cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Stammheim is a new municipality in Andelfingen in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the municipalities Oberstammheim, Unterstammheim and Waltalingen joined together to become new municipality Stammheim.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Zürich
2010s establishments in Switzerland
2019 establishments in Europe
Rheinwald is a new municipality in Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the municipalities Hinterrhein, Nufenen and Splügen joined to become the new municipality Rheinwald.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Rheinwald

Municipalities of Graubünden
2010s establishments in Switzerland
2019 establishments in Europe
Clay County (county code CY) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, 8,535 people lived there. Its county seat and the city with the most people is Clay Center.

History 
On February 20, 1857, Clay County was created. It was named in honor of the famous American statesman Henry Clay. Clay was a member of the United States Senate from Kentucky and United States Secretary of State in the 19th century.

Geography 
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.6%) is water.

Bordering counties 
 Washington County (north)
 Riley County (east)
 Geary County (southeast)
 Dickinson County (south)
 Ottawa County (southwest)
 Cloud County (west)

Major highways 
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 U.S. Route 24
 Kansas Highway 15
 Kansas Highway 82

People

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts 
 Clay County USD 379, in Clay Center

Communities

Cities 

 Clay Center
 Wakefield
 Clifton (partly in Washington County)
 Morganville
 Green
 Longford
 Vining (partly in Washington County)
 Oak Hill

Unincorporated communities 

 Athelstane
 Bateham
 Broughton
 Browndale
 Exeter
 Fact
 Fancy Creek
 Garfield Center
 Gatesville
 Idana
 Industry
 Ladysmith
 Northern (no longer exists)
 Republican City

Ghost towns 
 Broughton, razed when Milford Lake was built

Townships 
Clay County is divided into eighteen townships.  The city of Clay Center is considered governmentally independent and is not included from the census figures for the townships.  In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

Related pages 
 List of counties in Kansas

More reading 
 Standard Atlas of Clay County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 71 pages; 1918.
 Standard Atlas of Clay County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 65 pages; 1900.
 Historical Plat Book of Clay County, Kansas; Bird & Mickle Map Co; 88 pages; 1881.

Notes

References

Other websites 

County
 
 Clay County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
 Clay County Kansas AHGP
Maps
 Clay County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1857 establishments in Kansas Territory
Essex County is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2010 census, 6,306 people lived there, making it the least populous county in both Vermont and New England. Its shire town (county seat) is the municipality of Guildhall.

References 

Vermont counties
Boundary County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census, 10,972 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Bonners Ferry.

Communities

Cities 
 Bonners Ferry
 Moyie Springs

Unincorporated communities 
 Copeland
 Eastport
 Good Grief
 Naples
 Porthill
 Curley Creek

References 

Idaho counties
1915 establishments in Idaho
Lemhi County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census, 7,936 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Salmon.

Communities

Cities 
 Leadore
 Salmon

Unincorporated communities 

 Carmen
 Cobalt
 Elk Bend
 Gibbonsville
 Lemhi
 May
 North Fork
 Patterson
 Shoup
 Tendoy

References 

Idaho counties
1860s establishments in Idaho Territory
1869 establishments in the United States
The South Bay Lakers are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League, based in Los Angeles. The team was founded in 2006 as the Los Angeles D-Fenders and is affiliated with the Los Angeles Lakers.

Other websites 
 

2000s establishments in California
2006 establishments in the United States
Basketball teams
Easier with Practice is a 2009 American drama movie. The story of this movie is based on a 2006 GQ article which was written by Davy Rothbart.

The movie was nominated for two Independent Spirit Awards, Best First Feature and Someone to Watch Awards.

Plot
Davy Mitchell is a writer who is on tour to promote his unpublished short stories. He gets a random telephone call from a woman named Nicole. The stranger seduces him into an intense session of phone sex. That sparks an erotic and intimate relationship between them. The relationship is based entirely around the phone calls. Davy wants to make it work. He becomes frustrated when Nicole doesn't give out her phone number. He is fed up with her games. He wants to meet her in person.

Cast
 Brian Geraghty as Davy Mitchell
 Kel O'Neill as Sean Mitchell
 Marguerite Moreau as Samantha
 Jeanette Brox as Sarah
 Jenna Gavigan as Josie
 Katie Aselton as Nicole

Development
Easier with Practice is an independent movie. It was distributed in the United States by Breaking Glass Pictures. In Canada, it was distributed by Mongrel Media. The movie was rated NC-17 by the Motion Picture Association of America. However, the rating was surrendered. The movie was released without an MPAA rating.

Reception
Easier with Practice was first shown at the CineVegas Film Festival. It won the 2009 Grand Jury Prize. It got Best New International Feature at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.

Rotten Tomatoes put the rating of the movie at 91%. This was based on 32 reviews. AllMovie gave it five stars in its reviews.

Awards
 2010 Nominated - Independent Spirit Award - Best First Feature
 2010 Winner - Someone to Watch Award - Kyle Patrick Alvarez
 2010 Winner - Turkish Film Critic's Prize -!f Film Festival - Kyle Patrick Alvarez
 2009 Winner - Grand Jury Award - CineVegas International Film Festival
 2009 Winner - Best New International Feature - Edinburgh International Film Festival
 2009 Winner - Special Jury Prize - Indie Memphis Film Festival

References

American drama movies
2009 drama movies
Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (26 November 656 – 3 July 710) was the son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Wu Zetian and the brother of Emperor Ruizong of Tang. He was the Emperor of Tang Dynasty for two times.

650s births
710s deaths
Emperors and Empresses of China
Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin (Russian: Сергей Владимирович Ильюшин; 30 March 1894 - 9 February 1977) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Ilyushin.

Other websites
 GlobalSecurity.org

1894 births
1977 deaths
Soviet people
Russian scientists
Engineers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev (Russian: Андрей Николаевич Туполев; 10 November 1988 - 23 December 1972) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Tupolev.

Other websites
 GlobalSecurity.org

1888 births
1977 deaths
Russian scientists
Russian inventors
Soviet people
Russian engineers
Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov (; 8 June 1892 – 30 July 1944) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Polikarpov.

Other websites
 GlobalSecurity.org

1894 births
1944 deaths
Russian scientists
Russian engineers
Soviet people
Deaths from stomach cancer
Disease-related deaths in the Soviet Union
Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi (; , Paviel Vosipavič Suchi; 22 July 1895 – 15 September 1975) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Sukhoi.

Other websites
 GlobalSecurity.org

1895 births
1975 deaths
Belarusian people
Engineers
Soviet politicians
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
is a Japanese manga series by Yūji Aoki. It has been published in Weekly Morning since 1990. The series was given the 1992 Kodansha Manga Award for general manga. It also received the 1998 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Award for Excellence.

References
is a Japanese anime television series. It was produced by MAPPA. It is based on the Rage of Bahamut game. The series was directed by Keiichi Sato and written by Keiichi Hasegawa. The characters were designed by Naoyuki Onda and music was by Yoshihiro Ike. The first season, titled , aired between October 6, 2014 and December 29, 2014. It had 12 episodes. It has been licensed for streaming in North America by Funimation.

The second season titled  aired between April 7, 2017 and September 29, 2017.

References
Petra (Arabic: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Ancient Greek: Πέτρα) is a historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan. 

It is in a basin among the mountains that run from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba.

History 
Petra is believed to have been settled as early as 9,000 BC. It became the capital city of the Nabataean Kingdom. The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who used Petra because it was near the spice trade routes.

The Nabataean Kingdom became a client state of the Roman Empire in the first century BC. In 106 AD  they lost their independence. Petra's importance declined as sea trade routes developed. Also, the 363 earthquake destroyed many structures. 

The Byzantine Era led to the construction of several Christian churches, but the city continued to decline. By the early Islamic era only a handful of nomads lived in Petra. It stayed unknown to the world until it was rediscovered in 1812 by Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.

UNESCO Status 
Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. UNESCO has described it as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage". 

Petra is Jordan's most-visited tourist attraction. Tourist numbers peaked to half a million in the first quarter of 2019.

References 

Cities in Jordan
World Heritage Sites in Jordan
Greenwood is a town in Jackson County, Florida in the United States. As of the 2010 census, 686 people live in Greenwood.

Towns in Florida
Butte County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census, 2,891 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Arco. It was founded in 1917.

Communities

Cities 
 Arco
 Butte City
 Moore

Unincorporated communities 
 Darlington
 Lost River
 Howe

References 

1913 establishments in Idaho
Idaho counties
Grand Isle County is a county in Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 6,970 people lived there. Its shire town (county seat) is North Hero.

Vermont counties
Lamoille County is a county in Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 24,475 people lived there. Its shire town (county seat) is Hyde Park.

Vermont counties
Orange County is a county of Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 28,936 people lived there. Its shire town (county seat) is the town of Chelsea. It was created on 2 February 1781.

References 

18th-century establishments in Vermont
1781 establishments in North America
Vermont counties
Orleans County is a county in Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 27,231 people lived there. Its shire town (county seat) is the city of Newport.

Vermont counties
Washington County is a county in Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 59,534 people lived there. Its shire town (county seat) is the city of Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the United States.

Vermont counties
Windham County is a county in Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census, 44,513 people lived there. Its shire town (county seat) is Newfane.

Vermont counties
Windsor County is a county in Vermont in the United States. At the 2010 census,  56,670 people lived there. Its shire town (county seat) is the town of Woodstock, and largest municipality is the town of Hartford.

References 

Vermont counties
Mikhail Leontyevich Mil (; 22 November 1909 – 31 January 1970) was a Soviet helicopter designer and founder of Mil.

Other websites
 GlobalSecurity

1909 births
1970 deaths
Soviet people
Russian engineers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Boulder City is a city in Clark County, Nevada. It is about  southeast of Las Vegas. As of the 2010 census, the population of Boulder City was 15,023.

References

Cities in Nevada
Ely (, ) is the largest city and county seat of White Pine County, Nevada, United States. Ely was founded as a stagecoach station along the Pony Express and Central Overland Route. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,255.

References

Cities in Nevada
County seats in Nevada
Lars Erik Hindmar (born Karlsson; 11 December 1921 – 21 December 2018) was a Swedish racewalker. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in the 10 km and at the 1956 Summer Olympics in the 20 km event, but was disqualified in both cases. He was born in Borås, Sweden.

References

1921 births
2018 deaths
Swedish Olympians
Peter Swinnerton-Dyer was Sir Henry Peter Francis Swinnerton-Dyer, 16th Baronet,  (2 August 1927 – 26 December 2018). 

He was an English mathematician. He worked in number theory at University of Cambridge. He was best known for his part in the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. This related algebraic properties of elliptic curves to special values of L-functions. Also, he worked on the Titan operating system.

In his youth, Swinnerton-Dyer was an international bridge player. He played for the British team twice in the European Open teams championship, in 1953 and 1962.

References

1927 births
2018 deaths
Contract bridge players
English mathematicians
English sportspeople
British number theorists
Dean Ford (born Thomas McAleese; 5 September 1946 – 31 December 2018) was a Scottish singer-songwriter. He was born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. He was best known for his role as lead vocalist and frontman of the beat pop group Marmalade from 1966 to 1974. He co-wrote the group's worldwide hit "Reflections of My Life". 

Ford died on 31 December 2018 in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 72. The cause was complications from Parkinson's disease.

References

Other websites
 Marmalade on AllMusic
 Rockingscots.co.uk
 Dean Ford Pledge Music page

1946 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Scottish singer-songwriters
Gülruz Sururi (24 July 1929 – 31 December 2018) was a Turkish actress and author. She presented a TV cooking show and co-owned a theatre. She was born in Istanbull. She was named "The Woman of the Year" by the Turkish Women's Association in 1966. In the 1990s, she presented five years long a cooking show A La Luna in the television channel TRT.

Sururi died in Istanbul on 31 December 2018 from bile duct cancer, aged 89.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
Turkish movie actors
Turkish television actors
Actors from Istanbul
Writers from Istanbul
Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Ali Al Badawi aka Jamal Abu Abed Al Rahman Al Badawi () (July 22, 1960; or October 23, 1960; or 1963 – January 1, 2019) was a Yemeni terrorist. He was convicted of helping plan the 2000 USS Cole bombing, which killed 17 American sailors on October 12, 2000, off the port coast of Aden, Yemen.
He was captured in Yemen and sentenced to death on September 29, 2004. Fox News called Al-Badawi a "mastermind" of the Cole bombing.

He twice escaped from Yemen prison, once after his death sentence was issued,  and was being sought as an FBI Most Wanted Terrorist fugitive.

He was reportedly killed by an airstrike on January 1, 2019 that was conducted in Ma'rib Governorate, Yemen.

References

1960s births
2019 deaths
Deaths by airstrike
Yemeni people
Terrorists
Dragoslav Šekularac (, ; 8 November 1937 – 5 January 2019) was a Serbian football player and coach. He was born in Štip, Vardar Banovina, Yugoslavia. He played for Red Star Belgrade and Yugoslavia national team. He coached the Guatemala national team in the 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification.

Šekularac died in Belgrade on 5 January 2019 from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 Profile at reprezentacija.rs 
NASL stats

1937 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Serbian footballers
Monad may refer to:

Philosophy
 Monad (philosophy), a term meaning "unit" used by philosophers to signify a variety of entities from a '' toMonadology by Gottfried Leibniz
 Monism, the concept of "one essence" in  the metaphysical and theological theory
 Monad (Gnosticism), the most primal aspect of God in Gnosticism
 Monadologia Physica'', by Immanuel Kant

Science and technology
 Monad (category theory), a construction in category theory
 Monad (functional programming), functional programming constructs that capture various notions of computation
 Monad (linear algebra), a 3-term complex
 Monad (non-standard analysis), the set of points infinitesimally close to a given point
 Monad shell, code name for the PowerShell command line interface for Microsoft Windows
 Monad (biology), a historical term for a simple unicellular organism

Other uses
 [false], a single note or pitch

 eraser
Henri (, ; born 16 April 1955) is the Grand Duke of Luxembourg since 7 October 2000. He is the eldest son of Grand Duke Jean and Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium.

References

1955 births
Living people
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg
Current national leaders
Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 41,500 according to the 2018 State Estimate. It is the largest city on the Kitsap Peninsula. Bremerton is connected to Downtown Seattle by two ferries.

References

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
John Cho (born Cho Yo Han; June 16, 1972) is a Korean American actor. He is  known for his roles as Harold Lee in the Harold & Kumar, John in the American Pie movies and Hikaru Sulu in the Star Trek reboot series.

References

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
South Korean actors
People from Seoul
Ana María "Anne" Hidalgo Aleu (; born 19 June 1959) is a French politician. She is the Mayor of Paris since 2014. She is the first woman to hold the office. She has also the Spanish nationality.

She is a member of the Socialist Party since 1994. She was the First Deputy Mayor of Paris under Bertrand Delanoë (2001–2014), holding the title of Paris City Councillor from the 15th arrondissement since 9 March 2001.

On 12 September 2021, Hidalgo announced her candidacy for President of France in the 2022 presidential election.

References

1959 births
Living people
Mayors of Paris
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Spanish people
Women politicians
Bertrand Delanoë (; born 30 May 1950) is a retired French politician. He was Mayor of Paris from 25 March 2001 to 5 April 2014. He is a member of the Socialist Party. He was born in Tunis, French Tunisia.

Delanoë was stabbed on 5 October 2002 during the Nuit Blanche, a night of festivities in Paris. Before being taken to hospital, Delanoë ordered that the festivities continue. Delanoë's wound was not life-threatening and he left the hospital after about two weeks.

Delanoë was one of the first major French politicians to announce that he was gay.

References

Other websites

 Bertrand Delanoë's web site
 Paris and beaches
The Mayor of Paris, from www.paris.fr
BBC report on stabbing
CityMayors.com profile
 Poll of Parisians on Delanoë, January 2006

1950 births
Living people
French crime victims
French LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT politicians
LGBT rights activists
Mayors of Paris
People from Tunis
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Barry M. Farber (May 5, 1930 – May 6, 2020) was an American conservative radio talk show host, politician. author, commentator and language-learning enthusiast.

In 2002, industry publication Talkers magazine ranked him the 9th greatest radio talk show host of all time.

He has also written articles appearing in The New York Times, Reader's Digest, The Washington Post, and the Saturday Review.

He unsuccessfully ran for the United States House of Representatives and Mayor of New York City in the 1970s.

He was the father of journalist Celia Farber and singer-songwriter Bibi Farber.

Farber died at his home in New York City, one day after his 90th birthday on May 6, 2020. He had broken his rib cage while moving in to a new apartment a month before.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Accidental deaths in New York City
American conservatives
American political writers
American radio personalities
American political commentators
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
Writers from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
US Republican Party politicians
Graciela Flores "Grace" Napolitano  (born December 4, 1936) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for  since 1999. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

She is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.

References

Other websites
 Congresswoman Grace Napolitano official U.S. House site
 Grace Napolitano for Congress

 
 

1936 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
Politicians from Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Shanghai Noon is a 2000 American-Hong Kong martial arts western comedy movie starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. The first in the Shanghai movie series and marking the directorial debut of Tom Dey, Shanghai Noon was written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. sequels Shanghai Knights and Shanghai Dawn.

Cast 
 Jackie Chan as Chon Wang
 Owen Wilson as Roy O'Bannon / Wyatt Earp
 Lucy Liu as Princess Pei Pei
 Brandon Merrill as Indian Wife / Falling Leaves
 Xander Berkeley as Marshal Nathan Van Cleef
 Roger Yuan as Lo Fong
 Kate Luyben as Fifi
 Jason Connery as Calvin Andrews
 Simon R. Baker as Little Feather
 Walton Goggins as Wallace
 Henry O as Royal Interpeter
 Yu Rong Guang as Emperor Guard
 Eric Chen as Emperor Guard
 Yuen Biao as Saloon Fighter (uncredited)

Stunts 
 Andy Cheng
 Wu Gang
 Nicky Li

Release Dates 

2000 movies
American action movies
American comedy movies
Blue (song) might refer to:

 "Blue" (A Perfect Circle song), 2004
 "Blue" (A. S. Blue song), 2011
 "Blue" (Big Bang song), 2012
 "Blue" (Bill Mack song), 1958, popularized by LeAnn Rimes (1996)
 "Blue" (Joni Mitchell song), 1971
 "Blue" (The Rasmus song), 1997
 "Blue" (The Verve song), 1993
 "Blue" (Vivid song), 2011
 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", a 1999 song by Eiffel 65
 "Blue", by Angie Hart from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Conversations with Dead People"
 "Blue", by Beyoncé Knowles from Beyoncé
 "Blue", by The Birthday Massacre from Violet
 "Blue", by Calvin Harris from Ready for the Weekend
 "Blue", by Elastica from Elastica
 "Blue", by Eve's Plum from Envy
 "Blue", by Fine Young Cannibals from Fine Young Cannibals
 "Blue", by First Aid Kit from The Lion's Roar
 "Blue", by Helen Reddy from We'll Sing in the Sunshine
 "Blue", by Hikaru Utada from Ultra Blue
 "Blue", by The Jayhawks from Tomorrow the Green Grass
 "Blue", by Joni Mitchell, also covered by Cat Power from Jukebox
 "Blue", by Kevin Ayers from Yes We Have No Mañanas (So Get Your Mañanas Today)
 "Blue", by LaTour from LaTour
 "Blue", by Linkin Park from LP Underground 11.0
 "Blue", by Lucinda Williams from Essence
 "Blue", by Marina and the Diamonds from Froot
 "Blue", by Orthodox Celts from The Celts Strike Again
 "Blue", by Peter, Paul and Mary from In Concert
 "Blue", by The Seatbelts from Cowboy Bebop Blue
 "Blue", by Serj Tankian from Elect the Dead
 "Blue", by The Smashing Pumpkins from Lull
 "Blue", by Way Out West from Way Out West
 "Blue", by Wham! from Music from the Edge of Heaven
 "Blue", by Yngwie Malmsteen from Alchemy
 "Blue", by Zayn Malik from Mind of Mine
 "Blue (And Broken Hearted)", a song written by Lou Handman
Climacoceratide is a family of artiodactyls which lived in Miocene in Africa. They're closely related to giraffes, with some genera, like Prolibytherium previously classified as giraffes.

The climacoceratids, named after one of their members, Climacoceras, were previously placed in the family Palaeomerycidae, then in Giraffidae. In 1978, W.D. Hamilton made a new family, placing it near Giraffidae in the superfamily Giraffoidea.

They differ from giraffes as their ossicones are from different bones.

Mammals
Fantasmagorie is a hand drawn animated movie made in 1908 by Émile Cohl. It is one of the first animated cartoons ever made.

References 

Fantasy movies
The Hollies is a British pop/rock group that became one of the leading British groups of the 1960s (231 weeks on the UK singles charts during the 1960s, the 9th highest of any artist of the decade) and into the mid 1970s. It was formed by Allan Clarke and Graham Nash in 1962 in Manchester.

Their best known songs were "Bus Stop", "Just One Look", "Look Through Any Window", "I Can't Let Go", "Bus Stop", "Stop Stop Stop", "On a Carousel", "Carrie Anne", "Jennifer Eccles", and later "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother", "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress", and "The Air That I Breathe".

They are one of the few British groups of the early 1960s, along with the Rolling Stones, that have never disbanded and continue to record and perform. The Hollies were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

References

1962 establishments in England
Musicians from Manchester
British pop rock bands
Musical groups established in 1962
The pidyon haben is a Jewish life cycle event that takes place at the age of 1 Jewish month. The Jewish child is “redeemed” before God, to show the parents want the child. A few coins are given to a rabbi during this ceremony.

Judaism
The Seven Bridges of Paso Mayor is a railway bridge belonging to the Rosario Puerto Belgrano Railroad, which crosses the course of the Sauce Grande River in the limits of the Coronel Rosales and Coronel Pringles Municipalities, south of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

History 

It receives its name for being a bridge divided into seven sections, six of a type structure "cage" and one "open", is located in the Paso Mayor of the River Sauce Grande near the site of the same name. Its construction was completed in 1908 and is part of the Rosario Puerto Belgrano Railroad, the same crosses from north to south, the south of the Santa Fe Province and all the west of the Buenos Aires Province, discarding the radial model towards the City of Buenos Aires that had all the British railways.

It was used by a railway for the last time in the year 1977 when the southern section of that railway branch was definitively closed by a decree of the de military government.

In the 90 'this railway line was concessioned with all its assets, who currently is the owner of the concession is the company Ferro Expreso Pampeano S.A., which never used the southern section of the branch before said.

Structure 

The support or bastion of each end are 266 meters each, each bastion has two wings. Each one of the boards of each section rests on six pillars that are in what was the bed of the formerly mighty river.

The entire structure of the bridge, both the "upper rope", "lower rope", "diagonal", "lower bracing", "upper bracing", "poles", "joists", "bolts" and other parts of the bridges were built according to the following generalities:

 Its parts should be accessible for inspection, cleaning, maintenance and repair.
 Its sections should be symmetrical, just like its rivets.
 The support system of the structure is separated from the masonry of the piles.
 Systems of brackets, braces or cords are used, so that the water rejected by the batteries does not cause deterioration in its lower part.

Declaration of Historical Heritage 
In 2010 the Deliberative Council of the Coronel Rosales Municipality declared it "Architectural, Historical and Cultural Heritage". In 2012 it was declared a provincial historical heritage by the legislature of the Buenos Aires Province.

Controversy 
Despite being recently declared historical heritage, it was left without one of its sections, the one used by Ferro Expreso Pampeano (Fepsa) to replace it in place of the damaged one in the Province of Santa Fe that crossed on Route 18 south of Rosario. The National Transportation Regulatory Commission demanded that Fepsa "refrain from carrying out any operation that is not authorized by the competent authority to change all or part of the bridge." Days later, with the withdrawal of the already completed structure, the control body reiterated the request for restitution of the railway material before 30 days and threatened to initiate legal actions.

Finally the bridge was restored to the original place ending with the controversy.

Transport in Argentina
Bridges
Askar Akayevich Akayev (; born 10 November 1944) is a retired Kyrgyz politician. He was the 1st President of Kyrgyzstan from 27 October 1990 until 24 March 2005.

Other websites 
 Lenta.ru

1944 births
Living people
Presidents of Kyrgyzstan
Gene Zwozdesky,  (July 24, 1948 – January 6, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1993 to 2015, and was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 2012 to 2015. He was born in Nipawin, Saskatchewan.

Zwozdesky died of cancer in Edmonton, Alberta on January 6, 2019, aged 70.

References

Other websites

Alberta Legislative Assembly biography Gene Zwozdesky
Edmonton Mill Creek political history, CBC News

1948 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Canada
Politicians from Alberta
People from Saskatchewan
Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev (; 19 March 1906 – 22 August 1989) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Yakovlev.

Other websites 
 GlobalSecurity.org

1906 births
1989 deaths
Russian scientists
Russian engineers
Soviet politicians
Writers from Moscow
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Legion of Honour
is a Japanese shōnen manga series. It was written by Yūto Tsukuda and illustrated by Shun Saeki. An anime based on this manga by J.C.Staff aired between April 3, 2015 and September 25, 2015. A second season named Food Wars! The Second Plate aired between July 2, 2016 and September 24, 2016. The third season was first broadcast in Japan on Tokyo MX from November 4, 2017 to June 25, 2018.

It was number twelve on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey. It was number three in the Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2014.

Plot
A boy named Soma Yukihira wants to become a full-time chef in his father Joichiro's family restaurant and cook even better than his father, but Joichiro gets a new job that requires him to travel around the world and closes his shop. Joichiro has Soma go to Totsuki Saryo Culinary Institute, an elite culinary school where students engage in food competitions called shokugeki. He gets himself a spot at the school even though Erina Nakiri, the talented granddaughter of the school's dean, does not approve of him. Soma is assigned to Polaris Dormitory where he meets other students who want to be chefs, including Megumi Tadokoro. The story follows his adventures as he interacts with his peers and challenges Totsuki's students as well as others in shokugeki competitions. Learning that his father was not only a student of Totsuki, but also the second seat in the Council of Ten; Soma plans on becoming the best at the academy.

References
Capital Development Authority (abbreviated as CDA), is a public benefit corporation responsible for providing basic services in Islamabad Capital Territory, which may include sanitation, water, streets, the public library, schools, food inspection, fire department, police, ambulance, and other health department issues and transportation. City governments often operate or contract for additional utilities like electricity, gas and cable television. The CDA was established on 14 June 1960 by executive order entitled Pakistan Capital Regulation. As of 2016, most of CDA's municipal services and departments have been transferred to the newly created Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation, although CDA is still in charge of estate management, project execution and sector developments.

Other websites 
 CDA Official Website

20th-century establishments in Pakistan
1960 establishments in Asia
Government of Pakistan
Islamabad
The Republic of Turkey has no official national emblem, but the star and crescent.

Turkey
Turkey
Julian Wyatt Glover  (born 27 March 1935) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as General Maximilian Veers in The Empire Strikes Back, Aristotle Kristatos in the James Bond movie For Your Eyes Only, Walter Donovan in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and Brian Harcourt-Smith in The Fourth Protocol. He also voiced the giant spider Aragog in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

References

Other websites
 

1935 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Actors who played Bond villains
Thomas Rukavina (August 23, 1950 – January 7, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in Virginia, Minnesota. He was a member of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor (DFL). He was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1987 to 2013.

In 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Minnesota, seeking the DFL nomination. He withdrew from the election. He was a St. Louis County commissioner from 2015 to 2018.

Rukavina was arrested on July 31, 2004, for fourth-degree drunk driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.15. He pleaded guilty to the charge.

Rukavina died of leukemia on January 7, 2019 at a hospital in Minneapolis, aged 68.

References

1950 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Minnesota
US Democratic Party politicians
Christopher Tucker (born August 31, 1971) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for his roles of Smokey in F. Gary Gray's Friday and as Detective James Carter in Brett Ratner's Rush Hour movie series.

Filmography

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Atlanta, Georgia
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Brett Ratner (born March 28, 1969) is an American director and producer. He is known for directing the Rush Hour movie series, The Family Man, Red Dragon, X-Men: The Last Stand, and Tower Heist.

Ratner is the co-founder of RatPac Entertainment, a movie production and financing company.

On January 19, 2017, Ratner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his works to the motion picture industry.

In late 2017, seven women, including actresses Olivia Munn and Natasha Henstridge, accused Ratner of sexual misconduct and harassment.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Brett Ratner Cover Story Interview with Aventura Business Monthly
 Brett Ratner Producer Profile for The 1 Second Film
 New York Film Academy School of Film and Acting

1969 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
Businesspeople from Miami, Florida
Bernard Tchoullouyan (12 April 1953 — 6 January 2019) was a French former judoka. He won a world title in 1981 and an Olympic bronze medal in 1980. He was born in Marseille, France.

Tchoullouyan died on 6 January 2019 from a heart attack, at the age of 65.

References

1953 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Judoka
French Olympians
Olympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Marseille
Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin (; 11 September 1900 – 9 June 1960) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Lavochkin.

Other websites 
 GlobalSecurity.org

1900 births
1960 deaths
Russian scientists
Russian engineers
Soviet politicians
Russian Jews
Soviet Jews
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
The 2020 presidential campaign of Richard Ojeda, member of the West Virginia Senate from the 7th district, was announced on November 11, 2018. Ojeda was the second office-holding Democrat to announce a campaign for the 2020 U.S. presidential election, the first being Maryland Rep. John Delaney. 

As no current state legislator has ever made a serious bid for the presidency, Ojeda was considered a "longshot" and "underdog" candidate.

On January 26, 2019, Ojeda withdrew from the election.

References

Ojeda
John Mendelsohn (August 31, 1936 – January 7, 2019) was an American physician. He was President of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. He was MD Anderson President from 1996 to 2011. 

After his retirement in 2011, Mendelsohn remained on the faculty as co-director of the new Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy. He was a senior fellow in health and technology at the Baker Institute. Mendelsohn was only the third full-time president of MD Anderson.

Mendelsohn died on January 7, 2019 from glioblastoma in Houston, aged 82.

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from glioblastoma
Cancer deaths in Texas
American physicians
Scientists from Cincinnati, Ohio
Edwin B. "Ted" Erickson (1938 – January 7, 2019) was an American politician and businessman. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but raised in Bryn Mawr. He was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania Senate, representing the 26th District from 2001 to 2015.

Erickson died on January 7, 2019 in Reading, Pennsylvania, aged 80.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Businesspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
US Republican Party politicians
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
George "Doddie" Weir (born 4 July 1970) is a Scottish former rugby union player. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He played as a lock. He made 61 international appearances for the Scotland national team from 1990 to 2000.

In June 2017, Weir announced he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease (ALS) in order to promote Global MND Awareness Day.

References

1970 births
Living people
Rugby union players
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Jeremy Michael London (born November 7, 1972) is an American actor. He is best known for his regular roles on Party of Five, 7th Heaven, and I'll Fly Away, a starring role the 1995 comedy film Mallrats, as well as a notable supporting role in the Civil War epic Gods and Generals. London made his directorial debut with the 2013 horror film The Devil's Dozen, in which he also appeared.
Khas Rajput (Devanagari: खस राजपूत) is a Rajput (warrior-ruler) community among Khas people. The term is popularly denoted to Khas people who follow Hindu Kshatriya tradition in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is used very less in Nepal and is replaced by the term  Kshetri.

They have been connected to the  Khasas mentioned in the ancient Hindu literature. Historian Bal Krishna Sharma and Dor Bahadur Bista speculates that the Khas people were of Indo-European origin. Historian Baburam Acharya speculates that Khas are a sub-clan of Aiḍa, an Arya clan originated at Idavritt (modern day Kashmir).  Khas were living in the Idavaritt in the 3rd millennium B.C.E. and the original meaning of the term Khas was Raja or Kshatriya (Yoddha). He further speculates that Kashmir has been named from its local residents Khas as Khasmir. In the 2nd millennium B.C.E., one group of Khas migrated towards Iran while the other group migrated east of Sutlej river settling only in the hill regions up to Bheri River. Historian Balkrishna Pokhrel contends that Khas were not the Vedic Aryans but Aryans of latter period like the Gurjara, Darada, Shaka, Pallava and Pisacha. He further asserts that post-Vedic Aryans were akin to Vedic Aryans in terms of language and culture.

History
Traditionally, the Khas people were divided into "Khas Brahmins" (also called Bahuns in Nepal) and "Khas Rajputs" (also called Chhetris in Nepal). In Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand in India, the Khas Brahmins and Khas Rajputs had a lower social status than the other Brahmins and Rajputs. However, in present-day western Nepal, and in Uttarakhand they had the same status as the other Brahmins and Rajputs, possibly as a result of their political power in the Khasa Malla kingdom. 

Khas Rajputs in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand are historically accepted as army recruits for the hill Rajas. In Uttarakhand, Gharwal region there are two general divisions of Rajputs -  Asal Rajput and Khas Rajput. Asal Rajput are the immigrants of the lowlands of India while Khas Rajput are children of the local Khas population.. Now there is no such divisions

Notable people
MS Dhoni, Indian cricketer
Trivendra Singh Rawat , Indian Politician
Yogi Adityanath, Indian Politician
Harish Rawat, Indian Politician 
 Bipin Rawat, Indian army chief
Unmukt Chand, Indian cricketer
Urvashi Rautela, Indian actress

Sources

Books

History of India
Rajputs
Boris Pavlovich Lisunov (; 19 August 1898 – 3 November 1946) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Lisunov.

Other websites 
 PomniPro.ru 

1898 births
1946 deaths
Soviet people
Russian scientists
Russian engineers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Vowel length is a feature in languages when how long a vowel is spoken in a word can create a completely different word. Although this is a feature in many languages like Japanese, Arabic, Hawaiian, Classical Latin, and Thai, there are also many languages that do not have this feature. 

An example of this would be the Japanese words chizu, which has a short vowel (a vowel spoken for a short time), and chīzu, which has a long vowel (a vowel spoken for a long time). The only difference that can be heard is how long the vowel "I" is spoken. The amount of time the vowel is spoken could create two entirely different words. Chizu means "map", while chīzu "cheese". 

When using IPA, the colon (:) is used to show that the vowel before it is a long vowel. For example, chizu in IPA is written as /t͡ɕizɯ/, but chīzu is written as /t͡ɕi:zɯ/.

While Old English had vowel lengthening, most modern dialects of English do not. For example, the words God and good used to have the same vowel sound, but the vowel in good (/go:d/), which was a long vowel, was said longer than it was in God (/god/), which was a short vowel. Although the vowel sounds in Modern English are very different than in Old English, readers can often get an idea of how vowels used to sound like based on an English word's spelling, which often shows words' historical roots rather than their current pronunciation. Long vowels in Old English could be written with a bar on top of the vowel like in gōd (good). Later, during the days of Middle English, spellings used to spell long vowels included spelling with two vowels together like in book or break and putting a silent "E" at the end of the word like in hate. These vowels were all long vowels until the Great Vowel Shift in English, in which the vowel sounds in English changed to sound very differently from before.

Classical Latin had both vowel and consonant lengthening, and long vowels had a macron, or a straight horizontal line, written above them. In Classical Latin, ānus (/ˈaː.nus/), annus (/ˈan.nus/), and anus (/ˈa.nus/) were all different words. Ānus means "buttocks", annus means year, and anus means old woman. Today, none of the Romance languages, the languages that are daughter languages of Latin, can distinguish words by vowel length, though Italian can distinguish words by consonant length: /anno/ "year", /ano/ "anus". Italian also has vowel lengthening in accented syllables ending in a vowel, but vowel length cannot make the difference between two words as it could in Latin.

References 

Linguistics
The Great Vowel Shift is a sound change in the English language when all the long vowel sounds in English changed. This took place from the late Middle English period to the Early Modern English period. This is the main reason why English words often sound different from how they are spelled.

References 

English language
Linguistics
A sound change in a language is when the sounds of the language become different overtime. Since people of different languages or dialects often talk to each other, the way people talk becomes more like the way the others talk. Because of this, it is natural for languages to sound differently overtime. Sometimes it happens slowly, while in other times it happens quickly.

An example of a sound change in English is the Great Vowel Shift, when all of the long vowel sounds in Middle English changed into what they are today. This is why the way English is spelled is so differently from how it is spoken. 

Spelling systems that do not change with the sound changes of a language are often more difficult for a learner to learn how to read in that language. These kinds of spellings are called fossilized spellings. These include spelling systems like English, French, Mongolian script, and Thai. All of these spelling systems have changed little for the past few hundred years, even though their spoken languages sound very different from how they used to sound. Spelling systems that change with the sound changes are often easier for a  learner to learn how to read. These languages include Japanese, Turkish, and German.

Another much smaller sound shift in many dialects of English is the cot-caught merger, where words with lower back vowels like in cot and caught sound exactly the same to native speakers of certain English dialects and are spoken without any difference between the two sounds.

Linguistics
Mongolian script was the first writing system to be used to write the Mongolian language. It is similar to the Arabic alphabet in that it is a cursive writing system, or a writing system where all the letters in a word always touch each other and change depending on if the letter is at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. It is a vertically written system, meaning that it is written top-to-bottom, and it is the only vertical writing system to be read left-to-right (all other vertical systems, like Chinese and Korean, are left-to-right). It is one of the two writing systems used to write the Mongolian language, alongside Cyrillic, in the independent country of Mongolia (which is sometimes called Outer Mongolia to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia) and the only writing system used to write the language in the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. Unlike Arabic, and Old Uyghur, the Traditional Mongolian script and it's variants are an abugida and brahmic script. It is also used to write several other Mongolic and Tungustic languages such as Buryat, Kalmyk, Oirat, Manchu, and Xibe.

It is believed that the reason why Mongolian script is vertical is so that it could easily be written on the neck of a horse, which horses were a very important part of Mongolian culture. In the year 1208, Genghis Khan captured a Uighur scribe named Tatar-Tonga and forced him to make the alphabet of his native language, the Old Uyghr alphabet, be used to write the Mongolian language. It did not fit the Mongolian language well, and it was difficult to learn even for native Mongolian speakers.

In 1941, a few decades after Mongolia became a communist state, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced Mongolian script likely due to influence from their communist ally, the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism,  Mongolia made Mongolian script official alongside Cyrillic to revive Mongolian culture. However, Cyrillic is still more common due to the lack of education in Mongolian writing, the lack of money to support it, and the difficulty of typing Mongolian on a computer. Also, more Mongolians can read Cyrillic than Mongolian script.  In Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, most ethnic Mongols do not know Cyrillic and can only read Mongolian in the Mongolian script.

References 

Writing systems
Alphabets
The Manchu language is a Tungustic language and it was the native language of the Manchu people before and during the Qing dynasty. The Manchus are the ethnic minority in China that overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 and took over the country. When they ruled, they formed the Qing dynasty. Manchu uses a version of the Mongolian script that was changed to better suit the language. For the first 200 years, it was the official language in the courts, although commoners still spoke Chinese. However, during the mid-1800s, it became more common for the Manchu nobles to speak Chinese as their first language. As a matter of fact, China's last emperor, Aisin Gioro Puyi, knew very little Manchu and spoke Chinese as his first language. Nonetheless, Manchu was still written alongside Chinese in official documents until the end of Imperial China. Even though China today has 10 million Manchus, only 20 people speak Manchu today. This makes Manchu a critically endangered language. Almost all Manchus today speak Mandarin Chinese as their first language.

References 

Languages of China