cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mary Elle Fanning (born April 9, 1998), known as Elle Fanning, is an American actress. She is the younger sister of actress Dakota Fanning. She is known for her acting in many movies. These include Phoebe in Wonderland, Somewhere and We Bought a Zoo. In 2011, Fanning starred as Alice Dainard in J. J. Abrams' sci-fi-drama blockbuster, Super 8. Her acting was very well liked by the critics in this movie. She received nominations for a Saturn Award, a Young Artist Award, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, a Teen Choice Award, a Scream Award, an MTV Movie Award, and more.

Early life
Fanning was born on April 9, 1998 in Conyers, Georgia. She is the daughter of Heather Joy (née Arrington), and Steven J. Fanning. Her mother played tennis professionally and her father played minor league baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals. He is now an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California. Her maternal grandfather is American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is ESPN reporter Jill Arrington. Fanning is the younger sister of Dakota Fanning, who is also an actress. Fanning has Irish, German, English, and French ancestry. Fanning and her family are members of the Southern Baptist Convention.  Fanning currently attends Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, Los Angeles.

References

Other websites

1998 births
Living people
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
American Baptists
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton,  (born 9 January 1956) is an English Actress. She has performed in many hit movies, including: Much Ado about Nothing, the Harry Potter series and Peter's Friends.

Staunton was born in Archway, London. She studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She has been married to Jim Carter since 1983. The couple have a daughter.

References

Other websites 

1956 births
Living people
Actors from London
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art

English movie actors
English radio actors
English television actors
English voice actors
The 2013 Formula One season was the 64th season of the Formula One World Championship. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers competed in nineteen Grands Prix. The season started in Australia on 17 March and ended in Brazil on 24 November.

The 2013 season was the final year for the 2.4 litre V8 engine setup.

Sebastian Vettel was the defending World Drivers' Champion. He was Champion again in 2013.

Signed teams and drivers
At the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix, Bernie Ecclestone said that the "majority" of teams in the 2012 season agreed to compete in 2013.

On 30 November 2012, the FIA published a provisional entry list for the 2013 season.

Team changes
In November 2012, the owners of HRT F1 placed the team for sale. The team needed to find a buyer by 30 November to remain in the sport. HRT failed to find a buyer and the team was not included in the 2013 entry list.

Driver changes
In September 2012, seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher said that he was retiring from the sport for a second time.  World Champion Lewis Hamilton agreed to take Schumacher's place. The move ended his fourteen-year career with McLaren.

Driver Sergio Pérez left Sauber to join McLaren. Nico Hülkenberg filled the vacant seat at Sauber. Hülkenberg was joined by Esteban Gutiérrez, who was Sauber's testing and reserve driver in  and .

Charles Pic moved from Marussia to Caterham. Max Chilton took his place at Marussia.

Calendar
The following nineteen races appeared on the 2013 race schedule. The number of races on the Formula One calendar is dictated by the Concorde Agreement.

The calendar was originally meant to host twenty races.  This would add the new Grand Prix of Jersey. The race in New Jersey was delayed to 2014.

Calendar changes
 The European Grand Prix was discontinued starting in 2013.
 Nürburgring hosted the German Grand Prix in 2013.

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Drivers' standings
Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers using the following structure:

Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

Constructors' standings

Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

References 

Formula One seasons
2013 in sports
Anonym[o]us Valesianus is the name of a text, published by Henri Valois (1603-1676) in 1636. The text was published together with Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus. The name is misleading: There are two texts, which have nothing in common, except the subject of history. They are labeled Anonymus Valesianus I and II. 

Anonymus Valesianus I, also called Origo Constantini talks about the life of Constantine the Great, roughly the time of 301 to 337 AD. The author is unknown, and was probably pagan. Most likely the text was written shortly after the death of the emperor. The author gives a good review of the life, and offers details which can be found in no other text. The text was written around 390, and is regarded as a reliable source

The second text gives a historic overview beginning with  the reign of Julius Nepos. It ends with the death of Theodoric the Great, roughly 474-526. The author of the second text was probably Roman Catholic, and the text was written in Ravenna, which was very important at the time.The text was written after 526, probably between 550 and 560. It bears the heading item ex libris Chronicorum inter cetera. The text mostly deals with the reign of the Gothic king in Italy, Theodoric the Great."(Even though it is) poorly written (the text) is based on a no longer (existing) chronicle by the bishop of Ravenna, Maximianus, a highly (learned) and knowledgable scholar".

References

Other websites
Latin text with English translation, at the Unversty of Chicago
Manuscripts
Patti Ann LuPone (born in Northport, New York, April 21, 1949) is an American performer. She has several Tony Awards. She won her first playing Eva Perón in the 1979 musical Evita. She also acted in many television programs and movies. These include The 24 Hour Woman and Witness.

References

Other websites
 
 

Actors from New York
American stage actors
1949 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Tony Award winning actors
Fontella Bass (July 3, 1940 – December 26, 2012) was an American singer. She was born in St. Louis. Her song "Rescue Me" hit #1 in the US R&B Singles Chart in 1965. She also had many other successful songs. She died due to complications from a heart attack.

Bass was the daughter of gospel singer Martha Bass.

References

Other websites

 [ Fontella Bass biography at Allmusic]
 Fontella Bass: Coming Full Circle
 Fontella Bass page

African American musicians
American R&B musicians
American pop musicians
American soul musicians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Missouri
Singers from St. Louis, Missouri
1940 births
2012 deaths
American soul singers
Harry G. Carey, Jr. (May 16, 1921 – December 27, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his Western movies directed by John Ford. He also appeared on Gremlins, Back to the Future Part III, Tombstone, and in The Searchers. His father, Harry Carey, was an actor.

Carey, Jr. was born on May 16, 1921 in Santa Clarita, California. He was married to Marilyn Fix from 1944 until his death in 2012. Carey, Jr. died on December 27, 2012 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
Harry Carey, Jr. official site
Comanche Stallion

1921 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
, also known as Amagaseki and Bakan, is a Japanese city in Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.  The city is in the Chūgoku region.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2005.

History
Shimonoseki was the ancient capital city of the Nagato Province.

Timeline
 25 April 1185 (Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto fought at the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike were defeated.  Emperor Antoku was drowned in the battle.

 5-6 September 1864 (Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month): Bombardment of Shimonoseki.
 1895 (Meiji 28): Treaty of Shimonoseki.

Geography
Shimonoseki is a port on the Kamnon Strait (Shimonoseki Strait) at the Western end of Honshu.  The city is near to Kitakyūshū on the island of Kyushu.

Related pages
 Treaty of Shimonoseki

References

Other websites

 Yamaguchi City website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Yamaguchi Prefecture
ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 was a passenger flight which was from the Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, to Atlanta, Georgia. The flight crashed in the Everglades with 110 people on board. There were no survivors. The aircraft was a DC-9 previously owned by Delta Air Lines.

1996 in the United States
1990s in Florida
Aviation disasters in the 1990s
Aviation disasters in the United States
Cliff Osmond (Clifford Osman Ebrahim, February 26, 1937 – December 22, 2012) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, writer, and producer who is known for his roles in Irma la Douce, The Fortune Cookie, and in Kiss Me Stupid.

Early and personal life
Osmond was born on February 26, 1937 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised in Union City, New Jersey. Osmond studied at Dartmouth College and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was married to Gretchen Ebrahim from the 1950s until his death in 2012. They had two children, Margaret and Eric Ebrahim.

Career
Osmond's career would begin in 1961 in the television show The Riffleman. Then he would appear in other movies such as Wild and Wonderful, Three Guns for Texas, Invation of the Bee Girls, The Front Page, The Great Brain, The North Avenue Irregulars, and in his last well-known role in For Which He Stands in 1996. After he stopped acting and later he began to direct and produce shows or television movies. He directed his last movie before his death Bxx: Haunted in 2012.

Death
Osmond died on December 22, 2012 in his home in Pacific Palisades, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 75.

Some movies
Irma La Douce (1963)
Wild and Wonderful (1964)
Kiss Me, Stupid (1964)
The Fortune Cookie (1966)
Three Guns for Texas (1968)
Invasion of the Bee Girls (1973)
The Front Page (1974)
Sharks' Treasure (1975)
The Great Brain (1978)
The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again (1979)
The North Avenue Irregulars (1979)
For Which He Stands (1996)

References

Other websites
 
 

1937 births
2012 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television personalities
American television producers
American voice actors
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Jewish American actors
Writers from New Jersey
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
People from Union City, New Jersey
Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that go with light. There are many natural examples of such reactions. One is photosynthesis, which is a very important process through which plants form oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Another is making vitamin D in the body.

Many times reactions go with heat: as you heat molecules, they start to move around and so hit other molecules which can then react. What molecules need is just some activation energy, a little energy to start the reaction. In the case of photochemistry, this energy is given by the light. A molecule or an atom absorbs at a certain wavelength. If light is given at this wavelength then the molecule or atom becomes excited. It is then easier for it to react.

Another way in which light can help reactions go is by changing the symmetry of a molecule. This can be tested with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Some pericyclic reactions go with heat, some go only with light.

In atmospheric chemistry, light is very important. This is because there is much more UV light at the top of the atmosphere. This allows reactions that don't happen on the ground. For example, ozone can split in an oxygen molecule and one oxygen atom.

Chemistry
Hastings-on-Hudson is a village in Westchester County, New York. It is a suburb of New York City.

Villages in New York
Jose Rene "J. R." Martinez (born June 14, 1983) is an American actor, motivational speaker and former U.S. Army soldier. He participated in Dancing with the Stars and won in Fall 2011. He was the grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 2012. In 2008, he played the role of Brot Monroe on the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children.

In 2003, Martinez sustained severe burns over 34 percent of his body while serving as an Army infantryman in Iraq.

Early life
He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana to Maria Zavala. He has two sisters who were raised with his mother's family in El Salvador. His sister Anabel died before Martinez ever had the chance to meet her. Martinez has never met his father. When he was young he moved to Hope, Arkansas with his mother. At 17, Martinez and his mother moved to Dalton, Georgia, before his senior year of high school.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1983 births
American television actors
Living people
Actors from Louisiana
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
People from Hope, Arkansas
Batman Forever is a 1994 American action-adventure starring Val Kilmer as Batman. Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey and Nicole Kidman also act. This was released June 16, 1994 across the United States. It grossed over $330 million at the box office.  It got mixed reviews from the critics.

References

Other websites

 

1994 action movies
1994 crime movies
1990s superhero movies
Batman (1989 movie series)
Batman movies
English-language movies
Movies based on comic book characters
Movies directed by Joel Schumacher
Screenplays by Akiva Goldsman
Sequel movies
Henri Valois was also the name of Henry III of France
Henri Valois, sometimes called Henricus Valesianus, was a medieval scholar. He was born in 1606 and died in 1676. His family belonged to nobility, and was established in Bayeux and Lisieux. He studied with the Jesuits in Verdun, and later in Paris. He also studied law in Bourges. To make his father happy, he lived as a lawyer in Paris for 7 years, even though he preferred to study. Today, he is known for the church history of Eusebius which he translated in 1660, and other translations of classical texts and fragments. Among these are the works of Constantine VII, which he identified and translated, Ammianus Marcellinus, and a history of Pope Constantine. He translated and published histories of Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Athanasius of Alexandria, as well texts of the First Council of Nicaea,Theodoret, Evagrius Scholasticus, Philostorgius, Theodorus Lector. He also published two texts from anonymous authors, known as Anonymus Valesianus today.

His translations were later used for translations of these texts into French.

1606 births
1676 deaths
French scientists
Translators
Verdun is a commune in Lorraine. About 18,000 people live there. It is the sub-prefecture of the Meuse department and lies on the river of the same name. It has a long history. The city is known for its Dragées, a confectionery which contain either almonds or anise seeds. The London Quai (Quai de Londres) is named in honor of the British capital that financed the city's reconstruction after Word War I.

Related pages
 Treaty of Verdun
 Battle of Verdun

Cities in France
Communes in Meuse
Subprefectures in France
Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist. He is known for his impact on phenomenology, one of the most important philosophical trends of the twentieth century. 

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology. 

Stumpf was also one of the pioneers of musicology and ethnomusicology. He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a chair (professorship) at the University of Berlin.

Phenomenology
Stumpf began his Tonpsychologie (Tone psychology) in 1875, perhaps his greatest contribution to psychology. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colours, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed the study of such phenomena as phenomenology. He did a wide range of studies of the sounds of different instruments, melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones.

Sensational phenomena
In 1903 and 1904, Stumpf was involved in two public episodes about sensational phenomena. First, an engineer from Prague claimed to have invented a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sound. Stumpf, after attending a demonstration, wrote an article challenging it, and it was never heard about again. However, the case of Clever Hans, an apparently brilliant horse owned by Herr von Osten, was even more sensational. The research done under his guidance disproved the idea that the animal understood language. It turned out that the horse was following subtle clues given unconsciously by its owner.

Major works 
1885. Tonpsychologie
1911. Die Anfänge der Musik
1928. Gefühl und Gefühlsempfindung
1939-1940. Erkenntnislehre. 2 volumes, Leipzig: J.A. Barth.
1997. Carl Stumpf – Schriften zur Psychologie. H. & L. Sprung (eds) Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.

 Other sources 
1911. Pfungst O. Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten): a contribution to experimental, animal, and human psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
1982. Spiegelberg H. The phenomenological movement. 3rd ed, The Hague: Nijhoff.
1995. Ash M.G. 1995, Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890–1967. Cambridge: Camb. U. Press.
2006. Carl Stumpf – Renaissance de la philosophie. D. Fisette (ed), Paris: Vrin.
2009. Carl Stumpf. Gestalt Theory''. vol. 30, #2.

References 

1848 births
1936 deaths
German philosophers
German psychologists
Musicologists
James K. Okubo (May 30, 1920 – January 29, 1967) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Okubo was born in Anacortes, Washington.  His parents were Japanese immigrant parents. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

The Okubo family was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California; and then they were moved to the camp at Hart Mountain in Wyoming.

Soldier
Okubo joined the US Army in May 1943.

Okubo volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Okubo  was awarded the Army's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star.  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the Silver Star during World War II.  Okubo's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Okubo's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944. many times, he exposed himself to intense fire to treat and evacuate wounded men.

The words of Okubo's citation explain:
Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 28 and 29 October and 4 November 1944, in the Foret Domaniale de Champ, near Biffontaine, eastern France. On 28 October, under strong enemy fire coming from behind mine fields and roadblocks, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo, a medic, crawled 150 yards to within 40 yards of the enemy lines. Two grenades were thrown at him while he left his last covered position to carry back wounded comrades. Under constant barrages of enemy small arms and machine gun fire, he treated 17 men on 28 October and 8 more men on 29 October. On 4 November, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo ran 75 yards under grazing machine gun fire and, while exposed to hostile fire directed at him, evacuated and treated a seriously wounded crewman from a burning tank, who otherwise would have died. Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Namesake
Okubo is the namesake of the Okubo Family Health Clinic at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington.

The Okubo Barracks at the Fort Sam Houston in Texas are named after the Nisei soldier.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  

1920 births
1967 deaths
People from Washington
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Sofi Needs a Ladder is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and features vocals from Sofia Toufa (SOFI). The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 22 October 2010.

It was originally an instrumental song and was called "You Need a Ladder" but the song was changed to "Sofi Needs a Ladder" when Sofia Toufa performed the vocals for it.

Deadmau5 create a contest for the best remix of "Sofi Needs A Ladder". The winner's name is MosDam, that had remixed a lot of Deadmau5 tracks.

The song is featured during a house party in a season 8 episode of Entourage, The finals of The X Factor where the first verse was mashed with "What a Feeling" and was performed by Cher Lloyd, the club scene during The Hangover Part II and on the soundtrack of Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit.

Sofi Needs a Ladder won a Juno Award for "Best Dance Recording" in 2011.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Animal Rights is a collaboration song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and American house music producer, Wolfgang Gartner. The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 28 August 2010. Animal Rights was added to the BBC Radio 1's playlist on 1 December 2010.

The song reached #72 on the UK Singles Chart and reached #15 on the UK Dance Chart.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Some Chords is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song is the first single from 4×4=12. It was featured on a CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode titled "Pool Shark" where deadmau5 played himself in the episode. The song also appears on the soundtrack to the 2010 video game, The Sims 3.

The music video for the song was selected as the winner of a competition deadmau5 sent out using Wooshii. The music video is about a man named Tom who has a snare drum for a head.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Strobe is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's fourth studio album For Lack of a Better Name. 

The song is the second single from the album and was released on 23 February 2010. The song was originally came from the 2006 song, "Then We Stood Still". A live version of the song was released only through the iTunes version of his sixth studio album > album title goes here < in 2012. The song is a progressive house song that is influenced from the ambient music genre. There are also several remixes for the song including a Michael Woods remix, a Plump DJs remix and a DJ Marky & S.P.Y. remix.

It reached #128 on the UK Singles Chart and also reached #13 on the UK Dance Chart in the United Kingdom.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
Ghosts 'n' Stuff, also known as Ghosts N Stuff, is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and features vocals from Rob Swire of Pendulum and Knife Party. The song is featured on deadmau5's fourth studio album For Lack of a Better Name. 

The song was first made in 2004 and deadmau5 said that the song ended up going through at least 10 revisions. deadmau5 and Swire met each other backstage at various festivals and they both decided to collaborate on a song.

The song was specifically made for Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 Essential Selection show which deadmau5 was a guest on along with Steve Angello. Tong asked deadmau5 if deadmau5 could create something new for his appearance. deadmau5 said that the song was originally called "Hotel" because he made it for Tong's show when he was staying in his hotel. He also said that the song was "just now" finished and that he would now call it "Ghosts 'n' Stuff".

The music video for the song was shot in Toronto, Ontario and features Joel Zimmerman being rushed to the hospital but dies on arrival. Zimmerman is then revived as a ghost and roams the streets of Toronto where he gets a tattoo of a Space Invader alien, gets runs into a gang of ghosts and attends a rave where the other people are dressed up in different costumes. One of the people at the rave wearing a deadmau5 helmet pulls the white sheet off and Joel wakes up in the hospital. Joel also finds that the Space Invaders tattoo that he got as a ghost is still on his neck.

The music video for the song was also shown on a 2011 episode of Beavis and Butt-head titled, "Drones".

References

2008 songs
deadmau5 songs
I Remember is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and American DJ Kaskade. The song is featured on deadmau5's first studio album Random Album Title and the Strobelite Edit is featured on Kaskade's fifth solo album Strobelite Seduction.

The song is featured on the soundtrack of the 2011 film The Lincoln Lawyer and the remix by FSG was featured in DJ Hero 2 and GoldenEye 007.

The music video for the song was shot in Manchester and features British actor Stephen Graham as well as Warren Brown, Aston Kelly, Greg Walsh & Emma Edmondson. 

The video starts with Graham's character talking to two young men played by Warren Brown & Aston Kelly about rave culture and life. Brown and Kelly's characters then find a place for what is later revealed to be an illegal rave where deadmau5 is performing as the DJ. The video ends with a "to be continued" title card.

Actor Stephen Graham was almost arrested because the police accidentally mistook the music video for an actual illegal rave.

References

2008 songs
deadmau5 songs
Bandipora () is a sub-district of Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Proserpina (; Latin: Prōserpina) or Proserpine is the goddess of springtime and the queen of the underworld in Roman mythology.  She was the daughter of Ceres.  In Greek mythology, there was a goddess who was like Proserpina called Persephone.  She was first introduced to the Romans in the year 204 BC, and many of her myths were based on those of the Greek goddess. 

The most famous story about her is how she was taken by force to the Underworld by Pluto, and how she later became able to return to the world above, but only for part of each year. This myth was a popular subject in Roman art and literature, and remained so well into the Renaissance.  Her name is possibly derived from the Latin proserpere, meaning "to emerge or come forth". 

Roman gods and goddesses
Ordinary People is a 1980 drama movie. It was directed by Robert Redford. It is based on the 1976 Judith Guest novel by the same name. The movie stars Donald Sutherland, Timothy Hutton, Judd Hirsch and Mary Tyler Moore. It is about suicide and family dysfunctions. The movie got several Academy Awards, including Best Picture of the Year.

Release Dates 

1980 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Robert Redford
English-language movies
Paramount Pictures movies
The following is a list of Irish-American soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines who were awarded the American military's highest decoration — the Medal of Honor, sometimes referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor. The Medal of Honor is bestowed "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force." The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress.

Of the 3,464 Medals of Honor awarded as of September 17, 2009, an estimated 2,018 have been awarded to Irish-American recipients, more than twice the number awarded any other ethnic group; 257 Irish-born Americans have received the Congressional Medal of Honor which represents more than half of foreign-born MOH recipients. A monument to these Irish-born Medal of Honor winners is located at Valley Forge's Medal of Honor Grove. The first Irish American to receive the Medal was Michael Madden, who received it for his actions in the American Civil War.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

Civil War

Indian Wars

Korean Expedition

Spanish-American War

Philippine-American War

Boxer Rebellion

United States occupation of Haiti

World War I

World War II

Korean War

Vietnam War

War in Afghanistan

Peacetime

References

Further reading

Other websites
 
 Medal of Honor Recipients (Irish Born) 

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
Anthony Lane (born 1962) is a British-American movie critic and journalist. He works for The New Yorker along with David Denby.

Lane was born in 1962 in London, England. He studied at Sherborne School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He is partners with Allison Pearson. They have two children, Eveline and Thomas Lane. He now lives in Cambridge, England.

References

Other websites
Interview of Anthony Lane by Robert Birnbaum (October 3, 2002)
 Sample of Lane's cinematic taste  on Rotten Tomatoes.

1962 births
Living people
British journalists
American movie critics
Writers from London
Barbara Bel Geddes (born October 31, 1922 - August 8, 2005) was an American television and movie actress. She was born in New York City. She acted in many television programs and movies. She performed as Ellie Ewing in the television show Dallas. Bel Geddes died of lung cancer in 2005 in Maine.

Other websites 

1922 births
2005 deaths
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Breast cancer survivors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
Alpine skiing is a winter sport. In this sport people try to go down hills which have snow on them with skis. The person who goes down fastest is the winner. There are many different types of races that can be done. This sport started around 1850 in Norway. 

Today, many people can try it because there are many ski resorts around the world to do this. For the best athletes there are many important competitions: the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the most known of them. Alpine skiing is played in the Olympics.

Alpine skiing is also sometimes called downhill skiing. However, under this last name there are many more types of skiing, for example freestyle.

Types of races 
There are four types of races in alpine skiing. In all of them, there is a start and finish line and some gates on the slope between these lines. Athletes must go between the gates, otherwise they are disqualified.
Downhill: this is the fastest race. It is also the most dangerous one. The gates are very few and the course is very long. It can have jumps and very fast turns. Every skier goes down one time only.
Super-G: this is a bit slower than downhill. There are a few more turns, but there is still some distance between them. The course can include fast turns and jumps again, and is still quite long. Every skier still goes down once only.
Giant slalom: this is much slower than downhill. There are many turns, though they are still quite wide. Every skier goes down twice in the same day. The times are then added, and the fastest total time wins.
Slalom: this is the slowest type of competition. The course is also usually very short. However, there are very many turns. The turns are very close to each other, so the skier needs to get a very quick rhythm to go through all of them. The technique here is the most important thing rather than just speed.

There is also a combined event. This has one downhill race and two slalom races. The races are usually shorter than the normal ones. The event takes place on one day only. The times are added and the athlete who has the fastest total time is the winner.

References 

Skiing
Winter Olympic sports
Thomas Mitchell Morrison (16 June 1821 - 24 May, 1908) was a Scottish professional golf pioneer. He influenced many popular golfers including Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy, Phil Mickelson, and others.

Personal life

Morris was born in St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland on 16 June 1821. He was the son of a weaver. He started playing golf by the age of 10. He used wine bottle corks pierced with sharp nails as golf balls. He played around the streets of the town using a homemade golf club.

1821 births
1908 deaths
Scottish sportspeople
British golfers
People from Fife
Prior to World War II the Medal of Honor could be received for actions not involving direct combat with the enemy; 193 men earned the medal in this way. Most of the peacetime medals were presented to members of the United States Navy for their actions during boiler explosions, man-overboard incidents, and other hazards of naval service.

Given in the list below are the place and date of each recipient's Medal of Honor action, as well as their rank at the time of the action. A posthumous recipient is denoted by an asterisk after the recipient's name.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).
A Medal of Honor during peacetime has not been presented since 1939.

List of recipients

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Notes

References

 
 
 
 
 
 

Peacetime
The Vietnam War, (also known as the Second Indochina War, Vietnam Conflict, and in Vietnam as the American War), took place from 1965 to 1973. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States-supported Republic of Vietnam. It concluded with the defeat and failure of the United States foreign policy in Vietnam.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipients must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

During the Vietnam War 248 Medals of Honor were received of which 156 of them were presented posthumously. Soldiers of the Army received the most with 161. Fifty seven went to the Marines and 16 to the Navy. The remaining 14 went to the Air Force. The first medal of the war was presented to Roger Donlon for rescuing and administering first aid to several wounded soldiers and leading a group against an enemy force. The first African American recipient of the war was Milton L. Olive, III who sacrificed himself to save others by smothering a grenade with his body. Riley L. Pitts was killed after attacking an enemy force with rifle fire and grenades and was the first African American commissioned officer of the war to receive the medal. Thomas Bennett was a conscientious objector who received the medal for his actions as a medic; three chaplains received the medal, including Vincent R. Capodanno, who served with the Marine Corps and was known as the Grunt padre.

Recipients

Unknown soldier
The unknown soldier from the Vietnam War who was buried in the Tomb of the Unknowns was authorized a Medal of Honor and in 1998 was identified as 1st Lieutenant Michael Blassie. After DNA testing confirmed his identity, the remains were removed from the tomb and returned to Blassie's family, but the Medal of Honor remained as a tribute to those veterans still unknown. The Blassie family requested that the Medal of Honor be granted to him but the request was denied by the Department of Defense.

References

 

Vietnam War
The East Turkestan independence movement is a broad term that refers to advocates of an independent, self-governing East Turkestan in the region now known as Xinjiang, an autonomous region in the People's Republic of China.

Nationalism
Politics of China
National liberation movements
The eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) is a species of Turdidae. Its name comes from the colour of its feathers, which is a vibrant blue.

Appearance
There is a marked contrast between his blue back and its subdued orange-brown belly. The female's colours are less intense. The head's colour is a kind of blue-gray and there is a more vibrant blue on the tail and the wings. The belly is a mix of orange-brown and white. The male is completely blue. It is only his breast and his throat which are orange and blue, his belly and undertail are white.

Habitat
The eastern bluebird lives in many regions of North America. It has been seen more frequently in the American Midwest and in southern Canada. It does not have a definive habitat. It lives in light woods, gardens, agricultural areas and orchards. This species prefers to use a hole already made as a nest. In fact, those birds often live in deserted woodpecker holes. To make it more comfortable they add to the hole little twigs or brushwood. They cut and bring it back to the hole they want to live in and it covers the bottom of the wood cavity.

Food
This bird eats insects. In summer and spring time, perching on a low branch or on a nest boxes, it searches for prey. When it finds one it simply attacks it. During colder seasons, bugs are less present. Thus, it can also eat little fruits like field or forest berries.

Population
Females have between four and five eggs at a time. Before hatching, there is about fourteen days of incubation.  The eastern bluebird has been decreasing in population over time. Despite the fact that many eggs are laid, the birth's success rate is low. One thing that can be the source of that phenomenon might be the introduction of the common starling from Europe. That kind of bird is a strong competitor fighting against eastern bluebirds for natural cavities. If they are fighting every day females would not be able to lay their eggs because they need a calm location to do it. However, the situation could be worse without nest boxes to help eastern bluebirds find a safe location.

Notes

References 
 Proctor, Noble. Répertoire des oiseaux chanteurs du Québec et de l’Amérique du Nord, édition Québecor, Montréal, 1991, p. 83
 Bluebird , The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  , ESPÈCE : Merlebleu de l’Est.

Passeriformes
José B. Nísperos (December 30, 1887–September 1, 1922) was a member of the Philippine Scouts. He received the Medal of Honor during the Philippine-American War. He was the first Asian to receive the medal. On September 24, 1911, at Lapurap, Basilan, Philippines, Nísperos, a member of the U.S. Army's 34th Company of the Philippine Scouts, defended his unit's position against natives armed with spears despite being severely wounded. Nísperos became the first Filipino and Asian to receive the medal of honor; the medal was presented by Brigadier General Bell in February 1913.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
Having been badly wounded (his left arm was broken and lacerated and he had received several spear wounds in the body so that he could not stand) continued to fire his rifle with one hand until the enemy was repulsed, thereby aiding materially in preventing the annihilation of his party and the mutilation of their bodies.

Related pages
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
1887 births
1922 deaths
Telesforo de la Crux Trinidad (November 25, 1890-May 8, 1968) was a Filipino fireman 2nd class in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for actions, in Mexican waters near La Paz, on board the USS San Diego in peacetime. He was the second service member, and first and so far the only sailor of Asian descent to receive the award.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession at the time of the boiler explosion on board the U.S.S. San Diego, 21 January 1915. Trinidad was driven out of fireroom No. 2 by the explosion, but at once returned and picked up R.E. Daly, fireman, second class, whom he saw to be injured, and proceeded to bring him out. While coming into No. 4 fireroom, Trinidad was just in time to catch the explosion in No. 3 fireroom, but without consideration for his own safety, passed Daly on and then assisted in rescuing another injured man from No. 3 fireroom. Trinidad was himself burned about the face by the blast from the explosion in No. 3 fireroom.

Related pages
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime

References

1890 births
1968 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Filipino people
Firefighters
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Terry Teruo Kawamura (December 10, 1949 – March 20, 1969) was a United States Army soldier. He was also a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions in the Vietnam War.

Early life
Kawamura was born at Wahaiwa, Hawaii on the island of Oahu. His grandparents were Japanese immigrant parents. Kawamura was a Sansei, which means that he was a third generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Kawamura joined the Army from Oahu in 1968.  By March 20, 1969, was serving as a Corporal in the 173rd Engineer Company, 173rd Airborne Brigade. On that day, at Camp Radcliff, Republic of Vietnam, Kawamura smothered an enemy-thrown explosive with his body, sacrificing his life to protect those around him.

Kawamura was 19 when he died. He was buried in Mililani Memorial Park in Mililani Town, Hawaii.

Medal of Honor citation
Kawamura's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Vietnam in 1969. He smothered the blast of an explosive charge with his body.

The words of Kawamura's citation explain:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Cpl. Kawamura distinguished himself by heroic action while serving as a member of the 173d Engineer Company. An enemy demolition team infiltrated the unit quarters area and opened fire with automatic weapons. Disregarding the intense fire, Cpl. Kawamura ran for his weapon. At that moment, a violent explosion tore a hole in the roof and stunned the occupants of the room. Cpl. Kawamura jumped to his feet, secured his weapon and, as he ran toward the door to return the enemy fire, he observed that another explosive charge had been thrown through the hole in the roof to the floor. He immediately realized that 2 stunned fellow soldiers were in great peril and shouted a warning. Although in a position to escape, Cpl. Kawamura unhesitatingly wheeled around and threw himself on the charge. In completely disregarding his safety, Cpl. Kawamura prevented serious injury or death to several members of his unit. The extraordinary courage and selflessness displayed by Cpl. Kawamura are in the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

Namesake
Tanouye is the namesake of the Kawamura Gate which connects Wheeler Army Airfield with the city of Mililani. This east gate is named in honor of Kawamura.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites

1949 births
1969 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Hawaii
Purple Heart recipients
Darkhan (Mongolian: Дархан) is a city in Mongolia.  It is in a province with the same name.   It is the third largest city in the country.  In 2010, the population was 74,738.

Name
Darkhan means blacksmith in Mongolian.

Economy

The city's economy is mostly industrial.  Education is also an important sector of the city's economy.

History

Darkhan is a new city.  It was begun on October 17, 1961.

Climate

Darkhan has a borderline humid continental climate (Dwb), close to the more typical subarctic climate (Dwc) of northern Mongolia, which is found in higher areas near the city, and only marginally wet enough to avoid qualifying as a semi-arid climate (BSk). This area has extremely cold and dry winters; however the summers are warmer and more humid.

Education

There are ten colleges in Darkhan.  Many students come to Darkhan to study.  There are also the Institute of Management and Development, the Regional Business Development Center and the Plant Science and Agricultural Training Research Institute.

Culture

The city has a monument to the horse-head fiddle (morinkhuur), the national instrument of Mongolia.

There is a Buddhist monastery Kharagiin monastery in a pretty log cabin in the older part of the  town.

The Museum of Darkhan-Uul is the Traditional Museum of Folk Art.  It has a collection of archaeological findings, traditional clothing, religious artifacts, and taxidermy.
  
Cities in Mongolia
Cities in Asia
1961 establishments in Asia
Establishments in Mongolia
The Dutch defence is one of the oldest chess openings. It aims at counter-attacking the white K-side in the middlegame. White responds in various ways:

2.g3. This fianchetto of the KB signals White's attempt to control the central squares. It is the main line for tournament players. White continues with moves like Bg2, Nf3, 0-0, c4, Nc3.

2.Bg5. This is a hard move to understand. It makes 2...Nf6 doubtful, since 3Bxf6 doubles pawns and makes Black's game more difficult. Black usually plays 2...g6 to fianchetto his bishop before he plays ...Nf6. 2...g6 marks the Leningrad variation of the Dutch defence. The bishop cannot be chased successfully: 2...h6 3.Bh4 g5 4.Bg3 f4? 5.e3! threatens mate, and so wins the pawn on f4.

2.e4. This is Staunton's Gambit. After 2...fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 d5 5f3 White may or may not have enough for the f pawn.

Further reading

Chess openings
Carloman II of Burgundy(ca.750/751 - 771) was a Carolingian Frankish ruler, King of Burgundy and Neustria (768-771). His father was Pepin III. In 768, he inherited the south part of his father's kingdom. He died 3 years later.

750s births
771 deaths
Carolingian dynasty
Frankish rulers
Carloman I of Austrasia(706/710 - 17 August 754) was a Carolingian Frankish ruler. He was the son of Charles Martel and brother of Pepin III.

Sources 
 Fouracre, Paul. "The Long Shadow of the Merovingians" in: Charlemagne: Empire and Society, ed. Joanna Story. Manchester University Press, 2005. .

8th-century births
754 deaths
European politicians
Carolingian dynasty
Frankish rulers