cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Walter Schachner (born 1 February 1957 in Leoben, Austria) is a retired Austrian football striker and former Austrian national team player. He is now working as football coach for LASK Linz for Austrias Erste Liga.

Career

Player
He started his professional career with DSV Leoben in the second division. After one and a half season he was nominated for Austrias national football team although he was playing in the 2. league. After three years with Austria Wien he played seven years in Italy for  AC Cesena, Torino Calcio, SC Pisa and US Avellino. After returning from Italy he played for different clubs in Austria in the upper three divisions. He played his last match in the final round of the 2000/01 season for FC Kärnten whre he was coach at this time.

For Austria he played 64 matches and scored 23 goals. He was member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978 and 1982. 1978 he was in the starting team in the 3:2 win versus Germany (Miracle of Cordoba).

Mananger
His first club was the FC Zeltweg which he promoted from 4th to 3rd division. His first team in professional football was FC Kärnten in the First league. They promoted to the Bundesliga. 2002 he was coach of FK Austria Wien but was replaced by Christoph Daum in October despite the fact that the team was 7 points ahead of the second in the league. Only a few days later he became coach of the GAK from Graz. With GAK he won the Championship in 2004.

From 2006 till 2007 he was coach of TSV 1860 München then he came back to Austria and managed FC Kärnten again. From 2008 to 2010 he managed Admira Wacker Mödling.  The first year they reached the Cup final. 2010 he was replaced by Dietmar Kühbauer. 
2011 he became coach of LASK Linz but could not avoid the relegation to the First League.

Honours

Playing
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1979, 1980, 1981
Austrian Cup (1):
 1980
Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (2):
 1979, 1980 
Italy Cup Top Goalscorer (1):
 1984 (8 goals)
Austrian squad for the FIFA World Cup
1978, 1982

Coaching
Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):
 2004
Austrian Cup (2):
 2001, 2004
Austrian Supercup (1):
 2001

References

1957 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Grazer AK managers
FC Admira Wacker Mödling managers
Yasoda/Yashoda () was the wife of Nanda in the Puranic books of Hinduism.

Hindu mythology
or:ଯଶୋଦା (୧୯୯୬ର ସିନେମା)
Edvard Beneš (28 May 1884 in Kožlany – 3 September 1948 in Sezimovo Ústí) was the second president of Czechoslovakia (1935 - 1938 and 1945 - 1948). During World War II, he led the government-in-exile in England (1939 - 1945). The next president was Klement Gottwald, a communist. 

1884 births
1948 deaths
Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
Deaths from natural causes
The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 

It was founded in 1889 by Johns Hopkins. 

It is thought to be one of the greatest hospitals in the world. It was ranked by U.S. News & World Report news magazine as the best overall hospital in America for 21 years (1991–2011).

References

Hospitals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Maryland
Baltimore
To Catch a Killer is a television movie from 1992. It was directed by Eric Till, and starred Brian Dennehy and Michael Riley. The movie is based on the true story of the pursuit of American serial killer John Wayne Gacy.

References

Other websites
 To Catch a Killer at IMDb

1992 movies
1990s crime movies
American serial killer movies
American television movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Kazimierz Świątek (; born October 21, 1914 – died July 21, 2011) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal in Belarus. He was sentenced to death by the Soviet Union, but escaped after two months. He was later spent nine years hard labor by the Gulag and survived.

Early life 
Świątek was born at Valga in the Apostolic Administration of Estonia on October 21, 1914. He graduated from the Major Seminary in Pinsk, Belarus.  Świątek was ordained as a priest on April 8, 1939 He was sent to work in Pruzhany.

Death sentence 
In Pruzhany in 1939, Świątek was accused of spying. He was found guilty in Stalinist show trial, and sentenced to death. A show trial is a highly public trial where the sentence has been decided before the trial starts. When German troops gained control of the territory, Świątek was able to escape from prison and avoid his execution.

Siberian labor camp 
Świątek was arrested by the KGB on December 18, 1944. He Minsk until July 21, 1945. Świątek   was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag concentration camps. He spent two years in Mariinsk, Siberia, and seven years north of the polar circle in Vorkuta and Inta. He release on June 16, 1954. Świątek returned to Pinsk and his pastoral work in the cathedral parish.

Leadership in the church 
On April 13, 1991, Pope John Paul II appointed the 77 year old Świątek the first archbishop of the new archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev. He was also appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Pinsk.

On November 26, 1994, Pope John Paul II named Świątek Cardinal. On February 11, 1999, Cardinal Świątek was elected the first president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Belarus. On the 14th of June 2006 Pope Benedict XVI accepted Świątek's resignation from the pastoral care of the Archdiocese of Minsk.

Other websites 
 Roman Catholic Church in Belarue 
 His Eminence Cardinal Kazimierz Świątek

References 

Belarusian people
Religious leaders
1914 births
2011 deaths
Roland Petit (13 January 1924 – 10 July 2011) was a French choreographer who wrote dances for Rudolf Nureyev and was later in charge of the Paris Opera.

He was born in 1924 at Villemomble, France and began ballet lessons at the age of nine at the Paris Opera's School of Dance. After World War II, Petit started several ballet companies in Paris, as well as creating 11 ballets for the Paris Opera. He worked in Hollywood for four years and choreographed the 1953 ballet "The Lady in the Ice" with Orson Welles. He also worked on movies including "Hans Christian Andersen" starring Danny Kaye (1952), "Daddy Long Legs" with Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron (1955) and "Anything Goes" with Bing Crosby and Zizi Jeanmaire (1956).

In 1970 he was head of the Paris Opera and wrote works for Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn. He then did the choreography for the Casino de Paris. He has also worked with the San Francisco Ballet, the Bolshoi (Moscow), La Scala (Milan), the Asami Maki Ballet (Tokyo) and the National Ballet of China. He spent the last part of his life working with the National Ballet of Marseille-Roland Petit.

References

1924 births
2011 deaths
French ballet dancers
Choreographers
The Malay Archipelago refers to the archipelago between mainland Southeastern Asia and Australia.

It has also been called the East Indies, the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago and other names over time. 

The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The group has over 25,000 islands. It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world. It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor. 

The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago. The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago.

Natural history 
The Malay Archipelago is the place where two large tectonic plates meet, and is an area where orogeny (mountains) and volcanoes are common. 

The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography. It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast. On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species. The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands.

"In this archipelago there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as do those of Africa and South America... yet there is nothing on the map or on the face of the islands to mark their limits. The boundary line passes between islands closer together than others belonging to the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, while the eastern is a fragmentary prolongation of a former west Pacific continent".

References 

Australasia
Islands of Indonesia
Geography of Malaysia
Islands of the Philippines
Melanesia
Lucian Michael Freud (December 8, 1922 — July 20, 2011) was a Anglo-German painter. He is regarded as having been one of the greatest painters of the human form. He was born in Berlin in 1922, and moved with his family to England in 1933 to escape from the Nazis. He became a British citizen in 1939. His father, an architect, was the son of Sigmund Freud. During World War II, Freud studied art as well as working as a sailor in the British Merchant Navy. His brother was Clement Freud (1924-2009).

He painted portraits which have been described as being brutally honest; he did not try to make people look good. He often painted them nude, with the faces staring straight ahead. He used thick layers of paint, impasto, using colours of green, grey and purple, which he blended to with pink to suggest skin color. He was popular for a while in the 1960's, but his work was rediscovered in 1987 after an exhibition in the US. In 2008 his painting “Benefits Supervisor Sleeping” was sold for US$33.6 million — the most ever paid for a painting by a living artist. This painting was of a fat nude woman asleep on a couch.

He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993. This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas.

He died in London after a short illness.

Related pages

List of German painters

References

1922 births
2011 deaths
Artists from London
British Jews
British military personnel of World War II
English painters
German Jews
German painters
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Berlin
The President of the Czech Republic is head of state of the Czech Republic. The first President took office in 1993.

List President of the Czech Republic

References
The Wallace Line (or 'Wallace's Line') is a boundary that separates the ecozone of Asia and the Australasian ecozone. The transitional zone is sometimes called Wallacea.

Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west. Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with some Asian species. The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed this clear dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century. 

The line runs through Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and through the Lombok Strait between Bali (in the west) and Lombok (in the east).  

The distance between Bali and Lombok is only about 35 kilometers. Surprisingly, the distributions of many bird species observe the line, because many birds do not cross even the smallest stretches of open ocean water. Some bats have distributions that cross the Wallace Line, but other mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; an exception is the Crab-eating Macaque. Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent.

The term 'Wallace's Line' was first used by Huxley in 1868.

Cause 
The root cause of Wallace's line is that the ancient supercontinent Gondwana was separated entirely from other parts of the world after Pangaea broke up. Australasia and its smaller islands were part of Gondwana, and that is why their fauna is so different from that of south-east Asia. Wallace's line marks where part of the old Gondwana plate touches part of the old Laurasia plate.

Ice age 
During Quaternary ice age cold periods, when the ocean levels were up to 120 m lower, both Asia and Australia were joined with their respective islands. The deep water between those two large continental shelf areas was — for over 50 million years — a barrier that kept the flora and fauna of Australia separated from that of Asia. Wallacea consists of islands that were never recently connected by dry land to either of the continental land masses, and thus was populated by organisms capable of crossing the straits between islands. 'Weber's Line' runs through this area (rather to the east of centre), at the tipping point between dominance by species of Asian vs. species of Australian origin.

Related pages 
Alfred Russel Wallace
Biogeography
Malay Archipelago

References 

Ecology
Physical geography
The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), also known as the snow monkey, is a monkey that lives in the high mountains of the island of Honshū in Japan. They live in below-zero temperatures, and they like to warm themselves and relax in hot springs.

Diet
Macaques eat fruit, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, shrimp, and insects.

Weight and physical appearance
Macaques weigh around 12 kilograms and can grow up to 70cm. They have short tails.

References

Old World monkeys
Animals of Japan
Mammals of Asia
The macaques are a genus (Macaca) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia. One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'. Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight.

Social behavior 
Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy. If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.

Copyright test case 
In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a  copyright claim.

The photos had been sold widely by David Slater, a professional nature photographer, whose camera was temporarily carried away by a group of macaques. After the photos were uploaded to Wikipedia, the organisation refused to delete them, claiming "This file is in the public domain, because as the work of a non-human animal, it has no human author in whom copyright is vested.

References 

Old World monkeys
The Northern Virginia military shootings were several attacks by a man shooting a rifle at empty military buildings. The shots were fired in October and November 2010. Experts looked at the bullets left at the various places. They could see that all of the shots were from the same rifle.

Incidents
The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010. Some bullets from a high-velocity rifle went through the atrium skylight.  The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.  The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors. Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building.  The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs.  The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence. The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m.  The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident. In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29.  The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26.

These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures. The race was run without problems.  On November 3, police announced that the same rifle was used to shoot at a United States Coast Guard recruiting center in Woodbridge, Virginia on late November 1 or early November 2.

Suspect
The person behind the attacks remained unknown until June 17, 2011 when Yonathan Melaku was arrested. He is a 22 year old naturalized Ethiopian immigrant and Marine Corps Reserve Lance Corporal. He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed. He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives. He also left his car parked in the woods near the Pentagon, police said. He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime.  If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is working with the Fairfax County Police, the Prince William County police and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency to investigate the case.

References

2010s in Virginia
The Pentagon
2010 in the United States
October 2010 events
November 2010 events
Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English writer John Milton. It was printed in 1667 though it was written nearly ten years earlier. The second part was printed in 1674. Most of the poem was written after Milton was blind.

The poem is about the Christian story of the Fall of Man: how Adam and Eve got out from the Garden of Eden and about the fallen angel Lucifer.

Notes

Discussion and Information Forum 

17th-century British poems
Epic poems
Otto Konrad (born 1 November 1964) is a retired Austrian football goalkeeper. He now works as goalkeeping coach for SV Grödig in Austria's First League.

Career

Club
He started his professional career with his local club SK Sturm Graz. He stayed 11 years and then went to SV Austria Salzburg. With this team he reached 3 national titles and played in the  1994 UEFA Cup Final which Salzburg lost to Inter Milan. In the 1994/95 season he even scored a goal for Salzburg. This goal was voted "Goal of the year 1994". 1997 to 1998 he became goalkeeper of Real Zaragoza in Spain but returned to Austria where he played for GAK, DSV Leoben and PSV Salzburg.

International
He played 12 matches for the Austrian national football team and was member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. At all his international career was not as successful as the club career because at that time there was a lot of competition among goalkeepers in Austria.

Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1994, 1995, 1997

References

1964 births
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Living people
The Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) is a social animal that lives in the frigid tundra of North America, Newfoundland, and Greenland. These hares often congregate in groups of up to 200 individuals. They hop at great speeds on their large, powerful hind legs, in a kangaroo-like fashion. The female is called a doe, the male is called a buck, and the baby hare is called a leveret. The young are born open-eyed and furry. Most hares live for about a year in the wild. 

This mammal is hunted by arctic foxes, arctic wolves, polar bears, falcons, snowy owls, golden eagles and ermine. They are unharmed during winter and are used to wintry weather.

Mammals of North America
Lagomorphs
Bernadette is a feminine given name. It is the female version of the masculine name Bernard. Celebrities with the name Bernadette include the actress Bernadette Peters.

People named Bernadette
 St. Bernadette Soubirous (1844–1879), Marian visionary of Lourdes
 Bernadette Bowyer (born 1966), Canadian field hockey player
 Bernadette Lafont (1938–2013), French actress
 Bernadette Sembrano (born 1976), Filipino television reporter, newscaster and host
 Bernadette Szőcs (born 1995), Romanian table tennis player

Fictional people
 Bernadette Rostenkowski, a character on the TV show The Big Bang Theory

Music
 "Bernadette", a 1967 hit recording by the Four Tops
 "Bernadette", a single by IAMX from his 2011 album Volatile Times

Given names
Hwang Hui (, Hanja:黃喜, 1363 - 1452) was a Korean Goryeo dynasty and Joseon Dynasty scholar and politician. He was the Prime Minister of Joseon Dynasty from 1431 to 1449.

He was the adopted son of politician Hwang Gun-seo (황군서, 黃君瑞), nickname was BangCheon (방촌, 厖村).

Related pages
 Maeng Sa-seong
 Kim Jong-seo
 Choi Yun-deok

References 
 Naver.com article (Korean)
 Nate Studies (Korean)

1363 births
1452 deaths
Korean politicians
Confucianism
Harald Cerny (born 13 September 1973) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He played mostly for TSV 1860 München.

Career
He started his career  with ASV Hinterbrühl and FC Admira/Wacker where he played in the different youth teams. At the age of 19 he went to Bayern München where he started the professional career. The first two years he played for the second squad but in the 1992/93 he played in the first team giving his debut versus Eintracht Frankfurt. 1993 he went back to Austria playing with  FC Admira/Wacker . After Wacker Innsbruck in the 1994/95 season he went back to Munich but played for Bayerns rival TSV 1860 München. With 268 matches, 238 of them in the Bundesliga, for 1860 he is the record holder of the club. Due to injuries, he ended his career in 2007.

International
Cerny made his debut for Austria in  March 1993 against Greece. He played 47 matches and  scored four goals.His last international was an April 2004 against Luxembourg. He was also in the squad for the  1998 FIFA World Cup in France. There he played two matches versus Cameroon and Chile.

National team statistics

|-
|1993||4||0
|-
|1994||6||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||8||3
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||47||4
|}

References

Austrian footballers
1973 births
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
Franz Bernhard Wohlfahrt (born 1 July 1964 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria) is a former Austrian goalkeeper.

Career
He started with the local club SV St.Veit and turned professional with F.K. Austria Wien. He came together with his older brother Mario, who soon went back to St. Veit. Franz Wohlfahrt played then 20 years or 496 matches for this club divided in two sections. With Austria Wien he became 6 times Austrian Champion and four times Austrian cup winner. He became widely known during a UEFA Cup match versus Ajax Amsterdam when he was injured by a bar thrown by an Ajax supporter. Following this Ajax was banned for one year in European football. From 1996 till 2000 he played for the German team VfB Stuttgart, with the club he played in the 1997/98 UEFA Cup final versus Chelsea (0:1). 2000 he went back to Austria Wien. 2002 he ended his career but in 2007 he started again playing for ASK Hirm, whose goalkeeper was injured.

International
In 1983 he played in the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship. His first match in the senior team was in August 1987 in a match versus Switzerland. His last match was  a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup versus Turkey. He was also a goalkeeper in the 1998 FIFA World Cup squad. In 1999 he was goalkeeper during the 0:9 defeat versus Spain in Valencia. All in all he played 59 matches for Austria.

Honours
Austrian League: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
Austrian Cup: 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94
German Cup: 1996–97
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: Runner-up 1997–98
Austrian Footballer of the Year: 1993

References

1964 births
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology. He became famous for his explorations in Australia.

He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army. He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer. He moved to London and gave himself the title of Count Strzelecki. In 1834 he went to North America and spent time visiting mineral areas and exploring for minerals. He is said to be the first person to find copper in Canada. In 1836 he travelled along the west coast from Chile to California.

In 1839 he visited the Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand and finally landed in Sydney, Australia. He wanted to make a geological map, and explored large parts of New South Wales and Victoria, including the Australian Alps. He climbed Australia's highest mountain, and named it Mount Kosciuszko, after the Polish leader, Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

He spent several years in Tasmania before going back to Sydney. He went back to London in 1843. He wrote a book on his discoveries in Australia called Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. He was given the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1847—8 he was put in charge of the giving out money in Ireland during the Great Famine for the British Relief Association. He established standards for giving out assistance that are still being used.

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and the Royal Society. He was awarded the K.C.M.G. in 1869. He died from cancer in 1873. He left instructions that after his death his papers were to be burnt and his body buried in an unmarked grave.

A road from Lyndhurst to Innamincka was named the Strzelecki Track after Paul Strzelecki. It was used until the 1930's to move cattle to Adelaide, and now is the main road to Moomba, a huge natural gas field which supplies Adelaide and Sydney. The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him. A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842.

References

1797 births
1873 deaths

Explorers
Exploration of Australia
Polish people
In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is a type of chemical reaction between organic compounds. In the case of pericyclic reactions, the transition state of the molecule is a ring (has a cyclic geometry), and the reaction goes forward in a concerted way. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions. The most important groups of pericyclic reactions are:

 Electrocyclic reactions
 Cycloadditions
 Sigmatropic reactions
 Group transfer reactions
 Cheletropic reactions
 Dyotropic reactions

In general, pericyclic reactions are equilibrium processes. However, it is possible to push the reaction in one direction if the product is at a significantly lower energy level. This is applying Le Chatelier's principle to a reaction involving a single molecule.

Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them. Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions. For example, it is not definitively known whether the [2+2] cycloaddition mechanism is concerted (or may depend on the reactive system). Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed. But these metal-catalyzed reactions are also not really pericyclic. The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates. So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized.

A large photoinduced hydrogen sigmatropic shift was utilized in a corrin synthesis performed by Albert Eschenmoser containing a 16π system.  

Due to the principle of microscopic reversibility, there is a parallel set of "retro" pericyclic reactions, which perform the reverse reaction.

Pericyclic reactions in biochemistry 

Pericyclic reactions also happen in several biological processes:

Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate in almost all prototrophic organisms.
[1,5]-sigmatropic shift when precorrin-8x is being changed into hydrogenobyrinic acid
non-enzymatic, photochemical electrocyclic ring opening and a (1,7) sigmatropic hydride shift in vitamin D synthesis.
a conversion of Isochorismate into salicylate and Pyruvate in a catalyzed, true pericyclic reaction.

Related pages
Woodward–Hoffmann rules

References 

Pericyclic reactions
Rearrangement reactions
Organic Chemistry
The 2011–12 season is Manchester United's 20th season in the Premier League.

Manchester United signed a £40 million four-year deal with DHL.

In November, Sir Alex Ferguson celebrated 25 years in charge of the club.

Pre-season 

Manchester United started their season with a tour in the United States. United finishing the tour with a game against Barcelona in Washington on 30 July.

Community Shield

Transfers

Squad

Premier League

Stats

Champions League 

Manchester United will face Benfica, Basel and Otelul Galati in Group C.

League Cup and FA Cup

League Cup 
Manchester United were drawn against Crystal Palace in the quarter-finals of the League Cup.

References 

Football seasons
2011 in association football
2012 in association football
2011 in the United Kingdom
2012 in the United Kingdom
2010s in Manchester
Annoying Orange is a popular live action/animated comedy web series created by Dane Boedigheimer. The main character is an orange who annoys other fruits. The episodes are uploaded to the YouTube channel realannoyingorange weekly, with now over 200 videos. , The channel had almost 3 million subscribers. At that time, it was 43rd in terms of how many people are subscribed to it.

Characters

Orange
Orange (Dane Boedigheimer) is the main character. He is described as really annoying, but sometimes funny. He warns others about a knife and other items ready to kill them.

Pear
Pear (Boedigheimer) is described as a normal/bad/lying/negative/abusive character. He was Orange (Annoying Orange)'s best friend and normally tells Orange to stop being annoying and shut up, but it is discovered in the episode "Wishful Thinking" that Pear would not be friends without Grapefruit. Pear is in Grapefruit's gang and was making fun of Orange.

Midget Apple
Midget Apple (Boedigheimer) is a small apple in the series. He does not like being called "Midget Apple", preferring the term "Little Apple".

Apple
Apple (Boedigheimer) is Orange's former best friend and current rival (bully). Apple is in Grapefruit's bullying gang.

TV show
In 2012, Cartoon Network made a 2012-2014 high fructose adventures TV show based on the YouTube series.

Other websites
 Annoying Orange on YouTube

References

YouTube
Internet memes
The Mercedes-Benz W201 is a car produced by Mercedes-Benz. It was introduced in 1982 and came before the C-Class, that replaced the W201 in 1993.

Models and engines

Petrol
 190 4-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp), 75 kW (102 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 190 E 1.8 4-cylinder 80 kW (109 hp)
 190 E 2.0 4-cylinder 87 kW (118 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
 190 E 2.3 4-cylinder 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 190 E 2.3-16 4-cylinder 125 kW (170 hp), 130 kW (177 hp) and 136 kW (185 hp)
 190 E 2.5-16 4-cylinder 143 kW (194 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
 190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II 4 cylinder 173 kW (235 hp)
 190 E 2.6 6-cylinder 118 kW (160 hp) and 122 kW (166 hp)
 190 E 3.2 AMG 6-cylinder 172 kW (234 hp)

Diesel
 190 D 4-cylinder 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
 190 D 2.2 4-cylinder 54 kW (73 hp)
 190 D 2.5 5-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp) and 69 kW (94 hp)
 190 D 2.5 Turbo 5-cylinder 90 kW (122 hp) and 93 kW (126 hp)

References

W201
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Cadel Evans (born 14 February 1977 in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an Australian professional bicycle race driver. In 2011, he is the first Australian to win the Tour de France.

Early life
Cadel Evans was born on 14 February 1977 at the Katherine Hospital, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. He is the son of Helen Cocks, a bank manager and Paul Evans, a council foreman. He spent his early childhood in the small aboriginal community of Barunga, 80 km east of Katherine. At the age of seven, he was hit in the head by a horse and spent seven days in an induced coma. In 1986, his parents got divorced and he moved with his mother to Armidale, New South Wales. Later they moved to the state of Victoria. Skateboarding was one of his interests when he was a teenager. His father describes him as a good student, but otherwise just an ordinary kid who would leave his toys around. "Not in [my] wildest dreams" would he imagine that his son would become a top world athlete.

Evans attended Newling Public School in Armidale, and Eltham High School in Melbourne.

References 

1977 births
Living people
Australian cyclists
Tour de France winners
People from the Northern Territory
Grand Army Plaza is at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York.  It is in front of the Plaza Hotel. It is opposite the southeast corner of Central Park. The sculptor Karl Bitter first had the idea for the Plaza in 1898. It is named after the Grand Army of the Potomac. The Carrère and Hastings architecture firm designed it. Construction was finished in 1916.

The Plaza is oval. 59th street divides it into northern and southern parts. The northern part has a golden statue of William Tecumseh Sherman designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The statue features Sherman on a horse with the goddess "Victory" in front of him. There are often temporary sculpture exhibits at the north side of the plaza.

The southern part is the Plaza of the Pulitzer Fountain of Abundance. This fountain was designed by Bitter and paid for by Joseph Pulitzer. A bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona is at the top of the fountain. The statue of Pomona was the last one that Bitter designed.

The plaza was renovated in 1990 at a cost of $3.7 million.  The  Plaza Hotel is named for the Plaza, and is at its southwest corner.

Related pages
 Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.

References 

Landmarks in Manhattan
Town squares
New York City Designated Landmarks
The Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes exactly 250 species. There are 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae). Leaves of Linaceae are always simple. Their arrangement varies from alternate (most species) to opposite (in Sclerolinon and some Linum) or whorled (in some Hesperolinon and Linum).

Malpighiales
Celastraceae the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera Euonymus and Celastrus (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating between the petals, stamens rise from a usually conspicuous nectar disk.

Celastrales
In organic chemistry, torquoselectivity describes electrocyclic reactions that produce one isomer more than the other. An official definition is "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory
or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." In other words, a chemical reaction is torquoselective if the groups of atoms that hang from a ring of atoms are more likely to have rotated in a particular direction during the reaction (instead of being equally likely to rotate in both possible directions.) Torquoselectivity is different from the normal diastereoselectivity of pericyclic reactions. Instead it is more selectivity beyond the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. The name comes from the idea that the substituents in an electrocyclization appear to rotate during the reaction. The reaction produces a single product because only one direction of rotation was allowed (that is, the direction of rotation on the substituents was favored). The concept was originally developed by Kendall N. Houk.

When a chemical reaction closes a ring, its torquoselectivity is the same as enantioselectivity. A single enantiomer of a cyclization product is formed from the selective ring closure of the starting material. In a typical electrocyclic ring closing, selection for either conrotatory or disrotatory reactions modes still produces two enantiomers. Torquoselectivity is a discrimination between these possible enantiomers that requires asymmetric induction.

Torquoselectivity also happens in selective electrocyclic reactions that break open rings. The different directions of rotation produce distinct structural isomers. In these cases, steric strain is often the driving force for the selectivity. Studies have shown that the selectivity can also be changed by the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing groups.

Torquoselectivity can also apply to other mechanisms, including chiral Lewis acid catalysts, induction by neighboring stereocenters (in which case the torquoselectivity is a case of diastereoselectivity), and axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer. An example of axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer is shown below for the torquoselective Nazarov cyclization reaction of a chiral allenyl vinyl ketone.

References

Stereochemistry
Captain Kidd, or, by his real name, William Kidd, (c. 1645 – 23 May 1701) was a Scottish pirate and sailor. It is heard that he buried a treasure chest on a deserted island. The chest had a lot of gold and jewels in it. He was found guilty of murder and was executed by hanging at 'Execution Dock', Wapping, in London on 23 May 1701.

References 

Scottish people
People executed by hanging
Pirates
1645 births
1701 deaths
An angelshark is a species of cartilaginous fish in the genus Squatina. They have flattened bodies and wide pectoral fins, which make them look similar to rays. Twenty-three species are known. 

The genus is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They are worldwide in temperate and tropical seas.  Most species are in shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species is found in deeper water, down to 1,300 metres.  Angelsharks are specialised for a kind of predation which is unusual for sharks.
They are ambush predators. They have extensible jaws with long, needle-like teeth. They quickly snap upwards to capture prey. They bury themselves in sand or mud lying in wait for their prey, which includes fish, crustaceans, and many different types of mollusks.

Discription and biology
The front part of the angel sharks' bodies are wide and flattened, but the back part is more muscular. The eyes and spiracles are on the top, and the five gill slits are on its back. Both the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins are large and are held horizontally. There are two dorsal fins, no anal fin. Unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe. Most types of angel sharks grow to a length of about 1.5 metres: the Japanese angelshark reaches two metres. They are ovoviviparous, and can have up to 13 pups at a time.

Behavior
Although angelsharks are bottom dwellers and appear harmless, they can give painful bites if provoked, due to their powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Angelsharks may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail. 

thumb|right|200px|An Australian angelshark

References

Cartilaginous fish
Romano Mattè (Trento, January 17 1939) is an Italian former association football player, who coached the national teams of Mali and Indonesia.

Italian footballers
1939 births
Living people
Mental breakdown (also known as a nervous breakdown) is a non-medical term used to describe an acute, temporary, short phase of a disorder with features of depression or anxiety.

Definition
The terms 'nervous breakdown' and 'mental breakdown' are not formally defined in a diagnostic system such as the DSM-IV or ICD-10. The terms are not often used in the scientific literature on mental illness.

Specific cases are sometimes described as a 'breakdown' only after a person cannot function in day-to-day life. It is a temporary condition.

Causes
Different things can cause a mental breakdown. A study found that problems with intimate relationships, such as divorce or separation, contributed to 24% of nervous breakdowns. Problems at work and school accounted for 17% of cases, and financial problems for 11%. Surveys suggest that in the United States, health problems have decreased in importance as a contributor to nervous breakdowns, as these accounted for 28% of nervous breakdowns in 1957, 12% in 1976, and only 5.6% in 1996.

In themselves, nervous breakdowns are considered a 'health problem' by most professionals.

References 

Mental illnesses
Javier Hernández Balcázar  (born June 1, 1988 in Guadalajara, Mexico), also known as Chicharito, is a Mexican footballer. He plays for the American club, LA Galaxy and the Mexican national team.

Biography
Hernández was born in 1988 in Guadalajara, Mexico. His father Javier Hernández Gutiérrez is a retired footballer.

Honours
Guadalajara
Mexican Primera División: Apertura 2006

Manchester United
Premier League: 2010–11, 2012–13
FA Community Shield: 2010

Real Madrid
FIFA Club World Cup: 2014

Mexico
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2011
CONCACAF Cup: 2015

Individual
Mexican Primera División Balón de Oro – Best Striker: Bicentenario 2010
Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 2010–11
CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Boot: 2011
CONCACAF Gold Cup MVP: 2011
IFFHS Most Popular Player of the CONCACAF: 2011
Bundesliga Player of the Month: November 2015, December 2015, January 2016, September 2016, February 2017
Bundesliga Idol: 2015
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2015–16
CONCACAF Player of the Year: 2015

Career statistics

Club

1Includes the InterLiga, FA Cup and DFB-Pokal.
2Includes the Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, North American SuperLiga, UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.
3Includes other competitive competitions, including the Primera División playoffs, FA Community Shield, UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.

International

References

1988 births
Living people
Mexican footballers
A booster seat is a seat cushion that is used to elevate children in cars. Children have to use booster seats so that the seat belt fits better. 
In general most booster seats can be used for children who are between four and twelve years of age and between 40 and 59 inches (100–150 cm) tall. Children under 40 inches are usually too small to use booster seats and have to use a car seat (a child safety seat with an own seat belt system, used for children under the age of 4-6).
Many countries have laws that require the use of booster seats. In the United States of America children  under 57 inches (145 cm) and younger than 9 years old have to use a booster seat. Many European countries require a booster seat until the child is either twelve years old or 59 inches tall. There are some exceptions. In the United Kingdom for example children are allowed to ride without a booster seat when they are 53 inches tall and in Austria children who are not 59 inches tall have to use a booster seat until their 14th birthday. However booster seats are used to keep children safe, not because of a law. In general no child can ride safely in a car without booster seat when he is not 57 inches tall. It is proved that children under 57 inches who do not use a booster seat are more likely to suffer serious injuries or even death in the event of an accident.

References

Children
Safety
Arthur Rubinstein (January 28, 1887 – December 20, 1982) was a Polish-American pianist. He got praise from around the world for his playing of the music of a selection of composers (many call him the greatest Chopin player of the century).

Rubinstein was born in Łódź, Poland to a family of Jews. He was the youngest child of the family. His father was a rich owner of a factory.

Although his given name is Artur Rubinstein, in English-speaking countries he wanted to be known as Arthur Rubinstein. However, his United States impresario Sol Hurok wanted him to still be billed as Artur, and his recordings were released in the West under both names.

Rubinstein learned the piano at the age of two in Warsaw, before beginning study in Berlin at the age of eight. His debut in Berlin was made in 1898 followed by a debut at Carnegie Hall in the United States in 1906.

Throughout his life, Rubinstein was famous as a solo pianist, a soloist in piano concertos, and even as a chamber musician. He retired from the stage at age eighty-nine, and died in Geneva, Switzerland, on 20 December 1982, at the age of ninety-five, and his body was cremated. On the first anniversary of his death, his ashes were buried in Jerusalem – as specified in his will – in a plot now nicknamed the "Rubinstein Forest" overlooking the Jerusalem Forest.

References

Other websites 

 

1887 births
1982 deaths
American pianists
Jewish American musicians
Polish pianists
People from Łódź
The United States Department of Defense employs civilian firefighters. They are stationed at military bases to work as firefighters. These workers have their own uniforms and equipment. They are not a part of any military unit. They will work alongside military units if needed. Many times, they are the only firefighters at a military facility. The civilian firefighters wear special uniforms, usually a dark blue suit with a badge and with a shoulder patch indicating their firefighting organization.

Firefighters go to special classes to learn firefighting skills. They earn certificates after taking the classes. One major class is called "DoD Fire & Emergency Services Training."

Related pages
 Firefighting

References

Other websites
 Military Firefighter Heritage Foundation  website.  
 U.S. Defense Dept. Fire & Emergency Services Certification Program  web page.
 dodfire.com, Organization website
 History web page, dodfire.com 
 Website for US Army civilian firefighter units , U.S. Army Installation Management Command 
 fedfire.org, federal firefighters group in California. 
 Fort Knox firefighters  website
 Fort Knox firefighters patch  website
 US Government document authorizing use of uniforms for civilian firefighters

United States Department of Defense
Firefighting
A dyotropic reaction is a type of chemical reaction. It is when an organic compound changes its structure. Two substituents jump from one place on the molecule to another. It is a pericyclic valence isomerization when two sigma bonds move at the same time to a new place on the same molecule. Dyotropic reactions are important in organic chemistry. They can explain how certain reactions work. Dyotropic reactions can be a useful step in making large and complicated molecules. Dyotropic reactions were first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971. The name "dyotropic reaction" comes from the Greek word dyo meaning "two." "Rearrangement" means that the reaction changes the bonds between atoms on a single molecule.

In a type I reaction, two migrating groups trade their relative positions. A type II reaction   involves migration to new bonding sites without positional interchange.

Type I rearrangements
In type I rearrangements (Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y), the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other. The reaction leaves both groups on the opposite sides. The first example of a dyotropic rearrangement involving a carbon-carbon bond was reported by Cyril A. Grob and Saul Winstein. They saw the exchange of two bromine atoms in a certain steroid. 

In a simple example, the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1,2-dibromohexane mutarotate by heating. In the transition state both bromine atoms connect symmetrically two both carbon atoms on opposite sides and the reaction is concerted. Chemists have also investigated stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions. 

In organic synthesis, an important dyotropic reaction is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones. Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds. One example is using heat to change RRSi1R3C-O-Si2R3 to RRSi2R3C-O-Si1R3.  (This reaction can go in both directions depending on temperature.) Another example is the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement. Dyotropic reactions can also happen with N-O bonds or N-N bonds.

Type II rearrangements
Type II rearrangements often involve two hydrogen atoms moving along a carbon skeleton. This reaction type can be found in certain transfer hydrogenations. An example is hydrogen transfer in syn-sesquinorbornene
disulfones.

References

Organic reactions