cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Toba catastrophe was the largest volcanic eruption in the last 2.6 million years. It is called a catastrophe because its effects may have damaged the human species.

The eruption 
Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia, is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred 73,000 (±4000 years) years ago.
It was a climate-changing event. The eruption was two orders of magnitude (= x100) larger than the largest known historic eruption, that of Tambora, also in Indonesia.

This eruption was the last and largest of four eruptions of Toba during the Quaternary epoch. It had an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8 (described as "apocalyptic"). It made a sizable contribution to the 100x30 km caldera complex. The mass it threw out was 100 times greater than the largest volcanic eruption in recent history. That was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which caused the 1816 "Year Without a Summer" in the northern hemisphere.

Consequences 
The eruption of Toba led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decline in temperatures between 3-5 degrees C, and up to 15 degrees C in higher latitudes.

Effect on humans 
According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences. It killed most humans then alive. It created a population bottleneck in Central Eastern Africa and India that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.

According to the theory, only 10,000 (perhaps only 1,000) pairs of humans survived the disaster. Perhaps it led to the other hominids becoming extinct, though the Neanderthals certainly survived in Europe and Eurasia.

There is no direct evidence that the theory is correct. And there is no evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species. There is evidence that human habitation continued in India after the eruption. The theory in its strongest form seems to be incorrect.

References 

Natural disasters
Calderas
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Laurie Strode is a fictional character in the Halloween movies. The first movie she was in was the 1978 movie. She is an example of the "final girl" character, the last girl alive to fight the killer in a movie.

Jamie Lee Curtis was the first actress to play Laurie Strode.

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1978
Movie characters
Halloween (franchise)
Richard Bache "Dick" Ayers (April 28, 1924 – May 4, 2014) was an American comic book artist and cartoonist. He was best known for his work as one of Jack Kirby's inkers during the Silver Age of Comics period in the late-1950s and 1960s. He worked on some of the earliest issues of Marvel Comics' The Fantastic Four. He was born in Ossining, New York.

Ayers died on May 4, 2014 in White Plains, New York, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 
 

1924 births
2014 deaths
American cartoonists
American comics artists
American painters
People from New York
Flatland is a novella by Edwin Abbott Abbott. It is set in a fictional two-dimensional world. The books is a satire on society in the Victorian era. It also looks at dimensions.

Fiction books
Geometry
Our Lady of Lourdes is a name for the Virgin Mary.  She is believed to have appeared near Lourdes, France.  The first appearance was on 11 February 1858. It was seen by Bernadette Soubirous, a 14 year old peasant.  Seventeen more appearances were reported that year.

French culture
Roman Catholicism
Christian symbols
Marian apparitions
Helga Königsdorf (Helga Bunke; July 13, 1938 – May 4, 2014) was a German author and physicist. Her writings helped women's rights in Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. She worked with Christa Wolf, Brigitte Reimann and Maxie Wander. She retired in 1990. Königsdorf was born in Gera, Germany.

Königsdorf died in Berlin, Germany from Parkinson's disease, aged 75.

References

1938 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Berlin
German physicists
German writers
People from Thuringia
The Division of Herbert is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is in northern Queensland, and is named after Sir Robert Herbert, the first Premier of Queensland (1859–1866). In 1901 the division covered an area from Mackay to the Torres Strait, but today it only covers an area around the city of Townsville.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Herbert (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Ewen Jones' website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1901 establishments in Australia
Billy Frank, Jr. (March 9, 1931 – May 5, 2014) was a Native American environmental leader and treaty rights activist. Frank is known for his grassroots campaign for fishing rights on the tribe’s Nisqually River in Washington. He was mostly active during the 1960s and 1970s. He helped keep natural resources in the state. He was born in Nisqually, Washington.

Frank died on May 5, 2014, aged 83.

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
American activists
People from Washington
Butler Carson Derrick, Jr.  (September 30, 1936 – May 5, 2014) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina. Derrick was a representative for South Carolina's 3rd district. He served from 1975 to 1995. He was succeeded by Lindsey Graham. Derrick was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Derrick died in Easley, South Carolina from cancer, aged 77.

References

1936 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer
United States representatives from South Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
Willem (Wil) Albeda (13 June 1925 - 6 May 2014) was a Dutch politician. From 1966, he was member and from 1973 chairman of the Anti-Revolutionary Party group in the Senate. He was Minister of Social Affairs in the first cabinet Van Agt. After this he returned to the Senate. He later became chairman of the Scientific Council for Government Policy.

Albeda was born in Rotterdam. He died in Maastricht, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Bio at Parlement.com

1925 births
2014 deaths
Anti-Revolutionary Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch academics
Dutch Calvinists
Dutch economists
Dutch trade unionists
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
Politicians from Rotterdam
Keith Harvey Miller (March 1, 1925 – March 2, 2019) was a Republican politician from Alaska. He was the second Secretary of State of Alaska, under Governor Walter Hickel. When Hickel resigned in 1969, Miller became Governor. He was governor until December 5, 1970.

Miller died from pancreatic cancer while in hospice in Anchorage a day after his 94th birthday on March 2, 2019.

References

1925 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Governors of Alaska
Politicians from Seattle, Washington
US Republican Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Alaska
Frank Hughes Murkowski (; born March 28, 1933 in Seattle) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a United States Senator from Alaska from 1981 until 2002. He was the eighth Governor of Alaska, from 2002 until 2006.

References

Other websites

1933 births
Living people
Governors of Alaska
Politicians from Seattle, Washington
United States senators from Alaska
US Republican Party politicians
William Jennings Sheffield, Jr. (born June 26, 1928) is an American Democratic politician. He was the fifth Governor of Alaska from 1982 to 1986. Sheffield's term as governor was marked by controversy including attempts to have him impeached. He was born in Spokane, Washington.

References

Other websites

1928 births
Living people
Governors of Alaska
Politicians from Washington
People from Spokane, Washington
US Democratic Party politicians
Albert Harold "Al" Quie (born September 18, 1923) is an American politician. He was the 35th Governor of Minnesota, from January 4, 1979 to January 3, 1983. Quie was born in Dennison, Minnesota.

References

1923 births
Living people
Governors of Minnesota
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
American Lutherans
United States representatives from Minnesota
World War II people
Arne Helge Carlson, Sr. (born September 24, 1934) is an American politician. He was the 37th Governor of Minnesota, from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Republican Party. Carlson was born in New York City, New York.

References

1934 births
Living people
Governors of Minnesota
Politicians from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
Bryant Winfield Culberson Dunn (born July 1, 1927) is an American politician, dentist, and medical industry official. He was Governor of Tennessee from 1971 to 1975. He was the state's first Republican governor in fifty years, and was the sixth one since the Civil War.

Dunn ran for a second term in 1986. He lost to Ned McWherter. He remained active in the Republican Party and the medical field after his term as governor.

Dunn was born in Meridian, Mississippi.

References

Other websites

1927 births
Living people
Politicians from Mississippi
Politicians from Tennessee
US Republican Party politicians
The Make-A-Wish Foundation is a non-profit organization. The organization helps children that have life-threatening medical conditions by arranging experiences known as "wishes". The age limit is between 2 and a half and 18 at the time of referral. The person that decides if the child is eligible is the child's physician. The organization is based in Phoenix, Arizona. David A. Williams is the president and CEO of Make-A-Wish America. The person that holds the title of most wishes granted is professional wrestler John Cena who has grants over 450 wishes.

References

Other websites
Official website

Charities
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Gotham is an American television series created by Bruno Heller. It is based on the characters of DC Comics. It is set in Gotham City, but was filmed in New York City and parts of Chicago and Detroit.

The show takes place when then rookie detective police commissioner James Gordon and when Bruce Wayne's parents were murdered. It stars Ben McKenzie, David Mazouz, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Sean Pertwee. It will be aired by Fox. The first episode aired in fall 2014, and the last episode aired in spring 2019.

2014 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
Batman
English-language television programs
Benjamin McKenzie Schenkkan (born September 12, 1978) is an American comedian, actor and producer. He is also known as Benjamin McKenzie and Ben McKenzie, and was born in Austin, Texas. He plays Ryan Atwood in the television series The O.C. and Ben Sherman in Southland.

References

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
Comedians from Austin, Texas
Actors from Austin, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Aaron Michael Frobel is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is better known by his ring name Michael Elgin. He regularly works for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) and is best known for his time with Ring of Honor (ROH). Elgin was the winner of the 2011 Survival of the Fittest tournament. On July 4, 2013, Elgin married fellow professional wrestler Rachel Collins.

Championships
Absolute Intense Wrestling
AIW Absolute Championship (one time, current)All American WrestlingAAW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
AAW Heritage Championship (one time)
AAW Tag Team Championship (one time, current) (with Ethan Page)
Third AAW Triple Crown ChampionAlpha-1 WrestlingA1 Zero Gravity Championship (one time)BSE ProBSE Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ashley Sixx)Great Canadian WrestlingGCW National Championship (two times)
GCW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Jake O'Reilly (one) and Havok/Derek Wylde (one))1Independent Wrestling Association Mid-SouthIWA Mid-South Strong Style Championship (one time)Pro Wrestling GuerrillaPWG World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Brian Cage)Pro Wrestling IllustratedHe was ranked #37 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.Ring of HonorROH World Championship (1 time)
Survival of the Fittest (2011)Wrestling Observer Newsletter'''
5 Star Match (2012) (vs. Davey Richards on March 31)

1He first won the championship with Havok, but Derek Wylde would later replace Havok as Elgin's tag team partner and co-champion during the reign

References

Other websites
Ring of Honor profile 

Canadian professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Toronto
The Hyaenodontidae ("Hyaena teeth") is a family of the extinct order Creodonta, which contains several dozen genera.

The Hyaenodonts were important mammalian predators that arose during the late Paleocene and persisted well into the Miocene.  They were more widespread and successful than their sister family, the oxyaenids.

General characteristics 
They had long skulls, slender jaws, slim bodies, and a tendency to walk on their toes rather than flat-footed (plantigrade). They ranged in size from 30 to 140 cm at the shoulder. Hyaenodon gigas, the larger species, was as much as 1.4 m high at the shoulder, 10 feet long and weighed about 500 kg, but most were in the 5–15 kg range, equivalent to a mid-sized dog. Fossil evidence of their skulls shows that they had a particularly acute sense of smell, while their teeth were adapted for slicing, rather than crushing.

Teeth 
Hyaenodonts were mainly meat-eaters. They did not crack main bones because they lacked
crushing teeth. This contrasts with modern hyaenas, which can crush bones of larger prey. This gives then a good source of calcium, and access to the highly nutritious bone marrow. Modern bears and dogs also have bone-crushing capability, though not to the same extent as hyaenas. Hyaenodonts thus thus lacked dental versatility  for processing any foods other than meat.

The carnassials in a hyaenodontid are generally the second upper and third lower molars. However, some hyaenodontids had as many as three pairs of carnassials or carnassial-like molar teeth in their jaws.

Life-style 
Because of their size range, it is probable that different species hunted in different ways and allowed them to fill many different predatory niches. Smaller ones would hunt in packs during the night like wolves, and bigger, fiercer ones would hunt alone during the daylight, using their sheer size and their mighty jaws as their principal weapon.

References 

Creodonts
Methanogens are microorganisms that make methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions. The organisms are archaea,  a different domain from bacteria.  They are common in wetlands, where they make marsh gas. 

Methanogens are also common in the digestive tracts of  animals such as ruminants and humans. Methane is often belched out. 

In marine sediments methane is produced when sulfates are low. This happens below the top layers. Methanogenic archaea populations play an important role in anaerobic wastewater treatments. Some methanogens are extremophiles, found in environments such as hot springs and submarine hydrothermal vents as well as in the "solid" rock of the Earth's crust, kilometers below the surface. 

Methanogens  convert acetic acid to methane in a fermentation process. Do not confuse them with methanotrophs, which use up methane for their carbon and energy requirements.

References 

Archaeans
Metabolism
A selfie is a self-portrait photograph. It is typically taken with a hand-held digital camera or camera phone.

One of the first self-portraits was taken in 1839 by Robert Cornelius, an American photographer. The term "selfie" was first used by photographer Jim Krause in 2005.

Selfies by animals 
A black crested macaque (Macaca nigra) stole a camera, and took a photo of herself. The selfie seemed to set a legal precedent when the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a copyright claim. The ground was that a non-human could not own a copyright, and the camera owner had not taken the photo, and so also could not own the copyright. And so, the photo was not under copyright.

References 

Internet slang
Photography
James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876) was a figure in the American Old West. He was also known as "Wild Bill" Hickok. He was a gunfighter, gambler, and lawman.

Biography
Hickok was born and raised on a farm in Homer, Illinois (now Troy Grove, Illinois). He went west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice. He worked first as a stagecoach driver, then as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

He fought (and spied) for the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war, he gained fame as a scout, marksman, actor, and professional gambler.  Calamity Jane claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and  divorced him.

Hickok was involved in several notable shootouts. He was shot from behind and killed while playing poker in a saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory. The card hand he held at the time of his death is known today as poker's "Dead Man's Hand". In 1979, Hickok was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
 James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok 
 Wild Bill Hickok collection, Nebraska State Historical Society

 
People from Illinois
American Old West
1837 births
1876 deaths
Deaths by firearm
Nicholas "Nick" Cvjetkovich (born August 29, 1973) is a Canadian professional wrestler, television actor, comic book artist and tattoo artist. Cvjetkovich is best known for his short time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he wrestled on their SmackDown brand under the ring name Kizarny. Cvjetkovich has also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name Sinn. He currently competes on the independent circuit.

He is childhood friend with Edge and Christian. He is also a close friend and protégé of Jake "The Snake" Roberts. Cvjetkovich married former professional wrestling valet Stacy Carter on August 2, 2010. The later divorced on March 12, 2013.

Championships

Martial arts
Karate
Black belt

Professional wrestling
All Canadian Wrestling
ACW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Independent Wrestling Revolution
IWR Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Elvis Elliot)
NWA Bluegrass
NWA Bluegrass Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #223 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2007.
Universal Championship Wrestling
UCW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Vendetta Pro Wrestling
2013 Cauliflower Alley Cup Winner
World Xtreme Wrestling
WXW Gulf Coast Team Division Championship (one time) (with Ron Farco)

References

Other websites
Cagematch profile

1973 births
Canadian professional wrestlers
Canadian television actors
Comics artists
Living people
People from Toronto
Writers from Ontario
"Tom's Rhinoplasty" is the eleventh episode of the first season of South Park. It was first shown on Comedy Central in the United States on February 11, 1998. The episode was the series' first Valentine's Day episode. It was written by the show's co-creator Trey Parker.

Trey Parker and Matt Stone said that they were originally not happy with the final product and they thought that fans of the show would hate. They were surprised that fans responded positively to it.

Plot
When Valentine's Day approaches, Wendy suggests to her boyfriend Stan ways to try and spend time together. After their schoolteacher Mr. Garrison decides to get a rhinoplasty, he introduces their new substitute teacher, Ms. Ellen (voiced by Natasha Henstridge). The boys in class fall in love with her, including Stan, especially when she talks to him. This makes Wendy become incredibly jealous and she warns Ms. Ellen to stay away from Stan, oblivious to the fact that Ms. Ellen does not return Stan's affection. 

When Ms. Ellen becomes worried about the student's education, she says that the winner of a spelling test will be bought a dinner. The boys attempt to date Ms. Ellen but Chef tells them that she is a lesbian and that she only likes other lesbians. They don't know what this means and they try to become lesbians themselves to try and attract Ms. Ellen. They try wearing Birkenstocks, listening to an Indigo Girls album and "licking carpet" (they mistake this for literally licking the carpet floor).

Meanwhile Mr. Garrison's gets a nose job that makes him one of the most attractive men in South Park with his face resembling David Hasselhoff. He decides to quit teaching and try to pursue women. Stan is able to win the spelling test and the dinner but he finds out that Ms. Ellen has no attraction or intention of making love with him. The next day, while Ms. Ellen is teaching the class, several Iraqi men burst through the door and say that she is actually an Iraqi fugitive. She resist her arrest but accidentally kills Kenny by impaling him in the face with a sword. They take her into custody and shoot her into the sun with a rocket. 

Mr. Garrison later becomes a model with great success, but he finds himself being chased throughout the streets by a large group of women and doesn't want the attention. He returns to Tom's Rhinoplasty and regains his original look. Wendy speaks fluent Arabic to a group of Iraqi men and pays them with with a wad of American money. She then watches happily in the sky as the rocket gets blown up in the sun. Kyle realizes that Wendy hired the Iraqi men to murder Ms. Ellen and Wendy says "I told her: 'Don't... fuck... with... Wendy... Testaburger!'" as the episode ends.

References

Other websites
Episode's official page 

1998 in American television
Murder in fiction
South Park episodes
1998 television episodes
Princess Athena of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat (born 24 January 2012) is a Danish princess. She is the 4th and youngest child and only daughter of Prince Joachim. She is tenth in line of succession to the Danish throne.

Ancestry

References

Other websites
 Official website 

|-

|-

People from Copenhagen
2012 births
Living people
Danish royalty
Princes and princesses
Princess Marie of Denmark (born 6 February 1976) is the second wife of Prince Joachim of Denmark. She gave birth in early 2012 to Princess Athena of Denmark.

Princess Marie was born in Paris, France.

References

People from Paris
1976 births
Living people
Danish royalty
Princes and princesses
Drake Wuertz (born September 10, 1984) is an American professional wrestler. He competes under the ring name Drake Younger. He is currently signed to the WWE. He is best known for his time in Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW). He has also competed for IWA Mid-South, EVOLVE, Dragon Gate USA, Chikara, and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). Younger was known for competing in deathmatches before he retired from them.

On March 4, 2014, Younger signed a contract with the WWE.

Championships
Absolute Intense Wrestling
AIW Absolute Championship (one time)

All Pro Wrestling
APW Worldwide Internet Championship (one time)

Coliseum Championship Wrestling
CCW Tag Team Championship (with JC Bailey)
CCW Tag Team Championship (with Diehard Dustin Lee)

Combat Zone Wrestling
CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship (two times)
Tournament of Death (VI)
CZW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
CZW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Eddie Kingston)
CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
CZW Best of the Best (2014)

Full Throttle Wrestling
FTW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Diehard Dustin Lee)

Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South
IWA Mid-South Deathmatch Championship (one time)
IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch (2011)
Ted Petty Invitational (2008)

Insanity Pro Wrestling
IPW Grand Championship (one time)
IPW Jr. Heavyweight Championship (one time)
IPW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Mad Pro Wrestling
MPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)

Pro Wrestling Bushido
Pro Wrestling Bushido TV Championship (one time, current)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #146 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.

Supreme Pro Wrestling
SPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

References

Other websites

1984 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Indianapolis, Indiana
Chelsi Smith (August 23, 1973 – September 8, 2018) was a former Miss USA and singer. In February 1995, she was crowned the Miss USA. She competed as Miss Texas. Smith was born in Redwood City, California.

Smith was the first African-American to win Miss Texas USA.

Smith died at the age of 45 on September 8, 2018 of liver cancer in 
Redwood City.

References

Cancer deaths in California
Beauty pageant winners
Models from California
Singers from California
Deaths from liver cancer
1973 births
2018 deaths
Miss USA
An apomorphy in biology is a derived state, or innovation. For example, amongst mammals, babies can digest their mothers' milk. That is something all mammals share. It is an apomorphy unique to mammals, and so is the production of milk by mammalian mothers.

Apomorphies which are found in every species of a group of animals are the basis of taxonomy. If a group of animals all have a unique apomorphy, the most likely reason is that they descended from a common ancestor. When a group of animals share a large number of apomorphies this becomes a near-certainty. Mammals share a long list of characters which are unique to them.

Clades are identified (or defined) by synapomorphies (from syn-, "together"). These are a group of apomorphies which they all have, but other groups do not. For example, the five digits (fingers and toes) like ours is a synapomorphy within the vertebrates. The tetrapods are the first vertebrates with such digits. Snakes and other tetrapods which do not have digits are tetrapods because other characters, such as amniotic eggs and diapsid skulls, show they descended from ancestors that which had digits.

Related pages 
Synapomorphy

References 

Cladistics
Colin Trevor Pillinger,  (9 May 1943 – 7 May 2014) was a British planetary scientist at the Open University. He was the main investigator for the British failed Beagle 2 Mars lander project. He also worked on a group of Martian meteorites. He was born in Kingswood, South Gloucestershire.

Pillinger died from a brain haemorrhage on 7 May 2014 at the Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. He was 70.

References

Other websites

 
 

1943 births
2014 deaths
British astronomers
British scientists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
British chemists
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Open University
People with multiple sclerosis
"Killer Queen" is a song by British rock group Queen. It was featured on their 1974 album Sheer Heart Attack, and also appears on, Greatest Hits. When released as a single, "Killer Queen" was Queen's breakthrough hit. It reached number two in the United Kingdom and number 12 in the United States.

Musicians:
 Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, piano, jangle piano
 Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals
 Roger Taylor - drums, triangle, chimes, backing vocals
 John Deacon - bass guitar

References 

Queen songs
1974 songs
Princess Estelle of Sweden, Duchess of Östergötland (Estelle Silvia Ewa Mary; born 23 February 2012) is the oldest child of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden. Her younger brother is Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne. She is second in line of succession to the Swedish throne.

The princess was born at 04:26 Central European Time on 23 February 2012. She was named the following day.

Titles and styles 
 23 February 2012 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Estelle of Sweden, Duchess of Östergötland

References

Princes and princesses
Swedish royalty
2012 births
Living people
People from Stockholm
Roma Downey (born 6 May 1960) is an Irish actress. She played the angel Monica in Touched by an Angel. She also played the Virgin Mary in Son of God in 2014.

Downey was born in Londonderry, Northern Ireland. She is currently married to the producer Mark Burnett.

References

Irish movie actors
1960 births
Living people
Irish television actors
Actors from Northern Ireland
Mehmet Nazım Adil (April 21, 1922 – May 7, 2014; Sha'ban 23, 1340 AH – Rajab 8, 1435 AH),  often called Sheikh Nazim (), was a Turkish-Cypriot Sufi Sheikh. He was the leader of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Order. He was also a poet. He was born in Larnaca, Cyprus. 

Nazim al-Haqqani died at the age of 92 in Northern Cyprus from multiple organ failure.

References

Other websites

 

1922 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Cypriot writers
Turkish writers
Oswaldo Raul Baca Carbo (June 29, 1931 - May 7, 2014) was an Ecuadorian engineer and politician. He is thought to be a historic leader of the Democratic Party of Ecuador. He was one of the most influential figures in Ecuadorian politics.

He was president of the National Congress on three separate occasions, in addition to being president of the Andean Parliament and the Latin American Parliament.

Carbo was born in Quito, Ecuador. He died in Quito, Ecuador, aged 82.

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
Presidents of the National Congress of Ecuador
Engineers
People from Quito
Hidalgo Ramon Vega (February 1, 1934 - May 7, 2014) was a Chilean politician and military personal. He was commander in chief of the Chilean Air Force. In 1998 he was appointed institutional senator, a position he held starting in 1998. He left office in 2006.

Hidalgo was born in Santiago, Chile. He died there from heart failure, aged 80.

References

1934 births
2014 deaths
Chilean military people
Chilean politicians
Deaths from heart failure
Generals
People from Santiago
Manuel Jiménez de Parga y Cabrera (April 9, 1929 - May 6, 2014) was a Spanish lawyer, politician and diplomat.

He was professor in charge of the department of political law at the University of Madrid (1956) and professor in opposition of the Faculty of Law of the University of Barcelona (1957-1977). He was Dean of the Faculty of Law (1976) and Rector of the University of Barcelona (1976-1977).

de Parga was Minister of Labour (1977-78) and Ambassador-Permanent Representative of Spain to the ILO (Geneva, 1978-1981) and president of the Inter-American Conference of Labour (1980).

He was born in Granada, Spain. de Parga died in Madrid, Spain, aged 85.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Spanish politicians
Civil servants
Spanish lawyers
Jair Rodrigues de Oliveira (February 6, 1939 – May 8, 2014) was a Brazilian musician and singer. His career began during the 1950s. He was known for his many albums such as O Menino da Porteira, Boi da Cara Preta and Majestade o Sabiá. He sang funk and samba music.

Rodrigues was born in Igarapava, Brazil. He died in Cotia, Brazil, aged 75.

References

1939 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian singers
Musicians
Elder abuse (also senior abuse) is a single or repeated act of abuse towards an elderly person. It can also be when a lack of good care causes harm or distress to an older person. It can be physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse or verbal abuse. This type of violence constitutes a violation of human rights and includes physical, sexual, psychological, and emotional abuse; financial and material abuse; abandonment; neglect; and serious loss of dignity and respect.

Elder abuse happens when there is an "expectation of trust" by the older person toward their abuser. Usually the abuser is someone the older person knows or with whom they have a relationship. This could be a spouse, partner or family member, a friend or neighbor. It could be a caregiver that the older person depends on for services. Many forms of elder abuse are recognized as types of domestic violence or family violence. Abuse can happen to any older adult, but often affects those who depend on others for help with activities of everyday life — including bathing, dressing, and taking medicine. People who are frail may appear to be easy victims. 

In North and South American epidemiological studies, the prevalence of elder abuse ranged from about 10 per cent among cognitively intact older adults to 47 per cent in older adults with dementia, researchers found. In Europe, the prevalence varied from 2 per cent in Ireland to 61 per cent in Croatia. In Africa, the prevalence ranged between 30 per cent and 44 per cent.

Elder abuse can have several physical and emotional effects on an older adult. Victims are fearful and anxious. They may have problems with trust and be wary of others. Many victims suffer physical injuries. Some are minor, like cuts, scratches, bruises, and welts. Others are more serious and can cause lasting disabilities. These include head injuries, broken bones, constant physical pain, and soreness. Physical injuries can also lead to premature death and make existing health problems worse.

References

Psychology
Sociology
Learn about senior abuse awareness and prevention with this infographic
Centrarchidae or sunfish are a family  of freshwater ray-finned fish. They belonging to the order Perciformes. The type genus is Centrarchus (consisting solely of the flier, C. macropterus). 

The family's 37 species include many fish familiar to North Americans, including the rock bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkinseed, and crappies. All are native only to North America. Family members are distinguished by having from five to 13 dorsal spines, which are sharp bones in the dorsal fin. Sizes of most are in the  range. However, some are much smaller, with the black-banded sunfish at just  in length, while the largemouth bass is reported to reach almost  in extreme cases.

The male of most species builds a nest by hollowing out a depression using his tail, then guards the eggs. Most sunfish are valued for sport fishing. They have been introduced in many areas outside their original ranges, sometimes becoming an invasive species.

References 

 
Teleosts
Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini (; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian journalist and socialist politician. He served as the seventh President of the Italian Republic. He served as President from 1978 to 1985.

Early life
Pertini was born in Stella, Italy. He studied at the University of Genoa. Aged 19 when Italy entered World War I on the side of the Entente, Pertini opposed the war, but enlisted in the army where he served as a lieutenant and was decorated for bravery. Pertini was married to Carla Voltolina.

Presidency
In 1978, the 82-year old Pertini was elected President of the Italian Republic. He played a major role in helping restore the public's faith in the government and institutions of Italy. 

He maintained an active schedule of traveling and meeting foreign leaders such as Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, Joseph Broz Tito, and Ronald Reagan. 

During the Brigate Rosse terrorism period of the Anni di piombo, Pertini openly denounced the violence. He was also against organized crime in Italy, South African apartheid, Chilean president Augusto Pinochet and other dictatorships. Pertini was as well against the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan. 

In 1985, he stepped down from the presidency. He was soon honored with the position of senator for life.

Personal life
Pertini became President of the Foundation for Historical Studies of Florence. In December 1988, Pertini was the first person to be awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Award by the United Nations. He lived in Rome, Italy.

Death
Pertini died in Rome, Italy from natural causes, aged 93.

References

Other websites

 Fondazione Sandro Pertini

1896 births
1990 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Presidents of Italy
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
The von Neumann architecture is a model of how computers work. It was developed by John von Neumann, and others in the 1940s. According to this model, a computer consists of two fundamental parts: There is a processor, which loads and executes program instructions, and there is computer memory which holds both the instructions and the data. The von Neumann architecture is probably the most common model that describes how most computers work today. As it was developed at Princeton University, it is also known as Princeton architecture, but that term is less common. 

Another very similar architecture is the Harvard architecture, which separates the place where data is held from that where program instructions are held.

Von Neumann bottleneck 
The common bus (essentially like a road for data) used by the program memory and data memory creates what is called the von Neumann bottleneck, which is the limit of the data transfer rate between the CPU and memory (think of it like a 100-km road between destinations). Because the program and data cannot be accessed at the same time, the data transfer rate is smaller than the rate the CPU can work, limiting the effective processing speed of the CPU. It is made to wait for the data it needs to be moved to or from memory.

The Von Neumann bottleneck can be avoided if data and program are transferred on separate buses. This is achieved by the Harvard architecture.

Alternative workarounds include having a small data cache built into the processor, and using complicated algorithms and logic to predict what will be needed next and get it before it is needed.

Early von Neumann computers 
These are some examples of von Neumann model computers.
 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)
 Manchester Mark 1
 EDVAC
 IAS machine
 ORACLE

References 

Computer science
White Plains is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. As of 2010, 56,853 people live in White Plains.

White Plains is around 30 to 45 minutes north of Manhattan, depending on what type of train taken. This ideal location adds to the increasing appeal of White Plains.

Cities in New York
County seats in New York
Elmira is a city in Chemung County, New York, United States. As of 2010, 29,200 people live in Elmira.'

Cities in New York
County seats in New York
1791 establishments in New York (state)
Troy is a city in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. As of 2010, 50,129 people live in Troy.

References

Cities in New York
County seats in New York
Rensselaer is a city in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. As of 2010, 9,392 people live in Rensselaer.

Cities in New York
Lichtenstein Castle is a castle near Honau in Swabian Alb, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The castle is on a cliff. There has been a castle on this land since around 1200. It was destroyed two times. The first time was in the Reichskrieg's War of 1311. The second time was by the city-state of Reutlingen in 1381. The castle was not rebuilt and became a ruin.

In 1802, King Frederick I of Württemberg built a hunting lodge there. In 1837, the land passed to his nephew Duke Wilhelm of Urach, Count of Württemberg. He added the current castle in 1840–42.

Today, the castle is still owned by the Dukes of Urach. It is open to visitors. The castle has a large collection of historic weapons and armour.

Buildings and structures in Baden-Württemberg
Castles in Germany
Qianzhousaurus  is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. So far only one species has been named: the type species Qianzhousaurus sinensis. Nicknamed 'Pinocchio rex' for its long snout in comparison to other known tyrannosaurs, it was discovered in southern China and first published in the journal Nature Communications in May 2014. 

Apart from its signature snout, it also had long, narrow teeth, while T. rex had thick teeth and powerful, deep-set jaws. This suggest its feeding method and probably its life-style were quite different from Tyrannosaurus. The thinner teeth and lighter skeleton of Qianzhousaurus suggest it hunted smaller creatures, such as lizards and feathered dinosaurs.

The bones were discovered by workmen at a construction site near the city of Ganzhou, who then took them to a local museum.

The discovery of Qianzhousaurus, and Alioramus from Mongolia, shows that the long-snouted tyrannosaurids were widespread in Asia. Although we are only starting to learn about them, they were apparently one of the main groups of predatory dinosaurs in Asia. Their existence was previously suspected because of various scattered fossil finds. An expert says the find "tells us pretty unequivocally that these long-snouted tyrannosaurs were a real thing. They were a different breed, living right to the end of the age of dinosaurs".

References 

Coelurosaurs
Sarah Lawrence College is a private liberal arts college in Yonkers, New York. It is famous for its rigorous academic standards and its emphasize on individual study.  Notable alumni include Rahm Emanuel, Vera Wang and J. J. Abrams. The school enrolls 1473 undergraduates and nearly 330 graduate students. It competes in Skyline Conference with 15 varsity sports.

References 

Schools in New York
Yonkers, New York

1926 establishments in the United States
Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the breasts when  a mother feeds her young. It occurs with almost almost all female mammals after the birth of their young. In humans the process is also called breastfeeding or nursing.

In most species, milk comes out of the mother's nipples. The platypus (which is a monotreme mammal) releases milk through ducts in its abdomen. In only one species of mammal, the Dayak fruit bat, is milk production a normal male function.

Milk contains fat, lactose, and protein, as well and vitamins and minerals.

Apart from food nutrients, mothers' milk contains a range of antibodies which protect the baby until it develops its own immune system. When born, a baby has IgG antibodies from across the mother's placenta. Its own immunoglobulin production takes about six months to develop after birth, so meantime the mother's milk supplies IgA as a stop-gap protection.

Milk production requires the hormones prolactin and oxytocin.

The evolution of milk production made use of a feature which was present before modern mammals. The cells which produce milk were developed from the apocrine glands in the skin: 
"The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument". 
Meaning: since the skin of synapsids had glands in it, the development of milk production was possible.

References 

Physiology
Mammals
"Stupid Girl" is a 1996 rock ballad. The song is performed by Garbage. It was released in February 1996. It was actually recorded in 1994, two years prior to release.

The song has a drum sample of The Clash's single "Train in Vain".

The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group.

Rock songs
1996 songs
In mathematics, the modulo operation works out the remainder (what's left over) when we divide two integers (whole numbers without a fraction or a decimal) together. For example, 5 modulo 2 is 1, because if we divide 5 by 2, then we get 2 (because ) with 1 left over. Instead of writing modulo, people sometimes write . 

Because computers and calculators store numbers in different ways, they sometimes use different steps to work out the modulus (what we get when we modulo two numbers).

Related pages 

 Primitive root modulo n
 Modular arithmetic

References 

Mathematics
The all female band is a musical group made exclusively of female musicians. Such groups include the Go-Go's, Bangles, The Andrews Sisters, The Runaways and 4 Non Blondes.

All-female bands are not restricted by mainstream genres.

Musical groups
Martina Weymouth (also Tina Weymouth; born November 22, 1950) is an American new wave musician. She is related to the Talking Heads and the Tom Tom Club. She is also the bassist for them.

Weymouth was born in Coronado, California.

References

Musicians from California
1950 births
Living people
The River Severn  is the longest river in Great Britain, at about , It rises in the Cambrian Mountains of mid Wales. It then flows through Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, with the county towns of Shrewsbury, Worcester, and Gloucester on its banks.The Severn is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and Wales.

The river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing. The river then discharges into the Bristol Channel which in turn discharges into the Atlantic Ocean. The Severn's drainage basin area is , excluding the River Wye and the River Avon which flow into the Severn Estuary.

References

Other websites

Rivers of England
Rivers of Wales
South West England
The District of Luxembourg () was one of three districts of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital was Luxembourg City.

In 2015, the districts were abolished.

The district is to the southwest of the country. It was the second largest district of the three districts, with an area of . It was the district with more people living in it with a population, in 2014, of 401,041 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

History
When the districts were created on 24 February 1843, Luxembourg was one of the three of the country.

On 30 May 1857, the Mersch canton was taken from the Luxembourg district to made part of the new district of Mersch. on 4 May 1867, the new district was abolished and the Mersch canton was made again a part of the Luxembourg district.

On 2012, the communes of Bascharage and Clemency were combined to make the new commune of Käerjeng. So the number of communes changed from 47 to 46.

Geography
The district of Luxembourg is bordered to the north by the Diekirch district, to the east by the Grevenmacher district, to the south by France (the Meurthe-et-Moselle and Moselle départements) and to the west by Belgium (the Belgian province of Luxembourg).

Composition
The Luxembourg district has 4 cantons and 46 communes.

Cantons and their communes

Capellen
Dippach
Garnich
Hobscheid
Käerjeng
Kehlen
Koerich
Kopstal
Mamer
Septfontaines
Steinfort
Esch-sur-Alzette
Bettembourg
Differdange
Dudelange
Esch-sur-Alzette
Frisange
Kayl
Leudelange
Mondercange
Pétange
Reckange-sur-Mess
Roeser
Rumelange
Sanem
Schifflange
Luxembourg
Bertrange
Contern
Hesperange
Luxembourg
Niederanven
Sandweiler
Schuttrange
Steinsel
Strassen
Walferdange
Weiler-la-Tour
Mersch
Bissen
Boevange-sur-Attert
Colmar-Berg
Fischbach
Heffingen
Larochette
Lintgen
Lorentzweiler
Mersch
Nommern
Tuntange

References

Districts of Luxembourg
The Division of Hinkler is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1984 and is named after Bert Hinkler, the great pioneer Australian aviator. 

The division includes the towns of Bundaberg, Hervey Bay, Childers, Gayndah and Monto.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Hinkler (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Keith Pitt's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1984 establishments in Australia
Harlan Matthews (January 17, 1927 – May 9, 2014) was an American politician. Mathews was a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life
Mathews was born in Walker County, Alabama. He studied at the Nashville School of Law. Mathews married Pat Mathews in 1948.

Career
Mathews first served as Tennessee State Treasurer from 1975 to 1987.   

Mathews served as the United States senator for Tennessee. He succeeded Al Gore. He served as senator from 1993 to 1994. He was succeeded by Fred Thompson.

Personal life
After leaving office, Mathews studied law in Nashville, Tennessee. Mathews and his wife had two children.

Death
Mathews died of brain cancer at a hospice in Nashville.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
United States senators from Tennessee
Politicians from Alabama
US Democratic Party politicians
Walker County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama.
Its name is in honor of John Williams Walker, a member of the United States Senate.  As of the 2010 census, the population was 67,023. Its county seat is Jasper.

References

Alabama counties