cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
is a Japanese professional football club in Iwata.

History
The club was founded in 1970.
1970-1993 Yamaha Motors SC
1994-present Júbilo Iwata
The club became J2 in 2013.

League title
Japan Soccer League Division 1 : 1
1987/88
Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
1982
Japan Football League : 1
1992
J1 League : 3
1997, 1999, 2002

League position
2011 : J1 League - 8th
2012 : J1 League - 12th
2013 : J1 League - 17th
2014 : J2 League - 4th
2015 : J2 League - 2nd
2016 : J1 League - 13th
2017 : J1 League - 6th
2018 : J1 League - 16th
2019 : J1 League - 18th
2020 : J2 League - 6th

Former position

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

In 2009, Ryoichi Maeda made three goals in one game against Nagoya Grampus.

A match with Shimizu S-Pulse is called Shizuoka Derby.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Júbilo Iwata players
 Shimizu S-Pulse

References

Other websites

 Júbilo Iwata website 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Shizuoka Prefecture
is a Japanese professional football club in Kashiwa, which is about an hour northeast of Tokyo in Chiba Prefecture.

History
The club was founded in 1940.
1940-1992 Hitachi SC
1993-present Kashiwa Reysol

League title
Japan Soccer League Division 1 : 1
1972
Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
1990/91
J2 League : 1
2010

League position
2011 : J1 League - Champions
2012 : J1 League - 6th
2013 : J1 League - 10th
2014 : J1 League - 4th
2015 : J1 League - 10th
2016 : J1 League - 8th
2017 : J1 League - 4th
2018 : J1 League - 17th
2019 : J2 League - 1st
2020 : J1 League - 7th

Former position

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

In 2012, Masakatsu Sawa made three goals in one game against Gamba Osaka.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Kashiwa Reysol players

References

Other websites

 Kashiwa Reysol website  ; http://www.reysol.co.jp/main.php 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Chiba Prefecture
is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.

History
The club was founded in 1957.
 1957-1993 Yanmar Diesel SC
 1994-present Cerezo Osaka

League title 
 Japan Soccer League : 4
 1971, 1974, 1975, 1980

League position 
2011 : J1 League - 12th
2012 : J1 League - 14th
2013 : J1 League - 4th
2014 : J1 League - 17th
2015 : J2 League - 4th
2016 : J2 League - 4th
2017 : J1 League - 3rd
2018 : J1 League - 7th
2019 : J1 League - 5th
2020 : J1 League - 4th

Former position

Reserve team 
Yanmar Diesel SC had reserve team ; Yanmar Club from 1976 to 1979.

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

In 2010, Adriano Ferreira Martins made four goals in one game against Jubilo Iwata.

In 2011, Ryuji Bando scored three goals in one game against Sanfrecce Hiroshima; and he also scored three time in a game against Shimizu S-Pulse.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Cerezo Osaka players

References

Other websites

 http://www.cerezo.co.jp/english_top.asp ; 
 J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Osaka
1957 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
is a Japanese professional football club in Hakata ward of Fukuoka.

History
The club was founded in 1982.
1982-1993 Chuo Bohan SC
1994 Fujieda Blux
1995 Fukuoka Blux
1996-present Avispa Fukuoka

League title
Japan Football League : 1
1995
Japan Football League Division 2 : 1
1992

League position
2011 : J1 League - 17th
2012 : J2 League - 18th
2013 : J2 League - 14th
2014 : J2 League - 16th
2015 : J2 League - 3rd
2016 : J1 League - 18th
2017 : J2 League - 4th
2018 : J2 League - 7th
2019 : J2 League - 16th
2020 : J2 League - 2nd

Former position

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Avispa Fukuoka players

References

Other websites

 Avispa Fukuoka website 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Fukuoka Prefecture
1982 establishments in Japan
is a Japanese professional football club in Kyoto Prefecture.

History
The club was founded in 1922.
 1922-1993 Kyoto Shiko Club
 1994-2006 Kyoto Purple Sanga
 2007-present Kyoto Sanga FC

League title 
 J2 League : 2
 2001, 2005

League position 
2011 : J2 League - 7th
2012 : J2 League - 3rd
2013 : J2 League - 3rd
2014 : J2 League - 9th
2015 : J2 League - 17th
2016 : J2 League - 5th
2017 : J2 League - 12th
2018 : J2 League - 19th
2019 : J2 League - 8th
2020 : J2 League - 8th

Former position

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Kyoto Sanga FC players

References

Other websites

 Kyoto Sanga FC 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Kyoto Prefecture
is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima. The club is in the Japanese professional soccer league (J league). The club color is purple.

History
The club was founded in 1938.
1938-1980 Toyo Industries SC
1981-1992 Mazda SC
1992-present Sanfrecce Hiroshima

League title
Japan Soccer League : 5
1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970
J1 League : 3
2012, 2013, 2015
J2 League : 1
2008

League position
2011 : J1 League - 7th
2012 : J1 League - Champions
2013 : J1 League - Champions
2014 : J1 League - 8th
2015 : J1 League - Champions
2016 : J1 League - 6th
2017 : J1 League - 15th
2018 : J1 League - 2nd
2019 : J1 League - 6th
2020 : J1 League - 8th

Former position

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

In 2006, Hisato Sato set a league record for the fastest goal in a match.  In a game against Cerezo Osaka, he scored in just eight seconds after play began.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players

References

Other websites

  Sanfrecce Hiroshima website 
 J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Hiroshima Prefecture
1938 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Japan
is a Japanese professional football club in Hiratsuka.

History
The club was founded in 1968.
1968-1974 Towa Real Estate SC
1975-1993 Fujita Industries SC
1994-1999 Bellmare Hiratsuka
2000-present Shonan Bellmare

League title
Japan Soccer League Division 1 : 3
1977, 1979, 1981
Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
1991/92
Japan Football League Division 1 : 1
1993

League position
2011 : J2 League - 14th
2012 : J2 League - 2nd
2013 : J1 League - 16th
2014 : J2 League - 1st
2015 : J1 League - 8th
2016 : J1 League - 17th
2017 : J2 League - 1st
2018 : J1 League - 13th
2019 : J1 League - 16th
2020 : J1 League - 18th

Former position

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

In 2010, Frode Johnsen made three goals in one game against Shimizu S-Pulse.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Shonan Bellmare players

References

Other websites

 Shonan Bellmare website 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Kanagawa Prefecture
Yokohama Flügels is a former football club which has played in Japan.

Name 
1964-1992 All Nippon Airways SC
1992-1998 Yokohama Flügels

League title 
Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
1987/88

League position 
1984 : JSL Division 2 - 2nd
1985/86 : JSL Division 1 - 12th
1986/87 : JSL Division 2 - 11th
1987/88 : JSL Division 2 - 1st
1988/89 : JSL Division 1 - 2nd
1989/90 : JSL Division 1 - 3rd
1990/91 : JSL Division 1 - 7th
1991/92 : JSL Division 1 - 8th
1993 : J1 League - 6th
1994 : J1 League - 7th
1995 : J1 League - 13th
1996 : J1 League - 3rd
1997 : J1 League - 6th
1998 : J1 League - 7th

References 

Japanese football clubs
is a Japanese professional football club in Tokyo.

History
The club was founded in 1935.
1935-1998 Tokyo Gas SC
1999-present FC Tokyo

League title
Japan Football League : 1
1998
Emperor's Cup : 1
2011

League position
2011 : J2 League - 1st
2012 : J1 League - 10th
2013 : J1 League - 8th
2014 : J1 League - 9th
2015 : J1 League - 4th
2016 : J1 League - 9th
2017 : J1 League - 13th
2018 : J1 League - 6th
2019 : J1 League - 2nd
2020 : J1 League - 6th

Former position

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

In 2012, Kazuma Watanabe made three goals in one game against Sagan Tosu.

In 2009, Naohiro Ishikawa scored three times in one game against Omiya Ardija.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of FC Tokyo players

References

Other websites

 http://www.FC ; http://www.FC 
 Tokyo/   J.League Club Guide

Japanese football clubs
Tokyo Prefecture
Tokyo
1935 establishments in Japan
is a Japanese professional football club in Kawasaki, which is south of Tokyo in Kanagawa Prefecture.
 
In 2012, Yahiro Kazama was named coach.

History
The club was founded in 1955.
1955-1995 Fujitsu SC
1996 Fujitsu Kawasaki SC
1997-present Kawasaki Frontale

League title
Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
1976
J1 League : 3
2017, 2018, 2020
J2 League : 2
1999, 2004

League position
2011 : J1 League - 11th
2012 : J1 League - 8th
2013 : J1 League - 3rd
2014 : J1 League - 6th
2015 : J1 League - 6th
2016 : J1 League - 3rd
2017 : J1 League - Champions
2018 : J1 League - Champions
2019 : J1 League - 4th
2020 : J1 League - Champions

Former position

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

In 2010,  Juninho (Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior) made three goals in one game against Shonan Bellmare; and Jumpei Kusukami scored three times in a game against Gamba Osaka.

In 2009, Renatinho (Renato Carlos Martins Júnior) kicked three goals in a game against JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Kawasaki Frontale players

References

Other websites

 Kawasaki Frontale website 
 Kawasaki Frontale Unofficial English-Language Fan-Site
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Kanagawa Prefecture
1955 establishments in Japan
is a Japanese professional football club in Tokyo.

History
The club was founded in 1969.
 1969-1992 Yomiuri SC
 1992-2000 Verdy Kawasaki
 2001-2007 Tokyo Verdy 1969
 2008-present Tokyo Verdy

Players
In 2010, the team included

League title 
 Japan Soccer League Division 1 : 5
 1983, 1984, 1986/87, 1990/91, 1991/92
 Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 2
 1974, 1977
 J1 League : 2
 1993, 1994

League position 
2011 : J2 League - 5th
2012 : J2 League - 7th
2013 : J2 League - 13th
2014 : J2 League - 20th
2015 : J2 League - 8th
2016 : J2 League - 18th
2017 : J2 League - 5th
2018 : J2 League - 6th
2019 : J2 League - 13th
2020 : J2 League - 12th

Former position

Reserve team 
Yomiuri S.C. had reserve team ; Yomiuri S.C. Juniors from 1980 to 1992.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams

References

Other websites

 Tokyo Verdy website 

Japanese football clubs
Tokyo Prefecture
Tokyo
1969 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Japan
is a Japanese professional football club in the Urawa ward of Saitama.

In 2007, the Urawa Reds were the first Japanese team to reach the finals of the Asian Champions League.
Its famous in Japan developing young good players.

History
The club was founded in 1950.
 1950-1992 Mitsubishi Motors SC
 1992-present Urawa Red Diamonds

League title 
 Japan Soccer League Division 1 : 4
 1969, 1973, 1978, 1982
 Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
 1989/90
 J1 League : 1
 2006

League position 
2011 : J1 League - 15th
2012 : J1 League - 3rd
2013 : J1 League - 6th
2014 : J1 League - 2nd
2015 : J1 League - 3rd
2016 : J1 League - 2nd
2017 : J1 League - 7th
2018 : J1 League - 5th
2019 : J1 League - 14th
2020 : J1 League - 10th

Former position

Notable achievements 
In 2009, Edmilson (Edmilson Dos Santos Silva) made three goals in one game (hat-trick) against Jubilo Iwata.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Urawa Red Diamonds players

References

Other websites

 Urawa Red Diamonds website  ;  
 J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Saitama Prefecture
is a Japanese professional football club in Yokohama.

History
The club was founded in 1972.
 1972-1992 Nissan Motors SC
 1992-1998 Yokohama Marinos
 1999-present Yokohama F. Marinos

Title

Nissan Motors SC
All Japan Senior Cup: (1) 1976
Japan Soccer League Division 1: (2) 1988-89, 1989-90
JSL Cup: (3) 1988, 1989, 1990
Emperor's Cup: (5) 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1991
'Asian Cup Winners Cup: (1) 1991-92
3 vice JSL Cup: 1983, 1985, 1986
4 vice Japan Soccer League Division 1: 1983, 1984, 1990–91, 1991–92
3 vice Japan Soccer League Division 2: 1977, 1978, 1981
1 vice Emperor's Cup: 1990
1 vice Japanese Super Cup: 1984
1 vice Asian Club Championship(AFC Champions League): 1989-90

Yokohama Marinos/Yokohama F. Marinos
J1 League: (3) 1995, 2003, 2004
Emperor's Cup: (1) 1992
J.League Cup: (1) 2001
Asian Cup Winners Cup: (1) 1992-93
2 vice J1 League: 2000, 2002
3 vice Xerox Super Cup: 1996, 2004, 2005
1 vice A3 Nissan Champions Cup(East Asian Champions Cup): 2004

League position 
2011 : J1 League - 5th
2012 : J1 League - 4th
2013 : J1 League - 2nd
2014 : J1 League - 7th
2015 : J1 League - 7th
2016 : J1 League - 10th
2017 : J1 League - 5th
2018 : J1 League - 12th
2019 : J1 League - Champions
2020 : J1 League - 9th

Former position

Notable achievement 
The team has some notable achievements.

Most appearances

Most goals

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Yokohama F. Marinos players

References

Other websites

 http://www.f-marinos.com/index_pc.html 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
1972 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Japan
Yokohama
is a Japanese professional football club in Yokohama.

History
The club was founded in 1998.

Players
In 2010, the team included

League title
J2 League : 1
2006
Japan Football League : 2
1999, 2000

League position
2011 : J2 League - 18th
2012 : J2 League - 4th
2013 : J2 League - 11th
2014 : J2 League - 11th
2015 : J2 League - 15th
2016 : J2 League - 8th
2017 : J2 League - 10th
2018 : J2 League - 3rd
2019 : J2 League - 2nd
2020 : J1 League - 15th

Former position​

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams

References

Other websites

 Yokohama FC website 

Japanese football clubs
Yokohama
New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw-Nederland, Latin: Nova Belgica or Novum Belgium) was a colony of the Dutch Empire from 1614 through 1664 and from 1673 through 1674. It was a base for the fur trade. The capital was New Amsterdam, modern-day New York City. The other important trading post in New Netherland was Fort Orange, now called Albany, New York. Most settlers lived in these towns or between them, along the Hudson River but some lived in distant parts of the colony. 

New Netherland was between English colonies which the Kingdom of England wanted to connect together. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars England sent warships to conquer New Netherland. The Dutch colonists surrendered because they were afraid the English Royal Navy would destroy their town. The Dutch traded the colony to England for Surinam in South America and Run (island) in the East Indies, which they thought were worth more. The English divided their new colony to make the English colonies of New York and New Jersey. They also gave parts to Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland.

References 

1614 establishments
17th century in the Thirteen Colonies
History of the Netherlands
History of New York City
1664 disestablishments
Disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in New York
Disestablishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in the Netherlands
1610s establishments in Europe
1673 establishments
1670s establishments in Europe
1670s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York
1674 disestablishments
A workstation is a computer used for scientific or technical calculations, or purposes.  These computers are usually expensive, high-end computers. They are different from the ordinary computers used for text-processing. Very often they have operating systems that allow several users to work at the computer at the same time. Very often, workstations are connected to a computer network. Computer terminals may be used to access them. Currently, almost all workstations use a unix or unix-like operating system.

Workstation computers often use a 64-bit server-class CPU such as the Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron, and some have more than one CPU. They may also have more memory than a normal desktop computer, and they often have 10000 or 15000 RPM hard drives or solid-state drives. Some workstations have devices that are not commonly used on normal desktop computers, such as ECC (error-corrected) memory, SCSI, fibre channel, and 10 gigabit Ethernet.

Some technologies that were once only found on workstations have now become common in normal PCs, such as multi-core processors, solid-state drives, hardware-accelerated graphics, 24-bit color, broadband Internet access, virtual memory, pre-emptive multitasking, and OpenCL.

Common uses for workstations include computer-aided design (CAD), 3D graphics and animation, video and audio production, weather modeling, and other simulations and scientific work.

RISC vs x86 
Traditionally, workstations used a RISC processor, such as MIPS, PowerPC, or SPARC architecture CPUs. Modern workstations use x86_64 processors.

Examples of RISC workstations 
 Silicon Graphics IRIX machines (MIPS CPU)
 Sun Microsystems SparcStation (SPARC CPU)
 Apple Power Mac G5 and PowerBook G4 (PowerPC CPU)
 IBM IntelliStation POWER and ThinkPad Power Series (PowerPC CPU)

Examples of modern x86_64 workstations 
 HP Z series
 Apple Mac Pro and Macbook Pro
 Dell Precision

Computers
The X.Org Foundation is a group responsible for making the X Window System. The group was created on 22 January 2004.  The X.Org Foundation is a corporation based in Delaware.  It has a non-profit status.

The X.Org Server is the most common implementation of X. It is used on Linux, UNIX, and Unix-like systems. It is the base technology underlying both GNOME and KDE desktops and the CDE desktop environment

.

Related pages
 X.Org Server
 freedesktop.org

Other websites 
X.Org Foundation website

Free and open-source software organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Delaware
2004 establishments in the United States

fr:X.Org#Fondation X.Org
Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a free software distributed operating system. It was made for research purposes as the successor to UNIX by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs during the late 1980s. Plan 9 is currently used as a hobbyist's operating system, and in certain experimental fields, where the highly distributed nature of the operating system is valued. Plan 9 has novel features such as the 9P protocol for accessing local and remote resources as files, union mounts, an improved proc file system, and native unicode support throughout the system. In Plan 9, all system interfaces, including those required for networking and the user interface, are represented through the file system rather than specialized interfaces. It also has a graphical user interface built in, called rio, in anticipation of the graphical world.

The name Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a reference to the Ed Wood 1959 cult science fiction movie Plan 9 from Outer Space. Also, Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny, is presumably a reference to Wood's film Glen or Glenda.

History 
Plan 9 was originally developed for research purposes, as Bell Labs was looking for a replacement for the venerable UNIX. It underwent mass testing, as all the computers at Bell Labs had Plan 9 installed, in lieu of UNIX, which was commonplace previously. It explored several modifications to the pre-existing UNIX system, primarily the distributed nature of the system, and the graphical user-interface. In 1992, Bell Labs released a public version, for universities, and soon after, a version for the general public. The highly restrictive nature of the licence at the time, and the steep 500$ licencing fee resulted in it being ignored, in lieu of Linux.

When Lucent-Alcatel acquired Bell, in the 1990s, however, funding for the system was slashed, and in 2000, it was released into the world under a FOSSy licence. In February 2014, Alcatel-Lucent permitted the University of California, Berkeley to release Plan9 under the popular GNU General Public License.

Operating systems
Carnegie Hall is a concert hall in New York. The money for building it was given by Andrew Carnegie, a very rich businessman from Scotland. Carnegie Hall was built in 1891. It is the most famous concert hall in the world.

Carnegie Hall has three separate concert halls: the Main Hall, the Recital Hall and the Chamber Music Hall.

The Main Hall (Isaac Stern Auditorium) 

Carnegie Hall's main auditorium is big enough to seat 2,840 people. There are five levels. The main hall was named after the violinist Isaac Stern in 1997. The Main Hall is very tall, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 105 steps.

For many years the world-famous New York Philharmonic Orchestra gave their concerts there. They moved out to a new concert hall in the Lincoln Center in 1962. Many of the greatest performers of classical music have performed in the hall. Concerts continue to be given there including, more recently, concerts of popular music.

The Recital Hall (Zankel Hall) 
Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is now named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. At first it was simply called Recital Hall, then in 1896 it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was used by the American Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1898. In 1959 it was changed into a cinema. Since 1997 it has been a hall for recitals.

Chamber Music Hall (Weill Recital Hall) 

The Weill Recital Hall is a small concert hall seating just 268 people. Since 1986 it has been named after Sanford I. Weill, the chairman of Carnegie Hall's board, and his wife, Joan. At first it was called Chamber Music Hall, later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall).

Famous concerts 
The official opening night was on May 5, with an orchestral concert conducted by Walter Damrosch and the composer Tchaikovsky. Many famous works were given their world premiere (first ever performance) at the Carnegie Hall, including Symphony No. 9, opus 95, "From the New World" by Antonín Dvořák on December 16, 1893, the Sinfonia Domestica by Richard Strauss - March 21, 1904, conducted by the composer, Concerto in F by George Gershwin on December 3, 1925, with the composer playing the piano, and Variations on a Theme of Corelli by Sergei Rachmaninoff - November 7, 1931, with the composer playing the piano.

The world premiere of Disney's animated film Fantasia 2000 took place at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999.

References 

1891 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New York (state)
Concert halls in the United States
Landmarks in Manhattan
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
The Musikverein in Vienna, Austria is one of the most famous concert halls in the world. It was opened on 6 January 1870. The Musikverein is where the world famous Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra perform.

The concert hall was built by the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (Society of Friends of Music) who had been given the land by Emperor Franz Joseph. In 1907 a beautiful organ was put in the Konzerthaus by the Austrian firm of organ builders Rieger.

The main auditorium is called the Goldener Saal (The Golden Hall). There are seats for 1,744 people and standing room for another 300. Every year on 1 January the Vienna New Year's Concert is held here. Millions of people in countries all over the world watch this concert on New Year's Day.

Concert halls
The  New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a concert of classical music that takes place each year on the morning of 1 January in Vienna, Austria. The concert hall where they are held is called the Wiener Musikverein. The music traditionally consists of waltzes, marches and polkas by the Strauss family. The concert is shown on television to about one billion people in 44 countries.

Music and setting 

The music always includes pieces from the Strauss family (Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss). The music consists mainly of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and marches. Sometimes other Austrian composers are included. In 2009, for the first time, music by Josef Haydn was played. It was the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 45, known as the "Farewell Symphony". It was performed because the year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of Haydn's death. 

These concerts have been held in the "Großer Saal" (Large Hall) of the Wiener Musikverein since 1939. Since 1980 the flowers that decorate the concert hall are a gift each year from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. On television the viewers can also see ballet dancers who dance to the music. These dancers are often dancing in Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or in the Wiener Musikverein itself.

The concert always ends with three encores after the main programme. The first encore is a fast polka. The second encore is Johann Strauss II's Blue Danube Waltz. The audience start to clap as soon as the music for this famous waltz starts. The last encore is the Radetzky March. The audience like to clap along to the music.

The concert was first performed in 1939.

Conductors 
 Clemens Krauss, 1939, 1941–1945, 1948–1954
 Josef Krips, 1946–1947
 Willi Boskovsky, 1955–1979
 Lorin Maazel, 1980–1986, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2005
 Herbert von Karajan, 1987
 Claudio Abbado, 1988, 1991
 Carlos Kleiber, 1989, 1992
 Zubin Mehta, 1990, 1995, 1998, 2007
 Riccardo Muti, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004
 Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 2001, 2003
 Seiji Ozawa, 2002
 Mariss Jansons, 2006, 2012
 Georges Prêtre, 2008, 2010
 Daniel Barenboim, 2009
 Franz Welser-Möst, 2011

Concerts
January events
The Cumans were a travelling people who lived in the area along the Black Sea near the Volga River.

Nomadic people
The Osservatorio Astrometrico Santa Lucia Stroncone (Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory) is an observatory that studies stars in the sky.  It is in the town of Stroncone, Italy.  It has found lots of asteroids.

Observatories
German South West Africa (, DSWA) was a German colony in Africa from 1884 through 1915. It is now Namibia. From 1891, the capital was Windhoek, the same city as the capital of today's Namibia. It covered an area of . This is over one and half times the size of the German Empire at the time.

States and territories established in the 19th century
1884 establishments
1880s establishments in South Africa
1880s establishments in Germany
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
1915 disestablishments
1910s disestablishments in South Africa
20th-century disestablishments in Germany
History of Namibia
1910s disestablishments in Europe
Events 
 May 19 — Pope Gregory II becomes the 89th pope.

Deaths 
 April 9 — Pope Constantine
 July 18 — Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi
The Ender's Game series (sometimes called Enderverse) is a series of books written by Orson Scott Card. There are 2 major series of the Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series.

Ender series 

The Ender series includes the books Ender's Game, Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, and Children of the Mind. "Ender's Game" used to be a short story, but the author expanded it to make the novel Ender's Game.

Shadow series 

The Shadow series (also called the "Bean Quartet") starts with Ender's Shadow, followed by 4 other books about the lives of the people Ender left behind. Ender's Shadow occurs at the same time and place (Battle School) as Ender's Game does, but instead in the view of Bean rather than Ender. Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, and Shadow of the Giant are stories about world dominance on Earth after the Bugger War in which the children at Battle School and Ender's older brother, Peter Wiggin, are main characters. Shadows in Flight, a sequel to Shadow of the Giant, is planned to come out; however, it will start after Children of the Mind, not Shadow of the Giant, and will combine the two Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series. Shadows in Flight has recently been renamed to Shadows Alive.

Stories in the series 
There are 11 stories in the Ender's Game series.  According to Orson Scott Card, the author, you do not have to read the books in any required order, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.

The books can be read in the order they were written/published in or by date times in the novels.

Publication date 

 Ender's Game
 Speaker for the Dead 
 Xenocide
 Children of the Mind
 Ender's Shadow
 Shadow of the Hegemon
 Shadow Puppets
 Shadow of the Giant
 "First Meetings" (short story)
 A War of Gifts: An Ender Story
 Ender in Exile
Shadows in Flight
The Last Shadow

Dates in series 

 "First Meetings" (short story)
 Ender's Game
 A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (the same time as Ender's Game is happening)
 Ender's Shadow (Ender's Game as seen by Bean)
 Ender in Exile (begins at the end of Ender's Game and ends after Giant leading into Speaker)
 Shadow of the Hegemon
 Shadow Puppets
 Shadow of the Giant
 Speaker for the Dead
 Xenocide
 Children of the Mind

References 
2. 
Books by Orson Scott Card
Series of books
Science fiction books
Lists of books
Pula () is the biggest city in Istria County, Croatia. It has a population of about 62,000 people as of the year 2006. It has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. Its most famous attraction is the well-preserved Roman ampitheatre. Pula is also an administrative center of Istria since Roman times.

Cities in Croatia
The 1938–39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series.

The NHL created the icing rule on March 13, 1939.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1938 in North America
1939
Berne is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. About 2,800 people lived there as of the year 2000.

Other websites 

  Town of Berne, official web page.

Towns in New York
Brown University is an American private research university in Providence, Rhode Island, United States and is a member of the Ivy League. It was founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, early in the reign of King George III (1760–1820) and before American independence from the British Empire. It was founded by the Brown brothers, who were slave traders. Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States.

Brown is ranked as the 14th national university behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Stanford, University of Chicago, Duke, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Caltech, Dartmouth, Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern. Brown was the first college in the country to accept students of any religion.

It is the second last ranked Ivy League University with Cornell being the last.

References

Association of American Universities
Ivy League
Colleges and universities in Rhode Island
Providence, Rhode Island
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Rhode Island
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University), is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States.

Ranking 
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The campuses of Rutgers are in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark and Camden. Rutgers is the largest university within New Jersey's state university system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a 2006 survey conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.

References

Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Colleges and universities in New Jersey
New Brunswick, New Jersey
1766 establishments
The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the second largest provider of higher education in Pennsylvania after the Commonwealth system and a large public university system in the United States. It is the tenth-largest university system in the United States and 43rd largest in the world. The system is 14 state-owned schools, all of which are NCAA Division II members.

History

The Normal School Act of 1857 was passed on the last day of session on 20 May 1857. It created 12 school districts.  Afterward, the School Code of 1911 made Pennsylvania buy all the schools. The "normal" schools evolved from state normal schools, to state teacher's colleges, to state colleges.  Act 188, which was signed into law on November 12, 1982 and came into effect on July 1, 1983, established the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and converted those state colleges into universities.

Universities and locations
The system is made up of the following 14 universities in Pennsylvania:

PASSHE universities also operate four branch campuses. The Office of the Chancellor is in the capital city of Harrisburg at the Dixon University Center.

References

Other websites
 Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education official website
 PASSHE Foundation, Inc.

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Pennsylvania
Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the 2007 census update, the city had a total population of 58,706, making it the third largest city in Maryland.

References

Cities in Maryland
County seats in Maryland
Montgomery County, Maryland
1717 establishments
1710s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Maryland
Access control is the ability to allow or deny the use of a certain object by a certain person or entity. Access control machine can be used in managing physical objects (such as a movie theater, to which only people with tickets are allowed in) or digital objects (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).

Because every person’s fingerprint, iris, voice, retina, face, hand, vein and signature are unique, a biometric time clock provides a quick, accurate, and reliable way to record who is accessing an object or place. That is why many companies now employ biometrics (systems that identify people based on a body part).

In recent times, there are large number of biometric systems that are commercially available. Such biometric systems are based on unique characteristics of human being. The most common, reliable and successful system is the one based on fingerprints. Users are supposed to put their thumb/index finger (or any specified finger) in the finger reader. The system then compares the fingerprint that is read with the one in the central database for authentication.

Most biometric systems do not keep an image of the fingerprint but a template. A template is basically a number that is calculated based on various characteristics of the fingerprint. This is done so that persons may not sneak unauthorised images of fingerprints into the database. When a fingerprint is to be matched, its "template number" is computed and compared with that stored in the database. Most systems allow for dry, greasy, chaffed and minor cuts on the fingers. The other biometric systems are based on retina of the eye, palm, photograph or voice pattern recognition. The palm-based systems take the image of the palm from various angles and compare them.

References 

Security
For the movie, see Black Swan (movie).

The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird that mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia. It is different from other swans because it is mostly black, though its flight feathers are white. 

Birds of Australia
Anatidae
The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix. It is based on the Motif widget toolkit. HP uses CDE as the default desktop manager for OpenVMS which belongs to HP. This means it will be run without making any changes.

Other websites 

 AIX - 
 HP-UX - CDE
 Solaris - CDE
 Tutorial for the CDE
 Open Group - CDE
 CDE source code repository

Computing
Unix
The HMHS Britannic was a British passenger ship. The ship was also used as a war ship and a Royal Mail steamer. The Britannic was finished on 26 February 1914, for the White Star Line. It was a sister ship to the Olympic and the RMS Titanic. The building of the ship was held up when the Titanic sunk, and extra safety items were added to the Britannic.

World War I 
The start of World War I meant the ship was not used for passenger work. It was set up as a hospital ship with 3,300 beds. She sailed to Mudros on the 23 December 1915, to pick up wounded soldiers from Gallipoli. She continued as a hospital ship until 1916 when it was turned back into a Royal Mail and passenger ship. Before this latest change was carried out, the ship was called back into war service and went back to Mudros.

Sunk 

On 21 November 1916 the Britannic hit a naval mine in the Kea Channel, off the Greek island of Kea. The mines had been put there by the German submarine U-73. A huge explosion tore a hole in the side of the ship which sunk one hour later. The ship was carrying 1,125 people, and nearly all were saved. Two lifeboats were struck by the ship's propellers and 30 people were killed.

The German newspapers claimed that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo because it might have been carrying soldiers. The captain of the U-73 said this was not true, he had only been laying the naval mines.

References 

Ships of the White Star Line
Prva HNL is a football league which is top division in Croatia.

Club 2009/10 
 Dinamo Zagreb
 Hajduk Split
 Rijeka
 Slaven Belupo Koprivnica
 Zagreb
 Šibenik
 Osijek
 Cibalia Vinkovci
 Inter Zaprešić
 Varteks Varaždin
 Zadar
 Croatia Sesvete
 Istra
 Karlovac
 Lokomotiva
 Međimurje

Champions

Former champions 
 1992 : Hajduk Split
 1992/93 : Croatia Zagreb
 1993/94 : Hajduk Split
 1994/95 : Hajduk Split
 1995/96 : Croatia Zagreb
 1996/97 : Croatia Zagreb
 1997/98 : Croatia Zagreb
 1998/99 : Croatia Zagreb
 1999/00 : Croatia Zagreb

References 

Football leagues
A-League Men, known before the 2021–22 season as the A-League, is an association football (soccer) league which is the top division in Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 2004 as a replacement to the National Soccer League and started in August 2005. Unlike professional soccer leagues in most of the rest of the world, A-League Men has what is called a "franchise" system—the same teams play in the league each year, unless a team drops out of the league on its own, or the league decides to add one or more new teams. This system is normal for pro sports leagues in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada.

Since the beginning of the league in 2005, fourteen teams have competed in the league with Western United becoming the last club to join the league in the 2019–20 season. From those fourteen teams, six have taken the title while seven have taken the minor premiership. The current champion is Melbourne City FC, who defeated Sydney FC in the 2021 Grand Final.

The word "Men" was added to the league name after the 2020–21 season when the country's men's, women's, and youth leagues were brought under the "A-League" brand.

History
Before A-League Men was founded, the top division of Australian soccer was the National Soccer League which ran between 1977 and 2004.

2021–22 clubs 
 Adelaide United
 Brisbane Roar
 Central Coast Mariners
 Macarthur FC
 Melbourne City
 Melbourne Victory
 Newcastle Jets
 Perth Glory
 Sydney FC
 Wellington Phoenix
 Western Sydney Wanderers
 Western United

Former clubs 
 Gold Coast United (2009–2012)
 New Zealand Knights (2005–2007)
 North Queensland Fury (2009–2011)

Champions and premiers 
A-League Men, like other professional leagues in Australia, crowns its champion at the end of a knockout playoff series involving top teams on the regular-season table. The final match is called the Grand Final, a term used in several other Australian sports. The team that finishes on top of the regular-season table is called the "Premiers". Media sometimes incorrectly call the Premiers the "minor premiers", a term used in other football codes in the country.

Football leagues
Football in Australia
Sport in New Zealand
Organisations based in Australia
2005 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
2000s establishments in Australia
Eredivisie is a football league which is top division in Netherlands. It was created in 1956. Before 1956, the teams competed in the Netherlands Football League Championship.

The most successful team has been AFC Ajax, with 33 titles.

At the end of the 2014/15 season, the Eredivisie was ranked the 10th best league in the Europe.

Clubs 2014/15 
 ADO Den Haag
 Ajax
 AZ
 SC Cambuur
 FC Groningen
 FC Twente
 FC Utrecht
 Go Ahead Eagles
 PEC Zwolle
 Feyenoord
 Heracles Almelo
 NAC Breda
 Excelsior
 PSV Eindhoven
 FC Dordrecht
 Willem II
 SC Heerenveen
 Vitesse

Champions

Former champions

References

Football leagues
Football in the Netherlands
1956 establishments in the Netherlands
North American Soccer League (NASL) was a soccer league with teams from the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The league was founded in 2009 and began play in 2011. It is the second level of the soccer pyramid in both the U.S. and Canada, behind Major League Soccer. Puerto Rico has its own soccer league, but it plays at a level below the NASL.

Teams

Football leagues
Soccer in the United States
2009 establishments
Propositional logic is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the system are propositional calculus and sentential calculus. The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, being either true or false. Propositions can be represented by capital roman letters such as ,  and , and joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and (), logical or (), logical if (), logical if and only if () and logical not ().

Propositional logic only looks at the propositions and how they are connected, and does not decompose them. That way, the proposition All cats are dogs and the earth is a disc is made of two propositions, All cats are dogs, and The Earth is a disc. These are joined together with the logical connective AND. 

There are other logic systems that build on propositional logic. One of these is predicate logic, which defines logical predicates, and looks at how they can be applied to arguments. Another system is called modal logic. It introduces two new junctors: it is possible that and it is necessary that.

If-then statements
A simple logic statement is an implication (statement of the form "If P, then Q"). For example, "If it rains for an hour, then the ground will be wet". In this example, P ("if it rains for an hour") is the antecedent, and Q ("the ground will be wet") is the consequent. The consequent must necessarily follow if the antecedent is true. Therefore, an if-then statement is wholly false if the consequent does not actually follow the antecedent. An example of this would be, "If a dog ate a whole meal, then it would be starving." In this case if P were true, Q would be false and the whole statement is false. Here is a truth table for an if-then statement:

Note that there are two logic errors that people often make from this:

1) "If Q, then P". In our example, this would mean "If the ground is wet, then it has been raining for an hour". However, the ground could be wet for other reasons, like if snow has melted or a water main has broken.

2) "If not P, then not Q".  In our example, this would mean "If it has not been raining for an hour, then the ground is not wet".  However, the ground could still be wet for the reasons listed above.

The only correct inference that can be made is "If not Q, then not P". This means, in our example, "If the ground is not wet, then it has not been raining for an hour".

And/or statements 
Another simple logic statement is "P or Q". For example, "Either I am in Hong Kong or I am in London."

Related pages 

 First order logic
 Mathematical logic
 Rule of inference
 Tautology (logic)
 Truth in logic and philosophy

References

Other websites

Logic
The BC Lions are a Canadian Football League team from Vancouver, BC. The Lions play their games at BC Place Stadium. The Lions play in the CFL West Division. The Lions were started in 1954 and used to play at Empire Stadium in East Vancouver. They also played at the Empire Stadium site in 2010 and 2011, in a temporary stadium called Empire Field. This was necessary because BC Place was closed in those seasons for major renovations.

The Lions have won the Grey Cup six times, most recently at BC Place in 2011.

About 
 Name: Named after "The Lions", which are mountain peaks in the Vancouver area.
 Started: 1954.
 Colours: Orange, Black, and White.
 Stadiums: Empire Stadium (1954-82), BC Place Stadium (1983-today), Empire Field (temporary stadium in 2010–11).
 Western normal season championships (12): 1963, 1964, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011.
 Grey Cup Appearances (10): 1963, 1964, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2011.
 Grey Cup Wins (6): 1964, 1985, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2011.
 Rivals: Saskatchewan Roughriders.
 Theme song: "Roar, You Lions, Roar" by Dal Richards and his Orchestra

Sport in British Columbia
Canadian football clubs
1954 establishments in Canada