cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the United Kingdom's intelligence agency which collects intelligence about foreign countries. It is a branch of the Foreign Service, and reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee.

The service was formed in 1909 as the Secret Service Bureau, but its existence was not officially acknowledged until 1994. 

The service works with the Security Service (MI5), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DIS). SIS deal with the United Kingdom's espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom.

The headquarters are at Vauxhall Cross in London in a purpose-built building. In John le Carré novels it is called The River House.

The National Audit Office (NAO) put the final cost at £135.05 million for site purchase and the basic building, or £152.6 million including the service's special requirements.

Related pages
 Central Intelligence Agency
 Special Air Service

References

Other websites 
 SIS web site

Military of the United Kingdom
Intelligence agencies
Government agencies of the United Kingdom
Banksia is a genus of plants common to Australia, they were named after Joseph Banks. The Banksia are noted for their unique flowering.

It is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. As Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants, they  are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". They can vary from woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes: (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.

They produce plenty of nectar,and are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Also, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries.

Banksia plants are threatened by land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered.

Further reading 
 .

References

Other websites
 The Banksia Page of ASGAP
 Banksia Study Group of ASGAP

Proteaceae
Gollum is a Hobbit from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He is a minor antagonist of The Hobbit and a secondary antagonist of The Lord of the Rings.

Fictional biography
Sméagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.

Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)
In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.

Other media
Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.

Reception
His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.

Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters
Events 
 Abbeville receives its commercial charter.
 The Battle of Fimreite takes place. 
 Archbishop Absalon of Lund wins a naval victory over Bogislav, duke of Pomerania.
 Streets of Paris paved by order of Philip Augustus.
 Second Battle of Uji
 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur — third Almohad Caliph
 Papal bull ad aboldendam issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines and the Humiliati. It was created after a landmark meeting between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick Barbarossa and the Roman Church under Pope Lucius III.

Births 
 April 11 — William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg (d. 1213)
 Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (approximate date; d. 1241)
 Saadi, Iranian poet (d. 1291)

Deaths 
 February 16 — Richard of Dover, Archbishop of Canterbury
 March 27 — Giorgi III, king of Georgia
 June 15 — Magnus Erlingsson, king of Norway (b. 1156)
 July 29 — Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph

Heads of states 
 England — Henry II Curt Mantle, King of England (reigned 1154–1189).
 France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180–1223).

1184
A fairy or færie (Old English spelling) is a supposed magical being that flies in the air. They are usually depicted as tiny girls or women. Some fairies have certain jobs, such as the Tooth fairy, who gives money or treats under the pillow of small children who have had a tooth fall out.

In literature
A fairy tale is a story with a plot involving fairies. These stories are usually for children. Fairies come up in many fictional books such as "Peter Pan" and "The Spiderwick Chronicles".

In folklore
Fairies can also be found in folklore. For instance, in Ireland and Scotland, fairies are thought of as creatures that were defeated by the human race thousands of years ago and now live in caverns in the world of Faerie.  Sometimes fairies are believed to be a kind of angel. Other times, they are believed to be demons or spirits of the dead. Fairies are said to steal human babies and replace them with Changelings.

In Other Media
in Hyrule Warriors there is a playable fairy known as the Great Fairy.

Legendary creatures
1306 (MCCCVI) was .

Events 
 March 25 – Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland.
 May – Hugh the younger Despenser, favourite of King Edward II of England, is married to heiress Eleanor de Clare.
 June 19 – Forces of Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruce's Scottish rebels at the Battle of Methven
 Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property
 In London, a city ordinance decrees that heating with coal is forbidden when parliament is in session – the ordinance is not particularly effective

Births 
 Ashikaga Tadayoshi, general of the Northern and Southern Courts(d. 1352)
 Sasaki Takauji, Japanese poet, warrior, and bureaucrat (d. 1373)
 August 8 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (d.1353)

Deaths 
 February 10 – John "the Red" Comyn, Scottish nobleman
 March 21 – Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (born 1248)
 August 4 – King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (born 1289)
 Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
 Roger de Flor, German soldier
 Richard of Middleton, Norman theologian and philosopher of the Franciscan Order (born 1249)
 Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (born 1270)
Events 
 8 January – Monaco gains independence.
 English Church refuses to pay taxes, resulting in crisis.
 William Wallace begins his revolt against the English.
 Canonization of Louis IX, King of France
 August 28 – Edward I unsuccessfully invades Flanders.
 September 12 – King Diniz of Portugal and King Fernando IV of Castile signed the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently, with the exception of São Félix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, lost in 1801.
 September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots of Andrew de Moray and William Wallace defeat English.

Births 
 March 25 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (d. 1364)
 August 14 – Emperor Hanazono of Japan (died 1348)
 Abu al-Hasan 'Ali, Sultan of Morocco (died 1351)
 Charles II of Alençon,Count of Alençon and Perche 1325–1346, Count of Joigny 1335–1336. (Died August 26, 1346)
 Kęstutis, Grand Prince of Lithuania (died 1382)
 Thomas Wake, English baron (died 1349)

Deaths 
 August 19 – Saint Louis of Toulouse, French Catholic bishop (born 1274)
 September 11 – Hugh de Cressingham English Treasurer
 December 31 – Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English soldier (born 1249)

1297
Events 
 July 2 – The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
 22 July – Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England defeats a Scottish army led by William Wallace
 End of the reign of Emperor Fushimi, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Go-Fushimi ascends to the throne of Japan
 While in prison in Genoa, Marco Polo dictates his Travels to a local writer
 A fire causes severe damage to the Palace of Westminster.
 The Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official) invents wooden movable type printing, while the earlier Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century

Births 
 December 12 – Albert II of Austria (died 1358)

Deaths 
 July 2 – Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans
 July 10 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
 July 22 – Sir John de Graham, Scottish soldier at the Battle of Falkirk
 July 13 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa
 September 11 – Philip of Artois, French soldier (born 1269)
 Smilets of Bulgaria (born 1292)

1298
Events 
 May 11 – In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy
 Abu al-Fida becomes governor of Hama.
 The first purpose-built accommodation for students (Mob Quad) completed in Merton College, Oxford, England.
 Basarab I, after the battle against the Tatars, is named "big prince" of Wallachia by the feudal lords of the region. The country is to remain under Hungarian domination until 12 October 1330 and the Battle of Posada.

Births 
 April 30 – King Casimir III of Poland (died 1368)
 November 30 – Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (died 1349)
 date unknown
 Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
 Guillaume Tirel, chef (died 1395)
 Pope Urban V (died 1370)

Deaths 
 May 22 – Saint Humility (born c. 1226)
 June 5 – Amalric, Prince of Tyre (born c. 1272)
 October 1 – Beatrice, Burgundy of Bastia, Lady of Bourbon (born 1257)
 October 28 – Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople (born 1230)
 December 10 – Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria (born 1271)
 Shams al-Din ibn Ashraf Al-Samarqandi, astronomer (born 1250)
 George Pachymeres, Byzantine historian (born 1242)
Year 1318 (MCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January–December 
 April 1 – Berwick-upon-Tweed is taken by the Scottish from the English.
 May 11 – Battle of Dysert O'Dea: The Irish armies of Conor O'Dea defeat the Hiberno-Normans under Richard de Clare.
 End of the reign of Emperor Hanazono, emperor of Japan.

 Date unknown 
 Emperor Go-Daigo succeeds Emperor Hanazono on the throne of Japan.
 Qala'un Mosque, Cairo, Egypt is founded by Al-Nasr Muhammad.

Births 
 June 8 – Eleanor of Woodstock, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England
 date unknown – Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol (died 1369)
 Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
 Eleanor of Lancaster (died 1372)
 Pope Urban VI (died 1389)

Deaths 
 February 16 – Valdemar, Duke of Finland
 October 14 – Edward Bruce, High King of Ireland (b. 1275)
 November 22 – Mikhail Yaroslavich, Russian prince (b. 1271)
 date unknown
 Llywelyn Bren, Welsh rebel
 Heinrich Frauenlob, Bohemian musician
 Rashid al-Din, Persian writer and historian (born 1247)
Events 
 End of the Kamakura period and beginning of the Kemmu restoration in Japan.
 End of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders.
 July 19 – Battle of Halidon Hill, last of the wars of Scottish Independence.
 Burke civil war begins in Ireland.

Births 
 Kanami, Japanese noh actor and writer (died 1384)
 Blanche d'Évreux, French princess (died 1398)

Deaths 
 February 7 – Nikkō, Japanese priest, founder of Nichiren Shoshu buddhism (born 1246)
 September 25 – Prince Morikuni, 9th Kamakura shogun of Japan (born 1301)
 November 15 – Nichimoku, Japanese priest, the 3rd high priest of Taisekiji temple and Nichiren Shoshu (born 1260)
 William of Alnwick, Franciscan friar and theologian
 Ladislaus I of Poland
 Antipope Nicholas V
 William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (born 1312)
Events 
 30 November – Battle of Culblean in Scotland.
 Abu Said dies and the Ilkhanate disintegrates.
 Slavery abolished in Sweden.
 Congress of Visegrád involving the monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland.
 Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia was ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.
 Pope Benedict XII begins to reform the Cistercians
 The excommunication of Frederick III of Sicily and the interdict placed on Sicily end
 Beginning of the construction of the papal palace in Avignon
 Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, becomes Duke of Carinthia on May 2
 Aabenraa is chartered as a city.
 Foundation of School of Arts in Zaragoza, Spain which later came to be known as the University of Zaragoza in 16th Century.

Births 
 Matthew of Kraków, Bohemian writer (died 1410)

Deaths 
 April 2 – Duke Henry of Carinthia
 Prince Morinaga, Japanese shogun (born 1308)
 Abu Sa'id, Persian ruler (born 1316)
Events 
 Hundred Years' War: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor appoints Edward III of England as a vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. Louis supports Edward's claim to the French throne under the terms of the Treaty of Koblenz.
 Philip VI of France besieges Guienne in Southwest France and his navy attacks Portsmouth in England.
 Ashikaga Takauji granted title of Shogun by the emperor of Japan.
 Nicomedia is captured by the Ottoman Empire.

Births 
 21 January – Charles V of France (died 1380)
 3 February – Joanna of Bourbon (died 1378)
 5 October – Alexios III of Trebizond (died 1390)
 29 November – Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (died 1368)

Unknown dates 
 George de Dunbar, 10th Earl of March (died 1420)
 Niccolò II d'Este (died 1388)
 Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros (died 1383)
 Margaret de Stafford (died 1396)
 Tvrtko I of Bosnia (died 1391)

Deaths 
 24 April – Theodore I of Montferrat (born c. 1270)
 5 May – Prince Tsunenaga, son of Japanese Emperor (born 1324)
 July – Muhammad Khan, Persian monarch
 4 August – Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (born 1300)
 22 August – William II of Athens (born 1312)

Unknown dates 
 Kitabatake Akiie, Japanese governor (born 1318)
 Alfonso Fadrique, Sicilian noble
 Awhadi of Maragheh, Persian poet
 Prince Narinaga, Japanese Shogun (born 1325)
 Marino Sanuto the Elder, Venetian statesman and geographer (born c. 1260)
 John Wishart, Scottish bishop
 Nitta Yoshiaki, Japanese Samurai
 Nitta Yoshisada, Japanese Samurai
Events 
 April 7 – Charles University is founded in Prague.
 June 24 – Black Death outbreak in full swing in Melcombe Regis (modern-day Weymouth, Dorset in England)
 July 6 – Papal bull of Pope Clement VI protecting Jews against popular aggression during the Black Death epidemic.
 Beginning of Black Death epidemic in central and western Europe
 End of the reign of Emperor Komyo of Japan, second of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders
 Start of the reign of Emperor Sukō, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders
 May – Black Death reaches England
 Edward III of England creates the first English order of chivalry, the Order of the Garter
 Pskov gains independence from the Novgorod Republic with the treaty of Bolotovo; Pskov Republic formed.
 Black Death in Cairo.
 Estimation: Hangzhou in Yuan Dynasty China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt.
 Truce between England and France until 1532.
 Gonville Hall, the forerunner of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge was founded.

Births 
 John Fitzalan, 1st Lord Arundel (died 1379)

Deaths 
 February 2 – Narymunt, Prince of Pinsk
 December 2 – Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Japan (born 1297)
 Laura, beloved of Petrarch (born 1310)
 John de Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Sienese painter (born 1290)
 Pietro Lorenzetti, Sienese painter (born 1280)
 Andrea Pisano, Italian sculptor and architect (born 1270)

References
Events 
 England invades France
 29 August – An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Spanish fleet in the battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer.
 Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire.
 The Black Death ravages Europe. (1347-1351)
 The Black Death first appears in Scotland.

Births 
 January 23 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (died 1419)
 October 12 – Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Vladimir (died 1389)
 Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian (died 1420)
 John I of Aragon (died 1395)
 Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia (died 1404)
 Pope Boniface IX, second Roman pope of the Western Schism (died 1404)
 Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (died 1427)
 Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (died 1405)
 Agnolo Gaddi, Italian painter (died 1396)
 William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England (approximate date; died 1419)
 Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (died 1397)
 Manuel II Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1425)
 John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; died 1400)
 Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (died 1425)
 John I Stanley of the Isle of Man (approximate date; died 1414)
 Ralph Strode, English scholar (died 1400)
 Katherine Swynford, mistress of John of Gaunt (approximate date; died 1403)
 Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (died 1415)
 Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (died 1423)
 William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (died 1399)
 Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish historian (died 1420)

Deaths 
 March 26 – Alfonso XI of Castile (born 1311)
 April 3 – Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (born 1295)
 August 22 – Philip VI of France (born 1293)
 Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
 Jean de Marigny, French bishop
 Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita (approximate date; born c. 1283)
 Maol Íosa V, Earl of Strathearn, last Gaelic Mormaer of Strathearn
 Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (born 1270)
Events 
 June 4 – Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation.
 June 27 – Zug joins the Swiss Confederation.
 December 18 – Pope Innocent VI succeeds Pope Clement VI as the 199th pope.
 Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reports the existence of the ngoni and balafon instruments at the court of Mansa Musa.
 Dragoş becomes voivode of Moldova.
 Corpus Christi College founded as a College of the University of Cambridge by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.
 The Ottoman Turk army crosses the Bosporus, entering the Balkans.
 Lionel of Antwerp marries Elizabeth, daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster.
 William de Ashlee becomes Rector of Maids Moreton, England.
 The town of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland finalizes its alliance with the city of Bern.
 Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham becomes a Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter of England.
 The Earldom of Kent becomes extinct (see Deaths, below).
 The Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the Metropolitan of Halych, began to relocate back to Kiev, after having moved to Halych in 1299. Thereafter, the Metropolitan would hold the title of Metropolitan of Kiev-Halych and All Rus.

Births 
 John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (estimate). (died 1400)
 Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (died 1430)
 Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (died 1410)

Deaths 
 July 3 – Archbishop Vasilii Kalika of Novgorod.
 September 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (born 1273)
 December 6 – Pope Clement VI (born 1291)
 Matthias of Arras, French architect (born 1290)
 William de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros (born 1325)
 Basarab I, Prince of Wallachia
 Al-Hakim II, Caliph of Cairo
 Laurence Minot, English poet (born 1300)
 Yoshida Kenko, Japanese monk and writer (born 1283)
Events 
 The Decameron was finished by Giovanni Boccaccio.
 March 3 – Bern signs an alliance with the Swiss Confederation.

Births 
 July 15 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
 Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1413)
 Margaret I of Denmark, queen of Haakon VI of Norway (died 1412)
 John Purvey, English scholar and Bible translator (died 1428)

Deaths 
 March 11 – Theognostus, metropolitan of Kiev and Moscow
 Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn
 Simeon of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir
 Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland
 Togha Temür, claimant to the throne of the Mongol Il-Khanate in Persia (assassinated)
 Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman
Events 
 January 7 – Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro – Pedro revolts and incites a civil war.
 February 10 – The St. Scholastica's Day riot broke out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
 April – Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois.
 April 5 – Charles IV crowned emperor in Rome.
 April 18 – In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier for conspiring to kill them.
 September 1 – Tvrtko I writes in castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from old town Visoki.

 A small Scottish and French force invade Northumberland, loot the city of Berwick-upon-Tweed and defeat a small English force in a skirmish at Nisbet, Berwickshire.

Births 
 January 7 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (died 1397)
 August 16 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster
 Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine humanist (died 1415)
 Konrad von Jungingen, 25th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

Deaths 
 April 18 – Doge Marin Falier, Italian ruler (executed)
 August 3 – Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
 December 5 – John III, Duke of Brabant (born 1300)
 Inês de Castro, lover of King Peter I of Portugal (murdered)
 Stefan Dusan, King of Serbia
Events 
 January 20 – Edward Balliol quits job as King of Scotland and gives job to Edward III of England
 September 19 – Battle of Poitiers The English, led by the Black Prince, beat the French in the Hundred Years' War, taking the King John II of France while winning.
 October 18 – The Basel earthquake breaks the city of Basel in Switzerland.
 December 25 – Emperor Charles IV. announces the Golden Bull, a sort of medieval constitution for the Holy Roman Empire
 The city of Lwów granted Magdeburg rights by Casimir III of Poland
 The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains today.
 Burnt Candlemas – Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.
 The official founding of the Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe.
 Ghazan II takes Anusirvan's job as ruler of the Il-Khanate in Persia.

Births 
 King Martin I of Aragon (died 1410)

Deaths 
 September 19 – Killed at the Battle of Poitiers:
 Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (born 1311)
 Walter VI of Brienne, Constable of France (born 1304)
Events 

 Founding of the University of Pavia, Italy.
 The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda.
 In the Marinid Empire in present-day Morocco, Abu Salim Ibrahim is overthrown by Abu Umar. Abu Umar is then later in the year overthrown by Abu Zayyan.
 State of anarchy within the Blue Horde. Between 1361 and 1378, over 20 khans succeed each other in different parts of the Blue Horde's territory.
 Edward, the Black Prince, marries Joan, the 'Fair Maid of Kent'.

Births 
 February 26 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (died 1419)
 John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (died 1396)

Deaths 
 March 24 – Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster, English soldier and diplomat
 June 9 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (born 1291)
 June 15 – Johannes Tauler, German mystic theologian
 November 21 – Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (plague) (born 1346 – age 15)
 Giovanni (plague), son of Francesco Petrarch
 Richard Badew, Chancellor of Cambridge University
 John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp de Somerset, Warden of the Cinque Ports
 Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (born 1295)
 Jan z Melsztyna, Polish nobleman
Events 
 First Foundation of the Venerable English College
 January 16 – The "Grote Mandrenke" storm tide strikes Holland, England, Germany and Denmark destroying the city of Rungholt in Nordfriesland, Germany.
 Under Edward III, English replaces French as England's national language, for the first time following the Norman Conquest of 1066.
 September 28 – Pope Urban V succeeds Pope Innocent VI as the 200th pope.
 Louis I of Hungary defeats and captures Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria; he conquers northern Bulgaria, extending his control over the Balkans.
 The Ottomans capture Philippopolis and Adrianopole (now the city of Edirne) from the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire is reduced to the city of Constantinople.
 Waldemar Atterdag of Denmark defeats the Hanseatic League in a naval battle off Helsingborg.
 Shahabuddin succeeds his brother, Alauddin Ali Sher, as Sultan of Kashmir.
 Constantine VI succeeds his cousin, Constantine V, as King of Armenia.
 Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas crushed the Tatars at the Blue Waters of the Southern Bug in 1362.

Births 
 Bonne of Berry, Regent of Savoy (died 1435)
 Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (died 1425)

Deaths 
 April 6 – James I, Count of La Marche, French soldier (b. 1319)
 April 10 – Maud, Countess of Leicester(b. 1339)
 July 22 – Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (poisoned) (born 1324)
 September 12 – Pope Innocent VI
 Constantine V of Armenia
 Louis of Taranto (born 1320)
Events 
 Charles V becomes King of France.
 May 12 – Foundation of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
 September 29 – The Breton War of Succession ends with the victory of the House of Montfort at the battle of Auray.
 Philip of Anjou becomes Titular Emperor of Costantinoples and Prince of Taranto.
 Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India).
 Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (now part of southern India).
 The Ava Dynasty establish rule in present-day northern Burma.

Births 
 November 30 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (died 1390)
 Gyaltsab Je, first throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (died 1432)
 Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (died 1431)
 Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian humanist (died 1437)
 Qazi Zadeh, Persian mathematician (died 1436)
 Christine de Pizan (died 1430)

Deaths 
 April 8 – King John II of France (born 1319)
 June 30 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1297)
 August 5 – Emperor Kogon of Japan (born 1313)
 September 29 – Charles, Duke of Brittany
 Gajah Mada, prime minister of the Majapahit empire
 King Valdemar III of Denmark (born 1314)
 Rana Hamir Singh, ruler of Mewar
 Anavota Reddy, ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh
Events 
 Thomas Fraser obtains lands in Aberdeenshire, upon which he starts the building of a towerhouse that would later be known as Muchalls Castle.
 Henry II deposes his half-brother, Pedro of Castile, to become King of Castile.
 Muhammed V builds the Granada Hospital in the Granada (in present-day Spain).
 War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in present-day southern India. Tens of thousands of civilians massacred by each side.
 Dmitri Donskoi, ruler of Moscow & Vladimir, makes peace with Dmitri Konstantinovich, former ruler of Vladimir.
 Abu Faris Abdul Aziz succeeds assassinated Abu Zayyan as Sultan of the Marinid Empire in Morocco.
 Foundation of the Stella Artois brewery in present-day Belgium.

Births 
 March 22 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (d. 1399)
 July 11 – Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (died 1394)
 Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan, English noblewoman (died 1425)
 Miran Shah, governor of Azerbaijan (died 1408)

Deaths 
 January 25 – Henry Suso, German mystic
 Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Petrus Torkilsson, Archbishop of Uppsala
 Ming Yuzhen, founder of the rebel empire of Daxia
Events 
 Timur ascends throne of Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan)..
 Hongwu (also known as Zhu Yuanzhang) establishes the Ming Dynasty in China after the disintegration the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
 Work begins on the current Great Wall of China.
 Emperor Chōkei accedes to the throne of Japan
 Ramesuan succeeds Ramathibodi I as ruler of Ayutthaya (now southern Thailand).
 Mikhail Aleksandrovich becomes the sole ruler of Tver (now in eastern Russia) after the death of co-ruler and rival Mikhailovich of Kashin.
 Moscow attacks Tver. Tver makes a counter-attack with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
 The King of Norway sends the last Royal Ship from Norway to the Greenland Eastern Settlement. This event is part of both the Norse colonization of the Americas and of the History of Greenland.

Births 
 February 14 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1437)
 December 3 – King Charles VI of France (died 1422)
 Pope Martin V (died 1431)
 Thomas Occleve, English poet (died 1450)
 Robert Merchant, French painter (Born June)

Deaths 
 October 7 – Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III of England (born 1338)
 Andrea Orcagna, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect
 Ibn-i-Yamin the 'Persian Puritan', poet
 Ramathibodi I, ruler of Ayutthaya
Events 
 King Charles V of France renounces the treaty of Brétigny and war is declared between France and England. The French recapture most of Aquitaine.
 Venice repels Hungarian invasion.
 Hugues Aubriot founds the Bastille in Paris.
 Tamerlane names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.
 Košice becomes the first town in Europe to be granted its own coat of arms.
 The Turks invade Bulgaria.
 The Edward the Black Prince ends his military alliance with Pedro of Castile due to ill-health. Pedro subsequently loses the Battle of Montiel to an alliance between the French and his half-brother Henry II. Henry murders Pedro after the battle and becomes King of Castille for a second time.
 The Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya conquers Cambodia for a second time.
 Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales. A storm causes Owain to abandon the invasion.
 Duong Nhat Le succeeds Tran Hao as King of Vietnam.

Births 
 Isabeau de Bavière, queen of Charles VI of France (died 1435)
 William de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (died 1414)
 John Dunstable, English composer (died 1453)
 Jan Hus, Bohemian religious reformer (died 1415)

Deaths 
 January 17 – King Peter I of Cyprus (murdered) (born 1328)
 March 23 – King Pedro of Castile (born 1334)
 August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England
 September 12 – Blanche of Lancaster, wife of John of Gaunt (plague) (b. 1345)
 October 3 – Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol (born 1318)
 John Chandos, English knight
 Patrick Dunbar, 9th Earl of Dunbar (born 1285)
 Ramathibodi I, first king of Ayutthaya (born 1314)
 Agnes Dunbar, 4th Countess of Moray
 Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
Events 
 May 24 – The Treaty of Stralsund ends the war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.
 October 20 – Philip of Anjou, Titular Emperor of Constantinople, marries Elisabeth of Slavonia, daughter of Stephen, duke of Transylvania and Slavonia, and Margareta of Bavaria.
 December 20 – Pope Gregory XI succeeds Pope Urban V as the 201st pope.
 Steel Crossbow first used as a weapon of war.
 Carthusian monks build the Charterhouse in London.
 Fortification of Xian City (Chang'an)
 Timur completes his conquest of Cental Asia and parts of Persia, establishing the Timurid Empire.
 Tran Phu deposes Duong Nhat Le as King of Vietnam.
 For the second time since 1368, Moscow attacks Tver. Tver again makes a counter-attack with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
 Casimir III of Poland is succeeded jointly by his sister, Elisabeth of Kujavia, and her son, Louis I of Hungary. Beginning of the rule of Poland by the Capet-Anjou family.

Births 
 Duke William of Austria (died July 14, 1406)
 Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (died 1460)
 Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles II of Navarre (died 1437)
 John Lydgate, English Benedictine monk and poet (died 1451)
 Queen Mary of Sicily (died 1402)
 Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (died 1443)
 King Olaf IV of Norway (died 1387)
 John VII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1408)
 Jan Piast, Duke of Ziebice (died 1428)
 Jan Sindel, Polish scientist (died 1443)
 Jan Zizka, leader of the Hussites (died 1424)
 Pawel Wlodkowic, Polish scholar (died 1435)

Deaths 
 December 19 – Pope Urban V (born 1310)
 Casimir III of Poland (born 1310)
 Ukhaatu Khan, Grand khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
 Shi Nai'an, Chinese writer (born 1296)
Events 
 In this year, the city of Aachen, Germany begins adding a Roman numeral Anno Domini date to a few of its coins. It is the first city in the world to do so.
 The French & the Castilians defeat the English in the naval Battle of La Rochelle. The French gain control of the English Channel for the first time since 1340.
 4 year old Muhammad as-Said succeeds his father, Abu l-Fariz Abdul Aziz I, as Marinids Sultan of Morocco.
 Welshman Owain Lawgoch makes a second attempt to take the throne of Wales from the English. Whilst attacking the island of Guernsey, Owain abandons the invasion in order to fight the English at the Battle of La Rochelle.
 Newaya Maryam succeeds his father, Newaya Krestos, as ruler of Ethiopia.
 Peace declared between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples.
 The Kingdom of Chūzan (now in southern Japan) enters tributary relations with Ming Dynasty China.

Births 
 March 13 – Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, son of king Charles V of France (died 1407)
 Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, Sufi saint from India
 Princess Beatrice of Portugal, future Queen of Portugal and Queen-consort of Castile (died 1410)

Deaths 
 August 31 – Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (born 1301)
 Eleanor of Lancaster, English noblewoman (born 1318)
 Bagrat I the Little, King of Georgia
1376 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 March – The peace treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377.
 April 28 – The start of Good Parliament in England, so called because its members attempted to reform the corrupt Royal Council.
 June 7 – The dying Prince Edward summons his father Edward III and brother John of Gaunt and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard.
 June 8 – Edward, the Black Prince dies, becoming the first English Prince of Wales to not rule as king.
 July 10 – The Good Parliament is dissolved. At that time, it was the longest Parliament to have sat in England.
 August 12 – With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor. John V Palaeologus is taken prisoner.
 September – John of Gaunt summons religious reformer John Wycliffe to appear before the Royal Council to defend Gaunt from bishops who have become his enemies.
 Fall – John of Gaunt, through the Royal Council, proceeds to undo the work of the Good Parliament.
 December 25 – John of Gaunt presents his nephew, Prince Richard of Bordeaux, to the feudatories of the realm and swears to uphold Richard's right to succeed Edward III.
 Khan Qamar al-din of Mongolistan unsuccessfully invades Timur’s eastern province of Farghana.
 Timur leads his army against troops of the White Horde which have arrived at Sighnaq. However, winter sets in, preventing an immediate battle.
 Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow raids Mongol ruled Volga Bulgaria (now in Russia).
 Acamapichtli is elected Tlatoani of the Aztec empire after the death of Tenoch, the first Aztec ruler.
 Catherine of Siena visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence and move the Papacy back to Rome.
 Olaf III becomes King of Denmark after the death of his grandfather, Valdemar IV, in 1375.
 The city of Sredets in Bulgaria is renamed Sofia after the Church of St Sophia
 Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Shaban II is succeeded by Alah-ad-Din Ali.
 Qutbuddin succeeds his brother, Shahabuddin, as Sultan of Kashmir.

Arts and Literature 
 December 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer goes abroad on secret state business in the company of Sir John Burley.

 22nd July – Fabled date of the appearance of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.

Births 
 November 9 – Edmund Mortimer, English rebel (died 1409)
 Gihwa, Scholar in Korean Buddhism

Deaths 
 January 24 – Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, English military leader
 June 8 – Edward, the Black Prince, son of King Edward III of England (born 1330)
 Simon Langham, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Tenoch, Aztec ruler
1379 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 September 9 – Treaty of Neuberg signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.
 The Venetians and Ottomans invade Constantinople and restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor. Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as Byzantine co-emperor but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.
 John I succeeds his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and King of León.
 Bairam Khawaja establishes the independent principality of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire in present-day Armenia.
 Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow raids Estonia.
 Foundation of New College, Oxford.
 Foundation of Wisbech Grammar School in England.

Births 
 October 4 – King Henry III of Castile (died 1406)
 Ferdinand I of Aragon (died 1416)
 Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland (approximate date; died 1440)

Deaths 
 February 18 – Albert II of Mecklenburg
 May 29 – King Henry II of Castile (born 1334)
 December 16 – John Fitzalan, Marshal of England (drowned)
 Aqsara'i, Persian physician
1385 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 August 14 – Battle of Aljubarrota – John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383-1385 Crisis. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from Castile is secured.
 August 14 – The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania through the proposed marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania and saw the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite.
 October 15 – Battle of Valverde between the armies of Portugal and Castile
 The marriage of Charles VI of France and Isabella of Bavaria-Straubing is celebrated with France's first court ball.
 With help from the Ottoman Empire, the Albanians expel their conquerors from Zeta (now Montenegro). Balša II of Zeta is killed in the battle and is succeeded by his cousin, Đurađ II. Albania is then conquered by the Ottomans after the Battle of Savra and the Albanians begin an eighty-year resistance to Turkish rule.
 A group of Hungarian nobels help Charles III of Naples to overthrow Queen Mary as ruler of Hungary and Croatia.
 Scotland resists a small invasion force from England.
 Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts the Jalayirid Empire in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.
 Olav IV of Norway is elected as King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert.
 Estense Castle is built in Ferrara in present-day Italy.
 Bodiam Castle is built in East Sussex, England.

Births 
 Thomas Ebendorfer, Austrian historian, (died 1464)
 John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (died 1421)
 Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; died 1441)
 Margaret Holland, English noblewoman (died 1429)

Deaths 
 Andronikos IV Palaiologos, co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire
 Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (born 1328)
1386 was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Elizabeta Kotromanic, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles of Durazzo, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia.
 Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia.
 Charles' son, Ladislas, becomes King of Naples.
 A period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. Rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.
 July 9 – Battle of Sempach: The Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule.
 Queen Jadwiga of Poland marries Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania, unifying their two countries.
 Abu al-Abbas is reinstated as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.
 John of Gaunt leaves England to make good his claim to the throne of Castile by right of his second marriage to Constanza of Castile in 1371.
 The Timurid Empire raids Georgia and takes King Bagrat V prisoner. Bagrat is subsequently freed by an army led by his son, George.
 Hundred Years' War – Battle of Margate: The English defeat an invading French and Castilian naval force.
 Dan I of Wallachia (now southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Old.
 
 May 9 – King John I of Portugal and King Richard II of England ratified the Treaty of Windsor.
 May 20 – First mention of the city of Piteşti, now in Romania.
 Founding of Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, the oldest university in Germany.
 The Venetians take control of the island of Corfu.
 The Brancacci Chapel begins to be built in Florence.
 Rozhdestvensky monastery is built in Muscovy.

Births 
 March 12 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shogun (died 1428)
 June 24 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (died 1456)
 Donatello, Italian artist (died 1466)
 Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (died 1444)

Deaths 
 July 9 – Duke Leopold III of Austria (killed in battle) (born 1351)
 James Audley, English knight
 William Langland, English poet (born 1332)
Events 
 Sigismund, the future Holy Roman Emperor and husband of Queen Mary of Hungary, orders the murder of his mother-in-law, Elizabeta Kotromanic, and declares himself joint ruler of Hungary.
 Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia and appoints three puppet rulers.
 Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire but has to soon after withdraw due to heavy snow.
 August 23 – Death of Olaf, King of Norway and Denmark and claimant to the throne of Sweden. The vacant thrones come under the regency of his mother Margaret I of Denmark who would soon become Queen in her own right.
 December 19 – Battle of Radcot Bridge: forces loyal to Richard II of England defeated by a group of rebellious barons known as the Lords Appellant. Richard II is imprisoned until he agrees replace all the councillors in his court.
 Geoffrey Chaucer begins writing The Canterbury Tales.
 Battle of Castagnaro between the Italian cities of Verona and Padua. Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi led Verona.
 Charles III ascends to the throne of Navarre after the death of his father, Charles II.
 John I succeeds his father, Peter IV, as King of Aragon and Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castille.
 Magha II succeeds his brother, Musa II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire.
 June 2 – John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon.

Births 
 August 9 – King Henry V of England (died 1422)
 Henriette of Mömpelgard, countess of Mömpelgard and regent of Württemberg (died 1444)
 Isabella of Valois, Princess of France (died 1410)

Deaths 
 July 20 – Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (poisoned) (b. 1356)
 July 22 – Franz Ackerman, Flemish statesman (born 1330)
 August 23 – King Olaf IV of Norway/Olaf III of Denmark (born 1370)
 Peter IV of Aragon (born 1319)
 Richard Og Burke, second Clanricarde
 Peter de la Mare, English politician
 King Charles II of Navarre (born 1332)
 Elizabeta Kotromanic, regent of Hungary
London County Council (LCC) was the principal local government body for the County of London, during its whole existence (1889-1965), and the first London-wide general municipal authority that was directly elected. It covered the area today known as Inner London and was replaced by the Greater London Council. The LCC was the largest, most significant and ambitious municipal authority of its day.

History

The creation of the LCC in 1889, as part of the Local Government Act 1888, was forced by a succession of scandals involving the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW), its predecessor, which had not been directly elected. While the Conservative government of the day would have preferred not to create a single body covering the whole of London, their election promise to the Liberal Unionists led them to this policy. A later Government created the 28 metropolitan boroughs as lower tier authorities to replace the various local authorities in 1899; they assumed some powers of the LCC and shared others.

The LCC inherited the powers of its predecessor the MBW, but also had wider authority over matters such as education, city planning and council housing.  It took over the functions of the London School Board in 1903, and Dr C W Kimmins was appointed chief inspector of the education department in 1904.

References

Local government in London
1889 establishments in England
1965 disestablishments in England
A simulation is a way of seeing a thing happen without it actually taking place in the same way. A simulation can be used to predict what might happen without doing it, in case it is dangerous or too expensive or difficult. It can also be used to show people what will happen next, or what happened in the past. It can also show what people believe is happening in a place or time where it is impossible to know what really happens. 

There are research institutions just devoted to simulations, like, e.g., The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation or NEES.

Simulations are used for many purposes, because in a simulation things can be controlled that might not be easy to control in real life.  They can use smaller versions of an object or system for testing or practice.  Smaller versions of things, like space ships or rooms, can simulate the real thing.  They can also be safer, in place of a thing that is dangerous, like when astronauts practice in a swimming pool rather than in outer space. Astronauts practiced in simulations of the moon before they went and landed there.  They use simulations of spaceships that move the way real spaceships do.  Simulations often use computers.  Computers are used to make simulations of what a spaceship's route might be on the way to the moon, to help plan the mission.

Video games
One type of video game is called simulator games". These games let the player simulate doing different things. For example, in the game Theme Hospital, players perform simulated surgery. SimCity'' lets players design and build their own simulated city.

Related pages

 Scientific model

 International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
 Monte Carlo algorithm

Research
Scientific modeling