cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thameslink and Great Northern is a train company managed by Go-Ahead and Keolis that run the Thameslink line and the Great Northern routes. The routes were previously operated by First Capital Connect.

References

Rail transport in England
Train operating companies
Railway companies of the United Kingdom
The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests. They also manage 20 national grasslands, which encompass . Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch.  Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of Interior.

History 
In 1876, Congress created the office of Special agent in the Department of Agriculture to find out the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. Franklin B. Hough was appointed the head of the office. In 1881, the office was expanded into the newly formed Division of Forestry. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as "forest reserves," managed by the Department of the Interior. In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the Bureau of Forestry. The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the General Land Office of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry. It was from that time on known as the United States Forest Service. Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

Significant federal legislation affecting the Forest Service includes the Weeks Act of 1911, the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960, P.L. 86-517; the Wilderness Act, P.L. 88-577; the National Forest Management Act, P.L. 94-588; the National Environmental Policy Act, P.L. 91-190; the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act, P.L. 95-313; and the Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act, P.L. 95-307.

In February 2009, the Government Accountability Office decided whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already includes the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, managing some  of public land.

References 

United States Department of Agriculture
United States government agencies
1905 establishments in the United States
Forestry
Severnaya Zemlya is an group of islands of about 30 islands in the Arctic Ocean. The islands were known as Emperor Nicholas II Land. Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last group of islands on Earth to be discovered. Politically, the islands are part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai region, but are uninhabited by humans except for an Arctic base. There is a meteorological station on Golomjanny island. Scientists live there for some months of the year.

Severnaya Zemlya splits the Arctic sea into an western part, called Laptev Sea, and an eastern part, called Kara Sea.

A phenomenon called Arctic sea ice decline can be shown on the islands: In the 20th century, the islands were a portion of Eurasia which was always covered by ice. Even as the ice melted in summer, some of the ice remained, and blocked what is called the Northeast Passage. If it were ice free the Northeast passage would permit to naviagate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean easily. By the late summer of 2012, the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the north of the archipelago.

References

Archipelagos
Arctic islands
Islands of Russia
Hyundai Elantra is a compact car sold by Korean automaker Hyundai. It has been sold since 1990. The Elantra is also sold as the Avante in other parts of the world. The car is now in its sixth generation. Beginning in 2012 it was also offered as a coupé model.

Overview 
The Hyundai Elantra sedan (Lantra in some markets), created as an alternative to available Japanese cars, was launched in 1990. Then Elantra had three restyling. The biggest one was held in 1993, the front and rear bumpers, front and rear lighting have been changed and the cabin was upgraded.

The second Lantra appeared in 1995. The body was now with a smooth design and had a two-side zincing.

In 1998, during the modernization, form of optics, bumpers and hood were changed.

In 2000, the production of the Lantra model was closed, and the Elantra model appeared. It was made at factories in Ulsan and Beijing until 2006.

Hyundai offers Hyundai I30 called Elantra Touring Universal in the United States and Canada. In other countries, the car is sold as HYUNDAI I30CW.

In 2012, a sedan base coupe called Hyundai Elantra Coupe, which is sold exclusively in the United States, was introduced.

In September 2015, the sixth generation of Hyundai Elantra called Avante appeared in South Korea.

Sedan Hyundai Elantra (Avante in South Korea) debuted in Hollywood on March 18, 2020.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Elantra
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Kitty Kallen (born Katherine Kalinsky; May 25, 1921 – January 7, 2016) was an American popular singer whose career spanned from the 1930s to the 1960s—to include the Swing era of the Big Band years. She was best known for her 1954 solo recording '"Little Things Mean a Lot". 

Kallen died on January 7, 2016 at her home in Cuernavaca, Mexico at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 Profile, discogs.com
 Profile, artistdirect.com 

1921 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
Singers from Pennsylvania
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Florence Virginia King (January 5, 1936 – January 6, 2016) was an American novelist, essayist and columnist. She was born in Washington, D.C.. She was known for writing about the American South and worked for the National Review. She was a conservative columnist.

King died one day after her birthday on January 6, 2016 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 80.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
American journalists
American conservatives
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov (also Korolev, ; September 6, 1926 – January 5, 2016) was a Soviet-born Russian computer scientist. He was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the development of the first Soviet computers.

Korolyov was born in Podolsk, Russia. He studied at Moscow State University. Korolyov died at his home in Moscow, Russia at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Biography of L. N. Korolev  at Virtual Museum Computer.

1926 births
2016 deaths
Russian computer scientists
Marc Alaimo (born Michael Anthony Alaimo; May 5, 1942) is an American actor. He is known for his villainous roles. He is best known for his role as recurring villain Gul Dukat in the TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. He guest-starred in a Family Guy episode in which he played "The Dean". 

Alaimo was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Henry Stewart or Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o' Field in 1567.  He is usually called Lord Darnley.

Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. He was their oldest surviving son. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland. It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on 7 December, but this is disputed. He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I.

Darnley was found dead outdoors, dressed for bed, after an explosion near his bedroom. Many people thought the Queen had arranged his murder.

References 

Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
1545 births
1567 deaths
Assassinated people
Klaas Bakker (22 April 1926 – 7 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a midfielder and striker. He played for De Volewijckers between 1943 and 1951. He later played for Ajax until 1957. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.

Bakker died on 7 January 2016 in Amstelveen, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Sian Samantha Blake (13 September 1972 – 14 or 15 December 2015), also known as Syan Blake, was a British actress. She was best known for playing Frankie Pierre on the television show EastEnders, appearing in 56 episodes between 1996 and 1997. She also appeared Casualty, The Bill and Skins. She voiced Yugiri in the 2015 video game Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn.

Blake was born in Walthamstow, London. She had two sons with her partner Arthur Simpson-Kent. She had motor neurone disease.

Blake, aged 43, went missing in December 2015 with her sons. Their dead bodies were found on 5 January 2016 in Erith, London. They all died from head and neck injuries. In February 2016, Simpson-Kent was charged with three counts of murder and was remanded in custody.

References

Other websites
 

1972 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
Black British actors
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
The white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), is also known as the white-breasted sea eagle. It is a large daytime bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is closely related to Sanford's sea eagle of the Solomon Islands. 

It is a distinctive bird, with a white belly, white head, breast, under-wing coverts and tail. The upper parts are grey. The black under-wing flight feathers contrast with the white coverts. The tail is short and wedge-shaped as in all Haliaeetus species. Like many raptors, the female is slightly larger than the male, and can be  long with a wingspan of up to , and weigh . Immature birds have brown plumage, which is gradually replaced with white by the age of five or six years. Its call is a loud goose-like honking.

The bird lives in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia on coasts and major waterways. It breeds and hunts near water, and fish form around half of its diet. 

Opportunistic, it eats carrion and a wide variety of animals. Although rated of Least Concern globally, it has declined in parts of southeast Asia. It is ranked as Threatened in Victoria and Vulnerable in South Australia and Tasmania. Human disturbance to its habitat is the main threat. The white-bellied sea eagle is revered by indigenous people in many parts of Australia, and is the subject of various folk tales throughout its range.

References 

Accipitriformes
Seabirds
An off-road vehicle is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension. Off-road vehicles should not be confused with  off-highway vehicles. These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.

Many uses 
Off-road vehicles have a large following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

Rockcrawling 

Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving. Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.

Tread Lightly! 
In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel. At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly! created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to “RIDE ON Designated Routes”. This was to prevent unregulated motor vehicle travel on public lands. Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment. Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel.

References 

Land vehicles
The Ram Rebel is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC). The Rebel is a new model for 2015. It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks. The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package. It is designed for use both on-road and off-road. The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.

Features 
The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series. It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge. It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles. Standard equipment includes an off-road powder coated front bumper, skid plates, tow hooks and fog lights. It has projector headlamps with LED marker lights. The aluminum sports hood is distinct to the Rebel. 

The Rebel is standard with an air suspension that rides higher than other RAM 1500s. It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents. It comes with 33-inch (LT285/70R17E) Toyo Open Country A/T all-terrain tires, Bilstein shock absorbers, and has a different steering and stability-control system than a stock RAM. The Rebel is not intended to be a competitor to the Ford Raptor or the RAM Power Wagon although it is often compared to them.

Powertrains 
The standard engine in the Rebel is a 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 engine that makes 310 horsepower, 269 pound-feet of torque. It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway. The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque. It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.

References 

Pickup trucks
Ashraf Pahlavi (Persian: اشرف پهلوی / Aŝraf Pahlawi, 26 October 1919 – 7 January 2016), was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persia) and a member of the Pahlavi dynasty. She was born in Tehran. She was thought to be the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne. She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights. 

Her brother was Gholamreza Pahlavi, who also lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2017. Her half-brother was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.

Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in New York City, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken on her country's politics.

Pahlavi died in Monte Carlo, Monaco at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
People from Tehran
Twin people
Princes and princesses
Judith Ann Kaye (née Smith; August 4, 1938 – January 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist. He was the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008.  She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in the New York state, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.

Kaye died on January 7, 2016, at her home in Manhattan, New York from cancer, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 Biography: Judith Smith Kaye by Steven C. Crane, the Historical Society of the New York Courts (includes extensive list of writings in law journals and elsewhere)

1938 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York
American judges
Lawyers from New York City
Women judges
Jenean M. Hampton (born May 12, 1958) is an American politician. She is a graduate of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan with a degree in Industrial Engineering. Hampton was a captain in the United States Air Force and a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. After her service in the Air Force she was a manufacturing plant manager for 19 years. She entered politics in 2014 with an unsuccessful run for state representative in Kentucky. Hampton became the Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 2015, under Governor Matt Bevin. She is a Republican and a tea party supporter. Hampton is the first African American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.

References

1958 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
African-American military personnel
African American politicians
US Republican Party politicians
The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted on the front, rear, sides, and in some cases on the top of a motor vehicle, and lights the roadway for the driver. The lighting system also makes the vehicle more visible, especially in low light conditions. It gives warning to other drivers and pedestrians of a vehicle's presence and direction of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to alert drivers and pedestrians of their rapid movement during an emergency.

History 
Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years. Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages. The first cars, then called horseless-carriages were lit by gas lights. By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles. Red tail lights and yellow brake lights were in use by 1915. Sealed beam headlights were used starting in 1936. By 1940 turn signals were used. Before 1939, headlight design was not standardised. Between 1940 and 1956, all vehicles built in the U.S. were required to have 7’’ round headlights (sealed beams). As of 1956 and up, it became possible to install 4 headlights on 1 vehicle (2 lights per 1 side). In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979. Replaceable car light bulbs were in use in the US beginning in 1983.

Lights 
Headlights are for lighting the space in front of the vehicle. Headlights are designed to see as far forward as possible, without "blinding" oncoming cars. Most drivers learn not to "overdrive their headlights". This means not going too fast so your stopping distance is farther than the area lit by the headlights.
Tail lights are red (only) and are lit when the headlights are lit. Modern vehicles are required to have two tail lights. Most tail light assemblies stop lights which warn other drivers that a vehicle is slowing or stopping. They also include the rear *Marker lights and often the turn signals.
Third brake light. Since 1986 in the US and Canada, 1990 in Australia and New Zealand, and in most of Europe since 1998 a third brake lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's two regular stop lights is required. In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying UN Regulation 48 since 1998, a central stop (brake) lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lamps is also required.
Fog lights are optional on many vehicles. Regular headlights reflect light and cause glare when the vehicle is operating in fog. Fog lights are aimed lower to better see the road. They also spread the light out in a wider pattern to aid the headlights in fog, rain, snow or dust.
Driving lights are auxiliary lights designed to help the headlights see farther. They project a narrow beam much farther than headlights usually do.

References

Other websites 
 Dashboard Warning Lights
 Emergency vehicle lighting explained

Auto parts
Automotive technologies
Light sources
Boba Fett is a fictional character in the Star Wars series.  In The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader. He was also added briefly to the earlier movie A New Hope when the movie was digitally remastered.

In Attack of the Clones, it tells his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son. His aura of danger and mystery has created a cult following for the character.

References

Other websites
  at StarWars.com
 Meet Boba Fett – screen-test footage of the prototype Boba Fett costume
 Boba Fett fan club

Fictional characters introduced in 1978
Star Wars characters
BB-8 is a robot character in the Star Wars franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens. It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head. BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. It is similar to R2-D2. It's owner is Poe Dameron. It is voiced by Bill Hader.

References

Other websites
 BB-8 in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Rey Palpatine is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, played by Daisy Ridley. She is the main protagonist of the Star Wars sequel trilogy.

She first appeared as one of the lead characters in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.

Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine. This disproved fan theories,
saying that she is the daughter of Han Solo, Princess Leia or Luke Skywalker or even Obi-Wan Kenobi's granddaughter.

References

Other websites
 Rey in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia
 Celebrity Biography, Height, Weight, Age, Wiki, Salary, Family & More  | in the official Celebrityboss.com encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Bradley Scott Fittler (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "Freddy", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He played mostly as a five-eighth. His career lasted from 1989 to 2004. He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters. He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.

Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales. He is of German ancestry. He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.

References

Other websites 
 Brad Fittler stats at Rugby League Project

1972 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Sportspeople from Sydney
Coaches
Red Simpson (March 6, 1934 – January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter. He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck". The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts. He began his career in 1966. 

Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona. He grew up in Bakersfield, California.

In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital. He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield. He was 81.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from Arizona
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Bakersfield, California
Singers from Arizona
Singer-songwriters from California
Distribution is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers. 
For example, in arithmetic:
 2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).

In the left-hand  side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 distributes over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers distributes over addition of real numbers.

Definition

Given a set  and two binary operators ∗ and + on , we say that the operation:

∗ is left-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,

∗ is right-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
 and
∗ is distributive over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.

Applications 
The distributive property can also be applied to:
 Real numbers
 Complex numbers
 Matrices (special rules apply)
 Vectors (special rules apply)
 Sets
Propositional logic

References
 Ayres, Frank, Schaum's Outline of Modern Abstract Algebra, McGraw-Hill; 1st edition (June 1, 1965). .

Algebra
Antônio Pompêo (23 February 1953 – 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor. He appeared in the television shows Balacobaco, Rebelde, A Casa das Sete Mulheres, O Rei do Gado, Mulheres de Areia and Pedra sobre Pedra. He also appeared in the movies Xica (1976), A Samba for Sherlock (2001) and Que sera, sera (2002). He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.

Pompêo was found dead on 5 January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 62.

References

Other websites

 

1953 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
People from São Paulo
Unexplained deaths
William Thomas Astbury FRS (Bill Astbury, 25 February 1898, Longton – 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist.

Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin helped Linus Pauling discover the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in working out its structure.

The road to DNA 
In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well-prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern showed it had a regular structure. Astbury reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart. At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains. Actually, the spacing of the bases in the B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.

In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another... one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids". He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".

Astbury was unable to propose the correct structure of DNA from his data. However in 1952 Linus Pauling used Astbury's insufficient data to propose a structure for DNA, which was also incorrect. Nevertheless Astbury's work encouraged Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College, London. Their X-ray crystallography results were used by Francis Crick and James D. Watson to identify the structure of DNA in 1953.

References 

British biophysicists
English molecular biologists
1898 births
1961 deaths
People from Staffordshire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Karan Brar (born January 18, 1999) is a teenage American actor. He is known from his role as "Chirag Gupta" in the movie series Diary of a Wimpy Kid. He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series Jessie and its spinoff series Bunk'd.

Acting

Movies

TV Shows

Achievements

References 

American television actors
1999 births
Living people
Actors from Washington
American child actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American voice actors
Otis Clay (February 11, 1942 – January 8, 2016) was an American R&B and soul singer, who started in gospel music. He was known for his songs "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" and "The Only Way Is Up". He was born in Bolivar County, Mississippi, but raised in Muncie, Indiana.

In 2013, Clay was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Clay died of a heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 An interview in May 2013 at Soul Express
 An Interview in June 2015 at Soul Express

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Indiana
Musicians from Indiana
People from Muncie, Indiana
Maria Teresa de Filippis (11 November 1926 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver. She was known as being the first woman to race in Formula One. She was born in Naples. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points. 

Though largely unsuccessful in her Formula One racing career, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.

De Filippis died in Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, in January 2016 at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Italian sportspeople
People from Naples
Ed "Stewpot" Stewart (23 April 1941 – 9 January 2016)  was a British broadcaster. He was known for his work as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 (particularly the Saturday morning Junior Choice) and BBC Radio 2 and as a presenter for Top of the Pops and Crackerjack on BBC Television.

Stewart died in Bournemouth, Dorset from a stroke at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
 Archive Ed Stewart images, bio and audio from Radio Rewind website

1941 births
2016 deaths
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke

English radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Devon
The Triple Nine Society (or just TNS) is a large and famous group for people with a high intelligence quotient. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 99.9th percentile or higher on a standard intelligence test. In many cases, people need an IQ of 146 or higher to join. There are now over 1,600 members in 50 countries.

TNS publishes a journal named Vidya. Members write articles and poetry. Vidya also has other official business of the society. TNS members communicate with one another online through email lists, a Facebook group two Yahoo! Groups, a LinkedIn group and a scheduled weekly IRC chat. European members have established a group in XING and a French language Members-only Yahoo! Group. TNS has meetings in the US every Fall ("ggg999") and meetings in Europe every Spring ("egg999").

The Triple Nine Society started in 1978. It has democratic principles. TNS wants members to freely speak about their views in keeping with the Society's commitment to friendship and intellectual growth.

Related pages 
 Intertel
 Mensa International

References

Other websites 
 

Intelligence
1978 establishments in the United States
Non-profit organizations of the United States
James "Jim" Ross (May 20, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman from 1944 until 1955. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers.

Ross was born in Edinburgh. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Margaret, died in 2008. They had four children.

Ross died on January 1, 2016 in Woodstock, Ontario, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Ice hockey defencemen
New York Rangers players
Scottish ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
{{Infobox University
|name = École de l'Air
|image_name=
|image_size= 
|established = 1933
|type = Public, military school 
|students=500
|city = Salon-de-Provence
| campus = Base aérienne 701
|country = France
|coor = 
|affiliations=Conférence des Grandes Écoles, PEGASUS
|website = http://new.ecole-air.fr
}}
The École de l'air et de l'Espace is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air Force.  It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.

 Degrees 
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:
 Ingénieur École de l'air (École de l'air Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
 Mastères Spécialisés (In partnership with the French Civil Aviation University and the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace''.
 Massive Online Open Course in air defense.

It trains fighter pilots, military engineers and technicians.

Famous former students 
 Caroline Aigle, French fighter pilot.
 Michel Tognini, French test pilot, astronaut, educator, writer and administrator.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Technical colleges and universities in France
1933 establishments
Military schools
1930s establishments in France
Peter Trevor Powell (c. 1932 – 3 January 2016) was an English kite maker. He developed a steerable kite in 1972, using dual lines. Powell's kites had spars made of Gonystylus which were later replaced with aluminium tubing and, later still, by glass fibre spars.

Powell's kites came with a long, hollow polyethylene tail that was inflated by the wind. The tail added stability as well as looking good when performing stunts. He was born in Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

Powell died from a stroke in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire at the age of 83.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke

English inventors
People from Gloucestershire
Royal Pollokoff (April 8, 1929 – January 8, 2016), better known by the stage name Royal Parker, was an American television personality. He began his career in the 1940s and would last until his retirement during the 1990s. He appeared in many roles on television, becoming a staple on television screens. 

Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland He studied at Baltimore City College. Parker began his career in radio. During his career he announced Dwight D. Eisenhower's victory in the U.S. presidential election, 1952, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon's resignation, the Iran hostage crisis and the near assassination of Ronald Reagan.

After leaving broadcasting, he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1994, but lost in the primary election.

Parker died of congestive heart failure in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 The Royal Parker Photo Album

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American television personalities
American radio personalities
People from Baltimore
Dermot Mulroney (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, musician and director. He has been acting since 1986. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia.

He is known for his roles in the movies Young Guns, Where the Day Takes You, My Best Friend's Wedding, The Last Outlaw, About Schmidt, and August: Osage County. Mulroney played the main villain of NBC's Crisis, Francis Gibson.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
People from Alexandria, Virginia
Actors from Virginia
Musicians from Virginia
Ka-Bar (trademarked as KA-BAR, capitalized) is a combat knife first obtained by the United States Marine Corps in November 1942. It was then designated as the 1219C2 combat knife. Later it was called the USMC Mark 2 combat knife. When the United States Navy obtained the knife they called it the U.S. Navy utility knife, Mark 2. KA-BAR is the trademark and namesake of a related knife manufacturing company, KA-BAR Knives., Inc. (formerly Union Cutlery Co.) of Olean, New York. KA-BAR Knives is a subsidiary of the Cutco Corporation.

History 
At the start of World War II, the US Marine Corps was still using the World War I issue Trench knife.  Called the knuckle knife, it was a dagger with a studded steel hand guard.  The trench knife was suited for trench warfare but it did not meet the needs of the Marines in the Pacific war. The Marine Corps purchased different designs from different knife manufacturers. The Ka-Bar, however, quickly became the marine's favorite. They were made by the Union Cutlery Company (later changed to KA-BAR Cutlery Inc.). Soon other companies were under contract to produce the Ka-Bar. The main use for the Ka-Bar combat knife was hand-to-hand combat with an enemy. However, the number of enemy soldiers killed with a Ka-Bar is thought to be very small. The knife, weighing just over , had a solid pommel (the butt end of the knife) which could be used as a hammer.The knife was used to open food cans in c-rations or k-rations. It was used for cutting wires, opening crates of ammunition and other non-combat uses.

Modern Ka-Bars 

Although KA-BAR Knives, Inc. currently makes a wide variety of knives and cutlery, it is best known for the Ka-Bar Fighting/Utility knife. It has traditionally used a 7 inch (178 mm) long blade. It is made of 1095 carbon steel with a clip point blade and a stacked leather-washer handle.  Other, more modern versions of this knife feature single or dual-edge blades. Many have synthetic handles made of Kraton (a non-slip rubber substitute). For modern outdoor survival use the Ka-Bar knives are still a proven design.

References

Other websites 

 All About KA-BAR Knives
 KA-BAR Knife History
 KA-BAR Fighting Knife Review
 Things to Know About Ka-Bar Becker Fixed Blade Survival Knife
Military terminology
Blades
Jeanne Cordova (July 18, 1948 – January 10, 2016) was an American lesbian and gay rights activist and writer. She was a founder of the West Coast LGBTQ movement. She was a columnist for Lesbian Tide, Los Angeles Free Press and The Advocate. Her memoir, When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love and Revolution, won a Lammy.

Cordova was born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She grew up in California. She was of Irish and Mexican ancestry.

Cordova died from brain cancer on January 10, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 67.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
American columnists
American LGBT rights activists
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from brain cancer
Journalists from California
Lesbians
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from Los Angeles
People from Bremen (state)
Ralph Hauenstein (March 20, 1912 – January 10, 2016) was an American philanthropist and businessman. His leadership has made the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University, the Hauenstein Parkinson's and Neuroscience Centers at Saint Mary's Hospital and the Grace Hauenstein Library at Aquinas College. He was also a colonel in the U.S. Army.

Hauenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He fought for his country during World War II. He turned 100 in March 2012. His wife of 75 years, Grace Byrnes, died in 2007.

Hauenstein died from natural causes on January 10, 2016 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was 103.

References

Other websites

Related pages

 Irving Kahn

1912 births
2016 deaths
American centenarians
American military personnel of World War II
American philanthropists
Deaths from natural causes
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Businesspeople from Indiana
Businesspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Hernán Gamboa (18 June 1946 – 10 January 2016) was a Venezuelan musician, composer and singer. He began his career in 1956. He was a member of Serenata Guayanesa from 1971 to 1984. He was born in San Tomé, Anzoátegui.

Gamboa died from cancer on 10 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was 69.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Argentina
Composers
Folk singers
Venezuelan entertainers
Edward John David "Eddie" Redmayne, OBE (born 6 January 1982) is an English actor. 

He is known for his roles in The Good Shepherd (2006), Savage Grace (2007), Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), My Week with Marilyn (2011), Les Misérables (2012), The Theory of Everything (2014), Jupiter Ascending (2015), The Danish Girl (2015), Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure (2015), and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016).

Redmayne received many awards for his role as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award, the Golden Globe Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Award. He has continued to perform in theatre, most notably in the play Red (2010), on Broadway, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play.

References

Other websites

 Eddie Redmayne at Yahoo! Movies
 
 

Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1982 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
The Walk is a 2015 American 3D biographical drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Christopher Browne and Zemeckis. 

It is based on the story of French high-wire artist Philippe Petit's walk between the World Trade Center on August 7, 1974. 

The movie stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ben Kingsley, Charlotte Le Bon, James Badge Dale, Ben Schwartz, and Steve Valentine. The movie was released by TriStar Pictures on September 30, 2015, in the United States in IMAX 3D, and on October 9 in regular 2D and 3D. The film was dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Release dates

Other websites

2015 drama movies
2010s adventure movies
American drama movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Richard Libertini (May 21, 1933 – January 7, 2016) was an American stage, movie and television actor.

He was known for playing character roles and his ability to speak in numerous accents. Libertini was known for his roles in Catch-22 (1970), The In-Laws (1979), Popeye (1980), All of Me (1984), Fletch (1985), Fletch Lives (1989), Awakenings (1990), Lethal Weapon 4 (1998), and Dolphin Tale (2011).

Libertini died on January 7, 2016 after a two-year battle with cancer in Venice, California, at the age of 82.

References

Other websites

Richard Libertini at NNDB.com

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Massachusetts
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Nikolas "Nik" Wallenda (born January 24, 1979) is an American acrobat, aerialist, daredevil, high wire artist, and author. He is known for his high-wire performances without a safety net. 

He holds nine Guinness World Records for various acrobatic feats, but is best known as the first person to walk a tightrope stretched directly over Niagara Falls. He walked across a tightrope from Leo Burnett Building to both Marina City towers in Chicago in December 2014.

Other websites

Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara TV program official website
"SkyWire Live" (Grand Canyon walk) official website
"Skyscraper walk live" (Chicago walk) official website

1979 births
Living people
Writers from Florida
People from Sarasota, Florida
Philippe Petit (; born 13 August 1949) is a French high-wire artist. He became famous for his high-wire walk between the World Trade Center in New York City, on the morning of August 7, 1974. The 2015 movie The Walk is based on his high-wire walk in New York.

References

Other websites

 MSA - The Man Who Walked Between The Towers. Co-produced by Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios
 Philippe Petit Signature visible in the 1980s
 photos of Philippe Petit crossing the Twin Towers along with others
 Philippe Petit: The journey across the high wire, TED2012, Filmed Mar 2012, Posted May 2012.

1949 births
Living people
French entertainers
George Jonas  (June 15, 1935 – January 10, 2016) was a Hungarian-born Canadian writer, poet, and journalist. He wrote 16 books. His best known book was international bestseller Vengeance (1984), the story of an Israeli operation to kill the terrorists behind the 1972 Munich massacre. This was made into the movie Munich (2005), directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Eric Bana. He was born in Budapest to a Jewish family.

Jonas died from Parkinson's disease on January 10, 2016, aged 69.

References

Other websites
 
 George Jonas  at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1935 births
2016 deaths
Canadian Jews
Canadian journalists
Canadian television producers
Canadian poets
Columnists
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Canada
Hungarian Jews
Jewish writers
Order of Canada
People from Budapest
Villa Paul Poiret in Mézy-sur-Seine, Yvelines, France, is an important example of modernist architecture. It was Cubism-inspired, and built in the early 1920s. Later Art Deco features were added. It was a private house originally designed by architect Robert Mallet-Stevens.

The house is in  of parkland to the west of Paris, overlooking the Seine Valley. It is made of reinforced concrete to a geometric style.

The villa was commissioned by fashion designer Paul Poiret in 1921. It was completed in 1925. The house fell into disrepair, and was sold by Poiret in 1930 to actress Elvira Popescu, who lived there from 1938 to 1985. Popescu hired the architect Paul Boyer in 1932 to alter the original design to the contemporary Art Deco  "ocean liner" style, converting windows to portholes, and rounding-off terrace corners. The house was listed as an historic landmark in 1984.

By 1999 the house had once more become dilapidated. It was bought by Laurent Brun. Under the direction of the two French committees responsible for listed buildings, both the outside and inside have been restored. 

Villa Paul Poiret is part of the Journées de Patrimoine, (Heritage Days) scheme:  public and private buildings of historic importance are open to the public on the third weekend in September.

References 

Buildings and structures in France
Architectural styles
Île-de-France
Mohamed Yehia Emam (‎; 28 November 1943 – 9 January 2016), better known as Hamada Ema (), was an Egyptian footballer. He played as a centre forward. He played for Zamalek SC in the Egyptian Premier League.

Emam was born in Cairo. His father was goalkeeper Yehia Emam. His son Hazem Emam (born 1975) also played football.

Eman died on 9 January 2016 in Cairo, aged 72.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
Egyptian footballers
People from Cairo
Fernando Barrachina Plo (24 February 1947 – 4 January 2016) was a Spanish professional footballer. He played as a central defender. He played for Granada, Valencia and Cádiz. He also played one game for the Spain national football team.

References

Other websites
 

1947 births
2016 deaths
People from Granada
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Andalusia
Zelimkhan Yaqub (; 21 January 1950 – 9 January 2016) was an Azerbaijani poet. He served as a deputy of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan from 1995 to 2005. He was also named the national poet of Azerbaijan in 2005. He was born in Bolnisi Municipality, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.

Yaqub died on 9 January 2016 in Baku, aged 65.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
Azerbaijani poets
Azerbaijani writers