cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Shift work is a working practice which is designed to use all 24 hours of a day, and not only the standard working day hours.

A day for example can be divided into three eight-hour shifts. An employee only works one of the shifts in each day. The "first shift" is in the morning, the "second shift" is in the afternoon and evening and the "third shift" is overnight.

The "second shift", also known as the swing shift in some places, is the work shift which takes place in the afternoon and evening. It usually extends from 4 PM (16:00) to midnight, or from 3 PM (15:00) to 11 PM (23:00).

The "third shift", the night shift, is usually from 11 PM (23:00) or 12-midnight (00:00) to 07:00 or 08:00 in the morning.

Health effects 

The World Health Organization (WHO) claimed in December 2007 that shift work might cause cancer but currently there is no evidence to support the claim

A study by Knutsson et al. in 1986 showed that labors who work shift work in a production floor (papermill as per the research) for more than 15 years, are 3 times more likely to develop ischaemic heart diseases.

References 

Employment
Étang Saumâtre (in English, brackish pond) is the largest lake of Haiti. It is the second largest lake of Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo. It is also known as Lake Azuei. It is known as Lago del Fondo in the Dominican Republic. Its Taíno name was Yainagua.

The lake is on the arid part of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac. It is  east of Port-au-Prince in the Ouest Department. Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the Dominican city of Jimaní is at less than 1 km from the southeast end of the lake.

The salt-water lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of . Its maximum width is . The total area is .

The water of the lake is dark blue. Its salinity is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water. Very few small rivers flow into the lake.

Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes including tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.

References 

Lakes of North America
Geography of Haiti
The F6F Hellcat was a United States Navy fighter aircraft made by Grumman during World War II. I t first flew in 1942 and was introduced in 1943.  It was supposed to be a little bit better than the F4F Wildcat, but became a big improvement.  It was more powerful and could turn better.  It was made to fight the Japanese A6M Zero. It was able to take off of aircraft carriers. It was also used by the navy as a "night fighter", which means that a radar was put on it so it could fly at night. During the war, it had the most aces fly it. It was retired in 1954.

References

Notes

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
British military aircraft
French military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
F6F
The Mitsubishi A6M Zero, often called just the A6M Zero or simply the Zero was a long range carrier ship-based fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The aircraft was built by Mitsubishi, making its first flight in 1939, and entering naval service in 1940. 

It was the primary fighter used by Japan during the war. It was the primary enemy of US Naval aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat, Vought F4U Corsair, and later the Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was specifically designed to combat the Zero. The A6M Zero was the best fighter at the beginning of the Pacific war. However, late in the war, new American fighters were able to defeat it.

Related pages 
 F4F Wildcat
 F6F Hellcat

References

Other websites 

Military of Japan
World War II Japanese aircraft
Mitsubishi
The CONCACAF Champions League (originally called the CONCACAF Champions' Cup) is a football competition between the best club teams in North and Central America and the Caribbean. The teams are selected by the Central American and Caribbean Association of Football (the CONCACAF) because of their good performances in matches.

Records and statistics (all time)

Winners 
Shows teams which won at least two titles.

Top-ten countries 

Football competitions
The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football often referred to as just CONCACAF, is the organization that controls North, Central, and Caribbean football.

Related pages
 CONCACAF Gold Cup
 CONCACAF Champions' Cup

Other websites 
 CONCACAF homepage

Football organizations
The Mali Federation was a country in the west of Africa. Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (Mali's name was French Sudan at that time). It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France. However, it became independent on June 20 1960.

The Federation's prime minister was Modibo Keïta, and the government was in Dakar. The Federation ended a short time after independence because Senegal left on August 20 1960 because they had a disagreement about politics.

History of Mali
History of Senegal
Former countries in Africa
1959 establishments
1960 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in Africa
Value Added Tax (often called by its initial letters "VAT" or “V.A.T.”) is the English name of a tax that is added to things sold in the European Union. It is like a sales tax that is charged in some US States.

The tax is paid every time goods are sold.
 The maker charges the wholesaler VAT and pays the tax to the government
 The wholesaler charges the shop VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the maker
 The shop charges the customer VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the wholesaler.

The tax can be complicated to work out, because every business or person has to charge the tax, and have an invoice to show they have paid some tax. The only person who pays the full amount of tax is the customer of the shop.

The government also charges VAT on some services. This is because some companies do not make a thing which can be used (goods) instead they do something to help a customer (that is, provide a service).

For example, a garage-owner might sell a spare part for a customer’s car. The garage-owner charges VAT because spare parts are “goods”. If the garage-owner helps the customer by fitting the spare parts into the car, the garage-owner would charge extra for his time, and would also charge VAT on the amount he charged for the service of fitting the parts.

VAT is not added to all products. Children's books and clothes do not have VAT.

Taxation
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies.  It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638.  It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

Creation 
The duchy was created by the Division of Erfurt in 1572 when Coburg and Eisenach were split from the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar for Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, the sons of Johann Friedrich II, the Middle.

Rulers 
The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586.  This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy.  Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country. Johann Casimir  kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach. Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.

Division 
Johann Ernst also had no children, so the Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach line died out, out the territory was divided between the other Ernestine line.

House of Wettin
Tom and Jerry Kids Show is a 1990 television series by Hanna-Barbera Studios. This follows Tom and Jerry as kids in their cat-and-mouse games. The show also contains segments featuring Droopy and his son Dripple (who would later star in their own short-lived spin-off, "Droopy, Master Detective"), Spike & Tyke (from the original Tom & Jerry) and Blast-Off Buzzard (from "The CB Bears"). The original run lasted until 1994 when the show was canceled. In certain countries, the Tom & Jerry Kids shorts have aired separately on Boomerang until 2014.

Cast

Principal Cast
 Charlie Adler - Dripple Dog
 William Callaway - Slowpoke Antonio
 Brian Cummings - Clyde
 Pat Fraley - Kyle the Cat
 Teresa Ganzel - Miss Vavoom
 Dick Gautier - Spike
 Phil Hartman - Calaboose Cal
 Don Messick - Droopy Dog
 Frank Welker - Tom (the cat), Jerry (the mouse, Season 1-2), Wildmouse, McWolf
 Patric Zimmerman - Tyke

Additional Voices 

 Brandon Adams
 Joe Alaskey
 Patricia Alice Albrecht
 Lewis Arquette
 Rene Auberjonois
 Michael Bell
 Gregg Berger
 Susan Blu
 Sorrell Booke
 Charlie Brill
 Nicole Brown
 Scott Bullock
 Arthur Burghardt
 Greg Burson
 Hamilton Camp
 Nancy Cartwright
 Marsha Clark
 Selette Cole
 Townsend Coleman
 Danny Cooksey
 Bud Cort
 Jesse Corti
 Peter Cullen
 Brian Cummings - Clyde
 Jim Cummings
 Tim Curry
 Jennifer Darling
 Mari Devon
 Nancy Dussault
 Maggie Egan
 June Foray
 Brad Garrett
 Kathy Garver
 Joan Gerber
 Barry Gordon
 Archie Hahn
 Pamela Hayden
 George Hearn
 Dana Hill
 Jerry Houser
 Tony Jay
 Arte Johnson
 Vicki Juditz
 Zale Kessler
 Kip King
 Paul Kreppel
 Maurice LaMarche
 David Lander
 Allan Lurie
 Sherry Lynn
 Tress MacNeille
 Kenneth Mars
 Chuck McCann
 Edie McClurg
 Diane Michelle
 Brian Mitchell
 Alan Oppenheimer
 Bibi Osterwald
 Gary Owens
 Patricia Parris
 Rob Paulsen
 Pat Pinney
 Henry Polic II
 Tony Pope
 Hal Rayle
 Clive Revill
 Bob Ridgely
 Kimmy Robertson
 Stuart Robinson
 Roger Rose
 Neil Ross
 Ronnie Schell
 Susan Silo
 Hal Smith
 Kath Soucie
 Sally Struthers
 Barbara Stuart
 Marcelo Tubert
 Janet Waldo
 B.J. Ward
 Jimmy Weldon
 Jane Wiedlin
 Lee Wilkof
 April Winchell
 JoAnne Worley

Jill Talley as Jerry (Season 3-4)

Danish Voice Cast

Additional Voices
 Lars Thiesgaard
 Peter Røschke - 1996 -

International Broadcast

References

1990 television series debuts
Children's television series
Animated television series
Cartoon Network series
Spacetoon shows
English-language television programs
Tom and Jerry
Johanna Klara Eleonore "Hannelore" Kohl (née Renner; 7 March 1933 – 5 July 2001) was the wife of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (died 2017). She met him for the first time in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.

She was born in Berlin as Eleonore Johanna Renner, and later, she changed her first name to "Hannelore". When her husband was chancellor she set up the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung (that is the Hannelore Kohl Charity) and the Kuratorium ZNS, a foundation to help find a cure for illnesses of the central nervous system.

In 1945, when she was 12, she was raped by Red Army soldiers.

On 5 July 2001, Mrs Kohl was found dead in her home in Ludwigshafen. She had apparently committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. She was said to have suffered from photo allergy (sunlight burns the skin).

However, journalist Andrew Gimson, writing in The Spectator questioned official version of events, and so did the German newsmagazine, Stern and the BBC.

Kohl is known for her collection of German-style cooking recipes, Kulinarische Reise durch Deutsche Länder (Culinary Journey through German Regions), published in 1996.

References

Other websites
 Hannelore Kohl's Gravesite

1933 births
2001 deaths
Drug-related suicides
German writers
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Berlin
Suicides in Germany
Writers who committed suicide
Walter Scheel (8 July 1919 – 24 August 2016) was a German politician (FDP).

Biography 
Scheel was born in Solingen.
During World War II, he became a member of the Nazi Party and served in the Luftwaffe, the last years of the war as a Radar operator on a Me 110 night fighter.

He was federal minister of economic cooperation and development (1961–1966), but he persuaded the FDP to leave Ludwig Erhard's coalition government in late 1966. This forced elections in Germany, and Kurt Georg Kiesinger became chancellor.

In 1969 his party formed a new coalition with the Social Democrats. He became Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor. With Willy Brandt his foreign policy meant the Federal Republic of Germany promised not to try and get back the parts of Germany given to Poland and the USSR. The treaty with Poland actually defined the western border of Poland, not the border between Poland and Germany. It is the same thing, but meant Poland could sign a treaty with West Germany that described the border of East Germany.

When Brandt resigned on 7 May 1974, Scheel, was acting chancellor, for about a week, until Helmut Schmidt was elected Chancellor.

A few weeks later, Scheel was elected Federal President of West Germany, a post he held from July 1974 until June 1979.

Like most ex German presidents, Scheel retired from political life term ended. He sometimes appeared on political talk shows or events. At the funeral of the murdered businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer in October 1977, Scheel gave a speech entitled shame.

Death
Scheel died on 24 August 2016 following a long illness. Having lived to  he holds the record as the longest-lived German head of state, either imperial or elected.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Nazis
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Solingen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American writer and journalist. He was born in Long Branch, New Jersey and raised in Brooklyn, New York City.

Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer writes creative nonfiction, sometimes called New Journalism, but which covers the essay to the nonfiction novel. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once on his journalism career. In 1955, Mailer, along with Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published The Village Voice, which was shown to the Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from The National Book Foundation.

Mailer died of renal failure in New York City.

Other websites

 The Norman Mailer Society
 Norman Mailer at Books and Writers 
 Norman Mailer on American Masters (PBS Broadcast)
 Norman Mailer's writing on the Huffington Post
 Norman Mailer New York Review of Books author profile and archive includes list of reviews, letters, and essays from over 40 years, along with a bibliography

1923 births
2007 deaths
American novelists
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Journalists from New Jersey
Journalists from New York
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New Jersey
Movie producers from New York
Pulitzer Prize winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New York
Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême (8 June 1784 – 12 January 1833), was a French chef and author. 

He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as haute cuisine, the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs", because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.

Biography
Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous pâtissier (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.

Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.

Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.

Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts that were important for diplomats. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.

Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year’s worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as chef de cuisine to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Czar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.

He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.

Influence
Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.

Carême's is said to have started service à la russe (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of service à la française (serving all dishes at once)

Major works

References
 Carême's career. 
 
 Paul Metzner, Crescendo of the Virtuoso (UC Press,1998.)

Notes

Other websites
 NPR: Antonin Careme: The First Celebrity Chef - All Things Considered, May 25, 2004 - Biography Highlights Career of a 19th-Century Culinary Star

1784 births
1833 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French chefs
Writers from Paris
The X Window System is a set of protocols and programs. It is also known as X11, or simply X. It can manage windows, and other components of a graphical user interface on a bitmap display. This way of doing graphics is most common in Unix-like operating systems.

X provides the basic components to build GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse or a keyboard. X does not say what the user interface should look like different client programs handle this. Different X11-based environments have radically different designs. X is not a part of the operating system; instead, it is built as an additional program on top of the operating system.

Unlike previous display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on a display near the computer. X has network transparency: the machine where an application program (the client application) runs need not be the user's local machine (the display server).

X was developed at MIT in 1984. The current protocol version, X11, appeared in September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, version 11 release 7.7 (6 June 2012), available as free software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.

References 

Software
The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the middle of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. It makes and releases the hormone named melatonin.

There is almost no melatonin in the blood in the daytime. At the end of the day, melatonin in the blood allows sleepiness in humans and other animals which sleep at night. There is melatonin in the blood all night, while the person or animal is sleeping. In the morning, there is less and less melatonin in the blood. When light enters the eyes, the melatonin of the blood goes away.

Some people have circadian rhythm sleep disorders which make them sleepy much earlier or much later than normal. The most common one is Delayed Sleep-Phase Disorder (DSPD, or Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome, DSPS). People with DSPD usually go to bed at 3 in the morning or later but they sleep normally for at least eight hours.

References 

 Eakin R.M 1973. The third eye. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Guyton A.C. & Hall J.E. 2001. Textbook of medical physiology. 10th ed, Saunders.

Sleep
Glands
Hormones
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, commonly shortened to GHB)  is a chemical substance. Small quantities of it can be found in the central nervous system of many animals. It can also be discovered in wine, beef and small citrus fruits. 

In the central nervous system, GHB interacts with other neurotransmitters, such as gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). 

Many countries have regulated it as an illegal drug, even though it can be used in medicine. It can be used as an anesthetic, and a sedative. In the past it has been used to treat insomnia and depression. It can also help people who have a problem with alcoholism or cataplexy. In patients with narcolepsy it has been used to treat sleepiness during the day. Athletes have used it to make their performance better.

The drug has been used as a recreational drug. This is because it can make a person euphoric. Many countries have made it illegal if it is not used as medicine. Its most common name as an illegal drug is probably liquid Ecstasy. However, ecstasy is a different drug that is unrelated to GHB.

GHB is naturally produced in the human body's cells. Its chemical structure is similar to that of ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate. As a supplement or drug, it is used most as a salt. GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation. Small amounts of the substance can be found in some beers and wines. 

GHB can cause 'GHB comas'. This is when people faint or become unconscious. This is what causes most deaths.

Use as an illegal drug
GHB is a depressant of the central nervous system. Its effects have been described as similar to those of alcohol or ecstasy. People feel in a good mood. They also lower their inhibitions. If the dose is increased, the symptoms include nausea, drowsiness, breathing problems, amnesia, unconsciousness and death. The effect of GHB lasts between 1.5 and 3 hours, but may be longer. They can be longer if the drug is mixed with alcohol, or a large dosis was taken.

Certain substances called "pro-drugs", are changed to GHB in the stomach. One such drug, is gamma-butyrolactone. Such products are also a problem. Lots of them are used in industrial processes. An example of this are paint strippers. What is fine for use in industry may be bad for humans.

Some street names, especially when mixed with other substances such as amphetamines, can be Soap, Water, Salty water, Blue water, and Grievous Bodily Harm.

References

Drugs
The Reichsmark (which was shown with the symbol RM) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. One Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig.

Banknotes images

Other websites 
 Coins of the Third Reich

Former currencies of Europe
Economy of Germany
History of Germany
The Dominican city of San Francisco de Bánica, or simply Bánica, is a municipality of the Elías Piña province, on the border with Haiti and near the River Artibonite.

Origin of name
The name Bánica comes from the Taíno name of the region, Banique ("land of ebony trees").

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,112: 1,043 men and 1,069 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
The town was founded in 1504 by Diego Velázquez, who later went to conquest the island of Cuba, on the left side of the Artibonite river. It was an important town in those years but later it lost its importance. In the 18th century, the Spanish government moved the city to its present place, away from the river, and brought families from the Canary Islands to live there.

When the Haitian independence, most of the people moved to other places. When the Haitians occupied the eastern part of the island (the present Dominican Republic), they founded again the town as part of the Artibonite department.

After the Dominican Independence in 1844, the town was made a municipality of the Azua province. But again the town was abandoned by its inhabitants. After the "Restoration War" (1863 - 1865), some families from other towns near the Haitian border came to live in Bánica.

Bánica was made a municipality of the San Juan province in 1938 and then, in 1942, of the new province of Elías Piña.

Geography

Bánica is at  to the west of Santo Domingo and  to the northeast of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of Pedro Santana to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Comendador to the south and Haiti to the west.

The average daily temperature in the city is 25.4 °C.

Administrative division
The municipality of Bánica has two municipal districts; these are:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Commerce with Haiti is also an important economic activity in the city.

Places of interest
 Iglesia de San Francisco de Asís (Saint Francis of Assisi Church). It is a very interesting colonial Catholic church. It is not known when it was built but in 1740 the Bishop Domingo Pantaleón Álvarez Abréu wrote that in Bánica "there is a new church".
 Reloj de sol (Sundial). In one of his faces there is a date, "1795", that could be the date when it was built. There were only two sundials in the old Spanish colony: one in Santo Domingo and another in Bánica.
 Cerro de San Francisco (Saint Francis Hill). It is a rocky hill at  from the city. Here there is a cave visited by many people to pray to Saint Francis; they get wet with water that falls from the top of the cave and they put limestone dust in their faces so when they get back to town they are identified by their white faces. The hill is protected by law because here there is the only wild population of Pereskia marcanoi, a cactus with leaves and beautiful small purple flowers; its common name is Rosa de Bánica ("Bánica Rose").

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1504 establishments in the Spanish Empire
{{Taxobox
| name = Soap bark tree
| image = Quillaja 608.JPG 
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio = Magnoliophyta
| classis = Magnoliopsida
| ordo = Fabales
| familia = Quillajaceae<ref name="V Tech">APG II 2003 listing  notes that Quillajaceae is a part of the order Fabales and no longer a part of the family Rosaceae (order Rosales)</ref>
| genus = Quillaja| species = Q. saponaria| binomial = Quillaja saponaria| binomial_authority = Molina
}}
Soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria) is a tree of the family Quillajaceae''. In commerce, it is known as Panama wood. The tree grows naturally from warm temperate central Chile north to Bolivia and Peru. It can grow to  to  high. The Soap bark tree gets its name because the inner bark can be made into a powder which can be used as soap. Its compounds are also used as foam in beer and other drinks. The tree also has medicinal uses.

Morphology
Quillay is an evergreen tree, with grey bark. Alternate leaves, glaber, acute apex and obtuse base, bright green, near entire margins with 4-8 teeth. Flowers light green or white, hermaphrodite, pentamer, radiate. Five petals, 5 sepals, 10 stamens and 5 pistils. Fruit: a star-shape capsule, with winged seeds.

References

Rosaceae
Clarence E. "Bud" Anderson (b. January 13, 1922 in Oakland, California) was a fighter pilot in the United States Air Force. He joined the Air Force in 1942. During World War II, he flew a P-51 Mustang named "Old Crow". He had 16 kills, and was a triple ace. At the end of World War II, he was a captain. He flew an F-105 Thunderchief in the Vietnam War. He retired from the Air Force in 1972. He was also a test pilot.

1922 births
Living people
American military people
United States Air Force
People from Oakland, California
A Wild Weasel is a nickname for an aircraft in the United States Air Force that is supposed to destroy enemy anti-aircraft guns, surface-to-air missiles, and other ground attack weapons by seeking them out with radar and destroying them with missiles.

History 

The idea was first thought of in 1965 during the Vietnam War, because North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles, or "SAMs" were destroying American aircraft. The first Wild Weasel airplane was the F-100 Super Sabre, a variant of the F-86 Sabre. In 1966, the F-105 Thunderchief took the job.

After that, a new kind of F-4 Phantom IIs, the "G" model was used as a Wild Weasel. During the Gulf War of 1991, Wild Weasel missions were done by the F4-G  and not theF-16 Fighting Falcon, a light fighter-bomber that can also battle enemy fighter aircraft. Currently, the F-16CJ does this. They were being used in the Iraq War.

Weapons used 
In the Vietnam War, the main missile used by Wild Weasels was the AGM-45 Shrike. Currently, some of the weapons used by the Wild Weasel planes includes the AGM-88 HARM and the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles. They can also have ALQ-131 and ALQ-184 pods that can mess up enemy radar.

References 

United States Air Force
Vietnam War aircraft
United States military aircraft
A Postal code is a series of numbers or letters and numbers used by a post office to help identify where a letter or parcel should be sent.
The code can be read by machines, this speeds up sorting mail.

In the United Kingdom the first part of the post code has one or two letters and one or two numbers. This identifies the post town and an area in the post town. The second part is used to identify an even smaller area, down to just one street or a few house in a long street.

The post town is the main town in an area. Sometimes this is a lot bigger than the real town. Ipswich, for example is the post town for most of east Suffolk.

In Europe most postal codes are all numbers. Often the one or two letter country code is put in front of the code to make sure that towns and cities are not mixed up, or for international post.

In France the first two numbers of the postal code relate to the department. Codes for Monaco start with 98 as if it was part of France, but has the letters "MC" instead of "F" for international mail.

Related pages
ZIP code
 Postal codes in the United Kingdom

Postal service
Les Six (pronounced "Le sees") is French for "The Six". Les Six were a group of six French composers who were friends around the year 1920. They were young at the time, and they shared a lot of ideas about music. The composer Erik Satie called them "Les Nouveaux Jeunes", but then a man called Henri Collet called them "Les Six" in an article he was writing, and that name was always used for them after that.

In their music they tried to be different from Richard Wagner and other composers of Romantic music, and different from Debussy and Ravel who had been writing Impressionistic music. They also wanted to write in a simple way instead of using complicated rhythms such as those of Stravinsky or twelve tone music like Arnold Schoenberg. Many of their pieces were quite short. They liked strong, masculine music, especially jazz. 

The six composers did not stay together for very long as they soon developed their own personal styles in their compositions.

Members 

 Georges Auric (1899–1983) wrote lots of rhythmic music which had lots of energy. He wrote music for movies.
 Louis Durey (1888–1979) did not want to follow fashion. He used traditional ways of composing and wrote in his own, personal way.
 Arthur Honegger (1882–1955) liked chamber music and the symphony. His popular piece Pacific 231 describes a train journey on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
 Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) was a very talented composer who wrote in several different styles. Some of his music uses bitonality and polytonality (writing in two or more keys at the same time. His love of jazz can be heard in popular pieces like Le Boeuf sur le Toit which he called a cinema-symphony.
 Francis Poulenc (1899–1963) was the most famous of the six composers. He continued to write in a style which was similar to the music of the 1920s. Many of his pieces are often performed today, e.g. Gloria, his ballet Les Biches, some of his chamber music and many songs.
 Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was the only female in the group. She liked to use dance rhythms. She was the only member of Les Six to earn diplomas from the Paris Conservatory. She loved children and animals and wrote many works about them. She also wrote operas, concertos, and many works for the piano.

After 1920 

It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together. They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group. Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s. They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became Le Boeuf sur le Toit (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet. The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six". Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel 

The name "The Six" was a reference to the group of Russian composers who had been known as "The Five".

French composers
Georges Auric (born Lodève, France, 15 February 1899; died Paris 23 July 1983) was a French composer.  He was one of the six composers who became known as Les Six.

Childhood
Auric was a child prodigy.  He composed a lot of music from the age of 10, but most of these early works he destroyed later. He grew up in Montpellier.  In 1913, his parents moved to Paris so that he could study at the Paris Conservatoire. He studied with the composer Vincent D'Indy at the Schola Cantorum.

By the time he had joined Les Six he had already become a composer with a strong, personal style of writing. His music is often energetic and aggressive.

Works
Auric wrote ballet music for Diaghilev.  When Jean Cocteau started making motion pictures at the beginning of the 1930s Auric began writing film music. He wrote soundtracks for a number of French and British films, and then for Hollywood movies, too.  The Song from Moulin Rouge made it to the hit parade.

In 1962, he gave up writing for moving pictures when he became director of the Opéra National de Paris and then chairman of SACEM, the French Performing Rights Society. Auric continued to write classical chamber music, especially for wind instruments, for the rest of his life.

1899 births
1983 deaths
20th-century French composers
People from Montpellier
The Left (), sometimes called the Left Party (), is a political party in Germany. It is a democratic socialist political party in Germany. It is considered to be left-wing populist by some researchers. The party is the direct descendant of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). It was formed on 16 June 2007, when The Left Party.PDS joined with WASG to form a unified party. The Left is a founding member of the Party of the European Left. It is also the largest party in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in the European Parliament.

According to official party figures, the Left Party had 60,350 registered members as of December 2020. It is the fifth-largest party in Germany.

The party participates in governments in many states including Brandenburg, Thuringia, and Berlin. The Left parliamentarian Bodo Ramelow is the Minister-President of Thuringia.

While the PDS was considered by German authorities as extremist, the WASG was not considered extremist. The party is the most left-wing party of the six represented parties in the Bundestag. It has been called far-left by some news outlets. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungschutz) states that the party is not regarded as extremely left or a threat to democracy. However, it does monitor some of its internal factions, such as Socialist Left.

Related pages
 Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice / WASG

References

Other websites 

 Official Website of Die Linke 
 The European Left site

2007 establishments in Germany
Berlin
Socialism
Louis Durey (born Paris, 27 May 1888; died Saint-Tropez, France, 3 July 1979) was a French composer.  He was the oldest, but probably the least well-known of the six composers who are called Les Six.

Birth
Louis Durey was the son of a businessman.  He had no idea that he wanted to be a composer until he heard the opera Pélléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy.  He was then already 19 years old. He taught himself how to compose.

Works
Durey became a member of the group called Les Six in 1920. However, he did not take part in the music they wrote together in 1921 called Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel.  This made Jean Cocteau very annoyed. 

Durey became interested in left-wing politics and later joined the Communist Party.  During the years of the Nazi occupation of World War II, he worked with the French Resistance and wrote anti-Fascist songs. After the war he had strong Communist ideas.  This made it difficult for him to be successful in the world of music.
In 1950 he got the job of music critic for a communist newspaper in Paris.

He wrote a lot of music during his life, but there were many years when he wrote nothing.  He composed songs, chamber music and choral works.

Louis Durey died at Saint-Tropez, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.

1888 births
1979 deaths

20th-century French composers
Arthur Honegger (10 March 1892 - 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in Le Havre, France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six. His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called Pacific 231, which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive.

His full name was Oscar-Arthur Honegger, but his first name was never used. He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to Zürich, Switzerland, when he studied at the Conservatory there. He then went back to Paris to study with Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy. He wrote a ballet Le dit des jeux du monde in 1918. In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire. They often went on tour together, and his wife played the piano parts to his compositions. The couple had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926-2003) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza.

In the early 1920s Honegger became famous with the "dramatic psalm" "Le Roi David" ("King David"), which is still often sung by choirs. He wrote a lot of music between the wars, including the oratorio Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher, one of his best works. It tells the story of Joan of Arc.

During World War II Honegger could not leave Paris. He joined the French Resistance. He continued to write very serious music, including four symphonies (numbers 2-5) and some religious music.

Honegger loved trains. As a student he had spent some time travelling to Paris twice a week by train from Le Havre. His popular orchestral work Pacific 231 describes a train on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was an early piece, written in 1923. 

In 1947 Honegger suffered a severe heart attack, and after that he composed little. A second heart attack caused his death eight years later in Paris. 

Honegger's music is different to that of the other members of Les Six, partly because Honegger liked the Romantic music of Wagner, Strauss and Reger. His music is tonal but with numerous strong dissonances. His musical style was also influenced by the music of Bach.

1892 births
1955 deaths
20th-century composers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Le Havre
Swiss composers
Darius Milhaud (pronounced "DAR-yus MEE-oh") (born Marseille, 4 September 1892; died Geneva 22 June 1974) was a French composer. He was a member of the group called Les Six. He is one of the most important French composers of the 20th century. He wrote more than 400 compositions. His music is often influenced by jazz and polytonality (music in more than one key at once).

Life 

Milhaud's family were Jewish. He grew up in Aix-en-Provence. His father was an almond dealer. When he was very small he often listened to the songs that were being sung by the women who were sorting out the nuts. They were folksongs from the Provence. When he was a young man he liked to go for walks in the Provence country. This was an important part of his life.

Milhaud's parents liked music. His father was a pianist and often played at local music gatherings. His mother had a nice contralto voice. When he was seven he learned to play the violin. He loved the music of Claude Debussy, whom he met once. 

Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre who were also to become members of Les Six. He studied composition under Charles-Marie Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gédalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. He taught himself to play the piano. In Paris he was able to listen to music by a lot of great composers.

He was terribly sad when a close friend was killed in World War I. He decided to go to Brazil. He worked there for nearly two years, deciphering codes. He liked the sounds of the jungle. These sounds were to have an impact on his music. The other great influence was jazz, which he heard in 1922 in New York.

Milhaud returned to France and worked very hard. He often travelled. In 1940 he had to emigrate to the United States because the Nazis were arresting Jewish musicians. In America he gave lectures.

His health became poor. He had rheumatoid arthritis for nearly all his adult life, and by 1948 he was in a wheelchair. He still continued to travel, and to teach, for as long as possible. Probably his most famous student was Dave Brubeck.

In 1925 Milhaud married his cousin, an actress called Madeleine Milhaud. She often performed speaking parts in her husband's musical works. In his final years, she devoted herself to looking after him. She died in Paris on 17 January 2008 at the age of 105.

His works 

Milhaud's most popular works include Le Boeuf sur le Toit (ballet), La création du monde (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), Scaramouche (for Saxophone and Orchestra, also for two pianos), and Saudades do Brazil (dance suite). His autobiography is called Notes Sans Musique (Notes Without Music), later rewritten as Ma Vie Heureuse (My Happy Life).

References 
 Groves Dictionary online 

1892 births
1974 deaths

20th-century French composers
Autobiographers
Aix-en-Provence
The Saône is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river. It starts in the Vosges department amd joins the Rhône in the city of Lyon.

Two French departments has the name of the river in their names: Haute-Saône and Saône-et-Loire, both in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Geography
The Saône river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of . 

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or in the Metropolitan Lyon.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or (13 years)

Course
The Saône river starts  in the commune of Vioménil in the Vosges department, at an altitude of about . The river flows in general to the south-southwest.

The Saône river flows through the 3 regions and 6 departments. It flows through the following communes, among others:
 Grand Est region
 Vosges department: Darney, Monthureux-sur-Saône, Châtillon-sur-Saône.
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Haute-Saône: Jonvelle, Corre, Jussey, Port-sur-Saône, Scey-sur-Saône, Gray;
 Côte-d'Or: Auxonne, Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Seurre;
 Saône-et-Loire: Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, Chalon-sur-Saône, Tournus, Mâcon, Crêches-sur-Saône.
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Ain: Thoissey, Jassans-Riottier, Trévoux;
 Rhône: Belleville-sur-Saône, Villefranche-sur-Saône, Anse;
 Metropolitan Lyon: Neuville-sur-Saône, Fontaines-sur-Saône, Caluire-et-Cuire, Lyon, La Mulatière.

The Saône river flows into the Rhône river as a right tributary in the city of Lyon.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries, over 40 km long,  of the Saône river are:

Left tributaries:
 Côney - 55.2 km
 Lanterne - 64.3 km
 Durgeon - 42.4 km
 Ognon - 213.6 km
 Doubs - 452.8 km
 Seille - 100 km
 Reyssouze - 75.1 km
 Veyle - 66.8 km
 Chalaronne - 52.3 km

Right tributaries:
 Amance - 46.3 km
 Salon - 71.6 km
 Vingeanne - 93.3 km 
 Tille - 82.7 km
 Ouche - 95.4 km
 Dheune - 66.7
 Grosne - 95.6 km
 Azergues - 61.9 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Rivers of France
Grand Est
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
is a city and municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. With 198,219 inhabitants (as of October 2019), Trondheim is Norway's third largest municipality, as well as the centre of the fourth largest urban area, with a population of about 186,364. As of 2019, the Trondheim Region, a statistical metropolitan area, has a population of 279,234.

History 
The city of Trondheim was founded in 997. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217. In the Middle Ages, Trondheim was the site of several battles, including the battle between King Sverre and Erling Skakke, in 1179. The city has experienced several major fires - the most devastating in 1651 and 1681. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of the buildings in Trondheim, and the 1681 fire led to a total reconstruction of the city.

The city of Trondheim became a municipality January 1, 1838. The rural municipalities of Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller were joined into Trondheim on January 1, 1964.

Other websites 
 Municipality website (Norwegian only)
 Trondheim.no, Trondheim's official website in Norwegian and English