cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The National Party of Australia is the third biggest political party in Australia. It was first called the Country Party when it started in 1920 and then became the National Country Party in 1975. In 1982 it became the National Party.

The National Party represents the interests of people who live in rural areas, that is, not in big cities. It normally joins together with the Liberal Party to form a coalition government. It has fewer people in Parliament than the Liberal Party. The current leader is Warren Truss. When the National Party is in a coalition government its leader is usually the Deputy Prime Minister.

The Party was quite powerful during the 1940s, 1950's and 1960s. Because it worked closely with the United Australia and later Liberal Party, three National leaders - Earle Page, Arthur Fadden and John McEwen - were Prime Minister for a short time. The Party is strongest in Queensland, where it has had several State Premiers. In 2008, the Liberal Party and National Party came together in Queensland and are now called the "Liberal National Party of Queensland".

The party's federal parliamentary leader since 2021 is Barnaby Joyce. He replaced Michael McCormack following a leadership spill.

References

Other websites
 Official website

 
1920 establishments
1920s establishments in Australia
An oil well is a well to get petroleum from the ground.  People in the petroleum industry look for a place that might have oil.  They drill a hole deep in the ground and, if the oil is there, then pump it up from the hole.  Most oil is very deep underground.

Oil wells can be classified by purpose: 
 Production wells produce gas or oil. 
 Appraisal wells determine the characteristics of a hydrocarbon accumulation. 
 Exploration wells explore for new oil and gas. 
 Wildcat wells  explore areas which are not near known gas or oil fields.

Active wells can also be categorized as:
 Oil producers may produce some gas, but they primarily produce liquid hydrocarbons. 
 Gas producers primarily produce gaseous hydrocarbons and aquifer producers primarily produce water to for the purpose of re-injecting it into the ground to manage the pressure of gas or oil wells. 
 Water injectors inject the water that is removed from the aquifer producers, as well as disposal of any water obtained during gas or oil production. 
 Gas injectors inject gas into reservoirs to maintain the reservoir’s pressure, as well as for disposal and sequestering of gas that cannot be immediately used.

Wells may be straight holes, or directionally drilled:
 Straight(vertical) holes wells are those drilled to targets essentially beneath the surface location of the well,  although some small deviation in the  well bore can occur during the drilling process. 
 Directionally drilled wells are those which are drilled to targets not directly beneath the surface location of the well.  Directionally drilled wells can be  classified  further into  Straight kick, S- kick and horizontal wells. 
 In straight kick wells, the well bore is deviated until the desired angle is achieved. This angle is maintained all the way to the bottom of the hole. 
 In S-kick  wells, the well bore is deviated to achieve the desired horizontal displacement and then returns to a vertical direction before penetrating the producing zone. The term "S-kick" is derived from the shape of the course.
 Horizontal wells, as the name implies, are deviated until the well bore achieves a horizontal direction. The well bore may then continue in the horizontal direction for hundreds or even thousands of feet, depending on results desired.

Fuel
A prairie is a type of habitat with mostly grasses, but also flowering plants and occasional shrubs or isolated trees.  This type of habitat can be found around the world, but it goes by different names, such as steppes in Asia. What tourist attract is the golden grass in Prairie grassland.  The word prairie generally means grasslands in North America.  There are often many animals on a prairie, that either prefer a prairie or can only live in a prairie. Some that are well known are the American bison (also called the buffalo) and the pronghorn antelope. Birds include the bobolink and meadowlark.

Tall grass prairie 
A tall grass prairie has plants and grasses that typically grow three to seven feet (one to two meters) high, with occasional plants growing higher.  This type of prairie grows in areas with a good amount of rain.  Illinois (the prairie state), Indiana and Iowa are good examples of where a tall grass prairie would be.  This type of habitat usually has rich soil and is very good for farming.  Much of the original prairie has been changed into crops or lost to brush and trees.  

Trees can grow in this area, but most were stopped by fires that would sweep through.  Some oaks and hickories could survive a prairie fire.  If there are scattered trees, it is called a savanna, and an area in a prairie where trees grew closer together is called a grove. In the last century, fires have been stopped, and trees and brush that once did not grow in prairies are taking over. Some of these invasive species were accidentally introduced from Europe or elsewhere. In Illinois, less than 0.01% of the original prairie still exists.  For this reason, conservationists in this area practice prairie restoration to bring the prairie back.

Short grass prairie 

Short grass prairie is in drier areas, and is usually one to two feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) high and has more space between plants.  The American West (from central Texas up into Canada, east of the arid semi-desert) is all short grass prairie.  Much of this area is converted to pastures for grazing cows and sheep.  Areas near rivers are irrigated for crops. Some of the original native plants are still widespread.

Mixed grass prairie
Mixed grass prairie is found between the short grass prairie and the tall grass prairie and contains more species than either the short grass prairie or the tall grass prairie

References 

 
Grasslands
A mall or shopping centre is a large building that is full of many smaller shops and stores. It is different from earlier markets or bazaars because most of the shops are not little booths or stalls in one big open area. Each store has its own space with walls. Most of their entrances face a central walking area inside the building.

Name 
"Mall" is the most common name for these buildings in American English, and "shopping centre" is the most common name for them in British English. Americans also talk about "shopping centers", but they use their spelling for the word "center". Malls are also sometimes called plazas.

Overview 
People visit the stores in the mall to shop. Most malls have parking lots (places to park cars). Most malls also have roofs so people can shop inside. Most malls have a food court. Food courts are areas where people buy food. Some malls have movie theatres.

Famous malls 
 West Edmonton Mall, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, is one of the largest malls in the world.
 The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota is one of the largest malls in the world.
Ice skating is skating on ice as a sport, entertainment or pastime. Ice skates, a special type of boot with metal blades on the bottom, are worn to skate on ice. Figure skating and speed skating are the sport forms of ice skating. Hockey is also played on ice, with players wearing ice skates. The International Skating Union (ISU) is the international governing body for figure skating and speed skating.

History 

Ice skating probably began in Scandinavia as early as 1000 BCE, as a way to travel in the winter. The sport of skating started in the Netherlands. Since the Middle Ages, people in the Netherlands have skated on canals. The first skating club was created in Scotland in 1742. In 1850, Edward Bushnell created steel-bladed skates which allowed skaters to make difficult turns and movements on the ice. Figure skating was included in the Olympics in 1908. It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics. Today, ice skating is a popular pastime. Ice shows, like Ice Follies and Ice Capades, are a popular form of entertainment.

Equipment 

Modern figure skates have two edges on the blades and a toothed toepick on the front of the blade. The toepick is used for jumps and spins. Figure skating boots are made of leather. Ice hockey skates also have two edges, but no toepick. Speedskating ice skates have a single edge on the blade.

Figure skating 

Men's singles, women's singles, pairs and ice dance are the four types of competitive figure skating. In singles competitions, skaters perform a short technical routine and a longer, creative free routine. The skaters are judged on their performance of jumps, spins and spirals, as well as their artistry. In pairs competitions, two skaters perform two original routines together and are judged on their skills, artistry, and synchronization. In ice dancing, two skaters perform two compulsory routines and an original routine together.

Speed skating 

Speed skating is racing on ice. Skaters are judged on their speed. Speed skating has been an Olympic sport since 1924.

References 

Skating
The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can infect the skin or mucous membranes (like the genitals, or inside the mouth) of humans. They cause warts. Some of them may cause cancer. There are over 100 different virus types in this group. About 40 virus types can be transmitted sexually. About 12-15 can cause cancer. 

Most cases of HPV can be prevented by a vaccine, which also would stop the HPV from causing cancer.  Most cases of cervical, oral and throat cancer are caused by HPV.

A first step in treatment is the use of salicylic acid. This is available in pharmacies, usually without a prescription. If this does not help, the wart can be frozen, and destroyed that way, or a laser can be used to destroy it. If this still does not help, different methods of chemotherapy can be used.

References

Other websites 
 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)  from University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo
 hpv-centrum  - Video and info from the HPV, hpv centrums in Hungary
 CDC fact sheet - HPV fact sheet from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Viruses
Sexually transmitted diseases
In optics, transparency is the property of allowing light to pass through something.  

An object that is transparent can be seen through.  That is, what is on the other side of the object can be seen through it.  The image you can see through a transparent object is similar to the image you can see without it.  It may be changed if the transparent object behaves like a lens.  This could change the size or shape of the image. The opposite of transparency is opacity.

Some animals are transparent, so predators cannot see them so easily. An example of a transparent animal is the jellyfish. Transparency works better in places with a small amount of light than in places with lots of light.

Translucency 
If some light can be seen through an object but some of the detail of the image is lost, it is a translucent material.  

Light passes through a translucent object, but you cannot see objects behind it. The light passes through but the material scatters the light, so you cannot see the object, only its shadow.

Examples of translucent materials are frosted glass, paper, and some types of amber.

Optics
Punjab is a region in South Asia. It is divided by the Radcliffe Line: Some parts of it are in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and others are in the Republic of India. It is in a plain, with the River Indus flowing through the western part, which is in Pakistan. The soil is very fertile. It lives from agriculture. Main religions in the region are Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism.

Related pages
 Punjab (Pakistan)
 Doab (India)
 Punjab (India)

Regions of Pakistan
Regions of India
Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. In hepatitis, the liver is inflamed. There can be several reasons why the liver is inflamed. For this reason there are several kinds of hepatitis. The most common forms are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Most cases of Hepatitis are caused by viruses. Some forms are caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis or syphilis can also cause hepatitis; so can the parasite that causes malaria. 

Hepatitis can also be caused by alcohol. About one in four people who drink more than three alcoholic drinks a day (over a period of 10–15 days) will have some form of hepatitis caused by alcohol.

Various drugs and chemicals can also cause hepatitis, most notably paracetamol (overdose), yellow phosphorous, and others. Hepatitis may also be caused by other diseases.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A can be spread through personal contact, eating raw seafood, or drinking water with the hepatitis A virus in it. This happens mostly in third world countries. Strict personal hygiene and avoiding raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. 

Once a person has hepatitis A, their immune system makes antibodies to fight the virus. This will make them immune against future infection. 

People with hepatitis A should rest, drink a lot of water and avoid alcohol. The time between the infection and the start of the illness can run from 15 to 45 days.  About 15% of people with hepatitis A have symptoms from six months to a year after the first diagnosis. Infected people excrete the hepatitis A virus in their stool two weeks before and one week after the appearance of jaundice. 

There is a vaccine for hepatitis A. It will protect against hepatitis A for life.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is not spread by food or casual contact.  Instead, hepatitis B is spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person.  A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth, and it can also be spread by sexual contact, use of street drugs, and unsafe medical care.  Some people just have hepatitis B for a little while and then suppress the infection. Others can be infected for life, usually with few or no symptoms for many years.  Hepatitis B sometimes damages the liver severely, and can cause cancer.  

There is a vaccine that can prevent hepatitis B.  There is no cure for hepatitis B, but there is treatment.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is not spread by food or casual contact.  It is spread in ways that are similar to hepatitis B.  There is no vaccine, and the treatment is somewhat unpleasant.  People with hepatitis C who drink alcohol greatly increase their risk for liver damage.

Other websites 
 International Community : Viral Hepatitis Community 

Diseases caused by viruses
Liver disease
The Dewey Decimal System is a way to put books in order by subject. It is often used in public libraries and schools in the United States and other countries. It places the books on the shelf by subject using numbers from 000 to 999. It is called "decimal" because it uses numbers to the right of the decimal point for more detail (e.g. 944.1 for History of Brittany). Each subject has its own group of numbers. The system was created by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It is also called the Dewey Decimal Classification. The classification has been changed many times. The latest change is number 23 in 2011. There is also a smaller one for small libraries called "Abridged Dewey". 

Each subject is broken up into 10 smaller, more specific categories.

Here is a list of some sections in it:
 000 – Computer science, information, and general works
 100 – Philosophy and psychology
 200 – Religion
 300 – Social sciences
 400 – Language
 500 – Science
 600 – Technology
 700 – Arts and recreation
 800 – Literature
 900 – History and geography

Related pages
Literature
Reading
Book

More information
Full, 2011
Abridged 2014

Books
Homework, or a homework assignment, is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the classroom. Common homework assignments may include required reading, a writing or typing project, mathematical exercises to be completed, information to be read before a test, or other skills to be practiced.  

The effects of homework are debated. Generally speaking, homework does not help young children. Homework may help older students, especially low-achieving students. However, homework also creates stress for students and parents, and reduces the amount of time that students can spend in other activities. 

Homework dates back to the 1900s, though it may have existed from earlier.

References 

Learning
Education
Garlic (species Allium sativum) is a type of plant that people eat for food. Garlic is related to onions, shallots, and leeks. It has a very strong flavor and smell. Most of the time, people use it as a flavoring so that it helps make food taste better.

Garlic is used as herbal medicine in the treatment of cold and flu.  It has side effects of heartburn, flatulence and sweating.

The part of the garlic plant that people eat is called the head.  It grows at the bottom of a long green stalk.  People pull the head apart into smaller pieces called cloves of garlic.  Cloves have papery skin on them.  People peel off the skin before cooking the cloves.

People plant garlic in the fall right after the first frost.  They plant the clove like a seed.  One clove can grow into a whole head.  The garlic plant grows its roots before the ground freezes for winter.  People harvest (collect) the garlic in the middle of the next summer.

Folklore 
Garlic is in legends about vampires. In these legends, vampires do not like garlic. Garlic keeps vampires away. Writers for the Toronto Garlic Festival say this might be because the vampire legend comes from the disease porphyria. People with porphyria do not like to eat foods that have sulfur in them, like garlic.

References

Herbs
Allium
Glaze is a layer or coating used on pottery or ceramics. It may be called vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel. Powdered glass is fused onto ceramics by firing to between 750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, lasting vitreous coating on metal, or on glass or ceramics. This is done in a kiln. 

There are many different types of glaze, some are used for decoration and some are used to make pottery watertight so it can hold liquids. Glaze serves to colour, decorate, strengthen or waterproof an item.

Glazing is important for earthenware vessels as otherwise they would leak water. Glaze is also used on stoneware and porcelain. In addition to the functional aspect of glazes, they can form a variety of surface finishes, including degrees of gloss and matte and colour. Glazes may also enhance an underlying design or texture. 

Glaze is used on building materials. The Iron Pagoda, built in 1049 in Kaifeng, China, of glazed bricks is an example.

Ceramic glaze raw materials generally include silica, which forms glass when fired. Metal oxides, such as sodium, potassium and calcium, act as a "flux" to lower the melting temperature. Alumina, often derived from clay, stiffens the molten glaze to prevent it from running off the piece. Colour comes from iron oxide, copper carbonate or cobalt carbonate. Tin oxide or zirconium oxide make the glaze opaque.

References 

Pottery
The Leland Stanford Junior University, often called Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university next to Palo Alto in California, in the middle of Silicon Valley,
about 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and about 20 miles northwest of San José, in Santa Clara County. Leland and Jane Stanford opened the university on 1 October 1891. They named the university after their son, Leland Stanford Junior, who died at young age.

With one of the largest university campuses in the United States, the University includes the Schools of Engineering, Law, Medicine, Education, Business, Earth Sciences, and Humanities and Sciences. Stanford also hosts volunteer programs and a teaching hospital.

History

Leland Stanford Junior died in Europe in 1884. His parents, Leland and Jane Stanford, were rich and influential Californians. They chose to turn a farm they already owned into a large university, as a memorial to their curious son. Stanford had early trouble, as the school ran low on money, and was hurt by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.

Herbert Hoover, who later became the US President, helped the school improve its operations, and later university leaders pushed students and alumni to develop the surrounding area. By the 1950's, cities around Stanford University were filling with technology companies, starting what became Silicon Valley.

Campus

Stanford has many special areas. In honor of Stanford graduate and US president Herbert Hoover, Stanford hosts a large think tank and archive called the Hoover Institution. Many former students, like the founders of HP, donate lots of money and have buildings named after them. A large radio telescope called "The Dish" sits on the hills above Stanford.

Student Body

Stanford has about 7,000 undergraduate students, and a larger number of students working on advanced degrees. Few high school students who apply to Stanford are accepted - over the last several years, only four out of every hundred students who applied were offered a spot.

People who worked at or graduated from Stanford University

People who graduated from Stanford University are:

 Nicolas Sadirac (1989), founder and current head of the École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies

People who have worked at Stanford are:

Mary Sheldon Barnes

Related pages
 Volunteers in Asia - American non-profit organization closely related to Stanford

References 

 
Association of American Universities
Pac-12 Conference
Santa Clara County, California
1891 establishments in California
Palladium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Pd. It has the atomic number 46. It is a metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group.

Palladium has similar chemistry to platinum. It is extracted from (made by taking from) some copper and nickel ores. Its main use is as a catalyst and also in jewellery. 

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Catalysts
Personal care items are toiletry items. These are products used by people to look after their bodies, and to improve their appearance.  They are usually sold in chemist shops and supermarkets. Many celebrities use beauty products.

Products
Personal care includes products as diverse as  cleansing pads, bandages, colognes, cotton swabs, cotton pads, deodorant, eye liner, facial tissue, hair clippers, lip gloss, lipstick, lotion, makeup,  nail files, pomade, perfumes, razors, shaving cream, moisturizer, talcum powder, toilet paper, toothpaste, and wet wipes.

Care
Cosmetics
Rhythm and blues (also known as R&B or RnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences, first performed by African American artists. It is now performed worldwide by people of many cultures and ethnic groups.

Contemporary R&B 
During the 1980s, James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone had used parts of psychedelic rock and other styles in their music. Funk became a big part of disco music. In the early 1980s, funk and soul had become sultry and more sexual with the work of Prince and others. The modern style of contemporary R&B came to be a major part of American popular music.

R&B today defines a style of African-American music. It combines elements of soul music, funk music, pop music, and (after 1986) hip hop in what is now called contemporary R&B.

It is sometimes called "urban contemporary" or "urban pop".

R&B in the 2000s 
By the 2000s, the only big difference between a record being a hip hop record or an R&B record is whether its vocals are rapped or sung. R&B started to focus more on solo artists than groups. By 2005, the most famous R&B artists include Usher, Beyoncé (formerly of Destiny's Child), Ashanti, and Mariah Carey.

Soulful R&B continues to be popular, with artists such as Alicia Keys, R. Kelly, John Legend, and Toni Braxton. Some R&B singers have used parts of Caribbean music in their work.

Related pages
 Blues
 Disco
 Funk
 Gospel music
 Hip hop music
 Rock and roll
 Soul music

Other websites 

 
Jazz music
Blues music
Pop music
Soul music
African-American history
Tungsten (sometimes named wolfram) is a chemical element on the periodic table. It has the chemical symbol W and it has the atomic number 74. It is a steel-gray to white colored metal. In chemistry, it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Tungsten is found in several ores, including wolframite and scheelite.

Tungsten has a higher melting point than any other non-alloy that exists. The pure form (only tungsten) is mainly used in electrical equipment. Its compounds and alloys are used for many things, the most well known being its use in electrical filaments for light bulbs.  It is also used in the filament and target in most X-ray tubes, superalloys, and in glass-to-metal seals.

Tungsten's density and hardness have many uses. In the military, for example, tungsten has been used in armor-piercing artillery.

Tungsten's density is almost the same as gold. Gold-plated tungsten ingots have been fraudulently passed off as solid gold.

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Particulates are very tiny pieces of a solid or liquid that are carried floating in a gas.  When the tiny pieces are solid, it is called a smoke.  When the tiny pieces are liquid, it is called an aerosol. Aerosols can be naturally found in clouds and geysers. There are also artificial aerosols such as haze and some air pollutants. Smokes can be found naturally in wildfires and volcanoes. Artificially, they can be found in cigarettes, factories and power plants. Both of them can cause air pollution and climate change.

,

Materials
Shorthand or stenography is a way of writing. Shorthand systems allow people to write much faster. Shorthand systems have been in use since antiquity. Now, they are not used as much, because there are dictation machines to record voices.

Other websites 
 Shorthand Untangled  - A site dealing with the skills of shorthand, with lots of learning and practice material
 Teeline Online - Learn Teeline Shorthand in your own time - online and offline lessons, exercises, assignments, shortcuts - all you need to either refresh or start from scratch
 A full description in English of the Dutch shorthand system Groote
 A complete Dutch book from 1925 about system Groote
 A downloadable Teeline book (MSWord), written for journalists in particular  (see Teeline)
 Dictation disc samples for free download
 AgiliWriting - an alphabetic shorthand 
 Alpha, the Easy Alphabetic Shorthand 
 Handywrite, a phonetic shorthand system
 Keyscript is a fully alphabetical shorthand based on Pitman's.  It saves 60% of writing
 Sound writing - a learning resource from the British Library
 The Shorthand Place - includes chronological list of shorthand systems
 The Louis A. Leslie Collection of Historical Shorthand Materials. 
 The Shorthand World and Imperial Typist magazine vol. 1 and vol. 5 available on Google Books

Writing systems
A sine wave is a curve, a continuous function with this shape: 

This is a picture of a sine wave.

All waves can be made by adding up sine waves. The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.

Waves made of Sine Waves 
Waves are found everywhere in the natural world. Examples of waves:
 sound 
 light
 water waves
 earthquake waves
All of these waves are the sum total of many signals.

Properties of Sine Waves 
Sine waves have a "length" called a wavelength. There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.

Sine waves repeat over time, so this makes them periodic. The time it takes for a part of the sine wave (one cycle) to travel before it repeats itself is called the period, represented by the letter T. The frequency of a sine wave is the number of oscillations it makes in one second. This is measured in Hertz, which have units of s-1. The frequency can be found by dividing 1/T (this is also called taking the reciprocal). 

 

Wave physics
Collingwood Football Club, the Magpies, is a club which plays Australian Rules Football in the AFL. It comes from Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. In the AFL/VFL, it has won 15 premierships.

History 

The Collingwood Football Club was formed in February 1892.  Collingwood played its first game in the Victorian Football Association on 7 May 1892, against Carlton.  In 1902, Collingwood won its first premiership against the Essendon Football Club.

The Victorian Football League (VFL) formed in 1897.  Collingwood was one of the original teams (along with Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, Essendon, South Melbourne and Geelong).  In the early years of the VFL, Collingwood was the most successful team; it won 11 premierships in the first 40 years. They won the most recent AFL premiership against St Kilda in 2010. The teams had to play a second match after the scores were equal at the end of the first Grand Final game.

References

Other websites

 Football Club website

Australian Football League
Vibration means quickly moving back and forth (or up and down) about a point of equilibrium. The vibration may be periodic (having a pattern) or random. Something that is vibrating may shake at the same time.  If it vibrates in a regular way, it may produce a musical note because it can make the air vibrate. This vibration will send sound waves to the ear and to the brain.

In structural engineering including earthquake engineering, vibrations may be bad. They may cause the structure to fail.

The time it takes a vibrating object to go back and forth completely is the period. The number of back-and-forth movements in one second is its frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz). The farthest possible distance from the equilibrium point is the amplitude.

Types of vibration 
Free vibration occurs when vibration is set off with a push and allowed to vibrate freely.  Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system will then vibrate at a 'Natural frequency' and gradually wind down.

Forced  vibration is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a mechanical system.  Examples of this type of vibration include 
a shaking washing machine due to an imbalance. 
transportation vibration (caused by a combination of truck engine, springs, road). 
vibration of a building during an earthquake.  
In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the frequency of the force or motion applied. The size of the effect depends on the actual mechanical system.

Related pages
Acoustics
Oscillation
Wave (physics)
Vibration isolation
Vibration control
Vibrato

References

Mechanics
Mechanical vibrations
Sound
Earthquake engineering
Molybdenum is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Mo. It has the atomic number 42. It has 35 isotopes. The name Molybdenum is from the Greek meaning "leadlike". The color of pure molybdenum is silvery-white. It does not occur naturally, and is made from molybdenite.

Uses 
It is used in alloys with other metals like stainless steel. It helps to make metal stronger, especially in high temperatures, and makes it less likely to rust. This makes it good for use in high speed tools, such as drills and saw blades. It is used in aircraft and missile parts, as well as in nuclear reactors. It is also not toxic, so it is used in making metal bowls for use in making food, medicines and other chemicals.

History 
Molybdenum was used for many years before it was identified in 1778 by Swedish scientist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In 1782, Peter Jacob Hjelm was able to separate it into a dark powder he called "molybdenum". It was first mined in 1916 at Climax, near Leadville, in Colorado.

References 

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Insurance is a term in law and economics. It is something people buy to protect themselves from losing money.  People who buy insurance pay a "premium" (often paid every month) and promise to be careful (a "duty of care"). In exchange for this, if something bad happens to the person or thing that is insured, the company that sold the insurance will pay the money back. (However, there are some times when the company will not have to pay the money back, such as if the person was not careful.)

Types of insurance 
There are different kinds of insurance.  There are life insurance and general insurance.

In life insurance, someone ensures their life or someone else's life.  At the death of the insured person or on the date of maturity whichever happens earlier, the amount insured will be paid. 

General insurance is a non-life policy, such as: 
 fire insurance
 marine insurance
 travel insurance
 life Insurance
 home insurance
 car insurance
 commercial insurance
business insurance

Actuaries 
Actuaries are the people who figure out how much the premium should be, forecast trends, evaluate the cost impact of medical programs, design and price new products, assist in designing formulary models, and forecast the impact of risk adjustment on revenues. They balance how much the insurer might have to pay out against the chances of having to pay out.  If actuaries think there is a big chance that the company will have to pay out, they will make the premium higher.

References
The Adventures of Tintin () is a Belgian comic strip, created by Hergé (Georges Remi) starting in the late 1920s and into the 1970s. They were originally written and published in French, but have been translated into many languages and are popular around the world.

Plot and characters 
The stories center around a young reporter from Belgium named Tintin, who travels the world and has many exciting adventures with his dog, a white wire fox terrier named Snowy (Milou, in French) and later (starting with The Crab with the Golden Claws in 1941) his friend, Captain Haddock, a bearded drunk with a temper. Other popular characters include Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol) an absent-minded and mostly deaf (but he insists he's hard of hearing) scientist and inventor, and Thomson and Thompson (Dupond et Dupont), two silly detectives.

The Books 
The stories are a mixture of many different genres, including adventure, satire, and social commentary and changed over time. Twenty-three completed books, came out between 1929 and 1976. A twenty-fourth story, Tintin in Alph-Art, was never officially finished following the death of Hergé in 1983. There have been many unofficial books, but most of those are parodies or not part of the official series. The books in the official series are:
 Tintin in the Land of the Soviets - (1929-1930)
 Tintin in the Congo - (1930-1931)
 Tintin in America - (1931-1932)
 Cigars of the Pharaoh - (1932-1934)
 The Blue Lotus - (1934-1935)
 The Broken Ear - (1935-1937)
 The Black Island - (1937-1938)
 King Ottokar's Sceptre - (1938-1939)
 The Crab with the Golden Claws - (1940-1941)
 The Shooting Star - (1941-1942)
 The Secret of the Unicorn - (1942-1943)
 Red Rackham's Treasure - (1943-1944)
 The Seven Crystal Balls - (1943-1948)
 Prisoners of the Sun - (1946-1949)
 Land of Black Gold - (1948-1950)
 Destination Moon - (1950-1953)
 Explorers on the Moon - (1950-1954)
 The Calculus Affair - (1954-1956)
 The Red Sea Sharks - (1958)
 Tintin in Tibet - (1960)
 The Castafiore Emerald - (1963)
 Flight 714 - (1968)
 Tintin and the Picaros - (1976)
 Tintin and Alph-Art - (finished by someone else in 1986)

Other media 

There have also been plays, films, and animated cartoons based on the stories. Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson have made a movie about Tintin. There are also Tintin Shops in Europe, which sell books, toys and other items based on the books.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

Other websites 
 Official site
 Fan site
  Objectif Tintin 

Comic books
Germanium is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Ge. Its atomic number is 32. It was discovered by Clemens Winkler. It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. Germanium forms many organometallic compounds. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors.

Semimetals
Michael Thomas "Tom" Green (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, rapper, director, producer and writer. He was born in Pembroke, Ontario. He had his own comedy program, The Tom Green Show, on MTV. He directed, co-wrote and starred in Freddy Got Fingered. He was also a member of the short lived hip hop group Organized Rhyme where he performed under the stage name "MC Bones".

References

Other websites 
 Tom Green's official site and channel
 

Actors from Ontario
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian rap musicians
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television actors
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Canadian voice actors
Comedians from Ontario
Writers from Ontario
1971 births
Living people
The Force is a term from the Star Wars universe. It is a set of mystical powers that all the Jedi and Sith have. They can do many things with the Force, such as lifting an object up without touching it, shooting lightning out of their hands, choking people and many other things.

The sides of the Force
There are two sides to the Force: the light (or good) side and the dark (or bad) side.

The light side
The light side is used for good things like healing. The people who study and learn the light side of the Force are called Jedi.

The dark side
The dark side of the Force is used by the Sith, the bad guys, in the Star Wars movies. Sith have a lot of anger, fear, hate and aggression. The dark side of the Force gives the bad guys powers that the Jedi, the good guys, do not have. For example, Darth Sidious is able to shoot lightning from his fingers. The dark side can seem stronger but that is just because a person who uses the dark side of the Force does not have to hold anything back, he is not restrained.

Sith Lords 
 Darth Maul
 Darth Tyranus/Count Dooku
 Darth Sidious
 Darth Vader

Further reading

Crewe, Dave. "Cinema Science: Using the force of'Star Wars'." Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine 204 (2020): 86-91.

Other websites
 Philosophy and the Force 

Star Wars

de:Star Wars#Die Macht
In the fictional Star Wars universe, the Sith are users of the Dark side of The Force and the opposite of the Jedi. 

The Sith live to dominate all others and to control society throughout the Star Wars galaxy so they can get more power. Some famous Sith are Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine and Darth Maul. 

They lead the Galactic Empire, the antagonists of the Star Wars series who are known for brutality, being a dictatorship, and having a strong control over peoples lives. The Sith lost power for hundreds of years, before slowly taking over the Republic, or the Jedi Government, and turning it into the Galactic Empire.

Expanded universe 

In the Expanded Universe, The Sith at the start were a different species, looking like Humans, but with red skin and small bones coming out from their heads. 

The Sith Species almost all died after the Jedi committed genocide on them thousands of years before the movies. This is why some people think the Sith Empire are the "good guys", who bring law and order to the Galaxy and are just responding to the Jedi actions. 

Star Wars characters
Alex Jones (born February 11, 1971) is a radio talk show host from Texas. He is described as conservative politically by a mainstream source. He describes himself as a paleoconservative politically, which means that he advocates old or traditional forms of political conservatives, as opposed to the newer forms, i.e. neoconservatives. He also calls himself an "aggressive constitutionalist". He is a conspiracy theorist.
Jones claims that the USA was responsible for the 9/11 attacks.
Jones is the host of The Alex Jones Show on Genesis Communications Network.

Biography
Jones was born in Dallas, Texas  and grew up in the suburb of Rockwall. His father is a dentist. He attended Anderson High School in northwest Austin, Texas. Jones was a lineman on his high school's football team.

He began his career in Austin with a live, call-in format Public-access television cable TV program. In 1996, Jones switched format to KJFK, hosting a show named The Final Edition. In 1998, he released his first film, America Destroyed By Design.

In 1998, Jones organized a successful effort to build a new Branch Davidian church as a memorial to those who died during the 1993 fire that ended the government's siege of the original Branch Davidian complex near Waco, Texas. He often featured the project on his Public-access television program and claimed that Koresh and his followers were peaceful people who were murdered by Attorney General Janet Reno and the ATF during the siege.

In 1999, he tied with Shannon Burke for that year's "Best Austin Talk Radio Host" poll as voted by The Austin Chronicle readers. Later that year, he was fired from KJFK-FM. According to the station's operations manager, Jones was fired because his viewpoints made the show hard to sell to advertisers and he refused to broaden his topics. Jones argued: "It was purely political, and it came down from on high [meaning it was ordered by powerful people]", and, "I was told 11 weeks ago to lay off Clinton, to lay off all these politicians, to not talk about rebuilding the church, to stop bashing [slang for criticizing] the Marines, A to Z."

In early 2000, Jones was one of seven Republican candidates for state representative in Texas House District 48, an open seat swing district based in Austin, Texas. Jones stated that he was running, "to be a watchdog [a person who makes sure no wrongdoing is taking place] on the inside." He aborted his campaign and withdrew before the March primary when polls indicated he had little chance of winning.

Works
Jones maintains several websites and has created numerous documentary movies.

Movies

He is also the author of 9-11 Descent into Tyranny.

References

1971 births
Living people
Jones, Alex
American radio personalities
Writers from Austin, Texas
Writers from Dallas, Texas
Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (23 June 1940 – 10 April 1962) was an early member of the English band The Beatles. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and raised in Liverpool, England. He was the band's original bassist, but left before they became famous. He wanted to be an artist, and he returned to art school, which he had quit to join the Beatles.

Sutcliffe died in 1962, at the age of 21, in Hamburg, Germany from a brain . It was long thought that the hemorrhage was from a fight with locals after a concert in 1961, but it is now believed he may have been born with a medical condition which caused it.

1940 births
1962 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
English painters
Entertainers from Edinburgh
Musicians from Liverpool
The Beatles members
If something is described as beautiful, it means that it has beauty. Beautiful can also mean:

Music 
 "Beautiful" (Ailyn song), a song by Ailyn, from her 2004 album Ya Nada Queda
 "Beautiful" (Athlete song), a song by Athlete, from their 2003 first album Vehicles and Animals
 "Beautiful" (Christina Aguilera song), a song written and produced by Linda Perry, and released by Christina Aguilera on her 2002 album Stripped
 "Beautiful" (Mandalay song), a song by Mandalay, from their 1998 album Empathy
 "Beautiful" (Moby song), a song by Moby, from his 2005 album Hotel
 "Beautiful" (Snoop Dogg song), a song by Snoop Dogg, from his 2002 album Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$
 "Beautiful", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins, from their 1995 album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness
 Beautiful (David Tao album), a 2006 album by David Tao
 Beautiful (On The Make album), a 2004 album by On The Make
 beautiful., a 2001 album by Fantastic Plastic Machine

Movies 
 Beautiful (film), a 2000 drama starring Minnie Driver and Kathleen Turner

Related pages
 Beauty
 Beauty (disambiguation)

Basic English 850 words
George Boole [], (November 2, 1815 – December 8, 1864) was an English mathematician and philosopher.

Works
He created Boolean algebra. This is one of the bases of modern-day computer science. Other humans, like Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, refined and completed his work. In their times, very few people knew of the work those mathematicians had done. Boolean algebra was rediscovered by Claude Shannon about 75 years after Boole's death. In his doctoral thesis, Shannon showed that boolean algebra was useful. It could simplify the design of electric switches and relays (like those that were used in the telephone switchboards of the time). Shannon also showed that such switches could solve boolean algebra problems. All modern-day digital circuits (mainly computers) use such algebra to solve problems.

Other websites 

Roger Parsons' article on Boole 

George Boole's work as first Professor of Mathematics in University College, Cork, Ireland

1815 births
1864 deaths
19th-century English philosophers
English mathematicians
Boolean algebra
Managua has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855. There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua in 1811. Before 1855, León and Granada were the capital cities. The word managua comes from the Nahuatl language mana-ahuac. It means near water. About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004. This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City). The city is at the shore of Lake Managua. Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo. They all speak Spanish. There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French. Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations. Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.

The city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century. Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998. Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place. In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions. Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is. The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed. Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city.

Cities in Nicaragua
1811 establishments in North America
National capitals in North America
The Klein bottle is a geometrical object, named after the German mathematician Felix Klein.  He described it in 1882, and named it Klein'sche Fläche (Klein surface). Like the Möbius strip, it only has one surface. Mathematicians call this a non-orientable surface. Klein bottles only exist in four-dimensional space, but a model of a Klein bottle can be made in 3D. This model is different from the original because at some point the shape touches itself. In 3D, part of the shape is "inside" the rest. This is not the case in 4D. Some 3D models use different colors to show the 4th component. The part that lies "inside"  then has a different color.

Because the surface is non-orientable, there is no "inside" or "outside". This means that if a liquid were filled "in the bottle", it would run down its surface. This may not be true for the 3D models of the bottle.

The 2-dimensional version of a Klein bottle is a Möbius strip.

Making a Klein bottle from a rectangle
Join the arrows so that they face the same way, like so:

References

Other websites 

Acme Klein Bottles - Clifford Stoll sells blown-glass immersed Klein bottles.
 Klein bottle construction
Klein Bottle Images by John Sullivan
The Klein bottle
A modular origami model of the Klein bottle
A knitted version
Paper klein bottle - make your own
Geodesic klein bottles and some mystic musings
Imaging Maths - The Klein Bottle

Geometry