cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A mother is a female parent. A mother gives birth to babies after pregnancy. Pregnancy is usually nine months. If a woman over the stage of puberty raises an adopted or biological child, then she is a mother as well. Adopted children are also part of that person's family. Also see Maternal insult.

Breastfeeding 
After the birth of a baby, breastfeeding is an important part of taking care of the baby.

Other names for "mother" 
 In American English, other words for mother are "Mom," "Mommy," Momma," "Mama" and "Ma."
 In British English, "Mum" and "Mummy" are usually used instead of "Mom" and "Mommy". Another variant, often found in the North of England, particularly Yorkshire and Lancashire, is "Mam".
 In Irish English, "Mum", "Mummy is most common, often "Mother" or her first name is said, another variant in Dublin is "Ma" (with a hard A)
 In Australian English, "Mum", "Mother", "Mummy" and "Mother dearest"
 In Indonesian, "Ibu", "Emak", "Bunda"
 In Filipino, "Nanay", "Ina"
 In German "Mama", "Mami“, "Mutti“, "Mutter"
 In Tamil "அம்மா", "Am'mā"
 In Mandarin Chinese "妈妈", "Māmā"
 In slang "ur mom", "yo mama"

Madre is Mother in Spanish. Mamma or Mor is Mother in Norwegian. Mater is Mother in Latin. Mutter is Mother in German. Mat is Mother in Russian. Mama is mother in Swahili

Basic English 850 words
Family
The Caribbean or Caribbean Area (Dutch: Cariben or Caraiben, French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Spanish: Caribe) is a region of the Americas. It includes the Caribbean Sea, its islands (more than 7,000 islands, small islands and cays, most of them surrounding the sea), and the coastal islands of north South America and east Central America.

Geography
The Caribbean is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to its east and north, the coast of South America to its south, the coast of Central America to its southwest, and by the Gulf of Mexico to its northwest.

The West Indies is the name for the group of the islands of the Bahamas and the Antilles. The Antilles are divided into two groups: the larger Greater Antilles, on the north limit of the Caribbean Sea, and the Lesser Antilles, on the east and south.

The Caribbean islands have many different types of land. Because of this, the islands have many different kinds of plants and animals, even uncommon ones.

Famous islands in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. The countries of Dominican Republic, and Haiti are on Hispaniola.
There is also a lot of white sandy beaches and hot sun there.

Groups of islands

Name
The name Caribbean comes from Carib, indigenous people living in the Lesser Antilles and north South America when the Europeans came to the Americas.

History
The 18th century saw many countries trying to colonize the islands. Because of this, Caribbean culture is very similar to those of Africa, India, and many countries in Europe.

References
The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.

History 
Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.

This entire region covers an area of 1,063,000 sq. miles. It covers from Mexico to the boundaries of South America.

This sea is just as deep as it is wide. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft, 7,686 m. That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world.

Other websites 

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Gibraltar is an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. This means it shares the British King or Queen and has the protection of the British Armed Forces. It is in southwest Europe on the Mediterranean Sea. About 32,000 people live there. They are called Gibraltarians.

Gibraltar has always been important as a military base because this is where the Mediterranean Sea narrows to only 14 kilometres (9 miles) at the Strait of Gibraltar. This meant that whichever country controlled Gibraltar could see all ships that came into the Mediterranean Sea.

Gibraltar is most famous for The Rock of Gibraltar, a 426 meter high limestone rock rising out of the sea. The rock can be seen for many miles. It is home to the Barbary Apes, a type of tail-less macaque which are the only wild monkeys in Europe.

History 
Gibraltar was named for a general who led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. It belonged to Spain between the years 1501 and 1704, and it was captured by a group of Dutch and British marines during the War of the Spanish Succession (1704). In 1713, Spain signed the Treaty of Utrecht. This treaty ended the war and said Gibraltar would be British permanently. However, according to this treaty, if the Crown of Great Britain ever wants to leave the territory, the Crown of Spain will have a prior position in order to claim the sovereignty.

Ever since then, Spain has tried to get Gibraltar back. They attacked the Rock several times in the 18th century.
However, since the 1950s, Spain has tried get Gibraltar by diplomacy (international relations) by putting different kinds of pressure and restrictions on the people of Gibraltar.

Gibraltar was very important in World War II. Since it was in such a good position, it was the perfect place for the British army and navy to have its base. In World War II the people living in Gibraltar were taken to different parts of the world like Jamaica so they could be protected from the war and also leave the Rock for the soldiers. The Rock of Gibraltar was used by these soldiers, and long tunnels were made inside it. These tunnels even had a hospital and living areas for the soldiers.

In 1969 Britain gave Gibraltar a new constitution. This meant that it gave the people of Gibraltar a large amount of self-government.

In 2002 the people of Gibraltar were asked to vote whether they wanted Spain to share Gibraltar with the United Kingdom; almost everyone voted and 98.97% said they did not.

In 2006 Gibraltar voted to approve a new constitution which gave full self-government to the people meaning they can independently create their own laws.

In 2006, Spain signed a deal to stop interfering with Gibraltar telephone lines, and daily flights to Madrid started.

References

Other websites 
 Government of Gibraltar
 The Unofficial Homepage
 Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (with radio streaming)
 Satellite view of Gibraltar
 Virtual Tour of Gibraltar 

Gibraltar
The Leaving Certificate is the final exam in the Republic of Ireland secondary school education system. Students have to do the Junior Certificate before they can take the Leaving Certificate. Students also have to take Maths and English. If they took Irish during the Junior Certificate, they also have to take Irish.

Students have to take exams on at least six subjects. They can take either High or Ordinary level tests. In Irish and Maths, there is also a Foundation level. This is for people who have trouble with that subject.

The results are given out in the middle of August. A leaving certificate is required in order to go on to college or university.

Qualifications
Republic of Ireland
Education
An  empire is a set of lands or regions that are ruled by an Emperor. An empire usually also has many different cultures.

Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, Roman Empire, Russian Empire, Greek Macedonian Empire, Holy Roman Empire and British Empire. 

Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the de facto head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan. 

Many empires grew mostly by conquering land neighbors and are called land empires. Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them. The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires. The Venetian Empire and the British Empire were sea empires. The largest empire was The British Empire

Before Christopher Columbus, there were several American empires including Vikings (owned Greenland), the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire. The Spanish and the Portugese were the first Europeans to discover America. Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.

The oldest empire is the Akkadian Empire, whose founder is Sargon of Akkad. 

The newest created empire is The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.

References 

Empires
A writer can mean anyone who makes a written work or who writes, but the word more usually means people who write creatively or as a job, or those who have written in many different forms. Skilled writers demonstrate skills in using language to portray certain ideas and images, whether in fiction or non-fiction.

Types of writing

Poetry
Prose
Novels
Music
Lyrical (lyrics to music)
Plays
Myths and legends
Newspapers
Screenplays
Monologues
Nonfiction and creative nonfiction
Greeting card writer

This list is only a few examples of the many types of writing there are.

Types of writers
Writers often specialize in one of the following categories:
Novelist
Poet
Newspaper reporter
Columnist
Magazine writer
Head writer
Ghostwriter
Blog writer
A Business writer is someone who writes proposals and plans for a corporation, as well as reporting for writings on the stock market, financing, and other economic events. A type of writing used in a professional manner is known as business writing. It's a work of literature with a specific purpose that delivers important information to the reader in a simple, brief, and effective manner.

References

Writing
An inventor is a person who makes new inventions, devices that perform some kind of function. The devices are mostly electrical or mechanical. Someone that invents new ideas or methods on how to do things may also be called an inventor. Inventors can receive a patent.

Many inventors make small changes to old inventions. For example, people have invented new ways to make clocks over history.  Early clocks were sundials, later clocks used water, and pendulums.  Modern clocks are often electronic.  Other machines such as vehicles are made of many inventions.

Famous inventors 
 Nikola Tesla invented the alternating current motor, Tesla coil and many other things.
 Michael Faraday, scientist, discoverer of electromagnetic induction, inventor of the electric motor, founder of  electromagnetism.
 Thomas Edison, inventor of the phonograph and many other things.
 John Kemp Starley, many improvements to bicycles.
 Karl Drais, inventor of the Laufmaschine ("running machine") the first bicycle.
 Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937) pioneer of radio communication.
Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery.
 Gottlieb Daimler, inventor of the first four-wheel successful car.
 Karl Benz, inventor of the first successful car.
 George Stephenson (1803 – 1859) inventor of the improved locomotive.
 James Watt, inventor of the improved steam engine.

 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, inventor of the first car (propelled with steam engine).
 Nikolaus August Otto, inventor of the first internal-combustion engine.

 Richard Trevithick, inventor of the locomotive.
 Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine.

 
Occupations
Bears are a group of large mammals found all over the world in many different habitats. They form the family Ursidae, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.

 Family Ursidae: Bears
 Giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
 Spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus
 Brown bear, Ursus arctos
 Polar bear, Ursus maritimus
 American black bear, Ursus americanus
 Moon bear, Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus
 Sloth bear, Melursus ursinus
 Sun bear, Ursus malayanus

Appearance 
Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They have a broad head and a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black.

Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful senses of smell and sight. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs. Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.

Life 
They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears hibernate, that means they sleep during the winter to save energy.

Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.

Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.

Distribution 
Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.

In popular culture 
Fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.

References
Meteorology is the science that focuses on the Earth's atmosphere. People who study meteorology are called meteorologists. Meteorologists record air pressure, wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, weather patterns, and other information. Meteorologists use this data to understand weather and to predict it. Meteorology is a major branch of earth science. Meteorologists study the causes of particular weather conditions using information obtained from the land, sea and upper atmosphere.

They use computerized and mathematical models to make short and long-range forecasts concerning weather and climate patterns. A variety of organizations use meteorological forecasts including:
transport services, particularly air and sea travel
shipping and sea fishing industries and sailing organisations
government services, e.g. firefighters or for advice on climate change policy
armed forces
farmers;
public services
mass media
industry and retail businesses
insurance companies
health services

In addition to forecasting, meteorologists study the impact of weather on the environment and conduct research into weather patterns, climate change and models of weather prediction.
Technology is the skills, methods, and processes used to achieve goals.

People can use technology to:

 Produce goods or services
 Carry out goals, such as scientific investigation or sending a spaceship to the moon
 Solve problems, such as disease or famine
 Do things we already do, but more easily.

Technology can be knowledge of how to do things.  Machines are examples of embed.  This lets others use the machines without knowing how they work.  Technological systems use technology by taking something, changing it, then producing a result. They are also known as technology systems.

The most simple form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The discovery of fire and the Neolithic Revolution made food easier to get. Other inventions, such as the wheel and the ship, helped people to transport goods and themselves.  Information technology, such as the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, has led to globalization.

Etymology 
The word "technology" comes from two Greek words:

 τέχνη, techne, meaning "art, skill, or cunning of hand"
 -λογία, -logia, a suffix meaning "the study of"

Related pages
 Engineering
 Inventor
 Computer programming

Other websites
Futurism a website about science and technology
A son is a male child of a mother and father. A feminine child is a daughter.

Basic English 850 words
family
William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American movie director, producer, writer and actor. He was born in New York City and raised in Manhattan and Stamford, Connecticut. Stone became well known in the late 1980s and early 1990s for directing a series of movies about the Vietnam War. He was in the war as an infantry soldier. Stone's movies are often about political and cultural issues.

Filmography

As director

As actor
Battle of Love's Return (1971)
Platoon (1986) (cameo)
Wall Street (cameo) (1987)
The Doors (1991) (cameo)
Dave (cameo) (1993)
Any Given Sunday (1999)
Torrente 3: El Protector (cameo) (2005)
Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (cameo) (2010)
Graystone (film) (actor) (2011)

Screenwriter only
Midnight Express (1978)
Conan the Barbarian (with John Milius) (1982)
Scarface (1983)
Year of the Dragon (with Michael Cimino) (1985)
8 Million Ways to Die (with David Lee Henry) (1985)
Evita (with Alan Parker) (1996)

Producer/executive producer only
Sugar Cookies (1973)
Blue Steel (1989)
Reversal of Fortune (1990)
From Hollywood to Hanoi (1992)
Zebrahead (1992)
South Central (1992)
Wild Palms (1993) (TV)
The Joy Luck Club (1993)
The New Age (1994)
Indictment: The McMartin Trial (1995) (TV)
Freeway (1996)
The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996)
Cold Around the Heart (1996)
Killer: A Journal of Murder (1996)
Gravesend (1997)
The Last Days of Kennedy and King (1998)
Savior (1998)
The Corruptor (1999)
The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001) (TV)
Comandante (2003)
Persona Non Grata (2003)

Other websites  

1946 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Stamford, Connecticut
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American movie editors
American television producers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from Manhattan
Saline water (also called salt water, salt-water or saltwater) is water with a high amount of salt in it. It often means the water from the seas (sea water) and oceans. Almost all the water on Earth is saline.

Salt water used for making or preserving food, is usually saltier than sea water and is called brine. Drinking sea water alone is dangerous. A summary of 163 life raft voyages showed the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. Experiments on rats showed the danger.

When scientists measure salt in water, they usually say they are testing the salinity of the water: salinity is measured in parts per thousand or ppt. Most sea water is about 35 ppt salt. Salt lakes can be up to ten times as salty. Above that level precipitation creates a salt plain.

Brackish water, in contrast, is less salty than seawater.

Salt water is more dense than fresh water. This means that it has more matter per its volume. Fresh water has a density of 1 g/ml, while salty seawater has an average density of about 1.025 g/ml.

Related pages
 Desalination
 Fresh water
 Water cycle

References

Oceanography
Water
Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (Minehead, Somerset, 6 December 1917 – Colombo, Sri Lanka, 19 March 2008) was a British author and inventor. He was most famous for his science fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and for working with director Stanley Kubrick on the movie of the same name. Clarke and Isaac Asimov were probably the two best-known science fiction writers of their day.

Some of Clarke's novels include Childhood's End, A Fall of Moondust, The Songs of Distant Earth, The Sands of Mars, and Meeting with Medusa. He also wrote many short stories, and several serious works on science. 

Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941–1946. He proposed a satellite communication system in 1945 which won him the Franklin Institute Gold Medal in 1963. 

He was the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947–1950 and again in 1953.

Clarke emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving; That year, he discovered the underwater ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death.  He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998, and was awarded Sri Lanka's highest civil honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005.

Clarke died from heart and respiratory failure at the age of 90.

Related pages
Arthur C. Clarke Award

References

Other websites 
 Arthur C. Clarke Awards Official site 
 Arthur C. Clarke links & image archive

1917 births
2008 deaths
English science fiction writers
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
English inventors
English LGBT people
English novelists
English science writers
Gay men
LGBT writers
Nebula Award winning writers
Writers from Somerset
Anthony Burgess (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) was an Englishman who wrote many long stories, called novels.

One of these was named A Clockwork Orange. It was about evil. He had the idea for the story after a group of bad young men raped and beat his wife for no reason.

Burgess also made songs and music. And he wrote a lot about writers he loved, such as James Joyce, a novelist, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet.

Burgess was born in Harpurhey, Manchester, in the north of England. Before he became a writer, he was a soldier, then a teacher. When he was 37 years old, he left his home country to work in Malaysia and Brunei. Later, he lived in the USA, Italy, and France.

He was born very poor, the son of a man who made a meagre living out of selling cigarettes to workmen. But when Burgess died, he had grown rich. This was because he worked so hard at his art, which is the art of literature. He wrote at least 1,000 words every day of his life. But he always found time to be kind to other writers. He was friendly to the many people who came to visit with him at his seaside home in Monaco.

Burgess died of lung cancer aged 76, in St John's Wood, London.

The books by Burgess that people say they like the most are called Earthly Powers, about the Pope; Enderby, about a poet; and Nothing Like the Sun, about William Shakespeare.

Other websites 

Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
English novelists
English television writers
Pen names
People from Manchester
1917 births
1993 deaths
The Carp (plural: carp or carpes) is a fish that lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes. In Europe and Asia carp are loved as a fishing and eating fish. However, carp are a really big problem in countries such as the U.S. and Australia. They make the water dirty by causing the mud at the bottom to move and in these countries people hate them.

Some popular ornamental fishes like the koi and goldfish are also carp.

Types of carp 

 Genus Abramis
 Carp bream (Abramis brama)
 Genus Barbodes:
 Carnatic carp (Barbodes carnaticus)
 Genus Carassius:
 Crucian carp (Carassius carassius )
 Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)
 Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
 Genus Cirrhinus:
 Chinese mud carp (Cirrhinus chinensis)
 Deccan white carp (Cirrhinus fulungee)
 Hora white carp (Cirrhinus macrops)
 Small scale mud carp (Cirrhinus microlepis)
 Mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella)
 Man carp (Cirrhinus saprian)
 Genus Ctenopharyngodon:
 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
 Genus Culter:
 Predatory carp (Culter erythropterus)
 Genus Cyprinus:
 Common carp, Koi (Cyprinus carpio)
 Genus Epalzeorhynchos:
 Red-tailed black shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor)
 Red-finned black shark or Rainbow shark (Epalzeorhynchos frenatus)
 Genus Henicorhynchus:
 Siamese mud carp (Henicorhynchus siamensis)
 Genus Hypophthalmichthys:
 Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
 Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
 Genus Labeo:
 African carp (Labeo coubie)
 Fringed-lipped peninsula carp (Labeo fimbriatus)
 Bigmouth carp (Labeo kontius)
 Genus Mylopharyngodon:
 Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
 Genus Tinca:
 Tench (Tinca tinca)

Other websites 

 Fishing Website on Carp
 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission 

Teleosts
Ronald Walken (born March 31, 1943), simply known as Christopher Walken, is an American movie, television, and theatre actor. He is best known for playing evil or mentally damaged characters. He has sometimes used that image for comedic effect.  He was born in Queens, New York to a German father and Scottish-born mother. Walken has been married to casting director Georgianne Walken since 1969.

Walken is a skilled dancer who in many of his movies dances, because he requests it. He has been in nearly one hundred movies and television shows since 1953, including The Dead Zone (1983), Brainstorm (1983), A View to a Kill (1985), Batman Returns (1992) True Romance (1993), Pulp Fiction (1994), Nick of Time (1995), Mousehunt, (1997), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Around the Bend (2004) and The Jungle Book (2016). He was George Lucas' second choice for Han Solo after Harrison Ford.

He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in The Deer Hunter (1978) where he played a disturbed Vietnam veteran with Robert De Niro. He was nominated again in 2002 for Catch Me if You Can''. 

Walken has been guest host on Saturday Night Live many times. He has played many well known characters on that show.

Other websites 

Christopher Walken biography 	
The online Christopher Walken fan club	
Walken Works – A Christopher Walken film review site	
Christopher Walken Fan Forum Includes news updates on Walken's activities
Hoax "Walken 2008" presidential campaign website

1943 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Actors who played Bond villains
Academy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Eugene Alden Hackman (born January 30, 1930) is an American retired actor and novelist. Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California. His parents divorced while he was a child, and he moved from one place to another until he settled finally in Danville, Illinois, where he lived with his English-born grandmother. At the age of 16 he left home to join the Marines, where he served 3 years as a radio operator. Having finished his service, he moved to New York, where he worked in several minor jobs. He then studied television production and journalism at the University of Illinois.

Already over 30 years old, Hackman decided to become an actor, and joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California. It was in that school that Hackman became friends with another person who wanted to be an actor named Dustin Hoffman.

After working hard in many roles he became a well-respected actor. He has won two Academy Awards, and has played many well-known roles.

Filmography
 Welcome to Mooseport (2004)
 Runaway Jury (2003)
 Behind Enemy Lines (2001)
 The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)
 Heist (2001)
 Heartbreakers (2001)
 The Mexican (2001)
 The Replacements (2000)
 Under Suspicion (2000)
 Enemy of the State (1998)
 Twilight (1998)
 Absolute Power (1997)
 The Chamber (1996)
 Extreme Measures (1996)
 The Birdcage (1996)
 Get Shorty (1995)
 Crimson Tide (1995)
 The Quick and the Dead (1995)
 Wyatt Earp (1994)
 Geronimo: An American Legend (1993)
 The Firm (1993)
 Unforgiven (1992)
 Company Business (1991)
 Class Action (1991)
 Loose Cannons (1990)
 Postcards from the Edge (1990)
 Narrow Margin (1990)
 The Package (1988)
 Bat*21 (1988)
 Mississippi Burning (1988)
 No Way Out (1987)
 Another Woman (1987)
 Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987)
 Hoosiers (1986)
 Power (1986)
 Target  (1985)
 Twice In A Lifetime (1985)
 Eureka (1984)
 Misunderstood (1984)
 Uncommon Valor (1983)
 Under Fire (1983)
 Reds (1981)
 Superman II (19810)
 All Night Long (1981)
 Superman (1978)
 The Domino Principle (1978)
 A Bridge Too Far (1977) March Or Die (1977) French Connection II (1975) Lucky Lady (1975) Night Moves (1975) The Conversation (1974) Bite the Bullet (1974) Young Frankenstein (1974) Scarecrow (1973) The Poseidon Adventure (1972) Prime Cut (1972) The Hunting Party (1971) The French Connection (1971) I Never Sang for My Father (1970) Downhill Racer (1969) Marooned (1969) The Gypsy Moths (1969) Bonnie and Clyde (1967) Hawaii (1966) Lilith'' (1964)

Other websites 

1931 births
Living people
Actors from San Bernardino, California
Actors from Illinois
Academy Award winning actors
American military people
American movie actors
American novelists
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from San Bernardino, California
People from Danville, Illinois
San Bernardino, California
Writers from California
Writers from Illinois
Cod is a teleost fish that lives in the ocean. Cod is a large predator. There are about 12 different genera.

Cod is an important type of fish for professional fishing. It is also popular to eat, because it is mild in taste. The livers of cods are processed to get cod liver oil. Along with haddock and plaice, cod is a very common fish to use for fish and chips.

Cod has been traded about since the period of the Vikings. Cod grows to about 5 feet long. The biggest one ever caught weighed about 104 pounds.

References 

Edible fish
Teleosts
A herring is a small teleost fish of the genus Cluptea. Best-known of this family is probably the Atlantic Herring. There are 15 different species of herring. When herrings migrate in the water they usually do this in large numbers; this is then called a school of herring. Like other fish, they do this for protection: see shoaling and schooling. 

Herrings can be eaten.  They are often smoked or pickled. 

A red herring is used to describe a plot device in mystery fiction that leads the reader to a wrong solution.

Clupeiformes
Teleosts
Edible fish
The rays are a group of Batoid cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families. The batoids include four orders.

They are mostly flattened in shape, and usually demersal, living and eating at the bottom of the sea. The group first appears in the Triassic period, after 95% of marine species had been wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event.

Taxonomy 
 Batoidea
 Rajiformes
 Rajidae: the skates, 200 species
 Rhinidae: the bowmouth guitarfish
 Rhinobatidae: the guitarfish
 Rhynchobatidae: the wedgefish
 Pristiformes: the sawfish
 Myelobatiformes: the stingrays
 Torpediniformes: the electric rays

Description

Appearance 
Rays look like bats in the water, and this is probably why they are called batoids. They have pectoral fins that are attached to their bodies from back to front, similar to the way a bat's wings attach from its shoulder to its feet.

The fins of the ray create a disk shape that can be round, triangular, or diamond-shaped. Rays use their pectoral fins to 'fly' through the water. Though a bony fish takes in water with its mouth, rays do not because they live at the bottom of the ocean. If they took in water through their mouths, they would probably just get a mouthful of sand. Because of this, they have breathing holes on top of their bodies called spiracles. Rays use spiracles to take in water that is then sent over the gills.

Also, because they do not have a swim bladder, rays sink when they are not actively swimming.

Social Animals 
Interestingly, rays are usually curious and social animals. Though they often live alone, they like swimming together in groups with other rays. Despite the fact that they are able to swim, most rays live at the bottom of the sea, eating benthic animals. In fact, they often flick sand on their backs to camouflage (disguise, or hide) themselves as they lie in the sand at the bottom of the ocean.

References
A fishing rod is a tool used for catching fish. The rod is often used to cast a fishing hook to where the fish are. The hook has bait on it, sometimes an artificial bait. There is usually some way to make the line longer or shorter, and the pole it is can bend a little.

This is called angling and it is how people catch fish for fun or sport. Commercial fishing is usually done using fishing nets.

Sports equipment
Tools
Fishing
See Mammals for more info

Class: Mammalia: 
Subclass: Prototheria (Monotremes or egg laying mammals)
Clade: Australosphenida
Order: Platypoda platypuses
Order: Tachyglossa echidnas
Subclass: Theriiformes
Infraclass: †Allotheria (extinct)
Order: †Multituberculata (extinct)
Suborder: †Gondwanatheria (extinct)
Infraclass: Holotheria
Supercohort: Theria (placentals or live bearing mammals)
Cohort: Marsupialia
Superorder: Ameridelphia
Order: Didelphimorphia
Order: Paucituberculata
Superorder: Australodelphia
Order: Microbiotheria
Order: Dasyuromorphia
Order: Peramelemorphia
Order: Notoryctemorphia
Order: Diprotodontia
Cohort: Eutheria
Superorder: Xenarthra
Order: Pilosa
Order: Cingulata
Superorder: Leptictida (extinct)
Superorder: Anagalida
Mirordo: Macroscelidea
Order: Rodentia
Order: Lagomorpha
Superorder: Archonta
Suborder: Dermoptera
Order: Primates
Order: Scandentia
Order: Chiroptera
Superorder: Lipotyphla
Order: Chrysochloridea
Order: Erinaceomorpha
Order: Soricomorpha
Superorder: Ferae
Order: Carnivora
Order: Cimolesta
Superorder: Ungulata
Order: Tubulidentata
Order: Uranotheria
Suborder: Hyracoidea
suborder: Proboscidea
Suborder: †Desmostylia (extinct)
Infraordo: Sirenia
Suborder: †Embrythopoda (extinct)
Order: Artiodactyla
Suborder: Cetacea
Order: Perissodactyla
Superorder †Meridiungulata
Order: †Notoungulata (extinct)
Order: †Astrapotheria (extinct)
Order: †Xenungulata (extinct)
Order: †Litopterna (extinct)
Order: †Condylarthra (extinct)

 mammalia
Nottuln is a town in Coesfeld county, 20 km west of Münster, Germany.

It consists of
 Nottuln
 Appelhülsen
 Schapdetten
 Darup

History
A church was founded in 860 by Ludger Liudger, as well as the first monastery in Westphalia.
After a big fire 1748 it was built up by Johann Conrad Schlaun.
The county of Nottuln is at the A43 and a railway.

References

Other websites

Coesfeld Rural District
Coesfeld is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and the capital of Coesfeld county.

Nepomucenum and St.-Pius-Gymnasium are highschools in Coesfeld.

History 
Coesfeld was founded by the holy Ludgerus. Coesfeld has been a town since 1197.

Big villages in county Coesfeld:
 Nottuln
 Senden
 Dülmen
 Havixbeck
 Billerbeck

References

Other websites

Coesfeld Rural District
Hanseatic League
St.-Pius-Gymnasium is a catholic private highschool in Coesfeld near Münster in Germany. It is held by the diocese of Münster and named after Pope Pius X. . Until 1976 the school was a boarding school only for boys. Since then it has been a Gymnasium. Today, there are 791 pupils.

There is a statue of Pius X on the school ground to express solidarity with the patron. The school has a chapel and a pastor. There is a modern, well-equipped assembly hall, too.

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is associated with the Lyceé Notre-Dame in Guingamp (France), offers trips to Poole (England) and tries to establish a partnership with a school in Orlando (Florida, USA). 

In Advent, the school publishes a yearbook named "Piusbrief". Its pupil magazine "Fünf vor Acht" got multiple honours. 

The whole school is a non-smoking area.
Education in North Rhine-Westphalia
The cell membrane is a thin flexible layer around the cells of all living things. It is sometimes called the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane.

Its basic job is to separate the inside of cells from the outside.
In all cells, the cell membrane separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from its surroundings. Animal cells are contained in just a membrane. Bacteria, fungi and plants have strong cell walls as well, which support the cell and block the passage of large molecules.

Structure 

The membrane is made up of a thin layer called the 'phospholipid bilayer'. This has two layers of phospholipid molecules with phosphate heads on the surfaces and lipid (oil) tails on the inside. The outside heads mix with water, but the tails reject water.

Other proteins and lipids can be added to the cell membrane. By these changes, the cell can adjust what it brings in or puts out. Some proteins are always stuck into it, these are called integral membrane proteins. It also has some which are only sometimes stuck onto it. These are called peripheral membrane proteins. The outer layer protecting the inner cell.

Function 

The membrane is selectively permeable.  It is active and regulates (adjusts) what comes in and what goes out of the cell.  The movement of substances across the membrane can be either passive, occurring without the input of cellular energy, or active, requiring energy.

Proteins in the membrane 

Proteins within the membrane are key to its working. These proteins mainly transport chemicals and information across the membrane.

The membrane contains many proteins. The surface proteins can act as gates. They let some chemicals into the cell and let other chemicals leave the cell. It is estimated that up to a third of the human proteome may be membrane proteins. Some of these proteins are linked to the exterior of the cell membrane. An example of this is the CD59 protein, which identifies cells as “self” and thus inhibits their destruction by the immune system.

References 

Cells
Organelles
Tilapia is a fish that is often farmed for food, or kept as pets in aquariums. They live in warm, fresh water, but some species live in brackish water. The fish are found in Africa, North and South America, India, and Sri Lanka.

They are listed as one of the worlds worst introduced species. They can quickly take over from native fish in rivers. This has happened in places like in the Endeavour River, in   Queensland, Australia. These fish are thought to have been released into the river from an aquarium.

References

Bony fish
Sardine is a name of several kinds of fish, especially oily fish. Another name for these fish is Pilchard. All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring.  The Latin name of the family of these fish is Clupeidae. However, the naming is not precise. Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named pilchard. There are over a dozen with the name of sardine.  Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.

The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia. In the past, they could easily be fished there.

Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) sardines. The can is filled in liquids like water or oil. Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.

Gallery

References 

Bony fish
Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.

The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs on the ground and would not be able to move.

Bones also protect.  The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.  The jaw and cheekbones support the facial muscles, which help us eat and smile.  The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.  

Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.  The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.

Structure

Bone marrow 
Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone. It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body. It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system.

Osteons 

Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians. Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.  Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.

Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.

The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.

References 

Basic English 850 words
 
Natural materials
An anteater is a mammals of the family Myrmecophagidae and the suborder Vermilingua. Anteaters live in South America and Central America.

Anteaters eat ants and termites. They have long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue. The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm. The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws. Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.

Large anteaters that move on the ground knuckle-walk, bending their front toes under when they move the way gorillas do.  Small anteaters that live in trees do not do this.

Gallery

References

Xenarthrans
A Singer is a person who sings with their voice. Anyone who is singing is a singer. Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer).  Singers may sing anything: songs, opera etc. They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra.  Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves). Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.

The lead vocalist (or lead singer) is the member of a band who sings the main solo vocal portions of a song.  The lead vocalist may also play one or more instruments, and is usually the "leader" of their group, often the spokesperson in interviews and before the public.  The lead vocalist is sometimes referred to as the frontman. For example, Jerry Garcia was the lead singer and frontman for the Grateful Dead.

Qualities 
A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance. Good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as feeling the song through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning. A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them". A lead singer has to be a strong singer since other vocalists must sing accordingly.

Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir. Choirs can include gospel music, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two groups of singers, soprano and alto. Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range. Combining these two can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting to listen to.
 
People may feel like singing for various reasons.  They may want to share their feelings with other people.  They may be feeling happy about something, or sad, or excited, frustrated or angry.  Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.

Related pages
Singing

References

Other websites 
 What It Takes to Become a Professional Singer

 
Entertainment occupations
A keyboardist is a musician who plays one or more of the musical instruments called keyboard instruments, such as the piano, organ, or electronic synthesizer. A person who plays piano is also called a pianist. A person who plays organ is called an organist. Many types of music use keyboardists, such as rock, pop, funk, and classical music.

Musicians
Entertainment occupations
A superhero is a fictional character who protects innocent people and fights for good.

Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans. Usually a superhero is courageous and noble. They usually have a colorful name and costume.

The most well-known superheroes are Batman of DC and Spider-Man of Marvel.

Some superheroes do not actually have super powers but are merely strong individuals who want to do good in the world. For example, Batman does not have any superpowers, but has been through years of training to be physically and mentally stronger than his enemies.  

Most superheroes keep their identities a secret by wearing masks or helmets.  This protects the superheroes' friends and family from being hurt by villains.  Also, because superheroes do not fight within the regulations of the law like police officers do, they would have to be arrested for vigilantism if they revealed their identities.

Also, many superheroes have tragic backstories that play into why they're superheroes in the first place. Batman, for example, saw both of his parents murdered in front of him and dedicated himself to fighting crime to prevent things like that happening to other people. Another example of this is Spider-Man who let a thief go that he could've easily stopped; that same thief later broke into his home and killed Spider-Man's uncle. After this, Spider-Man realized that he had to be responsible with his power and use it to help others.
Paul Karrer (21 April 1889  18 June 1971) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins.  He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937.

1889 births
1971 deaths

Swiss scientists
Biochemists
Year 1681 was a common year that started on a Wednesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 March 14 – Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.
 October 28 –  A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of "involving herself in politics."
 August 31 – Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in the Whitehall – his fame begins to wane and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition.
 August 12 – The Ahom King Gadadhar Singha or Gadapani, who took the Tai name Supaatphaa, ascends the throne.
 December – Wu Shifan, the grandson of the Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide in Yunnan province, ending the eight year conflict of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories against Qing Dynasty authority in China, then led by the Kangxi Emperor.

Undated 
 France annexes the city of Strasbourg.
 The last dodo bird is killed.
 Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.

Births 

 March 14 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (died 1767)
 June 26 – Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (died 1708)
 September 11 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (died 1741)
 September 28 – Johann Mattheson, German composer (died 1764)
 November 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (died 1776)
 November 28 – Jean Cavalier, French Protestant rebel leader (died 1740)

Deaths 

 January 28 – Richard Allestree, English royalist churchman (born 1619)
 March 12 – Frans van Mieris, Sr., Dutch painter (born 1635)
 May 25 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1600)
 July 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (born 1629)
 July 25 – Urian Oakes, English-born President of Harvard University (born 1631)
 August 22 – Philippe Delano, Dutch Plymouth Colony settler (born 1602)
 December 22 – Richard Alleine, English Puritan clergyman (born 1611)
 date unknown – Gerard ter Borch, Dutch painter (born 1617)
Anonymity means "namelessness" and comes from Greek words meaning "without name". It is when a person's identity or name is unknown. If a person is called anonymous, nobody knows who he or she is, or the anonymous person does not want to be found out. 

The concept of anonymity has some important uses. It is vital for a democracy that votes cast in an election are anonymous. In that way, no-one can find out how a person voted in an election.

Names