cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Deportivo Italia is a Venezuelan football team in Caracas. It was founded in 1948 and ended activities in summer 2010.

History
Football started to be played in Venezuela in the first half of the 20th century. "Deportivo Italia" was one of the first teams. If was founded by Italian emigrants in Caracas in 1948.

The most successful years of the team were those of the "D'Ambrosio era", which lasted from 1958 to 1977. This 20 years period was crowned by the victory 1:0 with the Fluminense, champion team of Brazil in 1971.

The D'Ambrosio golden era

In 1958, Mino D'Ambrosio and his brother Pompeo D'Ambrosio took control of Deportivo Italia. Pompeo managed the finances of the team. For the next twenty years, the team was the most successful in Venezuela.

In those golden years, Deportivo Italia won the Venezuelan First Division tournament four times (1961, 1963, 1966 and 1972) and the Copa Venezuela three times (1961,1962 and 1970), and was runner up in the first division in 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1971 and in the Copa Venezuela in 1976. 

Deportivo Italia even managed to participate in the Copa Libertadores six times (1964, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1971 and 1972).

In the 1971 Copa Libertadores, Deportivo Italia was even able to defeat 1:0 the Fluminense (Champion of Brasil) in the Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro: it was celebrated as Pequeno Maracanazo (Small Maracanazo in english) by all the Latinoamerican sport-media.

Final years
After 1998, the team suffered a crisis and changed its name to "Italchacao". But the following performance of the team was very low in the Venezuelan championship.

For the 2006/2007 season the team returned to its original name Deportivo Italia Fútbol Club. In 2008, with manager Eduardo Saragó, Deportivo Italia won the Torneo Apertura, beating Aragua FC (0-2) on November 30, and for this, qualified them for the 2010 Copa Libertadores. There in May 2010 the "Azules" were able only to get a tie with the Cruzeiro of Brazil 

Deportivo Italia changed its name to "Deportivo Petare" in summer 2010. But there is an ongoing dispute, because there is a strong opposition to this change from the Italian community of Caracas.

Related pages
 Small Maracanazo

Notes

Venezuelan football clubs
Caracas
1948 establishments in Venezuela
2010 disestablishments
Jamaal Charles (born December 27, 1986 in Port Arthur, Texas) is an American football running back. He plays for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Texas, and also ran in track and field there.

Professional career
In the Chiefs' final game of the 2009 season, Charles rushed for 259 yards and two touchdowns against the Denver Broncos. This is the most yards that a Chiefs player has ever rushed for in one game.

References

American football running backs
Sportspeople from Texas
1986 births
Living people
Kansas City Chiefs players
Jamaal Charles full biography
Mok-dong is a district in Yangcheongu, Seoul. It is in the northern west part of Yangcheon District and shares borders with Yeongdeungpo District Yanpyeongdong on its east, Shinjeongdong on its north, and Yeomchangdong on its southern north. As a typical agricultural areas in the past, it was made of small communities. In the 1970s, it started to develop as a large scale housing area. After the 1960s and 1970s, there used to be ghettos around the Anyangcheon bank formed by people who were dispossessed of their belongings and those who had moved there from rural areas, but the spots disappeared since the new town layout. The Mok-dong new town layout was announced in 1983, and completed in 1988.

Mok-dong is famous for being the number two private education center after Gangnam. Subway stations Omokgyo line five and ShinMokdong line nine are located there. Major facilities of the district include Mokdong Stadium, Anyangcheon, Yongwang mountain park, the Christian broadcasting station, SBS, and the Paris Park.

Mokdong Ice Rink

The rink opened on December 1, 1989. It is 30x61m, which is the international ice rink standard on its ground and basement floors. On the second floor there are 5,000 audience seats. Around the ground floor rink there are 10 skater waiting rooms, a restaurant with room for 200, 2 snack bars, changing rooms, training rooms, 2 skating equipment stores, and one ice hockey equipment store. Opening hours are from 14:00 to 18:00 Mondays through Saturdays and 12:00 to 18:00 on Sundays and national holidays.

Anyangcheon (Anyang stream)

The stream rises from Anyang temple in the Samseong mountain, hence the name Anyangcheon. A stream with its source in the Samseong mountain (三聖山), Hakeu stream (鶴儀川) from the Baekun mountain (白雲山), and Sanbon stream from (山本川) from Gunpo join in Seoksudong, Anyang and flow northward. The stream passes Gwangmyeong and Geumcehon, Guro, and Yeongdeungpo disctricts of Seoul and flow into Han River passing from the western side of Seongsan bridge.

Yongwangsan Park

The park was selected as the first park of Mokdong in August 1971, in an announcement by the Minister of Construction. It was developed into a city park from 1989. The park is on a hill and enjoyed by residents as a place to relax. It offers 3 types of walking courses, 2 pavilions, 28 chairs, 3 entertainment equipment. Activity facilities include 4 badminton courts, 24 gyms and 2 drinking fountains. 120 thousand visits are made per year.

Ewha Women's University Mok-dong Hospital

Mok-dong hospital is a patient-oriented hospital and provides specialized treatment of illness through a comprehensive medical testing center, medical emergency center, cardiovascular center, hematinic cell transplant center, and a cerebral nerve center for better medical quality and service improvement. The hospital also runs a breast center, obesity clinic, and a female urology clinic for the treatment of women.

Cities in South Korea
Secure Quick Response codes or SQR codes are secure two dimensional barcodes with high data density, based on QR codes.

Secure Quick Response codes are a secure method for encrypting data into a barcode. It makes it extremely difficult to decode into the original plain text in the absence of the encryption cipher or key. A typical implementation of SQR codes would be to create a one-time use SQR code on a mobile phone's screen to effectively create a highly secure one-time pad type of encryption of, for example, an online account number.

A typical implementation is to encrypt and use a precursor physical machine readable token such as the card identity number (CID) written in read-only memory (ROM) of a Secure Digital microSD card contained in a mobile telephone.  The international mobile identity number may be used where no microSD card is present, for example, on an Apple iPhone.

SQR codes may be securely read in a retail environment at the point of sale using 2D barcode scanners or even a low cost web camera. Secure Quick Response codes were first developed by Yodo, a company operating in Japan, and are patent pending.

References 

Data input
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryo Dynasty also called the "Kingdom of Goryeo", is one of the Korean dynasties which existed from 918 to 1392. It began in 918 with Emperor Taejo. The name "Goryeo" came to be said as "Korea" by foreigners and is still the name of the country. Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (Later Baekje, Later Goguryeo, and Silla) and by 1374 ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392. Goryeo increased its borders to Chung-cheon river and Youngheong (936~943) and the Amnok River (933).

Background

Silla had accomplished a unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 668. But it weakened as local lords achieved power during the end of the 9th century. The country entered a period of civil war and rebellion, led by Gung Ye, Gi Hwon, Yang Gil, and Gyeon Hwon. Gung Ye established Hugogureo (meaning "Later Goguryeo") and Wang Geon (Later, Tae jo) made a contribution as Gung Ye's subordinate. However, Gung Ye became more and more tyrannical and finally killed his own wife and son. Also he insisted that he was Maitreya (the future Buddha). Meanwhile, Wang Geon increased his power as he conquered Geumsung area in Later Baekje. Finally, some people who followed Wang Geon broke out the rebellion and he named the dynasty as Goryeo and changed its capital city to Song-ak. 

Goryeo made the policy to win the favor of people and maintained good relationship with Silla. As a result, Silla surrendered unconditionally to Goryeo. Meanwhile, Later Baekje collapsed by itself as princes fought each other over uccession to the throne. Because of the internal conflict, Later Baekje became weaker and weaker and was conquered by Goryeo. Finally, Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms again (936) and accomplished re-unification of Korean people. 
 
Tae jo made important policies. First, he insisted that Goryeo should expand its territory to further North. It is because he succeed to Goguryeo (ancient Korean kingdom founded in 37 BC–668) and Goguryeo had the biggest territory in Korean history. So, Tae jo named the dynasty as Goryeo from Goguryeo and tried to take back the territory of Goguryeo. He emphasized the importance of Sukyung area because it is placed in the North part and kept in check Gu Ran (kind of Mongolian) that made an effort to come down to Goryeo. Later, all of these policies contributed to expanding its territory to Apnok River. Also, Tae Jo made the policy which unified all people from different dynasties (Baekje, Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae..). Because of this policy, Goryeo is considered that it accomplished actual unification compared to Silla.

Related pages

Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong

History of Korea
Royal dynasties
918 establishments
1392 disestablishments
The Test of English as a Foreign Language, or TOEFL, is a test which measures people’s English language skills to see if they are good enough to take a course at university or graduate school in English-speaking countries. It is for people whose native language is not English but wish to study in an international University. It measures how well a person uses listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks. This test is accepted by more than 10 000 colleges, universities, and agencies in more than 150 countries; which means it is the most widely recognized English test in the world.

The format of the TOEFL test has been changed three times. The first was the PBT (paper-based TOEFL test). It tests listening, reading and grammar skills with a perfect score being 677 (Paper Based). Some centers where computers are not available still offer this format. The second format is the CBT (computer-based TOEFL test). People are each provided with a computer to take the test. A writing section was added as well as the three sections. The level of listening and grammar skills are automatically changed depending on a person’s English level. The third change is the iBT (Internet-based test) that is being brought in around the world which measures listening, speaking, reading and writing.

There are three procedures that people are following to take the test. First it is decided where and when you are going to 
take the test because the format of the test could be either iBT or CBT depending on location. People need to register 2–3 months in advance to get a place. Second is registration in person, online, by phone, or through email. Online registration is most common and payment will be required to complete the registration. The cost changes depending on what kind of exam is taken.

As more universities and colleges want a TOEFL more people are wanting to do the test. In Korea in 2010, nearly 115,000 people took the test to demonstrate their ability in English. This was 20% of the total for people doing the test. It is considered as one of the ways for middle or high school students to apply for the high ranked domestic universities. By studying at such an advanced level, it could help to improve their English skills to get high scores in other English exams..

Related pages
 TOEIC
 IELTS - International English Language Testing System

References
 Bluemarbles (in Korean)
 Cafe Naver (in Korean)
 Gohackers.com (in Korean)
 TOEFL Internet Based Test
 Naver.com (in Korean)
 TOEFL website 
 TOEFL (in Korean)

Tests
Point guard is a position in basketball. It is one of the most important positions. A point guard should maintain his team's offense by controlling the ball safely and pass the ball to the right teammate at the right time. Because of his role in the play, a point guard is usually called a commander on the court.  Steve Nash, Chris Paul, Stephen Curry and John Stockton are famous point guards in the NBA.

Required abilities to play as a point guard

First of all, right pass is the most important requirement to be a good point guard.  A point guard's first thought should be being an excellent passer and getting the ball to his teammates for easy shots. Because the offense is usually started from a point guard who handles the ball, he should be able to find the open man, and when to pass and not pass to avoid costly turnovers and score easily.
 
Second, safe dribbling and ball handling are necessary. Before a point guard passes the ball to his teammates, he should carry the ball from back court to front court. To carry the ball safely without turnovers, it is important to know how to control the ball safely. And by controlling the ball safely, a point guard also can control the tempo of the game. The ability, controlling the tempo, make a point guard choose right way to offense, a fast-break or a slow-attack. Through choosing right strategy, a point guard can make chance at the right time and also save his teammate's stamina effectively. 
 
Third, a point guard is a coach on the court. To command proper strategy to his teammates, a point guard should understand all strategies which are commanded by his coach. This ability may help a point guard to play the game well with the right strategy at right time.
 
Lastly, a point guard should be a good shooter. Sometimes the game can be unfavorable, even a point guard pass well and play the game with right strategy. At this time his accurate shooting can be an escapeway from this situation. By announcing his ability to shooting accurately, a point guard can plant an awareness to opponents that they should defense him well. And it cause the decreasing of pressure to other teammates to offense. Like this, a point guard's shooting ability can be the option to offense effectively.
Basketball

he:כדורסלן#תפקידים
A ball-jointed doll is a doll that is can have its arms and legs moved because of a ball joint. During the 1930, artist Hans Bellmer, made dolls that had ball-joints and used them in photography. In 1980, Japanese traditional doll artists used ball joints with dolls. In 1999, Japanese doll company, Volks, popularized the ball-jointed doll made of urethane.

The main feature of the ball-jointed doll is its joints. These joints are round and can be taken apart. So you can assemble the joints and body parts to make a doll. There are double-joints and triple joints that can make doll more delicate.

The eyes, wigs, clothes and make-up on the dolls can be changed and people can design their 'own' doll. 

Volks is the most popular company. There is also U-noa (Japan), D.O.D (Dream of Doll)(Korea), Luts (Korea), Blue Fairy (Korea), Iple House (Korea) and DZdoll (China).

Dolls
Marado or Mara Island is the most southern island of South Korea. It is about 11km away from the Moseolpo harbor in the south coast of Jeju-do (Jeju Island). Having an area of 0.298km², the whole island is covered with natural grass so that it carries an exotic mood. The island is small enough for tourists to look around within an hour.

Information
Marado belongs to the administrative boundaries of Gapa-ri, Daejeong-eup, Seogwipo City, Jeju Island. The population of the island is around 107, and about 30 families are living in Marado. When viewed from the sky, Marado looks just like a sweet-potato. As the wind blows all year round, everything in Marado including trees, houses, grasses lie flat on the ground. Along the coast, the island has steep cliffs with lots of holes made by rough waves. Also Marado, the island itself is designated as a natural monument of South Korea (2000).

History
Originally, Marado was an island called Keum Island, meaning 'forbidden island' in Korean language. It was because of the unpredictable weather and rough sea that people could not approach the island. However, people started to live in Marado since 1883. Tradition says that a man named Kim Sung Oh, who lost all his fortune in gambling made a suggestion to the county chief to let people move into Marado. As the chief let them to do so, people including Kim came to Marado and cultivated the island.

Attractions
Not to mention the beautiful scenery of the island, Marado has lots of attractions. First of all, there is a monument symbolizing the most southern point of South Korea in the island. Also, a small museum named 'Chocolate Museum' is another landmark of the island. Furthermore, there is a rock called 'Janggun Rock', meaning 'the General's rock' in Korean language. People in Marado regard this rock as a guardian of the island. Lastly, the lighthouse which is registered on the map of the world is a really beautiful and charming attraction.

Islands of South Korea
Community college is a type of public education institution. It provides two-year college education at reasonable tuition fees. Different forms of community colleges exist in the U.S., the U.K., Australia, the Philippines and etc.

Students
Students enter community colleges to pursue their academics or receive a better job training. After graduating from a community college, some choose to transfer to a four-year university.

History
First college in India started in 1981.First community college in the U.S. is Joliet Junior College in Illinois, which was founded in 1901. The number of community colleges has grown continuously. Currently, there are 1,166 community colleges in the U.S.

Drama
Community (TV series) is American TV series about community college students’ life.

Other websites
American Association of Community Colleges 
Pros and Cons of Free College
Community(TV series)

Colleges and universities
Types of educational institutions
Drunken Tiger (DT) is a South Korean hip hop group which issued their first album in 1999. The original members of the group were Tiger JK and DJ Shine; however, DJ Shine left in 2005 after recording five albums. When DT has performances, Tiger JK takes two other rappers: Bizzy and Paloalto. Tiger JK's wife, Yoon Mirae(T), who is also a singer and rapper, often performs with DT.

Originally the name of "Drunken Tiger" was the name of a hip hop clan. Tiger JK made his debut in 1992 at Los Angeles hiphop festival. After his debut, many hiphop fellows joined the DT clan and he made a debut in Korea in 1998. The first team members were Micki Eyez and Sucram. When Tiger JK and DJ Shine joined together, they used the team name of Drunken Tiger. DT's first album was Year of The Tiger, and the debut songs are "Do you know hip hop (Return of Tiger)" and "I want you (Sweet Talk)".

When DJ Shine left DT it caused a great concern in the Korean hip hop community. It is not known why DJ Shine quit DT. Tiger JK is the only member of DT, and he continues using the name of DT. His Tiger Clan members co-work with him, so Tiger JK made three more albums with his clan members.

Drunken Tiger has encouraged the hip hop culture in Korea by DT. Many hiphop teams are in Movement crew. Dynamic Duo, Epik High, LeeSsang and others, are the crew members of Movement. DT issued the most albums in Korea and got awards from Golden Disk, MAMA, MKMF, and Korean Public Music Awards.

Member 
 Tiger JK (Seo, Jungkwon)

Albums 
 Feb.1999. - Year of The Tiger
 Apr.2000. - The Great Rebirth
 Mar.2001. - The Legend Of...
 Feb.2003. - Foundation
 Aug.2004. - One is not a lonely word
 Aug.2005. - 1945 the Liberation
 Sep.2007. - Sky Is The Limit
 Jun.2009. - Feel gHood Muzik : The 8th Wonder

Famous songs 
 "Do you know hiphop?"
 "I want you"
 "Good Life"
 "Monster"

References 
 www.dt-love.co.kr

Hip hop bands
South Korean musical groups
1992 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea
British Malaya is an area around the Malay Peninsula and Singapore Strait that was colonized by the British. It was the world's largest maker of tin and rubber. There were three parts to the British Malaya; Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. It was replaced with the Federation of Malaya in 1947 and given independence in 1957. It was formed into Malaysia in 1963.

The British started trade in this area around 1800. It became more of a British colony by the later 1800s. Malaya was an important source of rubber and other plant products. The Empire of Japan invaded and conquered Malaya and Singapore in December 1941. Malaya remained under Japanese control for the rest of World War II, with Singapore as the capital. 

Colonialism
Lie Sang Bong is a Korean fashion designer. His designs have been worn by Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, and Lindsay Lohan.

Early life
Lie graduated from the Seoul Institute of the Arts, majoring in broadcasting and entertainment. He began as an actor, but made his debut as a fashion designer in 1983 when he won a prize in the Central Design Contest.

Career
In 1993 he presented his first collection, ‘The Reincarnation’, in Seoul Fashion Week. In 1999, he was nominated as ‘Best Designer of the Year’ by the mayor of Seoul because of his creativity and commercial growth. In 2002, he made his debut in Paris and successfully launched his first title, ‘The Lost Memoir’. He now works between Paris and Seoul, and his works are greatly appreciated in Europe, U.S.A and Russia.

Lie's designs are inspired from the imperial love affair of Napoleon and Josephine, Korean poetry and calligraphy, Cubism, Bauhaus design, and 1930s film noir heroines. His designs realize both aesthetic beauty and practical aspect as he pursues combination of real life and culture. His works show the beauty of women’s silhouette. They are naturally wearable and comfortable. His mix of French and Oriental ideas, creates a new and unique design based on the beauty of nature and sophisticated visual characteristic. He uses bold colours, red and violet, which give energy and freshness to his designs.

In 2006 he worked with LG to design the LG Shine Phone Lie Sang-bong Limited Edition. This phone was designed with Korean Calligraphy, Hangeul. In 2007, KT&G, the Korean tobacco firm, had him design a limited edition tobacco case, ‘Esse’ also designed with Hangeu]. Samsung also collaborated with him and exhibited Lie Sang-bong PC. In 2010, he designed custom of Kim Yuna, the World Figure Skating champion, for the ‘Festa on Ice 2010’. His appearance in Muhandojeon in 2006 contributed to his popularity. Muhandojeon, which means unlimited challenge in Korean, is one of the most famous TV programs in Korea. In the program, he designed customs for the 6 entertainers and successfully made them participate in his fashion show. After his appearance in the TV program, he has been known as a Hangeul designer because all of the show was based on showing the beauty of Hangeul.

In 2013 he appeared on the KBS sports-oriented variety show Cool Kiz on the Block for a ping pong project where he revealed his ping pong skills. He first appeared in the 88 Seoul Olympics 25th Anniversary Special, and then joined the team for a ping pong battle in Saipan.

He is known as the "Korean Alexander McQueen" in many famous fashion magazines in the world such as Le Figaro, Telegraph, the New York Times, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Oyster, Standard and W Magazine. His art work has been shown in exhibitions in museums and fashion shows.

Reference

Other website
Lie Sang Bong website

South Korean people
Fashion designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Arsène Lupin is a French fictional character who appears in a book series of crime fiction novels written by French writer Maurice Leblanc, as well as a number of sequels and movie, television, stage play and comic book adaptations.

He made his debut in July 1905 in his first series, L'Arrestation d'Arsène Lupin (). The adventure of this bold thief earns a controversial reputation — the rage or fury of police officers who keep missing him on the scene of robbery, and even in the jail, and the admiration from citizens who love to check up on the newspapers to see if there's any article about his great robberies. Lupin is portrayed as patriotic, romantic, audacious, self-respecting, and respectful to women.

Backstory
Lupin was born in 1874. His father was a gymnastics teacher and taught him boxing and fencing which later became Lupin's attacking specialties. He was raised by a nanny Victoire, and their relationship lasted until the end of the series. His parents got divorced, and his mother started working for a relative who is fairly arrogant. In the house of the relative, Lupin robs a necklace as revenge. Until eighteen, he had been learning law, medicine, acting, and martial arts. His journey as a thief starts at age eighteen.

In addition to his real name, he likes using several fake names, such as Sernine and Perenna. They have different jobs, which vary from famous traveller to retired general. He sometimes disguises himself as a detective, and solves lots of mysterious incidents, and becomes famous. He usually buys a kind of identification card from an unknown and recently dead man, and uses his name.

The ending of his life is not clear, because the author, Maurice Leblanc, was dead in 1941 before completing Le Dernier Amour d'Arsène Lupin (), the 21st volume of the series. Leblanc was presented the French Legion of Honour award for inspiring the patriotism and pride of French people by his Lupin series. He bought a house in Etretat and named it Le Clos Lupin (the vacation of lupin), which is still famous as a tourist attraction.

Other websites 

 The Extraordinary Adventures of Arsène Lupin, Gentleman-Burglar Public Domain Audio Book
 Arsène Lupin at Cool French Comics
 Free Arsène Lupin eBooks by Project Gutenberg
 Arsène Lupin timeline by A.-F. Ruaud (English version)

Fictional characters
Robert Bortuzzo (born March 18, 1989) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Playing career
Bortuzzo was picked up by the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League in 2006 after leading the Fort William North Stars of the Superior International Junior Hockey League to a league championship, a Dudley Hewitt Cup, and an overtime away from playing in the 2006 Royal Bank Cup final.

Bortuzzo was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 3rd Round (78th overall) of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. He played junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League for the Kitchener Rangers. In his three years with the Rangers he recorded 49 points and 152 penalty minutes in 138 games.

Bortuzzo won the Hamilton Spectator Trophy in his second year as a member of the 2007–08 Kitchener Rangers.

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 

1989 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Ontario Hockey League players
Marcus P. Chorney (born November 8, 1959 in Fort William (now Thunder Bay), Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman.

Playing career
Chorney played four seasons of college hockey at the University of North Dakota. He was named to the NCAA All-Tournament team in 1980, and two first All Star teams in 1981. He began his playing career with the Pittsburgh Penguins who drafted him in the 6th round of the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. Chorney was traded to the Los Angeles Kings for a  6th round choice (Stuart Marston) in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. After spending a season with the Kings, he was signed by the Washington Capitals but failed to earn a spot on the roster.

Achievements & Awards
WCHA Second All-Star Team (1980)
NCAA Championship All-Tournament Team (1980)
WCHA First All-Star Team (1981)
NCAA West First All-American Team (1981)

References

Other websites

1959 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
People from Thunder Bay
Pittsburgh Penguins players
American Hockey League players
John Gerald Davey (September 5, 1914 – February 12, 1977) is a former ice hockey player who played in the English National League (ENL). He also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team which won the gold medal at the 1936 Winter Olympics (see Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics). He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

Career
Although born in Barking, England, Davey learned to play ice hockey in Port Arthur, Ontario with the Elmwood Midgets after his family emigrated there when he was a child.

Club
When he was 16-years-old, Davey's mother returned with him to England in 1931. He got a place with the Princes club playing in the English League with the help of a London newspaper. After a short time with ZSC Lions in Switzerland, he returned to the UK to play with Streatham in 1933 before eventually moving on to play with the Falkirk Lions in the Scottish National League between 1938 and 1940, whom he also coached in 1938–39.

During World War II, Davey joined the Royal Canadian Navy continuing to play ice hockey in the Toronto Services League. After the war in 1946, Davey returned to Streatham where he took up playing in defence having previously played right wing. Davey then moved the Wembley Lions the following year for the 1947–48 season. Davey then turned his hand to refereeing before returning to playing for a brief spell during the 1949–50 season with the Streatham Royals in the Intermediate League.

International

After arriving in England, Davey made an immediate impact with the Princes club and was selected to play for the GB national team in the 1932 European Championships held in Berlin. The team finished the tournament in seventh position with Davey scoring seven of the team's eleven goals.

Davey went on to play for the GB national team at all the international tournaments between 1932 and 1939, most notably the team which took part in the 1936 Winter Olympics. Having fallen ill, Davey came back from his sick bed to score 40 seconds into the game against Canada – which GB won 2–1 – helping the team along the way to securing the gold medal.

Davey also helped the GB team to a bronze medal in the 1935 World Championships, which also earned a silver medal in the European Championships, and a silver medal in the 1937 and 1938 World Championships. Following World War II, Davey again represented GB at the 1948 Winter Olympics when they finished in sixth place.

Davey scored a total of forty-three goals for the GB national team, a record which still stands.

Awards
Olympic gold medalist in 1936.
World Championship silver medalist in 1937 and 1938.
European Championship gold medalist in 1937.
Inducted to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1949.

Records
Most goals scored for the GB national team with 43.

Footnotes

References
A to Z Encyclopaedia of Ice Hockey
Ice Hockey Journalists UK

Other websites
A to Z Encyclopaedia of Ice Hockey entry 
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame entry 

1914 births
1977 deaths
English ice hockey players
People from Thunder Bay
Sportspeople from London
The K1A1 is a remodeled and upgraded version of K1, the main battle tank of the South Korean army. It looks similar to the K1 tank. The first test model, made by Hyundai, was shown to the public on April 3, 1996. It went through performance tests for two years from 1999 to 2001. Production began on October 13, 2001. It is planned to produce 484 of them by 2010. The K2 Black Panther is planned to replace it after that.

The reason for the upgrade was to increase the fire power of the K1. The main 105mm gun was replaced with the M256 120mm gun. The M256 122mm has 1.5 times the range and 1.7 times stronger fire power than the older gun. It also changed its armor, called Korean Special Armor Plate (KSAP), which greatly improved its side shield.

The K1A1 weighs about 53.2 tons and can seat four people. Besides the main gun, there are two kinds of machine guns, 12.7mm K6 and two 7.62mm M60s as secondary arms. Guns and a turret are able to move independently of the main body. This improves its accuracy rate.

The K1A1 is designed for Korea’s mountainous land. It provides a smoother ride as well as higher speed driving on a sloping hill, compared to the K1. The maximum speed is around 65km/h on the level ground, 40km/h on the mountains. Its fire control system involves KCPS (Korea Commander’s Panoramic Sight), KGPS (Korean Gunners Primary Sight), digital ballistic calculator, and some minor factors. The notable fact is that the development of this system was mostly done by Korean technology.

References

Tanks
Military of South Korea
Frederick F. "Freddie" Dunkelman (February 5, 1920 – July 23, 2010) was a British ice hockey player who competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics. In St. Moritz he was a member of the British team that placed fifth in the ice hockey tournament. He was born in East Ham, Greater London and was a member of the Harringay Greyhounds. In 1946 he founded Dunkelman & Son Ltd, now known as Dasco Shoe Care, in Battersea to manufacture and sell ice hockey sticks, but moved into the shoe trade in 1950 and to a new location in Desborough in 1969. He retired from the business after 61 years in 2007.

References

1920 births
2010 deaths
English ice hockey players
Sportspeople from London
Zhuyin Fuhao, often shortened as zhuyin and commonly called bopomofo, is a type of sound-based writing for the Chinese language. In Chinese, "bo", "po", "mo" and "fo" are the first four of the conventional ordering of available syllables. As a result, the four syllables together have been used to refer to many different phonetic systems. For Chinese speakers who were first introduced to the Zhuyin system, "bopomofo" means zhuyin fuhao.

The zhuyin characters are represented in typographic fonts as if drawn with an ink brush (as in Regular Script). They are encoded in Unicode in the bopomofo block, in the range U+3105 ... U+312D.

History 
After the overthrow of China's last emperor during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the new government in China created Zhuyin to help the common people read more easily. However, the Chinese Communist Party, including Mao Zedong himself, wanted to ban writing Chinese characters altogether and replace them with the Latin alphabet. When the People's Liberation Army defeated the Kuomintang (the founding party of the Republic of China) in 1949 and sent them off to exile in Taiwan, the use of Zhuyin dropped in mainland China because the CPC was interested in using the Latin alphabet for writing Chinese phonetically. However, Zhuyin is still widely used in Taiwan as it is used to type Chinese on computer and phone keyboards.

Features 
Zhuyin was made to closely represent the sounds of Mandarin Chinese. Symbols are divided into two categories, the initials (the first sounds in a syllable) and the finals (the main vowel, the glide consonants ([y/i; IPA:/j/] and [w/u; IPA:/w/]) that come before the main vowel and all the sound that comes after it). There are 4 tone marks to represent the 5 Mandarin tones.

References

Chinese language
Heo Jeong (Hangul:허정, Hanja:許政, April 8, 1896 – September 18, 1988) was a South Korean politician and independence activist. In 1948 he was the second Transportation Minister of South Korea. In 1950 he was Social Affairs Minister, in 1951 Prime Minister (Acting) of South Korea, and in 1952 Government Services Minister.

In 1957 he was the eighth Mayor of Seoul City until 1959. On April 19, 1960, he became Foreign Affairs Minister. On April 25 his ministries involved being Acting President of South Korea. In June 1960 he became the sixth Prime Minister of South Korea. His nickname was YooYang (우양).

Related pages 
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Kyu-Sik
 Yun Poson
 Chang Myon

1896 births
1988 deaths
Anti-Communists
Mayors of Seoul
People of the Korean War
Presidents of South Korea
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Köpenick part of the German capital city of Berlin.  It is at the meeting place of two rivers, the Dahme and Spree.

It is known for the famous imposter Wilhelm Voigt, the Captain of Köpenick.

Köpenick was an independent town until 1920. It then became a borough of Berlin, with an area of , making it Berlin's largest borough. In 2001, the borough of Köpenick was merged with that of Treptow to create the current borough of Treptow-Köpenick.

Geography

Overview
A lot of Köpenick's area is covered with forests and water, such as the Müggelsee lake.

The Spree connects Köpenick with the Müggelsee and the Berlin city centre. The Oder-Spree Canal links the Dahme, at nearby Schmöckwitz, with the Oder river, at Eisenhüttenstadt, thus providing a navigable connection between Köpenick and the Oder.

There are so many forests and parks in Köpenick is sometimes called the "green lungs" of Berlin. The Müggelberge hills in the south-east of Köpenick reach , making them the highest natural point of Berlin.

Subdivision
Köpenick is divided into 8 zones:
Altstadt
Kietzer Vorstadt
Dammvorstadt
Köpenick-Nord
Siedlung Dammfeld
Elsengrund
Uhlenhorst
Wolfsgarten
Amtsfeld-Kämmereiheide
Salvador-Allende-Viertel
Köllnische Vorstadt
Spindlersfeld
Wendenschloß
Siedlung Kietzer Feld

Panorama

History

For many years Köpenick was an independent town. Its was first mentioned as a stronghold in 1209.  This means Köpenick is older than Berlin-Cölln, which was first mentioned in a 1237 deed. For the most part of Köpenick's history, the town was known as Cöpenick.

In 1631, during the Thirty Years' War, the emissaries of George William, Elector of Brandenburg went to Köpenick to meet the approaching army of Gustav Adolph, King of Sweden, to try to stop the  devastation of Brandenburg.

In 1906, a shoemaker called Wilhelm Voigt pretended to be a Prussian officer and took over the town hall of Köpenick. A play was made about the event, and later several films and television shows.

Sport
The Stadion An der Alten Försterei is home of the 1. FC Union Berlin football club.

References

Other websites

 Köpenick official site
 Köpenick page on www.berlin.de
Marie Clotilde of France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) was Queen of Sardinia as wife of Charles Emmanuel IV. She was the sister of Louis XVI. On 10 April 1808, Pope Pius VII, declared Queen Clodile a Venerable the causes of her beatification and canonization continue.

Life

Baptied as Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière, she was born at Versailles and known as Madame Clotilde. She was a daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, only son of Louis XV, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. Because she was overweight, Marie Clotilde was nicknamed Gros-Madame. She was raised with her sister Élisabeth.

Marriage

On 27 August 1775, Louis XVI had his sister Marie Clotilde married in Versailles to Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, eldest son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and of his wife Maria Antonia of Spain. Marie Clotilde had been taught Italian while at Versailles. In Savoy, jokes were made about her weight. Although the union was political, Marie Clotilde and Charles Emmanuel were devoted to each other. However they had no children.

In 1796, her husband became king. Marie Clotilde and her husband fled to Naples and lived as guests of the wealthy Colonna. Marie Clotilde died on 7 March 1802. Charles Emmanuel later abdicated on 4 June 1802 in favour of his younger brother, Victor Emmanuel. Marie Clotilde was buried in the Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia in Naples.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles 
23 September 1759 – 27 August 1775 Her Royal Highness Marie Clotilde de France, Grand daughter of France
27 August 1775 – 16 October 1796 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piedmont
16 October 1796 – 7 March 1802 Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia

References

Other websites

1759 births
1802 deaths
People from Versailles
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Richard Brooks Orpik (born September 26, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He most recently played for the Washington Capitals where he was an alternate captain. He has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Orpik played 3 years of college hockey at Boston College with the Eagles.

He was drafted with the 18th overall pick by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. His made his NHL debut with the Penguins during the 2002–03 NHL season, playing in 6 games and recording no points. On July 2, 2008, the Penguins signed Orpik to a six-year, $22.5 million contract. On June 12, 2009, Orpik was able to win the Stanley Cup with the Penguins when they defeated the Detroit Red Wings in Game 7.

On July 1, 2014, Orpik was signed to a 5-year, $27.5 million contract by the Washington Capitals.

On June 25, 2019, Orpik announced his retirement from professional hockey following 15 NHL seasons.

References

Other websites 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
American Olympic silver medalists
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals players
Ice hockey defencemen
Louis of France (Louis Ferdinand; 4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Marie Leszczyńska. He was the Dauphin of France all his life. He was the father of three kings of France, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

Early life and education

Louis was born at the Palace of Versailles. As the heir apparent to the throne of France, he was given the traditional title of Dauphin of France.

Louis' governess was Madame de Ventadour. From an early age Louis took a great interest in the military arts. He was very close to his three oldest sisters.

Marriages

In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen year old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. The marriage contract was signed 13 December 1744 and the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745. Louis and Maria Teresa Rafaela were well matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter Princess Marie Thérèse who died before reaching adulthood and killed her mother. 

On 10 January 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Maria Josepha of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria. A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on 9 February 1747.

Louis died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of thirty-six. Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens his heart being buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis.

Children
Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died young. 
Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in young. 
Louis Joseph of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died young.
Xavier of France, Duke of Aquitaine (8 September 1753 -22 February 1754_
Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had children.
Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no children.
Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had children
Marie Clotilde de France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no children.
Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) died unmarried. 

1729 births
1765 deaths
People from Versailles
House of Bourbon
Deaths from tuberculosis
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
This is the correct spelling of the surname in modern Polish; various other spellings are also used in English and French.

Marie Leszczyńska (Trzebnica, 23 June 1703 – Versailles, 24 June 1768) was a queen of France as wife of Louis XV. In France, she was referred to as Marie Leczinska. She was the longest serving Queen consort of France.

Background

Born Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa, she was the second daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński and his wife Katarzyna Opalińska.

Marriage

Maria was on a list of 99 eligible European princesses to marry the young king. The marriage by proxy took place on 15 August 1725 in the cathedral of Strasbourg, Louis XV being represented by his cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans. She had nine children. Marie had a very close relationship to her children.

Issue

On 4 September 1725, she married Louis XV of France. They had eleven children:

Louise Élisabeth of France (14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) married Philip, Duke of Parma and had issue.
Henriette of France (14 August 1727 – 10 February 1752) died unmarried.
Louise of France (28 July 1728 – 19 February 1733) died in childhood.
Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) married Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain; had issue then married Marie Josèphe of Saxony and had issue.
Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou (30 August 1730 – 17 April 1733) died in childhood.
Marie Adélaïde of France (23 March 1732 – 27 February 1800) died unmarried.
Victoire of France (11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) died unmarried.
Sophie of France (17 July 1734 – 3 March 1782) died unmarried.
Stillborn Child  (28 March 1735 – 28 March 1735).
Thérèse of France (16 May 1736 – 28 September 1744) died in childhood.
Louise Marie of France (5 July 1737 – 23 December 1787) was a nun.

Queen

Queen Marie never managed to acquire any political influence. Marie was a devout Roman Catholic. She was also a great lover of music and painting and the protector of many artists. Marie died at Versailles on 24 June 1768, six years before her husband. Her family sincerely grieved her death. She was buried at the Basilica of St Denis, and her heart was deposed at the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours in Nancy (Lorraine).

1703 births
1768 deaths
Polish people
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis