cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sports in Japan are a part of Japanese culture. Japan has many traditional sports such as sumo, judo, karate, and kendo.  Also, there are sports which were imported from the West such as baseball, soccer, golf and skiing.  Sports are popular with both participants and onlookers.

History
Some traditional sports like yabusame have ancient histories.

In the Meiji period, sports which were imported from the West became popular.
 Baseball was first played at Waseda University in Tokyo in 1890.
 Golf was imported from England; and the first golf course was created in Kobe in 1903.
 Gymnastics was encouraged in schools as early as 1872.

 Rugby teams were created at Keiō University in Tokyo in 1899.
 Soccer was first played in 1878.
 Swimming competition was first held at the Yokohama Amateur Rowing Club in 1898.
 Tennis became popular in 1878.
 Track and field competition began in 1883 at the University of Tokyo.   
 Volleyball was imported from the US in 1914.
 Weightlifting was made popular by Jigoro Kano in 1922.

Another popular spectator sport is professional wrestling, locally known as puroresu (プロレス). While the sport was known in Japan before World War II, it did not become widely popular until the rise of Rikidōzan, considered the "father" of puroresu, in the 1950s. While similar to professional wrestling in the rest of the world in that winners are decided before the match, puroresu has become a unique style. Most match storylines play up the wrestlers' "fighting spirit". Also, because many Japanese wrestlers have martial arts backgrounds, most strikes during matches make full contact. Puroresu also enjoys close ties to mixed martial arts, with some companies often holding wrestling matches and MMA fights in the same event; because of this, both wrestlers and fans treat puroresu as a combat sport.

At first, Western sports were valued as a form of mental discipline, but they have become recreational activities.

Notable athletes, sports clubs, sports schools and training clinics played an important part in spreading sports in Japan.

In Japan, sports groups are an important part of school life. The time spent in these groups allows students to adjust to Japan's vertical society.  For example, in sports, players learn to use keigo (formal, polite speech), respect and traditions.

Olympic games

The 1940 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics were planned for Japan, but the organizers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.  These games were later cancelled because of World War II.

Japan did host the Olympic games three times, and has been confirmed as host for a fourth Olympics:
 1964 Summer Olympics
 1972 Winter Olympics
 1998 Winter Olympics
 2020 Summer Olympics

Related pages
 Aikido
 Judo
 Jujutsu
 Karate
 Kendo
 Sumo
 Kyūdō

References

Other websites 
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) website

 
The Japanese translation of this book is available at: https://la84.org/wp-content/uploads/LA84WaterPolo_J-1.pdf
The 'Siamese' is a breed of cat from Thailand. It is a well-known cat, especially for its blue eyes and brown face, ears, tail and paws, although not all of them look like this. In Thailand, it is a native breed, and they are called Wichian Mat (), which means moon diamond. There are two different types of Siamese Cat, the Traditional or Thai Siamese, and the Modern Siamese.

Appearance
The fur on all Siamese cats has the same sort of pattern, known as point coloration. This is when an animal has a pale body and a dark face, ears, feet and tail.

Traditional Siamese
The Traditional Siamese has a few features that are the same as the Modern Siamese, like the colour pattern and the short fur, but it is different because of its head and body shape. It has long legs, and is thin and is graceful.  It has a wedge shaped head and muzzle, and round cheeks. The ears are large and high. The eyes are between medium and large, and have the shape of an almond.

Modern Siamese
The body of a Modern Siamese is flexible and well-muscled. Its head is in the shape of a triangle, with a thin snout-like muzzle. Their eyes are also almond shaped, and their ears are tall and sit more on the side of the head than the Traditional Siamese. It's neck and tail are long and thin.

Behaviour
Siamese cats, both Traditional and Modern, are usually very friendly and loving cats, and will enjoy spending time with you,  although this depends on the cat. They are known to bond to one person. They are also very smart, more so than some other cats. Some Siamese cat's enjoy 'talking', which has been said to sound like a human baby, and are always want attention. Siamese cat's love to play and run around as if they were kittens all their life.

Unlike most cats, they are less active at night, and prefer to sleep through it. This might be because their eyes lack something called tapetum lucidum, which allows cats to see better in the dark. Also, unlike many other blue-eyed cats, Siamese cats can still hear well. Cats that are white with blue eyes are often deaf.

In fiction
 Siamese cats named Si and Am have a minor role in Lady and the Tramp (1955) and its sequel, Lady and the Tramp II (2001). They were replaced with a different breed in the 2019 remake, the Devon Rex.
 The cover of the Blink-182 album Cheshire Cat features a Siamese cat.

References

Colorpoint cat breeds
The Birth of a Nation is a 1915 silent drama movie. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. It was based on the book The Clansman by Thomas Dixon, Jr. It stars Lillian Gish.  

The movie is about two families during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era. The Northern Stoneman family is pro-Union. The Southern Cameron family is pro-Confederacy. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth is dramatized.

The movie was a great success. It was very controversial though. It showed African-American men (played by white actors in blackface) as stupid and sexually aggressive towards white women. It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a heroic force. There were protests. The movie was banned in several cities. The outcry of racism was great. Screenings were often followed by riots and attacks.

The movie is also credited in part with the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan the same year. The Birth of a Nation was used as a recruiting tool for the KKK.  In 1915, it was the first movie to be shown at the White House.

References 

1915 movies
1910s drama movies
American silent movies
American drama movies
Historical movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by D. W. Griffith
"Lose Control (Let Me Down)" is a song by Keri Hilson and Nelly.  The song contains two parts: the first three minutes and thirty-three seconds being "Lose Control", featuring a rap from Nelly, and the last one minute and thirty-two seconds being "Let Me Down", a solo song by Hilson. "Lose Control" was produced by StarGate. The producer for "Let Me Down" is unknown. The song was only available as a radio single.

2011 songs
Nelly songs
A Daughter of the Congo is a 1930 silent movie. It is a race movie. It was completely produced by blacks and intended for a black audience. It was written, directed, and produced by Oscar Micheaux. The movie is based on Henry Francis Downing's novel The American Cavalryman (1917). A Daughter of the Congo is presumed to be a lost film.

The movie stars Katherine Noisette as Lupelta, a mixed race Congolese girl. She is abducted by Arab slave traders. She is rescued by an African American military battalion. She is taken to a mission school. She becomes acquainted with Western-style civilization. She never completely loses touch with the tribal customs and influences that shaped her early years.

A Daughter of the Congo was Micheaux's last silent movie. Silent movies were considered to have little money-making value in 1930. Micheaux released the movie as a “talking, singing, dancing picture”. It only contained a single short sound sequence that included a performance of the song “That Gets It”.

Theophilus Lewis of the Amsterdam News wrote a harsh review: "The scene is laid in a not so mythical republic in Africa. Half of the characters wear European clothes and are supposed to be civilized, while the other half wear their birthday suits and some feathers and are supposed to be savages. All the noble characters are high yellows; all the ignoble ones are black. It is based on a false assumption that has no connection with the realities of life."

References

Other websites 

1930 movies
American silent movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Oscar Micheaux
Oscar Devereaux Micheaux (2 January 1884 – 25 March 1951) was an American writer, movie director and independent producer of more than 44 movies. He is regarded as the first major African-American moviemaker, and the most successful African-American moviemaker of the first half of the twentieth century. Micheaux was the most prominent producer of race movies. He produced both silent movies and "talkies".

Biography

Early years
Micheaux was born to former slaves on January 2, 1884, in Metropolis, Illinois. He passed most of his early years in Great Bend, Kansas.  He moved to Chicago when he was 17. He worked as a Pullman porter (railroad baggage handler). In 1906, he bought land in South Dakota. He homesteaded among white neighbors for eight years.

He began to write stories. In 1913, he self-published his first novel, The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer. In 1915, he had money troubles and lost his land. He moved to Sioux City, Iowa where he ran his own publishing company. In 1917, he rewrote The Conquest and published it as The Homesteader. He sold the book door-to-door in small towns.

Moviemaking
An African American movie company wanted to make a movie of The Homesteader. The company however did not want Micheaux to direct it. They would not agree to a budget that met his expectations. The deal was dropped.

Micheaux then turned his publishing company into the Micheaux Film and Book Company. He sold stock in the company to raise money for his own movie of The Homesteader, and shooting began. It was the first feature-length movie made by an African American. It was released in Chicago in 1919, and was a great success.

Micheaux's second movie was Within Our Gates. This was his response to D. W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation. Griffith's movie was about the Ku Klux Klan. It was one of the most popular movies of the day. The movie challenged Griffith's message by showing that whites were more likely to harm blacks than the other way around.

Micheaux would make more than 40 movies over the next 30 years. In 1931, his movie The Exile became the first full-length sound feature by an African American.  His last movie The Betrayal (1948) was the first movie produced by an African American­ to open in white theaters.

Death
Micheaux died on 25 March 1951 in Charlotte, North Carolina. He is buried in the Great Bend Cemetery in Great Bend, Kansas. His gravestone reads, "A Man Ahead of His Time."

In 1986, the Directors Guild of America posthumously granted Micheaux the Golden Jubilee Special Directorial Award. In 1987, he received a star on Hollywood Boulevard's Walk of Fame.

List of selected movies
 The Homesteader (1919, first movie)
 Within Our Gates (1919)
 A Daughter of the Congo (1930, last silent movie)
 The Exile (first sound movie, 1931) 
 The Betrayal (1948, last movie)

References 

Movie directors from Illinois
Movie producers from Illinois
Writers from Illinois
1884 births
1951 deaths
People from Metropolis, Illinois
The Blood of Jesus (1941) is a race movie.  It was written, directed, and starring Spencer Williams. It was also released as The Glory Road. The movie was produced in Texas. Its budget was US$5,000.  Scenes from a 1911 Italian movie called L'Inferno were used to show souls entering Heaven. The movie was screened in black theatres and black churches. It received good reviews. In 1991 The Blood of Jesus became the first race movie to be chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story 
A church group is holding a riverside baptismal service. One of those being immersed is the recently married Martha. At home, Martha's husband Ras accidentally shoots her when his hunting rifle discharges. The church people gather at Martha’s bedside to pray. An angel arrives to take Martha’s spirit from her body. She is brought to the Crossroads between Heaven and Hell. She is tempted by the devil's agent slick Judas Green.

Judas takes Martha to a nightclub. He arranges to have her get a job there. The angel returns and advises Martha to flee. She tries to flee. A nightclub patron mistakenly believes Martha is a pickpocket who robbed him. A chase ensues. Martha races back to the Crossroads. Satan is waiting for her. The angel protects Martha from the mob. They are driven away. The sign at the Crossroad is transformed into the vision of Jesus Christ being crucified, and Christ’s blood drips down on Martha’s face. She awakens to discover she is home. Her health is restored. Martha is reunited with her husband. He has embraced religion. The angel who took Martha on her journey returns to bless their marriage.

References 

American drama movies
United States National Film Registry movies
1941 movies
English-language movies
The Spokane Chiefs are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1985. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Spokane, Washington at the Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena. The were known as the Kelowna Wings from 1982 to 1985 until they relocated to Spokane and became the Chiefs. The Chiefs were also the first team in WHL history to host an outdoor hockey game when they defeated the Kootenay Ice 11-2 on January 15, 2011.

References

Other websites
Official website

1985 establishments in the United States
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Western Hockey League
Sports in Washington (U.S. state)
Spokane, Washington
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
The Tri-City Americans are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1988. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Kennewick, Washington at the Toyota Center. The team was originally known as the Calgary Buffalos and later changed their name to the Calgary Centennials. The Centennials were active from 67 to 77 and were later relocated to Billings, Montana and became the Billings Bighorns. They played in Billings from 1977 to 1998 before being relocated to Nanaimo, British Columbia and were named the Nanaimo Islanders. The Islanders played from 1982 to 1983 before they were moved to New Westminster, British Columbia and became the New Westminster Bruins. They moved to the Tri-Cities in 1988.

Other websites
Official website

References

1988 establishments in North America
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Western Hockey League
Sports in Washington (U.S. state)
John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American biotechnologist and entrepreneur. He was one of the first to sequence the human genome, and led the team which made the first cell with a synthetic genome (2010).

Venter founded Celera Genomics, The Institute for Genomic Research and the J. Craig Venter Institute. He now works at his Institute to create synthetic (artificial) biological organisms, and to record genetic diversity in the world's oceans. He was listed on Time magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter at 14th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".

Venter himself recognized his own ADHD behavior in his adolescence, and later found ADHD-linked genes in his own DNA. In media interviews, Venter has several times said he is an atheist.

References 

Venter, J. Craig 2007.  A life decoded: my genome: my life. New York: Viking. 

1946 births
Living people
American geneticists
Businesspeople from Utah
Scientists from Utah
American atheists
Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS (12 January 1927 – 27 October 2007) was a British chemist.

Born in London, Orgel received his B.A. and Ph.D in chemistry at Magdalen College, Oxford University.

He was one of the first people to see, in April 1953, Crick and Watson's model of DNA: at the time he worked at Oxford University's Chemistry Department.

In 1964 Orgel was appointed Senior Fellow and Research Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he directed the Chemical Evolution Laboratory. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, and he was one of five principal investigators in the NASA-sponsored NSCORT program in exobiology. Orgel also participated in NASA's Viking Mars Lander Program as a member of the Molecular Analysis Team that designed the gas chromatography mass spectrometer instrument that robots took to the planet Mars.

Orgel’s lab came across an economical way to make cytarabine, a compound that is one of today’s most commonly used anti-cancer agents.

During the 1970s, Orgel suggested reconsidering the panspermia hypothesis, according to which the earliest forms of life on earth did not originate here, but arrived from outer space with meteorites.

Together with Stanley Miller, Orgel also suggested that peptide nucleic acids – rather than ribonucleic acids – constituted the first pre-biotic systems capable of self-replication on early Earth.

His name is popularly known because of Orgel's rules, credited to him, particularly Orgel's Second Rule: "Evolution is cleverer than you are".

In his book The Origins of Life, Orgel coined the concept of specified complexity, to describe the criterion by which living organisms are distinguished from non-living matter. He published over three hundred articles in his research areas.

Orgel died of cancer on 27 October 2007 at the San Diego Hospice & Palliative Care in San Diego, California.

Awards
Fellow of the Royal Society
National Academy of Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Publications
Leslie E. Orgel, An introduction to transition-metal chemistry: the ligand field theory. 1961
Leslie E. Orgel, The origins of life: molecules and natural selection. 1973
Leslie E. Orgel and Stanley L. Miller, The origins of life on the Earth. 1974

References 

1927 births
2007 deaths
English chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
2000 saw the abolishment of the Azerbaijani law forbidding homosexual interactions (gay sex).  A special edition of Azerbaijan, the official newspaper of the Parliament, published on 28 May, reported that the Parliament had approved a new Criminal Code, and that the President had signed a decree bringing it into force in September. The text of the new Criminal Code was also published. From this it is clear that the old Article 113 (inherited from the Soviet era, and which punished anal sex between men with three years imprisonment) has been replaced with a new Article 150, which bans only forcible sexual acts.

Modern times
When Azerbaijan became part of USSR, despite in Lenin-era of Soviet Russia homosexuality was not banned, it remained as crime in Azerbaijan. As the homosexuality was most widespread in Azerbaijan, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan and Georgia, the legislation on persecution of homosexuals remained in force in 1920's.

After the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991, homosexual acts were legalized in 2000. The official newspaper of the Parliament, published on 28 May 2000, reported that the Parliament had approved a new criminal code, and that the President had signed a decree bringing it into force in September. The old Article 113 (inherited from the Soviet era, and which punished anal sex between men with three years imprisonment) has been replaced with a new Article 150, which bans only forcible sexual acts.

Although homosexual acts between consenting male adults were officially decriminalized, reports about police abuses against gays, mainly male prostitutes, persisted during the last year. While complaining of the violence against them, the victims preferred to remain anonymous fearing retaliation on the part of police." (2001 Report of the International Helsinki Federation).

State-controlled media outlets use homosexuality as a tool to harass and discredit critics of the government and opposition journalist.

Living conditions

References

Azerbaijan
Politics of Azerbaijan
Chrissie Maher, OBE (born 1938) is a British advocate for the use of plain English. She is a co-founder of the Plain English Campaign. This organisation promotes the clear use of English, especially by businesses and official bodies. Her campaign began in 1971 when she founded the United Kingdom's first community newspaper, the Tuebrook Bugle. That gave her the chance to write articles saying that organisations should start using plain English. In 1974, Maher went on to start The Liverpool News. It was the UK's first newspaper for adults with reading difficulties. She was also a member of the UK's National Consumer Council. Later, she founded the Plain English Campaign at a demonstration in London in 1979.

As an example of the language issues Maher found objectionable: in 1994, she pointed out that Britain's National Health Service published a definition of the term "bed" that used 229 words.

For her efforts, Maher was awarded the OBE in 1993. In 1995, she was awarded an honorary MA degree by Manchester University. In 1997 she received an honorary doctorate from the Open University. In 2000, Maher was named "Information Pioneer of the Century" by the UK's National Information Forum. In 2010, Maher received an Honorary Fellowship from Liverpool John Moores University for her services to communication. 

Also in 2010 Maher was selected Public Affairs Achiever of the Year and Outstanding Achiever of the Year for the ‘Women in Public Life’ awards.

Tom McArthur, editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language said, "In all the history of the language, there has never been such a powerful grassroots movement to influence it as the Plain English Campaign."

References

Other websites
 Plain English Campaign Homepage

1938 births
Living people
British people
English language
{{Infobox film
| name           = Faust
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| writer         = Hans Kyser
| starring       = Gösta EkmanEmil JanningsCamilla HornWilhelm DieterleFrida RichardYvette Guilbert
| director       = F. W. Murnau
| producer       = Erich Pommer
| music          = Werner Richard Heymann (in the premiere) William Axt (US, uncredited)| cinematography = Carl Hoffman 
| editing        = 
| distributor    = UFA (Germany)Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (USA)
| released       = 
| runtime        = 106 minutes
| language       = Silent filmGerman intertitles
| country        = Weimar Republic
| budget         = 2 million marks
}}Faust is a 1926 German silent movie. It was  directed by F. W. Murnau. It stars Gösta Ekman as Faust, Emil Jannings as Mephisto, and Camilla Horn as Gretchen. The story is about an old man who sells his soul to the devil. In return he becomes young again. The movie uses both traditional tales of Faust and Goethe's play. The movie was difficult and expensive to make. Faust was Murnau's last German movie. He moved to the United States to direct Sunrise. The "Bald Mountain" scene in the movie inspired the "Night on Bald Mountain" segment in Walt Disney's Fantasia.

 References 
 Eisner, Lotte H. 1973. Murnau. University of California Press. .

 Other websites 
 
 Faust '' at the Arts & Faith Top100 Spiritually Significant Films  list
 
 
 DVD review by Gary Johnson

1926 movies
1920s fantasy movies
1920s horror movies
German silent movies
German horror movies
German fantasy movies
Movies directed by F. W. Murnau
Jonathan Soriano Casas (born 24 September 1985 in El Pont de Vilomara i Rocafort, Barcelona, Catalonia) is a Spanish footballer who plays with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austria, as a forward.

Club statistics
As of 10 December 2011

Honours

Team
Espanyol
Spanish Cup: 2005–06
Austria
Austrian Champion: 2012; 2014
Austrian Cup: 2012; 2014

Individual
Pichichi Trophy (Second Division): 2010–11
 Best Scorer Austria: 2013/14

References

1985 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Conquest of the Pole () is a 1912 silent movie. It was directed and produced by Georges Méliès. It was based on the book The Adventures of Captain Hatteras by Jules Verne. The movie is about a race to the north pole by different groups of balloonists. A complicated scene in the movie has a frost giant who tries to eat the crew.

Other websites 
 
 

1912 movies
Silent movies
French science fiction movies
Science fiction movies
1910s fantasy movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
Movies directed by Georges Méliès
View of Delft is an oil painting. It was painted by Johannes Vermeer between about 1660 and 1661. The painting shows Vermeer's hometown. It is one of his most popular pictures. It is one of three paintings of Delft by Vermeer. The others are The Little Street and the lost painting House Standing in Delft. In 2011, the painting was featured on gold and silver commemorative coins issued by the Royal Dutch Mint.

References

17th-century paintings
Paintings by Johannes Vermeer
Dutch paintings
Delft
Philip Arthur Larkin CH, CBE, FRSL (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985) was a English poet and novelist.

Larkin was born and raised in Coventry, Warwickshire, where he attended primary and secondary school. He graduated from St John's College, Oxford with a double first in English language and literature.

Larkin spent the latter years of his life in Hull, where he was a librarian at the University of Hull. Larkin died in Hull, Humberside, of oesophageal cancer.

References 

Alumni of the University of Oxford
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from esophageal cancer
English novelists
English poets
People from Coventry
1922 births
1985 deaths
Lee Ann Remick (December 14, 1935 - July 2, 1991) was an American actress. She was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She played the female lead in Anatomy of a Murder, Days of Wine and Roses and The Omen.

Remick won a Golden Globe award in 1973. In 1975 she won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA award.

Remick died of kidney cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Other websites 

1935 births
1991 deaths
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from kidney cancer
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
Miranda Leigh Lambert (born November 10, 1983) is an American country music artist who gained fame as a finalist on the 2003 season of Nashville Star, where she finished in third place and later signed to Epic Records.
She was married to country singer Blake Shelton whom divorced in 2015. She has five solo albums released as of 2011 and one with country supergroup Pistol Annies. Some of her most known songs are "Gunpowder and Lead", "Kerosene", "The House That Built Me", "White Liar", "Heart Like Mine", and "Baggage Claim".

Discography
Singles
"Tin Man" (2017)

Studio albums
 Miranda Lambert (2001)
 Kerosene (2005)
 Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (2007)
 Revolution (2009)
 Four the Record (2011)
 Platinum (2014)
 The Weight of These Kings (2016)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Texas

References

1983 births
Living people
Country musicians
Singers from Texas
The Battle of Balaclava was a battle of the Crimean War. It was on 25 October 1854 by the Ottoman Empire, the French Empire, and the United Kingdom against the Russian Empire. The battle ended with a Russian victory. Two of the most important events of the Crimean 
War took place during the Battle of Balaclava.

The Thin Red Line 
The 93rd Highland Regiment, which was dressed almost only in red, formed a line that was two men thick and stood its ground despite a charge by the Russian cavalry.

The Charge of the Light Brigade 
The charge was made by the 4th and 13th Light Dragoons, 17th Lancers, and the 8th and 11th Hussars, under the command of Major General the Earl of Cardigan. Many people died in the charge since 278 of the over 670 soldiers were killed. The event inspired the poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, of the same name.

1854

Balaclava
Balaclava
Balaclava
Ottoman Empire
Fargo is a 1996 American black comedy-drama crime thriller movie. The Coen brothers made this movie, which is set in 1987. Frances McDormand, Steve Buscemi and William H. Macy star in the movie as a detective, a criminal, and a car salesman, respectively. It is a dark comedy about the police investigation of some murders and bad business activities.

In 2006 it was put into the United States National Film Registry because the group thought it was culturally, historically, or aesthetically important enough to be recognized in their collection. It inspired a TV series of the same name

Part of the movie is set in Fargo, North Dakota. The majority is in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It shows the culture and accent of many of the people who live there.

Other websites 

1996 crime movies
1996 thriller movies
1990s black comedy movies
1996 comedy-drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
1990s drama thriller movies
Academy Award winning movies
American criminal comedy movies 
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
American comedy-drama movies
American drama thriller movies
English-language movies
Fargo, North Dakota
Film noir
Movies set in Minnesota
Movies set in 1987
Movies directed by the Coen brothers
Movies set in North Dakota
Viktor Mikhailovich Kozin () (born February 22, 1953) is a Russian naval engineer, ship designer and inventor of a new method of icebreaking, called the resonance method of ice destruction. He received his Assistant Professorship in Technical Sciences (Ph.D.) for his work Mechanics of deformable solids in Vladivostok in 1994. He became a full Professor in 1996 and was awarded the title Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation in 2000. Since 2008 he is a member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS).

Kozin was awarded a diploma from the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1999) and won grants from the Russian Ministry of Education (2006). He received multiple prizes for his academic and scientific achievements in the theory of watercraft statics and dynamics, design of vessels, hydraulics and hydromechanics, ship and submarine construction. He is the author of 2 textbooks in naval engineering and 12 works on the methods of education in the area of naval design.

References 
Encyclopedia - SCIENTISTS OF RUSSIA - scientists from the CIS and countries of CIS
Scientific Electronic Library - monographs published by the publishing house of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

Other websites 
 Telecast "Time, City, People, 2002 ". About Kozin VM STRC "Komsomolsk" Part 1
 Telecast "Time, City, People, 2002 ". About Kozin VM STRC "Komsomolsk" Part 2

Living people
Russian inventors
Russian engineers
1953 births
The Gold Rush is a 1925 silent movie. It was written, directed, and produced by Charlie Chaplin. He stars in the movie, too. The movie is set in the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush. Chaplin plays the Little Tramp. It was a character he created. The Little Tramp appeared in many Chaplin movies. In this movie, the Little Tramp has many adventures with other prospectors. He falls in love with a saloon girl. Critics liked the movie. One critic wrote, "Here is a comedy with streaks of poetry, pathos, tenderness, linked with brusqueness and boisterousness. It is the outstanding gem of all Chaplin's pictures, as it has more thought and originality than even such masterpieces of mirth as The Kid and Shoulder Arms."  In 1992 The Gold Rush was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Chaplin hoped that people would remember him for this movie.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 The Greatest Films: The Gold Rush
 Bibliography

American silent movies
1925 movies
1920s comedy movies
American comedy movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Gold
Movies directed by Charlie Chaplin
The Thief of Bagdad is a 1924 silent movie. It was directed by Raoul Walsh. It stars Douglas Fairbanks. The plot was adapted from One Thousand and One Nights. The movie is about a thief who falls in love with the daughter of the Caliph of Baghdad. Fairbanks was very athletic. This movie provided many moments for gymnastics.  The movie was Fairbanks's favorite among all his movies.

Thief gave Fairbanks a new direction. He was a comedy star, but after this movie he became a "swashbuckler". The movie had many special effects such as flying carpets and monsters and magical Djinn. The Arabian-style set was huge. The movie was remade twice: once in 1940 with Sabu and then in 1961 with Steve Reeves. The Fairbanks version was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1996.

References 

 Whitford, Eileen. 2007. Pickford: The Woman Who Made Hollywood. The University Press of Kentucky. .

Other websites 
 
 The Thief of Bagdad at Rotten Tomatoes

American silent movies
1924 movies
1920s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
Swashbuckler movies
Movies directed by Raoul Walsh
Sinbad the Sailor is a fictional character in the One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights). He is a sailor. His stories take place in the days of Haroun al-Rashid. It is possible that Sinbad is of Persian origin. He has many adventures. He meets monsters such as The Old Man of the Sea and the Roc. There are seven stories about Sinbad's journeys. They are sometimes a part of the Scheherazade stories. The Sinbad stories have been made into movies and animated cartoons.

Other websites 
 Story of Sindbad The Sailor
 21 Illustrations by the German cartoon pioneer Stefan Mart, from Tales of the Nations (1933)
 Sindbad's Middle-European reincarnation

Persian literature
Arabic literature
Fictional characters
Mount Vernon was the plantation home of George Washington, the first President of the United States. It is located near Alexandria, Virginia. The house was designed by Washington and built of wood in 1757. It is in the neoclassical Georgian architectural style. Mount Vernon is on the banks of the Potomac River. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is owned and maintained in trust by The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. It is open every day of the year. Mount Vernon is on the tentative list of World Heritage Sites in the United States.

The property was long called Little Hunting Creek Plantation but Lawrence Washington, George's older half-brother, renamed it for Edward Vernon, his commander in the Royal Navy. Laurence died in 1753 and George eventually inherited the estate.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Mount Vernon
 National Historic Landmark: Mount Vernon 
 National Shrine: Bringing George Washington Back to Life 
"Life Portrait of George Washington", broadcast from Mount Vernon 

George Washington
Presidential homes in the United States
1757 establishments
1750s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton is the second album by American rapper, Eazy-E. The album was released on November 24, 1995. The producers of the album were DJ Yella, Naughty by Nature, Rhythm D, K Loc, Mike E. Clark. It was Eazy-E's last full length album before he died. It was released posthumously about eight months after his death. The song "Ole School Shit" was a diss track to Tha Dogg Pound, Dr. Dre, Tweedy Bird Loc and Snoop Doggy Dogg. The song "Wut Would You Do" was also a diss track to Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, Suge Knight and Dr. Dre.

Songs

References

1995 albums
Eazy-E albums
Megalomania is a mental illness.  People with megalomania have delusional fantasies that they are more relevant (important) or powerful than they truly are.  They have inflated self esteem and overestimate their powers and beliefs. People with megalomania more than often showcase disposition towards humbleness. 

The word "megalomania" is no longer used in the mental health field, and is not mentioned in either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD).  Instead, this condition is now called narcissistic personality disorder.  The condition affects both men and women. 

The word "megalomania" comes from two Greek words: "μεγαλο" (megalo-), meaning large or great, and "μανία" (mania), meaning madness or frenzy.

Related pages
 Arrogance
 Confidence
 Dunning–Kruger effect
 Narcissism

Mental illnesses
The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 western silent movie. It was written, directed, produced, and photographed by Edwin S. Porter. It is 12 minutes long. It is thought to be an important step in making movies. It expanded upon Porter's previous movie Life of an American Fireman. The movie used many new moviemaking techniques. These techniques included cross cutting, camera movement, and on-location shooting. Some prints of the movie were also hand colored in certain scenes. It was shot in Milltown, New Jersey. The movie has been chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Other websites 
 Download from the Library of Congress (in MPEG-1, RealVideo or QuickTime format)
 
 Great Films: The Great Train Robbery

1903 movies
American silent movies
American western movies
United States National Film Registry movies
On the Beautiful Blue Danube, Op. 314 is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1867 for the Vienna Men's Singing Society.  It was written for four-part choir with orchestra or piano. The words were written by Josef Weyl. It was first performed on 15 February 1867 by the Vienna Men's Singing Society and the orchestra of the Forty-Second Infantry Regiment directed by Rudolph Weinwurm. It was performed without voices on March 4 and again on March 10 in the same format at a benefit for Strauss's brothers. It was a sensation when performed at the Paris Exposition the same year. This performance marked the beginning of Strauss's international reputation. The waltz was published in 1867 by Carl Anton Spina.

The piece begins with a slow introduction in the dominant key of A major. This introduction is followed by five small waltzes of two sections each. Melodies with large leaps are contrasted with linear melodies composed within a narrow range. The coda touches on the various melodies and concludes with a lively finish. The waltz was first played in the United States in its instrumental version on 1 July 1867 in New York. It was first played in Great Britain on 21 September 1867 in London at the promenade concerts in Covent Garden. The instrumental version is usually performed today. On New Year's Eve in Vienna, the waltz is broadcast on television and radio stations at midnight. It is an encore piece at the Vienna New Year's Day Concert.

References

Other websites 

 Sheet music for "On the Beautiful Blue Danube" for 1 piano, John Church Company, 1868.

Waltzes
Compositions by Johann Strauss II
Segmentation in biology means the division of some animal and plant bodies into a series of repeat sections or parts. It is common in some of the most successful groups of animals, such as arthropods, vertebrates and annelid worms. 

Segmentation of the body allows different regions of the body to develop for different uses.

Genes regulating development 
We now know a good deal about how the development of segmented animals is controlled. In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly Drosophila, E.B. Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism. 

Furthermore, the sequence of these control genes show co-linearity: the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed along the anterior-posterior axis of the body. Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms. 

Each of the genes contains a homeobox, a remarkably conserved DNA sequence. This suggests the complex itself arose by gene duplication. 

In his Nobel lecture, Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".

References 

Zoology
The "Waltz of the Flowers" (1892) is a piece of orchestral music from the second act of The Nutcracker, a ballet composed by Tchaikovsky.  Tchaikovsky told his fellow musicians he was working on a "fantastic" ballet called The Nutcracker: "It's awfully fun to write a march for tin soldiers, a waltz of the flowers, etc." The waltz is also the last number in his Nutcracker Suite.  The "Waltz of the Flowers" is very popular. It has been arranged for various instruments and for various combinations of instruments. Percy Grainger arranged the waltz for piano solo as Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz.  Walt Disney Studios animated the waltz for the movie Fantasia.

References

Other websites 
 "Waltz of the Flowers", a compilation of images of Tchaikovsky accompanied by "Waltz of the Flowers"
 "Waltz of the Flowers", the Mariinsky Ballet (Kirov Ballet) in October 1993 at Mariinsky Theater in St Petersburg
 "Waltz of the Flowers" played on an organ

Waltzes
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
is a Japanese city in Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2003.

History

In the Edo period, Fujikawa-shuku was one of the fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Education

Universities and colleges
 National Institutes of Natural Sciences
 National Institute for Basic Biology
 Aichi Gakusen University
 Aichi Gakusen College
 Aichi Sangyo University
 University of Human Environments
 Okazaki Women's Junior College

Sister cities
 Newport Beach, California, United States, Since November 1984
 Uddevalla, Sweden, since September 1968
 Hohhot, People's Republic of China, since August 1987

People from Okazaki
Yuki Fukaya – professional soccer player
Motoo Kimura - biologist
Takashi Kondō – voice actor
Kotomitsuki Keiji – sumo wrestler
Satoru Nakajima – race car driver
Kazuki Nakajima – race car driver
Hiromasa Yamamoto – professional soccer player

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

   Okazaki website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Aichi Prefecture
Apollo 7 was a mission in the NASA's Apollo program. It was the first crewed mission in the Apollo program and the first crewed US space flight after Apollo 1 disaster. The mission was a C type mission. Apollo 7 was launched on October 11, 1968 and stayed in space for 10 days, 20 hours, 9 minutes and three seconds. It orbited the Earth. Apollo 7 was the first crewed launch of the Saturn IB launch vehicle and the first three-person US space mission. The crew were Commander Walter M. Schirra, with Command Module Pilot Donn Eisele and Lunar Module Pilot R. Walter Cunningham. The mission was designed to test the re-made Block II Apollo Command/Service Module. The crew orbited in Earth orbit so that they could check life-support, propulsion and control systems. The mission was a success. It gave NASA the confidence to launch Apollo 8 later.

References

Other websites
 NASA NSSDC Master Catalog

Apollo program
is a Japanese architect.

Early life
Isozaki was born in Ōita.

He studied with Kenzo Tange, Kisho Kurokawa, and Fumihiko Maki at the University of Tokyo. He graduated in 1954.

Career
Isozaki worked for Kenzo Tange & Urtec from 1954 to 1963. He started his own design office in 1963.

In 2005, Arata Isozaki started another office in Italy called Arata Isozaki & Andrea Maffei Associates.

Isozaki was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in March 2019.

List of projects

 Ōita Prefectural Library, Ōita, Japan, 1966
 Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art, Kitakyushu, Japan, 1974
 Kitakyushu Central Library, Kitakyushu, Japan, 1975
 West Japan General Exhibition Center, Kitakyushu, Japan, 1977
 Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles, California, US, 1987
 Art Tower Mito, Japan, 1990
 Palau Sant Jordi for the 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona, Spain, 1990
 Team Disney,  Orlando, Florida, US, 1992
 Domus Casa Del Hombre, La Coruña, Spain, 1995

 Kyoto Concert Hall, Kyoto, Japan, 1995
 Granship Convention Center, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan, 1999
 University of Central Asia's three campuses in Tekeli, Kazakhstan; Naryn, the Kyrgyz Republic; and Khorog, Tajikistan, 2004
 Torino Palasport Olimpico, Turin, Italy, 2006
 Diamond Island, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2006
 Himalayas Center, Shanghai, China, 2008
 ...
 2011 — Maranello Library, Maranello, Italy
 2012 — Bologna Station, Bologna, Italy
 2014 — Citylife, Milan, Italy

Honors
 Royal Institute of British Architects, Royal Gold Medal, 1986

References

Other websites

 Arata Isozaki & associates website

Pritzker Prize winners
1931 births
Living people
Japanese architects
People from Ōita Prefecture
"Rumour Has It" is the fourth hit single from the Adele album 21. It was released in 5 November 2011; the song was given lots of positive reviews from critics in music. The song was written by Adele along with Ryan Tedder of OneRepublic, who also produced the song.  It reached number 16 on the charts in the US and Canada.  In the US, it was certified double-Platinum for shipments of over two million copies.

References

2011 songs
Adele songs
"What Makes You Beautiful" was the first single released by the British-Irish boyband One Direction. It is from their album Up All Night (2011). It was released by Syco Records on 11 September 2011. Written by Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk and Savan Kotecha and produced by Yacoub and Falk, "What Makes You Beautiful" is a teen pop song.

"What Makes You Beautiful" sold 153,965 copies in its first week. In the Unites States, the single became the highest Billboard Hot 100 debut for a U.K. act since 1998.

References 

Pop songs
2011 songs
One Direction
Xerophiles are extremophile organisms that can grow and reproduce in conditions with almost no water.

Many moulds and yeasts are xerophilic. Mould growth on bread is an example of food spoilt by a xerophilic fungus.

Examples:
Trichosporonoides nigrescens.
Cacti are also a type of xerophile.
Tardigrades can survive for almost a decade without exposure to water.
Soil microbes of the Atacama Desert

Related pages 
Xerophyte

References 

Extremophiles
Ecology
Kaley Christine Cuoco (born November 30, 1985) is an American actress. She was born in Camarillo, California. She played major roles in 8 Simple Rules and Charmed. She plays the main female character "Penny" in The Big Bang Theory.

Cuoco married tennis player Ryan Sweeting on December 31, 2013. The couple said in September 2015 that they are going to divorce.

Other websites 

1985 births
Actors from Ventura County, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Living people
People from Ventura County, California
An ensemble is a group of people who work or perform together. By extension, it can mean a coordinated outfit of clothing, or anything where a group contributes to a coordinated whole.

The term is most used in music. A musical ensemble is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music. In classical music, trios or quartets often group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles or wind ensembles. The term is also used in jazz, where the instruments typically include wind instruments.

An ensemble usually consists of three or four people with similar skill levels. The word originated in late middle English (as an adverb) meaning "at the same time". It is from French, based on the Latin insimul. The noun dates from the mid 18th century.

References 

Music
Performing arts
Words