cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was Don Quijote de la Mancha. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".

Military history and captivity 

Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.<ref>'The Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy, 118</ref> 

In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.

By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds – two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of Don Quixote''). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.

References 

1547 births
1616 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from cirrhosis
Spanish writers
Pope Paul VI (; ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 263rd Pope from 1963 until his death in 1978. Paul was a spiritual leader and the head of the church bureaucracy.

Early life
Montini was born in Concesio. That is near Brescia in northern Italy.  His father was editor of a Roman Catholic newspaper.  He received degrees in civil and canon law, theology and philosophy.

Before the papacy
Montini was ordained and celebrated his first mass in 1920.  He worked in the Vatican diplomatic corps. During World War II, he was in charge of the Vatican's work for refugees and prisoners of war. He was made Archbishop of Milan in 1954. Pope John XXIII made Montini a cardinal in 1958.

Pope
Cardinal Montini was elected Pope in 1963. Pope Paul continued the Second Vatican Council which was begun by Pope John XXIII. His first encyclical is the only one in the Vatican archives which is in the handwriting of the pope who delivered it. Paul VI was known as the "pilgrim" pope for his numerous travels.  He was the first pope to fly in an airplane.  

In 1964, Paul was the first pope to travel from Rome to the Holy Land. He flew first to Amman in Jordan. Then he traveled by car to Jerusalem. In 1970, the pope visited Australia, the Phillipines, and Indonesia. In 1975, Paul declared 1975 to be a "jubilee" year with themes of renewal and reconciliation.

In 1978, Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome. Pope Paul VI made an offer to exchange his life for Moro's. The offer was not accepted. Moro was killed 55 days later.

Death
At the age of 80, Pope Paul VI died at Castel Gandolfo, Italy, from a heart attack.

Legacy
The Pope Paul VI Hall is the modern building in which mass papal audiences are held.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

More reading
Serafian, Michael. (1964). The Pilgrim. New York: Farrar, Straus. OCLC 386084?

Other websites

  Vatican webpage,  Paul VI biography
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul VI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Montini

1897 births
1978 deaths

Paul 06
Servants of God
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Lombardy
The Macao Special Administrative Region (Macau or Macao, ) is one of China's two Special Administrative Regions. (The other one is Hong Kong).  Macau is a small city in the southern coast in China. Like Hong Kong, Macau has a large amount of autonomy, with its own passport, currency, economic rules, and constitution.

It consists of Macau Peninsula (Aomen Bandao), Taipa Island (Dangzai Dao), Coloane Island (Luhuan Dao) and Cotai (Ludangcheng), the new reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane. It is very densely populated, with over half a million people living in just over 12 square miles.

Macao used to be a colony of Portugal. Although Portuguese is an official language alongside Chinese (as a result of it being a Portuguese colony in the past), very few Macanese actually speak Portuguese; only about 0.7% speak it at home. As a matter of fact, English is more commonly spoken, despite it not being an official language (about 2.3% speak it at home). Cantonese is the main dialect of Chinese spoken in Macau. However, Mandarin has also become more common since Portugal returned it to China in 1999.

Today, Macao mostly lives off of offshore gambling. In fact, Macau generated 7 times greater gambling revenue than Las Vegas in 2013.  People in Macau also make some money from exporting clothing.

As Macau was previously a Portuguese colony, you can easily find traces of how the Portuguese culture is presented in the city. One of them is itinerary for couples, who are intending to spend a day exploring Macau.

Economy of Macau
Macau’s economy relies on gambling. Eighty percent of the government’s revenue  is derived from gambling. The revenue generated by gambling  in 2019 was $36.5 billion, which is about 6 times larger than Las Vegas. Macau has 41 casinos including several  that belong to Wynn resorts and Sands.

Macau is the only part of China where gambling is legal. Many of the customers of casinos are wealthy Chinese.

Around 2020 Chinese new year  authorities closed down travel from China to Macau. Visits fell eighty percent. It is estimated by some observers that the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak will cost Macau between 5-15 percent of its gambling revenue.

References
Taipei City () is the capital city of the Republic of China, known by most people simply as Taiwan. It is the largest city in Taiwan. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). Its population in 2014 was about 2.7 million people. Its mayor is Ko Wen-je.

Taipei is the political, economic, educational, and cultural center of Taiwan island, and one of the major hubs of Greater China. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area. Railways, Taipei Metro, high-speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan. Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks which include Taipei 101, Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, Dalongdong Baoan Temple, Taipei Zoo, National Taiwan University, Hsing Tian Kong, Lungshan Temple of Manka, National Palace Museum, Presidential Office Building, Taipei Guest House, Ximending, and several night markets dispersing over the city. Its natural features such as Maokong, Yangmingshan, and hot springs are also well known to international visitors.

History

In 1626, Spanish people took over and started to spread their religion. The Dutch moved out Spanish and took over their fortresses than the Dutch started their trading business. In 1661 Koxinga came to Taiwan and expel the Dutch. And he started to reclaim Taiwan, used a system called Tuntian (a state-promoted method of agriculture), it successfully help Taipei to grow more food. Taipei officially became part of the Tianxing county of China.

In 1683 Taiwan got marked as part of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, a lot of Chinese moved into Taipei, so there were many villages and streets formed, like the Mengjia, Shilin Street, Xikou Street and Dadaocheng. Dadaocheng is a place that produces tea, it has an important impact on how Taipei became prosperous. It was the biggest external trade port that . Foreign countries started to set their business stores in Taipei.

Divisions
Taipei City is divided into 12 districts. Among the notable one is Tamsui.

Air quality 
When compared to other Asian cities, Taipei has "excellent" capabilities for managing air quality in the city. Its rainy climate, location near the coast, and strong environmental regulations have prevented air pollution from becoming a substantial health issue, at least compared to cities in southeast Asia and industrial China. However, smog is extremely common and there is poor visibility throughout the city after rain-less days.

Motor vehicle engine exhaust, particularly from motor scooters, is a source of air pollution in Taipei. There are higher levels of fine particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mornings because of less air movement; sunlight reduces some pollution.

Related pages
 List of counties of the Republic of China
 Kaohsiung (Second largest city in Taiwan)

References

Other websites 

 

 
1709 establishments
Establishments in Taiwan
1700s establishments in Asia
Upton Beall Sinclair (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was a writer of many works from the United States. His most famous book, The Jungle from 1906, was about the American meat-packing industry.

Upton Sinclair had socialist political opinions.  Most of Sinclair's books, including The Jungle, dealt with social injustice. He also wrote a book called Mental Radio where he claimed to have conducted telepathic experiments with his wife. 

He wrote many other books.  His book The Flivver King was about the Ford Motor Company.  The Flivver King was written at the time when workers at Ford factories were trying to start a labor union.  He wrote a series (many books in a row) with Lanny Budd as the main character.  There were eleven (11) Lanny Budd books.  The Lanny Budd books were about current events in the World at the time.

He later joined the Democratic Party and ran for governor of the state of California in 1934.  He wanted California to start new businesses which would be run by the state government.  This was to help people who were unemployed (did not have jobs) because of the Great Depression.  He lost the election.  

He retired in the town of Buckeye, Arizona.

Other websites

 Works by Upton Sinclair in audio format from LibriVox

 The Jungle Department of American Studies, University of Virginia
 The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest, Bartleby.com
Guide to the Upton Sinclair Collection , Lilly Library, Indiana University
 .
Upton Sinclair, "EPIC", Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
 .
 

writers from Maryland
1878 births
1968 deaths
19th-century American novelists
The Antarctic Treaty System is a set of agreements about the continent of Antarctica. It was signed in 1959 and took effect in 1961. So far, it has been signed by 46-48 countries.

The ATS is used for governing the continent. The main idea of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is to make sure that Antarctica is:
 is used peacefully and taken care of.
 is not exploited or used for animal hunting.
 is not involved with military use unless for peaceful purposes.
 is not owned by one group.
 is not ruled by any country and/or continent.
 is not used for violence e.g. testing nuclear missiles.

References

1950s treaties
Antarctica
Antarctic region
1959
1961
Kansas City is the biggest city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The Kansas River and Missouri River meet one another in Kansas City. The city has about 448,000 people, and the entire metropolitan area has about 2,000,000 people, some of whom live in the state of Kansas. Its mayor is Sly James. Some sports teams there are the Royals (baseball), the Chiefs (American football), and the Wizards (soccer). Kansas City is well known for some of its barbecue restaurants, and is also an important place for business.

References

 
County seats in Missouri
Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, is a way to change the look of HTML and XHTML web pages. CSS was designed by the W3C, and is supported well by most modern web browsers. The current version of CSS is CSS3. CSS4 is available, but is split into parts.

One advantage to using CSS is a web page can still be displayed, even if the CSS is not working or removed.

CSS code is saved in files with the .css file extension.

CSS Examples 

Paragraphs

To make all paragraphs on a page blue and sized 20% bigger than normal text, we would apply this CSS rule to a page:

p {
color: blue;
font-size: 120%;
Background -color :white
}The p refers to all HTML elements with the <p> tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The color and font-size are both properties and the blue and 120% are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

Main Title

To give the main Title on a page a solid red border underneath, we would apply this CSS rule to the page. 5px otherwise known as pixels, represents the thickness of the line:

h1 {
border-bottom: 5px solid red;
}The h1 refers to all HTML elements with the <h1> tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The border-bottom is the property and the 5px and solid red are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

Other websites 
 W3C
 Website about CSS3

Programming languages
Proton decay is a theory where some physicists believe that radioactive decay could also be that a proton decays into two particles smaller than an atom, a pion and a positron. So far, this has not been observed though. Most current theories say that protons do not decay.

Nuclear physics

ja:陽子#陽子の崩壊
The 99 Names of Allah (, translit: ) also known as the 99 attributes of Allah, according to Islamic tradition, are the names of Allah  revealed by the Creator (الله) (Allah) in the Qur'an. These are considered to be the attributes of Allah.
The 99 Names of Allah are very important to Muslims and in Islamic tradition which are taken from different verses of the Holy Qur'an.
 
According to Islamic tradition, whoever memorizes and acts upon the 99 names of Allah, will enter Paradise. 

They are: 

‘Allah’ is a title for All-Mighty Allah. The word Allah means One and only Allah in Arabic. It is a combination of ‘Ilah’ in Arabic which means Allah, and ‘al’ the alif and laam letters of the Arabic alphabet which denote the definite article, meaning the,Allah the only one.

References

 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah

Islam
The fallopian tubes (also known as oviducts and uterine tubes) connect the ovaries to the uterus, and let the ovum pass into the uterus where they are able to be fertilized by sperm during sexual intercourse.There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the uterus.

Origin 
They are named after the 16th century Italian anatomist, Gabriele Falloppio. The Greek word salpinx (σαλπιγξ) means "trumpet".

Anatomy 
There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the end of the uterus. Each tube will end near one ovary. This place is called the fimbria. The Fallopian tubes are not attached to the ovaries, but open into the peritoneal cavity.

In humans, the Fallopian tubes are about 7 - 14 cm long.

Parts 
There are four parts of the fallopian tube from the ovary to the uterus:
 The fimbria
 Infundibulum
Ampulla - where the ovum is fertilized
 Isthmus

Layers 

The fallopian tube is made of three layers:

 Mucosa - these are folded walls with ciliated cells along them.
 Muscularis externa
 Serosa

Movement 
The Fallopian tubes can move around the pelvis.

Fertilization 

When an ovum is ready to be released from the ovary, the ovary wall breaks open and the ovum goes into the fallopian tube. There, it starts moving towards to uterus with the help of liquids and cilia on the inside walls. This can take hours or days.

If the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube, then it sticks to the endometrium, which is the beginning of pregnancy.

Treating blocked fallopian tubes 
If a patient's fallopian tubes are blocked by a small amount of scar tissue or adhesions, your Doctors use laparoscopic surgery (keyhole surgery) for removing the blockage and opening the tubes.

If your fallopian tubes are blocked by a large amount of scar tissue or adhesions, treatment may not be possible to clear the blockages.

Surgery may be an option to repair tubes damaged by an ectopic pregnancy or infection. If the blockage occurs because part of the fallopian tube is damaged, a doctor can remove the damaged part and connect the two healthy parts.

Related pages
 Menstrual cycle

References

Other websites 
 Causes of Blocked Fallopian Tubes
 Blocked fallopian tubes symptoms

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Carmen Miranda (February 9, 1909 – August 5, 1955) was a Portuguese-Brazilian singer and actress. She was best known for her exotic costumes and hats made of fruit.

Brazilian actors
Brazilian singers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Portuguese singers
1909 births
1955 deaths
Magnum, P.I. is an American crime drama television series. It stars Tom Selleck and John Hillerman. It was on TV from 1980 to 1988. It is about Thomas Magnum III, a smooth private detective working in Hawaii.

1980 establishments in the United States
1980 television series debuts
1988 disestablishments in the United States
1988 television series endings
1980s American drama television series
1980s American workplace television series
1980s crime television series
American workplace drama television series
Detective television series
Hawaii
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Twin Peaks was an American television series that ran from 1990 to 1991. It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to the strange small town of Twin Peaks, Washington, to investigate the murder of a teenage girl. It was made by David Lynch. The show was successful around the world. In 1992, a Twin Peaks movie 'Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me' was released.

Cast
Dana Ashbrook
Kyle MacLachlan
Peggy Lipton
Joan Chen
Sam Stanley

Other websites 

1990s American television series
1990 American television series debuts
1991 television series endings
American crime drama television series
FBI in fiction
Mystery television series
Washington (U.S. state)
English-language television programs
English people sometimes live in England, which is one of the nations of the island of Great Britain, which they share with Scottish people and the Welsh.  Originally they were descended from Anglo-Saxons and Celts.  Nowadays most of them have forebears from another European countries and from the rest of the world, after England and the rest of UK received large waves of Immigrants.  Many people leave England to emigrate to former British colonies, such as USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Belize and South Africa, for example.

References

Germanic peoples
 
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Cape Town is the second biggest city of South Africa.  It is also home to the South African Parliament where the country's representatives assemble.

It is at the Cape of Good Hope on the south-west coast.  It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate. 

The city's dominant natural feature is Table Mountain, a mountain with a flat top.

History
It was originally called the "Cape of Storms" by Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, a Portuguese explorer but was changed by King John II of Portugal to "Cape of Good Hope". The town was started as the center of the Dutch Cape Colony in 1652.

References
The Clash were an English punk band. The band was formed in London in 1976. Their lead singer was Joe Strummer (1952-2002). The group was one of the most popular punk bands in England in the mid-1970s.

Music style 
Although The Clash are known as an early punk rock band, they were willing to experiment with different styles, which they added to their music. Some of these styles were ska, reggae, and funk. Lyrics in their songs often dealt with political issues or stories in the news.

Awards
In 2003, the band entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone made a list of the Top 500 Rock Songs of All Time, and London Calling, a song by The Clash, was listed as song No. 15 on the list. No song by a punk rock band was higher on the list.

Members 
 Joe Strummer - Vocals and rhythm guitar
 Mick Jones - Lead guitar and vocals
 Paul Simonon - Bass guitar
 Topper Headon - Drums

Discography 
 The Clash - (8 April 1977) #12 UK, #126 U.S.[1] [2]
 Give 'Em Enough Rope - (10 November 1978) #2 UK, #128 U.S.
 London Calling (2LP) - (14 December 1979) #9 UK, #27 U.S.
 Sandinista! (3LP) - (12 December 1980) #19 UK, #24 U.S.
 Combat Rock - (14 May 1982) #2 UK, #7 U.S.
 Cut The Crap - (4 November 1985)

References

1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
English punk bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from London
 
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom

mzn:کلش (نمین)
The place where there is vegetation in the desert is an oasis

Oasis were an English rock band started in Manchester in 1991. The band came from an earlier group, the Rain, and its first members were Liam Gallagher (lead vocals, tambourine), Paul Arthurs (guitar), Paul McGuigan (bass guitar), and Tony McCarroll (drums). Noel Gallagher (lead guitar, vocals) later joined as a fifth member. While the band were active, they had many different members, though the Gallagher brothers stayed as a part of the band up until their break-up in 2009, which was minutes before they were about to play a concert.

Albums 
 1994 - Definitely Maybe
 1995 - (What's the Story) Morning Glory?
 1997 - Be Here Now
 1998 - The Masterplan
 2000 - Standing on the Shoulder of Giants
 2000 - Familiar to Millions
 2001 - Familiar to Millions - (dvd)
 2002 - Heathen Chemistry 
 2005 - Don't Believe the Truth 
 2006 - Stop the Clocks
 2008 - Dig Out Your Soul

Singles & E.P. 
1994 - Supersonic
1994 - Shakermaker
1994 - Live Forever
1994 - Cigarettes & Alcohol
1994 - Whatever
1995 - Some Might Say1995 - Roll with It
1995 - Morning Glory (only in Australia)
1995 - Wonderwall
1996 - Don't Look Back in Anger 
1996 - Champagne Supernova
1997 - D'You Know What I Mean?
1997 - Stand by Me 
1998 - All Around the World
1998 - Don't Go Away
2000 - Go Let It Out
2000 - Who Feels Love?
2000 - Sunday Morning Call
2002 - The Hindu Times
2002 - Stop Crying Your Heart Out
2002 - Little by Little / She Is Love
2003 - Songbird
2005 - Lyla
2005 - The Importance of Being Idle
2005 - Let There Be Love
2006 - Stop the Clocks E.P. - Acquiesce/The Masterplan
2007 - Lord Don’t Slow Me Down
2008 - The Shock of the Lightning
2008 - I'm Outta Time
2009 - Falling Down
2020 -  Don't  Stop... (Released by Noel Gallagher)

1991 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2009 disestablishments in England
English rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Rush was a Canadian rock band. They formed in the late 1960s in Toronto. The last and longest members of the group were Geddy Lee, the singer, who also plays the bass guitar and synthesizers, Alex Lifeson, who plays the guitar, and Neil Peart, who played the drums. In 2013 Rush were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Discography

Studio albums
Rush (1974)
Fly by Night (1975)
Caress of Steel (1975)
2112 (1976)
A Farewell to Kings (1977)
Hemispheres (1978)
Permanent Waves (1980)
Moving Pictures (1981)
Signals (1982)
Grace Under Pressure (1984)
Power Windows (1985)
Hold Your Fire (1987)
Presto (1989)
Roll the Bones (1991)
Counterparts (1993)
Test for Echo (1996)
Vapor Trails (2002)
Snakes & Arrows (2007)
Clockwork Angels (2012)

Other websites
Rush's official website 

1970s music groups
1980s Canadian music groups
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups
2010s Canadian music groups
Canadian rock bands
Progressive rock bands
Musical entertainers from Toronto
Musical groups established in 1968
1960s establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
1990s disestablishments in Canada
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in Canada
Roy Hodgson  CBE  (born 9 August 1947) is an English former football player and manager who is the current head coach of Watford. He was the recent manager of Crystal Palace from September 2017 to May 2021. He, along with Larry Barilli, are amongst the oldest active managers in football history.

On 23 February 2019, Roy Hodgson became the oldest man to manage a Premier League match, at the age of 71 years and 198 days.

References

1947 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
England national football team managers
Sportspeople from London
Crystal Palace F.C. players
A device driver is a program that lets the operating system communicate with specific computer hardware. 

Computer parts need a driver because they do not use standard commands.  For example, video cards from Advanced Micro Devices (or AMD) and Nvidia do the same job, but each requires its own driver as different hardware requires different commands.  Different operating systems also need different drivers, a driver written for macOS can not be used by Microsoft Windows.

Many parts of a computer need drivers, and common examples are:
Computer printers
Graphic cards
Modems
Network cards
Sound cards

Some other computer parts do not need drivers (or the driver is built-in to the operating system) because they use a kind of standard; the operating system recognizes those parts and knows how to use those parts.

Such parts include items on the following list:
Processors
RAMs
Compact disc (called CD) and digital versatile disc (called DVD) drives (including player and burner).
Mouse and keyboard
Integrated video cards
PC speaker (the speaker inside the computer case that beeps)
Floppy drives
Hard drives
USB flash drives (or thumb drive)
USB webcams
USB sound cards
USB hubs (devices that turn one USB port into two or more)

computer science
software
Computer hardware
The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish el encierro, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets. It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona. In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season. This is a dangerous activity but very exciting. Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can not.

Spanish culture
Pamplona
Red shift is a way astronomers use to tell the distance of any object that is very far away in the Universe. The red shift is one example of the Doppler effect. 

The easiest way to experience the Doppler effect is to listen to a moving train. As the train moves towards a person, the sound it makes as it comes towards them sounds like it has a higher tone, since the frequency of the sound is squeezed together a little bit. As the train speeds away, the sound gets stretched out, and sounds lower in tone. The same happens with light when an object that emits light moves very fast. An object, like a star or a galaxy that is far away and moving toward us, will look more blue than it normally does.  This is called blue shift.  A star or galaxy moving away from us will look more red than it would if the source were not moving in our frame of reference. This is where red shift got its name, since the colors are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.

The reason astronomers can tell how far the light gets shifted is because chemical elements, like hydrogen and oxygen, have unique fingerprints of light that no other element has. Astronomers use spectroscopy to analyse the light from an object (galaxy or star}. Once they know that, they check to see the difference between where the spectral lines are compared to where they normally are. From that, they can tell whether it is moving toward us or away from us, and also how fast it is going. The faster it goes, the farther the spectral lines are from their normal position in the spectrum.

Other websites

Ned Wright's Cosmology tutorial
Article on redshift from SPACE.com
Cosmic reference guide entry on redshift 
Mike Luciuk's Astronomical Redshift tutorial 
Animated GIF of Cosmological Redshift by Wayne Hu

Astronomical phenomena
Cosmology
A spectral line is the way scientists can tell one element from another by looking at color.

The colors of the rainbow 

In order to understand spectral lines, color has to be understood. In a rainbow, the colors of light go from purple to red. Several hundred years ago, the famous scientist Isaac Newton did an experiment where he showed that even white light from the Sun was made up of all the colors of the rainbow. When other scientists following him looked at this rainbow very closely, they noticed that there were dark lines breaking up the rainbow, where certain shades of colors should be. These lines were very small, but could be seen when the rainbow got stretched out very far. They investigated this further, and discovered that certain chemical elements, like the hydrogen and helium that make up the Sun, absorbed certain frequencies of light where those colors should be, like a sponge absorbs water, but does not absorb chalk.

Elemental fingerprints 

Soon, scientists discovered that when they heated other chemical elements, like calcium and oxygen, so hot that they shined with a white light, they found similar lines, but in different places. No two chemical elements had these lines in exactly the same places along the rainbow, and they also soon discovered that could be used to be able to tell what stars were made up of in the Universe. The lines that a particular element produces are called the emission spectrum of that element.

The reason the chemical elements can do this is because of the number and places of electrons orbiting around the center of each atom of each chemical element. These electrons, when light hits them, absorb a specific wavelength, or color of light, and what color they absorb depend on their position around the atom. Since each chemical element has a certain number of electrons, each chemical element has this unique set of spectral lines.

Red shift 

Since each set of spectral lines was unique, scientists could also be able to use this in a technique called red shift. Red shift is a method astronomers use, after they know what a star is made of, to tell how fast an object far away in the Universe is moving. It also tells them how far away it is, .

Chemistry
Astrophysics
Events 
 A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. See Crusade of 1101.
 Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks.
 Robert Curthose signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.
 The County of Berg, Germany is established.
 Canute II of Denmark is canonized.
Events 
 Louis VII becomes King of France and marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
 Rochester Cathedral is hurt by a fire, but is soon rebuilt.
1194 (MCXCIV) was .

Events 
 July 5 – Emperor Guangzong of Sung China was forced to step down.
 November 20 – Palermo falls to Henry VI
 December 25 – Henry VI becomes king of Sicily.
 City of Portsmouth awarded its Royal Charter.
 Henry Marshal becomes Bishop of Exeter.
 Yellow River of China experienced a major course change. It took over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.

Births 
 July 16 — Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (d. 1253)
 December 26 — Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)

Deaths 
 February 20 — King Tancred of Sicily
 May 5 — King Casimir II of Poland (b. 1138)
 June 27 — King Sancho VI of Navarre (b. c. 1133)
 June 28 — Emperor Xiaozong of China (b. 1127)
 September 27 — Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (b. 1125)
 November 15 — Margaret I of Flanders
 December 31 — Duke Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
 Benedictus Abbas, English chronicler
 Guy of Lusignan, king consort of Jerusalem (b. c. 1150)
 Raymond V of Toulouse (b. 1134)
 Roger III of Sicily (b. 1175)
 Sviatoslav III of Kiev
1207 is a year in the 13th century.

Events 
 Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III.
 Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.
 King John issued letters patent creating the new Borough of Liverpool

Births 
 September 8 – King Sancho II of Portugal
 September 30 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (died 1273)
 October 1 – King Henry III of England (died 1272)
 Henry II, Duke of Brabant (died 1248)
 Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (died 1231)
 Philip I of Savoy (died 1285)

Deaths 
 January 4 – Simon II, Duke of Lorraine
 June 17 – Daoji, Chinese buddhist monk (born 1130)
 Amaury of Bene, heretic
 Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
 Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (born 1140)

Monarchs/Presidents 
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
 Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
 Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
 England – John King of England (reigned from 1199 to 1216)
 Latin Empire of Constantinople – Henry of Flanders (reigned from 1205 to 1216)
 Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
The Beach Boys are an American pop/surf rock group from Hawthorne, California. They formed in 1961. The original members were brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and their friend Al Jardine.  Many of the band's early songs were about life in southern California, the beach, girls, cars, and surfing.

David Marks replaced Jardine when he went away to school; after Jardine's return, Marks left the band. Bruce Johnston later became a regular band member, first replacing Brian Wilson on tour, then  joining in on recording sessions. Reunions with some of the original band members still occur from time to time.

Discography
Studio albums

 Surfin' Safari (1962)
 Surfin' U.S.A. (1963)
 Surfer Girl (1963)
 Little Deuce Coupe (1963)
 Shut Down Volume 2 (1964)
 All Summer Long (1964)
 The Beach Boys' Christmas Album (1964)
 The Beach Boys Today! (1965)
 Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) (1965)
 Beach Boys' Party! (1965)
 Pet Sounds (1966)
 Smiley Smile (1967)
 Wild Honey (1967)
 Friends (1968)
 20/20 (1969)
 Sunflower (1970)
 Surf's Up (1971)
 Carl and the Passions – "So Tough" (1972)
 Holland (1973)
 15 Big Ones (1976)
 The Beach Boys Love You (1977)
 M.I.U. Album (1978)
 L.A. (Light Album) (1979)
 Keepin' the Summer Alive (1980)
 The Beach Boys (1985)
 Still Cruisin' (1989)
 Summer in Paradise (1992)
 Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 (1996)
 That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)

Selected archival releases 
 The Pet Sounds Sessions (1996)
 The Smile Sessions (2011)
 The Big Beat 1963 (2013)
 Keep an Eye on Summer 1964 (2014)
 Becoming the Beach Boys: The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions (2015)
 Beach Boys' Party! Uncovered and Unplugged (2015)
 1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow (2017)
 Wake the World: The Friends Sessions (2018)
 I Can Hear Music: The 20/20 Sessions (2018)

See also
 Smile (1966–1967) 
 Discographies of Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Carl Wilson, Mike Love, and Al Jardine

Other websites

1961 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in California
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Hawthorne, California
Musical groups established in 1961
Musical groups from California
 
Warner Bros. Records artists
A modem (comes from: modulator demodulator) is a piece of computer hardware. It is used to communicate between distant computers. Two modems, one on each computer, are required to make a connection, and each modem can send and receive data to and from the other modem. 

 Modulation is changing the digital data from a computer to analog data (audio tones or sounds) to be sent over telephone lines.
 Demodulation is changing the analog data which is received over the telephone lines to digital data to be used by the computer.
   
Modems are classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second (bit/s, or bps). They are also classified by their connection method. Dial-up modems were the usual kind in the 20th century, and DSL modems and Cable TV modems are now more used. 

Modems that connect to the computer by a cable are called external modems. Modems that go inside the computer are internal modems. Some internal modems are part of the motherboard; others are inserted into the computer on a PC card. Most DSL and cable modems are external.

Many modems are used to connect to the Internet through telephone service or cable television service. Slow telephone service is called dial-up (maximum 56,000 bits per second). Faster telephone service is called DSL and is usually more than ten times faster. Cable modems connect through cable television, and are similarly fast. 

A CEA study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access is on a decline in the United States. In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all U.S. residential Internet connections. This decline has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia.

Dial-up modem use in the US dropped to 60% by 2003, and in 2006 stood at 36%. Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of Internet access in the U.S. But as more homes adopted faster ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem is losing popularity.

References

Computer hardware
Telecommunications
The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (often just called the 3DO) is a video game console invented by The 3DO Company. It was created by Trip Hawkins, the man who created Electronic Arts. The 3DO was not built by the company itself. They had a list of instructions that other companies could use to build their own. Panasonic made the first models in 1993, and other types of the machine were sold in 1994 by Sanyo and GoldStar.

Many good things were said about it when it was created, including being named Time Magazine's "1993 Product of the Year". It also had many technologies that were new and advanced. But the 3DO cost more money than the video game consoles that were already popular. This meant more people bought consoles from Sega or Nintendo instead of the 3D0. Because of this, no more 3D0s were made after 1996.  It was also not advertised very well, so almost no one knew about it. Some games planned for it include Alone in the Dark and Myst. The 3DO company also wanted to make another console called the M2, but it was never released.

References 

video game consoles
Windsor is a city in southern Ontario, Canada, which is across the Detroit River from the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan. Windsor was founded in 1749 by the French. It has a population of 233,763 (counted in 2017).

Media

CBET CBC

Cities in Ontario
Minsk or Miensk (Мінск (official spelling in Belarus), Менск; Минск ; Mińsk) is the capital and a major city of Belarus. About 2 million people lived in the city as of 2021. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. As a capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the capital of Minsk voblast (province) and Minsk raion. Minsk is built next to the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. The timezone in Minsk is GMT +2.

The oldest mentions of Minsk date back to the 11th century (1067). In 1326 Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received its town privileges in 1499. From 1569 it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a result of the Second Partition of Poland. During 1919–1991 Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian SSR.  In 2019, Minsk hosted the European Games.

Other websites 

 Photos of Minsk on GOMINSK.ORG 
 Photos on Globus.tut.by
 Weather of Minsk - minsk.the.by
The chancellor of Germany (German: Bundeskanzler, literally: federal chancellor) is the head of government of the Federal Republic of Germany.  The Chancellor of Germany is elected by the majority of the members of the Bundestag, the German parliament.  The chancellor is the German people's version of a Prime Minister or Premier.

The current chancellor is Olaf Scholz (SPD) since 08 December 2021.

Chancellors since 1949 
 Konrad Adenauer (CDU), 1949–1963
 Ludwig Erhard (CDU), 1963–1966
 Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU), 1966–1969
 Willy Brandt (SPD), 1969–1974
 Helmut Schmidt (SPD), 1974–1982
 Helmut Kohl (CDU), 1982–1998
 Gerhard Schröder (SPD), 1998–2005
 Angela Merkel (CDU), 2005–2021
 Olaf Scholz (SPD), since 2021

Related pages 
 List of chancellors of Germany
 Reich Chancellor, chancellors of the German Reich

References
Mysore is a city in Karnataka, India. Mysore is  south-west of Bangalore. Travel time from Bangalore to Mysore is 2-3 hours by road or rail. Mysore is the second largest city in Karnataka.

Mysore Palace, Jaganmohan Palace, Chamundi Hills, Brindavan Gardens, and Mysore Zoo are the places to see in Mysore. Some people go to Mysore to see the Dasara procession. 

People also go to Mysore to learn yoga.

Cities in India
Settlements in Karnataka
Kannada () is a language, and it is a script used for writing the language. Most people in the southern Indian state of Karnataka speak Kannada, and there are speakers in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala and Goa. There are some differences in the way Kannada is spoken in these places.There are about 44 million people who speak the language.It had been since 2nd Century.

Language profile
Kannada is a Dravidian language, which is a different language family from the Indo-European or Aryan languages of the north, such as Hindi but close to the other southern languages like Telugu. It has about 3000 years of written history. The first version is known as the Old Kannada script. By about 3000 it had morphed into the Kannada and Telugu scripts. Printing presses introduced by Christian missionaries  at the beginning of the 19th century standardized the Kannada and Telugu scripts.

Script
The Kannada script is a type of writing system called an alphasyllabary. All consonants have a built-in vowel. Other vowels are indicated with diacritics, which appear next to the consonants. When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as separate letters. When consonants appear together without intervening vowels, the second consonant is written as a special joint symbol, usually below the first. The direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines.

Literature
It has highest number of Janapeeta literary awards compared to any Indian language. Kannada had a huge boost during the Vijayanagar period. Shri Vinoba Bhave called "Kannada" script the "Queen of Kannada Scripts" not for all Language. "Vishwa Lipigala Raani".

References

Other websites 
 Kannada News
 Kannada News
 Kannada Newspaper
 Online Kannada News

Dravidian languages
Languages of India
Events 
 February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross – Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.
 February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans – The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.
 March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England
 March 29 – Battle of Towton – Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne. Thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England.
 Edward, Richard of York's son, crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483)
 August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II after a siege of 21 days.
 Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483)
 Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio
 Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans
 François Villon: Le Grand Testament
 Donatello: Judith and Holofernes
Events 
 October 29 – Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege
 Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan.
 Circa this year, polyalphabetic cipher invented by Leone Battista Alberti.
 Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne.
 Pope Paul II arrested and tortured some of the abbreviators, among them was Filip Callimachus.
The Arab League is an organization made up of countries in the Arab world in Northern Africa and Southwest Asia. Most, though not all of these countries use Arabic as their official language. The purpose is to find ways for the countries to have unity and to work together to solve their problems.

Mission
The organization uses the Arabic Language in its summits and all official papers, although it has never been stated by the League that Arabic is the Official Language. The Arab League was founded following the Protocol of Alexandria signed in 1945 by seven Arab States: Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Trans-Jordan (Jordan). Today the League has 22 members. All countries having Arabic as an official language are among the members of the League, except for Israel, Eritrea and Chad which are not members.

Members 

The countries in the Arab League are:
 Egypt - March 22, 1945 (Founder) (suspended, 1979-1989)
 Iraq - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
 Jordan - March 22, 1945 (Founder) (entered when still using the name "Transjordan")
 Lebanon - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
 Saudi Arabia - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
 Syria - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
 Yemen - May 5, 1945 (Founder)
 Libya - March 28, 1953
 Sudan - January 19, 1956
 Morocco - October 1, 1958
 Tunisia - October 1, 1958
 Kuwait - July 20, 1961
 Algeria - August 16, 1962
 United Arab Emirates - June 12, 1971
 Bahrain - September 11, 1971
 Qatar - September 11, 1971
 Oman - September 29, 1971
 Mauritania - November 26, 1973
 Somalia - February 14, 1974
 Palestine - succeeding to the position held by the Palestine Liberation Organization since September 9, 1976
 Djibouti - April 9, 1977
 Comoros - November 20, 1993

List of Secretaries-General

References

International organizations
Political organizations based in Asia
1945 establishments in Asia
Middle East
Arab world
Politics of Africa
Politics of Asia
Events 
 February 18 – George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London.
 April 26 – The Pazzi attack Lorenzo de' Medici and kill his brother Giuliano during High Mass in the Florence Cathedral.
 December 28 – Battle of Giornico – Swiss troops defeat the Milanese.
 Lorenzo de' Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence
 Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow conquers Novgorod
 Vladislav II of Bohemia makes peace with Hungary
 Eskender succeeds his father Baeda Maryam as Emperor of Ethiopia at the age of six.