cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jagjivan Ram (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), mostly known as Babuji, was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar. He was instrumental in foundation of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables in 1935. He was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 after which he organised the rural labour movement.

References

1908 births
1986 deaths
Indian activists
Bihar
People from Bihar
Indian Deputy Prime Ministers
Andrey Dmitriyevich Dementyev (; July 16, 1928 in Tver  – June 26, 2018 in Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet poet, a laureate of Lenin’s Young Communist League Award (1981), a USSR State Prize (1985), and Bunin Prize (2007). In October 1993, he signed the Letter of Forty-Two.

Dementyev died on June 16, 2018 in Moscow from prostate cancer, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Andrey Dementyev, Peoples.ru 
 Online Encyclopedia 'Krugosvet' 
 Andrey Dementyev poetry at Stihipoeta.ru

1928 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Russian poets
Soviet writers
The President of the Republic of Haiti (, ) is the head of state of Haiti. They serve as the executive power in Haiti. The power is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti.  The current acting President is Ariel Henry, who took office on July 20, 2021.

Qualifications
To be elected President, a candidate must:
 be a native-born Haitian and never renounced that nationality;
 have reached the age of 35 by election day;
 be the owner of a real property and have one's habitual residence in the country;
 reside in the country at least 5 years before election day;
 have been discharged of responsibilities if previously handling public funds.

Heads of State of Haiti

Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)

First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)

State of Haiti (1806–1811)

Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820)

Republic of Haiti (1806–1822)

Republic of Haiti during the unification of Hispaniola (1822–1844)

Republic of Haiti (1844–1849)

Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)

Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)

Republic of Haiti during the Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)
Symbols
 Presidential referendum
 Constitutional referendum
 Died in office

Republic of Haiti (1986–present)
Symbols
 Indirect election
Status

Notes

References

Sources
Jovenel Moïse (26 June 1968 – 7 July 2021) was a Haitian politician. He served as the 42nd President of Haiti from February 2017 until his death. In 2019, political unrest and calls for his resignation became a crisis.

Moïse was assassinated at his home in Pétion-Ville, Haiti on 7 July 2021. His wife, Martine Moïse was also shot. He was shot with 12 bullets in his chest, arms, right leg, and left hip, and had a shattered left eye.

References

Other websites

1968 births
2021 deaths
Presidents of Haiti
Assassinated people
Murders by firearm
The Cambrian Railways owned  of track over a large area of mid-Wales. The system was made from a number of earlier railways. The Cambrian connected with two of the larger railways to give connections to England. These were:
 London and North Western Railway for connections to North West England
 Great Western Railway for connections to London

The Cambrian Railways amalgamated with the Great Western Railway on 1 January 1922 as a result of the Railways Act 1921. The name is continued today in the route known as the Cambrian Line.

Rail transport in Great Britain
The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) was a British railway company between 1846 and 1922. In the late 19th century the LNWR was the largest joint stock company in the world. The LNWR was formed in 1846 by a merger of the Grand Junction Railway, the London & Birmingham Railway and the Manchester & Birmingham Railway. The London terminus was at Euston railway station

In 1923, the LNWR became a part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) under the Railways Act 1921. In 1948, it became the London Midland Region of British Railways. The LNWR may be seen as an ancestor of today's West Coast Main Line.

Rail transport in Great Britain
David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco; June 1, 1953), known also as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Berkowitz pleaded guilty to eight separate shooting attacks that began in New York City during the summer of 1976. The crimes were done with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver. He killed six people and wounded nine others by July 1977. On the night of August 10, 1977, Berkowitz was taken into custody by New York City police homicide detectives in front of his Yonkers apartment building.

Berkowitz has been incarcerated since his arrest and is serving six consecutive life sentences.

The Spike Lee drama Summer of Sam was released in 1999 with actor Michael Badalucco in the role of Son of Sam.

References

Other websites
 Arise and Shine, official website

1953 births
Living people
American people convicted of manslaughter
American adoptees
American Christians
American serial killers
Criminals from New York City
Gary Leon Ridgway (born February 18, 1949), also known as the Green River Killer, is an American serial killer. He was convicted of 48 separate murders. As part of his plea bargain, an additional conviction was added, bringing the total number of convictions to 49, making him the most prolific serial killer in United States history according to confirmed murders. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Ridgway murdered many women and girls in the state of Washington during the 1980s and 1990s. He would mainly kill runaways or prostitutes and would strangled his victims.

On November 30, 2001, as Ridgway was leaving the Kenworth truck factory where he worked in Renton, Washington, he was arrested for the murders of four women whose cases were linked to him through DNA evidence.

References

Other websites
A copy of Ridgway's infamous letter to the press (PDF)

1949 births
Living people
American serial killers
American people convicted of manslaughter
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
People from Seattle, Washington
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
Donn Moomaw (born October 15, 1931) is an American football player and Presbyterian minister. He was born in Santa Ana, California. In the 1950s, he plated for Toronto Argonauts and for Ottawa Rough Riders. In 1953, he was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams.

Moomaw played for UCLA as the center and linebacker for the team. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973.

Moomaw later became a Presbyterian minister, most notably serving Los Angeles' Bel Air Presbyterian Church as pastor from 1964 to 1993. He became friends with California Governor Ronald Reagan and wife Nancy.  Moomaw later gave the invocation and benediction at Reagan's 1981 presidential inauguration and 1985 presidential inauguration.

References

1931 births
Living people
American football players
American Presbyterians
Sportspeople from California
Bruce Davison (born June 28, 1946) is an American actor and director. Davison is well known for his starring roles in the horror movie Willard (1971), Longtime Companion (1989) and in the X-Men movie franchise – through X-Men (2000) and X2 (2003) as Senator Robert Kelly.

Davison won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Longtime Companion.

References

Other websites

Golden Globe Award winning actors
1946 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American television directors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Fountain Hill is a town in Ashley County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 175 at the 2010 census. Fountain Hill is located at  (33.355421, -91.851173).

References

Towns in Arkansas
Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, or simply Sister Location, is a survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the fifth installment of the main series of the game franchise Five Nights at Freddy's. The game was released on October 7, 2016. Throughout the game, the player interacts with a new cast of animatronic characters, central to which is an animatronic named Circus Baby.

In addition, Sister Location is the first core game in the series to feature professional voice acting and an original soundtrack.

The game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, praising the voice acting, soundtrack, and humor, while criticizing its plot inconsistencies and still-departure from the previous titles' gameplay.

References

2016 video games
Five Nights at Freddy's (series)
FNaF World is an indie role-playing video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the first official spin-off to the Five Nights at Freddy's series. 

The game was released for Microsoft Windows on January 21, 2016. On February 8, 2016, the game was updated, and re-released as freeware on Game Jolt free of charge. It received mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the game a review of 4.6/10.

References

Other websites
 

Five Nights at Freddy's (series)
Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the sixth official main installment of the Five Nights at Freddy's game series. The game was released on December 4, 2017 for free on Steam and Gamejolt.

Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator received mostly positive reviews. GameCrate called it the "best value in gaming right now".

References

Five Nights at Freddy's (series)
Scott Braden Cawthon (born June 4, 1978) is an American video game designer, developer, animator, and writer. He is best known as the creator of the Five Nights of Freddy's game franchise.

Career 
Cawthon has also created other games, such as Chipper & Son's Lumber Co., The Desolate Hope, and There is No Pause Button!, as well as Christian-based animations such as A Christmas Journey and The Pilgrim's Progress. He used Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk Maya, and Clickteam Fusion 2.5 to develop Five Nights at Freddy's and most of his other games.

Works 
In 2015, Cawthon released his first novel, Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes. On June 24, 2016, Cawthon announced that he had made a 3-book deal with Scholastic and that the first book (The Silver Eyes) would be re-printed on paperback in October that year, with the second and third being released in 2017 and 2018.

Cawthon will be producing a Five Nights movie with Blumhouse Productions.

References

Other websites

 

1972 births
Living people
American animators
American Christians
American novelists
Five Nights at Freddy's (series)
Writers from Texas
The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844 to 1922. It had a large network of lines managed from its headquarters in Derby. It became the third-largest railway undertaking in the British Isles after the Great Western Railway and the London and North Western Railway.

The company was formed in 1844 by the merger of the Midland Counties Railway, the North Midland Railway, and the Birmingham & Derby Junction Railway. The Birmingham & Gloucester Railway joined two years later. The earlier systems met at Derby railway station. The MR established its locomotive works, and later its carriage and wagon works, at Derby.

In 1923, the MR became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway under the Railways Act 1921.

Rail transport in Great Britain
Clio is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. The population was 1,399 at the 2010 census, down from 2,206 in 2000.

It is the birthplace of former Governor George C. Wallace.

References

Cities in Alabama
The Great Northern Railway (GNR) was a British railway company established in 1846. The main line ran from London King's Cross station via Hitchin, Peterborough, and Grantham, to York. There was a loop line from Peterborough to Bawtry (south of Doncaster) via Boston and Lincoln. There were also branch lines to Sheffield and Wakefield. On 1 January 1923 the company became a part of the London and North Eastern Railway. Today, the GNR main line forms part of the East Coast Main Line.

Rail transport in Great Britain
1846 establishments in the United Kingdom
The North Eastern Railway (NER) was a British railway company.  It was incorporated in 1854 by the combination of several existing railway companies. In 1923, it was merged with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.  The NER main line survives today as part of the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh.

Rail transport in Great Britain
1854 establishments in Europe
1850s establishments in the United Kingdom
Francis George Steiner, FBA (April 23, 1929 – February 3, 2020) was a French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator. He wrote about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the impact of the Holocaust.

Steiner died on February 3, 2020 at his home in Cambridge at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
George Steiner at ContemporaryWriters.com.
George and his dragons. The Guardian, March 17, 2001.
A traveller in the realm of the mind. Interview with George Steiner, The Times, September 22, 1997.
Grammars of Creation. Full text of Steiner's 2001 lecture.
"Between Repulsion and Attraction: George Steiner's Post-Holocaust Fiction" . Jewish Social Studies, 1999.
"George Steiner's Jewish Problem". Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation.

1929 births
2020 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
French philosophers
French novelists
French educators
French Jews
French essayists
American philosophers
American novelists
American literary critics
Educators from New York City
American essayists
Holocaust survivors
Jewish American writers
Writers from New York City
Writers from New Jersey
Educators from New Jersey
Meadowbank Stadium (Meadowbank Sports Centre) is a multi-purpose sports facility in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was originally built to host the 1970 Commonwealth Games. It also hosted the Games in 1986, the first venue to host the Games twice.

The stadium is the home ground of Scottish Football League team Meadowbank Thistle. The Meadowbank complex also hosts Leith Athletic, who play on the Meadowbank artificial pitch next to the main stadium. Meadowbank Stadium was also used for rugby union as the home venue of Edinburgh Rugby between 2002 and 2004.

As of 2017, the stadium is being redeveloped.

Stadiums in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Scotland
Derby railway station, also known as Derby Midland, is a main line station serving the city of Derby in England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Trains. The station is also used by CrossCountry services and one daily Northern service.

It lies  north of London St Pancras. It is situated to the south-east of Derby city centre, and is close to the west bank of the River Derwent.

Railway stations in England
Derby
Northern, was the trading name of Arriva Rail North. It was a train operating company in Northern England. It was a subsidiary of Arriva UK Trains. It operated the Northern franchise from 1 April 2016 to February 2020 and inherited trains from the previous operator Northern Rail.

Train operating companies
Rail transport in the United Kingdom
The Great Central Railway (GCR) of England was created in 1897 when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name. In 1899, the GCR opened its London Extension to a new terminus at Marylebone station.

On 1 January 1923, the company became part of the London and North Eastern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.

Rail transport in Great Britain
1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
The London and South Western Railway (LSWR) was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922.  It started as the London and Southampton Railway from Waterloo station to Southampton. 
Later, the network extended to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter. There were branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow. Beyond  Southampton there were branches to Bournemouth and Weymouth. The LSWR also had many routes connecting towns in Hampshire and Berkshire, including Portsmouth and Reading. 

In the grouping of railways in 1923 the LSWR joined with other railways to create the Southern Railway.

Rail transport in Great Britain
An epitaph is a short text honouring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it is text that is carved on a tombstone or plaque. Usually it gives the person’s name and dates of birth and death. Some epitaphs say what the person did, and other things. Some people write their own epitaphs before they die.

Death customs
Writing
The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR was a railway company in England from 1846 to 1922. Its territory formed a rough triangle, with London at its apex, most of the coastline of Sussex as its base, and a large part of Surrey.  The LBSCR had the most direct routes from London to the south coast seaside resorts of Brighton, Eastbourne, Worthing, Littlehampton and Bognor Regis, and to the ports of Newhaven and Shoreham-by-Sea. It served the inland towns/cities of Chichester, Horsham, East Grinstead and Lewes, and jointly served Croydon, Tunbridge Wells, Dorking and Guildford. At the London end was a complicated suburban and outer-suburban network of lines emanating from London Bridge and Victoria, and shared interests in two cross-London lines.

The LBSCR was formed by a merger of five companies in 1846. On 1 January 1923, it became part of the Southern Railway under the  Railways Act 1921.

Rail transport in Great Britain
The South Eastern Railway (SER) was a railway company in south-eastern England from 1836 to 1922. The company was formed to construct a route from London to Dover. Branch lines were later opened to Tunbridge Wells, Hastings, Canterbury and other places in Kent. The SER absorbed or leased other railways, including the London and Greenwich Railway and the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway. Most of the company's routes were in Kent, eastern Sussex and the London suburbs. There was also a long cross-country route from Redhill, Surrey to Reading, Berkshire.

Early history
Much of the company's early history saw attempts at expansion.  This sometimes led to feuds with its neighbours, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) in the west and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) to the north-east. However, in 1899 the SER agreed with the LCDR to share operation of the two railways and work them as a single system, marketed as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation. The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became constituents of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act 1921.

Rail transport in Great Britain
The London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) was a railway company in south-eastern England (registered 1 August 1859).  It was previously called the East Kent Railway. 

Its lines ran through London and northern and eastern Kent to form a part of the Greater London commuter network. The railway was always in a difficult financial situation. It went bankrupt in 1867 but was able to continue to operate. Many of the difficulties were caused by competition and duplication of services with the South Eastern Railway (SER). However, in 1898 the LCDR agreed with the SER to share the operation of the two railways and work them as a single system under the name South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation. 

The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became part of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923  (Railways Act 1921).

Rail transport in Great Britain
The South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), was a working union of two neighbouring railways, the South Eastern Railway (SER) and London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR), which operated between London and south east England. Between 1899 and 1923, the SECR had a monopoly of railway services in Kent and to the main Channel ports for ferries to France and Belgium. In 1923, the SECR became a part of the Southern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.

Rail transport in Great Britain
The Caledonian Railway (CR) was a major Scottish railway company. It was formed in the early 19th century to form a link between English railways and Glasgow. It steadily extended its network and reached Edinburgh and Aberdeen. It also had a dense network of branch lines in the area surrounding Glasgow. It was absorbed by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 under the Railways Act 1921. Many of its main routes are still used. The original main line between Carlisle and Glasgow is now part of the West Coast Main Line. 

Rail transport in Great Britain
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) was a major British railway company before the 1923 Grouping. It was created in 1847 from an amalgamation of several existing railways. It was the third largest railway system based in Northern England. Only the Midland Railway and the North Eastern Railway were bigger.

It was the first mainline railway to introduce electrification of some of its lines. It also ran steamboat services across the Irish Sea and North Sea. It was a bigger shipowner than any other British railway company.

It amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922. One year later, the merged company became the largest constituent of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway under the Railways Act 1921.

Related pages
 LYR electric units

Rail transport in Great Britain
The Capital Gazette shooting is a mass shooting that happened at the offices of The Capital and the Maryland Gazette newspapers at 888 Bestgate Road in Annapolis, Maryland on June 28, 2018.

The Anne Arundel County Police Department reported that the shooting began around 2:34 PM. Five people are confirmed dead. A suspect was captured by police and is in custody.

Shooting occurred outside the newspaper building. 

Five people were killed and several others were injured in the attack. The five who were killed are Rob Hiaasen, an assistant editor and weekend columnist for The Capital and the brother of novelist Carl Hiaasen, community beat reporter Wendi Winters, columnist and editorial page editor Gerald Fischman, editor and sports reporter John McNamara, and sales assistant Rebecca Smith.

Maryland Governor Larry Hogan tweeted that he was "[a]bsolutely devastated to learn of this tragedy in Annapolis," and asking residents to "heed all warnings and stay away from the area". President Trump was briefed on the shooting while aboard Air Force One.

References

2018 crimes in the United States
2010s in Maryland
Deaths by firearm in the United States
June 2018 events
Roger Jason Stone (born Roger Joseph Stone Jr.; August 27, 1952) is an American political consultant, lobbyist and strategist. He was born in Norwalk, Connecticut.

Stone is known for his use of opposition research, studying opposing candidates to find bad things about them. Usually he works for candidates of the Republican Party. Since the 1970s, Stone has worked on the campaigns of key Republican politicians such as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Jack Kemp, Bob Dole and Donald Trump.

Stone is the subject of a Netflix documentary movie, titled Get Me Roger Stone, which focused on his past and role in the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump.

Stone officially left the Trump campaign on August 8, 2015; however, it has been reported that, as part of the ongoing investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, two associates of Stone have claimed that he collaborated with WikiLeaks owner Julian Assange in the spring of 2016 to discredit Hillary Clinton's campaign.  Stone has denied this.

On January 25, 2019, Stone was arrested at his Fort Lauderdale, Florida, home in connection with Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation and charged in an indictment with witness tampering, obstructing an official proceeding, and five counts of making false statements. Stone pleaded not guilty and denied wrongdoing in press interviews.

References

Other websites
 
 

1952 births
Living people
American lobbyists
American political commentators
American political writers
Libertarians
People from Norwalk, Connecticut
Republicans (United States)
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from Florida
Writers from New York
St Helens is a large town in Merseyside, England. It is the centre of the metropolitan borough of St Helens. The town has population of 102,629. The entire metropolitan borough had a population of 176,843 at the 2001 census.

The town and the area round it grew in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.
It was a centre for coal mining and glassmaking. It was also home to a cotton and linen industry (notably sail making) lime and alkali pits, and brewing.

Glass producer Pilkington is the town's only remaining large industrial employer.

St.Helens has the second highest rate of suiside within the United Kingdom.

References 

Towns in Merseyside
Kathleen L. Kraninger (born December 28, 1974) is an American government official. She was the 2nd Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau from December 2018 to January 2021. Before she worked in the White House Office of Management and Budget. She was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Kraninger was confirmed, however, 50-49.

References

1974 births
Living people
Directors of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Politicians from Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Stephen Miller (born August 23, 1985) is an American political activist. He serves as a senior advisor for policy for President Donald Trump. Before, he served as the communications director for then-Senator Jeff Sessions. He was also a press secretary to Republican Representatives Michele Bachmann and John Shadegg.

As a speechwriter for Trump, Miller helped write Trump's inaugural address.

On October 6, 2020, Miller tested positive for COVID-19.

References

Other websites
 

1985 births
Living people
Jewish American writers
American political writers
Writers from California
Politicians from California
People from Santa Monica, California
US Republican Party politicians
The Liverpool Overhead Railway (known locally as the Dockers' Umbrella) was an elevated railway in Liverpool which operated along the Liverpool Docks. It opened in 1893 with lightweight electric multiple units. The design of an overhead line probably originated from the New York High Line which was authorised in 1847. Just five years later, in 1852, the need arose in Liverpool for a similar solution. The railway had a number of world firsts:
 first electric elevated railway,
 first to use automatic signalling, 
 first to use electric colour light signals 
 first to use electric multiple units
 had one of the first passenger escalators at a railway station. 

It was also the second oldest electric metro in the world. The only earlier one was the 1890 City and South London Railway. In the early 1900s electric trains ran on the electrified Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to Southport and Aintree. Special trains to Aintree for the horse race meetings ran twice a year after regular services were withdrawn. Being a local railway it was not nationalised in 1948.

In 1955, a report into the structure of the many viaducts showed major repairs were needed that the company could not afford. The railway closed at the end of 1956. Despite public protests the structures were dismantled in the following year.

References

Electric railways in the United Kingdom
Johann Baptist Allgaier (June 19, 1763, Schussenried – January 3, 1823, Vienna) was a German-Austrian chess master and theoretician. He was also the author of the first chess handbook in German – Neue theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel (Vienna 1795–96).

Biography 

Johann Baptist Allgaier was born in 1763 in the Duchy of Württemberg. His father, Georg Allgaier, worked at a monastery as a Hofmeister, the person in charge of the education of the children of the rich and noble families. Johann's father wanted him to study theology. On a trip to Poland he learned to play chess. In 1798, he moved to Vienna and joined the army. He was able to improve his chess skills. In 1780, he won a game with a prize of 1500 florins and became Vienna's best player. He taught many people to play chess, including the sons and brothers of the Emperor Francis II. 

Allgaier fought in the Napoleonic wars between Austria and France. In 1809, he worked in an army hospital, where he became ill with asthma. When the hospital was moved to Prague he became its accountant. He returned to Vienna in 1816 where the Emperor gave him a small pension. To make extra money, he played chess in the cafés. His games were said to be brilliant and focused on attacking. When he played, people would come to watch. One man, Santo Vito, wrote down some of these games which were included in Allgaier's book. He would play anyone for the price of one gulden. The price also included a short lesson after the game. Allgaier was always looking for ways to make money. This is probably why he worked with Mälzel to operate the Turk. Allgaier played hidden inside the chess machine in 1809. He is believed to be the player controlling the Turk when it won a game against Napoleon at Schönbrunn Palace.

In December 1822, he was sent to the military hospital in Vienna and died a few days later of dropsy.

Influence on chess 
In 1795 and 1796  he published his book Neue Theoretische-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel. This was said to be the best chess book of the time. It was reprinted several times, the seventh and final edition was in 1843.

References 

1763 births
1823 deaths
Deaths from edema
Chess players
Benjamin Todd Jealous (born January 18, 1973) is an American civic leader. He is the Democratic nominee for Governor of Maryland in the 2018 gubernatorial election, facing incumbent Larry Hogan. Jealous is also former president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Jealous was selected at age 35 as the youngest-ever national leader of the NAACP.

Jealous is a progressive Democrat. He endorsed Bernie Sanders in his 2016 campaign for President.

In the June 2018 primary, Jealous defeated Prince George's County Executive, Rushern Baker, and seven other candidates to become the Democratic nominee in the general election.

References

Other websites
 NAACP Biography
 TheLoop21.com (Archive) interview with NAACP President Ben Jealous
 Is The NAACP's Relevance Fading? We Think Not. (Archive) by Benjamin Jealous and Julian Bond for The New Republic.

1973 births
Living people
American political activists
American progressives
Politicians from California
Politicians from Maryland
US Democratic Party politicians
Jacklyn Sheryl Rosen (born August 2, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Rosen is the junior United States Senator from Nevada.

Rosen was the U.S. Representative from Nevada's 3rd congressional district from 2017 to 2019.

Rosen ran as the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate in the 2018 election. She defeated Republican incumbent Dean Heller in the general election in November 2018.

References

Other websites
 Congresswoman Jacky Rosen official U.S. Senate site
 Jacky Rosen for U.S. Senate official campaign site

 

1957 births
Living people
United States senators from Nevada
United States representatives from Nevada
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Jared Schutz Polis (; born May 12, 1975) is an American politician, businessman, and philanthropist. He is the 43rd and current Governor of Colorado.

Polis served as the U.S. Representative for  from 2009 to 2019. He is a Democrat. He was among the richest members of Congress. His personal net worth is estimated at nearly $400 million.

In June 2017 Polis announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado in the 2018 election. He won the general election in November 2018 defeating Walker Stapleton.

Polis was one of the few people to be openly gay when first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the first gay parent in Congress.

References

1975 births
Living people
Governors of Colorado
United States representatives from Colorado
Gay men
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT politicians
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Colorado
People from Boulder, Colorado
US Democratic Party politicians
Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (21 December 1930 – 16 January 2004) was a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland three times: 1972–1975, 1977–1979 and 1982–1987. At the time of his death he still held the record for most days of incumbency as prime minister. He was also a long-time leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland.

Early years 
Kalevi Sorsa went to school in Jyväskylä and Lappeenranta. 

At the age of 18 Sorsa's involvement with SDP politics started in Lappeenranta. In 1969, he was brought in from relative obscurity by Rafael Paasio, former Finnish prime minister, to assume the influential post of party secretary, despite not having much previous experience of national politics. 

A 2008 book by historian Jukka Seppinen suggested that Sorsa was at this date already receiving support from Soviet backers in the KGB. Prior to his political career, Sorsa worked in Paris for UNESCO from 1959 to 1965, and was Secretary-General of the Finnish UNESCO board from 1965 to 1969. In the late 1960s he also was an official in the Ministry of Education.

Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1972-1989)

Sorsa and domestic politics
Sorsa was a leading political figure during the presidencies of Kekkonen and Koivisto. He was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1987 and was Prime Minister of Finland in four cabinets for a total of ten years (1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983, 1983–1987). He remains Finland's longest-serving prime minister. 

After his premiership he was the Speaker of the Finnish Parliament from 1989 to 1991. During his career he also served twice as Deputy Prime Minister, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1987 to 1989. From 1987 to 1996, Sorsa served on the governing board of the Bank of Finland.

Sorsa is regarded as one of Finland's most influential prime ministers, making major contributions to schools and health care, and increasing social security for families with children and pensioners. His governments strengthened the welfare state in Finland, by enacting  many reforms—child care laws, longer maternity leave, the annual vacation benefit act, as well as the public health act.

In domestic politics, Sorsa had a particularly difficult relationship with Paavo Väyrynen, the strong-willed head of the Center Party. Another notable conflict was his rivalry with young rising politician Paavo Lipponen.

In June 1984, Sorsa gave a speech on "infocracy" (i.e. the power of the mass media) at the Social Democratic party convention. Infocracy challenges parliamentary democracy, is unintelligent and avoids discussing social problems, he said: it takes more interest in individual politicians than political issues and is never critical of its own actions.

References

Other websites
Kalevi Sorsa Foundation

1930 births
2004 deaths
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt (1765? – March 23, 1840) was one of the leading chess players in France in the years between 1820 and 1840.

Biography 
Not much is known about his life. The date of his birth, 1765, is based on a comment by an English chess player, George Walker, that in 1839 Boncourt was about 70 years old.

Boncourt learned how to play chess from students of the great Philidor, including Carlier, Bernard and Leger who often played at the Café de la Régence. 

He was a civil servant, and chess was mostly a hobby for him. He got his best results after he was 60 years old, when after retiring from work, he could spend all his time playing to chess. 

In 1818, for a brief period, he was one of the players hidden inside the chess machine, the Turk. At one time he was sick, and he did not play very well. While he was hiding inside the Turk, he could not stop coughing and he could be heard by people watching. After this, the owner of the Turk, Mälzel, added some noisy gears. This was simply to cover any noise coming from the person inside.

References and notes

Other websites 

 Some of the games of Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt can be found at chessgames.com
 Dominique Thimognier: Boncourt Hyacinthe Henri (French)

1840 deaths
Chess players
Aaron (Albert) Alexandre (, around 1765/68 in Hohenfeld, Franconia – 16 November 1850 in London, England) was a Jewish German–French–English chess player and writer.

Aaron Alexandre trained as a rabbi. He arrived in France in 1793. He taught German and was a mechanical inventor. He later became a full-time chess player. He wrote a book of all the known chess openings, the Encyclopédie des échecs (Encyclopedia of Chess, Paris, 1837). In the book, he used the algebraic notation and the castling symbols 0–0 and 0–0–0.

His next book was about the endgame and a collection of about 2000 chess problems, which he published in 1846 as Collection des plus beaux Problèmes d'Echecs, Paris. English and German translations: Beauties of Chess, London, and Praktische Sammlung bester Schachspiel-Probleme, Leipzig.

Both books became standard reference books, demonstrating Alexandre’s great technical knowledge. Alexandre was also one of the chess players who worked inside the chess playing machine, the Turk.

References 

1766 births
1850 deaths
British Jews
British chess players
French Jews
German Jews
German chess players
European writers
Stacey Yvonne Abrams (born December 9, 1973) is an American politician, lawyer, romance novelist, and businesswoman. She was the house minority leader for the Georgia General Assembly and state representative for the 89th House District. She is a member of the  Democratic Party.

Career
Abrams was the Democratic nominee in the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, the first black female major party gubernatorial nominee in the United States. She narrowly lost the general election to Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp, who, as Secretary of State was in charge of the election and is widely thought to have manipulated the election in his favor by disenfranchising African-American voters.

In June 2018 Stacey Abrams joined the 9th annual Augusta Pride festival and talked about her campaign.

Abrams received a single vote from Rep. Kathleen Rice for the 2019 election for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

In early February 2019, Abrams became the first African-American woman to deliver a State of the Union response to President Trump's earlier delivery.

On December 1, 2021, she announced she would be once again running for governor in the 2022 gubernatorial election.

References

1973 births
Living people
Lawyers from Wisconsin
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from Wisconsin
Politicians from Wisconsin
People from Madison, Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American politicians
African American politicians
African American writers
American civil rights activists
American company founders
Human rights activists
Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Yale University alumni
William Lewis (1787–1870) was an English chess player and author. He is best known for the Lewis Countergambit and for being the first player ever to be described as a Grandmaster of the game.

Life and works 
Born in Birmingham, William Lewis moved to London where he worked for a merchant. He became a student of chess player Jacob Sarratt. In later years he showed himself to be very unkind to his old teacher. He said Sarratt's Treatise on the Game of Chess (1808) was a "poorly written book". But in 1822 three years after Sarrat died, Lewis published a second edition of it. This was in competition with a much better revision by Sarrat published in 1821 by Sarratt's poverty-stricken widow. In 1843, many players gave money to help the old widow, but Lewis' name is not on the list.

Around 1819 Lewis was the hidden player inside the Turk, a fake chess playing machine. He told Johann Maelzel that Peter Unger Williams, also a student of Sarratt, should be the next person to operate inside the machine. Maezel took his advice and Williams replaced Lewis.

Lewis began writing books including translations of the works of Greco and Carrera, published in 1819 and 1822.

He was the leading English player in a game played by letters sent between London and Edinburgh in 1824, won by the Scots. He wrote a book on the match with analysis of the games. In 1834–36 he was on the Committee of the Westminster Chess Club. They lost games played by letter with the Paris Chess Club. The other players were his students McDonnell and Walker, while the French team included Boncourt, Alexandre, St. Amant and Chamouillet. When De La Bourdonnais visited England in 1825, Lewis played about 70 games with the French master.

Lewis was known as a famous chess player in his time. The weekly magazine Bell's Life in 1838 called him "our past grandmaster", the first known use of the term in chess. In 1825 he began a chess club where he taught people to play the game. He wrote two books on how to play chess, the Series of Progressive Lessons (1831) and Second Series of Progressive Lessons (1832). 

Lewis's books, and those of his teacher Sarratt, were based on reworking Philidor's ideas to those of the Modenese school of Del Rio, Lolli and Ponziani. Lewis gradually stopped playing competition chess. 

After his retirement he wrote other chess books, but he was no longer up to date with new ideas. The Oxford Chess Companion said his last book, A Treatise on Chess (1844), was already "out of date when published".

References and notes

Other websites 

 Some of the games of Lewis can be found at chessgames.com

1787 births
1870 deaths
British chess players
Sportspeople from Birmingham
A video game mod is a change made to a video game. The word mod is short for modification. A mod can be a change to any part of a game, including how it sounds, how it plays, the way it looks, or anything else. They are usually created by fans of a game instead of the people who made the original game. Mods are usually put on the internet for free when they are released.

Mods can be as small or as large as the creators want it to be. They can be minor bug fixes, or they can change so many things that they become a completely different game. Large mods like that are sometimes called total conversions. Some popular examples of total conversion mods that became separate video games are Counter-Strike, Team Fortress, and Killing Floor. 

Mods can help a game become more famous and successful. Many people think that good mods can make a game more fun and interesting than the original. Some video game companies saw this and decided to give mod creators tools to help them make even more mods. Examples of companies that have done this are id Software, Valve Corporation, Mojang AB, and Bethesda Softworks.

Sometimes, a mod of a game might become just as popular as the original game, or more popular. When this happens, the word vanilla is often used to talk about the original game without mods.

References 

Video games
Guizhou is a province of the People's Republic of China in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Guiyang.

Guizhou is a relatively poor and economically undeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Demographically it is one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups such as the Miao / Hmong and Yao make up more than 37% of the population. In 1957-58, an influenza virus spread to most of the world and killed between 1-4 million people.

References

Provinces of China
Ruwen Filus (February 14, 1988 in Bückeburg) is a German table tennis player.

Career 
Ruwen played first international in 2002. He's a modern defender, so he uses long pips and an attacking rubber on the forehand. At the European Championships for youth he reached the first place together with the team. In 2003 he won even gold in the singles and with the team, so he climbs from place 90 in the world rankings for adults to place 70. Since 2005 he played different tournaments, for example the World Junior Circuit, where Filus reached the Quarterfinal. At the World Championships he came under the best eight players in the doubles. His first tournament at the Pro Tour end with the reaching of the last 64. 2006 Filus won bronze at the European Championships for youth, with the team he won gold. Since 2007 he played in the adult area, too, where he reached the Round of tha last 16 at the Korea Open. 2008 he played some Pro Tour tournaments, since 2009 he played different events, for example the European Championships, where Ruwen came under the top eight, he lost to Timo Boll. 2010 he played only two events, so he fell back to place 60 in the world rankings. 2011 Ruwen played at the World Cup, there he won bronze together with the team. At the WTTC he came under the last 64 in the singles. At the European Championships he won gold with the team. 2012 he came under the last 16 at the ETTC, on the Pro Tour he won the Czech Open. 2013 he won bronze at the Czech Open and came to the Quarterfinal at the ETTC. 2014 he had very strong injuries, but in 2015 he reached the Quarterfinal at the ETTC again, with the team he won silver. 2016 the German team lost in the group qualification. 2017 he won gold with the German team at the ETTC, 2018 was it silver at the WTTC.

Successes

Singles 
 World Championships (WTTC): 2017- silver
 European Championships: 2013, 2015- Quarterfinal

Team 
 European Championships: 2011, 2017- gold
 World Championships: 2017- silver

Personal life 
Ruwen has a daughter who's severely disabled.

References 

1988 births
Living people
German table tennis players
Olympic medalists
Julian of Norwich, or Juliana of Norwich (c.1342–c.1416) was an anchoress (a woman who locks herself away to be closer to God). She wrote "Revelations of Divine Love". It is the first known English book written by a woman.

1340s births
1410s deaths
People from Norwich
English people
English writers
Christian writers
Christian mystics
English Roman Catholics
Non-fiction books
The November 1989 tornado outbreak was a natural disaster in the United States from November 15-16, 1989.

Notable tornadoes

Huntsville, Alabama 
During the morning hours of November 14, the local forecasts issued a warning for severe thunderstorms on Wednesday.

At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley. At 10:50 a.m., the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.

A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening. Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through. Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.

At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect. Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter. At 4:25 p.m., the rotation picked up again.

The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others. Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado). This was rated an F4 on the Fujita Scale.

Newburgh, New York 
A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m., blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen. This was considered a F1 tornado. Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.

1989 in the United States
1989
Heysham is a large coastal village near Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It overlooks Morecambe Bay. It is a ferry port, with services to the Isle of Man and Ireland. Heysham nuclear power station is at Heysham.

Villages in Lancashire