cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Events 
 Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast
 Portuguese erect the Fort of Sao Jorge de Mina near the mouth of River Benya
 Tizoc rules the Aztecs
 Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo.
 Ivan III renounces the Mongol Khanate rule over Russia
 Fictive date of Victor Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
Franz Adolf Berwald was a Swedish composer of the 19th Century. He was born in Stockholm on 23 July 1786. He died in Stockholm on 3 April 1868. While he was alive, people generally ignored his composing work, so he had to do other things to gain a living. He worked as an orthopedic surgeon, and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory. Franz adolf berwald came from a family with four generations of musicians.

Today, many people see him as one of the finest Swedish composers of the 19th century.

Composers
Writers from Stockholm
Romantic composers
1786 births
1868 deaths
Chemnitz is a city in Germany. It is in the state of Saxony. In 2006, about 245,000 people lived there.

During the partition of Germany Chemnitz was in East Germany. From 1953 to 1990 Chemnitz was called Karl-Marx-Stadt. The name was in reference to the social reformer Karl Marx. Now the city has its old name. This name is from the river that flows through it.

The first mention of the city was in 1143. The city had an important role in the Industrial Revolution. In about 1883, the city population passed 100.000 inhabitants.

Geography 
Chemnitz is north of the Ore Mountains in the western part of the Bundesland Saxony. It is the 3rd biggest city in Saxony with about 245.000 inhabitants. The area is about 220 km2. There is a river that is also called Chemnitz.
The average temperature is 8 °C and the amount of rain and snow every year (annual precipitation) is 700 mm.

Sights 
The Karl-Marx-Monument has been an attraction of the city since 1971. The 7,10 meter high statue was created by the Russian artist Lev Kerbel. The inhabitants of Chemnitz call it "Nischel", which means head in the dialect of the area.

The Roter Turm (the red tower)is one of Chemnitz's oldest sites; it was built in the 12th or 13th century and was once part of the city wall.

The town hall of Chemnitz consists of two buildings. The old town hall was built in the 15th century. The new townhall, on the other hand, was built at the beginning of the 20th century and was designed by Richard Möbius. The new town hall was erected next to the old one.

One of the new attractions of the city is das Tietz. The former department store was constructed in 1912/1913. Today the Museum for Natural History, the public library, an adult education centre, a gallery and the Petrified Forest are here.

Railway 

Chemnitz had an ICE connection for a short time, until 2006. Chemnitz is part of the railway line Dresden - Chemnitz - Hof - Nuremberg which is called 'Franken - Sachsen - Magistrale'. Today an InterRegioExpress services Dresden, Nuremberg and Leipzig. There are regional train (RegionalBahn) connections to the Ore Mountains and to Elsterwerda.

Main roads 
Here are listed on the most important roads of the metropolitan:
 A 4 : Highway, Frankfurt - Giessen - Erfurt - Chemnitz - Dresden - Görlitz - Wroclaw - Kraków
 A 72: Highway, Hof - Zwickau - Chemnitz - Geithain ( - Leipzig)

 B 95: federal highway, Annaberg-Buchholz - Chemnitz - Borna - Leipzig
 B 107: federal highway, Pritzwalk - Dessau - Grimma - Chemnitz

 B 169: federal highway, Neuensalz - Chemnitz - Riesa - Elsterwerda - Cottbus
 B 173: federal highway, Bad Staffelstein - Hof - Chemnitz - Dresden
 B 174: federal highway, Marienberg (Ore mountains) - Chemnitz

Public transport 
Chemnitz has got a big tram and a big bus network. There are 6 tram lines and 25 (+1 at fair days) bus lines. These networks belong to CVAG, the transport companies of Chemnitz.

References
This is a list of Brazilian football teams.

List of clubs sorted by state

Acre 
State championship: Campeonato Acreano

Alagoas 
State championship: Campeonato Alagoano

Defunct clubs

Amapá 
State championship: Campeonato Amapaense

Amazonas 
State championship: Campeonato Amazonense

Bahia 
State championship: Campeonato Baiano

Ceará 
State championship: Campeonato Cearense

Distrito Federal 
State championship: Campeonato Brasiliense

Defunct clubs

Espírito Santo 
State championship: Campeonato Capixaba

Defunct clubs

Goiás 
State championship: Campeonato Goiano

Maranhão 
State championship: Campeonato Maranhense

Mato Grosso 
State championship: Campeonato Matogrossense

Defunct clubs

Mato Grosso do Sul 
State championship: Campeonato Sul-Matogrossense

Defunct clubs

Minas Gerais 
State championship: Campeonato Mineiro

Defunct clubs

Pará 
State championship: Campeonato Paraense

Paraíba 
State championship: Campeonato Paraibano

Paraná 
State championship: Campeonato Paranaense

Defunct clubs

Pernambuco 
State championship: Campeonato Pernambucano

Defunct clubs

Piauí 
State championship: Campeonato Piauiense

Defunct clubs

Rio de Janeiro 
State championship: Campeonato Carioca

Defunct clubs

Rio Grande do Norte 
State championship: Campeonato Potiguar

Rio Grande do Sul 
State championship: Campeonato Gaúcho

Defunct clubs

Rondônia 
State championship: Campeonato Rondoniense

Roraima 
State championship: Campeonato Roraimense

Santa Catarina 
State championship: Campeonato Catarinense

São Paulo 
State championship: Campeonato Paulista

Defunct clubs

Sergipe 
State championship: Campeonato Sergipano

Tocantins 
State championship: Campeonato Tocantinense

Lists of football teams
A songwriter is a writer who creates songs. A songwriter generally writes songs for popular music, rather than art songs or classical music. Many songwriters are also singers, and perform the songs they write - they are called singer-songwriters. Other songwriters have their songs performed by other singers.

History 
The history of writing songs is thousands of years old. Scholars believe that men and women may have created and sung songs even at the time of prehistory. Many modern bands have one or two members who write songs for the band. Others have more members contribute songs, or give the whole band credit for writing. Others perform songs by outside writers.

Famous songwriters
John Lennon and Paul McCartney, members of The Beatles
Brian Wilson and Mike Love, members of The Beach Boys
Elton John and Bernie Taupin
Paul Anka
Burt Bacharach
Bob Dylan
Stephen Foster
Woody Guthrie
Johnny Mercer
Willie Nelson
Mickey Newbury
Harry Nilsson
Laura Nyro
Dolly Parton
Cole Porter
Glen Ballard
Diane Warren
Neil Young

Related pages
Composer

Music industry
 
Entertainment occupations
Hezbollah (, meaning Party of God) is an Islamic political party and paramilitary organization in Lebanon. It was formed in Lebanon in 1982, during the Lebanese Civil War. The leader of Hezbollah is currently Hassan Nasrallah.

Hezbollah's main goals during the Civil War were to fight against Western influences and create an Islamic state in Lebanon .Its members are Shia Muslims which are the largest Islamic denomination in Lebanon. It is also supports Arab nationalism. It wants freedom for the Palestinian people in Palestine. Because of this, it believes that the State of Israel should not exist, and fights against it. Over the years, the Hezbollah militia has fought a guerrilla war against the Israeli Army along the border in southern Lebanon. It often attacks Israel's military positions by firing rockets across Israel's northern border.

Hezbollah is supported by Syria, Iran, Russia, Lebanon and Iraq.

Opposition 
To destroy Hezbollah bases, Israel has responded in different ways; for example, air strikes on sites in Lebanon and sending ground troops into Southern Lebanon. In 2000, Israel withdrew its troops from the "security zone" in Southern Lebanon, but not from a sliver of land called Shebba Farms. This fertile area was kept under Israeli occupation. The border stayed relatively quiet until July 2006, except for targeted assassinations and kidnappings by Israel. In July, Hezbollah captured two Israeli soldiers. This led to the 2006 Lebanon War, in which Hezbollah rockets reached deep into Israel.

A few governments consider Hezbollah a terrorist group. The majority do not. Among those who consider it to be a terrorist group are the United States, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and Israel. The European Union and the United Kingdom consider Hezbollah's military branch to be a terrorist group, but not the political party. Lebanon considers Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance movement. This view is shared by Syria, Iran and all other countries in the Arab world.Russia considers Hezbollah as a legitimate sociopolitical organization while China remains neutral, and maintains contacts with Hezbollah. Other countries that do not consider Hezbollah a terror organization includes Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and others.

References

Other websites 
Official website 
Another official Hezbollah website 
UN Press Release SC/8181 UN, September 2, 2004
Yahoo - Hezbollah  directory category

1985 establishments in Asia
Nationalist organizations in Asia
Political parties in Asia
Islamic terrorism
Shia organizations
Arab–Israeli conflict
20th-century establishments in Lebanon
Politics of Lebanon
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, usually called Palmeiras, is a Brazilian football team. They are from São Paulo, Brazil. The team was founded  by an Italian-speaking community on August 26, 1914, as Palestra Itália. They changed to the name used now on September 14, 1942.

They play in green shirts, white shorts and green socks and are one of the most popular and traditional Brazilian clubs.

Palmeiras plays at the Palestra Itália stadium, which has seats for 32,000. But in the past, local derbies against São Paulo or Corinthians were usually played in Morumbi stadium. However, the Arena Palestra Itália is under construction with capacity for 45,000 people, expected to be finalized in 2013.

Name 
 1914–1942 S.S. Palestra Italia
 1942–present S.E. Palmeiras

Main titles 
 Copa Rio: 1951
 Libertadores Cup: 1999 and 2020
 Copa Mercosul: 1998
 Campeonato Brasileiro: 1960, 1967, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1993, 1994, 2016 and 2018 – greatest champion
 Copa do Brasil: 1998, 2012, 2015 and 2020/21
 Copa dos Campeões: 2000
 Campeão do Século
 Torneio Rio-SP: 1933, 1951, 1965, 1993 and 2000
 Campeonato Paulista: 1920, 1926 (unbeaten), 1927, 1932 (unbeaten), 1933, 1934, 1936, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1947,1950, 1959 (super champions), 1963, 1966, 1972 (unbeaten), 1974, 1976, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2008 and 2020.
 Campeonato Paulista Extra: 1926 (unbeaten) and 1938

Related pages
 List of Brazilian football teams

Other websites 
 Palmeiras official site 

Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
1914 establishments in Brazil
According to Hindu mythology, Agastya was the name of a famous sage (rishi). The Hindu tradition states that he brought the Vedic culture to the southern part of India. He also helped in development of Tamil language. According to traditional belief, he still lives in a mountain names Agasyta Malai in Tamil Nadu, India. Scholars believe that Agastya wrote many hymns of Rigveda. He also find mention many times in the Vedic mythology.

There are many stories about Agastya.  In the famous Hindu epic, the Ramayana, Rama (an avatar of god Vishnu) meets Agastya. Agastya gives Rama many advices and his support. There are two older stories about Agastya. One story tells that he forced the Vindhya mountains to bow down. The Vindhya Mountain is in middle of India, and divided the North India and the South India. In the second story, he drank all the waters of the ocean. This happened before the Churning of the Ocean.

References 
 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola

Hindu mythology
Tamil culture
The International Criminal Court (ICC) was created on 1 July 2002. It investigates and punishes people for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It is sometimes called the ICC or the ICCt.

The ICC's main office is in The Hague in The Netherlands. It has smaller offices in New York City, Kampala, Kinshasa, Bunia, Abéché and Bangui.

The ICC is different from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The main difference is that ICJ settles arguments between countries, but the ICC punishes people.

Members 

On 1 January 2008, 105 countries were members of the ICC. These countries have a duty to help the ICC.

Nearly all the countries in Europe and South America are members, and about half the countries in Africa are members. Only a few countries in Asia have joined.

What kind of crimes does the ICC investigate? 
The ICC can normally only investigate three kinds of crime:
 Crimes that were committed in member-countries
 Crimes that were committed by people from member-countries
 Crimes that the United Nations Security Council wants the ICC to investigate

The ICC can only investigate crimes that happened after 1 July 2002. It can only open a case when national courts are not able to or do not want to. If a national court is investigating or prosecuting a case, the ICC is not allowed to.

Who does what? 

There are 18 judges in the ICC. They all come from member-countries of the ICC. No two judges can come from the same country.

The prosecutor's job is to investigate crimes. If he finds evidence that a person did something wrong, he asks the judges to start a trial.

The ICC is managed by an "Assembly of States Parties". The Assembly elects the judges and the prosecutor. Each ICC member-country has one vote in the Assembly.

Cases 
The ICC has opened investigations in four places: Northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and Darfur. 

The ICC has arrested three people. They are all from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Thomas Lubanga is accused of using children to make war. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are both accused of murder, sexual slavery, using children to make war, and other crimes.

Other websites 
 The ICC's website

References 

International organizations
The Hague
According to Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Brahma is one of the three major gods of Hindus. Brahma is said to be the creator of the whole universe. The other two gods are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer, all three of which make up the Trimurti.

Hindu tradition states that Brahma originally had five heads. However, the mythological story tells that Shiva ordered Bherav to cut one of the heads of Brahma because Brahma lied, saying that he had found the finite source of the actually infinite Linga of light that was Shiva's manifestation. He had not found it, but had come only to the highest heaven and not to the Transcendent, Shiva. The tradition also states that the remaining four heads of Brahma represent many aspects of Hinduism. The four heads represent four Vedas, which are very important Hindu scriptures. It is said that the four heads of Brahma are eternally reciting the four Vedas in penance for having lied. These four heads also represent four divisions of time of Hinduism, the Yugas. They also represent four divisions of the Hindu society, the four Varnas.

Other websites 

 www.gurjari.net
 The Brahma-Samhita  (Brahmasamhita.com)
 Brahma's Prayers for Creative Energy  (vedabase.net)
 Brahma: The God with Only Three Temples  (boloji.com)
 Indian Gods and Goddesses - Brahma  (indiayogi.com)

Hindu gods and goddesses
Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex.

In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy will be the same, except for rare mutations. They are clones.

The main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. This type of reproduction is common among some single-cell organisms, for example, Amoeba. Many plants also reproduce asexually, for example by means of runners. The individual zooids in a particular coral  or bryozoan are usually genetically identical. They are formed by asexual reproduction of the first individual to arrive in a place. One whole order of the rotifers, the bdelloid rotifers, has no sexual reproduction. Many types of living things have a double cycle. At one stage they have sexual reproduction, at another they simply multiply by splitting, or producing eggs which develop without fertilisation (aphids). All the daughters of the honey bee develop from unfertilised eggs. So, asexual reproduction is common in many forms of life.

Types of asexual reproduction

Binary fission 

Some organisms like bacteria reproduce using binary fission. They split in two, so one bacterium becomes two bacteria. This always leads to daughter cells, and the offspring will be identical to the parent.

Budding 

Budding is similar to binary fission, but it is used by plants and some animals, which cannot simply split in half as bacteria can. It is when a small part of a plant or animal breaks off and then, while they are separated from their "mother", they start to grow until both the "parent" and the "offspring" are the same size and both are capable of budding again. This may happen many more times.

Parthenogenesis 
Parthenogenesis is found in both plants and animals. Eggs develop without fertilisation. Examples occur in water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps. Parthenogenesis is very rare for vertebrates.

Vegetative propagation 
Very common in some types of plants using rhizomes or stolons (for example in strawberry). Other plants form bulbs or tubers (for example tulip bulbs and dahlia tubers). Some plants may form a clonal colony, where all the individuals are clones, and the clones may cover a large area.

Spores 

Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have the genetic material inside, which allows them to make a whole new organism identical to its parent. They are produced by mitosis. Different fungi make different kinds of asexual spores, conidia, oidia, and pycniospores. The shape and colour of the spores can be helpful to identify the species of fungus.

Sexual vs asexual reproduction

References

Other websites 
 Asexual reproduction in animals and plants 
 Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
 Revision site directed towards IGSCE students 

Methods of reproduction
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization. 189 countries are members of the International Monetary Fund. It has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., USA.

Origin 

In the 1930s, many countries faced economic problems. The standard of living declined, and a great many people were unemployed. International trade became much smaller. Some countries reduced the value of their currencies. All these factors combined in the 1930s, and an economic depression resulted. By late 1939, the Second World War had started. 

As the Second World War ended, most countries found that international values faced many restrictions and were not smooth. Leaders of many countries thought over these matters and discussed them in meetings and agreed on the Bretton Woods system. Thus, after the Second World War, many countries felt the need to have an organization to get help in monetary matters between countries. To begin with, 29 countries discussed the matter, and signed an agreement. The agreement was the Articles of Association of the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund came into being in 29th December 1945.

Membership 

Any country may apply to become a member of the IMF. When a country applies for membership, the IMF’s Executive Board examines the application. If found suitable, the Executive Board gives its report to IMF’s Board of Governors. After the Board of Governor clears the application, the country may join the IMF. However, before joining, the country should fulfill legal requirements, if any, of its own country. Every member has a different voting right. Likewise, every country has a different right to draw funds. This depends on many factors, including the member country’s first subscription to the IMF.

Functions 

The IMF does a number of supervisory works relating to financial dealings between different countries. Some of the works done by IMF are:

 Helping in international trade, that is business between countries
 Looking after exchange rates
 Looking after balance of payments
 Helping member countries in economic development
 It also provides a machinery for international consultations.

Management 

A Board of Directors manages the IMF. One tradition has governed the selection of two most senior posts of IMF. Firstly, IMF’s managing director is always European. World Bank's president is always from the United States of America. 

Current managing director is Bulgarian economist Kristalina Georgieva.

The major countries of Europe and America control the IMF. This is because they have given more money to IMF by way of first subscriptions, and so have larger share of voting rights.

List of managing directors

Comments 

Many people and countries have commented about IMF. Some are good and some are bad comments about the work of IMF. Despite many bad comments about IMF,  research shows that more than 60 percent of Asians and 70 percent of Africans feel that IMF has had a positive effect on their country.

Related pages
 World Bank Group
 Susan George

References

Other websites 
 International Monetary Fund website

International organizations
Economics organizations
São Paulo Futebol Clube, usually called São Paulo FC or just São Paulo, is a very traditional Brazilian football team from São Paulo. The team was founded on January 25, 1930, and re-founded on December 16, 1935. It is often called Tricolor (meaning with three colours) by its supporters. The prime footballer in the team is the goalkeeper called Rogério Ceni.
It is the most successful club of Brazilian football.
Twenty-two won state championships, six Brazilian Championships - besides being the only one to win it three times, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, three Libertadores and three World Club Championship.

Titles

International

World championships 
FIFA Club World Cup
 Winners (1): 2005
Intercontinental Cup
 Winners (2): 1992, 1993

Continental championships 
Copa Libertadores
 Winners (3): 1992, 1993, 2005
 Runners-up (3): 1974, 1994, 2006
Copa Conmebol
 Winners (1): 1994
Recopa Sudamericana
 Winners (2): 1993, 1994
 Runners-up (1): 2006
Supercopa Sudamericana
 Winners (1): 1993
 Runners-up (1): 1997
Copa Masters Conmebol
 Winners (1): 1996

National competitions 
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
 Winners (6): 1977, 1986, 1991, 2006, 2007, 2008
 Runners-up (5): 1971, 1973, 1981, 1989, 1990
Copa do Brasil
 Runners-up (1): 2000
Copa dos Campeões
 Runners-up (1): 2001
Torneio Rio-São Paulo
 Winners (1): 2001
 Runners-up (5): 1933, 1962, 1966, 1998, 2002
Campeonato Paulista
 Winners (21): 1931, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2005
 Runners-up (19): 1938, 1941, 1944, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2006
Supercampeonato Paulista
 Winners (1): 2002

Related pages
 List of Brazilian football teams

Other websites 
 Official website

Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
1930 establishments in South America
1930s establishments in Brazil
The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel is a document that announced the establishment of the independent and sovereign state (country) of Israel.

The term 
This term describes the announcement of establishment of a Jewish state, named State of Israel. This State of Israel was established on 14th May 1948. In Hebrew language,  means the State of Israel. The British Mandate of Palestine was a part of the British Empire. This was the land where the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah had once been. The State of Israel covered more or less the same land.

Some persons call this as the beginning of "Third Jewish Commonwealth". The "First Jewish Commonwealth" ended with the destruction of Solomon's Temple, and the second with the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem two thousand years ago.

The declaration 

On November 29th 1947, the United Nations had adopted a resolution. The resolution recommended the establishment of an Arab State and a  Jewish State in Palestine. The resolution recommended taking steps to establish such a state.

On May 12th 1948, the Jewish national administration met at Tel Aviv Museum of Art. They had gathered to decide acceptance of an American proposal for a truce or to declare a new state of Israel. Six of the ten voting members supported declaration of a state of Israel. Two days later, on May 14th 1948, the Jewish National Council (Vaad Leumi) met at Tel Aviv. At mid night of May 14th, 1948, a member of the Council read the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel.

The declaration followed a style generally seen in the United Nations documents. First few sentences stated the reasons for the declaration and the right of the Jews for an independent country. Then, the sentences gave the features and characteristics of the new Jewish state.

Quotes 

A few quotes from the declaration:

...the Land of Israel, was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.

After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.

Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. In recent decades they returned in their masses.

The recognition 
The United States, the Soviet Union, and many other major countries of the world accepted the state of Israel. Using terms of international law, these countries recognized the state of Israel. However, many Arab countries and countries of the Middle East opposed the establishment of Israel. They did not recognize the state of Israel as a sovereign state, that is, an independent country. Many countries of the world did not recognize Israel, but establish trading and other relations with it.

Other websites

1940s in Israel
Declarations of independence
1948 in Asia
According to Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Parvati is considered to be a mother goddess by many people. Parvati is a word in the Sanskrit language that means "daughter of the mountain". Hindu teachings call Parvati the daughter of the Himalayas Mountains, where she is said to live. She has two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya with her husband Shiva. Shiva is one of the main gods of the Hindu religion.

Parvati has four arms. In her arms she carries prayer beads, a mirror, a bell and citron. But when she sits by the side of her husband Shiva, Parvati has only two arms.  In her form with two arms, Parvati holds her right hand up in blessing and holds a lotus flower in her left hand. 

Parvati's conveyance (vahana) is a lion or tiger. This means that Parvati rides a lion or a tiger. 

In Hindu scriptures, Parvati is mentioned many times. She is called by many other names. Some of them are:

 Ambika, meaning the mother
 Gauri, meaning the fair one
 Shyama, meaning the dark one
 Kali, meaning the black one and goddess of kala(time(past,present and future) and death ) 
 Bhairavi, meaning awesome
 Durga, meaning inaccessible
 Bhavatarini, meaning savior of the world
uma, in her pervious life she has this name . 

Hindu gods and goddesses
Estádio Palestra Itália, also known as Parque Antártica, was a football stadium of Palmeiras. It was demolished in 2010. When it closed, its capacity was 27,650.

Football stadiums in Brazil
São Paulo
Multilingualism is the ability to speak more than one language. The ability to speak two languages is "bilingualism," a type of multilingualism. Many immigrants are bilingual and speak languages of both their old and their new country. Multilingualism is useful in many kinds of work, partly because international trade is more common than in past centuries. Some countries and organizations having more than one official language hire people who speak more than one, so they can work with more people. 

Most people have a first language that they learned as babies. Other languages are usually learned much later.

Some linguists think there are more multilingual people in the world than monolingual people, who speak only one language

People who can speak several languages are called "polyglots". Those who can speak many, such as  Heinrich Schliemann and Ghil'ad Zuckermann, are called "hyperpolyglots".

Related pages
Code-switching
Diglossia
European Parliament - uses many languages
Multialphabetism
Multiculturalism
Second language

References

Linguistics
Patrice Émery Lumumba (July 2, 1925 – January 17, 1961) was the only elected leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (called the Republic of the Congo at the time, but this should not be confused with today's Republic of the Congo). The official position of the US government, as seen in the U.S. News & World Report, associated Lumumba's ideas of African socialist democracy as an African brand of communism. Thus, the Americans had plans to kill him. He was murdered by the Katangans on January 17, 1961, just months after independence.

Lumumba's son, François is now a political figure in the Congo. He has created a small Lumumbist group.

References

Sources

Other websites
 
 
 Virtual Memorial to Patrice Lumumba, at Find-A-grave.
 SpyCast – 1 December 2007: On Assignment to Congo-Peter chats with Larry Devlin, the CIA's legendary station chief in Congo during the 1960s.
 Africa Within. A rich source of information on Lumumba, including a reprint of Stephen R. Weissman's 21 July 2002 article from the Washington Post.
 

1925 births
1961 deaths
Assassinated people
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Prime Ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung, (May 19, 1890 - September 2, 1969) was the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Early life
'Hồ Chí Minh', meaning 'Hồ with the will of light', was not his real name. He took that name around the time of the August Revolution in 1945. His real name was Nguyễn Sinh Cung when he was born. At ten, he changed his name to Nguyễn Tất Thành, according to Confucian tradition.  He would later use many pseudonyms (false names). Other than 'Hồ Chí Minh', his most famous name was probably Nguyễn Ái Quốc meaning "Nguyễn (by far the most common Vietnamese last name) who loves his country." The Vietnamese people commonly refer to him as Bác Hồ (Uncle Hồ).

Nguyễn studied in Paris from 1919 to 23. In those years, he started following communism, and began to believe that Vietnam- then a French colony-should be independent. During this time he wrote a letter, which was ignored, to United States President Woodrow Wilson, asking for U.S. military aid to help overthrow the French colonial rulers. He joined the French Communist Party, and started visiting Moscow regularly, as a member of the Asian branch of the Comintern.

First Indochina War
Hồ led a revolution against the French rulers of Vietnam from 1945 to 1954. After overthrowing the French, a communist regime supported by the Soviet Union and China was set up in the northern half of the country, with himself leading the country as both president and prime minister. But, an anticommunist government supported by the United States, was set up in the southern half of the country because the United States did not want all of Vietnam to be communist during the Cold War.

Second Indochina War (Vietnam War)
South Vietnam and America refused to hold an election and unite the two halves into one country because they feared a communisty victory. Hồ then led Vietnam into a military and political struggle to bring the rice fields of South Vietnam under his communist rule. Two decades of war followed that killed millions of Vietnamese. The United States supported South Vietnam with military aid, and the Soviet Union (led by Nikita Krushchev and then Leonid Brezhnev) and the People's Republic of China (led by Mao Zedong) continued to support North Vietnam's war effort.

In the end, North Vietnam won the war several years after Hồ Chí Minh had died.

Death and legacy
Suffering from diabetes and heart problems, Hồ Chí Minh died on the morning of September 2, 1969, of a heart attack.

In his will he said he wished to be cremated and have his ashes be buried in hills in the north, center, and south of Vietnam. However, his followers embalmed his body and put it in a tomb, the mausoleum, where he is still worshipped today.

In 1976, in the style of the Soviet Union, the victorious communists in North Vietnam renamed the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, to Ho Chi Minh City in honour of their leader.

1890 births
1969 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Presidents of Vietnam
History of Vietnam
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
The Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a speech read by Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945, in Ba Dinh Square, Hanoi, Vietnam, which proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from France and Japan Empire after the Second World War.

History

During the August Revolution, Ho Chi Minh wrote the speech at 48 Hang Ngang Street, Hanoi, at the home of a bourgeoisie family that donated 5,147 taels of gold to the Revolutionary Government headed by Ho Chi Minh. The Declaration was written with the advise of OSS Detachment 101 Maj. Archimedes Patti.

It is based on the American Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Plot

References

1945 in Vietnam
Speeches
The Khmer Rouge (Khmer: ; French for "Red Khmer") was a Stalinist, Maoist militant group in Cambodia. They took over the capital, Phnom Penh, on 17 April 1975. It was led by Pol Pot, who was called Saloth Sar before the take-over. They named the country Democratic Kampuchea. They immediately forced everyone out of the cities, effectively turning the whole country into a giant labor camp. They were defeated by the Vietnamese in January 1979. During the Khmer Rouge Years, many people were killed in a genocide comparable to the Holocaust. The exact number of people killed is unknown. Figures range from about 700,000 to about three million. Most people give figures between 1.4 million and 2.2 million, which would be 20-30% of the population of Cambodia, at the time. The international community continued to recognize the Khmer Rouge as the government of Kampuchea for a decade after they were defeated. Therefore, the Khmer Rouge held a seat in the United Nations until 1989.

Pol Pot died in his sleep in 1998. He was cremated without any ceremony. By 1999, the Khmer Rouge disbanded.

A leading source summarised the Khmer Rouge as follows:
"...The Khmer Rouge regime [was] the ultimate twentieth-century paradigm of the totalitarian state. Using sheer violence and terror, a small clique [took] power. [It saw itself] as the messianic mission to bring happiness and prosperity faster than any of its revolutionary model and competitors. It came to control every aspect of social and private life. No one was allowed to nurse, let alone express, any form of opposition".

The same source summarises the effect: "Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths as against 15.7% of the women, and 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh".

References 

1970s in Cambodia
Communist parties in Asia
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Crimes against humanity
Genocides in Asia
1999 disestablishments
1990s disestablishments in Asia
Juche () is the group of ideas developed by North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung, Juche means self-reliance. According to its supporters, the idea was developed from Marxism and Leninism. In many cases, it is noticeably different from both. At its base, the idea states that the interests of the people and their nation are more important than those of Leninism or Marxism. A strong leader is required to undertake the necessary reforms. The nation of (North) Korea is special, and should be the focus of interest. Every nation needs to drive forward its own revolution. Three things are necessary for this:
Political independence
Economic self-reliances
Military independence
It is the role of the state to make sure these three things are there. According to this idea, man himself is responsible for designing what the world should look like. The welfare of many people (which form the nation) is more important than the fate of the individual.

Juche also says that intellectuals are important.

Certain people have described these ideas as a philosophy, others see it as a religion.

Politics
North Korea
Nationalism
Kigali (pronounced either as 'Kigali' or 'Chigali' or 'Cyigali') is the capital city of Rwanda. 

Capital cities in Africa
Rwanda
Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the President of Rwanda. 
Though a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, he tends to downplay the importance of his ethnicity. He is responsible for ending the Rwandan Genocide. However, he is often seen as a dictator, and has a bad human rights record.

1957 births
Living people
African Union chairpersons
Rwandan people
Dictators
Presidents (government)
The Juche Tower is a monument in Pyongyang, North Korea. It was completed in 1982. It is on the eastern bank of the Taedong River, opposite the Kim Il-Sung Square. Its geographic coordinates are 39°1′3.52″N, 125°45′48.05″E. It was made to celebrate the anniversary of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday. It is claimed that it was designed by Kim Jong-il.

The 170 meter (560') structure contains 25,550 blocks (365 × 70, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life, excluding remainder days), dressed in white stone with seventy dividers and capped with a 20 meter high, 45 ton, shining torch allegedly made out of 'special materials'. It is possible to go to the top of the tower. It is said that the tower was built in 35 days and was dressed in 76 days.

In front of the tower is a 30 meter high statue consisting of three figures — one with a hammer, one with a sickle and one with a writing brush (an idealised worker, a peasant and a "working intellectual"). Also close to the tower is a wall of 82 friendship plaques, apparently from foreign supporters. Around the tower there are also pavilions and water features. It is claimed that the tower has become a popular place for North Koreans.

The tower is named after the principle of Juche, developed by Kim Il-Sung. The name of the tower is sometimes translated as the Tower of the Juche Idea or Juche Ideology Tower.

Pyongyang
Monuments and memorials
Towers in Asia
Buildings and structures in Korea
1982 establishments in Asia
Establishments in North Korea
Space exploration is a term which describes searching outer space. There are many reasons for space exploration. The most important reasons are for scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about outer space. For centuries, humans had dreamt of reaching outer space. Better rockets made it possible in the 20th century. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1, which was the first artificial satellite. This started the Space Race and people later went into orbit and Americans visited the Moon in Project Apollo.

Many space probes have gone to various planets and other places in the solar system to send back information about them. When people first went to space they didn't know how the effects of microgravity would have on humans so they sent animals instead. But in 1961 the soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin.

Astronomy 

The first telescope was probably invented in 1608 by Hans Lippershey.  The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 was the first space telescope launched on December 7, 1968. As of February 2, 2019, about 3,891 exoplanets are discovered. The Milky Way galaxy has more than 100–400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. There are about 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe.

Related pages 
 Interstellar travel
 Moon landing
 Planet
 Solar system
 NASA
 ESA
 Russian Space Agency
 Astronaut
 Orion
 SpaceX
 Space Shuttle
 Soyuz
 Saturn V
 Exploration of Mars 
Exploration of Neptune
 Space
 Cosmos
 Universe

References

Exploration
Maharishi Valmiki (, vālmīki) (during Lord Rama's time) is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the Adi Kavi, which means First Poet, for he discovered the first śloka i.e. first verse, which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.

At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary.

Role in Ramayana 
Valmiki played an important role in Uttara Kanda, the last chapter of epic Ramayana. It is believed that The Uttara Kanda was not original work of Valmiki. It is believed to be taken up from Sesha Ramayana. According to the legend Rama send Sita to forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage Valmiki's ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava (founder of Lahore) and Kusha (founder of Kasur) . Lava and Kusha were Valmiki's first disciples to whom he taught the Ramayana. Bala Kanda of the epic also telling the story of Valmiki narrating the Ramayana to his disciples Lava and Kusha.

Related pages
 Rishi
 Kashyapa
 Atri
 Vashitha
 Vishvamitra
 Gautam
 Jamdagni
 Bharadvaja

References 
Notes

Others
 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola

Hindu saints
Hindu mythology
Poets
History of Pakistan
Kali is one of the goddesses in Hinduism and aspect of Parvati. She is the goddess of creation, destruction, time and commonly presented as dark and violent. Various Shakta Hindu cosmologies, as well as Shakta Tantric beliefs, worship her as the ultimate reality or Brahman.
Kali is represented as the consort of Lord Shiva, on whose body she is often seen standing. She is associated with many other Hindu goddesses like Durga, Bhadrakali, Sati, Rudrani, Parvati and Chamunda. She is the foremost among the Dasa Mahavidyas, ten fierce Tantric goddesses.

Origin of the word "Kali"
The name Kali comes from kāla (meaning black, time, death, lord of death, Shiva). Kālī is the feminine of kāla ("black, dark coloured"). Kāla primarily means "black," but also means "time." Kālī means "the black one" and also "time", "beyond time" and "power of time". Since Shiva is called Kāla - the eternal time, Kālī, his consort, also means "the Time" or "Controller of Time". Hence, Kali is considered the goddess of time and change.
She has many names like Kālarātri ("black night"), Kālikā ("relating to time"), or Bhadrakali ("a gentle form of Kali").

References
 Encyclopedia International, by Grolier Incorporated Copyright in Canada 1974. AE5.E447 1974 031 73-11206  page 95

Hindu gods and goddesses
Kemal Atatürk (or alternatively written as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1934, commonly referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and statesman who was the first President of Turkey from 1923 to his death in 1938. 

He is known for being a leader who freed his people from being controlled by other countries and then for starting changes that founded Turkish nation state based on social and economic nationalism, more modern and similar to Western civilization, mainly France (such as the French model of secularism called laïcité).

Atatürk was born under the name Mustafa in 1881. His birthplace was in Salonika, Macedonia (now Thessaloniki, Greece). Salonika was then part of the Ottoman Empire. He took the name Kemal as a schoolboy and Atatürk (which means Father of the Turks) when he was president. His father's name was Ali Rıza Efendi. His mother's name was Zübeyde Hanım. He also had a sister, whose name was Makbule (Atadan). He became an army officer and the most successful general officer of the empire in World War I, fighting in Gallipoli.

While the Ottoman Empire was collapsing after the war, Atatürk organized a nationalist movement that created the new secular, Republic of Turkey. That meant that the country's government was no longer led by hereditary or religious leaders. Visitors to Turkey are often surprised by the importance given to Atatürk in Turkey.

Few countries have such a person in their history. He was a successful military commander, later established a democratic constitution and put in place changes that set Turkey on the road to becoming a new and developing nation. He inspired many later leaders like Habib Bourguiba, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

His six principles still serve today as a sign post for establishing a democratic government:
 Republicanism: Replacing the hereditary monarchy with an elected parliament.
 Nationalism: Citizens working together with pride in a common interest.
 Secularism: Separating religion from government and the guarantee of freedom of religion and conscience in society.
 Populism: The equality of all citizens before the law.
 Statism: An economic system combining private enterprise with government-funded monopolies of large industries.
 Revolutionism: The basis of the other five principles. According to the needs of the society, innovations that are required by the age and science are made as soon as possible.

Notes

References

Other websites 
Brief biography at Ataturk.com
A description and gallery about him
Ataturk.net

Videos

 

1881 births
1938 deaths
Deaths from cirrhosis
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Presidents of Turkey
Thessaloniki
Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey
Bail is money given to the court to guarantee that someone will go to their trial. If the person does not show up for their trial, the government gets to keep the money.

If the arrested person cannot afford the full bail amount, they can use a bail bond. This is a system where part of the bail amount is paid to a company, and they do the bail paperwork. Unlike placing the full bail to the court, the bail bond payment is not returned.

Criminal justice
Money
Imprisonment and detention
Marmalade is a topping, like a jam or jelly, that is usually made with oranges. Marmalade can also be made from lemons, limes, grapefruits, or a combination of citrus fruits.

The word Marmalade comes from the Galician word "marmelada" meaning 
quince jam.

Related pages 
 Marmalade (Candy)

Other websites 

Spreads
ca:Confitura
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Events 
 September 11 – Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy beat the Ottoman army of Mustafa II
 September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick
 December 2 – St Paul's Cathedral opened in London
 Peter the Great travels in Europe officially with a false identity as "artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov"
 Use of palanquins increases in Europe
 Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.
 The royal castle "Tre Kronor" in Stockholm burns to the ground. A large portion of the royal library is destroyed.
 Karl XII of Sweden is made king at the age of 15.
 Tayasal, capital of the Peten Itza Maya, the last Mesoamerican state which ruled itself, is taken over by Spain
 The Manchu Empire takes over western Mongolia