cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tsetse flies are large biting flies that live in the tropical regions of Africa. They bite vertebrates, and drink their blood. They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases.

They have been studied a lot because they can spread sleeping sickness and other diseases.

The genus Glossina has about 34 species in three groups of species. One group of species lives out on the savannah; another group lives near rivers, and the third group lives in tropical forests.

Life cycle
Tsetse have an unusual life cycle. Female tsetse only fertilize one egg at a time and keep each egg in their uterus while the offspring develops internally during the first larval stages. During this time, the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance secreted by a modified gland in the uterus. 

In the third larval stage, the tsetse larva finally leave the uterus and  crawl into the ground. There it forms a hard outer shell and becomes the pupa. It completes its metamorphosis into an adult fly. This takes twenty to thirty days, while the larva relies on stored resources. 

Normally, insect larvae feed themselves before pupation, but tsetse development (before it emerges as a full adult) occurs without feeding. The development is based only on nutritional resources provided by the female parent, which shows how blood is a rich source of nutrition. The female must get enough energy for her needs, for the needs of her developing offspring, and to store the resources which her offspring will require until it emerges as an adult.

Control of the fly 
Before the 20th century, people and their cattle simply did not live in areas infested with tsetse flies. In the 20th century, using pesticides after World War II caused as many problems as it solved. Now more subtle methods are preferred. Tsetse flies can be trapped by using large blue cloths as a lure. Another good method is to release irradiated male flies, which are sterile. Since females mate only once in their lives, that much reduces the population.

Flies
A pun is a joke which is a “play on words” (a game using words). People make puns in order to make other people laugh. Many jokes are actually puns. A pun usually uses a word which can have more than one meaning, even if the spelling is different: 

Sometimes a pun may use a whole phrase that can be heard in more than one way, as in the following knock-knock joke:

 “Knock-knock!”
 “Who’s there?”
 “Dishwasher.”
 “Dishwasher Who?”
 “Dishwasher way I ushed to shpeak before I got my falsh teesh”.
(The last sentence is supposed to mean: “This was the way I used to speak before I got my false teeth”).

There is a joke about a man who sent ten different puns to friends in the hope that at least one of the puns would make them laugh. Unfortunately, no pun in ten did.
(The joke here is on “no pun intended,” which is said when a person unintentionally says a pun by coincidence, and announces the find ).

There are many websites and books which have jokes, very often with puns.

Puns are easier to make in some languages than others. Languages with many homophones (words which sound the same but have a different meaning) such as the Chinese language are most suitable for puns.

Puns do not have to be about homonyms. They can sometimes be a double entendre using both a literal sense of the word and a metaphor (figurative use). For example, if a young man joins the Navy and someone says that he "sailed through his exams", this is a joke because: 1) the expression "to sail through something" means "to do it easily", but 2) the Navy is about sailing in ships. It is possible to say something like that without realizing that it is a pun. 

Another example is a story about two boys growing up and eating more and more food. One of the parents just began a new job and the other says, "I hope you can start bringing home the bacon!" In this example, bacon is a play on words meaning both money and the food, bacon.  

Many British people love making puns, especially bad puns (where a word has to be mispronounced to make the joke work). Lewis Carroll made many puns in his books Alice in Wonderland and Alice through the Looking Glass.

These are also a few examples of different puns:
Really cool music as the rock band plays on an iceberg,
"You're fired!" as the man is shot from a gun.

Figures of speech
Humor
"How is your vineyard doing?" a neighbor asked.  The woman replied, "It's growing grape!"  (play on words: "It's going great!"
The P-51 Mustang was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II. Later versions escorted American bombers over Europe and Japan. There were 5 versions of the Mustang built, called the P-51A, P-51B, P-51C, P-51D, and the P-51H. To provide more power at high altitude, the B, C, D, and H versions had a Packard-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead of the Allison engine used in the P-51A. The Packard Merlin engine featured a more advanced supercharger, allowing much better performance above 15,000 feet when compared to the Allison. The P-51D version had a "bubble" canopy, or one unobstructed by metal supports. After World War II, it was used in the Korean War as a dive bomber and was used by many Central American air forces until the 1970s. Today, P-51 Mustangs are often used in air races.

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: P-51 Mustang

United States Army aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
World War II American aircraft
Airsoft is a sport that uses fake guns (Airsoft guns) to battle. This game is usually compared with paintball, another sport that uses fake guns to battle. The difference between the two sports are:

Bullets from an Airsoft gun do not explode and leave paint on the target. But, if it the BB (the bullets used by airsoft guns) hits hard enough, or hits clothing that is too thin, it can leave bruises and sometimes even make wounds. Because BBs do not show clearly a mark showing that a player is hit, players use their own judgement to call themselves out. This system is unreliable, because people can not call themselves out and cheat. Many players usually stop this by 'lighting the player up', or shooting at the cheater until he calls his hit.
Airsoft guns more accurately copy real guns, with Airsoft guns using magazines to load bullets, and Airsoft pistols most of the time using gas to fire the BB (making it look more realistic). Because of this, people use Airsoft guns in Military Simulation events (sometimes said as MilSim).
Airsoft is cheaper to get into, because cheap pull-once-per-shot guns cost at around $5, and BBs costing less than 0.2 cents for each BB,

Because of how simple the sport of Airsoft works (shoot people), people usually make things interesting by changing the gameplay styles. Some examples are short-term battles, organized scenarios, historical reenactments and Military Simulation. Game fields also have very different styles, from battle in small spaces, or battle in big outdoor places. Because of how Airsoft guns work, tactics used in the Military can also  be used in the game.

Sports
MiG-15 Fagot was a jet combat airplane designed by Mikoyan, a Russian airplane company. It was intended as an interceptor but fought more often as an air superiority fighter. It first flew in 1947, and went in military service in 1949. It was one of the first to use a swept wing. It first fought in the Korean War, where it defeated the American Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star. To try to beat the MiG-15, the North American Aviation F-86 Sabre was brought in. Today, it is used to train new pilots.

Related pages
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
F-86 Sabre

Other websites 
 MIG-15 -Citizendium

Soviet military aircraft
Military of China
North Korea
Korean War
1947 establishments
Pantyhose is a piece of women's clothing that covers the waist down. They fit tightly. Modern tights come in different colors. Аor every day women are usually chosen brown (tan color pantyhose) or black or nude (skin) pantyhose. But today are very popular different patterned pantyhose: for example, Polka Dot, Backseam, Tattoo and so on). In addition to beautiful trendy patterned pantyhose, there are also functional pantyhose, such as modeling and compression pantyhose.
 Compression pantyhose usually used for protective or medical reasons. For protection against varicose veins use only pantyhose with a low level of graduated compression. Compression pantyhose with a high level of exposure can be worn only by a doctor's prescription.

Related pages
Tights

Underwear
Tights are a tight fitting clothing. In American English, the term includes pantyhose. They usually fit from the waist down and are often worn in dancing. Tights in the past were made of elasticized silk or other material. Modern tights are often made of spandex.

Tights were invented in 1598, by a man called William Lee. He was a reverend and made a machine that knitted together silk.

Tights come in thin and thick options. Thinner tights are called sheer and thicker ones are called opaque. People measure this thickness uses something called "denier". They are five categories that show what denier a pair of tights is: Ultra sheer, sheer, semi-opaque, opaque and thick-opaque.

Tights are intended to maintain a wearer’s legs warm, and they arrive in a vast collection of colors, lengths, and materials. Tights come in a diverse selection of colors and patterns. 1 rule of thumb to consider is that coated leggings like the shiny metallic leggings will usually have less stretch than faux leather leggings or even our basic nylon leggings which are the absolute most easy to fit due to their unhindered stretch.

Related pages
Pantyhose

References

Clothing
Cockatiels are small birds originally from Australia and are related to many other cockatoos. They are the second most common bird species kept as a pet. Cockatiels can live from 10 to 25 years, depending on how healthy their lifestyle is, although wild cockatiels usually live shorter. 

Cockatiels have tiny feathers on their head called a crest. The crest allows the owner to have an idea of what they are feeling; straight up if scared or excited, flat when they're angry, and slightly curved is normal/happy.

In the wild, cockatiels are prey animals, meaning there are predators that eat them. As a result, cockatiels can scare easily, especially when they meet someone or something they do not know. With enough patience and affection, an owner can tame the cockatiel and help them get over their natural fear. Like many other parrots, cockatiels are very good at climbing, and use their beak to position themselves each time.

Cockatiels come in many different colours, some naturally while others were specifically bred. Gray is considered to be their original colour, and is one of the most popular, along with Lutino (yellow). Males have a brighter crest and face, and sing louder and more frequently than females. A cockatiel has very long tail feathers compared to other birds.

Seeds make up most of their diet, but veterinarians strongly recommend various fruits, vegetables, and beans as well. However, a few of these may be harmful to them, and it is advised to be cautious with what they eat. It can be very hard to get adults to try new foods, so it is best to have them try little by little at a time instead of all at once.

Like other birds, they can be taught to do many tricks; including flips, handshakes, fly-on-command, showing their wings, and more. Patience and repetition is key, as teaching one trick can take many months. They can also be taught to sing, but may become confused and ruin the song if it's too complex.

Cockatiels are social birds, and like to spend time with others. They can become overly attached to their owners over time (especially if raised young), and may start to shriek when they feel lonely. If the owner is unable to spend a lot of time with them, getting them a partner (preferably another cockatiel) can help resolve their clinginess.

Cockatiels are Australian psittacines native to the deserts (Forshaw, 2010).
They are genetically adapted to high temperatures, amid centuries of domestication

Carvalho, T.S.G., et al. “Behavior of Cockatiels (Nymphicus Hollandicus) at Two Temperatures in
Captivity.” Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, vol. 67, no. 6, 2015, pp. 1669–1674., doi:10.1590/1678-4162-7892.

References

Birds of Australia
Cockatoos
Pets
Supergiants are some of the largest stars in the universe. They are larger than giant stars, and less luminous than hypergiants. They vary greatly in size. They tend to be situated towards the top of the Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram, which is a graph depicting star development. Some are only 50 million kilometers across, small enough to fit inside the orbit of Venus. Some are 2,700 million km across, as wide as the orbit of Neptune.

References

Examples

Blue
 Rigel
 Deneb

White, yellow
 Polaris
 Gamma Cygni
 Epsilon Aurigae

Orange
 Epsilon Pegasi

Red
 Antares
 Betelgeuse
 Mu Cephei
 VV Cephei A
 Stephenson 2-18 (Possibly a Hypergiant)
Organic matter (or organic material) is matter that has come from a recently living organism.  It is capable of decay, or is the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds. There is not one definition of organic matter only. It varies upon the context, the subject it is being used for.

Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter, as well as living organisms. The organic matter in soil comes from plants and animals. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is one kind organic material. When it decays to the point it is no longer recognizable it is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable humic substances that resist further decomposition it is called humus.

Vitalism 

The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This idea was first questioned after the abiotic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.

Related pages 
Biomass
Biological tissue

Footnotes 

Organic compounds
Organic chemistry
Need For Speed: Carbon is an racing game by Electronic Arts that belongs to the Need for Speed series. It is the 12th game in the Need For Speed series and is available on many gaming systems such as the GameCube, Wii, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox, Xbox 360, and PC. It is the last in the series to be released for the GameCube and GBA.

Gameplay
Need for Speed: Carbon is like Need for Speed: Most Wanted, but the biggest change is that it is night time.

2006 video games
Need for Speed games
Nintendo GameCube games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
MotorStorm is a racing video game. It is only available for the PlayStation 3. The goal of the game is to win a series of races and to be the winner of the MotorStorm Festival. Players can control seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers. MotorStorm has a sequel called MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.

2006 video games
An athletic shoe is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe. Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear. They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.

Athletic shoes, depending on the location and the actual type of footwear, can also go by the name trainers (British English), sandshoes (Australian English) running shoes or runners (Canadian English, Australian English, Hiberno-English), sneakers (American English, Australian English), sport shoes, gym shoes, tennis shoes, tennies, sneaks, kicks (American English), takkies (South African English).

They are made of flexible kinds of material featuring soles made from rubber and an upper part made with leather or canvas. Sneakers were originally for sporting use, although today they are used as casual footwear. They are worn in school for their versatility and comfort. They are almost silent; somebody wearing sneakers can sneak up on another person. They are worn for many different types of sports.

Images

Other websites

Footwear
Sports clothing
Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was put in stores on 19 November 1991. The album came almost two years after the lead singer, Bono, said that the band would "have to go away and dream it all up again," after their 1988 album, Rattle and Hum was criticized.

Achtung Baby shows a very big change in U2's sound because they began to use alternative rock and electronic sounds in the rhythm, more production, and more guitar effects, also including darker and more personal song words. The results were much more adventurous and less traditionally rock-based than their previous albums, and Achtung Baby is one of U2's best-selling and most-liked albums.

Notes

U2 albums
1991 albums
Devolution is when a central government  transfers powers to a local government.  It is sometimes called Home Rule or decentralisation.

In the United Kingdom devolution has happened in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.  Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.

These bodies are called

The Welsh Parliament, and the Welsh Government;
The Northern Ireland Assembly, and the Northern Ireland Executive; and
The Scottish Parliament, and the Scottish Government 

England does not currently have its own parliament, but there have been increasing calls today for one.

Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body.  The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies.  This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland.  It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.

This is different from a federal country. In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.

Related pages
Limited government
Federal republic

References 

Forms of government
Fahrenheit (Traditional Chinese: 飛輪海; Pinyin: Fēi Lún Hǎi) is a Taiwanese boy band. Fahrenheit has been a great success around Asia, particularly in Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Japan. The group has four members: Calvin Chen, Jiro Wang, Wu Zun and Aaron Yan. They record albums with HIM International Music record label.

History

Background and Members
The name Fahrenheit comes from each of the members representing a season or temperature matching their different personalities. Calvin Chen represents spring, warmth; Jiro Wang represents summer, hot; Wu Zun represents autumn, cool; and Aaron Yan represents winter, cold. Each of the four members also has a temperature symbolising them on the Fahrenheit scale: Calvin is at 77 degrees, Jiro is at 95 degrees, Wu is at 59 degrees and Aaron is at 41 degrees.

Wu was born and raised in Brunei for most of his life, later graduating at RMIT in Melbourne, Australia. He was entered the entertainment business while on a trip to Taiwan, when a television producer discovered him during this trip and recommended him to play the lead male role of Tokyo Juliet, which he accepted.

Aaron moved to New York, United States at a young age but later returned to Taiwan for high school and college at Chinese Culture University. Around early 2005, Comic producers had been searching for good bloggers on the Internet. They discovered him, who at that time, was popular online, and thus recommended him to go casting for a role in a TV show.

After Calvin finished high school in Taiwan, he studied in university in Canada, where he completed his master's degree in Economics at University of Victoria. He then further continued his life in Vancouver by joining the pageant-like competition Sunshine Boyz, where he won first place with a free ticket to Taiwan and a contract with a music company, as well as a role in a TV drama.

Jiro graduated in Taiwan's Fu-Shin College. He was first asked to join the entertainment industry from a singing competition. But he failed to release an album because of company difficulties, so he decided to continue his career in the industry by working backstage, mainly in fashion designing and modeling. He was approached again around 2004, when his acting career began.

Although unsure at first, Fahrenheit first gained great fame around 2005 when all of the members first starred in the series KO One on television in Taiwan. Because it felt awkward to have only three members in a boyband, Wu Zun joined the group later in late 2005. On 28 December 2005, Fahrenheit officially became a quartet boy band.

Discography

Studio Albums

Soundtracks

Other websites

Official
 Fahrenheit @ HIM Taiwan 
 Fahrenheit: Official Japanese Site 
 Fahrenheit's Official Blog

Unofficial
Lyrics.Robby.Haryan.to  (Lyrics in Pinyin)

2000s establishments in Taiwan
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Boy bands
C-pop
Musical groups established in 2005
Pop music groups
Taiwanese musical groups
2005 establishments in Asia
Jody David Scheckter (born January 29, 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He won the Formula One driver's title in 1979 driving for Ferrari.

He is only South African ever to win the formula one driver's title. Scheckter is of Jewish descent.

1950 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
Jewish sportspeople
South African Jews
South African sportspeople
White South African people
The Programme for International Student Assessment is a test done by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is done every 3 years. In the test, 15-year-old schoolchildren are tested in different subjects. Their grades can then be compared. It is used to say that a certain school (or schooling system) does better or worse than a different one, on a certain subject.

Other websites
PISA website

Education
OECD
Najaf (Arabic:النجف; Transliterated: An Najaf; Persian:نجف) is a city in Iraq. It is about 160 km south of Baghdad. In 2008, about  900.583 people lived there. The city is the capital of Najaf province. It is one of the seven holy cities of Shia Islām. It is the center of Shia political power in Iraq.

The city is home to the Imam Ali Mosque, where Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth caliph is buried. Shia Muslims consider the mosque to be the third holiest Islamic site.

Hārūn ar-Rashīd founded the city  on the site of Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's grave in the 8th century.

Najaf was badly damaged during the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. In 1991, there was a Shiite uprising in Najaf, which was suppressed by Saddam Hussein. This conflict caused many deaths, there are mass graves around the city. In 2003, a suicide bombing caused widespread damage. 120 people died, including the moderate imam Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim.

In April 2004, forces of Muqtada as-Sadr captured the city, as well as the city of Kut. Before the 2004 elections, a part of the occupying forces left the city.

Mosque and seminary
This mosque is the most important Shi'a mosque in Iraq. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. It is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. Shia Islam's second most important figure is buried in Najaf. the Imam Ali Mosque is considered by Shias as the third holiest Islamic site.

The Imam Ali Mosque is housed in a grand structure with a gold gilded dome and many precious objects in the walls. Nearby is the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, reputed to be the largest in the world. It contains the tombs of several prophets and many of the devout from around the world aspire to be buried there, to be raised from the dead with Imām Alī on Judgement Day. Over the centuries, numerous hospices, schools, libraries and Sufi convents were built around the shrine to make the city the centre of Shīʻa learning and theology.

The Najaf seminary is one of the most important teaching centres in the Islamic world. Ayatollah Khomeini lectured there from 1964 to1978.
Many of the leading figures of the new Islamic movement that emerged in Iraq, Iran and Lebanon in the 1970s studied at Najaf.

Climate

References

Cities in Iraq
8th-century establishments in Iraq
Washington State University is a university in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a land-grant university in Pullman. It is also the original and largest land-grant university in the state. The university was founded on March 28, 1890. Their team is the Washington State Cougars.

Colleges and universities in Washington
Pac-12 Conference
1890 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Pullman is a city in Whitman County, on the eastern border of Washington. The town's population was measured in 2000 as 24,675.

The main campus of Washington State University is located in Pullman, along with primary and secondary schools.

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
The A-7 Corsair II was an attack plane like the F-8 Crusader. It was made by Ling-Temco-Vought. It first flew in 1965, and went into militaries in 1967. It can take off from aircraft carriers, and can carry bombs meant to destroy enemies on the ground.

Note that it is called the "Corsair II" because there was an airplane called the F4U Corsair.

Related pages
F-8 Crusader

United States Air Force aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
The F-4 Phantom II was an American fighter-bomber. It was mainly used during the Vietnam War. It was first flown in 1958 and was shown in 1960. The plane could carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and four long range AIM-7 Sparrow missiles, but it did not have a gun. Later, the E model had a cannon mounted on it. After the F-15 Eagle replaced it, it was used as a bomber and the G model was used as a Wild Weasel.

Related pages
F-8 Crusader
F-15 Eagle

United States Air Force aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
An Oni is a creature from Japanese folklore. They are described as large monsters who resemble ogres, trolls and demons.  Sometimes they are described with horns usually wearing a jaguar skin loincloth and are very masculine.

Japanese folklore
Tengu are a group of creatures from Japanese folklore. They are recognized for either a bird-like appearance or occasionally a human with a large nose or beak.

Japanese folklore
John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician. He was a United States Senator from Arizona. McCain was the Republican Party's candidate in the 2008 United States presidential election. McCain married businesswoman Cindy McCain in 1980.

McCain's father and grandfather had been Admirals in the United States Navy. His great-great-grandfather was a slave owner in Mississippi. He served as a naval aviator during the Vietnam War. When his plane was shot down, he was captured by the North Vietnamese military. He was a prisoner of war with Colonel and future Washington State Senator Leo K. Thorsness for more than five years. During that time, he was tortured.

Politics 
In 1982, McCain was elected to the United States House of Representatives. He represented Arizona. In 1987, he became a U.S. Senator for Arizona. In 2000, McCain tried to be the Republican Party candidate for President of the United States, but George W. Bush was chosen. In 2008, he was chosen as the Republican candidate.  His running mate was Sarah Palin. He opposed several foreign policies of the Obama administration.  On November 4, 2008, he lost to Barack Obama.

McCain was popular for his support of the Arab Spring, protests and uprisings inside the Arab World, and protests outside those regions like many Russian protests. He said that the recent protests were worldwide and he encouraged intervention in the Syrian civil war.

Health
In July 2017, McCain under went surgery to remove a blood clot, causing Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell to delay a vote on the Better Care Reconciliation act to replace Obamacare. On July 19, 2017, it was announced McCain had glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer.

On April 15, 2018, he underwent surgery for an infection complicated by diverticulitis and the following day was reported to be in stable condition.

On August 24, 2018, McCain's family announced that he was stopping treatment for his brain cancer. McCain died the next day at his home in Cornville, Arizona, four days before his 82nd birthday.

Legacy
After McCain's death, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) announced that he would introduce a resolution to rename the Russell Senate Office Building after McCain.

References

1936 births
2018 deaths
American aviators
American Baptists
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Cancer deaths in Arizona
Deaths from glioblastoma
Prisoners of war
Purple Heart recipients
2000 United States presidential candidates
2008 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Arizona
United States senators from Arizona
US Republican Party politicians
wikiHow is a wiki-based website with a collection of articles which tell people how to do things. The site uses  version 1.12.0 of MediaWiki. As of August 2017, wikiHow contains more than 190,000 free how-to articles and over 1.6 million registered users. wikiHow's mission is to create the world's largest collection of how-to information. In May 2011, wikiHow had 36 million unique readers.

History 
In January 2005, Jack Herrick and Josh Hannah started wikiHow. On April 28, 2006, wikiHow was launched on its own www.wikihow.com domain.

Censorship 
wikiHow's censorship policy usually does not allow articles about things that:
Are "sexually charged"
Are inaccurate
Contain potty humor
Are joke pages, or pages that rely on backwards logic
Are spam pages, or pages advertising a product or service
Violate copyright
Are not a step-by-step how-to guide
Are illegal
Contain drug use; especially information about illegal drugs
Or are potentially destructive or dangerous.

Some people complain that this does not support the idea behind an educational resource.

References

Other websites 
 wikiHow.com
 wikiHow to Open Content
 "How to do absolutely everything" , Macleans, October 16, 2006

Wikis
MediaWiki websites
Oregano (Origanum vulgare), also known as pot marjoram, is a species of Origanum. It is native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. It is a perennial herb. It can grow to 20–80 cm tall. Its leaves are opposite each other. They are 1–4 cm long. The flowers are purple. They can grow 3–4 mm long.  The name of the plant comes from the Greek origanon [ὀρίγανον]: oros [ὄρος] “mountain” and the verb ganousthai [γανοῦσθαι] “delight in”.

Growing oregano for cooking 

The subspecies of oregano Origanum vulgare hirtum is an important herb. It is used for cooking, especially in  Turkish cuisine and Italian cuisines. The leaves are used for cooking.

Oregano is often used for tomato sauces, fried vegetables and grilled meat. Together with basil, it adds much to the special character of many Italian dishes.

Oregano is an ingredient needed for Turkish cuisine. It adds flavour to the Turkish choban salad. It can be used separately. It can also be added to the lemon-olive oil sauce that goes with almost every fish or meat barbecues and some casseroles.

Oregano has an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste. The taste varies in intensity; good quality is so strong that it almost numbs the tongue, but the cultivars adapted to colder climates have often unsatisfactory flavour. The influence of climate, season and soil on the composition of the essential oil is bigger than the difference between the various species.

The related species Origanum onites (Turkey, Asia Minor) and O. heracleoticum (Italy, Balkan peninsula, West Asia) have similar flavours. A closely related plant is marjoram from Asia Minor. That plant has a completely different taste. This is  because phenolic compounds are missing in its essential oil. Some breeds show a flavour intermediate between oregano and marjoram. The Oregano plant is also commonly found in the mediterranean region, and the black sea.

Other websites
Flora Europaea: Origanum vulgare
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Origanum vulgare
Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) 

Herbs
Lamiaceae
The Western European Union (WEU) was a European defence and security organization. It was set up by Treaty of Brussels of 1948, West Germany and Italy joined in 1954. It should not be confused with the European Union (EU). The WEU headquarters were in Brussels. After the Cold War its functions were gradually transferred to the European Union and the Council of Europe. It was dissolved on 31 March 2011.

Treaty of Brussels 

The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands on March 17, 1948. It was changed on October 23, 1954 when West Germany and Italy joined. 

The WEU's three main aims are:
 To promote European economic recovery;
 To help each other to resist any attacks or threats of attack;
 To promote the unity in Europe.

The WEU was led by a Council of Ministers, helped by a Council of Permanent Representatives (ambassadors). The Parliamentary Assembly eventually had the same members as the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). Social and cultural activities were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication.

Other websites 
WEU official web site 
Assembly of the Western European Union ; Assembly of the Western European Union
Historical fonds of the Western European Union at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance - UK Government site
WEU evolution: The presentation of the Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept at the European Parliament in June 2003

References 

European Union
International organizations
1948 establishments in Europe
Military alliances
Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night) is a firework festival in Britain. It remembers the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.

References

British culture
Anniversary days in the United Kingdom
The work commonly referred to as Laienspiegel is a book of law. It was published in Mainz, in 1509. Its full title is Laijen Spiegel. von rechtmässigen ordnungen in Burgerlichen vnd peinlichen regimenten. mit allegation[en] vn[d] bewerungen auß geschribnen rechten vnnd gesatzen. This can be roughly translated as A layman's guide, of the correct order of civil and criminal regiments, with illustrations of written rights and laws.. It was written by Ulrich Tengler, and published by Sebastian Brant. There was a second edition in 1511. The work was very important, there were 14 editions of it in the 16th century.

The work is divided in three parts. It contains private law, criminal law, and law of the public institutions. The publication is much like the Klagspiegel of 1436. Other similar works are the Malleus Maleficarum of the 13th century, and the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis.

Other websites
 Completely digitised edition of the Work (Univ. Heidelberg) (German)

1509
Law
Non-fiction books
History of Germany
Mainz
Francisco Herrera the Younger (Sevilla, 1622 - Madrid, 1685), was a Spanish Baroque painter and architect.

1622 births
1685 deaths
Spanish painters
Spanish architects
Francisco Herrera (1576-1656) was a distinguished Spanish painter, born at Seville. He was the founder of the Seville school.

1576 births
1656 deaths
Spanish painters
The lancelets, or Cephalochordata, are a group of primitive chordates which were formerly called Amphioxus. It includes Pikaia.

Lancelets are the modern survivors of an ancient chordate lineage, with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period. The lancelets are usually said to be the sister group of the craniates. They are a small group of about 30 species in two genera.

Lancelets are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas. In Asia, they are harvested commercially as food for humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they give indications about the origin of vertebrates.

Relationships 
Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although lancelets split from vertebrates more than 520 million years ago, their genomes hold clues about evolution, particularly how vertebrates have employed old genes for new functions. They are regarded as similar to the archetypal vertebrate form.

The genome of the Florida lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae) has been sequenced. "Most authors regard amphioxus as the closest relative of the Vertebrata on the basis of 10–15 [morphological] features that are not seen in tunicates".

References 

Chordates
The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (often shortened to NZZ) is a Swiss daily newspaper. It is based in Zürich. It is one of the oldest newspapers that is still published today. It was first published (as Zürcher Zeitung) on January 12, 1780. Politically, the paper holds liberal values. Other newspapers which are still published, and have a similar age, are the Wiener Zeitung (published since 1703) and the Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung (published since 1705).

Other websites
Webpage of the Newspaper (mostly German, some content is also available in English.

Swiss newspapers
Zürich
Senna candolleana or Golden Senna associates with Lithrea and Porlieria chilensis in Central Chile Matorral or forms pure stands.,.
Traditionally Senna, a genus including 250 species, was classified as Cassia. Near 200 species appear in South America, fourteen of them in Chile .

Uses
This evergreen shrub, 5 to 6 feet tall (1.5-1.8 m), 6 feet wide (1.8 m); dark green leaves is suitable as ornamental.

Other websites
http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/12954.shtml

References 

 
Fabaceae
Marià José María Bernardo Fortuny y Carbó (June 11, 1838 - November 21, 1874), was a Spanish painter. His brief career encompass both the Romantic fascination with orientalist themes, but also moved towards a prescient loosening brush-stroke and color.

Early life 
He was born at Reus, a town near Taragon in the province of Catalonia in Spain. His father died when he was an infant, his mother by age 12, thus Mariano was raised by his grandfather, a cabinetmaker, raised him. His grandfather taught him to make wax figurines. At the age of 9, at a public competition in his town a local patron, Domingo Soberano, encouraged further study.

Education 
At the age of 14 years he moved to Barcelona with his grandfather. A sculptor, Domingo Talarn, secured him a pension of to allow him to attend the Academy of Barcelona. There he studied for four years under Claudio Lorenzale, and in March of 1857 he gained a scholarship that entitled him to two years of studies in Rome starting in 1858. There he studied drawing and grand manner styles.

In 1859, he was called by the Spanish government to depict the campaigns of the Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish-Moroccan War. The expedition lasted for only about six months, and he returned to Spain in the summer of 1860.

References 
 
 
 

1838 births
1874 deaths

Spanish painters
People from Catalonia
Kalgoorlie is a city in Western Australia. It is 600 kilometres east of Perth. It is the largest urban centre in the Goldfield-Esperance region, with an population of 30,000. It was founded in the 1890s in response to the gold rush at the time. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification).

Cities in Western Australia
1890s establishments in Australia
Esperance is a town in Western Australia.  Around 16,400 people live in Esperance. Started in 1896, Esperance is found near the south-east coast of the state. It is halfway between Albany, Western Australia and the South Australian border. Esperance's main industries are tourism, fishing and agriculture.

Cities in Western Australia
Transperth is the brand of the public transport system in Perth, Western Australia. Transperth was launched in 1986. It supplies public bus, train and ferry services.

Train services run on five lines that spread over the Perth metropolitan area. The lines are named Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle, Armadale, and Mandurah. The Mandurah was opened late in 2007. All trains are operated using electricity. A new line to the Perth Airport via the Bayswater railway station is being constructed which is expected to be completed in mid-2021.

Bus services run throughout the metropolitan area. A circular bus route is the CircleRoute
which links major shopping centres, universities and railway stations.

Ferry services operate across the Swan River between the Perth CBD and South Perth. The ferry is popular for people to go to the zoo located in South Perth.

Passengers can take rides by buying cash tickets or using the ticket system known as SmartRider.

Australian railways
"Colonel" Robert "Bob" Denard (April 7, 1929 in Bordeaux - October 14, 2007), also known as Gilbert Bourgeaud and Saïd Mustapha Mahdjoub, was a French mercenary. He was one of the most famous mercenaries after World War II. 

During his time in the French Navy Denard fought in Indochina and in Algeria, and spent some time in jail. He subsequently served as a policeman in French Morocco. Afterwards he became a mercenary and fought in African countries like Congo, Angola, Rhodesia, Gabon and especially in the Comoros.

He converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism, from Judaism to Islam, and from Islam to Roman Catholicism.

He was married seven times and was the father of eight children. He practiced polygamy after his conversion to Islam.

Denard had Alzheimer's disease at the time of his death.

1929 births
2007 deaths
Anti-Communists
Converts to Islam
Converts to Judaism
French military people
French prisoners
French Roman Catholics
Jewish military people
People from Bordeaux
Police officers
Eutheria is the taxonomical name for the main group of living mammals.

This taxon contains the placental mammals, of which humans are one species.

Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are now found on all continents and in all oceans.

The terms 'Eutheria and 'Placental' do not mean quite the same thing. A few early eutherians in the Lower Cretaceous were not placentals. Eomaia is the earliest example.

All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eutherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.

Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which (like the earliest eutherians) are not placental.

Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development.

The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct Eomaia scansoria from the Lower Cretaceous in China.

Relevant pages 
Mammal for classification.
Theria
Marsupial
Monotreme

Notes and references

Mammals
Leonardo is a male given name. Many people have this name. The name is Germanic in origin. It means "Strong as a lion."

People with the name Leonardo include:

Leonardo Araújo, Brazilian football player (b. 1969)
Leonardo Augusto Vieira Moreira, Brazilian football player (b. 1986)
Leonardo Cimino, American actor
Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian Renaissance painter, scientist, mathemetician, inventor and sculptor.
Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor
Leonardo Fibonacci, Italian mathemetician. Better known as Fibonacci. Also known as Leonardo Pisano and Leonardo of Pisa. 
Leonardo Ponzio, Argentine footballer 
Leonardo Santiago, Brazilian footballer (b. 1983). Commonly just referred to just as Leonardo.

Given names
A voivodeship, also spelled voivodship, voivodina or vojvodina (Romanian: voievodat, Polish: województwo, Serbian: vojvodina (војводина), vojvodstvo (војводство) or vojvodovina (војводовина), Hungarian: vajdaság, Lithuanian: vaivadija, Latin Palatinatus in Poland), is a geographical administrative division dating to medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a voivod (voivode, wojewoda). The voivod (literal translation: "the one who leads the warriors", is the same as to Dux Exercituum / Herzog) was originally the military commander next to the ruler.

History of Ukraine
History of Poland
The President of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the president of Poland. The president directly elected by the people to serve a term of five years. He can be reelected only once. His rights and responsibilities are determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.

In agreement with the current Constitution, the President of the Republic of Poland is the head of state, the supreme representative of Poland and the guarantor of the continuity of government and is prevented from holding office for more than two consecutive terms. This means that the President heads the executive authority, is appointed to represent Polish interests on the international arena, ensures the observance of the Constitution, and is responsible for the security of the state. The President calls elections to the Sejm and the Polish Senate. He has a right to dissolve the parliament when it fails to form a Council of Ministers or pass the budget act. He can (with the Senate's consent) call a national referendum in matters important for the state, requiring the decision of all the citizens.

Living former Presidents
There are three living former Polish Presidents:

References

 

id:Presiden Polandia
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (; 4 February 1746 – 15 October 1817) was a Polish national hero, general and a leader of the Kościuszko Uprising (which bears his name) against the Russian Empire. Tadeusz was born in February 1746 in Mereczowszczyzna, Polesie. (courrently located in Belarus) He fought in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army on the side of Washington. Because of his service he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General in 1783, and became a legitimate citizen of the United States that same year. He died in Solothurn, Switzerland on October 15, 1817 due to a stroke.

1746 births
1817 deaths
American generals
American revolutionaries
Generals
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish military people
Bill Kopp (born April 17, 1962 in Rockford, Illinois) is an American animator and voice actor. He performed the "Whammy" on the 1980s game show Press Your Luck and the title character on Nelvana's Eek! The Cat. He was an animator for The Simpsons' shorts on the Tracey Ullman Show, but left after the first season. He created The Schnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show and Mad Jack the Pirate. He studied animation at the California Institute of the Arts.

Other websites

American animators
American voice actors
1962 births
Living people
People from Rockford, Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Klasky-Csupo, Inc. (pronounced "Class-key Chew-po", although commonly mistaken as "Class-key Ka-zoo-po") is a multimedia entertainment production company. It was founded in 1981 by the artist/producer Arlene Klasky and the animator Gábor Csupó in Los Angeles, California, United States.

Movies
 The Rugrats Movie - Friday, October 1, 1999
 Rugrats in Paris: The Movie - Friday, June 19, 1998
The Wild Thornberrys Movie - Friday, December 20, 2002
Rugrats Go Wild - Friday, June 13, 2003

References

Other websites
The Klasky Csupo Home Page
K-C's Cooltoons Home Page
Global Tantrum (K-C Mature Animation)
Nickelodeon Wiki article

American animation studios
Companies based in Los Angeles
Bergkamen is a town in the district of Unna, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is near the river Lippe, approx. 15 km north-east of Dortmund and 15 km south-west of Hamm.

Bergkamen, a German town in the East part of the Ruhrgebiet and south of the Münsterland, was founded in 1966 by the merging of at first five smaller communities.

Twin towns
  Hettstedt, since 1990
  Taşucu, since 1994
  Gennevilliers, since 1995
  Wieliczka, since 1995

References

Other websites 
 Official Website of the city of Bergkamen
 Website of the mayor of Bergkamen

Unna Rural District