cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Colin Covert is an American movie critic, historian, and journalist. He worked as a critic for the Minneapolis Star Tribune. In December 2018, Covert resigned from the Tribune after he was accused of plagiarism.

Covert was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He studied at Macalester College. He was raised in Minnesota. Covert now lives in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

References

Other websites
 Colin Covert at rottentomatoes.com 
 Colin Covert bio at startribune.com

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American journalists
American historians
Movie critics from Chicago
Writers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Writers from Chicago
Writers from New Jersey
A curriculum (plural: curricula) is a program of study. It is used to plan teaching or training. It spells out the details so others can know what is going to happen:
what topics will be taught
in which order they will be taught
often, how much time will be spent on each topic
it is often linked to a timetable, and other details of an organisation where it will take place
it is often authorised by a public or private examination board, and used as the basis for setting exams

Today it usually means the courses, their content, and the  coursework offered at a school or university. Often, curricula are backed by some kind of theory, or by intending to change what was done before. Curricula may be backed by textbooks and by courses to train teachers. The study of curricula is part of most qualifications for teachers.

A similar word is syllabus, which means a summary of topics which will be covered during an academic course, or book or lecture. Another term is discipline, which in this sense means an academic subject-matter.

Historical development 
Historically, curricula have done more than act as a background for syllabi and examinations. They have discussed the basis of teaching by taking account of:
the psychology of children, especially younger children.
the needs of society, including the needs of employers.
the growth in knowledge, for example in science
the balance between education and training
the legal status of the education, for example whether the education is voluntary or mandatory

The four questions asked by Tylor in his introductory text are generally regarded as fundamental:
What educational purposes should the school seek to attain? 
How can learning experiences be selected which are useful in attaining these objectives? 
How can learning experiences be organized for effective instruction?
How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be evaluated?

There are no hard-and-fast rules for answering those questions. There have always been different theories of education which are based on different attitudes to education and to life itself. Roughly speaking, these theories have two opposite ends. At one end is child-centered education. This is concerned to adapt the teaching to the needs and development of individual children, and is most used in kindergarten and primary education. The other end is society-oriented. It aims to make sure society gets a steady supply of young adults able to fill the jobs and roles which society needs to be filled. In some countries the approach would be more religion-oriented. This would aim to produce young adults whose main aim is to live according to the precepts (beliefs, practices) of a particular religion.

Hidden curriculum 
A term sometimes used to describe what a critic thinks is really going on in an educational system. It means the unspoken beliefs and values of an institution, the implicit demands of behavour and respect. In a school subject-matter is taught, but much else is going on.

Related pages 
Trivium
Quadrivium
Subject (school)

References 

Education
Otto I of Saxony and Otto the Illustrious (ca. 841 – 30 November 912) was a German Saxon noble. He was Duke of Saxony. He was the father of Henry I the Fowlers and grandfather of Otto I the Great. He was also father-in-law of Zwentibold, Carolingian King of Lotharingia.

Otto was born between 830 and 841, and was one of the sons of Liudolf, Duke of Saxony, and Gisela, the daughter of Everhart Friuli and Geslea of Franks. Otto's uncle was Berengar I of Italy. His paternal ancestor was an old chief of Saxony.

Otto was a powerful noble of Saxony and Eastern Germany  for a long time. His sister Liutgard was married to King Louis the Younger. Around the 890s, his daughter Oda married Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia.

In 911, the East Frankish King Louis the Child died without any children. German nobles said that Otto should be crowned as king, but he declined (said no) because of his old age (he was around 70 at that point). He instead recommended Conrad to Franken, his powerful political rival. In 918, his son Henry I the Fowler was appointed as King.

Ottonian dynasty
840s births
912 deaths
History of Germany
European politicians
Kings and Queens in Germany
Autobiographers
Trinity Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called Tit Hall by the students. It was created in 1350 and it is the fifth oldest college. It takes its name from the Holy Trinity. 

The money to build the college was given by William Bateman, the Bishop of Norwich. He wanted to build a new centre for studying canon law and civil science. This was because the Black Death had killed many priests. Today, it has about 600 students. The college is found next to the river Cam. In 1999, the Jerwood Library was built. It became quite famous in Cambridge because it is a beautiful building by the river.

Many important people have studied at Trinity Hall, for example:
Stephen Hawking, physicist and cosmologist
J. B. Priestley, author
Rachel Weisz, an actress who won an Academy Award

There also many British rowers that have studied at Trinity Hall and won medals at the Olympics. This is because the college has a very good boat club, where students can play this sport.

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1350 establishments
1350s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England
Comenius  (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a 17th-century Czech bishop, and an innovator in education. His name is spelt differently in almost every language. In English it is John Amos Comenius, but he is usually called just 'Comenius'.

Comenius is famous for arguing for universal literacy, and inventing the idea of a modern textbook which used pictures as well as prose to get its message across. Comenius also tried to design a language in which false statements could not be written.

Some books by Comenius 
There are about 16 works, with many translations and versions.
 1633–1638. Didactica magna ("The Great Didactic").
 1642. A reformation of schools, designed in two excellent treatises. This is an English excerpt from the above. It explains his ideas for reform.
 1658. Orbis sensualium pictus: quadrilingus. It is something like an illustrated dictionary, in two languages,  Latin, and German
 1659. English edition.
 1685 in four languages: Latin, Czech, German and Hungarian (Magyar).
 Orbis Pictus had a long-lasting influence on children's education. It was a precursor of both audio-visual techniques and the lexical approach in language learning. There is a Kindle version in English.

References 

1592 births
1670 deaths
Czech educators
James Buck (1808 – November 1, 1865) was a sailor in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn.

Biography
Buck, born in Denver, Colorado and joined the Navy in 1852. He was an Acting Master's Mate when he was presented the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn. He was a Quartermaster. The medal was approved under General Order 11, dated April 3, 1863.

Buck died November 1, 1865. He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, MD. His grave is in section Q-24, GPS (lat/lon): 39.30936, -76.6062.

Honors
The United States Navy named three ships USS Buck in his name. The first ship to be name after Buck was . It was a motorboat built in 1911. The second ship to be named after Buck was . It was a Sims-class destroyer. That ship served from 1939 until she was sunk during the invasion of Italy in 1943. The third and final ship to take its name from James Buck was . This Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer served from 1946 until 1973.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

Served on board the U.S.S. Brooklyn in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip and at the taking of New Orleans, 24 and 25 April 1862. Although severely wounded by a heavy splinter, Buck continued to perform his duty until positively ordered below. Later stealing back to his post, he steered the ship for 8 hours despite his critical condition. His bravery was typical of the type which resulted in the taking of the Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in the capture of New Orleans.

Related pages
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

Notes

References

1808 births
1865 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
People from Maryland
The first USS Buck (SP-1355) was later renamed to USS SP-1355. It was a tender that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918.
 
Buck was built as a civilian motorboat in 1911. On 24 August 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her under a free lease from the Conservation Commission of Maryland. She was used during World War I. She was commissioned as USS Buck (SP-1355) on 13 September 1917. 

Assigned to the 5th Naval District, Buck served as a tender at Norfolk, Virginia, for the remainder of World War I. She was renamed USS SP-1355 in April 1918.

SP-1355 was decommissioned late in 1918. The Navy returned her to Consevration Commission of Maryland on either 24 September 1918 or 27 November 1918.

Notes

References

Department of the Navy Naval History and Heritage Command Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS Buck (SP-1355), 1917-1918. Renamed SP-1355 in 1918 
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Buck (SP 1355)

Warships
Per Yngve Ohlin (16 January 1969 – 8 April 1991) was a Swedish black metal musician best known for performing with the band Mayhem under the stage name Dead.

He was given the name "Dead" after a near-death experience when his spleen ruptured after being beat up by bullies and was clinically dead for a while. He became fascinated with death and dying afterwards and received his name.

He was also a founding member of the death metal band Morbid and performed with them on their December Moon demo.

He was described by Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg, the drummer for Mayhem, as being "a very strange personality ... depressed, melancholic, and dark" and guitarist Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth said "I honestly think Dead is mentally insane. Which other way can you describe a guy who does not eat, in order to get starving wounds? Or who has a T-shirt with funeral announcements on it?"

Death and aftermath
Dead's mental state began to take a turn for the worse due to his fascination with death and his social situation. Because of this, he would usually cut himself while performing on stage with either a broken bottle or a blade. Euronymous was fascinated with Dead's suicidal tendencies and would encourage Dead to kill himself often. Varg Vikernes sent shotgun shells to Dead in 1991. On 8 April 1991, In the house he shared with Euronymous, he slit his throat and wrists with a knife and then shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun. His suicide note said that he was sorry for shooting himself indoors and he ended the note with "Excuse all the blood". Euronymous returned home and had to climb through an open window because all the doors to the house were locked. He found Dead's body but before he called the police, he went to a nearby shop and bought a disposable camera which he used to photograph Dead's body after he moved around some of the items. He also kept some pieces of Dead's shattered skull. Hellhammer developed the pictures and Euronymous said that he would later destroy the pictures but he never did. He kept the pictures in an envelope at his record shop Helvete instead and sent one of the pictures to the owner of Warmaster Records which used the picture of Dead's body as the cover art for Mayhem's 1995 bootleg live album Dawn of the Black Hearts. The other band members were disgusted at Euronymous' actions before and after Dead's death and Bassist Necrobutcher decided that he wasn't going to be friends with him anymore.

He was ranked #48 out of 50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time by Roadrunner Records.

References

Other websites
 

1969 births
1991 deaths
Heavy metal singers
Musicians who committed suicide
Musicians from Stockholm
Suicides by firearm
Singers from Stockholm
Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing, MBE (30 October 1914 - 7 July 2013) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Lou Beale on British television soap opera EastEnders.

Early life
Wing was born on 30 October 1914 in Hackney, East London, England.

Career
Wing is best known for playing the Lou Beale on EastEnders from the show's beginning in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988.

In May 2005 Wing attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in EastEnders. In 2005, Wing was part of the cast of the short movie Ex Memoria. She played Grandma in the 2007 movie Son of Rambow.

Later career
In 2009, when Wing was 94, she worked on a short movie called Numbers Up. The same year Wing was named Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.

Personal life
Wing was married to Peter Davey from 1944 until they divorced in 1947. They had a son. After that, Philip O'Connor was her partner until his death in 1998. They had a son.

Death
Wing lived in London, England during her final years. Wing died on the morning of 7 July 2013 in Hackney, East London, England from natural causes, aged 98.

References

Other websites

Anna Wing, interview from The Walford Gazette 
Lou Beale, BBC character profile 
Ex Memoria (short film with Anna Wing) 

1914 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Actors from London
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian designer who is known for designing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles when he served in the Soviet Army during World War II. He had the rank of lieutenant general.

Kalashnikov was born on 10 November 1919 in Kuriya, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR. He served in World War II and created many weapons and bombs including the AK-47 and a submachine gun. He was married to Ekaterina Kalashnikova. They had three children, one of them was gun designer Victor Kalashnikov. He lived in Izhevsk, Udmurtia. 

On 17 November, Kalashnikov was hospitalized in an Udmurtian medical hospital for gastric hemorrhage. He died on the morning of 23 December, 2013 from the illness, aged 94.

References

Other websites

M.T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Small Arms Complex
'I sleep soundly' - Interview with and article on Mikhail Kalashnikov at the age of 83, from The Guardian newspaper.
Mikhail Kalashnikov backs weapons control
BBC NEWS Profile: Mikhail Kalashnikov
Free illustrated virtual guided tour of the Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov 

1919 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Russia
Russian engineers
Russian inventors
Soviet generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
The Inca Civil War, the Inca Dynastic War, or the Inca War of Succession, was a civil war in the Inca Empire. It was fought between two brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Capac, over who would be the next emperor. The war came after Huayna Capac's death in 1527, and lasted from 1529 until 1532. When their father died, the empire was divided between the two brothers. Huáscar got most part of it, with the capital Cusco. Atahualpa got the northern parts, including Quito.

Huáscar started the war because he saw himself as the rightful heir to the kingdom. Atahualpa proved to be a better war tactician than his brother, and commanded a much bigger army. The empire was reunited under Atahualpa in 1532, but he was executed by the Spanish less than a year later.

It was partly because of this civil war that the Spanish conquistadors, under Francisco Pizarro, were successful.

References
Notes

Sources
Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc., 1970, 28-29.
MacQuarrie, Kim. The Last Days of the Inca. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, 50.

Civil wars
Inca civilization
16th century in South America
1529
1530
1531
1532
2051 (MMLI) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events 
 April – A METI message Cosmic Call 1 sent from the 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar arrives at its destination, Gliese 777 star.
 June 1 – The Washington State Ferries time capsule will be opened, celebrating WSF's 100th Anniversary.

Date unknown 
 Over 1.7 million people in the United Kingdom will be suffering from dementia according to reports published in 2007 by the London School of Economics and Institute of Psychiatry.

In fiction 
 TimeSplitters: Future Perfect video game takes place in 2051 in one of the missions.
 Brenda Chenowith, a fictional character from the television show Six Feet Under, dies in her home at the age of 82.
 Dream Park novel takes place in March 2051

References 

 
Years in the future
The Lover is a 1992 French erotic drama movie. It is based on the 1984 novel of the same name. It is set in 1929 in Vietnam and is about a relationship between a 15 year old French girl and a Chinese man twice her age. It was originally tagged NC-17 by the MPAA. However, the producers of The Lover appealed and the rating was changed to R. When this was released into theaters, it received mixed reaction. Audiences praised it. American critics, however, gave negative reviews of this drama.

Other websites 

1992 romance movies
1992 drama movies
1990s romantic drama movies
English-language movies
French drama movies
French romance movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1920s
Vietnamese movies
Movies directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud
1992 independent movies
A rover is a vehicle that travels on the ground of a planet, moon, or other astronomical object.  Some rovers carry people that drive them. Most are robots that can drive themselves for short distances, but humans on Earth give them directions each day about where to go and what to do.   They are electric vehicles, either using solar power or nuclear power.

Examples

Moon
Lunokhod 1 was sent by the Soviet Union, Lunokhod 1 was the first remote-controlled vehicle sent off the Earth.
Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle, also called a moon buggy, sent by NASA during the Apollo program, it was driven by astronauts.
Lunokhod 2 was sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union and arrived on the moon in January 1973 and lasted four months.
Yutu (Chang'e 3), sent in 2013, was the first Chinese moon landing.  It stopped moving 42 days after landing, but could perform other operations for nearly 2 more years. 
Yutu 2 (Chang'e 4) was sent in January 2019 by China and is still going.

Mars

The only rovers to successfully land on Mars were sent there by NASA. They have special equipment on arms for testing the soil, taking pictures and doing other planetary science.

Sojourner rover - The first Mars rover, this was a test vehicle to see if a solar vehicle would work on Mars. It landed on July 4th, 1997 and lasted nearly three months.
Spirit rover (MER-A) - Spirit and Opportunity were launched as a pair.  Spirit landed January 4, 2004 and lasted a little over six years.
Opportunity rover (MER-B) - Landed January 25, 2004 and lasted a little over fourteen years until it was stopped by a dust storm.
Curiosity rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed August, 2012 and is still going.

References

Moon
Mars
NASA spacecraft
A locksmith is a person who works with locks, keys and security systems. Locksmithing is the profession of a locksmith.

Job description
Locksmiths fix broken locks, make keys, and install security systems like alarms.
In most countries locksmiths must follow a strict set of laws. In some countries locksmiths start as apprentices. In others, they must get a certificate or degree after training at a school or university.

Some countries such as the UK, there are no actual laws or rules as to who can become a locksmith, so many locksmiths choose to join a trade association to prove their proficiency and credentials.

Locksmiths commonly work with all types of locks. Other areas that locksmiths cover include auto locksmithing, safes, and access control. These areas are specialist and require specialized training

Tools
One of the most commonly used metals that locksmiths use to make keys in Europe is steel. Locksmiths in the US, Australia, and New Zealand would use brass as their main material.

Mortise locks, commonly found on older buildings, are comprised of a pocket that is cut into the door (or other piece of furniture) to which the lock will be fitted. These locks were used before the arrival of bored cylindrical locks.

Automotive locksmith
Automotive locksmith can help out with getting a new keys made for a car. They can also make duplicate keys and push-to-start key fobs. Usually automotive locksmiths are mobile, and they get to their customers by driving to them.

References 

Occupations
Locks
Peter William Sutcliffe (2 June 1946 – 13 November 2020) was a British serial killer known as the Yorkshire Ripper. He was born in Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1981, he was convicted of murdering thirteen women and attempting to murder seven others. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. He served a twenty sentences of life imprisonment in Broadmoor High Security Hospital.

Personal life
Sutcliffe married Sonia Szurma 10 August 1974. They lived together in Heaton, Bradford.

Sutcliffe died on 13 November 2020 while in prison in Durham from COVID-19, aged 74.

References 

1946 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
English people convicted of murder
English prisoners
English serial killers
People convicted of attempted murder
People from Yorkshire
People with schizophrenia
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Brigadier General Kenneth Newton Walker (17 July 1898 – 5 January 1943) was a United States Army aviator. He was also a United States Army Air Forces general who had a significant influence on the development of airpower doctrine. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor in World War II.

Walker joined the United States Army in 1917. It was after the American entry into World War I. He trained as an aviator and became a flying instructor. In 1920 and after the end of the war, he received a commission in the Regular Army. After service in various capacities he graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School in 1929. Then he served as an instructor there. He supported the creation of a separate air organization for strategic bombardment. He published articles on the subject and becoming part of a clique known as the "Bomber Mafia". They argued for bombers over other forms of military aviation.

Even after he was promoted to Brigadier General, Walker frequently flew combat missions over New Guinea. For this he received the Silver Star. On 5 January 1943, he was shot down and killed leading a daylight bombing raid over Rabaul. It was for this action he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Legacy
In January 1948, Roswell Army Air Field in Roswell, New Mexico, was renamed Walker Air Force Base in honor of Walker. The base was closed on 30 June 1967. Walker Hall and its Walker Air Power Room are at Maxwell Air Force Base. They are also named after him. It is the home of the Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center.  The Walker Papers is an Air Force Fellows program. It annually honors the top three research papers produced by Air Force Fellows with the Walker Series award. The Walker Series recognizes the contributions each Fellow has made to research supporting air and space power and its use in the implementation of US strategic policy.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

Notes

References

 

 

1898 births
1943 deaths
American aviators
American people of World War II
Aviation deaths
Missing American people
People from New Mexico
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Purple Heart recipients
The Division of Banks is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1949. It is named for Sir Joseph Banks, the British scientist who accompanied James Cook on his voyage to Australia in 1770. 

The division of Banks is covers the south-western suburbs of Sydney. It includes Allawah, Blakehurst, Connells Point, Hurstville, Hurstville Grove, South Hurstville, Kyle Bay, Lugarno, Mortdale, Oatley, Padstow Heights, Peakhurst, Peakhurst Heights, and Penshurst, and parts of Bankstown, Beverly Hills, Carlton, Kingsgrove, Narwee, Padstow, Punchbowl, Revesby and Riverwood.

Members

Daryl Melham was the chairman of the ALP caucus from 2004 until 2012.

Election results
 2013 election results 
 2010 election results
 2007 election results
 2004 election results

References
Division of Banks - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Daryl Melham's website 

Banks
1949 establishments in Australia
New South Wales
Ferromagnetism is a property of many materials like iron. They are magnets, so they are attracted to, or pulled towards other magnets. In physics, there are many different types of magnetism. Ferromagnetism is the strongest one. It is used every day in many technological objects, like television screens and credit cards.

Ferromagnets are materials that have some magnetization on their own. This means that at a temperature of absolute zero and without any magnetic field from other objects, they are still magnetic. The reason for this is that the electrons in a material have a spin. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrons like to have all the spins going one way, giving some magnetism. Usually, as the temperature is increased, the magnetization goes down. This is because the temperature causes the electrons in the material to move around a bit more. They do not have the spins perfectly going in the same way anymore. The point at which there is no magnetization anymore is called the Curie temperature. This changes with different materials.

Some materials that are ferromagnets are: iron, cobalt, nickel. Hematite is also ferromagnetic but only above a certain temperature.

Related pages 
Hysteresis

Magnetism
The Division of Barton is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was created in 1922 and is named for Sir Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia. 

It includes the inner suburbs of Arncliffe, Banksia, Bardwell Valley, Beverley Park, Bexley, Bexley North, Brighton-Le-Sands, Carss Park, Dolls Point, Kogarah, Kogarah Bay, Kyeemagh, Monterey, Ramsgate, Ramsgate Beach, Rockdale, Sandringham, Sans Souci, Turrella and Wolli Creek and parts of Beverly Hills, Carlton, Earlwood and Kingsgrove.

Members

Dr H. V. Evatt was the Leader of the ALP 1951–60. Evatt nearly lost the seat in 1951 and 1955, and in 1958 he moved to the safe seat of Hunter.

The first member for Barton was Labor's Frederick McDonald. He disappeared after his 1925 defeat by Nationalist Thomas Ley. It is now believed that Ley had him murdered. Ley was later found to be insane and died in Broadmoor Asylum in Britain. Robert McClelland, was Australia's Attorney-General. Linda Burney is the first Indigenous Australian woman elected to the Australian parliament.

Election results
 2010 election results
 2007 election results
 2004 election results
 2013 election results

References

Division of Barton - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Nickolas Varvaris' website 

Barton
New South Wales
1922 establishments in Australia
Spin may mean:
Rotation
Spin (physics), a property of some particles like electrons
Spin (magazine), a music magazine
Spin-off, something new that comes from a thing that is already there
, also known as Yuan-chia li or Yuan-jia li, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki).  It was used from 604 to 696.

History
The calendar was created in 425 during the Genka era in Chinese history.

The  Genka-reki system was brought to Japan from Korea by a Buddhist monk.  The earliest record of this calendar in Japan is in the 10th month of the 10th year of the reign of Empress Suiko (602).

Dates in the Nihon Shoki before the late 7th century were likely recorded using the Genka calendar system.

Related pages
 Japanese calendar
 Sexagenary cycle
 Gihō calendar
 Taien calendar  
 Goki calendar 
 Semmyō calendar

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Calendars
7th-century establishments in Japan
7th-century disestablishments in Japan
604 establishments
696 disestablishments
The oestrous cycle (U.S: estrous cycle) is the reproductive system in most mammals.

Reproductive hormones cause the cycles to start after puberty in sexually mature females. They are interrupted by non-breeding phases or by pregnancies. Usually estrous cycles continue until death.

Differences from the menstrual cycle
Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself releases sex hormones like estrogens and progesterone.

However, species vary in the details. One difference is that animals that have oestrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead.

Another difference is sexual activity. In species with oestrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the oestrus phase of their cycle. This is referred to as being 'in heat'.

In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. Humans and some other primates, do not have any obvious external signs to signal when ovulation occurs (concealed ovulation). Recent research suggests that women tend to have more sexual thoughts and are more prone to sexual activity right before ovulation (estrus). Nevertheless, this is nothing as obvious as the frenzy which other mammals show during 'heat'.

References

Hormones
Female reproductive system
Mammals
Veronique Cloutier (born December 31, 1974 in Montreal, Quebec) is a TV and radio presenter from Quebec.  She is the daughter of Carole Fullum and Guy Cloutier.    She is married to Louis Morissette since June 30th 2012. They have three children.

She is a host for radio and a TV shows.  In 1993, she got a job at Musique Plus.  After that, she quit Musique Plus to work at Radio-Canada.  In 1998, she had more than 1 200 000 viewers of her TV show named La Fureur every week. She presented La Fureur for five seasons.  After that, she hosted many shows such as the ‘’Gala de l’ADISQ’’, ‘’Stars à domicile’’, ‘’La fureur de Céline’’, ‘’Ceci n’est pas un Bye Bye’’.  From 2007 to 2009, she hosted a quiz show called ‘’Paquet Voleur’’. Since 2010, she works on her talk show ‘’Les enfants de la télé’’ and she also worked on the 2010 and 2011 ‘’Bye Bye’’.

She started in 1994 on the radio with ‘’Le choix de Montréal’’ on CKMF Radio Energie.  In September 2004, she started a new show at Rythme FM called ‘’Les midis de Vero’’.  On May 2011, she celebrated her 1000th show.  Veronique Cloutier is also an actress.  She played in her first movie, ‘’Les dangereux’’, in 2002.  In 2004, she became president of her father’s productions which she renamed Novem Communications.  She was in the business until 2009 when she decided to spend more time with her family.  She also had a career as a spokeswoman. From 2000 to 2006, she represented ‘’Suzuki’’. In 2006, she was a speaker for ‘’Monnaie royale canadienne’’ and ‘’Fondation de l’hôpital Sainte-Justine’’.  In 2010, her clothes collection went on the market in l’Aubainerie stores.  In 2012, she associated herself with Jouviance as a beauty products ambassadress. Veronique is also active on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter.

References

Related pages 
 Biography: Veronique Cloutier

1974 births
Living people
Canadian entertainers
Television talk show hosts
Luteinizing hormone (LH, lutropin  or lutrophin) is a sex hormone produced by gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. 

In females, an LH surge triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum (a temporary endocrine structure in female mammals that promotes relatively high levels of progesterone). In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Predicting ovulation 
The detection of a surge in luteinising hormone shows ovulation will soon happen. LH can be detected by urinary test kits. Tests are done daily, round the time ovulation is expected.  A swing from a negative to a positive reading suggests that ovulation will occur in 24–48 hours. The women has two days to engage in sexual intercourse or artificial insemination with the intentions of conceiving.

Tests may be read manually using a colour-change paper strip, or digitally with the assistance of reading electronics.

References 

Hormones
Shah puri is one of the oldest dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in Sargodh Division  of Pakistani Punjab. 

Its name is derived from former Shahpur District (now Shahpur Tehsil, part of Sargodha District). It is also called  Western Punjabi. 

This dialect has great proximity with Majhi Dialect of Punjabi Language. It can be described as a mixture of Majhi, Pothohari and thalochi dialects. Shahpurias in the Khushab area speak this dialect in a more Thalochi tone while those in southern parts of its distribution have color of Jhangochi on their language.

It is spoken throughout a widespread area, spoken in Sargodha and Khushab Districts and also spoken in neighbouring Mianwali, Mandi Bahudin and Bhakkar Districts. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chennab river crossing Jehlam river.
This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Shahpuri dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants.

Dialect Speaking Areas
Two districts of Punjab Province of Pakistan and neighboring districts speak this dialect.

Sargodha District
Khushab District
Mianwali District (in minority)
Bhakkar District  (in minority)

Differences in Punjabi Dialects Standard (Majhi), and Western (Shahpuri)

Sub-dialects of Shah puri

Standard Lehnda (Shah puri)
Rohi being a mixture of thalochi and shah puri (Mianwali District)

Related pages

Punjabi language
Punjabi literature
Punjabi culture
Sargodha District
Khushab District
Mianwali District
Bhakkar District
Sargodha
Khushab

References 

Punjabi language
In typography, kerning is changing the space between two letters to make the text easier to read. Usually, this means that letters look equally spaced, and two letters are never too close together or too far apart. If two letters are too close together or too far apart that would make it difficult to read the plain text message.

The purpose of kerning, and most other typography is to make the printed or screen text more legible, that is, easier to read, and also more attractive. 

A related idea is typographic ligature. This is when two letters are formed so they fit together. In traditional metal type printing, ligatures were formed from lead in certain pairs. It is basically the same idea as kerning, but done automatically.

Typography
P.M. Dawn are an American Hip hop-R&B duo from Jersey City, New Jersey. The duo consists of Prince Be, Doc.G. and K-R.O.K.

The band was created in 1988 by brothers Attrell Cordes (Prince Be) and former member Jarrett Cordes (DJ Minutemix). Attrell and Jarrett's father died when they were young so they were raised by their mother and step father George Brown, who was a founding member of Kool & The Gang. "Set Adrift on Memory Bliss" from their debut album Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience is one of their best known songs and reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as #3 on the United Kingdom. 

Prince Be suffered a massive stroke in early 2005 and had a second stroke which caused a gangrenous infection in his right leg on February 12, 2009. His leg had to be amputated below the kneecap because of a result of the infection.

Discography

Studio albums
Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience (1991)
The Bliss Album…? (Vibrations of Love and Anger and the Ponderance of Life and Existence) (1993)
Jesus Wept (1995)
Dearest Christian, I'm So Very Sorry for Bringing You Here. Love, Dad (1998)
F*cked Music (2000)

References

Other websites 
Archived version of their Official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
1988 establishments in the United States
American R&B bands
Hip hop bands
Musical groups from Jersey City, New Jersey
1980s establishments in New Jersey
Bogor Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Bogor) is a regency (kabupaten) of West Java, Indonesia. It is south of DKI Jakarta. Bogor covers an area of . It is considered a bedroom community for Jakart In 2020, 5,427,068 people lived there. Its administration is located in Cibinong.

Bogor is bordered to the north by Tangerang Regency, the cities of South Tangerang, Depok and Bekasi, and Bekasi Regency.  Sukabumi Regency borders it to the south. To the south east is Cianjur Regency.  Karawang Regency is to the east of it. It fully encircles Bogor City which is administratively seperate of the regency. It is bordered by Lebak Regency (in Banten Province) to the west.

The area has had a large amount of population growth. Two areas which were a part the regency in the past have been split off as cities. On 20 April 1999, the city of Depok joined with some districts of Bogor Regency to form an the city of Depok. It is  independant of the regency. Bogor Regency is the most populous regency in Indonesia.

References

Subdivisions of Indonesia
Ivanhoe is a historical romantic novel set around the reign of Richard I of England. It was written by Scottish author Walter Scott. It was first printed in 1820. A 1952 movie version of the story starred Robert Taylor, Elizabeth Taylor, and Joan Fontaine.

Other websites
 Online edition of Ivanhoe 

British novels
1820s books
The American Forces Press Service (AFPS) is the news service provided by the Defense Media Activity (formerly the American Forces Information Service). It is part of the United States Department of Defense. It supplies news stories that relate too the activities of U.S. military forces around the world.

Other websutes
AFPS

United States Department of Defense agencies
John Hemmingham (born 26 February 1963) is an association football fan and football administrator from Sheffield, England. He is best known as the leader and trumpet player of the Pukka Pies England Band.

Band

Sheffield Wednesday
Hemmingham started playing music at football matches in 1993 when he took a bugle to a Sheffield Wednesday match away at Everton's Goodison Park and played the fanfare to Aida.

Sources

Living people
1963 births
People from Sheffield
Trumpeters
2052 (MMLII) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events 
 2052 Summer Olympics will be held.
March 30 – there will be a total solar eclipse, beginning over the Line Islands and will pass over Mexico with the centre of the eclipse passing the tip of the Mississippi Delta, and will then continue over Georgia and Savannah.

In fiction

Literature 
 In Stephen Baxter's novel Flood, Mount Everest – the highest point on Earth – is submerged in this year.

Television 
 On the new ABC series Defying Gravity, the Antares 6-year space mission begins in this year.

Video games 
 The events of Deus Ex take place in this year.
 The racing video game Wipeout takes place in this year.
 According to the Fallout Universe the United Nations have been disbanded on July 26th of this year.
 Sergeant Cortez and Amy Chen raid U-Genix in TimeSplitters: Future Perfect in 2052.

References 

 
Years in the future
Breuil-Cervinia is a village in the Valle d'Aosta region of Italy. It is famous for its ski resort, which has a link to the one in Zermatt, Switzerland. 

Breuil-Cervinia is a frazione of the comune of Valtournenche. It is at 2,006 m above sea level. It stands below the Matterhorn (in Italian: Cervino, in French: Cervin). The name of the village comes from Breuil, which is the French name of the valley where the village is, and Cervinia from the Italian name of the Matterhorn. The FIBT bobsleigh world championships took place here for three years: 1971, 1975 and 1985. The Giro d'Italia also had a stage (a day of racing) finishing here for three times: 1960, 1997 and 2012.

Other websites 
Official website

Settlements in Valle d'Aosta
Villages in Europe
Ski areas and resorts
Aosta (, ) is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital city of the Valle d'Aosta () region. It is roughly in the middle of the region, along the Dora Baltea (), the main river that flows in the valley. It is at 583 m above sea level. Around the city there are many mountains (the Alps).

Romans conquered the area in 25 BC. Later, the city was conquered by the Frankish Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Finally, it went under control of the House of Savoy in the 11th century. Many Roman buildings still survive in the city, like the east and south gates. The basic plan of the city, with rectangular blocks of streets, is Roman.

History 
The valley of Aosta is a typical alpine valley, cut into a V-shape by glaciers during the ice age. It runs from an upper part near Mont Blanc to lower areas like the city of Aosta.

The area has been Roman, French and Italian (House of Savoy) before the unification of Italy. All street names are in French and Italian, and dialects of French are still spoken by many.

Roman Aosta 
The Romans defeated the local Salassi tribe in 25 BC. Their commander, Marcus Terentius Varro, then founded the Roman colony of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, housing 3,000 retired veterans.

After 11 BC Aosta became the capital of the Alpes Graies ("Grey Alps") province of the Empire.

Significance 
Aosta is at the join of two rivers. It is at the end of the Great St Bernard Pass (which leads to Switzerland) and the Little St Bernard Pass (which leads to France). Its position gave it considerable military importance, and the layout of the town was that of a Roman military camp.

The valley was a way for trade and soldiers to get from Italy to Gaul (later, France). This explains its importance to the Romans. Now it sits  near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel.

At present Aosta Valley is a semi-autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is the smallest region in Italy, and is not divided into provinces.

Aostan 
Aostan French () is the variety of French spoken in the Aosta Valley, where many speak some form of French. Some expressions, words and phrase constructions are different from standard French; some are similar to Swiss French. Some words come from the Piedmontese language or Italian. Both modern French and Italian mix with this local patois, valdôtain, which is Franco-Provençal in type.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Regional capitals in Italy
Settlements in Valle d'Aosta
Sankagiri or Sankari () is a panchayat town. It is in the Salem district of Tamil Nadu. It is on the National highway 47.

History 

Sankagiri Fort is a historical fort. It is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. Sankagiri Fort was built in the 15th century. It was built by the Vijayanagar empire. It has 14 fort walls built on and around a hill. The last phase of these walls were built by the British.

Settlements in Tamil Nadu
Salem district
The United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Service is called American Forces Network (AFN).   AFN broadcasts radio and television to American soldiers, sailors, airmen, Department of Defense and other US government civilians and their families stationed outside of the U.S. and on U.S. Navy ships.  AFN broadcasts popular American radio and television programs from  U.S. networks. It is sometimes called the Armed Forces Network.  AFRTS, American Forces Network and AFN are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Other websites 
 American Forces Radio and Television Service 
American Forces Network Europe

Books 
 Patrick Morley: 'This Is the American Forces Network': The Anglo-American Battle of the Air Waves in World War II. Praeger Publishing (2001).
 Trent Christman: Brass Button Broadcasters: A Lighthearted Look at Fifty Years of Military Broadcasting. Turner Publishing (1992).
 History of AFRTS: The first 50 years. U.S. Government Printing Office (1993).

References

Military of the United States
Peabody Award winners
Radio stations
1942 establishments in the United States
George Andrew Davis, Jr. (December 1, 1920 – February 10, 1952) was a highly decorated flying ace of the United States (US) Army in World War II. He was later part of the US Air Force during the Korean War. Davis rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in "MiG Alley" during the war. He was the only flying ace of the United States to be killed in action in Korea.

With a total of 21 victories he is one of only seven US military pilots to become an ace in two wars. He is also one of only 31 to be credited more than 20 victories. He was the fourth highest scoring ace of the Korean War.

Biography
George Andrew Davis Jr. was born in Dublin, Texas on December 1, 1920. He was the seventh of nine children born to George Davis Sr. and Pearl Love Davis. In his childhood, Davis briefly lived in Maple, Texas. Davis attended Morton High School in Morton, Texas. Davis then attended Harding College in Searcy, Arkansas. After completing a degree he returned to Texas. He took up farming for a time with his family before eventually deciding to join the military.

Aerial victory credits
Throughout his career, Davis was credited with 21 confirmed victories, 1 probable victory and 2 aircraft damaged. This made him one of only 30 US pilots to gain more than 20 confirmed victories over their careers. He had been known to be an extremely talented pilot and was especially accurate at deflection shooting, even from long distances against moving targets. Davis was one of 1,297 World War II aces from the United States, with seven confirmed kills during that war. He later became one of 41 Korean War aces from the United States, with 14 confirmed victories during that war. At the time of his death he was the top-scoring ace from the US, making him the ace of aces. By the end of the war, he was the fourth-highest scoring ace.

Military awards

Medal of Honor citation
Davis was the third of four members of the US Air Force to be awarded the Medal of Honor in the war, after Louis J. Sebille, John S. Walmsley Jr. and before Charles J. Loring Jr. All four Air Force recipients were pilots and all were awarded the medal posthumously.

Distinguished Service Cross citation

Related pages
List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

Sources

1920 births
1952 deaths
Medal of Honor recipients
People from Texas
Purple Heart recipients
Tanghmarg () is a town and tehsil of the Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir