cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee (1 October 1808 – 5 November 1873) was the wife of Confederate Army military officer Robert E. Lee. She was also his third cousin. They married at her parents' home, and had seven children together.

Life 
She born in Clarke County, Virginia on 1 October 1808; although her birth appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother to have happened in 1807. She was born at the Annefield plantation when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek.

She liked talking about politics with her father and later her husband. She kept current with all the new literature. After her father died, she edited and published his writings as Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, by his Adopted Son George Washington Parke Custis, with a Memoir of this Author by his Daughter in 1859.

She was a small but spirited woman. She knew her third cousin, Robert E. Lee, since childhood. She also dated Governor of Texas, Sam Houston.

Mary and Robert were married at her parents' home, Arlington House, on 30 June 1831. They had three sons and four daughters together: George Washington Custis "Custis", William H. Fitzhugh "Rooney", Robert Edward Jr., Mary, Eleanor Agnes (called Agnes), Anne, and Mildred Lee.

When the American Civil War began, her husband Robert and their sons were all called to service in Virginia. She didn't evacuate her home until 15 May 1861. Robert wrote to his wife saying:

War is inevitable, and there is no telling when it will burst around you . . . You have to move and make arrangements to go to some point of safety which you must select. The Mount Vernon plate and pictures ought to be secured. Keep quiet while you remain, and in your preparations . . . May God keep and preserve you and have mercy on all our people.

After the war, the Lees lived in Powhatan County for a short time before moving to Lexington. Robert E. Lee would become the president of the Washington College. Mary Anna Custis Lee visited her old home, the Arlington House, one last time in 1873.She hardly recognized the estate except for a few old oaks and some of the trees that she and Robert had planted.

She eventually got severe rheumatoid arthritis. Mary Anna Custis Lee died at 66 years old. She is buried next to her husband at the Lee family crypt at Lee Chapel on the campus of Washington and Lee University.

References

Other websites 

 Lee Family Digital Archive 
 Collection of Mary Custis Lee digitized letters
Correspondences of Mary Anna Custis Lee during the American Civil War - held in the Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University

1808 births
1873 deaths
Fred Hampton was a member of the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Chicago, Illinois. He was the chairman of the Illinois chapter of the BBP and the deputy chairman of the national BPP. He is mainly known for the way he died in 1969, aged 21. His apartment was raided on December 4th. In a gun battle lasting 20 minutes, Hampton was shot. Mark Clark, was also killed and four other Panthers were wounded. In spite of a ballistics report that showed the 14 police officers fired almost all the bullets in the raid, a grand jury failed to indict anyone. Hampton’s family later filed a civil suit, eventually winning the case with a $1.8 million settlement. The background and events of Hampton's death have been made into several documentary movies.

References

Other websites 

 "The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther" - video report by Democracy Now! December 4, 2009.
  (A 1971 documentary film directed by Howard Alk)
 FBI files on Fred Hampton
 "Power Anywhere Where There's People" A Speech By Fred Hampton
  Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story: is available for free download at the Internet Archive

1948 births
1969 deaths
People from Chicago
American revolutionaries
Socialists
American civil rights activists
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
Captain Patrick DeLacy (November 25, 1835 – April 27, 1915) was an American soldier. He fought in the American Civil War. DeLacy received the Medal of Honor. It is the United States highest award for bravery in combat.  He got the medal for his action during the Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia on 6 May 1864. He was given the award on 24 April 1894.

Biography
DeLacy was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania on 25 November 1835. He enlisted into the 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry. He was promoted from private to sergeant major to lieutenant before he got out of the army in June, 1865. He was promoted to the rank of Captain after he died and after the war on June 8, 1987. This was due to the work of Elizabeth Hicks Jaquinot.  He died on 27 April 1915 and his remains are interred at Saint Catherine's Cemetery in Moscow, Pennsylvania. He got his Medal of Honor on 6 May 1864 when he shot a Confederate color bearer and took the flag of the 1st South Carolina Infantry regiment.

Medal of Honor citation

Related pages
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

References

Other websites
Patrick DeLacy The Last Union Captain

1835 births
1915 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Pennsylvania
Norman Francis Bates (November 6, 1839 - October 16, 1915) was an American soldier. He got the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War. The Medal of Honor is the highest military award of the United States.

Biography
Bates served in the American Civil War. He was in the 4th Iowa Cavalry for the Union Army. He got the Medal of Honor on June 17, 1865 for his actions at Columbus, Georgia.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

Capture of flag and bearer

Related pages
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

References

Other websites

Iowa Medal of Honor Heroes 

1839 births
1915 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Vermont
Carbondale is a city in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. Carbondale is located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. It is about 15 miles northeast of Scranton. The population was 8,891 at the 2010 census.

The land area that became Carbondale was developed by William and Maurice Wurts. They were the founders of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. The company mined anthracite coal mining in the early 19th century. Carbondale was the site of the first deep vein anthracite coal mine in the United States. It was also a major terminal of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

References

Other websites
The Carbondale Historical Society and D&H Transportation Museum 
 https://www.facebook.com/pages/Carbondale-Historical-Society-Musem-Incorporated/152276618138160?ref=ts&fref=ts

Cities in Pennsylvania
Obergesteln is a village and former municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Oberwald is a village and former municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Oberwald, Obergesteln and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Champex-Lac or Champex is a village of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Champex-Lac is in the municipality of Orsières.

Champex is also a small ski-resort.

Other websites 

Champex, tourist office

Villages in Valais
Reckingen-Gluringen is a former municipality, in the new municipality of Goms and the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Reckingen and Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Reckingen-Gluringen.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Former municipalities of Valais
Ulrichen is a village and former municipality of the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Ulrichen, Obergesteln and Oberwald merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Emilia Lanier (1569-1645) was an English poet, the author of only one book of poems named (in Latin) Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum.

Biography 
Emilia Lanier was the first woman in England who published a sepatate book of poems. Her name and surname were written in many ways, Emilia, Aemilia, Amelia, Lanier or Lanyer. She was born in the beginning of 1569. She was baptised on 27 January 1569. She was partly of Italian origin. Her father was Baptist Bassano. He was a musician. He came from Venice. Her mother was Margaret Johnson. For some years she was in informal relation with Henry Carey. He was a cousin and chamberlain of the queen Elizabeth the Great. She got pregnant. She married her cousin Alphonso Lanyer, who was a musician like her father. In 1593 she gave birth to her son Henry who was named after his father, Henry Carey. In 1598 she gave birth to a daughter, Odillya, who lived for only ten months. The poet lived with her son's family. In 1623 he married Joyce Mansfield. Emilia Lanier had two grandchildren, Mary (born 1627) and Henry (born 1630).

Works 
Emilia Lanier published her collection of poems in 1611. It contains pieces of religious poetry. They differ from each other in the field of poetic form. Emilia Lanier used many stanzas, build of six lines (rhymed ababcc), seven lines (ababacc or ababbcc that is rhyme royal) or eight lines (abababcc that is ottava rima).

Emilia Lanier or Dark Lady 
Emilia Lanier is considered to be the Dark Lady of William Shakespeare's sonnets. John Hudson suggests that she was the real author of some Shakespeares plays.

References

Other websites 
 Æmilia Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Iudæorum at luminarium.org

1569 births
1645 deaths
English poets
Angioedema is swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface.

Hives are often called welts. They are a surface swelling. It is possible to have angioedema without hives.

Causes

Angioedema may be caused by an allergic reaction. During the reaction, histamine and other chemicals are released into the bloodstream. The body releases histamine when the immune system detects a foreign substance called an allergen.

In most cases, the cause of angioedema is never found.

The following may cause angioedema:
 Animal dander (scales of shed skin)
 Exposure to water, sunlight, cold or heat
 Foods (such as berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, and milk)
 Insect bites
 Medicines (drug allergy) such as antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa drugs), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors)
 Pollen
Hives and angioedema may also occur after infections or with other illnesses (including autoimmune disorders such as lupus, leukemia, and lymphoma).

A form of angioedema happens in families and has different triggers, complications, and treatments. This is called hereditary angioedema.

Health problems
Obergoms is a municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Valais
The Ain (in Franco-Provençal: En) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river. It gave its name to the French department of Ain.

Geography
The Ain river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Chazey-sur-Ain in the Ain department.

Course
The source of the Ain is a karst spring (a spring that is part of a karst system) in the Jura mountains, between the Conte an the La Favière communes (Jura department), at an altitude of about . From here, the Ain flows to the south.

The Ain river flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 66 communes. It flows through the following communes, among others:
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Jura:  Sirod, Syam, Champagnole, Crotenay, Pont-de-Poitte, Moirans-en-Montagne, Thoirette
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Ain: Poncin, Neuville-sur-Ain, Pont-d'Ain, Priay, Châtillon-la-Palud, Chazey-sur-Ain, Saint-Jean-de-Niost, Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens

Finally, it flows into the Rhône river in the commune of Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans, on the border with the Isère department.

Main tributaries
The main tributaries of the Ain river are:

Left tributaries:
 Saine - 19 km
 Hérisson - 21 km
 Drouvenant - 18 km
 Cimante - 11 km
 Bienne - 69 km
 Oignin - 44 km
 Riez - 13 km
 Oiselon - 14 km
 Cozance - 12 km
 Albarine - 59 km

Right tributaries:
 Serpentine - 11 km
 Angillon - 27 km
 Valouse - 42 km
 Suran - 74 km
 Toison - 15 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 La Basse Rivière d'Ain 

Rivers of France
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
WSTRN is an English West London singing group consisting of Akelle Charles, Louis Rei and Haile. 
They are known because of their debut song, "In2", which was released on 13 October 2015 and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. Louis Rei was formerly known as LB, Akelle was formerly known as A-Star and is Haile's cousin.

2010s establishments in England
2015 establishments in Europe
English hip hop bands
English R&B bands
Musical groups from London
Musical trios
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is made up of about 300 bones at birth. As some bones join together, there are 206 bones in adulthood. The bones are at their strongest around age 20. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The human skeleton performs six major functions. These are: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.

The male and female skeletons are not so different as those of many other primates. There are subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, teeth, long bones, and pelvis. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements.

The human female pelvis is different from that of males in order to facilitate child-birth. The hips on a female are proportionately wider than males, and so the ball joints at the top of the legs are set more apart than in males. This, and the pelvic shape, gives a birth channel which allows the newborn foetus to pass through. The critical factor is the baby's head, which is much larger than in other primates.

Unlike most primates, human males do not have penile bones. This is an adaptation to the human upright stance.

References

Other websites 
 human skeletal system; YouTube
 Skull Development: YouTube

Bones
Human body features
Didier Guillemot (born in 1960) is a French doctor, specialized in infection. He is President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from May 2016 to Septembre 2017.

Graduate from the Paris Diderot University in innovation and public health, he starts his career at Inserm in 1994. He moved to Institut Pasteur in 2001.

He worked on the HIV.
On April 2016, he is elected President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, succeeding Jean-Luc Vayssière. He left his in September 2017 due to health reason.

References 

Living people
1960 births
French educators
French biologists
Presidents of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Blessed Joseph Gérard, OMI (March 12, 1831 – May 29, 1914) was a French Catholic missionary. 

Gérard mostly worked among the Basotho people of modern-day Lesotho and the Free State province of South Africa.

Gérard was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 15, 1988. His feast day is on May 29.

References

1831 births
1914 deaths
Christian saints
French people
Missionaries
Ambattur is a neighbourhood place of Northern Chennai. It is located in the Ambattur taluk of the Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu. It was added in the part of the Chennai Corporation in the year 2011.

It is one of the fast growing residential area in the Chennai Corporation. The area of the place is 45 km2.The neighbourhood is served by the Ambattur Railway Station.

In the time of 1960s Ambattur was a village with large extends of agricultural lands. The Ambattur Lake supported the irrigational purpose.The growth of the village heightened when the Ambattur industrial estate was established in the year 1964.

It was said that the place has got its name of Ambattur from the Tamil words (ஐம்பத்து ஊர்) becvause this place was the colloboration of 50 places.

The population of this area in 2011 is 466,205 with a sex ratio of 985 per 1000 males and literacy rate of 82%.

References

Settlements in Tamil Nadu
The SNCF Class BB 7200 is a 1.5 kV DC electric locomotive. It is operated by the SNCF in France. The BB 7200 are part of the "Nez Cassé" family of locomotives. SNCF Class BB 15000 is the alternating current (AC) version. The Class BB 22200 is a dual-voltage version. They are numbered to show that the DC and AC class make the dual-voltage locomotives (7200 + 15000 = 22200). Another similar model is the NS Class 1600. It is operated in the Netherlands. It is a DC locomotive based on the BB 7200.

Locomotive numbers 7209, 7210, 7308 and 7348 have all been destroyed in accidents.

The class are numbered 7201 - 7440. Some have cast plates.

In 2012 and 2013, the locomotives numbered 7311, 7312, 7314, 7325, 7327, 7330m 7332, 7335, 7337, 7339, 7341 and 7342 were modified. They became BB 7600 locomotives. They were operated on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse line.

Names
Some of the class carry the name of a city in France:

Models
 This locomotive was reproduced in H0 scale by Jouef, Lima, Märklin and Roco.
 This locomotive was reproduced in N scale by Fleischmann and Minitrix.

References

07200
B-B locomotives
Crêt de la Neige is a  high mountain in the commune of Thoiry. It is the highest peak in the Jura Mountains and the department of Ain in France.

It is in the Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park ().

Geography

Crêt de la Neige is between the communes of Lélex (to the northwest) and Thoiry (to the southeast) in the Ain department.

It is found in the Haute Chaîne, the most eastern and highest chain of the French Jura mountains; it is in the Pays de Gex (the Arrondissement of Gex, Ain department), about  to the northwest of the city of Geneva.

The Crêt de la Neige is surrounded by the plain of the Pays de Gex to the east and the Valserine valley (a valley among the Jura mountains formed by the Valserine river) to the west.

From the summit (or near the summit because it is covered with shrubs and trees), it is possible to see Geneva and the Pays de Gex and there is a 360° view over the Lake Geneva, the Valserine valley, La Dôle (a peak of the Jura mountains that is in Switzerland) and the Alps. On a clear day, it is possible to see the Vosges mountains and the Black Forest.

Elevation
In the past, the official elevation given for the Crêt de la Neige was , and so it appears in old maps, only  higher than the near peak of Reculet . But recent studies made by the Institut géographique national (IGN) in Villeurbanne found that the true altitude of the Crêt de la Neige is  above sea level.

Getting there
The easiest route to get to the Crêt de la Neige is from the Tiocan lookout point that is beyond Thoiry.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Crêt de la Neige in Camp-to-Camp 
 Crêt de la Neige in GeoFinder.ch 
 Crêt de la Neige at Altituderando.com 

Mountains of France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Odis Oliver Flores (born June 19, 1987) is an American hip hop recording artist. His stage name is O.T Genasis. He is well known for his songs "CoCo", "Do It" and "Cut It".

Discography

Mixtapes

Singles

As lead artist

References

American hip hop musicians
1987 births
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Living people
Musicians from Atlanta, Georgia
Stage names
Laura Ashley (née Mountney; 7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a fashion designer and business woman from Wales. She began by making simple items out of her own printed cloth, but when her work became more popular she opened factories making clothes and furniture too. Ashley, along with her husband Bernard, set up a large business to sell her designs, with 219 across the world. The business faced difficult times in the 1990s, after Ashley's death, but there are still many Laura Ashley shops today, in Europe, Asia and Australia.

References 

1925 births
1985 deaths
Welsh people
Fashion designers
The Itapúa department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Encarnación.

Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-7.

Geography
The Itapúa department is in the southeastern part of the country, in the Oriental region. It has an area of , with a estimated population for 2013 of 551,128 for a Population density of .

Limits
 To the north: Caazapá and Alto Paraná departments.
 To the south and east: Argentina, separated by the Paraná river.
 To the west: Misiones department.

Rivers
The main river in the department is the Paraná river.

Climate
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Encarnación was . The month with the most precipitation was December with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was January with .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Encarnación was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

Districts
The department is divided in 30 districts:

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Itapúa website 
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay

Departments of Paraguay
The Dakota people are a Native American tribe. They are also a part of the First Nations. They make up two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people. They are usually divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.

The Eastern Dakota are also called the Santee, and are located in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have many federally recognized tribes.

The Western Dakota are also called the Yankton or Yanktonai, and are located in the Missouri River area. They also have many notable federally recognized tribes. They were often mistaken to be the Nakota (who are actually a group of tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times).

History 

The Dakota lived in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the 17th century. By 1700 some had moved to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota became alliances with French merchants. The French tried to use this alliance to help them control the North American fur trade against the English.

Dakota War of 1862 

In the late 1850's, treaty violations by the United States and unfair payments by Indian agents (governmental people who were allowed to interact with the natives) led to increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota. Even though the Dakota tried to negotiate with the U.S. government, nothing was successful. On 16 August 1862, a group of Dakota hunters killed a family of settlers. This led to more attacks on settlers, and soon a full war had begun. On 5 November 1862, 38 Dakota warriors were sentenced to death by hanging. This would later become the largest mass execution in U.S. history.

During and after the revolt, many Eastern Dakota and their family left Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to go to Canada, or settle in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation. They were then forced to move to the Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri river. Some joined the Western Dakota and moved further west to help the Lakota tribes to continue their fight against the U.S. military.

Others remained in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations that still exist, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some moved to Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri river.

Those who fled to Canada left nine small reservations for their families in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the four more (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.

Language 

The Dakota language is part of the Siouan languages. People who speak Dakota can also understand the Lakota language. Dakota is written in the Latin script. The language has two major dialects between the Eastern and Western Dakota tribes.

References

Other websites 

 Dakota Language Texts, from the Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.

Native American
Survivor Series (2016) was a wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) made by WWE for the Raw and SmackDown Live brands. It happened on November 20, 2016. It happened at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the thirtieth time a Survivor Series PPV was held and the first to be held in Canada after the Montreal Screwjob in 1997.

Eight wrestling matches were performed at the event. In the most important match, Goldberg beat Brock Lesnar in one minute and 26 seconds in his first match in 12 years. In addition, there were three Survivor Series matches between the wrestlers of Raw and SmackDown.

Brock Lesnar vs. Goldberg 
At WrestleMania XX, Goldberg beat Brock and the next day, both men left WWE. Brock wrestled in New Japan Pro Wrestling, fought in Ultimate Fighting Championship and returned to WWE in April 2012 but Goldberg hardly wrestled again. In 2016, the covers and commercials for the WWE 2K17 video game were shown for the first time and Goldberg was on/in both of them. This made many people think that he would return to WWE and maybe get a rematch with Brock. The two started talking about the match they could have at conventions like the ones for the video game. In October 2017, Paul Heyman said Brock was challenging Goldberg because he was the one wrestler Brock could never beat. That month, Goldberg returned and agreed to fight Brock.

To start the match, Brock pushed Goldberg into the corner and rammed him between the ropes but Goldberg pushed him back hard and Brock fell back. When Brock got up, he took a spear from Goldberg. This happened again and then Goldberg picked Brock up and performed a Jackhammer and won the match.

Results 

 Natalya replaced Nikki Bella, who was attacked backstage before the match.

Survivor Series elimination matches

References

Other websites 
Official website for the Survivor Series (2016)

2016 in sports
November 2016 events
Sport in Toronto
Survivor Series
2010s in Toronto
Hérémence is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities of Valais
Corporate tax is tax paid by a corporation. Usually, the taxes are paid on the revenue. In the case of cooperatives, or associations the taxes may be very low.

Taxation
A cooperative (also spelled co-operative, or co-op) is when several people come together in cooperation to reach a common goal. It is a type of organization used to make the lives of its members easier; it is usually not focused on making profit, instead focusing on serving member needs.

Characteristics 
Cooperative ownership can have different details about what ownership means and how cooperation works. A basic cooperative-ownership structure has the following characteristics: 

 Ownership is based on voluntary participation
 Members of the cooperative are also users (also known as patrons)
 Decisions are made on a basis of one member = one vote

Co-operatives are democratic organizations owned by the people who use them. Cooperative organizations help people adapt to capitalism.

History and examples 
The first cooperative was a store in Rochdale, England started in 1844.  The people who started it wanted food that was cheaper and better quality.  Since then, people have found many ways to cooperate.  

Examples of cooperatives:

 Farmers provide their own transport and marketing to get better prices for their crops
 Poor people protect themselves from money-lenders, and workers save for their retirement (as in a credit union)
 Fishers package their fish to get a better price
 Villagers provide themselves with electricity or water
 Residents own their apartment building

The International Cooperative Alliance was started in 1885.  It reports that there are 800 million cooperative members in the world.

Other websites 

 Rochdale - Birthplace of Cooperation
 International Cooperative Alliance

Business
The Georgian Wikipedia is a Georgian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Georgian Wikipedia started November 2003.The Georgian Wikipedia has more than 130,000 articles.

Administrators and Users
There are 3 administrators and more than 73,000 registered users working in Georgian Wikipedia.

Origin of Edits
 Georgian editors-91.8%
 United States of America-1.6%
 Others-5.6%

External link
 Georgian Wikipedia home page

Reference

Wikipedias
Vítězslav Nezval (26 May 1900 – 6 April 1958) was a Czech poet.

Biography 
Vítězslav Nezval was born in the village of Biskoupky on 26 May 1900. In 1919 started to study law at the University of Brno, but quickly realised that he did not want to be a lawyer. He went to Prague instead and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Prague University. He attended lectures given by František Xaver Šalda, a famous literary critic, there. He was active in the Devětsil literary group. In 1926 he met Františka Řepová, who later became his wife. During the Second World War he was shortly imprisoned. After the war he worked for the Ministry of Information. He died on 6 April 1958 in Prague.

Works 
Vítězslav Nezval was a poet, playwright, author of novels, translator and literary critic. He wrote a lot. He was a representative of  Poetismus, which was Czech avantgarde. He was also a leading Czech surrealist. His poetry was strongly influenced by modern French literature. He also wrote a book of ballads in the manner of François Villon 52 hořkých balad věčného studenta Roberta Davida. Nezval's most important works are poems Edison, Signál času, Akrobat and Podivuhodný kouzelník. They were collected in the book named Básně noci. His novel Valérie a týden divů was made into a movie in 1970 by Jaromil Jireš. Many his poems were translated into English. For example Ewald Osers translated Edison.

References

Bibliography 
 Vítězslav Nezval, Edison. Báseň o pěti zpěvech. English translation: Ewald Osers, Dvořák, Pelhřimov 2003, 

1900 births
1958 deaths
Czech poets
The Vinča script is a cache of symbols found belonging to the Vinča culture of the central Balkans over 7000 years ago. The symbols have been a topic of debate amongst historians.

The Tărtăria tablets are three tablets discovered in 1961 in the village of Tărtăria(Hungarian: Alsótatárlaka). This is about 30 km (19 mi) from Alba Iulia in Romania.[10]The tablets, dated to around 5300 BC,[11] have symbols inclay: the Vinča symbols. Some claim they are a yet undeciphered language. If this is so, they would be the earliest known form of writing. In 1908 similar symbols were found during excavations, by Miloje Vasić (1869–1956) in Vinča. This is a suburb of Belgrade (Serbia), some 300 km from Turdaș. Later, more were found in another part of Belgrade. Since 1875 over one hundred and fifty Vinča sites have been found in Serbia alone. Many, including Vinča itself, have not been fully excavated. The culture of the whole area is called the Vinča culture. Although some of these symbols look exactly the same as some letters in Etruscan, Greek, and Aramaic,[12] they are generally regarded as a an original, independent development.[13]

Stone Age
This is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan, from the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan to the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Foreign Ministers of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan 
 Mammedhasan Hajinski (May 28, 1918 – October 6, 1918)
 Alimardan Topchubashev (October 6, 1918 – December 7, 1918)
 Fatali Khan Khoyski (December 26, 1918 – March 14, 1919)
 Mammad Yusif Jafarov (March 14, 1919 – December 22, 1919)
 Fatali Khan Khoyski, second term (December 24, 1919 – April 1,  1920)

Foreign Ministers of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 
 Nariman Narimanov (April, 1920 – May 2,  1921)
 Mirza Davud Huseynov (May 1921 – December, 1921)
 No Ministers of Foreign Affairs between 1921-1944
 Mahmud Aliyev (politician) (1944 – 1958)
 Tahire Tahirova (1959 – 1983)
 Elmira Qafarova (December 1, 1983 – December 22, 1987)
 Huseynaga Sadigov (January 23, 1988 – October 18, 1991)

Foreign Ministers of Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan 

 Huseynaga Sadigov (January 23, 1988 – May 29, 1992)
 Tofig Gasimov (July 4, 1992 – June 26, 1993)
 Hasan Hasanov (September 2, 1993 – February 16, 1998)
 Tofig Zulfugarov (March 5, 1998 – October 26, 1999)
 Vilayat Guliyev (October 26, 1999 – April 7, 2004)
 Elmar Mammadyarov (April 7, 2004 – )

Related pages 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan

Other websites 
 List of the Foreign Ministers of Azerbaijan with short bio and photos 

Azerbaijan, Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Government of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani politicians
Azerbaijan-related lists
Hair clippers are tools used to cut hair close to the head. Similar tools are used to cut wool from sheep. 

Hair clippers have a pair of sharpened comb-like blades in close contact one above the other and the side which slide sideways relative to each other. The clipper is moved so that hair is positioned between the teeth of the comb, and cut with a scissor action when one blade slides sideways relative to the other.

History 
Manual clippers were invented between 1850 and 1890 by Nikola Bizumic, a Serbian barber, and the hairstyles became popular amongst boys and men in school, prison and the military.

Leo J. Wahl invented the first electric hair clipper. He first designed a hand-held massager for his uncle, Dr. Frank Wahl. Frank Wahl opened a manufacturing plant in Sterling, Illinois to produce and sell Leo’s massager. During this time, Leo would sell massagers to various barbers and noticed an opportunity to improve upon the tools barbers were using at the time.

References 

Tools
Hair
Merry Christmas with Love is Clay Aiken's first Christmas album. It was released by RCA Records on November 16, 2004. It was certified platinum and was recognized by Billboard as the Best-selling Christmas/holiday album of 2004 and the Best-selling Christian album of 2005. The album was re-released on August 18, 2009 on the Sony label.

Merry Christmas with Love debuted at number four on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with about 270,000 copies sold. This was its highest position on the chart. By the end of 2004, around 1,004,000 copies of the album had been sold.

The album set a new record for fastest-selling holiday album, since SoundScan began in March 1991. It tied Céline Dion's record for the highest debut by a holiday album in the history of Billboard magazine.

On January 6, 2005, Merry Christmas with Love was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of one million copies in the U.S.  Going into the 2010 Christmas season, 1,416,000 copies had been sold in the U.S. and 2 million worldwide.

Awards and nominations 
Billboard Awards
 2004: Won - Best Selling Christmas Album - Merry Christmas with Love
 2005: Won - Best Selling Christian Album - Merry Christmas with Love

American Christian Music Awards
 2005: Won - Outstanding Yule CD - Merry Christmas with Love

Singles

References 

2004 albums
The Arauco Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Bío Bío (VIII). The provincial capital Is the city of Lebu.

History
In 1852, the old province of Arauco was created with the southern parts of the province of Concepción; it had three departments: Arauco, Laja and Nacimiento.

In 1927, Arauco was eliminated as a province and became again part of the province of Concepción but, in 1934, Arauco was made again a province with the departments Arauco, Cañete and Lebu. When the regions were created in 1975, the Bío Bío region was formed with the Arauco, Biobío, Concepción and Ñuble provinces.

Geography
The Arauco province is in the southwest of the Bío Bío region along the Pacific Ocean, with an area of . The capital, Lebu, is on the coast about  south of Concepción, the capital of the region.

Arauco is bordered to the north by the Concepción province, to the northeast by the Biobío province, to the east by the Malleco province (Araucanía region), to the south and southwest by the Cautín province (Araucanía region and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The Mocha island is a small island that is west of the Arauco province, in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the comuna of Lebu. It has an area of about .

Population
 (last national census), there were 157,255 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km². The urban population was 117,569 persons ( of the total).

The largest city in 2002 of the province is Curanilahue with 30,126 inhabitants. Its capital Lebu, has a population of 20,838 inhabitants. Other cities are Cañete (19,839 inhabitants), Arauco (16,291 inhabitants) and Los Álamos (13,035 inhabitants).

Administration
As a province, Arauco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 7 communes (comunas). The city of Lebu serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

Gallery

Related pages
 Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional del Bío Bío Official website 
 Province of Arauco website 

Provinces of Chile
Catherine Marie Cortez Masto (born March 29, 1964) is an American attorney and politician. She is the senior United States Senator from Nevada. She was the Attorney General of Nevada from 2007 to 2015, elected to replace George Chanos. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

When her term began in 2017, Masto became the first Latina United States senator in American history.

References

1964 births
Living people
United States senators from Nevada
Lawyers from Nevada
Politicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
US Democratic Party politicians
Todd Christopher Young (born August 24, 1972) is an American politician. He is the senior U.S. Senator from Indiana. He previously served as a U.S. Representative for  from 2011 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. On November 8, 2016, Young was elected to the United States Senate in the general election. Young defeated Evan Bayh.

References

Other websites
 Todd Young for Senate
 
 
 

1972 births
Living people
American military people
United States representatives from Indiana
United States senators from Indiana
US Republican Party politicians
University of Chicago alumni
Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III ( ; born December 26, 1955) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician. He served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011. He earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997. His father was former Senator Birch Bayh.

On February 15, 2010, Bayh unexpectedly announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010. After leaving the Senate, he was replaced by his predecessor, Dan Coats.

Following the withdrawal of 2016 Democratic primary winner Baron Hill, Bayh announced that he would be running to take back his old Senate seat from retiring Republican incumbent Dan Coats. He was defeated in the general election.

References

1955 births
Living people
United States senators from Indiana
Governors of Indiana
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Indiana
John Charles Carney Jr. (born May 20, 1956) is the Governor of Delaware. He was the U.S. Representative for  from 2011 to 2017. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 2001 to 2009.

Other websites
John Carney for Governor 

Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org (2010)

1956 births
Living people
American Roman Catholics
Governors of Delaware
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
United States representatives from Delaware
US Democratic Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Delaware
Eric Holcomb (born May 2, 1968) is an American politician. He currently serves as the 51st Governor of Indiana. He previously served as the 51st Lieutenant Governor of Indiana. He was nominated to fill the remainder of Sue Ellspermann's term. Ellspermann resigned on March 2, 2016 to become president of Ivy Tech Community College. He is a member of the Republican Party, and successfully ran for Governor of Indiana in the 2016 election.

References

1968 births
Living people
Governors of Indiana
Lieutenant Governors of Indiana
Politicians from Indianapolis, Indiana
US Republican Party politicians
Eric Robert Greitens (born April 10, 1974) is an American politician, author, humanitarian, and former Navy SEAL. He is the 56th Governor of the state of Missouri from January 9, 2017 until his resignation in June 1, 2018. Greitens is the Former President and founder of The Mission Continues, a nonprofit organization for veterans.

On March 22, 2021, Greitens announced that he would be running for the United States Senate in the 2022 U.S. Senate elections.

Controversy 
On February 22, 2018, Greitens was indicted on felony invasion of privacy charges, relating to alleged actions associated with an affair he disclosed a month earlier. On May 29, 2018 Greitens announced that he would resign from office effective 5pm on Friday, June 1, 2018.

Greitens is now a Republican. He used to be a Democrat.

References

1974 births
Living people
Governors of Missouri
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
American military people
American activists
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Christopher T. "Chris" Sununu (born November 5, 1974) is the 82nd Governor of New Hampshire.  Sununu was a Republican member of the New Hampshire Executive Council from 2011 to 2017.

Sununu was born in Salem, New Hampshire. 

He also serves as chief executive officer of the Waterville Valley Ski Resort in Waterville Valley, New Hampshire. He earned a bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Sununu is a son of former New Hampshire Governor John H. Sununu and brother of former U.S. Senator John E. Sununu.

Other websites
Chris Sununu for Governor
New Hampshire bio of Sununu
ABC News article on Sununu

1974 births
Living people
Governors of New Hampshire
US Republican Party politicians
Doug Burgum (born August 1, 1956) is an American entrepreneur, philanthropist and politician. He is the 33rd Governor of North Dakota as a member of the Republican Party. He joined Great Plains Software in 1983 and became the company’s President in 1984 until resigning in 2016 for his gubernatorial run.

References

1956 births
Living people
Governors of North Dakota
Businesspeople from North Dakota
American philanthropists
US Republican Party politicians
Philip Brian Scott (born August 4, 1958) is an American politician. He is the 82nd and current Governor of Vermont since January 5, 2017. Before being Governor, he was the Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 2011 to 2017. A Republican, he won the 2016 general election with over 52% of the vote.

References

1958 births
Living people
Governors of Vermont
Businesspeople from Vermont
US Republican Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Vermont
James Conley Justice II (born April 27, 1951) is an American coal and agriculture businessman and politician from West Virginia. He is the Governor of West Virginia. He is the owner of over 50 companies, including The Greenbrier, a luxury resort. Justice is the only billionaire from the state of West Virginia.

Career 
A Republican, Justice ran for Governor of West Virginia in the 2016 general election as the Democratic nominee. He won the general election and became Governor of West Virginia in 2017.

On August 3, 2017, Justice announced at a Trump rally that he was switching political parties becoming a member of the Republican Party.

Health
On January 11, 2022, Justice tested positive for COVID-19 and described feeling "extremely unwell". He said that his heart rate and blood pressure were high.

References

Other websites
Governor Jim Justice official government site
Justice for WV campaign website
"Jim Justice" article in The West Virginia Encyclopedia

1951 births
Living people
Governors of West Virginia
Businesspeople from West Virginia
US Republican Party politicians
Jōdō (杖道:じょうどう?) or  is a Japanese martial art.  

Jōdō uses a short staff called a jō. The jō is a short staff, usually about 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) long. Jōdō is strongly focused upon defense against the Japanese sword. 

The art is similar to bōjutsu. 

Martial arts
Conor Anthony McGregor (born 14 July 1988) is an retired Irish cap mixed martial artist and boxer. He started his career in 2008. He is signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is the former UFC Featherweight Champion and UFC Lightweight Champion. He has fought as a featherweight, lightweight and welterweight. He began his boxing career in 2017. He lost to Floyd Mayweather Jr. in his first match. McGregor returned to MMA on 6 October 2018 to regain the Lightweight Championship from Khabib Nurmagomedov but lost via submission.

McGregor was born in Dublin. His parents are Tony and Margaret McGregor. He started kickboxing at the age of 12. His girlfriend since 2008 is Dee Devlin. Their son, Conor Jack McGregor, was born in May 2017.

References

Other websites 

 
 UFC profile on UFC
 

1988 births
Living people
Boxers
Mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Dublin
Roger Joseph Boscovich (18 May 1711 - 13 February 1787) was a Croatian polymath and Jesuit from the city of Dubrovnik in the Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Croatia). He studied and lived in Italy and France, where he published many of his works.

He produced a precursor of atomic theory and made many contributions to astronomy. In 1753 he discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon. 

In Vienna in 1758, he published the first edition of his famous work, Philosophiæ naturalis theoria redacta ad unicam legem virium in natura existentium (Theory of natural philosophy derived to the single law of forces which exist in nature). It included his atomic theory and his theory of forces. A second edition was published in 1763 in Venice and a third again in Vienna in 1764. In 1922 it was published in London, and in 1966 in the United States. Another edition was published in Zagreb in 1974.

Life
Boscovich was born in  Dubrovnik as the youngest of seven children. He joined the Jesuit school in Dubrovnik, leaving for Rome in 1725. In Rome he was under the care of 2 Jesuit priests whom introduced him to the Society of Jesus. In 1731, enrolled in college at Sant'Andrea delle Fratte. There, he studied mathematics and physics and in 1740 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the college.

Boscovich studied the transit of Mercury, the Aurora borealis, the figure of the Earth, the observation of the fixed stars, the inequalities in terrestrial gravitation, the application of mathematics to the theory of the telescope, the limits of certainty in astronomical observations, and various problems in solid geometry and spherical trigonometry.

In 1742 he and other scientists were consulted by Pope Benedict XIV, as to the best way of securing the structure of the dome of St. Peter's, Rome, in which a crack had been discovered. His suggested placing five iron bands and it was accepted. 

In 1758, Roger Joseph Boscovich described a version of atomic theory. He explained the resistance of hard bodies as due to force rather than "hardness". "The primary elements of matter are in my opinion perfectly indivisible & non-extended points".

As a devoted Jesuit, Boscovich spent his life without ever getting married or having children.

Related pages 
Atomic theory
John Dalton

References

Croatian scientists
Mathematicians