cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" is a song by American singer Selena.

Background and production 
Before "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was written, Selena had performed cover versions of popular songs while on tour. While touring on the Entre A Mi Mundo Tour, Selena had decided to perform a song she had recently written. The song was called "Little Bidi Bubbles", "Little Bubbles" and "Swim Swim Swim!" The song was in English and had talked about a fish swimming in the ocean happily. The fish was given only one wish and had decided to give that wish away to another fish she had really liked. The song was performed in the style of roots reggae mixed with cumbia music. The song had became a sound check for Selena y Los Dinos, after Selena had written the song. Initially, Selena had wanted to perform the song to her fans and see their reactions before she would professionally record it. The song was not recorded even though it was given positive feedback from fans. 

A.B. Quintanilla III, Selena's brother, was short on songs to be recorded for Selena's next studio album. A.B had wanted to record an "exotic progressive" album that would help Selena to expand her fan base even bigger. He then decided to finish writing "Little Bidi Bubbles" and turn it into a Caribbean reggae song mixed with Colombian cumbia to attract fans from the Caribbean. Pete Astudillo, a former back-up dancer for the band, also helped with writing the song. Chris Perez, the widower of Selena, had brought Rock fusion and guitar solos into the song. The song was written in Spanish and was produced by A.B., Selena's father Abraham Quintanilla Jr and Bebu Silvetti. Brian "Red" Moore, a family friend, had mixed the song. Roger Emerson became the music arranger for the song. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was recorded in Q-Productions in Corpus Christi, Texas.

Around the early months of 1994, the lyrics of the song was finished. Selena had recorded the song a few weeks afterwards. A.B. told interviewers that he was afraid and nervous about releasing the song because of its mixed music genres. He also said that the use of mixed genres had never been done before for a Tejano singer. After Amor Prohibido (1994) was released, EMI Latin had a hard time choosing a lead single. Selena and the record company had wanted "Amor Prohibido" as the lead single, whereas A.B. had wanted "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom". A.B. had tried to convince his sister and EMI, but was unsuccessful. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" had then became a promotional single for the album.

When Selena was killed on March 31, 1995, she was in the middle of releasing a crossover album. EMI Latin and Selena's family had decided to release it on July 18 of that same year. However, since the album was not finished, they were short on songs. A.B. had then made a few remix versions of Selena's most popular and famous songs, one of them being "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", which were included in Dreaming of You (1995).

References

Other websites 

Selena songs
1994 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
Selena Gomez songs
Gulfoss is a waterfall in Iceland. It is part of the Golden Circle tour, which is a popular tour that many tourists take. The Golden Circle shows you the national park Þingvellir, the waterfall Gullfoss (meaning "golden falls"), and the geothermally active valley of Haukadalur, which contains the geysers (erupting hot-springs). In Icelandic, 'Gul' means 'Gold' or 'Golden' and 'Foss' translates into 'Fall'.

History 
Gullfoss and its environments were designed in 1979 as a nature reserve. This served to permanently protect the waterfall and allow the public to enjoy this unique area. The Environment Agency of Iceland is responsible for the management of this reserve.Tourism of this amazing waterfall has been dated to as far back as 1875.In the early days of the last century, Gullfoss was at the centre of much controversy regarding foreign investors and their desire to profit off Iceland’s nature. In the year 1907, an English businessman, Howell, sought to utilise the waterfall’s energy and harboured ambitions to use its energy to fuel a hydroelectric plant.

At the time, Gullfoss was owned by a farmer named Tómas Tómasson. Tómas declined Howell’s offer to purchase the land, stating famously “I will not sell my friend!” He would, however, go on to lease Howell the land without the knowledge of a loophole that would allow him to proceed with his plans.

It was Tómas’ daughter, Sigríður Tómasdóttir, who would lead the charge to stop Howell’s ambitions. Having grown up on her father’s sheep farm where she helped pave the first road to Gullfoss, she sought to get the contract nullified, hurriedly saving her own money to hire a lawyer.

The ensuing legal battle was an uphill struggle; the case continued for years, forcing Sigríður to travel many times by foot to Reykjavík, a distance of over 100 kilometres (62 miles). Circumstances became so difficult that Sigríður threatened to throw herself into the waterfall if any construction began.

Geography 
The gorge was formed by flash flood waters that forced their way through the cracks in the basalt lava layers. On average the water flow is around 110 m3/s. But when these floods happen it can go up to 2000 m3/s, this means that it can fill almost 50 Olympic pools in one minute or about one every second. The floods were so intense that they could fill up the gorge, which is an impressive 32 meters tall, up to the top.

Gullfoss is a tiered Cataract, its total height is 32 m. It has two falls, of which the longest drop is 21 meters tall. It is in the Hvitá River in the Southwestern part of Iceland.

Waterfalls
Bodies of water of Europe
Geography of Iceland
William James Dennis (born November 1, 1966 in Houston, Texas), known by as, Willie D, is an American rapper and record producer. He is best known as being a member of the rap group, Geto Boys. Willie D took up boxing at the age of 11 and in 1985, became the Golden Gloves Champion for the State of Texas. Instead of becoming a professional boxer, he became a well known MC. J Prince, the founder of Rap-A-Lot Records saw his talent and added him to the his label as well as the group which would become known as The Geto Boys.

Discography

Albums 
Willie D has released 6 studio albums:

Websites
 Official website 

1966 births
Living people
Rap musicians from Texas
Singers from Houston, Texas
"Techno Cumbia" is a song by American singer Selena. The song was the fifth single released from Dreaming of You (1995). It was originally the last single from Amor Prohibido (1994). "Techno Cumbia" was made from Techno music and Cumbia music combined. A music video was released after Selena's murder.

Awards

Certifications

Charts

Track listing 

U.S. Promo Single (1994)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47

Mexico EP Single (1994)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47

Mexico Promo Cassette (1995)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47
 "Techno Cumbia (Radio Edit)"  – 2:27

U.S. 12" Vinyl (1994)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47
 "Techno Cumbia (Radio Edit)"  – 2:27

U.S. Promo Single (1995)
 "Techno Cumbia (Album Version)"  – 4:45
 "Techno Cumbia (Full Force Remix)"  – 5:17
 "Techno Cumbia (Brazilian Nut-Remix)"  – 6:02
 "Dreaming of You (Album Version)"  – 5:15
 "Dreaming of You (Radio Edit)"  – 4:12

Spain Promo Single (1995)
 "Dreaming of You (Radio Edit)"  – 4:12
 "Techno Cumbia (Album Version)"  – 4:45

Covers

References 

Selena songs
1994 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"Siempre Hace Frio" () is a song by American singer Selena. It was released as the lead single from Siempre Selena (1996). It was released after Selena's murder. A music video was released, starring Jennifer Lopez as "Selena". She later had the role as Selena in the 1997 movie about Selena's life.

Charts 

Selena songs
1996 songs
Spanish-language songs
A funeral home is a place that helps take care of people who have died. Usually people go there for funerals.

Death
Business
Isotope electrochemistry is a field within electrochemistry concerned with various topics like electrochemical separation of isotopes, electrochemical estimation of isotopic exchange equilibrium constants, electrochemical kinetic isotope effect, electrochemical isotope sensors, etc.

Chemists are actively working in this area. It overlaps with many other chemistry areas of both theoretical and practical importance like nuclear engineering, electrochemical technology, geochemistry, sensors and instrumentation.

Notes

Other websites
electrochemical investigation using isotopic effects 
http://hydrobor.com.tr/bilgi-bankasi/.../Ti%20Ni%20intermetallic%20phases.pdf
electrochemical isotope separation
electrochemical isotope cell 
electroplating isotope effects
JES electrochemical pumping isotope effects
electrochemical isotope fractionation
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aesj/publication/JNST2002/No.4/39_367-370.pdf 
http://www.springerlink.com/content/u0x0t427w1146146/
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.196707571/abstract

Physical chemistry
Isotopes
"Where Did The Feeling Go?" is a song by Australian soft rock duo Air Supply. In 1989, American singer Selena had done a cover version of the song. The song was not released until after her murder. The single was released on the movie soundtrack in 1997. Selena's version peaked at number 88 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and number 26 on the Adult Top 40 chart.

Covers 
Selena

Tribute covers 
These artists had done a cover as a tribute to Selena:

Quamo (Tagalog)
Millie Corretjer (Spanish)

Selena songs
1997 songs
"A Boy Like That" is a popular Broadway song. "A Boy Like That" (originally "A Boy Like That/I Have A Love") was written by Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim for the musical play, The West Side Story (1957). The song was performed by Chita Rivera (Anita) and Carol Lawrence (Maria). In the 1960 movie version the roles were played by Rita Moreno and Natalie Wood, but the songs were dubbed by Betty Wand and Marni Nixon (as both Anita and Maria).

Covers

Selena's version 
In 1995, after attending the Grammy Awards, Selena was asked to participate in the AIDS Project Los Angeles. She accepted because she had loved to do charity work and give back to her community, for which she was famous for being "down-to-Earth". Selena recorded the song as a rhythm and blues, funk song. It was released after Selena was murdered for the various artists album in 1997.

Track listing 
 A Boy Like That (Original Full Version), 5:51
 A Boy Like That (Radio Edit 1), 4:06 	
 A Boy Like That (Radio Edit 2), 4:06 	
 A Boy Like That (Original Edit), 3:28
 A Boy Like That (Extended Remix), 8:14 	
 A Boy Like That (Guitar Mix), 4:54 	
 A Boy Like That (Dub Mix), 8:40
 A Boy Like That (Tribal Mix), 7:13

1950s songs
Selena songs
"Ue o Muite Arukō" () is a song by Japanese singer Kyu Sakamoto. It was dubbed "Sukiyaki" in popular culture. The song peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the United States in 1963, and was the only Japanese language song to do so. The song sold over 13 million copies internationally.

Covers 
 4 P.M. 
 A Taste of Honey 
 Ace Cannon
 Albert Au
 Amos Garrett, Doug Sahm and Gene Taylor
 Anita Mui
 Ann-Mette Elten
 Azman Mohamed
 B-DASH
 Bambi (cantante)
 Baron
 Big Daddy
 Big Mama Sue Trio
 Bill & Boyd
 Billy Vaughn
 Bleed For Freedom
 Blue Diamonds 
 BoA
 Bob Dylan featuring Tom Petty y los Heartbreakers
 Bobby Caldwell
 Bone Thugs-N-Harmony 
 Boukman Eksperyans 
 Brave Combo
 Breakaways
 Brita Koivunen 
 Bryan Adams
 Budak Pantai
 Carmen Cavallaro
 Cecilio y Kapono
 Charm 
 Chet Atkins
 Chris Moore y the Free Spirits
 Claude Valade
 Cornell Hangovers
 Cover Girls
 Crane
 Daniela Mercury
 David H. Yakobian
 David Whittaker
 Diana King
 Diana Yukawa and Nigel Clayton
 Dick Lee
 Die Rivieras
 Dixie Aces
 Doug E. Fresh and Slick Rick
 The Dreamlovers
 Eri Ii 
 Esko Sorsa
 Fair Warning
 Fernando Montenegro
 The Four Preps
 Friends of the Andes
 Fusa y the Place
 Gigi Leung
 Giovanni
 Go Jimmy Go
 Han Dae-Soo
 Hazel Payne 
 Hecoki Mushi
 Hiromi Uehara
 Hikaru Utada
 Hollyridge Strings
 The Hooters 
 Husky & the Sandmen
 Ian Sweetness
 Jennifer Lara & the Brentwood Rockers
 Jerry Cole & the Spacemen
 Jewel Akens
 Johan Dalgas Frisch
 John Kuek
 Kai
 Kai Winding
 Keisuke Kuwata
 Kenji Hino
 Kenny Ball & his Jazzmen
 Kim Hyung Joon (SS501)
 King Curtis
 KISS
 Khoo Cheng 
 Koko Montana
 Kong Ling
 Kyu Sakamoto & Maiko
 Laurindo Almeida
 Lenny Dee
 Lola Dutronic
 Lynda Trang Dai
 Little Singers of Tokyo
 Los Panchos
 Lucille Starr 
 Mack the Knife
 The Majestic Orchestra
 Marcel Amont 
 Margot Lefebvre
 Martin Denny
 Mary J. Blige 
 Masashi Sada
 Masashi Tashiro
 Melcochita 
 The Mermen
 Misora Hibari
 Nahki
 Nikki Monroe 
 Nippon Choir & Little Singers
 The Nits
 The Nor'easters
 Northwestern Asterik
 NRBQ
 Orange Appeal
 Otto Brandenburg 
 Pannida Sevatasai
 Pastel Vespa
 Pat Donohue 
 Paula Lisa
 The Peanuts
 The Picketts
 Quamo 
 Quique Roca 
 Raagapella
 Raphael Saadiq 
 Raquel Rastenni 
 Ray Davis y su Orquesta
 RC Succession 
 Richard Clayderman
 Rim D. Paul
 Roger Wang
 Salt-N-Pepa 
 Sami Kaneda
 Sandi
 Sayoko feat. Beenie Man
 Seam feat. Yan Pan
 Selena 
 The Shi-Tones
 The Silhouettes
 Sister Carla
 Slick Rick 
 Snoop Doggy Dogg 
 Soeur Plus!
 Stanford Mendicants
 Stjepan Jimmy Stanic
 Styx
 Jack Straw 
 Suade
 Sugar Lunch
 The Sunday Girls
 The Busters
 Takeo Ischi
 Teresa Carpio & HKPO
 Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra 
 Tommy Emmanuel
 Tony Vos 
 Trio Esperança 
 Trish Thuy Trang
 Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi
 Tuck & Patti
 Two Hoots & A Holler
 The Ventures
 Utada Hikaru
 Voice of Love Posse
 Walnut River String Band
 Warkop 
 Wanda Aubrey 
 Werner Müller
 Will Smith, Biz Markie and Slick Rick 
 Yajuh Ohkoku
 Yamasaki Hako
 Yami Bolo
 Yasmin Gontijo
 The Ventures

References 

Pop songs
Selena songs
1961 songs
Japanese music
Biophysical chemistry is the study of biological systems. It looks for explanations of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up the system or the supra-molecular structure of these systems. 

Biophysical chemists use various tools used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These tools include spectroscopic methods like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. For example, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 was based on x-ray diffraction studies of ribosomes.

Biophysical chemists study protein structure and the functional structure  of cell membranes. For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. Similarly, biophysical chemists study the structure and function of the biomembranes using model supramolecular structures. These include liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes.

The oldest well-known institute for biophysical chemistry is Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. The Biophysics Department of King's College London is where the X-ray crystallography studies of DNA was done in the early 1950s.

Related pages
 Biophysical techniques
 Biophysics

References 

Chemistry
Branches of biology
Mabel "Madea" Simmons is a fictional African American character. "Madea" is played by Tyler Perry in drag clothing.

History of Madea

Madea's personality 
Madea was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 26, 1935. "Big Mabel" Murfy was the name of her mother. Frederick Simmons was the name of her father. Madea grew up with a strict mother who was also nurturing to Madea's emotions. At age 9, Madea was charged for petty theft. When Madea was 16 years of age, her parents moved to Atlanta, Georgia. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She had tried out for cheerleading and became a cheerleader. By the time Madea was 17, she began going out to night clubs and house parties. Her parents allowed Madea to party at this age. Around this time, Madea became a stripper and was given the name "Delicious". At 18, Madea was charged with illegal gambling, check fraud and identity theft. Around this time, Madea had at least two or three children. She supported herself and her children by pool dancing, stripping and professional wrestling. Madea graduated her high school in May 1959. That night, she had an affair with Thoedure Leroy Brown (also known as "Mr. Brown"). Madea became pregnant and had given birth to Cora Jean Simmons Brown. However, in the movie Madea's Big Happy Family, Mr. Brown had a DNA test which confirmed that he was not the father. Madea was diagnosed with type one diabetes and depression in her early 20s. She had became a bitter women around this time.

Madea's appearance is an elderly women who is not afraid to threaten anybody with her pistol. Madea usually helps her family through life situations, struggles and helping her family cope with one another. She teaches them wisdom; which helps them in their everyday life. Madea is also a forceful women who teaches young adults to act mature. Madea has been locked up in prison several times. She has outlived several of her husbands and lives off of their life security checks. Madea uses bad language and tone to speak to her family when they are disrespectful. She also has a bad temper and bad way of dealing with anger. Madea is known to be half African American and quarter-Cherokee Indian. She likes going to the casino on Sunday, rather than going to the church. Although Madea does not read the bible, she uses it to manipulate situations in order to justify what she had done.

Plays 
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (1999)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2001)
Madea's Family Reunion (2002)
Madea's Class Reunion (2003)
Madea Goes to Jail (2006)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2010)
A Madea Christmas (2011)

Movies 
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
Madea's Family Reunion (2006)
Meet The Browns (2008) (cameo)               
Madea Goes to Jail (2009)
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2009)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2011)
Madea's Witness Protection (2012)
A Madea Christmas (2013)
Madea's Tough Love (2015) (animated movie)
Fictional characters
The Royal ghost frog (Heleophryne regis) is a species of frog in the Heleophrynidae family.
It is endemic to South Africa.

Its natural habitats are temperate forests, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

References
 Minter, L., Channing, A. & Harrison, J. 2004.  Heleophryne regis .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 23 July 2007.

South Africa
Frogs
Joey Tribbiani is a fictional character on American sitcom Friends, portrayed by Matt LeBlanc. In the series, Joey is an actor, and plays "Dr. Drake Ramoray" on Days Of Our Lives.

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University (or in short JRHU) (, ), is a university in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the first university in India and the world which is only for disabled people. It was started on September 27, 2001 by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya. It is run by a trust named as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Shikshan Sansthan. The trust is responsible for all planned works of the university. It was created by a local law of the Uttar Pradesh Government, which was afterwards accepted as the Uttar Pradesh State Act 32 (2001) by the Uttar Pradesh legislature. This act assigned Jagadguru Rambhadracharya as the chancellor of this university for his entire life.

The university offers graduate, post-graduate and doctorate degrees in courses such as Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Sociology, Psychology, Fine Arts, Special education, Education, History, Culture & Archeology, Computer & Information Sciences, Vocational Education, Law, Economics, and Prosthetics and Orthotics. The university is planning to give courses in Ayurveda and Medical Sciences from 2013. The permission to enter into the university is limited to only four types of disabled students – those who are blind, or have difficulty in hearing, having difficulty in walking or having some mental illness, as defined in the Disability Act (1995) of the Government of India. Various degrees were given to 354 disabled students in the second graduation ceremony of the university which was held in March 2010. In the third graduation ceremony which was held in January 2011, 388 disabled students were given degrees. All the facilities in the university such as classrooms, hostel and laboratory etc. are disabled friendly.

References
Dibutyl sebacate (DBS) is an organic compound. It is used as a plasticizer. It is a dibutyl ester of sebacic acid. Its main use is to produce plastics. It can make cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and other plastics. These plastics are used in the food packaging industry, in medical devices, and in pharmaceutical applications. For example, it is used as a plasticizer for film coating of tablets, beads, and granules.

It is used make synthetic rubbers (especially nitrile rubber and neoprene). It is also used as a lubricant (something that reduces friction between moving surfaces) in shaving lotions, and a flavoring additive in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, and baked goods. DBS works well with a range of plastic materials. It has good properties at low temperatures, and helps plastics from being dissolved by oil. Dibutyl sebacate is also used as a desensitizer in Otto fuel II, a torpedo monopropellant.

DBS is also called Morflex, Kodaflex, polycizer, Proviplast 1944 and PX 404.

References

Organic compounds
Habituation is a basic activity whereby an animal responds less to repeated stimuli. It is a primitive kind of learning.<ref> Carew T.J. 2000. Behavioral neurobiology: the cellular organization of natural behavior. Sinauer Associates.</ref>

The learning that underlies habituation is a basic process of biological systems. Animals do not need conscious motivation or awareness for it to occur. Habituation enables organisms to distinguish meaningful information from background stimuli.

Habituation occurs in all animals, as well as in the large protozoan Stentor coeruleus. The decrease in responding is specific to the habituated stimulus. For example, if one was habituated to the taste of lemon, their responding would increase significantly when presented with the taste of lime.  

Two factors that can influence habituation include the time between each stimulus, and the length of time the stimulus is presented. Shorter intervals and longer durations increase habituation, and vice versa''.

Human example 
Habituation need not be conscious. For example, a short time after a person dresses, the stimulus clothing creates disappears from our nervous systems and we become unaware of it. In this way, habituation is used to ignore any continual stimulus. This sort of habituation can occur through changes in sensory nerves themselves, and through negative feedback from the brain to peripheral sensory organs.

References 

Learning
Physiology
A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to come out through the nose, while the air is not allowed to pass through the mouth because something (like the tongue or the lips) is stopping it. Examples of nasal consonants in English are  and , in words such as nose and mouth.

Definition 
Nearly all nasal consonants are nasal stops (or nasal continuants), where air comes out through the nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked by the lips or tongue. 

Most nasals are voiced, and, in fact, the nasal sounds  and  are among the most common sounds used in languages of the world. Voiceless nasals are used in a few languages, such as Burmese and Welsh. 

In terms of acoustics, nasal stops are sonorants, meaning that they do not significantly stop the flow of air (as it can  come out the nose). However, nasals are also stops in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked completely. So nasal consonants sound both like sonorants and like obstruents.

Acoustically, nasal stops have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000 Hz.

Examples of languages containing nasal consonants:

The voiced retroflex nasal is [ɳ] is a common sound in Indic languages.

The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages, such as: Spanish ñ; or French and Italian gn; or Catalan, Hungarian and Luganda ny; or Czech and Slovak ň; or Polish ń; or Occitan and Portuguese nh; or Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin nj.

English, German and Cantonese have ,   and . Tamil has its own different letters for the sounds , , , ,  and  (ம,ந,ன,ண,ஞ,ங).

Catalan, Occitan, Spanish, and Italian have , ,  as phonemes, and  and  as allophones. (In several American dialects of Spanish, there is no palatal nasal but only a palatalized nasal, , as in English canyon. In Brazilian Portuguese nh is frequently pronounced as a nasalized [ j ], that is, as a nasal glide. This vowel also exists in Guaraní.)

The term 'nasal stop' will often be abbreviated to just "nasal". However, there are also nasal fricatives, nasal flaps, nasal glides, and nasal vowels, as in French, Portuguese, Catalan (dialectal feature), Yoruba, Gbe, Polish, and Ljubljana Slovene. In the IPA, nasal vowels are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel. : French sang .

A few languages use voiceless nasal consonants. Some of these are Icelandic, Burmese, Jalapa Mazatec, Kildin Sami, Welsh, and Central Alaskan Yup'ik.

References

 Ferguson (1963) 'Assumptions about nasals', in Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Language, pp 50–60.
 Saout, J. le (1973) 'Languages sans consonnes nasales', Annales de l Université d'Abidjan, H, 6, 1, 179–205.
 Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo overview', in Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.) The Niger–Congo Languages, 3–45.

Consonants
A term is an operand or an operator in a mathematical expression.

Definition
In an equation, the terms are all the numbers/variables (like  or ) and all the operators (like  or ). Terms can be grouped in brackets (often parentheses) in an overall expression. For example, in

3, , 4, , , 5 and  are seven separate terms.

A series is often represented as a sequence of terms (often a sum).

Related pages
 Operands
Operator
Formula
Equation
Inequality

References

Sources 

Mathematics
Arithmetics
Algebra
Number theory
International Direct Dialing (IDD) is an international telephone call dialed by the caller rather than going via an operator. Since late in the twentieth century, most international calls are direct dialed.

International calls are made by dialing the international call prefix for the country one is in, followed by the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, then the phone number within that country. When phone numbers are published for use abroad, they include the country calling code, but replace the international call prefix with "+" to signify that the caller should use the prefix appropriate for their country.

References

Telecommunications
The Wii U ( ) is a video game console that was released by Nintendo on November 18, 2012, and is the successor of the Wii. The video game machine, or console, was first shown in Nintendo's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 on June 7, 2011, and was released for sale on November 18, 2012 in North America; November 30, 2012 in Europe and Australia; and December 8, 2012 in Japan. The system has been described as a part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.

The Wii U is Nintendo's sixth home video game console and their first to use 1080p high-definition graphics. The Wii U has a new controller with a touchscreen, which allows the player to continue playing a game by showing the game even when the television is off. Wii games work on the Wii U, and Wii U games can be played with Wii controllers and extras, such as the Wii Remote, Wii MotionPlus, Wii Balance Board, and the Classic Controller. It also has a controller shaped like the Xbox 360 controller, the Wii U Pro Controller. Nintendo GameCube games and controllers will not work on the Wii U without the adapter used for Super Smash Bros for Wii U. However, it only works for that game. Like on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS, players can create Miis. The best-selling games for the system included Mario Kart 8, New Super Mario Bros. U, and Nintendo Land. The Wii U received positive reviews but did not sell well at all. It has to deal with confusion if the Gamepad was a Wii accessory.

The Wii U sold 13.56 million units, which makes it the second lowest-selling Nintendo console, behind the Virtual Boy.

Hardware
The main controller that was used by the Wii U was the Wii U Gamepad. The controller had a screen that was  large. People can use the gamepad in many different ways. For example, people can play games on a television like a normal controller, or play on the gamepad without needing the television to be on.

Related pages
Wii
Nintendo

References

Nintendo video game consoles
An isodesmic reaction is a chemical reaction where the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product. This type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermochemistry.

An example of an isodesmic reaction is 

CH3- + CH3X → CH4 + CH2X- (1)
       
X = F, Cl, Br, I 

Equation 1 describes the deprotonation of a methyl halide by a methyl anion. The energy change associated with this exothermic reaction can be calculated using a computer. The energy change increases going from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and iodine. This shows that the CH2I- anion is the most stable and least basic of all the halides. Each of these reactions are isodesmic. The energy change in each example also depends on the difference in bond energy of the C-X bond in the base and conjugate acid. In other cases, the difference may be due to steric strain (the blocking of atoms by other atoms). The steric strain is small in fluorine (which is a small diameter atom) but large in iodine (in favor of the anion). So, the energy change grows between each example halide despite the fact that C-F bonds are stronger than C-I bonds.

The related term homodesmotic reaction also takes into account orbital hybridization. Homodesmotic reactions also have the same number of carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds. An example of a homodesmotic reaction is:
c-(CH2)3 + 3 CH3-CH3 →  3 CH3CH2CH3

Other websites 
 Gold Book IUPAC definition

References

Further reading
 

Computational chemistry
A spit is a depositional landform found off coasts. Spits connect to the beach, and extend into the sea. A spit forms because the sand on the beach is moved by the waves along the shore, and the sand collects at the end to form a spit. The process of the waves moving the sand along the shore is known as longshore drift.

Landforms
The sawfish are a family of rays which have a long body, like a shark. One feature that separates a sawfish from other rays is its long, saw-like snout. On either side of this rostrum are little teeth like a saw. 

Sawfish have a mouth, nostrils, and gill slits under their body, just like a ray. Also, their pectoral fins are enlarged, like those of a ray. Also like rays, when they settle on the bottom, they take in water through two spiracles just behing the eyes. This gets water to the gills without sand.

Several species can grow to about .

Rostrum 
The sawfish's most distinctive feature is the saw-like rostrum. The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores. These allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of prey hiding under the ocean floor. The rostrum serves as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans. 

If a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish springs from the bottom and slashes at it with its saw. This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it. Sawfish also defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators such as sharks and intruding divers. The 'teeth' protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified tooth-like structures called denticles.

References 

Rays
Eagle rays are cartilaginous fish in the ray family Myliobatidae. They are mostly large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.

Eagle rays feed on molluscs and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth, while devil rays and manta rays filter plankton from the water. 

They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined diamond-shaped bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from  to  in length.

The tail looks like a whip and may be as long as the body. It is armed with a sting. Eagle rays live close to the coast in depths of 1 to 30 metres and in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m. The eagle ray is commonly seen cruising along sandy beaches in very shallow waters.

Classification 
In Nelson's Fishes of the World, the eagle rays are a subfamily, and are joined by the manta rays and the eagle rays. As Nelson sees it, there are seven genera in the family, in three subfamilies. In our classification, the three groups are families in the suborder Myliobatoidei.

References 

Rays
Glasgow Prestwick Airport   is the second airport serving Glasgow. It also serves the Greater Glasgow area. It is  northeast of the town of Prestwick in South Ayrshire. It is 32 miles from the city centre of Glasgow.

Prestwick is Scotland's largest airport by size. However, Edinburgh Airport, Glasgow International and Aberdeen Airport all handle more passengers. The year with the most passengers passing through Prestwick was 2007. Since 2007, a lot less passengers pass through Prestwick. 1.3 million passengers passed through the airport in 2011. This was 22% reduction from 2010.

Douglas Fowler McIntyre and the Duke of Hamilton owned the airport at first. These people were the first to fly a plane to the top of Mount Everest in 1933. During and after World War II it was a Royal Air Force base. In 1952 it was made a United States Air Force base.

The airport was made bigger in the early 1960s: the runway was made longer and a new terminal building was made. The new, bigger airport opened in 1964. Today, Glasgow Prestwick is mostly used by Ryanair.

On 8 March 2012, Infratil, the company which owns Prestwick, said that they had placed the airport up for sale. The Chief Executive Marco Bogoievski said that he does not regret selling the airport.

The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm uses part of the airport. It has 3 Sea King helicopters there for search and rescue. They cover Ben Nevis, the Lakes, Northern Ireland and 200 NM (370 km; 230 mi) past the Irish coast. This force is often called 'HMS Gannet'. 15 officers, 11 ratings, 28 civil servants and 50 civilian staff work at the base.

References 

Airports in Scotland
Iodine deficiency is when there is not enough iodine in the body.  Iodine is an essential trace element. The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine. In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet. This causes iodine deficiency which gives rise to
goiter (so-called endemic goiter), as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
The Lancet has said, "According to WHO, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age. ... Thus iodine deficiency, as the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation, is an important public-health problem."  Iodine deficiency causes diseases of the oral and salivary glands.

In these areas,small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or potassium iodate is added. This helps preventing iodine deficiency. This product is known as iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foods. This includes flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency. Seafood is also a well known source of iodine. Thus, iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine.

References

Other websites 
 International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders 
 Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000?
 

Nutrition
Health problems
William Griffiths VC (1841–22 January 1879) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross.

1841 births
1879 deaths
Victoria Cross winners
Irish people
The trachea, or windpipe, is the bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and is an important part of the vertebrate respiratory system. In mammals, the trachea begins at the lower part of the larynx and continues to the lungs, where it branches into the right and left bronchi. Inflammation of the trachea can lead to other conditions, such as tracheitis, which is the inflammation of the linings of the trachea.

Invertebrate trachea 

The invertebrate trachea refers to the open respiratory system of terrestrial arthropods. It consists of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that take metabolic gases to and from tissues.  The distribution of spiracles varies, but in general each segment of the body has only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it.

The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and diffuse water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gas may be moved actively or by passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph.
This is one of the factors that may limit their size.

A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices. In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill, or function as normal, via a plastron. Despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).

References 

Animal anatomy
Peter John Smith (born February 27, 1966 in Abington, Massachusetts) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1st round (21st overall pick) in the amateur draft of 1984. Smith was signed on June 14, 1984 to play Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. He batted and threw right-handed during his baseball career.

Career
The Philadelphia Phillies traded Smith to the Atlanta Braves, along with Ozzie Virgil, Jr., for Steve Bedrosian and Milt Thompson. Smith made his major league debut on September 8, 1987 with the Atlanta Braves at age 21. In 1988, Smith pitched 3 shutouts, the season after his rookie year. The Atlanta Braves hoped Smith would turn into an ace pitcher as John Smoltz and Tom Glavine were becoming. But in 1989, Smith's earned run average (ERA) was at 4.75 at the end of the season, higher than his ERA in 1988 when it was at 3.69. He played the 1987-1993 seasons with the Atlanta Braves before being traded to the New York Mets for Dave Gallagher. With the New York Mets, Smith only played the 1994 season before being granted free agency on October 25 of that year. On December 1, 1994, Smith was signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. He played with the Cincinnati Reds for only half of the 1995 season before being traded to the Florida Marlins on July 1, 1995 as a free agent. On December 23, 1995, Smith signed as a free agent with the San Diego Padres playing one season with them.

On June 9, 1998, Smith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles organization for minor leaguer, Eric Estes. He played his final game on September 24, 1998. He earned a career ERA of 4.55, striking out 640 batters. Smith also pitched 4 shutouts throughout his major league career.

References

Other websites 
 Baseball Reference
 Baseball Almanac
 Baseball prospectus statistics
 Sportsillustrated statistics
 Baseball Reference (Minor league) statistics through minor league career

1966 births
American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
New York Mets players
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
The electric rays are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral fins. They are the order Torpediniformes. 

They can produce an electric discharge, ranging from as little as 8 volts up to 220 volts depending on species. There are 69 species in four subfamilies.

These rays have battery-like electric organs on both sides of their heads, which can make a powerful electric shock. They use this shock to stun their prey and for their own self defense.

Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least  depth. They are sluggish and slow moving, propelling themselves along with their tails, rather than using their disc-shaped bodies, as other rays do. They feed on invertebrates and small fish. They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.

Classification 
The electric rays are regarded as monophyletic, though in detail the group has been classified in several ways. This is one way the order can be classified.
Family Narcinidae (numbfishes)
Subfamily Narcininae
Subfamily Narkinae (sleeper rays)
Family Torpedinidae (torpedo electric rays)
Subfamily Hypninae (coffin rays)
Subfamily Torpedininae

The word torpedo comes from a genus of electric rays in the sub-family Torpedininae, namely Torpedo, which in turn comes from the Latin "torpere" (to be stiff or numb).

Related pages
 Electric fish

References 

Rays
Cartilaginous fish
Krispy Kreme is the name of an international chain of doughnut shops that was made by Vernon Rudolph in 1937. The real parent company of Krispy Kreme is Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.

While selling all types of doughnuts, Krispy Kreme's signature is a glazed doughnut that is traditionally served warm.

Loblaws supermarkets and Petro-Canada gas stations in Canada have Krispy Kreme. In the United Kingdom Tesco supermarkets, Tesco Extra and Moto service stations carry Krispy Kreme products.

Puerto Rico 
On May 6, 2008, the first Krispy Kreme shop in Puerto Rico opened, followed by two additional places in 2010 and one location in 2011.

Texas 
In 2002, Krispy Kreme opened a restaurant-style shop in the Amarillo area in Texas.

Canada 
The 18 stores that opened in Canada were reduced to four. Two of them are in Quebec while the other two stores are in Mississauga, Ontario and Delta, British Columbia. A small seasonal shop was recently opened in Wasaga Beach, Ontario. The Wasaga Beach receives its doughnuts from the Mississauga shop every morning. Another small store recently opened on November 3, 2010 in Toronto at Bathurst and Harbord Streets in the city's Harbord Village neighborhood.  This store got shipments from the Mississauga store. Krispy Kreme's Canadian assets were put up for sale in 2005 seven weeks after the U.S.-based doughnut company had the firm that owns the stores in Canada placed under bankruptcy protection.

Japan 
In Japan, over 27 shops of Krispy Kreme doughnuts opened around the country.

References 

1937 establishments in the United States
American food companies
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
1930s establishments in North Carolina
Companies based in North Carolina
The Slim Shady LP is the second studio album and the major-label debut by American rapper, Eminem. It was released on February 23, 1999 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Mark & Jeff Bass, and Mel-Man. The album got critical and commercial success. It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 charts. The first single from the album is "My Name Is". It earned Eminem a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was included in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The three songs "If I Had", "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" (originally titled "Just the Two of Us"), and "Just Don't Give A Fuck" originated from Slim Shady EP.

Track listing 

Notes
 signifies a co-producer.
 signifies a pre-production.
On the clean version of the album, "Bitch", "Cum on Everybody", "Just Don't Give a Fuck", and "Still Don't Give a Fuck" are respectively retitled "Zoe", "Come on Everybody", "Just Don't Give", and "Still Don't Give".
Some online platforms (such as Myspace) include an alternate clean version of the album which completely removes the song "Guilty Conscience".

References

1999 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper, Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP was released on May 23, 2000 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Mel-Man, Bass Brothers, Eminem and The 45 King. The Marshall Mathers LP 2, the sequel to The Marshall Mathers LP, was released on November 5, 2013.

Songs

Reception
It was widely praised by music and hip-hop critics, and is considered one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. The album was given 5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic/

References

2000 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
A trill consonant is a consonant that is made by vibrating an articulator, or hitting it many times against something else. For example, the <rr> in the Spanish word "perro" is an alveolar trill, where the tongue is hit many times against the alveolar ridge, or the place just behind the teeth. This vibration is caused by a flow of air.

There are three trill consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet. These are:

 - alveolar trill
 - bilabial trill, where the lips are trilled.
 - uvular trill, where the uvula is trilled.

Consonants
The Eminem Show is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. It was released on May 26, 2002 and was produced by Eminem, Jeff Bass, Dr. Dre, and Mr. Porter. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. On March 7, 2011, the album was certified ten-times-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over ten million copies.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies a co-producer.
 signifies an additional producer.
Early clean versions of the album replace "Drips" with 4 seconds of silence. Later clean versions feature an edited version of the song.
Another censored version of the album did not allow the words "goddamn", "prick", "bastard", "piss", "bitch", "ass", "shit" and "fuck" to be left uncensored.
"Curtain Close (skit)" is performed by Ken Kaniff, who Eminem portrays at the end of the album before continuing on with the persona on Relapse in 2009, as displayed in the album booklet.

References

2002 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
Alternative hip hop albums
Encore is the fifth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. Encore was released on November 12, 2004 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo and Mark Batson. The album was given 3 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. It was nominated for Best Rap Album, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the song "Encore" and Best Rap Solo Performance for "Mockingbird" at the 48th Grammy Awards.

Songs

References

2004 albums
Eminem albums
Demersal animals live on or near the bottom of the sea or lakes. The term is usually applied to fish. 

They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.
 
Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column. Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 percent.

References 

Fish
Ecology
S&M Airlines is the second studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. S&M Airlines was released on September 5, 1989. The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz. The last track on the album is a cover of the Fleetwood Mac song, "Go On Your Way".

Songs

References

1989 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums