cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
"Sexy Lil' Thug" is a remake by Beyoncé, of 50 Cent’s hit single “In da Club”. Recorded and released just weeks after the original, it samples the original’s instrumental and melody, with Beyoncé singing her own, newly-added verses.

Upon its radio release in March 2003, the song quickly became a staple, receiving heavy airplay and high demand. It, in fact, became so popular that it started to outsell 50 Cent’s version – this caused him to force radio stations to stop playing Beyoncé’s version, and having his label, Interscope, intervene by issuing a cease-and-desist to Beyoncé and her team.

Consequently, this disallowed “Sexy Lil' Thug” from becoming a hit, since a full release was prohibited; however, it isn’t known if the song was actually meant to serve as the first single from Beyoncé’s upcoming solo album Dangerously in Love, or if it was put out simply for promotion. Yet, perhaps due to contractual reasons, Beyoncé’s father and manager Mathew Knowles did state to MTV News in April, that the song was just a buzz cut and would not appear on the album.

But despite the impending permission issues, the song managed to stay on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for 7 weeks, peaking at #67, as well as the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart for 4 weeks, where it also peaked at #67.

The song eventually received an official release in November 2005, on Beyoncé's Speak My Mind mixtape.

Charts

References

2003 songs
Beyoncé songs
An encore is an extra piece that is played at the end a performance. It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it. A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot. Sometimes the audience shout "encore!" when they want an encore. The word "encore" is the French word for "again".

An encore is usually a short piece. Often it is a fast piece to finish the performance off happily, but if a musician has just played a very energetic, loud piece, then the encore might be a quiet piece. A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another.

Performing arts

it:BIS#Altro
A cay (also spelled key; both pronounced alike as "key" ) is a small, low island consisting mostly of sand or coral and situated on top of a coral reef.

The English word cay comes from the Spanish word cayo and this from the Taíno word cayo meaning "small island". The English words key and quay (which means wharf) come from the old French kai meaning "sand bank". Because it is a Taíno word, "cay" (and the other forms) are used mainly in the Caribbean, but the type of island is found in the tropical seas where there are coral reefs.

Sand cays are built on the edge of the coral reefs, opposite the direction from which the wind blows most of the time. Because of that, cays are often elongated. Tides and wind (and sometimes sea birds) deposit coral debris. Weather affects the formation of cays greatly; large tides would bring much more debris onto the cay and thus make it larger, while a hurricane destroys a cay.

Some cays are very large; Cayo Coco, north of Cuba, is about 370 km2. Those large cays are being used for tourism because they have beaches with white sand and the presence of coral reefs.

Notes and references

Other websites

Montague, Artur, El elemento español en el vocabulario inglés: prolegómenos a una lista. AIH. Actas IV (1971). (in Spanish)
Online Etymology Dictionary

Islands
The Actinopterygii is the class of ray-finned fishes.

The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact that they have lepidotrichia or "fin rays". Their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ("rays"). This is different from the fleshy fins of the fish in the Sarcopterygii.

Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates. There are nearly 25,000 species. They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Most of the living species are teleosts.

Taxonomy 

 Chondrostei (bichirs and sturgeons)
 Neopterygii
 Holostei (gars and bowfins)
 Teleostei
 Osteoglossomorpha
 Elopomorpha (eels) 
 Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
 Ostariophysi (goldfish, minnows, catfish, electric eels)
 Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
 Stenopterygii
 Cyclosquamata 
 Scopelomorpha 
 Lampridiomorpha 
 Polymyxiomorpha 
 Paracanthopterygii (cod, anglerfish)
 Acanthopterygii (mullets, flyingfishes, sticklebacks, seahorses, flatfish, cichlids, mackerel, tuna, perch)

References
Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker  (15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician, and a member of the CDU party. He was President of Germany from 1984 to 1994.

Backgrounds 
He was born in Stuttgart, the son of the diplomat Ernst von Weizsäcker and brother of physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. His grandfather Carl von Weizsäcker had been Minister President of Württemberg

In World War II he served in the German Army. He was wounded in East Prussia in 1945 and was sent home to Stuttgart. Then he continued his study of history in Göttingen and eventually studied law.

As a law student he was a member of his father's defence team at the Eleventh secondary Nuremburg Trial aka the Ministries Trial. He took his first judicial state exam in 1950, the second in 1953, and in 1955 was promoted doctor juris. In 1953 he married Marianne von Kretschmann; they have four children.

From 1967 to 1984 he was a member both of the Synod and the Council of the Evangelical Church in Germany. He leaded the German Evangelical Church Assembly from 1964 to 1970.

Political career

Richard von Weizsäcker joined the CDU in 1954 and was a member of the Bundestag (German Parliament) from 1969 to 1981.

He was elected vice president of the Bundestag 1979-1981, but did not stand for re-election, because he became the Governing Mayor () of West Berlin (1981-1984).

He was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention) in 1984, succeeding Karl Carstens. He was Germany’s first president after reunification.

After his presidency, he was involved in politics and charitable affairs. He was the chair of a commission installed by the then SPD-Bündnis 90/Die Grünen government for reforming the Bundeswehr.

He has served on many international commissions. He was chairman of the Independent Working Group on the future of the United Nations and was one of three 'Wise Men' appointed by European Commission President Romano Prodi to consider the future of the European Union.

Retirement and death 
He retired in 1994 and lived in Berlin. He wrote books during his retirement.

Richard von Weizsäcker died in Berlin, Germany, aged 94.

Books

Von Weizsäcker has written may books, including
 Von Deutschland aus
 Die deutsche Geschichte geht weiter
 Von Deutschland nach Europa
 Vier Zeiten

His autobiograghy is called From Weimar to the Wall: My Life in German Politics (1999).

References

Other websites

1920 births
2015 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
German lawyers
German Lutherans
German writers
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Stuttgart
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
The Happy Mondays were an alternative rock band from Manchester who became popular in the 1980s. They were associated with the house music movement and Madchester. Their biggest hit was Step On, from the album Pills n Thrills n Bellyaches.

Musical groups established in 1980
1980 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
1993 disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Europe
2010s disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2012
2012 establishments in Europe
2010s establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in Europe
21st-century disestablishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Adidas AG is a major German sports apparel manufacturer, part of the Adidas Group, consisting of Reebok sportswear company, Taylormade golf company, Maxfli golf balls, and Adidas golf and is the second largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

History 

Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler. The title of brand was named after the founder (Adi from Adolf das from Dassler). A year later, the basic form of Adidas logo Three stripes was made. Adidas products are still being made today. The Adidas group makes 600 kinds of shoes and 1,500 kinds of clothings every season.

Logos 
Adidas has three types of logos, which are originals, sports performance, and sports style. Each type follows the product design concept and shared inspiration. They imply the features of lots of products.

Originals (Trefoil or Heritage)
Adidas heritage line shows the combined design of sportism and lifestyle. With retrospecting 60s, products including clothes, shoes, bags, and other fashion items are reappearing. Heritage’s logo Trefoil was developed based on the three stripes in 1971. With crossing the tree stripes which symbolize diversity of brand, the unique characteristic of logo is expressed geometrically. This was an innovation in the existing logo.

Sports performance
Sports performance line shows the goods which contains its self-esteem as a professional sports brand. The logo with three stripes has been used constantly. And, in 1997, Adidas‘ creative director Peter Moore renobated the type. He wanted to keep important meanings of old one, but at the same time he needed new logo which can be applied to the modern design. From his hand, three stripes became to mean a mountain which symbolizes a challenge and an accomplishment. And the parallel lines of stripes express gradually the brand's goal.

Sports style
It might be called "collection line." This Adidas sports style has shown off its design which is made by Yohji Yamamoto. He designs shoes, clothes, and accessaries with future-oriented images. in 2001, the initial sports style logo symbolized the swiftly chaning world. The three stripes which cross the oval capture the speed of changing. It means that the stripes are rushing with intersecting the world. The innovative works which pursue a beauty and a function based on tradition show brand's another potentiality.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1920s establishments in Germany
1924 establishments in Europe
Companies of Germany
Clothing companies
Companies listed on the DAX
Bavaria
New Order are a band from Salford, popular in the 1980s. Its members are: Bernard Sumner, Stephen Morris, Gillian Gilbert, Phil Cunningham, and Tom Chapman. Their biggest hit is Blue Monday, which was the biggest selling 12" record of all time. They started in 1980 after Ian Curtis, the singer of Joy Division, which the members were part of, committed suicide, because they had agreed before Curtis died that if any member left they would not carry on playing as Joy Division. They have broke up twice, first in 1993 and then in 2007. In 2011 they reformed. They have released nine studio albums.

Musical groups established in 1980
1980 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
1993 disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2000s disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 2011
2011 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
English rock bands
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Peter "Hooky" Hook (born 13 February 1956) is an English bass guitar player.  He played in the bands Joy Division, New Order, Revenge and Monaco.

Other websites
Peter Hook's biography 
Short biography at JoyDiv.org
Peter Hook pretending to DJ

1956 births
Living people
English guitarists
Bernard Sumner is a singer with the band New Order. He is also known as Bernard Albrecht. He was born in 1956 in Salford, England. He plays guitar and keyboard.

1956 births
Living people
English singers
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is a U.S.-based mixed martial arts (MMA) organization, currently seen as the largest MMA promotion in the world. The UFC is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada and is owned and operated by Zuffa, LLC.

Other websites 
Official UFC site
UFC Official Rules
Past to present event results and fighter records database

Mixed martial arts organizations
Thai boxing (or Muay Thai) is a combat sport (martial art) that has been developed in Thailand. It is known also as "the art of eight limbs", because both hands, elbows, knees, and legs can be used to attack an opponent.  Similar martial arts exist in Cambodia, Laos, Burma and Malaysia.  In the past, Thailand use to be part of Cambodia and Muay Thai inherited fighting techniques from old Cambodian martial arts.

In the competition, the high kicks in the head can seem to make a stronger effect. In spite of this, the persons with special skills and knowledge of this sport declare that the low kicks, the elbows, an the knees are more causing destruction for the persons who fight.

A person, who takes part in the competition, does the long ceremony and the act established by custom before the fight. They exist for religious reasons and they serve as stretching the muscles and as preparation.

The training for Thai boxing is known for its being strong and its firmness. It aims to harden the eight members of the body, so that being hit with the shinbone of the Thai boxer is often compared to being hit with a baseball stick. The Thai boxers usually kick with the shinbone instead of with the foot.

Thai boxing has influenced a lot on developing of kickboxing which afterwards has been created in Japan, in Europe, and in North America and some parts of Africa

Almost every act of moving in Thai boxing use the whole body, while turning the hip to every kick and every blow with the fist. As a result, the attacks and the defence in Thai boxing are slower but more powerful for example than those of boxing or of karate.  One of the pioneers of this sport is Tulgar Dursun.

Other websites 
 
Thai Boxing
FeelThailand Muay Thai Muay Boran
world amateur kickboxing organization (W.A.S.K.O.  kickboxing & muay thai)
Thai Boxing  at Muay Thai NYC Camp
Martial arts
Carrefour SA (IPA: /karfur/) is a French international  hypermarket chain. It has many shops around the world. It is the second largest retail group in the world in terms of revenue and sales figures after Wal-Mart. Carrefour operates mainly in the European Union, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia. It also has shops in Africa,  and Asia. Carrefour means cross-road (the place where two roads meet) in French.

References

Companies of France
1957 establishments in France
Never S-A-Y Never is the second album by American R&B singer Brandy, released by Atlantic Records on June 8, 1998 in Europe and on June 9, 1998 in North America. Chiefly produced by Rodney Jerkins, helped to make Jerkins' Timbaland-inspired production sound popular, which he later used for recordings by Whitney Houston, Destiny's Child, and others. Never Say Never earned Brandy five Grammy Award nominations and became her biggest-selling album to date.

Track listing 

1998 albums
Brandy albums
The Soviet Occupation Zone (German: Sowjetische Besatzungszone (SBZ) or Ostzone , Sovetskaya zona Germanii, "Soviet Zone of Germany") was the area of eastern Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on, at the end of World War II. It became East Germany.

American forces first occupied some of the area. The Americans withdrew in July 1945 to the agreed occupation zone boundaries.

The Soviet Military Administration in Germany (German initials: SMAD) allowed four political parties to form, but they all had to work in the "All-Party Committee" (the "Nationale Front").

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany were merged into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (which became the governing party of East Germany). Finally, the SED created other parties, to weaken the Christian Democratic Union and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.

Originally, Stalin wanted to Sovietize all of Germany, but when the West resisted this idea, he tried to work for a united Germany which would be neutral, but when the West again said no he decided to build a new country out of the Soviet occupation zone. This became East Germany

The Soviet occupation zone included the central parts of Prussia. After Prussia was dissolved by the allied powers in 1947, the area was divided between the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt und Thuringia.

On October 8, 1949, the part of the Soviet zone west of the Oder-Neisse line became the German Democratic Republic, usually known simply as East Germany. In 1952, the states were dissolved, and changed to 14 districts, plus East Berlin. East Berlin was treated as part of the new East Germany, but technically was part of the Allied-controlled city of Berlin.

Related pages
 East Germany
 Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
 American occupation zone
 British occupation zone

East Germany
1940s establishments in the Soviet Union
1945 establishments in Germany
1949 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Germany
Iron Man could mean:

Comics 
 Iron Man, a popular comic book character
 Iron Man 2020, a comic book villain and Iron Man's cousin
 Ultimate Iron Man, a comic book miniseries

Sports 
The term "Iron Man" is used in multiple sports for players with long streaks of consecutive games. For example, the term "Iron Man of Baseball" refers to either Lou Gehrig or Cal Ripken, Jr..
As of March 31, 2007, the current regular season ironmen in the four major North American sports are:
 NFL – Brett Favre, QB, Green Bay Packers (237 games, 16 seasons)
 MLB – Miguel Tejada, SS, Baltimore Orioles (1080 games, 7 seasons)
 NBA – Bruce Bowen, SF, San Antonio Spurs (425 games, 6 seasons)
 NHL – Brendan Morrison, C, Vancouver Canucks (512 games, 6 seasons)

The term "iron man" can also be used to describe a game that is played by oneself whereas additional players would normally be required. It is also used in the Arena Football League for any player that plays both offensive and defensive positions.

The term could also mean:
 Travis Fulton, an American mixed martial arts fighter, known as "The Iron Man"
 Ivan Stewart, an off road racing driver, known as "Ironman"
 Ironman Triathlon, a long-distance Triathlon race held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
 Ironman (surf lifesaving), a multi-disciplinary surf lifesaving event
 Iron Man match, a type of a professional wrestling match

Books 
 The Iron Man (novel), a 1968 novel by Ted Hughes
 Iron Man (1930 novel), a novel by William R. Burnett
 Ironman (1995 novel), a novel by Chris Crutcher

Magazine 
 Iron Man (magazine), a bodybuilding and weight-training magazine

Movies 
 Iron Man (film), a 2008 American film based on the Marvel Comics character
 Tetsuo: The Iron Man, a 1989 Japanese film
 Man of Iron, a 1981 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda

Music 
 "Iron Man" (song), a song by Black Sabbath from their 1970 album Paranoid
 "Ironman", a 1988 cover of the above song by Sir Mix-a-Lot
 Ironman (album), a 1996 album by Ghostface Killah
 Iron Man (Eric Dolphy album), a 1963 album by Eric Dolphy
 Iron Man (band), an American doom metal band established in 1988
 The Iron Man: A Musical, a 1989 Pete Townshend album

Television 
 A segment of the 1960s TV series The Marvel Superheroes Show featuring the Iron Man comic book character 
 Iron Man (TV series), an 1994 animated series
 The Japanese title of the Americanized anime series Gigantor

Other 
 Der Eiserne Mann, an iron pillar from the late Middle Ages, located in Germany
 Iron: Man, a 1993 sculpture by Antony Gormley in Birmingham, England
 Ironman Datalink, a version of Timex Corporation's watch marketed in conjunction with the Ironman Triathlon
"Iron Man" is the name of a song by Black Sabbath. It was on their second album, Paranoid (1970). The song is one of Black Sabbath's greatest hits.

"Iron Man" appears to be about a man who travels to the future and witnesses the Apocalypse. On his way back, he is caught in Earth's magnetic field, and turned to steel. When he comes back, he tries to warn the people about the Apocalypse, but they do not believe him, and shun him, so he takes his revenge by killing them all, thus bringing about the Apocalypse he saw. It would appear that he died and came back to life, for "vengeance from the grave kills the people he once saved" is a line from the song. 

"Iron Man" has been used many times, and is frequently performed at events. Its riff has become one of the most easily recognizable riffs in music.

The 2008 movie Iron Man features portions of this song at the end of the movie.

1970 songs
"Baby Boy" is a Middle Eastern-influenced R&B and dancehall song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Sean Paul, Robert Waller, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' first solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003).

It was produced by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second single in July 2003. The song (which features dancehall singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the U.S., becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the UK. It was also recognized at the ASCAP awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from EMI and Most Performed Songs award in 2003.  It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies there. "Baby Boy" finished at number 12 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 of 2003.

Official remixes/versions 
 Baby Boy Part 2 (feat. Sean Paul)
 Baby Boy (Acapella) (feat. Sean Paul)
 Baby Boy (Instrumental) (feat. Sean Paul)
 Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix)
 Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Remix - Edit)
 Baby Boy (Junior's Padapella Remix)
 Baby Boy (Junior's Tribapella Remix)
 Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Dub Baby!)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - No Rap)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - Video Edit)
 Baby Boy (Jones & Conlin Vibelicious Club Mix)
 Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix - Edit)
 Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix)
 Baby Boy (DJ Whoo Kid Steppin In Hotta Remix) (feat. Lloyd Banks)
 Baby Boy (Sandeep Chatterjee & DJ Wildbill DMC Remix)
 Baby Boy (Jimbeamjr's Taj Mahal Mix)

References

Beyoncé songs
2003 songs
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) existed between 1920 and 1939.

The City had its own post office, currency and citizenship, but it was not independent: it was administered directly by the League of Nations, represented by a High Commissioner. The city was governed by the Senate.  The head of state was the President of the Senate.  The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors.

League of Nations High Commissioners 

League of Nations mandated territories, were run by member countries on behalf of the League.  But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries being the High Commissioner:

Politics 
Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig

Related pages
Free City of Danzig

References 

League of Nations
Danzig
Main-Franconian is group of German dialects that are spoken in the centre of Germany, in the area known as Franconia near the river Main.

In Germany most people call these dialects simply “Fränkisch”.  Although they have a lot in common there are many variations from one small region to another.

Historically Franconia (German: “Franken”) was a very large area covering a lot of Germany including parts of the Rhine as far as the Netherlands.  Today Franconia is the north part of Bavaria (German: “Bayern”) including what is known as Lower Franconia, Upper Franconia, Mid-Franconia and  parts of Upper Bavaria.

Examples of Franconian dialect

Typical for Franconian dialects is the voiceless consonants becoming voiced, i.e. “k” pronounced like “g”, “t” like “d”, “p” like “b” and “s” like English “z”.  In pubs one often hears on the public address system a request for a member of staff 
”bidde dzur dege gommen”
 
English: Please come to the bar.

Vo da Dande a Bageed griing means:

English: “To receive a parcel from one’s auntie“

The pronunciation of vowels may be different from normal German, e.g.
Franconia is often described as the place where:
”die Hasen ‘Hoosn’ und die Hosen ‘Huusn’ haasn.”
i.e. ‘Hasen‘ (‘hares‘) are called ‘Hoosn‘ (‘Hosen’=’trousers’) and ‘Hoosn’ are called ‘Husen’. (German “Hasen” has an “a” as in British “car”; “Hosen” has an “o” similar to “oa” in “boat”; “Husen”, which does not mean anything, has a “u” like British “oo” in “moon”).

An angry Franconian might say:
”Der Hamml, der gscheerde, der ko wos erlehm, wenna haam kummd!”

English: “The rotten fellow will be in trouble when he gets home!“

References
“Fränkisch” by Jens Sobisch; Kauderwelsch 186, ASMB 3-89416-474-3

German dialects
Languages of Germany
Marta Colvin Andrade (born 22 June 1907 in Chillán, Chile, died 27 October 1995 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.

Colvin began sculpting in Chillán years after marrying and forming a family. After the 1939 earthquake, Marta Colvin lived in Santiago. While there, she went to the Belle Arts School of the University of Chile. Her teachers were Julio Antonio Vásquez and Lorenzo Domínguez. In 1943, she worked as an instructor at the Vasquez Factory. She became a professor there in 1950. In 1948, she traveled to France to study at the Academy Grand Chaumiere with the sculptors Ossip Zadkine and Henri Laurens. In 1951, she was invited by the British Council to study in the Slade School of the University of London, England. Colvin spent the next thirty years working and studying in France. Her talent was known world-wide. In 1970, she was awarded the National Prize of Art.

Other websites
  http://www.portaldearte.cl/autores/colvin.htm
  http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0015818.pdf "Premio Nacional de Arte"

Chilean sculptors
People from Bío Bío Region
1907 births
1995 deaths
Bárbara of Portugal (Pronunciation , December 4, 1711 – August 27, 1758) was a Portuguese princess, daughter of King John V of Portugal, of the House of Braganza, and his wife, Maria Anna of Austria.

She was born on 4 December 1711 in Lisbon, Portugal and given the name Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa de Bragança but she was usually called just Bárbara or Maria Bárbara, in honour of Saint Barbara, the saint of her birthday.

She had a fine education and loved music. She could speak six languages and studied music for several years with Domenico Scarlatti, the famous Italian harpsichordist and composer.

In 1729, when she was 18 years old, she married the future King Ferdinand VI of Spain, in Badajoz, Spain. They had no children. She died on 27 August 1758 in Aranjuez, Spain.

The city of Santa Bárbara de Samaná in the Dominican Republic was named after her when it was founded in 1756.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
4 December 1711 – 19 October 1712 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Brazil
19 October 1712 – 20 January 1729 Her Highness the Infanta Barbara of Portugal
20 January 1729 – 9 July 1746 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Asturias
9 July 1746 – 27 August 1758 Her Majesty the Queen of Spain

House of Braganza
1711 births
1758 deaths
People from Lisbon
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
An Arizona hurricane is a tropical cyclone forming in the eastern Pacific Ocean that affects the state of Arizona in the United States. Usually, the storm makes landfall in the Mexican states of Baja California or Sonora, with the remaining moisture normally having mild rainfall effects on the state. However, a few storms have crossed into Arizona while they still had tropical storm strength.

It is extremely difficult for a hurricane to form in Arizona because the normal storms that form in the eastern Pacific Ocean move either parallel or away from the Pacific coast of Northwestern Mexico. As a result, most storms that could affect Arizona, are carried away from the United States, and only 6% of all Pacific hurricanes enter US territory. In average, Arizona experiences the effects of tropical cyclones once every five years. Many, but not all, of these systems also affected California.

Tropical storms are one of Arizona's main sources of rainfall, and they infuse the monsoon over the southwestern United States. However, all of the storms that have impacted Arizona have formed in the latter parts of the Pacific hurricane season, and no storm has affected the state before August.

Deadly storms

Some of these tropical cyclones have caused deaths or a lot of property damage, usually because of flooding created by rain.

In August of 1935, the remnants of an unnamed tropical storm that landed on southern California causing heavy rains and flooding across Arizona, especially along the Santa Cruz River and Rillito Creek on Southern Arizona. The rainfall due to the storm still holds the record rainfall at the National Weather Service office in Tucson.

In September of 1970, the remnants of Tropical Storm Norma became Arizona's deadliest storm when they contributed to the disaster known as the "Labor Day storm of 1970". As Norma dissipated, moisture from the cyclone was captured in a large extratropical low. The resulting rainfall created deadly floods that killed 23 people and caused huge damages. Two years later, the remnants of Hurricane Joanne caused flooding that created damages up to $10 million (1972 USD) and eight deaths.

On September 11, 1976, Hurricane Kathleen killed a man when a gust of wind blew a palm tree down onto his mobile home. Strong flooding and hailstorms also resulted.

A weather system, including moisture from Tropical Storm Octave, caused heavy rains over a ten-day period. Fourteen people drowned, 975 were injured, and roughly 10,000 people were left homeless when the flooding ended. The amount of damage from the disaster was put at 370 million (year unknown) USD.

References

hurricanes
Weather lists
Arizona hurricanes, List of
Naughty Girl is an R&B/disco song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller, and Angela Beyincé for Knowles' debut solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003). It was released as the fourth single. It was also recognized at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and Donna Summer—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The remixes feature Lil' Flip, Lil' Kim, Grafh, and Redman.

Music video 
The video for this song was directed by Jake Nava, who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to Hollywood's Golden Era, as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with Usher emulating Cyd Charisse and Fred Astaire in The Band Wagon.

Official versions 
 Naughty Girl Part 2 (feat. Jae R)
 Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Naughty Dub)
 Naughty Girl (Calderone Fierce Ruling Diva's Whore Dipped In Honey Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat Lil' Flip)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Graph)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Flip & Stack Bundles)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Kim)
 Naughty Girl (Jones & Impure Vibelicious Remix)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's World Re-edit Mix)
 Naughty Girl/Living For The City (The Beyonce Experience Version)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's Feeling Like An Orchid)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's World Mixshow)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's Naughty Marathon Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Love To Infinity DMC Mix)
 Naughty Girl (The Popstar Club Anthem)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Kobra Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Magic Lamp Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Pharaoh Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Desert Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Eric Sermon Remix) (feat. Redman)

Cover versions 
 Roesy on Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2
 Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered the song on their 2006 album Silent Nightclub.

Beyoncé songs
2004 songs
The original Yankee Stadium was a baseball stadium in New York City, New York in the United States. It was opened in 1923. The MLB team New York Yankees played there until 2008. The Yankees moved to the new Yankee Stadium starting with the 2009 season. The stadium was also the home field of the New York Giants football team from the mid-1950s into the early 1970s. It was also used for college football, soccer, boxing matches, musical events, and even a mass conducted by the Pope. The stadium was also called the "House that Ruth Built" by many to honor Babe Ruth, a Yankee who hit many home runs during the stadium's first years. The stadium was torn down in early 2009.

Former Major League Baseball venues
Former National Football League venues
Sports buildings in New York City
New York Yankees
The Bronx
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
2009 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in New York (state)
The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country into four occupation zones  from 1945 to 1949.

The British zone consisted of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg,  Lower Saxony and the present-day state of North Rhine-Westphalia.  The British military government was based in Bad Oeynhausen.

Bremen and Bremerhaven were surrounded by the British Zone, but were given to the United States, so that the Americans had a port. What is now Rhineland-Palatinate was to be a part of the British Zone.  It was given up to form part of the French occupation zone.

In May 1949 the British, French, and American zones were joined to form the Federal Republic of Germany.  The military governors were replaced by civilian high commissioners.  The high commissioners were part-governor and part-ambassador.  The occupation officially continued until 1955.  This is when the Federal Republic became a fully sovereign state, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by normal ambassadors. But the four allied powers still had special rights and responsibilities in Germany until the Final Settlement of 1990.

The city of Berlin, however, was not part of either state and continued to be under Allied occupation until 1990.

The military governors and commissioners

Military governors 

 22 May 1945 - 30 April 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
 1 May 1946 - 31 October 1947 William Sholto Douglas
 1 November 1947 - 21 September 1949 Gen. Sir Brian Robertson, Bt.

High commissioners 

 21 September 1949 - 24 June 1950  Gen. Sir Brian Robertson, Bt.

 24 June 1950 - 29 September 1953  Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick

 29 September 1953 - 5 May 1955  Sir Frederick Hoyer-Millar

Related pages 

Allied occupation zone
American occupation zone
Soviet occupation zone

References 
 Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany

West Germany
1945 establishments in Germany
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
1949 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Germany
1940s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Mioriţa (The Little Ewe) is a Romanian traditional ballad.

Other websites 
 Mioriţa in Romanian
 Mioriţa in English  (translation by W. D. Snodgrass)

Songs
Romania
Muzio Clementi was an Italian composer in classical period who lived from 1752 to 1832. He was born in Rome, Italy. He was the first composer to write music for the pianoforte which made use of the instrument's special features.  He was also the first virtuoso performer on the instrument. As a composer, performer, and maker of pianos, he is known as the "father of the pianoforte.

Early life
Clementi was born in Rome on January 23, 1752. He was the eldest child of Nicolo Clementi, a silversmith, and Magdalena Kaiser. Clementi began to learn music from Antonio Baroni (1738-1792), who was a relative. Baroni was in charge of the choir at St. Peter's Basilica. He also had lessons from the organist, Cordicelli, Giuseppe Santarelli (1710-1790) and Gaetano Carpani.

When he was 13, he became the church organist at San Lorenzo in Damaso (Saint Lawrence in the House of Damascus), a parish church in Rome. He had also started writing music including an oratorio, Martirio de' gloriosi Santi Giuliano and a mass. In 1766, Sir Peter Beckford, heard him playing the harpsichord. He took Clementi back to England with him, so that he could provide the musical entertainment at Beckford's house in Dorset. He died in Evesham, Worcestershire, after a short illness.

References

1752 births
1832 deaths
Disease-related deaths in England
Italian composers
Musicians from Rome
Chromatography is the separation of the parts of a mixture for chemical analysis and identification. The outcome  depends on the speed at which the mixed substances move through special media, or chemical substances. It consists of a stationary phase (a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas). The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase. Chromatography is much used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry.

Flat-plane chromatography 
The stationary phase is a flat plane, such as paper, or a substance on glass.

Paper chromatography 

Paper chromatography is a technique for separating and identifying mixtures that are (or can be) coloured. It has been largely replaced by thin layer chromatography, but is still a powerful teaching tool. Double-way paper chromatography, also called 'two-dimensional chromatography', uses two solvents and rotates the paper 90° in between. It is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having similar polarity, for example, amino acids. The compounds used initially ensures you to know whether the colour is pure, (one substance only) or mixtures (multiple substances.)

Thin layer chromatography 

Thin layer chromatography (TLCC) is a common laboratory technique similar to paper chromatography. Instead of a stationary phase of paper, it uses a  thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat substrate. Compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. For even better resolution and to allow for quantification, high-performance TLC can be used.

Column chromatography 
Column chromatography separates compounds using many chemical actions between the chemical being tested and the chromatography column (a rod with a blending of special chemicals). The column is run using either gravity or a pump.

The mixed substance to be tested is added in a small amount and is slowed by certain chemical or physical activity with the chemicals in the chromatography column. The amount of slowing depends on the type of chemicals in the substance being tested and the different phases. The time at which a certain chemical elutes (comes out of the end of the column) is called the "retention time" and there is thought to be only one for one chemical. 

The most common stationary phase for column chromatography is silica gel, followed by alumina. Cellulose powder has been used in the past. The mobile phase is either a pure solvent or a mixture of solvents. It is chosen to 
make the time and amount of solvent used as little as possible, while still clearly separating the chemicals being tested.

HPLC 
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is also sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography. It is column chromatography run under pressure to raise the speed of the process. 

Common solvents used in HPLC are mixes of water or various organic liquids (the most common are methanol, ethanol or acetonitrile).

Laboratory techniques
Analytical chemistry
A concert hall is a place where concerts of classical music take place.  “Concert hall” can either mean the actual room where the concerts takes place, or the whole building.  The hall where the concerts are held may have a “stage” (where the performers are) and there will be an “auditorium” where the audience sits.

Some concert halls are purpose-built.  That means they were built to be concert halls.  Other concert halls may have been something else many years ago, e.g. a Corn Exchange (a place where farmers used to sell their corn) and the building has later been changed into a concert hall.  Purpose-built concert halls started about the beginning of the 20th century.  At that time scientists began to understand the importance of good acoustics (somewhere where the sound was good).

Concert halls that are purpose-built usually have fixed seating (seats that cannot be moved).  Some halls may have seats that can be moved, either by stacking them in small piles, or tiered seating that can fold up.  This allows the hall to be used for other things, e.g. dancing.

A concert hall is usually a big hall: big enough for an orchestra to be on the stage.  A small concert hall, designed for just a few performers (as in chamber music) may be called a “recital hall”.

Some concert halls are especially famous.  In London there is the Royal Festival Hall on the banks of the river Thames, the Barbican Centre in the City (near St Paul’s Cathedral) and the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington which is used for other events as well.  There is also a famous recital hall called the Wigmore Hall.  New York has the Carnegie Hall, Vienna has the Vienna Musikverein with a beautiful hall called the Golden Hall where the famous New Year’s Day concerts are given.  In Germany there is the Berliner Philharmonie in Berlin and the Gewandhaus in Leipzig.  In Amsterdam there is the Concertgebouw (which means: "concert hall").

Concert halls
A madrigal is a special kind of song for a small group of people to sing. Madrigals were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. This was the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque periods. They started in Italy and became very popular for a short time in England as well as in France. The words of madrigals are always about secular (non-religious) things, e.g. about love.

When Italian composers started writing madrigals the kinds of songs they knew were the frottola, the motet and the French chanson (song). The first madrigals were for 2 or 3 voices, but later many madrigals were written for 4 or 5 voices. These voices might be single voices (one person to each part) or several people. Sometimes the lines would also be played by an instrument, but the madrigal is usually sung unaccompanied.

The madrigal was the most important secular form of music of its time. In Italy it was very popular between about 1550 and 1630. In England the madrigal period was about 1588 to 1620. 

In 1533 a book called Primo libro di Madrigali (First Book of Madrigals) was collected and published by Philippe Verdelot in Venice. It made madrigals very popular. Jacob Arcadelt published several volumes of madrigals which were very important for their development. In 1588 in England Nicholas Yonge published a collected called Musica Transalpina (Music from over the Alps). These were Italian madrigals with translated texts. The madrigal suddenly became extremely popular in England and remained so until after 1620 when it gradually became less important.

People liked madrigals because they were fun. Whenever possible the composer made the music sound like the word being sung. A word like “smile” would have quick music, “sigh” would have a note followed by a short rest, as if the singer were sighing, “rise so high” would be sung to music which rose very high. This kind of thing was called “word-painting”. It can be found in religious music as well, but the way it was used in madrigals was new and exciting. Very often there would be a verse and a refrain which was often just sung to words such as “fa la la la la”. The songs were often about shepherds and shepherdesses falling in love.

The  most important composers of madrigals in Italy were Giovanni da Palestrina, Luca Marenzio, Jacques Arcadelt, Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, Carlo Gesualdo, Giaches de Wert and Claudio Monteverdi. In England they were William Byrd, Thomas Morley, John Wilbye, Thomas Weelkes, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons and Thomas Tomkins. About the franco-flemish , Orlando di Lasso, Josquin des Prez . About the spanish, Tomás Luis de Victoria, Mateo Flecha.

Performance of madrigals 

In the Renaissance, madrigals were performed either as entertainment at important feasts, or for relaxed enjoyment by groups of amateurs in their homes, as madrigals were a secular style of song.

Nowadays, madrigals are often sung by high school or college madrigal choirs often as an after-dinner entertainment. Sometimes the singers wear Renaissance costumes.

Musical forms
Sonora is a Mexican state, in the northwestern Mexico region. Sonora borders the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. To the north Sonora accounts for a long stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. states of Arizona and  New Mexico; to the west it borders the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez).

Description 
There are various explanations as to the origin of the word Sonora. Here, we will tell you some of the most widely accepted versions. One of these says that when the Spaniards arrived in the lands occupied by the Opata people, they built a chapel and painted an image of the Virgin on a buffalo skin. Over time, when the Opatas began to worship the Virgin, they used to call her Senora instead of the Spanish word Señora (Our Lady). Finally, it would seem that this word became Sonora as we know it today. 

Another version has it that Sonora is derived from the Opata word, sonotl which means corn leaf. A legend speaks of an indigenous group that lived near the village of Huépac, and who used corn leaves to cover the walls and roofs of their huts. Yet another version insists that the word comes from the name of a tribe that lived on the banks of the Sonora River; these people were known as the Sonora Indians. This river crosses a large part of the state. It is also useful to understand that, just as Mexico has its national emblems, so the state of Sonora has its own coat-of-arms. 

 
States of Mexico
A monsoon is a seasonal wind which lasts for several months. The word was first used in English for the seasonal rains in the Indian subcontinent. These rains blow in from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

Monsoons also occur in other regions such as in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil and East Asia.

Monsoons happen because of a simple fact: land heats up faster than water. The temperature difference between the land and sea can be as much as 20°C – land temperatures in India can be hotter than 45°C, while the surrounding water in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea remains in the low 20s. The heat absorbed by the land warms the air above it. The hot air rises, and cooler ocean air rushes inland to replace it. As it moves, it carries moisture with it, releasing it over land as the summer monsoon (also known as southwest monsoon). 

The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Rainfall is increased by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, as with the Tibetan Plateau, and by surface heating.

References 

Severe weather
Winds