cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Lokiarchaeota are a proposed phylum of the Archaea. It was proposed in 2015 after the composite genome of Lokiarchaeum was sequenced.

The genome 
The Lokiarchaeum genome has 5,381 protein coding genes. Of these, about 32% do not correspond to any known protein. 26% closely resemble archeal proteins, and 29% correspond to bacterial proteins. This is consistent with previous research which suggests significant gene transfer between bacteria and Archaea. 

A small, but significant portion of the proteins (175, 3.3%) were most similar to eukaryotic proteins. Analysis suggested the genes in question had their origin at the base of the eukaryotic clades. In eukaryotes, the function of these proteins include cell membrane and cell shape formation, and a dynamic protein cytoskeleton. 

Another shared protein, actin, is used in phagocytosis by eukaryotes. Phagocytosis is the ability to engulf and consume another particle. This ability is required for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria. Cells with mitochondria is one of the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In a widely accepted theory, mitochondria began as bacteria and were gradually incorporated into eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts had a similar origin.

References 

Archaeans
Brian Charles John Sedgemore (17 March 1937 – 5 May 2015) was a Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1974 until 1979, and from 1983 until 2005. He defected to the Liberal Democrats shortly before he stood down at the 2005 general election.

References

1937 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
British politicians
Samuel Taliaferro "Sam" Rayburn (January 6, 1882 – November 16, 1961) was an American politician. He served as the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1940 through 1947, again from 1949 through 1953, and again from 1955 through 1961.

He died of cancer at the age of 79 and is buried at Willow Wild Cemetery.

References

Other websites

 Obituary, NY Times, November 16, 1961, Rayburn Is Dead; Served 17 Years As House Speaker
 The leadership of Speaker Sam Rayburn published 1961, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
 "Mister Speaker", Time Magazine, September 27, 1943 
 RAYBURN: MR. SPEAKER (A feature length documentary about Sam Rayburn's life and career)
 The Friends of Sam Rayburn Website 
 Sam Rayburn House Museum Website
 Address Delivered by The Honorable Sam Rayburn at the Dedication of the Marker over the Graves of His Great-Great Grandfather Col. George Waller and his wife Ann Winston Carr, Oakwood Cemetery, Martinsville, Virginia, May 6, 1951
 Associated Press, August 16, 2014 - Letter provides peek at personal Sam Rayburn 

1882 births
1961 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Deans of the United States House of Representatives
United States representatives from Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Tennessee
20th-century American politicians
Majority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Nathalia Elisa Timberg (born August 5, 1929 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress. She is known for her roles in Brazilian soap operas such as in Celebridade, Força de um Desejo, and in Páginas da Vida.

References

Other websites

1929 births
Living people
Brazilian actors
People from Rio de Janeiro
Ninad Gangadhar Bedekar (17 August 1949 – 10 May 2015) was an Indian historian, writer and orator. He was from Pune, Maharashtra, India. He wrote many books and also wrote scripts from television shows such as Son et lumière show and for the television serial Peshwai.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
Indian writers
Indian historians
Indian scientists
People from Pune
Mark Edward Fischbach (born June 28, 1989), known by his YouTube username Markiplier, is an American internet personality, video game commentator and charity fundraiser.

Early life
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Fischbach began his career in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father was of German descent, while his mother is Korean. He studied Civil Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, later changing his degree to Biomedical Engineering. He later left college and started his YouTube career.

Career
Fischbach moved to Los Angeles, California in 2014, wanting to be closer to the YouTube scene.

, his channel has over 9 billion total video views and 22 million subscribers, and is currently the 36th most-subscribed channel on YouTube.

Fischbach plays in Let's Play videos, commonly of survival horror video games.

In 2017, Fischbach began his first improv tour, known as the "You're Welcome Tour", which spanned from North America to Europe and Australia.

Fischbach has done multiple charity streams and fundraisers with other YouTubers. Forbes reported in 2017 that Fischbach and his fans had helped raise roughly $3 million for charity in past fundraising streams. In April 2018, he raised $1,506,793.81 in charities.

Unus Annus
On November 15, 2019, Fischbach created a new channel with YouTuber Ethan Nestor (known online as CrankGameplays) called Unus Annus, a channel which planned to upload a video every day for one year, after which the channel would be deleted along with its videos. The channel had 1 million subscribers in its first 5 days and 4.56 million in its last few minutes. The channel was deleted on November 14, 2020. The channel was meant to remind viewers about life and death and how quickly both can come and go.

Podcasts
Fischbach, along with Wade Barnes (LordMinion777) and Bob Muyskens (Muyskerm) has streamed a podcast on Twitch called 3 Peens in a Podcast since 2018.

In 2019, Fischbach co-produced and starred in Edge of Sleep, an audio drama released on iTunes.

In May 2021, Fischbach announced that he, Barnes, and Muyskens would be starting a podcast called Distractible.

Philanthropy works

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 
 

1989 births
Living people
American philanthropists
American YouTubers
American Internet celebrities
Entertainers from Hawaii
Entertainers from Los Angeles
Entertainers from Ohio
Twitch (service) streamers
Podcasters
People from Cincinnati, Ohio
National Airlines (1934–1980) was an airline of the United States. It began in 1934. The airline was known for its coast-to coast flights between Miami, Los Angeles and New York City. Pan American World Airways bought National in 1979.

History 
The airline was founded in Jacksonville, Florida by George T. Baker. During its first few years, it mostly flew between Florida and the southern US. It began service to Havana, Cuba in 1946 and it stopped in 1961 because of the Cuban embargo. In the 1970s National started flying to cities in Europe like, Amsterdam and London. Pan American World Airways completed it's merger process with National in January 1980.

References 

Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Miami, Florida
1934 establishments in the United States
1980 disestablishments
Defunct companies of the United States
Royal Jordanian is the national airline of Jordan. It began in 1963, under the name of Alia Airlines.  The airline's main hub is in Amman. It's a member of Oneworld.

References

Jordan
1963 establishments in Asia
Airlines of the Middle East
Glenview is a village in northeastern Illinois, USA. It is about  north of downtown Chicago in Cook County, Illinois. According to the 2010 United States Census, the village population was 44,692.

History
The village was named by a popular vote in 1895.  It was incorporated as a village in 1899.  There were 325 adults in Glenview that year.

For many years, it was home to the Naval Air Station Glenview, until the station was closed down and converted to a prairie park, a lake, and residential and commercial properties in the early 1990s.

Population
The median age in 2010 was 45.5.  There were  23,496 (52.6%) women, and 
21,196 (47.4%) men.  There were 14,818 households.

Climate
Glenview has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa). The summers are generally wetter than the winters:

The highest recorded temperature was  in June 1988; the lowest recorded temperature was  in January 1982.

References

1895 establishments in the United States
Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
1890s establishments in Illinois
Wilberfoss is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.  It is on the north side of the A1079 about  east of York city centre. It is   northwest of Market Weighton. According to the 2011 census, 1,866 people live in Wilberfoss parish. That is 11 more than were living there ten years earlier.

References

Villages in England
Kim Kyok-sik (; 5 October 1938 – 10 May 2015) was a North Korean general and politician. From November 2012 until May 2013, he was the Defence Minister of North Korea. He was thought to have been behind two attacks on South Korea that killed 50 people in 2010.

Kim died from acute respiratory failure on 10 May 2015, aged 76.

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Generals
North Korean military people
North Korean politicians
Excise stamps of Ukraine are a kind of Ukrainian revenue stamps to collect excise tax. They are used in accordance with the Ukraine's presidential decree of 18 September 1995 "On approval of the excise duty on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products".

On 24 October 1996, there was another decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, "On approval of the production, storage and sale of excise stamps and marking of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products, and the sale or destruction of the confiscated alcoholic beverages and tobacco products". It introduced excise stamps into circulation in Ukraine.

The law was amended by later decrees of the Ukrainian Government.

Related pages 
 Customs 
 Excise stamps of Russia
 Stamp Act
 Tax

References 

Ukraine
Taxation
Customs services
Philately
1995 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Ukraine
University of the People (UoPeople) is a non-profit, accredited online institution of higher education in Pasadena, California, United States. It currently offers academic degrees in business administration and computer science.

Mission and history 

The mission of the school is to offer any qualified student affordable and quality educational programs. 

The school was founded by Shai Reshef in January 2009. It partners with institutions such as New York University and Yale University. It has received grants from Google, Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard.

Cost 
Students pay a registration fee of $60. They do not pay annual tuition fees. Instead, they pay $100 each time they take an examination. One does not have to buy books.  Open source online textbooks can be used.

To complete an associate degree (A.S.), a student must take 20 exams. 40 exams are needed for a bachelor's degree. This costs a total of $2,000 and $4,000 respectively. Students who cannot afford to pay can apply for scholarships.

Staff 
 Torsten Wiesel

References 

Pasadena, California
Colleges and universities in California
2009 establishments in California
Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev or Heydar Aliyev (, ; 10 May 1923 – 12 December 2003), also spelled Heidar Aliev or Haidar Aliev was the third President of Azerbaijan for the New Azerbaijan Party from October 1993 to October 2003. His son Ilham Aliyev succeeded him.

From 1969 to 1982, Aliyev was also the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, effectively dominating the political life of Azerbaijan for many years.

References

Other websites

Official website 
Official website Heydar Aliyev Foundation
Envisioning the Nation - Interview: Azerbaijan's President, Heydar Aliyev

1923 births
2003 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in Ohio
Presidents of Azerbaijan
Soviet politicians
Burials at Alley of Honor
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Ayaz Niyazi oglu Mutallibov (, , born 12 May, 1938, Baku) was the last leader of Soviet Azerbaijan. He was the first President of independent Azerbaijan from October 1991 till May 1992.

Other websites

Ayaz Mütallibov 

1938 births
Living people
Presidents of Azerbaijan
Prime Ministers of Azerbaijan
Politicians from Baku
Jef Geeraerts (Jozef Adriaan Anna Geeraerts, 23 February 1930 - 11 May 2015) was a Belgian writer. He was born in Antwerp. He decided to become a writer. He went to the University of Brussels to study Germanic languages. He was known for his books Gangreen 1 (Black Venus), Gangreen 2 (De Goede Moordenaar), Gangreen 3 (Het Teken van de Hond) and Gangreen 4 (Het Zevende Zegel).

Geeraerts died of a heart attack in Ghent at the age of 85.

Other websites

 Jef Geeraerts 

1930 births
2015 deaths
Belgian novelists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Belgium
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Writers from Antwerp
Henry Zuckerman (December 9, 1930 – January 8, 2020), credited as Buck Henry, was an American actor, writer, movie director, and television director. He was a cast member of Saturday Night Live.  He was nominated for an Academy Award twice, in 1968 for Best Adapted Screenplay for The Graduate and in 1979 for Best Director for Heaven Can Wait.

On January 8, 2020, Henry died from a heart attack at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 89.

References

Other websites

BAFTA Award winners
Emmy Award winners
1930 births
2020 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Movie directors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
"Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Alan Jackson.  It was written in honor of the September 11 attacks. It was introduced at the Country Music Association's annual awards show on November 7, 2001. 

It was released in November 2001 as the lead single from the album Drive, and reached the top of the U.S. Billboard country charts.

References

2001 songs
September 11 attacks
The Maltese is a small dog that originated in Malta and brought around the Mediterranean. Phoenician traders may have brought precursors of this dog to Ancient Egypt. The tomb of Ramesses II contains  statues  of dogs, which resemble the Maltese. The name of the dog came from the island Malta. Maltese dogs are small, up to about  in length, and  in weight.

Dog breeds
Zoantharia is an order of Anthozoa. Unlike the stony corals, these species do not have a hard skeleton. Most are very small. Some species form colonies.

Zoanthids can be distinguished from other colonial anthozoans and soft corals. Most of them (but not the family Zoanthidae) include sand and other bits of material in their tissue to help build their structure. The main characteristic of the order is that their tentacles are organised in two distinct rows.

Cnidarians
Samuil Markovich Blekhman (; 15 May 191826 July 1982) was a known philatelist (stamp collector) of the Soviet Union. He wrote many notable philatelic books and articles  about stamps and stamp collecting. Blekhman was born and lived much of his life in Moscow. He was trained and worked as an engineer. 

Blekhman's works were related to postal history and postage stamps of Tuva, Mongolia, Russia and Soviet Union. He also wrote works about airmail. Blekhman participated in prestigious national and international philatelic exhibitions. He won a number of top awards. One of his main philatelic writings was a detailed study of Tuva stamps and their cataloging. This work won a major award at the World Stamp Exhibition "PRAGA 1962". After Blekhman's death, it was translated and published in English.

Major works in English 
In addition to many Russian articles, Samuil Blekhman published philatelic papers in English:

Related pages 
 Tuva

References  

1918 births
1982 deaths
Jewish writers
Philatelists
Philately of the Soviet Union
Russian Jews
Soviet Jews
Soviet writers
Writers from Moscow
Andrew Jackson Young (born March 12, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, activist, and Congregationalist pastor  from Georgia. 

He has served as a Congressman from Georgia's 5th congressional district, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and Mayor of Atlanta. 

He served as President of the National Council of Churches USA, and was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the Civil Rights Movement. He was a supporter and friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

References

Other websites

Biography  in the New Georgia Encyclopedia
Oral History Interview with Andrew Young from Oral Histories of the American South
Andrew Young School of Policy Studies
Andy Young's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
Good Works International, founder
Andrew Young's federal campaign contribution report 

interview with Young on A Way Out of No Way: The Spiritual Memoirs of Andrew Young , Booknotes, April 3, 1994.

1932 births
Living people
African American politicians
American Calvinists
American civil rights activists
Mayors of Atlanta
Christian ministers
Congregationalists
Politicians from New Orleans, Louisiana
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
United States representatives from Georgia
US Democratic Party politicians
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Daniel Patrick Moynihan (March 16, 1927 – March 26, 2003) was an American politician and sociologist. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

He was first elected to the United States Senate for New York in 1976, and was re-elected three times (in 1982, 1988, and 1994). He declined to run for re-election in 2000. Moynihan was the United States' Ambassador to the United Nations and to India. He was a member of four successive presidential administrations, beginning with the administration of John F. Kennedy, and continuing through that of Gerald Ford.

Moyniham died of surgical complications at a Washington, D.C. hospital, aged 76.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
United States senators from New York
Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Scientists from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Scientists from New York City
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad (Pashto: زلمی خلیلزاد Zalmay Khalīlzād; born March 22, 1951) is a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and president of Khalilzad Associates. He was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations under President George W. Bush from 2007 to 2009.

In October 2021, CNN reported that Zalmay Khalilzad, the United States' principal envoy for Afghanistan, will quit his post in Afghanistan, after the end of the withdrawal of American forces in Afghanistan.

References

Other websites

Articles
The Washington Post – Afghan Roots Keep Adviser Firmly in the Inner Circle 
US Mission to the UN – United States Ambassadors to the United Nations 
Current Biography August 2006 cover story
The New Yorker – American Viceroy
RFE/RL interview with Zalmay Khalilzad (May 18, 2007)
Zalmay.com, a profile view
Profile: Khalilzad, The Center for Cooperative Research
Video: Khalilzad discusses Iraq, Afghanistan and the Middle East 

United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
1951 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Educators from Washington, D.C.
Civil servants
Stan Cornyn (July 8, 1933 – May 11, 2015) was an American record label executive. He was the author of Exploding: The Highs, Hits, Hype, Heroes, and Hustlers of the Warner Music Group (). He also wrote three privately published family genealogy books (all in the Library of Congress).
He was cousins with United States senator John Cornyn.

Cornyn died on May 11, 2015 at his home in Carpinteria, California at the age of 81.

References

Other websites
 Brad Bigelow, "King of Liner Notes," Space Age Pop
 dabelly.com Interview with Cornyn

1933 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from California
People from Oxnard, California
People from Ventura County, California
Writers from California
Carpinteria  is a small oceanside city located in southeastern Santa Barbara County, California, east of Santa Barbara and northwest of Ventura. The population was 13,040 at the 2010 census, down from 14,194 at the 2000 census.

Cities in California
Settlements in Santa Barbara County, California
Suchitra Bhattacharya (10 January 1950 - 12 May 2015) was an Indian novelist. Over the past two decades, Suchitra had written about 24 novels and a large number of short stories in different leading Bengali literary magazines.

Bhattacharya died on 12 May 2015 from cardiac arrest at her home in Dhakuria, Kolkata, aged 65.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian writers
Ventura (officially the City of San Buenaventura; commonly called San Buenaventura before 1891), or Shisholop in Chumash is the county seat of Ventura County, California, United States. It was incorporated in 1866. The population was 106,433 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Ventura County, California
County seats in California
1866 establishments in California
Peter Gay (born Peter Joachim Fröhlich; June 20, 1923 – May 12, 2015) was a German-American educator and psychohistorian. He was the Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale University and former director of the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers (1997–2003). 

Gay received the American Historical Association's (AHA) Award for Scholarly Distinction in 2004. He was the author of more than twenty-five books, including The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, a multi-volume award winner; Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (1968), a bestseller; and the widely translated Freud: A Life for Our Time (1988).

Gay was born in Berlin, Germany in 1923. He immigrated to the United States in 1941. From 1948 to 1955 he was a political science professor at Columbia University, and then a history professor from 1955 to 1969. Gay died in New York City, aged 91.

References

Other websites
 Toews, John "Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and of Our Time" pages 504-545 from Journal of Modern History, Volume 63, 1991.

1923 births
2015 deaths
Educators from New York City
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Berlin
Writers from New York City
Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. It began on March 31, 2002; the day after Swissair declared bankruptcy. The airline has nonstop flights throughout Switzerland, Europe, Africa, America and Asia. It's currently owned by Lufthansa.

References

Star Alliance
2002 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Transport companies of Switzerland
Basel
IATA members
Hyon Yong-chol (; 1949 – 30 April 2015) was a North Korean general and politician. From June 2014 until his apparent death, he was the Defence Minister of North Korea.

On 13 May 2015, it was reported by South Korean media that he was executed on or around 30 April 2015. As of May 14, 2015, North Korea has not commented on the South's claim, making Hyon's current status uncertain. Later it was confirmed that he was executed.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
Executed people
Generals
Government ministers
North Korean military people
North Korean politicians
Out of Africa is about the recent African origin of modern humans. Since the 1980s this has been supported by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, and other sequence analysis. There is also evidence based on the physical anthropology of archaic fossil remains. The idea is very well supported. There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several. A growing number of researchers also suspect that "long-neglected North Africa" was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.

The first truly modern humans seem to have appeared between 200,000 and 130,000 years ago. These early humans later moved out from Africa. By about 90,000 years ago they had moved into Eurasia. This was the area where earlier species of humans, (such as Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis) had been living for a long time (at least 500,000 years in western Europe).

By about 42 to 44,000 years ago Homo sapiens had reached western Europe, including Britain. In Europe and western Asia, Homo sapiens replaced the Neanderthals by about 35,000 years ago. The details of this event are not known. At roughly the same time Homo sapiens arrived in Australia. Their arrival in the Americas was much later, about 15,000 years ago. All these earlier groups of modern man were hunter-gatherers.

Genetic studies and fossil evidence show that archaic  Homo sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago. Members of one branch of Homo sapiens left Africa at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago, and that over time these humans replaced earlier populations of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals and Homo erectus. 

The date of the earliest successful "out of Africa" migration (earliest migrants with living descendants) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago based on genetics, but migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeological finds of tools in the region.

References 

Humans
Evolution
Uber traded on the  NYSE under the ticker (UBER) is an American-based ride-sharing company. It created the Uber mobile app and  a ridesharing  network. “Shared rides” are provided by Uber drivers to passengers. The passengers pay money for each ride they receive. The mobile app allows passengers to request trips and pay for the rides online.

Passengers who want Uber rides with  “sign-up” with the Uber passenger mobile app. They provide their name, smartphone number, and a credit card number to Uber.  Then they can request shared-rides through the Uber app.

Uber drivers use Uber driver mobile app to find rideshare passengers. They are first enrolled with Uber as drivers. Then they “log-on” to the Uber mobile app. This tells Uber they are in a certain area and can take rideshares as passengers. The Uber app ”looks for” passengers who want a ride to a particular location. The Uber driver finds the passenger via the map. Then they “pick up” the passenger and drive to the destination. When they reach the destination, they “drop-off” the passenger. The Uber mobile app records the journey, bills the passenger, and pays the driver.

Uber uses third party Internet mapping services such as Google Maps to find the location of the passenger and to navigate the driver.

Uber was founded as "UberCab" in San Francisco by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009. Three years later, Uber started to open international offices. In 2014, it experimented with carpooling features and made other updates.

References 

2009 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Mail art (also known as postal art and correspondence art) is a popular form of art. It involves sending small scale art works of art through the mail. Media commonly used in mail art includes postcards, paper, rubber stamps, and logos. It can also include anything that can be put in an envelope and sent via postal service.

Related pages 
 Contemporary art
 Mail

References 

Art movements
Postal service
The Comminges is a natural region in southern France, near the Pyrenees. It contains the upper valley of the Garonne, one of France's four great rivers. It is one of the oldest inhabited places in France. Before the French Revolution it was a county of the historical region of Gascony. It was named for the ancient tribe the Convenae. They were a Celtic tribe living in and around Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges by at least the 1st century BC.

References 

Geography of France
William MacDonald (born Allan Ginsberg; 17 June 1924 – 12 May 2015), also known as The Mutilator, was an Australian serial killer. He murdered five men, four in Sydney, New South Wales and one in Brisbane, Queensland, between 1961 and 1962. After his murders, he lived in New Zealand for a short time. After moving back to Australia, he ran off to Melbourne, Victoria where he was arrested.

MacDonald was born in Liverpool, England. In 1943, during World War II, he was in the army and apparently raped by one of his corporals. He moved from England to Canada in 1949 and then to Australia in 1955.

MacDonald died from natural causes on 12 May 2015 at a hospital in Randwick, New South Wales, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Australian LGBT people
Australian murderers
Deaths from natural causes
English serial killers
People convicted of murder
People from Liverpool
People from Sydney
People with schizophrenia
The Game is the name of a mind game. The goal is not to think about The Game itself. If someone thinks about The Game, they lose. If someone loses, they must tell someone or announce that they "lost The Game."

The first known reference of The Game appeared in 1990, though no one is sure how it started, and it will never end. It has lasted for about 30 years and accumulated millions of “players” around the world.

A similar game was played by Leo Tolstoy in 1840. The media has reported on The Game in many countries and has guessed the number of players to be in the millions.

A similar game, “The Game” (pronounced “‘thee’ game” not “‘tha’ game”) is played by thinking about said game, then you win. You announce you just “won The Game”
There can be different versions of the game.

Rules 

If you don’t know about the game you’re not in the game. A person cannot choose to stop playing.
 Can’t talk about the game to those not in the game. Takes 2 in the game to put a new person in the game. 
 once told “you lost the game” you are out for 30 mins. 
 you can only get someone out by directly telling them they lost the game or “forward message” through someone else in the game 
 just because you read this page doesn’t mean you’re kicked out of the game. It means you get one chance to be reminded and that you are engulfed by exxdoutlovesyou’s love for your life as a chance to reflect. 
 now you have a chance to do right by people and bring more people into the game 
 remember to support each other, love one another, and show people they matter because that is what the game of living in final elevation means
 the game is not only meant to be played between verified players. You have to extend love to non celebrities because that is where you came from
 never lose sight of the moral of the game of true love with one another 

You can never truly win The Game. Anytime who overhears someone announce "I just lost The Game" or "You just lost The Game" also loses The Game.

Cognition
Games
Internet memes
The European Economic Community was the predecessor of the European Union. It existed from 1957 to 1992, when the Treaty of Maastricht led to more cooperation between the countries of the European Union. 

20th century in Europe
International organizations
1957 establishments in Europe
1992 disestablishments in Europe
The 2015 Philadelphia train derailment happened on May 12, 2015. An Amtrak Northeast Regional train derailed in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Amtrak Northeast Regional No. 188 was on its way from Washington, D.C. to New York City. It derailed at 9:23 pm. The train went off the track. Some cars fell onto their sides.

The accident killed eight people and injured more than 200 people.

Investigation 
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that there were no signs which suggested that the derailment was related to terrorism. A team from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also investigated.

The driver of the train, Amtrak engineer Brandon Bostian, suffered wounds to the legs and head, including a concussion, and was said to be unable to remember the incident.

References

2015 disasters
2015 in the United States
2010s disasters in the United States
2015 train derailment
May 2015 events
Railway accidents in the United States
Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza (30 April 192730 January 2010) was an artist of Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic). He was an art restorer and an honorary member of the Transnistria Union of Artists. Bronza was a designer of postage stamps of Transnistria and Moldova. He also helped create a number of museums in the former Soviet Union.

World War II 
During World War II, Grigoriy Bronza served in the Red Army and was awarded the following Soviet military decorations:
 Order of the Patriotic War,
 Medal for Battle Merit,
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
 Medal "For the Victory over Japan".

Postage stamps 
Bronza is the author of the first stamps of Moldova issued in June 1991. He designed the first stamps of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic issued in December 1993. Bronza designed the third definitive stamp issue of Transnistria (1997). He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender (1997), a series of stamps "Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria" (1999), and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue (1999).

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Moldavian postage stamps
 Moldova rare postage stamps 

1927 births
2010 deaths
Artists
Moldovan people
Postage stamps
Columbia County, New York is a mostly rural county along the eastern side of the Hudson River. In 2010, the population was 63,096. The county seat is Hudson.

References

New York (state) counties
Canadian Airlines used to be the second largest airline of Canada.  It flew to all five continents. Calgary, Alberta used to be their headquarters and hub. Canadian was also a founding member of Oneworld, but left the alliance in 2000.  Air Canada bought the airline in 2000.

References

1987 establishments in Canada
2001 disestablishments in Canada
Airlines of Canada
Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov (15 November 178117 April 1863) was a Russian diplomat, senator, and postal administrator.

Biography 
Alexander Bulgakov was born in 1781 in Constantinople in the family of a Russian diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). At the beginning of his career, Bulgakov worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as an official with special duties attached to the Governor General of Moscow in 1809–1832.

In 1832, Bulgakov stopped his diplomatic career and was appointed to Director of Posts in Moscow. He served in this position in 1832–1856. His younger brother Konstantin Bulgakov  (1782–1835) was the Director of the Saint Petersburg Post Office at that time. Because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service, they could freely correspond with each other. Both brothers were much respected by their staff for their effort to improve working conditions for postal workers.

Related pages 
 Konstantin Bulgakov

Notes

References

Other websites 
 

1781 births
1863 deaths
Postal history
Russian diplomats
Russian nobility
Julieta Montaño (born 16 August 1946) is a Bolivian lawyer, a human rights defender, and a writer.  In 2015 she won the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra was born 16 August 1946 in Quillacoll, Bolivia. She finished her Bachelor's degree in Humanities at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in 1965. She finished her law degree at the same university in 1972.  She finished Master's degrees in human rights and political science at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón and University of Huelva in Huelva, Spain. She finished her doctorate degree in human rights at the Universidad Pablo de Olavide in Seville, Spain.

Work 

Montaño was the Vice President of the Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia and the Comptroller of Cochabamba, Bolivia. From 1997 to 2002 she was in the Chamber of Deputies representing the Cochabamba Department.  In 1981, during the Bolivian Cocaine Coup, Montaño  was the head of the Union de Mujeres de Bolivia (Union of Bolivian Women).  She was arrested, and stayed in her house, under house arrest.  Montaño returned to her work in 1981, after the end of the dictatorship.

On 11 April 1985 Montaño started the Oficina Jurídica para la Mujer (Legal Office for Women) to promote women’s rights and fight violence against women.  The organization has helped more than 30,000 women.  It has also worked with the Bolivian legislature to make laws to protect women.

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

1946 births
Living people
Bolivian people
Feminists
Human rights activists
Lawyers
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Women lawyers
May Sabai Phyu (also May Sabe Phyu, born 5 August 1976) is an activist from Kachin state in Burma (Myanmar). She works for human rights, freedom of speech, peace, justice for Myanmar’s ethnic people. She works to stop violence against women. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

In 2008, May Sabai Phyu started the Women’s Protection Technical Working Group during Cyclone Nargis. After the storm, 14 out of every 100 families were headed by women, many of them widows.  Because of this, more women were in the sex trade for money or food. The Working Group helped women to find housing, sex education, and jobs.

After the problems of the storm were ended, the Working Group became the Gender Equality Network.  May Sabai Phyu was the Senior Coordinator. In 2012, this group helped the government write the National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women. The organization also works for gender equality and makes plans to stop violence against women and girls.

May Sabai Phyu is a leader of the Kachin Peace Network. She led a protest against the civil war between Myanmar Government troops and the Kachin Independence Army. She spoke at Human Rights Workshops in Myanmar for human rights and for the rights of people with disabilities.

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award

Activists
Human rights activists
Living people
Burmese people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Quitman is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Wood County. About 1,811 people lived there in 2013.  It was named for John A. Quitman, a governor of Mississippi.  Sissy Spacek was born in Quitman.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Island dwarfism, or insular dwarfism, is the reduction in size of large animals over a number of generations. 

The same process can happen in evolution on a mainland: an example is the evolution of the dwarfed marmosets and tamarins among New World monkeys. The smallest member is Cebuella pygmaea. 

The main cause is their population's range being limited to a small environment, and this happens most often on islands. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history. Examples include dinosaurs, like Europasaurus, and modern animals such as elephants and their relatives. 

This process may occur not only on traditional islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This may include caves, desert oases, isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("sky islands"). Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "island rule": when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, perhaps because the island may not have key predators. On the other hand large species may  evolve smaller bodies because food supplies are limited.

Possible causes of island dwarfism 
There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism.

One is based on the idea that a smaller territory means a smaller food supply. A process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food declines to a borderline level. Population declines and, as smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, they will survive longer. Eventually food sources replenish, and the survivors flourish.  Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it leads to shorter gestation periods and generation times.

Among carnivores, the main factor is thought to be the size and availability of prey resources, and competition is believed to be less important. In tiger snakes, insular dwarfism occurs on islands where available prey is restricted to smaller sizes than are normally taken by mainland snakes. Since prey size preference in snakes is generally proportional to body size, small snakes may be better adapted to take small prey.

Naming 
The occurrence of small species on islands is known as Foster's Rule, and was first used by van Valen in 1973.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Islands
Konstantin Yakovlevich Bulgakov (31 December 178229 October 1835) was a Russian diplomat, privy councillor, and postal administrator.

Konstantin Bulgakov served as the Director of the Moscow Post Office. Since 1819 he was the Director of Saint Petersburg Post Office. Bulgakov later became the Director of the Postal Department of the Russian Empire. He and his brother Alexander Bulgakov, Director of the Moscow Post Office, could freely correspond with each other because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service.

Biography 
Konstantin Bulgakov was the son of a diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). He was born in Constantinople in 1782. Bulgakov began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1797.  Thanks to his linguistic skills, he served in a diplomatic capacity during Russia's wars with Turkey and France. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bulgakov assisted the Russian Tsar Alexander I and the Foreign Minister. The Tsar offered him an ambassador position in Copenhagen. However, Bulgakov asked the Tsar for his appointment as Director of Posts in Moscow in February 1816. He soon succeeded in this post and was transferred to Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1819. As Director of Saint Petersburg Posts, Bulgakov worked there with Prince Golitsyn, who was in charge of the Russian Postal Department.

In 1831, Bulgakov was promoted to the Director of the Postal Department and decorated. However, he suffered two strokes in 1835. That was a consequence
of overwork. Bulgakov died the same year.

Postal reforms 
Among Bulgakov's innovations was the establishment of passenger-carrying mail-coaches between the major towns of Russia and the Baltic provinces. These services started in 1821 and worked, until they were replaced with the railway in 1868.

In 1825, the first survey of post-roads in Russia was published. Begun in 1817, construction of paved roads continued and reached over 1,500 miles by the 1850s. This progress enabled Bulgakov to introduce a system of express posts ("extra" posts) between major cities.

Bulgakov also concluded a postal treaty with Prussia. In 1832, he set up  a steamship service between Saint Petersburg and Lübeck.

All these improvements reduced the delivery times for mail. For example, mail from Berlin to Saint Petersburg came in five days instead of nine. The Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, the widow of Paul I and a former German princess, praised the better postal service.

Bulgakov paid much attention to improve working conditions for postal workers.

Related pages 
 Alexander Bulgakov

Notes

References

Other websites 
 

1782 births
1835 deaths
Russian diplomats
Russian nobility
Postal history
Atari, Inc. is an American video game and home computer company. It was founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari was the first company to make a video arcade game in a cabinet. The company made famous games, such as Pong. Atari helped define the gaming entertainment industry and home computers from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. They made home computers until 1993. 

Atari filed for bankruptcy in 2013

References

Other websites

http://atari.com

American video game companies
1972 establishments in the United States
Europasaurus is a basal sauropod from the titanosaur clade, but very much smaller than usual.

This quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur lived during the Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian, about 154 million years ago). It was found in northern Germany. It is an example of insular dwarfism. This means it probably came from an isolated sauropod population on an island in the Lower Saxony basin.

Small sauroopods with an adult body mass less than five tonnes are rare, and small sauropod bones usually come from juveniles. This species was a small adult, based on its bone histology. It was a dwarf species. 

There are fossils from more than 11 individuals of 1.7 to 6.2 m in total body length. These size differences between the specimens are due to growth stages, from juveniles to fully grown individuals. The little dinosaurs must have lived on one of the large islands around the Lower Saxony basin. 

A similar discovery was made in Transylvania at the start of the 20th century. a local aristocrat, Franz Nopcsa, found the fossils on his estate. He realised they might have lived on an island, because he knew that dwarf elephants had lived on islands in the Ice Age. Nopsca's estate was ruined by World War I, but his find was recorded as Magyarosaurus.

Reference 

Brachiosaurs
Jurassic dinosaurs
Jon Mirena Bitor Castañares Larreategui (1925 – 5 May 2015) was a Spanish politician and economist. He was born in Bilbao. He was known for being a strong supporter of Basque nationalism. He served as mayor of Bilbao from 1979 through 1983.

Castañares died in Bilbao at the age of 90.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
People from Bilbao
Spanish economists
Mayors
Spanish politicians
Victor Lonzo Fleming (February 23, 1889 – January 6, 1949) was an American movie director, cinematographer, and producer. His most popular movie were The Wizard of Oz (1939), and Gone with the Wind (1939). He won an Academy Award for Best Directing in 1939.

Fleming died of a heart attack while on his way to the hospital in Cottonwood, Arizona, aged 59.

Other websites

 
 
 
 The Real Rhett Butler – David Denby on Victor Fleming (The New Yorker)

1889 births
1949 deaths
Academy Award winning directors
American cinematographers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Arizona
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
People from Pasadena, California
Kelly Tyler Olynyk (born April 19, 1991) is an Canadian professional basketball player. He is a power forward-center for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in Toronto, Ontario and moved to Kamloops, British Columbia when he was in grade 7.

Olynyk played college basketball at Gonzaga University. During his freshman and sophomore years there, Olynyk averaged 12 to 13 minutes per game and was mainly a bench player. During his junior year, Olynyk and Gonzaga both agreed that he would redshirt. He played in the 2012–13 season and was selected for both the Consensus First-Team All-American and the 2012–13 Academic All-America first team.

Olynyk was selected 13th overall by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft. The same day, the Mavericks traded Olynyk to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Lucas Nogueira and two future second round picks. During his first summer league game, he scored 25 points with 9-of-13 shooting. He signed his rookie scale contract with the Celtics on July 7, 2013.

On October 29, 2014, the Celtics extended Olynyk's rookie scale contract through the 2015–16 season after exercising their third-year team option. On December 15, 2014, Olynyk scored a career-high 30 points in a 105-87 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.

During the first quarter of Game 4 of the 2015 NBA Playoffs, Olynyk got tangled with Cleveland Cavaliers player Kevin Love while battling for a loose ball and dislocated Love's left shoulder. Love called it a "bush-league play" and Olynyk said that he would "never intentionally hurt someone." The league suspended Olynyk for one game without pay and ruled that he had "yanked [Love's] arm down".

References

Other websites

1991 births
Boston Celtics players
Canadian basketball players
Living people
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Sportspeople from Toronto