cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Troye Sivan Mellet ( ; born 5 June 1995), better known as Troye Sivan, is a South African-born Australian actor, YouTuber and singer-songwriter. As an actor, he played young James Howlett in the 2009 X-Men film X-Men Origins: Wolverine. Most recently he starred as the title character in the Spud movie trilogy. Sivan also regularly makes YouTube videos. As of 14 December 2016, has over 4 million subscribers and over 248,00,0005 views. He is of Jewish descent.

On 7 August 2013, Sivan posted a video titled 'Coming Out'. This video announced that he was gay and this video changed lives of young LGBTQ+ people all over the world.

On 15 August 2014, Sivan released his first major label EP, TRXYE. It peaked at number five on the Billboard 200. The lead single from the EP, "Happy Little Pill", reached number 10 in the Australian charts.

His video, "The 'Boyfriend' Tag", with fellow vlogger Tyler Oakley earned the two a 2014 Teen Choice Award in the "Choice Web Collaboration" category. In October 2014, Time named Sivan as one of the "25 Most Influential Teens of 2014".

Sivan publicly came out as gay in 2013.

He released an EP titled Wild on 4 September 2015.

On 4 December 2015, he released his debut album titled Blue Neighbourhood.

On the 10th of January 2018 he released the Single 'My My My!' it was the lead single from his second studio album 'Bloom', released on the 31st of August 2018

References 

1995 births
Living people
Australian child actors
Australian Jews
Australian LGBT people
Australian singer-songwriters
Gay Jews
Jewish actors
Jewish musicians
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Johannesburg
South African Jews
White South African people
Dean Edwards Smith (February 28, 1931 – February 7, 2015) was an American head coach of men's college basketball. He was born in Emporia, Kansas. Smith was called a "coaching legend" by the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Smith was best known for his 36-year coaching term at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  Smith coached from 1961 to 1997 and retired with 879 victories, which was the NCAA Division I men's basketball record at that time. 

Smith had the 9th highest winning percentage of any men's college basketball coach (77.6%). During his tenure as head coach, North Carolina won two national championships and appeared in 11 Final Fours.

Hill died in Chapel Hill, North Carolina at the age of 83.

References

Other websites

FIBA Hall of Fame page on Smith 
North Carolina biography of Dean Smith  (from 2011-12 media guide)
North Carolina biography of Dean Smith (archived from 1997)

1931 births
2015 deaths
Sportspeople from Kansas
Sportspeople from North Carolina
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Clifton Reginald Wharton, Jr. (born September 13, 1926) is an American university president, corporate executive and former United States Deputy Secretary of State

References

1926 births
Living people
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Politicians from Chicago
Charles Wesley Robinson (September 7, 1919 - May 20, 2014) was an American entrepreneur. He served as United States Deputy Secretary of State from 1975 through 1976 under the Gerald Ford administration.

References

1919 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Businesspeople from Los Angeles County, California
People from Long Beach, California
Politicians from Los Angeles County, California
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
US Republican Party politicians
John Cunningham Whitehead (April 2, 1922 – February 7, 2015) was an American banker and civil servant. He was a board member of the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation (WTC Memorial Foundation). He was chairman of the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Whitehead served as United States Deputy Secretary of State under the Ronald Reagan administration from 1985 through 1989.

References

1922 births
2015 deaths
Businesspeople from Illinois
Businesspeople from New York City
Cancer deaths in New York City
Harvard University alumni
People from Evanston, Illinois
Politicians from Illinois
Politicians from New York City
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
US Republican Party politicians
Joe Benson Mauldin, Jr. (July 8, 1940 – February 7, 2015) was an American double-bassist, songwriter and audio engineer. He was best known as the double-bassist of rock and roll group The Crickets. Mauldin was born in Lubbock, Texas.

Mauldin died from cancer in Nashville, Tennessee, aged 74.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
American songwriters
Engineers from Texas
Writers from Texas
Musicians from Texas
People from Lubbock, Texas
Müzeyyen Senar (July 16, 1918 – February 8, 2015) was a Turkish classical music performer. She was known as the "Diva of the Turkish Republic".

Senar died in İzmir, Turkey from pneumonia, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 

1918 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Turkish singers
Héctor René Lavandera, usually known as René Lavand (24 September 1928 – 7 February 2015), was a magician from Argentina. He appeared in Ed Sullivan's and Johnny Carson's television shows as well as shows at Hollywood's Magic Castle.

Lavand died of pneumonia at the Chacabuco Clinic in Tandil, Argentina aged 86.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Argentine entertainers
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Argentina
Magicians
Springville is a city in Utah County, Utah, United States that is part of the Provo-Orem Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 29,466 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Utah
Basophils, or basophil granulocytes, are rare granulocytes.  If you had 10,000 white blood cells, only 1–30 of them would be basophils.

Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules. When stained, the granules hide the cell nucleus from sight. However, when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has two lobes.

The mast cell, another granulocyte, is similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated. However, they come from different cell lines. Mast cells usually do not circulate in the blood stream, but instead stay in connective tissue. Like all circulating granulocytes, basophils go from the blood into a tissue when needed.

The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are stained by basic dyes, as shown in the illustrations.

How they work is not well understood. Basophils have protein receptors on their cell membrane which binds IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defence and allergy. They are found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection, for example, by ticks.

References 

Blood cells
Staining is used in microscopy to make cells and tissues easier to see and understand.

This is a way to improve contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are often used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues, often with the aid of different microscopes.

Staining can be done on living tissues (in vivo) or on dead tissues (in vitro).

Preparation 
Dead tissue needs to be "fixed" so it does not decay. The fixative keeps the structure as it is. After fixation a tissue may be cut into thin slices, and put on a series of glass microscope slides. Occasionally, it is necessary to dissolve cell membranes so large dye molecules can get into the cells. Standards are published in the Biotechnic & Histochemistry journal.

Staining 
The simplest way is to dip the slide plus specimen into a solution of dye, then rinse it and examine. The stains used are certified stains, tested by the Biological Stain Commission.

Staining bacteria 
Gram staining is used to classify bacteria. It is based on the composition of their cell wall. Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine as a mordant, and a counterstain which marks all bacteria.

Gram-positive bacteria stain dark blue or violet. Their cell wall lacks the secondary membrane and lipopolysaccharide layer found in Gram-negative bacteria.

On most Gram-stained preparations, Gram-negative organisms are red or pink from the counterstain.

Staining tissues 

Haematoxylin and eosin staining is often used in histology for thin sections of tissue. Haematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red.

Eosin is strongly absorbed by red blood cells, colouring them bright red. In a skilfully made H & E preparation the red blood cells are almost orange, and collagen and cytoplasm (especially muscle) go different shades of pink. Hematoxylin stains the cell nucleus and other acidic structures (such as RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm and the matrix of hyaline cartilage) blue. In contrast, eosin stains the cytoplasm and collagen pink.

A quick and simple stain used on blood smears, and human cheek cells is methylene blue, which stains the nuclei. There are many other specialist stains, some fluorescent under special light.

References 

Cells
Laboratory techniques
{{Infobox Album
| name = Lifestylez ov da Poor & Dangerous
| type = studio
| artist = Big L
| cover = 
| released = March 28, 1995
| recorded = 1991–1994 at Powerplay Studios in Queens, New YorkUnique Studios in New York City, New YorkChung King Studios in New York City, New York
| genre = East Coast hip hop, hardcore hip hop, underground hip hop
| length = 48:42
| language = English
| label = Columbia
| producer = Buckwild, Craig Boogie, Kid Capri, Lord Finesse, Showbiz
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = 
& Dangerous(1995)
| next_title = The Big Picture (1974-1999)(2000)
}}Lifestylez ov da Poor & Dangerous' is the first studio album by American rapper, Big L. Lifestylez ov da Poor & Dangerous'' was released on March 28, 1995 through Columbia Records. The album featured the singles "Put It On", "M.V.P.", and "No Endz, No Skinz".

The album first appeared on the Billboard 200 at #149. It reached at #22 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Since August 2000, It has sold over 200,000 copies since August 2000

The album was well received. The Source gave the album 4 out of 5 mics and said "[Big L] comes with ill animated lyrics, combined with metaphors that stun; a combo sure to have suckas on the run".

Songs

References

Other websites

1995 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
Jorge Alberto Sassi (17 November 1950 – 9 February 2015) was an Argentine actor. He was known for his roles in  Valientes, Heartbreakers, and A dos aguas. Sassi was born in Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.

Sassi died of renal failure at his home in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 64.

References

Other websites
 

1950 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Argentine movie actors
People from Buenos Aires
The Archaeoceti ('ancient whales'), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a group of primitive cetaceans. They lived from the early Eocene to the late Oligocene, 5523 million years ago (mya). They were the first cetacean radiation, and they include the first amphibious stages in cetacean evolution. So they are the ancestors of both modern cetacean suborders, Mysticeti and Odontoceti.

The group evolved in the shallow waters that separated India and Asia 55–45 mya. About 30 species have been found which were adapted to a fully oceanic life. Modern characters such as echolocation and filter-feeding evolved later, in a second radiation .

All archaeocetes from 55 to 48 mya are only from Indo-Pakistan. By 41–34 mya genera are known from across the Earth, including North America, Egypt, New Zealand, and Europe. They were very unlikely to be as well-adapted to the open ocean as living cetaceans, so they probably got to North America along coastal waters. They could have gone around Africa and over to South America. More likely, over the Tethys Sea (between Eurasia and Africa) and along the coasts of Europe, Greenland, and North America.

The group is a paraphyletic because it gave rise to the two separate modern suborders.

References 

Cetaceans
Fossils
Söderhöjdens BK was a sports club in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was established in 1971. The club played three seasons in the Swedish women's bandy top division.

References

1971 establishments in Sweden
Swedish football clubs
Bandy clubs in Sweden
Sport in Stockholm
Mosseruds GF is a sports club in the town of Karlstad in Sweden. It was established on 8 September 1938. The men's bandy team qualified for the Swedish second division in 2010.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Bandy clubs in Sweden
1938 establishments in Sweden
Random Hearts is a 1999 American romantic drama movie. It was directed by Sydney Pollack and was produced by Martin Jurow and Marykay Powell. Random Hearts was released on October 8, 1999. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Warren Adler.

The movie gained mixed reviews from critics and holds a 15% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert said, "There are so many good things in Random Hearts, but they're side by side instead of one after the other. They exist in the same film, but they don't add up to the result of the film. Actually, the film has no result—just an ending, leaving us with all of those fine pieces, still waiting to come together. If this were a screenplay and not the final product, you could see how with one more rewrite, it might all fall into place."

Cast 
 Harrison Ford as Sergeant William 'Dutch' Van Den Broeck
 Kristin Scott Thomas as Kay Chandler
 Charles S. Dutton as Alcee
 Bonnie Hunt as Wendy Judd
 Dennis Haysbert as Detective George Beaufort
 Sydney Pollack as Carl Broman
 Richard Jenkins as Truman Trainor
 Paul Guilfoyle as Dick Montoya
 Susanna Thompson as Peyton Van Den Broeck
 Peter Coyote as Cullen Chandler
 Kate Mara as Jessica Chandler
 Susan Floyd as Molly Roll
 Dylan Baker as Richard Judd
 Lynne Thigpen as Phyllis Bonaparte
 Reiko Aylesworth as Mary Claire Clark
 Edie Falco as Janice
 Alex Trebek as Himself

References

Other websites 

1999 movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Sydney Pollack
Music of the Heart is a 1999 American drama movie. It was directed by Wes Craven and was produced by Susan Kaplan, Marianne Maddalena, Allan Miller, and Walter Scheuer. Music of the Heart was released on October 29, 1999. The movie is based on the true story of Roberta Guaspari, who was the co-founder the Opus 118 Harlem School of Music. It is director Wes Craven's movie outside of the horror/thriller genre to date. It was also his first movie to receive an Academy Award nomination.

The movie gained mixed reviews from critics and holds a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars and said, "Meryl Streep is known for her mastery of accents; she may be the most versatile speaker in the movies. Here you might think she has no accent, unless you've heard her real speaking voice; then you realize that Guaspari's speaking style is no less a particular achievement than Streep's other accents. This is not Streep's voice, but someone else's - with a certain flat quality, as if later education and refinement came after a somewhat unsophisticated childhood."

The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards; Meryl Streep was nominated for Best Actress and scored songwriter Diane Warren was nominated for Best Original Song for the song "Music of My Heart". Streep was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award in the category of Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.

Cast 
 Meryl Streep as Roberta Guaspari
 Gloria Estefan as Isabel Vasquez
 Angela Bassett as Principal Janet Williams
 Aidan Quinn as Brian Turner
 Cloris Leachman as Assunta Guaspari
 Jane Leeves as Dorothea von Haeften

References

Other websites 
Official website

1999 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Miramax movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies directed by Wes Craven
Movies set in New York City
The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge across the East River in New York City. It connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. The bridge is  long.

The bridge opened on December 31, 1909. It was designed by Leon Moisseiff. Its design was new for bridges at the time. Many longer suspension bridges are based on this bridge's design.

The bridge is officially landmarked. It was made a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2009.

References

Other websites

Manhattan Bridge at New York City Department of Transportation

Bridges in New York City
Steel bridges
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Brooklyn
Suspension bridges
1909 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
The Queensboro Bridge is a cantilever bridge over the East River in New York City. The bridge is also named the 59th Street Bridge because its end in Manhattan is between 59th and 60th streets. It was finished in 1909. The Queensboro Bridge connects Midtown Manhattan with Long Island City in the borough of Queens. It goes over Roosevelt Island. The bridge is  long. The bridge was renamed after New York City mayor Ed Koch in 2011. Its official name is now the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge. 

To the north is a tramway that travels in the air. This tramway goes from Manhattan  to Roosevelt Island.  

From 1909 to 1917, the span of the bridge between Manhattan and Roosevelt Island was the longest cantilever span in North America.

The bridge used to carry elevated trains. It now carries cars. Since 2000, people can walk across the bridge.

The roadway that uses the bridge is numbered New York State Route 25.

References

Other websites
 
 Queensboro Bridge at New York City Department of Transportation

Bridges in New York City
Steel bridges
Queens (New York City)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
The Williamsburg Bridge is a suspension bridge in New York City. It goes between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. The bridge opened on December 19, 1903. It is free to cross.


History

The bridge was built starting in 1896. It cost $24,200,000.  Until 1924, it was the world's longest suspension bridge.

The bridge has been rebuilt since the 1980s. It was closed in 1988 after cracks were found on the bridge. A bicycle lane was also built on the bridge.

In 2003, the bridge turned 100 years old.  On June 22, 2003, people held a party on the bridge to celebrate the bridge's age. In 2009, the bridge was made a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Train tracks
The bridge carries subway tracks of the BMT Nassau Street Line. In the early 20th century it also had trolley tracks.

References

Other websites

Williamsburg Bridge info from NYCDOT

Bridges in New York City
Steel bridges
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Brooklyn
Suspension bridges
1903 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
The Long Island Rail Road, often called the LIRR, is a commuter rail system in New York. Its lines travel from Manhattan to Suffolk County on eastern Long Island. Over 334,000 people ride the LIRR every day. It is North America's busiest commuter railroad. It is also one of the few commuter systems in the world that runs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.

The LIRR was created in 1834. It has never stopped operating since then. In the 1870s it was consolidated with the other railroads on Long Island. It is the oldest U.S. railroad that still has its original name. The LIRR has 124 stations and more than  of railroad tracks, The LIRR has a total of  of train routes.

It is owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA. The MTA also runs the Metro-North Railroad to New York's Hudson Valley and to Connecticut.
It’s rolling stock consists of Budd M3 and Bombardier M7 EMUs from the 1980s and 2000s respectively, and Kawasaki M9 EMUs currently under construction. Diesel service is provided by Kawasaki C3 coaches pulled by EMD DE30AC and DM30AC locomotives, built in the late 1990s

References

Transport in New York City
Transport in New York
Rail transport in the United States
1834 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in New York (state)
Three to Tango is a 1999 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Damon Santostefano. Three to Tango was released on October 22, 1999.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 28% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Cast 
 Matthew Perry as Oscar Novak
 Neve Campbell as Amy Post
 Dylan McDermott as Charles Newman
 Oliver Platt as Peter Steinberg
 Cylk Cozart as Kevin Cartwright
 John C. McGinley as Strauss
 Bob Balaban as Decker
 Deborah Rush as Lenore
 Kelly Rowan as Olivia Newman
 Rick Gomez as Rick
 Patrick Van Horn as Zack
 David Ramsey as Bill
 Barbara Gordon as Jenny Novak
 Roger Dunn as Edward Novak

References

Other websites 

1999 movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Roosevelt Island is a narrow island in the East River in New York City. To the west is Manhattan Island, and to the east is the New York City borough of Queens. Roosevelt Island is part of the borough of Manhattan.

Facts 
The island is about  long. The widest point on this island is about  wide. The island's total area is . According to the US Census of 2000, 9,520 people lived on the island. The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation guessed that about 12,000 lived here in 2007. The Queensboro Bridge passes over the southern part of the island but there is no way to get to the island from it.

Roosevelt Island is owned by the city, but is leased to the state of New York. Most people who live on Roosevelt Island rent apartments. There is also a housing cooperative building (where tenants own, rather than rent, part of the building) and a condominium building.

Transport 

People get to and from Roosevelt Island in different ways:
The Roosevelt Island Tramway is a cable car that goes between Manhattan and Roosevelt Island in just 3 minutes and has a great view of Manhattan. Over 26 million people have used the tram.
The IND 63rd Street Line of the New York City Subway passes under Roosevelt Island and has one station on the island. It is served by the F train which goes between Queens and Brooklyn passing through Manhattan.
A bridge known as the Roosevelt Island Bridge links Roosevelt Island to Queens. It is the only way for cars to get to and from the island, and it is also used by some buses operated by the MTA.

Roosevelt Island has many bicycle trails and walking paths for people to explore the island with. There is also a free bus service, called the "Red Bus", that gets people around the island and to the cable car terminal and subway station.

History 
Roosevelt Island was called Minnehanonck by the Lenape Native Americans. Later, it was called Varkens Eylandt (Hog Island) by people who lived in New Netherland. During Britain's colonization of the United States, the island was named Blackwells Island. It was known as Welfare Island when hospitals were opened on the island between 1921 to 1971. It was renamed Roosevelt Island in 1971, after U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

References

Other websites 

Islands of New York
Manhattan
Michael A. Smerconish (born March 15, 1962) is a  talk show host. He has a radio program on Sirius XM Satellite Radio. He has a television program on Cable News Network (CNN). He is a lawyer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for the law firm Kline and Specter. Smerconish is a columnist for the Philadelphia Inquirer. He has often been a guest host for other talk show hosts. This includes Joe Scarborough of MSNBC and Bill O'Reilly of Fox News Network.   

Smerconish had worked for the campaigns of Republicans in the past. He had voted Republican. In 2008, he said he would vote for the Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama. He made this announcement on MSNBC's Hardball with Chris Matthews. On August 20, 2009, Smerconish became the first talk radio host to broadcast live from the Obama White House. That show which included an interview with the President. The interview was held in the Diplomatic Reception Room. That is where President Franklin D. Roosevelt's fireside chats were held. The President took questions from Smerconish and his listeners on a variety of subjects. One subject was the recent debates on the pending Healthcare Reform Bill. Smerconish has interviewed Obama six other times.
In 2010, Smerconish said in the Huffington Post that he had switched his party registration from Republican to independent. When it was said that David Duke had been tied to Republican House leader Steve Scalise in the past, Smerconish interviewed Duke to discuss this.

Books

Smerconish has written several books. Two of them were on The New York Times Best Seller list. 

They are:
 Flying Blind: How Political Correctness Continues to Compromise Airline Safety Post 9/11 (2004)
 Muzzled: From T-Ball to Terrorism, True Stories that Should Be Fiction (2006)
 Murdered By Mumia: A Life Sentence of Loss, Pain and Injustice (2008)
 Morning Drive: Things I Wish I Knew Before I Started Talking (2009)
 Instinct: The Man Who Stopped the 20th Hijacker (2009)
 Talk: a Novel of Politics and the Media'' (2014)

References

Other websites 
 

American television news anchors
American television talk show hosts
1962 births
Living people
American journalists
Lawyers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
CNN people
Swedish Volleyball Federation () is a special sports association for volleyball in Sweden. It was established on 3 June 1961 It was appointed into the Swedish Sports Confederation in 1961. It is based in Solna.

It represents Sweden with national teams like the Sweden men's national volleyball team and the Sweden women's national volleyball team.

References

1961 establishments in Sweden
Sport in Sweden
Sports governing bodies in Europe
Volleyball
Lidingö SK is a sports club in Lidingö in Sweden. The men's volleyball team won the Swedish national championshis 18 times between 1966 and 1981. The team then won again in 1987 and 1990.

The men's junior volleyball team won the Swedish national championship for four times in a row between 1975 and 1978.

References

Other websites
Lidingös SK  
Lidingös SK handboll 
Lidingös SK Volleyboll 

1933 establishments
Handball clubs in Sweden
Volleyball clubs in Sweden
Swedish football clubs
1930s establishments in Sweden
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) is a government-chartered corporation that operates public transportation in the U.S. state of New York. The MTA runs buses and trains in 12 counties in southeastern New York. It also runs in two counties in southwestern Connecticut. On weekdays, about 11 million passengers use MTA buses and trains. Over 800,000 vehicles use its seven tolled bridges and two tunnels daily.

History
The MTA was chartered by the New York state government in 1965. In 1965, it was called the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority (MCTA). The MTCA was made by Governor Nelson Rockefeller to buy and run the Long Island Rail Road, which run out of money.  The MCTA became the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) in 1968. In 1968, it combined the operations of the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) and Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA), which are now MTA New York City Transit (NYCT) and MTA Bridges and Tunnels (B&T).

The MTA also took the lease of the Penn Central Transportation's Hudson, Harlem and New Haven commuter rail lines until 1976. In 1976, Conrail took over Penn Central. The MTA did not run these commuter rail lines by itself until 1983. In 1983, it formed the Metro-North Commuter Railroad from the Hudson, Harlem and New Haven lines.

MTA Bridges and Tunnels
MTA Bridges and Tunnels is the largest bridge and tunnel toll agency in the United States. More than a million people use its bridges and tunnels each day. MTA Bridges and Tunnels collect $900 million from tolls each year.

The seven bridges are:
 Triborough Bridge, connecting Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, and Randalls and Wards Islands (Manhattan)
 Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, connecting the Bronx and Queens
 Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, connecting Brooklyn and Staten Island
 Throgs Neck Bridge, connecting the Bronx and Queens
 Henry Hudson Bridge, connecting Manhattan and the Bronx
 Marine Parkway-Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, connecting Brooklyn and the Rockaways (Queens)
 Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge, connecting Broad Channel to the Rockaways (Queens)

The two tunnels are:
 Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, connecting Brooklyn and Manhattan
 Queens-Midtown Tunnel, connecting Queens and Manhattan

New York City Transit Authority
The New York City Transit Authority has 7 million riders per day, or over 2 billion a year.

The NYCTA runs:
The New York City Subway, a subway system in Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens
The Staten Island Railway, a subway line in Staten Island
The New York City Bus, a bus network in all five boroughs of New York City

References

Other websites

 
 New York City Transit
 MTA Bridges and Tunnels website

Transport in New York
Transport in Connecticut
1965 establishments in New York (state)
20th-century establishments in Connecticut
Deng Liqun (November 27, 1915 – February 10, 2015) was a Chinese former official and high-ranking member of the Communist Party of China. Deng was born in Guidong County, Hunan province, and joined the Party in 1936. Later, he served as secretary to President Liu Shaoqi.

References

1915 births
2015 deaths
Chinese politicians
Communist politicians
Donald Holst "Don" Clausen (April 27, 1923 – February 7, 2015) is a former U.S. Representative from California. He served in the office for twenty years from 1963 through 1983. Clausen was a member of the Republican Party.

Clausen died on January 7, 2015 in Fortuna, California, aged 91.

References

1923 births
2015 deaths
United States representatives from California
US Republican Party politicians
Gideonsbergs IF is a sports club in the town of Västerås in Sweden. The club was established in 1955. It started a women's soccer section in 1971. The women's soccer team won the Swedish national championship in 1992.  and the Swedish Cup in 1993.

The women's bandy team has played two seasons in the Swedish top division,

References

Other websites
Official website 

1955 establishments in Sweden
Bandy clubs in Sweden
Swedish football clubs
Transcription factors help to regulate genes. Each transcription factor binds to a specific DNA sequence. That is how they control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA.

A transcription factor is sometimes called a 'sequence-specific DNA-binding factor'. Alone or with other proteins, they promote or block RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase is the enzyme that copies genetic information from DNA to RNA for specific genes.

Transcription factors have one or more DNA-binding domains (DBDs). These attach to sequences of DNA next to the genes they regulate. Other proteins (such as coactivators, chromatin remodellers, histone acetylases or deacetylases, kinases, and methylases) also play crucial roles in gene regulation. Because they lack DNA-binding domains, they are not called transcription factors.

Glossary:
 gene expression – the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product such as a protein
 transcription – the process of making messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase 
 transcription factor – a protein that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression by promoting or suppressing transcription
 'transcriptional regulation' – controlling the rate of gene transcription for example by helping or hindering RNA polymerase binding to DNA
 'upregulation', activation or promotion – increase the rate of gene transcription
 'downregulation', repression or suppression – decrease the rate of gene transcription
 'coactivator' – a protein that works with transcription factors to increase the rate of gene transcription
 'corepressor' – a protein that works with transcription factors to decrease the rate of gene transcription
 'response element' – a sequence of DNA to which a transcription factor binds

References 

Genetics
RNA
DNA
Molecular biology
Proteins
Marshall Rosenberg (October 6, 1934 – February 7, 2015) was an American psychologist. He was the creator of Nonviolent Communication.

Other websites
 Center For Nonviolent Communication
 Compassion Voice Swiss-based Certified NVC Service in English and German. Founder trained by Marshall Rosenberg and Robert Gonzales.
 Big Picture TV Free video clip of Marshall Rosenberg discussing Nonviolent Communication
  about Nonviolent Communication in close relationships
 PuddleDancer Press: the main publisher of Nonviolent Communication related works
 Vintage 1993 video of a Dr. Marshall Rosenberg TV appearance in Tucson, Arizona
 Giving from the heart  Excerpt from the book Nonviolent Communication: A language of life
 Wiki for Nonviolent Communication
 Marshall Rosenberg Library
 Marshall Rosenberg video clips on youtube
 TruceWorks  A conflict resolution website influenced by his Nonviolent Communication Theory

1934 births
2015 deaths
American psychologists
Scientists from Ohio
Writers from Ohio
Scientists from New Mexico
Writers from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Roger Hanin (20 October 1925 – 11 February 2015) was a French actor and movie director. He was best known for playing the title role in the 1989–2006 TV police drama, Navarro.

Other websites

 

1925 births
2015 deaths
French movie actors
French movie directors
French movie producers
People from Algiers
Andrea Mitchell (born October 30, 1946) is an American journalist, news reporter and anchor for NBC News. She is the Chief Foreign Affairs Correspondent. She anchors Andrea Mitchell Reports on the MSNBC Network. She guest hosts Meet the Press and Hardball with Chris Matthews.Mitchell was raised in a Jewish family.

Mitchell was born in New Rochelle, New York.

References

Journalists from New York
Television personalities from New York
American television news anchors
1946 births
Living people
People from New Rochelle, New York
Miller Brewing Company is an American beer company. They are owned by SABMiller. The headquarters is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was founded in 1855 by Frederick Miller.

The beers sold by Miller include Miller Lite, Miller High Life and Miller Genuine Draft.

References

Drink companies
Beer
1855 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Companies based in Wisconsin
The Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) is a guidance kit that converts unguided bombs, or "dumb bombs" into all-weather "smart" bombs. JDAM-equipped bombs are guided by an inertial guidance system connected to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. This gives them a range of up to . JDAM-equipped bombs range from  to . When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) nomenclature which takes the place of the normal "dumb bomb" nomenclature to which it is attached. JDAM is a joint project of the United States Air Force and the United States Navy.

References 

Military terminology
Bob Simon (May 29, 1941 – February 11, 2015) was an American television journalist. He was an award winning CBS News television correspondent. He was known for his appearances in 60 Minutes.

On February 11, 2015, Simon was killed in a car crash. He was a passenger in a livery cab that collided with another car and then crashed into a middle barrier of the West Side Highway in Manhattan. Simon went into cardiac arrest and was taken to St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, where he died.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2015 deaths
American war correspondents
American television news anchors
People from the Bronx
Road accident deaths in New York
Television personalities from New York City
Writers from New York City
The Treaty of New Echota (7 Stat. 488) was a treaty signed on December 29, 1835, in New Echota, Georgia by officials of the United States government and representatives of a minority Cherokee faction, the Treaty Party.

The treaty of New Echota essentially made the Indians move out of the southeast United States and into Indian Territory. This move was called the Trail of Tears.

References 

1835
1830s in the United States
In mathematics, the Strahler number or Horton–Strahler number of any tree shape measures its complexity. It can be applied to any tree shape including real trees, lungs, human relationships and blood flow systems. These numbers allow these shapes to be handled in computer programming languages. These numbers were created to study the flow of liquids by Robert E. Horton and Arthur Newell Strahler.

References 

Mathematics
Columbus Circle is a traffic circle named for Christopher Columbus. The circle is in Manhattan, New York City. It is at the southwest corner of Central Park. This is where Eighth Avenue, Broadway, Central Park South, and Central Park West all meet. Hell's Kitchen is next to the circle on the south. The Upper West Side is to the north.

Circle
The circle opened in 1905. William P. Eno was the designer. Eno was a businessman who made road safety and traffic control better. The circle was supposed to be part of the plan for Central Park. This was to be a very important entrance to the park.

There is a statue at the center of Columbus Circle. It was made by Italian sculptor Gaetano Russo, The statue was built in 1892. It is a marble statue of Columbus on top a  granite column. The pedestal has an angel holding a globe. The circle was rebuilt in 2005. There are new water fountains, wooden benches; and plants around the statue. The inner circle is about  wide. The outer circle is about  wide. The rebuilding was honored with an award.

There is also a New York City Subway station under the circle.

Around the circle
The headquarters of Time Warner is to the west of Columbus Circle. The building is called Time Warner Center. Time Warner Center has the Shops at Columbus Circle, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, and the Mandarin Oriental New York hotel.

The Trump International Hotel and Tower is to the circle's north. This building was an office tower, but now has restaurants and a hotel.

The Merchant's Gate to Central Park is to the northeast. It has the USS Maine National Monument. The USS Maine National Monument was built in 1913 to honor sailors killed on the battleship USS Maine in 1898.

2 Columbus Circle is to the south. This is a tower built in 1964 by Edward Durell Stone. It used to hold an art museum. It was rebuilt in 2005. People argued over the rebuilding because they wanted to landmark it.

240 Central Park South is on the southeast side of the circle. It was built in 1941. It is a landmark.

References

Other websites
 

Town squares
Manhattan
The title of Duke of Nemours was originally given to a French family of minor nobility. It was originally a small lordship. It was later made a county in 1364. It is most famous for being held by a branch of the House of Savoy that eventually settled in France. Following the death of the last Savoyard duke (1659) the title went back to the crown of France. It was eventually passed on to the only brother of Louis XIV in 1672. It remained with his descendants. A son of King Louis Philippe of the French was given the title in 1850.

House of Savoy (1524-1672) 

 Louise of Savoy (1524–1531), Duchess of Angoulême, Francis I of France's mother.
She received the duchy of Nemours in 1524 with the duchy of Anjou. It was later transferred to her half-brother in 1528. She received the duchy of Touraine in exchange. She also received later the Duchy of Auvergne.

 Philip of Savoy (1528–1533)
 Jacques of Savoy (1531–1585)
 Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (1567–1595) also the father of the Duchess of Savoy. 
  Henri of Savoy (1572–1632)
  Louis of Savoy (1615–1641)
 Charles Amadeus of Savoy (1624–1652)
 Henri of Savoy (1625–1659)

Bibliography 
 Levy-Saint-Nom, France. Notre-Dame de la Roche (abbaye augustinienne), Auguste Moutié, Honoré Théodoric Paul Joseph d'Albert duc de Luynes,  "Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Notre-Dame de la Roche" , Diocese of Paris, the original manuscripts, 1862

References

Dukes and duchesses of France
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Alternaria brassicicola is a fungus which belongs to the family Pleosporaceae. The species has branched hyphae which are between 1.5 and 7.5 micrometre wide. In the beginning the hyphae are transparent but later their colour turns to brown or olive brown. The conidium are between the 5 and 8 micrometre wide and can be up to 70 micrometre long.

Reference 
 Seemadua S. et al 2011. Alternaria spot (Alternaria brassicicola) Updated on 2/22/2011 4:17:39 PM Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au.

Fungi
The 2015 Chapel Hill shooting was an incident that happened on February 10, 2015 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Three Muslim college students were shot dead. Their neighbor Craig Stephen Hicks was arrested for it. Families of the victims called it a hate crime.

History 
Police do not know why Hicks might have done it. Police in Chapel Hill say Hicks had argued with the victims over parking spaces before. Neighbors said Hicks was obsessed over people parking in his space. His Facebook page says he supports “Atheists for Equality” and blamed “radical Christians and radical Muslims" for causing problems in the world. 

The FBI was called in to help the local police. They also started an investigation to see if any federal laws have been broken. Federal officials did not find any evidence it was a hate crime. On 12 June 2019, Hicks pleaded guilty to the shooting. He was sentenced to spend the rest of his life in prison. He was not convicted of any hate crime.

References

2015 murders in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
2010s in North Carolina
Alexander Rudolf "Lex" Cools (The Hague, 1941 – Nijmegen, 7 September 2013) was a Dutch neuroscientist. He was interested in the pharmacology of behavior. 

Cools got his Doctor of Philosophy in 1973 at the Radboud University Nijmegen. He was a professor in Nijmegen from 1985 until his retirement in 2006. 

A special issue of the scientific journal Behavioural Pharmacology was dedicated to his memory in 2014. Cools was one of the founders of the European Behavioural Pharmacology Society. He became its second president. He received that society's Distinguished Achievement Award in 2003. 

Cools was the first to propose (1976) the existence of different types of dopamine receptors. This claim is correct but was initially not believed. Cools is also known for his work on the basal ganglia.

References

Other websites 
 

1941 births
2013 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch scientists
Neuroscientists
People from The Hague
Pharmacologists
Larry King Live was an American television talk show that was hosted by Larry King on CNN from 1985 to 2010. It was the station's most watched and longest-running program, with over one million viewers nightly.

On June 29, 2010, King announced that the program would end. The last episode aired on December 16, 2010, and a new episode on the war against cancer aired two days later on December 18.

References

1985 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
American television talk shows
CNN
David Michael Carr (September 8, 1956 – February 12, 2015) was an American columnist and author. He wrote the Media Equation column and covered culture for The New York Times. In 2014, he was named the Lack Professor of Media Studies at Boston University, a part-time position.

Carr died on February 12, 2015 following a collapse in the New York Times newsroom at the age of 58. His cause of death was lung cancer and heart disease.

References

Other websites
The Carpetbagger blog
Interview with Stephen Elliott
Interview with the Washington Post's Express 
The Night of the Gun official website
Page One: Inside The New York Times 

1956 births
2015 deaths
American academics
American journalists
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Writers from New York City
Writers from New Jersey
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Disease-related deaths in the United States
American bloggers
Educators from New Jersey
Educators from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Educators from New York City
Tuan Guru Dato' Bentara Setia Haji Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat (10 January 1931 – 12 February 2015) was a Malaysian politician and Muslim cleric.

He was the Menteri Besar of Kelantan from 1990 to 2013 and the Mursyidul Am or Spiritual Leader of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from 1991 until his death in 2015.

Overall, career as an elected politician lasted for some 48 years following his election to the Parliament of Malaysia in 1967.

Nik Mat died of prostate cancer in Kota Bharu, Malaysia at the age of 84.

References

1931 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Malaysian politicians
Civil servants
was a Japanese-born Brazilian artist. Her work includes paintings, prints and sculptures. She was one of the main representatives of informal abstractionism in Brazil. Her son, Ruy Ohtake, was also an architect.

Ohtake died in São Paulo, Brazil at the age of 101 from heart failure.

References

Other websites 
 

1913 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Japanese artists
Japanese centenarians
People from São Paulo
People from Kyoto Prefecture
Steve Strange (born Steven John Harrington, 28 May 1959 – 12 February 2015) was a Welsh pop singer. He was born in Newbridge, Caerphilly. He was best known as the lead singer and frontman of the 1980s pop group Visage. From the late 1970s he was also a very well known nightclub host and promoter. He died of a heart attack in Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt.

References

1959 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Egypt
Welsh pop singers
Big Eyes is a 2014 American biographical drama movie directed by Tim Burton and produced by Burton and Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. 

It is based on the careers of American artists Margaret and her husband Walter Keane. It is set in San Francisco, California during the 1950s. They are played by Amy Adams and Christoph Waltz. It also stars Krysten Ritter, Jason Schwartzman, Danny Huston, Jon Polito and Terence Stamp. The music was composed by Danny Elfman.

It was released to very positive reviews on December 25, 2014.

Other websites
 

2014 movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies set in San Francisco
Movies set in the 1950s
2010s feminist movies
La sombra del pasado is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Televisa. Production started on August 18, 2014.

Cast

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

2014 Mexican television series debuts
Telenovelas
Mexican television series
VietJet Air is a Vietnamese budget airline. The headquarters are in Hanoi. The center of activity is from Tan Son Nhat International Airport in Ho Chi Minh City. The company was founded in 2007. VietJet Air began operation in 2011. It has flights to most of airports in Vietnam and some international airports. From its first flight to 31 December 2014, the airline has served 10 million passenger. In February 2014, it signed a purchase order with Airbus to buy 63 aircraft. It has plans to purchase 30 more and to lease seven more.

References 

Airlines of Asia
Eloise Mumford (born September 24, 1986) is an American actress. She played Sue Lawson in Drones. She played Kate Kavanagh in Fifty Shades of Grey.

The actress was born in Olympia, Washington.

References

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Washington
American movie actors
American television actors
People from Olympia, Washington
San Andreas is a 2015 adventure and disaster movie. It is about an earthquake hitting California. Dwayne Johnson plays Ray. Carla Gugino plays Emma, his ex-wife. Kylie Minogue plays Beth Riddick.  Paul Giamatti plays Caltech seismologist Lawrence Hayes.

The movie was released on May 29, 2015.

References

2010s action movies
2015 movies
Movies set in San Francisco
A musical tone is a repeating sound.  Musical tones  are different in duration, loudness, and timbre. The notes used in music can have many complex forms, such as short bursts, changes in pitch, and shifts in noise.

A simple tone, or pure tone, has a steady noise.  A complex tone is a musical tone that is not steady. Simple tones are added together to make complex tones.

References

Music