cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services or paramedic services, are agencies that deal with medical emergencies, mostly by sending ambulances to help people who are severely ill or injured. Their job is to treat those people at the scene and to take them to a hospital if needed. The staff of the ambulances are known most often as paramedics. Some ambulances have staff with more basic training, known as "emergency medical technicians", while others have doctors with advanced training.

The exact role of the emergency medical services varies by country. In some countries like the US and UK, their job is seen as bringing the patients to treatment. Until the 1970s, their ambulances carried patients to hospital and gave them little medical care. Since then, paramedics have been trained to give some medical care before they get to hospital. Other countries like France and Germany run them in a different way, where their job is seen as bringing treatment to the patients. In those countries, doctors work on ambulances and they try to treat patients at the scene rather than take them to hospital.

The type of organization that provides emergency medical services also varies by country. This may be:
A government EMS agency
A fire department
A hospital
A business
A non-profit organization, such as Red Cross and St John Ambulance

Related pages 
Emergency medicine
First aid

Emergency services
Clervaux () is a canton in Luxembourg. Its capital is Clervaux.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 17,631, the Clervaux canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

It is bordered on the north by the arrondissement of Verviers in Belgium, to the east by the German district of Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm (part of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the southeast by the Vianden canton, to the south by the Diekirch canton, to the southwest by the Wiltz canton, and to the west by the arrondissement of Bastogne in Belgium.

Communes
The Clervaux canton has 5 communes (2017 population).
Clervaux (5,069)
Parc Hosingen (3,434)
Troisvierges (3,141)
Weiswampach (1,760)
Wincrange (4,227)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Adolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, caricaturist, animator and film-maker. He was known as a children's illustrator for most of his career. Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn is named after him.

Born died on 22 May 2016 in Prague at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

Born at Galerie Krause 
Born at ArtForum
2008 Exhibition in Greece 
Interview in Athens News 

Recently illustrated world classics 
Review by Czech Business Weekly

1930 births
2016 deaths
Czech entertainers
Illustrators
Animators
Czech painters
Cartoonists
Velimir "Bata" Živojinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Велимир "Бата" Живојиновић; 5 June 1933 – 22 May 2016) was a Serbian actor and politician. His best known movie was Valter brani Sarajevo. He become popular in China for his role in the movie. In 1990 he was elected for the Serbian Parliament, as a member of the Socialist Party of Serbia. He was a candidate in the September-October 2002 presidential election, receiving 3.27% of the popular vote.

Živojinović died on 22 May 2016 in Belgrade from complications of gangrene at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
European politicians
Movie actors
Serbian actors
The Veiled Christ (Italian: Cristo velato) is a statue made of marble. It was made by Giuseppe Sanmartino. It is in Cappella Sansevero, Naples.

The sculpture, made in 1753, is considered one of the world's masterpieces. Antonio Canova who once tried to acquire the work declared that he would willingly give up ten years of his own life to produce a similar masterpiece.

History and description 
The order for the Veiled Christ was given to Antonio Corradini.  However, he died a short time later.

Sanmartino took over the work. He decided to place the Christ figure on a couch, covered by a veil. It was to show the suffering that Christ has undergone.

At the sculpture's feet, finally, the artist also carves the instruments of his torture: the crown of thorns, pliers, and some shackles.

Legend of the veil 

An analysis shows that the work is completely made in marble. A receipt of payment to Sanmartino dated 16 December 1752, signed by the prince, is preserved in the historical archive of the Bank of Naples. It states:

References 

 Elio Catello, Giuseppe Sanmartino (1720-1793), Napoli, Electa, 2004.

Other websites 
 Official website of the Museum of the Cappella Sansevero

Sculptures
Ljubiša Samardžić (19 November 1936 – 8 September 2017) was a Serbian actor and director. He was best known as Šurda in the popular television series Vruć vetar. He was a popular cinema actor in the Serbian movie industry. Samardžić was a member of the Central Committee of Yugoslav Communist Party in late 1980s.

Samardžić was born in Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2017 deaths
Communists
Movie actors
Movie directors
Serbian actors
Television actors
People from Skopje
Isaac Charles Parker (October 15, 1838 – November 17, 1896) was an American politician and jurist. He served as the United States Congressman for Missouri's 7th congressional district for two terms and presided over the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas for 21 years. He was known as the "Hanging Judge". 

Parker died of complications due to Bright's disease in Fort Smith, aged 58.

In 21 years on the federal bench, Parker tried 13,490 cases; more than 8,500 defendants either pleaded guilty or were convicted at trial. He sentenced 160 people to death and 79 were executed; the others died while incarcerated, were acquitted, pardoned, or their sentences were commuted.

References

Other websites

 National Park Service (National Historic Site) entry about Judge Isaac Parker
 
 Judge Isaac Parker reference on About.com
 
 List of men executed at Fort Smith while Isaac Parker presided

1838 births
1896 deaths
American judges
Deaths from Bright's disease
Politicians from Arkansas
Politicians from Ohio
United States representatives from Missouri 
US Democratic Party politicians
An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. The products of such a reaction are a salt and water. This reaction may also regarded as neutralization reaction.

The reaction can be simplified to
(aq) + (aq) → 
The other ions remain constant because they are not affected by the reaction. They are called spectator ions.

Acids and oxides 
An example of an acid-oxide reaction is sulfuric acid and copper(II) oxide reacting to form copper sulfate and water:

H2SO4 + CuO —> CuSO4 + H2O

Another example of an acid-oxide reaction is nitric acid reacting with sodium oxide to form sodium nitrate and water:

2 HNO3 + Na2O —> 2 NaNO3 + H2O

The general equation is:

acid + oxide = salt + water

Acids and hydroxides 
This is one of the more common acid-base reactions. This reaction is one of the few processes to make sodium chloride using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

HCl + NaOH —> NaCl + H2O

Acids and carbonates 
An acid can also react with a carbonate, which is a relatively weak base. An example is 
acetic acid reacting with calcium carbonate to form calcium acetate, carbon dioxide and water:

 2 CH3COOH + CaCO3 —> Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O

The products of an acid-carbonate reaction is a soluble salt, carbon dioxide and water. 

Chemical reactions
Acids
Auswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Auswil 

Municipalities of Bern
The Parish Church of St. Lawrence in Radymno is a historic church in Poland. It is in the Przemyśl archdiocese.

The church was built in the years 1724-1730 in the Baroque style. The bishop Aleksander Antoni Fredro was the prime mover of this facture. By the church there is a belfry from the year 1729, an antique manse and a nuns' home. During the First World War St. Lawrence's church was vastly damaged but shortly after the war it was renovated. After the Second World War the aim was to embellish the temple which is why, the front of the church and the belfry renovations. The temple's historic door was rebuilt as well.

The interior has got 7 altars. Some of the altars are: St. Anna's altar, Jezus's Sacred Heart altar, St. Agnes's altar and St. Nicholas's altar. Inside the church there is a solid pulpit which has got a rich wood carving decoration. There is also the fontal source with figures of Jesus and John the Baptist. It comes from the first half of the 19th century.

References 
http://radymno.przemyska.pl/historia/

Churches in Europe
Buildings and structures in Poland
18th-century establishments in Europe
Ballmoos is a former municipality of the district of Fraubrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the municipality of Ballmoos merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.

Former municipalities of Bern
The Scion FR-s is a sports car developed by Toyota and Subaru. It is built solely.  It features a rear wheel drive drivetrain and 2+2 seating.

It is sold worldwide under three different brands with respective model names:
 Toyota 86 in Asia, South Africa, North America (from August 2016), South America and Australia; GT86 in Europe; New Zealand; FT86 in Nicaragua and Jamaica;
 Subaru BRZ worldwide;
 Scion FR-S in the US and Canada. After August 2016, the Scion FR-S will be renamed as the Toyota 86.

References 

Sports cars
Subaru
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (11 June 1431 – 3 November 1456) was the father of Henry VII, who invaded England and became king of England in 1485. He was the son of Owen Tudor and his mistress or wife Catherine of Valois. He was also a half-brother to Henry VI.

He was married to Lady Margaret Beaufort when she was only 13 years of age. Edmund Tudor died while fighting for the Lancaster side in the Wars of the Roses.

House of Tudor
House of Lancaster
Earls and countesses
1431 births
1456 deaths
Joaquín Castro (born September 16, 1974) is an American politician. He has served in the United States House of Representatives for Texas's 20th congressional district since 2013.

Julián Castro was the 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Cabinet of President Barack Obama and is a candidate for President in the 2020 election.

References

Other websites

Congressman Joaquin Castro official U.S. House website
Joaquin Castro for Congress

 

1974 births
Living people
United States representatives from Texas
Politicians from San Antonio, Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from San Antonio
Thomas Fahr "Tom" Steyer (born June 27, 1957) is an American hedge fund manager, politician, philanthropist, and environmentalist. Steyer is the founder and former Co-Senior Managing Partner of Farallon Capital Management, LLC and the co-founder of Beneficial State Bank.

In 2017, Steyer spent around $10 million for a television ad campaign advocating the impeachment of President Donald Trump and plans to spend millions more on a digital ad campaign to call for Trump's impeachment. Steyer thought about running for Governor of California in the 2018 gubernatorial election as a stance against President Trump.

Steyer was on the Board of Trustees at Stanford University from 2012 to 2017.

On July 9, 2019, Steyer announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2020. He dropped out of the race after loosing the South Carolina primary on February 29, 2020.

References

Other websites
Farallon Capital Management 
Hellman & Friedman LLC
 OneCalifornia Bank
TomKat Ranch 

1957 births
Living people
American philanthropists
American environmentalists
American human rights activists
Businesspeople from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Politicians from San Francisco
US Democratic Party politicians
Howard D. Schultz (born July 19, 1953) is an American businessman. He is best known as the former chairman and CEO of Starbucks and a former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics. He was a member of the Board of Directors at Square, Inc..

In 1998, Schultz co-founded Maveron, an investment group, with Dan Levitan. In 2012, Forbes magazine ranked Schultz as the 354th richest person in the United States, with a net worth of $1.5 billion.

On June 4, 2018, Schultz announced his retirement as executive chairman.

In January 2019, it was reported that Schultz was considering running as an independent candidate in the election. Schultz announced on January 27, 2019 that he would explore a bid as an independent candidate. However in June 2019, he ruled out a presidential bid citing health concerns. In September 2019, Schultz formally said he would not run saying he would not want to risk re-electing President Donald Trump.

References

1953 births
Living people
Democrats (United States)
Businesspeople from New York City
Alfredo Siojo Lim (; 21 December 1929 – 8 August 2020) was a Filipino politician. He served as Mayor of the City of Manila from 1992 to 1998 and 2007 to 2013. He also served as senator of the Philippines from 2004 to 2007. He ran for president in 1998, but lost to Joseph Estrada.

He lost his re-election campaign in 2013, but lost to former President of the Philippines Joseph Estrada. He ran again in 2016, but narrowly lost to Estrada again by less than 1%.

On 7 August 2020, Lim was hospitalized in Manila with COVID-19. He died the next day from the infection at the age of 90.

Notes

Other websites

Alfredo Lim's Assets and Liabilities
The Mayor's Page 
The Official Website of the City of Manila 
Alfredo S. Lim - WikiPilipinas 

1929 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Mayors of Manila
Filipino politicians
People from Manila
Echternach () is a canton in east Luxembourg. Its capital is Echternach.

Geography
Its area is . The population in 2017 was 18,702. The Echternach canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

It is bordered on the north by the German district of Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm (part of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the east by the Trier-Saarburg district (also part of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the south by the Grevenmacher canton and to the west by the Diekirch and the  Mersch cantons

Part of this canton is a natural region called the Little Switzerland.

Communes
The Echternach canton has 8 communes (2017 population).
Beaufort (2,699)
Bech (1,287)
Berdorf (1,870)
Consdorf (1,953)
Echternach (5,530)
Mompach (1,303)
Rosport (2,293)
Waldbillig (1,767)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Jazz dance is a dance genre which is easy to recognise, but not easy to define. It is, like some other forms of dance and music, an African influence in western culture.

"[Jazz dance was] developed by African Americans in the first part of the twentieth century".

Its origins were in social dancing to the music of jazz, but it developed into a type of stage dancing.

Today, jazz dance is taught to students of stage dancing. The ISTD (Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing) lists jazz dance under 'Modern Theatre', and the IDTA (International Dance Teachers Association) lists it in their 'Theatre Branch'. Professional stage dancers are certain to have some kind of jazz dance training.

Modern ballet has also been influenced by jazz dance. Balanchine's ballet Slaughter on Tenth Avenue was the climax of the Broadway musical On Your Toes (1936), Kathleen Dunham and Bob Fosse were famous jazz dancers and choreographers.

References 

Dance
Jazz music
African-American history
Bangerten was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016 the former municipality of Bangerten merged into the municipality of Rapperswil.

Former municipalities of Bern
2016 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bannwil is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Viktor Kulikov (July 5, 1921 – May 28, 2013 in Moscow) was a Marshal of the Soviet Union and commander-in-chief of the Warsaw Pact from 1977 until 1989.

Kulikov first served in the military during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945). After that, he was given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.  

In 1983, he was honored with the Lenin Prize.

1921 births
2013 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Soviet generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad (born 22 March 1939; also known as Kāntapuraṃ Ě.pi. Abūbakkar Musliyār) is Grand Mufti of India. He is the President of the Islamic Community of India, Founder and Chancellor of the Jamia Markaz and General Secretary of the All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama.

Religious and social views 
In August 2014, he has condemned Islamic extremism saying "Militant groups such as the Islamic State (IS) are trying to defame a religion that advocates peace and tolerance."

In November 2015, he commented on gender equality saying women could never equal men

References 

1939 births
Living people
Environmentalists
Indian people
Islamic religious leaders
People from Kerala
A direct tax is a tax paid directly to the government by a person or organization. A direct tax may not be passed on to another person or entity but must be paid by the entity responsible for the tax. A direct tax is different from an indirect tax, which is paid by someone other than the person or entity who would normally be responsible for it. For example, a tax owed on a piece of property is a direct tax. A tax on the sale of that property would be considered an indirect tax.

Income tax 
An income tax is a tax that governments levy on individuals and businesses on their income. In the US and other countries, businesses and individuals need to file an Income Tax Return every year. This is to report all forms of income and to see if they owe any tax or can get a tax refund. Income tax is an important source of funds to most levels of government.

The 16th Amendment 
In the United States Constitution, the difference between indirect and direct taxes was important enough to require a Constitutional amendment in order for the federal government to levy an income tax. This was the Sixteenth Amendment which was ratified in 1913. Before the Sixteenth Amendment, any direct tax levied by the federal government had to be apportioned among the states by population. As apportionment by population proved to be virtually impossible, levying direct taxes was prevented by this article of the Constitution until it was changed in 1913. So the federal government relied on indirect taxes such as tariffs and Duties on imported goods and materials.

Corporate tax 
Another form of direct tax is the corporation tax. This is a tax on profits earned by corporations and other companies. In the United States the federal corporate tax is a direct tax, but is different from income tax. It taxes net income (profits) not gross income (on which income taxes are based). Corporate tax allows deductions for most expenses of doing business. Also, it only applies to corporations. It does not apply to partnerships or sole proprietorships.

Property tax 
Property tax, also called millage tax, is a tax on property that the owner must pay. They are usually collected by local governments and are based on a standardized value of a property. Property tax money is usually used for schools, community safety and local infrastructure. Millage rates refer to the mill: one one-thousandth of a dollar. The millage rate is the amount of taxes levied per $1,000 of property value. For example, if the millage rate is 3 mills (or 3 tenths of a penny), a property valued at $300,000 would be a tax of $900.

Related pages 
 Tax
 Indirect tax
 Sales tax
 Value Added Tax

References 

Taxation
Bäriswil is a municipality in the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the cantons of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Bätterkinden is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

It is about  north of Bern.

References

Other websites
 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Wallis Simpson (born Bessie Wallis Warfield; 19 June 1896 - 24 April 1986), who later became the Duchess of Windsor, caused a serious crisis in the mid-1930s when the heir to the throne of the United Kingdom, Prince Edward, fell in love with her. However, she was married to another man, and she had already gotten a divorce from her first husband to marry him. In 1936, she divorced her second husband.

Abdication of Edward VIII
On 20 January 1936, King George V died, and Edward became king. Edward VIII and Wallis had already started an affair. He wanted to marry her after she had divorced.

The monarch is the head of the Church of England, which was strongly against the idea of divorce. Their affair was regarded as a sin.

In November, Edward consulted with British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin on a way to both marry Wallis and keep the throne. Edward suggested a morganatic marriage in which he would remain king but Wallis would not be queen, and their children could not become the monarch. The idea was rejected by Baldwin and the prime ministers of Australia and South Africa. If Edward married Wallis against Baldwin's advice, the government had decided to resign, which would cause a constitutional crisis.

The King decided he had no choice but to abdicate so that he could marry Wallis. On 11 December 1936, Edward said in a radio broadcast, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility, and to discharge my duties as King as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love".

Later life
After his abdication, Edward became the Duke of Windsor, and Wallis became the Duchess of Windsor. While Edward retained his style of "Royal Highness", King George VI declared Walis would not be allowed to do the same but would be instead styled Her Grace The Duchess of Windsor, the same style given to a non-royal duchess. The couple lived abroad, mainly in France, for most of their lives.

During the Second World War, they moved from France to Portugal and later to the Bahamas. They were widely suspected of being sympathetic to the German Nazis. Edward himself wrote in the New York Daily News of 13 December 1966: "it was in Britain's interest and in Europe's too, that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence-sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out".
 
After her husband's death from cancer in 1972, Wallis travelled to the United Kingdom to attend his funeral. She stayed at Buckingham Palace during her visit. The Duchess of Windsor died on 24 April 1986 at her home in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, at the age of 89. She was buried alongside her husband in the Royal Burial Ground. She wrote about her life in 1956.

References 

1896 births
1986 deaths
House of Windsor
People from Baltimore
Bellmund () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
A tweenager, or tween, is a young person between the age of from 10 to 13. From this stage they are still developing.

Timing of puberty 
On average, girls begin puberty at ages 10–11; boys at ages 11–12. Girls usually complete puberty by ages 15–17, while boys usually complete puberty by ages 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12–13; for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 15.In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. This can be due to  improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or eating meat from animals which have been dosed up with estrogen. Sexual attraction to tweenagers or people going through puberty is called hebephilia.

References  

Childhood
Belprahon is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
John David Jackson (January 19, 1925 – May 20, 2016) was a Canadian–American physics. He was the professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley and a faculty senior scientist emeritus at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 

He was a theoretical physicist. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was well known for his many publications and summer-school lectures in nuclear and particle physics, as well as his widely used graduate text on classical electromagnetism.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
American academics
American physicists
Canadian academics
Canadian scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from London, Ontario
Writers from Ontario
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Brandon Hambright Grove, Jr. (April 8, 1929 – May 20, 2016) was an American diplomat. He was born in Chicago. He was the United States Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1974 through 1977 and Zaire from 1984 through 1987. He served on the board of directors of the American Academy of Diplomacy.

Grove, Jr. died from complications of cancer on May 20, 2016 in Washington, D.C., aged 87.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Ambassadors of the United States to East Germany
Politicians from Chicago
US Republican Party politicians
Velimir Sombolac (Serbian Cyrillic: Beлимиp Coмбoлaц; 27 February 1939 – 22 May 2016) was a Serbian footballer and manager.

Career
After having played ten matches for the Yugoslav U-21 team, and also five for the national "B" team, he was in the Olympic team that represented Yugoslavia at the 1960 Summer Olympics. There, Yugoslavia won the gold eliminating hosts Italy in the semi-finals, and beating Denmark ( 3–1 ) in the final. Afterward, Sombolac also played five matches for the Yugoslavia national football team.

Right after retiring, in 1973, he took charge of a small regional club called FK Sloga Gornji Pogradci, that provided him with crucial experience for returning, in 1974, to Borac, to become the assistant manager until 1976.

After the break-up of Yugoslavia, he worked at the Football Association of Republika Srpska, helping to form all the youth category teams. From 1998 to 2001, he was the head coach of the Republika Srpska official football team.

References

Other websites
Profile at Worldfootball
Profile and career story  at Serbian Federation website 

1939 births
2016 deaths
Serbian footballers
Serbian football managers
Yang Jiang (; 17 July 1911 – 25 May 2016), born Yang Jikang (), was a Chinese playwright, author, and translator. She wrote several successful comedies. She was the first Chinese person to produce a complete Chinese version of Don Quixote from the Spanish original.

Death
On 25 May 2016, Yang died at the age of 104 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital in Beijing.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References

Other websites
Selected works of Yang Jiang in the journal "Renditions" (no. 76)  (English)
Excerpt from Yang Jiang's memoir "We Three" (English)
Some of Yang Jiang's works on-line (Chinese)

1911 births
2016 deaths
Centenarians
Playwrights
Writers from Beijing
Christopher Scott "Chris" Murphy (born August 3, 1973) is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously served in the United States House of Representatives, representing  from 2007 to 2013.

References

Other websites

U.S. Senator Chris Murphy, official U.S. Senate site
Chris Murphy for Senate

1973 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Politicians from New York
United States representatives from Connecticut
United States senators from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
Richard Blumenthal (born February 13, 1946) is the senior United States Senator from Connecticut. He has been in office since 2011. He served as Attorney General of Connecticut from 1991 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

References

Other websites

 Senator Richard Blumenthal official U.S. Senate site
 Blumenthal for Senate
 
 

1946 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
People from Greenwich, Connecticut
Lawyers from Connecticut
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American politicians
Jewish lawyers
Politicians from New York City
United States senators from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
Yale University alumni
Wendell E. Berry (born August 5, 1934) is an American novelist, poet, environmental activist, cultural critic, and farmer. He has written many novels, short stories, poems, and essays. 

He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers, a recipient of The National Humanities Medal, and the Jefferson Lecturer for 2012. He is also a 2013 Fellow of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Berry was named the recipient of the 2013 Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award.  

On January 28, 2015, he became the first living writer to be ushered into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame.

References

1934 births
Living people
American poets
Educators from Kentucky
American environmentalists
American critics
Cultural critics
Writers from Kentucky
Esch-sur-Alzette () is a canton in the south-west of Luxembourg. Its capital is Esch-sur-Alzette.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2016) of 172,687, the Esch-sur-Alzette canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton borders on the south with the French departments of Moselle and Meurthe-et-Moselle, and with Belgium on the west. In the Pétange commune is the point where where three countries meetː Luxembourg, France and Belgium.

Communes
The Esch-sur-Alzette canton has 14 communes (2017 population).
Bettembourg (10,736)
Differdange (25,402)
Dudelange (20,480)
Esch-sur-Alzette (34,378)
Frisange (4,557)
Kayl (8,982)
Leudelange (2,596)
Mondercange (6,708)
Pétange (18,238)
Reckange-sur-Mess (2,397)
Roeser (6,125)
Rumelange (5,573)
Sanem (16,136)
Schifflange (10,379)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Elizabeth "Beth" Howland (May 28, 1941 – December 31, 2015) was an American actress. She worked on stage, movies and television. She was best known for playing Vera Gorman in the sitcom Alice.

Howland died of lung cancer on December 31, 2015 in Santa Monica, California, at the age of 74.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Beth Howland profile

1941 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Brian Trevor John Murphy (born 25 September 1932) is an English actor. He is best known as the husband George Roper in the sitcom Man About the House and spin-off George and Mildred.

References

Other websites
 
 Brian Murphy role reviews 

1932 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Lautaro was a Mapuche military leader and relevant actor in the Arauco War. His tactics are today studied in many war academies in the world.

Lautaro was also a son of a mapuche Lonco (chief). When he was young, he was captured by the spanish colonizators and grew up as personal servant of the spanish conqueror of Chile, Pedro de Valdivia. With him, he learned the military tactics of the spanish army.

As he converted into an adult, he ran away from the spanish captivity and went back with the mapuches. With the knowledge adquired, he introduced the horse into the mapuche people and designed new tactics to combat the conquerors militia. So, he attracted around him the dispersed mapuche warrriors and formed a big native army to fight against the conquerors.

He obtained many military successes, destroying new founded cities and making big pression over the few spanish men in the Chilean territory. After he got a substancial victory in the southern city, he began the advance over Santiago, the capital and oldest spanish founded city. Unhappily for him, he was murdered when he was only 200 km away from his destination.

He is considered an important icon of the Arauco War, due his revolutionary strategy and responsability in the union of the disperse mapuche people.

His name was use by Francisco de Miranda, when he founded the Logia Lautaro an american-independist society of the end of 18 century and the beginning of the 19th century.

Related pages 

History of Chile
Pedro de Valdivia
Galvarino
Fresia

History of Chile
Chilean people
Galvarino was a famous Mapuche warrior. In 1557, he fought in the Battle of Lagunillas against the an army of Spanish conquistadors. The battle took place in Chile near the Bio Bio River. He was taken prisoner along with one hundred and fifty other Mapuche. Some prisoners were condemned to amputation of their right hand and nose. Others like Galvarino had both hands cut off. He was released and told to tell the Mapuche chief Caupolicán to surrender to stop more bloodshed. He did just the opposite. He urged the Mapuche to continue fighting against the Spanish invaders. Less than a month later, on November 30, 1557, with knives fastened to both of his wrists he fought at the Battle of Millarupe. It was supposed to be a surprise attack but the Mapuche sprang the trap too early. In the battle, over 3,000 Mapuche warriors were killed. Galvarino was one of several hundred who were captured. He was sentenced to be hung. Some say he was executed by being thrown to the dogs. Others claim he was hanged. Still others say he killed himself before he could be executed.

Related pages
History of Chile
Pedro de Valdivia
Lautaro

References

Other website 
 Doctor File: "Galvarino rechazó la vida" (in Spanish), YouTube

Galvarino
Galvarino
Directed evolution (DE) is a method used to produce enzymes for industrial or medical purposes.

The method is protein engineering which mimics  natural selection. 

The basic idea is to put a gene through repeated rounds of mutation, to make a library of variants. Selection isolates genes with the desired function. They are a template for the next round. 

This can be done in vivo (in living cells of bacteria or yeast), or in vitro (free in solution or microdroplets). 

Testing more mutants increases the chances of finding one with the desired properties.

During in vivo evolution, each cell (usually bacteria or yeast) is transformed with a plasmid containing a different member of the variant library. Only the gene of interest differs between the cells, with all other genes being kept the same. 

The cells express the protein either in their cytoplasm or surface where its function can be tested. This format has the advantage of selecting for properties in a cellular environment, which is useful when the evolved protein or RNA is to be used in living organisms. 

When done without cells, DE uses in vitro transcription translation to produce proteins or RNA free in solution or inside artificial microdroplets. This has the benefit of allowing more conditions (e.g. temperature, solvents). It can express proteins that would be toxic to cells. Furthermore, in vitro evolution experiments can generate far larger libraries (up to 1015) because the library DNA need not be inserted into cells. That often limits what can be done.

Ensuring heredity

When functional proteins have been isolated, it is necessary that their genes are too, therefore a genotype-phenotype link is required. 

This can be covalent, where the mRNA gene is linked to the protein at the end of translation by puromycin. 

Alternatively the protein and its gene can be kept together, or in emulsion droplets. The gene sequences isolated are then multiplied by PCR or by transformed host bacteria. Either the single best sequence, or a pool of sequences can be used as the template for the next round of mutagenesis. The repeated cycles of diversification-selection-amplification make enzyme variations adapted to the selection process.

Prize awarded 
US engineer Frances Arnold has won the Millennium Technology Prize for pioneering directed evolution.

References 

Genetic engineering
Cell biology
Enzymes
Evolutionary biology
Belp is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland 
administrative district in the canton of Berne, Switzerland.

It is close to Bern's Belp Airport.

The municipality of Belpberg merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Belp.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Cities in Switzerland
Bettenhausen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipality of Bollodingen merged into the municipality of Bettenhausen.

References

Municipalities of Bern
The Delta IV is a rocket made to launch satellites. It has many different types including Medium, Medium+, and Heavy for many different types of satellites orbiting at many different altitudes above the Earth. The Delta IV launches at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

Launches 

The Delta IV has launched 32 times. The first flight was on November 20, 2002, and it launched the Eutelsat W5 communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).

Types 
The Delta IV rocket comes in many different types meant to launch different sizes and kinds of satellites.

Delta IV Medium 
The least powerful kind of the Delta IV rocket is the Medium type. It has 1 main Common Booster Core (CBC) as the first stage of the rocket, using the RS-68 engine, and the second stage is like from the Delta III rocket, but it has been changed. It uses a 4-meter payload fairing to cover the satellite during the launch of the rocket. This kind has launched 3 times.

Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) is like the Medium type, but it has two GEM-60 solid rocket boosters strapped onto the CBC. This kind has launched 13 times, and is the kind of Delta IV rocket that has launched the most times.

Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) is like the (4,2), but the second stage and fairing has a larger diameter. This kind has launched 2 times.

Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) is like the (5,2), but it has two more GEM-60 solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 5 times.

Delta IV Heavy 
The Delta IV Heavy is the biggest kind of Delta IV rockets. It has two CBC strapped onto it like solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 9 times, and is the most powerful rocket currently doing launches (the most powerful rocket ever is the Saturn V).

Related pages 
 Delta II
 Atlas V

References

Other websites 
 Delta IV info page from ULA
 Delta IV User's Guide 

Rockets
The Giant Bible of Echternach, Echternacher Riesenbibel or Gothaer Riesenbibel is an illuminated Bible from the 11th century.  It is written in the Latin language.  It was made for the abbot of Echternach sometime between 1051 and 1081. The Bible is in the National Library of Luxembourg (formerly Gotha). 

The Giant Bible of Echternach was made at the Abbey Echernach.  The abbey is famous for its scriptorium and its illuminated manuscripts from the 11th century.

Other websites 
Luxembourg postage stamp with initials from the Giant Bible of Echternach Abbey (1)
Luxembourg postage stamp with initials from the Giant Bible of Echternach Abbey (2)

Bibles
Illuminated manuscripts
Biglen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Mersch () is a canton in the centre of Luxembourg. Its capital is Mersch.

It is the only canton, other than Luxembourg, to be entirely surrounded by other cantons, and therefore not to have an international boundary.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 31,351, the Mersch canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Diekirch canton to the north, the Echternach canton to the east, the  Grevenmacher canton to the southeast and the Luxembourg canton to the south. The canton borders, to the west, with the Redange canton.

Communes
The Mersch canton has 11 communes (2016 population).
Bissen (3,021)
Boevange-sur-Attert (2,375)
Colmar-Berg (2,175)
Fischbach (1,195)
Heffingen (1,317)
Larochette (2,162)
Lintgen (2,902)
Lorentzweiler (3,896)
Mersch (9,195)
Nommern (1,393)
Tuntange (1,720)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Nancy Maryanne Dow (July 22, 1936 – May 25, 2016) was an American actress and model. She appeared in a brief group of moviess and television shows such as The Beverly Hillbillies, The Wild Wild West and the 2005 movie Pure. She was married to Greek American actor John Aniston with whom she had a daughter, actress Jennifer Aniston (born February 11, 1969).

Dow died at a hospital in Los Angeles, California on May 25, 2016 from complications from a stroke, aged 79.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from stroke
Howard Golden (born 1925) is an American civil servant. He was the long-time Democratic borough president of Brooklyn serving from 1977 to December 31, 2001.

References
 

1925 births
Living people
Brooklyn borough presidents
US Democratic Party politicians
Gaetano Victor "Guy" Molinari (November 23, 1928 – July 25, 2018) was an American politician. He was a former United States Representative who served in Congress from 1981 through 1989. He also served as borough president of Staten Island, New York from 1990 through 2001.

Molinari died of pneumonia on July 25, 2018 in Manhattan, aged 89.

References

Other websites

1928 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
United States representatives from New York
People from Manhattan
Staten Island borough presidents
US Republican Party politicians
Helen M. Marshall (September 30, 1929 – March 4, 2017) was an American politician from New York. She was Borough President of Queens from 2002 to 2013.

Marshall died on March 4, 2017 under hospice care in Palm Desert, California, aged 87.

References

1929 births
2017 deaths
Queens borough presidents
US Democratic Party politicians
Claire K. Shulman (February 23, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York – August 16, 2020 in Queens, New York) was an American politician. She was the borough president of Queens, New York City from 1986 until 2002. She was the first woman to hold this position in Queens history.

Shulman died on August 16, 2020 of lung cancer at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
City Hall News (03/12/2007) 
New York Times 1996 article

1926 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
Breast cancer survivors
Politicians from Brooklyn
Queens borough presidents
US Democratic Party politicians
Gyula Kosice, born Ferdinand Fallik (April 26, 1924 – May 25, 2016), was a Czechoslovakian-born naturalized Argentine sculptor, plastic artist, theoretician and poet. He was of Jewish descent and one of the most important figures in kinetic. He created monumental sculptures, hydrospatial walks, hydrowalls, etc. He made more than 40 personal and 500 collective exhibitions all over the world. Kosice was the first artist to use neon in sculpture and early on water in his work.

References

Other websites

 Gyula Kosice’s personal page
 Kosice’s Blog, both Spanish and English
 Gyula Kosice at inIVA
 Gyula Kosice at ArtFact
 2013 Bomb Magazine interview of Gyula Kosice by Lyle Rexer and Gabriel Pérez-Barreiro

1924 births
2016 deaths
Argentine Jews
Argentine sculptors
Argentine writers
Czechoslovak people
Jewish artists
Jewish writers
Poets
Slovakian Jews
Berend Jan "Bé" Udink (12 February 1926 – 24 May 2016) was a Dutch politician.

Career
He was elected in the Rijnmondraad (Council of Rijnmond), a local council of representatives of Rijnmond, in 1965. Two years later, in 1967, he became Minister for Development Cooperation in the Cabinet-De Jong, a post he held till 1971. In 1971, Udink became minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management in the Cabinets-Biesheuvel I and II.

His political career ended in 1973. From 1973 till 1978 he was member of the Board of Directors of the Overzeese Gas- en Elektriciteitsmaatschappij N.V. (as Dutch gas and electricity company) and from 1978 till 1980 he served as its President.

Personal 
Udink was married with three children and a Remonstrant.

References

Other websites

  Drs. B.J. (Bé) Udink Parlement.com

1926 births
2016 deaths
Christian Historical Union politicians
Dutch academics
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch economists
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
People from Deventer
Politicians from Overijssel
Remonstrants
Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (, ‎; 15 May 1920 – 12 May 2019) was the patriarch of Lebanon's largest Christian body, the Maronite Church, an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See. He was also a Cardinal. He was elected Patriarch of Antioch for the Maronites on 27 April 1986, and his resignation was accepted on 26 February 2011. Bechara Boutros al-Rahi became patriarch following the resignation.

Sfeir was the third Maronite Cardinal and the 76th Patriarch of the Maronite Church with the official title of "His Beatitude and Eminence the seventy-sixth Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant".

Sfeir was born in Rayfoun. He died of a chest infection on 12 May 2019 in Beirut. He was 98.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 His Beatitude and Eminence Patriarch Sfeir 
 Dossier: Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir
 Patriarch Sfeir page on Catholic Hierarchy

1920 births
2019 deaths
Christian religious leaders
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Lebanese Christians
Maronites
Theodore "Ted" Dumitru (born Dumitru Teodorescu; September 2, 1939 – May 26, 2016) was a Romanian football manager. He last worked as a technical director for Mamelodi Sundowns in the South African Premier Soccer League. He was the former coach of the South Africa national football team. Dumitru was one of a few coaches to have guided the 'big three' in South Africa Kaizer Chiefs, Sundowns and Orlando Pirates.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Romanian footballers
Romanian football managers
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Buck Kartalian (August 13, 1922 – May 24, 2016) was an American actor. He appeared in more than 70 movies and television shows between 1953 and 2006. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Kartalian was known for his roles in Cool Hand Luke (1967), Planet of the Apes (1968), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) and in The Rock (1996)

Kartalian died on May 24, 2016 in Mission Hills, California, aged 93.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Clovis Maksoud (December 17, 1926 – May 15, 2016) was an American diplomat and journalist. He was born in Bristow, Oklahoma.

He served as Ambassador of the Arab League to India from 1961 through 1966, to the United Nations from 1979 through 1990 and at the same time to the United States. He worked with presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.

Besides from being an ambassador, Maksoud was the senior editor of Al-Ahram. He also served as professor of International Relations and director of the Center for the Global South at American University in Washington, D.C..

Maksoud died on May 15, 2016 at a hospital in Washington, D.C. from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Ambassadors of the United States
American journalists
Educators from Oklahoma
Politicians from Oklahoma