cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Totalitarianism is when regimes (political systems) control all public behaviour and as much of private behaviour as they can. No elections are held, or if they are, candidates must be approved by the ruling group. Physical force and/or arrests and detentions are used on people who protest against the regime. There are events such as parades or rallies. These suggest to the people that the ruling group is in complete control.

For some, totalitarianism is as old as history.  However, their main examples in modern times are Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, North Korea, the Soviet Union, Eritrea and China. 

There are other countries which had dictatorships, but never reached full totalitarianism. Italian fascism under Benito Mussolini, Spain under General Franco, Portugal under Dr. Salazar, China under Mao Zedong, and many Latin American countries for periods were dictatorships with some aspects of totalitarianism.  Some African countries have been dictatorships for long periods (e.g. Zimbabwe).  The Empire of Japan (predecessor state of the modern nation-state of Japan) was a well-known example of a totalitarian military dictatorship during World War II. The satire Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell was about such a society taken to extremes.

The list is long: it is not true that most countries today are democratic.

According to some, authoritarianism "does not attempt to change the world and human nature". In contrast, a totalitarian regime attempts to control virtually all aspects of the social life, including the economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.

Related pages
 Dictatorship
 Fascism
 Nazism
 Stalinism

References 

Forms of government
Lüneburg is a city in Lower Saxony in north Germany.  It is about 50 km southeast of Hamburg. It is the capital of the District of Lüneburg.  About 102,660 people live there.

The Ilmenau River, a tributary of the Elbe, flows through Lüneburg.

In medieval times the town was very rich due to the salt trade.  Salt used to be transported along the Old Salt Route to the Baltic Sea from where it was sent by ship to other countries.   There were salt mines near the town for a thousand years.  Salt mining stopped in 1980.  The salt mining caused a lot of deforestation.  The countryside changed into heathland which is called the Lüneburger Heide (Lüneburg Heath).

On May 23, 1945 the Nazi war criminal Heinrich Himmler committed suicide in Lüneburg after he had been captured by the British Army. He swallowed a potassium cyanide capsule before his interrogation could begin.

Lüneburg is twinned with Scunthorpe, England.

References

Other websites
Sharon Rachel Osbourne ( Levy; born 9 October 1952) is a British-American music manager, television personality, and talent show judge. Osbourne first became famous on The Osbournes which was a reality show that showed Osbourne and her family in their daily lives. 

She has also been a judge on the talent shows The X Factor and America's Got Talent. Her autobiography, Extreme, which Osbourne wrote about her life, was very successful and has sold 2 million copies.

She has recovered from colorectal cancer. She is married to the rock singer Ozzy Osbourne and she has three children with him named Kelly Osbourne, Jack Osbourne and Aimee Osbourne.

References

Other websites
Sharon Osbourne  at itv.com/xfactor
Sharon Osbourne Website
Sharon Osbourne biography at mtv.com
The Osbournes at mtv.com

British autobiographers
Cancer survivors
Television personalities from London
1952 births
Living people
Full Moon may refer to:

Full moon, the phase of the moon
Full Moon (band), a late '70s/early '80s hard rock band
Full Moon (album), a 2002 album by Brandy Norwood which also includes a song of the same name:
Full Moon (song)
FullMoon, the 4th Sonata Arctica demo under the name Tricky Means.
Full Moon (manga), (also known as Full Moon o Sagashite), a manga and anime series by Arina Tanemura
A Full Moon Consort, a band from St. Louis
Full Moon, Dirty Hearts, an album by INXS
Full Moon and Empty Arms, a popular song from 1945
Full Moon Features, a movie company best known for the Puppet Master series
Full Moon Fever
Full Moon High, a 1981 horror comedy film
Full Moon (Kris Kristofferson album)
Full Moon (Charlie Daniels album)
Fullmoon Maple
Full Moon (novel), a 1947 novel about Blandings Castle by P. G. Wodehouse
Full Moon Party, a party in Thailand
Full Moon (play), a play by Reynolds Price
Full Moon Productions, a black/death metal record label
Full Moon Records, an American record label
 "Full Moon (short story)", a 1948 story by Georgette Heyer
Mekhong Full Moon Party, a 2002 movie from Thailand
Paschal Full Moon
Until the Full Moon, a manga featuring a half-werewolf/half-vampire
Summertime means a time in Summer, one of the temperate seasons, and it could also mean:  

In music:
 "Summertime" (song), a popular song by George Gershwin from the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess
 "Summertime" (Beyoncé song)
 "Summertime" (DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince song)
 "Summertime" (Kenny Chesney song)
 "Summertime", a song by Diana Ross from her 1987 album Red Hot Rhythm & Blues
 "Summertime", a 1998 single by SKAMP
 "Summer Time", a song by The Pretty Things from the 2000 reissue of their 1970 album Parachute
 "Summertime", a song by Bon Jovi from their 2007 album Lost Highway
 Summertime EP, an EP by The Subways
 Summertime (Joe Locke & Geoffrey Keezer Quartet album)
 Summertime (Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass album), a 1971 album by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass

In movie, television, and theatre:
 Summertime (movie), a 1955 movie starring Katharine Hepburn
 L'Heure D'été (movie) (English: Summertime), a 2007 French movie starring Juliette Binoche
 Summertime (TV), a 1997 Irish television movie short
 Summertime (cartoon), a 1934 cartoon by Ub Iwerks, featured on an episode of Pee-wee's Playhouse
 Summertime, a play by Ugo Betti

In timekeeping:
 Summer Time, advancing the clock one hour during summer, in American English known as daylight saving time
The Brandenburg Gate () is a structure in Berlin, Germany. It is the only remaining gate through which people used to enter Berlin. It was built between 1788 and 1791. It is located between the Platz des 18. März and the Pariser Platz. Nearby to the north is the Reichstag building. During the Cold War, the Reichstag was in West Berlin, and the Brandenburger Tor in East Berlin.

The Brandenburg Gate has twelve columns, six on the entrance side and six on the exit. The columns form five roadways, citizens originally were allowed to use only the outer two. This is rather like Admiralty Arch in London, the central roadway is reserved so that royal and important traffic is not delayed. On top of the gate is the Quadriga. This is Viktoria, the goddess of victory driving a Quadriga, a type of horse-drawn chariot.

After 1806, when Prussia was defeated at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, Napoleon stole the Quadriga and took it to Paris. When Napoleon was beaten in 1814 Prussian General Ernst von Pfuel occupied Pais and took the Quadriga back to Berlin, the olive wreath was changed to an Iron Cross. The Goddess Viktoria became Nike, goddess of victory.

When the Nazis came to power, they used the Gate as their symbol. The Gate was damaged but not destroyed during World War II. The governments of East Berlin and West Berlin restored it but it was closed when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. The gate was in the middle of the death strip.

In 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited the Brandenburg Gate. The Soviets hung large banners across it to prevent him from looking into the East. In the 1980s West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizsäcker said: 

In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan gave his famous speech "Tear down this wall!" outside of the gate.

Von Weizsäcker was the President of Germany at the reunification.

The Gate then symbolized the freedom to unite the City of Berlin. On the 22nd of December 1989, the Brandenburg Gate re-opened when Helmut Kohl, the West German Chancellor, walked through to be greeted by Hans Modrow, the East German Prime Minister.

On December 21, 2000, the Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished at a cost of US$3 million.

Photo gallery

References

Other websites 

 Brandenburg Gate Website
 Street map of the Brandenburg Gate's location – GlobalGuide
 Brandenburg Gate described in its historic context 
 Panorama Brandenburg Gate - Panoramic view from the Pariser Platz
 Webcam: Live-View of the Street "Unter den Linden" with Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany
 Germany, Berlin, Brandenburger Tor Virtual tour with map and compass effect by Tolomeus
 Panorama Brandenburg Gate 1945 - Panoramic view into the past, 60 years after WWII

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Monuments and memorials in Germany
Landmarks in Germany
Berlin Wall
Gates
1790s establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in Germany
Vesta was the virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and family in Roman mythology. She rarely appeared in art, as her presence was symbolized by the sacred fire that burned at her temple. The temple was forbidden to all except her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins. The Roman equivalent of the Greek Hestia, Vesta was seen to protect everything that was most important to people's survival. She was not a central figure of many myths. The Roman Empire was governed by men. Independent women would have threatened that system. Vesta was an example of what the Romans thought a woman should be. They thought that women should be modest and not share their views.

The asteroid 4 Vesta is named for her.

Other websites 

Roman gods and goddesses
Gnathostomata is the group of vertebrates with jaws.

The group was meant to include all jawed fish, but in modern fashion it also includes all the tetrapods as well, since they evolved from jawed fish. It is the sister group of the Agnatha, the jawless vertebrates.

The Gnathostomata first appeared in the Ordovician period and became diverse in the Devonian period, the 'Age of Fishes'. Land vertebrates appeared in the Carboniferous period.

Subgroups 
Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fish
Acanthodii† 'spiny sharks'
Placoderms† armoured fish
Osteichthyes bony fish
Actinopterygii ray-finned fish
Sarcopterygii lobe-finned fish

Fish
The flag of Mali has three equal vertical stripes.  Starting from the flagpole, the colours are green, gold, and red, which are the pan-African colours.

The flag became official on March 1, 1961.  The original flag became official on April 4, 1959, when Mali joined the Mali Federation.  This flag was the same, but the golden stripe had a human "stick figure", called a kanaga, in black, with its arms pointing to the sky.  The figure was removed because of an Islamic belief against making pictures of humans.  (Mali is about 90% Muslim.)

Mali
Mali
On 20 October, 1973, the coat of arms of the Republic of Mali was made. The motto of the Republic of Mali is "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (One People, One Goal, One Faith).

The coat of arms of the Republic of Mali is a circle. There is a light blue background:
 in the middle, the Mosque of Djenné, in gold
 above the mosque, a flying vulture, in gold
 below, the rising sun, in gold
 in front of the sun, two bows bent by their arrow, in white
 in the surround, the writings "République du Mali" above and "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" below, in black capital letters.

Mali
Mali
"Pour l'Afrique et pour toi" (French: For Africa and for you, Mali) is the national song of Mali. Seydou Badian Kouyate wrote the words and Banzoumana Sissoko wrote the music. It became Mali's national song in 1962 and it is a normal song of love of the country. It is about how the people of Mali would sacrifice their lives for their nation and for freedom. A common theme in the song is wanting to unite Africa. The chorus is written below:

Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali,
Notre drapeau sera liberté.
Pour l'Afrique et pour toi Mali
Notre combat sera unité.
Ô Mali d'aujourd'hui
Ô Mali de demain
Les champs fleurissent d'espérance
Les cœurs vibrent de confiance

In English::
For Africa and for you, Mali, 
Our banner shall be liberty. 
For Africa and for you, Mali, 
Our fight shall be for unity. 
Oh, Mali of today, 
Oh, Mali of tomorrow, 
The fields are flowering with hope 
And hearts are thrilling with confidence.

National anthems
Mali
This is a list of heads of state of Mali since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day.

A total of six people have served as head of state of Mali (not counting one Acting President). Additionally, one person, Amadou Toumani Touré, has served on two non-consecutive occasions.

The interim president is Assimi Goïta.

List

Notes

References

Mali
Mali

History of Mali
This is a list of prime ministers of Mali since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day.

List of officeholders

Related pages
Heads of state of Mali

Notes

References

History of Mali
Mali
French Sudan (Fr.: Soudan) was a colony in French West Africa.

Existence 
It existed at two separate times. The first time was from 1890 to 1899, and the second was from 1920 to 1960. In 1960 it became the independent nation of Mali.

Beginning 
It was created as a French territory on September 9, 1880 and its name was "Upper Senegal".

Name 
The name changed to the "French Sudan Territory" on August 18, 1890, and its capital was Kayes. On October 10, 1899, French Sudan was broken into pieces: 11 southern provinces became part of French Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire and Dahomey. However, two provinces were returned in 1900.

History 
In 1902 the parts of the colony which were not organised into military districts became Senegambia and Niger, then the name changed to Upper Senegal and Niger in 1904. Finally, the old name of French Sudan returned in a reorganisation in 1920.

In 1933, Upper Volta stopped existing (It began again in 1947.) and French Sudan gained some of its provinces.

Independence 
After the October 4, 1958 French vote about the constitution, the "République Soudanaise" joined the French Community, again with the name French Sudan, and it gained complete domestic control on 25 November, 1958.

On April 4, 1959, French Sudan was joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation. This became fully independent but still inside the French Community on June 20, 1960. This union finished on August 20, 1960, when Senegal left. On 22 September, French Sudan changed its name to the Republic of Mali and left the French Community.

History of Mali
Cunnilingus is when a man or another woman has oral sex with a woman. He (or she) licks her sex organs with his (or her) lips and tongue. The word comes from a Latin word for the vulva (cunnus) and from the Latin word for tongue (lingua).

The clitoris is the main part of the woman's sex organs that brings the most feeling. Often, a woman reaches an orgasm during cunnilingus.

In the past, some thought cunnilingus to be taboo (bad). People in some countries still think of it as taboo. However, many people in western and other cultures have oral sex.

References 

Sexual acts

tr:Oral seks#Cunnilingus
The Agnatha (Greek = 'no jaws') are a superclass of vertebrates. They are jawless fish.

The Agnatha as a whole may be paraphyletic. This means it is a convenient holdall term, which does not follow the rules of cladistics. For example, most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group (ancestral group) of gnathostomes. But according to the rules, one sister group should not contain ancestors of another sister group,

The living Agnatha (lampreys and hagfish) are known as cyclostomes. Recent molecular data from rRNA, and from mtDNA, show that these living agnathans  are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae during their lifestyle adaptations.

The lifestyle of the lamprey (an ectoparasite on other fish) and hagfish (a scavenger) means that they are not typical of the fossil groups, which were free-swimming and often armoured.

Classification 
 Agnatha: the jawless fish. Cambrian to present day.
 †Pteraspids: the head-shields
 Anaspids: gills opened as holes. Silurian to end-Devonian.
 †Cephalaspids: early jawless fish
 Cyclostomes: Lampreys and Hagfish
 †Osteostraci: bony-armoured jawless fish.

Characteristics

Anatomy 
Agnathans do not have jaws, and have a cartilaginous skeleton. There is a notochord in both larvae and adults. They do not have  paired fins. They have seven or more paired gill pouches.

Agnatha have no identifiable stomach and are cold-blooded. The heart is simple, with two chambers.

Physiology 
There is a light-sensitive pineal eye. Fertilization and development of young are both outside the body, and there is no parental care.

Fossil agnathans 
The oldest fossil agnathans are found in Cambrian deposits.

Many Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian agnathans were armoured with heavy bony-spiky plates. The first armoured agnathans were the Ostracoderms ("shell-skinned"). By the upper Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. They declined in the Devonian and never recovered.

References
Henry Cavendish FRS (10 October 1731-24 February 1810) was a British scientist. He is famous for discovering hydrogen. Cavendish measured the Earth's mass, density and gravitational constant with the Cavendish experiment.  He studied at Peterhouse, which is part of the University of Cambridge, but he left without graduating.

He built a laboratory in his father's house in London, where he worked for nearly fifty years, but he only published about 20 scientific papers. Even so, he is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of his time.

Cavendish claimed that the force between the two electrical objects gets smaller as they get further apart. If the distance between them doubled, the force would be one quarter what it was before.  This was the basis of the inverse-square law. He explained the concept of electric potential, which he called "the degree of electrification". He developed the thought of all points on a good conductor's surface have the same potential energy beside a common reference point. Having no way to measure electric current, he used his body as a machine which measures strength of electric current. All Cavendish's explorations in his notebook was found and confirmed by James Clerk Maxwell.

Cavendish’s electrical papers from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London have been reprinted, together with most of his electrical manuscripts, in The Scientific Papers of the Honourable Henry Cavendish, F.R.S. (1921).

References 

1731 births
1810 deaths

English physicists
English chemists
Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in North East England.

It was created in 1974, and consists of the five metropolitan boroughs:
 On the north bank of the River Tyne
 Newcastle
 North Tyneside
 On the south bank of the River Tyne
 Gateshead
 South Tyneside
 Spanning the River Wear
 Sunderland

Like all metropolitan counties, the county council was abolished in 1986, and its functions given either to the individual boroughs or shared by new joint committees of the five boroughs.

Schools are now controlled by each borough. The fire brigade is one of several services run on a county-wide basis by a committee made up of members from each borough.

The people from Sunderland and the people from Newcastle did not like being joined in one county. The Royal Commission that recommended changing the county councils of England could not even find a name that the people of the two place liked. Their report just called the new county "area D".

Other websites 

1974 establishments in England
 
Ceremonial counties of England
Aquarium (Аква́риум in Russian) is a Russian rock band. It was formed in Leningrad in 1972 by Boris Grebenshchikov and Anatoly "George" Gunitsky.

Until 1987 Aquarium recorded all of their albums in a self-assembled underground studio. Despite those hard conditions, the recording quality was rather high and Aquarium's albums between 1980 and 1987 are considered by most fans as their best.

In 1987 they recorded their first album for the state-owned Melodiya record label. With official backing and legalized distribution the album was a hit in USSR, selling well over a million copies within a few months. Aquarium today consists of Boris Grebenshchikov, Boris Rubekin (keyboards), Andrey Surotdinov (violin), Igor Timofeyev (guitars, saxophones and flutes), Andrey Svetlov (bass), Oleg "Shar" Shavkunov (drums and percussion).

Discography 

Studio albums:
Sinii Albom (The Blue Album), 1981
Treugolnik (Triangle), 1981
Elektrichestvo (Electricity): History of Aquarium, Vol. 2, 1981
Akustika (Acoustics): History of Aquarium, Vol. 1, 1982
Tabu (Taboo), 1982
Radio Africa, 1983
Ikhtiologia (Ichthyology), 1984
Den’ Serebra (The Day of Silver), 1984
Deti Dekabrya (The Children of December), 1985
Desyat’ Strel (Ten Arrows), 1986
Ravnodenstvie (Equinox), 1987
Archive: History of Aquarium, Vol. 3, 1991
Russkii Albom (Russian Album), 1991 (under the name BG-Band)
Lyubimie Pesni Ramzesa IV (Favorite Songs of Rameses the IV), 1993
Library of Babylon: History of Aquarium, Vol. 4, 1993
Kostroma Mon Amour, 1994
Peski Peterburga (Sands of Petersburg), 1994
Navigator, 1995
Snezhnii Lev (Snow Lion), 1996
Hyperborea, 1997
Kunstcamera, 1998
Lilit (Lilith), 1997 (under the name BG and The Band - several members of The Band played on the album; released in the United States under the name Black Moon)
Psi, 1999
Akvarium. Territoriya (Aquarium. Territory), 2000
Sestra Haos (Sister Chaos), 2002
Pesni Ribaka (Fisherman's Songs), 2003
Zoom Zoom Zoom, 2005
Bespechny Russkiy Brodyaga (Carefree Russian Tramp), 2006
Loshad' Belaya (White Horse), 2008
Pushkinskaya, 10, 2009

Filmography

Films about "Akvarium"
Rok (Rock, 1987), dir. Alexei Uchitel, USSR
The Long Way Home (1989), dir. Michael Apted, USA

Soundtracks by "Akvarium"
Ivanov (1981), dir. A. Nekhoroshev, A. Ilkhovsky
Assa (1987), dir. Sergei Solovyov
Zolotoy Son (Golden dream, 1989), dir. Sergey Debizhev
Chernaya roza - emblema pechali, krasnaya roza - emblema lyubvi (The Black rose..., 1989), dir. Sergei Solovyov
Dva kapitana - 2 (Two captains - 2, 1992), dir. S. Debizhev

Other websites
The official multilingual site of Akvarium (in Russian, English, French, German and Esperanto)
Official Russian Akvarium web-site
Semi-official site with lots of information 

Russian musical groups
Rock bands
Reggae bands
Musical groups established in 1972
20th-century establishments in the Soviet Union
Alexey Ekimyan (,  (April 10, 1927, Baku - April 24, 1982, Moscow) was a famous Armenian-Russian composer, and author of popular songs. Ekimyan was also a General of Soviet militsia (police) and was the head of Criminal Investigation Department of Moscow region. He was considered the only popular composer in the world who ruled a law-enforcement department at the same time. Ekimyan awarded by the "Renowned Master of the Arts" Armenian SSR official title.

Ekimyan's first song for the Moscow International Festival (1957) was approved by Vano Muradeli ("I don't know if you would become a general, but you would become a composer!"). His songs were performed and recorded by prominent Soviet singers that include Lyudmila Zykina, Iosif Kobzon, Lusine Zakaryan. Some hits by Ekimyan were chosen for the "Song of the Year" all-Soviet festivals during the 1970s-'80s.

The documentary film-concert "Paths of My Memory" (1979, 27 min.) by Yerevan Studio is dedicated to the Alexey Ekimyan. 

Ekimyan died on April 24, 1982. He is buried in Yerevan, Armenia.

Discography
Artashes Avetyan sings: songs by Alexey Ekimyan, U.S.S.R.: Melodiya, 1978 (LP). C60-10619-20
Alexey Ekimyan. Beregite druzey..., Russia: Melodia, 2006 (CD)
Alexey Ekimyan. Vot i vstretilis, Russia: Melodia, 2007 (CD)

Other websites
Alexey Ekimyan's biography (in Russian)

References

1927 births
1982 deaths
Armenian composers
Soviet people
People from Baku
Mikael Tariverdiev (15 August 1931, Tbilisi, Georgia – 24 June 1996, Sochi, Russia) was a prominent Soviet composer. He was born of Armenian parents in Georgia but lived in Russia. 

He is an author of over 100 romances and 2 operas. But most of all he is known for his music in many popular Soviet movies.

Mikael Tariverdiev was a recipient of multiple awards, including the USSR State Prize (1977) and the prize of the American Academy of Music (1975). He was made People's Artist of Russia in 1986.

The Best Music prize at the largest Russian national film festival Kinotaur is named after Tariverdiev.

Other websites 
 Tariverdiev.Ru

Armenian composers
1931 births
1996 deaths
People from Tbilisi
Bergen is the second largest city and municipality in Norway. The city has a population of 275,000 in the municipality, and 238,098 in the urban area. Bergen was a county until 1972, when it was merged with Hordaland. The old wharf Bryggen is a World Heritage Site.

Bergen is on the west coast of Norway, and it exports a lot of fish. It has a temperate oceanic climate, with high rainfall every month.

 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Births 
 June 11 – Anne Neville, wife of King Richard III of England
Winchester is a city in the county of Hampshire, England. It was the capital of Saxon England. It is the home of Winchester College, the oldest continually living public school in England. Winchester was made the capital city of Wessex by King Egbert in 827, and later made the capital of England. It is around 10 miles from neighbouring city, Southampton.

County towns in England
Settlements in Hampshire
In astronomy, axial tilt is the angle between a planet's rotational axis at its north pole and a line perpendicular to the orbital plane of the planet. It is also called axial inclination or obliquity. The axial tilt of Earth is the cause of seasons like summer and winter on Earth.

Axial tilt of bodies in the Solar System 

Sun 7.25 (to the Ecliptic)
Mercury ~0.01
Venus 177.4
Earth 23.439281
Moon 1.5424
Mars 25.19
Ceres ~4
Jupiter 3.13
Saturn 26.73
Uranus 97.77
Neptune 28.32
Pluto 119.61

Axial tilt of Venus, Uranus, Pluto
The axial tilts of Venus, Uranus and Pluto are greater than 90 degrees for the following reasons:

 Venus: Venus is rotating very slowly in a retrograde direction, opposite to the direction of planets like Earth. The north pole of Venus is pointed 'down' (southward); hence the angle between the rotational axis of Venus passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 177.4 degrees. There are various theories as to why this is. Its rotation and lack of a moon may be explained by gigantic impacts early in its life.

 Uranus: Uranus, the blue planet, rotates on its side. One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions get more energy from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is colder at its poles than at its equator. What causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known for sure, but the usual idea is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.

 Pluto: Like Uranus, Pluto's rotational axis and north pole are pointed slightly downward (southward). Hence the angle between Pluto's rotational axis passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 119.61 degrees.

References 

Celestial mechanics
Dollhouse was an hour-long American television series. The series is written by producer Joss Whedon and stars Eliza Dushku. Whedon and Dushku both worked together on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its darker spin-off  Angel. Tim Minear, who also worked with Buffy and Angel is also involved. The series is made by 20th Century Fox Television. Twelve episodes of Dollhouse aired on FOX. Two more episodes that were not shown on television will be on the DVD collection of episodes.

The Story 
In Dollhouse, Eliza Dushku plays a young woman named Echo. She is one of a group of men and women who can have "personality packages" put into their minds. These packages can include many things, for example, memory, skills, language and muscle memory. These people live in a futuristic dormitory/laboratory named the "Dollhouse". They are given special personas as part of the personality packages. These are used to do many different types of assignments. For example, the jobs could be romantic, adventurous, strange, or illegal. After the assignment, the information is removed from their minds and they are left in a child-like state with no memories. The series follows Echo as she begins to remember things even though her mind is constantly being erased and new memories implanted into it.

References

Other websites 
 Hollywood Reporter article 
 Dollhouse TV Forum!  - For Fans
 The Dollverse  - fan site
 Dollverse.net  - an English/German fan site
 Joss Whedon's Dollhouse - an American fan/news site about "The Dollhouse" and the wider Whedonverse.

American drama television series
American science fiction television series
Whedonverse
Fox television series
Television series created by Joss Whedon
English-language television programs
Direct motion is the motion of a planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system, and is sometimes called prograde motion. Retrograde motion is motion in the opposite direction. In the case of celestial bodies such as the retrograde Carme group of moons, such motion may be real, defined by the natural rotation or orbit of the body. 

Every so often a planet seems to change direction and go the other way for a short period of time (in relation to the fixed stars), making a "retrograde loop" or squiggle in its track before carrying on as normal. This apparent retrograde motion, however, is seen because the Earth is moving. It is only seen when outer planets are near opposition. 

A common analogy for the principle of apparent retrograde motion is that of turning on a circle. If two cars are travelling at the same constant speed from the same point on concentric circles "next to each other" such that one car is on the "outside" and the other on the "inside", then the car on the inside will complete its circle before the car on the outside, because it has a shorter distance to travel. Thus, it will seem to the driver of the car on the inside, that, although the speed of the cars is the same, the car on the outside is slower. The outside car will appear to "fall behind" the inside car. The same concept is the basis of retrograde motion. 

Astrology
Orbits
Basalt  is a common grey to black rock. It is pushed out (extruded) by volcanos. The lava is rich in magnesium and iron. It has olivine and pyroxene minerals which make it dark in colour. Basalt is usually fine-grained because the lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface. Flood basalts are commonplace, formed by lava pouring out and solidifying.

On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by the hot molten mantle. Basalt has also formed on Earth's Moon, Mars, Venus, and even on the asteroid Vesta. 

The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are made mostly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below mid-ocean ridges. 

Unweathered basalt is black or grey. Basalt blocks are often used for roads and pavements (sidewalks), and for houses and other buildings. It is hard-wearing and heat resistant. 

Basalt can be made into fibre. Basalt fibre is often used as a safe replacement for asbestos. Intense heat and pressure can change basalt into its metamorphic rock equivalent. The rocks known as greenstone are basalt which has been metamorphised. 

Minerals
Igneous rocks
Aswan (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate. It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.

Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier. As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006. In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.

Related pages 
 Aswan Dam

Cities in Egypt
Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was a famous cartoonist. He was the inventor of Scrooge McDuck, the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose and many other Walt Disney characters. He was often called the most important artist in Disney comics.

Carl Barks was born on March 27, 1901, near Merrill, Oregon, as part of a farming family. At the age of 10, he became interested in art for the first time. When he was 15, his mother died, and he began to help his father on the family's farm. In 1935, he took a contract with Disney and started as one of the studio's artists. Some months later, he become a part of Ted Sears "Story Department" at the Disney studios, where he wrote more than two dozen stories for short films with Donald Duck and other characters until 1942.

In 1942 he went to "Western Publishing". There he started drawing comics with Donald Duck and later with other characters - most of them he created by himself. He held this job until 1966, when he retired.

By the early 1990s, Carl Barks had become a comic legend. In 1994, at the age of 93, for the first time in his long life, he traveled to Europe and visited around a dozen countries. Some months earlier, his third wife, Margaret, called Garé, had died at the age of 75.

In 1999, leukemia began to destroy Barks' body. The Duck Man died, aged 99, on August 25, 2000, at his home in Grants Pass, Oregon.

1901 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
People from Grants Pass, Oregon
American animators
Disney animators
Writers from Oregon
American comics artists
Ripon is a small cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England. In the 2001 census Ripon had a population of 15,922. In England only Wells, Ely and the City of London are smaller.

Ripon was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. It stayed a borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a parish in the borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire. Because it is an urban (town) parish Ripon can call its parish council Ripon City Council, the chairman of its parish council is called the City Mayor.

Other websites
 Photos of Ripon and surrounding area 
 Ripon Tourist, Community and Business Information
 Ripon Tourist Information and Business Directory
 Ripon & District Amateur Radio Society 
 Ripon Cathedral 
 The Ripon Gazette
 A history of the choristers of Ripon Cathedral 
 Newby Hall Cricket Club - Nurturing the future of cricket

References

Settlements in North Yorkshire
Cities in England
The Senegal River is a river in West Africa. It is 1,800 km long and is the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Pliny the Elder called it Bambotus (from a word meaning "hippopotamus") and Claudius Ptolemy called it Nias. Hanno the Carthaginian went to the river in about 450 BC when he was going from Carthage to Mount Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea. Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC, but before that time there was probably trade from here to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Semefé River and Bafing River meet in Bafoulabé and this forms the Senegal River. The Semefé and Bafing rivers' sources are in Guinea. The Bafing River flows through Mali and the Semefé is the Mali-Senegal border.

Near the river's mouth, the Senegal goes through Biffeche and there is an island in the river. The city of Saint-Louis is on this island. The river then turns south. There is a thin line of sand and this separates the river from the Atlantic Ocean. The line of sand is called the Langue de Barbarie. After this, the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The river has two large dams: the Manantali Dam in Mali, and the Maka-Diama Dam on the Mauritania-Senegal border, near the sea. The Manantali Dam makes a reservoir. The Maka-Diama Dam stops salt water going deep into the countryside.

The Senegal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land. About 8 000 000 km³ of water goes along the river every year. The Faleme River, Karakoro River, and Gorgol River join the Senegal River.

In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS). This organisation manages the land around the river. Guinea joined this organisation in 2005.

References

Other websites 
 Map of the Senegal River basin 
 Hydrology of Senegal (Powerpoint presentation) 

Senegal
Mauritania
Rivers of Africa
The Diprotodontia is a large order of about 120 Australasian marsupial mammals. It includes the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. 

Extinct members include the giant Diprotodon family, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".

Classification 
Order DIPROTODONTIA

Family †Thylacoleonidae (marsupial lions)

 Suborder Vombatiformes
 Family Phascolarctidae: Koala (1 species)
 Family Vombatidae: wombats (3 species)
 Family †Diprotodontidae
 Suborder Phalangeriformes
 Superfamily Phalangeroidea
 Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses
 Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums
 Superfamily Petauroida
 Family Tarsipedidae:  Honey possum
 Family Petauridae (Striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, Yellow-bellied Glider, Sugar glider, Mahogany glider, Squirrel glider)
 Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies
 Family Acrobatidae: (Feathertail glider and Feather-tailed possum)
 Suborder Macropodiformes
 Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies and allies
 Family Potoroidae: bettongs, potaroos and rat-kangaroos
 Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: Musky rat-kangaroo

† means extinct family, genus or species.

 
Marsupials of Australia
Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta features Destiny's Child performing live in Atlanta, Georgia at Philips Arena on July 15, 2005 during their Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It tour which sponsored by McDonald's, it was also known as the last tour of Destiny's Child. It was released on March 28, 2006 in the United States. The DVD debuted at #1 on the Billboard Music DVD charts breaking record sales about 500,000 copies at first week, instead of those numbers Nielsen SoundScan tracked sales of 50,000 because the restrictions about retail, international deliveries and e-packages, RIAA already certified the DVD as Platinum.

This was also released as a two-disc CD but only in Japan.

Track listing 

Destiny's Child albums
Atlanta, Georgia
Bambara is a language from Mali.  More than 6 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it.  It is called Bamanankan in Bambara.  Bambara is very similar to Dioula.  Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia.  The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group.  About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.

Bambara is in the Manding language family.  These languages are similar to each other.  This family of languages is in a larger language group.  This group is called the Mandé group.  It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).

There are seven vowels: a, e, , i, o,  and u.

Writing started during the period of French rule.  There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes.  The people who tell these stories are called Griot.  They also sing religious songs.  Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.

Bambara is a national language of Mali, and it is also the most widely understood language in Mali.

Bambara has many local dialects.  Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects.

References

Mande languages
Mali
Proboscidea (meaning "trunked beast") is an order containing only one familiy of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three living species (African forest elephant, African bush elephant, and Asian elephant).

During the period of the last ice age there were more, now extinct species, including a number of species of the elephant-like mammoths and mastodons.

The oldest proboscidean dates from the early Palaeogene period, over 50 million years ago. The evolution of the elephant-like animals mainly concerned the proportions of the cranium and jaw and the shape of the tusks and molar teeth.

Families 
Present-day elephants are the survivors of a once larger and more varied family.
Elephantidae
†Gomphotheriidae
†Mammutidae
†Stegodontidae
†Barytheriidae
†Deinotheriidae
†Moeritheriidae
†Numidotheriidae
†Palaeomastodontidae
†Phiomiidae

References
The Adrar des Ifoghas is a sandstone high area in the Kidal Region of Mali.  Is has an area of about 250,000 km².

There are wide, shallow valleys, and many granite rocks.  The Tamesna Plain is to the east.  The Telemsi Fosse is to the west  The low, western part of the Azaouak Valley is to the south.  Tanezrouft is to the north.  Kidal, Aguel'hoc, Boughessa, Essouk and Tessalit are cities in this area.

The Adrar des Ifoghas is called "Adagh" in the local language.  "" is the Berber word for mountain, and "Ifogha" is the short name of a rich Tuareg family.  This family (the "Kel Ifoghas") has been very powerful in this area for a long time.  They are nomads and they eat and sell camels, goats and sheep.

The area has many old archaeological places.  The rock drawings showing men hunting, farming, and looking after cows are very important.  Asselar Man's bones were also found here by Théodore Monod.  Recently, the Adrar des Ifoghas has become popular for hiking.

References

Mali
Kokoreç is a Turkish meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street.

Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Döner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.

Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.

Kokoreç can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal. Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola. 

Meat dishes
Ubbe Ert Iwwerks (March 24, 1901 - July 7, 1971), better known as Ub Iwerks, was an American animator. He is best known for creating Mickey Mouse, together with Walt Disney.

Ub Iwerks was born in 1901 in Kansas City. His father Eert Ubbe was an immigrant from Germany. In 1919 he met Walt Disney the first time. Some months later, Disney founded his first studio. Ub Iwerks was his first artist, and at this time the only one. Iwerks was called "the fastest animator" of Hollywood, because he could drew more than 700 pictures a day. In fact, he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon which was produced in just two weeks.

Disney and Iwerks often had differences. As a result of this differences, Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and founded his own studio. It closed in 1936, after that, Iwerks worked some months for Columbia Pictures, in 1940 he went back to Walt Disney. He did not draw anymore, but became the head of the "Special Processes Department". There he invented the Multiplane camera. For this camera he was awarded in 1960 with a special Oscar.

At the end of his life, Ub Iwerks worked for popular directors, like Alfred Hitchcock, too. In 1963 he was nominated for his work on "The Birds" for a second Oscar.

Ub Iwerks died at age 70 in Burbank, California. His sons Don Iwerks and David Iwerks worked for Disney, too. Ub's great grandson, Michael Iwerks, also works at Disney.

1901 births
1971 deaths
Disney animators
Endocrine glands are glands that secrete their product (hormones) directly into the blood. This group contains the glands of the endocrine system.  

The main endocrine glands are the pituitary gland, the pancreas, the gonads, the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.  Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin.

Reference 
 Medical definition of Endocrine gland from the medicineneet website

Endocrine system
Glands
The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the throat. The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.

The principal hormones it makes are thyroxine (T4) an triiodothyronine (T3), which is more active. These hormones regulate the growth of many systems in the body. T3 and T4 are synthesised from iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also makes calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

Diseases

Hyper- and hypofunction (affects about 2% of the population)
 Hypothyroidism (underactivity) - Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.

 Hashimoto's thyroiditis / thyroiditis
 Ord's thyroiditis
 Postoperative hypothyroidism
 Postpartum thyroiditis
 Silent thyroiditis
 Acute thyroiditis
 Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
 Hyperthyroidism (overactivity)
 Thyroid storm
 Graves-Basedow disease
 Toxic thyroid nodule
 Toxic nodular struma (Plummer's disease)
 Hashitoxicosis
 Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism
 De Quervain thyroiditis (inflammation starting as hyperthyroidism, can end as hypothyroidism)

Anatomical problems
 Goitre
 Endemic goitre
 Diffuse goitre
 Multinodular goitre
 Lingual thyroid
 Thyroglossal duct cyst

Tumors
 Thyroid adenoma
 Thyroid cancer
 Papillary
 Follicular
 Medullary
 Anaplastic
 Lymphomas and metastasis from elsewhere (rare)

Deficiencies
Cretinism

Additional images

Related pages
 Thymus

Other websites
 American Thyroid Association (Thyroid Information and professional organization)
 ''New Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer from the American Thyroid Association Taskforce.
 Thyroid Disease Manager (free online textbook)
 Thyroid Disease (Nuclear Medicine Information)
 The Thyroid Foundation of America (Education about Thyroid Disease)

Glands
Endocrine system
Never Mind the Bollocks: Here's the Sex Pistols is the only studio album by English punk band the Sex Pistols. It was released on 28 October 1977 in the UK and 10 November 1977 in the USA.

Track listing 
Holidays in the Sun
Bodies
No Feelings
Liar
Problems
God Save the Queen
Seventeen
Anarchy in the UK
Submission
Pretty Vacant
New York
E.M.I.

1977 albums
Sex Pistols
Punk albums