cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lithography (from Greek λίθος - lithos, 'stone' + γράφω - graphο, 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface.

Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

Introduction
Lithography originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate.

The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (= water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.

This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.

In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone).  After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.

Chromolithography 
Chromolithography (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.

By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.

References 

History of printing
Books
Printmaking
Eve's Plum was an American rock band. The band existed from 1991 to 1998.

Members 
 Colleen Fitzpatrick (vocals)
 Michael Kotch (guitar)
 Theo Mack (bass, 1994)
 Chris Giammalvo (bass, 1992-1994)
 Ben Kotch (drums)

Discography 
 Envy (1993)
 Cherry Alive (1995)

American rock bands
American punk bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in New York (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
Musical groups from New York
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Lucius Cornelius Sulla <ref>L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX</small> is his name in Latin; In English, it means "Lucius Cornelius Sulla, son of Lucius, grandson of Publius, the lucky".</ref> (c. 138 BC – 78 BC), usually called Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He was a praetor (a commander of an army) in 97 BC, and held the office of Consul twice. He was the only man in history to have attacked and kept both Athens and Rome.

Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome and defeated his enemy Gaius Marius in battle. After his second march on Rome, he revived the office of dictator. Sulla was made Dictator in 81 or 82 BC. He had the Senate draw up a list of those he considered enemies of the state and published the list in the Roman Forum. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla (XXXI): "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit".

This was remembered when Caesar became Dictator.

References 

2nd-century BC births
78 BC deaths
Former dictators
Roman generals
Norman Steven Maciver (born September 1, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise.

Career 
MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation.

He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006.

Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks.

Other websites
 
 

1964 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Edmonton Oilers players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
Ottawa Senators players
People from Thunder Bay
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ice hockey defencemen
A semisolid is a substance that is in between a solid and a liquid. Another name for a semi-solid is a quasi-solid. Mayonnaise is an example of a semi-solid. Mayonnaise does not hold its shape like a solid but does not flow like a liquid. A substance like gel or cream is another example of a semi-solid. Normally semi-solids are covalent things. Covalent substances get softer and softer until they melt. Ionic substances melt at one temperature and do not get softer. Butter can be a semisolid when it is warm. Butter does not hold its shape but it does not flow like a liquid. Paint is also a semisolid, since it is highly viscous.

Related pages 
Thixotropy

Chemistry
Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes. 

Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily. People making shortening add hydrogen to the alkene, turning it into an alkane. The alkanes are more solid and stable. A catalyst is used to react the hydrogen with the oil. This makes trans fats, though. Margarine is an example of a hydrogenated spread.

Other things can be hydrogenated, too. Hot nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen under high pressure with a catalyst, usually nickel to make ammonia gas.

Chemistry
Lance Hoyt (born February 28, 1977 in Gause, Texas) is an American professional wrestler. Hoyt is currently signed to New Japan Pro Wrestling where he wrestles under the ring name, Lance Archer.

Career
Hoyt is known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he worked from 2004-2009 under the ring name Dallas.

In 2010, he was part or Florida Championship Wrestling under the ring name Vance Archer. He also competed on theie ECW brand.

In 2011, he moved to Japan where he became part of New Japan Pro Wrestling.

Related pages 
 New Japan Pro Wrestling roster

References 

1977 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Texas
Former WWE wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s.  It would give men and women full equality under the law.  Alice Paul first wrote the ERA. In 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. It passed both houses of Congress in 1972 after the National Organization for Women protested outside the United States Senate.  Some people opposed it because women were already becoming equal in most areas, and women did not want to be drafted into the Vietnam War.  Though 35 states ratified it, the amendment did not pass (38 were needed).  Most of the states that did not ratify it were in the Southern United States, which is the most conservative and religious part of the country.

Twenty-one states have a version of the ERA in their state constitutions. Sixteen of those states ratified the federal ERA. Five did not.

The ERA was introduced into Congress each year from 1923 to 1972.  It has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982. In 2011, it was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by 159 House cosponsors and several senators.

Text

The following is the entire text of the Equal Rights Amendment:

Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

References

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
Feminism
Human rights
Tianhe-I is a supercomputer made and operated in the People's Republic of China and has been active since October 29, 2009. Right now, it is the second fastest supercomputer in the world, replacing the Jaguar supercomputer. It has 98,304 GB of memory and has 2.507 petaflops at its peak. It uses a Linux operating system. It is being used for finding energy sources and doing simulations of aircraft right now.

Upgrade
It used to have 5,010 CPUs and 2,560 GPUs and was ranked the fifth-fastest supercomputer. After the upgrade, it now has 14,336 CPUs and 7,168 GPUs, making it the fastest.

Related pages
Tianhe-2

References

Computers
The Austrian State Treaty was a treaty that made Austria a country. It was signed on May 15, 1955 at Vienna between the Allied powers from World War II and the Austrian government. It prohibited union with Germany. It also prohibited Nazi and fascist government. Austria also said that they would always be neutral in any wars. 

1955
20th century in Austria
1950s treaties
Vienna
Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (Brassicaceae) family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish. 

It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR). 

Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do.
Arabidopsis is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.

References 

Brassicaceae
Genetics
Model organisms
The genus Amanita contains a species of basidiomycete mushrooms, including some of the most toxic known. It is found worldwide.

This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is amanitin, of which at least eight versions are known.

Fly agaric 

Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric, is a psychoactive fungus. It is known as the fly agaric for its ability to kill houseflies when combined with milk. The reason for this is that flies are attracted to the milk because it is so sweet. When they drink the milk they feel the effects of the mushroom and begin to get intoxicated.

Death cap 
Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Widely distributed across Europe, A. phalloides forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been accidentally introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in color, with a white stipe (stem) and gills (underneath the cap).

One mushroom, if eaten, may destroy the liver and cause death. There is no antidote.p211

Toxins 
Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies.

The liver is the principal organ affected, as it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, though other organs, especially the kidneys, are susceptible.p217 The RNA polymerase of Amanita phalloides is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself.

References 

Fungi
Gurjar or Gojri are an ethnic group of Jammu and Kashmir India and northern and central Pakistan. Alternative spellings are Gojari  and Gujjari (not Gujrati).

Gurjari language is close to Rajasthani and Marwari.
As per historical accounts parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat were known as Gurjar-bhumi or Gurjaratra prior to Mughal period in India Gurjar pratiharas acted as barrier to Arabs for around 300 centuries.  However, in later times, circa the 14th century AD onwards, their hold reduced to small principalities.During 15th-16th century there were Gurjar kings in areas of Meerut and Dadri. After this time, they gradually fell into a decline. They became poor nomads and started living in jungles and forests.

Reference 

Ethnic groups in India
Dr. Yevgeny Sergeivich Botkin (27 March 1865 – 17 July 1918), also known as Dr. Eugene Botkin, was the court physician for Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. While he was in exile with the family, he often helped treat Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia.

Botkin went into exile with the Romanovs after the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was murdered with the family at Ekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. Like them, he was canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981. His wife Olga and he divorced after she had an affair with the children's German teacher.

Shortly before he died, he wrote a letter in which he said that he "unhesitatingly orphaned my own children in order to carry out my physician's duty to the end, as Abraham did not hesitate at God's demand to sacrifice his only son."

References 

1865 births
1918 deaths
Murders by firearm in Russia
Russian physicians
Russian murder victims
Jack Patrick Dorsey (born November 19, 1976) is an American software developer and business person, widely known as the creator of social networking service Twitter. He is also the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

He worked as a model.

Early life
Dorsey was born Jack Patrick Dorsey in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey. He is of English, Irish, and Italian descent. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker.

He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He attended the Catholic Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, Dorsey worked occasionally as a fashion model.

By age fourteen, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. Dorsey attended the University of Missouri–Rolla for two-plus years (1995–97) before transferring to New York University, but he dropped out in 1999, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that he developed as Twitter while studying at NYU.

Career 
While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California. In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market". In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service.

When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 
 

1976 births
Living people
American billionaires
American Roman Catholics
New York University alumni
Businesspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
American bloggers
Alphonse Mucha (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs.

Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations.

Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha.

Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the Mucha Style but became known as Art Nouveau (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads.
In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours.

The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts."
He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion.

Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace.

References 

1860 births
1939 deaths
Czech artists
Czech painters
Gingerbread is a word which describes different sweet food products from soft cakes to a ginger biscuit. Ginger and honey (or treacle) rather than only sugar, are usually the common ingredients to all the types of food product. They probably also have the same history.

Etymology
Before, gingerbread (from Latin zingiber, then Old French gingebras) meant preserved ginger. After, it was a confection made with honey and spices.

History
Armenian monk Gregory of Nicopolis (Gregory Makar) (Grégoire de Nicopolis) brought ginger bread to Europe in 992. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, in Lesser Armenia to live in Bondaroy (France) and stayed seven years. He showed French priests and Christians how to cook gingers. He died in 999 Armenian genocide.

German immigrants brought it to Sweden during the 13th century. Swedish nuns baked gingerbread to help indigestion in the year 1444.
The custom was to bake white biscuits and paint them as window decorations. In the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I had a royal gingerbread-maker working for her. Gingerbread was sold at fairs and other public events.

Related pages
Gingerbread man
Victorian architecture - Gingerbread house example

References

Cakes
Baldness (also known as alopecia) is when someone has no hair on his or her head. Sometimes this is inherited from parents or grandparents, or it can be done on purpose if somebody cuts off all their hair off. Some monks or South Korean soldiers in the army do this.

Baldness is most often caused by a medical condition known as androgenic alopecia. This is found in humans, as well as in some animals. When it occurs, it will mean that those affected will permanently lose some (or all) of their hair. Since some of the factors are linked to the genes on the chromosome, the condition can be seen more often with men, than with women.

Alopecia totalis is the loss of all head hair. Its cause is believed to be autoimmune, but many with the disorder lead relatively low stress lives.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp.[1][2] Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness.

References

Hair
Health
The Common Basilisk (Basiliscus basiliscus) is a type of lizard.  It can be found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams.  The basilisk is part of the corytophanid family. It is also known as the "Jesus Christ Lizard" because it can run on the surface of water.

Lizards
Numerous movies have been produced about Martin Luther's life and his doings. In a narrow sense, a Luther movie is a feature movie or a television movie. In an wider sense a Luther movie could also be a documentary movie about Martin Luther, like Curt Oertel's Der gehorsame Rebell (translated: The Obedient Rebel).

Background  
Since the time of the silent movies movies telling the story of Martin Luther have been made. 1911 was made the silent movie Doktor Martinus Luther, with a running time of round about 20 minutes. 1913, 1923 und 1927 were made the next movies. The movies of the year 1923 and 1927 were made with support of the church.

The newest movie is called Luther. It was released in 2003.

Overview of the feature movies and television movies about Luther

Overview of the documentary movies about Luther

Notes

Literature 
 E. P. Wipfler: "Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930" (Luther in Silent Films: about the change of Protestant mentality through the history of movie until 1930). In: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, Bd. 98, 2007, S. 167-198.
 Jäschke, Wolfgang: Martin Luther. Reformator - Ketzer - Nationalheld?. München, 1983: 
 Dähn, Horst: Luther und die DDR. Berlin, 1996:

Other websites 
 EKD - Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland - Martin Luther im Film (German) 
 Document title - Luther im Stummfilm - Luther in silent films - Résumé
Luther is a 1928 movie about the life of Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation.

The silent movie starred Eugen Klöpfer as Luther and Theodor Loos as Philipp Melanchthon.

Cast

Eugen Klöpfer as Martin Luther 
Rudolf Lettinger as Luther's father
Elsa Wagner as Luther's mother  
Livio Pavanelli as Luther's friend Alexius 
Arthur Kraußneck as Staupitz 
Karl Platen as Brother Franziskus 
Theodor Loos as Melanchthon 
Hermann Vallentin as Karlstadt 
Karl Elzer as Friedrich the Wise 
Werner Schott as Johann the Steadfast
Ferdinand von Alten as Miltitz 
Bruno Kastner as Ulrich von Hutten 
Leopold von Ledebur as Sickingen   
Ernst Rückert ad Reichsherold Kaspar Sturm 
Georg Schmieter as Georg von Frundsberg
Max Maximilian as Hans Sachs
Max Grünberg as Albrecht Dürer
Jakob Tiedtke as Tetzel
Hans Wassmann as Robber Baron
Alexander Murski as the printer Hans Lufft
Heinz Salfner as Palace Captain Berlepsch
Hans Carl Müller as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Max Schreck as  Alexander
Georg John as Cripple (disabled man)

Related pages
 Martin Luther
 Luther film

Other websites 

1928 movies
German silent movies
Movies about Martin Luther
Anthony Robert McMillan OBE (born 30 March 1950), known professionally as Robbie Coltrane, is a Scottish actor, author and comedian. He is known both for his role as Dr. Eddie "Fitz" Fitzgerald in the British television series Cracker during the 1990s and as Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter movies.

Life and career

Life 
Coltrane was born on 30 March 1950 in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire.  He now lives in Killearn Stirlingshire.  He has a son named Spencer and a daughter named Alice.

Career 
Coltrane began his acting career in his early twenties. He took the stage name Coltrane in tribute to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane In 2006, Robbie received an OBE for his services to drama.

Filmography and awards

References

1950 births
Living people
Actors who played in James Bond movies
British television writers
Scottish comedians
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish television presenters
Scottish voice actors
Scottish writers
Martin Luther, Heretic was a movie made in 1983, the 500th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther. The movie starred Jonathan Pryce as Luther and Maurice Denham as Johann von Staupitz.

Plot 
The movie begins in the year 1506, while Luther was a monk. The movie ends in the year 1522, when Luther returns from his exile at Wartburg Castle to Wittenberg.

Related pages
 Luther film

Other websites

1983 movies
Movies about Martin Luther
English-language movies
Schoep's Ice Cream is an ice cream manufacturing company based in Madison, Wisconsin.

History
Schoep's Ice Cream was founded by E.J. Schoephoester in 1928. Schoephoester produced and sold the ice cream in his grocery store. By 1937 Schoep's Ice Cream had become well known locally and E. B. Schoephoester sold his company to Peter B. Thomsen, a butter maker. The company has been kept in the Thomsen family, and as of 2008 it was owned in part by nineteen members of the Thomsen family.

Operation
All of Schoep's Ice Cream is currently produced from a single factory located on Helena Street in Madison, Wisconsin. As of 2008 Schoep's was producing 6,000 gallons of ice cream an hour and 2.5 million gallons a year. With this high production rate, Schoep's has been recognized as the top producer of ice cream in the state of Wisconsin. Due to this growth, in 2005, Schoep's opened a $7 million, 46,000-square-foot distribution center on Manufacturers Drive, near the Dane County Regional Airport. This new facility features space for 3,600 pallets and 14 loading-dock doors. Before this facility was built, Schoep's had shipped all of their ice cream from two loading docks at their factory.

Contracts

Walgreens
Schoep's is not well known around the United States as Schoep's Ice Cream, but as Walgreens brand Ice Cream. Since 1993 Schoep's has been the sole producer of ice cream sold under the Walgreens label. This contract accounts for more than 25 percent of Schoep's business.

References

American food companies
Madison, Wisconsin
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Wisconsin
Companies based in Wisconsin
Brandon Flowers (born June 21, 1981) is an American musician. He is the singer and keyboardist of American rock band The Killers. He has also released a solo album called Flamingo. He is married with three sons named Ammon, Gunnar and Henry.

Early life 
He was born in Henderson, Nevada. His parents are of Dutch, English, French, German, Lithuanian and Scottish descent.

Awards
Flowers won NME Awards in 2005 for "Best Dressed" (also nominated in 2006, 2007, & 2009).  He won "Sexiest Man" as well as an award for "Most Stylish" in 2011.  He won the award for "Most Stylish Man" at the 2008 GQ awards. He was also listed as one of "The 50 Most Stylish Musicians of the Last 50 Years" by Esquire in 2011. 

In 2012, Flowers was named the #6 Greatest Frontman of All Time by Xfm.

He was nominated for Q Awards 'Best Male Artist' in 2010. He was also nominated for "Best Video" ("Crossfire") at the Shockwaves NME 2011 Awards.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Tours
Flamingo Road Tour (2010)

References

American rock musicians
American rock singers
People from Henderson, Nevada
Living people
Keyboardists
Musicians from Nevada
1981 births
Luther is a 1965 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Alec McCowen as Luther.

Plot 

The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther.

Related pages
 Luther film

Other websites 

1965 movies
Movies about Martin Luther
English-language movies
Movies directed by Guy Green
Luther is a 1964 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Terry Norris as Luther.

Plot 

The movie  is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther.

Related pages
 Luther film

Other websites 

 MemorabletTV.com - Australian TV - Labor In Power to Luther 

1964 movies
Movies about Martin Luther
English-language movies
English-language television programs
Luther is a 1968 movie  about the life of Martin Luther. The movie  starred Robert Shaw as Luther.

Plot 

The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther.

Related pages
 Luther film

Other websites 

 Robert Shaw - Movie Photos - Luther (TV 1968)

1968 drama movies
British drama movies
Movies about Martin Luther
English-language movies
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, PENTA, TEN, corpent, penthrite (or — rarely and primarily in German — as nitropenta) is one of the most powerful high explosives known. It has  a relative effectiveness factor (R.E. factor) of 1.66. PETN can be used as a plastic explosive. PETN can also be use as a  drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as angina pectoris. In this context, it helps widening blood vessels, which is known as vasodilatation. PETN is among the most widely used substances for vasodilatation.

References

Explosives
Drugs
Deinotherium was a large proboscidean related to modern elephants. Their downward curving tusks are notable. They are known from the middle miocene to the early pliocene. 

There were several species of Deinotherium that inhabited parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Deinotherium was larger than today’s elephants.

The way Deinotherium used its curious tusks has been much debated. It may have rooted in soil for underground plant parts like roots and tubers, pulled down branches to snap them and reach leaves, or stripped soft bark from tree trunks. Deinotherium fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of prehistoric hominid relatives of modern humans have also been found.

References 

Extinct elephants
Tiruchirappalli is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its name in Tamil means "town of the respected Chira (name of a Jain monk)". It is also often called Trichy or Tiruchi. It was also called Trichinopoly by the British.

Tiruchirappalli is the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirapalli District. It is the fourth-largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu. About 10,67,912 people lived there in 2008. It is a very old city with many important temples, monuments, churches and mosques. The famous temples being Rockfort Temple, Srirangam Temple, Thiruvanaikkovil Temple, Samayapuram Temple, Nachiyar Kovil etc. Nearby, Woraiyur, the old Trichy, is where the early Chola kings had their capital city, until about 850. There are picnic / sightseeing spots in and around trichy like Kallanai (Grand Anaicut) built by Karikala Cholan, Mukkombu.

Cities in Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirapalli district
The POST, in most computers, is a self-test that checks the OS(s) available and boots from the OS selected. POST stands for Power On Self Test. Computers that have an operating system perform a POST before loading the OS, and many imbedded systems also do a POST.

A POST usually checks the crucial, files, folders, and components. Once the POST is completed, a selected OS will take control and finish the startup process.

If the POST fails, usually a BSOD displays (Blue Screen of Death, most commonly) and offers recovery options such as safe mode.

Other tools
LKGC (Last Known Good Configuration) reverts to the last non-problematic, successful bootup. It is similar to System Restore, but its primary function is to allow the user to use the computer normally, unlike System Restore, which does not guarantee a fix. Also, LKGC is unrevertable, unless you successfully bootup again.

System Restore works by allowing the user to open a wizard, then select a "restore point". The user must restart for the point to take effect, but the system will start as normal.

System Repair is typically found on the hard disk of your computer and contains options that can be used to fix the system. However, in serious cases, the OS may need to be reinstalled.

References

Computer hardware
A regular expression (abbreviated regexp or regex) is a way to describe sets of characters using syntactic rules. Many programming languages use or support regular expressions. A regular expression is then used by a special program or part of a programming language. This program will either generate a parser that can be used to match expressions or it will match such expressions itself. 

A regular expression processor is used for processing a regular expression statement in terms of a grammar in a given formal language, and with that examines a text string. 

A few examples of what can be matched with regular expressions:
 The sequence of characters "car" appearing consecutively in any context, such as in "car", "cartoon", or "bicarbonate"
 The sequence of characters "car" occurring in that order with other characters between them, such as in "Icelander" or "chandler"
 The word "car" when it appears as an isolated word
 The word "car" when preceded by the word "blue" or "red"
 The word "car" when not preceded by the word "motor"
 A dollar sign immediately followed by one or more digits, and then optionally a period and exactly two more digits (for example, "$10" or "$245.99"). This does not match "$ 5", because of the space between the dollar sign and the digit, nor "€25", because there is no dollar sign.  

Regular expressions can be much more complex than these examples. Many regular expression languages also support "wildcard" characters.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Theoretical computer science
Doktor Martinus Luther (translated: Doctor Martinus Luther) is a 1911 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. This movie is a silent movie. It starred Hermann Litt as Luther.

Related pages
 Luther film

Literature 
 Esther Pia Wipfler: Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930. In: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 98 (2007), S. 167–198; ; Vgl. Abstract auf der Interseite des Institut de l’information scientifique et technique

Other websites 
 Filmportal.de - Doktor Martinus Luther
 Murnau-Stiftung - Doktor Martinus Luther - 1911 
 Document title - Luther im Stummfilm - Luther in silent films - Résumé 

1911 movies
German silent movies
Movies about Martin Luther
1911 works
In crystallography, the crystal structure is how the atoms (or ions or molecules) are arranged in a crystalline material. Crystals occur naturally from the way the chemical bonds of the atoms connect. Symmetric repeating patterns occur in 3-D space in the crystal.

The crystal structure and symmetry cause many physical properties, such as cleavage (how the crystal splits) how it conducts electricity, and its optical properties..

The crystal structure of a chemical is the shape of the crystal at the molecular level. There are several shapes of crystals. Sodium chloride is a cube. Copper sulfate is triclinic. Most things, even metals, have crystal structures. Some crystals fit more atoms in them than others, and these crystals usually weigh more.

References 

Analytical chemistry
Minerals
Aliens of the Deep is a 2005 documentary movie, directed in part by James Cameron and filmed in the IMAX 3D format. It was produced by Walden Media and Buena Vista Pictures. Cameron worked with NASA scientists to explore the Mid-Ocean Ridges, under water chains of mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that are home to some of the planet's more unusual forms of life.

Plot
Cameron joins up aboard the Russian research ship, "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", with a group of NASA scientists, as well as some Russian marine biologists, to investigate ten hydrothermal vents in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The vents have their own unique ecosystem, which support diverse organisms such as giant tube worms, swarms of blind white crabs, and vast amounts of shrimp which are capable of "seeing" water that is heated by the vents. These creatures do not need sunlight like other organisms, and instead get their energy from the vents. They are able to survive in the superheated and sulfurous water. Because of this, the documentary suggests that this is what life beyond Earth might look like. As some alien ecosystems are likely to be a lot harsher than a typical terrestrial ecosystem, these exotic vents provide an insight into some of the forms that alien life might take.

The documentary shows Cameron's passion for exploring the oceans, as well as his interest in extraterrestrial life. It also shows the technology used to reach such depths.

The movie is similar to Cameron's earlier documentary, Ghosts of the Abyss (2003), which involves him journeying to the wreck of the RMS Titanic. It too was filmed in the 3-D IMAX format.

American documentary movies
English-language movies
A hazard is something that can be dangerous. Fire, Explosives and Fuel are all examples of hazards. Many chemicals can be a hazard. There are ways to get rid of hazardous things. There are different types of hazards; some can catch things on fire; some can burn skin; some can irritate the eyes, etc.

The term 'hazard' is used in driving instruction, and in some traffic-related laws. It simply means 'something a motorist should notice and drive accordingly'. For example, children playing on the pavement (U.S. = sidewalk; Austr. = footpath) are a potential hazard. If any go into the actual road, then they are a real hazard, and motorist should do whatever is safe.

Chemistry
Safety
Risk Phrases
R1: Explosive when dry
R2: Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R4: Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds
R5: Heating may cause an explosion
R6: Explosive with or without contact with air
R7: May cause fire
R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire
R9: Explosive when mixed with combustible material
R10: Flammable
R11: Highly flammable
R12: Extremely flammable
R14: Reacts violently with water
R15: Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases
R16: Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances
R17: Spontaneously flammable in air
R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
R19: May form explosive peroxides
R20: Harmful by inhalation
R21: Harmful in contact with skin
R22: Harmful if swallowed
R23: Toxic by inhalation
R24: Toxic in contact with skin
R25: Toxic if swallowed
R26: Very toxic by inhalation
R27: Very toxic in contact with skin
R28: Very toxic if swallowed
R29: Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
R30: Can become highly flammable in use
R31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
R32: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
R33: Danger of cumulative effects
R34: Causes burns
R35: Causes severe burns
R36: Irritating to eyes
R37: Irritating to respiratory system
R38: Irritating to skin
R39: Danger of very serious irreversible effects
R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
R41: Risk of serious damage to eyes
R42: May cause sensitisation by inhalation
R43: May cause sensitisation by skin contact
R44: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement
R45: May cause cancer
R46: May cause heritable genetic damage
R48: Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
R49: May cause cancer by inhalation
R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms
R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms
R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R54: Toxic to flora
R55: Toxic to fauna
R56: Toxic to soil organisms
R57: Toxic to bees
R58: May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment
R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer
R60: May impair fertility
R61: May cause harm to the unborn child
R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility
R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child
R64: May cause harm to breast-fed babies
R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed
R66: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness
R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects

Related pages
Risk and Safety Statements
List of S-phrases

Safety
Chemistry lists
is traditionally a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan.   Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu.  Recent government proposals recognize the prefecture as its own region.

The capital city is Naha which is on the island of Okinawa.

History

Timeline
 1429: Shō Hashi founded the Ryūkyū Kingdom
 1609: Shimazu of Satsuma Province invade Ryukyu Kingdom
 1853: Commodore Mathew Perry and US Navy ships at Naha
 1875 (Meiji 5): Ryūkyū Domain is created
 1879 (Meiji 12): Okinawa Prefecture was established.
 1945 (Shōwa 20): US administration after World War II
 1953 (Shōwa 28): Partial reversion to Japan
 1972 (Shōwa 47): Reversion to Japan
 2000 (Heisei 12): 26th G8 summit at Kyushu and Okinawa

Geography
Okinawa is a grouping of many islands along the border at the edge of the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean from Kyūshū to Taiwan.  It is the southernmost prefecture in Japan.

Cities
Okinawa Prefecture has eleven cities. Okinawan names are in parentheses.
 Ginowan (Jinoon)
 Ishigaki (Ishigachi)
 Itoman (Ichuman)
 Miyakojima (Naaku)
 Nago (Nagu)
 Naha (Naafa) (capital)
 Nanjō (Nanjoo)
 Okinawa (Uchinaa) (formerly Koza)
 Tomigusuku (Timigushiku)
 Urasoe (Urashii)
 Uruma (Uruma)

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 19% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Naminouegū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the Ryukyu Islands.  In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto.  It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or  which includes five sanctuaries.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

More reading
 Kerr, George H. (1958). Okinawa: the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: Charles Tuttle Co. OCLC 722356
 ___. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. OCLC 5455582

Other websites

Okinawa Prefecture 
Okinawa Tourist Information 
Ryukyu Cultural Archives
Okinawa Prefecture Official Home-page 

 
Ryukyu Islands
is a prefecture of in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Maebashi.

History
In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kōzuke Province.

Geography 
Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kantō Plain. It is mostly mountainous. 

Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture.  The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture.

Cities 
There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture:

Annaka
Fujioka
Isesaki
Kiryū

Maebashi (capital)
Midori
Numata
Ōta

Shibukawa
Takasaki
Tatebayashi
Tomioka

Towns and villages 

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Thespa Kusatsu

References

Other websites 

 (Japanese)
is a prefecture of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Kagoshima.

History
Kagoshima Prefecture is made from the old provinces of Ōsumi and Satsuma, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands.

During the Sengoku period and Edo period, Ōsumi was controlled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration.  Important historical figures from Kagoshima are Saigo Takamori and Tōgō Heihachirō.

Timeline
 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month) – Ōsumi Province was separated from Hyūga Province.
 1543 (Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month): 1st gun is brought to Japan by the Portuguese
 1549 (Tenbun 18, 3rd day of the 7th month): Catholic Francis Xavier arrives in Kagoshima
 1914 (Taishō 3, 1st month): Eruption of the Sakurajima volcano
 2004 (Heisei 16): Kyushu Shinkansen line opens in Kagoshima

Geography
Kagoshima borders Kumamoto Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture. It is in the southern part of Kyushu facing the Pacific Ocean.

Cities

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Kagoshima jinja, Hirasaki jinja and Nitta Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/foreign/english/index.html ;
is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu.  The capital city is Osaka.

History 
Osaka prefecture was created by merging the area of Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province.

In 1994, the Kansai International Airport opened.  This is one of the main international airport hubs of Japan.

Geography 
Osaka Prefecture has borders with Hyōgo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture in the north. Nara is east of Osaka. Wakayama Prefecture shares the prefecture's southern border. The west faces Osaka Bay. 

The  flows through the prefecture.

Cities 

Thirty-three cities are located in Osaka Prefecture:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Hiraoka jinja, Ōtori jina, and Sumiyoshi taisha are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Osaka based organizations
 Cerezo Osaka
 Gamba Osaka
 Kansai Ki-in (Largest Go organization in Osaka)
 Osaka University (One of the largest national university in Japan)

References

Other websites

 Osaka Prefecture website