cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor, movie director, movie producer and writer. He starred in every popular movies, including What's Eating Gilbert Grape, Romeo + Juliet, Titanic, The Man in the Iron Mask, The Beach, Catch Me if You Can, Gangs of New York, The Aviator, The Revenant and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. His first movie was Critters 3.

In 2016, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant.

Personal life
DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles. His father, George, is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, Irmelin, is of German and Russian descent.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Academy Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor,   The Aviator (2004)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Blood Diamond (2006)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)

BAFTA Award
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)

Golden Globe Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Titanic (1998)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Catch Me If You Can (2003)
 Won: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Blood Diamond (2007)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, Revolutionary Road (2008)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, J. Edgar (2011)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, Django Unchained (2012)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, The Revenant (2016)
 OSCAR AWARD;
 Best male actor, The Revenant (2016)

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! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award
|-

 	
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! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award
|-

References

Other websites

 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Website
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Eco-site
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official MySpace
 Official DiCaprio Environmental Eleventh Hour film site
 
 
 
 leonardo dicaprio biography

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from California
Movie directors from California
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
John Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.

Filmography 
Class of '44 (1973)
It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time (1975)
Tunnel Vision (1976)
The Clown Murders (1976)
Find the Lady (1976)
The Silent Partner (1978)
Lost and Found (1979)
1941 (1979)
Double Negative (1980)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Stripes (1981)
Heavy Metal (1981) (voice)
It Came From Hollywood (1982) (documentary)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Going Berserk (1983)
Splash (1984)
The Last Polka (1984)
Brewster's Millions (1985)
Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird (1985)
Summer Rental (1985)
Volunteers (1985)
Tears Are Not Enough (1985) (documentary)
Armed and Dangerous (1986)
Little Shop of Horrors (1986)
Spaceballs (1987)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988) (Cameo)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
Hot to Trot (1988) (voice only)
Who's Harry Crumb? (1989) (also executive producer)
Speed Zone! (1989)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Masters of Menace (1990) (Cameo)
Home Alone (1990)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990) (voice)
Nothing But Trouble (1991)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Only the Lonely (1991)
Delirious (1991)
JFK (1991)
Once Upon A Crime (1992)
Boris and Natasha: The Movie (1992)
Rookie of the Year (uncredited) (1993)
Cool Runnings (1993)
Hostage For A Day (1994)
Wagons East! (1994)
Canadian Bacon (1995)
The Magic 7 (archive footage) (2008)

Other websites 
JohnCandy.com - The home of everything John Candy

All Movie Guide entry for John Candy 
Find-A-Grave profile for John Candy

1950 births
1994 deaths
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Mexico
Comedians from Ontario
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winners
Fermentation is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time.  

'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

Yeast is an organism that ferments.  When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol.  The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).

The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.

Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar.  In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.

Types of fermentation 
When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
 Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.

Other websites 
 Fermentation (biochemistry) -Citizendium

Fermentation
World War II started in this year.

Events 
 May 15 – Nazi Germany opens Ravensbruück concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp for women
 September 1 – The Second World War begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland
 September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland
 October 6 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union divide and take over Poland
 November 30 – The Winter War begins

Births 
 February 6 – Mike Farrell
 February 14 – John Conn (Scottish-Australian writer)
 March 13 - Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Tokens)
 April 2 – Marvin Gaye
 July 1 - Karen Black (d. 2013)
 July 30 - Peter Bogdanovich
 August 3 – Wes Craven
 August 19 - Ginger Baker, English drummer (Cream) (d. 2019)
 September 5 – George Lazenby
 September 18 – Frankie Avalon
 October 27 – John Cleese
 November 13 – Will Ryan (American actor)

Deaths 
 September - Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE,  British Indian judge and legislator (b. 1877)
 November 12 -Norman Bethune

Movies released 
 Gone with the Wind
 The Wizard of Oz
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (Best Picture Academy Award)
 The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex

New books 
 Finnegans Wake by James Joyce

Hit songs 
 "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" – by E.Y. Harburg and Harold Arlen, from the movieThe Wizard of Oz; won the Academy Award for the best song.

 

nv:1901 – 1950
A square kilometer (sometimes written km²) is based on the SI unit of measurement of area, the square meter. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to 1 kilometer (1000 meters). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is, on a farm or in a city, for example.

One square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles.

Units of area
A judge is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse.  Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

Juries are used in many English speaking countries, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a supreme court or high court with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called justices and are led by a Chief Justice.

In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Law occupations
In criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. If a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime.

A person is guilty if a court says they are. The court has blamed them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called the sentence.

Law
Length is a measurement. A ruler can measure length. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. Short means a small length. Long means much length. Short and long are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.

Measuring 
 A line has one size measurement. This one measurement is the length. 
 A circle has diameter, the length across, and circumference, the length around. 
 A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle. 
 The length and width of a square are the same. 
 A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the depth or height of the box.

Distance Examples 
 The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length. 
 A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.

Length of Time 
Length also describes time.

Time Example 
John sits down at one o'clock, or 1h. John waits until three o'clock, or 3h. John stands up at three o'clock, or 3h. John was sitting for 2 hours. The length of time John was sitting was two hours.

Physical quantity

de:Längenmaß
The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word true also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word truth is from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe.

Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

Examples 

 It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is untrue (or false) that a dog is a plant.
 It is a truth that dodos were found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
 It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

Other words 
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".

True and false in logic and philosophy 

What is truth? Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
True is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called false. In symbols, true is written as , T or 1.

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

Related pages
 Truth value
 Veritas (mythology)

References

Other websites
Closer to Truth

Basic English 850 words
Logic
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco), is the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican City; approximately 39,000 persons live there. It is near south-eastern France, on the Mediterranean Sea in Western Europe. French is the most common language spoken in Monaco. The Sovereign Prince of Monaco, who is the head of state, is Prince Albert II, whose family has ruled since 1297. The government and the prince share power. Tourism is the main industry. People in Monaco pay no income tax. Monaco is a city-state, because all its territory is urban and built-up.

Monte Carlo, famous for its casino, is in the north-east of the country. Monaco is famous for two car races: the Monte Carlo Rally and the Monaco Grand Prix.

A sovereign and independent state, the Principality of Monaco has borders on its land-ward side with several communes of the French Department of the Alpes-Maritimes; from west to east these are Cap d’Ail, La Turbie, Beausoleil and Roquebrune Cap Martin. Seawards, Monaco faces the Mediterranean.

The population of the Principality consists of 39,102 inhabitants (2019), 5,070 of whom are Monégasques, 12,047 French and 5,000 Italian (according to the last official census in 1990).

Its surface area is 2.02 square kilometres, of which approximately 0.4 were recovered from the sea since 1980.

It lies in a narrow coastal strip which sometimes rises straight upwards with its highest point at 163 metres. Its width varies between 1,050 metres and only 350 metres. Its coastline is 4,100 metre long.

The Principality has only one commune, Monaco, whose limits are the same as those of the state.

Monaco is made of four districts: Monaco-Ville (historic seat of the Principality, on the monolith where the Prince’s Palace stands), Monte-Carlo (the district surrounding its Casino), La Condamine (around Port Hercules), and Fontvielle (the new industrial area built on ground reclaimed from the sea, which constitutes 0.22 square kilometres).

References

 
Italian-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Current monarchies
Jettingen is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7,657 people living in Jettingen.

Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg
Villages in Baden-Württemberg
Kenneth Wayne Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is the second-highest money earning contestant on the American television game show Jeopardy!.  He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700.  His winning streak lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004.  He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katie Fitzgerald.  He was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's Ultimate Tournament of Champions. In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who became the highest money winner on Jeopardy!.

According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah"  His highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by Roger Craig in 2010.  Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon.

In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself.

In October 2008, Jennings appeared on an episode of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?. He won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again.

In February 2011, Jennings, along with Rutter, competed in the "IBM Challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named Watson. Jennings placed second, losing to Watson. He won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity.

In the spring of 2014, Jennings and Rutter competed in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament.  They faced off in the finals alongside Roger Craig.  Rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from Jennings.

In January 2020, Jennings beat Rutter and James Holzhauer in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize.

During Season 37 of Jeopardy!, Jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues.  In January 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host Alex Trebek.  And during the show's 38th Season, Jennings and Mayim Bialik are co-hosting the show after Mike Richards resigned.

References

1974 births
Television game shows
Living people
Jeopardy!
American bloggers
Malcolm McDowell (born 13 June 1943) is an English actor. He has been in many movies, including: A Clockwork Orange, O Lucky Man! and Caligula.

McDowell lives in Ojai, California.

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from West Yorkshire
Willard Carroll Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor and rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He got his start as part of the rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. He became an actor when he starred on the television show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Will Smith, a teenager from Philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in Southern California. He has appeared in many movies including Independence Day, Men in Black, Ali, Wild Wild West, The Pursuit of Happyness, I Am Legend, and in Suicide Squad.

In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award and is nominated for an Academy Award for his role as Richard Williams in the 2021 drama movie King Richard.

Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997. They have had two children Jaden and Willow.

Filmography

Discography
Studio albums
 Big Willie Style (1997)
 Willennium (1999)
 Born to Reign (2002)
 Lost and Found (2005)

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 

African American actors
Rap musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American television actors
American movie actors
1968 births
Living people
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American voice actors
American television producers
Movie producers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Dover is also the name of the capital of Delaware

Dover is a town on the coast in Kent, in the United Kingdom. It was built by the Romans. There is a castle in Dover, called Dover Castle. It is the largest castle in England. The population is about 39,078. Throughout history, it has been an important port of Britain because it is the closest port to mainland Europe. The sea between Dover and the French port of Calais is called the Strait of Dover. It is the narrowest part of the English Channel at only  wide.

The ferry port in Dover has ferries to Calais, France and Ostende, Belgium. Almost 45,000 people and 15,000 vehicles pass through the port every day. On of the largest tourist attractions around Dover are the White Cliffs of Dover.

Dover History
The Romans first tried to invade Dover in 55BC, under Julius Caesar. They were forced back by the Celts, who fiercely defended the coastline. It was not until 43 AD, under the rule of Emperor Claudius, that Roman forces landed on British soil at Richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. Dover, then called DVBRIS, became the Romans' most important naval town.

Gallery

Other websites
A History of Dover 
The History of Dover Castle
Dover Castle information 

Towns in Kent
A boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.

The word was made during the Irish Land War'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post. 

To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.

Other websites

boycott resources 
List of boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org

Economics
When something is artificial, or man-made, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. Many artificial things imitate or copy things found in nature. The imitation may use the same basic materials as those in the natural object; or it may use quite different materials, as in Artificial leather. These are concepts in defining reality. There are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural.

The word "artificial" comes from the Latin words art (meaning "skill") and fex ("to make").

Artificial does not necessarily mean synthetic (that is, created by synthesis). An artificial sweetener imitates sweetness using a chemical formula that is not found in nature; it is therefore both artificial and synthetic.

References

Related pages

Artifact (disambiguation)
Ontology

Technology
Anthropology
King Arthur was a mythical king in the mythology of Great Britain. He lived in the medieval times, in his famous castle, Camelot. He possessed a sword known as Excalibur, given to him by the Lady of the Lake.

King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Sub-Roman Britain who defended his kingdom from the Anglo-Saxons.  He is a popular fictional character in modern literature. He won several battles, and had many homes. However, his favourite home was in Camelot.  In one of the most famous tales of King Arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him King of the Britons.

 

The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), completed .

Camelot 
Many castles claim to be Arthur's Camelot, but the most likely one is Tintagel Castle, Cornwall (though there is no evidence for this). In Camelot sat the famous Round Table, where Arthur, his queen Guinevere, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Percival and many other knights sat. Arthur and his knights went on many quests including The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Green Knight, The Black Knight and more.

Death 
After King Arthur's many adventures, his son Mordred seized his kingdom and queen, forcing Arthur to fight for what was truly his. They fought for a long time. Mordred hit King Arthur in many places, but in the end Arthur killed Mordred. After this victory, King Arthur was weak and died from losing blood from battle wounds. As his knights rode back to Camelot, they threw Excalibur into the lake so that it could return to where it came from. One legend says Arthur never died, and will return when the British need him.

Books, poems and movies 
Many books have been written about King Arthur.  Most of them involve Merlin, the Knights of the Round Table, and Morgan le Fay.

Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote the first book about Arthur in the 12th century.  In the 15th century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote one of the best-known books about Arthur, called Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur).  Later, in the 19th century, Alfred, Lord Tennyson visited Tintagel, the mythical Camelot, twice.  He wrote a series of poems about Arthur. 

Some stories about Arthur say he tried to find the Holy Grail, the cup that Jesus drank from at the Last Supper. 

There are also many movies about Arthur.  These include Disney's The Sword in the Stone; Monty Python and the Holy Grail; King Arthur (2004); King Arthur, The Kid Who Would Be King (2019); the Legend of the Sword (2017); and the musical Camelot.

References 

Arthurian legend
John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman (September 26, 1774 - March 11, 1847) is an American folk hero. He was a Christian missionary and pioneer. His nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the American Midwest. Many people consider him an early conservationist or "tree-hugger". He wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life, planting apple trees, teaching the Bible, telling stories, and befriending Native Americans, wild animals, and other settlers. Many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Facts 
John Chapman is said to have been in the Wilkes-Barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman, but just when he embraced the Swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities we cannot be sure, though it is probable that it was before he ever reached western Pennsylvania. There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as "a Bible missionary" on the Potomac when he was a young man, and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia, picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s.The apple seeds that Johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted there to be more apple trees planted to improve their business.

At the time of his death, Johnny Appleseed left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left these to his sister.  He additionally had four plots located in Allen County, Indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees. 

Records show that John Chapman appeared on Licking Creek, in what is now Licking County, Ohio, in 1800, when he was twenty-six years old. He had probably come up the Muskingum River to plant near the Refugee Tract, which would soon fill up with settlers, when Congress actually got around to granting the lands. In April, 1798, the Continental Congress had ratified resolutions to donate public lands for the benefit of those who had left Canada and Nova Scotia to fight against the British in the Revolutionary War. The lands were actually set apart in 1801 and patents issued in 1802. Grants of land ranging from 160 acres to 2,240 acres were awarded according to the exertions of the patentee in the War. Johnny, with true Yankee enterprise, went ahead and planted his nurseries before the refugees arrived. Licking County, then a part of Fairfield, contained only three white families. By the time families were ready to settle the area, Johnny's tracts of land were ready for market.

Other websites 
http://johnnyappleseedfacts.com/ 

American folklore
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Massachusetts
Missionaries
1774 births
1847 deaths
A Compact Disc, also called a CD is a storage device that are small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. The CDs made floppy disks become obsolete. CDs were invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time, but not together. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read CDs in 1982. CDs can hold up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music. Mini CDs were also made for special small programs like drivers. CDs that have computer information on them are called CD-ROMs, or Compact Disc - Read Only Memory. The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about 1.5 cm).

Related pages

 CD-R
 CD-RW
 CD-MO
 Video CD or VCD
 DVD
Maidstone is a town in Kent, in England. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone is the county town of Kent, meaning the local government is based there. Its name means "stone of the maidens". The town of Maidstone is within the borough of Maidstone, which also includes several surrounding villages. In 2001, 75,070 people lived in the town of Maidstone, and there were 138,959 in the whole of the Borough.

History
During the Civil War a battle took place in 1648, which was won by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. A year later, Andrew Broughton, who was then Mayor of Maidstone (and also Clerk to the High Court of Justice) gave the death sentence to Charles I. Today there is a plaque in Maidstone Town Centre describing Andrew as 'Mayor and Regicide' (a killer of kings). 

Maidstone used to be an industrial area, with paper making and brewing being two of the most important industries, although both have mainly died out in recent years. Until 1998, Sharps Toffee factory was where Bassets liquorice allsorts and other sweets were made. Most of the heavy industry has now been replaced by light and service industries.

Today
Today, Maidstone is one of the top five shopping centres in the south east of England, with more than one million square feet of retail space.  Most of this is in two shopping areas, Fremlin Walk, which was built on the site of one of the old breweries, is , and The Mall Maidstone provides another . Both include multi-story car parks.

Towns in Kent
Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 books. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is famous for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. Lewis' theological works are usually apologetics, the defence of Christianity. Some of his most popular Christian writings were Mere Christianity and The Screwtape Letters. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Lewis was a professor of literature at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.

Lewis was married to American writer Joy Davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. He died of renal failure in Oxford. 

His writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. His most famous and popular fantasy work is The Chronicles of Narnia, which is a series of seven books.

He died in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 Encyclopædia Britannica

1898 births
1963 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
British Anglicans
British children's writers
British novelists
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in England
English theologians
Northern Irish Christians
People from Belfast
This article is about the Irish rock band.  For the American rock band, see The Cars.

The Corrs is a folk pop rock band from Ireland. There are three sisters and one brother in the quartet. They became very popular in the late 1990s.

The group 
They were all born in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland, the children of Gerry and Jean Corr.

Jim Corr 
Jim Corr (born 31 July 1964) is the oldest member of the group. He mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano.

Sharon Corr 
Sharon Corr (born 24 March 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing").

Caroline Corr 
Caroline Corr, (born 17 March 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals.

Andrea Corr 
Andrea Corr (born 17 May 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals.

Early history 
The Corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie The Commitments. Jim, Sharon, and Caroline got a small part as musicians, while Andrea got a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte, sister of the main character. It was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, John Hughes.

Their music has been released through Atlantic Records, a music company.

Their first album, Forgiven, Not Forgotten, was most popular in Australia. They then did another album called Talk On Corners, which was very popular in Ireland and Britain.

Albums released 
 Jupiter Calling (2017)
 White Light (2015)
 Home (2005)
 Borrowed Heaven (2004)
 The Best Of The Corrs (2001)
 In Blue (2000)
 Talk on Corners (1998)
 Forgiven, Not Forgotten (1995)

DVDs they have been on 
 Best Of The Corrs 2002
 Live In London 2001
 Live At Lansdowne Road 2000
 Unplugged 2000
 Live At The Royal Albert Hall 2000

References 
 The Corrs Rock (fans website with discussion board)

Other websites 
 Official Corrs site 
 The Corrs Infopage (fan website)

1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Folk music groups
Irish pop music groups
Irish rock bands
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical quartets
Pop rock bands
Aaron is a person described in the Bible and the Qu'ran. He was the older brother of Moses. He helped Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. In the Bible, he appeared very much in Exodus.

Moses' helper 
Aaron spoke for Moses, when he went to tell Pharaoh the King of Egypt everything God wanted Moses to say. The Lord said to Moses (Exodus 7:1 to 3), "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country...".

Aaron's staff

Aaron's staff was used by the Lord a few times when trying to persuade the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go. The Lord ordered Moses and Aaron, "When Pharaoh says to you, 'Perform a miracle,' then say to Aaron, Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh', and it will become a snake." So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and Aaron did so. Aaron's staff, according to the Bible, really became a snake and ate up all the other snakes that the Pharaoh's magicians had made. Also, Aaron's staff was used to make the Nile River all turn into blood. He "stretched it out", and the fish in the Nile died, and the river smelled; and the Egyptians could not drink the water, as it was recorded in the Bible.

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer and dancer. She had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others, including singer-songwriter Janet Jackson.  Musically, she is known for her late-1980s number-one singles "Straight Up" and "Cold Hearted", along with the 1990s number-one hit "Opposites Attract".  She won a Grammy Award for "Best Music Video – Short Form" for "Opposites Attract". She was a judge on the television show American Idol for its first eight seasons. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

References 

1962 births
Living people
American dancers
American Idol
American pop musicians
American television personalities
Choreographers
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Mezzo-sopranos
Singers from Los Angeles
American contemporary R&B singers
Douglas Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series.

Adams was born in Cambridge. When he was a few months old he moved to East London and a few years later to Brentwood, Essex. He originally received attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows Monty Python and Doctor Who in the 1970s. In 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It was later turned into a novel. In the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by Disney. Adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. He was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. He was an atheist. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in Montecito, California, United States.

References 

1952 births
2001 deaths
British atheists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English novelists
People from Brentwood, Essex
People from Cambridge
Writers from Essex
Writers from London
Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (May 13, 1922 - April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in Maude and The Golden Girls. She was Jewish.

Early life
Arthur was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Her parents were Philip and Rebecca Frankelin. She grew up in Cambridge, Maryland. After high school and the junior college she did an apprenticeship as a Medical Laboratory Technician and she was as a volunteer for the United States Marine Corps.

Career

Theater
In 1946 she moved back to New York and studied acting with Erwin Piscator.

Personal life
In the 1940s, she was married with author and producer Robert Alan Aurthur.

In 1950, she married Gene Saks.

References

Other websites 

 
 Playbill biography

1922 births
2009 deaths
Actors from New York City
American feminists
American LGBT rights activists
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Emmy Award winning actors
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish comedians
Jewish feminists
Singers from New York City
Tony Award winning actors
Christiaan Karel Appel (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter. He painted in the abstract expressionist style. He was known for his childlike style.

1921 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Dutch painters
People from Amsterdam
Sculptors
Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish writer. His best-known work is Peter Pan.

Barrie was born in Kirriemuir. He died of pneumonia in London. 

1860 births
1937 deaths
British children's writers
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in London
Scottish novelists
Riga is the capital city of the European country of Latvia. Riga is on river Daugava near the Baltic Sea.

The mayor of Riga is Mārtiņš Staķis.

History 
Riga was founded in 1201. It was a castle of the Teutonic Order.

In 1710 during the Great Northern War the city was incorporated to Russia. Then it became a center of Courland province.

Since 1918 Riga has been the capital city of Latvia, including Soviet Latvia in 1940-1991.

On June 30, 1941 German troops captured Riga. The city was liberated on October 15, 1944.

People 
The Riga inhabitants are named “Rīdzinieki” on Latvian and “рижане”(rizhani) on Russian.

Most of the people by ethnic origin are Latvian (45%) and 40% are Russian. Historically the city had large German population. Among other ethnic groups there are Byelorussians, Poles and Jews.

Economy 
During the Soviet period the Riga wagon building factory made very big number of local trains.

Transportation 
The are 8 tram and 18 trolley routes.

Notable people 
Vera Mukhina, sculptor.
Sergey Eisenstein, movie director.
Mikhail Zadornov, writer.
Oleg Znarok, ice hockey player and coach.

References

Other websites 
 Riga Photos 

 
1201 establishments
Establishments in Latvia
1200s establishments in Europe
Lincoln is the capital city of Nebraska, United States. The City of Lincoln Only Omaha has more people of any city in Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2010 Census population was 258,379.

Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster. It became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the start of the territory in 1854. Most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte became a part of Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. They made the village of Lancaster the new capital, in part due to the salt flats and marshes.

People from Omaha tried to stop the move by renaming Lancaster after the recently killed President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had wanted the Confederate to win the recent Civil War. These people thought that the legislature would not approve the move if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The plan did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and also became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867.  The people either liked or disliked the new name depending on how they felt about the Civil War.

Nebraska State Capitol was designed by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and constructed between 1922 and 1932. The capitol building is a skyscraper topped by a golden dome. The tower is crowned by a 6-meter (20 ft) statue of a farmer sowing grain on a pedestal of wheat and corn, to represent the state's agricultural heritage. City zoning rules prevent any other building from rivaling it in height, making it a landmark not only within the city but for the surrounding area. Inside, there are many paintings and iridescent murals showing Native American heritage and the history and culture of the early pioneers who settled Nebraska. It is the second tallest U.S. State Capitol building behind the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge.

Lincoln has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).

References

County seats in Nebraska
 
State capitals in the United States
1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Nuclear fission is a kind of nuclear reaction.  It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms.  Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by the German nuclear chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann in Berlin.

An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission.

If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or fissions) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat.  It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.

For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons.  If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy very quickly. The amount of energy released by a nuclear chain reaction is measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene).

In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion.  In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat.  The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.

Other websites 
 Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library 

Nuclear energy
1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Aer, music, theatre, literature 
 Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery is released.

Events 
 December 17 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
 Abeerden Football Club founded in Scotland.

Births 
 Date unknown – Cigerxwîn, Kurdish polymath
 May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)
 June 19 – Lou Gehrig, baseball player (d. 1941)
 June 21 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003)
 June 25 – George Orwell, English writer (d. 1950)
 July 2 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

Deaths 
 May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Robert William "Bob" Barker (born December 12, 1923) is an American retired television game show host and animal rights activist. He is best known for hosting CBS's  The Price is Right from 1972 to 2007 and for hosting Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1974.

Early life
Barker was born Robert William Barker on December 12, 1923 in Darrington, Washington. He is of Sioux descent. Barker studied at Drury College.

Career
Barker started hosting Truth or Consequences on December 31, 1956 and continued with the program until 1974. On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived End of the Rainbow for NBC. In 1967, Barker hosted the short-lived game show The Family Game. In 1971, Barker began creating a TV pilot for a game show called Simon Says. In 1980, Barker hosted a series called That's My Line for Goodson-Todman. It was cancelled in September 1981.

The Price is Right
On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of The Price Is Right. On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: renounced hair dye and allowed his hair to turn gray.

In 2006, The Price Is Right marked its 35th consecutive year on the air. It is the longest-running game show of all time in North America, and at the time was the last surviving show in the daytime game show genre.

On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from The Price Is Right in June 2007. He taped his final episode on June 6, 2007, with the show airing twice on June 15.

Movies
He was also seen acting as himself in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy movie Happy Gilmore.

Awards
He is the winner of nineteen Daytime Emmy Awards. Barker won the MTV Award for Best Fight with Adam Sandler for his fight scene in Happy Gilmore.

Personal life
Barker married Dorothy Jo Gideon in 1945. They had three children. Barker lives in Los Angeles, California. Despite retiring from television, Barker is an active animal rights activist. In 1993, Dian Parkinson sued Barker for sexual harassment. She asked for $8 million during the lawsuit. The lawsuit was dropped in 1995.

Health
Barker is a skin cancer survivor. On September 17, 2010, Barker collapsed at an L.A. shooting range. He was treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for an adverse drug reaction and released.

Longevity
Barker broke Johnny Carson's record for continuous performances on the same network television show with twenty-nine years.

References

Other websites

Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences

1923 births
Living people
American activists
American game show hosts
Emmy Award winners
Entertainers from Washington
Skin cancer survivors
People from Springfield, Missouri