cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Demosthenes "Demis" Hassabis  (born 27 July 1976) is a significant figure in artificial intelligence. He is a British researcher, neuroscientist, video game designer, entrepreneur, and five times winner of the Pentamind board games championship. 

Hassabis is the CEO and co-founder of DeepMind, a machine learning AI startup, founded in London in 2010 with Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman. Hassabis met Legg when both were postdocs at University College London's Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, and he and Suleyman had been friends through family. Hassabis also recruited his university friend and Elixir partner David Silver.
 
DeepMind's mission is to "solve intelligence" and then use intelligence "to solve everything else". More concretely, DeepMind aims to use powerful general-purpose learning algorithms to build an artificial general intelligence (AGI).

The company was bought by Google for £400 million. 

They created AlphaGo, a program which defeated world champion Lee Sedol at the complex game of Go. Go had been considered a holy grail of AI, for its high number of possible board positions and resistance to existing programming techniques. However, AlphaGo beat European champion Fan Hui 5-0 in October 2015 before winning 4-1 against former world champion Lee Sedol in March 2016. 

More recently, DeepMind turned its artificial intelligence to protein-folding, one of the toughest problems in science. In December 2018, DeepMind's tool AlphaFold won the 13th Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) by successfully predicting the most accurate structure for 25 out of 43 proteins.

Although Hassabis is expert at many games, he does not program specific rules into Deep Mind. For Go and chess, the machine played many games with itself, learning from its results. In other words it taught itself how to play, given the basic rules of the game. 

 2018: Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in May 2018.

References 

1976 births
British computer scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Eduardo Lourenço GCSE, GCIH (23 May 1923 – 1 December 2020) was a Portuguese essayist, professor, critic, philosopher, and writer. He was a professor at the University of Coimbra. He won the Camões Prize in 1996. Lourenço was born in Almeida, Portugal.

Lourenço died on 1 December 2020 in Lisbon at the age of 97.

References

1923 births
2020 deaths
Portuguese writers
Philosophers
Critics
Portuguese educators
Essayists
DeepMind Technologies is a UK based artificial intelligence company and research laboratory founded in September 2010. It was bought by Google in 2014. 

The company is based in London, with research centres in Canada, France, and the United States.

Related pages 
Demis Hassibis

References

2010 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies of England
Artificial intelligence
Miguel Algarín Jr. (11 September 1941 – 1 December 2020) was a Puerto Rican poet, historian and writer. He was known as the co-founder of the Nuyorican Poets Café. He was a Rutgers University professor of English. Algarín was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico.  He lived most of his life in New York City.  He was a Nuyorican poet.

Algarín's books include Mongo Affair, On Call (1980), Body Bee Calling from the 21st Century (1982), Time's Now/Ya es tiempo (1985), Love Is Hard Work: Memorias de Loisaida/Poems (1997, Lower East Side Memories/Poems).

Algarín died on 1 December 2020 in New York City of sepsis, aged 79.

Works
 

Action. Touchstone. 1997. 
Survival Supervivencia. Arte Publico Press. 2009.

Editor

References

Other websites
Miguel Algarin Web Site  
Nuyorican Poets Café
View Current TV's program on Nuyorican Power
View list of past American Book Award winners

1941 births
2020 deaths
Puerto Rican people
American historians
American poets
Educators from New York City
American playwrights
American editors
American critics
Writers from New York City
Deaths from sepsis
James Darrell McFarland (October 4, 1947 – November 27, 2020) was an American football player. He played tight end for six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Buffalo Bills, St. Louis Cardinals, and Miami Dolphins. He was born in North Platte, Nebraska.

After leaving football, he became a member of the Nebraska Legislature between 1986 to 1991 as a Democrat. He unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Nebraska in 1998.

McFarland died of pancreatic cancer on November 27, 2020, in Omaha, Nebraska at age 73.

References

1947 births
2020 deaths
American football tight ends
Buffalo Bills players
Miami Dolphins players
Arizona Cardinals players
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Omaha, Nebraska
People from North Platte, Nebraska
US Democratic Party politicians
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Clifton Bertrand (2 March 1936 – 28 November 2020) was a Trinidadian sprinter. He was born in Arima, Trinidad and Tobago. He won three bronze medals at the Pan American Games in 1959 and 1963. Bertrand also competed during the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics.

Bertrand died on 28 November 2020 in New York City at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Trinidad and Tobago sportspeople
Olympians
Sprinters
Miroslav "Miša" Aleksić (Serbian Cyrillic: Мирослав-Миша Алексић, 16 August 1953 — 29 November 2020) was a Serbian musician. He was best known as the bass guitarist for the Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Riblja Čorba.

On 29 November 2020, Aleksić died from problems caused by COVID-19 in Belgrade at the age of 67.

References

1953 births
2020 deaths
Serbian singers
Serbian musicians
Songwriters
Guitarists
Rock singers
Rock musicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia
Marco Dino Brogi, O.F.M. (12 March 1932 – 29 November 2020) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church

Brogi was born in Cairo, Egypt. He was became a priest on 5 May 1963. Pope John Paul II made Brogi titular archbishop of Città Ducale, Apostolic Nuncio to Sudan, and Apostolic Delegate to Somalia on 13 December 1997. Pope John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Egypt and Apostolic Delegate to the Arab League on 5 February 2002.

Brogi ended his service as Nuncio on 27 January 2006. Benedict named him a Consultor to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches on 15 September 2007.

Brogi died on 29 November 2020 in Rome at the age of 88.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Italian Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic bishops
People from Cairo
The Delian League was founded in 478 BC. It was an association of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens. The League had a many cities: at various times between 150 and 330. 

The League was led by Athens to continue fighting the Persian Empire. The Greeks had won the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece. 

The League's modern name comes from its official meeting place, the island of Delos, where congresses were held in the temple. The treasury stood there, until Pericles moved it to Athens in 454 BC.

Soon after the League was set up, Athens began to use the League's funds for its own purposes. This led to conflict between Athens and the less powerful members of the League. By 431 BC,  the League presented a threat to Sparta. This, and Athens's heavy-handed control of the League, started the Peloponnesian War. The League was dissolved after the war's end in 404 BC by the order of Lysander, the Spartan commander.

References 

Ancient Greece
5th-century establishments
5th-century disestablishments
Dee Vance Benson (August 25, 1948 – November 30, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was born in Sandy, Utah. He was nominated to the United States District Court for the District of Utah in 1991 by President George H. W. Bush. From 1999 to 2006, he was chief justice of the court. 

Benson died of brain cancer on November 30, 2020 at his home in Salt Lake City, Utah at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 BYU Law Review
 Crandall Canyon Mine - Deseret News
 Mineral Leasing Act
 Secretary of the Interior

1948 births
2020 deaths
American judges
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
US Republican Party politicians
Deaths from brain cancer
Lawyers from Salt Lake City, Utah
Sandy is a city in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, located in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. The population of Sandy was 87,461 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Utah
Tan Eng Bock (29 April 1936 – 30 November 2020) was a Singaporean water polo player He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Tan died in Singapore on 30 November 2020 at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Singaporean people
Olympians
Water polo players
Benjamin William Bova (November 8, 1932November 29, 2020) was an American writer. He was the author of more than 120 works of science fiction. He was a six-time winner of the Hugo Award. 

He was an editor of Analog Magazine, an editorial director of Omni; he was also president of both the National Space Society and the Science Fiction Writers of America. He was known for his Grand Tour novel series.

Bova died on November 29, 2020 at a hospital in Naples, Florida from pneumonia and a stroke caused by COVID-19, aged 88.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
American novelists
American science fiction writers
American editors
American critics
American essayists
American journalists
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Infectious disease deaths in Florida
Abhay Ganpathrai Bharadwaj (2 April 1954 – 1 December 2020) was a Ugandan-born Indian politician, activist and lawyer. He was born in Kampala, Uganda.

Bharadwaj was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 22 July 2020 until his death. He was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He also was a member of the national Law Commission from 2016 to 2018.

Bharadwaj died of COVID-19 on 1 December 2020 at a hospital in Chennai, India at the age of 66.

References

1954 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Ugandan politicians
Indian politicians
Indian activists
Indian lawyers
People from Chennai
The Gillette Stadium is a stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts. It is the home stadium of NFL team New England Patriots and MLS team New England Revolution.

2000s establishments in Massachusetts
2002 establishments in the United States
National Football League venues
Football stadiums in the United States
Soccer stadiums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Massachusetts
New England Patriots
SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom is a 2003 platformer video game based on the acclaimed animated TV show SpongeBob SquarePants.

Gameplay
The game lets you play as either SpongeBob, Patrick or Sandy. SpongeBob can switch places with either Patrick or Sandy in the levels. They have to collect Patrick's socks, shiny objects and Golden Spatulas to progress through the game.

Plot
Plankton has made a robot army.

Reception
The game had mixed to positive reviews but became a cult classic among speedrunners.

2003 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
SpongeBob SquarePants
Xbox games
Thomas and the Magic Railroad is a 2000 British-American live-action/animated fantasy adventure movie based on Thomas the Tank Engine and Shining Time Station. The Fat Controller is on holiday while Thomas the Tank Engine and his friends were working hard .

Cast
Peter Fonda as Mr. Stone
Alec Baldwin as Mr. Conductor
Mara Wilson as Lily Stone
Edward Glen as the voice of Thomas the Tank Engine

Production
By 2020, a workprint of the movie has been released including narration done by Mara Wilson instead of Alec Baldwin.

Reception
The movie got mixed to negative reviews, including from British reviewers.

2000 animated movies
2000s adventure movies
2000s fantasy movies
American adventure movies
American animated movies
American fantasy movies
British adventure movies
British animated movies
British fantasy movies
Crossover movies
English-language movies
"The Nightmare Begins" is the first episode of Invader Zim as was aired on March 31, 2001.

Plot
At Conventia, the convention hall planet, Almighty Tallests Red and Purple are beginning the Great Assigning for Operation Impending Doom II. A small Irken named Zim arrived and wanted to join. The Tallest remember that Zim was banished to Foodcourtia because in the original Operation Impending Doom, he nearly destroyed Irk, the Irken home planet.

2001 television episodes
Scary Movie 2 is an American comedy movie. It is a parody of a horror movie. It is directed by Keenan Ivory Wayans. It stars Anna Faris Regina Hall, Marlon Wayans and Shawn Wayans. It was released to mixed reviews on July 7, 2001.

Production
Marlon Brando was going to have a role but he wouldn't make it due to his declining health.

Other websites 

2001 comedy movies
2000s parody movies
American comedy movies
American parody movies
Buena Vista International movies
English-language movies
Marcus Terentius Varro Reatinus (116 – 27 BC) was a Roman writer. He wrote many books, but only one work survives completely - Three books on Agriculture.  In this work, he describes farming in Roman times. 

Scholars say this book has a little microbiology and epidemiology. Varro warned his contemporaries to stay away from swamps and marshes: 

...there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, but which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and cause serious diseases.

References

2nd-century BC births
1st-century BC deaths
Ancient Roman writers
A general election was held on 11 June 1987 to elect all 650 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party won the election, winning 376 seats, and Margaret Thatcher stayed as Prime Minister for the third election in a row. The Labour Party won 20 more seats than the last election, mostly from the Conservatives.

Sources

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1987 in Europe
1980s elections in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom general elections
A general election was held on 9 June 1983 to elect all 650 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party won by the largest majority since Labour in the 1945 general election. It meant that Margaret Thatcher stayed as Prime Minister.

Notes

References

1983
1980s elections in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom general elections
Omnisexuality is a sexual orientation in which one is attracted to all genders or any gender, though gender often still plays a role or a preference in one's attraction. Similar to pansexuality. Omnisexual could be seen as a form of multisexuality, or non-monosexuality.
A great way to describe omnisexuality is by saying it's the middle of pansexual and bisexual, cause it has characteristics from both.

References

Sexuality
LGBT variations
The Iberian tree frog or Moller's tree frog (Hyla molleri) is a frog from Europe.  Scientists saw it in Spain, Portugal and France.

References

Animals of Europe
Frogs
Antica Dolceria Bonajuto is a chocolate factory founded in Modica in 1880, known as the oldest in Sicily and one of the oldest in Italy.

History 
Francesco Bonajuto founded the current place in 1880 but with the name of Caffè Roma, a socialist inspired meeting place, which became Antica Dolceria Bonajuto in 1992.

Over the years many illustrious people of the chocolate shop have been, among them: writer, journalist and art critic Leonardo Sciascia, his friend and colleague Gesualdo Bufalino, or American Journalists Raymond Walter Apple Jr. of the New York Times and Frederika Randall of the Wall Street Journal.

Awards 
In 1911 Francesco Bonajuto's chocolates won the gold medal at the Turin Universal Exposition (1911) which was organized in conjunction with other national exhibitions such as those in Rome (where Bonajuto was awarded) and Florence.

Bibliography 
 The Bonajuto confectionery. History of the oldest chocolate shop in Sicily, Giovanni Criscione, Palermo, Kalós edizioni d’arte, 2014.
 The wooden biscuit, Raffaele Poidomani, Modica, Bonajuto, 2005.

Related pages 
 Cacao tree
 Cocoa butter

References

Other websites 
 https://www.bonajuto.it/ (official site)

Sicily
The 38th Super Bowl was shown on television as it was happening on February 1, 2004 on CBS. The halftime show of the Super Bowl got controversy when Janet Jackson's breast was revealed by Justin Timberlake to everyone watching the show. This caused a big debate on broadcasting things that people might see as offensive.

MTV was the producer of the halftime show. 143.6 million people watched the halftime show when it first happened. The incident with Jackson and Timberlake made CBS and MTV remove Jackson's songs from its radio and television channels. The Federal Communications Commission gave CBS a fine of US$27,500 for the incident. The fine was made bigger for US$325,000 and then even bigger, for US$550,000. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals removed the fine in 2011. The FCC tried to put another fine on CBS in 2012, but it was rejected.

The incident made Janet Jackson the most searched words ever on the Internet. It also became the most watched event on TiVo and made 35,000 people become new subscribers to TiVo. The term "wardrobe malfunction" (meaning an error related to clothing) was made because of the incident. It was later added to Webster's Dictionary.

References 

38 halftime controversy
Controversies in the United States
2004 in television
Janet Jackson
Justin Timberlake
The Blue Whale Challenge, also called Blue Whale game, or simply Blue whale is an internet phenomenon that started in 2016, in Russia. Over a period of 50 days, participants are assigned tasks. Each participant gets one task a day. At first, the tasks are harmless (such as: get up at 4.30am, and watch a horror movie). Later, the tasks require the participants to hurt themselves. The final task requires the player to commit suicide.

When people want to quit, they are threatened. Sometimes, this includes threats to the family of the participant.

The first to report on this was the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta, in 2016. It  linked many suicides of children. All these children had been members of the group "F57", in the Russian social network called VK. The article claimed there were 130 suicides because of the challenge. The article was later criticized, because it made connections where none existed. None of the suicides were found to be related to the activities of the group. There were several suicides which have been linked to the challenge. So far, no link has been proven.

Notable cases 
Two girls in Irkutslk, aged 14 and 15 years committed suicide together, after solving 50 tasks. They jumped off a building. Another 14 year old threw herself in front of a train.

References 

Suicide
Bonifácio Piccinini (13 May 1929 – 28 November 2020) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic archbishop. He became a priest in 1960. He was titular archbishop of Turres in Byzacena and as coadjutor archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuiabá Brazil, from 1975 to 1981 and as archbishop of the archdiocese from 1981 to 2004.

Piccinini died on 28 November 2020 at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Brazilian people
Roman Catholic archbishops
Margaret L. "Peg" Murray (February 14, 1924 – November 29, 2020) was an American actress. She was born in Denver, Colorado. She won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance as the villain "Fräulein Kost" in the original Broadway production of Cabaret (1966). 

Murray died on November 29, 2020 in Southold, New York at the age of 96.

References

Tony Award winning actors
1924 births
2020 deaths
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Denver, Colorado
Actors from New York City
The Town of Southold is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 21,968 at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in New York
Ali-Asghar Shahbazi (; November 1922 – 29 November 2020) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran. He was known for his role as Nader's father in the 2011 drama A Separation.

Shahbazi died on 29 November 2020 in Tehran from cardiopulmonary arrest at the age of 98.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Iranian actors
People from Tehran
Liliane Juchli (19 October 1933 – 30 November 2020) was a Swiss nurse and writer. She was a member of the Merciful Sisters of the Holy Cross. She was the main author of an important German-language nursing textbook which was called "the Juchli". She was born in Obersiggenthal, Switzerland.

Juchli died in Bern, Switzerland from COVID-19 on 30 November 2020 at the age of 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland
Swiss writers
Nurses
Roger Chappot (17 October 1940 – 7 April 2020) was a Swiss professional ice hockey player. He played for HC Villars and Genève-Servette HC in the National League A.  He also represented the Swiss national team at the 1964 Winter Olympics.

Chappot died from COVID-19 during the pandemic on 8 April 2020 at the age of 79.

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
Olympians
Swiss ice hockey players
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland
Anne Sylvestre (, born Anne-Marie Beugras 20 June 1934 – 30 November 2020) was a French singer-songwriter and guitarist. She was born in Lyon, France. She was known for her children's songs such as "Fabulettes" (1962). She also appeared many times as a musical guest on the television program Discorama.

Sylvestre died in Paris on 30 November 2020 from problems caused by a stroke, aged 86.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from stroke
French singers
French songwriters
French musicians
Guitarists
People from Lyon
Jane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones (born 29 March 1944) is an English author and teacher. She was married for 30 years to Stephen Hawking. She was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England. In 1999 she wrote an autobiography about her first marriage, Music to Move the Stars: A Life with Stephen.

Hawking was played by Felicity Jones in the 2014 movie The Theory of Everything.

Written works
  At Home In France: Guide to Buying and Renovating Property In France Allegro Publications 1994 
  Music to Move the Stars: A Life with Stephen Macmillan Publishers, London 1999 
 Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen Alma Books 2007

References

1944 births
Living people
Educators
Writers from Hertfordshire
Autobiographers
Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov (; ; 17 October 1919 – 9 January 2021) was a Soviet-born physicist. He was known for his role in developing the BKL conjecture in general relativity. Khalatnikov was born in Dnipro, Ukraine.

Khalatnikov directed the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow from 1965 to 1992. He was elected to the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1984. In 1994, he became a fellow at the Royal Society.

Khalatnikov died in Chernogolovka, Russia on 9 January 2021, aged 101.

References

1919 births
2021 deaths
Soviet writers
Ukrainian scientists
Russian physicists
Ukrainian writers
Russian writers
Centenarians
The Supreme Court (initialism: UKSC or the acronym: SCOTUK) is the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom for civil cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

It hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance.

Current Justices

</onlyinclude>

References

2009 establishments in the United Kingdom
Politics of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Luciano Guerzoni (1 April 1938 – 1 December 2020) was an Italian Communist politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies three times representing Parma for his first two terms from 1983 to 1992, and Mirandola in his final term from 1994 to 1996. Guerzoni was born in Naples, Italy.

Guerzoni died on 1 December 2020 in Modena, Italy at the age of 82.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
People from Naples
Italian politicians
Brian Francis Kerr, Baron Kerr of Tonaghmore,  (; 22 February 1948 – 1 December 2020) was a British politician and lawyer. 

He was Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland and then as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2009 until his retirement in 2020. Until his retirement, Kerr was the longest serving Supreme Court Justice, and the last original member of the Court.

Kerr died on 1 December 2020 at the age of 72.

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
British lawyers
Northern Ireland politicians
British judges
Mohammad Maleki (; 11 July 1933 – 1 December 2020) was an Iranian academic and pro-democracy nationalist-religious activist. He was president of the University of Tehran for a short time in 1979.

Maleki died of cancer and diabetes in Tehran on 1 December 2020 at the age of 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Deaths from diabetes
Iranian people
Academics
Political activists
Erlend Rian (15 June 1941 – 1 December 2020) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Conservative Party. He was editor-in-chief of the newspaper Tromsø from 1974 to 1979. He was mayor of Tromsø City from 1980 to 1995.

Rian died on 1 December 2020 in Tromsø at the age of 79.

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian politicians
Mayors
Editors
Moreirense Futebol Clube is a Portuguese professional football club based in Moreira de Cónegos, Guimarães Municipality, in Minho. It was founded on 1 November 1938 and it plays in the Primeira Liga.

Other websites
Official website 
Zerozero team profile

20th-century establishments in Portugal
1938 establishments in Europe
Portuguese football clubs
Mohamed Abarhoun (3 May 1989 2 December 2020) was a Moroccan professional footballer. He played as a defender.

Abarhoun joined Portguese Primeira Liga club Moreirense in 2017.  After two seasons he joined Turkish club Çaykur Rizespor.

Abarhoun played nine games for the Morocco U20 team and eight for the Morocco U23 team, including three at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He made his senior international debut in 2013, earning 7 international caps.

In February 2020, Abarhoun was diagnosed with stomach cancer. He died from the disease on 2 December 2020 in Istanbul, aged 31.

References

1989 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Moroccan footballers
Hasna Begum (February 24, 1935 – December 1, 2020) was a Bangladeshi philosopher and feminist. She was a professor of philosophy at the University of Dhaka until her retirement in December 2000. Begum was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Begum was chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Dhaka from 1991 to 1994 and was appointed to the University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh's Rokeya Chair in 2010. 

She was a board member of the International Association of Bioethics (IAB) from 1997 to 2005. She was a member of the editorial board of Bioethics.

Begum died at a Dhaka hospital on December 1, 2020 from COVID-19 at the age of 85.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
Bangladeshi writers
Philosophers
Editors
Feminist writers
People from Dhaka
Defection is when a person leaves their home country in a way the home country claims to be illegal. To the first country, they can be seen as traitors.
It is a political label used by authoritarian countries. 

More broadly, it involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie. The tie may be one of allegiance or of duty.

An example of this today are North Koreans who escape the country to live in a new country, such as South Korea or the United States. The North Korean government makes leaving the country without permission illegal, and punishments for this are extremely harsh. Escapees who are caught usually get sent to a prison camp or are publicly put to death. There have been around 33,000 defectors from North Korea since the North Korean famine.

References 

Politics by issue
Words
Dolichostyrax longipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1913 and is known from Borneo.

References

Polyphaga
Sabrina Ferilli (born 28 June 1964) is an Italian actress. She is known for her role as Ramona in the 2013 movie The Great Beauty.

References

Other websites
 

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Rome
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Italian voice actors
Hyla orientalis (also known as the oriental tree frog, eastern tree frog, Caucasian tree frog or Shelkovnikov's tree frog) is a frog from both Europe and Asia.  Scientists saw it in Turkey, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia.  It may also live in Greece

Scientists used to think this frog was part of Hyla arborea but they do not think so now.

References

Animals of Asia
Animals of Europe
Frogs
A camera flash, sometimes called a strobe or just a flash, is a device used in photography to allow pictures to be taken of dark areas by producing a flash of very bright light.

Flashes are often built into cameras, but external flashes are available and are mostly used by professional photographers, they can be mounted directly to the camera, or used 'off-camera' on a special stand or tripod.

Flashes were first used in the late 1800's in the form of a stick with magnesium on the top that when burned would produce very bright light (the stick was held in the air, and the camera shutter released at the same time), later camera flashes used a special type of light bulb known as a flashbulb, and modern flashes use LED's or a special type of tube which emits a flash of mostly blue light when electricity is applied to it from the flash capacitor (known as a xenon flashtube).

The use of a flash to take photographs is mostly known as 'flash photography' 

The use of flashes is not allowed in some places where it may be annoying to other people or where the bright light could damage rare or very old objects (like paintings) such as in a museum.

Photography
Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut is a 2006 director's cut of Superman II.

Cast
 Marlon Brando as Jor-El

Reception
Many people considered it better than the 1980 theatrical release.

2006 movies
2000s superhero movies
Alternate versions of movies
Superman movies
British movies
Warner Bros. movies
Scrat: Spaced Out is a 2019 American computer animated comedy slapstick short film directed by Mike Thurmeier and Galen T. Chu. The short is a spin-off of the Ice Age franchise and focuses on Scrat. This is the third Scrat short film and it's set right after the events of Collision Course.

Plot
Right after the events of Collision Course, Scrat is ready to come back to Earth but he's kidnapped by alien female anthropomorphic sabertooth squirrels named Scratazons. 

The Scratazons tries to kill him but they ultimately fails, however they steals his acorn but luckily Scrat gets it back with the attraction ray. 

There's a battle between Scrat and the Scratazons leader with the attraction rays which ends with the explosion of the Scratazons ship and causes a black hole which swallows all of them except Scrat and the Scratazons leader.

Scrat initially loses the run against Scratazon for the acorn but he successfully uses the toilet to arrive to the acorn and he knock Scratazon away causing her to be swallowed by the black hole as well.

Scrat and his acorn are then swallowed as well but they are spitten out. Scrat is happy that he finally has his acorn but the black hole reopens and swallows the acorn, much to Scrat's horror and dismay. 

Scrat then screams in frustration while he floats in the space.

Cast
 Chris Wedge as Scrat
 Karen Disher as Scratazon Leader / Scratazons guards
 Neil deGrasse Tyson: narrator

Possible sequel
It's currently unknown if there will be another Scrat short but since the character is very popular it's most likely there will be at least another one. If there will be a new short film it will probably not be a direct continuation of this short as the shorts follows the "no-continuity" rule of the Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner episodes.
Spider-Man: Web of Shadows is a 2008 action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero Spider-Man. The game was released in October 2008 across multiple platforms, and encompasses three drastically different versions: one released for the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360, which features an open world and non-linear gameplay; one for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable (called Spider-Man: Web of Shadows - Amazing Allies Edition), which is a 2.5D side-scrolling beat 'em up; and one for the Nintendo DS, which is also a linear beat 'em up, but features a different storyline and aspects of the Metroidvania genre.

Gameplay
Venom has launched a full-scale symbiote invasion of Manhattan, forcing Spider-Man to join forces with a number of unlikely allies in order to stop him, while being faced with difficult choices that could change his life forever.

2008 video games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Windows games
Spider-Man video games
Romance is a 1930 American drama movie directed by Clarence Brown and is the second version of the 1913 play of the same name by Edward Sheldon. It stars Greta Garbo, Lewis Stone, Gavin Gordon, Elliott Nugent, Florence Lake, Clara Blandick and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1930.

Other websites
 
 
 

1930 movies
1930s drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on plays
MGM movies
Movies directed by Clarence Brown
The Divorcee is a 1930 American drama movie directed by Robert Z. Leonard and was based on the 1929 novel Ex-Wife by Ursula Parrott. It stars Norma Shearer, Chester Morris, Conrad Nagel, Robert Montgomery, Florence Eldridge, Helene Millard, Mary Doran and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1930.

Other websites

1930 movies
1930s drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Robert Z. Leonard
Movies about divorce
Disraeli is a 1929 American historical drama movie directed by Alfred E. Green and is the third version of the 1911 play of the same name by Louis N. Parker. It stars George Arliss, Doris Lloyd, Joan Bennett, Florence Arliss, Anthony Bushell and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was nominated 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1930.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1929 movies
1920s drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Alfred E. Green
Malaya is a 1949 American World War II adventure movie directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Spencer Tracy, James Stewart, Sydney Greenstreet, Lionel Barrymore, DeForest Kelley, Roland Winters, Richard Loo. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites
 

1949 movies
1940s war movies
1940s adventure movies
American war movies
American adventure movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by Richard Thorpe
George Ross Anderson Jr. (January 29, 1929 – December 1, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a Judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina from 1980 until his retirement in 2016. He was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to the court. He also was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1955 to 1956. 

Anderson was born in Anderson, South Carolina. He was a Democrat. Anderson died on December 1, 2020 at a South Carolina nursing home at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
American judges
Politicians from South Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (in case citations, D.S.C.) is the federal district court. They cover the state of South Carolina. 

Court is held in the cities of Aiken, Anderson, Beaufort, Charleston, Columbia, Florence, Greenville, and Spartanburg.

Other websites
 United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Official Website
 United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina Official Website

South Carolina
The Utah Kid is a 1930 American western movie directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Rex Lease, Boris Karloff, Dorothy Sebastian, Mary Carr, Lafe McKee, Walter Miller. It was distributed by Tiffany Pictures.

Other websites

1930 movies
1930s western movies
American western movies
Movies directed by Richard Thorpe
Walter Edward Williams (March 31, 1936 – December 1, 2020) was an American economist, commentator, and academic. He was the John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason University. He was known for his classical liberal and libertarian views. His writings frequently appeared on Townhall.com, WND, and Jewish World Review. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Williams died on December 1, 2020 in Devon, Pennsylvania at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
American academics
American economists
American political commentators
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Libertarians
Educators from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Dead End is a 1937 American crime drama movie directed by William Wyler and was based on the 1935 play of the same name by Sidney Kingsley. It stars Sylvia Sidney, Humphrey Bogart, Joel McCrea, Wendy Barrie, Claire Trevor, Allen Jenkins, Ward Bond, Esther Dale, Charles Halton and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1938.

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1937 movies
1930s crime movies
1930s drama movies
American crime drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by William Wyler
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis. There is a long-term inflammation of the joints of the spine. 

Usually the joints where the spine joins the pelvis are also affected. Eye and bowel problems may also occur. Pain in the back is a typical symptom of AS, and it often comes and goes. Stiffness of the affected joints usually gets worse over time.

References

Autoimmune diseases
Inflammation
Koba Davitashvili (; July 31, 1971 – December 2, 2020) was a Georgian politician. He was a leader of the Georgian People's Party and co-founder of the United National Movement. He was a member of the Georgian Parliament between 1999 to 2006.

Davitashvili died on December 2, 2020 in Tbilisi from ankylosing spondylitis, aged 49.

References

1971 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Tbilisi
Political activists
The First Degree is a 1923 American drama movie directed by Edward Sedgwick and was based on the 1914 short story The Summons by George Pattullo. It stars Frank Mayo, Sylvia Breamer, Philo McCullough and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

Other websites
 

1923 movies
1920s drama movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Movies based on short stories
Movies directed by Edward Sedgwick
Maker of Men is a 1931 American drama movie directed by Edward Sedgwick and starring Jack Holt, Richard Cromwell, Joan Marsh, John Wayne, Natalie Moorhead. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.

Other websites

1931 movies
1930s drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Edward Sedgwick
Columbia Pictures movies
Brighton Rock is a 1947 British crime thriller movie directed by John Boulting and was based on the 1938 novel of the same name by Graham Greene. It stars Richard Attenborough, Hermione Baddeley, Carol Marsh, William Hartnell, Wylie Watson, George Carney, Alan Wheatley. It was remade in 2010.

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1947 movies
1947 crime movies
1940s thriller movies
British crime movies
British thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by John Boulting
River of No Return is a 1954 American western movie directed by Otto Preminger and Jean Negulesco. It stars Robert Mitchum, Marilyn Monroe, Tommy Rettig, Rory Calhoun and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites
 
 
 

1954 movies
1950s western movies
American western movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Otto Preminger
Movies directed by Jean Negulesco
Aldo Moser (7 February 1934 – 2 December 2020) was an Italian cyclist. Moser rode in 16 editions of the Giro d'Italia and 4 of the Vuelta a España, totaling in 20 Grand Tours. He was the older brother of Francesco Moser, Enzo Moser  and Diego Moser. He was born in Giovo, Italy.

Moser died on 2 December 2020 in Trento, Italy from COVID-19 at the age of 86.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
Italian cyclists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Giovo () is a comune (municipality) in Trentino, located about  northeast of Trento in northern Italy.

References

Settlements in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Rafer Lewis Johnson (August 18, 1934 – December 2, 2020) was an American decathlete and actor. He was born in Hillsboro, Texas. Johnson was a silver medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He also played Mullens the DEA agent in the 1989 James Bond movie Licence to Kill.

In 1968, Johnson, football player Rosey Grier, and journalist George Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot Robert F. Kennedy.

Johnson died on December 2, 2020 at a Sherman Oaks, California hospital from a stroke, aged 86.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
African-American track and field athletes
African-American movie actors
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
Actors who played in James Bond movies
Actors from Texas
Sportspeople from Texas
Deaths from stroke
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
People from Hillsboro, Texas
George Ames Plimpton (March 18, 1927 – September 25, 2003) was an American journalist, writer and editor. He was widely known for his sports writing and for helping to found The Paris Review. He was born in New York City.

Plimpton, along with former decathlete Rafer Johnson and American football star Rosey Grier, helped wrestle Sirhan Sirhan to the floor when Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1968.

Plimpton died on September 25, 2003 at his New York City apartment from a heart attack caused by supraventricular tachycardia, aged 76.

References

1927 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
American editors
American sports commentators
Journalists from New York City
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormally fast heart rhythm caused from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart. 

There are four main types: atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), atrial flutter, and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.

Symptoms may include palpitations, feeling faint, sweating, shortness of breath, or chest pain.

References

Diseases
Franciscus Johannes "Frank" Erik Kramer (27 November 1947 – 30 November 2020) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a striker, television presenter and football commentator. Kramer was born in Amsterdam. His career lasted from 1970 to 1984. 

Kramer played for Amsterdam, MVV Maastricht, Telstar, Volendam and Haarlem. He also made appearances on television sports networks as a commentator for AVRO and Eurosport.

Kramer suffered from a stroke on his 73rd birthday and fell in a coma. He died three days later in Amsterdam on 30 November 2020.

References

1947 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Dutch footballers
Dutch television presenters
Sports commentators
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero Spider-Man released for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows. It was followed by a sequel, Spider-Man: Edge of Time in October 2011.

Gameplay
The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos. When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Universe. Madame Web calls on four versions of Spider-Man from four realities to assist in bringing the realities back into balance: the Amazing Spider-Man, Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man. The player controls each of the four Spider-Men as they attempt to retrieve the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions, who now possess new abilities granted by the tablet.

2010 video games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Spider-Man video games
Maria Fyfe (née O'Neill; 25 November 1938 – 3 December 2020) was a Scottish Labour politician. She was a Member of Parliament for Glasgow Maryhill from 1987 to 2001. Fyfe was born in Glasgow. 

Fyfe died on 3 December 2020 in Glasgow, aged 82.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
Democratic socialists
Political activists
Politicians from Glasgow
QAnon () is a disproven far-right conspiracy theory believing that a cabal of Satan-worshipping pedophiles is running a global child sex-trafficking ring and are planning against former US president Donald Trump, who is fighting the cabal. 

QAnon also believes that Trump is planning a day known as the "Storm", when thousands of members of the cabal will be arrested. No part of the conspiracy claim is based in fact. 

QAnon supporters have accused many liberal Hollywood actors, Democratic politicians, and high-ranking government officials of being members of the cabal.

Former followers of the group have criticised it for vandalism of stores and general antisocial behaviour.

References

Conspiracy theories
Donald Trump
The murder of Seth Rich happened on Sunday, July 10, 2016, at 4:20 a.m. in Washington, D.C. Rich died about an hour and a half after receiving two gunshot wounds to the back. He was murdered by unknown people for unknown reasons, but police suspected he had been the victim of an attempted robbery.

The 27-year-old Rich worked for the Democratic National Committee (DNC), and his murder caused many right-wing conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Rich had been involved with the leaked DNC emails in 2016.  

The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post wrote that the promotion of these conspiracy theories was an example of fake news.

References

2016 in the United States
Conspiracy theories
Hot Jupiters are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are physically similar to Jupiter but have very short orbital periods (). The closeness to their stars and their high surface-atmosphere temperatures led to the nickname.

Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect via the radial-velocity method. The oscillations they induce in their parent stars' motion are large and rapid compared to those of other types of planets. One of the best-known hot Jupiters is . Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star.  has an orbital period of about 4 days.

References 

Planets
The Arabian tree frog or Sanchiang tree toad (Hyla felixarabica) is a frog from the Middle East.  Scientists saw it in Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon.

Scientists say there are two separate groups of Arabian tree frogs: one in the hills in Yemen and Asir Mountains in Saudia Arabia and another group in Syria, Israel and the hills in Jordan.

Scientists used to think that this was the same frog as the Middle East tree frog, but it is not.  Scientists believe that the Arabian tree frog separated from the Middle East tree frog 8.4 million years ago.  They believe the two groups of frogs were separated by the Dead Sea Rift and then became different species over time.

References

Animals of Europe
Frogs