cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A gyre is a large system of ocean currents moving in a circle. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect. Because the Earth is rotating, ocean currents in the northern hemisphere tend to move in a clockwise direction and currents in the southern hemisphere move in an anti-clockwise direction. 

The Coriolis force acts most strongly on the wind, and the wind then creates a torque that tends to spin the ocean currents.

The Earth rotates from the west towards the east, and the Coriolis effect becomes more intense toward the poles. Because of this, gyres form strong currents on the western side of oceans, so they are pushed against the eastern coast of continents. The vorticity (the strength of the torque force) is balanced out by frictional surface currents, which normally act against the spin of the water. However, in the middle of the ocean, the effects of friction are very weak.

The term gyre can be used to mean any type of vortex in the air or the sea, but it is most used in oceanography for the major ocean current systems.

Major gyres 
These are the five largest gyres:
 Indian Ocean Gyre
 North Atlantic Gyre
 North Pacific Gyre
 South Atlantic Gyre
 South Pacific Gyre

Other gyres

Tropical gyres 
Tropical gyres tend to be mostly east-west with minor north-south extent.
 Atlantic Equatorial Current System
 Pacific Equatorial Current System
 Indian Monsoon Gyres

Subtropical gyres 
The centre of a subtropical gyre is a high pressure area, which the ocean moves around. The high pressure in the centre is due to the westerly winds on the northern side of the gyre and easterly winds on the southern side of the gyre. These cause frictional surface currents towards the latitude at the centre of the gyre.

Subpolar gyres 
Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around 60°). The ocean moves around a low pressure area. Surface currents generally move outward from the centre of the system.

Related pages 

 Cyclone and Anticyclone
 Fluid dynamics
 Great Pacific Garbage Patch
 Whirlpool

References

Other websites 
 Wind-driven surface currents: Gyres
 Physical Geography - Surface and subsurface ocean currents

Oceanography
The Davy lamp is a safety lamp for use in mines. It was invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy. 

It is a wick lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was created for use in coal mines, where explosions happened in the presence of methane and other flammable gases. Those gases, called firedamp or minedamp, did not ignite a shielded flame. The wire mesh put flames out.

The lamp also warned the men of carbon dioxide or methane. The flame would burn higher, and with a blue tinge. Modern versions of the lamp are still used to test mine gases, but the light for working is now electric.

References 

Davy, Humphry 1816. On the fire-damp of coal mines, and on methods of lighting the mines so as to prevent its explosion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 106: 1.

Lamps
Clonazepam is an anticonvulsant. This means it can be used to stop seizures. It is also used to lessen states of fear. It is an anxiolytic. It is a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines are very addictive. Clonazepam is used to treat certain forms of epilepsy. It is also used to treat certain disorders of sleep, such as sleepwalking. In certain cases it is used as an off-label drug in psychiatry. It is also used for panic disorders.

Clonazepam works by increasing the activity of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). This is a chemical that sends signals throughout a person’s nervous system. If a person does not have enough GABA, their body may be in an excited state. This may cause them to have panic attacks or seizures. When a person takes this drug, they will have more GABA in their body. This will help them have fewer panic attacks and seizures.

It is not recommended that you take clonazepam with an opioid medication since this combination can more easily lead to loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, and overdose death. Similarly, drinking alcohol while taking the medication is also extremely dangerous and can result in accidental overdose.

Clonazepam side effects 
Clonazepam can cause mild or serious side effects.

 drowsiness
 problems with walking and coordination
 dizziness
 depression
 fatigue
 problems with memory

References 

Drugs
Drugs used in psychiatry
Hope Springs is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Frankel and written by Vanessa Taylor. It stars Meryl Streep, Tommy Lee Jones, Mimi Rogers, Jean Smart, and Steve Carell. 

The movie was released on August 8, 2012. It received generally positive reviews and the cast was praised for their performances. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and won a People's Choice Award.

Other websites 

2012 romance movies
2012 comedy-drama movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies set in Maine
Movies set in Nebraska
People's Choice Award winners
A mockbuster (also called a knockbuster or a drafting opportunity) is a movie made to take advantage of the publicity of a similar major movie. These types of movies are often made on a low budget. They are made to be released direct-to-video at the same time that the original movie is released in theaters or on video.

Mockbusters are often made to make customers mistakenly buy the movie instead of the one that they wanted. For example, someone may think that they are buying Transformers, but they are actually buying Transmorphers, a mockbuster that was released in 2007. Because of this, a mockbuster will often use a title similar to the original movie.

Many mockbusters are made in a different country than the one that the original movie was made in. There are many Turkish, Italian, German, French and Brazilian versions of American movies, as well as sequels that were not made by the people who made the original movie. There are also television shows that are mockbusters, such as Nutri Ventures, a rip-off parody of the original Powerpuff Girls, Coconut Fred, a rip-off of SpongeBob SquarePants, and other television show rip-offs. Animated movie mockbusters are Spider's Web: A Pig's Tale, a rip-off of Charlotte's Web; Ratatoing, a rip-off of Ratatouille); The Little Panda Fighter and Chop Kick Panda, rip-offs of Kung Fu Panda, and many more movie mockbusters.

References

Other websites
 The Mockbuster at TV Tropes
Ceol (also known as Ceola or Ceolric) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He ruled from 591 to 597. He was first an underking until 592 when he replaced his uncle Ceawlin of Wessex as king.

King in Wessex 
Ceol was the grandson of Cynric. He was also the brother of Ceolwulf. He was underking to his uncle Ceawlin, king of the Gewisse. In 592 Ceawlin was driven out of power. This was the result of losing in a battle at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg). The chronicle says there was a great slaughter, presumably this was among the Gewisse (West Saxons). If the story in the chronicle is correct the older king Ceawlin was removed from his throne by his nephew, Ceol. In 593 Ceawlin, along with a Cwichelm and a Crida (both otherwise unknown) died. Ceol ruled until 577 when he was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say when he died. But he either died in 577 or shortly afterwards.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
570s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Gravity is released in 2013 British-American space drama science fiction thriller movie. It is a 3D movie.

It was co-written, co-produced, co-edited and directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The movie stars Sandra Bullock and George Clooney as surviving astronauts from a space shuttle destroyed by debris. 

The movie has gotten many awards, and won seven awards in the 86th Academy Awards, with Alfonso Cuarón receiving Best Director.

Other websites 

2013 drama movies
2013 3D movies
2013 science fiction movies
2010s thriller movies
2010s American drama movies
British drama movies
American science fiction movies
British science fiction movies
American thriller movies
British thriller movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Alfonso Cuarón
Artemisia is a 1997 French and Italian erotic and biographical movie. It is about Artemisia Gentileschi, a 17th-century Italian painter. She is as talented as her father, who is also a painter. At that time in Italy, women were not allowed to paint humans in the nude.   But Artemisia is very much determined.

The movie got very positive reviews. The MPAA originally gave Artemisia an NC-17 rating. On appeal, the rating was changed to an R-rating.

1990s biographical movies
1997 drama movies
1997 movies
French drama movies
German drama movies
Italian drama movies
Movies directed by Agnès Merlet
Geoffroi de Charny ( 1300 – 19 September 1356) was the Lord of Lirey, a French knight and a writer. Sir Geoffroi was born of an important French family.  Throughout his life he fought many battles for France. He fought in the Crusades and many times throughout the war with England.   He was always loyal to his King, Jean II, King of France and died at the Battle of Poitiers protecting him. Throughout his lifetime he was well known and well respected by both the French and the English kings and nobles.  At Poitiers he was chosen to carry the Oriflamme into battle.  The Oriflamme was the Kings banner and this was a great honor given to a knight by the King.  He was also one of the Knights chosen to fight close to and protect the King. De Charny was said to be a "true and perfect Knight".

Jean de Joinville was de Charny's grandfather's.  He was a close friend of King Louis IX and author of his biography.  In the same tradition, Sir Geoffroi wrote three books in his time.  His most famous book was "A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry".  In this book he shared his great skill and knowledge of combat.  The second book written by de Charny is entitled, "Requests (or Questions) for jousting tournaments and war".  It was written about 1352 to the Knights of the Order of the Star which Sir Geoffroi founded.  This book was written in the form of questions.  His third book was the book "Charny", describes the life of a knight and lists the qualities a good knight must possess.

Charny fought in Flanders and Tournay.  He was taken prisoner but was ransomed because the King considered him so important.  He fought in many major battles during the Hundred Years' War such as the battles of Calais, Crecy and Poitiers.

Sir John Chandos was a close friend and biographer of Edward, the Black Prince, the eldest son of King Edward III of England.  Chandos was a famous knight himself.   He was an educated man and wrote down the events of a great meeting of both sides before the Battle of Poitiers. He wrote that at that meeting Sir Geoffroi tried to avoid a great bloodshed by proposing a smaller battle where 100 knights on each side would do battle with each other and the outcome would decide the battle.  Chandos writes that Charny was trying to find an honorable solution to avoid a great many more deaths.  The Black Prince refused that offer.  Charny’s predictions turned out to be true and indeed a great many nobles on both sides lost their life that day, including de Charny himself.

Charny died at the Battle of Poitiers while protecting the King.

The Shroud of Turin
Historical records seem to indicate that a shroud bearing an image of a crucified man (represented in the Pilgrim Badge shown here) existed in the small town of Lirey in France around the years 1353 to 1357 in the possession of Geoffroi de Charny.   The cloth itself is controversial.  Some believe it is a fake, while others believe the shroud to be the true burial cloth of Jesus Christ.

References 

1300 births
1356 deaths
French writers
Knights
Crusaders
Corey Michael Locke (born May 8, 1984) is a Canadian ice hockey player. He has played for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and the Ottawa Senators. He also played for Turku (Finland). He was born in Toronto, Ontario.

Other websites 
Corey Locke at Hockey-Reference

Montreal Canadiens players
Canadian ice hockey centres
New York Rangers players
Ottawa Senators players
1984 births
Sportspeople from Toronto
American Hockey League players
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
A harrow is a farm tool.  It is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. In this way it is different from a plow, which cuts deeper into the soil. A plow also lifts up the soil and tips it over, but a harrow works mostly by cutting into the soil and breaking it up. Harrowing is often carried out on fields to follow the rough surface left by plowing. 

The purpose of this harrowing is generally to break up clods (lumps of soil) and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is good for planting seeds. It may also be used to remove weeds and to cover up seed after sowing. 

Harrows differ from cultivators in that they disturb the whole surface of the soil, instead of disturbing only narrow trails that avoid crop rows (to kill weeds).

Types
There are four general types of harrows: disc harrow, tine harrow, chain harrow and chain disk harrows. Harrows were originally pulled by draft animals, such as horses, mules, or oxen, or in some times and places by people. In modern practice they are almost always pulled by tractors, either from a drawbar or mounted on the three-point hitch.

Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on their purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame that holds discs, teeth, linked chains, or other means of moving soil—but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a bar at the front of the set.

 Disc harrows are typically used for heavy work, such as following plowing to break up the sod. The discs have notched edges and are slightly curved to help them catch the soil and rotate. This helps mix the soil, instead of leaving ridges and trails behind.  In addition, there are various types of power harrow, in which the cultivators are power-driven from the tractor rather than working by being dragged.  Giant disc harrows can be used in place of a plow in rough areas with tree stumps and rocks.

 Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as levelling the tilth or covering seed.  They can also be used on pastures to spread out manure, or for smoothing a playing field, such as a baseball infield.

 Tine harrows are used to prepare the field before planting, to remove small weeds in growing crops and to loosen the soil between rows.  This lets water soak into the ground easier. A tine is a metal bar pointing to the ground. Unlike a disc, it does not rotate.

 The fourth is a chain disk harrow. Disk attached to chains are pulled at an angle over the ground. These harrows move rapidly across the surface. The chain and disk rotate to stay clean while breaking up the top surface to about 1 inch (3 cm) deep. A smooth seedbed is prepared for planting with one pass.

Depending on the type of soil and the crop being planted, one or more types of harrows may be used to get the soil ready for planting.  If the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller can be used at the end to settle it.

A drag is a name for a heavy harrow, often a chain type.

References

Agricultural machinery
Ceawlin (also spelled Ceaulin and Caelin) († 593) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He ruled from 560 to 592. He was the second king to be overlord over all the English south of the River Humber.

War leader and king 
  
Ceawlin was the son of Cynric. He is mentioned as fighting alongside his father against the Bretons at Branbury in 556. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Ceawlin became king of the West Saxons in 560. Bede states Ceawlin was the second king to rule the southern English as overlord. The informal term for a king that ruled over other kings was bretwalda. The term comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and means 'Britain ruler'. These overkings typically received tribute from other Anglo-Saxon kings in the south.

In 577 Ceawlin, with his son Cuthwine, led the Gewisse against the Britons at 'Deorham' (Dyrham in Gloucestershire). They reportedly killed three kings, Coinmail, Condidan, and Farinmail. Ceawlin and Cuthwine captured Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath. West Saxons then colonized the lower Severn valley. The importance of this victory was that it gave the West Saxons access to the western sea. This also divided the Britons so they could no longer communicate by land. But it was territory later Wessex kings would not be able to hold. In 584 Ceawlin defeated the Britons at Fethanlea (Oxfordshire) but his ally Cutha was killed there.

About 592 Ceawlin fought a battle at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg) also called  Adam's Grave, east of Devizes in Wiltshire. There was a 'great slaughter' but nothing was said as to who he fought; Britons or Anglo-Saxons. But it was over this loss that Ceawlin was driven out of power. His nephew Ceol replaced him as king in 592. Ceawlin died in 593. At the end of his reign, the Gewisse or West Saxons held the lands of Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire and much of Gloucestershire.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
590s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Meet the Press is an American television news/interview show that airs on NBC. It began on November 6, 1947. It is the longest-running television show in American television history.

The show's format has a long one-on-one interview with a person who works in politics. There may also be a discussion with either members of Congress or political commentators.

Meet the Press began on radio in 1945 as American Mercury Presents: Meet the Press. It was a show that was used to promote The American Mercury, an American magazine that was issued from 1924 to 1981. The show moved to television with a shorter title of just Meet the Press on November 6, 1947.

Over the years, the show has had eleven hosts called "moderators". The first moderator was Martha Rountree. The current moderator is David Gregory, who has hosted the show since December 2008. Tim Russert is the show's longest-lasting moderator. He hosted from 1991 to his death on June 13, 2008.

Moderators 
This is a list of moderators who have hosted Meet the Press.

References

Other websites 

 Meet the Press official website
 60th anniversary background information
 
 
 

NBC network shows
American television talk shows
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
American television news programs
Black and white television series
NBC
Peabody Award winners
Radio programs
English-language television programs
Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common given name in Latin. When written, it is often abbreviated C.; the abbreviation goes back to before the Roman alphabet distinguished between the letters C and G.

Some people with this name:

Caligula, the Roman emperor
Gaius Caesar, adopted son of emperor Augustus
Gaius (jurist),a lawyer of the 2nd century; one of the authories on Roman law
 Gaius the Platonist, a 2nd century philosopher
 Pope Caius, a bishop of Rome in the 3rd century 
Gaius Cassius Longinus, senator
Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, historian
 Gaius Terentius Varro, senator; commander in the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War
Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator
 Gaius Gracchus
Gaius Iulius Vindex
Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Younger
Galerius
Diocletian

Given names
Amanda Lee Modano (earlier last name: Williford, also called Willa Ford; born January 22, 1981, Florida) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She released her very first studio record, Willa was Were, in July 2001. Ford hosted several reality television shows, posed for Playboy and competed on the show Dancing with the Stars.

Singers from Florida
Actors from Florida
Participants in American reality television series
1981 births
Living people
Sahti is a traditional beer from Finland. It has alcohol 7-9%. The writer Michael Jackson made sahti more well-known in other parts of the world.

Finnish manufacturers
Lammin sahti
Yolly Giant
Joutsan sahti Oy

Other websites
 Sahtiverkko (Finnish).

Finnish culture
Beer
What's New Pussycat? is a romantic comedy movie from 1965. The movie is about music, infidelity and romance taking place in France. The movie stars Woody Allen (who also produced), Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Paula Prentiss, Ursula Andress and Peter Sellers. The release for this movie was June 1965.

1960s romantic comedy movies
1965 comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
French romance movies
French comedy movies
Movies directed by Clive Donner
Mary Willa "Mamie" Gummer (born August 3, 1983) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television programs.

Early life
Gummer was born in New York City, New York. She is the daughter of actress Meryl Streep and sculptor Don Gummer. She grew up in Salisbury, Connecticut. She also spent five years in Los Angeles, California with her older brother, Henry Wolfe Gummer, and younger sisters, actress Grace Gummer and Louisa.

Work

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York
1983 births
Living people
Cynric († 560) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He reigned from about 534 to 560.

War leader and king 
Cynric, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was the son of Cerdic. Most of what is known about Cynric and his father Cerdic comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. According to the chronicle, Cerdic and Cynric, both chiefs, arrived in 495. Cerdices ora is the name of the place they landed and fought the Britons there on the same day. In 519 they defeated Britons at Cerdices ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdices leaga they battled with the Britons again. In 530 they conquered the Isle of Wight. The record for 534 states that Cerdic died this year, his son Cynric became king and ruled for 26 years. As king, Cynric was involved in two more major battles in and around Wiltshire. The first in 552 was at Searoburh. The second battle was at Beranburh (Barbury Castle) in 556. In this last battle Cynric's son Ceawlin was fighting alongside him. In 560 Cynric was succeeded by his son Ceawlin. His name also appeared the the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle along with other Anglo-Saxon kings.

Family 
Cynric had:

 Ceawlin († 593).
 Ceolwulf, who did not reign.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
560s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Kendrick Lamar Duckworth (born June 17, 1987) is an American rapper and songwriter. He is from Compton, California. He married a woman named Shylah.  He is best known for his albums Overly Dedicated, Section.80, g.o.o.d kid, M.A.A.D. city, To Pimp a Butterfly, and most recently Damn (Kendrick Lamar album), He has also released five mixtapes.

In October 2013 Lamar won five awards at the 2013 BET Awards. He performed "Money Trees" at the show.

He was the only guest rapper on Eminem's album The Marshall Mathers LP 2, which was released November 5, 2013.

Lamar did eighteen concerts with Kanye West as part of West's October-December 2013 Yeezus Tour.

Lamar was nominated for seven Grammy Awards in 2013. He performed "m.A.A.d city" and a remix to "Radioactive" with Imagine Dragons at the awards ceremony.

In 2015, Kendrick Lamar released studio album To Pimp a Butterfly, which earned recognition as Best Rap Album at the Grammy Awards. The project also earned a nomination for Album of the Year. Single I (Kendrick Lamar Song) earned Grammy Awards for both Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance in 2014. Two more songs from the album earned awards at the 2015 ceremony, with "Alright" winning both Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, and "These Walls" winning an award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. "Alright" also received nominations for both Song of the Year and Best Music Video.

In 2017, Lamar released Damn (Kendrick Lamar Album), stylized as DAMN.. The project was nominated for seven Grammy Awards in 2017, winning five. The project earned the award for Best Rap Album, while also earning a nomination for Album of the Year. The single "HUMBLE." earned awards for Best Rap Performance, Best Rap Song, and Best Music Video, while also receiving a nomination for Record of the Year. Another track, "LOYALTY.", which features Rihanna, won the award for Best Rap/Sung Performance. In 2018, DAMN. earned the Pulitzer Prize award for Music, making him the first rap artist to earn the award.

In 2018, Lamar served as the primary curator of the soundtrack for the film Black Panther, releasing Black Panther (soundtrack). This release and its tracks earned seven Grammy Award nominations, including for Album of the Year, in 2018. The track "King's Dead" earned the award for Best Rap Performance.

References

1987 births
Living people
African American musicians
Rap musicians from California
Musicians from California
American Christians
American hip hop musicians
American songwriters
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
People from Compton, California
Pulitzer Prize winners
The Chew is an American television talk and cooking show. It airs on ABC. It started on September 26, 2011. It replaced the soap opera All My Children. The show's name was inspired by talk show The View. It focuses on food-related and lifestyle topics. It is hosted by Mario Batali, Michael Symon, Carla Hall, Clinton Kelly, and Daphne Oz.

On April 11, 2012, ABC announced that the show would air for a second season.

References

Other websites
 
 

2011 American television series debuts
American television talk shows
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Cerdic († 534) was the first Anglo Saxon King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He was the progenitor of the kings of Wessex and the Anglo-Saxon kings of England beginning with Athelstan.

War leader and king 
  
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Cerdic, along with his son Cynric, came to Britain in 495. Their three ships landed at Cerdices ora fought the Britons there on the same day. Most of what is known about Cerdic comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. In 519 he and his son defeated Britons at Cerdices ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdices leaga Cerdic and Cynric battled with the Britons again. In 530 they conquered the Isle of Wight. The record for 534 states that Cerdic died this year. Cerdic was succeeded by his son Cynric.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gave Cenred a pedigree going back to the Saxon god Woden. But historian Kenneth Sisam 
showed this legendary pedigree was borrowed from the Kings of Bernicia and was not historic. But archaeological evidence shows that outside of Kent and Sussex, the main area of settlement was in the upper Thames Valley. This agrees with much of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle although dates are harder to verify.

Family 
Cerdic had:

 Cynric († 560).

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
530s deaths
Kings of Wessex
In mathematics, the Euler characteristic of a shape is a number that describes a topological space, so that anything in the space will have the same number. It is calculated by taking the number of points in the shape, the number of lines in the shape, and the number of faces of the shape. One can find the Euler characteristic with this formula:

where V is the point count, E the line count, and F the face count. For most common shapes (convex polyhedron), the Euler characteristic is 2.

For spheres, the Euler characteristic is also 2.

Related pages 

 Platonic solid

References 

Mathematics
Oberon (also spelled Auberon) is a king of the fairies in medieval and Renaissance literature. He is best known as a character in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream. In this play, he is married to Titania, the Queen of the Fairies. His servant is Puck. Puck plays tricks. 

In the play, Oberon and Titania are arguing. Titania falls asleep. Oberon tells Puck to put a potion in her eyes. This potion will make her love the first thing she sees when she wakes. She sees a man with a donkey head. Oberon and Titania make up. All ends happily.

References 

Folklore
Characters in Shakespeare's plays
Howard the Duck is a character from Marvel Comics created in 1973. He is a duck from outer space. His story was made into a movie in 1986., howard the duck apears into guardians of galaxy, guardians of the galaxy vol 2 and avengers endgame

Other websites
Dark Mallard of the Night

Comic books
Marvel Comics characters
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Notre Dame Stadium is the home football stadium for the University of Notre Dame. The university's football team are the Fighting Irish. The stadium is located on the university's campus in Notre Dame, Indiana, just north of the city of South Bend. It was opened in 1930. The stadium can seat over 80,000 people.

History
The stadium opened in 1930. It replaced the old stadium Cartier Field. It cost more than US$750,000 to build. The head coach of the Fighting Irish, Knute Rockne, played an important role in the design of the stadium. The design was based on Michigan Stadium. The stadium originally held 54,000 people. It measured a half-mile (0.8 kilometres) in circumference and stood  high. It was built by the Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend. They began building in April 1930, and took six months to build. The Irish played their first game in the new stadium on 4 October 1930. They beat the SMU Mustangs 20–14. The official dedication was on October 11 against Navy.

Over the years, the stadium's seating capacity was gradually increased to 59,075. This was mainly done by making most of the seats smaller. In 1997, 21,000 new seats were added to the stadium, bringing the seating capacity to the present 80,795. Permanent lights were also installed. The lights were paid for by NBC, which has held the exclusive television rights to all home games since 1991.

The playing surface was natural grass throughout the stadium's history until FieldTurf, an advanced artificial surface, was installed before the 2014 football season.

Touchdown Jesus

The stadium is known for its view of Touchdown Jesus (actually titled The Word of Life), a large mural of the resurrected Jesus. The mural is painted on the southern exterior wall of the Hesburgh Library. It is  high and  wide. It can be seen over the northern end zone of the stadium. The mural was designed by Millard Sheets and was constructed in 1964. It cost US$200,000. It is contains 81 types of stone from 16 countries, and is composed of hundreds of panels which incorporate 6,700 pieces of granite.

In 1997, fans protested the university's plans to add 20,000 seats to the stadium. These seats would have blocked the view of Touchdown Jesus from the field. The university then considered limiting seats in the end zone. For aesthetic reasons however, developers went with a larger bowl all the way around. As a result, the view of Touchdown Jesus was partially blocked.

References

Other websites
Notre Dame Stadium 

1930 establishments in the United States
Stadiums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Indiana
20th-century establishments in Indiana
Father of the Pride is an American animated television series. The series is based on Siegfried & Roy's performances.

The animation was produced by Imagi Animation Studios.

The family was conceived by Katzenberg when he visited Siegfried & Roy's Secret Garden in Las Vegas in 2002.

Premise

Characters
The show revolves around the adventures of a family of white lions, consisting of father Larry, the bumbling yet well-intentioned star of Siegfried & Roy's show; Kate, a pretty, stay-at-home mother who is a member of a special women's group; Sierra, their teenage daughter who is constantly annoyed by her family; Hunter, their awkward young son, who is a huge fan of Lord of the Rings; Sarmoti, Kate's father and Sierra and Hunter's grandfather who has an annoyance for Larry; and Snack, Larry's mischievous gopher friend.

Recurring characters appear alongside the lion family; these include Larry's friends Roger, Chutney, Vincent, and Nelson; Larry's rival Blake and his wife Victoria; Sarmoti's friends Bernie, Duke, Chaz, and the Snout Brothers; Hi Larious; Kate's friends Foo-Lin, Lily, and Brittany; two lesbian gophers Chimmi & Changa; and Sierra's boyfriend Justin.

Setting

The primary setting of Father of the Pride is Las Vegas, Nevada.

Development

It took more than 200 animators 2 years to make Father of the Pride. Computer animation was produced at Imagi Animation Studios in Hong Kong.

The series employed a small group of seasoned directors, which included Mark Risley, Bret Haaland, Steve Hickner, John Holmquist, John Stevenson, and Mark Baldo. Felix Ip served as creative director for Imagi. For the first season, DreamWorks created 30 principal sets, 500 special props, and about 100 characters. In fact, a typical episode unfolds across all 30 principal sets and features two or three unique locations as well. The lion habitat is inspired by the real Secret Garden in Las Vegas, where the actual Siegfried & Roy lions reside. In Father of the Pride, the Secret Garden encompasses residences for the main characters and their families and public areas ranging from the community bar to a school classroom.

Since Larry and his family drive the story lines for most of the episodes, their residence is the most detailed, comprising separate, contiguous sets for the living room, the kitchen, and the children's bedrooms. Meanwhile, the assets are stored in individual files in order to be loaded into separate layers and assembled modularly.

Voice cast
 John Goodman as Larry
 Cheryl Hines as Kate
 Danielle Harris as Sierra
 Daryl Sabara as Hunter
 Carl Reiner as Sarmoti
 Orlando Jones as Snack
 Julian Holloway as Siegfried Fischbacher
 David Herman as Roy Horn
 John O'Hurley as Blake
 Wendie Malick as Victoria

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 

American animated television series
English-language television programs
NBC network shows
Theresa Caputo (born c. 1965/1966 or 1966/1967) (sources do not agree) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying herself as someone who can talk to dead people on a television show. Many news organizations have called that claim fake.

Caputo was born and raised in Hicksville, Long Island, New York

References

Other websites
 
 

Living people
American television personalities
Comedians from New York City
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Afternoon Delight is an American comedy-drama movie from 2013. The movie is about sexual awakenings during a sexless and loveless marriage. Juno Temple plays the stripper McKenna. The movie was first shown at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013.

2013 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American independent movies
Chris Palko (born 1973), better known by his stage name Cage or Cage Kennylz, is a rapper from New York. He is best known for his albums For Your Box, Movies For The Blind, Hell's Winter Depart From Me and . Cage was born in Germany but raised in New York.

1973 births
Living people
Rap musicians from New York
Musicians from New York
People from Würzburg
Rodney Dwight "Rod" Grams (February 4, 1948 – October 8, 2013) was a politician from Minnesota and a radio personality. He served as a Republican in both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Grams first began as a TV News anchor, but quit his job in order to run for the senate.

Early life 
Grams was born in Princeton, Minnesota and attended Brown Institute, 1966–8, Anoka-Ramsey Community College, 1970–2, and Carroll College, 1974–5.

Career 
After David Durenberger announced he would not seek reelection, Grams surprised many by announcing, just months into beginning his first term in the US House, that he would run for the US Senate.  However, Grams faced opposition for the Republican party endorsement from State Senator Gen Olson, Bert McKasy (former chief of staff to David Durenberger), and Doug McFarland.

In the general election against Democratic Farm Labor candidate Ann Wynia and Independence Party candidate Dean Barkley, Grams won a close election to become Minnesota's next US Senator.

Grams ran for re-election in 2000 as the incumbent, losing to Mark Dayton. During the campaign, Grams' wife Christine Gunhus was revealed to have written anonymous disparaging emails about Grams' potential Democratic rival, Mike Ciresi, from her home computer. She received a fine and suspended sentence for violating political advertising regulations.

Personal life 
Grams was married to Christine Gunhus until his death in 2013. On September 4, 2013 it was announced that Grams had been battling cancer since 2012 and had entered hospice care.

Death 
Grams died of colon cancer on October 8, 2013 at his home in Crown, Minnesota.

References 

1948 births
2013 deaths
American radio personalities
Cancer deaths in Minnesota
Deaths from colorectal cancer
United States representatives from Minnesota
United States senators from Minnesota
US Republican Party politicians
There are 3 arrondissements in the Côte-d'Or department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Côte-d'Or are:

History
Since its creation, the Côte-d'Or department has had few changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Châtillon-sur-Seine, Is-sur-Tille, Dijon, Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Beaune, Arnay-le-Duc, Semur-en-Auxois
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Dijon, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Semur-en-Auxois
 1926 : the arrondissement of Montbard was made with the arrondissements of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois and the subprefecture is moved from Semur-en-Auxois to Montbard

Related pages
List of arrondissements of France

References

Cote-d'Or
Agilbert (flourished 650–) was Frankish by birth and educated in Ireland. He became the second Bishop to the West Saxons after Bishop Birinus. Following a disagreement with king Cenwalh of Wessex he returned to Gaul to eventually become the Bishop of Paris.

Career

Wessex 
Agilbert studied in Ireland for several years. In 650 he came to Wessex as a missionary. Cenwalh, the king, was impressed by his background he offered Agilbert the bishopric of Dorchester. This was the seat originally given to Bishop Birinus who founded a church at Dorchester on Thames. Birinus had died in 650 and Cenwalh was looking for a replacement. But after some time Cenwalh grew tired of not being able to understand the bishop, who apparently did not speak the Anglo-Saxon language. Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester in 660 and made Wine the first bishop. Agribert took offense at not being consulted and left his see.

Northumbria 

Agilbert did not leave England immediately but visited Northumbria. 
A controversy had occurred in the Northumbrian church over the date of Easter. The king Oswiu of Northumbria and his son Eahlfrith each backed a different church position. Why Agilbert came to Northumbria at this time or who sent him is not recorded. But kings Osiwu and Cenwalh were friends. They both supported the Roman position that Easter should be celebrated the same throughout the Christian world. A synod was called at Whitby to settle the issue. Bishop Agilbert was the senior ecclesiastic there who supported the Roman position. As he did not speak the language well, he asked Wilfrid to speak for him. Their argument was why did only the remote parts of Britain celebrate Easter differently than the remainder of the Christian world? Osiwu made a decision to celebrate Easter with the rest of the Christian churches.

France 

Agilbert wandered in Gaul (later France) for a time before accepting the position of Bishop of Paris. He held that position from  for about 12 years. He consecrated Wilfrid as a bishop at Compiègne along with several others. Later Bishop Wine was expelled from Wessex by Cenwalh. This left Wessex without a bishop. Cenwalh sent appeals to Agilbert to return to Wessex. Agilbert turned Cenwalh down saying his current duties as bishop of Paris prevented his return. But he sent his nephew Leutherius in his place. Leutherius was welcomed in Wessex as the new bishop of Winchester. Agilbert died sometime after 679. He was buried at the monastery of Jouarre.

Notes

References

year of birth unknown
year of death unknown
Christian religious leaders
Nicholas Oresko (January 18, 1917 – October 4, 2013) was a United States Army veteran and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions on 23 January 1945, during World War II.

Oresko was born on January 18, 1917, in Bayonne, New Jersey. He had Ukranian family. Oresko later joined the Army from that city in March 1942.  

Following the death of Barney F. Hajiro in January 2011, Oresko became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient. Oresko lived in Cresskill, New Jersey. Bayonne School #14 was renamed in his honor in July 2010.

Oresko died while undergoing surgery for a broken femur on October 4, 2013 in Englewood, New Jersey. He was 96 years old.

References

1917 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
American military people
People from Bayonne, New Jersey
Ukrainian Americans
Janet Louise Yellen (born August 20, 1946) is an American economist and professor. She is a Democrat. She is the 78th and current United States Secretary of the Treasury since January 26, 2021.

Chair of the Federal Reserve 
In October 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Yellen to be first female Chair of the Federal Reserve. She replaced Ben Bernanke. She chaired the Federal Reserve from February 3, 2014 until February 5, 2018. In November 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Federal Reserve Board of Governors member Jerome Powell to replace Yellen.

Earlier, she was the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve System in the Clinton administration.

U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
In November 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Yellen to be the next United States Secretary of the Treasury. She is the first woman to be Treasury secretary.

The U.S. Senate confirmed her nomination with a vote of 84–15 on January 25, 2021. With her swearing-in by Vice President Kamala Harris the next day, Yellen became the first person in American history to lead the three most powerful economic bodies in the Federal government: the Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve, and the White House Council of Economic Advisers.

Personal 
She was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and has a Jewish background. She is married to Nobel Prize winning economist George Akerlof.

References

1946 births
Living people
American chief executives
American economists
Bankers
Businesspeople from New York City
Chairs of the Federal Reserve
Democrats (United States)
Jewish American academics
Jewish American politicians
Jewish businesspeople
Politicians from Brooklyn
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Yale University alumni
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Educators from New York City
Major roads in New South Wales are organised into many routes. These help drivers to navigate their way between places in the state. Each route is given its own route number. The number consists of a letter (M, A or B) and a one- or two-digit number. 'M' routes are motorways, 'A' routes are national routes, and 'B' routes are state routes. The route system includes highways, motorways, and other important roads that have not been declared highways.

Route numbers have been allocated to roads in New South Wales since 1955. To supplement the national route number system, three ring roads were built in Sydney in 1964. These were numbered 1, 3 and 5. In 1973, a system of numbering freeways was introduced to New South Wales to complement the national routes and ring roads. In 1974, the National Highway network was defined, which in New South Wales included the Hume Highway, Federal Highway, Barton Highway, Sydney-Newcastle Freeway (now Pacific Motorway) and New England Highway. In 1993, Sydney's Metroad system was introduced.

In 2013, the state replaced its entire system of State Routes, National Routes, National Highways and Metroads with a new route numbering system of letters and numbers. The roads no longer uses National Highway shields on any route. This new system of routes are the routes that are listed below.

Motorways (M routes)

Routes of national significance (A routes)

Routes of state significance (B routes)

References

Roads in Australia
New South Wales
Lists of roads
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic syndrome that causes a range of intellectual disabilities as well as unusual physical and behavioural characteristics. It is one of the most common causes of autism and mental retardation among boys. Basically, these individuals lack an important gene product.

Technical account 
Fragile X syndrome occurs as a result of a mutation of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. This causes an increase an increase in the number of CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region of FMR1. 

In unaffected individuals, the FMR1 gene contains 5–44 repeats of the CGG codon, most commonly 29 or 30 repeats. Between 45 and 54 repeats is considered a "grey zone". Between 55 and 200 repeats in length is described as a premutation allele. Individuals with fragile X syndrome have a full mutation of the FMR1 allele, with over 200 repeats of the CGG codon. 

In these individuals with a repeat expansion greater than 200, there is methylation of the CGG repeat expansion and FMR1 promoter. This silences the FMR1 gene, and its end-product is not made.

References 

Syndromes
Autism
Genetic disorders
Consumer protection means protecting the rights of consumers. It also helps to protect fair trade competition and truthful information in a market economy. Various laws and organisations are designed to do this. 

The laws are designed to stop companies using unfair practices to gain an advantage over their competitors. Examples of such practices are fraud and "false advertising", where a company advertises their product with false information. 

Consumer protection laws are a form of regulation.

More reading 

 

Commerce
Law
A lubricant is a substance used to reduce friction between moving surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity (slipperiness).

A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:

 Does not get affected by temperature or pressure at all
 Does not burn easily, and may also prevent rusting
 High viscosity (feels like a very thick liquid)
 Does not mix with water

The most often used lubricant is motor oil, which is used in engines of cars and motorcycles.

Sometimes, chemicals are added to normal oil to give it special properties. A lubricant, like motor oil, can also help in reducing heat. Simply put, cooling depends on surface area in contact. So, if something normally has a small surface area, you can put that thing into a bigger pot, and put oil in the pot. This way, oil comes in contact with small surface area of the small object, and transfers that heat to the big surface area of the big vessel. As a rule, liquids can transfer heat better than gases.

In manufacturing, sometimes oil is used to cool the item being made. This also helps in removing metal that was just chipped off. This chipped-off metal normally flows with the oil until it is filtered. Then the oil is reused. The filtered metal chips are normally scrapped.

Sometimes, lubricants are used for hydraulic machines. A hydraulic machine uses the fact that the hydraulic oil cannot be compressed, and performs a simple conversion – it works like a lever.

Some common lubricants are:
 Solid: graphite (used in lead pencil), 
 Semi-solid: grease
 Liquid: Oil of various grades and types

Oils can cause pollution, especially water pollution, if released into the open.

Oils
Materials