cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 – 14 January 2016) was an English actor and theatre director. He was a well known stage actor in modern and classical productions and he used to be a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Rickman was known for being in movies.

Personal life
Rickman was born on 21 February 1946 in Acton, London. He studied in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. Rickman married his partner of 50 years, Rima Horton, in 2012. He lived in London and in Los Angeles, California.

Rickman died in a hospital in London from pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69. He was cremated in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green on February 3, 2016. His widow, Rima Horton, kept his ashes.

Movie roles
 Hans Gruber in Die Hard
 Severus Snape in the Harry Potter movie series
 Eamon de Valera in Michael Collins
 Phil Allen in Blow Dry
 Alexander Dane in Galaxy Quest
 Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility
 Harry in Love Actually
 Judge Turpin in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
 Absolem the Caterpillar in Alice in Wonderland and in Alice Through the Looking Glass
 Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
 President Ronald Reagan in The Butler

Harry Potter
In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Sorcerer's Stone) Rickman portrays Severus Snape, a cold and angry professor in Hogwarts who hates Harry. This is because Severus hated James Potter, Harry's father, because James and his best friend Sirius bullied him when they were both in Hogwarts in their younger years and he sees qualities of his father in Harry. Another reason he hated Harry's father is because he loved a girl called Lily who James took and later becomes Harry's mother. However, in Deathly Hallows Part 2it is revealed that Snape is in fact a hero. He sacrifices himself to save the wizarding world. Harry recognises this and names a child after him in honour of his braveness.

References

Other websites

 Alan Rickman at Emmys.com

1946 births
2016 deaths
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Aram Ilyich Khachaturian (,  in Tiflis – 1 May 1978 in Moscow) was a significant Soviet-Armenian composer. He studied the cello in the 1920s and went to the Moscow Conservatory in 1929. He composed several symphonies and a ballet called Gayane. His music was largely influenced by the folk music of Armenia. His most popular piece, the "Sabre Dance" from Gayane, has been used extensively in popular culture and has been covered by a number of musicians worldwide.

References 

1903 births
1978 deaths
Russian composers
People from Tbilisi
The fictional animated singing group Alvin and the Chipmunks created by Ross Bagdasarian have appeared in eight feature-length movies since their debut.

Movies

Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007)

In a tree farm, three musically inclined chipmunks, Alvin (Justin Long), the mischievous troublemaker, Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler), the smart one in the trio, and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) the chubby sweethearted chipmunk, find their tree cut down and are transported to Los Angeles. Once there, they meet frustrated songwriter David Seville (Jason Lee), and despite a poor house-wrecking first impression, they impress him with their singing talent. Seeing the opportunity for success, both human and chipmunks make a pact for them to sing his songs. While that ambition proves a frustrating struggle with the difficult trio, the dream does come true after all. However, that success presents its own trials as their unscrupulous record executive, Ian Hawke (David Cross), plans to break up this family to exploit the boys. Can Dave and the Chipmunks discover what they really value amid the superficial glamour around them?

Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009)

Pop sensations Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) end up in the care of Dave Seville (Jason Lee)'s twenty-something cousin Toby (Zachary Levi). The boys must put aside music super stardom to return to school, and are tasked with saving the school's music program by winning the $25,000 prize in a battle of the bands. But the Chipmunks unexpectedly meet their match in three singing chipmunks known as The Chipettes—Brittany (Christina Applegate), Jeanette (Anna Faris) and Eleanor (Amy Poehler). Romantic and musical sparks are ignited when the Chipmunks and Chipettes square off.

Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011)

Dave (Jason Lee), the Chipmunks, and the Chipettes enjoy fun and mischief on a luxury cruise before their seafaring vacation takes an unexpected detour to an uncharted island. Now, the harder Alvin (Justin Long) and friends search for a way back to civilization, the more obvious it becomes that they aren't alone on this secluded island paradise.

Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip (2015)

Through a series of misunderstandings, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) come to believe that Dave (Jason Lee) is going to propose to his new girlfriend in Miami...and dump them. They have three days to get to him and stop the proposal, saving themselves not only from losing Dave but possibly from gaining a terrible stepbrother.

 
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Series of movies
Gesneriaceae is a one of 23 families in the order Lamiales of flowering plant, consisting of 147 genera and about 3,200 species of mostly tropical and subtropical herbaceous or slightly woody plants. Many are of economic importance as horticultural ornamentals. Among these are the African violets and gloxinias.

Lamiales
A novella is a book shorter than a novel, but longer than a short story. Sometimes it is also called a novellette.

Examples
Flatland by Edwin A. Abbot (1884)
Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck (1937)

Literature
Bignoniaceae or the Trumpet creeper or catalpa family of the mint order of flowering plants. It contains about 112 genera and more than 725 species of trees, shrubs, and, most commonly, vines, chiefly of tropical America, tropical Africa, and the Indo-Malayan region. They form an important part of the tropical forest vegetation because of the numerous climbing vines. A few are found in temperate regions, notably the catalpa tree (Catalpa), the trumpet creeper (Campsis), and the cross vine (Bignonia).

Bignoniaceae
To compromise is to make a deal where one person gives up part of his or her demand. In arguments, compromise is a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms, while often involving variations from an original goal or desire. 
Extremism is often considered as antonym to compromise, which, depending on context, may be associated with concepts of balance or tolerance. In the negative connotation, compromise may be referred to as capitulation, referring to a "surrender" of objectives, principles, or material, in the process of negotiating an agreement. In human relationships, "compromise" is frequently said to be an agreement that no party is happy with, this is because the parties involved often feel that they either gave away too much or that they received too little.
 
From cultural background and influences, the meaning and perception of the word "compromise" may be different: In the UK, Ireland and Commonwealth countries, the word "compromise" has a positive meaning (as a consent, an agreement where both parties win something); in the U.S., it can have rather negative connotations, as in "compromising principles" as a sell-out of basic beliefs.

Studies in compromise 
Defining and finding the best possible compromise is an important problem in fields like game theory and the voting system.

Research has indicated that less-than-optimal compromises are often the result of negotiators failing to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party, and hence, they settle for suboptimal agreements. Mutually-better outcomes can often be found by careful study of both parties' interests, especially if done early in negotiations.

Related pages
 Three-Fifths Compromise (USA)
 Missouri Compromise (USA)
 Compromise of 1850 (USA)
 Compromise of 1867 (Austria-Hungary)
 Constitution

References

Communication
Gunnysacking is a metaphor, used in conflict resolution, which involves the act of "storing up" grievances acquired in the course of a relationship, rather than resolve them when they first occurred. The word is based on the idea of using a gunny sack (burlap bag) storing a number of items.

A typical example might occur in a marriage facing occasional difficulty. Partners may have small grievances or annoyances, which by themselves are not critical. However, over time one partner gets less happy and more annoyed. Then some incident occurs, and a full-blown argument follows. By analogy, this is the gunny sack bursting, with an 'overblown reaction'.

The term may also refer to bringing up past grievances when trying to resolve some present problem in a relationship. In which case, gunnysacking (as a tactic) has the dual effect of raising additional problems (in what is typically already a volatile, difficult situation) and presents a side-track obstacle to dealing with the current issues. Additionally, once the practice becomes a familiar pattern used by one person in a relationship, other persons may avoid reporting new issues or problems for the sake of avoiding a repeat of the gunnysacking behavior.

References

Dispute resolution
Metaphors
Jørgen Bent Larsen (4 March 1935–9 September 2010) was a Danish chess Grandmaster. He was a six-time Danish champion, and a candidate for the World Chess Championship on four occasions: 1965, 1968, 1971, and 1977. He won three Interzonal tournaments: Amsterdam 1964, Sousse 1967, and Biel 1976. Larsen won several dozen major international tournaments during his career, and was awarded the first Chess Oscar in 1967. At his best he was rated (FIDE rating list) fourth in the world.

Larsen was the strongest chess player born in Denmark, and the strongest Scandinavian until the emergence of Magnus Carlsen. From the early 1970s, he lived for part of the year in Las Palmas, and in Buenos Aires, with his Argentinian-born wife.

Olympiad performances 
Bent represented Denmark six times in Chess Olympiads, always on first board, and compiled an aggregate score of 75/109 (+61 =28 −20), for 68.8%, according to olimpbase.org. He always played a very high number of games, almost all of the rounds, and won three board medals, one gold and two bronze.

 Amsterdam 1954, board one, 13½/19 (+11 =5 −3), board bronze medal;
 Moscow 1956, board one, 14/18 (+11 =6 −1), board gold medal;
 Munich 1958, board one, 13/19 (+11 =4 −4);
 Havana 1966, board one, 11/18 (+9 =4 −5);
 Lugano 1968, board one, 10½/18 (+8 =5 −5);
 Siegen 1970, board one, 13/17 (+11 =4 −2), board bronze medal.

Disaster in Denver 
The worst result of his career was his 6–0 defeat by Bobby Fischer in the semi-finals of the Candidates matches in 1971. The match was played in Denver, Colorado. Larsen later claimed in a Kasparov.com interview (1998) that his one-sided loss to Fischer was due in part to his condition during the match: "The organizers chose the wrong time for this match. I was languid with the heat and Fischer was better prepared for such exceptional circumstances... I saw chess pieces through a mist and, thus, my level of playing was not good". Fischer was the great player of the day, and went on to beat Spassky in 1972 for the World Championship.

Bent Larsen 1970. Larsen's selected games of chess. Bell, London.

Other websites 
Lubomir Kavalek: Chess great Bent Larsen dies

References 

1935 births
2010 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Danish people
The Centenary Medal is an award given by the Australian Government in 2001. It was set up to celebrate the Centenary of Federation of Australia and to honour people who have made a contribution to Australian society or government. Possible winners were studied by a group headed by the historian Professor Geoffrey Blainey.

Design

Award 
The front of the medal has a seven-pointed Commonwealth Star, for the six Australian states, with the seventh point for Australia's territories. At the centre of the star is an image showing the Indigenous Australian traditions at the heart of the continent. Around the edge are 100 dots for 100 years of federation. The other side has a seven pointed star, with the words "For Contribution Made to Australian Society" around the edge.

Bar and Ribbon 
The colours in the ribbon are crimson, which represents federation, and blue and gold for the beginning of the 21st Century. The seven gold and red lines signify the states' pathways to federation. The bar and ribbon are the same so that a person with the award can be recognized easily.

Some medal winners
 Jack Brabham, motor sport
 Barry Marshall, Nobel Prize winner

References 

Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia
2001
2000s in Australia
The Australian Sports Medal was an award given during 2000 to recognise achievements in Australian sport.

Winners of the award included competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, and people who maintained sporting facilities and services.  Over 18,000 Medals were awarded.

Description
 The medal is circular and made of nickel-silver with a highly polished finish. The front design symbolises Australian sport showing the stars of the Southern Cross, and lines representing the athletics track at the Australian Sports Stadium.
 The other side has the same lines as the front, and the words ‘to commemorate Australian sporting achievement’ appearing in the raised edge of the medal. It is also marked with the year ‘2000’.
 The medal hangs from a 32 mm ribbon by a connector piece and ring. The ribbon’s colours are Australia’s national colours green and yellow.

Other websites
It's an Honour  - Australian Government site
  - Stanley Brooks (Australian Government Site)

Sport in Australia
Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia
2000 in Australia
The Land Transport Authority (Abbreviation: LTA; Chinese: 陆路交通管理局 (shortform: 陆交局); Malay: Penguasa Pengangkutan Darat; ) of Singapore is a statutory board of the Ministry of Transport. It was founded in 1 September 1995, by merging four agencies, which are Registry of Vehicles, Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Roads & Transportation Division of the Public Works Department of Singapore and Land Transport Division of the then-Ministry of Communications. LTA leads the development of land transport in Singapore.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Transport in Singapore
Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants are about 560 species in 10 genera found all over the world. They are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs and climbers. Thrift (Armeria) and Sea Lavender (Limonium), have small flowers in dense clusters. They are generally grown for garden decoration or as cut flowers, either fresh or dried, and medicinal extracts are obtained from some species.

Caryophyllales
Polygonaceae is a family of flowering plants are herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees comprising about 30 genera and 1,000 species. The leaves are simple, alternate or rarely opposite, and usually stipulate. Some well known members include buckwheat (Fagopyrum), sorrel (Rumex), rhubarb (Rheum), and knotweed (Polygonum). 

Caryophyllales
Charles is a boy's name of German origin.  There are many famous people named Charles:

 Charles Aznavour, Armenian-French singer
 Charles Babbage, English inventor
 Charles Barkley, American basketball player
 Charles Blanvillain, French rapper
 Charles Bronson, American actor
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence
 Charles Chaplin, American actor
 Charles Chesnutt, American author
 Charles Colson, American lawyer
 Charles Cornwallis, British general and politician
 Charles Court, Australian politician
 Charles Curtis, Vice-President of the United States
 Charles Darwin, who came up with the theory of evolution
 Charles G. Dawes, Nobel Laureate and Vice-President of the United States
 Charles Ellis, English physicist
 Charles de Gaulle, French general and President
 Charles Dickens, English author
 Charles Ebbets, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers
 Charles Foster, Ohio Congressman
 Charles Gounod, French composer
 Charles Hendry, British MP
 Charles Higounet, French historian
 Charles Hoare, English computer scientist
 Charles Evans Hughes, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
 Charles Ives, American composer
 Charles Lindbergh, American pilot
 Charles Lummis, American author and historian
 Charles-Louis Montesquieu, French philosopher
 Charles Spurgeon, British preacher
 Charles de Tornaco, Belgian racecar driver
 Charles Doolittle Walcott, American paleontologist
 Charles Frederick Worth, fashion designer

Rulers and noblemen named Charles

 Charles I of England, King of England, 1625-49
 Charles II of England, King of England, 1660-85
 Charles IV of France, King of France, 1322-28
 Charles I of Spain, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-58
 Charles IV of Spain, King of Spain 1788-1808
 Charles, Duke of Berry, grandson of Louis XIV
 Charles, Duke of Guelders, Dutch nobleman
 Charles Edward Stuart, a.k.a. Bonnie Prince Charlie, Jacobin pretender
 Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675
 Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia 1730-1773
 Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, King of Sardinia 1796-1802
 Charles Felix of Sardinia, King of Sardinia 1821-1831
 Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, British PM 
 Charles, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne
A tinamou is one of an family of birds called the Tinamidae. They are the only species within the family. There are 47 species of tinamou in Central and South America. They are one of the most ancient living groups of bird, and are related to the ratites. Generally ground dwelling, they are found in a range of habitats.

Taxonomy and evolution 
Of Gondwanan origin, tinamous are related to the ratites. Although the fossil record in South America is poor, the known tinamiform fossil record goes back 10 million years. Together with the ratites, they make up Palaeognathae ("old jaws"), while all other living birds are members of Neognathae ("new jaws"). Unlike the other palaeognaths, tinamous do have a keeled sternum. Like the other palaeognaths, they also have a distinctive palate (thin bony plate at top of mouth).

Recent phylogenetic studies place tinamids as the sister group of Australasian/Oceanian ratites. Those are the (cassowaries, emus, and kiwi). South American ratites (rheas) and African ratites (ostriches) are also related, but more distantly. Tinamous themselves are monophyletic.

References 

Ratites
Birds
This page lists direct English translations of common Latin phrases, such as veni vidi vici and et cetera. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature were highly regarded in ancient Rome when Latin rhetoric and literature were still maturing.

Be aware that the Latin letter i can be used as either a vowel or a consonant. When used as a consonant, it is often replaced by the letter j, which was originally simply an orthographic "long i" that was used in initial positions and when it occurred between two other vowels. This medieval convention is most commonly preserved in Latin legal terminology–hence phrases like de iure are often spelled de jure. On this list, the more common form will be the one a phrase is listed under: thus, de jure is used instead of de iure, and alea iacta est instead of alea jacta est.

To view all phrases on a single, lengthy document, see:
 List of Latin phrases (full) 

The list is also divided alphabetically into 20 other pages:

 List of Latin phrases (A)
 List of Latin phrases (B)
 List of Latin phrases (C)
 List of Latin phrases (D)
 List of Latin phrases (E)
 List of Latin phrases (F)
 List of Latin phrases (G)
 List of Latin phrases (H)
 List of Latin phrases (I)
 List of Latin phrases (L)

 List of Latin phrases (M)
 List of Latin phrases (N)
 List of Latin phrases (O)
 List of Latin phrases (P)
 List of Latin phrases (Q)
 List of Latin phrases (R)
 List of Latin phrases (S)
 List of Latin phrases (T)
 List of Latin phrases (U)
 List of Latin phrases (V)

Related pages

Lists
List of Latin abbreviations
List of legal Latin terms
List of Greek phrases

Categories
Latin legal phrases
Latin medical phrases

Other websites

 Latin abbreviations
 Latin quote ideas 
 Latin sayings & Latin phrases , organized by topic

Language-related lists
Musette is the French word for small bellows played bagpipes. Some composers liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments. Johann Sebastian Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette". Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Joseph Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

Other websites

Woodwind instruments
The Gram-Schmidt process is a way of converting one set of vectors that forms a basis into another, more friendly one.

Suppose we have a set of vectors  that form a basis for , and that we wish to convert these into a friendly basis. We begin by finding out which component of a vector is being unfriendly to a second vector, which we may do with inner products. If we have two vectors , then we may find the component of  being unfriendly to  with . By subtracting this from , we get the component friendly to . By returning to our abstract set , we may make use of this observation to construct a general algorithm to convert an arbitrary basis into a friendly basis.  Like from our original set, each time we use the process on a new vector, it is guaranteed to be mutually friendly with all the previous vectors.

Define:

 = 

 = 

et cetera, with the general term:

Should we wish to make this a friendly and cute basis, we can simply make each new element of the basis cute, by replacing both  with .
Algebra
The pigeonhole principle explains that when there are (n) pigeon-sized holes in a pigeon container, then it's impossible to fit more than (n) pigeons in that container, without having at least one hole containing more than one. The pigeons are used here as an example for anything that can be put into containers or subdivisions.

This theorem is important in computer science and mathematics, especially in graph theory.

Example

In one suitcase there are 12 blue socks and 18 black socks. If we close our eyes, how many socks must we pull out to be sure we have a pair of the same color?

If we think of the colors as holes or categories, we have 2 holes, so (n) = 2. If we pull three socks from the suitcase, at least two of them must be the same color, because 3 is a number greater than 2. So the correct answer here is three. 

Computer science
Mathematics
A nickel is a coin. It is in the United States currency. It is worth 5 cents. It is made of cupronickel, an alloy of copper and nickel.

Related pages
Penny
Dime

Currency of the United States
Vehicle insurance (also called auto insurance or car insurance) is a kind of insurance that protects people if they have a car accident. Somebody with vehicle insurance would not have to pay the entire cost of damage a car accident causes. In many places, it is against the law to drive without vehicle insurance.

The driver pays a premium to the car insurance company. In exchange, the company covers the potential cost of damages and financial loss that are a result of driving. 

The bare minimum everyday driver should require to purchase liability coverage. It varies from state to state and it is important to have the minimum amount as required by law. You can receive a ticket, have your driver's license revoked, or even be arrested. 

Liability is there to protect the other drivers on the road from the damages you cause. 

Insurance prices vary a lot by the company. The car you drive can affect your auto insurance rates. If you get in an accident the repairs on the car may be different from others.

Premium
Somebody with vehicle insurance would pay what is called a premium  (perhaps every month). The insurance company would decide how big the premium is and might consider several factors. These include some of the following: 

Age 
Type of car
Type of job
Gender
Home
History of insurance
Past accidents
When you pay a premium, the insurance company agrees to pay your losses as outlined in your policy. Depending on different factors, the insurance company may not pay all or any of your losses.

References

Insurance
Umbrella insurance protects all items of economic value and future income. It is also known as a type of liability insurance. A liability is a legal debt or obligation. The umbrella refers to how the policy shields insured assets. It covers damages caused by you and your dependents. People who have large sums of money usually have this type of insurance because they have high premiums. Premiums are the total cost of the policy. It guarantees you higher liability limits. It provides additional limits of coverage if you are at risk of being sued.

The umbrella policy is there to fill the gaps in other insurance policies. Where one policy does not cover, the umbrella policy picks up where it doesn’t cover. The umbrella policy covers all insurances such as house, car, etc. The umbrella policy covers in increments of 1,000,000 dollars. So if you had car insurance that only covered 200,000 dollars, the coverage would then be 1,200,000 dollars. The same goes for home owners insurance, if you had 500,000 dollars in coverage the total coverage would become 1,500,000 dollars in coverage.

Insurance
Business
An argument from false premises is a line of reasoning which can lead to wrong results. A false premise is an untrue proposition that forms part of the basis of a logical syllogism.  Since the premise (assumption) is not correct, the conclusion drawn may also be wrong. 

However, it should be noted that whether or not an argument is "valid" does not depend on whether its premises are true. It rather depends on whether the conclusion follows from them, which is to say, on whether under the assumption that the premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well.

For example, consider this syllogism:

 If the streets are wet, it has rained recently. (premise)
 The streets are wet. (premise)
 Therefore, it has rained recently. (conclusion)

This argument is logically valid. But its premises are not always true. The first premise can be false – someone could have hosed down the streets, a street cleaner could have passed, the local river could have flooded, and so on.  A simple logical analysis will not reveal the error in this argument, since that analysis assumes that all the argument's premises are true.  For this reason, an argument based on false premises can be much more difficult to refute, or even discuss, than one featuring a normal logical error, as the truth of its premises must be established to the satisfaction of all parties.

Another feature of an argument based on false premises that can bedevil critics, is that its conclusion can in fact be true.  Consider the above example again.  It may well be that it has recently rained, and that the streets are wet.  This of course does nothing to prove the first premise, but can make its claims more difficult to refute.

A false premise can also be a premise that is poorly defined, which makes the conclusion questionable.  The following joke from Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar illustrates the point: "An old cowboy goes into a bar and orders a drink.  As he sits there sipping his whiskey, a young lady sits down next to him.  ... She says, 'I'm a lesbian.  I spend my whole day thinking about women. ...' A little while later, a couple sits down next to the old cowboy and asks him, 'Are you a real cowboy?' He replies, 'I always thought I was, but I just found out I'm a lesbian'."  The mistake the cowboy makes is that he assumes that the definition of a lesbian is somebody who spends the "whole day thinking about women", without including the fact that a lesbian is a homosexual female.  The cowboy is neither homosexual nor female; therefore, he is not a lesbian.

Related pages
 Predicate logic

References

Deception
Logical fallacies
Nickel(II) oxide, also known as nickelous oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiO. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
Nickel(II) oxide is a light green solid. It does not dissolve in water. Sometimes it is gray because all of the nickel is not in the +2 oxidation state. It reacts with acids to make nickel(II) salts. For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to make nickel(II) chloride. It does not react with bases easily.

Preparation
Nickel(II) oxide can be made by heating nickel powder in air at . This normally makes a black nickel oxide. It also can be made by reacting nickel with water at . The simplest way to make it is to heat nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) carbonate, or nickel(II) nitrate.

Uses
It is used to make alloys. It is also used in ceramics. It is used to make other nickel compounds.

Safety
Nickel(II) oxide can irritate skin and make problems when breathed in.

Related pages
Nickel(II) sulfate

Nickel compounds
Oxides
Margaret Cho (born Moran Cho on 5 December 1968) is an American comedian and actress. She was born in San Francisco, California. She is bisexual and liberal.

References

Other websites

Actors from San Francisco
LGBT people from California
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Bisexual people
Comedians from San Francisco
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT writers
Writers from San Francisco
1968 births
Living people
Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense, or Nicaraguan Sign Language, is a sign language that was spontaneously invented by deaf schoolchildren in Nicaragua in the 1970s and 1980s.  The language developed when the Sandinist government of Nicaragua created the first (elementary) school for deaf people, in the 1970s. The language is of special interest to linguists, because it allows them to study how languages develop.

In the 1970s, the deaf people of Nicaragua rarely met. They lived isolated lives and used simple gestures to communicate with their friends and family. In 1977, a special programme for the deaf was started in a suburb of Managua. At first, fifty children took part. When the Sandinist came to power, the number of pupils rose to hundred. In 1980, a vocational school for deaf people was opened in another part of Managua. In 1983, both schools together had about 400 pupils.

The teaching was centered on lip reading and the use of a hand alphabet. This was mostly unsuccessful, because most pupils had trouble spelling words in this way. The children were cut off from their teachers, and used recreational breaks, and free time spent together to create a system that allowed them to communicate with each other. Gestures and signs used at home were used to create a pidgin. Later the pidgin developed into a Creole language. The first step, that is to say the pidgin is called Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense (LSN) today. Pupils who left the school before the creole language was created, continue to use the pidgin.

The staff of the school missed the fact that a language was developing before their eyes. All they saw were some mimics, and the failure to learn Spanish. As they did not know what the pupils were saying, they asked for help. In 1986, Judi Kegl, an expert on the topic of American Sign Language was asked to help. When she analysed the language, she found out that the pidgin NSL had been made more complex by the younger pupils — it now included a fixed grammar, and the arrangement of verbs. Today, this extended form is known as ISN.

Other websites
 5 minute PBS documentary video showing examples of Nicaraguan Sign Language (QuickTime and RealPlayer formats).
 http://www.unet.maine.edu/courses/NSLP/
 http://cf.linguistlist.org/cfdocs/new-website/LL-WorkingDirs/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=NCS 
 https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/19991024mag-sign-language.html
 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/citations/04/041014.coppola-ct.html

Nicaragua
Sign languages
The Baitul Futuh Mosque (English: House of Victories) is claimed to be the largest mosque in Europe. According to some estimates it is the second largest after the Mosque of Rome. It has an area of , the mosque complex can hold up to 10,000 worshippers.  It was built in 2003 at a cost of about £5.5 million with money given by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. It is located in the London area of Morden, next to Morden South railway station and 150 yards from the Morden Underground.

Inauguration 

The foundation stone was placed by Hazrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad on the 19 October 1999, in a ceremony attended by 2000 guests, and opened by the current head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad, on the 3 October 2003. Mirza Masroor Ahmad is based at Fazl Mosque but delivers his weekly Khutbah (Friday sermon) from Baitul Futuh. The opening ceremony was attended by over 600 guests such as High Commissioners, Deputy High Commissioners, Members of European Parliament, Members of Parliament, Mayors of London boroughs, councilors, university lecturers, and representatives of 17 countries.

Services to the Community 

Several events are held at the Baitul Futuh Mosque to serve both the Muslim and greater community. In addition to regular prayers, its services include an annual Peace Symposiums, school tours, other local community events, as well as the 'Merton Youth Partnership Annual Conference', hosting the Perfect Jeevan Programme Any Questions?, and is included in Suman.

The Baitul Futuh Mosque has acted as the centre for the 'Loyalty, Freedom and Peace Campaign', which seeks to promote Islam as a peaceful religion, and to improve the integration of Muslims and non-Muslims.

The Peace Symposium 2010 chose the location to award the first Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize to Lord Eric Avebury.  The award is for lifetime contribution to the cause of Human Rights.

The Mosque receives over 10,000 visitors a year from schools, faith groups, public service organizations, charities, local and central government, and other groups.

The plan to burn the Qur'an by the Dove World Outreach Center on the 9th anniversary of 9/11 attacks was highly condemned at the Baitul Futuh mosque by several politicians and religious leaders, such as Fleur Sandringham (Judaism) and Rev. Andrew Wakefield.

Facilities 
 Prayer halls for Men and Women
 Offices
 Library
 Exhibition
 Multi-functional rooms
 MTA Television Studios
 Kitchen & Dine
 Gymnasium
 Guest rooms
 Disabled access.
 Wash-room Facilities:
 WC's
 Wash Basins
 Footbaths
 Showers
 Drinking Fountains
 Baby Changing Units
 Toilets for the Disabled
 WC's and Wash Basins for Crèche

Gallery

Related pages
 Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
 Islam in the United Kingdom
 Islamic architecture
 Islamic art
 List of mosques
 List of mosques in Great Britain
 Darul Barakaat Mosque
 Al Mahdi Mosque

References 

2003 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in London
London Borough of Merton
Mosques
Frogger is an arcade video game made in 1981 by Konami. The player must play as Frogger to get to home. The player must cross a road and a river. If the player is hit by a car or falls into the water, the player must start over. Frogger is very popular and there are many newer Frogger games.

Gameplay 

The player guides a frog using a joystick (a game controller). The frog starts at the bottom of the screen. The frog must first cross a busy road. There are cars that go left and right on the road. If a car hits the frog, it dies and the player must start again. Once the frog crosses the road, the frog must cross a river. There are logs and turtles that move left and right in the river. The player must jump on top of the logs and turtles to reach the other side. If the player reaches the other side, he gets extra points and can try again.

There are many ways that the frog can die:
 If a car hits the frog, the frog dies.
 If the frog falls in the water, the frog dies.
 Sometimes, there are snakes, otters, and alligators in the water. If an animal hits the frog, the frog dies.
 Sometimes, the turtles go under the water. If the frog is riding on a turtle when it goes under the water, the frog dies.
 If the frog goes off the edge of the screen, the frog dies.
 The frog can not land in the same spot twice at the top of the screen. If it does, the frog dies.
 There is a timer. If the time runs out, the frog dies.

If the frog dies, the player can try again. Once the frog dies too many times, the game is over.

1981 video games
Sega arcade games
G.E. Sãocarlense  is a football club which plays in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

References

Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
1976 establishments in Brazil
Nymphaeales is an order of plants, which consists of water lilies and other aquatic plants.

This order is considered to be a basal, or early diverging, group of angiosperms. The families of this order are united by being families of aquatic herbs and are known from the fossil record as early as the Lower Cretaceous.

Nymphaeales
Ie, ie or IE  may refer to:
i.e., abbreviation for Latin id est, meaning "that is; in other words"

Computing
Internet Explorer, the web browser by Microsoft
IntelliMouse Explorer, a line of computer mice designed by Microsoft
Infinity Engine, the game engine behind Baldur's Gate among others
Information engineering, an approach to designing and developing information systems
.ie, Irish Internet country code top-level domain

Education 
Institut Eksekutif, an educational institution in Sarawak, Malaysia
IE Business School, formerly known as Instituto de Empresa, a global leading Business School in Madrid, Spain

Transport
Iarnród Éireann, or Irish Rail
Solomon Airlines, as IATA airline designator "IE"

Arts/entertainment
Improv Everywhere, a comedy group
Into Eternity, a progressive death metal band from Canada

Places
Inland Empire (California), in the United States
Ie, Okinawa, in Japan

Science and engineering
Industrial ecology, the study of sustainable industrial systems
Industrial engineering, the engineering discipline that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, knowledge, equipment, energy, material and process
Infective endocarditis, a form of endocarditis caused by infectious agents
Information Element, a component of information systems
Information extraction, a type of information retrieval whose goal is to automatically extract structured or semistructured information from unstructured machine-readable documents
Institute for Energy of the European Union
Ionization energy, the energy required to strip an atom or molecule of an electron; see Ionization potential

Language and culture
The ie (digraph)
International English, the concept of the English language as a global means of communication
Indo-European (disambiguation), as in:
Indo-European languages
Indo-European people
Indo-European studies
Ie (Japanese family system), the classical Japanese family system
Ie (trading houses), Japanese cottage industry
-ie, an English diminutive suffix
Interlingue, originally the Occidental language (ISO 639-1 code ie)
Republic of Ireland (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code IE)
A spelling guideline of the English language: "i before e except after c"
John Severn Bednarski (born July 4, 1952 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was an ice hockey defenceman in the National Hockey League. Over the course of his career, he played the New York Rangers and the Edmonton Oilers.

As a junior player he played in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League, he signed with the Rangers as a free agent in 1972 and began play in the American Hockey League with the Rochester Americans. He made his NHL start in 1974 with the Rangers playing 99 games and scoring 2 goals and 18 assists. In 1977, he returned to the minor leagues before signing with the Oilers for their first year in the NHL, playing only one game before being sent back down to the minors.

He later signed a contract with the Buffalo Sabres but never played another NHL game. He would eventually become the radio and TV analyst for the Americans for many years before resigning prior to the 2005–06 season.

References

1952 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Lidio John Fogolin, Sr. (born February 27, 1926 in Fort William, Ontario - d. November 29, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

Playing career
Lee Fogolin started his professional career with the Omaha Knights of the USHL in 1946. The next year he played for the Indianapolis Capitals of the AHL. He saw his first NHL action for the Detroit Red Wings in the 1948 playoffs. He began the 1949 season with Indianapolis before being called up to the NHL full-time.
He played the next 3 seasons with Detroit winning the Stanley Cup with them in 1950. In 1951 he was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks along with Steve Black for Bert Olmstead and Vic Stasiuk. He played the final 6 years of his career on less than impressive Chicago Black Hawks teams. In 1957 he signed on as a player-coach of the Calgary Stampeders of the WHL. He broke his elbow that season and decided to retire at its conclusion to concentrate on coaching full-time.

Coaching career
Lee Fogolin coached 1 season in the WHL in 1957. He did not return to coaching until 1971 with the Thunder Bay Twins of the USHL where he stayed for 2 seasons.

Trivia
Lee Fogolin Sr. played in 2 NHL All Star Games in 1950 and 1951.
His son Lee Fogolin Jr. won 2 Stanley Cups with the Edmonton Oilers in 1984 and 1985.
His grandson Michael Fogolin played for the Prince George Cougars in the WHL and died in his sleep on May 26, 2004 of a possible heart condition.

Other websites

Picture of Lee Fogolin's Name on the 1950 Stanley Cup Plaque 

1926 births
2000 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
David Robert Gatherum (born March 28, 1932) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender.

On October 11, 1953 Gatherum replaced injured Terry Sawchuk to record a shutout in his National Hockey League (NHL) debut for Detroit 4-0 win over Toronto.  He then played on October 16 and 17 for Detroit. Terry returned from injury and Gatherum returned to minors having 2 wins, and 1 tie.  He also set an NHL for the longest shutout sequence by a goaltender to start a career 100.21 min Oct 11-16, 1953. The record stood until 2011. He was recalled for playoffs as a spare goaltender and got his name on the Stanley Cup with Detroit in 1954.  Gatherum would never play in the NHL again.  He spent the rest of his career playing in the minors or senior hockey until retiring after 1959 season.

References

Other websites

Picture of Dave Gatherum's Name on the 1954 Stanley Cup Plaque 

1932 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Peter John Goegan (b. March 6, 1934 in Fort William, Ontario - d. October 8, 2008) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 383 games in the National Hockey League who played for the Detroit Red Wings, New York Rangers, and Minnesota North Stars.

Goegan started playing hockey on some Fort William teams and then moved for two seasons to the Northern Ontario Hockey Association until joining professional hockey in 1956.

He played for two years in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Cleveland Barons, winning a Calder Cup, but in the 1957-58 season he debuted in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings. In the following seasons he became a defender for the Red Wings team, except for a loan in the Western Hockey League during the 1959-60 championship.

In 1962 he played for a few months in the New York Rangers organization, winning another Calder Cup with the Springfield Indians farm team, but in October he returned to the Red Wings. He split five seasons between the NHL team and their AHL affiliate the Pittsburgh Hornets, with whom he won the third Calder Cup in his career.

In the summer of 1967 in the NHL Expansion Draft Goegan was selected by the Minnesota North Stars, with which he played a season for a total of 46 games in addition to a Western Hockey League loan. He retired a year later in 1969 after playing in other North American leagues.

Other websites 

1934 births
2008 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
Minnesota North Stars players
People from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
The European Coal and Steel Company was a union started in 1951. Its purpose was to bring the western countries of Europe together during the Cold War so they would be harder to attack. It was the forerunner of the European Union. Its original purpose was to prevent war between France and Germany. It created a market for coal and steel between all of the countries that signed it. It was dissolved in 2002 and put into the European Community. 

History of Europe
1957 establishments in Europe
2002 disestablishments in Europe
Toner is a powder commonly used in photocopiers and Laser printers to draw images and text onto paper. The early forms of toner were just carbon powder. Modern toners mix carbon with a thermoplastic and other materials.

In early machines, the user had to pour the toner into a reservoir on the machine itself. Current machines feed from a sealed cartridge which is normally a proprietary design. Although manufacturers try to make the process complicated, empty cartridges are sometimes refilled by third-party vendors.
Toner particles are melted by the heat of the fuser, and bind to the paper.

Health Risks 
Since toner is a fine dust, it can remain in the air for a long time, and is considered to have health effects similar to inert dust.
It can be very painful to people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or bronchitis.

Impact on the environment 
Many companies selling laser printers will also provide a way to return empty toner cartridges. These are commonly re-used, with new toner. Today, many toners have chips which tell the printer how much toner is left. These chips also need to be re-programmed, when the toner is re-filled.

Other websites

 Material Safety Data Sheets: HP LaserJet Print Cartridges from Hewlett-Packard
 Toner Particles – Monitoring Particle Size Distribution and Particle Shape  from Malvern Instruments

Printers
The Three Choirs Festival is a festival of classical music which is held every year in August.  The choirs from three cathedrals take part in many of the concerts.  The three cathedrals are: Hereford Cathedral, Gloucester Cathedral and Worcester Cathedral.  Each year the festival is held in one of those three cathedrals in turn.

The Three Choirs Festival is one of the oldest festivals of classical music.  It has its roots in the 18th century.  Many famous musicians have performed in the festival.  Concerts have been conducted by Samuel Sebastian Wesley, Edward Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams and many others.  Music has been composed for the festival by Frederick Delius, Zoltan Kodaly Holst, Arthur Sullivan, Herbert Howells, Gerald Finzi, William Walton, Arthur Bliss and Benjamin Britten, Lennox Berkeley, John McCabe, William Mathias, Paul Patterson and James MacMillan. As well as the cathedral choirs there is also a choir called the Festival Chorus which takes part, usually singing large-scale works with orchestra.  Many ensembles and international soloists perform at the festival.

Other websites
Three Choirs Festival website 
Hereford Cathedral
Gloucester Cathedral
Worcester Cathedral 

Music festivals in England
18th-century establishments in England
August events