cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
C major (or C-sharp major) is a major scale based on C. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. Its enharmonic equivalent is D major.

When a harp is tuned to C-sharp major, it has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are made shorter in this way, it makes it less resonant.

Most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major because it has just five flats. However, Johann Sebastian Bach actually chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of the Well-Tempered Clavier. In Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Franz Liszt changes key from D-flat major to C-sharp major near the beginning of the piece. Maurice Ravel used C-sharp major as the tonic key of Ondine from his piano suite Gaspard de la nuit. 

Louis Vierne used C-sharp major in the final piece of Messe solennelle.

Other websites
 Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

Musical keys
Major scales
A-sharp minor or A minor is a minor scale based on A-sharp. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative major is C-sharp major.  Its parallel major is A-sharp major.  This is usually replaced by B-flat major, because A-sharp major's three double sharps in the key signature makes it generally impractical.  Exceptions include Chopin's Polonaise-Fantaisie in A-flat major, Op. 61, which has a short passage of about 6 bars actually written in A-sharp major, putting in the necessary double-sharps as accidentals.  This is part of a theme in B major, which modulates to A-sharp major for a little while.

A-sharp minor has the enharmonic equivalent of B-flat minor. This is often used in most musical compositions instead of A-sharp minor, because A-sharp minor is not a useful key for compositions and is one of the least used minor keys in music. However, there were some composers in the past that have composed music in this key. Christian Heinrich Rinck wrote his Prelude No. 16 from Op. 15 in A-sharp minor.

Other websites
 Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

Scales and keys 

Musical keys
Minor scales
In music, flat, or Bemolle, means "lower in pitch." In music notation, flat means "lower in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and has the symbol ().  The Unicode character '' (U+266D) is the flat sign. Its HTML entity is &#9837;.

Under twelve tone equal temperament, C flat is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, B natural, and G flat is the same as F sharp.

Double flats also exist, which look like  and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Sometimes you will encounter half or three-quarter flats. The Unicode character '𝄫' 𝄫 (U+1D12B) represents the double flat sign.

A triple flat can be found, but it is very rare.  It lowers a note three semitones. 

The note A flat is shown in musical notation in Figure 1, together with A double flat. 

In tuning, flat can also mean "slightly lower in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments at the same time, the lower-pitched one is flat compared to the higher-pitched one.

A half flat, showing quarter tones, is sometimes shown with a flat with a slash () or a reversed flat sign. A three-quarter flat is represented by a half flat and a regular flat.

Related pages
 Accidental
 Sharp
 Electronic tuner

References 

Musical notation
In music, sharp, or Diese, means higher in pitch.  In musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and looks like this:().

Under twelve-tone equal temperament, B sharp, for instance, is enharmonically equivalent to (sounds the same as), C natural, and G sharp is enharmonically equivalent to A flat.

Double sharps also exist; these have the symbol  and raise a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Less often there are half or three-quarter sharps.

Although very rare and used only in modern classical music, a triple sharp ( ) can sometimes be found. This raises a note by three semitones.

The Circle of fifths tells you how many sharps are in a key signature.

In tuning, sharp can also mean "slightly higher in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments, and one is slightly higher, it is too sharp compared to the other.

In Unicode, the sharp symbol (♯) is at code point U+266F. Its HTML entity is &#9839;. The double sharp symbol () is at U+1D12A. Some fonts do not show these symbols.

Related pages
 Accidental (music)
 Flat (music)
 Electronic tuner

References 

Musical notation
In music theory, theoretical keys or impossible keys are keys with key signatures that contain at least one double-flats or double-sharps.
 
Double-flats and double-sharps are used in music as accidentals, but they are rarely placed in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament), because it would make reading the key signature very difficult.

For example, the key of G major is rarely used to write music down, because its key signature has an F. An equal-tempered scale of G major has exactly the same notes as the A major scale. Key pairs like this are called enharmonically equivalent. So the theoretical key of G major is usually written with the key signature of A major.

Enharmonic equivalence

A piece of Western music usually has a home key, and a passage within it may modulate to another key, which is usually closely related to the home key. (Usually, close to the original around the circle of fifths.) When the key is near the top of the circle (a key signature of zero or few accidentals), the writing of both keys is easy- a small number of extra sharps or flats is added.  But if the home key is near the bottom of the circle (a key signature with many accidentals), enharmonic equivalence may need to be used because simply adding accidentals will result in a key with too many accidentals to be easy to play or write in.

The need to consider theoretical keys
In each of the bottom three places on the circle of fifths the two enharmonic equivalents can both be written without double-sharps or double-flats and so do not classify as 'theoretical keys':

But when a relative key is on the opposite side of the circle from its home key, then in theory modulating to that key would involve adding so many sharps or flats that double-sharps and double-flats would have to be written in the key signature. The following keys (six of them are the parallel major/minor keys of those above) would require up to seven double-sharps or double-flats:

For example, if a piece in E major were to modulate up a fifth to B major, which is next to it on the circle and on the same side of the circle, the notation is clear and simple; an extra sharp is added to make five sharps. If it was modulated again, it would become F major, written with six sharps. The next modulation, to C has seven sharps. But the next modulation would be to a theoretical key of G which would need an eighth sharp- for the previous F note to become F in the key signature. To avoid theoretical keys, the new section would usually be written in the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A major.

Musical notation
The President of Chile is the chief of state and the head of government in the country. Under the current Constitution (adopted in 1980), the President is elected by popular (by many people) vote, for a period of four years. Immediate re-election is not permitted. The period (previously it was of six years) allows the elections of Presidents to be adjusted in time.

The President has a seat in the Palacio de La Moneda (La Moneda Palace), in the capital of Chile, Santiago.

The current president of Chile is Sebastián Piñera.

List of presidents

Manuel Blanco Encalada (1826-1826)
Ramón Freire Serrano (1827-1827)
Francisco Antonio Pinto Díaz (1829-1829)
José Joaquín Prieto Vial (1831-1841)
Manuel Bulnes Prieto (1841-1851)
Manuel Montt Torres (1851-1861)
José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano (1861-1871)
Federico Errázuriz Zañartu (1871-1876)
Aníbal Pinto Garmendia (1876-1881)
Domingo Santa María González (1881-1886)
José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández (1886-1891)
Jorge Montt Álvarez (1891-1896)
Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (1896-†1901)
Germán Riesco Errázuriz (1901-1906)
Pedro Montt Montt (1906-†1910)
Ramón Barros Luco (1910-1915)
Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui (1915-1920)
Arturo Alessandri Palma (1920-1925)
Emiliano Figueroa Larraín (1925-1927)
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927-1931)
Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez (1931-1932)
Arturo Alessandri Palma (1932-1938)
Pedro Aguirre Cerda (1938-†1941)
Juan Antonio Ríos Morales (1942-†1946)
Gabriel González Videla (1946-1952)
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1952-1958)
Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez (1958-1964)
Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970)
Salvador Allende Gossens (1970-†1973)
Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1974-1990)
Patricio Aylwin Azócar (1990-1994)
Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994-2000)
Ricardo Lagos Escobar (2000-2006)
Michelle Bachelet Jeria (2006-2010)
Sebastián Piñera Echenique (2010-2014)
Michelle Bachelet Jeria (2014-2018)
Sebastián Piñera Echenique (2018-)
Gabriel Boric (elect)

Living former presidents
There are four living former Chilean presidents:

The most recent death of a former President was Patricio Aylwin Azócar in April 2016, who served in the office from 1990 to 1994.

References

Other websites
 Gobierno de Chile/Government of Chile
Japanese Regional Leagues is a football league which is fourth division in Japan.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 J. League Division 1
 J. League Division 2
 Japan Football League

References

Football leagues
Football in Japan
1966 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Japan
Süper Lig is a football league which is top division in Turkey.

League name 
 1957-1959 : Turkish Federation Cup
 1959-2001 : First League
 2001-present : Süper Lig

Club 2010/11 
 Beşiktaş
 Sivasspor
 Trabzonspor
 Fenerbahçe
 Galatasaray
 Bursaspor
 Kayserispor
 Gaziantepspor
 İstanbul
 Konyaspor
 Eskişehirspor
 Antalyaspor
 Ankaragücü
 Gençlerbirliği
 Kardemir Karabükspor
 Manisaspor
 Bucaspor
 Kasımpaşa

Champions

Former champions

References 

Football leagues
The K League 1, known as the K League Classic until 2017, is a football league which is the top division in South Korea. It is part of the K League.

Clubs

Champions

1983-2000

2001-

References 

Football leagues
Swiss Super League is a football league which is top division in Switzerland.

2013–14 season

Participating clubs
The teams competing in the 2013–14 season are

Promotion/Relegation from 2012–13 season
Servette FC was relegated to the Challenge League by finishing 10th.
FC Aarau finished first in the Challenge League.

Champions

Former champions
1897/98 : Grasshopper Zürich
1898/99 : Anglo-American Zürich
1899/00 : Grasshopper Zürich
1900/01 : Grasshopper Zürich
1901/02 : Zürich
1902/03 : Young Boys
1903/04 : St. Gallen
1904/05 : Grasshopper Zürich
1905/06 : Winterthur
1906/07 : Servette
1907/08 : Winterthur
1908/09 : Young Boys
1909/10 : Young Boys
1910/11 : Young Boys
1911/12 : Aarau
1912/13 : Lausanne-Sport
1913/14 : Aarau
1914/15 : Brühl St. Gallen
1915/16 : Neuchâtel Xamax
1916/17 : Winterthur
1917/18 : Servette
1918/19 : Etoile-Sporting
1919/20 : Young Boys
1920/21 : Grasshopper Zürich
1921/22 : Servette
1922/23 : Bern
1923/24 : Zürich
1924/25 : Servette
1925/26 : Servette
1926/27 : Grasshopper Zürich
1927/28 : Grasshopper Zürich
1928/29 : Young Boys
1929/30 : Servette
1930/31 : Grasshopper Zürich
1931/32 : Lausanne-Sport
1932/33 : Servette
1933/34 : Servette
1934/35 : Lausanne-Sport
1935/36 : Lausanne-Sport
1936/37 : Grasshopper Zürich
1937/38 : Lugano
1938/39 : Grasshopper Zürich
1939/40 : Servette
1940/41 : Lugano
1941/42 : Grasshopper Zürich
1942/43 : Grasshopper Zürich
1943/44 : Lausanne-Sport
1944/45 : Grasshopper Zürich
1945/46 : Servette
1946/47 : Biel-Bienne
1947/48 : Bellinzona
1948/49 : Lugano
1949/50 : Servette
1950/51 : Lausanne-Sport
1951/52 : Grasshopper Zürich
1952/53 : Basel
1953/54 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1954/55 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1955/56 : Grasshopper Zürich
1956/57 : Young Boys
1957/58 : Young Boys
1958/59 : Young Boys
1959/60 : Young Boys
1960/61 : Servette
1961/62 : Servette
1962/63 : Zürich
1963/64 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1964/65 : Lausanne-Sport
1965/66 : Zürich
1966/67 : Basel
1967/68 : Zürich
1968/69 : Basel
1969/70 : Basel
1970/71 : Grasshopper Zürich
1971/72 : Basel
1972/73 : Basel
1973/74 : Zürich
1974/75 : Zürich
1975/76 : Zürich
1976/77 : Basel
1977/78 : Grasshopper Zürich
1978/79 : Servette
1979/80 : Basel
1980/81 : Zürich
1981/82 : Grasshopper Zürich
1982/83 : Grasshopper Zürich
1983/84 : Grasshopper Zürich
1984/85 : Servette
1985/86 : Young Boys
1986/87 : Neuchâtel Xamax
1987/88 : Neuchâtel Xamax
1988/89 : Luzern
1989/90 : Grasshopper Zürich
1990/91 : Grasshopper Zürich
1991/92 : Sion
1992/93 : Aarau
1993/94 : Servette
1994/95 : Grasshopper Zürich
1995/96 : Grasshopper Zürich
1996/97 : Sion
1997/98 : Grasshopper Zürich
1998/99 : Servette
1999/00 : St. Gallen

1890s establishments in Switzerland
1897 establishments in Europe
Football leagues
Football in Switzerland
The Belgian First Division A (in the past known as the Belgian First Division and Belgian Pro League, and as the Jupiler Pro League for sponsorship reasons) is a men's football league which is the top division in Belgium.

2016–17 clubs 
 Anderlecht
 Brugge
 Charleroi
 Eupen
 Genk
 Gent
 Kortrijk
 Lokeren
 Mechelen
 Mouscron-Péruwelz
 Oostende
 Sint-Truidense
 Standard Liège
 Waasland-Beveren
 Westerlo
 Zulte Waregem

Champions since 2000

Former champions 
 1895/96 : Liégeois
 1896/97 : Bruxelles
 1897/98 : Liégeois
 1898/99 : Liégeois
 1899/00 : Bruxelles
 1900/01 : Bruxelles
 1901/02 : Bruxelles
 1902/03 : Bruxelles
 1903/04 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1904/05 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1905/06 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1906/07 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1907/08 : Bruxelles
 1908/09 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1909/10 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1910/11 : Cercle Brugeois
 1911/12 : Daring Molenbeek
 1912/13 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1913/14 : Daring Molenbeek
 1919/20 : Brugeois
 1920/21 : Daring Molenbeek
 1921/22 : Beerschot
 1922/23 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1923/24 : Beerschot
 1924/25 : Beerschot
 1925/26 : Beerschot
 1926/27 : Brugeois
 1927/28 : Beerschot
 1928/29 : Royal Antwerp
 1929/30 : Brugeois
 1930/31 : Royal Antwerp
 1931/32 : Liersche
 1932/33 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1933/34 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1934/35 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1935/36 : Daring Molenbeek
 1936/37 : Daring Molenbeek
 1937/38 : Beerschot
 1938/39 : Beerschot
 1941/42 : Liersche
 1942/43 : Malinois
 1943/44 : Royal Antwerp
 1945/46 : Malinois
 1946/47 : Anderlechtois
 1947/48 : Malinois
 1948/49 : Anderlechtois
 1949/50 : Anderlechtois
 1950/51 : Anderlechtois
 1951/52 : Liégeois
 1952/53 : Liégeois
 1953/54 : Anderlechtois
 1954/55 : Anderlechtois
 1955/56 : Anderlechtois
 1956/57 : Royal Antwerp
 1957/58 : Standard
 1958/59 : Anderlechtois
 1959/60 : Lierse
 1960/61 : Standard
 1961/62 : Anderlechtois
 1962/63 : Standard
 1963/64 : Anderlechtois
 1964/65 : Anderlechtois
 1965/66 : Anderlechtois
 1966/67 : Anderlechtois
 1967/68 : Anderlechtois
 1968/69 : Standard
 1969/70 : Standard
 1970/71 : Standard
 1971/72 : Anderlechtois
 1972/73 : Brugge
 1973/74 : Anderlechtois
 1974/75 : Molenbeek
 1975/76 : Brugge
 1976/77 : Brugge
 1977/78 : Brugge
 1978/79 : Beveren
 1979/80 : Brugge
 1980/81 : Anderlechtois
 1981/82 : Standard Liège
 1982/83 : Standard Liège
 1983/84 : Beveren
 1984/85 : Anderlechtois
 1985/86 : Anderlechtois
 1986/87 : Anderlechtois
 1987/88 : Brugge
 1988/89 : Mechelen
 1989/90 : Brugge
 1990/91 : Anderlechtois
 1991/92 : Brugge
 1992/93 : Anderlechtois
 1993/94 : Anderlecht
 1994/95 : Anderlecht
 1995/96 : Brugge
 1996/97 : Lierse
 1997/98 : Brugge
 1998/99 : Genk
 1999/00 : Anderlecht

Football leagues
Football in Belgium
The New Zealand national football team is the national football team of New Zealand. They are commonly known as the All Whites. In New Zealand, football is often called soccer in spoken English.

FIFA 2010 

In the 2010 FIFA world cup, the All whites played in group F, along with Italy, Paraguay and Slovakia. 
The All Whites played Slovakia to start off with and drew 1-1. The All Whites then played Italy, and surprisingly also drew 1-1, taking all of New Zealand by surprise. NZ then played Paraguay as the deciding match, in this game, Paraguay and New Zealand drew 0-0. This is the first world cup where New Zealand has scored a goal and the first world cup where NZ is undefeated.
The All whites have so much help by the fans, Ricki Herbert and Neil Emblen so I would like to celebrate them for all they have done and support.

References

Oceanian national football teams
Sport in New Zealand
Aron Nimzowitsch (7 November 1886 – 16 March 1935) was a Jewish Latvian-born Danish chess grandmaster, and a very influential chess writer. He was the foremost figure amongst the hypermoderns.

"As a player he ranked third in the world... from about 1925 to 1930; as an innovator he founded the hypermodern school of chess; as a writer of instructional books he was unrivalled in his time".p272

He wrote an important text on chess strategy called My system: a chess treatise, which is still highly regarded. It is a foundation of modern positional chess, and has been read by most chess masters since then. In it he reacted against the more classical views of Siegbert Tarrasch. Later he wrote Chess praxis (1929), a collection of his games showing his ideas in practice.

Nimzowitsch was the subject of a chess biography by English grandmaster Ray Keene, which was translated into Russian in 1986.

Related pages
Hypermodern

References 

1886 births
1935 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Danish Jews
Danish sportspeople
Jewish sportspeople
Latvian chess players
Latvian Jews
People from Riga
Latvian writers
Yoji Mizuguchi (born 20 July 1944) is a former Japanese football player and manager. He has played for Yanmar Diesel.

References
Gainare Tottori

1944 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
People from Hiroshima
Japanese football managers
Dale's Supermarket Sweep (also Supermarket Sweep) is a UK game show based on the American Supermarket Sweep TV show format. Originally hosted by Dale Winton, it ran for exactly between 1993 & 2001 and then revived 12 February and 31 August 2007 on ITV and then it hosted on ITV2 with Rylan Clark-Neal this time as host since 2019. Between 1993 & 2001 it was filmed at Central's Lenton Lane studios. As of 2007 it is filmed at Maidstone Studios.

Other websites
.
.
Dale's Supermarket Sweep (1993-2001)  at BFI.
Dale's All Star Supermarket Sweep  at BFI.
Dale's Supermarket Sweep (2007)  at BFI.
Dale's Supermarket Sweep at UKGameshows.com.

1993 television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
1990s British television series debuts
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
Goliath () was a Philistine warrior in the Old Testament. He was the champion of the warriors of town of Gath. The name refers to Greek name Alyattes.

Goliath was unusually large. His height was said to be "six cubits and a span"  - some 290 cm - and he fought as armoured charioteer. The Bible describes how he challenged the Israelite warriors for single-handed duel, but nobody dared to fight with him.

David, who was fourteen years old at this time, finally answered to challenge. He was skilled on use of sling, and he found out a way how he could win him. He accurately slung a stone on Goliath's forehead, just below his helmet. The stone knocked Goliath out. David then ran to unconscious Goliath, pulled his sword off the scabbard, and cut his head off. Seeing a fourteen-year-old boy killing their champion, the Philistine army demoralized.

The Dead Sea Scrolls say Goliath's height was a more credible "four cubits and a span", in modern measurements 202 cm. At the era when man's average height was some 160 cm, he would still have looked like a giant.

Old Testament people
Sukoró is a holiday resort in Hungary situated at the  northern coast of Lake Velencei and at the south foot of Velencei Hills.  The victory at Pákozd-Sukoró in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 established the reputation of the village. The war council before the battle was held in the protected Calvinist Church of Sukoró, where memories are still preserved.

Other websites 
Sukoró.hu

Villages in Hungary
Cyprus is a Mediterranean island off the coasts of Syria and Turkey. It is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean; Sicily and Sardinia are larger. It is slightly larger than Puerto Rico. Geographically, it is part of Asia and in the Middle East, but for political reasons, it is sometimes counted as being part of Europe. Cyprus was part of the Byzantine Empire for hundreds of years. The Greek god Aphrodite was from Cyprus. There are two states on the island:
 The Republic of Cyprus (internationally recognized) is also part of the European Union. Most of the world considers the whole island to be the Republic of Cyprus. Greek is the most spoken language in the Republic of Cyprus.
 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is the northern part of the island. The only nation that recognizes this entity is Turkey. These states are separated by a buffer zone, which is controlled by the United Nations. In addition to the two countries, there are Akrotiri and Dhekelia, two territories which are under British control, and which are used as military bases. 

The island has been Greek for thousands of years of recorded history, many empires have ruled Cyprus. They include Assyria, ancient Egypt Persia, Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, the Byzantines, Arab caliphates for a short period, France, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. Cyprus is often described as an 'unsinkable aircraft carrier' due to its strategic position in the Eastern Mediterranean.

References

 
Phoenician colonies
Kápolnásnyék is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

History 

The excavations in the surroundings revealed Bronze-Age artefacts, proving that the area was already populated in ancient times.

The name of the settlement originates from the name of the Nyék tribe (coming to Hungary during the settlement of Hungarian tribes).  The first residents probably belonged to a subgroup of the tribe. When István I. defeated Koppány, Nyék became a land of the queen. The name of the settlement is mentioned first in 1193 as Neck. Later the names Kápolnás Nyék, Káposztás Nyék, and Fertőfő Nyék are used to mention this rather insignificant place located between Buda and Fehérvár, which is south of the commercial route. As a border village Kápolnásnyék suffered from double taxation during the Turkish occupation (both Hungary and the Turkish Empire collected taxes). Therefore the population of the village decreased considerably and it even became uninhabited during the Turkish campaign of 1543. The inhabitants returned to the village in 1772. 

During the 19th century Upper and Lower Nyék were differentiated, even after 1861, when the Southem  Railway was built. It is mentioned as an independent village first in 1871, to which Pettend was attached in 1898. Mihály Vörösmarty was born here.

The present appearance of the village was formed in the 1930s, when it became a commercial and service background for the booming tourism of Lake Velencei. The phone system, the gendarme patrol, local medical care, the railway station and the mill were established in this period. The settlement suffered serious  injuries in World War II, when the majority of the population also died. The village was also behind in development, compared to other settlements of the region and became a part of Velence by the 1970s.
Kápolnásnyék declared its independence in 1990 and has gone though considerable development since then. It once again became the background for the tourism of Lake Velencei, where commercial service facilities are established and the infrastructure is developing rapidly.

Other websites 
 Kápolnásnyék.hu

Villages in Hungary
Areopagitica is a book written by English poet John Milton in 1644.  He wrote it to protest against censorship. Its full title is Areopagitica: A speech of Mr. John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England. Today, his book is called a tract. In the tract, Milton tries to defend the freedom of expression. Today, many people see it as one of the best defenses of the freedom of press ever written.

The tract is named after a speech by Isocrates, a Greek orator of the 5th century. The Areopagus is a hill in Athens, where many councils and tribunals were held. Isocrates wanted to restore one of these tribunals when he wrote the speech. In the  speech,Milton argued that the Licensing Order of 1643 should be abolished; censorship had not been part of Greek or Roman societies. Milton uses many passages from the Bible to strengthen his argument. Milton had been censored himself when he tried to publish tracts which were in favor of allowing people to get divorced. 

In Areopagitica, Milton argues that the status that was there before had worked best: By this law, all publications needed an authors name or that of a publisher. According to Milton, it is easy to find the authors or the publishers with this system. So if anything libelous is published, the books can still be destroyed after the fact.

17th-century books
Non-fiction books
Defamation is saying or writing something about another person that hurts their reputation. Usually, when people use the word defamation, it means that the statement is not true.  In this case, it is against the law. A statement that is defamation is called defamatory.

In order to be defamatory, a statement has to claim to be a fact instead of an opinion. For example, saying, "Mr. Jones is mean" cannot be defamatory, because it is someone's opinion. However, if someone says, "Mr. Jones steals candy from children", then the statement is defamatory if it is not true, because it would be a fact, not an opinion.

If a defamatory statement is written, such as in a book or in a newspaper, it is called libel. If it is spoken out loud, it is called slander. Somebody who is the victim of defamation can sue the person who wrote or said it.

Defamation is a tool of bullying.

Defamation laws
Defamation laws are not the same in every country. In most countries it is a civil wrong or tort. In some it is a crime. In many countries the burden of proof is on the person claiming that somebody is defaming them. This means they have to prove that the thing that was said about them is false. However, in England, it is the other way around. If somebody claims that a statement is defamation, the person who made the statement has to prove the statement is true.

References

Types of crime
The Northern United States, commonly referred to as the American North or simply the North, can be a geographic or historical term and definition.

Geographic term
Geographically, the term includes the U.S. states and regions of the United States of America that are located across the northernmost part of the country. It includes, but is not limited to, states along the Canada–United States border.

Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau divides some of the northernmost United States into the Midwest Region and the Northeast Region. The Census Bureau also includes the northernmost states of the Northwestern United States, that are, within the West Region.

Historical term
Before 19th century westward expansion, the "Northern United States" was considered the present day New England region. By the 1830s it corresponded to the present day Northeastern United States

American Civil War
During the American Civil War, the Northern United States was composed of the U.S.  that remained in the United States of America, the Union states. In this context, "The North" is synonymous with the Union. In this context, "The South" is composed of the states that seceded from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America. However, which states comprised "The North" in this context can be the subject of historical disagreement.  Some slave-holding states that remained in the Union may be excluded.

Related pages 
Southern United States
Southeastern United States
Yankee

References

Census Regions of the United States
Heterochrony (= different time) is any change in the timing of development in an animal or plant. It is a key concept in developmental biology and evolution, introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1875. It applies to the time a trait appears in the growth of an organism, or to the timing of gene expression in development.p203

Its importance in biology is to explain the way closely related animals may come to have quite large differences in shape, and size, whilst nevetheless having a rather similar genome. The main components are the time a process starts and stops in development, and the rate at which the process works. 

In his book Embryos and evolution (1930) Gavin de Beer stressed the importance of heterochrony, and especially paedomorphosis, in evolution. Changes to the genes which control timing in development can produce quite striking changes in the adult. de Beer also conceived the idea of clandestine evolution, which helped to explain the sudden changes in the fossil record which were apparently at odds with Darwin's gradual theory of evolution. If a novelty were to evolve gradually in an animal's juvenile form, then its development would not appear in the fossil record at all. Then, if the species were to undergo neoteny, the feature would appear suddenly in the fossil record, despite having evolved gradually. Stephen Jay Gould commented on this book:
"In a series of remarkable books that established the synthetic theory of evolution, Gavin de Beer's Embryology and evolution was the first and the shortest (1930; expanded and retitled Embryos and ancestors, 1940; 3rd ed 1958). In 116 pages de Beer brought embryology into the developing orthodoxy... for more than forty years, this book has dominated English thought on the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny." Stephen Gould

Related terms 
Paedomorphosis: a change in the genotype so the adults of a species retain traits previously seen only in juveniles.
Neoteny: in which bodily development is slowed, but sexual development continues at the same rate. This results in a sexually mature juvenile or larval form. See Axolotl.
Progenesis: in which development is halted before full maturity. 
Postdisplacement: in which the start of development is delayed.

References 

Developmental biology
Evolutionary biology
Neoteny is a type of heterochrony where bodily development is slowed, but sexual development goes on at the same rate. This results in a sexually mature juvenile or larval form. A classic example is the Axolotl.

It has often been suggested that the human species is, at least to some extent, an example of neoteny. These features of adult humans are different from those of adult great apes, but more similar to those of juvenile apes:

These are some of the neotenous traits in humans: flattened face, broadened face, large brain, hairless body, hairless face, small nose, reduction of brow ridge, small teeth, small upper jaw (maxilla), small lower jaw (mandible), thinness of skull bones, limbs proportionately short compared to torso length, longer leg than arm length, larger eyes, and upright stance.

References 

Developmental biology
Evolutionary biology
Sir Gavin Rylands de Beer FRS (1899–1972) was a British evolutionary embryologist. He was Director of the London Natural History Museum, President of the Linnean Society, and received the Royal Society's Darwin Medal for his studies on evolution.

In the First World War he served in the Grenadier Guards. Later, he taught at Oxford University zoology department. In 1938, he was made Reader in Embryology at University College London. During the Second World War de Beer again served with the Grenadier Guards reaching the rank of temporary lieutenant colonel. He worked in military intelligence, propaganda and psychological warfare. Also during the war, in 1940, he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1945, de Beer became Professor of Zoology and was, from 1946 to 1949, President of the Linnean Society. Then he was Director of the British Museum (Natural History) from 1950 until his retirement in 1960. He was knighted in 1954, and awarded the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1957.

Books 
de Beer wrote 25 books, of which these are still noteworthy:
An introduction to experimental embryology — 1926
Early travellers in the Alps — 1930
Embryology and evolution — 1930 (later editions bore the title Embryos and ancestors)
The elements of experimental embryology — 1934 (co-written with Julian Huxley)
The development of the vertebrate skull — 1937
Archaeopteryx lithographica – 1954
Darwin's journal: Darwin's notebooks on the transmutaion of species — 1959
Reflections of a Darwinian — 1962
Homology, an unsolved problem — 1971
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his world — 1972

References

1899 births
1972 deaths
British Army officers
British military personnel of World War I
British military personnel of World War II
British zoologists
Colonels
English evolutionary biologists
English science writers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
Developmental biologists
Province of Castellón () or Castelló (Valencian/Catalan) is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Valencia, Teruel, Tarragona, and the Mediterranean Sea.

Castellon
Valencia (autonomous community)
A Coruña (;  ; historical ) is the most northwestern Atlantic-facing province of Spain. It is one of the four provinces which make up the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north. The Pontevedra Province surrounds it to the south and the Lugo Province to the east.

References 

A Coruna
Galicia
Córdoba (, ), called Cordova in English, is a province of southern Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Sevilla, Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Jaén, and Granada. Its area is 13,769 km².

Provinces of Spain
Andalusia
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (often shortened to Law & Order: SVU) is an American television spin-off of the original police drama series Law & Order which is set in New York City, inside the fictional 16th precinct of Manhattan.

Cast 
 Christopher Meloni as Elliot Stabler
 Mariska Hargitay as Olivia Benson
 Richard Belzer as John Munch
 Dann Florek as Donald Cragen
 Michelle Hurd as Monique Jeffries
 Stephanie March as Alexandra Cabot
 Ice-T as Odafin "Fin" Tutuola
 B.D. Wong as George Huang
 Diane Neal as Casey Novak
 Tamara Tunie as Melinda Warner
 Adam Beach as Chester Lake
 Michaela McManus as Kim Greylek
 Danny Pino as Nick Amaro
 Kelli Gaddish as Amanda Rollins
 Raul Esparza as Rafael Barba
 Peter Scanavino as Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr.
 Philip Winchester as Peter Stone
 Jamie Grey Hyder as Katriona "Kat" Tamin
 Demore Barnes as Christian Garland
 Octavio Pisano as Joe Velasco

Other websites 
 Official websites for the show from NBC
 
 

1999 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American crime drama television series
American police television series
NBC network shows
Television series set in New York City
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied art (decorative arts and design). Named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, it was founded in 1852.

The V&A has a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It covers  and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, in virtually every medium, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum is sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes, silver, ironwork, jewellery, furniture, medieval objects, sculpture, prints and printmaking, drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world.

The museum possesses the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture, the holdings of Italian Renaissance items are the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea and the Islamic world. The East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection, with the Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, is amongst the largest in the world.

The V&A is in what is called London's "Albertopolis", an area of immense cultural, scientific and educational importance. Near it are the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, Imperial College, the Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial.

Since 2001, the Museum has embarked on a major £150m renovation program which has seen a major overhaul of the departments including the introduction of newer galleries, gardens, shops and visitor facilities. As with other national UK museums, admission to the museum is free.

References 

Museums in London
Art museums in the United Kingdom
Physical fitness is the ability to be physically active, to move and respond to the environment. People can take various tests to measure their physical performance. Such tests are necessary for some occupations, such as soldiers and firefighters. 

Physical fitness has two components: general fitness (a state of health and well-being) and specific fitness (the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or occupations).

Components of physical fitness 
The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports — a study group sponsored by the United States Government — declines to offer a simple definition of physical fitness. Instead, it developed the following chart:

Health-related components: those factors that are related to how well the systems of your bodywork.

Body composition is the relative percentage of body fat compared to lean body mass (muscle, bone, water, etc)

Cardiovascular fitness: the ability of the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) to supply oxygen to working muscles during exercise.

Flexibility: the range of movement possible at various joints.

Accordingly, a general-purpose physical fitness program must address those issues.

Ancient icons of physical fitness

Related pages

 
 Aerobics
 Calisthenics
 Equilibrioception
 Flexibility training
 Healthy lifestyle
 Jogging
 Strength training
 Physical education
 Bodybuilding 
 Swim
 Training
 Weight training
 Winter swimming
 Boxing

References 

Fitness
Ven Conmigo (English: Come With Me), was the third album released by rising Latina superstar Selena, on November 12, 1990, for the CAPITOL/EMI Latin label. This album, was the first to market Selena as a solo artist, no longer identifying her albums with "Selena Y Los Dinos," though they were still very much a part of the mix. The album itself, sold 50,000 units in America, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Another 242,802 copies were sold on Amazon.com, verifed from their sellers rank.

Production 
The group re-recorded "La Tracalera", a cover version of a song by the original Dinos, as well as "Aunque No Salga El Sol," which they had originally recorded, in 1984. The song "Baila Esta Cumbia," was an instant hit in the U.S., and later crossed over to Mexico. Ven Conmigo, was the group's first Gold album.

20 Years Of Music 
A remastered version was released in 2002, with bonus tracks and spoken liner notes by the family and friends, who witnessed the entire production.

Tracklisting

2002 Bonus Tracks

Album Credits 
The album Ven Conmigo was recorded and mixed at ZAZ Studios in San Antiono, Texas. The engineer was Gilbert Velasquez who also mixed the album. The album's main photo was taken by Robert Lopez. The album was produced, arranged, and performaned by A.B. Quintanilla III. The co-arranged was Ricky Vela and Jose C. Ojeda. The midi and computer sequencing was made by Ricky Vela.

Additional Credits 
A.B. Quintanilla, III, wrote and produced almost every song on Ven Conmigo. David Lee Garza, the accordion player for the title track, "Ven Conmigo, participated in the writing and production, as well.

 Selena Quintanilla-Perez (Lead Vocals)
 Suzette Quintanilla (Drummer)
 A.B. Quintanilla III (Bass & Vocals)
 Ricky Vela (Keyboard)
 Jose C. Ojeda (Keyboard)
 Peter "Pete" Astudillo (Back-up vocals)
 Mike Orosoco (Guitar)

Singles 
 "Aunque No Salga El Sol"
 "Baila Esta Cumbia"
 "No Quiero Saber"
 "Enamorada De Ti"
 "Ya Ves/La Tracalera"

Certifications 

1990 albums
2002 albums
Selena albums
Hate speech is communicating in a way that is meant to offend and hurt somebody. It is usually based on a factor such as somebody's race, gender, ethnic group, orientation,  identity, disability or religion. Some places have laws that make it illegal to use hate speech. Countries such as Canada, France and Germany have stricter laws against hate speech than the United States, where hate speech is usually legal because its Constitution says that people have freedom of speech.
But hate speech is an inciting of discrimination and sometimes a cause of bullying or hate crime and Article 7 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms that all are protected from such an inciting.

References

Discrimination
Hatred
Reading railway station (formerly Reading General) is a major rail junction and station in the English town of Reading. It is on the northern edge of the town centre, close to the main retail and commercial areas, and also the River Thames. Next to the railway station is a bus interchange, served by most of Reading's urban and rural bus services.

Reading was opened on 30 March 1840 by the Great Western Railway. It is a major junction point on the National Rail system, and as a consequence the railway station is a major transfer point as well as serving heavy  local traffic. The station is sponsored by the bank ING Direct and the University of Reading. There are many local buses, regional buses and a coach to Heathrow Airport. South West Trains, First Great Western and CrossCountry serve the station.

Pictures

References

Berkshire
Railway stations in England
Revolutions per Minute is the second album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. It has the singles "Heaven Knows" and "Like the Angel" as well as a cover of Journey's single, "Any Way You Want It."

The album had a limited release on vinyl (217 of which were on red vinyl) which is now out of print. It was the band's last release under Fat Wreck Chords before to their move to Geffen Records. This is where they released Siren Song of the Counter Culture in 2004. It is interesting to note that inside the album cover, there is a copyright to Transistor Revolt, the band's name before they changed it to Rise Against.

Track listing 
 All music was written by Rise Against; all lyrics were written by Tim McIlrath, unless stated
 "Black Masks and Gasoline" – 2:59
 "Heaven Knows"  – 3:23
 "Dead Ringer" – 1:31
 "Halfway There" – 3:41
 "Like the Angel" – 2:46
 "Voices off Camera" – 2:17
 "Blood-Red, White, and Blue" – 3:38
 "Broken English" – 3:25
 "Last Chance Blueprint" – 2:14
 "To the Core" – 1:33
 "Torches" – 3:41
 "Amber Changing" – 3:39
 "Any Way You Want It" (Journey cover)  – 2:57
 Track 13 is a hidden track

Rise Against
2003 albums
Punk albums
PGL is an activity holiday company started by Peter Gordon Lawrence in 1957. They run holidays for schools, individual children, youth groups and families, in the UK, France, Spain, Austria and other places.

Companies of the United Kingdom
1957 establishments in the United Kingdom
is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Minato City" in English.

History
On 15 March 1947, the ward of Minato was formed by combining the wards of Akasaka, Azabu, and Shiba.

Geography
Minato is on Toyko Bay. It borders Shinagawa on the south.  Meguro is southwest of the ward. Shibuya is on the ward's western border. Shinjuku, Chiyoda and Chūō are on the norther border.

Related pages 
 List of special wards of Tokyo
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

 Minato website 
 Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards 

Wards of Tokyo
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
1947 establishments in Japan
The Afghan Hound is a dog from Afghanistan. Other names for them are Kuchi Hound, Tāzī, Balkh Hound, Baluchi Hound, Barutzy Hound, Shalgar Hound, Kabul Hound, Galanday Hound, or sometimes, incorrectly, African Hound. This is a very old dog breed, believed to have existed for thousands of years. It is a type of sighthound , a hunting dog which uses its eyes to spot and chase small animals, like rabbits. They are closely related to other sighthounds, like the Greyhound. Afghan Hounds can run very quickly, and can run short distances at up to 75 kilometers per hour. Nowadays, they are kept as pets, compete as show dogs, and participate in a dog sport called lure coursing, which is similar to rabbit hunting.

Appearance 

Their face is long and skinny, with ears that drop down on the sides of their head. The Afghan Hound is tall and thin, with a long tail that curls and is held high up in the air.

Behavior 
The Afghan Hound is one of the most difficult types of dogs to train. Unlike many kinds of dogs, they do not like to listen to commands, and would rather make their own choices. In The Intelligence of Dogs, the Afghan Hound came in last place for "working intelligence." This does not mean that the Afghan Hound is stupid; it means that it is easier to encourage other dogs to follow instructions than the Afghan Hound.

They like to run, and because they can run very fast, they need to be kept on a leash or in a fenced area. Fences need to be very high to keep the Afghan Hound from escaping, because they can easily jump several meters in the air. Afghan Hounds cannot live in the same house as a cat or any other small animal, as they will try to chase or hunt it.

This is a quiet dog for indoors, but needs to have regular exercise and play time. They need to have the chance to run in a safe, fenced area at least once a week. If an Afghan gets bored, it can tear things up. This is a friendly dog that is not shy with people or other dogs. Many people who own Afghan Hounds say that they are "clownish" and silly, because they are very playful. Afghan Hounds are known to be very sensitive to injuries and complain a lot when they have them.

Health 
Afghan Hounds are mostly very healthy dogs, but do get some diseases more often than others. Because their tails are very long and thin, they can hurt them quite easily. These dogs are very sensitive to anesthetic, so if they are getting an operation, the vet must be very careful with the amount of anesthetic given. Their eyes can develop cataracts, which will make the dog blind if they are not removed.

References

Dog breeds
Hunting
The Africanis is a group of rare South African dogs. They are not recognized as a breed. The Swahili name for the breed is . This means common or mixed-breed or "traditional dog".

Description

The Africanis is a medium-sized dog. It is well-muscled and is a bit longer than it is tall. It has a short coat of fur that can be of any color. This dog can run very fast and also is trainable.

References 
 
  Africanis Society of Southern Africa

Other websites 
 University of Johannesburg (scientific study)
 Breed standard (KUSA) 

Animals of Africa
Dog breeds