cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Blunt trauma is a kind of trauma that usually results from being hit by something dull and firm (like a car, a fist, or the ground).  It is also called blunt force trauma. This is different from penetrating trauma where an object, such as a bullet enters the body.

Common types of blunt force trauma include:
 Being in a car accident (this is the most common cause of blunt force trauma)
 Being hit by another person with a fist or with something that is not sharp, like a bat
 Falling and hitting the ground (like falling down the stairs)
 Jumping or falling from a high place

What kinds of problems can blunt force trauma cause?

If blunt force trauma is not too severe, it may cause only cuts (lacerations), bruises (contusions), and scrapes (abrasions).  However, bad blunt force trauma can cause many serious problems, like:
 Head and brain injuries
 Spinal cord injuries
 Crushing of the airways, making it difficult or impossible for air to be breathed in
 Damage to organs (for example, collapsed lungs)
 Broken bones
 Severe bleeding, which can be internal (inside the body)

References

Symptoms
Christopher John Koch AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist. He is best known for his 1978 novel The Year of Living Dangerously, which was made into an award-winning movie. 

He won the Miles Franklin Award twice; The Doubleman in 1985, and Highways to a War in 1996. In 1995 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature.

Koch was born in Hobart, Tasmania in 16 July 1932. He was educated at Clemes College, St Virgil's College, Hobart High School and the University of Tasmania.

Koch died at his home in Hobart on 23 September 2013, aged 81. He had been diagnosed with prostate cancer twelve months earlier.

References

Other websites

Christopher Koch at Random House Australia 
Podcast of Christopher Koch discussing “Crossing the Gap: Asia and the Australian Imagination” at the Shanghai International Literary Festival 

1932 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Australian novelists
People from Hobart
Order of Australia
Halvor Bernt Stein Grieg Halvorsen (19 October 1909 – 11 November 2013) was a Norwegian stage actor.

Halvorsen was born in Oslo, Norway on 19 October 1909. He was married to Elizabeth Thaulow from 1940 until her death in 1968. Then he was married to Vibeke Falk from 1971 until his death in 2013.

His son, Stein Johan Grieg Halvorsen, is half of the comedy duo Erlend & SteinJo, who rose to fame in the 1990s. 

Halvorsen died of natural causes on 11 November 2013 in his Oslo, Norway home. He died three weeks after his 104th birthday.

References

Other websites

1909 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Centenarians
Norwegian entertainers
Norwegian stage actors
Actors from Oslo
Shirley Mitchell (November 4, 1919 – November 11, 2013) was an American radio, movie, and television actress. She was known for her role as Marion Strong in I Love Lucy in which she appeared in only three episodes. 

Mitchell was born in Toledo, Ohio on November 4, 1919. She studied at the University of Toledo and at the University of Michigan. Mitchell was married to Julian Frieden from 1946 until they divorced in 1974. Then she was married to Jay Livingston from 1992 until his death in 2001. She had two children with Frieden. Mitchell died on November 11, 2013 in Westwood, California from natural causes, aged 94.

References

Other websites

1919 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from natural causes
University College is one of the colleges of Oxford University. The full name of University College is "The Masters and Fellows of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford". It is commonly called simply "The Univ".

According to legend, the college was founded by Alfred the Great in 872. Most historians agree, however, that the college originated in 1249 from a bequest by William of Durham. The college claims to be the oldest at Oxford. Balliol College and Merton College also claim to be the oldest college in Oxford.

The current buildings of the college were begun in the 17th Century.

Famous former students include British Prime Ministers Clement Attlee and Harold Wilson, American President Bill Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, authors Percy Bysshe Shelley, C.S. Lewis, and V. S. Naipaul, and physicist Stephen Hawking.

In 1979 The Univ started letting female undergraduate students study there.

Other websites
Official website

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1249 establishments
1240s establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in England
Grace Adelaide Jones (7 December 1899 – 14 November 2013) was a British supercentenarian, who at the age of 113 years, 342 days,
was the oldest verified living person in the United Kingdom. She was the world's sixth-oldest living person until her death in November 2013. Until her death she was the last known living British person to have been born before 1900. 

Jones was born in Bermondsey, London, on 7 December 1899. She never married, but was engaged before her fiancé Albert Rees was killed in World War I at the age of nineteen. 

On 14 November 2013, following a fall a few weeks previously, Jones died at St Thomas' Hospital in London. Her death was confirmed by MP Simon Hughes.

On Jones' death, Ethel Lang became the UK's oldest living person.

References

1899 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
British supercentenarians
People from London
John Yetter McCollister (June 10, 1921 – November 1, 2013) was an American politician. He was a Nebraska Republican politician. He served two terms from 1965 to 1970 as the Douglas County Commissioner. 

He was a delegate to the Nebraska State Republican conventions from 1960 to 1970, and delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention. In 1976, he decided to run instead for U.S. Senate but was unsuccessful, losing to Omaha Mayor Edward Zorinsky by a 53% to 47% margin. He was a presidential elector for Nebraska in 2000. 

McCollister was born in Iowa City, Iowa on June 10, 1921. In 1939 he graduated from Washington High School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and in 1943 he graduated from the University of Iowa in Iowa City. 

He was married to Nanette Stokes from 1943 until his death in 2013. McCollister died on November 1, 2013 in Omaha, Nebraska from prostate cancer, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 
 

1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Politicians from Iowa
United States representatives from Nebraska
US Republican Party politicians
People from Iowa City, Iowa
William Joseph Coyne (August 24, 1936 – November 3, 2013) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.  

Coyne was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1954, and received a B.S. in accounting from Robert Morris College. 

Coyne was elected to Congress in 1980, succeeding 24-year incumbent William S. Moorhead in a district taking in most of Pittsburgh. He was reelected ten times, never facing serious opposition. He was a longtime member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means

In 2002, Coyne's district was combined with the district of Mike Doyle, a somewhat more moderate Democrat. Although the new district contained more of Coyne's territory than Doyle's, Coyne retired to avoid the possibility of two Democratic incumbents facing each other in the primary elections.  

Coyne died at the age of 77 on November 3, 2013, two months after falling and sustaining head injuries in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

 Voting record  at the Washington Post
 Congressman William J. Coyne's Webpage archived

1936 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
US Democratic Party politicians
Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) was a professional wrestling company that ran from April 25, 1992 to April 4, 2001. The company was known for its hardcore style of wrestling as well as lucha libre to puroresu.

The company was originally known as Eastern Championship Wrestling and was owned by Tod Gordon. It was then renamed Extreme Championship Wrestling and Paul Heyman was brought in as the new owner after Tod Gordon sold ECW to him in 1995. World Wrestling Federation purchased Extreme Championship Wrestling after Heyman filed for bankruptcy on April 4, 2001.

WWE hosted a pay-per-view called ECW One Night Stand on June 12, 2005 which featured ECW alumni. They hosted another ECW One Night Stand on June 11, 2006 which helped introduce the relaunch of the ECW franchise as a WWE brand like Raw and SmackDown. Paul Heyman was also brought back to be the newly appointed figurehead for the ECW brand and recommissioned the ECW World Heavyweight Championship to be the brand's world title. He awarded it to Rob Van Dam after Van Dam won the WWE Championship at the 2006 One Night Stand. The brand operated until February 16, 2010.

Last champions

References

Other websites

ECW on WWE.com

1992 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Extreme Championship Wrestling
Sports in Philadelphia
A pawn shop (also called a pawnshop or pawnbroker) is a shop or business who loans money to people who bring in valuable items which they leave with the pawnbroker. Examples of items that a person may leave are jewellery, gold, watches, cameras, musical instruments, televisions or computers.

The valuables that people leave are called the "collateral". The person can get their valuable item back from the pawnbroker if they pay back the money they were loaned and pay interest on the loan. Interest is like a fee for getting to use someone else's money for a set time period. If the person who has borrowed money from the pawnbroker does not repay the loan and interest within an agreed-upon time limit, the pawnbroker can sell the valuable item to another customer to get back the money they loaned.

To prevent thieves from using pawnshops as a way to get money from stolen goods, many communities have laws requiring that people who bring in valuable items to the pawnshop have to show identification, such as a driver's licence.

Shops
The Road Warriors were a professional wrestling tag team. They competed in many different professional wrestling promotions. They were known for competing in American Wrestling Association, the National Wrestling Alliance, World Championship Wrestling, and World Wrestling Federation. The team's originally member were Road Warrior Hawk and Road Warrior Animal.

Career
They were joined by their manager "Precious" Paul Ellering. Droz joined the team after an angle happened that was based off of Road Warrior Hawk’s real life alcohol and drug issues. The angle even went so far as to fake a suicide jump off the top of the TitanTron. The angle bombed and both members said that they disliked it and left the WWF in 1999. Their last TV appearance as a team was on the May 12, 2003 Raw episode when they faced the then-WWE World Tag Team Champions, Rob Van Dam and Kane. Road Warrior Hawk died on October 19, 2003 from heart attack.

Animal returned to the WWE in 2005 and teamed with Heidenreich. They won the WWE Tag Team Championship after defeating MNM at The Great American Bash on July 24, 2005. Heidenreich became an official member of the LOD on August 18, 2005. They were also manged by Christy Hemme during that time. They lost the tag team titles on the October 28, 2005 edition of SmackDown! to MNM in a Fatal Four-Way tag match that also featured Paul Burchill and William Regal and The Mexicools (Super Crazy and Psicosis).

Heidenreich was released from WWE on January 17, 2006 and Animal was released a few months later.

On April 2, 2011, The Road Warriors along with Paul Ellering were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Dusty Rhodes.

References

Other websites
The Road Warriors profile on WWE.com

WWE teams and stables
WWE Hall of Fame
During World War II, Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Norwegian Resistance was a rebellion by Norwegians against the invasion and occupation by the Nazis. It lasted from 1940 to 1945. It supported the Norwegian government that was formed outside of the country as the true government of Norway. They discouraged Norwegians from following the pro-Nazi Norwegian government formed by Vidkun Quisling. 

The Norwegian Resistance helped the original members of the Norwegian government to escape from Norway. They were lucky that they escaped alive, because the Germans tried to kill them. They managed to get to the coast where a British warship picked them up.

The Norwegian Resistance also carried out armed resistance against the Nazi soldiers. This included sabotage (breaking or destroying things), assassinations, and exploding German ships with bombs. The Norwegian Resistance also did unarmed civil disobedience actions, like protests.

1940s in Norway
Resistance movements of World War II
Rebellions in Europe
20th century rebellions
National liberation movements
Vidkun Quisling (18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian politician. He was involved in the German invasion of Norway during World War II. On 9 April 1940, with the invasion in progress, he seized power of the country. In 1942 with the help of he Nazis he became Prime Minister. 

His government helped the Nazi German government to find Jews, who were then killed. In 1945, when Germany lost the war, Vidkun was put on trial for high treason. He was found guilty, and then executed by firing squad. Today, the name "quisling" is still used as a way of calling someone a traitor.

1887 births
1945 deaths
Anti-Communists
People executed by firearm
Prime Ministers of Norway
World War II political leaders
Hertford College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. The full name of the college is the Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College in the University of Oxford. It is best-known for its bridge, called "The Bridge of Sighs".

Hertford was originally known as "Hart Hall". The land for Hart Hall was bought by Elias de Hertford in 1282. Hart Hall was a residence for students at other colleges in Oxford. In 1312, Hart Hall was purchased by Walter de Stapledon, who was the Bishop of Exeter.  De Stapledon founded Exeter College and Hart Hall was controlled by Exeter College for many years.

In 1710, William Newton became the Principal of Hart Hall.  In 1723, Newton formally proposed that Hart Hall be chartered as its own college. In 1740 a charter was granted for the new Hertford College. After Newton died, however, the college declined, and it was dissolved in 1816.

The grounds of the college was taken over by Magdalen Hall. Magdalen Hall began as a grammar school associated with Magdalen College in 1480. Magdalen Hall moved to the site of the former Hertford College in 1822. It grew at the new site, and in 1874, Magdalen Hall was given a charter as Hertford College. The new name was chosen so that it would not be confused with Magdalen College, and because it was on the location of the former Hertford College.

References 

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1874 establishments in England
Survivor Series (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on November 18, 2012 at the Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was the twenty sixth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2012 website

2012 in American television
2012 in professional wrestling
History of Indianapolis, Indiana
Survivor Series
The German invasion of Norway occurred during the Second World War. It led to battles between the Allies and Germany. In April 1940, the United Kingdom and France came to help Norway by sending soldiers and warships. The Allies had to withdraw and the Norwegian government had to escape from Norway and seek exile in London. Even though the Germans occupied Norway, some Norwegians formed the Norwegian resistance and kept fighting the Germans. Norway held off the Germans for 62 days, making Norway the nation that withstood a German invasion for the longest period of time, after the Soviet Union.

1940 in Europe
1940s in Norway
Invasions of World War II
April events
A sexless marriage is a marriage in which the partners do not have sex very often or at all. The U.S. National Health and Social Life Survey in 1994 (Laumann et al. 1994) found that 2 percent of the married people who answered said they did not have sex in the past year. The definition of a sexless marriage is often broadened, to include marriages where sex occurs less than ten times per year. Using this definition, 20 percent of the couples in the National Health and Social Life Survey would be in the category. Newsweek magazine says that 15 to 20 percent of couples in the U.S. are in a sexless relationship. Sexlessness means being without sexual activity. Sexlessness is sometimes promoted by some religious groups. This includes religious groups promoting abstinence or celibacy. There are also cultural groups who promote some types of sexlessness. These include groups like fapstinence or nofappers. Sexlessness among lesbian couples is called lesbian bed death. Some studies show that females gays are more likely to have sexlessness in their relationship than male gays. But sexlessness can also be harmful for allosexual adults. For example sexlessness in allosexual adults can cause death-grip syndrome or genital atrophy. Besides death-grip syndrome and genital atrophy, sexlessness can also cause emotional unhappiness and low self-esteem.

References

Marriage
Human sexuality
Jameela Jamil (born 25 February 1986) is a British television and radio presenter. She hosts The Official Chart on BBC Radio 1. 

Jamil was born in Hampstead, London to an Indian father and an English mother.

In 2012 the first collection by 'JAM by Jameela Jamil' was released on Very.co.uk.

Jamil played Tahani on The Good Place, a sitcom that ran from 2016 to 2020. It won a Peabody Award in 2019.

References

Other websites
Official blog

1986 births
Living people
BBC radio presenters
English television presenters
People from Hampstead
Radio personalities from London
Television personalities from London
Primarily Obsessional Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (also called Purely Obsessional OCD) is a lesser-known form of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). For people with primarily obsessional OCD, there are less easy-to-see compulsions, compared to the compulsions that people with regular OCD have (like checking, counting, hand-washing). While people with Primarily Obsessional OCD may do rituals, they mostly take place in their mind. Primarily obsessional OCD often takes the form of horrific thoughts that pop into the person's head. These thoughts may be scary or violent.

Related pages 

 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Anxiety disorders
The Bauhaus Center is a gallery, shop and information center for the Bauhaus (modernist) architecture of Tel Aviv. It is a private institution, working together with public organizations such as Tel Aviv City Hall and UNESCO. It is located at 77 Dizengoff Street in the White City of Tel Aviv area.

Other websites 
  Tel Aviv Bauhaus Center website
 
 
 Review of the Center on Fodor's travel guide
 Reviews on TripAdvisor travel website

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Architecture
Israeli culture
20th-century architecture
Carla Bruni, now known by her name of use Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (born Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi; 23 December 1967 in Turin, Italy) is an Italian-French singer, songwriter and former model. From 2008 to 2012, Bruni was the First Lady of France.

She married then President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy in February 2008. They have one child.

References

Other websites

Carla Bruni: from catwalk to Elysee – Expatica, 11 February 2008

1967 births
Living people
First Ladies of France
French models
French singers
Italian singer-songwriters
People from Turin
The M4 carbine is a type of carbine used in the military. A carbine is a shorter, lighter type of rifle. It was based on the M16 rifle.

The M4 is a gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon. The cartridges are fed into the gun with a magazine, which is a rectangular box that holds the cartridges. It has a stock that can be extended or pushed in and a 14.5 in (370 mm) barrel to make it easier for soldiers to use the weapon in confined spaces. Like the other rifles in the M16 family, it fires the .223 caliber, or 5.56mm NATO round.

The M4 can be fired in two ways, either semi-automatic (which fires one bullet when the trigger is pulled) and three-round burst (which fires three bullets very quickly when the trigger is pulled). The M4A1 can fire fully automatic instead of three-round burst. The carbine can have an M203 grenade as well as the newer M320 grenade launcher mounted on it. The M4 can be fitted with many accessories, such as night vision devices, silencers, laser pointers, telescopic sights, bipods, a shotgun, and forward hand grips.

The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers (up to the rank of lieutenant colonel) and staff non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 pistol. The M4 is also widely used by police officers.

Trademark issues 
The plastic pistol was developed and produced for the United States government by Colt Firearms, which had an exclusive contract to produce the M4 family of weapons through 2009. Colt previously held a U.S. trademark on the term "M4".

Other manufacturers offer M4-like firearms.  Many manufacturers have production firearms that are essentially identical to a military M4, but with a 16" barrel. Civilian models are sometimes colloquially referred to as "M4gery", a portmanteau word from "M4" and "forgery". 

Colt said it held sole rights to the M4 name and design. Other manufacturers said that Colt was overstating its rights, and that "M4" was now a generic term for a shortened AR-15. On December 8, 2005, a District court judge ruled that "M4" was now a generic name, and that Colt's trademark should be revoked.

References 

5.56 mm firearms
Assault rifles
Montrose is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in McCook County, and 472 people lived there at the 2010 census. Montrose became a city in 1880.

References

Other websites
City of Montrose website

Cities in South Dakota
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Derek Alton Walcott, OBE  OCC (23 January 1930 – 17 March 2017) was a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He was awarded the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature. He served as Professor of poetry at the University of Essex until his death in 2017.

His works include the Homeric epic poem, Omeros (1990). In besides to having won the Nobel, Walcott has won many literary awards over the course of his career including an Obie Award in 1971 for his play Dream on Monkey Mountain, a MacArthur Foundation "genius" award, a Royal Society of Literature Award, the Queen's Medal for Poetry, and the 2011 T. S. Eliot Prize for his book of poetry, White Egrets.

Walcott was born on 23 January 1930 in Castries, Saint Lucia. 

Walcott died at his home in St. Lucia on 17 March 2017.  He was 87.

References

Other websites

 British Council writers' profile, works listing, critical review
 Poetry Archive profile, poems written and audio
 Poetry Foundation profile and poems
 Poetry of American Poets profile, poems audio and written
 Profile and analysis, Emory University
 Profile, interviews, articles, archive. Prague Writers' Festival
Poetry is an island, Derek Walcott, A feature documentary film about the life and times of Derek Walcott set to be released in 2013 with the help of crowd funding on Indiegogo

1930 births
2017 deaths
Saint Lucian people
Novelists
Playwrights
JW-Jones (born July 15, 1980 in Ottawa) is a Canadian blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Jones was the first artist signed to the NorthernBlues Music label in Toronto. He released his first six recordings with the label. He still records for CrossCut Records in Europe, and has previously worked with Ruf Records in United States. In the last decade, he has released seven albums and played in 19 countries, four continents. He continues to tour extensively. Jones lives who lives in Ottawa, Ontario. He has performed at blues festivals, theatres and clubs in Canada, the United States, Europe, Russia, Australia, and Brazil.

Jones' third album with his band, My Kind Of Evil (2004), was produced by Kim Wilson (singer for The Fabulous Thunderbirds). It includes vocals from Colin James on two tracks, and Roxanne Potvin on one. Songs from the album have been played on House of Blues Radio Hour. Music reviewer Brad Wheeler from Canada's Globe and Mail newspaper praised the "graceful ability he (Jones) shows on guitar" in the album. Wheeler stated that "...the Ottawa player makes retro moves, layering swinging blues with keyboards and very noticeable horns that never dominate the fine-lined fills and lead work." The Allmusic review of My Kind of Evil, by Chris Nickson, states that "He's very good on covers, such as "I Don't Know", but his own songs — the vast majority of this disc — have plenty of life."

In May 2009, Jones' song "Parasomnia" appeared on a Guitar World featured CD, Guitar Masters Vol. 2. Other artists on the CD were B. B. King, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, and Carlos Santana. The Globe and Mail referred to Jones as "one of this country's top blues guitar stars". The Blues Revue Magazine stated that Jones' guitar playing is like T-Bone Walker's guitar playing. The review said that JW-Jones plays solo melodies like Johnny "Guitar" Watson, and that his guitar playing is like Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. Billboard called Jones part of "a new wave of young talent moving onto Canada’s blues stage."

References

1980 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian singer-songwriters
Blues guitarists
Musicians from Ontario
People from Ottawa
A midterm exam is a test given around the middle of a term in schools.

Purpose
Midterm exams can be given for several reasons. First, it allows a student to see if they need to change how they study for the class (if they do not do well on the exam) or if they should continue to study the same way for the rest of the term (if they do well). This tells a student who does not do well that they should drop the class. Many colleges stop allowing students to drop a class a week or two after the first midterm exam. Midterm exams can also show how well a teacher is doing in teaching their class. Some teachers give more than one midterm exam.

References

Education
Survivor Series (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 21, 2010 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida. It was the twenty fourth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2010 website

2010 in American television
2010 in professional wrestling
Sports in Miami, Florida
Survivor Series
2010s in Miami, Florida
November 2010 events
Big Brother 2007 (or Big Brother 8) was the eighth series of the British reality television series Big Brother. It was shown on Channel 4. Some other, related programmes were shown on E4. The series was hosted by Davina McCall. It began on 30 May 2007, and ended 94 days later on 31 August 2007. Ratings for this series were very low compared to other series.

On the first night of the show, all the housemates who entered were female. Male housemates were sent in later, at intervals over the first two weeks. Another five housemates (three females, and two males) entered the house on the 59th day. In total, there were 22 housemates in total in this series of Big Brother.

The series was eventually won by housemate Brian Belo. He won £100,000.

Housemates

References 

Big Brother seasons
2007 British television series debuts
2007 television seasons
Titanium alloys are metals which contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. They have very high tensile strength and toughness. They are light in weight, resist corrosion very strongly and can withstand extreme temperatures.

However, the cost of both raw materials and processing is very high. Therefore, their use is limited to military applications, aircraft, spacecraft, medical devices, connecting rods on expensive sports cars and some high quality sports equipment and consumer electronics.

References

Other websites 
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
General Titanium Alloys Property Data
Properties of Alpha/Beta Titanium Alloy

Alloys
Monty Brown (born April 13, 1970) is a retired American professional wrestler and American football linebacker. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring name Marcus Cor Von. He wrestled on their ECW brand. He also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling from 2002 to 2006.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, Brown played football at Ferris State University. He graduated and was picked up by the Buffalo Bills. He played 3 seasons with the Bills including Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994. He then played a season with the New England Patriots before retiring because of an ankle injury and to train to become a professional wrestler.

Championships
Juggalo Championship Wrestling
JCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Prime Time Wrestling
PTW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Rookie of the Year (2004)
He was ranked #28 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2005.

References

Other websites
WWE profile
TNA profile
NFL profile
OWOW profile

1970 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
American professional wrestlers
American football linebackers
Buffalo Bills players
New England Patriots players
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Former WWE wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Modern body armour (personal armour/armor or body armor) is  protective clothing. It is designed to absorb and/or deflect slashing, bludgeoning, and penetrating attacks.

It was first used to protect soldiers, today it is used to protect riot police, private security guards and bodyguards. There are two different types of armour. There is regular non-plated personal armor used by most police, security guards and bodyguards. There is also hard-plate reinforced personal armor, which is used by combat soldiers, police tactical units and hostage rescue teams.

Armour is certainly very ancient, but it was little used in infantry warfare for quite a long time, with the exception of helmets. From about the 18th century to the Vietnam war, men fought relatively unprotected. The weight and cost of effective armour meant it was no longer practical to have infantrymen armoured.

The invention of carbon fibre, modern hard ceramics and various plastic compounds are suitable for light armour which is effective in many circumstances. Kevlar, Technora and Nomex are Aramids, which are long-chain aromatic polyamides. They are used to make bullet resistant vests and bullet resistant face masks. The PASGT helmet and vest used by United States military forces since the early 1980s both have Kevlar as a main component, as do their replacements. Most of these items have padding on the inside to act as shock-absorbers, and to increase comfort during while being worn.

So, with the lighter weight and increased stopping-power of personal armour, the modern soldier is once again protected against most of the weapons of the day.

In practice
In December 2009, during the War in Afghanistan, a British soldier in southern Helmand Province, survived a shot to the back during an operation to clear insurgents from a village, protected by the body armor kit he was wearing.

References 

Armour
Clothing
In the military, chaff are small thin pieces of metal which are shot out of an airplane or warship. These thin strips of metal make it harder for enemy radar to detect where the plane or ship is. The thin strips of metal also make it harder for radar-guided missiles to hit the plane or warship. The chaff tricks the enemy and helps to keep the plane or warship safe.

Weapons
Earl is the debut mixtape by Earl Sweatshirt. It was released on March 31, 2010 as a free digital download on Odd Future's website. The mixtape was recorded when Earl was between 15 and 16. The album is short and the lyrics are about murder, rape, drugs and critism of religion.

2010 albums
Hip hop albums
Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, (March 12, 1821 – October 30, 1893) was the third Prime Minister of Canada. He served in the office for seventeen months, from June 16, 1891 to November 24, 1892. Through his daughter, Abbott is the great-grandfather of Canadian Academy Award-winning actor Christopher Plummer.

Abbott died on March 12, 1893 from complications of pneumonia in his Montreal, Quebec home. He was 72 years old.

References

Other websites

 
 Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 

1821 births
1893 deaths
Canadian lawyers
Deaths from pneumonia
Mayors of Montreal
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Bike rage refers to using bad words, bad gestures, or physcial conflict between cyclists and others on the road, including pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and drivers. Bike rage is similar to other road rage.

A bike rage event can start because a cyclist, driver, or pedestrian thinks that another road user was breaking traffic rules, or in other ways because someone felt that their safety was threatened by another road user. Some people consider that the problem is city planners have mixed bikes and cars together in the same ways and may cause lots of chances for conflict. As such, cyclists feel threatened in traffic and hard done by and under attack. 

An article in Toronto Life magazine argued that the source of the problem bike rage is neither the problem of drivers nor the problem of cyclists, but the environment in which they interact. A possible explanation between cyclists and drivers is the anonymity of the big city; all the cyclists and drivers know they will never meet each other again.

Examples  

Drivers attacking cyclists

An event from New York Times show that a 41-year-old cyclist, Dan Cooley was injured by a driver who became angry at him after an exchange of insults. The event began when the driver overtake in front of Mr. Cooley. As Mr. Cooley moved off the road, the driver drove the car to him, and used car to hurted him. Mr. Cooley fell on the ground and then the driver got out of the car and attacked him. Mr. Cooley got concussion and a torn ligament when he was taken to hospital.  Mr. Cooley said that the reason for anger between cyclists and drivers is the car had monopolized the road for long time, however, bicyclists become more and more popular to save gas in this time. No one knows how to share the road.

Cyclists attacking drivers

In 2004 Chicago had an event that a cyclist attacked a driver. A Pennsylvania bicyclist shot a truck driver after an altercation. The truck driver, William Nicoletti, 51, when he drove past the cyclist, the man on the bike made obscene gesture to him. Not only for this, but also he drew a pistol and shot Mr. Nicoletti. The man on the bicycle, Robert Urick, 41, was "charged with attempted homicide, aggravated assault and weapons offenses."

In Toronto in January 2006, a driver threw his lunch out the window of his car. A 26-year-old bike courier threw the food back into the car. The driver tossed two cups of hot coffee at the courier. Then the driver attacked the woman and her bike.

A cyclist named Jefferey Guffey from Indiana told a driver to slow down. The driver attacked Guffey and bit part of his ear off. Police charged the driver with an offence.

In Toronto in 2007, a cyclist got angry at a driver. The cyclist then stabbed the driver in the face and neck with a screwdriver.

References

Traffic
Jeremy Kyle (born 7 July 1965) is an English television presenter. He is best known for presenting British talk show The Jeremy Kyle Show from 2005 to 2019. He also hosted the American version until May 2013.

He was born in Reading, Berkshire. He went to the Reading Blue Coat School. He married Carla Germaine in 2003.

In late 2007 Kyle started a radio show called The Jeremy Kyle Show.

In 2009 his first book, I'm Only Being Honest, was published. In it he talks about 'Broken Britain'.

On 11 October 2011 a game show called High Stakes started on ITV. Kyle presented the show until it ended 13 December 2011.

In Blackpool's Madame Tussauds there is a wax figure of Kyle.

Sources

Other websites
Jeremy Kyle's website on ITV 

1965 births
Living people
English television presenters
People from Reading, Berkshire
Television personalities from Berkshire
A shed is a simple, single-storey structure in a garden which is used for storage. Some people use their shed to do hobbies or as a workshop. There are many types of sheds. Some sheds are small open-sided structures with tin rooves. Some sheds are large structures framed by wood. Some sheds are made out of plastic. Sheds used on farms can be large and tall structures. Sheds can be made with metal panels attached to a metal frame, plastic or vinyl panels attached to a frame, all-wood construction.

Buildings and structures
Water politics are the politics related to whether people have enough fresh drinking water (see water scarcity). There is less fresh water available for many reasons. One reason is that some industries use huge amounts of water. Another problem is water pollution, which occurs when dangerous chemicals or human waste gets into the water. Currently, 40% of the people in the world do not have enough fresh water. More than 2.2 million people died in 2000 from diseases that were caused by drinking polluted, dirty water or drought.

Politics
Politics
Kamala Khan is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Captain Marvel #17 (November 2013). Khan is a 16-year-old Pakistani-American Muslim. She is from the suburbs of New Jersey. She can shapeshift. She was made by Sana Amanat, Steve Wacker, and G. Willow Wilson.

Marvel Comics superheroes
Robert James Kenneth Peston (born 25 April 1960) is a British journalist. In 2005 his biography of Gordon Brown, Brown's Britain was published. In 2013, How Do We Fix This Mess?: The Economic Price of Having it All, and the Route to Lasting Prosperity was published. On 17 October 2013 he was made the Economics Editor for BBC News.

References

1960 births
English journalists
Living people
Biographers
Survivor Series (2007) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 18, 2007 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida. It was the twenty first Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2007 website

2007 in American television
2007 in professional wrestling
Sports in Miami, Florida
Survivor Series
2007 in Florida
21st century in Miami, Florida
November events
Chinatown is a 1974 American movie directed by Roman Polanski, written by Robert Towne, and starring Jack Nicholson, Faye Dunaway, John Hillerman and John Huston. The movie is based on a true story about arguments that people had over the water politics in 1937 Los Angeles. It is considered to be a film noir. It was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1991. The movie is often considered to be one of the greatest movies ever made. During the 1975 Academy Awards, an Oscar award was given to Robert Towne for Best Original Screenplay. The Golden Globe Awards gave the movie awards for Best Drama, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay. The American Film Institute says that it is the second-best of all mystery movies.

References

Other websites 

1974 crime movies
1974 drama movies
1970s crime drama movies
1974 mystery movies
Academy Award winning movies
American crime drama movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Incest in movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1930s
Mystery drama movies
Mystery thriller movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Roman Polanski
Paramount Pictures movies
The Queen Elizabeth Islands are a group of islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.  They are split between Nunavut and Northwest Territories.  

In the past the islands were called Parry Archipelago or Parry Islands.  They were named after British Arctic explorer Sir William Parry.  In 1953 the islands were renamed after Elizabeth II.

According to the Atlas of Canada there are 34 large and 2,092 small islands in the archipelago. Many of the islands are among the largest in the world.  The largest island in the archipelago is Ellesmere Island.

Less than 400 people live on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

Islands of Canada
Juan Cristobal Tapia de Veer also known as Cristo, is a film and television score composer, arranger, producer and multi-instrumentalist based in Montreal, QC, Canada. He is mostly known for his music to the British 6-part drama UTOPIA for which he won an RTS Craft Award in the best original score category in 2013.

Early life 
Cristo was born during the military coup d'état in Chile. First, his parents fled to Paris, France. While his father decided to stay there, his mother took him back to Chile. Life under Pinochet's dictatorship still proved impossible, so they found political refuge in Québec, Canada.

Career 
He obtained a master's degree in Classical Music (specialization in percussion) from the Conservatoire de musique du Québec. In 2001 he got signed to Warner Music with his pop-band One Ton, putting a hold on his classical career. The trio won the Canadian Dance Music Award (SOCAN) in 2003 with the electro-dance single "Supersex World". It was Cristo who produced the album.

Movie & TV scoring 
In 2011, his music for the Victorian 4-part drama The Crimson Petal and the White (dir: Marc Munden, BBC2) totally surprised the audiences.

Matthew Gilbert, The Boston Globe, U.S.:

"The soundtrack ranges from gnawing electronic hums to choral ecstasy. It's all brilliantly, effectively, appropriately jarring, even if it sends the Masterpiece crowd to the medicine cabinet for Dramamine."

His latest work is in the conspiracy thriller UTOPIA created by Dennis Kelly, that aired on Channel 4. A second series has already been commissioned.

The Royal Television Society awarded him a Craft & Design Awards for "best original music" in November 2013.

He wrote music for a new TV-show called Série Noire, written and directed by the writers of "Les Invincibles", released in January 2014 on Radio-Canada.

References

Other websites 

Cristobal Tapia de Veer on soundcloud

1973 births
Living people
Multi-instrumentalists
Composers
People from Santiago
One Way Ticket is song which was recorded by Eruption. 

The song was reached #1 on Austria and Switzerland music charts. 

This song is a cover version of song One Way Ticket (To The Blues) by Neil Sedaka.

1978 songs
Sweden women's national football team () represents Sweden on the women's side in association football. Sweden won the 1984 UEFA European Championship. In the FIFA World Cup, the team ended up second in 2003, and won the bronze medals in 1991 and 2011.

Other websites
 Sweden women's national team
 Sweden women's national team

European women's national association football teams
Football in Sweden
The determinant of a square matrix is a scalar (a number) that indicates how that matrix behaves. It can be calculated from the numbers in the matrix.

The determinant of the matrix  is written as  or  in a formula. Sometimes, instead of  and , one simply writes  and .

Interpretation
There are a few ways to understand what the determinant says about a matrix.

Geometric interpretation

An  matrix can be seen as describing a linear map in  dimensions. In which case, the determinant indicates the factor by which this matrix scales (grows or shrinks) a region of -dimensional space.For example, a  matrix , seen as a linear map, will turn a square in 2-dimensional space into a parallelogram. That parallellogram's area will be  times as big as the square's area.<p>In the same way, a  matrix , seen as a linear map, will turn a cube in 3-dimensional space into a parallelepiped. That parallelepiped's volume will be  times as big as the cube's volume.

The determinant can be negative or zero. A linear map can stretch and scale a volume, but it can also reflect it over an axis. Whenever this happens, the sign of the determinant changes from positive to negative, or from negative to positive. A negative determinant means that the volume was mirrored over an odd number of axes.

"System of equations" interpretation
One can think of a matrix as describing a system of linear equations. That system has a unique non-trivial solution exactly when the determinant is not 0 (non-trivial meaning that the solution is not just all zeros).

If the determinant is zero, then there is either no unique non-trivial solution, or there are infinitely many.

Singular matrices
A matrix has an inverse matrix exactly when the determinant is not 0. For this reason, a matrix with a non-zero determinant is called invertible. If the determinant is 0, then the matrix is called non-invertible or singular.

Geometrically, one can think of a singular matrix as "flattening" the parallelepiped into a parallelogram, or a parallelogram into a line. Then the volume or area is 0, which means that there is no linear map that will bring the old shape back.

Calculating a determinant
There are a few ways to calculate a determinant.

Formulas for small matrices

For  and  matrices, the following simple formulas hold:

For  matrices, the formula is:One can use the Rule of Sarrus (see image) to remember this formula.

Cofactor expansion
For larger matrices, the determinant is harder to calculate. One way to do it is called cofactor expansion.

Suppose that we have an  matrix . First, we choose any row or column of the matrix. For each number  in that row or column, we calculate something called its cofactor . Then .

To compute such a cofactor , we erase row  and column  from the matrix . This gives us a smaller  matrix. We call it . The cofactor  then equals .

Here is an example of a cofactor expansion of the left column of a  matrix:

As illustrated above, one can simplify the computation of determinant by choosing a row or column that has many zeros; if  is 0, then one can skip calculating  altogether.

Related pages
Invertible matrix
Volume

References 

Linear algebra
Loneliness is a sad emotion that a person can feel if they are isolated or feel a sense of lack of friends and family members. Loneliness can make people feel anxious.

People can feel lonely even if they are surrounded by a lot of other people. Loneliness can occur even to people in marriages, relationships, families and successful jobs. One cause of loneliness is a lack of friends during childhood and teenage years. Loneliness can also be caused by chronic depression. Loneliness can also be caused when a relationship or marriage ends.

Loneliness is a theme in literature, going back to the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Related pages 
Social isolation
 Belyaev, Igor A. and Lyashchenko, Maksim N. (2020) “Socio-cultural determinacy of human loneliness”, Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1264–1274, DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0640.

Emotions
Fuzz bass (also called "bass overdrive" or "bass distortion") is a style of playing the electric bass. When a person plays fuzz bass, the bass sounds buzzy and distorted. Fuzz bass is created by turning up the volume on a bass amplifier very high, or by using an electronic fuzz pedal.  In the mid-1960s, some bass players began to play fuzz bass. The Beatles' 1965 song "Think for Yourself" (from Rubber Soul) has fuzz bass. The 1965 Rolling Stones song "Under My Thumb" has fuzz bass.

Music technology
Musical instruments