are for the wildlife of the islands.

The shield shows the sun, also found on the flag, rising from a blue and white sea. The sun is for a new beginning. The black background is for the African origins of many of the nations's people. At the bottom of the shield, in front of the sea, sits a sugar mill.  

The national motto is at the bottom: "Each endeavouring, all achieving".

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm.  Queen Elizabeth II is the reigning monarch since November 1, 1981. She is Antigua and Barbuda's head of state.

Many of the jobs of the government are done by the Governor-General.

Antigua and Barbuda
Current monarchies
The Reader is a 2008 German-American romantic drama movie. It stars Ralph Fiennes as Michael Berg and Kate Winslet as Hanna Schmitz. It was directed by Stephen Daldry, produced by Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack and written by David Hare. It is based on a 1995 German novel. The Reader was nominated for many Academy Awards, including a Best Picture nomination. Winslet won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role.

Other websites 

2008 drama movies
2008 romance movies
2000s romantic drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American romantic drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
English-language movies
German-language movies
German romance movies
German drama movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 1990s
is a World Heritage Site in Hokkaidō, Japan. The park covers the Shiretoko Peninsula which faces the Sea of Okhotsk.  

The word "Shiretoko" is comes from an Ainu word "". It means "end of the Earth".

History
Shiretoko National Park was established in 1964.

In 2005, UNESCO named the area a World Heritage Site. UNESCO also suggested that Japan should work with Russia to make an international "World Heritage Peace Park" including the Kuril Islands. Both Japan and Russia claim these islands as part of their countries.

Geography
Shiretoko is hard to get to. Visitors must go to most places on foot or by boat.   There is a hot springs waterfall called .  means "water of the gods" in Ainu.

Plants
The park forests are temperate and subalpine. There are several different types of trees. The most common trees here are Sakhalin fir, Erman's birch, and Mongolian oak.

Animals
The park has Japan's largest mammal species of Ezo brown bears.

References

Other websites
 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
1964 establishments in Asia
National parks in Asia
1960s establishments in Japan
Hip replacement is a surgery where the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. This joint replacement is usually done to relieve arthritis pain or fix very bad joint damage.

Types of Hip Replacement Surgeries 
There are three types of hip replacement surgeries.

 Total hip replacement
 Partial hip replacement
 Hip surfacing

Who can benefit from a hip replacement? 
Your doctor may recommend a hip replacement if you have significant pain, swelling, and damage to your hip joint due to the following conditions:

 Osteoarthritis (most common)
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
 Injury such as hip fracture
 Tumor in the hip joint

Recovery Time 
Typically, after 6 to 12 weeks, you will make a full recovery from hip replacement surgery. You will still need follow-up appointments to make sure your hip is healing.

Most people can resume their daily activities after six weeks. You may be discharged from the hospital after 2 to 4 days. Here are some points that can help you speed up your recovery after surgery.

References 

Joints
Surgery
A slurry is, in general, a thick suspension of solids in a liquid.

Uses
There are many kinds of slurries, including
 A mixture of cement and water to form concrete
 A mixture of thickening agent, oxidizers, and water used to form a gel explosive
 A mixture of pyroclastic rock and water known as a lahar
 A mixture of bentonite and water used to make slurry walls
 A mixture of coal waste and water known as coal slurry
 A mixture of wood pulp and water used to make paper
 A mixture of animal waste and water used as fertilizer
 A mixture of finely ground meat and water, centrifugally dewatered into meat slurry, a food product
 An abrasive substance used in chemical-mechanical polishing
 A mixture of ice crystals, freezing point depressant, and water called slurry ice
 A mixture of raw materials and water involved in the rawmill manufacture of Portland cement
 A mixture of minerals, water, and additives used in the manufacture of ceramics  
 A mixture of water and food starch used to thicken puddings, sauces, and gravys.

Related pages
 Asphalt

References

Other websites

Materials
was a  after Genkyū and before Jōgen.  This period started in April 1206 and ended in October 1207.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Ken'ei era
 1206 (Ken'ei 1, 2nd month): Shogun Sanetomo's standing at court was raised to the 2nd rank of the 4th class.
 16 April 1206 (Ken'ei 1, 7th day of the 3rd month): The emperor planned to pay a visit to the Kujō Yoshitsune, but in the night before this visit, an unknown assassin killed  Yoshitsune.  After the killing, Konoe Iezane was made sesshō (regent) and Fujiwara no Tadatsune was made the  Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 1206 (Ken'ei 1, 12th month):  Konoe Iezane stopped being sesshō; and instead, he became Chancellor (kampaku).
 1207 (Ken'ei 1): Hōnen and his followers are exiled

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1206 establishments
1207 disestablishments
, also known as Shōgen, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Ken'ei and before Kenryaku.  This period spanned the years from October 1207 through March 1211.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Jōgen era

 1208 (Jōgen 2, 6th month): Tsuchimikado went to the Kumano Sanzan Shrine.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 5th month): The emperor returned to the Kumano Shrine.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 6th month): Tsuchimikado accepted Hideyasu of Kazusa as part of the court.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 8th month): The emperor visited the Kasuga Shrine.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 9th month): A comet with a very long tail appeared in the night sky.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 25th day of the 11th month): In the 12th year of Tsuchimikado's reign, the emperor abdicated for no particular reason; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger brother, the second son of the former-Emperor Go-Toba.  Soon after, Emperor Juntoku's role as emperor was confirmed (sokui).

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1210s disestablishments in Japan
1207 establishments
1211 disestablishments
Biwer is a commune and small town in eastern Luxembourg.

The commune is in the canton of Grevenmacher,  which is part of the old district of Grevenmacher.  It is made up of Biwer, Boudler, Brouch, Hegelsdorf, Wecker and Weydig.

In Biwer, the largest village of the commune,  are every public buildings. There are  the primary school called 'An der Wiss', the cultural centre 'Fancy', a swimming pool, a sports hall and a day-care centre.

References

Other websites

 Biwer commune website 

Communes in Luxembourg
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Kenryaku and before Jōkyū.  This period started in December 1213 and ended in April 1219. The reigning emperor was Juntoku-tennō (順徳天皇).

Events of the Kempo era
 1213 (Kempo 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an earthquake at Kamakura.
 1213 (Kempo 1, 11th month): Fujiwara no Teika, also known as Fujiwara no Sadeie offered a collection of 8th century poems to Shogun Sanetomo.  These poems were collectively known as the Man'yōshū.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 2nd month): Shogun Sanetomoand the Buddhist priest Eisai drank tea, together.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 3rd month): The emperor went to Kasuga.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 4th month): Enryaku-ji was burned; and Sanetomo paid for repairs.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 1st month): Hōjō Tokimasa died at age 78 in the mountains of Izu Province.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 6th month):  Eisai died at age 75.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 8th-9th months): There were many earthquakes in the Kamakura area.
 1217 (Kempo 5, 8th-9th months): The emperor visited the Shrines at Hirano and at Ōharano near Kyoto.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1210s establishments in Asia
1210s disestablishments in Japan
1213 establishments
13th-century establishments in Japan
1219 disestablishments
Il Canzoniere is a collection of 365 poems. It was written by the Italian poet Petrarch between 1336 and 1373.
Its central theme is the poet's love for Laura, a woman Petrarch allegedly met on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon

Other websites 
Il Canzoniere online
Il Canzoniere text
 Canzoniere (different edition) and other works
 Petrarch and Laura Multi-lingual site

14th-century books
Poetry
, also called Shōkyū, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Kempō and before Jōō.  This period started in April 1219 and ended in April 1222. The reigning emperor was Juntoku-tennō (順徳天皇).

Events of the Jōkyū era
 12 February 1219 (Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month): Shogun Sanetomo was assassinated on the steps of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura."
 1220 (Jōkyū 2, 2nd month): The emperor visited the Iwashimizu Shrine and the Kamo Shrines.
 13 May 1221 (Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month): In the 11th year of Juntoku's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old.  Soon after, Emperor Chūkyō is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  Chūkyō was emperor for only a few months.
 29 July 1221 (Jōkyū 3, 9th day of the 7th month): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been Chūkyō's reign, he abdicated; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (senso) was received by a grandson of former Emperor Go-Toba.
 1221 (Jōkyū 3): The Jōkyū War (Jōkyū no ran) was an armed attempt by Emperor Go-Toba to take power from the Kamakura shogunate.  The effort did not succeed.
 14 January 1222 (Jōkyū 3, 1st day of the 12th month): Emperor Go-Horikawa's role as emperor was confirmed (sokui).

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was  killed

Japanese eras
1219
1220
1221
1222
1220s in Japan
Viola Davis (born August 11 1965) is an American movie actress. She has starred in many movies, including Traffic and Antwone Fisher and Suicide Squad. She has also done many television programs. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2017 for her role in Fences (2016).

Academy Award winning actors
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors	
Satellite Award winners
1965 births
Living people
Tony Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
Diary of a Wimpy Kid is an American 2010 live-action/animated comedy movie and is based on the novel of the same name. The movie was released on March 19, 2010 (September in Australia). It was released on DVD, iTunes, and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010.

Release Dates

Awards and nominations
 2011 Kids Choice Awards
 Favorite movie (nominated) lost to The Karate Kid (2010 film)
 32nd Young Artist Awards
 Best actor in a feature film (Zach Gordon) (nomination) lost to Jaden Smith
 Best supporting actor in a feature film (Robert Capron) (nomination) lost to Billy Unger
 Best supporting actor in a feature film (Alex Ferris) (nomination) Lost to Billy Unger.
 Best ensemble in a feature film (Zach Gordon, Robert Capron, Devon Bostick, Chloë Moretz, Laine MacNeil,  Grayson Russell, Karan Brar, and Alex Ferris) (Won)
 Best supporting actress (Laine MacNeil) (nomination) lost to Diandra Newlin and Stefanie Scott

Cast
Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley.
 Nathaniel Marten as adult Greg. 
 Dylan Bell as young Greg.
Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's childish best friend.
Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother.
Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother.
Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, a seventh-grader at Greg's school who is a reporter for the school paper. She is a brand new character not found in the original books.
Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Greg's father.
Grayson Russell as Fregley, a weird classmate of Greg's.
Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, Greg's arch-enemy.
 Madison Bell as young Patty.
Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta, a friend of Greg's. 
Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother.
 Raugi Yu as Vice Principal Roy, the Vice Principal who appears on the intercom or TV giving news.
 Jennifer Clement as Mrs. Flint, Greg's homeroom teacher.
Alex Ferris as Collin Lee, Rowley's substitute best friend during his fight with Greg.
Andrew McNee as Coach Malone, Greg's gym teacher.
Belita Moreno as Mrs. Norton, Greg's acting teacher.
Afred E. Humphreys as Mr. Jefferson, Rowley's father who dislikes Greg.
Kaye Capron as Mrs. Jefferson, Rowley's mother.
 Donnie McNeil as Wade, one of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
 Nicholas Carey as Pete Hosey, the leader of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
 Samuel Patrick Chu as Carter, another one of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
 Rob LaBelle as Mr. Winsky, the leader of the Safety Patrol.
 Harrison Houde as Darren Walsh, Greg's classmate who is infamous for starting the Cheese Touch.
 Severin Korfer as Dieter Muller, a German exchange student who took the Cheese Touch with him back to his homeland.
 Owen Best as Bryce Anderson, one of Greg's classmates who was said to have a "cute butt".
 Karin Konoval as Mrs. Irvine, the woman who thought Rowley terrorized the kindergartners.
 Adam Osei as Marty Porter, the school treasurer.
 Paul Hubbard as Brock Brainigan P.I.

References

2010 comedy movies
American comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
Dame Louise Agnetha Lake-Tack, GCMG, DStJ (born 26 July 1944) is a former Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda.

Background and earlier career
Louise Lake-Tack was born in St. Philip's Parish, Antigua in 1944. She went to Freetown Government School before attending the Antigua Girls High School in St. John's. After graduating she went to the United Kingdom. She studied nursing at Charing Cross Hospital. She worked first at the National Heart Hospital and later at the Harley Street Clinic. 

Lake-Tack later studied and graduated in law.  She was a magistrate at both Marylebone and Horseferry Magistrate Courts. She also sat at Pocock Street Crown Court and Middlesex Crown Court to hear appeal cases from the lower courts. She was a member of the Antigua and Barbuda National Association (London) for the 24 years before her appointment as Governor-General.

Governor-General
She took office as Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda on 17 July 2007.  She was the first woman to hold the office. On 14 August 2014, she was replaced by Dr Rodney Williams, who took office as the 4th Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda.

Honours
Dame Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG, 13 November 2007)
Dame of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (DStJ, 16 October 2007)

References

1944 births
Living people
Governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda
Sir Lester Bryant Bird (February 21, 1938 – August 9, 2021) was the second Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1994 to 2004. He was also a well-known athlete. He was chairman of the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) from 1971 to 1983. He became Prime Minister when the previous Prime Minister resigned. The previous Prime Minister was his father, Vere Bird.

Bird Jr. was born in New York City. He went to the University of Michigan, and became a lawyer. Bird died on August 9, 2021 at the age of 83.

References

1938 births
2021 deaths
Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda
Lawyers
Male athletes
Politicians from New York City
Sportspeople from New York City
Area code 268 is the telephone area code of Antigua and Barbuda.  The 268 area code is part of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP).

When in Antigua and Barbuda, use the seven digits alone. When calling to Antigua and Barbuda from anywhere in the United States or Canada simply dial 1(268) + seven digit phone number.

Antigua and Barbuda
Area codes
During the Roman empire, the taurobolium referred to practices involving the sacrifice of a bull, which after mid-2nd century became connected with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods; though not previously limited to her cult, after 159 AD all private inscriptions mention Magna Mater (the Roman name for the goddess Cybele). Originating in Asia Minor, its earliest attested performance in Italy occurred in 134 AD.

Ritual
At the taurobolium ritual, the high-priest would stand inside a pit made specifically for the purpose of the ritual, a bull would be led above the pit and sacrificed above him, the blood of the bull would pour down onto the priest, showering him in the blood. After this, the bulls testicles were removed and taken to the sanctuary as an offering. This ritual was done as a replacement for the castration of high-priests, this was because castration of male Roman citizens was forbidden in Rome.

Related pages

 Human sacrifice, the ritual killing of a person

Religious terminology
Paganism
Gary Leah Thomasson was born July 29, 1951 in San Diego, California. He was a professional baseball player. He played outfield in Major League Baseball from 1972 to 1980 and in Japanese Nippon Pro Baseball 1981-1982

Thomasson got a lot of attention when he joined the Yomiuri Giants. He got the largest contract ever in the Nippon league. Then, Thomasson played poorly in his two years in Japan. He almost set the league record for strikeouts. He ended his career with a knee injury.

Cultural references 
Japanese artist Genpei Akasegawa used Thomasson's name to describe a kid of found art. A "Tomason" is a part of a building that has lost its meaning or purpose, but still is still interesting.

References

Other websites
 

1951 births
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
San Francisco Giants players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
A , also spelled Thomason and Thomasson in English, is a kind of conceptual art or found art. Gempei Akasegawa  created this word to describe certain kinds of useless parts of buildings or roads. These have lost their purpose as the environment around them changed.  This kind of art is not made on purpose, but becomes art when people observe and recognize it.

Origin of the name
Akasegawa named this special kind of "art" after an American baseball player who joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1981. Gary Thomasson became famous in Japan for getting the biggest baseball contract ever, then playing very poorly and retiring early.

Types of Tomason
Tomason can be grouped by features they have in common. These include: "useless stairways", "pointless doorways", "overhangs", "blocked windows", "sealed up walls", "A-bomb type",  (doors opening from a high place into open air), "outies", "poundcakes", "atago" (strange bumps or things sticking up out of the road for no reason), "premature burial" (when a wall is built partly covering an existing feature), and more.

References

Other websites
  Tomason in Sydney
 みちくさ学会ではトマソンを募集しています！ ("...looking for Tomason!") -- images
 Flickr,   thomason (超芸術トマソン) 

Art
The nematodes or roundworms are  one of the most diverse of all animal phyla. They are one of the protostome phyla.

Nematode species look very similar to one another. Over 80,000 have been described, of which over 15,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of described and undescribed roundworms might be more than 500,000.

The body structure is fairly constant. A thick cuticle gives protection, and acts as a kind of hydrostatic skeleton. Caenorhabditis elegans has had its genetics studied intensively, and had its genome analysed in 1998. DNA sequence analysis of nematodes is quite advanced, including trees of species relationship.

Cell numbers in the organs are constant within a species. Nematodes have a fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as eutely. The male C. elegans has 1031 cells, a number which does not change after cell division stops at the end of the larval period. Growth is solely due to an increase in the size of individual cells.

Related pages 
Turbatrix aceti
Caenorhabditis elegans

References
Turbatrix aceti (also called vinegar eels) is a species of nematode. They feed on the acidic bacteria from vinegar and other things, like fermented apples. They range from 1mm to 10mm long or larger. These nematodes go through a six-stage life cycle. The stages are: an egg, four larval stages, and reaching adulthood. They live about 10 months.

Anatomy
The nematode's reproductive system is sexual. Female vinegar eels have ovaries and produce eggs. Their reproductive system is in the form of a tube. The females also have a short sac-like seminal receptacle that stores sperm. A fertilized egg hatches in the uterus before leaving the womb. Vinegar eels give birth to as many as 45 babies every 8-10 days.  A male vinegar eels’ reproductive system is smaller than the female’s. They have testis and a vas deferens. The testes open into a wide sperm duct and then into a muscular duct which can push out the sperm. The duct empties into a  cloaca. 

Nematodes, such as the vinegar eels, have no circulatory system. Through their body’s wall, gas and excretion waste are diffused. Oxygen from the outside environment is diffused into the body, and carbon dioxide is diffused out of the body. Vinegar eels have to live in liquids that have enough oxygen so that it can diffuse into their bodies.

Aging research 
Experiments with T. aceti were done to understand the cause of ageing.  DNA damage accumulates when the rate of damage occurrence is more than the rate of DNA repair.  Accumulation of DNA damage leads to a decline in gene expression. There is a consistent decline in DNA repair capacity with age in the nematode. A second report measured the ability to repair DNA damage in young and old nematodes after exposure to ionizing radiation.  They observed that the old nematodes were strikingly less able to carry out this type of DNA repair than young nematodes.  These experiments suggest that a decline in DNA repair capability occurs with age. This is the "DNA damage theory of aging".

References

Aquatic Community. "Raising Vinegar Eels." AC Tropical Fish & Aquarium. Aquaticcommunity.com, 2004-06. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.
Pinckney, Rhonda DVM, PhD. "(The Parasitology Resource UW - Madison)." The Parasitology Rescource/ VetMed. UW School of Veterinary Medicine. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/foodsafety/parasite/vinegar.html >.
Tappin, Adrian R. "Vinegar Eels." Home of the Rainbowfish- Feeding. Selected for Inclusion in the National Library of Australia Digital Archive of Australian Online Publications (Jan. 1998), Dec. 2008. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://rainbowfish.angfaqld.org.au/vinegar.htm >.
Wetman. "Vinegar Eels." The Skeptical Aquarist.com. The Skeptical Aquarist ©, 21 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://www.skepticalaquarist.com/turbatrix >.

Nematodes
Edward L. Stratemeyer (October 4, 1862  May 10, 1930) was an American publisher and a writer of children's stories. He was very prolific and created several children's series including The Rover Boys, The Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, The Hardy Boys, and Nancy Drew. He founded the Stratemeyer Syndicate.

1862 births
1930 deaths
19th-century American children's writers
American children's writers
Publishers
Writers from New Jersey
Julie Delpy (born 21 December 1969 in Paris) is a French-American director and movie actress. She has performed in and directed many movies during her career. She moved to the United States around 1990. She is a dual citizen of France and the United States.

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
French movie actors
French screenwriters
French television actors
Movie directors from Paris
Movie editors
Movie producers from Paris
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Paris
Ribalonga (from the Gallician riba - 'climb' and longa - 'long') is a Portuguese parish in the north of the Municipality of Alijó, in ‘Trás-dos-montes’ (‘behind the hills’). It has a population of 231 (2011) and an area of 9,15 km2 (density : 25,2/km2). Its patron saint is Saint Anna, mother of Saint Mary and therefore, grandmother of Jesus.

History 
The Castle of Ribalonga was a fortress that probably began to be inhabited on the Iron Age and continued on the Ancient Rome.
Ribalonga belonged on the 13th century to the parish of Vila Chã, on 1839 to Vila Real, on 1852 to Vilar de Maçada and on 1872 to Alijó.

Legends

Legend of the red cross 
The legend tells that in the year 2000, a man of the family Sampaio, whose descendants still live in the village, coming from the fair of Vilar de Maçada, brought with him some meat. Suddenly, he was followed by a pack of wolves and he became very scared, because he realized that the wolves were very hungry. When he arrived near the village, the wolves began to close the circle. When he saw himself lost, he got off his horse and knelt and asked the Lord of the Afflicted to save him from the wolves. At this moment, the dogs in the house of Mr. Sampaio began barking anxiously and the wife of the man let them go. They ran fast to the place where the man was and drove the wolves away. In recognition, he built a cross where he asked the Lord to help. A few days later, one of the dogs appeared, all hurt.
This cross can be seen today, a little bit degraded, on the place that has the name Red Cross and that is in the South of Ribalonga.

Legend of St. Ana 
There is another legend of Ribalonga, referring to its place of St. Ana. There is a huge rock, rectangular, with three grooves at the top, the head, the torso and the limbs of a person.
The voice of the people, that same voice that describes the legends word by word, says that these signs were left there by St. Ana when she was on pilgrimage to holy places.
The legend tells that St. Ana, very tired and seeing no other place to lie down, took this rock to rest.  And so the stone became soft for her to be comfortable and cosy, taking the shape of her body. And the next day, at dawn, her forces restored, she continued her journey. After that, people began to pass the rock to go to work and, noticing the furrows, they were amazed. Nobody knows how they came to the conclusion that it was St. Ana. Was it because they were devotees? No one can answer, the fact is that currently the village patron saint is St. Ana and  the hills and the land around the place where the famous rock is, are known as Santa Ana.

Geography 
Ribalonga borders to Rapadoura, Vila Verde, Popúlo, Vilar de Maçada, Vila Chã and to the region of Douro. It has a lot of mountains, hills, pines and it's very stony.

Culture 
The cuisine of Ribalonga is based on meat. There are a lot of different specialities like cozido à portuguesa ('Portuguese stew'), feijoada à transmontana (rice and black beans), alheiras or linguiças (both sausages). There are a lot of fields and vineyards too.

Gallery

Parishes
Portugal
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Portugal
, formerly known as , is a broadcasting, restaurant, and observation tower in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. It is located in the special ward of Sumida, not far from the Sumida River. The nearest train station is Oshiage, which is on the Toei Asakusa Line, Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line, and railway lines operated by Tobu and Keisei.

The Tokyo Skytree was designed by the architects from Nikken Sekkei, a Japanese company, the process of building the tower began in 2008 and was completed on 29 February 2012. Emperor Akihito visited the tower in advance of its official opening, and the opening ceremony took place on 22 May 2012.

With a height of , the Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan. This height was chosen because it could be easily remembered. The figures 6 (mu), 3 (sa), 4 (shi) stand for Musashi Province, which is an old name of the region where the tower stands.

It is the second tallest structure in the world after Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the tallest tower in the world, according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, because there is no space in the Skytree for people to live or work in, unlike the Burj Khalifa.

All of central Tokyo can be seen from special viewing platforms at  and . At night, it is lit up with different coloured lights.

References

Other websites 

http://www.tokyo-skytree.jp/english ,  
Skyscrapernews article on New Tokyo Tower
http://www.rising-east.jp/webcam/

Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Skyscrapers