cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The octal numeral system is a base 8 numeral system. It uses the numerals 0 through 7. The system is similar to binary (base 2) and hexadecimal (base 16). Octal numerals are written using the letter o before the numeral, for example, o04 or o1242. Octal numbers are also sometimes written with a small 8 to the lower right, as in 12428.

At one time, the octal system was used mainly for work with computers. It provided an easier way to work with binary numbers. As computers changed from using 24-bit systems to 32- and 64-bit systems, hexadecimal replaced octal for most uses. Certain groups, for example, Native Americans using the Yuki language in California and the Pamean languages in Mexico, also use an octal numbering system. They do this because when they count, they use the spaces between their fingers instead of counting the actual fingers.

Octal and binary
The octal numeral system uses a "three-bit" binary coding. Each digit in an octal numeral is the same as three digits in a binary numeral. The grouping of the binary digits is done from right to left. The first three binary digits from the right are grouped into the last part of the octal numeral, then the next three digits form the next to the last part of the numeral.

Octal and decimal
In the decimal system (base 10), each digit in octal is equal to that digit multiplied by the exponent of 8 that is equal to its location minus one.

Example: o3425 to decimal

Octal and hexadecimal
Octal is similar to hexadecimal because they are both easily converted to binary. Where octal is equal to three-digit binary, hexadecimal is equal to four-digit binary. Where octal numerals start with the letter "o", hexadecimal numerals end with the letter "h". The easiest way to convert from one to the other is to convert to binary and then to the other system.

Related pages
 Binary numeral system
 Hexadecimal numeral system
 Decimal numeral system

References

Other websites 
 Online Converter  for Decimal/Octal Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)

Numbering systems
Rubiaceae is a family of flowering plants, variously called the madder, bedstraw, or coffee family. There are about 600 genera and more than 10,000 species in Rubiaceae. 

There are three subfamilies: Rubioideae, Cinchonoideae and Ixoroideae.

References and other websites 

 Rubiaceae , Henriquezaceae , Dialypetalanthaceae  Theligonaceae  and Naucleaceae  in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.  http://delta-intkey.com 
 MOBOT Rubiaceae

Plant families
 
Gentianales
Gentianales are an order of flowering plants.
Under the APG definition some well-known members of Gentianales are coffee, gardenias, and frangipani.

References 
 Struwe, L., V. A. Albert, and B. Bremer. 1994. Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. Cladistics 10: 175–205.
 Backlund, Maria, Bengt Oxelman, and Birgitta Bremer. 2000.   Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae American Journal of Botany 87:1029-1043.
The Danish Centre of Urban History (in Danish, Dansk Center for Byhistorie) is a research and communication center for the history of Danish cities. The centre was founded in 2001 by The Institute of History and Area Studies at Aarhus University and The Old Town, National Open Air Museum of Urban History and Culture.

Books 
The Centre has two book series called "Danish Urban Studies" and "Writings on Danish Urban History". These series have books and articles about Danish urban history from medieval ages until today. The centre provides Danish urban history to a wider audience on the internet through a website called The Digital City Gate. This site gives access to databases and presentations of Danish urban history. It mainly focuses on the period from 1600 to 1900.

Other websites
Danish center of urban history

Denmark
2001 establishments in Europe
21st-century establishments in Denmark
Gardenia is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Gardenia can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania.

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after Dr Alexander Garden (1730-1791), Scottish-born American naturalist.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three or four, 5–50 cm long and 3–25 cm broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, white or pale yellow. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer and many species are strongly scented.

Cultivation and uses

Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in some species.

Gardenias have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Because they originated in warm humid tropical areas, they demand high humidity.

Gallery

Other websites
Growing Gardenias

Rubiaceae
Flowers
Plumeria (common name Frangipani) is a small genus of 7-8 species that grow in tropical and subtropical Americas. The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. P. rubra (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), that grows in Mexico, Central America,  and Venezuela, produces flowers ranging from white, yellow to pink. From Mexico and Central America, Plumeria has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially Hawaii, where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is native there.

Plant 
Plumeria is related to the Oleander, Nerium Oleander, and both possess poisonous, milky sap, rather similar to that of Euphorbia.

Plumeria obtusa Gallery

Other websites 

 Frangipani, Plumeria, Lonely Hearts Posts and New Books to Read!  - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Plumeria.
 Portuguese Flora Brasiliensis: Plumeria
  Dok Champa Muang Lao: Plumeria Flowers, fleurs des frangipaniers, fleurs du Laos. Présentation de toutes les méthodes de multiplications : par bouture, semis, greffe ou encore marcottage. 
  plumeria's in nederland kweken 
 Bali Plumeria 
 Photos of White Frangipani (Plumeria Alba)

Gentianales
Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity, or a change from one religious identity to another. "Conversion" can take place not only from one religion to another, but also between different denominations, within the same faith, when this involves a felt change of spiritual identity rather than other reasons such as convenience.

Related pages 
Freedom of religion

References 
 Barrett, D. V. The New Believers—A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (2001) UK, Cassell & Co 
 Cooper, Richard S. "The Assessment and Collection of Kharaj Tax in Medieval Egypt" (Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 96, No. 3. (Jul. – Sep., 1976), pp. 365–382.
 Barker, Eileen The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? (1984)

Other websites 

 "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights," by Natan Lerner, Ph.D. (legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism)
 How Does One Convert to Judaism?
 All Roads Lead to Rome Catholic conversion experience  at The Truth about the Catholic Church
 Choosing Judaism: Resource Center for Prospective Converts
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
 Online Book on conversion to Hinduism 
 Podcast about Mormon conversion experience 
 Islam converts change face of Europe
Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn, GCMG, GCVO, CB, known as Gladwyn Jebb (25 April 1900 – 24 October 1996), was a prominent British civil servant, diplomat and politician as well as the first Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Acting UN Secretary-General
After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945. He was appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.

Ambassador
Returning to London, Jebb was Deputy to the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin at the Conference of Foreign Ministers before serving as the Foreign Office's United Nations Adviser (1946-47). He represented the United Kingdom at the Brussels Treaty Permanent Commission with personal rank of Ambassador. He became the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations from 1950-1954 and to Paris from 1954-1960.

Political career
In 1960 Jebb was made a hereditary peer and as Baron Gladwyn became involved in politics as a member of the Liberal Party. He was Deputy Leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords 1965-1988 and spokesman on foreign affairs and defence. An supporter of the European Union, he served as a Member of the European Parliament 1973-1976 where he was also the Vice-President of the Parliament's Political Committee. He tried to be elected to the European Parliament in 1979.

When asked why he had joined the Liberal party in the early 1960s, he replied that the Liberals were a party without a general and that he was a general without a party. Like many Liberals, he passionately believed that education was the key to social reform.

Death
He died in 1996, and is buried at St. Andrew's, Bramfield in the county of Suffolk.

Lady Gladwyn
Jebb's wife, Cynthia, Lady Gladwyn, was a noted diarist of their times in Paris and a hostess of Liberal and London politics. She was the great-grand daughter of Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

Honours
 Commander of the CMG 1942
 KCMG in 1949
 GCMG, 1954
 GCVO, 1957
 Companion of the Bath, 1947
 Grand Croix de la Légion d'Honneur, 1957

Publications and papers
Publications by Baron Gladwyn include:
 Is Tension Necessary?, 1959
 Peaceful Co-existence, 1962
 The European Idea, 1966
 Half-way to 1984, 1967
 De Gaulle's Europe, or, Why the General says No, 1969
 Europe after de Gaulle, 1970
 The Memoirs of Lord Gladwyn, 1972

Other websites
 Cambridge Archives Centre - Gladwyn Papers

1900 births
1996 deaths
Companions of the Bath
English politicians
Former MEPs
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
MEPs for the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Barons
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom
Shota Rustaveli was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature. He is the author of The Knight in the Panther's Skin ("Vepkhistqaosani" in Georgian), the Georgian national epic poem. Little is known about life of the poet. He was a courtier of queen Tamara.

His work 

"The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (the actual name is Vepkhistkaosani, which means The wearer of Tiger's Skin) has been translated into many languages. It was first printed in 1712, in Tbilisi (capital of Georgia). It consists of 1576 four line stanzas with monorhyme. That means all lines rhyme to each other. The lines are made up of sixteen syllables.

References

Bibliography 
 Georgian Literature by A. G. Baramidze, D. M. Gamezardashvili, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu 2001, .

Other websites 

 The Man in the Panther's Skin: full text of M. Wardrop's English translation.
 Shota Rustaveli. "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (Fragments in English). 

Medieval literature
Poets
1172 births
1216 deaths
Writers from Georgia (country)
Sirenia is a gothic metal band from Stavanger, Norway, founded in early 2001. Sirenia play a mix of gothic metal, symphonic metal, extreme metal and death metal sounds. The vocals are two male, one hard voice, from death metal, and a clean male singer. The female voice is used in moments with melody or chorus. The band uses melodic instrumentals, synthesizers, and distorted guitars with female vocals, and a choir, and violins, for the male voices. Lyrics spoke about human existence, emotion, and mental states.

The band has changed tree female voices, first Fabienne Gondamin for the recording of At Sixes and Sevens, then Henriette Bordvik with whom the band recorded two albums ("An Elixir For Existence" and plus one EP "Sirenian Shores", and thenMonika Pedersen for recording Nine Destinies and a Downfall in 2007.

The lyrics, are written by Morten Veland.

Discography

Albums
 At Sixes and Sevens (2002)
 An Elixir for Existence (2004)
 Sirenian Shores (EP) (2004)
 Nine Destinies and a Downfall (2007)
 The 13th Floor (2009)

Singles
 My Mind's Eye
 The Other Side
 The Path To Decay
 Euphoria (song)
 The End of It All

Members

Current members
 Morten Veland - Programming, Growling, Clean Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Keyboards
 Jonathan A. Perez - drums
 Bjørnar Landa - Guitar
 Ailyn - Female Vocals

Old members
 Henriette Bordvik - Female Vocals (2002-2005)
 Kristian Gundersen - Clean Vocals, Guitar (2001-2004)
 Monika Pedersen - Female Vocals (2006-2007)

Session members
 Fabienne Gondamin - Female Vocals (2001)
 Jan Kenneth Barkved - Clean Vocals
 Pete Johansen - Violin
 Hans Henrik Varland - Keyboards
 Anne Verdot - Violin
 Roland Navratil - drums

Other websites
 Sirenia - official website
 Nuclear Blast - official website
 Official MySpace

Gothic metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Stavanger
Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar y de la Guerra (January 19, 1920March 4, 2020) was a Peruvian diplomat who served as the 5th Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from 1982 to 1991. From 2000 to 2001, he served as the 135th prime minister of Peru.

In 1995, he ran unsuccessfully against Alberto Fujimori for President of Peru. He was the president of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister), as well as Minister of Foreign Affairs, between November 2000 and July 2001, during the unstable period following Fujimori's resignation over corruption charges. In 2004, he stepped down from his position as Peru's ambassador to France.

From the death of Kurt Waldheim in 2007 until his own death in 2020, Pérez de Cuéllar was the oldest-living former secretary-general of the UN.

Education
He studied in Colegio San Agustín of Lima, and then at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

Diplomatic career
Pérez de Cuéllar joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1940 and the diplomatic service in 1944, serving subsequently as Secretary at Peru's embassies in France, where he met and married his first wife (the former Yvette Roberts); the United Kingdom; Bolivia; and Brazil. Later, he was ambassador to Switzerland, the Soviet Union (at the same time in Poland), and Venezuela. From his first marriage, Perez de Cuellar had a son (Francisco, born in Paris) and a daughter (Agueda Cristina, born in London).

He was a junior member of the Peruvian delegation to the General Assembly at its first session, held in London in 1946, and a member of the delegations to the 25th through 30th sessions of the Assembly. In 1971, he was made permanent representative of Peru to the United Nations, and led his country's delegation to all sessions of the Assembly from then until 1975.

In 1973 and 1974, he represented his country in the Security Council, serving as its president at the time of the events in Cyprus in July 1974. On 18 September 1975, he was appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Cyprus, a post he held until December 1977, when he rejoined the Peruvian Foreign Service. During his time in Cyprus, Perez de Cuellar married his second wife, the former Marcela Temple Seminario.

United Nations Secretary-General
On December 31, 1981, Pérez de Cuéllar succeeded Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General and was re-elected for a second term in October 1986. During his two terms, he led mediations between Britain and Argentina in the aftermath of the Falklands War and promoted the efforts of the Contadora Group to bring peace and stability to Central America. He also interceded in the negotiations for the independence of Namibia, the conflict in Western Sahara between Morocco and the Polisario Front, and the Cyprus issue.

Shortly before the end of his second term, he was unofficially requested by members of the Security Council to run for a third term of two years, to give time for a successor to be found.

Death
Pérez de Cuéllar died in Lima on March 4, 2020, at age 100.

References

Other websites
 
 Official U.N.S.G biography

1920 births
2020 deaths
People from Lima
Prime Ministers of Peru
Roman Catholics
Ambassadors to France
José de Sousa Saramago, (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; born November 16, 1922; died June 18, 2010) was a Portuguese writer, playwright and journalist.

Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998. He lived on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain.

Biography 
Saramago was born into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in the province of Ribatejo some hundred kilometers north-east of Lisbon.

Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947. Since 1988, Saramago has been married to the Spanish journalist Pilar del Río, who is the official translator of his books into Spanish.

José Saramago was in his mid-fifties before he had international success; his novel Baltasar and Blimunda brought him an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.

Saramago was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party from 1969, until his death  as well as an atheist and self-described pessimist. His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.

Themes 

Saramago uses for his works fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel, The Stone Raft, the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel, Blindness, an entire country is stricken with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.

Bibliography

References

Bibliography 
 Baptista Bastos, José Saramago : Aproximação a um retrato, Dom Quixote, 1996
 T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, Entre a história e aficção : Uma saga de portugueses, Dom Quixote, 1989
 Maria da Conceição Madruga, A paixão segundo José Saramago : a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão, Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
 Horácio Costa, José Saramago : O Período Formativo, Ed. Caminho, 1998
 Helena I. Kaufman, Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução, Madison, 1991
 O. Lopes, Os sinais e os sentidos : Literatura portuguesa do século XX, Lisboa, 1986
 Carlos Reis, Diálogos com José Saramago, Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
 M. Maria Seixo, O essencial sobre José Saramago, Imprensa Nacional, 1987
 "Saramago, José (1922-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 Sep. 2007

Other websites 
 The Unexpected Fantasist, a portrait of José Saramago, written by Fernanda Eberstadt and published August 26, 2007 in The New York Times Magazine
 Introduction and video of Saramago from "Heroes de los dos bandos" -spanish civil war-
 Interviews with Saramago in video
 José Saramago from Pegasos 
 Translation of interview with Saramago in El País - 12-Nov-2005

1922 births
2010 deaths
Portuguese writers
Crucified Barbara are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.

The currents members on the band are:
 Mia Coldheart – Vocals, Guitar
 Klara Force – Guitar
 Ida Evileye – Bass
 Nicki Wicked – Drums

Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock music.

History 
Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed  in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'.  It was released on December 8, 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist.  The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.

Old members 
 Joey Nine - vocals (1998 - 2003)

Discography

Albums 
 2005 - In Distortion We Trust

Singles 
 2005 - Losing The Game
 2005 - Rock'n'Roll Bachelor
 2006 - Play Me Hard

In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentine's Day Massacre".

Tours 
In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.

Other websites
 CrucifiedBarbara.Com 
 Crucified Barbara on MySpace

Swedish heavy metal bands
Glam metal bands
Hard rock bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1998
John Clayton Mayer (surname pronunciation: ) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, Room for Squares and Heavier Things, were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland". In 2005 he started a band called The John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan. In 2008 a live cover he did of Michael Jackson's Beat It with Fall Out Boy was released.
His sixth album, Paradise Valley, was released in August 2013.

References

Other websites 

 Official John Mayer site
 Official John Mayer Trio site 
 Mayer's MySpace page
 Mayer's blog at Honeyee.com 
 Mayer's photoblog at StunningNikon.com 

1977 births
Living people
American blues musicians
American rock guitarists
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Connecticut
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
American bloggers
Burg Fürsteneck is a castle in the middle of Germany between the towns of Fulda and Bad Hersfeld. It belongs to the commune of Eiterfeld. The castle at an altitude of 406 meters on a small plateau.

History
Burg Fürsteneck belonged to the monastery of Fulda. It was first mentioned in 1309, but it might have been built one or two hundred years before. Since 1802 it became the property of the German state of Hesse. The castle Burg Fürsteneck is preserved completely in a good condition.

Akademie Burg Fürsteneck
Since 1952 Burg Fürsteneck has been an academy for vocational and cultural education. It was rebuilt by the architect Otto Bartning. Each year about 4,000 participants take part in one of more than 175 courses, with 15.000 overnight stays.

Literature
 August Straub: Burgen und Schlösser im Hessenland., Melsungen
 August Weber: Die Geschichte des Kreises Hünfeld. Fulda 1960
 Rudolf Christl et al.: 1150-Jahre Dorf und Markt Eiterfeld. Amt und Gericht Fürsteneck. 845 – 1995. Eiterfeld 1995

Other websites
 Homepage of Burg Fürsteneck 
 European Nyckelharpa training in castle Burg Fürsteneck
 International Days of the Nyckelharpa 
 Vocational course for medieval music  

Burg Fursteneck
Castles in Germany
Robert I (15 August 860 – 15 June 923), king of West Francia (922 – 923), was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and the brother of Odo of France.  Robert I was at the Siege of Paris in 885.  Robert had the title of Dux Francorum.  He did not call himself king of West Francia when his brother died in 898.  Instead he served the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple and defended northern Francia from the attacks of the Norsemen.

866 births
923 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Louis IV (920 – September 10, 954), was king of France from 936 to 954. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty and was son of Charles III and Eadgifu of England.

920 births
954 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
Ratchet & Clank is a platforming and shooting game for the PlayStation 2. It was made by Insomniac Games and published by Sony. It was released on November 7, 2002 in North America, November 8, 2002 in Europe, and December 3, 2002 in Japan. It is the first game in the Ratchet & Clank series.

The game is about the character Ratchet, a made-up animal called a Lombax, and his robot friend Clank. Ratchet and Clank travel around the galaxy to defeat an evil alien named Chairman Drek, who is trying to destroy planets. The player is able to use many weapons and machines to attack enemies and solve puzzles.

Gameplay
In this game, the player plays as Ratchet most of the time, but can play as Clank sometimes. Ratchet can use lots of weapons and gadgets to attack enemies, solve puzzles, and jump over gaps. Clank can control smaller robots called "Gadgebots" who do things for him that Clank can not do on his own. There are lots of different places the player can go to.

Story

A factory making lots of big robots is seen. One day a small robot is made by accident. He sees a video of an alien leader called Drek. Drek wants to break up lots of planets, and then use the pieces to make a new planet for his people, because his people'sold planet has become too polluted to live in. The video scares the robot, and he gets away in a spaceship, but crashes on a made-up planet called Veldin.

Ratchet is a made-up animal called a Lombax, who lives on Veldin. He wants to leave Veldin in his spaceship, and have adventures. Ratchet finds the small robot and calls him "Clank". Clank wants to stop Drek, and wants Ratchet to help him find a superhero called Captain Qwark, who he thinks will stop Drek. Clank fixes Ratchet's ship, so that Ratchet will help him.

Later on, Ratchet and Clank find Qwark. But Qwark is working for Drek, and he tries to kill Ratchet and Clank. They both get away from Qwark, but Ratchet is angry at Clank. Clank wants to stop Drek, but Ratchet only wants to find Qwark and kill him.

Soon, Ratchet shoots down Qwark's spaceship. After this happens, he sees a video with Drek's army destroying a city. The video makes Ratchet feel bad, and he says sorry to Clank for not helping him to find Drek.

They soon find out that Drek has a weapon called the "Deplanetizer". He is going to destroy Veldin, Ratchet's home, and this makes Ratchet angry. They find Drek, but he tells them he only did he whole thing to get money. People bought parts of his new planet, and Drek has made lots of money. But after the whole planet has been bought, he is going to pollute it. Then he will have to make another new planet, and get lots more money. But Ratchet and Clank kill Drek after a long fight, and use the Deplanetizer to destroy Drek's new planet. This makes lots of rocks fall down to Veldin. Clank gets his arm hurt, and Ratchet asks if he wants it fixed, and they both walk away together.

References

3D platform games
PlayStation 2 games
2002 video games
Ratchet & Clank
Windows games
MacOS games
Pollyanna is a book for children written by Eleanor Hodgman Porter. It was published in 1913.

Pollyanna-The game Story
A girl called Pollyanna is an orphan (her parents are dead). She goes to live with her Aunt Polly (who did not marry) in Beldingsville, Vermont. Pollyanna is happy all the time, and makes other people happy. She plays a game called the "glad game", where you find something to be happy about even when you are sad. Soon, everyone in the town is happy. An accident occurs and Pollyanna is left unable to move her legs.  She has to learn to be happy again, and then she gets better because a doctor makes her well again. Aunt Polly and the doctor marry.

Summary of the story

Miss Polly Harrington is known around town for being a stern, hard woman who is set in her ways. So it is only a sense of duty that causes her to open her home to Pollyanna, her newly orphaned niece. But Pollyanna is a very special little girl, with a very special game that she teaches to the townspeople. Soon, everyone in town is happier, and glad that Pollyanna came into their lives - everyone, that is, but Aunt Polly. But then a terrible accident threatens to ruin Pollyanna's game forever, and everyone wonders who can teach this little girl to be happy again.

Notes
If someone is called "Pollyanna", it means they are always happy like Pollyanna is. The "Pollyanna principle" means people say yes to positive statements (For example, instead of "What do you think of green?", you can say "Don't you agree that green is a nice colour?").

Pollyanna was an irrepressibly, cheerful child. So cheerful that her name survives in any standard American Dictionary. - 'an excessively or blindly optimistic person.'

Other websites 
Text of the book

1913 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Children's books
The Uyghurs (wee-ger; 维吾尔人) are a Turkic people living mainly in Xinjiang, China. Over 11 million Uyghurs live there, more than any other part of the world. Some Uyghurs seek independence from China. 

There are also many Uyghurs in Beijing, Shanghai and Taoyuan County (Hunan, South-Central China). There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Mongolia.  

Uyghurs are mainly Muslim and speak Uyghur, a Turkic language. The Uyghur alphabet is based on the Arabic alphabet.

Uyghurs were originally from present-day Mongolia and immigrated to what is now Xinjiang during the 8th or 9th centuries AD.

Related pages
Xinjiang internment camps

References

Related pages 
Turkic peoples
Chinese people
Xinjiang

Turkic peoples
Ethnic groups in Asia
Xinjiang
A  is a piece of tableware. It is used to keep chopsticks away from the table and also to prevent used chopsticks from coming in contact with or rolling off tables. Chopstick rests are made in various shapes from clay, wood, glass, or precious stone such as jade. Some people prepare them from bags of half-split disposable chopsticks in origami manner. 

In Japan, chopstick rests are usually used at formal dinners and placed on the front-left side of the dishes. The chopsticks are placed parallel to the table edge with the points toward the left.

Related pages
Chopsticks
Spoon rest
Knife rest

References

Other websites

Chopstick rest Collection, A collection of hashioki
Chopstick rest stock photos and images, Fotosearch
Erick's Chopstick Rests (Hashi Oki) Page
Jen's Chopstick Rests Gallery 
Jurek Zarzycki's Chopstick Rests collection 
Chopstick rests , Asian Art Mall
Chopstick Rest , Mrs. Lin's Kitchen

Food utensils
Grindelwald is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli  in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is at the base of the railway to the Jungfraujoch.

References

Other websites 

 Grindelwald official website

Municipalities of Bern
Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. The solvation is the action of dissolving the mix to form the solution.

Related pages
 Solubility
 Solution

More reading
  (part A),  (part B),  (part C)

Chemistry
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a duchy in northern Germany,  it was about the same as the modern rural district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  The duchy also had three exclaves near the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein.

History
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was set up in 1701. The capital was Neustrelitz. In 1808, the duchy joined the Confederation of the Rhine.  The Congress of Vienna made it a grand duchy and member of the German Confederation.  Mecklenburg-Strelitz joined the North German Confederation in 1867, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871.  On January 1, 1934 it was joined with the neighbouring state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form the State of Mecklenburg (today part of the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).

The US county Mecklenburg (Charlotte, North Carolina) is named after Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Strelitz-born Princess Charlotte (queen consort of King George III of the United Kingdom). The flower Strelitzia ("Bird of Paradise") also is in honor of her home country. Queen Luise of Prussia also was a born princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1701–1815
Adolf Friedrich II 1701–1708
Adolf Friedrich III 1708–1752
Adolf Friedrich IV 1752–1794
Karl II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1794–1815

Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1815–1918
Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1815–1816
Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1816–1860
Friedrich Wilhelm 1860–1904
Adolf Friedrich V 1904–1914
Adolf Friedrich VI 1914–1918
Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1918 (Regent)

Other websites
 House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
 Map of Mecklenburg in 1789

Mecklenburg-Strelitz
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the North German Confederation
States of the German Empire
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1701 establishments
1918 disestablishments in Germany
18th-century establishments in Germany
1700s establishments in Europe
Events 
 Charlemagne becomes King of all the Franks after the death of his brother Carloman

Deaths 
 4 December: Carloman, brother of Charlemagne
Camillo Berneri (also known as Camillo da Lodi; 1877, Lodi–May 5 1937, Barcelona) was an Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist.

Berneri, a World War I veteran, University of Florence professor of humanities, and a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, fought always Fascists, and he started to fight fascism until 1926, when he was forced to escape from Italy and he went in France, then Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and finally the Netherlands. In all these countries, Berneri was frequently placed under arrest, and then often expelled, because he was an anarchist. When he was in these countries he wrote lot of anti-clerical and anti-fascist articles.

With Carlo Rosselli, Berneri organized the first troop (column) of Italian volunteers to fight in the Spanish Civil War against Francisco Franco. After months he became highly critical of the involvement of Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) members in the Popular Front government, and he sent a letter to Federica Montseny (Anarchist minister for Health in the government against fascism).

During the Barcelona May Days, as troop of Communist Party of Spain members (apparently under orders from Joseph Stalin) searched  and then murdered him. His body, riddled with bullets, was found during the night, near the headquarters of the Generalitat de Catalunya.

He was married to Giovanna Berneri and was father of Marie-Louise Berneri and Giliane Berneri. The children were anarchists as the father Camillo.

Related pages
Anarchism in Italy

Other websites
 Camillo Berneri Page  on the Anarchist Encyclopedia site
 The Writings of Camillo Berneri

1877 births
1937 deaths
Italian people
Anarchist communists
Spanish Civil War
In context with theatre and movies a scenario (from Italian, that which is pinned to the scenery) is a description of an event or series of actions and events. In the Commedia dell'arte it was an outline of entrances, exits, and action describing the story of a play that was literally pinned to the back of the scenery. 

Surviving scenari from the Renaissance contain little other than character names, brief descriptions of action, and references to specific lazzi with no further explanation. It is believed that a scenario forms the basis of a fully improvisational performance though it is also likely that they were simple reminders of the plot for those members of the cast who were literate. 

In the creation of an opera or ballet, a scenario is often developed initially to indicate how the original source, if any, is to be adapted.  This sketch can be helpful in "pitching" the idea to a prospective producer, director, or composer.

Scenarios are also used in policy planning, and when trying out strategies against uncertain future developments. Here the key idea is for the scenario to be an overview, a summary, of a projected course of action, events or situations. Scenarios are widely used by organizations of all types to understand different ways that future events might unfold.

Theater
Planning
Scenario may refer to:
 Scenario, a brief description of an event.
 Screenplay, in movies.
 Scenario (computing), a typical interaction between the user and the system or between two software components.
 Scenario analysis, a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes. 
 Scenario paintball, a variant of the game of paintball.
 Scenario planning, a strategic planning method that some organisations use to make flexible long-term plans.
 Scenario test, a test based on a hypothetical story used to help a person think through a complex problem or system.
 Kingmaker scenario, in a game of three or more players, is an endgame situation where a losing player, him- or herself unable to win, has the capacity to determine which player among others is the winner.
 User scenario, used to communicate an idea for a product or experience involving interactivity.
Scenario (A Tribe Called Quest), a 1992 song by hip-hop group, A Tribe Called Quest.
Wu Cheng'en (, ca. 1500–1582), courtesy name Ruzhong (汝忠), was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty. He was born in Huainan, Jiangsu. He studied in ancient Nanjing University for more than 10 years. 

His most famous novel is Journey to the West in which a monk encounters the Flaming Mountains.  The novel has been enjoyed by many generations of Chinese and is the most popular Chinese classic folk novel. The most famous English translation of the novel is by Arthur Waley and entitled Monkey.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

Footnotes

References 
Zhou, Xianshen, Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.

1500 births
1582 deaths
Literature since 1500
Chinese novelists
Chinese poets
Nanjing  is the capital of China's Jiangsu Province, and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture.  Nanjing was the capital of China during several historical periods, including the former capital city of Republic of China, and is listed as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure. It has autonomy for jurisdiction and economy only slightly less than that of a province.

It lies in the downstream Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta. With an urban population of over five million, it is also the second largest commercial center in the East China region, behind only Shanghai.

Name

The Mandarin Chinese name of the city is , which means "The Southern Capital". It got this name when the Yongle Emperor of the Ming family of rulers moved most of his government to Beijing ("The Northern Capital") in the early 1400s. In Chinese, Nanjing's name is written . Today, people spell it "Nanjing" because they use the pinyin way of spelling. Pinyin tries to show how the word should sound in Mandarin. People also used to write it , using Mr.Wade and Mr.Giles's way of spelling, and "Nanking", using the Chinese Postal Map's way.

History
 Nanjing Massacre

Political divisions 
Nanjing Municipality is divided into 11 districts.
 Xuanwu District
 Qinhuai District
 Yuhuatai District
 Gulou District
 Pukou District
 Liuhe District
 Qixia District
 Jianye District
 Jiangning District
 Lishui District
 Gaochun District

Attractions
 City Wall and the Gate of China
 Greenland Financial Center
 Jiming Temple
 Hongshan Zoo
 Nanjing Massacre Museum
 Nanjing Museum
 Presidential Palace
 Purple Mountain
 Purple Mountain Observatory
 Sun Yat-sen's Tomb
 Temple of Confucius
 Xuanwu Lake
 Yangtze River Bridge
 Yuhuatai Park

Education 
 Nanjing University

Sister cities 
Nanjing currently has 18 sister cities (areas), namely: 
  Alsace, France
  Barranquilla, Colombia
  Bloemfontein, South Africa
  Eindhoven, Netherlands
  Florence, Italy
  Hauts-de-Seine, France
  Houston, Texas, U.S.
  Leipzig, Germany
   Limassol, Cyprus
  London, Ontario, Canada
  Malacca Town, Malaysia (2001)
  Mexicali, Mexico
  Nagoya, Japan
  Perth, Australia
  St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. (Nov 02, 1978, The 1st pair of Twin Cities between America and People's Republic of China)
   Daejeon, South Korea
  Birmingham, United Kingdom
  Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Notes

Sources

Pages

Books

Other websites 

 
 Nanjing Government website
 Jiangsu Network  Nanjing city guide with open directory
 Nanjing travel guide from the website Synotrip
 Nanking Illustrated is an old book from 1624

|-
Arthur David Waley (August 19, 1889 – June 27, 1966) was a famous English Orientalist and Sinologist.

Life
Waley was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent England, as Arthur David Schloss. He changed his surname to the maiden name of his grandmother, Waley, in 1914, because he was a Jew. He was appointed Assistant Keeper of Oriental Prints and Manuscripts at the British Museum in 1913. During this time he taught himself Chinese and Japanese. In 1929 he left to concentrate himself fully to his literary and cultural interests.

Selected works
 A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, 1918
 More Translations from the Chinese (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1919).
 Japanese Poetry: The Uta, 1919
 The Nō Plays of Japan, 1921
 The Tale of Genji, by Lady Murasaki, 1921-1933
 The Temple and Other Poems, 1923
 Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, 1923
 The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, 1928
 The Way and its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought, 1934
 The Book of Songs (Shih Ching), 1937
 The Analects of Confucius, 1938
 Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China, 1939
 Translations from the Chinese, a compilation, 1941
 Monkey, 1942
 Chinese Poems, 1946
 The Life and Times of Po Chü-I, 1949
 The Real Tripitaka and Other Pieces, 1952
 The Nine Songs: A Study of Shamanism in Ancient China, 1955
 Yuan Mei: Eighteenth Century Chinese Poet, 1956
 The Opium War through Chinese Eyes, 1958
 The Poetry and Career of Li Po, 1959
 Ballads and Stories from Tun-Huang, 1960
 The Secret History of the Mongols, 1963

References
 Alison Waley, A Half of Two Lives (London, 1982)
 Ivan I. Morris, Madly Singing in the Mountains: An Appreciation and Anthology of Arthur Waley (London,: Allen & Unwin, 1970).
 John Walter de Gruchy, Orienting Arthur Waley: Japonism, Orientalism, and the Creation of Japanese Literature in English Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003. .

Other websites
 Warring States Project, University of Massachusetts Biography  
Waley's translation of The Way and its Power 
 

1889 births
1966 deaths
English poets
English scientists
Jewish British scientists
Jewish British writers
British linguists
Oriental studies include Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, and peoples and their histories; in recent years the term Asian studies has mostly replaced the older term. European study of the region had primarily religious origins, which has remained an important motivation until recent times.

Related pages
Islamic studies
Japan studies
Lev Chernyi (18??-1921) was a Russian anarchist poet who was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities.

Articles 

In 1907, he published a book entitled Associational Anarchism, in which he speak about the "free association of independent individuals.". Chernyi was greatly influenced by individualist-anarchist Max Stirner.

On his return from Siberia in 1917 he enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers. He was also Secretary of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March, 1917. 

In the spring of 1918, in reaction to the growing repression of all opposition and free expression, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed gangs, the Black Guards, and Lev Chernyi played an active part in these. 

On the night of April 11, 1918 the Cheka, the secret police, attacked the building of the Moscow Federation, and the Black Guards offered armed resistance. About forty anarchists were killed or striked and about five hundred were imprisoned. 

In 1919 Chernyi joined a group called the Underground Anarchists, who published two numbers of a broadsheet which denounced the Communist dictatorship as the biggest tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, a little group of social revolutionaries and anarchists bombed the headquarters of the "Moscow Committee" of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression. Twelve Communists were killed and forty-five others were mutilated.

Death 
August, 1921, the Moscow Izvestia published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits" had been shot without hearing or trial. Among the dead was Lev Chernyi although Paul Avrich indicates in two of his books on the Russian anarchists that Chernyi was executed in September of that year, not August. Although he was not involved in the bombing of the Moscow Communist headquarters, he was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frame-up. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and there were persistent rumors that he had in fact died of torture.

19th-century births
1921 deaths
Russian poets
Anarchists
Luigi Fabbri (23 December 1877 – 24 June 1935) was an Italian anarchist, writer, agitator and propagandist who was charged with defeatism during the World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri.

Life and death
Born in Fabriano (Ancona), Italy in 1877, Fabbri was first sentenced for anarchist activities at the age of 16 in Ancona, and spent many years in and out of Italian prisons. Fabbri was a long time supporter of  to the anarchist press in Europe and later South America, including co-editing, with Errico Malatesta, the paper L'Agitazione.  He helped edit the paper "Università popolare" in Milan.Fabbri was a delegate to the International Anarchist Congress held in Amsterdam in 1907. He died in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1935.

Works
Life of Malatesta , translated by Adam Wight (originally published 1936).
Malatesta: L'Uomo e il Pensiero
Bourgeoise Influences on Anarchism
Letters to a Woman on Anarchy, 1905
Workers' Organisation and Anarchy, 1906 pamphlet
The School and the Revolution, 1912
Letters to a Socialist, 1913
The Aware Generation, 1913
Dictatorship and Revolution, 1921
Preventive Counter-revolution, 1922
Editor of L'Agitazione
Founded Il Pensiero ("The Think"), Lotta Umana (Uman Fight), Studi Sociale (Social Study)
Contributed to La Question Sociale (Social Question), Pensiero e Volonta, Fede Libero Accordo, L'Avvenire Sociale

Other websites
"Libcom" page on Fabbri

1877 births
1935 deaths
Italian writers
Anarchist communists
Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia (; 14 January 1859 – 13 October 1909) commonly known as Francisco Ferrer, was a Spanish Catalan "free-thinker" and anarchist.

Early life 
He was born in Alella (a small town near Barcelona). A supporter of Spanish republican leader Ruiz Zorilla, Ferrer was exiled to Paris with his wife and children in 1885. Divorcing his first wife in 1899, he remarried a rich Parisian teacher some time after.

In 1901 he returned to Spain and opened la Escuela Moderna (The Modern School) to teach middle-class children (then) radical social values, the school was free.  In 1906 he was arrested and accused of helping with Mateu Morral's attack on King Alphonso XIII and released a year later.  His school failed and closed while he was incarcerated.

Works 
Early in the summer of 1908, after his release from jail, he wrote the story of the Modern School. The book was called The Origins and Ideals of the Modern School and was translated into English by Joseph McCabe and published by the Knickerbocker Press in 1913.

When the martial law was reused in 1909 during the Tragic Week, he was arrested, convicted without any proof and executed by firing squad at Montjuich Fortress in Barcelona on 13 October.

After his execution, numerous supporters of Ferrer's ideas in the United States formed what were called Modern Schools, or Ferrer Schools. The first and most important Modern School was formed in New York City in 1911, and then later a community was founded around a school, known as Ferrer Colony and Modern School.

References

Other websites

Francisco Ferrer Collection MSS 248. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
Francisco Ferrer Page at the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia
Francisco Ferrer Page at the Anarchy Archives

People executed by firearm
Spanish anarchists
1859 births
1909 deaths