cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Brasília () is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its Federal District are in the Central-West region of the country. It is on a plateau known as Planalto Central. Brasília has a population of about 2,557,000 (3,599,000 in the metropolitan area) as of the 2008 IBGE estimate. It is the fourth largest city in Brazil. But the Brasília metropolitan area is the sixth largest in the nation. It is listed as a World Heritage Site. Brasília hosts 124 foreign embassies.

Viewed from above, the main portion of the city resembles an airplane or a butterfly. The Monumental Axis goes east-west and holds government buildings and monuments.  The other axis is curved in a north south direction. The city is commonly referred to as Capital Federal, or simply BSB. As the national capital, Brasília is the seat of all three branches of the Brazilian government. The city also hosts the headquarters of many Brazilian companies. Planning policies place residential buildings around expansive urban areas. The plan includes large avenues. It divides the city into sectors with different purposes, including accommodation and tourism.  The city is built around an artificial lake, Lake Paranoá.

Residents of Brasília are known as brasilienses or candangos. (The candangos are people who moved to Brasília when the city was established). In local usage, the word "Brasília" usually refers only to the First Administrative Region within the Distrito Federal (Federal District), where the most important government buildings are.  Brasília has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like nearly all cities in Brazil. In the rest of Brazil, Brasília is almost always means the Brazilian Federal District.  There are several "satellite cities," which are also part of the Federal District.

History 
The city was planned and developed as a new town in 1956. Lúcio Costa was the principal urban planner and Oscar Niemeyer was the principal architect. Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. They created the Plano Piloto de Brasília. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960.

Transportation 
The Brasília subway system (Metrô de Brasília) has 24 stations on two lines  long. The subway currently covers the south half of the metropolitan area. In 2010, a light rail line was added.  By 2014, the light rail line will go from the end of the north wing of the city to the airport in the south.

Brasília International Airport is the main airport in Brasília, connecting the capital to all major Brazilian cities and many airports in other countries. It is the third most important airport of Brazil, in terms of passengers and aircraft movements.

References

Capital of Brazil
World Heritage Sites in South America
Brazilian Federal District
A musical genre is how people describe different styles of music. Some of the most common music genres are:

 Hip hop
 jazz
 pop
 rock
 rhythm and blues
 soul music
 alternative

Plus there are several more common music genres. Religious music is also common, such as hymns, choir music and many more.

To provide an example of cross genre descriptions; Joe Walsh is to the SteelDrivers as Metallica is to Trampled by Turtles. Furthermore, The Rolling Stones are to Flatt and Scruggs as Nickelback is to Doyle Lawson and Quicksliver.

Related pages
 Musicology
Dim sum is a way of serving Chinese and/or Vietnamese food. A range of different foods are served to the people who are eating, including pork wontons, fried shrimp, and egg rolls.
They are served on small wooden platters, and are usually steamed.

Other websites 
 Hong Kong Tourism Board Guide to Dim Sum 
 The mysterious art of dumpling cuisine , Asia Times, April 6, 2002

Chinese food
Super Smash Bros. Melee, known in Japan as  is a video game where players can choose from many people from famous Nintendo games and have them fight each other. Players can fight alone or team up with someone else against a friend. This game is a sequel to Super Smash Bros. for the Nintendo 64. Super Smash Bros. Melee is for the Nintendo GameCube. The subsequent game is Super Smash Bros. Brawl for the Wii.

Characters
Super Smash Bros. Melee takes 26 characters from many of Nintendo's series. It includes all 12 veteran characters from Super Smash Bros. 64, and adds 14 new characters, including Princess Peach and Bowser from the Super Mario Bros. series, Princess Zelda/Sheik and Ganondorf from The Legend of Zelda, and new characters like Ice Climbers from Ice Climber and Marth from Fire Emblem. Some characters seem to play more like other characters who were in the first game, like Ganondorf compared to Captain Falcon.

Sakurai planned to include more characters, including Diddy Kong, Meta Knight, King Dedede, Balloon Fighter, Solid Snake, and Lucas, but did not have time to fit them in. All of them except for Balloon Fighter made it into Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Default characters
Bowser
Captain Falcon
Donkey Kong
Fox McCloud
Ice Climbers
Kirby
Link
Mario
Ness
Pikachu
Princess Peach
Samus Aran
Yoshi
Princess Zelda/Sheik

Secret characters
Dr. Mario
Falco Lombardi
Ganondorf
Jigglypuff
Luigi
Marth
Mewtwo
Mr. Game & Watch
Pichu
Roy
Young Link

Items
Items from different games can fall from the sky, like Poké Balls from Pokémon or Mushrooms from Mario. These items can be used in different ways. For example, Poké Balls can summon Pokémon, and Mushrooms can either grow the person whom touches it, unless it is a Poison Mushroom which makes them shrink.

Stages
Super Smash Bros. Melee has many stages that players can battle on. Most of the stages are based on Nintendo series like Mario, Pokémon, and The Legend of Zelda.

Home Stages

Tournament Play
Super Smash Bros. Melee has become very popular in tournaments. These tournaments do not use items or most stages, believing that these make the game unfair. In tournaments, however, a lot of characters are not strong enough to win. Some of the best characters for tournaments are Fox McCloud, Falco Lombardi, and Jigglypuff.

2001 video games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Super Smash Bros.

de:Super Smash Bros.#Super Smash Bros. Melee
Catalysis is the change in speed (rate) of a chemical reaction due to the help of a catalyst. Unlike other chemicals which take part in the reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. A catalyst may participate in many chemical reactions. Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Catalysts that slow the reaction are called negative catalysts, or inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons.

in Chemistry 
A catalyst is something which changes the rate of a chemical reaction. An example is when manganese oxide (MnO2) is added to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydrogen peroxide starts to break up into water and oxygen. Catalysts are either of natural or synthetic origin. Catalysts are useful because they leave no residue in the solution they have sped up. A catalyst can also be used in a reaction again and again as it is not used up. There are many catalysts in our body which play an important part in many biochemical reactions. These are called enzymes. Most catalysts work by lowering the 'activation energy' of a reaction. This allows less energy to be used, thus speeding up the reaction. The opposite of a catalyst is an inhibitor. Inhibitors slow down reactions. Some of them are found in snake venom and are dangerous for our nervous system or heart.

Related pages 
 Enzymes are biological catalysts
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound. Its molecular formula is H2O2. It is used as a cleaner, and as hair bleach. In a concentration of 3% (meaning that there are 3 grams of hydrogen peroxide for 100 grams of a water solution), it can be used to treat wounds. Over time it will slowly become oxygen gas and water through decomposition. 

Chemists often use hydrogen peroxide in chemical reactions. It is a very strong oxidising agent when used with acid and water. Oxidising agents take electrons from other compounds.

2 Fe2+(aq) + H2O2 + 2 H+(aq) → 2 Fe3+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

Here hydrogen peroxide takes an electron from the Fe2+ ions and becomes water.

It can also be a reducing agent when used with other compounds. When it acts as a reducing agent, oxygen gas is also produced. Reducing agents give electrons to other compounds. This method is often used to make oxygen in laboratories.

NaOCl + H2O2 → O2 + NaCl + H2O

Hydrogen peroxide can be bought in shops when mixed with lots of water but is very dangerous when the concentration is higher. It is flammable and causes burns.

Chemical compounds
Oxygen compounds
Hydrogen compounds
Mayotte is an island in the Indian Ocean next to Madagascar. 
It is geographically part of the Comoros Islands, but politically, it is part of France.

Related pages 
 Communes of Mayotte

Other websites 
 
 
 Open Directory Project - Mayotte  directory category
 Mayotte travel information at Wikivoyage
 Analysis of the linguistic situation on Mayotte  (in French)

Comoros
Halldór Ásgrímsson (8 September 1947 – 18 May 2015) was the Prime Minister of Iceland. The leader of the Progressive Party since 1994, he took over as Prime Minister on September 15, 2004, from the Independence Party leader, Davíð Oddsson. He resigned in 2009.

He died from a heart attack at a Reykjavik hospital, aged 67.

References

1947 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Iceland
Somaliland (;  ,  ), officially the Republic of Somaliland (,  is a territory that covers the former protectorate British Somaliland. De facto, .Somaliland  It borders Djibouti to the west, the Federal Republic of Ethiopia to the south and Somalia to the east.

The area used to be the Somaliland area which was part of the British empire along with Jubaland, which was called Trans-juba. It was called the British Somaliland Coast Protectorate before 26 June 1960.  called the "Somaliland Republic". In May of 1991, after a war, Somaliland regained independence.  

Currently, Somaliland  international organization views Somaliland as an independent country. Instead, they see Somaliland as a part of Somalia. 

Somaliland has a republican government with free elections. The capital is Hargeisa. Berbera is a beautiful city on the coast. About 55% of the people of Somalilands are nomads. Most Somalis are Sunni Muslims. Some people are part of Sufi orders. 

A territory in the west, called  Khatumo State has been disputed between Somaliland and Puntland.

Demographics

Language
Most people in Somaliland speak Somali and Arabic. Article 6 of the Constitution of 2001 says the official language of Somaliland is Somali, but Arabic is a mandatory subject in school. English is also spoken and taught in schools.

The main Somali dialect is Standard Somali. Standard Somali is spoken in most of Somalia and in countries that border it. Standard Somali is used by almost all of the media in the Somaliland region.

Religion
Almost all Somalilanders are Muslims. This is because Islam is the state religion, and practicing a religion other than Islam is against the law. Small amounts of non-Islamic traditions exist in Somaliland, but Islam is very important to the Somali sense of national identity.

References

Other websites 

 Somaliland's official website

 
States of Somalia
A penny (plural pence in the United Kingdom, plural pennies in Canada and the United States) is a coin used by several countries where people speak English. This includes United Kingdom, the United States, where a penny is worth one cent, and Canada, where "penny" is an informal term for one cent coins. Canada stopped minting the penny in 2012.

Popular Culture
In British and American culture, finding a penny is often thought to be lucky. A popular expression is "Find a penny, pick it up, and all the day you'll have good luck." If someone asks you "A penny for your thoughts" They're wanting to know what you think. The phrase was first written in John Heywood's 1547 Dialogue Conteinying the Nomber in Effect of All the Proverbes in the Englishe Tongue, written when the penny was still a sterling silver coin. The possibly related American expression "my two cents" (meaning "my humble opinion") uses the low value of the penny to make fun of one's own thoughts in a funny way. In British English, to "spend a penny" means to urinate. The phrase does actually imply spending an actual penny: coin-operated public toilets commonly charged a predecimal penny, starting with the Great Exhibition of 1851. Around Decimal Day, British Rail introduced the "Superloo", better public toilets that charged 2p (roughly the equivalent of 6d.).

References

Citations

Related pages
Penny sterling
  

Currency
Matthew Abram "Matt" Groening (born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, screenwriter, producer, animator, author, musician, comedian, and voice actor. He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell, as well as two successful television series, The Simpsons and Futurama.

Groening has won 12 Primetime Emmy Awards, ten for The Simpsons and two for Futurama as well as a British Comedy Award for "outstanding contribution to comedy" in 2004. In 2002, he won the National Cartoonist Society Reuben Award for his work on Life in Hell. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 14, 2012.

Early life
He was born on February 15, 1954 in Portland, Oregon, the middle of five children. His mother Margaret Ruth was once a teacher. His father Homer Philip Groening was a filmmaker, advertiser, writer and cartoonist. Groening has Norwegian and German ancestry.

Groening grew up in Portland, and attended Ainsworth Elementary School, Lincoln High School and also The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington.

Personal life
Groening identifies himself as agnostic and liberal. He has often made campaign contributions to Democratic Party candidates. His first cousin, Laurie Monnes Anderson, is a member of the Oregon State Senate representing eastern Multnomah County.

He has been married twice. Groening and Deborah Caplan married in 1986. They had 2 sons - Homer (who is called Will) and Abe. Couple split up in 1999. In 2011, Groening married Argentinian artist Agustina Picasso and became stepfather to her daughter Camille. In May 2013, Picasso gave birth to Nathaniel Philip Picasso Groening who was named after American writer Nathanael West.

References

Other websites

 
 Incomplete list of Matt Groening appearances on The Simpsons  at The Simpsons Archive
 The Story (1969) – Matt Groening tells a story to his sisters Lisa & Maggie in this film by father, Homer
 The Simpsons – a Norwegian/German success (in Norwegian)
 Forvo: Matt Groening Pronunciation

Actors from Portland, Oregon
Writers from Oregon
American agnostics
American cartoonists
Democrats (United States)
American voice actors
1954 births
Living people
Comedians from Oregon
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский, 1792–1856) was a Russian mathematician. He became known for his achievements in non-Euclidean geometry.

Biography 
Lobachevsky was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. His parents were Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky, a clerk in a landsurveying office, and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. In 1800, his father died and his mother moved to Kazan. In Kazan, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky attended Kazan Gymnasium. He graduated in 1807 and then went to Kazan University which was founded just three years earlier, in 1804. 

At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels (1769–1833). Bartels was a former teacher and friend of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Lobachevsky received a Master's degree in physics and mathematics in 1811. In 1814, he became a lecturer at Kazan University, and in 1822 he became a full professor. He served in many administrative positions and was the rector of Kazan University from 1827 to 1846. He retired (or was dismissed) in 1846. After this event his health rapidly deteriorated. In addition to teaching mathematics and physics at Kazan University Lobachevsky also was an astronomy teacher there. 

In 1832, he married Varvara Alexivna Moisieva. They had seven children.

1792 births
1856 deaths
Russian geometers
A wildebeest (or gnu) is an animal. It is a large hoofed mammal in the Bovidae family. There are two species of wildebeest. Both live in Africa.

Taxonomy
 Genus Connochaetes
Blue wildebeest or brindled gnu (Connochaetes taurinus)
Black wildebeest or white-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou)

Size
Wildebeest grow to 1.15 to 1.40 metres (at the shoulder) and they weigh between 150 and 250 kilograms when they are fully grown. They live in the plains and open woodlands in southern Africa. The biggest herds can be found in the Serengeti. Wildebeest can live for more than 20 years.

What they eat
Like other members of the same family (antelopes, deer and goats, amongst others), they mainly eat grass. But since in the African grasslands, there is not always grass, wildebeest are forced to migrate to find food all year round. In May, about 1.5 million animals move from the grasslands to the woods. In November they move back; there is grass in the plains in summer.

Breeding and mating season

The cows (female Gnus) will calve (give birth to the young) in summer in the plains. After the females have given birth, the breeding season begins. The dominant males mark off (and defend) some territory. They do this with feces, and with scent.

Wildebeest are an important part of the ecosystem. With their feces, they fertilize the ground, and their trampling is good for new growth. They also provide food for predators, like lions and hyenas.

References
The Columbia Encyclopedia

Other websites 

The Great Migration , on migration patterns of the wildebeest
Wildebeest images

Bovids
Events and trends

Events 
 King George III takes the British throne in 1760. The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) comes to an end. France gives Canada to Britain, but criticism of the government still grows, led by the controversial figure of John Wilkes. Meanwhile, there is increasing unrest in Britain's American colonies. King George III died later in 1820.

 Science and technology – development of the steam engine continues.

World leaders 
 Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien Lung) (China)
 King Frederick V (Denmark and Norway)
 King Christian VII (Denmark and Norway)
 King Louis XV (France)
 King Augustus III (Poland)
 King José I (Portugal)
 Czar Peter III (Russia)
 Czarina Catherine II (the Great) (Russia)
 King Carlos III (Spain)
 King Adolf Fredrik (Sweden)
 Sultan Mustafa III (Ottoman Empire)
 King George III (United Kingdom)

Births 
 Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of France
 Michail Leontievich Bulatov, Russian military

Deaths 
 Pierre de Marivaux, French writer
Grass is a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base.  A common kind of grass is used to cover the ground in a lawn and other places. Grass gets water from the roots in the ground. Grasses are monocotyledon, herbaceous plants.

The grasses include the "grass", of the family Poaceae (also called Gramineae). Also sometimes it is used to include the   sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae). These three families are not closely related but belong to different clades in the order Poales. They are similar adaptations to a common life-style.

The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and grassland. Uses for graminoids include food (as grain, sprouted grain, shoots or rhizomes), drink (beer, whisky), pasture for livestock, thatching thatch, paper, fuel, clothing, insulation, construction, sports turf, basket weaving and many others.

Many grasses are short, but some grasses, like bamboo can grow very tall. Plants from the grass family can grow in many places, even if they are very cold or very dry. Several other plants that look similar but are not members of the grass family are also sometimes called grass; these include rushes, reeds, papyrus, and water chestnut. 

Grasses are an important food for many animals, like deer, buffalo, cattle, mice, grasshoppers, caterpillars, and many other grazers. Unlike other plants, grasses grow from the bottom, so when animals eat grass they usually do not destroy the part that grows. Without grass, dirt can wash away into rivers (erosion).

Evolution of grass 
Graminoids include some of the most versatile plant life-forms. They became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous. Fossilized dinosaur dung (coprolites) have been found containing  grass phytoliths (silica stones inside grass leaves). Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, cold mountains and even intertidal habitats, and are now the most widespread plant type. Grass is a valuable source of food and energy for many animals.

Grass and people 
Lawn grass is often planted on sports fields and in the area around a building. Sometimes chemicals and water is used to help lawns to grow.

People have used grasses for a long time. People eat parts of grasses. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice and millet are cereals, common grains whose seeds are used for food and to make alcohol such as beer.

Sugar comes from sugar cane, which is also a plant in the grass family. People have grown grasses as food for farm animals for about 4,000 years. People use bamboo to build houses, fences, furniture and other things. Grass plants can also be used as fuel, to cover roofs, and to weave baskets.

Language 
In English, the word "grass" appears in several phrases. For example:

 "The grass is always greener on the other side" means "people are never happy with what they have and want something else." 
 "Don't let the grass grow under your feet" means "Do something".
 "A snake in the grass" is about a person that will not be honest and will trick others.
 Grass is sometimes used as a slang term for cannabis (also called pot, weed, or marijuana)

References  

Basic English 850 words
Poales
The cacao tree is a small tree originally grown in tropical South America. It only grows to 4 to 8 meters in height. Its seeds are called cocoa and are used to produce cocoa butter, chocolate drinks, and chocolate. Now the trees are grown in plantations in many tropical countries.

Cultivation
Cacao is planted on over 70000 square kilometres worldwide with 40% of production coming from Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia. Each country produces about 15%, with smaller amounts coming from Brazil, Nigeria, and Cameroon.

A tree begins to bear fruit when it is 4 or 5 years old. In one year, when mature, it may have 6,000 flowers, but only about 20 pods. About 300-600 seeds (10 pods) are required to produce around 1 kg of cocoa paste.

There are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo Group, the cocoa bean used by the Maya. Only 10% of chocolate is made from the Criollo, which is less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the Forastero Group. Forastero trees are significantly hardier than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans. Trinitario, a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, is used in about 10% of chocolate. For details of processing, see cocoa.

Cacao beans were commonly used as currency in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In some areas, such as Yucatán, they were still used in place of small coins as late as the 1840s.

Other websites 
The food of the Gods - the nature, growth, cultivation, manufacture and history of Cocoa, by Brandon Head, from Project Gutenberg

Sterculiaceae
Mahabad and Piranshahr (, ); (Old name: سابلاخ: Sablakh, which may be of Mongolian origin) is a city in Iran. It is in the north-west of the country, in the region of Iranian Kurdistan and the province of West Azarbaijan. The city is south of Lake Urmia in a narrow valley 1,300 metres above sea level. There are about 162.434 people who live in the city. Mahabad is connected by road with Tabriz 300 km north, Urmia 150 km north and Arbil, in Iraqi Kurdistan.

The city is one center and symbol of the Kurdish nationalism. The reason is  because in 1945 it was the capital of the newly founded people's Republic of Mahabad. The republic was conquered by Iranian forces in  16 December 1946.  The president was Qazi Muhammad. The majority of the population is Kurdish. During the revolution in Iran, on 3 September 1979 the city was bombed and occupied by Iranian forces. After the death of Shivan Qaderi, a student and opposition activist in July 9 2005, the Kurdish population protested against the Iranian government.

Mahabad has also a branch of Islamic Azad University.

The region of Mukrian consists of Piranshahr and Mahabad.

Cities in Iran
Kurdistan
Spaghetti, also known as pasta, is a long, string-shaped bolognese.

The word spaghetti was first used in 1849 as sparghetti in Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery. It comes from Italian spaghetto, which means "string".

Spaghetti is made from wheat noodles, which are boiled in water for a short time. Spaghetti can either be served as a side dish, or as a main dish. As a main dish, a sauce is added. There are many different kinds of sauces. Simpler ones are made of butter, more complicated ones include tomatos, garlic, olive oil and various other herbs. Different varieties with mussels, fish or meat also exist. Ground Parmesan cheese is often added. 

In Italy the sauce is usually mixed with the spaghetti while they are being prepared. Usually, spaghetti are eaten only with a fork, or with a fork and a spoon. Sometimes, they are cut with a knife for small children. Many Italians see using a knife to eat spaghetti as bad manners, except to prepare them for small children.

In the United States, there is a kind of spaghetti called "Alvaro's spaghetti" which is served with alfredo sauce. In some countries,like United States or Canada, meatballs are often in the spaghetti sauce.

In China, spaghetti is often made by hand. In Italy, spaghetti is made with a machine so that large amounts can be made quickly. Italy is the biggest producer and consumer of spaghetti in the world. 

It is also a popular dish in Libya.

Spaghetti is called by other words when it has a different thickness: "spaghettini (n. 3)", "spaghetti (n. 5)", and "spaghettoni (n. 8)".

Usually, spaghetti leftovers last in a fridge for around 3 to 5 days, while spaghetti in a freezer will last more than one month.

References

Other websites 

Pasta
Italian food
Kyiv or Kiev () is the capital and largest city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine on the Dnieper River. Almost three million people live there.

The city hosted the UEFA Euro 2012 final. Kyiv also hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2017.

Kyiv has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Climate

Notable people 
 Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer and playwright
 Victor Skumin, Russian professor, philosopher, writer, psychologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and medical doctor

References

Notes

 
5th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Ukraine
482 establishments
Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe. It is home to over 1.6 million people. It was known as Salisbury from its foundation on September 12, 1890 until April 18, 1982.

Harare is Zimbabwe's biggest and most important financial, commercial, and communications centre, and a trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, and citrus fruits. Manufactured goods include textiles, steel and chemicals, and gold is mined in the area. The city's suburbs include Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant and Avondale. The richest neighbourhoods are to the north. The University of Zimbabwe, the country's oldest university (founded in 1952), is in Mount Pleasant, about 6 km (3.7 mi) north of the city centre. The country's main Test cricket ground, Harare Sports Club is in the city. The Dynamos F.C. in Harare is Zimbabwe's most successful association football team.

References

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Zimbabwe
Antony and Cleopatra is a play by Shakespeare. It is a tragedy. Shakespeare's source was Plutarch's Lives. The play was first performed between 1606 and 1607. It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623. The play describes the romantic love and suicides of Antony and Cleopatra.

References
 Antony and Cleopatra

Plays by William Shakespeare
"Het Wilhelmus", fully known as "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe", is the national anthem of the Netherlands and the former national anthem of the Netherlands Antilles until 1964. Known since at least the 16th century – around the time of the Dutch Revolt – this song contains the oldest melody among all national anthems of the world. Its lyrics also date back to the 1500s, though the lyrics of "Kimigayo"—Japan's national anthem—are much older. Because "Het Wilhelmus" is so old, the origins of the composer(s) and author(s) are uncertain, but the melody has been arranged by Dutch composer Adrianus Valerius in the 1600s. It wasn't officially adopted as national anthem of the Netherlands until the 20th century.

Lyrics

References

Netherlands
National anthems
Events 

 January 4 – William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat".
 January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans. They end completing the Louisiana Purchase.
 February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged, drawn and quartered for plotting to assassinate king George III and to destroy the Bank of England
 February 24 – The Supreme Court of the United States, in Marbury v. Madison, establishes the principle of judicial review.
 March 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state, retroactive from August 7, 1953.
 April 30 – Louisiana Purchase made by the United States from France.
 March 12 – Port Gibson, MS is chartered
 May 18 – The United Kingdom redeclares war on France after France refused to withdraw from Dutch territory.
 July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
 July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
 July 23 – Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins
 July 26 – The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line of the world.
 August 3 – British begin Second Anglo-Maratha War against Sindhia of Gwalior
 September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed
 September 23 – The Battle of Assaye in India – British-lead troops defeat Maratha forces
 October 20 – Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.
 November 30 – At the Cabildo building in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo, officially transfer Louisiana Territory to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat (just 20 days later, France had transferred the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase).
 
 Aargau, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino, Vaud become Swiss cantons.
 France – the Livre Tournois (Tours Pound) is replaced by the Franc.
 William Osgoode, Chief Justice of Lower Canada, rules that slavery is inconsistent with British Law.

Ongoing events 
 Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
Events 
January 6 – The Union of Atrecht united the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain.
January 23 –  The Union of Utrecht united the northern Netherlands in a confederation called the United Provinces.  William I of Orange becomes Stadtholder, and the Duc d'Anjou, younger brother of Henry III of France is invited to become hereditary sovereign.
 March – Capture of Maastricht by the Spanish under Parma.
 June 17 – Sir Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the world, lands in what is now California, which he claims for Queen Elizabeth I.  With an English claim here and in Newfoundland, it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from "sea to sea."  Drake's claim is called "Nova Albion" (meaning, New England), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.
Events 
Pope Stephen II, pope for 3 days in March.
Pope Stephen III, succeeded Stephen II.
Retired Emperor Shōmu takes part in the dedication ceremony of the great statue of Vairocana Buddha at the Todaiji temple and declares himself a Buddhist.
Events 
 January 26 – Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne
 February 12 – Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor weds Maria Theresa, mother of Marie Antoinette
 April 14 – Porteous Riots erupt in Edinburgh after execution of a smuggler Andrew Wilson when town guard captain John Porteous orders his men to fire at the crowd. Porteous is arrested later
 May 8 – Marriage of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha.
 May 26 – Battle of Ackia: British and Chickasaw Native Americans defeat French troops.
 September 7 – Edinburgh crowd drags John Porteous out of his cell in Tolbooth prison and lynches him
 A French expedition led by Pierre Louis Maupertuis is sent by King Louis XV to Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the meridian, and proves that the Earth is flattened at the poles
 Real Arissona, namesake of the U.S. state Arizona is founded in what is now that state.
 Isaac Newton Publishes his Method of Fluxions
 Thomas Bayes publishes a defense of Isaac Newton's calculus
 Leonhard Euler solves the mathematical problem known as the seven bridges of Königsberg
Events 
 Pope Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar.
 King Afonso I of Portugal, then Count of Portugal defeats his mother, Teresa of Leon, in battle and gains control of the county.
 Geoffrey of Anjou marries Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England.
 Holyrood Abbey founded in Edinburgh by David I, King of Scotland.
Events 
 End of the reign of Emperor En'yū, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Kazan ascends to the throne of Japan
 Henry II, Duke of Bavaria abducts the child king Otto III
 Antipope Boniface VII murders Pope John XIV

Births 
 Bethoc, eldest daughter of Malcolm II of Scotland
 Ch'oe Ch'ung, Korean scholar

Deaths 
 Pope John XIV
Events 
 January 14 – Connecticut's first constitution, the "Fundamental Orders," is adopted.
 January 23 – Francisco Maldonado de Silva, Peruvian Jewish poet, executed by burning at the stake
 March 13 – Harvard University is named for a clergyman named John Harvard.
 November 24 – Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus.
 Charles I starts the first of the Bishops Wars against Scotland.
 The Casiquiare canal, a river forming a natural canal between the Amazon River and Orinoco River basins, is first encountered by Europeans.
 The Barbados House of Assembly meets for the first time.
 The first printing press in North America is started in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 Russian Cossacks advance over Urals to Pacific, to Okhotsk.
 Montreal first settled.
Fuzzy logic is a sort of computer logic that is different from boolean algebra founded by Lotfi A. Zadeh. It is different in the way that it allows values to be more accurate than on or off. While boolean logic only allows true or false, fuzzy logic allows all things in between. An example of this could be a computer game: A person is standing in a doorway while a thing explodes. The character is hit or not hit if boolean logic is used, but the doorway protects him from the explosion. Therefore, he might only be hit 20%, and takes less damage.

To put it in  more precise mathematical terms, classical logic has two values. These values are usually called  false (0) or true (1). With fuzzy logic, a (calculated) value of 0.8 or 0.971 is possible. It is important to know the difference between fuzzy logic and chance. A coin that is thrown has a chance of 0.5 for landing heads up. If it is thrown 1000 times, it is expected that it will land with heads side up 500 times. With fuzzy logic, a thing with a "truth value" of 0.5 will have a value of 0.5 no matter how many times it is done. It is not a 50% chance of true or untrue, it is 50% true and 50% untrue at the same time.
Fuzzy logic is used a lot in expert systems and neural networks.

Humans tend to use a combination of predicate logic and fuzzy logic. If you are an outfielder catching a baseball hit into the air, then your precise logic will calculate trajectory and start you running to the point of intercept (catching). However, once close to the ball the eyes and brain of the outfielder lacks the ability to accurately estimate distance and speed because the ball is coming straight at the outfielder. The human brain switches to fuzzy logic that says "get me closer", "get me closer", and so on. That is why you see outfielders in baseball run to a spot and then move around as the ball gets closer.

Predicate logic says calculate the point to be at to catch the ball. Fuzzy logic says because of wind or other things you might not be in the correct place so just keep getting closer until you catch the ball. 

In predicate logic it is the mathematics of calculating the path of the ball that determines your action. In fuzzy logic it is the error of your calculations that determines your action.

In effect, it's like your brain trying to steady a drink in your hand while traveling down a bumpy road.

Artificial intelligence
Douala is the largest city in the African country of Cameroon. It is the capital city of Littoral Province.

The city is placed near the Wouri River. Its population is about 2,000,000 people. The first European people who came to Douala were from Portugal. They found Duala in about 1472. Before 1884 it was named Cameroons Town. In 1884 German people came to Duala and changed its name to Kamarunstadt ("Camaroon City") and made it the capital of German Kamerun. In 1907 its name was changed to Duala. It became the capital of French Cameroons in 1919. From 1940 to 1946, it was the capital of Cameroon.

Duala is an expensive city. It ranked 24th most expensive city of the world in 2007.

Transport 
Douala is linked by rail to Yaoundé, Ngaoundéré, Kumba and Nkongsamba. The largest port and the most important airport in Cameron are both in Douala.

References

Other websites 
 Image of Douala from Google Earth

Settlements in Cameroon
Cities in Africa
1472 establishments
Establishments in Portugal
Establishments in Africa
Events 
 February 6 – The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show (Bowery Amphitheatre, New York City).
 February 8 – Earthquakes in Guadeloupe magnitude 8.5, 5000 people report  killed.
 February 11 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera I Lombardi premieres in Milan.
 May 18 – The Disruption of the Church of Scotland took place in Edinburgh.
 May 22 – The first major wagon train headed for the northwest sets out with one thousand pioneers from Elm Grove, Missouri, on the Oregon Trail.
 July 19 – The SS Great Britain is launched from Bristol.
 August 15  – Tivoli Gardens,  one of the oldest still intact amusement parks in the world, opened in Copenhagen, Denmark.
 October 13 – In New York City, Henry Jones and 11 others found B'nai B'rith (the oldest Jewish service organization in the world).
 November 28 – Ka La Ku'oko'a: Hawaiian Independence Day.  The Kingdom of Hawai`i was officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.
 The world's first commercial Christmas cards are printed by Sir Henry Cole in London.
 December 17 – First publication of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol.
 James Joule quantifies the conversion of work into heat.
 In Barbados, the first black man, Samuel Jackson Prescod, is elected to the House of Assembly.
 The Danish government re-establishes the althing in Iceland as an advisory body.
 The first tunnel under the Thames is finished.
 Argentina supports Rosas of Uruguay and begins a siege of Montevideo.
 Quaternions are discovered by William Rowan Hamilton. 
 The Economist is first published.
 Bishop's University is founded.
 Abbeville is founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia.

 January 1 – Francis Scott Key, American lawyer and lyricist (b. 1779)
Births 
 Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian (died 1274)
 Saint Isabel of France, daughter of Louis VIII of France
 David VI Narin, King of Georgia (died 1293)
 Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1282)
Events 
Tiberius II Constantine succeeds Justin II as Byzantine Emperor
Kongo Gumi, world's oldest (construction) company founded in Osaka, Japan
Events 
 January 1 – John V is crowned King of Portugal
 May 1 – The Acts of Union 1707 become law, making the separate kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
 April 25 – Allied army is defeated by Bourbonic army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
 September 29 – Four British Royal Navy ships run aground near Scilly Isles because of faulty navigation – Admiral Sir Cloddisley Shovel and thousands of sailors drown
 October 23 – First Parliament of Great Britain.
 A fortress is founded on the future site of Ust-Abakanskoye (modern Abakan).
 Mount Fuji in Japan erupts.
 The Lao empire of Lan Xang officially ends and splits into the kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak.

Births 
 February 1 - Frederick, Prince of Wales (d. 1751)
 April 15 - Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1783)
 April 22 - Henry Fielding,  British writer (d. 1754)
 May 23 - Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (d. 1778)
 September 7 - Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French scientist (d. 1788)

Deaths
 May 9 - Dieterich Buxtehude, German composer (b. c. 1637)
Events 
 The term thoroughbred was first used in the United States in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick.
 January 18 – Third Pacific expedition of Capt. James Cook, with ships HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery, first see O'ahu then Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands".
 February 5 – South Carolina becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
 February 6 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France beginning official recognition of the new republic.
 February 23 – American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and begins to train the Continental Army.
 July 10 – American  Revolutionary War: Louis XVI of France declares war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
 July 27 –  American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant – British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
 August 26 – Triglav, at 2,864 metres above sea level the highest peak of Slovenia, was ascended for the first time by four brave men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič and Lovrenc Willomitzer on Sigismund Zois's initiative.
 September – The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed.
 November 26 – In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to discover Maui.
 France introduced the first state-controlled brothel.
 The first settlement was made in the area of what is now Louisville, Kentucky by 13 families under Col. George Rogers Clark.
 Phillips Academy, the most prestigious secondary boarding school in the United States, was founded by Samuel Phillips Jr.
Events 
March 16 – West Point is established.
March 25/27 – Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas.
May 19 – Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour).
June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and sent to Fort de Joux for prison.
July 4 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
August 2 – In a plebiscite Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as consul for life.
September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of Napoleonic France.
October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.
July – Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founds E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont Company.
October – French army enters Switzerland.
Marie Tussaud opens her famous wax museum in London, having been commissioned during the Reign of Terror to make death masks of the victims.
Treviranus uses the term biology for the first time.
Thomas Wedgwood produces the world's first photograph, but has no means of fixing the image, which quickly fades.
William Symington builds the first successful steamship, the Charlotte Dundas.
Ludwig van Beethoven performs the Moonlight Sonata for the first time.
William Wordsworth publishes the poem "Westminster Bridge."
The estimated world population reaches 1 billion people.

Ongoing events 
French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
Events 
 June 1 – With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.
 July 5 – Maronite College established in Rome
 July 10 – William I of Orange assassinated
 Change to the new Gregorian Calendar in many countries. Dates between October 5 – 14 ignored.
 The first translation of the complete Bible into Slovenian language: Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta, slovenski tolmačena skuzi Jurija Dalmatina (Wittenberg), i.e. The Bible, it is a Complete Holy Scripture of the Old and of the New Testament, Translated into Slovenian by Jurij Dalmatin.
 Archangelsk is founded in northern Russia.
 Feodor I succeeds his father Ivan IV as Tsar of Russia
 Latin Book of Concord published in Germany
 Ghent falls to the Spanish.
Events 
January 1 – Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
 June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace.
Pertinax is killed after 87 days as Roman emperor. Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, after eliminating Pescennius Niger and Didius Julianus. Clodius Albinus also claims the Empire.
Last (4th) year of Chuping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
1243 was a year in the 13th century

Events 
 Innocent IV was elected pope.
 Castile captures the city of Murcia from the Moors.
 City of Brno founded
 Battle of Köse Dag
Events 
The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish
 February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.
 May 8 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River naming it Rio de Espiritu Santo.
 May 23 –  Jacques Cartier departs Saint-Malo France on his third voyage.
 July 9 – Estevão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlockmen and 150 slaves under his brother Christovão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi who has invaded his Empire.
 August 29 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as tourists.
 Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.
The Parliament of Ireland declares Henry VIII of England King of Ireland replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.
 October – The unsuccessful Algerian campaign of Charles V of Spain Gabsurg
Events 
 October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob
 End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor.
 The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is established.
Deaths 
 March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (born 1082)
 July 24 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (born 1053)
 Prince Álmos, of Hungary
 Constantine II of Armenia
 Thoros I of Armenia
 Ranulph le Meschin, 1st Earl of Chester
 Symeon of Durham, English chronicler
 Margrave Leopold of Styria
Deaths 
 June 4 – Emperor Huizong of China (b. 1082)
 December 1 – King Henry I of England
 Al-Mustarshid, Caliph of Baghdad
 Milarepa, Tibetan yogi and poet (born 1052)
Events 
 March 2 – Battle of Grandson. A Swiss army defeats the Burgundians under Charles the Bold
 June 2 – Battle of Morat. The Swiss again defeat Charles.
 December – Vlad III Dracula manages to become reigning Prince of Wallachia for the third and last time before being assassinated by decapitation. His head is sent to his old enemy Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.