cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Hôtel Ritz is a grand hotel in the heart of Paris in the Place Vendôme. The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

The hotel has 159 rooms. It was founded by the Swiss hotelier, César Ritz, in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898. The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of a Town house from the 18th-century. It overlooks one of the central squares in Paris.

It was one of the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom en suite, a telephone and electricity for each room. It established a reputation for luxury. The clients have included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel, for example Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years. One of the bars of the hotel, Bar Hemingway, is devoted to Hemingway.

The Ritz has the reputation of being the most expensive hotel in Paris. The rooms as of May 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,600 and cost up to €13,900 a night for the most expensive ones (the Suite Impériale is the most expensive). The Ritz employs more than 600 people.

L'Espadon is a world-renowned restaurant. It attracts aspiring chefs from all over the world who come to learn at the nearby Ritz-Escoffier School. The cuisine is run by the award-winning chef Michel Roth, the ninth head chef of the hotel. The restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide.

During the Second World War, the German Luftwaffe used the hotel as local headquarters in Paris. The son of César Ritz, Charles, died in 1976. The last members of the Ritz family who owned the hotel sold it to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed in 1979. In August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Al-Fayed's son, Dodi, dined in the hotel's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash.

The hotel is being entirely renovated. It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and will open its doors in March 2016, after a delay of nearly two years. Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel has featured in many novels (for example F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is The Night and Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises),
a play (Noël Coward's Semi-Monde), and films (such as Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon and William Wyler's 1966 comedy How to Steal a Million).

References 

Ritz
Buildings and structures in Paris
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist. He was one of the most famous and productive scientists of his time.

Microscopic organisms 
Ehrenberg was appointed professor of medicine at Berlin University in 1827. In 1829 he accompanied Alexander von Humboldt through eastern Russia to the Chinese frontier. After his return he began to concentrate his studies on microscopic organisms, which then were not much studied.

For nearly 30 years Ehrenberg examined samples of water, soil, sediment, blowing dust and rock and described thousands of new species, among them well-known flagellates such as Euglena, ciliates such as Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, and many fossils, in nearly 400 scientific publications. He was particularly interested in a unicellular group of protists called diatoms, but he also studied, and named, many species of radiolaria, foraminifera and dinoflagellates.

These researches built up our knowledge of the microorganisms of certain geological formations, especially of the chalk, and of the marine and freshwater accumulations. Until Ehrenberg took up the study it was not known that considerable masses of rock were composed of minute forms of animals or plants. He also demonstrated that the phosphorescence of the sea was due to organisms.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1836 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London from 1837. In 1839, he won the Wollaston Medal, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. He continued until late in life to investigate the microscopic organisms of the deep sea and of various geological formations. He died in Berlin on 27 June 1876.

Legacy 
After his death in 1876, his collections of microscopic organisms were deposited in the Humboldt Museum at the University of Berlin. The "Ehrenberg Collection" includes 40,000 microscope preparations, 5,000 raw samples, 3,000 pencil and ink drawings, and nearly 1,000 letters of correspondence. His collection of scorpions, and other arachnids from the Middle East, is also held in the Berlin Museum.

References 

1795 births
1876 deaths
German doctors
German anatomists
German naturalists
German zoologists
Geologists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Afro-Haitians or Black Haitians, are Haitian people whose ancestors were Africans. Most Afro-Haitians are descended from West African slaves. The slaves were brought over to work in plantations, mainly for sugar canes.

The vast majority (about 90%) of Haitians are of African descent. Of them, about 25-30% are of mixed race or mulatto.

Origins 

Haiti, just like in any region in the Americas, received slaves from all over West and Central Africa. Although Haitian slaves were from all over Africa, the most common were Kongos from the Congo region, and Ewe and Fon tribes of current-day Benin or Togo. There was also a lot of Igbo people from Nigeria.

Haitian Voodoo is obviously from the Fon people of Benin, when they came in large numbers as slaves to work in plantations as maids, farmers, and sugar cane cutters have kept their traditions strong and alive till this day after 300 years away from their original home.

The African influence can also be seen in the language Haitians use to speak; Haitian Creole is a French-based language with strong African influence in the phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar, pronunciations. There are many words of African origin used in every day speech. Haitian food is mostly of African origin, including the names of the food. The music of Haiti is filled with African rhythms and instruments, the use of call and response as well as vocal African songs.

References 

Haiti
African people
Ethnic groups in North America
Mark Fitzpatrick (born November 13, 1968 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Cloutier played 1 season in the BCJHL with the Revelstoke Rangers and 3 seasons in the WHL with the Medicine Hat Tigers whom he won the Memorial Cup twice with.

He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 27th overall pick in the 1987 NHL Entry draft. He played 17 games with the Kings and on February 22, 1989 he was traded along with Wayne McBean to the New York Islanders in exchange for Kelly Hrudey. He played 2 seasons with the Islanders. During his time with them, Fitzpatrick contracted Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome, which is a potentially fatal neurological disease and it cost him almost all of the 1990-91 NHL season. He was able to recover and he returned to the ice in February 1992. He won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for his efforts in returning to the league after the illness in 1992.

On June 20, 1993, during the expansion draft for the Florida Panthers and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, he was traded to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall and a swap of first-round picks. After only four days, he was claimed in the expansion draft by the Panthers. He played 5 seasons with the Panthers where he played as a backup goaltender to John Vanbiesbrouck.

On January 16, 1998, he was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning with Jody Hull for Dino Ciccarelli and Jeff Norton. During his time in Tampa, he only managed record 7 wins in 34 games for the struggling Lightning who finished the season with the worst record in the NHL.

He was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for Michal Sykora where he spent the season as a backup capacity to Jocelyn Thibault. He moved to Carolina Hurricanes for the 1999–2000 NHL season but spent most of the year playing in the International Hockey League for the Cincinnati Cyclones. He only played 3 games for the Carolina Hurricanes and spent another season in the IHL for the Detroit Vipers before he retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2001.

References

Other websites 

1968 births
American Hockey League players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Carolina Hurricanes players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New York Islanders players
People from Toronto
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Emile Percival Francis (September 13, 1926 – February 19, 2022), nicknamed "The Cat", was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, coach and general manager. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan.

Playing career
In the NHL, Francis played 2 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks and 22 games for the New York Rangers. He served as a back-up goaltender during his time with the Rangers. He was also the first goaltender to use a first baseman’s glove with a cuff added to protect his hand and wrist while previous goaltenders would were the same padded gloves as their teammates.

He mainly played in the AHL and WHL which he played for a number of different teams including the Vancouver Canucks, Saskatoon Quakers and Seattle Americans. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1960.

After he retired, he became the head coach of the OHA's Guelph Royals and then became the head coach of the New York Rangers from 1965 to 1975. He then became the head coach of the St. Louis Blues 1976 to 77 and in 1982. After coaching, Francis became the General Manager of the New York Rangers from 1964 to 1976, the General Manager of the St. Louis Blues from 1976 to 1983 and the General Manager of the Hartford Whalers from 1983 to 1989. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982 as a builder.

His son Bobby Francis also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings. He also coached the Phoenix Coyotes from 1999 to 2004.

Francis died on February 19, 2022, at the age of 95.

References

Other websites 

1926 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
2022 deaths
New York Rangers players
American Hockey League players
Beginners is a 2010 American romantic-comedy-drama movie directed by Mike Mills. It is about the story of Oliver, a man remembering the life and death from cancer of his widowed gay father, Hal, while trying to work a new romantic relationship with a Frenchwoman, Anna. 

It stars Christopher Plummer and Ewan McGregor. It was released to positive reviews on June 3, 2011. This movie lead to Plummer's first Academy Award win.

Other websites 

2010 romance movies
2010 comedy-drama movies
2010s LGBT movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Cancer in movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
LGBT romance movies
Movies about families
Movies set in the 2000s
Works about old age
Works about widowhood
American independent movies
Norman Barnett Tindale AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and ethnologist. He worked for the South Australian Museum for almost 50 years. He is best known for his work mapping the various cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians.

He was born in Perth, Western Australia. His family moved to Tokyo in 1907, when he was a young boy. Norman was educated at the American School in Japan. The family returned to Perth in 1915, and then moved to Adelaide in 1917. Tindale got a job at the Adelaide Public Library. In January 1919, he got a job at the South Australian Museum as entomologist's assistant to Arthur Mills Lea. He had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933.

Tindale began mapping the cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians early in his career. His interest in this began during a research trip to Groote Eylandt in 1921–1922. On the island, an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale detailed descriptions of which land belonged to his family and which land did not. This led Tindale to question the widely held belief among European Australians at the time, which was that Aboriginal people were nomadic and had no connection to any specific area. Tindale's maps have been superseded by more accurate ones.

After his retirement from the South Australian Museum, Tindale began teaching at the University of Colorado. He lived in the United States until his death, aged 93, in Palo Alto, California.

Awards
 1956: Verco Medal of the Royal Society of South Australia
 1967: Honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado
 1968: Australian Natural History Society Medallion
 1980: John Lewis Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia
 1980: Honorary doctorate from the Australian National University.

Tindale was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1994, shortly after his death.

References

Other websites 
 Norman Tindale website at Australian National University
 Norman Tindale  at the South Australia Museum
 Tribal Boundaries in Aboriginal Australia , the map of Aboriginal language-group boundaries by Norman Tindale
 Tindale Genealogical Collection  at the State Library of Queensland

1900 births
1993 deaths
Australian social scientists
Anthropologists
Archaeologists
People from Perth, Western Australia
Order of Australia
University of Adelaide alumni
The Savoy Hotel is a luxury hotel on the Strand in central London. It was built by impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and opened in 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants, which were owned by his family for over a century.  

The Savoy was the first luxury hotel in Britain. It had electric lights throughout the building, electric lifts, bathrooms in most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water, and many other innovations. D'Oyly Carte hired manager César Ritz and French chef Auguste Escoffier, who established the highest quality in service, entertainment and dining. The hotel attracted royalty and other rich guests and diners. Winston Churchill frequently took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel.

The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous, and other entertainers (who were also often guests) included George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne and Noël Coward. Famous guests have included Edward VII, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Otto Hahn, Harry Truman, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, Babe Ruth, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Bob Dylan, The Beatles and numerous others.

The hotel is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It has been called "London's most famous hotel". It is still one of London's most prestigious and opulent hotels, with 268 rooms and panoramic views of the River Thames across Savoy Place and the Thames Embankment. The hotel closed in December 2007 for extensive renovations and reopened in October 2010.

References 

1889 establishments in England
City of Westminster
Hotels
Dorothy Kilner (17 February 1755 – 5 February 1836) was an English writer of children's books during the late 18th century.

Dorothy published her first books anonymously. She then published under the pseudonyms M. P. and Mary Pelham. This was common practice among female authors in that period.

Dorothy's most famous book was The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse. This was published in 1784. Some other books of hers are Anecdotes of a Boarding School, or an antidote to the vices of those Establishments (1790), Little Stories for Little Folks (about 1785), and The Village School (1795). Most of her stories had moral lessons.

Life 
Dorothy was probably born in Woodford, which was part of Essex at the time. Her father was Thomas Kilner (1719–1804), a public servant and landowner. Her mother was Frances Kilner (née Ayscough; 1718–1768). Dorothy was the youngest of five children. The family lived in Maryland Point.

Dorothy was inspired to write through her friendship with Mary Ann Maze (Mary Ann Kilner, 1753–1831). The two became friends when they were children. They wrote many letters to each other on religious and personal matters. The letters were usually written in verse. Maze later married Dorothy's brother, Thomas Kilner (1750–1812) in 1774. Dorothy moved into their house in Spitalfields, and helped to raise their five children.

Both Dorothy and Mary Ann became writers, and wrote many books for children. Their books were published by John Marshall. Copies of their books were found long after their deaths in a trunk in their home in Maryland Point. Several titles continued to be reprinted for many years.

References 
 
 Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

Other websites 
 
 Complete text of The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

1755 births
1836 deaths
British children's writers
Writers from London
Jessica Barth is an American writer and actress. Jessica Barth studied acting and creative writing at the West Chester University.

Career
Jessica Barth started working at three different restaurants in Los Angeles, California. She began her acting career with theater plays. She later began a professional acting career with her appearances in films and television series. Jessica Barth earned worldwide recognition with her first bigger appearance in Ted as Tami-Lynn, the main character's love interest.

Appearances

Films
Neo Ned (2005)
Next (2007)
Mr. Blue Sky (2007)
Get Smart (2008)
The Waterhole (2009)
Ted (2012)
Ted 2 (2015)

Television
The District
The Catch (2005)
One on One
South of Nowhere
How I Met Your Mother
Family Guy (Voice)
Days of Our Lives
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Cougar Town
Parks and Recreation

References

Other websites

Jessica Barth on Instagram

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Antonino Giovanni Ribisi (born December 17, 1974) is an American actor. He began acting on television shows, guest-starring in Friends. He starred in many movies, including Saving Private Ryan, Avatar and Ted.

Other websites

 
 Official Website 

1974 births
American movie actors
American television actors
Living people
A blobfish  (Psychrolutes marcidus) is three species of a fish of the family Psychrolutidae. They live in deep waters off the coasts of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Blobfish are typically shorter than 30 cm. They live at depths between  where the pressure is several dozen times higher than at sea level.

Blobfish are often caught accidentally in bottom trawling nets. Scientists now fear the blobfish could become an endangered species because of deep-ocean trawling.

As often happens with common names, there is another fish which may also be called "blobfish". It is Macquarie blobfish, a species of Ebinania.

References 

Ray-finned fish
Shelby Dade Foote, Jr. (November 17, 1916 – June 27, 2005) was an American historian and writer. He was an important person for Civil War documentaries. He wrote many books about the war and Abraham Lincoln. His most famous book about the war was The Civil War: A Narrative.  Foote was born on in Greenville, Mississippi and died in Memphis, Tennessee.

Early life
Shelby Dade Foote, Jr. studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Foote is of Jewish descent, but he was raised as an Episcopalian.

Career
Foote began writing a three volume, 3000-page history, together called The Civil War: A Narrative. The separate volumes are Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958), Fredericksburg to Meridian (1963), and Red River to Appomattox (1974).

When The Civil War by Ken Burns was first broadcast, his telephone number was publicly listed. and He received many phone calls from people who had seen him on television. Foote never unlisted his number, and the volume of calls increased each time the series re-aired.

Personal life
He was married to Tess Lavery from 1944 until they divorced in 1946. Then he was married to Marguerite "Peggy" Desommes from 1948 until they divorced in 1952. They had one child. Then he was married to Gwyn Rainer from 1956 until his death in 2005. They had one child.

Death
Foote died on June 27, 2005 at a hospital in Memphis, Tennessee from heart failure caused by a heart attack and pulmonary embolism. He was 88 years old. Foote is buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

References

Other websites

 Shelby Foote Grave
 Shelby Foote Papers Inventory, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
 Write TV Public Television Interview with Shelby Foote 
 PBS Civil War
 American Enterprise interview with Bill Kauffman 
"Shelby Foote's War Story: How a Memphis novelist’s history of the Civil War made history itself" from Garden & Gun

1916 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
American historians
Episcopalians
Writers from Mississippi
Kenneth Lauren "Ken" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American director and producer of documentary movies. He is known for his style of using archival footage and photographs. Burns is also a historian and writer.

His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War (2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011) and The Central Park Five (2012). His movies have been nominated for two Academy Awards, and have won Emmy Awards, among other honors.

Burns was born on July 29, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York  His ancestors owned slaves, and one was a Confederate soldier. He studied at Hampshire College. Burns was married to Amy Stechler from 1982 until they divorced in 1993. He married Julie Deborah Brown in 2003, and  in 2017 they were still marrie..

Burns said that he is influenced by Shelby Foote and Errol Morris.

References

Other websites

Florentine Films—Ken Burns's production company

Ken Burns on PBS
Ken Burns bibliography
Ken Burns at Library of Congress Authorities — with 54 catalog records

1953 births
Living people
American historians
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New York
Writers from New York City
A lightning strike (or a lighting bolt) is a line of electric energy that is made during thunderstorms. It is very powerful and can kill anyone that it touches. It usually strikes tall objects such as skyscrapers, trees and mountains. A few people have survived lightning strikes.

Related pages

Lightning
Helicopter-triggered lightning strikes

References

Other websites
 http://science1.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/essd18jun99_1/ 

Electricity
Weather
Tadeusz Mazowiecki (18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and Christian-democratic politician. Mazowiecki was the first Prime Minister of Poland. His term began in 1989 and ended in 1991.

Early life
Mazowiecki was born on 18 April 1927 in Płock, Second Republic of Poland. He was married two times (became a widower twice). He had three children, Wojciech, Adam, and Michal.

Career
He was formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement. Mazowiecki was the first non-communist prime minister in the Eastern Bloc after World War II. He became Prime Minister on 24 August 1989. His term lasted for nearly 2 years when he left office on 12 January 1991.

In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the International Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.

Awards
Mazowiecki received numerous awards. An honorary degree from the universities in: Leuven, Genoa, Giessen, Poitiers, Exeter, Warsaw University and University of Economics in Katowice.

He also received the Order of White Eagle (1995), Golden Order of Bosnia (1996), Légion d'honneur (1997), Srebrnica Award (2005), the Giant award (1995) awarded by Gazeta Wyborcza (Election Gazette) in Poznań and Jan Nowak-Jezioranski Award (2004).

Death
Mazowiecki died on 28 October 2013 in Warsaw, Poland from complications from a fever caused by pneumonia. He was 86 years old.

References

Other websites

Periodic Reports on the situation in Bosnia 

1927 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Polish journalists
Polish philanthropists
Prime Ministers of Poland
Polish writers
Stansfield M. Turner (December 1, 1923 – January 18, 2018) was a United States Navy admiral and former Director of Central Intelligence and President of the Naval War College. He was a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park School of Public Policy.

Turner was born on December 1, 1923 in Highland Park, Illinois. He studied at Amherst College, at the United States Naval Academy, and at Exeter College, Oxford. He was a Christian Scientist. Turner died in Seattle, Washington on January 18, 2018 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
Prepared Statement before Congress on MKULTRA
Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 1
Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 2
Interview on the Iranian Arms Scandal from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

1923 births
2018 deaths
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
US Democratic Party politicians
Christian Scientists
Military people from Illinois
Politicians from Illinois
People from Highland Park, Illinois
Philip Baker Hall (born September 10, 1931) is an American actor. He starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's movies, Hard Eight, Boogie Nights and Magnolia. Other movies included Air Force One, The Truman Show, Bruce Almighty, Rush Hour and The Amityville Horror.

Hall was born in Toledo, Ohio. He studied at the University of Toledo. He was married twice, both ended in divorce. Hall had two children.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
Living people
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
A dry thunderstorm is a type of thunderstorm where there is lightning and thunder, but most or all of the precipitation does not reach the ground. They usually happen in deserts or areas with low water vapor. Because dry air usually absorbs liquid water, the rain is absorbed before it reaches the ground. They happen a lot during the summer months in western North America.

Dry thunderstorms are dangerous because they can cause dust storms and wildfires. Dust storms can happen because the dry soil and sand are picked up by strong winds. Wildfires can happen because the lightning can hit trees and there is no rain to put out the fires.

References

Severe weather

fr:Orage sec
A menu is a list of dishes to be served at a meal. Menus have been around in Europe since the 18th century. There is a special need for them in Chinese cuisine because of the wide range of dishes on offer. Menus have been discovered from the Song Dynasty in China. In the larger cities of the time, the variety of cuisine from different regions led caterers to create a list for their patrons.

In restaurants, the modern menu, with dishes in a set order of courses, was invented by the great French chef Escoffier. Usually there are two types of menu at a good restaurant:

table d'hôte: a set menu at a fixed price (prix fixée).
à la carte: a wider choice of items, each with its own price.

Lesser establishments might offer a chalkboard, with the advantage that items can be rubbed out or added on at short notice. Fish restaurants in particular depend on daily catches being supplied or bought in the early morning. They usually list fish freshly bought (as opposed to frozen).

In American restaurant management, "menu engineering" has become a branch of marketing.

References 

Restaurants
Written communication
Cinderella Castle (or Cinderella Palace) is the fairy tale castle at the center of two Disney theme parks: the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disneyland at the Tokyo Disney Resort. Both castles are recognized all over the world. They are the main attraction for each of the theme parks.

Disney - Orlando
Castles
1971 establishments in Florida
Clay Aiken (born November 30, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, author and activist. 

Aiken was born and raised in Raleigh, North Carolina. He was a contestant on the second season of American Idol in 2003. He is openly gay.

In 2014, Aiken announced his intentions to run for congress in North Carolina's 2nd congressional district against Republican incumbent Renee Ellmers. He officially filed to run on February 27, 2014.

Studio albums
 Measure of a Man (2003)
 Merry Christmas with Love (2004)
 A Thousand Different Ways (2006)
 On My Way Here  (2008)
 Tried and True (2010)
 Steadfast (2012)

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References

1978 births
Living people
American activists
American Idol contestants
American LGBT people
American singer-songwriters
American stage actors
US Democratic Party politicians
LGBT politicians
Politicians from Raleigh, North Carolina
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Actors from Raleigh, North Carolina
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
Singers from North Carolina
is a theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, near Tokyo. It is  large.
Tokyo Disney Resort is one of five Disney Resorts in the world. It is one of the most famous theme parks in Japan. Maihama Station is the nearest station. There are many kinds of tickets for visitors to choose from. The "After 6 passport" for admission after 6 p.m. is popular with high-school students and couples.
Tokyo DisneySea is nearby.

Parks
Tokyo Disneyland is divided into seven theme parks.
World Bazaar
Adventureland
Westernland
Critter Country
Fantasyland
Toontown
Tomorrowland

Characters
Main characters
Mickey Mouse
Minnie Mouse
Donald Duck
Goofy
Pluto
They are called the "FAB 5". They always appear on stages and parades. They are mostly found at Toontown. Other characters at Toontown are Chip 'n Dale and Daisy Duck.

At Fantasyland, there are Winnie the Pooh, Peter Pan, Snow White, Cinderella, Pinocchio, Dumbo, Alice, and Jack Skellington from The Nightmare Before Christmas.

At Tomorrowland are Buzz Lightyear and the monsters from Monsters, Inc.. There is also the Aristocats and Lilo & Stitch.

Attractions
 Star Tours
 Haunted Mansion
 Big Thunder Mountain 
 Space Mountain
 Splash Mountain

References

1983 establishments in Asia
Chiba Prefecture
Disney theme parks
Theme parks in Japan
1980s establishments in Japan
Koreans are one of the largest ethnic minority groups in Japan. Many Koreans immigrated from the 1920s to the 1950s.

Other websites

Han

Japanese culture
Korean people
Commission can refer to several things:

 Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to somebody for a job they have done
 Commission (art), when somebody orders the creation of a piece of art
 A type of contract for performance or creation of a specific work
 The document appointing someone as an officer
 A group of officials
 Statutory commission, a government authority created by acts of the legislature (for which, see Statutory authority)
 Constitutional Commission, a group of people who are ordered to review or write a constitution
 European Commission, the executive body of the European Union
 Royal Commission, a public inquiry
Winnie Madikizela–Mandela (born Nomzamo Winfreda Zanyiwe Madikizela; 26 September 1936 – 2 April 2018) was a South African politician. She held several government positions and headed the African National Congress Women's League. She was a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee. Madikizela-Mandela was married to President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Madikizela-Mandela was born on 26 September 1936 in Bizana, Pondoland, Transkei, South Africa. She studied at the University of South Africa. She was married to Nelson Mandela from 1958 until they divorced in 1996. They had two children. Madikizela-Mandela died of complications from diabetes on 2 April 2018 in Johannesburg at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

 Winnie Mandela Trailer HD Video
 
 
"Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence" , Washington Post, 18 February 1989

1936 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in South Africa
Fraudsters
Kidnappers
Nelson Mandela
South African politicians
Thieves
First Ladies of South Africa
Harry Frederick Oppenheimer (28 October 1908 – 19 August 2000) was a famous South African businessman of Jewish descent. Oppenheimer was the chairman of Anglo American Corporation for a quarter of a century. He was also the chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines for 27 years until he retired from those positions in 1982 and 1984. He was close friends with President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Oppenheimer was born in Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa. He studied at Charterhouse School and at Christ Church, Oxford University. Oppenheimer was raised in Johannesburg.

The Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award Africa's premier research prize, is awarded every year by the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust, in memory of Harry Oppenheimer's commitment to an ideal of "unambiguous excellence."

Oppenheimer was married to Bridget Oppenheimer until his death in 2000. They had two children. Bridget died in October 2013.

Oppenheimer died in Johannesburg, South Africa from cancer, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Hart, R. 2010. Mr H.F. Oppenheimer receives the Freedom of the City of Kimberley. Now and Then: Newsletter of the Historical Society of Kimberley and the Northern Cape 18(3):1-2

1908 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Jewish businesspeople
People from Johannesburg
South African Jews
White South African people
Armillaria gallica (synonymous with A. bulbosa and A. lutea) is a species of "honey mushroom" in the Agaricales order.

The species is common and ecologically important: it decays wood. It can live as a saprophyte, or as an opportunistic parasite in weakened tree hosts to cause root or butt rot. It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms fruit bodies singly or in groups in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been accidentally introduced to South Africa.

Armillaria gallica is a largely subterranean fungus, and it produces fruit bodies that are up to about  in diameter, yellow-brown, and covered with small scales. On the underside of the caps are gills that are white to creamy or pale orange.

The fungus develops an extensive system of underground root-like structures, called rhizomorphs which help it to decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. It has been the subject of considerable scientific research. Its ability to bioluminesce and its ability to form large and long-lived colonies are especially interesting.

Humongous fungus
Researchers reported finding Armillaria gallica in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the early 1990s. In one forest stand, Armillaria-infected oak trees had been harvested, and their stumps were left to rot in the field. Later, when red pines were planted in the same location, the seedlings were killed by the fungus A. gallica (then known as A. bulbosa).

Using sequence analysis, they found that the underground mycelia of one individual fungal colony covered , weighing over , with an estimated age of 1,500 years. The analysis examined genetic samples collected in the forest from fruit bodies and rhizomorphs. Samples from the 15-hectare area had identical mating type alleles and mitochondrial DNA fragments. This showed the samples were all from a single genetic individual, or clone, which reached its size through vegetative growth. The authors noted: "This is the first report estimating the minimum size, mass, and age of an unambiguously defined fungal individual. Although the number of observations for plants and animals is much greater, members of the fungal kingdom should now be recognized as among the oldest and largest organisms on earth". After the Nature paper was published, media outlets from around the world visited the site where the specimens were found. As a result of this publicity, the individual acquired the common name "humongous fungus". There was afterward some scholarly debate as to whether the fungus qualified to be considered in the same category as other large organisms such as the blue whale or the giant redwood.

Gallery

References 

Fungi
Affirmative action (known as positive discrimination in the United Kingdom) is a policy where members of minority groups are given preference over members of more common or bigger groups. This is usually done to try to obtain some equality or balance. Positive discrimination is illegal in many countries.

It is most often found in education, employment and welfare.

References 

Discrimination
Education
Robinson Crusoe is a novel written by Daniel Defoe. It was first published on 25 April 1719 by William Taylor.

The novel's full title is The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates.

The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe leaves the safety of his comfortable middle-class home in England and goes to sea. He is shipwrecked and becomes a castaway who spends years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad. He meets cannibals, captives and mutineers, and is eventually rescued.

For the first edition, Defoe pretended that the novel was a true story. He said the fictional protagonist Robinson Crusoe was the author and he pretended to be the editor of Crusoe's autobiography. This led many readers to believe that Crusoe was a real person and the book a true account of his life.

Many people think the story was influenced by the life of Alexander Selkirk. Selkirk was a Scottish castaway who lived for over four years on a Pacific island belonging to Chile called Más a Tierra. (In 1966, the island was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island.) However, there are other possible sources. For example, Ibn Tufail's earlier novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, also set on a desert island, may have inspired Defoe.

Critical response to Robinson Crusoe has been diverse and argumentative. There has been widespread disagreement about the novel's nature and origin, values, structure, and meaning. Literary historians have not agreed on Defoe's sincerity, exact intentions, and achievement in the book.

Robinson Crusoe was very popular as soon as it was published. Before the end of 1719, it had already run through four editions. The novel's popularity has continued and it has become one of the most widely published books in history. It has prompted many imitations and adaptations for stage, film, and television.

References 

English novels
18th-century books
A cloaking device or invisibility cloak has long been featured in science fiction. Attempts have been made to devise a way to do it with objects, but results were disappointing until now. A paper in Nature Communications for September 2013 announces a new approach.

"Invisibility cloaking was almost inconceivable until the ingenious theory of macroscopic invisibility cloaking was proposed based on transformation optics principles. ... We successfully demonstrate the cloaking of living creatures, a cat and a fish, from the eye. 

From reference 1, the two "supplementary movies" show the successful cloaking of a goldfish and a cat so far as they are within the experimental space.

Overview 
A recent review said these methods were possible: 
Optical camouflage: A modified background image is projected onto a cloak of reflective material (the kind used to make projector screens). The wearer becomes invisible to anyone standing at the projection source.
The "mirage effect": Electric current is passed through submerged carbon nanotubes to create very high local temperatures. This causes light to bounce off them, hiding objects behind.
Adaptive heat cloaking: A camera records background temperatures, these are displayed by sheets of hexagonal pixels which change temperature very quickly, camouflaging even moving vehicles from heat-sensitive cameras.
Calcite crystal prism: Calcite crystals send the two polarizations of light in different directions. By fixing prism-shaped crystals together in a particular way, polarised light can be directed around small objects. This effectively cloaks them.

References 

Optics
Science fiction
Mehit is a goddess of lions and war in Egyptian mythology. She is the wife of the god Anhur, also a god of war.
She represented the full moon. Also called The Completed one (Eye of Horus)

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Mandela and de Klerk is a 1997 British television movie about the relationship between President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and former State-Governor F. W. de Klerk. Sidney Poitier played Mandela and Michael Caine played de Klerk. It was released on February 16, 1997. 

British drama movies
1990s biographical movies
Nelson Mandela
Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born 2 June 1954 in San Mateo, California) is an American movie and television actor. He is known for appearing in the Allstate commercials. He also starred in many movies such as Major League. He also starred in the television show 24.

References

Other websites

Dennis Haysbert's Official Website & DH6 Gear Store

Haysbert Bio at The Unit
BostonHerald 
Race on Broadway

1954 births
Living people
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
People from San Mateo, California
Saturn Award winners
The Nelson Mandela Bridge is a bridge in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was completed in 2003. The bridge was built to connect two important business areas of Braamfontein and Newton. It was named after President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

2003 establishments
Concrete bridges
Steel bridges
Nelson Mandela
Buildings and structures in South Africa
Transport in South Africa
Johannesburg
2000s establishments in South Africa
Night of Champions (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on September 15, 2013 at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the seventh yearly event with the "Night of Champions" name. Similar to the last five events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company was defended at the event.

Results

Tag Team Turmoil match

References

Other websites
Official Night of Champions 2013 website

2013 in professional wrestling
WWE Night of Champions
Sports in Detroit, Michigan
2013 in the United States
2010s in Michigan
21st century in Detroit, Michigan
David Harewood, MBE (born 8 December 1965 in Small Heath, Birmingham, England), is an English actor.  He is known for playing David Estes in the Showtime series Homeland.

References

Other websites
 

1965 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham
Black British actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Idrissa Akuna "Idris" Elba  (born 6 September 1972) is a British actor, musician, producer, rapper, singer and writer. He is known for his roles in American Gangster, Takers, The Losers, Thor, Prometheus, Pacific Rim and Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom. He won a Golden Globe Award in 2011 and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2016.

On 16 March 2020, Elba announced that he had been diagnosed with COVID-19 during the 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic.

References

Other websites

 (hmu)

The Films of Idris Elba
Sometimes in April Interview

1972 births
Living people
Actors from London
British DJs
British rap musicians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television producers
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie producers from London
Musicians from London
People from the London Borough of Newham
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Marrakesh, or Marrakech (Berber: ; ) is an important city in the African country of Morocco. It is the fourth largest city in the country. Marrakesh is the capital of the economic region of Marrakesh-Tensift-El Haouz.

History 
Marrakesh is the most important city out of all of Morocco's cities that used to be imperial cities. Berber farmers lived in Marrakesh during Neolithic times. Abu Bakr ibn Umar, the chieftain and cousin of the king of the Almoravids Yusuf ibn Tashfin, founded Marrakesh in the year 1062. The Almoravids built many schools and mosques in Marrakesh. Marrakesh has the name "Red City" because a lot of it is made out of red sandstone.

Marrakesh got bigger very quickly and became a cultural, religious, and trading center for sub-Saharan Africa.  The mayor of Marrakesh Fatima Zahra Mansouri is the second woman mayor in Morocco.

Tourism is important to Marrakesh, and the city has about 400 hotels. 

One of the things that most attract travellers to Morocco and, specifically, to the city of Marrakech, is the endless activities available and especially its variety. 

The most interesting and well-known are desert excursions from Marrakech, but in reality, you have many options: we are talking about excursions to the beach. There in the city itself, you do not have them, but there are many beaches near Marrakech that you can visit without much complication.

References

1062 establishments
 
Establishments in Morocco
11th-century establishments in Africa
Goodbye Bafana is a 2007 drama movie. It is about the life of Nelson Mandela when he was in prison. It stars Dennis Haysbert and Joseph Fiennes. It was released on February 11, 2007.

Other websites 

2007 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s prison movies
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies about Apartheid
Nelson Mandela
Prison drama movies
German drama movies
French drama movies
Belgian movies
South African movies
Italian drama movies
Luxembourgian movies
Movies directed by Bille August
Winnie Mandela is a 2011 British-American drama-biographical movie. It is based on Anne Marie du Preez Bezrob's biography Winnie Mandela: A Life. The movie is directed by Darrell Roodt. It stars Jennifer Hudson, Terrence Howard, Wendy Crewson, and Elias Koteas. Image Entertainment released the movie in theaters on September 6, 2013.

References

2010s biographical movies
2011 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
South African movies
Movies about Apartheid
Movies directed by Darrell Roodt
Nelson Mandela
Long Walk to Freedom is an autobiography written by President of South Africa Nelson Mandela. It was published in 1995.

Plot
The book is about his early life, his education and serving 27 years in prison. Under the apartheid government, Mandela was thought as a terrorist and jailed on the infamous Robben Island for his role as a leader of the then-outlawed ANC. He also say that democracy meant all men to be heard and far from majority rule, a minority was not crushed by a majority.

He has since gained international recognition for his leadership as president in rebuilding the country's once segregated society. The last chapters of the book describe his political ascension, and his belief that the struggle continues against apartheid in South Africa.

A movie based on this book was released in 2013 called Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom. Idris Elba played Mandela.

More reading
 Anthony Sampson Mandela: The Authorised Biography; HarperCollins; ISBN 0-00-638845-0(1999)
 Nelson Mandela; Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)

References

Other websites
Excerpts from Long Walk To Freedom
Quotes from Long Walk To Freedom
poly-lingual audio excerpts from Long Walk To Freedom (abridged edition) 

1995 books
Autobiographies
Nelson Mandela