cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States between 1923 and 1929. He was a conservative who supported business and lower taxes.

Family life 
He was the only president of the United States to be born on July 4. He was married to Grace Coolidge and had 2 children: John Calvin Coolidge III (born September 6, 1906 - died May 31, 2000) and John Calvin Jr. (born April 13, 1908 - died July 7, 1924). His younger son John Calvin Coolidge IV died at 16 while playing tennis at the White House. His son was wearing tennis shoes without socks and died from a toe infection. He was buried at the foot of Hill Cemetery. After this, President Coolidge may have been depressed.

Political career 
Coolidge served as the Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts. He later served as the Governor of Massachusetts. As governor, he became famous because of his response during the Boston Police Strike. Coolidge fired the police who went on strike and gave the jobs to unemployed World War 1 veterans (he gave the same bonuses that the striking policemen asked for to the veterans).

In 1920, he was nominated Vice President under Warren G. Harding. The Harding-Coolidge team won easily. Harding died in 1923 and Coolidge became the next president. He was inaugurated at his family farm in Vermont by his father John Calvin Coolidge Sr.

Coolidge finished Harding's term and was elected in 1924 to continue to be the country's president.

Coolidge was president during a prosperous economy and the country did not face many challenges. He believed that the federal government should be as small as possible. He supported tax cuts and wanted the federal government to not intervene in the economy. Some think this is linked to the Great Depression.

Coolidge was criticized for refusing to give subsidies to farmers and when a giant flood happened in Mississippi during 1927, he did not want the federal government to be involved. This was part of his belief of federalism, that the country's problems should be solved mainly by state governments and local governments rather than the federal government. 

He did not run for re-election in 1928 and published his autobiography the following year.

The legacy of Calvin Coolidge is mixed. People who support more federal government involvement in the economy do not like him. People who support less federal government involvement in the economy like him.

Silent Cal 
Calvin Coolidge was nicknamed "Silent Cal" because he did not talk much. There is a story that at a dinner party, a woman once told Coolidge that she could get more than two words out of him, to which he replied "You lose."

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Coolidge's White House biography 

1872 births
1933 deaths
 
Deaths from coronary thrombosis
US Republican Party politicians
Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Vermont
20th-century American politicians
Massachusetts Republicans
A social network is a set of people who interact. This includes group organizations. The social relationships may include friendship/affect, communication, economic transactions, interactions, kinship, authority/hierarchy, trust, social support, diffusion, contagion, and so on. 

Calling social relationships a network calls attention to the pattern or structure of the set of relationships.

A community social network is the pattern of relationships among a set of people and/or organizations in a community. Each of these networks can involve social support, give people a sense of community, and 
lead them to help and protect each other.

How big a personal network becomes depends on the individual and the type of relationships considered. The set of people that a person knows well or with whom a person frequently interacts seldom exceeds several hundred. As the size of a network grows, keeping relationships is strained by the size. There is a so-called "Law of 150" which suggests that about 150 people is the best size for a village or large clan though most people live in much bigger towns. Some experts think that a corporation has an ideal size of about 70 people: these people and their spouses would also make a large social network.

The free rider problem is that someone uses the social network but does not give help when needed. Social networks are vulnerable to them, since the circumstances where help is required, like disasters, occur by surprise. It might happen that someone cannot help at that one time - it might also happen that they are not there the next time. Only slowly does it become obvious who is and is not contributing to the safety of the group, or who is avoiding this duty.

Social networks are held together by common interest. This may be employment, common interest in a sport or pastime, a religion (a mosque, church or temple is almost always a center of a social network). Often the network has an identity of its own which is quite real, even though it may have no official recognition. Networks may be centered on places, or on families, or on worldwide communities with common interests.

Sources 
The Law of 150 is documented in R.I.M. Dunbar 1992. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution. 20, pp. 469–493.

The field of study which investigates human social life is social psychology.

Related pages 
Social network service

Relationships
Social groups
A cabal is a group of people who try to control things in a secret way. Cabals are often an important part of a conspiracy theory.

Sometimes people say "There Is No Cabal", or use the abbreviation TINC to mean "There Is No Cabal". The joke is that since a cabal is necessarily secret, only those who are in the cabal can know.

Politics 

The former chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, of the Secretary of State Colin Powell said that the foreign policy of George W. Bush's administration were run by a "Cheney-Rumsfeld cabal". With this word he meant that the President had not really the power that he is given by the constitution and that the Vice President and the Secretary of Defense had more influence than they should have.

references

Forms of government
Creating is making new things that have not existed before, usually by combining two or three things that existed. Art is almost always called creative, but so are other activities like music, mathematics, technology, business, craft, building, gardening and forestry, if they combine things to get new things.

When several people cooperate in more than one process of creating, that is a creative network. This cuts risk since anything creative involves some chance that it will simply not work.

What is "not creative" is usually called imitative, and includes anything that is mostly trying not to do what has never been done – like law, sports, science, war, and especially education. These involve more direct competition, so risk comes from the competitor who may do it better. The word team is used for such groups.

Most people fear change and new things, and so what is most stable and considered important by society tends to be imitative and done in teams. But unless society encourages creating it loses out to others by competition in business or technology, so there must be some creative networks, somewhere, in labs or art studios.

Views of control of creative work also depend very much on religious and spiritual views of nature (or a creator) creating Man, according to economist Lester Thurow. Those ethical traditions that see "Man in the image of God" have created legal codes (see guild, intellectual right, intellectual interest, intellectual property) to tightly control what they are creating or have created. These are now the basis of organizations such as WIPO or ICANN. Often, such laws also create control over things which are merely found, not created.

Many people give away what they have created and never think about it as property – other people try to control it and get paid every time anyone sees it – or even every time they just talk about it.

Wikipedia uses the GNU FDL which is a content license that tries to get people to combine what they are creating, with no one clearly in control. This is considered strange by many people, who are uncomfortable with that idea, or seek to control some aspect of it themselves.

Art
Human science is the science of humans:  what makes them different from animals, and their limits, which tend to be the same as those of other animals.  Because human bodies are animal bodies, human science is part of biology which leads to Life Science.  However human behaviour includes the use of words, measures, numbers, knowing time and having memory, and such habits as trade - thus economics and psychology are considered to be part of human science.  A general human science is anthropology which studies only the differences between humans and near relatives.

One important debate in human science is whether the exchange of culture (or in economics instructional capital), is only among humans or if it also goes on among our Great Ape near relatives.  If so, then culture is part of primatology and there is no clear line between human science and life sciences.

Another name for human science is Social Science, since the most complex thing about humans is how they relate to each other in society.  The most general social science is ethics, or economics, depending on your point of view.

However, life science also deals with humans as objects of study (notably in medicine), while hard science such as chemistry deals with humans as the observer who does the study - sets the scale at which observation can happen, incurs observer effects - as studied in philosophy of science.

Often sciences have different names based on whether they study humans or not.  For instance economics is the study of how humans make a living, while ecology is the study of how non-humans make a living.  Medicine is normally restricted to humans while veterinary medicine refers to the same techniques made on other species.  One relies more on ethics and less on economics when dealing with humans, at least according to any ethical tradition.

The living, social, and sensory observing aspects of humans are probably all part of the human sciences to the degree they affect how humans view themselves.

Specific human sciences are (in addition to anthropology and ethics and economics) include psychology, sociology and linguistics.  There is debate as to whether mathematics is something human or if it is universal - see philosophy of mathematics on this.

Related pages 
humanities
sense
ecology

Social sciences
The year 1 (I) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The year started on a Monday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the 1st century and 1st millennium.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Paullus. The denomination 1 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years. The year before this is 1 BC in the widely used Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 

 Tiberius, under orders of Augustus, stopped revolts in Germany (1 – 5).
 Rome: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus became consuls.
 The poem Metamorphoses is written by Ovid.
 The Aqua Alsienta aqueduct is made in Rome.
 Silk appears in Rome.

Asia 
 Start of the Yuanshi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
 Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.
 Buddhism is introduced into China.
 Emperor Ping of Han China's reign begins.

Africa 
 Axum (Ethiopia) is founded (approximate date).

Americas 
 Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 The poem Metamorphoses is written by Ovid.
 Livy writes his monumental History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita).

Religion 
 Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.

Births 

 Lucius Annaeus Gallio, Roman proconsul (d. 65)
 Quinctilius Varus, son of Publius Quinctilius Varus and Claudia Pulchra (d. 27)
 Pallas, Greek Freedman and political advisor (d. 65)

Deaths 
 Arshak II of Iberia, king of Iberia of the Nimrodid Dynasty

References
The year 2 (II) was a common year that started on Sunday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday.

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Varus. It was the 2nd year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla convinced Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen. This was after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.
 Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates.
 Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.

Europe 
 Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.
 Using Roman military support, Artavasdes III, son of Ariobarzanes II, king of Media Atropatene, becomes the king of Armenia.

Africa 
 Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor.

Asia 
 The first census is concluded in China. The census has begun the year before. Final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in a bit more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. 
 The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.

Births 
 Apollonius of Tyana (d. 98)
 Deng Yu, Han Dynasty general and statesman (d. 58)

Deaths 
 Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. He was also the heir to the throne in Gaul. (b. 17 BC)

References 

0s
The year 3 (III) was a common year which started on a Monday. according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Wednesday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Servilius. The year is called 3 since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years.  It was the 3rd year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 The rule of Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period. 
 Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him. Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East. 
 Lucius Aelius Lamia is consul of Rome
 Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus is consul of Rome

Europe 
Menneas becomes Archon of Athens
 Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni. The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.

China 
Wang Mang foils a plot by his son,Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to remove him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.

Births 

 Ban Biao, Chinese historian (d. 54)
 Paul of Tarsus (d. 67)

References 

0s
The year 4 (IV) was a leap year which started on a Tuesday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Catus and Saturninus. It was called the fourth year since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years. It was the 4th year of the 1st century.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
 Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
 Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.
 The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves.
 Signature of a pact of non-aggression and friendship between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, were brought into the Roman army as the Leaders of the auxiliary troops.
 Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
 Augustus Pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus along with Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.
 Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed proconsul of Asia.
 Polianus Maradonius becomes Archon of Athens

Mid-East 
 King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia – the beginning of the interregnum

Asia 
 Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date)
 Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping) daughter of Wang Mang cementing his influence.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 Nicholas of Damascus writes the 14 volume History of the World.

Births 
 Columella, Roman writer (d. 70)
 Daemusin of Goguryeo, king of Goguryeo (d. 44)

Deaths 

 Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, dies from wounds suffered during a campaign in Artagira, Armenia.
 Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, first ruler of Korea.
 Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman emperor, poet and historian (b. 65 BC).
 Terentia, first wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC).
 Ariobarzanes II, King of Media Atropatane (b. 40 BC).
 Artavasdas IV, King of Armenia (b. 20 BC).

References
5 (V) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Thursday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Saturday. It was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna.  It was the 5th year of the 1st century.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events

Roman Empire 
Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.
 Germanic Tribes Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome
 Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls
 Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
 Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus her second cousin.
 Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.
 Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.

China 
 Emperor Ping of Han is assassinated. Grand Empress Dowager Wang appoints Wang Mang as acting-emperor of Han until a suitable successor is found to replace the childless Ping.

Births 
 Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla (d. 43)
 Drusilla of Mauretania
 Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Emperor Xuan Han, Emperor of China (d. 25)
 Yin Lihua, Empress of China (d. 64)

Deaths 
 Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 76 or 75 BC)
 Ping of Han, Emperor of China is assassinated, poisoned it is believed on the orders of Wang Mang (b. 14 BC).

References 

0s
7 (VII) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Saturday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Monday. It was the 7th year of the 1st century.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
The Illyrians revolt against Roman rule.
Pannonians revolt with Dalmatians and Illyrian tribes against Roman rule.
Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus dismisses the Judean ethnarch Herod Archelaus.
Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germany.
Tiberius Quinctilius Varus, legate, is charged with organizing Germany between the Rhine and Elba rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which create dissension among the Germans.
Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.
Construction of the Temple of Concordia begins.

Asia 
Vonones I of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
 Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong) emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.
Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.

By Topic

Arts and Sciences 
Strabo writes Geographia (some claimed around AD 18).
Livy is appointed to tutor Claudius in history. Claudius begins writing and researching a history of the Roman Civil Wars which is critical of Augustus. Livia and Antonia Minor force him to stop his work destroying any opportunity for political advancement.

Births 
Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 33).
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman General (d. 67).

Deaths 
Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC).

References 

0s
8 (VIII) is a leap year of the Julian calendar which started on a Sunday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday. It was the 8th year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 August 3 – Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
 Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida.
 Effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina
 Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, suff. Lucius Apronius become Roman Consuls.
Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constanţa).
 Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year.

Europe 
 Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.

Mid-East 
 Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.

Asia 
 Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
 Wang Mang seizes power in China and establishes the short-lived Xin Dynasty.
China invents paper, which is first used by the military.

Births 
 Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of emperor Vespasian (d. 69)

Deaths 
Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC).

References 

0s
9 (IX) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Tuesday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. It was the 9th year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
Illyria is turned into a province after a revolt has been defeated.
The Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds, following the defeat of the Roman army, under the command of Varus, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
Ovid is banished to Tomis.
 Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.
 In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the lex Papia Poppaea is adopted in Rome. This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.
 Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection, and Varus' defeat in Germany. This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.
Ovid completes Ibis.

Asia 
Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).

Births 
November 18 - Vespasian, Roman emperor

Deaths 
Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, said to have committed suicide

References 

9
10 (ten ) is the number that is after nine and before eleven. Most people have ten fingers and ten toes.

Ten is the smallest positive whole number with two digits. Ten is an important number because most people write numbers using multiples of ten. This is called the decimal number system.

In Roman numerals, 10 is written as X.

References

Integers
A man is a male adult. He is the opposite of a woman. People use the word "man" (one man, two or more men) to talk about gender. Manhood is the period in a male's life after he changes from a boy. A boy is a male child; a female child is called a girl. After boys reach maturity, they can be called a man.

Like most other male mammals, a man inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The men's rights movement is a group that tries to fight for men's rights and opposes misandry.

Someone who changes gender to male would also be called a man.

Biology and gender 

There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not inside the body). But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".

Men normally have the same illnesses as women, but there are some sexual illnesses which men have only, or more often.

There are more differences between men and women, not only sexual differences.
 Some people say men, as a group, are more aggressive than women; they want to fight more. But most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive.
 In modern western society, few men wear make-up or clothing of the sort women traditionally wear.

Some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in male humans:
 more pubic hair
 more facial hair
 more body hair
 larger hands and feet than women
 broader shoulders and chest
 larger skull and bone structure
 larger brain
 greater muscle mass
 a more visible Adam's apple and deeper voice
 a longer shinbone

Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. Perhaps one in 100,000 men were born without a male body. We call these transgender or transsexual men. Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference (for example "androgen insensitivity syndrome"). Some men have other intersex conditions. Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born want to change this later in their lives. 

 
Basic English 850 words
A woman is an adult female human. The plural of "woman" is "women". Young human females are called "girls". The word "women" is sometimes used to refer to females of any age (as in the phrase "Women's rights") and to men who view themselves as women (as in the phrase "Transgender women"). 

Women are usually a little smaller than men, and have larger breasts and wider hips. They also usually have less hair on their faces and bodies than men. Most women are able to get pregnant and give birth to babies.

Women have historically been treated differently from men. They have also been expected to act differently. The treatment of and expectations for women have changed with the spread of women's rights in the 20th century.

Rights 
Women have historically had less control over their lives than men. They have often been forbidden to own land, vote, hold political office, or choose whom they marry and discouraged from voicing political opinions or attending school. Since the beginning of the 20th century women have gained many rights in most of the developed world.  

Women have also historically faced a lot of sexual violence, harassment, and discrimination. The amount of sexual violence, harassment, and discrimination has decreased with the spread of women's rights, but many women still face these problems.

Gender roles
Women have historically been expected to bear and raise children, limit their public lives, and allow their male relatives to make decisions for them. These expectations have changed with the spread of women's rights.

Education 

Before modern societies, education of women was limited. In developed countries, most women have access to education, and even perform better than men at many levels. In the United States in 2005 and 2006, women have earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates.

The lack of education in women has been decreasing, and more women today have at least completed tertiary education.

Science, literature, and art 

Throughout history, women have made contributions to science, literature, and art.  There were many female writers, but many published their work under a male name.  In music, women have been composers, songwriters, performers, singers, conductors, scholars, teachers, critics and more.

In the 18th century, biologists began using the symbol for the goddess Venus (♀️) as indicating a female plant or animal. It is often used for women.

References

Basic English 850 words
Position is a way to explain where something is.

Location
The words which indicate position are called prepositions.

Left, middle, and right

To find which is your left hand side, hold your hands palms down, point your index fingers and stick your thumbs out at right angles. The finger and thumb of your left hand will form a capital letter L. 

If the letter L you make is reversed, you found your right hand. Left and right are called opposite sides.

Middle is between up and down and is between left and right.
Middle means the same as center.

encyclopedia  Examples

Far and near

Far means that something is a long way away from you. Near means it is close to you. Things can also be near and far other persons and other things.

In sports
In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team. For example, in baseball, positions include catcher, shortstop and pitcher.

In math and physics

The position of something is where that thing is in space and time. Usually people use Cartesian coordinates to write down a position. So a scientist might say that the balloon was at x, y, z when it popped at a certain time.

In society
The position of a person is his status or responsibility in a community or group of people. It is called rank in the army.
In a factory the manager is a typical position.

Basic English 850 words
Geometry
Arundel Castle is a castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was built by Edward the Confessor.

Other websites 
 Official site

Castles in England
West Sussex
Starvation happens when a living being (like a person or an animal) doesn't eat enough food to live properly. If a living thing is starving for a long period of time, it dies.

Starvation can be seen as an extreme version of hunger. During starvation, the body will slowly but surely become less fat and stop working properly, until the living being dies or eats enough again to stop starving.

There are other effects of starvation. These can include:
Tiredness,
problems with thinking properly,
sudden and extreme changes to emotions,
dehydration (lack of water in the body),
vomitting,
loss of muscles,
a swollen stomach caused by kwashiorkor,
weakness and not being able to stand.
When the body is starving, the body will start eating itself in a final attempt to survive. When there are no muscles and fat left to eat, the person (or animal) dies. People who eat nothing usually die in a few months.

Even when a starving person eats again, they may have permanent damage to their body.

Some people intentionally starve themselves to lose weight, but this is considered a bad idea because it may damage the body.

In history, countries used to use starvation as a form of the death penalty.

In 1944 Ancel Keys started a scientific experiment about starvation to see the impact of starvation on people and to see how people could best recover from starvation. The participants were all men. They ate 1800 calories a day.

Related pages
 Hunger
 Global Hunger Index
 Malnutrition
 Anorexia nervosa

References

Hunger
Food and drink
Microsoft Word or MS Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft.  Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.  

Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.
 Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines)
 Speech recognition 
 Inserts pictures in documents 
 Choice of typefaces 
 Special codes 
 Web pages, graphs, etc.
 Tables 
 Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text 
 Prints in different ways

Microsoft Word is a part of Microsoft Office, but can also be bought separately.

History 
The program was first released in 1981.
Many of the ideas and features in Microsoft Word came from Bravo, the first graphical writing program.
Microsoft bought the Bravo program, and changed its name to Microsoft Word.
When it first came out, it was not very popular, and did not sell as well as other writing programs like WordPerfect.
Although it was not very popular when it came out, it had a feature called WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), which meant that people can change the visual style of writing (e.g. bold, italics), by selecting and formatting text, when in other programs like WordPerfect, people had to add special 'codes' to change the style of writing. WYSIWYG is now a common feature of all computer writing programs.

Versions 
There are versions for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows.  New versions support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows.

From Microsoft Windows 
 Word for Windows 1.1, for Windows 3.0 came out in March, 1990.
 Word for Windows 1.1a, for Windows 3.1 came out in June, 1990.
 Word for Windows 2.0, came out in 1991.
 Word for Windows 6.0, came out in 1993.
 Word for Windows 95 (sometimes called Word 7), came out in 1995.
 Word 97 (sometimes called Word 8), came out in 1997.
 Word 2000 (sometimes called Word 9), came out in 1999.
 Word 2002 (sometimes called Word 10 or Word XP), came out in 2001. 
 Word 2007 which required Windows XP Service Pack 2. It was the last version of Microsoft Word to support Windows XP Professional 64-bit edition.

For macOS 

 Word 1.0 for Mac came out in January 18, 1985.
 Word 3.0 for Mac came out in January 31, 1987. (There was no "2.0" version.)
 Word 4.0 for Mac came out in November 6, 1990.
 Word 5.1 for Mac came out in 1992.
 Word 2001 was released in 2000.
 Word 2004 was released in May 2004.
 Word 2008 was released in January 15, 2008.
 Word 2011 was released in October 2010.

Popularity 

The program is very popular.

Without configuration the program saved the document in a proprietary file format, so other programs could not open it. When the user sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Word to read the document. Then that friend would probably also save documents in the same secret format of Word. This gave Microsoft Word a dominant position.

Other websites 
 Official website 
www.office.com

Microsoft Office
Word processors
Indigo is a shade of blue, more specifically, purplish blue or dark blue.  

Isaac Newton named and defined indigo as a spectrum color when he divided up the spectrum into the seven colors of the rainbow.  The spectral range of indigo is between 450 and 420 nanometers.  

The name of the color indigo originally came from the indigo plant. Indigo is a dye made from the indigo plant, used to dye cloth. Indigo dye also is used to dye denim cloth, which is used to make what are called blue jeans (they should really be called indigo jeans). This shade of indigo is called indigo dye.

The indigo plant originally came from the nation of India. The Ancient Greek language word for the dye is indikon. The Romans used the term indicum, which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo. 

These things are colored indigo:
 some grapes
 night sky in the mid-evening
 blueberries
some small clams
 some eggplants
Jenna Rose's jeans

Meaning of indigo
 Indigo represents religion, spirituality, sorcery and intuition. 

 In the Hindu religion, indigo represents the 6th chakra. 

 Indigo was also the name of a character from the famous toy line, Rainbow Brite.

Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple

Tones of indigo color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors
Navy blue
Prussian blue

References
Malcolm IV of Scotland (20 March 1141- December 9, 1165) was the grandson of David I of Scotland. He succeeded his grandfather as King of Scotland in 1153. He never married or had children. Not much is known about him.

References 

1140s births
1165 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
David I of Scotland (1084 – May 24, 1153) was the son of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.

1084 births
1153 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
Alexander I of Scotland (c. 1078 - 23 April 1124) was the son of Malcolm Canmore and Saint Margaret of Scotland. He became the King of Scotland in 1107. In the same year, he married Sybilla, who was an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England.

1078 births
1124 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
Henry I of England (c. 1068 C.E. - 1 December 1135 C.E.), also called Henry Beauclerc (meaning good scholar), was the King of England. He ruled from, 1100 until his death in 1135. Henry was born in Selby, Yorkshire. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and Queen Matilda of Flanders. Henry was the only child born in England. His mother had come to England for her coronation in 1068. 

Henry was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. His parents probably raised him to go into the Church when he was old enough. On William's death in 1087, Henry's two older brothers were each left half of their father's kingdom. Robert Curthose became Duke of Normandy. William Rufus became king of England. But Henry, still a minor, was left with no inheritance. Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert. But Robert and William Rufus forced him out in 1091.  Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin. He then allied himself with William against Robert. Henry was present when William died in a hunting accident in 1100. Robert was away on Crusade. Henry, who was present when William was killed, rushed to seize the English throne for himself.

As King, Henry tried to make social reforms. He issued the Charter of Liberties which is considered a predecessor of the Magna Carta. He put back in place some of the laws of Edward the Confessor.

Henry and his wife had two children, Matilda and William Adelin. William died in the White Ship sinking on November 25, 1120. Henry also fathered more illegitimate children than any other English King. Estimates by various historians place the number between 20 and 25.

Henry died in 1135.  He was visiting his daughter and grandchildren in Normandy. After his death, his daughter Mathilda and his nephew, Stephen, argued over who would become the ruler of England, and started a civil war called The Anarchy.

References

Other websites 
 Children of Henry I

1068 births
1135 deaths
Anglo-Normans
House of Normandy
Matilda of Flanders (c. 1031 - November 2, 1083) was the wife of William I of England. She was Duchess of Normandy and Queen of England.

Early life
Matilda was the daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders and Adela of France, who was the daughter of king Robert II of France. Historians think she was born about 1031.  Care was given to her education so she would become known for her learning as much as for her great beauty. Matilda, like other princesses of her day, was very skilled at fine needlework. Matilda was well respected because she was a part of a large Royal family. She was related to many kings in Europe including Charlemagne. Matilda was a very small woman in size, some reports said she was only four feet two inches high (129.5 Centimeters).

Duchess of Normandy
Matilda was married to William probably between 1051 and 1052 while she was still a teenager. Ever since he became duke of Normandy as a boy, William had to fight to keep Normandy. When William was born his mother and father were not married so he had the stigma of being a bastard. By marrying Matilda, who was the niece of the king of France, William gained respect in Europe.

When William was getting ready to attack England, Matilda had a ship built for him called the Mora.  While William was in England and after he became King of England in 1066, Matilda stayed behind to rule Normandy while William was away.

Queen of England
A year later, in 1067, Matilda was able to join her husband in England and she was crowned Queen of England. It helped William that Matilda was related to an earlier English king, Alfred the Great. This was important to the English people to think Matilda was herself part English. Matilda died on 3 Nov 1083 when she was about 52 years old.

Family
Together they had ten children, including:
William II of England
 Adela of Normandy, who was the mother of Stephen of England
 Henry I of England
Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy after his fathers death

References 

1031 births
1083 deaths
House of Normandy
Kings and Queens consort of England
Robert II of France (March 27, 972 - July 20, 1031) was born in Orleans, France.  He was the son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine.  He was married to Constance of Arles. 

Robert was succeeded by his son Henry I of France.  Robert is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

972 births
1031 deaths
Capetian dynasty
Kings and Queens of France
Orléans
People from Centre-Val de Loire
The Basilica of Saint-Denis is a basilica near Paris, France. It is famous for its architecture and as the burial place for many Kings of France. It is in the suburb of Saint Denis, which is in the north of Paris. Since 1966, it is the cathedral of the diocese of Saint-Denis. It is located in the Greater Paris area, about  from Paris.

The Basilica is named after Saint Denis. Saint Denis is the patron saint of France. He was also the first Bishop of Paris.

The Basilica was a Romanesque building. In 1136 the Abbot Suger (1081 - 1155) began replacing the building, bit by bit, beginning with the west front and then with a new east end. The east end is said to be the first building in the Gothic style. It was not completed until the 13th century.

The current organ of the basilica is the first organ built by Aristide Cavaille-Coll. With 4200 pipes, it contains a lot of innovations, opening the romantic area. The French organist Pierre Pincemaille, titular between 1987 and 2018, set up lots of recitals and recorded 8 CDs with this instrument.

People who are buried in Saint Denis Basilica

Other websites 
 L'Internaute Magazine: Diaporama 

Cathedrals in France
Île-de-France
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
A cathedral is a Christian church that is the seat of a Bishop. As cathedrals are the seat of a bishop, they are central church of a diocese. Only those Christian denominations that have bishops have cathedrals. Cathedrals can be found in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican as well as some Lutheran churches. 

In the Greek Orthodox Church, the terms "kathedrikos naos" (literally: "cathedral shrine") and "metropolis" (literally "mother city") are both used to describe the same thing. "Metropolis" is more common, but both terms are officially used.
 
There are variations on the use of the term "cathedral"; for example, some pre-Reformation cathedrals in Scotland now within the Church of Scotland still retain the term cathedral, despite the Church's Presbyterian polity which does not have bishops. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive buildings, the term is often used incorrectly to refer to any large important church. Some diocese, however, have other churches that are bigger than the cathedral.

Several cathedrals in Europe, such as Strasbourg, and in England at York, Lincoln and Southwell, are referred to as Minster (German: Münster) churches, from Latin monasterium, because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an abbey, prior to the Reformation. The other kind of great church in Western Europe is the abbey.

Definition 

The word cathedral is derived from the Latin noun "cathedra" (seat or chair), and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne. In the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of the bishop's role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the bishop's role in governing a diocese.

The word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase "cathedral church", from the Latin "ecclesia cathedralis". The seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church of the diocese for the head of that diocese and is therefore a major symbol of authority.

Many cathedrals are very old.

Cathedrals which are not the seat of a bishop
Some churches are called cathedral, but they are not the seat of a bishop. This  may be because the way the church is organised changed over time. This is the case for Our Lady of Sorrows Church, Poprad, in Slovakia, for example. In Slovak language, this church is called cathedral. It is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spiš. This diocese was re-organised several times. Currently, the cathedral of the diocese is St. Martin's Cathedral (Spišská Kapitula). Churches that formerly were a diocesan seat may be called concathedral, co-cathedral, or pro-cathedral.

References

Gallery
Saint David (c. 512 - 587) is the patron saint of Wales. He was a Welsh bishop in the 6th century. He is usually represented standing on a little hill, with a dove on his shoulder.  He is commemorated on 1 March. The earliest mention of St. David is found in a tenth-century manuscript Of the "Annales Cambriae", which assigns his death to A.D. 601.

Related pages
Saint David's Day

References
 Catholic Online

512 births
587 deaths
British priests
British Roman Catholics
Christian saints
Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic priests
Welsh Christians
Saint Patrick (about 402 - March 17, probably 491 or 493) is the patron saint of Ireland. He was born in a village in Roman Britain. Saint Patrick came from a Christian family. He was the son of Calpornius, who was a deacon. According to the autobiographical Confessio of Patrick, when he was about sixteen years old, he was captured by Irish pirates. They took him from his home in Britain and sold him as a slave in Ireland. His work was to take care of animals. He lived there for six years and learned the local language. He then escaped and returned to his family. 

After becoming a cleric, he returned to northern and western Ireland as a missionary. Because he knew the language he could preach to the people.  He also married couples when the king prohibited it. 
He brought Christianity to Ireland. He converted many pagans to Christianity. He also challenged many of their leaders and druids such as Aodhan the Brave also known as Chief Aodhan. St.Patrick eventually converted Chief Aodhan and they worked together to convert many other pagans.  

St. Patrick's Day is celebrated every year on March 17 in his honour.

Saint Patrick's Bell 

There is a bell in the National Museum of Ireland that was made around the time of Saint Patrick's life. There is no evidence that Saint Patrick owned the bell but the Irish have believed for 1400 years that the bell belonged to Saint Patrick. One of the kings of Ulster who was the high king of Ireland at the time had a beautiful cover made out of gold and gems to preserve the bell. The names of the bishops of Ireland were engraved on the cover. The style of the letters on the cover were used to make the first typewriters. It is believed that the bell was rung by Saint Patrick to let people know it was time for church.

Saint Patrick and the snakes 

There are no snakes in Ireland but there is a legend that at the time of Saint Patrick there were lots of snakes and he chased them all into the Irish Sea. Some say that this legend came to be because pagans had tattoos of snakes and Saint Patrick got rid of the pagans by teaching Christianity and therefore drove out the snakes from Ireland.

Holy Trinity and the Shamrock 
 St. Patrick is credited with teaching the Irish about the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. He used a three-leafed shamrock as an illustration of "three-in-one". For this reason, shamrocks are a central symbol for St. Patrick’s Day.

References

Other websites 

 Some facts about Saint Patrick
 The history of ringing Saint Patrick's bell in modern times 
 A list of catholic patron saints 

402 births
490s deaths

Patrick
Slaves
Deaths 
 March 17 – Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (possibly died this year, could also have died in the year 493)
402 is a year in the Common Era. It started on a Wednesday. It was known as year 1155 in some places in the Ab urbe condita.

Births 
 Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland