cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Die Feen (The Fairies) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. The German libretto was written by the composer.  He was adapting a story by Carlo Gozzi called La donna serpente.

Die Feen was the first opera that Wagner finished.  However, it was never performed during his lifetime.  It has never become popular, although the overture is sometimes played.  The music shows the influence of Carl Maria von Weber and other composers of the time.  It also shows some musical ideas that Wagner was to develop later in his life in his famous operas.  The fairy tale atmosphere in the story is also an idea that he uses in his later operas which deal with fantasy stories.  The idea of being saved (redemption) is also an important idea that he used in later operas.

Compositions by Richard Wagner
Operas
Rienzi is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Its full title is Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen (Rienzi, the Last of the Tribunes).  It is one of the earliest operas Wagner wrote.  There are five acts.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself, using the story from a novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.  It was composed between 1838 and 1840  It was first performed at the Hofoper, Dresden on 20 October 1842.  It was the first time Wagner had a success as an opera composer.

Story
The story of the opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi (1313–1354), a medieval Italian populist figure who manages to trick the nobles and their followers.  He helps the people to get power.  At first he is very popular, but then he has to use force against the nobles, and the Church turns against him.  In the end the ordinary people burn the Capitol where Rienzi and his friends are sheltering.

Compositions by Richard Wagner
Operas
A chess tournament is a competition between chess players. It can take one of these forms:
A knock-out tournament. Not a popular choice in chess events.
An all-play-all event. A highly regarded format, but does not permit large entries.
A Swiss system event. Permits large entries, and is the most common format. The event has a pre-set number of rounds, and there are many more players than rounds. Progressively, players play opponents with roughly similar points to their own score. Players who win get stronger opponents, players who lose get weaker opponents. Pairing each round may be done by computer. This is an invention of the chess world and, like chess clocks, has been adopted by a number of other two-person sports.

Since the first international chess tournament in London, 1851, chess tournaments have become the standard form of chess competition among serious players. Currently, FIDE holds candidates tournaments every two years to determine challenger to the world champion.

In 1851, Adolf Anderssen became first unofficial champion. In 1858, Paul Morphy beat him and became second unofficial champion. In 1871, Johannez Zukertort defeated Adolf Anderssen to become third unofficial chess champion. There are three unofficial world chess champions: Adolf Anderssen, Paul Morphy and Johannes Zukertort, stemming from first strong international tournament in London in 1851, won by Anderssen.

References 

Chess
Events
Chess competitions
Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman) is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself.  The story comes from the legend of the Flying Dutchman, which is about the captain of a ship.  It is his fate  that he has keep sailing the sea, without ever going on to land, until Judgment Day.
  
The most important idea in the story as told by Wagner is redemption through love.  It was a favourite idea of Wagner, who used it a lot in his later operas.

Wagner conducted the first performance at the Semper Oper in Dresden, in 1843.  It is an early opera of Wagner, but it shows his mature style.  It is very different from the previous opera Rienzi which is still quite similar to operas that other composers were writing.  In Der fliegende Holländer the drama is very important.  Wagner uses a number of leitmotifs: musical ideas associated with particular characters and themes in the story. The leitmotifs are all introduced in the overture.  We hear the famous leitmotif of the ocean and then those of the Dutchman and of Senta, the girl he falls in love with.

Wagner originally wrote Der fliegende Holländer to be performed without any breaks (intermission).  Sometimes it is performed like that today, but Wagner also made a version with three acts.

Compositions by Richard Wagner
Operas
New York State Route 199 (NY 199) is a road in the Hudson Valley of New York, United States. It is  long, and goes from near Kingston to Millerton. In between, NY 199 crosses over the Hudson River over a bridge and passes through the communities of Red Hook and Pine Plains. Part of the road was part of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike. NY 199 was named in 1930.

References

Other websites

Route log 

Roads in New York
New York State Route 9G (NY 9G) is a road in Dutchess County, New York, United States. It starts at US 9 in Poughkeepsie and follows the Hudson River as it goes north. It crosses Route 9 just north of Rhinebeck and ends in Hudson.

References

Other websites

Route log

Roads in New York
The Vicar of Wakefield is a novel by Oliver Goldsmith. It was written in 1761 and 1762. It was published in 1766. The book was very popular. The novel tells of the Primrose family.

Other websites 

 The Vicar of Wakefield 
 

18th-century books
Irish novels
1766
1760s works
Lady's slipper orchids are the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioideae. They are special because of their slipper-shaped pouches on their flowers. The pouch traps insects so that they must climb up past the modified stamens, where they get or give pollen, fertilizing the flower.

Some people think this subfamily should be different from the Orchidaceae as a family Cypripediaceae.

Pollination 
A lady slipper orchid has a deep pocket that is actually a bee trap. When a bee crawls down into the flower to get the nectar, the pocket on the flower closes shut. Because of this, the bee is stuck for a while, wiggling and squirming, getting pollen all over itself.
The bee finally finds a small opening near the top of the orchid, and it gets out so that it can get trapped inside another lady slipper, where it will give that pollen to the other lady slipper's stigma.

The lady's slipper is also known in the United States of America as the moccasin flower, because it looks like a shoe or moccasin.

References

Further reading
Cox, A.V., A. M. Pridgeon, V. A. Albert, and M. W. Chase. 1997. Phylogenetics of the slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae: Orchidaceae): nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 208: 197-223. PDF
Pridgeon, A.M.; Cribb, P.J.; Chase, M.W. & F. N. Rasmussen (1999): Genera Orchidacearum Vol. 1, Oxford U. Press.

Websites 
 The Slipper Orchid Alliance
 SlipperOrchids.info

Orchids
Pandita Ramabai (23 April 1858, Karnataka – 5 April 1922) was an Indian Christian who tried to change many things in India. A poet and scholar, she tried hard to improve (make better) the lives of women in India. She wrote many books, such as her popular The high
-Caste Indian Woman, which showed the troubles of child wives and women in India.

Conversion 

She was born in Gangamoola, in the Mala village, in Karkala Taluk, in the Karnataka State of India. Her father's name was Ananta Shastri. She lost her parents (Laxmi Bai) early. She travelled to Kolkata with her brother. There, she received (got) a Pandita and a Sarasvathi Award for her expertise in Sanskrit Poetry.  Born in the home of an important scholar named Brahmin, Pandita Ramabai had more freedom than many Indian women. Her father taught her and her mother to read Sanskrit writing.  She then began to study Christianity in India, and later in England. She decided that it was the best religion; that she should be a Christian. However, she had not yet received Jesus into her heart. Ramabai later said,

Life 
Shortly after her "true conversion", Pandita Ramabai began a faith mission for the girls and widows of India.  Pandita and her helpers began a school and prayed for what they needed every day. Wheta went to  and saved widows and girls from death or abuse.

Soon she had over a thousand women and girls at the mission. Helping this many people during a time of great famine was very hard, but Pandita wrote in her autobiography,

Every day, Pandita Ramabai and her helpers taught the women to read and write, showed them cleanliness, and helped them prepare for a job. She also taught them about Jesus. She opened Ashrams at Pune, Mumbai. She established a Christian High school at Gulbarga, (now at Karnataka) and her daughter Manorama was the principal. Manorama studied in the United States and traveled to Australia.

References

  

1858 births
1922 deaths
Autobiographers
Indian writers
Indian activists
Christians
Synthesis means to bring ideas together, or to make something out of parts which were independent. It is the opposite of analysis.

As an intellectual activity, synthesis occurs often in philosophy and science. In philosophy, synthesis is the end of a process of argument. Two examples of people whose work was mostly synthesis are:
Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer

In chemistry, to synthesize is to make new compounds from simpler elements.
In acoustics, speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech.

Related pages 
 Synthetic
 Synthesizer

Words
The Ruy Lopez, also called the Spanish Opening, is an ancient chess opening. It is named after the Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura. He may have invented the opening. These are the opening moves:

1. e4 e5
2. Nf3 Nc6
3. Bb5

The Ruy Lopez is one of the most common and well liked openings, with many ways to play it. It has always been popular in master chess. Something to know about it is that it does not threaten the black e5 pawn:

3.... a6
4.Bxc6 dxc6
5.Nxe5 Qd4 recovers the pawn.

For this reason White usually plays a longer-term strategy, starting

3.... a6
4.Ba4

ECO code: C60–C99. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
A mathematical function is called continuous if, roughly said, a small change in the input only causes a small change in the output. If this is not the case, the function is discontinuous.  Functions defined on the real numbers, with one input and one output variable, will show as an uninterrupted line (or curve). They can be drawn without lifting the pen off of the page. The definition given above was made by Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Karl Weierstraß gave another definition of continuity: Imagine a function f, defined on the real numbers. At the point  the function will have the value . If the function is continuous at , then for every value of  no matter how small it is, there is a value of , so that , means that . We can put this another way, given a point close to  (called x), the absolute value of the difference between the two values of the function can be made increasingly small, if the point x is close enough to .

There are also special forms of continuous, such as Lipschitz-continuous. A function is Lipschitz-continuous if there is a  with  for all x,y ∈ (a,b).

A basic way to know if a function is continuous is to use a pencil or your finger. Then, start at the left of the function. Then, move your finger along the path of the function. If you ever need to lift your finger or pencil to keep following the function, then you know it is not continuous. This is because, by lifting your finger, you have "jumped" from one section of the function to another. That means you made a very small movement but the function changed very much. This is what the first sentence of this article is talking about.

Related pages
Chaos theory

References

Mathematics
Peter Michael Falk (September 16, 1927 - June 23, 2011) was an American actor. His best known role was Columbo in the TV series of the same name.

Early life
Falk was born in Manhattan on September 16, 1927. He was Jewish. He grew up in Ossining, New York. He earned a degree in political science from the New School for Social Research. He then earned his Master's degree in public administration at Syracuse University.

Career
He appeared in a number of Broadway plays including: The Prisoner of Second Avenue, The Passion of Josef D, Diary of a Scoundrel, and Saint Joan. Falk won four Emmy Awards playing the police detective Columbo, and one for The Dick Powell Theatre. He was nominated for seven other Emmy awards. Falk also received two Academy Award nominations for the films Murder Inc. and Pocketful of Miracles.

Death
Falk was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died in his Beverly Hills, California home on the morning of June 23, 2011.

References

Other websites

 Peter Falk at Emmys.com
 Peter Falk on Dean Martin show, video, 10 min.
 Peter Falk At Find A Grave

1927 births
2011 deaths
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Jewish American actors
Claude Choules (3 March 1901 – 5 May 2011) was a British-Australian World War I veteran who served in the Royal Navy.

Biography

World War I & World War II 
Born in Wyre Piddle, son of Harry & Madeline (née Winn), near Pershore, Worcestershire, Choules joined the Royal Navy as a young man in 1916, and served aboard the Naval Training Ship HMS Circe at Plymouth. In 1917, he joined the battleship HMS Revenge, which was the flagship of the First Battle Squadron. While serving aboard her, Choules witnessed the surrender of the German Imperial Navy at the Firth of Forth in 1918, ten days after the Armistice, and was also to witness the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow.
During World War II, Choules was the Acting Torpedo Officer of Fremantle and also the Chief Demolition Officer on the western side of the Australian continent.  He was tasked with sabotaging Fremantle harbors and related oil storage tanks in the event of a Japanese invasion.

He died on 5 May 2011 in Perth, Western Australia at 110 years old.

Related pages
List of surviving veterans of World War I
 List of Last veterans of World War I by Country and Branch of Service
 List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

References 

1901 births
2011 deaths
Australian military people
British military personnel of World War I
British supercentenarians
Military personnel of World War II
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Worcestershire
Florence Green (19 February 1901 – 4 February 2012) was a British supercentenarian. She was the last surviving veteran of World War I. Green was born in London and moved to King's Lynn in 1920 after her marriage to Walter, a railway worker who died in 1970.

Biography

World War I 
She joined up in September 1918, two months before the end of the war. She served as a waitress in the officers' mess at RAF Marham and also at Narborough airfield. She was the last living British veteran following the death of Claude Choules.

Later years 
She was West Norfolk's oldest resident, the second oldest person in Norfolk and one of the 30 oldest people in Britain.

She had a son and two daughters, as well as four grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren.

Florence Green died in her sleep two weeks before her 111th birthday in a care home in King's Lynn, Norfolk.

Related pages
 List of surviving veterans of World War I
 List of Last veterans of World War I by Country and Branch of Service
 List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

References 

1901 births
2012 deaths
British military personnel of World War I
British supercentenarians
People from London
John Henry Foster "Jack" Babcock (July 23, 1900 – February 18, 2010) was the last living Canadian veteran who fought in the First World War. He became an American citizen in 1946.

Born on July 23, 1900, Mr. John "Jack" Babcock grew up on a farm near Kingston, Ontario as part of a family of 13 children. When he was quite young, his father died in a tree-cutting accident. Despite this devastating loss, Mr. Babcock went on to bravely serve his country in the First World War before moving to the United States where he settled in Spokane, Washington.

He was 15 years old when he joined the 146th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in Sydenham (near Kingston), Ontario. A few months later, he arrived in England. He was transferred to reserve battalions and ended up with the Boys Battalion in 1917, waiting until he turned 18 to go to the front lines. The war ended first. Mr. Babcock would later move to the United States, where he served in the United States Army from 1921 to 1924. Mr. Babcock married Dorothy after losing his first wife, Elsie, in the late 1970s.

Mr. Babcock read voraciously and, in recent years, completed his high school degree via correspondence courses. He had also taken local college courses. He could recite the alphabet backwards without hesitation and spell out his name in Morse code. He enjoyed travelling with his wife and taking daily walks to keep in good shape. He took up flying lessons and became a pilot when he was 65!

In April 2008, the Minister of Veterans Affairs awarded Mr. Babcock a Minister of Veterans Affairs Commendation. Later that year, a small ceremony was held in May at Mr. Babcock's home, where his Canadian citizenship was reinstated. Another accolade came in September 2008 when the Royal Canadian Regiment Association honored Mr. Babcock with the honorary title of regimental patriarch. This was the first time the title of regimental patriarch was given in Canada.

References

American centenarians
American military people
Canadian centenarians
Canadian military people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Ontario
1900 births
2010 deaths
Frank Woodruff Buckles (born Wood Buckles'; 1 February 1901 – 27 February 2011) was the last living American veteran who fought in World War I.

Early life and career
Buckles was born in Bethany, Missouri. He enlisted in the U.S. Army at the beginning of America's involvement in World War I in April 1917. Only 16 years old at the time, Buckles was asked by his recruiter to show a birth certificate. Later Buckles said of that event, “I was just 16 and didn’t look a day older. I confess to you that I lied to more than one recruiter. I gave them my solemn word that I was 18, but I’d left my birth certificate back home in the family Bible. They’d take one look at me and laugh and tell me to go home before my mother noticed I was gone. Somehow I got the idea that telling an even bigger whopper was the way to go. So I told the next recruiter that I was 21 and darned if he didn’t sign me up on the spot! I enlisted in the Army on the 14th of August 1917." 

Before being accepted into the United States Army, he was turned down by the Marine Corps due to his slight weight.

In 1917, Buckles was sent to Europe on the RMS Carpathia, which had rescued RMS Titanic survivors five years earlier.  During the war Buckles served in England and France, driving ambulances and motorcycles for the Army's 1st Fort Riley Casualty Detachment.  

After the Armistice in 1918, Buckles escorted prisoners of war back to Germany. Following his discharge in 1919, he attended the dedication of the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, in honor of those Americans who died in World War I. While there, he met General John "Black Jack" Pershing, commander of all U.S. forces in France during the war. 

In the 1940s Buckles worked for a shipping company in Manila, Philippines. He was captured by the Japanese in 1942 and spent the next three and a half years in the Los Baños prison camp. 

He became malnourished, with a weight below 100 lb, and developed beriberi, yet led his fellow inmates in calisthenics. He was rescued on February 23, 1945.

He died on 27 February 2011 at 110 years old.

References

1901 births
2011 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
American supercentenarians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Missouri
Józef Kowalski (2 February 1900 – 7 December 2013) was the last Polish veteran who served just after the First World War. He is the oldest verified military veteran in the world, following the death of Gertrude Noone.

He fought in the Polish-Soviet War that was linked to the First World War. It lasted from 1919 to 1921. He is the only living person who is known to have definitely fought in that war.

He lived in Tursk, near Sulęcin, in a care home. He died on 7 December 2013, aged 113.

References

1900 births
2013 deaths
Military personnel of World War II
Polish military people
Supercentenarians
Michelle Elizabeth Keegan (born 3 June 1987) is a British actress. She was born in Stockport, Greater Manchester. She is best known for playing Tina McIntyre in the long-running ITV soap opera, Coronation Street from 2008 to 2014.

Filmography

Stage

References

Other websites 

1987 births
Living people
English television actors
Actors from Greater Manchester
People from Stockport, Greater Manchester
Sir David John White OBE (born 2 February 1940), known professionally as by his stage name David Jason, is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter and television producer. He is best known for his roles as Del Boy in the BBC and GOLD comedy series sitcom Only Fools and Horses and Detective Insepctor Jack Frost in A Touch Of Frost, Granville in Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours, and Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May, as well as voicing Mr. Toad in The Wind in the Williows and the title character of DangerMouse and Count Duckula; His last original was Del Boy was in 2014 and Frost in 2010.

Jason was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1993, and knighted in 2005, both for services to drama. He won the British Comedy Awards Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001, and the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 2003.

Jason lived with his long term girlfriend, actress Myfanwy Talog, for eighteen years until her death from breast cancer in 1995. At age 61, Jason and 41-year-old girlfriend Gill Hinchcliffe had a baby girl in 2001.  They married in 2005.

Career

Radio

Television

Movies

Animation

Awards and nominations
David Jason has a total of twenty-three awards between 1986 and 2003. His hit comedy show, Only Fools and Horses won many of these awards, and was also nominated many times. His crime drama, A Touch of Frost, has also won and been nominated many times. Porterhouse Blue, The Second Quest, All the King's Men and A Bit of a Do have won David Jason one award each.

References

Other websites
 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winners
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Karl Malden (22 March 1912 – 1 July 2009) was an American actor. He worked in acting from the 1930s to 2000. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in A Streetcar Named Desire. He was also in other classic movies, such as On the Waterfront, One-Eyed Jacks and Patton. He is perhaps best known for his role on television in the series The Streets of San Francisco during the 1970s.

He was born Mladen Sekulovich in Chicago. He grew up in Gary, Indiana. His family was Serbian. In 1938, he married Broadway actress Mona Greenberg. The two would remain married until Malden's death in 2009. Greenberg died in July 2019.

At one time he served as president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Among other awards he won during his lifetime was an Emmy Award for his role in Fatal Vision. He was also given a Life Achievement Award by the Screen Actors' Guild in 2003.

Malden died in Los Angeles at the age of 97.

References

Other websites

 
 

1912 births
2009 deaths
DePaul University alumni
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Indiana
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Academy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
John Campbell Ross (11 March 1899 - 3 June 2009) was the last living Australian World War I veteran.

Born in Newtown, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong, Ross served as a wireless operator in the First Australian Imperial Force, enlisting in January 1918, but never left Australia or saw active service. He later went on to serve in the Second World War as a corporal with the 20th Battalion, Volunteer Defence Corps.

His wife, Irene (née Laird), had been deceased by several decades before Jack Ross's death. He is survived by a son, Robert, a daughter, Peggy Ashburn, four grandchildren- Janette, Heather, Kay, and John - and nine great-grand children.

On 11 November 1998, Jack Ross had been awarded the 80th Anniversary Armistice Medal to mark the end of World War I. Jack also had been awarded the Centenary Medal for doing his share to the Australian society in the 100 years since the federation.

The death of William Evan Allan in October 2005 left Ross as the last Australian digger from World War I. However Claude Choules, a World War I veteran who served for Britain, lived in Western Australia. Ross became Australia's oldest man at the age of 108, on 12 June 2007, upon the death of Frank Scarrabelotti. Following the death of 112 year old E. Beatrice Riley, he was verified as the oldest person in Australia.

Ross celebrated his 110th birthday with chocolates and cake and a commemorative letter from the Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd.

As a civilian, Ross worked for Victorian Railways until he retired in 1964. Ross died peacefully in his sleep at approximately 4 am. at the Golden Oaks Nursing Home in Bendigo on 3 June 2009, aged 110.

1899 births
2009 deaths
This a list of known veterans of World War I who died in 2009 (5 veterans), 2010 (1 veteran), 2011 (2 veterans) and 2012 (1 veteran). Florence Green, who died on 4 February 2012, was the last surviving veteran of any nation.

Veterans by country of service – 9 veterans
These people served in the armed forces during World War I.

Unverified World War I veterans – 4 veterans 
Listed here are the veterans who were not verified as a World War I veteran.

World War I era veterans – 6 veterans
Listed here are those that joined the armed services after the Armistice date, but before the Treaty of Versailles was signed, or where there is debate on their join-date, or whose military service is sometimes viewed as outside the scope of "WWI", but are considered World War I-era veterans by the press or by their respective governments, or served in a related conflict.

Related pages
 List of surviving veterans of World War I
 List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

References

Lists of military people
World War I people
Sir Norman Joseph Wisdom OBE (4 February 1915 – 4 October 2010) was an English comedian, singer, songwriter, actor and musician.

Filmography
 A Date with a Dream (1948)
 Wit and Wisdom (1948–1950, TV)
 Trouble in Store (1953)
 One Good Turn (1954)
 As Long as They're Happy (1955)
 Man of the Moment (1955)
 Up in the World (1956)
 Just My Luck (1957)
 The Square Peg (1958)
 Follow a Star (1959)
 There Was a Crooked Man (1960)
 The Bulldog Breed (1960)
 On the Beat (1962)
 The Girl on the Boat (1962)
 A Stitch in Time (1963)
 The Early Bird (1965)
 The Sandwich Man (1966)
 Press for Time (1966)
 Androcles and the Lion (1967, TV)
 The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968)
 What's Good for the Goose (1969)
 Norman (1970, TV)
 Music Hall (1970, TV)
 Nobody Is Norman Wisdom (1973, TV)
 A Little Bit of Wisdom (1974, TV)
 BBC Playhouse: "Going Gently" (1981, TV)
 BBC Bergerac: "Almost Like a Holiday" (1983, TV)
 The 1950s: Music, Memories & Milestones (1988, TV)
 Double X: The Name of the Game (Double X, Run Rabbit Run) (1992)
 Last of the Summer Wine episode "The Man Who Nearly Knew Pavarotti" (1995, TV)
 Last of the Summer Wine episode "Extra, Extra!" (1996, TV)
 Where on Earth Is ... Katy Manning (1998, TV)
 Casualty episode "She Loved the Rain" (1998, TV)
 Last of the Summer Wine episode "The Coming of the Beast" (2001, TV)
 Last of the Summer Wine episode "A Musical Passing for a Miserable Muscroft" (2002, TV)
 Dalziel and Pascoe episode "Mens Sana" (2002, TV)
 Coronation Street (2004, TV)
 Five Children and It (2004) Played Nesbitt.
 Last of the Summer Wine episode "Variations on a Theme of the Widow Winstanley" (2004, TV)
 Expresso (2007) [www.expressofilm.com]
 Evil Calls: The Raven (2008)
 Wonderland: The Secret Life Of Norman Wisdom Aged 92 and 3/4 (2008, TV)

CDs and vinyl

 I Would Like to Put on Record Jingle Jangle The Very Best of Norman Wisdom Androcles and the Lion Where's Charley? Wisdom of a Fool Nobody's Fool Follow a Star 1957 Original Chart Hits Follow a Star/Give Me a Night in June Happy Ending/The Wisdom Of A Fool Big in Albania - One Hit Wonderland''

References 

1915 births
2010 deaths
Actors from London
British screenwriters
Comedians from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Musicians from London
Lazare Ponticelli (7 December 1897 - 12 March 2008) was a French World War I veteran.

World War I 

In August 1914, after the start of World War I, Ponticelli joined the 1st Régiment de Marche of the French Foreign Legion at 16 years old. He had to lie about his age as he was still to young to join the army. His older brother, Céleste Ponticelli, had also joined the regiment.Ponticelli said that France had done much for him, and being in the army was his way of showing his thanks. He fought at Soissons in Picardy, northeast France and at Douaumont, near Verdun. Ponticelli worked digging burial pits and trenches. 

Ponticelli was not a French citizen and in May 1915, when Italy entered the war, he was forced into the Italian Army by conscription. Even though he tried to stay with his French regiment, he had to become part of the 3rd Alpini Regiment. Ponticelli fought against the Austro-Hungarian Army at Mount Piccolo on the Austria–Italy border. At his new job as a machine gunner, Ponticelli was wounded by a shell during an assault on an Austrian mountain. He was sent back to his job after rest in Naples.

Once, his regiment stopped fighting the Austrians for three weeks. The armies, who mostly spoke the same language, traded loaves of bread for tobacco and took pictures of each other. His commanders found out about this, and moved the regiment to another area.

1897 births
2008 deaths
French military personnel of World War I
Italian military people
Legion of Honour
Military personnel of World War I
Supercentenarians
Fire ants are stinging ants. They are also called ginger ants and tropical fire ants. They evolved in South America, but have become a major pest in North America. They are known for a painful sting. This sting uses a base, not an acid.

Invasion 
In 1918, fire ants were accidentally moved into the United States of America by a ship from South America. They were moved in large amounts of dirt.  The ships brought heavy things like machines from the US to South America. They brought back light things like crops. The dirt was ballast make the ships more stable. The dirt sometimes had fire ants in it.

In the United States, fire ants have no natural predators or competitors. They became an invasive species. Native animals are not adapted to these ants. Fire ants are very aggressive. Their colonies can have many queens unlike many other ant species. Because of this, fire ants have spread very fast. By 1965, fire ant mounds spread on the south eastern coast and as far west as Texas. Today they are found in at least 10 southern states. There is a separate group of fire ants living in California.

Jaws of damage 

Fire ants have done a lot of harm as they have spread across the United States.  Because they are attracted to electrical currents, they chew through wires.  This makes short circuits.  Fire ants have also disturbed the natural balance of native ecosystems.  In some places, they have killed off 70% of the native ant species and 40% of other native insect species.

Each year, about 25,000 people go for medical help because of painful bites from fire ants.  Fire ants attack in groups when disturbed.  People often get many bites.  Fire ant bites are usually not dangerous but some people are allergic to fire ants.  They may go into shock.  This is called anaphylaxis.  This can kill them.

Fighting fire 

The fire ants are growing in the US 80 years after they came there. About 157 chemicals, like ammonia, gasoline, parts of manure, and insect-killing pesticides, are used against fire ants. However, none of them were very helpful. By 1995, the government had allowed only one fire-ant bait for people to use a lot.

References

Other websites 

 Biology, Control, and Management of Imported Fire Ants in North America at www.eXtension.org 
 The Alabama Fire Ant Management Program
 Queensland Government - Department of Primary Industries Fire Ants Homepage
 Fire Ant Gene Sequence database 
 Fireants building a lifeboat to save the queen - Video

Ants
Saint Patrick's Cathedral is a decorated Neo-Gothic-style Catholic cathedral church in the United States. It is the seat of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, and a parish church, located on the east side of Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets in midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York. It faces Rockefeller Center.

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Cathedrals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
The Musical Offering (German title Musikalisches Opfer or Das Musikalische Opfer), BWV 1079, is a collection of several pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach. It consists of canons, fugues, ricercars and a trio sonata. All the music is based on a tune made up by King Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great). Bach dedicated the work to him.

How Bach composed the work 

The idea for this music started at a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on 7 May 1747. One of Bach’s sons, Carl Philipp Emanuel, was one of the king’s court musicians. The king wanted to show Johann Sebastian Bach a new instrument that had recently been invented. This was the piano. The king invited Bach to his palace at Potsdam.

During the visit the king gave Bach a theme and asked him to write a 3 part fugue based on it. Bach was good at improvisation so he made up a 3 part fugue. The king wondered whether he could make up a 6 part fugue. That would be very difficult, and people thought he was joking, but Bach said he would think about it.

Two months later, after he had gone home to Leipzig, Bach made up a six-voice fugue based on the king’s theme. He put it together with other compositions based on the theme and sent them to the king. This music became known as the “Musical Offering”. We do not know what the king thought of it.

At the top of the music Bach wrote some Latin words: "Regis Iussu Cantio Et Reliqua Canonica Arte Resoluta" (this means: “the theme given by the king, with additions, resolved in the canonic style”). The first letters of these words spell out the word ricercar, which was a form of music well-known at the time.

The Musical Offering consists of a collection of ricercars, canons, fugues and a trio sonata. The trio sonata was written for flute, violin and basso continuo, but most of the other music does not show what instruments should play it. They are often played on keyboard instruments, or as chamber music by small groups of instruments. Bach did not show what order he wanted the pieces to be played in.

Riddles 

Bach also put riddles at the top of some of the pieces. Some of these riddles have been explained, but some have more than one solution. One of these riddle canons, "in augmentationem" (i.e. augmentation) has notes which get longer and longer. Bach wrote: "Notulis crescentibus crescat Fortuna Regis" (“may the fortunes of the king increase like the length of the notes”). Another one is a modulating canon which ends a tone higher than it starts. Bach wrote over the music: "Ascendenteque Modulationis ascendat Gloria Regis" (“as the modulation rises, so may the King's glory”).

20th century adaptations 
Several composers have made arrangements of some of the music from the “Musical Offering”. In 1935, Anton Webern arranged Bach’s six-part ricercar for orchestra. In 1980 Sofia Gubaidulina used the Royal Theme of the Musical Offering in her violin concerto. She turns the notes into a Russian Orthodox hymn.

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Chamber music compositions
A boomslang (Dispholidus typus)  is a large venomous snake found in sub-Saharan Africa. Its name means "tree snake" in Dutch and Afrikaans. It is a colubrid, the largest family of snakes, found on every continent except Antarctica.

Boomslangs eat small animals like chameleons, frogs, and birds, and they also eat eggs. Like all snakes, boomslangs do not chew  they swallow everything whole.

The venom of boomslangs can disrupt the clotting of blood, and this can kill a person. After a bite, one can sometimes feel a headache, nausea and sleepiness. This does not happen often, as boomslangs only bite humans when they feel attacked.

Its eyes are large in proportion to its head; they have binocular vision that helps them spot their prey. Its scientific name is Dispholidus typus. A boomslang is a slender snake with large eyes on a large blunt head. The snake can grow to up to 2 metres long, but is on average about 1 to 1.6 m in length.

References 

Venomous animals
Colubrids
A fire engine is a vehicle that is designed to help in fighting fires. A fire engine carries hoses, a pump, a water tank and breathing equipment. It will also have rescue equipment, such as ladders, ropes and cutting tools, and usually first aid kits as well. A fire engine brings firefighters to the scene from the fire station. It will also have sirens and flashing lights to warn traffic along the way.

In the Middle Ages, the only way to fight a fire was with buckets of water. In the 16th century, hand-powered pumps were invented. In the 19th century, the design of these pumps was improved, so that horses could wheel them to the scene. Later, steam power was used to turn both the pumps and the wheels. The first modern fire engine was invented in 1905 by Knox Automobile in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Special types of fire service vehicles include:
Ladder truck: Although a normal fire engine often carries a ladder, these trucks carry very high ladders with a basket on the end. These can be used for allowing water to be squirted from high up, to bring firefighters up to a high position, as an escape route for firefighters, and for rescuing other people.
In turn, there are different types of ladder truck. A turntable ladder has a long, straight ladder. An aerial ladder platform cannot reach as high, but its ladder can bend in the middle. A quint is a ladder truck that also has a pump.
Water tender: A truck for carrying water.
Heavy rescue vehicle: A vehicle that carries special rescue equipment that is not found in a normal fire engine.
Hazmat vehicle: A vehicle for dealing with dangerous chemicals.
Airport crash tender: A fire engine for use at airports, designed for responding to aircraft disasters.
Command unit: A large truck that acts as a base for senior firefighters during a big incident.

Firefighting
Springfield, Massachusetts
The Mycenaean culture (~1600–1100BC) was an early Greek culture during the Bronze Age, on the Greek mainland and on Crete. 

The name Achaean was used by Homer to describe them, and occurs in the Iliad. The term we use is derived from Mycenae, which is an important archaeological site about 90 km from Athens. Other important Mycenaean sites are at Athens, Thebes, Tiryns and Pylos. The epic poems of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are Mycenaean in origin.

The earlier Minoans traded but did not conquer. The Mycenaeans traded and conquered.

The Mycenaean language 
Mycenaean  is the oldest  known form of the Greek language. It was spoken on the Greek mainland and on Crete in the Mycenaean period, 16th to 12th centuries BC. The language is written on clay tablets in a script called Linear B.  Most of these tablets were found in Knossos in central Crete, and in Pylos in the southwest of the Peloponnese.  Other tablets have been found at Mycenae itself, Tiryns and Thebes and at Chania in Western Crete. 
 
For a long time no-one could translate the tablets. At last, in 1952 Michael Ventris deciphered the script. He  showed that the language was an early form of Greek.

The texts on the tablets are mostly lists and inventories. There are no stories, myths or poetry, but they give us some idea of the people who made them.

By the late thirteenth century BC mainland Greece witnessed a wave of destruction. The Mycenaean sites declined, and the people moved to refuge settlements. This is the so-called Greek Dark Ages; little or no writing is found until the 8th century BC. See Ancient Greece for this and later periods.

Comparison with the Hittite language 
Old Hittite and Mycenaean Greek are both Indo-European languages. The oldest Hittite texts are slightly earlier than the earliest Mycenaean texts, but Greek is the oldest surviving Indo-European language.

Identity
The somewhat younger Linear B tablets suggest that the people called Mycenaeans might have been Achaeans. No written source found at a Mycenaean site reveals what they called themselves. In the Iliad, the residents of the Peloponnesus and nearby islands are often called Achaeans. There is mention of the Ahhiyawa in Hittite sources from the Late Bronze Age, which suggests itself that the Mycenaeans could possibly be Achaeans. The Tawagalawa Letter, written by an unnamed Hittite king (14th–13th century BC) to the king of Ahhiyawa, treats him as an equal. The letter suggests that Miletus (Millawanda) was under his control and refers to an earlier 'Wilusa' episode" involving hostility by Ahhiyawa. Ahhiya(wa) has been identified with the Achaeans of the Trojan War and the city of Wilusa with the legendary city of Troy. However the exact relationship of the term Ahhiyawa to the Achaeans is hotly debated by scholars, even after the discovery that Mycenaean Linear B is an early form of Greek. The written forms of the two languages are quite different.

References 

Ancient Greece
A phase change is a change in the states of matter.  For example, a solid may become a liquid. This phase change is called melting.  When a solid changes into a gas, it is called sublimation. When a gas changes into a liquid, it is called condensation. When a liquid changes into a solid, it is called solidification. When a gas changes into a solid, it is called deposition . When a liquid changes into gas, it is called evaporation. Phase changes are usually caused by changes in temperature or pressure.

As the states of matter change from solid to liquid to gas, respectively, their composition changes as well. For example, in a solid, the bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds. That allows the solid substance to have a definite volume and shape. However, when the heat is added to the solid and it melts to become a liquid, the bonds are considerably weaker, and in water, are simply hydrogen bonds.  A liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape, and it thus takes the shape of the container in which it is. When more heat is added, the liquid substance evaporates and becomes a gas, which has no bonds at all. Gas is simply a formless collection of particles that tends to expand in all directions at the same time in order to occupy its full container. If a gas is not confined, the space between the particles will continue to increase. A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. 

In this pattern, solid to liquid to gas, heat is being added in order to provoke the phase change. In the other "direction," gas to liquid to solid, heat is being released through the phase change. 

It often helps to think of an ice cube when thinking of phase changes. An ice cube is a solid, and when heated up, it becomes liquid water. When heated up some more, it becomes water vapor, which is a gas.

Chemistry
Physics
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or NAACP (pronounced N-double-A-C-P) is a civil rights organization in the United States, created for the advancement of black people by means of following judicial policies.

References 

American civil rights
Civil rights organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
1909 establishments in the United States
Kim Kyu-sik (, 1881 - 1950) was a Korean politician, ambassador, poet, and academic.

He was the first and second Vice President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. He was also minister of education and foreign affairs in the same government.

A nickname & a pen name is Usa (). 

He was a graduate of the American Roanoke College and also Princeton University. 

Kim Kyusik was born in Pusan. He was kidnapped to North Korea in 1950, where he was assassinated in Manpo the same year.

Related pages
 Rhee Syng-man
 Yun Chi-ho
 Yun Ch-Young
 Ahn Jae-Hong
 Philip Jaisohn
 Kim Gu
 Kim Won-bong
 Park Hon-Yong

1881 births
1950 deaths
Academics
Ambassadors
Anti-Communists
Assassinated people
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Korean poets
People from Busan
People of the Korean War
Princeton University alumni
Chang Myun(, August 28, 1899 – June 4, 1966) was 2nd, 7th Prime Minister of South Korea, 4th Vice President of South Korea. His nickname was Unsuk (, hanja:雲石).

He was a special ambassador to the Vatican 1948. In 1949, United States Ambassador to South Korea, May 1950 2nd Prime Minister of South Korea. 1956 to 1960 4th Vice President of South Korea. Seventh Prime Minister in August 1960. On 16 May 1961, he was kicked out, By Park Chung hee's coup d'état.

Life 
Chang Myon was born in Incheon in 1899. He was born to a Catholic family. After graduating  high school, he was Studied depart in the United States. After returning, he worked as an educator. Dongseong High School teachers, Principal. Geseong Elementary School Principal.

August 15, 1945 Independence, he moved into politics. October 1948 was sent to UN, to represent of South Korea, after, December 1948 Special  Ambassador to the Vatican, Ambassador to the United States. Prime Minister of South Korea November 23, 1950 to April 23, 1952.

Related pages
 Rhee Syngman
 Kim Gu
 Yun Posun
 Yun Chi-ho
 Jang Jun-ha
 Park Chung-hee
 Park Soon-Chon
 Shin Ik-hee
 Heo Jeong

References 

 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=132789

Other websites 
 Unsyk ChangMyon Memorial site 
 Chang Myon:National Assembly of the Republic of Korea 

1899 births
1966 deaths
Anti-Communists
Korean educators
People from Incheon
People of the Korean War
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Vice Presidents of South Korea
Stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, is a kind of cancer from any part of the stomach. Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths worldwide per year. The odds of survival are 5 to 15%. The life span of someone with stomach cancer is five to fifteen years. This is because this type of cancer can spread faster than other cancers. 

Most stomach cancer is caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. Diet foods are not proven causes, but some foods, such as smoked foods, salted fish and meat, and pickled vegetables are associated with a higher risk.

References

Cancer