cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sylvester Ritter (December 13, 1952 – June 2, 1998) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring names, Junkyard Dog and JYD for short. He died in Forest, Mississippi on June 2, 1998 after he fell asleep at the wheel of the car he was driving home in and crashed into another car.

Championships
Ritter held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

Mid-South Wrestling Association
Mid-South Louisiana Championship (three times)
Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship (four times)
Mid-South Tag Team Championship (eight times) – with Buck Robley (one), Terry Orndorff (one), Killer Karl Kox (one), Dick Murdoch (three), Mike George (one), and Jerry Stubbs (one)

NWA Mid-America
NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Gypsy Joe

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year in 1980.
PWI ranked him #51 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.

Stampede Wrestling
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (two times)

United States Wrestling Association
USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Championship Wrestling
WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (one time) with Ricky Morton and Tommy Rich

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)
Wrestling Classic tournament winner in 1985.
Slammy Award – Best Single Performer in 1986.

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Feud of the Year in 1982 (vs. Ted DiBiase)
Worst Feud of the Year in 1990 (vs. Ric Flair)
Worst Tag Team in 1986 (with George Steele)

References

1952 births
1998 deaths
African-American wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Road accident deaths in Mississippi
Sportspeople from North Carolina
WWE Hall of Fame
Guéret () is a commune of France. It is the prefecture of the  Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

History
In 1514, Guéret became the capital of the County of Marche,  a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern Creuse department.

In 1790, when the departments were created, Guéret was named as the capital of the Creuse department.

Geography
Guéret is in a plateau between the Creuse and the Gartempe rivers, at the foot of two hills: the Puy de Gaudy,  high, and the Maupuy,  high. The commune has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The city of Guéret is at about  from Bordeaux, at  from Toulouse, at  from Paris and at  from Lyon.

The communes that are around Guéret are Saint-Fiel, Sainte-Feyre, Savennes, Saint-Christophe, La Chapelle-Taillefert, Saint-Léger-le-Guérétois and Saint-Sulpice-le-Guérétois.

Climate 
Guéret has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.

Population
The inhabitants of Guéret are known, in French, as Guérétois (women: Guérétoises).

The commune of Guéret has a population, in 2014, of 13,342; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Guéret

Guéret forms, together with Saint-Fiel, the urban area of Guéret with a population of 14,157 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Guéret, formed by 32 communes with a population of 31,499 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration 
Guéret is the prefecture of the Creuse department, the capital of the arrondissement of Guéret and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
 Guéret-1, with 9,332 inhabitants (2014).
 Guéret-2, with 9,724 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Guéret ().

Sister cities 
Guéret is twinned with:
  Stein, Germany since 1991

Sites of interest
 The Hotel de Moneyroux. This building, of Gothic style, was built in the fifteenth century. It is now the headquarters of the General Council of the Creuse.
 The Presidial, dating from the seventeenth century, now is the town hall.
 The Museum of the Sénatorerie. The building served as house for senators under Napoleon. Since 1832, the Society of Archaeological and Natural Sciences of the Creuse has been housed here.
 Courtille lake, a recreation area south of Guéret, is an artificial lake along a shaded path.
 Chabrières forest is a large forest to the south of Guéret. It has a zoo, where one can see wolves in semi-liberty in large espaces with walls. Here  there are some big dolmens.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Guéret
 Communes of the Creuse department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Guéret - official website 
 La Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand-Guéret 
 Conseil Départamental de la Creuse 
 Préfecture de la Creuse 

Communes in Creuse
Departmental capitals in France
Périgueux () is a commune in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. It is the capital, prefecture, of the Dordogne department.

Geography
Périgueux is in the centre of the Dordogne department, in the tourist region named as Périgord Blanc. The Isle river flows through the city.

The city is at about  from Angoulême,  from Limoges,  from Agen,  from Bordeaux and  from Cahors.

The commune of Périgueux has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Périgueux is surrounded by the communes Château-l'Évêque, Champcevinel, Trélissac, Boulazac, Notre-Dame-de-Sanilhac, Coulounieix-Chamiers, Marsac-sur-l'Isle and Chancelade.

Climate 
Périgueux has an oceanic climate with template summers (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Population 
The inhabitants of Périgueux are known, in French, as Pétrocoriens (women: Pétrocoriennes). Another name for the inhabitants of Périgueux is Périgourdins.

With a population of 30,069 (2014), Périgueux has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Périgueux

Périgueux forms, together with 8 other communes, the urban area of Périgueux with a population of 66,895 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Périgueux, formed by 55 communes with a population of 102,855 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration
Périgueux is a prefecture of the Dordogne and the capital of the arrondissement of Périgueux.

The commune is the administrative centre () of two cantons
 Périgueux-1, formed with a part of Périgueux; and
 Périgueux-2, formed with the remaining part of Périgueux.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Périgueux ().

Twin towns 
Périgueux is twinned with:
  Amberg, Germany

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Périgueux
 Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Périgueux - Official site 
 Office de Tourism, Périgueux 
 Departamental Council of Dordogne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Dordogne
Évreux is a commune. It is found in the Eure department in France.

Sister cities

Évreux is twinned with:
  Rugby, England
  Rüsselsheim, Germany
  Sueca, Spain
  Djougou, Benin

Communes in Eure
Departmental capitals in France
Eric Nickulas (born March 25, 1975 in Hyannis, Massachusetts) is an American professional ice hockey right winger who last played for the ERC Ingolstadt of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Nickulas has also played a total of 7 seasons in the NHL; 4 with the Boston Bruins, 2 with the St. Louis Blues and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He won the Calder Cup in 1998 while he was apart of the Boston Bruins farm team, the Providence Bruins.

Other websites
Eric Nickulas at The Internet Hockey Database

1975 births
Living people
American ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
St. Louis Blues players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Halteres are small knobbed structures modified from the hind wings in flies. They vibrate during flight, and help the insect fly better.

The halteres evolved from wings. Ancestral flying insects had two pairs of wings, like dragonflies, hymenoptera and lepidoptera still do. Flies have only the front pair of wings.

Function 
Halteres help balancing and improve flight. They help flies to perform their fast aerobatics. In addition to providing rapid feedback to the muscles steering the wings, they also help stabilise the head during flight.

They are flapped rapidly and work as gyroscopes, telling the insect about its body position during flight.

Every vibrating object tends to maintain its plane of vibration, a result of the Coriolis effect. If the body of the insect changes direction in flight or rotates about its axis, the vibrating halteres exert a force on the body. The insect detects this force with sensory organs at the base of the halteres.

The two halteres vibrate in different planes, each forming an angle of about 45 degrees with the long axis of the insect. This increases the information got from the halteres.

Development 
In Diptera, the formation of the haltere during metamorphosis is dependent on the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx). If this gene is experimentally deactivated, the haltere will develop into a fully developed wing. This is an excellent illustration of an important mechanism of evolutionary development; a simple homeotic gene change can result in a radically different phenotype.

Convergent evolution 
The Strepsiptera, small insects parasitic on bees, wasps and cockroaches, also have halteres. We know the evolution was independent because in the Strepsiptera the forewings evolved into halteres while, in the Diptera, the hindwings changed into halteres. This is a classic case of convergent evolution.

Grimaldi and Engel say halteres have evolved at least seven times in insects, and "in most cases it is known to be associated with improved manoeuvering in flight".

References 

Flies
Evolutionary biology
Chartres is a French commune in the Eure-et-Loir department. About 39,000 people live there.

Sister cities
Chartres is twinned with:
  Ravenna, Italy
  Speyer, Germany
  Chichester, United Kingdom
  Bethlehem, Palestinian Authority
  Évora, Portugal
  Cusco, Peru

Communes in Eure-et-Loir
Departmental capitals in France
Jethou is a small island that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is privately leased, and not open to the public.

It is immediately south of Herm and has an area of approximately 44 acres (18 ha).

History

It is said that in AD 709 a storm washed away the strip of land which connected the island with Herm.

The island's name contains the -hou suffix, which means "a small island".

In 1416, it became part of Henry V of England's estate.  It is still a Crown lease, and is owned by the States of Guernsey.

Modern history
From 1920 to 1923 it was leased by Compton MacKenzie along with Herm and remained part of that estate for years, although it is currently part of a different one.

The British 1957 musical Free as Air by Dorothy Reynolds & Julian Slade was set on the fictitious island of 'Terhou', which was based on Jethou.

On the top is a marker. It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Crevichon.

From September 1964 until December 1971 the island was occupied by the Faed family consisting of Mr Angus Faed, his wife Susan Faed and their four children, Colin, Erik, Colette and Amanda. Mrs. Susan Faed was the 22nd tenant of Jethou.

It is flanked by two islets, Crevichon to the north and Fauconniere to the south. There is one house on the island and two cottages as well as a large garage where vehicles such as quad bikes and tractors are stored.

It is now leased by Sir Peter Ogden of IT company Computacenter.

Politics
Unlike the largely autonomous islands of Sark and Alderney within the Bailiwick, Jethou cannot pass its own laws.  It is administered by the States of Guernsey, and elects members to the States of Deliberation as part of the St. Peter Port South electoral district.

Wildlife
At the east of Jethou, puffins can be seen swimming off the rocks.

They also nest there in the east clifftop.

Related pages
List of tenants of Jethou

References

 BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (Oxford UP, 1971)

Other websites 
 Jethou Homepage 
 Free Gutenberg Project book, a Crusoe-like novel on Jethou
 Stamps from Isle of Jethou 
 Island of Jethou at Britlink 

Islands of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
Not to be confused with Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve

Lihou () is a small tidal island (95 vergées; 38½ acres; 15.6 hectares) that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: . The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is connected to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone causeway between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's. Lihou's bird and marine life makes it an important conservation area.

History

Like many other Channel Islands, Lihou's name contains the Norman language suffix "-hou" of Old Norse origin.

The island has the ruins of the priory of St. Mary which is believed to have been set up by Benedictine monks in the 12th century. The monks of the priory were not very popular with the local people, who thought they were devil worshippers.  This animosity may be due to the monks' insistence on rights of wreck.  Until 1415 it was under the control of Mont Saint Michel and then Eton College until the Reformation when it was closed and fell into disrepair.

The house on Lihou was used for target practice by heavy artillery during the German Occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II.  It has now been rebuilt as accommodation for school groups, and is used as an educational resource.

Vraic (seaweed) was harvested and dried on frames set up on the beach. A 1927 factory building produced iodine from seaweed. All traces of the industry disappeared during the German Occupation.

The Lihou family name is included in parish records which go back as far as the early 15th century and there are a number of groups who study the ancestry of the Lihou's. More recently a group was set up using the social networking site 'Facebook' which links Lihou's around the world.

Other websites 
 Lihou Island
 "History of Little Lihou" 
 Archeology on Lihou

References

 BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (Oxford UP, 1971)

Tidal islands
Islands of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
-hou is a suffix (part added to the end of a word) found in many Channel Islands and Norman names. It is the Norman language version of the Old Norse holmr, meaning a small island, and often found anglicised elsewhere as "holm". It can still be found in modern Scandinavian languages, e.g. Stockholm.

The Norman hommet/houmet also comes from this suffix.

In Parisian French, the equivalent is îlot, which is the same as the English "islet".

Bailiwick of Guernsey 
 Off Guernsey
 Lihou
 Les Houmets including - Houmet Benest/Benet, Houmet Paradis & Houmet Hommetol (Omptolle).
 Off Alderney
 Burhou
 Off Herm
 Jethou
 Le Plat Houmet
 Off Sark
 Brecqhou

Bailiwick of Jersey 

 Les Écréhous
 Le Plat Hommeit
 Le Hommet du Ouaisné
 Les Hommets
 La Rocco (from rocque-hou)
 Icho (from ic-hou)

Normandy 
 Tatihou
 Quettehou
 Néhou
 Tribehou

References 
 
 

Language
Channel Islands
A vergée, or vergee, is a unit of area, a quarter of the French acre. Other spellings include vergie and vrégie. It is not an SI unit. The SI unit of area is the square metre.

The term derives from Latin virga (rod). Compare French verge (yard).

In the Channel Islands, it is a standard measure of land, but the statutory definition differs between the bailiwicks.

 In Guernsey, a vergée (Guernésiais: vergie) is 17,640 square feet (1,639 m²). It is 40 (square) Guernsey perches. A Guernsey perch (also spelt perque) is 21 feet by 21 feet.
 In Jersey, a vergée (Jèrriais: vrégie) is 19,360 square feet (1,798.6 m²). It is 40 (square) Jersey perches. A Jersey perch (also spelt pèrque) is a square 24 pied de perche on each side (i.e. a square 22 imperial feet on each side).

In France a vergée was 12,100 square Paris feet (1,276.8 m²). It was 25 (square) perches. The surveying perch measured 22 French feet. the royal perch was 18 French feet.

Conversions
1 vergée (Guernsey) is equivalent to:
1 638.809 63 m²
0.404958678 acres

1 vergée (Jersey) is equivalent to:
1,798.60285 m²
0.444444444 acres

References

Related pages
French units of measurement (to 1795)
Virgate

Channel Islands
Units of area
Crevichon is an islet off Herm, immediately to the north of Jethou, in the Channel Islands.

According to Dr S.K. Kellett-Smith, the name "Crevichon" means "island of crabs, crayfish or cranes".

Like many names in the Channel Islands, it is Norman language in origin. A thousand years ago, the water level was ten feet lower (3 m), so there were many more of the animals the island was named after.

Geography 
The island is about 212 by 168 metres (696 by 551 ft) at its widest.  Its area is less than . The distance to Jethou is about 215 metres (705 ft).

History

A 16th-century drawing of the islet, now in the British Museum, shows Crevichon as apparently a wooded islet.

Prof. John Le Patourel, in The Building of Castle Cornet said that in 1566, iron and hammers were taken to "Creavissham", and the island quarried for the castle. The quarry has been used since then, but this has made the island much smaller, and less visible. As a result, a fifteen-foot () marker was built on the top. Crevichon may have provided the granite for the steps of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Jethou.

Compton Mackenzie, former owner of Herm called Crevichon "Merg" in his book, Fairy Gold, which is a fictionalised version of the islands.

Wrecks
In 1953, Victor Coysh says that he saw the remains of a German bomber, from the time of the occupation.

Other wrecks include:
 Courier, a Guernsey steamer, beached in 1905 with 80 passengers.

References
 Channel Islets - Victor Coysh

Other websites 
 Pictures of Crevichon by the Faeds of Jethou 
 Faed Family WebSite with pictures of Jethou and Crevichon

Uninhabited islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
Thylacosmilus is a extinct genus of carnivorous sparassodont. found as fossils in deposits dated from about 10 million to 3 million years ago (late Miocene to late Pliocene epoch) in Argentina, South America. 

Thylacosmilus was sabre-toothed and was about as large as a modern jaguar. To a remarkable degree, Thylacosmilus paralleled the evolution of felid sabre-toothed cats like Smilodon. Its canine teeth were long and powerfully developed; they were used for stabbing prey. Its killing method was to hold its prey, and make deep bites into the soft tissue driven by powerful neck muscles. The canine teeth were protected by a well-developed flange, or projecting edge, in the chin region of the lower jaw. The canines continued to grow during adult life, which they do not in marsupials or placental mammals.

Thylacosmilus died out during the late Pliocene, whereas saber-toothed cats did not get to South America until the middle Pleistocene epoch. As a result, the last appearance of Thylacosmilus is separated from the first appearance of Smilodon by over one and a half million years.

References 

Mammals of South America
Fossils
Metatheria
Sabretooth cats
Châteauroux is a commune in the Indre department in the center of France.

Aérocentre is in Châteauroux.

Sport
 Châteauroux is the end of the 7th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.

Sister cities
Châteauroux is twinned with:
  Gütersloh, Germany since 1977
  Bittou Department, Burkina Faso since November 1985
  Olsztyn, Poland since 23 February 1991

Communes in Indre
Departmental capitals in France
"Keys to the City'" is a 2007 industrial metal song by the American industrial metal band Ministry & Co Conspirators. The song was made for the
Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL and the Wirtz family who is the owner of the Blackhawks. The money that was collected from the iTunes downloads was donated to Blackhawks Charities. It was the final song that Ministry did before the band was retired in 2008. The song was featured in the EA Sports video game NHL 10.

References

2008 songs
Chicago Blackhawks
Credo Reference is a company that offers subscription-based online reference content. It provides full-text online versions of more than 700 published reference works from over 70 publishers, including general and subject dictionaries and encyclopedias.

History
The company began in 1999 and has offices in Oxford, England, and Boston, Massachusetts. It changed its name from Xrefer in 2007.

Subscriptions are available to academic, government, public and company libraries. Access to Credo Reference is free to users if their library is a subscriber. Librarians can select which titles they wish to subscribe to within Credo General Reference. They can manage the selection during their subscription period by swapping titles in and out.

Between 2000 and 2003, Xrefer offered a free site supported by advertising, and was one of Wikipedia's main competitors as a free content encyclopedia. When the dot com bust caused Internet advertising revenues to collapse, Xrefer launched a premium subscription variant, called Xreferplus. On 17 June 2003, the free service stopped.

References

More information
 Golderman, Gail; Connolly, Bruce. "eReviews: General Reference Sources and Short Takes", Library Journal.com, Oct 15, 2010.

Other websites
 corp.credoreference.com

Internet
Dictionaries
Encyclopedias
George Balabushka (December 9, 1912 – December 5, 1975) was a Russian-born  American billiards (pool) cue maker. He may have been the most important cue stick maker. He is sometimes called "the Stradivarius of cuemakers". His full name or last name alone is often used to refer to a cue stick made by him. He arrived in the U.S. in 1942. He worked at different carpentry and toy and furniture making jobs. He loved playing pool and bought a pool room with a business partner in 1959. Then he started making cues as gifts for friends. This soon became a business when others wanted to buy them. 

Balabushka made about 1,200 handcrafted cues during his 16 year career from 1959 to his death in 1975. His cues are highly valued collectors items. They appeared in Martin Scorsese's 1986 film, The Color of Money. Original Balabushka cues may sell for tens of thousands of dollars at auction.

Life and career

Early life
George Balabushka was born in Russia on December 9, 1912 and immigrated to the United States in 1924 at 12 years of age. His family, parents Anton and Natalie and younger sister Mary, settled in New York City. Although originally named Gregori, according to Balabushka he was given a new first name, George, by emigration officials when he was processed through Ellis Island.

Employment
Balabushka's first job was as a wooden toy designer and maker at the Educational Equipment Company. in Manhattan, The company made building blocks for nurseries and schools. Later, he built children's furniture for the Playtime Woodworking Company in Greenwich Village. While working, Balabushka lost his middle finger to a band saw. Using a wooden mold, he made himself a replacement plastic finger. It was very realistic so that even his friends did not realize his loss until long after the incident. As Balabushka's carpentry skills improved he began building accordions and other detailed carpentry pieces on his own time. 

Balabushka worked hard on playing ability and fine craftsmanship in his cues. He created new methods of cue construction, cue finishes and cue design. Most Balabushka cues look simple. Many of his construction techniques have become standard in the industry.
 	
George Balabushka died in 1975 at the age of 62. He was named the first member the American Cuemakers Association Hall of Fame in February, 1993. In 2004, he entered the Meritorious Service category of the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
George Balabuska's listing in the BCA Hall of Fame
George Balabuska's listing in the ACA Hall of Fame

1912 births
1975 deaths
Carpenters
Cue sports
Designers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Russian people
Soviet people
A ballad is a form of verse. It is often a story set to music. Ballads were popular in British and Irish poetry and music until the 19th century from the late medieval period. It was also used in Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. Poets and composers from the 18th century used this form. In this way, they produced lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, ballads were slow form of popular love song. The term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.

Power ballad

Power ballad is a name given to love songs that were predictably included in heavy metal albums in the 1980s.  

The power ballad was usually slower in tempo and much less aggressive in lyrics than the other music on the album.  The songs were often made in a hope of scoring a Top Forty hit, and were particularly associated with bands in the hard metal genre. Examples include Poison's "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" and Bon Jovi's "Wanted Dead Or Alive".

References

Song forms
Folk music
Lons-le-Saunier is a spa town in France. It is the prefecture of the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Sister cities
Lons-le-Saunier is twinned with:
  Offenburg, Germany
  Ripley, United Kingdom

Spa towns in France
Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Jura
The fallow deer (Dama dama) is a type of deer from the family Cervidae. The animal originally lived in Eurasia, though it has been brought it to other parts of the world, such as Australia.

The male is called a buck, the female is a doe, and the young a fawn. They live for about 12–16 years. All of the fallow deer have white spots on their backs, and black tips at the ends of their tails. Only bucks have antlers, which are wide and shaped like a shovel.

They are grazing animals. They like to live in an area that is mixed woodland and open grassland. They try to stay together in groups of up to 150.

Colours
They have a lot of different coloured coats (hair). There are four main colours: "common", "menil", "melanistic" and "white".  
The common coat is a brown coat with white spots that are best seen in the summer. In the winter the coat is much darker. The white coat is lightest colored, almost white. The common and menil coat are darker. The melanistic coat is very dark, sometimes even black.

Historical herds
One noted historical herd of fallow deer is kept in the Ottenby Preserve in Öland, Sweden. Karl X Gustav built a drystone wall of four kilometres long around a royal fallow deer herd in the mid 17th century. The herd still exists as of 2006.
Another herd lives in Phoenix Park in Ireland. 400-450 fallow deer descend from the original herd introduced in the 1660s.

References

Further reading
 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER   27. (1982). Deer farming guidelines on practical aspects. . Retrieved on 4 January 2008.
 Clutton-Brock, J. (1978). A Natural History of Domesticated Animals. London, British Museum.
 Lyneborg, L. (1971). Mammals [of Europe]. .

Other websites

Fallow deer in New Zealand 

Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Deer
Cahors () is a commune in southwestern France. It is in Occitanie. Cahors is the prefecture (capital) of the Lot department. It is also the capital of 3 cantons: Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3.

Cahors was the capital of the old province of Quercy and the people of this city are known, in French, as cadurciens (women: cadurciennes). This name comes from the old name of the city, Carduca.

History
Cahors is an ancient town. The people that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest were called Carduci and so the Romans named the town as Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci"; Divona was a source of water, now called "fontaine des Chartreux". The word Cahors comes from Cadurcorum.

Geography
Cahors is located in the southwest of France, in the old province of Quercy, in the valley of the Lot river, and is found in a peninsula () formed by an U-shaped meander of that river which gives its name to the department.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune is at  north of Toulouse and is surrounded by the communes Mercuès, Calamane, Pradines, Arcambal, Lamagdelaine, Laroque-des-Arcs, Trespoux-Rassiels, Labastide-Marnhac, Le Montat and Flaujac-Poujols.

Climate 
The climate of Cahors, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
With a population of 19,630, Cahors has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Cahors

Cahors forms, together with the commune Pradines, the urban area of Cahors, with a population of 23,090 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Cahors, formed by 44 communes with a population of 44,255 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Cahors is the prefecture of the Lot department, the capital of the arrondissement of Cahors and the administrative centre () of the Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3 cantons.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Cahors ().

Places of interest

Some places of interest are:
 Pont Valentré (Valentré Bridge, ), a symbol of the town across the Lot river. It was built between 1308 and 1378.
 Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Cahors (Cahors Cathedral), a national monument in France.
 Arc de Diane (Diane's Arch), remains of Roman baths. 
 Saint-Barthélémy Church (14th century).
 Maison Henri IV or Hôtel de Roaldès (15th century).

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Cahors
 Communes of the Lot department

Other websites

 Ville de Cahors - Official website 
 Office de Tourisme de Grand Cahors (in English: Grand Cahors Tourist Office) 

Communes in Lot
Departmental capitals in France
Mende is a commune and prefecture of the department of Lozère, part of the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Mende.

The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as Mendois (women: Mendoises).

Geography
Mende is located in the southern Massif Central, to the north of the Cévennes, near the Mont Lozère, the highest point of the Lozère department. The Lot river flows through the city and most of Mende is on the left side of the river.

The commune of Mende has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Mende is surrounded by the communes Chastel-Nouvel, Badaroux, Lanuéjols, Brenoux, Saint-Bauzile, Balsièges, Barjac and Servières.

Climate 
The climate in Mende in the Köppen climate classification is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The city of Mende had 11,542 inhabitants for a density of  persons/km2.

Evolution of the population in Mende

Administration
Mende is the prefecture of the Lozère department since 1790. It is also the capital of the Mende arrondissement and of two cantons:
 Mende-1, formed with a part of Mende (5,513 inhabitants) (2014)
 Mende-2, formed with a part of Mende (6,029  inhabitants) (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Cœur de Lozère ().

Twinned and partner towns
Mende is twinned with:
  Wunsiedel, Germany, since 1980
  Volterra, Italy, since 1993
  Vila Real, Portugal, since 2003

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Mende
 Communes of the Lozère department

References

Other websites

 City council website 
 Mende Tourist Office

Communes in Lozère
Departmental capitals in France
The following is the list of the 334 communes of the Loiret département, in France.

 (AgglO) Communauté d'agglomération Orléans Val de Loire, created in 2002
 (AME)   Agglomération Montargoise et Rives du Loing, created December 14, 2001
 (CC4V)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Vallées (seat in Ferrières-en-Gâtinais), created in 2002
 (CCB)   Communauté de communes du Beaunois, created in 2002
 (CCBG)  Communauté de communes de Beauce et du Gâtinais
 (CCCB)  Communauté de communes du canton de Briare, created in 2002
 (CCCCL) Communauté de communes du canton de Châtillon-sur-Loire, created in 2002
 (CCCL)  Communauté de communes du canton de Lorris, created in 2002
 (CCCOL) Communauté de communes du canton d'Ouzouer-sur-Loire, created in 2002
 (CCF)   Communauté de communes de la Forêt (seat in Loury), created in 2002
 (CCG)   Communauté de communes du Giennois (seat in Gien), created in 2002
 (CCL)   Communauté de communes des Loges (seat in Jargeau), created in 2002
 (CCQR)  Communauté de communes des Quatre Rivières (seat in Châtillon-Coligny), created in 2002
 (CCVA)  Communauté de communes du Val d'Ardoux (seat in Cléry-Saint-André), created in 2002

Loiret
Diffraction is a physics concept which occurs when waves bend around small obstacles, or spread out after they pass through small openings. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as light that the eye can see. Diffraction also occurs with matter such as electrons.

Causes of diffraction

Diffraction is caused by one wave of light being shifted by a diffracting object. This shift will cause the wave to have interference with itself.  Interference can be either constructive or destructive.  When interference is constructive, the intensity of the wave will increase.  When interference is destructive, the intensity will decrease, sometimes to a point where it is completely destroyed.  These patterns of interference rely on the size of the diffracting object and the size of the wave.  The strongest examples of diffraction occur in waves where the wavelength is similar to the size of the object causing diffraction.

Uses of diffraction
Diffraction can be used to separate different wavelengths of light using a diffraction grating.  A diffraction grating can be a series of closely-spaced slits or a mirror with a series of small grooves.  Diffraction gratings work because different wavelengths of light will constructively interfere at different angles.  Diffraction gratings are used in many analytical chemistry tools, such as a spectrometer.

Diffraction can also be used to look at molecules using X-ray crystallography.  In X-ray crystallography, X-rays are aimed on a crystal. The crystal diffracts the X-ray and makes a diffraction pattern.  This pattern is unique to the type of crystal and can be used to identify the molecule that makes the crystal. Diffraction also occurs in a bending movement where the wave becomes more spread out

References
Skoog, D.A.; Holler, F.J.; Crouch, S.R.  Principles of Instrumental Analysis. (Brooks/Cole, California). 
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Diffraction.png

Physics
Wyre is a local government district in Lancashire, England. It is a borough, based in the town of Poulton-le-Fylde. Wyre is named after the River Wyre, which runs through the district.

Wyre was formed in 1974.

Town and parish councils in Wyre

Urban areas
Fleetwood
Poulton-le-Fylde
Thornton Cleveleys

Parish councils
Barnacre with Bonds
Bleasdale
Cabus
Catterall
Claughton on Brock
Forton
Garstang
Great Eccleston
Hambleton
Inskip-with-Sowerby
Kirkland, Lancashire
Myerscough and Bilsborrow
Nateby
Nether Wyresdale
Out Rawcliffe
Pilling
Preesall (Town Council) 
Stalmine-with-Staynall
Upper Rawcliffe with Tarnacre
Winmarleigh

References

Other websites
Wyre Borough Council 
 
District and borough councils in Lancashire
1974 establishments in England
Michael Konsel (born 6 March 1962) is a retired Austrian football player who played as goalkeeper in Austria and Italy.

Career
He started as defender for Fortuna 05 when he was six but at the age of nine he became goalkeeper, a position he played for the rest of his career. At the age of 16 he came to  FC Kritzendorf where he became goalkeeper of the first team. His first professional team was First Vienna FC, then he want to SK Rapid Wien. For Rapid he played 395 matches in the league, 47 Cupmatches and 42 international matches (2 times the final of the UEFA Cupwinner Cup)

After his successful time with Rapid he went to AS Roma in Italys Seria A. The last year of his career he spent with SSC Venice.

International
Michael Konsel played 43 matches in Austrias national team. He was member of Austrias team for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 and 1998. 1990 in Italy he was second goalkeeper but 1998 he was number 1 and played 3 matches. Although he played his first match 1985 he became number 1 in the team not until 10 years later. His last match was a friendly versus Worldchampion France in Viennas Ernst-Happel-stadium.

Honours
Austrian Bundesliga (3):
 1987, 1988, 1996
Austrian Cup (3):
 1985, 1987, 1995
Austria
Goalkeeper of the year: 1987/88, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1996/97
Footballer of the year:
Krone-Fußballerwahl:1987,1995
APA-Fußballerwahl:1995
VdF-Honourary price:1998
Italy 
Best Goalkeeper Serie A : 1997/98
FIFA World Cup:
Member of the Austrian team 1990 and 1998

Other websites 
 Official homepage
 players profile Michael Konsel 

1962 births
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
The list contains European stadiums with a capacity of at least 25,000. Almost all of these stadiums were built mainly for association football. Most of the rest were built for athletics, the rugby codes, or (in Ireland) Gaelic games.

Current Stadiums

Capacity of 25,000 or more
Notes:

(d) indicates retractable seating deployed, 
(nd) indicates retractable seating not deployed
(m) indicates movable seating deployed
(t) indicates capacity with temporary seats to be removed

An asterisk - * - indicates that a team does not play all of its home matches at that venue.

The "Category" column indicates whether the stadium has been designated by UEFA as capable of hosting Champions League or Europa League matches.

Other UEFA Category 4 Stadiums

Under construction

The following is a list of European stadiums which are currently under construction and will have a capacity of 25,000 or more.

References 

stadiums by capacity
Chaumont is a commune of France, and the capital (or prefecture) of the Haute-Marne department in the Grand Est region.

Geography
The city of Chaumont is on the Langres plateau on the geographical centre of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France. It is along the Marne (river) river.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Chaumont is surrounded by the communes Condes, Treix, Chamarandes-Choignes, Laville-aux-Bois, Biesles, Verbiesles, Neuilly-sur-Suize, Richebourg, Semoutiers-Montsaon, Villiers-le-Sec and Jonchery.

Two rivers flow through the city: the Suize to the west and the Marne to the east.

Climate
The climate of Chaumont, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Chaumont are known, in French, as Chaumontais (women: Chaumontaises).

The city of Chaumont has a population, in 2014, of 22,674; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Chaumont

Chaumont forms with Chamarandes-Choignes the urban area of Chaumont with a population of 23,716 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Chaumont, formed by 65 communes, with a population of 42,594 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

Administration 
Chaumont is the prefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Chaumont and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
 Chaumont-1 formed by 6 communes and part of Chaumont, with 10,816 inhabitants (2014).
 Chaumont-2 formed by 4 communes and part of Chaumont, with 8,534 inhabitants (2014).
 Chaumont-3 formed by 5 communes and part of Chaumont, with 10,609 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Chaumont, du Bassin Nogentais et du Bassin de Bologne Vignory Froncles ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Chaumont is twinned with:
  Ashton-under-Lyne, England, since 1956.
  Ivrée, Italy, since 1983.
  Bad Nauheim, Germany, since 1992.
  Oostkamp, Belgium, since 2004.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Chaumont
 Communes of the Haute-Marne department

References

Other websites

 Site officiel de la ville de Chaumont 
 Office de Tourisme du Pays de Chaumont en Champagne  

Communes in Haute-Marne
Departmental capitals in France
Vannes is a commune. It is the prefecture of Morbihan in Brittany.

Education 
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers

Sister cities
Vannes is twinned with:

  Mons, Belgium (since 1952)
  Cuxhaven, Germany (since 1963)
  Fareham, United Kingdom (since 1967)

Vannes also has partnerships (‘partenariats’) with:
  Barouéli, Mali, since 2003
  Wałbrzych, Poland, since 2001

Communes in Morbihan
Departmental capitals in France
The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is a 17th-century building in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. It was built to be a home for retired soldiers. It was used as a home for over 250 years. 

The hospital was built between 1680 and 1684 by architect Sir William Robinson. He was the official State Surveyor General for James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to King Charles II. 
The style is based on Les Invalides in Paris. The Royal Hospital Chelsea in Chelsea, London was completed two years later and looks alike in style. 

The Tudor Gothic gateway at the end of the road leading to the Royal Hospital was designed by Francis Johnston. He was one of the leading architects of the day. This gateway originally stood beside the River Liffey at Bloody Bridge (now Rory O'More Bridge). It was moved after the arrival of the railway in 1844. 

When the Irish Free State was formed, they thought about using the building for the Oireachtas Éireann, the new Irish national parliament. This did not happen. After the soldiers were all gone, the buildings were used for different things like offices for the Garda Síochána (the Irish police force) and as storage for the National Museum of Ireland. 

The Government of Ireland restored the buildings in different stages from 1957, and opened in 1985 as the National Centre for Culture and the Arts. In 1991 the Irish Museum of Modern Art was opened here.

Every year on the National Day of Commemoration the President of Ireland lays a wreath in the courtyard in memory of all Irishmen and Irishwomen who have died in past wars and on service with the United Nations.

Related pages
 Kilmainham Gaol

References

Other websites
 Royal Hospital Kilmainham website
 Virtual Tours of Royal Hospital Kilmainham North Range, Courtyard and Formal Gardens 

Buildings and structures in Dublin
1684
Kilmainham (In Irish: Cill Mhaighneann, "St Maighnenn's church") is an area of Dublin. It lies south of the River Liffey and west of the city centre in the Dublin 8 postal district.

History
In the Viking era, there was a monastery here. The monastery was home to the first Norse base (longphort) in Ireland.

In the 12th century the lands on the banks of the Liffey belonged to the Knights Templars. Strongbow built a castle for them, about a mile away from the Danish wall of old Dublin. Here the Templars lived for nearly a century and a half. In 1308, Edward II ruled that they were no longer allowed to practice their religion. Thirty members of the Templars were imprisoned in Dublin. Their lands and rights were given to the priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. They were there until the monasteries were closed in the 16th century. 

The Manor of Kilmainham was a liberty. This means it had special rights. "The manor" was an area that included parts of James's Street and side-streets and went as far as Lucan and Chapelizod. 

Until the time of Queen Elizabeth, the lord lieutenants used the manor of Kilmainham. In 1559, the earl of Sussex, found that the building at Kilmainham was damaged by a storm. The following year Elizabeth ordered that Dublin Castle be improved so the lord lieutenant could live there. From that time, Kilmainham was no longer used much.

Things to see 
The Royal Hospital Kilmainham is in Kilmainham. It was built on the site where the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem had their priory in Dublin. It is now the Irish Museum of Modern Art. Nearby is also Kilmainham Gaol, where the executions of the leaders of the Easter Rising took place. 

Kilmainham also has one of a small number of Viking era burial sites (Old Norse haugr meaning barrow or mound), within Dublin.

References 

Dublin
Balancing selection refers to selective processes by which different alleles (different versions of a gene) are kept in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation.

This usually happens when the heterozygote for a gene has a higher relative fitness than the homozygote. In this way genetic polymorphism is conserved.
 
Evidence for balancing selection can be found in the number of alleles in a population which are maintained above mutation rate frequencies. All modern research has shown that this significant genetic variation is common in panmictic populations. It is the field experience of Darwin, Wallace and others, that natural populations in the wild are extraordinarily varied. Museum collections of single species tell the same story.

There are several ways balancing selection works to maintain polymorphism. The two major and most studied are heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection.

Mechanisms of balancing selection

Heterozygote advantage 

In heterozygote advantage, or heterotic balancing selection, an individual who is heterozygous at a particular gene locus has a greater fitness than a homozygous individual. Polymorphisms maintained by this mechanism are balanced polymorphisms.
 
A well-studied case is that of sickle cell anemia in humans, a hereditary disease that damages red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia is caused by the inheritance of a variant hemoglobin gene (HgbS) from both parents. In these individuals, hemoglobin in red blood cells is extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation, and this causes shorter life expectancy.
 
A person who inherits the sickle cell gene from one parent, and a normal hemoglobin gene (HgbA) from the other, has a normal life expectancy. The heterozygote is resistant to the malarial parasite which kills a large number of people each year. The heterozygote frequency is kept high because of the fierce selection against both the homozygotes.

The heterozygote has a permanent advantage (a higher fitness) wherever malaria exists.

Frequency-dependent selection 
Frequency-dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency.

In positive frequency-dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. In negative frequency-dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes less common. For example, in prey switching, rare morphs of prey are fitter because predators concentrate on more frequent morphs.

Fitness varies in time and space 
The fitness of a genotype may vary greatly between larval and adult stages, or between parts of a habitat range.

Selection acts at different levels 
The fitness of a genotype may depend on the fitness of other genotypes in the population: this covers many natural situations where the best thing to do (from the point of view of survival and reproduction) depends on what other members of the population are doing at the time.

References 

Classical genetics