cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Year 1054 (MLIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Chinese astronomers see a supernova being created in the Crab Nebula 
 February – Battle of Mortemer: The Normans defeat a French army as it is caught stealing. King Henry I of France removes his main army from Normandy as a result.
 April 30 – Rosdalla, Kilbeggan Ireland: Earliest known European tornado. 
 July 4 – The SN 1054 supernova is seen by the Chinese, Arab and possibly Native Americans near the star ζ Tauri. For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Whats left of it form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952).
 July 16 – Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other excommunication. Most historians look to this act as the final step in the initiation of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches. In 1965, those excommunications are cancelled by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras when they meet in the Second Vatican Council. However, to this day each church claims to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and each denies the other's right to that name. (See East-West Schism)
 July 27 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against Macbeth, who took the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, King Duncan. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.
 Lý Nhật Tôn, third king of the Lý Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam and changes the country's official name to Đại Việt.
 East-West Schism in the Christian church, where the churches got separated and became the Catholic and the Orthodox christian churches.

Deaths 
 February 20 – Yaroslav the Wise, prince of Kievan Rus
 April 19 – Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
 September 24 – Hermannus Contractus

References
Year 1049 (MXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Africa 
 Beginning of the Banu Hilal invasions in the Maghrib. They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid dynasty to punish their former Zirid vassals.

 Asia 
 A truce is declared between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks.
 Construction of the large Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty.

 Europe 
 The Pisans successfully complete the take over of Sardegna upon the Andalusian occupiers.
 Viking Irish raiders ally with Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent in raiding along the River Usk. Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester, is unsuccessful in driving them off.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 February 12 – Pope Leo IX replaces Pope Damasus II as the 152nd pope.

Deaths 
 Eustace I of Boulogne

References
Year 1047 (MXLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Battle of Val-ès-Dunes: William the Conqueror, with assistance from King Henry I of France, takes control of Normandy by defeating the rebel Norman barons at Caen. 
 Harald III becomes sole king of Norway.
 Sweyn II is crowned king of Denmark.
 Pope Clement II is replaced by Pope Benedict IX as the 150th pope.
 Revolt of Leo Tornikios in the Byzantine Empire

Births 
 Judith of Swabia, daughter of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

Deaths 
 October 9 – Pope Clement II
 October 25 – King Magnus I of Norway (b. 1024)

References
Year 1044 (MXLIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 King Anawrahta takes over the throne of Pagan, Myanmar.
 Benedict IX gives up his role as pope. Sylvester III becomes the new pope after him.
 The Chinese military essay of the Wujing Zongyao is written and built by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德) during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult). It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariners compass. Although making clear the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow and ability of crossbowmen to eliminate charging units of nomadic cavalrymen.

Births 
 Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid (d. 1099)

Deaths 
 Gothelo I, Duke of Lotharingia

References
Year 1043 (MXLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 October 31 – Venus occults Jupiter
 Rus'-Byzantine War (1043).
 Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.
 Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor marries Agnes de Poitou.
 The revolt of George Maniaces against Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX ends when Maniaces is killed in battle near Thessalonica.
 The Ziyarid dynasty of Persia is destroyed by the Seljuks.
 In Song Dynasty China, the politicians Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan start the Qingli Reforms, which are halted by 1045.
 The Norman brothers, William Iron Arm and Drogo de Hauteville, take power in Apulia.
 The first king of the Kingdom of Nri, Eze Nri Ìfikuánim is created in West Africa.

Births 
 Fulk IV of Anjou
 Abu Muhammad Baghawi, Persian traditionalist
 El Cíd Campeador of Castile

Deaths 
 George Maniaces, Byzantine general
 Gisela of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (b. 989)

References
Year 1037 (MXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 Construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is ended.
 Ferdinand I becomes the king of Castile and Leon.
 Harold I takes control of the crown of England from his half-brother Harthacanute.
 George Maniaces begins a war against the Arabs in Sicily.

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty Chinese rime dictionary of the Jiyun is published.
 Seljuq dynasty starts.

Births 
 Su Dongpo, Chinese poet (d. 1101)

Deaths 
 March 16 – Robert I, Archbishop of Rouen
 September 4 – King Bermudo III of León (b. 1010)
 Avicenna, Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist (b. 980)
 Duke Boleslaus III of Bohemia

References
Year 1022 (MXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 Upon the death of Olof Skötkonung, he is replaced by his son Anund Jakob as king of Sweden.
 Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, marches with his army down the Tyrrhenian coast to lay siege to Capua. The citizens open the gates and surrender the city to the imperial army.

 Asia 
 Al-Muizz ibn Badis begins to rule Ifriqiya in his own right.
 The Song Dynasty Chinese military has one million registered soldiers, an increase since the turn of the 11th century when the Song military only had nine hundred thousand soldiers.

 By topic 
 Religion 
 Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, is received at Rome.
 Several Catharists are killed in Toulouse.
 The Synod of Pavia issues decrees against non-celibate clergy and against simony.
 Robert II the Pious burns some canons of St. Croix in Orléans, for holding that the world is inherently evil.

Births 
 Harold Godwinson

Deaths 
 September 2 – Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, king of Mide and High King of Ireland
 November 20 – Bernward of Hildesheim
 December 20 – Elvira Mendes, queen of Alfonso V of Castile (b. 996)
 Olof Skötkonung, King of Sweden since 995 (b. c. 980)
 Emperor Zhenzong of China

References
Year 1010 (MX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 The city of Yaroslavl is said to have been founded.
 Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, replacing Muhammad II al-Mahdi.
 Allied to Muslim rebels, the count of Barcelona robs and destroys Cordoba.

 Asia 
 The Lý Dynasty is started in Vietnam (or 1009) and moves the capital to Hanoi.
 Persian poet Ferdowsi finishes writing The Shahnameh (Book of Kings).
 The Goryeo king is unseated in a revolt, resulting in an invasion by the Liao Dynasty and the burning of the Korean capital Gaegyeong in the Second Goryeo-Khitan War.
 Song Zhun of Song Dynasty China completes the work of the earlier geographer Lu Duosun, a huge atlas of China that is written and illustrated in 1,556 chapters, showing maps of each region, city, town, and village. The atlas took 39 years to complete.

 Americas 
 Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America (approximate date).

 By topic 

 Art 
 The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, ends. Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period.
 Rajaraja I and His Teacher, detail of a wall painting in the Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Chola Dynasty. Early Medieval period (approximate date).

 Literature 
 Lady Murasaki writes The Tale of Genji in Japanese (approximate date).
 Beowulf is written by an unknown writer (approximate date).

 Technology 
 Eilmer of Malmesbury attempts flight in a glider of his own construction.

Births 
 May 30 – Emperor Renzong of China (d. 1063)
 June 2 – Benno, bishop of Meissen (d. 1106)
 King Bermudo III of León (d. 1037)
 Ali Ahmad Nasawi, (d. 1075)
 Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1041)
 Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg (d. 1088)
 Otto of Savoy (d. 1060)
 Adalbero of Würzburg, Bishop of Würzburg and Count of Lambach-Wels (d. 1090)

Deaths 
 John Curcuas, Byzantine catepan of Italy
 Ælfric of Eynsham, English abbot
 Aimoin, French monk and chronicler

References
Year 1013 (MXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was one thousand years before 2013.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 July  Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, having invaded England, is declared King within the Danelaw.
 December 25  Sweyn is declared King of England in London, forcing Æthelred the Unready to flee to Normandy.
 Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a peace treaty at Merseburg with Duke Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland who recognizes him as overlord.
 Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, gathers an army at Augsburg to begin his second Italian military campaign.
 The Jews are thrown out of the caliphate of Córdoba.
 The Poles leave from Pomerania (approximate date).

 Asia 
 Estimation: Kaifeng, capital of China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Córdoba in Al-Andalus.
 The largest of the Four Great Books of Song, the Song Dynasty Chinese encyclopedia Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau (which had been compiled since 1005), is completed in 1,000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 Lyfing is appointed by Æthelred the Unready as Archbishop of Canterbury.
 The Al-Hakim Mosque is completed in Cairo.
 Beauvais changes from a county to a bishopric (approximate date).

Births 
 Sancha of León, wife of Ferdinand I of León
 Rabbi Isaac Alfasi (Rif),Moroccan Talmudist and posek(d. 1103)

Deaths 
 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, scholar of medicine
 Antipope John XVI

References
Year 1014 (MXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 February 14 – Pope Benedict VIII recognizes and crowns Henry of Bavaria (who has ruled since 1003) as King of Germany.
 April 23 – Battle of Clontarf: Gaelic Irish forces under Brian Boru defeat several allied Viking forces in Ireland, ending their power there but losing Brian in the battle.
 July – Battle of Salonica fought in Greece between First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantine Empire.
 July 29 – Battle of Kleidion: Basil II defeats the Bulgarian army. His later blinding of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock. This earns Basil II the name 'Boulgaroktonos' (Bulgar-slayer).
 Following the death of Sweyn I, Ethelred II returns to England and reclaims the English crown.
 Cnut the Great returns to Denmark.
 Holmgang (a type of duel) is declared illegal in Norway.

 Asia 
 In Kashmir, Abhinavagupta, the teacher of the poet Ksemendra, circulates his Greater commentary on the Pratyabhijna Darshana.

 Africa 
 Hammad ibn Buluggin recognises the Abbasid Caliphate, beginning the split of the Hammadids from the Zirids.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, asks the Pope to add it together with the filioque clause. Prior to this date, the Creed was not used at all during the liturgy.
 In England, Archbishop Wulfstan preaches his Latin homily, "Wulf's Address to the English".

Births 
 Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī, (d. 1094)
 Princess Constance of France, daughter of Robert II the Pious

Deaths 
 February 3 – Sweyn I Haraldsson Forkbeard, king of Denmark
 April 23 – Brian Boru, high king of Ireland
 June 25 – Athelstan Aetheling, eldest son of Ethelred the Unready
 October 6 – Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria
 Sigurd the Stout, Viking earl in Orkney
 King Raja Raja Chola I, of the Chola Empire of southern India and great temple builder of the Chola dynasty

References
Year 1016 (MXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Asia 
 March 10 – Emperor Sanjō gives up the throne of Japan and soon afterwards is replaced by his cousin Emperor Go-Ichijō, aged about 8.
 Earthquakes partly destroy the Dome of the Rock in the Old City of Jerusalem.

 Europe 
 March 25 – Battle of Nesjar (off the coast of Norway): Olaf Haraldsson is victorious over former co-regent Sweyn Haakonsson confirming his status as King of Norway.
 April 23 – Æthelred, King of England, dies, and is replaced by his son Edmund Ironside.
 c. May – Battle of Brentford (near London): King Edmund defeats the Danes under Cnut, Prince of Denmark.
 October 18 – Battle of Ashingdon: Cnut defeats Edmund, leaving the latter as king of Wessex only.
 November 30 – King Edmund dies and Cnut takes control of the whole of the Kingdom of England.
 The Pisan and the Genoese republics launch a naval offensive against the Muslim strongholds of Sardegna, in particular Porto Torres and defeat the fleet of the taifa king of Denia, Mujahid al-Amiri al-Muwaffaq.
 Melus of Bari makes a second attempt against Byzantine-held Southern Italy. To support his cause, he hires Norman mercenaries, unwittingly triggering the rise of Norman rule over southern Italy.
 Georgius Tzul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine Empire–Kievan Rus' force, which effectively ends Khazaria's existence.

Births 
 July 26 – Duke Casimir I of Poland (Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel)

Deaths 
 April 23 – Ethelred the Unready, King of England
 November 30 – Edmund II, King of England
 Emperor Sanjō of Japan
 Badis ibn Mansur, third ruler of the Zirid dynasty in North Africa.

References
Year 1017 (MXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 c. May – Melus of Bari begins a rebellion, supported by Norman mercenaries. His forces are victorious in three battles against the Byzantine Empire.
 c. July – Cnut the Great, King of England, marries Emma of Normandy, widow of the monarch known as Æthelred.
 Cnut divides England into the four Earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria.
 Kiev burns. Possible date at which construction of Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev, is started.

 Asia 
 Abd-ar-Rahman IV replaces Suleiman II as Umayyad caliph.
 Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad publicly declares the founding of the Druze religion. During the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

 Africa 
 Sunni revolt of Kairouan against the Shi'ite Zirid dynasty. The city is quickly retaken, robbed and destroyed.

Births 
 October 29 – Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
 Zhou Dunyi, Neo-Confucian philosopher in Song Dynasty China (d. 1073)

Deaths 
 July 6 – Genshin, Japanese schoolar (b. 942)
 Abd-ar-Rahman IV, Umayyad caliph
 Eadric Streona, Earldorman of Mercia
 Elvira of Castile (daughter of García I), Regent of Leon (b. 965)
 Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, (b. 972)

References
Year 1018 (MXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (liNk will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 The Liao Dynasty invades Goryeo.
 Largest amphibious invasion force in history at the time. Chola army that invaded Lanka (Sri Lanka) with a massive manpower of 150,000 troops.
 Battle of Kwiju: Korean General Gang Gam-chan gains a victory over Liao Dynasty forces during the Third Goryeo-Khitan War.

 Europe 
 January 30 – The Peace of Bautzen is signed between Poland and Germany.
 July 22–23 – Bolesław I Chrobry, Duke of Poland, defeats Yaroslav the Wise in the Battle of the River Bug. Yaroslav retreats to Novogrod, abandoning Kiev.
 July 29 – Dirk III, Count of Holland, defeats an army sent by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
 August – Leader of the remaining Bulgarian resistance, Ivats, is blinded and captured by strategos Eustathios Daphnomeles, confirming Bulgaria's position as part of the Byzantine Empire.
 August 14 – Bolesław accepts the surrender of Kiev by the Pechenegs. He reinstates Sviatopolk as Grand Prince of Kiev.
 c. October? – In Southern Italy, at the second battle of Cannae, the Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are defeated by the Byzantine army led by the Catepan Basil Boioannes.
 Probable date
 Battle of Carham: Malcolm II of Scotland and Owen the Bald of Strathclyde are victorious over Eadwulf Cudel, Earl of Bamburgh, confirming Scottish dominance over Lothian.
 Cnut replaces his brother Harald II of Denmark on the Danish throne.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 Buckfast Abbey is founded.
 The city of Koblenz is given to the archbishop of Trier.

Births 
 Harthacanute (or 1019) (d. 1042)
 Michael Psellus, Greek philosopher and historian

Deaths 
 June 23 – Margrave Henry I of Austria
 Aeddan ap Blegywryd, King of Gwynedd
 Harald II of Denmark

References
Canis Minor is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is Latin for "smaller dog" or "the lesser dog".  The astronomer Ptolemy listed it when he made a list of 48 constellations in the 2nd century. Both Canis Minor and Canis Major (which means "larger dog" in Latin) represent dogs that follow the hunter named Orion in Greek Mythology.

The main shape of Canis Minor is made by two stars, which are named Procyon (Alpha Canis Minoris) and Gomeisa (Beta Canis Minoris).  These stars are the only stars in Canis Minor that have a magnitude that is brigher than 4.  Procyon has a magnitude of 0.39, which means that it is the seventh brightest star in the night sky.  It is also very close to Earth, since it is only 11.4 light years away.  Procyon is a binary star, which means that it actually has two stars that orbit each other. It has a white dwarf star and a white type F5 main-sequence star.  Gomeisa has a magnitude of 2.9.  Its temperature is 11,500°K, which means that it is very hot.  It is a blue type B8 main-sequence star.  It is 3 times the mass of the sun and 250 times more luminous than the sun.

Notes

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
The Lock is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted around 1776-79. The picture measures 71 × 92 cm (28 × 36.2 in). It hangs in the Louvre. Fragonard is (and was) famous for mildly erotic scenes. After his marriage in 1769, he painted family scenes.

18th-century paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
French paintings
A favela () is the term for a shanty town in Brazil. They are mostly found on the outskirts of urban areas. The people living in the favelas are the poor, and the rich people live in the city. Most of the buildings in favelas are made out of cheap materials, like plastic, wood, glass and scrap. The people usually build their houses themselves and invite their friends to help them build. Crime is not common in favelas,only 1% of residents are criminals or involved in criminal activity. The favelas themselves are also considered illegal, because the people do not pay tax.

Related pages
Slum

Shanty towns
Settlements in Brazil
An explanation is an attempt to answer the question "why". Asked of a person, it is a question about motive: "why did you do this?". Asked of a natural event, it is a question about natural causes (causation).

In science, an explanation is the link between an event which is a cause, and a second event, which is an effect. The phrase "cause and effect" refers to this. The relationship between the two events is known as causality. The philosopher Mario Bunge said, "We do not rest content with finding facts but wish to know why they should occur rather than not".

As a general rule, explanations move from what we know to what we do not know. This is important because it explains why different kinds of people may need different explanations. "A child, a lay person and an expert may need different explanations of the same thing, since what is already familiar to them will differ".

The asking of questions depends on language, and is peculiar to humans. It starts very soon after a child learns how to speak. A kind of game which young children play with adults is the 'why game'. Every parent gets the experience of their child asking a never-ending stream of why questions, until at last the adult says "Well, it just is!"

There can be plenty of argument about whether or not an explanation is appropriate, and if so, whether it is correct. If one asks why the sun gives out heat and light, to say "because it is daytime" is not appropriate, even if it might indeed be daytime. The real answer was not known until the 20th century. Before then peoples like the ancient Egyptians thought it was caused by a god (Aten).

Types 
Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of explanations.  including:

General explanations 
These add something to human knowledge.
 explanations which are based on a principle or theory.
"It is often said that a key difference between historians and political scientists is that historians tend to construct narrative-based explanations while political scientists ... tend to construct theory-based explanations".

Personal explanations 
A personal question like "Why did you do that?" clearly asks for an explanation. What that explanation might be depends on context: it all depends on circumstance. This type of question about motives only applies to the people concerned.
 explanations which relate to goals or purposes. 
Why are you doing that? Explanation: Because I'm going to build a boat.

Many kinds of explanations are made up of more than one type. An explanation can be valid or invalid or a combination of both. Some explanations may appear reasonable, but turn out to be misleading or wrong.

Related pages
 Argument

References 

Causality
Philosophy
Human communication
Mrs. Thomas Gainsborough, nee Margaret Burr is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted about 1778. It measures 76.6 cm x 63.8 cm. It hangs in the Courtauld Institute Galleries in England. The subject is the artist's wife.

References

Other reading 
 

1770s paintings
Paintings by Thomas Gainsborough
British paintings
1778
Mr. and Mrs. Andrews is an oil painting on canvas by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted circa 1748-1750. It measures 69.8 × 119.4 cm (27.5 × 47 in). It hangs in the National Gallery, London, England.

18th-century paintings
Paintings by Thomas Gainsborough
British paintings
Paintings in the National Gallery, London
1750
The Fourth Geneva Convention (full tilte: Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War) is an international treaty signed in 1949. These treaties are known as Geneva Conventions, because they were originally signed in Geneva. The fourth geneva convention protects civilians in a war zone. Currently, 194 countries are party to this treaty of international law.

In 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted a report from the Secretary-General and a Commission of Experts; this report stated that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of customary international law. If this is the case, the treaties are binding even to countries who did not sign them,whenever they engage in armed conflicts.

References

International law
Geneva Conventions
1940s treaties
1949 in Europe
20th century in Geneva
John Roxborough Norman was a British ichthyologist. He was born in 1898 and died on 26 May 1944 in London.

He started as a clerk in a bank. He was in the military during the First World War. He got rheumatic fever during this time, and had it his whole life. He entered the British Museum in 1921 where he worked for Charles Tate Regan (1878-1943). From 1939 to 1944, he was in charge of the Natural History Museum at Tring. Norman wrote A History of Fishes (1931) and A Draft Synopsis of the Orders, Families and Genera of Recent Fishes (1957).

References 
Aldemaro Romero Home Page (Archived on 14 September 2006)

British scientists
1898 births
1944 deaths
Ichthyologists
Year 994 (CMXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 Sweyn Forkbeard marries Sigrid the Haughty.
 Otto III reaches his majority and begins to rule Germany.
 Aethelred II pays £16,000 of Danegeld to Olaf Trygvasson.

 Middle East 
 September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid victory over a Byzantine army led by Michael Bourtzes

Births 
 November 7 – Ibn Hazm, Arab philosopher (d. 1069)
 Simeon, first Norman abbot of Ely Abbey
 Imam Bayhaqi Scholar of Islamic Faith

Deaths 
 Margrave Leopold I of Austria
 Sigeric the Serious
 John Weir the Great, King of the Nords

References
Year 992 (CMXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Africa 
 The Ghana Empire captures the Berber town of Awdaghost.

 Europe 
 Boleslaus I becomes Duke of Poland.
 Battle of Conquereuil: Fulk Nerra defeats Conan I of Rennes, who is killed in the battle.
 Viking settlers start a mint in Dublin to make silver pennies.

Deaths 
 February 1 – Jawhar as-Siqilli, Fatimid politician
 February 29 – Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York and Bishop of Worcester
 May 25 – Mieszko I, duke of Polans
 Borrell II, Count of Barcelona
 Conan I of Rennes (in battle)

References
Year 991 (CMXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are beaten by Viking invaders led by Olaf Tryggvason, later Olaf I of Norway.
 Sweyn I of Denmark gets his throne back.

Births 
 Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney
 Abdullah Yousef, of Kuwait

Deaths 
 Theophanu, empress, mother of Otto III (b. 956)
 Emperor En'yū, emperor of Japan (b. 959)

References
Betty Harper Fussell (born July 28, 1927) is an American writer and food historian. She as write many books about food history, recipes, and her memoir. She is also a critic and educator. Fussell worked with the New York Times, The New Yorker, and the Los Angeles Times. During her career, she won many awards and received many honors. In 2009, she was made a member of Who’s Who of Food & Beverage in America.

Fussell was born in Riverside, California. She was raised in both in California and in New York City. She studied at Pomona College, Radcliffe College, and Rutgers University. Fussell was married to American writer Paul Fussell from 1949 until they divorced in 1981. They have two children. She now lives in New York  City.

References

Other websites

 Betty Fussell's web site http://www.bettyfussell.com

1927 births
Living people
American historians
Educators from New York City
American critics
Writers from California
Writers from New York City
People from Riverside, California
Educators from California
Robert George Kardashian (February 22, 1944 – September 30, 2003) was an American lawyer and businessman. He was the lawyer for O. J. Simpson when he was accused for murder. David Schwimmer played his role in the 2016 FX miniseries American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson.

Personal life and death 
Kardashian was an Armenian-American. He was the husband of Kris Jenner and the father of Kourtney, Kim, Khloé and Rob,

Kardashian was born on February 22, 1944 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of Southern California and at the University of San Diego School of Law.

Kardashian was married to Kris Jenner from 1978 until they divorced in 1991. Then he was married to Jan Ashley from 1998 until they divorced in 1999. Then he was married to Ellen Pearson from 2003 until his death two months later.

Kardashian was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in July 2003. Less than eight weeks after his diagnosis, he died at age 59 on September 30, 2003. He was buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

References

Other websites
 

1944 births
2003 deaths
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Kardashian family
The Charioteer of Delphi is a Greek bronze sculpture from the early Classical period, about 477 BC. It stands 1.8 m tall. 

It was discovered in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi during excavations by French archaeologists in 1896. With the statue were found fragments of a sculpted chariot, sculpted horses, and a small, sculpted person, presumably the charioteer's groom. All would have been part of a large monument. The charioteer monument was commissioned by Polyzalos, a Sicilian tyrant, to commemorate his victory in the chariot races about 477 BC. At some point, according to Greek practice, the statue was buried, probably because of irreparable damage.

Gallery

References 
 

Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek and Roman statues
Ancient Greek bronze sculptures
Dylan D. Olsen (born January 3, 1991 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American born-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL. He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Florida Panthers of the NHL

He was drafted with the 28th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he was drafted by the Medicine Hat Tigers in the 2006 WHL Bantam Draft. He instead played for the Camrose Kodiaks of the AJHL for three seasons before he left to play college hockey. He played college hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth with the Bulldogs.

After he finished his college hockey career, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks' AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs for 2 seasons. On November 14, 2013, the Blackhawks traded Olsen along with Jimmy Hayes to the Florida Panthers for Kris Versteeg and Philippe Lefebvre.

His father was also an ice hockey player that played one game in the NHL with the Calgary Flames in the 1991-92 NHL season.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
ECHL players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Sportspeople from Salt Lake City, Utah
Ice hockey defencemen
Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 - December 12, 1999) was an American novelist and playwright. He was born in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. He was most famous for the satirical war novel Catch-22 (1961). He died of a heart attack in East Hampton, Long Island, New York.

American novelists
American playwrights
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction

Writers from New York City
1923 births
1999 deaths
Emmeline Pankhurst (née Goulden; 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was the leader of the British suffragette movement which helped women win the right to vote.

In 1999 Time named Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back." She was widely criticized for her militant tactics, but her work helped to achieve women's suffrage in Britain.

After her husband died in 1898, Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organisation dedicated to "deeds, not words". The group became infamous when its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers. Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists were sentenced to repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions. As Pankhurst's oldest daughter Christabel took the helm of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew. Eventually arson became a common tactic among WSPU members, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhurst's daughters Adela and Sylvia. The family rift never healed.

With the advent of the First World War, Emmeline and Christabel called an immediate halt to militant suffrage activism in support of the British Government's stand against the "German Peril". They urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged young men to fight. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act granted votes to women over the age of 30 and the WSPU was disbanded.

Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the Women's Party, dedicated to promoting women's equality in public life. In her later years she became concerned with the 'Bolshevik menace' and – unhappy with the political alternatives – joined the Conservative Party. She died in 1928, 17 days before women got equal voting rights and was commemorated two years later with a statue in London's Victoria Tower Gardens.

References

Other websites

1958 births
1928 deaths
British feminists
People from Manchester
Year 983 (CMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 Wood carvers paid by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing (130,000 total blocks are made).
 The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ends.
 Sharaf ad-Dawla becomes Amir Buwayhid.
 The Khazar Empire ends.
 Emperor Shengzong leads a Liao Dynasty expeditionary force against the Zubu.
 One of the Four Great Books of Song, the encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era is finished in 1,000 volumes of 4.7 million written Chinese characters.

 Europe 
 Otto III becomes King of Germany after the death of Otto II.
 Veronese donation during the diet of Verona. Otto gave the Rheingau to the archbishopric of Mainz

 By topic 

 Religion 
 December – Pope John XIV becomes the 136th pope after Pope Benedict VII died .

Births 
 Odo II, Count of Blois
 Wulfnoth Cild

Deaths 
 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
 'Adud al-Daula
 Pope Benedict VII
 Mu'ayyad al-Daula
 Patriarch Anthony III of Constantinople

References
An overcoat is a long coat which is worn over other clothes. Overcoats are made from a warm, heavy cloth or even animal fur. They go below the knee in length. A coat that is knee length is known as a topcoat. Overcoats have been worn for hundreds of years. Many armies dressed their soldiers in overcoats during the winter. 

There are many styles and types of overcoats. These include:

References

Clothing
A carbonyl is the group C=O in a molecule. It is a carbon and an oxygen atom with a double bond between them. Carbon has another two bonds, which can in general be with any other group. For example, a carbonyl is the C=O bit of a ketone, aldehyde or ester.

Because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, the electrons in the bond are more towards it. This means that in acid, a proton will go on the oxygen atom. Both the carbon and the oxygen in the group are sp2 hybridized.

The carbonyl is a very important functional group, because chemists can do many reactions with it. It is easy to do nucleophilic additions to it, which makes the molecule bigger. It is also easy to do redox reactions, for example forming an alcohol. The alcohol then is also a very useful group.

Carbonyls are found in many natural substances and also in drugs and medicines. It is easy to check if a carbonyl is in a molecule. It gives a very strong signal in infrared spectroscopy. In carbon NMR spectroscopy, the signal is usually at very high frequency, away from many other peaks.

Functional groups
An ester is a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom. The group can be written as COOR. They can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol with some acid. 

Esters are a very important functional group. They can be found in many substances. They are very common in fats and oils. They sometimes have a very strong, nice smell. They can be used to make perfumes. Polyesters are found in plastics.

Esters can also do many reactions. It is very easy to change the ether part of the molecule with another similar one. It is also possible to reduce the ester to a ketone or an alcohol, which can do many different reactions. Nucleophilic addition is also a good reaction, though a bit more difficult than with ketones.

There are many ways to find out if a molecule has an ester group. Infrared spectroscopy gives very sharp signals, which are different from other carbonyls. Carbon NMR spectroscopy has similar characteristics.

Functional groups
Sandra Oh (born July 20, 1971) is an actress from Ottawa, Ontario. She played Cristina Yang in Grey's Anatomy. She has also acted in other TV programs and in movies.
She starred in Killing Eve.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Living people
People from Ottawa
1971 births
The lizard commonly known as green iguana or common iguana (Iguana iguana) is native to Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is an arboreal herbivorous species that belongs to the genus Iguana.

Distribution
The green iguana ranges over a large geographic area, from southern Brazil and Paraguay as far north as Mexico. Also the Caribbean islands, especially Puerto Rico, where they are very common throughout the island; and in the United States in South Florida (including the Florida Keys), Hawaii, and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

References

Other Webs
 Green Iguana Society 
 Melissa Kaplan's Green Iguana Information Collection
 International Iguana Foundation

Lizards
The Assemblies of God is a United States-based Christian denomination; a large group of Pentecostal churches. There are over 64 million members in over 200 countries.

Beliefs
The AG is Trinitarian. They view the Bible as divinely inspired. The Bible provides the rules of faith and conduct. Baptism by immersion is practiced. Baptism is understood as an outward sign of an inward change. The change is from being dead in sin to being alive in Christ. Communion is also practiced. The Assemblies of God also places a strong emphasis on the fulfillment of the Great Commission and believes that this is the main calling of the church.

The most recent World congress was held in Springfield, Missouri in August 2014.

References

Other websites
World AOG Site

Pentecostalism
Christianity in the United States
1914 establishments in the United States
Denis Richard McDonough (born December 2, 1969) is an American politician. He is the 11th and current United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs since February 9, 2021. McDonough is the second non-veteran to serve in this position. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He was the 26th White House Chief of Staff from 2013 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency.

In December 2020, then President-elect Joe Biden nominated McDonough to serve as the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs in his administration. On February 8, 2021, the United States Senate confirmed McDonough to be Secretary of the VA in a vote of 87-7, with 6 senators absent.

References

 
1969 births 
Living people 
Politicians from Minnesota
White House Chiefs of Staff
United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
Politicians from Maryland
US Democratic Party politicians
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (born 29 October 1938) is the 24th President of Liberia serving from 2006 through 2018. Sirleaf is the first elected female head of state in Africa.

Sirleaf was awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakel Karman of Yemen. The women were recognized "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work."

In December 2021, James Sirleaf one of the sons of Ellen Sirleaf died in his residence in Liberia under unknown circumstances.

References

Other websites

Liberia Executive Mansion official government website
Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority salutes member Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 
Biography
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia  includes final report
 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf  at C-SPAN

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at Forbes
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf at the Notable Names Database
Speeches
 Address to US Congress in Joint Session 15 March 2006 TXT PDF
 Sirleaf Speaks at U.S. Institute of Peace  21 March 2006 (audio archive available)
 Liberian President Speaks to Georgetown Community  17 October 2006
Profiles and interviews
Profile: Liberia's 'Iron Lady' on BBC News Online, 23 November 2005
Iron Ladies of Liberia, Independent Lens on PBS, 2007
Follow the Leader , interview with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by the International Museum of Women, April 2008
The 'Remarkable Life' Of Liberia's 'Iron Lady', Dave Davies, interview on Fresh Air, April 2009
Top 100 Women in Politics: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Ermine Saner, The Guardian, 8 March 2011

1938 births
Living people
Monrovia
Presidents of Liberia
The Latona Fountain (Fr: Bassin de Latone) is a fountain. It lies on the east-west alignment between the Palace of Versailles, the Apollo Fountain, the Green Carpet, and the Grand Canal. Latone faces west. The fountain was designed by Le Nôtre in 1666. The fountain figures were executed in lead by the Marsy brothers between 1668 and 1670. In 1686 Hardouin-Mansart altered the fountain. He had the figure of Latona (which originally faced the palace) turned 180 degrees. He also raised her pedestal.

The fountain is designed in the wedding cake style. On the top tier, there is a statue of the goddess Latona. In addition to the goddess Latona are her young children, Apollo and Diana. The second and third tiers of the fountain have frogs. The lowest tier has turtles and alligators. Latona turned the Lycean peasants into frogs when they mocked her and refused to give her water in her flight from the jealous and angry Juno.

Gallery

Notes

Sources
 Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie. 1991. Versailles Abbeville Press.  

Fountains of Versailles
Fountains
Josephine Baker (June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress. She was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri. Fluent in both English and French, Baker became an international musical and political icon. She was given such nicknames as the "Bronze Venus", the "Black Pearl", and the "Créole Goddess".

Baker was the first African-American female to star in a major motion picture, Zouzou (1934), and to become a world-famous entertainer.

She tried to integrate an American concert hall, and is noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. She was offered the unofficial leadership of the movement by Coretta Scott King in 1968 following Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, but turned it down.

Baker became a citizen of France in 1937. She helped the French Resistance during World War II, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the Légion d'Honneur and the Rosette of the Résistance after the war.

Career 
When Josephine came to Paris in the 1920s for La Revue Nègre, it was a turning point in her career. Her career thrived, and when La Revue Nègre closed, Josephine starred in La Folie du Jour at the Follies-Bergère Theater. Her performance, and her banana costume made her a celebrity. Josephine rivalled Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford as the most photographed woman in the world: by 1927 she earned more than any entertainer in Europe. She starred in two movies in the early 1930s, Zou-Zou and Princess Tam-Tam, and moved her family from St. Louis to Les Milandes, her estate in Castelnaud-Fayrac, France.

"A 1936 return to the United States to star in the Ziegfeld Follies proved disastrous, despite the fact that she was a major celebrity in Europe. American audiences rejected the idea of a black woman with so much sophistication and power, newspaper reviews were equally cruel (The New York Times called her a "Negro wench"), and Josephine returned to Europe heartbroken".

In later shows in Paris she was often accompanied on stage by her pet cheetah, Chiquita, who was adorned with a diamond collar. The cheetah frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding another element of excitement to the show.

Personal life

Baker had 12 children through adoption. She bore only one child herself, stillborn in 1941. Josephine Baker was married four times.

References 

1906 births
1975 deaths
African-American sex industry people
American erotic dancers
Erotic dancers
French dancers
Clare of Assisi (July 16, 1194 – August 11, 1253), born Chiara Offreduccio, is an Italian saint. She was one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. Saint Clare of Assisi was of noble birth, her father, Favorone Offreduccio, was the Count of Sasso-Rosso and her mother, Ortolana di Fiumi, was from aristocratic descent. She was born as Chiara Offreduccio di Favaronne in Assisi. She was promised in marriage at age of 12, but it was canceled due to her father's death. She was the oldest child in her family. When she was 18 years old, she heard Francis of Assisi preaching. She was extremely moved by his sermon, so she ran away to join him. Francis didn't have a place for women to stay, so he sent her to the Benedictine convent in San Paulo. Clare's relatives found out where she was staying, but when they arrived to take her back home, she clung to the altar saying she would only wed Christ. When she was staying in another monastery in Panzo, she was reunited with her younger sister, Agnes. Later, when she was 21, she was moved to another convent next to the San Damiano church, where she was appointed the superior for 40 years. In that church, she was reunited with her mother and her other sister named Beatrice. 

Saint Clare of Assisi will be remembered for founding the "Order of Poor Ladies", later named “Poor Clares.” The order of Poor Clares was an order that had strict rules, such as silence vows, poverty, and strict fasting. The Poor Clares was an order for women so they could become closer to God.

References 

1194 births
1253 deaths
Christian saints
Italian people
Saint Catherine of Siena  (March 25, 1347 – April 29, 1380) was a saint. She was born in Sienna and died in Rome. She promoted peace in Italy and is one of the two patron saints of Italy; the other being Saint Francis of Assisi 

She was born Katerina de Benincasa in western Italy, the 25th of 25 children. She was born at the time of the Black Death, or Bubonic Plague. Although it probably killed many she knew, she herself did not contract the disease and survived the epidemic. She had a twin sister, who died several months later. Her family was part of the lower classes and she did not become literate until 1378. 

At the age of six, Catherine had a vision of Jesus Christ. She continued to receive many visions throughout her life. At age 12, Catherine cut off her hair and was obligated to serve her family, living in small quarters in the basement. At the age of 16, she entered the Third Order of Saint Dominic and later became a Dominican nun.  

She wrote a book called Dialogue, which taught that if you love your neighbors it is loving God. She also devoted her life to improving the Catholic church, helping the ill, poor, and spiritually underprivileged. Catherine persuaded the pope to return from Avignon, France and back into Rome. She also tried to start a new Crusade to the holy land, Jerusalem. She died of “holy anorexia”, as she ate very little in the name of God. She became a saint in 1461, and was later made a Doctor of the Church in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and a patron of Europe in 1999.

References

People from Siena 
Christian saints
1347 births
1380 deaths
Deaths from anorexia