cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Year 274 (CCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Battle of Châlons: Emperor Aurelian reconquers the Gallic Empire. 
 Rome calls Aurelian "Restorer of the World".  
 Aurelian makes an important change of Roman currency. 
 December 25 – Aurelian has a temple dedicated to Sol Invictus. This religion becomes the state religion of Rome.

Africa 
 The Kingdom of Aksum gets great wealth thanks to its control of Red Sea trade.

By topic

Religion 
 December 30 – Pope Felix I dies in Rome after a 5-year reign.

Transportation 
 Japanese shipwrights build a 100-foot oar-powered vessel for Emperor Ōjin. The Japanese will not use sails for another 7 centuries.

Births 
 Li Xiong, first emperor of Cheng Han (d. 334)
 Shi Le, founder and emperor of the Chinese Jie state (d. 333)

Deaths 
 Cao Fang, Emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 231)
 December 30—Pope Felix I
 Lu Kang, general of the Kingdom of Wu (b. 226)
 Empress Yang Yan, first wife of Emperor Wu (b. 238)
 Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire (b. 240)

270s
The President of Ecuador () is the chief of state and the head of government in the country. Under the current Constitution (adopted in 2008), the President is elected by popular (by many people) vote, for a period of four years. They can serve two terms (periods of four years). Before 2008, people could be the president for only one term.

The President of Ecuador right now is Guillermo Lasso since May 24, 2021. He was elected as the president on April 11, 2021.

List of presidents of Ecuador

Living former presidents

References
Year 324 (CCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 July 3 – Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople.  They retreat to Byzantium. He invades Thrace with a Visgothic force and raids the countryside.  
 July – Battle of Hellespont: Crispus, destroys Licinius' naval fleet in the Dardanelles.
 September 18 – Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine I defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis.  He becomes sole Emperor.
 December 19 – Licinius gives up his position as Emperor.

Religion 
 St Peter's Church is founded in Rome.
 Eustathius becomes bishop of Antioch.

Births 
 Chu Suanzi, empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 384)

Deaths 
 December 20 – Philogonus, Patriarch of Antioch
 Guo Pu, Chinese writer (b. 276)
 Wang Dun, general of the Jin Dynasty (b. 266)
 Zhang Mao, ruler of Former Liang (b. 277)

320s
The Opéra de Monte-Carlo (Salle Garnier) is an opera house in Monaco. It was built in the 1870s by Prince Charles III of Monaco and the Société des bains de mer de Monaco.  Building was directed by the architect Charles Garnier, who also designed the Palais Garnier in Paris. The Monaco Opera House is an exact miniature of the Paris Opera House. It seats 524 people. It is in Belle Epoque style. It was opened on 25 January 1879. The house was renovated between 2004 and 2005.

Other websites
Opéra de Monte-Carlo

Opera houses
Monaco
Year 238 (CCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Maximinus Thrax battles against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). 
 March 7 – Romans in Africa go against Maximinus and elect Marcus Antonius Gordianus (Africanus) as emperor. 
 April 12 – Battle of Carthage: Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa. Gordian II is killed.  Gordian I commits suicide.
 April 22 – Year of the Six Emperors: The Senate outlaws Maximinus. Pupienus and Balbinus go to the throne.
 Maximinus gets to the town Aquileia in northern Italy. His army has famine and disease.
 July 29 – The Praetorian Guard kill Pupienus and Balbinus. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is made new emperor. 
 Future Roman Emperor Valerian becomes princeps senatus.
 The Colosseum is restored after being damaged.
 The Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and ruin the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia.

Asia 
 The Cao Wei general Sima Yi destroys the northeastern Chinese warlord Gongsun Yuan.

Births 
 Empress Yang Yan, first wife of Emperor Wu (d. 274)
 Wen Yang, general of the Kingdom of Wei (d. 291)

Deaths 
 April 12 – Roman emperors Gordian I (suicide) and Gordian II (killed in battle)
 June 24 – Maximinus Thrax, Roman Emperor
 Maximinus the Younger, Roman Emperor
 July 29 – Pupienus and Balbinus, Roman Emperors
 Gongsun Yuan, warlord of Liaodong
 Lun Zhi, general of Liaodong
 Jia Fan, advisor Liaodong
 Chosroes I, King of Armenia (assassinated)
Year 209 (CCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Publius Septimius Geta gets the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, emperor Septimius Severus.
 Severus plans to take the land north of Scotland. The Roman army reaches Aberdeen. The Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare against the Romans.

Asia 
 In India, beginning of the reign of Chandashri, Satavahana king of the Andhra.

Births 
 Guan Lu (d. 256)
 Sun Deng, eldest son of Sun Quan (d. 241)
 Xiahou Xuan, minister of  Wei, son of Xiahou Shang (d. 254)

Deaths 
 Chen Lan, general under Yuan Shu
 Jin Xuan
 Liu Qi, son of Liu Biao
 Saint Alban (possible death date)
Year 197 (CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 February 19 – Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats Decimus Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). 
 Septimius Severus returns to Rome.  He has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate killed. 
 Septimius Severus forms new naval units.
 The Roman army goes east to stop a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia. They loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and take many people as slaves.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 Galen's major work on medicines, Pharmacologia, is published.

Religion 
 A Christian council is held in Edessa.

Births 
 Deng Ai, Wei general (d. 264)

Deaths 
 February 19 – Clodius Albinus, rival for Roman Emperor (b. 150)
 Cao Ang, first son of Cao Cao (b. 175)
 Cao Anmin, nephew of Cao Cao
 Dian Wei, bodyguard to warlord Cao Cao
 Guo Si, general under Dong Zhuo  (b. 146)
 Huche'er, general under Zhang Xiu
 Li Jue, general under Dong Zhuo
 Liang Gang, general under Yuan Shu
 Qiao Rui, general during the Han Dynasty
 Yue Jiu, general during the Han Dynasty
Year 218 (CCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 May 16 – Elagabalus, age 14, is made emperor of Rome.
 June 8 – Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats the forces of Macrinus.
 Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court.  He is captured at Zeugma and also put to death.

Births 
 Gallienus, later Roman emperor (d. 268)

Deaths
 June
 Macrinus, Roman emperor (b. 165)
 Diadumenian, son of Macrinus
 Gan Ning (approximate date) (b. 175)
 Han Hao, general under Cao Cao
 Jin Yi, minister of Han Dynasty
 Lei Tong
 Yue Jin, commander under Cao Cao

210s
Year 311 (CCCXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 May 5 – Emperor Galerius says there is religious freedom .  He issues his Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. He dies at age 51.
 Maximinus II divides the Eastern Empire. He starts to persecute Christians again.
 Maxentius, Roman usurper, takes the African provinces from Domitius Alexander.
 Maxentius builds the Circus of Maxentius near the Via Appia. 
 December 3 – Diocletianus dies in Split, Croatia.

China 
 Jin Huaidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty, is captured at Luoyang. The capital city is looted by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Huns).

By topic

Religion 
 July 2 – Pope Miltiades succeeds Pope Eusebius as the 32nd pope.
 The Donatist split occurs in the African church.

Births

Deaths 
 Domitius Alexander, Roman usurper (approximate date)
 December 3 – Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, Roman Emperor
 May 5 – Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman emperor
 November 25 – Saint Peter, Patriarch of Alexandria (martyred)
 Sima Yue, prince and regent of the Jin Dynasty
Year 241 (CCXLI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Winter – Emperor Gordian III reaches Antioch.  He gets his army ready to fight against the Persians.
 Timesitheus becomes Praetorian Prefect

Persia 
 Shapur I succeeds his father Ardashir I as king of Persia.
 The ancient city of Bagram (Afghanistan) is abandoned.
 Shapur I adds parts of the Kushan Empire.

Europe 
 November 1 – The Battle of Samhain is fought in Ireland.

Births 
 Cao Mao, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (possible date) (d. 260)

Deaths 
 Ardashir I, first ruler of the Sassanid dynasty
 Zhuge Jin, minister of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu, older brother of Zhuge Liang (b. 174)
 Sun Deng, eldest son of Sun Quan (b. 209)

240s
Year 313 (CCCXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 February 3 – Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius give religious freedom for all.  They end the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.
 Emperor Maximinus II fights at Bosphorus.
 April 30 – Battle of Tzirallum: Licinius defeats his rival Maximinus II.  He becomes Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. Maximinus runs away to Nicomedia and commits suicide.

Asia 
 March 14 – Emperor Jin Huidi is killed by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Han Zhao). 
 Crown prince Jin Mindi, age 13, becomes the new emperor of the Jin Dynasty.

By topic

Art 
 Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova), Rome, is finished.

Religion 
 Constantine I and Licinius accept Christianity.
 October 2 – Lateran Synod: Donatism is made a heresy.
 Arius preaches of the human nature of Jesus.

Births 
 Didymus the Blind, Alexandrian theologian (approximate date)
 Shi Hong, emperor of the Chinese Jie state (d. 334)

Deaths 
 Achillas, Patriarch of Alexandria
 Dowager Zhang, empress of the Xiongnu state (Han Zhao)
 March 14 – Jin Huidi, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 284)
 Maximinus II, Roman Emperor (b. 270)
 Zhang Huiguang, empress of the Xiongnu state (Han Zhao)

310s
Year 217 (CCXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 April 8 – Caracalla is killed by his legionaries near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus head of the Praetorian Guard, calls himself Roman emperor. 
 Summer – Battle of Nisibis: The Roman army is defeated in a three days battle by the Parthians at Nisibis (southern Turkey).
 King Artabanus IV signs a peace treaty with Rome.  
 Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor. 
 Empress Julia kills herself. 
 The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire.  It destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater.

By topic

Religion 
 December 20 – The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the sixteenth pope. Hippolytus says he should not be Pope.
 Hippolytus begins his "pontificate" as antipope.
 Ciriacus succeeds Philadelphus as Patriarch of Constantinople.

Births 
 Fu Xuan, Chinese poet (d. 278)
 Hua He, minister under the Kingdom of Wu (d. 279)
 Jia Chong, general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 282)
 Empress Dowager Wang Yuanji, wife of Sima Zhao (d. 268)

Deaths 
 April 8 – Caracalla, Roman Emperor (assassinated) (b. 188)
 Julia Domna, Roman Empress (suicide) (b. 170)
 December 20 – Pope Zephyrinus
 Chen Lin, minister of Han Dynasty  
 Lu Su, advisor to Sun Quan, sympathetic to Liu Bei (b. 172)
 Wang Can, Chinese poet, scholar, and statesman of Cao Wei (b. 177)
 Sima Lang, official of Han Dynasty (b. 171)

210s
Year 405 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Greece 
 The Athenian fleet follows the Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet is destroyed in the Battle of Aegospotami.
 The Spartan king Pausanias lays siege to Athens. Lysander's fleet blockades Piraeus. This starves Athens.
Theramenes tries to negotiate with Lysander. He is away for three months.

Sicily 
 Dionysius the Elder rises to power as the tyrant of Syracuse. He makes peace with the Carthaginian general. Carthage is in control of most of Sicily.
 Dionysius the Elder expands his power. He builds a wall around Syracuse. The Greek citizens of Naxos, Catana, and Leontini are removed from their cities. Many of them are made slaves.

By topic

Drama 
 Aristophanes' play The Frogs is performed.
 Euripides' The Bacchae and Iphigeneia at Aulis are performed at the Dionysia and win first prize.

Art 
 The Erechtheum, which includes The Porch of Maidens (Caryatid Porch), is completed in the Ionian style on the Acropolis in Athens after 16 years of building.

Deaths 

 Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 480 BC)

400s BC
Events and trends
579 BC—Servius Tullius succeeds Lucius Tarquinius Priscus as the sixth King of Rome. 
575 BC—Ishtar Gate and throne room wall, from Babylon (Iraq) is made. It is now at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Vorderasiatisches Museum.
575 BC—Battle of Yanling in China, the army of the State of Jin defeats the forces of the State of Chu in ancient Henan province.
575 BC–550 BC—Temples and public buildings begin to be in Rome. Main temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus is built.
573 BC—Nemean Games founded at Nemea. 
572 BC—Death of Zhou jian wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
571 BC-On 25 November Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
571 BC—Zhou ling wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
570 BC—Amasis II succeeds Apries as king of Egypt.
c. 570 BC—François Vase, black figure decoration on a volute krater, is made by potter—Ergotimos and painter—Kleitias. It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Florence, Italy.
570 BC–560 BC—Berlin Kore, from a cemetery at Keratea, near Athens, is made. It is now at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.
c. 570 BC-Death of Sappho.

Significant people
 576 BC—Birth of Cyrus the Great, later King of Anshan, and architect of the Persian Empire.
 570 BC—Birth of Xenophanes
 c.570 BC—Birth of Pythagoras on the island of Samos, mathematician (d. c. 475 BC)
 Ergotimos—potter
 Kleitias—painter
Year 350 (CCCL) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 January 18 – Emperor Constans I is very unliked. Magnus Magnentius is made emperor at Autun (Gaul).
 January – Constans I runs away to Spain.  He is killed. Magnentius rules the Western Roman Empire.  He is nicer to Christians and Pagans. 
 March 1 – Vetranio is asked by Constantina to make himself Caesar. Constantius accepts the new emperor.
 June 3 – Iulius Nepotianus, Roman usurper, calls himself "emperor".  He enters Rome with a group of gladiators.
 June 30 – Nepotianus is defeated and killed by Marcellinus. 
 December 25 – Vetranio meets Constantius II at Naissus (Serbia). He is forced to give up his title.

Asia 
 About this time the Huns begin to invade the Sassanid Empire.
 The city of Anbar (Iraq) is founded by king Shapur II.
 The Wei-Jie war breaks out in North China.

By topic

Art 
 The church of Santa Constanza in Rome is finished.

Births 
 Honoratus, archbishop of Arles (approximate date)
 Hypatia of Alexandria, female Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date)
 Murong Wei, emperor of the Xianbei state Former Yan (d. 385)
 Plutarch of Athens, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
 Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian (approximate date) 
 Zhang Xuanjing, ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang (d. 363)

Deaths 
 Constans I, Roman Emperor 
 Eutropia, mother of Nepotianus
 June 30 – Nepotianus, Roman usurper
 Shi Jian, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao

References
Year 372 (CCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Valentinian I is against the Alamanni, Quadi and  Sarmatians. His subordinates are dealing with Firmus,  Roman usurper, in Africa and the Picts in Britain.

Europe 
 The Huns attack the Tervingi on the Dniester.

China 
 Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi is dethroned as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is replaced by Jin Jianwendi.
 September 12 – Jin Xiaowudi, age 10, succeeds his father Jin Jianwendi. Empress Chu Suanzi serves as regent.
 The first diplomatic ties are made between the Korean kingdom of Baekje and the Chinese court of the Jin Dynasty.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 The national academy of Chinese learning, called Taehak, is made in the kingdom of Goguryeo (Korea).

Religion 
 Gregory of Nyssa becomes bishop.
 Buddhism is the official religion of Gorguryeo.
 Saint Augustine adopts Manichaeism.
 Valentinian I bans Manichaean meetings.

Births 
 Pei Songzhi, Chinese historian (d. 451)

Deaths 
 Jin Jianwendi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 320)
 Maximus of Ephesus, Greek Neoplatonist philosopher
 Sabbas the Goth, Christian reader and saint (b. 334)

370s
Year 376 (CCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Gothic War: Emperor Valens lets the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people cross the Danube from Thrace.  They can live in Lower Moesia if they provide soldiers to the legions.  
 The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, ask for help from the Roman Empire. They are refused. 
 The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube.  They go south towards the region near Marcianople (Bulgaria).
 Lupicinus, Comes (Count) of Thrace, tries to bring the Visigoths back under control. He invites Fritigern and the Gothic leaders to a banquet.  During the feast Lupicinus tries to kill the Gothics. Fritigern escapes.  
 Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths.  His force (5,000 men) is defeated. The Goths get Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey). 
 Winter – Fritigern tries to siege Adrianople.

China 
 Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Jiān of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made "Marquess of Guiyi". 
 China is divided between the Former Qin in the north and the Eastern Jin in the south.

Births 
 Cyril of Alexandria, patrairch and theologian (d. 444)

Deaths 
 Ermanaric, king of the Gothic Greuthungi
 Theodosius the Elder, Roman general
 Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (b. 320)
 Yuan Hong, historian and politician of the Jin Dynasty (b. 328)

370s
Year 271 (CCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Aurelian pushes the Vandals back from Pannonia.
 January
 Battle of Placentia: The Alamanni invade Italy.  They take the city of Piacenza. 
 Battle of Fano: The Alamanni move toward Rome. Aurelian defeats the Germanic tribes on the Metauro River. 
 Battle of Pavia: The Roman army chase after the Alamanni in Lombardy. 
 Felicissimus leads an uprising against Aurelian. He is defeated and killed on the Caelian Hill. 
 Aurelian begins to build a new defensive wall to protect Rome.

Europe 
 Victorinus, Emperor of the Gallic Empire, is killed by Attitianus. Domitianus is Emperor for a few days before being replaced by Tetricus I.

Syria 
 Zenobia makes herself to be Empress.  She breaks all relations with the Roman Empire. 
 Zenobia gives her son Vaballathus the title of Augustus.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 King Shapur I builds the Academy of Gundishapur (Iran).
 A magnetic compass is first used in China.

Births 
 Sima Wei, prince during the Jin Dynasty (d. 291)

Deaths 
 Ding Feng, general of the Kingdom of Wu
 Domitianus, Emperor of the Gallic Empire
 Felicissimus, Roman financial minister (rationalis)
 Liu Shan, last Emperor of the Kingdom of Shu (b. 207)
 Pei Xiu, minister and cartographer of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 224)
 Sima Wang, general of the Jin Dynasty (b. 205)
 Victorinus, Emperor of the Gallic Empire

270s
Year 270 (CCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Claudius II Gothicus dies.  He is succeeded by his brother Quintillus.
 Quintillus commits suicide.  He is succeeded by Lucius Domitius Aurelianus.
 Aurelianus pushes the Goths back across the Danube and recovers Roman land.
 The Romans leave Utrecht because the Germanic tribes keep fighting.
 Crisis of the Third Century: An economic crisis starts in the Roman empire.

By topic

Technology 
 The Chinese invent gunpowder. At first, it appears to be used only for fireworks.

Births 
 November 20 – Maximinus II, Roman Emperor
 Nicholas of Myra (Santa Claus) (d. 343)
 Rabbah bar Nahmani, Babylonian 'amora
 Saint Spyridon, bishop of Trimythous (d. 348)

Deaths 
 St. Valentine (executed by Claudius II) (Possible year)
 Claudius II, Roman Emperor (b. 213)
 Quintillus, Roman emperor
 Plotinus, father of Neo-Platonism (b. c. 205) (approximate date)
 Jingu of Japan, possibly legendary empress of Japan
 Luo Xian, general of the Kingdom of Shu 
 Qiao Zhou, minister of the Kingdom of Shu (b. 201)

270
Year 264 (CCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Asia 
 Jiang Wei tries to restore the Kingdom of Shu.  He wants Zhong Hui to have a rebellion against Sima Zhao, ruler of Cao Wei. 
 Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu.

Births

Deaths 
 Deng Ai, general of the Cao Wei
 Deng Zhong, general of Wei, son of famed general Deng Ai (b. 230)
 Jiang Wei, general of Shu Han, grand commander and strategist, and foster son of Zhuge Liang (b. 202)
 Liao Hua, general of Shu
 Sima Zhao, general of Wei, son of Sima Yi (b. 211) 
 Sun Xiu, Emperor of Eastern Wu (b. 235)
 Zhang Bu, general of Wu
 Zhang Yi, general of Shu
 Zhong Hui, general of Wei (b. 225)

260s
Year 150 (CL) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 The Roman town Forum Hadriani gets the title of "the town of the Cananefates".  The town is allowed to have markets. 
 The Germans of the east move south, into the Carpathians and Black Sea area.
 The Albani appear in the Roman province of Macedon.

Asia 
 First and only year of Heping of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

Americas 
 The Middle Culture period of Mayan civilization ends (approximate date).
 The Great Pyramid of the Sun is built in Teotihuacan.  It is the tallest pre-Columbian building in the Americas.

By topic

Religion 
 Marcion of Sinope makes his bible canon.  It has versions of the Gospel of Luke and ten Pauline letters (approximate date).

Arts and sciences 
 The earliest atlas (Ptolemy's Geography) is made (approximate date).
 Completion of Ptolemy's monumental work Almagest. The geocentric cosmology is followed for 1,400 years.
 Antoninus Liberalis writes a work on mythology (approximate date).
 Paper, made in China, arrives in Transoxiana.

Births 
 Monoimus, Arab gnostic (approximate date)
 Nagarjuna, founder of Mahayana "Great Vehicle" (approximate date)
 Zhang Zhongjing, Chinese physician (d. 219)
 Yufuluo (d. 196)

Deaths 
 Aśvaghoṣa, Indian poet (approximate date)
 Empress Liang Na, wife of Emperor Shun of Han (b. 116)
Year 165 (CLXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia.  They take Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians ask for peace.
 A pandemic known as the Antonine Plague breaks out in Rome.
 Dura-Europos is taken by the Romans.
 The Romans make a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates.
 Avidius Cassius takes Nisibis.  He conquers the north of Mesopotamia. 
 Marcus Aurelius creates four legal districts in Italy.

By topic

Religion 
 The philosopher Justin of Nablus is executed in Rome as a Christian. 
 Discourse to the Greek (Oratio ad Graecos), by the Syrian Tatian, is the first treatise on the evils of paganism in Christian literature.

Births 
 Macrinus, Roman emperor (approximate date)

Deaths 
 Justin Martyr, early apologist for Christianity
 Claudius Ptolemaeus, Greek astronomer (approximate date)
 Empress Deng Mengnu, wife of Emperor Huan of Han
 Elpinice (daughter of Herodes Atticus)
Google Play is a platform by Google. It is a online store for music, books, movies and a few million Android applications. Google formed it in March 2012 by merging four different stores:

 Android Market, the oldest, was started in October 2008
 Google Music
 Google Books
 Google Movies.

Google Play also sold Google hardware devices, until 2015 when Google started a new Google Store for that.

References

Play
The Open Door Tour is the second worldwide tour by American alternative metal band Evanescence. Supporting the bands' second album, The Open Door, the tour began October 5, 2006, in Toronto, Canada and lasted for a little over a year. During the tour, the band performed at several popular music festivals, including Download and PinkPop festivals and Z100's Jingle Ball. The setlist included songs from The Open Door and the bands debut album, Fallen.

Background

For the first leg of the tour, the band toured locations in North America in October and traveled to Europe in November to play a number of shows before returning to the U.S. in December to perform in large arenas. The band later continued this leg of the tour in January 2007 in Montreal, Canada, playing in locations in Canada before heading to Japan and Australia.

The second leg of the tour began on March 16, kicking off in Fresno, California. The tour ran through the U.S., South America, South Africa and Europe, closing their European tour with a sell-out concert at the Amphi in Ra'anana, Israel, on June 26, 2007. On May 4, 2007, guitarist John LeCompt was fired and drummer Rocky Grey quit. They were replaced by Troy McLawhorn and Will Hunt from the band Dark New Day.

Evanescence later co-headlined The Family Values Tour alongside Korn from July 27 until September 2, 2007. Afterwards, the band left on their Winter tour on October 23, playing shows in the U.S. and Mexico, before concluding the album's tour on December 8, 2007 in Kingston, Rhode Island. It was initially stated that McLawhorn and Hunt would tour with Evanescence till the end of the Family Values Tour in September, but continued to play with the band through The Open Door tour.

Opening Acts

First Leg
 Revelation Theory (United States, Europe)
 Stone Sour (Canada)
 The Black Maria (Canada)
 Shihad (Australia)

Second Leg
 Chevelle (United States)
 Finger Eleven (United States)

Third Leg
 Sick Puppies
 Julien-K
 Shiny Toy Guns (Special Appearance)

Setlists
{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = First Leg
| content =North America
"Sweet Sacrifice"
"Weight of the World"
"The Only One"
"Going Under"
"Whisper"
"Lithium"
"Good Enough"
"Haunted"
"Imaginary"
"Call Me When You're Sober"
"Bring Me to Life"
"Lacrymosa"
Encore
"My Immortal"
"All That I'm Living For"

Europe
Sweet Sacrifice 
Weight of the World 
Going Under 
The Only One 
Haunted 
Whisper 
Lithium 
Good Enough 
Call Me When You're Sober 
Imaginary 
Bring Me to Life
Lacrymosa 
Encore
My Immortal
All That I'm Living For 
}}

Evanescence
Concert tours

en:The Open Door#Tour
The name Chelsea is a given name used for females. It is pronounced CHELL-see. There are many famous people named Chelsea, including Chelsea Clinton (the daughter of former President Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton). The name was used most in 1992, when it was at #15 in the United States on the USA Social Security Administration baby naming chart.

The name might come from the Old English language and mean "chalk landing place".

People named Chelsea
 Chelsea Brown, actress
 Chelsea Brummet, actress
 Chelsea Field, actress
 Chelsea Handler, comedian
 Chelsee Healey, actress
 Chelsea Hobbs, actress
 Chelsea Kane, actress and singer
 Chelsea Newton, basketball player
 Chelsea Noble, actress
 Chelsea Quealey, jazz trumpeter

Places
 Chelsea, Victoria, Australia
 Chelsea, Nova Scotia, Canada
 Chelsea, Quebec, Canada
 Chelsea, London, United Kingdom

Given names
A stairlift or stair lift is a special type of chair. The user sits in the chair and it moves him or her up the stairs. Stairlifts are often used by people who are handicapped or cannot walk up the stairs.

Stairlifts travel on rails that are bolted to the staircase, not the wall. Most stairlifts have a battery-powered motor. The battery allows the user to ride the lift even if the power goes out.

Types of stairlifts 
Straight Rail Stair Lifts - A straight rail stair lift is the most common type of stair lift on the market because it’s designed for the types of stairs most common in homes. With a straight rail stair lift, the rail is attached to the treads of the stairs by legs and are spaced approximately a foot apart.

Curved Rail Stair Lifts - Curved rail stair lift mapped to the unique curvature of a staircase as a result, the planning and installation process can be a bit more expensive since it requires more unique customisation and a potentially longer rail.

Platform Stair Lifts - Wheelchair or platform stair lifts take the standard seat-style stair lift but add enough room for a wheelchair to be carried up stairs. These stair lifts can necessitate more power than traditional curved or straight rail stair lifts as well, and are therefore most common in commercial buildings, hospitals, or assisted living facilities and nursing homes.

References

Elevators
The Teatro Regio ('Royal Theatre') is a well-known opera house and opera company in Turin, Italy.

Operas had been performed in various buildings in Turin during the 17th century but it was not until 1713 that a proper opera house was planned.  It was not built and finished until 1740.  It was a beautiful opera house with 1,500 seats and with 139 boxes.

In 1792 it was closed and became a warehouse.  With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theatre was renamed the Teatro Nazionale and finally, after Napoleon became emperor, renamed again as the Teatro Imperiale.   When Napoleon's lost power in 1814 it got its original name back: the Regio.

Other theatres were built and gave seasons of opera in Turin. Among them was the restored Teatro Carignano in 1824. It was taken over by the municipality in 1932 and, after the destruction by fire of the Teatro Regio in 1936, the Carignano was the main opera house in the city until the Regio reopened in 1973.

The Regio was rebuilt in 1905 but the theatre closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919.  Until February 1936, seasons of opera were presented until fire then destroyed everything except the front of the building. It remained closed for thirty-seven years.  Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898, during which time several production of works of Wagner were given their first Italian performances.

The opera house was rebuilt an opened in 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi's I Vespri Siciliani directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano.

The new house, which uses the original frontage, seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes. An acoustic shell was added to improve its sound.  Many operas are performed there, including modern operas.

References
Lynn, Karyl Charna, Italian Opera Houses and Festivals, Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2005.  
Plantamura, Carol, The Opera Lover's Guide to Europe, New York: Citadel Press, 1996.

Other websites
Teatro Regio Torino website (both English and Italian)

Opera houses in Italy
Buildings and structures in Italy
Turin
1740 establishments
18th-century establishments in Italy
1740s establishments in Europe
Al-Ahsa, sometimes Al-Hasa, El Hasa, or Hadjar is a traditional oasis region in eastern Saudi Arabia. The oasis is about 60 km inland from the Persian Gulf.

Al-Ahsa is part of the region known historically as Al-Bahrayn.  It includes the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula down to the borders of Oman.  It also includes the island of Awal (modern-day Bahrain).
	
Al-Hasa has one of the largest numbers of Shia Muslims in mostly Sunni Saudi Arabia.

With an area of around , Al-Ahsa Oasis is the largest oasis in the world. There are more than 2.5 million palm trees including date palms in the oasis, which is fed from a huge underground aquifer and irrigated by the flow of more than 280 artesian springs, which allows agriculture all year round in a region that is otherwise sand desert.

Main cities and villages 
 Al Hofuf: capital city and has lots of traditional markets.
 Al Mubarraz: large city with many big markets.
 Al-Omran: has more than 15 villages and well known for the many farms.
 Shaybah: oil town in the Empty Quarter.
 More than 50 Villages.

References 

History of the Middle East
Geography of Saudi Arabia
Qatif or Al-Qatif is a governorate and urban area in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. It goes from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south. It is from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. 

Qatif is one of the oldest towns in the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula. Its history goes back to 3500 BC. Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishers. Now most of Qatifi's people are working in oil, industry, public services, education and health care sectors.

References

Saudi Arabia
The Al Khalifa family is the ruling royal family of Bahrain. The Al Khalifa are Sunni Islam.  They belong to the Anizah tribe that came from Najd to Kuwait in the early 18th century. They are also from the Utub tribe. The current head of the family is Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. He became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and made himself King of Bahrain in 2002.

As of 2010, about half of the cabinet ministers of Bahrain are from the Al Khalifa royal family. The country's Prime Minister, Khalifah bin Salman al-Khalifah, is also from the Al Khalifa family and is the uncle of the current King.

List of monarchs of Bahrain of the Al Khalifa family

In public office
Public offices in Bahrain that Al Khalifa family members have:

Other notable members
 Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, crown prince and chief of the Bahrain Defence Force.
 Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, prime minister of Bahrain (11 November 2020 -Present ), 
 Shaikh Rashid bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, prominent Bahraini artist and patron of the arts.
 Mohammed bin Salman Al Khalifa, brother of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (Hakim, 1961–1971; Emir, 1971–1999) and Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa (prime minister since 1971).
 Mai Al Khalifa, culture minister.

References

Bahrain
Royal dynasties
The National Consultative Assembly of Iran, also called The Iranian Parliament or People's House, is the national legislative body of Iran. The Parliament has 290 representatives.  There were 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election.  The election took place on 2 March 2012. The new parliament will be opened on 27 May 2012.

History

The first national assembly 

The first national assembly, the "Majlis", was formed in 1906, after the 1905-1906 revolution.  The Majlis wrote a constitution for the Persian empire. 
The first Majlis had 156 delegates.  Tehran had 60 of the 156 seats. Major provinces like Azerbaijan had 12 delegates. Smaller provinces like Gilan and Tavala had 6 delegates each.

War 

In 1941, Britain and Russia invaded Persia to put the Germans out. This happened during the 13th Majlis.  Mohamed Reza Shah was the constitutional monarch from 1941-1953. From 1953 until the revolution of 1979, Shah was the absolute ruler. Elections for the 14th Majlis were in 1943. In 1950, a special assembly met to create a new upper house, or senate, with half of the members appointed by Shah.  The assembly also gave Shah the power to dissolve the national assembly.  The 21st Majlis was elected in September 1963.

The 1979 revolution 

After the revolution, Iran changed the name of the parliament from the National Assembly to the Islamic Assembly.

Elections after the revolution 
Dates of elections: 

 1st Majlis 1979-83
 2nd Majlis 1983-87
 3rd Majlis 1987-91
 4th majlis 1991-96
 5th Majlis 1996-00
 6th Majlis 2000-04

References

Iran
Iran
1906 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Iran
Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri (1937-December 18, 2006) was the 'spiritual leader' of Bahrain's Twelver Shi'a population and the 1990s Intifada. He is the father of Mansoor Al-Jamri, editor-in-chief of the Al Wasat daily newspaper.

Biography 
Al-Jamri was born in the village of Bani Jamra, Bahrain, in 1937.  In 1962 he went to school at the Najaf Religious Institute in Iraq. In 1973 al-Jamri became a member of Bahrain's parliament, the National Assembly of Bahrain.

Beginning in 1977, al-Jamri was a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain. In 1992, al-Jamri joined with Islamists, liberals and leftists to ask the ruler of Bahrain to make a new parliament.  In 1994, he asked again.

On April 1, 1995, al-Jamri was placed under house arrest for two weeks.  He then went to jail. He was let go on September 25, 1995. On January 21, 1996 he went to jail again. On July 7, 1999 al-Jamri was given 10 years imprisonment and fined $15 million.  He was let go a day later and placed under house arrest until January 23, 2001.  Less than one month later he called on the people to support the reforms of the King of Bahrain, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah.  

In June 2002, al-Jamri suffered a stroke.  He died at home on December 18, 2006.

1937 births
2006 deaths
Muslims
Bahraini people
Religious leaders
Abdulhadi Abdulla Hubail Alkhawaja is a Bahraini-Danish human rights activists. He is now in prison in Bahrain after the Bahraini uprising.
He is former president and co-founder of the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights (BCHR).  This is a nonprofit non-governmental group which works to promote human rights in Bahrain.

On 9 April 2011, Alkhawaja was arrested.  Alkhawaja was given life imprisonment on 22 June 2011. On 8 February 2012, he started a hunger strike until "freedom or death".

References

1962 births
Living people
Bahraini people
Danish people
Human rights activists
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Hasan Mushaima is an opposition leader in Bahrain.  He is the secretary-general of the Haq Movement. He wants more democratic rights in Bahrain. He was a starting member of Al Wefaq.  He was in the 1994 uprising in Bahrain.

The Bahraini government arrested Mushaima many times.

In 2010 Mushaima traveled to Great Britain to be treated for lung cancer.

Mushaima said he was going to return to Bahrain during the protests in February 2011.  He was kept in Lebanon. Mushaima finally did return to Bahrain on Saturday, February 26, 2011.

On 22 June 2011, Mushaima was given life imprisonment by a military court for "attempting to overthrow the monarchy".

References

Front Line: Ongoing harassment of Bahraini human rights defenders
 Clashes erupt after two opposition figures are held in Bahrain 

Bahraini people
Living people
1948 births
Activists
A governorate is an administrative division of a country. It is headed by a governor. English-speaking nations call regions who have governors either states, provinces, or colonies.

Arab countries
The word governorate is widely used in Arab countries.

Governorates of Bahrain
Governorates of Egypt
Governorates of Iraq (official translation, sometimes also translated as province)
Governorates of Jordan
Governorates of Kuwait
Governorates of Lebanon
Governorates of Oman
Governorates of Palestine
Governorates of Saudi Arabia
Governorates of Syria
Governorates of Tunisia (wilayah)
Governorates of Yemen

Political subdivisions
The Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip were divided into three areas and 16 governorates.  They are under the Palestinian National Authority.

West Bank

Gaza Strip

References

Politics of Palestine
Political subdivisions
Geography of Palestine
Governorates are the second level of regional administration within Saudi Arabia.  Each of Saudi Arabia's 13 emirates is divided into governorates.  Governorates are then divided into sub-governorates. Governorates in Saudi Arabia can be either "Category A" or "Category B", depending on how many people live there. The number of Governorates in Saudi Arabia is 118. 119 if you include the special municipality of Al-Udayd.

list of the governorates 

Saudi Arabia
The Capital Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the municipalities of Al Manamah, Ras Roman and Jidd Haffs. 

Governorates of Bahrain
The Mountain of Smoke is a hill in the Southern Governorate of Bahrain. At  above mean sea level, it is the country's highest point. 

The Mountain of Smoke is named because of the haze which often surrounds it on humid days. A number of caves are around the mountain.

References 

Bahrain
Hills
A refinery is a production place that breaks down certain materials and makes raw material into products of value.

Types of refineries

Different types of refineries are as follows:

 oil refinery, which changes crude oil into high-octane motor fuel (gasoline/petrol), diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), jet aircraft fuel, kerosene, heating fuel oils, lubricating oils, asphalt and petroleum coke;
 sugar refinery, which changes sugar cane and sugar beets into crystallized sugar and sugar syrups;
 natural gas processing plant, which purifies and changes raw natural gas into residential, commercial and industrial fuel gas, and also recovers natural gas liquids (NGL) such as ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes;
 salt refinery, which cleans common salt (NaCl), made by the solar evaporation of sea water, followed by washing and re-crystallization;
 metal refineries refining metals such as alumina, copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, uranium, zinc, magnesium and cobalt;
 vegetable oil refinery

Chemical processes
The Australian Greens is a green political party in Australia founded in 1992. They are the third-biggest political party in Australia, based on how many votes they got in the 2019 federal election. The leader of the party right now is Adam Bandt. Nine members of the Senate and one member of the House of Representatives are a part of the Greens.

Bob Brown lead the party in federal parliament from 2005 to 2012. In 2010 Adam Bandt was elected to the seat of Melbourne and became one of several crossbenchers providing support to the Gillard Labor minority government.

The Greens also discuss other issues than the environment, such as equality, human rights, peace and non-violence.

 
1992 establishments in Australia
Green political parties
Grandes écoles are specialized universities in France. Each grande école only teaches a very limited number of subjects. Unlike the other universities in France, the grandes écoles can pick the students they admit. These students have to follow special courses and tests before they are admitted. The grandes écoles award degrees that correspond to a master's degree; they do not award bachelor's degrees. There is no exhaustive list, but in general, there are the following types of grandes écoles, along with some of the representative schools in each category:
Sciences: École normale supérieure
Engineering: École polytechnique, École centrale Paris, Mines ParisTech, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
Aviation: École nationale de l'aviation civile, Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
Politics and public administration: Institut d'études politiques de Paris, École nationale d'administration
Business: École des hautes études commerciales de Paris, Emlyon Business School
Military: École Navale, École de l'Air
Veterinary:, such as the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort
Archival science: École nationale des chartes

Education in France
{{Infobox album| 
| name = Slade Alive!
| type = live
| artist = Slade
| cover = 
| released = 24 March 1972
| recorded = 19 October -21 October 1971, London
| genre = Hard rock, protopunk
| length = 38:59
| label = Polydor (UK/US)
| producer = Chas Chandler
| prev_title = Coz I Luv You(1972)
!(1972)
| next_title = Slayed?(1972)
}}Slade Alive!''''' is a 1972 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's first live album. A successful album, it went to number two in the UK.

Track listing

Other webcites 
 Slade Alive! at Discogs
 Slade Alive! at AllMusic

1972 albums
Hard rock albums
Slade albums
Whatever Happened to Slade is a 1977 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's seventh studio album. After the band had tried to find success in America, the band were no longer popular in the UK or Europe. The album failed to chart in the UK, due to the new interest in Punk music.

The album featured the single "Gypsy Roadhog".

Track listing
 "Be" (Holder/Lea)
 "Lightning Never Strikes Twice" (Holder/Lea)
 "Gypsy Roadhog" (Holder/Lea) UK #48
 "Dogs Of Vengeance" (Holder/Lea)
 "When Fantasy Calls" (Holder/Lea)
 "One Eyed Jacks With Moustaches" (Holder/Lea)
 "Big Apple Blues" (Holder/Lea)
 "Dead Men Tell No Tales" (Holder/Lea)
 "She's Got The Lot" (Holder/Lea)
 "It Ain't Love But It Ain't Bad" (Holder/Lea)
 "The Soul, The Roll and The Motion" (Holder/Lea)

1977 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Return to Base is a 1979 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's eighth studio album. Continuing the band's period of low popularity, the band were no longer able to get hit singles or albums. The album was released to failure, where it failed to chart.

The album featured the singles "Ginny, Ginny" and "Sign of the Times".

Track listing
"Wheels Ain't Coming Down" (Holder/Lea) - 3:40
"Hold on to Your Hats" (Holder/Lea) - 2:32
"Chakeeta" (Holder/Lea) - 2:26
"Don't Waste Your Time (Back Seat Star)" (Holder/Lea) - 3:28
"Sign of the Times" (Holder/Lea) - 3:57
"I'm a Rocker" (Chuck Berry) - 2:46
"Nut Bolts and Screws" (Holder/Lea) - 2:30
"My Baby's Got It" (Holder/Lea) - 2:34
"I'm Mad" (Holder/Lea) - 2:46
"Lemme Love into Ya" (Holder/Lea) - 3:38
"Ginny, Ginny" (Holder/Lea) - 3:38

1979 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
We'll Bring the House Down is a 1981 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's ninth studio album. After the band's period of low popularity, the band played at the 1980 Reading Festival, after Ozzy Osbourne cancelled his appearance at the last minute. The band's performance gave them popularity again and the album peaked at #25 in the UK, becoming their comeback album. The album used some songs from their previous album Return to Base from 1979.

The album featured the singles "We'll Bring the House Down" and "Wheels ain't Coming Down".

Track listing
"We'll Bring The House Down" (Holder/Lea) UK #10
"Night Starvation" (Holder/Lea)
"Wheels Ain't Coming Down" (Holder/Lea) UK #60
"Hold On To Your Hats" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"When I'm Dancin' I Ain't Fightin'" (Holder/Lea)
"Dizzy Mama" (Holder/Lea)
"Nut Bolts and Screws" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"My Baby's Got It" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"Lemme Love Into Ya" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"I'm A Rocker" (Chuck Berry)

1981 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply is a 1984 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's twelfth studio album. The album was a new version of the band's previous album The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome, where it was released in America only, after heavy metal band Quiet Riot had big success with a cover of the Slade song "Cum on Feel the Noize". It became the band's most successful album in America, peaking at #33.

The album featured the singles "Run Runaway", "My Oh My" and the promotional single "Slam the Hammer Down".

Track listing
"Run Runaway" (Holder/Lea) US #20
"My Oh My" (Holder/Lea) US #37
"High And Dry" (Holder/Lea)
"Slam The Hammer Down" (Holder/Lea)
"In The Dog House" (Holder/Lea)
"Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply" (Holder/Lea)
"Cheap 'N' Nasty Luv" (Holder/Lea)
"Don't Tame A Hurricane" (Holder/Lea)
"(And Now The Waltz) C'est La Vie" (Holder/Lea)
"Ready To Explode" (Holder/Lea)

1984 albums
Slade albums
Hard rock albums
Natalie is a female given name derived from late Latin name Natalia (which in turn means "Christmas Day". Natalie is found in many languages but is especially prevalent in French and English speaking countries. There are many famous people with this female name, such as Natalie Portman and Natalie Cole.

Given names