cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the United States Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory under the command by Ulysses S. Grant.

Early life
Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, the eldest of four children to David and Lucy Norman Stanton. Throughout his childhood and adult life Stanton suffered from asthma. Stanton studied at Kenyon College. He was also from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Personal life
He was married to Mary Lamson from 1836 until her death in 1844. They had two children; Lucy Lamson and Edwin Lamson. Then he was married to Ellen Hutchinson. His brother David committed suicide. Stanton died on December 24, 1869 in Washington, D.C. from respiratory failure, aged 55.

References

Other websites

Biography from "Impeach Andrew Johnson".
Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.
Mr. Lincoln's White House: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.

1814 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Lawyers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
American abolitionists
People from Steubenville, Ohio
United States Attorneys General
United States Secretaries of War
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Ohio
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Ohio
Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the United States from which he lost to Rutherford B. Hayes in one of the most contentious and violent American elections in the 19th century. Tilden was also Governor of New York from January 1, 1875 through December 31, 1876.

Tilden was born on February 9, 1814 in New Lebanon, New York. He studied at Yale University and at the University of New York. Tilden was never married and had no children. Tilden died on August 4, 1886 in Yonkers, New York from natural causes, aged 72. Tilden's gravestone has the phrase "I still trust the people" on it.

References

Other websites
Samuel Tilden.com
Hayes-Tilden election described in detail, compared to Bush-Gore election

1814 births
1886 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Lawyers from New York
Governors of New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Horatio Seymour (May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the 18th Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant.

Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, New York on May 31, 1810. He studied at Geneva College. He was married to Mary Bleecker. They had no children. Seymour died on February 12, 1886 from an illness, aged 75. His wife, Mary Bleecker died a month later also from an illness.

References

Other websites

Mr. Lincoln and New York: Horatio Seymour 
First Edition 1862 Report on Horatio Seymour Winning New York Governor's Race.

1810 births
1886 deaths
Lawyers from New York
Governors of New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois. He was a U.S. Representative, a U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.

Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because though short in physical stature, he was a forceful and even dominant figure in politics.

Douglas was born on April 23, 1813 in Brandon, Vermont. He was raised in Jacksonville, Illinois. He was married to Martha Martin from 1847 until her death in 1853. They had three children. Then he was married to Adele Cutts from 1856 until his death in 1861. They had one child. Douglas died from pneumonia caused by Typhoid fever in Chicago, Illinois on June 3, 1861, aged 48.

References

Other websites

Project Gutenberg text of Life of Stephen A. Douglas by William Gardner
Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850

1813 births
1861 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from typhoid fever
United States senators from Illinois
Lawyers from Vermont
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Vermont
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Surtur is a fictional character that appears in comic books by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the giant Surtr from Norse mythology.

Marvel Comics characters
Christopher Michael  Pratt (born June 21, 1979) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Harold Brighton "Bright" Abbott in the series Everwood, Ché in The O.C. (2003), and Andy Dwyer and Parks and Recreation (2009), a role which garnered him a Critics' Choice nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2013.  He also was the voice of Emmet in the 2014 animated film The Lego Movie and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019).

In recent years, Pratt is known for his role as Owen in the Jurassic Park movie series beginning in the 2015 movie Jurassic World and continuing in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018).

Personal life
Pratt was born in Virginia, Minnesota on June 21, 1979. He was raised in Lake Stevens, Washington. He married Anna Faris in 2009. Their son, Jack Pratt, was born August 25, 2012. In 2017, Pratt and Faris legally separated and divorced in 2018. He later married author Katherine Schwarzenegger in 2019. They have one child.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Kennedy family
Actors from Minnesota
Actors from Washington
The National Assembly is Benin's legislative body.  It is unicameral, meaning there is only one legislative body.

In 2012 the National Assembly has 83 members.  Members are directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation.  They serve five-year terms. 

Benin
Benin
Robert Jolin Osborne Jr. (May 3, 1932 – March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016.

Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017.

Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84.

References

Other websites

Official website
Robert Osborne's column  in The Hollywood Reporter

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American historians
LGBT actors
LGBT writers
Gay men
American LGBT people
Actors from Washington
Writers from Washington
Angélique Kpasseloko Hinto Hounsinou Kandjo Manta Zogbin Kidjo, commonly known as Angélique Kidjo, is a Beninoise singer-songwriter and activist.  She is noted for her diverse musical influences and creative music videos. 

Time Magazine called her "Africa's premier diva". The Guardian listed her as one of their Top 100 Most Inspiring Women in the World. She was the first woman to be listed on "The 40 Most Powerful Celebrities In Africa" by Forbes Magazine.

Discography

Pretty (1988) (African release only)
Parakou (1990)
Logozo (1991)
Ayé (1994)
Fifa (1996)
Oremi (1998)
Keep On Moving: The Best Of Angelique Kidjo (2001)
Black Ivory Soul (2002)
Oyaya! (2004)
Djin Djin (2007)
Õÿö (2010)
Spirit Rising (Live) (2012)

Awards
 Danish Music Awards: Best Female Singer (Denmark, 1995)
 Kora Music Awards: Best African Female artist (Africa, 1997)
 Mobo Awards for Best World Music Act (UK, 2002)
 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2008)
 Commander of the National Order of Benin (Benin, 2008)
 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2011)

References

1960 births
Beninese people
Gospel musicians
Jazz musicians
Jazz singers
Living people
Reggae musicians
Grammy Award winners
Dhobi Ghat or Dhoby Ghaut is a word used in various parts of South Asia. It means a place where the traditional dhobi caste of washermen and women go to wash clothes. The word usually means a place near a river or stream, in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a Dhobi Ghat  doesn't necessarily have to be near a source of natural water. 

The world's largest Dhobi Ghat is said to be in Mumbai, India. It figured in the famous  Dhobi Ghat (2010).

India
Pakistani culture
Wally Badarou (born Waliou Jacques Daniel Isheola Badarou, 22 March 1955, Paris, France) is a musician from Benin.  Badarou played with the British band Level 42.

Badarou helped organise the Kora All Africa Music Awards in 1997.  He co-wrote and produced So Why, a charity album for the ICRC.

Discography

Solo
1979: Back to Scales Tonight
1984: Echoes
1985: Chief Inspector (EP)
1989: Words of a Mountain
1997: So Why
2001: Colors of Silence : Musical poetry for Yoga
2009: The Unnamed Trilogy

Movie scores
1981: Dickie Jobson: Countryman
1982: Nathalie Delon & Yves Deschamps: They Called It an Accident
1985: Hector Babenco: Kiss Of The SpiderWoman (additional music)
1991: Lol Creme: The Lunatic
1997: Idrissa Ouedraogo: Kini & Adams
1997: Don Letts & Rick Elgood: DanceHall Queen
1999: Chris Browne: Third World Cop
2000: John Berry: Boesman & Lena

Producer (and co-producer)
1979: Janic Prévost - J'veux d'la Tendresse
1981: Alain Chamfort - Amour Année Zéro
1983: Marianne Faithfull - A Child's Adventure (& co-writer)
1985: Level 42 - World Machine (& co-writer)
1986: Alain Chamfort - Tendres Fièvres (& co-writer)
1986: Fela Ransome Kuti - Teacher Don't Teach Me NonSense
1987: Level 42 - Running in the Family (& co-writer)
1988: Level 42 - Staring at the Sun (& co-writer)
1990: Level 42 - Guaranteed (& co-writer)
1993: Level 42 - Forever Now (& co-writer)
1995: Salif Keita - Folon
1996: Carlinhos Brown - AlfaGamaBetizado
1998: Yannick Noah & Zam Zam - Zam Zam
1998: Wasis Diop - Toxu
2000: Trilok Gurtu  -The Beat Of Love (& co-writer)
2001: i Muvrini - Umani

References

1955 births
Living people
Beninese people
Musicians from Paris
Gnonnan Sossou Pierre Kouassivi, known by the stage name Gnonnas Pedro was a singer and musician from Lokossa, Benin. He is best known as the lead singer of Africando between 1995 and his death in 2004.

Gnonnas Pedro died August 12, 2004, age 61 of prostate cancer in a hospital of Cotonou, Benin.

Discography

Solo

 Dadjes: The Band Of Africa (1975)
 Gnonnas Pedro (Disco Stock, 1979)
 El Cochechivo (Ledoux, 1981)
 Agbadja (Syllart, 1999)
 Irma koi (Syllart, 1999)
 The best of Gnonnas Pedro (2003)

With Africando

 Gombo Salsa (Stern's Africa STCD1071, 1996)
 Baloba (Stern's Africa STCD1082, 1998)
 Mandali (Stern's Africa STCD1092, 2000) Credited to Africando All Stars. Released in France as Betece
 Live! (Sono CDS8907, double CD, 2001) Out of print
 Martina (Stern's Africa STCD1096, 2003)
 Ketukuba (Stern's Africa STCD1103, 2006) Released after his death.

References

1940s births
2004 deaths
Singers
Beninese people
Zam Zama or Zam-zammah also often called the 'terror of Northern India' is an old cannon. It is made of brass and was made in Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1762, on the orders of the Afghan king. Ahmad Shah Durrani. It was of great size back then, and had tremendous fire-power, and all armies opposing the Afghans were terrified of it in the region. 

The cannon was later damaged in a military campaign and sank to the bottom of the Chenab River from where it was recovered and captured by the victorious Sikh Khalsa forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. After that, the Punjab region fell under Sikh rule, giving birth to the superstition that 'whoever holds Zam Zama holds the Punjab'.

The cannon was later taken to Delhi but brought back to Lahore in 1870 and installed outside the old Lahore Museum and then later on shifted outside the present museum building in the 1890s, opposite to the old campus of the University of the Punjab. It was later restored and cleaned up in the 1990s.

During the period of British India, Zam Zama achieved special fame when the writer Rudyard Kipling mentioned in the opening pages of Kim (book), published in 1901.

References

History of India
History of Pakistan
The Lahore Museum or Ajaib Ghar (Urdu: Wonder House) is a museum in the city of Lahore, India and Pakistan. It is the largest and best museum in the country.

History
The original old Lahore Museum was made during British Indian times in the 1860s, in what had been the old 'Punjab Exhibition Hall' and the famous gun Zam Zama was installed outside it in 1870. This old museum, along with the Punjab School of Arts (later the Mayo College of Arts) was looked after by John Lockwood Kipling (1837-1911) father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who mentioned the museum and Zam Zama in his Kim (book) (1901). In 1894, the museum's 'new' building was completed and it shifted there the same year, right opposite the old campus of the University of the Punjab, on the Mall.

Collection
At present, the Lahore Museum is set in its beautiful grounds and has one of the best collections of arts and artifacts in its galleries in South Asia. Especially notable are: (a) its ancient Gandhara Buddhist sculptures (b) its Tibetan and Hill States collection (c) its famed collection of miniature paintings from the Mughal Empire and the Pahari school and (d) its excellent collection of contemporary paintings by some of Pakistan's most prominent artists such as Ustad Allah Bux, A.R. Chughtai, Shakir Ali, Sadequain, Gulgee and others.

References

Further reading

Other websites

Lahore Museum Official Website
Lahore Museum as it looked in 1900

Lahore
Museums in Pakistan
1865 establishments
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Don't Break the Oath is the second studio album by Mercyful Fate, a heavy metal band from Denmark.  Some people who make music and people who talk about music think it is one of the best heavy metal albums ever.



History
In the 1980s, there were a lot of bands in Europe playing heavy metal.  Many of them were playing music like bands from the United Kingdom, in a way that was called the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (or NWOBHM for short).  There were a lot of hard rock bands, too, and there were a lot of things hard rock bands and NWOBHM bands both did.  Mercyful Fate was one of the first few NWOBHM bands to be different from hard rock bands on purpose.

King Diamond, the singer and leader of Mercyful Fate, painted his face with upside-down crosses and wrote lyrics about Satan, Hell, and things like that.  Hank Shermann, the band's guitarist, played very fast and with a lot of guitar solos to help make the band sound evil.  Mercyful Fate had already started to do these things in 1983 with their last album, Melissa.

Sound

How they played their instruments
Hank Shermann and Michael Denner wrote the songs in a way that fit well with King Diamond's singing.  Like on Melissa, King Diamond sang in a high-pitched way that was different from other heavy metal singers.

What the songs are about
All of the ideas in all of the songs are evil.  They talk about things like bringing back people from the dead, casting black magic, and witches and demons.  Worshipping Satan is a special subject, and is talked about on almost every song.

Song list
 "A Dangerous Meeting" – 5:12
 "Nightmare" – 6:21
 "Desecration of Souls" – 4:57
 "Night of the Unborn" – 5:02
 "The Oath" – 7:34
 "Gypsy" – 3:10
 "Welcome Princess of Hell" – 4:06
 "To One Far Away" – 1:31
 "Come to the Sabbath" – 5:18

People who made the album

People who played music on the album
King Diamond – singing, keyboards
Hank Shermann – guitar
Michael Denner – guitar
Timi "Grabber" Hansen – bass
Kim Ruzz – drums

People who helped make the album sound right
Bill Turjancik – producer
Henrik Lund - producer, engineer
Niels Erik Otto – engineer

1984 albums
Heavy metal albums
Didier Demazière is a French sociologist specialized in the study of unemployment. He is senior researcher at  French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS).

Bibliography 
 L'injonction au professionnalisme. Analyse d'une dynamique plurielle (The injunction professionalism. Dynamic analysis of a plural), with Valérie Boussard and Philip Milburn, (2010).
 Sociologie des groupes professionnels. Acquis récents, nouveaux défis (Sociology of professional groups. Recent achievements, new challenges), with Charles Gadéa, (2009).
 Sociologie des chômeurs (Sociology of unemployed), (2006), ()
 Analyses textuelles en sociologie. Logiciels, méthodes, usages (Textual analysis in sociology. Software, methods, uses), (2006).
 Analyser les entretiens biographiques (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Claude Dubar, 2004. ()
 Le chômage. Comment peut-on être chômeur ? (Unemployment. How can you be unemployed?), (2003).
 Chômeurs: du silence à la révolte. Sociologie d'une action collective (Unemployed: from silence to revolt. Sociology of collective action), with Maria Teresa Pignoni, (1999).
 Le chômage de longue durée (The long-term unemployment), (1995).
 La sociologie du chômage (The sociology of unemployment), (1995).
 Longue durée. Vivre en chômage (Long-term. Living in unemployment), with Marc Helleboid and Jacques Mondoloni, (1994).
 Le chômage en crise? La négociation des identités des chômeurs de longue durée (Unemployment crisis? Negotiation of identities of long-term unemployed), (1992)

References

Year of birth unknown
French sociologists
Living people
A.R. Chughtai or in full Abdur Rahman Chughtai (1897-1975) was a Pakistani artist and painter. He was well known for his unique style of painting deeply influenced by the miniature paintings of the Mughal Empire. 

1897 births
1975 deaths
Pakistani people
Ustad Allah Baksh (1895-1978; ) was a very well known early modern artist and painter of Pakistan. He is best known today for his depictions of rural life in the country and for subjects from Hindu and Persian mythology.Whenever Pakistan's folk culture and life will be talked about, the name of Ustad (ustad means a maestro) Allah Baksh will stand out prominently. He was the man who immortalized our rural life, and specially of the Punjab – the land where he was born in 1885 in the small town of Wazirabad, Punjab. His very near-to-life life-size paintings are full of colour, life and people that forces an onlooker to stop in his tracks and appreciate his masterly work of art. He died in October 1978. His grave can be found at Muslim Town graveyard, Lahore.

Ustad Allah Bakhsh was lucky to have found Master Abdullah, a great maestro of his own time and a master of miniature art. He started learning from his ustad at the age of five and by the age of fourteen he had become an artist of his own style. He also learnt the art of painting from Master Meeran Bakhsh Naqash, a known teacher and painter and was also the Vice Principal of the Mayo School of Arts, now the National College of Arts Lahore.

His art treasure has been preserved in the National art gallery is an exclusive corner attributed to one of the great master painters of Pakistan and Indo-Pak subcontinent. Besides, his studio where he used to spend most of his time has been converted into an academy "Allah Bux Academy" which is now serving as a learning ground for those who wants to excel in this great master's style.

Sources 

1895 births
1978 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Henna, also known as mehandi or mendhi is a flowering plant. It has been used since ancient times to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, cotton, wool and other fabrics. The name is also used for the dye or color preparation derived from the plant, and for the art of making temporary tattoos or designs from these dyes. These henna tattoos are often used in wedding ceremonies. 

In addition, the name is also sometimes used, wrongly, for other chemical preparations and dyes that are in fact not made from this plant. 

The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic  (or colloquially , loosely pronounced /ħinna/). The natural dye is still mostly used in Arabia, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan.

Uses 
Henna is used for many hair related problems. 

Scalp Itchiness: The anti-microbial and anti-fungal property of henna is the best to soothe the itchy scalp. 

Relieves Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in the production of free radicals. It causes hair loss, hair damage, breakage, and premature greying of hair. Henna has antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress. 

Hair Growth: Henna has properties that help repair hair cuticles, making hair strands thick and strong.

References 
Flowering plants
Middle East
Indian culture
Pakistani culture
Dominicans () are inhabitants or citizens of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic is a multi-ethnic country in the Caribbean basin which is home to people of many different racial, ethnic, national and cultural backgrounds which has often become a great pride for many Dominicans.

The people and the race
It is estimated that some 894,000 enslaved Africans were brought to Dominican Republic between 1717 and 1870 (and more before 1717). The slaves came from various West African regions, but the majority came from primarily the Congo region (present-day Angola, Congo, Gabon, and Cameroon) and the gold coast/Guinean (present-day Ghana and Guinea).

In addition, many immigrants arrived from other places around the world. After the last smuggled slave ship that arrived in 1898, many Chinese people came to the island due to the Chinese Revolution, along with the Arabs of North Africa (Morocco or Algeria) and Indians. Immigration from Europe, most notably Spaniards, Italians and Germans occurred during the later parts of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth century, mostly settling in Santo Domingo and in rural areas in the Cibao valley alike. During World War II, the Dominican Republic became the only nation to take in Jewish refugees by orders from then president Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Nearly 800 German and Austrian Jews settled in the town of Sosua, Puerto Plata.

Today, much of the contemporary Dominican population is largely Black and Mulatto. The Dominican Republic itself is 45% Mulatto,  40% Black, and 15% White. Studies have indicated that up to 15% of all Dominicans carry maternal Taino-Arawak lineage, figures which are higher in rural areas. Other studies often indicate that the average Dominican is 60% African , 35% European (Mostly Spanish) and 5% Taino-Arawak, but these figures also vary by region as the purest Blacks is lives mostly in the Coastal lowland  regions of the country.

References
The Somme is a river in the north of France, in the  Hauts-de-France region, and gives its name to the department called Somme.

The name of the river is of Celtic origins, and refers to the tranquility of the river over much of its course. The river is known for the Battle of the Somme, which was an important battle of the First World War.

Geography
The Somme river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

Course

The source of the Somme is in the Fonsomme commune (Aisne), at an altitude of about .

The Somme passes through the departments and cities of:
 Aisne : Fonsomme, Saint-Quentin 
 Somme : Ham, Péronne, Corbie, Amiens, Abbeville, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme

The Somme river flows through 49 communes.

Finally, it flows into the English Channel near Saint-Valery-sur-Somme.

Main tributaries
 Left tributaries
 Avre - 66.2 km;
 Selle - 38.9 km;
 Saint-Landon - 13.2 km;
 Airaines - 12.8 km;
 Right tributaries
 Omignon - 32 km;
 Cologne - 23.2 km;
 Tortille - 16.1 km;
 Ancre - 37.4 km;
 Hallue - 15.8 km;
 Nièvre - 22 km;
 Scardon - 12.4 km;

Archaeology
Different archeological finds have been discovered in its valley: The Acheulean culture is named after Saint-Acheul, a suburb of Amiens. Hand axes from the Palaeolithic period were found there, and gave this name to the respective period.

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - MEDDE, «Synthèse de la Banque Hydro»  

Rivers of France
Hauts-de-France
The United National Liberation Front (UNLF) is an insurgent group in the state of Manipur in the North east of the Republic of India. The UNLF wants to make Manipur an independent Socialist state.

Separatist movements of India
Manipur
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Nationalist organizations in India
Ghost Dance was a new religious movement among Native Americans. It was active from about 1860 to about 1890. These people had been forced to change their ways of life, and had lost much of their culture and identity. The Ghost Dance promised them that if they performed the "Dance" and lived the right way, they could re-unite the living and the dead, they would again be given most of the things they had lost to the whites, and the people who had caused such misery would be driven away from their land. There were also real dance rituals that they did to represent their spiritual path.

There was a lot of activity twice: the first time around 1860, and the second time around 1890. Around 1860, a Native American (Paiute) called Wodziwob had a vision. He saw that the white people would be driven away, and the people would be reunited with their ancestors' spirits, called "ghosts". He was also told how to do the dance ritual. The movement spread rapidly. Each tribe added its own elements into the Ghost Dance. The first phase ended around 1872, because it did not have success, and Wodzivob said that he was possibly wrong.

The second wave started about twenty years later. A man called Wovoka who worked at an LDS Mormon ranch started it. He was influenced by the new faith, and by some of its ideas, such as sending apostles to spread the faith. This movement spread wider, and was again adapted to each tribe's culture. The Lakota also adopted the idea of a messiah. The Lakota lived on a reservation, and the local authorities saw this as threat, when they saw 25,000 natives dance. This led to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where many Natives were killed.

Wovoka wrote a letter in 1892 to the other tribes telling them that Jesus had just returned to earth that year, and that if they lived upright lives, they would be getting their lands and culture again some day, and the dead would live. He stayed out of public sight for the rest of his life after giving this message, and lived until the 1930s.

New religious movements
Native American
The Suiko period  was an era of 25 years during the Asuka period of Japanese history.  This period overlaps all but 7 years of Empress Suiko's reign (604-628) or it is used as a synonym for her reign (593-628).

Calendar
The  adoption of the sexegenary cycle calendar (Jikkan Jūnishi) was a significant event in the reign of Empress Suiko.  This pre-dates the system of  which was started in 645.

Events of the Suiko period
 604:  In the 12th year of Suiko's reign, Japan organized its earliest Imperial calendar, also known as the "Suiko period".
 628: In the 35th year of Suiko, the empress abdicated; and the period ended.

Related pages
 Regnal name
 List of Japanese eras

Notes

References
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).  Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 58053128
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).  Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Odai Ichiran).  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
 Tsuchihashi, Paul, S.J. (1952). .  Tokyo: Sophia University. OCLC 001291275
 Zöllner, Reinhard. (2003). Japanische Zeitrechnung: ein Handbuch Munich: Iudicium Verlag. ;  OCLC 249297777

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
WFMU is a listener-supported, radio station based in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. It uses a freeform radio program format. This means each personality or disc jockey who goes on the air, gets to decide what music to play.  WFMU is the longest-running freeform radio station in the U.S.

Other websites
Official Homepage The official site of WFMU.

Jersey City, New Jersey
Radio stations in the United States
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
Christiana Guinle is a Brazilian producer and actress of stage, movies and television. She graduated from the Royal Shakespeare Company.

Career

Theater Actress
 Homer’s Odissey – won Mambembe best actress award
 O Ateneu, by Raul Pompéia - won Mambembe best new actress award
 Medea, by Eurípedes
 LuLu, by Frank Wedekind
 The Blind, by Ghelderode – Shell best actress award nominee
 Raised in Captivity, by Nicky Silver

Theater Actress and Producer
 Hell is Other People, based on Jean-Paul Sartre’s Huis-Clos – Molière best actress award nominee
 O Anjo Negro (The Dark Angel), by Nelson Rodrigues – won A.P.C.A. best actress award
 The Lady from the Sea, by Ibsen – won Shell best actress award
 God, by Woody Allen

Cinema
 A Espera (The Wait), by Luiz Fernando Carvalho – the film won Gramado best film award
 Mil e Uma (One Thousand and One), by Suzana Morais about Marcel Duchamp’s work
 Metalguru, by Flavio Colker – won Berlin’s alternative festival best actress award

Television
 Chiquinha Gonzaga, by Manoel Carlos – television miniseries about the life of Chiquinha Gonzaga (Brazilian composer, pianist, and conductor), broadcast by Rede Globo Network
 A Casa das Sete Mulheres (The House of Seven Women), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
 Um Só Coração (Just One Heart), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
 JK, by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries about the life of Juscelino Kubitschek (President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961),  broadcast by Rede Globo Network

References

Brazilian stage actors
Brazilian television actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
River Jude Phoenix (August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, musician, and activist who is known for his roles in The Thing Called Love, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Dark Blood, My Own Private Idaho, I Love You To Death and in Stand by Me. His brother was actor Joaquin Phoenix.

Phoenix was born on August 23, 1970 in Madras, Oregon to Arlyn Sharon Dunetz and to John Lee Botton. He was the oldest of four. Phoenix never married and had no children. Phoenix died on October 31, 1993 in West Hollywood, California from a drug overdose and heart failure, aged 23.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1970 births
1993 deaths
Actors from Oregon
American activists
American child actors
American movie actors
American musicians
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from heart failure
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Jewish American actors
Alan Cumming OBE (born 27 January 1965) is a Scottish actor who is known for his roles in The Smurfs, Spy Kids, Son of the Mask, and in X2. He won an Drama Desk Award and an Tony Award.

Cumming was born on 27 January 1965 in Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland. He studied at Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Cumming is openly bisexual. He was married to Hilary Lyon from 1985 until they divorced in 1993. He had been in a civil partnership with Grant Shaffer since 2007. Cumming gained American citizenship in 2008; he has been a dual British-American citizen since then.

References

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1965 births
Living people
Actors who played Bond villains
Bisexual people
Drama Desk Award winners
Gay men
LGBT actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish LGBT people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Tony Award winning actors
Tent pegging (sometimes spelled 'tentpegging' or 'tent-pegging') is a cavalry or equestrian sport of ancient origin.

The sport
In the specific sport of tent pegging a mounted horseman, or at times a team of horsemen, rides at a gallop and uses a sword or a lance to pierce, pick up and carry away a small ground target (a symbolic tent peg) or a series of such small ground targets.

Origins
The origins of tent pegging are ambiguous and subject to some controversy. Some historians and other scholars believe it originated in Arabia, others believe that it might have evolved in Central Asia, while others still believe in its Indian origins. It is believed that people have practised the game of tent pegging since at least the 4th century BC, and over the ages Middle Eastern, Asian and later European empires popularized the game around the world.

The term "tent pegging", however, historically emerged from the attacks by Arabian Muslim cavaliers on enemy camps at dawn or late night, where they would gallop to their tents and pluck out the pegs of their tents, so that these would collapse on them, thus causing havoc and terror in the camp. Several old medieval Arab books give descriptions of such tactics.

Present
Today, tent pegging is practised around the world, but is especially popular in Australia, Pakistan, India, Israel, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Olympic Council of Asia included tent pegging as an official sport in 1982, and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports recognised it as an official equestrian discipline in 2004.

However, it is important to recognize the difference between tent pegging as an 'international sport' and the local, rural version of the sport played by the traditional tribal peoples such as the Bedu in the Middle East and Oman, the Desi horsemen of Pakistani and Indian Punjab and so on. The former is a milder sport, whereas the latter is a fiercer and more commanding contest.

References

Equestrian sports
Middle East
Sport in India
Pakistani culture
Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi  (1930-1987) also referred to as Sadequain Naqqash or simply Sadequain, was a famous Pakistani artist. He is best known for his skills as a calligrapher and a painter.

1930 births
1987 deaths
Pakistani people
The Arkalochori Axe is a bronze double axe, probably from the 17th century BC. The axe was found in a cave on Crete, in 1934.  Other items were also found together with the axe. Possibly, there was an earthquake which rendered the cave inaccessible, at the end of the period SM I. The axe was probably used for a reliious ritual. The axe is inscribed with fifteen symbols. It has been suggested that these might be Linear A but Professor Glanville Price agrees with Louis Godart that "the characters on the axe are no more than a 'pseudo-inscription' engraved by an illiterate in uncomprehending imitation of authentic Linear A characters on other similar axes." The axe and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Iraklion Archaeological Museum.

Description
The cave where the axe was found was used from about 2500 BC onwards. In 1912, 53 bronze swords, and 19 double axes were found there; one of the axes is made of silver. Such axes often appear on items which have been attributed to the Minoan or Mycenean culture. One example is the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, which has been dated to the 14th century BC.

When the cave was searched again in 1934, a bigger double axe, made of bronze was found. This axe is about 30 centimetres wide. It is special because it bears an inscription. The symbols on the axe are aligned in three columns. These characters have been compared to both Linear A and the stamps on the Phaistos disc. As of 2012, the writing is unreadable.

Together with this axe, hundreds of long swords, knives and double axes were found in the cave. Most of these were given as offerings, but some are usable. There are 25 small double axes made of gold and seven made of silver. Among the axes found, there are a golden axe, and one made of sivler; either axe is only about 5 cm wide. Both axes (ref AR Zf 1 and AR Zf 2) bear the same inscription of a word in Linear A:

   

This has been phonetically transcribed as I-DA-MA-TE. This transcription resembles the name of the goddess Demeter. The four symbols in Linear A also resemble symbols on the bigger bronze axe. The findings  indicate that there probably was a temple to a deity linked to military activity in the cave.

The Inscription
Of the fifteen signs, two appear to be unique. The suggestions for comparison with Linear A and Phaistos Disc glyphs are due to Torsten Timm (2004).

Reading right to left, top to bottom, the symbols are as follows.

References

Minoan culture
Blades
The National College of Arts in  Lahore, Pakistan is usually referred to by its acronym NCA. It is the oldest fine arts training institute in the country and one of the oldest and best in all of Asia.  

The NCA has a rich historical tradition dating back to the days of the British Raj. During the 1860s, it was established in Lahore, in the Punjab region, as the 'Punjab School of Arts' and was then renamed the 'Mayo School of Arts, Lahore', after Lord Mayo, a Viceroy of India. In the 1890s, it moved to its present location next to the Lahore Museum and became the 'Mayo College of Arts' and after Partition and Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was formally designated as the 'National College of Arts'. 

The old Mayo School and College had the unique distinction of having as its first principal and head, Mr John Lockwood Kipling, father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who was also Curator of the Lahore Museum simultaneously.  

Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Lahore
Prince Chichibu (Chichibu-no-miya Yasuhito Shinnō) (25 June 1902 – 4 January 1953), also known as Prince Yasuhito, was the second son of Emperor Taishō and a younger brother of the Emperor Shōwa. 

As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of various sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. As an English-speaking prince he played a significant role in post-World War 2 Japan's reconstruction. However, he died tragically early due to Tuberculosis.

The Prince was married to the Princess Chichibu.

1902 births
1953 deaths
People from Tokyo
Princes and princesses
Japanese imperial family
Guelma () is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District. It is in northeastern Algeria, about  from the Mediterranean coast.

History
The town of Guelma was created in 1836; and the modern city was established in 1974.

References

Other websites
 Office de Tourisme de Guelma

Cities in Algeria
Josef Fritzl (born 13 April 1935) is an Austrian criminal and part of the Fritzl case. He held his daughter captive in a basement dungeon that he built under his house. Fritzl made his daughter write letters to him and her mother, saying she had joined a cult. During the 24 years that he had her imprisoned, Fritzl often raped his daughter, and she had seven children by him. One of the baby boys died and Fritzl burned his body. The police eventually found out about his crimes when one of the children became very sick and he took her to the hospital. 

Fritzl was tried and convicted on several charges, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment in a facility for the mentally ill in March 2009. Fritzl could become eligible for release after fifteen years, but he is expected to be in prison until he dies. A forensic psychiatrist diagnosed him with a personality disorder and a sexual disorder.

References

1935 births
Living people
Austrian people
Incest
Kidnappers
People with personality disorders
Prisoners
Rapists
Ellen Tyne Daly (born February 21, 1946) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles as Detective Mary Beth Lacey in Cagney & Lacey and as Maxine Gray in Judging Amy. She has won six Emmy Awards, an Tony Award, and an Drama Desk Award.

Daly was born on February 21, 1946 in Madison, Wisconsin. She studied at Brandeis University and at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. She was married to Georg Stanford Brown from 1966 until they divorced in 1990. They had three children. Her brother is actor Tim Daly; her father was actor James Daly.

References

Other websites
Tyne Daly's official web site

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Tony Award winning actors
The Akhundov Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre (Azeri: Axundov adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Akademik Opera və Balet Teatrı) is an opera house in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is used for opera performances and ballet performances. The building was built in 1911 and is in the Art Nouveau style. It is in the center of Baku. It was opened as an opera house in 1920, and in 1927 the opera house was named after the Azerbaijani writer Mirza Fatali Akhundov. The opera house has 600 seats. The opera house was renovated in 1985 but burned just after all the restoratory works were finished. In 1987, the opera house was renovated again, and after all the restoratory works were finished, the opera house finally reopened its doors.

Other websites 

 Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Official Website 

Opera houses
Theatres in Baku
Buildings and structures in Baku
1911 establishments
1910s establishments in Azerbaijan
Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Smith (February 2, 1923 – November 12, 2017) was an American gossip columnist. She was known as The Grand Dame of Dish. She was a journalist for the New York Daily Times.

Smith was born on February 2, 1923 in Fort Worth, Texas. She was raised in New York City. Smith studied at the University of Texas at Austin. She worked for five years at CBS Radio with Mike Wallace. She was married to George Edward until they divorced.

She was bisexual.

Smith died at her Manhattan apartment on November 12, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 copy of transcript of her interview with CNN's  Larry King

1923 births
2017 deaths
American columnists
Bisexual people
Deaths from natural causes in the United States
Journalists from New York City
Journalists from Texas
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from New York City
LGBT people from Texas
Writers from Fort Worth, Texas
Dorothy Ann Willis Richards (September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Texas. She first obtained national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards served as the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995 and was defeated for re-election in 1994 by George W. Bush. Ann Richards was the second woman governor of Texas.

Richards was born on September 1, 1933 in Lakeview, Texas. Richards was raised in Austin, Texas. She studied at Baylor University. Richards was married to David Richards from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They have four children, including former President of Planned Parenthood Cecile Richards.

Richards died on September 13, 2006 just 12 days after her 73rd birthday from esophageal cancer in Austin, Texas, aged 73.

References

Other websites

Biography of Ann Richards from Northeastern University 

Remembering Ann Richards  by Molly Ivins

1933 births
2006 deaths
American feminists
American teachers
Cancer deaths in Texas
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Governors of Texas
Politicians from Austin, Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Educators from Austin, Texas
Susannah York (Susannah Yolande Fletcher, January 9, 1939 – January 15, 2011) was an English movie, stage, voice, radio, and television actress. She was known for her role as Alice in They Shoot Horses, Don't They?. She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Alice. She was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.

York was born on 9 January 1939 in Chelsea, London, England. She studied at Marr College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. 

York was married to Michael Wells from 1960 until they divorced in 1976. They have two children. York died on 15 January 2011, six days after her 72nd birthday in a hospital in Chelsea, London, England from multiple myeloma, aged 72.

References

Other websites

1939 births
2011 deaths
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from multiple myeloma
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Robert Gerard Goulet (November 26, 1933 – October 30, 2007) was an American singer, movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor.

He was known for his deep voice and for his roles in Beetlejuice, The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear, and in the broadway version of Camelot as Lancelot. He won a Grammy Award and a Tony Award. He was a "lost Canadian".

Goulet was born on November 26, 1933 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He studied at Victoria Composite High School and at The Royal Conservatory of Music.

He was married to Louise Longmore from 1956 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Carol Lawrence from 1963 until they divorced in 1981. Then he was married to Vera Novak from 1982 until his death in 2007.

Goulet died on October 30, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure caused by pulmonary fibrosis, aged 73.

References

Other websites

Robert Goulet official website
 
 

1933 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Singers from Massachusetts
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Tony Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Lucille Theresa Bliss (March 31, 1916 – November 8, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actress. She was known for being the voice of Smurfette in The Smurfs.

Bliss was born on March 31, 1916 in New York City, New York. Her career began in 1935 and lasted until her death in 2012. Bliss died on November 8, 2012 in Costa Mesa, California from natural causes, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 
 

1916 births
2012 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
Actors from New York City