cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Edmundo (born 2 April, 1971) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1991||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1992||23||8||||||||||23||8
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||11||||||||||19||11
|-
|1994||21||9||||||||||21||9
|-
|1995||Flamengo||Série A||14||2||||||||||14||2
|-
|1996||Corinthians||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||16||9||||||||||16||9
|-
|1997||28||29||||||||||28||29

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||9||4||||||||||9||4
|-
|1998/99||28||8||||||||||28||8

|-
|1999||Vasco da Gama||Série A||16||13||||||||||16||13
|-
|2000||Santos||Série A||20||13||||||||||20||13

|-
|2000/01||Napoli||Serie A||17||4||||||||||17||4

|-
|2001||Cruzeiro||Série A||12||3||||||||||12||3

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Verdy||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||5||2||3||2||0||0||8||4
|-
|2002||26||16||0||0||6||5||32||21
|-
|2003||Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0

|-
|2003||Vasco da Gama||Série A||20||7||||||||||20||7
|-
|2004||Fluminense||Série A||19||7||||||||||19||7
|-
|2005||Nova Iguaçu||||2||1||||||||||2||1
|-
|2005||Figueirense||Série A||31||15||||||||||31||15
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||29||10||||||||||29||10
|-
|2007||20||4||||||||||20||4
|-
|2008||Vasco da Gama||Série A||26||13||||||||||26||13
316||154||||||||||316||154
54||16||||||||||54||16
31||18||3||2||8||5||42||25
401||188||3||2||8||5||412||195
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1992||4||1
|-
|1993||5||1
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||12||5
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||5||2
|-
|1998||8||1
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
!Total||37||10
|}

References 

1971 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Adrian Mutu (born 8 January 1979) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Fiorentina and the Romania national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Argeş Piteşti||rowspan="3"|Divizia A||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|1997/98||21||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||4
|-
|1998/99||15||7||colspan="2"|-||6||3||21||10
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||15||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||4
|-
|1999/00||18||18||colspan="2"|-||3||4||21||22

|-
|1999/00||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||10||0||4||2||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Hellas Verona||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2001/02||32||12||0||0||colspan="2"|-||32||12
|-
|2002/03||Parma||Serie A||31||18||1||0||4||4||36||22

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||rowspan="2"|Premier League||25||6||4||3||7||1||36||10
|-
|2004/05||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||32||7||4||3||8||1||44||11
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="5"|Fiorentina||rowspan="5"|Serie A||33||16||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||16
|-
|2007/08||29||17||1||0||8||6||38||23
|-
|2008/09||16||10||1||0||5||2||22||12
|-
|2009/10||14||7||2||4||6||3||22||14
|-
|2010/11||30||14||0||0||0||0||30||14
74||35||colspan="2"|-||9||7||83||42
209||86||10||3||25||13||244||102
27||6||4||3||7||1||38||10
310||125||14||6||42||22||366||153
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2000||11||1
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||6||1
|-
|2003||10||7
|-
|2004||5||5
|-
|2005||5||5
|-
|2006||6||3
|-
|2007||9||6
|-
|2008||7||2
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||67||30
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
David Moyes is a Scottish former footballer and is currently a manager. He is the manager of West Ham United. As a player, he played for Preston North End, Dunfermline Athletic, and Shrewsbury Town

References

Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
1963 births
Living people
Gérard Paul Francis Houllier OBE (3 September 1947 – 14 December 2020) was a French football manager and former player. He was the technical director of NSWL team OL Reign at the time of his death. Houllier is most known for his time at Liverpool, and is considered one of their best managers because of the trophies he won.

Houllier died on 14 December 2020 at a Paris hospital from heart surgery-related problems, aged 73.

Honours

Manager
Paris Saint-Germain
Division 1: 1985–86

Liverpool
FA Cup: 2000–01
Football League Cup: 2000–01, 2002–03
FA Charity Shield: 2001 
UEFA Cup: 2000–01 
UEFA Super Cup: 2001 

Lyon
Ligue 1: 2005–06, 2006–07
Trophée des Champions: 2005, 2006

France U18
UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1996

Individual
UEFA Team of the Year: 2001
European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award: 2001
World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year: 2001
Onze d'Or Coach of the Year: 2001
Ligue 1 Manager of the Year: 2007
Premier League Manager of the Month: December 1999, March 2002, October 2002

Orders
Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur: 2002

References

Other websites

 Profile, stats and pictures of Gerard Houllier 
 LFC Online profile
 Manager profile at LFChistory.net
 Gérard Houllier – Nomination FFF Role

1947 births
2020 deaths
Association football midfielders
Deaths from surgical complications
French footballers
French football managers
The waggle dance is a special 'figure-of-eight' dance that is done by the honey bee in its hive. By this, a worker tells the others where it has found nectar. This was shown by the Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch.

The dance is a type of communication for bees. It is done to give other bees information about the direction and distance to flowers that have nectar or pollen, or both. It is also used to tell the bees where water can be found.

The dance is used for bees to get others to help them collect resources for the hive. It used to be thought that bees have two distinct "recruitment" dances. There were the "round dances" and waggle dances. Round dances were thought to be used for things that were close by and wiggle dances were for things farther away. It is now known that a round dance is only a waggle dance with a very short "waggle run" (see below).

Description
A waggle dance is made up of one to 100 or more circuits. Each circuit has two phases. These phases are the waggle phase and the return phase. When a bee returns to the hive after finding a good food source, it performs the dance.  The bee will run through a small wave-like pattern (a waggle run or waggle phase). After this, it will turn to the right and circle back to the starting point (the return phase). It will then do another waggle run and then turn to the left and circle back to the beginning. The waggle phase of the dance is the most notable and informative part of the dance.

The direction and duration of waggle runs show the direction and distance to flowers.  Flowers that are located directly in line with the sun are shown by waggle runs in an upward direction on the vertical combs. If the flowers are at an angle to the right or left of the sun, the waggle run is done at the same angle to the upward direction.  The distance between hive and flowers is shown in the duration of the waggle runs. The farther the flowers are from the hive, the longer the waggle phase. For every 100 meters the flowers are distant from the hive, the waggle phase lasts about 75 milliseconds.

Applications to operations research
People study the swarm intelligence of social insects and animals such as fish, birds, and ants. Recently, there has been research on using bee waggle dance behavior for fault-tolerant routing. From the abstract of Wedde, Farooq, and Zhang (2004)

Another technique based on bees is called bee colony optimization. It is used help Internet servers communicate better.

Other reading
Gould JL 1975. Honey bee recruitment: the dance-language controversy. Science 189:685−693.
Riley JR, Greggers U, Smith AD, Reynolds DR, Menzel R 2005. The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance". Nature 435:205-207.
Seeley TD 1995. The wisdom of the hive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
von Frisch K 1967. The dance language and orientation of bees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Other websites
Communication and Recruitment to Food Sources by Apis mellifera  – USDA-ARS (accessed 2005-03)
Honeybee Communication  – Kimball's Biology Pages (accessed 2005-09)

References

Animal communication
Bees
James Yuille McLean (2 August 1937 – 26 December 2020) was a Scottish football player and manager. He was best known for being the manager of Dundee United F.C. for 22 years between 1971 and 1993. While he was at Dundee United, the team won the 1982/83 Scottish Football League Championship and made it to many cup finals including the 1987 UEFA Cup Final against IFK Gothenburg.

McLean died at the age of 83 on 26 December 2020 from dementia-related problems.

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
The Singapore Grand Prix is a Formula One race staged in the Marina Bay area of Singapore, the race is Formula One's first night race. The first race was won by Spanish driver Fernando Alonso of the Renault F1 team on 28 September 2008.

Winners

Formula One

Multiple winners (drivers) 

Active drivers are in bold

Multiple winners (constructors)

By year

Pre Formula One years

Multiple winners (drivers) 

Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Multiple winners (constructors) 
No team has won the grand prix more than once.

By year 

Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Gallery

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Singapore Grand Prix Official Website
 Singapore confirms 2008 night race
 Google Earth placemark of the circuit 
 1966 Singapore Grand Prix newsreel

Events in Singapore
Formula One Grands Prix
Sport in Singapore
Steven Patrick Morrissey (born 22 May 1959), known by the stage name of Morrissey from his surname, is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He helped form and sang lead for the English band The Smiths from 1982 to 1987. After the band's breakup, he went on to become a successful solo artist. Morrissey has had many Top 10 hits. In 2013 Morrissey released his autobiography. Morrissey is known for his support of animal rights.

Early life
Born at Park Hospital in Davyhulme, Morrissey grew up as a Catholic as his parents were Irish Catholic immigrants. His parents had emigrated to England just before Morrissey's birth and, along with his only sibling (elder sister Jackie) they created a new life for themselves within the Manchester district of Hulme.

The Smiths

The Smiths were formed in early 1982 by Steven Morrissey and John Maher, a guitarist and songwriter, Maher later changed his surname to Marr to avoid confusion with the Buzzcocks drummer. During the five years of The Smiths, Marr and Morrissey produced four studio albums, one live album as well as nineteen singles, along with the two other band members, bass player Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce. 

Each of their four albums The Smiths, Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead and Strangeways, Here We Come charted in the top two of the UK Albums Chart, with Meat Is Murder charting at number one. Their live album Rank also peaked at number two in the album charts. To date seven compilation albums have been produced with an eighth due for release in November of this year.

Solo career
Following the split of The Smiths, Morrissey has produced and released nine studio albums under five different music labels. His ninth album, Years of Refusal, was released on 16 February 2009. The album got good reviews from music critics.

Solo discography
Viva Hate (1988)
Bona Drag (1990)
Kill Uncle (1991)
Your Arsenal (1992)
Vauxhall and I (1994)
Southpaw Grammar (1995)
Maladjusted (1997)
You Are the Quarry (2004)
Ringleader of the Tormentors (2006)
Years of Refusal (2009)
"World Peace Is None of Your Business" (2014)
"Low In High School" (2017)

Personal life
Morrissey has been vegetarian since he was 11 years old.

Morrissey said in a statement posted on his website in October 2013, "Unfortunately, I am not homosexual. In technical fact, I am humasexual. I am attracted to humans. But, of course ... not many".

Health
In early 2013, Morrissey was diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer. In March 2013, he had double pneumonia. In June 2014, he had a respiratory infection. In October 2014, he said that he has had treatment for cancer.

References

1959 births
Living people
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Lyricists
Musicians from Manchester
People with cancer
The Smiths members
The Belgian Grand Prix is an motor race, part of the Formula One World Championship.
The first national race of Belgium was held in 1925 at the Spa region's race course, an area of the country that had been associated with motor sport since the very early years of racing before the turn of the century. To accommodate Grand Prix racing, the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps race course was built in 1921 but it was only used for motorcycle racing until 1924. After the 1923 success of the new 24 hours of Le Mans in France, the Spa 24 Hours, a similar 24 hour endurance race, was run at the Spa track.

Winners

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1999–2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

Year by year

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.
''A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.

References

Other websites

 Official Website of the Belgian Formula One Grand Prix

Formula One Grands Prix
Hernando de Soto (Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain, c.1496/1497–May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States.  He was trying to find gold and a way to China.  The expedition explored the southern United States.  De Soto was probably the first European to discover the Mississippi River.  He died in 1542 on the banks of the Mississippi River at present-day Lake Village, Arkansas.

Personal life

Hernando de Soto was born to parents who were hidalgos in Extremadura.  In this region, there was a lot of poverty and hardship.  For this reason, many young people looked for ways to seek their fortune elsewhere. 

De Soto’s parents were poor.  Two towns, Badajoz and Jerez de los Caballeros, claim to be his birthplace.  All that is known with certainty is that he spent time as a child at both places.  In his will, he wanted to be buried at Jerez de los Caballeros, where other members of his family were also buried.

Exploration

The Age of the Conquerors began right after of the Spanish reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic forces.  After the Moors were defeated, Spain and Portugal were filled with young men begging for a chance to find military fame.  After explorers discovered new lands to the West (which they thought was far East Asia), many more young men became explorers with the goal of earning wealth and glory.

De Soto sailed to the New World in 1514 with the first Governor of Panama, Pedrarias Dávila.  During the conquest of Central America, de Soto became known for his leadership, his strong loyalty, and his extortion of native villages for their captured chiefs. He gained fame as an excellent horseman, fighter, and tactician.  However, he was also well known for his extreme brutality.

De Soto was influenced by Juan Ponce de León, who discovered Florida; Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who discovered the Pacific Ocean (which he called the "South Sea" below Panama); and Ferdinand Magellan, who first sailed the Pacific Ocean to the Orient.

References 

1490s births
1542 deaths
Spanish explorers
People from Extremadura
Circuit de Monaco is the name given to a motor racing circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbor of the principality of Monaco. It is commonly referred to as "Monte Carlo" because it is largely inside the Monte Carlo neighborhood of Monaco.

Deaths from crashes 
 1952 Luigi Fagioli
 1967 Lorenzo Bandini

Other websites 

 Monaco Grand Prix
 Circuit de Monaco History and Statistics 
 Statistics from official F1 site

Monaco
Monte Carlo
The Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort, from 1952 to 1985.

In 1985 the company that ran the circuit (CENAV) went out of business. This marked the end of Circuit Zandvoort. The municipality of Zandvoort took over ownership. Part of the grounds and track were sold in 1987 to Vendorado, a Bungalow park developer.

Winners of the Dutch Grand Prix

Repeat Winners (drivers) 

Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Repeat winners (constructors) 

Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.
Active constructors are in bold.

By year

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Formula One Grands Prix
The United States Grand Prix is a motor race which has been run on and off since 1908, when it was known as the American Grand Prize. The race later became part of the Formula One World Championship. From 2000 to 2007, the race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course. the United States Grand Prix was dropped from the Formula One calendar starting in 2008.

In 2010, the FIA announced that the race would return to the United States at a new circuit near Austin, Texas. The new track, known as the Circuit of the Americas, hosted its first U.S. Grand Prix in .

History

Indianapolis Motor Speedway 
Formula One returned to the United States in . The race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. A road course was built for the Formula one race. Part of the oval track was used, including the main straightaway and turn 4. The remaining part of the road course was built in the infield portion of the track. Even thought most American races run counter-clockwise, including the Indianapolis 500, the Formula One course was built to run clockwise.

Circuit of the Americas 
A new race track is being built in the Austin area. This track is being designed and built for the use of Formula One racing and MotoGP, and will also host a round of V8 Supercars, an Australia-based touring car racing series. The track will be located southeast of Austin next to state highway 130. The track will be located on a 900 acre site. The location used to known as the Wandering Creek property.

Winners of the United States Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season. A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Built by  Ilmor in 2001, funded by Mercedes

By year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Other websites 
 United States Grand Prix History 
 United States Grand Prix Statistics 
 Formula One Phoenix Circuit History
 Formula One Fair Park Circuit History
 Formula One United States Grand Prix in Austin

References 

Formula One Grands Prix
The Spanish Grand Prix () is a Formula One race currently held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. The race is one of the oldest in Formula 1 racing.

Winners of the Spanish Grand Prix

Multiple winners (drivers) 
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season
A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Multiple winners (constructors) 
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Multiple winners (engine manufacturers) 
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship.

* Designed and built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1998-2005 designed and built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

By year

A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship.
''A green background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.

* Sports car race 
† Officialy named as RACE Grand Prix

References

Formula One Grands Prix
The Canadian Grand Prix (known in French as the Grand Prix du Canada) is an auto race held in Canada since 1961. It has been part of the Formula One World Championship since 1967.  It was first staged at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario as a sports car event before it alternated between Mosport and Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Quebec after Formula One took over the event.  After 1971 safety concerns led to the Grand Prix moving permanently to Mosport. In 1978 the Canadian Grand Prix moved to its current home on Circuit Île Notre-Dame in Montreal. In 1982, the track was renamed to Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. This was to honour Canadian Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve, following his death in 1982.

Winners of the Canadian Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1999-2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

Year by year

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

 2006: Race started on ITV4 due to ITV showing coverage of the FIFA World Cup but simulcasted the race with ITV until the end of the race. 
 2011: Race started on BBC One, but finished on BBC Two and BBC HD due to rain delays.

Other websites 
  Official website 
  Official Website  
 Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame

Formula One Grands Prix
Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA ( or ), is the flag carrier and national airline of Pakistan.

Achievements and recognitions 
 First airline from an Asian country to fly the Super Constellation.
 First Asian airline to operate a jet aircraft.
 First Asian airline to be granted maintenance approval by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Air Registration Board, predecessor of the British Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
 First non-communist airline to fly to the People's Republic of China, and operate a service between Asia and Europe via Moscow.
 First airline in Asia to induct the new technology Boeing 737-300 aircraft.
 First airline in the world to operate scheduled helicopter services.
 First airline to show in-flight movies on international routes.
 The first airline in South Asia to introduce auto-ticketing facility.
 The first airline in the world to fly to Tashkent, capital of the newly independent state of Uzbekistan.
 First airline in the world to start Air Safari with jet aircraft.
 First Asian airline to start flights to Oslo, the capital city of Norway.
 First airline in the world to induct the Boeing 777-200LR, the world's longest range commercial airliner.
 First airline in the world to take delivery of the Boeing 777-200LR Worldliner (Longer Range Variant).
 Pakistan International Airlines Flight Services Department was awarded the ISO 9001:2000 certification award during May 2006.
 First airline in Pakistan to operate a flight with an all female crew at command and in the cabin.
 First airline in the world to operate the Boeing 777-200ER, 777-200LR and 777-300ER altogether - all the three variants currently available on the market.
 PIA Flight Kitchens in Karachi were awarded the HACCP Certification.

Crashes
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303

References

Other websites
Official website

Airlines of Asia
Karachi
National symbols of Pakistan
Transport in Pakistan
The International Air Transport Association is an international industry trade group of airlines. It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization also is. The main goal of the organization is to assist airline companies to achieve lawful competition and uniformity in prices.

References

Other websites 
 IATA official website
Aviation
Montreal
Bagshot Park (Grid reference: ) is a royal residence. It is eleven miles south of Windsor. It is located in Bagshot, Surrey, and is the current home and official residence of Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Bagshot Park is a few miles from Sunninghill Park, the former home of Prince Andrew, Duke of York. 

Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Balmoral Castle is a royal residence in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was purchased by Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, in 1848. Victoria and Albert paid £300,000 for full ownership of the house in 1852. Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone in 1853, signed a parchment recording the date, and placed it in the hole prepared for the stone. Today, Balmoral is owned privately by the royal family, and is one of Queen Elizabeth II's favourite summer retreats. 

Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Castles in Scotland
The Beech is a large tree in the genus Fagus in the plant family Fagaceae. There are about 10 species, all native to Europe, Asia, and North America.

The flowers are small and single-sex (monoecious), the female flowers are carried in pairs, the male flowers are wind-pollinating catkins, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The bark is smooth and light grey. The fruit is a small, sharply three–anglend nut 10–15 mm long. The nuts are edible, though bitter (though not nearly as bitter as acorns). They have a high tannin content, and are called beechnuts or beechmast.

Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acid or basic, provided they are not wet for long periods. The tree canopy casts a heavy shade, and the leaves, when dropped, cover the ground thickly. Few plant grow under beech trees.

In North America, they often form Beech-Maple forests by growing together with the Sugar Maple.

Uses of Beechwood
The beech has been used for its wood by man for thousands of years. The wood is white, or reddish if grown on acid soil, but fine grained, smooth and heavy when first cut. It may split as it dries. It is a good wood for making ornaments, tool handles, kitchen utensils, furniture and parts of buildings. Beechwood burns well and is used, among other woods, to smoke herrings in Scotland. It can also be made into charcoal.

Southern Beech
The southern beeches Nothofagus previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, Nothofagaceae. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile (mostly on the southern tip in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).

Pests and Diseases
The beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of butterflies and moths (see List of moths and butterflies that feed on beech trees).

References

World Heritage Sites
Fagales
The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best known trees. The order name is derived from genus Fagus, Beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families currently included are as follows:

 Betulaceae - Birch family
 Casuarinaceae - She-oak family
 Fagaceae - Beech family
 Juglandaceae - Walnut family
 Myricaceae - Bayberry family
 Nothofagaceae - Southern beech family
 Rhoipteleaceae - Rhoiptelea family
 Ticodendraceae - Ticodendron family
Pollen is a powder made of pollen grains, which produce sperm cells (male cells used for reproduction) of seed plants. The pollen grains are actually haploid male gametophytes.

In flowering plants

Development of pollen grains 
The anther contains microsporangia. Each microsporangium contains pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis, and produce pollen grains, which produce the male gametes (sperm).

The pollen is released by the opening of the anther. The pollen is carried by some agent (wind, or some animal) to the receptive surface of the carpel of the same or another flower. This process is known as pollination. After successful pollination, the pollen grain (immature microgametophyte) completes its development by growing a pollen tube and undergoing mitosis to produce two male gametes.

Pollination 

There are two main kinds of pollination. One kind happens when pollen from a stamen sticks to the pistil of the same plant. That is self-pollination.

The other kind of pollination takes place when pollen from one plant travels to the pistil of another plant. Most plants use this kind of pollination. Plants need help for this kind of pollination, because they cannot move. So, they need another way to move pollen from one plant to another plant.

The wind helps move pollen between plants. The pollen of some plants is very light. Wind blows it from the flowers on one plant to the flowers on another plant. The wind can move pollen a long way before the pollen hits the sticky top of a pistil.

Animals also help move pollen between plants. Many flowers are colourful and their scent attracts some animals. These flowers also make a sweet juice called nectar. Sometimes an animal, such as a bee, sees or smells a flower. Then, it lands on the flower to get nectar. As the bee drinks the nectar, the stamens brush pollen onto its body. Then, the bee flies to another flower that has a pistil. The pollen on the bee's body brushes onto the sticky top of the flower's pistil. The pollen is used as protein for the bee larvae.

The plants help feed the animal. In return, the animal helps the plants by moving pollen from flower to flower. The relationship has evolved together; it is a kind of co-evolution called mutualism or symbiosis.

References

Flowers
Plant anatomy

mzn:گرده (نمین)
Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The amount of people living there was 22,773 at the 2000 census, but had increased to an estimated amount of 24,103 in July 2007. It is one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The city of Denison was founded in 1872 in conjunction with the MKT or "Katy" depot It was named after the rich Katy vice President George DenisonBecause the town was made at the intersection of the MKT and the Red River (both important conduits of transportation in the industrial era), it came to be an important commercial center in the 19th century American West.

History
The name of Denison was given by French people because during the 19th century a horticulturalist from this place saved the grapes of France. During the same century a famous president of the USA, Dwight David Eisenhower was born there. The next century has contributed to Denison history because there was a conflict about some artworks that showed up in Denison in the 1980s.

Demographics
Denison contains a population of around 24,000. For females we have 12,704 (52.9%) and for males 11,297 (47.1%). Median resident age is estimated at 38.5 years. In 2000, median house value was estimated at $52,100 and in 2008 median house hold income was estimated at $38,843.

Politics
Denison is a city of Texas. It has its own mayor named Robert Brady. Denison and all the state of Texas have two representative senators: John Coryn and Key Bailey Hutchison.

Culture

The diversity of religions and the government laws create the spread of different cultures and arts. Therefore, Denison was designated by the Texas Commission on the Arts as one of seven pilot cities for the Texas Arts and Cultural District in September 2009.

Cities in Texas
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Texas
The order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 11,000 species divided up into about 10 families. A few well-known members of this order are the lavender, the lilac, the olive, the jasmine, the ash tree, the teak, the snapdragon, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.

References

 

az:Lamiid
Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family, is a family of plants. It includes about 210 genera and about 3,500 species. It has been considered closely related to Verbenaceae but 1990s phylogenetic studies have shown that a lot of the genera classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae, whereas the core genera of Verbenaceae are not closely related to Lamiaceae and are more closely related to other members of the Lamiales.

Genera

References

Lamiaceae
Garden angelica (Angelica archangelica; syn. Archangelica officinalis Hoffm., Archangelica officinalis var. himalaica C.B.Clarke, Angelica sativa Mill.) is a biennial plant from the umbelliferous family Apiaceae. Other English names are Holy Ghost, Wild Celery, and Norwegian angelica.  

People can eat the stem and roots.  It looks very similar to some poisonous species (Conium, Heracleum, and others).  Because of this it is important to know for certain it is garden angelica before eating it.

During its first year it only grows leaves.  The flowers blossom in July.  There are many small flowers that are yellowish or greenish in colour.

It grows wild in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries.

From the 10th century on, angelica was grown as a vegetable and medicinal plant.  It is used to flavour liqueurs or aquavits, omelettes, trout and jam. The long bright green stems are also candied and used as decoration.

References

Other websites 
 GRIN: Angelica archangelica

Apiaceae
Glycyrrhiza is a genus of about 18 species in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). It is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Americas. It is best known for liquorice (British English; licorice in American English), which is the product of G. glabra, a species from the Mediterranean region. Very little G. glabra is grown in North America, but American Licorice G. lepidota is a common native species there.  Russian Liquorice (G. echinata) and  Chinese Liquorice (G. uralensis, Chinese: gāncǎo, 甘草 lit. "sweet grass" or "sweet herb") are also grown, the latter being important in traditional Chinese medicine.

Species include:
Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa
Glycyrrhiza aspera
Glycyrrhiza astragalina
Glycyrrhiza bucharica
Glycyrrhiza echinata - Russian liquorice
Glycyrrhiza eglandulosa
Glycyrrhiza foetida
Glycyrrhiza foetidissima
Glycyrrhiza glabra - liquorice, licorice
Glycyrrhiza gontscharovii
Glycyrrhiza iconica
Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi
Glycyrrhiza lepidota - American licorice
Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora
Glycyrrhiza squamulosa
Glycyrrhiza triphylla
Glycyrrhiza uralensis - Chinese liquorice
Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis

Faboideae
Medicinal plants
A bolt action gun has a breech (back part of the barrel) that is opened and closed by hand with a small handle. They can only be fired once before the breech must be opened for a new round to enter the chamber, where it can then be fired from. Many older sniper rifles, as well as many hunting rifles today, work in this way.

When the bolt is opened, the first cartridge in the gun is loaded.  After firing the gun, opening the bolt takes out the empty cartridge, and closing the bolt puts in a new one. Bolt action rifles are usually the most accurate type of small arms, leading them to be used widely as marksman rifles.  The rifle won't cycle a round without the shooter doing it manually, causing less movement of parts and gases while the round is being fired.  This improves accuracy, but also increases recoil compared to automatic rifles of the same caliber.

Despite being significantly slower to fire than lever-action rifles, which were invented around the same time, militaries across the world chose to replace their muzzleloader muskets with bolt action guns rather than lever action ones, because bolt action rifles are loaded over the barrel.  This allows easier loading by a shooter lying on the ground, without affecting aim.  With lever action guns, on the other hand, the ground is in the way of loading downwards, and to load the gun would mean to throw off the shooter's aim since the gun must be turned sideways.

Famous bolt action rifles include the Springfield M1903, the G98, the Lee-Enfield, and the Mosin-Nagant.

Firearms
Trigger may mean:
 Trigger (firearms), a mechanism that actuates the firing of firearms
 Trigger pad, a device used in electronic percussion
 USS Trigger (SS-237), a submarine
 USS Trigger (SS-564), a submarine
 Trigger (horse), owned by cowboy star Roy Rogers.
 Trigger (guitar), the Martin N-20 guitar played by Willie Nelson.
 Trigger (Only Fools and Horses), a fictional character from the BBC sit-com Only Fools and Horses

In psychology and ethology:
An event which starts other events, or incites a response. See also releaser.

In computing:
 Trigger function in event-driven programming
 Database trigger, procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table in a database
 Trigger circuit, IBM's name for a flip-flop.

In physics:
 Trigger (particle physics), hardware or software based device for the (online-)selection of specific event classes from large datasets (see also: ATLAS trigger system)

In music:
 Trigger (EP), an EP by the Swedish band In Flames
 "Trigger", a bonus song by The Rasmus from their 2005 album Hide from the Sun
Fragile Future is the third album by Hawthorne Heights. It was released in 2008. It was their first album without Casey Calvert, because he died in late 2007. Casey was the backing vocalist who used death growls in the songs. This album has no death growls or harsh vocals at all because the band decided not to replace Casey with a new person who could do death growls.

Hawthorne Heights did not have a lot of success on the singles, but it was seen as a new start for the band.

While much of the album was inspired by things that had been happening to the band, it never says the words "Casey" or "Victory Records"

The album art includes a picture of Casey Calvert near a lamppost.

Track listing 
"The Business of Paper Stars" - 3:47
"Rescue Me" - 3:08
"Until the Judgement Day" - 3:45
"Somewhere in Between" - 3:22
"Sugar in the Engine" - 4:29
"Desperation" - 3:28
"Four Become One" - 3:55
"321" - 3:40
"Disaster" - 3:01
"Let Go of Everything You Know" - 3:25
"Corps of Corpses" - 3:12
"Come Back Home (Reprised)" - 4:11

2008 albums
Hawthorne Heights albums
Dundalk () is a town in County Louth, Republic of Ireland, near the border with Northern Ireland. It takes its name from , "Dalga's fort" and officially became a town in 1189. It is located at a ford on the Castletown River. The town's crest reads "Mé do rug Cú Chulainn Cróga"  (I gave birth to brave Cú Chulainn)
Dundalk is twinned with the town of Rezé in France.

Dundalk has a large population of 29,037 inhabitants.  In 2003, Dundalk was amongst nine cities and towns to be given "Gateway status" in the Irish Government's "National Spatial Strategy". "Gateway towns" will be the first to get funding for improving their towns.

References 

County towns in Ireland
County Louth
County Louth () is a county on the east coast of Ireland, on the border with Northern Ireland.

The county town is Dundalk, which is also the largest town in Louth. Most people that live in Louth live in the two biggest towns, Dundalk and Drogheda. The 2006 Census showed that Dundalk and Drogheda as not only the largest towns in the Louth, but also the second and third largest towns in Ireland.

Louth is nicknamed "the Wee County" because it is the smallest county in Ireland ("wee" means small).

Where the name comes from
The old Irish name of the county Lughbhaidh comes from the place where people worshipped  the Celtic god  whose festival was celebrated at .

The name is now spelled as An Lú. This is just the modern way of spelling Lughbhaidh. 'Lú' means 'small' in Irish, but this is not where the name comes from.

History
The history of Louth goes back a long time. Before people wrote down histories and dates, a famous Irish story is supposed to have happened in Louth. It is called the Táin Bó Cúailge. In this story, a famous warrior called Cúchulainn fights a whole army by himself to protect a brown bull from being stolen.

There are some old monasteries in the county including Monasterboice and Mellifont Abbey

In the fourteenth century the Scottish army of Edward Bruce lost the Battle of Faughart near Dundalk. Edward was killed in the battle. Oliver Cromwell attacked Drogheda in 1649 killing the Royalist garrison (Siege of Drogheda).

Places in County Louth

Towns
Ardee
Drogheda
Dundalk
Dunleer
Greenore

References

Other websites
Omeath Online - Official Site of Omeath, Co. Louth
Carlingford Online - Carlingford Local and Tourist Site
Dunleer Parish
Louth Local Authorities
Drogheda Tourism - Official Site of the Drogheda Tourist Office

County Louth
Victor J. Hammer (November 1, 1901 – July 21, 1985) was a businessman, founder and owner of the Hammer Galleries in New York City. He was the younger brother of Armand Hammer.

Victor attended Princeton University, where he graduated in 1921 with a degree in Art History.

Victor was business partner to his brother Armand Hammer on several business ventures, including Hammer Galleries in New York City, founded in 1928 as a way to funnel profits made in Soviet Russia out of that country.  At one point, British Intelligence believed Hammer Galleries was a front for Soviet Intelligence.  The Hammer brothers had been in contact with Soviet authorities for a number of reasons, such as famine relief as well as when the Soviets sought a buyer for the treasures of the Hermitage as a way to earn hard currency.  Victor was responsible for acquisitions for Hammer Galleries, including the so-called Romanov Treasures and Fabergé eggs.  In 1937, Time Magazine described Victor and Armand as "Two of the most startling characters in the U. S. art world are the Brothers Armand and Victor Hammer, one with a medical degree, both friends of Soviet Russia.".

Victor Hammer was a prolific philanthropist.  He, along with his brothers Harry and Armand, purchased Campobello Island and donated it to the US and Canada as the countries' first joint park, known as Roosevelt Campobello International Park

References

Other websites
 Hammer Galleries, New York City

1901 births
1985 deaths
People from New York City
American philanthropists
MySims is a video game for the Wii and Nintendo DS.

2007 video games
Nintendo DS games
Windows games
The Sims
Wii games

de:Die Sims#MySims
The Sun is a tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. By circulation it is the eighth largest newspaper in any language in the world. It is published by News Group Newspapers of News International, itself a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. The Sun has many different categories, for example Sport.

There is also a Scottish (The Scottish Sun), Irish (The Irish Sun) and Polish (the Polski Sun) edition. 

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
English-language newspapers
The M2 Machine Gun, or Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun. It was nicknamed Ma Deuce by US troops or simply called "fifty-cal." due to its caliber.

John Moses Browning (1855–1926) of Ogden, Utah, was the inventor. His military arms were considered to be outstanding. German Field Marshal Hermann Göring said, "If the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) had the Browning .50-caliber, the Battle of Britain would have turned out differently". 

Browning began work on the .50-caliber machine gun in July 1917 and it was introduced in 1918. It was a belt-fed, automatic weapon that came in both air-cooled and water-cooled versions. The gun was capable of single-shot or fully automatic fire. The U.S. Army, Army Air Forces, and Navy all adopted it immediately. 

The Browning .50 caliber machine gun has been used as a vehicle weapon and for aircraft by the United States from the 1920s to the present day. It was used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, as well as during operations in Iraq in the 1990s and 2000s. It is the primary heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries. It is still in use today, with only a few modern improvements. Right now, it is the longest serving machine gun in the US military.

References 

Heavy machine guns
Machine guns of the United States
Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) is a sub-discipline of military (like Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine, Coast Guard and National Guard in the North American United States) electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make them less visible. 

For example, stealth technology was developed to make aircraft difficult to detect with radar. 

Aircraft
The Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families given at right are typical of newer classifications, though there is some slight variation, and in particular the Torriceliaceae may be divided. These families are placed within the asterid group of dicotyledons.

Asterids