cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is one of the largest eagles and most powerful birds of prey in the world. It is a magnificent meat-eater that lives in Central and South American rainforests. It is colored black and white.

This large eagle makes whistling and clicking calls. It is an endangered species because of the fragmentation and destruction of its habitat through logging, and also because of hunting.

The harpy eagle mostly eats large mammals, including monkeys and sloths. It eats howler monkeys, pygmy sloths, capybaras (the largest rodent in the world), foxes, capuchin monkeys, and some birds. Its talons reach to 5 inches, more than 2 times the length of a grizzly bear's claw.

References 
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/jungle-eagle-harpy-eagle-fact-sheet/7263/

Accipitriformes
The Quadrivium is the medieval education which led to the Master of Arts (MA) degree. The Quadrivium follows the Trivium in a liberal arts education.

The quadrivium consisted of four disciplines which were related to mathematics:
Arithmetic (numbers)
Geometry (space)
Music (time: harmonics)
Astronomy (time and space)

These four studies compose the secondary part of the curriculum outlined by Plato in The Republic. 

All the education was done in Latin, which educated pupils learnt at school, or from a private tutor. Latin was the lingua franca (universal language) of mediaeval Europe: even the Bible could only be read in Latin. Since the quadrivium was taught in universities, only boys could take it (because only males took part in universities). The teaching was done by priests. If girls wanted education, it had to be done in their homes. In the modern form of liberal arts in the United States, both sexes are taught, although there are still a few single-sex institutions.

References 

Liberal arts
Cultural history

es:Artes liberales#Las siete artes: Trivium et Quadrivium
Croke Park () is a stadium. It is the biggest stadium in Ireland. It is in the middle of Dublin. It is the third largest stadium in Europe. It can hold 82,300 people. The stadium is owned by the GAA (Gaelic Athletic Association), Ireland´s biggest sport organisation. Since 1884 it is used by the GAA. The annual finals of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship and Senior Hurling Championship are held here Music concerts by major international acts have also been held. From 2007–2009 it was also used for rugby and soccer. The stadium is named after Thomas Croke, an archbishop, who was an early mentor of the GAA.

History
The area was used since 1870 as a sports ground. It was called Jones's Road Sportsground. Since the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association it was used for major events in Gaelic sports. In 1913 the ground was bought by them. At this time the ground had one stand and earth walls around the field. In the 1920s the capacity raised by building new stands. In the 1980s the GAA decided to build a high capacity stadium. The final constructions were in 2003.

Bloody Sunday
During the Irish War of Independence on November 21, 1920 Croke Park was the scene of a massacre by the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). The police shot into a crowd which was visiting a Dublin-Tipperary Gaelic football match. The dead included 13 spectators and Tipperary's captain, Michael Hogan. To his memory the new stand of 1924 was named "Hogan Stand".

Stadiums in Europe
Buildings and structures in Dublin
Irish War of Independence
Sport in Dublin
1870 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in the Republic of Ireland
John Nash (18 January 1752 – 13 May 1835) was an English architect responsible for much of the layout of Regency London. He was the most important architect of the period 1800 to 1835

Life 
Nash was born in Lambeth. He studied architecture as an apprentice to Sir Robert Taylor for nine years.

From 1810, Nash would take very few private commissions. He was a dedicated Whig and was a friend of Charles James Fox, who was Foreign Secretary in 1806. Perhaps through Fox, Nash came to the attention of the Prince Regent (later King George IV). For the rest of his career he would largely work for the Prince. His first major commissions in 1811 from the Prince was Regent Street and the development of an area then known as Marylebone Park.

With the Regent's backing Nash created a master plan for the area, put into action from 1818 onwards, which stretched from St James’s northwards and included Regent Street, Regent's Park and its neighbouring streets, terraces and crescents of elegant town houses and villas. Nash did not complete all the detailed designs himself; in some instances, completion was left in the hands of other architects. Nash was employed by the Prince to develop his Ocean Pavilion Palace in Brighton, originally designed by Henry Holland. By 1822 Nash had finished his work on the Ocean Pavilion, which was now transformed into the Royal Pavilion.

His works 
Examples of his work include:

London 
Buckingham Palace: the state rooms and western front
Regent Street
Regent's Park
Park Square
Park Crescent
Regent's Canal
Carlton House Terrace, London
St James Park
Marble Arch
Haymarket Theatre
Clarence House
Cumberland Terrace
Trafalgar Square (first version)
The Royal Mews

England & Wales 
Cardigan Gaol
The Brighton Royal Pavilion
Luscombe Castle 
Sandridge Park 
Guildhall, Newport, Isle of Wight
Castle House, later extended to form Old College Aberystwyth University
Hereford Gaol
Whitson Court, near Newport
Sandridge Park
Caerhays Castle, Cornwall 
Ravensworth Castle
John Pattisons house. Newport iow

Ireland 
Ballindoon House 
Killymoon Castle, near Cookstown, County Tyrone
Shanbally Castle, near Clogheen, South Tipperary
Rockingham House, Boyle, County Roscommon
Lough Cutra Castle, County Galway

References 

English architects
1752 births
1835 deaths
The right to education is one of the human rights, but it is not used by everyone. It is thought that all children should go to school for primary education from the age of three years, to the age of ten years.  
Furthermore, all children should have access to secondary education, and higher education.  However, many children around the world cannot or do not go to secondary education or higher education. 

The right to education is written in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The right to education has also been re-stated in the 1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education, 1st Protocol of ECHR and the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

It is also listed in the European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 1, Article 2. Some national constitutions name this right, for example the Belgian constitution (former article 17, now article 24) or the Dutch constitution (article 23). the right to education give preference to all the children and help for her rights of education.

Related pages
Economic, social and cultural rights
Literacy
Scholarship

References

Human rights
Education
The Global Hunger Index is a measurement to measure the hunger situation in a country. It is a Statistical tool. There are three numbers which are used to calculate the GHI. Each number has the same importance:
The number of people who cannot get their needed energy intake each day, out of the total poulation of the area. This is a percentage.
The number of children, under the age of 5, which are underweight; again taken against the total number of children of that age group. 
The child mortality rate.
To get the World Hunger index, the weighted average of the three numbers is taken. This number will be between 0 and 100. Higher numbers are worse. The numbers can be interpreted as follows:
Values below 5: there is little concern for a hunger situation
5-9.9: there is a moderate concern for a hunger situation
10-19.9: "serious hunger situation"
20-29.9:"alarming hunger situation"
30 or above: extremely alarming hunger situation
Today, the highest values can be found in Africa south of the Sahara, and in South Asia, with values of 22.1, and 23.0. Even though the numbers may be similar, the source of the problem is different. In Sub-saharan Africa the main problem is high child mortality rates, and a large number of people who cannot meet their energy requirements. In South Asia, the main problem is the high number of malnurished children under the age of five. This may also be a consequence of the fact that women have a poorer education, and baby girls are not fed as well as baby boys.

Hunger
The School of Athens is a famous fresco by the artist Raphael. It was painted during the Italian Renaissance between 1510 and 1511. The picture is known as "Raphael's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the High Renaissance".

It was painted as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms now known as the , in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.

Figures 
Only the identities of some of the philosophers in the picture, such as Plato or Aristotle, are certain.

A proposed list of possible identifications, is the following:

1: Zeno of Citium
2: Epicurus  Possibly, the image of two philosophers, who were typically shown in pairs during the Renaissance:  Heraclitus, the "weeping" philosopher, and Democritus, the "laughing" philosopher.
3: unknown (believed to be Raphael)
4: Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles?
5: Averroes
6: Pythagoras
7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great?
8: Antisthenes or Xenophon or Timon?
9: Raphael, Fornarina as a personification of Love or Francesco Maria della Rovere?
10: Aeschines or Xenophon?
11: Parmenides? (Leonardo da Vinci)
12: Socrates
13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo)
14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci)
15: Aristotle (Giuliano da Sangallo)
16: Diogenes of Sinope
17: Plotinus (Donatello?)
18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante?)
19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione)
20: Ptolemy?
R: Apelles (Raphael)
21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)

Other websites

References

16th-century paintings
The GP2 Series, GP2 for short, is a form of open wheel motor racing. GP2 was started in 2005 after the Formula 3000 was stopped. The format was conceived by Bernie Ecclestone and Flavio Briatore, while Ecclestone also has the rights to the name GP1. In 2010 the GP3 Series class was launched, as a feeder class for the GP2 series.

GP2 was designed to be an affordable racing series and a training series for Formula One. GP2 requires all of the teams to use the same chassis, engine and tyre supplier. Almost all races have taken place as support races on Formula One race weekends. Many drivers have used GP2 as a stepping stone into Formula One.

GP2 Series cars 
The GP2 Series car is used by all of the teams, and features a Dallara chassis powered by a V8 Renault engine and Bridgestone tyres.

The 4 L Renault V8 engine features design and software upgrades designed to improve performance and fuel consumption. The engine produces about 620 bhp (432.5 kW). GP2 Series engines are rev-limited to 10,000 rpm.

Bridgestone supplying three slick tyre compounds for racing on dry (soft, medium and hard). They also provide a wet weather tyre. The choice of tyre to be raced is made by the Bridgestone  and the GP2 Series organizers prior to each event.

Brembo supplies the brakes.

Race weekend 
On Friday, drivers have a 30-minute practice session and a 30-minute qualifying session. The qualifying session decides the grid order for Saturday's race which has a length of 180 kilometers.

During Saturday's race, each driver has to make a pit stop in which at least two tyres have to be changed.

On Sunday there is a sprint race of 120 km. The grid is decided by the Saturday result with top 8 being reversed, so the driver who finished 8th on Saturday will start from pole position and the winner will start from 8th place.

Point system
2005-2011
 Pole for Saturday races: 2 points

 Fastest lap: 1 point in each race. Driver recording fastest lap has to drive 90% of race laps. The driver must now also start the race from his allocated grid position and as of 2008 must finish in the top ten of the race to be eligible for the fastest lap point.

With this points system, the most number of points anyone can score in one round is 20 by claiming pole position, winning both races with the fastest lap in each race. This has only been achieved twice in GP2 Racing's short history. By Brazilian Nelson Piquet, Jr. in the 9th round of the 2006 season in Hungary and by German Nico Hülkenberg in the 5th round of the 2009 season in Germany.

2012-present

The top eight finishers in a sprint race receive points as follows:

Fastest Lap and Pole position are the same in the previous system

Champions

Drivers graduated to F1 

Drivers are listed by their last year in GP2 Series. Usually they started in F1 at the start of the following season.
 = graduated to F1 later
 = started in F1 mid-season

Note: Timo Glock had four Grand Prix starts in 2004, drove in GP2 Series in 2006-07 before moving to F1 in 2008.

Related pages

 Formula One
 Formula 3000
 Formula Two

References

Other websites 

 GP2 Series site
 English Information Website
A patient is a person receiving medical care and/or treatment. The person may be waiting for this care or may be receiving it or may have already received it. There is considerable lack of agreement about the precise meaning of the term "patient." From the Latin verb "patior" meaning "to suffer" both in the sense of feeling pain and in the sense of forbearance. Thus, the two uses of the word "patient" -- as a noun denoting "someone who suffers" and as an adjective meaning "to bear with forbearance" -- stem from the same origin.

Patient centered care is the hallmark of quality health care. This approach encourages respectful and responsive collaboration between health care professionals and patients and takes into consideration patients’ preferences, needs and values. Understanding patient experience is a key step in moving toward patient-centered care. By looking at various aspects of patient experience, one can assess the extent to which patients are receiving care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient.

Inpatient and Outpatient 
Inpatient care requires overnight hospitalization. Patients must stay at the medical facility where their procedure was done for at least one night. During this time, they remain under the supervision of a nurse or doctor.

Patients receiving outpatient care don’t need to spend a night in a hospital. They're free to leave the doctor’s office, outpatient clinic or hospital once the procedure is over. Sometimes, they need to wait while anesthesia wears off or to make sure there aren’t any complications. As long as there aren’t any serious complications, though, patients don’t have to spend the night being supervised.

References 
Medicine
Grouse are a group of game birds from the order Galliformes. They are often considered a family Tetraonidae, all though the and many others include grouse in the family Phasianidae. The grouse are henlike terrestrial birds, there plumage is protectively shaded of brown, gray, and red. Entirely hidden by feathers, and also their legs are completely feathered.

Galliformes
Abhisit Vejjajiva (; ;  Thai pronunciation), born 3 August 1964 is the leader of the Democrat Party and 27th Prime Minister of Thailand.

After graduating from Eton, a famous public school in England, Abhisit get his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Oxford. He was elected to the Thai Parliament at the age of 27. In 2008, he became the country’s youngest-ever prime ministers at the age of 44 

Abhisit became prime minister during global economic crisis and faced rising politic problems in the country. The government under Abhisit Vejjajiva introduce economic stimulus to “REVIVE THE THAI ECONOMY with transparency and accountability”. The Economic Plan is separated into two phrases, Stimulus Package 1 and stimulus Package 2.

Early life and family 
Born in Newcastle, England, went to Eton Public school during his teenage life, before continuing his higher education at Oxford University. Abhisit received at Bachelor’s Degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) with first class honor and master's degree in Economics.

After graduation, Abhisit started his career life as lecturer at Oxford University in Economics before coming back to Thailand after receiving his master's degree as a Lecturer at Thammasart University from 1990-1991.
Abhisit’s “family is a circle of accomplished individuals”. His father, Professor Doctor Athasit Vejjajiva, an ex-minister of public health and his mother, Professor Doctor Sodsai Vejjajiva. One of his two sisters is a professor of child psychology. The  other is a leading Thai author.

References

1964 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Economists
Abhisit Vejjajiva
Zinc iodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ZnI2. It contains zinc and iodide ions.

Properties
Zinc iodide is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It reacts with bases to make zinc hydroxide. It is a reducing agent. When it is oxidized it makes iodine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting zinc with iodine.

Uses
It is opaque (not clear) to X-rays. It can be used as a stain in microscope slides.

Related pages
Zinc fluoride
Zinc bromide
Zinc chloride

Zinc compounds
Iodine compounds
Zinc oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ZnO. It contains zinc and oxide ions.

Properties
Zinc oxide is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make zinc salts. It can react with water to make zinc hydroxide. It reacts with phosphoric acid to make zinc phosphate, a cement. It reacts with hydrogen sulfide to make zinc sulfide. It dissolves in strong bases. It can be reduced by carbon to zinc metal.

Preparation
Zinc oxide can be made by heating powdered zinc metal. It can also be made by heating zinc hydroxide. It can be made by boiling zinc metal in air. Zinc carbonate makes zinc oxide when heated.

Uses
Zinc oxide is used in the vulcanization of rubber, preventing the rubber from becoming brittle. It also protects the rubber from fungi and ultraviolet light.

Zinc oxide can be added to concrete to help the making and hardening of concrete. Zinc oxide is used in calamine. It can be used as a deodorant and an antibacterial cream. Zinc oxide can be used as a sunscreen.

It can be added to food to add zinc to the diet. It can also be used in paint as a pigment. It also clings to certain metals better.

Safety
Zinc oxide is not toxic, but fine dust of zinc oxide can irritate the lungs when inhaled or aspirated.

Related pages
Zinc chloride
Zinc bromide

Zinc compounds
Oxides
Melissa Etheridge (born May 29, 1961) is an American singer and musician. Her songs include "Come to my Window" and "I'm the Only One". Etheridge was born in Leavenworth, Kansas. She has fifteen Grammy Award nominations. She has won two Grammy Awards.

Etheridge won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the song "I Need to Wake Up". That song was from the movie An Inconvenient Truth.

Etheridge came out as lesbian in January 1993. She was diagnosed with breast cancer in October 2004 and has recovered.

References

Other websites 
 MelissaEtheridge.com

1961 births
Living people
American feminists
American LGBT people
American LGBT rights activists
American rock singers
Singers from Kansas
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Breast cancer survivors
Grammy Award winners
Lesbian feminists
LGBT singers
People from Leavenworth, Kansas
LGBT songwriters
Musicians from Kansas
The Fairly OddParents is an American animated television series that aired on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons. Created by Butch Hartman and Bob Boyle, the series is based on a series of Oh Yeah! Cartoons, beginning with the short The Fairly OddParents!.

Series overview

Episodes

All of the episodes of The Fairly OddParents listed below are arranged in their production order, rather than their airdate.

Season 1 (2001)

Season 2 (2001–2003)

Season 3 (2002–03)

Season 4 (2003–2005)

Season 5 (2004–2006)

Season 6 (2008–09)

Season 7 (2009–2012)

Season 8 (2011)

Season 9 (2013–2015)

Season 10 (2016–17)
Helen Reddy (25 October 1941 – 29 September 2020) was an Australia singer-songwriter and actress. Her hits are "Angie Baby" and "No Way to Treat a Lady". She was born in Australia in 1941. In the United States she had fifteen singles in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.  Her signature hit was "I Am Woman."

Reddy died on 29 September 2020 in Los Angeles from dementia-related problems at the age of 78.

Albums

1#16 (New Zealand), #17 (UK) 
2#13 (New Zealand)
3#1 (New Zealand), The Best of Helen Reddy #5 (UK)u

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Australian movie actors
Australian voice actors
Australian television actors
Australian singers
Actors from Melbourne
Musicians from Melbourne
Australian pop musicians
Tropical Storm Allison is a storm that struck Texas and west central Louisiana during June 1989. It was responsible for $500 million in damage and eleven deaths. The storm formed from a westward moving tropical wave merged with the remnants of Pacific Hurricane Cosme. Despite the damage, the name Allison was not retired. However, in June 2001, another Tropical Storm Allison caused major damage in the same areas, causing the name Allison to be retired.

Hurricanes in Texas
1989 in Texas
1980s in Louisiana
Hurricanes in Louisiana
Hurricane Celia struck the Corpus Christi, Texas region in 1970. The hurricane caused almost $930 million in damage. Celia was the strongest Atlantic hurricane of 1970. It was the costliest storm in Texas history at the time, though other hurricanes since then have caused more destruction.

Hurricanes in the United States
1970 in the United States
1970s in Texas
Carole King (born February 9, 1942) is an American songwriter, and singer-songwriter. King and her writing partner Gerry Goffin wrote over twenty songs that became chart hits. Many different artists recorded her songs in the 1960s. In 1971 she wrote and recorded the album Tapestry. This became very successful, and topped the U.S. album chart for 15 weeks. It is one of the best selling albums of all time.

King was born on Manhattan. She grew up in Brooklyn. She had her first No. 1 hit as a songwriter in 1961, with "Will You Love Me Tomorrow."

In 2000, Joel Whitburn, who writes for Billboard Magazine, named her the most successful female songwriter of 1955–99, because she wrote or co-wrote 118 pop hits on the Billboard Hot 100.

King made 25 solo albums.  The album that people liked best was Tapestry. Her most recent album is Live at the Troubadour, which she made with James Taylor.  This album was #4 on the charts in its first week, and has sold over 400,000 copies.

She has won four Grammy Awards and was inducted into (joined) the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her songwriting. In 2009, Carole King was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.  Of all the albums made by women ever, Tapestry stayed on the charts for the longest time, and was the best-selling album for the longest time.

References

Other websites 

 www.caroleking.com

Articles on Carole King 
 Rachel Louis Snyder on Carole King , Salon, June 19, 1999
 Franck Scheck on Carole King , Hollywood Reporter, July 15, 2005

1942 births
Living people
American pianists
American rock musicians
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Brooklyn
Musicians from Manhattan
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York City
Hurricane Connie was a strong hurricane that happened in the Mid Atlantic states and North Carolina. It caused a lot of damage. After that, the name Connie was later retired.

Hurricanes in the United States
Rhenock (Nepali: रिनाक ) is a small town in East district in the Indian state of Sikkim, located at . It is 63  kilometres east of Gangtok on the way to Jelepla Pass at an altitude of 1,040. The word Rhe-nock (in Lepcha dialect) means Black Hill. It is in the far east of Sikkim. Rhenock had the first police out post in the state, which is the historical event.

History
Rhenock was covered with dense forest in and around the 13th century. The Lepchas were the early settlers about six to five hundred years ago. After the Lepchas, Bhutias settled in the villages presently known as Kyongsa, Aritar & Chalisey. The people who settled here after 16th century were mostly from Nepali ethnic group such as Newars, Bahuns (Adhikari, Paudel, Gautam, Dahal, Bhandari and Achaarja), Chhetri (Subedi, Khatiwada & Bista), Gurung, Rai and Limboo.

People
Rhenock is inhabited by the people of different ethnic groups such as Lepchas, Bhutias, Nepalis (Gorkhas), Biharis and Marwaris. Lepcha tribes who were early settlers have their own unique culture. Originally followers of Shamanism religion, later became the followers of Buddhism. Some of them are the followers of Christianity. Bhutias are another group tribes who are the followers of Buddhism also have their own identity & culture. Majority of the people are Indian Nepalis also known as Gorkha. Most of them are the Hindus by religion. Some of the Nepalis Gurung After 1990 became  Buddhist, before that they were followers of Hinduism. Some others are the followers of Christianity. In spite of above all every one respects others belief and faith and celebrates others' festivals which makes a peaceful and prosperous society.

Educational institutions
Rhenock has about 130 years' long history of education. Rhenock School is among the oldest schools of Sikkim. It was established by a Christian missionary in the year 1880 at Rhenock (Khamdong). Later it was taken over by the government of Sikkim and moved to Kingstone. Presently the school is known as Senior Secondary School, Rhenock. A Sanskrit Pathshala (School) was run in the premises of Rhenock Temple to teach Sanskrit and rituals to train Hindu priest. After the merger of Sikkim into Indian union more than a dozens of schools were opened by the govt. of Sikkim. Now, Rhenock has following educational institutions
Government Degree College
Government Senior Secondary School, Rhenock
Government Secondary School, Tarpin
Government Sec. School, Sudunglakha
Government Secondary School, Aritar
St. Joshep's School, Rhenock
Sanskrit School at Khamdong & Rhenock Bazar
Others: Junior High Schools and many primary Schools

Places of interest

Aritar Lake
Wood Land Nursery
Aritar Gumpa (monastery)

References

Towns in India
Settlements in Sikkim
Deekshabhoomi is a historical place in India where about 1,000,000 people were converted from Hinduism to Buddhism at a single moment on October 14, 1956.  These people were people of lower classes who converted under the leadership of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Ambedkar felt that their human rights could only be protected as Bhuddists.

Deekshabhoomi is in the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra in central India.  It is an important tourist attraction.

References

Buddhism
Hinduism
B. R. Ambedkar
Maharashtra 
Buddhist temples
The rhinoceros hornbill  (Buceros rhinoceros) is one of the largest hornbills: adults are about the size of a swan. It lives in parts of Malaya and Thailand. 

It usually wanders in the forest, where it lives, in search of fruits and nuts to eat. Hornbills use their big bills to open the tough husks of nuts and to handle large fruit.

References 

Coraciiformes
The oystercatcher is a species of bird that lives around Europe and Asia. They usually eat shellfishes that are found on beaches and mud. The Eurasian Oystercatcher uses its sharp bill to open the shells of oysters and mussels. It cuts the muscle between the two halves of the shell together, or it crashes the shell against a rock and eats the oyster inside.

Lifestyle and adaptations 
The oystercatcher has the heaviest bill (= beak) of any living wader. They have "resource polymorphism": they have some different beak types, and each type is used for a different kind of feeding. Unusually, the polymorphism is not genetically determined. It seems individuals are able to change their beak to suit their food. They do, of course, inherit an ability to adapt their feeding behaviour.

"Stabbers" work by jabbing their bill tips between the valves of a mussel's shell. "Hammerers" open mussel shells by banging down on them; some hammerers only break the dorsal side, others only break the ventral side. Still others feed on worms, and they have narrow, tweezer-like bill tips.

The bird's bills grow at 0.4 mm per day, which is four times as fast as human fingernails. Individuals forced to switch from mussel-eating to worm-eating were able to change their bill shape in 10 days.

With bills like that, oystercatchers are dangerous opponents for other birds. They can fight off predators, and often raid other birds to steal their catches. "They attack other birds at an average of five-minute intervals during low tide". They get as much as 60% of their food by theft.

Oystercatchers may live to 35 years.

References 

Charadriiformes
Blue Byte Software (short Blue Byte) is a video game developer based in Düsseldorf, Germany, founded in 1988. The company has produced popular titles like Battle Isle and The Settlers. Since 2001, the company has been owned by Ubisoft.

Video game companies of Europe
Düsseldorf
Companies of Germany
1988 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Germany
The Bristlemouth is a fish that lives in the deep middle layers of the sea. Their prey is hard to find in the dark, so they have light organs on their belly. It also helps them to find potential mates.

References 

Ray-finned fish
The black-headed weaver (Ploceus melanocephalus), also known as the yellow-backed weaver, is a bird with a black head and golden body.  The male black-headed weaver usually does the weaving, however, and the female sits for the eggs. The male stitches strips of straws to make a basket with a roof. He uses grasses to tie knots and make sure the nest is completely secure. Finally, he shows the nest to females, in effort to attract a mate. The males usually mate with many females during the mating season to get more offspring. They all nest in colonies, and in the end the females are left to raise their young alone. The seeds that the black-headed weaver tends to feed on is very common, so they do not need to stay and defend their family's territory or food.

References 

Passeriformes
The rufous hornero (Furnarius rufus) is a kind of bird that lives around South America. It builds its nests on high places such as telephone poles, or trees. When it makes a nest, it looks like a cup that has fallen over to the side, or like an old-fashioned baker's oven. To make it, the Rufous Hornero mixes grass and animal hair and mud, and then leaves it to dry. Inside there is a grassy room where it lays its eggs.

References 

Passeriformes
The scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea) is a bird that lives in the Americas. It likes to make its nests in oak trees that are as high as from 8 to 75 feet (2.6 to 22.5 m) tall. The nests are shaped like cups, like most tree-nesting birds. This stops eggs from rolling out.

References 

Passeri
The western grebe is a species of Grebe, or bird. They are well known for their dancing on the top of the water in their early nesting season after mating.  The two birds will hold long strands of grass or straw in their bills and dance a dance called "weed dancing". Then, at the climax, they rise and make a pose, which is called rushing, and run across the water's surface for a little bit before they dive. Males also used this dance when they wanted to protect their territories or fight over the female.

References 

Podicipediformes
The Messier Catalogue is a list of astronomical objects made by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771.  Messier was a comet hunter, and was annoyed by fuzzy objects which were not comets.  He put together a list of these objects, with his assistant Pierre Méchain.

The list uses numbers with an 'M' in front.  Messier was limited by the objects he could see from France, so the list is incomplete by today's standards.  It remains popular because people have used it for centuries and they are familiar with it. 

The first edition covered 45 objects numbered M1 to M45. The total list published by Messier finally contained 103 objects, and the list was made up to 110 by modern astronomers working from Messier's notes..

Other catalogues exist, most notably the New General Catalogue.

Items on the list 
Almost all the items are either star clusters or nebulae.  There are only three galaxies in the first fifty, starting with Andromeda at M31. Individual stars are not listed.  The first ten in the list are:
 M1: NGC 1952 Crab nebula, a supernova remnant
 M2: NGC 7089 a globular cluster
 M3: NGC 5272 a globular cluster
 M4: NGC 6121 a globular cluster 
 M5: NGC 5904 a globular cluster 
 M6: NGC 6405 Butterfly cluster, an open cluster 
 M7: NGC 6475 Ptolemy cluster, an open cluster 
 M8: NGC 6523 Lagoon nebula, a nebula with a cluster 
 M9: NGC 6333 a globular cluster 
 M10: NGC 6254 a globular cluster

References 

Astronomical catalogues
Barium sulfide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaS. It contains barium and sulfide ions.

Properties
Barium sulfide is colorless when pure. It can get colored when it is not pure. It reacts slowly with water to make barium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with acids to make a barium salt and hydrogen sulfide, too.

Preparation
It is made by reduction of barium sulfate with carbon at a high temperature.

Uses
It is used to make barium compounds from barium ore.

Safety
Barium sulfide looks very similar to barium sulfate. Barium sulfate is not toxic, while barium sulfide is very toxic. Barium sulfide dissolves in water to make toxic hydrogen sulfide and toxic barium hydroxide. If someone is fed barium sulfide, it would kill them.

Related pages
Barium chloride
Barium carbonate

Sulfur compounds
Barium compounds
Plasmodium, commonly known as the malaria parasite, is a large genus of parasitic protozoa. There are about 200 species. Infection with these protozoans is called malaria, a deadly disease widespread in the tropics. The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a mosquito vector and a vertebrate host.

The life-cycle is very complex. There is a sequence of different stages in the vector and the host. These stages include: 
sporozoites which are injected by the mosquito vector into the host's blood; 
hypnozoites which may rest undetected in the liver for up to 30 years; 
merosomes and merozoites which infect the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of the blood; 
trophozoites which grow in the red cells, and schizonts which divide there, producing more merozoites which leave to infect more red cells;  
gametocytes, male and female sexual forms, which are taken up by other mosquitoes. In the mosquito's midgut, the gametocytes develop into 
gametes which fertilize each other to form motile 
zygotes which escape the gut, only to grow into 
new sporozoites which move to the mosquito's salivary glands, from where they are injected into the mosquito's next host, infecting it and restarting the cycle.

The genus Plasmodium was first described in 1885. At least ten species infect humans. Other species infect other animals, including birds, reptiles and rodents, while 29 species infect non-human primates. The Apicomplexa – the phylum to which Plasmodium belongs – are thought to have originated within the Dinoflagellates – a large group of photosynthetic protozoa.

The most common forms of human malaria are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. P. falciparum malaria, common in sub-Saharan Africa, is especially dangerous.

References 

Protozoa
Parasites
Barium peroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO2. It contains barium and peroxide ions.

Properties
Barium peroxide is a gray-white solid. It reacts with water to make oxygen gas. When it is heated very hot, it releases oxygen and turns into barium oxide.

Preparation
It is made by heating barium oxide. This process used to be used to get oxygen from the air. Barium oxide was heated to around 300°C, absorbing oxygen and making barium peroxide. The barium peroxide was heated above 500°C, releasing the oxygen. Then it could be reused.

Uses
Barium peroxide can be used to make hydrogen peroxide by reaction with sulfuric acid. This also makes the solid barium sulfate.

Related pages
Barium oxide
Barium chloride

Barium compounds
Peroxide is an ion. Its chemical formula is O22-. Peroxide can be a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent. More often it is an oxidizing agent. It can be reduced to oxide or oxidized to oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is the most common peroxide. Barium peroxide is another peroxide.

There are organic peroxides. These are chemical compounds where peroxide is attached to an organic molecule. Some of them are explosives.

Related pages
Perchlorate

Chemical compounds
Barium hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(OH)2. It contains barium and hydroxide ions.

Properties
Barium hydroxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It decomposes to barium oxide when heated in a vacuum. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make barium carbonate. It reacts with any sulfate to make barium sulfate. It reacts with hydrogen sulfide to make barium sulfide.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving barium oxide in water.

Uses
Barium hydroxide is used in titrations. If sodium hydroxide solution is used, some sodium carbonate may be in there. It is less basic than sodium hydroxide, so the titration can be messed up. When barium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to make barium carbonate, it forms a white solid that can be removed.

It is used as a strong base in organic chemistry. It is used to clean up sulfuric acid spills by making barium sulfate. It can also be used for removing ink marks from clothes.

Safety
Barium hydroxide is corrosive because it is basic. It is also toxic because of barium ions.

Related pages
Barium peroxide

Barium compounds
Barium carbonate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaCO3. It contains barium and carbonate ions.

Properties
Barium carbonate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make barium salts. It turns into barium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated. It reacts with sulfuric acid to make barium sulfate though.

Occurrence
Barium carbonate occurs as witherite. Witherite is the main source of barium salts. It is more easily turned into other barium compounds than barium sulfate, barite. It is heavily mined in Northumberland. It turns into barium sulfate when water containing sulfates flows through it.

Preparation
It can be purified from the natural ore, or it can be made by reacting barium sulfide with sodium carbonate. It can also be made by reacting barium sulfide with a mixture of carbon dioxide and water.

Uses
Barium carbonate is used to poison rats. It is also used in making bricks. It is also used to glaze ceramics. This glaze can make different colors.

Safety
Barium carbonate can dissolve in stomach acid, so it is toxic. There is a controversy over whether it should be used as a glaze.

Related pages
Barium chloride
Barium bromide

Barium compounds
Carbonates
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a conservative politician from the United States. He represented Arizona in the United States Senate. 

He ran for President of the United States in 1964 against Lyndon B. Johnson. He did not win. Goldwater was a member of the Republican Party. He was a Freemason. He wrote The Conscience of a Conservative. He was born in Phoenix, Arizona. He was a commentator on the Cable News Network (CNN) in its early years.

Goldwater died from a stroke in Paradise Valley, Arizona, aged 89. He was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

Career

Goldwater was called "Mr. Conservative" during his political career. He was a Senator from Arizona, replacing Ernest McFarland. In 1960, he wrote The Conscience of a Conservative. The book was a best seller. In 1964, he was the Republican candidate for President. He ran against Lyndon Johnson. Goldwater's most famous quote (which he said in July 1964 in San Francisco) was "Extremism in the Defense of Liberty is no vice, and Moderation in the Pursuit of Justice is no virtue." He meant that people should always do what was necessary to make the world freer and more just even if it was hard or made them unpopular. Goldwater lost to Johnson by a large number of votes.

Goldwater went back to the Senate after losing the election. His run for president helped start the conservative movement of today, which agrees with many of Goldwater's ideas. He didn't agree with the social conservatives who were against abortion and gay rights. Goldwater stayed in the Senate until 1987. He helped Sandra Day O'Connor get on the Supreme Court. He passed a military reform law. Goldwater retired to Arizona after being in the Senate. He died in Arizona in 1998.

Personal

Goldwater enjoyed photography, airplanes, and radio. He collected Native American Kachina Dolls, which are made by the Native Americans of Arizona. He donated his collection to a museum. Goldwater had four children.

References

Other websites

American conservatives
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Arizona
Deaths from stroke
People with Alzheimer's disease
People from Prescott, Arizona
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
1960 United States presidential candidates
1964 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Arizona
US Republican Party politicians
1909 births
1998 deaths
Chris Ivory (born March 22, 1988) is an American football running back for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League. He was signed as a free agent by the Saints on May 3, 2010. He played college football at Washington State and at Tiffin University in Ohio.

Early years
Ivory played  both football and track and field in high school at Longview High School in Longview, Texas.

College career
Ivory played three years for Washington State.  Because of injuries, he did not get to play as much as he could have. In 22 games, he rushed 91 times for 534 yards and 4 touchdowns. He also had 23 kickoff returns, averaging 22.8 yards.  In August 2009, Ivory was kicked off the Washington State team.

Ivory then went to Tiffin, a Division II school in Tiffin, Ohio, whose team was coached by Dave Walkosky. Walkosky had been a Washington State assistant coach.  In Ivory's final year of college football, he had 39 rushes for 223 yards in five games before hurting his knee, which ended his season.  Walkosky tried to get a medical redshirt exemption for Ivory, which would have let Ivory play another year, but he did not get one.  Even though he did not play much at Tiffin, some NFL scouts saw Ivory's performance and speed, and some people thought he could become the first Tiffin player to be picked in the NFL Draft. However, this did not happen.

Professional career

New Orleans Saints
Ivory was not drafted, but he reached a deal with the Saints immediately after the draft, and signed as a free agent on May 3, 2010. He played well in training camp and preseason games. This included a good game against the San Diego Chargers that included a 76-yard touchdown on a swing pass. Chris Ivory made the Saints 53 man roster after beating out Ladell Betts for the last running back position with a great preseason performance.

References

Other websites
New Orleans Saints bio page 
 Washington State Cougars bio page 

1988 births
Living people
New Orleans Saints players
American football running backs
Sportspeople from Texas
The Advertising Council, mostly called the Ad Council, is an American non-profit organization that creates public service announcements on behalf of sponsors, including non-profit organizations and the United States government.

The Advertising Council does not make public service advertisements for itself but it acts as a creator of them for others. The Advertising Council allows sponsor organizations to create advertising that are on social issues as well.

History
The Advertising Council was created in 1941, and shortly after, in February 1942, it was registered as The War Advertising Council for the purpose of being in the advertising industry in support of the Second World War effort. Early ads tried to tell people about the purchase of war bonds and saving of war things.

After the Second World War, the War Advertising Council changed its name to the Advertising Council and shifted its focus to peacetime ads. In 1945, the Ad Council began working with the National Safety Council.

Famous campaigns
Rosie the Riveter was made by the WAC as part of its "Women in War Jobs" ads.
 "Crying Indian" anti-pollution ad for Keep America Beautiful, was created in 1973 and won two Clio Awards
 United Negro College Fund, with its slogan "A mind is a terrible thing to waste", was created in 1972
 McGruff ad with its slogan "Take a bite out of crime" for the National Crime Prevention Council (along with the U.S. Department of Justice), was created in 1978
 "Friends don't let friends drive drunk" ad for the U.S. Department of Transportation until 2005
 Smokey Bear campaign was created in 1944 to tell Americans about the harm wildfires could cause the war effort, and the danger that the Japanese might start forest fires on the West Coast of the United States. It was 1947 when the Smokey Bear phrase was made: "Remember...only YOU can prevent forest fires!" 
 Vince and Larry, the Crash Test Dummies (1985–1999)
 "I am an American" (2001-present) -- an ad launched in wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack about the people in America.  The ad has people of many people looking in the camera and simply saying, "I am an American."
 Energy Hog

Organizations done by the Ad Council
Autism Speaks
Give Kids The World Village
Keep America Beautiful
National Crime Prevention Council
United Negro College Fund
United States Department of Agriculture
United States Department of Transportation
WIC

Notes and references

Robert Jackall and Janice M. Hirota, The Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations, and the Ethos of Advocacy (University of Chicago, 2000).  (paperback: )

Other websites
The Advertising Council official website
Advertising Council archives 
Outdoor Advertising Association of America homepage
Advertising Council Retrospective on aef.com
Ad Council's YouTube listing
Guide to collections containing information on the Advertising Council at the Eisenhower Presidential Library 

Advertising
Non-profit organizations of the United States
1941 establishments in the United States
Jean Piaget (9 August 1896 - 16 September 1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist. He is famous for his work with children and how they learn. He started a type of study called "genetic epistemology", which is about where knowledge comes from.

Stages of cognitive development
At first, Piaget was a biologist. He was especially interested in mollusks. He became more interested in psychology while listening to children talk. He wondered how they learned, and came up with a theory that they go through stages where they become ready for certain kinds of learning. These stages are called "stages of cognitive development". For example, the first stage he came up with is called the "sensorimotor stage". He believed that, from birth to two years old, children would learn that they are different from objects, and that even if the child left a room, things that were in the room would still be there. (This is called "object permanence").

References

Other websites
Piaget's Cognitive Stages 

Swiss psychologists
Swiss scientists
1896 births
1980 deaths