cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera. It is in Greece, in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group.

The caldera measures about , with  high steep cliffs on three sides. There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni. The main island, Santorini has an area of  km2.

The extraordinary beauty of Santorini's high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and clear air, have made it a magnet for tourists and volcanologists.

Geology 

The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. This marks the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean part of the Eurasian tectonic plate, at a rate of up to 5 cm per year in a northeasterly direction. It has earthquakes at depths of 150–170 km.

Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.

Volcanology 

The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years ago. The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years ago, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years ago. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years ago during the Minoan eruption.

Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.

Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.

Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only smoke and gases come out. GPS instruments have registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012. 

The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.

References 

Volcanoes of Europe
Mountains of Greece
Coptic or Coptic Egyptian is an Egyptian language. It was spoken by many people in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Now, only a few people speak the language.

Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have. The two most common dialects are Sahidic and Bohairic.

Coptic and demotic Egyptian are very similar to the earlier Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic script. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period. The Copts have tried to revive the language since the 19th century.

References 

Afroasiatic languages
Egypt
17th-century disestablishments
Brian K. Sims was the first college American football captain to come out as gay. He is also the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly. He is a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania in the 2022 election.

Life
Sims's parents were both colonels in the U.S. Army. He has a twin brother, an older brother, and a younger sister. He went to high school in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Sims has a bachelor of science degree from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. He also has a juris doctor degree from the Michigan State University College of Law.

At Bloomsburg, Sims was the captain of the 2000 National Championship Division II football team. He was a first-string defensive tackle. He became the only openly gay college football captain in NCAA history.

Sims was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District. Sims was the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

In June 2013, the Defense of Marriage Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Sims was not allowed to make a speech supporting the decision in the Pennsylvania House. House Speaker Daryl Metcalfe, a Republican, said that allowing him to speak would be a violation of God's law.
In May 2019, Sims posted an eight minute video of himself confronting a woman who was protesting outside a Planned Parenthood facility in Philadelphia by praying with a rosary.  On May 15, 2019 he was served a summons for federal case 5:19-cv-00834 at his office on Chestnut Street.  On July 15, 2019 at 3:00 PM the Default judgement entered on June 18, 2019 was used as collateral for trying to help Hahnemann Hospital stay open case # 19-11466 Delaware Bankruptcy Court.

On February 15, 2021 Sims announced on Twitter that he was running for lieutenant governor in the 2022 election.

References

1978 births
Living people
American football players
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Gay men
LGBT politicians
LGBT sportspeople
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
American LGBT rights activists
Psychopathology is the study of mental illnesses. It was started by Karl Jaspers in 1913.

Other websites
Science daily 

Medicine
Psychiatry
Psychology
Sid Bernstein (August 12, 1918 – August 21, 2013) was an American music producer and promoter. Bernstein changed the American music scene in the 1960s by bringing The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits, The Moody Blues, and The Kinks to America. He was the first impresario to organize rock concerts at sports stadiums.

Bernstein was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1918. He was married to Geraldine Gale until his death in 2013. They had six children. Bernstein died on August 21, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Manhattan, New York, aged 95.

References

Other websites

1918 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
People from New York City
Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013)  was an American actor. He was known for his role as Jett Jackson in The Famous Jett Jackson and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights. His last starring role was portraying Boston police detective Barry Frost in Rizzoli & Isles.

Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina on February 1, 1984. He studied at the University of Southern California. Thompson committed suicide by shooting himself in his Los Angeles, California apartment on August 19, 2013. He was 29 years old.

References

Other websites

1984 births
2013 deaths
Actors who committed suicide
Actors from South Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Suicides in California
Nickelodeon' is an Italian television channel. It launched on 1 November 2004 on Sky Italia.
From 1997 until 2000, Rai Sat 2 broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day.

History
The channel was launched on 1 November 2004. At first, it shared its frequency with Comedy Central. Nickelodeon broadcast during the day and Commedy Central broadcast at night. On 31 July 2009 a +1 timeshift version was launched. The same day Nick Jr. was launched. It replaced RaiSat YOYO. RaiSat YOYO became free and is now named Rai Yoyo. On 9 September 2013, Nickelodean and the +1 version of the network changed to a 16:9 widescreen wikt:aspect:aspect ratio.

Nickelodeon
television channels in Europe
Italian television
2004 establishments in Italy
The Division of McMillan was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covered the western part of the Gippsland region. It included Drouin, Erica, Foster, Inverloch, Korumburra, Leongatha, Mirboo North, Moe, Neerim South, Newborough, Nyora, Pakenham, Trafalgar, Walhalla, Warragul, Wonthaggi, Yallourn North and Yarragon. It was the southernmost electoral division in continental Australia. It was replaced by the Division of Monash in 2019.

The Division was set up in 1949, and named after Angus McMillan, one of the first Europeans to explore the Gippsland region. 

In 1972 Country Party candidate Arthur Hewson won the seat with a primary vote of 16.6%. This is the lowest primary vote for a winning candidate in any federal election.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of McMillan - Australian Electoral Commission
 Russell Broadbent's website

Former electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1949 establishments in Australia
The Division of Melbourne Ports was an Australian federal electoral division in the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was set up for the first election in 1901. At the time it was named Melbourne Ports as it covered both Port Melbourne and Williamstown. Later it included the suburbs of Albert Park, Balaclava, Caulfield, Caulfield East, Caulfield North, part of Elsternwick, Elwood, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, Ripponlea, St Kilda, St Kilda East, St Kilda West, Southbank, South Melbourne and parts of South Yarra and Docklands. It was abolished in 2019, and renamed as Macnamara.

Members

Samuel Mauger was later elected to the Division of Maribyrnong. Jack Holloway  became Minister for Social Services  and Minister for Health in 1941. From 1943–1949 he was Minister for Labour and National Service. Frank Crean was Treasurer and Minister for Trade in the Whitlam Government. In 1975 he was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. Clyde Holding had been the Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian Parliament. He held several positions in the Hawke Government including  Aboriginal Affairs, Employment Services and Youth Affairs, Transport and Communications Support, Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
Division of Melbourne Ports – Australian Electoral Commission
Michael Danby's website 

Former electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
Lady with an Ermine (Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani)  ( ; ) is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It was painted between 1489 and 1490. The subject of the portrait is Cecilia Gallerani, the mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. She was pregnant at the time it was painted. Leonardo was in the service of the Duke at the time the portrait was painted. The ermine was a symbol of purity for Leonardo, but also meant to symbolise  the Duke of Milan because his nickname was the white ermine. The painting was done in three stages - the first was a portrait just of Cecillia, the second he added a thin, small ermine and in the final stage, Leonardo made it look more powerful. Lady with an Ermine is displayed in the Czartoryski Museum, Kraków, Poland.

References

Other websites

 Czartoryski Museum
 BBC article on Lady with an Ermine

Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
15th-century paintings
Ancient woodland is the name used in the United Kingdom for woodland which has existed continuously since 1600 or before in England and Wales (or 1750 in Scotland). Before those dates, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. The American name for these forests is "old growth forest".

For many species of animal and plant, ancient woodland sites provide the only habitat. For many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. Ancient woodland in the UK, like rainforest in the tropics, is home to rare and threatened species, more than any other UK habitat. For these reasons ancient woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or 'critical natural capital'.

Ancient woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies. Many ancient woodlands have legal protection, but an ancient woodland is not automatically protected.

Examples 

Cannock Chase, Staffs
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire
Cherry Tree Wood, London
Edford Woods and Meadows, Somerset
Epping Forest, Essex
Forest of Dean West Gloucestershire
Foxley Wood, Norfolk
Hatfield Forest, Essex
Highgate Wood, London
Holt Heath, Dorset
New Forest, Hampshire
Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight
Queen's Wood, London
Savernake forest, Wiltshire
Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire
Wentwood, Monmouthshire
Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
Wyre Forest bordering Shropshire and Worcestershire
Yardley Chase, Northants

References

Other websites
Ancient Tree Guides by the Woodland Trust 

Forests of the United Kingdom
England
A bluebell wood is a woodland that in springtime has a carpet of flowering bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) underneath a newly forming leaf canopy. The thicker the summer canopy, the more the ground-cover is suppressed. This encourages a dense carpet of bluebells, whose leaves mature and die down by early summer.

Bluebell woods may be found in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as elsewhere in Europe. Bluebells are a common indicator species for ancient woodlands, so bluebell woods are likely to date back to at least 1600.

Gerard Manley Hopkins, one of the romantic poets, was very keen on bluebells, as his poem "May Magnificat" shows.
And azuring-over greybell makes
Wood banks and brakes wash wet like lakes

In his journal entry for 9 May 1871 Hopkins says:

In the little wood opposite the light they stood in blackish spreads or sheddings like spots on a snake.  The heads are then like thongs and solemn in grain and grape-colour.  But in the clough through the light they come in falls of sky-colour washing the brows and slacks of the ground with vein-blue, thickening at the double, vertical themselves and the young grass and brake-fern combed vertical, but the brake struck the upright of all this with winged transomes.  It was a lovely sight. - The bluebells in your hand baffle you with their inscape, made to every sense.  If you draw your fingers through them they are lodged and struggle with a shock of wet heads; the long stalks rub and click and flatten to a fan on one another like your fingers themselves would when you passed the palms hard across one another, making a brittle rub and jostle like the noise of a hurdle strained by leaning against; then there is the faint honey smell and in the mouth the sweet gum when you bite them.

References

Forests of Europe
Flowers
The Ardennes (also known as Ardennes Forest) is a mountain range in eastern Belgium (eastern Wallonia), northern Luxembourg (the Oesling) and bordering France (Ardennes (department)).

It consist of hills of an altitude up to nearly 700 meters. It has many forests and few people.

The Ardennes are primarily made of slate, and borders in the east at the German Eifel. Important river is the Meuse.

Forests of Belgium
Forests of France
Geography of Belgium
Geography of Luxembourg
Grand Est
Hainaut (province)
Liège (province)
Luxembourg (Belgium)
Mountain ranges
Mountains of Europe
Mountains of France
Namur (province)
Wallonia
"Oh! Susanna" is a song by Stephen Foster. It was Foster's first hit song. The song debuted in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1847 and was published by W. C. Peters of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848.  It became the unofficial anthem of the California Gold Rush in 1849.

Foster had little appreciation of the worth of his songs. His brother Morrison wrote: "While in Cincinnati [Stephen] wrote "Oh, Susanna", a song which soon became famous ... There was then in Cincinnati in the music business, W. C. Peters, whom Stephen had known in Pittsburgh, and who had taught music in our family ... [Stephen] made a present of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" to Mr. Peters. The latter made ten thousand dollars out of them, and established a music publishing house which became the largest in the West. The fame of these two songs went around the world, and thousands sang and played them who never heard the name of the author or whence they came."

Notes

References
 
 

19th-century American songs
Compositions by Stephen Foster
"Beautiful Dreamer" is a song by Stephen Foster written about 1862. It was first published (posthumously) in 1864 by William A. Pond & Co. It has been promoted as Foster's last song, but that distinction cannot be confirmed. It is similar in some respects to his first published song, "Open They Lattice, Love". Both have a triple rhythm and share imagery of the sea and marine life. 

The arpeggiated accompaniment recalls bel canto opera. The dreamer in this song is either asleep or dead. The song does not distinguish. It is a song though about dissolution  of melting, of dissolving, of vanishing into mists, and, finally into death. The song is not held in the highest esteem by some musicologists and has been described by one as "saccharine" and "[smacking] somewhat of the idiom of Irving Berlin."

Lyrics
<poem>
1.
Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me,
Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee;
Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day,
Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away!
Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song,
List while I woo thee with soft melody;
Gone are the cares of life's busy throng,
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!

2.
Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea,
Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelei;
Over the streamlet vapors are borne,
Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn.
Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart,
E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea;
Then will all clouds of sorrow depart,
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!</poem>

Notes

References
 
 

19th-century American songs
Compositions by Stephen Foster
Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia. It is named after the Box and Ironbark trees which grow in the forest. These tree species produce a lot of nectar and pollen throughout the year. This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals.

History
Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria. During the main years of the gold rush (1851-1870) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields. Large areas of forest were cut down for use in the gold mines and for firewood in surrounding areas.  After the gold rush, the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming.

Description
Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky, often auriferous (gold-bearing), soils, in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150–600 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall of is 500–800 mm.  About 40% of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land, with about 20% protected in conservation reserves.  About 55% has been permanently cleared for agriculture, mining and urban development.  Remaining forest is in small scattered areas.

Vegetation
Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box, ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts, growing to 25 m in height. Below them is an understorey of wattles, small-leaved and prostrate shrubs, herbs and grasses.  The main trees are White Box, Red Box, Red Ironbark, Mugga Ironbark, Yellow Gum and Red Stringybark.  In some areas they may grow with, or be replaced by, Yellow Box, Long-leaf Box or Silver Bundy.  The mix of plants in the groundcover includes the largest concentrations of orchids of any Victorian ecosystem. Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include Cheiranthera cyanaea, Philotheca verrucosa, Xerochrysum viscosum, Pultenaea largiflorens, Acacia williamsonii and Stuartina muelleri.

Animals
The trees of the Box-Ironbark forest produce a lot of flowers and nectar. They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters, lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates. Flowering of the different species of eucalypts takes place at different times of year so there is always a nectar or pollen source available for migratory, nomadic and resident birds. This means there are both more species, and greater numbers of individuals, of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem. These birds include Black-chinned, Regent, Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters, Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets.  The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales, Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders.

Further reading
 Tzaros, Chris. (2005). Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

References

Ecosystems
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Forests of Australia
Ironbark is a common name of a number of species within the genus Eucalyptus that have dark, deeply furrowed bark.

Many eucalypts shed their bark very year, but on an Ironbark the dead bark stays on the trees, forming the furrows. It becomes rough after drying out and becomes full of kino, a dark red tree sap exuded by the tree. The bark is resistant to fire and heat and protects the living tissue within the trunk and branches from fire. In cases of extreme fire, where leaves and shoots are removed, the bark protects the epicormic buds which allow the tree to reshoot.

Examples of Ironbark species 
 Eucalyptus crebra, narrow-leaved ironbark or  narrow-leaved red ironbark
 Eucalyptus fibrosa, broad-leaved red ironbark
 Eucalyptus melanophloia, silver-leaved ironbark
 Eucalyptus paniculata, grey ironbark
 Eucalyptus siderophloia, Northern Grey Ironbark
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon, red ironbark or Mugga
 Eucalyptus placita, Grey Ironbark
 Eucalyptus staigeriana, lemon ironbark
 Eucalyptus tricarpa, red ironbark.

References

Trees of Australia
Eucalyptus
Belanglo State Forest is a planted forest in the Australian state of New South Wales covering an area of about 3,500 hectares. It is south of Berrima in the Southern Highlands, five kilometres west of the Hume Highway between Sydney and Canberra. The forest is owned by the New South Wales Government and has some of the earliest pine plantings in the state. The public has free access to the forest; it is popular with recreational trail bike riders.

History

Backpacker Murders
In 1992 and 1993, seven skeletons were found in the forest. These became known as The Backpacker Murders and was thought to be the work of a serial killer.  Eventually, Ivan Milat was convicted of the murders in 1996 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Other murders
On the 29 August 2010 trail bike riders discovered another human skeleton in the forest. At first this was thought to be another victim of Ivan Milat, but later forensic evidence suggests that the remains were left there at a later date.

On 22 November 2010, three teenagers (including one related to Ivan Milat) were arrested over the murder of David Auchterlonie, in the Belanglo State Forest. He had been murdered by friends on his birthday, and left in a shallow grave. 
One of the teenagers reported the murder to the police.

References

Protected areas of New South Wales
Forests of Australia
Kaiju is a Japanese word meaning "strange creature". In English, it has come to mean "monster" or "giant monster", referring to creatures of a large size seen in movies from Asia. Many kaiju movies are made in Japan. It is a type of tokusatsu entertainment. Kaiju movies usually show a monster attacking a major Japanese city or battling other monsters.

The most famous kaiju character is Godzilla. Other well-known kaiju include King Kong, Gamera, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla, and Rodan.

Terms that are related to kaiju include kaijū eiga, movies with several large monsters or a single monster, kaijin, movies with a human-like monster, and daikaiju, movies with very large monsters. other films like Yongary, Monster from the deep, Goliathon, Pulgasari, Yonggary, Thunder of Gigantic Serpent, etc.

Kaiju is recognised a lot in the blockbuster film Pacific Rim.

Filmography 

 Godzilla

Other websites

Movie characters
Monsters
Japanese culture
Anime and manga genres
Jetty Paerl (Henriette Nanette Paerl; 27 May 1921 – 22 August 2013) was a Dutch singer. She was most famous in the 1950s and 1960s. 

Paerl was born on 27 May 1921 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. She was married to Dutch artist Cees Bantzinger. Paerl died in Amstelveen on 22 August 2013 from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Dutch singers
People from Amsterdam
Gilbert Taylor (12 April 1914 – 23 August 2013) was a British cinematographer. He worked on several movies such as Dr. Strangelove, A Hard Day's Night, The Omen and Star Wars.

Taylor was born on 12 April 1914 in Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, England.

After six years service in World War II as an officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, he became an operational cameraman flying in Avro Lancaster bombers, documenting the damage after British bombing raids.

Taylor died on 23 August 2013 in Newport, Isle of Wight from natural causes, aged 99.

References

Other websites

 Profile and interview by the American Society of Cinematographers, on the occasion of his International Achievement Award

1914 births
2013 deaths
British cinematographers
Deaths from natural causes
People from Hertfordshire
Thomas B. Kin "Tommy" Chong (born May 24, 1938) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, director, musician, and writer.

He is well known for his marijuana-themed Cheech & Chong comedy movies with Cheech Marin, as well as playing the character Leo on Fox's That '70s Show.

Chong was born on May 24, 1938 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He was raised in Calgary, Alberta. Chong studied at Crescent Heights High School.

Chong first married Maxine Sneed, from 1960 until their divorce in 1970. They had two daughters, Robbi and Rae Dawn. His second marriage was to Shelby Fiddis in 1975. They had three children.

He announced on June 9, 2012, that he has prostate cancer. He described the cancer "as a slow stage one [that I've] had for a long time." He said that he was drug-free for about three years, during which time he began having prostate-related problems.

On July 15, 2012 Chong tweeted that the hemp oil he has been using to treat his cancer is working and that "he is 99% cancer free". However, on June 16, 2015, Chong stated he has rectal cancer and was "using cannabis like crazy" in order to endure the treatment. In 2019, Chong announced that he is "cancer-free".

References

Other websites
 
 Chong's Bongs Gone Wrong A Newsweek article by Brian Braiker about Tommy Chong's various legal problems
 HoboTrashcan's One on One with Tommy Chong An in-depth interview about politics, Cheech and Chong and Tommy's wife and kids
 An Interview With Tommy Chong A Stumped? magazine article by Zach Freeman
 Video interview with Tommy Chong on 'Connected Life' 
Donald E. Wilkes, Jr. , "Pot Pope Imprisoned."  Published in Flagpole Magazine, p. 31 (December 20, 2006).

1938 births
Living people
Actors from Calgary
American activists
American movie actors
American movie directors
American musicians
American television actors
American television directors
American television writers
American voice actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian musicians
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Canadian television writers
Canadian voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People with cancer
2012 is a 2009 American science fiction disaster movie directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich. It was produced by Centropolis Entertainment, Emmerich's production company, and distributed by Columbia Pictures. It is based upon the 2012 phenomenon, which was a number of beliefs that destructive events would occur on or around December 21, 2012. It was released on November 13, 2009. Critics gave it mixed reviews. They liked its special effects, but were critical of its length (158 minutes) and screenwriting. It made $770 million worldwide.

Plot
Neutrinos from a very large solar flare from the sun cause the temperature of Earth to increase at a very fast rate, eventually causing  a very large geological and meterological disaster. The plot follows Jackson Curtis (John Cusack) as he tries to bring his children, Noah (Liam James) and Lilly (Morgan Lily), ex-wife Kate Curtis (Amanda Peet), and her boyfriend, Gordon Silberman (Thomas McCarthy) to safety from the destructive events that occur. Among these events, a very large earthquake causes California to fall into the Pacific Ocean, the Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, and a very large tsunami hits the United States.

Cast 
 John Cusack as Jackson Curtis
 Chiwetel Ejiofor as Dr. Adrian Helmsley
 Amanda Peet as Kate Curtis
 Thandie Newton as Laura Wilson
 Oliver Platt as Carl Anheuser
 Thomas McCarthy as Gordon Silberman
 Danny Glover as the President Thomas Wilson
 Woody Harrelson as Charlie Frost
 Liam James as Noah Curtis
 Morgan Lily as Lily Curtis
 Zlatko Buric as Yuri Karpov
 Beatrice Rosen as Tamara
 Jimi Mistry as Dr. Satnam Tsurutani
 John Billingsley as Professor West
 Blu Mankuma as Harry Helmsley
 George Segal as Tony Delgatto
 Johann Urb as Sasha
 Stephen McHattie as Captain Michaels

References

Other websites

 
 

2009 movies
2000s disaster movies
2009 science fiction movies
2000s American adventure movies
American disaster movies
American science fiction movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Roland Emmerich
Post-apocalyptic movies
Movies set in France
Movies set in Las Vegas
Movies set in London
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in Nevada
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in the United Kingdom
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Leith is a place in Scotland, within the city of Edinburgh. It is a port.

Related pages
Leith Athletic F.C.

Other websites
Leith

Edinburgh
Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom
The Mount Cole State Forest is in western Victoria, Australia, near the town of Beaufort. The forest is around Mount Cole, which formed 390 million years ago. The Indigenous Australians, the Beeripmo balug people, called it Bereep-bereep, which means wild. The forest covers an area of 12,150 hectares, including the forest around Mount Lonarch.

The forest is on a plateau which is above grassy plains. The plateau is about 760 metres above sea level. High peaks in the forest include Mount Buangor (1,090 metres), Mount Cole (899 metres) and Ben Nevis (877 metres).

The main trees in the southern part of the forest are Messmate (Eucalyptus oblique), Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), and Blue Gums (Eucalyptus st johnii). In the north, which is drier, there are Yellow Box (Eucalyptus melliodora), and Red Stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorryncha). There is also the rare Mount Cole Grevillea, Grevillea montis-cole. On the high peaks there are groups of Snow Gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora).

There have been 130 different birds seen in the forest. Animals include kangaroos, wallabies, echidna, koalas and possums. In 1954, 160 koalas were set free in the forest to as part of a plan to re-establish the animals in Victorian forests. In the 19th century, deer were introduced and Sambar deer are still living in the wet gullies in the south of the forest.

Activities in the forest include camping, walking, four wheel driving, horse riding, and bird watching.

The purpose of the forest is to supply good quality hardwood logs for sawmills. The management plan for the forest also protects the water catchments of several creeks which supply water to nearby towns.

Mount Buangor State Park
An area of 1,940 hectares, the Mount Buangor State Park, was protected from logging in 1973. This park includes the waterfalls on Middle Creek, and the large rock faces and caves on Cave Hill.

References

Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)
Forests of Australia
A royal forest is an area of land with various meanings, but basically it is woodland once owned by monarchs.  

In Anglo-Saxon England, the kings were great huntsmen but they never set aside areas forbidden to other users.  Historians find no evidence of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs (c.500 to 1066) creating forests. 

However, under the Norman kings (after 1066), no hunting was allowed on Royal lands except by authority of the King. The law was designed to protect the venison and the vert, the "noble" animals of the chase – notably red and fallow deer, the roe, and the wild boar – and the greenery which sustained them. 

Royal forests were designed as hunting areas reserved for the monarch or (by invitation) the aristocracy. The concept was introduced by the Normans to England in the 11th century, and in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, one-third of the land area of southern England was designated as royal forest. At one stage in the 12th century, all of Essex was afforested, and on his accession Henry II declared all of Huntingdonshire to be royal forest.

Afforestation, in particular the creation of the New Forest, figured large in the folk history of the "Norman Yoke": 
"the picture of prosperous settlements disrupted, houses burned, peasants evicted, all to serve the pleasure of the foreign tyrant, is a familiar element in the English national story .... The extent and intensity of hardship and of depopulation have been exaggerated". 

Forest law prescribed harsh punishment for anyone who committed any offence within the forests. Killing game was a capital offence. By the mid-17th century, enforcement of this law died out, but many English woodlands still bear the title Royal Forest. The practice of reserving areas of land for the sole use of the aristocracy was common throughout Europe during the mediaeval period. 

Royal forests usually included large areas of heath, grassland and wetland – anywhere that supported deer and other game. In addition, when an area was designated forest, any villages, towns and fields that lay within it were also subject to forest law. Local inhabitants were restricted in the use of land they had previously relied on for their livelihood. However, common rights were not extinguished, but merely restricted.

References 

Forests of Europe
History of Europe
High Wood () is a small forest near Bazentin le Petit in the Somme département of northern France. The Battle of the Somme took place there. The French name for the wood was Bois des Foureaux (now called Bois des Fourcaux) but to the British who fought there, it was known as High Wood.

Forests of France
Somme
Hauts-de-France
Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation which has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem). The word comes from the Greek sclero (hard) and phyllon (leaf). 

Sclerophyllous plants occur in many parts of the world. They are shaped by a Mediterranean climate, with mild, wet winters and long hot dry summers. Wildfires often occur. These conditions feature summer drought-tolerant plants with hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves,

This kind of climate occurs in: 
The Americas, in the chaparral biomes
Californian woodlands 
Chilean Matorral 
Australia, this type of biome occurs throughout western (Perth), eastern (Sydney) and southern (Adelaide) areas. 
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome that cover the Mediterranean Basin
Cape Province of South Africa.

References 

Botany
Ecology
Chelsea Elizabeth Manning, (born Bradley Edward Manning; December 17, 1987) is a United States Army soldier who was diagnosed with gender identity disorder while in the Army. After Adrian Lamo exposed Manning leaking secret government files to WikiLeaks in 2011, readers of The Guardian chose her as 2012's person of the year. 

On 21 August 2013 Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison, but was released on 17 May 2017 by order of President Barack Obama on 17 January 2017.

On January 11, 2018, Manning announced plans to run for the U.S. Senate in Maryland to challenge the state's senior senator, two-term incumbent Ben Cardin, as a Democrat in the June 26, 2018 primary election. She lost the primary election to Cardin.

On March 8, 2019, Manning was held in contempt of court by a United States District Court judge for refusing to testify to a federal grand jury investigating WikiLeaks and except for a brief period of release between May 9 and May 16 has been jailed continuously.

On March 11, 2020, Manning tried to commit suicide in the federal detention center in Alexandria, Virginia.

Early life
Manning was born in Crescent, Oklahoma.

References

1987 births
Living people
American criminals
American military people
American prisoners
LGBT military people
LGBT politicians
LGBT people from Oklahoma
Politicians from Oklahoma
Politicians from Maryland
US Democratic Party politicians
Transgender and transsexual people
Charnwood Forest is an area in north-western Leicestershire, England, near Leicester, Loughborough, and Coalville.

Although called a forest, it is extremely varied, with many different areas. It has 45 sites of geological or wildlife interest. Above all, it is the only site in Europe where the Ediacaran fossil Charnia is found.

The area has some extensive tracts of woodland. It is undulating, rocky and picturesque, with barren areas. It is generally 600 ft (180 m) and upwards. On its western side is an abandoned coalfield, with Coalville and other former mining villages. This is now being regenerated and replanted as part of the National Forest. The M1 motorway cuts through Charnwood Forest.

The hard stone of Charnwood Forest has been quarried for centuries, and was a source of grind-stones. The granite quarries are of national importance and supply crushed stone ("aggregate") to much of southern Britain.

Charnwood Forest includes a National Nature Reserve (NNR), 19 SSSIs, four geological conservation sites of international importance, and another six conservation sites, 13 Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS), five local nature reserves (LNRs), and seven Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust (LRWT) nature reserves.

The Forest is an important recreational area with woodland walks, noted for their displays of bluebells in the early spring. Rockclimbing and walking are popular.

References 

Forests of the United Kingdom
Leicestershire
Alan William Napier-Clavering (7 January 1903 – 8 August 1988) was an English-American actor. He is best known for his role as Alfred the butler in the 1960s live-action Batman television series.

Napier was born on 7 January 1903 in King's Norton, Worcestershire, England. His cousin was Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Napier studied at Clifton College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

He was married to Emily Nancy Bevill Pethybridge from 1930 until they divorced in 1944. He was married to Aileen Dickens Hawksley from 1944 until her death in 1961. Aileen was the granddaughter of Charles Dickens. Napier was a close friend of actor Michael Gough.

Napier died on 8 August 1988 in Santa Monica, California from a stroke, aged 85.

References

Other websites

1903 births
1988 deaths
Actors from Worcestershire
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Yvonne Joyce Craig (May 16, 1937 – August 17, 2015) was an American ballet dancer and actress.

She is best known for her role as Batgirl from the 1960s TV series Batman and as the Orion Marta in the Star Trek: The Original Series.

Craig was born on May 16, 1937 in Taylorville, Illinois. She was raised in Columbus, Ohio.

Craig was married to Jimmy Boyd from 1960 until they divorced in 1962. She was married to Kenneth Aldrich from 1988 until she died.

Craig died of breast cancer at her home in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, aged 78.

References

Other websites 
 
Yvonne Craig's Official Personal Home Page
Ty's Yvonne Craig Homepage 
MSN Entertainment – Yvonne Craig 

 Yvonne Craig  at TV.com
Bat-Bios – Yvonne Craig
Yvonne Craig as Batgirl
Yvonne Craig Interview at Elvis2001.net 

1937 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Illinois
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Ballerinas
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from breast cancer
The World's End is a 2013 British-American-Japanese science-fiction comedy movie directed by Edgar Wright. It stars Simon Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, and Eddie Marsan. 

It is the third in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, following Shaun of the Dead (2004) and Hot Fuzz (2007). It was released on 19 July 2013 in the United Kingdom and on 23 August 2013 in the United States. It received positive reviews.

2013 comedy movies
2013 science fiction movies
British comedy movies
British science fiction movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
Japanese movies
Apocalyptic movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
Movies directed by Edgar Wright
The Chã das Calderas ("Plain of the calderas"), sometimes abbreviated Chã ("Plain"), is a caldera on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. With a diameter of  and open to the east, it is surrounded on the west by the bordeira, a mountainous wall which rises to . It was made by the eruption of Monte Armarelo, which was replaced by the smaller Pico do Fogo.

Geography

The Chã das Caldeiras is in southwestern Cape Verde and occupies the north-east of the island of Fogo. It is shared between the municipalities of Mosteiros to the north and Santa Catarina do Fogo to the south.

A little more of a thousand people live permanently inside the caldera, in the small towns of Bangaeira and Portela;<ref name="ETA">{{Cite book|title=État et société aux îles du Cap-Vert : alternatives pour un petit État insulaire'|last=Lesourd|first=Michel|publisher=Karthala|year=1995|isbn=2-86537-625-7|place=Paris|pages=86-87|language=fr}}</ref> these towns are at about , where sometimes the temperature gets to . Part of the National Park of Fogo, it is one of the main tourist destinations of Cape Verde. It is accessed by a single central road  long from São Filipe.

The vegetation is sparse but several endemic plants  nevertheless grow there, especially Echium vulcanorum () and Erysimum caboverdeanum () that can not be found anywhere else. Others are Sarcostemma daltonii (), Verbascum cystolithicum (), Lavandula rotundifolia () ou Euphorbia tuckeyana ().

Economy
Where land is not covered by lava, farmers grow fruit trees, grains and vineyards. A cooperative produces a local wine, the manecon'', which is not send to other countries.

Infrastructure
A school had 158 students in 2010. The village of Portela has two churches, one Catholic and one Adventist.

In 2012 there was no electricity in the villages of Bangaeira and Portela but the connection is expected in 2016.

References

Other websites

 Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory

Calderas
Volcanoes of Africa
Geography of Cape Verde
Oil sands, or tar sands are an unconventional source of petroleum. The oil sands are a mixture of sand, clay and water together with a dense and extremely sticky form of petroleum referred to as bitumen.

Natural bitumen is found in many countries, with the largest quantities in Canada, Kazakhstan and Russia. The estimated worldwide deposits are more than 2 trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). These estimates include deposits that have not yet been discovered. Around 70% of all proven reserves are in Canada.

Oil produced from bitumen sands is often referred to as unconventional oil, to separate it from traditional liquid oil. The production process is very energy consuming so that the net energy gain is much smaller compared to traditional oil. Making liquid fuels from oil sands requires much energy and produces 12 percent more greenhouse gases per barrel of final product than production of traditional oil. Therefore oil sands have only recently been considered to be part of the world's oil reserves. Higher oil prices now allow for profitable extraction and processing.

Environmental issues 

Getting the oil sands off the ground often destroys large areas of land. Much water is used to separate the oil from the sand and then left polluted. Carbon dioxide and other emissions from the extraction process are polluting the air.
The environmental destruction caused by oil sand extraction is criticized by environmental groups such as Greenpeace, The Climate Reality Project, 350.org, MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club and the Energy Action Coalition.

In 2012 the European Union (EU) said that it may declare oil sands oil as "highly polluting".  This caused stress between the EU and Canada.

Related pages
 Petroleum industry
 Shale gas

References 

Geology
Oils
350.org is an international environmental organization. It was started by author Bill McKibben, with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to fight against global warming and the  of global warming. However the main goal is to lower the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in order to avoid climate change problems.

The name 350.org comes the research of scientist Dr. James Hansen. He wrote in a scientific paper in 2007 that the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere should not be higher than 350 parts-per-million (ppm). According to scientific research this is a safe maximum to avoid a climate tipping point.

Membership
350.org works with over 300 other organizations around the world. It has had people supporting the organization as "messengers". Among them are Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Alex Steffen, Bianca Jagger and David Suzuki.  Van Jones and Gus Speth are on 350's U.S. Advisory Council.  350.org has a Board of Directors.

Projects

Keystone XL pipeline
350.org is strongly against the Keystone XL pipeline project. The pipeline is currently being built to transport tar sand oil from Canada through the United States to oil refineries in the Gulf of Mexico. NASA climatologist James Hansen described the Keystone XL pipeline as "game over" for the planet, and called the amount of carbon stored in Canadian tar sands a "fuse to the largest carbon bomb on the planet".

Fossil Fuel Divestment
350.org wants colleges and universities, as well as cities, religious institutions, and pension funds to withdraw their investments from fossil fuel companies. They propose the money should rather be invested in sustainable companies.

Do The Math: The Movie
The Do The Math movie is a 42-minute documentary about the movement, the science behind the climate crisis and how to end the age of fossil fuels.

Connect the Dots 5.May.2012
The organization's efforts continued into 2012 with a Climate Impacts Day on May 5th of worldwide series of rallies under the slogan "Connect the Dots," to draw attention to the links between climate change and extreme weather.

People's Climate March
350 helped helped organize the People's Climate March, which took place on September 21, 2014.

Related pages
 Greenpeace
 World Wildlife Fund 
 IPCC
 Climate change

References

Other websites

350.org
Photos of 350.org activities on Flickr.
Check the current level of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere

International environmental organizations
Organizations based in the United States