cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paradiso is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website  

Municipalities of Ticino
Personico is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Pianezzo is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged to form the municipality of Bellinzona.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Piazzogna is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites 
 Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
Pollegio is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Ponte Capriasca is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Ponte Tresa is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  With an area of 0.28 km², Ponte Tresa is the smallest municipality in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official Page Of Ponte Tresa

Municipalities of Ticino
Porza is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Prato Leventina (Prato) is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Pali is an old language. It used to be spoken in India, and is similar to Sanskrit. Pali is used in religious services by Theravada Buddhists. The Theravada holy texts, called the Pali Canon, are written in Pali. Pali is usually called a dead language. Bengali originates from the Pali

References

Other websites 

 Pāli-English dictionary
 Pāli at Ethnologue
 Pali Text Society
 Pāli Canon selection 

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Bangladesh
Han Chinese (also called Han; ) is an ethnic group within East Asian people. 92% of the Chinese population and more than 97% of the Taiwanese population are Han. Out of the entire human population in the world, 19% are Han Chinese. Han Chinese have the highest concentrations in the Eastern Provinces of China, particularly in the Hebei, Jiangsu and Guangdong regions. There are tens of millions of overseas Han Chinese. The majority live in Southeast Asia. Many big cities around the world have enough "overseas Chinese" to make a "Chinatown".

The name 
The name "Han" comes from the Han Dynasty that united China as one country. During the Han Dynasty, many tribes felt that they belonged to the same ethnic group. Also, the Han Dynasty is said to be the high point in Chinese civilization. During the Han Dynasty, China was able to increase its power and influence to other parts of Asia.

There are some slang words and different names for Han amongst some Han people, especially in southern China and in Vietnam. In languages like Cantonese, Hakka and Min Nan, the word "Táng Rén" is also used. "Táng Rén" is written as "唐人" and it literally means "the people of Tang." It is pronounced "Tong Yan" in Cantonese. "唐人" comes from another Chinese dynasty, the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty is also another peak point of the Chinese civilization. Within English-speaking Han communities, the word "Chinatown" in Chinese is "Táng Rén Jiē" which means "street of the Tang people."

Another phrase used by the Han people, especially overseas Chinese, is "Hua Ren" (). It comes from "Zhong Hua" (), a poetic name for China. The translation of this is "ethnic Chinese".

Culture 

Han China is one of the world's oldest civilizations. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years. Some Han people believe they share common ancestors, distantly related to the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor, who existed thousands of years ago. Hence, some people of Han call themselves "Descendants of the Yan Emperor" or "Descendants of the Yellow Emperor."

Throughout the history of China, Chinese culture has been influenced by Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history, and becoming a professional of Confucian texts was needed to be part of the imperial bureaucracy.

Related pages
Nationalities of China

Other websites 
 Defining Han Identity in Chinese Ethnology and Archaeology Research website on Han identity by Ph.D. candidate
 How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe  – Yahoo News/AFP Sept 15, 2004

Ethnic groups in China
Babi Yar () is a ravine in Kyiv, Ukraine.

During the Holocaust, Nazi soldiers massacred 33,771 Jewish people at Babi Yar.  This may have been the worst two-day mass murder of Jews in all of the Holocaust.

Background

Nazi Germany and other Axis countries occupied Kyiv on September 19, 1941.  By September 26, the military governor and the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Police Leader had decided to kill all of the Jews in Kyiv.  They said this would be revenge for German soldiers being attacked by some Jewish guerrilla fighters.

The Nazis tricked the Jews into coming to Babi Yar by telling them they were going to be sent to another place to live.  On 28 September 1941, they put up an order in the town.  Part of it said:

The massacre

Later, one of the soldiers in charge of the massacre would say:

On September 29 and 30, special units of the SS called Einsatzgruppen, and some local Ukrainians who supported the Nazis, took these people to the ravine at Babi Yar.  They made them put all of their things in piles.  They made them strip naked.  The area was so crowded that by the time people heard gunshots, there was no way to escape.  The Nazis took people ten at a time into the ravine, made them lay down, and shot them with machine guns.

Between September 29 and 30, the Nazis killed 33,771 Jewish people at Babi Yar.

The Nazis buried these people in a mass grave.  People who had survived being shot were buried alive, along with the dead.  Only 29 people survived and were able to escape.

The murdered Jews' property was given to Nazi leaders in Kyiv.

Sources

The Holocaust
War crimes
Ewan Gordon McGregor  (born 31 March 1971) is a Scottish actor who has had a lot of success in both mainstream and indie movies. He is ranked #36 in Empire magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. He played the lead role in Danny Boyle's Trainspotting, Obi-Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy of Star Wars, and in his motorcycle adventures with friend Charley Boorman. 

McGregor starred as Christopher Robin in the 2018 Disney movie Christopher Robin. He also starred as the villain Black Mask in the 2020 DCEU movie Birds of Prey.

McGregor lives in Los Angeles, California. He also has a home in North London, England.

Filmography

Television 
The Scarlet and the Black (1993)
Lipstick On Your Collar (1993)
Tales from the Crypt - Cold War (1996)
ER (1997)
Long Way Round (2004)
[[Long Way Down (TV series)|Long Way Down]]'' (2007)

Discography 
 "TV Eye" Single (Soundtrack for movie Velvet Goldmine Cover version of original song by The Stooges - 1998)
 "Gimme Danger" Single (Soundtrack for movie Velvet Goldmine Cover version of original song by The Stooges - 1998)
 "Come What May" Single (Duet with Nicole Kidman - October 2001) UK #27
 "Your Song" single
 "Elephant Love Medley" Single (Duet with Nicole Kidman - October 2001)

References

Other websites 

Ewan McGregor to star in "Othello" at the Donmar Warehouse on Theatre.com 

1971 births
Living people
British television producers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Bartholomew I  (, Patriarchis Bartholomaios A' , ; born 29 February 1940) is the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, since 2 November 1991.

He is the "first among equals" in the Eastern Orthodox Communion, and the spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians around the world.

Contributor 

Bartholomew wrote a chapter with Pope John Paul II in “Earth Toward Our Children’s Future".

He wrote an essay, "To Commit a Crime Against the Natural World Is a Sin” in Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril (Trinity University Press, 2010 ).

Related pages
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Ecumenism
Mount Athos
Orthodox Church

References 

1940 births
Living people
Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople
Patriarchs
Turkish people
Taxi Driver is a 1976 American crime drama thriller movie directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Paul Schrader. It stars Robert De Niro, Jodie Foster, Cybill Shepherd, Harvey Keitel, Peter Boyle, Leonard Harris and Albert Brooks. Set in a decaying and morally bankrupt New York City following the Vietnam War, the film tells the story of Travis Bickle, a lonely taxi driver who descends into insanity as he plots to assassinate both the presidential candidate for whom the woman he is infatuated with works, and the pimp of an underage prostitute he befriends.

A critical and commercial success upon release and nominated for four Academy Awards, including for Best Picture, Best Actor (for De Niro) and Best Supporting Actress (for Foster), Taxi Driver won the Palme d'Or at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. The movie generated controversy at the time of its release for its depiction of violence and casting of a 12-year-old Foster in the role of a child prostitute.

In 2012, Sight & Sound named it the 31st-best movie ever in its decennial critics' poll, ranked with The Godfather Part II, and the fifth-greatest movie of all time on its directors' poll. The film was considered significant by the US Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1994.

John Hinckley saw the movie many times. He wanted to impress Foster. He tried to assassinate President Ronald Reagan by shooting him. Reagan survived the 1981 attack.

Release dates

Other websites

1976 movies
1970s crime drama movies
1970s thriller movies
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies composed by Bernard Herrmann
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
Movies set in New York City
United States National Film Registry movies
Patriarch Alexius II (23 February 1929—5 December 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

1929 births
2008 deaths

Patriarchs
Estonian people
Paul Stephen Rudd (born April 6, 1969) is an American movie, television and stage actor. All about Paul Rudd hous

Personal life
Rudd was born in Passaic, New Jersey. His father, Michael Rudd, was a historical tour guide and former vice-president of Trans World Airlines who died of cancer when Rudd was 39. His mother, Gloria Irene (Granville), was a sales manager at the television station KCMO-TV in Kansas City, Missouri. His parents were born in England; his father was from Edgware and his mother from Surbiton, both in London. Rudd's parents were both Jewish (descended from Jewish immigrants who moved to Britain from Russia, Belarus, and Poland). Rudd's parents were second cousins. His father's family's original surname, "Rudnitsky", was changed by his grandfather to "Rudd", and his mother's family's surname was originally "Goldstein". Rudd had a Bar Mitzvah service. Growing up, he loved reading British comics, The Beano, and The Dandy, which his uncle in the U.K. would send to him.

At age ten, his family moved to Lenexa, Kansas. They spent three years living in Anaheim, California, because of his father's occupation. Rudd attended Broadmoor Junior High and graduated from Shawnee Mission West High School in the class of 1987. Rudd attended the University of Kansas, where he majored in theater. He was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity's Nu Chapter there. He studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts/West in Los Angeles with fellow actor Matthew Lillard. Rudd spent three months studying Jacobean drama at the British American Drama Academy based in Oxford, England. While attending acting school, Rudd worked as a Bar Mitzvah disc jockey.

Filmography

References

Other websites

Interview with Paul Rudd about Knocked Up 

1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
People from Passaic, New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
Epithelium (plural: epithelia) is one of the four main types of tissue in the body of animals. It is made up of one or more layers of cells. 

The outermost layer of the skin is a special type of epithelium. It has an important function: it forms a mechanical defence against infection: see innate immunity. 

Epithelia are found on the surface of organs and many other parts of the body. One main function of epithelia is moving fluids into or out of an organ or body part. It also protects organs and carries sense organs. 

There are many different types of epithelium that do different things in the body, including the excretory system. The epithelium covers blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and kidneys.  All glands are made from epithelial cells. In some areas, the epithelium secretes sweat, oil, or mucus.

The functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing. Epithelial layers have no blood vessels: they get oxygen and nourishment from the underlying connective tissue, through their basement membrane.

Bibliography

Other websites 
Article from Encyclopedia Britannica regarding Epithelium

Animal tissues
The Berlinale, or Berlin International Film Festival,  is the world's leading film festival held in Berlin, Germany.

The Berlinale was first held in 1951, and since 1978 has been held every February. More than 200000 tickets are sold and around 400000 admissions it is the biggest publicly-attended film festival worldwide. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick.

The European Film Market (EFM), a film trade fair, is held at the same time as the Berlinale. It is also one of the most important events for the international film industry.

Judging 
An international jury makes sure films from all over the world are chosen for the Berlinale.

Around twenty films competing for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears.

The 61st Berlin International Film Festival will be held 10 to 20 February 2011.

Golden Bear 
 Golden Bear
 Lifetime Achievement ("Honorary Golden Bear")

Silver Bear 
 Best Director
 Best Actor
 Best Actress
 Best Music
 Extraordinary achievement by a single artist
 Grand Prize of the Jury (Short film award)

Others 
 Panorama Publikumspreis, the Audience Award
 Berlinale Camera, a special award for services to the Festival
 A Crystal Bear for the Best Film in the 14plus Competition
 Teddy Award

Silver Bear-Best Director

Silver Bear-Best Actor

Silver Bear-Best Actress

Related pages
 Academy Awards

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 
 Berlin Life: An introduction to the Berlin Film Festival
 Review of the 2006 Berlin Film Festival 
 Signandsight about the director Dieter Kosslick
 Lathrios Film Festival Database  - the Lathrios listing for the Berlin International Film Festival including a film list and analysis for the event.

Berlin
Movie festivals
Festivals in Europe
1951 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany
February events
The Toy Fox Terrier (also known as American Toy Terrier, Amertoy) is a small terrier breed of dogs. They are related to the Fox Terrier, but are considered a separate breed.

Image gallery

Further reading 
 Davidson, John F., The Toy Fox Terrier - Wired for Action (a 2006 revision of The Toy Fox Terrier)
 Hopkins, Eliza and Flamholtz, Cathy The Toy Fox Terrier
 Bielsky-Braham, Tanya, Send in the Clowns. AKC Gazette, December, 2002

Other websites 
 American Toy Fox Terrier Club
 Visit the Official National Toy Fox Terrier Association web site for more information about TFTs.

Terriers
The New York Mets are a professional baseball team based in New York City, New York in Citi Field. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as part of the National League (NL) east division. The team started in 1962. The Mets won the World Series in the years 1969 and 1986. They play in Corona, New York and play in their stadium Citi Field, completed in 2009. Their colors are blue and orange. Their retired numbers are 42 (Jackie Robinson), 41 (Tom Seaver), 14 (Gil Hodges), and 37 (Casey Stengel).

The name "Mets" is short for "Metropolitans". There was an old team in the 1880s called the New York Metropolitans. The words "Metropolis" and "Metropolitan" are often used to describe very large cities. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Opera, and Metropolitan Transportation Authority are among the other New York users of that word.

The Mets first played their home games at the Polo Grounds. They opened Shea Stadium in 1964. After 45 seasons at Shea, they opened Citi Field in 2009, nextdoor to Shea. Shea was torn down during the 2009 season.
The Mets have won the World series two times, in 1969 and 1986. In 1973, 2000, and 2015, the Mets went to the World Series, but lost to the Oakland Athletics, New York Yankees, and Kansas City Royals, respectively.

Rivalries

Atlanta Braves
The Braves–Mets rivalry is a rivalry between two teams in the National League East, featuring the Atlanta Braves and the Mets.

Philadelphia Phillies
The rivalry between the Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies from 2006 to 2008 was said to be among the "hottest" rivalries in the National League.

New York Yankees
The first regular season non-exhibition game between the Mets and the New York Yankees took place in 1997. Three years later, the teams met in the 2000 World Series. A series of games between the two New York City teams is called a Subway Series.

New York Mets Foundation
A registered 501(c)(3) charity, the New York Mets Foundation is the philanthropic organization of the New York Mets. Founded in 1963, it funds and promotes charitable causes in the Mets community. One of these causes is Tuesday's Children, is a non-profit family service organization that "has made a long term commitment to meet the needs of every family who lost a loved one in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001".

References

Other websites

 
 History of the New York Mets 
 New York Mets Team Index
 Ultimate Mets Database

 
1962 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New York (state)
The bond market (also known as the debt, credit, or fixed income market) is a financial market where people buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bonds.  In 2006 the size of the international bond market was about $45 trillion. The size of the outstanding U.S. bond market debt was $25.2 trillion.

References

Other websites
Investing In Bonds Only:  Why This Investment Strategy Doesn't Work... and What Does
Investing in Bonds, an education site for bond investors  
SIFMA
ShibuiMarkets 
Bonds 101, bonds.yahoo.com
Fixed-Income Funds
USTreasuryMarket.com: Dealer misconduct, including front-running, in government bond market.
International Financing Review (IFR)

Finance
Security means to prevent dangers or losses. In general, security is similar to safety. The difference between the two is that security cares more than general safety about dangers from the outside.

Airports and banks usually have a lot of security measures. Prison security is used mainly to stop prisoners from escaping. It is also used to stop prisoners from harming prison employees or other prisoners.

Maximum security is found in or around prisons or other types of places where people need to be kept in or kept out. It is the highest security level for a building or area.

Related pages
 Law enforcement
 Insurance
 Hacking
 Police

References

Monahan, Torin, ed. (2006), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life . New York: Routledge: 
Operations Security Professional's Association Website ''http://www.opsecprofessionals.org.

Other websites 
 ISO/IEC 15443-1: Overview and framework
 ISO/IEC 15443-2: Assurance methods
 ISO/IEC 15443-3: Analysis of assurance methods
 ISO/IEC 15408 refer also to Common Criteria
 ISO/IEC 17799:2005 Code of practice for information security management
Preonzo is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Pura is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Homepage Pura Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
532 Herculina (herr'-kew-lye'-nə, ) is a very big asteroid, with a diameter of around 225 km.

Discovery 
It was found on April 20th, 1904, by Max Wolf in Heidelberg, and initially catalogued as 1904 NY. Where its name came from is not known; it may be named after the mythical Hercules, or after an unknown woman of that name. Most of the asteroids found by Wolf around this date were named for characters in operas, but if this name was also drawn from such a source, no explanation has been recorded.

Physical characteristics 
Herculina is one of the twenty or so biggest members of the main asteroid belt.

It has often been noted for its complex lightcurves, which made finding its shape and rotation somewhat hard. A set of 1982 speckle inferometry observations led to a simple preliminary model of Herculina as a three-axis object, perhaps 260 by 220 by 215 km. 1985 analysis of this data concluded there was a nonspherical shape with one bright spot, whilst a 1987 photometric astrometry study concluded the object was spherical with two dark spots (and rotated around a completely different pole), which was in turn negated by a 1988 thermal study which showed the object could not be spherical. By the late 1980s, the generally accepted model was a three-axis object with major albedo or topographical features.

Recent (2002) modelling of photometric data shows that Herculina is not spherical, but a blocky shape not unlike a battered cuboid - or, as the analysis described it, it "resembles a toaster". This analysis indicates the presence of many big craters, similar to 253 Mathilde, but no major changes in albedo. The approximate ratios of the axes were suggested as 1:1.1:1.3, broadly consistent with earlier models if a bit more stretched.

Moons 
Following anomalous sightings during an occultation of the star SAO 1220774 in 1978, Herculina became the first asteroid to be "confirmed" to have an asteroid moon, with the parent asteroid estimated at a 216 km diameter and a moon of about 45 km orbiting at a distance of around 1,000 km. However, careful studying in 1993, using the Hubble Space Telescope, could not locate a moon.

References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
Duroplast is a resin plastic made up mixing formica and bakelite reinforced with fibres (either cotton or wool) or glass fibres.

Uses
Duroplast was used by Eastern European automobile manufacturer VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau to produce the body of the popular Trabant motor car, toilet seats, and parts for the BMW X3.

Duroplast was first used in the body of the IFA F8 and later also the AWZ P70 or Zwickau P70 and later used in the body of the Trabant. Apart from the use in cars duroplast was also used to make suitcases.

Properties
Duroplast is light, flexible, and strong. It was also made of recycled material, cotton waste from Russia and phenol resins from the East German dye industry making the Trabant the first car with a body made of recycled material . Because it can be made in a press similar to shaping steel, it's easy to produce.

Critics
Duroplast cannot be completely recycled, and burning it produces toxic fumes, so disposing of the bodies of old Trabants is a problem. There are stories of pigs, sheep or other domestic farm animals consuming duroplast.

A Berlin biotechnology company claims that it has developed a solution to the duroplast problem: a bacterium that will eat a Trabant in 20 days and leave only compost.
In the last years the Duroplast was smashed and put cement blocks for pavement construction.

Materials
East Germany

ja:合成樹脂#熱硬化性樹脂
Plain English Campaign Limited (PEC) is a commercial editing and training firm based in the United Kingdom. It was started in 1979 by Chrissie Maher. The company advocates for the use of simple ("plain") English. It tries to persuade organisations in the UK and abroad to communicate with the public simply. In 1990, Plain English Campaign created the Crystal Mark, its "seal of approval." This is a symbol printed on documents which the Plain English campaign thinks are very easy to understand. According to the Plain English Campaign, the symbol appears on over 20,000 documents worldwide.

The Plain English Campaign also gives out an annual "Foot in Mouth Award" for "a baffling comment by a public figure." The name of this award comes from a humorous English idiom. If a person has their "foot in their mouth," that means they are speaking badly and not paying attention to what they are saying. The plain English Campaign also gives out a "Golden Bull Award" for "the worst examples of written tripe". The name of this award also comes from a common English idiom. "Bull" is short for "bullshit," which literally means the excrement of a bull, but is often used to mean stupid, dishonest or unbelievable speech or writing. The word "tripe," similar to "bullshit," has both a literal and a figurative meaning. Literally, it means a food made from an animal's stomach lining. As it is used here, "tripe" means something very close to "bullshit."

In other words, the Plain English Campaign's "Foot in Mouth Award" is given to someone famous who speaks stupidly. The "Golden Bull Award" is given to someone famous who writes stupidly. Both awards are sarcastic. They are different from normal awards because they criticise, rather than honor, the people they are given to. Famous winners of the Foot in Mouth Award include George W. Bush and Donald Rumsfeld.

Plain English Campaign has worked for many organisations. Many UK forms and bills carry the Crystal Mark, including the British passport application form. Plain English Campaign is often described in the media as a "pressure group." 

It regularly makes public comments about language-related news stories and about jargon. For example, in 2006 its supporters voted Bill Shankly the author of the greatest football quotation of all time. Plain English Campaign did a survey in 2004 and announced that ‘At the end of the day’ was considered the most irritating cliché. Chrissie Maher, who created Plain English Campaign, was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1994 for her services to plain communication. Famous supporters of PEC include Margaret Thatcher and broadcaster John Humphrys.

Other websites
 
 
 

Companies of the United Kingdom
Prose
Kilakarai (aka Keelakarai, Tamil - கீழக்கரை) is a panchayat town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Settlements in Tamil Nadu
Bart Simpson is a fictional character in The Simpsons. At the age of 10, he is the oldest child of three children to Marge and Homer Simpson. He is the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart is someone who does not like school. At the time when the Simpsons was launched T-shirts were released that had a picture of Bart saying "Underachiever. And proud of it". Nancy Cartwright is the voice of Bart. Bart had a 10 year old love interest named Niki/Nikki. He's a skateboarder.

He likes to ride on a skateboard and makes Prank phone calls to Moe's Tavern to annoy the owner, Moe Szyslak.

School 
Bart goes to Springfield School along with his 8-year-old sister Lisa.  Bart often gets grade Fs in school, whereas Lisa gets A grades. At Springfield Elementary, Bart's best friend is Milhouse Van Houten. Bart has received detention multiple times, and during the start of the show he is seen writing things repeatedly on a blackboard as a form of punishment. He is a good pranker.

Name  
The character of Bart is an anagram of brat. Matt Groening was going to name the character Matt, but he realized that would be a giveaway, so he decided to name him Bart.  

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
Vajrayana is a school of Buddhism first practiced in India. It is sometimes called esoteric Buddhism. From India it spread to Tibet, Mongolia and Bhutan. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1959, the Tibetan form of Vajrayana has spread to many Western countries and has gained great popularity.

Vajrayana is a third and separate major school of Buddhism, the other two being Theravada and Mahayana. Vajrayana Buddhism comes from Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism has its own texts in the Tibetan and Sanskrit languages. It also contains the older Mahayana texts in Sanskrit and Theravada texts in the Pali language.

Vajrayana is sometimes known as Tantric Buddhism in the west. Tantric practice is one kind of Vajrayana Buddhism, but there are also other forms. 

Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as "The Diamond Vehicle".

Features of Vajrayana 
The main features of Vajrayana are:
The use of mantras, a form of chanting
Strong focus on the guru, or teacher
The importance of meditation, including concentration techniques such as the visualization of bodhisattvas.

Followers are introduced to these practices through initiation which is also called empowerment.

Tibetan Vajrayana 
There are four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism: Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk. All four schools identify themselves as belonging to the Mahayana or "Great Vehicle" tradition, which is the most popular form of Buddhism in China, Korea and Japan.

Levels of practice 
In the ancient or Nyingma school, the teachings are divided into six levels:
Outer Tantras
Kriyayoga
Charyayoga
Yogatantra
Inner Tantras (Anuttarayogatantra)
Mahayoga
Anuyoga
Atiyoga (also known as Dzogchen)

The new schools (Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk) divide the teachings into only four levels. The first three are the same as in the Nyingma school. The last level is simply called Anuttarayogatantra ("Highest Yoga Tantra"). These Highest Yoga Tantras are divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras. The new schools use a practice called Mahamudra in place of Dzogchen.

Other websites 
 The Berzin archive, Archive on texts and teachings of Vajrayana, Tibetan Buddhism, Islam and Bon
 Himalayan Art Resources, an online educational resource with over 30,000 images of Vajrayana art and ritual implements

Tibetan Buddhism
The first coat of arms of Haiti was created in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 1986.

It has a palm, with several flags at its sides, and two cannons on a green lawn. On the lawn there are several objects, such as musical instruments (a snare drum and bugles), guns, and ship anchors. Above the palm tree, there is a Phrygian cap placed as a symbol of freedom.  

The ribbon on the bottom displays the national motto: L'Union Fait La Force (French for "Union Makes Strength").

Haiti
Haiti
Nu (uppercase/lowercase Ν ν) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "n" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 50. Letters that came from it include the Roman N and Cyrillic Н.

In statistics, the lowercase  can be used to represent degrees of freedom. In physics, the same letter can also used to represent kinematic viscosity and the frequency of a wave.

Related pages 

 Mu (letter)

References 

Greek alphabet
The flag of Haiti was adopted on February 25, 1986. The flag has two horizontal bands of equal height; the top stripe is blue and the bottom is red. In the center there is a white rectangle with the Coat of Arms of Haiti which consists of a palm tree with several flags at its sides. There are two cannons on either side of the palm tree. The civil flag and the ensign (the one used by commercial ships) do not have a coat of arms.

The Haitian flag was created by the revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1803 from the French flag (the Tricolore); he eliminated the white stripe and left only the blue and red stripes in the new flag.

From May 25 1964 to February 25 1986, during the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, the country had a different flag, in red and black, and divided vertically, not horizontally.

Other websites 
 The Louverture Project: Flag of Haiti

Flag
Haiti, Flag of
Pi (uppercase/lowercase Π π), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "p" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 80. Letters that came from it include the Roman P and Cyrillic П.

In mathematics, the uppercase pi is used for the Pi product operator (for example. ), similar to the way summation is used. The lowercase pi is used as the mathematical constant pi, also known as Archimedes's constant.

Related pages 
 Phi
 Tau

References 

Greek alphabet
Tau (uppercase/lowercase Τ τ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "t" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 300. Letters that came from it include the Roman T and Cyrillic Т.

Other Uses 

Some people want to use Tau in place of Pi, the special number that comes from circles. Tau would be equal to two times pi, or about 6.283.

These people want to use Tau because they think it would be easier for everyone to understand. There are many reasons in math why Tau could be useful or helpful. One of the simplest is that it would make learning about radians easier.

A radian is a way of measuring the angle of a circle. It says that the number of radians in an angle is equal to the length of the outside of the circle, or the 'arc length', that is covered by an angle, divided by the radius, or distance from the point in the center of a circle to anywhere on the outside (see the picture on the bottom right of the page).

If the distance covered around the outside of a circle is equal to the radius, than one radian is being covered. Around the whole outside of a circle, there are about 6.283 radians - or, Tau radians (Tau is just a number, like 0, or 7, or 100).

The advantage of this is that one quarter of a circle would simply become Tau / 4 radians, and one half of a circle Tau / 2 radians, which is more in line with our intuition on circles (see also the drawing below).

Not many people use Tau yet, but more and more are.

Related pages 

 Tau lepton

References 

Greek alphabet
Omega (uppercase/lowercase Ω ω) is the 24th and the last letter of the Greek alphabet. It stood for a long "o" sound in Ancient Greek. It still stands for "o" in Modern Greek, but there is no longer a difference between long and short vowels, so it sounds the same as Omicron. In the system of Greek numerals, it stands for the number 800. 

There was also once a letter "Omega" Ѡ in the Cyrillic alphabet. It was there so people could spell Greek names both in Cyrillic and in Greek in the same way. However, this letter is no longer used today.

In mathematics, the uppercase omega Ω is used in big-Omega notation (a variant of big-O notation). It is also used to represent the Omega constant. In electromagnetism and engineering, the uppercase Ω is used as the symbol for ohms, which are the units of electrical resistance. In physics and other sciences, the lowercase ω is often used to represent angular frequency. 

In modern English, the phrase "From alpha to omega" expresses the idea of "everything".

Related pages 
 Alpha

References 

Greek alphabet
Vowel letters
The problem of aliteracy is the state of being able to read but being uninterested in doing so. Teachers and school librarians are trying to deal with this problem.

Fortune magazine article
Stratford P. Sherman wrote, in a November 18, 1991 article in Fortune magazine, about the need for America to read more.  He began by saying that most Americans could not understand the article.  He referred to a study by John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, showing that the average American at that time spent only 24 minutes per day in reading.  He mentioned the continuing decline in newspaper sales, and referred to a guess by Leonard Riggio, CEO of Barnes & Noble, that 50% of books sold by his company were never read.  He quoted Samuel Robert Lichter, director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, on his preference for the ease of turning on the TV instead of reading a book.  Sherman went on, in his article, to mention the growing need for skillful commmunication in American business but also the decreasing quality of the same activity.  He quoted Monsanto CEO Richard Mahoney on the importance of reading in helping a business manager to see connections between events.  He described print media as being first among different media with respect to (1) the amount of information conveyed by so few widely understood symbols, (2) portability, (3) suitability for the user's own speed of use, and (4) economical distribution of broad and deep information which can be used immediately.

Sherman said that Motorola was making preparations to pay $5,000,000 to teach workers reading and other basic skills, and that, since 1982, Ford Motor Company had already sent 32,000 workers on a similar program. He said that Simon & Schuster  predicted a market of $500,000,000 per year in the sales of remedial programs to corporations.  He quoted a spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters as saying that "the biggest predictor of scholastic success is the time parents spend reading to their children."  However, Sherman said that the amount of time thus spent meant that the outlook was "not bright".

Related pages
 Book
 Dyslexia
 Literacy

Other websites 
 Reducing "Alliteracy" in H.S. Students by Joanne Collison

Literature
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is better known simply as The Wealth of Nations. It was written by Adam Smith in 1776, who was a Scottish man. It looks at division of work, following self-interest, and freedom of trade.

The book was not the beginning of classical economics, and market economics. Smith said that if everyone did what was best for themselves, the result would be best for society. Before that, economics was about the king's personal interests, and the wealth of a nation was measured by the king's treasury or by the gold and silver in the country. 

Smith said what's important is what's best for the whole nation, and that wealth should be measured by the yearly income of the nation. He wanted to discover how wealth can grow, and how people could do things to support that growth. Smith's book said land, labour, and capital were the three "factors of production" and the main contributors to a nation's wealth.

Prices naturally adjust to having more or less of something: supply and demand. If there is too much of something (more supply), prices go down so that people have more reason to buy it. If a lot of people want something (high demand), there may not be enough of it (scarcity); there will be a competition among the people who want to buy it, and some people will agree to pay more to get what they want, and prices go up. 

Smith said markets should be free. At the time, some big companies (like the East India Company) were controlled by the government. Sometimes the rulers made laws that were good for themselves but not for workers or customers. For example, in the American colonies, colonists could grow cotton but were not allowed to make clothing from it. They had to ship it to England to be made into clothing, then buy it back after it was finished. Smith said this was bad for individuals and for society. He thought it was better for money to flow freely and naturally between buyers and sellers without outside interference. Money would naturally go to the sellers who made the best product at the best price. This way if people did what was best for them, it would end up being best for society as a whole, almost like an "invisible hand" was guiding everything.

References

18th-century books
Non-fiction books
Economics books
La Dessalinienne (The Dessalines Song) is the national anthem of Haiti, honoring Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The lyrics (words of the song) were written by Justin Lhérisson and its music composed by Nicolas Geffrard; it was adopted in 1904.

Lyrics

References

Other websites 
 La Dessalinienne (mp3)

Haiti
National anthems
1904 establishments
1900s establishments in North America
Establishments in Haiti
New Castle is a city in Henry County, Indiana, 44 miles (71 km) east of Indianapolis, on the Big Blue River. In 1900, 3,406 people lived in the town; in 1910, 9,446; in 1920, 14,458; and in 1940, 16,620. The population was 17,780 in 2000. The city is the county seat of Henry County. New Castle is home to New Castle Fieldhouse, the largest high school  in the world.

References

Other websites
 City of New Castle

News & Media 
 The Courier-Times
 New Castle Online 

Cities in Indiana
County seats in Indiana
Pop art is a modern art movement that developed in the 1950s and 60s. It was created by the Scottish sculptor and artist Eduardo Paolozzi in London, 1952. Andy Warhol, Robert Indiana and Roy Lichtenstein are examples of pop artists.

Pop art has themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as advertising and comic books. Pop art employs images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art.

Origin 
The Independent Group (IG), founded in London in 1951, is regarded as the starting point of the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who were challenging modernist approaches to culture as well as traditional views of "fine art". The group discussions centered on popular culture implications from such elements as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology.

At the first Independent Group meeting in 1952, co-founding member, artist and sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi presented a lecture using a series of collages titled Bunk! that he had assembled during his time in Paris between 1947–1949. This material consisted of 'found objects' such as, advertising, comic book characters, magazine covers and various mass-produced graphics that mostly represented American popular culture. One of the images in that presentation was Paolozzi's 1947 collage, I was a Rich Man's Plaything, which includes the first use of the word "pop″, appearing in a cloud of smoke emerging from a revolver. After Paolozzi's seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising.

Methods 
The artists use mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques which downplay the expressive hand of the artist.

Pop artists went for absolute clarity. Most forms were bordered with black lines as in comic books. The objects are often plain like a poster, and without perspective. The colours are clear, achromatic and primitive colours.

Objects of the everyday life get isolated and modified or processed in collages. Pop art is a connection between reality and art, handled with abstract means. Some of their catchwords are: popular, consumable, cheap, funny and outstanding.
 
Much of pop art is rather academic, as the unconventional organizational practices used often make it difficult for some to understand. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be the last modern art movements and so the precursors to postmodern art, or some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.

Famous pop artists 

 Peter Blake
 Jim Dine
 James Gill
 Red Grooms
 Richard Hamilton
 Keith Haring

 David Hockney
 Robert Indiana
 Jasper Johns
 Roy Lichtenstein
 John McHale
 Claes Oldenburg

 Julian Opie
 Eduardo Paolozzi
 Peter Phillips
 Pietro Psaier
 Robert Rauschenberg
 Larry Rivers

 James Rizzi
 James Rosenquist
 George Segal
 Wayne Thiebaud 
 Andy Warhol
 John Wesley
 Tom Wesselmann

References
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is a modern art museum in New York, New York, United States, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been called the most important museum of modern art in the world. Some of the artists featured at the museum include Jackson Pollock, Vincent van Gogh, Andy Warhol and Robert Indiana.

References

Other websites 

 Museum of Modern Art official site
 Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: Patron of the modern
 New York Times, 2007: Donors Sweetened Director's Pay At MoMA, Prompting Questions Controversy over the compensation package of MoMA's Director, Glenn D. Lowry.
 Taniguchi and the New MOMA
 Museum Conservation Lab Renovation 

Art museums in the United States
Museums in New York City
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
The Rankine scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale. It is based around absolute zero. Rankine is similar to the Kelvin scale in that it starts at absolute zero and 0 °Ra is the same as 0 K but is different as a change of 1 °Ra is the same as a change of 1 °F (Fahrenheit) and not 1 °C (Celsius). Note that the abbreviation °R is ambiguous, as it can also refer to the Réaumur scale. 

The Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvins (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F.

The Rankine scale was originally used in the United States.

Units of temperature
High fidelity or hi-fi is a way of describing a very good home music system. "High fidelity" means that the sound is as close to the original as possible with no changes or added noise. People who like hi-fi are sometimes called audiophiles. Hi-fi is often now called "high-end audio".

History 
In  the 1930s and 1940s, vacuum tubes were used to make radios and electronic amplifiers. Radio was becoming popular, and microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers began to be sold. Manufacturers began to compete to produce the best product. A lot of research was done at Bell Laboratories and products were made by Western Electric.

Then a new kind of vinyl record with less noise and better sound was invented. Manufacturers began to call their equipment and records "high fidelity" to help sell them. In the 1950s, "hi-fi" became the popular term, replacing "phonograph" and "record player".  Rather than playing a record "on the phonograph," people would play it "on the hi-fi".

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Westrex invented the stereo record that used two speakers. This led to more improvements in home audio. The word "stereo" replaced the word "hi-fi." Records were now played on "a stereo". 

Some people bought individual parts (separate speakers and amplifiers), and even built their own equipment. The term "high fidelity" is still used for very good music systems.

Other websites 
 
 A Dictionary of Home Entertainment Terms
 Renato Giussani: Optimal Stereo Soundstage and Imaging 
 The High Fidelity Museum

Sound