cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Republic of Mahabad (also Republic of Kurdistan), established in Iranian Kurdistan, was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey. Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran. The Republic was part of the Iran crisis a conflict between the United States and USSR.

The republic was led by President Qazi Muhammad and Minister of Defense Mustafa Barzani. Prime Minister was Hadschi Baba Scheich. The Republic of Mahabad declared independence on January 22, 1946, but the movement was defeated a year later by the army of the central government of Iran.  . After the collapse of the republic in 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in Chuwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad.

Massoud Barzani, the current President of Iraqi Kurdistan, was born in Mahabad when his father, the late General Mustafa Barzani, was chief of the military of Mahabad declared in Iranian Kurdistan  .

Archibald Roosevelt son of the former US-President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", that a main problem of the peoples Republic of Mahabad, was the kurds needed the power of the USSR. Only with the Red army they had a chance. But these close relationship to Stalin and the USSR let many kurdish tribes to be in opposition with this kurdish state.

References 
 "The Republic of Kurdistan: Fifty Years Later," International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 11, no. 1 & 2, (1997). 
 The Kurdish Republic of 1946, William Eagleton, Jr. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
 Moradi Golmorad: Ein Jahr autonome Regierung in Kurdistan, die Mahabad-Republik 1946 - 1947 in: Geschichte der kurdischen Aufstandsbewegungen von der arabisch-islamischen Invasion bis zur Mahabad-Republik, Bremen 1992, 
 M. Khoubrouy-Pak: Une république éphémère au Kurdistan, Paris u.a. 2002, 
 Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–69.
 Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, Encyclopedia of the Orient.  
 The Kurds: People without a country, Encyclopædia Britannica 
 Meiselas, Susan Kurdistan In the Shadow of History, Random House, 1997.  
 McDowall, David A Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris, 1996 (Current revision at May 14, 2004). 
 Yassin, Burhaneddin A., Vision or Realty: The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers, 1941-1947, Lund University Press, Lund/Sweden, 1995. ,  Lund University Press. ou  Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.

Related pages
 Republic of Ararat
 Kurdish Autonomous Region
 Ethnic minorities in Iran

Other websites 
 Mahabad Republic at Britanica encyclopedia
 Kurds at the crossroad
 The Encyclopedia of World History 
 The kurdish Republic of Mahabad at PDKI-Canada  

History of Iran
Kurdistan
The Emblem of Iran was made after the Islamic Revolution in that country, in 1979. After the revolution, Iran decided to use a new flag. The old flag had a picture of a golden lion and a sabre, that was a symbol for the Shah (king) of Iran. This emblem is a symbol for the whole country and the Islamic character of the new government. It is drawn to look like a version of the word الله which means "God" in Persian (the language of Iran) and also in the Arabic language. It looks like a tulip, which is an old symbol for Iran.

1980s establishments in Iran
1980 establishments in Asia
Iran
Iran
A teacher is a person who helps people to learn. A teacher often works in a classroom. There are many different kinds of teachers. Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities. Some teachers are called professors.

There are different ways of teaching. Different teachers use a variety of methods to teach. Teachers explain new knowledge, write on a blackboard or whiteboard, sit behind their desks on chairs, help students with their work and mark students' work. They may also use a computer to write tests, assignments or report cards for the class.

Related pages 
Education
Pedagogy
School

Education occupations
Getafe is a city 15 km south of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. 158,363 people live there. It has great commercial and industrial activity and many mass media. In Getafe there is a university, a military air base, and has a football team in the first division of the Spanish's League.

References 

Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid
Boston Terriers are a dog breed. They are considered to be one of the few American breeds as they can trace their origins to Boston, Massachusetts. It's hard to believe that these comical, family friendly dogs were originally bred to be ferocious pit-fighting dogs tracing their ancestors to an English Bulldog and the now extinct English White Terrier. 

They are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs. They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular. They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.

Boston Terriers are a smart breed of dogs.  They can be extremely hyperactive, but overall are well behaved with training.  Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality. They are compactly built with short, round heads, short tails, but strong limbs.  They have a smooth coat, with colors of brindle, seal brown or black and evenly marked with white.

Boston Terriers are inside dogs that love affection. This breed is balanced with being independent (sometimes stubborn) and affectionate and wanting attention from humans. They require very little work when a part of a family and they are good dogs for children. 

Caring for a Boston Terrier requires little work. With a short coat, Bostons might need a bath every one to two weeks. Brushing is not necessary although it helps remove loose hair and reduces shedding. Bostons love rawhides (a chewy animal skin) and other chew toys that help with keeping their teeth healthy. Brushing your dog's teeth is recommended by vets for any breed. Boston Terriers do have sensitive stomachs and will eat grass when their stomach is upset but for the most part, this breed does not have restrictions on what they can eat. 

Terriers
Events 
 January 22 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede makes an end to the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).
 7 March – French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
 April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory from Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice made larger to include disputed land claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
 April 26 – France leaves Geneva
 May 24 – Irish nationalists start bloody rebellion against British occupation.
 June 12 – French take Malta
 June 12 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Moderates depose Pieter Vreede.
 July 1 – Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
 July 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false statements about the United States government
 July 21 – Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
 July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo
 July 30 – Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
 July 31 – Second elections in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). No general elections this time.
 August 1 – Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson himself is injured on the head.
 August 22 – French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
 September 18 – Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth

Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval battles, but no war is declared.
 First mechanical music boxes
 Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
 The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
 Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
 Alois Senefelder invents lithography
 Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts
 Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first American Novel Wieland or The Transformation an American Tale

Ongoing events 
 French Revolution (1789-1799) Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
 May-October – Irish Rebellion of 1798
Events 
 Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din.
 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks the Kievan Rus' capital Kiev.
 Start of the conquest of Ireland. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster.
 Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her great court in Poitiers where the Courts of Love flourished.
1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.  As of the start of 1800, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

As of March 1 (O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 (O.S. February 16), 1900.

Events 
 World population hits 1 billion.
 March 14 – Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
 March 21 – Pius VII is ordained.
 April 24 – U.S. Library of Congress founded.
 May 5 – Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to take effect on 1 January 1801. The act is signed by King George III in August.
 May 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
 June 14 – Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
 June 2 – First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
 June 27 – Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
 September 5 – The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
 November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
 November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
 December 3 – Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
 December 24 – An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
 December 24 – Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
 Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
 The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
 The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician. He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012. 

He was born in Ísafjörður, Iceland.

From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).

He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family. 

Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.

He announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016. He left office on 1 August 2016. He was succeeded by Guðni Th. Jóhannesson.

References

1943 births
Living people
Presidents of Iceland
Births 
March 4 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator
October 22 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer

Events 
May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from Spain.
Bolivia declares indepencence.
Uruguay fights against Spain.
The Affenpinscher is a small breed of dog in the toy group. These dogs originally came from Germany. They are known to have existed since the 1600s. Their name comes from the German word "Affe," which means "monkey," because their faces remind people of monkeys. Originally, the dog was bred to be a "ratter," a type of dog that kills rats and mice in homes, farms, and stables. Now that mice are not so commonly found in the home, Affenpinschers are usually just kept as pets.

Appearance 
The Affenpinscher is a very small kind of dog. It weighs between . Its height is between  at the shoulder. Their face is flat and "monkey-like." The most common and preferred colour of fur for this breed is black, but they can also come in grey, beige, and other colours. In the American Kennel Club, a good example of these dogs could be any colour. In the French and British Kennel Clubs they must only be black.

Temperament 
Even though Affenpinschers were bred to hunt mice, they do not like to chase other animals, so they can happily live with other pets. They are playful but very stubborn. These dogs can be difficult to train, because they do not like to listen to instructions and often become bored. Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial (protective) when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children.

This dog is mostly quiet, and does not bark much. It can become very excited if attacked, and shows no fear. toward any aggressor.

Health 
A small study showed that these dogs live an average of 11.4 years, which is not very long for a small dog (small dogs usually live 14-15 years). One of their most common health problems is bladder disease, which happens most often when the dogs are older (8 years and up.) Their short faces can make it difficult for them to breathe and exercise in hot weather. Like many kinds of dogs, Affenpinschers often get a disease called hip dysplasia which makes it difficult for them to run or walk.

Extinct variant  
The Seidenpinscher (Silky coated Pinscher),  was bred from the Affenpinscher and the Maltese (dog) around 1800.
The dog had long, tousled, silky hair, a curly tail like the Maltese dog, a face like the Affenpinscher, and a size like a Affenpinscher or Maltese dog. All colors was allowed.

The Seidenpinscher is believed to have died out between the two world wars. A well-known painting is that of the Seidenpinscher Puss from 1863.

References

Dog breeds
The Yorkshire Terrier or Yorkie is a small breed of terrier dog. It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, from where it gets its name.

They were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic. Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever. They are really playful, they will always want to play.

Terriers
Mott the Hoople was a English hard rock/glam rock band. They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.

English rock bands
English hard rock bands
Turner & Hooch is a 1989 American criminal comedy-drama movie. It stars Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch. It was a very successful movie from A Dog’s Life.

1989 comedy-drama movies

1980s buddy movies
1980s crime drama movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American buddy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American crime drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
Buddy comedy movies
Buddy cop movies
Buddy drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about dogs
Movies set in California
Movies directed by Roger Spottiswoode
The Temptations are a successful R&B singing group. They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960.  The Temptations have four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. They have three Grammy Awards.  The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy Award.

Other websites
 

Musical groups from Detroit, Michigan
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Michigan
Brenda Mae Tarpley or Brenda Lee (born December 11, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American pop singer. She was popular in the 1960s. She stood  tall and was called “Little Miss Dynamite” because of her strong voice. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.

References

Notes

Other websites

Brenda Lee's official site

1944 births
Living people
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
People from Springfield, Missouri
Air Supply is a pop music singing group. They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1976.

The current members are Russell Hitchcock (born June 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 1, 1950 in Nottingham, England). In 1981 they got with their song "The One That You Love" a number one hit in the United States. They had their most popular times during the early 1980s.

Australian rock bands
Australian pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments
1970s establishments in Australia
The Sex Pistols were the first popular punk group in Britain and one of the first bands to come from the rising U.K. punk scene of the late 1970s. They were only together for about 3 years, from late 1975 to early 1978, and they were known for their rowdy behaviour more than their music. The music they made gave many new artists a big influence on their music, mostly in the alternative music and punk scenes such as California punk rock group Green Day.

The band members were Johnny Rotten (vocals), Paul Cook (drums), Steve Jones (guitar) and Glen Matlock (bass). Sid Vicious later replaced Matlock on bass in February 1977 but died 2 years later. They recorded only one studio album, called Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols during the summer of 1977. One of their most famous songs is "Anarchy In The UK". Another one of their most famous songs is "God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)", which was banned by the BBC for it's contents. They split up after a show at Winterland on January 14th, 1978, with Rotten saying "You ever get the feelin' you're bein' cheated?"

Albums 
 Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (1977)
The Great Rock n' Roll Swindle (1979) (Soundtrack to a film of the same name)
Flogging A Dead Horse (1980) (Greatest Hits Compilation Album)

Other websites 
 God Save The Sex Pistols
 John Lydon Official Site 
 The Filth and the Fury
 Photographs by Bob Gruen 

1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
1978 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
English punk bands
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
Musical groups from London
Bette Davis (April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989), full name Ruth Elizabeth Davis, was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was nicknamed "The Queen of Hollywood" or the "First Lady of the American Screen" and "The Fifth Warner Brother" during her career.

Davis had held the most Academy Award nominations for any actress (with ten) until Katharine Hepburn took her place with twelve.

Bette Davis made over 100 films across 60 years. Some of the most popular
films include: Of Human Bondage (1934), Marked Woman (1937), Jezebel (1938), Dark Victory (1939), The Letter (1940), The Little Foxes (1941), Now, Voyager (1942), Watch on the Rhine (1943), Mr. Skeffington (1944), All About Eve (1950), The Virgin Queen (1955), The Catered Affair (1956), Pocketful of Miracles (1961), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Death on the Nile (1978) and The Whales of August (1987).

In 1981 Kim Carnes sang the hit song "Bette Davis Eyes". Davis liked the song. Carnes gave Davis a gold record. Davis hung the gold record on a wall.

The Kennedy Center honored Davis in 1987. She died of breast cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

Other websites 
 Bette Davis at Classic Actresses 
 Classic Movies (1939 - 1969): Bette Davis

Sources

Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from breast cancer
Kennedy Center honorees
1908 births
1989 deaths
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was the man who brought the Protestant Reformation to Scotland.  He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church. Knox joined the movement to change the Roman Catholic church in Scotland. He married twice and had five children. Knox preached until he died.

A  fight between Catholic France and Protestant England for Scotland began again because of the Reformation. Sometimes France had more power. Other times England had it. Knox spent many months as a galley slave. He also spent time in exile because of his Protestant beliefs. During a trip to Scotland, Knox's preaching helped the Protestant movement. Several Protestant noblemen came together and made a group called the Lords of the Congregation. When the group had more power, they invited Knox back to Scotland to stay.

During 1500 and 1561, the Scottish Parliament accepted the Reformed confession of faith made by Knox and other people. Knox argued many times with Mary, Queen of Scots. In his book History of the Reformation in Scotland he writes about his five "conversations" with the Roman Catholic queen. In one of these conversations, Mary asked Knox what right he had to rebuke the queen so directly and openly. Knox replied, "...I am a worm of this earth, and yet a subject...but I am a watchman, both over the realm (land) and the Kirk [Church] of God...For that reason I am bound in conscience (it is my duty) to blow the trumpet publicly (openly)". Mary's violent life finally made even her Catholic helpers lose their support. She gave up the throne. So, Knox was able to make the Protestant church in Scotland. Because of him, the Presbyterian church was made.

References

1510s births
1572 deaths
British Protestants
Calvinists
Christian theologians
Presbyterians
Protestant Reformers
Scottish Christians
The Nobel Prize in Literature is one of many Nobel Prizes given in honor of Alfred Nobel. Every year, a writer is chosen by the Swedish Academy to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. They choose someone who they think has written something that has great value. The prize was awarded the first time in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.

Writing of any language could possibly win the Nobel Prize.

List of laureates 

List of Nobel Prize laureates (winners) in Literature from 1901 to the present date.

Related pages 

 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
 List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

References

Other websites 

 The Nobel Prize in Literature - Laureates 
 Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
 The Nobel Prize
 Written in Stone  - Burial locations of literary figures.

Literature
The Zuni, also called Zuñi or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe. They live near the Zuni River. This river flows into the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico, United States.

They are famous for their language, which is not like other Pueblo or Native American languages. It is a language isolate.

Native American
People from New Mexico
Events 
 The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone.
 March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark declares the unity of the two provinces of Schleswig and Holstein, who have been treated as one ever since (although under different national affiliations).
 March 6 – Treaty of Alcacovas – Portugal gives Castile the Canary Islands in exchange for claims in West Africa
 June – The Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March, eldest son of the Duke of York, land in England with an army and seize London.
 July 18 – Battle of Northampton – Warwick and March defeat a Lancastrian army and seize King Henry. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.
 December 30 – Battle of Wakefield – A Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland defeats a Yorkist army under the Duke of York and his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland. Both York and Rutland are killed, the latter murdered after the battle. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction.
Events 
 January 5 – Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
 February – Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London.
 February 12 – After claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason alongside her husband.
 March 17 – Princess Elizabeth imprisoned in The Tower.
 April 12 – Mary of Guise becomes Regent of Scotland.
 July 23 – 25 – Wedding of Queen Mary I of England and King Philip of Naples, only son of Emperor Charles V in Winchester, England.
 August 12 – Battle of Renty.  French forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion of Picardy by Charles V.
 The French forces in Siena surrender to the Imperialists after a long siege.
 Mikael Agricola becomes the bishop of Turku.
 Jesuits establish São Paulo in Brazil.
Events 
 May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
 June 25 – Suleiman I leads another invasion of Hungary, which fails miserably.
 September 1 – Lady Anne Boleyn is created Marchioness of Pembroke by her fiancée, King Henry VIII of England.
 November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Atahualpa.
 Atahualpa wins Inca civil war over Huáscar
 The Prince is published five years after death of the writer Niccolò Machiavelli
 Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais
 Henry VIII grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles at  high.  It is in Scotland, near Fort William. The mountain forms part of the Three Peaks Challenge and attracts an estimated 100,000 climbers per year,

The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic, Beinn Nibheis, which may mean poisonous or terrible.

The Summit

The summit of Ben Nevis is a large stony plateau of about . The highest point is marked with a large stone mound which sits an Ordnance Survey trig point.

The ruined walls of an observatory are also on the summit. An emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower for people caught out by bad weather. The roof of the shelter is higher than the trig point by several feet, making it the highest man-made structure in the UK. A war memorial to the dead of World War II is next to the observatory.

On 17 May 2006, a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the John Muir Trust, which owns much of the mountain. The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20 years earlier.

The view from the UK's highest point can reach to over , and mountains such as the Torridon Hills, Morven in Caithness, Lochnagar, Ben Lomond, Barra Head and Knocklayd in County Antrim, Northern Ireland can be seen.

References

Geography of Scotland
Mountains of the United Kingdom
Manaus is the principal city of the North Region of Brazil.  It is the capital of Amazonas. Manaus had a great age when latex was discovered in the Amazon region.  Manaus developed economically and culturally.  After that great age, latex started to be produced in other countries, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia, where due the similar climate the plants start to grow even faster than in Brasil.

Manaus is considerated as the entrance door to the biggest ecological reservation in the planet: The Amazon rainforest.  Its name come from a tribe called Manaós that lived in this area and means "Mother of God". The colonization started on 1669, with a small fort, and around it grew a settlement.  In 1833 it became a village, with the name of Manaus.  On October 24th of 1848 it receive the name of city and became the Capital of the state.

Manaus is the site of the "encontro of the waters" where two big rivers Rio Negro (black river) and Solimoes River come together and for more than 10 km "walk together but not mixed" because of their differing density, and then become the Amazon.

The American Charles Goodyear, inventor of vulcanization, developed a procedure to process the juice of the rubber tree into rubber. The city became rich, and India rubber barons paid for a big biggest luxury from Europe, a copy the Grand Paris Opéra - the TEATRO AMAZONAS. Other monuments from this time include the MERCADO MUNICIPAL, a copy of the famous market halls Les Halles in Paris, the arts centre RIO PALACIO NEGRO between fascinating Portuguese facades. 

Today Manaus is a foreign trade zone. Foreign enterprises pay here no import duties what guarantees a certain income for the city and the region. Electronics, wood industry and oil refineries have settled in the outskirts in industrial areas. The harbour is the most important trading centre for the care of the city with regional, national and international products.
About 1.5 million people live in Manaus.
It was nominated as one of the places for the Soccer World Cup 2014. the city is growing rapidly and start to prepare for the event that will bring a lot of people.
 Manaus in Facebook

The Opera house is the major cultural heritage of the Amazonas. It was inaugurated in 1896 during the rubber boom. In spite of the predominance of neoclassic elements, other styles were used, so the architecture is eclectic, with materials brought from Europe as well as artists like Domenico de Angelis, Giovanni Capranesi and Crispim do Amaral.  Preserved as a national heritage since 1965, today, with more than 100 years, it has room for 681 people including balconies and three floors of boxes. After the restauration made by the state government in 1990, the theater rescued its splendor, with performances of famous operas, national and international musicians.

Cities in Amazonas State
Capitals of Brazilian states
1669 establishments
17th-century establishments in Brazil
Events 
 The War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

World leaders 
 Louis XV of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
 Afsharid dynasty of Persia 
 Nadir Shah, 1736–1747 
 Adil Shah, 1747–1748 
 Ebrahim Afshar, 1748 
 Shah Rukh, 1748–1750 
 George II of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760) 
 Philip V of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746) 
 Ferdinand VI of Spain (king from 1746 to 1759) 
 Pope Benedict XIV

Births 
 Marquis de Sade, French writer
 Pope Pius VII
 Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States

Deaths 
 Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medicis 
 Alexander Pope, English writer 
 Jonathan Swift, Irish writer
Tocantins is a state in central Brazil.  The state was made in 1988 out of the northern part of Goiás, and construction began on the capital, Palmas, in 1989.  Palmas is much newer than most cities in the area.

The state is the border between the Amazon Rainforest and Brazil's grassy flatlands.  The state is very important for raising and selling cows and other farm animals.

References

 
1988 establishments in Brazil
States of Brazil
Indonesian language () is the national and official language of Indonesia and is used in the entire country. It is the language of official communication, taught in schools and used for broadcast in electronic and digital media. Being the top multilingual (especially trilingual) country in the world, most Indonesians also speak their own ethnic or native languages, with the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese which consequently give huge influence into the Indonesian language itself.

With huge speakers throughout the country as well as by the diaspora who live abroad, Indonesian language is listed as one of the most spoken languages worldwide. Indonesian language recognized as one of the official languages by several nations globally, such as Timor Leste, Vietnam, etc. Indonesian language also officially taught and used in schools, universities, and institutions worldwide, especially in Australia, Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Timor Leste, Vietnam, Taiwan, United States of America, United Kingdom, etc.

Having a long-established historical ties with European countries since the colonialism era, some of Indonesian terms has absorbed into some European languages, mainly the Dutch and English. Indonesian language itself also has numerous loanwords which derived from the European languages, mainly from the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Indonesian language also has loanwords derived from Sanskrit, Chinese, and Arabic which diffused in Indonesian due to the trade and religious-based activities that had been done since ancient times within the Indonesian archipelago region.

References

Austronesian languages
Languages of Indonesia
Saint can mean different things:

Religion
Different religions & groups use the term saint differently. The word comes form Latin Sanctus, which means holy. In general, saints are believed to be good examples of how people should live, or what people should do. Saints are synonymous, or are associated, with holiness. In the Roman Catholic Church, to become a saint, you have to go through a process called canonization, which is performed by the Pope.
In the New Testament, the term Saint is used to refer to any member of the Church of Christ.
In the Roman Catholic Church, a saint is someone who lives a very holy life and loves others. Catholics believe that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. However, to be declared an official saint by the Church, someone must be canonized. 
In Mormonism, a saint is someone who is of Mormon line.
In Protestant churches, a saint is anyone who is baptized and lives their faith.

Sports teams
Southampton F.C. is the nickname for an English football team based in the city of Southampton.
The New Saints are a League of Wales football club representing the Welsh town of Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain and the nearby English town of Oswestry.
Northampton Saints are a rugby union club.
The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football franchise of the National Football League.
St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League is known as The Saints.

Entertainment
"The Saint" is a character created by Leslies Charteris.  The Saint has appearred in a number of books, movies and TV shows, including 
The Saint, a 1997 movie starring Val Kilmer
Saint is the title of a novel by Ted Dekker
Saint (Heavy Metal),  a Christian heavy metal band.
For the pioneering Australian punk band, see The Saints. 
There are also two actresses by the name of Saint: Eva Marie Saint and Silvia Saint. 
 When the Saints Go Marching In is a popular tune also known as "The Saints".

Other
 Saint is a type of pigeon
 Saint can be used to describe a really loving or caring person.
Saint Lucia is a tropical island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is a part of the Lesser Antilles, and it is north of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and south of Martinique.  As of 2010 there are about 174,000 people.

The official language is English. Saint Lucian Creole French (Kwéyòl), which is a French-based Creole is spoken by 95% of the people.  About 70% of the people are Roman Catholic. 

Two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis, an economist, and Derek Walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island.

Saint Lucia is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and La Francophonie.

Quarters
Saint Lucia has 11 quarters, or parishes of the island.

Cities
The cities in Saint Lucia are:
Anse La Raye
Bocage
Castries - Capital
Canaries
Choiseul
Dennery
Desruisseaux
Gros Islet
Laborie
Micoud
Mon Repos
Praslin
Ravine Poisson
Rodney Bay
Soufrière
Ti Rocher
Vieux Fort

Geography

The volcanic island of Saint Lucia is more mountainous than many other Caribbean islands. The highest point is Mount Gimie, at  above sea level. Two other mountains, the Pitons, form the island's most famous landmark. They are between Soufrière and Choiseul on the western side of the island. Saint Lucia is also one of the few islands in the world that has a drive-in volcano. It is also famous for clear seas and sandy beaches.

The capital city of Saint Lucia is Castries. Over one third of all the people live in the capital. Major towns include Gros Islet, Soufrière and Vieux Fort. 

The local climate is tropical.  They have northeast trade winds.  There is a dry season from December 1 to May 31, and a wet season from June 1 to November 30.

Sport
The Windward Islands cricket team includes players from Saint Lucia.  They play in the West Indies regional tournament. Darren Sammy is the first Saint Lucian to represent the West Indies.  He is the current captain.

Tourism
Tourism is important to Saint Lucia's economy.  There are more tourists during the dry season (January to April).  Saint Lucia tends to be popular due to its tropical weather and scenery and its many beaches and resorts.

Other tourist attractions include a drive-in volcano, Sulphur Springs, the Botanical Gardens, the Majestic twin Peaks "The Pitons", a world heritage site, the rain forests, and Pigeon Island National Park.

Most tourists visit Saint Lucia as part of a cruise. Most of their time tends to be spent in Castries, although Soufriere, Marigot Bay and Gros Islet are popular locations to visit.

Related pages
List of rivers of Saint Lucia
List of Saint Lucian people
Saint Lucia at the Olympics
Saint Lucia national football team

References

 
Commonwealth realms
English-speaking countries
Current monarchies
Caribbean Community
The Yangtze River, or Yangzi (Simple Chinese: 扬子江 / Traditional Chinese: 揚子江), or Chang Jiang (Simple Chinese: 长江 / Traditional Chinese: 長江), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the Amazon and the Nile). It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (another is Yellow River)

The river is about 3,900 kilometers  long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civilization.

On the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world. It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost  upstream.

The Yangtze River is home to many species. The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002. 

Top tourist attractions for the Yangtze river cruise are Chongqing Dazu Carvings, Three Gorges, lesser Three Gorges, Bai Di City, Fengdu Ghost City and so on.

The Yangtze River is also known as the Yanugzi or Chang Jiange.

Uses 

 transport
 drinking water
 cleaning
 boundary marking
 ingredients for food

Pollution 
The Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.

References

Other websites 
 Attractions along Yangtze River
 Yangtze River Cruise Guide

Rivers of China
"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" is the national anthem of Saint Lucia. The song has been used since the country became independent in 1979.

Lyrics

English lyrics

Sons and daughters of Saint Lucia,
Love the land that gave us birth.
Land of beaches, hills and valleys,
Fairest isle of all the earth!
Wheresoever you may roam,
Love, oh love, our island home.

Gone the times when nations battled,
For this Helen of the west.
Gone the days when strife and discord,
Dimmed her children's toil and rest.
Dawns at last a brighter day,
Stretches out a glad new way.

May the good Lord bless our island,
Guard her sons from woe and harm.
May our people live united,
Strong in soul and strong in arm.
Justice, Truth and Charity,
Our ideal forever be!

French translation

Fils et filles de Sainte-Lucie,
aime la terre qui nous a donné naissance.
Terre de plages, de collines et de vallées,
la plus belle île de toute la terre!
Partout où vous pouvez errer,
Amour, oh amour, notre île à la maison.
Fini le temps où les nations se battaient
Pour cette Hélène de l'ouest.
Fini le temps où les conflits et la discorde
atténué le travail et le repos de ses enfants.
Lève enfin un jour plus lumineux,
s'étend d'une manière nouvelle et heureuse.
Que le bon Dieu bénisse notre île,
protège ses fils du malheur et du mal.
Que notre peuple vive uni,
fort dans l'âme et fort dans le bras.
Justice, vérité et charité,
notre idéal soit pour toujours!

National anthems
Saint Lucia
Events 
1590
 March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
 May–August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
 May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
 August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
 September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
 December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
 Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
 Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
 Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
 Seven-Year War – Japan invades Korea in 1592 and 1597.
 Journey to the West first appears in China.
Events 
Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. Begin of the Heian period.
Council of Frankfurt – oldest known mentioning of Frankfurt.
Events 
Pope Silverius deposed by Belisarius at the order of Justinian, who appoints as his successor Pope Vigilius.
Battle of Camlann between Arthur and Mordred. (traditional date)
December 27 – Construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is completed.
A goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal. There are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example. The goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal. Goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.

Football 
A goalkeeper's kit (or uniform) consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.

Historically, however, until the 1960s goalkeepers would wear no hand protection. 

Until the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap. However, in 1909, the Scottish Football Association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players. This was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.

Ice hockey

The goalkeeper in ice hockey (a Goalie) uses thicker padding than the other players on the team. This is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck. The hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players. The bottom edge is also longer and flatter. The goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand. This glove has a large area to help catch the puck. Goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.

Field hockey

In field hockey, the goalkeeper stands in the goal net, and stops the other team scoring. Goalkeepers need a lot of kit to protect them from the hockey balls that are hit at them. here is a list:

 Helmet - Protects the head and face
 Neck guard - Protects the neck
 Breastplate - Protects the body, and sometimes back
 Elbow pads - Protect the arms. Sometimes breastplate and elbow guards combine to form all-in-one
 Smock - An extra large shirt that covers the breastplate and elbow pads, or the all-in-one
 Gloves - Protect the hands. Right glove has a hole in it to hold the stick
 Box - Protects the groin
 Shorts - Protect the thighs and upper bottom
 Shin guards - Protect the lower legs
 Kickers - Protect the feet
 Stick - Acts as an extra reaching tool for dives

Goalkeepers are the only position in hockey allowed to kick the ball. If another player kicked the ball it would be a foul.

Images

Other websites
 The Museum of Goalkeeping  Charting goalkeeping throughout the history of football.

Goalkeepers
Sports
Events 
 The beginnings of the 'Golden Age' of Literature in England
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony in 1583
 Francis Drake had come back from going around the world, bringing back with him many treasures.

Deaths 
 Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1542)
1583 (MDLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.

Events 
 Newfoundland claimed by England.
 University of Edinburgh started.

Births 
 January 8 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (d. 1643)
 March 3 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d. 1648)
 April 10 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (d. 1645)
 June 16 – Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (d. 1654)
 June 20 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1652)
 July 2 – Dodo Knyphausen, German soldier (d. 1636)
 September – Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (d. 1643)
 September 24 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general (d. 1634)
 November 24 – Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (d. 1641)
 December 17 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English adventurer and soldier (d. 1642)
 December 25 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (d. 1625)
 date unknown
 Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer, Dutch pirate and buccaneer (d. 1627)
 Johann Heinrich Alting, German divine (d. 1644)
 John Beaumont, English poet (d. 1627)
 Bonaventura Elzevir, Dutch printer (d. 1652)
 Stanisław Lubomirski, Polish nobleman (d. 1649)
 Philip Massinger, English dramatist (d. 1640)
 Hayashi Razan, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (d. 1657)
 probable
 Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian (d. 1646)
 Nzinga, warrior queen of Ndongo and Matamba (d. 1663)
 Aurelian Townshend, English poet (d. 1643)

Deaths 
 March 18 – King Magnus of Livonia (b. 1540)
 April – Lucas David, Prussian historian (b. 1503)
 May 6 – Zacharias Ursinus, German theologian (b. 1534)
 June 6
 Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese military commander (b. 1556)
 Shibata Katsutoyo, Japanese military commander (b. 1556)
 June 9 – Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1525)
 June – Oda Nobutaka, Japanese samurai (b. 1558)
 July 1 – Sakuma Morimasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (beheaded)
 July 6 – Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1519)
 September 9 – Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer (born c. 1537)
 September 16 – Catherine Jagiellon, queen of John II of Sweden (b. 1526)
 November 11 – Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, Irish rebel
 November 24 – René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (b. 1506)
 December 14 – Ivan Fyodorov, Russian printer
 December 31 – Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (b. 1524)
 date unknown
 Shibata Katsuie, Japanese military commander (b. 1530)
 Andrei Kurbskii, Russian writer (b. 1528)