cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lice (singular: louse), are wingless insects that live in hair. They are all external parasites on every species of bird and most mammalian orders. They are not found on Monotremes  and a few eutherian orders, namely bats (Chiroptera), whales, dolphins and porpoises (Cetacea) and pangolins (Pholidota). There are more than 3,000 different species; three are classified as human lice.

Description 
Lice spend their whole life on the host. They are adapted to keep close contact with the host. These adaptations are reflected in their size (0.5–8 mm), stout legs, and claws which are adapted to clinging tightly to hair, fur and feathers. They are also wingless and flattened.

Lice feed on skin (epidermal) debris, feather parts, sebaceous secretions and blood. A louse's color varies from pale beige to dark grey; however, if feeding on blood, it may become considerably darker.

A louse's egg is commonly called a nit. Lice attach their eggs to their host's hair with specialized saliva which results in a bond that is very difficult to separate without specialized products. Living lice eggs tend to be pale white. Dead lice eggs are more yellow. Lice are very annoying and are difficult to remove, but not impossible. The process is called nit-picking, and is often done with a close-toothed metal comb. For humans, anti-insect shampoos are available.

Classification 
The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders; the sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga). Four suborders are now recognised:

 Anoplura: sucking lice, including head and pubic lice
 Rhyncophthirina: parasites of elephants and warthogs
 Ischnocera: avian lice
 Amblycera: chewing lice, a primitive order of lice
 Amblycera: jumping lice have very strong hind legs and can jump a distance of three feet

It has been suggested that the order is contained by the Troctomorpha suborder of Psocoptera. What this means is that lice may have evolved from free-living species of that group.

Lice and humans 
Humans are unique in that they host three different species of lice: head lice, body lice (which live mainly in clothing), and pubic lice. The DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans started wearing clothes at approximately 70,000 BCE.

Recent DNA evidence suggests that pubic lice spread to the ancestors of humans approximately 3.3 million years ago from the ancestors of gorillas by sharing the same bed or other communal areas with them, and are more closely related to lice endemic to gorillas than to other lice species infesting humans.

Gallery

Related pages
 Pest
 Parasite

References

Other websites 

 Lice Pest Control Information - National Pesticide Information Center
 Bed-hopping led humans to 3 million-year itch 
 www.phthiraptera.org has extensive scientific information.
 Body and Head lice  University of Florida Featured Creatures
 Crab Louse  University of Florida Featured Creatures
 WebMD Lice Info

Insects
Parasites
The Adventures of Pinocchio () is a story by Carlo Collodi. It was first published as a serial in a children's magazine between 1881-1883. The serial ended tragically with the death of Pinocchio. It was published as a book in 1883 with black and white illustrations by Enrico Mazzanti.  Pinocchio tells the story of a puppet who wants to become a real boy. The book has been adapted to movies.

References 
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 384–5.

1883 books
Children's books
Mandi Bahauddin is the capital of Mandi Bahauddin District in Punjab, Pakistan.

References

Cities in Pakistan
Thumper may mean:
 Thumper (Medicine), An oxygen or electric powered CPR Assist Device.
 Thumper (Motorcycle), a four-stroke single cylinder motorcycle
 Bible thumper, a derisive term used to describe Christian fundamentalists
 Diesel-Electric Multiple Unit, the British Rail Class 205 and Class 207 diesel electric multiple units are nicknamed Thumpers
 M79 Grenade launcher, a weapon nicknamed "Thumper"
 Sun Fire X4500, a storage server code-named "Thumper"
 WORTH produces first official NCAA Collegiate aluminum baseball bat, The Tennessee "Thumper" in 1974.
 "Thumper", a song by Raging Speedhorn on the album Raging Speedhorn
 "Thumper", a popular drinking game.
 Jeremy Paxman, host of University Challenge
 Restrictor, a machine in the game Half-Life 2, also known as Thumpers
 "Thumper", a term used to name the Activity Indicator in early versions of Mozilla Firefox
 "Thumper" is a character from the Twisted Metal Series of Sony PlayStation. He is portraited as a African-American South Central gangsta that drives a pink and white 64 Impala-like car.

in fictional characters:
 Thumper (Bambi), a rabbit in the Disney animated movie Bambi
 Thumper, a quarry driller in Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends
 Thumper, Hopper's pet grasshopper in A Bug's Life
 Thumper, a recurring character in the television show Veronica Mars
 Thumper, a mechanical device in the science fiction book Dune
 Thumper, a character in the James Bond movie Diamonds Are Forever
Talagang is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Talagang Tehsil.

Cities in Pakistan
Arra is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Balkassar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°55'60N 72°39'0E. Also, Balkassar is famous for its 'Rain of Flaming Dogs' ceremony which happens once in a year.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Balokassar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Basharat is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°46'60N 73°5'60E

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Terry Goodkind (January 11, 1948 – September 17, 2020) was an American writer from the U.S. state of Nebraska. He was known for writing fantasy books. His most famous book is called Wizard's First Rule which is part of the The Sword of Truth series. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska.

Goodkind died on September 17, 2020 in Boulder City, Nevada at the age of 72.

References

Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
1948 births
2020 deaths
American novelists
Begal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°2'57N 72°39'11E

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Chakwal District
Bharpur is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°51'0N 72°34'0E

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Chakwal District
Bheen is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Bhilomar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 32°43'60N 72°25'60E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Bhoun is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Bidher is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Buchal Kalan is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Kallar Kahar Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Budhial is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Budhial village is about 25 kilometres from Talagang at 32°58'60″N 72°10'60″E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Chak Malook is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°58'0N 72°57'0E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Chak Umra is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Choa Ganj Ali Shah is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°49'0N 73°5'60E

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Choa Saidan shah is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is at 32°43'0N 72°58'60E. It is a named after a man who was a famous Sufi.Its famous for it spirngs and lakes.Choa Saidan Shah is one of the few villages that have all kinds of facities like Hospitals,Schools,Collages.

Famous Peoples
There are many famous people like Umar Haseeb who is a famous footballer.

Tribes
The Awans tribe dominate in the area. Other tribes include Rajputs and Gujar.

Political views
It is considered PML(N) stronghold But PTI future looks bright .

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dab is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33° 0' 0" N 72° 52' 0" E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dalwal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°42'0N 72°52'60E

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dandot (ڈنڈوت) is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°38'60N 72°58'0E

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dhoular is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. and is part of Talagang Tehsil. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan its total population was about 6,500.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dhudial is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil. It is one of the largest villages of Chakwal District and is located at 33°3'52N 72°58'24E about 70km south of the capital Islamabad.

Tribes

The following are the majority tribe population.
 Awan  (اعوان)
 Quresh (قریش)
 Rana (انڈین مہاجر)
 Ansar (انصار)
 Gondal (گوندل)
 Sadaat (سادات)
 Mughal Kasar (مغل کسر)
 Minhas (منہاس)
 Bazigar (بازی گر).

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dhurnal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 32° 47' 60"N 72° 5' 60"E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dullah is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dulmial is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°43'60N 72°55'0E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Dumman is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Jabbi Shah Dilawar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at .

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Jand is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°4'0N 73°7'60E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Jand Khanzada is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°55'60N 73°5'60E. The name means village of Khanzada.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
The University of Texas at Austin is a public university in Austin, Texas.  It is one of the largest universities in the United States, with almost 50,000 students.  It was founded in 1883.

Sports
Texas' athletics teams are called the Longhorns. Texas has 18 varsity teams and they compete in the Big 12 Conference.

Sources

Notes

References

Association of American Universities
Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Texas
University of Texas, Austin
1883 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Texas
Jassial is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 33°1'40N 72°23'34E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Jaswal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°49'0N 72°58'0E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Jhatla is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 32°49'0N 72°22'60E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Kallar Kahar is a town and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°46'60N 72°42'0E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Karsal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°2'30N 72°35'7E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Karyala is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°49'60N 72°52'60E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Khairpur is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Khotian is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°46'0N 73°7'0E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Kot Choudrain is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Kot Gullah is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Talagang Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Kot Gullah is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Kot Sarang is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 33°2'14N 72°23'11E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a medium-sized African antelope. The name "impala" comes from the Zulu language. Impala belong in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata and class Mammalia. Along with cattle, antelopes, sheep, goats, buffalo and bison, they belong to the family Bovidae.

Description 
The impala is reddish-brown with white hair inside the ears, over each eye and on the chin, upper throat, underparts and buttocks. A narrow black line runs along the middle of the lower back to the tail, and a vertical black stripe appears on the back of each thigh. Impalas have unique brushlike tufts of black hair that cover a scent gland located just above the heel on each hind leg.

The impala can jump more than 10 meters distance and 3 meters high, and can reach running speeds of about 80 to 90 km/h, to escape from predators.

Female impala, called ewes, have no horns. But males, the rams, grow curved horns with a notable twisted appearance due to ridges. These horns are black and grow as long as 36 inches.

Habitat 
Impalas are found at grassland and woodland edges, usually very close by water. In Africa, these animals still live throughout Kenya, Botswana, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zaire and Tanzania.

References

Bovids
Mammals of Africa
Events 
 The Danes invade England (870) and conquer East Anglia. Several battles are fought with Wessex, but then peace is made (871). The Danes start the Danelaw in other parts of England. In 876, the Danes attack Wessex again, and in 878 king Alfred the Great of Wessex has to retreat to a single fort in the marshes of Somerset, but later that year he defeats the Danes, and England is divided in a Danish part in the northeast and a Wessex part in the south and west.
 In the southwest of England, the Cornish continue to be driven back, with their King Dungarth (or Doniert or Dumgarth) drowning in battle around the middle of the decade.
 872 — Battle of Hafrsfjord. Harald Fairhair unites Norway.

Important people 
 Alfred the Great
 Harald I of Norway
 Rhodri Mawr (the Great)
 Charles the Bald
 Rurik
The University of the Incarnate Word is a private Catholic university in San Antonio, Texas, United States.  There are about 5500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1881.

References

Other websites 
 University of the Incarnate Word - official site

Christian colleges and universities in the United States
Colleges and universities in Texas
San Antonio, Texas
1881 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Texas
The University of Oklahoma, abbreviated OU, is a public university in the Norman, Oklahoma, United States. It has about 27,000 students enrolled, and it was started in 1890. David Boren is president of the university.

Sports
Oklahoma's athletics teams are called the Sooners. Oklahoma has 19 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the Big 12 Conference.  In men's gymnastics, a sport that the Big 12 does not sponsor, Oklahoma is a member of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.

References

Other websites 

Official website
Official athletics website
 Voices of Oklahoma interview with Barry Switzer.  First person interview conducted on August 17, 2009 with Barry Switzer. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project. 
 University of Oklahoma, Bounded by Boyd Street on the North, Timberdell Road on the South, Chautauqua Avenue on the West, and Jenkins Avenue, Norman, Cleveland, OK at the Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS)

Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Oklahoma
1890 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Norman, Oklahoma
Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades is a rhythm video game made by Vicarious Visions and published by Activision for the Nintendo DS game console. It's the sequel to Guitar Hero: On Tour. Players can share songs between the two games. Players can choose more characters including Midori and Clive Winston.

Songs that can be played in this video game
Alien Ant Farm - "Smooth Criminal" |
|The All-American Rejects - "Dirty Little Secret"
Blind Melon - "No Rain"|
|Blondie - "One Way Or Another"|
|Bon Jovi - "You Give Love A Bad Name"|
|Boston - "Rock and Roll Band"|
|The Darkness - "I Believe In A Thing Called Love"|
|Edgar Winter Group - "Free Ride"|
|Fall Out Boy - "The Take Over, The Breaks Over"|
|Foo Fighters - "The Pretender"|
|Free - "All Right Now"|
|Jimmy Eat World - "The Middle"|
|Joe Satriani - "Satch Boogie"|
|Journey - "Any Way You Want It"|
|Lenny Kravitz - "Are You Gonna Go My Way"|
|Linkin Park - "One Step Closer"|
|Los Lobos - "La Bamba"|
|Lynyrd Skynyrd - "Sweet Home Alabama (live)"|
|Paramore - "Crushcrushcrush"|
|Queen - "We Are The Champions"|
|R.E.M. - "The One I Love"|
|Red Hot Chili Peppers - "Can't Stop"|
|Sammy Hagar - "I Can't Drive 55"|
|Seether - "Remedy"|
|Smashing Pumpkins - "Tarantula"|
|Stone Temple Pilots - "Down"|
|Veruca Salt - "Volcano Girls"|
|Weezer - "Buddy Holly"|

2008 video games
Guitar Hero
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Metroid Prime 2: Echoes is a first-person adventure video game made by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It is a sequel to Metroid Prime, and it has a sequel called Metroid Prime 3: Corruption.

2004 video games
2005 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Metroid Prime

de:Metroid#Metroid Prime 2: Echoes (GameCube, 2004)
Cicadas are small insects. They are kinds of true bugs.

The noisy buzz they make is the male calling to the female using his vibrating panels, called tymbals, on his sides. When the female, who cannot buzz, hears the buzz of a male, she searches for him. After they mate, the female will use her ovipositor to cut a line into the branch of a tree and lay her eggs there. Adult cicadas don't usually bite. They are usually green or black. Cicadas can also be eaten. It is eaten in countries like China.

Cicadas live in temperate to tropical climates where their large size and unique sound makes them well known. Cicadas are often colloquially called locusts, although they are unrelated to true locusts, which are a kind of grasshopper. Cicadas are related to leafhoppers and spittlebugs.

Taxonomy 
Cicadas are arranged into two families: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. There are two living species of Tettigarctidae, one in southern Australia, and the other in Tasmania.

The family Cicadidae is very widespread. They live on all continents except Antarctica.  
The largest cicadas are in the genera Pomponia and Tacua. There are some 200 species in 38 genera in Australia, about 450 in Africa, about 100 in the Palaearctic, and exactly one species in England, the New Forest cicada, Melampsalta montana, widely distributed throughout Europe. There are about 150 species in South Africa.

Most of the North American species are in the genus Tibicen: the annual or jar fly or dog-day cicadas (so named because they emerge in late July and August).

Periodic cicadas 
The best-known North American genus is Magicicada. These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 to 17 years and then emerge in large numbers. The advantage of this arrangement is that the predators are swamped by their numbers, and so most of them survive. There are three species of 17-year periodical cicadas.

Australian cicadas 
Australian cicadas differ from many other types because of that continent's diversity of climate and terrain. In Australia, cicadas are found on tropical islands and cold coastal beaches around Tasmania; in tropical wetlands; high and low deserts; alpine areas of New South Wales and Victoria; large cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane; and Tasmanian highlands and snowfields.

Forty-two species from five genera populate New Zealand, and all are endemic to New Zealand and the surrounding islands (Norfolk Island, New Caledonia). Many New Zealand cicada species differ from those of other countries by living high up on mountain tops.

References 

Hemiptera
In Object-oriented programming, an object is an instance of a Class. Objects are an abstraction. They hold both data, and ways to manipulate the data. The data is usually not visible outside the object. It can only be changed by using a well-specified mechanism (usually called interface).

Suppose there is a bank account; this bank account has a current balance, but it also has a history of things that were done. These fields are however not directly accessible. There are methods like deposit() and withdraw() and checkBalance(). Most applications (and other objects) only change this object through this interface. 

Banks usually impose a credit limit. Suppose, there are 1000 dollars on the account. If the client does not have a special agreement with the bank, he cannot take out more money than there is on the account; so he can withdraw() a maximum of 1000 dollars. He might have an agreement with the bank, so he can borrow money from the bank (but has to pay a fee). In that case, he might be able to withdraw 1500 dollars (or 2000 dollars). So the withdraw method has to do a lot of checks as described above.
The account manager might see the account differently, she might have methods to set the maximum amount that can be taken out of the account, or to set the fee or interest rate that the customer has to pay for the money to be borrowed.

As an object is an instance of a class; it has certain things from that class. It can perhaps be compared to other objects of that class. Two apples, one red and bigger, the other green and smaller. On the other hand: It is not that easy to compare different objects. A green apple does not have much in common with a steel wrench.

Related pages 
 Class (programming)

Other websites 
 The Java Tutorials: Object-oriented programming concepts

Computer programming
Object-Oriented Design (OOD) is a way for the designer of a computer program to specify what a computer program will do, using the way that people think and not using the way that computers think.  People think in terms of classes and objects.  For example, fruit is a class, and there are different kinds of fruits such as bananas and pineapples.  If a computer program designer were specifying to a computer programmer how to create a computer program to manage the fruits in a supermarket, then he or she would specify the program in terms of classes and objects which is how people think.

A computer program called a compiler and/or an interpreter would take the program that the programmer typed in and convert it into a form that a computer can run.  Computers really only understand things that are encoded as numbers.  Object-Oriented-Design (OOD) uses the power and speed of a computer to allow humans to be more productive in making computer programs, by letting human computer programmers think in terms of how humans think.

Computer science
Odd may mean:
 In everyday language: the quality of being unpaired, occasional, strange or unusual, or a person who is viewed as eccentric
 In mathematics:
 an integer is odd if dividing it by two does not result in another integer; see even and odd numbers
 a function f defined on the real numbers is odd if f(x) = −f(−x) for all x; see even and odd functions
 a permutation of a finite set is odd if it can be written as the functional composition of an odd number of transpositions; see even and odd permutations
 In probability theory, the odds in favour of an event is the ratio of the event's probability to the complementary probability.
 Odd (name), is a name of Old Norse origin, the 11th most common male name in Norway (coincidentally, Even is also a common Norwegian name). In Old Norse the word means the sharp end of a weapon, e.g. edge of a sword or spear/arrow head.
 Odd, West Virginia, USA
 Odd Grenland B.K., is a Norwegian football team
 Odd Della Robbia, a character in Code Lyoko

ODD may mean:
 Optical disc drive (CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc/HD-DVD Drive)
 Oppositional defiant disorder
 ODD (fanzine''), a Hugo-nominated science fiction fanzine published by Raymond "Duggie" Fisher
 In computer science, ODD (One Document Does it all) is a W3C specification
 ODD, a play by Hal Corley.
A Common Language Specification (CLS) is a document that says how computer programs can be turned into Common Intermediate Language (CIL) code. When several languages use the same bytecode, different parts of a program can be written in different languages. Microsoft uses a Common Language Specification for their .NET Framework. To fully interact with other objects regardless of the language they were used in, objects must expose to callers only those features that are common to all the languages they must exchange information with. It was always a dream of Microsoft to unite all different languages into one umbrella and CLS is one step towards that. Microsoft has defined CLS which are nothing but guidelines for languages to follow so that it can communicate with other .NET languages in a seamless manner.

Most of the members defined by types in the .NET Framework class library are able to work with CLS. However, some types in the class library have one or more members that are not able to work with CLS. These members allow support for language features that are not in the CLS.

The CLS was designed to be large enough to include the language constructs that are commonly needed by developers, yet small enough that most languages are able to support it. Any language construct that makes it impossible to quickly confirm the type safety of code was excluded from the CLS so that all languages that can work with CLS can produce verifiable code if they choose to do so. 

Software

en:Common Language Specification
Willi Auerswald (1894–1956) was a member of the German SS in the rank of a SS-Oberscharführer. Auerswald belonged to the guards of the Mauthausen Concentration camp. Between spring 1942 and November 1944 he was one of the leaders of the subcamp Steyr-Münichholz.

Auerswald was feared by the prisoners due to his brutality. Executions and brutal punishments made him one of the most terrible guards at Mauthausen. 

After the end of World War II Auerswald was charged by an US-military tribunal in Dachau. The trial document lists a case where a Russian prisoner, begging for his life, was pushed by Auerswald into a fence secured by high voltage. He died immediately. The documentation also mentioned that 300 healthy prisoners were brought from Mauthausen to the sub-camp St. Aegyd. More than 50% died within the next few weeks or became severely sick so that they were brought back to Mauthausen where they died. Auerswald was the head of the St. Aegyd sub-camp at that time.

Auerswald was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. Later it was changed to life imprisonment.

Other websites  
 Concentration-camp Mauthausen
 Document about the trial (United States of America v. Willi Auerswald et al. - Case No. 000.50.5.08)

1895 births
1956 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
SS officers
The Evergreen State College is a public college in Olympia, Washington, United States.  There are about 4500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1967.

References

Other websites
The Evergreen State College

Colleges and universities in Washington
Olympia, Washington
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Washington (state)
The Battle of Berlin was the last major battle of Second World War in Europe.  The Battle took place in Berlin from 16 April to 3 May 1945. During the battle the Red Army, along with Polish forces, captured the city of Berlin, Germany. When they captured the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler committed suicide with his new wife by shooting himself in the head and her taking a cyanide pill.

Background 
On 12 January 1945 the Soviet and Polish forces began attacking Berlin. In the end of that attack, their forces stood on the Oder River, 60 kilometres east of Berlin. In 1945 the Wehrmacht had few good fighters or good weapons compared to 1944.

Despite his advisors' opinion, Hitler decided to stay in the city. He heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the radio and he hoped the city would be saved.

The Battle of Seelow Heights 
The battle on the city began in the Seelow Heights. The Seelow Heights are 17 kilometers west of the Oder and 45 kilometres east of Berlin. They were well defended by the Wehrmacht.  On 16 April, the Red Army and Polish Army attacked Seelow Heights.  Almost 1,000,000 attackers with 20,000 artillery pieces were fighting against 100,000 Germans with 1,200 tanks.  Despite this, the German defenders managed to hold the heights for four days.

On 20 April, Hitler's birthday, the allies began to bombard the centre of the city with rockets and artillery.  They did not stop until the city surrendered.  On 22 April, Hitler, when he knew the Germans plans had failed, cried in anger.  He knew the war was as good as lost.  One of his generals, Alfred Jodl, thought it would be possible to form a linkup between the army in Berlin, and the 12th Army commanded by Walther Wenck that were fighting the U.S. Army.  Hitler agreed to this idea, but those troops could not get to the city.

Fall of Berlin 

Hitler remained in his Führerbunker until his death.  He knew that escape was nearly impossible.  His soldiers knew that too, and wanted to get out.  Since there was no hope of winning, Hitler gave orders to his generals and allowed a breakout plan on April 28th.  However, this plan went badly.  Only a few of the expected number of soldiers managed to get through Soviet lines.  On April 29th Hitler authorized another try to  break out May 1st.

However, on April 30th the Red Army captured the Reichstag.  They were just 500 yards from the Führerbunker.  Hitler and several other leaders killed themselves.  On May 1st, Helmuth Weidling ordered a break out. One division, named the Nordland Division, escaped and were caught outside Berlin.

In the next few days, the various armies of Nazi Germany surrendered.

1945 in Germany
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
1940s in Berlin
April 1945 events
May 1945 events
The University of Texas at San Antonio, also known as UTSA (especially when talking about sports), is a public university in San Antonio, Texas, United States.  It has about 28,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1969.

UTSA's sports teams, known as Roadrunners, currently play in Conference USA.

References

Other websites
The University of Texas at San Antonio
UTSA Roadrunners

Colleges and universities in Texas
UTSA
San Antonio, Texas
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began soon after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War (1956-1975).

Other websites 
 The American War: The U.S. in Vietnam video

Vietnam War
The Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is one of the four species of South American camelid, and they are domesticated. It resembles a small llama in superficial appearance. Alpacas are bred for their fiber while Llamas are used to carry burdens.

Diet 
They usually eat hay or grasses, but they actually try to chew most things, even an empty bottle. However, there are many plants that are poisonous to an Alpaca.

Reproduction 
The Alpaca takes about 355 days until the babies are born (11-12 months). They may live up to 20 years (up to 25 years in a zoo). They are as much as 3 or 4 times the opportunity to be mowed fiber in their life. There they live together with Sheep and pygmy goats. 
They were selectively bred for household goods like clothes, because they have such good wool. Since the wool made from alpaca is very warm, the wool is popular in the world.

Domestication 
About 5,000 to 6,000 years ago the natives began the domestication of the vicuna into the present day alpaca as a fiber producing animal. Alpaca are also commonly used as herd guardians. Two or more guardians are sent to live in a paddock of sheep, goats or chickens, where it is their job to chase away foxes and other predators.

Types 
There are two main types of alpacas, the huacaya and the suri (sometimes spelled suriya depending on where you are). The main difference between the two is price and appearance. Huacayas are more common which makes them cheaper to buy. They are also easier to take care of because their coats require less maintenance. Suris are more expensive due to their rarity and the fact that their wool can be sold for more because it is more luxurious and thicker. Their coats require more daily maintenance.

Commercial Use 
There are many commercial uses for Alpaca fiber. Primarily, it is used for clothing. It can be used as either baby alpaca, which is the first shear of an alpaca, or plain alpaca, which comes from subsequent shears. The fabric has very specific care criteria and must be hand-washed in cold water and left to dry naturally away from heat.

References 

Camelids
Domesticated animals
Mammals of South America
Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish guitarist. He is a member of the rock band Coldplay. He is known as the bass guitarist for the band and is left-handed but plays with his right hand.

Scottish musicians
guitarists

1978 births
Living people
The Mennonites are a group of  Christian Anabaptists named after Menno Simons (1496–1561). His teachings were a relatively minor influence on the group, though.  They are of the historic peace churches. Mennonites are committed to nonviolence, nonviolent resistance/reconciliation, and pacifism.

There are about 1.5 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2006. There are many different types of mennonite communities in the world. There are those that dress in old-fashioned ways, and others which are hard to tell apart from other people leading a modern lifestyle. Most Mennonites are in the United States and Democratic Republic of Congo, but Mennonites can also be found in tight-knit communities in at least 51 countries on six continents or scattered amongst the populace of those countries.

Mennonites have an international distinction among Christian denominations in disaster relief. They also place a strong theological emphasis on voluntary service. Mennonite Disaster Service, based in North America, provides both immediate and long-term responses to hurricanes, floods, and other disasters. Mennonite Central Committee provides disaster relief around the world alongside their long-term international development programs. Other programs offer a variety of relief efforts and services throughout the world.

In the last few decades some Mennonite groups have also become more actively involved with peace and social justice issues, helping to found Christian Peacemaker Teams and Mennonite Conciliation Service.

References

Anabaptism
Hutterites are a group of Protestanŧ Christians. They are an anabaptist movement; they think believers should be baptized (a second time). Their movement was founded by Jacob Hutter who lived in the 16th century. The main difference to the Mennonites is that they think the Bible should be read literally. They also share everything they have; there is no private property. Within the Hutterites, there are a few different groups. Some of the groups are more liberal than others. Usually, the different groups also have different leaders. 

Today, there are about 50.000 Hutterites; most of them live in the Canada and the United States. Like the Amish they still speak a dialect of German. In 2005, there were about 465 settlements, with 60 to 150 people each. The people who emigrated to the US or Canada had one of the following family names: Decker, Entz, Glanzer, Gross, Hofer, Kleinsasser, Knels, Mändel, Stahl, Tschetter, Waldner, Walther, Wipf, Wollmann, or Wurz.

Anabaptism
Protestantism
Christian movements and denominational families
Prairie View A&M University is a public university in Prairie View, Texas, United States.  It has about 8,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1876.  It is an historically African-American school with ties to Texas A&M University, though any person of any race may attend.

References

Other websites
Prairie View A&M University

Colleges and universities in Texas
1876 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Texas
MediaFire is a free and unlimited file and image hosting website in Harris County, Texas, USA. Every feature of the service is available to users whether they choose to create a cost-free account or not.

The website is very popular and has attracted at least 8.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a study made by Compete.com.

Use 

As it has been said that MediaFire has progressed in its growth, and has become the fastest growing site on the web 100% yearly growth. 
MediaFire offers: 

Unlimited downloads
Unlimited uploads
Download resuming
Zero wait time
And these services are free.

Growth 

A group of web designers & desktop developers are working to achieve their goal to proceed to advance and progress the MediaFire file sharing involvement, to make it better to their users.

Usage 
The service is available for free and allows users to upload files of up to 200 MB. The user is then supplied with a unique URL, which locates the file and enables anyone with whom the uploader shares it to download the file. Currently there is no time limit on how long uploaded files will be stored. Furthermore, images can be uploaded and displayed in galleries.

History
MediaFire was originally founded on August 2006, the company was established in the San Frasisco Bay Area by a group of website enthusiasts and entrepreneurs who had a difficult time with sending rather large emails and files and FTP.

Together they decided to create a site that would resolve those issues, for a more simple method of transferring these files and other media.On October 2006 MediaFire was actually launched, and did rather well with producing a site where user of all ages could share files with ease and feel secure about their files. And this site only continued to grow, and more features were invented such as:

Unlimited cloud Storage, Branding tools and the ability to share files with friends and family and other users.

References

Other websites 
 Mediafire start page
 

Websites established in 2006
File sharing
The University of Houston is a public university in Houston, Texas.  It was started in 1927, and has nearly 35,000 students.

References

Other websites

The University of Houston

Houston
Houston
Houston, Texas
1927 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Texas
Acronis Inc. is an American software company. Its main products are hard disk utility software. These include disk-imaging backup and recovery, partition management, boot management, and data migration software. It also develops software for virtualization migration and conversion for purpose of migrating a physical server to a virtual server (such as VMware), or what is also termed P2V. Its best-known product is Acronis True Image, which allows a software image of a computer to be made and which can be reinstalled on the same or another computer. Most software is produced in different versions starting at low-priced software for single computers up to versions for companies with many desktop and server computers.

Acronis' headquarters are in Burlington, MA, USA with additional offices in the United States, Europe and Asia. Walter Scott, who formerly ran Imceda Corporation until its sale to Quest Software, became CEO in 2005. Acronis has taken venture funding from New York private equity and venture capital firm Insight Venture Partners.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

2000 establishments in the United States
American software companies
Companies of Switzerland
Acronis True Image is a program to make disk images. It is made by Acronis.  True Image can create an image of a disk while it is running Microsoft Windows or Linux, or offline by booting from CD/DVD, USB flash drives, PXE, or other bootable media.  As a disk imaging solution, True Image can restore the previously captured image to another disk, effectively replicating the structure and contents to the new disk, also allowing partition resizing if the new disk is of different capacity.

Supported filesystems
File systems supported by software:
 NTFS
 FAT16
 FAT32
 ext2
 ext3
 ReiserFS
 Reiser4
 Linux Swap

In addition to the officially supported filesystems, Acronis True Image also provides raw sector backup and restore options for all other filesystems.  'Raw' mode provides support for a file system that is corrupt, or that is not officially supported, by capturing a complete image of all sectors on the disk.  This method results in a larger image file as it is not able to compress, resize, or selectively restore files on the unrecognized filesystem.

References

Software
Charles Perrault (12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was a French author who started the literary genre of fairy tales. His best known tales include the following:
 Le Petit Chaperon rouge (Little Red Riding Hood)
 La Belle au bois dormant (Sleeping Beauty)
 Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté (Puss in Boots)
 Cendrillon ou la petite pantoufle de verre (Cinderella)
 La Barbe bleue (Bluebeard)
 Le Petit Poucet (Hop o' My Thumb)
 Les Fées (Diamonds and Toads)
 La Marquise de Salusses ou la Patience de Griselidis (Patient Griselda)
 Les Souhaits ridicules (The Ridiculous Wishes)
 Peau d'Âne (Donkeyskin)
 Riquet à la houppe (Ricky of the Tuft).

Related pages
 Brothers Grimm, wrote their own versions of some of Perrault's stories

Other websites 

 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault 
 
 Great resource to introduce young children to Perrault Fairy Tales.
  Charles Perrault, his work in audio version 

1628 births
1703 deaths
French writers
Joseph (, Yosef; , Iosíf'') is a figure in the Gospels, the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus and the step father of Jesus. In Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Christian traditions, he is regarded as Saint Joseph.

In the Bible
The Gospel of Luke says that the angel Gabriel came to Mary to tell her that she would give birth to a Son and she should call him Jesus and that he would save people from their sins.

When Joseph found out that Mary was pregnant, he decided to privately break the engagement. But then he had a dream. An angel told him that the baby was the Son of God.

At this time, the Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, made a law that everyone in the Roman Empire must pay tax. Everyone had to go back to the town that their family came from, to have their name put on the tax lists. Joseph came from Bethlehem, which was called "The City of David". Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem and she gave birth to the baby, Jesus, in a stable, because there was no room for them in the inn.

90s BC births
10s deaths
Ancient Israeli people
Early Christian saints
New Testament people
People from Bethlehem
People from Nazareth
Carpenters