cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Ryukyu Kingdom is a country that no longer exists in present-day Okinawa. Before Japan took control of it during the Meiji Era, it was an independent country with its own culture, government, and language. Okinawa was a major trading center in Asia, so there are aspects of Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian cultures that were blended into the native Okinawan culture.

The name Ryukyu is a transcription of the Chinese name for the region, Liuqiu (written as 琉球 in Chinese characters).

Before the Ryukyu Kingdom was created, Okinawa was made up of three countries: Nanzan, Chuzan, and Hokuzan. Chuzan took over the other two kingdoms, united the three kingdoms, and created the Ryukyu Kingdom. The kingdom had its own dynasty of kings and they ruled from Shuri Castle in the city of Shuri. Although they used to be different cities, Shuri is now in the northern part of present-day Naha.

Okinawa Prefecture
History of Japan
Former monarchies of Asia

Ryukyu Islands
The Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings occurred on 20 July 1982. Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army used a bomb in each park to attack British military ceremonies in central London.

In Hyde Park, a nail bomb in a car exploded. It killed four soldiers and seven horses.

In Regent's Park, a bomb underneath a bandstand killed seven military bandsmen.

References 

1982 in the United Kingdom
1980s crimes in the United Kingdom
1980s explosions in Europe
1980s in London
1980s murders in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in London
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1980s
Car and truck bombings in Europe
Explosions in London
July events
Mass murder in London
Mass murder in the 1980s
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Terrorist incidents in London
Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1980s
Mainland Japan is the name used to describe all the regions of Japan except for Hokkaido and Okinawa. Until the end of World War II, the name included Hokkaido and Okinawa, but it excluded all the colonies of the Japanese Empire, including Korea and Taiwan. However, since the colonies are no longer under control of Japan, those places have no reason to call Japan "the mainland."

However, they are still used by residents of Okinawa and Hokkaido because their cultures and native people are different from the other parts of Japan.

In Hokkiado, the word Dogai is also used. It means every part of Japan outside of Hokkaido.

Japan
Japanese knotweed (Persicaria japonica) is a perennial herbaceous plant.  It lives in Asian countries including Taiwan, Japan and southern China.

References

Plants of Asia
The Korean Empire (Daehan Jeguk, ) lasted between 1897 and 1910. It was the last time Korea was unified and independent. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state. But then in 1910, Japan annexed Korea. Korea became a Japanese colony until 1945. Then after the Korean War it split.

History of Korea
1897 establishments
1910 disestablishments
Empires
Ellsworth County (county code EW) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 6,497 people lived there. Its county seat is Ellsworth. Ellsworth is also the biggest city in the county.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.0%) is water. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River.

Demographics

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Ellsworth USD 327
 Central Plains USD 112

Communities

Cities
 Ellsworth
 Wilson
 Kanopolis
 Holyrood
 Lorraine

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Ellsworth County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 70 pages; 1918.
 Plat Book of Ellsworth County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 41 pages; 1901.

Other websites

County
 
 Ellsworth County - Directory of Public Officials
Other
 Ellsworth County Independent Reporter (local newspaper)
 Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (Ellsworth County)
Maps
 Ellsworth County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1867 establishments in Kansas
Hot pot is a popular food throughout China, and its popularity is increasing in other countries. Hot pot restaurants can be found in many places in China. Hot pot is a pot of boiling water, often with chili oil inside, where people put in whatever food they like to boil. Food that is cooked often includes thin slices of meat, starches, vegetables, mushrooms, and noodles. Chengdu and Chongqing hot pot are especially well-known throughout China and worldwide. In Japanese, the dish is called shabu-shabu.

Foods
is a 2015 Japanese anime television series. It was created, written, and directed by Yuzuru Tachikawa and produced by Madhouse. The television series aired in Japan between January 9, 2015 and March 27, 2015.

Story 
When someone dies, they are sent to one of many bars run by bartenders. There, they must play a Death Games with their souls on the line. The game reveals their secrets and what led them to their situation. Based on what is revealed, the bartender sends them for reincarnation or banishment into the void. The story is about Decim, a bartender of the bar where people who died at the same time are sent to. The place is also known as the Quindecim bar. His role in judging these souls changes when he meets a curious black-haired woman.

References
The Birmingham pub bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974. Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people.

The first bomb exploded in the Mulberry Bush, killing ten people.

The second bomb exploded in the Tavern in the Town, killing eleven people.

A third bomb was planted in the doorway of a branch of Barclays bank. It was found by a policeman and did not explode. 

The Birmingham bombings were 20th century England's most deadly terrorist attack.

References 

1974 in Europe
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s explosions
1970s in the United Kingdom
Attacks on bars
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1970s
Pub bombings
Building bombings in England
Mass murder in England
Mass murder in the 1970s
November events
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Terrorist incidents in the 1970s
This is a list of the heads of state of India, from the independence of India in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is Ram Nath Kovind, elected in 2017 after being nominated by BJP, the party run by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

From 1947 to 1950 the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was King of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.

Monarch (1947–1950)
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

Governor-General
The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.

President of India
Under the Constitution, of the Republic of India, the President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President is elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice-President serves as Acting President.

Status

Standards

Living former heads of state
There are two living former Indian heads of state:

References

Lists of heads of state
Politics of India
A gravitino is a theoretical particle that physicists think will carry the force of gravity. There is no confirmation of the particle's existence.

Cosmology
Elementary particles
Quantum mechanics
Bepanah Pyaar (English:  Endless Love) is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms. It premiered on 3 June 2019 on Colors TV. It stars Pearl V Puri, Ishita Dutta and Aparna Dixit as Raghbir, Pragati and Bani.

Synopsis 
The series revolves around two star-crossed lovers Raghbir and Bani who love each other endlessly but destiny brings them apart as Bani dies in an accident. Soon destiny brings Pragati in Raghbir's life.

Cast 

 Pearl V Puri as Raghbir Malhotra; Pragati's husband; Bani's former husband
 Ishita Dutta as Pragati Malhotra; Raghbir's wife
 Aparna Dixit as Bani Raichand; Raghbir's former wife

References 

Indian television series
The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It was made from the former Louisiana (New France) on July 4, 1805. It lasted until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.

Creation
On March 3, 1805, Congress passed legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, starting July 4, 1805.

The Territory was governed like how the Indiana Territory was governed.

Government
The capitol of government was in St. Louis.

The first territorial governor was James Wilkinson. He was chosen by President Thomas Jefferson. He also was a Senior Officer of the United States Army while he was governor.

References

Other websites
  Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase from the Library of Congress 

Midwestern United States
Louisiana
The Grand Canal or Dayunhe or Jing–Hang Grand Canal () is the longest and oldest canal and artificial river in the world. 

It starts in Beijing; passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and ends in Hangzhou.

It connects China's two longest rivers: the Yellow River and the Yangzi. 

The oldest parts of the canal were built during the 5th century BC.  

The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts. Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing. 

The total length is . Its greatest height is 42 m (138 ft) near the Shandong mountains.

Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century. This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal. 

The canal amazed many people throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794–864), Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610).

Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal. During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops. But this caused disasters and hurt the economy. 

The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south. It is still used heavily to this day.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

World Heritage Sites in China
Pages with unreviewed translations
Canals
Bodies of water of Asia
Primatology is the study of nonhuman primates. It is a diverse discipline, and primatologists can be found in biology, anthropology, psychology and other departments.

Strong intellectual traditions in primatology emerged after World War II in the US and Canada, Western Europe, and Japan. In the US, primatologists are usually trained as psychologists, anthropologists, or, less often, biologists or zoologists. 

Branches of zoology
Evolutionary biology
Primates
Psychology
Zoology
The Territory of Nebraska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the part of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Nebraska. The Nebraska Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The territorial capitol was Omaha. The territory included areas of what is today Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, and Montana.

Other websites
 "Nebraska as a Territory," History of the State of Nebraska, Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1882
 History of Nebraska
 History of Nebraska State Government Organization (PDF)

Nebraska
Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 139,668 people lived there which makes it the fifth-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Pascagoula.

History 
The county was founded in 1812 and named for Andrew Jackson, general in the United States Army and afterward President of the United States.

Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (31%) is water. It is the largest county in Mississippi by total area.

Bordering counties 
 George County - north
 Mobile County, Alabama - east
 Harrison County - west
 Stone County - northwest

Communities

Cities 
 Gautier
 Moss Point
 Ocean Springs
 Pascagoula (county seat)

Census-designated places 

 Big Point
 Escatawpa
 Gulf Hills
 Gulf Park Estates
 Helena
 Hickory Hills (former CDP)
 Hurley
 Latimer
 St. Martin
 Vancleave
 Wade

Unincorporated places 

 East Moss Point
 Gulf Islands National Seashore

Ghost towns 
 Brewton

References

Other websites 

 Official Website of Jackson County, Mississippi

1810s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1812 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Kemper County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 10,456 people lived there. Its county seat is De Kalb.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Lauderdale County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 80,261 people lived there. Its county seat is Meridian. The county was founded in 1833. It is named for Colonel James Lauderdale, who was killed at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
The 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with two peaks in activity in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The season's first named storm, Pabuk, entered the basin on January 4, becoming the earliest-forming cyclonic storm of the North Indian Ocean on record.

The season currently contains 3 depressions, 3 deep depressions, 3 cyclonic storms and 2 very severe cyclonic storms.

Season summary 

Due to the presence of an weak El Niño to continue through the season, the season's first named storm, Pabuk, entered the basin on January 4, becoming the earliest-forming cyclonic storm of the North Indian Ocean on record, tying with 2014 season. The second Cyclonic Storm of the season was formed, Fani on April 26. Fani became an extremely severe cyclonic storm on April 30, reaching an Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, then made landfall in India killing 89 people between Odisha and Bangladesh; Fani caused $1.812 billion in damages. In early June, a strong pulse of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), led to the development of the third cyclonic storm, Vayu, which formed June 10 in the Arabian Sea, near the Maldives. The storm subsequently intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm on June 12, after moving northwestward towards northwestern India and Pakistan.

Related pages 
 2019 Atlantic hurricane season
 2019 Pacific typhoon season

North Indian Ocean cyclones
2019 in weather
Tropical Storm Pabuk, also referred to as Cyclonic Storm Pabuk, was a weak storm that hit the Malay Peninsula in January 2019. It was also the earliest storm in both the Western Pacific and North Indian Ocean basins on record. Forming on the last day of 2018, Pabuk went into 2019 and crossed into the North Indian Ocean basin several days later. The first storm of the 2019 Pacific typhoon and North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons, Pabuk first appeared as a tropical disturbance in the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, which organized into a tropical depression on December 31.

Storm history 

A tropical disturbance formed over the southern portion of the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, absorbing the remnants of Tropical Depression 35W (Usman) on December 30. Under high vertical wind shear, the low-pressure area remained messy until December 31 when it was upgraded to a tropical depression by both the JMA and the JTWC.

Under good conditions, including warm sea surface temperatures, good outflow but strong vertical wind shear, Pabuk did not manage to intensify further for
another two days until it started to move west-northwestward and entered the Gulf of Thailand on January 3, where vertical wind shear was slightly weaker.

Soon after Pabuk crossed over into the basin, the IMD started to make warnings on the storm, making Pabuk the earliest-forming cyclonic storm for this basin, as well as the first cyclonic storm with a name originally assigned by RSMC Tokyo. Over the few days days, Pabuk continued moved west-northwestward, before weakening into a well-marked low on January 7. The system's remnant low then turned to the northeast. Finally, it disappeared on January 8.

Impact 
The storm caused 10 deaths in total, and total damages were estimated to be ~$157.2 million (2019 USD).

On Thailand, 8 of the 10 people were killed with many trees downed. Elsewhere, many people were forced to evacuate coastal areas of Thailand. In Bangkok, rain and storm surge flooded roads in the large city. Pabuk killed 8 people in Thailand, including one Russian tourist.

Related pages 
2019 Pacific typhoon season
2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Sources 

Pabuk
Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is transportation that you can buy but do not have to own.

For example, you can pay an Uber car to pick you up, but you do not own that car.

Or you can pay for a city bike to travel around the city, but you do not own the bike.

In each case, you pay for the transportation.

Public buses, taxis, subways, high-speed rail, and airplanes are already forms of MaaS.

MaaS is already becoming popular around the world from the US, Europe, Japan, Korea, to China.

Examples 
Examples include
 ride-sharing
 e-hailing services (matches passengers with vehicles)
 bike-sharing programs,
 and car-sharing services
 on-demand "pop-up" bus services.
 self-driving cars

Short-term impact 
MaaS may decrease how many people own cars. This is already the case in China, where more than half of the population do not have cars--they just do not need it.

Benefits 
MaaS can decrease traffic.

Self driving cars (AV) 
Uber, Tesla, General Motors, Waymo, Apple, and Local Motors are building self-driving vehicles (or autonomous vehicles, AVs).

Self-driving cars could take people where they wanted to go at a lower cost than a taxi or ridesharer. It could help benefit the environment, make transportation faster, and even improve healthcare.

References 

Public transport
This is the singles discography page of American rapper Eminem. This list has his 78 singles, he had made in his music career. To date, Eminem has sold over 42 million track downloads in the United States alone.

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Guest appearances

Notes

References

Discography
Discographies
Batam (also called Batam City) is an industrial city in the province of Riau Islands, Indonesia. Over 1 million people live in it. It is the biggest city in Riau Islands, and the third biggest city in Sumatra. It is part of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand and Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore free-trade zone.

The city administrative covers an area of 3 big islands with some small islands surround them. The 3 big islands are Batam, Rempang, and Galang. The islands are conected by bridges called Barelang Bridges () that is a short name for Batam-Rempang-Galang Bridges.

References 

Cities in Indonesia
Republic of Upper Volta is an old name for the country in Africa which is known as Burkina Faso today. It was a French colony, which became independent in 1960. Upper Volta existed as a French colony from 1918 to 1932. In 1932, it was disbanded, and its territory was shared between the neighboring countries, French Sudan, Niger and Ivory Coast. In 1947, Upper Volta was restored, with its former borders.

1958 establishments
1950s establishments in Africa
French-speaking countries
1984 disestablishments
Erwang Sanke (二王三恪) or "the two crownings and the three respects" is something Chinese emperors did to honor the previous dynasty. For example the Sui dynasty came directly before the Tang. So the Tang may honor descendants of the Sui royal family. The Tang would do this by giving these Sui descendants land to rule over. The Tang said you can control these lands and use laws of the previous Sui dynasty if you wish. There may also be a sacrifice at a religious place.

This was done to show respect to previous dynasties. This was also to make a peaceful transition of power.

It has been done in every major Chinese dynasty from the Xia to the Qing.

Sometimes people would pretend to be the descendants of the previous dynasty just to get this benefit.

Name 
Er wang 二王 means two rulers. This refers to the current ruler and the previous ruler.

San ke 三恪 means three respects. This could refer to how this was done for the first three generation descendants of the previous ruler (their children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren).

References

History of China
is a Japanese multinational provider of information technology (IT) services and products. It is headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It provides IT and network solutions to businesses, communications services providers and to government agencies. It has also been the biggest PC seller in Japan since the 1980s. The company was known as the Nippon Electric Company, Limited, before rebranding in 1983 as NEC.

NEC was the world's fourth biggest PC manufacturer by 1990. Its NEC Semiconductors business unit was the global semiconductor sales leader between 1985 and 1990, the second largest in 1995, one of the top three in 2000, and one of the top 10 in 2006. It was still one of the top 20 semiconductor sales leaders before merging with Renesas Electronics. NEC is a member of the Sumitomo Group.

NEC was #463 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list.

Related pages
 TurboGrafx-16

References

Other websites

 

19th-century establishments in Japan
1890s establishments in Asia
1899 establishments
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Technology companies of Japan
Electronics companies of Japan
Mobile phone companies
Multinational technology companies
Tokyo
Neoconservatism refers to things that are pro-American nationalist interest in international affairs. This includes bigger military, pro-democracy, nationalism, anti-communism. It started in the United States during the 1960s. Neocons supported the Vietnam war, but disliked the Democratic party, Great Society, and the New Left.

Neoconservative sometimes refers to people who started as anti-Stalinists and then became American conservatives during the 1960s and 1970s.

Examples 
Some neocons are Republicans, like the presidents between from the 1970s to the 2000s. For example, George W. Bush started the 2003 invasion of Iraq. His neocon friends include Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld also listened to these neocons. Together they supported the defense of Israel and the American invasion of the Middle East.

Where did it come from? 
Neocon started in the 60s with Jewish magazine Commentary, edited by Norman Podhoretz and published by the American Jewish Committee. They opposed the New Left and thus started the neocon movement.

References

Conservatism
Articles with dead external links from May 2017
All articles with dead external links
is a Japanese video game programmer, designer, and producer. He is best known as the former head of Sonic Team, where he was the lead programmer of the original Sonic the Hedgehog series of games on the Sega Genesis. In 2006, he created Prope, an independent game company. In January 2018, he joined Square Enix.

Career 
Naka learned how to program by copying and debugging video game code printed in magazines. The experience made him want to study assemblers and practice writing code during his school classes. After graduating high school, Naka decided to skip university and stay in his home town.

Around 1983, Naka saw that Sega was looking for programming assistants. He decided to apply. After a short interview, he started working for Sega in April 1984. His first task was designing maps and checking floppy disks for a game called Road Runner for the SF-7000. Naka can't remember if the game was ever released. His first major project was a game called Girl's Garden. He and Hiroshi Kawaguchi created it together as part of their training process.

Production history

References

Other websites 
 Official Prope website (Japanese)
 Sonic Team Speaks (archived by the WaybackMachine)
 Sega's Yuji Naka Talks!
 Yuji Naka On New Beginnings At His Studio, Prope
 Life after Sega: The Sonic creator talks about being free of the hedgehog

1965 births
Sega people
Living people
American exceptionalism is the belief that 

 the US is unique and special
 the US has a unique mission to transform the world
 the US is superior to other nations because of its unique history and mission

Unique nation 
The US started from the American Revolutionary War. Martin Lipset calls it the "first new nation". It developed an American set of ideas (Americanism) based on republicanism, democracy, laissez-faire (no government interference in economy), liberty, equality, individualism (importance of individual).

Unique mission 
Abraham Lincoln said in the Gettysburg address (1863), that Americans have a responsibility to make sure that the "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

Related pages 

 American decline
 American imperialism
 Americanism (ideology)
 Americanization
 Americentrism
 Anti-Americanism
 Juche (nationalist North Korean state ideology)
 Sonderweg (German exceptionalism)
 Yamato-damashii (Japanese spirit)
 Nihonjinron (Japanese uniqueness)

References

Ethnocentrism
American culture
Neoconservatism in Japan refers to the new generation of Japanese conservatives.

They are nationalistic and think Japan is unique and special.

They think they are not responsible for Japan's conquests and wartime history, Japanese war crimes, the Nanjing Massacre, and the Japanese colonization of Korea.

They want to change the Japanese constitution and remove Article 9. After losing WW2, Japan wrote into its constitution that it is not allowed to wage war. This is Article 9. The USA helped write it because he wanted to prevent Japan from ever attacking the US or any other country like when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. 

However Japanese neoconservatives want to restore the military in that they want to use the Japanese "Self-Defense" Forces to for more than just "self-defense". But this is against Article 9.

Some like Shinzō Abe have visited the Yasukuni Shrine to honor Japanese soldiers who murdered and raped Koreans, Chinese, and other Asians. 

They do not like China and refuse to apologize for Imperial Japan's war crimes. 

They do not like Korea either, North or South. They do not think their relationship with Korea is special. 

Some like Shintaro Ishihara want fewer immigrants. Some want to ban foreigners from voting, and only "Japanese nationals" should have the right.

References

Politics of Japan
Zhongyuan () or the Central Plains are plains in the middle of China. It is southwest of Beijing. The Yellow River goes through it. It is where Chinese civilization originated from.

It is part of the North China Plain.

Since the beginning of recorded history, the Central Plain had central importance to the Middle Kingdom (China 中国).

It was considered the “Center of the World”. It was the capital of the Xia dynasty. The earliest Chinese writing, the Jiahu symbols and Jiagu writing came from here.

Zhongyuan is sometimes used to refer to all of Chinese civilization.

People's Republic of China
Plains
Cuphead is a run and gun indie video game developed and published by StudioMDHR. It was announced in 2013. It was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One in September 2017. It was released for macOS in October 2018, and for Nintendo Switch in April 2019. The game was inspired by the rubber hose style of animation used in cartoons of the 1930s.

Reception 

Ben Kuchera of Polygon wrote that Cuphead was one of the five most interesting games at Microsoft's E3 2014 press conference. Even though he knew little about the game other than its aesthetic. He said it "stood out immediately" and that everyone in the website's press room reacted well to the trailer. Cuphead won the IGN Best Xbox One game at E3 award in 2015. It won the award for "Best Indie Game" at the Gamescom 2015 Awards. It was also nominated as "Best Independent Game" at the E3 2016 Game Critics Awards.

Many people say that Cuphead is a difficult game.

Awards
Entertainment Weekly said Cuphead was fifth on the list of its "Best Games of 2017". GamesRadar said it was ninth on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017". Polygon said it was 14th on their list of the "50 best games of 2017".

Animated series
A animated series based on the video game, which is titled The Cuphead Show!, was released on February 18, 2022.

References

Video games
Dame Daphne du Maurier  (13 May 1907 – 19 April 1989) was a British author. She is best known for her books Jamaica Inn (1936), Rebecca (1938) and The Birds (1952).

1907 births
1989 deaths
Bisexual people
British LGBT people
British novelists
British playwrights
British screenwriters
British writers
LGBT novelists
LGBT writers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Cornwall
was a Japanese diplomat. He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) from July 2009 until his death in July 2019. Amano was an international civil servant for the United Nations. 

Amano died on 18 July 2019 at the age of 72.

References

1947 births
2019 deaths
Japanese politicians
St. Helena ( ; Wappo: Anakotanoma, "Bull Snake Village") is a city in Napa County, California. The population was 5,814 at the 2010 census.

References 

Cities in California
Napa County, California
Hugo Omar Cóccaro (4 May 1954 – July 21 2019) was an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician. He was Governor of Tierra del Fuego Province from 2005 to 2007. Cóccaro was born in Saladillo, Argentina.

Cóccaro died on 21 July 2019 in Buenos Aires at the age of 65. The cause was cancer.

References

1954 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Argentine politicians
Antonino Cuffaro (21 April 1932 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian politician. He was born in Sambuca di Sicilia, Italy. Cuffaro was a member of the Italian Parliament from 1976 to 1987 and again from 1994 to 1996. He was a member of the Italian Communist Party.

Cuffaro died on 20 July 2019 in Trieste, Italy at the age of 87.

References

1932 births
2019 deaths
Italian politicians
Communists
Paul Krassner (April 9, 1932 – July 21, 2019) was an American author, journalist and comedian. He was the founder, editor and a contributor to the freethought magazine The Realist. Krassner became an important figure in the counterculture of the 1960s as a member of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters. He was a founding member of the Yippies. 

Krassner died on July 21, 2019 in Desert Hot Springs, California at the age of 87.

References

1932 births
2019 deaths
American political writers
American political activists
Writers from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Journalists from New York City
Desert Hot Springs, also known as DHS, is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The city is located within the Coachella Valley region. The population was 25,938 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Riverside County, California
Lois Jean Wille (née Kroeber; September 19, 1931 – July 23, 2019) was an American journalist, editor, and author. She won her first of two Pulitzer Prizes in 1963 for her reports about how the Chicago local government’s failure to have good services to low-income women. 

Her stories led to a number of important policy changes in women’s healthcare, public housing, and the juvenile court systems. She was born in Chicago.

In 1989, she received her second Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing.

Wille died on July 23, 2019 in Chicago from a stroke at the age of

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Pulitzer Prize winners
Journalists from Chicago
The Republic of China (ROC) was a country that existed between 1912 and 1949. It is now the People's Republic of China. It was created in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The Republic's first president was Sun Yat-sen. Sun's party, the Kuomintang (KMT) won the parliamentary election in December 1912. 

But Sun soon gave the position to Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army. The Beiyang Army also controlled the Beiyang government (which controlled Mongolia). 

Between late 1915 and early 1916, Yuan Shikai called himself the Emperor of China. But people did not like it (National protection war). 

After Yuan died death in 1916, the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty. Various groups in the Beiyang Army claimed independence and fought with each other during the Warlord Era.

In 1921, the KMT created a rival government in Canton, supported by the Communist Party of China (CPC). 

North China was overtaxed and had too many fighting warlords. So its economy died between 1927 and 1928. 

General Jiang Jieshi became the KMT leader after Sun's death. Jiang started the Northern Expedition in 1926 and overthrew the Beiyang government in 1928. In April 1927, Jiang created a nationalist government in Nanjing and massacred Communists in Shanghai. This forced the CPC into armed rebellion, starting the Chinese Civil War.

China experienced industrialization and modernization but suffered conflicts between the Nationalist government in Nanking, the CPC, warlords, and the Empire of Japan. 

Eventually the Chinese unified to fight against their common enemy: the Japanese. In 1937 the Imperial Japanese Army invaded China in 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese War began.

In 1945 Japan surrendered at the end of World War II.

In 1946, the Chinese Civil War between the KMT and CPC restarted. 

In 1949, the CPC defeated the KMT and started the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Jiang Jieshi and the KMT fled to Taiwan.

Notes 

Former polities of the Cold War
20th century in China
Pages with unreviewed translations
Peter Hamm (27 February 1937 – 22 July 2019) was a German poet, author, journalist, editor and literary critic. He wrote many documentaries about Ingeborg Bachmann and Peter Handke. He wrote for the German weekly newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit. From 1964 to 2002, Hamm worked as contributing editor for culture for the broadcster Bayerischer Rundfunk. He was born in Munich.

Hamm was in a domestic partnership with actress Marianne Koch from 1970 until his death.

Hamm died on 22 July 2019 in Tutzing, Germany at the age of 82.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
German poets
German journalists
German critics
People from Munich
Marianne Koch (born 19 August 1931) is a German actress. She is best known for her roles in spaghetti westerns and adventure movies of the 1960s. She later worked as a television host and as a physician. She was in a relationship with Peter Hamm from 1970 until his death in 2019. Koch was born in Munich. 

Koch is known for her roles in  Night People alongside Gregory Peck and in Sergio Leone's 1964 movie A Fistful of Dollars alongside Clint Eastwood.

References

Other websites
 

1931 births
Living people
German movie actors
German television actors
German stage actors
German doctors
Television presenters
People from Munich
The Bologna massacre was the bombing of Bologna Centrale railway station in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy by Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari. It happened on 2 August 1980. It killed 85 people and injured over 200 others. It is the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

References

1980 in Europe
1980s building bombings
1980s explosions in Europe
1980s in Italy
1980s murders in Europe
August events
Massacre
Building bombings in Europe

Disasters in Italy
Mass murder in Europe
Mass murder in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in Europe in the 1980s
Arthur Lanon Neville (December 17, 1937 – July 22, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Neville was a part of The Neville Brothers. He was a founding member of The Meters. He also played with the spinoff group The Funky Meters.

Neville performed with singers Labelle (on "Lady Marmalade"), Paul McCartney, Lee Dorsey, Robert Palmer, Dr. John and Professor Longhair.

Neville died at the age of 81 on July 22, 2019 from a long-illness.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
American singer-songwriters
American soul singers
American R&B singers
American funk musicians
American soul musicians
American R&B musicians
American pianists
Singers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana
Writers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Hans Ture Lennart Lagerqvist (28 April 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a Swedish pole vaulter. He won a silver medal at the 1972 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Lagerqvist placed fourth at the 1971 European Championships and seventh at the 1971 European Athletics Indoor Championships and 1972 Olympics.

Lagerqvist was born in Gothenburg. He died on 22 July 2019 in Stockholm from brain cancer, aged 79.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
Swedish Olympians
Competitors in athletics
Deaths from brain cancer
Brigitte Kronauer (29 December 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a German writer. She was born in Essen, Germany. In 2005, she was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize for her literary works.

Kronauer died on 22 July 2019 in Hamburg from a long-illness at the age of 78.

References

Other websites
 Brigitte Kronauer in: NRW Literatur im Netz 

German writers
People from Essen
1940 births
2019 deaths
"Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us" is a Facebook event that was planned for September 20, 2019 at Area 51, a United States Air Force (USAF). The purpose of the event was to raid the site in search for aliens while they "Naruto run". The event was created by Matty Roberts as a satire event. Roberts posted the event on June 27, 2019. About 3,000,000 people responded "going" or "interested" on the event's page.

Air Force officials and Nevada state officials warned the group members not to raid the area or otherwise they would use executive force.

Copycat events such as plans to storm a secret vault of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Loch Ness, and the Bermuda Triangle have also been created.

References

June 2019 events

Internet memes
Arcadia Group plc  is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It owns the high street clothing retailers Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Evans, Miss Selfridge, Topman, Topshop, Wallis and the out of town chain Outfit, which sells lines from the other group chains. The group has more than 2,500 outlets in the UK, concessions in UK department stores such as Debenhams, Selfridges, as well as several hundred franchises in other countries.

The company is majority owned by Taveta Investments, itself owned by Tina Green, the wife of Sir Philip Green, who is himself the chairman of the Arcadia Group. Philip Green has been involved in a number of controversies during his career, including the payment of generous dividends to Richard Caring, Tom Hunter, and Philip Green's family prior to the demise of BHS.

In April 2019, it was reported that the Arcadia group, controlled by Philip Green's family, had recorded a £300m deficit into its pension fund, while the Green family had cashed out £1.2bn in dividends from Arcadia in 2005.

British MP Frank Field, who previously investigated the BHS pension deficit, has publicly criticised Philip Green for paying huge dividends to his family and friend Richard Caring "when things are going well", and making his employees pay "when things are not going well".

Companies of the United Kingdom
SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after the Belgian-Brazilian-American Anheuser-Busch InBev) and is also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands include Fosters, Grolsch, Miller, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell. It has operations in 80 countries world-wide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages.

SABMiller's origins date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc.

SABMiller has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a market capitalisation of approximately £42 billion as of 24 October 2015, the 6th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

In October 2015, Anheuser-Busch InBev  announced plans to acquire SABMiller for £69 billion ($104 billion).

Other websites 

 Official website

1895 establishments in the United Kingdom
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2016 disestablishments in Europe
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Beer
London
Home Retail Group plc is one of the UK's leading home and general merchandise retailers. It is the parent company of Argos and Habitat. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Home Retail Group owns a number of well-known brands, including Alba, Bush, Chad Valley, Challenger, Cherokee, Cooksworks, Habitat, Heart of House,  Hygena, Schreiber, and Sovereign.

Other websites 
 

2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2016 disestablishments in Europe
Companies of the United Kingdom
Retail markets
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Milton Keynes
Marzanna (in Polish), Marena (in Russian), Morana (in Czech, Bulgarian, Slovene, and Serbo-Croatian),  or Morena or Kyselica (in Slovak), Morena (in Macedonian), Maslenitsa (in Russia) and also Mara (in Belarusian and Ukrainian), Maržena, Moréna, Mora or Marmora, Morė (in Lithuanian) is the goddess of death and winter in Slavic paganism. In many Slavic countries, it is very popular to burn a doll, that represents Marzanna, when it's beginning of spring.

Slavic gods and goddesses
Zhangzhung (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང; Tibetan pinyin: Xangxang; Chinese: 象雄; pronounced Shangshung) was a kingdom of western China (Tibet) and northern India before the 7th century. The religion of Zhangzhung is Bon, and the people are sometimes called Bonpo. The Bon religion influenced Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. The Zhangzhung are mentioned frequently in Tibetan texts as the original rulers of central and western Tibet.

We are still trying to learn more about them.

Location 

Zhang Zhung had three different regions:

 sGob-ba, the outer; Western Tibet, from Gilgit in the west to Dangs-ra khyung-rdzong in the east, next to lake gNam-mtsho, and from Khotan, Xinjiang in the north to Chu-mig brgyad-cu rtsa-gnyis in the south.
 Phug-pa, the inner; The inner region is said to be sTag-gzig (Tazig) [often identified with Bactria, Central Asia]
 and Bar-ba, the middle, not yet identified.

It was an independent kingdom and covered all of Western Tibet.

The capital was Khyunglung, the "Silver Palace of Garuda", southwest of Mount Kailash, with palaces found in the upper Sutlej Valley.

History

Iron Age 
Scientists dug stuff in the Chang Tang plateau and found iron. These may be the Zhangzhung's iron.

Unification of Tibet 

The Tang Annals say that the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo conquered and unified the Zhangzhung. In 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various Qiang tribes, "altogether submitted to him." Gampo then united the Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun and conquer two more Qiang tribes. He then threatened Songzhou (China) with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent gifts of gold and silk to the Tang emperor to marry a princess. At first the Emperor Gaozong of Tang refused so Gampo attacked Songzhou. But Gampo later gave up and apologized so the emperor married him to Princess Wencheng.

Language 
There are some Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents. The Zhangzhung language was related to Kinnauri, a Sino–Tibetan language.

The Bonpo claim that the Tibetan writing system is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet. However Tibetan script comes from a North Indian script. Non-Bon Tibetan texts agree.

A modern Kinnauri language of the same name (pronounced Jangshung) is spoken by 2,000 people in the Sutlej Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. They claim to be descendants of the Zhangzhung.

Zhangzhung's influence in India 
Bonpo religion was founded by a Buddha-like person named Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. Tonpa's teachings are very similar to Gautama Buddha. Bonpos claim that Tonpa lived 18,000 years ago and visited Tibet from the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring (modern Tajikstan) or Shambhala.

The Bonpo claim that during this time Lord Tonpa's teachings entered the Indian subcontinent and helped develop the Vedic religion (Hinduism).

An example of this link between Bon and Hinduism is Mount Kailash, the center of Zhang Zhung culture and also most sacred mountain to Hindus. As a result, the Bonpos claim that Hinduism owes its origin to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche.

References 

Pages with unreviewed translations
History of China
History of India
Former countries in Asia
Video assistant referee (VAR) is a system that helps referees to decide better about players fouls, if a goal was valid, red card decisions, etc. in soccer matches.  When the referee is going to review a play on the field at the VAR box, they outline a square with their hands, as if showing the outline of a TV screen. It was used for the first time in the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup.  It was used for the first time for international matches in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.  The first time VAR was used in the FIFA World Cup was in the 2018 World Cup.

In March 2018, the VAR was permanentely written into the Laws of the Game by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).

There are 3 categories of decisions that can be reviewed:

 Goal/No Goal: if the ball went inside or did not go inside of the goal, ball went out of play, foul, offside, or handball.
 Penalty/No Penalty: ball went out of play, dive, foul was in or outside the box, handball, or foul was not penalised.
 Red/Yellow Card: violent conduct, hitting/spitting/kicking/punching another player, coach, or referee, mistaken identity or incorrect card given, or decision to award a yellow or red card.

The referee can review the play on the field by going to the VAR box, listen to the VAR's recommendation, or completely ignore the VAR advice. The referee can only review the play on the field with recommendation of the VAR to prevent the referee from relying on it too much.

Criticism 
The VAR system has been criticised by many people, mostly because of how much time is used up in reviews, overly relying on it, and causing confusion. Manager Mauricio Pochettino said "it made everyone confused". He also said that he felt sorry for the fans and for the referee after an FA Cup match.

References 

2018
2018 FIFA World Cup
Football (soccer) terminology