cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A cognitive bias happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology. Cognitive biases are often because of evolution. Some behaviors were good for primitive humans and animals that seem foolish today. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias.

Related pages 
Fundamental attribution error

Psychology
SN 1604 was a supernova seen in 1604. It was seen in the constellation Ophiuchus. SN 1604 is sometimes called Kepler's Nova or Kepler's Supernova or Kepler's Star since Johannes Kepler studied it. SN 1604 is the last supernova to have been seen in our galaxy. 

Supernovae
1604
Scott Stewart (alias Scott Charles Stewart) is an American movie director, writer, movie producer and special effects maker.

Biography
Stewart worked at the special effects business called The Orphanage. Stewart directed and wrote the movie Legion. Legion is an action movie and horror movie about the end of the world, also called the apocalypse. He directed the vampire and western horror movie Priest. He has had actor Paul Bettany star in his first two movies.

List of movies

Movies he directed
 What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
This movie came out in 2000. He also wrote the movie's story. He based the movie on the story "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" by writer Raymond Carver.
 Legion
This movie came out in 2010. He also wrote and produced the movie.
 Priest
This movie came out in 2011.
The Mortal Instruments
Stewart and other people have started working on it. They hope it will come out in 2012. The movie is based on the books City of Bones and The Mortal Instruments, by Cassandra Clare. Clare writes books for teenage readers. The books are also liked by adults.

Movies he made special effects for
The year each movie came out is in parentheses.
 Mars Attacks! (1996)
 The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
 Mercury Rising (1998)
 The Last Birthday Card (2000)
 Sin City (2005)
 Night at the Museum (2006)
 The Host (2006)
 Grindhouse (2007)
 Red Cliff (2008)
 Iron Man (2008)

References

Other websites

American movie directors
American screenwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is a Antarctic penguin that has a black head and back with a white chest and belly, and a white ring around each of their eyes. There are about 2.5 million Adélie penguins in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Adélie penguins travel the furthest to breed because they build their nests from stones and need to find stones. Adélies come ashore to breed in the summer. In the winter, they live on ice that floats off the Antarctic shore.

Chicks and eggs 
Adélie parents take turns keeping their chicks warm and fed. While one watches the nest, the other goes into the ocean to catch krill. The penguins carry the krill back to the nest in their stomachs. Then they regurgitate it to feed their chicks.

Most Adélie penguins incubate two eggs at a time. The little chicks hatch out at about the same time. One is usually stronger than the other and has a better chance of surviving.

When first born, the chicks are kept warm by their parents. But after two or three weeks, they grow a thick, woolly gray down. Then they join other chicks in creches, or nursery groups.

Size 
Adélie penguins are the smallest penguins in Antarctica. They weigh only about , or the weight of a typical house cat. They are about .

References

Other websites
 Penguin facts
 Adelie penguins 

Penguins
The macaroni penguin is a crested penguins that gets their names from their crest. Macaroni penguins are known for their black faces and the orange-yellow crests that create a band across their foreheads.
Macaroni penguins live on islands on the edge of Antarctica, as well as on islands that lie south of Africa and the Americas. They make their nests on cliffs and hillsides.

Size 
Macaroni penguins weigh 10 pounds and are a little over 2 feet tall. As predators, Macaroni penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food. Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth. Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food. Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food. When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from  down in the water. Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to . But that is really rare. They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air. Macaroni penguin chicks do not get any food until they are a week old.

Macaroni penguins usually live on bumpy or flat ground. They don't really live in places with many plants, but some penguins make their nests around grass. Macaroni penguins generally live by the water because they eat seafood. 

Macaroni penguins have many different ways of communicating. They might make noisy, shrieking sounds or they might bobble their heads. Sometimes, they even flap their wings. They make their head feathers wave when they are excited.

Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim. They can swim up to 15 miles per hour. Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them. Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming. Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking. They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet. Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling. Sliding helps them get to places faster.

References 

Penguins
| website = 
}}
Jared Joseph Leto (born December 26, 1971) is an American actor and musician. He is known for acting in movies such as Fight Club; Girl, Interrupted; Panic Room; American Psycho; Alexander; Requiem for a Dream; Lord of War, Prefontaine, Mr. Nobody and Suicide Squad in which he starred as The Joker.

He started a rock band called Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 with his brother Shannon Leto. Leto was the lead singer. The band has released four albums.

Filmography

Other websites 

 Jared Leto at the Internet Movie Database
 Jared Leto on Myspace

Actors from Louisiana
Actors who played the Joker
American movie actors
American rock singers
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Singers from Louisiana
1971 births
Living people
30 Seconds to Mars
Egyptian temples were buildings for the official worship of the gods in ancient Egypt. These temples were seen as houses for the gods. Sometimes they were specially for the pharaohs (kings). Within these temples the Egyptians performed a variety of rituals of the Egyptian religion. People would give offerings (gifts) to the gods. They would show the stories of the gods through festivals. These festivals would also help normal life to continue. The pharaohs were responsible for providing the temples and caring for the gods. This required a lot of labor and material for building and maintenance. It was necessary for the pharaohs to give this responsibility to priests. Most of the ordinary people did not take part in ceremonies and could not enter special parts of the temple. The temple was an important religious place for all classes of Egyptians. They went there to pray, give offerings, and seek guidance from the god dwelling within.

The most important part of the temple was the sanctuary. The sanctuary was the most secret and special place and usually had a statue of a god. In the early years of Egypt, about 3000 BCE, the temples were small. Priests and pharaohs added more rooms and the temples became bigger. The rooms would have a lot of decoration of the religion. By the time of the New Kingdom (c.1550-1070 BCE) the temples were huge buildings made of stone. The buildings were arranged in special ways for the religion. The temple would have halls, open areas, and very large entrance pillars. Some of these temples still exist today. Beyond the main temple was an outer wall. There would be other buildings inside the walls.

A large temple also had a lot of land and employed thousands of ordinary people to supply its needs. Temples were also economic centers. The priests who managed the temples had a lot of influence. They would sometimes oppose the king.

Temple-building continued in Egypt even when the nation declined and was ruled by the Roman Empire. Christianity brought more pressure on Egyptian religion. The last temple was closed in 550 CE. For hundreds of years, the ancient buildings were damaged and neglected. In the early 19th century, many people in Europe became interested in ancient Egypt. The study of ancient Egypt became known as the science of Egyptology. Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones. They tell us a lot about ancient Egyptian society.

Dozens of temples survive today. Some have become famous tourist attractions that bring money to modern Egypt.

Ancient Egypt
Coffee is a brownish color that is like the color of a medium roasted coffee beans. Different types of coffee beans have different colors when unroasted--the color coffee represents an average.  
The first time coffee was used as a color name in English was in 1695. 
The source of the color displayed at right is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #58).  

The first recorded use of Cafe au Lait as a color name in English was in 1839. 
The source of the color "Cafe au Lait" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #57).  

The first recorded use of Cafe Noir as a color name in English was in 1928. The source of the color "Cafe Noir" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #81).

Meaning of coffee
 The color coffee implies someone or something that is lively and active, the way one feels from consuming the caffeine in coffee.

Tones of coffee color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References

Other websites 
 YouTube—"Coffee Roasting Basics--Color Changes":
Dodge City is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States. Named after nearby Fort Dodge, the city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. The 2010 census showed the city population was 27,340.

In the 1880s Dodge City became a boomtown, with thousands of cattle passing annually through its stockyards. The peak years of the cattle trade in Dodge City were from 1883 to 1884. During that time the town grew tremendously. Dodge City had more famous (and infamous) gunfighters working at one time or another than any other town in the West, many of whom participated in the Dodge City War of 1883. It also boasted the usual array of saloons, gambling halls, and brothels: they were set up to separate a cowboy from his hard-earned cash. Famous were the Long Branch Saloon and the China Doll brothel.

Economy
Meat packing is the main industry in Dodge City. The city also has farm implement manufacturing, and is a supply center for area agriculture. Livestock-raising is a major activity while wheat and sorghum are the area's main crops. 

In addition, a local tourism industry, including a casino resort, has developed to capitalize on Dodge City's history as an Old West cowtown. The service sector accounts for much of the rest of the local economy with local government, schools, retail stores, and health care providers as the city's other major employers.

Transportation 
Four U.S. Highways meet in Dodge City: U.S. Route 50, U.S. Route 56, U.S. Route 283, and U.S. Route 400. Dodge City was located on the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, that was established in 1912.

Dodge City Regional Airport is about 2 miles (3 km) east of the city.  Three railroads serve Dodge City.

References 

County seats in Kansas
Cities in Ford County, Kansas
Princeton is a community in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756. Although Princeton is a "college town", there are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service (ETS), Opinion Research Corporation, Siemens Corporate Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sarnoff Corporation, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company. 

Princeton is roughly same distance from both New York City and Philadelphia. Since the nineteenth century, it has been connected by rail to both cities by the Princeton Branch rail line to the nearby Princeton Junction Station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.  Princeton is close to many major highways that serve both cities, and receives some TV and radio broadcasts from each.

The Princeton train station was moved from under Blair Hall to its present location on University Place in 1918. Commuting to New York from Princeton became commonplace after World War II.  New Jersey Transit provides shuttle service between the Princeton and Princeton Junction stations;  the train is locally called the "Dinky", and has also been known as the "PJ&B" (for "Princeton Junction and Back").  Two train cars, or sometimes just one, are used.

New Jersey's capital is the city of Trenton, but the governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governor's mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion in the township. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.

In 1783, it was the capital of the United States for a few months.

References

Other websites

Princeton Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau
Princeton Township Municipal Web Site (Government)
The Princeton Packet (Local Newspaper)
Princeton Online (Local Online Community)
Princeton Regional Schools 
Data for the Princeton Regional Schools, National Center for Education Statistics

Cities in New Jersey
Former national capitals
New Jersey
Iraq was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. Since 1980, Iraq has been in every game despite the [[Iraq War]]. Iraq has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

Iraq has been represented by the National Olympic Committee of Iraq since 1948.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Iraq profile at London2012.com

Sport in Iraq
Nations at the Olympics
Japan at the Olympics is a history which includes 41 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes.  Since 1912, athletes of Japan have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Japan is JPN.

History
The Japanese National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1912.   Its first president was Kanō Jigorō.

Japan's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. Japan was not invited to the 1948 Games after World War II; and Japan boycotted of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

In support of the team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, each of the 518 athletes were given hand-carved good luck charm made by schoolchildren from tsunami-hit areas in Tōhoku. These special "medals" were made from driftwood. There were messages from the children on the ribbons which were attached.

Medalists
Japanese tennis players Ichiya Kumagae  and Seiichiro Kashio were the first Japanese athletes to win medals in summer sport.  They won silver medals in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

The first Japanese medal in a winter sport was in 1956 when Chiharu Igaya earned a silver medal for Alpine skiing.

Summer Games
During the course of 20 summer games, Japanese athletes have won 350+ medals, with the most gold medals won in judo.  In the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Japan's first gold medals in summer sports were won by Mikio Oda in the triple jump and by Yoshiyuki Tsuruta in swimming.

Winter Games
Japan has won 37 medals at the winter games. In the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan's first gold medal in a winter sports was won by Yukio Kasaya in ski jumping.

Notable Olympians
Japanese Olympic greats include 
 Naoko Takahashi, marathon gold medal in 2000
 Tamara Ryoka, judoka gold medals in 2000 and 2004
 Sawao Kato, gymnast gold medals in 1968, 1972 and 1976
 Akinori Nakayama, gymnast gold medals in 1968 and 1972

The youngest Japanese competitor was Etsuko Inada (12 years, 4 days) in the 1936 Winter Olympics.  The oldest Japanese Olympian is Hiroshi Hoketsu (67 years, 139 days) in the 2008 Summer Games.

Host country
The 1940 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics were planned for Japan, but the organizers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.  These games were later cancelled because of World War II.

Japan was the host country three times, including
 1964 Summer Olympics
 1972 Winter Olympics
 1998 Winter Olympics

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 List of IOC country codes
 Japan national football team
 Japan women's national football team

References

Other websites

 Japanese Olympic Committee website
  Japan profile at London2012.com
  Japan at databaseOlympics.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Japan
Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned is a "studio" album by the czechoslovakia underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was recorded in 1974-1975 in Houska Castle and in atelier in Prague. It was released in 1978 (France) and in Czech Republic in 2001. The album title is a parody on the name of The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Tracklist 
Title (Music/Lyrics)
Dvacet (Milan Hlavsa/Egon Bondy)
Zácpa (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Toxika (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Magické noci (Hlavsa/Bondy)
M.G.M. (Hlavsa/)
Okolo okna (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Elegie (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Podivuhodný mandarin (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Nikdo (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Jó-to se ti to spí (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Já a Mike (Hlavsa/Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., translator Jaroslav Kořán)
Ranní ptáče (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Francovka (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Jednou nohou (Hlavsa/?)
Spofa blues (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Apokalyptickej pták (Hlavsa/Pavel Zajíček)
Píseň brance (Hlavsa/František Pánek)

Musicians 
Milan Hlavsa – bass guitar, vocals
Josef Janíček – guitar, vibraphone, vocals
Jiří Kabeš – violin, vocals
Vratislav Brabenec – alto saxophone
Jiří Šula – drums
Jaroslav Vožniak – drums
Vasil Šnajdr – flute
Zdeněk Fišer – theremin

The Plastic People of the Universe
1978 albums
2001 albums
Rock albums
Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (March 6, 1951, Prague, Czechoslovakia - January 5, 2001, Prague, Czech Republic) was a Czech musician and singer. He was founder bassist for the Czechoslovakia underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. In 1999, played in the White House along with Lou Reed.

References

1951 births
2001 deaths
Czech musicians
The Plastic People of the Universe
The red admiral (Vanessa atalanta) is a well-known colourful butterfly, found in temperate Europe, Asia and North America. It has a  wing span. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring, and sometimes again in autumn.

In northern Europe, it is one of the last butterflies to be seen before winter sets in, often feeding on the flowers of ivy on sunny days. The red admiral is also known to hibernate, re-emerging individuals showing prominently darker colourings than first brood subjects. The butterfly also flies on sunny winter days, especially in southern Europe.

In North America, the red admiral generally has two broods from March through October. Most of North America must be recolonized each spring by southern migrants, but this species over-winters in south Texas.

Other red admiral species are:
The New Zealand red admiral Vanessa gonerilla.
The Indian red admiral Vanessa indica.

Painted ladies 

The painted ladies are a subgenus Cynthis of the red admirals. The topside of their wings is mostly orange in colour.

The group includes:
 The painted lady (Vanessa cardui), which is almost global in its distribution
 Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi)
 American painted lady (Vanessa virginiensis)
 West coast lady (Vanessa annabella).

Migration 
The painted lady in the UK migrates south in the winter. This has been proved by tracking them on radar. They fly at high altitude on a 9,000-mile migration. It could take up to six successive generations for the species to complete a 9000 mile (14,400 km) round trip from tropical Africa to Europe.

Huge numbers migrate. The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009. Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.

References 

Nymphalidae
Sami Lepistö (born October 17, 1984 in Espoo, Finland) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the KHL. He was drafted with the 66th overall pick by the Washington Capitals in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He first played hockey in the SM-liiga with Jokerit. He played with Jokerit with 4 seasons before being signed by the Washington Capitals on May 31, 2007. He was assigned to the Capitals AHL farm team, the Hershey Bears. He was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes on June 27, 2009. He was sent to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Rostislav Klesla and Dane Byers. On July 15, 2011, He signed a one year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks. He played one season with the Blackhawks before signing a one year contract with the rebuilding Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL. He played 26 games with them and then signed a contract with Lev Prague. He played 11 games with them and currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Espoo
Finnish ice hockey players
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists
Phoenix Coyotes players
Washington Capitals players
Ice hockey defencemen
Brian Connelly (born June 10, 1986 in Bloomington, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Rockford IceHogs which are the AHL farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL.

He played hockey collegically for the Colorado College Tigers for 3 seasons. Connelly also played 3 seasons with the Rockford IceHogs before he was traded to the Calgary Flames by the Blackhawks in exchange for Brendan Morrison on January 27, 2012.

On July 6, 2012, he signed as a two-year, two-way contract with the Minnesota Wild. On February 26, 2014, Connelly was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brad Winchester.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Living people
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Swedish Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Nick Leddy (born March 20, 1991 in Eden Prairie, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for the New York Islanders of the NHL.

He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Minnesota Wild in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he played at the University of Minnesota with the Golden Gophers. He was drafted by the Wild and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with Kim Johnsson for Cam Barker on February 12, 2010.

He played his first NHL game on October 8, 2010 against the Colorado Avalanche and scored his first NHL goal on October 11, 2010 against Ryan Miller of the Buffalo Sabres. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
Living people
American ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Stanley Cup champions
Chicago Blackhawks players
American Hockey League players
New York Islanders players
Ice hockey defencemen
The meadow brown, Maniola jurtina, is a butterfly found in European meadows, where its larvae feed on grasses.

There is some sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colourful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about, while females fly less and often may not away from the area where they grew up.

The evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is probably attack deflection. Small, peripherally located eyespots act as attractors to deflect the attacks of predators to non-vital parts of the body.

Food plants 
Sheep's fescue Festuca ovina
Rough meadow grass Poa trivialis
Smooth meadow grass Poa pratensis

References 

Nymphalidae
The musk ox (Ovibos moschatus, muskox) is a large Arctic mammal of the Bovidae family.

It has a thick coat, and was common in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene ice age. The males give off a strong odour, hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in herds of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.

Musk oxen live in Arctic North America and Greenland, with small introduced populations in Sweden, Siberia and Norway.

Musk oxen are herbivores which graze on grasses, leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Musk oxen, like other ruminants, have a stomach with four sections.

Fossil DNA evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse. During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. Together with the bison and the pronghorn, the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.

References 

Caprids
Mammals of North America
Milan Smrčka; best known as Záviš (September 27, 1956 in Citonice, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech musician, guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and poet.

Discography
 Určeno pro uši rabijáků (1998)
 Slunce v duši (2000)
 Záviš, syn vojáka (2001)
 Sejdeme se na věčnosti (2003)
 Radost pohledět (2004)
 Život je sranda (2005)
 Když prší (2006)
 Rolník a rorýsek (2007)
 Bože, já jsem vůl (2008)
 Závišova devátá (2009)
 Záva & Pepa - Naživo za pivo (2010)
 Nevytahuj mi ho prosím na veřejnosti (2012)

 K tomu nic (2014, Ears&Wind Records)Závišova dvanáctka (2016, Ears&Wind Records)U prdele (2018, Ears&Wind Records)Hrci-prci (2020, Ears&Wind Records''

1956 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Czech poets
Folk singers
Songwriters
Guitarists
56 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
 War between Rome and Parthia starts because of the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I.  He replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia.
 Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome.
 The Jianwu era of the Eastern Han Dynasty changes to the Jianwuzhongyuan era.

Births 
 Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historian (d. 117 AD)

50s
60 is a year in the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Romans build the first London Bridge.
 Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made a will.  He left his kingdom to his two daughters and emperor Nero.
 The Roman army annexed East Anglia. 
 Boudica, widow of Prasutagus, is flogged and then forced to witness the public rape of her daughters.
 Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads a campaign on the island of Mona (Anglesey).    
 Boudica joins the British Celtic tribes in revolt, along with the Cornovii, Durotriges and Trinovantes. 
 The rebels defeat Legio IX Hispana and destroyed the capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester). 
 Boudica sacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Thousands of civilians are killed.
Paulinus returns and reorganises his army. The Romans defeat Boudica's alliance, and slaughter the defeated enemy.
 Nero has people explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan).
 The Rhoxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.
 Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa.
 Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea.

By topic

Religion 
 The First Epistle of Peter, if by Saint Peter, is probably written between this year and c. 64.
 Paul of Tarsus goes to Rome.  He is shipwrecked at Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first Bishop of Malta.

Art and science 
 Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica, Mechanics, and Pneumatics.
 60–79 – House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.

Deaths 

 Domitius Afer, Roman orator

60s
63 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year that started on a Saturday.

Events 
 Vespasian becomes the governor of Africa Province.
 Pompeii is damaged by an earthquake.

Deaths 
 Claudia Augusta, the only child of Nero

60s
Year 65 (LXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar in the 1st century.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Gaius Calpurnius Piso goes against Roman emperor Nero.
 Cestius Gallus becomes legate of Syria.
 After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class, Nero goes against Seneca, Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts. 
 Nero kills his pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, with a kick to the stomach.

By topic

Religion 
 The Gospel of Matthew is probably written between 60 and this year.
 Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).
 In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.
 The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. Mark begins to write his gospel.
 Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Thaddeus, also called Saint Jude in Armenia.
 Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Simon the Canaanite in Armenia.

Deaths 
 April 30 – Lucan, Roman poet and philosopher
 Petronius, Roman writer (see 66)
 Poppea Sabina, wife of Nero
 Piso (Gaius Calpurnius Piso)
 Saint Jude, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
 Simon the Canaanite, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
 Seneca the Younger, Roman statesman, philosopher, and tutor of Nero

60s
In computer networking, mainly Internet Relay Chat (IRC), netsplit is the event when two servers disconnect. Because how IRC networks are built, a disconnection between two servers splits the entire network into two parts. This makes it look like people on the other half of the network have quit from IRC.

Appearance of netsplits
Below is an example of typical netsplit. When two servers split, a user sees this as large number of users quitting. After the servers are reconnected, a user sees the other users rejoining.

On GUI IRC clients
<nowiki>* usera has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* userb has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* userc has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* usera has joined #channel
* userb has joined #channel
* userc has joined #channel</nowiki>

On command-line client irssi
<nowiki>00:00 -!- Netsplit a.irc.net <-> b.irc.net quits: usera, userb, userc
00:00 -!- Netsplit over, joins: usera, userb, userc</nowiki>

To a user on a private network
<nowiki>* usera has quit (*.net *.split)
* userb has quit (*.net *.split)
* userc has quit (*.net *.split)
* usera has joined #channel
* userb has joined #channel
* userc has joined #channel</nowiki>

References

Other websites 
 Netsplit Manual (retrieved 2009-12-2)

Internet Relay Chat
Computer networking
The Women's Professional Billiard Association (WPBA) is a professional sports group. It organizes women's billiards in the United States. Pool players Madelyn Whitlow and Palmer Byrd started the group in 1976 as the Women's Professional Billiard Alliance with Larry Miller. Miller was the editor of the National Billiard News.

Other websites
Official Page

Cue sports
Sports organizations of the United States
1976 establishments in the United States
The Audi Cup 2009 (the first edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, Boca Juniors, Bayern Munich and Manchester United. The winners of the tournament were Bayern Munich, defeating Manchester United 0(7) - 0(6). Boca Juniors took third place, defeating AC Milan 1(4) - 1(3).

Matches

2009 in association football
2009 in Europe
2000s in Germany
Audi Cup
History of Munich
The Audi Cup is a two-day football tournament. It happens at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The first edition of the Audi Cup was won by Bayern Munich. The 2019 champions are Tottenham Hotspur. Bayern Munich has won the tournament the most times. Since Bayern is the host of this competition, they are the permanent participant in the Audi Cup, while three other teams are chosen based on their strength.

History 

The Audi Cup was created in 2009 to remember Audi's 100th year of trading and the hosts, Bayern Munich, won the tournament. It replaced the Franz Beckenbauer Cup for the year.

Past Results

Wins By Team 

  Bayern Munich: 3
  Atlético Madrid: 1
  FC Barcelona: 1
  Tottenham Hotspur F.C. : 1

Teams That Participated

Other websites 

 Official website

 
2009 establishments in Europe
The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup tournament. The tournament was on June 26 to July 17. The champions were Japan, beating United States 2(3)-2(1) with penalty shots. Because of Japan's victory, Japan became the first Asian team to win any FIFA World Cup.

The final was played in the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt, Germany. The defending champions, Germany, lost to Japan during the quarter-finals.

Qualified Teams 

AFC (3):
  Australia
  Japan (Champions)
  North Korea

CAF (2):
  Equatorial Guinea
  Nigeria

CONCACAF (3):
  Canada
  Mexico
  United States

  Brazil
  Columbia

OFC (1):
  New Zealand

UEFA (5):
  England
  France
  Germany (Hosts)
  Norway
  Sweden

Groups

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout Stage

Awards

Top goalscorer (Golden Boot)

Other awards

All-Star Team

Other websites
RSSSF

2011 in association football
2011 in Germany
FIFA Women's World Cup
Football in Germany
Hope Amelia Solo (born July 30, 1981, in Richland, Washington) is an American soccer goalkeeper. She plays for the United States women's national soccer team, and for the Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the top division of women's soccer in the United States

During the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, she got 2 official awards. The Bronze Ball and the Best Goalkeeper award. Her father Jeffrey, died on June 15, 2007, because of heart failure. She was part of the USA women's soccer team that won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 U.S. Soccer profile

1981 births
American soccer players
American Olympic gold medalists
Living people
Sportspeople from Washington
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Melissa McCarthy (born August 26, 1970) is an American movie and television actress and comedienne. She is well known for her role as Sookie St. James on The WB television show Gilmore Girls and Dena on Samantha Who?. She starred in the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly, from 2010-2016.

She also starred in the movies Bridesmaids (for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), Identity Thief, Spy and Life of the Party.

Other websites 

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
The Major League Soccer Cup (usually called the MLS Cup) is a tournament that determines the Major League Soccer champion. Toronto FC are the current champions after beating the Seattle Sounders 2-0 in MLS Cup 2017. The most successful club is the Los Angeles Galaxy, with 5 titles. The Galaxy's last title was in MLS Cup 2014 when they beat the New England Revolution 2-1.

The MLS Cup was founded in 1994, and the cup is every year. The first champions ever were D.C. United.

Winning Years 

Soccer in the United States
1994 establishments in the United States
FieldTurf is a type of "fake" grass used in stadiums. It was created by FieldTurf Tarkett division of Tarkett Inc., a company from Calhoun, Georgia, USA. In the 1990's, the design was to replicate real grass. Eventually, the FieldTurf became the best in the industry.

FieldTurf is made by many fibers, and the bottom is made of silica sand, which is a mixture of sand and ruber.

The first major use was for American football at the University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. After that, other famous stadiums began using it. Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997 when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies. No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf. Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round. 50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf. Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.

Sports
Total S.A. is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company and one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading.

Total is also a large scale chemicals manufacturer. Total is a major player in low-carbon energies.

Total has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company. They merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003. The name Elf has been kept as a brand of Total.

History 
Elf Aquitaine's came from three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP). The three companies were formed after the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières (ERAP).

On April 28, 1967 the company's different brand names and products were combined under the Elf brand. Elf stood for Essence Lubricants France. In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA). Later it became known as Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991. In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf. In 2003, the name was changed to Total.

Fraud scandal 
The Elf scandal came to light in 1994 in France. According to The Guardian, it was 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favors, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions.

Motorsport 

From its beginnings, Elf used motor racing as a means of promotion. It had four-year deal with Matra starting in the French Formula 3 series. In 1969 the combination won the Formula One World Championship with Tyrrell and Jackie Stewart. By this time, Elf was owned by the French government. They began a new long-term relationship with Renault, which was also owned by the French government at the time. The Renault F1 racing cars carried Elf sponsorship until 2009. The Elf logos were replaced with Total logos.

References 

Companies of France
1967 establishments in Europe
The United States women's national soccer team is the United States women's team that is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation. The United States team has for a long time been a great team, and is currently ranked the second best team, by FIFA. The team has won three Women's World Cup titles (1991, 1999, 2015); four Olympic Women's Gold Medals (1996, 2004, 2008 and 2012) and eight Algarve Cups (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011).

The team was also selected as the U.S. Olympic Committee's Team of the Year (1997 and 1999). Sports Illustrated chose the team as the Sportspeople of the Year (1999).

World Cups

2011 

The United States lost to Japan in the finals, so United States finishes as runner-up (for the first time). They also beat Brazil, which had beaten them in the semifinals of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.

1999 
The United States won their second title on this year. After they defeated China 5-4 in the penalty kicks, a lot more people began to watch Women's football. Also, after Brandi Chastain made the last penalty, she randomly slid on the grass and ripped of her shirt. This brought a lot of attention, but Brandi Chastain said "Momentary insanity, nothing more, nothing less. I wasn’t thinking about anything. I thought, ‘This is the greatest moment of my life on the soccer field."

1991 
The United States won their first title on this year. They defeated Norway 2-1.

Most appearances 
The U.S. women's team boasts the first six players in the history of the sport to have appeared 200 times for their national team. One of them, Kristine Lilly, is the only player of either sex with 300 or more appearances.

Top scorers

References

Women's national football teams
Soccer in the United States
Aleš Brichta (born August 9, 1959 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech heavy metal singer. He is a founding member of Arakain, from which he left and now plays with "Aleš Brichta Band". In 2008 he was inducted to Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).

Discography

Solo career
 Růže pro Algernon (1994)
 Ráno ve dveřích Armády spásy (1996)
 Hledač pokladů (1998)
 Dívka s perlami ve vlasech - Best Of (2000)
 American Bull (2001)
 Aleš Brichta 12x (2001)
 American Bull - New Edition (2002)
 Anděl posledního soudu (2003)
 Legendy 2 (2004)

Arakain
 Rockmapa 1 (1989)  
 Rockmapa 13 (1989)
 Thrash the trash (1990)
 Schizofrenie (1991)
 History Live (1992)
 Black Jack (1992)
 Salto Mortale (1993)
 Thrash! (1994)
 Legendy (1995)
 S.O.S. (1996)
 15 Vol. 1 (1997)
 15 Vol. 2 (1997)
 15 (1997)
 Apage Satanas (1998)
 Thrash The Trash & Schizofrenie (1998)
 15 Vol. 1&2 (1998)
 Farao (1999)
 Gambrinus Live (2000)
 Gambrinus Live (2000)
 Forrest Gump (2001)
 Archeology (2002)
 20 let natvrdo (2003)
 20 let natvrdo (2003)
 Balady (2003)
 XXV Eden (2007)

Grizzly
 !New Spirit! (2003)

Aleš Brichta Band
 Divadlo snů (2006)
 Nech si to projít hlavou (2007)
 Best Of: Beatová síň slávy (2008)
 Deratizer (2009)
 50 - TESLA ARENA true live (2009)
 Grizzly (2010)

Aleš Brichta Project
 Údolí sviní (2013)

Aleš Brichta Trio 
 Papírovej drak (2014)

projects
 Zemětřesení (1993)
 Hattrick (2000)
 Zemětřesení - Live (2001)
 Hattrick I+II (2004)

compilation albums
 Dej mi víc… Olympic (1992)
 Souhvězdí Gott (1999)
 Karel Gott 70 [TV koncert] (2009)

Musical theatre 
 1994 Jesus Christ Superstar

Other websites
 Official website

Living people
1959 births
Czech musicians
Plovers are water birds birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae. There are about 40 species, most of them called 'plover' or 'dotterel'.  The closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, has another 20-odd species.

Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills. They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do. 

They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates. They use a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other waders.

The plover group of birds has a defence against predators called false brooding. They sit on an imaginary nest site, changing position sometimes as if real eggs were under them.

The plover has been known to attack when the young are threatened. The birds secrete an acidic compound from a gland located in their mouth. On contact with skin causes a burning sensation.

References 

Charadriiformes
The Drug in Me Is You is the first album of the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse. It was released on July 26, 2011. The album was produced for Michael Baskette, recorder in Orlando, Florida, by Epitaph Records.

The song "Raised by Wolves" was released in May 28, and officially released June 7. The music video from "The Drug in Me Is You" was released June 28.

The album sold 20.000 copies in the first week.

Tracklist 
 "Raised by Wolves" - 3:23
 "Tragic Magic" - 4:06
 "The Drug in Me Is You" - 3:38
 "I'm Not a Vampire" - 3:51
 "Good Girls Bad Guys" - 3:15
 "Pick Up The Phone" - 4:37
 "Don't Mess with Ouija Boards" - 4:55
 "Sink or Swim" - 4:45
 "Caught Like a Fly" - 4:36
 "Goodbye Graceful" - 4:48
 "The Westerner" - 3:51

Personnel 
 Band
Ronnie Radke - lead vocals
Jacky Vincent - lead guitar, backing vocals
Derek Jones - rhythm guitar
Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals
Scott Gee - drums

 Production
Jef Moll - digital editing
Dave Holdredge - engineer, mixing
Michael "Elvis" Baskette - production, mastering
Matt Grayson - band photo
Nick Pritchard - design, artwork
Kevin Thomas - assistant engineer
Devin Taylor - artwork girl

 Additional musicians
Ryan Ross - drums, composer, rhythm guitar (On Raised by Wolves, Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
Michael "Elvis" Baskette - keyboards, composer
Omar Espinosa - composer (On Don't Mess With Ouija Boards and Goodbye Graceful)
Dave Holdredge - synths, programming, composer, vocals
Jeff Moll - vocals

Charts

Daily charts

Weekly charts

References 

2011 albums
Debut albums
Pop punk albums
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China.  It was written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century. Nowadays, it is still hugely popular in East Asia.

Chinese culture
Ragtime (or rag-time) is a musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918.

Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or 'ragged', rhythm. It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano.

Ragtime was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms typical of African music. The ragtime composer Scott Joplin became famous through the publication in 1899 of the Maple Leaf Rag and a string of ragtime hits that followed. For at least 12 years after its publication, the Maple Leaf Rag heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.

Ragtime fell out of favor as jazz claimed the public's imagination after 1917, but there have been numerous revivals since. First, in the early 1940s many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 rpm records. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded.

In 1971 Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work which was nominated for a Grammy Award. In 1973, the motion picture The Sting brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. Subsequently, the film's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag The Entertainer was a Top 5 hit in 1974.

Ragtime (with Joplin's work in the forefront) has been cited as an American equivalent of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahms. Ragtime influenced classical composers including Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Ragtime was included in the dance styles of Vernon and Irene Castle, and influenced the English ballroom dances, the foxtrot and the quickstep.

References

More reading 
 Gildo De Stefano. Ragtime, jazz & dintorni. Preface by Amiri Baraka. SUGARCO Editions, Milan 2007. 

African-American history
American music
Dance music