cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Doina Cornea (; 30 May 1929 – 3 May 2018) was a Romanian human rights activist and French language professor. She was notable as a dissident during the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu.

Activism
Cornea illegally sent the first letter to Radio Free Europe in 1982. It was the first in a series of texts and protests against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. She saw the crisis not just an economic one, but also a spiritual crisis.She said that the Romanian people "a people fed solely on slogans", who value more material values rather than spiritual values, which she defined as the ones which "generated intelligence, ethics, culture, liberty and responsibility".

In August 1987, she addressed an open letter to Nicolae Ceaușescu, in which she advocated reform in the higher education: greater academic freedom.

Beliefs
She argued for freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of travel; on the economic side, her letter (which may have been drafted by other collaborators) argued for closing down loss-making factories, re-tooling factories for being able to compete with foreign companies, hiring foreign managers and recreation of private land ownership, as well as the stopping of the Systematization programme.

House arrest
Cornea was put on house arrest by the Securitate (Romanian government officials). Following a documentary shown on Belgian television, an international campaign for her release began. Resolutions arguing for her release were passed by the European Parliament and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

She was released 21 December 1989 (during the Romanian Revolution, on the day before the Ceaușescu regime fell);

Personal life
Cornea born in Brașov, Romania. Cornea began studying French and Italian at Cluj University in 1948. In 1980, she published her first samizdat book, Încercarea Labirintului.

References

Other websites
 Dennis Deletant, Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989, M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995, .

1929 births
2018 deaths
Romanian people
Human rights activists
Selim Ahmed Hoss (spelled "Salim Al-Hoss" on his website, Arabic: سليم أحمد الحص) (born 20 December 1929) is a veteran Lebanese politician. He was a Prime Minister of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, Beirut.

References

Other websites

1929 births
Living people
Presidents of Lebanon
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Writers
Milan Panić (, ; born 20 December 1929) is a Serbian-American former Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, humanitarian, and multimillionaire businessman based in Newport Beach and Pasadena, California. He served as Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 1993. During and after his time as Prime Minister, he campaigned for peace and democracy in the Balkan region.

He ran for President of Serbia in 1992, ultimately coming in second to Slobodan Milošević.

References

1929 births
Living people
Prime ministers
Yugoslavian people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American philanthropists
Humanitarians
Businesspeople from California
Efraín Goldenberg Schreiber, or "Efraím," (born 28 December 1929) is a retired-Peruvian politician. He served as Peru's finance minister, foreign relations minister, and Prime Minister in the 1990s.

On February 17, 1994, he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Peru by then President Alberto Fujimori, a position that he held until 1995.

Goldenberg was born on December 28, 1929, in Lima, Peru, to Jewish Romanian immigrants. He grew up in Talara. He studied at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.

References

1929 births
Living people
Jewish politicians
People from Lima
Prime Ministers of Peru
South American Jews
Omar Sy (born 20 January 1978) is a French actor and comedian. He is best known in France for his duo with Fred Testot, Omar et Fred, and for his role in The Intouchables. Internationally, he is known for his roles in X-Men: Days of Future Past and Jurassic World. 

Sy received a César Award for Best Actor on 24 February 2012 for his role in The Intouchables and in doing so also became the first actor of African descent to win the French award.

Sy is a Muslim. His parents are both immigrants from West Africa.

References

Other websites

 Omar et Fred
 

1978 births
Living people
French movie actors
French television actors
French voice actors
French comedians
Muslims
The ultraviolet catastrophe is the name given to a conflict between theory and the observation in classical physics. 

An ideal blackbody at thermal equilibrium emits radiation in all frequency ranges. It emits more energy as the frequency increases. By calculating the total amount of radiated energy, it can be shown that a blackbody would release an infinite amount of energy. This contradicted the principles of conservation of energy and showed a new model was needed for the behaviour of blackbodies. This happened around the end of the nineteenth century. It was one of the things that led to the invention of quantum mechanics.

It led theorists like Max Planck to come up with quantum theory in which energy leaves the body in distinct packets called quanta rather than in continuous waves. The quantum theory accurately predicted the energy of the radiation that is observed.

Physics
Le Vigan () is a commune in south central France in the region of Occitanie. It is a subprefecture of the Gard department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

History
Since the creation of the Gard department on 4 March 1790, Le Vigan has been a subprefecture of the department.

Geography
Le Vigan is at the south of the Massif Central and near the Mont Aigoual, in the valley of the Arre, a right tributary of the Hérault river. The Arre flows through the town.

Le Vigan has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Le Vigan is surrounded by the communes Aulas, Avèze, Saint-André-de-Majencoules, Roquedur, Saint-Bresson, Pommiers and Mandagout.

Le Vigan is part of the Cévennes National Park ().

Climate
The climate of Le Vigan, in the Köppen climate classification, is Csa - Mediterranean climate with hot summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Le Vigan are known, in French, as Viganais (women: Viganaises).

With a population of 3,933, Le Vigan has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Le Vigan

Le Vigan forms, with other 6 communes, the urban area of Le Vigan with a population of 7,184 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Le Vigan, formed by 15 communes with a population of 8,996 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration 
Le Vigan is a subprefecture of the Gard department, the capital of the arrondissement of Le Vigan and the administrative centre () of the canton Le Vigan; the canton has 23,033 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Pays viganais.

Sister cities
Le Vigan is twinned with:
  Cisano sul Neva, Savona, Italy.
  Bigastro, Alicante, Spain.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Le Vigan
 Communes of the Gard department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Communauté de Communes du Pays Viganais 
  Office de tourisme du Pays Viganais / Cévennes Navacelles 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Gard
Alès () is a commune in south central France in the region of Occitanie. It is a subprefecture of the Gard department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

It was formerly known as Alais.

History
Since the creation of the Gard department on 4 March 1790, Alès has been a subprefecture of the department.

Geography
Alès is at  north-northwest of Nîmes, in a curve (meander) of the Le Gardon d'Alès river, which half surrounds it. It is at the foot of the Cévennes, near the Cévennes National Park.

Alès has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Alès is surrounded by the communes  Saint-Jean-du-Pin, Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues, Saint-Privat-des-Vieux, Cendras, Saint-Christol-lès-Alès and Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas.

Climate
The climate of Alès, in the Köppen climate classification, is Csb - Mediterranean climate with warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Alès are known, in French, as Alésiens (women: Alésiennes).

With a population of 39,993, Alès has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Alès

Alès forms, with other 21 communes, the urban area of Alès with a population of 94,622 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Alès, formed by 52 communes with a population of 114,137 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration 
Alès is a subprefecture of the Gard department, the capital of the arrondissement of Le Vigan and the administrative centre () of the cantons
 Alès-1, with 32,289 inhabitants (2014).
 Alès-2, with 29,141 inhabitants (2014).
 Alès-3, with 26,871 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Alès Agglomération.

Sister cities
Alès is twinned with:
  Bílina, Czech Republic.
  Kilmarnock, Scotland, UK.
  Herstal, Belgium.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Alès
 Communes of the Gard department

References

Other websites

 
 Official website 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Gard
Geoffrey John Wainwright MBE (19 September 1937 – 6 March 2017) was a British archaeologist specializing in prehistory. He was the Chief Archaeologist of English Heritage from 1989 to 1999. He served as visiting professor to a number of universities. He served as President of the Prehistoric Society from 1981 to 1985 and the Society of Antiquaries of London from 2007 to 2010.

Wainwright was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales. He studied at Cardiff University and at UCL Institute of Archaeology. Wainwright died on 6 March 2017 in Pembrokeshire, Wales, aged 79.

References

1937 births
2017 deaths
British archaeologists
British scientists
British educators
Gustav Torgny Lindgren (16 June 1938 – 16 March 2017) was a Swedish writer.

Life
Lindgren was the son of Andreas Lindgren and Helga Björk. He studied in Umeå to become a teacher and worked as a teacher until the middle of the 1970s. For several years he was active as a local politician for the Swedish Social Democratic Party. In the 1980s he converted to the Catholic faith.

Lindgren died in Stockholm on 16 March 2017 from stomach cancer, aged 78.

Career
Lindgren began as a poet in 1965 but had to wait until 1982 for his breakthrough, with the novel The Way of a Serpent (Swedish: Ormens väg på hälleberget). Lindgren was translated into more than thirty languages and was one of Sweden's most internationally successful contemporary writers. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1991.

Awards and honors
 1986 – Prix Femina étranger (for Bathsheba)
 1995 – The August Prize (for Sweetness)
 2000 – The Selma Lagerlöf Prize
 2001 – Ordre des Arts et des Lettres  
 2002 – Litteris et Artibus
 2004 – De Nios Stora Pris

References

1938 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Swedish poets
Swedish novelists
Wojciech Młynarski (March 26, 1941 – March 15, 2017) was a Polish poet, singer-songwriter, and translator. He was a well-known figure on the Polish musical scene. He was most famous for his ballads and what is known as sung poetry, as well as for his collaboration with numerous vocalists and cabarets.

He wrote lyrics to more than 2,000 songs, a small fraction of which he sang himself. His songs received a total of 25 "Karolinkas", which are the main awards of the Polish Song Festival in Opole, the most important Polish song festival, occurring annually since 1963. He also composed music to some of his songs. He is considered an icon of Polish culture.

Młynarski died on March 15, 2017 in Warsaw from cancer, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 Wojciech Młynarski on filmpolski.pl
 Wojciech Młynarski on filmweb.pl

1941 births
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish poets
Polish singers
Songwriters
Writers from Warsaw
Polish translators
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has designated 77 World Heritage Sites in Western Europe. These sites are in 9 countries. There are eight sites which are shared between countries.

Legend
The list below uses a definition of Western Europe which includes the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Site – named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation
Location – sorted by country, followed by the region at the regional or provincial level and geocoordinates. In the case of multinational or multi-regional sites, the names are sorted alphabetically.
Criteria – as defined by the World Heritage Committee
Area – in hectares and acres, followed by buffer zones if applicable. A value of zero implies that no data has been published by UNESCO
Year – during which the site was added to the World Heritage List
Description – brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable

Sites

References

Eastern
Eastern Europe
Europe-related lists
David Anderson Stallworth (December 20, 1941 – March 15, 2017) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for eight seasons and was a member of the New York Knicks' 1969–70 championship-winning team. 

Stallworth played for the Knicks from 1965 through 1972 and again in 1974. He later played for the Baltimore/Capitol Bullets from 1972 through 1974. His basketball career began in 1962 and ended in his retirement in 1974.

Stallworth was born in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Wichita State University. Stallworth died on March 15, 2017 in Wichita, Kansas from a heart attack, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 Article on Stallworth's career

1941 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
New York Knicks players
Washington Wizards players
Sportspeople from Dallas, Texas
Sportspeople from Wichita, Kansas
The Gardon d'Alès is a river in southeastern France, in the Lozère and Gard departments in the Occitanie region. It is a left tributary of the Gardon river.

Geography
The Gardon d'Alès river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Course
The Gardon d'Alès starts in the commune of Saint-Privat-de-Vallongue, Lozère department in the Cévennes National Park, at an altitude of about . From here, the river flows in general to the southeast.

The Gardon d'Alès joins the Gardon d'Anduze (the name of the upper Gardon or Gard river) between the communes Cassagnoles and Vézénobres. to the south of Alès, at an altitude of about .

The Gardon d'Alès flows through the Lozère and Gard departments, in the Occitanie region, and a total of 17 communes, 12 in the Gard department and 5 in the Lozère department:

 Occitanie region
 Lozère: Le Collet-de-Dèze, Saint-Hilaire-de-Lavit, Saint-Julien-des-Points, Saint-Michel-de-Dèze, Saint-Privat-de-Vallongue
 Gard: Alès, Branoux-les-Taillades, Cendras, La Grand-Combe, Laval-Pradel, Ribaute-les-Tavernes, Saint-Christol-lès-Alès, Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas, Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues, Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge, Les Salles-du-Gardon, Vézénobrest

Main tributaries
The main tributaries, with a length greater than 20 km, of the Gardon d'Alès are the L'Avène, a left tributary  long; and the Le Galeizon, a right tributary  long.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Annuaire Maire - Rivière Le Gardon D'alès 

Rivers of France
Occitanie
There are 49 national parks in Ukraine.

Ukraine's national parks are:
Azov National Nature Park

Azov-Syvash National Nature Park

Carpathian National Nature Park

Cheremosh National Nature Park

Derman-Ostroh National Nature Park

Desna-Starahuta National Nature Park

Dniester Canyon National Nature Park

Dzharylhak National Nature Park

Halych National Nature Park

Hetman National Nature Park

Holosiivskyi National Nature Park

Hutsulshchyna National Park

Ichnya National Nature Park

Karmelyukove Podillya

Khotyn National Nature Park

Lower Dniester National Nature Park

Lower Polissia National Nature Park

Lower Sula National Nature Park

Meotyda National Nature Park

Mezynsky National Nature Park

National Nature Park Buzk's Gard

National Nature Park Charming Harbor

National Nature Park Dvorichansky

National Nature Park Great Meadow

National Nature Park Holy Mountains

National Nature Park Homolsh Woods

National Nature Park Ivory Coast of Sviatoslav

National Nature Park Kremenets Mountains

National Nature Park Northern Podillya

National Nature Park Prypiat-Stokhid

National Nature Park Skole Beskids

National Nature Park Synevir

National Nature Park Zalissya

Nyzniodniprovsky National Nature Park

Oleshky Sands National Nature Park

Podilski Tovtry National Park

Pyryatyn National Nature Park

Shatsky National Natural Park

Sloboda National Nature Park

Synyohora National Nature Park

Tsumanska Puscha National Nature Park

Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park

Upper Pobozhia National Nature Park

Uzhanian National Nature Park

Verkhovyna National Nature Park

Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park

White Lake National Nature Park

Yavorivskyi National Nature Park

Zacharovany Krai National Nature Park

Ukraine
National parks
Ukraine
Europe-related lists
The official Flag of Ukraine is the flag of the European country, Ukraine. It has two horizontal stripes, a blue one and a yellow one.

Ukraine
Ukraine
The Arre is a river in southeastern France, in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It is a right tributary of the Hérault river.

Geography
The Arre river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Le Vigan in the Gard department.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Le Vigan

Course
The Arre starts in the commune of Alzon, Gard department in the Cévennes National Park between the places called Roc de Berdu, Boucaret and Case Vieille, at an altitude of about . From here, the river flows in general to the east.

The Arre joins, as a right tributary, the Hérault river in the commune Roquedur, near the small town of Pont d'Hérault (commune of Saint-André-de-Majencoules), at an altitude of about .

The river flows through the Gard department, in the Occitanie region, and through a total of 9 communes: Alzon, Arre, Arrigas, Aumessas, Avèze, Bez-et-Esparon, Molières-Cavaillac, Saint-André-de-Majencoules, Le Vigan.

Main tributaries
The only important tributary of the Arre is the Coudoulous, a left tributary  long.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Annuaire Maire - Rivière L'arre 

Rivers of France
Occitanie
Rotating bolt is a method of locking used in firearms. Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse developed the first rotating bolt firearm, the "Dreyse needle gun" in 1836. The Dreyse locked using the bolt handle rather than lugs on the bolt head like the Mauser M 98 or M16. The first rotating bolt rifle with two lugs on the bolt head was the Lebel Model 1886 rifle. The concept has been implemented on most firearms chambered for high powered cartridges since the 20th century.

Examples
 M1 Garand, gas-operated semi-automatic rifle
 Lebel Model 1886 rifle, bolt-action rifle
 Steyr-Mannlicher M1895, a straight-pull rifle
 M16, a gas-operated assault rifle
 AK-47, a gas-operated assault rifle
 IMI Tavor, a gas-operated assault rifle
 Ruger Mini-14, a gas-operated semi-automatic rifle
 IMI Desert Eagle, one of the few handguns with such mechanism.
 Remington Model 8, a recoil-operated rifle
 Chauchat, a recoil-operated light machine gun
 Remington Model 7600, a pump-action rifle
 The Winchester model 1200, 1300,and Super-X (SXP) Pump Shotguns
 SIG-Sauer MPX, the first submachine gun to use this mechanism.

References

 Primer actuated M16 bolt
 

Firearms
50PLUS, the same in Dutch (shortened 50+), is a Dutch political party. 

50PLUS was established in 2009 and aims at the interests of elder people.

Political leader is vacant (former leaders Liane den Haan, Henk Krol, and Jan Nagel).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 1 (-3).

MP Liane den Haan left 50+ on 6 May 2021. Since that time, 50+ has no longer been represented in the House of Representatives.

Other websites 
 Website of 50PLUS

Political parties in the Netherlands
2000s establishments in the Netherlands
2009 establishments in Europe
The ChristianUnion, Dutch: ChristenUnie (shortened CU), is a Dutch political party.

The ChristianUnion is an orthodox Christian democratic party.

It was established in 2001 as a merger of the Reformed Political Alliance (GPV) and the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF).

Political leader is Gert-Jan Segers (former leaders Arie Slob and André Rouvoet).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 5 (0).

Other websites 
 Website of the ChristianUnion

Christian democratic parties
Political parties in the Netherlands
Christianity in the Netherlands
2001 establishments in the Netherlands
DENK (the Dutch word "denk" means think) is a political party in the Netherlands. The official name is Political Movement Denk (Dutch: "Politieke Beweging Denk").

DENK aims at the interests of non-western citizens, and was established in 2015.

Political leader is Farid Azarkan (former leader Tunahan Kuzu).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 3 (0).

Other websites 
 Website of DENK

Political parties in the Netherlands
2015 establishments in the Netherlands
The Forum for Democracy (Dutch: Forum voor Democratie. shortened FVD) is a Dutch political party.

The party was formed on 22 September 2016.

The Forum for Democracy is critical of the current political situation in the Netherlands. The party is right-wing and a national-conservative party. They are strongly against the European Union. They also want more direct democracy in the Netherlands.

The leader of the FVD is Thierry Baudet.

In the 2021 elections, they have won 8 seats (+6) in the House of Representatives.

The FVD group in the House of Representatives split on 13 May 2021. Wybren van Haga and two others MPs left the party and formed the Group Van Haga.

References

Other websites 
 Website of the Forum for Democracy

Conservative parties
Eurosceptic parties
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Political parties in the Netherlands
2016 establishments in the Netherlands
GreenLeft, Dutch: GroenLinks (shortened GL), is a Dutch political party.

GreenLeft is a leftist party that supports environmental protection.

It was established in 1989 as a merger of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Political Party of Radicals (PPR) and Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP).

Political leader is Jesse Klaver (former leaders Jolande Sap and Femke Halsema).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 8 (-6).

Other websites 
 Website of GreenLeft 

Political parties in the Netherlands
1980s establishments in the Netherlands
1989 establishments in Europe
The Labour Party, Dutch: Partij van de Arbeid (shortened PvdA), is a Dutch political party.

The Labour Party is a social democratic party.

It was established in 1946 from a merger of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP), the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB), and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

Political leader is Lilianne Ploumen (former leaders Lodewijk Asscher, Diederik Samsom, and Job Cohen).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 9 (0).

Other websites 
 Website of the Labour Party

Social democratic parties in Europe
Political parties in the Netherlands
1946 establishments in the Netherlands
The Party for the Animals, Dutch: Partij voor de Dieren (shortened PvdD), is a Dutch political party.

The Party for the Animals was established in 2002 and supports animal rights and fights global warming.

Political leader is Esther Ouwehand (former leader Marianne Thieme).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 6 (+1).

Other websites 
 Website of the Party for the Animals

Political parties in the Netherlands
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
The Reformed Political Party, Dutch: Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (shortened SGP), is a Dutch political party.

The Reformed Political Party is an orthodox Calvinist party.
They are a very conservative party.

It was established in 1918.

Political leader is Kees van der Staaij (former leader Bas van der Vlies).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 3 (0).

Other websites 
 Website of the Reformed Political Party

Calvinism
Political parties in the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
1910s establishments in the Netherlands
1918 establishments in Europe
The Socialist Party, Dutch: Socialistische Partij (shortened SP), is a Dutch political party.

The Socialist Party was established in 1972 (its forerunner in 1971) and is a socialist party. They are supportive of left-wing views.

Political leader is Lilian Marijnissen (former leader Emile Roemer).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 9 (-5).

Other websites 
 Website of the Socialist Party

Political parties in the Netherlands
1970s establishments in the Netherlands
1972 establishments in Europe
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Dutch: Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (shortened VVD), is a Dutch political party.

The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative liberal party. They are the largest party in the country.

It was established in 1948 from a merger of the Freedom Party (PvdV) and the Oud Committee.

Political leader is Mark Rutte (also Prime Minister since 2010; former leader Gerrit Zalm).

Number of seats in the 2021 elections: 34 (-1).

Other websites 
 Website of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

Liberal parties
Political parties in the Netherlands
1940s establishments in the Netherlands
1948 establishments in Europe
Boonesborough is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Kentucky, USA. It is in the central part of the state along the Kentucky River. It is the site of Fort Boonesborough State Park, which includes the Kentucky River Museum. The park site has been rebuilt to look like a working fort of the days when Daniel Boone lived there.

Boonesborough was founded by Boone as Boone's Station while he was working for Richard Henderson and Nathanial Hart of the Transylvania Company. Boone led a group of settlers through the mountains from Fort Watauga (present-day Elizabethton in Tennessee). He carved the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap. He established Fort Boonesborough. Boone lived there from 1775 to 1779. Boonesborough was the town in the area of present-day Kentucky formally chartered by the Commonwealth of Virginia which then claimed it. It was also one of the first English-speaking communities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Boone successfully led his fellow settlers during the Siege of Boonesborough in 1778. He then moved to his son Israel's settlement at Boone's New Station near what is now Athens, Kentucky.

Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Boulos Yazigi or Paul Rami Yagizi (Arabic: بولس يازجي ) is a bishop or metropolitan of the Greek Orthodox Church. He has been missing since 2013, when he was kidnapped with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church.

Life 
Yazigi was born in 1959 in Lattakya, Syria.   He studied for a civil engineering degree at the University of Tishreen in Latakia, Syria.   He studied theology at the University of Thessaloniki in Greece and received a master's degree in 1989 and a PhD in 1992.  The title of his thesis was "Eschatology & Ethics: The Eschatological Foundations of the Life in Christ According to St. John Chrysostom."   He also studied Byzantine music and iconography in Greece and Mount Athos.

Yazigi's brother is Greek Orthodox Patriarch John X Yazigi.

Work 

In 1992, Yazigi became a religion instructor at Saint John of Damascus Institute of Theology at the University of Balamand in Lebanon. He was dean of the institute from 1994 to 2001. At the same time, he was appointed abbot of Balamand Monastery in the Koura District in northern Lebanon.

Yazigi was ordained a priest in 1992 and became bishop of Aleppo in 2000. He wrote 11 books and 7 articles on religious subjects, including translations of English and Greek works into Arabic.

Disappearance 
Yazigi disappeared on April 22, 2013 in Syria after he was kidnapped along with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church.  The two men worked in Aleppo.  Their driver was shot and killed in the attack.  The two men were kidnapped in the village of Kfar Dael by "a terrorist group" on the road to Aleppo from the rebel-held border with Turkey at Bab al Hawa. Ibrahim went to get Yazigi because he was familiar with the border crossing and the route. The name of the driver killed was Fathallah Kabud.  Bishop Ibrahim went to the border to receive two priests who had been kidnapped: Armenian Catholic Michel Kayal and Greek Orthodox Isaac Moawad. Money was paid for the priests on April 19, but Ibrihim did not receive the priests that day, and they asked him to return. Ibrahim was experienced with negotiating kidnapping releases. In the year before his kidnapping, he participated in 20 successful hostage exchanges.

References 

1959 births
Living people
Archbishops
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Missing people
Syrian Christians
Hugh Hardy (July 26, 1932 – March 17, 2017) was an American architect. He was known for designing theaters, performing arts venues, public spaces, and cultural facilities across the United States.

Early life
Hugh Gelston Hardy was born on July 26, 1932, in Majorca, Spain to an American family. His family moved to Manhattan, New York in the 1940s. He went to Princeton University, where he earned a Bachelor of Architecture in 1954 and a Master of Fine Arts in Architecture in 1956.

Career

Over the course of his career, Hardy founded three firms: Hugh Hardy & Associates in 1962, Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer in 1967, and H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture in 2004. Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer received the Architecture Firm Award in 1981, the highest honor bestowed on a firm by American Institute of Architects for distinguished work. Hardy was also a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. Hardy was named a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1993.

Personal life
Hardy married the architect Tiziana Spadea in 1965. They had two children. He lived in New York City.

Death
Hardy died of a cerebral hemorrhage at a hospital in New York City on March 17, 2017, aged 84.

Impact
The New Yorker writer Brendan Gill called him "the Stanford White of our fin de siècle". In 1995, Julie Iovine of The New York Times wrote, "There is scarcely a cultural icon in the city with which Mr. Hardy has not been involved."

References

Other websites

 H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, the architectural studio of Hugh Hardy

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American architects
Businesspeople from New York City
Inomjon Buzrukovich Usmonxo‘jayev (in Cyrillic Uzbek: Иномжон Бузрукович Усмонхўжаев ; in Russian: Инамджан Бузрукович Усманходжаев Inamdzhan Buzrukovich Usmankhodzhayev; 21 May 1930 – 17 March 2017) served as the eleventh First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR. Usmonxo‘jayev became General Secretary following the disastrous "Cotton Scandal".

Usmonxo'jayev died on 17 March 2017 in Fergana, Uzbekistan at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
World Statesmen - Uzbekistan

1930 births
2017 deaths
Uzbekistani people
Communists
Sergei Nailevich Gimayev (; 1 January 1955 – 18 March 2017) was a Russian professional ice hockey player. He was born in Moscow. He played ten seasons (1976–86) in the Soviet Championship League with HC CSKA Moscow and Leningrad SKA. After the end of his career as a player, Gimayev worked as a TV sports presenter.

Gimayev died in Tula, Russia on 18 March 2017 from a heart attack, caused by thrombosis, aged 62.

References

Other websites

1955 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from thrombosis
Russian ice hockey players
Television presenters
People from Moscow
Ashwin Sundar (27 July 1985 – 18 March 2017) was an Indian race driver. He was most active during 2005 till recent years winning several national titles in Go-Kart, Single Seater Formula Cars, Two Wheelers and Saloon cars.

He was born on 27 July 1985 at Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He was killed in a car accident in Chennai, India on 18 March 2017, aged 31.

References

Other websites
 High-octane drive - The Hindu 
 ‘09 RACING SEASON: IT’S A WRAP!  
Sundar wins Formula Rolon - Times of India 
 Ashwin proves class in JK Tyre racing championship | TwoCircles.net 

1985 births
2017 deaths
Road accident deaths
Indian sportspeople
Racecar drivers
Miloslav Vlk ([ˈmɪloslaf ˈvl̩k]; 17 May 1932 – 18 March 2017) was a Czech prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Prague from 1991 to 2010. He was made a cardinal in 1994.

Vlk has been sharply critical of the rise of far-right and xenophobic sentiment in Central Europe, joining Jewish protests in 2007 when right-wingers planned a march through Prague's Jewish quarter on the anniversary of Kristallnacht.

Vlk was born in the Písek District of Southern Bohemia. He died on 18 March 2017 from cancer in Prague, aged 84.

References

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Roman Catholics
Czech people
From 1340-1800 many English and later British monarchs claimed the throne of France. The origin of the claims come from Edward III's territorial claims of France which he claimed gave him the right to be king. He tried to take the throne of France and started the Hundred Years' War.

Claims to the throne of France (1340-1360), (1369-1420)

Heir of France (1420-1422)

King of France (1422-1461), (1470-1471) 
 The first English monarch to completely rule France for majority of his reign.
Henry VI was made to be successor of French king Charles VI and on October 21st 1422 took up the position of the French king. He was said to rule the whole of France but in reality only ruled small parts of the north. Charles VII was later crowned as king of France, son of Charles VI starting a small line of disputed monarchs and the English, later British monarch claiming the throne of France for another 350 years.

King of Calais (1461-1470), (1470-1558) 
Edward IV also claimed the throne of France during Henry VI's absence from the English throne and his claims happened in between Henry's so reign of the monarch may not be in perfect order for this list. The claim was of France but really monarchs only ruled Calais due to the terrible general skills of the Duke of Somerset, a close friend of Margaret of Anjou and Henry VI.

Phillip II of Spain/Phillip I of England who ruled with Mary did claim Calais and partially rule it but he is considered a co-king of the Tudor dynasty and will not be counted as a legitimate Calais ruler or English king and more of a co-king/consort.

Later Tudor claimants (1558-1603)

English and Scottish claims (1603-1707) 
English and Scottish claims refer to claims made after the 1603 union between the English monarch and the Scottish monarch when Scottish king James VI became English king James I uniting the kingdoms under one king. However they remained geo-politically separate until the 1707 Acts of Union which united Scotland and England (including the Principality of Wales) into one nation now named Great Britain as of 1707, later the United Kingdom in 1800, the year George III dropped his claim.

British claims (1707-1800)

References

History of England
History of France
Edward Balliol (;  1283 – 1367)  was a claimant to the throne of Scotland. He claimed the throne from 1314-1356, but reigned only from 1332-1336. He was the eldest son of John Balliol and thus the heir to the Scottish throne after him. However, John was deposed by Robert I and William Wallace (as guardian of Scotland).

He was chosen as king after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway. Although he was never considered to be the true king as he was an ally with Edward Longshanks and Edward II, kings of England.

References

1283 births
1367 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
William Laud (1573 - 1645) was a close advisor of Charles I of England. He was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633. He was executed in 1645, 5 years after his initial arrest.

He was born in Reading, Berkshire and died in London.

1573 births
1645 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Anglican archbishops
Anglican priests
Archbishops of Canterbury
English Anglicans
English priests
Executed English people
People from Reading, Berkshire
Terns are seabirds in the family Laridae. They are normally found near the sea, rivers, or wetlands. 

They are slender, lightly built birds with long, forked tails, narrow wings, long bills, and short legs. Most species are pale grey above and white below, with a contrasting black cap to the head, but some have dark plumage for part of the year. 

Terns breed in noisy colonies and lay their eggs on bare ground with little or no nest material. Marsh terns make floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats, and a few species build simple nests in trees, on cliffs or in crevices. 

Most species feed on fish caught by diving from flight, but the marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns may take small land vertebrates. Many terns are long-distance migrants, and the Arctic tern may see more daylight in a year than any other animal.

Seabirds
Roger Pingeon (; 28 August 1940 – 19 March 2017) was a professional French road bicycle racer. He raced as a professional from 1964 to 1974. In 1967, Pingeon won the Tour de France. In 1969, Pingeon won the Vuelta a España and finished second behind Eddy Merckx in the 1969 Tour de France. He was born in Hauteville-Lompnes, Ain, France.

Pingeon died in Paris, France from a heart attack on 19 March 2017, aged 76.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
French cyclists
Sportspeople from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ivan Grubišić (20 June 1936 – 19 March 2017) was a Croatian Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, and independent politician. He served as a representative in the Croatian Parliament representing the X electoral district from 22 December 2011 through 28 December 2015. 

Grubišić was born in Dicmo, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He studied at University of Zagreb and at the University of Zadar. Grubišić died in Split, Croatia on 19 March 2017, aged 80.

References

Other websites
 

1936 births
2017 deaths
Croatian politicians
Roman Catholic priests
Sociologists
Croatian scientists
André Tosel (15 June 1941 – 14 March 2017) was a French Marxist philosopher and academic administrator. He was the author of several books about Marxism and Marxist theorists.

Tosel taught Philosophy at the University of Franche-Comté and Pantheon-Sorbonne University until he became a full professor of Philosophy at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. He served as its vice president from 1992 to 1998, and as the director of its Center for the History of Ideas from 1998 to 2003. 

Tosel died in Nice, France on 14 March 2017 at the age of 75.

References

1941 births
2017 deaths
French philosophers
French writers
French educators
Marxism
People from Nice
James Earle "Jimmy" Breslin (October 17, 1928 – March 19, 2017) was am American journalist and author. He wrote a column for the New York Daily News Sunday edition until his death in 2017. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1986.

Breslin authored numerous novels, and columns of his have appeared regularly in many newspapers in his hometown of New York City. He served as a regular columnist for the Long Island newspaper Newsday until his retirement on November 2, 2004, though he still published occasional pieces for the paper.  

Breslin wrote the novels Can't Anybody Here Play This Game? (1962) and The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight (1969). In 1999, he appeared as himself in the 1999 American thriller movie Summer of Sam.

Breslin worked as an investigation journalist and helped solve crimes committed by the mafia in New York including Henry Hill and serial killer David Berkowitz. He also exposed Queens Borough president Donald Manes's corruption actions which eventually led to his suicide in 1986.

He was known for his newspaper columns which offered a sympathetic viewpoint of the working-class people of New York City.

Breslin was born in Queens, New York. He studied at Long Island University from 1948 to 1950. He left without graduating. He married Rosemary Dattalico from 1954 until her death in 1981. He later married Ronnie Eldridge from 1982 until his death in 2017. Breslin had six children.

Breslin died on March 19, 2017 at his home in Manhattan, New York from complications of pneumonia, aged 88.

References

Other websites

Jimmy Breslin quotes

Pulitzer Prize winners
1928 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American activists
American novelists
American screenwriters
American playwrights
American journalists
Writers from Queens
Achmad Hasyim Muzadi (August 8, 1944 – March 16, 2017) was an Indonesian Islamic scholar, and cleric. He served as the fourth Chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama, the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia, from 1999 to 2010. 

He was the founder and director of the Al-Hikam Islamic boarding school. He was the running mate of Megawati Sukarnoputri in Indonesia's 2004 presidential election, but the ticket lost the election in a runoff. 

He was a member of Indonesia's Presidential Advisory Board from 2015 until his death. He was a proponent of moderate Islam, which he defined as being neither radical nor liberal, criticizing both Islamic fundamentalism and liberal Islam.

Muzadi died of cardiac arrest on March 16, 2017 in Malang, East Java after being hospitalized for exhaustion, aged 72.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1944 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indonesian politicians
Indonesian writers
Indonesian educators
Muslims
Deaths from exhaustion
The United States–Cuban Thaw () is a warming of Cuba–United States relations that began in December 2014, ending a 54-year break between the nations. In March 2016, Barack Obama became the first U.S. President to visit Cuba since 1928.

Background
On December 17, 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro announced the beginning of a process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the United States.  The normalization agreement was secretly negotiated in the months before, being overseen by Pope Francis and largely hosted by the Government of Canada.

Meetings were held in Canada and in Vatican City.  The agreement would see the lifting of some U.S. travel restrictions, fewer restrictions on remittances, and U.S. banks' access to the Cuban financial system.

Effects
On April 14, 2015, the Obama administration announced that Cuba would be removed from the United States State Sponsors of Terrorism list. With no congressional action to block this within the permitted time period, Cuba was officially removed from the list on May 29, 2015. This marked a further departure by the United States from the Cold War conflict and its strain on Cuba–United States relations.

On July 20, 2015, the Cuban and U.S. "interests sections" in Washington and Havana were upgraded to embassies, marking the re-establishment of diplomatic relations that had been broken in 1961.

Trump presidency
On June 16, 2017 President Donald Trump announced that he was "canceling" the Obama administrations deals with Cuba, while also expressing that a new deal could be negotiated between the Cuban and United States governments.

References

Other websites

2014 in the United States
2015 in the United States
2016 in the United States
2010s in Cuba
Barack Obama
Słubice is a town in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland. Across the Oder River from it is the town of Frankfurt (Oder) in Germany. About 18,000 people live in Słubice.

Towns in Poland
Sarah Jiménez Vernis (February 3, 1927 – March 13, 2017) was a Mexican artist. She known for her political graphic work in the mid 20th century, especially with the Taller de Gráfica Popular. Her works would help her earn a membership in the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana.

After her time with the Taller, her career shifted to teaching, and her work became mostly forgotten. However, there have been efforts to revive interest in it.

Jiménez was born in Piedras Negras, Coahuila in the north of Mexico. She moved to Mexico City in 1947.

In 1954, she participated in the creation of a mural at the Escuela Belisario Dominguez, with her section dealing with the dead soldier of the Mexican Revolution.

Jiménez died in Mexico City on March 13, 2017 from heart failure, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 La artista que llevó la imagen de México a Chile 

1927 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Mexican painters
Coahuila
Artists from Mexico City
Gale Eugene Sayers (May 30, 1943 – September 23, 2020), nicknamed the "Kansas Comet", was an American football player. He earned fame both as a halfback and return specialist in the National Football League (NFL). 

In a brief but highly productive NFL career, Sayers spent seven seasons with the Chicago Bears from 1965 to 1971, though multiple injuries effectively limited him to five seasons of play. 

Prior to joining the Bears, he played college football for the Kansas Jayhawks football team of the University of Kansas, where he compiled 4,020 all-purpose yards over three seasons and was twice recognized as a consensus All-American. 

Sayers was born in Wichita, Kansas. He was raised in Omaha, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Kansas. 

In 2012, Sayers was diagnosed with dementia after suffering multiple concussions during his football career.

Sayers died from problems caused by dementia on September 23, 2020 in Wakarusa, Indiana at the age of 77.

References

Other websites

 Sayers Technology, LLC – Sayers-owned technology consulting firm

1943 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Chicago Bears players
Sportspeople from Wichita, Kansas
Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
Dwight Edward Clark (January 8, 1957 – June 4, 2018) was a former American football wide receiver and executive. He played for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1979 to 1987.  

With the 49ers, Clark played on two Super Bowl championship teams.  He caught the winning touchdown pass thrown by quarterback Joe Montana in the NFC Championship Game in January 1982 against the Dallas Cowboys. Clark played college football at Clemson University before being drafted by the 49ers in the 10th round of the 1979 NFL Draft.  He served as the general manager of the 49ers in 1998 and in the same capacity with the Cleveland Browns from 1998 to 2002.

Clark was born in Kinston, North Carolina. He studied at Clemson University. Clark lived in Santa Cruz, California with his wife Kelly for a long time until moving to Whitefish, Montana. 

On March 19, 2017, Clark announced that he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clark died on June 4, 2018 from the disease in Whitefish, aged 61.

References

1957 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
San Francisco 49ers players
Sportspeople from North Carolina