cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
was a  after Tenpyō-kanpō and before Tenpyō-hōji.  This period started in July 749 and ended in August 757.  The reigning monarchs were  and .

Tenpyō-shōhō means "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Treasure".

Events of the Tenpyō-shōhō era
 749 (Tenpyō-shōhō 1): Emperor Shōmu abdicated, and his daughter receives the succession (senso).  Soon after, Empress Kōken's role as monarch is confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 752 (Tenpyō-shōhō 4, 4th month): The Eye-opening Ceremony celebrating the completion of the Great Buddha is held at Tōdai-ji in Nara.
 5 September 750 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated; and succession (senso) was received by her adopted son.  Emperor Junnin's new position is confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 756 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 5th month): Former-Emperor Shōmu died at age 56.

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
757 disestablishments
John Davies Cale, OBE (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer and record producer, known as a founding member of experimental rock band The Velvet Underground. He played on two of their albums The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967) and White Light/White Heat (1968). In 1970 he released first solo album Vintage Violence. He also worked as record producer. During his career, he worked with such as John Cage, Hector Zazou, Nick Drake, Brian Eno, Patti Smith, The Stooges and Manic Street Preachers.

Discography

Studio albums
 Vintage Violence (1970)
 Church of Anthrax (1971) − with Terry Riley
 The Academy in Peril (1972)
 Paris 1919 (1973)
 Fear (1974)
 Slow Dazzle (1975)
 Helen of Troy (1975)
 Honi Soit (1981)
 Music for a New Society (1982)
 Caribbean Sunset (1983)
 Artificial Intelligence (1985)
 Words for the Dying (1989)
 Songs for Drella (1990) − with Lou Reed
 Wrong Way Up (1990) − with Brian Eno
 Last Day on Earth (1994) − with Bob Neuwirth
 Walking on Locusts (1996)
 HoboSapiens (2003)
 blackAcetate (2005)
 Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood (2012)
 M:FANS (2016)

References

1942 births
Living people
British bass guitarists
British pianists
British record producers
British rock guitarists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Violists
Welsh rock musicians
Welsh singers
Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca (Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, short Cefet-RJ) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.

Established in 1909, it is the second largest university in Rio de Janeiro as well as one the country's best universities.

Related pages
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais

References

Other websites
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
1909 establishments in Brazil
Christine is a female given name. It comes from the word Christ. This name means follower of Christ.  In 1968, it was the 14th most frequently-given name for girls in the United States.

People
 Saint Christina of Bolsena, remembered on the 24th of July
 Saint Christine of Persia, remembered on the 13th of March
 Saint Christine of Ancyre, remembered on the 18th of May
 Christine Adjobi, an Ivorian politician and physician
 Christine Amertil (born 1979), a Bahamian athlete competing mainly in the 400 metres
 Christine Amor (born 1952), an Australian actress
 Christine Anu (born 1970), an Australian pop singer
 Christine Bottomley (born 1979), a British actress
 Christine Boudrias (born 1972), a Canadian short track speed skater who competed in the 1994 & 1998 Winter Olympics
 Christine Lagarde (born 1956), Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
 Christine Sinclair (born 1983), a Canadian football player who is currently a member of the Canadian women's national soccer team
 Christine Truman (born 1941), a British tennis player and French Open Champion.

References

Given names
Bayville is an incorporated village on the north shore of Nassau County on Long Island, in the state of New York.  The 2010 census showed that 6,669 people lived there, down from 7,213 in 2009.  Bayville was purchased from the Native Americans (the Matinecock tribe) by Daniel Whitehead in 1658.

In the 1800s, Bayville was mostly used for asparagus farming.  Five or six men owned large sections of Bayville and made their living from farming asparagus.  One of those men was Nicholas Godfrey, a native of Cape May township in New Jersey.  At the height of his land ownership, Godfrey owned more than half of Bayville's land.  Godfrey died in 1899. He is buried in the Bayville Cemetery.  He was a Lieutenant for the Union Army during the Civil War. He was also an inventor and he was Bayville's first postmaster in 1877.

The village wasn't named "Bayville" until 1859.  Before that, the village had two names.  The western and middle parts were called "Oak Neck". The eastern part was called "Pine Island".

Bayville's total area is 1.5 square miles.  1.4 is made up of land and .1 is made up of water.  Frank M. Flower & Sons, Inc. is Bayville's only commercial business. It has been there since 1887.  Bayville got electricity in 1906.  The Bayville Bridge that is there today is the fourth bridge.  The first bridge there was built in 1898.  Before that, people went between Bayville to Oyster Bay by water taxi.

Villages in New York
The name Brenda is a female given name in the English language. Its origin is uncertain, but it may be derived from a Scandinavian type of language, rather than Celtic like the masculine name Brendan. The name has been around for many centuries. Many famous people are named Brenda, including Brenda Blethyn, Brenda Song and Brenda Lee. There was also a woman in the golf series at Prince Edward Island who's name was Brenda from Northern Ireland.

People
 Brenda Archer, Guyanese high jumper
 Brenda Benet, actress
 Brenda Blethyn, English actress
 Brenda Bruce, English actress
 Brenda Castillo, Dominican Republic volleyball player
 Brenda Eisler, Canadian long jumper
 Brenda Gibbs, Australian actress
 Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond, first female Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
 Brenda Joyce, actress
 Brenda Matthews, New Zealand sprinter
 Brenda Robertson, Canadian politician
 Brenda Strong, American actress

Places
 Brenda, Manitoba

Given names
was a  after Tenpyō-shōhō and before Tenpyō-jingo.  This period spanned the years from August 757 through January 765.   The reigning monarchs were .  and .

Events of the Tenpyō-hōji era

 757 (Tenpyō-hōji 1): The new era began in the 8th month of Tenpyō-shōhō 9.
 760 (Tenpyō-hōji 4): Newly minted coins were put into circulation – each copper coin bearing the words Mannen Ten-hō, each silver coin bearing the words Teihei Genhō, and each gold coin bearing the words Kaiki Shōhō.
 26 January 765''' (Tenpyō-hōji 9, 1st day of the 1st month): In the 6th year of Junnin's reign, the emperor was removed from his role as monarch; and the succession (senso) was received by former-Empress Kōken. Soon after, Empress Shōtoku's reign was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui'').

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
765 disestablishments
757 establishments
Tyrol or Tirol can be:

Geography

Austria-Italy 
 Tyrol (region), a (historical) region in the Alps, divided between Austria and Italy
 Tyrol (state), a state of Austria
 East Tyrol, part of the State of Tyrol
 North Tyrol, part of the State of Tyrol
 South Tyrol, a province in northern Italy
 Tirol, South Tyrol, a municipality in South Tyrol
 County of Tyrol, a former political entity in existence until the early 20th century comprising territory in the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol
 German Tyrol, the German-speaking area of the old County of Tyrol
 Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, a Euroregion comprising the historical Tyrol region

Elsewhere 
 Tyrol Basin, a ski and snowboard area located in Mount Horeb, Wisconsin
 Tirol, a village in Doclin Commune, Caraş-Severin County, Romania

Other uses 
 Tyrolia (ski bindings), a major ski binding company, now part of Head NV
 Galen Tyrol, a fictional character from the re-imagined miniseries and television series Battlestar Galactica
 Tirol (fictional planet), the homeworld of the Robotech Masters in the anime series Robotech
The current coat of arms of Austria has been in use by the Republic of Austria since 1919. Between 1934 and the 1938 Austria used a different coat of arms.  It had a double-headed eagle. In 1945 the original coat of arms returned, with broken chains added to show Austria's freedom.

Symbolism 
The symbols and emblems used in the Austrian arms are as follows:

The Eagle: Austria's freedom (introduced 1919)
The escutcheon Emblem of Austria (late Middle Ages, reintroduced 1915)
The mural crown: The middle class (introduced 1919)
The sickle: Agriculture (introduced 1919)
The Hammer: Industry (introduced 1919)
The broken chains: Freedom from National Socialist dictatorship (added 1945)

Government of Austria
Austria
Land der Berge, Land am Strome (Land of the mountains, land on the river) is the national anthem of Austria.

Some people have said that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote the music used for the national anthem. Now people think Paul Wranitzky (1756–1808) wrote the music. Paula von Preradović wrote the lyrics.  She is one of the few women to write lyrics for a national anthem.

References

Austria
National anthems
Jello Biafra (born Eric Reed Boucher; June 17, 1958) is an American musician and spoken word artist. Biafra was the lead singer and songwriter for San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys. He started the record label Alternative Tentacles with East Bay Ray in 1979.

Biafra is a member of the Green Party of the United States. He ran for president in 2000.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Biafra's label Alternative Tentacles

Living people
1958 births
Actors from Colorado
American anarchists
American atheists
Musicians from Colorado
Musicians from San Francisco
People from Boulder, Colorado
Greens politicians
Actors from San Francisco
Punk musicians
Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993) was a Russian ballet dancer. He was one of the most celebrated dancers of the 20th century. In 1961 he defected to the West, despite KGB efforts to prevent him. For some years he partnered Dame Margot Fonteyn.

The Dictionary of Dance says "His repertoire was enormous, including all the classics and the modern standards". After his period with Fonteyn, Nureyev worked in several countries.

Nureyev was director, principal dancer and choreographer of Nureyev and Friends on Broadway (197475) and was artistic director of the Paris Opera House from 1983 to 1989. He promoted junior dancers, such as Sylvie Guillem, and commissioned new works. In the last years of his life he took up conducting.

Nureyev was gay. He and his partner, Erik Bruhn, died of AIDS.

Notes 

1938 births
1993 deaths
Ballet dancers
Deaths from AIDS
Gay men
Infectious disease deaths in France
LGBT choreographers
LGBT dancers
Russian LGBT people
Soviet people
Spoken language is language in its spontaneous form.  It is different from written language. Many spoken languages have no written form. The term spoken language is sometimes used for oral language.  This is not quite right because sign language is also sometimes said to be 'spoken'.

Children get their first language from whichever language is spoken around them.  Usually this comes from their mothers. Spoken language is much richer than written language.  Spoken language can have different rules than written language.

References

Language
Nancy Allen (born on June 24, 1950) is an American movie and television actress. She was born in Yonkers, New York. Her movies include RoboCop (1987) and Carrie (1976)

References

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York
People from Yonkers, New York
Heather O'Rourke (December 27, 1975  February 1, 1988) was an American movie child actress who acted in the movie Poltergeist (1982). She also worked in television.

But she's an adult now.

References

1975 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from sepsis
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in San Diego County
Brenda Russell (born Brenda Gordon, April 8 1944) is an American R&B singer. She was born in Brooklyn, New York. She has had many hit songs on several musical charts. Her singing genres include R&B and pop.

References

American R&B singers
American pop musicians
Singers from New York City
1949 births
Living people
The Mastère en sciences (MSc) is a French degree in higher education accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and for owners of a Bachelor's degree or a first year of a Master's degree. Created in 2002, this degree certifies that the training is consistent with various quality criteria (selectivity, English language education, number of hours, length of program, research, etc..).

According to the rules, only the schools members of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles may issue the diploma.

References 

Education in France
Qualifications
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician. He was the President of France. This means he was also the Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017. He was born in Rouen. He ran for the Socialist party. Before becoming president, he was a deputy for the Corrèze, and the mayor of Tulle. He studied law in Paris. He also studied at the École des hautes études commerciales de Paris and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. He was among the best in his studies at the École nationale d'administration. He was elected President of France on 6 May 2012, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy. There were two rounds of voting. In the first, 28% of the people voted for him. In the second round, with only two candidates, 51% did.

He left office on 14 May 2017 being replaced by Emmanuel Macron.

Other websites 

Official website

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
French lawyers
French mayors
People from Rouen
Presidents of France
Social democrats
Socialist Party (France) politicians
The Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles (BADGE) is a French degree created in 2001 by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and primarily intended for owners of a two-year degree after the end of secondary studies.

The BADGE program necessarily includes a number of common elements: at least 200 hours of instruction, including theoretical, practical work, team projects and possibly distance learning and a final validation test.
The program takes place over a period of 7 weeks to 24 months maximum, subject to alternating training / business where the period exceeds 6 months.

References

Other websites 
 BADGE on Conférence des grandes écoles website 

Education in France
Qualifications
2001 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in France
Brussels Airlines is the main Belgian airline. It flies from Brussels Airport to destinations in Europe, Africa and North America.

History 
Brussels Airlines was created as the result of the merger of SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express in March 2006. SN Brussels Airlines had been created from Sabena, the former Belgian flag carrier, that had ceased operations on 7 November 2001. SN Brussels Airlines started its operations only five months later. Virgin Express was a low-cost airline, owned by the Virgin Group. In 2004, SN Airholding took over Virgin Express, and in 2006 it was announced that both companies would merge and fly under the Brussels Airlines brand. In 2008, the Lufthansa group bought 45% of Brussels Airlines' shares, and Brussels Airlines joined the Star Alliance.

Fleet 
Brussels Airlines has the following aircraft in its fleet:

Cooperation 
It is a member of the Star Alliance.

The company has codeshare agreement with many companies such as Air Canada, Air Malta, All Nippon Airways, Austrian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Croatia Airlines, EgyptAir, Etihad Airways, Hainan Airlines, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, TAAG Air Angola, TAP Portugal, TAROM, Thai Airways, United Airlines and others.

In 2019, Brussels Airlines made agreements with Africa World Airlines and  Aeroflot Russian Airlines.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Official website

2006 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Star Alliance
Companies of Belgium
Transport in Belgium
Brussels
IATA members
Castel Goffredo is a city in north of Italy. Castel Goffredo is in the province of Mantua, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Castel Goffredo.

References

Other websites

Cities in Lombardy
A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question.  It is a question that is asked in order to make a point: it does not need a reply.

The question is used as a rhetorical device or tool.  The question is posed for the sake of persuasion, or to encourage the listener or reader to consider a message or viewpoint.

Suggested dialogue 
Rhetorical questions suggest a dialogue which does not really exist.  The speaker both asks and answers the question himself. A rhetorical question is often a statement in the form of a question.

For example, in "Can't you do anything right?", the words are not intended to start an investigation or to invite any response at all. What the words actually mean could change according to circumstance. It could be a little joke between friends, or it could be an insulting criticism. Generally, it would be taken to mean "You can't seem to do anything right".

The role of context is always important if someone asks "What does that mean". Consider this question: "Do you think this treatment is just?". There is no way of knowing whether this is a genuine question or not, because we do not know what the circumstances are. This is true of many kinds of communication, that what they mean varies according to circumstance.

On the other hand, "Is it right for a murderer to be allowed out of prison after only ten years?" clearly asks for the reply "No!". This is because the questioner has signalled what answer is expected. A neutral way to describe the situation might be: "A convicted murderer spends at least ten years in jail".

Related pages
Thought experiment

References

Other websites
What is a rhetorical question?
A short definition of the term

Rhetoric
The President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria. Even though the constitution says the President has a lot of power, in practice the President is mostly a figurehead. The President of Austria is elected once in every six years. His or her offices are in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace, in Vienna.

Many former Presidents have had a lot of popularity while in office.  No incumbent has ever lost a bid for re-election. Since 2017 the President has been Alexander Van der Bellen.

List of presidents
 Karl Seitz
 Michael Hainisch
 Wilhelm Miklas
 Anschluss
 Karl Renner
 Theodor Körner
 Adolf Schärf
 Franz Jonas
 Rudolf Kirchschläger
 Kurt Waldheim
 Thomas Klestil
 Heinz Fischer
 Alexander Van der Bellen

Government of Austria
The Federal Chancellor is the head of government and chief executive of Austria. His or her deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.

The Chancellor is chosen by the President of Austria.

References

Government of Austria
The Republic of Austria is the period of Austrian history after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 1919. It went through the settlement after the end of World War I which put an end to the Republic of German-Austria. It continued up to World War II. Austria was a de-facto republic, but its official name was the Federal State of Austria. 

This period was had a lot of conflict between the left and the right. The July Revolt of 1927 was an example. The Constitution of Austria was started in 1920 and changed in 1929. The Federal State (sometimes called the First Republic) came to an end with the Anschluss to Nazi Germany in 1938.  Some people say the end came with the start of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War. 

1919 establishments in Europe
1934 disestablishments in Europe
20th century in Austria
Former republics
The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro.  The euro is the official money of the Eurozone in the European Union (EU). The international three-letter code for the euro is EUR.

The old currencies that were replaced by the Euro was marks, pesetas, francs, lira, escudos and guilders.

Currency symbols
Austrian Sign Language (German: Österreichischer Gebärdensprache or ÖGS) is the sign language used by the Austrian deaf community. There are about 10,000 people who use it and it was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005. Learning ÖGS is based on the german spoken language in Austria and shares a similar grammatical structure to German Sign Language.

Sign languages
Austrian culture
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia and consists of the area of Korea.

It has an area of 220,847 km², and is governed by both North and South Korea.

The whole Korean Peninsula is claimed by both countries on the peninsula.

Peninsulas
Léon Samoilovitch Bakst (10 May 1866 – 27 December 1924) was a Russian painter. He designed the sets and costumes for some of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes productions. These were Cleopatra (1909), Scheherazade (1910), Carnaval (1910), Narcisse (1911), Le Spectre de la Rose (1911), and Daphnis et Chloé (1912). Bakst died in 1924 in Paris. In late 2010, the Victoria and Albert Museum presented an exhibition of Bakst's costumes and prints.

Ballets Russes costume designs

Notes

Sources 
 Marc Chagall, My Life, St.-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000,

Other websites 

 Leon Bakst (official website) 
 Working for Diaghilev
 BAKST at www.rollins.edu
 Leon Bakst (1866 - 1924) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews  at wwar.com
 Works by Leon Bakst at the Russian Art Gallery
 youtube
 Art Signature Dictionary - See Léon Bakst's signature, although the police seizure of counterfeit
 Baskt theatre and performance collection  at the Victoria and Albert Museum
 Evergreen collections that include original stage sets, costume designs, and other related works. 

1866 births
1924 deaths
Russian artists
Russian painters
Set designers
In zoology, cannibalism is where an animal eats its own species. It has been recorded for more than 1500 species. It is quite common with insects, spiders and scorpions. There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sexual intercourse.  Many types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species. Even, vetebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed.

References

Further reading 

 

Carnivores
Cannibalism
A curtsey (also spelled curtsy or courtesy) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures.  The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".

According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century. Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop. The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.

When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her. She may also use her hands to hold her skirt out from her body. In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight. Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down. In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side.   

Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow. Today this practice has become less common. In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family.  This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep. Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers. 

Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience. At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them. According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance. Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig). Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz. In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.

Related pages
Bowing

References

Other websites

How to Curtsey 
The Lady's Courtesy in the Victorian Ballroom

Dance
Non-verbal communication
Adam Nathaniel Yauch (August 5, 1964 - May 4, 2012) was an American rapper and movie director. He was a member of the Beastie Boys.

Yauch was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In 2009, he was diagnosed with salivary gland neoplasm. He died of the disease in New York City.

References 

1964 births
2012 deaths
American rap musicians
Deaths from salivary gland cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
Musicians from Brooklyn
Świętochłowice is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 55,000 people and 13.31 km². The city is on the Rawa River.

Cities in Poland
Schnitzel is a traditional German and Austrian dish.  It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried. It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine. In Austria, the dish called Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.  

The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal.  It is now often made of pork. When made of pork, it is often called Schnitzel Wiener Art in Germany.  In Austria, by law it has to be called Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein to show it is different it from the original. In Austria and Germany, the term Wiener Schnitzel is protected by law.  Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal. 

In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country). In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.

References

German food
Austrian food
Meat dishes
Knödel or Klöße are large round poached or boiled potato or bread dumplings, made without yeast. They are normal parts of Austrian, German, Hungarian and Czech cuisine.  They come in many different forms. They can be made from flour, potatoes, old bread, semolina, etc. In most types, they are used as a side dish for meat. They can also be served as a dessert or in a soup.

Names and varieties
In Hungary, they are called gombóc; in the Czech Republic, knedlík; in Luxembourg, Kniddel(en), cnigle in Bukovina; and, in Italy, canederli. In some parts of the United States, klub is used to mean potato dumplings. 

Klöße are large dumplings, steamed or boiled in hot water, made of dough from grated raw or mashed potatoes, eggs and flour. Similar semolina crack dumplings are made with semolina, egg and milk.  They are called Grießklößchen.
Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons or ham. In Austria and Hungary they make large sweet dumplings or plum dumplings called Zwetschkenknödel. Gombotzen are made with flour & potato batter, by wrapping the potato dough around whole plums or apricots.  They then are boiled and rolled in hot buttered caramelized bread crumbs. Topfenknödel are  made with quark cheese (Topfen) and are traditionally topped with cinnamon sugar and served with apple sauce or with streusel.

Königsberger Klopse are not dumplings, they are made from ground meat and are related to Frikadeller.

References

German food
Austrian food
Hungarian culture
Czech culture
Schönbrunn Palace is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important cultural monuments in the country. Since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna. The palace and gardens show the tastes and interests of Habsburg monarchs.

Early history
In the year 1569, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river.  It was between Meidling and Hietzing. The emperor had the area to be fenced and put game there such as pheasants, ducks, deer and boar.  This was the court's recreational hunting ground. In a small separate part of the area, "exotic" birds such as turkeys and peafowl were kept. Fishponds were built, too.

The name Schönbrunn (meaning "beautiful spring") is from an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.

During the next century, the area was used as a hunting and recreation ground. Eleonora Gonzaga, who loved hunting, spent much time there.  She was given the area as her widow's residence after the death of her husband, Ferdinand II. From 1638 to 1643, she added a palace to the Katterburg mansion.  In 1642 it was called "Schönbrunn" for the first time. The start of the Schönbrunn orangery seem to go back to Eleonora Gonzaga as well.

Gardens 

The sculpted garden space between the palace and the Sun Fountain is called the Great Parterre. The French garden, a big part of the area, was planned by Jean Trehet in 1695. It has a maze.

Western parts were turned into English garden style in 1828–1852. At the outmost western edge, a botanical garden was made in 1828.

Sculptures 
Lining the Great Parterre are 32 sculptures, which represent deities and virtues.

Recent history
After the end of the monarchy in 1918, the new Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace.  They made it a museum.

Later it was used for important events such as the meeting between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1961.

UNESCO catalogued Schönbrunn Palace on the World Heritage List in 1996, together with its gardens, as a remarkable Baroque ensemble and example of synthesis of the arts.

References

Gallery

Other websites

Palaces
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Museums in Europe
Buildings and structures in Austria
Former royal residences
Hoher Dachstein is an Austrian mountain,.  It is the second highest mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps. It is at the border of Upper Austria and Styria in central Austria.  It  is the highest point in each of those states. Parts of it are also in the state of Salzburg.  Because of this it is sometimes called the Drei-Länder-Berg ("three-state mountain").

The Dachstein has a rich cave system. The Dachstein is famous for its fossils, including megalodonts.

References

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Alps
Mountains of Austria
Styria
Upper Austria
Eggenberg Palace in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace in Styria, Austria. Schloss Eggenberg is among the most valuable cultural assets of Austria.  It was the home of the House of Eggenberg.  In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The palace is on the western edge of the Styrian capital of Graz in the Eggenberg (Graz) district. The northern corner of the palace grounds has the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium of Roman stonework.  There is a collection of over five centuries of European art history from the medieval to early modern period of European art history.  These are in the palace itself.

References

Museums in Europe
Castles
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Buildings and structures in Austria
Graz
1630s establishments in Europe
is a Japanese composer who makes video game music. She has worked with Capcom and Square Enix. She is best known for composing music for the Kingdom Hearts and Mario & Luigi series. Many of her works have been performed in video game music concerts. She left Square in 2002 and currently works as a freelancer but has or is working on six Kingdom Hearts games and the Mario & Luigi series. Shem is also working on Final Fantasy Versus XIII.

Video game Soundtracks 
 Samurai Sword (1988)
 F-1 Dream (1989)
 Final Fight (1989) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
 Adventures in the Magic Kingdom (1990)
 Mizushima Shinji no Daikoushien (1990)
 Code Name: Viper (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
 Gargoyle's Quest (1990) (with Harumi Fujita (uncredited))
 Adventure Quiz 2: Capcom World (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi, Manami Matsumae, Junko Tamiya, H. Takaoka, and G. Morita (uncredited))
 Mahjong School: The Super O Version (1990) (with Masaki Izutani (uncredited))
 Buster Bros. (PC Engine) (1991) (with Tamayo Kawamoto)
 The King of Dragons (1991)
 Street Fighter II (1991) (with Isao Abe (credited as Pii♪))
 Block Block (1991) (with Masaki Izutani)
 Varth: Operation Thunderstorm (1992) (with Masaki Izutani and Toshio Kajino)
 The Punisher (1993) (with Isao Abe, Toshio Kajino, Syun Nishigaki and  Nobu. Oouchi)
 Breath of Fire (1993) (with Bun Bun, Minae Fujii, and Mari Yamaguchi)
 Live A Live (1994)
 Front Mission (1995) (with Noriko Matsueda)
 Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (1996)
 Tobal No. 1 (1996) (with many others)
 Parasite Eve (1998)
 Legend of Mana (1999)
 Hataraku Chocobo (2000)
 Kingdom Hearts (2002)
 Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2003)
 Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories (2004)
 Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time (2005)
 Kingdom Hearts II (2005)
 Pop'n Music Carnival (13) (2005) (with many others)
 Monster Kingdom: Jewel Summoner (2006) (with Shinji Hosoe, Hitoshi Sakimoto, Yasunori Mitsuda, Kenji Ito, Masaharu Iwata, Tsukasa Masuko, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Ayako Saso, and Takahiro Ogata)
 Heroes of Mana (2007)
 Luminous Arc 2 (2008) (with Akari Kaida, Yoshino Aoki, and Shunsuke Nakamura)
 Little King's Story (2008) (with Yutaka Minobe)
 Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days (2009)
 Kingdom Hearts coded (2009)
 Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story (2009)
 Pop'n Music The Movie (17) (2009) (with many others)
 Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
 Last Ranker (2010)
 Xenoblade (2010) (with ACE+, Manami Kiyota, and Yasunori Mitsuda)
 The 3rd Birthday (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Mitsuto Suzuki)
 Kingdom Hearts Re:coded (2010)
 Radiant Historia (2010)
 Half-Minute Hero II (2011)
 Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance (2012) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
 Demons' Score (2012)
 Mario & Luigi: Dream Team (2013)
 Exstetra (2013) (with many others)
 Final Fantasy XV (TBA)
 Kingdom Hearts III (TBA)
 "Future Mana Project" (TBA)

References

Other website 
Official website 

1967 births
Living people
Japanese composers
Japanese musicians
Video game composers
Women composers
People from Hyōgo Prefecture
Lake Neusiedl is the second largest steppe lake in Central Europe.  It goes across the Austrian and Hungarian border. The lake covers 315 km². 240 km² is on the Austrian side and 75 km² on the Hungarian side. The lake's drainage basin has an area of about 1,120 km². From north to south, the lake is about 36 km long.  It is between 6 km and 12 km wide from east to west. The lake is no more than 1.8 m deep.

Most of the lake is surrounded by reeds which serve as a home for animals.  The lake is an important resting place for migratory birds.

In 2001 the national parks in Austria and Fertő-Hanság in Hungary were together accepted as a World Heritage Site.

References

Biosphere reserves
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Neusiedl
Neusiedl
Geography of Hungary
Burgenland
Eurobeat is electronic music from Italy and Japan.

Eurobeat artists 
 Ennio Zanini
 Maurizio De Jorio
Azərbaycan marşı (cyrl. Азәрбајҹан Маршы, arab. آذربایجان مارشی, pron. [ɑ̝ːz̪æ̞ɾbɑ̝jˈd͡ʒɑ̝n mɑ̝ɾˈʃɯ̞] "ah-zar-bahy-JAHN mahr-SHIH"; en. 'Azerbaijan March' or 'The March of Azerbaijan') is the national anthem of Azerbaijan. It was composed by Üzeyir Hacıbəyov and the lyrics were written by Əhməd Cavad. The anthem was officially adopted by the government of Azerbaijan in 1920, and then again in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

A part of the song is written on the back of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.

Lyrics
The Cyrillic script was used in Soviet Azerbaijan between 1939 and 1991, and it is still used in the Republic of Dagestan in Russia. The Perso-Arabic script is used by the Iranian Azerbaijanis in Iranian Azerbaijan, and it has been once used by all Azerbaijanis until the Soviet Latinisation campaign in Soviet Azerbaijan during the 1920s.

Phonetic transcription

Former alphabets
Since the anthem's existence, Azerbaijani had been written in a number of alphabets.

Unofficial translations

Trivia
In accordance with Azerbaijani law, there are no official translations for this song.
The anthem's composer, Üzeyir Hacıbəyov, also composed the music for the Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.
Because the anthem has existed since 1920, the lyrics were written in various different scripts.

References 

Azerbaijan
National anthems
National symbols of Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijani Turks, or Azeris are Turkic people living mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and in northwestern Iran, as well as in Georgia, Russia (Dagestan), Turkey and formerly Armenia. 

After the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), the land of the Iranian Qajar dynasty in the Caucasus were given to the Russian Empire which makes up the present territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Lands which Iran kept are now known as Iranian Azerbaijan. Even though they live on two sides of an international border, the Azerbaijanis are a single ethnic group. However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution of Iranian Azerbaijanis and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Turkish, and the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen, all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages. The Azerbaijanis are mostly Shi'a Muslim.

Related pages 
 Iranian Azerbaijanis

Other websites 
 Azerbaijan -Citizendium

References
A constitutional republic is a state where the chief executive and representatives are elected, and the rules are set down in a written constitution. 

The head of state and other representatives are elected but they do not have uncontrolled power. What their power is limited to is written in the constitution. If there is dispute about what the constitution means, this is decided by a court system that is independent from the representatives.

Constitutional republics usually have a separation of powers. The separation of powers means that no single officeholder gets unlimited power.  John Adams said that a constitutional republic was "a government of laws, and not of men".

Supporters of such a republic argue that it is meant to be a safeguard against "tyranny". No office holder can get to a position of absolute power. However, some have argued that a constitution can be written in such a way that it lets tyranny arise, and that a constitution is therefore not a fail proof safeguard against tyranny.

Aristotle was the first to write about the idea in his works on politics.

Constitutional monarchies are a special case: even though the monarch is not elected, the people still elect other governing bodies. The constitution also limits the power of the monarch.

Comparisons 
Comparisons can be made. There are countries which nominally are constitutional republics, but which have become (in effect) dictatorships. There are also countries which have no written constitution, and are monarchies, but which act in a similar way to constitutional republics.

References

Related pages
constitutionalism
constitutional economics
democracy
rule of law

Forms of government
Artur Tahir oglu Rasizade (born 26 February 1935 in Ganja) was the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from 2003 until 2018. Rasizada was a long-time Communist Party member during the Azerbaijan SSR period. He was Prime Minister from July 20, 1996 until August 4, 2003.  He quit due to health reasons.  This let President Heydar Aliyev's son Ilham Aliyev become Prime Minister. Rasizada continued to act as Prime Minister for Ilham Aliyev.  He formally returned to the job on November 4, after Ilham Aliyev was elected as president.

Awards
Rasizade was awarded with Istiglal Order for his contributions to economic development of Azerbaijan by President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on February 23, 2005.

References 

1935 births
Prime Ministers of Azerbaijan
Living people
Albania (usually called Caucasian Albania not to be confused with the modern state of Albania) is name is for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus. The native name for the country is unknown. It was on the land of present-day  Azerbaijan and partially southern Dagestan.

References

Caucasus
Former countries in Europe
History of Azerbaijan
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
4th-century BC establishments
8th-century disestablishments
was a  after Engi and before Jōhei.  This period started in April 923 and ended in April 931.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Enchō era
 929 (Enchō 7, 8th month): Floods devastated the country and many died.
 24 July 930 (Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month): Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.  Fuijwara no Kiyotsura and Taira no Mareyo and many others were killed.  The deaths were interpreted as an act of revenge by the spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane.
 16 October 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 34th year of Daigo's reign, the emperor fell ill; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 23 October 930 (Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month): Emperor Daigo  died at the age of 46.

Gallery

In Enchō 8, the thunder and lightning of a great storm were believed to show the angry spirit of Sugawara Michizane

Related pages 
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
923 establishments
10th-century establishments in Japan
931 disestablishments
930s disestablishments in Asia
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
The Vagina Monologues is a monologue play written by Eve Ensler. The production has been staged in many countries. Ensler originally starred in the play by herself, but she was later replaced by three celebrity monologists. A television version featuring Ensler was shown on cable TV channel HBO. Much of the profits made from the production went to women's anti-violence charities.

References

Other websites
The Vagina Monologues at Random House
V-Day official site
Official UK Page 
The Vagina Monologues at HBO.com

Plays
Women
The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is a leopard subspecies. It is sometimes called the far eastern leopard.

The leopard lives in the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and in the Jilin Province of northeast China. It is critically endangered (IUCN). Only 14–20 adults and 5–6 cubs were counted in 2007. Only 19–26 Amur leopards live in the wild.

The Amur leopards are endangered because they have been hunted for their fur. Also because their food sources are running out due to them being hunted for their fur. Amur leopards can be recognized from the patterns in their fur. They weigh about . They live in temperate, broadleaf and mixed forests. The Amur Leopard almost extinct by human hunting. It's called human hunting since the humans tear down the forest so no tree and bushes so the leopard cannot hide. At that time, they hunt them and sell to get money.

The number of Amur cats is decreasing due to the human activity, invasion of domestic cats, and infectious disease. Because these cats play a huge role and the ecosystem cannot afford to lose such species, researchers found a way to regenerate the endangered animal. This can be done from culture cell with somatic cloning technique. 

They breed in spring and early summer. Most of them are in captive breeding programs. They give birth to one to four cubs. Inbreeding is common in the wild. Their diet consists of roe deer, sika deer, badgers and hares.

References 

Panthera
Critically endangered species
Der Freischütz is an opera in three acts by Carl Maria von Weber with a libretto by Friedrich Kind. It premiered on 18 June 1821 at the Schauspielhaus Berlin. The title is usually translated as The Marksman, or The Freeshooter.

The opera is the first important German Romantic opera, especially in its national identity and stark emotionality.
The plot is based on the German folk legend of the Freischütz and many of its tunes were inspired by German folk music.  Its unearthly portrayal of the supernatural in the famous Wolf's Glen scene has been described as "the most expressive rendering of the gruesome that is to be found in a musical score".

Notes 

Operas
Compositions by Carl Maria von Weber
Jeremy Renner (born January 7, 1971) is an American actor, singer and film producer. He is famous for his role in the movie The Avengers. In the Avengers he plays Hawkeye, a.k.a. Clint Barton. Jeremy Lee Renner is an American actor. He appeared largely in independent films, such as Dahmer and Neo Ned. Renner appeared in supporting roles in bigger films, such as S.W.A.T. and 28 Weeks Later.

Other websites

 

1971 births
Living people
American stage actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Stanislaus County, California
Elles Bougent is a French voluntary association created in 2005 in order to attract high school girls and young students women to careers in transportation engineering (aerospace, car, rail).

Governance 
The association was created in 2005 by Marie-Sophie Pawlak.

Members 
The association consists of natural persons (high school girls and women students in science and technology, women engineers or technicians in operation) and artificial person (companies, universities).

Business & Federations

Higher education

Institutional 
 Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry
 Minister of Social Affairs

Other websites

References 

Transport in France
2005 establishments in France
The Avengers is a 2012 American superhero action movie based on Marvel Comics characters. It was distributed under Disney and premiered on April 11, 2012. The movie was written and directed by Joss Whedon. It stars Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, and Samuel L. Jackson, with Stellan Skarsgård, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Paul Bettany in supporting roles. It was positively welcomed from audiences, fans, and film critics alike.

Release Dates

Other websites 

2012 science fiction movies
2010s action movies
Movies based on comic book characters
American action movies
American science fiction movies
Avengers movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies directed by Joss Whedon
Screenplays by Joss Whedon
American superhero movies
2010s superhero movies