cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sonia Sanchez is an African-American poet. She is known for being part of the Black Arts Movement. 

Sanchez was born Wilsonia Benita Driver in Birmingham, Alabama on September 9, 1934. She studied at Hunter College, and New York University. She founded the Black Studies program at San Francisco State University. She was poet-in-residence at Temple University. 

She has written over twelve books of poetry. She has also written plays and children's books.

Other websites 
Academy of American Poets
Sonia Sanchez Biography at Voices from the Gap
Approaches to Teaching Sonia Sanchez's Poetry
An Evening with Sonia Sanchez 
Painted Voices: Sonia Sanchez Biography 
Women of Color Women of Word 
Sonia Sanchez Biography at Speak Out 
 Sonia Sanchez Article at the Heath Anthology of American Literature

1934 births
Living people
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Gary Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American writer. He is also an essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist. Snyder is a winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.  Since the 1970s, he has often been called the "laureate of Deep Ecology." Since the 1950s, he has published travel-journals and essays.

Other websites 

Lannan Foundation, Wendell Berry and Gary Snyder 2001 (see Wendell Berry entry for link)
1991 audio interview with Gary Snyder by Don Swaim of CBS Radio - RealAudio 
Gary Snyder - Books, Selected Poems, Prose and Biography - in Russian 
Blue Neon Alley - Selected Poems, Quotes and Directory 
Shambala Sun article "The Wild Mind Of Gary Snyder" by Trevor Carolan
 Modern American Poetry Collection - Ball State University Archives and Special Collections Research Center - Other website 

Writers from San Francisco
1930 births
Living people
American environmentalists
Pulitzer Prize winners
Industrial Workers of the World
was a pseudonym of Japanese conceptual artist  (born 27 March 1937, died 26 October 2014). He started the art group Hi-Red Center with Jiro Takamatsu and Natsuyuki Nakanishi in 1963. Akasegawa helped to start the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with Terunobu Fujimori in 1986. He also created the word Tomason to describe a kind of found art. Tomason are parts of buildings that seem useless, but are interesting.

He used another pen name  for novels. He won the Akutagawa Prize in 1981 for a short story called "Chichi ga kieta".

Works 
超芸術トマソン (Chōgeijutsu Tomason), Byakuya shobō, 1985.  Reissue: Chikuma bunko, 1987, .
仙人の桜、俗人の桜 : にっぽん解剖紀行 (Sennin no sakura, zokujin no sakura), JTB Nihon Kotsu Kosha Shuppan Jigyokyoku, 1993, .
東京ミキサー計画 (Tōkyō mikisā keikaku), PARCO, 1984.  Reissue: Chikuma bunko, 1994, .

References

Other websites 
Genpei Akasegawa 
Genpei Akasegawa

1937 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Japanese photographers
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
Aries is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Aries. In the tropical zodiac, Aries is from March 21 to April 20 beginning at the vernal equinox. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from April 15 to May 15. The opposite sign to Aries is Libra. The corresponding month in the Babylonian calendar is Arax Nisânu, which is made for Anu.

The symbol 

This sign for Aries was made from many stars which made up the head of the Aries (constellation) . The head of Aries is called Aluathay or Salhay and it is made up of four stars.

Mythology 
In mythology Aries is related to Greek myth of the ram which carried Athamas's son Phrixus and daughter Helle to Colchis away from their evil stepmother Ino. This ram is also related to Theseus, from the Greek myth of the Minotaur.

Astrology 
In astrology Aries is ruled by the planet Mars.

The Indian equivalent of Aries is Mesha, the Chinese equivalent is the Dragon.

Traditional relationships with Aries 

 Birthstone= Diamond, Aquamarine
 Starstone= Amethyst
 Colours= Red, White, Pink
 Metal= Gold, Bronze

References

Astrological signs
Taurus is an astrological sign, which is with the constellation (a group of stars that make the shape of an animal or person) of the same name. Under the tropical zodiac, Taurus is occupied by the Sun from April 20 to May 20, and under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently from May 14 to June 19.

Mythology 
In mythology, Taurus is often with the Greek myth of the bull-form taken by Zeus in order to win Europa. Taurus is also associated with the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite/Venus and sometimes also the goddesses Hera/Juno, Ishtar, Isis, Freyja, and Frigg and the gods Pan, Dionysus/Bacchus, Xolotl, and Quetzalcoatl.

Traditional relationships with Taurus 

 Birthstone=Emerald
 Colors= Pink, Green, Pale Blue
 Gemstones= Diamond, Emerald
 Metal= Silver,Copper

Famous people born in Taurus 
 Trent Reznor - singer, producer, composer of Nine Inch Nails
 Fred Astair - stage dancer, actor, singer
 George Clooney - actor, film director
 Elizabeth II - royalty
 Ulysses S. Grant - eighteenth president of the United States of America
 Janet Jackson - singer, actress
 Joe Louis - boxer
 Jack Nicholson - actor
 Michelle Pfieffer - actress
 Sergei Prokofiev - composer
 Sugar Ray Robinson - boxer
 James Stewart - actor
 Orson Wells - film director, film producer, radio producer, screenwriter
 Stevie Wonder - musician
 Malcolm X - civil rights activist, philosopher
 Audrey Hepburn - actress
 David Beckham - athlete
 Jessica Alba - actress
 Penelope Cruz - actress
 Katharine Hepburn - actress
 Miranda Kerr - model
 Linda Evangelista - model
 Miranda Cosgrove - actress and singer
  mark zuckerberg-facebook

Other websites 

Astrological signs
Premier is sometimes used instead of Prime Minister.  But it is also the title of the leader of the government in some territories.

British Colonies 

When a colony is first allowed to elect its own government the head of the government is called the Chief Minister.  As the colony gets more able to rule itself it is given more powers and the title  of the Chief Minister is changed to Premier.  When the colony becomes independent the Premier becomes a Prime Minister, and British government ministers lose any authority to rule the new country.

Australia and Canada 

The leader of the federal governments in Australia and Canada is called the prime minister, but the leader of the governments in Australian States and Canadian Provinces is called the Premier. This is because the states and provinces are not independent.

Government of Australia
Government of Canada
Government of the United Kingdom
Government occupations
Hispanidad (literally Hispanicness) is the community formed by all the people and nations that share Spanish language and culture. The 23 nations included are all Spanish-speaking except the Philippines, and can be classified in four geographic areas: Spain, Hispanoamerica,  Hispanoafrica and the Hispanopacific. Every October 12  Hispanic Day is celebrated. Hispanidad or Spanish linguistic and cultural diffusion began when the 12 October 1492 Christopher Columbus sighted America and initiated the European colonization in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The kingdom of Castile (Castilla) built a global empire, spreading their culture and language in the Americas and biologically and culturally mixing with the indigenous peoples, altering the composition of the hemisphere. The penetration and reach of Spain at this time also extended into other European nations.

The Hispanics in the world 

The Spanish is the mother tongue that spoken by more than 333 million people (in second place after Chinese). The total number of Spanish-speakers is more than 395 million people.

Europe
In Europe, Hispanics are mainly confined to Spain. There are more than 30 million of them.

America
Most Hispanics are in Hispanic America . There are more than 300 million. Countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela .

Africa
Hispanics in the African continent are mostly in overseas territories of Spain (Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and Plazas de Soberanía) and in the nation of Equatorial Guinea. In Morocco and Western Sahara some people maintain Hispanic characteristics. Altogether in Africa two million speak Spanish.

Asia-Pacific
The Philippines is the only Asian country that conserves some identifiably Hispanic influences in its culture and Spanish loanwords in the native languages.
Other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that maintain a similar degree of Hispanic influence as the Philippines are:
Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where Chamorro, a language with a lot of Spanish loanwords is spoken.
Caroline Islands, which nowadays are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia in the eastern part, and Palau.
Easter Island, nowadays an overseas territory of Chile. Spanish is the official language of the island.

References
 "Pavilionul Hispanitate"

Spanish culture
Spanish language
Cyberpunk is a kind of science fiction. The Cyberpunk genre began in the early 1980s. Bruce Bethke made this word for his 1980 short story "Cyberpunk" by putting together two words: "cybernetics" and "punk rock".
Soon, people used this word to describe William Gibson's book, Neuromancer.

Cyberpunk authors put their stories in different settings. The time is usually set in the near-future and the settings are often dystopian (characterized by misery). These are often societies with very advanced technology. Often, only a few huge corporations control the society. These corporations control the technology. Instead of being beneficial to all, technology is used by the few corporations for their own interests only.  Many cyberpunk novels are about individual computer users. One hero fights a computer/Internet controlled society.

Themes
Common themes in cyberpunk include advances in information technology and especially the Internet, artificial intelligence and prosthetics and post-democratic societal control where corporations have more influence than governments. Nihilism, post-modernism, and film noir techniques are common elements, and the protagonists may be disaffected or reluctant anti-heroes.

Earlier books that influenced Cyberpunk
Philip K. Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (made into the movie: Blade Runner)

Important authors and books
 William Gibson - Neuromancer and Burning Chrome
 Bruce Sterling - Editor of Mirrorshades anthology
 Neal Stephenson - Snow Crash (1992)
 Pat Cadigan - Mindplayers
 Rudy Rucker - The Ware Series
 John Shirley - Heatseeker

In other media
 Blade Runner (1982) is an important example of the cyberpunk visual style.
Akira by Katsuhiro Otomo is an example of cyberpunk in manga and anime.

References

Science fiction
Igbo is a language spoken in Nigeria. It is spoken by more than 18 million people. Igbo is a tonal language. The language is written in the Roman script.

References

Niger-Congo languages
Tonal languages
Wind shear is a difference in either wind speed or direction over a fairly short distance in the atmosphere. Wind shear can be divided into two different types: horizontal and vertical wind shear.

When wind shear is observed
Weather situations when the Wind shear is observed happen:
At weather fronts when the temperature difference across the front is 5 °C or more, and the front moves at 15 kt or faster. 
At low level jets when a significant low level vertical wind shear can develop near the lower portion of the low level jet.  
At mountains when winds blow over and create vertical shear on the lee side.
At inversions when on a clear and calm night a radiation inversion is formed near the ground.  
At downbursts when an outflow boundary moves away from a thunderstorm.
At sailing when wind shear affects sailboats by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the sailing mast.

Related pages
Aeroplane
Refraction

Notes

Other websites

National Science Digital Library - Wind shear 

Winds
Thomas Midgley (18 May 1889 – 2 November 1944), was an American inventor. His two most famous inventions are both now banned because they are dangerous for the world environment: the use of lead in petrol (gasoline)  and the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerators.  Midgley was accidentally killed by something he was inventing.

Early life
Midgley was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.  His father was also an inventor.  He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering. His name was Thomas Midgley Jr because his father's name was also Thomas Midgley.

Discovery of Leaded Gasoline/Petrol
Midgley began working at General Motors in 1916. In December 1921 Midgley discovered that the addition of Tetraethyllead to gasoline prevented "knocking" in internal combustion engines.

Discovery of Freon
In the 1930s Midgley  developed a non-poisonous substance called CFC (chlorinated fluorocarbon) for use in refrigerators, inhalers and aerosol spray cans.  He was given many high awards for his work and in 1944 he became president and chairman of the American Chemical Society.

His death
In 1940, at the age of 51, Midgley became ill with polio which left him disabled. It was to the point where it was hard to do every day tasks; like getting  out of bed.  He decided to invent a complicated  system of strings and pulleys to lift him from his bed. However, this plan backfired, and he got caught up in the ropes and died of strangulation.

After his death

Midgley died before the days when people realized that CFCs were destroying the ozone layer which prevents harmful rays from the sun reaching the earth.  They are now banned in refrigerators, but are still used in some countries.

In the United States it was not until 1973 that people started to produce gasoline without lead and, in 1996, the Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles.  However it was still legal in the U.S. for aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment, and marine engines until 2008.  Leaded gasoline is still common in South America, Africa, and some parts of Asia and the Middle East.

American chemists
American inventors
Cornell University alumni
Scientists from Pennsylvania
Scientists from Columbus, Ohio
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Businesspeople from Columbus, Ohio
1889 births
1944 deaths
Hovhannes Shiraz (Armenian: Հովհաննես Շիրազ) (April 27, 1915 - April 14, 1984) was a notable Armenian poet.

He was born Hovhannes (Onig) Garabedyan in the city of Alexandropol, then part of the Russian Empire (now Gyumri, Armenia). His first work called Beginning of Spring was published in 1935. Novelist Atrpet gave the talented poet the epithet "Shiraz", because "this youth's poems have the fragrance of roses, fresh and covered with dew, like the roses of Shiraz." Shiraz being one of Iran's major cities, famous for its roses and poets. Most of Shiraz's publications were poetry.

He married famous Armenian poetess Silva Kaputikyan. His son with Kaputikyan, Ara Shiraz, is a sculptor. A street in Julfa of Isfahan is named after him. In 2005 Levon Mkrtchyan released a documentary film titled "Hovhannes Shiraz".  Hayk Studio 43min.

 http://torrent.arut.ru/viewtopic.php?t=618&sid=92577c011a38048391b856b96631b060
http://armshop.in.ua/product/hovhannes-shiraz/ 

1915 births
1984 deaths

Armenian poets
A polar low is a small sized and short-lived atmospheric low pressure system that is found over the ocean areas pole ward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than 1,000 km and live for less than a couple of days. They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using standard weather reports and are a problem to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and gas and oil platforms.

Polar lows have been also known as by using many other terms, such as comma cloud, mesocyclone, polar mesoscale vortex, Arctic hurricane, Arctic low, and cold air depression. Today the term is usually set aside for the more-energetic systems that have near-surface winds of at least gale force (17 m/s).

Other websites
 European Polar Lows Working Group 
 NSIDC 
 Polar Low Forecasting by MetEd

Further reading
Rasmussen,E.A. and Turner,J.(2003). Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 612.

Meteorology
Pericles or Perikles (ca. 495–429 BC, , meaning "surrounded by glory") was a prominent and influential statesman. He also was an orator, and general of Athens. He lived between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the Alcmaeonid family.

Pericles had great influence on Athenian society. Thucydides, a contemporary historian, described him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles,". This period though can include times as early as the Persian Wars, or as late as the next century.

In Pericles late 20’s he sponsored a major dramatic production for the festival of Dionysus, and he also entertained the whole city. Pericles also got married and had 2 sons. His wife's name is unknown. He associated with a courtesan named Aspasia. A decade later the people started to like him more and more. He got involved with the politics called Ephialtes. Pericles and Ephialtes took away the noble's powers. Ephialtes was later assassinated.
 
Pericles promoted the arts and literature. This was a chief reason Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural centre of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that built most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project made the city more beautiful., It also showed its glory, and gave work to the people. Furthermore, Pericles fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist.

Related pages 
 Pericles' Funeral Oration

References

Works about Pericles 
 Aristophanes, The Acharnians. See original text in Perseus program.
 . See original text in Perseus program.
 Aristotle, Politika (Politics). See original text in Perseus program.
 Cicero, De Oratore. See original text in Perseus program.
 Diodorus Siculus, Library, 12th Book. See original text in Perseus program.
 Herodotus, The Histories, VI. See original text in Perseus program.
 Plato, Alcibiades I. See original text in Perseus program, from 
 Plato, Gorgias. See original text in Perseus program, from 
 Plato, Menexenus. See original text in Perseus program, from 
 Plato, Phaedrus, See original text in Perseus program, from 
 Plutarch, Cimon. See original text in Perseus program.
  Plutarch, Pericles. See original text in Perseus program.
 Quintilian, Institutiones. See original text in The Latin Library.
, I-III. See original text in Perseus program.
 Xenophon (?), Constitution of Athens. See original text in  Perseus program

Gore Vidal, Creation (novel) for a fictional account of Pericles and a Persian view of the wars.

490s BC births
429 BC deaths
Ancient Greek military people
Ancient Greek politicians
Generals
Thebes is a city in Central Greece in Boeotia. Today, about 23,000 people live there. It lies on the border of Boeotia and Attica. Archaeologists have found a Mycenaean settlement. They have also found clay tablets written in Linear B script. Thebes was once a super-power in Greece until the rise of Macedonia. It became a dominant power after their victory over the Spartans at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC. 

 

Thebes sided with Persians the Persian wars. It’s refrnced in multiple myths and in the setting off Antigone and Oedipus
The Minoan civilization was a civilization on Crete called after Minos. It began in the Bronze Age between 3000 and 2700 BC. It lasted until about 1450 BC. The Minoan civilization is famous for its sea trading and well-planned cities. The Minoans had an agricultural system which relied mainly on olives and grapes. Their religion worshipped mostly goddesses. The Minoan civilization was later replaced by the Mycenaean culture.

Minoan Architecture 

Cretans built palaces during their architecture era. In a non-royal palace there were many small rooms with cooler places to sit, because Crete got very hot in the summer. Palaces were used for many things. They were used as government centers, storerooms, stores, and administrative offices. Most palaces were very big. The Cretans might have gotten the money to create these palaces from working for the Egyptians. The royal palace was very different. Everyone had toilets, baths, and running water. The ones for the king and queen were very fancy. Their palace was fancy also. The architecture era was ended by a great fire. This era went from 2000 B.C. to 1450 B.C.

Further reading

http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/minoans.htm 
http://photo.pds.org:5005/student/article?id=ar028740
http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Minoan_civilization

Minoan culture
Persia is another name for Iran, a country in Western Asia.

The Persian Empire ( - ) is the name for a few empires, that ruled over modern-day Iran.

 Achaemenid Empire (550 BC – 330 BC), the first Persian Empire.
 Sassanid Empire (224 – 651 AD),  the second Persian Empire.
 Persia (1501-1935) under Safavid dynasty, Afsharid dynasty, Zand dynasty, Qajar dynasty and Pahlavi dynasty

Persia may also refer to:
Persia, Iowa, a city in the United States
Persian Gulf, an extension of the Indian Ocean between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula
Fars Province, a province in Iran, also known as Pārs

Related pages
 Persian (disambiguation)
Prince of Persia, a series of video games
Epic poetry tells a dramatic story in a poem. There are characters in the story. It is usually long, and takes place in different settings. Epic poems started in prehistoric times as part of oral tradition. The Kyrgyz Epic of Manas is one of the longest written epics in history.

Beowulf is a typical example, written in Old English. Well-known people who wrote epics were Homer, Virgil, Ovid, Dante, Edmund Spenser and Milton. William Wordsworth's Prelude plays with epic ideas though the poem is autobiography.

Characteristics 
Epics have seven main characteristics: 
 The hero is outstanding. They might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.
 The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.
 The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage.
 Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.
 It is written in a very special style (verse as opposed to prose).
 The poet tries to remain objective.
 Epic poems are believed to be supernatural and real by the hero and the villain
 
Conventions of epics: 
 It starts with the theme or subject of the story.
 In epics inspired from Western civilization the writer invokes a Muse, one of the nine daughters of Zeus.  The poet prays to the Muses to provide divine inspiration to tell the great story.  
 Narrative opens in medias res, or in the middle of things, usually with the hero at his lowest point. Usually flashbacks show earlier portions of the story.
 Catalogues and genealogies are given. These long lists of objects, places, and people place the finite action of the epic within a broader, universal context. Often, the poet is also paying homage to the ancestors of audience members.
 Main characters give extended formal speeches.

 Use of the epic simile.
 Heavy use of repetition or stock phrases.
 It presents the heroic ideals such as courage, honour, sacrifice, patriotism and kindness.
 An epic gives a clear picture of the social and cultural patterns of the contemporary life. Beowulf thus shows the love of wine, wild celebration, war, adventure and sea-voyages.

Examples

Ancient 
20th to 10th century BC:
Epic of Gilgamesh  (Mesopotamia)
8th century BC to 3rd century AD:
Mahābhārata  (Indian mythology)
8th to 6th century BC:
Iliad and Odyssey, ascribed to Homer  (Greek mythology)
1st century BC:
Aeneid, Vergil (Latin)

Medieval 
Song of Roland
8th to 10th century AD
Beowulf (Old English)
12th to 13th century AD
Sirat Bani Hilal (Arabic)    *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal]*
10th to 12th century AD
Njál's saga (Old Norse)
14th century AD
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (dialect of middle English)

Contemporary 
Omeros (1990), Derek Walcott

Empire of Dreams (1988), Giannina Braschi

Other page 
Lyric poetry - contrary notion

References

Poetry forms
A knot is a unit of speed. It is abbreviated kt or kn. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI. It is used around the world in meteorology and for maritime and aviation purposes.

Definition 
1 international knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 1.852 kilometres per hour exactly. This is based on the internationally agreed length of the nautical mile, as adopted by the US in 1954 (which previously used the US nautical mile of 1853.248 m), the UK in 1970 (which previously used the UK or Admiralty nautical mile of 1853.184 m) and other countries. This is the definition used in most, if not all, modern circumstances.  Knot is sometimes used for the nautical mile itself, but this is incorrect.

The speed of a vessel relative to the fluid in which it travels is usually measured in knots.  This may be referred to as 'boat speed', 'vessel speed' and, for aircraft, 'air speed'. The speeds of relevant fluids, such as tidal streams, river currents and wind speeds, are also usually specified in knots. Knots are then also used to describe the actual speed of a vessel over the ground (SOG) and for its rate of progress toward a distant point ('velocity made good' or VMG).

Conversions 
One (international) knot is the same as 1.852 kilometres per hour (km·h−1), and is approximately equal to the following:

 101.268591 feet per minute
 1.687810 feet per second
 514.4444 mm per second (mm·s−1) 
 1.150779 mile (statute) per hour (mph)
 0.99936 Admiralty knot

Discussion 
Although knots do not fit within the primary SI system, they are used for nautical and aviation use  for navigational reasons, because the length of a nautical mile is almost identical to a minute of latitude. As a result, distance in nautical miles on a navigational chart can easily be measured by using dividers and the latitude indicators on the side of the chart.

Related pages
 Metre per second

References

Other websites 
 Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants  - At one time, the knot, along with the nautical mile, was discouraged for use by the BIPM, but it is now officially accepted for use (as of the 8th edition of the SI brochure), since its use is "expected to continue indefinitely", as well as having an exact SI definition.
 OnlineConversion.com: What is a knot? What is a nautical mile?

Units of measurement
Water transport
Knot could mean:

 knot – a fastening or securing of linear material such as rope, by tying or interweaving
 List of knots
 Knotted rope or quipu, an Incan record-keeping device
 Decorative knotwork in East Asia, including Chinese and Korean knots
 Knots per sq cm, a measure of quality in hand-knotted carpets
 Celtic knot, a decorative graphic representation of a knot

 knot (mathematics), an abstract representation of an interwoven linear object
 knot theory, the study of mathematical knots
 list of mathematical knots and links
 In the theory of splines, a knot is an interpolating point on the spline.

 knot (speed), a unit of water or air speed ideally equaling 1 nautical mile per hour, depending on the relative motion of the medium

 knot (wood), a mark left in timber by the origin of branches; the knot's grain travels in a different direction to the trunk of the tree

 Knotwork, a neofolk musical duo comprising journalist Michael Moynihan and Annabel Lee.

In biology:
 Red Knot, a wading bird (simply called "Knot" in Europe)
 Great Knot, a wading bird 
 Knotted Marjoram, an alternative name for the herb Marjoram
 Knotted wrack, a seaweed
 Knotgrass or knotweed, a member of the buckwheat family

Knot could also mean:
 the bulbus glandis, a part of the penis of a canine, in animal anatomy
 a knot garden, an elaborate interlace of tightly-clipped low hedging 
 a tight cluster or group, in statistics
 a type of join, in figurative language, as in a marriage
 a small, hard, tender spot in a muscle referred to as a kink or trigger point
 Cramp, a strong muscle contraction resulting in pain

Knots could mean:
Knots (film), a 2004 film starring Scott Cohen and Annabeth Gish
Knots, a 1970 book on psychology by R. D. Laing.

Related pages
 Knott
 Knots Landing, an American soap opera
 Gordian Knot (disambiguation)
 In some languages, the words for "node" and "knot" are the same.
The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO) is a British orchestra based in London. It travels around to give concerts in many places.

History 
The RPO was started just after World War II, in 1946, by the conductor Sir Thomas Beecham. Beecham did not start to get his players together until three weeks before the first concert which took place in Croydon on September 15, 1946. Beecham was principal conductor until his death in 1961.

When the orchestra toured the United States in 1950 they were the first British orchestra to visit America since the London Symphony Orchestra in 1912.

Beecham controlled all the organization of the orchestra. After Beecham’s death, the orchestra was made into a self-governing group, like the other London orchestras. They went through some difficult years. In 1963 the Royal Philharmonic Society decided they would stop asking the RPO to play for their concerts, and in Glyndebourne, where the RPO had played for the opera since 1948, the London Philharmonic Orchestra became the resident orchestra instead. Sir Malcolm Sargent helped the orchestra to put on its own concerts at a cinema in north London.

The orchestra had made an agreement with the Royal Philharmonic Society about the concerts it would play. This meant it could call itself “Royal”. In the 1960s the work they were doing no longer allowed them to call themselves “Royal”, so in 1966 the Queen officially gave them the title “Royal”.

In 1992 the orchestra appointed Peter Maxwell Davies as associate conductor and composer of the RPO.

On April 7, 1994, the Royal Philharmonic had the honour of performing at the Vatican in the historic "Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust" with Sir Gilbert Levine.

The RPO give a series of concerts in the Cadogan Hall, London, and in the Royal Albert Hall. They tour all over Britain and also abroad. In the period 2002-2007 they played in 30 different countries.

Recordings 
The orchestra made many recordings with Sir Thomas Beecham. In 1964 Igor Stravinsky recorded his opera "The Rake's Progress" with the RPO. From 1964 to 1979 they recorded many Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company.

Non-classical work 
The Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra is part of the same organization. They spend their time playing lighter classical music. The RPO have also worked with pop music groups and has given its own series of children’s concerts. In 2007 they announced a series of free educational workshops for the local community.

Conducting leadership 
 Thomas Beecham (1946-1961)
 Rudolf Kempe (1962-1975)
 Antal Doráti (1975-1978)
 Walter Weller (1980-1985)
 André Previn (1985-1992)
 Vladimir Ashkenazy (1987-1994)
 Yuri Temirkanov (1992-1998)
 Daniele Gatti (1996-2009)
Charles Dutoit (2009-present)

Other websites 
 Royal Philharmonic Orchestra official website

British orchestras
Sir Adrian Cedric Boult CH (8 April 1889 – 22 February 1983) was an English conductor.

Life

Early years
Boult was born in Chester. He went to school in Westminster School and studied at Christ Church, Oxford. He then went to the Leipzig Conservatory where he learnt to conduct by watching the great Hungarian conductor Arthur Nikisch. He sang in choral festivals and at the Leeds Festival of 1913, where he went to watch Nikisch conduct.

During World War I he worked for the War Office, and while he was there in 1918 he planned a series of concerts with the London Symphony Orchestra, which included several important new British works including Gustav Holst's The Planets, A London Symphony by Ralph Vaughan Williams, and Elgar's Symphony No. 2. When Boult was a boy he had already met Elgar. Elgar now wrote to him and said he felt sure the future of his music was safe in Boult's hands. Boult was at the start of a great career in which he conducted a lot of 20th century British music.

Birmingham and the BBC
In 1924 Boult became conductor of the City of Birmingham Orchestra—now the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra — and in 1930 he was made Director of Music at the BBC. When the BBC formed the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Boult also became its chief conductor, combining both jobs.

Boult became famous for conducting a wide repertoire, including the very modern-sounding music of Arnold Schoenberg. In 1933 he married Ann Wilson, the ex-wife of the singer and administrator Steuart Wilson. The marriage lasted until Boult's death. Boult was knighted in 1937.

War years and after
During World War II the BBC Symphony Orchestra was evacuated to Bristol.  Even there it was not safe from the bombing and they moved again to Bedford.
After the war the BBC started the BBC Third Programme and Boult was involved in many new plans for concerts and recordings.

In 1948, Steuart Wilson became Director of Music at the BBC. Some people were saying that the music on the BBC was not so good and that Boult ought to retire when he became 60 in 1949.  He then became conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra with whom he made many recordings.

Later years
Boult continued to conduct until he was very old.  His many recordings, including music he had heard Nikisch conduct many years before.  His last public performance was conducting Elgar's ballet The Sanguine Fan for London Festival Ballet at the Coliseum, in London on 24 June 1978. 

Boult was made a Companion of Honour in 1969.

Writings
Boult wrote two books about conducting, Thoughts on Conducting and A handbook on the technique of conducting.  He also wrote an autobiography:  My Own Trumpet (the expression “to blow one’s own trumpet” means: “to boast about oneself).  He also gave talks on the radio.  He spoke in a very polite, formal style.

His conducting
Boult always conducted with a baton (conductor’s stick).  His conducting was very graceful, his movements were very simple and clear.

1889 births
1983 deaths
British autobiographers
British conductors
Companions of Honour
Knights Bachelor
Musicians from Cheshire
People from Chester
Franz Lehár (born 30 April 1870; died 24 October 1948) was an Austrian composer of Hungarian descent. He was the leading composer of operettas in the 20th century. He is still one of the most popular composers of light music.

His life
Lehár was born in Komáron in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Today the town is called Komárno and it is in Slovakia. He was the eldest son of a bandmaster in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied violin and composition at the Prague Conservatory. Antonín Dvořák told him he should be a composer. After graduation in 1899 he joined his father's band in Vienna, as assistant bandmaster. In 1902 he became conductor at the historic Vienna Theater an der Wien, where his first opera Wiener Frauen was performed in November of that year.

He is most famous for his operettas. The best known one is The Merry Widow (in German: Die lustige Witwe) which is probably the most popular of all operettas. He also wrote sonatas, symphonic poems, marches, and a number of waltzes, some of which come from his famous operettas. Some of the songs from his operettas have become very well-known, especially "Vilja" from The Merry Widow and "You Are My Heart's Delight" ("Dein ist mein ganzes Herz") from The Land of Smiles.

The tenor Richard Tauber sang in many of his operettas. Six of them had parts especially written for him.

Lehár died in 1948 in Bad Ischl, near Salzburg where he was also buried. His villa in Bad Ischl is now a museum in his memory.

1870 births
1948 deaths
Romantic composers
20th-century composers
Hungarian composers
Baudouin I (French: Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave or Dutch: Boudewijn Albert Karel Leopold Axel Marie Gustaaf)  (7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) was the King of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993. 

The king was the oldest son of King Leopold III (1901-1983) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905-1935). 

On 15 December 1960, Baudouin was married in Brussels to Doña Fabiola de Mora y Aragón. The King and Queen had no children. All of the Queen's five pregnancies ended in miscarriage. Badouin died of heart failure. Having had no children, the crown passed on to his brother, Albert II of Belgium, following his death.

During Baudouin's reign the colony of Belgian Congo became independent.

Titles and styles
7 September 1930 – 17 February 1934: His Royal Highness The Count of Hainaut
17 February 1934 – 10 August 1950: His Royal Highness The Duke of Brabant
10 August 1950 – 17 July 1951: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal, Duke of Brabant
17 July 1951 – 31 July 1993: His Majesty The King of the Belgians

References

1930 births
1993 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholics
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in Andalusia
Kings and Queens of Belgium
Knights of the Golden Fleece
People from Brussels
Core generally is the heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as, the core of an apple or quince.

Core could mean:

In media:
 Core (album), an album by Stone Temple Pilots
 Core (Persefone album)
 Core (radio station), a digital radio station in the United Kingdom
 The Core, a 2003 science fiction film
 Core Design, a videogame developer best known for the Tomb Raider series
 C.O.R.E., a computer animation studio

In science and academics:
 Core (group), in mathematics, an object in group theory
 Core (functional analysis), in mathematics, a subset of the domain of a closable operator
 core (graph theory), in mathematics, the homomorphically minimal subgraph of a graph
 core of a triangulated category in mathematics. 
 Core (economics), the collection of stable allocations that no coalition can improve upon
 Planetary core, in planetary science, the center of a planet
 Earth's core
 Solar core, the region of the Sun where nuclear fusion takes place
 Lithic core, in archaeology, a stone artifact left over from toolmaking
 Core curriculum, in education, an essential part of the curriculum
 Core sample, in Earth science, a sample obtained by coring
 Core countries, in dependency theory, an industrialized country on which peripheral countries depend
 Core (anatomy), in anatomy is everything except the appendages.

In computers and technology:
Semiconductor intellectual property core, part of a CPU design
Multi-core (computing), a type of microprocessor design in which multiple processors coexist on the same chip
 Intel Core, in processors, a brand of computer processor
 Magnetic core memory, in computing, the primary memory
 Core dump, in computing, a record of the core memory
 Nuclear reactor core, a portion containing the fuel components
 Magnetic core, in electricity and electronics, ferromagnetic material around which wires are wound
 the signal-carrying portion of an optical fiber

Acronyms:
 Central Organization For Railway Electrification, an organization in India
 Congress of Racial Equality, United States civil rights organization 
 Coordinated Online Register of Electors, central database in the United Kingdom
 Challenge of Reverse Engineering, a warez group
 Comment on Reproductive Ethics, a Christian pressure group in the United Kingdom
Florida International University (FIU) is a public research university in Miami, Florida in the United States. the University is the largest university in South Florida and also the fifth-largest university in Florida, and the thirteenth-largest university in the country. FIU's programs in law, architecture and business are amongst its most well-ranked and most known programs. The mascot of FIU is a panther, named Roary, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "Panthers".

On March 15, 2018, a pedestrian bridge at the university collapsed and killed six people.

References

Colleges and universities in Florida
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
Conference USA
Miami, Florida
1965 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
Willows are a family of trees and shrubs which may be called sallows or osiers. Their latin name is Salix.

Willows have many differences in size and type of growth, but are very much alike in other respects. There are about 350 species of this plant, usually found on moist soils in cooler zones in the Northern Hemisphere. Many hybrids are known, both naturally occurring and in cultivation, because willows are very fertile between their own species.

Willows have watery bark sap, charged with salicylic acid (defence against herbivory). They have soft, usually pliant (bendy), tough wood, slender branches, and large, fibrous, often stoloniferous roots. The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and are hard to kill. Roots readily sprout from aerial parts of the plant.

Willows are dioecious, with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on separate plants. The catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves.

Pictures

Other websites
 Salix alba at plants for a future
 Salix purpurea at plants for a future
 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
 Salix caroliniana images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 
 Salix nigra images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 
 Salix humboldtiana or Chilean willow images

Trees
Malpighiales
A courtesan  was often a high-class prostitute or mistress, especially one associated with rich, powerful, or noble men who gave 
luxuries and status in exchange for her services. In Renaissance Europe, courtesans had an important role in high class society, sometimes taking the place of wives at social roles requiring diplomacy. Courtesans usually enjoyed more freedom than was typical of women at the time. For example, they did not have money problems, and were more independent. Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), the famous mistress and favorite of King Louis XV of France, was a courtesan. Courtesans also existed in many countries outside Europe, such as India and Japan.

Related pages
Geisha
Oiran

References
 Freundschuh, Aaron.  The Courtesan and the Gigolo:  The Murders in the Rue Montaigne and the Dark Side of Empire in Nineteenth-Century Paris.  Stanford University Press, 2017.

Griffin, Susan. The Book of the Courtesans: A Catalogue of Their Virtues. New York: Broadway Books, 2001.
Hickman, Katie. Courtesans: Money, Sex, and Fame in the Nineteenth Century. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
Lawnes, Lynne. Lives of the Courtesans: Portraits of the Renaissance. New York: Rizzoli, 1987.
Rounding, Virginia. Grandes Horizontales: The Lives and Legends of Four Nineteenth-Century Courtesans. London: Bloomsbury, 2003.

Other websites
Defining the Courtesan  (Mt. Holyoke College)

Personal service occupations
Prostitution
A jester, joker, fool, or buffoon, is a type of entertainer mostly (but not always) associated with the Middle Ages. Jesters typically wore brightly colored clothing. Their hats, sometimes called the cap ’n bells or cockscomb, were special; made of cloth, they were floppy with three points (liliripes) each of which had a jingle bell at the end. 

The three points of the hat represent the asses' ears and tail worn by jesters when they first appeared. Other typical things about the jester were his constant laughter and his mock scepter, known as a bauble or maharoof.

Other websites
 BBC News site story about the Tongaon Royal Jester's involvement in financial scandal 2003
 Royal decree proclaiming the Jester title by the Tongan Royal 1999 
 BBC News site story about Kester the Jester's appointment to English Heritage 2004
 University of California, Berkeley Online Medieval and Classical Library (OMACL) & links for medieval studies 
 Picture of Will Somers with Henry the Eighth 
 Mulla Nasruddin 
 Gesundheit! Institute
 Shakespeare search engine - A keyword search such as "fool", "folly", "jester" or "clown" reveals every reference in Shakespeare 

 Rumpelstiltskin - A rare modern day jester with an impressive resumé
 Fooling Around the World (A history of the court jester)
 Foolish Clothing: Depictions of Jesters and Fools in the Middle Ages and Renaissance What 14th-16th century jesters wore and carried, as seen in illustrations and museum collections

Entertainment occupations
Middle Ages
Etiquette, one aspect of decorum, is a code that rules how everyone is expected to behave, according to the social conventions and norms, in society, in a social class, or group. It is usually unwritten, but it may be put in written form. Because they are a product of the society's culture and history, the rules of etiquette are very different from time to time, and from one place and social group to another.

References

Other websites 

 Debrett's 
 Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home, by Emily Post (1922)
 Global Guide to Etiquette and Customs  by Kwintessential
 Are Paris Waiters Rude Or Is It You?, by Michel Endene. A web article on cultural differences and etiquette.
 Cellphone Etiquettes 
 Email Etiquette
 Etiquette & Dress
 Wiki Etiquette Wiki about etiquette from Wikia

Sociology
Traditions
A hairstyle is the way hair is cut and styled. A haircut may be just practical, but a hairdo suggests professional styling. The fashioning of hair is an aspect of fashion, and cosmetics, especially for females. Practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence hairstyles.

People in many cultures cut their hair, rather than letting it grow naturally. Hair styles are often used to signal cultural, social, and ethnic identity and can be used to show social status or get attention.  Generally, hairstyles are influenced by gender.  Women's styles are different from men's. Fashion trends may have a great influence depending on the person.

Galleria 
There is a great variety of hairstyles. This can best be explained by examples:

Men

Women

References

Other websites 

 History of Hairdressing 

 
Care
Reputation is the opinion of the public towards a person, a group of people, or an organization. It is an important factor in many fields, such as business, online communities or social status.

Other websites
 Reputation by Roger Dingledine, Michael J Freedman, David Molnar, David Parkes, Paul Syverson

Society
Appointment can also mean:

An appointment is a time reserved for something such as a doctor visit, much like a .
An appointment, in government also refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform a duty, such as a presidential appointment of a judge to a court.  This may also happen for an office which is normally elected, but has an unexpected vacancy.  A person appointed but not yet in office is a designate.
The power of appointment, in law, is the ability of a testator to select another person to dispose of the testator's property.
An appointment of clergy, in Christianity, is made by a bishop to a particular ministry setting, particularly in denominations which practice episcopal forms of church government and polity (such as Anglicanism and United Methodist Church.) Typically, a pastor is appointed to a particular church or parish.
Appointment is used to describe a system of selecting candidates in which the choice is made by an individual or panel rather than by a poll of the populace in general (election), or through random selection (allotment/sortition) as used to select juries.
Warwick Estevam Kerr (born September 9, 1922, Santana do Parnaíba, São Paulo, Brazil- 15 September 2018) is a Brazilian engineer, geneticist, entomologist, and professor. He made many discoveries in the genetics and sex determination of bees. He is also responsible for the spread of africanized bees across the world.

Other websites 
Warwick Estevam Kerr Biography . Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

1922 births
2018 deaths
Biologists
São Paulo (state)
Brazilian scientists