cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bethnal Green railway station is in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in east London. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by London Overground, on the West Anglia route, and it is in Travelcard Zone 2. The station was formerly called Bethnal Green Junction and was also served by trains on the Great Eastern Main Line.

Services

The typical off-peak service is:
8tph (trains per hour) to London Liverpool Street
4tph to Chingford
2tph to Cheshunt 
2tph to Enfield Town 

Oyster card (pay as you go) on National Rail is accepted at the station from 2 January 2008.

History

In 1872 the Great Eastern Railway opened a new branch to Hackney Downs to serve this branch a new junction was built to the west of Cambridge Heath Road.

It also replaced a station called Mile End which was located on the eastern side of Cambridge Heath Road with a station immediately to the west of the new junction called Bethnal Green Junction. 

It served both of the Great Eastern Railway routes and had four platforms. In 1946 this station stopped serving the Great Eastern main line to Shenfield and two platforms were closed, though the remains of the Shenfield down platform are still visible. 

The Shenfield up (London-bound) platform was demolished and the tracks rearranged, coinciding with the swapping of services from the former fast tracks onto the former slow (resulting in the arrangement we see today). It is not known for certain when the station's name was changed, possibly when it ceased serving the Shenfield line.

Gallery

References

Other websites

  

Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Railway stations opened in 1872
Railway stations served by National Express East Anglia
1872 establishments in England
Archbishop Moeller High School is an all-boys, Catholic school near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It opened in 1960 and is run by the Society of Mary (Marianist Order). The school is famous for good sports teams: in its first 25 years, they won seven state football championships and five national football championships with Gerry Faust as head coach.

Related pages
Elder High School
La Salle High School
St. Xavier High School
Elder High School

Cincinnati, Ohio
Schools in Ohio
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Ohio
No man's land is land that is not part of any country. It may be unclaimed territory, or an area that is under dispute and not occupied because of fear or uncertainty. 

During war (especially World War I), it is a term used for the area of land between two enemy trenches. Usually nobody was alive there. It was full of shell holes, dead bodies, and barbed wire, and raked by machine gun fire. Attacks were made across no man's land but few attacking soldiers survived.

Related pages
Terra nullius

Law
Vetmedin is a drug. It is given to dogs that have heart valve disease. It is also known as Pimobendan.

Drugs
Erik the Red (950–c. 1003) (Old Norse: Eiríkr rauði; ; ; ; ; ) founded the first Nordic settlement in Greenland. He was born in the Jæren district of Rogaland, Norway, as the son of Þorvaldr Ásvaldsson (Thorvald Asvaldsson). He therefore also appears, patronymically, as Erik Thorvaldsson (or as Eiríkr Þorvaldsson). His nickname, "the Red", most likely refers to his hair color.

Erik the Red was born in Stavanger, Norway. His father, Thorvald Asvaldsson, murdered a man, so the family was exiled to Iceland. Erik also got into some trouble in Iceland, and was exiled in 982. Erik had heard of the travels of Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, who discovered some islands west of Iceland. Erik decided to explore these islands, and found land at a place he named Midjökull. But the weather there was very harsh, so Erik left and continued south, reaching land again at an island he named Erik’s Island. Erik spent his winter, as well as the following one, at Erik’s Island. Erik was no longer exiled from Iceland, so he returned the summer of 985. But when the fights with his neighbors began again, Erik decided to start advertising his new found land. He called his land Greenland, to make it sound nicer than it actually was.

He left Iceland in 986 with 25 ships, but only 14 survived the journey, with about 400-500 people and animals. The ships settled at Brattahlid. There were two established settlements; the Eastern Settlement on the coast on the southwest, and the Western Settlement 300 miles above that Settlement. He lived in the colony in Eriksfjord, and was the chief leader of both settlements. The people that lived in the settlements farmed land, raised animals like cows, pigs, and lamb, and hunted many animals. Erik’s wife Thjodhild became a believer in Christ, and she built the initial church in Greenland. However, Eric didn’t convert to Christianity.

Later, he wanted to go on an expedition west of Greenland, in search of land. He did not go because he fell off his horse, and saw this as a symbol of bad luck. In around 1000, Leif Erikson, his son conducted what was most likely the first trip made to the North American mainland.

References

950 births
1000s deaths
Norwegian explorers
Norwegian people
Icelandic people
Beuchat International, known as Beuchat, is a company that builds and sells underwater equipment. It was established in 1934 in Marseille, France.

The company was founded in 1934 by Mr. Georges Beuchat.

Other websites 

 Corporate website

1930s establishments in France
1934 establishments in Europe
Companies of France
Marseille
Georges Beuchat (1910 – 1992) was a French inventor, diver, businessman. He was the emblematic pioneer of underwater activities and founder of Beuchat.

Other websites 

 
 Corporate website

Divers
French inventors
1910 births
1992 deaths
The 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known as 3/11 and in Spanish as 11-M) were a series of coordinated bombings against the Cercanías (commuter train) system of Madrid in Spain. It happened on the morning of 11 March 2004, three days before Spain's general elections). The attack killed 191 people and wounded 1,800. The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by an Islamist al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell, although no direct al-Qaeda participation (only "inspiration") has been established.

These bombings were Spain's worst terrorist attack.

References

Other websites

BBC News In Depth
Remembering 11 March: The Madrid Bombings and Their Effect on Spanish Government, Society and the Antiwar Movement  – Broadcast by Democracy Now! on 23 November 2004.

2004 in Europe
2000s building bombings
2000s in Spain
2000s murders in Europe
Al-Qaeda
Attacks on buildings and structures in Europe
Attacks on railway systems
Attacks on transport in Europe
Crime in Spain
Explosions in Europe
Islamic terrorist incidents in Europe
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2000s
2004 train bombings
March events
Mass murder in the 2000s
Massacres in Europe
Murder in 2004
Hans-Peter Briegel (born 11 October 1955) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1975-76||rowspan="9"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="9"|Bundesliga||7||1
|-
|1976-77||15||1
|-
|1977-78||22||4
|-
|1978-79||31||4
|-
|1979-80||33||7
|-
|1980-81||34||6
|-
|1981-82||32||13
|-
|1982-83||33||8
|-
|1983-84||33||3

|-
|1984-85||rowspan="2"|Hellas Verona||rowspan="2"|Serie A||27||9
|-
|1985-86||28||3
|-
|1986-87||rowspan="2"|Sampdoria||rowspan="2"|Serie A||24||6
|-
|1987-88||27||3
240||47
106||21
346||68
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1979||2||0
|-
|1980||10||1
|-
|1981||10||1
|-
|1982||15||0
|-
|1983||10||0
|-
|1984||8||1
|-
|1985||6||0
|-
|1986||11||1
|-
!Total||72||4
|}

References

Other websites 
Official Website of Hans-Peter Briegel

1955 births
Living people
German footballers
German football managers
People from Kaiserslautern
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Felix Magath (born 26 July 1953) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1974/75||rowspan="2"|Saarbrücken||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||38||12
|-
|1975/76||38||17
|-
|1976/77||rowspan="10"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="10"|Bundesliga||30||1
|-
|1977/78||33||4
|-
|1978/79||21||4
|-
|1979/80||32||5
|-
|1980/81||33||10
|-
|1981/82||28||8
|-
|1982/83||34||4
|-
|1983/84||34||5
|-
|1984/85||32||3
|-
|1985/86||29||2
382||75
382||75
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1977||2||0
|-
|1978||0||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||6||1
|-
|1981||11||1
|-
|1982||5||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||2||0
|-
|1985||8||1
|-
|1986||9||0
|-
!Total||43||3
|}

References 

1953 births
Living people
German footballers
German football managers
Sportspeople from Bavaria
FC Bayern München managers
1. FC Nuremberg managers
SV Werder Bremen managers‎
FC Schalke 04 managers
Uli Stein (born 23 October, 1954) is a former German football player. He was a goal keeper. Stein also played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1976-77||rowspan="4"|Arminia Bielefeld||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||37||0
|-
|1977-78||38||0
|-
|1978-79||Bundesliga||33||0
|-
|1979-80||2. Bundesliga||26||0
|-
|1980-81||rowspan="7"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||12||0
|-
|1981-82||34||0
|-
|1982-83||34||0
|-
|1983-84||34||0
|-
|1984-85||33||0
|-
|1985-86||34||0
|-
|1986-87||28||0
|-
|1987-88||rowspan="7"|Eintracht Frankfurt||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||20||0
|-
|1988-89||34||0
|-
|1989-90||34||0
|-
|1990-91||34||0
|-
|1991-92||38||0
|-
|1992-93||34||0
|-
|1993-94||30||0
|-
|1994-95||Hamburger SV||Bundesliga||19||0
|-
|1995-96||rowspan="2"|Arminia Bielefeld||2. Bundesliga||32||0
|-
|1996-97||Bundesliga||27||0
|-
|1998-99||Pinneberg||||0||0
|-
|2000-01||Kickers Emden||||0||0
|-
|2003-04||Fichte Bielefeld||||3||0
648||0
648||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1983||1||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||3||0
|-
|1986||2||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

References

1954 births
Living people
German football managers
German association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Hamburg
Ditmar Jakobs (born 28 August 1953) is a former German football player. He played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971-72||rowspan="4"|Rot-Weiß Oberhausen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||5||0
|-
|1972-73||34||12
|-
|1973-74||Regionalliga||33||13
|-
|1974-75||2. Bundesliga||6||0
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="3"|Tennis Borussia Berlin||Bundesliga||30||3
|-
|1975-76||2. Bundesliga||38||12
|-
|1976-77||Bundesliga||33||1
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="2"|Duisburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||34||0
|-
|1978-79||34||2
|-
|1979-80||rowspan="11"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="11"|Bundesliga||34||4
|-
|1980-81||33||3
|-
|1981-82||33||4
|-
|1982-83||31||5
|-
|1983-84||32||2
|-
|1984-85||29||1
|-
|1985-86||33||3
|-
|1986-87||32||1
|-
|1987-88||28||1
|-
|1988-89||29||2
|-
|1989-90||9||0
570||69
570||69
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1980||1||0
|-
|1981||0||0
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||3||1
|-
|1985||8||0
|-
|1986||8||0
|-
!Total||20||1
|}

References

1953 births
1986 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Living people
People from Oberhausen
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Uwe Rahn (born May 21, 1962) is a former German football player. He has played for the German national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1980/81||rowspan="9"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="9"|Bundesliga||14||3||||||||||14||3
|-
|1981/82||30||2||||||||||30||2
|-
|1982/83||24||3||||||||||24||3
|-
|1983/84||31||14||||||||||31||14
|-
|1984/85||34||14||||||||||34||14
|-
|1985/86||28||9||||||||||28||9
|-
|1986/87||31||24||||||||||31||24
|-
|1987/88||25||12||||||||||25||12
|-
|1988/89||10||0||||||||||10||0
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="2"|Köln||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||20||7||||||||||20||7
|-
|1989/90||23||6||||||||||23||6
|-
|1990/91||Hertha Berlin||Bundesliga||21||5||||||||||21||5
|-
|1991/92||Fortuna Düsseldorf||Bundesliga||15||5||||||||||15||5
|-
|1992/93||Eintracht Frankfurt||Bundesliga||12||3||||||||||12||3

|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||2||0||4||0||13||1
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
318||107||||||||||318||107
7||1||2||0||4||0||13||1
325||108||2||0||4||0||331||108
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1984||2||1
|-
|1985||7||3
|-
|1986||2||1
|-
|1987||3||0
|-
!Total||14||5
|}

Other websites
National Football Teams

1962 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Mannheim
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Klaus Allofs (born 5 December, 1956) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1975-76||rowspan="6"|Fortuna Düsseldorf||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||12||0
|-
|1976-77||33||7
|-
|1977-78||30||7
|-
|1978-79||33||22
|-
|1979-80||28||16
|-
|1980-81||33||19
|-
|1981-82||rowspan="6"|Köln||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||30||9
|-
|1982-83||24||12
|-
|1983-84||34||20
|-
|1984-85||32||26
|-
|1985-86||24||7
|-
|1986-87||33||14

|-
|1987-88||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||31||13
|-
|1988-89||22||7
|-
|1989-90||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||37||14
|-
|1990-91||1||0

|-
|1990-91||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||30||10
|-
|1991-92||32||8
|-
|1992-93||16||0
424||177
91||34
515||211
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1978||3||0
|-
|1979||5||1
|-
|1980||10||7
|-
|1981||4||1
|-
|1982||2||0
|-
|1983||1||0
|-
|1984||9||2
|-
|1985||2||1
|-
|1986||13||4
|-
|1987||6||0
|-
|1988||1||1
|-
!Total||56||17
|}

References

1956 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Düsseldorf
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Dieter Hoeneß (born 7 January, 1953) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1975-76||rowspan="4"|Stuttgart||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||18||6
|-
|1976-77||23||13
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||9
|-
|1978-79||32||16
|-
|1979-80||rowspan="8"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||32||16
|-
|1980-81||27||10
|-
|1981-82||33||21
|-
|1982-83||34||17
|-
|1983-84||21||9
|-
|1984-85||20||7
|-
|1985-86||31||15
|-
|1986-87||26||7
329||146
329||146
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1979||2||3
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||0||0
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||4||1
|-
!Total||6||4
|}

References

1953 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Ulm
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Wolfgang Rolff (born 26 December, 1959) is a German football manager and former football player. He played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1979/80||Bremerhaven||2. Bundesliga||35||6
|-
|1980/81||rowspan="2"|Fortuna Köln||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|1981/82||0||0
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="4"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||32||4
|-
|1983/84||32||11
|-
|1984/85||32||4
|-
|1985/86||33||5
|-
|1986/87||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||34||2
|-
|1987/88||34||2
|-
|1988/89||31||5

|-
|1989/90||Strasbourg||Division 2||30||4

|-
|1990/91||Bayer Uerdingen||Bundesliga||20||0
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="3"|Karlsruhe||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||37||5
|-
|1992/93||33||8
|-
|1993/94||24||1
|-
|1994/95||Köln||Bundesliga||14||0
|-
|1995/96||Fortuna Köln||2. Bundesliga||16||2
407||55
30||4
437||59
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1983||7||0
|-
|1984||5||0
|-
|1985||1||0
|-
|1986||9||0
|-
|1987||5||0
|-
|1988||9||0
|-
|1989||1||0
|-
!Total||37||0
|}

References

1959 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
Sportspeople from Lower Saxony
SV Werder Bremen managers‎
Horst Hrubesch (born 17 April 1951) is a former German football player and football manager. He played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1975-76||rowspan="3"|Rot-Weiss Essen||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||22||18
|-
|1976-77||26||20
|-
|1977-78||2. Bundesliga||35||42
|-
|1978-79||rowspan="5"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||34||13
|-
|1979-80||34||21
|-
|1980-81||29||17
|-
|1981-82||32||27
|-
|1982-83||30||18

|-
|1983-84||rowspan="2"|Standard Liège||rowspan="2"|First Division||23||9
|-
|1984-85||20||8

|-
|1985-86||Borussia Dortmund||Bundesliga||17||2
259||168
43||17
302||185
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1980||9||4
|-
|1981||3||1
|-
|1982||9||1
|-
!Total||21||6
|}

References 

1951 births
1982 FIFA World Cup players
German football managers
German footballers
Living people
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Rot-Weiss Essen managers
Uwe Reinders (born 19 January, 1955) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1974-75||rowspan="3"|Schwarz-Weiss Essen||rowspan="3"|2. Bundesliga||2||0
|-
|1975-76||0||0
|-
|1976-77||38||8
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="8"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||25||0
|-
|1978-79||32||7
|-
|1979-80||34||11
|-
|1980-81||2. Bundesliga||37||16
|-
|1981-82||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||34||18
|-
|1982-83||20||8
|-
|1983-84||33||11
|-
|1984-85||28||12

|-
|1985-86||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||35||15
|-
|1986-87||1||0
|-
|1986-87||Stade Rennais||Division 1||10||0
283||91
46||15
329||106
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1982||4||1
|-
!Total||4||1
|}

References

1955 births
Living people
German footballers
German football managers
Sportspeople from Essen
MSV Duisburg managers
Hertha BSC managers
Thomas Allofs (born 17 November, 1959) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1978-79||rowspan="4"|Fortuna Düsseldorf||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||17||5
|-
|1979-80||30||10
|-
|1980-81||33||6
|-
|1981-82||33||13
|-
|1982-83||rowspan="4"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||30||11
|-
|1983-84||34||15
|-
|1984-85||31||19
|-
|1985-86||31||16
|-
|1986-87||rowspan="3"|Köln||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||16||7
|-
|1987-88||21||6
|-
|1988-89||33||17

|-
|1989-90||Strasbourg||Division 2||11||2

|-
|1989-90||rowspan="3"|Fortuna Düsseldorf||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||9||2
|-
|1990-91||32||15
|-
|1991-92||28||6
378||148
11||2
389||150
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1985||1||0
|-
|1986||0||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

1959 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Düsseldorf
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Holger Hieronymus (born 22 February, 1959) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1978-79||St. Pauli||2. Bundesliga||27||2
|-
|1979-80||rowspan="5"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||17||3
|-
|1980-81||23||0
|-
|1981-82||28||1
|-
|1982-83||32||3
|-
|1983-84||21||0
148||9
148||9
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1981||1||0
|-
|1982||2||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1959 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Hamburg
Jupp Derwall (10 March, 1927 - 26 June 2007) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1948-49||Rhenania Würselen||Oberliga||23||10
|-
|1949-50||rowspan="5"|Alemannia Aachen||rowspan="5"|Oberliga||30||14
|-
|1950-51||29||12
|-
|1951-52||22||5
|-
|1952-53||28||10
|-
|1953-54||0||0
|-
|1954-55||rowspan="5"|Fortuna Düsseldorf||rowspan="5"|Oberliga||23||9
|-
|1955-56||29||8
|-
|1956-57||15||4
|-
|1957-58||16||7
|-
|1958-59||27||17

|-
|1959-60||rowspan="2"|Biel-Bienne||rowspan="2"|Super League||25||10
|-
|1960-61||0||0
|-
|1961-62||Schaffhausen||Super League||0||0
242||96
25||10
267||106
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1954||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

1927 births
2007 deaths
German footballers
German football managers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
The helmeted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) is an endangered species of bird. There is only a tiny population in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve, in Victoria, Australia. The helmeted honeyeater became the state of Victoria's official bird emblem in 1971.

Famous ornithologist, John Gould first described the bird as being a separate species, which he named Ptilotis cassidix in 1867. It now one of the three sub-species of the yellow-tufted honeyeater, Lichenostomus melanops. The other sub-species are not endangered.

Where the bird lives
This bird is only found in a five km long patch of forest along two streams in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve, 50 km east of Melbourne. A reserve was set up in the Bunyip State Park for releasing birds raised in captivity. In 2003 there were 103 individuals in the wild with 20 breeding pairs known as well as a further 34 birds in captivity at the Healesville Sanctuary. The 2009 Victorian bushfires burnt to within 200 metres of bird colony at Bunyip State Park. Captive birds had to be moved to the Melbourne Zoo when the fires also came close to the Healesville Sanctuary. However, on April 28, 2009, 13 birds bred in captivity were released back into the wild. The number of wild birds is now believed to be 113.

Before the captive breeding program was started there were only about 5060 birds left in the wild. The birds have been bred at Healesville and at Sydney's Taronga Park Zoo.

Description
The Helmeted honeyeater is about 20 centimetres (8 inches) long. Their colour can be anywhere from black to olive green. They have a yellow patch on the heads.

What they eat
Helmeted honeyeaters eat manna, which is like a sap from some eucalyptus trees. They also eat nectar from the eucalypt flowers as well as small insects and spiders.

Saving the helmeted honeyeater
Several things are being done to save this bird from becoming extinct. One is a captive breeding program, where the birds are bred at Healesville and Toronga Park. When they become old enough, between 6—8 months, the are put into the wild where they will hopefully begin breeding. Forest areas are being planted with the right sort of trees and plants to provide the birds with food and shelter. This is being done on private land as well as in the State parks. There is also planting to join the small patches of bush with corridors so the birds are not trapped in one small area.

Other websites
Friends of the Helmeted honeyeater
A plan to save the Helmeted honeyeater

References

Birds of Australia
Passeriformes
Arch Resources, Inc. , previously known as Arch Coal, is the second-largest coal producer in the United States, claiming to hold 12% of America’s coal supply (140 million tons in 2005). The company's mines are in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Virginia. The corporate headquarters are in St. Louis, Missouri.
 
The company claims a large reserve of coal that has not been mined yet. It is a total of 3.1 billion tons of mostly low-sulfur coal. 

Arch Coal shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ACI.

History 

Arch Mineral Corporation began in 1969, as a partnership between Ashland Oil (now Ashland, Inc.) and the Hunt family of Dallas. Arch Coal was formed in July 1997 when the privately held Arch Mineral merged with the publicly traded Ashland Coal, Inc., which had been formed in 1975 as a subsidiary of Ashland Oil.

In June 1998, Arch Coal purchased the coal fields and mines of the Atlantic Richfield company, which were mostly in the central Rocky Mountains.

Other websites 
Arch Coal, Inc., official website
Company profile at Google Finance

Companies based in Missouri
1997 establishments in the United States
National Fuel Gas , Co.  is an energy company. It is made up of five business divisions:

 Utility
 Pipeline and Storage
 Exploration and Production
 Energy Marketing
 Timber

National Fuel Gas was incorporated in 1902 and is based in Williamsville, New York.

The Utility division sells natural gas or moves natural gas from one part of the country to another. The Pipeline and Storage division provides interstate natural gas transportation and storage services for related and non-related companies. The Exploration and Production division prospects for and extracts natural gas and oil from the ground. The Energy Marketing division markets natural gas to industrial, commercial, government, and residential customers. The Timber division markets wood from its New York and Pennsylvania forests, and it owns two sawmills in northwestern Pennsylvania, to cut wood into useful sizes and treat it with chemicals to make it last longer.

History
National Fuel Gas was one of the first gas utility companies in the United States, and so they have been the first to create some new technologies.  Engineers at the company discovered that empty underground gas fields could be used to store gas that has been taken from the ground somewhere else.  Thus, the first such storage facility in the US was set up at Zoar Field, about forty miles south of Buffalo.  This turned out to be a good financial decision for NFG in the 1940s and 50s, when increased demand for natural gas led to long pipelines in the eastern states being connected to new pipelines and fields in the southwestern states.  NFG could then buy huge amounts of cheaper summer gas from the southwest, pipe it to the New York storage fields, pump it down into the ground, then take it back out when demand and prices went up in the winter months.

The company was also the first in the industry to make a gas-fired generator to electrify pipelines so they wouldn't corrode so much. (Natural gas can eat away at metal, over time.)

In 1975, with the introduction of "Balanced Billing", the company claimed that it was "the only gas utility in the country" with a flexible plan for customers to pay bills in eleven equal monthly payments, with settlement of any overpayment or underpayment in the twelfth month.  This is a sort of system of installment credit.

Shareholder information
National Fuel Gas Co. is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol NFG.  Its fiscal year ends September 30.

References

Portions of the above article are adapted from the following sources under the GNU Free Documentation License, under other applicable licenses, or by permission of the copyright holders.

Other websites
  National Fuel Gas, Co., official website
 Company profile at Google Finance

1902 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in New York
American fuel companies
Princess Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth of Cambridge (27 November 1833 - 27 October 1897) was a granddaughter of George III of the United Kingdom. She later married the Duke of Teck. She was also the mother of Mary of Teck, and grandmother to Edward VIII later Duke of Windsor  George VI and great grandmother to the current Queen  Elizabeth II therefore mother-in-law of George V.

Issue 
The Duke and Duchess of Teck had four children:

1833 births
1897 deaths
British royalty
House of Hanover
In mathematics (particularly in abstract algebra), two mathematical structures are isomorphic when they are the same in some sense. More specifically, an isomorphism is a function between two structures that preserves the relationships between the parts. To indicate isomorphism between two structures   and , one often writes .  

Using the language of category theory, this means that morphisms map to morphisms without breaking composition. An isomorphism is also a homomorphism that is one-to-one.  

As an example, one can consider the operation of adding integers Z. The doubling function φ(x) = 2x maps elements of Z to elements of the even integers 2Z. Since φ(a+b) = 2(a+b) = 2a+2b = φ(a)+φ(b), adding in Z is structurally identical as adding in 2Z (which makes this an example of isomorphism).

Related pages 

 Automorphism

References 

Algebra
in abstract algebra an automorphism is an isomorphism from a group, or set of elements onto itself.

Algebra
In abstract algebra the center of a group G denoted by Z(G) is the set of elements which commute with every element of G, meaning that for any element x of a group G, and an element y of Z(G), xy = yx.  The center is equal to the intersection of the centralizers of the group elements.  

The notation Z(G) comes from the fact that in German the word for center is zentrum.  

Algebra
Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline; 1 March 1683 – 20 November 1737) was the Queen Consort of George II of Great Britain. During her time as queen she had a lot of power.

Early life 
Caroline of Ansbach was born in Ansbach in Germany, the daughter of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, and his second wife, Princess Eleanor Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach. Orphaned at an early age, Caroline grew up an intelligent, cultured and attractive woman, and was much sought-after as a bride.

Possible marriages and marriage to George 
She turned down the King of Spain because it would cause her to renounce the Protestant faith. Shortly after she met the son of the elector of Hanover They married in 1705. Over the next 30 years they had nine children.

Queen 
George I of Great Britain died 11 June 1727. George Augustus ascended the throne as George II of Great Britain. Caroline held George on a string. When the Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole met with the King he and Caroline had signs to communicate with each other. George never noticed.Both the King and Queen truly disliked their eldest son Frederick, Prince of Wales. Caroline once called him the Greatest Ass the world has ever known. They preferred Prince William, Duke of Cumberland over Fredrick.

Later years 
Caroline died 20 November 1737. George was at her side. Caroline asked him to remarry on her deathbed, to which he replied "No, I shall only have mistresses" or in French, "Non, j'aurai seulement des maîtresses!" in tears.

After death 
George had Caroline buried in Westminster Abbey. He bought two coffins with removable sides, so after he died they would lie together again.

Children 
 
Caroline's nine pregnancies (from 1707-1724) resulted in eight live births. One of them, Prince George William (13 November 1717-17 February 1718), died in infancy. Seven of them lived to adulthood.

Ancestry

Legacy 
Caroline alongside Prince Albert, and Mary of Modena is regarded one of the most powerful British consorts in History.

References

Sources

Other websites

Caroline of Ansbach  at the Royal Collection

|-

|-

1683 births
1737 deaths
House of Hanover
House of Hohenzollern
Regents
People from Bavaria
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Kings and Queens consort
If G is a group and H a subgroup of G, x is an element in G, and h is an element in H the cosets of H in G are defined as follows: 

Left coset: xH is the set of all the elements h of H multiplied by x on the left. 
Right coset: Hx is the set of all the elements h of H multiplied by x on the right. 

When xH = Hx we say that H is normal in G.

Algebra

de:Gruppentheorie#Nebenklassen
ru:Глоссарий теории групп#К
Lagrange's theorem in group theory states if G is a finite group and H is a subgroup of G, then |H| (how many elements are in H, called the order of H) divides |G|.   Moreover, the number of distinct left (right) cosets of H in G is |G|/|H|.  This theorem is named after mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

Applications 
 For any g in a group G,  for some k that divides the |G| 
 Any group of prime order cyclic (Any element in G can be created by a single element) and simple (no normal subgroups that aren't trivial) 

Algebra
Mathematical theorems
The Rainbow flag has been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since its creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.

History
The flag was first used at a LGBT pride parade in San Francisco in 1978, at that time it had eight colors. The next year it was changed to six colors, so it could be easier to make.

The flag was first made by Gilbert Baker, to be used instead of the pink triangle symbol used before. The pink triangle was used by Nazis to show who was homosexual. Homosexual people were sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany, where they made homosexual men wear a pink triangle. This was like the yellow Star of David that Jews had to wear to show who was Jewish. LGBT people were not ashamed of the pink triangle, but they wanted a more positive, happier symbol.

Meaning

In the LGBT version of the rainbow flag, each color has a different meaning
Pink = Sexuality
Red = Life
Orange = Healing
Yellow = Sunlight
Green = Nature
Turquoise = Magic/Art
Royal Blue = Serenity/Harmony
Violet = Spirit
It used to have a pink stripe, which meant sexuality, but was removed because the pink cloth was unable to be mass produced.It also had a Turquoise stripe as well, but it was removed.

References

Other websites

Unsung Heroes of the Gay World: Vexillographer Gilbert Baker 
How Did Gay Pride Flag Originate?  KPIX-TV (CBS 5), December 1, 2006
Gilbert Baker speaks about the Pride flag

LGBT
Flags
San Francisco
1978 establishments in California
In the computer science, a program specification is the definition of what a computer program is expected to do. It can be informal, in which case it can be considered as a blueprint or user manual from a developer point of view, or formal, in which case it has a definite meaning defined in mathematical or programmatic terms. In practice, most successful specifications are written to understand and fine-tune applications that were already well-developed, although safety-critical software systems are often carefully specified prior to application development. Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain stable.

Overview 
In systems engineering a specification is a document that clearly and accurately describes the essential technical requirements for items, materials, or services including the procedures by which it can be determined that the requirements have been met. Specifications help avoid duplication and inconsistencies, allow for accurate estimates of necessary work and resources, act as a negotiation and reference document for engineering changes, provide documentation of configuration, and allow for consistent communication among those responsible for the eight primary functions of Systems Engineering. They provide a precise idea of the problem to be solved so that they can efficiently design the system and estimate the cost of design alternatives. They provide guidance to testers for verification (qualification) of each technical requirement.

References

Computer programming
Hubble's law  or Hubble—Lemaître's law is the name for the observation that: 
All objects observed in deep space have a doppler shift-measured velocity relative to Earth, and to each other; 
The doppler-shift-measured velocity of galaxies moving away from Earth, is proportional to their distance from the Earth and all other interstellar bodies.  

In effect, the space-time volume of the observable universe is expanding and Hubble's law is the direct physical observation of this. It is the basis for believing in the expansion of the universe and is evidence often cited in support of the Big Bang model.

Although widely attributed to Edwin Hubble, the law was first derived from the General Relativity equations by Georges Lemaître in a 1927 article. There he proposed that the Universe is expanding, and suggested a value for the rate of expansion, now called the Hubble constant. Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and determined a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name. The recession velocity of the objects was inferred from their redshifts, many measured earlier by Vesto Slipher in 1917 and related to velocity by him. 

The law is often expressed by the equation , with H0 the constant of proportionality (the Hubble constant) between the "proper distance" D to a galaxy and its velocity v (see Uses of the proper distance). H0 is usually quoted in (km/s)/Mpc, which gives the speed in km/s of a galaxy  away. The reciprocal of H0 is the Hubble time.

A recent 2011 estimate of the Hubble constant, which used a new infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure the distance and redshift for a collection of astronomical objects, gives a value of . An alternate approach using data from galactic clusters gave a value of .

A number of other methods have been used, giving figures between 70 and 72 (km/s)/Mpc. A recent (2016) method using the oldest light in the universe  suggests the Hubble Constant value was 66.53km/s per megaparsec soon after the expansion began. This implies that the rate of expansion has been increasing.

Related pages 
 Nature timeline

References 

Astrophysics
Cosmology
Dame Carol Ann Duffy DBE (born 23 December 1955) is a Scottish poet and playwright. She was born in the Gorbals, Glasgow and moved to Stafford when she was six. On 1 May 2009 she was appointed Britain's poet laureate. She is the first female British poet laureate, as well as being the first Scottish and first openly LGBT one. She was awarded an OBE in 1995, a CBE in 2002, and was made a dame (DBE) in 2015.

References 

1955 births
Living people
British playwrights
British poets laureate
LGBT playwrights
LGBT poets
People from Glasgow
People from Staffordshire
Scottish LGBT people
Scottish poets
East Turkistan, Uyghuristan, and Uyghurstan (Uyghur: Sherqiy Türkistan; Uyghuriye), refers to the eastern part of the greater Turkestan region of Central Asia. It has an area of 1,664,900 km2 and a population of 21,813,334 (2010 est).

China
The 1977 Atlantic hurricane season started on June 1, 1977 and ended on November 30, 1977. Sometimes storms form outside these dates but that did not happen in 1977. The first storm formed on August 29, a very late start. This season was inactive, with only six storm forming. The only memorable storm is Hurricane Anita, because of its strength.

Storms
Hurricane Anita 
Hurricane Babe 
Hurricane Clara 
Hurricane Dorothy 
Hurricane Evelyn 
Tropical Storm Frieda

Storm names
The names below were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season. In this season the names Anita, Babe, Clara and Evelyn for the first time. Names that did not get used are marked in .

Retirement

The name Anita was retired in spring of 1980. Because the list changed in 1979 due to adding male names, Anita wasn't replaced with a particular name.

Related pages

List of Atlantic hurricanes
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
1977 Pacific hurricane season
1977 Pacific typhoon season
1977 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons: 1976–77, 1977–78

References

Other websites
 HPC rainfall page for 1977 tropical cyclones 
 Monthly Weather Review

1977 Atlantic hurricane season
Ahmad Shah Durrani (c.1723-1773) (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali (Pashto: احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khan, was the founder of the Durrani Empire in 1747. 

He united the different Afghan tribes and conquered what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and The Punjab in north western India. He is recognized as the Founding Father of the modern state of Afghanistan. 

His mausoleum is located in the southern Afghan city of Kandahar, adjacent to the mosque where Muhammad the Prophet's sacred cloak is kept as memorabilia. It is not worshiped.

Monarchs of Afghanistan
Pashtun people
1720s births
1773 deaths
Emperors and empresses
Muslims
Turkey also has a mountain called Nemrut

Nemrut (Turkish: Nemrut Dağı, Armenian: Սարակն, «Mountain spring», scientific transliteration: Sarakn, Kurdish Çiyayê Nemrud'') is a  dormant volcano in Eastern Turkey, close to Lake Van, at . 

The volcano is named after King Nimrod who is said to have ruled this area in about 2100 BC.

Other websites 

 Photos from Nemrut 
 Nemrut - map 

Volcanoes of Asia
Mountains of Turkey
Mulhacén is the highest mountain in continental Spain and in the Iberian Peninsula. It is part of the Sierra Nevada range in the Cordillera Penibética. It is named after Abu l-Hasan Ali, or Muley Hacén as he is known in Spanish, the last-but-one Muslim King of Granada in the 15th century, who according to legend was buried on the summit of the mountain.

Other websites 
  Route to climb Mulhacén
  Mulhacén - map 

Geography of Spain
Maaloula (, Ma‘lūlā, from the Aramaic word ܡܥܠܐ, ma‘lā, meaning 'entrance') is a town in Syria. Most people in the town speak Western Neo-Aramaic. It is one of only three places where the Western branch of the Aramaic languages is still spoken along with two other nearby towns Bakh'a and Jubb'adin, Maaloula 56 km northeast of Damascus, and built into the rugged mountainside, at an altitude of more than 1500 meters. The distance and geography helped protect the town and its language for over one and half thousand years. However, modern roads and transportation, as well as accessibility to Arabic-language television and print media - and for some time until recently, also state policy - have eroded that linguistic heritage. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2,000.

Religiously, the population are both Christians and Muslims. For the Muslim inhabitants, the legacy is all the more remarkable given that they were not Arabized, unlike most other Syrians who like them were Islamized over the centuries but also adopted Arabic and shifted to an "Arab" ethnic identity.

Identity of these Arameans 
Most people go on to assume that people in the Middle-East are Arab. While Arabic is the official language there are groups in "Arab" countries that have a clearly distinct culture. These Arameans are not Arab but have actually dwelled in Syria thousands of years before the Arabs came along. While a lot of them have turned to speak Arabic they retain the identity and the language which they use in church fellowship.

References 

Cities in Syria
Juliana (Juliana Luise Emma Marie Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, from her mother's abdication in 1948, to her own in 1980. She died of pneumonia caused by dementia on 20 March 2004, aged 94.

Ancestors 

Kings and Queens of the Netherlands
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from dementia
1909 births
2004 deaths
Duncan Forbes (1644 - 1704) was a Scottish politician, and supporter of the House of Hanover.

He was born and educated in Inverness. His son (1685–1747) was also named Duncan Forbes.

Scottish people
1644 births
1704 deaths
Coláiste an Phiarsaigh is a secondary school in Glanmire, County Cork for boys and girls. It has pupils who arrive each day and those who sleep there. The school uses the Irish language and expects teachers and pupils to also use this language.

Schools
County Cork
The history of Vietnam begins around 2,700 years ago. Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 207 BC until 938 when Vietnam regained its independence. Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor China for much of its history but repelled invasions by the Chinese as well as three invasions by the Mongols between 1255 and 1285. Emperor Trần Nhân Tông later diplomatically submitted Vietnam to a tributary of the Yuan to avoid further conflicts. The independent period temporarily ended in the middle to late 19th century, when the country was colonized by France (see French Indochina). During World War II, Imperial Japan expelled the French to occupy Vietnam, though they retained French administrators during their occupation. After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but ultimately failed in the First Indochina War. The Geneva Accords partitioned the country in two with a promise of democratic election to reunite the country.

However, rather than peaceful reunification, partition led to the Vietnam War. During this time, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union supported the North while the United States supported the South. After millions of Vietnamese deaths, the war ended with the fall of Saigon to the North in April 1975. The reunified Vietnam suffered further internal repression and was isolated internationally due to the continuing Cold War and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam changed its economic policy and began reforms of the private sector similar to those in China. Since the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth and some reduction in political repression, though reports of corruption have also risen.

Early kingdoms
Evidence of the earliest established society other than the prehistoric Iron Age Đông Sơn culture in Northern Vietnam was found in Cổ Loa, an ancient city situated near present-day Hà Nội. 

According to myth, the first Vietnamese people were descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Fairy Âu Cơ. Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before deciding to part ways. 50 of the children went with their mother to the mountains, and the other 50 went with their father to the sea. The eldest son became the first in a line of early Vietnamese kings, collectively known as the Hùng kings (Hùng Vương or the Hồng Bàng Dynasty). The Hùng kings called their country, located on the Red River delta in present-day northern Vietnam, Văn Lang. The people of Văn Lang were known as the Lạc Việt.

References

Other websites

Ancient Vietnam
Vietnam: History, Geography, Government, and Culture
Viet Nam - Early History & Legends
Các sách sử 
Lịch sử Việt Nam
Cội nguồn Việt tộc của Phạm Trần Anh
Đồ đồng cổ Đông Sơn 
Tiếng trống đồng Mê Linh và Thử viết lại cổ sử Việt Nam 
Lời cáo chung cho thuyết Aurousseau về nguồn gốc người Việt 
 Thiền sư Lê Mạnh Thát và những phát hiện lịch sử chấn động
The Operation Cornflakes occurred in February – March 1945 during World War II. It was a military propaganda provocation operation of the American intelligence in the enemy territory. Fake stamps similar to real issues of German postage stamps were produced and spread in the hostile territory. In philatelic terms, they are illegal and have status of forgeries, falsification (fakes) or cinderellas. The specific case of passage by mail was an interesting operation of Intelligence; otherwise, stamps in the circulation would be identified and destroyed by post employees and/or intelligence agencies of victim state.

Related pages 
 Label (philately)

References

Other websites 
 Cinderella,  AskPhil

Philately
World War II
Espionage
1945 establishments
Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. Loved by the Dutch people, she was the mother of Queen Juliana and the grandmother of Queen Beatrix.

During World War II, she went to London and spoke to the Dutch people on radio from England.

Kings and Queens of the Netherlands
1880 births
1962 deaths
Edward "Eddie" S. Fatu (March 28, 1973 - December 4 2009) was a Samoan professional wrestler best known for working with the WWF/WWE under the ring names Jamal, Ekmo, and Umaga. 

He worked closely with Matt Anoaʻi of the Anoa'i wrestling family which he was also a part of. With Anoaʻi, they formed the tag teams The Island Boyz, the Samoan Gangstas, and 3-Minute Warning. He also wrestled for All Japan Pro Wrestling and wrestled a short time in TNA Wrestling from 2003 to 2004.

Eddie Fatu died on December 4, 2009 of a heart attack. The official cause of his death was from acute toxicity from the combined effects of hydrocodone, carisoprodol, and diazepam.

Championships and accomplishments 

 '''World Wrestling Entertainment
 WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)

References

Other websites 

 Eddie Fatu (Umaga) at WWE.com
 Eddie Fatu (Umaga) at Online World of Wrestling
 
 

1973 births
2009 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Drug-related deaths
Former WWE wrestlers
William III of the Netherlands(Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk, anglicised: William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis of Orange-Nassau) (19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890) was from 1849 King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg until his death. He was married to Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont.He was the father off Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and the grandfather of Juliana of the Netherlands. He is also the great-grandfather of Beatrix of the Netherlands who is the mother of the current king of The Netherlands, Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands.

1817 births
1890 deaths
House of Orange-Nassau
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg