cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lepidodendron is an extinct genus of primitive (tree-like) plant. They were the first large land plants, and a major part of the coal forest tropical flora. 

They were huge, over , and the trunks were often over  in diameter. 

Sometimes called 'giant club mosses', they are actually closer to the quillworts Isoetes than to clubmosses.

Ecology 
They thrived during the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the Carboniferous 315–300 million years years ago.

The conditions were tropical swamps and rain forests of a huge river system much larger that the Amazon basin. 

The river plain which was the heart of the wetland stretched across Pangaea 5000 km from eastern Canada to the Ukraine, and was 700 km wide.p6 This would make the Pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on Earth today.

Change of climate 
The rainforest system collapsed about halfway through the Pennsylvanian, and was replaced by a cooler, drier climate. 

The wetland forests ended when the land level was raised by the pressure of the Gondwana continent against Laurussia, causing the zone of contact to be raised. The end of the Coal Measures marks the end of the Carboniferous period. China was too far away to be affected, and there the wetland forests continued for another 50 million years, into the early Permian.p30

Structure 

Lepidodendron had tall, thick trunks that rarely branched and were topped with a crown of bifurcating branches bearing clusters of leaves. These leaves were long and narrow, similar to large blades of grass, and were spirally-arranged.   

The closely packed diamond-shaped leaf scars left on the trunk and stems as the plant grew provide some of the most interesting and common fossils in Carboniferous shales and accompanying coal deposits. These fossils look much like tire tracks or alligator skin. 

The scars, or leaf cushions, were composed of green photosynthetic tissue, evidenced by the cuticle covering and being dotted with stomata, microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide from the air diffuses into plants. Likewise, the trunks of Lepidodendron would have been green, unlike modern trees which have scaly, non-photosynthetic brown or gray bark.

Lepidodendron has been likened to a giant herb. The trunks produced very little, if any, wood. Most structural support came from a thick, bark-like region. This region remained around the trunk as a rigid layer that did not flake off like that of most modern trees. As the tree grew, the leaf cushions expanded to accommodate the increasing width of the trunk.

The branches of this plant ended in cone-like structures. Lepidodendron did not produce seeds like many modern plants. Instead, it reproduced by means of spores.

Stigmaria 

Stigmaria are a type of branching tree root fossil found in Carboniferous rocks. They were the roots of coal forest lycopsid trees such as Sigillaria and Lepidodendron. Each trunk had four of those roots. Stigmaria is a "form taxon", as the genus and species of the plant bearing the root cannot be identified.

References 

Fossil plants
Vascular plants
Carboniferous
Extinct plants
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = 
| image = Secretary_Leonard_Carmichael.jpg
| image_caption = Three hominines: a human holding a young gorilla and a young chimpanzee.
| taxon = Homininae
| authority = Gray, 1825
| type_species = Homo sapiens
| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Tribe
| subdivision =†Dryopithecini
GorilliniHominini

sister: Ponginae
}}
Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae, which includes humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees which are native to Africa.

Most importantly, it also includes extinct human relatives such as Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and earlier species of the genus Homo. It includes all those hominid species which arose after the split from the other great apes.

Classification (living members)
Tribe Gorillini
Genus Gorilla
Western gorilla, (Gorilla gorilla)
Western lowland gorilla, (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Cross River gorilla, (Gorilla gorilla diehli)
Eastern gorilla, (Gorilla beringei)
Mountain gorilla, (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Eastern Lowland gorilla, (Gorilla beringei graueri)
Tribe Hominini
Genus Pan
Common chimpanzee, (Pan troglodytes)
Central chimpanzee, (Pan troglodytes troglodytes)
West African chimpanzee, (Pan troglodytes verus)
Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee, (Pan troglodytes ellioti)
Eastern chimpanzee, (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)
Bonobo (Pygmy chimpanzee), (Pan paniscus)
Genus Homo
Human, (Homo sapiens)
Modern Human, (Homo sapiens sapiens'')

References

Apes
Hominids
Le Bodéo (, Gallo: Le Bodéo) is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

Other websites
French Ministry of Culture list for Le Bodéo 

Bodeo
Groove metal is a post-thrash  subgenre of heavy metal. It is often used to describe Pantera  and Exhorder. Groove metal is basically thrash metal. but at a slower tempo. It also has aggressive and strong vocals, heavy sounding bass riffs and heavy guitar riffs with typical heavy metal solos.

References 

Heavy metal subgenres
Petroleum coke is a solid that is mainly made of carbon. It is similar to coke, but it is gotten from petroleum (coke is made from coal). Petroleum coke can be used as an industrial fuel, but there are very toxic by-products based on nickel and vanadium which make this a problem. Petroleum coke is also used in the aluminum industry, and in the heat treatment of steel and iron. Petroleum coke may be kept in a pile near an oil refinery ready for sale.

Types 
There are four types of petroleum coke. They are: needle coke, honeycomb coke, sponge coke and shot coke. Different types of petroleum coke have different properties and microstructures.

Needle coke is a crystalline petroleum coke. It is also called acicular coke. It is used in making electrodes for the steel and aluminium industries. Needle coke is made only from either fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) decant oil or coal tar pitch.

Honeycomb coke is an intermediate coke. Compared to needle coke, honeycomb coke has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion and a lower electrical conductivity.

Composition 
The chemicals inside petroleum coke depends on the petroleum feed stock used. It is mainly always made of carbon. It is also sometimes made up of hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and so on.

References

Carbon
Petroleum_products
Harvey Lavan "Van" Cliburn Jr. (July 12, 1934 – February 27, 2013) was an American pianist.

Cliburn was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on July 12, 1934. He moved to Kilgore, Texas at age six. He died on February 27, 2013 from bone cancer in Fort Worth, Texas, aged 78.

As an honour, a street in Fort Worth, Texas was named after him.

References

1934 births
2013 deaths
American pianists
Cancer deaths in Texas
Deaths from bone cancer
Gay men
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Louisiana
LGBT people from Texas
Musicians from Louisiana
Musicians from Texas
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
Nmap is a computer program that is used for port scanning (finding out all the ways a computer communicates with other computers on a network). It was written by Gordon Lyon. It can also do other kinds of scanning. This is because Nmap is open source, so many people can help write it to make it better.

Nmap works on most operating systems. It works on Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, and BSD. Most people use it on Linux, but many people use it on Windows.

What Nmap can do
Here are some things Nmap can do:
 Find computers on a network
 Find open ports on those computers
 Find out what services are using those ports
 Find out what operating system is on the computers
 Let a programmer choose what to do with the services it finds. The programmer can write Nmap Scripting Engine programs in the Lua programming language. Then Nmap will use those programs to decide what to do.

Nmap also finds out other things about computers. It can find out DNS names, MAC addresses, and the kind of computer it is.

Software
In late April 2011, there was a major tornado outbreak, the worst in U.S history. 3 EF5 tornadoes dropped down along with 13 EF4 tornadoes and 23 EF3 tornadoes. That was a major tornado outbreak.

Meteorogical synopsis

April 25

On the evening of April 25, dangerous supercells started forming across Arkansas, Northeast Texas, and Southeast Oklahoma. The supercells then merged into a massive squall line of severe thunderstorms. The severe thunderstorms produced tornadoes. Then, heavy rain formed northwest of the line of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. An EF2 tornado struck Vilonia, Arkansas, and an EF3 tornado struck Hot Springs Village, Arkansas. Later, the severe thunderstorms and tornadoes moved into Tennessee and Mississippi.

April 26

On April 26, the severe thunderstorms and tornadoes moved back into Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. On the evening of April 26, dangerous supercells formed over Texas. Those supercells produced dangerous tornadoes, like EF2 or EF3. Then, those supecells moved into Oklahoma and Arkansas. The squall line of severe thunderstorms moved back into Tennessee and Mississippi.

April 27

On April 27, the supercells moved into Tennessee and Mississippi, and the squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into Alabama. Then, the supercells moved into Alabama, and produced 3 EF5 tornadoes, 13 EF4 tornadoes, and 23 EF3 tornadoes. The squall line of severe thunderstorms moved into Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

April 28

On April 28, the supercells merged into a very large squall line, and moved into Kentucky and the Carolinas. The old squall line of severe thunderstrms moved into Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. Then later, the new squall line moved into Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. The storm produced some tornadoes. The other squall lines disappeard. There were five deaths.

Tornado outbreaks
2011
Brian Harold Billick (born February 28, 1954 in Fairborn, Ohio) is a retired American football player and coach. He is a National Football League game analyst for Fox. Billick was the offensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings offense in 1998. He coached the 2000 Baltimore Ravens when they won Super Bowl XXXV. He was fired as head coach of the Ravens on December 31, 2007. He still remains friends with Baltimore Ravens owner Steve Bisciotti. He has said that Bisciotti did what he believed was best for the Ravens.

Billick was a studio analyst by ABC Sports. After being fired by the Ravens, he became a draft analyst for the NFL Network during the 2008 NFL Draft. He is also an analyst on NFL Total Access. He has provided on-location analysis for the NFL Scouting Combine and NFL Draft.

Billick was drafted in the 11th round of the 1977 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. However, he was cut by the 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys. He never played in the NFL.

1954 births
Living people
National Football League coaches
Sportspeople from Ohio
Preludes, Op. 28 is a collection of 24 short musical works for solo piano, written by Frédéric Chopin between 1837 and 1838 and published in the middle of 1839, just after the composer's winter stay on the isle of Majorca with George Sand.

Chopin was greatly influenced by Johann Sebastian Bach when he wrote these preludes. Each of the works in the collection is in a different major or minor key, with not one being left out, just like Bach's 24 preludes and fugues in The Well-Tempered Clavier. But unlike Bach, Chopin arranges the preludes in order through the circle of fifths. The first prelude in the set is in C major, the next in A minor, then G major, E minor, and so on, until the last two, which are in F major and finally D minor.

The Preludes are all very different. Many are very short (they take only about one minute each to play), so the atmosphere changes quickly, and this can make the overall structure seem out of place. Artists have recorded the entire set of preludes on CDs, and they are often performed in concerts as well.

One of the well-known pieces from the Preludes is Prelude No. 15, in D-flat major and nicknamed "Raindrop". This nickname refers to the monotonous repetition of one note in the accompaniment. It reminded early music lovers of the dripping of raindrops. Another well-known number is Prelude No. 4, in E minor, with its melancholy descending chords in the accompaniment.

Besides the 24 preludes of Op. 28, Chopin would write three more preludes, Op. 45 in C-sharp minor (composed in 1841), one in A-flat major (1834), and the so-called "Devil's Trill" Prelude, in E-flat minor, which Chopin never ended up finishing.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. p. 290. .

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
Solo piano pieces
Union Kleinmünchen Linz is a women soccer club from Linz, Upper Austria. It was founded in 1980 and was the first club, which is a pure women soccer club. The colours of the team are red and white.

History
The club was founded in 1980 and started playing in the highest league. From 1980 till 2008 they played each season in the highest class. The season 2008/09 they played for the first time in the 2. league but next season (2009/10) they could reach the championship and were promoted to the ÖFB-Frauenliga.

Honours
   Austrian Champion: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999
   Austrian Cup: 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999
  Upper Austrian Champion: 1991, 1992, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, (Second squad)
  Upper Austrian Cup: 2001 (Second squad)
  ÖFB-Frauenliga runner-up: 1987, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005
 Austrian Cupfinals: 1997, 2001, 2003

Other websites
Union Kleinmünchen official homepage with statistics about Austrian women soccer(German)

Austrian football clubs
Women's football in Austria
Football clubs of Upper Austria
Linz
Symphony No. 6 in F major, Op. 68 (Pastorale) is a symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven. The composer began making sketches for the symphony in 1806. The symphony was completed in 1808 in the village of Heiligenstadt northwest of Vienna. It was first performed in Vienna, Austria on 22 December 1808 in the Theater an der Wien with the premieres of the Symphony No. 5 in C minor, the Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, the "Choral" Fantasy, "Ah! perfido!" (a concert aria composed in 1796), and excerpts from the Mass in C major of 1807.

There are five movements in the symphony. The movements in order are allegro ma non troppo ("Joyful Feelings Upon Arriving in the Country"), andante molto mosso ("By the Brook"), allegro ("Peasant Merrymaking"), allegro ("The Thunderstorm"), and allegretto ("The Shepherd's Song After the Storm"). The first movement is in sonata form. It is placid and cheerful. It depicts the composer's feelings as he arrives in the country. The second movement is in sonata form. Beethoven helpfully identified the bird species in the score: nightingale (flute), quail (oboe) and cuckoo (clarinet). The third movement is the scherzo movement of the symphony. It depicts the country folk dancing and it ends unexpectedly when the country folk notice that raindrops are starting to fall. The fourth movement depicts a violent thunderstorm, starting with just a few drops of rain and building to a climax. There is, of course, thunder, as well as lightning, high winds, and sheets of rain. The finale is in sonata rondo form. The first eight bars form a continuation of the introduction of which the storm was the main part; the finale proper begins in the ninth bar.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. Backbeat Books. p. 103. .

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven No 6
Australasia is one of the world's geographical regions. It is unified in natural history and geology because of its ancient origin as part of the supercontinent Gondwana. It is the geographical area which contains the Australasian ecozone.

Its islands are all south-east of the Bali–Lombok line, known as the Wallace Line, after Alfred Russel Wallace. The main political entities are Australia, Indonesia and New Zealand. The main islands are:

Australia
Flores
Lombok
Melanesia
New Caledonia
New Guinea
New Zealand
Sulawesi
Sumbawa
Tasmania
Timor

Australasia's region is Oceania. It includes Australia, New Zealand, the island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Dysart () is a town on the south-east coast of Scotland, between Kirkcaldy and West Wemyss in Fife. A former royal burgh, Dysart is now a suburb of Kirkcaldy. Dysart was once part of a large estate owned by the St Clair or Sinclair family. They were given burgh of barony status for the town at the end of the 15th century.

The first written record of the town was in the early 13th century. During the middle of the 15th century, the town traded with the Low Countries, and exported salt and coal. In the 16th and 17th centuries, they began to trade with the Baltic Countries. Dysart got two nicknames: "Salt Burgh" and "Little Holland".

When the coal mine, the Lady Blanche Pit, closed suddenly use of the harbour almost stopped. The town was joined with the royal burgh of Kirkcaldy in 1930. Large parts of the historic town were pulled down in the 1950s and 1960's for new housing. People living in the town were able to protect some areas, most notably the 16th century and the 18th century houses of Pan Ha' opposite the harbour. These have been repaired and preserved for future generations. Today, Dysart retains an individual character within the boundary borders of neighbouring Kirkcaldy.

References

Towns in Fife
Saint-Brieuc is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany.

Born in Saint-Brieuc 

 Émile Durand (1830–1903), music theorist and teacher
 Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838–1889), symbolist writer
 Louis Auguste Harel de La Noë (1852-1931), engineer
 Célestin Bouglé (1870–1940), philosopher
 Octave-Louis Aubert (1870–1950), editor
 Louis Guilloux (1899–1980), writer
 Henri Nomy (1899–1971), admiral
 Maryvonne Dupureur (1937–2008), athlete, Olympic 800m silver medallist
 Patrick Dewaere (1947–1982), actor
 Anne-Marie Idrac (1951- ), politician
 Kévin Théophile-Catherine, footballer
 Mamadou Wague, footballer
 Yelle (Julie Budet) 1983 – present, musician

Sister cities 
Saint-Brieuc préfecture of the Côtes-d'Armor is twinned with :
   Alsdorf, Germany, since 1970
   Aberystwyth, Wales, since 1973
   Agia Paraskevi, Greece, since 1991

Related pages
 Stade Briochin

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Departmental capitals in France
A recession is when the economy becomes less active. Prices for goods go down. People lose their jobs so unemployment increases. Inflation and interest rates go down. Many company shares lose value. One definition is that two quarters in a row when gross domestic product goes down is the start of a recession.The Great Recession happened from 2007-2009.

References

Economics
This is a list of civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Cumbria, England.

Allerdale
The whole of the borough is parished.

Barrow in Furness
The former Barrow in Furness County Borough is unparished.

Carlisle
The former Carlisle County Borough is unparished.

Copeland
The former Whitehaven Municipal Borough is unparished.

Eden

The former Penrith Urban District is unparished.

South Lakeland
The whole of the district is parished.

Related pages
 List of civil parishes in England

Notes
 Formerly Alston with Garrigill Rural District 
 Formerly Appleby Municipal Borough 
 Formerly Barrow in Furness County Borough 
 Formerly Border Rural District 
 Formerly Carlisle County Borough 
 Formerly Cockermouth Rural District 
 Formerly Cockermouth Urban District 
 Formerly Dalton in Furness Urban District 
 Formerly Ennerdale Rural District 
 Formerly Grange Urban District 
 Formerly Kendal Municipal Borough 
 Formerly Keswick Urban District 
 Formerly Lakes Urban District 
 Formerly Maryport Urban District 
 Formerly Millom Rural District 
 Formerly North Lonsdale Rural District 
 Formerly North Westmorland Rural District 
 Formerly Penrith Rural District 
 Formerly Penrith Urban District 
 Formerly Sedbergh Rural District 
 Formerly South Westmorland Rural District 
 Formerly Ulverston Urban District 
 Formerly Whitehaven Municipal Borough 
 Formerly Wigton Rural District 
 Formerly Windermere Urban District 
 Formerly Workington Municipal Borough

References

Other websites 
 Office for National Statistics : Geographical Area Listings
 Cumbria Association of Local Councils

Cumbria
Marcel Theo Hall (April 8, 1964 – July 16, 2021) was an American rapper, beatboxer, DJ, record producer, comedian, actor and reality television personality who was better known by his stage name, Biz Markie. 

Markie was born on April 8, 1964, in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. He was probably best known for his 1989 song, "Just a Friend". He married Tara Hall in 2005.

Biz Markie was honored as being the "Clown Prince of Hip Hop".

Markie died on July 16, 2021 in Baltimore, Maryland, from diabetes-related problems, aged 57.

Discography

Albums

Other websites
 Biz Markie's Official website

References 

1964 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Comedians from Baltimore
American DJs
Rap musicians from Maryland
American television actors
Actors from Baltimore
Singers from Baltimore
Comedians from New York City
Singers from New York City
Actors from New York City
Rap musicians from New York
Television personalities from New York City
American movie actors
Matthew Hansen "Matt" Mead (born March 11, 1962) is an American politician. He was the 32nd Governor of Wyoming from 2011 to 2019. He easily won against former chairman of the Wyoming Democratic Party, Leslie Petersen in the election and became the governor.

Mead was born in Teton County, Wyoming. Mead is married to Carol L. Mintzer and they have 2 children together.

Other websites
 Dave for Governor - Official Website of Mead For Governor

1962 births
Living people
Governors of Wyoming
Businesspeople from Wyoming
US Republican Party politicians
Herman Cain (December 13, 1945 – July 30, 2020) was an American businessman, politician and Baptist minister.

He managed several businesses owned by Pillsbury, such as Burger King and Godfather's Pizza, which he ran from 1986 to 1996.

He was also head of the Federal Reserve Bank in Kansas City, Missouri. Cain started working in politics in 1994. He said that President Clinton's health care plan was bad for business. Some people credit him with stopping Clinton's health care plan.

He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 2000. Cain then ran for the U.S. Senate in Georgia in 2004, but he lost.

He was going to run for president in the Republican primaries of 2012. Cain won a couple of the Republican straw polls. In December 2011, Cain left the Presidential race. This was because several women accused him of sexual harassment.

Cain is African American and was from Memphis.

Cain went to a campaign rally of President Donald Trump in Tulsa on June 20 without wearing a mask or socially distancing. He was hospitalized in Atlanta, Georgia and was diagnosed with COVID-19. He died from the infection on July 30, 2020 at the age of 74.

References

African American politicians
American Baptists
Businesspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
2000 United States presidential candidates
American radio personalities
Politicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Politicians from Atlanta, Georgia
2012 United States presidential candidates
1945 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Educators from Memphis, Tennessee
Businesspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Educators from Atlanta, Georgia
The article about the French writer is at Madame de Lafayette

Marie Adrienne Françoise de Noailles, madame de La Fayette (2 November 1759 – 24 December 1807). She was born in Paris at the family home, the Hôtel de Noailles. Known as Mademoiselle d'Ayen-she was the second daughter of the duc d'Ayen, a powerful French noble-prior to her marriage to Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, in the chapel of the Hôtel de Noailles on April 11, 1774. The couple lived there for the first few years of their marriage. They had four children.

Children

Adrienne Henriette Catherine Charlotte du Motier (Hôtel de Noailles 15 December 1775- Paris 3 October 1777) died young.
 Anastasie Louise Pauline Motier du Motier  (Paris 1 July 1777 - Turin  24 February 1863, Turin) married Jules César Charles de Fay, Count of La Tour Maubourg.
 George Washington Louis Gilbert du Motier (24 December 1779 - 29 November 1849) died childless but married Émilie d'Estutt de Tracy. 
 Marie Antoinette Virginie du Motier (17 September 1782 - 23 July 1849) married Louis de Lasteyrie du Saillant, Marquis of Lasteyrie.

Her only son was named after George Washington and her youngest daughter was named in honor of Queen Marie Antoinette.

References 

3. Russel Freedman, Lafayette and the American Revolution (Johor Bahru, Malaysia, HOLIDAY HOUSE, 2010)

1759 births
1807 deaths
French nobility
Lake Torrens National Park is a national park in South Australia, 345 km north of Adelaide. The park protects the area around Lake Torrens, which is a large, dry, salt lake covering an area of 5,700 square kilometres.  The lake is part of a large rift valley that also includes Spencer Gulf. Lake Torrens has been filled with water twice in the last 150 years. 

The lake filled in 2010 and attracted a large number of birds, including 150,000 Banded Stilts. This bird can only breed on islands in flooded salt lakes and have only bred in South Australia seven times in the last 70 years. The last known breeding was at Lake Eyre in 2000. During dry times the stilts live at the Coorong Lakes waiting for the salt lakes to flood.

History
The first European to find Lake Torrens was Edward John Eyre in 1839. For many years it was believed that Lake Torrens was a large horseshoe-shaped salt lake in the northern Flinders Ranges. This salt lake blocked any path to the interior. The first European to get through this barrier was A. C. Gregory from the north in March 1858. 

Later in 1858, an expedition under Benjamin Herschel Babbage and Major Warburton in the north-west also crossed the non-existent barrier near modern Marree. Eyre's horseshoe lake was actually made up of six large salt lakes; Lake Frome, Lake Callabonna, Lake Blanche, Lake Gregory, Lake Eyre South, and Lake Torrens itself.

References

Torrens
Protected areas of South Australia
Hominina is a sub-tribe of the hominid primates. It is used by some anthropologists to include the upright biped apes, including the genus Homo.

If an anthropologist wants to includes chimpanzees in the tribe Hominini, then it follows that a sub-tribe is needed to put Australopithecines and humans in. But this is not a majority view at present, and the mainstream view is:
 Family: Hominidae
 Subfamily: Homininae
 Tribe: Hominini
 Subtribe: Hominina 

If used, the group includes Sahelanthropus six to eight million years ago.

Taxonomy
Even today, the genus Homo has not been properly defined.

Because there was no reason to think it would ever have any additional members, Carl Linnaeus did not even bother to define Homo when he first created it for humans in the 18th century. The discovery of Neanderthals brought the first addition.

The genus Homo was given its taxonomic name to suggest that its member species can be classified as human.

Over the decades of the 20th century, there were fossil finds of pre-human and early human species from late Miocene and early Pliocene times.

Classifying a fossil as Homo means evidence of:
competent human bipedalism in Homo habilis inherited from the earlier Australopithecus of more than four million years ago, (see Laetoli);
 human tool culture having begun by 2.5 million years ago.

References

Hominids
The Summer Palace is a palace in Beijing, China. It is mainly dominated by Longevity Hill (60 meters high) and the Kunming Lake. It covers an expanse of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is water. The palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Between 1750 and 1764 the Qing Emperor Qianlong created the Garden of Clear Ripples (Summer Palace), extending the area of the lake and carrying out other improvements based on the hill and its landscape. During the Second Opium War (1856-60) the garden and its buildings were destroyed by the allied forces. Between 1886 and 1895 it was reconstructed by Emperor Guangxu and renamed the Summer Palace, for use by Empress Dowager Cixi. It was damaged in 1900 by the international expeditionary force during the suppression of the Boxer Rising and 24 years later, it became a public park in 1924.

There are many buildings in the Summer Palace including The Cloud-Dispelling Hall, the Temple of Buddhist Virtue and the Sea of Wisdom Temple.

World Heritage Sites in China
Palaces
The banded stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus) is a stilt bird from Australia. It is a type of water bird known as a wader.

The bird gets its name from the red-brown stripe that adults have on their chests. Younger birds do not have them. Its other feathers are pied (black and white) and the eyes are dark brown. The Banded stilt is 35–45 cm tall. It is called the "Flamingo of Australia", and the Rottnest snipe on Rottnest Island. However, it is not related to true snipes.

They spend much of their life looking for food near the ocean in river estuaries and on tidal flats, but they lay eggs in the desert when it rains there. They lay 1-5 eggs at a time.  The eggs are white, brown or black eggs.  The nests are small holes scraped in the sand or sandy clay. Banded stilts breed on islands created when dry salt lakes fill with water. They come to the lakes to eat the brine shrimp, Paratemia. The eggs of the shrimp can lie in the dry lake beds for many years until the rains fall.

In 200 years of Europen settlement in Australia, people have only recorded banded stilts laying eggs on 20 occasions. In South Australia, where the stilts are listed as a vulnerable species, they have only bred seven times in the last 70 years. In 2010 there was a huge breeding event at Lake Torrens National Park where more than 150,000 birds gathered as the lake filled for only the second time in 150 years. The eggs and chicks are often eaten by silver gulls. In 2000 when the stilts were breeding on Lake Eyre, nearly all the chicks were eaten.

References

 Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Eds). (1993). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Oxford University Press: Melbourne. 

Birds of Australia
Charadriiformes
Brief psychotic disorder is a short illness of less than one month that has psychotic symptoms. This could be like having schizophrenia symptoms for only an hour, but it can be any psychotic disorder, such as delusions or hallucinations. Doctors describe three types of BPD. The first type is caused by some kind of traumatic stress. The second type has no known cause. Some psychologists believe it could be from stimulants such as caffeine, morphine or any type of drug. There is no known cure but staying away from caffeinated drinking may lower the risk of brief psychotic disorder. The third type is caused by childbirth and usually affects mothers about four weeks after having a baby.

References

Mental illnesses
Kodad is a town in the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Madhira Institute of Technology and Science has a 40 acre campus about eight kilometres from Kodad.

References

Settlements in Andhra Pradesh
Towns in India
Hox genes are a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of animals. 'Hox' is short for 'homeobox'. 

Hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans).

Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism. 
Hox genes have a DNA sequence known as the homeobox. The homeobox is a 180 nucleotide-long DNA sequence which codes for a 60 amino acid-long protein domain known as the homeodomain. This works by binding with DNA.
Hox genes are in gene clusters on the genome
The order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body.
This cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.
The cluster is highly "conserved". It has not changed much over hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history. Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the Cnidaria since before the earliest true Bilatera. This means the system evolved before the Palaeozoic era.

Sequence of hox genes 
In some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various Hox genes are very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or clusters.

The order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo. The first gene is expressed in the front of the developing organism. The reason for this co-linearity is not yet completely understood. The diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.

Found in all animals 
The homeodomain protein motif is highly similar in most animals, with variations in Jellyfish and other species. In addition, homeodomains of individual Hox proteins are similar in many species.

Because of this, it is thought Hox gene clusters evolved from a single Hox gene via tandem gene duplication. A Hox gene cluster with at least seven different Hox genes was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilateral animals.

Humans 
Humans have a total of 39 hox genes in clusters on four chromosomes.

Related pages 
Edward B. Lewis
Transcription factor

References 

Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Developmental biology
Can't Be Tamed is the third album made by American recording Artist Miley Cyrus. The album has twelve songs including three singles.

Songs 
Liberty Walk
Who Owns My Heart
Can't Be TamedEvery Rose has Its Thorn
Two More Lonely People
Forgiveness and Love
Permanent December
Stay
Scars
Take Me Along
Robot
My Heart Beats For Love

The singles from the album are in bold.

 Development and singles 
"Can't Be Tamed" is Cyrus's first single. It was released May 18th, 2010. "Can't Be Tamed" had good reviews from critics. The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached its highest peak at number five on both the Irish Singles Chart and New Zealand Singles Chart. The music video is Cyrus performing with backup dancers throughout a museum. Cyrus is first trapped in a giant cage, being watched by people in the audience as they were trying to see the rare creature 'Adias Cyrus' she then escapes and trashes the museum. She has promoted "Can't Be Tamed" by performing it at several places, including a performance on Britain's Got Talent'' and the critics had negative ratings and reviews. The song is also a part of Cyrus' second world tour, Gypsy Heart Tour.

"Who Owns My Heart" is Cyrus' second single. It was released on October 22, 2010. Cyrus described it as a "total dance track" with a cool idea. Cyrus' "Who Owns My Heart" is a club-oriented song that speaks of meeting a potential love on the dance floor. The song tries not to proceed to question, "Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?" Bill Lamb of About.com thought that, despite its beat, the overall sound of "Who Owns My Heart" is faceless and dull. The video starts with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She wakes up and shakes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus goes to a bathroom, her outfit is a white tank top, white boy shorts, a fishnet hair wrap, rollers, and heavy metal jewelry. While in the bathroom scenes, Cyrus sings as she sits on the edge of a bathtub and prepares herself for a party. When the chorus comes on, Cyrus appears shaking in the backseat of a limousine, costumed in a low-cut gold halter top, black hot pants, a black jacket with shoulder pads, and big hair. Once arrived at the mansion party, she is first seen dancing on top of a big, wooden table. In continuing after, Cyrus dances with multiple people on the dance floor. Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video finishes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up.

"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" is Cyrus' third single. It was a single on June 11th, 2011. It was made by Poison in 1988. Miley's version is one minute and 29 seconds shorter than Poison's official song. Hollywood Records released Cyrus' cover in June 2011, and a music video was created and released in 2010.

2010 albums
Miley Cyrus albums
Calanhel is a commune. It is in Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in west France.

Calanhel
France
Stubs
George Turner (2 April 1841 – 29 Mar 1910) was an English landscape artist and farmer. He was also called "Derbyshire's John Constable".

Life and work
Turner was born in Cromford, Derbyshire in England, then moved to Derby with his family. His father Thomas Turner was a tailer and favoured art works, so he adviced his son to learn art and music. Turner made progress mainly by himself, and became a professional painter and art teacher.

Turner lived in Derbyshire all his life. In 1865 he married Eliza Lakin (1837 - 1900), and worked as a part-time farmer raising four children at Walnut farm in Barrow upon Trent. 

After Eliza's death in 1900, he moved to Kirk Ireton and later married fellow artist Kate Stevens Smith (1871-1964) - they set up home in Idridgehay, and he died there in 1910. His son William Lakin Turner (1867-1929) also became a famous landscape oil painter.

Most of Turner's paintings are of Derbyshire where he lived. They show old English countryside before the coming of modernization. His work was exhibited in Nottingham and Birmingham. Turner was a member of the Art Committee of Derby Art Gallery and the city has both his and his son's paintings.

Notes

Further reading 

Long, Frederick J. George Turner the Derbyshire Artist, 1841-1910 (1995)

Other websites and references 

 
 
 
 
 

English painters
People from Derbyshire
1841 births
1910 deaths
Dayton may mean:

 Dayton, Ohio, the biggest Dayton
 Dayton, Iowa
 Dayton, Kentucky
 Dayton, Idaho
 Dayton, Virginia

 Mark Dayton
 University of Dayton
Phase shift keying is a way of transmitting information. This is done by modulating the phase of a carrier wave. In such a system, the amplitude of the wave does not carry any information; all information is present in the phase of the signal. In many cases, this allows to better use the bandwidth available. 

If we think of a wave as a wiggly line, (like a sine wave), wiggling a specific number of times a second, and we can change at which part of the wiggle it is in. Say if it is at the top of its wiggle, and we immediately change it to the bottom of its wiggle, this is called a phase shift. We can use that change to carry information.

By either changing or not changing the wave every time it gets to the top of its wiggle, we can send either ones or zeros. This is called Binary Phase Shift Keying. If we change the phase of the wave as it reaches the top, we can have this represent a 1. If we don't change it at the top, we can have this represent a 0. We can use a computer and a radio to turn text into a wave like this and then send it. A radio and a computer listening to this wave changing or not changing can figure out the original message being sent and turn it back into text.

Binary Phase Shift Keying can be used to send computer data across radio waves quite efficiently. Certain Wireless LAN standards use Phase-shift keying, which they sometimes couple with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, to get higher data rates.

Radio technology
The Pritzker Architecture Prize is given each year by the Hyatt Foundation. It is for talented and significant architect who has created great projects throughout his or her life. Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy began the award in 1979. The Pritzker family pays for the prize. It is the top prize in architecture, and it is often called the Nobel Prize of architecture. The country, race, religion or political ideas of the architect are not important. Winners get US$100,000 and  a certificate. Winners receive a medal. The back of the medal has these words in Latin—firmitas, utilitas, venustas (English: durability, utility, and beauty). The idea comes from the Roman architect Vitruvius. Before 1987, a limited edition Henry Moore sculpture came with the prize money.

Selection
Martha Thorne has been the Executive Director since 2009. The director asks many people, including past winners, academics, critics and others involved in architecture to suggest possible winners. Any licensed architect can also apply for the prize before 1 November every year. In 1988 Gordon Bunshaft applied for the award himself and eventually won it. Five to nine jury members meet early the next year before announcing the winner in spring.

Winners
The first winner was Philip Johnson. The award was "for 50 years of imagination and vitality" shown by the many "museums, theaters, libraries, houses, gardens and corporate structures". The 2004 laureate Zaha Hadid was the first female prize winner. Ryūe Nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44.  The most recent winner, in 2019, is Arata Isozaki.

List of prize winners

References

Other websites

 Pritzker Architecture Prize Official Site

1979 establishments
Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay (born November 11, 1942), also known as Jojo Binay or VNay, is a Filipino politician. He previously served as the 15th Vice President of the Philippines from June 30, 2010 to June 30, 2016. Before he became vice president, he was Mayor of Makati City from 1986 to 1998 and again from 2001 to 2010.

He ran for President in 2016, but lost to Rodrigo Duterte.

Vice Presidents of the Philippines
1942 births
Living people
Mayors
Milparinka is a very small town in New South Wales, Australia. About ten people live in Milparinka, which is about 296 kilometres north of Broken Hill. It is built beside a waterhole on Evelyn Creek, named by the explorer Charles Sturt after his wife in 1844. Sturt and his group had been trapped at a waterhole they called Depot Glen nearby on Preservation Creek for seven months while they waited for rain.

Gold was found at Milparinka, which became the centre for the Albert Goldfields in the 1880s. Two other nearby gold towns, Albert and Mount Browne, were abandoned because of the lack of water. During the peak of the goldrush, Milparinka had a population of more than 3000 people. By 1893 most people had left. Today there are only a few buildings left, the hotel, the courthouse, police station, and the remains of the post office. 

The courthouse was built of local sandstone in 1896. The final court session was in 1921. The building has been restored and is used as a local museum.

References

Other websites
 Milparinka Archaeology  

Towns in New South Wales
Skin cancer is the term that is used for all bad forms of growth of the skin. In everyday use, people often talk about melanoma, but there are other forms of skin cancer, too. These are usually named after the type of cell that grows uncontrollably. Most skin cancers develop in the epidermis. Very often a tumor can be seen, so it is often possible to detect skin cancer at an early stage. Very few people with skin cancer will die of the disease., though it can be disfiguring. Melanoma survival rates are poorer than for non-melanoma skin cancer, although when melanoma is diagnosed at an early stage, treatment is easier and more people survive.

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers combined are more common than lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Melanoma is less common than both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, but it is the most serious — for example, in the UK there were over 11,700 new cases of melanoma in 2008, and over 2,000 deaths. It is the second most common cancer in young adults aged 15–34 in the UK.  Most cases are caused by over-exposure to UV rays from the sun or sunbeds. 

Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common skin cancers.  The majority of these are basal cell carcinomas.  These are usually small spot growths caused by too much exposure to the sun over time.  They do not usually spread, and rarely kill.

Types

References 

Cancer
Jafri dialect is spoken in the Musakhel District of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Beriberi (also called vitamin B1 deficiency) is a disease of the nervous system. It happens when a person does not get enough thiamine (vitamin B1) in their diet. 

Thiamine helps the body turn food into energy.  People need thiamine for good brain function and a healthy liver, skin, hair, and eyes. It also helps the nervous system work properly.

Without enough thiamine, a person’s body cannot create all the energy the person needs.  As a result, people with beriberi have severe lethargy and feel exhausted. Beriberi can also cause muscles to get weaker. These symptoms can make it hard for a person to do simple things. 

Some people with beriberi have heart problems or even die. Beriberi can also cause problems with the gastrointestinal system. 

Most people get enough vitamin B1 in their regular diet. However, some groups are more likely to get beriberi. These include people who drink a lot of alcohol and and people who eat an unhealthy or unbalanced diet, like a diet of mostly white rice.     

There are two kinds of beriberi: wet and dry. Wet beriberi mainly affects the cardiovascular system. Dry beriberi affects the nervous system. There is also a rare type of genetic beriberi. 

Most of the time, dry beriberi and wet beriberi happen at the same time in the same person. When this takes place, the victim is likely to only get the symptoms of one beriberi.

Symptoms of dry beriberi
 Difficulty in walking
 Loss of feelings in the hands and feet
 Loss of movement in the legs
 Mental confusion
 Difficulty speaking
 Pain
 Vomiting
 Strange eye movements
 Tingling feelings on the skin

Symptoms of wet beriberi
 Waking up short of breath
 Swelling of the legs
 Fast heart rate
 Fluid in the lungs
 The heart gets bigger

References

Diseases
Vitamin deficiencies
Hugh Malcolm Downs (February 14, 1921 – July 1, 2020) was an American radio and television broadcaster, announcer, television host, news anchor, TV producer, author, game show host, and music composer.

For many years, he held the Guinness World Record for the most hours on commercial network television, before Regis Philbin broke his record. 

Downs was announcer/sidekick for Tonight Starring Jack Paar from 1957 to 1962, co-host of the NBC News program Today from 1962 to 1971, host of the Concentration game show from 1958 to 1969, and anchor of the ABC News magazine 20/20 from 1978 to 1999. 

Downs was born in Akron, Ohio on February 14, 1921. His career would start in 1945 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television programs and guest star appearances, he retired in 1999. He was married to Ruth Shaheen from 1944 until her death in 2017. They had two children together. 

Downs died on July 1, 2020, in Scottsdale, Arizona from heart failure. He was 99.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American journalists
American television news anchors
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American television presenters
American television personalities
American radio personalities
Writers from Akron, Ohio
Actors from Akron, Ohio