cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A psychiatric hospital is a place where mentally ill people are kept so they can be treated.

Doctors who work at psychiatric hospitals are called psychiatrists. Usually people choose to be in a psychiatric hospital. Sometimes psychiatrists can put people in hospitals who do not want to be there, because they think the people are dangerous to themselves or other people. A halfway house or group home is a place for patients who have left the psychiatric hospital and are slowly being released into society.

History
Psychiatric hospitals used to be called lunatic asylums. Earlier asylums like the old Bethlem Royal Hospital in London (nicknamed "Bedlam") were like prisons. Patients received no treatment and were often imprisoned and chained. In the 19th century, new asylums were built. These were designed to be pleasant places with gardens and airy rooms, and later became known as psychiatric hospitals. Although they no longer looked like prisons, patients still had little freedom or hope of leaving. The term institutionalisation means when someone has lived in a hospital (or some other place like a prison) for so long that they cannot cope with living outside of it.

In the middle of the 20th century, new drugs were invented that made it easier to treat mental illness. Governments began to look for ways to care for patients outside of hospitals. They believed it would lead to better care for patients and save money. This is known as deinstitutionalisation. Since the 1970s, many countries have closed large numbers of psychiatric hospitals. Mentally ill patients are now also cared for in local hospitals, small clinics and in their own homes.

Psychiatry
Hospitals
A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent facility for where an army stays when it is not at its military base. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training. It is also used for operations, and often form large campsites.

In the Roman era the military camp served an entire legion. Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these Roman camps in places such as England and Scotland.

References 

Army
Dick Clark (November 30, 1929 — April 18, 2012) was an American television entertainer. He was nicknamed "the world's oldest teenager". From the 1950s to the 2000s, he entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world. He also hosted game shows, including The $100,000 Pyramid. His other shows included Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest. Clark died on the morning of April 18, 2012 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack.

References

Other websites 

Emmy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American television personalities
American television presenters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American game show hosts
Businesspeople from New York
Actors from New York
1929 births
2012 deaths
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
People from Mount Vernon, New York
Perl is a programming language that was first made to change text files. The programming language has been changed many times to do things in addition to changing text files. Some of these things are tasks like making web pages show information in a better way than before, or take information and show it in a way that makes more sense to people.  Sometimes Perl code is written using many symbols besides letters and numbers, which can make those programs hard to read.

Usage
A lot of web pages are written using Perl, but it can be used to do all kinds of things on computers. It is very good at searching through text looking for patterns, which lets people find words that they may be looking for, or also let people find words they are looking for, and change them with different words much more quickly than they would if they had to do it one word at a time.

Perl is also a high-level programming language. A high-level language has advanced features which let the programmer tell the computer what to do without having to worry about how the computer is going to do it as compared to low-level programming languages which often require more programmer effort. 

Perl was invented by Larry Wall, and he is working on a new version of it.

Example 
An example Hello World program in Perl:

say 'Hello World!'
You can use variables in Perl.

A variable is a box where you can put items. In Perl, every variable starts with its own sigil. A sigil is the way to tell the Perl interpreter about what type of variable you are using. Variables can be scalar, array, hash, regular expression, typeglob or subroutine.

For example:
my $a_scalar = 2;
my $b = 5.29 ;
my $c = "a string";
my $d = 'another';
my @e = ($b,3,4,$c,$d);
my %f = ('a'=>$b,'cad'=>'pqr',$c=>$d);

Perl Packages 

The Perl Archive Network aka CPAN hosts a large number of extensions to Perl which may be downloaded for free.

References

Other websites 
 Perl.org
 CPAN
 The Perl Foundation

Programming languages
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German mathematics teacher, astronomer, optician, natural philosopher, astrologer and Lutheran theologian.

He was Tycho Brahe's apprentice. Tycho Brahe looked at the way the planets moved in the sky. Johannes Kepler found a simple way to say how the planets move. Kepler also studied other things like Kepler's supernova.

How the planets move 
A planet moves along a path called an orbit. Kepler used three laws to say what form the path has and how fast the planet moves

 Kepler's first law says that the form of the path is an ellipse, an oval or flattened circle that has two centres. The Sun is in one of the centers of the ellipse. Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets moved in circles within circles (epicycles) according to the system of Claudius Ptolemy with Earth at the middle of the biggest circle.
 Kepler's second law says how fast the planet moves around the ellipse. When the planet is closer to the Sun, it moves faster. When it is farther from the Sun, it moves slower. If there is a line between the planet and the Sun, the line sweeps out an area as it follows the planet. The area it sweeps out in one day is always the same. Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets always moved at the same speed along the circles.
 Kepler's third law says how fast different planets move. A planet that is farther from the Sun moves slower than a planet that is closer to the Sun. If a person multiplies the time (T) it takes for a planet to go around the Sun by itself (T2), that number is proportional to the distance (d) of a planet to the Sun multiplied by itself twice (d3).

Kepler published the first two laws in 1609, and the third in 1619.

Writings by Kepler 

 Mysterium cosmographicum (The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos) (1596)
 Astronomia nova (New Astronomy) (1609)
 Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy) (published in three parts from 1618–1621)
 Harmonice Mundi (Harmony of the Worlds) (1619)
 Mysterium cosmographicum (The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos) 2nd Edition (1621)
 Tabulae Rudolphinae (Rudolphine Tables) (1627)
 Somnium (The Dream) (1634)

Related pages 
 Galileo Galilei
 Nicolaus Copernicus
 Tycho Brahe

Sources 
Caspar, Max. 1993. Kepler. transl. and ed. by C. Doris Hellman; with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich; bibliographic citations by Owen Gingerich and Alain Segonds. New York: Dover. 
Gingerich, Owen. 1993. The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. American Institute of Physics. 
Gingerich, Owen 1973. "Kepler, Johannes". In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Volume VII. Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor. New York: Scribner's.

Other websites 

 Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres"
 Gale E. Christianson- Kepler's Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist
 Kepler's Belief in Astrology by Nick Kollerstrom
 References for Johannes Kepler
 Johannes Kepler Citizendium

1571 births
1630 deaths
16th-century philosophers
17th-century German philosophers
Astrologers
German astronomers
German esotericists
German Lutherans
German mathematicians
German theologians
People from Baden-Württemberg
Teachers
Pascal is a programming language.
It was created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, to help people learn how to make computer programs.

Development 
Now, there are many different dialects of the language, some of which support object-oriented programming.
In 1990 the “Pascal” and “Extended Pascal” standards were registered with the International Organization for Standardization.

Description 
Every variable has to be declared before it is used.
Pascal is a strongly typed programming language:
Every variable has a data type.
You are only allowed to assign values to the variable that are valid for the data type.
This ensures that the programmer does not make unintentional mistakes.

Pascal is a imperative language.
The language distinguishes between procedures and functions.
A function returns a value, a procedure does not.
As such, a function call appears in an expression, whereas a procedure invocation is a statement.

Code samples 
This code prints Hello world! at console window:
program helloWorld(output);
begin
	writeLn('Hello world!');
	{ which is short for: writeLn(output, 'Hello world!); }
end.

This code calculate factorial of a positive integer, using recursion.
program factorialDemo(input, output);

function factorial(n: integer): integer;
begin
	if n < 2 then
	begin
		{ the result of a function is stored in a variable }
		{ that has the same name as the function: }
		factorial := 1;
	end
	else
	begin
		factorial := n * factorial(n - 1);
	end
end;

var
	n: integer;
begin
	write('Enter number: ');
	readLn(n);
	writeLn(factorial(n));
end.

Pascal variants 
 GNU Pascal
 Free Pascal
 Delphi – Modern IDE for creating GUI programs for Microsoft Windows. There is an open source clone of it for Windows, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, named Lazarus.
 Turbo Pascal

Programming languages
The hymen (also called maidenhead) is tissue that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. The hymen has no known use. People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could if a woman was virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn. However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen. Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.

Types 
There are several different types of hymen. In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen does not develop at all. The hymen may also not have a hole in it; this is called an "imperforate hymen". In this case a hole will need to be surgically cut into it to allow menstrual fluid (period blood) out.

Other types are:

 crescent-shaped
 forming a ring around the vagina
 folding in on itself
 has one or more bands going across the opening
 has several holes

What might damage the hymen 
When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy. The hymen may be damaged by girls fall directly onto sharp objects . Sexual intercourse is another easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking. A woman's hymen can also break while playing some sports

.

Hymens in other animals 
These animals all have a hymen:

There are many more animals which have hymens, but not all are listed here.

The stages of growth 
When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening. The hymen comes from the skin covering the vagina at that time.

In young babies, the hymen is thick and pink. This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick. In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones. The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched. From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink. This is because of the hormone estrogen.

References

Other websites 
The Female Hymen and its Significance
Hymen gallery - Pictures of hymens
The Hymen Revealed  - by The-Clitoris.com

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
The Gräfenberg spot (usually called G-spot) is defined as a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina. It is believed to be a part of the urethral sponge. Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system. If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in some women. Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women say that there is no anatomical evidence for the spot.

Origin 
The "G-spot" concept was named by Addiego and others in 1981 or by Beverly Whipple and others in 1982. It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg. Gräfenberg wrote first about The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm in 1950. A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality, by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist.

Location 
Although typically described as near the entrance inside of the vagina, reports of the G-spot's location vary and therefore it has no specific place to be found. However, there are two methods which are used to find it:
 self-reported levels of sexual arousal/pleasure
 stimulating an area in the vagina leads to female ejaculation

Some women say that they have "deeper" orgasms when the G-spot is stimulated. One research team experimented with the vagina by trying to touch the G-spot in certain places under experimental conditions; they found that in most cases, women had a sensitive area near the front of the vagina.

Public views 
Some people, including doctors, do not believe that the G-spot exists. When the book The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality was published in 1982, there was significant criticism. Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina.

Scientific views 
Scientists have carried out tests trying to find the G-spot and have not found any consistent or definitive evidence of it, and most of them believe that, if it does exist, it is an extension of the clitoris.

References

Other websites 
 The G-Spot  from UCSB's SexInfo

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
The Bartholin's glands are two glands found slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women.

History 
They were first found in the 17th century, by the Danish anatomist, Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738).

Anatomy 
The glands secrete mucus to make sexual intercourse easier. Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused.

Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful. This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.

Related pages
 Skene's glands

References

Other websites 
  - "The Female Perineum: Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch"

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Glands
Sexuality
Sevastopol (, formerly called  Sebastopol) is a large seaport and city. It is on the Crimean Peninsula, on the north side of the Black Sea. 380,000 people live in the city. It was started in 1783. The port was shared by naval forces of Ukraine and Russia until 2014 when Russia took control.

Cities in Ukraine
Capital cities in Russia
Federal cities of Russia
"Aegukka", Korean for "Patriotic Song", is North Korea's national anthem. To celebrate the country's independence from imperial Japan, it was written by Pak Se-yong and composed by Kim Won-gyun, then it was adopted in 1947 shortly after.

It should not be confused with South Korea's anthem, which has the same name but uses a different romanisation scheme. It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, Achhimŭn pinnara (아침은 빛나라), meaning Let Morning Shine.

Lyrics

Poetic English translation
Shine bright, thou dawn, on this land so fair;
Thy land in silver and gold aboundeth.
The country of three thousand ri;
Thy history five millennia stretcheth.
𝄆 Rich in cultural heritage,
Our Folk were ever renown'd and sage
And as with heart and soul we strive –
Korea shall forever thrive! 𝄇

The spirit of Paektu we embrace,
’Tis where our love of toil dwelleth,
United with truth, our strong will shall face
The whole world and set forth.
𝄆 O nation, thy will our People built
Braceth fierce waves mightily
Our united Korea the Great
Fourisheth eternally! 𝄇

References

National anthems
North Korea
Aegukga (Aeguk-kka; 애국가 ; 愛國歌), meaning The Patriotic Song is the national anthem of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). It should not be confused with North Korea's anthem, which has the same name.

Lyrics 

The song is sang in the order of 1, refrain, 2, refrain, 3, refrain, 4, refrain.

History 

 The song was first sang against the colonial Japanese.
 The song used to be a different tune than the current tune.

National anthems
South Korean music
Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam. They are the branch of Islam that came through the Rashidun Empire, which started with Abu Bakr and ended by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Sunni beliefs are based on the Qu'ran and the Kutub al-Sittah. Sunnis make up around 90% of all Muslims. With approximately 1.8 billion followers, it is the largest religious denomination of any religion in the world.  Catholicism is the second-largest.  There are four sub-groups within Sunni Islam; Malikis, Hanafis, Hanbalis and Shafi'is.

Adherents of Sunni Islam are Sunnis or Sunnites. The word Sunni comes from the word sunna (), which means the tradition of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Sunnis are also called ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah (), which means people of tradition and congregation; this means that the Sunnis are united.

Related pages 
 Shia Islam
 Sunnah

References 

1

Other websites 

Islamic denominations
Muslims
Hunting is going out to find and kill animals. Animals and some humans, hunt for food. People have hunted at least since the stone age. They used spears, and now people mostly use guns and bows. Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell. Fox hunting is sometimes a sport.

Many places have rules that limit hunting. Hunting can be good by keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct. Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct.

Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting.  Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times.  Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping.   

Animal rights activists oppose to hunting. Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Animal trapping
 Farming
 Fox hunting
 Fishing

Sports involving animals
Animal rights
Tycho Brahe  (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark. He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope. He built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark. 

He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet. Johannes Kepler was his assistant. Tycho made very careful observations of the planets. When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work.

Tycho was not a modern scientist. He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief. Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system. He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun. 

Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres. Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572,proved that changes did take place. Also, he worked out that comets were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different to those of the planets.

Related pages 
 Johannes Kepler
List of Danish writers

References

Other websites 
 Tycho Brahe – Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica

1546 births
1601 deaths
Astrologers
Astronomers
Danish scientists
An ellipse  is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle. 

In geometry, an ellipse is a plane curve which results from the intersection of a cone by a plane in a way that produces a closed curve.  

Circles are special cases of ellipses, obtained when the cutting plane is perpendicular to the cone's axis.  An ellipse is also the locus of all points of the plane whose distances to two fixed points add to the same constant.

A circle has one center, called a focus, but an ellipse has two foci. 

An ellipse is simply all points on a graph that the sum of the distances from 2 points are the same. For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus and nothing at the other.  

The equation of an ellipse is :  
where the center of the ellipse is (h,k). 2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side.  2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side.  A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center.

Other websites
 Ellipse & Hyperbola Construction  - An interactive sketch showing how to trace the curves of the ellipse and hyperbola. (Requires Java.)
 Ellipse Construction  - Another interactive sketch, this time showing a different method of tracing the ellipse. (Requires Java.)
 Ellipse on MathWorld - More on Ellipse
 The Shape and History of The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. by Clark Kimberling
Collection of animated ellipse demonstrations. Ellipse, axes, semi-axes, area, perimeter, tangent, foci.
Woodworking videos showing how to work with ellipses in wood.

References 

shapes
Conic sections
Babur, full name Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530) was founder of Mughal Empire in Indian subcontinent. He was eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza., governor of Farghana.

Plans of the conquest of India 
In 1525 Babur set out to attack and conquer India. He had only about twelve thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab. They planned to march together against the ruling Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, who was the King of Delhi at that time. When Babur reached India, the government was afraid to help him, and eventually backed out, and so Babur started off to Delhi by himself with his small army of men.

Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred elephants. But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – heavy guns and cannons, the first proper Turkic style artillery seen in medieval India. There were hardly any guns at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in Kabul. He had cannons and some firearms as well.

The two armies met at the famous First battle of Panipat, at a small village near Delhi. Both armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began. Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him. After the battle about fifteen thousand men of the enemy were killed including their commander Ibrahim Lodi. 

Before the enemy could recover from their defeat, Delhi was captured.

Consolidating victory 
Babur had to fight more major battles, the battles of Khanua and Gogra. In 1527 A.D. he had to face a fierce enemy of his at Khanua, the Rajput hero, Rana Sangram (or Sanga)of Mewar. A ferocious battle was fought between the two in the field of Khanua and Babur won the battle. 

In 1529 A.D., Babur got into a battle with the Afghans. Babur won, but the Afghans were not totally weakened. They joined hands with Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, to fight Babur again. But Babur approached forward and was a successful winner of this Battle in Gogra.

Related pages 
 Mughal Empire

Mughal emperors
1483 births
1530 deaths
In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Mantra means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.

Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.

The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.

References 

Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola

Hinduism
Hindu mythology
The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is  long.

Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.

Fencing 
India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently  long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.

Related pages
 Wagah
 Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
 Line of Actual Control
 Kashmir conflict
 Wakhan
 Border dispute

References 

Kashmir
Territorial disputes of India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
Walls
Arnsberg (; Westphalian: Arensperg) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants, who are mostly Catholic.

References

Other websites

Hochsauerland Rural District
Siegen is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 110,000 inhabitants and a university.

Twin Towns 
It has been twinned with the borough of Spandau in Berlin since 1952. Other twin cities are:
 , Rijnsburg, since 1963, continuation of partnership with amalgamated town of Katwijk as of 2006
United Kingdom Morley, since 1966 continuation of partnership with amalgamated City of Leeds as of 1974
, Leeds, since 1974
 , Ypres, since 1967
 , Zakopane, since 1989
 , , Plauen, since 1990

References

Other websites

 

Siegen-Wittgenstein Rural District
Innsbruck (;  ; ) is a city in Austria. About 120,000 people live there. It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and also a district of Tyrol. It is one of the biggest cities of Austria. It has an area of 104.91 km2. The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m). The deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m).

The name Innsbruck comes from the German words Inn, a river, and brücke, a bridge. It means "bridge over the Inn".

References

Other websites 
 The official website of Innsbruck

Olympic cities
Districts of Tyrol (state)
Basel (French: Bâle) is a city in the north of Switzerland. It is sometimes called Basle in English. Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt. 

The city has a population of about 170,000 people and is the third largest city in Switzerland after Zürich and Geneva.

Basel borders Germany and France in the north and the canton of Basel-Land in the south. The Rhine river flows through the city.

History 
Basel was a prince-bishopric from 999 until 1803. Most of the city was destroyed in the 1356 Basel earthquake, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Central Europe. Basel joined Switzerland in 1501.

Economy 
Basel is well known for the many chemical and pharmaceutical companies that are located in the city, such as Novartis, Syngenta and Hoffmann-La Roche. The only ports in Switzerland are located along the Rhine river in Basel, which makes the city important for imports and exports to and from Switzerland. Basel shares the international airport EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg with the French city Mulhouse.

Education 
The University of Basel was founded in 1460 and is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest in the world. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the city of Basel  

 
Imperial free cities
Porto (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu]; also known as Oporto in English) is the second-largest city in Portugal after Lisbon and one of the major urban areas of the Iberian Peninsula. The urban area of Porto, which extends beyond the administrative limits of the city, has a population of 2.4 million (2011) in an area of 389 km2(150 sq mi), making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal. It is recognized as a gamma+ level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group, the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city.

Location
Located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its historical core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale, has been referred to as the origin of the name "Portugal", based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In Portuguese, the name of the city is spelled with a definite article ("o Porto"; English: the port). Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as Oporto in modern literature and by many speakers.

Attractions
One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, port wine, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport and export of the fortified wine. In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.

Gallery

Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean
 
Ports and harbours of Europe
Reutlingen is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

References
Witten is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District
Moers (Low German: Meurs, formerly Mörs) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Moers is near to Duisburg and belongs to the Ruhr area.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

References

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Wesel (district)
Castrop-Rauxel is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.

References

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Recklinghausen Rural District
Ratingen (Low Franconian: Rotinge) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near to Düsseldorf and has about 90,000 inhabitants.

References

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Mettmann Rural District
Gland is a city in Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud. In the year 2005, about 10,000 people live there. The city is halfway between Geneva and Lausanne, near Nyon.

Other websites 
 Official website of the Town of Gland

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Vaud
All Quiet on the Western Front (original German title: Im Westen nichts Neues, literally: "Nothing New on the Western Front") is a famous book by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It was first published in 1929.

Plot 
It is about a German soldier named Paul Bäumer as he fights together with his classmates in World War I. Troops are changed every couple of weeks; they are either sent to the front line or a few miles back. At the beginning, Baumer and his fellow soldiers are very full and satisfied because a very heavy bombardment killed off half of the company.

A number of soldiers and Baumer are injured one night, and all are taken to the local hospital. In there, when a nurse gives Baumer a temperature gauge, he uses a light and makes his temperature seem much higher than it really is. This is so he can go into critical care with his friends. While there, the nurses sing a hymn, which annoys the men. Baumer throws and breaks a bottle to make them shut the door.

One night, Baumer and his friends find two live pigs. They put together a feast. Baumer cooks some kind of cakes. They smoke cigarettes and drink coffee from the officer's dump and then roast the pigs. The meal is very good, but the pig meat sticks to their bowels and makes them go to the bathroom all night.

As the war draws to its end in 1918, the Germans are suffering. The food is bad and the men must keep going to the bathroom. The Americans have joined the war and are pushing back all of the ground that the Germans gained. During this time, many of Baumer's classmates die.

At the end of the novel, Baumer dies. The day was so quiet that the field commander described the day as "all quiet on the Western Front."

Response 
The book sold 2.9 million copies in 50 languages in eighteen months. It is published by Ballantine Books in 1929. This book and its sequel, The Road Back, were banned and burned in Nazi Germany. The film version won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1930.

1929 books
Dalat (Vietnamese: Đà Lạt) is a city in southern Vietnam. It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Vietnam
Bordeaux is a city in the Gironde department of France. It is on the Garonne River near the Atlantic Ocean. About 1,150,000 people live in the area around the city. Bordeaux has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It is famous for wines made in the region near the city. Bordeaux is also famous for its art.

Bordeaux is classified as a "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques. Some buildings date back to Roman times. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History 

In about 300 BC Bordeaux was the settlement of a Celtic tribe.  They named the town Burdigala. 
The Romans began rule of the city around 60 BC. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine. In the 400s the city was looted by the Vandals, Visigoths, and Franks.

After the Battle of Poitiers, Duke Eudes was able to hold only a small part of Aquitaine where Bordeaux was located. It became one of the last cities to fall under King Pepin the Short.

Bordeaux once again became an important city after the marriage of Duchess Eléonore of Aquitaine with Count Henri Plantagenet. He became King Henry II of England only months after their marriage. 

In 1653 Bordeaux was added to the Kingdom of France, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.

In 1870 the French government moved to Bordeaux for a time. This was at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia. The temporary move happened again during World War I and again very briefly during the World War II.

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 University of Bordeaux 1
 Kedge Business School

Sister cities
Bordeaux is twinned with:

Partnerships

References

 
Capital of France
Departmental capitals in France
Former national capitals
Regional capitals in France
World Heritage Sites in France
Nantes is a city in France, the prefecture of the Pays de la Loire region and the Loire-Atlantique department, on the Atlantic Ocean. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, it was the busiest slave trading port in France. Before 1941, Nantes was part of Brittany. The Gallo and Breton languages are spoken in the city. Jules Verne was a famous writer from Nantes.

Nantes has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 Audencia Nantes School of Management
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Twin towns
Nantes has town twinning and cooperation agreements with:

Friendship relations
The city has friendship relations with:
  Guinea, since 1992.
  St. Martinville, Louisiana, U.S., since 1993.
  Jericho, West Bank, since 2001.
  Desdunes and Petionville, Haiti, since 2005.
  Nantes, Quebec, Canada, since 2009.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Nantes Tourist Office Official Website

1st-century BC establishments
Departmental capitals in France
 
Regional capitals in France
Nice (pronounced "neese") is a city in southern France on the Mediterranean coast. It is a commune in the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. It has over 345,000 people living in the city as of 2012 (1,000,000 in its metropolitan area). It has many beaches. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot, dry, and sunny; winters are mild with moderate rainfall.

From the late 18th century, wealthy British visitors came to Nice, with its beauty and its warm climate. Queen Victoria was amongst them: she made several visits. The city's main seaside promenade, the Promenade des Anglais owes its name to these visitors. The clear air and soft light appeals to painters. Marc Chagall and Henri Matisse spent years here and are well represented in  the city's museums, the Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse and Musée des Beaux-Arts.

Nice has the second largest hotel capacity in the country and is one of its most visited cities. It gets 5 million tourists every year. It also has the third busiest airport in France after the two main Parisian ones.

The cuisine is excellent. It benefits from the Mediterranean in the form of bouillabaisse (a shellfish dish). From the end of empire, immigration from Algeria has led to excellent North African dishes such as cous-cous. Ratatouille and (obviously) salade niçoise are more local dishes.

There is a local dialect, le nissard, nissart, or niçard. It is a variety of the regional language, Occitan. It is Italian in style, reminding that the area has been under different sovereignty in the past.

Over 70 people were killed in an attack on 14 July 2016.

Parade

Sister city
Nice is twinned with:
 Edinburgh, Scotland

Education 
 EDHEC Business School
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 Université Côte-d'Azur

References

Other websites 

 Dances and traditional musics from Nice
 Information on Nice Airport 

Nice
Strasbourg is a city in eastern France, the prefecture of Grand Est. Today, about 275,000 people live there (with around 780,000 in the metropolitan area). It lies on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the German city of Kehl.

Strasbourg is the seat Council of Europe, of the European Court of Human Rights and of the European Parliament. A lot of people also consider Strasbourg to be the capital of the European Union.

History 
Its old town, la Grande Île ("Grand Island") has been classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The city was founded in 12 BC by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius. Its Celtic name was Argentorate (which the Romans called Argentoratum). People think this name is linked to the river Ill (that flows into the Rhine near Strasbourg).

At that time, it was on the Limes, a fortification the Romans built across Europe (to keep out the Germanic tribes). There was a fortification (named castella drusi, drusus fort) at that spot. Soldiers need to live from something, so a local civilian settlement developed there. Later, the Limes was pushed farther east.

Climate 
Strasbourg has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
 EM Strasbourg Business School
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 ISG Programme Business & Management
 Web@cademie

References

Departmental capitals in France
Imperial free cities
Regional capitals in France
 
World Heritage Sites in France
Montpellier is a city in south of France. About 280,000 people live there. It is the 8th largest city in France. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Montpellier. The computer science school École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and E-Artsup are also in the city.

The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in the world, as well as the Montpellier Business School.

Transport 
 Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport

Sister cities
Montpellier is twinned with:

Departmental capitals in France
 
Former regional capitals in France
Lille is a city in the north of France with a population of about 226,800 inhabitants. It is the capital of the region Hauts-de-France and the Nord

department., and is not far from the border with Belgium, where in Dutch it is called . About two million people live in the urban area (conurbation) shared with Kortrijk and Tournai, which is the fifth largest in France behind Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse.

Climate 
Lille has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 EDHEC Business School
 E-Artsup
 IÉSEG School of Management
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Transport 
There are two big railway stations in Lille with many trains to and from different places around France and Belgium. Most of these serve  station and are operated by SNCF, including the TGV high-speed service. The other big station, , has Eurostar trains to and from Brussels, Paris, and St Pancras station in London via the Channel Tunnel to the United Kingdom.

Public transport in Lille is made up of buses, two metro lines, and two tram lines to the nearby towns of Tourcoing and Roubaix. The metro system is one of the first in the world that does not have drivers.

Sister cities
Lille is twinned with:

References

Departmental capitals in France
 
Regional capitals in France
Rennes is a city in France, the prefecture of Brittany and the Ille-et-Vilaine department. Its name is «  » in the Breton language.

Education
The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000) and 2 universities :
 University of Rennes 1 (26 000 students)
 University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany (22 000 students)

A campus of the computer science schools École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées and École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies , the university in electric energy and information sciences Supélec, the engineering school CentraleSupélec.
The business schools Rennes School of Business and Paris School of Business are also in Rennes.

Twin towns – sister cities

Within France

Pacts of cooperation

Sponsorship

Gallery

 
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Reims is a commune in France, in the Marne department in the Grand Est region. NEOMA Business School is located in the city.

Reims Cathedral 
Reims Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims) is famous by coronation of almost every king of France. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1914 (after an attack by the German army).
Orléans is a city in France, the prefecture of the Centre-Val de Loire region and the Loiret department. It is on the Loire River and was formerly a busy port.

Sister cities

Orléans is twinned with:
  Dundee, United Kingdom
  Treviso, Italy
  Münster, Germany
  Kristiansand, Norway
  Wichita, United States
  Tarragona, Spain
  Saint-Flour, France
  Utsunomiya, Japan
  Lugoj, Romania
  Parakou, Benin
  Tyre, Lebanon
  Perm, Russia

It has a partnership with:
  Kraków, Poland

Related pages 
 Capital of France
 Siege of Orleans

Capital of France
Former national capitals
 
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Le Havre is a city in Normandy. It is one of the most important ports in France. It is located on the right bank of the Seine river along the English Channel.

The city and port were founded by the King Francis I of France in 1517.

The city was bombed during World War II. The damaged area was rebuilt by Auguste Perret from 1945 to 1964. This section was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The École de management de Normandie is located in the city.

References

 
Subprefectures in France
World Heritage Sites in France
1517 establishments
1510s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in France