cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Klaus Wowereit (born 1 October 1953) is a German politician. He was born in Berlin. He was the SPD Governing Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014. He and his party won 31.4% of the votes in the 2001 state elections, and he started a coalition government with Linkspartei.PDS. He was President of the Bundesrat in 2001/02. He was re-elected as Governing Mayor in 2006, and has carried on the coalition.

He supports Kurt Beck as "Kanzlerkandidat", the SPDs nominee for the Chancellorship of Germany. Many people wanted Wowereit to be the candidate, not so many after he decided to stay in coalition with Die Linke after the 2006 elections.

He is openly gay.

Background 
Klaus Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin until 1973. He went on to study law at the Free University Berlin, passing his first State Exams in 1981 and the second set in 1984.

Political career 
After university Wowereit spent three years as a civil servant in the Senate Office (that is, Ministry) of the Interior. At the age of 30, he was became the youngest councillor in the city of Berlin when he was elected a councillor of Tempelhof Borough. After eleven years he stood for the Berlin House of Deputies Abgeordnetenhaus which is City's Landtag or state legislature in 1995. In December 1999, he was elected chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Abgeordnetenhaus. From June 2001 to December 2014 he served as Governing Mayor, Regierender Bürgermeister, of Berlin.

Sexual orientation 
Wowereit is one of the most famous German politicians who has openly declared himself homosexual. He came out at a convention of the Berlin SPD just before the 2001 mayoral elections, when he said "" ("I am gay, and it's good that way".) This is now a famous quotation in Germany. He probably came out so that the tabloid newspapers could not publish what they thought were embarrassing stories about him.

Wowereit is not the only gay mayor of a large European city. Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, is openly gay, and Ole von Beust, the former mayor of Hamburg, is also gay.

In September 2007, Wowereit published an autobiography called "...und das ist auch gut so.", after his famous coming out phrase.

References

Other websites 

 Konsequent Berlin (Personal website for British and French readers)
 CityMayors.com profile

1953 births
Living people
Gay men
German autobiographers
German LGBT people
German politicians of the Left Party
LGBT politicians
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Sino-Soviet split (1960–1989) was a time when the relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union weakened during the Cold War. Eventually, China's leader, Mao Zedong, decided to break the alliance with the Soviet Union.

The Soviet leader, Stalin, wanted to help spread communism in the world, including China. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviets gave weapons and supplies to the Kuomintang, and advised the Communists to ally with them against the Japanese Empire. The Chinese Civil War continued, however. After World War II, Stalin and the Soviet Union helped the Communists. Chinese leaders disliked the Soviet leaders for not helping Mao and the Communists from the start.

The split 

Suddenly, in 1953, Stalin died.  Mao saw Stalin as the leader of Communism, but also had a bad relationship with the Soviet Union throughout his time as leader.   The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was not like Stalin.  He did not want capitalism to collapse like Stalin did.  Mao got angry about this, and he wanted Nikita Khrushchev to help him fight the imperialists.  Khrushchev said no, and then Mao decided that if Khrushchev was not going to cooperate, they would not work with each other anymore.

Later, there was peace between the USSR and China, but they were suspicious of each other.  They were no longer allies, and Mao's supporters said that it had been a victory.

History of the Soviet Union
History of the People's Republic of China
Liu Bei (161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first Emperor.

Early life 

He went into battle against the Yellow Turban Rebellion rebellion in 184, along with his sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian. 

After Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers—until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all   of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.

Sun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.

Death 

From 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.

After several useless battles against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao chose to make a union with Sun Quan. They attacked Guan Yu with their allied forces and overthrew him in 219. Liu Bei was mad and swore revenge for the death of his brother and the loss of an important part of his empire.

When Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to give up his power. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title Emperor of Wu for himself.

Liu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's arrogance. In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's (a Wu general) great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor.

Reference 

161 births
223 deaths
Emperors of Three Kingdoms era
Cao Cao (曹操 155-220) was a Chinese general. He managed to control the last Han Emperor Xian and conquered the whole northern China.

Cao Cao gathered an army in 184 to fight against the Yellow Scarves rebellion. After the Dong Zhuo had seized the Emperor Liu Bian in 189 and deposed him in favour of his brother Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), a coalition of local warlords all over the country arose against Dong. It was called by Cao Cao and led by Yuan Shao, and many powerful warriors joined it.
After Dong Zhuo's death through the hands of his foster son Lü Bu, Emperor Xian was controlled by Dong's associates. He fled to Chang'an (the old capital) in 195 but almost starved to death. Cao Cao saved him in 196 and brought him to his own place at Xuchang.

With the emperor under his control, Cao Cao managed to kill most of the minor warlords in Northern China and was even able to defeat Lü Bu and the powerful Yuan Shao at Guandu in 200. He tried to conquer the south, too, but Liu Bei and Sun Quan opposed him and defeated his forces in the Battle at Red Cliffs. Cao Cao led several campaigns against the south, but with fairly low success. Also, he managed to get the famous general Guan Yu killed by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng.

Cao Cao died in 220, and his son Cao Pi followed him in control of the emperor. He eventually deposed him the same year and became Emperor Wen of Wei, making his father posthumously Emperor Wu of Wei.

Poetry

Cao Cao was a poet. Only some of his poetry can be found today. 

155 births
220 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Chinese poets
Zhang Fei (167-221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his brothers Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.

In the battles against the Dong Zhuo, Zhang fended off the enemy general Lü Bu and was greatly rewarded by his then-ally Cao Cao.

Zhang Fei was later killed by his own officers, because after the death of his brother Guan Yu, he became a drunk.

167 births
221 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Dong Zhuo (董卓 139-192) was a reckless general in ancient China. He took control over the imperial court of Han in 189. He was later killed by his own foster son, Lu Bu.

Dong Zhuo had been a successful warrior and general since his youth. Anyway, he was defeated by Yellow Scarves rebels in 184 and demoted. After the death of Emperor Ling, the eunuchs kidnapped the young follower Liu Bian and his brother Liu Xie. Dong Zhuo freed them and intimidated the kidnappers so they committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River. Dong then brought the emperor and his brother back to the capital Luoyang and seized perfect control over the court. Because Liu Bian seemed too stupid to him, Dong deposed him and made his brother Liu Xie emperor instead (Emperor Xian). In 190 he poisoned Liu Bian.

Dong Zhuo became arrogant and violent. He even forced the emperor to move to the city Chang'an as capital instead and burned Luoyang. Because of that, many warlords and Han generals all over the country formed an alliance to destroy Dong's reign. After some fierce battles, Lü Bu knew that his position was lost, and killed his foster father Dong in 192.

Dong's associates Guo Si and Li Jue continued to control the emperor, but they started struggles and the emperor escaped. He was rescued by Cao Cao in 196.

139 births
192 deaths

Three Kingdoms generals
Sun Quan (孫權 182-252) was an ancient Chinese warlord and founder of Eastern Wu in 222.

As a warlord 
His brother Sun Ce conquered Southeastern China from 197 until his death in 200. Sun Quan was in charge at the age of 18. He continued to expand his empire and drew back the forces of Cao Cao in the Battle at Red Cliffs (along with Liu Bei). To have better opportunities against the north, he gave his Jing Province to Liu Bei so that he could create an empire on his own. Liu Bei conquered the other western territories from 211 to 214 and set his brother Guan Yu in charge of defending Jing.

Now that Liu Bei had his own empire, Sun quan demanded his western province back from him, but Liu Bei declined. In alliance with Cao Cao, Sun Quan's general Lü Meng captured Guan Yu in 219 and slayed him along with his son, Guan Ping.

After Cao Cao's son Cao Pi started the Wei Dynasty in 220, Liu Bei also wanted to be an emperor and declared himself Emperor of Shu Han in 221. He considered himself the righteous heir of the abdicated Han emperor Xian. Sun Quan declared himself King of Wu in 222. Liu Bei found that offensive, and launched a great attack against Sun Quan but failed—due to Lu Xun's great tactics. He died a year later.

Under the regency of the Shu prime minister Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Shu and Wu was renewed. Both empires did not have to worry about their defense in the west/east after that.

As Emperor 
In 229, Sun Quan declared himself Emperor of Wu. His attacks on Wei were all in vain but he managed to develop his country very well. After his son Crown Prince Sun Deng died in 241, he made his now-oldest son Sun He Crown Prince. All along the next nine years, He would have trouble with his brother Sun Ba who wanted to be Crown Prince instead. Their fight even caused the honorable general Lu Xun to die of anger in 245.

In 250, Sun Quan was sick of his sons' struggles and deposed them both as princes. Instead he made his youngest son Sun Liang Crown Prince. Two years later, Sun Quan died at the age of 70. For his follower was too young to rule on his own, the official Zhuge Ke became regent.

182 births
252 deaths
Emperors of Three Kingdoms era
A wavelength is the length of the shortest repeating part of a "sine wave". All waves can be formed by adding up sine waves. That is, every wave is a total of sine waves, which may be identified by Fourier analysis.

Examples of waves 
Waves are everywhere.  Examples of waves include:
 sound
 electromagnetic spectrum including
 radio wave
 light
 water waves such as ocean surface waves
 earthquake waves

"Length" of a sine wave
The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.  As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength decreases Thus, the frequency and wavelength are in inverse proportionality.   

There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.

A symbol used for wavelength most often is the Greek letter lambda (λ).

Wave physics
Mechanical vibrations
A drum is a musical instrument that is played with the hands using a drum stick (a stick for hitting a drum). A collection of drums and cymbals is called a drum kit, or drum set. 

Drums are used to keep a steady beat in a song. They give music of many kinds a sense of feeling. For example, to make a song to be slow or fast, the drums play slower or faster.

A drum is a percussion instrument, which means it makes a noise by being hit.  There are many types such as cymbals and bells; even a simple piece of wood can be used as a percussion instrument. 

The drum kit is a group of drums & cymbals to make beats for music. Drum kits are used in most types of popular music, including rock, jazz, country, blues, and many others.

Acoustic Drum 
Acoustic drum kit is a set of drums and cymbals designed to be played as one instrument. A standard drum kit is made from a bass drum, snare drum, set of tom toms, hi hat cymbals, a ride cymbal and a crash cymbal. The sound is produced by striking the drums or cymbals with a drum stick or mallet.

Electric Drum 
Electric drum kit is essentially a collection of sample pads set up in the same way as an acoustic drum kit. The pads themselves are designed to produce little acoustic sound, other than the dead sound of the wooden drum sticks hitting rubber. The drum kit has to be plugged into an amplifier, speaker, or pair of headphones to be heard, which makes them ideal for practice when volume has to be kept to a minimum. Unlike acoustic drums, it is incredibly easy and quick to record electronic drums. There are two main ways to record audio from an electronic kit - Using a USB cable or Using an audio interface. 

Related pages
 Cymbal

References
Pashupatinath is one of the most sacred temples of Hinduism. It is in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It is the temple of the Hindu god Shiva.

Hindu temples
Nepal
Invasion is a word that comes from Latin. Originally, it meant that something goes in (as in military occupation) of a foreign territory. So far, the following uses are known:

 Military: Getting troops to take control of enemy territory. Often a state invades another to start a war, but invasions can happen anytime during war.
 Others: Sometimes, biologists speak about an invasive species. There might be locust swarms invading, or that some algae spread far more rapidly in new territory.

One of many examples is the importing of rabbits  to Australia. As they had no enemies, they did what rabbits do best. They multiplied. To get rid of them, people then thought about importing foxes as well.

 In psychology invasion is a state where the unconsciousness is a ruler (by C.G.Jung).

Military
Biology
The olive tree  is a small tree. Its scientific name is Olea europaea. A long time ago, it came from  the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean, from Syria and the maritime (next to the sea) parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. It has been farmed for a very long time. The Ancient Greeks were farming it. They spread the trees to the western part of the Mediterranean.  

Olive trees like soil with lots of chalk in it. They grow best on limestone slopes and crags in coastal climate.

Overview
The Wild Olive is a small tree or shrub that grows up to 8–15 m tall with thorny branches. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 1–3 cm wide. The leaves have a dark greyish-green color above and are pale with whitish scales below. The small white flowers, with calyx and corolla divided into four parts, two stamens and bifid stigma, are mostly on the last year's wood, in racemes coming up from the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a small drupe 1–2 cm long, thinner-fleshed and smaller in wild plants than in orchard cultivars.

Uses
Today, olive trees are grown for the following reasons:
The fruit of the tree is used:
For cooking. Directly from the tree the olive does not taste very good (it tastes very bitter). It is put into some liquid that makes it less bitter. When this is done, it can be used in many recipes of Mediterranean cooking.
 To make olive oil, a very important vegetable oil.
The wood of the tree is very hard. It is used to make furniture or articles of everyday use.
The leaves of the tree have some medical uses. It is said that the leaves have a calming effect. They are good for people going to sleep. They are also good for the immune system and to bring down high levels of cholesterol. The oil is good for the cardiovascular system (the heart, and the arteries, etc.) and the circulation of fat in the body.

The numbers behind 
In total, about 17.3 million tons of olives are produced every year. 60% of all olive trees are in the European Union. The top producers are:

Cultural significance 

Very probably, the first olive trees were grown in Syria. From there they spread rapidly. In Ancient Greece, the tree was considered to be holy. Some city states (polis) like Athens punished people for cutting down olive trees.

The branches in the flag of the United Nations are those of an olive tree.

In Christianity, the olive tree can be a sign of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over.

The olive tree is the National tree of Palestine.

References

Other websites 
 
 Olive at Plants for a Future
 International Olive Oil Council Includes studies on health benefits
 The California Olive Oil Council
 Resource portal for olive oil
 Olive Oil Times
 Information about growing olive trees 
 The history and gastronomy of the olive and olive oil in Spain

Trees
Oleaceae
Hello is a greeting in the English language. It is common between two people in a non-formal (informal) setting, but can also be used in a formal setting. There are also many other ways of saying "hello", for example a wave of the hand, a salute or a bow (both very formal), a handshake (a little formal) or a high five (very informal). Saying "hello" is a sign of politeness, especially when it is said in a friendly way. "Hello" was first used in writing in about 1833.

Many people say "Hello" when they answer a phone call.

Other greetings like "hello" include; Hi, Hallo, Hiya, Howdy, Hey, Howya, 'Sup, Yo, 'Yello, Herro, Greetings, Good day, What's poppin', G'day mate, Top of the mornin' to you, Ay up, what's up mate and many more.

People then often say "goodbye" when they leave each other. "Goodbye" is a shortened version of the religious farewell expression "God be with ye", which indicates the user's religious belief, usually in a single god. Similar expressions exist in other languages such as: adieu, adieus, adieux, adios. These terms also possess religious undertones as they are derived from the Latin word "deus", meaning "god". This of course does not always mean they are religious.

Human communication
Messaging
Annexation (Latin: ad "to" and nexus "joining") is the one-sided forceful takeover of one state's territory by another.

Related pages
Anschluss (World War II, Austria merged to Nazi Germany)
Republic of Texas annexed to United States

References 

Politics
International law
Manchuria (Northeast China) is the homeland of the Manchu people. To the Chinese, the region is simply known as the Northeast (Chinese: 东北, Dōngbĕi). Manchuria is made up of China's three northeastern most provinces: Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. Parts of Manchuria were annexed by the Russian Empire in the past, and they are now ruled by Russia.

The name “Manchuria” comes from a Japanese version of the Chinese word Manzhou ().

History 
In the early history, Manchuria was under the control of many Chinese kingdoms. Later, the Manchu people formed their own empire called Jurchen. They eventually invaded China and founded the Manchu Qing Dynasty. 

Although the Manchus, who at the time ruled China, signed a treaty with Russia, the Russians took advantage of the weak Qing government and annexed the part that touches the Pacific Ocean, where the modern Chinese city of Dalian stands today. Japan then attacked the Russians to take this important piece of land. Later, Japan invaded the Chinese part of Manchuria too (see Manchukuo). This eventually led to World War II.

After the war, Manchuria was handed over to China by the Soviet Union.

Geography 
Manchuria is in north-east China and the Russian Far East. The land has rocks, grasslands, mountains, and deserts. The weather is very extreme. It is very hot and humid in the summer, and is very cold and dry in the winter.

Russia
People's Republic of China
Senkaku Islands, also called , Diaoyu Dao Islands () and Tiaoyutai Islands (), are uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.

The group of islands, islets and rocks is east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands. The islands are about 200km from Taiwan, and about 300 km from Okinawa.

Dispute
Control over these islands and rocks is disputed.  The dispute issues are complex.  
 
The Japanese government describes the islands as part of Japan. 

The islands are also described as part of China.  There are conflicts in the positions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC).  The PRC and ROC have a shared history.  

The United States occupied the islands from 1945 to 1972 when they reverted to Japan.  The official US position is neutral in a dispute among Japan, China and Taiwan.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

 Japan,  "The Basic view on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands", Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 China,  "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable", People's Daily
 Taiwan, "ROC (Taiwan) Government Reaffirms Sovereignty over Diaoyutai Islands", Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Islands of Japan
Islands of China
Islands of Taiwan
Territorial disputes
Ryukyu Islands
Uninhabited islands
Carl XVI Gustaf (born 30 April 1946) is the king of Sweden. He became king or as he himself wrote; "knug", on 15 September 1973. He is married to Silvia Sommerlath who is half German, half Brazilian. With her he has three children:
 Princess Victoria of Sweden
 Prince Carl Philip of Sweden
 Princess Madeleine of Sweden

Internationally King Carl XVI Gustav is best known for presenting the Nobel Prizes every year.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1946 births
Living people
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Current national leaders
Age of Empires III is a 2005 computer game made by the company Ensemble Studios. It is published by Microsoft. It is the third game of the Age of Empires games, and has better graphics than the ones before it. It is a real-time strategy game. The plot is from 1500 to 1860. An expansion pack, Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs, was released for the game on October 17, 2006. The second expansion, Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties, was released on October 23, 2007. ''Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition was announced on August 21, 2017, and it is still in development.

Compatibility
The game is compatible with Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. The game is available on Steam.

Requirements
CPU: should be above 1.4 GHz
Memory: 256 MB RAM
Graphics: 64 MB video card
2 GB free space on the harddisk. The expansions require additional free space. 

Real-time strategy video games
2005 video games
The Bank of China Tower (BOC Tower, 中銀大廈) is one of the most well known skyscrapers in the central parts of Hong Kong. In the tower, the Bank of China has their offices.

The tower was designed by the architect I. M. Pei and is 315 meters high. On the tower there are two masts that are 369 meters (1209 feet) high.

Photo Gallery

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites

 Emporis.com - Bank of China Tower
SkycraperPage.com – Bank of China Tower

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
I. M. Pei buildings
1990 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in China
Pyŏngyang (평양 직할시 in hangul, 平壤直轄市 in hanja) is the capital and biggest city in North Korea. The government does not want people from outside the country to know anything about North Korea, so Pyongyang is one of the few places in North Korea that people from other countries can travel to.

Entry
Pyongyang is a closed city meaning that North Koreans can't just go there. They must apply for a permit or be high up in the military. It is the most advanced city in the country which allows tourists to go there. Pyongyang does not really show what North Korea is really like, because the government uses it to pretend to tourists that the country is not poor. The city is kept very clean and littering is strictly not allowed. The city is home to the DPRK's only fast food restaurant which only the most privileged North Koreans go to (a meal would be worth around a weeks wages for the average person there). Many shops there have plastic food on display in the windows to make tourists think that there is lots of food in the country when in fact, food is scarce.

Attractions
The city has lots of nice attractions like the statues of Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il at Mansudae hill. The Juche tower is one of the most recognisable landmarks in the country, towering over the Taedong River across from Kim Il-Sung square. It also has the world's deepest subway system. Pyongyang has many large parks and wide avenues as well as the largest sports stadium in the world, the Rungrado May Day Stadium. The city is also the location of the embalmed bodies of the two leaders, Il-Sung and Jong-Il in the Kumsusan Palace of the sun.

Pyongyang is home to the 105-story hotel, Ryugyong Hotel. The construction started in 1987 and the exterior was completed twenty-four years later in 2011. It was originally intended as a propaganda device to make North Korea look wealthy when a South Korean recently built the world's then-tallest building. The hotel to this day remains empty and unopened.

The population of Pyongyang is 3,255,388.
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is a multinational technology company from the United States that makes and sells software, computer hardware, infrastructure services, and consulting services. IBM is one of the biggest Information Technology companies in the world. IBM has had the most patents of any technology company for many years, and has made many important inventions and discoveries that have improved computers.

IBM began in 1911, it was called the "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company". It was set up by a man named Charles Flint. There were no computers at that time, so IBM made other machines, such as typewriters. In 1924, the company changed its name to International Business Machines (IBM). In 1937, the company's Tabulating Machines were used by the United States government to record information about Americans, so they could make a new law called the Social Security Act.

During World War II, IBM made guns for the American army. During the 1960s and 1970s IBM dominated the mainframe computer market. IBM computers were used for American space exploration. From the 1980s starting in 1981 until 2005, IBM made personal computers. In 2005, IBM sold their personal computer manufacturing to a Chinese company called Lenovo. Today, IBM mostly makes software, and some powerful supercomputers.

References

Other websites

 
 

 
 

American computer hardware manufacturers
1911 establishments
Multinational technology companies
Companies based in New York
Quake is also a short-form of the word earthquake.

Quake is a first-person shooter video game that was released by id Software on July 22, 1996. It is the first game in the popular Quake series of video games. In the game, the player must fight demons and zombies in lots of different places.

Quake was the first game that id Software released after they made Doom and Doom 2. It is a very similar game to Doom, but Quake is on a new game engine and has much more advanced technology. For example, Quake lets the player look up and down, lets the player jump, it has fully 3D graphics, and has many more options for multiplayer than Doom had. Quake is famous for its multiplayer, and it was one of the first games where lots of people played multiplayer through the internet. Doom also had online multiplayer through a service called DWANGO, but Quake made playing online more popular than ever before. Tools like QuakeWorld and QuakeSpy made it very easy for players to find other people to play against over the internet.

The game's music and sound effects were done by Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails.

Gameplay 
In the single-player mode of Quake, the player has to get to the end of each level. The player will usually have to find keys or switches to open all the locked doors before they can get to the exit of a level. They will also have to fight lots of monsters that try to kill the player. There are also secret areas and secret levels that the player can find. Secret areas will usually have something that helps the player win the level, like extra health or ammo. The player always has two weapons: the axe and the shotgun. More weapons can be found in the levels, including the nailgun, super nailgun, super shotgun, grenade launcher, rocket launcher, and the thunderbolt.

The levels are grouped together into different episodes, and each episode has a different setting. Most levels look very Gothic or medieval, but others look more futuristic, like science fiction. There are 6 or 7 levels in each episode, but every episode also has one secret level. There is also one level that is not inside of an episode, which is the final boss level. There are four episodes in the game, and they can be finished in any order the player wants. The player can't get to the final boss without beating all four episodes, though.

The game has four difficulty settings: easy, medium, hard, and nightmare. Nightmare difficulty can only be found in a secret area which is on the episode selection level. This secret area can be found in the episode 4 selection room.

Quake Series Games 

Quake
Quake II
Quake III Arena
Quake 4
Quake Champions

Shooter video games
1996 video games
Sega Saturn games
Zen is a Chinese school of Mahayana Buddhism. Buddhism was first brought to China from India, by Bodhidharma. It developed in China, into Zen, in the 6th century. From China it spread to Vietnam, Korea and Japan.

Zen is a Japanese word translated from the Chinese word Chán, which means "meditation".

Zen uses meditation to help practitioners go beyond simply thinking about Zen. The goal in Zen is to attain satori. This Japanese word translates as "enlightenment". The practice also includes using riddles, called Koans. Koans are also designed to help the practitioner not just engage in rational thought. The traditional Japanese place to learn Zen is a Zen monastery. 

Japanese Zen scholars such as D.T. Suzuki became well known in the West. Suzuki spent over fifty years teaching Zen to the world with a series of books in English. In the 1960s in California, Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and others promoted the philosophy. From there it spread to many parts of the western world. Zen is now well established outside of Japan and China. Many Zen centers exist in the US and Europe.

Zen is now associated with some design styles, like Minimalism. The Japanese gardens found at Zen monasteries in Japan are an example of this style. They are called Zen rock gardens. They are not directly part of the teachings of Zen.

Related pages
Criticism of Buddhism
Zen at War

References 

Buddhism
Buddhist terminology
Scots is a West Germanic language. It is sometimes called Lowland Scots or Lallans. It is not Scottish English  Ulster Scots is a form of Scots found in the north of Ireland. Scots is very different from the Scottish Gaelic language, which is a Celtic language.

There have been disagreements about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots. Focused broad Scots is at one end of a scale, with Scottish Standard English at the other. Scots is generally regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English, and has its own distinct variants such as Doric.

History

Origin
Northumbrian Old English was established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the seventh century. The region was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Early Scots began to diverge from Northumbrian English in the twelfth and thirteenth century. There was immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.

Later influences on the development of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French from the Auld Alliance and Dutch and Middle Low German influences by trade and immigration from the Low Countries. Scots also includes loanwords from contact with Gaelic.

13-14th century
From the 13th century, Early Scots spread further into Scotland through the burghs established by King David I. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century and the decline of French in Scotland made Scots the prestige dialect in most of eastern Scotland.

17th century
From 1610 to the 1690s, during the Plantation of Ulster, many Scots-speaking Lowlanders, about 200,000, settled there. In the core areas of Scots settlement, there were five or six times as many Scots as English settlers. Southern Modern English was adopted as the literary language after 1700, and "Modern Scots" is sometimes used to describe the spoken language after 1700.

Related pages 
 Scots Wikipedia

References 

Dialects of English
Scotland
West Germanic languages
Mathematical analysis is a part of mathematics. It is often shortened to analysis. It looks at functions, sequences and series. These have useful properties and characteristics that can be used in engineering. Mathematical analysis provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, which studies continuous functions, differentiation and integration. Mathematical analysis is a short version of its old name "infinitesimal analysis", with some of its key subfields including real analysis, complex analysis, differentiation equation and functional analysis.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton developed most of the basis of mathematical analysis.

Parts of mathematical analysis

Limits 
A foundational concept in mathematical analysis is the concept of limit. Limits are used to see what happens very close to things. Limits can also be used to see what happens when things get very big. For example,  is never zero, but as n gets bigger,  gets closer and closer to zero. The limit of  as n gets bigger is zero. This is described by "The limit of  as n goes to infinity is zero", and written as .

The counterpart would be . When the  gets bigger, the limit goes to infinity. It is written as .

The fundamental theorem of algebra can be proven from some basic results in complex analysis. It says that every polynomial  with real or complex coefficients has a complex root (where a root is a number x satisfying the equation , and some of these roots may be the same).

Differential calculus 

The function  is a line. The  shows the slope of the function and the  shows the position of the function on the ordinate. With two points on the line, it is possible to calculate the slope  with:

.

A function of the form , which is not linear, cannot be calculated like above. It is only possible to calculate the slope by using tangents and secants. The secant passes through two points and when the two points get closer, it turns into a tangent.

The new formula is .

This is called difference quotient. The  gets now closer to . This can be expressed with the following formula:

.

The result is called derivative or slope of f at the point .

Integration 

The integration is about the calculation of areas.

The symbol 

is read as "the integral of f with respect to x from a to b", and refers to the area between the x-axis, the graph of function f, and the lines x=a and x=b. The  is the point where the area should start, and the  where the area should ends.

Related pages

Topics in analysis 
 Calculus
 Complex analysis
 Functional analysis
 Numerical analysis

Concepts in analysis 
Series
Sequence
Derivative
Integral

References 

Mathematical analysis
Locust are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Such swarms are usually made of a great number of locusts. They do a lot of damage to the places where they pass, by eating the crops.

These are species which breed rapidly under suitable conditions. The migratory locust is the best-known example. They become gregarious and migratory when their populations become dense enough. They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults. Both the bands and the swarms are nomadic and rapidly strip fields and greatly damage crops. The adults are powerful fliers; they can travel great distances, consuming practically all green material wherever the swarm settles.

The origin and apparent extinction of certain species of locust—some of which grew to  in length—are unclear.

Locusts are edible insects, and are considered a delicacy in some countries. There have been references to their consumption as food throughout history.

In the Book of Joel in the Old Testament locust swarms are described as a plague.

Related pages 
Collective animal behavior
Orthoptera

References

Other websites 
More detailed information on locusts can be found at the pages of the Australian Plague Locust Commission .

Orthoptera
Agricultural pests
Grasshoppers are insects with long, powerful back legs which they use for jumping. They generally live in dry habitats, such as fields, gardens and meadows, with lots of grass. They are in the suborder Caelifera, which includes locusts. There are 11,000 species, of which 10,000 are in the family Acrididae.

To distinguish grasshoppers from bush-crickets or katydids, they are sometimes referred to as the short-horned grasshopper. Species which change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts.

Grasshoppers prefer to eat grasses, leaves and cereal crops, but many grasshoppers are omnivorous. Many grasshoppers eat from several host plants in one day, while others stay on one host plant. One of the 8000 species of grasshopper eats only a single species of plant.

As food 
Grasshoppers make good food for some. As an example, in southern Mexico, chapulines (grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium) are often eaten. They are high in protein, minerals and vitamins. 

They are usually collected at dusk, using lamps or electric lighting, in sweep nets. Sometimes they are placed in water for 24 hours, after which they can be boiled or eaten raw, sun-dried, fried, flavoured with spices, such as garlic, onions, chilli, drenched in lime, and used in soup or as a filling for various dishes. They are abundant in Central and Southern Mexican food and street markets.

Related pages 
Orthoptera
Tetrigidae
Cricket
Katydid
Aularches miliaris

References

Other websites

Orthoptera
Conjugations are forms of verbs that are changed to agree with the subject that is doing the action described by the verb. Usually most of the word stays the same, but the endings change. Most conjugation systems follow some sort of pattern within the language.

Example: French verb for 'to eat'- "manger" (stem: mang)
("manger" is the Infinitive of the verb. The infinitive is the un-conjugated form of the verb, literally the "to do" something form such as to walk, to play, to eat. In English one does not say "I like eat" one must say "I like to eat". In both English and French ("J'aime manger") the infinitive form of the verb would be used in this case.

The pattern here is that the "er" is removed from the verb and replaced with a different ending depending on the subject(who's doing the eating). This pattern is good for many French conjugations, but not all, and in other languages, conjugation patterns are going to be very different.

Related pages 
Declension

Other websites 
conjugation.com All English verbs conjugated in any tense, any form, any voice 
Conjugation of over 7,000 English verbs.
Online Conjugator for 85 different languages

Grammar
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was the first President of Czechoslovakia. He led the country between years 1918 and 1935.
He was a scientist, philosopher, pedagog, politician, and journalist.
He studied in Brno, Vienna, and Leipzig, and he spoke many languages (Latin, French, Polish, German and English).
He worked as a teacher at a university in Prague and Vienna.
He had a big persona with huge charisma and he is called "President liberator" and "Daddy".

Edvard Beneš was the next president after him.

Czechoslovak politicians
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
1850 births
1937 deaths
Arachne is a character from Greek mythology. 

She was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon, in Lydia (Greece). Her father earned his living with dyeing (coloring) cloth. She learned to be a weaver. A weaver makes cloth, or textiles, from single strands. She was good at what she did, and she claimed that her skill was greater than that of Athena. Athena was the young Greek goddess of weaving (amongst other things). 

Athena appeared to the girl as an old woman, and warned her not to offend the gods. Arachne did not take the advice, she wanted a weaving contest to prove her skill. 

Athena revealed herself, and let the contest begin. Athena wove her scene where she won over Poseidon, the god of the sea. Arachne wove scenes about Zeus being unfaithful, with different women: Leda, Europa, and Danae.

Athena saw Arachne's work was without error, but she did not like the subject of Arachne's weaving. Athena lost her temper, and destroyed what Arachne had created. She also hit Arachne on the head. Arachne then realized what she had done. She ran away and hanged herself. Athena however had pity with Arachne, so before Arachne was dead, she changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider. 

Ovid tells the story in Metamorphoses. Book 6, 5-54, 129-145. The story is typical of tragedy in Ancient Greek theatre, where pride in thinking oneself better than the gods – ὕβρις (hubris) – brings punishment from the gods.

The Greek word for spider is arachne (αραχνη), from which derive the mythological woman's name, the class name Arachnida in biology, and the name for fear of spiders, arachnophobia.

Other websites
Arache E-Text at Project Gutenberg

People in Greek mythology
John le Carré (19 October 1931 – 12 December 2020) was an English novelist. He was born in Poole, Dorset. He wrote many spy novels. The name is a pseudonym. His real name was David John Moore Cornwell.

Le Carré graduated from Lincoln College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Le Carré died from pneumonia at Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro, England on 12 December 2020, at age 89.

His works

Novels
 Call for the Dead (1961), 
 A Murder of Quality (1962), 
 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), 
 The Looking Glass War (1965), 
 A Small Town in Germany (1968), 
 The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971), 
 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), 
 The Honourable Schoolboy (1977), 
 Smiley's People (1979), 
 The Little Drummer Girl (1983), 
 A Perfect Spy (1986), 
 The Russia House (1989), 
 The Secret Pilgrim (1990), 
 The Night Manager (1993), 
 Our Game (1995), 
 The Tailor of Panama (1996), 
 Single & Single (1999), 
 The Constant Gardener (2001), 
 Absolute Friends (2003), 
 The Mission Song (2006), 
 A Most Wanted Man (2008), 
 Our Kind of Traitor (2010), 
 A Delicate Truth (2013), 
 A Legacy of Spies (2017),

Non-fiction
 The Good Soldier (1991), collected in Granta 35: The Unbearable Peace
 The United States Has Gone Mad (2003), collected in Not One More Death (2006), 
 Afterword (2014), an essay on Kim Philby, published in A Spy Among Friends by Ben Macintyre
 The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from My Life (2016)

Short stories
 "Dare I Weep, Dare I Mourn?" (1967), in The Saturday Evening Post, 28 January 1967.
 "What Ritual is Being Observed Tonight?" (1968), in the Saturday Evening Post, 2 November 1968.
 "The Writer and The Horse" (1968), in The Savile Club Centenary Magazine and later The Argosy (and The Saturday Review under the title A Writer and A Gentleman).
 "The King Who Never Spoke" (2009), in Ox-Tales: Fire, 2 July 2009.

Omnibus
 The Incongruous Spy (1964), containing Call for the Dead and A Murder of Quality
 The Quest for Karla (1982), containing Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy and Smiley's People (republished in 1995 as Smiley Versus Karla in the UK; and John Le Carré: Three Complete Novels in the U.S.),

Screenplays
 End of the Line (1970), broadcast 29 June 1970
 A Murder of Quality (1991)
 The Tailor of Panama (2001), with John Boorman and Andrew Davies

Executive producer
 The Tailor of Panama (2001)
 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011)
 A Most Wanted Man (2014)
 The Night Manager (2016)
 Our Kind of Traitor (2016)

Actor
 The Little Drummer Girl (1984), as David Cornwell
 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), as John le Carré
 A Most Wanted Man (2014)
 Our Kind of Traitor (2016)
 The Night Manager (2016), as David Cornwell

References

Other websites 

John le Carré homepage
John le Carré biography on Books and Writers 
1989 NPR Interview of le Carré

1931 births
2020 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Deaths from pneumonia
English novelists
Infectious disease deaths in England
Pen names
People from Poole
Writers from Dorset
The Atacama Desert is a desert. It is on the Tropic of Capricorn in northern Chile, and is one of the driest places on earth. In some places, less than an inch (25mm) of rain falls every ten years. Only one of the rivers from the Andes mountains reaches the ocean through the desert. The rest disappear into the dry soil. 

The Atacama is a desert not because mountains make a rain shadow, but because the ocean does. The water on the west part of Chile is quite cold, because it came from Antarctica. Moisture cannot stay in the cold air above the cold water, so mainly fog reaches the land, but very little rain. The people of Chile have learned how to get water from the fog to help them live. They "harvest" the clouds by putting up plastic sheets with pans underneath. The fog collects on the plastic and drips into the pans, giving the people water for crops and drinking. In parts of this desert it has not rained for over 400 years. Even though the Atacama is the driest place in the world that does not mean it is the hottest. The Atacama Desert is actually a really cold place with temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 degrees.

Three countries fought the War of the Pacific in the 1880s for control of the desert. They both wanted its Sodium nitrate mines. Chile won.

The oldest known artificially prepared mummies come from this desert.  They are called the Chinchorro mummies.

References 

Deserts
Geography of Chile
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a spin-off organisation from the United Nations. It was created as an autonomous (self-governing) organization on July 29, 1957. The organization is intended to monitor and promote the peaceful and safe use of nuclear energy with protection from harmful radiation and, also, to prevent the use of this energy to build nuclear weapons.

International Atomic Energy Agency and its former Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005 for their role in trying to prevent the invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition of troops.

The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. Additional facilities are in Seibersdorf (near Vienna), Monaco, Toronto, and Tokyo.

References

International organizations
Nuclear energy
1957 establishments