cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A union organizer (or union organiser) is a type of trade union official. In most unions, the organizer's role is to hire groups of workers under the organizing model. In other unions, the organizer's role is largely that of servicing members and enforcing work rules, similar to the role of a shop steward. In some unions, organizers may also take on industrial/legal roles such as making representations before Fair Work Australia, tribunals, or courts.

In North America, a union organizer is a union representative who "organizes" or unionizes non-union companies or work sites. Organizers are mainly there to help non-union workers in forming groups of locals, usually by leading them in their efforts.

A union organizer is either elected or appointed. Most unions appoint rather than elect their organizers.

Other websites
National Labor Relations Board 
AFL-CIO Organizing 
National Labor College
What is the Employee Free Choice Act? 

Unions
Hebei (Hanzi: 河北 ; pinyin: Héběi) is a province in China that wraps around the cities of Beijing and Tianjin, two of China's four "municipalities". The name Hebei means "North of the (Yellow) River" in Chinese. It was formed in 1928 after the central government dissolved Chihli province. The old name, Chihli or Zhili, which means "directly administered" referred to its status under the Qing dynasty. Hebei province borders Liaoning province on the northeast. On the north it borders Inner Mongolia. To the west it borders Shanxi province. It borders the provinces of Henan to the south and Shandong to the southwest. Shijiazhuang is the capital of the province.

The abbreviated name of Hebei is Ji (冀), since there is another province that also has the syllable "He" (河) in it, Henan (河南). Due to Hebei completely surrounding Beijing and Tianjin, the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin and the province of Hebei are often lumped together and called Jingjinji, with the "Jing" being Beijing, the "Jin" being Tianjin, and the "Ji" being the abbreviation of Hebei.

References

Other websites 

 Hebei Government website

Provinces of China
Thomas Bibb (May 8, 1783 – September 20, 1839) was the second Governor of Alabama. He was born in Amelia County, Virginia in 1783. Bibb was president of the Alabama Senate when his brother, Governor William Wyatt Bibb, died in office on July 10, 1820. The new state constitution specified the president of the senate was next in line as governor. So he took over the rest of his brother's term of office. Bibb served as acting Governor from July 25, 1820 to November 25, 1821. He decided not to run for the governorship again. Bibb was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1828 and 1829. He was the director of the Huntsville branch of the Alabama State Bank. Bibb was married to Parmelia Thompson.

References 

1783 births
1839 deaths
Governors of Alabama
Francisco Guillermo Flores (October 17, 1959 – January 30, 2016) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador serving from 1999 to 2004 as a member of the conservative Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) replacing Armando Calderón Sol. He was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador. At the time of his death, Flores was being investigated for corruption charges.

Flores died on January 30, 2016, at the age of 56. He died in a hospital in San Salvador from a Cerebral hemorrhage after having surgery to treat it.

References

Other websites

 Biography and tenure, by CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish)

1959 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Presidents of El Salvador
A district health authority was a division of the National Health Service in England and Wales. It was introduced by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973. It was created in 1974 and disestablished in 1996. There were 205 when they were established in 1974, but some were later merged. In 1979 there were 199.

The district health authority worked alongside a Family Health Services Authority, which was responsible for managing primary care services such as general practice, pharmacy and dentistry. The districts were reorganised on a number of occasions in the 1990s. In 1996 new single-tier health authorities replaced districts and areas and the regions were again reorganised. In 2002, Health Authorities were replaced by Primary Care Trusts.

References

Public services in the United Kingdom
1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Health care
The National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers (NUTGW) was a trades union in the United Kingdom. The union was founded as the Tailors and Garment Workers' Union (T&GWU) in 1920. In 1932, it was joined by the Amalgamated Society of Tailors and Tailoresses and renamed itself as the "National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers". The NUTGW had 118,700 members in 1945, making it the tenth largest union in Britain. The NUTGW merged into the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trades Union in 1991.

References

Unions
1991 disestablishments in Europe
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
The 2015 Labour Party leadership election was election to choose the leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. It won by Jeremy Corbyn. The election was held because Ed Miliband resigned on 8 May 2015, after the party's defeat at the 2015 general election. Harriet Harman, the Deputy Leader, became Acting Leader but announced that she would resign after the leadership election.

Candidates
Four candidates were successfully nominated to stand in the election: Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper, Jeremy Corbyn and Liz Kendall. The voting process began on Friday 14 August 2015 and closed on Thursday 10 September 2015. The results were announced on Saturday 12 September 2015. Voting was by Labour Party members and registered supporters. They voted using the alternative vote system.

Results
When Corbyn entered the election, he was considered unlikely to win. However, support for him increased quickly. Opinion polls showed him leading against the other candidates. This led to warnings from people such as Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, Jack Straw, David Miliband, and Alastair Campbell. Many of them claimed that Corbyn's election as leader would leave the party unable to win elections. Corbyn won the election in the first round, with 59.5% of the votes.

References

2015 elections in the United Kingdom
August 2015 events
September 2015 events
Jeremy Corbyn
Senegambia was a region of West Africa occupying the area of present day Senegal and Gambia. The 20th century 
Senegambia Confederation, was a loose confederation between Senegal and Gambia. The term Senegambia was used by the British as early as 1765. They used it to refer to their settlements on the islands off the coast of present day Senegal. The modern use of the term Senegambia means the region that includes both Senegal and Gambia.

Senegambian history 
There is little known about the early history of the area. By about 1000 AD the Soninke, Mandinka and Fula peoples had formed settlements along the Gambia River.  The Toucouleur people were settled in east and central Senegal. Kingdoms such as the Jolof and the Sere settled in the area north of the Gambia River. The first Europeans, Portuguese sailors, arrived about 1455. Portugal controlled the area between the Sénégal and Gambia Rivers until the British, Dutch and French moved into the area. They traded goods such as salt, iron, guns and gunpowder for gold, ivory, ebony and slaves.

Senegambia and the Middle Passage 
About 24% of the African slaves brought to America, were from Senegambia. The Africans from Senegambia were found nearly everywhere in the United States before the American Civil War, both in the North and South.Senegambia was strongly Muslim. This means that many African slaves in the US had been exposed to Islam much more than the rest of the Americas. 

Because of the need for field workers up to two-thirds of Africans taken captive were men. In the Senegambia region due to the high demand by buyers, men and boys were taken from all over the region. Women, however, being in less demand, were taken from the easily accessed coastal areas. Most of them belonged to the Jolof people and so, unlike the men, they had a common language. Due to the fear of slaves revolting, men were kept below decks and in chains. Women were usually kept on deck and were sometimes allowed to move around. Some historians say that it was the women who organized many of the slave uprisings at sea.

Notes

References 

1982 establishments in Africa
1989 disestablishments
Former polities of the Cold War
Former countries in Africa
History of Senegal
The Gambia
20th-century disestablishments in Africa
The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 (c. 30) is an Act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It legalises same-sex marriage in England and Wales.

After the 2010 General Election, in September 2011, Liberal Democrat Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Equalities, Lynne Featherstone, announced they would try to make same-sex marriage legal from March 2012. The session closed in June 2012 and, in December 2012, the new Minister for Women and Equalities, Maria Miller, announced that the Government would be introducing a law before the next election. She also said that they were trying to get this done within parliament's current session. 

The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill was introduced into Parliament on 24 January 2013. The leaders of the three main political parties in the United Kingdom gave their MPs a free vote. This means they would not be made to vote in favour or against it; they could vote however they wanted.

References

Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Same-sex marriage
LGBT politics in the United Kingdom
2013 in the United Kingdom
The parliamentary select committees of the United Kingdom are committees formed by members of the British Parliament. Members can be appointed from the House of Commons (like the Foreign Affairs Select Committee), from the House of Lords (like the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee), or as a "Joint Committee" drawn from both (such as the Joint Committee on Human Rights).

The House of Commons select committees are responsible for overseeing the work of government departments and agencies. Committees of the House of Lords look at general issues; for example, the constitution is considered by the Constitution Committee, and the economy is considered by the Economic Affairs Committee.

Background
Committees may exist as "sessional" committees (that is, be nearly permanent), or as "ad-hoc" committees with a specific timeline by which to complete their work, after which they stop existing, such as the recent Lords Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change.

Both Houses have their own committees to review drafts of European Union directives: the European Union Committee in the House of Lords, and the European Scrutiny Committee in the House of Commons.

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
The Department of Social Security (DSS) was a government department in the United Kingdom. The old abbreviation is still often used informally. 

The department was created in 1988. The Department of Health and Social Security was divided into two departments, one of which was the DSS. During 2001, the department was largely replaced by the Department for Work and Pensions. The other responsibilities of the department were assumed by the Treasury and the Ministry of Defence.

References

Departments of the United Kingdom Government
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
2001 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
The London Regional Select Committee was one of nine regional select committees of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The House of Commons agreed to create the committee on 25 June 2009, after committees for the eight other regions of England were created in November 2008. 'Regional ministers' were appointed by Gordon Brown when he was made Prime Minister in June 2007. The committee was created on 1 January 2009. It ceased to exist upon the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010.

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
London
The Justice Select Committee is a committee made up of a small number of members of the British House of Commons. The committee looks at the policy, management and spending of the Ministry of Justice. It also looks at the work of the Law Officers of the Crown, the Serious Fraud Office, and the Crown Prosecution Service. It gives reports with opinions and advice.

The committee also reviews draft Sentencing Guidelines issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council.

References

Government of the United Kingdom
On February 15, 2003, there was a day of protests across the world. The protests were to express people's opposition to the imminent invasion of Iraq. They were held in more than 600 cities. It was part of a series of protests and political events that had begun in 2002 and continued as the war took place. Social movement researchers have described the 15 February protest as "the largest protest event in human history."

Sources vary in their estimations of the number of participants involved. According to BBC News, between six and eleven million people took part in protests in up to sixty countries over the weekend of the 15th and 16th. Other estimates range from eight million to thirty million.

Some of the largest protests took place in Europe. The protest in Rome involved around three million people, and is listed in the 2004 Guinness Book of World Records as the largest anti-war rally in history. Madrid hosted the second largest rally with more than 1.5 million people protesting the invasion of Iraq; Mainland China was the only major region not to see any protests on that day, but small demonstrations, attended mainly by foreign students, were seen later.

References

2003
Iraq War
Protests in the 21st century
An all-party parliamentary group (APPG) is a grouping in the British Parliament that is made up of politicians from all political parties.

If a parliament consists of both a lower house and an upper house, all-party parliamentary groups can usually include members of both houses. In the British Parliament, for example, APPGs include members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

In the British Parliament, an associate parliamentary group is similar to an all-party parliamentary group except that it is made up of not only members of the House of Commons or Lords but can also include members from outside Parliament.

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
The Chagossians (also Îlois or Chagos Islanders) are people who previously lived on the Chagos Islands. They are of African, Indian and Malay ancestry. They lived on Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos and the Salomon island chain, as well as other islands. They were forcibly removed from the islands by the British government in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This was done at the request of the United States government, so that Diego Garcia could become a military base. Most Chagossians now live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom. No Chagossians live in the Chagos Islands anymore, as it is now the site of the military base Camp Justice.

The Chagossians are mostly descended from African people, particularly from Madagascar, Mozambique and Mauritius. There is also a significant proportion of Indian and Malay ancestry. The French brought some to the Chagos islands as slaves from Mauritius in 1786. Others arrived as fishermen, farmers, and coconut plantation workers during the 19th century.

The Chagossians speak Chagossian Creole, a creole language based on French. It has words that come from various African and Asian languages. It is part of the Bourbonnais Creole family. Chagossian Creole is still spoken by some of their descendants in Mauritius and Seychelles. Chagossian people living in the UK speak English.

On 22 May 2019, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution [86] asking the United Kingdom to surrender the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius within six months.

References

Ethnic groups in Africa
Ethnic groups in Asia
The Chagos Archipelago ( or ) or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls in the Indian Ocean. The atolls are made up of more than 60 individual islands. The islands are located about  south of Maldives.
As of 2018, Mauritius has taken the matter to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion, against British objections.
The islands make up the British Indian Ocean Territory.

On 25 February 2019, in an advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice found that the United Kingdom "illegally" separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius after its independence in 1968. 

The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on May 22, 2019, commanding Great Britain to return the Chagos Archipelago to the Republic of Mauritius within six months, which would allow Chagossians to recover their land.

Related pages
Chagossians

References

Archipelagos
Territorial disputes
Indian Ocean
Islands of Asia
British overseas territories
In geometry, a flexagon is a flat model, usually made by folding a piece of paper, so that when 'flexed' (folded), one or more hidden faces will be revealed (shown) from within the model.

Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (tetraflexagons) or hexagonal (hexaflexagons).  A prefix can be added to the name to show the number of faces that the model can display, including the two faces (back and front) that are visible before flexing.  For example, a hexaflexagon with a total of six faces is called a hexahexaflexagon.

History

Discovery and introduction 

Arthur H. Stone, a British man, is said to have first discovered the flexagon in 1939. At the time, he was a student at Princeton University in the United States. His new American paper would not fit in his English binder so he cut off the ends of the paper and began folding them into different shapes. One of these formed a trihexaflexagon. 

Other students became interested in these shapes. They included Bryant Tuckerman, Richard Feynman, and John Tukey. Together, they formed the Princeton Flexagon Committee. Tuckerman worked out a topological method, called the "Tuckerman traverse", for revealing all the faces of a flexagon.

Flexagons were introduced to the general public by the recreational mathematician Martin Gardner in 1956. He wrote about in the first Mathematical Games column that he wrote for Scientific American magazine.

Attempted commercial development 

In 1955, Russell Rogers and Leonard D'Andrea of Homestead Park, Pennsylvania applied for a patent. In 1959 they were granted U.S. Patent number 2,883,195 for the hexahexaflexagon, under the title "Changeable Amusement Devices and the Like." 

Their patent imagined possible ways that the device could be used as a toy, an device for advertising, or as a device for learning about geometry."  A few such novelties were produced by the Herbick & Held Printing Company in Pittsburgh. The device, marketed as the "Hexmo", were not very successful.

References

Geometry
Origami
Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin poisoning, serotonin sickness, and many other names, is a medical condition that can happen if there is too much serotonin in your brain or other parts of your nervous system. Serotonin syndrome can be mild (doesn't make you very sick), but in rare situations, it can kill you. Serotonin syndrome can happen if you use some drugs that can increase the amount of serotonin in your nervous system. Some examples of drugs that can make you have serotonin syndrome are antidepressants, opioids, CNS stimulants, 5-HT1 agonists (a drug that changes the receptors of serotonin), psychedelics, herbs, and many others.

References 

Illnesses
Nervous system
Keith Morrison (born July 2, 1947) is a Canadian broadcast journalist. He has been a writer for Dateline NBC since 1995. In 1988 he joined NBC News as a west coast writer for the NBC Nightly News and Today Show.

References

Other websites
NBC News biography 

Anchor away: Journalist Keith Morrison has found success south of the border  from the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, July 2, 2003

1947 births
Living people
Canadian journalists
People from Saskatchewan
Clarence William "Bill" Nelson II (born September 29, 1942) is an American politician and astronaut. Nelson is the 14th and current Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration since May 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States Senator from Florida from 2001 to 2019. He lost his re-election campaign in 2018 to Republican Governor Rick Scott.

He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. In January 1986, he became the second sitting member of Congress to fly in space, after Jake Garn. He was a payload specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.

Nelson retired from Congress in 1990 to run for Governor of Florida, but was lost the Democratic nomination to Lawton Chiles.

In March 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Nelson to be Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in his administration.

Early life
Nelson was born in Miami, Florida. He was raised in Melbourne, Florida. Nelson studied at the University of Florida, Yale University and at the University of Virginia.

Early political career
Nelson began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1973 to 1979. He then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991.

In January 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space along with John Glenn. He flew as a Payload Specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.

United States Senate
He served in the United States Senate, serving Florida from 2001 to 2019.

In the U.S. Senate, he was a centrist and a moderate Democrat. Nelson supported same-sex marriage, lowering taxes on lower and middle income families, expanding environmental programs and regulation, protecting the Affordable Care Act and expanding Medicaid.

Nelson chaired the Senate Aging Committee from 2013 to 2015, and was Ranking Member of the Senate Commerce Committee from 2015 to 2019.

Nelson lost re-election in 2018 to Republican Rick Scott by 0.1%.

Administrator to NASA
On February 22, 2021, reports emerged that President Joe Biden was considering nominating Nelson to be the NASA Administrator. Biden officially nominated Nelson on March 19, 2021 to the position.

His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 29, 2021 by a unanimous voice vote.

Personal life
In 1972, Nelson married Grace Cavert.  The couple have two adult children: Charles William "Bill Jr." Nelson, and Nan Ellen Nelson. He has suffered from prostate cancer.

References

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
American astronauts
Lawyers from Miami, Florida
American military people
Cancer survivors
Episcopalians
Politicians from Miami, Florida
United States representatives from Florida
United States senators from Florida
University of Florida alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Yale University alumni
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Administrators of NASA
Colonel Gail Seymour "Hal" Halvorsen (October 10, 1920 – February 16, 2022) was an American career officer and command pilot in the United States Air Force.  He was well known as the original Candy Bomber or the "Rosinenbomber" in Germany and a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal. He piloted C-47s and C-54s during the Berlin airlift ("Operation Vittles") from 1948–1949.

Halvorsen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. In October 2020, he turned 100. Halvoersen died at a hospital in Provo, Utah on February 16, 2022 from respiratory failure at the age of 101.

References

Other websites

 "Candy Bomber" Gail Halvorsen launches his memoirs in Berlin 

1920 births
2022 deaths
American military people
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
American centenarians
Deaths from respiratory failure
Władysław "Wladek" Szpilman (; 5 December 19116 July 2000) was a Polish pianist and classical composer.

Szpilman is known as the main character of the Roman Polanski movie The Pianist (2002). This movie is based on the book of the same name. It recounts Polanski's survival of the German occupation of Warsaw and the Holocaust.

Szpilman died in Warsaw, Poland on 6 July 2000 at the age of 88.

Other websites 
Władysław Szpilman information and biography
In Loving Memory Of Władysław Szpilman 
Information on Szpilman's works at Boosey & Hawkes
"Szpilman's Warsaw: The History behind The Pianist" at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 
Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska-Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, first part
Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, second part 
Władysław Szpilman  at culture.pl
Information on Wladyslaw Szpilman at Polish Biographical Dictionary by Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2013 
Uri Caine – performance of songs by Władisław Szpilman

1911 births
2000 deaths
Polish composers
Polish writers
Holocaust survivors
Polish pianists
The Kho people, also known as Chitralis, are an ethnic group in Pakistan, living mainly around the Chitral District. They speak the Khowar language. Their main religion is Sunni Islam. The Kho are excellent mountaineers who seemingly do not get tired or cold when working all day.

Culture
Kho culture places heavy emphasis on poetry, song and dance. Kho people also have a great respect of law and order. Much of this can be attributed to Chitral being a stable kingdom for most of its history, where the rule of law and the will of the ruler came before tribal concepts such as revenge and isolationism.

Polo is a popular sport and pastime for the Kho people. Polo traditionally played by the Kho has little rules or organisation.

Dance and music play a large role in Kho society. Common clothing include the salwar kameez (long tunic and trousers) and headwear includes the pakol (chitrali hat).

Language
These people speak Khowar language which is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic subgroup.

References 

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Tony Hilton Royle Skyrme (; 5 December 1922, Lewisham – 25 June 1987) was a British scientist who worked on the atom.

Birth
He was born in Lewisham , a suburb of London. His father was a bank clerk. He first went to a school in Lewisham, but was so good at maths that he was given a scholarship (free place) to Eton college.

Education
There he was also good at math and won prizes in the subject. He got a place at Cambridge University and again was better than his fellow students leaving with the best degree, a first class degree.

Works
When he left Cambridge in 1943 World War Two was at its height and he was told by the government to work on atomic energy under another scientist Rudolf Peierls to help win the war.

When America began to secretly build the atomic bomb these two men and a few other Britons went to America to help them achieve their goal. Tony Skyrme did important work towards the two atomic bombs that ended the war.

He then worked back in Britain on studying atoms. He used a way of understanding how atoms work by inventing an atom sized thing called a skyrmion. It is still used today to understand atoms.

References

1922 births
1987 deaths
British nuclear physicists
Scientists from London
The Chrono is a series of video games by Square Enix. The original game, Chrono Trigger, was released in 1995. The games are role-playing games. The other major game in the series is Chrono Cross. As of March 2011, the two games have sold over 5.3 million units.

References

Video game series
1995 video games
Shah Alam II, (25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806) was the eighteenth Mughal Emperor and the son of Alamgir II. He became the emperor of the Mughal Empire; his power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in the Persian language, Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam, meaning, 'The kingdom of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam', Palam being a suburb of Delhi.

References

Other websites

1728 births
1806 deaths
Mughal emperors
Battle rap (or rap battling) is a type of rapping that includes boasting and bragging. Rap battles are often performed as live contests in front of an audience. Two or more rappers compete to see who has the better verses. The raps can be rehearsed or freestyled. A freestyle battle is where the rappers use improvised lyrics. Battling can also occur on recorded songs.

Each competitor's goal is to insult their opponent through clever lyrics. They must also convince the audience that they are the better rapper. Judges have been used in formal contests. Without judges, the rapper who receives the best response from the audience is viewed as the winner.

References

Rap music
Hip hop genres
Alley Mills (born May 9, 1951) is an American actress. She was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 9. Mills has appeared in the television shows Yes, Dear, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Strong Medicine and Sabrina the Teenage Witch. She has appeared in theater productions.  Mills plays the character Pam Douglas in The Bold And The Beautiful.

Personal life
She met her husband, Orson Bean, at a reading of a play in Los Angeles. They married on April 18, 1993.

References
The Bold And The Beautiful, CBS, 2016.
Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, episode #173, aired 5-9-1990

Other websites

Actors from Chicago
Living people
1951 births
American television actors
Benoît Violier (22 August 1971 – 31 January 2016) was a French-Swiss chef. He owned the three Michelin star Restaurant de l'hôtel de Ville from 2012 until his death. The restaurant was first on La Liste in December 2015.

Violier was born in Saintes, Charente-Maritime. He studied in Paris. He moved to Switzerland in 1996 to work for Philippe Rochat. He became a Swiss citizen in 2014.

Violier was found dead from a gunshot wound on 31 January 2016 in Crissier. He was 44. His death was reported as a suicide.

Food gallery

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
French chefs
Suicides by firearm
Swiss people
Lewis V. Baldwin  (born 1949) is a professor of religious studies at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He is an award-winning historian and author of a number of books on Martin Luther King, Jr.

Education 
He was born and raised in Camden, Alabama. In 1971 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History. Baldwin studied at Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School from 1971 to 1975. He received his Master of Arts degree in 1973. In 1975 he received his Master of Divinity degree in Theology. In the autumn of 1975 he entered the Ph.D. program at Northwestern University. He completed his degree in 1980. In 1978 he was ordained a minister in Greenville Alabama by his father, Pastor L. V. Baldwin, Sr. On June 16, 1987, Baldwin became a deacon in the United Methodist Church.

Teaching career 
Dr. Baldwin taught at the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio. He has also taught at Colgate University and Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School in New York. He was a professor at Fisk University and American Baptist College in Nashville before coming to Vanderbilt University. He lives in Nashville, Tennessee.

Bibliography 
Dr. Baldwin is the author of over 60 articles and several books. These include:
 "Invisible" Strands in African Methodism: A History of the African Union(1983)
 Union American Methodist Episcopal Churches, 1805-1980(1983)
 The Mark of a Man: Peter Spencer and the African Union Methodist Tradition (1987)
 There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1991)
 To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1992)
 The legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr.: the boundaries of law, politics, and religion (1992)
 Freedom is Never Free: A Biographical Portrait of E.D. Nixon, Sr. (1992)
 Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (1995)
 (co-author with Amiri YaSin Al-Hadid) Between Cross and Crescent: Christian and Muslim Perspectives on Malcolm and Martin (2002)
 The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr. (2010)
 Never to Leave Us Alone: The Prayer Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (2010)
 "Thou, dear God" : prayers that open hearts and spirits, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)
 "In a single garment of destiny" : a global vision of justice, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)

Awards 
He received the "American Theological Library Association Award" for his book "Invisible" Strands.  Baldwin won the "Midwest Book Achievement Award" of the Midwest Independent Publishers Association. This was for his book A Balm in Gilead.

References

Other websites
Vanderbilt's webpage about Dr. Baldwin

1949 births
Writers from Alabama
American historians
Living people
The little owl (Athene noctua) is a bird that lives in  the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, Asia (east to Korea), and North Africa. It was introduced into Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, and into the South Island of New Zealand in the early twentieth century.

This owl is a member of the Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The other group is the barn owls, Tytonidae. 

The little owl is a small, mainly nocturnal species. It is found in a range of habitats such as farmland, woodland fringes, steppes and semi-deserts. It is camouflaged, and especially hard to see if the background is wood or stone covered with lichen. It feeds on insects, earthworms, other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as mice and shrews. 

Males have territories which they defend against intruders. This owl is a cavity nester and a clutch of about four eggs is laid in spring. The female does the incubation and the male brings food to the nest, first for the female and later for the newly hatched young. As the chicks grow, both parents hunt and bring them food, and the chicks leave the nest at about seven weeks of age.

There are thirteen recognized subspecies of little owl spread across Europe and Asia.

References 

Strigiformes
UBS AG is a Swiss finance company. It is an investment bank. 60,000 people work with them in total around the world. The headquarters are in Zürich.

References

Other websites

Banks of Europe
Companies of Switzerland
Zürich
Basel
Hilda Heine (born April 6, 1951) is a Marshallese politician. On January 28, 2016, she became the President of the Marshall Islands. She is the first woman to be president of Marshall Islands.

References

1951 births
Living people
Presidents of the Marshall Islands
Current national leaders
George Prescott Bush (born April 24, 1976) is an American attorney, United States Navy Reserve officer, real estate investor and politician. He serves as the Commissioner of the Texas Land General Office. He is the oldest child of Florida Governor Jeb Bush. He is also the grandson of former President George H.W. Bush and the nephew of former President George W. Bush.

Bush was born in Houston, Texas.

References

Politicians from Texas
1976 births
Living people
Politicians from Houston, Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (born 16 March 1956) is a Swiss politician. She was in office from 1985 to 2015. She studied law at the University of Zürich.

Other websites

Profile of Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf 
Official biography 

Presidents of the Swiss Confederation
1956 births
Living people
Eric Michael Garcetti (born February 4, 1971) is an American politician. He has served as mayor of Los Angeles since 2013. He is a former member of the Los Angeles City Council, representing the 13th District. He served as Council President from 2006 to 2012.

He is a member of the Democratic Party. Garcetti won an election to become mayor on May 21, 2013. He defeated city Controller Wendy Greuel. Garcetti is the city's first elected Jewish mayor and its youngest in more than a hundred years.

His father, Gil Garcetti, is a lawyer and was the Los Angeles District Attorney during the O. J. Simpson murder case.

In May 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Garcetti to be the United States Ambassador to India.

References

1971 births
Living people
Mayors of Los Angeles
American Jews
US Democratic Party politicians
Richard Joseph "Dick" Riordan (born May 1, 1930 in New York City, New York) is an American investment banker, businessman, investor and politician. He served as the 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, California from 1993 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
Living people
Mayors of Los Angeles
Politicians from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
Thomas J. "Tom" Bradley (December 29, 1917September 29, 1998) was an American politician. He was the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles. He served from 1973 to 1993. He was the only African-American mayor of that city. His 20 years in office mark the longest time by any mayor in the city's history.

He became mayor after an election in 1973. It made him the second African-American mayor of a major U.S. city. Bradley retired in 1993. His approval ratings had begun dropping because of the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

Bradley ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986. He was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian. In 1985, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.

Bradley died on September 29, 1998 in Los Angeles. He died from a stroke caused by a heart attack. He was aged 80.

References

Other websites

Tribute to Bradley by Dianne Feinstein, with biographical information 
Tom Bradley on the Internet Movie Database
The Bradley Effect by Raphael Sonenshein
Bridging the Divide: Tom Bradley and the Politics of Race documentary

1917 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mayors of Los Angeles
Politicians from Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Roman Stanley Gribbs (December 29, 1925 – April 5, 2016) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Detroit from 1970 to 1974.  Later, Gribbs served as a judge on the Michigan Court of Appeals.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
American judges
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Mayors of Detroit
US Democratic Party politicians
David Bing (born November 24, 1943) is an American businessman, retired basketball player, and former mayor. He was mayor of Detroit, Michigan from 2009 to 2013.

After starring at Syracuse University, Bing played 12 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a guard for the Detroit Pistons (1966 to 1975), Washington Bullets (1975 to 1977) and Boston Celtics (1977–78). He is now in the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Bing entered Detroit politics as a Democrat in 2008. He announced his intentions to run for mayor in Detroit's non-partisan primary to finish the term of Kwame Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick had resigned during a corruption investigation. After winning the primary, Bing then defeated interim Mayor Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. and was sworn in as mayor in May 2009. Later that year, Bing was re-elected to a full term.

References

1943 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
African American politicians
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Boston Celtics players
Detroit Pistons players
Mayors of Detroit
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
US Democratic Party politicians
Washington Bullets players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Michael Edward  "Mike" Duggan (born July 15, 1958) is an American lawyer, prosecutor and businessman. He is serving as mayor of Detroit, Michigan. He was elected mayor in 2013.

He received attention from across the country in part because he is the first white mayor of the city since Roman Gribbs in the early 1970s. Currently, most of the people living in Detroit are African American. This was not the case at the time when Gribbs was mayor.

References

1958 births
Living people
Lawyers from Detroit
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Mayors of Detroit
US Democratic Party politicians
Mohammad Salimi (; February 2, 1937 – January 30, 2016) was an Iranian military person. He was born in Mashhad, Iran. He was the commander-in-chief of the Iranian Army. He served in the Iran-Iraq War. He began his career in 1955 and resigned in 2005. Salimi was the defense minister in the cabinet of Mir-Hossein Mousavi, replacing Javad Fakoori. He was in office from 1981 to August 1984.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Generals
Government ministers
Iranian military people
Iranian politicians
Paul Pholeros AM (1953 – 1 February 2016) was an Australian architect. He was born in Sydney. He received his Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the University of Sydney in 1974 and Bachelor of Architecture (Hons 1) in 1976. Pholeros created his own architectural practice, Paul Pholeros Architects, in 1984. He was also a director of Healthabitat Pty Ltd.

Pholeros died in Sydney on 1 February 2016 from cancer at the age of 62.

References

1953 births
2016 deaths
Australian architects
Deaths from cancer
People from Sydney
University of Sydney alumni
Alejandro Jodorowsky Prullansky (; born 17 February 1929) is a Chilean movie and theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, actor, author, poet, producer, composer, musician, comic book writer. He also gives spiritual advice. He was known for his movies El Topo (1970), The Holy Mountain (1973), Tusk (1980), the horror Santa Sangre (1989) and the failed blockbuster The Rainbow Thief (1990).

He is best known for his avant-garde movies. He is popular among cult cinema fans for his work. His movies are "filled with violently surreal images" and a mix of "mysticism and religious provocation".

He was born in Tocopilla, Chile.

References

1929 births
Living people
Chilean movie actors
Chilean poets
Chilean movie directors
Screenwriters
Playwrights
Composers
Musicians
The Jimmy Wales Foundation is a non-profit organization started by Jimmy Wales to promote internet freedom. The organization was established with prize money from the “Knowledge Award”, which was presented to Jimmy and Tim Berners-Lee at the first Knowledge Conference in Dubai.

The organization talks about individual human rights cases of real people who were persecuted.  One of the people featured is Bassel Khartabil, formerly from Creative Commons Syria. Bassel was imprisoned in Syria in 2012, and disappeared completely a few years later. Bassel Khartabil has been killed in 2015. Another featured case is Roya Saberinejad, who went to visit her family in Iran, and never returned.

Goals 

The purpose of the Jimmy Wales Foundation is to stop government censorship and promote freedom of expression on the internet.

The goals of the Jimmy Wales Foundation are to:
 Research the problem of freedom of expression and provide public information about the international problem
 Put political pressure on governments that control freedom of speech
 Use technology to promote free speech in countries with restrictive governments
 Pressure governments to make laws that promote freedom of expression
 Help individual people who are in trouble with repressive governments that restrict free speech

Other websites 
 Jimmy Wales Foundation official website
 Jimmy Wales Foundation on Twitter
 Jimmy Wales Foundation on LinkedIn

References 

International organizations
Human rights organisations in the United Kingdom
Imprisonment and detention
Internet-related organizations
Word of mouth is the passing of information from a person to one or more people in conversation. In the past, it referred only to speech, but now, it can sometimes include online communication. It can be as simple as telling someone what time it is, or it can involve longer stories and news. It is a good way to share information about things that are of interest to a local community, such as businesses, other people, and things that happened in the past.

Oral tradition
Oral tradition (also called "oral culture" or "oral lore") is when cultural material is transmitted orally from older people to younger people. This material may include folktales, sayings, songs, or chants. It is a way for things like history, literature, and law to be passed down from generation to generation without a writing system.

Oral history
Oral history is history that is given by people who lived through historical eras or events. Often, they are interviewed, and it is recorded. Usually, they talk about things that are not part of written history, such as what everyday life was like.

Marketing
Consumers often talk to their friends about their experiences with a product or a service. This is important for businesses because people are more likely to trust someone they know well.

"Word-of-mouth marketing" happens when a business tries to encourage people to talk about their product. For example, they can offer rewards or suggest that they make posts on social media.

A lot of people think that a lot of word of mouth now happens on the internet. However, studies show that most word of mouth actually happens in spoken conversation.

References

Communication
Human communication
Oral tradition
Language
PlusLiga () is the highest level of men's volleyball in Poland. It is a professional league competition for volleyball clubs located in Poland. It is overseen by Profesjonalna Liga Piłki Siatkowej S.A. (PLPS S.A.). There are currently 14 teams in the league. They play a schedule of 26 games from September to March. The regular season is followed by playoffs. The winner earns the Polish Championship () It is one of the best volleyball leagues in Europe. According to the latest rankings of European volleyball leagues, compiled by the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball, the Polish league is ranked second-best.

Other websites

 PLUSLiga official site
 PZPS (Polish Volleyball Union) official site
 BGVolley (Site in which the Polish Championship is covered) 

Volleyball
Sports leagues
Sport in Poland
2000 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Poland
The Italian Male Volleyball League is the league that governs professional men's volleyball in Italy. It is structured with several levels of importance; the highest of them is the SuperLega (formerly Serie A1). Since early 1980s, many among the best volleyball players in the world play in SuperLega and the level of competition is considerably high.

Other websites

 FIPAV
 Lega Pallavolo Serie A

Volleyball
Sports leagues
Sport in Italy
École Centrale Paris (ECP; also known as École Centrale or Centrale) was a French grande école in engineering and science. It is in a campus of Chatenay-Malabry.

Its courses can lead to the following French and European degrees :
 Ingénieur Centralien de Paris (Centralien Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
 Master of Science & PhD doctorate studies ;
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS) ;
 Massive Online Open Courses.

Courses are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students at the school come from more than 50 countries.

Most of the 2000 students at École Centrale de Paris live in dedicated housing buildings near to the research labs and metro public transport.

Admission 
Admission to the "Centralien engineering Programme" at École Centrale de Paris is possible after two- or three-year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success in either: 
 an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences (2-year curriculum)
 a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus : concours Centrale-Supelec (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
 a selective application as per Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The Centralien Programme usually lasts three years and results in a Master's degree. It involves doing work in other countries. Thus undergraduate studies plus the Centralien Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.
 
However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two years at École Centrale de Paris and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

References

More reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in Paris
1829 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in France