cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered. That is to say, it was the first to be known as a virus.

It is a single stranded RNA virus which infects many plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.  The infection causes "mosaic"-like discolouration on the leaves. Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was known to be a virus.

History
In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections. 

In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent. He claimed that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest filters. 

In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature. 

Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work, he was awarded 1/3 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939. 

In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy).
The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded.  This conjecture was proved correct after her death. 

The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.

References 

Viruses
Diseases and disorders of plants
A business school is a university-level school that offers degrees in a variety of business-related subjects. It may often be a department or institution within a university or it can be a separate school. Instead of a general education, business schools prepare students to enter into the business world. ESCP Europe is considered to be the world's oldest business school.

Subjects 
A business school teaches topics that include: 
accounting
administration
business strategy
economics
entrepreneurship
finance
human resources management
information systems
logistics
marketing
organizational psychology
organizational behavior
public relations
research methods
real estate

References

Other websites 
 Best Business Schools 2015
 The 50 best business schools in the world (2015)

Schools
Colleges and universities
Types of educational institutions
Business
Martinair is currently a cargo airline from The Netherlands. It started in 1958. In 1991, Martinair started flying cargo. KLM became the only shareholder of Martinair in December 2008. Originally, Martinair flew passengers. On October 30, 2011, Martinair stopped flying passengers and now only flies cargo.

Gallery

References

1958 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Companies of the Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands
20th-century establishments in the Netherlands
Close Encounters of the Third Kind is an 1977 American science fiction movie written and directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Teri Garr, Melinda Dillon, Bob Balaban, Cary Guffey, and François Truffaut. The movie tells the story about Roy Neary, an everyday blue-collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an undentified flying object (UFO).

Made on a production budget of $19.4 million, Close Encounters was released in a limited number of cities on November 16, 1977 and November 23, 1977 before expanding into wide release the following month. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $300 million worldwide. The movie received numerous awards and nominations at the 50th Academy Awards, 32nd British Academy Film Awards, the 35th Golden Globe Awards and the 5th Saturn Awards, and has been widely acclaimed at the American Film Institute.

1977 movies
1977 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Columbia Pictures movies
Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian politician who started the Christian Democracy party, and helped to start the Council of Europe and the European Coal and Steel Community.

He was the Prime Minister of Italy for eight years, between 1945 and 1953. That is longer than any other Italian prime minister except Benito Mussolini, who was a dictator.

De Gasperi was born in Austria-Hungary, and did not become an Italian citizen until after the First World War. In 1927, he was put in prison for one and a half years because he did not support Mussolini's Fascist government. Mussolini released him from prison because the Pope asked him to.

References 

1881 births
1954 deaths
Former MEPs
MEPs for Italy
Presidents of the European Parliament
Prime Ministers of Italy
A notary is a person who has learned some laws and has been appointed by a government to do some certain things using those laws. A notary is most often used to witness signatures on legal papers. A notary does this to help stop fraud and to help a person prove that they are who they say they are. Notaries in some locations can also perform marriage ceremonies.

Related pages 
Authentication

Law
Occupations
S7 Airlines is a Russian airline. It is the second largest airline. It was created in May 1992. Originally, it was named Siberia Airlines. In 1994, the airline joined IATA. The airline's name was changed to S7 Airlines in 2005. In 2010, the airline joined Oneworld. S7 Airlines stopped flying Soviet planes in 2008. As of 2015, the airline has Airbus A319s, Airbus A320s, Airbus A321s, Boeing 737s and Boeing 767s.

Gallery

References

1992 establishments in Russia
Airlines of Asia
Transport in Russia
Glenn Lewis Frey () (November 6, 1948 – January 18, 2016) was an American singer, songwriter, producer and actor. He was best known as a founding member of rock band the Eagles. 

During the seventies, Frey played guitar with the band, as well as piano and keyboards. Frey was one of the primary singers of the Eagles, he sang lead vocals on songs such as "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Tequila Sunrise", "Already Gone", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", and "Heartache Tonight".

On January 18, 2016, Frey died in New York City at the age of 67 from rheumatoid arthritis, acute ulcerative colitis, and pneumonia. He had been recovering from intestinal surgery. He was replaced by Bob Mothersbaugh from Devo, who continues to perform with the Eagles to this day.

References

Other websites

Grammy Award winners
1948 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from pneumonia
American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
American rock musicians
American country musicians
American painters
American movie actors
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of a virus. It protects the virus when it moves between host cells as part of its life-cycle. Not all viruses have envelopes.

The envelopes are made from parts of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope help to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing virus genome to enter and infect the host.

Some enveloped viruses also have a capsid. This is another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome.

The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents This makes it easier to sterile these viruses than non-enveloped viruses. They can not survive for very long outside host environments, and usually need to move directly from host to host. They are very adaptable and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.

Examples of enveloped viruses 
There are several classes of enveloped viruses that can infect humans and cause illness:

 DNA viruses
 Herpesviruses
 Poxviruses
 Hepadnaviruses
 Asfarviridae
 RNA viruses
 Flavivirus
 Alphavirus
 Togavirus
 Coronavirus
 Hepatitis D
 Orthomyxovirus
 Paramyxovirus
 Rhabdovirus (Rabies)
 Bunyavirus
 Filovirus
 Retroviruses
 Retroviruses

References

Other websites 

 
Virology
Bulworth is a 1998 American political comedy movie. Warren Beatty plays the title character. Halle Berry plays Nina. Don Cheadle plays L.D.. Paul Sorvino plays Graham Crockett. Christine Baranski plays Constance Bulworth.

Plot
In the movie, California Senator Jay Bulworth is losing his bid for re-election to a fiery young populist. His socialist views, formed in the 1960s and 1970s, have lost favor with voters. He has changed to more conservative politics. He also accepts donations from big corporations. Furthermore, he and his wife have been having affairs for years, with each other's knowledge.

Bulworth is tired of politics. He is also unhappy with his life in general and planning to commit suicide. He negotiates a $10 million life insurance policy with his daughter as the beneficiary. Knowing that a suicide will void his daughter's inheritance, he plans to have himself murdered in two days' time.

Bulworth turns up in California extremely drunk. He also smokes marijuana and raps in public. His frank and offensive remarks make him an instant media darling and re-energize his campaign. Along the way he becomes romantically involved with a young black activist named Nina. Nina tags along with him on his campaign stops. As the movie progresses, he gets pursued by paparazzi, his insurance company and the public.

Cast
 Warren Beatty as Senator Jay Billington Bulworth
 Halle Berry as Nina
 Oliver Platt as Dennis Murphy
 Don Cheadle as L.D.
 Paul Sorvino as Graham Crockett
 Jack Warden as Eddie Davers
 Isaiah Washington as Darnell
 Christine Baranski as Constance Bulworth
 Amiri Baraka as Rastaman
 Joshua Malina as Bill Feldman
 Sean Astin as Gary
 Barry Shabaka Henley as the bartender
 Helen Martin as Momma Doll
Cameos
 William Baldwin as Constance's lover
 Larry King as himself
 Michael Clarke Duncan as Bouncer
 George Hamilton as himself

Reception
Bulworth made a great deal of controversy. However, it received a positive reception from movie critics. It has a 75% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Box office
The movie was released on May 15, 1998. It did extremely well in limited release. It took in more than $29 million in the box office.

References

1990s comedy movies
Hip hop
1998 movies
20th Century Fox movies
Political movies
Paul Sorvino (born April 13, 1939) is an American actor. He often plays authority figures on both sides of the law. He played Paulie Cicero in the 1990 gangster movie Goodfellas. He also played NYPD Sergeant Phil Cerreta in Law & Order. He is the father of actress Mira Sorvino.

Sorvino was born in Brooklyn, New York.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
1939 births
Living people
Isaiah Washington IV (born August 3, 1963) is an American actor. He has been in several movies made by Spike Lee. Between 2005 and 2007, he played Dr. Preston Burke on ABC's Grey's Anatomy. He also played Vic in the 1994 drama movie Crooklyn.

Washington was born in Houston, Texas.

Filmography

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Houston, Texas
1963 births
Living people
The law of the United States is made up of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law. The most important these is the United States Constitution. This established the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law. This consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promoted by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.

Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism states are the plenary sovereigns. Each state has its own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority given by the Constitution. States may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law) experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States is largely based on the common law system of English law. This was the system of law that was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. However, American law has changed from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure. American law also borrows ideas from civil law.

References 

 
United States Constitution
Ninja Kiwi, which was previously known as Kaiparasoft Ltd, is a mobile and online video game developer founded in Auckland, New Zealand. It was founded in 2006 by brothers Chris and Stephen Harris. 

Ninja Kiwi's first game was a browser based game called Cash Sprint, developed on the Adobe Flash Platform. Since then, they have produced more than 60 games across platforms including Adobe Flash, Android, iOS, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and more recently, Steam. They are most known for producing the Bloons and Bloons Tower Defense games. 

In 2012, Ninja Kiwi purchased Digital Goldfish, a Dundee, Scotland-based developer, for an undisclosed sum. After merging Digital Goldfish to Ninja Kiwi, this increased the total number of Ninja Kiwi employees to 35. By 2021, the total number of employees increased to 70.

Ninja Kiwi has a virtual currency known as NK Coins. Players make purchases of games and in-game purchases by using NK Coins. About eighteen months before Mochi Media's parent company disappeared, Mochi Media discontinued its virtual currency (Mochi Coins), and it was replaced with Ninja Kiwi's virtual currency.

Ninja Kiwi was bought by Modern Times Group on 24th March 2021.

References

Video game companies
2006 establishments
Jane O’Meara Sanders (born January 3, 1950) is an American civil servant and educator. She is the former President of Burlington College and the wife of United States senator of Vermont and Democratic 2016 Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. In 1996, she earned a doctorate from Union Institute & University.

Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York. She studied at Goddard College. Sanders was married to David Driscoll until they divorced. They had three children. Sanders met Bernie in 1981 when Bernie was elected mayor of Burlington, Vermont. They were married in 1988.

Sanders was named President of Burlington College in 2004. She resigned as president in 2011.

References

1950 births
Living people
Educators from Vermont
Civil servants
Bernie Sanders
People from Brooklyn
People from Burlington, Vermont
Educators from New York City
Benadryl is a brand name for a number of different medications to relieve allergies and coughs. It usually contains antihistamine diphenhydramine. In the United Kingdom, it contains either the antihistamine acrivastine or the long-acting antihistamine cetirizine. Benadryl products are sold in Australia and New Zealand as a cough medicine and do not contain any antihistamine.

References

Drugs
Robert Merlin "Bob" Carter (9 March 1942 – 19 January 2016) was a British-born Australian palaeontologist and stratigrapher. He was best known for his strong doubt about the state of climate change in Australia. He was professor and head of the School of Earth Sciences at James Cook University from 1981 to 1998.

Carter was born in England on 9 March 1942. He moved to New Zealand in 1956. He graduated at the University of Otago in 1963 and the University of Cambridge in 1968. He was married to Anne Carter.

Carter died from problems caused by a heart attack on 19 January 2016 in Townsville, Queensland. He was 73.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Australian academics
Australian scientists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Queensland
British geologists
British palaeontologists
A gunshot is the discharge of a firearm. It produces a mechanical sound effect and a chemical gunshot residue. The term can also refer to a gunshot wound caused by the bullet. Multiple discharges of a firearm or firearms are referred to as gunfire. The word can mean either the sound of a gun firing, the projectiles that were fired, or both.  For example, the statement "gunfire came from the next street" could either mean the sound of discharge, or it could mean the bullets themselves.  It is better to be more specific while writing however. "The sound of gunfire" or "we came under gunfire" would be more descriptive and prevent confusion.

Gunfire characteristics
There are three things that characterize gunfire and allow a person to detect and locate gunfire and similar weapon discharges:
 An optical flash (called muzzle flash) that occurs when an explosive charge is ignited when firing the weapon.
 A muzzle blast that occurs when a weapon is fired. A typical muzzle blast generates a sound wave with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 140dB or louder.
 A “snap” or “crack” caused by the sonic boom that occurs as a projectile moves through the air at supersonic speeds.

Gunfire can be confused with other sounds that can sound similar. These include firework explosions and cars backfiring. The sounds may be heard at greater distances in the direction of bullet travel than behind or to either side of the firearm.

Urban areas have noise patterns where background noise is higher during the daytime and lower at night. Firearm muzzle blast may be masked by background noise during daytime. But it may be detected at greater distances during the quieter hours of darkness. A popular urban gunfire locator system typically uses six to ten audio sensors per square mile for trilateration. (two or three per square kilometer)

Suppressors 
A suppressor, sometimes called a "silencer", can be attached to the muzzle of a firearm to reduce the sound of firing the weapon. Suppressors attached to the muzzle will not reduce the sound of high velocity gas released from other locations like the gap between the cylinder and barrel of a revolver. A muzzle silencer is also ineffective in reducing the snap of a supersonic bullet, or the noise produced by the mechanical action of a self-loading firearm. Use of silencers is rare in United States crimes. A 2007 study estimated unlawful silencers were involved in only 0.05 percent (1 in 2,000) federal criminal prosecutions. Also, these include cases where the silencer was not used, but simply in the possession of the defendant for 92% of prosecutions involving a silencer.

References

Other websites 
 Gunshot sound effect, YouTube

Firearms
Gunshot residue (GSR) is one of the results of firing a gun. When a bullet leaves the barrel of a firearm, it is accompanied by gases that include both burned and unburned particles of gunpowder. It also includes traces of metal from the firearm, the ammunition and the primer including the signature components of gunshot residue: lead, barium and antimony. GSR is usually found on the skin and clothing of the person who fired the gun. It may also be found in the entrance wound of the victim. This depends on how close the victim was to the gun when it was fired.

Forensic science of GSR 
When a gun is fired, a plume of gas—including GSR particles—is ejected from the barrel and any other openings in the gun. The gunshot residue is deposited on objects that are close to the fired gun including the gun itself.

Crime scene specialists collect GSR from people and objects when there is reason to believe it may be there. The collected samples are then taken to a laboratory where they are examined. Forensic scientists can also use GSR residue to determine the distance between the barrel of the fired weapon and the target. The farther from the weapon the less the gunshot residue. Collection of GSR is time sensitive in many cases. After 4 to 8 hours it may wear off people's hands. It can remain for longer periods on a dead body or other objects. A number of advancements have been made in gunshot residue examinations in recent years. One improvement is in the use of scanning electron microscopes.

Recently, a test for finding GSR when the ammunition used was "green" or lead-free. In the past lead was required to be in the sample to identify it as GSR. Now a new test can identify GSR as small as a single particle.

The presence of GSR 
In addition to the person who fired a weapon, finding GSR can show:
 A person was standing near the firearm when it was fired.
 A subject may have handled a firearm or ammunition.
 A subject may have touched a surface that had GSR.

GSR may not be present for a number of reasons:
 The subject did not fire the weapon.
 No GSR was found on the area selected for sampling.
 GSR was removed by washing or wiping hands or clothing.
 Samples were taken more than 4 hours after the shooting.

References

Other websites 
 Composition of gunshot residue 
 Forensic Lab Technicians

Firearms
Forensics
The list of essential medicines is a listing of drugs compiled by the WHO. The list contains a number of drugs, which cover the basic  needs of a society. The drugs on the list should be easy to get, and affordable. The list was first published in 1977. It is reviewed every two years. In 2003, 156 countries have joined the effort. As of 2016, over 300 different drugs and vaccines are on the list. About 95 percent of the drugs and substances on the list are not covered by patents, which means that generic drugs using the substance indicated can be produced easily.

There are two major problems with the list: First, there are a number of diseases which mainly occur in developing countries. Many people there cannot afford to pay high prices for drugs, which means pharmaceutical companies are not interested in developing new drugs for such diseases. Examples for such diseases are malaria or tuberculosis. The second problem is that certain drugs on the list are patented, and they are often expensive. Examples for the second kind of drugs are those used to treat AIDS.

According to a study done by the world bank, about a third of the world's population does not have access to these drugs,

References
the List, english version

Drugs
Samira Khalil () is an activist from the Homs region of Syria.  She was in prison for four years, from 1987–1991, because she opposed the Bashar al-Assad government in Syria.  She disappeared in the city of Douma on December 9, 2013, with activists Razan Zeitouneh, Wael Hamada, and Nazem Hammadi. They are called the "Douma 4".

Work 
After prison, Khalil operated a publishing house.  Then she worked with families of detainees. She wrote about detention in Syria. Before her kidnapping, she worked to help women in Douma to start small projects to make money.  She stayed in Douma to start two centers for women.

Film 

Khalil and her husband Yassin al-Haj Saleh were in a documentary film called Baladna Alraheeb (Our Terrible Country).  The film was about the period in their lives before Khalil's kidnapping in 2013.

Awards  

Khalil received the Petra Kelly Prize from the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2014. This was for her work at the Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria.

References

Other websites 
#Douma4 hashtag on Twitter

Missing people
Activists
Syrian people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
In typography, a sans serif typeface is one that does not have the tiny feet called "serifs" at the end of strokes. 
The term comes from the French word sans, meaning "without" and "serif" from the Dutch word schreef  meaning "line".

Sans serif typefaces have been used since the 18th century, but became most used in the twentieth century as the modern art movement developed. Most designers of typefaces were artists. Some were outstanding in other artistic fields, and were part of the wider artistic culture of their times.

The apostle of sans serif was Jan Tschichold  (2 April 1902 Leipzig, Germany – 11 August 1974 Locarno, Switzerland), a German-Swiss graphic designer.   
Tschichold not only designed typefaces, he showed how they could be used in the design of book printing. He was a chief designer for Penguin Books after the Second World War.

Sans serif faces are most used for display signs, advertising and for headings in books. Although they seem to work well for the text in books, they are much less used for that purpose.

Other names for sans serif 
Egyptian
Antique
Grotesque
Doric
Gothic (not to be confused with blackletter)
Lineale, or linear
Simplices
Swiss

References 

Typography
Fonts
The fez (, plural fezzes or fezes from arabic "Fas" the main town in Morocco before 1927 ), as well as its equivalent, the tarboosh ( ṭarbūsh), is a felt hat.

There are two types One is a cone with a flat top, made of red felt. The other is a short cylinder made of kilim fabric. Both usually have a tassel attached to the top. The tarboosh and the modern fez, which is similar, owe much of their development and popularity to the Ottoman era.

References 

Headgear
The bowler hat is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown.

It was originally designed to protect the head from blows. One story is that  the British soldier and politician Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester had it made in 1849. Its purpose was to protect his gamekeepers' heads from low-hanging branches while on horseback. The keepers had previously worn top hats, which were easily knocked off and damaged. 

The bowler hat was popular with the working class during the Victorian era, and later on with the middle and upper classes in Britain and the eastern United States. In Britain, they are worn as civilian dress by Guards officers.

Outside the United Kingdom 

The bowler was the most popular hat in the American Old West. It was "the hat that won the West". Both cowboys and railroad workers preferred the hat because it would not blow off easily in strong wind while riding a horse, or when sticking one's head out the window of a speeding train. It was worn by both lawmen and outlaws, including Bat Masterson, Butch Cassidy, Black Bart, and Billy the Kid. In America the hat came to be commonly known as the derby, and Wild West outlaw Marion Hedgepeth was commonly referred to as "the Derby Kid".

The bowler, called a  in Spanish, has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers. For many years, a factory in Italy manufactured the hats for the Bolivian market, but they are now made locally. Another region where the bowler hat is worn is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.

Popular culture  
The bowler makes regular appearances. It was part of John Steed's outfit in The Avengers British TV series, and Oddjob's favourite weapon in the original Goldfinger film. It was worn by Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel in movies.

References 

Headgear
Edmonde Charles-Roux (17 April 1920 – 20 January 2016) was a French writer. She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine.

In 1946, she joined the staff of a magazine being created, a women's weekly: Elle, where she spent two years. From 1948, she worked for the French edition of Vogue, becoming the magazine’s editor-in-chief in 1954.

Charles-Roux died on 20 January 2016, in Marseille, France, at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
"Edmonde Charles-Roux", Academie Goncourt 

1920 births
2016 deaths
French journalists
Writers from Ile-de-France
Homayoun Behzadi (‎; 20 June 1942 – 22 January 2016) was an Iranian footballer and coach. He usually played as a striker. He played for Paykan, but most notably for the Iran national football team. For a very brief time, Behzadi was the coach of the Persepolis football team in 1975.

Behzadi suffered a heart attack in April 2013. He made a full recovery. Behzadi died in Tehran on 22 January 2016 at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
Homayoun Behzadi at TeamMelli.com
Interview with Homayoun Behzadi

1942 births
2016 deaths
Iranian footballers
Iranian football managers
David Geddes Hartwell (July 10, 1941  January 20, 2016) was an American critic, publisher and editor of science fiction and fantasy. He was best known for work with Signet, Pocket and Tor Books publishers. He was also known as an award-winning editor of anthologies. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts.

Hartwell died in Pleasantville, New York from complications of a fall on January 20, 2016 at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
Excerpt from the LOCUS Online Interview with David Hartwell, 2004.
Interview with David G. Hartwell, SpaceWesterns.com, 2007
Profile of David Hartwell by Michael Swanwick, 2009

1941 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Accidental deaths in New York
American critics
Educators from Massachusetts
American journalists
Writers from Massachusetts
Mrinalini Sarabhai (; 11 May 1918 – 21 January 2016) was an Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor. She was the founder of the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts in the city of Ahmedabad. She received many awards and citations in recognitions of her work to art. She trained over 18,000 students in Bharatnatyam and Kathakali. She was born in Kerala, India. She was married to renowned physicist Vikram Sarabhai.

Sarabhai was hospitalized in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India for pneumonia on 20 January 2016. She died the next day of respiratory failure at the age of 97.

References

Other websites

Biography of Mrinalini Sarabhai at the website of Darpana Academy 
Biography at mkgandhi.org 
Mrinalini Sarabhai's Blog
Download Mrinalini Sarabhai's autobiography from her blog

1918 births
2016 deaths
Choreographers
Indian dancers
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in India
People from Kerala
Derrick Todd Lee (November 5, 1968 – January 21, 2016) was a convicted American serial killer, nicknamed the Baton Rouge Serial Killer. He was born in St. Francisville, Louisiana.

He was linked by DNA to the deaths of seven women in the Baton Rouge and Lafayette areas in Louisiana, and in 2004 was convicted, in separate trials, of the murders of Geralyn DeSoto and Charlotte Murray Pace. The Pace trial resulted in a death sentence.  Newspapers have suggested Lee can be linked to other unsolved murders in the area, but the police lacked DNA evidence to prove these connections. 

Lee died on January 21, 2016 at the age of 47, of an undisclosed medical condition at the Louisiana State Penitentiary in the West Feliciana Parish, while awaiting execution.

References

Other websites
 "DNA Dragnet", CBSnews.com (multimedia presentation)
 "Louisiana Serial Killer Derrick Todd Lee Loses State Supreme Court Appeal" September 21, 2015 

1968 births
2016 deaths
American serial killers
People convicted of manslaughter
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Lawrence "Larry" Sanders (born April 25, 1935) is an American-born British academic and politician. He is a member of the Green Party. Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York. He is the brother of United States senator and Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.

Sanders moved to the United Kingdom in 1968. He was active in the Labour Party in Oxford in the 1980s. He left the Labour Party in 2001 because he felt that it had moved too far to the right under Tony Blair, and joined the Green Party. Sanders was a Green Party county councillor representing the East Oxford division on Oxfordshire County Council, until he retired from the Council in 2013. He was a candidate to be the Member of Parliament for Witney. He came in fourth place.

References

1935 births
Living people
Bernie Sanders
British educators
British Jews
English politicians
People from Brooklyn
Jess Q. Harnell (born December 23, 1963) is an American voice actor and singer. He is best known for his voice roles as Wakko Warner in Animaniacs, Ironhide in the Transformers movie series, Chilly in Doc McStuffins and Crash Bandicoot in the video game franchise of the same name. He has been the voice of Br'er Rabbit in various Disney projects since 1989. He has been the announcer on America's Funniest Home Videos since 1998.

Personal life
Harnell and  his wife Cara were married on November 19, 2019.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Video games

Theme Parks

References

Other websites
 
 Jess Harnell at Behind The Voice Actors

1963 births
Actors from New Jersey
American voice actors
Singers from New Jersey
Umberto Raho (4 June 1922 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian stage, movie and television actor. He was born in Bari, Italy. Raho was known for his roles in The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, The Last Man on Earth, and Superfantagenio.

Raho died in Anzio, Italy from complications of Alzheimer's disease on 9 January 2016 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
People from Bari
Mouthparts is a general term used in animal biology (zoology). It means the various bits and pieces around the opening of the alimentary canal (mouth). These mouthparts are used by animals to help get their food organised before they swallow it.

All animals have mouthparts except those which absorb their food through their epidermis. The main variations are chewing, sucking and dissolving

Anatomy
Miloslav Ransdorf (15 February 1953 – 22 January 2016) was a Czech politician. He served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia from 1 May 2004 until his death. In December 2015, he was arrested for his apparent role in a bank scandal in Switzerland. He was born in Rakovník, Czechoslovakia.

Ransdorf died from a stroke on 22 January 2016 in Prague, aged 62.

References

1953 births
2016 deaths
Communist politicians
MEPs for the Czech Republic
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in the Czech Republic
Robert Sassone (23 November 1978 – 21 January 2016) was a French racing cyclist. He was a member of the Cofidis cycling team. He rode is the men's madison at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He also won the men's madison at the 2001 Track World Championships. He was banned in 2004 for doping. He was born in Nouméa, New Caledonia.

Sassone had cancer during the final years of his life. He killed himself on 21 January 2016, aged 37.

References

1978 births
2016 deaths
French cyclists
People with cancer
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Munasinghe Kariyawasam Appuhamilage Don Somadasa Gunawardana (6 March 1947 – 19 January 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka for the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and later the United National Party. He was Minister of Land from 12 January 2015 until his death.

Gunawardana died on 19 January 2016 in Colombo from cancer, aged 68.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
Buddhists
Sri Lankan politicians
Nine Network, also known as Channel Nine or simply Nine, is an Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is one of the three major television networks in Australia. It was launched on 16 September 1956.

Programming 
 The Backyardigans
 ¡Mucha Lucha!: Gigante
 Looney Tunes
 Duck Dodgers
 DuckTales
 Thomas and Friends
 My Friend and Me

Upcoming 

 Pinkalicious & Peterrific
 Molly of Denali

References

Other websites
 

Australian television networks
Ambat Chacko Jose (; 5 February 1937 – 23 January 2016) was an Indian politician. He was Speaker of the Kerala Legislative Assembly. He also served as a Member of Parliament from Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency in Kerala three times between 1996 and 2004. He was born in Edapally, Ernakulam.

Jose died on 23 January 2016 in Kochi, aged 78.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in India
Indian politicians
is a Japanese politician. He is the current Governor of Aichi Prefecture since 15 February 2011. His father is Korean.

References

1960 births
Living people
Japanese politicians
People from Aichi Prefecture
Governors of Japanese prefectures
Namaste Falls () is a waterfall located in Vedatar in Dhankuta district in Nepal. It is about  high. It is popular as a tourist destination.

photos

References

Other websites

Waterfalls
Bodies of water of Asia
Geography of Nepal
Dhankuta is a district in Nepal. It is in the Eastern development region. It's headquarter is Dhankuta.

Municipality and Village Development Committees (VDCs)

Related pages
Zones of Nepal

References

Districts of Nepal
Dhankuta ( ) is a town in the hills of eastern Nepal. It is the headquarters of Koshi Zone. It is located in Dhankuta district .

Related pages
Zones of Nepal

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Nepal
Achham District () is a district in Nepal. It is in the Seti Zone. Mangalsen is the district headquarters of this district.

References

Other websites

Districts of Nepal
Seti () is a zone of Nepal located in Far-Western Development region of Nepal.

Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

References

Zones of Nepal
Mangalsen is a municipality in Nepal. It is the headquarters of the Achham District which is located in the Seti Zone of western Nepal.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

References

Municipalities of Nepal
Lumbini is a zone of Nepal. It is in the Western Development Region. It is the birth place of Gautama Buddha, who became the founder of Buddhism.

Significance of Lumbini

Lumbini is one of the holiest place of Buddhists. The original name of Gautama Buddha was Sidhhartha Gautama. Lumbini is  in the Terai region of Nepal. Lumbini has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also a significant pilgrimage for Buddhists.

Interesting Places 

The most sacred place to go in Lumbini is the Mayadevi Temple (Mayadevi is the name of Lord Buddha’s mother). One can also see the inscriptions on the Ashoka Pillar which say that the Buddha was born in Lumbini. Other than that, there are many other stupas built by countries like China, Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Germany and so on. There is also a museum where people can see and learn about the ancient history of Lumbini and Gautama Budhha. There are many other fascinating sites in Lumbini which makes it one of the important districts of Nepal. It is also a touristic site as many tourists come and visit there. Lumbini is most visited by Buddhists from all over the world. Many monks do their prayers everyday.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

References

Zones of Nepal
Rapti ( ) is a zone, in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. It is named after the Rapti river.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

References

Zones of Nepal
Karnali () is a zone in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. Its headquarters is Jumla. It is a remote region with no roads in or out. Karnali is accessed by several airfields. It is one of the poorest regions in Nepal.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

References

Zones of Nepal
Bheri () is a zone of Nepal. It is in the Mid-Western Development Region. Its administrative headquarters is Nepalgunj.

Related pages
Zones of Nepal

Zones of Nepal
Mahakali (), is a zone of Nepal located in the Far-Western Development Region. It has occupied an area of 6,205 km2 Nepal.

Related pages
Zones of Nepal

Zones of Nepal
Biratnagar () is a major industrial city and the second largest city in Nepal. Its geographical location is 26°28'60"N 87°16'60"E. The city is located in the Morang District in the Kosi Zone of Nepal.

Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

References

Cities in Nepal
Municipalities of Nepal
Morang District ( ), a district of Nepal. It is in the Koshi Zone, in the Terai plain area.

Related pages
Districts of Nepal

References

Other websites

Districts of Nepal
Jhapa () is an Eastern district in Nepal. It is in Mechi Zone of the Eastern Development Region. The district covers . Jhapa is considered to be one of the most educated and developed districts in Nepal. It is also popular for rice production and tourism.

Related pages
Districts of Nepal

References

Other websites

Districts of Nepal
A lysozyme is a part of the innate immune system. They are enzymes which are in mucus secretions like saliva. They protect against infection by chopping up the bacteria, viruses and fungi which infect animals.

The name 'lysozyme' was coined in 1922 by Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), the discoverer of penicillin. Fleming first observed the antibacterial action of lysozyme when he treated bacterial cultures with nasal mucus from a patient suffering from a common cold.

Lysozyme is in a number of secretions, such as tears, saliva, milk, and mucus. It is also present in cytoplasmic granules of macrophages and granulocyte neutrophils.

The enzyme works by attacking polymers in the cell walls of bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria like  Bacillus and Streptococcus.

Lysozyme was the second protein structure, and the first enzyme structure,  solved by X-ray diffraction methods. It was the first enzyme to be fully sequenced that contains all twenty common amino acids.
It was also the first enzyme to have a detailed, specific mechanism suggested for its action. This work led to an explanation of how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by their physical structures.

Related pages 
Host defence peptide
Defensin
innate immune system

References 

Enzymes
Immunology
Stephen Hendry (born 13 January 1969) is a Scottish former professional snooker player. He has won the World Championship seven times, a record in the modern snooker era.

Hendry started playing snooker in 1981, aged 12, and became at 16 years the youngest ever professional. He finished his professional career 27 years later after his defeat in the 2012 world championship. In his career he was between 1990 an 1998 and again 2006/2007 snooker's world number one. Actual Hendry operates as a commentator for BBC Snooker.

Other websites 
 Stephen Hendry at snooker.org 

1969 births
Living people
Snooker players
Scottish sportspeople
Steve Davis (born 22 August 1957) is an English former professional snooker player. He was born in Plumstead, London. He has won the World Championship six times and dominated snooker in the eighties of the 20th century. 

Davis started his professional career in 1978. Ten years later he became the first player to complete snooker's Triple Crown by winning the UK Championship, Masters, and World Championship in the same season.

Other websites 
 Steve Davis at snooker.org

1957 births
BBC people
Living people
Snooker players
English sports commentators
Sportspeople from London
The Alamo is a 1960 American historical-western epic movie about the 1836 Battle of the Alamo. It was produced and directed by John Wayne. The movie starred Wayne as Davy Crockett.  The picture also stars Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie. The movie was filmed on location in Texas and released by United Artists. The long 3 hour and 12 minute movie (not counting intermission) was not historically accurate.

References

Other websites 
 The Alamo (1960), IMDb

1960s western movies
American western movies
American epic movies
John Higgins (born 18 May 1975) is a Scottish professional snooker player. He has won the World Championship four times. He has also lost in the final four times.

In the modern snooker era only Stephen Hendry (7), Steve Davis (6), Ray Reardon (6) and Ronnie O'Sullivan (5) were more often world champion. 

Higgins started his professional career in 1992. Because of a betting scandal in 2010, he was banned for six months, but successfully returned to the World Snooker Tour.

Other websites 
 John Higgins at snooker.org 

1975 births
Living people
Snooker players
Scottish sportspeople
Ray Reardon (born 8 October 1932) is a former Welsh snooker player who dominated his sport in the seventies of the 20th Century. He has won the World Championship six times. The former policeman and miner started his professional snooker career in 1967, which ended in 1992. As the world's best player, he was replaced by Steve Davis.

Other websites 
 Ray Reardon at World Snooker

1932 births
Living people
Snooker players
Welsh sportspeople
The December 1969 nor'easter was a strong winter storm. It affected the Northeastern United States and Quebec. It included a tornado outbreak, record snow accumulations, a damaging ice storm, and flooding rains.

1969 in the United States
Disasters in the 1960s
Natural disasters in the United States
Severe weather
Natural disasters in Canada
1960s in Canada
Altenburg Abbey is a Benedictine monastery in Austria.  It was founded in 1144 by Countess Hildeburg of Poigen-Rebgau. It is located in Horn, near Sankt Pölten, in Lower Austria. The site is known for its Baroque architecture today.

Gallery

Other websites 

Altenburg Abbey website 

Buildings and structures in Austria
Christianity in Austria
Lower Austria
Monasteries
1144 establishments
Establishments in Austria
1140s establishments in Europe
The Bad Seed is a 1956 American horror movie. It has elements of film noir. This movie is based on the 1954 play of the same name.

Plot
On her piano, eight year old Rhoda Penmark (played by Patty McCormack) plays the French song "Au clair de la lune" while her father says his good-byes and goes on military duty. Rhoda is under the care of her mother Christine (Nancy Kelly). 

Rhoda begins as a well-behaved child. As the movie goes on, she becomes evil and sinister. She commits murder, steals and sets fires. 

A lightning bolt during a rainstorm kills Rhoda instantly.

Cast

 Nancy Kelly as Christine Penmark
 Patty McCormack as Rhoda Penmark
 Henry Jones as Leroy Jessup
 Eileen Heckart as Hortense Daigle
 Evelyn Varden as Monica Breedlove
 William Hopper as Col. Kenneth Penmark

 Paul Fix as Richard Bravo
 Jesse White as Emory Wages
 Gage Clarke as Reginald 'Reggie' Tasker
 Joan Croydon as Claudia Fern (as Joan Croyden)
 Frank Cady as Henry Daigle

Reception
This was one of Warner Bros. biggest movies of the year. It took in $4.1 million in the American box office. It was also popular in the British box office. 

The movie was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Actress, Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Cinematography.

Remakes
The Bad Seed was remade for television in 1985.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1950s horror movies
1950s drama movies
1956 movies
American horror movies
Movies directed by Mervyn LeRoy
Ilam district () is a district in Nepal. It is in the Mechi Zone of the Eastern Development Region. The population was 290,254 according to the census of 2011.

Related pages
Districts of Nepal

References

Other websites

Districts of Nepal
Ilam ( ) is a municipality in the Ilam District of Nepal. It is in the hilly region of Mechi zone in eastern Nepal. It is the headquarters of Mechi Zone and Ilam district.

Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

Cities in Nepal
Municipalities of Nepal
Panchthar district () is a district in Nepal. It is in the Mechi Zone of the Eastern Development Region.

Related pages
Districts of Nepal

References

Other websites

Districts of Nepal