cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Willie Brown (August 6, 1900 – December 30, 1952) was an American guitarist and singer. He played with Charley Patton, Son House, and Robert Johnson.

Life

Birth 
Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.

Music 
He was known to be shy and only wanting to accompany other musicians rather than play lead guitar. Robert Johnson called him "my friend boy Willie Brown".

Brown is heard playing on the Paramount label sessions of 1930. He played M & O Blues and Future Blues. He also played songs with Son House and Charlie Patton. There are also rumours that he played with Luke Thomson and Thomas "Clubfoot" Coles. At least four other songs he recorded for Paramount have never been found.

Brown also played a song during the Great Depression for the Library of Congress called Make Me a Pallet on the Floor.

Possible songs 
A song called Rowdy blues was thought to have Brown playing on rhythm guitar since he played another song (Future Blues) on the same album (Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers).

Death 
He died of heart disease in Tunica, Mississippi at the age of 52.

Other websites
 "Cross Road Blues" lyrics

1900 births
1952 deaths
American blues musicians
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
A discount store is a type of department store, which sell products at prices lower than traditional retail outlets. Most discount department stores offer wide assortments of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, vape supplies or electrical appliances. Discount department stores are more popular in the United States than other countries.

Related pages
 Department store
 Supermarket
 Grocery store

Marketing
The Second Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש meaning 'Holy House') was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BC and 70 AD. It is  also known as Herod's Temple. During this time, it was the center of Jewish worship. The Romans destroyed Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4, 70 A.D.

Related pages
Western Wall

Other websites
About the Temple of Jerusalem
Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jewish Encyclopedia: Temple, The Second

Ancient Israel and Judah
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Temple Mount
The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (, transliterated Bet HaMikdash, which means literally "The Holy House") stood on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. According to classical Jewish belief, it was the "footstool" of God's presence in the physical world.  It was the place where Jews brought all the offerings described in the Torah.

The First Temple, also called Solomon's Temple, was built by King Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE and has been dated astronomically to 957 BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. This first Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. A new temple was built from 535 BCE to 516 BCE. That was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. All of the outer walls still stand, although the Temple itself has long since been destroyed.
 
The Islamic Dome of the Rock has stood on the site of the Temple since the late 7th Century CE. The al-Aqsa Mosque, from roughly the same period, also stands on the Temple courtyard.

Related pages
 Al-Aqsa Mosque
 Second Temple

References

Other websites
 About the Temple of Jerusalem
 visit of the Temple Institute Museum in Jerusalem conducted by Rav Israel Ariel 

Ancient Israel and Judah
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Judaism
Judaism in Israel
Mean Girls is a 2004 American teen comedy movie starring Lindsay Lohan.

Plot 

It's about a teenage girl, Cady Heron, who used to be home schooled in Africa but moves to the United States and has to go to a normal high school in Evanston, Illinois. On her first day at school, she hates it. She thinks it is a bit weird because she cannot go to the toilet when she wants, cannot write in green ink and has to stay in the same seat everytime she goes into a lesson. On the second day it becomes more successful as she makes new friends, Janice and Damian. When they skip a lesson, Janice and Damian give her a map of the school eating area. It is arranged into different sorts of people and their personalities. At lunch time Cady is on her way to sit with her new friends but is interrupted, then Regina, Gretchen and Karen ("The Plastics") ask her to sit with them and so she sits with them.

Soon, Cady joins the Plastics, and Janice devises a plan to shatter them.  Cady convinces Regina to eat these bars that will make her gain weight instead of lose weight.

However, Cady gets too much into the Plastics, and throws a party at her parents' house without their permission.  She tries to hook up with Regina's boyfriend, but he does not like her because she's just like a Plastic now.  Janice tells Cady that she's just one of the Plastics now.  Low grades in calculus class force Cady to rethink her plans.  She joins the decathlon team.

Cast
Lindsay Lohan as Cady Heron
Rachel McAdams as Regina George
Tina Fey as Ms. Sharon Norbury
Tim Meadows as Mr. Ron Duvall
Amy Poehler as Mrs. George
Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Heron
Lacey Chabert as Gretchen Wieners
Amanda Seyfried as Karen Smith
Lizzy Caplan as Janis Ian
Daniel Franzese as Damian
Neil Flynn as Mr. Heron
Jonathan Bennett as Aaron Samuels

Sequel
Mean Girls 2 was released in 2011 on DVD. None of the actors from Mean Girls were in it apart from Tim Meadows.

Other websites
 
 

2004 comedy movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American LGBT movies
American teen comedy movies
English-language movies
High school movies
LGBT comedy movies
Movies about bullying
Movies based on books
Movies set in Illinois
The French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Paris, France. The first competition was held in 1891.

The French Open is known for being the only Grand Slam played on a clay court. On a clay court the ball bounces much slower and higher than on hard or grass courts. This makes it more difficult to win the point and rallies (the number of shots in a point) usually last longer. Players that excel on clay courts are called clay-court specialists.

The tournament is played for two weeks. It starts in late May and finishes in early June.

Sometimes, the French Open is called the Roland Garros tournament. Roland Garros was a well-known aviator from World War I who had the main tennis court named after him.

The singles winners in 2016 were Novak Djokovic and Garbiñe Muguruza. The singles winners in 2015 were Stan Wawrinka and Serena Williams.

Records 
 Men - Rafael Nadal has won 9 times: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014.
 Women - Chris Evert won 7 times: 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1986.

Sources 

Grand Slam tennis tournaments
Paris
Sport in France
1891 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in France
Sami might mean:

Sami people, an ethnic group from Lapland
Sami language, the language spoken by the Sami people

Given name
Sami Al-Jaber, Saudi Arabian footballer
Sami Helenius, Finnish ice hockey player
Sami Hyypiä, Finnish footballer
Sami Khedira, German footballer
Sami Lepistö, Finnish ice hockey player
Sami Salo, Finnish ice hockey player
Sam Chatmon (January 10 1897 - February 2 1983), was a guitarist and singer.

Life and career 
Chatmon was born in Bolton, Mississippi.

Early life 
Chatmon had a very musical family, all of them lived in Mississippi. Two of Sam's brothers, fiddler Lonnie Chatmon and guitarist Bo Carter, performed with guitarist Walter Vinson as the Mississippi Sheiks. Chatmon himself was a member of the family's string band when he was young. He performed all the time for white audiences in the 1900s.

Music style 
The Chatmon band played:
 Ragtime
 Ballads
 Popular dance tunes.

Instruments played 
Chatmon played the banjo, mandolin, harmonica and the guitar. He played at parties and on street corners in Mississippi for money and tips. In the 1930s he recorded songs with his brothers.

Later life 
Chatmon moved to Hollandale, Mississippi in the early 1940s and worked on plantations in Hollandale. He started playing again in 1960, playing mostly blues music. In the same year, he recorded songs for Arhoolie Records. He went on tours in the 1960s and 1970s and played for many festivals such as the Festival of American Folklife in Washington, D.C. in 1972, the Mariposa Fest in Toronto in 1974, and the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1976.

Timeline
 1897 - Born in Bolton, Mississippi
 1900 - Played for white audiences
 1930 - Recorded with the Sheiks, Lonnie and the Chatman Brothers
 1940 - Moved to Hollandale, Mississippi, to work on plantations
 1960 - Rediscovered as a folk-blues artist, he also recorded for the Arhoolie Label
 1970 - Performed with Fingers Taylor on The Blues Caravan
 1972 - Played many of his largest and best-known folk festivals
 1974 - Played the Mariposa Fest in Toronto
 1976 - Played the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival
 1983 - Died

References

Other websites 
 Illustrated Sam Chatmon discography
 Sam Chatmon biography at the All Music Guide website

Blues musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
American guitarists
1879 births
1983 deaths
A medicine wheel is a stone structure built by the natives of North America for spiritual and ritual purposes.

They appear mostly in Alberta, Canada. They were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern. They often look like a wagon wheel laying flat.  They could be large, reaching up to 75 feet across.

Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American traditions. However, the meaning is usually not shared outside the tribe.

Other websites
What is a Medicine Wheel? 

Buildings and structures
Spirituality
Religious symbols
Moshi Moshi Records is a small London-based independent record label that has released music by the bands such as The Rakes, Bloc Party, Hot Chip, Hot Club De Paris, Kate Nash, Junkboy, Architecture in Helsinki, Tilly and the Wall, Yeti, and its newest release is from a group called Au Revoir Simone. Mates Of State is the Moshi Moshi's 50th release.

It is named after the Japanese telephone greeting "Moshi Moshi" ().

Artists
Alterkicks (band)
Architecture in Helsinki (band)
Au Revoir Simone (band)
Best Fwends (band)
Bloc Party (band)
Blue Foundation (band)
Break bot (band)
Dananananaykroyd (band)
Dntel (band)
Fans of Kate (band)
Foreign Born (band)
Friendly Fires (band)
The Grates (band)
Hot Chip (band)
Hot Club de Paris (band)
Ingo Star Cruiser (band)
J Xaverre (band)
Junk Boy (band)
Kate Nash
Late of the Pier (band)
Lo-Fi-Fnk (band)
The Mae Shi (band)
Mates of State (band)
Matt and Kim (band)
Matt Harding (band)
Metronomy (band)
New Rhodes (band)
Pedro v Kathryn Williams (band)
The Rakes (band)
Rat:att:agg (band)
Roland Shanks (band)
Slow Club (band)
Sukpatch (band)
Tilly and the Wall (band)
Unsound (band)
Yeti (band)
Zan Lyons (band)

Related pages
List of record labels
A side project of the Disco Biscuits

Other websites
Official Moshi Moshi Records web site

Independent record labels
Indie music record labels
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659.  Richard Cromwell's enemies called him Hickory Dick and Queen Dick.

Richard Cromwell was not suited to ruling the country.  He followed his father as ruler only because he was Oliver's oldest living son, and people expected one of Oliver's sons to follow him.  After a short time, he gave up power and he knew that many of the people wanted King Charles II to come back from Holland and rule the country.  When it was agreed that Charles would return, Richard thought it would be best for him to leave Britain, and he went to live in France for a while.  He changed his name to "John Clarke" and travelled around Europe, not returning home for twenty years.  When he came back, he lived quietly outside London for the rest of his life.

Stories about Richard 
The nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock" is actually about Richard Cromwell. One of Richard's nicknames was Hickory Dick. The mouse in the rhyme runs down when the clock strikes one and Cromwell only reigned for one year.

References

Other websites 
 BBC Bio of Richard Cromwell
 BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell 
 Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell 

 

1626 births
1712 deaths
English heads of state
Cipriano de Rore (born in Ronse, Flanders, 1515 or 1516; died  Parma, September 1565) was a composer who lived in the Renaissance period.  He was Flemish, but spent all his adult life in Italy.  The name de Rore is a proper Flemish name, not a name that has been changed to look Italian.  He was one of the most important composer of madrigals in the 16th century.

Life 
There is very little known about Rore's early life.  He was born in a small town called Ronse (Renaix) in what is now Belgium.  It is possible that he had music lessons in Antwerp.  We think that he was taken to Italy by Margaret of Parma in 1533 as one of her servants.  Margaret, who was an illegitimate daughter of Charles V, was very wealthy and she married into the Medici family.  Rore probably continued to learn about music in Italy.

In his music publications de Rore is called a “disciple” of Adrian Willaert.  We do not know whether this means that he had lessons from Willaert, or just that he learned to compose by studying Willaert’s music.  His first book of madrigals was published in 1542, and then two books of motets were published.

In 1546 Rore went to Ferrara, where he was maestro di cappella (choirmaster) He wrote a great deal of music in Ferrara.  He worked for the Duke Ercole II d'Este.  He composed masses, motets, chansons, and lots of madrigals, some of which were about things that happened in the court at Ferrara.  The duke awarded him an important honour.  Rore also wrote music for Albrecht V of Bavaria who lived in Munich.

He left his job in Ferrara and went back to Flanders where he found his home town Ronse had been destroyed in a war.  He went back to Ferrara, but could not get his old job back.  After another visit to Flanders he returned to Italy and got a job in Parma, but the music in that town was not very good.  For a short time he had a very important job of
maestro di cappella at St. Mark's.  Adrian Willaert had just died.  However, Rore only kept this job for a year, returning to Parma in  1564 and dying there the next year.

Works and influence 
Rore is best known for his Italian madrigals, but he also wrote a lot of church music, including masses and motets.  He learned from studying the music of Josquin. His madrigals are based on the style of Willaert.  He enjoyed writing thick counterpoint and making the voices imitate one another a lot.  Most of the words he set were serious words, not lighthearted and amusing.  He often used chromaticism.  He developed his musical style a lot during his lifetime.  His music was very important in the development of the Italian madrigal, and it led the way to the madrigals of Monteverdi.

References
 Reese, Gustave. Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  
[*http://www.grovemusic.com/Groves Online]

1510s births
1565 deaths
Belgian composers
Franco-Flemish composers
People from East Flanders
Renaissance composers
Flemish is a language. It is a type of Dutch which is spoken by people in Belgium. It is the same as Dutch, but there are some typical words added. Dutch became the official language of the northern part of Belgium in 1938. 
The biggest difference from Dutch is the pronunciation.

Related pages 
Dutch language

References 

West Germanic languages
Languages of Europe
The 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations were a 24-hour mass protest in Yerevan, Armenian SSR on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. It is said that this event constitutes the first step in the struggle for the recognition of the 1915 genocide.

On April 24, 1965, for the first time for any such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, one million protesters held a 24-hour demonstration in front of the Opera House, and demanded that the Soviet Union government officially recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and build a memorial in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.

Many committed intellectuals, such as Silva Kaputikyan, had made impassioned pleas to the authorities in Moscow. The memorial, on Tsitsernakaberd hill, was completed in 1967.

Following the example of this high-profile demonstration, similar protests were made throughout the world, in whichever country the Armenian Diaspora exists. Since the day of the protests, Armenians to this day visit the memorial and make protests around the world to gain acceptance of the Armenian Genocide by Turkey.

Related pages
Armenian Genocide

References

Other websites 
Armenian Genocide time line
24th of April in Armenia

20th century in Armenia
Armenian Genocide
Yerevan
The Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) was a paramilitary organization. Its last attack occurred in 1985.

The Lisbon Five
5 Armenian gunmen  (known as "Lisbon Five") attacked the Turkish embassy in Lisbon in 27 July, 1983. The first Armenian was killed by security guards at the start of the attack. The wife and the son of Osman Ozturk, the Turkish chargé d'affaires, and a Portuguese policeman also died in the assault, 4 people were injured.  Portugal's Interior Minister Eduardo Perella said the government received intelligence information "that Armenian groups might attack Wednesday and beefed up security at diplomatic missions". 
The Armenian Revolutionary Army claimed responsibility for attack.

In a message dropped in the mailbox of The Associated Press office in Lisbon, the group said: "We have decided to blow up this building and remain under the collapse. This is not suicide... but rather our sacrifice to the altar of freedom". The group said the attack had been carried out because "Turkey and its allies refused to acknowledge the genocide of Armenians".

References

 Armenians storm the embassy // "The Globe", 28/7/1983.
 Armenian Revolutionary Army at Tkb.org

Armenian Genocide
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Anti-Turkism
The US Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Queens, New York City in the USA. It is run by United States Tennis Association. The tournament has been played on three different surfaces:
 Grass (1881-1974)
 Har-Tru (a type of clay court, 1975-1977)
 Decoturf (a type of hard court, 1978-present)

The tournament was first played in 1881 for men, and 1887 for women. In 2006, the U.S. Open became the first Grand Slam to use Hawk-Eye. Hawk-Eye is a machine that can give a virtual replay of the shot that has just been played - this is useful for seeing if the ball was in or out. When a player does not agree with the umpire, they can ask to use Hawk-Eye. As of 2007, the other three Grand Slams use this machine too.

The US Open is the final Grand Slam of the year and is played over two weeks, in late August and early September.

Champions

Past champions 
Men's Singles
Women's Singles
Men's Doubles
Women's Doubles
Mixed Doubles
Singles Finals

Current champions

Records 
 Men - Jimmy Connors, Pete Sampras, and Roger Federer have won 5 times.
 Women - Chris Evert has won 6 times.

Other websites 
 US Open official site
 US Open - All winners and runners-up. Reference book

1881 establishments in the United States
Sports in New York City
 
1880s establishments in New York (state)
A mobile device is an electronic device which its user can easily carry with them. Typical examples are a mobile phone, PDA and handheld game consoles.  Mobile devices do not need an external power supply to work.  Usually, they have a battery to hold electricity to work without electric wires.  A user can change, send and move data by connecting to a modem or cable, or more often wirelessly. 

Uses for these devices include reading and writing e-mails, surfing in the internet and listening to music. Smartphones, tablets and similar complicated mobile devices can run computer programs including computer games, and have many of the functions of a desktop PC.

Examples of mobile devices 

 Palmtop
 PDA - Personal digital assistant
 Cell phone
 Pocket PC
 Smartphone
 Tablet computer
 Smartwatch
 Bluetooth headset

Categories 
Mobile devices can be classified by size and capabilities:
 With small, text-screen. May be used to write short messages. 20th century mobile phones were like this.
 With medium screen and runs mobile operating system. Examples: Smartphone, E-reader.
 With big screen and runs desktop operating system. Examples: laptops, some tablets.

Related pages 
 Mobile operating system
 Symbian OS
 Windows Mobile
 Android Mobile
 iOS Mobile

Communication
Computer hardware
Tor is a group of computer servers that keep users anonymous on the Internet. It works by moving data across many Tor servers, called "hops". The role of each server is to only move that data to another server.  With the final hop moving data to the end site. As a result, information transmitted in this way is hard to trace.

Tor is also the name that some people give to the web browser used to access the Tor server, the Tor Browser Bundle. The browser is actually a specific version of Mozilla Firefox that has been changed so that it is extremely safe and secure.

Operation
Tor is used to hide Internet users.  People who run the Tor network run a network of onion routers.  This makes the location of the user secret.  Services can also be hosted from "secret" locations using the Tor "Hidden services" feature. A hidden service is an anonymous website that search engines like Google don't know about, and it uses an Onion address as its URL. Onion addresses  are URLs that looks like 16 random letters and numbers and ends with .onion. People usually use the Tor browser to go to those sites.

Unlawful use 
The Tor network can be used for purposes that are against the law in some places. This can be criticizing leaders of state, P2P sharing of copyrighted files, moving child pornography., or buying and selling illegal drugs.

References

Other websites

 The Tor Project

Software
A damage deposit or security deposit is a sum of money that is paid when one  rents an item. It is paid to ensure the owner that it is returned in good condition. It is very common with rented accommodation. There it may also be called a tenancy deposit or in some places a tenancy bond. Damage deposits can be either be refundable or nonrefundable, depending on the terms of the transaction. 

The owner of the item (the landlord in the case of accommodation) will take a sum of money from the person(s) renting the item (the tenant). If the item is returned in good condition at the end of the tenancy the owner should return the deposit. If the item is returned with damage the cost of repairing that damage may be charged against the deposit, and part (or none) of the deposit will be returned.

Security deposits are not considered taxable income, and local laws often treat security deposits as trust funds. Security deposits that are used as final rent payments must be claimed as advance rent and are taxable when paid.

Other websites
 Tenants' information guide on deposits from Shelter 
 Tenants' information guide on deposits  aimed at students, but useful for most types of tenants.
 Tenancy Deposit Scheme for Regulated Agents  - a scheme aiming to aid fairness in tenancy deposits.

References 
Property

th:มัดจำ
Accommodation can mean:

Accommodation (in British usage) or accommodations (in American usage) is lodging in a house or similar living quarters for travellers in hotels or on cruise ships, or prisoners, etc.
 Accommodation (religion), a theological principle linked to divine revelation within the Christian church
 Accommodation (law), a term used in United States contract law
Accommodation Bill, a bill of exchange
 Accommodation (eye), the sense in ophthalmology
 Accommodation (physiology), changes in bodily function due to repeated exposure to drugs or toxins
 Accommodation (psychology), how existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences according to Jean Piaget (see also assimilation)
 Communication Accommodation Theory, how which people change their language behavior to be more or less similar to that of the people with whom they are interacting.
 Accommodation is a linguistics term meaning grammatical acceptance of unstated values as in Accommodation of presuppositions
 Biblical Accommodation is the adaptation of text from the Bible to signify ideas different from those originally expressed.
 Accommodation (education) are changes in the classroom to assist a learner with a disability
Lodging or holiday accommodation is a type of accommodation. People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging mainly for sleeping. Other purposes are safety, shelter from cold and rain, and to have a place to store luggage and being able to take a shower.

They do that in a hotel, hostel or hostal, a private home (for example, a bed and breakfast or guest house place), in a tent, or a caravan/camper (often on a campsite). 

Lodging may also refer to when cereal crops fall over, often due to wind or rain pressure, making grain harvest difficult.

Related pages
 Homelessness
 Hostel
 Tourism

Other websites
 Simply translated accommodation portal available in 14 languages: Residenzo
 The Lodging Wiki at Hospitality-411 
 World Lodging Guide
VEHICALL, a worldwide free service for holiday rentals

References 

Travel
The Most Serene Republic of Venice (, ), was an  Italian state where current Venice is now. It existed for one thousand one hundred years, from the late 7th century until the late 18th century (1797, when it was conquered by Napoleon). It was an important economic and trading power which was ruled by a leader called a doge.

Former city-states
7th-century establishments
1797 disestablishments
Venice
Establishments in Italy
Disestablishments in Italy
1790s disestablishments in Europe
Mindroling Monastery is one of the six major monasteries of the Nyingma school in Tibet. It was founded by Rigzin Terdak Lingpa in 1676. Tendrak Lingpa's lineage is known as the Nyo lineage. Mindroling in Tibetan means "Place of Perfect Freedom". It is near Lhasa on the south side of the Tsangpo river.

Mindroling was damaged in 1718 by the Dzungar Mongols from East Turkistan.
It was built again during the life of the Seventh Dalai Lama, Kelzang Gyatso (1708-1757).

Mindroling Monastery has a university. Nyingma scholars and yogis from all over Tibet studied there. The students studied Buddhist scriptures, astronomy, Tibetan lunar calendar, calligraphy, rhetoric, and Traditional Tibetan medicine. Monks studied thirteen major sutra and tantra texts of the Nyingma. They also learned from found teachings called terma. The head of the school was very important in Tibet. 

At the time of the 1959 revolt against Chinese Communist rule in Central Tibet, there were around 300 monks at Mindroling. In the years after 1959, the monastery again was damaged, but not as badly as other monasteries such as Ganden. Now, the monastery is still being rebuilt .

In 1965, His Eminence Khochhen Rinpoche and a small group of monks started a new Mindroling monastery located near the hill town of Dehra Dun in Uttarakhand state, India. It now contains Ngagyur Nyingma College, one of the largest Buddhist institutes in India.

Related pages
 List of Tibetan monasteries

Other websites 
Website of the new Mindroling Monastery in India 

Tibetan Buddhism
James "Jimmy" Cotton (July 1, 1935 – March 16, 2017), was an American blues harmonica player, singer, and songwriter. He was an orphan.

Career 
Cotton first became interested in playing music when he heard Sonny Boy Williamson on the radio. He left his home to find Sonny Boy Williamson, and when he found him (in West Helena, Arkansas), Williamson took him in and raised him. Blues singer Bobby Bland was his half-brother.

First band 
Cotton first began playing the blues harp in Williamson's band, called Howlin Wolf's. After one gig, Sonny Boy quit the band to live with his wife in Milwaukee. He left the band in Cotton's hands. Cotton said, "He just gave it to me. But I couldn't hold it together 'cause I was too young and crazy in those days an' everybody in the band was grown men, so much older than me."

Later career 
Cotton started working with the Muddy Waters Band in 1955. He performed songs like "I Got My Mojo Working" and "She's Nineteen Years Old". After leaving Muddy's band in 1966, Cotton toured with Janis Joplin. Alone, Cotton wrote classic songs like "Cotton Crop Blues", "Rocket 88" and "Hold Me In Your Arms".  He formed the James Cotton Blues Band in 1967. They performed all of Cotton's classics and more.

Death 
Cotton died at a medical center in Austin, Texas from pneumonia on March 16, 2017 at the age of 81.

Awards 
Cotton played harmonica on Muddy Water's Grammy Award winning 1977 album Hard Again. James Cotton's band would also get nominated for two Grammy Awards. The first one was for his 1984 release, Live From Chicago: Mr. Superharp Himself!. His second for Take Me Back.

Performances 
Cotton played with the following people:
 Big Mama Thornton
 Janis Joplin
 Sonny Boy Williamson
 Howlin' Wolf
 Muddy Waters
 Led Zeppelin
 Freddie King
 Steve Miller
 Santana
 B.B. King
 The Grateful Dead
 Willie "Big Eyes" Smith
 Johnny Winter
 Jimmie Vaughan
 Todd Rundgren

Albums 
 Chicago/The Blues/Today! vol. 2
 Take Me Back
 3 Harp Boogie
 Live from Chicago Mr. Superharp Himself High Compression 100% Cotton
 Live & On the Move
 Cut You Loose!
 Mighty Long Time
 Fire Down Under the Hill
 Baby, Don't You Tear My Cloths
 Deep in the Blues
 Living the Blues
 ''35th Anniversary Jam

References

Other websites 
 All Music Guide
 James Cotton discography from Music City 
 His official website
Review of Breakin' It Up Breakin' It Down CD 

Chicago blues musicians
Blues harp players
Singers from Mississippi
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
Disease-related deaths in Texas
Deaths from pneumonia
1935 births
2017 deaths
Vich is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

Economy
The Plainisphare record label is in Vich.

History
Vich once had a paleolithic village (which are about 2.5 million years old) on it. There are also clues that it was lived on during the Bronze Age. There is also a Roman paved road running through it from Nyon to Orbe.

Control 
Vich was controlled by many people. It belonged to the lords of Besançon to Cossonay,  Prangins and Savoy.

In 1536 the canton of Vaud was taken by the Bernese who kept it until 1798 when the canton was freed by the French revolutionary troops. In 1803, Vich joined the Swiss Confederation.

References

Other websites 

 Official website (French)
 Aerial photographs on swisscastle.ch

Municipalities of Vaud
Ludiano is a former municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Lugaggia was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined together and became the municipality of Capriasca.

References

Other websites 

 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Lugano (Latin language: Luganum) is a city of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Since 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the city. In 2008, they were followed by Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese. In 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla were incorporated into the city.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Lugano Tourism 
  Lugano Monte Brè

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Ticino
Lumino is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
The Pyramids of Egypt are among the largest structures ever built and are one of the most important examples of Ancient Egyptian civilisation. Most were built during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. 

The pyramid were mostly made of limestone. The top layers were casing blocks of especially good white limestone laid on top of the main blocks. Each casing block was then trimmed so that the outer surface of the pyramid would be smooth and white. Some capstones were covered with metal leaf.

The casing blocks from the Great Pyramid of Giza were all removed in the 14th and 15th  centuries A.D. and used to build the city of Cairo. Some casing blocks still remain on the top of the pyramid next to Khufu's (belonging to Khafra). 

The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of different sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.

Three small pyramids were built on the eastern side of the great pyramid. These pyramids were built for Khufu's queens.

A small satellite pyramid was built near the queens' pyramids. Some experts believe that this may have been built as a symbolic tomb for Khufu's ka (spirit).

Surrounding the pyramid there are several hundred mastaba tombs of nobles. The nobles wanted to be buried close to their pharaoh so that they would stay close to him in the next life.

Construction dates 
There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza in the Old Kingdom.  The best-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'.

The following table lays out the dates of construction of most of the major pyramids. Each pyramid is identified by the pharaoh who ordered it built, their approximate reign and its place.

Related pages
 Pyramid
 Giza Necropolis

References

Other websites 

 Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt - Aldokkan
 Pyramids of Egypt – Comprehensive site by an Egyptian archaeology enthusiast that includes spectacular photographs of dozens of pyramids.
 Ancient Authors – A site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet III's pyramid at el-Lahun by various ancient authors.
 Ancient Egyptian History - A comprehensive & consise educational website focusing on the basic and the advanced in all aspects of Ancient Egypt
 ANCIENT EGYPT - History & Chronology – A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Egypt and Nubia (Sudan).
 www.great-pyramid.info  –  Photographs and information on Egyptian pyramids.
 Pyramids of Giza colour satellite imagery  (Wikimapia - Google maps)
 Pyramids in relation with the Noble Quraan (Quran)
 diagram of an ancient pyramid from bbc.co.uk 
 Great Pyramid of Giza -Citizendium
 Pyramids of Egypt 
 Pyramids of Giza color satellite imagery 

Buildings and structures in Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Pyramids
Sir Andrew Barron Murray  (born 15 May 1987) is a British professional tennis player from Scotland, known as Andy Murray. He was ranked as the number one British tennis player from 2006 to early 2018. From 7 November 2016 to 20 August 2017 Murray was number 1 in the world rankings.

Murray represents Great Britain in his sporting activities and is a three-time Grand Slam tournament winner, two-time Olympic champion and Davis Cup champion.

Murray was born in Glasgow. His brother is tennis player Jamie Murray.

Career 
As a junior, Murray won the US Open and reached the semifinals of the French Open. Murray turned professional in 2005.

Murray was given a Wild Card to Wimbledon and the US Open in 2005, where he reached the third round to David Nalbandian at Wimbledon; and the second round at the US Open. Murray claimed his first title in 2006 at the SAP Open as he beat Lleyton Hewitt in the final. He has appeared in 11 Grand Slam finals, winning three. The first time was in the 2008 US Open. The second time was in the 2010 Australian Open. Both times he lost to Roger Federer. The third time was in the 2011 Australian Open, when he lost to Novak Djokovic. The fourth time was in the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, when he lost to Roger Federer again. Murray won a gold medal in the singles of the London 2012 Summer Olympics, beating Federer in straight sets. Murray won the US Open singles later in 2012, defeating Novak Djokovic. In 2013, Murray won the Wimbledon singles, beating Djokovic 6–4, 7–5, 6–4. In 2016, he won the Wimbledon singles again, beating Milos Raonic 6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2) in the final. In August 2016, he won the gold medal in the singles at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Grand Slam record 
This table shows Murray's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

References

1987 births
Living people
2008 Summer Olympics
British Olympic gold medalists
British Olympic silver medalists
British male tennis players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Glasgow
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
The Old Kingdom is the name for Egypt during the 3rd millennium BC when  the civilization of Egypt had its first peak. It was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom).

Old Kingdom was the best by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686 BC – 2134 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth  Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline that is called the First Intermediate Period by Egyptologists.

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was Memphis. During the Old Kingdom era the great pyramids were built to be burial tombs for the Pharaohs. Because Pharaohs were believed to be given authority from heaven, they wished to walk to Ra, their Sun-god, after death. King Zoser's adviser Inhotep designed the pyramid, hoping to easily reach Ra. The tombs were built on the west bank of the Nile where the sun seemed to set. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is sometimes called "The Age of the Pyramids."

Khufu, called Cheops, was the Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid at Giza, near Cairo. He believed his soul never died, so they stored food, clothes, and things he owned in the rooms of the pyramid. The Great Pyramid is one of the Seven Wonders of the World: tall as a forty-story building, it took a hundred thousand men twenty years to build. With only ramps and physical energy, they had to move and lift into place 2,300,000 blocks of limestone that were about two and one-half tons apiece. Slaves, farmers, and gangs of men had to work on the Great Pyramid, and were paid with valuable things, not coins (Egyptians had no coins).
To guard the pyramids, a huge stone statue called the Great Sphinx was created and placed nearby. The Great Sphinx has a man's head and a lion's body, with paws 50 ft (15 m) long.

At last, the priests overthrew the Pharaohs. Then the nobles and priests ruled.

Further reading 
Jaromir Malek, In the Shadow of the Pyramids: Egypt During the Old Kingdom, University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. 
Egyptian Art in the Age of the older set of Pyramids, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.  (catalogue for travelling exhibition of the same name)
 The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom

Other websites
 Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The Old Kingdom  – Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom of Egypt- Aldokkan

Ancient Egypt
Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom. It was an administrative centre throughout ancient history.

Its ancient Egyptian name was Ineb Hedj ("The White Walls"). The name "Memphis" () is the Greek  of the Egyptian name of the pyramid of Pepi I (6th dynasty), which was Men-nefer, and became Menfe in Coptic. The modern cities and towns of Mit Rahina, Dahshur, Saqqara, Abusir, Abu Gorab, and Zawyet el'Aryan, south of Cairo, all lie within the administrative borders of historical Memphis ().

Memphis was also known in Ancient Egypt as Ankh Tawy ("That which binds the Two Lands") because of the strategic position of the city between Upper and Lower Egypt.

The ruins of Memphis are 20 km (12 miles) south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile.

In the Bible, Memphis is called Moph or Noph.

References

Sources 
 Baines & Malek Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt, 2000.

Other websites 
On the Memphis Theology
Memphis site (Windows Live Local)

Cities in Egypt
Ancient Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Capital of Egypt
Archaeological sites in Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Egypt
A Nome (from , “district”) was an administrative part of ancient Egypt. Nome is a Greek name, used late in Egypt's history; the Egyptian name was "sepat".

The division of ancient Egypt into nomes happened before 3100 BC.  These nomes began as autonomous city-states, but later began to join together. According to ancient tradition, the ruler Menes finally joined all the nomes into a single kingdom.

The nomes remain in place for more than 3,000 years.

Lower Egypt, from the Old Kingdom capital Memphis to the Mediterranean Sea, had 20 nomes. The first was based around Memphis, Saqqara, and Giza, in the area occupied by modern-day Cairo.  The nomes were numbered in a more or less orderly fashion south to north through the Nile delta. The numbering started in the west, and continued with the higher numbers in the east. Alexandria was in the Third Nome; Bubastis was in the Eighteenth.

Upper Egypt was divided into 22 nomes.  The first of these was centered around Elephantine close to Egypt's border with Nubia at the First Cataract – the area of modern-day Aswan.  From there the numbering progressed downriver in an orderly fashion along the narrow fertile strip of land that was the Nile valley.  Waset (ancient Thebes or contemporary Luxor) was in the Fourth Nome, Amarna in the Fourteenth, and Meidum in the Twenty-First.

List of nomes 
The nomes are listed in separate tables for Upper and Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt

Upper Egypt

References
Alan K. Bowman (1990).  Egypt After the Pharaohs.  Oxford University Press.

Other websites
Details of the nomes
Archaeological survey of the nomes 

Ancient Egypt
The cataracts of the Nile are areas between Aswan and Khartoum where the water is shallow and flows quickly. The surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones that lie on the river bed, as well as many small rocky islets. This is called "rapids or "white water".

River cataracts often go with a rapid down-drop of the river. They block the waterway, since boats cannot safely carry cargo though.

The six first cataracts of the River Nile were the main obstacles for boats sailing on the Nile in antiquity. Counted upstream (from north to south), the First Cataract is in modern Egypt; the rest are in Sudan.

 The First Cataract is near Aswan 
 The Second Cataract (or Great Cataract) was in Nubia and is now submerged in Lake Nasser 
 The Third Cataract is around Tombos  / Hannek 
 The Fourth Cataract is in the Manasir Desert and will be flooded by the Merowe Dam from 2006 onward 
 The Fifth Cataract is near the confluence with the Atbara River 
 The Sixth Cataract is where the Nile cuts through the Sabaluka pluton near Bagrawiyah 

The word cataract comes from the Greek word Katarakhtes meaning "waterfall".

In ancient times, Upper Egypt extended from the Nile Delta to the first cataract. Further upstream, in what is modern Sudan, the land was later controlled by the Kingdom of Kush.

The cataract faces north, not south, because the river flows north, from Lake Victoria in the south.

The 1899 book The River War by Winston Churchill explains each of the cataracts.

References

Other websites
  The Cataract Nile and the Great Bend  -University of Texas

Photo links

 Second Cataract: Second Cataract Second Cataract
 Third Cataract: Third Cataract Third Cataract  Third Cataract 
 Fourth Cataract: Fourth Cataract
 Fifth Cataract: Fifth Cataract 
 Sixth Cataract: Fifth Cataract Fifth Cataract

Nile
Paul Dedrick Gray (April 8, 1972 – May 24, 2010)  was an American musician and bassist for Nu Metal band Slipknot. He was born in Los Angeles, California and moved to Slipknot's home town when he was just a baby.

He was the only member of Slipknot who was not from Des Moines, Iowa.

Death
On May 24, 2010, The Des Moines Register said that Gray had been found dead in a hotel room in the TownePalace Suites hotel in Urbandale, Iowa. 

An autopsy performed on June 21, 2010 showed that Gray died of an accidental overdose of morphine and fentanyl. It also showed that he had signs of a "significant heart disease".

His physician Daniel Baldi was charged with involuntary manslaughter in September 2011. Baldi was accused of continuing to write high-doses of prescription drugs for Gray even though it was known that Gray was a known drug addict. He was also charged with the deaths of seven others and pleaded not guilty when he faced charges.

References

1972 births
2010 deaths
American guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
Bassists
Drug-related accidental deaths
Musicians from Los Angeles
Island Records is a Jamaican-British record label that was founded by Chris Blackwell in Jamaica. It was based in England for many years, but is now owned by Universal Music Group of the United States, and is operated through The Island Def Jam Music Group.

Labels 
This list is probably incomplete, and some of the dates are uncertain.
 Al's Records (1996–1997)
 Aladdin Records (UK) (mid-1960s)
 Antilles Records (1972–1998)
 Apollo Recordings (2006–2007)
 Black Swan Records (1963-1965 and mid-1970s)
 Blue (1999–2001)
 Blunted (1993–1996)
 Brown Brigade (2003-present)
 Europa Recordings (2006–2007)
 Fallout Records (UK division)
 4th & Broadway (1982–1997)
 Gee Street Records (1990-1997)
 Great Jones (1988–1994)
 Island Black Music (1995–1998)
 Island Jamaica (1995–1996)
 Island Jamaica Jazz (1996)
 Island Masters (1980s–1990s; reissues)
 Island Reggae Greats (1985, compilation series; re-issued in several forms)
 Island Trading Company (importer; 1982–mid-1990s; still exists)
 Island Urban Music (2007)
 Island Visual Arts (1985)
 Manga Entertainment (1991-1997, moved to Chris Blackwell's Palm Pictures, then was sold to Starz Media)
 Mango Records (1972–1997)
 Mango Street (1989–1992)
 MonarC Entertainment (2002)
 Sense ("Sense of Island"; 1990–1991)
 Stiff Records (1984–1986 only)
 Sue Records (UK division)
 Surprise Records (mid-1970s)
 Trade 2 (1996–1997)
 Trojan Records (1967–1968 only)
 Tuff Gong (UK Division

Other websites 
 Island Records (U.K.) — official web site (UK)
 Island Records (U.S.) — official web site (US)
 Island Records label gallery at collectable-records.ru
 Island Book 1962–1977 — Just out! Island Records collectors guide - limited edition, numbered and signed
 Island Records Listing with picture sleeves and label design at collectable-records.ru
 Island Records (UK)  and Island Records (US)  sections of black-music-collectors.com
 Island Records (UK) and Island Records (US) sections of Discogs.com
 Island Records research — Island research wiki for Discogs.com

Jamaica
1959 establishments in North America
Record labels
Establishments in Jamaica