cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Unionist Party (Punjab) was a political party of the Punjab, British India. It was founded by Sir Fazli Husain, Sir Chotu Ram and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khanin 1923 and basically represented the Punjabi zamindar (rural/agrarian)interests. The party was secular in nature and believed in a strong and united Punjabi entity, bringing together Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and other communities of this province, 

Under the leadership of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, the party won the general elections of 1936 and formed a coalition government along with the Indian National Congress and Sikh Akali Dal from 1937 onwards. However, in October 1937, the Muslim members in the party were also allowed to merge with the All India Muslim League by an agreement reached between Sir Sikandar and Mr Muhammad Ali Jinnah at Lucknow. This famous agreement was called the Jinnah-Sikandar Pact. 

Mian Fazl-i-Hussain and Chhotu Ram laid the foundation of the Punjab National Unionist Party in
1923. It was originated by a group of rural members of the Punjab Legislative Council. These members
were elected on personal prestigious position and were the big landlords and influential politicians of
the Punjab. The fundamental theme of their politics was to defend the provincial interest as well as
the interest of the British Raj. The group consisted of 24 Muslim landlords and 6 Hindu Jats under the
leadership of Rao Bahadur Lal and the party was based on non-communal basis. The prominent
Muslim landed elites were Nawab Muzafar Ali Qazilbash, Nawab Shah Nawaz Mamdot, Malik Khizar
Hayat Khan Tiwana, Malik Atta Muhammad Khan Nawab of Kalabagh, Mian Ahmad Yar Khan Daultana
and right hand man of Fazl-i-Hussain Sir Mohammad Zafarullah Khan. The membership was open to
every community member irrespective of caste, creed, religion or color. Basically it was the fusion of
Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs landed gentry of the rural Punjab
they merged different groups in Punjab.
This party along with Justice Party and B R Ambedkar accepted Simon Commission’s Report, which was rejected by Indian National Congress and Muslim League and other major parties. 

Punjab
Pakistan Movement
British India
Wah is a village in Attock District of North Punjab, Pakistan. It is famous for the old Pleasure Gardens there dating from the Mughal Empire, and for being the birthplace of a former Governor and Chief Minister of the Punjab during British Indian times, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. 

Wah Cantonment is a large military garrison and township nearby. 

Punjab (Pakistan)
British India
Villages in Pakistan
A Good Day to Die Hard (also called Die Hard 5) is an American action thriller movie starring Bruce Willis as John McClane and is the fifth film in the Die Hard series. The setting is Russia, in which country McClane's son uncovers a terrorist plot. Mary Elizabeth Winstead plays McClane's daughter Lucy. The releasing date in the United States is February 14, 2013.

Release dates

Other websites

2013 action movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s action thriller movies
2010s sequel movies
20th Century Fox movies
American action thriller movies
American sequel movies
Die Hard movies
English-language movies
Moscow
Movies about families
Movies set in Europe
The sarus crane (Antigone antigone) is a large crane that lives in the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia and Australia. It does not migrate.  It is the tallest bird in the world that can fly. It can grow to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tall. Its wing can reach 2.4 metres (8 ft) from tip to tip.  It can weigh 8.4 kg (18.5 lb). It lives in open wetlands.

Appearance and habitat

It is easy to tell the sarus crane apart from other cranes that live in the same places. The sarus crane is grey in colour with a red head and part of the neck. The sarus crane looks for food in marshes and shallow wetlands.  

It eats roots, tubers, insects, crustaceans, and small vertebrate prey. Like other cranes, the sarus crane forms long-lasting pairs and holds territories. There they perform territorial and courtship displays which include loud trumpeting, leaps and dance-like movements.

It lives in wetlands, and in agricultural lands close to humans. Elsewhere, the species has been eliminated in many parts of its former range.

The main breeding season is during the rainy season, when the pair builds an enormous nest "island", a circular platform of reeds and grasses about two meters in diameter and high enough to stay above the water.

Threats
There are fewer sarus cranes than there were a hundred years ago. The cranes alive today are perhaps 2.5% of the numbers that existed in the 1850s. The stronghold of the species is Rajasthan, India.

References

Other websites 

 International Crane Foundation: Sarus Crane, Grus antigone . Retrieved 2007-FEB-22.
 Sarus Crane (International Crane Foundation) 
 Sarus Crane (Grus antigone) from Cranes of the World (1983) by Paul Johnsgard

Cranes
Yi Kwang-su (, 4 March 1892 – 25 October 1950) was a famous Korean independence activist, writer and poet. He was also called Chunwon (), Goju(), which were his nicknames.

Life

Early years 
Yi was 11 years old when his both parents died from cholera, and he was orphaned. He was moved to Seoul, and through money given by anomymous benefactors, Yi was able to study overseas in Japan in 1906. He studied at Taisey Middle School and Meiji University. During that time, he started writing novels and poetry.

Writing and independence movement 
In 1910, Yi returned to Korea and started teaching at Oshan Elementary School (; ). He resigned (left his job) in 1915. In 1916, he studied overseas again in Japan, entering Waseda University, but he dropped out in his third year. In 1918, he went into political exile in Sanghai because of his involvement with Korean independence movements and New Korea Youngman Praty (; ). In 1919, he was a functionary of Provisional Gavement of Korea (; ).

Yi returned to Korea in 1919. He concentrated on writing novels and poems. During the 1930s, he was a reporter and journalist for Dong ah Il-bo, Maeil Sinmun and The Chosun.

Later years 
Yi was an agent and a follower of Ahn Chang-ho, and was part of his group of officers, Heungsadan, in 1922. In 1938, he was imprisoned in Seodaemun Prison for one year before being released. Yi retired in 1944. He died in 1950, from tuberculosis and lung disease. He was aged 58.

Works 
 Eorin Huisaeng ()
 Mujong ()
 Jaesaeng ()
 Sonyunui Biae ()
 Gaechukja ()
 Mumyong ()
 Heuq ()
 Crownprince Maui ()
 Danjongaesa ()
 Youjong ()
 Sarang ()
 Sejo of Joseon ()
 Wife of Revolusionist ()
 Aeyokuipiahn ()
 Halmum ()
 Gashil ()
 Nauigobaek ()

Historical books 
 Wonhyodaesa ()
 Death of Yichadon ()
 biography Yi Sunsin ()
 biography Ahn Changho ()

See other 
 Ahn Chang-ho
 Yun Chi-ho
 Kim Kyu-sik

References 
 Yi Kwang-su 
 Mujong (The Heartless) 
 Yi Gwang-su: Pro-Japanese? 
 Queering Korean Literature: Author and Activist Yi Gwang-su  
 Yi Kwang-su:britannica  
 이광수의 문학 세계  
 민족 개조론  

1892 births
1950 deaths
Korean feminists
Korean activists
Novelists
Korean politicians
Korean writers
Korean poets
Korean educators
Autobiographers
The National Museum of Mongolia has exhibitions about archaeology, history and Mongolian culture. It is in the capital Ulan Bator.

National museums in Asia
Ulan Bator
Establishments in Mongolia
Jeremy Shaffer "J.R." Roenick (born January 17, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a retired American professional ice hockey center that played in National Hockey League. Roenick was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 8th overall pick in the 1988 NHL Draft.

Roenick played in the NHL for five teams, Chicago Blackhawks from 1988 to 1996, Phoenix Coyotes from 1996 to 2001, Philadelphia Flyers from 2001 to 2005, Los Angeles Kings from 2005 to 2006, another stint with the Phoenix Coyotes from 2006 to 2007 and the San Jose Sharks from 2007 to 2009.

Achievements and awards
He was named to the QMJHL Second All-Star Team in 1989.
He was named the tournament all-star in the 1989 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
He was the leading scorer in the 1989 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
He played in 9 NHL All-Star Games in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2004.
He was named to the All Tournament Team in the 1991 Canada Cup.
He held the NHL Skills Competition record for shooting accuracy in 2004 which he shared with Ray Bourque, Mark Messier, Tomas Kaberle, Evgeni Malkin, Daniel Sedin and Dany Heatley.
He scored his 500th career goal on November 10, 2007 against the Phoenix Coyotes and was the third American-born player to do so.
He was ranked 4th in IGNs: The Top Ten Athletes in Video Games.
He was the 2nd All-Time American point producer in World Junior Championship history. 
He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2010.
He was inducted into the Phoenix Coyotes Ring of Honor in 2012.

References

Other websites
Offical website

1970 births
American ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hull Olympiques players
Ice hockey centres
Los Angeles Kings players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Boston, Massachusetts
Living people
The Jadoon (sometimes also called 'Gadoons') are a Pashtun tribe in Pakistan. They are settled mostly in Swabi and Abbottabad areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Horace Rose, an amateur ethnologist and administrator of the British Raj, noted them in 1911 , and partly in Abbottabad and Haripur districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Across the Durand line, some members of the tribe live in Nangarhar and Kunar in Afghanistan. The Jadoons speak Pashto in Swabi and Afghanistan and Hindko in Abbottabad and Haripur .The name Jadoon is sometimes spelled as Gadoon and in one citation as Suddoon. 
The Jadoon are descended from Ashraf also known as jadoon (Gadoon) of the Panni clan of the Ghurghusht Afghan. Panni, Kakar, Naghar and Dawi were four sons of Daney son of Ismail, also known as Ghurghusht. The people of this tribe call themselves jadoons, but Eastern Afghans who change the letter S`h into K`h and “j” into “G” style them Gadoons as the letter J and G are interchangeable in the Pushto language, just as jillani and Gillani are synonyms. The Jadoons were freedom fighters and they showed bravery against their rivals, especially the Sikhs and the British with other prominent Pashtun tribes of the region like the Swati, Tareens Khaji khail and Shilmani. Their leader Sakhi Jan Jadoon had been martyred during the freedom efforts against the Sikhs in the 19th century.

Jadoons living in Pakistan are subdivided into Mansoor & saalars subtribes. Subtribe Mansoor is further subdivided into three branches namely, DulatZai, MosaZai and Sheikhs, named after Daulat Khan, Mosa Khan & Hasan Khan, sons of Sheikh Mansoor. DaulatZais are settled in Mangal and Mirpur areas of District Abottabad of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region . Sulemanzai, khizarzai, bozai, sarkhailzai are also sub tribes of panni pakhtoon.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Abbottabad District
"Born in the U.S.A." is a rock music song by Bruce Springsteen. The song appears on Springsteen's 1984 album, Born in the U.S.A.. The song was recorded on May, 1982 and became the biggest hit of his career. Rolling Stone ranked the song 275th on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". The song deals with the effects of the Vietnam War, but is often interpreted as a patriotic or nationalistic anthem.

Other websites 
 Lyrics 

1984 songs
Rock songs
The Lahore Fort is an ancient fort in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Its foundations are probably very ancient but the building was largely constructed during the Mughal Empire. It belonged to the Mughal emperors. Along with the Shalimar Gardens Lahore, the Fort is symbolic of the height of Mughal glory in medieval South Asia. The Lahore Fort is also known as Shahi Qila or Royal Fort.

National symbols of Pakistan
History of Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Lahore
Mughal architecture
World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Forts in Asia
The Shalimar Gardens in Lahore are formal gardens laid out in Mughal style, near Lahore city, in Pakistan.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Buildings and structures in Lahore
History of Pakistan
Botanical gardens in Asia
Christopher James Miller (b August 9, 1965 in Pomona, California) is a former American football player. He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the 1st round (13th overall) of the 1987 NFL Draft. 

Concussions stopped him from playing longer. After he had five concussions in 14 months, he left the NFL in 1995. He returned to the NFL in 1999 but a concussion while playing with the Denver Broncos in that year made him decide to retire for good. He was made a member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.

He was the quarterbacks coach for the Arizona Cardinals.

References

1965 births
American football quarterbacks
Atlanta Falcons players
Denver Broncos players
Detroit Lions players
Football players from California
Living people
Los Angeles Rams players
People from Pomona, California
St. Louis Rams players
The common crane (Grus grus), also known as the Eurasian crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. It is a medium-sized species, and classified as of least concern. It is the only crane commonly found in Europe apart from the demoiselle crane.

Habitat 
In Europe, the common crane breeds in boreal and taiga forest and mixed forests, from sea-level to . It also lives on treeless moors, on bogs, or on dwarf heather habitats, usually where small lakes or pools are also found. 

In Sweden, breeders are usually found in small, swampy openings amongst pine forests while, in Germany, marshy wetlands are used. Breeding habitats in Russia are similar, though they can even be found nesting in the steppe and in semi-desert, so long as water is near. Mostly, common cranes are found breeding in wooded swamps, bogs and wetlands. They seem to need quiet, peaceful enivrons with little human interference. They live in low density, from 1 to 5 pairs per .

During winter, the birds move to flooded areas, shallow sheltered bays, and swampy meadows. During the flightless moulting period there is a need for shallow waters or high reed cover for concealment. Later, after the migration period, the birds winter regularly in open country, often on cultivated lands and sometimes also in savanna-like areas, for example on the Iberian Peninsula.

Back to Britain 
Cranes are back in Britain after 300 years. They were devastated by the draining of the fens 300 years ago. This was a low-lying wetland which was one of their favourite habitats.

References 

Cranes
is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Ōita, Ōita on the island of Kyushu.

History
Sasamuta was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Bungo Province.  It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Oita Prefecture.  
  This place is special to the kami named

References

Other websites 

 

Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Japan
, also known as Yasuhara Shrine, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Ōita, Ōita on the island of Kyushu.

History
Yusuhara was established in the early 9th century.

Yusuhara was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Bungo Province.  It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Ōita Prefecture.  
 This place is special to the kami of
 
 
 

In 1916, Yusuhara was listed among the minor Shinto shrines which are nationally important.

References

Other websites 

  Map of shrine (Bungo-no-Kuni Ohno-gun Yusuhara Hachimangu zu) at National Archives of Japan 

Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Japan
The order Anseriformes contains about 150 living species of birds in four families: the Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the Magpie goose), the Anatidae, which includes over 140 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans and the †Vegavidae, containing the sole genus Vegavis.

All species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. All are web-footed for good swimming. While most live on water, some live mainly on land.

Anseriformes
David Hyde Pierce (born April 3, 1959) is an American actor, comedian and writer. He is known for his role as Dr. Niles Crane in Frasier. He won four Emmy Awards for his role as Dr. Niles Crane and also won two Screen Actors Guild Award, a TCA Award, and a Tony Award.

Pierce was born on April 3, 1959 in Saratoga Springs, New York. He studied at Yale University. Pierce is openly gay. He has been married to Brian Hargrove since 2008.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York
Emmy Award winning actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT people from New York
LGBT writers
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Writers from New York
Steven Donald Larmer (born June 16, 1961 in Peterborough, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in National Hockey League. Larmer was drafted by the Chicago Black Hawks with the 120th overall pick in the 1980 NHL Draft.

Larmer played in the NHL for two teams, the Chicago Blackhawks from 1980 to 1993 and the New York Rangers from 1993 to 1995.

Achievements and awards
He was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1983.
He won the Calder Trophy in 1983.
He played in the NHL All-star games in 1990 and 1991.
He was a member of the Canada Cup team for Canada in 1991.
He won the Stanley Cup with the New York Rangers in 1994.
He scored his 1000th point on March 8, 1995.
He played in his 1000th game on April 20, 1995.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
New York Rangers players
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Andrea Kay "Missi" Pyle (born November 16, 1972) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and singer. She was in the movies Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Big Fish, A Cinderella Story Once Upon a Song, Galaxy Quest, The Artist and in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story. 

Pyle was born on November 16, 1972 in Houston, Texas. She studied at the North Carolina School of the Arts and at Germantown High School. Pyle was married to Antonio Sacre from 2000 until they divorced in 2005. She married Casey Anderson in 2008.

References

Other websites
 

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Houston, Texas
Singers from Houston, Texas
Artis Leon Ivey Jr. is an American rapper, musician, actor, and record producer better known by his stage name, Coolio. 

Coolio's best known song is "Gangsta's Paradise" which was released on the album of the same name. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance, two MTV Video Music Award's for Best Rap Video and for Best Video from a Film and a Billboard Music Award for the song/album. Coolio also sang the theme song "Aw, Here It Goes" for the Nickelodeon television show, Kenan & Kel.

Discography

Studio albums
Coolio has released 8 studio albums:

References

Other websites
 Coolio's Official website
 
 

1963 births
Living people
Actors from Compton, California
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
Rap musicians from California
American record producers
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
People from Compton, California
Singers from California
The Swatis () are a Pashtun tribe inhabiting the Hazara region in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) of Pakistan. They are mostly found in the districts of Mansehra and Batagram, and to some extent in Kohistan as well. A number of Swatis are also settled in the Kashmir region.

Most of the Swatis in Hazara speak Hindko but some also speak Pashto.

Origins and history
Swatis are Pashtuns tribe from  Afghanistan and migrated to the Swat valley in the early 13th century, around the time of Mohammad Ghori. The Swatis defeated the local Buddhists and Hindus of Swat District and established their own rule. The Swatis ruled in Swat for four centuries.

Later on, the Yusufzai tribe, who had recently migrated to Peshawar and Bajaur after their expulsion from Kabul by Governor Ulugh Beg Mirza in the 16th century, were welcomed by Swatis in the region. However, the Yusufzai pushed them out of Swat and took the area over themselves. Therefore, many Swatis crossed over into Hazara region and settled in their present homeland.

Clans and subtribes
The Swatis are divided into three subtribes: Gabari, Mitrawi, and Mamaili, while Lughmani are part of Gabari clan. 
Gabari are settled in Kaghan valley, Balakot, Garhi Habibullah, Mansehra, Dhodial, Shinkiari,Baffa, Batagram, Thakot and Konsh Valley. Mitrawi, and Mamaili are settled in Bherkund, Agror, Tikri Valley and Deshan of District Batagram.The Allai area is inhabited by all the three subtribes. The Lughmanis are found in Baffa.

Notable Swatis
 Akund Saad-ud-din.
 Wajih uz Zaman Khan a tribal and political leader of Oghi.and                                                                        .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        *Tariq Khan Swati (EX minister)
Babar Saleem Swati (jahangiri)
Ayaz khan Advocate                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         *Haji Nisar KHAN Swati LATE (Nisar Park Mansehra)
Khadi Khan lughmani Baffa
Azam Khan Swati 
Awais Lughmani (Shohal Mazullah) Nakot
Late Muhammad Nawaz Khan ( Battal)
Haji Raiz khan swati (Bela Akber Khan )
Mudassar Sultan Khan (Patseri Shohal Mazullah,Balakot)

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Erin Crocker (born March 23, 1981) is a former race car driver. She first raced in the World of Outlaws, and won five races, earning her the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame Outstanding Newcomer Award. In 2004, Crocker became a driver for Ford Motor Company's driver development program. In 2005, she joined Evernham Motorsports, and raced in the ARCA/REMAX Series, before joining NASCAR. At Dover International Speedway, Crocker cracked a rib, and had to sit out some races. In 2006, Crocker drove full time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. One year later, Crocker became involved in a group of lawsuits between Ray Evernham and Jeremy Mayfield, who blamed the team's trouble on Evernham's relationship with a female driver. Crocker later told ESPN that her relationship with Evernham has hurt her racing career. Crocker and Evernham later married. In 2007, Crocker left Evernham Motorsports, and raced in two races for Morgan-Dollar Motorsports, before being replaced by A. J. Allmendinger and Scott Speed. She later became a broadcaster for SPEED.

Sources

NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
American racecar drivers
1981 births
Living people
Abdul Rehman Siddiqui (died 1953) was a politician from Bengal but living mostly in Delhi, British India. He was a staunch supporter of the All India Muslim League and in March 1940, was one of the 25 special delegates on the Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League that drafted the famous Lahore Resolution.

1953 deaths
Leaders of All India Muslim League
People of British India
Year of birth missing
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish writer, essayist, historian and social reformer.  He lived most of his later life in London, England, and is sometimes also called the 'Sage of Chelsea' after the neighbourhood where he lived there.

Scottish writers
1795 births
1881 deaths
The karakul (also spelt qaraqul at times) is a type of hat made from the wool or fur of the karakul/qaraqul sheep. It is typically worn by men in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Jinnah cap is a type of Karakul that is named after the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who popularized it. 

Pakistani culture
Headgear
Van Johnson (Charles Van Dell Johnson, August 25, 1916 – December 12, 2008) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, singer, and dancer who is known for his roles in 30 Seconds over Tokyo, A Guy Named Joe and in The Caine Mutiny.

Johnson was born on August 25, 1916 in Newport, Rhode Island. He was married to Eve Lynn Abbott Wynn from 1947 until they divorced in 1968. He has 1 child with Wynn and two step-children. Johnson died on December 12, 2008 from natural causes in his Nyack, New York home, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1916 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American pianists
American dancers
Singers from Rhode Island
Musicians from Rhode Island
Actors from Rhode Island
People from Newport, Rhode Island
Kamila Shamsie (born 1973) is a Pakistani novelist who writes in the English language. She was brought up in Karachi, Pakistan, and attended the Karachi Grammar School.

She has a BA degree in Creative Writing from Hamilton College, and an MFA from the MFA Program for Poets and Writers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.

Books
 Burnt Shadows (novel) - 1999
 In The City By The Sea (novel)
 Kartography (novel)
 Salt and Saffron (novel)
 Broken Verses (novel)
 Offence: The Muslim Case

References

1973 births
Living people
Pakistani writers
Novelists
People from Karachi
BBC 100 Women
Mian Sir Fazli Husain, KCSI (1877-1936), was a Punjabi politician of British India. He was one of the co-founders of the Unionist Party (Punjab).

1877 births
1936 deaths
Indian politicians
People of British India
St. Luke's Church, Abbottabad is an Anglican church dedicated to St. Luke, now under the jurisdiction of the Peshawar Diocese of the Church of Pakistan. It was originally founded in the town of Abbottabad, British India,  in 1864.

History
The work on the construction of St Luke's commenced in 1854-55, with initial delays due to slow fund-raising and then a brief interruption due to the Indian War of Independence (or Indian Mutiny) and it was completed and then consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta in October 1864. Its jurisdiction covered most of the Hazara region including Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra and the Galyat hill tracts. The Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad, which was already existing, was also attached to it.

After 1947
From June 1947 to April 1948, as a result of the Partition disturbances at the time of the Independence of India and Pakistan, St Luke's was shut down. Regular services only resumed in 1951. In 1970, the Church of Pakistan was established via a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists and Lutherans.  Thereafter, St Luke's was formally placed under its new Peshawar Diocese. Since then, full-time clerics have been appointed here to minister to the local congregation.

Buildings and structures in Abbottabad
Anglican churches
1864 establishments
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Mohammed Hanif (born November 1964) is a Pakistani writer and novelist in English, who is best known for his award-winning novel, A Case of Exploding Mangos (2008).

References

1964 births
Living people
Pakistani people
Pakistani writers
The Church of Pakistan is a united church in Pakistan, which is part of the Anglican Communion and also a member church of the World Methodist Council. It was established in 1970 with a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists, and Lutherans.

Dioceses
The Church is divided into eight administrative and organisational units, called dioceses. Each diocese has a number of parishes within its jurisdiction. Each diocese is presided over by a bishop, who sits at the diocesan head office, usually located in the district capital.

Religion in Pakistan
Anglicanism
St. John's Church,  is an Anglican church in Jhelum. It is now under the Church of Pakistan, in Jhelum cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan. It is by the bank of the Jhelum River. It was built in 1860 during the British Raj. It is a landmark of the city. 

Buildings and structures in Pakistan
Anglican churches
1860 establishments in Asia
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), was a virtuoso Spanish classical guitarist from Linares, Jaén, Andalucia, Spain. He was always known as Andrés Segovia. 

He was one of the best known and most influential classical guitar personalities of the 20th century. He had a big influence on later guitarists, because of his performances and recordings, and his masterclasses. Important guitar works were dedicated to him by composers such as Federico Moreno Torroba.

Segovia led the development of the Spanish guitar as an instrument for classical art music. As well as works dedicated to him by modern composers, he also transcribed classical works originally written for other instruments. He is remembered for his expressive performances: his wide palette of tone, and his distinctive (often instantly recognizable) musical personality in tone, phrasing and style. 

Segovia was especially fond of the compositions of the Brazilian musician Villa-Lobos. In the 1920s, Segovia met Villa-Lobos and commissioned a guitar study: the composer responded with a set of twelve, each taking a tiny detail or figure from Brazilian chorões (itinerant street musicians). 

Two films were made of his life and work. They are available on DVD called Andrés Segovia  in Portrait. His final RCA LP record (ARL1-1602), Reveries, was recorded in Madrid in June 1977.
In 1984, Segovia was the subject of a thirteen part series broadcast on National Public Radio, USA, entitled Segovia! The series was recorded on location in Spain, France, and the United States.

References 

Guitarists
1893 births
1987 deaths
Spanish musicians
Faiz Ahmad Faiz  ( 13 February 1911 – 20 November 1984) NI, was an influential left-wing Urdu poet and intellectual from Pakistan. A notable member of the Progressive Writers' Movement (PWM), Faiz was an avowed Marxist and was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize awarded by the Soviet Union in 1962. Despite being repeatedly accused of atheism by the political and military establishment, Faiz's poetry, very popular amongst the masses,  suggested his complicated relationship with religion in general and Islam in particular.

Related pages
 List of notable Lahoris

References

1911 births
1984 deaths
Pakistani writers
Urdu poets
Muslims
St Philip's Church is a Protestant (Anglican) church in Hyderabad, Sindh, in Pakistan. The church is administered by the Diocese of Hyderabad of the Church of Pakistan.

Hyderabad District
Anglican churches
Buildings and structures in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 350 species. It has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiformes live near water and eat invertebrates or other small animals. However, some are pelagic (sea birds), some occupy deserts, and a few are found in thick forest.

Families in taxonomic order
This is a list of the charadriiform families, presented in taxonomic order.
 Suborder Scolopaci: snipe-like waders
 Family Scolopacidae: snipe, sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies
 Suborder Thinocori: aberrant charadriforms
 Family Rostratulidae: painted snipe
 Family Jacanidae: jacanas
 Family Thinocoridae: seedsnipe
 Family Pedionomidae: Plains Wanderer
 Suborder Lari:  gulls and allies
 Family Laridae: gulls
 Family Rhynchopidae: skimmers
 Family Sternidae: terns
 Family Alcidae: puffins, guillemots, murres, and allies
 Family Stercorariidae: skuas
 Family Glareolidae: pratincoles and coursers
 Family Dromadidae: Crab Plover
 Suborder Turnici:  buttonquails
 Family Turnicidae: buttonquails
 Suborder Chionidi:  thick-knees and allies
 Family Burhinidae: thick-knees
 Family Chionididae: sheathbills
 Family Pluvianellidae: Magellanic Plover
 Suborder Charadrii: plover-like waders
 Family Ibidorhynchidae: Ibisbill
 Family Recurvirostridae: avocets and stilts
 Family Haematopodidae: oystercatchers
 Family Charadriidae: plovers and lapwings
Gérard Férey (14 July 1941 – 19 August 2017) was a French chemist. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, teacher at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. He is specialized in the physical chemistry of solids and materials.

In September 2010, he received the CNRS Gold medal, the highest French scientific distinctions.

Biography 
Gerard Férey was a lecturer at the University of Maine.  In 1968, he founded the Department of Chemistry at Le Mans. He obtains his doctoral at the Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University in 1977.

He was a teacher at the University of Maine from 1981 to 1996 and the at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines since that date. From 1988 to 1992 he was deputy director of the Department of Chemistry at the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences the 18th of November 2003.

Awards 
 CNRS Gold medal (2010)
 Chevalier of the Legion of Honour
 Officier Ordre des Palmes Académiques
 Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite

References

French chemists
1941 births
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
2017 deaths
Karl Mannheim (27 March 1893 - 9 January 1947), or Károly Mannheim in original writing of his name, was a Hungarian-German sociologist and social scientist.  He was influential in the first half of the 20th century.  He is one of the founding fathers of classicial sociology as well as a founder of the sociology of knowledge.

Life
Mannheim was born in Budapest. He studied there as well as in Berlin, Paris and Heidelberg. In Budapest, at the University of Budapest, he earned a doctorate in philosophy. In 1914 he attended lectures by Georg Simmel. During the brief period of the Hungarian Soviet in 1919 he taught in a teacher-training school thanks to the patronage and his friend and mentor György Lukács.

Legacy
Mannheim's book Ideologie und Utopie (1929) was the most widely debated book by a living sociologist in Germany during the Weimar Republic; the English version Ideology and Utopia (1936) has been a standard in American-style international academic sociology, carried by the interest it aroused in the U.S.A. The German and English versions of the book are quite different.  This has led to reappraisals of Mannheim started by new texual discoveries and republications. Mannheim's sociological theorizing has been the subject of many book-length studies, evidence of an international interest in his principal themes. Mannheim was not an author of any work he himself considered a finished book, but rather of some fifty major essays and treatises.  Most of these were later published in book form.

References

1893 births
1947 deaths
Sociologists
Hungarian people
German philosophers
A Pipe bomb is a kind of explosive bomb.  It is made from a pipe filled with an explosive material.

In many countries making or having a pipe bomb is a serious crime.

Notable incidents
 On 4 May 1886 a pipe bomb was thrown during a rally at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It reached a police line and exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan.
 On 20 October 1930 William Kogut, an inmate on San Quentin's death row, tore up decks of playing cards.  He used them to make a pipe bomb, which he used to kill himself.
 On 27 July 1996 Eric Rudolph used a pipe bomb in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It killed two people and injured 111.
 On 25 July 1997, during the July 1997 riots in Northern Ireland, a well-known loyalist was found dead in Belfast. He is thought to have died in a premature pipe bomb explosion at an arms dump.
 On 5 June 1999 a Protestant civilian was killed when a pipe bomb was thrown through the window of her house in Portadown, Northern Ireland. She was married to a Catholic man. Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) members were blamed, although the group said they were not responsible.
 On 20 April 1999 Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold used pipe bombs during the Columbine High School massacre.
 On 11 November 2001 an Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion during a riot in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
 On 3 January 2002 another UDA member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion in Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
 On 10 August 2006 four pipe bombs were found in and around the city of Salem, Oregon, United States. Some suspected a "serial pipe bomber" was at fault. A man was later arrested and charged.
 On 11 December 2010 a suicide bomber used one out of six pipe bombs close to a major shopping district in Stockholm, Sweden.  It killed the man and no one else. The incident is known as the 2010 Stockholm bombings.
 In January 2011 a potentially deadly pipe bomb was found along the route of a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial march in Spokane, Washington. The bomb was stopped and no one died.

References

Explosives
The Ole Miss Rebels are the sports team for the University of Mississippi.  They were first named the "Mississippi Flood".  They were renamed the Rebels in 1936.

The school's colors are cardinal red and navy blue.  This is meant to be the same as the school colors of Harvard and Yale.

Ole Miss' major athletic rivals are with the Mississippi State Bulldogs (MSU), the LSU Tigers, and the Arkansas Razorbacks.

References

Mississippi
Sports in the United States
The Canada goose (Branta canadensis) is a wild goose with a black head and neck, white patches on the face, and a brownish-gray body. Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America, it is occasionally found in northern Europe, and has been introduced to other temperate regions. There are a number of subspecies.

Birds of North America
Birds of Europe
Anatidae
Stanislas "Stan" Wawrinka (born 28 March 1985 in Lausanne) is a Swiss professional tennis player. He is also a German citizen because his father is from Germany, though of Czech ancestry. His career-high singles ranking is Number 3 in the world. He reached this rank in January 2014. He considers clay his best surface and his serve and volley his best shot. He won the gold medal for Switzerland in the men's doubles event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Roger Federer. They beat the Swedish team Simon Aspelin/Thomas Johansson in the final. They also won the 2008 Swiss Team of the Year Award.

Wawrinka has won three Grand Slam singles events: the Australian Open in 2014, the French Open in 2015, and the US Open in 2016.

Other websites 
 ATP Profile
 Davis Cup Profile
 ITF Profile

1985 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
German people
Male tennis players
Olympic gold medalists
Swiss Olympic medalists
Swiss tennis players
US Open (tennis) champions
People from Lausanne
Aboriginal title is a common law doctrine that the  rights of indigenous peoples to own their traditional land persist after sovereignty has been taken by colonial settlers. When granted, it is usually inalienable, meaning it can not be sold, traded or given away. The title may be held by individuals or groups of people, and is inherited indefinitely (without end) by those people's descendants. What proof is required for aboriginal title to be recognised depends on the country's laws that govern the doctrine. It usually must include some evidence of historical inhabitance (living on the land for a long time, usually since before colonial settlement).

The majority of court cases granting aboriginal title have been in Australia,  Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United States. Aboriginal title is also referred to as indigenous title, native title and customary title. It is related to the subject of indigenous rights.

References

Law
Indigenous Australian politics
Colonialism
Indigenous land rights
Natina Reed (October 28, 1979 – October 27, 2012) was an American R&B singer and actress. She was part of R&B girl group Blaque. She was also known for starring in 2000 movie Bring It On. Reed was killed on October 27, 2012, one day before her 33rd birthday. She was involved in an accident as she was crossing a street in Atlanta, Georgia.

Media

Album appearances

Filmography

TV

Video cameo appearances

References

Other websites

T.I. Album & Movie Release Party 

Actors from New York City
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B musicians
Road accident deaths
Singers from New York City
1979 births
2012 deaths
Amaṯa is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is in the north of the APY, between Umuwa and Nyapari. It is at the base of the Musgrave Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. Amaṯa was established under the name of Musgrave Park in 1961. The community was set up to take the pressure off the growth of nearby Pukatja (then known as Ernabella). The goal was to use it to teach the Aborigines in how to work in the livestock industry. A school was opened 7 years later, in 1968.

About 319 people lived at Amaṯa in the 2006 census. It appears to have a growing population, which is not the usual pattern for Aboriginal communities in Australia. From 180 residents in 1981, it has grown steadily past 350 in the 1990s, to 536 in 1996.

Amaṯa is made up of about 60 houses. There is a school, a general store and a health clinic. Supplies are delivered once per week and mail is delivered twice per week. Water comes from bores and is stored in tanks. The school was renovated by the state government from 2003–2005. A swimming pool was opened in June 2007. Amaṯa also has a community centre, a community church, and an airstrip.

There is a police station at Amaṯa, but they are not always there; state police are based in Marla and run patrols to the area. Some night patrols by residents have been done in the past to help policing of the community. In the absence of police, the community is served by 2 community constables. Tony Abbott suggested in 2007 there should be police at Amaṯa permanently. In response, the state government said it would spend A$7.5 million at Amaṯa and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and prison cells. It would also provide housing for police officers.

The sale of local artwork is important to the economy of the Amaṯa community. Tjala Arts, founded in 1999, displayed the works of seven Amaṯa artists in Canberra in 2006. In the 2007 State Budget, the South Australian Government announced $350,000 for a new arts centre in Amaṯa.

References

Other websites 
Profile at PY Media 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1961 establishments in Australia
Pukatja is an Aboriginal community in the  Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Pukatja is in the eastern Musgrave Ranges, west of the Stuart Highway, about  south of the Northern Territory border. The town sits at an elevation of 676 metres above sea level. There were 332 people living at Pukatja in the 2006 census. This was an increase from 226 in the 2001 census, but a decrease from 470 in the 1991 census.

The town was established as a Presbyterian mission in 1938, with the name Ernabella. Families gradually came in from traditional nomadic life in the desert to live at the mission. The church gave control over the Ernabella Mission to a local community council on 1 January 1974.

Mail is delivered twice a week by a small plane from Alice Springs. The community store sells food and clothes. The garage has basic parts and diesel fuel. The local clinic has three registered nurses and the doctor is based here, but often away visiting other communities in the APY. The community church belongs to the Uniting Church. There is a basic police station at Pukatja, and is not permanently manned. In July 2007, the state police described the station as "dirty" and not well equipped. In response, the state government said that it would spend A$7.5 million at Pukatja and nearby Amata for new police stations, court facilities, prisoner cells and housing for police officers.

In the 2001 census, Pukatja was second only to nearby Mimili in having the lowest per-person income in South Australia ($174). Most important to the community's income is the local artists' co-operative, Ernabella Arts Inc. Established in 1948, Ernabella Arts is one of the longest continually running aboriginal arts centres in Australia. During the 1950s and 1960s, art and craft using local wool was the typical artistic form made by the Ernabella artists. Batik was introduced after several Ernabella artists travelled to Indonesia in the 1970s. Ernabella artists are now well known for their batik work and printmaking. A large collection of Ernabella art can be seen at the National Museum of Australia.

References

Other websites
Ernabella School
Ernabella Arts
Profile  from PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
1938 establishments
Pitjantjatjara
Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration which does not use oxygen. Elements other than oxygen are used for electron transport. Common replacements for oxygen are nitrates, iron, manganese, sulfates, sulfur, fumaric acid and carbon dioxide. Escherichia coli uses nitrates and fumaric acid for respiration.

For the electron transport chain to work, there must be a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain. This allows electrons to pass through the chain. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen.  Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and so it is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes, other less-oxidizing substances such as sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), sulphur (S) are used.  These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2, so less energy is released per oxidized molecule.  Anaerobic respiration is therefore less efficient than aerobic respiration except, of course, when oxygen is scarce.

If oxygen is not used at all, the process is called fermentation. Examples of organisms using fermentation are lactic acid bacteria, and yeast. Yeast is a fungi, not bacteria.

The equation for anaerobic respiration is:
glucose -> lactic acid (C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3)

References 

Cellular respiration

he:נשימה תאית
Mimili is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located in the Everard Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. According to the local Aṉangu, the place has always been called Mimili. The current settlement was built around a cattle station called Everard Park, which was built by White farmers in the 1920s. The station's land was given back to the local Aborigines by the South Australian government in 1972.

There were 283 people living at Mimili in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly Aṉangu people who speak either Pitjantjatjara or Yankunytjatjara as their first language. The 2001 census data showed that Mimili had the lowest average weekly income per person (AU$172 compared with the South Australian average of AU$345). However, it also had one of the state's highest proportions of residents under the age of 15 (32.6%); and the state's highest ratio of single-parent families (36.0% compared with a statewide average of 15.6%).

Mimili has an airstrip, and a small health facility. There is also a general store and a craft facility where art is made and displayed. A diesel generator supplies electricity to the community. Water is stored in tanks and comes from two bores. A police station was built in 2011, and state police are stationed there permanently. The local school has about 60 children. Attendance at the school benefited from the construction of a swimming pool, opened in October 2006.

References

Other websites
Mimili Anangu School
Profile  at PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1920s establishments in Australia