cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Amniocentesis is the name of a medical test that is often performed when screening babies. The test consist of taking a little Amniotic fluid, and testing this fluid. This fluid contains tissue of the embryo or fetus, and allows to determine the sex. It also allows to find certain birth defects.

Health
Pregnancy and childbirth
The Schlieffen Plan was a strategic plan made by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, who worked for the German navy. It was made for the army of the German Empire in 1905. It was designed for a war between France on one side and the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Italy on the other. Germany and their allies would invade France through Belgium, instead of directly attacking. With help from allies, Germany would have just enough men to beat France in a few months.

When Schlieffen retired in 1906, and the WW1 came up 9 years later, in August 1915, the German officers and tactic leaders dug up the plan that Schlieffen had made and thought that the plan would work like it would in Schlieffen's hypothetical war. However, the plan didn't work, because the plan was outdated and things had changed a lot within the decade.

Even though he did not have enough men to beat France, Moltke still attacked France through Belgium. He did this because he thought attacking was always better than defending. Moltke was sure that the Russo-Japanese War proved this because Japan always attacked, and Japan won.

Schlieffen believed that defending was usually better than attacking. Schlieffen said that a defender's men can ride trains to a place faster than an attacker's men can walk there. This meant that the defender would always have enough men to stop the attacker. Schlieffen also said that trenches, machine guns, and barbed wire would help the defender a lot. Schlieffen was right. In WWI, defense was always better until attackers used lots of artillery to help their infantry.

A similar idea to the Schlieffen Plan was used by Hitler's generals Erich von Manstein and Heinz Guderian in World War II. In that war, Germany invaded France by attacking Belgium and The Netherlands. Because in the Schlieffen Plan Germany attacked mostly through northern Belgium, France thought Germany would do this again. France put most of her soldiers in north Belgium. But Germany invaded mostly through South Belgium. German troops marched to the sea and trapped half of the French Army in northern Belgium. Because the trapped French troops were starving and could not get any more food, they surrendered. France tried to continue fighting but was too weak to resist and surrendered.

References 

World War I
Dolores Costello (September 17, 1903 – March 1, 1979) was an American actress. She worked during the silent movie era. She was in movies such as The Telephone and A Midsummer Night's Dream. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

References

Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
1903 births
1979 deaths
Charles "Charlie" Kunz (August 18, 1896 – March 16, 1958) was a British musician, who became well-known and liked during the British dance band era. He played in nightclubs where people would come to ballroom dance. He had a rhythmic, relaxed style and played popular music with his own way of expressing feeling and moods.

Early life and career
Kunz was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 1896.  His father was a master baker who also played the French horn. Young Charlie began to play in front of an audience as an amateur when he was only six years old. When he was seven, he had become good enough to play as a professional pianist.

He came to England in 1922 with a small dance band that was led by the drummer, Ed Krick. Kunz liked London so well that he did not want to leave, so that band returned without him to Pennsylvania. In England, he soon became such a popular pianist that he gave up his own orchestra to just work at his piano playing. He played at ballroom and nightclub venues and also on the BBC radio. Two of Britain's most famous female vocalists were with his band in the 1930s; Vera Lynn  and Welsh songstress Dorothy Squires. His best known singer was George Barclay, who was known as a crooner, a popular singing style at that time.
 
His first time playing as a soloist came in 1934 at the Holborn Empire. In that same year, he began to record the first of many solo records of "Charlie Kunz Medleys".  His most famous song was Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie. Each time he performed, his closing theme was Pink Elephants.

Personal life and death
He was married three times. He had one child with his first wife, Amanda Dysher. She later died. In 1923, he married again Eva Dorothy "Nin" Lloyd, who was a fashion model. They had two sons. They were married until 1939. His third wife was Pat Sparkes, whom he married in 1942. They were still married when he died. 
He kept living in England until his death from a heart attack in 1958. He is buried in Streatham Vale Cemetery.

References

Other websites

Charlie Kunz 
Charlie Kunz Discography
Charlie Kunz Biography - AllMusic

1896 births
1958 deaths
American pianists
Musicians from Pennsylvania
People from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Bandleaders
Jazz pianists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
{{Infobox Album
| name = To Hell With the Devil
| type = studio
| artist = Stryper
| cover = 
| released = October 24, 1986
| recorded = 
| genre = Christian metal, glam metal, heavy metal
| length = 41:10
| language = English
| label = Enigma Records
| producer = Stephan Galfas, Stryper
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Soldiers Under Command(1985)
!(1986)
| next_title = In God We Trust(1988)
}}To Hell With The Devil' is the third album by the Christian glam metal band Stryper. It was released in 1986. The album was listed in the book The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music by CCM Magazine. The album was nominated for Best Gospel Performance - Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus at the Grammy Awards but lost to Mylon and Broken Heart's Crack the Sky''.

Track listing

References

Other websites

1986 albums
Christian metal
Heavy metal albums
Mackenzie Phillips (November 10, 1959) is an American actress and musician who began acting when still a child. She starred as Carol Morrison in American Graffiti and Julie in the sitcom One Day at a Time. Phillips was born in Alexandria, Virginia, though raised in California.

Other websites 

People from Alexandria, Virginia
Actors from California
Actors from Virginia
American movie actors
American television actors
1959 births
Living people
Laurentia is a large continental craton. It forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent. 

Originally, it included the core of Greenland and the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. Laurentia is also called the North American Craton. It is a modern geological feature, and it is also a very ancient geological core made of igneous rock. It is nearly four billion years old.

At times in the past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents. It is an assembly of smaller tectonic plates which merged early in the Archaean era. As the plates moved together, a huge range of mountains formed. Much later, in the Proterozoic era, small plates and oceanic islands collided with and fused with the ever-growing Laurentia. Together they made the huge, stable craton we see today as the north and center of North America and the west of Greenland. 

Over a billion years ago, the Grenville Orogeny in the Canadian Shield made jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains. Millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.

The remaining, western, part of North America was added much later, after Pangaea split up, and the Americas moved west from Eurasia and Gondwana.

The craton is named after the Laurentian Mountains, a range to the north of the St. Lawrence River.

Rocks as seen today 
The cratonic rocks are metamorphic and igneous, while the overlying sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of limestones, sandstones, and shales. These sedimentary rocks were deposited from 650 to 290 million years ago. In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface.

The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions (violet area of the image above). This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the Basin and Range Province and has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area has a history of major volcanic eruptions.

References 

Continents
North America
Greenland
Archaean
Proterozoic
Kimberly "Kim" Richards (born on September 19, 1964) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television programs. She played Prudence Everett in Nanny and the Professor. She played Olga in the series Little House on the Prairie. Richards was born in Mineola, New York.

American television actors
Actors from New York
1964 births
Living people
The Help is a 2011 American drama movie based on Kathryn Stockett's novel and directed by Tate Taylor. It stars Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Bryce Dallas Howard and Jessica Chastain.

Plot 
The young Skeeter (Emma Stone) returns to her hometown. She has finished her study at the University of Mississippi and now she wants to be a novelist. She begins to interview African-American women who are housemaids working for white people. She writes a book about the lives of the housemaids. First of all, the housemaids are against an interview. However, after an incident, many housemaids tell about their lives. Each shift begins with a whisper, but the voices get louder and many people have many things to tell.

Awards 

The Help won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Octavia Spencer in the category best actress in a supporting role. Viola Davis was nominated for an Oscar in the category best actress in a leading role.

2011 movies
American drama movies
Indian movies
United Arab Emirates movies
Movies about racism
Movies based on books
Movies set in Mississippi
Academy Award winning movies
English-language movies
2010s feminist movies
Movies directed by Tate Taylor
The House of Fieschi were a noble merchant family from Genoa, Italy. The family was very influential in papal politics in medieval Italy. They held the fief of Lavagna under the Holy Roman Emperors. They had a close relationship with the Angevin kings of Sicily. Later they also established links with French kings. The Fieschi family produced two popes and 72 cardinals.

Famous members

Popes
 Pope Innocent IV (c. 1195–1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi,
 Pope Adrian V (c. 1210–1276), born Ottobuono Fieschi,

Others
Niccolò Fieschi
Saint Catherine (1447–1510)
Giovanni Luigi Fieschi (1522–1547)
Giuseppe Fieschi (1790–1836)

References

Papal families
Italian families
Genoa
Mthatha (formerly Umtata), is the main town in Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The town has an airport, last known by the name K. D. Matanzima Airport. after former leader Kaiser Matanzima. 

Former South African president Nelson Mandela was born in Mvezo (a village in Mthatha). On 2 March 2004 Umtata was officially renamed to its current name Mthatha. Walter Sisulu, Bantu Holomisa, Yamkela Mhlana and Buyisiwe Yonela Mhlana , as well as Ndima Mhlana were also born in Mthatha.

References

Other websites
 Mthatha town website
The Ecological Health of the Mthatha River
Invictus is a 2009 biographical sports drama movie. It was directed by Clint Eastwood and stars Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3½ stars out of 4.

The movie was about South African president Nelson Mandela during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. It was released on December 11, 2009. Freeman and Damon both received Academy Award nominations for their role in the movie.

Release dates

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

2000s biographical movies
2009 drama movies
2000s sports movies
American drama movies
South African movies
Warner Bros. movies
Nelson Mandela
Movies set in South Africa
Movies set in the 1990s
English-language movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
The House of Tusculum were a powerful noble family of Latium, Italy. They were the Counts of Tusculum between the 10th and 12th centuries. Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their family. The counts of Tusculum were influential figures in Roman politics and religion for more than a century.

Counts
This list is partially incomplete in the 10th century. The chronology and dates are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013. Before this, they were lords.

before 924 Theophylact I 
until 924 Alberic I, consul son-in-law
924 – 954 Alberic II, son
before 1013 Gregory I, son (Excellentissimus vir – Praefectus navalis)
until 1012 Theophylact II, son of Gregory I
1012 – 1024 Romanus, (Consul et dux, senator) brother of Theophylact II and son of Gregory I
1032 – 1045 Alberic III, (Imperialis palatii magister Consul et dux – Comes sacri palatii Lateranensis) brother of Theophylact II and Romanus;
1024 – 1032 Theophylact III son of Alberic III 
1044 – 1058 Gregory II, (Consul, nobilis vir, senator Comes Tusculanensis), son of Alberic III
1058 – ca 1108 Gregory III,  (Comes Tusculanensis Consul, illustris) son of Gregory II
ca 1108 – 1126 Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), (Consul, comes Tusculanus) son Gregory III;
1126 – 1153 Ptolemy II (Tolomeo II), (Illustrissimus, dominus Consul et dux) son of Ptolemy I;
1153 – ca 1167 Jonathan, (Comes de Tusculano) co-ruler with Raino  son of Ptolemy II;
1153 – 1179 Raino, (Nobilis vir,  dominus) brother of Jonathan, co-ruler with Jonathan.

Popes
Those who were also counts are listed in boldface.
 John XI (931-935), son of Alberic I 
 John XII (955-964), son of Alberic II 
 Benedict VII (974-983), nephew of Alberic II 
Benedict VIII (1012-1024), son of Gregory I 
John XIX (1024-1032), son of Gregory I
Benedict IX (1032-1048), son of Alberic III

Two of the Tusculum clerics are today known as antipopes:
 Antipope Benedict X (1058-1059), son of Alberic III
 Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), born Octavius

References 

Italian families
Noble families
People from Lazio
Papal families
The Nelson Mandela Park is a public park in Leicester, England. It is located just inside the city centre near Leicester Prison and the Leicester Tigers' Stadium. The park was named in honor of South African president Nelson Mandela.

References

Leicester
Parks in the United Kingdom
Nelson Mandela
The Borgia family (also Borja, Borjia or Borges) were a noble family during the Renaissance in Italy. They were from Valencia, the name coming from the family fief of Borja, then in the kingdom of Aragon, in Spain.

The Borgias became influential in religion and politics in the 15th and 16th centuries. Two popes came from this family during this time: Alfons de Borja who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458 and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.

During the reign of Alexander VI, the Borgias were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, simony, theft, rape, bribery, incest, and murder. They became enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Savonarola, among others. Today they are remembered for their corrupt rule. The name has become a synonym for libertinism, nepotism and treachery.

Popes
Pope Callixtus III (1455-1458), born Alfonso de Borja
Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), born Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia
Pope Innocent X (1644-1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphili, the great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

References

Other websites

Papal families
The House of Orsini is an Italian noble family. It was one of the most influential princely families in Italy during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Three popes belonged to the Orsini family: Celestine III (1191–1198, born Gicinto Bobone), Nicholas III (1277–1280, born Giovanni Gaetani Orsini), and Benedict XIII (1724–1730, born Pietro Francesco Orsini). The Orsini family also produced 34 Cardinals of the Roman Church and many other important political and religious people.

Sources

Other websites

 Catholic Encyclopedia: Orsini
 Encyclopedia Americana: Orsini

Orsini
Orsini
Orsini
The Conti di Segni (de Comitibus Signie, also known as Conti or De Comitibus for short) were an important noble family of medieval and early modern Italy. They came from Segni, Lazio. Many members of the family served as military commanders or religious leaders, including many cardinals and four popes.

The family began with Trasimondo, the father of Lotario Conti, who became Pope Innocent III in 1198. He ruled until 1216. The second Conti pope was Ugolino (1227-1241), as Gregory IX. The third pope to come from the Conti family was Rinaldo, as Alexander IV (r. 1254-1261). Later, in the early modern period, Michelangelo Conti reigned as Pope Innocent XIII from 1721 to 1724.

Torquato Conti (1591–1636) served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. His cruelty earned him the nickname The Devil.

The family eventually became divided into many branches. The two main branches were the counts of Segni and Valmontone, and the dukes of Poli and Guadagnolo.

References 

Italian families
Noble families
Papal families
Specific phobias are a generic form of anxiety condition which consists of unreasonable or irrational fears of exposure to specific objects or certain situations. Affected people tend to avoid direct contact with such objects or situations, sometimes even the mentions of them. Exposure may result in panic attacks or severe anxiety. The usual onset age is childhood or adolescence, although the condition can start for young adults. Females are almost twice as likely to suffer from specific phobias as males. Examples for specific phobia include fears of thunderstorms and certain animals, particularly spiders or snakes.

Anxiety disorders
This is a list of episodes of the television series Baby Daddy.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2012)

Season 2 (2013) 
On August 17, 2012, Baby Daddy was renewed for a second season, it premiered on May 29, 2013. Matt Dallas, who previously worked with Jean-Luc Bilodeau on the ABC Family series Kyle XY, appeared in a recurring role as Fitch Douglas, a love interest for Riley. Both Lacey Chabert and Grace Phipps also had recurring roles this season. Wayne Brady guest starred in the episode "There's Something Fitchy Going On".

Season 3 (2014) 
On March 22, 2013, two months before the second season premiered, ABC Family renewed Baby Daddy for a third season. It premiered on January 15, 2014. Bruce Thomas, who previously worked with Jean-Luc Bilodeau on Kyle XY, guest starred in the episode "The Bet". Bilodeau's other Kyle XY co-star Matt Dallas reprised his role as Fitch in the episode "Lights! Camera! No Action!", Mary Hart also guest starred as herself in that episode. Other guest stars this season included Lucy Hale, David DeLuise, Phil Morris, Mark DeCarlo, Kelsey Chow and Dot Jones.

Season 4 (2014–15) 
On March 17, 2014, Baby Daddy was renewed for the fourth season. It premiered on October 22, 2014, with the series' first Halloween episode "Strip or Treat". The second Christmas episode of the series entitled "It's a Wonderful Emma" premiered on December 10, 2014. Aisha Dee guest starred as Olivia, Tucker's ex-wife. Christa B. Allen will appear in a recurring role as Robyn, a corporate lawyer working at Riley's law firm, who later begins dating Danny. Eddie Cibrian will appear in a multi-episode arc as Ross, a guy that Riley falls for, later discovering that he is her boss. Jackée Harry will guest star as Judge Johnson, a no nonsense judge, with a weakness for children. The episode will reunite Harry with Tahj Mowry, Mowry made numerous guest appearances on Harry's 1990s sitcom Sister, Sister.

Season 5 
On February 27, 2015, the series was renewed for a fifth season.

References

Other websites
List of Baby Daddy episodes  at TV.com

Lists of comedy television series episodes
3 Musketeers is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It has whipped chocolate covered with milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1932. At first, it had chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. The strawberry and vanilla were removed due to higher costs and World War II. 3 Musketeers is the fifth best selling chocolate bar in the United States.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Candy
Ryan John Seacrest (born December 24, 1974) is an American radio personality, television host, and producer. He is best known for being the host of the FOX television show American Idol. He also hosts the morning radio show On Air with Ryan Seacrest on KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, California as well as the syndicated radio show American Top 40.

Seacrest started hosting American Idol in 2002. In the show's first season, he hosted the show with comedian Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman left the show after the first season, leaving Seacrest as the show's only host. American Idol went on to be a very successful show, making Seacrest a well-known television personality. American Idol is seen by 26 million people weekly.

On December 31, 2005, Seacrest became the executive producer and co-host of ABC's Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve. In 2009, the show was renamed Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest. He co-hosted the show with Dick Clark until Clark's death in 2012. For the 2013 show, he hosted the show with Jenny McCarthy and Fergie.

He has won Emmy Awards for hosting American Idol. He also won an Emmy Award for producing the ABC show Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution.

References

Other websites
 
 

American Idol
American television presenters
American television producers
Television personalities from Georgia (U.S. state)
1974 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
The Institut de Droit International is an organization that formed on 8 September 1873. It was made to study and develop  international law. In 1904 the Institute received the Nobel Peace Prize.

The institute was founded by Gustave Moynier and Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns.  They and nine other lawyers formed the IDI in Belgium.

Nobel Peace Prize winners
Research organizations in Europe
1873 establishments
International law
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and soldier.  He later became a pacifist and won the 1907 Nobel Peace Prize.

Moneto was born in Milan on September 20, 1833.  He died February 10, 1918.

1833 births
1918 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Italian people
People from Milan
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Louis Renault was a French jurist and educator.  He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1907.

Renault was born at Autun on 21 May 1843.  He was a professor at the University of Dijon.  He then worked at the University of Paris until his death on 8 February 1918.

1843 births
1918 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
French lawyers
The South African general election of 1994 was an election held in South Africa. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). At the end of the general election, President Nelson Mandela became the first President of South Africa. 

Millions of people were in lines over a three-day voting period. The total of people who's votes were counted were 19,726,579 and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As required by the Interim Constitution, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than twenty seats in the National Assembly.

The date 27 April is now a public holidays in South Africa. It is known as Freedom Day.

Other websites
U.S. Department of the Army, South Africa Country Study, "The 1994 Elections"
 IEC results for 1994 election 
 Proportional representation and alternative systems 

1994 in Africa
Politics of South Africa
Nelson Mandela
1994 elections
20th century in South Africa
Elections in Africa
General elections
The Equalizer is a 2014 American action crime thriller movie. It is set in Boston, Massachusetts. It stars Denzel Washington and Melissa Leo. It is based on the The TV series of the same name. This movie is about retired intelligence officer Robert McCall (Washington). He becomes a vigilante on behalf of helpless people, though he gets heat from the Russian Mafia. The movie was released worldwide on September 26, 2014. It was followed up

Other websites
 

2014 action movies
2014 crime movies
2014 thriller movies
2010s action thriller movies
2010s crime thriller movies
American action thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies based on TV series
Movies set in Boston, Massachusetts
Vigilante movies
Movies directed by Antoine Fuqua
The Rivonia Trial was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964. Ten leaders of the African National Congress were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to overthrow the apartheid system. This trial was held after the police raid on the MK base in Rivonia, where documents related to the 10 accused men were found. One of the men was the future President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela. After the trial, Mandela was taken to jail in Robben Island.

The chief prosecutor was Dr. Percy Yutar, deputy attorney-general of the Transvaal.

The presiding judge was Dr. Quartus de Wet, judge-president of the Transvaal.

Arrests 

Among the arrested were:

 Nelson Mandela
 Walter Sisulu
 Govan Mbeki
 Raymond Mhlaba
 Andrew Mlangeni
 Elias Motsoaledi, trade union and ANC member
 Ahmed Kathrada
 Denis Goldberg, a Cape Town engineer and leader of the Congress of Democrats
 Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, architect and member of the South African Communist Party (SACP)
 Bob Hepple
 Arthur Goldreich
 Harold Wolpe, prominent attorney and activist
 James "Jimmy" Kantor, brother-in-law of Harold Wolpe

Most of the Rivonia defendants were to be convicted, and in turn sentenced to life imprisonment.

Other websites
 "The Rivonia Trial " - article by Sunder Katwala from The Observer, dated Sunday, 11 February 2001
 ANC history 
 On the trail of Mandela's handgun
 Rivonia Unmasked The prosecutor's account of the Rivonia Trial.
 Historical Papers of the Rivonia Trial, Digital Collection at the University of the Witwatersrand.
 Rivonia Trial Images

1963
1964
Nelson Mandela
20th century in South Africa
María Conchita Alonso (June 29, 1957) is a Latin American actress who has performed in lots of movies and television programs. She acted in movies including Vampire's Kiss, The Running Man and Colors. Alonso was born in Cuba, and grew up in Caracas, Venezuela. She is an American citizen.

Alonso is very active politically and is a critic of Cuba's Fidel Castro and late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez.

References

Other websites 

American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
Cuban actors
People from Caracas
1957 births
Living people
Monica Potter (born June 30, 1971) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television programs. She played Alison Gordon in the 2004 movie Saw, Tricia Poe in the thriller movie Con Air and Kristina Braverman in the television show Parenthood. She also played Lori Colson in Boston Legal. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

American television actors
American movie actors
1971 births
Living people
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
American Roman Catholics
Child actors
Vegetarians
Nushki is a town and a district in Balochistan, Pakistan. The population of Nushki is around 40000 people. The city is in the northwest of Balochistan near to the Afghanistan border.

Cities in Pakistan
Balochistan (Pakistan)
Flood control is a term to refer to measures that protect settlements, people and property against flooding. Such measures include building dams, levees and weirs. People also move away from floodplains where flooding is frequent.

Although it may be impossible to prevent flooding, there are a number of methods you can carry out to stop the water coming into your home or working environment. Simply follow these steps:

 Set up flood-barriers
 Have flood doors and windows installed if necessary
 Set up prevention and reaction solutions

Gallery

References
Octavia Leonare Spencer (born May 25, 1970) is an American actress. She has won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.

Life 

Octavia Spencer was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She has six brothers and sisters. 1988, she went to the Jefferson Davis High School and in this school she did her high school graduation.

Filmography 

 1996: A Time to Kill
 1998: ER (TV Series)
 1999: Blue Streak
 1999: Never Been Kissed
 1999: Chicago Hop (TV Series)
 1999: The X-Files (TV Series)
 2000: Just Shoot Me!
 2000: Big Momma's House
 2000: Becker
 2000: Malcolm in the Middle
 2001: Grounded for Life (TV Series)
 2001: Dharma & Greg (TV Series)
 2001,2002: Titus (TV Series)
 2002,2005: NYPD Blue (TV Series)
 2003: S.W.A.T.
 2003: Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde
 2004: Win a Date with Tad Hamilton
 2004-2005: LAX (TV Series)
 2005: Beauty Shop
 2005: Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous
 2005: CSI: NY
 2005: Medium
 2007: Ugly Betty
 2008: Seven Pounds
 2008: Wizards of Waverly Place
 2008: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (TV Series)
 2008: The Big Bang Theory
 2009: Just Peck
 2009: Halloween II
 2010: The Dennis Schäfner Show
 2010: Dinner for Schmucks
 2011: Flypaper
 2011: The Help
 2012: Smashed
 2017: The Shape of Water

1970 births
American movie actors
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Living people
Actors from Montgomery, Alabama
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) sets a unique and meaningful name for every known human gene. It asks experts their opinions. The HGNC gives a long name, and an abbreviation (referred to as a symbol) to every gene. The HGNC is part of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO).

Traditional gene names and abbreviations are often not specific for a single gene. Example: CAP (which means just "chromosome-associated protein") can refer to any of six different genes: (BRD4, CAP1 , LNPEP , PTPLA , SERPINB6 , and SORBS1 ).

Unlike traditional names like CAP, the HGNC short gene names, or gene symbols, are given to one gene only. This reduces confusion as to which gene is referred to.

Naming guidelines 
The HGNC approach to naming genes and assigning symbols (gene name abbreviations)is:
 gene symbols must be unique
 symbols should only use the Roman alphabet and Arabic numerals
 symbols should not contain punctuation or "G" for gene
 symbols do not contain any reference to the species they are encoded in, i.e. "H/h" for human
The full description of HGNC's nomenclature guidelines can be found on their web site . HGNC advocates the appendices _v1, _v2,.. to distinguish between different splice variants and _pr1, _pr2,.. for promoter variants of a single gene.

HGNC also states that "gene nomenclature should evolve with new technology rather than be restrictive as sometimes occurs when historical and single gene nomenclature systems are applied".

Procedure 
The HGNC contacts authors who have published on the human gene in question by e-mail. They are asked their opinion on the proposed nomenclature. HGNC also works with other database curators, and experts for specific gene families or sets of genes.

Revision 
Changing a standardised gene name after it has got established may cause confusion. The merit of such changes are therefore controversial. For this reason the HGNC changes a gene name only if agreement for that change can be got from most researchers working on that gene.

Related pages 
 Human Genome Organisation (HUGO)
 Human Genome Project
 human genome
 gene
 gene nomenclature

References

Other websites 
 HGNC homepage
 HUGO homepage

Genetics
In genetics, a promoter is a section of DNA which starts the transcription of a gene. 

Promoters are near the genes they transcribe. They are on the same strand of DNA and are 'upstream'.

Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.

Overview
For the transcription to take place, the enzyme that makes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene. 

Promoters contain specific DNA sequences which give the RNA polymerase a place to bind. Other proteins also help this to happen. Some can also stop it from happening. The whole thing is called "the regulation of gene expression". 

In bacteria The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase and another protein.
In eukaryotes The process is more complicated. At least seven different factors are needed so RNA polymerase II can bind to the promoter.

Promoters are important parts of the DNA. They work with other regulatory regions. Together, they adjust the level of transcription of a gene. So, genes get switched on when they are needed, and switched off when they are not. When they are on, they get adjusted up or down as needed.

References 

DNA
Elizabeth Anne "Lizzy" Caplan (born 30 June 1982) is an American television and movie actress. She has played many roles. She played Janis Ian in Mean Girls, Marlena Diamond in Cloverfield and Gena in Bachelorette. She also played Amy Burley in the show True Blood. Since 2013 she has played Virginia E. Johnson in Masters of Sex.
 
She was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family.

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1982 births
Living people
Tax evasion is criminal activity to evade taxes. It may be done by trusts, persons or organizations. The main way taxpayers evade taxes is by deliberately misrepresenting the actual state of their affairs to tax authorities to reduce their tax liability. This includes dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less income or profit than the amounts which were actually earned. Tax evasion is an activity connected with the informal economy.

Crime
Law
Taxation
Paintball is a sport in which players try to eliminate opponents by shooting each other with balls of coloured dye. The players can compete either in teams or individually. The balls of dye (called "paintballs") are shot through a device called a paintball marker (or paintball gun). When the paintballs hit, they release the dye. When they hit a player, the dye marks that player as eliminated. The game is often played as an organised competitive sport, involving leagues, tournaments, and professional teams.

Paintball can be played indoors or outdoors, on fields specifically made for the game. The field is scattered with natural or artificial obstacles and terrain, which players use to hide behind. The objective can vary according to the type of game being played. Players may have to capture a flag held by the opposing team, defend or capture a particular point on the field, or simply eliminate all other players on the field until they are the only player or team remaining. Depending on the variant played, games can last from seconds to hours.

In many countries, paintball is regulated by specific laws. Players are usually required to wear protective gear (such as masks), and game rules are strictly enforced. Paintball is also used by military forces and law enforcement for training recruits.

Terrain 
The playing field is scattered with several obstacles. These are used to block the view of opponents and prevent them from firing accurately. They may be a shelter, fallen tree, barrels, or a cylindrical tube. In most modern speedball tournaments, inflatable vinyl objects of different shapes and sizes are used.

Variations 

 Scenario paintball - Scenario paintball games strive to be the most realistic paintball games you can play.  Scenario paintball games are usually based on a story line such as the Battles of Normandy or Iwo Jima, however they are not all limited to World War II. Some go into the realm of Sci-Fi and play out an alien invasion. In nearly every Scenario game there are props, character players, paintball grenades, smoke bombs and sometimes vehicles and bodies of water as well. Scenario Paintball is very similar to big Airsoft games. Scenario games also last much longer than the other types of paintball  games, usually lasting anywhere from 12 hours to several days.

 Capture the Flag - There are two variations of this type: Normal two flag, and center flag. In the normal two flag type game, each team has a flag on opposite sides of the field. The objective is to capture the opposing team's flag and return it to your base. Center flag is where there is a single flag in the center of the field. The objective is to get the flag and take it to the far side of the field.

 Elimination - The objective is to simply eliminate everyone else on the other team. Games typically last from 15-20 minutes. Big games, however, can last hours. Most big games have rejuvenation every half hour or so, so if you get out in the first 10 minutes, you're not sitting on the sidelines for two hours.

References

Other websites 

 
Team sports
The term lavender marriage relates to man-woman marriage which is for purposes of hiding homosexuality. This is called a "beard" in slang terminology. The term lavender marriage was started in the 1920s. Such marriages are called marriages of convenience. They are done to protect public reputations and preserve careers of some people.

Marriage
LGBT
1920s establishments
Mail-order brides are women who list themselves in catalogs and are picked by males for marriage. The term mail-order bride dates back to the 19th century. These brides often come from one country and immigrate to another for marriage reasons.

Marriage
Lucrezia Borgia  (18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519) was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI, and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei. Her brothers included Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, and Gioffre Borgia.

Lucrezia's family was typical of the ruthless Machiavellian politics and sexual corruption of the times. It was alleged to be characteristic of the Renaissance Papacy. Lucrezia was cast as a femme fatale, a role seen in many artworks, novels, and films.

Very little is known for sure about Lucrezia. Whether she was involved in the political activities of her father and brothers is unclear. They certainly arranged several marriages for her to important and powerful men. Presumably, this helped their own political ambitions. Lucrezia was married to Giovanni Sforza (Lord of Pesaro), Alfonso of Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie), and Alfonso I d'Este (Duke of Ferrara). Tradition has it that Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and that her brother Cesare may have had him murdered when his political value faded.

Appearance 
Lucrezia is described as having heavy blonde hair which fell past her knees, a beautiful complexion, hazel eyes which changed colour, a full, high bosom, and a natural grace which made her appear to "walk on air". These features were highly appreciated in Italy during that period. Another description said that "her mouth is rather large, the teeth brilliantly white, her neck is slender and fair, and the bust is admirably proportioned".

One painting, Portrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossi at the National Gallery of Victoria, was identified as a portrait of Lucrezia in November 2008. This painting may be the only surviving formal portrait of Lucrezia Borgia; however, doubts have been cast on that claim. Several other paintings, such as Veneto's fanciful portrait, have also been said to depict her but none has been accepted by scholars at present.

Rumours 
Several rumours have persisted throughout the years, especially about the extravagant parties thrown by the Borgia family. There were allegations of incest, poisoning, and murder on her part, but no historical basis for these rumours has ever been found. Most of the allegations were made by the rivals of the Borgias.

 It is rumoured that Lucrezia was in possession of a hollow ring that she used to poison drinks.
 An early 20th century painting by Frank Cadogan Cowper that hangs in the London art gallery, Tate Britain, portrays Lucrezia taking the place of her father, Pope Alexander VI, at an official Vatican meeting. This apparently documents an actual event, although the precise moment depicted (a Franciscan friar kissing Lucrezia's feet) was invented by the artist.

Biographies
Lucrezia Borgia: life, love and death in Renaissance Italy by Sarah Bradford; Viking 2004; 
Lucrezia Borgia: a biography by Rachel Erlanger; 1978; 
Lucrezia Borgia by Maria Bellonci; Phoenix 2002; 
 The Borgias (1971) by Michael Mallett
Lucretia Borgia (1874?) by Ferdinand Gregorovius; translated in 1903 by John Leslie Garner
 The Borgias by Christopher Hibbert; Constable 2011;

References 

1480 births
1519 deaths
House of Borgia
2NE1 () was a K-pop girl group from South Korea. They were formed in 2009 and split in 2016. They are best known for their nine number one hit songs in South Korea. They are "Try to Follow Me", "Go Away", "Lonely", "I Am the Best", "Ugly", "I Love You", "Falling in Love", "Missing You", and "Come Back Home". Before their split, 2NE1 was one of the most successful girl groups in South Korea.

History 
2NE1's first single was "Lollipop" and came out in March 2009 featuring BIGBANG. Their official debut single "Fire" was released on May 6, 2009.

Their second single "I Don't Care" was released on 1 July 2009. "I Don't Care" achieved great success, topping various Korean music shows and was also the most downloaded song of the year. By the end of 2011 the song had sold 4,503,928 digital copies, becoming one of the most successful singles of all-time in Korea.

During 2011 and 2012, 2NE1 was active in Japan, and made some Japanese versions of their songs.

After the release of their second album Crush in 2014, the group became inactive for 2 years. Minzy left in March 2016, while the rest of the group broke up in November 2016. Their last song, Goodbye, was released in 2017 with the remaining members.

Albums 
2NE1 1st Mini Album (2009)
To Anyone (2010)
2NE1 2nd Mini Album (2011)
Nolza (2011)
Collection (2012)
Crush (2014)
Goodbye (2017, a single)

References 

K-pop music groups
South Korean girl groups
2000s music groups
2007 establishments in South Korea
2010s disestablishments in Asia
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
Disestablishments in South Korea
Ruby Dee (née Wallace; October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, screenwriter and playwright. She acted in many television series and movies. She won many awards, including Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards. She starred in Do the Right Thing, Jungle Fever, No. 2 and in American Gangster. She also did many stage plays. She was married to activist and actor Ossie Davis.

Dee died on June 11, 2014, at her home in New Rochelle, New York, from natural causes at the age of 91.

References

Other websites 

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
African American actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Joan Leslie (January 26, 1925 – October 12, 2015) was an American actress. She acted in television and movies until 1991. Her first movie was Camille in 1936. Her other movies included Nine Lives are Not Enough and Two Guys from Milwaukee. She retired from acting around 1991. She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Leslie died at the age of 90 in Los Angeles, California on October 12, 2015.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
American movie actors
American television actors
Scripture means writing in Latin. The word is mostly used to refer to the Bible or books that are considered sacred, like the Qur'an or Hindu scripture.

Other websites
Daily Scripture
Marian Hall Seldes (August 23, 1928 – October 6, 2014) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in Tom and Huck, Home Alone 3, The Haunting, If These Walls Could Talk 2, and in Mona Lisa Smile. She won a Tony Award in 1967.

Biography 
Seldes was born on August 23, 1928 in New York City, New York. She is of Russian-Jewish descent. Seldes studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse.

Seldes was married to Julian Claman from 1953 until they divorced in 1961. Her marriage to Julian was abusive. Seldes left the marriage after her father noticed marks on Seldes's face. Then she was married to Garson Kanin from 1990 until his death in 1999. She had one daughter with Julian, Katherine. 

Seldes died from dementia-related problems at her apartment in New York City, New York, aged 86.

References

Other websites

 
 

1928 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Jewish American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Tony Award winning actors
Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is an American politician who serves as the senior United States Senator from South Carolina, serving in office since 2003. He is a member of the Republican Party. He ran for President in 2016.

Early life
Graham was born on July 9, 1955 in Central, South Carolina. his parents were Millie and Florence James "F.J." Graham. He studied at the University of South Carolina.

U.S. senator (2003-present)
In 2002, Graham ran for the U.S. Senate after eight-term Republican incumbent Strom Thurmond announced his retirement. Graham won the primary unopposed and defeated Democratic opponent Alex Sanders in the general election. 

Graham was re-elected to a second term in 2008, defeating Bob Conley. He won a third term in 2014, defeating Democrat Brad Hutto and Independent Thomas Ravenel.

Graham is known in the Senate for his support for a strong national defense, his support of the military, and as an advocate of strong United States leadership in world affairs.  He is also known for his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like global warming, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions. He is also a critic of the Tea Party movement.

During his political career, Graham never lost an election.

2016 presidential campaign

On May 18, 2015, Graham informally announced his candidacy for President of the United States; he made a formal announcement on June 1 in his hometown of Central, South Carolina. After low polling numbers, Graham withdrew from the race on December 21, 2015. He later announced his support for Jeb Bush for president.

Personal life
Graham has never been married and has no children. He was close friends with the late Arizona senator John McCain.

References

Other websites

United States Senator Lindsey Graham official U.S. Senate site
Lindsey Graham for U.S. Senate official campaign site
Profile  at SourceWatch
"Swing Conservative: The perilous bipartisanship of Lindsey Graham."  Washington Monthly, April 2005
"The American Ghosts of Abu Ghraib", Sam Provance, Consortium News, March 27, 2007

1955 births
Living people
American Baptists
Lawyers from South Carolina
American military people
Colonels
2016 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from South Carolina
United States senators from South Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
South Carolina Republicans