cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth Perkins (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress. She has been in  many movies and television programs. Perkins is from Queens, New York.

Her movie roles have included Big, The Flintstones, Miracle on 34th Street, About Last Night..., and Avalon. She is perhaps best known for her role as Celia Hodes in the Showtime series Weeds.

Personal life 
Perkins' first husband was Chicago actor and director Terry Kinney; the couple divorced. She has one daughter, Hannah Phillips, born in 1991. In 2000, she married Argentinian-born cinematographer Julio Macat. In 2005 she learned that she had a form of type I diabetes.

Awards and nominations 
Primetime Emmy Awards
 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2009 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
Golden Globe Awards
 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for Weeds (nominated)
 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for Weeds (nominated)
Satellite Awards
 2005 Best Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2006 Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for Weeds (nominated)
Screen Actors Guild Awards
 2007 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2009 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)

References 

1960 births
Living people
DePaul University alumni
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
In genetics, a mosaic (or mosaicism) means the presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg. As a result, the individual has two or more genetically different cell lines derived from a single zygote. 

Mosaicism may result from:
Crossing-over during mitosis 
A gene mutation during development 
A chromosomal mutation during development
X-inactivation: one X chromosome is randomly switched off in cells of a female mammal

The phenomenon was discovered by Curt Stern. In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination, normal in meiosis, can also take place in mitosis. When it does, it results in somatic (body) mosaics. These are organisms which contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissue.

Chimeras 
People who have mosaicism are often called chimeras but this is a mistake. A mosaic is originally from a single fertilised egg, whereas a chimaera comes from two fertilised eggs.

Other causes of two-tone appearances 
This is easiest to see with eye colours. When eye colours vary between the two eyes, or within one or both eyes, the condition is called heterochromia iridis (= 'different coloured iris'). It can have many different causes, both genetic and accidental. For example, David Bowie has the appearance of different eye colours due to an injury that caused one pupil to be permanently dilated.

On this page, only genetic mosaicism is discussed.

X-inactivation 
This is a controlled and natural developmental phenomenon in mammalian females. Females have two X chromosomes (and males have only one). The two X chromosomes in a female are rarely identical. They have the same genes, but at some loci (positions) they may have different alleles (versions of the same gene).

In the early embryo, each cell independently and randomly inactivates one copy of the X chromosome. This inactivation lasts the lifetime of the cell, and all the descendants of the cell inactivate that same chromosome. X-inactivation is reversed in the female germline, so that all egg cells contain an active X chromosome.

This phenomenon shows in the colouration of calico cats and tortoiseshell cats. These females are heterozygous for the X-linked colour genes: the genes for their coat colours are carried on the X chromosome. X-inactivation causes groups of cells to carry either one or the other X-chromosome in an active state.

X-inactivation is an epigenetic change, a switching off of genes on one chromosome. It is not a change in the genotype. Descendent cells of the embryo carry the same X-inactivation as the original cells. This may give rise to mild symptoms in female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders.

Mutations 
Mutations in body cells (somatic mutations) cause groups of cells to differ in their genetics. 
Somatic mutation leading to mosaicism is common in the beginning and end stages of human life. Cancer research has shown that somatic mutations are responsible for most leukemia, lymphomas, and solid tumors.

Related pages 
Chimaera (genetics)

References 

Classical genetics
Anti-fans are the group of people who are opposed to particular person, system, or idea. This word is from a prefix 'anti-', which means 'opposed'. Anti-fans gather and criticize particular thing which they hate.

Anti-fans' activities are very diverse. Anti-fans usually work and share their views in online website. They make anti-fan page. E.g. anti-fan website, anti-fan blog, anti-fan internet cafe etc. And, they criticise their target, spread a rumor about the target, and post malicious comments to Internet articles. Anti-fans also work when they are offline. They sometimes boo and jeer at their target and even start a movement against the target. 

Early their activities used to be constructive criticism, but nowadays the movement of anti-fans is changing to severe insult to their target with no specific reason. The ruthless attack causes a lot of social problems now. A lot of celebrities who are the anti-fans' target are suffering from their behaviors. In some case, they may accuse anti-fans of personal insults.

Object

Anti-fans' targets are various. The most usual target is entertainer. There are a lot of anti-fans' website for the entertainer who they dislike. E.g. Some anti-fans oppose a form of music, movie, athlete, politician, political party, TV series, idea etc. Surprisingly, the number of anti-fans tends to be proportional to the target's  popularity. Thus, the number sometimes becomes a yardstick of star's popularity.

Intelligent anti-fan

Intelligent anti-fan is one type of anti-fans. Intelligent anti-fans act as if they are the target's real fan and do wrong and bad behaviors as the fan. They intelligently create the target's bad image and gather more anti-fan.

References
 Anti-fan at Urban Dictionary

Other websites 
Article: Seattle man starts 'anti-fan site' for Colton Harris-Moore

Fandom
The mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus) is a small, mouse-sized (weighs 45 g) nocturnal marsupial of Australia. It is found high up (1300 to 2230 metres) in rock screes and boulder fields of southern Victoria and in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales.

This possum is a Lazarus taxon, and the only living species in the Burramys genus. It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat. Its prehensile tail, at ~14 cm, is longer than its 11 cm head and body length. Its diet consists of insects, fleshy fruits, nuts, nectar and seeds. 

The mountain pygmy possum was first described as a Pleistocene fossil by Robert Broom in 1896. It was thought to be extinct until 1966, when a living specimen was discovered in a ski-hut on Mount Hotham.

Three geographically isolated populations are known to exist. These populations have been shown to be genetically distinct. For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other. The females live on the better part of the rocky slopes, while the males live on the margins, usually lower on the mountain. In order to breed, the males migrate to the females' habitat. During the ski season on Mount Higginbotham, the males had to cross a road which put their survival in jeopardy. A "Tunnel of Love" was constructed under the road and a road sign was put in place to warn drivers.

References 

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts
Censorship in movies is the act of giving a movie a very strong film rating systems classification, or banning the movie altogether.

United Kingdom
The highest rating label in United Kingdom is 18. These means people under 18 cannot look at, buy or rent any movie under this rating. Movies with such a rating often have very strong language, explicit sexual content or heavy violence. If the content of the movie is higher than the 18 rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

Australia
Refused Classification is the very strongest rating in Australia. This rating means a movie has been banned from a part of Australia. In some cases, it has been banned in all of the country. This rating is tagged onto movies which the Australian Classification Board has said are too severe for viewing by general public.

United States
The movie rating is NC-17 in the United States. This means No Children 17 and Under Admitted. Such movies contain strong sexual content, very strong violence or extremely graphic language and are usually considered too intense for an R rating.

Canada
The highest rating label in Canada is R. This means nobody under 18 may view, buy, rent, or watch any movie under this rating. Movie with this rating have strong sexual content/nudity, prolonged scenes of graphic violence, strong coarse language, graphic horror, and other disturbing content. If the content of the movie is higher than the R rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

Related pages
 Movies banned in China

Movie ratings
Censorship
The Monsanto process is a way of making acetic acid. It uses a catalyst to add a carbonyl group to methanol. This process operates at a pressure of 30–60 atm and a temperature of 150–200 °C. It gives a selectivity greater than 99%. It was developed 1960 by German chemists working at BASF. Chemists at Monsanto introduced a new catalyst system in 1966. Today, chemists make acetic acid by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd which is more economical and environmentally friendly. So, the Monsanto process is not used very much in industry.

Catalytic cycle
The process has several steps, which repeat to remake the catalyst:

The catalytically active species is the anion cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]− (1). The catalytic cycle has been shown to involve six steps, two of which do not involve rhodium: conversion of methanol to methyl iodide and the hydrolysis of the acetyl iodide to acetic acid. (These steps are in the middle of the above diagram.) The first organometallic step is the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]− to form the hexacoordinate species [(CH3)Rh(CO)2I3]− (2). This anion rapidly transforms, by the migration of a methyl group to the carbonyl ligand, affording the pentacoordinate acetyl complex [(CH3CO)Rh(CO)I3]− (3). This five-coordinate complex then reacts with carbon monoxide to form the six coordinate dicarbonyl complex. (4) This decomposes by reductive elimination to form acetyl iodide (CH3COI) and regenerate the active form of the catalyst. Acetyl iodide is then hydrolyzed to acetic acid.

The reaction mechanism is first-order with respect to methyl iodide and the catalyst (1). Hence the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle has been proposed to be the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to the catalyst (1). Chemist think that this occurs with the rhodium center making a nucleophilic attack on the carbon of methyl iodide.

Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process
The Monsanto process for making acetic acid inspired chemists to invent a way to make Acetic anhydride. It is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate.

 CH3CO2CH3  + CO  →   (CH3CO)2O

In this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl iodide, which in turn affords through carbonylation acetyl iodide. Acetyl iodide reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the product. Rhodium iodides and lithium salts are employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under water-free (anhydrous) conditions in contrast to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis.

References

Other websites
 http://www.uyseg.org/catalysis/ethacid/ethacid2.htm 
 http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/ethanoicAcid/6ethanoicAcidPM2.htm 

Organometallic chemistry
Chemical processes
was a  after Shōhō and before Jōō.  This period started in February 1648 and ended in September 1652. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Keian era

 1648 (Keian 1): Legal code about city life and business are established in Osaka

 1649 (Keian 2): Five-storied pagoda at  was built in Asakusa.

 1649 (Keian 2): Legal code for peasants established by Tokugawa Iemitsu.

 1 April 1649 (Keian 2, 20th day of the 2nd month): There was a major earthquake in Edo.

 1651 (Keian 4): Plot to overthrow the Tokugawa, also known as the Keian Uprising.

 1652 (Keian 5, 5th month):  Nihon Odai Ichiran was published.  The French version of this work was the first Japanese history book to be published in the West.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1648 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1652 disestablishments
1650s disestablishments in Japan
The Regionalliga Ost is one of three third level leagues in Austrian football.The Regionalliga is the highest league in Austrian amateur football. The league was reintroduced in the 1984-85 season. It covers the Austrian states of Burgenland, Lower Austria and Vienna. The champion of the league plays relegation versus the 9th of the Austrian football first league. The champion of the 2010/11 season was ESV Parndorf. The club failed in the relegation matches versus First Vienna FC.

Teams of the 2011/12 season
SV Horn
SC/ESV Parndorf  
SK Rapid Wien Amateure  
SV Schwechat  
1. Simmeringer SC 
Wiener Sportklub
Trenkwalder Admira Amateure
1. SC Sollenau  
FK Austria Wien Amateure  
SKU Amstetten  
SC Ritzing  
SV Stegersbach  
SV Mattersburg Amateure  
FAC Team für Wien  
SC Neusiedl am See  
SC Columbia Floridsdorf

References

Football in Austria
Football leagues
Heterochromia means "different colours", and is most used for the description of different coloured eyes. Some people, and animals, have differences between the irises of their eyes. There are many different causes for this condition.

Genetic causes for heterochromia include genetic mosaicism, where changes may take place in the dividing cells leading up to iris formation in the embryo. Or, environmental damage may occur to the eyes. Or, various diseases and medical conditions may result in changes in eye colour.

Similar events may happen in other tissues, and sometimes result in visible tissue differences. However, the condition is most easily seen in the iris of the eye. The terms Hetrochromia iridis (= different colour of the iris), Heterochromia iridum (plural form) and Heterochromia iridium (a mistake in Latin grammar) are variously used when it is the eye colour which is specifically mentioned.

Genetics
Eye
Osteopathy is a philosophy that refers to the ability of the human body to heal itself.

Health
Alternative medicine
Endogamy is the idea that a person ought to marry another person from the same group as them. The type of group is not always the same; it could be based on a religion, a class or a social group. Often group endogamy is enforced by arranged marriages, this is a system based on benefits for the group rather than marriage for love.

Group adherence 
By marrying a person with the same group characteristics, it means that the partners will have similar views or beliefs about something. Many people marry endogamously for reasons of compatibility, which can be due to choice. But there are also other reasons when there is less choice involved or there is disapproval if it is not followed.

By doing this it keeps the numbers of a group to a minimum and thus creates stronger group bonds. For example, when moving to another country, a Sikh family may actively look for other Sikh families to mix with in order to facilitate Sikh marriages. By merging, they create a stronger bond between their own communities and can be a way to deal with being a minority.

Biology 
If a group has been marrying endogamously for a long period of time the gene pool may be smaller and there is a greater chance of genetic disease. For example, within the Jewish community Tay-Sachs disease is a common genetic disease.

Related pages
Exogamy

References 
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186956/endogamy
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press
http://www.jewishgenetics.org/?q=content/tay-sachs-disease

Marriage
Genetics
Exogamy is when a person ought to marry someone from outside a certain group.

Biological 
In most places, exogamy is practiced in order to avoid incest, which is taboo in many groups across the world. This is to avoid some of the effects that endogamy creates such as genetic diseases. If two parents have very different genes then there is a lesser chance of a child inheriting both copies of that gene.

Cultural 
Exogamy is used to make a connection between two groups. For example, when a person marries another they become part of the family. This connection may be for reasons of inter-group cohesion. In other words, creating an alliance with another group.

Dual exogamy 
Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, argued that when two families are connected by the marriage of two people it creates more relationships for trading other things such as food. It also means that they have more people to rely on. In order to keep this going, groups will trade sisters/daughters for wives and trade back in return.

Related pages
Endogamy

References 
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.
McCallum, C. (2001) Gender and Sociality in Amazonia: How Real People Are Made. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198244/exogamy

Marriage
Tuvalu has been in the Olympic Games one time. They were in the 2008, with 3 athletes. They have not been at the winter games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Tuvalu profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Tuvalu
Pope Gregory XII (; c. 1326 – 18 October 1417) was the 206th Pope. He was born Angelo Corrario at Venice, Italy.  He became Bishop of Castello in 1380, titular Patriarch of Constantinople in 1390, a cardinal in 1405, and finally Pope Gregory XII on 30 November 1406. He held office during the years of the Western Schism. In 1415, he resigned during the Council of Constance. He died at Recanati in 1417. His papal resignation was the last until Pope Benedict XVI resigned in February 2013.

References

Other websites 

 
   "Gregory XII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Emeritus Gregory XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Correr

 

Italian popes
1320s births
1417 deaths
Vanuatu was first at the Olympic Games in 1988.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no ni-Vanuatu athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Vanuatu was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Vanuatu profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Vanuatu
New Zealand at the Olympics is a history which began in 1908.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for New Zealand is NZL.

History
A team from New Zealand was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  For their first two Games in 1908 and 1912, New Zealand was with Australia in a combined Australasia team.  New Zealand first sent an independent team in 1920.

New Zealand has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1952, missing only the 1956 and 1964 Games.

New Zealand athletes have won a total of 103 medals at the Summer Games. The most successful sport is athletics.  New Zealand has only won a single medal at the Winter Games.  The silver medal won by Annelise Coberger in alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics was the first medal won at the Winter Games by a Southern Hemisphere nation.

National Olympic Committee 
The New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) is the National Olympic Committee for New Zealand. The NZOC was formed in 1911, and recognized by the IOC in 1919.

Participation 
Being in the remote South Pacific, New Zealanders had to take long sea voyages to attend the early Olympics. It wasn’t until 1920 that New Zealand sent its first team. Before that three New Zealanders won medals for Australasian teams in 1908 and 1912.

As of  1111 athletes have represented New Zealand at the Olympic Games.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

The total (NZ) does not include the medals won by New Zealanders as part of the combined Australasia team (ANZ) at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics:
 bronze medal won by Harry Kerr in Men's 3500 metre walk in Athletics
 gold medal won by Malcolm Champion as a member of the Men's 4x200 metre freestyle relay in Swimming 
 bronze medal won by Tony Wilding in Indoor men's singles in Tennis

Medals by Winter Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
New Zealand at Olympic.org
Athletics in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand has a paragraph on each Olympiad and Empire Games to 1964  
The Olympics (NZHistory.net.nz) 
The Joseph Romanos list of our best Olympians 
Medal Count for NZ at DatabaseOlympics.com (total of 78 not complete)

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in New Zealand
Austria has been at most of the Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Austria is AUT.

History
The Austrian team missed the 1920 Summer Olympics due to its role in World War I.  The nation has twice hosted the Games in Innsbruck for the 1964 Winter Olympics and again for the 1976 Winter Olympics.

Austrian athletes have won a total of 86 medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  They have 185 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Austria has won more medals in alpine skiing than any other nation.

The National Olympic Committee for Austria is the Österreichisches Olympisches Comité.  It was formed in 1908 and recognized in 1912.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 
 Austria profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Austria
Azerbaijan first took part in the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.   Before Azerbaijani athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.  In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.

Azerbaijani athletes have won a total of twenty-six medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic was formed in 1992 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Medals

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by Summer Sport

Medals by Winter Sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 List of flag bearers for Azerbaijan at the Olympics
 Azerbaijan at the Paralympics

Other websites

 
 "Azerbaijani Wrestler Namig Abdullayev Wins Olympic Gold," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 76.
 "Zemfira Meftakhetdinova: Right on Target, Olympic Gold, Skeet Shooter," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 79.
 "Vugar Alakbarov, Olympic Bronze in Boxing," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 78.
 Azerbaijan profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Belarus was first in the Olympic at the 1952 Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland as part of the Soviet Union.  After the Soviet Union disbanded in 1991, Belarus, along with four of the other fourteen former Soviet republics, were in the 1992 Winter Olympics (held in Albertville, France) as the Unified Team. Later in 1992, eleven republics joined Belarus to compete as the Unified Team at the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain. Two years later, Belarus competed for the first time as an independent nation in the 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway. From 1952 until the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, 168 Belarusian athletes won 200 medals either as part of the Soviet Union or as independent Belarus.

Medal tables

Medals by Games

Medals by sport

Flag bearers

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Belarus profile at London2012.com
 Official Website of the NOCRB  
 Olympic page 
 Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States Olympic movement in Belarus 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Belarus
, also romanized as Kambun, was a  after Manji and before Enpō.  This period started in April 1661 and ended in September 1673. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kanbun era

 20 March 1662 (Kanbun 2, 1st day of the 2nd month): Earthquake in Heian-kyō (Kyoto) destroyed the tomb of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

 1620 (Kanbun 2): Tosa Hiromichi 土佐広通 (1561–1633) was ordered by the emperor to change his name to .

 5 March 1663 (Kanbun 3, 26th day of the 1st month):  Emperor Go-sai abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Reigen 's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 6 June 1663 (Kanbun 3, 1st day of the 5th month): An earthquake struck in Ōmi Province.

 1668 (Kanbun 8, 1st day of the 2nd month): A major fire in Edo lasted 45 days.

 1670 (Kanbun 10): The Bonin Islands were discovered by the Ogasawara clan.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1661 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1673 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
Belgium has been in most Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Belgium is BEL.

History
Athletes from Belgium competed for the first time was at the 1900 Games.  The nation was host to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.  Belgian athletes have won 142 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another five at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Belgium was formed and recognized in 1906.

List of medalists

Summer Olympics

Winter Olympics

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Belgium profile at London2012.com
 Belgium at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Bosnia and Herzegovina were first at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Independence from Yugoslavia was in 1991. No athletes have won a medal.

The Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1992 and recognized in 1993.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Bosnia and Herzegovina profile at London2012.com

Sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nations at the Olympics
or NACT is a museum in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

NACT is a unique art museum. It does not have a permanent collection.  Instead, it is a large venue for changing art exhibitions.  NACT has 14,000 square meters of exhibition space and an Art Library.  It also has educational programs.

History
The National Art Center building was completed in May 2006. Kisho Kurokawa was the architect.

The museum opened in 2007.

Related pages
 Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
 Kyushu National Museum
 Nara National Museum (NNM)
 National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
 National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
 National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
 National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
 Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
 List of national museums

References

Other websites
The National Art Center, Tokyo website in English

Art museums in Japan
National museums in Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Treyarch is an American video game developer company. Peter Akemann and Doğan Köslü started the company in 1996. Activision bought it in 2001. It is in Santa Monica, California.

In 2005, Gray Matter Interactive and Treyarch became one company.

As part of the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention, Activision announced that Treyarch would be one of three developers making their first James Bond game, Quantum of Solace. The game started to be sold on 31 October 2008 in Europe and 4 November 2008 in North America. Beenox and Vicarious Visions made the PC and handheld versions of the game. Treyarch also plays an important part in developing the Call of Duty series. They have made Call of Duty 2: Big Red One, Call of Duty 3, Call of Duty: World at War, and Call of Duty: Black Ops.

Call of Duty: Black Ops had the record for the biggest entertainment release ever for any kind of entertainment. It broke the record during the first day it was sold Sales from the game worldwide reached US $650 million within five days after its release.Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 later broke the record again.

Developed

References 

Companies based in Santa Monica, California
American video game companies
1996 establishments in California
Gamophobia (prounced 'ga-me-PHO-bia', from the Greek 'gamo' meaning 'marriage') is the fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or commitment. The opposite of 'gamophobia' is 'anuptaphobia'-it is the fear of not being in a relationship (to be single or alone). A person who has gamophobia may like or love a person, but when he or she finds out about that person liking them back and attempting to be together, there is a possibility that their  would change to hate.

Rather than a phobia, such behavior is linked to a number of personality disorders and neuroses. The majority of phobias are socially created, and are not found in any DSM Psychology manual. The inability to allow oneself to  be vulnerable and show their 'bad parts' has a personality disorder. When the individual displays reaction formation (love to hate) this is a neurotic defense mechanism. This can also be known as commitment phobia.

References

The Hindu, 6 December 2011, Chennai, India

Phobias
Cluny Abbey is a Benedictine abbey in Cluny. It was built in Romanesque style and its three churches date rom the 10th to the 12th century. It was founded by William I of Aquitaine in the year 910. Soon the place was noted because it followed the Rule of St. Benedict more strictly than the place where the rule was developed, that is Subiaco in Italy. Cluny became the leader of a movement called monasticism. The abbey also started the Cluniac Reforms, and was subject only to the pope, Sergius III at the time. The Benedictine order was very important for the stability of f European society at the time.In 1790, during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked, and mostly destroyed. Today, only very little of the original remains. 

Dating around 1334, the abbots of Cluny had a townhouse in Paris known as the Hôtel de Cluny, what is now a public museum since 1833. Apart from the name, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.

Benedictine abbeys
Buildings and structures in France
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
| strength2   = 40,000 militia30,000 British regulars~25,000 yeomanry~1,000 Hessians
| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
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The Irish rebellion of 1798 was an uprising of Irish people against British rule in Ireland. It was led by Wolfe Tone and consisted primarily of a secret society called the United Irish. It was aided by Republican France. However, it never gained much traction due to its alliance with anti-Catholic France, because Ireland was primarily Catholic. Despite the British government's anti-Catholicism, most Irish Catholics supported the Crown as the lesser of two evils because of the issue of Revolutionary France's involvement. The uprising lasted several months. A group called the United Irishmen were the main driving force in the rebellion. They were influenced by revolutions taking place in America and France around the time. The uprising is also known as United Irishmen Rebellion.
 
Between 10.000 and 50.000 people died as casualties on the Irish side, between 500 and 2000 on the English side.

References 

History of Ireland
1798
1790s in Europe
A volcanic winter is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large volcanic eruption. Such an eruption releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. They form aerosols of sulfuric acid. When they reach the stratosphere more sunlight is reflected, and some is absorbed by the stratosphere. These reactions heat up the stratosphere, but lead to a drop in the temperature on the ground.

The Siberian Traps, Emeishan Traps, and Deccan Traps are huge flood basalt provinces caused by volcanism. They are the cause, or part of the cause, of several mass extinctions, especially the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Nuclear winter is a theory of similar effects which might be caused by a large-scale nuclear war.

Recent events

The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant.

Most recently, the 1991 explosion of Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines, cooled global temperatures for about 2–3 years.

In 1883, the explosion of Krakatoa (Krakatau) created volcanic winter-like conditions. The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards. Record snowfalls were recorded worldwide.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England and Newfoundland and Labrador in what came to be known as the "Year without a Summer" of 1816.

A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland, where the eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population. Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1 °C in the year following the Laki eruption.

In 1600, the Huaynaputina in Peru erupted. Tree ring studies show that 1601 was cold. Russia had its worst famine in 1601 to 1603. From 1600 to 1602, Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia had exceptionally cold winters. The wine harvest was late in 1601 in France, and in Peru and Germany wine production collapsed. Peach trees bloomed late in China, and Lake Suwa in Japan froze early.

In 1452 or 1453, a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano named Kuwae.  It caused worldwide disruptions.

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 in Europe may have been precipitated by a volcanic event, perhaps that of Kaharoa, New Zealand, which lasted about five years.

References

Weather
Volcanoes
Climate
4Minute () is a five-member South Korean K-pop girl group. Its members are Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, Jeon Ji-yoon, Kim Hyun-ah and Kwon So-hyun. They belong to Cube Entertainment in Korea. Far Eastern Tribe Records in Universal Music Japan is responsible for 4minute's labels in Japan. Their official fan club name is 4Nia. This is a combination of 4Minute and mania.

They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown on June 18, 2009 with their song "Hot Issue". The name 4minute has two meanings. One means that each of its member will attract audiences in 4 minutes and this is why all of their songs are shorter than 4 minutes. The other meaning is that they will do their best for a minute (for every moment).

Kim Hyun-ah already released two singles. She used to be a member of Wonder Girls and Kwon So-hyun was a member of girl group Orange.  Nam Ji-hyun is best in dance, Heo Ga-yoon in drama, Jeon Ji-yoon in music and Kim Hyun-ah is best in the Department of Theater and Film. 
 
In December 2010, it released its first Japanese album, Diamond. In 2011, the group released its first Korean full-length album, 4Minutes Left with the title track "Mirror Mirror" and the following years they have promoted 2 more mini albums and 2 chart topping hits "Volume Up" and "What's Your Name"
The group received the Bonsang Award at the 20th Seoul Music Awards, and the Kpop New Artist Award at the 2010 Billboard Japan Music Awards.

The Group disbanded in 2016 after 4 of the 5 members left Cube Entertainment.

Members

Music 
 Hot Issue (2009)
 For Muzik (2009)
 Jingle Jingle (Hangul:징글 징글) (2009)
 개인의 취향 OST Part.3 (2010)
 Hit Your Heart (2010)
 'Muzik (Single) (2010)
 Superstar (2010)
 I My Me Mine (Single) (2010)
 지구대표 롤링스타즈 OST (2010)
 First . Dreams Come True (Standard Ver.) (2010)
 Diamond (2011)
 Heart To Heart (2011)
 4Minutes Left (2011)
 FreeStyle (2011)
 Volume Up (2012)
 Love Tension (Japanese Single) (2012)
Name is 4Minute (2013)
4Minute World (2014)
Crazy (2015)
No. 7 (2016)

References

Other websites 

 
 

South Korean girl groups
K-pop music groups
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
2010s disestablishments in Asia
Musical groups established in 2009
Disestablishments in South Korea
The Brady Bunch is an American situation comedy created by Sherwood Schwartz. It stars Robert Reed, Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis. It is about a large blended family who live in a suburban setting. It ran ABC from 1969 to 1974.

Cast
 Robert Reed as Mike Brady
 Florence Henderson as Carol Brady
 Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson
 Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady
 Eve Plumb as Jan Brady
 Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady
 Barry Williams as Greg Brady
 Christopher Knight as Peter Brady
 Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady
 Allan Melvin as Sam Franklin
 Jack Collins as Mr. Phillips 
 Robbie Rist as Cousin Oliver

Guest Stars
 Herbert Anderson
 Melissa Sue Anderson
 Desi Arnaz Jr.
 Jim Backus
 Ken Berry
 Imogene Coca
 Don Drysdale
 Don Ho
 Davy Jones
 Deacon Jones
 Bartell LaRue
 E. G. Marshall
 James McDivitt
 Joe Namath
 Denise Nickerson
 Wes Parker
 Vincent Price
 Marion Ross
 Natalie Schafer
 Marcia Wallace
 Rita Wilson
 Paul Winchell

Other websites

1969 establishments in the United States
Fictional families
Television series about families
English-language television programs
Citrus Blast is a grapefruit flavored soft drink. It is made by PepsiCo.  It has no caffeine.  It was first sold in 2011.

Soft drinks

da:Citrus Blast
The Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search, or SWEEPS, was an astronomical survey. It was carried out in 2006. SWEEPS used the Hubble Space Telescope to look at 180,000 stars for seven days to find extrasolar planets.

Area looked at

The stars that SWEEPS monitored were all in the Sagittarius-I Window. This is a rare transparent look at the huge group of closely packed stars at the Milky Way's centre (central bulge), in the Sagittarius constellation. Our view to most of the stars in the centre of the galaxy is blocked by lanes of dust. These stars are about 27,000 light years from Earth.

Planets discovered
Sixteen planets were discovered by SWEEPS. They took from 0.6 to 4.2 days to go around the Sun. Planets which took less than 1.2 days to go around the sun have not been detected yet; these have been called "ultra-short period planets" (USPPs) by the search team. USPPs were discovered only around stars with a low mass. This means that larger stars might have destroyed any planets orbiting so closely, or that planets could not move as far inward around larger stars.

SWEEPS-4 and SWEEPS-11 orbited stars that were very different to other stars close by. This made it possible for these to be looked at again using the radial velocity method. Their masses could then be found.

Related pages
 Hubble Space Telescope

References

Other websites
 News Release Number: STScI-2006-34 Hubble Finds Extrasolar Planets Far Across Galaxy 

Astronomy
was a  after Enpō and before Jōkyō.  This period started in September 1681 and ended in February 1684. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Tenna means "Peace of Heaven".

Events of the Tenna era

 1681 (Tenna 1): Tokugawa Tsunayoshi is established as the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

 5 February 1681 (Tenna 1, 28th day of the 12th month): The Great Tenna Fire in Edo.

 1681 (Tenna 2): A famine afflicts Heian-kyō and the nearby areas.

 1683 (Tenna 3): Tokugawa shogunate grants permission for Mitsui money exchanges (ryōgaeten) to open in Edo.

 1683 (Tenna 4): Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated.

In Tenna, the first book was written about the coins of Japan.  The work was entitled Classified Collection of Coins (Kwacho Kuien).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1681 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1684 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan
was a  after Tenna and before Genroku.  This period started in February 1684 and ended in September 1688.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Jōkyō era
The new era of  was created by the Imperial court.  After 1684, the power to create a calendar shifted to the shogunate.  The Tokugawa astrology bureau developed a calendar which was independent of Chinese almanacs.

 1684 (Jōkyō 1): A fire burned the Imperial palace to ashes; and the reconstruction took a year.

 1684 (Jōkyō 1): Chikamatsu Monzaemon began to write plays for the kabuki audience in Heian-kyō.

 26 March 1685 (Jōkyō 2, 22nd day of the 2nd month): The former Emperor Go-Sai died; and a large comet appeared in the night sky.

 13 April 1686 (Jōkyō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): Emperor Reigen abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Higashiyama's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 1689 (Jōkyō 6'): Calendar with seven-day week.

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Jōkyō calendar

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

 

Japanese eras
1684 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1688 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan
The Geneva Protocol of 1925 (The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) was a law that made it illegal to fight with chemical or biological weapons in war.  The Geneva protocol was signed on June 17, 1925 and the protocol was entered into force on January 8, 1928. Before, it was signed by some countries like the United Kingdom and France originally. Any country who has signed this Protocol must follow it.

After World War I, the Geneva Protocol was made from the treaties signed with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. The use of chemical weapons began in WWI when one million deaths resulted from chemical weapons.

After signing the treaty, some countries wanted to change it so that they would not have to follow it if the country fighting them did not follow the treaty. Because of this, many countries like France and United Kingdom withdrew from it. Others, like the United States still follow it but with this extra condition.

References

"Primary Documents- Geneva Protocol, 17 June 1925." firstworldwar.com. First World War.com, 22 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
"1925 Geneva Protocol." un.org. UNODA: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
"Geneva Protocol." fas.org. FAS: Weapons of Mass Destruction, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

Treaties and Conventions
1925
1920s in Europe
20th century in Geneva
Chemical warfare
1920s treaties
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that is highly sensitive. It can see  a range of metals and several non-metals at concentrations below one part in 1012 (part per trillion). It is based on hooking together an inductively coupled plasma as a method of producing ions (ionization) with a mass spectrometer as a method of separating and detecting the ions. Many chemists use Argon as a carrier gas to make the plasma. The machine sends the sample ions through a series of small cones.  The cones let the plasma ions slowly enter the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer.

In trace elemental analysis, the method has advantages of high speed, precision and sensitivity compared to atomic absorption techniques. Analysis of lower concentrations at the same time is more prone to disruption by trace contaminants in labware and reagents used. Some analytes can not work with ICP-MS. Verification of analysis results requires additional work.

The variety of applications exceeds that of ICP-OES and includes isotopic speciation. Because ICP-MS can help make atom bombs, ICP-MS hardware is a subject for special exporting regulations.

Mass spectrometry
Laboratory equipment
Analytical chemistry
The Birds of America is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon. It includes illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the United States. It was first published between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London.

The work is of hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from engraved plates, measuring around . It includes images of six birds that are now extinct: Carolina Parakeet, Passenger Pigeon, Labrador Duck, Great Auk,
Esquimaux Curlew, and Pinnated Grouse.

References 

Biology books
The Emeishan Traps is a flood basalt volcanic province in Southwestern China, around Sichuan province. Many igneous rock types can be found there. This is known as large igneous province in geology. Other names for the traps include Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, and other variations. The Traps are the step-like rock made up of many layers of basalt, which were laid down by successive eruptions of magma. 

The eruptions that lead to the Emeshian traps began about 260 million years ago. The traps are much smaller than the Siberian Traps, which occurred not long afterwards, about 251 million years ago. Despite this, the Emeshian traps were large enough to have an impact on the ecology of the time, and on paleontology. They are part of the mass extinction events towards the end of the Permian period.

The Emeishan Traps are part of the scientific debate on the causes of mass extictions. The end-Guadalupian extinction occurred at almost the same time as the Emeshian Traps were formed. This supports the argument, that volcanism is the main driving force behind mass extinctions. Another theory that has been proposed to explain mass extinctions is that meteor or comet impact events caused them. In this context, the hypothesis is that impact events cause flood basalt eruptions, such as those which generated the Emeshian Traps. This hypothesis is not widely supported.

References 

 Dobretsov N.L. 2005. Large igneous provinces of Asia (250 Ma): Siberian and Emeishan traps (plateau basalts) and associated granitoids. Geologiya i geofizika. 46, 870-890.
 He, Bin et al 2003. Sedimentary evidence for a rapid kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 213, 391-405.

Geography of China
Extinction events
Flood basalts
Hurricane Janet was a deadly hurricane in September 1955. She killed 687 people in the Caribbean and in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Janet peaked at Category Five strength: her winds reached the 175 mile per hour level. The name Janet was later retired.

Deadly storms
1955 in North America
Hurricanes in Mexico
1950s in Mexico
September events
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 - 15 October 1934)  was a French politician of the Third Republic. He was a cousin of the mathematician Henri Poincaré. He was president of France from 1913 to 1920, and Foreign minister several times. He had studied law at the Sorbonne and was trained to be a lawyer. He held a neutral view in the Dreyfus Affair at first, but later supported Dreyfus.

1860 births
1934 deaths
French Ministers of Finance
French people of World War I
Government ministers of France
Presidents of France