cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Steven Joshua Sondheim (March 22, 1930 – November 26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist.

Personal life 
Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City. He grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He was openly gay.

Sondheim died on November 26, 2021 from heart disease in Roxbury, Connecticut at the age of 91.

Career 
Sondheim wrote the words for songs in Gypsy and West Side Story. Of American composers still living, he had won the most awards. He won:
Multiple Grammy Awards
9 Tony Awards (more than any other composer)
A Lifetime Achievement Tony
An Academy Award
A Pulitzer Prize.

Sondheim wrote both the music and the words to his musicals.
 
Many critics like his work, but some people do not like it. Sweeney Todd is very different from the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein.

Some of Sondheim's musicals 
A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum
Follies
A Little Night Music
Sunday in the Park with George
Into The Woods
Sweeney Todd

References

Other websites 

1930 births
2021 deaths
American composers
American television writers
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Gay Jews
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American writers
LGBT composers
LGBT people from New York
LGBT writers
Pulitzer Prize winners
Tony Award winners
Writers from New York City
Writers from Pennsylvania
West End theatre refers to stage productions in the West End of London. It is like New York's Broadway, where musicals and plays are shown at number of theatres. In 2007, 13.6 million people went to see a show at the West End. The shows that were on in 2007 included: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, The Sound of Music, Dirty Dancing, Billy Elliot, Hairspray, Spamalot, Avenue Q, Wicked, Equus, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello and Grease.

References 

Theatres in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in London
Ann Coulter (born December 8, 1961) is from the United States. She is a writer and is known for her controversial opinions about politics. She was asked to go on television, radio and speaks at public and private events. Coulter has described herself as a "polemicist" or someone who tells the truth even if it will cause problems. She does not want to "pretend to be impartial or balanced."

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Official Twitter account

1961 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
Cornell University alumni
Resource room is a place where special education students attend daily classes. These students are usually included in the general classroom and just need more support. Students are taught individually and in small groups.  The number of students in a resource room is at most five students per teacher.  Mainstreaming in education typically includes this service.  Students in separate classes generally do not need the resource room because all the support they need is in the self-contained classroom.

Special education teachers in resource rooms focus on the goals set by an Individualized Education Program.  These goals are based on the individual student's need to develop executive skills, complete their homework and behave. The programs can help students with language-based learning disabilities like dyslexia. Visuo-motor perception, arithmetic, spelling and overall self-perception improve after time in the resource room classroom.  The small-group instructional model leads to achievement in students with a multitude of educational disabilities.

Their peers also benefit when the concepts they learned in general education are reinforced in resource rooms.

References

Other websites 
http://specialed.about.com/od/idea/a/resourceroom.htm

Education
Learning
Disability
Peanut butter is a type of moist paste that is made of crushed roasted peanuts. There are two kinds of peanut butter: crunchy/chunky peanut butter and smooth/creamy peanut butter. It can be eaten, for example on bread, usually with jelly to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a peanut butter sandwich with only peanut butter. Marcellus Gilmore Edson was the real inventor, not George Washington Carver.

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day.

Health 
Peanut butter can protect people from cardiovascular sickness. Peanut butter (and peanuts) have lots of protein, E, magnesium, folate, food fiber, and arginine. However, some people with peanut allergies can have a shock or allergic reaction from eating or smelling it, which has made some schools decide not to let their students eat peanut butter in their schools. Some oils put inside peanut butter to make it easier to spread can also make people have heart disease. Peanut butter can also carry salmonella and make people sick because of it.

Peanut butter has around 188 calories, with there being 71 percent of fat, 14 percent of protein, and 15 percent of carbohydrate. Other peanut butter types may have 616 or 195 calories. Although peanut butter has some fat, it may help with losing weight.

Ingredients 
Peanuts
Sugar
Salt
Vegetable Oil

References

Other websites 
 The National Peanut Board
 The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.
 The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)  (Last accessed 3 September 2008)
 How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter (Last accessed 16 October 2009)

Peanuts
Nut butters
The End–Ordovician extinction event is the third-largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic eon. The Ordovician period followed the Cambrian and was followed by the Silurian. There were no living things on the land except for bacteria and perhaps some single-celled algae. The biota was almost entirely marine.

The extinction came in two steps, at the start and the finish of the Hirnantian stage, which was the last stage of the Ordovician. 

1. Pre-event: warm climate, deep ocean anoxic event. ocean bottoms were anoxic (little or no oxygen). Black shales were laid down in deep ocean strata; carbonates laid down on oxygenated continental shelves.

2. First step: climate turns cold; turnover of water in seas. Rising anoxic water kills most of the plankton, and shrinking seas remove habitats. Cold stage with clear evidence of widespread glaciation.

4. Second step: warming ocean re-established; glaciers melt, anoxic conditions reach continental shelves and kills fauna again.

Basic mechanism: climate changes from very warm to very cold and back to very warm. Changes in ocean circulation were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with.

More than 100 invertebrate families becam extinct in the End–Ordovician extinction event, and a total of almost half the genera. The brachiopods and bryozoans were decimated, along with many of the trilobite, conodont and graptolite families. 

The cause was probably the rise and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. The rise put much CO2 into the atmosphere, and the erosion took it out.

Related pages 
List of extinction events

References 

Extinction events
Palaeozoic
The Canton of La Garde is a French canton near Toulon, in the department of Var. It is made up of La Garde and Le Pradet.

References

La Garde
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Command Responsibility is an idea that Military Officers are responsible for making sure that the soldiers under their command do not commit war crimes, and if they do, make sure that the soldiers involved are punished. It also suggests, and is often claimed as an excuse when soldiers commit war crimes due to being ordered to do so, and that the officers in that case bear the responsibility, not the individual soldiers carrying out the illegal orders. This excuse is nowadays considered dubious and frequently ridiculed as the "Nuremberg defence", as many of the Nazis in the Nuremberg trials claimed that while they did in fact commit war crimes, they had an oath to Hitler and could not refuse to obey it, no matter the consequences. The command responsibility argument has been invoked since with varying success, but under modern international humanitarian law, command to commit an illegal act, such as crimes against humanity, is not an excuse unless there was fear of reprisals, for example the real threat of the person ordered being killed if he refused to carry them out.

References 
 Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law HTML version by Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, September 15, 2004

Military
Nikos Sampson (December 16, 1935 – May 9, 2001) was a Cypriot politician. He was the leader of Cyprus for eight days in 1974. He had been active in EOKA before Cyprus became independent from the United Kingdom. EOKA wanted Cyprus and Greece to become a single country, and fought with the Turks in Cyprus. Afterwards, he became active in EOKA-B, which was a continuation of EOKA. In 1974, EOKA-B overthrew the government of Cyprus, and chose Nikos Sampson as President. Soon afterward, Turkey invaded Cyprus, and Nikos Sampson resigned from office. Afterward, he was tried for treason, and sent to prison for twenty years. Nikos Sampson died in 2001.

References 

 ^ "Nicos Sampson : Smiling Killer "
 ^ "EOKA shooters and bombers "
 ^ James Ker-Lindsay, "Britain and the Cyprus Crisis 1963-64" (2004)
 ^ Mallinson, William (June 30, 2005). Cyprus: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris. p. 81. . https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81&dq=. 
 ^ "Mr Nicos Sampson denies he knew coup was coming". The Times Digital Archive (Reuters). July 26, 1974. http://www.galeuk.com/times/ . Retrieved 2008-05-02.

1935 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Presidents of Cyprus
Nicosia
Roman law is the name used for a system of laws used by the Roman Empire. It started with the twelve tablets of civil law, . After the law code ordered by  it continued as Byzantine law. Roman law is the foundation of most legal systems in Europe, and its former colonies, and it influenced many other countries.

Law
Pinchas Zukerman  (, (born July 16, 1948 in Tel Aviv) is a famous Israeli violinist, violist, and conductor. Since 1971 he has conducted many orchestras.

Career
Pinchas Zukerman was born in Tel Aviv.  His parents were Jews who had survived the Nazi  concentration camps and had moved from Poland to Israel in 1947.  By the time he was eight he showed great musical promise and started to learn music at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv.  When the violinist Isaac Stern heard him play he was so impressed that he helped him to go to the Julliard School of Music in New York.  There he studied with Ivan Galanian.
In 1967 Zukerman shared a joint first prize in the Leventritt International Competition with Kyung Wha Chung.  Then Stern became ill and could not play in some concerts, so Zukerman played instead.  This made him famous.

After hearing Daniel Barenboim conduct the English Chamber Orchestra he became interested in conducting.  He started to conduct orchestras while playing the solo parts of works by Bach and Vivaldi.  This conducting (leading) from the concertmaster’s chair had been the tradition in the 17th and 18th centuries.  In 1974 he conducted the English Chamber Orchestra.  Then he got opportunities to conduct New York Philharmonic, the National Symphony, Boston Symphony, and Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestras.  In the 1980s he was the musical director of the St Paul Chamber Orchestra.  For many years he continued to appear as soloist with some of the best orchestras in the world.  He won many awards, including two Grammy Awards. 
 
In April 1998, he became music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa.  He took them on a tour of Europe in 1990.

In recent years Zukerman has worked hard to help young musicians.  As music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, he started the  Young Artists Program, a summer training program for talented young classical musicians. It soon became popular, with students from all over the world.

Although he had a lot of work in Ottawa  he also found time to be music director of the Ilona Feher Music Center in Holon, Israel, which he started.  He became chairman of the Pinchas Zukerman Performance Program at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He was also artist in residence of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra.

Personal life
In 1968 he married Eugenia Rich.  They had two daughters.  Later they divorced.  In 1985 he married the actress Tuesday Weld.  They later divorced.

External references
 http://www.answers.com/topic/pinchas-zukerman

1948 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Israeli conductors
Jewish Israeli musicians
People from Tel Aviv
Violinists
The National Arts Centre Orchestra is an orchestra in Ottawa, Canada's capital.  Since 1998 their conductor (musical director) has been Pinchas Zukerman.   The orchestra was started in 1969.  It has made more than 40 recordings and toured widely throughout the world.

Other websites
 National Arts Centre Orchestra

Related pages

Ottawa, Ontario

Orchestras
Ottawa
Canadian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1969
1969 establishments in Canada
The velvet worms (Onychophora — literally "claw bearers") are a minor panarthropod phylum. 

There are two families and about 200 species. All living species live on land, in moist or wet tropical areas.

The two living families are the Peripatidae and the Peripatopsidae. They show a peculiar distribution, with the peripatids being mainly equatorial and tropical, while the peripatopsids are all found in what used to be Gondwana.

The segmented worm-like organisms have tiny eyes, "fur", antennae, multiple pairs of legs, and, slime glands. The group is thought to be related to arthropods. They prey on smaller animals such as insects, which they catch by squirting a sticky slime.

Possible fossil history 
Fossils from the early Cambrian bear a striking resemblance to the velvet worms. These fossils, known as the lobopods, were marine. They were a clade from which arthropods, tardigrades, and Onychophora arose.<ref name="Cite doi|10.1038/nature13576">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature13576 | pmid = 25132546 | journal = Nature | volume = 514 | issue = 7522 | pages = 363–366 | last = Smith M.R. & Ortega Hernández J. 2014 | title = Hallucigenia'''s onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda | year = 2014 | bibcode = 2014Natur.514..363S | s2cid = 205239797 | url = http://rdcu.be/bKoD }}</ref> They are found in the Cambrian, Ordovician (possibly), Silurian, and Pennsylvanian periods.

Historically, all fossil Onychophora and lobopods were lumped into the taxon Xenusia. However, few of the Cambrian fossils have features that definitely unite them with the Onychophora. The exceptions are Hallucigenia and Collinsium ciliosum'', which have distinctly onychophoran-like claws.

References 

Minor phyla
Tardigrades ('water bears') are microscopic, segmented animals. They live in water. They are members of the tactopod phylum Tardigrada, part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. They are also known as water bears or moss piglets. 

Tardigrades were first described in 1773. Their name means "slow stepper". There are more than 1000 different species of tardigrade.

Tardigrades have a cylindrical shape with four segments, each with two legs. Each leg has little claws. The biggest adults may reach a body length of 1.2 mm, the smallest below 0.1 mm. Freshly hatched larvae may be smaller than 0.05 mm. Tardigrades feed on plant cells by penetrating the cell wall and eating what is inside. Some tardigrades are carnivores.

Tardigrades are eutelic: all adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells. Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.

Tardigrades can be found in many habitats: in moss, freshwater, the Himalayas, and the ocean. They are one of the few animals that can be found on the highest mountains and the deepest seas. About 83% of the known species live on land, the other 17% live in water.

Survivability 
Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals. 

In 2007, scientists discovered that some tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. This meant living in a vacuum with severe radiation. 

Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water. Tardigrades can survive extreme temperatures. They can live for a few hours in temperatures close to absolute zero and above boiling point. They can survive a few minutes in temperatures as high as . Some tardigrades can survive being frozen for over 30 years.

Tardigrades can also survive radiation at hundreds of times a level that would be deadly to humans, as well as toxic environments and severe impact events.

In 2019, a lander with Tardigrades on board crashed on the moon. It is believed that the Tardigrades survived and could live for a few years on the moon.

The tardigrades slow their metabolism to survive these environments. See rotifers for a similar account of survivability.

References 

Minor phyla
Extremophiles
A bond is a contract between two companies.

Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money. They issue bonds and investors buy them (thereby giving money to the people who issued the bond). 

Bonds have a maturity date. This means that at some point, the bond issuer has to pay back the money to the investors. They also have to pay the investors a little bit more than they paid for the bond. Bonds are used to keep the company running smooth when needed, and can be used as protection if their stock drops drastically.

Bonds are usually traded through brokers and are part of a financial instrument group called Fixed Income.
Banks and financial institutions offer loans on different terms against the security of assets.

Finance
Simply put, a bond is a receipt given by a government or organization as an agreement to borrow money from another organization which will be returned at a later date with certain amount of interest or increment.
Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was a writer, poet, and physician famous for his novel, The Vicar of Wakefield(1776). His first successful literary work was The Traveller (1764), a poem about British rule. Like Jonathan Swift, Goldsmith  society, but he did not use satire like Swift. Goldsmith's greatest poem, The Deserted Village (1770), was a sad poem about how country life was being destroyed by landowners. The same theme is inside The Vicar of Wakefield. Goldsmith's biggest work at that time was a collection of soft-satire essays on English life seen by an imaginary Chinese visitor. He also wrote two plays, The Good Natured Man (1768), and She Stoops to Conquer (1773).(He is also thought to have written the classic children's story, The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes.)

Life 

It is not known for sure when he was born. Most people now think that he was born in 10 November 1730. He was the second son of Charles Goldsmith, curate of Kilkenny West in West Meath in Ireland. In 1745 he went to Trinity College Dublin. He quickly spent all his money by gambling, which he became  to. After spending some time at the Universities of Edinburgh and Leyden he spent 1755 – 1756 travelling in Europe, where it is said that he lived by playing the flute. Before starting to write he worked in London as a doctor's helper, a doctor, and a school . He died in 1774 and was buried in Temple Church.

References

Other websites 

 
 Essays by Oliver Goldsmith at Quotidiana.org
 The Deserted Village
 Oliver Goldsmith: A Biography  by Washington Irving from Project Gutenberg
 Goldsmith  (English Men of Letters series) by William Black  from Project Gutenberg
 An Essay on the Theatre; or, A Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy
 Goldsmith Hall - student accommodation and lecture theatre, Trinity College, Dublin.
 Information on Goldsmith 
 Oliver Goldsmith Resource 
 Works by Oliver Goldsmith in e-book version
 The Goldsmith International Literary Festival Info on the Festival held annually in Goldsmith's Home County
 Poems and essays, Oliver Goldsmith, 1839, (William Smith, London)
 

1730 births
1774 deaths
Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the class Pycnogonida. 

There are about 1,300 species of sea spiders, which are found around the world. Sea spiders are found in all oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Species found in coastal waters are usually small and have a leg span of about 1 inch (2.5 cm), those living at great depths, up to 24 inches (60 cm).

Sea spiders are not true spiders, or even arachnids. Their traditional classification as chelicerates would put them closer to true spiders than to other well-known arthropod groups, such as insects or crustaceans. 

However, recent genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods.

Description 
The sea spider has a small, narrow body. It usually has four pairs of long, thin legs attached to the abdomen. Attached to the head there are usually three other pairs of appendages—a pair called chelicerae, used for grasping food; a pair of sensory projections called palps; and a pair of egg-carrying legs (sometimes underdeveloped or absent in the female). The female lays round masses of eggs on the egg-carrying legs of the male, which carries the eggs until they hatch.

Distribution 
On top of its head, the sea spider has a knobby projection bearing two, three, or four simple eyes. The head ends in a snout with a sucking mouth. Sea spiders feed by sucking the body juices of such marine animals as sea anemones, sponges, and sea squirts.

References 

Chelicerata
Caving (or spelunking) is the hobby of exploring caves. People who explore caves are called spelunkers.

Spelunkers and their equipment
Wise spelunkers explore in groups, to prevent being lost or stranded in a cave. Spelunkers need reliable equipment, because the descent into a cave is like mountain climbing in the opposite direction. Basic spelunking equipment is similar to what mountain climbers use. Strong ropes make climbing possible and special tools attach ropes to cave walls. Special footwear makes it easier to explore hard-to-reach places, and hard hats protect spelunkers from falling rocks above. Caves are extremely dark, so spelunkers have to carry light sources (like torches and flares). One torch attaches to a spelunker's helmet so it is with him or her at all times. Caves are also very cold, so most spelunkers wear warm clothing.

Spelunkers tie their ropes with different kinds of knots, like the farmer's hitch knot and the alpine butterfly knot. Spelunkers choose different knots for different purposes. Some knots work well to hold people as they climb. Other knots are best for tying ropes together.

Modern caving
Caving today has become a hobby for many different reasons. Some cavers are interested in conservation. Others are interested in gathering hard data about caves (called speleology). Geologists explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks. But, for most of the rest, the purpose of caving is just to have fun.

Caves can generally be explored during any season of the year. Most caves remain at the same temperature all year round. The common rules of thumb apply:
Always wear protective headgear.
Always check to be sure there is no danger of flooding while you plan to be in the cave.
Never go alone. A minimum of three cavers is best.
Always make sure someone on the surface knows where you are caving.
Carry a minimum of three light sources per person.
The cave environment is more fragile than people realize. And, since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution will wind up in someone's drinking water and can seriously affect the surface environment as well.
Remember the cavers motto: Take nothing but pictures. Leave nothing but footprints. Kill nothing but time.

References

Other websites 
The National Speleological Society  American organization devoted to caving, cave science, and cave conservation
 Speleological Abstract (SA/BBS) Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the UIS.
The latest news from the caving scene. 
Photos of caving in the UK
Caving Photos 

Hobbies
Caves
The Sand dollars are species of flattened, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Echinarachnius parma, the Common Sand Dollar, is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, from the intertidal zone to considerable depths. Sand dollars can be found in temperate and tropical zones, but not in Great Britain.p76

All sand dollars have a rigid skeleton known as a test. This is the typical white disk found washed up on beaches. The living animals have a skin of movable spines on the test. Movement is done by the action of the spines. Like other sea urchins, sand dollars have five paired rows of pores. The pores are arranged in a petal-like pattern. These pores are perforations in the endoskeleton through which the tube feet, used in gas exchange, project from the body.

Description 

Living sand dollars have small spines covering its entire body. They are softer and much shorter than those of the sea urchin. Like all echinoderms, sand dollars have tube feet. They are not used to move around, but simply to breathe. The sand dollar's tube feet actually stick out of the top of the sand dollar. On a sand dollar test, there is usually a pattern that looks like the petals of a flower. That pattern is made up of many tiny holes, and it is through these holes that the sand dollar's tube feet came out when it was alive.

A sand dollar uses its tiny spines to move around, and to dig into the sand. It often does this to bury itself in the sand. Sometimes, a sand dollar will only partially bury itself in the sand, and ends up poking up from the sand, standing on its side.

On the underside of a sand dollar, there is a star pattern spreading out from the center where the mouth is. This star pattern is made up of  that are called food grooves. Sand dollars filter sand and water, catching plankton and other things on their spines. Then, with cilia, the spines move the food into a food groove, and the food travels down the food groove to the mouth. Its food consists of crustacean larvae, small copepods, diatoms, algae and detritus.

Life style 
The sand dollars are the most specialised sea urchins. All their features are adaptations for burrowing. They live just beneath the sand, either flat or at an angle. At an angle they keep the edge facing the oncoming currents, presumably to catch food. This excellent habitat has been taken up by other groups of sea urchins. The heart urchins, another order, are even more effective in burrowing.p76 Sand dollars can live for up to 10 years.

Colours 
Most living sand dollars have dark colours, like brown or purple. Their darker color helps them stay camouflaged, easily hiding in the sand or mud or on the sea floor. The tests of sand dollars do not have bristles and tube feet, and because of the sun, they usually become  white.

References

Other websites 

 
 The Common Sand Dollar by Cheryl Page 
  The Biogeography of the Western Sand Dollar - Dendraster excentricus
 Video showing the life cycle of Clypeaster subdepressus

Echinoderms
Kefalonia (and Kephalonia or Cephalonia) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the largest of the Ionian islands and the sixth largest Greek island after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. Its area is 781 square metres and its population is 36,404 according to a 2001 Greek census.

Geography
Kefalonia is home to the highest mountain in the Ionian islands. The mountain is named Ainos and its altitude is 1, 628 metres. The biggest town on the island is Argostoli which is the capital of the Kefalonia prefecture. The second biggest town is Lixouri which is located opposite Argostoli. Beside Kefalonia is the island Ithaca, the place of birth of ancient hero Odysseus. Some archaeologists believe that Kefalonia is the place of birth of Odysseus.

Sites
Kefalonia has many beautiful beaches and it is one of the most popular tourist destinations. The most popular beach on the island is Myrtos which is located in the north-west of the island. Kefalonia hosts a truly beautiful natural environment with many forests mainly on Ainos mountain. Also in Kefalonia there is a famous cave-lake which is named Melissani and is located in the east of the island

References

Islands of Greece
Tommy Lee (born October 3, 1962) is an American musician and drummer for the band Mötley Crüe. In 1999 he started a band called Methods of Mayhem. They have released two albums. He has also released two solo albums.

He was married to Pamela Anderson from 1995 until they divorced in 1998. They had two sons, Brandon and Dylan. He is a proud dog lover and owns 10 miniature chihuahuas.

1962 births
Living people
American heavy metal musicians
American rock drummers
People from Athens
William Avery "Billy" Bishop (8 February 1894 – 11 September 1956) V.C. was a Canadian flying ace from World War I. He won 72 fights, making him the top Canadian flying ace.In 1919 Bishop was photographed with Canadian Ace William George Barker V.C.

References

1894 births
1956 deaths
Aviators
Canadian people
The 2050s decade will begin on January 1, 2050 and will end on December 31, 2059.

Notable predictions and known events 
 World population is expected to reach 9.3 billion people.
China, United States, India, Brazil and Mexico will be the largest economies in the world, according to a Goldman Sachs study.

Fictional events
 The Dexter's Laboratory movie, Ego Trip, has some scenes that take place in 2055.
 The movie Minority Report takes place in 2054.
 The movie Renaissance takes place in Paris in 2054.
 The movie Red Planet takes place in 2057.
 The movie Lost In Space begins in 2058.
 John Christopher's novel The Guardians takes place during the years 2052 and 2053.
 J.D. Robb's In Death mystery series takes place during the years 2058–59.
 The computer game Deus Ex takes place in 2052.
 The short story A Sound of Thunder takes place in 2055.
 According to the movie Star Trek: First Contact, World War III will end in 2053.
 The Disney movie Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century takes place in the late 2040s. The second movie Zenon: The Zequel takes place in 2051, two years after the first movie, and the 3rd movie in the series, Zenon: Z3 takes place in 2054.
 The racing video game Wipeout takes place in the year 2052.
 The movie Love Story 2050 takes place in 2050.
 The anime Macross Frontier takes place in 2059.
 The Waters of Mars episode of Doctor Who takes place in 2059.
 The movie Repo! The Genetic Opera takes place in 2057.

References
Joseph Kim Mitchell (born July 10, 1952) is a Canadian guitarist. Mitchell was the singer and guitarist for the band Max Webster and now hosts a radio show for CILQ-FM (Q107) in Toronto.

References

Other websites
Official website

1952 births
Canadian guitarists
Canadian rock musicians
Living people
People from Ontario
Canadian radio personalities
Ot en Sien (Ot and Sien) are two little children who appear in a series of stories which were written in the Dutch language more than a hundred years ago.   Ot (short for “Otto”) is a little boy and Sien (pronounced like the English word “seen”), whose name may be short for “Francine”, is the little girl who lives next door.  Although they are now very old-fashioned, the books are still popular in Holland.  They were written in rhyme and were illustrated with colourful pictures.

The author of the stories was called Hendricus Scheepstra.  The ideas for the stories were given to him by Jan Ligthart.  Cornelis Jetses made the illustrations.

The stories are set in Drenthe, which is in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands.  Drenthe was a very poor part of the country, but Ot and Sien live in a nice house and are quite well-off.  They are often seen playing in the garden with their toys which include a wooden horse on wheels and a doll in a dolly’s pushchair.  The cat is often in the picture.  They are also seen at school.

The authors wrote the stories to show a happy family life.  Everyone is very friendly in the book, and strangers help them when they get lost in the street.  The family have a servant who helps in the house.

The stories were widely read by children in schools in the Netherlands until after the Second World War.  By then they had become very old-fashioned.  The daily life of Ot and Sien seemed to belong to a time long ago in history.   Hardly any Dutch children now live in a family with a servant.  No Dutch child nowadays goes for a walk dressed in sailor’s costume with a father who wears a cloak and hat.  The books are no longer read in schools, but they continue to be popular with Dutch people at home.  In 2004, one hundred years after the first book was written, a special exhibition about Ot and Sien was held.

There is a statue to Ot and Sien in The Hague, made in 1930.

Dutch expressions referring to Ot and Sien 

In the Dutch language there are expressions which refer to Ot and Sien.
 Als Ot en Sien, (Like Ot and Sien) means: “in a simple, child-like way”
 Uit de tijd van Ot en Sien (from the time of Ot and Sien) means: “a long time ago”, like the English expression “in the good old days”.

Children's books
Characters in written fiction
Drenthe
Norah Jones (born March 30, 1979) is an American singer and pianist. Her first album, Come Away with Me was released in 2002. It was a mix of contemporary jazz, folk, and country music. The album won five Grammy Awards in 2003. She released her second album, Feels Like Home in 2004, which sold over a million copies in its first week of its release. "Sunrise" won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2005 Grammy Awards. Her third album, Not Too Late was released in 2007. That year Jones also acted in a movie for the first time. The movie, Blueberry Nights, had a song by Jones on its soundtrack. In 2009, The Fall was released. According to Billboard, Jones is the 60th highest-selling artist of the 2000s. In 2011 Jones sung on Seth MacFarlane's first album. Jones' fifth album Little Broken Hearts was released in 2012. It was produced by Danger Mouse. On November 25, 2013, an album Jones made with Billie Joe Armstrong called Foreverly was released.

Early life
Jones was born Geetali Norah Jones Shankar in 1979 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York, to Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar and American concert producer Sue Jones. When Jones was sixteen she changed her name to Norah Jones.

Discography
 Come Away with Me (2002)
 Feels Like Home (2004)
 Not Too Late (2007)
 The Fall (2009)
 Little Broken Hearts (2012)

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
American blues musicians
Country musicians from New York
American folk musicians
American guitarists
American jazz musicians
American pianists
American pop musicians
Singer-songwriters from New York
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
An exhibition is an organized event in which a collection of special objects can be viewed by the public.  The objects are often brought together from many places for the period of the exhibition.  The objects on show are called exhibits.

Museums often organize special exhibitions, such as paintings by a famous painter.  These paintings will mostly be “on loan”, i.e. specially borrowed from other museums.  Exhibitions can be about anything.  They may be to do with art, or they can also be science exhibitions.

Some exhibitions show things which can be bought.  Firms exhibit the things they have made, hoping to encourage business.  These exhibitions are called trade fairs.  They are sometimes called expositions or expos.  They may be open to the public, but others are just for invited business people.

Related pages
Art exhibition
The Great Exhibition
Convention center
World's Fair

Trade
Events
Come Away with Me is the first album by American jazz singer Norah Jones. It was released on February 26, 2002 on Blue Note Records. The main genre is considered contemporary jazz. The album is actually contemporary jazz with some country, folk music, and pop. Some jazz musicians do not think that the album is actually jazz, because of the changes Norah Jones made to some of the jazz songs she covered.

Come Away with Me reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart and won eight Grammy Awards. It sold over 10 million copies in the first three years of its release. It is Norah Jones' best-selling album, and the best-selling jazz album of all time.

Track listing

Awards
Grammy Awards

Other websites
 Come Away with Me at Discogs
 Come Away with Me at Metacritic
 Album Review at All About Jazz

2002 albums
Debut albums
Jazz albums
Ruben Bierer (Dr. Rubin Bierer, often: Reuben Bierer; * about 1845 in Lviv; † 1931 ibid.) was a doctor in Sofia and one of the first pioneers of the Jewish nationalism and one of the first active zionists in Galicia and Bulgaria, adherent of Hovevei Zion in Galicia, Austria and Bulgaria.

In 1867 he was in Lviv a co-founder of the first Jewish-political association of Austria-Hungary, Shomer Israel. As an opponent against Polish assimilation of the Jews he established for the 1873 elections of the Reichsrat a Jewish-ruthenian electoral alliance. In 1879 he separated from the Shomer Israel and went to Vienna for the purpose of medical studies where he – together with Peretz Smolenskin – found the Jewish-political association Ahavath Zion (for the reason of colonisation of the holy land).

In 1882 he was a cofounder of the Viennese Kadima Studentenverbindung. In 1883 he returned to Lviv where he founded the first Jewish-national association of the Austrian east, Miqra Kodesh.

In 1885 he went to Serbia, in 1900 he returned to Lviv where he  successless tried to reactivate the Shomer Israel. 

Nathan Birnbaum coined the word zionism about the year 1890. But he is not the creator of this word, it was already in use, e.g. you can find in a letter of Ruben Bierer from the 9th December 1888 the expression zionist brother's greeting. The word zionist is found already in the year 1877 in an in Roumanian written pamphlet (annual report of the order "Zion" in Bucharest).

References

1845 births
1931 deaths
Austrian Jews
Bulgarian Jews
People from Sofia
Physicians
Zionists
Hezekiah (meaning God will strengthen) or   Ḥizqiyyāhu (Hebrew), also translated as Ḥizkiyyahu (and sometimes as Ezekias (Greek), Khizkiyahu, Yəḥizqiyyāhu, Y'khizkiyahu), was a king of Judah that appears in the book of 2 Chronicles, chapters 18 to 32, and the book of 2 Kings chapters 18 to 20. He was one of the few kings who is compared favorably with David, and is unique for his trust in the Lord: "There was no one like him among all the kings of Judah, either before him or after him. He held fast to the LORD and did not cease (stop) to follow him" (NIV).

Hezekiah was the son of Judah's King Ahaz, and is best known for turning his people away from the sins of his father Ahaz, restoring worship in the temple, and having his life made 15 years longer. The Book of 2 Chronicles tells more about Hezekiah than any other king after Solomon, and suggests that he is a "second Solomon" in his celebration of the Passover, his wealth, his honor, and his land.

Toward the end of his reign, he became very sick and close to death. He prayed to the Lord, who healed him miraculously. The king of Babylon heard about it and sent men with a letter and gift to Hezekiah. Because Hezekiah was proud of his riches, he showed all of his treasures to the visitors. The prophet Isaiah predicted that it all would later be taken by the Babylonians. His prediction came true.

References

Other websites 
"Hezekiah." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
King Hezekiah  from Jerusalem Mosaic
Hezekiah See all Bible verses pertaining to King Hezekiah
The Reign Of Hezekiah  by John F. Brug
 Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah in 701 BCE - by Craig C. Broyles
 Interactive Map of Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah, including the accounts of Sennacherib, Herodotus, 2 Kings, Isaiah and Micah 

Old Testament people
Kings of ancient Israel
Kings of ancient Judah
Tine Thing Helseth (Norwegian:ˈtiːnɛ tɪŋ hɛlsɛt; born 1987 in Oslo) is a Norwegian trumpet soloist who specialises in playing classical music.

Helseth began playing trumpet when she was seven years old and stuides at the Barratt Due Institute of Music in Oslo. She has studied under both Heidi Johanessen (a member of the Norwegian National Opera Orchestra) and, since 2002, Arnulf Naur Nilsen (member of the Oslo Philharmonic).

Honours
National Soloist Championship of Norway no-age-limit open class 1st Prize 2004 
International Trumpet competition "Theo Charlier" Brussels, Belgium 2nd prize 2005 
Oslo Music Teachers Foundation Prize of Honour 2005 
Yamaha Music Foundation Europe Scholarship 2006 
Eurovision Young Musicians Competition 2006 2nd place 
NRK Radio P2 Prize for 2006/2007

Performances
Helseth has played concerts with such orchestras as the Wiener Symphoniker, Beethoven Academie, Capella Cracowiensis, The Norwegian Chamber Orchestra, Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Slovenian Radio Symphony Ljubljana, Oslo Camerata, Camerata Nordica, Württemberg Philharmonic, the Trondheim Soloists, Norwegian symphony orchestras, Norwegian Army bands and other brass and wind groups.

She has appeared at many different music festivals, including the Bergen International Festival, Kissinger Summer Festival and Usedomer Music Festival.

She performed at the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize Concert and is the leader of an all-female brass group, tenThing.

Recordings
Helseth has put out two CDs. Her self-titled debut album was released January 1, 2007 and contained the trumpet concertos of both Johann Nepomuk Hummel and Josef Haydn. Her second album was released November 23, 2009 and contains musical works by Gustav Holst, Georg Friedrich Händel and J.S. Bach.

References

Other websites
MySpace Site
Personal website (in English)
TenThing homepage

1987 births
Living people
Trumpeters
Norwegian musical entertainers
Musicians from Oslo
Usher Raymond IV (born October 14, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter and dancer. He became well known in the late 1990s with the release of his second album My Way (1997). The album's single "Nice & Slow" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 2000, My Way was given a 6x platinum certification by the RIAA for sales of 6 million copies in the United States alone.  His next album, 8701, released two number one singles. These include "U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad". 8701 was given a 4x platinum certification by the RIAA in July 2002.

Confessions (2004) sold over 10 million copies in the United States. It was given a diamond award by the RIAA in 2008. At 1.1 million, Confessions has the highest first week sales for an R&B singer in history. The album had four number one Billboard singles. These include "Yeah!", "Burn", "Confessions Part II", and "My Boo". Usher's next album, Here I Stand (2008), sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The lead single, "Love in This Club" reached number one on the Hot 100 chart.

Two years later, Usher released his sixth album Raymond v. Raymond (2010). It became his third album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA. Its single "OMG" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Usher's ninth number one single in the United States. Because of this, he became the first 2010s artist to have number one singles in three consecutive decades (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). Versus (2010) was released as an extended play and a deluxe edition of Raymond v. Raymond. It debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart. "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love", a single from the album, reached number four on the Hot 100 chart.

According to RIAA, Usher is one of the best-selling artists in American music history. He has sold over 23 million albums in the United States alone and over 65 million albums worldwide. This makes him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Usher has won a lot of awards. These include eight Grammy Awards. According to Billboard in 2009, Usher was named the number one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s. While they ranked him second for the most successful artist of the 2000s. His 2004 album Confessions was ranked at the top solo album of the 2000s. Billboard also placed Usher at number six on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artist of the Past 25 Years. Usher has nine Hot 100 number one songs (as lead artist). He also has eighteen Hot 100 top-ten songs.

Discography
 Usher (1994)
 My Way (1997)
 8701 (2001)
 Confessions (2004)
 Here I Stand (2008)
 Raymond v. Raymond (2010)
 Looking 4 Myself (2012)
 Hard II Love (2016)

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 [ Usher] at Billboard.com

Usher
1978 births
Actors from Texas
Musicians from Dallas, Texas
Grammy Award winners
Living people
The Oriental magpie (Pica sericea) is a species of magpie found in East Asia. It is a common symbol of Korea, and has been adopted as the "official bird" of many South Korean cities and counties.

It is similar to the Eurasian magpie, with a shorter tail and longer wings. It has black and purple colors, but very little green. The Oriental magpie has the same chattering call as Eurasian magpies, though it is much softer.

Magpie myths 
Koreans believed that magpies delivered good news, and when they saw a magpie chattering, they believed that visitors were coming.The most famous painting related to a magpie is the one with striped tiger (ggach'i wha horangi minhwa, ): the magpie is chirping to a tiger. The magpie represented good news and the tiger symbolized good luck, since its pronunciation in Chinese sounds similar to good luck (bok). There are many folktales about magpies.

The Chinese called magpies "Birds of Joy" or "Happy Magpies". Under the Manchu dynasty it also represented imperial rule: a few Manchu people in Northeast China even thought they were gods. In the west, though, magpies were often a symbol of pride.

References 

Corvids
Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov is the "hero" of Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, The Brothers Karamazov. He is also called Alyosha, Alyoshka, Alyoshenka, Alyoshechka, Alexeichik, Lyosha, and Lyoshenka. He is the youngest of the Karamazov brothers, being "then only twenty (his brother Ivan was twenty-three and their older brother, Dmitry, twenty-seven)". The author's preface and first chapters declare that he is the novel's hero.

Description 

Alyosha is physically described as:

 

His personality is remarkably unselfish, extremely mature in his religious faith, sensitive to other people's feelings, and loving - "he certainly loved people: throughout his life he seemed to believe in people and to trust them, and yet no one ever thought him simple-minded or naive. There was something in him (and it stayed with him all his life) that made people realize that he refused to sit in judgment on others, that he felt he had no right to, and that, whatever happened, he would never condemn anyone." He passes on the influence of Zosima to the "younger generation" (the schoolboys) of the town. Even with all his kind goodness, he has a gentle personality that makes almost everybody love him and feel comfortable around him. Proud young Kolya Krasotkin says that the best thing about Alyosha is that he treats him like "an equal".

Criticism 

Anna-Theresa Tymieniecka says that Alyosha, like Prince Myshkin, the protagonist in another Dostoevsky novel, The Idiot, are almost Jesus-like characters, who are, however, unable to stop the greatest suffering of those around them. She suggests that Alyosha is too calm, and does not do much action in the events of the novel.

Rufus W. Mathewson, however, argues that Alyosha Karamazov is a more successful positive hero than Prince Myshkin. He argues that Alyosha's most impressive success as helping Dmitri. He describes Alyosha as using forgiveness, kindness and natural justice, rather than trying to change people.

Inspiration 

It is probable that Dostoevsky used his friend Vladimir Solovyov's character for Alyosha. Vladimir Solovyov was a Russian poet and philosopher who was very generous, even giving away his clothes to people in the street.

References 

Characters in written fiction
Russian literature