cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Brooklyn Excelsiors were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. They formed in 1854.

Other websites 
19th Century Baseball
BR Bullpen

Baseball teams
Brooklyn
Sports in New York City
1854 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
The Association of American Universities (AAU) is a group of the leading research and education universities. Its members are 59 universities in the United States (both public and private) and two universities in Canada.

This is a list of colleges and universities in the Association of American Universities:

Public

University of Arizona
University at Buffalo
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of Colorado at Boulder
University of Florida
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Indiana University
University of Iowa
Iowa State University
University of Kansas
McGill University (Canada)
University of Maryland
University of Michigan
Michigan State University
University of Minnesota
University of Missouri
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Ohio State University
University of Oregon
Pennsylvania State University
University of Pittsburgh
Purdue University
Rutgers University
Stony Brook University
University of Texas at Austin
Texas A&M University
University of Toronto (Canada)
University of Virginia
University of Washington
University of Wisconsin-Madison

Private

Brandeis University
Brown University
California Institute of Technology
Carnegie Mellon University
Case Western Reserve University
University of Chicago
Columbia University
Cornell University
Duke University
Emory University
Harvard University
Johns Hopkins University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
New York University
Northwestern University
University of Pennsylvania
Princeton University
Rice University
University of Rochester
University of Southern California
Stanford University
Tulane University
Vanderbilt University
Washington University in St. Louis
Yale University

References
Pope Pius XII (; ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 261st Pope from 1939 to 1958.

Early life 
Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome, Italy. He studied at the Capranica Seminary and the Pontifical Gregorian University. In 1895, he earned a degree in Theology.

Priest
Pacelli was ordained as a priest on 2 April 1899. In 1904, he was raised to the rank of Monsignor.  He worked at the Office of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.

Bishop
In 1917, Pope Benedict XV appointed him an archbishop and nuncio to Bavaria, Germany.

Cardinal
Pope Pius XI raised Pacelli to the rank of Cardinal in December 1929.

In February 1930, Cardinal Pacelli became the Vatican Secretary of State.

Pope
Cardinal Pacelli was elected Pope on 2 March 1939, which was his 63th birthday.

Pius  XII wrote forty-one official papal letters (encylicals).

Pius XII named forty-two new cardinals.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 Vatican webpage, Pius XII biography 
 Critical Online Edition of the Nuncial Reports of Eugenio Pacelli (1917–1929)
 Tomb of Pius XII
  Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pacelli 

1876 births
1958 deaths
Italian popes
People from Rome
Venerated Catholics
Tamburello or pallatamburello is a traditional sport of Italy since 16th century. It has this name because they play with a roundish and oval tool named tamburello or tambourine in English language. Various forms of tamburello are popular in several nations of the world currently.

Forms

Tamburello open 
This form is also named classic and each team regularly has 5 players in open playing field 80 metres long and 20 large. Players use roundish tambourines during actions and they serve with oval tambourines. A rubber ball of 88 grams is used and the team which wins 13 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Professional Italian tamburello league is top level of competitions: in 2002 14 teams competed. A variant is played in a kind of stadium, with lateral wall, named sferisterio or sferodromo in Italian language.

Tamburello indoor 
Three players regularly form a side in indoor shorted courts.

Tambutennis 
Two players regularly form a side in courts divided by a net like tennis.

Tambeach 
One or two players regularly form a side on beach courts divided by a net like beach tennis.

Related pages
Palla

References

Other websites 
Italian manufacturer of tambourines

Video 
Open or 5 players a side 
Indoor or 3 players a side 
Tambutennis or 2 players a side
Tambeach

Team sports
An attribute-value system is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with columns designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and rows designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables.").  Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.

Example of attribute-value system
Below is a sample attribute-value system.  It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns).  In this example, the table contains only integer values.  In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise.  An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature  below, which has domain of {0,1,2}), rather than simply being present or absent 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%" border="1"
|+ Sample Attribute-Value System
! Object !!  !!  !!  !!  !! 
|-
! 
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! 
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
|-
! 
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
! 
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1
|-
! 
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1
|-
! 
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
! 
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
! 
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1
|-
! 
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-
! 
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
|}

Other terms used for "attribute-value system"
Attribute-value systems are pervasive throughout many different literatures, and have been discussed under many different names:
Flat data
Spreadsheet
Attribute-value system (Ziarko & Shan 1996)
Information system (Pawlak 1981)
Classification system (Ziarko 1998)
Knowledge representation system (Wong & Ziarko 1986)
Information table (Yao & Yao 2002)
Object-predicate table (Watanabe 1985)
Aristotelian table (Watanabe 1985)
Simple frames 
First normal form database

Related pages
Bayes networks
Entity-Attribute-Value model
Joint distribution
Knowledge representation
Optimal classification
Rough set

References 
 

Modeling
Timothy Henry "Tim" Henman OBE (born 6 September 1974) is an English retired tennis player, born in Oxford.

He reached the semi finals of Wimbledon many times, the first British tennis player to do so since the 1970s. He reached six grand slam semi finals and won eleven titles in his career. He once was ranked number four in the world.
He was sponsored by Adidas and Slazenger. He retired in 2007 as England's most successful tennis player of the last twenty years.

Personal life 
Henman comes from a sporting family. His mother and father were both interested in tennis and his grandfather played at Wimbledon in the 1940s and 50s. His grandmother also played mixed doubles at Wimbledon with his grandfather on two occasions.

Henman got 10 GCSEs at school and went into tennis training afterwards. He was told by doctors he had a type of bone disease in 1992. He carried on playing tennis anyway and he became professional aged 18 in 1992. In 1999 Henman married his long-term girlfriend Lucy Heald. The couple have three daughters: Rose, Olivia and Grace.

Playing career 
Henman moved up the rankings very fast. By 1994, one year after becoming professional, he was 200th in the world.
By 1996 he was in the top thirty. In 1995 he became the first player ever to be disqualified from the Wimbledon tournament. Because he was angry during a match he hit the ball very hard at a ball girl and it hit her on the head.

In 1998, he was ranked one of the ten best tennis players in the world. In the same year he also reached the Wimbledon semi-final. In 2001 he had a good year at Wimbledon beating Roger Federer in straight sets. He reached the semi final only to be beaten by eventual winner Goran Ivanišević. In 2004 he reached the semi finals of Roland Garros in France but lost to Guillermo Coria. Towards the end of his career Henman did not play so well. He ended up falling to 63 in the world rankings. In 2005 he was knocked out of the second round of Wimbledon by Roger Federer. He also had a lot of injuries at this time, including many at important points in matches.

He got an OBE in 2003 and was painted by royal artist Christian Furr in 2005.

Henman's last Wimbledon was a disappointment. He went out in the second round to Feliciano López of Spain. Shortly after he announced his retirement. He had a press conference on 23 August 2007 to make it official.

References

Other websites 

 Official Site
 Picture of Henman 

1974 births
British male tennis players
British Olympic silver medalists
English sportspeople
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Oxfordshire
Ormuri () is an East Iranian language spoken in the city of Kaniguram in Pakistan. It may also be spoken by a few people in Logar, Afghanistan. It is notable for its unusual sound inventory. This includes a voiceless alveolar trill and voiced and unvoiced alveolo-palatal fricatives.

References

Languages of Pakistan
Languages of Afghanistan
Sansi is a language  spoken in Pakistan and the Republic of India.

Languages of Pakistan
Languages of India
Indo-Aryan languages
Sindhi ( سنڌي, Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is a province of Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 41 million people in Pakistan and 12 million in the Republic of India. It was the "mother tongue" of Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Related pages
Languages of Pakistan

Other websites 

 Sindhi Tutorial
 SindhiLanguage.com
 Sindhi Script History and Script
 Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of India
The Burig (or Purik), are a group of Tibetan Muslims, who live south of the Balti in Ladakh. Most of them live in Ladakh and Baltistan, mostly in Kargil, although many live in Leh.

Pakistani people
The province of West Pakistan was created on 14 October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and tribal areas of the western wing. The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore. The province of East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca. The federal government moved in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to DACCA.

West Pakistan formed a block whose people seemed homogeneous (similar to each other). However, the new region included people of different ethnicities and languages. The "One Unit Policy" was regarded as a rational administrative reform which would reduce spending and eliminate provincial prejudices. However with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished and the President took over executive powers for West Pakistan. The province of West Pakistan was dissolved in July 1970 by President Yahya Khan.

General elections held in December 1970 saw the Awami League under Mujibur Rahman win an overall majority of seats in parliament (all but two of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan). The Awami League advocated greater autonomy (or self-rule) for East Pakistan, but the military government did not permit Mujibur Rahman to form a government.

Stamp showing both the East and west divisions of Pakistan Before the secession of Bangladesh. On March 25th 1971, West Pakistan began a civil war to subdue the democratic victory of East Pakistanis. This began the war between the Pakistani military and the Mukhti Bahini. The resulting refugee crisis led to the intervention by India, eventually leading to the surrender of the Pakistani Army. East Pakistan suffered a genocide of its Bengali population. East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971. The term West Pakistan became redundant.

Related pages
 Dominion of Pakistan

References 

20th century in Pakistan
Former subdivisions of Pakistan
1947 establishments in Asia
1970 disestablishments
1970s disestablishments in Asia
Pathankot (, ) is a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Punjab State of India. It is the fifth largest city in the state of Punjab in terms of population.

Pathankot is a meeting point of the Punjab region and considered a disputed territory by the United Nations. It is the last city in Punjab on the national highway that connects Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of Pakistan and India. This bestows strategic importance on the city. It is a major base for the defence forces, the Indian army and air force. It has the largest military base in the whole of Asia.

Due to its ideal location, Pathankot serves as a travel hub for the three northerly states. In the scenic foothills of Kangra and Dalhousie, with the river Chakki flowing close by, the city is often used as a rest-stop before heading into the Himalayan mountains of Kashmir, Dalhousie, Chamba, and Kangra.

Settlements in Punjab, India
Cities in India
() is a Japanese maker of  sporting equipment for badminton, golf and tennis, making racquets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, and other equipment for those sports.

Other websites 
Official company website

Companies of Japan
Sports equipment
1946 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in Japan
The Bangladesh Liberation War ( Muktijuddho) was a revolutionary war for the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. The war was between East Pakistan (later with the help of India) and West Pakistan and lasted nine months.

There were large-scale atrocities in the war. Ten million refugees left the country, beand 30 million people left their homes.

The war started on 26 March 1971 and finished on 16 December. A category 3 cyclone also happened during the war.

Ghulam Azam and Motiur Rahman Nizami were convicted for war crimes as a result of the war. Azam died before a final hearing. Nizami was executed for his crimes in May 2016.

Sources 

 
Wars involving India
Wars involving Pakistan
Wars of independence
1971 in Bangladesh
1971 in Pakistan
The Toray Pan Pacific Open (東レ・パン・パシフィック・テニス) is a WTA Tour of tennis tournaments for women. It is held every year since 1984 in Tokyo, Japan.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

Other websites 
Official tournament website

Tennis tournaments
Peter Potamus is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.  It was first shown on television on September 16, 1964. The main characters are a friendly purple hippopotamus called Peter Potamus and his friend So-So the monkey.  Together they explore the world in a time-traveling hot-air balloon.  Peter has a special "Hippo Hurricane Holler" that helps him blow away his enemies.

References

Animated characters
Animated television series
1964 television series debuts
1966 television series endings
Hanna-Barbera characters
1960s American animated television series‏‎
The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a duck from Mexico. Its common name muscovy duck comes from commerce with Russia. It is related to Aix, a species of shelduck.

Other website
Auk 

Ducks
Feliformia is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals. The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.

Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic. The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.

Taxonomy 
 Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
 Family Eupleridae: Fossa and others
 Family Felidae: Cats
 Subfamily Felinae
 Subfamily Pantherinae
 Family Nandiniidae:
 Genus Nandinia: African palm civet
 Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
 Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
 Subfamily Hyaeninae
 Subfamily Protelinae
 Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
 Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
 Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar

 †Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths 
 †Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
 †Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
 †Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene

Cladogram

References 

1. Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
2. Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3. Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database
4. Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia 
5. Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
6a. Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora 
6b. Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
7. Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

Other websites
The earless seals or true seals are Otariidae's family Phocidae, one of the three pinniped families.

Taxonomy 
 Family Phocidae
 Subfamily Monachinae
 Tribe Monachini
 Genus Monachus
 Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)
 Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
 Caribbean Monk Seal (Monachus tropicalis) †
 Genus Mirounga: Elephant seals
 Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
 Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina)
 Tribe Lobodontini
 Genus Ommatophoca
 Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii)
 Genus Lobodon
 Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus)
 Genus Hydrurga
 Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)
 Genus Leptonychotes
 Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
 Subfamily Phocinae
 Genus Cystophora
 Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata)
 Genus Erignathus
 Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus)
 Genus Histriophoca
 Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata)
 Genus Phoca
 Spotted Seal (Phoca largha)
 Common Seal or Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)
 Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica, formerly Pagophilus groenlandicus)
 Genus Pusa
 Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida, formerly Phoca hispida)
 Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica, formerly Phoca caspica)
 Nerpa or Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica, formerly Phoca sibirica)
 Genus Halichoerus
 Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Other websites 

Pinnipeds
Ernst Walter Mayr (July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany – February 3, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts), was a German American scientist. He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a well-known taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. He was a leading contributor to the modern evolutionary synthesis. He was especially interested in how new species formed.

Mayr joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1953, where he also served as director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. He retired in 1975 as emeritus professor of zoology, showered with honors.

After his retirement, he went on to publish more than 200 articles, in a variety of journals—more than some reputable scientists publish in their entire careers; 14 of his 25 books were published after he was 65. Even as a centenarian, he continued to write books.

Mayr was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958. He was never awarded a Nobel Prize, because there is no such prize for evolutionary biology. He commented that Darwin would not have received one, either. Mayr did win a 1999 Crafoord Prize. That prize honors basic research in fields that do not qualify for Nobel awards, and is administered by the same organization as the Nobel Prize.

Speciation 
Neither Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the species problem: how species could evolve from a single common ancestor.

Ernst Mayr approached the problem with a definition for the concept species. He wrote that a species is not just a group of individuals that look similar, but a group that can breed only among themselves.

When populations of organisms get isolated, the sub-populations will start to differ as time goes by. This way, they will evolve into new species. The most rapid genetic reorganization occurs in small populations which have been isolated. This happens if a species gets trapped on an island, for example. Or, perhaps, if the species lives in more than one environment.

Today, it is accepted that reproductive isolation is by far the most frequent cause of species splitting, and that geographical separation is the most frequent cause of this isolation. This was Mayr's most characteristic idea. Debate continues over the extent to which speciation occurs when a population is not so isolated.

Some books 
 
 
 
 Mayr, Ernst and William B. Provine (eds) 1980. The evolutionary synthesis. Harvard University Press, reprinted 1998 with new preface as .

References 

1904 births
2005 deaths
American centenarians
American evolutionary biologists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German centenarians
German evolutionary biologists
Ornithologists
People from Bavaria
Gunnar Nordström (12 March 1881, Helsinki – 24 December 1923, Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist. He is best known for his theory of gravitation, which was a competitor of Albert Einstein's general relativity. In 1914, Nordström added a space dimension to his theory. This described gravity and electromagnetism at the same time. Unluckily, Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein have got most attetion on this subject. Nordström is not well known in his own home country, but what he has done is known well in other countries. Some Finnish authors call Nordström as Finnish Einstein.

Nordström was born in Helsinki, the capital of Finland during the time when Finland was part of Russian Empire). He studied at University of Helsinki and completed his dissertation in 1908. Before this, he studied for some time in Göttingen where he met the world's best scientists. After this, he became a professor at the university. In 1910, he started his trip in Europe. He visited at Zürich, Berlin, Vienna, and Leyden. During his time in the Netherlands, he married Cornelia van Leeuwen. They had three children. 

Nordström was very close friend to Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. He died at Helsinki in 1923 because of radioactivity. In that time, radioactivity was thought to have healing effects.

1881 births
1923 deaths

Physicists
Scientists from Helsinki
Pope Pius XI (; , 31 May 1857–10 February 1939),  born Achille Ratti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 260th Pope from 1922 to 1939.

Priest
Ratti was ordained as a priest in 1875.

Father Ratti was a professor at the Padua Seminary from 1882 to 1888. He worked at Ambrosian Library of Milan from 1888 to 1911; and at the Vatican Library from 1911-1914.

Bishop
In 1919, Pope Benedict XV made Ratti a Bishop of Lepanto.

In 1921, Benedict named him Archbishop of Milan.

Cardinal
In 1921, Ratti was made a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Ratti was elected pope on February 6, 1922; and he chose the name Pope Pius XI.

Some of his decisions were controversial. He made 18 concordats (treaties) with foreign governments. They included the Lateran Concordat with Italy in 1929; and the Reichskoncordat with Germany in 1933.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 Vatican webpage, Pius XI biography 
  Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XI
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ratti

1857 births
1939 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian popes
A defender in football is a player, who plays in at the back of the formation. There are many positions classed as a defender, mainly:

 Left Back
 Central Defender
 Right back
 Sweeper
 Full Back

The defenders are the first number when referring to formations, for example:

 4-3-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, three midfielders and three attackers.
 4-4-2 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, four midfielders and two attackers.
 3-4-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are three defenders, four midfielders and three attackers.

Famous Defenders

Football (soccer) terminology
A midfielder in football is a player who usually plays in the centre of the field. There are usually a number of midfielders in each team of football, and are normally split into three: attacking; central; and defending.

The midfielders are always the middle parts of the formation numbers, for example:

Position of midfielders

Attacking Midfielder
An 'attacking midfielder' is a midfielder who is often positioned between the central midfielders and the forwards. They often have a primarily offensive role. 'Playmakers' are a type of attacking midfielders.

Some famous Attacking Midfielders include Kaká, Diego Maradona, Zico, and Zinedine Zidane.

Winger
A 'winger' is a type of midfielder. They often join the strikers when the team creates attacks.'Wide Midfielders' are a variation of a winger.

Some famous Wingers include Neymar, Arjen Robben, Ronaldinho, and Lionel Messi

References 

Football (soccer) terminology
A Forward (or a Striker) is a football player who is the closest to the other team's goal. The forwards are the players that are known to score the most goals.

Coaches usually send a forward that scores all the goals (the centre forward) and sends another forward that makes the assists (second striker).

The attackers are normally the last part of the formation numbers, for example:

 4-3-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, three midfielders and three attackers.
 4-4-2 is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, four midfielders and two attackers.
 3-4-3 is the formation. This formation shows that there are three defenders, four midfielders and three attackers.

Famous strikers 
German Bundesliga:
Gerd Müller: 365 goals
Klaus Fischer: 265 goals
Jupp Heynckes: 220 goals
Premier League:
 Alan Shearer: 260 goals
 Andrew Cole: 187 goals
 Thierry Henry: 174 goals
La Liga (Spain):
Hugo Sánchez: 234 goals
 Raúl: 228 goals
 Ligue 1 (France):
 Carlos Bianchi: 179 goals
FIFA World Cup
Miroslav Klose (Germany): 16 goals
Ronaldo (Brazil): 15 goals
Gerd Müller (Germany): 14 goals
UEFA Champions League
Raúl: 71 goals
Ruud van Nistelrooy: 60 goals
Andriy Shevchenko: 59 goals
Thierry Henry: 51 goals
Alfredo Di Stéfano: 49 goals

Football (soccer) terminology
Lollywood () is the name of Pakistani movie industry that is based in the city of Lahore. The name is a combination of the city's first letter with the name "Hollywood". The word "Lollywood" was first used in the summer of 1989.

Languages used in Lollywood movies
The movies made in Lollywood are usually in Urdu. Some are made in Punjabi, which is the main and official language of the province of Punjab, where Lollywood is located. Some are also in English.

Related pages
 Bollywood ("Indian Hollywood" - Hindi, Urdu and Marathi cinema)
 Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
 Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
 Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
 Hollywood

Other websites
 IMDb - A database of Pakistani movies 
 IMDb - A database of Urdu language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Punjabi language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Pashtu language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Sindhi language movies 
 IMDb - A database of Balochi language movies
 IMDb - A database of Kashmiri language movies

Lahore
Cinema of Pakistan
The mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) is also known as the marsh crocodile, broad-snouted crocodile and mugger. 

It lives in the Indian subcontinent and nearby countries. In Pakistan's coastal regions of the Makran and delta marshlands of Sindh, it is known as the Indus crocodile.  The name "Mugger" is a corruption of the Urdu word magar which means "water monster".  It is one of three crocodilians in India, the others are the saltwater crocodile (C. porosus) and gharial (Gavialis gangeticus).

Mugger crocodile hatchlings are pale olive with black spots. Adults are dark olive to grey or brown. The head is rough without any ridges.

The mugger crocodile is a medium-sized crocodilian. It has a strong tail and webbed feet. It has good sense of smell, sight and hearing. Adult female muggers are 2 to 2.5 m (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 2 in) on average. Adult male muggers are 3 to 3.5 m (9 ft 10 in to 11 ft 6 in). They rarely grow up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in). The largest known muggers measured 5.63 m (18 ft 6 in).

Distribution and habitat 
The mugger crocodile can be found in southern Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, but is probably extinct in Bangladesh. It lives in freshwater lakes, rivers and marshes. It prefers slow-moving, shallow water bodies. It is also known to live in artificial reservoirs and irrigation canals.

Behaviour 
The mugger crocodile is a very strong swimmer that uses its tail and hind feet to move forward, change direction and go under the water. Its belly touches the ground at the bottom of waterbodies and on land. During the hot dry season, it walks over land at night to find better wetlands. It spends most of the day under the water. During the cold season it basks on riverbanks and they tolerate one another during this period. They are more aggressive during the mating season.

The mugger crocodile has an optimal body temperature of 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F). It will die of freezing or hyperthermia when exposed to temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) or above 38 °C (100 °F). It digs burrows to get away from extreme temperatures. Burrows are between 0.6 and 6 m (2.0 and 19.7 ft) deep. Temperatures inside the burrows keep constant.

References 

Crocodilia
Reptiles of Pakistan
National symbols of Pakistan
Mecha (also known as meka or mechs) are walking vehicles run by a pilot, often shown in science fiction or fantasy with a futuristic element. Some stories, such as the Manga Patlabor and American miniatures game Battletech, also show mecha doing civilian purposes such as heavy construction work, police topics, or firefighting.

Science fiction technology
Tautology could mean:
 Tautology (logic), a statement of propositional logic which holds for all truth values of its atomic propositions
 Tautology (rhetoric), use of redundant language

hu:Tautológia#Nyelvtudományi és irodalmi tautológia
The tilde ( ~ ) can be many things, such as a diacritic. Many languages use tildes. Two of these are Spanish and Portuguese.

In Spanish, the tilde, which is only put over the N ( Ñ ), makes it sound like [ɲ] (like 'ny' in canyon) instead of [n].

The tilde also appears in Portuguese where it is used to nasalise (meaning to sound them through the nose) the vowels "a" (ã) and "o" (õ).

In UNIX operating systems, a tilde represents the user's "home" directory.

The tilde is also used to denote when something is an estimate, such as ~24 meaning approximately 24.

On most QWERTY keyboards, you can type a tilde by holding down the shift key and pressing the "`" (single back quote). This key is in the upper left corner of the keyboard, below the esc (escape) key and to the left of the key that you use to type the number 1 or an exclamation mark (!). 

Wikipedia editors sign their comments on Talk pages with four tildes (~~~~). 

Writing systems
Alphabetic diacritics
Regis Catholic High School was a Catholic high school in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It is at 735 Prairie Drive NE. It merged with LaSalle High School to form Xavier High School in 1998.

Notable alumni 
 Kurt Warner (1989), NFL quarterback, 1999 Super Bowl MVP
 Zach Johnson (1994), professional golfer, 2007 Masters champion

References

Schools in the United States
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Iowa
1998 disestablishments in the United States
Bowling is a sport where people roll a heavy ball. It was invented centuries ago when grenades were heavy iron balls. Two main kinds of bowling arose. In one kind the bowler rolls a ball near a target and knocks away the ball of another bowler. This kind includes lawn bowling. 

In the more common kind nowadays, the bowler rolls the ball down a wooden bowling lane trying to knock down bowling pins. This kind includes ten-pin bowling, which is so commonplace that it is often simply called "bowling". Some people bowl at smaller pins, called "duck pins" or "candle pins" with slightly different rules.

Ten-pin 

The usual kind of bowling ball has three holes, where the player puts two fingers and the thumb. The person on the lane swings the ball and lets it go to roll along the lane, attempting to knock down ten wooden pins. If the bowler does not do it right, the ball might not knock all the pins down or might roll into the gutter and hit none. Players take turns rolling their ball down the lane to see who gets the highest score.

Ten-pin bowling scores can be as low as 0 or as high as 300. Players get 10 chances to knock down all of the pins; each chance is called a frame. In each frame, players can try to knock down all of the pins up to two times. Players who do not knock down all of the pins after two tries get up to 9 points for the frame. One point is given for every pin knocked down, if any are knocked down at all. If players are able to knock down all of the pins on the first or second try, they are given 10 points for the frame plus bonus points. Frames in which a player knocks down all of the pins on the first try are scored as a strike. A strike is worth 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down by the player during their next two tries. If players do not score a strike but knock down all remaining on their second try, the frame is scored as a spare. A spare is worth 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down on the next try.

Players who score a strike or spare on their 10th frame are allowed to roll the ball up to two additional times to score their bonus points. This is the only frame where it is possible to get a strike and a spare. It is also possible to roll 3 strikes in this frame.
 

Sports
Hobbies
Abbot Suger (c. 1081 – January 13, 1151) was one of the last French abbot-statesmen. He was also a historian and the first patron of Gothic architecture.

Life 
Suger was part of a poor family, and in 1091, he was brought to the abbey of Saint-Denis. There he trained and eventually became secretary to the abbot of Saint-Denis in 1104.

He took a trip to Italy, and when he came back, he became the abbot of St-Denis. Until 1127, he worked at the abbey of St-Denis and worked to reform it.

Other websites 
 Gothic Art and Abbe Suger 

1081 births
1151 deaths
French people
The Arch of Constantine () is an arch in Rome, found between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was built in honour of Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. It is the latest of the triumphal arches in Rome.

Inscriptions 
The main inscription was made of bronze letters. It says (identically on both sides):
IMP · CAES · FL · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P · F · AVGUSTO · S · P · Q · R · QVOD · INSTINCTV · DIVINITATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE · OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS · REM-PVBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM · TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT

To the Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantinus, the greatest, pious, and blessed Augustus: because he, inspired by the divine, and by the greatness of his mind, has delivered the state from the tyrant and all of his followers at the same time, with his army and just force of arms, the Senate and People of Rome have dedicated this arch, decorated with triumphs.

Two short inscriptions on the inside of the central archway say:
LIBERATORI VRBIS (liberator of the city) — FUNDATORI QVIETIS (founder of peace)

Over each of the small archways, inscriptions say:
VOTIS X — VOTIS XX
SIC X — SIC XX

Other websites 

The Arch of Constantine , a detailed article on the arch
Inscriptions
Google Maps satellite image

Buildings and structures in Rome
A great hall was the main room of a royal palace, a nobleman's castle or a large manor house in the Middle Ages. At that time the word great meant big. Great halls were found in France, England and Scotland and some other European countries.

Appearance 
A great hall was a rectangular room between 1.5 and 3 times as long as it was wide, and also higher than it was wide. At night some members of the household might sleep on the floor of the great hall.

Examples 
Two very large surviving royal halls are Westminster Hall and the Wenceslas Hall in Prague Castle. Penshurst Place in Kent, England has a hall from the 14th century. There are lots of 16th century and early 17th century halls in England, Wales and Scotland, for example those at Longleat (England), Burghley House (England), Bodysgallen Hall (Wales), Muchalls Castle (Scotland) and Crathes Castle (Scotland); however, by the late 1700s the great hall was beginning to lose its purpose over time.

Middle Ages

de:Saal (Architektur)
Louis VI (1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat (), was King of France from 1108 until his death (1137).

Marriages and children
He married in 1104: 1) Lucienne de Rochefort — the marriage was cancelled.
Their child:
1) Isabelle (c.1105 – before 1175), married (ca 1119) William of Vermandois, seigneur of Chaumont

He married in 1115: 2) Adélaide de Maurienne (1092–1154)

Their children: 
 Philip (1116 – October 13, 1131), King of France (1129–31), not to be confused with his brother of the same name; died from a fall from a horse.
 Louis VII (1120 – November 18, 1180), King of France
 Henry (1121–75), archbishop of Reims
 Hugues  (born ca 1122)
 Robert  (ca 1123 – October 11, 1188), count of Dreux
 Constance (ca 1124 – August 16, 1176), married first Eustace IV, count of Boulogne and then Raymond V of Toulouse.
 Philip (1125–61), bishop of Paris. not to be confused with his elder brother.
 Peter of France (ca 1125–83), married Elizabeth, lady of Courtenay

1081 births
1137 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
People from Paris
Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (; 1120 – 18 September 1180), was King of France from 1137 until his death. He was the son and successor of Louis VI.

Ancestors

Marriages and Children
Louis married three times. By Eleanor of Aquitaine, he had:
Marie, married Henry I of Champagne
Alix, married Theobald V of Blois
By Constance of Castile:
Marguerite of France (1158–97), married (1) Henry the Young King; (2) King Béla III of Hungary (1172–96)
Alys (4 October 1160 – c. 1220), engaged to Richard I of England; she married William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu
By Adele of Champagne:
Philip II Augustus (August 22, 1165 – 1223)  
Agnes of France (1171–1240), who was betrothed to Alexius II Comnenus (1180–83) but married (1) Andronicus I Comnenus (1183–85); (2) Theodore Branas (1204)

Kings and Queens of France
1120 births
1180 deaths
Pittodrie Stadium is a stadium in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is mostly used as a football stadium for Aberdeen F.C.

Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium throughout their existence. The ground was first used by the original Aberdeen F.C. in 1899, in a 7–1 win over Dumbarton; when they merged with two other teams in 1903, the new club took over the old Aberdeen ground. On August 15 1903, 8,000 spectators turned up to watch the new Aberdeen draw 1-1 against Stenhousemuir, the first game played at Pittodrie by its amalgamated tenants. The club initially rented the ground, but subsequently bought it in 1920. The stadium contains 21,600 seats, but due to the directors' boxes, some sources place this figure at 22,000.  The record attendance occurred on March 13 1954, when 45,061 spectators turned up for a Scottish Cup match between Aberdeen and Hearts.

The stadium consists of four stands. The Main Stand, which houses the club offices and players facilities, holds the majority of the supporters. The Merkland Road Stand is primarily for families. The South Stand is opposite the main stand and a quarter of this section is used to accommodate travelling supporters, except for Old Firm games, where half of this stand is given to the visiting fans. The newest element is the Richard Donald stand at the East, or Beach End, of the ground, and is named after former chairman Dick Donald. This is a modern, two–tier design, completed in 1993, containing hospitality suites which is significantly taller than the other structures at the ground. In 1978, Pittodrie became the first all covered, all-seater stadium in Britain.

The club are examining a move to a new stadium in Aberdeen.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
Aberdeen
One of the most amazing architecture made during the Renaissance was built in Italy by a man called Filippo Brunelleschi. Brunelleschi made the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence, Italy. It took him 16 years to create and used mainly only two materials marble and brick. The cathedral finished its construction on the 9th of September 1296. Many experts do not understand the logic of how it was built. But what we do know is that Brunelleschi invented many new techniques to produce such an amazing cathedral. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore or Florence Cathedral is the cathedral church of Florence, Italy. The basilica was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio with the dome by Filippo Brunelleschi. The bell tower was designed by Giotto. The outside is decorated with marble panels in green and pink bordered by white. The building was begun in 1296 and was finished in 1469, except for the decoration. The facade (the main front) was decorated between 1876 and 1903. The dome, which is built of bricks with stone ribs, is one of the biggest in the world.

Statues
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.  These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof.
Joshua in terracotta by Donatello 1410
Hercules  in terracotta by Agostino di Duccio 1463
David In marble. This is the statue of David by Michelangelo 1501-1504. On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica of the David was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only. Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the Operai who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.

References

Other websites 

 L'Opera del Duomo, Firenze
 
 
 
Rick Edmondson's Unfinished Buildings

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Cathedrals in Italy
Buildings and structures in Florence
1296 establishments
13th-century establishments in Italy
1290s establishments in Europe
Beauvais Cathedral () is an unfinished cathedral in Beauvais, in northern France. It was started in the 13th century.

Other websites 

 Cathedral of Beauvais Digital Media Archive 
 360 degrees panorama virtual tour of some French cathedrals including Beauvais

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Cathedrals in France
Hauts-de-France
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
The Duomo di Orvieto is a big 14th century Roman Catholic cathedral found in the town of Orvieto in Umbria in Italy.

Other websites
Historical Information and photos 
Orvieto Duomo Photo Pages 
Orvieto Duomo Detailed description

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Cathedrals in Italy
Umbria
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
Laon Cathedral () is a cathedral in Laon, Hauts-de-France, France. The current gothic cathedral was built between 1135 and 1270, on the site of an romanesque church which had been destroyed by a fire. It is one of the most important examples of the Gothic architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries. It is also among the first gothic cathedrals built in France.  The cathedral has been compared to those of Saint-Étienne of Sens and Notre Dame of Paris.

Other websites 

 Kathedrale in Laon 
 Notre-Dame de Laon 
 Notre-Dame de Laon (in French)
 "Laon" in Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed. 1911)

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Cathedrals in France
Hauts-de-France
Lincoln Cathedral is an Anglican church in Lincoln, England. It was the tallest building in the world for over 200 years (1300–1549), but the central spire fell down in the sixteenth century and was not rebuilt. It owns one of the four surviving copies of the Magna Carta.

Other websites 

 Lincoln Cathedral Official Website
 The Cathedral Church of Lincoln: a history and description 
 Large collection of pictures and info on Lincoln Cathedral

References 

Cathedrals in England
Anglican Cathedrals
Lincolnshire
Milan Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Milano) is the cathedral church of Milan found in Lombardy, northern Italy.  The cathedral where locate in Milan was built according to Italian style. Its construction was started in 1386 and was completed in 1965. The construction took 579 years. Capacity of the cathedral is 60000 people. It is one of the largest cathedral in the world and the largest in Italy.

Other websites 

 Photos and details
 Duomo in Google Maps
 Virtual model of Piazza del Duomo

Reference 

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Cathedrals in Italy
Milan
1965 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in Italy
The Sainte-Chapelle () is a Gothic chapel found on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. This chapel is an example of the rayonnante period of Gothic architecture. The chapel was designed by architect, Pierre de Montereau.

La Sainte-Chapelle was built in six years (1242-1248). It was consecrated in 1248. The building was designed to house the relics of the Passion, especially the Crown of Thorns. King Louis IX had acquired this Crown from Emperor Baudouin II in 1239. The possession of this relic put France in the forefront of Latin Christendom.

Other relics were brought from Byzantium over the next two years. These relics were kept in the Saint-Nicholas Chapel until a more appropriate place could be prepared. During the French Revolution, the choir stalls and the rood screen of Sainte Chapelle were destroyed. The spire was torn down and the relics sent elsewhere. Restoration of the chapel was undertaken in 1846. The chapel was returned to its former splendor with this restoration. 

The stained glass windows of the chapel are its chief glory. They tell the story of humankind from the Creation to the Redemption of the world through Jesus Christ. These windows contain 6,458 sq. ft of glass. Two thirds of the glass are original. Each window is divided into lancets. These lancets must be read from left to right, working from the bottom up. They were restored in the 19th century.

References

Other websites 

       L'Internaute Magazine: Diaporama  (in French)
Informative Article From 1921 On Sainte Chapelle
Information of the windows of St. James Chapel, replica of the Sainte Chapelle

Buildings and structures in Paris
Churches in France
Gloucester Cathedral is an Anglican church in Gloucester, England. It is in the north of the city near the river. It started with the foundation of an Abbey built for Saint Peter in 678 or 679. Henry VIII ordered the monasteries to be dissolved and Gloucester Abbey surrendered in January 1540. The abbey buildings became Gloucester Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of Gloucester in 1541.

Other websites 

 Official website
 Photos of Gloucester Cathedral

Anglican Cathedrals
Cathedrals in England
Gloucester