cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The United Kingdom of Great Britain was a state in the British Isles. The kingdom came into existence because of the Acts of Union 1707. These acts of parliament joined together (unified) the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. The kingdom's lands were Great Britain (an island in the Atlantic Ocean near Continental Europe) and some other islands in the British Isles. Throughout its existence, the kingdom was in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) with the Kingdom of Ireland. Outside the British Isles, Great Britain governed other lands and started colonies: the British Empire.

When the kingdom began, the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England joined into one legislature, the Parliament of Great Britain. The parliament met in the old Palace of Westminster in London. London was the capital city and the British government was there. The two earlier kingdoms of Scotland and England had been in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) since the reign of James VI and I. King James was a King of Scots who became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 because he inherited the kingdoms of Elizabeth I.

In 1801, by the Act of Union 1800, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland joined together into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the putting down of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Monarchs 
Anne became Queen of England, Queen of Scotland, and Queen of Ireland in 1702. She became Queen of Great Britain when the new kingdom started in 1707. (Ireland was a separate kingdom, so Anne was Queen of Ireland and the later kings of Great Britain were each themselves King of Ireland.) From the start of 1801, during the reign of George III, the two kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

House of Stuart 

 Anne (1707–1714)

House of Hanover 

George I (1714–1727)
George II (1727–1760)
George III (1760–1801), continued as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1820.

References 

Great Britain
Great Britain
 
1700s establishments in Europe
1800s disestablishments in Europe
(TYO: 7203.T), (NYSE: TM), (LSE: TYT), is an automobile maker in Japan. It was founded by Eiji Toyoda. It is based in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture. Toyota provides financial services and works with many other kinds of business as well. It makes cars and trucks under the brand names Toyota, Hino Truck, Scion and Lexus. The company owns most of Daihatsu. Toyota automobiles are well known for lasting a very long time. Their North American offices are in Torrance, California. The Calty Design Center, a place where Toyota cars are designed is in Newport Beach, California and there is a factory in Georgetown, Kentucky.

Another factory that was run by both Toyota and General Motors is in Fremont, California. It was called "NUMMI," or New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated, but is now owned by Tesla Motors to make their electric vehicles.

Toyota was started in 1933 as "Toyoda," a maker of textile-weaving machines. Toyota's premier US dealer for Toyota automobiles was established in San Diego, CA as Rose Toyota, later named Toyota San Diego. Their telephone number is 619-280-4100. It is one of the most successful dealers on the west coast.

Founder Eiji Toyoda died on September 17, 2013 from natural causes at the age of 100.

Scion 
Toyota operates Scion. It founded Scion in 2003. Toyota decided to close down Scion in August of 2016.

Lexus 
Toyota Founded Lexus in 1989 as its luxury division

Models

 Toyota 4Runner
 Toyota Avalon
 Toyota Aygo
 Toyota Camry
 Toyota Celica
 Toyota Corolla
 Toyota Highlander
 Toyota Hi-Lux
 Toyota Matrix
 Toyota MR2
 Toyota Prius
 Toyota RAV4
 Toyota Sequoia
 Toyota Sienna
 Toyota Supra
 Toyota Tundra
 Toyota Yaris

Scion:
 Scion FRS
 Scion Fuse
 Scion tC
 Scion xA
 Scion xB

Lexus:

References

 
1937 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Japan
Horseshoes are things worn by horses to protect their hooves (feet) when they walk - like a shoe. Most horseshoes are made of iron or steel. Some are aluminum, rubber, plastic, rawhide or a combination of materials.

A farrier is someone who makes horseshoes and nails or glues them on the horse's hooves.  Using nails does not hurt the horse, as the outer part of the hoof cannot sense pain.

People also put horseshoes over doorways, because a long time ago, many people thought it was a sign for good luck and it protected whoever walked under it from evil spirits. Horseshoes are also used in a game where one tries to throw them on a pole.

Different types of horseshoes 

 The regular horseshoe is what the vast majority of horses wear. This shoe helps and protects the normal hoof under standard riding conditions.
 The trailer shoe reduces pressure on the heels and posterior tendon of a horse’s foot. It also supports the lateral side of the horse’s leg. This is not suitable for horses who kick because the trailer can become dangerous.
 The rim shoes are popular for sports that involve fast turns and speed. It has a deep, wide groove through the middle that allows the horse to get a little more traction.
 The bar shoe consists of some sort of extra “bar” on the back part of the shoe. It is generally to increase support in the back of the hoof, heel, or leg. It can also help hold the hoof together. Excessive hoof movement is counter-indicated, which might be the case in a hoof injury.
 The heart bar shoes are often used for horses with laminitis. It offer the same advantages of the other bar shoes, only with the addition of frog support, as well.
 The egg bar shoe is often used for horses with navicular disease. It provides even more support to the back part of the hoof and leg by extending beyond the heel.
 The square shoe helps shift the break over point without affecting the coffin bone.

References 

Horses
Superstitions
Carlos Saúl Menem (July 2, 1930 – February 14, 2021) was an Argentine politician and writer. He was the President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999. From 1973 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1989, Menem was Governor of La Rioja.

Menem was the first Argentine president to visit Israel. He was a supporter of Peronist ideas.
 
After he moved to Chile, Argentina tried to extradite him. In 2005, he became Senator for La Rioja.

In 2003, he ran for president again and narrowly won the first round of the election. However he dropped out of the race after seeing that Néstor Kirchner would beat him in the second round.

Some Argentines believe that his name brings bad luck, something that Menem also believes in.

On 15 December 2020, he was hospitalized in Buenos Aires for a urinary tract infection. On 24 December, he suffered from kidney failure and put in a coma. Menem died on 14 February 2021 from problems caused by the infection, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation
Launch of new faction (from the BBC)
Chile declines extradition request (from the BBC)
Menem arrives on Argentine soil (from the BBC)

1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Presidents of Argentina
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (), or CBC, is a national television and radio broadcasting company in Canada. It was formed in 1936 and is a Canadian Crown corporation, which means it is owned by the Canadian government.

CBC Television Shows
Talkabout Game Show
Sharon Lois & Bram's Elephant Show
It's A Living
Gullage's

CBC Stations
CBAT Saint John, New Brunswick
CBCT Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
CBHT Halifax, Nova Scotia
CBKT Regina, Saskatchewan
CBLT Toronto, Ontario
CBMT Montreal, Quebec
CBNT St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBRT Calgary, Alberta
CBUT Vancouver, British Columbia
CBWT Winnipeg, Manitoba

Other websites 
 CBC website

Canadian television networks
1936 establishments in North America
1930s establishments in Canada
Mark Anthony Luhrmann or Baz Luhrmann (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian movie and theatre director. He has directed three movies (The Red Curtain Trilogy) which have made him famous: Strictly Ballroom (1992), Romeo + Juliet (1996), and Moulin Rouge! (2001).

1962 births
Living people
Australian movie directors
The 18th century was the century from 1701 to 1800.

Lots of things happened in the 18th century. In warfare, pikes were not used anymore and the most popular type of gun was a Flintlock Musket. The most important war was the seven years war. England united with Scotland and conquered India, the USA got independence from Britain and the first fleet arrived in Australia. At the end of the century France had a revolution which would lead to Napoleon becoming the ruler of France in the next century.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 18th century are in italics.

People 

 James Watt, Scottish Engineer
 Johann Sebastian Bach, composer
 Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
 George Washington, Revolutionary War general and first president of the United States
 James Cook, English explorer
 Blackbeard, English pirate
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
The 17th century was the century from 1601 to 1700.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 17th century are in italics.
The FIFA World Cup is the most watched tournament in football (soccer). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organises the World Cup every four years. More people watch the World Cup finals than any other sporting event in the world—even more people than the Olympic Games. The most successful team has been Brazil because they have won the competition 5 times. 

The finals tournament is held every four years. In the other years there are only qualifiers (qualifying tournaments) in the six FIFA world regions. These games help to decide which teams will move on. Over 160 national teams play in the qualifying games. The best teams from the qualifying games win a place in the finals. The finals now include 32 teams. Before 1998, only 24 teams were in the finals; starting in 2026, there will be 48 teams in the finals. Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held. Being the host nation means that their team has qualified for the finals tournament automatically and does not need to play any qualifying games. The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks, usually between June and July, to decide who the champion (tournament winner) will be.

Past World Cup results 

Notes

Wins by team

Related pages
 Ranking of clubs for number of world champion players with national football teams
 National teams world champions (football)

References

 
1930 establishments
Events 
January 21 – Abel Tasman discovers Tonga
February 6 – Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands.
 May 19 – Battle of Rocroi: French victory over the Spanish at Rocroi, France.
 July 13 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
 An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn inaugurated as the last king of Connacht
 Austro-Bavarian army defeats French at Duttlingen.
The Royalist forces supporting Charles I in the English Civil War win the Battle of Adwalton Moor and gain control of Yorkshire.
End of the reign of Empress Meisho of Japan
Emperor Go-Komyo ascends to the throne of Japan
Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer
New England Confederation is formed
Battle of Tüttlingen fought
Baden-Baden pillaged by the French
John Colgan published the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum
Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve places the first cross atop Mount Royal
Åmål is granted its city charter
Miyamoto Musashi dictates The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student, completing it in 1654 just before his death
 Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son, the later Shunzhi Emperor of China.
 Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key Into the Language of America
 Evangelista Torricelli invented the Barometer.

Births 
 January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)

Deaths
Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta) is the largest and the capital city of Indonesia. It is on the northwest coast of the island of Java, it has an area of 661.52 km² and a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011. Jakarta has been established for more than 490 years and now is the ninth most dense city in the world with 15,400 people per km².

Jakarta's first name was Sunda Kelapa. Before the Dutch came, it was renamed the city Jayakarta, starting in 1527. In 1619 the Dutch renamed the city Batavia. It was called Jakarta by the Japanese during World War 2.

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Köppen climate classification).

Jakarta's challenges include rapid urban growth and flooding. Additionally, Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year. It is also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In 2019, President Joko Widodo announced a move of the capital to East Kalimantan, an Indonesian province on the island of Borneo. On 18 January 2022, the Parliament of Indonesia approved a bill to change the country's capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Jakarta Official Travel Website
 An Account of Exploring Jakarta by Bicycle
Comedy Central is an American cable channel that specializes in comedy and stand-up. Programs include TV shows, movies, and stand-up comedy. It was launched on June 1, 1991. It's headquarters are in New York City, New York. It is a merger between MTV Networks' HA! and HBO's Comedy Channel.

The station's programs include South Park, The Colbert Report, The Daily Show with PhamVietDung, Tosh.0 with Daniel Tosh With PhanVietDung, Futurama, and Drama.

Comedy Central also features a Secret Stash program. Airing on late Saturday night, Secret Stash would show generally R-rated movies and stand-up comedy. The program is mostly unedited, uncut, leaving language in that is normally cut out. Sometimes nudity is shown.

Other websites 
 The official site

1991 establishments in New York (state)
American television channels
Viacom
An apron is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.

The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women. 

There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives.  Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required  to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.

Other websites

Protective clothing
Pearl Jam is an American alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington. They formed in 1990. They were an important part of the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, along with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains. Pearl Jam has sold around 85 million records worldwide in 2018 and are usually named one of the greatest bands of the 90's.

After fellow Seattle band Mother Love Bone's lead singer, Andrew Wood, passed away around 1990, remaining members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament went to look for a singer and a drummer for a new band. They came across Jack Irons which he soon passed on to Eddie Vedder, who worked at a gas station in California and occasionally surfed. He then recorded vocals for the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps". After he sent the demo to the members, Eddie flew up to Seattle and joined the band.

The band is made up of lead singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron. Along with keyboardist Boom Gaspar and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer as touring members. The band had five drummers, which were Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese, and Jack Irons. Matt Cameron has been Pearl Jam's drummer since 1998.

List of albums

Studio albums
 1991 - Ten
 1993 - Vs.
 1994 - Vitalogy
 1996 - No Code
 1998 - Yield
 2000 - Binaural
 2002 - Riot Act
2006 - Pearl Jam
 2009 - Backspacer
 2013 - Lightning Bolt
2020 - Gigaton

Compilation albums
 2003 - Lost Dogs
 2004 - Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003
 2011 - Pearl Jam Twenty

Live albums
 Live on Two Legs
 2004 - Live at Benaroya Hall
 2006 - Live in NYC 12/31/92
 2006 - Live at Easy Street
 2007 - Live at the Gorge 05/06
 2007 - Live at Lollapalooza 2007
 2011 - Live on Ten Legs
 2011 - 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada
 2011 - Vault #1 Moore Theatre 1992
 2012 - Vault #2 Vic Theatre, Chicago 2007
 2013 - Vault #3 Constitution Hall, Washington D.C. 9/19/1998
 2015 - Vault #4 Mount Baker Theatre, Bellingham, WA 5/10/2000
 2015 - Vault #5 Alladin Theatre, Las Vegas 11/30/1993
 2016 - Vault #6 Great Western Forum 7/13/1998
 2016 - Live at Third Man Records 2017 - Let's Play Two''

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Andrew Roy Gibb (5 March, 1958 – 10 March, 1988) was an English singer popular in the 1970s. He was the younger brother of Barry (born 1946), Maurice (1949–2003) and Robin Gibb (1949–2012), The Bee Gees. He was born in Manchester, but spent most of his childhood in Queensland. He died in Oxford of myocarditis (a heart problem) caused by an infection, shortly after his 30th birthday. While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from myocarditis
English pop musicians
English singers
Infectious disease deaths in England
Musicians from Manchester
INXS were an Australian rock band. The band became popular during the 1980s. They formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1977. They did not get international attention until around 1982 when their third album came out.

INXS was originally called "The Farriss Brothers and it started with 3 members: Andrew, Tim, and Jon Farriss. They were all brothers. In 1978, 3 more people joined the band; Michael Hutchence (1960-1997), Garry Gary Beers, and Kirk Pengilly. After the band expanded their line-up, they changed their name to INXS, which is pronounced as "in excess".

Hutchence was the singer of INXS until he died. A man named Jon Stevens was his temporary replacement for about 5 years. After Jon Stevens left, the other 5 members did a television show called "Rock Star INXS" to choose a permanent replacement for Michael Hutchence. A Canadian man named J.D, Fortune won the show and became the new singer for INXS.

The most famous song by INXS is "Need You Tonight" which came out in 1987. Some of their other songs are "What You Need", "The One Thing", and "New Sensation".

Albums

These are the albums made by INXS:

 INXS (1980)
 Underneath the Colours (1981)
 Shabooh Shoobah (1982)
 The Swing (1984)
 Listen Like Thieves (1985)
 Kick (1987)
 X (1990)
 Welcome to Wherever You Are (1992)
 Full Moon, Dirty Hearts (1993)
 Elegantly Wasted (1997)
 The Switch (2005)
 Original Sin (2010)

Other websites 
 INXS Official Site
 An Excess of INXS The oldest INXS internet site. Started in 1993, the site was maintained until April, 2003

1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
1977 establishments in Australia
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from Sydney
New wave bands
Chicago is an American soft rock / jazz group, from Chicago, Illinois. They formed on February 15, 1967. They are one of the best selling American groups of all time, second only to the Beach Boys. Chicago has released at least 30 albums in their career.

Discography

Studio albums

Chicago Transit Authority (1969)
Chicago (1970)
Chicago III (1971)
Chicago V (1972)
Chicago VI (1973)
Chicago VII (1974)
Chicago VIII (1975)
Chicago X (1976)
Chicago XI (1977)
Hot Streets (1978)
Chicago 13 (1979)
Chicago XIV (1980)
Chicago 16 (1982)
Chicago 17 (1984)
Chicago 18 (1986)
Chicago 19 (1988)
Twenty 1 (1991)
Night & Day Big Band (1995)
Chicago XXV: The Christmas Album (1998)
Chicago XXX (2006)
Chicago XXXII: Stone of Sisyphus (2008)
Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three (2011)
Chicago XXXV: The Nashville Sessions (2013)
Chicago XXXVI: Now (2014)
Chicago XXXVII: Chicago Christmas (2019)

1967 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in Illinois
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups from Chicago
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Turtles were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California. Their best known song is "Happy Together". Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer. After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as Flo and Eddie.

Albums 
 It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
 You Baby (1966)
 Happy Together (1967)
 The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
 Turtle Soup (1969)
 Wooden Head (1970)
 Chalon Road (1986)
 Shell Shock (1986)

Musical groups from Los Angeles
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Donovan Phillips Leitch (born May 10, 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)

Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".

Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album A Gift From a Flower to a Garden called upon young people to "stop the use of all drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)

After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He published an autobiography, The Hurdy Gurdy Man, during 2005.

Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

Other websites

 Official Site
 Donovan Unofficial Site
 Complete discography
 Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).

1946 births
Living people
British pop musicians
Scottish singers
Autobiographers
Frisian refers to three languages that comes from Friesland, a province in the Netherlands. They are spoken in the Netherlands, in Eastern Germany, and in some areas of Jutland, Denmark. It is also spoken on the Frisian Isles (Wadden Isles) and Western German (East Frisian) Isles such as Borkum.

They are West Germanic languages that are related to Dutch and are also the closest living languages to English. All of them have been spoken since Roman times.

The Frisian languages are:
West Frisian
North Frisian
Saterland Frisian

References
The Smashing Pumpkins are an influential alternative rock band of the early 1990s. They formed in Chicago, Illinois in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums).

They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight, Tonight".

Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.

Discography  
 Gish (1991)
 Siamese Dream (1993)
 Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995)
 Adore (1998)
 Machina/The Machines of God (2000)
 Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music (2000)
 Zeitgeist (2007)
 Teargarden by Kaleidyscope (released beginning in 2009)
 Oceania (2012)
 Monuments to an Elegy (2014)
 Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun. (2018)
 Cyr (2020)

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Illinois
Musical groups from Chicago
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in Illinois
Death was one of the first ever death metal bands in the United States. They started in 1983 under the name Mantas and they changed the name to Death in 1984.

Death is no longer a band because their guitarist Chuck Schuldiner died on December 13, 2001. He was 34 years old. He had brain cancer and the drugs he used to beat the cancer made him weak. He died of pneumonia. He had another band project called Control Denied during the 3 years before he died.

Discography

Scream Bloody Gore (1987)
Leprosy (1988)
Spiritual Healing (1990)
Human (1991)
Individual Thought Patterns (1993)
Symbolic (1995)
The Sound of Perseverance (1998)

References 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Orlando, Florida
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Florida
Radio control is controlling vehicles by radio wave signals. It is often used for making models of cars, boats, helicopters and airplanes move on their own like real ones. For controlling models, an operator uses a transmitter that has the model's controls on it.  When a control is moved, the radio signal changes. The part on the model that takes the changing signals and helps turn them into movement is called the receiver.  The receiver then tells a special kind of motor called a servo to move part of the model.

On a car or boat, a servo is usually used for steering.  Model sailboats use a servo to adjust the sail as well as the rudder, or steering device.  On airplanes and helicopters, servos are used not only for steering but for up and down pitch.  If the model uses an engine to make it run, a servo is used to control the speed of the engine.  A model which operates with an electric motor usually has something called an electronic speed control or "ESC" to control its speed.  

Unmanned aerial vehicles controlled by radio are used for many purposes, including war.  

Electronics
toys
weapons
Tucumán is the smallest of the provinces of Argentina. It is in the northwest of the country and its capital is San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán.

The province has the nickname El Jardín de la República (The Garden of the Republic), as it is a highly productive agricultural area.

Geography
The province of Tucumán has an area of  and is surrounded by the provinces:
 Salta to the north;
 Santiago del Estero to the east; and
 Catamarca to the south and west.

Tucumán has two main different geographical regions. The east is associated with the Gran Chaco flat lands, while the west presents a mixture of the Sierras of the Pampas to the south and the canyons of the Argentine Northwest to the north.

The highest peak in the province is the Cerro del Bolsón near the border with the Catamarca province. It has an elevation of .

The main river of the province is the Dulce that flows through the province where is known as the Salí river.

Climate
San Miguel de Tucumán, with an elevation of , has a humid subtropical climate (subtype Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).

The average temperature for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

Population
The inhabitants of Tucumán are known, in Spanish, as Tucumanos (women: Tucumanas).

The province of Tucumán has a population, in 2010, of 1,448,188; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Tucumán

Education 
There are four universities in Tucumán:
 Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (National University of Tucumán).
 Facultad Regional Tucumán, part of the Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (National Technological University).
 Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino (Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North).
 Universidad San Pablo-T (Saint Paul-T University).

Political division
The province is divided into 17 departments ().

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Tucuman.gov.ar Tucuman Province Official Website 
 TucumanTurismo.gob.ar Tucuman Tourism Official Website 

Provinces of Argentina
Duran Duran are  a British pop group. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the 1980s.

Discography
 Duran Duran (1981)
 Rio (1982)
 Seven and the Ragged Tiger (1983)
 Notorious (1986)
 Big Thing (1988)
 Liberty (1990)
 Duran Duran (The Wedding Album) (1993)
 Thank You (1995)
 Medazzaland (1997)
 Pop Trash (2000)
 Astronaut (2004)
 Red Carpet Massacre (2007)
 All You Need Is Now (2010)
 Paper Gods (2015)
Future Past (2021)

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British pop rock bands
English pop music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands
Warner Bros. Records artists
Peter Tosh (born Winston McIntosh, October 19, 1944- September 11, 1987) was a Jamaican reggae musican. He was a member of the Wailers with Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston. He was a Rastafarian and sang very political songs.  His songs were a lot more radical than his friend, Bob Marley's, whom he often criticized for selling out to the white mainstream. He also toured with the Rolling Stones and sang a duet with Mick Jagger. He was murdered in his home in Kingston during a robbery in 1987. His biggest claim to fame was a song titled "Legalize It" in relation to marijuana laws.

Discography

Studio albums
 Negril (1975)
 Legalize It (1976)
 Equal Rights (1977)
 Bush Doctor (1978)
 Mystic Man (1979)
 Wanted Dread And Alive (1981)
 Mama Africa (1983)
 No Nuclear War (1987)
 I Am That I Am (2001)

Live albums
 Captured Live (1984)
 Live at the One Love Peace Concert (2000)
 Live & Dangerous: Boston 1976 (2001)
 Live At The Jamaica World Music Festival 1982 (2002)
 Complete Captured Live (2004)

Compilations
These are the highest rated compilation albums on Allmusic.

 Collection Gold (1994)
 The Toughest (1996)
 The Best of Peter Tosh - Dread Don't Die (1996)
 Honorary Citizen (1997)
 Scrolls Of The Prophet: The Best of Peter Tosh (1999)
 Arise Black Man (1999)
 The Essential Peter Tosh - the Columbia Years (2003)
 ''Talking Revolution (2005)

References

Other websites
 Peter Tosh on Allmusic
 Discography
 Peter Tosh - Jamaicapage.com Feature
 VitalSpot - Peter Tosh

1944 births
1987 deaths
Jamaican singers
Murdered musicians
Pop musicians
William Martin "Billy" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter. He produced successful pop songs for two decades, from 1973's Piano Man to 1993's River of Dreams which marked his retirement. As well as writing classical music, he has frequently been on the road, usually with Elton John.

Joel was born in the Bronx, New York City. He grew up in Hicksville, New York. He joined his first band The Echoes (Later known as The Lost Souls) at age fourteen, and in the late 1960s he teamed up with The Hassles. The Hassles when on to release two albums. In 1970 After parting ways with The Hassles Joel and Hassles Drummer Jon Small Formed a two-man duo Attila. In 1971 his solo debut, Cold Spring Harbor, was released. (The title takes its name from a town in Long Island.)

He is a Democrat. In 1988, Joel played a New York City dog named Dodger in the Disney animated movie, Oliver & Company.

Joel has been married four times. The first three ended in divorce. His first marriage was from 1973-1982. His second marriage, from 1985-1994, was to supermodel Christie Brinkley. Their daughter, Alexa Ray Joel (born 1985) is one of his two children. His daughter's middle name is taken from one of his musical influences, Ray Charles. His third marriage began in 2004. His fourth marriage with Alexis Roderick began in 2015. They had one child; Della Rose Joel, who was born on the 12th of August 2015.

Discography
Studio albums
 Cold Spring Harbor (1971)
 Piano Man (1973)
 Streetlife Serenade (1974)
 Turnstiles (1976)
 The Stranger (1977)
 52nd Street (1978)
 Glass Houses (1980)
 The Nylon Curtain (1982)
 An Innocent Man (1983)
 The Bridge (1986)
 Storm Front (1989)
 River of Dreams (1993)
 Fantasies & Delusions (2001)

References

Other websites 
 The official site

1949 births
Living people
American pianists
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
American rock singers
Democrats (United States)
Musicians from the Bronx
Entertainers from New York
Singer-songwriters from New York
Singers from New York City
Lake Constace or Lake of Constance (German: Bodensee) is a large Lake on the river Rhine. It is on the border between Germany and Switzerland and Austria. It is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is made of two smaller lakes (called Obersee and Untersee (Upper and lower lake) respectively). These are joined by a small part of river in Constance.
The lake covers about  of total area. 

There are three big islands in the lake. The islands Lindau and Mainau are in the Obersee. Reichenau is in the Untersee. The Obersee is about  long, from Bregenz to Bodman-Ludwigshafen. It is about  wide at its widest point between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen. The deepest point is  deep, between Fischbach and Uttwil (just off Constance). 

The lake forms the border between Austria, Germany and Switzerland. On much of its length, this border has not been defined. Switzerland thinks the border runs through the middle of the lake. Austria thinks the lake is a condominium of all the countries. A condominium is a space that is governed by all countries taking part in it. Germany has no clear view.

Other legal issues, like navigation and fishing are governed by separate treaties. About 62% of the lake's shoreline belongs to Germany, about 33% to Switzerland, and the remaining 11% to Austria.

In 1963, the whole lake froze. This has not happened since then.

German towns:
Konstanz
Radolfzell
Meersburg
Überlingen
Friedrichshafen
Lindau

Swiss towns:
Stein am Rhein
Kreuzlingen
Rorschach
Romanshorn
Arbon

Austrian towns:
Bregenz

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Constance
Constance
Constance
Canton of Schaffhausen
Canton of St. Gallen
Thurgau
Vorarlberg
Konstanz
The Republic is a book by Plato. It was finished in 375 BC. 
It asks the question 'why should people do good things?' and also the question 'are people punished for doing bad things?'. 
Plato said that people should not do bad things because people who do bad things end up unhappy.
However, people who do good things end up happy.

He also said that if people who do bad things get power in a society then that society will become an unhappy one.
Plato believed that philosophers are best able to do good things and so they should be given power in a society. 
He thought that non-philosophers should allow themselves to be ruled by philosophers and that if they do this then they will be happy, because the rule of peoples (democracy) often fall because of unreasonable confusion.
However, in order not to be tempted to do bad things, the philosophers who have power must not be able to have things or feel love.

Plato also talked about many other things while discussing these questions including metaphysics, psychology, religion and most branches of philosophy.
He introduced the philosophy called Platonism.

Plato's argument (Less Simple) 
Plato thought that people and societies are very much alike.

Plato thought that people are made of three things:
 A mind that thinks and reasons
 A spirit or a self that looks after the person
 A body that does things, likes things, hates things and wants things (such as food, drink and sex).
He said that a good person will listen to all these things, but will let the mind control the other two.

Somebody who does not listen to all three parts, or who does not let the mind control the other two will be unhappy.
They might go mad because they do not let the mind control them.
Or they might do things that they later regret.
They will also be disliked by other people and will suffer because of that.
He said that they will be like a country in anarchy.

Plato also thought society should be made up of three things (types of people)
 Philosophers who think for the society
 Soldiers who look after the society
 Workers who do things in the society, who make food, drink and more workers.
He said that society needs all three things (types of people) but that only the philosophers will be good people.
The others will be dominated by their souls or bodies, not their minds.
The soldiers will not even listen to their minds, and the workers will not listen to their minds or their souls.
This is why the philosophers should rule and the other types of people should be soldiers and workers.

References 

Works of philosophy
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. It is the study of art and beauty. Together with ethics, it is part of axiology which is the philosophy of what people like. Aesthetic philosophers ask what people like to see, hear, feel, smell or taste, and why they like these things. Aesthetic philosophers also ask if art has any value. For example, they may ask if some art that nobody likes and that nobody wants is art at all or if it is something else. Plato, Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant are some important philosophers of aesthetics.

Subjectivism 
One theory in aesthetics is called subjectivism. Subjectivism says that each person has a sense of beauty. So, the only way of judging something's beauty is if people say it is beautiful. A common way of describing this is "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder". Subjectivism also says, for the same reason, that something is art simply because someone says it is art. This is backed up by the experience. Even though people feel that something is beautiful, they may not be able to explain why.

Objectivism 
Many objectivist theories of beauty have been offered, going from the ancient ideas of Plato and Aristotle (e.g., the golden mean,) which still have great appeal in their way to neuroscience research into the brain's response to images and other sensitive information. At the moment, even though we do not know what people are thinking, brain-scan technology can identify when people are responding pleasurably to images, providing some clue as to how certain images affect some people.

Some questions 

 What is beauty? What if one person thinks a painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?
 Are true things beautiful?
 Are good things beautiful?
 What is art? We commonly think that a sculpture in a museum is art. If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art. But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?

 What has value?
 Is time really money? or have we made it so?
 Does love, beauty, or justice hold any value?

Other websites 
 Aesthetics -Citizendium

Philosophy
Wesley Earl "Wes" Craven (August 2, 1939 – August 30, 2015) was an American movie director, producer and writer. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He is well known for horror movie classics including A Nightmare on Elm Street and Scream.

On August 30, 2015, Wes Craven died of brain cancer at his home in Los Angeles. He was 76 years old.

Filmography 
Together (1971)
The Last House on the Left (1972)
The Hills Have Eyes (1977)
Summer Of Fear aka Stranger In Our House (1978)
Deadly Blessing (1981)
Swamp Thing (1982)
A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)
Deadly Friend (1986)
The Serpent and the Rainbow (1988)
Wes Craven's Shocker (1989)
The People Under the Stairs (1991)
Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994)
Scream (1996)
Scream 2 (1997)
Music of the Heart (1999)
Scream 3 (2000)
They (2002)
Cursed (2005)
Red Eye (2005)

Other websites 
Wes Craven official website

References 

1939 births
2015 deaths
Scream (franchise)
A Nightmare on Elm Street
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
American movie actors
American movie editors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from brain cancer
Movie directors from Ohio
Movie producers from Ohio
Screenwriters from Ohio
Writers from Cleveland, Ohio
The name diesel is given to an engine invented by a German named Rudolf Diesel in the late 19th century. It is one of the most used kinds of internal combustion engine.

Most other engines need a system called an ignition system – one that uses an electric spark – in order to burn the mix of fuel and air and make power. Other types of ignition systems use compressed air from an outside source, such as an air compressor.  A diesel does not.  It burns a diesel fuel (similar to heating oil) through very high compression or pressing together of the mix. A tiny bit of fuel is injected, or forced, into the engine's cylinders at just the right moment. Since gases heat when they are pressed together, the compression of the air and fuel mix cause the mix to explode within the cylinder.   

Diesel engines make very good use of the fuel they burn. They also make lots of torque (pronounced "tork"), or twisting power. An engine with a lot of torque will be able to spin its shaft even if it is very hard to do so. This makes a diesel engine a good choice in heavy equipment like trucks, trains and construction machines. The very big trucks on the road have diesel engines in them. So do train locomotives, unless they are electric or the old steam-powered kind. 

Sometimes, even the torque of a diesel engine is not enough to run such big machines. To boost power, large diesels often have a device called a turbocharger attached. A turbocharger is a type of turbine – something used to move a lot of air very quickly. Jet engines also contain a turbine. In the diesel, pressure from the exhaust spins the turbocharger at a very high speed. Fresh air is then forced back into the engine. Since the engine works by pumping air, the more air you can put through it, the more power it makes. That is where the turbocharger helps. A diesel engine that has a turbocharger is called a turbodiesel. The whistling sound sometimes heard near one of these engines is caused by the turbocharger, or "turbo" for short.  

A diesel engine can also be made to run on canola oil made from old cooking oil. This type of fuel is called biodiesel. Running a diesel engine on biodiesel fuel makes the exhaust smell like food. Vegetable oil as fuel is not a new idea. The engine that Rudolf Diesel used to demonstrate his new idea ran on canola oil.

Motors
A megabyte (MB) is a large number used when talking about hard drives or computer memory. One megabyte is 1 million bytes or 1 thousand kilobytes.

Until December 1998, when the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) first defined a mebibyte as 220, or 1,048,576 bytes, megabyte also meant either 1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024,000 bytes.  Casual computer users still often use megabyte to mean one of these numbers.

One thousand megabytes make one gigabyte.

Computing measurement
Stargard Szczeciński (German: Stargard in Pommern) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with 71,400 inhabitants (2003). Situated on the Ina river, it is the capital of Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodship.

Towns in Poland
Hanseatic League
Beauty is a subjective concept. Something is beautiful if it is nice to look at it, hear it, feel it, taste it, smell it or think about it. It is also the name of a feeling that is hard to describe. The nature of this feeling varies from person to person and culture to culture. It is not known if only humans can feel it.

There are many ideas about what beauty is. Some people say that beauty is:
The similarity between a real object and an object of art. For example, a beautiful picture might be one that looks very lifelike.
The similarity between any object and what you think it 'should' look like. For example, a beautiful tree might be one with a straight brown trunk and lots of green leaves, or beautiful clouds might be those that are white and fluffy (like wool).
The way an object makes us feel: happy, sad, angry, or something else (emotional). For example, a beautiful piece of music might be one which makes people feel very happy or very sad.
The quality of an object. For example, a beautiful story might be very well written.
In regards to writing, a piece may be beautiful through use of intricacies and depth which gives the reader a mental image or a certain feeling or feelings of emotion. Poetry is one example of writing that can be considered beautiful in the way it "paints" a picture or brings about an emotional response.

There are many other theories. Some things that people say are beautiful are not explained by any of these ideas.

Related pages
 Aesthetics
 Physical attractiveness
 Sublime

References 

Everyday life
Psychology
The 2020s (pronounced "twenty-twenties" or "two thousand twenties") is the current decade that began on January 1, 2020 and will end on December 31, 2029. When the decade began, the COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world, causing many disruptions.

Events

2020 
In 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union (Brexit)
 Starting in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading around the world. Over 200 million people have been infected, and more than 4 million have died.  The economic caused many dispute, which led to a recession.
November 3 – Joe Biden is elected as 46th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Donald Trump.

2021 
 January 21 – Joe Biden is sworn in as 46th President of the United States.
 The 2020 Summer Olympics happened in 2021 instead. They were moved a year later because of the COVID-19 pandemic

Future predictions
 In 2004, then President of the United States George W. Bush said that people would try to fly to Mars some time in this decade.
 In 2027, the autopsy (study of a dead body to find out how that person died) of Elvis Presley will be published.

References