cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diastole () is the time during a heart beat when the heart fills with blood after a contraction. The contraction of the heart is called systole and is the opposite of diastole. The term diastole comes from the Greek word διαστολη. This means expanding or opening.

Inside the heart
There are two types of diastole. 
Ventricular diastole is the time when the two lower chambers of the heart called the ventricles are relaxing to let the blood to flow in. 
Atrial diastole is the time when the two upper chambers of the heart called the atria are relaxing to allow the blood to flow in. 

During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the (left and right) ventricles drops. When the pressure in the left ventricle becomes lower than the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens. The blood then flows from the atrium into the ventricle. The speed at which the blood flows into the ventricles can be used to diagnose diastolic dysfunction.

Diastolic pressure
Because the heart relaxes during diastole, "diastolic pressure" is the lowest pressure within the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. The highest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle contracts, and is called systolic pressure.

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, diastolic pressure is the second number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure; for example: 120/80.

Related pages
Systole (medicine)
Blood pressure
Wiggers diagram

References

Other websites
 Auscultation of Diastolic Murmurs 
 Audio Examples of Heart and Lung Sounds 
Cardiology
Blood pressure
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
Systole is the last stage of a heart beat. It happens right after diastole, when the heart refills with blood. During systole, the heart's two ventricles contract (squeeze).  (The ventricles are the largest parts of the heart, which pump blood to the body and lungs.) 

During systole, the heart muscle gets an automatic electrical signal that tells the heart to contract (squeeze). This makes the blood flow out of the heart.

Phases 
Above the ventricles are smaller chambers (sections) of the heart called atria. They contract (squeeze) during the last part of diastole, and send blood down to the larger, lower ventricles. The atria have valves that close after this so blood cannot flow backward into the atria.  

When the ventricles are filled and the valves to the atria are closed, the ventricles contract. So, the atria and ventricles contract in sequence. The left and right atria feed blood into the ventricles. Then, the left and right ventricles contract. 

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.  This is why we have a pulse.

Systolic pressure 
Because the heart muscle contracts during systole, "systolic pressure" is the highest pressure in the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. (Blood causes the most pressure against the walls of the arteries when it is being pushed out during systole). The lowest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle relaxes, and is called "diastolic pressure".

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, systolic pressure is the first number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure.  For example, if a person's blood pressure is 120/80, 120 is the systolic pressure, and 80 is the diastolic pressure.

Related pages 
 Diastole
 Blood pressure
 Heart
 Circulatory system

References

Other websites

Blood pressure
Cardiology
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Its action affects the central nervous system. It can affect the brain and change perception, mood, consciousness, cognition and behaviour. Hypnotics are often prescribed to help people sleep. Sometimes they are also used in rituals, or as illegal drugs. These drugs enable their users to change their consciousness. This can also help students when they are preparing their examinations. Certain therapies also use such substances. 

Psychoactive substances change the consciousness and mood of their user. The people using them may have pleasant feelings, such as euphoria or they may be more alert. For this reason, many psychoactive substances are abused: They are used outside the aims of the treatment. This may lead to the user developing a  psychological and physical dependence ("addiction"). It will get more difficult to interrupt the cycle of abuse. 

Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency; this is done with psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances: Acamprosate or naltrexone are examples of substances used to treat alcoholism, methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid dependency.  However, the reverse is also true in some cases, that is certain experiences on drugs may be so unfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try the substance again.  This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. datura) and dissociatives (e.g. salvia divinorum).

In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of a continuing philosophical debate. Many governments worldwide have placed restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.

References

Drugs
Mangalore is a city in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the capital city of Dakshina Kannada district. It is a port city. It is located on the Arabian Sea. It is the largest city in the Tulu Nadu region.

People in Mangalore speak many languages like Kannada, Tulu, Konkani and Beary.

Cities in India
Settlements in Karnataka
The West Coast of the United States is a term that generally refers to the states of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. It also sometimes include the state of  Hawaii, even though it has little in common geologically with the continental states. Almost 50 million people live in these states. The region includes the cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Anchorage, Portland and San Diego.

Regions of the United States
Stryper is a Christian glam metal band from Orange County, California. The group's lineup consists of Michael Sweet (lead vocals, guitar), Oz Fox (guitar), Tim Gaines (bass guitar), and Robert Sweet (drums). In 2004 Gaines left the band and was replaced by Tracy Ferrie (bass guitar) but rejoined in 2009.

Formed in 1983 as Roxx Regime, they would change their message and name to Stryper to go on to be the first Christian rock band to be recognized by the mainstream. In 1983 they were signed by Enigma Records and released their first album The Yellow and Black Attack. By the mid-1980s, Stryper saw their most successful period starting with the release of To Hell with the Devil which achieved Platinum sales status. Stryper would go on to release two more Gold albums before breaking up in 1992. In 2003 Stryper came out of retirement for a reunion tour and subsequently signed a multi-album contract with Big3 Records in 2005.

The name "Stryper" derives from the King James Version of the Bible. "But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities:
the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed." The reference, Isaiah 53:5, is frequently included as part of their logo. Stryper's drummer, Robert Sweet, also created a backronym for their name: "salvation through redemption, yielding peace, encouragement and righteousness".

Discography

The Yellow and Black Attack (1984)
Soldiers Under Command (1985)
The Yellow and Black Attack (Re-Issue) (1986)
To Hell with the Devil (1986)
In God We Trust (1988)
Against the Law (1990)
Reborn (2005)
Murder by Pride (2009)
The Covering (2011)

References

Other websites
Official Homepage
Michael Sweet's site
Stryper at Metal Archives
Stryper Expo 2000 
Stryper Expo 2001 
Kingdom Extreme Magazine interview with guitarist Oz Fox 2009 

1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
American heavy metal bands
Glam metal bands
Christian metal bands
American hard rock bands
American rock bands
Christian rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Enigma Records artists
Christian metal, also known as 'white metal',  is a form of heavy metal music which a Christian band makes to praise Jesus. Christian metal is typically performed by professed Christians, sometimes principally for Christians who listen to heavy metal music. It is often produced and distributed through various Christian networks.

Christian metal bands exist in all the subgenres of heavy metal music, and the only common link between most Christian metal bands are the lyrics. The Christian themes are often melded with the subjects of the genre the band is rooted in, regularly providing a Christian take on the subject matter. It has been argued that the marginal yet transnational Christian metal subculture provides its core members an alternative religious expression and Christian identity, and that the music serves the purpose of offering a positive alternative or counterbalance to secular metal music which is known for its generally dark and negative message.

Christian metal emerged in the late 1970s as a means of evangelism to the wider heavy metal music scene, and was pioneered by the American Resurrection Band and Swedish Jerusalem. Los Angeles' Stryper achieved wide success in the 1980s, otherwise the genre was mostly ignored by the mainstream. California's Tourniquet and Australia's Mortification led the movement in the 1990s. The metalcore groups Underoath, Demon Hunter, As I Lay Dying, and Norma Jean (dubbed by Revolver Magazine as "The Holy Alliance") brought some mainstream attention to the movement in the first decade of the 21st century, achieving ranks in the Billboard 200.
Jerusalem is a Swedish Christian rock band, founded in 1975 by Ulf Christiansson. It was one of the first bands to combine Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound.

History

Jerusalem's message was primarily aimed at youth, with their lyrics describing the band's relationship to God in an ordinary, but radical way. The band's purpose was expressly evangelistic. Their concerts have been described as a series of revival meetings which often included altar calls and occasionally exorcisms.¡When the band first toured in the mid-1970s in Sweden, their combination of Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound was very controversial. The band was only permitted to perform at a few churches.

Discography
For albums released in both Swedish and English versions, the English titles are in parentheses.

Studio albums
 Jerusalem (Volume 1) (1978/1980)
 Volym 2 (Volume 2) (1980/1981)
 Krigsman (Warrior) (1981/1982)
 Vi Kan Inte Stoppas (Can't Stop Us Now) (1983/1984)
 Dancing on the Head of the Serpent (1987/1988)
 Prophet (1994)
 Volym Tre (Those Were the Days) (1996/1997)
 Volüm Fyra (R.A.D.) (1997/1998)
 She (2010)

Live albums
 In His Majesty's Service - Live in USA (1985)
 Live - På Ren Svenska (1998)

Compilation albums
 10 Years After (1988)
 Klassiker 1 (Classics 1) (1993/1996)
 Klassiker 2 (Classics 2) (1993/1996)
 Classics 3 (1995)
 Tretti (2006)
 Greatest Hits (2006)

Other websites
 Jerusalem - Official Site
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Glam metal bands
Christian metal bands
Hard rock bands
Christian rock bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
The hydrosphere is the total mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It is part of physical geography. The oceans, rivers, and lakes are all part of the hydrosphere. Some electricity is made by the hydrosphere. 

The total mass of the Earth’s hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1024 grams, which is about 0.023% of the Earth’s total mass. Around 2 × 1019 grams of this is the Earth’s atmosphere. In addition, 71% of the Earth’s surface, an area of 361 million square kilometers, is covered by ocean.

References 

Physical geography
Bohuslav Martinů (born Polička, Bohemia, 8 December 1890; died Liestal, Switzerland, 28 August 1959) was a Czech composer. He wrote an enormous amount of music, including six symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and many orchestral, chamber, vocal and instrumental works. His music is often inspired by his native country.

His life 
Martinů was born in the tower of a town church and that is where he spent the first seven years of his life, away from the rest of the world. When he was old enough to go to school he had to climb the 193 steps down to the street every day. He started to have violin lessons from the local tailor. He was very shy because he was used to being all by himself with his family in the tower, but he made good progress and in 1905 gave his first violin recital.

Martinů soon started to compose music and nothing else interested him very much. He went to the Prague Conservatory to study the violin but he preferred going to the theatre and reading. In 1909 he changed to the organ school but he did no work and was expelled from school.

He managed to avoid fighting in the World War I by composing. After the war he became a member of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, playing second violin.

In 1923 he moved to Paris where he stayed for 17 years. He was very poor. He had some lessons with Albert Roussel and soon became known as a composer. He married in 1931 and his wife worked hard to earn money so that he could spend his time composing. He liked to use Czech folk stories and literature as inspiration for his music.

In 1940 he had to leave Paris to escape from the Nazis. He spent several months living rough, often sleeping on stationplatforms. In March 1941 he and his wife managed to get to New York.

Life in the United States was hard for him. He spoke no English and people there did not know his music. He had left all his scores behind. However, he worked hard and the famous conductor Sergei Koussevitsky asked him to write a symphony. His music still sounded very Czech. After World War II he very much wanted to go back to his own country, but the communist government made that impossible. He had a bad fall and it took him years to recover properly. He taught at Princeton University, then he retired to Nice in France. He died of cancer in Basle.

His music 
Bohuslav Martinů wrote a lot of music. He loved sitting down and writing music. Once he had finished a composition he was never very interested in hearing it performed or what happened to it. As a result, some of his music is very good but some of it is less interesting. One of his last works was called Řecké Pašije (The Greek Passion) which uses Greek folk melody and church chant. He was never influenced by American music, he preferred the modes, folktunes, bagpipe drones and mountain calls of his native country. His music can often be described as neoclassical in style.

Other websites 

 Bohuslav Martinů Foundation in Prague
 Catalogue of Martinů Works
 Bohuslav Martinu Centre in Policka

1890 births
1959 deaths
20th-century composers
Czech composers
The Gallipoli Campaign  was an Allied attack on the Gallipoli peninsula during World War I. The campaign took place between April 25, 1915 and January 9, 1916. The Allied forces of the British Empire and of French fought the Ottoman Empire.

The reasons that the campaign happened were to break the stalemate on the Western and the Eastern Front and to help Russia.

The campaign started with a naval attack along the Dardanelles. Naval mines sank or damaged several ships, and the Ottomans fought back and stopped the Allies from entering the Sea of Marmara. It was decided that if the Russians were to receive any British help, a land invasion was necessary.

On April 25, 1915, Allied forces landed at various locations along the Gallipoli Peninsula. Many British soldiers were landed in the wrong places, which caused heavy casualties. The British landed at Cape Helles and the ANZACs landed at a place that was later known as Anzac Cove. However, the Allies did not push on. Instead, they were told to dig trenches and wait for an Ottoman attack. There was trench warfare until the evacuation of all Allied troops was finally ordered. The campaign is widely viewed as an Allied failure.

The British historian A.J.P. Taylor wrote of the Gallipoli campaign: "The Gallipoli expedition was a terrible example of an ingenious strategical idea carried through after inadequate preparation and with inadequate drive."

Mustafa Kemal led the Ottoman defenders in what was the only important victory in the war and so he became a hero. Years after the war ended, he became the first President of Turkey. He paid tribute to the ANZAC soldiers who had died there.

References 

1915 in Europe
1916 in Europe
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving India
Battles involving New Zealand
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles of World War I
British Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Sparassodonta were an order of carnivorous metatherian mammals. They are all now extinct.

The sparassodonts were native to South America. They were once thought to be true marsupials, but are now classified as a sister taxon to them. 

A number of these mammalian predators closely resemble placental predators that evolved separately in Eurasia. They were first described by Florentino Ameghino, from fossils found in the Santa Cruz beds of Patagonia.

Features
Members of the order Sparassodonta showed many similarities with placental carnivora, but they were not closely related. They are a very good example of convergent evolution. 

For example, sparassodont molars were similar to the meat slicing teeth of modern cats. The canines were also lengthened, and in some cases, such as Thylacosmilus, resemble those of saber-toothed cats like Smilodon. Their body size varied, ranging from 80 cm (2 ft 8 in) long to the size of today's modern big cats.

Another family of large predators wrere the borhyaenids, which were more like wolves or dogs.

Families 
†Hathliacynidae
†Borhyaenidae
†Proborhyaenidae
†Thylacosmilidae

References 

Fossils
Metatheria
Mammals of South America
Rudi Hiden (Josef Rudolf Hiden, born 9 March 1909 in Graz, Styria, Austria – died 11 September 1973 in Vienna) was an Austrian–French footballer. He was goalkeeper. After his career as player he became football coach.

Career
He started playin football with Grazer A.K., where he played from 1925 - 1927. Then he went to Vienna, where he played for WAC(1927-1933). 1933 he planed to went to Arsenal London, but the Players Union did not allow this, so he went on to RC Paris together with Auguste Jordan, another Austrian footballer. 1937 he took the French nationality and played once for the French team in a 1940 match versus Portugal.

International career
He started at the age of 19 in a match versus Yugoslavia(3:0). His second match he played two years later, he was very good so he became No.1 goalkeeper of the Austrian team. He was the goalkeeper in the golden age of the Austrian team, the so-called Wunderteam (Wonderteam). In the early 1930 the team played 15 matches and won 12 and lost only one game (in Wembley versus England 3:4)

After his footballer career he became coach of different teams in Italys Seria B.
 1951–1952 Salernitana
 1952–1953 Messina
 1953–1954 Palermo
 1956–1957 Messina
 danach US Carrarese
 1963–1964 Salernitana

Honours
 Austrian Cup (1):
 1931
 French championship (1):
 1936
 Coupe de France (3):
 1936, 1939, 1940
 In 2005 a lane in Viennas district Donaustadt was named after him (Rudi-Hiden-Gasse)

Other websites
 The Wonderteam-Painting by Paul Meissner 

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1909 births
1973 deaths
Association football goalkeepers
Austrian football managers
French football managers
French footballers
AB III is the third studio album by American rock band Alter Bridge. It was released on October 8, 2010 in Germany and Australia, since then released worldwide through late 2010 and early 2011. It received critical acclaim, and debuted at #17 in the Billboard 200 with more than 28,000 copies sold.

It contains one of Alter Bridge most successful songs, "Isolation" which peaked at #1 at the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

Track listing
"Slip to the Void" — 4:55
"Isolation" — 4:15
"Ghost of Days Gone By" — 4:26
"All Hope Is Gone" — 4:51
"Still Remains" — 4:47
"Make It Right" — 4:18
"Wonderful Life — 5:22
"I Know It Hurts" — 3:57
"Show Me a Sign" — 5:58
"Fallout" — 4:24
"Breathe Again" — 4:24
"Coeur d'Alene" — 4:33
"Life Must Go On" — 4:34
"Words Darker Than Their Wings" — 5:21
United States Bonus Tracks
"Zero" — 4:39
"Home" — 3:29
Japan Bonus Tracks
"Never Born to Follow" — 4:06

Chart positions
Album

Singles

Other websites
Official Website — AlterBridge.com

2010 albums
A macaw is a New World parrot. Some of the species are large birds, the largest of the parrots. Macaws are native to Mexico, Central America, South America, and formerly the Caribbean.

Macaws, like all parrots, are unusually intelligent birds. The usual thing for parrots is to pair for life. They stay together even out of the mating season. They often fly in formation, one above the other.

Diet and clay licks

Macaws eat a variety of foods including seeds, nuts, fruits, palm fruits, leaves, flowers, and stems.  Wild species may forage widely, over  for some of the larger species such as Ara araurana (blue & yellow macaw) and Ara ambigua (great green macaw), in search of seasonally available foods.  

In the western Amazon, hundreds of macaws and other parrots descend to exposed river banks to lick clay almost daily,  except on rainy days. 

It was suggested that parrots and macaws in the Amazon basin eat clay from exposed river banks to neutralize toxins. 

The clay eating behavior of parrots was studied at clay licks in Peru. Apparently, macaws and other birds and animals prefer clays with higher levels of salt. Sodium is a vital element which is scarce in environments over 100 kilometers from the ocean.

Related pages 
Hyacynth macaw
Red-shouldered macaw
Scarlet macaw

References

Other websites 
 

True parrots

et:Aara#Aara laiemas mõttes
nl:Ara (vogel)
The Cramps were an American punk rock band, formed in 1976 and active until 2009. The band split after the death of lead singer Lux Interior. They were part of the early CBGB punk rock movement that had emerged in New York. The Cramps are widely recognized as one of the prime innovators of psychobilly, and they inspired many of the early gothic rock bands.

Members

Final line-up
Lux Interior (Erick Purkhiser) – vocals, March 1973 to February 2009
Poison Ivy (Kristy Wallace) – lead guitar, March 1973 to February 2009
Harry Drumdini – drums, February 1993 – July 2003 and August 2006 to February 2009

Former members
Bryan Gregory (Greg Beckerleg) – guitar, April 1976 – May 1980
Julien Grindsnatch – guitar, July 1980 – September 1980
Kid Congo Powers (Brian Tristan) – guitar, December 1980 – September 1983
Mike Metoff (as Ike Knox) – guitar, October 1983 – November 1983; January 1984 – July 1984
Click Mort – guitar, December 1983
Scott "Chopper" Franklin – bass & guitar, January 2002 – September 2006
Sean Yseult (Shauna Reynolds, of White Zombie) – bass, October/November 2006
Touch Hazard (Tim Maag of The Mechanics & D.I.) – bass, 1985
Fur (Jennifer Dixon) – bass, March 1986 – May 1986
Candy del Mar – bass, July 1986 – January 1991
Slim Chance – bass, March 1991-August 1998
Doran Shelley – bass, 1998–1999
SugarPie Jones (aka Tim Ferris) – bass, 2000
Pam Ballam (Pam Beckerleg) – drums, April 1976 – September 1976
Miriam Linna – drums, October 1976 – June 1977
Nick Knox – drums, July 1977 – January 1991
Jim Sclavunos – drums, 1991
Nickey Alexander – drums, June 1991 – January 1993
Bill "Buster" Bateman – drums, June 2004 – August 2006
Jen Hanrahan – castanets June 2000 – August 2000.
"Jungle" Jim Chandler – "Laid down the primal beat" for the European tour 2004

Discography

Studio albums
 Songs the Lord Taught Us (1980, Illegal)
 Psychedelic Jungle (1981, I.R.S.)
 Smell of Female – (live at the Peppermint Lounge) 6-track mini album (1983, Big Beat)
 A Date with Elvis (1986, Big Beat)
 Stay Sick (1990, Enigma)
 Look Mom No Head! (1991, Enigma)
 Flamejob (1994, The Medicine Label)
 Big Beat from Badsville (1997, Epitaph)
 Fiends of Dope Island (2002, Vengeance)

Compilations
 Off the Bone (1983, Illegal)
 Bad Music for Bad People (1984, I.R.S.)
 How to Make a Monster (2004, Vengeance)
 The Secret Life of the Cramps (2006)

Other websites

 The Cramps Official Page
 The Cramps Facebook Fan Page

1976 establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2009 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
Enigma Records artists
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from New York City
Young Bond is a series of young adult spy books. It is written by English author Charlie Higson. There are five books in the series. The series is about the fictional spy James Bond (who was originally invented by Ian Fleming) as a teenager. The series is set in the 1930s and Bond's school is Eton College. The books are published by Puffin Books in the United Kingdom.

The first novel in the series is SilverFin. It was published in 2005 and, since then, the series has become very successful.

The official website for the books is www.youngbond.com.

The series has received many positive reviews, with many people liking the tension and the action. The Guardian newspaper said that SilverFin is "a well-crafted page-turner with substance".

References

James Bond
Fiction books
Young adult novels
Series of books
Gaston Layton Pridgen, known as G. L. Pridgen (born ca. 1944), is a Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly and the North Carolina House of Representatives. In the House of Representatives, he represents the 46th District, including constituents in Hoke, Robeson and Scotland  counties. A retired telecommunications technician from Laurinburg, North Carolina, Pridgen also has experience in the United States Military.

Education and career
Pridgen was born in Robeson County, where he graduated from Littlefield High School and studied at Robeson Community College. His career with Southern Bell Telephone Company, which later became BellSouth Telecommunications and then AT&T, was interrupted by two years of service in the United States Army. Drafted into the army, he served as a communication lineman in Vietnam with the rank of Specialist-5, and was awarded the Bronze Star.

In 1994, he started his own telecommunications company, The Communications Company, Inc., providing telecommunications to local businesses. In 2009 he began working in the IT Department at Southeastern Regional Medical Center.

House of Representatives
Pridgen is currently serving his first term as Representative for District 46 of North Carolina. In the House of Representatives he is active on seven committees. These are the Agriculture committee, the Appropriations committee (both Appropriations and Appropriations of Education, for which he is Vice-Chair) and the committees on Education, Judiciary (and Judiciary subcommittee B), and Public Utilities.

Views
Pridgen has been the primary sponsor of eleven bills and has co-sponsored twenty-eight other bills, including H475 which authorizes a referendum on whether to make English the official language of North Carolina. He was also a primary sponsor of bill H219 which aimed to keep stricter records of registered sex offenders in the state. Pridgen nominated Dick Taylor to serve on the University of North Carolina Board of Governors. Pridgen also served as Vice-Chairman of the Appropriations Committee for Education. In this role, he supported a motion that would allow extra tax revenue to help fund the University of North Carolina system schools. This came less than a week after the committee proposed a budget for the UNC-system of schools that would have reduced funding by $483 million, or 17.4 percent. The cuts were described as potentially causing the school system to lose 3,200 jobs and cut 9,000 classes.

Personal life
Pridgen has four children with his wife, Wendy.

Other websites
The Communications Company, Inc. 
Official Campaign Website 
NC General Assembly Biography

References

1944 births
Living people
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Politicians from North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
American military people
For the dictionary definition of foreigner, see foreigner at the Simple English Wiktionary.
Foreigner is a British-American rock band, originally formed in 1976 by veteran English musicians Mick Jones, ex-King Crimson member Ian McDonald along with American vocalist Lou Gramm. Foreigner have sold more than 70 million albums worldwide, (including over 37.5 million in the United States alone).

Discography

Studio albums
 1977 - Foreigner
 1978 - Double Vision
 1979 - Head Games
 1981 - Four
 1982 - Records
 1985 - Agent Provocateur
 1987 - Inside Information
 1991 - Unusual Heat
 1992 - The Very Best... and Beyond
 1994 - Mr. Moonlight
 2006 - Live In '05
 2009 - Can't Slow Down

Other websites
Foreigner's Official Website 
Lou Gramm's Official Website 

1976 establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Atlantic Records artists
American hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from New York City
The Stonewall riots were a series of riots in New York City from 28 June to 6 July in 1969. They happened after the police raided the Stonewall Inn, an LGBTQ+ safe bar in Greenwich Village. After this, many LGBT+ people protested being persecuted by the police.  They are seen as the start of the Gay Rights Movement.

1969 in the United States
1960s riots
1960s in New York (state)
History of Manhattan
Law enforcement in the United States
LGBT in the United States
Police misconduct in the United States
Riots in the United States
The Arthur C. Clarke Award is a prize for excellent science fiction writing. It is a British award for a science fiction novel from the year before. To win, a the novel must be published first in the United Kingdom. The winner gets money as a prize. The prize amount increases each year. It is a number of pounds sterling equal to the year of the prize (£1987 for the first prize in 1987, and £2011 for the most recent prize).

The science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke gave money to start the prize. The first prize was given in 1987.  A group of judges choose the winning book. Judges come from the British Science Fiction Association, the Science Fiction Foundation and a third group. Now, that third group SF Crowsnest. The Serendip Foundation manages the prize.  Recently, the award has been presented on the first night of the SCI-FI-LONDON film festival.

List of winners
 1987: The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood 
 1988: The Sea and Summer by George Turner 
 1989: Unquenchable Fire by Rachel Pollack
 1990: The Child Garden by Geoff Ryman 
 1991: Take Back Plenty by Colin Greenland 
 1992: Synners by Pat Cadigan 
 1993: Body of Glass by Marge Piercy (published as He, She and It in the U.S.) 
 1994: Vurt by Jeff Noon 
 1995: Fools by Pat Cadigan 
 1996: Fairyland by Paul J. McAuley 
 1997: The Calcutta Chromosome by Amitav Ghosh 
 1998: The Sparrow by Mary Doria Russell 
 1999: Dreaming in Smoke by Tricia Sullivan 
 2000: Distraction by Bruce Sterling 
 2001: Perdido Street Station by China Miéville 
 2002: Bold As Love by Gwyneth Jones
 2003: The Separation by Christopher Priest
 2004: Quicksilver by Neal Stephenson
 2005: Iron Council by China Miéville
 2006: Air by Geoff Ryman
 2007: Nova Swing by M. John Harrison
 2008: Black Man by Richard Morgan
 2009: Song of Time by Ian R. MacLeod
 2010: The City and the City by China Miéville
 2011: Zoo City by Lauren Beukes 
 2012: The Testament of Jessie Lamb by Jane Rogers
 2013: Dark Eden by Chris Beckett
 2014: Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie
 2015: Station Eleven by Emily St. John Mandel
 2016: Children of Time by Adrian Tchaikovsky
 2017: The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead
 2018: Dreams Before the Start of Time by Anne Charnock

Related pages 

 Hugo Award

Other websites 
 Official Arthur C. Clarke Award site
 Reviews of current and previous winners
 Interview with Tom Hunter, Administrator of the Arthur C. Clarke Awards 
 List of all winning and nominated novels

References

Literary awards
Science fiction awards
Lists of books
Iris was known as the goddess of the rainbow and another messenger for the gods in Greek mythology. 

She is depicted as a beautiful golden goddess, with wings (for flight), sandals, a staff, and a tunic. There is often much art, such as vases and murals, shown of her because she is worshiped and very beautiful. She was also seen briefly in Homer's Legacies.

Iris is generally seen as Hera's personal servant and messenger. Iris is very swift and fast and she generally travels by rainbow. It is even said that the reason the rainbow comes and goes so fast is because Iris only uses it for travel and since she is so fast, it is only in the sky for a small amount of time. 

She is seen today in both Roman, and Greek mythology, as an important figure to Greece, and the gods. In Greek mythology it is believed that if you throw a drachma (Greek currency) into a rainbow you can communicate with anyone anywhere (like the Skype of ancient times).

Her parents are Thaumas (marine titan) and Elektra (cloud nymph). Her husband is Zephryus (west wind). In some versions of Greek mythology, Iris is the mother of Pothos.

Greek gods and goddesses
SC Wiener Neustadt(official name SC Wiener Neustadt 08) is a footballclub from Austria. The club is playing in the Austrian Bundesliga.

The club was founded in 2008 as the Upper Austrian club SC Schwanenstadt decided to transfer to Oberwaltersdorf because of financial problems. Because SC Schwanenstadt was 7th in the second league the new club could also play in this league. 

The first match was against FC Wacker Innsbruck (0-3). The rest of the season was more successful. They became champion of the second league and promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga. 

The club´s president was Frank Stronach, the founder of Magna Inetrnational. He was also the main sponsor. But he decided to leave the club, so the future of the club is not clear. For the 2011/12 season Wiener Neustadt has got a new coach, Peter Stöger, who came from GAK, because Peter Schöttl became new coach of SK Rapid Wien. After Peter Stöger went to Austria Wien, because the earlier Austria coach Ivica Vastic was not very successful, the team had to look for a new coach. Just before the season 2011/2012 began, the SC Wiener Neustadt presented Heimo Pfeifenberger as the new coach.

Current squad

Manager history

 Helmut Kraft (2008–2009)
  Peter Schöttel (2009–2011)
  Peter Stöger (2011–2012)
  Heimo Pfeifenberger (2012–2014)
  Helgi Kolviðsson (2014–2015)
  Günter Kreissl (2015–2016)
  René Wagner (2016–2017)
 Roman Mählich (2017– 2018)
 Gerhard Fellner (2018-2019)
 Sargon Duran (2019 caretaker)
 Thomas Flögl (2019-2020)
 Jürgen Burgemeister (2020-2021)
 Oliver Oberhammer (2021)
 Zeljko Ristic (2021-)

Honours
2008/09 Champion Erste Liga(Second league)

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria
Redding is a city in Northern California in the Western United States. It is the county seat of Shasta County and is located at the northern end of the state's great Central Valley at the base of the Shasta Cascades, about 110 miles south of the Oregon border on Interstate 5 and  east of the Pacific Ocean on State Highway 299.

The population was 90,322, according to the 2010 census.

History

Indigenous culture 
Before European settlers came to the area, it was inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu. At their height, the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area.

Demographics 

The 2010 United States Census reported that Redding had a population of 89,861. The population density was 1,468.9 people per square mile (567.2/km2). The racial makeup of Redding was 77,117 (85.8%) White, 1,092 (1.2%) African American, 2,034 (2.3%) Native American, 3,034 (3.4%) Asian, 156 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 2,307 (2.6%) from other races, and 4,121 (4.6%) from two or more races. There were 7,787 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (8.7%).

The Census reported that 87,841 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households, 1,138 (1.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 882 (1.0%) were institutionalized.

There were 36,130 households, out of which 11,012 (30.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 16,001 (44.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,806 (13.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,984 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present.  There were 2,570 (7.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 204 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,344 households (28.6%) were made up of individuals, and 4,622 (12.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43.  There were 22,791 families (63.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.94.

The population was spread out, with 20,518 people (22.8%) under the age of 18, 9,436 people (10.5%) aged 18 to 24, 21,725 people (24.2%) aged 25 to 44, 23,424 people (26.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 14,758 people (16.4%) who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

There were 38,679 housing units at an average density of 632.3 per square mile (244.1/km2), of which 19,968 (55.3%) were owner-occupied, and 16,162 (44.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.9%.  48,179 people (53.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 39,662 people (44.1%) lived in rental housing units.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Images of Redding from the Eastman's Originals Collection,  Special Collections Dept., University of California, Davis.
 

Cities in California
County seats in California
Settlements in Shasta County, California
A dental formula is a summary of a mammal's teeth.

Almost all mammals have four kinds of teeth:
incisors
canines
premolars
molars

Teeth numbers and form have adapted to different feeding methods. Over time, different mammal groups have evolved distinct dental features, in the number and type of teeth, and in the shape and size of the chewing surface.

The number of teeth of each type is written as a dental formula for one side of the mouth, or quadrant, with the upper and lower teeth shown on separate rows. The number of teeth in a mouth is twice that listed as there are two sides.

In each set, incisors (I) are indicated first, canines (C) second, premolars (P) third, and finally molars (M), giving I:C:P:M. So for example, the formula 2.1.2.3 for upper teeth indicates 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on one side of the upper mouth.

The deciduous dental formula is notated in lowercase lettering preceded by the letter d: e.g. di:dc:dm. An animal's dentition for either deciduous or permanent teeth can thus be expressed as a dental formula, written in the form of a fraction: I.C.P.M / I.C.P.M.

Since the teeth are always listed in the same order, the letters can be dropped, thus:
Human: deciduous teeth: 212/212; adult = 2123/2123. Both childhood molars are replaced by adult premolars. Adult total is double the formula = 32.
Opossum: 5134/4134 (one less incisor on each side of the lower jaw).
Felines: 3131/3121. The last upper premolar and first lower molar of the cat are 'carnassials', used to slice meat and skin. The carnassials are always the fourth upper premolar and the first lower molar.
Horse 313-43/3133. The horse dentition is highly specialized for eating grass. Continuous growth from the roots counters teeth wear. The teeth fall into two clear groups: incisors seize the grass, molars grind the grass.
Both felines and horses have a large diastema, or gap, between their front teeth and their back teeth. This is a natural feature in many types of mammal.

References 

Teeth
Mammals

]
Horror punk (sometimes referred to as horror rock) is a dark style of music mixing gothic and punk rock sounds with morbid imagery. Often, song topics are taken from horror films, horror punk bands create an atmosphere by telling tales through their songs. It is closely related to an often overlaps with the death rock movement; while death rock tends to lean more towards the goth sound, horror punk leans towards a doo-wop sound.

The Misfits are recognized as the first band of the horror punk subgenre. Misfits first horror punk recording sessions can be traced back to 1977. In 1982, the Misfits released their first full-length album, Walk Among Us. Influenced by the Misfits, another early punk band TSOL released a horror punk album called Dance with Me in the early 1980s. 

The genre, with the exception of artists like Jack Grisham (on the left) and Michale Graves (on the right), is generally  apolitical.

Horror hardcore is a term coined by Dwid Hellion that refers to a hybrid of horror punk and hardcore punk. The Misfits' third album, Earth A.D., and the early work of Glenn Danzig's subsequent band Samhain inaugurated the style. Septic Death and Integrity also performed this subgenre. 

Horror metal is a term which originated in the 1980s to describe Ripper's first album. Since then, a number of bands playing several different styles of metal have fallen under this banner, including Necrophagia and the Vision Bleak.

Notable horror punk bands 
AFI
Balzac
Calabrese
Dr. Chud's X-Ward
The Independents
The Misfits
Murderdolls
Nightmare Sonata
The Creepshow
The Other
Rosemary's Billygoat
Samhain
Schoolyard Heroes
Serpenteens
Wednesday 13

References

Punk rock
Alligator Records is an independent blues record label from Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by Bruce Iglauer in 1971. For his work maintaining Chicago Blues Iglauer was honoured "Chicagoans-of-the-Year 2001"

History
Alligator Records was founded to publish an album by Hound Dog Taylor & The HouseRockers, his favourite band. His employer, Bob Koester of Delmark Records refused to do so, therefore Iglauer decided to make his own record label.

Since its beginning Alligator Records has published over  250 Blues- und Bluesrockalbums.

Artists on Alligator Records

Current

Past

Gallery of Alligator artists

Honours
34 Grammy-nominations
2 Grammys (I'm Here, by Clifton Chenier; Showdown! by Albert Collins, Johnny Copeland, and Robert Cray)
18 Indie Awards of the Association for Independent Music (AFIM)
3 Grand Prix du Disque
70 W.C. Handy Blues Awards(now Blues Music Awards) of The Blues Foundation

Other websites
Official wbsite of Alligator Records with discography

References

American record labels
Blues labels
Blues music
Music in Chicago
1971 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Illinois
Pikes Peak is a  high mountain near Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. It is one of the world's most famous mountains and can be seen from over 100 miles on clear days. It was named after Zebulon Pike who explored the area in 1806. The summit of the peak can be reached either by car or railway. The spectacular view from the top is what inspired Katharine Lee Bates to write "America The Beautiful" in 1893, and there is a plaque with the words to the song at the summit as well. It is also the home of the second oldest car race in the United States.

Geography of Colorado
Mountains of the United States
Specialty Records was an American record label from Los Angeles. It was founded as Juke Box Records in 1946, but renamed by its owner Art Rupe when separated from some of his former partners. Speciality is known for its rhythm and blues, blues, gospel and early rock and roll music which the label recorded. Specialty also had two music publishing companies, Venice Music and Greenwich Music. During the 1960s Speciality stopped the recordings and only sold the old records. In 1968, because of  interest in the early days of rock and roll, Rupe started the label again and reissued much of the old material.

Art Rupe was famous for being one of the most honest men in recording business. He paid and recorded his musicians well and he never paid for being played in the radio. On Speciality you can hear some of the wildest rhythm and blues of this time because Rupe gave a lot of freedom to his musicians.

In 1991 the label was sold to the Concord Music Group which has reissued albums by a number of Specialty's original artists.

Related pages 
 Sam Cooke (with the Soul Stirrers and a couple of pop singles before his major stardom)
 John Lee Hooker
 Little Richard
 Roy Milton - Roy Miltons "R.M. Blues" was the first song who sold over a million copies in the black market.

Other websites
History of Rock - Speciality Records
Concord Music Group-Speciality Records
Speciality-Album discography
Speciality Singles discography

References

American record labels
Blues labels
Companies based in Los Angeles
Funk metal is a subgenre of funk rock that fuses elements of heavy metal and funk. Allmusic has claimed that, "Funk metal evolved in the mid-'80s when alternative bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Faith No More, Infectious Grooves, Mordred and Fishbone began playing the hybrid with a stronger funk underpinning than metal."Faith No More have also been described as funk metal that dabbled in rap-metal.
Rage Against the Machine's mix of funk and metal not only included rap, but also elements of punk rock. Primus, a band that has never had a clear genre, have been called things such as "thrash metal-funk meets Don Knotts, Jr.Living Colour have been cited by Rolling Stone as "Black-funk-metal pioneers."

Certain bands not from an alternative background, such as Bang Tango and Extreme, have also frequently incorporated funk into their musical style.

Notable funk metal artists
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 24-7 Spyz
 Bang Tango
 Bootsauce
 Buckethead
 Clutch
 Electric Boys
 Extreme
 Fishbone
 Faith No More
 Family Force 5 
 Follow for Now
 Gargamel!
 Hoobustank
 I Mother Earth
 Incubus
 Infectious Grooves
 Jimmie's Chicken Shack
 Kid Rock (Early)
 King's X
 LAPD
 Limp Bizkit
 Living Colour
 Lucy Brown
 Maximum the Hormone
 Mind Funk
 Mr. Bungle (early)
 Mordred
 Nuclear Rabbit
  Primus
 Psychefunkapus
 Rage Against the Machine
 Red Hot Chili Peppers
 Royal Crescent Mob
 Siam Shade
 Stevie Salas
 Suicidal Tendencies
 T.M. Stevens
 Urban Dance Squad
Heavy metal subgenres
Fusion music genres
The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore in  eastern Pakistan. The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.

References

Government of Pakistan
The Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the unicameral legislative body of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. It was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of the Pakistan. The assembly has 124 elected members. There are 99 regular seats, with 22 seats reserved for women and 3 seats for Non-Muslims.

The assembly elects a Chief Minister of the Province. He selects a Cabinet of Ministers to run the various government departments.

References

Government of Pakistan