cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The vocal cords or vocal folds are two sets of tissue stretched across the larynx. They can vibrate when air passes through the larynx. This produces sounds. Humans use them to produce language.

Men and women have different vocal fold sizes.  Adult male voices are usually deeper: males have thicker cord. The male vocal folds are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length.

The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm long.

The difference in vocal fold size between men and women means that their voices have a different pitch. Each person's voice is different and has a slightly different pitch. This is caused by genes that influence how the larynx is made.

False vocal cords 
The vocal cords are sometimes called 'true vocal cords' to distinguish them from the false vocal cords.  These are a pair of thick folds of mucous membrane. They sit directly above the true vocal folds, to protect them. They have a very small role in normal speech , but are often used in musical screaming and the death grunt singing style.  They are also used in Tuvan throat singing.

The false cords are also called vestibular folds and ventricular folds.  They can be seen on the diagram above as ventricular folds.

Unlike the true vocal cords, the false ones grow back completely when they are removed by surgery.

References

Neck
Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously (termed "in parallel"), depending on the theory that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, and then solved concurrently ("in parallel").

There are several different forms of parallel computing: 
Bit-level parallelism,
Instruction-level parallelism,
Data parallelism, 
Task parallelism.

It has been used for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, with a great increase in its use in recent years, due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. Parallel computing has become the main model in computer architecture, mainly in the form of Multi-core processors. However, in recent years, power consumption by parallel computers has become a concern.

Parallel computers can be classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism—with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements inside a single machine, while clusters, blades, MPPs, and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task.

Parallel computer programs are more difficult to program than sequential ones, because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which race conditions and dead locks are the most common. however many parallel programming languages have been created to simplify parallel computers programming. But still communication and synchronization between the different subtasks is difficult while achieving good parallel program performance.

References

Other websites

 
 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Introduction to Parallel Computing 
 Designing and Building Parallel Programs, by Ian Foster
Internet Parallel Computing Archive 
Parallel processing topic area at IEEE Distributed Computing Online 
Parallel Computing Works Free On-line Book
Frontiers of Supercomputing Free On-line Book Covering topics like algorithms and industrial applications

Computer science
WrestleMania V was the fifth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on April 2, 1989 at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Results

Other websites
The Official Website of WrestleMania V 

WrestleMania 05
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Sports in New Jersey
1989 in professional wrestling
1989 in the United States
1980s in New Jersey
April events
In computing, optimization is the process of modifying a system to make some features of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources.  For instance, a computer program may be optimized so that it runs faster, or to run with less memory requirements or other resources (see Space-time tradeoff), or to consume less energy. This is a branch of software engineering.

The optimization can have sense at different levels, from the lowest (development of circuits, writing of machine code designed especially for the architecture) up to the highest levels of making of implementation, use or design of algorithms.

The optimization is generally recommended to leave until the end of the process of development, since the premature optimization can introduce new errors (generally more difficult to detect for being of algorithmic nature).

The optimized system may be a single computer program, a collection of computers or even an entire network such as the Internet.

Other websites
 Programming Optimization
 C,C++ optimization
 C optimization tutorial 
 Software Optimization at Link-time And Run-time 
 Article "A Plea for Lean Software" by Niklaus Wirth
 Description from the Portland Pattern Repository
 Performance tuning of Computer Networks
 An article describing high-level optimization
 Some examples of optimization problems & algorithms 

Computer science
Real-time computing is a field of Computer science. The idea is to design systems that have a real-time constraint.  Real time systems will guarantee to give a result within a specified time. There are two kinds of real-time systems:

Hard real-time systems: After the delay has passed the result is totally useless (and considered to be an error). No matter what happens, hard-real time systems deliver the result in the specified time. Real world examples are the controller for the airbag in a car. The reaction time of an airbag system is around 1 ms. Another example for a hard real-time system is the Anti-lock braking system in a car. If it does not react fast enough, an accident will occur. People might die because the result was not there fast enough.

Soft real-time systems: On average, these systems work fast enough to make it feel like real-time. A videoconferencing system has microseconds to record sound and video, to send them to the other party, and to process the incoming data. If at one time, this cannot be done, the video will be blurred, and the sound may be out of sync for a few moments. This is however not a catastrophe, and the system can continue to work.

Computer science
The AVN Awards are movie awards sponsored by and presented by the adult video industry magazine AVN. They began in January 1984.

Movie awards
Pornography
1984 establishments
Results 
 The Rockers (Shawn Michaels & Marty Jannetty) Def. Haku & The Barbarian w/ Bobby “The Brain” Heenan
The Texas Tornado Def. Dino Bravo
The British Bulldog Def. Warlord w/ Slick
WWF Tag Team Championship Match:The Nasty Boys (Jerry Sags and Brian Knobbs) (w/Jimmy Hart) Def. The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart) to win the WWF Tag Team Champions
Jake Roberts Def. Rick Martel in a Blindfold Match
The Undertaker (with Paul Bearer) Def. Jimmy Snuka
The Ultimate Warrior Def. Randy Savage (with Sensational Queen Sherri)
Genichiro Tenryu and Kōji Kitao Def. Demolition (Crush and Smash) (with Mr. Fuji)
WWF Intercontinental Title Match: The Big Boss Man (with André the Giant) Def. Mr. Perfect (c) (with Bobby Heenan) by DQ
Earthquake (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Greg Valentine
The Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal) Def. Power and Glory (Paul Roma and Hercules) (with Slick)
Virgil (with Roddy Piper) Def. Ted DiBiase by countout
The Mountie (with Jimmy Hart) Def. Tito Santana
WWF Title Match:Hulk Hogan Def. Sgt. Slaughter (c) (w/General Adnan) to win the WWF Championship

WrestleMania 07
Sports in Los Angeles
1991 in professional wrestling
1991 in California
1990s in Los Angeles, California
March events
Results 
Dark Match: The Bushwhackers (Luke Williams and Butch Miller) defeated The Beverly Brothers (Blake and Beau)
Shawn Michaels (with Sensational Sherri) defeated El Matador
The Undertaker (with Paul Bearer) defeated Jake Roberts
WWF Intercontinental Championship Match: Bret Hart defeated Roddy Piper to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship
Big Boss Man, Virgil, Sgt. Slaughter, and Jim Duggan defeated The Nasty Boys (Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags), Repo Man, and The Mountie (with Jimmy Hart)
WWF Championship Match: Randy Savage (with Miss Elizabeth) defeated Ric Flair (c) (with Mr. Perfect) to win the WWF Championship
Tatanka defeated Rick Martel
WWF Tag Team Championship Match: The Natural Disasters (Earthquake and Typhoon) defeated Money Inc. (Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster) (c) (with Jimmy Hart) by countout
Owen Hart defeated Skinner.
Hulk Hogan defeated Sid Justice (with Harvey Wippleman) by disqualification

WrestleMania 08
History of Indianapolis, Indiana
1992 in professional wrestling
1992 in the United States
April events
20th century in Indiana
WrestleMania IX was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on April 4, 1993 at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the ninth WrestleMania event held by the WWF.

The main event saw Yokozuna defeat Bret Hart to win the WWF Championship. Yokozuna won the match by pinfall after Yokozuna's manager Mr. Fuji threw salt in Hart's eyes. After the match, Hulk Hogan came down to the ring to check on Hart. Mr. Fuji challenged Hogan to face Yokozuna in a impromptu match and Hogan accepted. Hogan won the match and the championship in 22 seconds after he hit Yokozuna with the leg drop and pinned him. 

WrestleMania IX received negative criticism and was called a poorly booked event. John Powell of SLAM! Wrestling said that other than the Intercontinental and Tag Team Championship matches and the women that accompanied Lex Luger to the ring, the rest of the pay-per-view was not good. He also did not like some of the outfits that were worn at the event, most notably Jim Ross's toga and Giant Gonzalez's spray-painted suit.

Results

References

Other websites
Official WrestleMania IX website

WrestleMania 09
Las Vegas, Nevada
1993 in the United States
20th century in Nevada
1993 in professional wrestling
An airbag is a part of the safety restraint system in cars. Airbags are bags that rapidly fill with air when an accident happens. That way they can prevent injuries that occur when the driver hits a hard object.

An airbag is a useful vehicle safety device. Airbags are used in the world increasingly because in accidents, it can help passengers reduce shock. 
When the sensor feels a strong shock, the gas device explodes. This gas fills the bag immediately.

History of airbags 
An American inventor, Dr. Allen S. Breed, invented and developed a key component for automotive use. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler. A similar "Auto-Ceptor" crash-restraint, brandon, developed by Eaton, Yale & Towne Inc. for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the USA. The Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with localized air cushions.

All cars used the airbag nowadays was originally invented by a Japanese man Mr. Kobori and he took the world patents.

The first patent on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World War II. In 1973, the first commercial airbags appeared in a run of 1,000 Chevrolet Impalas. Since model year 1998, all new cars sold in the United States have been required to have airbags on both driver and passenger sides. To date, statistics show that airbags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by about 30 percent. Today, some cars have six or even eight airbags.

How airbags work 
First, moving objects have momentum (the product of the mass and the velocity of an object). If no outside force acts on an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and direction (because of inertia). Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself, loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers. If these objects are not restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is travelling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision. 
Stopping an object's momentum requires force acting over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great because the car's momentum has changed instantly while the passengers' has not (there is not much time to work with). The goal of any supplemental restraint system is to help stop the passenger while doing as little damage to them as possible. 
What an airbag wants to do is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to their motion.

Motorcycle airbag 
In 2006 the airbag was set up for a motorcycle. This was in the Gold Wing by Honda.

The second airbag device for motorcyclist is an inflatable airbag jacket was invented by Tamás Straub in 1976.

References

Automobiles
Safety
Fugging ( ) is an Austrian village in the municipality of Tarsdorf, in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.

The village is 33 kilometres north of Salzburg, four kilometres east of the German border and can be travelled to in half an hour by car from the town of Petting, in Bavaria.

History and name 

Fugging (which was Fucking at the time) has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called "Fuko".  In old Germanic, "-ing" is used to describe people as belonging to their leader; so "Fucking" means "(place of) Fuko’s people."

Although the village has a population of 104 , it has drawn attention in the English-speaking world for its name, which is spelled the same as the continuous form of the profane English-language verb "fuck".

Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, which tourists often photograph. This street sign is often stolen. Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.

In 2004, because many signs had been stolen, a vote was held to change the village name, but the villagers voted not to change. In August 2005, the road signs were welded to a very strong pole. This made it more difficult to steal them.

Fucking changed its name to Fugging, the name change came to affect on 1 January 2021.

References

Other websites 

Settlements in Upper Austria
Susan Featherly (February 5, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearances in Cinemax television programs and adult movies such as Kama Sutra and Corporate Fantasy. Featherly was born in Syracuse, New York.

Movies

Television appearances

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from New York
American television actors
People from Syracuse, New York
Ronald Lawrence Wilson (born May 28, 1955) is a former ice hockey player. He was the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs from 2008 to 2012. He also was the coach for the San Jose Sharks, Washington Capitals, Vancouver Canucks, and Anaheim Mighty Ducks of the NHL. Wilson was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He is a citizen of both Canada and the United States.

Other websites
 

1955 births
American ice hockey players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
The inner core is the very center of the Earth, and the hottest part of the planet. It is a mainly a solid ball with a radius of about , according to seismological studies. It is believed to consist mostly of an iron–nickel alloy and to be about the same temperature as the surface of the Sun: about 5700 K (5400 °C).  

The inner core was discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1929, using seismology. Lehmann was studying a large New Zealand earthquake. An earthquake makes vibrations which move through the inside of the Earth. The vibrations Lehmann studied seemed to be moving across something solid in the center of the planet. She called this the inner core. She wrote about it for many years, but it was not proved to exist until 1970. 

The inner core is more than 5,000 kilometers below the earth's surface. The pressure in Earth's inner core is about 3,500,000  atmospheres. Iron can only be solid at such high temperatures because its melting temperature increases dramatically at such pressures.

References

Related pages 
 Earth's core
 Planetary core

Structure of the Earth
{{Infobox Album 
| name = Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?
| type = Album
| artist = Megadeth
| cover = 
| released = September 19, 1986
| recorded = February 15 – March 20, 1986 in Los Angeles, California
| genre = Thrash metal
| length = 36:12
| label = Capitol Records
| producer = Dave Mustaine, Randy Burns
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!(1985)
?(1986)
| next_title = So Far, So Good... So What!(1988)
}}Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?''' is the second studio album by thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released on September 19, 1986. Dave Mustaine wrote all of the songs except for "I Ain't Superstitious".

Track listing 
All songs written by Dave Mustaine, except where noted.
 "Wake Up Dead" – 3:40
 "The Conjuring" – 5:04
 "Peace Sells" – 4:04
 "Devil's Island" – 5:06
 "Good Mourning/Black Friday" – 6:42
 "Bad Omen" – 4:05
 "I Ain't Superstitious" (Willie Dixon) – 2:46
 "My Last Words" – 4:49

Megadeth albums
1986 albums
Heavy metal albums

id:Andy Summers
"A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld" is a mix of a song by the ambient house group The Orb. The song is about being in love with a beautiful person. The song was at first a Minnie Riperton song called Lovin' You.  The Orbs version was first sold in October 1989 and was in the UK Singles Chart in 1990, at number 78. In April 1991, it was sold as part of the album The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld.  The name is taken from a sound effects track from Blake's 7 on BBC Sound Effects No. 26 - Sci-Fi Sound Effects called "The Core, A Huge Evergrowing Pulsating Brain which Rules from the Centre of Ultraworld".

History 

In 1989, The Orb, with Martin "Youth" Glover, developed the musical style of ambient house using samples.  The best of their musical work came when The Orb recorded music for John Peel on BBC Radio 1.  The song, then known as "Loving You", was made quickly with many sound effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds, and Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You".  Before the song was sold by record company Big Life, The Orb changed the name to "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld".  After the first week of sale Minnie Ripertons record company forced Big Life to remove her voice from the song. After the first week another singer sang the song. 

The Orbs version of the song was 19 minutes long and became number 78 on the UK Singles Chart.

Tracklisting

12": WAU! Mr.Modo / MWS 17T (UK) 

 "Loving You [orbital mix]" (19:07)
 "Loving You [bucket and spade mix]" (5:50)
 "Loving You [why is six scared of seven?]" (5:30)

12": WAU! Mr.Modo / MWS 017R (UK) 

 "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (orbital dance mix)" (7:05)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (orbital radio mix)" (3:34)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (aubry mix mk 2)" (8:38)

 First sold January 1990

CD: Big Life / BLR 27 OCD (UK) 

 "Loving You [orbital mix]" (19:07)

 Called "compactdisc"
 First sold June 1990, re-issued March 1994 [BLRDB 27]

CD: Big Life / BLR 27CD (UK) 

 "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (orbital dance mix)" (8:20)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (orbital 9am radio mix)" (3:15)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (aubrey mix mk1)" (6:06)

 Labeled as "Jimmy Cauty Remixes"
 "aubrey mix mk1" is an edit of "aubrey mix mk11"
 Called "Compactdisco"
 First sold June 1990, re-issued March 1994 [BLRDA 27]

References 

1989 songs
Hermann Carl Vogel (born April 3 1841, died August 13 1907) was a German astronomer. He was born in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony.

Vogel was one of the first astronomers to use a spectroscope in astronomy.  He used it to read the chemicals on planets far away and to measure the time it takes the Sun to spin. He could read it by measuring the Doppler effect.

In 1882, Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam and he is best known for some work there in 1890. Vogel found that the colour of some stars changed over time, becoming red and then later becoming blue.  His idea was that the star was moving toward and then away from the Earth, and that the colour changes were the because of that movement. These stars seemed to be orbiting around a hidden star as if they were double-stars but the second star could never be seen, only known by the colour changing Doppler effect.

Volgel proved that Algol was a double star that could not be seen (spectroscopic binary star) and it was one of the first of these double stars proven to exist.

Medals of Hermann Carl Vogel

Awarded to Hermann Carl Vogel
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1893)
 Henry Draper Medal (1893)
 Landskroener Medal of Achievement (1898)
 Richard C. White Purple Honors Medal (1899)
 Bruce Medal (1906)

Places in space named after Hermann Carl Vogel

 Vogel crater on the Moon
 Crater on Mars

Books to read

Other websites
Short biography 

1841 births
1907 deaths
German astronomers
People from Leipzig
{{Infobox Album 
| name = So Far, So Good... So What!
| type = Album
| artist = Megadeth
| cover = 
| released = January 19, 1988
| recorded = 1987
| genre = Thrash metal
| length = 34:26
| label = Capitol Records
| producer = Dave Mustaine, Paul Lani
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?(1986)
, So Good... So What!(1988)
| next_title = Rust in Peace(1990)
}}So Far, So Good... So What!''' is the third studio album by thrash metal band Megadeth.  It was released on January 19, 1988.

Track listing
 "Into the Lungs of Hell" [Instrumental] (Dave Mustaine) – 3:22
 "Set the World Afire" (Mustaine) – 5:48
 "Anarchy in the UK" (song first made by the Sex Pistols) (Johnny Rotten, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, Paul Cook)  – 3:01
 "Mary Jane" (Mustaine, David Ellefson) – 4:25
 "502" (Mustaine) – 3:29
 "In My Darkest Hour" (Mustaine, Ellefson) – 6:26
 "Liar" (Mustaine, Ellefson) – 3:20
 "Hook in Mouth" (Mustaine, Ellefson) – 4:39

Megadeth albums
1988 albums
NRG Stadium is a football stadium in Houston, Texas. The NFL's Houston Texans play their home games here. It was called Reliant Stadium from 2002 until 2013. The stadium hosted WWE's WrestleMania 25 on April 5, 2009. On March 19, 2014, the stadium's name was changed to NRG Stadium, after NRG Energy, the parent company of Reliant Energy.

References

Other websites
Official website

National Football League venues
Sports in Houston, Texas
Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
Sports buildings in Texas
Bop It is a series of battery-powered games made by Hasbro. The aim of the game is to respond quickly to the directions that come out of the game's speakers. These directions are given in a way that requires the player do use different devices on the machine, such as pull handles, twist cranks, spin wheels, or toggle switches. A beat is played during the game and the beat will get faster as the player scores more points, making it harder for the player to respond.

Bop It can be played by one to four people at a time and has been very popular as a children's game. It was designed by Dan Klistner  and developed by other Hasbro designers, including Bob Welch. The original version was released in 1996, and there have been several versions made since then. The current classic version was released in 2016 to mark the 20th anniversary of the original game. It was demonstrated at the New York Toy Fair in 2016 before the game was released in June 2016. It is called Bop It! New Moves.

Since 2008, the voice in the games has been Buddy Rubino. He has recorded the voice for Bop It!, Bop It! XT, Bop It! Smash!, Bop It! Tetris and Bop It! New Moves.

Models
Re-Release Series (Featuring Buddy Rubino as the Main Voice for Bop It, Twist It Pull It Games) (2008+)
 Bop It! Shout ( made in 2008 - released in 2009)
 Bop It! Bounce (made in 2009 - released in 2010)
 Bop It! XT (Made in 2010 - released in 2011)
 Bop It! Smash (2012)
 Bop It! Tetris (2013)
 Bop It! Beats (2014)
 Bop It! Micro (2014)
 Bop It! R2D2 (2015)
 Bop It! with 10 New Moves (Made in 2015 - released in (2016)
 Bop It! BB8 (2016)
 Bop It Maker (2017)
Bop It Classic (2019)
Bop It! Baby Yoda (2020)

Original Series (1996-2006)
 Bop It (1996)
Bop It (2000)
 Bop It Extreme (1998)
 Bop It Extreme 2 (2002)
 Bratz Bop It (2004), a Bratz version
 Bop It Blast (2005)
 Bop It Download (2006)

Zing It
Zing It is a yo-yo version of Bop It. It tells commands that the player must follow along with. Like the original Bop It, there are three commands that may be said: "Bop it!" (requiring the player to press the purple button), "Zing it!" (requiring the player to drop the yo-yo downward and send it back up again), and "Loop it!" (requiring the player to do the "'round the world" yo-yo trick). Zing It has 3 modes: "Vox Bop" (as with Bop It), "Beat Bop" (again, as with Bop It), and "Vox Bop Challenge" (where the game will tell a series of commands which must be done in correctly). As with Bop It and Bop It Extreme, Zing It announces the score musically by sound effects. Different tones represent different point values. There is a maximum score of 250.

Video games
In 2009, EA Games made a video game called Hasbro Family Games Night 2. It had Bop It as one of the games that could be played. It is available for the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo Wii. In 2011, EA Games made an iPhone application which played exactly like the handheld game. It has the same commands from the handheld games and added extra commands which were never invented on the handheld game.

References

Other websites
 Bop It instructions
 Zing It Instructions

Toys
Games
Shamanism is a practice where a practitioner reaches altered states of consciousness. Supposedly,  the shaman  perceives and interacts with a spirit world, and channels these  energies into this world.

A shaman is a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and bad spirits. They usually enter into a trance state during a ritual, and do divination and healing. To become a shaman, a person has to have had a near death experience (a "shamanic illness").

The name "shaman" comes from the Evenki people in Siberia.

Shamans play a central role in these movements, as they can be in both worlds, this one, and the world of spirits.

Beliefs

 Spirits are real and can do things in the real world.
 There are good and evil spirits.
 Healing can be done in the spirit and real world.
 A person's spirit can leave their body and go into the world of the spirits.
 Animal shapes are used to interact with the spirits.

Shamanism is different from animism.

Films

Quantum Men (Carlos Serrano Azcona) Spain 2011
Other Worlds (Jan Kounen) France 2004
Bells From the Deep (Werner Herzog) Germany 1993
The Mad Masters (Jean Rouch) France 1955
Au pays des mages noirs (Jean Rouch) France 1947

References 

Religion
John 'Jocky' Alexander Scott (born January 14, 1948 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Dundee F.C.

1948 births
Living people
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
A real-time operating system (RTOS; commonly pronounced as "are-toss") is a multitasking operating system designed for real-time applications. Such applications include embedded systems, industrial robots, scientific research equipment and others.

An RTOS simplifies the creation of a real-time applications, but does not guarantee the final result will be real-time; this requires good development of the software.

Real-time operating systems use specialized scheduling algorithms in order to provide the real-time applications. An RTOS can respond more quickly and/or predictably to an event than other operating systems.

The main features of an RTOS are minimal interrupt latency and a minimal thread switching latency.

The basic two designs for RTOS are:

 Event-driven (priority scheduling) designs: switch tasks only when an event of higher priority needs service, called pre-emptive priority.
 Time-sharing designs: switch tasks on a clock interrupt, and on events, called round robin.

Examples 
These are the best known, most widely used real-time operating systems. See List of real-time operating systems for a full list. Also, see List of operating systems for all types of operating systems.

 Windows CE
 QNX
 RTLinux
 VxWorks
 TRON

Related pages 
 Operating system
 BIOS
 Rate-monotonic scheduling
 Adaptive Partition Scheduler
 Earliest deadline first scheduling

Other websites 

 SOOS Project

Computer science
Rage is a heavy metal band from Germany. They have been playing since 1984. Today, only Peavy Wagner is the only member in the band who has been playing since the beginning. At first they were called Avenger.

Discography

Under the name Avenger
 Prayers of Steel (1985)
 Depraved to Black (EP, 1985)

Albums
 Reign of Fear (1986)
 Execution Guaranteed (1987)
 Perfect Man (1988)
 Secrets in a Weird World (1989)
 Reflections of a Shadow (1990)
 Trapped (1992)
 The Missing Link (1993)
 10 Years in Rage (1994)
 Black In Mind (1995)
 Lingua Mortis (1996)
 End of All Days (1996)
 XIII (1998)
 Ghosts (1999)
 Welcome to the Other Side (2001)
 Unity (2002)
 Soundchaser (2003)
 Speak of the Dead (2006)
 Carved in Stone (2008)
 Strings to a Web (2010)
 21 (2012)
 The Devil Strikes Again (2016)

EPs
 Extended Power (1991)
 Beyond the Wall (1992)
 Refuge (Japan) (1993)
 Higher than the Sky (Japan) (1996)
 Live from the Vault (Japan) (1997)

Other
 Power of Metal (Live, 1994)
 From the Cradle to the Stage (Live, 2004)
 Full Moon in St. Petersburg (Live, 2007)

Other websites

 Official website
 Nuclear Blast - official website

German heavy metal bands
A reduced instruction set computing (acronym RISC pronounced risk), represents a CPU design method to simplify instructions which "do less" but provide higher performance by making instructions execute very fast.

RISC was developed as an alternative to what is now known as CISC. However, there are CPU designs other than RISC and CISC. Some examples are VLIW, MISC, OISC, massive parallel processing, systolic array, reconfigurable computing, and dataflow architecture.

The main feature of a RISC processors is a small core logic which allows designers to increase the number of the register set and increase internal parallelism using one of the following methods:
Instruction level parallelism (ILP) which increases the rate at which instructions are executed within a CPU 
Thread level parallelism (TLP)  which increases the number of threads the CPU can execute "in-parallel".  

Other features, which are typically found in RISC architectures are:

 Uniform instruction format, using a single word with the opcode in the same bit positions in every instruction, requiring less decoding.
 Similar general purpose registers, allowing any register to be used by any method, simplifying compiler design. However most RISC CPUs have separate floating point registers.
 Simple addressing modes. Complex addressing performed via sequences of arithmetic and/or load-store operations.
 Few data types in hardware. Some CISCs have byte string instructions, or support complex numbers, which are almost never found on a RISC.

Well known RISC processors include Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR, MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power Architecture (including PowerPC), SuperH, and SPARC.

Related pages
 Complex instruction set computer
 Very long instruction word
 Minimal instruction set computer
 Zero instruction set computer
 OISC
 Microprocessor
 Instruction set architecture
 Computer architecture

Other websites
 RISC vs. CISC 
 What is RISC 
 RISC vs. CISC from historical perspective 

Computer science
A complex instruction set computer (acronym CISC pronounced sisk), represents a CPU design method in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. The term is used in contrast to reduced instruction set computer (RISC).

The terms RISC and CISC have become less meaningful with the continued improvements of both CISC and RISC designs and implementations. The first highly pipelined "CISC" implementations, such as Intel 80486 series, supports every instruction that their predecessors did, but achieved high efficiency only on a few simple x86 subset (similar to a RISC instruction set, but without the load-store limitations of RISC). Modern x86 processors also decode and split more complex instructions into a series of smaller internal "Micro-operations" which can thereby be executed in a pipelined (parallel) fashion, thus achieving high performance on a much larger subset of instructions.

Examples of CISC processors are the System/360 (excluding the 'scientific' Model 44), VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, and Intel x86 architecture based processors.

Related pages
 CPU
 RISC
 ZISC
 VLIW
 microprocessor
 CPU design

References 

Computer science
BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra is a digital radio station from the BBC. It is broadcast on digital radio services and digital TV in the UK and Republic of Ireland. It is not available on normal analogue radio. It is also streamed online, however, some events are not available online, or outside the UK.

It is used to provide an additional sports commentary service when the BBC's main sports channel, BBC Radio 5 Live, is already being used.

It has given coverage of Major League Baseball's World Series since 2004.
It is also the digital radio home for Test Match Special - the station provides full commentary without the shipping forecast given by the Radio 4 long wave coverage.

Each year during Wimbledon Sports Extra provides extra court commentary for the first week of the tournament. The station also provides live coverage of the non-final rounds of the other Grand Slam tournaments.

The station first broadcast at 2.30pm on 2 February 2002. Juliette Ferrington introduced the first programme - commentary of a Manchester United against Sunderland football match.

Related pages
BBC Radio 5 Live

References

Other websites

5 Live Sports Extra
Sports media
In computing, firmware is a computer program that is "embedded" in a hardware device and is an essential part of the hardware. It is sometimes called embedded software. An example is a microcontroller, a part of the microprocessor that tells the microprocessor what actions to take. It can also be a larger program stored on flash memory, or uploaded onto existing hardware by a user.

As its name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software, connecting the two worlds. It can mean slightly different things to different people, especially as stand-alone electronic devices become more like computers. Like software, it is a computer program which is run by a microprocessor. But it is also linked to a piece of hardware and has no meaning without it.

On a Computer 
A computer can have both firmware and software. The firmware is permanently stored in the computer, such as the BIOS, and cannot be easily changed or added to. Software, even the OS, can be replaced by reformatting the hard drive. Software includes the applications that a person operating a computer sees, like a web browser or a word processor. Sometimes a device driver is called firmware, since it is needed to run that piece of hardware, like a printer or a video card. The device driver is on the main part of the computer and can be easily updated (if an update exists).

On an Electronic Device 
Other electronic devices may not look like a computer, but they still have an embedded system such as a microcontroller inside, with a program telling them what to do. This is also firmware. A TV cable box, an elevator controller and a card reader in a hotel door lock all run firmware. In this case, the firmware is the only software on the device and it runs everything, from handling button presses to turning motors on or off.

In the past, firmware was stored in ROMs but now it is often stored in media that can be written to such as EEPROMs and Flash. Firmware in many machines such as routers can now be updated without any special hardware, other than a computer and a USB cable. This is done by downloading a new version from the World Wide Web to update the device, using instructions from the device manufacturer.

An electronic device is said to be "bricked" if it cannot be started because of firmware issues. It is then as useful as a brick. Loading the wrong firmware into a device might cause this. Firmware is stored as a binary image file.

Examples 
Examples of firmware include:
 The BIOS found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers 
 Code inside a printer (in addition to the printer driver that is on the computer)
 Software controlling a heart defibrillator
 Software controlling the lights in an office building
 Software controlling electronics in a car — the radio, the ABS (anti-lock braking system), engine controls, etc. 
 Software controlling newer household appliances (microwave ovens, dishwashers, etc.)

Related pages 
 BIOS
 Real-time operating system
 Microcode

References 

Computer science
Tropical Storm Edouard was a tropical storm that formed in the Gulf of Mexico. A weather system became still in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in early August. An area of low pressure formed along the shear line early on August 2, which slowly became stronger during the next day. It strengthened into Tropical Depression Five, and was named Tropical Storm Edouard on August 3. The tropical storm moved towards the west on August 4. It moved onto land on August 5 on the upper Texas coast, about 40 miles southwest of Port Arthur and moved west-northwest into inland Texas. Edouard died out over land and became a tropical depression late on August 5. The depression turned to the northwest, causing heavy rain in central Texas on August 6.

Preparations and impact 
In preparations for the storm, emergency teams along the Louisiana and Texas coasts became active. The Governor of Texas, Rick Perry, started a disaster declaration for 17 counties in Texas that were in the possible path of the storm. He also activated around 1,200 National Guard troops, a 70 member rescue team, six helicopters, and a team that brings food and water to affected areas. About 200 buses became ready for use in San Antonio and Houston to help in evacuations. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal declared a statewide emergency. In Cameron Parish, Louisiana, the Office of Emergency Preparedness started a mandatory evacuation, and Sheriff's deputies put up roadblocks. In the Gulf of Mexico, the Shell Oil company removed about 40 workers from drilling locations. 

Storm surge from the storm reached  at Freshwater Locks in Louisiana, and also reached  at Rollover Pass in Texas.  Heavy rain fell along the upper Texas coast. The highest rainfall in Jefferson county from Edouard was  from a site along the East Bay Bayou at Jones and Allen.  In the Houston, Texas area,  of rain faell at the Baytown Emergency Management Center.  In central Texas, a cluster of thunderstorms near the center of the storm on August 6 caused  of rain near Hamilton, Texas. The strongest winds of  at the caused loss of electric power and a few fallen trees.

Related pages
Tropical cyclone
National Hurricane Center

References

Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in the United States
August events
2008 Atlantic hurricane season
2000s in Louisiana
2008 in Texas
Immunity aware programming is a set of programming techniques used while writing firmware for an embedded system. It is used mainly to overcome random errors that can occur in the CPU program counter or register set, RAM or any other that can cause failure of the "victim" device. Such random errors may be caused by single event upsets, not enough power, or by strong electromagnetic signals transmitted by some other "source" device.

Most of these techniques apply to the software in the "victim" device to make it more reliable while few of these techniques apply to software in the "source" device to make it send out less unwanted noise. For these reasons Immunity aware programming is one kind of:
 Defensive programming.
 EMC Aware Programming.

Computer science
Radio
In algebra, the discriminant, sometimes represented by the symbol , is an algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial have.  

For example, the discriminant of the quadratic polynomial 
       is       .

If the discriminant is larger than zero, then the polynomial has two (distinct) real numbers as roots. 

If the discriminant is equal to zero, then the polynomial has two repeating real numbers as roots (i.e., exactly one real root).

If the discriminant is smaller than zero, then the polynomial has two (purely) complex numbers as roots (i.e., zero real root).

Apart for quadratic polynomials, discriminants can be defined for cubic polynomials, general conic equations, and other mathematical entities such as differential equations and quadratic forms as well.

Related pages 

 Equation solving
 Quadratic equation

References 

Mathematics
Matthew Wolfenden is a football player. He plays for F.C. United of Manchester. He has also played for Oldham Athletic and Wrexham.

Club career statistics

References

English footballers
People from Oldham, Greater Manchester
1987 births
Living people
Arthur Wharton is a former english football player.

References

1865 births
1930 deaths
Ghanaian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Hristo Stoichkov (born 8 February 1966) is a former Bulgarian football player. He has played for Bulgaria national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1982/83||rowspan="2"|Hebros Harmanli||||11||4||||||||||||||11||4
|-
|1983/84||||21||10||||||||||||||21||10
|-
|1984/85||rowspan="6"|CSKA Sofia||rowspan="6"|A PFG||11||0||||||||||||||11||0
|-
|1985/86||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|1986/87||25||6||||||||||||||25||6
|-
|1987/88||27||14||||||||||||||27||14
|-
|1988/89||26||23||||||||||||||26||23
|-
|1989/90||30||38||||||||||||||30||38

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="5"|Barcelona||rowspan="5"|La Liga||24||14||6||2||colspan="2"|-||8||5||38||21
|-
|1991/92||32||17||2||1||colspan="2"|-||9||4||43||22
|-
|1992/93||34||20||6||2||colspan="2"|-||6||2||46||24
|-
|1993/94||34||16||6||1||colspan="2"|-||8||7||48||24
|-
|1994/95||27||9||4||5||colspan="2"|-||8||3||39||17

|-
|1995/96||Parma||Serie A||23||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||2||30||7

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||22||7||6||1||colspan="2"|-||6||0||34||8
|-
|1997/98||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||1||8||1

|-
|1997/98||CSKA Sofia||A PFG||4||1||||||||||||||4||1

|-
|1997/98||Al-Nasr||||5||1||||||||||||||5||1

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||16||8||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||8
|-
|1999||11||4||0||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||12||5

|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Chicago Fire||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||18||9||3||1||||||||||21||10
|-
|2001||17||6||3||2||||||||||20||8
|-
|2002||16||2||0||0||||||||||16||2
|-
|2003||DC United||Major League Soccer||21||5||3||1||||||||||24||6
155||96||||||||||||||155||96
177||83||31||12||colspan="2"|-||48||22||256||117
23||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||2||30||7
5||1||||||||||||||5||1
27||12||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||29||13
72||22||9||4||||||||||81||26
459||219||43||16||1||1||53||24||556||260
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1986||1||1
|-
|1987||3||0
|-
|1988||11||3
|-
|1989||8||1
|-
|1990||4||0
|-
|1991||3||2
|-
|1992||5||2
|-
|1993||6||4
|-
|1994||11||9
|-
|1995||7||7
|-
|1996||5||5
|-
|1997||4||1
|-
|1998||10||1
|-
|1999||5||1
|-
!Total||83||37
|}

References 

1966 births
Living people
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgarian football managers
C. B. Fry is a former sportsman. He played Cricket and football for England. He played in an FA Cup Final. Fry held a world record for long jump for many years. He also played Rugby union.

Later in his life, he was a writer and diplomat. He was asked to become king of Albania, but refused it.

International career statistics

|-
|1901||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1872 births
1956 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
Franck Queudrue (born 27 August 1978) is a football player. He plays for Birmingham City.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999-00||rowspan="3"|Lens||rowspan="3"|Division 1||16||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||0||23||1
|-
|2000-01||22||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||22||1
|-
|2001-02||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0

|-
|2001-02||rowspan="5"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="5"|Premier League||28||2||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||2
|-
|2002-03||31||1||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||33||2
|-
|2003-04||31||0||2||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2004-05||31||5||2||0||1||0||9||0||43||5
|-
|2005-06||29||3||3||0||3||0||14||0||49||3
|-
|2006-07||Fulham||Premier League||29||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|-
|2007-08||rowspan="2"|Birmingham City||Premier League||16||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|-
|2008-09||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
40||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||0||47||2
195||12||18||0||12||1||23||0||248||13
235||14||18||0||12||1||30||0||295||15
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
French footballers
Sportspeople from Paris
Craig Bellamy (born 13 July 1979) is a Welsh football player. He plays for Manchester City and Wales national team. He was part of the Great Britain squad at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Norwich City||rowspan="5"|First Division||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1997/98||36||13||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||13
|-
|1998/99||40||17||0||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||45||19
|-
|1999/00||4||2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||2
|-
|2000/01||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2000/01||Coventry City||Premier League||34||6||2||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||8
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Newcastle United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||27||9||3||0||3||4||6||1||39||14
|-
|2002/03||29||7||1||0||0||0||6||2||36||9
|-
|2003/04||16||5||0||0||0||0||8||5||24||10
|-
|2004/05||21||7||1||0||2||0||5||3||29||10

|-
|2004/05||Celtic||Premier League||12||7||3||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||9

|-
|2005/06||Blackburn Rovers||Premier League||27||13||1||2||4||2||colspan="2"|-||32||17
|-
|2006/07||Liverpool||Premier League||27||7||0||0||2||0||12||2||41||9
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||8||2||0||0||1||2||colspan="2"|-||9||4
|-
|2008/09||16||5||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||5
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Manchester City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||8||3||0||0||0||0||3||2||11||5
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
297||96||10||3||21||11||40||15||368||126
12||7||3||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||9
309||103||13||5||21||11||40||15||383||135
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1998||4||2
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||5||1
|-
|2002||3||2
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||7||1
|-
|2005||4||2
|-
|2006||7||2
|-
|2007||8||4
|-
|2008||5||1
|-
|2009||4||1
|-
!Total||58||17
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
2012 Summer Olympics
British Olympians
Liverpool F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from Cardiff
Welsh footballers
West Ham United F.C. players
Asunción (full name: Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción), is the capital city and largest city of Paraguay. The city has more than 1.2 million inhabitants, and the metropolitan area has more than 1.8 million inhabitants. It is on the left bank of the Paraguay River and is the main seaport of Paraguay.

The Spanish word "asunción" means assumption in English. It refers to the Assumption of Mary; the full name means Our Lady, Holy Mary of the Assumption.

References

National capitals in South America
Cities in Paraguay