cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Grand Theft Auto IV (GTA IV) is a 2008 action-adventure video game. The game was made by Rockstar North, and was published and released by Rockstar Games for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC. The Xbox 360 and PS3 versions were released around the world on April 29th 2008.

Gameplay 
Grand Theft Auto IV has the same basic gameplay from the earlier games in the series. The player can walk, run, swim, climb, jump and use weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can steal and drive many types of cars, boats, helicopters and motorcycles. Players can explore and choose how they want to play the game. Players can complete missions, but these are not needed to get farther into the game to open content. When the player does a crime and the police see it, they will start to follow the player and try to catch him.

Notes

References 

2008 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Grand Theft Auto
A Secure Digital card (SD card) is a kind of memory card. Such cards are often used to store images or data in digital cameras. As of 2008, different capacities between 4 megabytes and 32 gigabytes have been made. The card has a rectangular design, but one edge is chipped off. This means that the cards cannot be inserted into the cameras (or other devices) the wrong way.

There are different kinds of cards:

Those labeled SD, with capacities up to 2 GB
Those labeled SDHC, with capacities between 4GB and 32GB
Those labeled SDXC, with capacities of up to 2 TB (largest made is currently 512GB for SDXC or microSDXC). 

SD and SDHC are not compatible, but devices that accept SDHC also accept SD cards. The interface of SDHC and SDXC cards is the same, but SDXC uses a different file system. Some devices (for example the Wii) that originally shipped only with support for SD can be made to support SDHC with a firmware update.

There are also different classes. These refer to the read and write speeds. Currently in use are Class 2 - which means 2 MBytes/second, Class 4 - 4 MB/sec and Class 6 at 6 MB/sec. The problem with this is that different manufacturers measure different things with it, some measure write speeds, others read speeds. There are also differences because some give guarantees, and others simply say that the speeds they indicate are the maximum achievable under good conditions.

Still another measurement is called rating. A rating of 1 corresponds to 150 KBytes per second, the read speed of a CD. That way, a class 2 is equal to a speed of 13x.

microSD cards do the same thing but are much smaller. 

Technology
Natasha Bedingfield (born 26 November 1981) is an English singer-songwriter. She was born in West Sussex and was raised in Lewisham, South London. Her music genres are rock, R&B and pop. Her albums are Unwritten (which contains the hit single of the same name), N.B. (the U.S. title is Pocketful of Sunshine) and Strip Me (released in 2010). Some of the most famous songs by her are Unwritten, Say It Again, Soulmate, These Words and I Bruise Easily. One of her two brothers is singer Daniel Bedingfield; her sister is singer Nikola Rachelle.

Songs
I Wanna Have Your Babies
Love Like This
Pocketful of Sunshine
Soulmate
Strip Me
These Words
Unwritten

Other websites 
Official website

1981 births
Living people
English pop singers
English singer-songwriters
People from West Sussex
Singers from London
Singers from Sussex
Djeh, or Djerv (Ђ, ђ) is the sixth letter of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian language to represent the sound for need to tell , a palatalisation, similar to the English sound of letter "j" . It was created on model Cyrillic letter ћ by Vuk Karadžić.

Serbian language
The Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is a member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant rhinoceroses. It is the smallest rhinoceros, standing about 120–145 centimetres (3.9–4.8 ft) high at the shoulder, with a body length of 250 centimetres (98 in) and weight of 500–800 kilograms (1100–1760 lb). 

The Sumatran rhinoceros is a small, hairy rhinoceros which survives in limited numbers in pockets of Indonesian and Malaysian rain forests. Only three institutions showcase Sumatran rhinos, the Cincinnati Zoo, the Los Angeles Zoo, and the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary in Borneo. 

Mammals of Asia
Integrated Services Digital Network is an international standard for a communication network. It is often shortened to ISDN. It is used for telephone lines. Before ISDN, telephone lines were mainly seen as a way for people to make phone calls, so the main idea was to use circuit switching. When a phone call is made, a line is set up between the two participants. This phone call is analogue. With ISDN, this view changes. As the signal is now digital ISDN can be used to offer a number of services, which use the telephone line to transport data. There were different services, like telex or teleprinters before ISDN, but they used their own networks. At specific locations, there were gateways between these networks. With ISDN, this changes. There is only one network, and it offers different services. Some of them are for voice, to make phone calls, others are for data, for example to send telefaxes.

Channels
ISDN offers a number of data channels, and a signalling channel. The data channels carry the actual service data. The two data channels are completely independent and can be used independently. The usual setup has two such data channels. That way, it is possible to send a fax through one channel, while doing a phone call over the other channel, for example. If the main focus is on a high quality voice connection, the two channels can be combined into one single channel carrying twice the amount of a single channel enhancing the quality dramatically.

For larger companies it is possible to extend the number of data channels to 30 with still one signalling channel.

Computer networking
Werdenberg is a historical village in the canton of St. Gallen. It lies just outside Buchs. Today, between 55 and 60 people live there. There are about 40 houses, some of them only used for holidays. Werdenberg has a castle, which is often visited by tourists.

There was a county of Werdenberg. It included the city itself, the villages  of Grabs, Buchs, Sevelen and the right to judge in Wartau. The first count of Werdenberg died in 1182. In 1402, his successors let the county to the Count of Montfort-Tettnang. In 1485, it was sold to the City of Lucerne. In 1517, it was sold to the Canton of Glarus. During Napoleon's reign in Switzerland (called the Helvetic Republic, 1798-1803), Werdenberg was made part of the Canton of Linth (which also included the modern-day Canton of Glarus, and parts of the Canton of Schwyz). After the end of the reign, Werdenberg was made part of the canton of St. Gallen.

Villages in St. Gallen

de:Werdenberg
ru:Замок Верденберг
Khat is a flowering plant native to tropical East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It is also known as qat, qaat, quat, gat, jaad, chat, chad, chaad and miraa. The plant is grown commercially in Kenya, Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia.

Khat is a shrub. When grown commercially, the shrubs grow to a size of about 5m, in the wild they can reach about 20m. 

Khat is used as a stimulant in Yemen, Ethiopia and Somalia, the effects are comparable to those of drinking tea or coffee.

Problems 
There are some problems with Khat. People can become psychologically addicted to the drug. Many anti-drug organisations, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration target this drug. 
It is illegal to use in many countries.

Many farmers in Yemen now produce Khat, instead of other crops, because they get more money for it.

Khat is very popular in Yemen.  Much of the country's farming resources go towards it.  It is estimated that 40% of the country's water supply goes towards irrigating it. Its production is said to increase by about 10% to 15% every year. Water use in producing khat is so high that groundwater levels in the Sana'a basin are getting lower.  For this reason, government officials have proposed to move large portions of the population of Sana'a to the coast of the Red Sea.  

Khat is a major cash crop in Yemen and the price brings in a high income for farmers. Some studies done in 2001 estimated that the income from growing khat was about 2.5 million Yemeni rials per hectare, while it was only 0.57 million rials per hectare if fruits were grown.  This is a strong reason farmers prefer to grow khat over coffee and fruits.  It is estimated that between 1970 and 2000, the area on which khat was cultivated grew from 8,000 hectares to 103,000 hectares.

References

Celastrales
Drugs
Shrubs
Matsui Keishirō (, 28 March 1868 - 4 June 1946) was a Japanese diplomat during the Showa period and later Minister of Foreign Affairs. He graduated from the Law School of Tokyo Imperial University in 1889, and entered the Foreign Ministry the same year. In 1890, he was given a post in the Japanese embassy in Seoul in 1890, and in 1895 was sent to the United States. In April 1889, he served in London. In 1902, he was re-assigned to Beijing. He returned to Japan in 1913.

During World War I, Matsui served as Japanese Ambassador to France from November, 1915. When he finished this mission, he was awarded with the title of baron (danshaku) under the kazoku peerage system. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 7 January to 11 June 1924 under the government of Kiyoura Keigo.

References

More readings 
 Phillips Payson O'Brien 2004. The Anglo-Japanese alliance, 1902-1922, Routledge, 

1868 births
1946 deaths
Japanese politicians
People from Osaka Prefecture
Country codes are in mostly times created by few letters or numbers that represent geographical codes (geocodes) of countries that use certain country code, it is in use in data processing and communications. There are few different systems created for this. The most known is ISO 3166-1. The term country code in many times refers to international dialing codes, the E.164 country calling codes.

Internet
The National Capital Region is an official Federal name for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, and neighbouring Gatineau, Quebec, and the area near them. The National Capital Region has an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The National Capital Region covers an area of 6,287.03 square kilometres (2,427.44 square miles). It has a population of 1,235,324. The Ottawa part of the region is part of the eastern subregion of Ontario. The Ottawa-Gatineau CMA is the only CMA in Canada to include parts of two provinces.

The National Capital Region is not a separate political jurisdiction, although the National Capital Commission is deeply involved in political, cultural, and land use planning matters in the National Capital Region. Proposals have sometimes been made to separate the National Capital Region from its two respective provinces, and transform it into a separate capital district, like the District of Columbia in the United States or the Australian Capital Territory. Such proposals have never come close to passage, and there does not currently appear to be any political will or necessity to pursue this option.

Cities, towns, and populations within Ottawa-Gatineau CMA 
Source: 2006 Census of Canada

Other towns within National Capital Region 
While not officially in the CMA, the following municipalities (most of which are adjacent to the CMA) are included in the National Capital Region, due to their close economic and social ties with Ottawa.

References

Other websites 
National Capital Commission - Commission de la capitale nationale

Regions of Canada
Ottawa
Real analysis is an area of mathematics that deals with sets and sequences of real numbers, as well as functions of one or more real variables. It provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, the study of continuous change. 

As one of the main branches of mathematical analysis, it can be seen as the real-number counterpart of complex analysis, which deals with complex numbers. Many results in real analysis are special cases of results in complex analysis.

Related pages 

 Derivative (mathematics)
 Functional analysis

References 

Mathematics
Cabo Corrientes is a cape on the Pacific coast of Mexico. It is the most southern point of the Bahía de Banderas.

Geography of Mexico
Capes
Jalisco
Mazatlán () is a city in the Mexican state of Sinaloa; the surrounding municipio (municipality) for which the city serves as the municipal capital is also called Mazatlán. It is located at  on the Pacific coast, just across from the southernmost tip of the Baja California peninsula.

Mazatlán is a Nahuatl word meaning "place of the deer."  The city was started in 1531. By the mid-1800s a large group of immigrants had arrived from Germany. These new citizens made Mazatlán into a successful commercial seaport, importing equipment for the nearby gold and silver mines. It served as the capital of Sinaloa from 1859 to 1873.  They also influenced the music, banda, which is an form of Bavarian folk music, and also started the Pacifico Brewery on March 14, 1900.

Mazatlán, with a population of 352,471 (city) and 403,888 (municipality) as of the 2005 census, is the second-largest city in the state (after Culiacán) and Mexico's largest commercial port. It is also a popular tourist destination, with its beaches lined with resort hotels. A car ferry across the Gulf of California from Mazatlán to La Paz, Baja California Sur exists. The municipality has a land area of 3,068.48 km² (1,184.75 sq mi) and includes smaller communities such as Villa Unión, La Noria, El Quelite, El Habal and many other small villages.

Mazatlán is served by Gral. Rafael Buelna International Airport.

Sister towns
 Hamm,  since 1978
Santa Monica, California 
Seattle, Washington 
Puntarenas, 
Grande Prairie, Alberta

Cityscape

Communities and neighborhoods

Beaches and parks
Viejo Mazatlan & Centro area:
 Olas Altas
 Playa Norte
 Los Pinitos
Zona Dorada (Golden Zone):
 Gaviotas
 Sabalos
 Playa Camaron
Nuevo Mazatlan area:
 Cerritos
 Playa Bruja
 El Delfin
 Marmol

 Isla de la Piedra:

Gallery

References

Spanish
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Sinaloa  Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

Other websites
Mazatlán Map 
Open Directory Mazatlán Business

Official websites
Instituto de Cultura
Carnaval of Mazatlan 
Ayuntamiento de Mazatlán

Spanish
Mazatlán History in the XIX Century 

Cities in Mexico
Sinaloa
1530s establishments in Mexico
1531 establishments
Rennet is a set of enzymes made from the stomachs of mammals. It is used in things like suet and cakes. It can also be used to make cheese.

Food ingredients
The Kols, also known as Kolarians, are the original inhabitants of modern-day West Bengal and North-east India. The term Kol has been corrupted by the Aryan-Sanskritic speakers to the word "kalu", meaning both "black" and "ugly", in almost all of the 16 major languages of the subcontinent. The Kolarians are a Dravidian peoples stock group, whose descendant communities can be found also in West Bengal and elsewhere in the eastern part of the East India.

Most geological scholars will contend that most of Bangladesh was fashioned 1 to 6.5 million years ago during the Tertiary era. Semi-recent excavations in the Deolpota village of western Bengal seem to suggest that a Paleolithic civilization in the region existed about one hundred thousand years ago. A 10,000 to 15,000 year old stone structure in Rangamati is the primary evidence of Paleolithic civilization along with a hand axe found in the mountainous inclines of the Feni district. This Neo-stone age began 3,000 BC lasting almost 1500 years. Similar tools were found in Sitakunda of the eastern region Chittagong, and near Comilla district. The sparsely forested hills in eastern Bengal strewn with fertile valleys imparted a hospitable location for Neolithic settlements.

Physically, the indigenous peoples of eastern India were long-headed, dark skinned, broad-nosed, and short in stature. Sometimes labeled as "Negritos" and "Negroids", their physical features are unchanged today among the lowest castes of Bengal, mainly the peasants, as well as 95% of population of West Bengal today who derive from these lower castes and tribes.

Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
The Sena dynasty (সেন,Shen) ruled Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. 
Sena / Sen Dynasty was founded by Samanta Sen. Adi Purush Veersen of this dynasty is considered. They trace their origins to the Brahmakshatra Kayastha tradition. After the fall of the Pala dynasty, the Sena dynasty was established in Bengal.

Vaidya Ballal Sen (1158-78 AD) -
He was also a follower of Shaivism. It assumed the title of Gaudeshwar of the Pala rulers. He himself was a patron of scholars and scholars. He composed a book called Dansagar.But could not complete it. Later Lakshmanasen completed it. This started the movement under the name of nobility. Its purpose was to maintain the superiority and purity of power of the elite castes. The superiority and purity of power was to be maintained. First of all, he called Brahmins from Kannauj and settled in Bengal. After his death, his son became the ruler.
Laxman Sen (1178-1205 AD) -
Lakshmanasen assumed the title of Parambhagavata. Unlike his ancestors, he was a follower of Vaishnavism. Its writings begin with the praise of Vishnu. It established another capital near its former capital at Lakshmanavati (Lakhanauti). Jayadev, the author of Geetgovind, was one of its 5 gems. Halayudh was its Chief Justice and Chief Minister. Laxman Sen started the Lakshman era. It won Kashi and Prayag from Jaichand Gahadwal. It established victory pillars at Kashi, Puri and Prayag. In 1202 AD, Bakhtiar Khilji attacked it and conquered its capital, Nadia.

History of Bangladesh refer by Book ko Bangladesh historical society
Royal dynasties
Tranquillisers are drugs produced to treat anxiety, depression and insomnia. Prescribed by a doctor, they are designed to reduce anxiety, and promote calmness, relaxation and sleep. There are hundreds of different tranquillisers around, but most common are the benzodiazepines.
Rohypnol is one of the most strongly-acting tranquilisers.

Drugs
Drugs used in psychiatry
Harsha or Harshavardhana () or "Harsha vardhan" (590–647) was an Indian Buddhist emperor. He ruled north-central and east India for fifty seven years. He was the son of Prabhakar Vardhan and younger brother of Rajyavardhan, a king of Thanesar. At the height of his power he ruled the Gujarat, Bengal, Orissa and the entire Gangetic plain North of the Narmada River. After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of the sixth century C.E., North India reverted back to small republics and small monarchical states.

590 births
647 deaths
Emperors and empresses
Indian monarchs
Maksim Mrvica (; born 3 May 1975) is a Croatian pianist. His notable works are Olympic Dream, Croatian Rhapsody, and Handel's Sarabande.

References

European pianists
Croatian people
Living people
1975 births
The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is a herbivorous browser that belongs to the order of the Perissodactyla and is one of the three species of rhino native to Asia. Scientists think about 60 are alive.

Mammals of Asia
The Grote of Martinikerk, or the Grote Kerk, is a Protestant church in the Frisian village of Sneek (Snits in West-Frisian). The legendary freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia is buried there.

Churches in Europe
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
Súdwest-Fryslân
The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, released as  in Japan, is the fifteenth game of Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda series. Made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS, it was released December 2009 after Nintendo president Satoru Iwata announced the game at the 2009 Game Developers Conference. It is a sequel to the 2002/2007 GameCube/DS games: The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass

Story
Spirit Tracks takes place 100 years after the events of Phantom Hourglass. Link is going to graduate to a train engineer. He travels to Hyrule Castle to receive his engineer's certificate from Princess Zelda. Zelda asks Link to bring her out of the castle so she can see the Tower of Spirits, where she thinks something has happened to make the Spirit Tracks fade away. On the way to the Tower of Spirits, the tracks fade from under Link's train and the tower breaks into pieces. The group is attacked by a horned demon named Cole, and a mercenary named Byrne. Cole uses dark magic to separate Zelda's spirit from her body and leaves, taking Zelda's body with him.

Gameplay
Spirit Tracks keeps its style of game play from The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass, in which players use the stylus to control Link and use his weapons, items, and vehicle. The game is divided into an overworld, which Link travels using the Spirit Tracks, and towns and dungeons which he travels by foot. The player moves about the towns and dungeons in order to complete the game's main story. They can also take part in side quests for more rewards. In both the towns and in dungeons, the player is able to make notes on their current map as an aid in puzzle solving.

Related pages
The Legend of Zelda

References

2009 video games
Spirit Tracks
Nintendo DS games
Virtual Console games
John Henry Hoeven III (born March 13, 1957) is a politician from the U.S. state of North Dakota. On January 3, 2011, he became a United States Senator for that state.  A member of the North Dakota Republican Party, he previously served as the 31st Governor of North Dakota from December 2000 to December 2010. 

Hoeven was elected to the U.S. Senate in the November 2, 2010 general election. He replaced junior Senator Byron L. Dorgan, who chose not to seek re-election.

References

Other websites

 Official U.S. Senate Site

1957 births
Living people
American Roman Catholics
US Republican Party politicians
Governors of North Dakota
United States senators from North Dakota
Bankers
People from Bismarck, North Dakota
In biology an organism is said to be cosmopolitan (or cosmopolite) if it can be found almost anywhere on the Earth.

Examples include:
humans
 House dust mite
 Vanessa cardui (Painted Lady butterfly)
 Many cetacean species, including the orca
 Brown Rat
 Peregrine Falcon

Related pages
endemic

Habitats
The Bengali people are the main ethnic group in the region of Bengal (now divided between  Bangladesh and the Republic of India) in South Asia. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), a language of the eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages. 

They are natively concentrated in the nation of Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura.  Some of the most well established Bengali communities are in the Middle East, Japan, Malaysia, United Kingdom and United States.

Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back 4,000 years, when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic peoples. The origin of the word Bangla ~ Bengal is unknown, but it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC.

After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdoms around Bengal were first described in the Atharvaveda about 1000 BC. From the 6th century BC, Magadha expanded to include most of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Buddha. Magadha extended over nearly all of South Asia, including parts of Persia and Afghanistan, reaching its greatest extent under the Buddhist emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named Gangaridai by the Greeks around 100 BC. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal. Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire.

References 

Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Ethnic groups in India
The Baloush (بلوچ) live in the part of Syria in the mideast corner of the Syrian plateau in Southwest Asia, including parts of eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

The Baloush speak Syriani language, an Iranian language. They mainly live in mountainous places of the Iranian plateau in Iran, Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan.

References

Ethnic groups in Balochistan (Pakistan)
The Punjabi people (, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ  also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia (Pakistan and India). They come from the Punjab region, which has been home to some of the oldest civilizations in the world including one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization. The Punjabi identity is usually cultural and linguistic, with Punjabis being those whose first language is Punjabi, an Indo-European dialect.

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Al-Nassr Football Club (; Naṣr meaning "Victory") is a Saudi football club that was formed in 1955. The club is in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. Al-Nassr is well-known through Asia and the Middle East. The club has a large base of supporters, possibly the most supported club in Saudi Arabia.

History

Players
Many legendary footballers from Saudi Arabia have played for Al-Nassr. Among them are Majed Abdullah, Fahad Al-Herafy, Mohaisn Al-Jam'aan, Yousef Khamees and many other outstanding players.

Insignia
Al-Nassr's kit colors are yellow and blue. The logo resembles the Arabian Peninsula with the same colors, symbolizing the sand of Saudi Arabia and the sea near it.

Other websites 
 Official site

Saudi Arabian football clubs
Riyadh
1955 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Saudi Arabia
Grosvenor Bridge, also called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge.

It is made up of two bridges that were both built in the mid-19th century. The eastern side was built by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway in 1858-60 to carry trains into Victoria Station. This was the first railway bridge across the Thames in central London. The western side was built by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1865/66.

Both bridges were rebuilt in steel in 1963–67, the original piers now being wrapped in concrete. The designer for this work was Freeman Fox & Partners.

On the north bank is Pimlico to the north and east and Chelsea to the west. The Lister Hospital and the Royal Chelsea Hospital are immediately to the north west. On the south bank is Nine Elms to the east and Battersea to the west. Battersea Power Station is immediately to the south of the bridge, and Battersea Park to the south west.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Transport in the City of Westminster
Steel bridges
Concrete bridges
Vauxhall Bridge is a steel and granite bridge in central London. It crosses the River Thames in a north-west south-east direction between Vauxhall on the south bank and Westminster on the north bank.

History
Vauzhall Bridge in 1906.  It replaced an earlier bridge as part of a program for redeveloping the south bank of the Thames. The original bridge was itself built on the site of a former ferry.

The building of both bridges was difficult, with both the first and second bridges needing multiple redesigns from multiple architects. The original bridge, the first iron bridge over the Thames, was built by a private company and was run as a toll bridge before being taken into public ownership in 1879. The second bridge, which took eight years to build, was the first in London to carry trams and later one of the first two roads in London to have a bus lane.

The present bridge is most significant for road traffic across the Thames.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Further reading

Other websites

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Transport in the City of Westminster
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
Steel bridges
Stone bridges
Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American soldier, railroad executive and politician. He served as governor of Rhode Island (1866-1869) and U.S. Senator from Rhode Island. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he fought successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee but was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater. Burnside commanded the IX Corps, the Department of Ohio, and also the Army of the Potomac for a few months. His distinctive style of facial hair is now known as sideburns, derived from his last name.

References 

1824 births
1881 deaths
Businesspeople from Indiana
American Civil War generals
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Rhode Island
Governors of Rhode Island
Railway Gazette International is a monthly business journal about the railway, metro, light rail and tram industries worldwide. Available by yearly subscription, the magazine is read in over 140 countries by people involved in the railway industry. A mixture of technical, commercial and geographical articles, plus the regular monthly news pages, cover developments in all parts of the rail industry.

History 
Railway Gazette International traces its history to May 1835 as The Railway Magazine.  The Railway Gazette title dates from July 1905 and it was renamed Railway Gazette International in October 1970.

Railway Gazette International is part of the Railway Gazette Group, itself part of DVV Media UK, part of the Hamburg-based Deutsche Verkehrs Verlag group.  Railway Gazette was previously part of Reed Business Information until 1 April 2007.

The magazine is based in Sutton in Surrey in the UK.

Issue 
 November 2007 is Volume 163, Number 11.

Maps 
(This is a list of detailed maps)
  Brazil - agricultural line 
  Turkey - February 2009, p053 
  Iran - January 2009, p047 
  Qatar - January 2009, p021  
  Ukraine - April 2008, p240
  India - December 2007 Supplement p7.

Other websites 
 Official website
 History of Railway Gazette publications 
 Railway Directory online

References 

Rail transport
Monthly magazines
The Meselson–Stahl experiment was an experiment done by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, using E. coli DNA.
With their experiment, they found that DNA replication was semiconservative. The DNA consists of two helices that are combined. When the two helices are copied, each will have one part coming from the original cell. The other part will be newly made. In chemistry, that is called synthesis. 

There are three different way this replication could happen:
 conservative replication: The original DNA is kept as it is. Two new helices will be synthesized from it.
 semi-conservative replication: Half of the DNA is kept, the other half is synthesized.
 disperse replication: The mechanism is the same as semi-conservative replication; but the synthesized links could be added to either the old or new helix.

Meselson and Stahl found that DNA employs semi-conservative replication. They put the bacteria in an environment with a Nitrogen isotope. They first used N15. The bacteria then integrated this isotope into their DNA. Later they used an environment that contained N14. They then looked at which of the isotopes the bacterial DNA contained. They found that it contained both isotopes of nitrogen, which implies that conservative replication is not the correct conclusion. By having a closer look they could then also rule out disperse replication. Some helix strands were all v. Other helix strands from the time in the N15 environment had N14.

References 
 

Molecular biology
Biology experiments
DNA
Woodford is a London Underground station in Woodford in the London Borough of Redbridge, United Kingdom.

The station is on the Central Line between South Woodford and Buckhurst Hill. The station is also a terminus (an ending point) for services from Hainault by way of Chigwell.

History

The station was opened on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch to Loughton. It was changed by the successor company, the Great Eastern Railway, to include services to Ilford by way of the Fairlop Loop that was opened in 1903. After 1923 the station came under the control of the London & North Eastern Railway until it was given to the London Passenger Transport Board (LT) on 14 December 1947 as part of the extension of the Central Line services of the London Underground. The station was a terminus for the Central Line, with passengers transferring to a steam shuttle towards Epping, until electric services began as far as Loughton (and around the 'loop' to Hainault) on 21 November 1948.

Gallery

Related pages
List of London Underground stations

References

Proposed

Central line stations
1856 establishments in Europe
1850s establishments in England
Abram Games   (29 July 191427 August 1996) was a British graphic designer. He was born Abraham Gamse. He was the son of immigrants: a Latvian photographer and a Russo-Polish (part Russian, part Polish) seamstress. He anglicized (make something sound more English) his name to Games at age 12 and was basically an autodidactic designer, and went to London's St. Martins School of Art (today named the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design) for only two terms. However, while working as a "studio boy" (a general assistant) in commercial design company Askew-Young in London 1932-36, he took night classes in life drawing. In 1934, his entry was second in the Health Council Competition and in 1935 he won a poster competition for the London City Council. From 1936 to 1940 he was on his own as a freelance poster artist.

Exhibition 
 Abram Games, Graphic Designer (1914–1996): Maximum Meaning, Minimum Means, Design Museum, London, 2003

References 
 Amstutz, W. (1962).Who's Who in Graphic Art, Zurich: Graphis Press.
 Gombrich, E.H., et al. (1990).A. Games: Sixty Years of Design, South Glamorgan, UK: Institute of Higher Education. | ISBN 0-9515777-0-0
 Livingston, Alan and Isabella (2003).The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Graphic Design and Designers, London: Thames and Hudson. | ISBN 0-500-20353-9
 Exhibition catalog. Moriarty, Catherine, et al. (2003). Abram Games, Graphic Designer: Maximum Meaning, Minimum Means, London: Lund Humphries. | ISBN 0-85331-881-6
 Games, Naomi, et al. (2003). Abram Games: His Life and Work, New York Princeton Architectural Press. | ISBN 1-56898-364-6

Other websites 
 Official Abram Games website

1914 births
1996 deaths
English artists
Designers
Joan Waste (1534 - 1 August 1556) was a blind woman who was burned in Derby because she would not stop being a Protestant. She had bought a Bible so that friends could read to her.

Biography
Waste was blind when she was born in 1534. Her parents were William and Joan Waste. William's job was to cut people's hair and make rope. By the age of twelve, Joan had learned to make ropes and clothes.

In 1553, Queen Mary came to the throne and it was made illegal to hold Protestant views. Mary condemned 277 people for not having the right sort of religion. This crime was called heresy.

Joan Waste was taken to court for breaking the law. The judge was a man employed by the bishop. She had to defend her views and was told she would die. She had not liked the fact that the church services were being read in the language of Latin. She was to die for being a Protestant and for refusing to agree with the Catholic Church. She bought a Bible in English, but the Catholic Church wanted them to only be in Latin. She asked friends to read to her for a penny.

 Her trial took place at All Saints Church. This main building has been rebuilt, but the tower was built in 1530. This tower is now part of Derby's cathedral.

On the day of her death she walked arm-in-arm with her twin brother to be burned.

Her death took place at the Windmill Pit on the Burton Road in Derby. She was hanged over the fire with a rope. She fell into the fire when the rope burned through.  The judge was Antony Draycot. He went home to his meal.

The place where Joan Waste was killed is now the site of a church. When Elizabeth I of England became queen in 1559 she removed Ralph Baines from the job of Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. Baines was sent to be a prisoner of  the Bishop of London. The judge was also sent to be a prisoner. He died after being released in 1571.

References

1534 births
1556 deaths
Blind people
English Protestants
Executed English people
People from Derby
Vauxhall Gardens /vɒks'ɔ:l/ was a pleasure garden, one of the leading places for public entertainment in London, England from the mid 17th century to the mid 19th century. 

The site became Vauxhall Gardens in 1785 and money was charged to gain entry. In 1817, the Battle of Waterloo was re-played with 1,000 soldiers taking part. The park closed in 1859 and the land was sold to become buildings.

More reading
Scott, Walter Sidney, Green retreats; the story of Vauxhall Gardens, 1661–1859. London: Odhams Press, 1955
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827

Related pages
Ranelagh Gardens — Vauxhall Gardens' rival, which was open from 1742 to 1803.
Cremorne Gardens — 19th century public gardens in Chelsea.
Cuper's Gardens — 18th century tea garden in Lambeth.
Charles Green - record-making balloonist in the "Royal Vauxhall" 1836
Marylebone Gardens - musical gardens in Marylebone, 1738-1781.
Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, which were originally called Tivoli and Vauxhall Gardens.
List of botanical gardens

References

Bibliography
 David Coke, "Vauxhall Gardens", Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth's England (London: Victoria and Albert Museum) 1984:75-81.

Other websites

Poems about Vauxhall Gardens
Details on Vauxhall Gardens by the Vauxhall Society
Website on Vauxhall Gardens from David Coke, FSA, expert on the gardens
The Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens Detailed History from vauxhallandkennington.org.uk
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
 

London Borough of Lambeth
Botanical gardens in the United Kingdom
Vladimir Ashkenazy (born  6 July 1937) is a Russian pianist and conductor. He became world famous as a pianist.  During the last two decades he has become equally famous as a conductor, as well as performing and recording as a pianist.

Early life 
Ashkenazy was born in Gorky, Russia.  His father was an Ashkenazi Jew, his mother was Russian.  Although his father was a pianist he never had lessons from him.  He began playing the piano when he was six.  He soon showed enormous talent and two years later went to the Central Music School in Gorki.  He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory.  He won second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1955 and the first prize in the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Brussels in 1956. He shared the first prize in the 1962 International Tchaikovsky Competition with British pianist John Ogdon.

Pianistic career
Vladimir Ashkenazy has had an extremely successful career as a pianist.  He became famous for his playing of Romantic music and music by Russian composers.  He recorded a very large amount of music including the 24 Preludes and Fugues of Dmitri Shostakovich, Alexander Scriabin's piano sonatas, Rachmaninoff's, Frédéric Chopin's and Robert Schumann's complete piano works, Beethoven's piano sonatas, and the piano concertos of Mozart (conducting from the keyboard with the Philharmonia Orchestra).  He recorded concertos with many of the world's most famous orchestras.  He still records and performs all over the world, often playing piano concertos and conducting from the piano keyboard.

Conducting career

In the late 1980s he started to become known as a conductor.  He was principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1987 to 1994, and of the Czech Philharmonic from 1998 to 2003. He became conductor (musical director) of the NHK Symphony Orchestra in 2004.  He toured with them in 2005, taking them to Vienna for their first concert in the famous concert hall called the Musikverein.  In 2006 he took them to Seoul and then to the United States where they played in many cities including San Francisco, Los Angeles (Walt Disney Concert Hall), Boston and New York City (Carnegie Hall). He also played with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Stresa (Italy) in 2010.  
 
Ashkenazy is now also conductor laureate of the Philharmonia, conductor laureate of the Icelandic Symphony Orchestra, and music director of the European Union Youth Orchestra.  He is often invited as a guest conductor to work with other famous orchestras.

Ashkenazy has been awarded many honours and prizes for his performances and recordings.  He lives with his Icelandic wife in Switzerland.

Other websites
 

1937 births
Living people
Russian pianists
Russian conductors
The  Tate is the United Kingdom's national museum of British and Modern Art. It is a group of four art galleries in England: 
Tate Britain (opened in 1897 and renamed in 2000)
Tate Liverpool (1988), 
Tate St Ives (1993) 
Tate Modern (2000). 
There is a website, Tate Online (1998). It is  administered as a quango (a non-departmental public body).Tate is used as the name for the corporation which was started as The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery.

The gallery was started in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art. When its role was changed to include Modern Art it was renamed the Tate Gallery after Henry Tate. The Tate Gallery was first started in a building at Millbank, London on the Embankment. In 2000, the Tate Gallery split its collection into four museums: 
Tate Britain (in the original building) displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day; 
Tate Modern, also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and International Modern and Contemporary art from 1900 to the present day. 
Tate Liverpool, in Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale, and 
Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have a connection with the local area. All four museums share the Tate Collection. 

One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain.

Tate Online 
Tate Online is the Tate's web site. Since its launch in 1998, the site has had information on all four Tate galleries (Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern) in the same website. Tate Online helps visitors with get ready to visit the galleries, but is also a gallery as well. Other resources include information on all works in Tate's Collection of British and Modern International art, e-learning for all visitors, over 400 hours of webcasts, all articles from the magazine Tate Etc, and a series of Internet art works. BT has sponsored Tate Online since 2001.

How it is run 
The Tate gets money every year from the Department for Culture, Media & Sport. It is run by a board of trustees. Under the Charities Act 1993. the Tate is a tax-exempt charity. An entry fee is charged for all special collections, and there is a membership system to attract regular visitors.

Related pages
 Turner Prize

Other websites 

 Tate Online — 65,000 works from the Tate Collection online, information on Tate's exhibitions and events programmes, and online learning resources.
 TATE ETC. Magazine 
 Turner Worldwide - an ongoing online cataloguing of JMW Turner's work around the world.
 Turner Collection Online The online catalogue of Tate's collection of nearly 300 oil paintings and 30,000 works on paper by JMW Turner.
 Tate Gallery Records  Tate's own historical records.
 Tate Podcasts Audio and video podcasts from Tate.
 Tate in Space
 Turner Museum 

Art museums in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in England
Michael Tilson Thomas (born  December 21, 1944), is an American conductor, pianist and composer.  He is the conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.

Life

Tilson Thomas was born in Los Angeles, California.  His grandparents were well known actors of the Yiddish theatre.  Tilson Thomas studied at the University of Southern California.

After being assistant conductor at the Bayreuth Festival his first important opportunity came in 1969 when the conductor William Steinberg became unwell during a concert with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.  Tilson Thomas took over conducting the rest of the concert.   He stayed with the orchestra as assistant conductor until 1974, making several recordings with them.  He was conductor of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra from 1971 to 1979. During this time he conducted a series of Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic. From 1981 to 1985 he was the main guest conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. Tilson Thomas started a new orchestra, the New World Symphony, in Miami, Florida in 1987, to give talented young people a chance to play with a good orchestra.  From 1988 to 1995, he was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, and since 1995 he has been their main guest conductor. In 1995, he became conductor (music director) of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.

Tilson Thomas has conducted many styles of music, especially American music such as that of Charles Ives and Aaron Copland. He also recorded all nine symphonies of Gustav Mahler.

In 2009 Tilson Thomas created the YouTube Symphony Orchestra to give a concert that could be watched on YouTube.  The orchestra was made up of young players from 30 different countries.

Tilson Thomas is openly gay.

References

Other websites
Michael Tilson Thomas official website

1944 births
Living people
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
American conductors
American Jews
LGBT people from California
American pianists
Gay men
Grammy Award winners
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Esa-Pekka Salonen (born 30 June 1958) is a Finnish conductor and composer. He is conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Philharmonia Orchestra in London. He and his family live in Los Angeles, California.

Life
Salonen was born in Helsinki, Finland. He studied at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, learning the French horn, composition and conducting. Later he studied composition with several composers including Einojuhani Rautavaara.

He started conducting in 1979 with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, mainly in order to conduct his own compositions. In 1983 he was asked at short notice to conduct the Philharmonia Orchestra when Michael Tilson-Thomas was ill. This concert made him well known as a conductor.

Salonen was principal conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1984 to 1995.

He first conducted in the United States in 1984 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic. In 1989 he became Principal Guest Conductor of the orchestra and soon became music director. He has had this title ever since.

In 1992 he took the orchestra to the Salzburg Festival where they gave concert performances and well as playing in the opera house for the opera Saint-François d'Assise by Olivier Messiaen. They toured throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia, and performed at the Lucerne Festival in Switzerland, the BBC Proms in London, in Cologne for a festival of Salonen's own compositions, and in 1996 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris for a Stravinsky festival conducted by Salonen and Pierre Boulez. The orchestra sounded very good in the Paris concert hall, and it made people realize that they needed a better concert hall in Los Angeles. Soon the Walt Disney Concert Hall was built there.

In 2008 Salonen became the main conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra. He will leave his job with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 2009. He wants to have more time to compose.

Salonen married Jane Price who used to play with the Philharmonia Orchestra. They have three children.

Other websites
 Esa-Pekka Salonen - Official Website 

1958 births
21st-century composers
Finnish composers
Conductors
Living people
Musicians from Helsinki