cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Charles L. "Sonny" Liston (May 8, 1932 – December 30, 1970) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1962 to 1964. He was a boxer who was disliked by much of the public because of his criminal history and rumored association with organized crime characters. Liston served prison sentences for armed robbery and assaulting a police officer. However, he was a skilled boxer and gained a shot at the heavyweight title held by Floyd Patterson. He knocked Patterson out in the first round to gain the title in 1962. He defeated Patterson by another first round knockout in their rematch in 1963.

He lost the championship to Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) when he quit in his corner before the start of the seventh round in their 1964 fight. He was then knocked out in the first round during their second fight, which happened in 1965.

Liston continued to box, but died from a drug overdose in 1970 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

References

Other websites 
Boxing record

African-American boxers
American people convicted of assault
American robbers
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Sportspeople from Arkansas
1932 births
1970 deaths
Buckwheat (or common buckwheat) is a plant whose seeds may be used as a cereal. Buckwheat is not a true grass. It is not related to wheat, because wheat is a true grass, and buckwheat is not. 

Buckwheat seeds look like small beech tree seeds. Both seeds have three sides. Beech is also called buck, which is how buckwheat got its name. 

Instead, buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb. Buckwheat is referred to as a pseudocereal because its seeds are used in cooking the same as cereals, because they have complex carbohydrates.

The cultivation of buckwheat grain declined sharply in the 20th century with the adoption of nitrogen fertilizer which increased the productivity of other staples.

References 

Caryophyllales
Edible nuts and seeds
Breakfast foods
The Kinston Indians were a Minor league baseball team in Kinston, North Carolina.  The team played in the Carolina League from (1956–1957, 1962–1974 and 1978–2011). Professional baseball in Kinston started in 1908, and there have been many teams since then. 2007 was the twenty-first season the Kinston team had been known as the Indians. Before that they were known as the Eagles and the Blue Jays. The Indians, or K-Tribe as they were nicknamed, played their home games in Grainger Stadium. The Indians' mascot was a dog named Scout.

The Kinston Indians won their league championship in 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004 and 2006.

For the 2012 season the Indians moved to Zebulon, North Carolina to become the Carolina Mudcats. The team still plays in the Carolina League.

Source Materials
 
 
 
 
  - Over the years, this publication has also been known as Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book and Carolina League Directory and Record Book

Baseball teams
Sports in North Carolina
Columbia University (officially Columbia University in the City of New York) is a research university in the United States. It is an Ivy League university and often considered one of the best in the world. It is the fifth oldest college in the United States.

It was ranked 2nd best college in the United States by Times Higher Education in 2017. It was ranked 8th best university in the world by U.S. News & World Report.

The university was founded as King's College by royal charter from King George II of Great Britain. It was the first college in New York, and the fifth college in the Thirteen Colonies. A lot of the money that paid for the school came from slavery. After the American Revolution it was renamed "Columbia College" in 1784 and renamed once again to "Columbia University" in 1896 when it moved to its current location in Morningside Heights.

Ninety-Six Nobel Prize winners have been at Columbia, the second most in the United States after Harvard University. Five Founding Fathers attended Columbia: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Robert Livingston, Gouverneur Morris and Egbert Benson. Three U.S. Presidents have attended Columbia: Barack Obama, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt. Ten Supreme Court Justices have attended Columbia including the most recent Associate Justice, Neil Gorsuch, and the first Chief Justice, John Jay. Other famous alumni include: Warren Buffett, Madeline Albright, and Lou Gehrig.

Columbia is home to the Pulitzer Prize for good work in journalism, literature and music.  FM radio was created at Columbia. The school is where the foundation of modern genetics was discovered. Its Morningside Heights campus was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split.

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and College of Dental Medicine are in Washington Heights in Northern Manhattan.

References

Other websites 
 Columbia's homepage
 Columbia School of General Studies
 Columbia Daily Spectator - second oldest student newspaper in the nation

 
Association of American Universities
Ivy League

Buildings and structures in Manhattan
1754 establishments
1750s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
The Columbian Exchange, sometimes called the Grand Exchange was the exchange of goods and ideas from Europe, Africa, and Asia and goods and ideas from the Americas. It also spread different diseases. It started in 1492 when Christopher Columbus arrived in the West Indies (North America).

This exchange of plants and animals changed European, American, African, and Asian ways of life.  Foods that had never been seen before by people became a major part of what they ate.  For example, before 1492, no potatoes were grown outside of South America.  By the  1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that a diseased crop led to the devastating Irish Potato Famine. The first European import to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes on the Great Plains, letting them to change to a nomadic lifestyle based on hunting bison on horseback. Italy became famous for its Tomato sauce, made from New World tomatoes, while coffee from Africa and sugarcane from Asia became the main crops of very large Latin American plantations. Also the chili and paprika from South America was introduced in India by the Portuguese and it is today an important part of Indian cuisine.

Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no zucchini in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no cattle in Texas, no chili peppers in Thailand and India, no cigarettes in France and no chocolate in Switzerland.  Even the dandelion was brought to America by Europeans for use as an herb.  

Before there was regular communication between the two hemispheres, the different types of domesticated animals and diseases were more numerous in the Old World than in the New.  This partly led to the horrible effects of Old World diseases on Native American tribes. Smallpox probably caused in the highest death toll for Native Americans.   

Barely any civilization on earth stayed the same by this global ecological exchange.

Table of comparison

References 

The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds in the Encyclopedia of Earth by Alfred W. Crosby

History of Africa
Trade
History of Asia
History of Europe
History of North America
History of South America
Ragusa is also the Italian name for the city of Dubrovnik

Ragusa is the capital of the Province of Ragusa in Italy, with 72,808 inhabitants in the city and more than 310,000 in the province area.

Other websites 

 ItalianVisits.com
 Pictures of Ragusa 
 Ragusa. All about the town of Ragusa
 Ragusa on lne 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Sicily
Elliott Carter (December 11, 1908 – November 5, 2012) was an American composer. He is one of the most important composers of classical music of his time. He experimented with new ideas of composition. He lived to be 103 years old and continued composing all his life. He recently composed a piece called Interventions for Piano and Orchestra which was given its first performance in the Symphony Hall, Boston where it was played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine with the pianist Daniel Barenboim as soloist. The same players played it again a week later on December 11, 2008 in the Carnegie Hall, New York to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday.

Life 
Elliott Carter was born in New York. The composer Charles Ives noticed his talent and gave him encouragement, taking him to concerts. Carter studied English and music at Harvard University. He then went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, returning to the US in 1935 where he directed the Ballet Caravan.

In 1939 he married. The couple had one son.

He wrote a ballet called Pocahontas. In 1940 the suite from this ballet got him the Juilliard Publication Award. From then on his got many more important awards and prizes for his music.

Carter has taught music and other related subjects in a number of well-known places including the Peabody Conservatory, Columbia University, Queen’s College, New York, Yale University and the Julliard School. He has received honorary doctorates from many universities and honours from many countries.

He has not written a large number of compositions, but the ones he has written are important works.

He died at his home in New York on November 5, 2012.

Music 
When Carter went to study in Paris in the early 1930s Stravinsky was the most famous composer who worked there. Carter was influenced to some extent by Stravinsky’s music as well as by that of his friend Charles Ives, but he worked hard to find a style of his own. Some of his music during the Second World War is quite tonal, but his later music uses more atonality (music not in any key) and has complicated rhythms. His best known works include the Variations for Orchestra (1954-5); the Double Concerto for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras (1959-61); the Piano Concerto (1964-65), written as an 85th birthday present for Igor Stravinsky; the Concerto for Orchestra (1969) and A Symphony of Three Orchestras (1976).

Other websites 
 Website about Elliott Carter at 100

1908 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
American centenarians
Grammy Award winners
Dubrovnik is a city in Croatia on the Dalmatian coast. More than 500 years ago it was called "Ragusa". The Italian name of the city is still "Ragusa"; this sometimes leads to confusion because there is already a city named Ragusa on Sicily. It is on the Adriatic Sea. About 50,000 people lived there in 2001. Because of its age and unique buildings, the old city of Dubrovnik has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History 
The old city of Ragusa was started by Greeks who left Illirya after their home was invaded in the sixth century. They had been part of the Holy Roman Empire. Ragusa in Dalmatia grew to be an important country on the sea, called the Republic of Ragusa. This republic lasted until Napoleonic times.

Ragusa was once the only city in Dalmatia with Roman influence not to be controlled by the Republic of Venice. After the Middle Ages more and more Croats and Serbs from inland areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina moved to the area. They had started the neighbouring town of Dubrovnik, which eventually joined Ragusa. The original population (the Dalmatian Italians) was reduced to the few people of the ruling class: in the 19th century nearly all the people living in Ragusa were Slavs (Croats and Serbs). Ragusa officially changed its name to "Dubrovnik" (a Croatian name) after 1918, when the city became part of the newly created country of Yugoslavia.

Today Dubrovnik is one of the main tourist sites in Croatia. Dubrovnik is famous for its Old Town - this is an ancient fortress with large stone walls, which helped Dubrovnik keep its freedom for many centuries. There was a major earthquake in 1667 that destroyed many buildings, but the people living there were able to rebuild the town.

Related pages
 Venice and Dalmatia
 Dalmatian Italians
 List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
 Croatia

Other websites 
 Old City of Dubrovnik - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
 Flags of Ragusa
 Storia e monetazione di Ragusa, oggi Dubrovnik (in Italian)
 Dalmatia and Montenegro by John Gardner Wilkinson, on Google Books

Further reading 
 Harris, Robin. Dubrovnik, A History. London: Saqi Books, 2003. 
 Scotti, Giacomo. Ragusa, la quinta repubblica marinara. LINT Editoriale, Trieste,

References 

Cities in Croatia
World Heritage Sites in Europe
There is an antiparticle corresponding to most kinds of particle. It has the same mass and opposite electric charge.

Even electrically neutral particles, such as the neutron, are not identical to their antiparticle. In the example of the neutron, the 'ordinary' particle is made out of quarks and the antiparticle out of antiquarks.

Particle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other if they are in appropriate quantum states. They can also be produced in various processes. These processes are used in  particle accelerators to create new particles and to test theories of particle physics. High energy processes in nature can create antiparticles. These are visible in cosmic rays and in certain nuclear reactions. The word antimatter properly refers to (elementary) antiparticles, composite antiparticles made with them (such as antihydrogen) and to larger assemblies of either.

History 
In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber  a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas.

The antiproton and antineutron were found by Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerators. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps.

References

Further reading 
 Feynman, Richard P. The reason for antiparticles, in The 1986 Dirac memorial lectures, R.P. Feynman and S. Weinberg. Cambridge University Press, 1987. .
 Weinberg, Steven. The quantum theory of fields, Volume 1: Foundations. Cambridge University Press, 1995. .

Subatomic particles
Antimatter
Hamo Beknazarian, also known as Hamo Bek Nazarov (born May 19, 1891 in Yerevan, died April 27, 1965 in Moscow) was an Armenian movie director. His career in cinema started in 1914, when a friend offered him a part in a movie. Between 1914 and 1918, he played about 70 parts, becoming a popular actor in pre-Revolutionary Russian movie. In 1920, instead of going to Armenia as he planned, he went to Tbilisi, where he developed a movie department for Georgian Commissioner's office of Public Education. Many of his movies were filmed in Tbilisi, including The Father Murderer and Lost Treasures. In 1925, he filmed his first Armenian movie and moved to Armenia. In 1933, he made the first Armenian movie to have sound, Pepo.

Beknazarian also made a few documentary movies.

Filmography 
 Shor and Shorshor (1926), scriptwriter, director. A comedy about two friends.
 Namus (1926), Director. This was the first Armenian movie. It was a tragic love story.
 Pepo (1935), director
 Zangezur (1938), director
 David-Bek (1943), co-scriptwriter, director. A movie about an 18th-century Armenian hero, David Bek (died 1728) who fought to free Armenia from the Ottoman Empire.
 Anahit (1947), director

References

1891 births
1965 deaths
Armenian movie directors
The World Heavyweight Championship was one of the top wrestling championships in the WWE along with the WWE Championship. It was created on RAW to match SmackDown's WWE Championship in August 2002. Some of the past champions include Edge, Triple H, The Undertaker, Booker T, Batista, and Kurt Angle.

The World Heavyweight Championship was brought to Raw by then-General Manager Eric Bischoff after WWE Champion Brock Lesnar became exclusive to SmackDown. Bischoff awarded the championship to Triple H, but he had to defend it against his then-best friend, Ric Flair. Triple H was successful and has held the championship on five different occasions. Other holders of this prestigious championship include Shawn Michaels, Undertaker, Rey Mysterio and more.

The final champion was Randy Orton. He beat then-champion John Cena on December 15, 2013 at TLC: Tables, Ladders, & Chairs. He was already WWE Champion when he won the championship and unified the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship to make the "WWE World Heavyweight Championship". The World Heavyweight Championship was retired the next day.

Related pages
List of World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)

References

Other websites 
WWE World Heavyweight Title History

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
2002 establishments
2013 disestablishments
The Islamic calendar or Hijri calendar () is a calendar. It is used to determine Islamic holidays in most of Islam. It is a lunar calendar: it uses the phases of the Moon (rather the Earth's orbit of the Sun) to count the passing of time. Its year has 12 months of 29 or 30 days, and lasts a total of 354 or 355 days. This means that each year of the Hijri calendar is about 11 days shorter than a solar calendar such as the Gregorian. Islamic years are often called hijra years, because the first year of the calendar when the hijra occurred, that is when Prophet Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina.

The current Islamic Calendar year is 1443 AH (AH =  = Year of the Hijra.)

Two Islamic countries (Iran and Afghanistan) use a different calendar, the Solar Hijri Calendar ("SH").
.

Months
The timing of the months in the Islamic calendar is determined by direct observation of the Moon. A new month can only begin after a "waxing crescent Moon" is observed shortly after sunset. The "waxing crescent Moon" is the phase of the Moon which starts right after a New Moon. A lunar month (one new moon to the next) lasts a little over 29.5 days. For convenience, a month is the Islamic calendar is either 29 days or 30 days, one after the other. So a 29-day month is followed by a 30-day month (29+30 is the same as 29.5+29.5). In most years, that means that a year of 12 calendar months last 354 days. But that "a little over" is 44 minutes every month so, to keep the calendar in step with reality, an extra day is needed nearly every third year, so these years are 355 days long. 

Whether or not the first crescent moon is actually visible differs by location. For desert communities, cloud-cover is rarely a problem but that is not true for people who live in the rain forest. One option is to use the tabular Islamic calendar, which predicts the moment of waxing crescent moon assuming perfect visibility. This method is used routinely by some Islamic communities but regarded by others as just an aid to securing a successful observation.

References

Other websites 
 Islamic Calendar
 Islamic-Western Calendar Converter (Based on the Arithmetical or Tabular Calendar)

Calendars
Islamic calendar
Afternoon is the time period from noon to evening. It is generally agreed upon that afternoon starts at 12:00 pm, but there is no exact definition of when it ends.

Parts of a day
Year 44 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Antony.

Events
March 15 Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators. This date is known as The Ides of March.
March 20 — Caesar's funeral.
Early April — Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to become ruler of Rome, against advice from his mother and stepfather Phillipus.
June — Mark Antony promised five years of being governor of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy). 
September 2 — Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt makes her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
Comosicus succeeds Burebista as king of Dacia.

Deaths 

 March 15 — Julius Caesar assassinated in the Senate
 July 26 — Pharaoh Ptolemy XIV of Egypt (last date mentioned alive)
 Burebista, King of Dacia
 Antipater the Idumaean, procurator of Judaea and father of Herod the Great
Burzum is a black metal/dark ambient one man band from Bergen, Norway. The band was formed in 1991 by Varg Vikernes. He is best known for serving a prison sentence for the murder of Mayhem guitarist Øystein Aarseth and arson of churches.

Discography

Albums 

 Burzum (1992)
 Det som engang var (1993)
 Hvis lyset tar oss (1994)
 Filosofem (1996)
 Dauði Baldrs (1997)
 Hliðskjálf (1999)
 Belus (2010)
 Fallen (2011)
 Umskiptar (2012)
 Sôl austan, Mâni vestan (2013)
 The Ways of Yore (2014)
 Thulêan Mysteries (2020)

EPs 

 Aske (1993)

Other websites 
 Burzum

References

Black metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Bergen
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Norway
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
1999 disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in Europe
21st-century establishments in Norway
John Collins (born January 31, 1968 in Galashiels, Scotland) is a Scottish footballer. He is currently the manager of Charleroi. Collins played for Celtic in the early 1990s.

Other websites 
John Collins career stats  at Soccerbase.com

References

1968 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Enslaved is a band from Haugesund, Norway; their music has been called black metal and viking metal. The band was formed in 1992.

Studio albums 
 Vikingligr Veldi (1994)
 Frost (1994)
 Eld (1997)
 Blodhemn (1998)
 Mardraum – Beyond the Within (2000)
 Monumension (2001)
 Below the Lights (2003)
 Isa (2004)
 Ruun (2006)
 Vertebrae (2008)
 Axioma Ethica Odini (2010)
 RIITIIR (2012)
 In Times (2015)
 E (2017)
 Utgard (2020)

Other websites 
Enslaved's website

Black metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Musica ficta is a term used in medieval and Renaissance music. It means that when musicians play or sing music they put in accidentals (sharps and flats) which are not written in the music.

In those days (near the end of the 16th century) music used modes instead of the modern system of major and minor keys. Sometimes the music would not sound right unless a note was sharpened or flattened (raised or lowered a semitone). For example, to go down from the note B to an F would have sounded bad, so the F would need to be an F sharp. The composer who wrote the music down might not bother to put the sign for F sharp. He would expect the performer to know that it should be an F sharp and not an F. This is what is called musica ficta.

Gradually it became more and more necessary for composers to write exactly what notes they wanted. The modern system of keys was developing. They developed the system of key signatures and accidentals (sharps and flats which are not in the key signature, but written as and when they are needed). The practice of musica ficta gradually ended.

Musical notation
Medieval music
Universal Studios Japan is one of four Universal Studios theme parks. It is in Osaka, Japan. The park opened on March 31, 2001.

Attractions
Ride attractions
Space Fantasy
Hollywood Dream
New The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
Jurassic Park
Jaws
Back to the Future
Lego Ninjago

Show attractions
Magical Starlight Parade
WaterWorld
Terminater 2: 3D
Backdraft
Universal Monsters Live Rock and Roll Show
Animation Celebration
Shrek's 4D Adventure
Sesame Street 4D Movie Magic

Other websites 
 Official site

2001 establishments in Japan
Companies of Japan
Osaka
Theme parks in Japan
A beam bridge is a strong, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic by acting as a beam. 

Beam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on. Beam bridges used to be made from wood and were called log bridges. Modern ones are mostly made of steel. Beam bridges are usually placed over highways, rivers or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them.  Beam bridges are simple but they cannot be as long as more complex and expensive kinds.  Beam bridges can be connected to make one longer bridge.  

Bridge types

de:Brücke#Balkenbrücke
The Fox News Channel (commonly known as Fox News) is an American 24-hour cable and satellite television news network. It was made by Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes. It is owned by Fox Broadcasting Company. the channel was officially launched in 1996.

Shows
The channel plays up to 15 hours of live shows every day. 6 hours of these are opinion shows. The hosts of its opinion shows are  Sean Hannity, Neil Cavuto, Greta Van Susteren, and Geraldo Rivera. Fox News Network leans right-wing, but has some liberals (such as Greta van Susteren).

Criticisms
There was a documentary called Outfoxed that criticized the channel because they say it is biased towards conservatives and the US Republican Party in its reporting. Fox says its opinion shows are conservative but its regular news programs are not. President Barack Obama, through a spokesperson, accused Fox News of working for the Republican Party. Fox has also been accused of having a right-wing bias, racism, discrimination, race baiting and gender inequality. Roger Ailes has called Fox News "the balance" against the liberal networks news groups such as ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, Cable News Network, and MSNBC.

References

Other websites
 Official site

Cable television
Fox Broadcasting Company
Omsk is a city in Russia in the Siberia region, capital of Omsk oblast. As of the census in 2010, Omsk had been declared one of the cities in Russia with over 1 million people. Omsk is close to the border of Kazakhstan.
Omsk is the only one city in the world which has Metro with only one station.

Related pages 

List of cities and towns in Russia

Other websites 
 Official site of Omsk city administration
 Open Omsk -- an independent news source
 Current events in Omsk (Russian) 
  Omsk in Livejournal.com
 Photoblog about Omsk
 Omsk-On-Line 

Cities in Russia
Siberia
Capital cities in Russia
The question mark is a punctuation mark that is used at the end of a sentence when asking a question.

The symbol is thought to come from the Latin quæstio, meaning "question", which was shortened to Qo. The uppercase Q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.

Another guess about where question mark comes from says that it comes from the 9th century, when it was a point followed by the curved part written slanted.

Some writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark. This is thought to come from a French practice and is called French spacing. In French a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons. In English, however, using this space is thought of as bad form. Some English books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.

Computing 
In computing, the question mark character is represented by ASCII code 63, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003F. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ？, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1F.

Examples of the question mark being used 
"What time is it?"
"How are you doing?"
"Why did that happen?"

References
<div class="references-small">
Lupton, Ellen and Miller, J. Abbott, "Period styles: a punctuated history", in The Norton Reader 11th edition, ed. Linda H. Peterson, Norton, 2003 Online excerpt (at least) 
 Parkes, M.B., Pause and Effect: an Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West, University of California Press, 1993
Truss, Lynne, Eats, Shoots & Leaves Gotham Books, NY, p. 139

Other references 

Punctuation
Typography
Kevin Earl Federline (born March 21, 1978) is an American entertainer, who dances, raps and models as his job. He is famous for being the former husband of pop singer Britney Spears. Federline has 4 kids, 2 with actress Shar Jackson and 2 with Spears.

1978 births
Living people
American dancers
Rap musicians from California
Britney Spears
People from Fresno, California
Mercyful Fate are a heavy metal band from Denmark. The band was formed in Copenhagen in 1980.

Members

Current members
 King Diamond - vocals, keyboard (1981–1985, 1992–present)
 Hank Shermann - guitar (1981–1985, 1992–present)
 Mike Wead - guitar (1996–present)
 Bjarne T. Holm - drums (1994–present)
 Sharlee D'Angelo - bass (1993–present)

Former members
 Michael Denner - guitar (1981, 1982–1985, 1992–1996)
 Timi Hansen - bass (1981–1985, 1992–1993)
 Kim Ruzz - drums (1981–1985)
 Tommie "Snowy Shaw" Helgesson - drums (1993–1994)

Session members
 Lars Ulrich - drums (1993)
 Old Nick - drums (1981)
 Morten Nielson - drums (1993)

Discography

Studio albums
 Melissa (1983)
 Don't Break the Oath (1984)
 In the Shadows (1993)
 Time (1994)
 Into the Unknown (1996)
 Dead Again (1998)
 9 (1999)

Compilation albums
 The Beginning (1987)
 Return of the Vampire (1992)
 A Dangerous Meeting (1992)
 The Best of Mercyful Fate (2003)

Extended plays
 The Mercyful Fate EP (1982)
 The Bell Witch (1994)

References

Other websites 
Official Website

Black metal bands
Danish heavy metal bands
People from Copenhagen
Musical groups established in 1980
Basic may be:
BASIC (programming language)
Basic (chemistry), the opposite to acidic, reacting with acids to form salts
Basic access authentication in HTTP
Basic (cigarette), owned by the Altria Group (Philip Morris Company)
Basic (dance move), the name of the basic dance step in many dances
Lindy Basic (dance move), in Lindy Hop
Basic English
Basic (geology), of rock: containing between 45–52% of silica
Basic (movie), 2003 movie starring John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson
Basic (Star Wars), the common interstellar language in the Star Wars universe
Basic Training or Recruit training is training received by military personnel when first entering service
Basic is also used as the name for whatever common tongue is usually used between species in many science fiction works
Basic is a name used to describe the level of certification for an EMT (Emergency Medical Technician)
Basic Replay, a record label
Basic (album), a 1984 album by Robert Quine and Fred Maher (1996 on CD)
John Hancock  (January 12, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was an early American patriot, a leader in the American Revolutionary War, and an American statesman. He was the first man to sign America's Declaration of Independence. In modern America, "John Hancock" is a synonym for signature.

Hancock's ancestors arrived in the English colonies in 1652. In 1737, Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy, Massachusetts). When John Hancock Jr. his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in Boston, Massachusetts. At his uncle's death in 1754, Hancock inherited the business. He became a leading merchant in Boston and one of the richest in the colonies. 

In 1768, British officials seized his ship, the Liberty. It carried a shipment of wine. The officials said he was smuggling. Boston patriots rioted and he was acquitted. This incident was one of the events that led to the American Revolutionary War.

Hancock had several important jobs in Colonial America and the early United States of America. He was president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 and 1775. He used his money to support American independence. The British thought him a very dangerous man.

Hancock was president of the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775. He wanted to lead the Continental Army. George Washington got the job instead. With 5,000 troops, he tried to free Rhode Island from the British. He was not successful.

Hancock led the convention that adopted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He was first Governor of the state Massachusetts. He served nine terms. Hancock suffered from gout in his later life.  He died in 1793.

References 

1737 births
1793 deaths
Hancock, John
Founding Fathers of the United States
Hancock, John
Hancock, John
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli or Ulricus Zuinglius (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, and founder of the Swiss Reformed churches. Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived with similar final beliefs. He did this by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar. Zwingli's father was named Ulrich Zwingli also and his mother was named Margaret Meili. Zwingli had 2 sisters and 7 brothers.

Zwingli was born in Toggenburg, Wildhaus, St. Gallen, Switzerland, to an important family of the middle class. 

Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and people of Zürich. It led to major changes in the lives of the people and state matters in Zürich.

Zwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis, in a battle against the Roman Catholic Cantons of Switzerland.

Related pages
John Calvin

1484 births
1531 deaths
Calvinists
Christian theologians
Protestant Reformers
Swiss people
Cuxhaven is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. About 55,000 people live there. It is on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River. Cuxhaven is the capital of the Cuxhaven district. It is a popular vacation spot on the North Sea.

In 1896, when the town was an exclave of Hamburg, the railway line from Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof was built.

References

Other websites

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Haifa Wehbe (, born March 10, 1972) is a female Lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the Arab world. Wehbe was born in a rural town in South Lebanon and currently lives in Beirut. She started her music career with her debut album Huwa az-Zaman (, It is Time).

Early life and career 
Before she became a singer, she was a model. She won title "Miss South Lebanon" when she was sixteen. In 1995, she was the runner-up for Miss Lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named Zeinab.

Her second 2005 album was Baddi 'Ayš (, I Want to Live). Her second songs was "Ana Haifa" (I am Haifa).

She also appeared in Pepsi ad with French footballer Thierry Henry.

References

Other websites
Official website
Official Facebook page

1967 births
Living people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese singers
Models
Movie actors
People from Beirut
In music, the dynamics in the  piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. 

In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that “piano”, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way (“pi-AH-no”).

Use more than two ps or fs to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ps or fs, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.

Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud mp should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.

Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly p and f. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.

 
Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. Sforzando means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as sf, sfz or fz. The notation sfzp (or sfp) means a sforzando followed immediately by piano

The terms crescendo, and diminuendo (or sometimes decrescendo), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". A hairpin opening out is a crescendo, one which closes is a diminuendo.

For a quick change in dynamics, molto cresc. and molto dim. are often used (molto means a lot). For slow changes poco a poco cresc. and poco a poco dim. are used (poco a poco means little by little, i.e. very gradually.)

Musical notation
Grana Padano is a type of hard cheese. It is similar to parmesan cheese. The name comes from the noun grana (‘grain’), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective Padano, which refers to the river Po.

Grana Padano was created by the Cistercian monks of Chiaravalle. They used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk. By the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of Italy. Today, this product is made in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, and in the province of Trento.

Like Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months). It is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows. The cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed. It is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.
 
A wheel of Grana Padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces. The rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.

Grana Padano cheese has been produced since the 12th century, and production and quality are now overseen by the Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano.

Other websites 
Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano  
Zeppa, Giuseppe GRANA PADANO a cheese from Piedmont 
Disciplinare di produzione  

Italian cheeses
Language revival is people trying to make a language spoken often again when it is not spoken or is spoken very little. Language death happens when a language is not used by the people who used to speak it.

Language revival tries to save a language that is dead or endangered. Hebrew was once a language that was not spoken, but it has been revived, and people now speak and use it again. Many people are now trying to revive their languages. The revival of languages is good, beautiful, and useful.

References

Language
John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an American actor, dancer and singer.

Biography

The youngest of six children, he was born and raised in Englewood, New Jersey. His father, Salvatore Travolta (November 1912 – May 1995), was a semi-professional American football player of Italian descent. His mother, Helen Cecilia (née Burke, January 1912 – December 1978), was an Irish-American actress and singer. He was raised Roman Catholic, but changed to Scientology in 1975. 

Travolta was engaged with Diana Hyland who died of breast cancer in 1977, they met while filming The Boy in the Plastic Bubble. He married actress Kelly Preston in 1991. The couple had a son, Jett (1992–2009). Their daughter, Ella Bleu, was born in 2000. On May 18, 2010, Travolta and Preston said she was pregnant with the couple's third child. Later they said it would be a boy. Their son, Benjamin, was born on November 23, 2010 in Florida. 

He starred in the movies Grease with Olivia Newton-John, Pulp Fiction with Samuel L. Jackson and Hairspray.

His wife, Preston died of breast cancer in July 2020.

Filmography

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

1954 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
People from Englewood, New Jersey
American aviators
American movie actors
American television actors

Golden Globe Award winning actors
American musicians
Scientologists
Objectivity in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested. That means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them. In other words, if scientist A claims something, scientist B must be able to check whether A is right.

The evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it. The "in principle" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results. But elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.

Some science does need a proper scientific education. To some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form. That means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books. Most awards of the Nobel Prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.

It is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it. Specialist communicators often do this on television or the web. 150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like Faraday and Darwin. Now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.

Objectivity in measurement 
To avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results.

Literature 
 Dawkins, Richard 2003. A Devil’s Chaplain: selected essays. Phoenix. 
 Kuhn, Thomas 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, 3rd ed. 1996.
 Porter, Theodore M. 1995. Trust in Numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life. Princeton University Press. 
 Restivo, Sal 1994. Science, Society, and Values: toward a sociology of objectivity. Lehigh University Press.
 Sokal, Alan & Bricmont, Jean 1997. Intellectual Impostures: postmodern philosophers’ abuse of science. Profile Books 2003.

Science
Alpha Kappa Alpha is the first sorority founded by African-American women.  The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University. The sorority has more than 300,000 women in over one thousand chapters. They are in the United States, the Caribbean, Germany, Korea and Japan.

Other websites

Official website

Fraternities and sororities
1908 establishments
Organizations based in the United States
Fraud (or defrauding or scamming) is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else to get unfair or unlawful gain. Frauds are almost always about money, either directly or indirectly.  

A fraudster or a fraud is the person who commits the fraud. Fraudulence is the adjective, as in He tried to pass a fraudulent cheque. To defraud someone is to commit a fraud against them. 

Fraudsters may find people to defraud by phone calls, emails, or websites. Fraud often starts by saying there is a free or low price item. The fraudster then asks for personal information, such as a home address and bank account numbers. Instead of giving an item, the fraudster takes their money. Fraudsters often target senior citizens.

Fraud is a criminal wrong: a fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned. It is also a civil wrong: a fraud victim may sue the fraudster to get compensation.

All societies have laws against fraud, but the details differ in each jurisdiction. In England an Act of Parliament defines three kinds of fraud.
fraud by false representation, 
fraud by failing to disclose information, and 
fraud by abuse of position. 
Lesser cases are heard in a Magistrates' Court; more serious offences are tried in the High Court (jury proceedings).

Related pages
 Phishing
 Ponzi scheme
 Pyramid scheme
 Welfare fraud
 Internet fraud, online fraud

Types of crime
Alpha may mean:

The Greek letter alpha
Alpha, a letter in the Greek alphabet. α may be used as the symbol for:
Angle of attack in aerodynamics
Common-base current gain of a transistor in electronics
In physics:
Fine-structure constant, a fundamental physical constant
Alpha particle, form of particle radiation
H-alpha, or H-α, an emission line created by hydrogen atoms
The alpha carbon in organic chemistry
In Bayer designation, the typically brightest star in a constellation
The significance level in statistical hypothesis testing
Alpha channel, describing transparency and opacity in computer graphics
The alpha coefficient in evaluating financial returns
Thermal diffusivity

Place names
Alpha, Michigan
Alpha, Minnesota
Alpha, New Jersey
Alpha, Queensland

Media, literature and fiction
Alpha (band), a British electronic music group
Alpha Magazine, Australian men's sport magazine
Alpha (search engine), a search engine by Yahoo!
Alpha TV, a Greek terrestrial channel
Alpha the Ultimate Mutant, a character featured in Marvel Comics

Science and mathematics
 The Bayer designation of the brightest star in a constellation, for example
 Alpha Centauri, the brightest star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus
Alpha (biology), "alpha male" and "alpha female", the highest ranking individuals in a community of social animals
Alpha (investment), a measurement of risk-adjusted performance
Alpha waves, recorded by electroencephalography
Cronbach's alpha, a statistical measure of reliability
ALPHA, the Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus, an experiment at CERN.

Computing
Alpha (machine learning), the degree to which a learning agent takes into account new information
ALPHA refers to the set of ASCII characters A-Z and a-z, as defined in RFC 4234
The ALPHA programming language
Alpha, a development stage of software release
DEC Alpha, a microprocessor/central processing unit (CPU)
AlphaServer - DEC now HP machine successor to the VAX
AlphaStation - DEC now HP workstation successor to the VAX

Other
Latin alpha, an open back unrounded vowel
Space Station Alpha, the original name and unofficial call sign for the International Space Station
The first letter in the NATO phonetic alphabet
Alpha (radio navigation), a Russian radio navigation system similar to the former Omega Navigation System
Alpha 2000, a light aircraft built in New Zealand
Alpha Group, a dedicated counter-terrorism unit that belonged to OSNAZ
Alpha class submarine, a Russian fast attack nuclear submarine
Sony α or Sony Alpha, a digital SLR series by Sony
Minolta α or Minolta Alpha, the Japanese name for a series of SLR cameras known as Maxxum or Dynax elsewhere, and predecessor to Sony's brand of the same name
Tropical Storm Alpha (2005)
Alpha Industries, clothing company

Related pages
Beta
Ioan Petru Culianu (January 5, 1950–May 21, 1991) was a Romanian historian of religion, culture, ideas, philosopher, political essayist, poet, mystic and short story writer.

He was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his University, Divine School where he was teaching on May 21 1991. At times he preached against communism and its system of brainwashing youth. It is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing Romanian Communist Party leaders.

Other websites
Biography - The life and death of Romanian mystic, The Forces of Darkness- professor Ioan Culianu
Culianu's works

1950 births
1991 deaths
Romanian writers
Romanian historians
Poets
20th-century philosophers
Romanian philosophers