cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic language dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries.  Just as with the rest of the Arab world, Arabic-speaking Jews had different dialects for the different regions where they lived.  Most Judæo-Arabic dialects were written in modified forms of the Hebrew alphabet, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.

In retaliation for 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jews in Arab countries became subject to increasingly insufferable discrimination and violence, causing virtually all of them to flee en masse to Israel.  Their dialects of Arabic did not thrive in Israel, and most became extinct, replaced by the Modern Hebrew language.

In the Middle Ages, Jews in the Islamic diaspora spoke a dialect of Arabic, which they wrote in a mildly adapted Hebrew script  (rather than using Arabic script).

This phenomenon is called Judaeo-Arabic and may be compared to both Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) and Yiddish (Judaeo-German).

Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish though were originally written in Judaeo-Arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentary.  Only later were they translated into medieval scientific Hebrew so that they could be read by the Ashkenazic Jews of Europe.  These include:

 Saadia Gaon's Emunot ve-Deot, his Tafsir (biblical commentary and translation), and his siddur (the explanatory parts, not the prayers themselves)
 Solomon ibn Gabirol's Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh
 Bahya ibn Pakuda's Hovot ha-Levavot
 Judah Halevi's Kuzari
 Maimonides' Commentary on the Mishnah, Sefer ha-Mitzvot, Guide to the Perplexed, and many of his letters and shorter essays.

References 

Judaism
Middle East
Semitic languages
The Clangers is a British children's television series. The first episode was broadcast on the BBC on 16 November 1969. The series is about a family of aliens who live under the surface of the Moon in caves.  They looked like small, pink, knitted mice.  Other characters include the Froglets and The Soup Dragon, a dragon that gives out soup. The family uses a US flag as a table cloth.

Other websites 
The Clangers at bbc.co.uk
A copy of the moon landing hoax parody 
Link to Clive Banks interview with Oliver Postgate about Election Special
British Film Institute Screen Online
 Knit your own Clanger
A short clip from Vote for Froglet at bbc.co.uk

1969 establishments in Europe
1969 television series debuts
1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British television series
1970s British television series
British children's television series
British science fiction television series
1974 television series endings
1960s establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham is a London borough in West London but is part of an area called Inner London. House prices are more expensive than most parts of England. The borough has three famous football teams: Fulham F.C., Queens Park Rangers F.C. and Chelsea F.C.

London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
1 E7 m² is a term used to group together areas of similar size. It is used for places that are between 10 km² (1,000 hectares) and 100 km² (10,000 hectares) in area. The term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 107m².
 10 km² is equal to:
 1 E+7 m² or 107 m²
 3.86 square miles
 1,000 hectares
 2,471 acres

Examples of locations
 10.1 km² — Long Beach, New York
 10.2 km² – Radford, Virginia
 12 km² – Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
 12.48 km² – Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kong International Airport
 15 km² – Beverly Hills, California
 21 km² – Nauru
 21.6 km² – Abingdon, Virginia, United States
 26 km2 – Tuvalu
 28.6 km² – Macau
 30 km² – Hayling Island
 38.55 km² – City of Manila, Philippines
 47 km² – Pelee Island, largest island in Lake Erie
 48.7 km² – Lake Lugano, Switzerland/Italy
 51.8 km² – Manhattan
 53.3 km² – Bermuda
 61 km² – Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
 61 km² – San Marino
 70 km² – Amherst Island, largest island in Lake Ontario
 75 km² – Arapawa Island, Marlborough, New Zealand
 81.7 km² – Huntington Beach, California
 83.2 km² – Formentera Island, Spain
 88 km² – Saint Martin island
 92 km² – Waiheke Island, Auckland, New Zealand
 95 km² – Skopelos Island, Greece

Related pages
 Areas smaller than 10 km²
 Areas larger than 100 km²

Orders of magnitude
Athletics, known as Track and Field in the United States, has been contested at every Summer Olympics since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics.

Men's events 
No new events have been added to the men's athletics programme since 1952 when the short racewalk was added. The roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976. The long racewalk is the only event held for men but not included on the women's programme.

A total of 52 different events have been held in the men's competition. The current list has 24 events. 

Many of the discontinued events were similar to modern ones but at different lengths, especially in the steeplechasing, hurdling, and racewalking disciplines. 

Team racing events were only run in the six early editions of the Games. 

The athletic multi-discipline triathlon (3 events) and pentathlon (5 events) have been replaced by the 10 event decathlon, and the medley relay replaced by relay races where each section is the same length as the others. 

Standing jump competitions are no longer held, nor are the various modified throwing events which were experimented with in 1908 and 1912.

Related pages
 Summer Olympic Games

Summer Olympic Games
The 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were held in Mexico City in 1968. Mexico City beat out bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games in 1963. The Games were preceded by the Tlatelolco massacre, in which hundreds of students were killed by security forces ten days before the opening day. It is the only Games ever held in Latin America, and it was the second ever outside of Western Europe, Australia, or the USA.

1968 Summer Olympics
Sima Qian () was the historian of the Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was born at Xia Yang (present-day Shan Xi Province, Han City) in either 145 or 135 BC. His father, Sima Tan, was also a historian.

Life 
When Sima Qian was 10, he could read the articles which were written in Classical Chinese.

He travelled around China and visited a plenty of scenic attractions and heritages when he was 20.

In 108 BC, with the death of Sima Qian's father, he carried on the job of being a historian.

In 104 BC, Sima Qian finished editing Taichu Calendar with the imperial officials, Tang Du and Luo Xiahong.

In 99 BC, Sima Qian got involved in the Li Ling Affair. He was punished and sent to prison. Sima Qian would be sentenced to death if he could not pay a fine or accept the terrible punishment - castration. With the fact that Sima Qian did not have enough money to pay the fine and he hoped to finish writing the Records of the Grand Historian, he accepted the castration. Sima Qian finally spent 19 years to write that book.

Sima Qian died in 86 BC.

2nd-century BC births
1st-century BC deaths
Chinese historians
Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics was represented by 14 events: 6 for women and 8 for men. The competition was held from August 27 to September 1 at the Sports Hall in Munich.

Format of competition
The scoring in the team competition event and in event finals was the same, as for gymnastics events at the previous Olympics. But in the all-around the scoring system became similar to that of event finals: for the all-around a gymnast showed one's skills once more on each of the apparatuses; to get the "Total" value for the all-around performance, marks in the team competition were added together, the result was divided by two ("Prelim" value) and added to the sum of marks for all-around routines ("Final" value). Judging system was basically the same, as at the previous Olympics.

Medals

Men's events
"C" stands for "Compulsory exercises" and "O" stands for "Optional exercises".

Individual all-around
"Prelim" mark is the value from the "Score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.

Team competition

Floor exercise
"Prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine in the team competition on the respective apparatus, divided by two.

Pommel horse

Rings

Vault

Parallel bars

Horizontal bar

Women's events
"C" stands for "Compulsory exercises" and "O" stands for "Optional exercises".

Individual all-around
"Prelim" mark is the value from the "Score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.

Team competition

Vault
"Prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine on the respective apparatus in the team competition, divided by two.

Uneven bars

Balance beam

Floor exercise

Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1972.

References

Gymnastics
1972 Summer Olympics
Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by 14 events. It took place in the Man-made Basin, located at the Trade Unions Olympic Sports Centre (Krylatskoye district, Moscow). The rowing schedule began on 20 July and ended on 27 July. 

Due to the American-led boycott some strong rowing nations were not present. In that situation East Germany dominated the competition: they won 14 medals, including 11 golds, from 14 events.

Medals

Men's events

Four-oars with coxswain

Double sculls

Coxswainless pair-oars

Single sculls

Pair-oars with coxswain

Coxswainless four-oars

Coxswainless quadruple sculls

Eight-oars with coxswain

Women's events

Four-oars with coxswain

Double sculls

Coxswainless pair-oars

Single sculls

Quadruple sculls with coxswain

Eight-oars with coxswain

Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1980.

1980 Summer Olympics
Rowing
The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games, were held in Sarajevo. (At that time, Sarajevo was in Yugoslavia, but it is now in Bosnia and Herzegovina.) Other candidate cities were Sapporo, Japan; and Falun in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was the first Winter Games and the second Olympics held in Eastern Europe (the first was the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow).

 
1984 in sports
1984 in Europe
20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games, were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and opened by Governor General Jeanne Sauvé. The Olympics were highly successful financially as they brought in million-dollar profits. The games left a lasting impression on the host city and gave it a new identity from a cowtown to a large commercial sector of the country.

1988 was also the last year that the Paralympic Games and the Winter Olympics were held in separate cities; all subsequent games have been hosted by the same city or a city nearby.

As at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the Canadian team failed to win a gold medal, matching only Yugoslavia in the dubious distinction of not having won a winter gold medal on home soil.

History

Background 
Calgary first tried for the Olympics in 1964, and again in 1968.
Football (soccer) has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 as a men's competition sport. Women's football was added to the official program at the 1996 Atlanta edition.

History 
Football was not in the original modern Olympic Games program as international football was not that popular in 1896. However an unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition. Complete records have been lost and may not even be true but it seems that only two games may have been played. An Athens XI lost to a team representing Smyrna (Izmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire. Smyrna went on to be beaten 15-0 by a team from Denmark. Demonstration tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the "Intercalated Games" of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams, and are not considered to be official Olympic events. Neither FIFA nor the IOC recognize the Intercalated Games. The first proper tournament is said to be in the 1908 Olympics, organized by the Football Association. It had 6 teams. The next tournament was organized by the Swedish Football Association in 1912. However, the tournament was very unbalanced, with some high scoring games such as 10-0 and 12-0, and all of the players were amateurs. The tournaments of 1924 and 1928 are the two only editions officially recognised by FIFA as championships of the world.

For the 1984 Olympics, the IOC admitted professional players.

Since the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, all teams have to be under-23 years old. Since 1996, three over 23 players are allowed.

A women's edition was added in 1996. The women's tournament has no age restrictions, unlike the men's tournament.

Results

Related pages
 National teams world champions (football)
 Football at the 1936 Olympics
 Football at the 1988 Olympics
 Football at the 2012 Olympics
 Football at the 2016 Olympics

References 

Football at the Olympics
The 1976 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1976 in Innsbruck, Austria. The games were originally awarded to Denver, Colorado, United States in May 1970, but a 300 percent rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to voters' rejection of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games in 1972, so the IOC offered the games to Whistler, British Columbia (Canada), who had bid on the games, but they too declined due to a change of government there. (Whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics.) The IOC finally called on Innsbruck, which had hosted the 1964 Winter Games just twelve years earlier, to also host the 1976 games. Salt Lake City, Utah, which would eventually host in 2002, offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver. The IOC declined.

Other websites 

 Olympic.org - official site 

Winter Olympics
1976 in Europe
20th century in Austria
Innsbruck
Winter Olympics 1976
Winter Olympics in Europe
Biathlon (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery.

Related pages 

Biathlon's two sports disciplines:
 Cross-Country Skiing
 Rifle shooting

Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon):
 Duathlon
 Nordic Combined
 Triathlon
 Pentathlon
 Modern pentathlon
 Heptathlon
 Decathlon

Other websites 

 Event & Competition Rules Authorized by the IBU Congress, June 1998  – The official IBU rule book, with annexes
 Biathlonworld.Com – A cooperation between IBU and EBU; with race results/statistics, TV schedules, live competition results, etc.
 Russian Biathlon Union (rus)
 Russian Biathlon Union(eng)
 Biathlon Canada
 Biathlon Alberta
 U.S. Biathlon Association 
 U.S. Archery Biathlon 
 History of Biathlon 
 Veltins Biathlon World Team Challenge
 Biathlon on OLN TV 
 Biathlon on DVD
 Biathlon Russia 
 Biathlon Ukraine
 BiathlonFrance.com

Skiing
Sport shooting
The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were held in Munich, in what was then West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. Munich won its Olympic bid in April 1966 over the cities of Detroit, Michigan, USA; Madrid, Spain; and Montreal, Canada. The 1972 Summer Olympics are one of 2 Olympic Games that had a significant criminal incident—the Munich massacre, in which a group of Palastinian terrorists kidnapped and killed several Israeli athletes. The other Olympics with a significant criminal event was the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, USA—the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. A movie about the Israeli response to this was made called Munich.

Related pages
 Munich massacre
 1972 Summer Paralympics

Other websites 
 IOC Site on 1972 Summer Olympics
Emperor Wu of Jìn ( 236 - 290) was the founder of Western Jin Dynasty. His name was Sima Yan. He was born in He Nei (now Henan Province). His father was Sima Zhao and Sima Yi was his grandfather. They were the imperial officials of Wei Dynasty and seized control over the imperial court. In 265 AD, Sima Yan forced Emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. In 280 AD, he conquered Eastern Wu and unified China.

Emperors and Empresses of China
236 births
290 deaths
In Sanskrit, Itihasa means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidences are slowly beginning to find evidences to prove these Indian epics as actual history. 

The original meaning of Itiihaasa had a more precise connotation than the word History. The etymology attested to by Panini indicates itiha to mean ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’ . 
One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. Our investigations lead us to believe that the Maurya empire for which he was the preceptor began in 1534 BCE. He defines Itihaasa, in the context of the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;

पुराणमितिव्रुत्तमाख्यायिकोदाहरणं धर्मशास्त्रं चेतीतिहासः
Puraana (the chronicles of the ancients), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are known by (comprise the corpus of Itihaasah, ) History
Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Book 1, Chapter 5
Thus, History in this definition takes on the meaning more akin to the sense of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to indicate a superset of political science and History as we use them today. We feel vindicated therefore in calling our forthcoming conference a conference on Indian History ( http://www.india-forum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2088), since we seem to ascribe the same broad meaning that Kautilya did 3 millennia ago.

The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance
धर्मार्थ काममोक्षाणामुपदेश समान्वितं ।
पुरावृत्तं कथायुत्तरूपमितिहासं प्रचक्षते ।।
“Dharmaartha-kaama-moskshanaam upadesa-samanvitam | 
Puraa-vrttam, kathaa-yuttarupam Ithihaasah prachakshate ||” 

History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation. 
Clearly there is an emphasis on the traditions and on the utilitarian aspect of History, embedded in the etymology of Itihaasa. The reason we draw emphasis to the ambiguity in the use of the word History is that, in our usage, while we adhere to the broader usage of the word History, it makes for clarity in usage if the Civilizational aspects are distinguished into distinct categories

References 

Hinduism
Hindu texts
In the Sanskrit language, purana means story of ancient times. For Hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. Puranas tell about history, ancient Indian traditions, and what Hindus believe. It is basically in Sanskrit and Tamil languages.

List of Puranas

Mahapuranas 

Mahapurana means Great Story of Ancient Times in Sanskrit.

 Agni (15,400 verses) 	 	
 Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
 Bhavishya (14,500 verses)
 Brahma (24,000 verses)
 Brahmanda (12,000 verses; includes Lalita Sahasranamam, a text some Hindus recite as prayer)
 Brahmavaivarta (18,000 verses)
 Garuda (19,000 verses)
 Harivamsa (16,000 verses; more often considered itihāsa)
 Kurma (17,000 verses)
 Linga (11,000 verses)
 Markandeya (9,000 verses; includes Devi Mahatmyam, an important text for Shaktas)
 Matsya (14,000 verses)
 Narada (25,000 verses)
 Padma (55,000 verses)
 Shiva (24,000 verses)
 Skanda (81,100 verses)
 Vamana (10,000 verses)
 Varaha (10,000 verses)
 Vayu (24,000 verses)
 Vishnu (23,000 verses)

Hinduism
Hindu texts
Patti LaBelle (born Patricia Louise Holte on May 24, 1944) is an American R&B and Soul singer. She is known for her high vocal belting (using the chest to make high pitch sounds). She is known for such songs as "New Attitude" and "On My Own".

She was the lead singer of Patty La Belle and the Bluebells during the 1960s and 70s. Later the group was known as simply "Labell". In this later group the style was more laid back, singing hits like The Rolling Stones' Wild Horses.

Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1944 births
Living people
Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and more within a particular people. This also includes the oral traditions of that culture, subculture, or group. The academic and usually ethnographic study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics.

The famous folk tale is Little Red Riding Hood (in European culture). 

Folklore
Văn Cao (born Nguyễn Văn Cao; 15 November 1923 – 10 July 1995) was a famous Vietnamese composer.  He wrote the Vietnamese national anthem, "". He, along with Pham Duy and Trinh Cong Son, is widely considered one of the three most important people in modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.

Vietnamese people
composers
1923 births
1995 deaths
Kojiki or Furukotofumi (), also called in English the Records of Ancient Matters, is the oldest book known in Japan. It was written 712 CE, and dedicated to Empress Gemmei. The Kojiki is a book about Japanese mythology (Shinto), legends, songs, genealogies, oral traditions, and semi-historical accounts down to 641 BCE. The book mixes the legends of first emperor of Japan and several others with stories about the gods. Therefore, it is difficult to know which parts of the Kojiki are real and which parts are legend. According to legend, all the emperors of Japan are descended from Amaterasu, the sun goddess.

The Kojiki is written in Chinese, but the way the Japanese wrote it is by using the pronunciation of the Chinese characters and not the meanings of them.  In other words, a person who can read Chinese will not be able to read the Kojiki unless they also know how to speak Japanese. It includes many Japanese names and some phrases.

Sections
The Kojiki is divided into three parts: the , the  and the .

The Kamitsumaki, also known as the , includes the preface of the Kojiki. It is about the first gods in the mythology of Japan, Izanagi and Izanami. These are the gods who created the world. This volume also tells of the births of various gods of the kamiyo period, or Age of the Gods. The Kamitsumaki also describes the legends about the creation of Japan. It describes how Ninigi-no-Mikoto, grandson of Amaterasu, came down from heaven to Kyūshū and became the ancestor of the Japanese royal line. According to this legend, he is considered the great-grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.

The Nakatsumaki begins with the story of Jimmu, the first Emperor, and how he conquered Japan. The volume ends with the 15th emperor, Ōjin. Not much is written about the reigns of the second through the ninth emperors; only their names and the names of their various descendants are mentioned, as well as a few other details. There is no mention of their achievements. Many of the stories in this volume are mythological, and there is no evidence to suggest that they are historically accurate. Recent studies support the opinion that these emperors were invented to push Jimmu's reign further back to the year 660 BC.

The Shimotsumaki recounts the 16th to the 33rd emperors. Unlike the other two volumes, this one does not contain many references to the gods. Interactions between the human world and the gods are very prominent in the first and second volumes, but not in this volume. Information about the 24th to the 33rd emperors is largely missing as well.

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran
 Nihon Shoki

References

Other websites 

 The Internet Sacred Text Archive - An online version of Basil Hall Chamberlain's translation of Kojiki (1919).

History of Japan
Japanese mythology
Shinto
In the Sanskrit language, guru means teacher. Eastern religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and newer movements such as Transcendental Meditation use guru as a title. They give it to a teacher (or guide) of religious matters. 

In Western usage, any person who has followers may be called a guru, even if he is followed for things other than religion or philosophy. A person with knowledge or expertise may be called a guru if he influences by personal teaching. Modern terms which have a rather similar meaning are mentor and tutor.

Satguru 
Many Hindus have a satguru as well.The word "guru" means the one who removes the darkness from our heart. Satguru means true guru or true teacher. The title means that his students know that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to enlightenment. A satguru is a great soul who has realized God and is able to lead others along the path. God shines out from the satguru more brightly than from other people because he is very pure and enlightened. The satguru is devoted full time to religious life, is unmarried and has given up all possessions, personal life, family and friends. He has received an initiation from his satguru that gives him great spiritual power and authority. He can teach parents how to raise children, adults how to avoid problems and overcome any challenge in life, and in general he can make people feel close to God.

Examples of gurus 
Lao Zi
Chuang Tzu
Dalai Lama
Gurdjieff
Krishnamurti
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Deepak Chopra

References 

Hinduism
Buddhism
Sikhism
Spiritual teachers
Religious leaders
Moksha is the ultimate goal of personal spiritual development for some schools of Hinduism.  It is the equivalent of Nirvana in Buddhism.  In the Sanskrit language, "moksha" means freedom.  It is as a state of eternal bliss and emptiness.  According to Vedanta life is an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth into a physical universe.   Hindu scriptures describe Moksha as the spiritual liberation from this cycle and the achievement of an eternal and blissful emptiness that transcends all of the joys, pain, and sorrow of the physical body or corporeal life. It is the goal of Hindu practitioners to achieve Moksha (freedom/liberation from the material world) through the practice of Yoga viz Jnana Yoga(knowledge), Karma Yoga(work), and Bhakti Yoga (through reciting prayers and worshipping God). 

Moksha is a Vedic term. Scholars disagree about the precise relationship between the Moksha of Vedanta Hinduism and the Nirvana of Buddhism, but there is agreement that they are closely related historically and philosophically.  Similarities can be found between Moksha and some concepts found in the Upanishads.  Hindu texts explain the Moksha as Sat-Chit-Anand [True blissness of soul by separating the soul from the physical body by practising Dhyan and Yoga ].  Moksha originates from the Sanskrit word, moksa.

In short, moksha symbolizes something which is beyond comprehension; too great and too wondrous to be truly understood, it can only be felt when one attains it. The world is truly a beautiful place, but the greatness that lies within is even more so, since the power of the greatness is completely unknown. 
After all, isn't that what beauty is; appreciation of the unknown!  

For a more comprehensive explanation of this topic read the books:
 1. The complete works of Swami Vivekananda
 2.Philosophia Ultima(commentaries on Mandukyopanishad) by Osho
 3.Vedanta: Seven steps to Samadhi by Osho (Osho is the author of more than 650 books, his discourses are free to download on on<http://oshoworld.com>)

Moksha is the ultimate goal of a person to get liberated from the cycle of birth and death

Related pages 
Bhagavad Gita

Hinduism
The caste system is a system in India that was once mainly used by Hindus. This system has been generally accepted for about 3000 years. There are four castes in this system, and one outcast group regarded as "untouchables". There are also castes in countries other than India as the system spread to South Asia about 2000 years ago. For centuries, this system has dictated one's marriages, geographical location, and occupation. The Indian government today works to decrease this discrimination with the quotas set in government jobs in 1950.

 Brahmin - priests and scholars
 Kshatriya - warriors and kings
Vaishya - merchants and landowners 
Shudra - peasants and labourers
 Untouchables or Dalits - came much later after the other four groups and consisted of people who did jobs considered ritually polluting. This included sweeping ashes after cremations or ridding of animal waste or skinning animals such as cows.

Hinduism
Brahmin is one of the part of four varnas in Hinduism. Brahmins are the highest and most respected among people. In ancient India people who read the complete Upanishad Brahmanak were called Brahmins. They were teachers, warriors, doctors, scholars, or religious people in the past. They are called Dwij because they guided others toward enlightenment.

Caste system 
The caste system classified people by jobs.  The people in this caste were mostly priests and dramatists in the Aryan society.  The Brahmins arranged prayers and rituals.  Parashurama was one of the well known Brahmin by birth, but throughout his life, he was a warrior whose job was to protect Dharma.  Parshurama is also Creator Father of Bhumihar Brahman and Bhumihar Thakur, Bhumihar's are also known as Parashurama Brahman & Bramhkshatriya.  Most Brahmins practice vegetarianism.  

There are many subgroups in Brahmins based on demography. Rishiswar, Sanadhya, Kanyakubj, Telang, Saryupareen, Bhumihar, Goswami, Tyagi, and Saraswati are the main streams of Brahmin. Across the subcontinent, other Brahmins are also believed to have switched from the traditional duties of Brahmins in favor of military and administrative ones. In other parts of the subcontinent, outside of Punjab and the Gandhara region, they have been known as the Tyagi Brahman and "brahma-kshatriya" groups. These groups also claim to have descended from the Parshuram Tyagi Brahmans of Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh; traditionally, they have a close relationship and brotherhood with Mohyals.

Some Mohyal Brahmins migrated eastward and became as some sub-divisions of Bhumihar Brahmins, some of whom are also descendants of Hussaini Brahmins and mourn the death of Imam Hussain.[7] Bhumihar Brahmins and Tyagi/ Mohyal Brahmins have an affinity and brotherhood for each other. The  Bhumihar Brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the Saryupareen Brahmin division of Kanyakubja Brahmins.In Kerala Ezhavathy is also a Mohyal community.[8]

The Brahmins of Vedic Period 

The Brahmanas of the Vedic period were regarded as the most knowledgeable people and the best of best in all arts. Therefore, not all Hindus worship other Gods.

The sub-groups 

In Tamil Nadu, The Iyers and Iyengars are well known Brahmin communities. Iyers are mostly worshippers of Shiva and the Iyengars are Vaishnavites.

Hinduism
Kshatriya is a division of the caste system about Rajput Jatt Gurjar in Hinduism. A kshatriya is a warrior, ruler or noble. Rajputs are universally considered as kshatriyas .

There are 3 lineages of Kshatriyas:-
 Suryavanshi (Solar Dynasty)
 Chandravanshi (Lunar Dynasty)
 Agnivanshi (Fire Dynasty)

However, there is one more lineage (not mentioned in any Puranas) - ‘’’Nagavanshi’’’ (snake-born), who claims descent from the Nagas.

Hinduism
Vaishya is a division of the caste system.  A vaishya is a trader, merchant or artisan.

Hinduism
Shudra is a division of the caste system. A shudra is considered a servant or peasant. Shudra and Ati-shudra indicates the bottom most ranks in the Indian caste system.  

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule set out the history of shudra-ati-shudra communities in his book Gulamgiri. He drew the attention to the exploitation of Shudras, Ati-shudras, and women etc. At this time, most prefer not even to touch such castes.

References 

Hinduism
The Atharva Veda is the fourth Veda, one of the Hindu scriptures. There are a number of upanishads in this veda. Ganapathy, Narayana, Devi, Atharva Siropanishaths are part of atharv veda. Bhavanopanisath is also in atharva veda.  Sankaracharya established joshimath in kedarnath one of the four popal centres of Hinduism to flourish atharva veda.

Hinduism
Vedas
Uriah Heep are an English hard rock band. They formed in December 1969.

Studio albums 
 ...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble (1970)
 Salisbury (1971)
 Look at Yourself (1971)
 Demons and Wizards (1972)
 The Magician's Birthday (1972)
 Sweet Freedom (1973)
 Wonderworld (1974)
 Return to Fantasy (1975)
 High and Mighty (1976)
 Firefly (1977)
 Innocent Victim (1977)
 Fallen Angel (1978)
 Conquest (1980)
 Abominog (1982)
 Head First (1983)
 Equator (1985)
 Raging Silence (1989)
 Different World (1991)
 Sea of Light (1995)
 Sonic Origami (1998)
 Wake the Sleeper (2008)
 Into the Wild (2011)
 Outsider (2014)
 Living the Dream (2018)

Other websites 
The official Uriah Heep website

English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Musical groups from London
The London Borough of Brent is a London borough in north west London and is part of Greater London.

London Borough of Brent
The London Borough of Ealing is a London borough in West London, it is part of Greater London. It includes the town of Ealing, famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio.

London Borough of Ealing
Tamamo-no-Mae (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology and folklore. In the Otogizoshi, a collection of Japanese prose written in the Muromachi period, Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe.  She was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in Japan.  Tamamo-no-Mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty.  Tamamo-no-Mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects.  Although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer.  She answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy.  Because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the Imperial Court adored her, and Emperor Konoe fell deeply in love with her.

After some time had passed, the Emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill.  He went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer.  Finally, an astrologer told the Emperor that Tamamo-no-Mae was the cause of his illness.  The astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the Emperor ill in a evil plan to take the throne.  Following this, Tamamo-no-Mae disappeared from the court.

The Emperor ordered Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox.  After escaping from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to Miura-no-suke in a dream.  Once again in the form of the beautiful Tamamo-no-Mae, the fox told Miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life.  Miura-no-suke refused.

Early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the Plain of Nasu, and Miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow.  The body of the fox became the Sessho-seki, or Killing Stone, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it.  Tamamo-no-Mae's spirit became Hoji and haunted the stone.

Hoji is said to have haunted this stone in the Japanese prefecture of Nasu until a Buddhist priest called Genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by Hoji.  Genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally Hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.

In Matsuo Bashō's famous book, The Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no Hosomichi), Bashō tells of visiting the stone in the Japanese prefecture of Nasu.

Tamamo-no-Mae's legend served as base for the noh drama Sesshoseki ("The Killing Stone") and the kabuki play Tamamonomae (or The Beautiful Fox Witch).

References

Mailahn, Klaus: Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos, Münster 2006, 190-194, 

Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology
The London Borough of Hounslow is a London borough in West London. The western District line and Piccadilly line pass through the Borough. The area was part of Middlesex, and is near to London Heathrow Airport. Through Houslow runs the A4 Great West Road.

The heart of Hounslow is the Treaty Centre, a two-floor shopping paradise with over 10 shops including a Debenhams. There is also a library. The musician M.I.A is from here, and the movie Bend it like Beckham is set in this part of London.

Other websites
Hounslow info

London Borough of Hounslow
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames is a London borough in south west London.

References

London Borough of Richmond
The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames is a London borough in south-west London. It is one of three Royal boroughs in London.

Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in south west London.

London Borough of Sutton
The London Borough of Bromley is a London Borough of south east London.

London Borough of Bromley
The London Borough of Lewisham is a London borough in south east London.

London Borough of Lewisham
The London Borough of Bexley () is a London Borough in south east London.

London Borough of Bexley
The London Borough of Havering is a east London borough. Romford is the major centre. Havering is connected to central London by the District Line, which terminates at Upminster.

London Borough of Havering
The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham is a London borough in East London.

London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in north east London.

London Borough of Redbridge
The London Borough of Newham is a London borough in east London.

London Borough of Newham
The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough in north London. There are some interesting sights, for example, the stadium of the Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur and the Alexandra Palace.

London Borough of Haringey
The London Borough of Barnet is a London borough in north London.

London Borough of Barnet
The London Borough of Harrow is a London borough in north west London.

References

London Borough of Harrow
The London Borough of Hillingdon is a London borough. It is the farthest west borough of London.

London Borough of Hillingdon
The Norwegian Elkhound is a type of dog that was bred in Norway, where most of them are found. They are fluffy and are working dogs.

They have been living and working with humans since the stone age and served as a hunter, herder, guard and companion.

A spitz, type with curled tale and pricked ears, the are friendly,playful and also great with kids.They are a great family dog, but needs a large garden and daily walks. They enjoy an active family that will play with them but are more than happy to live a less strenuous life but,they must not be allowed to get lazy because as with all hounds, will put on weight in excess.

Dog breeds
Kim Dae-jung (January 6, 1925-August 18, 2009) was a South Korean president. In 2000, he got the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the first person from Korea to get a Nobel prize. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia   Kim Dae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

Other websites 
 Official Nobel page for Kim 
 Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library
 BBC article on his legacy

1926 births
Presidents of South Korea
Roman Catholics
Deaths from multiple organ failure
2009 deaths
Repulse Bay (, literally Shallow Water Bay) is a famous beach in Hong Kong. It is in the southern part of Hong Kong Island. There are many stories explaining how the bay got its name: in 1841, pirates took Repulse Bay and lived there. They frequently took things from ships. In order to protect the ships, the British Fleet repulsed (attacked) the pirates and their base. Due to this event, it was named Repulse Bay. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the name of Repulse Bay was changed to ).

float Taiwan is also added to swallow water bay

Geography of Hong Kong
Beaches of Asia
Pelagianism is a theory named after Pelagius. It is the belief that people are not born with original sin and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. For this reason, Adam's sin was there to set a bad example for those that came after him; other than that it had no consequences. Jesus was there to set a good example (much like Adam's bad example) but also to pay the price for our sins. Pelagius believed that because people choose to sin, they are like criminals who need to be pardoned, not victims of an inherited sinful nature.

Pelagianism was condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. However, some people believe that Pelagius was simply misunderstood. Today there are no known Pelagians, but there are people who follow Celtic Christianity tradition, which respects Pelagius as a good example of Celtic Christian.

Related pages
Fall of Man

Other websites 
Canons From The Council Of Carthage Against Pelagianism, May 1, 418
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pelagius and Pelagianism
Pelagians, Donatists, Monks, Anabaptists and other Perfectionists  - a sympathetic look at Pelagianism and similar 'perfectionist' movements
Pelagius Library: Online site dedicated to the study of Pelagius
Pelagianism: The Religion of Natural Man  - a critical look at Pelagianism

Ancient Christianity‎
Goggles and safety glasses are thick, plastic glasses worn over the eyes to keep objects out of them. Goggles are used to keep water out of the eyes when swimming. They are also used for safety reasons when working with instruments that can be dangerous, like chemical or when things might fly into the eyes. Special goggles are used for kinds of welding to protect the eyes from bright light.

Related pages
 Ski goggles

Protective clothing
Headgear
is a Japanese fairy tale about a fisherman who rescues a turtle and is rewarded with a visit to the Ryūgū-jō, the Dragon Palace. There are many different versions of this story.

Story

One day, a fisherman named Urashima Taro was fishing when he noticed a turtle, which appeared to be in trouble. Taro saved the turtle and in return the turtle magically gave Taro gills and brought Taro to the Dragon Palace (Ryūgū-jō), deep underwater. The turtle turned out to be the daughter of Ryūgū-jō, a lovely princess. He stayed there with her for a few days, and received a mysterious box from her when he was leaving, which she told him never to open.  What he did not realize that time in the Dragon Palace moves an awful lot slower than on land and when he returned 700 years had passed. When he got home he found that all of his family had died long ago. In grief, he opened the box. It revealed itself in a cloud of white smoke, it was his true age, and Urashima Taro aged and died.

Related pages
Rip van Winkle

Other websites

Urashima Taro  (in English)

Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology
A generator usually means a machine that makes electrical energy. It has a generator head with wires, spinning inside a magnetic field. The resulting electromagnetic induction makes electricity flow through the wires. Hybrid electric vehicles carry a generator powerful enough to make them go. The biggest generators don't go anywhere; they stay in power stations.

Different things can be used to make the generator head spin. Some small ones are cranked by someone's arms or legs. Bigger ones are connected to an engine. The biggest ones use a steam turbine or hydroelectric water power. Some use wind power. Whatever makes it turn, the generator converts this energy into electrical energy.

Some portable generators have an internal combustion engine. They are harmful when used indoors because they make carbon monoxide.

Components
Simple generators have:
a rotor, which is the moving part of the generator
an axle
a magnet
brushes

Some kinds have:
a commutator, which is a switch that reverses the current
a power supply to start the generator

Related pages
 Electricity

Electricity
motors
An inert gas is a gas that does not usually react chemically with other things. Examples of inert gases are argon and helium. 

Inert gases are made up of only one element is called a noble gas. Inert gases can also be made of more than one element. They can be gases of molecules or mixtures of gases of elements.

Inert gases are used in several ways. A gas made from nitrogen is used to keep vegetables from spoiling when they are transported. Other inert gases are used in welding. They are put into gasoline tanks to help prevent explosions. The inert gases are as follows:
Helium
Neon
Argon
Radon
Xenon
Krypton

Gases
Emperor Gaozu of Han (, 256 BC or 247 BC – 195 BC) was the founder of Han Dynasty. He ruled China from 202 BC until 195 BC. His name was Liu Bang and Ji was his courtesy name. He was born in Yang Li City. After defeating the great King, Xiang Yu, Emperor Gaozu of Han unified China and became the first emperor of Han Dynasty. Emperor Weidi of Han, Gaozu's son, was the 2nd emperor of Han Dynasty.

Birth:

One day, Liu Bang's mother slept near the river bank. Suddenly, thick clouds darkened the sky and it thundered. Liu Bang's father, Liu Tai Gong, felt it strange and he worried over his wife's safety. He went to find his wife immediately. When Liu Tai Gong arrived, he saw a dragon sleeping on her body. After this incident, Liu Tai Gong's wife had a baby and Liu Bang was born soon!

Appearance and Personality:

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Liu Bang looked like the dragon. Also, there were 72 moles on his left leg. People saw a dragon following Liu Bang all the time. For the personality, Liu Bang was kind and he loved helping poor people. He liked drinking wines with his friends as well.Emperors of Han Dynasty
3rd-century BC births
190s BC deaths