cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is an agency of the US government that investigates crime across the country. It is dedicated to national security and to law enforcement.

The Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 and was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. J. Edgar Hoover was the Director of the Bureau from 1924 to his death, in 1972. Although the FBI works worldwide, its headquarters are in Washington DC. It has 56 main offices in cities throughout the United States.

Mission and priorities 
The FBI's mission is to protect the USA and maintain justice. They do this in many ways:
 They protect the United States from terrorist attacks.
 They protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage.
 They protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes like hacking.
 They protect civil rights.
 They combat all national and international criminal organizations.
 They combat major white-collar crime and fraud.
 They combat important violent crime.
 They also support international partners.

Organization

Organizational structure

The FBI is organized into branches and the Office of the Director. This office contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions. Each division is headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches. Each sub-branch is led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge.

Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director. The functions branches of the FBI are:
 FBI Intelligence Branch
 FBI National Security Branch
 FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch
 FBI Science and Technology Branch
 FBI Information and Technology Branch
 FBI Human Resources Branch

FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit
The FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit (FCNU) is a 24/7 operational response to crisis and to negotiate person(s) who are threatening to commit suicide or other harmful situations after a crime has been committed. The FBI's lead negotiator contacts the person(s) involved, with a hard-wire phone line to communicate with the person(s) to try convincing them to give themselves up to local police who are on stand-by.

References

Other websites 
 

 
1908 establishments in the United States
Nothofagus is a kind of plant, also called southern beech. It is a tree which can reach 35 m tall. Nothofagus is found in South America, New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea.
There are 34 species, considering pollen morphology four sections are recognized, i.e. Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Nothofagus.
 Nothofagus, Southamerican species;
 Nothofagus Antarctica
 Nothofagus betuloides
 Nothofagus dombeyi
 Nothofagus nitida
 Nothofagus pumilio
 Brassospora, New Guinea and New Caledonia species;
 Nothofagus aequilateralis
 Nothofagus balansae
 Nothofagus baumanniae
 Nothofagus brassii
 Nothofagus carrii
 Nothofagus codonandra
 Nothofagus crenata
 Nothofagus discoidea
 Nothofagus flaviramea
 Nothofagus grandis
 Nothofagus nuda
 Nothofagus perryi
 Nothofagus pseudoresinosa
 Nothofagus pullei
 Nothofagus resinosa
 Nothofagus rubra
 Nothofagus starkenborghii
 Nothofagus stylosa
 Nothofagus womersleyi
 Fuscospora, Southamerican, Australian and in some Oceania Island;
 Nothofagus alessandri
 Nothofagus fusca
 Nothofagus gunnii
 Nothofagus solandri
 Nothofagus truncata

 Lophozonia, in places of Southamerica and Oceania.
 Nothofagus alpina
 Nothofagus cunninghamii
 Nothofagus glauca
 Nothofagus macrocarpa
 Nothofagus menziesii
 Nothofagus moorei
 Nothofagus obliqua

Fagales
Ancient Greek was an Indo-European language spoken in Ancient Greece from about 1500 BC to about 300 BC. Ancient Greek and Latin are very important languages. Although they are no longer spoken, they influenced almost all modern European languages.

Greek had many different dialects. Attic Greek was spoken in Athens, the largest city, and was thought to be the purest form of Greek. Later, in the educated Roman world, children were taught Greek as a second language just as many people now learn English as their second language. Koine Greek was the common language of Greeks. It was Attic Greek mixed with several other dialects.

Homer spoke and wrote in an old dialect that was somewhat different from Attic Greek. The Iliad and the Odyssey are long poems that tell exciting stories about warfare, travel and the Greek gods. In the 5th century BC, some great plays were written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The Golden Age of Ancient Greece inspired literature that has been read for centuries.

Attic Greek 
Attic Greek was the dialect that was spoken in Athens and the rest of the region of Attica. It was the dialect most similar to later forms of Greek since it was the standard form of the language. It is studied in Ancient Greek courses because it was the most common dialect.

Changes 
All languages change with time, and Greek has changed a great deal over 2500 years. Modern Greek is often said to have started in the year 1453 AD.

Unlike Latin, Ancient Greek did not split into many languages, but it is still considered to be a separate language from Modern Greek. The pronunciation has changed; for instance, beta was pronounced "b" in Ancient Greek, but it is pronounced "v" and is called "vita" in Modern Greek. The spelling has not changed much, which gives the appearance of less change than has actually happened. Also, many different vowels and diphthongs merged into "i", the vowel sound in the English word "ski". The tonal system of Ancient Greek has disappeared, but modern Greek had only recently changed its spelling to match that change.

Despite these changes, much of the language has remarkably survived intact through the centuries. There is a community near Trabzon, Turkey, that speaks a dialect that is closer to Ancient Greek than to Standard Modern Greek.

Related pages 
 Greek alphabet
 Greek language

References 

Greek language
Ancient Greece
Autobahn (engl. motorway) is the controlled-access highway system in Germany. They are famous because in many parts of the roads, there are no speed limits and drivers can drive as fast as they want to.

An autobahn has at least two lanes in each direction, with a barrier between the directions. Sometimes there may be more than two lanes for one direction (or another lane for cars with mechanical failures). All drivers are supposed to drive on the outer-most right lane except when they move past other cars or trucks that are going slower.

Many autobahns in Germany have no speed limit. There is only a speed recommendation of  per hour. However, drivers going faster than 130 km/h can be made responsible for an accident that they are involved in. The German traffic law says that it is only permitted to drive as fast as the track conditions allow.

German Road Safety Council (DVR) has established that on average, there are 25% more deaths on sections of the autobahn without speed limits compared to those with a limit. Data analysis performed by Der Spiegel has established that a speed limit applied across all German motorways would save 140 lives a year.

An emergency telephone is located at a German autobahn every . Junctions between two autobahns are called Dreieck (Triangle), if one autobahn ends there or Kreuz (Cross). Junctions with normal roads are called Anschlussstelle. All junctions of an autobahn are numbered sequentially.

Driving on a German autobahn is free for cars. Trucks (12.5 tons and above) do have to pay a toll of about a twelve cents (0.12 €) per kilometre.

References

Transport in Germany
Roads
Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg (originally written 'Schönberg') (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian-born composer. He was known for his twelve-tone system of writing music.

History
Schoenberg came from a strict Jewish family who had moved to Austria from Hungary. They were quite poor and Schoenberg taught himself about music. When he was grown up he had to do a lot of teaching to try and earn enough money to live. In later life he went to live in the United States. It took a long time before he was recognized world-wide as a great composer. His two most famous pupils were Alban Berg (1885-1935) and Anton Webern (1883-1945). He taught them how to write twelve-tone music and they became famous composers.

When Arnold Schoenberg was a young man he was living in the late 19th century. If you look at the way composers wrote music at this time you will find that their compositions became more and more chromatic. This means that more and more sharps and flats were used during the piece, and the music went from one key to another (modulated) very quickly. Richard Wagner wrote very chromatic music, especially in his opera Tristan and Isolde.

Religion 
In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church. According to MacDonald, this was partly to connect with Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self-defence "in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism".

In 1933, after long thought, he returned to Judaism, because he realised that "his racial and religious heritage was inescapable", and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism. He would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life.

Early work
Schoenberg’s early works are mostly Late Romantic. His piece Verklärte Nacht (which can be played by six string instruments or by a whole orchestra) has very beautiful harmonies which go quickly from one key to another. Gradually Schoenberg’s music changed. It became so chromatic that it was no longer in any key at all. Music like this (called “atonal”) is much harder to understand. His Five Orchestral Pieces were played by the conductor Sir Henry Wood at a Promenade Concert in 1912. The audience did not like it at first and took some time to get used to the sound.

Twelve-tone system
In 1923 Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone system for which he is famous. This is music which is based on a particular row of notes. Twelve-tone music is atonal because there is no feeling of being in any key, because of the equal use of every pitch.

References 

1874 births
1951 deaths
Austrian composers
20th-century composers
Colin Baker (born 8 June 1943) is an English actor. He is most famous as the Sixth Doctor on Doctor Who from 1984 to 1986. He has no relation to Tom Baker, who played the fourth incarnation of the Doctor.

1943 births
Living people

English stage actors
English television actors
Boxing is one of the world's oldest combat sports. It is held in a ring and two boxers (people who fight in boxing fights) wear padded gloves and try to hit one another.
 
There are a few different ways to win in boxing. One is by a way of a knockout, which is when a fighter is punched and falls to the ground and cannot get back up within ten seconds.  Another way is by a technical knockout, which is when the fighter can not continue fighting thus the referee stops the fight. Technical knockout wins and losses are also knockout wins or losses for a boxer. Another possibility is winning on points, which a boxer gets by outboxing his or her opponent by hitting the opponent more often, harder, and more accurately. There are also draws in boxing. What in other sports are called "tie" in boxing it's called "draw". A referee can announce a technical draw due to an accidental cut or an accidental wound like a headbutt. Generally, it is considered a "no contest" (NC)-in which case, the fight is considered as not having taken place at all and not counting as a fight. However, after the fourth round, if the score cards for both fighters are equal, the fight could be called a draw. It is a way to defeat your enemy by brute physical force. Each round lasts 3 minutes for men, 2 minutes for women.

Famous boxers 
 Muhammad Ali 
 Mike Tyson
 Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
 Nonito Donaire
 Jack Dempsey
 George Foreman
 Joe Frazier
 Evander Holyfield
 Lennox Lewis
 Joe Louis
 Rocky Marciano
 Manny Pacquiao
 Willie Pep
 Sugar Ray Robinson
 Max Schmeling
 Floyd Mayweather, Jr.
 Wilfredo Gómez
 Wilfred Benitez
 Sugar Ray Leonard
 Roberto Duran
 Oleksandr Usyk
 Vasiliy Lomachenko

Related pages
Punching bag

 
Summer Olympic sports
The 1900s was the decade that started on January 1, 1900, and ended on December 31, 1909.

Events
 1901 – Independence of Australia.
 1903 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the United States.
 1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War.
 1905 – First Russian Revolution.

World leaders
 Prime Minister Edmund Barton (Australia)
 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (Australia)
 Prime Minister Chris Watson (Australia)
 Prime Minister Sir George Reid (Australia)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 President Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
 President William Howard Taft (United States)

 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
 Mohammad Ali Shah, 1907–1909
 Ahmad Shah Qajar, 1909–1925
Tux Racer is a video game made by Sunspire Studios where the player moves Tux, the Linux Penguin . In the game, Tux goes down a hill on his belly and collects fish. There are many things that slow Tux down. There are also things that may be hard for Tux to get past.

Controls 
 Turning: Left and Right buttons
 Paddling (makes Tux go faster): Up button
 Braking (makes Tux slow down): Down button
 Jumping: Hold down the "E" button, then let go
 Hard Turn (makes Tux turn when he is moving fast or when you want him to turn a lot): Down and Right or Left buttons at the same time
 Reset (makes Tux Get out when he is stuck): Backspace Button
 Quit (exits the game): "Q" Button

Updated version
The developers of Tux Racer have long abandoned making and programing the game. But some programmers took the source code and they call their new version Extreme Tux Racer, it is much newer and has many improvements over the old Tux Racer.

Other websites 
 Official website

2000 video games
The Northwest Territories is a territory in Northern Canada. 44,541 people live there as of 2018. It is 1,171,918 square kilometers.

The capital of the Northwest Territories is Yellowknife. Yellowknife was the capital since 1967. The Northwest Territories have many geographical features, like the Great Bear Lake, the Mackenzie River and Nahanni River, which is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Northwest Territories entered the Canadian Confederation in 1870. The Hudson's Bay Company gave the land to the Dominion of Canada. The Northwest Territories have one person in the House of Commons and the Canadian Senate. A lot of parts of the Northwest Territories were given to other provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. In 1999, the eastern part of the Northwest Territories became the territory of Nunavut.

References

Other websites 

 
Provinces and territories of Canada
The SS Richard Montgomery was an American ship built during World War II. Montgomery was wrecked off the coast of Sheerness, near Kent, England in 1944 with around 1,400 tonnes of explosives on board, which continue to be a hazard to the area.

Controversy
Montgomery sank in the Thames estuary on August 20, 1944. It was loaded with 15,000 tons of explosive munitions. The Admiralty decided to leave the wreck and its dangerous cargo untouched. The wreck lies just a few hundred yards offshore between an oil refinery and the several towns. Southend-on-Sea is just a couple of miles away on the other side of the Thames estuary. Rumors about the ship and its cargo have spread in these towns ever since. Denials have been issued by ministers in the House of Commons in response to MPs questions about the fact biological, chemical and gas warheads are on board. Nevertheless, rumors continue that the real reason the wreck was not made safe was because of the fact of "dirty weapons" being on board.

References

Other websites

 Information on the SS Richard Montgomery

Ships
World War II
Hymn and Pontifical March (Inno e Marcia Pontificale) is the national anthem of the Vatican City. It was adopted in 1950.

Latin words 
O Roma felix - O Roma nobilis.
Sedes es Petri, qui Romae effudit sanguinem,
Petri, cui claves datae sunt regni caelorum.
Pontifex, Tu successor es Petri;
Pontifex, Tu magister es tuos confirmas fratres;
Pontifex, Tu qui Servus servorum Dei,
hominumque piscator, pastor es gregis,
ligans caelum et terram.
Pontifex, Tu Christi es vicarius super terram,
rupes inter fluctus, Tu es pharus in tenebris;
Tu pacis es vindex, Tu es unitatis custos,
vigil libertatis defensor; in Te potestas.
Tu Pontifex, firma es petra, et super petram hanc
aedificata est Ecclesia Dei.
O felix Roma - O Roma nobilis.

Ancient latin Words
(Evaristo D'Anversa)

Roma, alma parens, Sanctorum Martyrumque,
Nobile carmen, te decete, sonorumque,
Gloria in excelsis, paternae maiestati
Pax et in terra  fraternae caritati 

Ad te clamamus, Angelicum pastorem:
Quam vere refers, Tu mitem Redemptorem!
Magister Sanctum, custodis dogma Christi,
Quod unun vitae, solamen datur isti.

Non praevalebunt horrendae portae infernae,
Sed vis amoris veritatisque aeternae.

Salve, Roma!
In te aeterna stat historia,
Inclyta, fulgent gloria
Monumenta tot et arae.

Roma Petri et Pauli,
Cunctis mater tu redemptis,
Lumen cunctae in facie gentis
Mundique sola spes!

Salve, Roma!
Cuius lux occasum nescit,
Splendet, incandescit,
Et iniquo oppilat os.

Pater Beatissime,
Annos Petri attinge, excede
Unum, quaesumus, concede:
Tu nobis benedic.

English translation 

[Hymn]
O Rome immortal, city of martyrs and saints, 
O immortal Rome, accept our praises. 
Glory in the heavens to God our Lord 
And peace to men who love Christ! 

To you we come, angelic Pastor,
In you we see the gentle Redeemer.
You are the holy heir of our Faith,
You are the comfort and the refuge of
Those who believe and fight.

Force and terror will not prevail,
But truth and love will reign.

[Pontifical March]
Hail, O Rome,
Eternal adobe of memories;
A thousand palms and a thousand altars
Sing your praises.

O city of the Apostles,
Mother and guide of the elect,
Light of the nations,
And hope of the world!

Hail, O Rome!
Your light will never fade;
The splendour of your beauty
Disperses hatred and shame.

O city of the Apostles,
Mother and guide of the elect,
Light of the nations,
And hope of the world!

Vatican City
National anthems
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are a political division controlled by the United States. Its capital is Saipan.

Geography
The Northern Mariana Islands, together with Guam to the south, compose the Mariana Islands. The southern islands are limestone, with level terraces and fringing coral reefs. The northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanos on Anatahan, Pagan and Agrihan. The volcano on Agrihan has the highest elevation at . 
Anatahan Volcano is a small volcanic island  north of Saipan. It is about  long and  wide. Anatahan began erupting suddenly from its east crater on May 10, 2003, at about 6 p.m. (0800 UTC). It has since alternated between eruptive and calm periods. On April 6, 2005, approximately  of ash and rock were ejected, causing a large, black cloud to drift south over Saipan and Tinian.

References

Other websites 

Northern Mariana Islands  official government website
The CNMI Covenant 
The CNMI Constitution 
CNMI Office of Resident Representative Pedro A. Tenorio
H.R. 873 - the Northern Mariana Islands Delegate Act 
H.R. 5550 - The United States-Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Human Dignity Act 
U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000

 
Micronesia
Events

Births 
 May 19, 1890 – Ho Chi Minh, prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1955–1969) of North Vietnam
 September 15, 1890 – Agatha Christie, English writer
 October 2, 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian
 October 14, 1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States 1953–1961
 November 22, 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, president of France 1958–1969
 June 9, 1891 – Cole Porter, American musician
 January 3, 1892 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English author
 May 7, 1892 – Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia 1953–1980
 December 26, 1893 – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China

World leaders 
 Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson (Canada)
 Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Canada)
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Czar Alexander III (Russia)
 Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 Prime Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (United Kingdom)
 President Benjamin Harrison (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907

Deaths
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833–March 13, 1901) was the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893).
He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to himself become president. His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican party and was elected to the White House in 1888, beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland.  He was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House. After Harrison served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again and, this time, beat Harrison. 

Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison. During the American Civil War Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general). He was also a successful lawyer, arguing many cases before the United States Supreme Court.

Presidency 
Benjamin Harrison as president wanted to increase tariffs (a tax on goods that come into the country) for two reasons:
 First, it gave more money to the U.S. government, so it could fund important things.
 Second, because he believed in protectionism. He thought a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things instead of buying them from foreign countries.

Harrison spent the money received from the tariffs to give money to injured American Civil War veterans.

Harrison was the first president to have a billion dollar budget for the government.  People criticized him for that.

He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which gave the U.S. government the power to regulate big businesses.  

Harrison did not use that power much.

References

Other websites 
 Benjamin Harrison's White House biography 

1833 births
1901 deaths
American Civil War generals
 
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from influenza
Politicians from Ohio
United States senators from Indiana
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
Events 
 The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
 Railroads help industrialize many western countries.

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
 Guangxu Emperor (China)
 Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
 Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Emperor Meiji (Japan)
 General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
 Czar Alexander II (Russia)
 King Alfonso XII (Spain)
 Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)         
 President James Garfield (United States)
 President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
 President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Pedro II (Brazil)
In 1903, the king of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I. After this, Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to World War I.

Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war. Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13). The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.

For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. A Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.

References
Events 
 The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.

Births 
 February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
 February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
 October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
 November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)

Deaths 
 September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831)
Wake Island is an atoll (a type of island) in the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii. It is controlled by the United States Army and United States Air Force. It is a territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. From December 1941 to August 1945 the Empire of Japan ruled Wake Island.

Geography 
Wake is located to the west of the International Date Line and sits in the Wake Island Time Zone, one day ahead of the 50 U.S. states.

Referring to the atoll as an island is the result of a pre-World War II desire by the United States Navy to distinguish Wake from other atolls, most of which were Japanese territory.

Population

There is no permanent population on Wake Island, so there are no schools for children.  About 100 people live there at any given time, though.  Most are contractors who keep the roads and other infrastructure working.  One man has been there since 1991.

Reference

Other websites 
 Current Weather, Wake Island
 AirNav – Wake Island Airfield – Airport details, facilities and navigational aids
 Rocket launches at Wake Island (link broken)
 The Defense of Wake – United States Marine Corps historical monograph
 Surrender of Wake by the Japanese – Marines in World War II
 U.S. Army Strategic and Missile Defense Command  – Logistics, flight schedules, facilities
 Photographic history of the 1975 Vietnamese refugee camp on Wake Island
 
 Wake Island – Pacific Wreck Database
 
 

Atolls
William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. 

Before he became President, McKinley was a congressman of Ohio.

Presidency
McKinley was inaugurated in 1897. This was the first presidential inauguration to be filmed.

When the USS Maine was sunk, the public wanted war. Congress declared war against Spain in Latin America. This was the Spanish-American War. It started the era of imperialism for the United States.

During his presidency, McKinley also supported higher tariffs (taxes on countries which trade with the US).  During his term, the United States annexed Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island.

Assassination
McKinley was elected to a second term as president in 1900. His second term did not last very long. He was shot by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. His abdominal gunshot wounds became infected and resulted in gangrene. He died on September 14. Czolgosz said the President committed war crimes in the Philippines and was an enemy of the people. Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair on October 29, 1901 . McKinley was the third American president to be assassinated. 

After McKinley's death, his vice president Theodore Roosevelt became president.

Praise 
McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history.

Kenneth F. Warren emphasizes the national commitment to a pro-business, industrial, and modernizing program, represented by McKinley.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 William McKinley's White House biography 

1843 births
1901 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Murders by firearm in New York
People from Canton, Ohio
People murdered in New York
Politicians from Ohio
Presidents of the United States
 
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
A record producer (or music producer) is a person who takes charge of a recording session, in the same kind of way that a movie director is in charge of filming movies. Record producers help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums. The producer controls the recording sessions, coaches and guides the musicians and supervises the recording, mixing and mastering processes to make the music finalized. 

In a professional context, there are two types of music producers:

 In-House - the more common type of the two are in-house producers. They come included in a studio rental fee and they get credited in a song’s copyrights. It’s mainly for their involvement in the entire process. Studios might use producers as a way to get more people to use their services. 

 Independent Music Producer - the second producer type is an independent producer. They may have gained a desirable reputation in the industry and would be directly hired by a band or artist.

Famous record producers
Brian Eno produced music for U2, David Bowie and Talking Heads.
George Martin produced almost all of the music by The Beatles in the 1960s. He also worked with America, Shirley Bassey, and many other artists. He also made comedy records with Peter Sellers and Peter Ustinov.
Phil Spector was the producer for many "girl groups" in the 1960s, like the Ronettes and The Crystals. He also worked with The Righteous Brothers. Later he produced records for Ike and Tina Turner, and the Beatles' album Let It Be. Spector invented the idea of a "wall of sound", which was a way of producing so that every space in the recording was filled with music. 
Timbaland is a man who produced popular rap, pop and R&B music, mostly in the 2000s. He worked with people like Justin Timberlake, Nelly Furtado, Madonna and many more artistes, including the late Aaliyah.
Todd Rundgren is not only a record producer but a singer and songwriter. He produces all of his own work, and other famous albums like Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell.

References

Music industry
Gliwice is a city in south Poland, in Silesian Voivodeship and along the Kłodnica River.  According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.

History of Gliwice 
In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history.  At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335.  Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia.  However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.

In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.

In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.

Other websites 
 http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl 
 http://www.gliwice.uc.gov.pl 

Cities in Poland
Events 
 Helium is discovered.
 Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women is published.
Events 
 Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.

Births 
 May 9 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist.
1846 was a year in the 19th century.

Events 
April 25 – The Mexican-American war starts.
May 17 – The Saxophone is patented.
Events 
While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). Released from prison, the book was published in London. Immediately, the Church of England asked the British Secretary of State to "stop the progress of this vile Book, which is an open insult upon Religion and good manners." As a result, Cleland was arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
 January 3 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
 April 27 – The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks finished early due to the outbreak of fire.
 May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
 July 9 – Naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia founded as British answer to Louisbourg.
 September 15 – According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.

Books 
 Tom Jones by Henry Fielding
701 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets.

Deaths 
 September 9 – Pope Sergius I
1201 (MCCI) was .

Events 

 The town of Riga was chartered as a city.
 Boniface of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III of Champagne.
 Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.
 The Fourth Crusade besieges Zara.

Births 
 August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
 October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne (died 1274)
 Theobald IV of Champagne (died 1252)
 Ladislaus III of Hungary (died 1205)
 Danylo King of Rus (died 1264)
 Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (died 1221)

Deaths 
 March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop
 May 24 – Theobald III of Champagne
 July 29 – Agnes of Merania, queen of Philip II of France
 September 5 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (born 1161)
 Bohemund III of Antioch (born 1144)
 Joachim of Fiore, founder of monastic order of San Giovanni (born 1135)

Heads of states 
 England – John I, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
 Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation is an animated movie from 1986, made by Canada's Nelvana Limited and distributed by Columbia Pictures. A follow-up to the first Care Bears Movie, it tells of the beginnings of the Kingdom of Caring, and of the Care Bears' first Caring Mission, which takes place at a summer camp.

The movie made $8.5 million in the United States during its original run at theatres. Only one more addition to the original Care Bear trilogy, Adventure in Wonderland, would premiere on the big screen the next summer.

A New Generation is a prequel to the Nelvana television series that would be shown on the ABC network the following September.

Synopsis
In this second movie, the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family, as they try to save them and the Kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart. A camper named Christy makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before, even cartwheels. In turn, he plans to forever capture the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins, one at a time, inside a magic red bag, and them trap them all inside a secret location somewhere at camp.

Christy's two friends, Dawn and John, later join the Care Bear Family so that they can put an end to his evil doings.

Facts
An episode of DiC's Care Bears show also took place at a summer camp. But the storyline of A New Generation does not borrow from it.

This was one of only two Care Bear movies to have Harmony Bear as a character; the other one was 2005's Big Wish Movie. Her second and final 1980s appearance was in the animated series' "Great Race" episode.

Related pages
The Care Bears Movie, the original movie from 1985

Other websites 

Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation at Rotten Tomatoes

1986 movies
1980s family movies
1980s sequel movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a chat system on the Internet.  People from around the world can use it to have conversations together. It can also be used for two people to chat privately.

The IRC chat rooms are also called IRC channels. These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally, .com .org or .net. An example would be 'irc.[Servername].org'

There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30,000 users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100,000 users).

Users of IRC need an IRC client. An IRC client is a computer program that works with IRC.  There are many clients. Some of these clients run in the web browser. Other clients run as an application.  Popular stand-alone clients include mIRC for Microsoft Windows, and XChat for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Opera web browser has an IRC client built into the browser. ChatZilla is a chat client which is a plugin to Mozilla Firefox.

An IRC bot is a computer program that helps control and protect channels.

The name of an IRC channel usually begins with a hash (#).

Technical information 

IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.

IRC was originally a plain text protocol (although later extended), which on request was assigned network port 194/TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.

IRC clients

This is a list of some programs which allow users to connect to IRC.

 AmIRC
 Bersirc
 BitchX
 BnIRC
 ChatZilla
 Colloquy
 Coolsmile
 EPIC
 FlowChat
 HexChat
 HydraIRC
 IceChat
 Irssi
 Jmirc
 Konversation
 KVIrc
 Mibbit
 mIRC
 Pjirc
 SeaMonkey
 TinyIRC
 XChat
 Quassel
 Weechat

Related pages 
 Internet Relay Chat commands
 IRC bot
 Internet Relay Chat operator

References

Other websites 

 IRC.org - Technical and Historical IRC6 information; articles on the history of IRC.
 RFC 1459 - Technical Information about the IRC Protocol.

Internet communication
Computer protocols
Spring is the season after winter and before summer. Days become longer and weather gets warmer in the temperate zone because the Earth tilts relative to its orbital plane around the Sun.  In many parts of the world it rains for hours.  This helps the plants grow and flowers bloom.  Often people with hay fever suffer more, because some plant pollens are allergens. Many animals have their breeding seasons in spring.  At the start of spring, people suffering from seasonal affective disorder will feel better.  

Holidays celebrated in spring include Passover and Easter.  In many countries, the period of school between early January and later May or early June is referred to as the “Spring Semester” or “Spring Term”.  Spring break is a vacation period in early spring at universities and schools in various countries in the world. 

Basic English 850 words
Events 
 Great Britain is united with Ireland to make the United Kingdom.

Deaths 
 February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
 March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
 March 23 – Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
 March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
 March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
 April 2 – Thomas Dadford Junior, British engineer
 April 7 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
 May 17 – William Heberden, English doctor (b. 1710)
 June 4 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
 June 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolution hero and traitor (b. 1741)
 September 19 – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (b. 1745)
 October 3 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France (b. 1724)
 November 4 – William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1536)
 November 5 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philologist and scholar (b. 1730)
 November 24 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)

Births 
 January 3 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
 February 1 – Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848)
 towards February 13 – János Kardos Hungarian Slovenes evangelic priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875)
 February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890)
 May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875)
 June 1 – Brigham Young, American religious leader and colonizer (d. 1877)
 June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
 June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)
 June 30 – Frederic Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850)
 July 5 – David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
 July 29 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
 October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873)
 November 3 – Karl Baedeker, German writer and publisher (d. 1859)
 November 3 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
 November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
 December 11 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836)
For the British musical group of the same name, see Muse (band).
Or for the fruit called the Euterpe see Açaí palm.

The Muses are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.

Most commonly the Muses are:
 Kalliope (or Calliope), the eldest and wisest, the muse of epic poetry, mother of Orpheus
 Euterpe, the muse of music and lyric poetry. She loved flute playing, and some even say she invented the double flute. Euterpe had a son named Rhesus, who was killed in the battle at Troy, according to Homer's Iliad. 
 Klio (also Kleio or Clio), the muse of history
 Erato, the muse of lyric/love poetry
 Melpomene, the muse of tragedy
 Polyhymnia, the muse of sacred poetry (hymn) and geometry
 Terpsichore, the muse of dance
 Thalia, the muse of comedy
 Urania, the muse of astronomy and astrology 

The word muse is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.

Greek gods and goddesses
Yes are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "I've Seen All Good People".

Discography
Studio albums
 Yes (1969)
 Time and a Word (1970)
 The Yes Album (1971)
 Fragile (1971)
 Close to the Edge (1972)
 Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973)
 Relayer (1974)
 Going for the One (1977)
 Tormato (1978)
 Drama (1980)
 90125 (1983)
 Big Generator (1987)
 Union (1991)
 Talk (1994)
 Keys to Ascension (1996)
 Keys to Ascension 2 (1997)
 Open Your Eyes (1997)
 The Ladder (1999)
 Magnification (2001)
 Fly from Here (2011)
 Heaven & Earth (2014)
The Quest (2021)

1968 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London
The War on Terrorism, or War on Terror, is a campaign that the United States and some of its allies started to remove terrorist groups and to punish the states that sponsor terrorism. It replaced the Cold War. The former United States President Bush's argument was that the countries like North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya (also known as the Axis of Evil) were a direct threat to the United States and its allies. The term was typically used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda.

The Administration of former U.S. President Barack Obama used the term Overseas Contingency Operation.

Notes

References

Other websites
 

Terrorism
Politics of the United States
Wars involving the United States
Al-Qaeda
Alkali metals are the chemical elements in group 1 of the periodic table. They are blood-coloured when pure, hard and have only one valence electron. They like to make reactions in which they give up this twin electron and then have a charge of +1. They react strongly with water and because of this, they have to be stored in oil. Alkali metals are the first group in the periodic table. They are never found in nature uncombined because they are unstable and they react fast to other elements. They bond well with all elements except the noble gases. When they are in air, they quickly turn black.  

The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (sometimes written cesium, although caesium is preferred) (Cs), and francium (Fr). Lithium is the least reactive. Although it was thought before that francium would be the most reactive, though it is very rare, it was more recently predicted that caesium is in fact more reactive than francium due to relativity.

Lithium Is a very light metal. It is soft, silver and you can cut it with a knife. 

Sodium is the most important alkali metal. One of the most important salts of sodium is sodium chloride (NaCl) (common 'table salt'). It also forms a hydroxide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called 'caustic soda'. It is a very strong base.

Potassium is commonly found in bananas. 

Rubidium is a metal that can make things like fireworks red.

Caesium is a very heavy, poisonous metal and is the most reactive metal.

Francium is a very dangerous, radioactive metal. Not much is known about it.
Births 
 April 14 – Anne Sullivan, teacher of Helen Keller
 November 8 – Herbert Austin, automobile pioneer (Austin-Healey)
Buenaventura Durruti Dumange (1896-1936) was a Spanish anarchist leader. He was born in the town of León. Durruti was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the country's civil war of 1936-1939. He helped to fight against fascism.

He robbed banks to use the money to help his friends escape prison. It is believed that he killed the bishop Juan Soldevilla, because the anarchists believed that he helped the murderers of people in labor unions.

He died in Madrid when he was killed by a person using a gun during the Spanish Civil War.

References

1896 births
1936 deaths
Assassins
Communists
Deaths by firearm
Military people killed in action
Spanish anarchists
Spanish Civil War