cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Carlos Fuentes (11 November 1928 – 15 May 2012) was a Mexican novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and diplomat. 

Fuentes was born in Panama City, Panama. His father was a Mexican diplomat, and while Fuentes was growing up, the family moved to different countries in South America and then to the United States. 

He got a degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, but instead of being a lawyer, he chose to be a diplomat and writer. He published his first novel, called La región más transparente (Where the Air Is Clear in English) in 1958. From 1975 to 1977, Fuentes was Mexico's ambassador to France. He died in Mexico City, Mexico from a haemorrhage.

References

Other websites 

People from Panama City
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Mexican historians
Mexican poets
Mexican journalists
Mexican novelists
Mexican screenwriters
1928 births
2012 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Mexico
Saint Anna is the mother of Virgin Mary and the grandmother of Jesus. Her husband is Saint Joachim. Her name is a version of the Hebrew name Hanna. Anna means grace.

According to tradition, Joachim went to a temple to pray, but was not allowed in because he did not have a child. Anna heard, prayed, and sacrificed. She promised God that she would bring up a child in God's name. An angel came to Anna and Joachim and told them that God would grant her a baby. Anna had the baby soon after and named the girl Mary. Anna kept her promise. When Mary was about three years old Joachim and Anna brought her up in the Second Temple.

Once, as Anna prayed beneath a laurel tree near her home in Galilee, an angel appeared and said to her, "Anna, Anna, the Lord has heard your prayer, and you shall conceive, and shall bring forth; and your seed shall be spoken of in all the world." Anna replied, "As the Lord my God lives, if I beget either male or female, I will bring it as a gift to the Lord my God; and it shall minister to Him in holy things all the days of its life." This is how Anna became the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

The feast (name) day of St. Anna and St. Joachim is July 26.

Early Christian saints
Swedish might mean:

Anything related to the country Sweden
Swedish language, the language spoken in Sweden.
Swedish people, who are nationals or citizens of Sweden
Swedish Empire, which existed from 1611 to 1718
Hoffish is a dialect of swedish
The Swedish krona is the currency of Sweden.  The country of Sweden has used this money since 1873. In the English language, the Swedish krona means the Swedish Crown. The Swedish crowns consist of:

1 öre (coin) *1991
2 öre (coin) *1991
5 öre (coins) *1991
10 öre (coins) *1991
25 öre (coin) *1991
50 öre (coin) *2010
1 crown (coin)
2 crown (coin) ***
5 crown (coin)
10 crown (coin) * (**)
10 crown (coin)
20 crown (paper)
50 crown (paper)
100 crown (paper)
200 crown (paper)
500 crown (paper)
1000 crown (paper)

This is all the Swedish money there is.

*Not in use since:
**Not known when ended.

***Been used earlier and later reintroduced

Current Changes 

On December 18 2008, the Swedish Riksbank asked to phase out the 50 öre, the final öre coin, by 2010. Note, however that the öre would remain as a subdivision unit for electronic payments.

Exchange Rates 

Exchange rate of Swedish kronor against the Euro
The krona stand to an average of ten crowns to one euro

200-krona and 2-krona 

The Riksbank decided in 17 February 2010, to recommend the parliament to allow it to issue a 2-krona coin and a 200-krona note, the latter a new denomination for the country. However it did not recommend replacing the 20-krona note with a coin. In 2015 the first ever 200-krona note saw its use and in 2016 the 2-krona coin was reintroduced having previously being used between 1876–1971.

References 
Riksbank 

Sweden
Currency of Europe
Terrance Stanley Fox (July 28, 1958 – June 28, 1981) was a Canadian athlete and activist. He moved to Surrey, British Columbia in 1966 and to Port Coquitlam, British Columbia in 1968. He lost one of his legs due to bone cancer when he was 18. He is best known for his run, called The Marathon of Hope, which began on April 12, 1980 in St. John's, Newfoundland, the purpose of the run was to run across Canada (with help of an artificial leg) about  (the length of the average marathon, or foot race) each day. He originally wanted to run until he got to Vancouver Island on the other end of Canada. The goal was to raise 1 million Canadian dollars and later one dollar for every person in Canada to help cancer research. 

Many people supported and helped him during his run and had a lot of faith in him. But on August 31, 1980 near the town of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Fox's cancer spread to his lungs. He had to stop running. 

Fox died on , a month before his 23rd birthday, in New Westminster, British Columbia (BC). 

In Canada, he is considered a hero. People still hold runs for him. 

Shortly before his death, he was made a Companion in the Order of Canada (the youngest person in the country to receive such an honor). In addition, there is a statue of him in Ottawa (Canada's capital city), near Parliament Hill. Several schools named after him and he has been featured on a Canadian $1 coin.

Other websites 
 The Terry Fox Foundation 
 History Minute PSA
 More about Fox, including interviews and news reports

1958 births
1981 deaths
Canadian activists
Cancer deaths in British Columbia
Deaths from bone cancer
People from Winnipeg
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Rick Hansen, CC, OBC (born August 26, 1957 in Port Alberni, British Columbia) is a Canadian athlete and activist. He was paralyzed in an accident at the age of 15. Inspired by his friend Terry Fox, who tried to run across Canada after losing a leg to cancer, he set out on a trip to travel around the world, in his wheelchair; it was called the Man in Motion tour. The money he raised from that tour went to help spinal cord injury research and paraplegic sports. He still works and does charity to raise money & awareness. Hansen was one of the torchbearers during the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Other websites 
 Official Site
 Radio and TV clips about Rick
 History minute PSA

1957 births
Living people
Canadian activists
Canadian sportspeople
Order of Canada
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Method may mean:
 How to do or make something
 Scientific method, a series of steps taken to get knowledge
 Method (computer science), a piece of code linked with a class or object to perform a task
 Method (music), a kind of textbook to help students learning to play a musical instrument
 Methodology, the collection, the comparative study, and the critique of the individual methods that are used in a given discipline or field of inquiry
 Software development process, a series of steps taken to build software
 Method acting, a style of acting in which the actor attempts to replicate the conditions under which the character operates
 Method (Godhead), the bassist and programmer for the industrial band Godhead
Discourse on Method, a philosophical and mathematical treatise by René Descartes
 "The Method of Mechanical Theorems", part of the Archimedes Palimpsest
 Method, a 2004 film directed by Duncan Roy
 method, a San Francisco-based corporation which manufactures household products
Method ringing, a British style of ringing church bells according to a series of mathematical algorithms
A toothache is a pain felt in a person's tooth, normally when the tooth is hurt. A tooth can be hurt by tooth decay caused by plaque or by an injury.

Teeth
Pain
Romford is a town in east London. It is in the London Borough of Havering, England. It was first recorded as a town in 1153 in the Red Book of the Exchequer. The name "Romford" means "wide ford". The stream that flows through it was only later called "the Rom River" after the town. 

In medieval times, this town was granted the right to have the only market for 6 2/3 miles around. This rule was used in the 1990s to stop a nearby town, Ilford, from opening a market nearby.. Romford had a brewery which now is an entertainment venue.

References

Towns in London
London Borough of Havering
A stone is a piece of rock. It is a mass of hard, compacted mineral. The word is often used to mean a small piece of rock.

The word "stone" also refers to natural rock as a material, especially a building material. Natural stones used as building material include granite, marble and sandstone. Manufactured, artificial products, such as concrete or clay bricks, are not stone.

Stone takes a while to heat up, and stays hot for a while. It does not conduct electricity well

Stone was one of the first materials used to make tools and buildings. It is a very sturdy material. It is less affected by weather than wood or brick. Depending on the type of rock, stone weathers away much more slowly. A stone in the river is reshaped by the water and sediment flowing around it.

Stones can be used as primitive weapon. Person can throw it at enemy or animal, or use it to make more damage in hand-to-hand combat.

A stone is larger than a grain of sand, gravel or pebbles. A boulder is a large rock or stone.

Related pages
 Precious stone
 Stone Age

Basic English 850 words
Natural materials
A kilobyte (kB) is a number used to measure storage space on computer hard drives or computer memory. A kilobyte originally meant 1000 bytes.  Over time the meaning changed and today it is often used to mean  1024 bytes. This created some confusion as a "kilo" normally means 1000. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) now defines a kilobyte as being 1000 bytes. According to the IEC, the correct name for 1,024 bytes is a kibibyte.

One thousand kilobytes make one megabyte.

References

Computing measurement
A subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. This means it is very, very small.  Like atoms and molecules, a subatomic particle is far too small to be seen with the eye.  They are also very interesting to physicists who study atoms.  The subatomic particles that make atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons are the most commonly studied ones.  The study of subatomic particles is called particle physics. 

These particles are often held together within an atom by one of the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force, or weak force).  Outside of the atom the particles often move very, very quickly- near the speed of light which is very, very fast (around 300,000 kilometres per second).

Subatomic particles are divided into two groups, Baryons and Leptons.

Baryons are made of quarks while Leptons are thought to be among the smallest particles, called elementary particles. Baryons have a given Baryon number. In reactions, the Baryon number must be conserved, meaning that both the starting and ending sides of a reaction must have the same number of Baryons. Baryonic particles are made up of a combination of 3 of the six quarks, which are among the smallest particles. The six quark types are up, down (making up protons and neutrons), strange, charm, top, and bottom.

Leptons are generally much smaller than Baryons. This category includes electrons, Muons, Taus and neutrinos. Leptons are not made up of quarks and are not divisible. 

For every one of these types, there is also an antiparticle. Antiparticles have the same mass as their normal counterparts, except they have the opposite electric charge. Anti-matter and matter cannot exist near each other. Whenever matter and antimatter collide, they destroy each other with a huge release of energy equivalent to E=mc2, where m is the combined mass of the particles, c is the speed of light, and E is the energy produced. These collisions often take place in large particle accelerators, where the energy can be converted the other way, into matter by the same equation. This can produce many odd, often heavy (large mass) particles that exist only for a short time.

Most of the particles discovered are created by accelerating particles and colliding them against others, creating huge showers of new subatomic particles which decay extremely quickly. However, because the particles are moving close to the speed of light, the laws of special relativity become important and time dilation occurs. This means that time passes slower for the particle, and they can travel (and be measured) over a longer distance than non-relativity science would predict.
Laura Lane Bush (née Welch; born November 4, 1946) is an American teacher, librarian, memoirist and author. She was the First Lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009 as the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was also the First Lady of Texas from 1995 to 2000 when her husband was Governor of Texas.

Bush was born at Midland Memorial Hospital in Midland, Texas. She is the only child of Harold Bruce Welch  and Jenna Louise Hawkins. Laura and George met and married in 1977. She is the mother of Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna Bush Hager who were born in 1981. Before she became First Lady she worked as a librarian and a school teacher in Dallas and Austin, Texas.

References

Other websites 
 Official Site 

People from Midland, Texas
First Ladies of the United States
Bush family
George W. Bush
1946 births
Living people
Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American writer.  He was part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s.  He was a friend to Beat writers in Greenwich Village in the 1960s.  In the 1970s he made changes to the way movies were written.  In the 1980s he wrote for Saturday Night Live and talked about screenwriting at several universities in New York.

Works

Books
Flash and Filigree (1958)
Candy (with Mason Hoffenberg) (1958)
The Magic Christian (1959)
Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes (1967)
Blue Movie (1970)
Texas Summer (1992)

Screenplays
 Dr. Strangelove (with Stanley Kubrick and Peter George) (1964) (Academy Award and BAFTA Award nomination)
The Loved One (with Christopher Isherwood) (1965)
The Collector (uncredited) (1965)
 The Cincinnati Kid (with Ring Lardner Jr.) (1966)
Casino Royale (1967) (uncredited)
 Barbarella (with Roger Vadim, Claude Brule, Vittorio Bonicelli, Clement Biddle Wood, Brian Degas and Tudor Gates) (1968)
Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper) (1969) (Academy Award nomination)
The End of the Road (with Dennis McGuire and Aram Avakian) (1969)
The Magic Christian (with Joseph McGrath) (1969)
The Telephone (with Harry Nilsson) (1988)

Awards and nominations
1963 O. Henry Award; "The Road Out of Axotle", published in Esquire, August, 1962
1964 Writers Guild of America; Screenwriter's Award for Best Written American Comedy of 1964, for Dr. Strangelove
1964 Academy Award Nomination for Best Writing (Adaptation) for Dr. Strangelove
1964 BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay nomination for Dr. Strangelove
1969 Academy Award Nomination for Best Original Screenplay; Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper)
1975 The Paris Review; Funniest Story of the Year; "Heavy Put-Away, or, A Hustle Not Devoid of a Certain Grossness, Granted"
1994 Gotham Award; Writer Award

American military people
writers from Texas

1924 births
1995 deaths
O. Henry Award winners
Hurricane Rita was a powerful hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It hit the United States' Gulf Coast. At its peak intensity, it was a strong Category 5 storm with sustained winds of 175 miles per hour. It made landfall as a Category 3 storm, and caused more flooding in New Orleans, which already had weakened levees due to Hurricane Katrina. In addition, it caused large power outages.

Related pages
 Hurricane Katrina

2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in the United States
2005 in the Bahamas
2005 in Florida
2005 in Cuba
2000s in Louisiana
2005 in Texas
2005 in Mississippi
History of Arkansas
Hurricanes in Texas
Hurricanes in Louisiana
2005 in the United States
Disasters in the United States
September 2005 events
The Boeing 767 is a wide-body aircraft made and built by Boeing. The arcraft was developed on July 14, 1978, as apart of the 7X7 project. The first prototype flew on September 26, 1981. The aircraft was certified on July 30, 1982.

The aircraft started flying the 767-200 commerically on September 8, 1982 with United Airlines. They did not fly the 767-100 as it had close to the same seats as the Boeing 757. The 767-200ER, which has more range, started flying in 1984. The 767-300, which is a longer version, started flying in 1986. The 767-300ER, which has more range than the 767-300, started flying in 1988.

A cargo version, the 767-300F, started flying in 1995. It was made into the 767-400ER, which is longer.

Accidents and incidents
Lauda Air Flight 004 was the first fatal crash of a Boeing 767.
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
EgyptAir Flight 990
September 11 attacks
American Airlines Flight 11
United Airlines Flight 175
American Airlines Flight 63
Air China Flight 129
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 702
Atlas Air Flight 3591

References

Other websites 

767
Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American writer from Maine. He wrote scary horror novels. His books and stories have sold more than 300 million copies. He has written more than fifty novels, two hundred short stories, and nine collections of short fiction.

Works

King's first novel, Carrie, was published in 1974. Many of his stories have been made into movies or television programs. The movies and programs include The Shining, The Shawshank Redemption, The Green Mile, Misery, Pet Sematary, It (the miniseries) and the 2017 movie It. 

King has written some of his books under the name "Richard Bachman". He collaborated with Peter Straub on others.

King's highest rated books (as rated by readers) include Carrie, The Shining, The Stand, Misery, It, Cujo,  The Dark Tower, Under the Dome and Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.

Life 
Stephen King was born in Portland, Maine. His mother's name is Nelie Ruth and his father's name is Donald Edwin King.

King and his wife Tabitha own three different houses. One house is in Bangor, Maine, one is in Lovell, Maine and one is in Sarasota, Florida. Stephen and Tabitha have three children and three grandchildren.

References

Other websites
StephenKing.com, Stephen King's official website

1947 births
Living people
Actors from Maine
American movie actors
People from Portland, Maine
Writers from Maine
People from Bangor, Maine
 
O. Henry Award winners
A baby is a human younger than about 1 or 2 years old.

Other terms can be used to describe the baby's stage of development. These terms do not follow clear rules and are used differently by different people, and in different regions.  For example, infant may be used until the baby can walk, while some use "infant" until the baby is one year old. From birth until 3 months of age, a baby can be called a newborn.  Depending on how many weeks gestation at birth, newborns may be called premature, post-mature, or full term. The word infant comes from Latin: infans means "unable to speak". 

At birth, many parts of the newborn's skull are not yet converted to bone, leaving "soft spots". Later in the child's life, these bones join together naturally. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion. During labour and birth, the infant's skull changes shape as it goes through the birth canal. Sometimes this causes the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal in a short time. 

Some religions have ceremonies that occur after a new baby is born, such as Baptism, which involves partly or fully covering the baby in water.

After learning to walk, babies are often called toddlers, usually between one and three years of age.

Sometimes, a woman's baby may die before or during its birth. Babies which have died in this way are called stillborn babies, or miscarried babies.

References

Other websites
  Baby Pictures  Newborns, Infants and Toddlers 
 Kids Height/Weight Calculator  by Parenting Nation
 Baby Foods Guide Benefits of Organic Baby Food
 Baby Stroller by Stroller List

 
Basic English 850 words
For the area of dry land see desert.

A dessert is a type of food that is eaten after lunch or dinner, and sometimes after a light meal or snack. It is usually a sweet food, like ice cream, cookies, and cakes. In some countries, cheeses such as Brie cheese and fruit are served as dessert. Some desserts are made from natural resources like fruit juice used in sherbet. Others are simple, like pudding and birthday cake. Many desserts are baked (cooked in an oven). Some desserts are served with whipped cream as a topping.

The term dessert can apply to many confections, such as biscuits, cakes, cookies, custards, gelatin's, ice creams, pastries, pies, puddings, sweet soups, and tarts. Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness. Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savoury to create desserts.

Types of desserts

Baked desserts
Baked desserts are made by putting the ingredients in a hot oven. Baked desserts include cakes and muffins (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); sweet breads such as banana bread and raisin bread (a mixture of flour, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); cookies such as chocolate chip cookies (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, and flavorings). Puddings and custards (a mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, and flavorings) can be made in the oven.

Fried desserts
Fried desserts are made using a cooking process called deep frying. To deep-fry food, a large pot filled with oil is heated, and then the food is placed into the pot. Deep-fried desserts include doughnuts.

Frozen desserts
Frozen desserts are made by blending the ingredients in a freezer. Frozen desserts include ice cream (a mixture of cream, milk, sugar, and flavorings), milk shakes (a mixture of ice cream, milk, and flavorings), and sherbet (also spelled "sorbet") (a mixture of water, sugar, and flavorings).

Chilled desserts
Some desserts are made without using the oven or the freezer. Trifle is an English dessert made by soaking ladyfinger biscuits in sherry, covering them with whipped cream, and then letting it chill in the refrigerator. Some types of instant pudding and instant mousse desserts can be made without cooking; a person simply mixes the instant pudding powder with milk and chills it in the refrigerator.

Popular desserts from around the world 

 France: Crème Brûlée
 America: Apple Pie
 United Kingdom: Sticky toffee pudding 
 Middle East: Baklava
 Greece: Galaktoboureko
 Italy: Tiramisu
 Peru: Picarones
 Russia/Australia: Pavlova
 Spain: Tarta de Santiago
 Turkey: Turkish delight/Lokum
 Japan: Mochi
 Belgium: Belgian waffle
 India: Gulab Jamun
 Bangladesh: Kheer

References

Desserts
Viacom (short for Video & Audio Communications) was an American entertainment company. It started in 1970 as Viacom International, the syndication division of CBS TV (which they once owned). In 2005, Viacom split into two companies: the original company was renamed CBS Corporation, and a new company keeping the Viacom name was created. They own Paramount Pictures, MTV, Nickelodeon, Nick Jr., and others. They formerly owned the movie rental giant Blockbuster Entertainment.

In 2019, Viacom and CBS were merged together. This created ViacomCBS, a combination of the two companies. The merger was finished on December 4, 2019. They have also launched a streaming service called CBS All Access, which includes their library of movies and TV shows, along with original content.

References

Entertainment companies
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is another name for a web address. URLs are made of letters, numbers and other symbols in a standard form. People use them on computers, to make the computer fetch and show some specific resource (usually a web page) from another computer (web server) on the Internet. They do this by typing the URL into a web browser, or more often clicking a link, for example one on a web page that they are already seeing.

URLs consist of several parts:
 A protocol. Very often, this is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Some separation characters: ://
 The other computer's name or address. It is very common for names to start with www. (which stands for World Wide Web), but the entire name is up to that computer's administrator.

In some cases, the URL may also contain
 The path to a document or script.
 In the case of a script, additional parameters after a question mark (?)
 Username and password needed to access a certain page
 Some text after a pound sign (#), naming a spot to skip ahead to.

The URL of this page is https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Locator
 https is the protocol
 simple.wikipedia.org is the web site
 /w/index.php is a script. That script gets parameters, title=Uniform_Resource_Locator

A shorter form, called a ("relative") URL, is used when a computer could correctly fill in the full ("absolute") URL from context. For example, of /wiki/URL only works for a link on Wikipedia to this page on Wikipedia. Absolute URLs can be shared outside of computers, even with little or no explanation.

URLs is URI. URI is Uniform Resource Identifier. URL vs URI  is basically same. So, you don't need to confuse in it.

Extensions 
These are at the end of the domain name which has a period mark before it. At first there were six main extensions:
 .com - Commercial use
 .net - network / Internet service provider use
 .org - Organizational use
 .edu - Educational use (Schools and universities)
 .mil - Military use
 .gov - Governmental use

Today, there are many other URL extensions. These are usually either a top level domain or interest grouping. Each country has its own top level domain, for example, .ca for Canada, .us for the United States of America or .co.uk for the United Kingdom. Many countries have a government-only extension, for example the United States uses .gov or .fed.us, .gc.ca for Canada and .gov.uk for the United Kingdom. Interest group domains would include .tv (television), .pro (professionals) and .xxx (pornography). These are not used as often as the original extensions.

References

Internet
A cuckoo clock is a kind of clock. Cuckoo clocks have a case made of wood that looks like a small house. It gets its name because at the start of every hour, a small door on the clock open up and a little wooden bird comes out. The clock then makes a noise which sounds like a bird call ( "Koo-Koo" or "cuckoo"). 

The clock makes the sound one time for each hour it is, and there may also be a bell that rings when the sound is made. Whether it is morning or night does not change the number of times this happens. 
 
For example:
 1 o'clock in the afternoon = 1 "cuckoo"
 8 o'clock in the morning = 8 "cuckoos"
 8 o'clock at night = 8 "cuckoos"

Like many other clocks, cuckoo clocks can work using weights, springs, or electricity. Every clock is different, both in how it looks, how it works, and what it does. The sound of the "cuckoo" usually comes from bellows in mechanical clocks, or from a speaker in electric clocks. The clock may do more than just make this sound; some clocks also have figures that move around as music is played.

Cuckoo clocks are some of the best-known clocks that are made in the Black Forest, an area of south-western Germany and northern Switzerland.

Clocks
Firefighters are people whose job is to extinguish fires and rescue people. Besides fighting fires, firefighters rescue people and animals from vehicle accidents, collapsed buildings, hazardous atmospheres, entrapment, disabled elevators and many other types of emergencies. Firefighters also typically respond to HazMat incidents as well.  Firefighting is a job which requires bravery, strength, quick thinking, level-headediness, and a wide range of skills.

Firefighters are based at and respond from a building called a fire station (also known as a firehouse or fire hall). When a call comes in and their help is needed, they drive a vehicle called a fire engine or fire truck, which is also referred to as a fire apparatus, to the incident scene. These vehicles are appropriately equipped for the emergencies they respond to and typically can pump water and foam to put out fires. Fire engines also carry ladders, cutting tools and lots of different types of rescue equipment. Most carry first aid kits to help people who are injured or hurt. Another type of common fire apparatus, known as a “ladder truck”, is fitted with some variation of an articulating and telescoping ladder assembly which can be strategically positioned to give firefighters another means of access to an incident scene, as well as another means of egress for distressed victims or firefighters.  

Firefighters wear heavy clothing to protect them from the heat when they are fighting a fire. This is called bunker gear or turnout gear. They wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and mask to protect themselves from breathing in smoke and super hot air and gasses.

Fire departments
Depending on the country, the agency firefighters work for is called a fire department, fire service, fire and rescue service or fire brigade. Fire departments are usually government agencies that are funded by taxes and look after a local area. Some sites employ their own firefighters, such as airports and some factories.

Some fire departments employ firefighters who work full-time and wait at the fire station to be called out. They have to work both in the daytime and at night, though they can usually have a rest if they have nothing to do at night. Villages and small towns usually have part-time firefighters who have other jobs outside of the fire service. These firefighters will drive from their home or workplace to the fire station when their help is needed. They may be volunteers, or they may be paid for doing this (known as retained firefighters in the UK).

In some places such as large US cities, it is common for the fire department to run the emergency medical services. In those departments, such as the New York City Fire Department, most of the fire department's calls are medical emergencies rather than fires. Although these are usually dealt with by full-time paramedics, many firefighters are trained in first aid and they may assist in medical emergencies, even bringing the fire engine to the scene.

Occupations
Firefighting
Lesotho is a small country in southern Africa, it is an enclave of South Africa. Its population is about 1,800,000.
The capital of Lesotho is called Maseru.

Lesotho has the highest suicide rate in Africa.

Geography 
Lesotho has no coast on the sea nor on a lake. This type of country is called landlocked, meaning it is surrounded by land. All of Lesotho's trade must either be flown in by aeroplane, or brought in by land. Lesotho's position is unusual: it is completely surrounded by South Africa and has no borders with any other country. This type of country is called an enclave. Lesotho is one of the only three enclaved countries in the world (the other two are San Marino and the Vatican City). This makes Lesotho's relationship with South Africa very important to them both.

Lesotho has many mountains and is one of the most mountainous countries in the world. All of Lesotho is at least 1,400 m above sea level. People sometimes travel there to ski in winter. The many mountains in Lesotho mean that it rains there a lot. Lesotho uses some of its water to generate electricity and sells some of the water to South Africa.

History 
Lesotho became a country in 1818, but it was then called Basutoland. A man called Moshoeshoe brought several of the groups of people in the area together and formed a new country with him as its king. This new country came under attack from its enemies and in 1868 Moshoeshoe asked Queen Victoria of Great Britain for help. Great Britain said it would help if Lesotho became part of the British Empire.

Lesotho eventually gained its independence on 4 October 1966. Now it is a member of the British Commonwealth. King Letsie III is the ruler of Lesotho.

Cities

Related pages
Lesotho at the Olympics
Lesotho national football team
List of rivers of Lesotho

References

 
States and territories established in the 1960s
1966 establishments
Current monarchies
Least developed countries
1960s establishments in Africa
D.C. United is a Major League Soccer league soccer (or football) team that plays in Washington, D.C. in the United States.  Its nickname is "the Black-and-Red".

League title 
 Major League Soccer : 4
 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004

League position

References

American soccer teams
Major League Soccer teams
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Wendy Carlos (born Walter Carlos, November 14, 1939) is an American composer and musician. She was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. She is known as one of the first people to use electric instruments to make music. In 1968, she released her music album "Switched on Bach". This album used many new electric instruments including the Moog Synthesizer. It won three Grammy Awards. She also did the music for movies. These include A Clockwork Orange, The Shining, and Tron. In 1972, Carlos had a medical operation to change her body from male to female.

References

Other websites 

20th-century American composers
American movie score composers
Electronic musicians
LGBT musicians
Grammy Award winners
American LGBT people
Transgender and transsexual people
Musicians from Rhode Island
Women composers
1939 births
Living people
People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
21st-century American composers
In mathematics, Boolean algebra is an algebra for binary digits (where 0 means false and 1 means true). It is equipped with three operators: conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR) and negation (NOT). It uses normal math symbols, but it does not work in the same way. It is named for George Boole, who invented it in the middle 19th century. Boolean algebra did not get much attention except from mathematicians until the 20th century when engineers began using it for logic gates.

NOT gate 

The NOT operator is written with a bar over numbers or letters like this:

It means that the output is not the input.

AND gate 

The AND operator is written as  like this:

The output is true if and only if one and the other input is true.

OR gate 

The OR operator is written as  like this:

If one or the other input is true, then the output to be true (and false otherwise).

XOR gate 

XOR basically means "exclusive or", meaning one input or the other must be true, but not both. It is also sometimes called NOR, which means the same thing.

The XOR operator is written as  like this:

In other words, the XOR operator returns true precisely when one or the other input is true—but not both.

Identities 

Different gates can be put together in different orders:

 is the same as an AND then a NOT. This is called a NAND gate.

It is not the same as a NOT then an AND: 

which is called XOR identity table

, if
.

or if =TRUE, TRUE.,

De Morgan's laws 
Augustus De Morgan discovered that it is possible to preserve the truth values of Boolean expressions by changing a  sign to a  sign, while making or breaking a bar. That is:

These findings are commonly known as De Morgan's laws.

Related pages
 Boolean data type
 Boolean satisfiability problem
 Fuzzy logic
 Propositional logic

References

Other websites
 Boolean algebra on All About Circuits
 Boolean algebra Citizendium

 
Electronics
Aramaic is a Semitic language. It has been written for 3100 years and has been spoken for longer than that.

It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages. The Semitic languages include Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages.

Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.

Words are written with the 22 characters of the Aramaic alphabet, which was widely adopted for other languages and is an ancestor to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.

History 
Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.

In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey. As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe. Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China.

In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.

Dialects  

Aramaic is not one language without any changes. Because many different people over many centuries spoke and wrote it, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages.

The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group. The division between them is around the River Euphrates.

The dialects are divided also by time. Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn. Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion. Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.

References

Other websites 
 Aramaic Q&As: The "Family Tree" of Aramaic dialects
 Introduction to Aramaic, an alphabet

Semitic languages
The population density of a country or city or other place is a number showing how crowded that place is. It is got by dividing the population by the area. For example, France has a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.

A number of factors affect population density. For example, the climate. Greenland has a very low population density because people cannot live on its large glacier (ice sheet) or survive in such frigid temperatures.

Many cities are near rivers, because the first settlers wanted somewhere close to water to start a society. Areas around rivers often have a high population density.

The population density of New York City is 10,292 persons per square kilometre. Other places, such as large countries, can have very low population densities. The population density of Canada is only 3.8 persons per square kilometre because it is such a big country.

The country with the highest population density in the world is Monaco, with 16,620 persons per square kilometre. The country with the lowest is Greenland, which has only 0.03 persons per square kilometre.

Related pages
Population growth
Overpopulation

References

Social sciences
population
Joey has the following meanings:
 Joey is a common nickname for Joseph, Joe, Joanne, Joan, or Jo. 
 A joey (marsupial) is a baby kangaroo, or a baby of other marsupials (animals that are like kangaroos).
 Joey is a television sitcom (a comedy set in a situation) starring Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from Friends.
A Greyhound is a dog breed that is skinny, has long legs, and runs faster than any other breed of dog. It is one of the oldest breeds of dogs. For centuries, people have raced them in some parts of the world. Greyhound racing is a bit like horse racing in many ways. In recent years, many Greyhounds have been mistreated or killed especially after they get too old to race, but many animal rights rescue groups try to stop that and to help them be adopted by people to keep as pets.

Dog breeds
Grand unification theory or GUT is a model that tries to describe the universe. It says that three forces -  electromagnetic, weak and  strong forces - were once combined into a single force. These are three of the fundamental four forces of nature, which are responsible for all of the pushes and pulls in the universe. If gravity is also combined with these forces, then the GUT will become the proposed Theory of Everything.

GUT was given by DR. Abdul salam of Pakistan

Because GUT models have more dimensions than currently known, there has not been a single GUT. Particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider have been built to test these GUTs indirectly, as it is too complex to observe effects on particles without them.

GUT was first proposed by researchers from CERN in the 1970s. The discovery of the Higgs Boson and other such recent discoveries will get scientists closer to knowing which GUT is correct, and ultimately know the Theory of Everything. This theory was given by Pakistani scientist Abdus Salam, who shared the Noble Prize with Weinberg and Glashow for it in 1979.

physics
Prejudice means preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.  The word comes from the Latin "pre" (before) and "judge".  People may prejudge any question, but the word is often used for an opinion about a person or group of people.  English understanding of the Latin has changed in past centuries.  In old English the word "prejudice" denotes the use of "good judgment" before an event, e.g., "I decided (showed prejudice) not to run with the bulls because I could have been hurt. 

The word "prejudice" is often used when people dislike another group of people that are different from them. They may decide they do not like them because of their skin color (this is "racial prejudice"), religion (religious prejudice) or nationality. Such prejudices can lead to discrimination, hatred or even war.

Judges in a court of law should not be prejudiced when deciding whether someone is guilty. They should have an "open mind" so that they can make a fair decision (this is also known as not having a bias; most judges in a court of law have sworn to be unbiased when deciding a penalty). For example, if that person is the judge's friend then the judge would be prejudiced because he (or she) would not want his (or her) friend to get into trouble. In many other situations it is important not to be prejudiced, such as serving as an adjudicator in a competition or a juror in a trial.

Modern people sometimes use "prejudice" to mean "bigotry."  This leaves them with two words for one thing, and none for the other.

Related pages 
 Bigotry
 Discrimination 
 Bias
 Stereotype

Discrimination
Botswana (officially called the Republic of Botswana) is a country in southern Africa. The capital of Botswana is Gaborone.

History 
The first people in Botswana's territory were the Khoe and San people. Botswana was first formed as the Bechuanaland Protectorate by the British Empire in 1885.

Geography 

The countries that border Botswana are Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Namibia. It is also possible to travel from Botswana directly into Zambia by crossing the Zambezi River by ferry.

Botswana is landlocked. All of Botswana's trade must be brought in over land or by airplane.

The two most important geographical features in Botswana are the Okavango Delta and the Kalahari Desert.

Divisions
Botswana is divided into 10 districts:
Southern District
South-East District
Kweneng District
Kgatleng District
Central District 
North-East District
Ngamiland District
Kgalagadi District 
Chobe District
Ghanzi District

Culture 
People from Botswana are called Batswana. The population of Botswana is about 2.2 million.  This is only 2.7 persons per km², a small number for a country of this size. This is because most of the country is desert and very dry.

Botswana has two official languages: Setswana and English. Setswana is the national language (also called Tswana).

Governance 
Botswana is a democracy. The people vote for their political leaders. Those leaders vote for the president. In 2008 Ian Khama became the fourth president of Botswana.  

President Khama won elections in 2009 and 2014. The current President of Botswana is Dr. Eric K. Mokgweetsi who took over from Dr. Ian Khama Seretse Khama in 2018.

Economy 
The economy of Botswana has been growing very fast since it became an independent country in 1966. The people of Botswana have had the world's fastest growth in standard of living since that time.

Botswana's economy comes mostly from mining. This includes diamonds, metals (including copper) and minerals (including salt). Botswana is the highest producer of diamonds by value in the world. In 1999, Botswana produced over 30 million carats (6,000 kg) of diamonds from the three Debswana mines. That is about 25% of worldwide production.

Tourism is also important to the country. Many people come to Botswana each year to see its wildlife.

The currency of Botswana is called the pula (which means rain). It is made up of 100 thebe (which means shield). In 2017, one US dollar was about 10.32 pulas.

In popular culture

The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency books by Alexander McCall Smith are set in Botswana.  The HBO television series based on the books was filmed in Botswana.

Gallery

Related pages
Botswana at the Olympics
Botswana national football team
List of rivers of Botswana

References

Other websites
 
 
 Botswana Newspapers

 
English-speaking countries
1966 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
Ferry is a boat or ship that is used to take people, vehicles or goods across large bodies of water, such as seas, lakes and rivers. 

In many places around the world, ferries are very important for public transport. Some of these places can only be reached by ferry, because they have no roads or railways with bridge or tunnels that join them to nearby places, nor do they have any locations at which to land airplanes, whether it is an airport or only an airfield.

Sometimes the trip in a ferry is free and sometimes it must be paid for. Many ferries also carry cars, some even have own rail tracks, allowing the ferry to carry trains on board.

The word 'ferry' can also mean 'to take someone or something by ferry'.

The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster, in which 193 people died near Zeebrugge in 1987, was one of the worst ferry accidents of recent times. It was caused by a crew member forgetting to close the bow doors of the ferry.

Other websites

References 

Public transport
Watercraft
Rapa or Oparo is an island in French Polynesia. It is sometimes called Rapa Iti to distinguish it from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).

History 
The first European, who visited the island, was the captain George Vancouver. He visited the island in 1791. The island had an estimated population of about 2000 inhabitants. Four tribes inhabited the island. There were many tribal wars on the island. 

The Rapan people were converted to Christianity in 1826, when six embassadors were sent from Tahiti. Soon after that some slaves were brought to Rapa. It caused an epidemy and in 1867 the island's population had declined to about 120. Since late 1800s, the island's population has steadily grown.

Geography 
The main village of Rapa is Haurei. Nearly all inhabitants of Rapa are living in Haurei. The Bay of Haurei, which is on the western end of the island, is named after the village. The bay's original name was, however, "Oparo" or "Paro". Smaller villages include 'Area. 

Rapa's nearest inhabited neighbor island is more than five hundred kilometers away. Together with Marotiri and some smaller islets, Rapa forms the Bass Islands. Marotiri is 46 miles away from Rapa. 

To the southeast is the uninhabited islet Motu Tauturu. 

Many mountains are in Rapa. The highest of them is Mt. Perau (650 m). Rapa has a land area of forty km².

Rapa is 1240 kilometers away from Tahiti, the main island of French Polynesia.

Demographics 
Most inhabitants of Rapa are Polynesians. Polynesians are believed to inhabit the island in about 1000 BC.

Rapa has a population of 521 inhabitants (1996). Most of them are fishermen. The most spoken language of the island is Rapan. Most children and youth can also speak French. 

Rapan is however an endangered language. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Tubuaian.

Culture 
The most common form of Rapan folk music is himene tarava. The band The Tahitian Choir is from Rapa and its songs are sung in the Rapan language.

Islands of French Polynesia