cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A&W Restaurants is a chain of fast food restaurants known for its draft root beer and root beer floats. 

A&W was the first successful franchise company: the franchises began in the 1920s in California. The company's name was taken from the surnames of partners Roy W. Allen and Frank Wright. Yum! Brands purchased the company in 2002. In 2011 the company was sold back to a group of franchise owners. Kevin Bazner returned as the CEO.

The menu of A&W includes hamburgers, french fries, hot dogs and other fast food style meals. A&W has restaurants across the United States. A&W exists in Canada, but it has been owned by a different company since 1972. As of 2017 there were 634 restaurants in the United States and 328 international restaurants.

A&W is known for "frosty mugs". This is when the mug is kept in the freezer. It is removed, filled with A&W Root Beer, and then served to the customer. A number of A&W's are drive-in restaurants with carhops.

References

American food companies
1919 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in California
Companies based in Kentucky
Leandra Rodrigues Leal Braz e Silva (born 8 September 1982 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress.

Biography 
Leal is the granddaughter of the cultural producer Américo Leal and daughter of actress Ângela Leal. She started acting at the age of seven. When she was eight years old, she started on television, in the last episode of the soap opera Pantanal, in which her mother also worked. Leal is an only child. She seems to have been influenced by her mother in her career choice, because since she was a little girl she has been living among the artistic and was fascinated by the art of interpretation.

In 2000, she co-starred in the miniseries A Muralha and then the sopa opera O Cravo e a Rosa. Both of these contributed to her fame. In 2002 she participated in the Pastores da Noite miniseries, and in 2003, she was present in a season of children's series Sítio do Picapau Amarelo. She also came to participate in some episodes of A Grande Família, as Viviane, one of Tuco's girlfriends.

In 2004 she acted in the soap opera Senhora do Destino, getting the sympathy of the audience by clashing with the villain Nazaré, played by Renata Sorrah. Later that year, she also served in the movie Cazuza - O Tempo Não Pára, as Bebel Gilberto, singer's best friend.

In 2008 she co-starred in the remake of Ciranda de Pedra as Elzinha. At the end of the year, she debuted as a director in the Mercadorias e Futuro goods and theatrical spectacle, with José Paes de Lira.

In 2011, she was part of the cast of the movie Estamos Juntos, and participated in the last episode of the soap opera Insensato Coração. She also participated in a framework called the Fantástico, A História do Amor, in which she played 64 different characters next to the actor Daniel de Oliveira.

In 2012, Leal was in the episode "A Sexóloga de Floripa" in series As Brasileiras. And the soap opera is Cheias de Charme, playing Maria do Rosário.

References

Other websites 

1982 births
Living people
Brazilian television actors
Brazilian movie actors
Stoker is a 2013 British-American drama thriller movie. It was directed by Park Chan-wook. The movie stars Mia Wasikowska, Nicole Kidman and Matthew Goode.

Plot 
After India's father dies in an auto accident, her Uncle Charlie, who she never knew existed, comes to live with her and her emotionally unstable mother. Soon after his arrival, she comes to suspect this mysterious, charming man has ulterior motives, but instead of feeling outrage or horror, this friendless girl becomes increasingly infatuated with him.

Cast 
Mia Wasikowska as India Stoker
Matthew Goode as Charlie Stoker
Nicole Kidman as Evelyn Stoker
Dermot Mulroney as Richard Stoker
Jacki Weaver as Aunt Gwendolyn "Gin" Stoker
Lucas Till as Chris Pitts
Alden Ehrenreich as Whip Taylor
Phyllis Somerville as Mrs. McGarrick
Ralph Brown as Sheriff Howard
Judith Godrèche as Doctor Jacquin

References

Other websites 
 http://www.foxsearchlight.com/stoker/ 
  
 
 

2013 drama movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s drama thriller movies
2010s psychological movies
2010s serial killer movies
American drama thriller movies
American psychological movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
British drama movies
British thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about death
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about siblings
American independent movies
Kaḻayapiṯi (also written Kaḻaya Piṯi and Kaḻaiapiṯi) is a rock hole in the Birksgate Range in northwestern South Australia. It is an important location in the early history of the Pitjantjatjara people. The name comes from the words  (emu) and  (referring to a place from which the ancestral being is believed to originate;  is a waterhole). It is a major sacred site for the  (Emu Dreaming), and has been used for ceremonies by the Pitjantjatjara since long before colonisation of Australia.

Kaḻayapiṯi forms the southern heartland of the traditional Pitjantjatjara territory. According to the anthropologist Norman Tindale, the Pitjantjatjara people originally migrated from the southern coast. Kaḻayapiṯi served as their main home as they moved further north and northeast into the Tomkinson, Mann and Petermann Ranges. The rock hole here was very important during droughts, as there were few sources of water so reliable and permanent in the Great Victoria Desert to the south. However, during a long and severe drought between 1914 and 1916, the Pitjantjatjara were forced to move further east into the Musgrave Ranges, traditionally Yankunytjatjara territory.

References

More reading

Geography of South Australia
Waterholes of Australia
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5 was the fifth season of America's Next Top Model. There were 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Nicole Linkletter.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Ford Models
 A spread in Elle
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
 Ashley Black 
 Lisa D'Amato
 Diane Hernández
 Cassandra Jean
 Kyle Kavanagh
 Nicole Linkletter
 Erika "Nik" Pace
 Sarah Rhoades
 Jayla Rubinelli
 Brittany "Bre" Scullark
 Kimberly "Kim" Stolz
 Ebony Taylor
 Coryn Woitel

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Nik Pace
Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Ashley Black
Eliminated: Ashley Black

3.
Best: Cassandra Jean
Worst: Diane Hernández & Ebony Taylor
Eliminated: Ebony Taylor

4.
Quit: Cassandra Jean
Best: Jayla Rubinelli
Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Kim Stolz
Eliminated: Sarah Rhoades

5.
Best: Kyle Kavanagh
Worst: Bre Scullark & Diane Hernández
Eliminated: Diane Hernández

6.
Best: Lisa D'Amato
Worst: Nik Pace & Coryn Woitel
Eliminated: Coryn Woitel

7.
Best: Kim Stolz
Worst: Kyle Kavanagh & Bre Scullark
Eliminated: Kyle Kavanagh

8.
Best: Bre Scullark
Worst: Jayla Rubinelli & Nicole Linkletter
Eliminated: None

9.
Best: Kim Stolz
Worst: Lisa D'Amato & Jayla Rubinelli 
Eliminated: Lisa D'Amato

10.
Best: Nik Pace
Worst: Bre Scullark & Kim Stolz
Eliminated: Kim Stolz

11.
Best: Nicole Linkletter
Worst: Bre Scullark & Jayla Rubinelli
Eliminated: Jayla Rubinelli

12.
Best: Nik Pace
Worst: Nicole Linkletter & Bre Scullark
Eliminated: Bre Scullark

Final Two: Nik Pace & Nicole Linkletter
Winner: Nicole Linkletter

05
Petra Maria Mede (born 7 March 1970, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish comedian, dancer and television host. She grew up in Gothenburg. 

Mede hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. She hosted the contest for a second time for the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016, this time along with Måns Zelmerlöw.

References

1970 births
Swedish entertainers
Living people
Comedians
Dancers
Swedish television presenters
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
People from Stockholm
People from Gothenburg
Political geography is the study of the spaces of politics and the politics of space.  It is the field of geography which is concerned with the relationships between people, the state, and territory.

Political geography is organized or studied in three scaled groups.
 international
 national
 within nations

History
The British academic Halford Mackinder created the study of "political geography".

References

Other websites
  Political Geography at Elsevier.com
  Royal Society of Geographers (RGS) 
  Political Geography Research Group (PolGRG)
Tjayanka Woods is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. She is best known for her paintings, but also a craftswoman who makes baskets and other woven artworks. Her paintings are held in the Art Gallery of Western Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, and the National Gallery of Australia.

Woods was born about 1935. She was born close to Kaḻayapiṯi, a rock hole in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. They often camped at Kaḻayapiṯi, where Woods and the other girls would gather bushfood together. She learned to carve basic tools and decorative objects, and to burn traditional patterns into the wood (this is called ). She also learned to spin hair string on a hand-spun spindle and weave head rings and ceremonial belts from hair and feathers.

Woods began painting in 2000, after moving to Irrunytju. The women there opened an art centre as an community-owned economic project, called Irrunytju Arts. From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Anmanari Brown. When Brown's husband died in 2007, the two women left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne. Woods has had two of her paintings chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award, in 2006 and 2008.

Woods' paintings are mostly about the  (Two Sisters Dreaming), which is her personal Dreaming. They are structured like maps drawn in the sand, tracing the journey of the two sisters around the edge of the canvas. She paints in earthy colours, and uses solid and dotted lines in concentric circles to depict the journeys and activities of figures in the story.

References

Other websites
Tjayanka Woods at Prints and Printmaking
Resources at the National Library of Australia
News items at the Aboriginal Art Directory

1935 births
Living people
Australian painters
Weavers
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from Western Australia
Artists from South Australia
Benin City is one of the large cities in Nigeria. It is the capital of Edo State in southern Nigeria. It is a located about  north of the Benin River, and  by road east of Lagos. Benin is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is also an important traditional industry.

References

Cities in Nigeria
Karl Friedrich Benz (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the internal combustion engine and petrol-powered automobile, and together with his wife Bertha Benz pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.

1844 births
1929 deaths
German engineers
German inventors
People from Karlsruhe
AirTran was a low-cost American airline formerly known as ValuJet. It's hub was in Atlanta, Georgia and it operated routes throughout the Americas.

History

ValuJet's first flight was in 1993. In 1996, ValuJet Flight 592, a DC-9 aircraft, crashed into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, after a fire on board. 110 people died in the crash. The NTSB blamed Valujet's maintenance contractor, SabreTech for improper maintenance.

After the large amount of negative publicity surrounding this tragedy, ValuJet suffered serious financial problems and nearly went bankrupt. It merged with a smaller airline called AirTran and assumed its name in 1997.

After management turnover and some replacement of older airplanes, AirTran appears to have turned around financially and has become profitable, even in the very difficult business environment encountered by all U.S. airlines since the September 11 Attacks.

In 2011, AirTran merged with Southwest Airlines. The merger was completed in 2014 and the AirTran name was no longer used.

Gallery

References

Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Dallas, Texas
1993 establishments in the United States
2014 disestablishments in the United States
Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest (born 28 February 1993; née Emmelie Engström), better known as "Emmelie de Forest", is a Danish singer. She  represented Denmark with the song "Only Teardrops" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden winning the contest.

References 

1993 births
Danish singers
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Save Rock and Roll is a studio album released by Chicago punk rock group Fall Out Boy on April 12, 2013 under Island Records in the United States. The album was produced by American singer and songwriter Butch Walker. It is the band's fifth album and first album since the release of Folie à Deux in December 2008. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in late 2009, parting ways to endure in solo projects and super groups. In 2013, the band returned with the first single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", released on February 4, 2013, accompanied with a music video, peaking at number-twenty six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The video featured rapper 2 Chainz. The band announced the Save Rock and Roll tour in May through June in support of the album. This fall, the band is set to go on their comeback Save Rock and Roll Fall Arena Tour in September with pop punk band Panic! at the Disco and rapper Big Sean.

On March 24, 2013, the band released the promotional single "The Phoenix", along with a music video. The song debuted and peaked at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. They followed it up with the release of the second promotional single, "Young Volcanoes" released on April 8, 2013, also accompanied with a music video, which premiered on April 18 on YouTube.

Background

In 2009, following two nationwide tours and the release of a greatest hits compilation, the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break. The band's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and the constant promotion of fourth record Folie à Deux. The band's, specifically bassist/lyricist Pete Wentz, every movement had become fodder for gossip in tabloids, and lead vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump recalled that "We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people, too."

On February 4, 2013, the band called off the hiatus announcing a new single, new album, and a new tour.

Track listing
 "The Phoenix"
 "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)"
 "Alone Together"
 "Where Did the Party Go"
 "Just One Yesterday" (featuring vocals from Foxes)
 "The Mighty Fall" (featuring rapper Big Sean)
 "Miss Missing You"
 "Death Valley"
 "Young Volcanoes"
 "Rat a Tat" (featuring vocals from Courtney Love)
 "Save Rock and Roll" (featuring vocals from Elton John)

Bonus track
 "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" (featuring 2 Chainz) (2 Chainz remix)

Arena tour

Fall Out Boy did a concert tour in support of the album. It consisted of 16 shows in September 2013. The opening acts were Big Sean, who assists on the track "The Mighty Fall" on the album, and Panic! at the Disco.

Other websites

2013 albums
Fall Out Boy albums
My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up) is a song composed by American pop punk group Fall out Boy released on February 4, 2013, in the United States. The single marks the band's comeback four years of being on an indefinite hiatus in 2009. The band announced that "Light 'Em Up" is the lead single from the fifth studio album Save Rock and Roll, which was released on April 12, 2013. 

Commercially, "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" debuted on charts worldwide with modest success, debuting in the top five in the United Kingdom and at No. 36 on the Australian ARIA Chart, charts the band have previously received success from with singles like "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". On the Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at No. 26 and No. 8 on US Rock Songs; it reached No. 2 on iTunes upon its release. Fall Out Boy performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! for their first post-hiatus TV performance on February 13.

Track listing

Fall Out Boy songs
2013 songs
"The Phoenix" is a promotional single by American pop rock band Fall Out Boy. The single was released on March 24, 2013 in the United States. It was accompanied by a music video, released on the same day. It peaked and debuted at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and at number-fourteen on the Billboard Rock Songs chart. The music video's plot follows the story line of Fall Out Boy's capture in the video for "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", which was released on February 4, 2013.

The song was succeeded by the second promotional single from Save Rock and Roll titled "Young Volcanoes", released on April 8, 2013 on SoundCloud. The music video for the song was released on April 18 on YouTube.

Track listing

Sound

The song sampled a various amount of genres and sounds. The introduction to the track samples an orchestral like symphonic build up leading to the song's high-NRG sound. Overall, it is an alternative dance pop, punk rock song composed by producer Butch Walker.

Fall Out Boy songs
2013 songs
"The Tinderbox" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was originally published in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 1835 in the first booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children. The three other stories in the booklet were "Big Claus and Little Claus", "The Princess and the Pea", and "Little Ida's Flowers". The critics did not like these stories. They thought the stories  immoral. "The Tinderbox" is Andersen's retelling of "The Spirit in the Candle", a traditional Danish story he knew as a child. It is also similar to "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", another Andersen childhood favorite. The tale has been adapted to various media including the first Danish animated movie.

Story  
A soldier steals a magic tinderbox from an old witch. The tinderbox can summon three magic dogs that will do what the soldier wants them to do. He orders one dog to bring him a sleeping princess from her parents' castle. When the king and queen learn where their daughter is, the soldier is arrested and sentenced to death. At the last moment, he summons the dogs. They save his life and he marries the princess.

Other websites

"Fyrtøiet" . Original Danish text
"The Tinder Box". English translation by Jean Hersholt

Notes

References  
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. 

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
"The Princess and the Pea" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1835. It appeared as the third tale in the first book of Andersen's Fairy Tales Told for Children. The other tales in the little book were "The Tinderbox", "Big Claus and Little Claus", and "Little Ida's Flowers". 

The story tells of a maiden whose royalty is established by her sensitivity to a pea placed under her matresses. Stories of super-sensitivity are rare. They are not unknown however in world literature and lore. Andersen heard the tale of the pea as a child, but it is unknown in Danish folk tradition. He probably heard a Swedish version of the tale.

The critics did not like these four stories. They did not like their informal, chatty style. They thought the stories immoral. The stories did not promote good behaviour and the mores of the times. "Little Claus and Big Claus", for instance, featured unpunished lying, hoodwinking, theft, and adulterous conduct. 

The story has been adapted to various media including a television program on Shelley Duval's Fairy Tale Theatre. A popular musical play of the 1960s was based on the story  called Once Upon a Mattress. It starred comedienne Carol Burnett.

Story 
A prince decides to marry. He wants a real princess as his bride. He searches the world, but does not find one. He returns home disappointed. 

One stormy night, a rain-soaked maiden comes to the castle door. She is seeking shelter. She says she is a real princess. 

The Queen uses a test to determine if the maiden is really a princess. She puts a pea upon a bed. She then puts 20 mattresses and 20 feather beds upon the bed. Here the princess must pass the night.

In the morning, the maiden says that she could not sleep. She says there was something hard in the bed that kept her tossing and turning all night. Everyone now realizes she is a real princess! Only a real princess is so sensitive that she can feel a pea beneath a huge pile of bedding!

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. pp. 216-218

Other websites

 "Prinsessen på ærten"  Original Danish text
 "The Princess and the Pea" English translation by Jean Hersholt
 Archived audio version of the story

Fairy tales 
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
James "Jimmy" Owen Sullivan (February 9, 1981 – December 28, 2009), also known by his stage name The Rev, was an American musician best known as a co-founder and drummer of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold. 

Sullivan was also the lead vocalist and pianist in the side-project Pinkly Smooth along with Synyster Gates.

He was born in Huntington Beach, California and started playing the drums when he was 10 years old. Before he joined Avenged Sevenfold, he was a member of the third wave ska band Suburban Legends. The last album that Sullivan was featured on was Nightmare which was released on July 27, 2010.

On the morning of December 28, 2009, Sullivan was found dead in his Huntington Beach home. Toxicology results later revealed that his death was from an overdose of Oxycodone, oxymorphone, diazepam, nordiazepam and alcohol. The coroner also said that an enlarged heart may have played a role in his death.

References

American drummers
American heavy metal musicians
Drug-related deaths
Musicians from California
1981 births
2009 deaths
Huntington Beach, California
Loftus Road is a football stadium in Shepherd's Bush, West London. It is the home of Queens Park Rangers F.C..

Football stadiums in England
Christine Joy "Chrissy" Amphlett (25 October 1959 – 21 April 2013) was an Australian singer-songwriter who was the lead singer of the rock band Divinyls. She had many hits with the group and in solo. 

Amphlett was born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. She died from breast cancer. She also had multiple sclerosis. She died in New York City at age 53.

References

Other websites

Australian singer-songwriters
Australian rock singers
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from breast cancer
Musicians from Victoria (Australia)
People from Geelong
1959 births
2013 deaths
Father Divine (c. 1876September 10, 1965), also known as Reverend M. J. Divine, was an African American spiritual leader from about 1907 until his death. His full self-given name was Reverend Major Jealous Divine, and he was also known as "the Messenger" early in his life. He founded the International Peace Mission movement, formulated its doctrine, and oversaw its growth from a small and predominantly black congregation into a multiracial and international church.

Father Divine claimed to be God. Some people who lived at the same time claimed he was a charlatan; others say he was one of the first modern cult leaders. Father Divine made numerous contributions toward his followers' economic independence and racial equality. Father Divine was a contemporary of other religious leaders at that time such as Daddy Grace, Charles Harrison Mason, Noble Drew Ali and James F. Jones, also known as Prophet Jones. Another minister by the name of Jones would play an important part in a brief struggle to gain control of the Peace Mission following Divine's death - Jim Jones, of the 'apostolic socialist'  movement Peoples Temple.

References

1870s births
1965 deaths
Christian religious leaders
People from Maryland
Defiance is a 2008 American war-drama movie. The movie directed by Edward Zwick. The movie stars Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, Jamie Bell and Mia Wasikowska.

Plot 
Inspired by a true story, director Edward Zwick's epic World War II drama Defiance tells the tale of three Jewish Eastern European brothers (Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, and Jamie Bell) who narrowly escape certain death at the hands of the Nazis, subsequently vowing to avenge the deaths of their loves ones by launching a desperate battle against the forces that seek to exterminate their entire race. The year is 1941, and the setting is Nazi-occupied Belarus. The Final Solution is in full effect, and the Jews of Eastern Europe are being slaughtered wholesale. Tuvia, Zus and Asael have miraculously managed to escape into the dense surrounding forest. Having played in these woods since childhood, the brothers have a distinct advantage over their adversaries, and soon decide that simply surviving is not enough. In order to make a difference, they must take action, but in order to take action they will need support. As whispers of their bravery take wind, others like them appear determined to lay their lives on the line for the cause of freedom. Tuvia has become the de facto leader of the group, but he's still somewhat reluctant to take on such a heavy responsibility and his brother Zus expresses concern that his idealistic plan will ultimately bring about the group's downfall. With winter setting in, everyone works to create a functioning community that will help them endure the frigid months that lie ahead, and Asael reluctantly finds himself caught in the crossfire of his older siblings' rivalry. Is it possible to keep faith alive in a time when the world seems devoid of humanity and survival becomes a way of life?

References

Other websites 
  
 

2008 drama movies
2000s war movies
2000s American drama movies
American war movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Edward Zwick
Ruby is the name of a programming language that was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Like other programming languages, such as Python, its structure (the way it works) is very similar to the English language. It has these qualities:

 Terse. Short, but still easy to understand.
 Dynamic. Easy to change, anytime and anywhere.
 Duck typing. If you think you understand it, you probably understand it.

Many programmers like it because the creator tried to make it easy and nice to use.

Ruby on Rails (RoR) is a web application framework that is implemented using the Ruby language.

Example 
An example Hello World program in Ruby:
puts "Hello World!"
An example program in Ruby that asks for your name and then says it:
puts "What's your name?"
name = gets.chomp
puts "Ah hello there, #{name}"
A function in Ruby that joins the 2 strings (or arrays/integers) into one, removes all numbers from it, capitalizes the string and then repeats it 5 times:
def somefunction(arg1, arg2) # creates a function with 2 arguments. the args can be called anything
    arg = arg1 + arg2 # this joins them into 1 string
    arg = arg.tr("1234567890","") # this replaces all the numbers with a nothing. erases them essentially.
    arg = arg.capitalize # read that out loud
    5.times do # read that out loud too
        puts arg # prints it on a new line
    end
end
somefunction("h1e2l6lo7,"," W5o6r8l9d!3") # does the function
Output:
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!

References

Other websites

 
 Ruby documentation site
 Ruby Draft Specification- Sep 2010 
 Wiki: Ruby language and implementation specification 
 

Programming languages
Hurricane Earl was an intense and long-lived hurricane that was also the first such storm to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob nineteen years earlier. The storm's center passed eighty six miles east of North Carolina on September 3, 2010. The storm then moved northeast, eventually being downgraded to tropical storm status and then becoming a hurricane again shortly before the storm made landfall in Nova Scotia. Before lashing the eastern United States, the hurricane passed extremely close to the Leeward Islands; the damage there totaled $40 million (2010 USD).

Hurricanes
2010 in weather
Hurricanes in the United States
The Italian Province of Spalato (1941-1943) was an administrative section of the Governorate of Dalmatia. It was created during World War II by the Italian government with Regio Decreto Legge of May 18, 1941.

Characteristics

The Province of Zara was part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia and had an area of 3,179 km² with a population of 211,900 inhabitants. It had included the two main cities of Zara (Zadar) and Sebenico (Sibenik).

The province bordered the Independent State of Croatia and to the south the Province of Spalato. The "Capoluogo" (administrative center) was Zara, where there was the "Tribunal" and the main administrative offices.

There were 20 municipalities (called in Italian: Comuni):

Zara / Zadar
Bencovazzo / Benkovac  
Bosavia / Božava
Chistagne / Kistanje
Eso Grande / Iž Veliki (Iž Veli)
Nona / Nin
Novegradi / Novigrad    
Obbrovazzo / Obrovac
Oltre / Preko
Sale / Sali
Scardona / Skradin

Sebenico / Šibenik
Selve / Silba
Stancovazzo / Stankovici
Stretto / Tijesho 
Timeto di Zara / Smilčić
Vodizze / Vodice
Zaravecchia / Biograd
Zemonico / Zemunik
Zlarino / Zlarin

Territory of Zara

The province was an enlargement of the "Territory of Zara" obtained by the Kingdom of Italy after WWI. Indeed in 1937 this small territory had an area of just 110.21 km² and a population of 25,000 inhabitants, concentrated in the city of Zara.

Related pages
 Spalato (Italian province)
 Cattaro (Italian province)
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 Venice and Dalmatia

Notes

Bibliography
 Gambaro, Francesca. La città della memoria. Storie di vita di esuli da Zara nel secondo dopoguerra, Venezia: Alcione editore, 2010, 
 Lago, Valentino. Memorie sulla Dalmazia. Venezia: Stabilimento Grimaldo, 1868.-1870.
 Mileta, Olinto. Popolazioni dell'Istria, Fiume, Zara e Dalmazia. Edizioni A.D.ES. Trieste, 2005
 Praga, Giuseppe. Storia di Dalmazia. Dall'Oglio editore. Varese, 1981
 Vignoli, Giulio, I territori italofoni non appartenenti alla Repubblica Italiana, Giuffrè editore, Milano, 1995

History of Italy
Richard "Richie" Havens (January 21, 1941 – April 22, 2013) or Richard P. Havens; was an American folk singer and guitarist who performed at Woodstock 1969. He also performed cover versions of famous popular songs. 

Havens was born on January 21, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York City. He died due to a heart attack in Jersey City, New Jersey, April 22, 2013 at 72.

References

Other websites

 
 

African American musicians
American activists
American folk musicians
American guitarists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New Jersey
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Folk singers
Musicians from Brooklyn
Singer-songwriters from New York
1941 births
2013 deaths
GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter video game for the Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS. It is a modern retelling of the GoldenEye movie, and a remake of the 1997 Nintendo 64 game GoldenEye 007. It was released in North America on November 2, 2010, in Europe on November 5, 2010, and in Japan on June 30, 2011. The game's main character is James Bond, Agent 007. A version of the game with better graphics and sound titled GoldenEye 007: Reloaded was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011.

While keeping the same gameplay as the Nintendo 64's GoldenEye 007, modern elements of first-person shooter games such as environments that can be destroyed and a health meter that fills up after a while of not taking damage are added to the game. Levels from the Nintendo 64's GoldenEye 007 have been changed due to the game's changed storyline. Players can use the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination, the Wii Zapper, Classic Controller, Classic Controller Pro, or Nintendo GameCube controller.

The game features both local multiplayer for four players and online multiplayer for up to eight players. Online play is done through the free Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service.

References

2010 video games
Wii games
Nintendo DS games
Shooter video games
Video game remakes
James Bond
The Constitution of Japan is the legal document that lays out the rules of how Japan is governed. It dates 3 November 1946 on creation and from 3 May 1947 it entered into force, when it replaced the earlier Meiji Constitution, by legal process of earlier Constitution. This Constitution consists Preamble, affirming that Japanese people should contribute for all human being to live in peace and tolerance, free from fear and want and 11 Chapters, and contrary to former Constitution, it ensure all human rights as unalienable, both civil rights and economic, social and cultural rights (at Chapter III), Article 98 affirms that any laws or orders against the Constitution are invalid and international law must be earnestly observed, Article 99 says that Empire and all public sector have duty to respect and observe the Constitution and the Article 9 of Chapter II prohibits all war and army for purpose of making war. 

Jiminto wants to change it.

Other websites
Full Text of Constitution

Government of Japan
Japan
1946
1947 in Asia
1940s in Japan
"The Little Match Girl" is a story by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in December 1845. Andersen got the idea to write the story after seeing a print by Johan Thomas Lundbye of a little girl selling matches. The story has been adapted to various media including an animated movie.

Story 
A little match girl in poverty lights all the matches she carries to keep herself warm on a cold New Year's Eve. In the glow of the firelight, she sees wonderful visions of a Christmas tree and a festive dinner. The last vision is her dead grandmother, the only person to ever show her any love. The little match girl dies in the cold, and ascends into Heaven with her grandmother.

Other websites

"The Little Match Girl" Jean Hersholt's English translation
Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne  Original Danish text
Surlalune : The Annotated Little Match Girl
"The Little Matchgirl" Creative Commons audiobook

Fairy tales

Works by Hans Christian Andersen
"The Steadfast Tin Soldier" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. The story was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in the first booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children. The booklet includes Andersen's "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans". The story was Andersen’s first story not based upon a folk tale or a literary model.  "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated movie. 

The story tells of a tin soldier who loves a paper ballerina. He falls from the window in the toy room. After many adventures, he is returned to the toy room. A little boy throws the tin soldier in the fire. A breeze blows the paper ballerina into the fire. The two toys are destroyed together.

Joan G. Haahr writes in The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales: "The story is unusual among Andersen's early tales, both in its emphasis on sensual desire and in its ambiguities. Blind fate, not intention, determines all events. Moreover, the narrative questions the very decorum it praises. The tin soldier's passive acceptance of whatever happens to him, while exemplifying pietistic ideals of self-denial, also contributes to his doom. Were he to speak and act, the soldier might gain both life and love. Restrained, however, by inhibition and convention, he finds only tragedy and death. The tale is often read autobiographically, with the soldier viewed as symbolizing Andersen's feelings of inadequacy with women, his passive acceptance of bourgeois class attitudes, or his sense of alienation as an artist and an outsider, from full participation in everyday life."

Notes

References

Other websites

"Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat" . Original Danish text
"Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat". Original Danish text (Royal Library)
“The Steadfast Tin Solder“. English translation by Jean Hersholt

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Jessica Charlotte Poland (born January 15, 1988), more often called via her stage name Charlotte Sometimes, is an American singer-songwriter. She is from New York State. She grew up around New Jersey.

Poland has had four EPs and a full-length studio album.

References

Singers from New York
1988 births
Living people
Turpan, also referred to Turfan or Tulufan in Chinese, is an oasis county-level city in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.

Background
Historically, Turpan is an important ancient stop on the Silk Road in China. Turpan means 'the lowest place' in Uygur and 'the fertile land' in Turki. Now the city is a tourist spot with unique landscape, abundant historical relics and fertile farmland.

Other websites
Photos of Turpan Attractions

Xinjiang
Cities in China
Ürümqi is the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (East Turkestan) in northwest China. It is at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains.

Background
With a population of two million people, this prairie city is a major hub on the ancient Silk Road , leading to Central Asia and even as far as Europe. It developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing Dynasty.

Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and is now a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.

Other websites
Images & Photos of Urumqi Sights

Xinjiang
Cities in China
Capital cities in Asia
MIMAROPA, also known as Southern Tagalog Islands, is a region of the Philippines. The provinces of the region are Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and  Palawan. The capital is Calapan.

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park and El Nido Marine Reserve Park are in the region.

History 
The MIMAROPA region was created by Executive Order No. 103 in 2002.

References 

Regions of the Philippines
The San Diego Convention Center is the main convention center in San Diego, California. It is in the Marina district of downtown San Diego. The center is managed by the San Diego Convention Center Corporation.

The convention center has  of exhibit area. As of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention center in North America. It was designed by Canadian architect Arthur Erickson.  The building can hold 125,000 people.

The center's best known feature is the Sails Pavilion. It is a  exhibit and special event area. The Sails Pavilion's roof includes Teflon-coated fiberglass "sails". They are intended to show San Diego's maritime history. The Pavilion was first built as an open-air facility under the roof. This made it hard to get people to use it. Because of this, the Pavilion area was enclosed in glass. This made it much more usable.

History
San Diego  approved the construction of a new convention center in 1983. It was built on land owned by the Port of San Diego. Construction of the building began in March 1987 and was finished in November 1989. The center was made larger in September 2001 by doubling its square footage.

Notable events hosted at the convention center include the Comic Con International convention. It hosted the 1996 Republican National Convention, which nominated Bob Dole and Jack Kemp for President and Vice President of the United States.

References

Other websites

 
 

Convention and exhibition centers in the United States
Buildings and structures in San Diego, California
1989 establishments in California
The burning of the Jaffna Public Library () was an attack at the central library in the city of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. It was one of the events that led up to the Sri Lankan Civil War. The first attack on the library building was on 1 June 1981. A group of Sinhalese rioters burned the library that was one of the important libraries in Sri Lanka and one of the biggest in Asia. 

This was one of the most violent examples of ethnic-based book burnings of the 20th century. At the time of its destruction, the library was one of the biggest in Asia, containing over 97,000 books and manuscripts. 

In 1984 the library was repaired. However, the civil war had begun the previous year. The building was burned several times during the years of fighting, until 1998 when the president tried to make peace between the Sinhalese and Tamil sides. In 2003 the rebuilt library reopened again.

References

Other websites 
About Jaffna Library in Tamil
Official website of the Jaffna library 
Jaffna library vandalized 2010
Documentary on the burning of the library by Someetharan 
History of the Jaffna public library 
Burning Books  - Reported by Kevin Sites

1981 crimes
1981 in Asia
1980s crimes in Asia
1980s fires
1980s riots
Arson
Attacks on buildings and structures in Asia
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1980s
Building and structure fires in Asia
Jaffna District
June events
Libraries in Asia
Mass murder in Asia
Mass murder in the 1980s

Sri Lankan Civil War
Polk County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, 430,640 people lived there. It the most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Des Moines,. Des Moines is also the capital city of Iowa. Polk County is one of the five counties that make up the Des Moines-West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Polk County was formed on January 13, 1846. It was named after President James K. Polk. The first courthouse was built in 1846. Construction of a second courthouse was begun in 1858.  It was finished in 1866.

Geography

The county has a total area of . Of this,  (or 96.19%) is land and  (or 3.81%) is water.  The county is bisected by the Des Moines River

Adjacent counties
Boone County  (northwest)
Story County  (north)
Jasper County  (east)
Marion County  (southeast)
Warren County  (south)
Madison County  (southwest)
Dallas County  (west)

Communities

Cities

Unincorporated communities

References

Other websites
 
Polk County government's website
[Historic Polk County Church: Ankeny Christian Church, Dave Clark pastor]

Iowa counties
1846 establishments in Iowa Territory
A book of hours is a breviary containing prayers, Psalms, antitphons, and other materials to be recited at the canonical hours. These books were popular during the Middle Ages for common use among the nobility and the clergy. One of the most famous is the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.

Books of the Roman Catholic Church
Johnson County (county code JO) is a county in northeast Kansas. The county is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. It contains many of the richer suburbs of Kansas City. As of the 2010 census, 544,179 people lived there.  Its county seat is Olathe. The most populous city is Overland Park.

In 2010, Money magazine ranked Overland Park 7th and Shawnee 17th in its list of the 100 Best Cities in the United States in which to live.  In 2008 the same magazine had ranked Olathe 11th.

History

Johnson County is named for Thomas Johnson. It was one of the first counties in the Kansas Territory in 1855. The well known gunfighter Wild Bill Hickok lived in the county for a time. He was the constable of Monticello Township in 1858. Johnson County was the site of many battles dealing with slavery during Bleeding Kansas.

The county was mostly rural until the early 20th century. There was a large amount of urban development from 1914 though  World War II.  After the war, the development grew even greater.

Laws
Johnson County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was changed in 1986.

Geography
The county has a total area of . Of this,  (or 99.30%) is land, and  (or 0.70%) is water.

Adjacent counties
 Wyandotte County (north)
 Jackson County, Missouri (east)
 Cass County, Missouri (southeast)
 Miami County (south)
 Franklin County (southwest)
 Douglas County (west)
 Leavenworth County (northwest)

Cities and towns

Incorporated cities
Name and population (2010 Census Bureau):
 Overland Park,* 173,372
 Olathe, 125,872 (county seat)
 Shawnee,* 62,209
 Lenexa,* 48,190
 Leawood,* 31,867
 Prairie Village,* 21,447
 Gardner, 19,123
 Merriam,* 11,003
 Mission,* 9,323
 Roeland Park,* 6,731
 Bonner Springs (also in Wyandotte County and Leavenworth County)
 De Soto, 5,720
 Spring Hill, 5,437
 Fairway,* 3,882
 Mission Hills,* 3,498
 Edgerton, 1,671
 Westwood,* 1,506
 Lake Quivira,* 906 (also in Wyandotte County)
 Westwood Hills,* 359
 Mission Woods,* 178

*Cities included in Shawnee Mission. The main Shawnee Mission post office is in Mission.

Unincorporated places
 Bonita
 Clare
 Ocheltree
 Stanley
 Stilwell

Townships
Johnson County was divided into nine townships. Two of these no longer exist. They were made part of independent municipalities. All of the cities are considered governmentally independent. They are not included in the census numbers for the townships.

References

Other websites

Official sites
 Johnson County
 Johnson County History
 Johnson County Library
 Johnson County Genealogical Society and Library
 Frontier Military Historic Byway
Additional information
 Blue Skyways 
 Kansas Statistical Abstract 
Maps
 Johnson County Map, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Map, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Map, KDOT
 Kansas School District Boundary Map , KSDE

1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Epic Mickey is a platform video game for the Nintendo Wii game console. It was developed by Junction Point Studios and published by Disney Interactive Studios. It was released in Europe on November 26, 2010, in North America on November 30, 2010, and in Japan on August 4, 2011.

The game stars Mickey Mouse, who accidentally damages a world of forgotten Disney characters and concepts. He uses a magic paintbrush to fight enemies. The game is intended to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by focusing his adventurous side rather than his pleasant, cheerful side, doing so by showing him as an heroic character. The game is darker and more complex than previous Mickey Mouse games. It features the first appearance of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney's first successful cartoon character, as a major character since 1943.

A sequel, Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, was released for the Wii, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U in 2012. And also Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion release in 2013, for Nintendo 3DS.

References

Other websites
Official U.S. website
Official UK Website

2010 video games
Disney video games
Wii games
Wii-only games
Platform games
Game & Wario is a party video game in the Wario series released for the Wii U game console. It was developed by Nintendo Software Planning & Development and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on March 28, 2013, in North America on June 23, 2013, and in Europe on June 28, 2013. The game has 16 minigames which are played with the Wii U GamePad. Some minigames are single-player games, while others are multiplayer games that can be played with up to five players.

References

Other websites

Official website

2013 video games
Wii U games
Wario
Party video games
"Jack and the Beanstalk" is an English fairy tale. The story tells of a boy named Jack who climbs a magic beanstalk and finds treasures that make him rich, including a goose that lays golden eggs. In the process, he defeats a wicked giant. The story first appeared in print about 1730. It has been adapted to various media such as television programs and movies.

Fairy tales