cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The order Cetacea are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas, and even a few rivers around the world. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are part of this group. These common name refer to size: whales are the largest, porpoises the smallest. How and what they eat is a better guide to their relationships. The study of cetaceans is called cetology.

Cetaceans are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.

Taxonomy 
 Order Cetacea
 Suborder Mysticeti: Baleen whales
 Family Balaenidae: Right whales and Bowhead whale
 Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus
 Genus Eubalaena: Right whales
 North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis
 North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica
 Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis
 Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
 Genus Balaenoptera
 Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
 Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
 Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
 Family Eschrichtiidae
 Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus
 Family Neobalaenidae
 Pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata
 Suborder Odontoceti: Toothed whales
 Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins
 Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
 Family Monodontidae
 Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas
 Narwhal, Monodon monoceros
 Family Physeteridae: Sperm whales
 Sperm whale, Physeter catodon
 Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima
 Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps
 Family Ziphiidae
 Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphia cavirostris
 Superfamily Platanistoidea: River dolphins
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig, pronounced "Gah-lick") is a Celtic language. It is commonly called just Scots Gaelic in Scottish English. It is a sister language of Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic; all three are Goidelic languages. These are related to the Welsh language, Cornish language and the Breton language (these three are Brittonic or Brythonic languages).

History 
In past times, the Scottish Gaelic was spoken across all of Scotland except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland). In the later part of the Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak Scottish English and looked down on the Scottish Gaelic. After the union of England and Scotland, the Scottish Gaelic was snubbed and looked down on even more, and Scottish English took over.

Scottish Gaelic today 
Scottish Gaelic today is basically that of the Scottish Gaelic spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye. Generally speaking, the Scottish Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, but there is some regional variation.

A census in the United Kingdom in 2001 showed that a total of 58,652 (1.2% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) in Scotland could speak some amount of Scottish Gaelic at that time. Only the Western Isles of Scotland have more people who can speak the Scottish Gaelic than not (61% of the people here speak Scottish Gaelic). The place in Scotland with the biggest percentage of Scottish Gaelic speakers is a village called Barvas on the Isle of Lewis. There, 74.7% of the people there speak the Scottish Gaelic.

Children in Scotland do not have to learn Scottish Gaelic in schools, though it is becoming a more popular subject as Scottish Gaelic is an important part of their Scottish culture.

Scottish Gaelic is also used overseas. It is estimated that 1,000–2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canada can speak some Scottish Gaelic.

References

Celtic languages
Languages of Europe
The West Germanic Languages are a branch of Germanic languages first spoken in Central Europe and the British Isles. The branch has three parts: the North Sea Germanic languages, the Weser-Rhine Germanic languages, and the Elbe Germanic languages. The most spoken languages in the branch are English, German, and Dutch. 

These languages were spread around the world in the Colonial Era. English is now spoken by around 400 million people natively.

Branches
There are three branches of West Germanic languages:
 North Sea Germanic / Ingvaeonic languages
 Anglo-Frisian languages
 English Languages/Anglic
 English
 Scots
 Yola (extinct)
 Fingalian (extinct)
 Frisian languages
 West Frisian
 East Frisian
 North Frisian
 Low German / Low Saxon
 Northern Low Saxon
 Schleswig dialects
 Holstein dialects
 Westphalian
 Eastphalia dialects
 Brandenburg dialects ("Märkisch")
 Pomeranian (moribund)
 Low Prussian (moribund)
 Dutch Low Saxon
 Weser-Rhine Germanic / Istvaeonic languages / Netherlandic / Low Frankish
 Dutch
 West Flemish
 East Flemish
 Zeelandic
 Hollandic
 Brabantine
 Zuid-Gelders/Clevian/Meuse-Rhenish
 Limburgian
 Afrikaans
 Elbe Germanic / Irminonic languages / High German
 German
 Alemannic, including Swiss German and Alsatian
 Swabian
 Austro-Bavarian
 East Franconian
 South Franconian
 Rhine Franconian, including the dialects of Hessen, Pennsylvania German, and most of those from Lorraine
 Ripuarian
 Thuringian
 Upper Saxon German
 Silesian (moribund)
 Lombardic  Langobardic (extinct, unless Cimbrian and Mocheno are in fact Langobardic remnants.)
 High Prussian (moribund)
 Luxembourgish
 Pennsylvania German language
 Yiddish (a language based on Eastern-Central dialects of late Middle High German/Early New High German)

References

Sources
 

 
Languages of Europe
Punjabi might mean:

 Something related to the Punjab region in Pakistan and India
 Punjab (India), a state of India
 Punjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan
Punjabi language
Punjabi people, an ethnic group from the Punjab region in Pakistan and India

Related pages
Punjab, a disambiguation page
Pac-Man is an arcade video game that was made by Namco and designed by Toru Iwatani. It was released in 1980, and became very popular in the history of games.

In Pac-Man, the player makes a Pac-Man, a yellow disc, move around a maze. The ghosts are Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. The goal is to eat every yellow pellet (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts/monsters. For extra points, fruits that appear can also be eaten. When Pac-Man eats a big pellet, the ghosts turn blue for a short period of time and can be eaten. The time that the ghosts are blue generally decreases from one stage to the next. Beginning at stage 19, the ghosts do not turn blue at all when a power pellet is eaten. Even though the game has 256 stages, the last level can not be finished due to a problem with the creation of the game. 

The player begins the game with 3 lives, and lose one each time Pac-man collides with a ghost. The game ends when all lives are lost. Pac-man gets an extra life once the player gets 10,000 points.

The game is called Puck-Man in Japan. The game was renamed to Pac-Man in the United States so that nobody could change the "P" to "F". There were many sequels and remakes based on the game. Hanna-Barbera made a animated TV show airing on ABC in the early 1970s. The game was also part of Namco Museum games. There is a Namco Museum Remix for the Wii.

Pac-Man was one of the first games to have cutscenes. It has 3 cutscenes in total.

References 

1980 video games
Arcade games
Video game series
Namco video games
Game Gear games
Game Boy games
Game Boy Color games
Game Boy Advance games
PlayStation games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Commodore 64 games
Apple II games
A shooting star is the common name for the visible path of a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere.  A shooting star is also broken pieces of meteors that have become broken off in space.

Shooting star could also mean:
 Shooting Star (band), a rock band from Kansas City, MO
 Shooting Star (comics), a character from Marvel Comics
 P-80 Shooting Star, a United States Army Air Forces jet fighter
 T-33 Shooting Star,  an American-built jet trainer
 Shooting Star Children's Hospice, a UK children's charity

An album:
 Shooting Star (album), an album by the band of the same name
 Shooting Star (Elkie Brooks album), a 1978 album
The Shooting Star, an adventure from the comic book series Tintin

Shooting star may also be:
Dodecatheon, a genus of herbaceous flowering plants
 A professional wrestling aerial technique
 An award for young European actors at the Berlin International Film Festival

See also:
 "Shooting Star" (song)
 Shooting Stars FC, a Nigerian football club
 Shooting Stars, a British comedy television show
 Shooting Stars (Singapore television series)
 "Shooting Stars" a poem by Carol Ann Duffy concerning the holocaust
Pot Noodle is a type of cup noodle sold in the United Kingdom. They contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste.

Available products 
Pot noodles are available in several varieties:
Beef and Tomato
Bombay Bad Boy
Chicken and Mushroom
Chow Mein
Hot Chicken Curry
Seedy Sanchez (Mexican fajita flavour)
Southern Fried Chicken
Spicy Curry
Sticky Rib 
Sweet and Sour
Sweet 'n' Spicy - formally "Nice 'n' Spicy"
The Sizzler (bacon flavour)
Mac n’ Cheese 

Chicken korma
Thai green curry

Fast food
Superman is a 1978 movie based on the popular Superman superhero comic book. It was directed by Richard Donner, produced by Ilya Salkind, and the music was provided by John Williams. The movie starred Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, Phyllis Thaxter, Glenn Ford, and Jackie Cooper. It was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, Superman Returns.

Other websites

1957
Domestic violence means that in a relationship or marriage, one or both of the partners uses physical, sexual or psychological violence to try to get power or control over the other or due to losing their temper. Domestic violence can occur in heterosexual and same-sex relationships. There is often a predictable pattern or cycle of violence in a relationship and the abuse tends to get worse over time. Domestic violence can be also a factor to be homeless, as pointed out by Principles 15 of the Yogyakarta Principles. 

In any culture or community, there are beliefs and attitudes that support domestic violence and beliefs and attitudes that do not support domestic violence. In most countries, laws exist to protect the victim of such violent acts. There are also organisations that can help in such situations. 

Domestic violence sometimes does not get reported to the police. Estimates say that only a third of domestic violence cases (or even less) get reported to the authorities.

Many people who use violence against their partners have mental disorders, especially antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

Related pages 
 Domestic Abuse Advice
Cycle of abuse (patterns in relationships where there is domestic violence)
Domestic violence
Women's rights
Violence against women
Archaeopteryx is one of the most important fossils ever discovered. It is a bird from the Upper Jurassic, about 150 million years ago. It shows the evolutionary link between non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds, but it is not the ancestor of modern birds. 

The first Archaeopteryx was found in 1860 near Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Today, ten skeletons and one feather of Archaeopteryx have been found.

Archaeopteryx looked like a small carnivorous dinosaur with wings and feathers. It had a mouth with teeth, claws on the hands and a long tail. Today, it is known that dromaeosaurs, and possibly most theropods, looked like birds and that many had feathers. When they are born, today's South American hoatzin have claws on their wings when they are young, just like Archaeopteryx.

Analysis 
Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago. He compared Archaeopteryx with a small theropod dinosaur, Compsognathus. Both of the fossils came from the same place: Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic period, about 144 million years ago. He showed that both were very similar except for the front limbs and feathers of Archaeopteryx.

Huxley's study showed the basic relationship between birds and reptiles. He united them under the title of Sauropsida. His papers on Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds have been of great interest ever since. Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.

Status today 
Only one dinobird has been found from a time before Archaeopteryx. It is called Anchiornis huxlei, from 160 to 155 million years ago. It had feathers on both front and rear legs, and could certainly glide. It may or may not have had some ability to fly. This discovery means we cannot say Archaeopteryx is the first known bird, but its contribution to science has been huge. We now know for sure that a whole group of small theropod dinosaurs had feathers, and that flight was a later, secondary, use of feathers. The first use of feathers was temperature regulation, and probably also signalling (see Epidexipteryx).

Directly ancestral or not? 
It may be that Archaeopteryx is not directly ancestral to all birds, but it is still a fine transitional fossil.
"Archaeopteryx, for example, is not necessarily directly ancestral to birds. It may have been a species on a side-branch. However, that in no way disqualifies it as a transitional form, or as evidence for evolution. Evolution predicts that such fossils will exist, and if there was no link between reptiles and birds then Archaeopteryx would not exist, whether it is directly ancestral or not".

Related pages 
 Origin of birds
 Paraves
 Anchiornis

Further reading 
Chambers P. 2002. Bones of contention: the fossil that shook science. London: John Murray. 
Shipman P. 1998. Taking wing: Archaeopteryx and the evolution of bird flight. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

References 

Birds
Coelurosaurs
Dinosaurs of Europe
Jurassic dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Koblenz and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its wines of Riesling, Elbling and Müller-Thurgau grapes. 

There are the following six sub-regions with 19 large vineyards: 

Region Cochem / Untermosel
Weinhex
Goldbäumchen
Rosenhang
Grafschaft
Schwarze Katz (Zell)

Region Bernkastel / Mittelmosel
Vom heißen Stein (Reil)
Schwarzlay
Nacktarsch (Kröv)
Münzlay
Badstube (Bernkastel)
Beerenlay
Kurfürstlay 
Michelsberg
St. Michael
Probstberg
Römerlay

Region Ruwer

Region Saar

Region Obermosel
Königsberg
Gipfel

Region Moseltor
Schloß Bübinger (Perl)

Other websites 

Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

German food
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Geography of Saarland
Wine regions

en:Mosel (wine region)#Wines
Slug is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell, or just a small internal shell. 

Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells. Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal to pull back inside. The families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite looking similar. The shell-less slug type is an example of convergent evolution, and so the category "slug" is  not a taxonomic category.

The name "slug" is used for air-breathing land slugs, while the marine forms are usually known as sea slugs. Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to hide the body are sometimes called semislugs.

Body parts and behaviour 

Like land snails, most slugs have four 'feelers' or tentacles on their head. The upper two (the "optical tentacles") see light and have eyespots at the ends, while the lower two (the "sensory tentacles") are used for smelling. The tentacles are retractable, and can regrow if lost. 

On top of the slug, behind the head, is a body part called the mantle, and under this are the genital opening and anus. On one side (almost always the right side) of the mantle is a breathing hole, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. Inside the mantle in some species is a very small, flat shell.

The bottom of a snail is called a "foot". Like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscle contraction on the bottom of its foot. At the same time, it secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot. Around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'. 

Some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in places with cold winters, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn.

Gastropods
Ruwer is a municipality (a convention community called Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer) on the River Ruwer. The administrative offices are in the town of Waldrach, and it should not be confused with the nearby town of Ruwer, which is for administrative purposes a part of the city of Trier.

Members

Related pages
Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg

Other websites 

 Homepage of the municipality
 Touristinformation Ruwer

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Gunpowder (or gun powder) is a mix of chemical substances (75%  saltpeter, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur). It is used primarily in firearms, burns very quickly, and creates gases. Those gases use up more space than the gunpowder they come from, so they push outward. If the gunpowder is in a small space, the gases will push on the walls of the space, building up pressure. In a gun, the pressure pushes against a bullet, causing it to fly out at high speeds. If the pressure became too high, it could destroy the gun barrel.

Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese. The first references of black powder, the original form of gunpowder, date to the 9th century. According to legend, Chinese alchemists were looking for a formula to create the elixir of life, or the mythical potion that causes whoever drinks it to become immortal, when they accidentally created gunpowder. Because the powder was highly flammable, or burned very easily, they decided to call it "fire medicine" (Simplified Chinese: 火药 / Traditional Chinese: 火藥). The Chinese soon weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it. In later centuries they made many weapons using gunpowder, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines, before making cannons and guns. The oldest weapon that uses gunpowder dates back to a bronze handheld cannon made in northeastern China in 1288. The first mention in Europe was in the 13th century when Roger Bacon described the formula of black powder. Gunpowder was extremely valuable to the Chinese civilization, in fact so valuable that sometimes it was traded for gold.

Other websites 
 Gunpowder -Citizendium

References 

Firearms
Churning of the Ocean is a mythical story of Hinduism and Hindu mythology. It is described in many Hindu scriptures, especially in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. The story tells about the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons. From this churning of the ocean, several things came out of the ocean. Some of them were:

Surabhi: She was a cow. She was called the cow of plenty.
Varuni: He was the goddess of wine.
Parijata: It was a tree. The story tells that this tree granted all the wishes of the person standing below it.
Apsaras: They were beautiful women. They would never grow old. They used to dance in the court of Indra, a god of the Indo-Aryan period.
The moon: The Hindu scriptures name the moon as the Chandra. It rose from the ocean when the gods and the demons were churning the ocean. 
Kalakuta: It was a dangerous poison. When it came out of the ocean, Shiva drank it.
Dhanvantari: He was the first physician of Ayurvedic system of medicine and medication.
Lakshmi: She came out of the ocean seated on a lotus. She is a goddess of Hindus.
Uchchaishravas: It was a horse with seven heads. The legend states that it pulls the chariot of the sun-god, Surya.
Airavata: It was a three-headed elephant. It was taken by Indra.
Kaustuba: It was a very important gem. God Vishnu kept it.

The Hindu scriptures and the Hindu mythology tell that all the above things came out of the ocean for the good of human beings.

References
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola

Hindu mythology
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 2, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first President of the United States.  Although people only started using the term decades after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States.

Early life
She was born  on June 2, 1731, at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia.  Her parents were John Dandridge, an immigrant from England, and his wife Frances Jones. Her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments. Later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation.

Marriage 
At 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, a tobacco planter 20 years older than her. She bore him four children. Only two, John "Jacky" and Martha "Patsy", survived to young adulthood. She was widowed in 1757 at age 26. In 1759, she married George Washington, a colonel in the colonial militia. Their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion.  The Washingtons had no biological children.

Personal life
During the American Revolutionary War, Martha visited the cold and starving Continental troops spending the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers.  She nursed those who were ill or dying. She urged local women to do the same. Her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the Revolution would remain lifelong. They addressed her as "Lady Washington."

First Lady
Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789. Martha served as First Lady from April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797. She found the job unpleasant. She complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as First Lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example).

She set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future First Ladies. She retired to Mount Vernon with her husband after serving her country.

Death
She died in Mount Vernon on May 22, 1802. Her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers. She is buried in the vault at Mount Vernon. She was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the United States government on postage stamps and currency.

Gallery

References

1731 births
1802 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
People from Virginia
Abigail Smith Adams (November 11, 1744–October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States. Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady. So, she became the second First Lady of the United States. She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts. She belonged to a famous family of Massachusetts (the Quincy Family).

In 1801, the couple retired and lived in Quincy. Abigail died in 1818, at age 74 of typhoid fever.

Early life 
Abigail Adams advocated for an equal education in public schools for boys and girls. In her earliest years, she was often in poor health. She spent most of her time reading. In addition to that, she corresponded to family and friends before getting married.  

Adams did not get any formal education in any school or college. Her father had a big library, so she studied many books and became smart that way. She married John Adams in 1764. In the next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn). One of her children was John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States.

Political involvement 
Adams was a vital confidant and adviser to her husband John Adams. She opposed slavery and supported women's rights. In 1776, her husband participated in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. There, Adams wrote her most famous letter to the Founding Fathers "remember the ladies." 

In 1784, Adams joined at her husband at his diplomatic post in Paris. She became interested in the manners of the French. After 1785, she filled the difficult role of wife of the First US Minister to Great Britain. She did so with dignity.

References

Other websites 

1744 births
1818 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
John Adams
Leprosy is a contagious disease. It has been known for a very long time. Today, it is mostly called Hansen's disease, named after the person who discovered the bacterium, Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. A person with leprosy is called a leper.

As of 2004, the estimated number of new infections was about 400,000.

Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. In addition, about 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it.

Most cases of leprosy occur in India, and other developing countries. It has known to have been in the US before. There are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world. This is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria.

In former times, leprosy was seen as a divine punishment for sins committed.

Symptoms 
The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. These are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color. On those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient. Nerves will form knots there.
With the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb). So called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches.

Usually people do not die of leprosy, but of secondary infections and diseases they get.

For many years there was a leprosy colony on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai called Kalaupapa. Tens of thousands of people from the United States that had the disease were sent there.

Gallery

Diseases caused by bacteria
Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President  James Madison. James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States. She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1814. Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House.

Dolley was born in New Garden. Now the place is known as Guilford County. It is in North Carolina. Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern. It is in Person County, North Carolina.

Her father’s name was John Payne. As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles.

Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793). Todd was a lawyer. They had two sons. Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793). William died in a yellow fever epidemic. In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.

Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794. They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd. John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died.

In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House. Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers. Legend states she also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame.

On the National First Lady Library she says, "There is one secret, and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies."

References

1768 births
1849 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
James Madison
American Christians
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
People from Virginia
Quakers
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (1768 - September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States.

Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York. When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe. At that time, Monroe was a lawyer. He was aged 27 years. Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles. She also went along with her husband. 
                                 
During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick. She could not take part in social functions. She became more distant from people. Some persons thought her to be a snob. But, her husband always understood her problems. After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62.

1768 births
1830 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
James Monroe
Celestia is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.  It was created by Chris Laurel and is licensed under the GPL.

The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (120,000 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL.  Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.

NASA and ESA have used Celestia, but it is not to be confused with Celestia 2000, ESA's own program.

Related pages 
 Astronomy

References

Software
Astronomy
Bill Cullen (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American television game show host.  His full name was William Lawrence Cullen.

Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He suffered from polio as a child. He had a limp for the remainder of his life.

Cullen was best known for hosting the original version of The Price is Right on the television networks NBC and ABC.  That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey.  He also hosted a version of The $25,000 Pyramid, Child's Play, and Blockbusters.

Bill Cullen died in Bel Air, California in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life.

American radio personalities
American television presenters
Deaths from lung cancer
American game show hosts
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1920 births
1990 deaths
Rudi Carrell (real name Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter. He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands. He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany. He was very popular in Germany, for shows like Die Rudi Carrell Show.

He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the Goldene Kamera for a lifetime of good work, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.

Other websites 

1934 births
2006 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Comedians
Deaths from lung cancer
Dutch singers
Dutch television presenters
People from Alkmaar
Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs. Lung cancer kills 1.8 million people each year, more than any other cancer. It is currently the leading cause of cancer death in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. 

The large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years. However, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked. People who smoke marijuana more than cigarettes are more likely to contract lung cancer over people who smoke cigarettes.

There are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer typically responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer is more commonly treated with surgical removal of the lung tumor.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) account for about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases. People who have a deficient low pigment count have a higher chance of contracting lung cancer. There are three types of non-small cell lung cancer: 
Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma

Symptoms:
Chest pain
Coughing
Congestion 
Heart burn

References 

Cancer
A superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. It is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower. Right now, only the United States is a superpower. However, China may become a superpower in the future. Some say it is already one. Others say that it will not become a superpower.

In the years following World War II, the United Nations was formed. The 5 countries that would later have nuclear bombs – those who would be able to start a nuclear war – were all given permanent seats on the Security Council. This means they are on the Security Council forever. They were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the Security Council. These five countries were: United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union.

For most of the 1900s, the Soviet Union was a superpower. After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore. Russia got most of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, and also its permanent seat in the Security Council. Some other countries also have nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power. The Republic of India, and Pakistan are a few countries like this. In order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence.

Related pages
 Great power
Hyperpower

References

Countries
Politics
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of US President John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the US President, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the USA and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the USA, was her father-in-law.

In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the USA in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France. 

She died in 1852, aged seventy-seven. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.

1775 births
1852 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Quincy Adams
Angelica Singleton Van Buren (February 13, 1818 - December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier. 

Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.

She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the USA in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City. 

Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson).  Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors.  One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not.  Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers.  See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina.

First Ladies of the United States
1818 births
1877 deaths
Martin Van Buren
Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (née Todd; December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.

Early life
She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania. Other Todd ancestors came from England. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time.

Marriage and family
She married Abraham Lincoln on November 4, 1842.
 
The Lincolns loved one another very much. But, at times, their relationship became troubled. The Lincolns had four children:
Robert Todd Lincoln
Edward (Eddie) Baker Lincoln
William (Willie) Wallace Lincoln
Thomas (Tad) Lincoln

The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985.

First Lady
Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House. She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.

Personal life
After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe.

Health
During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.

Death

During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63. She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband.

References

Other websites

Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
ESPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS: A One Page Summary of Mary Todd Lincoln's Life
White House profile

Mary Todd Lincoln Quotes
Original Manuscript Letters: Mary Todd Lincoln Shapell Manuscript Foundation

First Ladies of the United States
Lincoln, Abraham
1818 births
1882 deaths
People from Lexington, Kentucky
The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo.

References

Hominids
In general, missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". This payload is not always harmful to people. For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage.

Types of missiles
The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control. 

The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.

Related pages
 Intercontinental ballistic missile
 Scramjet
 V-2 rocket

References

Military
Ballistics
Rockets
Salford is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.

Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.

Cities in North West England
Settlements in Greater Manchester
The Nightmare Before Christmas is a 1993 movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. It is a 31st movie. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town".This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix.

Cast 
 Chris Sarandon as Jack Skellington
 Danny Elfman as Jack Skellington (singing voice) / Barrel / Clown with the Tearaway Face
 Catherine O'Hara as Sally / Shock
 William Hickey as Doctor Finkelstein
 Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloweentown
 Paul Reubens as Lock
 Ken Page as Oogie Boogie
 Ed Ivory as Santa Claus

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Nightmare Before Christmas  at The Tim Burton Collective
 

1993 movies
2000s 3D movies
American family movies
Disney animated movies
American musical movies
Christmas movies
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
The Nightmare Before Christmas
3D re-releases
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.

Early life
Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian.  Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education.

Personal life
In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”.

First Lady
In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady.

After First Lady
After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons.

Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons. 
  
After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the  Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.

Marriage
She married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore.

Death
After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland.

James Buchanan
First Ladies of the United States
1830 births
1903 deaths
The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann ) is the head of state of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Michael D. Higgins.

Duties
 Appoints the government: The President formally appoints the Taoiseach (head of government) and other ministers, and accepts their resignations. 
 Signs bills into law: The President cannot veto a bill that the Dáil and the Seanad have adopted.
 Power of pardon: The President, on the advice of the Government, has "the right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment".
 The President is ex officio President of the Irish Red Cross Society.
 The President appoints, on the advice of the Government, the Senior Professors and chairman of the council of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies;

List of presidents of Ireland

The functions of the President were exercised by the Presidential Commission from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997.

Notes

References

Other websites
 

Politics of Ireland
 
Lists of national presidents
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 - August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849.

Early life and education
She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.  She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Marriage and family
On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.

The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847-1924).

First Lady tenure
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.

After being First Lady
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.

Living longer
Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.

Death
She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.

Legacy
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.

First Ladies of the United States
James K. Polk
1803 births
1891 deaths