cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Margaret Palm (born ca. 1836) was an African-American woman. She lived in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with her husband and son during the middle nineteenth century. She was a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad. She was called "Maggie Bluecoat" for the blue military uniform coat (ca. 1812) she wore while guiding slaves to safety. She always carried a gun to protect herself and her passengers.

Palm was so notorious for helping slaves escape that on several occasions slave-owners from Maryland attempted to kidnap her and sell her into slavery to put an end to her practices. David Schick, whose father was Palm’s employer, recounted one of these episodes:

“She lived up Long Lane, back of the old fair grounds. On this occasion she was attacked by a group of men who made the attempt to kidnap her and take her south where they expected to sell her and derive quite a profit. She was a powerful woman, and they would have, from the sale, derived quite a profit. These men succeeded in tying Mag’s hands...She was fighting them as best as she could with her hands tied. She would attempt to slow them and succeeded in one instance in catching [an attacker’s] thumb in her mouth and bit the thumb off. John Karseen, who was crippled and ran a novelty shop on Baltimore Street, happened along at just the right time and by using his crutch was able to assist Mag in her fight with these kidnappers and drove them off and freed her from her bonds.” She escaped. When she heard the two strangers had returned to Gettysburg, she ran home and got a shotgun.

References

Slaves
People from Pennsylvania
Year of death missing
1836 births
Joseph Leslie "Joe" Sample (February 1, 1939 – September 12, 2014) was an American pianist, keyboard player and composer. He was one of the founding members of the Jazz Crusaders. 

Sample died in Houston, Texas, on September 12, 2014. He was 75 years old.

References

Other websites
 Yahoo! Music – Joe Sample Albums
 Biography at Verve Records

1939 births
2014 deaths
American jazz musicians
American pianists
American conductors
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Wild at Heart is a 1990 American crime thriller movie. It is about a young couple from Cape Fear, North Carolina who go on the run. Nicolas Cage plays Sailor, Laura Dern plays Lula Fortune, Diane Ladd plays Marietta, Isabella Rossellini plays Perdita.

This movie was released on August 17, 1990. It got mostly good reviews by the critics.

Other websites 

1990 crime movies
1990 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s road movies
American crime thriller movies
American road movies
English-language movies
Movies about couples
Movies directed by David Lynch
Adam Berti (born July 1, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. Berti played 2 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Chicago Blackhawks.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Berti played 4 seasons with the Oshawa Generals and 1 season with the Erie Otters of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 68th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. On May 26, 2006, the Blackhawks signed Berti to a three-year contract.

He was assigned to the Blackhawks' AHL-affiliate, Norfolk Admirals. He played 1 season with them. When the Blackhawks switched their affiliate to the Rockford IceHogs, he was assigned to them. On April 4, 2008, the Blackhawks recalled Berti from the IceHogs.  He played 2 games with them and was assigned back to the IceHogs on April 8, 2008. Berti now plays in the ECHL. He played 1 season with the Fresno Falcons and 2 seasons with the Gwinnett Gladiators.

References

Other websites

1986 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Ontario
American Hockey League players
ECHL players
Ontario Hockey League players
Arch Alfred Moore, Jr. (April 16, 1923 – January 7, 2015) was an American politician and former lawyer. He began his political career as a state legislator in 1952. He was elected the 28th and 30th Governor of West Virginia from 1969 until 1977 and again from 1985 until 1989. He was a member of the Republican Party. His daughter, Shelley Moore Capito, is the current senator of West Virginia.

He was eventually prosecuted for and pleaded guilty to five felony charges. In 1990 he was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison. He served over three years before his release.

References

Other websites

Biography of Arch A. Moore, Jr. 
Inaugural address of Arch A. Moore, Jr. (1969) 
Inaugural address of Arch A. Moore, Jr. (1973) 
Inaugural address of Arch A. Moore, Jr. (1985) 

1923 births
2015 deaths
American Methodists
American military personnel of World War II
Governors of West Virginia
Purple Heart recipients
United States representatives from West Virginia
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from West Virginia
Gisèle Casadesus (14 June 1914 – 24 September 2017) was a French actress. She was known for her roles in Du Guesclin, Verdict, The Children of the Marshland, What Love May Bring, and in My Afternoons with Marguerite.

She was an honorary member of the Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and Grand-Croix of the National Order of Merit. Her career has lasted for nearly 80 years.

Casadesus died on 24 September 2017 in Paris of respiratory failure at the age of 103.

References

Other websites

 
 The Casadesus Family 
 Gisèle Casadesus at the Comédie-Française 

1914 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Paris
Actors from Paris
French centenarians
French movie actors
The American Bobtail is a breed of cat.  It has a short "bobbed" tail about one-third to one-half the length of a normal cat's tail. This is because of a genetic mutation that affects the way their tail develops. This mutation also happens with the Manx cat.   

The American Bobtail looks like the Japanese Bobtail, but they are not in the same cat breed family. The genetic mutations for their bobbed tails are different because the gene for the American Bobtail's tail is dominant and the Japanese Bobtail's is recessive.

Appearance 
American Bobtails can have either short or long-haired fur coats. Their coat is shaggy instead of fluffy. They can have any color of eyes and coat. They look like a "wild" tabby cat. Their eyes are almond shaped.  They have a long and strong body. Their tail is short, but the end of it can be seen above their back. It can be straight or curved, slightly knotted or may have bumps. These cats take two to three years to grow from kittens into adult cats.

Behavior 
American Bobtails are playful and have a lot of energy. They are friendly and are not shy. These cats are intelligent. Some have been clever enough to escape from rooms and cages with closed and latched doors. Since they are playful and want attention, they will beg for it by meowing or just by hopping into laps.

History 
An urban legend says that Bobtail cats began by cross mating a domestic tabby cat and a wild bobcat.  Their unusual tail is really an accidental genetic mutation in the cat world. It  may be related to the Manx gene, which is also dominant. The first Bobtail cat's parents were a short-tailed brown tabby cat male named Yodie and a seal point Siamese female in the late 1960s. This cat was born in Arizona near an American Indian reservation. Yodie's family breed was not known.  It was thought to have been a bobcat and domestic cat hybrid because of its stubby tail. 

The breed was first recognized by The International Cat Association in the United States, in 1989.

References

Other websites 
 
American Bobtail Breeders Association 
American Bobtail Guide 

Cat breeds
Chromosomes
Meghan Elizabeth Trainor (born December 22, 1993) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She was born and raised in Nantucket, Massachusetts. The president of Epic Records, L.A. Reid, discovered Trainor and signed her to a record contract.  She became famous through her song "All About That Bass", which reached number one in several countries around the world, including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia. Trainor's debut major label album, Title, spawned three other successful singles: "Lips Are Movin'", "Dear Future Husband", and "Like I'm Gonna Lose You" which features R&B singer John Legend. Trainor also recorded, co-wrote, and co-produced the song "Better When I'm Dancin'", which is featured during the closing credits of The Peanuts Movie. She was featured on singer-songwriter Charlie Puth's single "Marvin Gaye".

At the 2016 Grammy Awards, Trainor won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, Thank You, titled "No". Thank You was released on May 13, 2016. "Me Too" was released on May 5, 2016, as the second single from the album.

In 2017, she became engaged to actor Daryl Sabara, who is known for his role in the movie Spy Kids, after dating since 2016. In 2018, she released the single "No Excuses" and announced that she was working on a new album. That year, she and Sabara were married and they have a son, Riley born in 2020.

Discography
Studio albums
Title (2015)
Thank You (2016)

References

Other websites
 Official website

 
1993 births
Living people
American feminists
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Massachusetts
American R&B singers
American pop singers
Anwar Kamal Pasha (1927-1987) was a famous early Pakistani film director and producer from Lahore. He dominated the first 20 years of Pakistani cinema. He was the son of noted poet and scholar, Hakim Ahmad Shuja who named him after the Turkish leader Enver Kemal Pasha.

Some of Pasha's top hit films were Do Ansoo (1949), Gumnaam (1954), Qatil (1955), Sarfarosh (1956) and Anarkali (1958). From the 1960s, he gradually started making less films and his popularity grew less.

References

1927 births
1987 deaths
Pakistani people
Pakistani entertainers
Cinema of Pakistan
The State Anthem of the Azerbaijan SSR () was the national anthem of Azerbaijan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union. It was then known as the Azerbaijan SSR.

Background
The anthem was used from 1944 to 1992.  It was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, who also composed the March of Azerbaijan, the current national anthem of Azerbaijan.  Suleyman Rustam, Samad Vurgun and Huseyn Arif wrote the lyrics which were changed in 1978 to remove mentions of Joseph Stalin. Like many national anthems of the republics of the Soviet Union, this song praised Vladimir Lenin (and formerly Joseph Stalin as well), the October Revolution and Communism. It also praised the friendship of the republics of the Soviet Union.  It was the anthem of Azerbaijan when it gained independence until 1992 when the March of Azerbaijan was restored.

Lyrics

Post-Stalinist version (1978–92)

Azerbaijani lyrics

Translations

Original version (1944–78)

Azerbaijani lyrics

Translations

Related pages
 National anthem of Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
 MIDI file 
 Vocal recording in MP3 format
 Lyrics - nationalanthems.info

Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
National symbols of Azerbaijan
20th century in Azerbaijan
1944 establishments in the Soviet Union
1992 disestablishments
Marvin Cheung Kin-tung, GBS (2000), OBE (1994), JP (20 November 1947 – 13 September 2014) was a Hong Kong businessman and civil servant. He was a Non-official Member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong. He was the Chairman of the Airport Authority Hong Kong and a Council Member of the Open University of Hong Kong.

Cheung died in Hong Kong at the age of 67 from leukemia.

References

Other websites
  Asia-Pacific Corporate Governance Conference
  Hong Kong Executive/Marvin Cheung biodata
 Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong
 Tribute to Cheung from the Open University

1947 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Chinese businesspeople
Civil servants
Businesspeople from Hong Kong
Milan Galić (; 8 March 1938 – 13 September 2014) was a Serbian footballer. He scored 37 international goals in 51 matches for the Yugoslavia national football team. He participated in the 1960 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal, the 1960 UEFA European Football Championship, where Yugoslavia finished second (despite his goal in the final), and the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Yugoslavia finished fourth. 

Galić died in Belgrade, Serbia from unknown causes, aged 76.

References

1938 births
2014 deaths
Serbian footballers
Yugoslavian sportspeople
The amount of incoming solar radiation, also called insolation determines the temperature on Earth. This temperature rises and falls according to the strength of radiation given off by the sun, the distance from the earth to the sun, and the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. However, the recent change between glacial and inter-glacial states that occurs on a circa 100,000 year (100 ka) timescale, does not correlate well with these factors. This is known as the 100,000 year problem.

Due to variations in the Earth's orbit, the amount of insolation varies; there are periods of around 21,000, 40,000, 100,000, and 400,000 years. Variations in the amount of solar energy drive changes in the climate of the Earth, and are recognised as a key factor in the timing of start and termination of glaciations. Looking at strata, isotope analysis can be performed. One of the most precise methods consist in using Oxygen-18. The amount of oxygen 18 mainly depends on the amount of ice that can be found and on the temperature of the planet. 

There are different hypotheses to explain the phenomenon:
 There may be an internal frequency to the climatic system found on earth. This resonance may be 100,000 years.
 The Orbital inclination has a frequency of 100,000 years.
 The planets rotate around the sun in an elliptical orbit. These orbits change over time. For the earth, this change has a frequency of 21,636 years. In an ice age, the buildup of ice is slow, but the melting of the ice is fast.
 The luminosity of the sun may change over time. This would influence the phenomenon
 The amount of photosynthesis on water-dwelling organisms as opposed to that of land-dwelling organisms may influence the amount of Oxygen 18. This is known as the Dole effect

Climate change
The Scottish independence referendum, 2014 is a referendum which decided whether Scotland would be an independent country or would stay a member of the United Kingdom. The voting took place on 18 September 2014.

The result was that Scotland should stay as part of the United Kingdom.

The YES campaign
The YES campaign was led by the Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond. He resigned after the vote. Supporters of the YES campaign wanted Scotland to be an independent country.

The NO campaign
Supporters of the NO campaign wanted Scotland to stay a part of the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron, deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg and Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband all wanted Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also been campaigning for Scotland to remain part of the UK.

Result 
Should Scotland be an independent country?
No = 55.3% (2,001,926 votes)
Yes = 44.7% (1,617,989 votes)
total votes = 3,623,344
electorate = 4,283,392

Result: Scotland remains part of the United Kingdom.

References

2014 in the United Kingdom
Politics of the United Kingdom
Politics of Scotland
Nickelodeon Arabia is a satellite, free-to-air channel for Arab children, teens and adults. It was the official Arab arm of Nickelodeon. Viacom started broadcasting Nickelodeon Arabia in 2007.

Shows (as new network)
 Catch Match
 Shoof Kids
 SpongeBob SquarePants
 Detective Conan
 Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
 Totally Spies!
 Henry Danger
 The Thundermans
 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
 Sam & Cat
 Love Divina
 The Loud House
 Drake & Josh
 Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn
 Dawn of the Croods
 Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh
 Zak Storm
 Turbo FAST
 SciGirls
 Dream High
 Fanboy & Chum Chum
 Kally's Mashup

Shows (as original network)
 Aaahh!!! Real Monsters
 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
 All Grown Up!
 The Angry Beavers
 As Told By Ginger
 Monster Buster Club
 Avatar: The Last Airbender
 Back at the Barnyard
 CatDog
 Danny Phantom
 The Lab Scientists
 Hey Arnold!
 The Gnoufs
 The Penguins of Madagascar
 The Ren & Stimpy Show
 Rocket Power
 Rugrats
 Tak And The Power Of Juju
 Totally Spies The Wild Thornberrys Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom Dora the Explorer Go Diego Go Max & Ruby  Ni Hao, Kai-lan Wonder Pets! SpongeBob SquarePants The Word for World Is Forest Big Time Rush iCarly El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera My Life As A Teenage Robot Tiny Toon Adventures Regular Show The Fairy OddParents The Garfield Show Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! Danger Mouse''

References 

Viacom
Nickelodeon
Television channels in Asia
Bell Biv DeVoe is an American R&B, hip hop and new jack swing group. It was formed by members of the group New Edition. The group's most successful song was "Poison" in 1990. 

The group had other hit singles early in their career. One of them was "Do Me!"

The group was established in 1989.

American boy bands
American R&B bands
1989 establishments in the United States
The Azerbaijan Chess Federation (, AŞF) is the national chess organization in Azerbaijan and is a member of the World Chess Federation FIDE. The Azerbaijan Chess Federation was founded in 1920 when Azerbaijan became a member of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR the same year. It was reorganized in 1992, after Azerbaijan gained its independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and became a member of FIDE the same year. The headquarters of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation is in the capital city, Baku.

Dr. Elman Rustamov is the President of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation since 2007.

Executive Committee
The executive committee includes:
President – Dr. Elman Rustamov
Vice-president – Faik Hasanov
Vice-President – Mahir Mammadov
General Secretary – İbrahim Mammadov

Competitions
The federation organizes the following chess competitions:
Azerbaijani Chess Championship
Azerbaijan Women's Chess Championship 
Azerbaijan Children's Chess Championship

Related pages
 Chess in Azerbaijan
 List of Azerbaijani chess players
 Azerbaijani Chess Championship

References

Other websites
 Official Azerbaijan Chess Federation Website 

1920 establishments in Azerbaijan
1992 establishments in Azerbaijan
Chess organizations
Chess in Azerbaijan
Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle (26 June 1936 – 13 September 2014) was a Nigerian Army leader. He served as general during many important Nigerian battles. Some of which, he is known for fighting at the Congo Crisis battles and fought during the Nigerian Civil War. He began his service years in 1958. He retired in 1974.

Adekunle died in Lagos, Nigeria, aged 78.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2014 deaths
Generals
Nigerian military people
William Anthony Auth Jr. (May 7, 1942 – September 14, 2014), better known as Tony Auth, was an American cartoonist. He was best known for serving as an editorial cartoonist for The Philadelphia Inquirer from 1971 to 2012. His other work includes the comic strip Full Disclosure, which he worked on in 1982 and 1983, and Norb, which he worked on in 1989.  He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1976 and the Herblock Prize in 2005. Auth was born in Akron, Ohio.

Auth died of brain cancer on September 14, 2014 at the age of 72 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

References

Pulitzer Prize winners
1942 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
American cartoonists
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Akron, Ohio
Cruis'n USA is an arcade racing video game published and distributed by Nintendo and was developed by Midway Games. It is the first game in the Cruis'n series. The game was released as an arcade system in North America in November 1994, on the Nintendo 64 on December 3, 1996 in North America and on April 12, 1998 in Europe, and was released on the Wii's Virtual Console on March 28, 2008 in Europe and on March 31, 2008 in North America. The Virtual Console release was the first third party developed Nintendo 64 game to be released on the service.

The game, along with Killer Instinct, was originally planned as a launch title for the Nintendo 64. Both games did not make it out for Nintendo 64's launch, however, it was primarily because the arcade versions of both the games were done on hardware that was different and a little more powerful than the console. The game was impressive in arcades but was criticized when it came to the Nintendo 64 in 2996 because the port was less polished than the arcade version and its technology had already been surpassed by other games. The game was also delayed before its console release because of censorship issues.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 4 out of 10 and said "Ignoring the dated gameplay and less than impressive physics and handling, at least graphical problems like pop-up and low framerates should have been fixed."

GameSpot gave the game a 6.1 out of 10 and said "Ultimately, Cruis'n USA is a dead conversion of a dead arcade game."

References

Other websites

1994 video games
Arcade games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo video games
Racing video games
Post Bahadur Bogati (18 July 1953 – 15 September 2014) was a Nepalese politician. He was a member of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). He was also the vice chairman of the political party. He was the Minister for Information and Communications as well as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.

Bogati was born in the Nuwakot District. He was married and had three children: two daughters and a son.

Bogati died from a brain haemorrhage caused by a cardiac arrest on 15 September 2014 in Kathmandu. He was 61.

References

Other websites
 Post Bahadur Bogati  at Ujyaalo Online

1953 births
2014 deaths
Communist politicians
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Government ministers of Nepal
Nepalese politicians
Berks County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 411,442. The county seat is Reading.

History  

It was named after the English county of Berkshire where William Penn's family had large estates. Berkshire is often abbreviated as Berks. Reading developed during the 1740s. At that time the people living in northern Lancaster County sent several petitions requesting that a separate county be made. With the help of German immigrant Conrad Weiser, the county was formed on March 11, 1752. It was made from parts of Chester County, Lancaster County, and Philadelphia County.

References 

18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
1750s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1752 establishments
Pennsylvania counties
Vladimír Sobotka (born July 1, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played for HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga, as well as the Boston Bruins and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
Sobotka started his ice hockey career with HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga. He played 96 games throughout 4 seasons with them, scoring 10 goals and recording 19 assists. He was drafted with the 106th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On November 24, 2007, Sobotka played in his first NHL game in a 2-1 loss to the New York Islanders. On February 13, 2008, Sobotka was able to score his first NHL goal and the game-winning goal against Ty Conklin of the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 2-1 win. On June 26, 2010, Sobotka was traded to the St. Louis Blues for the rights to Boston University defenseman David Warsofsky.

Sobotka's first goal as a member of the Blues came on November 6, 2010 against his former team, the Boston Bruins, beating Tuukka Rask after the puck was turned over in the Bruins' zone. On June 15, 2011, he re-signed to a three-year contract with the Blues. On March 9, 2013, he scored his first NHL hat trick against the San Jose Sharks in a 4-3 overtime win.

On January 6, 2014, he was named to the Czech Republic's men's Olympic team roster, but he suffered a leg injury on January 31 which prevented him from being able to take part in the Olympics. The Blues placed Sobotka on the injured reserve list and he missed the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

After the 2013-2014 season ended, he became a restricted free agent. Sobotka decided not to resign with the Blues and instead he was signed to a three-year contract by Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). When the possibility of Sobotka playing in the KHL became clear, the Blues filed for salary arbitration in the NHL. On July 21, 2014, Sobotka received a one-year, $2.725 million award from an arbitrator. The result of the arbitration award is if Sobotka decides to return to the NHL at a later date, the Blues will retain his rights for a year at the amount that was awarded by the arbitrator. At the end of that year, Sobotka will become an unrestricted free agent in the NHL.

References

Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Czech ice hockey players
Living people
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey centres
Marthasville is a city in Warren County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,136 at the 2010 census. The Katy Trail, a 225-mile long bike path, passes through Marthasville. Because of the many wineries from here east to Defiance, Marthasville is considered to mark one end of the "Missouri Rhineland".

History
 
Daniel Boone and his family came to the area later known as Marthasville in 1799. At the time there was only a French trading post there called LaCharette. Flanders Callaway and his wife Jemima Boone (Daniel and Rebecca's daughter), built a house just outside the present city limits. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition camped here near LaCharette. On their return 20 September 1806 they were greeted by the area residents, the first civilization they had seen since leaving. Rebecca Boone died in 1813 at Jemima’s home and was the first burial in the family cemetery of the Bryans and Boones (now Marthasville cemetery).

In 1817 the city of Marthasville was established by Dr. John Young of Kentucky. He named it after his wife Martha. A year later Montgomery County was formed with Marthasville being the only town. In 1833 the area became Warren County.

The original graves of Daniel Boone and his wife Rebecca were located there. In 1845, Boone's remains and those of his wife Rebecca were dug up and taken to Kentucky for reburial. Resentment in Missouri about the removal of the bodies grew over the years. A legend was that Boone's remains never left Missouri. A modern forensic anthropologist believes the body removed from Missouri was probably a black slave and not Daniel Boone.

In 1850, during the California Gold Rush, a number of people left Marthasville to find gold. The group was led by one of Daniel Boone's grandsons, M. Jackson Lamme. Others in the group were also descendants of Boone. They settled in California and have many descendants there today.

In 1892, The Missouri, Kansas and Eastern Railroad ran through Marthasville. It was taken over by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad (MKT) in July of 1893.

Winemaking 

During the 1800s the area was settled by winemakers and workers from Germany. This part of the Missouri River Valley has become known as the Missouri Rhineland. The wines from this part of Missouri soon gained a worldwide reputation. At the 1851 Vienna World Exposition, Missouri wines took 8 of the 12 gold medals. French winemakers took notice and started importing the Norton/Cynthiana vines into France. But they were infected with a louse called Phylloxera. The louse had no effect on the Missouri rootstock, but in France it destroyed almost all of France's grapes. Two Missourians found a cure for the blight and the French vines were saved.

References

Other websites 
 Daniel Boone monument at Marthasville, Missouri
 City of Marthasville, Missouri 
 Lost Creek Vineyard, Marthasville, Missouri
 The Missuri Rhineland – Part 1

1817 establishments in the United States
Cities in Missouri
Wine regions
1810s establishments in Missouri Territory
Nicholas Romanovich Romanov, Prince of Russia (; 26 September 1922 – 15 September 2014) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov and President of the Romanov Family Association. 

Although he is related to the Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, his claimed titles and official membership in the former Imperial House are disputed by those who maintain that his parents' marriage violated the laws of Imperial Russia.

Ancestry

<center>

References

Other websites
Romanov Family Association
Lunch with the FT: Nicholas Romanov 

1922 births
2014 deaths
Civil servants
People from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
House of Romanov
Archie Roach (Archibald William Roach), was born in 1956 at Mooroopna, Victoria, Australia. He is an aboriginal-Australian singer and songwriter.  His songs are popular in the Australian Aboriginal community.

Early Life 
At the age of three or four, Roach was taken from his family by the Australian government. His two sisters were also taken away. After spending time in an orphanage, he was raised in Melbourne, Australia, by a white family, who had moved to Melbourne from Scotland.  

As a teenager, Roach ran away from home to look for his biological parents.  After running away, while homeless and abusing alcohol, Roach met his wife, musician Ruby Hunter. During the late 1980s, Roach and Hunter created a band named “Altogether” with other Aboriginal musicians.

In mid-2011, Roach was diagnosed with early lung cancer, and had one of his lungs removed.  While recovering, he released his hit album “Into the Bloodstream.”

Awards and achievements
His album Charcoal Lane won an ARIA Award as the Best Indigenous Album of the Year. He was given an ARIA Award as the Best New Talent. The Rolling Stone Magazine listed it in the Top 50 Albums of 1992. Looking for the Butter Boy won three ARIA Awards in 1998.

In 2013, Roach won a Deadly Award for Album of the Year.  He has also won two ARIA awards and a national Human Rights Award for his songs “Took the Child Away” and “Charcoal Lane.”   Many of his songs talk about his experiences and the difficulties he has faced as an Aboriginal Australian.

In 2015 Roach was made a member of the Order of Australia.

Discography
 Koorie (with Ruby Hunter) (1989)
 Charcoal Lane (1990)
 Jamu Dreaming (1993)
 Searching for the Butter Boy (1997)
 Sensual Being (2002)
 The Tracker (Movie soundtrack 2002)
 Journey (2007)
 Into the Bloodstream (2012)

References

Other websites
 http://www.murundakdocumentary.com/artists/archie-roach/ 
 http://www.archieroach.com.au/#!/page_More
 http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/594496
 http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/stolen-lost-and-found/446/ 

Indigenous Australian musicians
Order of Australia
John Flynn OBE (25 November 1880 – 5 May 1951) was an Australian Presbyterian minister.  He began the Presbyterian Church of Australia.  He also started the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, which brings medical care to people who live far away from doctors or hospitals.  Flynn's portrait is on one side of the Australian 20 dollar note.

Early life 

John Flynn was born in Moliagul in Victoria, Australia on November 25, 1880.  His parents were Thomas Eugene Flynn and Rosetta Forsyth.  Because his mother died while giving birth to him, John was raised by his mother’s sister in Sydney, Australia.   

When he was 16, Flynn decided that he wanted to become a Presbyterian minister and study theology (religion) at the University of Melbourne.  In 1911, he finished his training for the Presbyterian ministry and was officially ordained into the Presbyterian Church.  He went to live and work in the Australian Outback, where many people had little access to medical care because they lived so far from large cities, doctors, and hospitals.  In 1912, he created the Australian Inland Mission, which gave medical, spiritual, and other care to people in the Outback.

Career 

For many years, Flynn worked to get the support and money he needed to start an organization that would bring doctors and medical care by plane to people living in the Outback.  With the help of Alf Traeger, Flynn was able to create the Aerial Medical Service in 1928.  (Its name was later changed to the Flying Doctor Service, and then changed again to the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia).  In its first year, the Aerial Medical Service flew 50 flights to 26 different places, giving medical care to 225 people.  Over the next few years, Flynn worked to get the support the Aerial Medical Service needed to provide "flying doctors" to every part of Australia.  By 1939, every state in Australia had an Aerial Medical Service.  Now called the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the organization still exists today and has 21 bases throughout every part of the country.  It provides medical care to 290,000 people every year.

Awards 

Flynn became an officer of the Order of the British Empire on June 3, 1933.

References

Other websites 
http://www.wilmap.com.au/people/flynn.html
http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs159.aspx 
http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/ 
http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/The-John-Flynn-Story/ 

1880 births
1951 deaths
Australian Christians
Christian ministers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Victoria (Australia)
Presbyterians
Sidney Myer created Myer’s, one of the biggest department stores in Australia. He emigrated from Russia at the age of 20 and started off as a small merchant and went on to be the owner of a large chain store.

Early life
Simcha (Sidney) Myer Baevski was born on the February 8, 1878, in the Jewish section of Kritchev, Russia.  He was the youngest of eleven children.  He attended a primary school for Jewish children.  While at school, he managed his mother’s shop and helped the shop be very successful. 

When Myer was 20, he and his older brother, Elcon, moved to Australia.  Myer arrived in Melbourne, Australia, as a Jewish refugee in August of 1899.  He did not know English, and had almost no money and no visa.  Soon after arriving, he changed his name to Sydney Myer in order to be more Australian.

Achievements
The Myer brothers moved to Bendigo, a city in Victoria, Australia.  There they started a small drapery business, where they sold fabrics of all different styles, colors, and sizes.  Because they disagreed about whether their store should be open on Sundays, the brothers decided to stop working together.  Sidney bought his brother's share of the business, and Elcon moved on to Melbourne.  

As Myer's business became more successful, he opened a larger store in Bendigo, and new stores in Melbourne and Adelaide.  Today, Myer's is one of Australia’s biggest department stores.  Myer's is known for having fashionable clothing made by many different designers.   

After he went to a performance at the Hollywood Bowl, a famous outdoor theater in California, Myer created the Sidney Myer Music Bowl.  In 1929, Myer began to arrange free outdoor concerts by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, held at the Music Bowl.  These free concerts are still held today, and are very popular.
  
Myer died on September 5, 1934.  After his death, Myer's family set up the Myer Foundation, which receives millions of dollars every year from the Myer family.  The Foundation supports programs that benefit Australia and help Australians in need.

Other websites
 http://www.racismnoway.com.au/teaching-resources/factsheets/38.html  
 http://www.myerfoundation.org.au/about-us/index.cfm?loadref=31  
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/myer-simcha-sidney-7721
Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin "Mark" Oliphant,  (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000), commonly known as Marcus Oliphant, was an Australian physicist and humanitarian. He helped to develop nuclear weapons. He was involved with the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion.

Biography 
Oliphant was born on October 8, 1901 in Kent Town, Adelaide, Australia. His father, Harold George “Baron” Oliphant, was a civil servant. His mother, Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, was an artist. 

After graduating from Adelaide High School in 1918, he was unable to get money to pay for university. He got a job cleaning floors at a jewelry store. He was soon able to study at the University of Adelaide. He was interested in medicine, but Kerr Grant, the physics professor, offered him a place in the Physics Department. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1921.
Oliphant attempted to build a  cyclotron at the University of Birmingham. The completion of it was postponed by the World War II in Europe in 1939.

He was involved with the development of radar with John Randall and Harry Boot. They created a completely new design, the cavity magnetron, which made microwave radar possible.

His most important achievement was being involved with the development of the atomic bomb. He reported that it was possible, and achievable as early as 1943. He spread his research in the United States, which led to the development of the Manhattan Project, led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Oliphant died on July 14, 2000 in Canberra, Australia.

Achievements 

Many places and things are named after Oliphant. There is the Oliphant building at the Australian National University, the Mark Oliphant Conservation Park, a South Australian high schools science competition, the Oliphant Wing of the Physics Building at the University of Adelaide, and a high school in Munno Para West, South Australia.

He is known for the co-discovery of deuterium, tritium, helium-3 and nuclear fusion and for the development of microwave radar.

Awards
He achieved many awards over the course of his life. 
1937 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
1943 Awarded Hughes Medal by the Royal Society
1946 Awarded Silvanus Thomson Medal, Institute of Radiology
1948 Awarded Faraday Medal by the Institution of Engineers
1954 Elected (Foundation) Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
1954 Elected (Foundation) President of the Australian Academy of Science 
1955 Invited to deliver the Bakerian Lecture by the Royal Society
1955 Invited to deliver the Rutherford Memorial Lecture by the Royal Society
1956 Received Galathea Medal from King Frederick IX of Denmark
1959 Created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1977 Appointed Companion of the Order of Australia

1901 births
2000 deaths
Australian physicists
John Henry Sununu (born July 2, 1939) served as the 75th Governor of New Hampshire (1983–89) and later White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush.

He is the father of John E. Sununu, a former senator from New Hampshire and Chris Sununu, the Governor of New Hampshire. Sununu was the chairman of the New Hampshire Republican Party from 2009 to 2011.

References

1939 births
Living people
Governors of New Hampshire
White House Chiefs of Staff
US Republican Party politicians
People from Havana
Brian David Schweitzer (born September 4, 1955) is an American politician. He served as the 23rd Governor of Montana from January 5, 2005 to January 7, 2013. Schweitzer formerly served as chair of the Western Governors Association as well as the Democratic Governors Association. He also served as president of the Council of State Governments.

References

1955 births
Living people
Governors of Montana
People from Havre, Montana
US Democratic Party politicians
Roy R. Romer (born October 31, 1928) is an American politician. He was the 39th Governor of Colorado. He also served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2001 to 2006. His son is Nobel Prize winner Paul Romer. He was born in Garden City, Kansas.

References

1928 births
Living people
Governors of Colorado
Politicians from Kansas
Politicians from California
US Democratic Party politicians
Richard Douglas "Dick" Lamm (August 3, 1935 – July 29, 2021) was an American politician, writer, Certified Public Accountant, college professor, and lawyer. He served three terms as 38th Governor of Colorado as a Democrat (1975–1987) and ran for the Reform Party's nomination for President of the United States in 1996.

He was the Co-Director of the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver.

Lamm died on July 29, 2021 in Denver, Colorado from problems caused by a pulmonary embolism, one week before his 86th birthday.

References

1935 births
2021 deaths
Governors of Colorado
Lawyers from Wisconsin
Educators from Denver, Colorado
Writers from Denver, Colorado
Writers from Wisconsin
People from Madison, Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Lawyers from Denver
Politicians from Denver, Colorado
Walter Dale "Walt" Miller (October 5, 1925 – September 28, 2015) was an American politician with the Republican Party. He served as 29th Governor of South Dakota from 1993 to 1995. He assumed the duties of the governorship upon the death of George S. Mickelson.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
Governors of South Dakota
Ranchers
US Republican Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of South Dakota
Frank Leroy Farrar (April 2, 1929 – October 31, 2021) was an American politician. He was the 24th Governor of South Dakota. A Republican. He served as the state's attorney general from 1963 to 1969, and as governor from 1969 to 1971.

Farrar died on October 31, 2021 in Pierre, South Dakota at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 
 National Governors Association: Frank Farrar 
 KDLT News: "Frank Farrar: A Man Made of Iron" 
 Ironman: "Meet Frank Farrar, Kona's Last Official Finisher in 2002"
 

1929 births
2021 deaths
American judges
Lawyers from South Dakota
Governors of South Dakota
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from South Dakota
People from Pierre, South Dakota
Philip Henderson Hoff (June 29, 1924 – April 26, 2018) was an American politician. He is from the U.S. state of Vermont. He served as the 73rd Governor of Vermont from 1963 to 1969. At the time of his election, he was the first Democrat elected Governor of Vermont in 108 years.

Hoff was born in Turners Falls, Massachusetts. His father worked in the insurance industry and at the Massachusetts General Court. Philip was a star high school football player at Turners Falls High School. 

Hoff went to Williams College and  Connecticut College and graduated cum laude in 1948.  Hoff married Joan Brower in 1948.  He later attended Cornell Law School, graduating in 1951. The Hoffs moved to Burlington, Vermont in 1951.

Hoff died at a retirement center in Shelburne, Vermont on April 26, 2018 at the age of 93.

References

1924 births
2018 deaths
Governors of Vermont
Politicians from Massachusetts
US Democratic Party politicians
Frank Ray Keyser (August 17, 1927 – March 7, 2015) was an American lawyer and politician from Vermont.  He served as Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1959 to 1961, and 72nd Governor of Vermont from 1961 to 1963.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Governors of Vermont
US Republican Party politicians
Emerson, Lake & Powell is the debut and only studio album by Emerson, Lake & Powell. The album was released in 1986.

References 

1986 albums
"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" (sometimes called "Gangsta Party") is the second single from American rapper 2Pac's fifth studio album All Eyez on Me. The song was a duet sung by 2Pac and Snoop Dogg. It was released as a promotional single and was written by 2Pac, Snoop Dogg and Daz Dillinger.  

It is sometimes referred to as "Gangsta Party" because of the line ain't nuthin but a gangsta party in the chorus. The song was also featured on 2Pac's Greatest Hits in 1998 and a remix of the song was featured on the album Nu-Mixx Klazzics in 2003. 

On April 15, 2012, the song was played at the Coachella Festival with Snoop Dogg performing a duet with a virtual version of 2Pac.

References

Other websites
"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" on YouTube

1995 songs
Tupac Shakur songs
Kristin Cavallari (born January 5, 1987) is an American television and movie actress. She was in the television series Laguna Beach. She was also in the series The Hills.

Cavallari was born in Denver, Colorado. She was raised in Barrington, Illinois.

References

Actors from Denver, Colorado
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
1987 births
Living people
Pasay, officially the City of Pasay (), is a city in  Metro Manila, Philippines. It was one of the original four cities of Metro Manila.

Cities in the Philippines
Metro Manila
Monoceros () is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Greek for unicorn. It was described by 17th-century Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius. Orion is to the west of Monceros. Gemini is to the north. Canis Major is to the south. Hydra is to the east. Other constellations next to Monoceros are Canis Minor, Lepus and Puppis.

Notable features

Stars
Monoceros is hard to see with the naked eye. Its brightest star, Alpha Monocerotis, has a visual magnitude of 3.93. It is brighter than Gamma Monocerotis at 3.98.

Monoceros does have some interesting features to look at with a small telescope. Beta Monocerotis is a triple star system. The three stars form a triangle which looks to be in one spot. William Herschel commented that it is "one of the most beautiful sights in the heavens".

Monoceros also has Plaskett's Star. It is a big binary system. Its whole mass is said to be that of almost 100 Suns put together.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 VISTA Reveals the Secret of the Unicorn — ESO Photo Release
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Monoceros
 The Constellations Web Page - Monoceros
 Star Tales – Monoceros
 Monoceros Constellation at Constellation Guide

Constellations
Petrus Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Flemish astronomer,  cartographer  and clergyman. He was born as Pieter Platevoet in Dranouter, now in Heuvelland, West Flanders. He studied theology in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church.

Cartography

In 1592 he published his best known world map named "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica". He wrote journals and shipping maps. He made a new way for finding longitude. He was the first to use the Mercator projection for navigational maps.

He was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company. He drew over 100 maps. 

Plancius knew Henry Hudson. Hudson was an explorer of the New World.

Plancius made the map, Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu, that was in Jan Huygen van Linschoten’s popular book, Itinerario (1596).

Maps

References

Other websites
 Star Tales – the constellations of Petrus Plancius
 Minor planet 10648 Plancius

1552 births
1622 deaths
Belgian astronomers
Cartographers
Christian ministers
Christian theologians
Dutch astronomers
Dutch Calvinists
People from West Flanders
Edward R. Hauser (August 29, 1916 – Spetember 8, 2014) was an American animal scientist. He was professor and chairman of the Department of Meat and Animal Science at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Hauser was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Hauser died from natural causes in Fitchburg, Wisconsin, aged 98.

References

1916 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Scientists from Wisconsin
Boris Petrovich Khimichev (Борис Петрович Химичев; 12 January 1933 – 14 September 2014) was a Ukrainian-born Russian actor. He was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1993. Khimichev was known for his roles in Aty-baty, shli soldaty..., The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe, and in TASS Is Authorized to Declare....

Khimichev died at the age of 81 from a brain tumor.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Russian movie actors
Ukrainian actors
Yitzhak Hofi (‎; 25 January 1927 – 15 September 2014) was an Israeli spy and general. He was a member of the Palmach. He was also the head of the  Israeli Northern Command and the director of Mossad. 

Hofi died on 15 September 2014, aged 87.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Directors of intelligence agencies
Israeli generals
Israeli Jews
Jewish military people
People from Tel Aviv
People of the Mossad