cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan (born 8 May 1947) is a Scottish football club chairman and a Labour Party politician.  He was the Member of Parliament for the Scottish  constituency of Airdrie and Shotts in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for the Motherwell North constituency. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in the 1997 election he was elected to the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill. After more boundary changes in 2005 he was elected to the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts.

He is the former Home Secretary. 

Reid did not stand in the 2010 election, and was made a life peer instead.

He is Chairman of Celtic Football Club in Glasgow.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

References

1947 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Mount Rinjani or Gunung Rinjani is an active volcano on Lombok, Indonesia. It is  high, making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia. It last erupted in 2009.

Lombok
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Mataram is a city on the west side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It is the capital and largest city of West Nusa Tenggara province, and has a population of around 342,896 people as of the year 2005.

Other websites
 http://www.mataramkota.go.id/ 

Lombok
Cities in Indonesia
West Nusa Tenggara
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 23, 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the Indonesia's first female President, and leader born after independence. On September 20, 2004, she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election. She was also the country's vice president from 21 October 1999 to 23 July 2001. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.

Early life

Megawati was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and her mother is Fatmawati, one of Sukarno's nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace, one of Indonesia's presidential palace. She used to dance for her father's guests and had a hobby of gardening. Megawati was 19 when her father gave up his power in 1966 and was taken over by a government which was later led by President Suharto.

Megawati studied agriculture at Padjadjaran University in Bandung but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his loss of power. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out two years later.

References

|-

1947 births
Living people
Muslims
Presidents of Indonesia
Vice-Presidents of Indonesia
The Kingdom of Kerma was a state in Nubia from around 2500 BC to about 1520 BC.  It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and was a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt.  It had a distinct civilization (for example very fine and original ceramics have been found).

The site of Kerma includes both an extensive town and a cemetery consisting of large tumuli.  Because one can find there much examples of Nubian culture and burial practices at the site, scholars think that the Egyptian statues and other Egyptian objects found at Kerma arrived through trade.

In 2003, a Swiss archaeological team working in northern Sudan uncovered one of the most remarkable Egyptological finds in recent years. At the site known as Kerma, near the third cataract of the Nile, archaeologist Charles Bonnet and his team discovered a ditch within a temple from the ancient city of Pnoubs, which contained seven monumental black granite statues. Magnificently sculpted, and in an excellent state of preservation, they portrayed five pharaonic rulers, including Taharqa and Tanoutamon, the last two pharaohs of the 'Nubian' Dynasty, when Egypt was ruled by kings from the lands of modern-day Sudan. For over half a century, the Nubian pharaohs governed a combined kingdom of Egypt and Nubia, with an empire stretching from the Delta to the upper reaches of the Nile.

Footnotes

References
 Bonnet, Charles, et al. The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile, AUC Press (February 22, 2007) -   
 Bonnet, Charles, et al., 2005, Des Pharaohs venus d'Afrique : La cachette de Kerma. Citadelles & Mazenod.
 Bonnet, Charles, 1986,  Kerma, Territoire et Métropole, Institut Français d’Archaéologie Orientale du Caire.
 Kendall, Timothy 1997.  Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush.  National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Inst. Washington D.C.

History of Africa
Ancient Egypt
Alistair Maclean Darling (born November 28, 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 2007 to May 2010 and also held several posts in Tony Blair's government. He is the Member of Parliament for Edinburgh South West.

Alistair Darling was born in London. He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. His government posts under Tony Blair include: Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1997-1998), Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (1998-2002), Transport Secretary (2002-2006), Scottish Secretary (2003-2006) and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (2006-2007).

References

1953 births
Living people
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
The moa were large flightless birds. They lived only in New Zealand, and are now all extinct.

There were nine species (in six genera) of Moa. The largest and best known were the genus Dinornis, which grew up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) tall, and weighed as much as 230 kilograms (510 pounds). 

The group of birds to which the moa belong had been in existence since the Cretaceous period. The Māori people arrived in New Zealand from Oceania about a thousand years ago. Then, moas lived in large numbers, especially on South Island. Archaeological sites with evidence of moa hunting are all over New Zealand. The moas became extinct about five hundred years ago. The moas had survived being hunted by Haast's eagle. However, they could not survive being hunted for food by the Maoris.

Recent extinctions (also mostly birds) have been caused by habitat change and introduced species.

Large birds 
 Cassowary
 Elephant bird 
 Aepyornis 
 Terror birds 
 Phorusrhacos
 Brontornis
 Dromornis
 Gastornis (Diatryma)

References 

Birds of New Zealand
Ratites
Extinct species
Flightless birds
Struthioniformes
Megafauna
Malacology is the study of molluscs. These animals include snails, slugs, octopus, squid, and bivalves generally, such as clams and mussels. Most of them have shells. The shells are often collected for their beauty and interest. Many people eat molluscs, especially those people who live near the ocean.

Those scientists who study molluscs are called malacologists. They identify and classify them, and find out everything they can about their lives.

Types

Types of gastropods 
The gastropods are the most common type of mollusc. They have about 70,000 described species.
 marine gastropod
 sea snail
 sea slug
 non-marine gastropod
 freshwater gastropod: with very few exceptions, the only freshwater molluscs are freshwater snails
 freshwater snail
 terrestrial gastropod: gastropods are the only group of molluscs which have some species living on land
 land snail
 land slug
 semi-slug

Types of bivalves 
With 20,000 described species, bivalves are the second commonest class of molluscs. There are several classifications of bivalves in use. This is a rough guide:
Pteromorphia including the
File shells
Mussels
Oysters
Pearl oysters and pen shells
Heterodonta
Soft-shelled clams
Shipworms (Turedo)
Hard-shelled clams, cockles and razor shells

Malacologists

 Horace Burrington Baker (1889–1991)
 Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777-1850)
 Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1749-1798) 
 William J. Clench (1897-1984)
 Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
 Gérard Paul Deshayes (1795-1875)
 John Edward Gray (1800-1875) 
 Otto Friedrich Müller (1730-1784) 
 Alcide d'Orbigny (1802-1857)
 Isabel Pérez Farfante (1916-2009)
 Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840)
 Lovell Augustus Reeve (1814-1865)
 María Isabel Scott Hylton (1889-1990)
James Sowerby (1757–1822)
 George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788-1854) 
 George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812-1884) 
 George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843-1921) 
 William John Swainson (1789-1855)

Museums 
Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of molluscs:

 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
 American Museum of Natural History
 Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum
 Cau del Cargol Shell Museum
 Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels: with a collection of more than 9 million shells (mainly from the collection of Philippe Dautzenberg)
 Smithsonian Institution

Some mollusks

References

Branches of zoology
Molluscs
Budíkov is a village in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 283 people live there and it has 6,64 km². Budíkov was first documented in 1226.

Villages in the Czech Republic
David Wright Miliband (born 15 July 1965) is a British politician who was the Foreign Secretary from June 2007 to May 2010 and a member of Tony Blair's cabinet. He was the Member of Parliament for South Shields in Tyne and Wear. He is the CEO of the International Rescue Committee.

David Miliband was born in London to Polish-Jewish parents and is an atheist. He was raised in Primrose Hill, London. He is the elder son of Marxist Ralph Miliband and Marion Kozak. He is the elder brother of Labour leader Ed Miliband. He was educated at the University of Oxford and was the head of the Number 10 Policy Unit from 1997-2001. He was first elected in the 2001 general election. After being part of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown's governments, Miliband was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership contest. Despite Miliband being favourite to win the contest, his brother Ed narrowly won the contest in September 2010. Miliband chose not to be a member of Ed's shadow cabinet.

References 

1965 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British atheists
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Jewish atheists
Jewish British politicians
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from the London Borough of Camden
Politicians from London
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
John Whitaker 'Jack' Straw (born 3 August 1946 in Buckhurst Hill, Essex, England) is a British politician. He held several Cabinet posts in the Labour government under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Blackburn.

Jack Straw became a Labour Party MP at the 1979 General Election for the constituency of Blackburn. He was promoted to the shadow cabinet in 1987 and became the Home Secretary when Labour returned to power in 1997.  His other cabinet posts included: Foreign Secretary (2001-2006), Leader of the House of Commons (2006-2007) and Justice Secretary (2007-2010). He did not choose to become a member of Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet.

Personal life
Straw's first marriage, in 1968, to teacher Anthea Weston ended in divorce in 1977. They had a daughter, Rachel, born on 24 February 1976. She died after five days because of a heart defect.

On 10 November 1978 he married Alice Perkins, a senior civil servant. They have two adult children, William and Charlotte.

He supports his local football club Blackburn Rovers. He was made an Honorary Vice President of Blackburn Rovers in 1998 by Jack Walker.

Straw has tinnitus.

References

1946 births
Living people
English Anglicans
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Lord Chancellors
Politicians from Essex
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Jacqueline Jill "Jacqui" Smith (born 3 November 1962) is an English politician. She was the first female Home Secretary of the United Kingdom. She was born in Malvern, Worcestershire. She was the Member of Parliament for the Redditch constituency. She was first elected in the 1997 general election. She lost her seat at the 2010 General Election.

She is a member of the Labour Party.

Personal life
Smith married Richard Timney (born 1963 in Ealing, London) in October 1987 in Malvern, Worcestershire. They have two sons. 

In December 2008, it was discovered that Timney wrote a series of letters praising the work of Smith. These letters were sent to newspapers. He did not say that he was her husband and managing her constituency office.

In June 2008 the Independent newspaper reported that she was a season-ticket holder at Aston Villa Football Club.

References

1962 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Worcestershire
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
BBC 100 Women
Desmond "Des" Henry Browne, Baron Browne  (born March 22, 1952) is a Scottish politician and was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Scotland. He was first elected in the 1997 general election, and was the Member of Parliament for the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency in the United Kingdom until 2010, when he was created a Life Peer 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1952 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Alan Arthur Johnson (born 17 May 1950) is an English politician and former Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was born and raised in London. He has been the Member of Parliament for the Hull West and Hessle constituency in the East Riding of Yorkshire since the 1997 general election.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

Johnson has been married twice. His first marriage was to Judith Elizabeth Cox. They had one son and two daughters. After his divorce he married Laura Jane Patient in 1991. They had a son, born in 2000.

References

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1950 births
Living people
Douglas Garven Alexander (born October 26, 1967) is a Scottish politician.  Before  the 2010 General election he was Secretary of State for International Development, afterwards he became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development and is now Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He is the Member of Parliament for the Paisley and Renfrewshire South constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in 1997 in a by-election. 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1967 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
John Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness (born 6 May 1955) is an English politician. He is a member of the Labour Party.

He was the Member of Parliament for the Barrow and Furness constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election, and retired in 2010. In March 2011 he published a report on public sector pension reform.

The report states that radical reform to the pension plans of six million public sector workers still leave them with "hugely generous" settlements. The retirement crisis has been caused by the scrapping of gold-plated final salary pension schemes for private sector workers coinciding with low interest rates and a lacklustre stock market. House prices have also fallen. "Future pensioners are likely to be confronted by a crisis of expectations and a squeeze in income", the report warns.

References

1955 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
United Kingdom Life Peers
Harriet Ruth Harman (born 30 July 1950) is a British politician who was the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2015. She was born and raised in West London. She is the Member of Parliament for the Camberwell and Peckham constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. She was first elected for Peckham in a by-election in 1982.

Career
She has held cabinet posts in the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Following Brown's resignation as Labour leader on 11 May 2010, Harman was the acting leader of the Labour Party until Ed Miliband was elected on September 25, 2010. Until 2015 she was the Deputy Leader and ex-officio member of the Shadow Cabinet. She was also Shadow Deputy Prime Minister and Shadow Secretary of State for International Development.

On February 24 2014, Harman's was on Newsnight to say that she did not support the Paedophile Information Exchange.
Harman would not say sorry.

Personal life
Harman is a feminist. She married Jack Dromey in 1982. The couple have two sons and a daughter. Dromey died in 2022.

References

British feminists
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1950 births
Living people
James Mark Dakin Purnell (born March 2, 1970) was an English politician was Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2010. He was the Member of Parliament for the Stalybridge and Hyde constituency in the United Kingdom from the elected in the 2001 general election until he retired at the 2010 general election.  He is currently the Head of the Open Left project at the left leaning think tank Demos

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1970 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Paul Peter Murphy, KCMCO, KSG  (born November 25, 1948) is a Welsh politician and held several cabinet posts, including Secretary of State for Wales. He is the Member of Parliament for the Torfaen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election. 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1948 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Ruth Maria Kelly (born May 9, 1968) is now an economist working for the HSBC Bank. She was a British politician and had been a Cabinet Minister. 

She was the Member of Parliament for the Bolton West constituency in the United Kingdom from the 1997 general election to the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.

1968 births
Living people

Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Hazel Anne Blears (born May 14, 1956) is an English politician.   and is the Member of Parliament for the Salford and Eccles constituency. She was first elected in the 1997 general election as member for the Salford constituency.  

She held several government posts under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, including Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, up until the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.

1956 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Geoffrey William Hoon (born 6 December 1953) is an English politician and held several government posts. He was born in Derby. He was the Member of Parliament for the Ashfield constituency in the United Kingdom from his first elected in the 1992 general election until he retired in 2010.

Hoon is a member of the Labour Party.

1953 births
Living people
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Derby
Edward Michael "Ed" Balls (born 25 February 1967) is a British politician.  He was the shadow Home Secretary in Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet. He was born in Norwich, Norfolk and moved to Nottinghamshire during his childhood. He is the Labour Party and was theCo-operative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Morley and Outwood in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

He was first elected in the 2005 general election and held the post of Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families from June 2007 to May 2010. He was a candidate to become leader of the Labour Party in September 2010 and lost to Ed Miliband. Ed Balls lost his seat in the 2015 general election

References

1967 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Co-operative movement
Harvard University alumni
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Norwich
Politicians from Nottinghamshire
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Edward Samuel Miliband MP (born 24 December 1969) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Labour Party and of the Official Opposition. He is also the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Doncaster North, and is a former cabinet minister.

He was born in University College Hospital, Bloomsbury, London and raised in Primrose Hill. His parents were Polish-Jewish immigrants. He is the younger son of the Marxist thinker Ralph Miliband. At the London School of Economics, he obtained a Master's degree in Economics, and then became an advisor to Labour politicians such as Harriet Harman and Gordon Brown. At the 2005 general election, he was elected to be the MP for Doncaster North. His first job in government was as the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, which he took up on October 3, 2008 and remained as until Labour lost the 2010 General Election.

In September 2010, he defeated his brother David Miliband by a small number of votes to become leader of the Labour Party.

He resigned as leader in May 2015 after Labour lost to the Conservative Party in the 2015 General Election. Jeremy Corbyn replaced him.

References

1969 births
Living people
Jewish British politicians
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from the London Borough of Camden
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Andrew Murray Burnham (born 7 January 1970) is an English politician. He was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership election. As of 2012 Burnham was Shadow Secretary of State for Health within Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leigh constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election. 

Burnham was born in Old Roan, Aintree, Lancashire and raised in Culcheth, Warrington.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

On 5 May 2017, he was elected mayor of Greater Manchester.

References

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British socialists
British feminists
English Roman Catholics
People from Merseyside
People from Warrington
Politicians from Lancashire
1970 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Shaun Anthony Woodward (born 26 October 1958 in Bristol, England) is a British politician and is the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet. He is the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of St Helens South in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. 

He was first elected in the 1997 general election as the Conservative Party MP for the constituency of Witney but changed to Labour in 1999. At the 2001 General Election he was made the MP for the St Helens South constituency and was the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2007 to 2010. When Ed Miliband became Labour leader, Shaun Woodward was made the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 

1958 births
Living people
English politicians
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Bristol
Yvette Cooper (born 20 March 1969) is a British politician.

Cooper is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford constituency in the United Kingdom. She is a member of the Labour Party. Her husband, Ed Balls, represents the neighbouring constituency of Morley and Outwood.

She served in the Cabinet between 2008 and 2010 under Prime Minister Gordon Brown. She was Chief Secretary to the Treasury and then Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. After Labour lost the 2010 general election, Cooper was appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary, then in 2011 Shadow Home Secretary.

References

Other websites
Official site

1969 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Inverness
Scottish politicians
John Yorke Denham (born July 15, 1953) is an English politician. He is the Member of Parliament for the Southampton Itchen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election. 

He has held many ministerial posts, including

1995-1997 - Opposition Spokesman for Social Security
1997-1998 - Parliamentary under Secretary of State at the Department of Social Security
1998-1999 - Minister of State at the Department of Social Security
1999-2001 - Minister of State for Health Services
2001-2003 - Minister of State for Policing
2003-2007 - Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee
2007-2009 - Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills
2009-2010 - Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
2010–present - Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1953 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
The Toyota RAV4 is a small sized SUV made by Toyota. Toyota has made the RAV4 since 1994, but has sold it in America since 1996. The RAV4 is sold in a 4-door with an optional V6 engine, the RAV4 is more of a car-like SUV than a truck sized one. The RAV4 EV was an electric version sold in California from 1996 to 2003. The RAV4 shares competition with the similar Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester, and Ford Escape. RAV4 stands for Recreational Active Vehicle with 4-wheel-drive but RAV4s may just come with 2-wheel drive. 

1990s automobiles

2000s automobiles

2010s automobiles

2020s automobiles

RAV4
A sacred site is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion. Every one of the world's major religions has sacred sites. Some religions, such as Islam, think of the sacred sites as being very important to their faith. In other religions such as Protestant Christianity, sacred sites are not so important.

The idea that a place is sacred often comes from something that has happened at the place, or a religious story about that place. Mount Sinai is a sacred site for Jews and Christians because it was on Mount Sinai that Moses received the Ten Commandments of God.

The sacred site might be a natural site, or it might be a building of some sort. One of the most famous natural sites that is also a sacred site is Uluru (also called Ayre's Rock) in Central Australia. It is believed to have been sacred to the aboriginal people for about 40,000 years. Other famous natural sites are the sacred trees of India, Japan and South East Asia.

Very often, buildings have been made on natural sites that were already thought of as sacred. For example, a spring of water coming from the ground might be said to have healing powers. A special well-house might be built around the spring to protect it, and as a place where people might leave offerings (gifts to a god).

Other sites are thought of as sacred because a holy person or saint lived there, or died there, or their body is kept there. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is one of the most sacred sites to Christianity because it is believed that Jesus' body was placed in a tomb there. The city of Mecca is sacred to all Muslim people as the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad.

Pilgrimage 
Many people make a special visit to a sacred site. This is called a pilgrimage. A person who travels on pilgrimage is called a "pilgrim". Pilgrimage is very important in Islam, because every Muslim person is expected to make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca once in their lifetime, if they can possibly do so.

Many Christians also make pilgrimages to sacred sites. Pilgrimage became very important in the Middle Ages when thousands of people travelled to many sacred sites, particularly to Jerusalem, to the famous Christian basilicas of Rome, to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain and Canterbury Cathedral in England. In modern times, sacred sites of Christian pilgrimage include Assisi in Italy, Lourdes in France, Fatima in Portugal and the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City.

In Buddhism, the sacred sites are four places in India where Buddha lived and preached. These are Kapilavastu, Bodh Gaya, Benares and Kusinagara.

Gallery

Related pages
 Religion 
 Pilgrimage 
 Basilica 
 Church 
 Cathedral 
 Mosque 
 Shrine
 Synagogue

Religious places
Basil II (958 – December 15, 1025), was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty from January 10, 976 to December 15, 1025. Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height since Justinian the Great. Under his reign, the First Bulgarian Empire was completely taken by him, a land that would be part of his empire for 150 years. Because of this, the northern part of the Roman Empire touched the Danube river for the first time in several hundred years. He also took land towards the east.

Bibliography 
 (primary source) Michael Psellus, Chronographia
 The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991

References

Other websites 

 Basil II

Byzantine Emperors
The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt (Turkish: Malazgirt Sav) was fought between the Byzantine Empire and then Seljuq Empire. The Seljuq forces attacked on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert, (modern Malazgirt, Turkey). Its result was one of the most decisive defeats of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. The Battle of Manzikert played an important role in breaking the Byzantine resistance and preparing the way for the Turkish settlement in Anatolia.

References

Other websites
 Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure?  By Paul Markham
 Debacle at Manzikert, 1071: Prelude to the Crusades , by Brian T. Carey (Issue 5 - January 2004)

Byzantine Empire
Manzikert
1071
August events
Red Square (, ) is the most famous city square in Moscow, Russia. The square separates the Kremlin, the former royal citadel and currently the official residence of the President of Russia, from a historic merchant quarter known as Kitay-gorod (China-Town). As major streets of Moscow radiate from here in all directions, being promoted to major highways outside the city, the Red Square is often considered the central square of Moscow and of all Russia.

Red Square and the Kremlin are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Joseph Stalin's body was preserved near Red Square, in Lenin's mausoleum. It was later moved and reburied deep behind the Kremlin Wall without any ceremony.

Red Square is a popular tourist attraction in Russia.

Other websites 

 Red Square in Moscow, the most important place in the country's largest. - Thewotme Travel Blog
 Moscow-Life: A guide to Moscow's Red Square
 3D model of Red Square 
 Visiting Red Square  – Useful information for visitors to Red Square and the Kremlin
Red Square and surrounding area time-lapse video

Moscow
World Heritage Sites in Russia
National squares
George I (George Louis) was the ruler of Hanover in North Germany and later also the King of Great Britain and Ireland.

Family 

George was born in Osnabrück, Germany, on 28 May 1660. He lived most of his life in the Electorate of Hanover, one of the many German countries that was part of the Holy Roman Empire. This area is today part of Germany. He married his cousin Sophia Dorothea (the daughter of his father's brother George William) in 1682.

On 10 November 1683, their first child and only son, George Augustus, was born. When George Louis was King of Great Britain, George Augustus was the Prince of Wales. When the father died, the son became king, as George II.

On 16 March 1687, their second child and only daughter was born. She was called Sophia Dorothea, after her mother. She later married and became the Queen in Prussia. Because she was married, she did not live in Britain with her father, but in Prussia with her husband.

George and his wife drifted apart, because he preferred his mistress Melusine, with whom he had three daughters, Anna, Melusine and Margaret. Meanwhile, his wife was having an affair with Count Philip Christopher of Königsmarck, who was found dead in a river, rumoured to have been murdered on George's orders.

The marriage was ended in 1694, on the grounds that Sophia Dorothea had effectively abandoned George. Sophia Dorothea's father, George William, and George Louis, had Sophia Dorothea imprisoned in Ahlden Castle in Celle, where she was unable to see her father, former husband, or children.

In 1698, his father died and George became the ruler ("Prince-elector") of Hanover.

King of Great Britain 
When Queen Anne of Great Britain died in 1714, an act of parliament said the next ruler must be a Protestant. George was not the closest relative, but was the closest Protestant one. All the closer relatives were Roman Catholic, so George became King of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 August 1714. He was the first ruler of Great Britain from his family, the House of Hanover.

Many of the British people did not like the new king. It is often said that he could not actually speak English. This may have been true at first, but he sometimes wrote in English later in his reign. George spent less time running the country than previous monarchs and allowed Parliament to have a bigger role. Later on, he left Robert Walpole in charge of running the country. Walpole became the first British prime minister, although the word "prime minister" was not used at the time.

He died while travelling from England to Hanover on 11 June 1727.

1660 births
1727 deaths
Kings and Queens of Great Britain
People from Osnabrück
The Leader of the Opposition (sometimes known as the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons) in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. The Leader of the Opposition is normally the leader of the second largest party in the House of Commons.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Keir Starmer, the leader of the Labour Party.

References 

 
Opposition leaders
David Michael Davis (born 23 December 1948) is an English politician.  He is a member of the Conservative Party.  In July 2016, Davis became the first Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union under the Theresa May cabinet.

Davis was born in York and raised in south London.

He was the Shadow Home Secretary from 2003 - 2008.  He is the Member of Parliament for the Haltemprice and Howden constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election for the Boothferry constituency.

On 12 June 2008, Davis said he was going to resign as an MP, and was immediately replaced as Shadow Home Secretary.  This was intended to force a by-election in his seat, for which he intended to seek re-election by mounting a specific campaign designed to provoke wider public debate about the erosion of civil liberties in the United Kingdom.  Following his formal resignation as an MP on 18 June 2008, he officially became the Conservative candidate in the resulting by-election and won it on 10 July 2008.

In 2017, Davis proposed a new treaty between UK and EU to fight crime and terror, after series of terrorist incidents in UK.  In September 2017, he stated that UK was to remain as the part of Europol.  However, EU is said to have refused to discuss Europol, which exchanges crime and counter-terrorism information and intelligence, until it judges that "sufficient progress" has been been on the financial settlement, Ireland and citizen's rights after Brexit. 

On 8 July 2018 Davis resigned as Brexit Secretary.

References 

1948 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Libertarians
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from York
Politicians from Yorkshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
William Jefferson Hague, Baron Hague of Richmond (pronounced HAIG; born 26 March 1961) is a British politician. He was Foreign Secretary and First Secretary of State. He was the leader of the Conservative Party from June 1997 to September 2001. He was the Member of Parliament for the Richmond (York) constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

William Hague was born in Rotherham in West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He first gained national attention when he spoke at the 1977 Conservative Party conference aged 16. He was educated at the University of Oxford. Hague first became a Member of Parliament at a by-election in 1989. In 1995, William Hague was made the Secretary of State for Wales until 1997 when the Conservatives lost the general election. He was elected as Conservative Party leader in 1997. Following the Conservative's defeat in the 2001 General Election, he resigned from the position and was succeeded by Iain Duncan Smith.

He went on to write biographies of William Pitt the Younger and William Wilberforce. In 2005, when David Cameron became the Conservative Party leader, Hague was made the Shadow Foreign Secretary and Secretary of State.

Hague became the Foreign Secretary after the 2010 election in the Conservative Liberal Democrat coalition government. Issues that he was involved in included the Arab Spring and Syrian Civil War as well as the crisis in Crimea. Hague thinks Syrian President Bashar al-Assad should be removed from power, and the Cameron government wanted to help the opposition with air strikes in 2013, but Parliament did not agree and the plans did not go forward. Hague did not run for reelection in the 2015 election and mostly retired from politics after that. He was made a member of the House of Lords as Baron Hague of Richmond, where he is a member today.

Awards
 The Spectator's "Parliamentarian of the Year Award" (1998)
 History Book of the Year in the 2005 British Book Awards, for William Pitt the Younger
 The Spectator's 'Speech of the Year Award' (2007)
 The Trustees Award at the 2008 Longman/History Today Awards
 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (2009)

References

1961 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English historians
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Politicians from Yorkshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Royal Society of Literature
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
George Gideon Oliver Osborne CH PC (born May 23, 1971) is a British politician. He was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2010 through 2016 in the David Cameron government. He is the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the Tatton constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.

George Osborne was born in Paddington, London, England and was educated at the University of Oxford. He became an MP in 2001 and entered the shadow cabinet in 2004. In 2005, Osborne was made the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by Michael Howard and held this post when David Cameron became leader of the Conservative Party. Osborne became Chancellor of the Exchequer on 11 May 2010 and has then has outlined £6.2 billion worth of cuts to help reduce the budget deficit. He left office on 13 July 2016 when Theresa May became Prime Minister. He was replaced by Philip Hammond. In April 2017 he said he would not stand in the 2017 general election. He was made a Companion of Honour in the 2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours.

Osborne is part of the old Anglo-Irish aristocracy, known in Ireland as the Ascendancy. He is the heir to the Osborne baronetcy (of Ballentaylor, in County Tipperary, and Ballylemon, in County Waterford).

References

1971 births
Living people
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Year 530 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 Dallán Forgaill, Christian Irish poet (approximate date)
 Venantius Fortunatus, Latin poet and bishop (approximate date)
 Xuan Di, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (d. 582)

Deaths 
Trojanus of Saintes
 Cador, king of Dumnonia (England)
 October 14 – Antipope Dioscorus
 Erzhu Rong, general of Northern Wei (b. 493) 
 September 22 – Pope Felix IV
 Xiao Baoyin, prince of Southern Qi (b. 487)
Celestus microblepharis are a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family.  It can only be found in Jamaica.

Anguids
Celestus is a genus of lizards.

Classification
Genus Celestus
Celestus agasepsoides
Celestus anelpistus
Celestus badius
Celestus barbouri
Celestus bivittatus
Celestus carraui
Celestus costatus
Celestus crusculus
Celestus curtissi
Celestus cyanochloris
Celestus darlingtoni
Celestus duquesneyi
Celestus enneagrammus
Celestus fowleri
Celestus haetianus
Celestus hewardi
Celestus hylaius
Celestus macrotus
Celestus marcanoi
Celestus microblepharis
Celestus montanus
Celestus occiduus
Celestus orobius
Celestus rozellae
Celestus scansorius
Celestus sepsoides
Celestus stenurus
Celestus warreni

Anguids
Celestus warreni (also known as the Warren's galliwasp or the giant Hispaniolan galliwasp) is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family.  It can be found in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests underneath leaf litter and underneath forest debris. Giant galliwasps are opportunistic predators that feed on insects, earthworms, small mammals, and other reptiles. 

It is threatened by habitat loss.

Anguids
Celestus duquesneyi (also known as the Duquesney's galliwasp or blue-tailed galliwasp) is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family.  It can only be found  in Jamaica.

Anguids
Celestus fowleri is a kind of lizard in the Anguidae family. It only lives in Jamaica.

Sources

Anguids
The Jamaica giant galliwasp (Celestus occiduus) was a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It was only found in Jamaica, and it is now extinct.

Anguids
Virginia Wynette Pugh (usually known as Tammy Wynette, May 5, 1942 – April 6, 1998), was an American country music singer. She was born in Mississippi.

The best-known of her songs is "Stand by Your Man". She had 17 number-one hits during her career.

She died of pulmonary thrombosis.

Personal life
Wynette was married 5 times. Her third husband was George Jones, also a singer of country music.

Discography
Singles
"Stand by Your Man" (1968)

Studio albums

Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad (1967)
 My Elusive Dreams  (1967)
Take Me to Your World / I Don't Wanna Play House (1968)
D-I-V-O-R-C-E (1968)
Stand by Your Man (1969)
Inspiration (1969)
The Ways to Love a Man (1970)
Tammy's Touch (1970)
The First Lady (1970)
Christmas with Tammy (1970)
We Sure Can Love Each Other (1971)
We Go Together  (1971)
Bedtime Story (1972)
Me and the First Lady  (1972)
My Man (1972)
We Love to Sing About Jesus  (1972)
Let's Build a World Together  (1973)
We're Gonna Hold On  (1973)
Another Lonely Song (1974)
Woman to Woman (1974)
George & Tammy & Tina  (1975)
I Still Believe in Fairy Tales (1975)
'Til I Can Make It on My Own (1976)
Golden Ring  (1976)
You and Me (1976)
Let's Get Together (1977)
One of a Kind (1977)
Womanhood (1978)
Just Tammy (1979)
Only Lonely Sometimes (1980)
Together Again  (1980)
You Brought Me Back (1981)
Soft Touch (1982)
Good Love & Heartbreak (1982)
Even the Strong Get Lonely (1983)
Sometimes When We Touch (1985)
Higher Ground (1987)
Next to You (1989)
Heart Over Mind (1990)
Honky Tonk Angels  (1993)
Without Walls (1994)
One  (1995)

Related pages

List of country musicians from Mississippi

Other websites 
Tammy Wynette official website

Country musicians from Mississippi
American guitarists
Deaths from pulmonary thrombosis
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Singers from Mississippi
1942 births
1998 deaths
Triciti (Polish Trójmiasto) is the unofficial name of an urban area with 3 cities: Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot in Pomeranian Voivodeship. Tricity is a big centre for tourism.

Cities in Poland
Kaliningrad Oblast (, Kaliningradskaya oblast) is an exclave of Russia bordered by Poland, Lithuania and Baltic Sea. The capital of Kaliningrad Oblast is Kaliningrad, formerly Königsberg.

It is quite unusual, first because it is not attached to Russia. It is an exclave on the Baltic coast, with no land connection to the rest of Russia. It has a population of 941,873 (2010 Census). It has a continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Its territory was part of historical East Prussia (German: Nord-Ostpreussen), which was an exclave of Germany from 1919 until 1945. That year, it was occupied by the Soviet Union as a result of the World War II. The region was later annexed to the Soviet Union under border changes of the Potsdam Agreement, when it was attached to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Most of its German population were fled west to West Germany during the last months of the war. The rest were expelled between 1944 and 1950. Russian settlers were moved in and the population is now mainly Russian. As of the 2010 census, only a small number of ethnic Germans remain; most of the several thousand who live in the oblast are recent immigrants from other parts of the former Soviet Union.

References

Other websites

Oblasts of Russia
A official Coat of Arms of Poland is the White Eagle with golden crown in its head on red shield.

The White Eagle came from a legend about Lech.

Polish culture
Poland
Christianization is when a country, nation or region changes their faith to Christianity. It can be started when a local ruler is baptized.

Christian terminology
Religious conversion
Culture
Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is an American actor, comedian, musician, screenwriter and movie producer. His family is Jewish and descends from Russian immigrants on both sides. He is best known for comedy movies, such as  Happy Gilmore, The Wedding Singer, Little Nicky, Spanglish, I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry, You Don't Mess with the Zohan and Uncut Gems. He also starred in a dramatic role for Reign Over Me.

Sandler was born in New York City and grew up in New Hampshire.

References

 Adam Sandler at Biography.com

Other websites
 

1966 births
Living people
Actors from New Hampshire
Actors from Brooklyn

American movie actors
Jewish American actors
Comedians from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New Hampshire
Singers from New Hampshire
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Brooklyn
Comedians from New Hampshire
Anguis is a member of legless lizards also known as slowworms or blindworms. belonging to the genus Anguidae. Even though they are lizards, slow worms have lost their legs and are usually mistaken for snakes.

Classification
Subfamily Anguinae
Genus Anguis
Anguis cephalonnicus - Peloponnese Slow Worm 
Anguis fragilis

Anguids