cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A text grammar is the study of texts above the level of the sentence. It shows how texts are put together so as to convey ideas, facts, messages, and fiction. 

A similar term is discourse analysis. Both are mostly concerned with natural language use; discourse analysis would include spoken language. Speech is also the parent of rhetoric, the ancient study of persuasive speaking. In a similar way, literary criticism parallels text grammar, because both concentrate on the printed word. A text grammar approach puts emphasis on the linguistic structure of a text, rather than its cultural or symbolic meaning.

A text is a coherent body of sentences. Coherent means they are linked by a consistent theme. The text ends when completion is signalled. For example, when a problem introduced at the start is solved, or when a promised discussion has reached a conclusion.

Text types 
Each text focuses on certain things. If texts are grouped by what they are doing, then there are five basic text types:
Description. Common in science and technology.
Narration. Covers the passage of time, and is common in the humanities.
Exposition. In which the narrator or writer offers a detailed analysis and explanation of some issue.
Argumentation. In which the communicator compares alternative points of view, judges and persuades.
Instruction. In which the communicator tells readers what to do. Uses "action-demanding sentences in sequence".
Many texts, of course, can and do have a mixture of two or more of these types.

References 

Grammar
Literature
Linguistics
Discourse analysis is a subject which studies a text or a conversation. This is a subject in linguistics which does not study sentences, like in syntax, but the entire text or conversation. The text or conversation is known as discourse. Discourse analyst prefer to use real life discourse in their studies, rather than invented sentences like in traditional linguistics. This way of studying real life discourse is called corpus linguistics. 

Discourse analysis is related to text linguistics. However, text linguistics studies how discourse is structured so that they are connected (how sentences are joined to each other). Discourse analysis studies this, and also how the discourse is connected to the context. This context includes who the people talking or writing are, the social and cultural context. Also, it studies the way mode, which is the way the language is represented (is it a letter, speech, email, Internat chat?), influences discourse. Discourse analysis is also interested in the genre (topic) of the discourse. 

Discourse analysis is studied not only in linguistics, but also in sociology, anthropology, psychology, communication studies and translation studies.

Other websites 
 Daniel L. Everett, statement concerning James Loriot, p. 9 
 The Discourse Attributes Analysis Program and Measures of the Referential Process .
 Linguistic Society of America: Discourse Analysis, by Deborah Tannen 
 Strategies for analysing a case study

Linguistics
Super Paper Mario (also known as Paper Mario 3) is a Wii role playing game released in 2007. It is the third game for the Paper Mario series to be released on platform. The game was going to be released for the GameCube, like its predecessor), but was instead released for the Wii.

Gameplay
The player controls Mario and his companions and has to explore different lands of a town called Flipside, fights enemies to gain levels and solves puzzles. As the story progresses, Princess Peach, Luigi, and Bowser become playable. Super Paper Mario is a 2D and 3D game since one of Mario's abilities is to change the perspective of the environment.

Story
Mario and his friends set out to collect eight Pure Hearts in each chapters, in order to destroy the Chaos Heart and prevent the black hole from destroying the world.

Companions
In each Paper Mario game, there have always been members that follow Mario and help him in battles. Pixl is a name that comes from the word pixel, but is also a reference to pixie, which is a name for a fairy. Each pixl has a different power and look, but despite having many members, the player can only use one. In Super Paper Mario, Tippi, also called Tiptron, is the player's butterfly partner. She has the ability to give tips to Mario and makes invisible objects appear. The player can recruit one of the Pixls in each chapters as the game progresses.

Reception
Most of the reviews for Super Paper Mario were positive such as IGN that gives a score of 8.9 out of 10. Most critics praised the plot because it has a great sense of humor, but said that the graphics were fine, but not extraordinary.  The game has sold more than 2.28 million copies worldwide.

References

Mario roleplaying games
2007 video games
Wii games
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Yamaguchi was born in Oita Prefecture on August 1, 1959. After graduating from Oita Technical High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1978. However he did not play in the game, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Japan national team player Mitsuhisa Taguchi. He retired in 1984. Eventually he could not play in the game.

In August 1979, Yamaguchi was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. However he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Yasuhito Suzuki. In February 1981, although Yamaguchi did not play at his club, he was selected the Japan national team because Japan's manager Saburo Kawabuchi actively appointed young players. On February 19, Yamaguchi debuted for Japan national team against Singapore.

Statistics

|-
|1978||rowspan="7"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||0||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||0||0
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
0||0
0||0
|}

|-
|1981||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Oita Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Kato was born in Nagoya on December 22, 1958. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Toshiba in 1981. The club won 1981 JSL Cup. However he left the club for injury in 1983. In 1985, he joined Division 1 club All Nippon Airways. However the club was relegated to Division 2 end of 1985/86 season. He retired end of 1987/88 season.

On August 30, 1981, Kato debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. On September 3, he scored a goal against India. He played 3 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1981.

Statistics

|-
|1981||rowspan="3"|Toshiba||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||||
|-
|1982||||
|-
|1983||7||3
|-
|1985/86||rowspan="3"|All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 1||8||1
|-
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||0||0
|-
|1987/88||2||0
17+||4+
17+||4+
|}

|-
|1981||3||1
|-
!Total||3||1
|}

References

Other websites

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Aichi Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Yokohama Flügels players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Nomura was born in Muroran on November 21, 1956. After graduating from Sapporo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1979. In 1979, the club won Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. In 1981, the club also won Japan Soccer League and he was selected Best Eleven. He retired in 1989. He played 150 games and scored 4 goals in the league.

On June 2, 1981, Nomura debuted for the Japan national team against China. After debut, he played all matches until July 1982. He played 12 games for Japan until 1982.

In 2007, Nomura signed with Nadeshiko League Division 2 club TEPCO Mareeze. He led the club to won the champions and promoted to Division 1. He resigned end of 2008 season.

Statistics

|-
|1979||rowspan="10"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="10"|JSL Division 1||3||0
|-
|1980||9||0
|-
|1981||18||1
|-
|1982||18||1
|-
|1983||18||0
|-
|1984||18||0
|-
|1985/86||20||0
|-
|1986/87||15||1
|-
|1987/88||19||0
|-
|1988/89||12||1
150||4
150||4
|}

|-
|1981||8||0
|-
|1982||4||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

References

Other websites

1956 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Shonan Bellmare players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Yoshida was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on February 11, 1958. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1980. In 1981, he scored 14 goal and became a top scorer. In 1985/86 season, he became a top scorer again and he was selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year awards". The club also won the league champions. In Asia, the club won 1986 Asian Club Championship. This is the first Asian champions as Japanese club. He retired in 1990.

On February 8, 1981, Yoshida debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. He also played at 1982 Asian Games. He played 9 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1983.

After retirement, Yoshida started coaching career at Shimizu S-Pulse. From 2000s, he mainly coached women's team. Through Japan women's national team assistant coach, he became a manager for Japan U-17 women's national team in 2007. He managed at U-17 World Cup 3 times (2008, 2010 and 2012). At 2010 U-17 World Cup, Japan won the 2nd place. He also became a manager Japan U-20 women's national team in 2011. He managed at 2012 U-20 World Cup and Japan won the 3rd place. In 2014, he signed with AS Elfen Saitama and managed in 2015 season.

Statistics

|-
|1980||rowspan="10"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="10"|JSL Division 1||13||2
|-
|1981||18||14
|-
|1982||18||7
|-
|1983||17||1
|-
|1984||14||3
|-
|1985/86||22||16
|-
|1986/87||20||11
|-
|1987/88||17||3
|-
|1988/89||22||2
|-
|1989/90||19||1
180||60
180||60
|}

|-
|1981||6||1
|-
|1982||1||0
|-
|1983||2||0
|-
!Total||9||1
|}

References

Other websites

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Masaru Uchiyama also played for Japan national team.

Biography
Uchiyama was born in Shizuoka on June 29, 1959. After graduating from Kokushikan University, he joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Yamaha Motors in 1982. In 1982, the club won the champions and was promoted to Division 1. The club also won 1982 Emperor's Cup. The club won the league champions in 1987/88. He retired in 1992. He played 195 games and scored 18 goals in the league.

On September 30, 1984, Uchiyama debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. In 1995, he also played at 1986 World Cup qualification. He played 2 games for Japan until 1986.

After retirement, Uchiyama started coaching career at Yamaha Motors (later Júbilo Iwata) in 1992. He mainly served as an assistant coach for top team and a manager for youth team. In September 2007, he became a manager for top team as Adílson Batista successor. However he was sacked in August 2008. In 2015, he became a manager for the Japan U-20 national team. At 2016 AFC U-19 Championship, U-20 Japan won the champions first time and won to qualify for 2017 U-20 World Cup for the first time in 10 years. He resigned after 2017 U-20 World Cup.

Statistics

|-
|1982||rowspan="10"|Yamaha Motors||JSL Division 2||17||3
|-
|1983||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||18||2
|-
|1984||18||2
|-
|1985/86||21||2
|-
|1986/87||22||3
|-
|1987/88||22||2
|-
|1988/89||21||2
|-
|1989/90||19||1
|-
|1990/91||21||1
|-
|1991/92||16||0
195||18
195||18
|}

|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
Júbilo Iwata players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Ikeuchi was born in Aichi Prefecture on August 25, 1961. After graduating from Aichi High School, he joined his local club, the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works in 1980. In 1981, he moved to the Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries. In 1981, the club won the championship of the Japan Soccer League. In 1990, the club was relegated to Division 2. In 1992, the club won the championship in Division 2 and joined the new league, Japan Football League. In 1993, the club won the championship and was promoted to the J1 League, which started in 1994. However, he retired in 1993, and never played in the J1 League.

On February 12, 1983, Ikeuchi debuted for the Japan national team against Syria. He played at 1984 Summer Olympics qualification and 1986 World Cup qualification. He played 8 games for Japan until 1985.

In 2007, Ikeuchi became a manager for the Japan U-17 national team. He managed at 2009 U-17 World Cup.

Statistics

|-
|1981||rowspan="13"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||18||1
|-
|1982||12||1
|-
|1983||14||0
|-
|1984||15||0
|-
|1985/86||11||0
|-
|1986/87||17||1
|-
|1987/88||8||0
|-
|1988/89||10||0
|-
|1989/90||18||0
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||26||2
|-
|1991/92||20||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||||
|-
|1993||||
169+||5+
169+||5+
|}

|-
|1983||3||0
|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||4||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Aichi Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Shonan Bellmare players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Koshida was born in Kanazawa on October 19, 1960. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors in 1983. The club won 1983 and 1985 Emperor's Cup. In 1988/89 season, although the club won 1988 JSL Cup and 1988 Emperor's Cup, he left the club later in the season. In 1990, he returned his local Kanazawa and joined Japanese Regional Leagues club Kanazawa SC. He retired in 1996.

In August 1979, when Koshida was a University of Tsukuba student, he was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship and played 3 matches. In December 1980, he was selected the Japan national team for 1982 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on December 22, he debuted against Singapore. He played at 1982 Asian Games, 1984 Summer Olympics qualification and 1986 World Cup qualification. He played 19 games for Japan until 1985.

Statistics

|-
|1983||rowspan="6"|Nissan Motors||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||15||1
|-
|1984||16||1
|-
|1985/86||21||2
|-
|1986/87||17||1
|-
|1987/88||12||1
|-
|1988/89||16||0
97||6
97||6
|}

|-
|1980||1||0
|-
|1981||1||0
|-
|1982||7||0
|-
|1983||6||0
|-
|1984||3||0
|-
|1985||1||0
|-
!Total||19||0
|}

References

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Ishikawa Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Zweigen Kanazawa players
The artichoke or globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. They first came from Southern Europe around the Mediterranean. 
The thick scales and bottom parts of the young flower heads can be eaten. They are a culinary delicacy. The bottom part of the young flower head is called a heart.

Description 
It grows to  to  tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery glaucous-green leaves 50–82 cm long. The flowers develop in a large head from an edible bud about 8–15 cm diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. It is a soure of vitamins.

Asteraceae
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Ishigami was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on November 4, 1957. After graduating from Shizuoka Technical High School, he joined Prefectural Leagues club Yamaha Motors in 1976. The club was promoted to Regional Leagues in 1977 and Japan Soccer League in 1979. The club won the Japan Soccer League champions in 1987/88. The club also won 1982 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1990. He was selected Best Eleven 2 times.

On September 30, 1984, Ishigami debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. He played at 1986 World Cup qualification and 1986 Asian Games. He played 12 games for Japan until 1986.

Statistics

|-
|1976||rowspan="14"|Yamaha Motors||Prefectural Leagues||||
|-
|1977||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||||
|-
|1978||||
|-
|1979||JSL Division 2||||
|-
|1980||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||9||1
|-
|1981||17||4
|-
|1982||JSL Division 2||18||1
|-
|1983||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||18||1
|-
|1984||18||1
|-
|1985/86||22||0
|-
|1986/87||21||0
|-
|1987/88||21||2
|-
|1988/89||21||0
|-
|1989/90||11||0
176+||10+
176+||10+
|}

|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||8||0
|-
|1986||3||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

References

Other websites

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Júbilo Iwata players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Taninaka was born in Fuchu on September 24, 1964. After graduating from Teikyo High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1983. He played 138 matches and scored 19 goals for the club until 1991. He moved to Regional Leagues club PJM Futures (later Tosu Futures) in 1991. The club was promoted to Japan Football League from 1993. He retired in 1995.

On September 30, 1984, when Taninaka was 20 years old, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. He played 3 games for Japan until 1986.

Statistics

|-
|1983||rowspan="9"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||8||0
|-
|1984||17||8
|-
|1985/86||22||4
|-
|1986/87||14||3
|-
|1987/88||10||0
|-
|1988/89||12||2
|-
|1989/90||16||0
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||21||1
|-
|1991/92||18||1
|-
|1991||rowspan="4"|PJM Futures||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||||
|-
|1992||||
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Football League||17||9
|-
|1994||15||7
|-
|1995||Tosu Futures||Football League||13||0
183+||35+
183+||35+
|}

|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||2||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Shonan Bellmare players
Sagan Tosu players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Kaneko was born in Saitama on September 12, 1959. After graduating from Teikyo High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1978. Initially, he could not play in many games. The club won 1982 JSL Cup. From 1985, he played as regular player and the club won 1985/86 Japan Soccer League and 1986 JSL Cup. He was also selected Best Eleven in 1985/86 and 1986/87. In Asia, the club won 1986 Asian Club Championship. This is first Asian champions as Japanese club. He played 163 matches and scored 23 goals for the club. He retired in 1992.

In August 1979, Kaneko was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. On July 25, 1986, he debuted for the Japan national team against Syria. He also played at 1986 Asian Games. In 1987, he was selected Japan for 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 7 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1987.

Statistics

|-
|1978||rowspan="14"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="14"|JSL Division 1||0||0
|-
|1979||1||0
|-
|1980||2||0
|-
|1981||13||0
|-
|1982||12||1
|-
|1983||10||1
|-
|1984||10||1
|-
|1985/86||22||2
|-
|1986/87||22||5
|-
|1987/88||20||4
|-
|1988/89||22||3
|-
|1989/90||21||5
|-
|1990/91||5||1
|-
|1991/92||3||0
163||23
163||23
|}

|-
|1986||3||0
|-
|1987||4||1
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Adam Burish (born January 6, 1983) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He played for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and the Dallas Stars.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Burish played 1 season with the Green Bay Gamblers of the United States Hockey League (USHL) and 4 years of college hockey with the University of Wisconsin–Madison Badgers. During his time with the Badgers, Burish captained the team that defeated the Boston College Eagles 2-1 to win the NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship.

He was drafted 282nd overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. On May 16, 2006, the Blackhawks signed Burish to a two-year contract. After spending a seasons with the Blackhawks' AHL-affiliate team, the Norfolk Admirals, he was called up on October 1, 2007. Burish scored his first NHL goal in a 3-2 loss against the San Jose Sharks on January 22, 2008. On June 9, 2010, Burish won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks.

After Burish became a free agent, he signed a two-year deal, $1.15 million contract with the Dallas Stars. He spent 2 seasons with the Stars. After his contract with the Stars expired, Burish signed a four-year, $1.8 million contract with the San Jose Sharks and reunited with his University of Wisconsin teammate Joe Pavelski.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

1983 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Stars players
Living people
People from Madison, Wisconsin
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
Stanley Cup champions
Swedish Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Aphaenogaster is a genus of myrmicine ants. Almost 200 species have been described. Also, 11 fossil species are known. They live worldwide except from South America and Southern Africa. 

They are often confused with Pheidole or Pheidologeton. These two have major and minor workers, while Aphaenogaster has only a single worker caste. Pheidole has a 3-segmented club on its antenna. But Aphaenogaster has four segments and a larger body size. Pheidologeton has a 11-segmented antenna, while the antenna in Aphaenogaster is 12-segmented.

They make very thick, easily seen nests with many big entrances in a small place. These entrances can have diameters of up to 4 cm and are up to 30 cm deep. This resulted in their common name funnel ants. These nests can be a bad problem for golfers or on pastures and unsealed airstrips, because the fragile ground easily breaks under pressure.

Aphaenogaster gets most of its food from tended aphids on the roots of plants. This explains that they are not commonly seen out of their tunnels. The funnel-shaped openings could play a role in trapping arthropods, which are also eaten.

Although these ants are not aggressive, they will bite when their nest is disturbed.

Footnotes

References
 ITIS: Genus Aphaenogaster
 Ants Down Under: Genus Aphaenogaster

Other websites

 Dale Ward: Aphaenogaster cockerelli 

Ants
NGO Monitor (Non-governmental Organization Monitor) is a non-governmental organization based in Jerusalem. NGO Monitor produces and distributes statements and information about the international NGO community, all of which are carefully and fully checked out. This information is used by government policy makers, journalists, charity and philanthropic organizations and the general public.    

NGO Monitor is an independent organization, started in 2001, but only registered in 2007.

NGO Monitor has an online directory of NGOs from around the world, which generally includes a description, a quote from the organization itself, who gives money to it, and relevant quotes from publications and officials.

References

Other websites 
 NGO Monitor home page

Political organizations based in Asia
Arab–Israeli conflict
2001 establishments in Asia
Jerusalem
is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Ehime||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||
0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokushima Prefecture
Association football goalkeepers
Cerezo Osaka players
Ehime FC players
Tokushima Vortis players
Orust is an island close to Gothenburg, on the west coast of Sweden. With a land area of , it is the third biggest island in Sweden. Orust also is a municipality, Orust Municipality.

References

Other website

Islands of Sweden
Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck (January 1, 1766 – October 28, 1849) was a German poet.

He was born in Lübeck as member of a merchant family with long tradition. He studied law in Jena and Göttingen 1786 bis 1790, then he changed to theology and in the end to medicine. In Jena he made friends with the writers Sophie Mereau and Johann Gottfried Herder.  After some journeys through Germany he worked as civil servant for the Danish government till 1829.

His most famous poem is „Der Wanderer“. It was composed by Franz Schubert.

References 

1766 births
1849 deaths
German poets
People from Lübeck
Der Wanderer is the name of a Lied composed by Franz Schubert in October 1816 for voice and piano.   The words are taken from a German poem by Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck.  The lied is set in the key of C-sharp minor with the tempo marking sehr langsam (very slow) and the time signature alla breve.  The piece has a total of 72 measures.  Schubert wrote another lied entitled "Der Wanderer;" it is numbered D.649.

Detailed Description of Der Wanderer 

The song begins with a recitative,  describing the setting: mountains, a steaming valley, the roaring sea.  The wanderer is strolling quietly, unhappily, and asks, sighing, the question: "where?"

The next section, consisting of 8 bars of a slow melody sung in pianissimo, describes the feelings of the wanderer: He feels that he is a stranger everywhere.  This 8 bar section was later used by Schubert as theme for  the second movement of the Wanderer Fantasy.

Next the music shifts to the key of E major, the tempo increases and the time signature changes to 6/8. The wanderer asks: "where are you my beloved land?" This place the wanderer longs for is described as green with hope, "the land where my roses bloom, my friends stroll, my dead rise" and, finally, "the land which speaks my language, Oh land, where are you?"  Towards the end of this section, the music gets quite animated and forms the climax of the song.

Finally, the music returns to the original minor key and slow tempo.  After quoting the question "where?" from the opening, the song closes with a "ghostly breath" finally answering the question:  "There where you are not, there is happiness."  The song closes in the key of E major.

Other websites
Recording by Lotte Lehmann

19th-century songs
Erzincan is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. 

On December 27, 1939 at 01:57 UTC, the city was hit by a magnitude 7.8 earthquake, the most powerful to hit the country since the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake, which killed 32,700 people and injured more than 100,000. On the same day, the temperature was , which caused many survivors of the earthquake to die from the cold. The city was almost completely destroyed and it took many years to recover. It remains the deadliest earthquake in Turkey and the deadliest earthquake in Anatolia since 1268.

At 08:18 UTC on 13 March 1992, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake shook the city, killing 652 people and injuring more than 2,000. The city was badly damaged. 150 buildings collapsed and 8,000 buildings were damaged so badly, that they were later demolished.

References

Other websites
 Governor's Office
 Municipality

Erzincan
Jean-Paul Christophe Manoux  (born June 8, 1969) is an American actor. He is best known for his role in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future as Curtis/Vice Principal. He is also famous for playing Kuzco in The Emperor's New School. He also played the French robot mime in EuroTrip.

Manoux was also a contestant on Jeopardy!, Family Feud and Wheel of Fortune.

He has authored and read two pieces for NPR's All Things Considered. Back in 2000, he provided commentary on the Screen Actors Guild strike.  He was a striking actor and refused to do work.

References

1969 births
Living people
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Fresno, California
Ian Stevenson, M.D., was a Canadian professor of psychiatry. He worked at the University of Virginia, in the area of parapsychology.

Stevenson thought that the idea of reincarnation might help modern medicine better understand aspects of human behavior and development. He traveled a lot over a period of 40 years to investigate 3,000 childhood cases that suggested to him the possibility of past lives. 
Stevenson saw reincarnation as the survival of the personality after death, although he never suggested a physical process by which a personality might survive death.

Stevenson's research was the subject of Jim B. Tucker's Life Before Life (2005).

Reincarnation research

Stevenson found that the best evidence supporting the belief in reincarnation comes from the cases of young children who, typically between the ages of 2 and 5, make statements about a previous life they claim to have had before being born.  Their statements are often accompanied by behaviour that is unusual for their family but appropriate for the life that the child claims to remember. There is often a "forgetting of the imaged memories between the ages of 5 and 8; a high incidence of violent death claimed in the claimed previous life; and mention of the mode of death by the subject".
 
Some 35 per cent of the subjects have birthmarks or birth defects which often correspond to injuries or illness experienced by the deceased person who the subject remembers. Medical documents have confirmed this correspondence in more than forty cases.

Selected books
Ian Stevenson authored or co-authored more than a dozen books. Stevenson died in 2007, and many of these books are mentioned in his obituaries in the British Medical Journal, New York Times, and the Washington Post. 
Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, (second revised and enlarged edition), University of Virginia Press,  , 1974. (This book includes detailed reports of 20 cases of children, from five different countries, who claimed to remember previous lives).
Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Volume 1: Birthmarks and Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Volume 2: Birth Defects and Other Anomalies. (2 volumes), Praeger Publishers, , 1997.
Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect. Praeger Publishers, , 1997. (A short and non-technical version of Reincarnation and Biology, for the general reader)
Children Who Remember Previous Lives: A Question of Reincarnation, (revised edition) , 2000. (A general non-technical introduction into Reincarnation research).
European Cases of the Reincarnation Type. McFarland & Company, , 2003.
A World in a Grain of Sand: The Clairvoyance of Stefan Ossowiecki, (with Mary Rose Barrington and Zofia Weaver), McFarland Press, , 2005.

References

Other websites
The Division of Perceptual Studies (DOPS) at the University of Virginia

Canadian psychiatrists
People from Quebec
2007 deaths
1918 births
Parapsychologists
Jhelum  (Urdu and ) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs.

North Panjab, Greater Pothwar or Panjistan region
This area is sometimes called North Panjab, Upper Panjab, Greater Pothohar/Extended Pothwar (or occasionally North Panjnadi region), and nowadays more specifically and correctly known as Panjistan Region and when it is combined with Mirpuri, Poonchi (in Kashmir) and (Southern) Hindko localities (mostly Hazara) is also known as Panjistani belt.

Modern Panjistani
The Panjistani''' language (as originally certified by Mohammad Afzal UK 1987 and some others) was formerly called North Panjabi, Upper Panjabi, Pothwari, Mirpuri, Western Pahari, Northern Lahnda, etc. In Jhelum it is spoken with the local accent or dialect known as Jhelumi.

Demand for Panjistan province recently 
These political parties namely the Panjistan Freedom Party (PFP) Panjistan National Party (PNP) Panjistan Communist Party (PCP) Panjistan Republican Party (PRP) Panjistan Democratic Front (PDF) Panjistan Popular Front (PPF) Panjistan Socialist Party (PSP) Panjistan Unionist party (PUP) Panjistan National Unity Party (PNUP) Panjistan Democratic party (PDP) Panjistan workers party (PWP) Panjistan Social Democratic Party (PSDP) and these major socio-cultural groupings called Panjistani language movement (PLM) Panjistani language board (PLB) Panjistani Literary Forum (PLF) Panjistani language Society (PLS) and Just4Panjistani Commission (J4P) want the creation of North Panjab or Panjistan province and recently formed the Charter of Panjistan council (or CPC).

References

Cities in Pakistan
Moses Mabhida Stadium is a sports stadium in Durban, South Africa. It was built in 2009.

FIFA World Cup 
The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played. FIFA calls this stadium Durban Stadium.

2010 World Cup Matches

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

Other websites 

 Official Moses Mabhida Stadium Site 
 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 

Football stadiums in South Africa
FIFA World Cup stadiums
Durban
2009 establishments
2000s establishments in South Africa
Endive (Chicorium endivia) is a leafy plant of the family Asteraceae. The plants are either annual, or they live for two years. Originally, these plants grew in the countries around the Mediterranean. There are many varieties, but they can be split into two groups

 the curly-leaved. or narrow-leaved endive
 Batavian or broad-leaved endive

Since Antiquity, these plants have been used to make salads. Sometimes they are cooked, and prepared similar to spinach or chard.

Asteraceae
Cape Town Stadium is a sports stadium in Cape Town, South Africa. It was first built in 1987. At that time, it was named the FNB Stadium.

FIFA World Cup 
The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played. FIFA calls this stadium Green Point Stadium.

2010 World Cup Matches

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

Other websites 

 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 

Football stadiums in South Africa
FIFA World Cup stadiums
Cape Town
1987 establishments in Africa
1980s establishments in South Africa
A mechanical bull, also known as a Rodeo Bull or Bucking Bronco is a machine that gives the rider sense of riding a bucking animal such as a rodeo bull or horse.  

Its speed can be made faster or slower.  Padded flooring is often used around the machine in order to prevent injury to those thrown off it. 
A special motor lets the operator to safely control the ride and safety for the rider; this motor allows the operator to stop the ride before a rider is thrown off the machine.  The trained operator at the speed control box controls the unit’s speed as well as spin direction.  The equipment has the ability of starting rides very slowly and can be advanced to faster speeds if a rider is able to handle them.  It can go slow and simply spin for beginners and run at a more advanced speed for experts or professionals.

Mechanical bulls have been around for decades as a training machine for rodeo riders, as they enable a rider to improve their rodeo performance and skills without the risk.  Although mechanical bulls are still used for rodeo training, they are also used as an amusement ride,  both as party entertainment and entertainment found in bars, restaurants, and clubs.

As a form of entertainment, the mechanical bull often includes a saddle (even though saddles are not used in real bull riding) and often a model of the head of a bull, complete with horns.   One of the earliest uses as a form of entertainment was at  Bertrand Island Amusement Park in New Jersey), where  a mechanical bucking bronco ride was introduced in the 1930s, under the name of "Ride 'Em Cowboy!".

The commercial use of mechanical bulls gained popular appeal with the release of the 1980 movie Urban Cowboy.  In this movie John Travolta and Debra Winger showed the riding a mechanical bull.  The mechanical bull used in this movie was the El Toro brand of mechanical bull.  This brand of mechanical bull is still being made, but does not carry the same safety features that are available on more current models. Mechanical bulls can also be seen in the films Stir Crazy, and Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. In the movie Barnyard, in the night barn, a "Mechanical Man" is seen (as the main characters are cows).

In the television show Strangers with Candy, Jerri Blank's physical education class is uses mechanical bull riding.

A bucking bronco was originally a cowboy term for a horse that jumps about with stiff knees and an arched back.

References

Amusement rides
Mischa Maisky (; born January 10, 1948 in Riga, Latvian SSR) is an Israeli and former Soviet cellist. 

Maisky studied with Mstislav Rostropovich at the Moscow Conservatory in the Soviet Union. In 1966 he won 6th Prize at the Moscow International Tchaikovsky Competition. In 1970, he was imprisoned in a labor camp near Gorky for 18 months. When he was set free, he moved to Israel and became a citizen there. He also studied for a time with Gregor Piatigorsky in Los Angeles. He currently lives in Belgium.

In his performing and recording career, Maisky has worked with artists such as the pianists Martha Argerich, Radu Lupu, and Sergio Tiempo, the violinists Gidon Kremer and Janine Jansen, and the conductors Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Daniel Barenboim, and Giuseppe Sinopoli. He has played around the world and has made many recordings.

1948 births
Living people
Cellists
Jewish Israeli musicians
Latvian Jews
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Riga
Soviet Jews
Soviet musicians
Latvian musicians
List of Indo-European languages

This list is of Indo-European languages. These languages all sprung from a common source called Proto-Indo-European.

 Armenian''
Albanian(Albania and Kosovo)'
 Baltic languages Lithuanian language

 Celtic languages Goidelic languages
 Brythonic languages

 Germanic languages North Germanic languages
 Danish
 Norwegian
 Swedish
 West Germanic languages
 Dutch
 English
 German
 Yiddish
 East Germanic languages
 Gothic

 Greek

 Italic languages
 Latin
 Romance languages French
 Italian
 Romanian
 Spanish
 Portuguese

 Indo-Iranian languages Indo-Aryan languages
 Gujarati
 Hindi
 Bengali
 Konkani
 Marathi
 Nepali
 Punjabi
 Sanskrit
 Sinhala
 Dhivehi
 Iranian languages
 Kurdish
 Persian
 Pashto
 Zazaki

 Slavic languages'''
 East Slavic languages
 Ukrainian
 Belarusian
 Russian
 West Slavic languages
 Czech-Slovak languages
 Czech
 Slovak
 Pannonian Rusyn
 Lechitic languages
 Polish
 Pomeranian
 + Kashubian
 + Slovincian
 Polabian
 Sorbian
 Upper Sorbian
 Lower Sorbian
 South Slavic languages
 Eastern
 Bulgarian
 Macedonian
 Western
 Bosnian
 Croatian
 Slovenian
 Serbian
 Montenegrin

Language-related lists
Shinya Hatta (born 17 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ryukyu.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||12||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Kamatamare Sanuki||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||8||2||1||0||9||2
|-
|2009||10||1||2||0||12||1
|-
|2010||Ryukyu||Football League||||||||||||
30||3||3||0||33||3
30||3||3||0||33||3
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Jin Kanaoya (born 29 May 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fukushima United.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||Thespa Kusatsu||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||Ohara JaSRA||Regional Leagues||6||2||colspan="2"|-||6||2
|-
|2008||Thespa Kusatsu||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Fukushima United||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||9||3||1||0||10||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||
15||5||1||0||16||5
15||5||1||0||16||5
|}

References

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Émile Mpenza (born 4 July 1978) is a Belgian football player. He plays for Sion and Belgium national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||Kortrijk||Second Division||32||5
|-
|1996/97||Mouscron||First Division||31||12
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Standard Liège||rowspan="3"|First Division||19||6
|-
|1998/99||17||10
|-
|1999/00||10||4

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Schalke||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||15||6
|-
|2000/01||27||13
|-
|2001/02||16||4
|-
|2002/03||21||5

|-
|2003/04||Standard Liège||First Division||28||21

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Hamburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||26||4
|-
|2005/06||10||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Al-Rayyan||rowspan="2"|Stars League||10||3
|-
|2006/07||9||6

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Manchester City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||10||3
|-
|2007/08||15||2
|-
|2008/09||Plymouth Argyle||League Championship||9||2

|-
|2009/10||Sion||Super League||||
137||58
115||33
19||9
34||7
0||0
305||107
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||5||2
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||9||4
|-
|2000||7||3
|-
|2001||6||3
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||4||2
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||3||2
|-
!Total||57||19
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Belgian footballers
Anatoliy Tymoshchuk (born 30 March 1979) is a former Ukrainian football player. He played for clubs such as Bayern Munich, Zenit St Petersburg, and Shakhtar Donetsk. He also played for the Ukraine national team, and he is their most capped player with 144 appearances. He currently is an assistance manager for Zenit St Petersburg.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Volyn Lutsk||Premier League||10||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|First League||38||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||38||6
|-
|1997/98||14||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="10"|Shakhtar Donetsk||rowspan="10"|Premier League||9||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||3
|-
|1998/99||18||2||3||0||2||0||23||2
|-
|1999/00||23||0||3||0||2||0||28||0
|-
|2000/01||25||4||5||1||11||0||41||5
|-
|2001/02||26||3||7||1||6||1||39||5
|-
|2002/03||30||4||6||1||4||0||40||5
|-
|2003/04||29||6||6||1||6||0||41||7
|-
|2004/05||25||4||4||0||10||0||39||4
|-
|2005/06||27||5||1||1||8||0||36||6
|-
|2006/07||15||1||2||1||8||0||25||2

|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Zenit St. Petersburg||rowspan="3"|Premier League||29||4||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||4
|-
|2008||27||6||2||5||18||1||47||12
|-
|2009||11||0||0||0||9||2||20||2

|-
|2009/10||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||
289||40||37||6||57||1||383||47
67||10||5||5||27||3||99||18
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
356||50||42||11||84||4||482||65
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||5||0
|-
|2001||11||0
|-
|2002||8||1
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||10||0
|-
|2006||12||0
|-
|2007||10||0
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||92||1
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Ukrainian footballers
The Ford Model A was a car made by the Ford Motor Company.  It had a four-cylinder engine.  It replaced the Ford Model T, and was replaced by the Ford Model B and Ford Model 18.  Though it was only made for five years, 4,849,340 Model As were made and sold.

References

Model A
1920s automobiles
1930s automobiles

The Ford Model A was made from 1928 through 1931. In 1932 Ford made the Model B which had a fuel pump attached to the motor.
Ellis Park is a sports stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is also known as Coca-Cola Park.

History 
Ellis Park was first built in 1928 as a Rugby union stadium. It was demolished and rebuilt in 1982, still as a rugby staduim. It was named after JD Ellis, a Johannesburg city councilor.  JD Ellis allowed the use of the land for a stadium. He allowed 13 acres to build the stadium. 

In the first stadium 100 000 visitors saw the Rugbymatch South Africa versus England (1955). The stadium was used for different events. 1995 it was part of the Rugby-Union-Worldchampionship 1995 and 2009 it hosted the CONFED-Cup and 2010 the FIFA World Cup.

Renovation 
In 2009, the stadium was improved.  More seats were added. Stadium access was made eaiser for disabled fans. A new pitch and media room was added. The sound system (loudspeaker)was improved.

FIFA World Cup 
The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played.

2010 World Cup Matches

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

The stadium today
The stadium is used by the soccerteams Gauteng Lions and Orlando Pirats. The stadium is also the homeground of two rugbyteams (Lions and Golden Lions).

Other websites 

 Official Web Site
 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 

FIFA World Cup stadiums
Football stadiums in South Africa
Johannesburg
1982 establishments in Africa
1980s establishments in South Africa
Bruce Greyson, M.D. (born  October 1946) is professor of psychiatry at the University of Virginia. He wrote Irreducible Mind (2007) and The Handbook of Near-Death Experiences (2009). Greyson also wrote the overview of near death experiences for the Encyclopædia Britannica and was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Near-Death Studies from 1982 through 2007. Greyson has written many journal articles and has given media interviews.

Related pages
Ian Stevenson
Parapsychology
Life Before Life
Raymond Moody
Life After Life
Frederic William Henry Myers

Other websites
The Division of Perceptual Studies (DOPS) at the University of Virginia
Bruce Greyson bio

1946 births
Living people
American parapsychologists
Gail Kim-Irvine (born February 20, 1977 in Toronto) is a Canadian professional wrestler of Korean Descent. She currently wrestles for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). During her career in TNA, she is a former one-time TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champion, three-time TNA Women's Knockout Championship, the 2007 Knockout of the Year and the 2013 Queen of TNA. Kim has also worked with World Wrestling Entertainment where she was a one-time WWE Women's Champion. 

In 2012, she was named the number one female wrestler in the world by Pro Wrestling Illustrated.

References

Other websites
Official website
TNA profile 

1977 births
Canadian professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Toronto
Mission, British Columbia is a city in British Columbia. It is ranked 37th on the list of 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada.   

The mayor of Mission is Pam Alexis.

The population is 34,505 from the 2006 census.

References

Other websites
Official city website

Cities in British Columbia
A near death experience (NDE) is when someone almost dies and then he feels things like his life flashes before his eyes. Some have said they briefly saw heaven or hell. NDEs were made mostly famous by the making of Raymond Moody's Life After Life in 1975.

Related pages
Bruce Greyson
Parapsychology
Life Before Life

Other websites
Near Death Experience Research Foundation

Psychiatry
Death
Afterlife
Duracell is a brand of batteries made by Procter and Gamble. Duracell makes alkaline batteries of 9V, C, AA, AAA, and D sizes.

In 2014, Berkshire Hathaway bought the Duracell.

History 
The company was founded in the 1920s by Samuel Ruben and Philip Rogers Mallory.

The Duracell became a brand appeared in 1964.The Gillette Company bought Duracell in 1996.

Other websites
Duracell's Official website

References 
Electronics companies
Batteries
1924 establishments
Loftus Versfeld Stadium is a sports stadium in Pretoria, South Africa.

It is mostly used for Rugby games.

FIFA World Cup 
The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played.

2010 World Cup Matches

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

Other websites 

 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 

FIFA World Cup stadiums
Football stadiums in South Africa
Pretoria
1906 establishments
20th-century establishments in South Africa
1900s establishments in Africa