cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Epistulae morales ad Lucilium (in English Moral Letters to Lucilius) is the name for 124 letters Seneca the Younger wrote when he was over sixty-years-old. The Letters were probably written in the last three years of Seneca's life, during the years 62 to 64 AD. All letters start  "Seneca Lucilio suo salutem" (Seneca greets his Lucilius) and end with "Vale" (Farewell). Lucilius was the Governor of Sicily at the time, but he is only known through Seneca's writings. Seneca wrote the letters to give Lucilius advice on how to become a better person. The letters are like a diary, or a handbook, of Stoic philosophy. Seneca writes about life, death, and virtue as the supreme good. He writes about the joy that comes from wisdom. He repeatedly refers to the shortness of life.

Quotations
The tag Vita sine litteris mors ('Life without learning [is] death') is adapted from Epistle 82 (originally Otium sine litteris mors, 'Leisure without learning [is] death') and is the motto of Derby School and Derby Grammar School in England, Adelphi University, New York, and Manning's High School, Jamaica.

Other websites

Ad Lucilium epistulae morales, translated by Richard M. Gummere. Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3, at the Internet Archive
, by Richard M. Gummere
Why Seneca's Moral Epistles?

Works of philosophy
Jonathan Mark "Jonny" Buckland (born 11 September 1977) is an English guitarist and musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the band Coldplay. 

1977 births
Living people
Alumni of University College London
Coldplay
English guitarists
Rock musicians
William "Will" Champion (born 31 July 1978) is the drummer for the English rock band Coldplay.

Personal life
Champion's mother, Sara, died from cancer in 2000. Coldplay's debut album Parachutes was dedicated to her.

Champion was the first Coldplay member to marry. He married Marianne Dark, a teacher, in 2003. Their first child, a girl named Ava, was born on 28 April 2006. On 7 May 2008, Marianne gave birth to fraternal twins Juno and Rex.

References

1978 births
Living people
Coldplay
English drummers
People from Southampton
Shawn Daivari (born April 30, 1984) is an Iranian-American professional wrestler  who currently works for Ring of Honor under his name, Shawn Daivari. He has also wrestled for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as Daivari and for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as Sheik Abdul Bashir.

Championships
American Made Wrestling Entertainment
AMWE Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)

American Wrestling Federation
AWF Championship (one time)

American Wrestling Rampage
AWR No Limits Championship (one time)

Mad Asylum Pro Wrestling
MAPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Midwest Independent Association of Wrestling
MIAW Lightweight Championship (one time)

NEO-PRO Wrestling
NEO-PRO Cruiserweight Championship (one time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #85 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA X Division Championship (one time)

References

1984 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
People from Katy, Texas
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Texas
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Yusuke Sato (born 2 November 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||2||0||2||0||3||0||7||0
|-
|1999||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2000||Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||11||0||0||0||1||0||12||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||40||7||0||0||2||1||42||8
|-
|2002||40||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||40||9
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||18||1||0||0||1||0||19||1
|-
|2004||13||0||0||0||4||0||17||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||40||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||4
|-
|2006||45||9||2||0||colspan="2"|-||47||9
|-
|2007||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||27||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Tochigi||Football League||30||16||2||1||colspan="2"|-||32||17
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||16||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
284||48||8||1||11||1||303||50
284||48||8||1||11||1||303||50
|}

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Saúl Martínez (born 29 January 1976) is a Honduran football player. He plays for Marathón and Honduras national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Long Island Rough Riders||rowspan="2"|USISL A-League||16||3
|-
|1998||25||10
|-
|1999||Miami Fusion||Major League Soccer||15||4
|-
|2000||Hampton Roads Mariners||USL A-League||26||16

|-
|2000/01||Olimpia||Liga Nacional||||
|-
|2000/01||Motagua||Liga Nacional||||

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Nacional||rowspan="2"|Primera División||6||0
|-
|2002||1||0

|-
|2002||rowspan="4"|Shanghai Shenhua||rowspan="2"|Jia-A League||20||8
|-
|2003||23||14
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Super League||14||6
|-
|2005||21||6

|-
|2006||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||3||0

|-
|2006||Shanghai Liancheng||Super League||12||3

|-
|2006/07||Motagua||Liga Nacional||||

|-
|2007||Shanghai Shenhua||Super League||7||2

|-
|2007/08||Herediano||Primera División||8||1

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Marathón||rowspan="2"|Liga Nacional||||
|-
|2009/10||||
82||33
||
7||0
97||39
3||0
8||1
197||73
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||9||3
|-
|2002||2||4
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||11||2
|-
|2005||1||1
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||3||4
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||3||1
|-
!Total||35||16
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Honduran footballers
Hapoel Tel Aviv Football Club () is an Israeli Football club based in Tel Aviv and created in 1926. Their city rival is Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.. The club is second behind Maccabi Tel Aviv in the number of national titles. They play in the Bloomfield Stadium.

History
The club was founded on 31 May 1927. There were two other attempts to found the club. In 1927 they united with Allenby F.C and created the club in its modern form. The club is part of the Hapoel Sport Organisation, which is connected with the  Histadrut trade union. Until the independence of Israel in 1948 the club often won the Palestine League (5 titles). After the independence Hapoel joined the Israeli League. In 1988-1989 they were relegated to the second league for the first time of their existence. Next year they came back.  Since 1948 they have won 8 national titles. Overall they have won 13 national titles and 13 State Cups. They have had many big successes in international football, for example the victory in the first Asian Club Championship in 1967, beating Red Bull Salzburg and Benfica in the 2010-11 Champions League, and finishing first in their group in the 2010-11 Europa League.

Honours

Domestic
Israeli Championships
Winners: 1934, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1943, 1957, 1966, 1969, 1981, 1986, 1988, 2000, 2010
State Cup
Winners: 1928, 1934, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1961, 1972, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007, 2010
Toto Cup
Winners: 2002

International
Asian Club Championship
Winners 1967

UEFA Champions League
Group Stage: 2010-11
UEFA Europa League
Knockout Round: 2009-10

Current squad
As of 30 January 2020

Foreigners 2019–20
Only up to six non-Israeli nationals can be in an Israeli club, but only five can play at the same time on the pitch. Those with Jewish ancestry, married to an Israeli, or have played in Israel for an extended period of time, can claim a passport or permanent residency which would allow them to play with Israeli status.

 Marvin Peersman
 Emmanuel Boateng
 Felipe Rodríguez
 Michael Olaha

References

Israeli football clubs
Tel Aviv
1926 establishments in Asia
1920s establishments in Israel
A quantum computer is a model of how to build a computer. The idea is that quantum computers can use certain ideas from quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. The basic principle behind quantum computation is that quantum properties can be used to represent data and perform operations on it. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer.

The idea of quantum computing is still very new. Experiments have been done. In these, a very small number of operations were done on qubits (quantum bit). Both practical (meaning in the real world) and theoretical (meaning just thinking) research continues with interest, and many national government and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and military purposes, such as cryptanalysis, or breaking codes.

Today's computers, called "classical" computers, store information in binary; each bit is either on or off. Quantum computation use qubits, which, in addition to being possibly on or off, can be both on and off, which is a way of describing superposition, until a measurement is made. The state of a piece of data on a normal computer is known with certainty, but quantum computation uses probabilities. Only very simple quantum computers have been built, although larger designs have been invented. Quantum computation uses a special type of physics, quantum physics.

If large-scale quantum computers can be built, they will be able to solve some problems much more quickly than any computer that exists today (such as Shor's algorithm). Quantum computers are different from other computers such as DNA computers and traditional computers based on transistors. Some computing architectures such as optical computers may use classical superposition of electromagnetic waves. Without quantum mechanical resources such as entanglement, people think that an exponential advantage over classical computers is not possible. Quantum computers cannot perform functions that are not theoretically computable by classical computers, in other words they do not alter the Church-Turing thesis. They would, however, be able to do many things much more quickly and efficiently.

References

Other websites 
 Qubit.org (Centre for Quantum Computation)
 Institute for Quantum Computing
 QubitNews 
 Qwiki (Quantum Computation Wiki)
 Articles about quantum physics (free access)

Computers
Quantum mechanics
Brynäs IF is an association football club in the town of Gävle in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national championship in 1925 and played in Allsvenskan during the 1974 season.

References

Other websites
Official website

Swedish football clubs
1912 establishments in Sweden
Yasunari Hiraoka (born 13 March 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="3"|Otsuka Pharmaceuticals||rowspan="3"|Football League||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|1995||15||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|1996||24||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||26||0||1||0||1||0||28||0
|-
|1998||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||26||0||3||1||1||1||30||2
|-
|2000||19||1||0||0||1||0||20||1
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||12||1||2||1||5||1||19||3
|-
|2001||21||1||0||0||4||1||25||2
|-
|2002||8||0||0||0||2||0||10||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||16||0||0||0||4||0||20||0
|-
|2006||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
185||4||13||2||19||3||219||9
185||4||13||2||19||3||219||9
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Tochigi Prefecture
Naoya Saeki (born 18 December 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo Verdy.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Kokushikan University||rowspan="2"|Football League||19||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|-
|1999||2||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||4||1
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="5"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||10||0||2||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2002||23||2||1||0||1||0||25||2
|-
|2003||2||0||0||0||2||0||4||0
|-
|2004||12||0||0||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2005||30||0||1||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2006||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
|-
|2006||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||21||1||2||0||0||0||23||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||17||0||1||0||3||0||21||0
|-
|2008||20||0||2||0||2||0||24||0
|-
|2009||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2010||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
159||4||13||1||15||0||187||5
159||4||13||1||15||0||187||5
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
The wavelet transform is a time-frequency representation of a signal. For example, we use it for noise reduction, feature extraction or signal compression.

Wavelet transform of continuous signal is defined as
 ,
where
  is so called mother wavelet,
  denotes wavelet dilation,
  denotes time shift of wavelet and
  symbol denotes complex conjugate.

In case of  and , where ,  and  and  are integer constants, the wavelet transform is called discrete wavelet transform (of continuous signal).

In case of  and , where , the discrete wavelet transform is called dyadic. It is defined as
 ,
where
  is frequency scale,
  is time scale and
  is constant which depends on mother wavelet.

It is possible to rewrite dyadic discrete wavelet transform as
,
where  is impulse characteristic of continuous filter which is identical to  for given .

Analogously, dyadic wavelet transform with discrete time (of discrete signal) is defined as
.

Calculus
Gladys Maria Knight (born May 28, 1944) is an American singer, actress and songwriter. She is called the "Empress of Soul", She was the lead singer of the music group The Pips.

Personal life
Knight has been married four times and given birth to three children. In 1960, Knight married her high school sweetheart, James Newman. Gladys gave birth to their son, James III (1962–1999). In 1963 daughter Kenya was born. Newman and Knight divorced in 1973. She married producer and Blackground Records founder Barry Hankerson in 1974. They had one son, Shanga Hankerson, and divorced in 1981. She married motivational speaker Les Brown in 1995.  They separated and divorced in 1997. Also in 1997, she was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, following her son and daughter. Knight married current husband, William McDowell, in 2001.

Awards, honors and achievements 
 Grammy Awards
 1986 Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal – "That's What Friends Are For" – Dionne Warwick, Elton John, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder.
 2001 Best Traditional R&B Vocal Album – "At Last"
 2004 Best Gospel Performance – "Heaven Help Us All" – Ray Charles & Gladys Knight.
 2005 Best Gospel Choir Or Chorus Album – One Voice – Gladys Knight & The Saints Unified Voices.
 Other awards
 1992 Gladys Knight was awarded an Essence Award for Career Achievement.
 1995 Gladys Knight was awarded a star  on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles.
 1997: Gladys Knight received the Pinnacle Award during 5th Annual Trumpet Awards presentation in Atlanta, Georgia.
 2005: Gladys Knight received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the BET cable network.
 2006: Gladys Knight received a Legendary Award from the Las Vegas Music Awards.
 2007: Gladys Knight received Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist during The 38th NAACP Image Awards.
 2007: Gladys Knight was declared the "Empress of Soul" and presented with the 16th Annual Ella Award by the Society of Singers.
 2008: Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder were presented with the Best Living Legend Award at the 1st Annual The BET Honors.
 2008: Gladys Knight received the Lifetime Diva Award at the Stardust Music Awards in March.
 2008: Gladys Knight was honored by The National Black Arts Festival and The Coca Cola Company at the 2008 Legends Celebration.
 2009: Gladys Knight was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
 

1944 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
African American actors
African-American singers
American movie actors
American soul musicians
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Roman Urdu is the name used for the Urdu language written with the Roman alphabet. It is used by a number of Urdu-speakers on the internet and computers due to the fact that the predominant internet language is English, which is written in roman script. Moreover, people who can speak Urdu but cannot read the script also use this format.

Urdu language
Tatsuma Yoshida (born 9 June 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|Football League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1994||||||||||||||||
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1996||4||1||0||0||1||0||5||1
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1998||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||34||5||4||0||2||0||40||5
|-
|2000||36||2||2||0||2||0||40||2
|-
|2001||24||0||0||0||2||0||26||0
105||8||6||0||7||0||118||8
105||8||6||0||7||0||118||8
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Toru Araiba (born 12 July 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="7"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1998||30||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2000||24||7||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||29||8
|-
|2001||29||3||3||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||36||4
|-
|2002||30||1||2||0||8||1||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2003||25||2||2||1||4||1||colspan="2"|-||31||4
|-
|2004||rowspan="7"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||28||1||3||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|-
|2005||28||1||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
|-
|2006||30||2||4||0||11||0||colspan="2"|-||45||2
|-
|2007||30||1||5||0||9||0||colspan="2"|-||44||1
|-
|2008||30||2||2||0||2||0||7||0||41||2
|-
|2009||29||0||2||0||2||0||4||0||37||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
315||20||26||2||58||3||11||0||410||25
315||20||26||2||58||3||11||0||410||25
|}

References
Kashima Antlers

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Shinya Kato (born 9 September 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ventforet Kofu.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||Kashima Antlers||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2006||J. League 2||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||Ehime||J. League 2||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2010||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
10||0||2||0||0||0||12||0
10||0||2||0||0||0||12||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture
Japanese association football goalkeepers
Yuzo Funakoshi (born 12 June 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagamihara.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||2||0||0||0||3||1||5||1
|-
|1998||1||0||0||0||1||1||2||1
|-
|1999||Bellmare Hiratsuka||J. League 1||12||1||0||0||2||0||14||1
|-
|2000||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||8||0||0||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|2001||Oita Trinita||J. League 2||27||9||3||0||0||0||30||9
|-
|2002||rowspan="5"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||34||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||7
|-
|2003||22||4||3||1||colspan="2"|-||25||5
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||4||0||1||0||3||0||8||0
|-
|2005||7||1||0||0||2||0||9||1
|-
|2006||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||26||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||8
|-
|2008||J. League 1||7||1||1||0||2||0||10||1
|-
|2009||J. League 2||11||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
165||31||13||2||11||1||189||34
165||31||13||2||11||1||189||34
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Masanobu Matsunami (born 21 November 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="13"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="13"|J. League 1||29||7||1||2||4||1||34||10
|-
|1994||21||4||4||0||0||0||25||4
|-
|1995||15||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|1996||20||5||4||2||12||3||36||10
|-
|1997||32||13||3||0||6||1||41||14
|-
|1998||25||1||0||0||2||0||27||1
|-
|1999||23||5||0||0||4||0||27||5
|-
|2000||29||4||4||0||4||2||37||6
|-
|2001||26||1||3||1||4||4||33||6
|-
|2002||23||5||1||0||6||0||30||5
|-
|2003||17||0||2||1||4||1||23||2
|-
|2004||9||0||1||1||2||0||12||1
|-
|2005||11||0||2||1||5||2||18||3
280||45||25||8||53||14||358||67
280||45||25||8||53||14||358||67
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Gifu Prefecture
Arata Kodama (born 8 October 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2003||9||0||0||0||1||0||10||0
|-
|2004||13||0||4||0||4||0||21||0
|-
|2005||3||0||0||0||7||0||10||0
|-
|2006||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||31||0||0||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||33||0||3||0||6||0||42||0
|-
|2008||26||0||3||0||5||0||34||0
|-
|2009||30||1||5||1||9||0||44||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
145||1||16||1||36||0||197||2
145||1||16||1||36||0||197||2
|}

References
Shimizu S-Pulse 

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Naoki Hiraoka (born 24 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="9"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="9"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||11||0||1||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1995||34||5||4||0||colspan="2"|-||38||5
|-
|1996||24||1||3||0||12||0||39||1
|-
|1997||28||1||3||2||6||1||37||4
|-
|1998||26||1||1||0||4||0||31||1
|-
|1999||29||3||1||0||4||1||34||4
|-
|2000||4||0||0||0||4||0||8||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||2||0||1||0||2||0||5||0
|-
|2001||12||2||0||0||2||0||14||2
|-
|2002||12||1||0||0||3||0||15||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||8||0||1||0||2||0||11||0
|-
|2004||11||1||0||0||4||0||15||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Gifu||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||4||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||4||3
|-
|2006||12||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2007||Football League||25||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||1
242||21||18||2||44||2||304||25
242||21||18||2||44||2||304||25
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Teppei Nishiyama (born 22 February 1975) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||Fujita||Football League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="6"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||17||2||4||0||1||0||22||2
|-
|1995||25||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|-
|1996||3||0||0||0||5||0||8||0
|-
|1997||16||1||2||0||0||0||18||1
|-
|1998||24||2||1||0||1||0||26||2
|-
|1999||8||0||1||0||1||0||10||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League||36||6||2||4||2||1||40||11
|-
|2001||41||5||2||0||2||0||45||5
|-
|2002||rowspan="8"|Oita Trinita||J. League 2||40||4||3||0||colspan="2"|-||43||4
|-
|2003||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||17||0||0||0||3||0||20||0
|-
|2004||14||1||0||0||2||0||16||1
|-
|2005||22||4||2||0||3||0||27||4
|-
|2006||24||1||1||0||3||0||28||1
|-
|2007||19||1||1||0||5||0||25||1
|-
|2008||11||0||1||0||8||0||20||0
|-
|2009||6||0||0||0||3||0||9||0
323||29||22||4||39||1||384||34
323||29||22||4||39||1||384||34
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
The quadrature mirror filters (QMF) are two filters with frequency characteristics symmetric about  of sampling frequency (i.e. ). They are used especially in process of orthogonal discrete wavelet transform design.

Simple variant 
In notation of Z-transform, we can create the quadrature mirror filter  to (original) filter  by substitution  with  in the transfer function of .
 

By doing it, the transfer characteristic of  is shifted to  by .
 

Impulse characteristic is therefore
  for , where  is filter length.

According to the picture above, the signal split and passed into these filters can be downsampled by a factor of two. Nevertheless, original signal can be still reconstructed by using reconstruction filters  and . Reconstruction filters are given by time reversal analysis filters.

Orthogonal filter banks 
For orthogonal discrete wavelet transform  is given by
 , where  is filter length.

Impulse characteristic is
  for .

Reconstruction filters are still given by same equations.
 
 

Digital signal processing
Computer science
Neil Aspinall (13 October 1941 - 23 March 2008) was a British music executive. He was the managing director of Apple Corps, a company started by The Beatles. He had earlier served as the band's road manager.

Aspinall was born in Prestatyn, North Wales and grew up in Liverpool, England. He was an Accountancy student and lived with the Best family, renting a room in their house. Eldest son Pete Best was a drummer who played for the Beatles. Aspinall owned a van, and began driving the band to their shows, and setting up equipment. In time, they began to pay him for this, and he gave up his studies to be their official road manager.

During 1962 the Beatles changed drummers when Ringo Starr joined, and Pete Best was let go. Aspinall offered to quit also, but he was persuaded to keep working for the Beatles. (He kept a connection to the Best family, having a son, Roag, with Mona Best.) Aspinall was joined by another man, Mal Evans, who shared his job duties.

Over time, other people helped with setting up and breaking down the Beatles' instruments and equipment, but Aspinall and Evans still supervised them. They also did other jobs, like shopping for the band, delivering important messages, and dealing with members of the public who wanted to meet the band. Some of their lesser-known jobs were choosing female audience members at Beatles concerts to visit the band backstage, and signing Beatles autographs on photographs. (The demand for autographs was too great for the Beatles themselves to meet practically.)

When the Beatles stopped giving concerts, they put time into forming their own company, which became Apple Corps. Aspinall and Evans were both directors at Apple, and personal assistants to the Beatles. None of the band's inner circle knew how to run a large company, and Apple got into financial trouble. Allen Klein and Lee Eastman (Paul McCartney's father-in-law) took over running Apple, and Evans was fired. Aspinall was also supposed to be fired, but the Beatles themselves insisted he be kept on.

After the Beatles disbanded, Apple's business decreased, Klein and Eastman moved on, and Apple was reorganized. Aspinall alone was able to handle most of Apple's ongoing business, which was mostly licensing Beatles-related products, and future issues of Beatles music. He kept working for the band until shortly before his death.

Aspinall's last tasks for Apple included handling a lawsuit against Apple Inc. over iTunes, and supervising a new recording of the whole Beatles music catalogue. Aspinall died of lung cancer in New York City in 2008.

1941 births
2008 deaths
British businesspeople
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Liverpool
The Beatles
Grand Central Terminal (GCT) — often called Grand Central Station or simply Grand Central — is a train station in New York City. Located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, it is the largest train station in the world by number of platforms.

History
The first station at this site was built in 1871 by the New York Central Railroad at a time when there were many long-distance passenger trains in the United States which most people took to move across the country. Back then it was called "Grand Central Depot". In 1913 the station was rebuilt and given its current name, "Grand Central Terminal", but today many people call it "Grand Central Station". In fact, "Grand Central Station" is the name of the nearby post office, and of a New York City Subway station underneath.

Layout
Grand Central Station covers an area of 48 acres and has 44 platforms on two levels, with 67 tracks along them. There are 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 tracks on the lower level. All of them are built underground at the end of a long tunnel under Park Avenue, where trains have to change from diesel to electric power using a third rail to avoid problems with exhaust. These platforms serve commuters traveling on the Metro-North Railroad to Westchester County, New York, Putnam County, New York, and Dutchess County, New York in New York State, and Fairfield County, Connecticut and New Haven County, Connecticut in the state of Connecticut. By December 2022, the Long Island Rail Road will be extended to a new station at Grand Central, below the existing platforms. Once this happens, Grand Central will have a total of 75 tracks and 48 platforms.

References

1871 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in New York (state)
Rail transport in the United States
Transport in New York City
Railway stations in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
The Mahicans (also Mohicans) are a Native American tribe, who originally settled around the Hudson River. Many then moved to Massachusetts after 1780, before the remaining descendants moved to  northeastern Wisconsin during the 1820s and 1830s.
The tribe's name for itself was Muhhekunneuw, or "People of the River."

Notable members
John Wannuaucon Quinney, diplomat
Bill Miller, musician

References

Native American
The Heaviside function, often written as H(x), is a non-continuous function whose value is zero for a negative input and one for a positive input.

The function is used in the mathematics of control theory to represent a signal that switches on at a specified time, and which stays switched on indefinitely. It was named after the Englishman Oliver Heaviside.

The Heaviside function is the integral of the Dirac delta function: H′(x) = δ(x). This is sometimes written as

Discrete form 
We can also define an alternative form of the Heaviside step function as a function of a discrete variable n:

where n is an integer.

Or

The discrete-time unit impulse is the first difference of the discrete-time step

This function is the cumulative summation of the Kronecker delta:

where

is the discrete unit impulse function.

Representations 
Often an integral representation of the Heaviside step function is useful:

H(0) 
The value of the function at 0 can be defined as H(0) = 0, H(0) = ½ or H(0) = 1. In particular:

Related pages
 Laplace transform
 Step function

References 

Mathematics
Yasushi Kita (born 25 April 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||5||0||6||0
|-
|1998||7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|1999||3||0||0||0||3||0||6||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||0||3||0||2||0||12||0
|-
|2001||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||37||2||4||1||colspan="2"|-||41||3
|-
|2003||J. League 1||18||1||5||0||3||0||26||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||17||0||1||0||1||0||19||0
|-
|2005||17||3||0||0||5||0||22||3
|-
|2006||11||0||0||0||1||0||12||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Thespa Kusatsu||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||7||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2008||33||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
|-
|2009||21||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2010||Gainare Tottori||Football League||||||||||||||||
186||7||18||1||22||0||226||8
186||7||18||1||22||0||226||8
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Hiroki Kobayashi (born 24 May 1977) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2001||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||Tokyo||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||21||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2004||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2005||39||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2006||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2007||Rosso Kumamoto||Football League||34||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Roasso Kumamoto||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2009||10||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
144||0||2||0||0||0||146||0
144||0||2||0||0||0||146||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Tomohiko Ito (born 28 May 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2000||38||0||4||0||2||0||44||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||23||0||1||0||4||0||28||0
|-
|2005||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2010||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
98||0||8||0||6||0||112||0
98||0||8||0||6||0||112||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese association football goalkeepers
People from Osaka
Statistical inference  is the statiscal process of drawing conclusions from data. 

Examples would be the randomness of the data, observational errors,  sampling variation, and other issues.

Scope
For the most part, statistical inference makes statements about populations, using data drawn from the population of interest by some form of random sampling. The result is some kind of statistical proposition, such as:
 an estimate; i.e., a particular value that best approximates some parameter of interest
 a confidence interval. That is an interval from a dataset such that, under repeated sampling, the interval would contain the true parameter value with the probability at the stated confidence level
 a credible interval; i.e., a set of values containing, for example, 95% of samples would include the true value of the parameter. 
 rejection of a hypothesis
 clustering or classifying data points into groups

References 

Statistics
Silvio Spann (born 21 August 1981) is a Trinidad and Tobago football player. He plays for Wrexham and Trinidad and Tobago national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Doc's Khelwalaas||Pro League||||||||||||
|-
|2001||W Connection||Pro League||||||||||||

|-
|2001/02||Perugia||Serie A||0||0||||||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Sambenedettese||Serie C1||3||0||||||3||0

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|W Connection||rowspan="2"|Pro League||||||||||||
|-
|2004||||||||||||

|-
|2004/05||Dinamo Zagreb||Prva HNL||0||0||||||0||0

|-
|2005||Yokohama||J. League 2||20||3||0||0||20||3

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|W Connection||rowspan="2"|Pro League||||||||||||
|-
|2007||||||||||||

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Wrexham||League Two||9||1||1||0||10||1
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Conference||13||0||2||0||15||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||
||||||||||
3||0||||||3||0
0||0||||||0||0
20||3||0||0||20||3
22||1||3||0||25||1
45||4||3||0||48||4
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||8||1
|-
|2005||9||0
|-
|2006||2||0
|-
|2007||5||1
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
!Total||41||2
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
Trinidad and Tobago footballers
Amir Karič (born 31 December 1973) is a Slovenian football player. He plays for Koper.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1992/93||Rudar Velenje||PrvaLiga||27||10||||||||||27||10
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Maribor Branik||rowspan="4"|PrvaLiga||20||0||||||||||20||0
|-
|1994/95||28||2||||||||||28||2
|-
|1995/96||21||4||||||||||21||4
|-
|1996/97||25||6||||||||||25||6

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||5||0||2||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1998||7||0||0||0||3||1||10||1

|-
|1998/99||Maribor Teatanic||PrvaLiga||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Maribor Pivovarna Laško||rowspan="2"|PrvaLiga||12||0||||||||||12||0
|-
|2000/01||3||0||||||||||3||0

|-
|2000/01||Ipswich Town||Premier League||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2000/01||Crystal Palace||First Division||3||0||||||||||3||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Maribor Pivovarna Laško||rowspan="3"|PrvaLiga||12||1||||||||||12||1
|-
|2002/03||15||4||||||||||15||4
|-
|2003/04||16||4||||||||||16||4

|-
|2004||Moscow||Premier League||4||0||||||||||4||0

|-
|2004/05||Mura||PrvaLiga||9||3||||||||||9||3

|-
|2005/06||AEL Lemesos||First Division||11||1||||||||||11||1

|-
|2005/06||Koper||PrvaLiga||15||1||||||||||15||1

|-
|2006/07||Anorthosis Famagusta||First Division||2||0||||||||||2||0

|-
|2006/07||Interblock Ljubljana||PrvaLiga||||||||||||||||
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Olimpija Ljubljana||Third League||||||||||||||||
|-
|2008/09||Second League||||||||||||||||
|-
|2009/10||Koper||PrvaLiga||||||||||||||||
214||35||||||||||214||35
12||0||2||0||3||1||17||1
3||0||||||||||3||0
4||0||||||||||4||0
13||1||||||||||13||1
246||36||2||0||3||1||251||37
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1996||3||1
|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||9||0
|-
|2000||11||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||11||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
!Total||64||1
|}

References 

1973 births
Living people
Slovenian footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
The 2007 floods in the United Kingdom were a series of major floods that happened in many places across the country during June and July 2007.

In Gloucestershire, there was a flash flood from the River Severn and a lot of extreme rainfall. It is estimated that 13 people were killed and nearly all of Gloucestershire was trapped in their homes for the summer holidays. The water was around four foot deep, and it got into most people's homes. The repairs would have cost about 3 thousand pounds per home.

Effects
Primary effects
 In July 2007, thirteen people were killed after the River Severn burst its banks.
 10,000 motorists were stranded overnight.
 Farmers lost crops.
 350,000 people were without running water after the sewage treatment plant was submerged.
 Houses and buildings were flooded and ruined.
 Electricity in Gloucester was shut down.
 Schools and businesses were unable to travel or work and were shut down.
 Significant damage to most properties in the area with nearly 50,000 homes affected, with people losing treasured, personal belongings and made homeless- staying with friends or relatives and 850 families had to stay in caravans, some up to Christmas 2008.
 Infrastructure severely affected, with roads cut off and badly damaged.
 On 22nd May water treatment works shut down. The media reporting’s of imminent loss of supplies, meant usage doubled and led to water depletion. By 24 July, 140,000 properties in Gloucestershire had no water supply. Alternative water supplies by bottles, bowsers and tankers had to be used. Water supplies were not fully restored until 1 August.

Secondary effects
 Shops had better business because people needed more supplies.
 £3 billion had to be spent on repairs.
 Some businesses lost income while they had to repair buildings.
 9,000 businesses affected
 More than 180,000 insurance claim

Responses
 People helped each other, creating a sense of community.
 Children were taught in temporary classrooms without books.
 Sandbags were distributed. (25,000)
 200 tonnes of sand used
 Flood barriers were put in place.
 Bottled water was given out.
 5 million liters of water distributed through 85 different places
 People who lost their homes were forced to live with relatives or caravans for up to two years.

Floods
2007 floods
Floods in Europe
July events
June events
Anto Drobnjak (born 21 September 1968) is a former Yugoslavian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="4"|Jedinstvo Bijelo Polje||||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|1987/88||||24||7||||||||||24||7
|-
|1988/89||||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|1989/90||||27||19||||||||||27||19
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Budućnost Titograd||rowspan="2"|First League||31||13||||||||||31||13
|-
|1991/92||17||9||||||||||17||9

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Red Star Belgrade||rowspan="2"|First League||35||22||||||||||35||22
|-
|1993/94||29||17||||||||||29||17

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Bastia||rowspan="3"|Division 1||31||12||||||||||31||12
|-
|1995/96||36||20||||||||||36||20
|-
|1996/97||33||18||||||||||33||18
|-
|1997/98||Lens||Division 1||32||14||||||||||32||14

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||18||8||1||0||0||0||19||8
|-
|1999||13||4||0||0||2||1||15||5

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Sochaux-Montbéliard||rowspan="2"|Division 2||18||3||||||||||18||3
|-
|2000/01||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|2001/02||Division 1||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|2001/02||Martigues||Division 2||26||9||||||||||26||9
118||49||||||||||118||49
64||39||||||||||64||39
191||77||||||||||191||77
31||12||1||0||2||1||34||13
404||177||1||0||2||1||407||178
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||2||1
|-
|1998||3||1
|-
!Total||6||2
|}

References

1968 births
Living people
Yugoslavian people
European footballers
Montenegrin footballers
Serbian footballers
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Sugiyama was born in Shizuoka on July 4, 1941. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1966. The club won the champion in 1969 and 1973. The club also won 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1973. In his 8 seasons, he played all matches except 1 game in 1970 season and he was selected Best Eleven in all seasons. He was also selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year" 3 times (1964, 1969 and 1973).

On May 28, 1961, during Rōnin for university, Sugiyama debuted for the Japan national team against Malaya. He played at 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. At 1964 Summer Olympics, he played 3 games and scored 2 goals against Argentina and Ghana. At 1968 Summer Olympics, he played 6 matches and assisted 5 goals and Japan won bronze medal. In 2018, 1968 Olympics team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He also played at 1962, 1966 and 1970 Asian Games. At 1972 Summer Olympics qualification in 1971, Japan's failure to qualify for 1972 Summer Olympics. This qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 56 games and scored 15 goals for Japan until 1971.

After retirement, Sugiyama became a manager for Yamaha Motors in 1974. He led the club to the Japan Soccer League Division 1. He is their longest-serving manager, having led the club from 1974 to 1987.

In 2005, Sugiyama was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

Statistics

|-
|1966||rowspan="8"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||14||11
|-
|1967||14||8
|-
|1968||14||4
|-
|1969||14||1
|-
|1970||13||4
|-
|1971||14||4
|-
|1972||14||3
|-
|1973||18||6
115||41
115||41
|}

|-
|1961||3||0
|-
|1962||6||0
|-
|1963||5||1
|-
|1964||2||1
|-
|1965||4||3
|-
|1966||6||2
|-
|1967||5||4
|-
|1968||4||1
|-
|1969||4||0
|-
|1970||11||1
|-
|1971||6||2
|-
!Total||56||15
|}

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1968 Olympics) at Japan Football Association

1941 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Footballers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Daubechies wavelets are a family of orthogonal wavelets named after Belgian physicist and mathematician Ingrid Daubechies. They are used in discrete wavelet transform.

Definition 
Scale function coefficients (low pass filter in orthogonal filter banks) must satisfy following conditions ( is length of filter).

 Normalization
  or  (then coefficients must be divided by factor of )
which implies
  or  (then coefficients must be divided by factor of )

 Orthogonality
  for 
 
 Vanishing moments
  for 

There is more than one solution (except case of ). However, it is necessary to distinguish between low pass and high pass filter.

Wavelets are denoted like Dx, where x is either number of coefficients () or number of vanishing moments (). First case of notation (number of coefficients) is more recent and more frequented (e.g. D8 is wavelet with 8 coefficients).

Example 
MATLAB code for enumeration of wavelet with 4 coefficients (denoted as D4).
t = solve(
	'h0*h0 + h1*h1 + h2*h2 + h3*h3 = 1',           % normalization
	'h2*h0 + h3*h1 = 0',                           % orthogonality
	'+(0^0)*h0 -(1^0)*h1 +(2^0)*h2 -(3^0)*h3 = 0', % zero
	'+(0^1)*h0 -(1^1)*h1 +(2^1)*h2 -(3^1)*h3 = 0'  % and first vanishing moments
);

Solutions (low pass filters only):

Related pages 
 Wavelet transform
 Quadrature mirror filter

Mathematics
Computer science
The general intelligence factor, often shortened to g, is a construct from psychology. It is the common factor in intelligence tests. It is the result of measuring intelligence in different ways.

Charles Spearman,  an early statistician and psychologist, found that school children's grades across unrelated subjects were strongly related to each other. That is to say, children who were good at one area (such as reading) were also good in another area (such as math). He then proposed that these relationships reflected the influence of a dominant factor, which he called g for "general" intelligence.  He developed a model where all variation in intelligence test scores can be explained by two factors. The first is the factor specific to an individual mental task: the individual abilities that would make a person more skilled at one cognitive task than another. The second is g, a general factor that governs performance on all cognitive tasks.

After 120 years of cognitive testing, gs central role is still a meaningful measure. Other models have also been proposed, and there is significant controversy about g and its alternatives.

References

Intelligence
Misa Telefoni Retzlaff (born Hermann Theodor Retzlaff, 21 May 1952) is the Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa. He is of German-Samoan descent.

Retzlaff went to school at King's College in Auckland, New Zealand.  He studied law at the University of Auckland.  Then he went to Samoa to practice law. He was made Attorney-General of Samoa in 1986.

In February 2011 Telefoni said he was retiring from politics at the 2011 election.

References

1952 births
Living people
Oceanic politicians
Samoan people