cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Picts were ancient people from northern and eastern Scotland.  

They are first mentioned in written records in AD 297, before the Roman conquest of Britain. The name 'pict' is from the Latin pictus meaning 'painted.' This may have been due to the tattoos on their bodies. It may also refer to a name they called themselves, that was recorded by the Romans. 

They spoke a Pictish language. It was related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons living to the south. Picts were possibly the descendants of the Caledonians and other tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians. 

The area of Scotland called Pictland gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. This formed the kingdom of Alba, later known as Scotland. Alba then expanded, absorbing the British kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian. By the 11th century the Pictish identity had become a part of the Scottish people.

References 

Celtic peoples
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Scottish people
David Brown (born March 15, 1981), better known as Young Buck or Buck for short, is an American rapper.  He is from
Nashville, Tennessee. He is best known for his albums 'Buck The World' and 'Straight Outta Cashville'. Brown is the founder and president of his own record label Ca$hville Records.

References

1981 births
Living people
African-American rappers
American rap musicians
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
The Pennacook (or Pawtucket) were a Native American people in North America. They lived along the Merrimack River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. They spoke an Algonquian language.

When the English colonists arrived, the Pennacook fled north with the Abenaki, or west with other tribes. Those that went west were hunted down and killed by colonists. Those that fled northward eventually merged with other displaced tribes from New England.

Native American
Ethnic groups in the United States
Gordian I (;  159 – 12 April 238) was a Roman Emperor. He was only emperor for one month, alongside his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. He was involved in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax. His armies were defeated by those loyal to Maximinus. Gordian then killed himself.

References 

159 births
238 deaths
Roman Emperors
People who committed suicide
Mutya Keisha Siobhan (MKS) is an English girl group. It formed in London in 2011. Its members are Siobhán Donaghy, Mutya Buena and Keisha Buchanan. They were the original members of Sugababes, but Siobhán left in 2001, Mutya left in 2005, and Keisha left in 2009. In 2013, they released their first single "Flatline". It was unsuccessful in the UK but reached 14 in the Irish chart. Their first album will be released by Polydor in 2014. They started a UK tour in November 2013.

References

2011 establishments in England
2010s British music groups
British girl groups
Musical groups established in 2011
Musical groups from London
Canadian literature is literature written in Canada, or by Canadians. Notable writers include Charles Sangster, Saul Bellow, Margaret Atwood, Mordecai Richler, Michael Ondaatje and Alice Munro.

French Canadian literature is literature written by French Canadians.

Other websites
In English
Charles Sangster at Allpoetry.com

Canadian culture
Literature by nationality
Raymond Wallace Bolger (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987) was an American singer, dancer, and actor. He was born in Boston. His theatrical career started in vaudeville. He appeared in Broadway shows. He went to Hollywood. He appeared in several movies. He played the Scarecrow in the 1939 MGM movie The Wizard of Oz. He married Gwen Rickard in 1929. Bolger died of bladder cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 83.

References 

American dancers
American movie actors
Deaths from bladder cancer
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
1904 births
1987 deaths
Jack Haley (August 10, 1898 – June 6, 1979) was an American singer, actor, and dancer. He played the Tin Woodman in the 1939 MGM movie The Wizard of Oz.

Haley was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Haley died of a heart attack at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.

References

Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
American dancers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
Singers from Boston, Massachusetts
1898 births
1979 deaths
Bert Lahr (born Irving Lahrheim, August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American entertainer. He was born Irving Lahrheim in New York City. He started his career in vaudeville. He performed in Broadway musicals. He was in Cole Porter's  musical DuBarry was a Lady in 1939. He was also in the movie The Wizard of Oz in 1939. He played the Cowardly Lion. Lahr was married twice. He had three children. He died of cancer, aged 72.
 

1895 births
1967 deaths
Actors from New York City
Deaths from cancer
Vaudeville performers
American musical theatre actors
American movie actors
Billie Burke (August 7, 1884 - May 14, 1970) was an American stage, movie, and television actress. She was born Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke in Washington, DC. Her father was the circus clown, Billie Burke.  She married Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. on 11 April 1914. He died on 22 July 1932. They had one child, a daughter. Burke played Glinda, the Good Witch, in the 1939 MGM movie The Wizard of Oz. She died of natural causes in Los Angeles, California.

1885 births
1970 deaths
Actors from Washington, D.C.
Deaths from natural causes
American stage actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Tromsø is a city in Norway. It is in Tromsø municipality and Troms og Finnmark county. Most of the city is on a small island called Tromsøya.

Tromsø is the largest city in Northern Norway, and home to the main campus of the world's northernmost university - University of Tromsø

History
Ships, each with hundreds of tourists, came to Tromsø, already around 1850; the largest tourist attraction there, was the Sami camp in Tromsdalen.

Living polar bears were being sold in Tromsø, author Cora Sandel wrote in 1904.

The University of Tromsø was opened in Tromsø in 1972.

References

 
Norway
Troms og Finnmark
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is international organisation made in 1997 in order to watch countries according to Chemical Weapons Convention. The main office of OPCW is in The Hague, Netherlands. On October 11, 2013, OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Related pages 
Laws of war
Chemical weapon

References

Other website 
Offical site of CPCW

International organizations
1997 establishments
The Hague
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Chemical warfare
G-Unit is a hip hop group from New York. It consists of rappers 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. They are signed to 50 Cent's record label G-Unit Records. They have released several albums. The have also engaged in feuds with other musicans in the industry including Ja Rule, Game and Young Buck.

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hip hop bands
Musical groups from New York
Susanne Aartun Sundfør (born 19 March 1986 in Haugesund) is a Norwegian singer-songwriter. She has released five studio albums since 2007. She is currently making her sixth album. She has made songs with Röyksopp ("Ice Machine", "Running to the Sea"), Timbuktu ("Kapitulera"), Morten Myklebust ("Away"), Maps ("A.M.A."), Nils Petter Molvær ("Baboon Moon"), Real Ones ("Sister to All"), M83 ("Oblivion"), and Siri Nelsen and Susanna ("Death Hanging"). Odd Martin Skålnes sings on "Morocco" on Susanne Sundfør. Sundfør produced Bow to Each Other's 2013 single "Darkness". Christian Wallumrød, Ådne Meisfjord, Øystein Moen, and Morten Qvenild composed A Night At Salle Pleyel. She is a member of Hypertext. Her music contains elements of classical, jazz, and electronic music. She has been given two Norwegian Grammy Awards. Her first album Susanne Sundfør reached #3 in the Norwegian chart. The Brothel and The Silicone Veil reached number 1 in Norway. She released her first all instrumental album in 2011, A Night At Salle Pleyel. Her fifth album, The Silicone Veil, was released in 2012. Three singles were released from it in Norway: "White Foxes", "The Silicone Veil", and "Among Us". "White Foxes" was made for the movie Verden Venter. It reached 19 in the Norwegian chart. In 2015 Sundfør's sixth album Ten Love Songs was released. She lives in Oslo. She did her first tour in the United States in 2013.

References

1986 births
Living people
Norwegian singer-songwriters
People from Oslo
The Branch Davidians (also known as "The Branch") are a religious group that split in 1955 from the Davidian Seventh-day Adventists ("Davidians"), The movement is also known as "The Branch".

The Davidians divided (schism) from the Seventh-day Adventist Church ("Adventists") around 1930. Most of them had been removed from membership of the Seventh-day Adventist Church because of their beliefs.

The reform movement believed themselves to be living in a time when Bible prophecies of a final divine judgment (Christ's second coming). The name "Branch Davidian" is widely known for the Waco Siege of 1993 on their property near Waco, Texas. The 51-day siege, by the ATF, FBI, and Texas National Guard, resulted in the deaths of the Branch Davidians' leader David Koresh, 82 other Branch Davidian men, women, and children, and four ATF agents.

References

Other websites
The General Association of Branch Davidian Seventh Day Adventists

New religious movements
Christian denominations
1955 establishments in the United States
Christianity in the United States
Texas
Cults
1950s establishments in Texas
1993 in the United States
1990s in Texas
Ilene Susan Graff (born February 28, 1949) is an American actress and singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Marsha Owens in the sitcom Mr. Belvedere. She acted in this role from 1985 until 1990.

Graff was born in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents were both involved in music. She began her professional career as a teenager when she performed as a singer and commercial actress. She was taught at Martin Van Buren High School in Queens Village. She graduated from Ithaca College in 1970.

She has acted on Broadway, including in the plays Promises, Promises, Grease, Truckload, and I Love My Wife. Her work in television includes Barnaby Jones, Laverne & Shirley, Mork & Mindy, Three's Company, Lewis & Clark, and St. Elsewhere.

Filmography 

 Hart of Dixie (Hart of Dixie) (2011-2013)                             
 The Things We Carry  (The Things We Carry) (2009)
Ma-i pa-deo (Ma-i pa-deo) (2007)
 Loving Annabelle (Loving Annabelle) (2006)
 Mister Belvedere  (Mister Belvedere) (1985-1990)
 American Playhouse  (American Playhouse) (1987)
 Earthlings(Earthlings) (1984)
 13 Thirteenth Avenue  (13 Thirteenth Avenue) (1983)
 Lewis & Clark  (Lewis & Clark) (1982)
 Mork y Mindy (Mork y Mindy) (1982)
 Laverne y Shirley  (Laverne y Shirley) (1980)
 Angie  (Angie) (1980)
 Supertren (Supertren) (1979)
 Barnaby Jones  (Barnaby Jones) (1979)

Personal life 
Graff  married songwriter Ben Lanzarone. Married since 1978, the couple has a daughter Nikka Graff Lanzarone. Ilene is the older sister of Tony Award-nominated actor Todd Graff. Her cousin is actress Randy Graff.

Other websites

References

American movie actors
Living people
American television actors
Hydrogen has three main isotopes; protium (1H), deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H). These isotopes form naturally in nature. Protium and deuterium are stable. Tritium is radioactive and has a half-life of about 12 years. Scientists have created four other hydrogen isotopes (4H to 7H), but these isotopes are very unstable and do not exist naturally.

The main isotopes of hydrogen are unique because they are the only isotopes that have a name. These names are still in use today. Deuterium and tritium sometimes get their own symbols, D and T. However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry does not like these names very much, even though they are often used. There are other isotopes that had their own names when scientists studied radioactivity. But, their names are no longer used today.

Protium (hydrogen-1)

Protium is the most common isotope of hydrogen. It makes up more than 99.98% of all the hydrogen in the universe. It is named protium because it's nucleus only has one proton. Protium has an atomic mass of 1.00782504(7) u. The symbol for protium is 1H.

The proton of protium has never decayed in an observation, so scientists believe that protium is a stable isotope. New theories of particle physics predict that a proton can decay, but this decay is very slow. The proton is said to have a half-life of 1036 years. If proton decay is true, then all other nuclei that are said to be stable are actually only observationally stable, i.e. they look like they are stable. Recent experiments have shown that if proton decay does occur, it would have a half-life of 6.6 × 1033 years.

Deuterium (hydrogen-2)

Deuterium, or 2H or sometimes D, is another stable isotope of hydrogen. The isotope has one proton and one neutron. It makes up about 0.0026 – 0.0184% of all atoms of hydrogen on Earth. Deuterium is less in hydrogen gas on Earth and is more in sea water (0.015% or 150 ppm). Deuterium is not radioactive, and it will not harm living things. Deuterium can also form water molecules. Water that has deuterium instead of protium is named heavy water.

Tritium (hydrogen-3)

Tritium (3H) is the most stable radioisotope of hydrogen. That is, of all radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, tritium is the least radioactive. It has a proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. Tritium decays through beta minus decay and changes to helium-3. It has a half-life of 12.32 years.

Tritium is formed naturally by the interaction between the gases in the upper atmosphere and cosmic rays. It is also created during nuclear weapons tests. Tritium and deuterium is used in D-T nuclear fusion in stars to give out a lot of energy.

Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Crimea, (Russian: Крым),  (Ukrainian: Крим), is a peninsula in the Black Sea that separates it from the Sea of Azov. Crimea has a surface of . It is about  by . About 2.4 million people live there. On the Crimean peninsula live on Russians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks and Xoraxane Roma.

In 2022, the government of Ukraine recognized the Crimean Tatar indigenous people of Ukraine on the territory of the Crimean peninsula.

The Crimean Khanate ruled Crimea from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Late in the 18th century, the Russian Empire won a war against the Ottoman Empire and took control. The Crimean War was fought here in the 19th century. 

Crimea was part of Russia until the Soviet Union gave it to Ukraine in 1954. Ukraine gave it a limited self-rule as an autonomous — Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The seat of the government is Simferopol, which is also the biggest city. Other major cities are Sevastopol and Kerch.

In March 2014, after a series of protests in Ukraine the month before, Russian troops took control of Crimea. A referendum in Crimea by Russia was held in which over 95% of voters voted to join the Russian Federation. The Crimean Parliament quickly proclaimed independence from Ukraine as a result. The area became the Republic of Crimea, a federal subject of Russia. The referendum is not recognized by the international community. Ukraine and the world community consider Crimea de jure Ukrainian territory.  

However, Ukraine and most other countries in the world continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine. On March 24, Russia expelled from the G8 (which became the G7), and on March 27, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 68/262, which states that the referendum was invalid and Crimea still belongs to Ukraine. In later months, the United States, the European Union, and other places started economic sanctions to prevent Russian people and goods from entering those countries.

Republic of Crimea
Autonomous areas
Geography of Ukraine
Geography of Russia
Peninsulas
2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
The redback spider is a venomous spider that lives in Australia. The female is larger than the male. The female's body is about 1 centimetre long and the male's body is about 3 millimetres long. The adult female spider is usually black and usually has a red stripe on its back. The female likes to live in warm sheltered places and makes a web to catch insects and other small creatures.

The spider's bite can be very painful and dangerous to people, because it can inject a venom through its fangs. An antivenom injection is available, which can help to restore the health of people who have become very ill after being bitten by the spider.

References

Spiders
Venomous animals
Animals of Australia
A pow-wow is a ceremony practiced by the Pennsylvania Dutch. It is used to cure animals of sickness. It is mainly made up of Christian folk religion and early European beliefs.

Other websites
http://braucher.webs.com/
http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeIV/Powwow.htm
http://www.sacred-texts.com/ame/pow/index.htm

Magic (paranormal)
Vastu shastra is known as the "science of buildings". It was used to build Hindu buildings (architecture), mostly Hindu places of worship (temples).

Important ideas
People who believe in Vaastu shastra think that the universe is made of five things:

Earth (Bhumi)
Water (Jal)
Air (Vayu)
Fire (Agni)
Space (Akasha)

Other websites

http://www.vaastujunction.com/ 
Vastu Tips - Planting plants according to Vastu at your home and office
http://books.google.com/books?id=Oo-dCM_pp7wC
http://www.skepdic.com/vastu.html
http://books.google.com/books?id=e43TW6QcWS0C`
http://www.vastuconsultantmumbai.com 

Architecture
Hindu temples
Alice Pleasance Liddell (4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was a child friend of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. She inspired his two books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871). Dodgson wrote the two books using the pen name, Lewis Carroll.

Life
Alice was born in Westminster, London, one of ten children of Henry Liddell and his wife Lorina. Her father was Dean of Christ Church college in Oxford. Dodgson was a mathematics don, a Fellow at the college. He was 24 years old when he met Alice on 25 April 1856. He was an expert photographer, and took a number of photographs of her.

Alice and her sisters Edith and Lorina took little trips with Dodgson. They had boating parties and other outdoor adventures. Dodgson told stories on these trips. He started the story of Alice in Wonderland during a boat trip on the Thames on 4 July 1862. In 1864, his trips with the girls were brought to an end by their mother. It is not known why.

Alice grew up a refined young woman. She married Reginald Hargreaves in Westminster Abbey in 1880. The couple lived in a country house in Hampshire. Alice was a very capable person. She managed many servants. She arranged balls and parties. She had three sons. Two were killed in World War I. Her husband never overcame this loss. He died in 1926.

Mrs. Hargreaves sold some of her Alice memorabilia through Sotheby's. This sale included the original Alice manuscript. It had been the gift of Dodgson. It was bought by an American. It was returned to the United Kingdom during World War II. It now is in the British Museum. Alice died in 1934 in Westerham, Kent. She was cremated and buried in the Hargreaves family plot in Hampshire.

Notes

References
 

1852 births
1934 deaths
People from Westminster
Lewis Carroll
Nazi mysticism is a commonly held belief that Hitler and the Nazi Party practiced the occult. This idea has been part of popular culture since 1959.

There are many documentaries made about this belief.

Other websites
https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/1404/hitlerengl.html&date=2009-10-25+16:54:32

Nazism
Occult
Religion in Germany
Anthroposophy is a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner. The philosophy teaches that through inner development a person can better know the spiritual world.

Anthropos is a Greek word that means "human being". Sophos means "wise". Steiner believed every human being had the wisdom to understand the mysteries of existence.  He left the German Theosophical Society in 1912 trading divine wisdom for human wisdom.

Central ideas
Anthroposophy does not have a rigid set of beliefs.  It is said to be a philosophy of freedom.  Each person connects to the world through an individual path.

The path to wisdom is based on research.  The research leads to knowledge.  This is similar to teachings of Thomas Aquinas.  Anthroposophy is different in that it pursues knowledge of science, the arts and spirituality all together.

The philosophy also teaches respect of other humans.  It encourages support of others in their interest and learning of the spiritual world.  To support this, Steiner created The Anthroposophical Society in 1923.  It is now called the General Anthroposophical Society.  The society has groups and national societies in over 75 countries.

Other websites
 Rudolf Steiner Archive
 General Anthroposophical Society

Esotericism
Spirituality
Branches of philosophy
A soliloquy is a special kind of speech in a play. In a soliloquy, the character speaks to themselves. Other characters of the play are not aware of what is said. That way, the character can share certain thoughts or feelings with the audience. 

There are many famous soliloquies in Shakespeare's plays such as the "To be or not to be" soliloquy in Hamlet, the "Is this a dagger" and the "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" soliloquies in Macbeth, and the "Bottom's Dream" soliloquy in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Plays changed towards realism in the 18th century. Soliloquies became less common in plays.

References

Drama
Literature
In metalworking, casting is the act of pouring liquid metal in to a mold. When it hardens it is sometimes called a cast or casting.

Casting processes have been used for thousands of years. It is widely used for making sculptures, jewellery, weapons and tools.

Other websites 

Sculpture
Manufacturing
Nepal is divided into 14 administrative zones (anchal) and 77 districts (jillā). The 14 administrative zones are grouped into five development regions.

In 1962, Nepal reorganized into 14 administrative zones but, around 1995, zones fell into disuse, so the already existing development regions effectively became the primary subdivisions.

The administrative zones, by development regions and from east to west, are the following:

Related pages
Administrative divisions of Nepal
Development Regions of Nepal
Districts of Nepal

References
William Jack "Willie" Degel (born September 1, 1967) is an American entrepreneur who started and is the chief financial officer of the Uncle Jack's Steakhouse chain of restaurants in New York City. He is best known as the host of Restaurant Stakeout on Food Network. He was born in Queens, New York.

Degel opened his first restaurant, Hollywood and Main, in June 1990 in Flushing, Queens. Six years later, he opened Uncle Jack's Steakhouse, which has three locations in New York City. In March 2012, Degel began hosting Restaurant Stakeout, where he goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having.

References

Other websites
 Food Network biography
 Uncle Jack's Steakhouse website

Businesspeople from New York
American television personalities
1967 births
Living people
Restaurateurs
DVD-Audio is an audio format similar to the CD. It is commonly claimed to have higher audio quality than the CD. DVD-Audio has not become popular due to the cost and rarity of the players, and because the traditional CD is considered good enough. Tests have shown that the traditional CD already has the highest possible audio quality. This has been mathematically proven by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. DVD-Audio does, however, support surround sound, and many DVD-Audio releases are available with surround sound. The traditional CD theoretically supports surround sound too, but, with the exception of DTS and Dolby Surround-encoded CDs, no surround-capable CD player has ever been made, and no surround-formatted CD has ever been released.

Technical details 
DVD-audio supports multiple sample rates, including 44.1 (same as CD), 48 (same as DAT and DVD-Video), 88.2, 96, 176.4, and 192 kHz, with either 16, 20, or 24-bit encoding. Surround sound is supported up to the 96 kHz sample rate; higher sample rates can only be in mono or stereo. DVD-Audio also uses 56-bit encryption on the audio data (DVD-Video uses 40-bit CSS encryption and CD does not use encryption). The 56-bit encryption algorithm is a modified version of DES, and like DES it has been broken. DVD-Video content may be present on a DVD-Audio disc to enable compatibility with video-only players. Unlike Super Audio CD, there is no mechanism for compatibility with standard CD players.

References 

Audio disc
DVD
Boris Christoff (18 May 1914 – 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian singer. He sang in the bass range. Critics thought him to be one of the great acting singers of the 20th century. He sang some 40 roles. His most famous role was Boris Godunov. He also received kudos for his Philip II in Verdi's Don Carlo, and for his Mephistopheles in Gounod's Faust. He sang several Wagnerian roles. These included Hagen in Gotterdammerung and King Mark in Tristan und Isolde.

Christoff was born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He sang in the Gusla Choir. King Boris of Bulgaria gave him a private stipend to study in Rome. He studied with Riccardo Stracciari. He also studied in Salzburg, Austria. After World War II, Christoff lived in Rome. In 1950, he was hired to sing the title role in Boris Godunov at Covent Garden. This became the role he was known for. He sang in the United States. He never sang at the Metropolitan Opera. Problems with his visa made this impossible.

References
 

European opera singers
1914 births
1993 deaths
Bulgarian singers
The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula  (, Penisola appenninica) is a large peninsula of Southern Europe. It extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Ionian and Adriatic Seas on the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west. It is located in between two larger peninsulas, the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula. Because of the peninsula's shape, it is nicknamed Lo Stivale ("The Boot"). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur").

The peninsula is about  long, starting from the Po Valley in the north. The Apennine Mountains cover most of its length. It mainly has the Mediterranean climate, though in the mountainous parts the climate is much cooler.

Since the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus (end of 1st century BC), the northern border of the peninsula has been set on the Alps drainage basin. Geographically, however, its northern end runs from the Magra to the Rubicon rivers, north of the Apennines in Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. This definition does not include the Po Valley or the southern slopes of the Alps.

Nearly all of the peninsula is part of the Italian Republic, apart from San Marino and the Vatican City.

 la

Related pages
 Italia (Roman province)
 Balkan Peninsula
 Iberian Peninsula

References

Peninsulas
Regions of Europe
The Battle of Reading was fought in 871 at Reading. It was one of a series of battles between invading vikings and the Anglo-Saxons of Wessex. The viking (also called Danish) army was led by Bagsecg and Halfdan Ragnarsson. This was a large combined army. The viking army was attempting to conquer Wessex. The Wessex army was led by king Athelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred. Both the battle and the campaign it was a part of are described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This account provides the earliest known written record of the existence of the town of Reading. The Vikings had established a camp at Reading. The camp had several natural defenses. It was protected by the Thames and Kennet rivers on two sides, and by a rampart on the western side. Three days after their arrival, a party of Danes rode out towards nearby Englefield. There they met a West Saxon force under the command of Ealdorman Athelwulf. In the Battle of Englefield many of the Danes were killed, and the rest driven back to Reading. Four days later, Athelwulf was joined by the main West Saxon army, led by King Athelred and his brother, Alfred. The entire Saxon force marched on Reading. In the battle that followed the Vikings defeated the Wessex army and it was driven back. Aethelwulf, the ealdorman, was killed in the fighting.

Related pages
 Great Heathen Army

References

Reading
Anglo-Saxons
Reading 871
871
9th century in England
An auditory hallucination is a type of hallucination in which a person thinks they hear sounds, but the sounds are not actually there. In medical terms, it is called a paracusia. A common form involves hearing one or more voices talking. This can be a sign of some psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia or mania. It is very important sign when deciding that a patient has one of these conditions.

People may hear voices without suffering from any specific mental illness. The causes are still being researched. The main cause of auditory hallucinations in psychotic patients is schizophrenia. The underlying problems in these cases may be genetic.

There are three main ways in which the hallucination may form: a person hearing a voice speak thoughts, a person hearing one or more voices arguing, or a person hearing a voice narrating their own actions. There can be other types of auditory hallucinations besides these three. These include hearing music playing inside the mind, usually songs that the person is familiar with. This is usually caused by damage to the brain, hearing loss or epileptic activity.

The main method of treating auditory hallucinations is antipsychotic medications that affect the body's dopamine metabolism. If the hallucinations are being caused by a mood disorder, then other medications (such as antidepressants or mood stabilizers) are often used together with the antipsychotics. These treatments may stop the hallucinations, but they are not a cure as they do not fix the cause of the problem. Some psychological therapies have been shown to help lower the intensity of the hallucinations and how often they occur.

Related pages 
 Thought disorder
 Logorrhea (psychology)

References

More reading

Psychosis
Medical signs
The districts of Nepal ( - jillā) are the second level in the administrative subdivision of the country.

There are 77 districts that are grouped in 7 provinces. Within the districts are the municipalities and the rural municipalities.

List of districts by province

Province No. 1

Province No. 2

Province No. 3

Gandaki Pradesh

Province No. 5

Karnali Pradesh

Province No. 7

Related pages
Administrative divisions of Nepal
Development Regions of Nepal
Zones of Nepal

References

Other websites

Nepal Maps
São Paulo Cathedral is the main Catholic church in the archdiocese of São Paulo, Brazil. It was completed in 1967. It is an example of Gothic Revival architecture.

Other websites
Cathedral website 

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Cathedral
Buildings and structures in Brazil
1967 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
Sweet Genius is a reality-themed television cooking competition series that airs on Food Network. It is hosted by pastry chef Ron Ben-Israel. It started on September 9, 2011. It is similar to Chopped in that four confectionery and pastry chefs compete in three rounds on the show: Frozen, Baked, and Chocolate. After each round, one chef is eliminated until one chef is left. The winning chef wins $10,000. In each round, there are two ingredients that the chefs must use along with an inspiration that they must base their dish on. The first ingredient that they must use and the inspiration are shown at the beginning of the round, while the second ingredient is shown in the middle of the round. Sometimes, there will be three ingredients. Each round has a limited amount of time that the chefs must make their dish in. There are 40 minutes for the first round, 50 minutes for the second round, and 60 minutes for the final round. After each round, Ben-Israel tastes and gives his thoughts on each chef's dish, and then eliminates one chef.

References

Other websites
 Official website

American reality television series
Food Network
2011 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Pelagia noctiluca is a jellyfish. In Latin, Pelagia means "of the sea", nocti stands for night and luca means light thus Pelagia noctiluca can be described as a marine organism with the ability to glow in the dark.  

This species is commonly known as the mauve stinger. It occurs in warm and temperate waters of the world's oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It is also found in the Pacific Ocean, with sightings in warm waters off Hawaii, southern California and Mexico. 

It is an offshore species, although sometimes it is washed near the coastlines and may be stranded in great numbers on beaches. The color varies. As well as pink or mauve, it is sometimes shades of golden yellow to tan.

In an unprecedented event on November 21, 2007, a  swarm of jellyfish wiped out a 100,000-fish salmon farm in Northern Ireland, causing around £1 million worth of damage.

As its name implies P. noctiluca has the ability to bioluminesce, or produce light.  Light is given off in the form of flashes when the medusa is stimulated by the turbulence of a ship’s motion or by waves.  This flashing is short, and gradually fades.

References 

Jellyfish
Cnidarians
Ryan Nugent-Hopkins (born April 12, 1993 in Burnaby, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was selected by the Edmonton Oilers with the 1st overall pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.

Sources 

1993 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
People from Burnaby
American Hockey League players
Alexander Douglas "Alex" Smith (born May 7, 1984) is an American football quarterback for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football for University of Utah.

Smith was the first person taken in the 2005 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He played for the 49ers between 2005 and 2013.

References

1984 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Kansas City Chiefs players
San Francisco 49ers players
Sean Daley (born September 7, 1972) is an American rapper. He is better known by his stage names Slug or Sep Seven. He is best known for being the lead singer of the hip hop group Atmosphere.

Slug is from Minnesota. His stage name is a nickname that was given to him by his father. It was originally Sluggo by later shortened to Slug.

Slug has been involved in several projects. He formed Atmosphere in 1989. He worked with several other rap musicians in the late 1990s to form The Dynospectrum. They released an album, The Dynospectrum, in 1998. He formed another group, Deep Puddle Dynamics, in the same year. In 2000, Slug started Felt with Murs, another rap musician. They have released three albums.

In 2005, Slug started a record label with Murs, called Women Records.

References

Other websites
 Women Records

African American musicians
American rap musicians
Living people
1972 births
Musicians from Minnesota
Provenance is the history of ownership, or the position of a historical object. It comes from the French provenir, meaning "to come from".

The term was originally used in relation to works of art. It is now used in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, paleontology, archives, manuscripts, printed books, and science and computing. The main reason to trace the provenance of an object is to get evidence of its original production or discovery. This has a special value to help authenticate objects, to prove what they are. Provenance is essentially a matter of documentation.

In archaeology the term provenience is used in related but a subtly different sense to provenance. Archaeological researchers use provenience to refer to the three-dimensional location or find spot of an artifact or feature within an archaeological site, whereas provenance covers an object's complete documented history. Ideally, in modern excavations, the provenience or find spot is recorded (even videoed) with great precision, but in older cases only the general site or approximate area may be known, especially when an artifact was found outside a professional excavation and its specific position not recorded. An object may have both a provenience (where it was found) and a provenance (where it has been since it was found). In some cases, especially where there is an inscription, the provenance may include a history that predates its burial in the ground, as well as its history after rediscovery.

References 

Words
Archaeology
Art
Paleontology
Eastern Development Region (Nepali:पुर्वाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र) is one of Nepal's five development regions. It is at the eastern end of the country with headquarters at Dhankuta.

Geography
The Eastern Development Region has Sikkim and West Bengal (India) to the east, Bihar (India) to the south, the Central Development Region to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

It is the third largest Development Region of Nepal with an area of  but the second in population with 5,811,555 (21.9% of total) people living there; its population density is 204.2 persons/km2.

The region has three ecological zones: the high mountains, the hills and the Terai.

The highest mountain in the region, and in the world, is Mount Everest; it is in the Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone. The lowest point of Nepal, Kechana Kalan is also here, in the Jhapa district; it is near the Mechi river and close to the border with India.

The most important rivers in the Eastern Development Region are the Kosi (also spelled Kosi), tributary of the Ganges river; and the Mechi, tributary of the Mahananda River. Nepal's largest river system (the Kosi) and its highest waterfall (the Hyatrung in the Terhathum district) are found in this region. The Hyatrung waterfall () is  high.

It is rich in biodiversity, with for example 28 species of Rhododendron (out of the 31 species available in Nepal) found in the Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area.

Cities
The major cities of this region are Biratnagar, Dharan, Dhankuta, Itahari, Rajbiraj, Birtamod Urlabari and Damak. Other notable places are Namche Bazaar (the town near the base camp of Mt. Everest), Gaighat, Lahan, Ilam, etc.

Administrative subdivisions
The Eastern Development Region has 3 Zones, parallel to each other, with a total of 16 Districts, 893 Village Development Committees (VDCs), 1 Sub-metropolitan city, and 13 Municipalities; the zones and districts are:

References

Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
Districts of Nepal
Zones of Nepal

Other websites
 Administrative Division of Nepal - Geonames
 Purvāñcala
 Nepalese Army: Eastern Division 

Subdivisions of Nepal
The branle is an old French dance of the 16th century. Though French in origin, it spread to most of western Europe. Spelling varies greatly:  bransle, brangle, brawl, brawle, brall(e), braul(e), or (Scot.) brantle.

Dance 
There are few descriptions of the dance steps. It is a sequence dance performed with partners in lines or circles. In John Marston's The Malcontent (1604), act 4, scene 2, the character Guerrino describes the steps of a dance called Beanchaes brawl (Bianca's branle): t'is but two singles on the left, two on the right, three doubles forward, a trauerse of six round: do this twice, three singles side, galliard tricke of twentie, curranto pace; a figure of eight, three singles broken downe, come vp, meete two doubles, fall backe, and then honour.

A more detailed and more accessible account is given of the Scots branle by the dance historian Melusine Wood.

Music 
The music for the dance was written in duple or triple meter, depedning on the type of branle. The four types are simple, duple, guy, and Burgandian, as described by Thoinot Arbeau in his Orchesography.

Further reading 
 Reprinted New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. .
Heartz, Daniel 1998. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 242-245. Macmillan. 
Marston, John 1999. The Malcontent, edited by George K. Hunter, with a new introduction, together with a revised reading text and commentary notes. Revels Plays. Manchester University Press. .
Semmens, Richard T. 1997. Branles, Gavottes and Contredanses in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Dance Research 15, 2, 35–62.

References

Other websites 
Branle on Cunnan website:  

Ballroom dances
French culture
Marlon Jackson (born March 12, 1957) is an American singer and musician. He was a member of the boy band The Jackson 5. In 1980 he appeared on his sister La Toya Jackson's first album. This was his first music outside of The Jackson 5. In 1987, he released a solo album, Baby Tonight. Unlike his brothers, he did not continue to work in music after this apart from the 1989 single "2300 Jackson Street" with The Jacksons.

Career

The Jackson 5
Marlon joined The Jackson 5 as a percussionist. He was later a singer for the group. He also played the conga and tambourine. In 1968 The Jackson 5 were signed to Motown Records. They released their first single "I Want You Back" in 1969. It reached number one in the United States. Their next three singles also went to number one. The band have sold 150 million records. In 1997 the band were given a star in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

References  

1957 births
Living people
African American musicians
Jackson family
American pop musicians
Singers from Indiana
Musicians from Indiana
An ice sheet is a large mass of glacier ice that covers an area of more than . It may also be called a continental glacier. There are two ice sheets in the world at the moment: in Antarctica and Greenland.

Ice sheets are larger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km2 are called ice caps. The ice in an ice cap usually comes from a series of glaciers that drain into it.

The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million km2 and contains 30 million km3 of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the Earth's surface is held in this ice sheet. If all of it were to melt, it would cause sea levels to rise by 58 metres. The ice sheet first formed in the early Oligocene. It retreated and advanced many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica.

The Greenland ice sheet covers about 82% of the surface of Greenland. Satellite images from NASA show that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometres (57.3 cubic miles) each year. If all of it melted, it would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres. The ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, but apparently developed very quickly. This had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet.

References

Landforms
John Davis (born in 1784 in Surrey) was an American ship captain from New Haven, Connecticut. He is thought to have been the first to land on mainland Antarctica. He is one of four explorers who share this claim. In February 1821 he may have landed a boat at Hughes Bay. The Davis Strait which separates Baffin Bay from the Labrador Sea was named by William Baffin in 1916. He probably named it after John Davis. 

On March 20, 1820, Davis left New Haven, Connecticut for a trip to the Pacific Ocean. He had received news of the discovery of the South Shetland Islands while he was anchored at the Falkland Islands. Learning there were large numbers of seals there, he and another ship captain sailed their vessels to Greenwich Island. But it was too late in the season and other sealers were there before them. So Davis took his ship, named Cecilia, in search of seals further south. Finding many seals at Low Island he continued southwards. He probably came upon Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. His ship's log records he found "a large body of land." He sent a boat to shore to look for seals but found none. He also wrote "I think this southern land to be a continent". He also wrote in the log the latitude was 64°01'S (sixty-four degrees, one minute, south). Davis continued his journey back to Greenwich Island arriving there on 10 February, 1821. He wintered at the Falkland Islands and returned to seal hunting the following season. It remains impossible, however, to prove he was the first to reach Antarctica.

References

American explorers
1784 births
People from Surrey
English explorers
People from Connecticut
Antarctica
Year of death unknown
The Superman suit is the costume of the fictional comic-book character Superman, a superhero appearing in DC Comics.

Superman
Clothing
Sonkajärvi is a municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the Northern Savonia region. The municipality was founded in 1922. In August 2013, 4,596 people lived there.

Other websites
 The official Sonkajärvi page , in Finnish

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
1922 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Finland
Robert Francis "Bob" McDonnell (born June 15, 1954) is an American politician. He was the 71st Governor of Virginia from 2010 to 2014. He was on the executive committee of the Republican Governors Association. He succeeded Rick Perry of Texas.

McDonnell was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1993 to 2006. McDonnell was the Attorney General of Virginia from 2006 to 2009.

Personal life
McDonnell was born on June 15, 1954 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Notre Dame University, at Boston University, and at Regent University. McDonnell is married to Maureen Gardner. They have five children.

Corruption charges
On January 21, 2014, McDonnell and his wife, Maureen, were accused on federal corruption charges.  They were convicted of most charges by a federal jury on September 4, 2014.  McDonnell is the first Virginia governor to be indicted – and the first Virginia governor to be convicted of a felony. McDonnell was sentenced on January 6, 2015 to two years in prison, followed by two years of supervised release.

Sources

Other websites

Governor Bob McDonnell official state site

1954 births
Living people
American military people
Boston University alumni
Colonels
Criminals from Pennsylvania
Governors of Virginia
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
US Republican Party politicians
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951) is an American singer. He is the second child of Katherine and Joe Jackson. He was a member of The Jackson 5. The band has sold 150 million records around the world. They had four number one singles in the United States. The group released their first album Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 in 1969. The group released nine more studio albums on Motown. In 1976 they left the label. They were signed to Epic Records. The Jackson 5's name changed to The Jacksons. They released six albums.
He released two solo albums, Jackie Jackson (1973) and Be the One (1989). He lives in Las Vegas. He runs two record companies, Jesco Records and Futurist Entertainment there.

Personal life
He has two children with his first wife Enid Adren Spann. She divorced him after catching him cheating with Paula Abdul. . In 2001 Jackson married his second wife Victoria Triggs.

1951 births
Living people
Jackson family
African American musicians
Singers from Indiana