cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kurt Gödel (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

Impact 
Some people believe Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.

Fame 
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier. 

The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself.

Proof 
To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.

He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by  clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.

Later life 
Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation.

His theory in simple words
To put his theories in simple terms: What he discovered was that some theorems in mathematics may be true, but they cannot be proved to be true. 

This sentence is false.

If the sentence were false, the statement would be true, which it cannot be (because we thought it was false)
If the sentence were true, then the statement would be false. But we said it was true.

Therefore, we found a contradiction. This sentence is false is a proposition that is called undecidable. We cannot say if it is true or false.

Some writings
 Kurt Gödel: My philosophical viewpoint, c. 1960, unpublished.
 Kurt Gödel: The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy , 1961, unpublished.

1906 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American mathematicians
Austrian mathematicians
Deaths from starvation
People from Brno
Set theorists
Spokane (Pronounced: ) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington. Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, about 20 miles (30 km) from Idaho. Spokane is 92 miles (148 km) south of Canada.

Spokane is the second largest city in Washington, while Seattle is the largest. Spokane's nickname is the "Lilac City" because of how many of those flowers grow in the area.

The population of the city in 2019 was 222,081 and the population of the metro area of Spokane is 573,493.

History 
Spokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the Spokane Falls. In 1889 a fire burned down the downtown area of Spokane. In 1892 the railroad came to Spokane, and this made it easier for people to get into and out of the city.
In 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair. This brought a lot of people and business into Spokane.

Spokane River 

The Spokane River flows through the city. In downtown Spokane, there is a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls. The first buildings in Spokane were built near the falls.

The Spokane River has many dams that make energy for the people of Spokane.

Climate 
In the Summer, Spokane is hot and dry. Spokane has cold and snowy Winters. Spring and Fall are very short.

Temperatures over  or less than  do not usually happen in Spokane. However, the hottest temperature in Spokane was , and the coldest was .

References

 
County seats in Washington
1871 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
The M16 is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15. Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries. First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, it is currently the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces. The rifle is being used by over 80 nations.

The M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 550 meters, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute. The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire. The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire. The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire. The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.

There is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called Diemaco C-7. The Diemaco C-7 rifles have maple leaves on the left side.

Related pages 
 AR-15

References 
 Rose, Alexander. American Rifle-A Biography. 2008; Bantam Dell Publishing. .

Assault rifles
5.56 mm firearms
Rifles of the Cold War
Sid Vicious (10 May 1957 – 2 February 1979) was an English punk musician. His real name was John Simon Ritchie and he was born in Lewisham, London. He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly. His bad behaviour was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.

On 22 October 1978, his American girlfriend Nancy Spungen (19581978) was stabbed to death with a knife in New York City. It is not clear if Vicious killed her. He was charged with murder, and released on bail. Before he was due to go to court, he died of an accidental overdose of heroin in New York City.

A movie was made about the lives of Vicious and Spungen. The name of this movie is "Sid and Nancy." Gary Oldman plays Vicious.

1957 births
1979 deaths
Bassists
British punk musicians
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
English rock musicians
Musicians from London
Sex Pistols
Joseph Strutt was an English engraver in 1749. He put patterns into objects (like words into stone) and collected things from the past. He died in 1802.

1749 births
1802 deaths
English artists
People from Essex
Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.

Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971.

She tutored inner-city children.

Other websites

1946 births
Living people
Children of Presidents of the United States
People from Whittier, California
Głuchołazy (Bad Ziegenhals) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.

Other websites
Official town webpage
Glucholazy Unofficial Website 

Towns in Poland
Events 
 April 6 – Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town.
 May 18 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.
 May 29 – First Anglo-Dutch War opening battle fought off Dover between Lt.-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into two squadrons, one commanded by Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne.

Births 
 March 3 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
 March 28 – Samuel Sewall, English-born judge (d. 1730)
 April 7 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740)
 April 21 – Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719)
 December 9 – Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, German physician and botanist (d. 1723)
 December 25 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713)

Deaths 
February 7 – Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (born 1582)
June 21 – Inigo Jones, English architect (born 1573)
July 30 – Charles Amédée de Savoie, 6th Duc de Nemours, French soldier (born 1624)
August 22 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (bborn 1583)
August 23 – John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English royalist politician (born 1600)
October 8 – John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquarian (born 1602)
October 20 – Antonio Coello, Spanish writer (born 1611)
November 4 – Jean-Charles de la Faille, Belgian mathematician (born 1597)
December 11 – Denis Petau, French theologian and historian (born 1583)
November 21 – Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (born 1585)
December 23 – John Cotton, founder of Boston, Massachusetts (born 1585)
The Columbia River is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long. It is the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume. The Columbia has the greatest discharge (flow) of any North American river entering the Pacific.

Its largest tributary is the Snake River, which flows west from the state of Idaho. The lower part of the Columbia forms the border between the states Washington and Oregon. The Columbia drains 254,000 square miles (657,857 km2) of land, beginning in the Canadian Rockies and flowing west through the Cascade Range, to where it empties into the Pacific Ocean.

There are 14 dams on the Columbia River. Three are in Canada, and the other 11 are in the United States. The dams generate hydroelectricity and provide flood control and water for farms. There are also dams on the Snake River and many other tributaries. These dams have, along with their benefits, caused salmon populations in the river to go down.

Major tributaries 

Rivers of Canada
Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
Geography of British Columbia
Rivers of Oregon
Events 
 17 January – A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i.e., cricket) as early as 1550.
 January 24 – Battle of Turnhout.  Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas in the Netherlands
 February 5 – In Nagasaki, Japan, 26 people were martyred. They practiced Catholicism and were taken captive after all forms of Christianity were outlawed the previous year.
 The first opera is considered to have been written.
 Bali discovered by the Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman
 Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.
 Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia
 First edition of Francis Bacon's Essays published.
A martyr is originally a witness and now means a person who died or was killed because of their faith, for example Saint Stephen. It is often used for people who died for any belief or idea, especially in politics.

Related pages 
Self-denial
Self-immolation

Theology
Death
Whittier is a city in Los Angeles County, California, USA.  It is near Pico Rivera, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra and La Mirada.  It is one of the oldest cities in the Los Angeles Area.  Early settlers included Manuel Nieto and Pio Pico.  In the 1880s, the land that is now Whittier was bought by Quakers, who named the city after John Greenleaf Whittier, a Quaker poet.  These Quakers started Whittier College.  In the early 1900s, Whittier was mostly orange groves, but became a suburb of Los Angeles after World War II. In 1987, a large earthquake hit the city, destroying many buildings and leading to a wave of civic activism.  This activism helped save many old buildings, including the Bank of America Building, the Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, and the Hoover Hotel.

The 2010 United States Census reported that Whittier had a population of 85,331.

Whittier's largest employers are Whittier College, Presbyterian Hospital, and Whittwood Mall.  There has been talk of new development on the site of Nelles School for Boys and in Uptown.  Besides Whittier College, Whittier has a community college, Rio Hondo College, five public high schools (Whittier, California, Pioneer, Santa Fe, and La Serna High), and several elementary and middle schools.

Many famous people have lived in Whittier, including Richard Nixon, who attended Whittier High and was a lawyer in the Bank of America Building.

References
This is a list of French institutions.

Executive power
President of the French Republic
Government of France
Ministers of France

Legislative power
French Congress of Parliament
French National Assembly
French Senate

Judicial power
Constitutional Council of France
Council of magistrature

Politics of France
French institutions
Mother (マザー Mazā) was a video game sold only in Japan for the Family Computer (FC). They planned to sell the game in the USA, but Nintendo of America chose not to release it. This is because when they finished making it into English, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was already being sold. The game was released on the Wii U Virtual Console in the USA in 2015.

Character list    
 Ninten (ニンテン Ninten) (Also known as "Ken" (ケン Ken) in the MOTHER novel)   
 Ana (アナ Ana)   
 Loid (ロイド Roido)   
 Teddy (テディ Tedi)   
 Queen Mary (クイーン・マリー Kuīn Marī)   
 Mama   
 Papa   
 Minnie   
 Mimmie
 Mr Saturn
 Giygas

Other websites   
 EarthBound IPM    
 Starmen.net: Earthbound Zero  
 Mother Party (Mother-jp.net): Mother  (Japanese)

1989 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Mother series
Mother 1 + 2 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance which includes Mother and Mother 2 (EarthBound US). Much of the music is different than the console games (Mother 2 is mostly the same, but Mother was changed a lot to make it similar to the United States one that was not sold).

Other websites 
 Official Mother 1 + 2 website (Japan)
 Mother Party (Japanese)
 Mother 1 + 2 Starmen.Net
 Mother2.net
 EarthBound IPM 

Game Boy Advance games
2003 video games
Mother series

en:EarthBound (series)#Mother 1 + 2
Mother 3 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, made by Brownie Brown and HAL Laboratory. It was released on April 20, 2006 and it is the third game in the Mother video game series, called EarthBound outside of Japan. 

The game was kept secret until it appeared in June of 2003 during a Mother 1 + 2 commercial in Japan. Once it appeared, the game stayed near the top of Famitsu's Most Wanted Games list.

Development
Mother 3 was first going to be made for the Nintendo 64 and then later for the Nintendo 64DD. It was going to be called Earthbound 64. It was canceled after the developers were having problems making the 3D graphics work. It was moved to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006. It uses much stuff from EarthBound 64, including the characters Lucas, Claus, Flint, and Boney, as well as the villain of the game.

Storyline
Mother 3 takes place on Nowhere Islands. The Nowhere Islands are a large amount of islands in the middle of the ocean. They contain one volcano, two mountains, a castle, and one small village called Tazmily. The story takes place when Lucas, his brother Claus, and his mother Hinawa take a vacation to his grandpa's house. During the vacation, Lucas and Claus play with a race of peaceful T-Rex like creatures called Dragos. After a long day of playing, they head home, not after Hinawa sending a message to Flint, her husband, that they are heading back. 

Meanwhile, the forest near Tazmily is lit on fire mysteriously.

Characters

Lucas is the main protagonist, son of his mother Hinawa and father Flint. Lucas is known to be gentle. He is yellow haired with a stripe of yellow and red on his shirt.

References

Other websites

Official sites
 Official site (Japanese)
 1101.com (Shigesato Itoi's website): Mother 3 (Japanese) 
SpaceWorld 1999: Mother 3 (Japanese)

Press coverage
 IGN: Mother 3 
 GameSpy: Mother 3 
 GameStats: Mother 3

Fansites
 Starmen.net, the biggest EarthBound/Mother fansite.

2006 video games
Cancelled video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Mother series
Cardcaptor Sakura is a manga series from Japan. It is also an anime series. Cardcaptor Sakura is sometimes abbreviated as CCS.

Cardcaptor Sakura was created in 1996 by a team of artists named CLAMP. CLAMP has created many other series, but Cardcaptor Sakura is one of the most popular. The manga was first published in Nakayoshi from 1996 to 2000. The story is about Sakura Kinomoto, a middle school student who accidentally frees a deck of magical cards from a book hidden in her father's study. The book's guard, Keroberos, gives Sakura the task to find and capture the troublemaking cards. The series focuses on themes of love and family, Sakura and her friends, and their different relationships.

The anime aired on Japanese television from 1998 to 2000, changing parts of the manga's story and introducing new characters, and has two films as well. The English version of the anime was licensed by Nelvana, renamed Cardcaptors, and the story was changed a lot to suit an American audience.

Story
Ten-year old Sakura Kinomoto is an athletic girl in middle school. She finds a strange book, named the Clow Book, in her father's study. She finds the Clow Cards inside. She learns the cards are magical, accidentally setting them free when she calls the name of the Windy Card. The book's guardian, Kero, gives Sakura the task of finding and capturing the cards, using the Clow Wand to seal them in their card forms. Sakura is helped by her best friend Tomoyo Daidouji, who designs Sakura's battle costumes and records her adventures on a video camera. Sakura meets Syaoran Li, a boy of her age and a relative of the Clow Cards' creator Clow Reed. Syaoran wants to capture the cards himself, becoming Sakura's rival, though they later become friends. The two capture all of the cards between them, but have to face the second guardian of the Clow Cards, Yue, to decide who will become the new master of the cards. Yue is revealed to be the true form of Yukito Tsukishiro, the friend of Sakura's older brother Toya. Sakura defeats Yue and becomes the new owner of the Clow Cards.

Eriol Hiiragizawa, a student from England, arrives in Sakura's town and begins causing magical troubles around town. Sakura learns she has to transform the cards into Sakura Cards to continue using their magic or they would become normal cards. Eriol is revealed to be a reborn Clow Reed, and after tasking Sakura with one last challenge, all of the cards are successfully transformed. Syaoran, who fell in love with Sakura, confesses to her, who comes to love him in return. Syaoran returns home to Hong Kong but returns two years later to be with Sakura.

Characters
The characters' Japanese names are followed by their English names.

Media
Cardcaptor Sakura is shown in many countries around the world. CCS is popular, because it is very cute. There are many posters and many toys about CCS.

Anime series based on manga
Events 
 Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury
 August 9th – Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa
 Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh.
 Conversion to Christianity of Peter Waldo and the subsequent founding of the Waldensians.
 End of Qiandao era and start of Chunxi era of the Chinese emperor Xiaozong
 End of reign of Polish ruler Boleslaus IV of Poland and start of reign of Casimir II of Poland
 Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband Henry II of England in the Revolt of 1173-1174
 First recorded use of algebraic chess notation
Until 308 BC, Carthage was ruled, at least officially, by Monarchs.

Monarchs of Carthage, 814 BC-308 BC
Dido 814-c.760 BC -queen
unknown
Hanno I c.580-c.556 BC
Malchus c.556-c.550 BC
Magonids
Mago I c.550-c.530 BC
Hasdrubal I c.530-c.510 BC
Hamilcar I c.510-480 BC
Hanno II 480-440 BC
Himilco I (in Sicily) 460-410 BC
Hannibal I 440-406 BC
Himilco II 406-396 BC
Mago II 396-375 BC
Mago III 375-344 
Hanno III 344-340
Hannonian
Hanno the Great 340-337 BC
Gisco 337-330 BC
Hamilcar II 330-309 BC
Bomilcar 309-308 BC

In 480 BC, following Hamilcar I's death, the King lost most of his power to an aristocratic Council of Elders.  In 308 BC, Bomilcar attempted a coup (rebellion) to restore the monarch to full power, but failed, which led to Carthage becoming in name as well as in fact a republic.

Ancient Rome
Carthage
Carthage
Lists of heads of state
Wilhelm Busch (born April 15, 1832 in Wiedensahl, near Hannover; died January 9, 1908 in Mechtshausen) was a German painter and poet who is known for his satirical picture stories.
After studying first mechanical engineering and then art in Düsseldorf, Antwerp, and Munich he started drawing caricatures.

Wilhelm Busch also wrote a number of poems in a style similar to his picture stories. Besides that he produced more than 1,000 oil paintings that were not sold until after his death in 1908.

Works 
(with the year of publication)
 1859 Die kleinen Honigdiebe 
 1864 Bilderpossen
 1865 Max and Moritz
 1866 Schnaken und Schnurren
 1867 Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe
 1868 Schnaken und Schnurren, part II
 1869 Schnurrdiburr oder die Bienen Braun
 1870  Saint Antonius of Padua
 1872 Schnaken und Schnurren, part III
 1872 Die fromme Helene
 1872 Bilder zur Jobsiade
 1872 Pater Filuzius
 1873 Der Geburtstag oder die Partikularisten
 1874 Dideldum!
 1874 Critique of the Heart (orig. Kritik des Herzens)
 1875 Adventures of a Bachelor (orig. Abenteuer eines Junggesellen)
 1876 Herr und Frau Knopp
 1877 Julchen
 1878 Die Haarbeutel
 1879 Fipps der Affe
 1881 Stippstörchen für Äuglein und Öhrchen
 1881 Der Fuchs. Die Drachen. - Zwei lustige Sachen
 1882 Plisch und Plum
 1883 Balduin Bählamm, der verhinderte Dichter
 1884 Maler Klecksel
 1891 Eduards Traum
 1893 Von mir über mich (autobiography)
 1895 Der Schmetterling
 1904 Zu guter Letzt
 1908 Hernach
 1909 Schein und Sein
 1910 Ut ôler Welt (legends)

Related pages
Düsseldorf school of painting
List of German painters

References

Other websites 

 Collection of known works (Gutenberg Project Germany)
 
 Biography and works (in German)

1832 births
1908 deaths

German poets
German painters
Autobiographers
Marklohe is a municipality in  Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an amt in the district of Nienburg (Weser) in Lower Saxony. Marklohe has about 4000 habitants.

References
Ribose is a five-carbon sugar. It is found in RNA (ribonucleic acid).

D-Ribose is taken as a herbal supplement. Victims of fibromyalgia often report reduced pain and increased energy with little or no side effects.

Chemical compounds
Deoxyribose is the sugar component of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of ribonucleic acid or RNA.

Chemical compounds
Year 1236 (MCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January 14 – Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
 May 6 – Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albans Abbey dies. His chronicle is continued by Matthew Paris.
 September 22 – Lithuanians and Semigallians beat Livonian Brothers of the Sword in Battle of Siauliai
 Volga Bulgaria is conquered by Mongol khan Batu.
 Córdoba was retaken for Christianity as part of the Reconquista in 1236, and became a centre of activity against the remaining Islamic population.
 Accession of Razia al-Din to the Sultanate of Delhi.

Deaths 
 Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti,a Sufi Saint.
 Iltutmish
980987151238

Events 
 Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Russia.
 In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada.
 Mongols seize Moscow, at that time a small town.
 Peterborough Cathedral is consecrated.
 The Khmers are expelled from Luang Phrabang in Laos.
 The Sukhothai kingdom is founded in Thailand.
 The seat of the patriarchate of Aquileia is transferred to Udine.
 Simon de Montfort marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III of England.
 The Battle of Örlygsstaðir takes place – it is the largest armed conflict in the history of Iceland
A profession is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often study for years to do their job. Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law. These were called "learned professions". In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer are often called "learned". 

Sometimes "profession" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs. Someone who works in a profession is called a professional. Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid.
The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) is a system introduced by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It was introduced  to allow people to communicate how serious a nuclear accident is. Other people are then able to react faster  to take protection measures. For each level, there is a list of criteria (things) that must be there, for the accident to be of that level. 

There are 7 levels on the INES scale:

   7Major accident(maximum credible accident)
   6Serious accident
   5Accident with off-site risk
   4Accident without off-site risk
   3Serious incident
   2Incident
   1Anomaly
   0Deviation, no safety relevance

Details

Level 7 is the highest level. Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. The health of many people is put in danger. There are big effects on the environment. Examples: Fukushima nuclear disaster - 2011, Chernobyl disaster (former Soviet Union) - 1986.

Level 6 Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. Several governments may need to take the full set of countermeasures to protect their population. Example: Mayak (former Soviet Union)- 1957.

Level 5 Accidents of this type do release some radiation. Some groups of people which are at risk may need special countermeasures.  Examples: Windscale fire (United Kingdom) - 1957, Three Mile Island accident (United States) - 1979.

The Levels 5-7 are related to severe damage of the reactor core and the radiological barriers. 

Level 4 is related to significant damage of the reactor core / radiological barriers and/or a fatal exposure of a worker (or more), but the off-site impact is minor, resulting in public exposure of the order of the prescribed limits. Examples: Windscale (United Kingdom) - 1973, Saint-Laurent (France) - 1980, Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 1983.

Level 3 is characterized by very small off-site impact, although related to severe spread of contamination on-site / acute health effects to a worker (or more). It is a "near accident" event, when no safety layers are remaining. Example: Vandellos (Spain) - 1989, THORP plant Sellafield (United Kingdom) - 2005.

Level 2 is an incident with no off-site impact, related to significant spread of contamination on-site / overexposure of a worker.

Level 1 is an anomaly beyond the authorized operating regime.

Level 0 is a "below-scale event" of no safety significance.

There are also events of no safety relevance, characterized as "out of scale".

Other websites 
International Nuclear Event Scale , IAEA
International Nuclear Event Scale, User's Manual , IAEA, 2001

Nuclear accidents
Hafnarfjörður is a city found on the western coast of Iceland.  It is about 10 kilometres south of Reykjavík.  It is the third biggest city in Iceland..  Around 25,400 people were living in Hafnarfjörður as of 2008.

Other websites 
Town website page on the 'hidden people' 

Cities in Iceland
Municipalities of Iceland
Silver Spring is a community in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is a suburb of Washington, DC. It is the fourth biggest place in Maryland by population. Its estimated population in 2013 was 76,716. Francis Preston Blair founded Silver Spring in 1840.

Media 
Silver Spring Stations
TLC
Discovery Channel

References

Cities in Maryland
Montgomery County, Maryland
1840 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
A neutron star is a very small and dense star made almost completely of neutrons. They are small stars with a radius of about 1111.5 kilometres. They have a mass of about twice that of the Sun. They are the smallest and densest stars known to exist in the Universe. They are what is left of a huge star which exploded as a supernova.

The density of the star is like that of the nucleus of an atom. They have strong magnetic fields, between 108 and 1015 times as strong as that of Earth. The gravitational field at the neutron star's surface is about 2×1011 times stronger than on Earth.

To imagine how dense a neutron star is, take all of the mass of our sun (which has a diameter of ) and push it down into a size that would fit into a ball with a  diameter. Another way to understand the density is this: one teaspoon of matter from the neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons.

Neutron stars spin very fast, from 0.001 second up to 30 seconds to turn. They come in different types. They may emit beams of electromagnetic radiation as pulsars. Other types are magnetars and binary pulsars.

They are more than 600,000 degrees Kelvin in temperature. Neutron stars that can be observed are very hot and typically have a surface temperature of around .

History 
In 1934, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of neutron stars, only a year after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick.

Looking for the origin of a supernova, they suggested that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons, which they called neutron stars. Baade and Zwicky suggested that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova: "In the supernova process, mass in bulk is annihilated".

Neutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable. Little work was done on them until November 1967, when Franco Pacini (1939–2012) pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields, then electromagnetic waves would be emitted. Radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge soon detected radio pulses from stars that are now  known as pulsars.

References 

Types of stars
Astrophysics
Parents are the mother and father or caretaker of their offspring. 

In humans, a parent is the mother or the father figure of a child. They are either biologically or legally related to the person. When parents separate and choose who takes care of a child it is called custody. Parents who fail in their duty may be guilty of child abuse.

Related pages
 Family
 Father
 Mother
 Child
 Grandparent
 Infant attachment

Family
Lee Hsien Loong (b. 10 February 1952) is the current Prime Minister of Singapore. His father is Lee Kuan Yew, first Prime Minister of Singapore.

Lee Hsien Loong was born in Kandang Kerbau Hospital (presently known as KK Women's and Children's Hospital). He is the first child of Lee Kuan Yew and Kwa Geok Choo.

In August 2004, Goh Chok Tong stepped down as Prime Minister, while Lee Hsien Loong took over the position. He then became the General Secretary of People's Action Party (PAP).

Background and education

His grandmother (father's side), Chua Jim Neo is a Hokkien Nyonya. His mother's ancestors are from Tong'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
Studied at Nanyang Primary School, Catholic High School and National Junior College.

Military life

In 1971, Lee joined the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Lee was promoted to very high rank quickly in the Singapore Army. In July 1983, he became the youngest Brigadier General in Singapore. He left SAF in 1984.

Early political life

In the 1980s, Lee Kuan Yew said he will step down as Prime Minister in 1984. Lee Hsien Loong was considered in the list of new leaders in PAP.

In 1984, at 32, He was elected an MP. His father immediately assigned him as a Minister of State for some ministries.

In 1987, he joined in the Cabinet as the Minister for Trade and Industry and Second Minister for Defence.

Salary

From 2008 to 2012, Lee's salary is S$3.87 million every year. He had a salary increase of 25%, it was originally S$3,091,200.

In January 2012, his salary was reduced to S$2.2 million due to the public then complaining about his unfair salary.  But, he is still the prime minister with the highest salary in the world.

Personal life

Wong Ming Yang, Lee's first wife is a Malaysian-born doctor who was married in 1978. He has two children - Li Xiuqi and Li Yipeng. Three weeks after giving birth to Lee's first son, Li Yipeng, an albino, she died of heart attack on 28 October 1982, at 31 years old.
While married to Ho Ching once again, a civil servant who went on to become CEO of Temasek Holdings in 1985, Lee Hsien Loong has another two more sons - Li Hongyi and Li Haoyi.
Ho Ching's first son, Li Hongyi, won the Lee Kuan Yew Award for Math & Science in 2006. Also in 2006, he became an officer of SAF.
Lee Hsien Loong has been diagnosed with lymphoma in 1992, and subsequently prostate cancer in February 2018.

Notes

1952 births
Living people
People's Action Party (Singapore) politicians
Prime Ministers of Singapore
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Adam and Eve are the parents of all humans in the Abrahamic religions. In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, as well as the Qu'ran and the Aqdas, they are the first two people made by God. The Bible says that the Devil entered into the Garden of Eden as a serpent and tempted Eve. The Tempter convinced Eve to go against God's command. Satan told her that God knew that Eve would become self-aware and have the same knowledge as God had if she ate from the fruit of the tree. When Adam and Eve sinned, they were cast out of the Garden of Eden and cursed with pain, death, and sickness. When Adam and Eve were cast out, so was the one who tempted them, Satan. He was cast to the ground and sentenced to always having to wriggle on the ground like a snake.

Adam
The second chapter of Genesis says that God made Adam from the dust of the ground. Then, God breathed life into him. God made a garden, called the Garden of Eden, for him to live in and take care of. Adam named the animals that God made. God did not provide clothing for Adam or Eve until they disobeyed him. He gave them tunics made out of animal fur when he banished them from Eden. Adam is "The Chosen One".

Eve
God knew that the animals were not good enough friends for Adam, who needed a partner like him. So God took a rib from Adam and used it to make Eve (meaning "mother of all living"). Adam did not give her this name until God banished them from Eden when he provided clothing for them out of animal fur after they disobeyed him.

The fall and punishment
Chapter three of Genesis says that Adam and Eve had everything they needed in the garden. There was only one thing that God told them that they should not do: eat from the Tree of Knowledge; only from the Tree of Life. A serpent said them that God does not want you both to be as intelligent as he is so this forced Eve to disobey God's orders . And they ate the Forbidden fruit. So they were forced to leave Eden. Not only that but God said that women will have pain in childbirth, and that men need to work hard to grow food, and would return at death to the soil from where he once came.

References

Old Testament people
Ramadan (sometimes spelled Ramadhan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims  fast or do not eat or drink during the daytime.

Overview
The date for the start of Ramadan is slightly different each year, depending on the position of the moon.  Once Ramadan starts, Muslims should not eat or drink between dawn and sunset. This usually continues for thirty days, but sometimes twenty-nine days.

Fasting is supposed to teach Muslims about patience and ibadah (faith).  It is a time for Muslims to think about how the poor and homeless suffer without lots of food, it helps Muslims to be more obedient, and less greedy.  During Ramadan, Muslims ask to be forgiven for their sins, and they pray for help in stopping them from doing bad things.
Muslims believe Ramadan is the month in which the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad.  

Not everyone has to fast in Ramadan.  Children do not have to fast.  They should start when they reach the age of puberty, so long as they are healthy.  People who are travelling long distances do not have to fast. Pregnant women do not have to if they think it might harm their unborn baby.  Sometimes sportsmen do not observe the fast, although there are disagreements about this.  For example, the Olympic Games in 2012 fell in the middle of the holy month.  This made it very difficult for the sportsmen who could not eat or drink during daytime.

When the sun goes down and it gets dark the Muslim people will start eating again (this is called "breaking the fast").  This meal is known as Iftar.  There are often big meals enjoyed together by lots of Muslims.
.  Sometimes markets open after Iftar and stay open during the night. Ramadan is also the month when the "Quran" was sent down into Earth by an Angel called "Jibrill" ("Gabriel").

References

Other websites 
 Ramadan 2016  - Islamic calendar makkah

Arabic words and phrases
Islamic calendar
Tenzing Norgay (May 29, 1914 – May 9, 1986) was a Sherpa climber. During his life he had several wives, as it is part of Sherpa lifestyle. Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary were the first people to reach the top of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953. Norgay was born in Kharta Valley, Nepal. He died aged 71 in Darjeeling, India.

Early Life 
There are different views about his early life. The account that he gave in his first autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and brought up in Khumbu in Nepal. However more recent research has led to the claim that he was born a Tibetan in Kharta valley, Tibet, but his family were left destitute when their yaks were killed by disease, and he was sold as a bonded servant to a Sherpa family in Thamey in Nepal. Khumbu lies near Mount Everest, which the Tibetans and Sherpas call Chomolungma which in Tibetan means Mother Goddess of the Earth.
His exact date of birth is not known, but he knew it was in late May by the weather and the crops. After his ascent of Everest on 29 May, he decided to celebrate his birthday on that day thereafter.

He was originally called "Namgyal Wangdi", but as a child his name was changed on the advice of the head lama and founder of the famous Rongbuk Monastery, Ngawang Tenzin Norbu. Tenzing Norgay translates as "wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion." His father, a yak herder, was Ghang La Mingma (d. 1949) and his mother was Dokmo Kinzom (who lived to see him climb Everest); he was the 11th of 13 children, most of whom died young.

He ran away from home twice in his teens, first to Kathmandu and later Darjeeling, and, at age 19, eventually settled in the Sherpa community in Too Song Bhusti in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.

One of his autobiographies is Tiger of the snows: The Autobiography of Tenzing of Everest, written in 1955.

Journeys 
Tenzing Norgay has been on several attempts to reach the top of Mount Everest. Two of the attempts were stopped by bad weather which caused them to turn around. One of failed attempts was in 1935 with Eric Shipton. Eventually, after 6 failure attempts, Norgay finally reached the top of Mount Everest in 1953 along with Sir Edmund Hillary. They came back down from the top of the mountain on May 29, 1953 .

After Mount Everest 
Tenzing later became director of field training for the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling. In 1978 he started Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a company providing trekking adventures in the Himalaya.

As of 2003 the company was run by his son Jamling Tenzing Norgay, who himself reached the summit of Everest in 1996.

He was honored with the prestigious Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour, in 1959.

The Government of India instituted the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards in his honour, awarded annually.

Death 
Tenzing Norgay died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 9 May 1986.

1914 births
1986 deaths
Autobiographers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Nepalese people
Sherpa
Mountain climbers
The Sherpa are an ethnic group in Nepal, who live in the higher parts of the Himalayas. They often help guide people through the mountains. They also sometimes live on the trail of Mt. Everest. A well known Sherpa is Tenzing Norgay, who helped Edmund Hillary climb to the top of Mt. Everest.

 
Mountain climbers
The Carolina Panthers are an American Football team in the National Football League or the NFL. The Panthers play at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. They played their first game in 1995. Their current quarterback is Teddy Bridgewater. The team has gone to the playoffs 7 times and to the Super Bowl twice. The most recent appearance was in the 2015 NFL season. 

 
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in North Carolina
The Selgovae were a Brythonic tribe in Scotland, who lived in what is now the Borders. Their capital was on the North Eildon hill, near the current town of Melrose. This was a large hillfort covering an area of about 40 acres. It is believed that there were about 2500 people living in the fort. The Selgovae left the fort in 79 AD when the Roman army invaded the area. There are other Selgovae hillforts at Caidemuir Hill (near Peebles), Dreva Craig (near Broughton), Rubers Law (near Hawick), Whiteside Hill (near Romannobridge), Abory Hill (near Abington), Cow Castle (near Coulter), Quothquan Law (near Thankerton), Bodsberry Hill (near Crawford) and at Crawford. At Tamshiell Rigg there is evidence of a walled settlement. The Roman forts at Birrens, Netherby and Bewcastle were all built in Selgovae lands, north of Hadrian's Wall.

In the second century, the Selgovae are said to be one of the four kingdoms of ancient Scotland. By the end of the fourth century, the area had been taken over by Coel Hen and his kingdom of North Britain.

References

Scottish people
History of the British Isles
Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American movie actor and producer. He is famous for his roles as Han Solo in the original Star Wars movie series and the title character of the Indiana Jones movie series. He won an Saturn Award in 1981 and an Bambie Award in 1997. He has recently starred in Cowboys and Aliens and in 42.

Early life
Harrison Ford was born on July 13, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.. His family has Irish, German, Russian and Jewish ancestry. He studied at Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois and at Ripon College in Wisconsin.

Career
Before he became successful as an actor, he worked as a carpenter during the 1970s. He is one of the most successful actors in the world. During his early years, he used the name 'Harrison J. Ford'''  to stop the confusion between him and silent movie actor Harrison Ford. His movies have made a worldwide profit of US$5.65 billion. He is most known for his roles as Han Solo from Star Wars and as Indiana Jones in all four Indiana Jones movies. Since then he formed a career relationship with both Steven Spielberg and George Lucas.

Personal life
Ford was married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until they divorced in 1979. Then he was married to Melissa Mathison from 1983 until they divorced in 2004. Then he was married to Calista Flockhart since 2010. He has two sons, Benjamin and Willard with Marquardt and a son, Malcolm and a daughter, Georgia with Mathison. Ford now lives in Los Angeles, California.

 Movies 
 1973 American Graffiti 1974 The Conversation 1977 Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope 1979 Apocalypse Now 1980 Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1982 Blade Runner 1983 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1985 Witness 1986 The Mosquito Coast 1988 Frantic 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1990 Presumed Innocent 1991 Regarding Henry 1992 Patriot Games 1992 Indiana Jones 1993 The Fugitive 1997 Air Force One 1998 Six Days Seven Nights 2002 K-19: The Widowmaker 2003 Hollywood Homicide 2006 Firewall 2008 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2011 Cowboys and Aliens 2013 42 2013 Anchorman: The Legend Continues 2014 The Expendables 3 2015 Star Wars Episode VII 2017 Blade Runner 2049''

References

Other websites 

 

Interviews
 
 
 
 
 
 

1942 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Carpenters
Democrats (United States)
Movie producers from Chicago
Saturn Award winners
The Early Middle Ages were a period in European history. They lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. They were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. These were called the “Middle” Ages because they came between ancient history and modern history. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Medieval Age.

The early Middle Ages has also been called “the Dark Ages” because past scholars wrongly believed that there was very little culture, good literature, or art, or progress during this period.

The fall of Rome

The Early Middle Ages started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

In ancient history, the Western Roman Empire ruled much of Europe.  Eventually, that empire started to weaken.  In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths.  Rome survived, but had been weakened greatly.  In 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked  by Odoacer, he was able to take the city for himself.  He made himself the king of Italy.  This ended the Western Roman Empire.  Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.

Life in the Early Middle Ages

As the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.  Before, the empire’s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts.  Now these communication systems were no longer working.  This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.

For many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe.  Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.

The Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages.  Most Europeans were Christian at this time.

References 
Middle Ages