cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
was an old province of Japan in the area of Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of on Honshū. It was also known as . 

Izu had borders with Sagami and Suruga Provinces.

History

During the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road passed through northern Izu. Travelers from Edo to Kyoto stopped at the post town (shuku-eki) at Mishima. 

In the 1850s, Shimoda was opened to American trade.  The first American Consulate in Japan was opened at the temple of Gyokusen-ji in Shimoda. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s. 

The Izu Peninsula is today the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture. The Izu Islands are considered part of Tokyo.

Shrines and Temples
Mishima taisha was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Izu.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Shizuoka Prefecture
Sir William "Billy" Connolly CBE (born 24 November 1942) is a Scottish actor, comedian and  musician. Sometimes, he is known as The Big Yin (The Big One in Scottish).

Early and personal life 
Connolly was born at home in Anderston, Glasgow. He grew up in a tenement in the same inner-city area. Connolly has five children. He is married to Pamela Stephenson, the mother of his three youngest children. 

In 2013, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and had surgery for prostate cancer. In January 2019, Connolly said he was "nearing the end of his life" as his Parkinson's advanced.

Career 
Connolly has acted in many movies including: Indecent Proposal (1993), Mrs. Brown (1997), The Boondock Saints (1999), The Debt Collector (1999), The Man Who Sued God (2001), The Last Samurai (2003) and Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004). He provided his voice for the movies Open Season (2006) and Brave (2012). 

Connolly has been repeatedly voted Britain's best comedian by television viewers. He is also a folk musician and television presenter. 

Connolly was nominated for a BAFTA award for his role in the movie Mrs. Brown. He was given a CBE in 2003.

References

Other websites
Official website

1942 births
Living people
Actors from Glasgow
British folk musicians
British stand-up comedians
British television writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Glasgow
People with cancer
People with Parkinson's disease
Scottish comedians
Scottish movie actors
Scottish musicians
Scottish television actors
Scottish television presenters
Scottish voice actors
Scottish writers
Television personalities from Glasgow
or  is an old province of Japan in the area of Nagano Prefecture on the island of Honshū. Shinano bordered on Echigo, Etchū, Hida, Kai, Kōzuke, Mikawa, Mino, Musashi, Suruga, and Tōtōmi Provinces. 

The ancient capital city of the province was near Matsumoto.

History

The boundaries of Mutsu were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

In 713, the road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was widened.  There were increasing numbers of travelers on this road.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Shinano Province weres reformed in the 1870s.

The World War II–era Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano was named after this old province.

Shrines and Temples
Suwa taisha was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Shinano.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
 Hokusai,  A View of Mount Fuji across Lake Suwa, circa 1831

Former provinces of Japan
Nagano Prefecture
Matthew Richard Lucas (born 5 March 1974) is a British actor, comedian, and writer. He is best known for Little Britain, a comedy sketch programme he and David Walliams wrote and performed.

Lucas was born and raised in London. He is from a Jewish family and is openly gay. He has alopecia.

References

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from London
British screenwriters
British television producers
British television writers
Comedians from London
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Gay Jews
Jewish British actors
Jewish British writers
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT writers
Writers from London
Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (born 1929) is a Scottish philosopher. He is best known for work on moral and political philosophy. He is also known for his work in history of philosophy and theology. He is Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics (CASEP) at London Metropolitan University, and an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame.

Works 
 After Virtue (1981)
 Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (1988)
 Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry (1990)
 Dependent Rational Animals (1999)

British philosophers
Scottish people
1929 births
Living people
Jacqueline Denise Welch (born 22 May 1958) is an English actress and television personality. She is most famous for her roles as Natalie Barnes in the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street from 1997 to 2000 and her long-running role as french teacher Steph Haydock in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road from 2006 to 2010. She is also known for her appearances as a regular panellist on the ITV chat show Loose Women firstly in 2002, and then from 2005 to 2013, and 2018 onwards. In late 2020, Welch joined the cast of the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, playing the role of Trish Minniver, and made her on-screen debut in January 2021. Welch departed the show in January 2022.

Welch's other acting roles include the television dramas Spender from 1991 to 1993, Soldier Soldier from 1993 to 1995 and Down to Earth from 2004 to 2005. In 2011, she was a contestant on the sixth series of Dancing on Ice, where she was partnered with professional skater Matt Evers and in 2012, she won the ninth series of Celebrity Big Brother.

Personal life
Welch was born in Tynemouth, Northumberland and currently lives in Cheshire.

Welch confessed that her marriage was nearly ruined because of her mental illness, as well as an affair she had during her depression. In April 2010, her 320-page autobiography Pulling Myself Together was published, in which she describes how she overcame her problems with alcohol, drugs and depression. It became a best-seller in the UK.

References

Other websites

1958 births
Living people
English television actors
English movie actors
English television presenters
British television talk show hosts
Big Brother winners
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Dancing on Ice participants
Actors from County Durham
Gary Alan Sinise (born March 17, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, voice artist, and comedian. He as in the movies Of Mice and Men, Forrest Gump, George Wallace, and Open Season.  Since 2004, Sinise has starred in CBS's CSI: NY as Detective Mac Taylor.

Sinise has won many awards including an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award. He was awarded the Presidential Citizen Medal by George W. Bush for work he did supporting the U.S Military and supporting Iraqi children.

Personal life
Sinise has been married to actress Moira Harris since 1981 and they have three children: Sophie Anne (b. 1988), McCanna Anthony (b. 1990), and Ella Jane (b. 1992).

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from Illinois
American movie directors
American voice actors
Actors from Illinois
1955 births
Living people
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Steven Ralph "Steve" Schirripa (born September 3, 1957) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, voice artist, and comedian in such movies and TV series as The Sopranos as Bobby Baccalieri, Nothing Personal (in which he is the host), and the Open Season series as Roberto.

Filmography
 1995 Casino as Man in Bar (uncredited)
 1997 Highway to Vegas as Bodyguard #1
 1998 Denial as Best Man
 1998  Chicago Hope as Security Officer
 1998 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Goon
 1998 Welcome to Hollywood as Entertainment Director Riviera Hotel
 1999 The King of Queens as Maitre'd
 1999 Speedway Junky as Security Guard
 1999 Detroit Rock City as Beefy Jerk #2
 1999 The Runner as Host
 1999 The Debtors as The Crapsman
 1999 Pensacola: Wings of Gold as Tony (Credited as Steven Schirripa)
 1999 Angel as Benny
 1999 Play It to the Bone as Party Guest
 2000 Battery Park as Anthony
 2000 The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas as Croupier
 2000 Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye as Male Cop
 2000 Big Sound as Russell
 2001 See Spot Run as Arliss (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2001 Alex in Wonder as Steve
 2001 Joe Dirt as Hood (Credited as Steven Schirripa)
 2001 Black Scorpion as Collector #1
 2002 Monday Night Mayhem as Sal
 2003 Columbo as Freddie (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2003 George Lopez as Tommy Durango (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2003 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Paulie Obregano (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2003 My Wife and Kids as Insurance Salesman
 2003 Ed as Sandy Buckman
 2003 High Roller: The Stu Ungar Story as Anthony
 2004 Law & Order as Frederico Libretti
 2004 What Are the Odds as Tony
 2004 Star Trek: Enterprise as Carmine (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2004 Joey as The Pit Boss (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2005 Duane Hopwood as Steve (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2005 Justice League as Cecil (voice)
 2005 Must Love Dogs as Vinnie (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2005 Meet the Mobsters as Tony (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2000–2007 The Sopranos as Bobby "Bacala" Baccalieri
 2007 The Podge and Rodge Show
 2008 A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa as Mobster
 2008 The Replacements
 2008 Open Season 2 as Roberto (voice)
 2008–present The Secret Life of the American Teenager as Leo Boykewich (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2009 Stargate: Atlantis as Poker Player #2
 2009 Circledrawers as Human Protecter
 2009 The Hungry Ghosts as Frank
 2009 Ugly Betty as Frankie Burrata (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2009 Aqua Teen Hunger Force as Terry's Partner (voice, uncredited)
 2009 My Fake Fiance as The Monkey (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2009 Face the Ace
 2009 Jordon Saffron Taste This! as Louie
 2009 Brothers as Louie
 2010 Hereafter as Cooking Teacher "Carlo" (Credited as Steven R. Schirripa)
 2010 The World of Richard P. Cummings Jr. as Richard Cummings Sr.
 2010 Open Season 3 as Roberto (voice)
 2011 Kill the Irishman
 2011 Nothing Personal - host and executive producer

References

Other websites
 

1957 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stand-up comedians
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Associação Sportiva Sociedade Unida is a football club which plays in Brazil.

Brazilian football clubs
Rio Grande do Norte
2002 establishments in South America
2000s establishments in Brazil
Kia Corporation formerly known as Kia Motors  (, ) is a car company. The headquarters are in Seoul, South Korea. It is the second-largest automobile manufacturer in that country, after Hyundai Motor Company. Kia sold of over 1.4 million vehicles in 2010. The company is partly owned by the Hyundai Motor Group. Hyoung-Keun (Hank) Lee has been president since August 2009.

The word Kia comes from Korean words meaning "to arise to the world from Asia".

Models

Passenger cars
Cadenza/K7
cee'd/cee'd SW/pro_cee'd
Forte/Cerato
Forte Koup
Morning/Picanto
Opirus/Amanti
Optima/Magentis
Rio/Rio5/Pride
Soul
Venga
K9
Rino
Carnival/Sedona

SUVs and vans
Carens/Rondo
Carnival/Sedona
Joice
Mohave/Borrego
Sorento
Sportage
Telluride

Commercial vehicles
K2700/Strong/3000S/2500TCI- KMC only
K4000s – KMC only
AM928 – KMC only
Granbird – KMC only
Combi

References

Companies of South Korea
Automobile companies
1944 establishments in Asia
Transport in South Korea
20th-century establishments in South Korea
Hyundai Motor Company  (Hangul : 현대 자동차 주식회사; Hanj : 現代自動車株式會社; , Hyŏndae, ) is a Korean car company. It is based in Seoul, South Korea. Along with Kia, it makes up the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. The group is the world's fourth largest maker of cars as of 2009.  As of 2011, it is the world's fastest growing automaker for two years in a row. In 2008, Hyundai (without Kia) ranked as the eighth largest automaker. In 2010, Hyundai sold over 3.6 million vehicles worldwide. In 2015 Hyundai announced it would spin-off its Genesis car as a separate luxury brand, that will compete with other luxury brands like Buick, Lexxus, Acura etc.

Models
Hyundai i40
Pony
Atos/Atoz/Santro
Click/Getz/Getz Prime/TB
Verna/Accent
Sonata/i45
Stellar
Elantra/Avante/Lantra
i10
i20
i30/i30cw/Elantra Touring
Lavita/Matrix
Santamo (Rebadged Mitsubishi Chariot; originally produced by Hyundai Precision Industry)
Grandeur/Azera/XG (Originally a joint project of Hyundai and Mitsubishi)
Genesis (soon to be spun off as a standalone marque)
Equus/Centennial (Originally a joint project of Hyundai and Mitsubishi)
Coupé/Tiburon/Tuscani
Genesis Coupe
Hyundai Getz
Excel
Dynasty

SUVs and vans
Entourage (Similar to the Kia Sedona)
Galloper (Rebadged Mitsubishi Pajero; originally produced by Hyundai Precision Industry)
Grace (1st generation was a rebadged Mitsubishi Delica)
H-1/H-200/iMax/i800/Libero/Satellite/Starex
HD1000 (Minibus/Porter)
Porter (1st generation was a rebadged Mitsubishi Delica)
Santa Fe
Starex/Grand Starex/i800/H-1
Terracan
Trajet
Tucson/JM/ix35
Veracruz/ix55

Commercial vehicles
 HM 1620 urban bus
 HM 1630 suburban bus
Hyundai 4.5 to 5-ton truck (Rebadged Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter)
Hyundai 8 to 25-ton truck (Rebadged Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great)
Aero (Rebadged Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus)
Aero City
Aero Town (e-Aero Town)
Bison & 3ton Truck
Chorus
County (e-County)
Hyundai DQ-7
e-Mighty
Hyundai FB
HD160
HD170
Mega Truck
New Power Truck
Nova (made by Ghabbour Group in Egypt)
Mighty (Rebadged Mitsubishi Fuso Canter)
Mighty II
Hyundai RB
Super Truck Medium
Super Truck
Trago
Universe
O303 Benz Bus

Concept car
HCD-I
HCD-II
HCD-III
HCD-6
HCD-7
HCD-8
HCD-9 Talus

References

Companies of South Korea
Automobile companies
1967 establishments in Asia
Transport in South Korea
20th-century establishments in South Korea
Paedophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea. All six species known so far are amongst the smallest frog and vertebrate species.

Paedophryne amauensis 
Paedophryne amauensis is a recently discovered species of frog from Papua New Guinea. Only  long, it is the world's smallest known vertebrate.

Discovery 
The frog species was discovered in August of 2009 by Christopher Austin when exploring Papua New Guinea. The National Science Foundation sponsored the exploration.

Characteristics 
The frog is a millimeter smaller than the previous record holder for being the world's smallest vertebrate – a species of carp (Paedocypris progenetica) from Indonesia. The frog mainly lives on land. According to its discoverers, the life cycle of the frog does not include a tadpole stage.

References 

Frogs
Travis Lane Stork, MD (born March 9, 1972, in Fort Collins, Colorado) is an American emergency physician and television personality. He is best known for being The Bachelor, and as the host of the syndicated daytime talk show, The Doctors.

Medical career
Stork graduated magna cum laude from Duke University, and earned his M.D. from the University of Virginia. He completed his emergency medicine residency at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Before returning to Vanderbilt as a faculty physician, he worked as an attending physician in a private hospital system in Colorado. Dr. Stork currently splits his time between Nashville and Los Angeles, where he hosts the syndicated television show "The Doctors".

The Bachelor
While Stork was finishing his residency program, he met the producers of The Bachelor by chance. They invited him to interview for the show. In 2006, Stork was the bachelor during season 8 of The Bachelor. During the season finale of the show, Stork chose school teacher, Sarah Stone, who coincidentally lived only a few blocks away from his residence. He proposed a relationship instead of marriage. After the series ended, they broke up. In May 2011 Travis got engaged to his girlfriend of two years, Dr. Charlotte Brown, a Nashville native.

The Doctors
In 2007 Stork was selected to serve as the lead host on The Doctors, a Los Angeles-based daytime medical/talk show, produced by Jay McGraw, son of Dr. Phil McGraw, which debuted in September 2008. On the show, Stork heads a panel of three other physicians from different fields (pediatrics, plastic surgery and obstetrics) as they discuss health issues and answer audience questions. The idea came about from a series of Dr. Phil show segments. Stork has been a frequent contributor on Dr. Phil.

Books

References

Other websites 

1972 births
Living people
American physicians
Participants in American reality television series
Scientists from Colorado
Scientists from Tennessee
Stephen Bradley Womack (born November 10, 1972 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American entrepreneur. He is the co-owner of Austin, Texas bars Dizzy Rooster and Chugging Monkey. Brad has an identical twin brother named Chad. He is best known to the American television audience as the bachelor of the eleventh season of the reality dating show The Bachelor  in which he became the first Bachelor not to choose either of the two finalists.  In 2011, Womack returned for a second turn as The Bachelor.

References

Other websites
ABC Brad Womack bio 
Brad Womack pictures and bio

1972 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Businesspeople from Texas
Participants in American reality television series
, one of the List of Provinces of Japan, encompassed part of modern-day Gifu Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

Mino had borders with Echizen, Hida, Ise, Mikawa, Ōmi, Owari, and Shinano Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Tarui. The main castle town was at Gifu.

History

In 713, the road crossing through Mino and Shinano provinces was widened to accommodate increasing numbers of travelers.

In 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara took place at the western edge of Mino, near the mountains between the Chūbu region and the Kinki region.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Mino Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Shitori jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Mino.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Gifu Prefecture
Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor and voice artist. He has been in many movies such as the Emperor's New Groove series, the Space Chimps movies, the Open Season franchise and the Buzz on Maggie series. He was on Family Guy. He played Jeff Bingham in Rules of Engagement.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Web

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American stand-up comedians
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Paterson, New Jersey
Comedians from New Jersey
was an island province of Japan in the area of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. The history of the province started in 674 and ended in 824.

History
Kofun burial mounds are found on Tanegashima. Two very old Shinto shrines on Yakushima suggest that these islands were the southern border of the Yamato state.

Annals of the Nara period regard Tane-no-kuni as the name for all the Ryukyu Islands, including Tanegashima and Yakushima.

Timeline
 674 {Temmu 2): Ambassadors of Tane no kuni were received in the Japanese court.
 
 702 (Taihō 2):  The Shoku Nihongi records,  "Satsuma and Tane broke the relation and disobey to the king's order. So (the government) sent an army, conquered them, counted the population, and placed the officials."

 824 (Tenchō 1): Tane was made part of Ōsumi Province.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kagoshima Prefecture
Michelle Murdocca is an American actress, producer, voice artist, and comedienne. She is the voice of Maria in the Open Season series.  She produced the 2012 movie series Hotel Transylvania.

References

Other websites

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
A combination lock is a lock that is opened with a set of secret numbers instead of a key. Mechanical combination locks usually have a dial that is rotated to three different numbers (four numbers on some safe locks) to open the lock. Electronic combination locks usually have a keypad where the combination can be entered like a telephone number.

Mechanical combination lock 
The mechanical combination lock usually has three discs inside. The last disc is connected directly to the dial, and a notch on this disc rotates the second disc. A notch on the second disc in turn rotates the first disc. The lock is usually opened by rotating the dial clockwise to the first number, counterclockwise past the first number and to the second number, and clockwise to the third number (some locks use the reverse directions, and most safe locks require a return to 0 after entering the combination). This type of lock is popular on safes and padlocks. It is available for entry doors, but is not popular due to the amount of time required to enter the combination. The combination is usually set at the factory and can not be changed easily (if at all).

Electronic keypad lock 
The electronic combination lock uses a keypad that looks similar to a telephone keypad. The combination is entered one number at a time, like a telephone number. When the number is entered, a motor opens the lock. This type of lock is popular on safes and doors, but is almost never seen on padlocks. These locks require batteries or another source of electricity. There is sometimes a key backup in case the batteries die or the electronics fail. Most safe locks do not have a key backup, as a key backup can be picked. Most electronic locks allow the user to set the combination.

Advantages 
Combination locks can not be picked (as long as there is no key backup), and the user does not have to carry a key. There is little chance of getting locked out as long as the user is good at remembering the combination.

Disadvantages 
Mechanical combination locks can be difficult to use for people who have never used one before. The most common mistakes are forgetting to pass the first number when dialing the second number, and rotating the dial backwards. In an electronic combination lock, the batteries can die, preventing the lock from opening until the batteries are replaced. With most combination locks, it is possible for a thief to obtain the combination by watching a legitimate user entering it. On an electronic combination lock, a thief can sometimes guess the combination based on the amount of wear on the buttons. An example of worn buttons can be seen in the photo on the right. More-modern keypad locks require the user to press one or two other buttons indicated by LEDs after the combination is entered. This causes the other buttons that are not part of the combination to wear down as well, preventing a thief from determining which numbers are part of the combination based on wear marks.

Locks

de:Schloss (Technik)#Zahlenschloss
Jeffrey E. "Jeff" Cardoni (born January 1970) is an American composer. He can play many different instruments. He studied classical piano before playing drums and guitar in many bands. He was in the rock band Alien Crime Syndicate for a short time. After graduating James M. Coughlin High School, Cardoni studied engineering at Pennsylvania State University between 1988 and 1991.

He is best known for his work on television projects such as CSI: Miami, The Defenders, The League, and movie scores, such as Just Friends, Firehouse Dog, Miss March, Open Season 3 and Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay. Cardoni performed the music for Open Season 3.

Early life
Cardoni was born in January 1970.

Discography

Film scores
Firehouse Dog
Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay
Just Friends
Miss March
Open Season 3

Awards and nominations
He has won many awards from the American Society of Composers, Artists and Publishers (ASCAP) for his musical scores on television.

References

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
American composers
Karl Diedrich Bader (born December 24, 1966), better known as Diedrich Bader, is an American actor and voice actor.

Many know him for his roles as the self-defense instructor Rex from Napoleon Dynamite, Oswald Harvey from The Drew Carey Show, Charlie Davies from Outsourced  and his voice portrayal of Batman on Batman: The Brave and the Bold.  Bader is also well remembered in his voice roles as the android Zeta in the Batman Beyond spinoff, The Zeta Project, Warp Darkmatter in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, the Fiskerton Phantom in The Secret Saturdays, and his recurring role as Hoss Delgado in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy.

References

1966 births
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Actors from Virginia
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from Virginia
People from Alexandria, Virginia
Kevin Michael Richardson  (born October 25, 1964) is an American actor, producer, writer, and voice artist.

Filmography

Television movies

Television

Personal life 
Richardson married his wife Monica in May 2006. They have two children.

References

Other websites

 
 

1964 births
Living people
Actors who played the Joker
American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Writers from New York City
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Craigery Michael "Craig" Owens (b. August 26, 1984) is an American musician from Davison, Michigan. He is best known as the former lead vocalist of Chiodos. He has had many side projects such as Cinematic Sunrise, and the supergroup Isles & Glaciers. He is currently lead vocalist for the supergroup Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows.

Biography
On July 20, 2008, Owens tried to kill himself by overdosing a drug called Xanax. Owens said he had been suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. Owens also said he did not suffer any permanent damage from the incident.

On December 15, 2008, a new side project was announced and was to be called Isles & Glaciers. It would include Owens, Jonny Craig (from Dance Gavin Dance and Emarosa), Vic Fuentes, Nick Martin, Matt Goddard (from Chiodos), Brian Southall, and Mike Fuentes. Owens is also often featured as a guest vocalist. Florida post-hardcore band, Broadway, had Craig Owens and Jonny Craig as guest vocalists on their debut album Kingdoms, which was released July 7, 2009. Owens was also featured in the song "The Road to Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions" for the band In Fear and Faith.

References

Other websites

Official Website 

American rock musicians
Musicians from Michigan
1984 births
Living people
People with bipolar disorder
The Canada lynx is a species of lynx which lives on the taiga. It is about twice the size of a domestic cat, and eats mice, ground squirrels, and lemming. and young deer. The lynx's favorite food is the snowshoe hare, which makes up 60% to 97% of its diet. This wild animal is not endangered (except in the southern 48 states of the US). It is of "least concern" (IUCN). Humans hunt them for their beautiful, thick fur. 

It has tufts on its ears whose function is probably social signalling.

References

Felines
Mammals of North America
Douglas J. Mink is an American software developer and a data archivist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He was part of the team that discovered the rings around the planet Uranus.

Mink was born in Elgin, Illinois in 1951. He graduated from Dundee Community High School in 1969. Mink earned an S.B. degree (1973) and an S.M. degree (1974) in Planetary Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Elgin, Illinois
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
In philosophy, determinism is the thesis that there are conditions that make future events happen the way they happen. Today, the term is mostly used in natural philosophy: there are natural laws and causality that govern certain aspects of nature. Some of those laws are not probabilistic, they apply all the time. The opposite position to this idea is called indeterminism. If there are really conditions that cause future events to be uniquely determined in advance, this will cause problems supporting the idea that there is free will.  Other ideas that need the thesis of determinism are called fatalism and predestination.

Famous people who supported the idea
Alfred Jules Ayer (1910–1989)
Georg Büchner (1813–1837)
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
Paul Thiry d'Holbach (1723–1789)
David Hume (1711–1776)
William James (1842–1910)
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)
John Locke (1632–1704)
Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980)
Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1751)
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
Max Planck (1858–1947)
Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677)

Related pages
Deterministic algorithm
Deterministic chaos
Deterministic system

Causality
National Geodetic Survey, formerly called the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (U.S.C.G.S.), is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system. It measures the land and then draws maps. It also measures magnetic fields and tides. Congress started it in 1807 to draw maps of the coasts. It helps transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and many science and engineering uses. Since 1970, it has been part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), of the United States Department of Commerce.

References

Other websites

National Geodetic Survey website
early history of the Coast Survey 
NOAA Office of Coast Survey
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Annual Reports, years 1837–1965
Timeline  at Arlington National Cemetery website
Explanation of survey monuments
1858 map: Preliminary chart of entrance to Brazos River hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
1853 map: Preliminary chart of San Luis Pass, Texas hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
1854 map: Preliminary survey of the entrance to the Rio Grande, Texas hosted by the Portal to Texas History.

United States government agencies
Geodesy
1807 establishments in the United States
The Battle of Arras was a battle of the First World War. The battle was a British attack on the German defences near the French city of Arras on the Western Front. The battle started on 9 April 1917. The British Empire troops went quite far forward but they did not achieve a breakthrough. For the amount of ground gained, the British also lost many soldiers. The battle ended on 16 May 1917 and there was a stalemate.

Arras
1917 in the United Kingdom
1910s in Germany
1910s in France
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving New Zealand
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Amish friendship bread is a type of bread or cake made from a sourdough starter that is often shared in a manner similar to a chain letter.  The starter is a replacement for baking yeast. It can be used to make many kinds of yeast-based breads, shared with friends, or frozen for future use.  The sweet, cake-like Amish cinnamon bread is a common bread that is made from this starter. It is a simple, stirred quickbread. It includes a large amount of sugar and vegetable oil, with a mild cinnamon flavor.  It has characteristics of both pound cake and coffee cake. The flavor of the finished product can be changed by not using cinnamon.

A common recipe using this starter uses one cup (240 ml) of it to make bread. A second cup is saved to start a new cycle. The remaining two cups are given to friends.  The process of sharing the starter makes it somewhat like a chain letter.  One cup of starter makes one standard loaf of bread.

It can also be called German friendship cake, or "Herman" the German friendship cake.

The starter mix can be made from a recipe of flour, water and yeast. One cup of the mixture is then passed to other people who get instructions on how to keep it alive, usually just saying to give it more ingredients as time passes.

References

Sweet breads
is an old province of Japan in the area of Tochigi Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called  or . 

The ancient capital city of the province was near Tochigi.

Tokugawa Ieyasu's tomb and shrine is at Nikkō, in Shimotsuke.

History

In the Nara period, Shimotsuke was part of Keno Province.  This was changed in the reforms of the Taihō Code in 701.

Parts of Shimotsuke were held by a several daimyo during the Sengoku period.

Timeline
 1150 (Kyūan 6, 12th month): Minamoto-no Yoshikane, the head of the Ashikaga clan, was established in Shimotsuke Province.

 1627 (Kan'ei 4): Inaba Masanari took control of Mōka Domain in Shimotsuke.

 1672 (Kanbun 12): Itakura Shigenori was given the fief of Kasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke.

 1725 (Kyōhō 10): A cadet branch of the Ōkubo clan was established in Karasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke, where they stayed until the Meiji Restoration.
 
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Shimotsuke Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Futarasan jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Shimotsuke.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tochigi Prefecture
is a region of Japan.  It is on the northeastern side of the island of Honshu.  Sanriku combines the area of Aomori, Iwate and parts of Miyagi Prefecture. It was sometimes called .

Sanriku has an irregular coastline with 36 small bays.  Each bay focuses impact power of ocean waves.  This was shown by the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

History
In 1869, the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa were divided. 

Mutsu was split into new five provinces: Rikuōku, Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwashiro and Iwaki.  The first three of these collectively known as the "Three Riku", or Sanriku. 

The new provinces were abolished in July 1871; however, the regional name is still in use as the Sanriku Coast from Aomori to the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi.

Notes

Geography of Japan
Zork: The Great Underground Empire - Part I, also known as Zork I, is an interactive fiction video game written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson and published by Infocom in 1980. It was the first game in the popular Zork trilogy and was released for a wide range of computer systems, followed by Zork II and Zork III. It was Infocom's first game, and sold more than 400,000 copies.

Plot
The player steps into the role of an "adventurer". The game begins near a white house in a small, self-contained area. Although the player is not given any instructions, the house is point of interest.

When the player enters the house through a window, it yields a number of interesting objects: an ancient brass lantern, an empty trophy case, an intricately engraved sword, etc. Beneath a rug a trap door leads down into a dark cellar. But what appears the cellar is actually one of several entrances to an underground area—the Great Underground Empire. The player soon encounters dangerous creatures, including deadly grues, an axe-wielding troll, a giant cyclops and a nimble-fingered thief. 

The goal of Zork I is to collect the Twenty Treasures of Zork and place them in the trophy case. Finding the treasures requires solving a variety of puzzles such as the navigation of two difficult mazes and some precise controls at Flood Control Dam #3. 

Placing all of the treasures into the trophy case scores the player 350 points and grants the rank of "Master Adventurer." An ancient map with further instructions then appears in the trophy case. These instructions provide access to a stone barrow. The entrance to the barrow is the end of Zork I and the beginning of Zork II.

It is possible to score all 350 points in 223 moves (and win the game completely in 228 moves) by exploiting a bug.

Notes

Other websites 
 View Zork 1 packaging  and Play Zork 1  online at the Gallery of Zork.
 Play Zork I: The Great Underground Empire online at iFiction.org
 Infocom-if.org's entry for Zork I
 
 Zork I Technical Info and Screenshot
 Zork I information and overview 
 The Infocom Bugs List entry for Zork I
 Zork 1 Walkthroughs

Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Infocom
MSX games
NEC PC-9801 games
PlayStation games
Sega Saturn games
Zork
Zork II: The Wizard of Frobozz is an interactive fiction video game published by Infocom in 1981. It was written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson. It was the second game in the popular Zork trilogy. It begins where Zork I left off and leads into Zork III. It is Infocom's second game.

Plot
The player starts in the Barrow from Zork I armed only with the brass lantern and the elvish sword.  The purpose of the game is not initially clear.

The Wizard of Frobozz is soon introduced.  The wizard was once a good sorceror, but when his powers began to go away he was exiled by Lord Dimwit Flathead. Now bordering on insanity, the wizard is a force to be reckoned with. Your goal, as you venture into the wizard's area, is to avoid his tricks and learn to control his magic.

Like its predecessor, Zork II is essentially a treasure hunt.  Unlike the previous game, the ten treasures are tied together by a crude plot.  Finding the treasures does not end the game, and finding all the treasures is not needed to finish the game. Instead, the adventurer must figure out a way to use the treasures in order to reach the game's finale.

Other websites 
 View Zork II packaging  and Play Zork II  online at the Gallery of Zork.

Zork II information and overview 
Scans of the Zork II package, documentation and feelies
Infocom-if.org's entry for Zork II
The Infocom Bugs List entry for Zork II
The Dot Eaters page  featuring a history of the Zork games and Infocom
 Play Zork II online at iFiction.org

Infocom
1981 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
MSX games
Zork
Ramin Djawadi (born July 19, 1974) is a German-Iranian composer of orchestral music for movies and television. He was born in Duisburg, Germany to an Iranian father and German mother. Djawadi may be best known for his Grammy-nominated, guitar-driven score for Iron Man and for the TV series Prison Break, Game of Thrones and Person of Interest.

Biography
After graduating summa cum laude from Berklee College of Music in 1998, Djawadi got the attention of Hans Zimmer. Zimmer recruited him to Remote Control Productions.  Djawadi moved to Los Angeles and worked as an assistant to Klaus Badelt. He wrote additional music on The Time Machine, Basic, The Recruit and the blockbuster Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He then worked with Zimmer on the score for Thunderbirds, Something's Gotta Give (movieething's Gotta Give and Batman Begins.

Djawadi then went out on his own with Blade: Trinity, collaborating with The RZA for director David Goyer. This was the beginning of his relationship with Goyer for both movies and television. Djawadi wrote the score for Goyer's horror thriller The Unborn, which was produced by Michael Bay. he also worked with Goyer on the television series FlashForward. This earned him his second Emmy nomination. Djawadi also composed the Emmy-nominated theme music for Prison Break and the theme for the related show Breakout Kings. Djawadi's score for the movie Mr. Brooks earned him a World Soundtrack Awards “Discovery of the Year” nomination.  His other scores include Deception, starring Hugh Jackman and Ewan McGregor, and Robert Towne's Ask the Dust.

Djawadi scored the first Sony Animation project, Open Season as well as the sequel Open Season 2.  Other animation scores include The Chubbchubbs Save Xmas. Djawadi's work in these movies got him noticed by the filmmakers of the Belgium-based NWave. They created one of the first animated movies in 3D, Fly Me to the Moon.  Djawadi finished Warner Brothers' Clash of the Titans in 2010.  Djawadi also scored the soundtrack for the 2010 video game Medal of Honor and HBO's fantasy drama Game of Thrones.

He is currently composing the music for the new J.J. Abrams TV series, Person of Interest.

His usual orchestrators are Stephen Coleman and Tony Blondal

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
20th-century German composers
Iranian people
Movie score composers
People from Duisburg
21st-century German composers
Feminazi is a word used to criticize the feminist movement or its members. The name was created by American talk-show hosts Bob Black and Rush Limbaugh. Black wrote an essay in 1983 called "Feminism as Fascism".

Related pages
 Nazism
 Marxism
 Sexism
 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

References

Other websites 

 Online dictionary 

Political philosophy
Feminism
Pejoratives
Jessica-Jane Clement (born 24 February 1985) is a British glamour model, actress and television presenter. She was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. She is best known for her role in The Real Hustle on BBC Three. She was a contestant in the 2011 series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.

Other websites 

Official website

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English models
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
People from Sheffield
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Charlotte Church (born Charlotte Maria Reed, 21 February 1986) is a Welsh singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter. She changed her surname when she was adopted by her stepfather. She sings classical music and pop music.  She hosted a Channel 4 chat show titled The Charlotte Church Show. She has two children by rugby player Gavin Henson.

By 2007, she had sold more than ten million records worldwide including over five million in the United States. In 2010 she was reported to be worth as much as £11m (though one 2003 report quoted her worth at £25m). Church released her first album in five years, titled Back to Scratch, on 17 October 2010. Church has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

Discography
Studio albums
 Voice of an Angel (1998)
 Charlotte Church (1999)
 Dream a Dream (2000)
 Enchantment (2001)

References

Other websites 

Official website 

1986 births
Living people
British adoptees
British television talk show hosts
Classical musicians
Musicians from Cardiff
Welsh movie actors
Welsh pop singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
Welsh television actors
Bako Sahakyan (, sometimes transcribed as Bako Sahakian or Saakian, born August 30, 1960) is the fourth president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He replaced Arkadi Ghukasyan, who held the presidential post for two five-year terms.

Biography
Sahakyan was born in Stepanakert, NKAO, Azerbaijan SSR in 1960. After serving in the Soviet army, he worked for nine years in a Stepanakert factory. In 1990, he joined the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, of which he became a deputy commander. In 1999, he was named interior minister of Nagorno-Karabakh. He also led the Nagorno-Karabakh security service from 2001 to June 2007.

Bako Sahakyan is married and has two children.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic
High turnout in Nagorno-Karabakh

1960 births
Living people
Caucasus
Presidents (government)
Arkadi Ghukasyan () was the third President of the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He was elected as the President on September 8, 1997 and re-elected in 2002, until his term ended on July 19, 2007 and was succeeded by Bako Sahakyan.

Born in Stepanakert, in the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Republic of the Azerbaijan SSR on June 22, 1957, he graduated in 1979 from Yerevan State University with a degree in linguistics. He started his working career as a correspondent for "Soviet Karabagh" newspaper, becoming its Deputy Editor-in-Chief in 1981.

In 1991 Ghukasyan was elected to the first Parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. 

Ghukasyan has been a member of Nagorno-Karabagk's Security Council since 1993. On July 23, 1993 he became the first Foreign Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

He survived an assassination attempt in 2000.

References

Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh

Other websites
 Official website (in Russian and Armenian)

1957 births
Living people
Caucasus
Presidents (government)
Nina Dobrev (born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress. She is best known for playing the role of Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on the dramatic television series, The Vampire Diaries.

Biography 
Nina Dobrev was born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria to Bulgarian parents. her father is a computer scientist, and her mother is an artist. Her family moved to Canada when she was two years old. She was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Was 20 years old when she started her first show

References

Other websites

 

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
People from Sofia
1989 births
Living people
Canadian voice actors
Relativism is the idea that points of view have no absolute truth or validity. They only have relative, subjective value according to viewpoint and circumstances.

Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:
 "That's true for you but not for me."
 "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
 "You can't judge other cultures by the standards of your own."

There are many forms of relativism.
The term often refers to truth relativism, which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism).

As moral relativism, moral principles apply only in a limited context. In context, principles and ethics do hold; out of context they do not.

There are similar ideas in nihilism, scepticism and amoralism.

Various applications 
People who agreed with the idea of relativism include Paul Feyerabend, Isaiah Berlin and Richard Rorty. 

The Roman Catholic Church, especially under John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, has identified relativism as one of the most significant problems for faith and morals today.

The Church and some philosophers define relativism as the denial of absolute truth. They say that without absolute truth, there can be no moral values. If there are no moral values, there might not be sin, and God may not exist. In their view, relativism constitutes a denial of the capacity of the human mind and reason to arrive at truth. Truth, according to Catholic theologians and philosophers (following Aristotle and Plato) consists of adequatio rei et intellectus, the correspondence of the mind and reality. Another way of putting it states that the mind has the same form as reality. This means when the form of the computer in front of someone (the type, color, shape, capacity, etc.) is also the form that is in their mind, then what they know is true because their mind corresponds to objective reality.

The denial of an absolute reference, of an axis mundi, denies God, who equates to Absolute Truth, according to these Christian philosophers. They link relativism to secularism, an obstruction of religion in human life.

Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) was the first known Pope to use the word relativism in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). Leo XIII condemned Freemasonry and claimed that its philosophical and political system was largely based on relativism.

References

Philosophical movements and positions