A phobia (from the ) is a strong fear about a specific thing or situation.  In psychology, phobia is considered an anxiety disorder.  Phobia is different than just being scared of something.  The fear is so strong that it affects, and often damages, the sufferer's life.  For example, the person will usually do everything they can to avoid the thing they fear.  If they cannot avoid that thing, they will suffer from very strong anxiety which can damage their social relationships, their ability to work, and other areas of their everyday life.

There are two basic types of phobias: specific phobias and social phobias.  People with specific phobias fear a certain thing, for example spiders (this is called arachnophobia) or high places (acrophobia).  People with social phobias fear social situations (for example speaking in public, being in crowded areas, or being around other people).

Difference between phobia and fear 
Fear is a normal human emotion.  A phobia is different from normal fear in many ways:
With phobias, a person fears something which is not really dangerous, or which is not anywhere near as dangerous as the person believes it is.  For example, many humans fear spiders.  However, a person with a phobia of spiders might panic when even thinking about a spider, refuse to leave home because they are too afraid of seeing a spider, or spend hours of each day making sure there are no spiders in their home.  People with phobias realize that their anxiety is much more severe than normal fear would be.
Phobia lasts much longer than regular fear.  For example, a person with a phobia of spiders might continue to feel severe anxiety for hours after seeing a spider.
When a person feels normal fear, their fear does not damage their life.  Phobias cause problems in sufferers' daily lives.  For example, they may damage important relationships or make it difficult for the person to work.  People with social phobias may avoid being with other people or meeting new people.

It is hard to tell how many people suffer from phobias.  Researchers think that between 5 and 13 percent of people seem to have a phobia. Women suffer from phobias about twice as often as men.

Fears in children 
Every child is afraid of something.  For most children, these fears eventually disappear.

Normal fears in children include:
 0–2 years - loud noises; strange people; being away from their parents
 3–6 years - imaginary things, for example ghosts and monsters; the dark; strange sounds
 7–16 years - more realistic fears, for example school performance, injury, illness, death, and disaster

These fears would only be called phobias if they caused problems in the child's daily life, or if they caused the child to suffer from severe anxiety or emotional distress.

Causes and risk factors 
Causes and risk factors phobias is very.

Caused 
It can be caused by:
 phobia occurs mostly in childhood
 innate fear
 traumatic event (assault, assault witness, injury ...)
 hear about the possible danger (someone attacked animal; hear about a natural disaster ...)

Risk factors 
 family influence and culture 
 psychological personality disorder
 a characteristic trait  persons with a susceptible nature are more prone to phobias
 parents' lack of interest
 gender  women are more prone to phobias

Types of phobias

Specific phobias 
also psychological phobias. These include hundreds of types phobias. Some:
 Aichmophobia - fear of sharp objects (like scissors or needles)
 Bacillophobia - fear of bacteria
 Claustrophobia - fear of small, closed-in spaces
 Necrophobia - fear of death
 Pharmacophobia - fear of medications
 Taphophobia - fear of being buried alive
 Blood-Injection-Injury phobias
 Zoophobias - fear of one, several, or all animals.  Specific phobias of animals include Arachnophobia (fear of spiders), Cynophobia (fear of dogs), Entomophobia (fear of insects), Ophidiophobia (fear of snakes), and Scoleciphobia (fear of worms)

Social phobias 
 Sociophobia - fear of people and/or social situations
 Glossophobia – fear of speaking in public

Symptoms 
When a person with a phobia is exposed to their fear (encounters with the stimulus, think of it, sees the object of fear in the picture...) occur at these physical and psychological symptoms. Intensity depends on the degree of fear.

Psychological symptoms 
Psychological symptoms are symptoms that take place within a human. These include the:
 anxiety up to panic
 want to run away
 shaking or tremors
 fear that the loss of their control, or to drive crazy
 fear of death
 fear of loss of consciousness
 nervousness, restlessness

Physical symptoms 

 difficulty breathing, shortness of breath
 heart beat, increased heart rate
 shaking or tremors
 more sweating
 malaise, feeling sick
 weakness up to fainting
 rush hot or cold
 dry mouth
 pain or spin head
 a need to go to the toilet

Treatment 
There are different ways to help people with phobias. There is treatment available; it focuses on making the patient less sensitive to the fear they suffer from, or showing him or her how the cycle of fear works. There is also medication available (mostly sedatives) that help people cope. Finally there are self-help groups.

Related pages
List of phobias

References

Other websites 
 Phobias and Fears - Symptoms, Treatment, and Self-Help 
 Page with more types and descriptions phobias
 Phobias and anxiety disorders (czech)