cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
"Wind It Up" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It was released on October 31, 2006 as the lead single from Stefani's second studio album "The Sweet Escape". The song contains a sample from "The Lonely Goatherd" which was originally from The Sound of Music.

Background and writing
In July 2005, Stefani began writing and recording material with Pharrell Williams in Miami, Florida for her album.

Reviews
Many music critics did not like the yodeling that was featured in the song.

Stefani later said about the song:

Track listings
 UK, German, and Australian CD single
 "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
 "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
 German CD maxi single
 "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
 "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
 "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Mix) – 3:02
 "Wind It Up" (video) – 3:11
 UK 12" single
A1. "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
A2. "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
B1. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Main Mix) – 3:11
B2. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Neptunes Mix) – 3:10

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Ron Fair – orchestra production
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

 Brian Garten – recording
 Hart Gunther – assistant engineering
 The Neptunes – production
 Mark "Spike" Stent – additional production, mixing
 Talent Bootcamp Kids – additional vocals
 Pharrell Williams – songwriting

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2006 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
The Osage are a Midwestern Native American tribe of Plains Indians who historically ruled much of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The tribe formerly lived in the areas in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys around 1,200 BC. They then began migrating west due to wars with the invading Iroquois. The term "Osage" is considered a French name for the tribe which roughly translates into "Mid-Waters". The Osage people refer to themselves in their own language as Wazhazhe.

At the height of their power in the early 18th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region. They were feared by neighboring tribes as ruthless and "savage" fighters. The Osage would often practice ritual scalping and beheading as military trophies. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red River to the South and were greatly dependent on nomadic buffalo hunting and farming.

The 19th-century painter George Catlin described the Osage as:

The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation", and Washington Irving said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West."

The Osage originally lived among the Kansa, Ponca, Omaha, and Quapaw in the Ohio Valley.  Researchers believed that the tribes likely developed differences in their languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in the present-day area of Nebraska, the Kansa in Kansas, and the Quapaw in Arkansas.

The Osage are a federally recognized tribe. They were forced to move to Indian Territory in the 19th century, and have been based in Oklahoma. There are 9,400 descendants, 5,620 of which reside in area surrounding Osage county. Members live both on the nations tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country such as Kansas.

References 

History of Native Americans
Native American people
Shielding is when an electron becomes less attracted to other atoms the further it is away from the nucleus. This is because the forces holding atoms together become weaker as distance increases.

In group 1 elements 
In a reactive metal like sodium, the single electron on an electron shell furthest from the nucleus is more likely to be lost in a reaction with another element. This is because less energy is needed to pull them away. Other elements with similar properties like potassium that are lower down on the periodic table than sodium will be even more likely to lose their furthest electron in a reaction. This is because of the addition of more electron shells between the nucleus and the furthest electron, increasing distance.

In group 17 elements 

The shielding effect also happens with elements that have many electrons on their furthest electron shell, for example chlorine. In this case however, more energy is needed to give the atom an electron. The amount of energy needed is increased with the number electron shells around the nucleus of the atom, for example in elements further down the periodic table like bromine.

Physical chemistry
Ádám Csaba Szalai (born 9 December 1987 in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian association football forward who currently plays for Hannover 96 on loan from TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and the Hungarian national football team. He has also played for VfB Stuttgart, Real Madrid Castilla, 1. FSV Mainz 05, Schalke 04, Budapest Honvéd and Újpest.

References

Other websites 
National team data 
Ádám Szalai  – FIFA competition record

1987 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Sportspeople from Budapest
The ackee, (Blighia sapida) is a fruit. It is related to the lychee and the longan. It is native to tropical West Africa. The scientific name honours Captain William Bligh who took the fruit from Jamaica to Kew Gardens, England in 1793.

The fruit was imported to Jamaica from West Africa before 1778.  Since then it has become a feature of various Caribbean cuisines, and is cultivated elsewhere in the world.

References

Fruits
Sapindaceae
Gadmen is a former municipality in the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen.

Other websites

 Official Website 

Former municipalities of Bern
The New-York Tribune was an American newspaper. It was founded by Horace Greeley as a Whig Party penny newspaper in April 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper was called the New-York Daily Tribune. The tribune not only reported the news, it covered subjects such as politics, literary works, social reform and intellectual achievements. Greeley, through the Tribune, supported the beginnings of Republican Party. In 1860 the Tribune supported Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States and during the Civil War. However, the paper opposed his reelection in 1864. For some time the paper had the largest circulation in the United States. The Tribune's editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune. It remained a major US daily newspaper until it ended publication in 1966.

References

Other websites 
 New York NY Tribune. Pdf copies of all issues 1841–1924

Newspapers in New York City
Gals () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
The Pawnee are a Native American Plains Indians tribe. They lived mainly in what is now Nebraska and Kansas. Unlike other tribes of the Great Plains, they were semi-nomadic people. They were hunters and farmers. The Pawnee farmed for most of the year and lived in earth lodges. During the buffalo hunting season, they lived in tepees so they could follow the herds. In the early 1800s their main village was on the south side of the Platte River (Nebraska). They raised crops including beans, corn, pumpkins, squashes and sunflowers. The powerful Pawnee tribe had four individual bands. These were the Chaui (Grand), the Kitkehaki (Republican Pawnees), Pitahauerat (Tapage Pawnees) and the Skidi (Loup or Wolf Pawnees). They were a fierce people who used war paint and tattoos to intimidate their enemies. The Pawnee took scalps in battle. Pawnee war parties often rode out on scalping missions against other tribes. The Pawnee also practiced human sacrifice. Most often this took the form of ritually killing a young captive girl in a five-day ceremony. She was sacrificed to the Morning Star. The last known ritual killing was of a girl in the mid-18th century. The Pawnee were the largest tribe to have lived in Nebraska. They were one of the earliest tribes to come to the area. Estimates are that there were between 10,000 and 12,000 Pawnee in Nebraska by 1800. They had little to fear from their enemies because they were a large tribe. But smallpox and other diseases aswell as warfare with the Sioux reduced their numbers significantly in the early 1800s. They were finally removed to Oklahoma in the 1870s.

References

Other websites 
 The Pawnee Morning Star Ceremony
 The Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma

History of the United States
Native American people
The New England Emigrant Aid Company (est.1854), originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company, was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts. It was created to bring immigrants to the Kansas Territory. This was done to make sure Kansas would become a free state. The company was created by Eli Thayer, a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, over a month before the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854. This act allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose for themselves whether or not slavery would be legal. The concept was called popular sovereignty.

The company was chartered in Massachusetts and started with a capital of $5 million. Thayer's plan was to play on antislavery sentiment in the Northern United States. At the time there was a very delicate balance between slave states and free states. The Company send settlers to Kansas to buy land and build houses, shops and mills. The settlers could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the money back to Thayer and his investors. Because several investors found the idea of profiting from the antislavery cause unpleasant, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society. The name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. The Company never made a profit or made a significant impact on the population of Kansas. But, it caused Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and abolitionists to act. To protect the settlers they sent, the Company secretly sent armed men and Sharps rifles to Kansas. The rifles were sent in crates marked "books" and "Bibles". This played a part in what would become Bleeding Kansas.

References 

History of the United States
History of Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1854 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Gampelen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is not be confused with the municipality Gampel in the canton of Valais.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Gelterfingen is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf.

Former municipalities of Bern
Gerzensee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

The town is named after its lake: Gerzensee.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Gerzensee 

Municipalities of Bern
Golaten is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach.

References 

Former municipalities of Bern
Gondiswil (Dialect: Gumiswil) is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Gondiswil 

Municipalities of Bern
Schattdorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 5,000 people live in Schattdorf. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 
 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama is a football club which plays in Brazil. The club is probably passing through the worst period in its history, since in the last 12 years, Vasco has fallen to the second division of the Brazilian Football Championship four times.

League title
Série B : 1
2009

References

Football clubs in Rio de Janeiro
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Brazil
Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito (also called Liga de Quito or just Liga) is an Ecuadorian association football club based in Quito, Ecuador. The team currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A and was founded on 11 January 1930. LDU Quito is one of the most successful Ecuadorian teams, winning 9 regional titles, 10 national titles, and 4 international titles. They were runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup as well.

Honours 

Regional
Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol de Pichincha (3): 1932, 1952, 1953
Campeonato Professional Interandino (6): 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967
National
Serie A (10): 1969, 1974, 1975, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010
Serie B (2): 1974 E1, 2001
International
Copa Libertadores (1): 2008
Copa Sudamericana (1): 2009
Recopa Sudamericana (2): 2009, 2010

References 

Football clubs
1930 establishments in South America
Central Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

Geography
Central Italy borders to the northwest with Liguria (Northwest Italy); to the northeast with San Marino and Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy); to the south with Abruzzo, Molise and Campania (South Italy).

The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west.

The Apennines are mountain ranges that go across Central Italy. The highest point, in the region, is Monte Vettore () that is  high. The main rivers are the Arno and Tiber rivers. The largest lakes are Trasimeno,  Bolsena and Bracciano.

Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 41 provinces and 985  comuniː

As geographical region, however, Central Italy also includes the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are usually part of Southern Italy for historical reasonsː both were part of the southern Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The comuni with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

Related pages
 NUTS level 1:
 Northwest Italy
 Northeast Italy
 Central Italy
 South Italy
 Insular Italy
 Northern Italy
 Southern Italy

References

Geography of Italy
The Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 中国足球协会超级联赛; Pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài; usually called Chinese Super League (中超联赛) or CSL; and known as Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest tier of professional association football in China. It is controlled by the Chinese Football Association.

The league was created in 2004 and replaced the Chinese Football Association Jia-A League.

Currently, 16 teams play in the league. The Chinese Super League has been won by 7 teams: Shanghai Shenhua, Shenzhen Jianlibao, Dalian Shide, Shandong Luneng, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, and Guangzhou Evergrande.

2016 clubs

History 

In 1994, the Chinese Jia-A League became the country's first professional football league. People in the Chinese Football Association began to talk about creating a new league in late-2000. In 2002, the CFA made a decision to establish the Chinese Super League, which started in 2004.

Results and statistics

Champions 

The following table shows who won the league and when.

Top scorers

Other websites 

 Official site of the Chinese Super League  
 Official site of the Chinese Football Association 
 RSSSF.com - China - List of Champions
 English site about the CSL

References 

Football leagues
Football in China
2004 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in China
Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (born 19 August 1928) was Queen consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 and Queen Mother from 1972 to 2008 when the royal family were removed of all titles and privileges.

She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family. She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi.

References

Other websites

Royal Court of Nepal 

1928 births
Living people
Nepalese people
Kings and queens
Helen Joanne "Jo" Cox (née Leadbeater; 22 June 1974 – 16 June 2016) was an English UK Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Batley and Spen from her election in May 2015 until her death in June 2016. She won the seat with an increased majority for Labour in the 2015 general election. She also worked at humanitarian organisation Oxfam.

On 16 June 2016, Cox was shot and stabbed many times in Birstall, where she had been holding a small meeting with her constituents. She was left in critical condition and died from her injuries about an hour later at the age of 41. A 52-year-old man was arrested in connection with the attack.

References

1974 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English murder victims
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Murders by firearm in England
People from West Yorkshire
UK MPs 2015–2017
Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016) was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist and botanist. His works were about the tropics and tropical Africa. His career lasted over 50 years. He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae. As of 2008, he had written some 655 scientific publications.

References

Other websites
 Articles by A. C. van Bruggen  at Naturalis Digital Repository

1929 births
2016 deaths
Botanists
Dutch scientists
Writers from The Hague
Zoologists
Sulabha (or Sulbha) Deshpande (; 1937 – 4 June 2016) was an Indian movie, theatre and television actress and theatre director. She was known for her roles in Bhumika (1977),  Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan (1978) and Gaman (1978).

Deshpande died on 4 June 2016 from a long-illness in Mumbai at the age of 78 or 79.

References

Other websites
 Awishkar website
 
 Sulabha Deshpande at Bollywood Hungama

1937 births
2016 deaths
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Actors from Mumbai
Villefranche may refer to:

Places in France
 Villefranche, Gers, Gers department
 Villefranche, Yonne, Yonne department
 Villefranche-d'Albigeois, Tarn department
 Villefranche-d'Allier, Allier department
 Villefranche-de-Conflent, Pyrénées-Orientales department
 Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Haute-Garonne department
 Villefranche-de-Lonchat, Dordogne department
 Villefranche-de-Panat, Aveyron department
 Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Aveyron department
 Villefranche-du-Périgord, Dordogne department
 Villefranche-du-Queyran, Lot-et-Garonne department
 Villefranche-le-Château, Drôme department
 Villefranche-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher department
 Villefranche-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes department
 Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône department
 Villefranche, former municipality, now part of Saulmory-et-Villefranche, Meuse department
Lois Duncan Steinmetz (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as Lois Duncan, was an American writer of children's books. She was best known for young-adult novels of suspense. She wrote two early novels under the pen name Lois Kerry.

Duncan won the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution in writing for teens.

On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at home in South Sarasota, Florida from complications of a stroke.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American children's writers
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Florida
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be got.  

Ores with high quantities of hematite or magnetite (more than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore". They can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces.

Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant rock-forming elements. It makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust. It is the second most abundant and widely distributed metal (Aluminium is the most common). People have used it for more than 3,000 years. However, its use only became widespread in the 14th century, when smelting furnaces (the forerunner of blast furnaces) began to replace forges.

Iron is made in the runaway fusion and explosion of type Ia supernovae. It was picked up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. All higher elements on Earth have this origin.

Iron is abundant on the ancient continents, but not so on island chains formed by volcanoes (Japan, Hawaii). That reflects the difference between the continental crust (which has many rare and common elements), and the island chains formed by volcanism (oceanic islands). They have basalt, and very little else. Islands which were once part of a supercontinent usually carry heavy element ore. The classic example is the British Isles, which are a snapped-off part of the large ancient continent, the Old Red Sandstone Continent (Larussia). Consequently, the British Isles has a very wide range of metallic ores, whereas Hawaii and the Japanese archopelago do not.

The main source of ore for the steel used in modern Japan comes from Western Australia.

Iron ores 
The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. 

magnetite (, 72.4% Fe)
hematite (, 69.9% Fe)
goethite (, 62.9% Fe) 
limonite ()  
siderite (, 48.2% Fe)

References 

Iron compounds
Ores
The 2015 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th Chinese Super League season and was won by Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao.

Clubs

Table 

Below shows the results of the tournament.

Statistics

Top scorers

References 

Football leagues
Football in China
Graben, Switzerland is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Villages
Baumgarten, Burach, Gsoll, Hubel, Kleinholz, Schörlishäusern, Schwendi and Stadönz.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Grafenried is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Grafenried, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

Former municipalities of Bern
Haute-Ajoie is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Chevenez, Damvant, Réclère and Roche-d'Or merged into the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie. On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Rocourt merged into the municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Jura
Cyrus Kurtz Holliday (April 3, 1826 – March 29, 1900) was a prominent Kansas businessman who was part of the free-state movement during the period called Bleeding Kansas. Holliday was one of the founders of the city of Topeka, Kansas and was its first president. He was also the founder of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. He served in the Kansas Senate. Holliday was president of the Merchants National Bank and also the Excelsior Coke and Gas Company, both of Topeka. In 1890, he was the president of the Kansas State Historical Society. In 2012, Holliday was inducted into the Kansas State Hall of Fame.

Early career 
Holliday was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania on April 3, 1826. His parents were David and Mary (Kennedy) Holliday. Holliday attended public school and in 1852 graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He intended to become a lawyer but instead became a businessman. Holliday made a considerable profit of $20,000 in a short-line railroad in Pennsylvania.

Career in Kansas

Political 
In 1854, when Kansas Territory was opened up for settlement, he became one of the first settlers. His wife, Mary Dillon Jones, remained behind in Pennsylvania until after the birth of their two children, Lillie and Charles. Holliday settled first at Lawrence, Kansas and became active in the Free State movement. Believing Kansas would become a free state, he and several business associates decided to establish the town of Topeka as the capital of the new state of Kansas. He was Topeka's delegate to the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in July 1859. That same year he was elected to the first of several terms as mayor of Topeka. He helped found the Kansas Republican Party. Holliday was a member of both the  territorial and state legislatures.

Railroad 
He obtained a charter for a new railroad to run from Atchison, Kansas to the state capital at Topeka in 1859. In 1863, Holliday decided to extend the railroad along the route of the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Once there he intended it to go all the way to the Pacific Ocean in California. The name of the railroad was changed to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company (AT&SF). A severe drought followed by the Civil War starting in 1861 prevented the railroad from making much progress. The line was completed through Kansas by December 1872. By 1880, the line was completed to Santa Fe. The railroad experienced hardships in 1893 and almost had to declare bankruptcy. Holliday was able to refinance and reorganize the railroad. He remained president of AT&SF until his death on March 31, 1900.

Military 
In 1855, he supervised a regiment of Free-Staters in the Wakarusa War during the violent period known as Bleeding Kansas. For this he was given the honorary title of colonel which he used for the rest of his life. During the Civil War he served as the adjutant general of Kansas.

References

Other websites 
 Cyrus K. Holliday diary
 The Iconic Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
 Cyrus K. Holliday Papers, 1854-1934; Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas

1826 births
1900 deaths
Bleeding Kansas
History of Kansas
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Grandval is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Andeer () is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Clugin and Pignia merged into the municipality of Andeer.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Graubünden
Grossaffoltern is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Villages
Ammerzwil, Kaltenbrunnen, Kosthofen, Ottiswil, Suberg, Vorimholz and Weingarten.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
"This Is What You Came For" is a song written and produced by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris.  It features Rihanna.  The song was released on May 1, 2016, via digital outlets.  The song has reached number one in Canada and Australia, number two in the United Kingdom, and the top five in the United States.  In the U.S., "This Is What You Came For" entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number nine.  It later reached number three there and was certified triple-Platinum by the RIAA.  The song is Rihanna's 28th top-ten song in the U.S.  The song reached number 17 on the year-end Hot 100 of 2016 in the US.

Harris' ex-girlfriend, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, co-wrote the song under the name Nils Sjöberg.  BMI, which publishes a list of songwriting credits, changed the name to Swift's real name.

Music video 
The music video for the song was released at midnight (Eastern daylight time) on June 17, 2016.  It shows Rihanna wearing a black ponytail and a large gray sweater. She dances inside of a white cube with changing backgrounds.  The scenes of fields are similar to those that are in the music video for "We Found Love", which is also a collaboration between Rihanna and Harris.  Some critics viewed the changing colors and cube background to be similar to the music video for Canadian rapper Drake's 2015 single "Hotline Bling".

The music video won the award for Best Male Video at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2016.

References

2016 songs
Calvin Harris songs
Dance songs
Rihanna songs
Grosshöchstetten is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Gsteig bei Gstaad is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction where the substances reacting release energy as heat. An example of this is combustion. Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings.   The reaction that does the complete opposite (it absorbs heat) is an endothermic reaction.

The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. The temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer. Some examples of exothermic reactions are: 
burning
respiration
neutralisation reactions between acids and alkalis
the reaction between water and calcium oxide

Thermodynamics
Chemical reactions
Hawthorn Football Club, known as the "Hawks", is a team in the Australian Football League. In the 21st century, they have won four premierships in 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Their home ground is the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The coach Alastair Clarkson, is a former student at Ballarat and Clarendon College student.

Australian Football League
Football clubs
Andiast is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Andiast
 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Ardez () is a former municipality of the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Ftan, Guarda, Sent and Tarasp merged into the municipality of Scuol.

Other websites

 Official website of Ardez

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Arosa is a municipality and a ski resort in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Calfreisen, Castiel, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis, Peist and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the municipality of Arosa.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Arosa 

Municipalities of Graubünden
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Gsteigwiler is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Guggisberg (Bernese German: Guggishbärg []) is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Arvigo is a former municipality in the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Arvigo, Braggio, Cauco and Selma merged into the new municipality of Calanca.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Gündlischwand is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Breggia is a new municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 25 October 2009 when the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged to form the new municipality of Breggia.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Ticino
Cugnasco-Gerra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2008 the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged into the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

References

Other websites 

 Cugnasco-Gerra 
 
 

2008 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Ticino
"The Sweet Escape" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name (2006). It was written by Stefani, Akon, and Giorgio Tuinfort. Akon was featured on the song and also produced and created the songs beat. As both Stefani and Akon wrote the song, Stefani was surprised how the song ended up as it was a doo-wop song and not a hip hop song.

Track listings
 UK and German CD single
 "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
 "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
 Australian and German CD maxi single
 "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
 "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
 "Wind It Up" (Robots to Mars Remix) – 3:34
 "The Sweet Escape" (video) – 4:05
 US 12" single
A1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:03
A2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version) (featuring Akon) – 4:06
B1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Instrumental) – 4:03
B2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Instrumental) – 4:06
B3. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Acappella) – 3:51
 Digital download – Konvict Remix
 "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:01

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Akon – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, vocals
 Yvan Bing – assistant engineering
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 Bojan Dugic – recording
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

 Mark "Exit" Goodchild – recording
 Keith Gretlein – recording
 Tony Love – guitar
 Kevin Mills – recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 Giorgio Tuinfort – co-production, keyboards, programming, songwriting

Charts

Weekly charts

References

2006 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
R&B songs
Masada (in Hebrew: מצדה - metsada means: fortress) is an archaeological site, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Masada is an ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel. It is on top of an isolated rock plateau, like a mesa. The rock is on the east of the Judaean Desert, and overlooks the Dead Sea.

Herod the Great fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BC, and built palaces for himself on the mountain. 

According to Josephus, the Sicarii, a splinter group of the Hebrew Zealots, held out against a Roman legion here.  This was the Siege of Masada at the end of the First Jewish–Roman War. The seige ended in the mass suicide of 960 people – the rebels and their families.

The hill is 63 meters above the sea level and 450 above the dead sea level near Mount Elazar.

References

Other websites 

Masada photos
Masada page on Israeli National Park website 

Archaeological sites in Israel
World Heritage Sites in Asia
The Cave of the Patriarchs, also called the Cave of Machpelah (Hebrew: מערת המכפלה,  , trans. "cave of the double tombs") and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque (, ) is an archaeological site in Hebron, Israel. According to the Jewish tradition it is the site of the graves of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah. These graves have been buried under a church built in the Byzantine Period in Israel, and which is now used as a mosque.

Other websites 

 Official Website (Israeli) 
 Cave of the Patriarchs
 The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarch Jewish Virtual Library
 Tombs of the Patriarchs Article and Photos Sacred Destinations
 Demands for Equal Rights for the Jewish People at Ma'arat HaMachpela  Hebron.org.il
 Aerial Photograph Google Maps
 
 Bible Land Library 
 Photos and Diagram of Underground at Caves of Machpela

Archaeological sites in Israel
History of Palestine
West Bank
Gurbrü () is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Arch is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Nablus (  ,  , Biblical Shechem ISO 259-3 Škem,  Νeapolis) is a Palestinian city in the Samaria Mountains, in a Valley between "Mount Ebal (the mount of the blessing) in the south and "Mount Gerizim (the mount of the curse)" in the north. Nablus was the first Jewish city in the world and Joseph the son of Jacob was barried in the eastern side of the city. according to the Jewish tradition the city of Nablus was the first jewish City in the world.

the Samaritan 
a small comunity of Samaritan is living in the south of the city in a neighbourhood called: "Kiryat Luza" next to Mount Gerizim.

Gallery

Other websites  

 
 A site explaining the reasons for the devastated Palestinian economy 
 Nablus the Culture, reviving cultural life in Nablus
 Nablus after Five Years of Conflict December 2005 report by OCHA (PDF).
 Archaeological Remains Found in Nablus
 Picture showing Nablus from east (Panorama) 
 Picture showing east region of Nablus (Panorama) – The picture taken from Askar 
 Bahjat Sabri, "Urban Aspects in the City of Nablus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century" An-Najah University Journal for Research - Humanities, Volume 6 (1992)

Cities in the West Bank
The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture () is an archaeological museum in Ashdod, Israel. It explores the culture of the Philistines that lived in the area of the city. The museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the Philistines culture. It was the first museum that opened in Ashdod in 1990.

Corinne Mamane was a Jewish student born in Casablanca in Morocco. She was killed in 1984 in a car accident in France during her university studies.

The museum has 3 floors. The first is an exhibition of the Philistines culture. The second is for changing exhibitions. The third floor is dedicated to the "Philistines Kitchen" by exploring the food culture of the Aegean sea.

Gallery

Other websites 

  Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture 

1990 establishments
Museums in Israel
1990s establishments in Israel
The Esino () is a river in the Marche region of central Italy. It is one of the most important river in the región because the size of its drainage basin.

There is another river, but smaller, in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy.

Geography
The Esino river has a length of about  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Course
The source of the Esino is in the sides of the Monte Caffagio, comune of Esanatoglia (province of Macerata) near the border with the province of Ancona, at an altitude of about .

The river flows east past Esanatoglia and curves north by Matelica before crossing the border into the province of Ancona near Cerreto d'Esi. The river continues flowing north before curving northeast near Genga. It then flows near Serra San Quirico, Maiolati Spontini, Castelplanio, Castelbellino, Jesi, Chiaravalle and Montemarciano.

Finally, it flows into the Adriatic Sea in the Fiumesino near Falconara Marittima.

Its drainage basin is mainly in the province of Ancona but it also covers part of the province of Macerata and a small part of the province  of Perugia (Umbria).

Main tributaries
The main tributaries of Ensino river areː
 Giano (24 km long), that begins in the Fabriano comune and flows into the Ensino in Borgo Tufico, part of Fabriano.
 Sentino, that begins in Umbria.
 Esinante.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References 

Marche
Rivers of Italy
Anton Viktorovich Yelchin (; March 11, 1989 – June 19, 2016) was a Soviet-born American movie, television and voice actor.

Starring role in the 2013 movie, "Odd Thomas".

Early life
Yelchin was born in Leningrad, present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. His family was Jewish. His family moved to Tarzana, California as refugees. He studied at Sherman Oaks Center for Enriched Studies and at the University of Southern California.

Career
His career began in 2000. He was in the movies Along Came a Spider and Hearts in Atlantis (both 2001). His role as Jacob Clarke in the Steven Spielberg miniseries Taken was his most famous role as a child actor. 

He later appeared on the television series Huff and starred in the movies Terminator Salvation (2009), Charlie Bartlett (2007), Fright Night (2011), Like Crazy (2011) and Only Lovers Left Alive (2013). 

Yelchin was best known for portraying Pavel Chekov in the Star Trek reboot series, appearing in Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and will appear in Star Trek Beyond (2016).

Death
On the morning of June 19, 2016, Yelchin was found by friends crushed between his car and the iron security gate of his Studio City, Los Angeles home. It was described as a "freak accident". He was pronounced dead later that day at the age of 27.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1989 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Saint Petersburg
Road accident deaths in California
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
The sweat lodge (also called purification ceremony or simply sweat) is a hut, typically dome-shaped and made with natural materials. It used by Native Americans for ceremonial steambaths and prayer. Sweat lodges were largely a reaction to the influences of European culture with its negative effects on Native Americans. 

There are several styles of structures used in different cultures. These include a domed or oblong hut similar to a wickiup, a permanent structure made of wood and earth, or even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with wood. Stones are typically heated and then water poured over them to create steam. In ceremonial usage, these ritual actions are accompanied by traditional prayers and songs.

Native Americans in many regions use the sweat lodge. For example, Chumash peoples of the central coast of California build sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites. The ancient Mesoamerican tribes of Mexico, such as the Aztec and Olmec, practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as temazcal as a religious rite of penance and purification.

References 

Native American
Ceremonies
Guttannen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Habkern is a municipality of the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage of Habkern 

Municipalities of Bern
An odometer or odograph is an instrument that shows the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile. It can be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The name comes from the Greek words hodós ("path" or "gateway") and métron ("measure"). It is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer. The odometer could either be mechanical, electronic or a combination of both. In some countries, odometers are also popularly known as mileometer or tripometer. 

An Odometer was first developed for wagons and other horse-drawn vehicles in the 1600s for measuring the distances they travelled. The first odometer for an automobile was developed by Arthur P. and Charles H. Warner of Beloit, Wisconsin which appeared in 1903 and was soon patented as the Auto-Meter.

References

Measuring tools
Galícia Esporte Clube is a football club which plays in Salvador da Bahía, Brazil.

Honors 
Bahia League Championship (Campeonato Baiano)

Champion: 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943 and 1968.

Runner-up: 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1967, 1980, 1982 and 1995.

Bahia League Championship Second Level (Campeonato Baiano Segunda Divisão)

Champion: 1985, 1988 and 2013.

Runner-up: 2007.

Northeast Zone of the North-Northeast Cup (Copa Norte-Nordeste)

Runner-up: 1969.

Other websites 
 Galícia Esporte – Official Site 

Brazilian football clubs
Salvador, Bahia
1933 establishments
1930s establishments in Brazil
Hagneck is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Bern
Hasle bei Burgdorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Hasle bei Burgdorf 

Municipalities of Bern
The Wakarusa War was a skirmish that happened in Kansas Territory. It started on November 21st, and it ended on December 8th, 1885. It was part of the Bleeding Kansas violence. It happened mostly in Lawrence and the Wakarusa River Valley.

Summary 
The events that led to the Wakarusa War started on November 21, 1855.  A Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot and killed by pro-slavery settler Franklin N. Coleman. The two had been involved in a land dispute at a place called Hickory Point, south of Lawrence. Four hours after the shooting the property owner, Jacob Branson, recovered Dow’s body. Abolitionists then set fire to several pro-slavery cabins. When the (pro-slavery) Douglas County Sheriff, Samuel Jones, learned about what happened at Hickory Point, he led a posse to the area to restore order. But Jones did not arrest Coleman. Instead, he arrested the property owner (and abolitionist leader) Jacob Branson. But while taking Branson to jail, an abolitionist party stopped them and freed Branson. The Sheriff then assembled about 1,500 Missouri Border Ruffians to put down what he called an insurrection. The Missourians camped along the Wakarusa River while they made plans to invade Lawrence.

Siege 
Before coming to Lawrence, the bushwhackers had broken into the United States Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, and stolen guns, swords, a cannon and ammunition. In Lawrence, John Brown and James Lane had mustered Free-State settlers into a defending army and erected barricades. No attack on Lawrence was made. It was the first time armies from Missouri and Kansas faced each other. It was demanded free-staters obey the laws and give up their weapons. But they replied they had broken no laws and had the right to bear arms. The only fatal casualty occurring during the siege was of a Free-State man named Thomas Barber. On December 6, 1855 he was shot and killed by George W. Clark, the Indian agent, on a road four miles outside of Lawrence.

References

Other websites 
 History of the State of Kansas by William G. Cutler (1883)
 1912 article on Wakarusa War
 "Burial of Barber" at Bartleby.com

Bleeding Kansas
1850s in Kansas
1855
Lawrence, Kansas