cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lascaux is the name given to a cave in the Vézère Valley of southwestern France. The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings. 

There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne département. One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vézère Valley.

Montignac is about  from Périgueux, and about  from Sarlat-la-Canéda

Dating 
Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based. Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible. Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used. That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago. H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old.

Norbert Anjoulat looked at the style and the theme of the paintings, and found these were close to Solutréen, rather than Magdalénien.  

There are some disagreements about dating the site. The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago. Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older.  The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago.  

Most archaeologists believe that the age of about 17,000 years is accurate for the following reasons:  
 All the paintings seem to have approximately the same age  
 No object has been found that would allow to date the paintings to 22,000 years or older  
 The tools that were found in the cave correspond to those used 17,000 to 15,000 years ago  
 All radiocarbon datings show an age of about 17,000 years, which corresponds to the findings above.

Discovery and problems 
The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940. By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day. In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed. The cave paintings were restored and  replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public. 

In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.

As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight. Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment.

References 

Caves
Geography of France
World Heritage Sites in France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Archaeological sites in France
Sir Robert Charlton,  (born 11 October 1937) is a retired English footballer who played for the England national team. He played over 600 times for Manchester United. He also played for England over 100 times and scored more goals than any other player. He played for England when they beat Germany in the World Cup final in 1966. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.

His elder brother is Jack Charlton.

He is the last survivor of the Munich air disaster, where his life was saved by fellow teammate Harry Gregg.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1956/57||rowspan="17"|Manchester United||rowspan="17"|First Division||14||10||2||1||0||0||1||1||17||12
|-
|1957/58||21||8||7||5||0||0||2||3||34||16
|-
|1958/59||38||29||1||0||0||0||0||0||39||29
|-
|1959/60||37||13||3||3||0||0||0||0||40||16
|-
|1960/61||39||21||3||0||0||0||0||0||42||21
|-
|1961/62||37||8||6||2||0||0||0||0||43||10
|-
|1962/63||28||7||6||2||0||0||0||0||34||9
|-
|1963/64||40||9||7||2||0||0||6||4||53||15
|-
|1964/65||41||10||7||0||0||0||11||8||59||25
|-
|1965/66||38||16||7||0||0||0||8||2||53||18
|-
|1966/67||42||12||2||0||0||0||0||0||44||12
|-
|1967/68||41||15||2||1||0||0||9||2||52||18
|-
|1968/69||32||5||6||0||0||0||8||2||46||7
|-
|1969/70||40||12||9||1||8||1||0||0||57||14
|-
|1970/71||42||5||2||0||6||3||0||0||50||8
|-
|1971/72||40||8||7||2||6||2||0||0||53||12
|-
|1972/73||34||6||1||0||4||1||0||0||39||7
|-
|1973/74||Preston North End||Second Division||38||8||4||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||45||10

|-
|1974/75||Waterford United||Premier Division||31||18||||||||||||||31||18
642||202||82||20||27||8||45||22||796||252
31||18||||||||||||||31||18
673||220||82||20||27||8||45||22||827||270
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1958||6||6
|-
|1959||8||6
|-
|1960||8||6
|-
|1961||9||6
|-
|1962||8||1
|-
|1963||9||6
|-
|1964||9||2
|-
|1965||5||2
|-
|1966||15||6
|-
|1967||4||2
|-
|1968||8||3
|-
|1969||8||1
|-
|1970||9||2
|-
!Total||106||49
|}

References 

1937 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Manchester United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Northumberland
Gary Lineker (born 30 November 1960) is an English retired footballer. He has played for the English national team. He scored 48 goals for the English national team. He is now on television on the BBC on Match of the Day.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1978/79||rowspan="7"|Leicester City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1979/80||19||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|-
|1980/81||First Division||9||2||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||3
|-
|1981/82||rowspan="2"|Second Division||39||17||5||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||19
|-
|1982/83||40||26||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||26
|-
|1983/84||rowspan="2"|First Division||39||22||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||22
|-
|1984/85||41||24||4||3||3||2||colspan="2"|-||48||29
|-
|1985/86||Everton||First Division||41||30||6||5||5||3||colspan="2"|-||52||38

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||41||21||1||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||50||22
|-
|1987/88||36||16||5||2||colspan="2"|-||9||2||50||20
|-
|1988/89||26||6||4||1||colspan="2"|-||8||4||38||11

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||24||1||0||6||2||colspan="2"|-||45||26
|-
|1990/91||32||15||6||3||5||1||colspan="2"|-||43||19
|-
|1991/92||35||28||2||0||5||5||8||2||50||35

|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1994||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
340||192||28||14||30||13||8||2||406||221
103||43||10||4||colspan="2"|-||25||6||138||53
18||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
461||238||38||18||30||13||33||8||562||277
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||9||6
|-
|1986||10||8
|-
|1987||7||9
|-
|1988||10||3
|-
|1989||9||3
|-
|1990||15||8
|-
|1991||11||10
|-
|1992||8||1
|-
!Total||80||48
|}

Other websites
 National Football Teams
 RSSSF

1960 births
Living people
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
English footballers
English sports commentators
Sportspeople from Leicester
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Geoff Hurst (born 8 December 1941) is an English retired professional footballer. He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire and moved to Chelmsford, Essex when he was eight. He played football for West Ham United F.C. over 400 times. He also played for the England national football team and scored a hat trick (three goals) in the 1966 World Cup final which England won 4–2.

Club career statistics

|-
|1959-60||rowspan="13"|West Ham United||rowspan="13"|First Division||3||0
|-
|1960-61||6||0
|-
|1961-62||24||1
|-
|1962-63||27||13
|-
|1963-64||37||14
|-
|1964-65||42||17
|-
|1965-66||39||23
|-
|1966-67||41||29
|-
|1967-68||38||19
|-
|1968-69||42||25
|-
|1969-70||39||16
|-
|1970-71||39||15
|-
|1971-72||34||8
|-
|1972-73||rowspan="3"|Stoke City||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||10
|-
|1973-74||35||12
|-
|1974-75||35||8
|-
|1975-76||West Bromwich Albion||Second Division||10||2

|-
|1976||Seattle Sounders||North American Soccer League||24||9
529||212
24||9
553||221
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1966||11||7
|-
|1967||6||2
|-
|1968||6||2
|-
|1969||8||7
|-
|1970||11||3
|-
|1971||6||3
|-
|1972||1||0
|-
!Total||49||24
|}

References

1941 births
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
English autobiographers
English cricketers
English football managers
English footballers
Knights Bachelor
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Essex
Sportspeople from Lancashire
West Ham United F.C. players
The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland.

The parliament of Scotland had only one house (cf. House of Commons, House of Lords) and was mentioned for the first time during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting one knows of was in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.

The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates  the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (), met until the Acts of Union in 1707.

Related pages
Parliament of England
Parliament of the United Kingdom

Notes

Further reading
K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235-1560 (Edinburgh, 2004)

Other websites
The Records of the Scottish Parliament, The complete acts and proceedings of the Scottish Parliament, General Council  and much other parliamentary material from 1235 to 1707. The publication arose from the work of The Scottish Parliament Project
The First Scottish Parliament: the Middle Ages – 1707, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliamentary Tradition, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament Project - The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, University of St Andrews
Scottish Parliament records , National Archives of Scotland
Scotland's powerful parliament , abstract of The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, Dr Roland Tanner, Tuckwell Press, 
Original Scottish Parliament, The Scotsman

History of Scotland
Politics of Scotland
1707 disestablishments
Scotland
1700s disestablishments in Europe
Coco Island is a tropical island. The island covers . It has two bays in the north. It is  southwest of Costa Rica. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 for its animals and its beauty. 

Today, the only people who live there are four national park guards who patrol the park. Ships leave from Puntarenas, a port in the Pacific Ocean. The island is one of the world's best diving spots. It is famous for its massive schools of different fish, hammerhead sharks, manta rays, and whale sharks. The island is also famous because of the legend about pirates.  It is said that this island was chosen by them to hide their treasures. Many people have gone there to look for this hidden treasures but they didn’t find any.

The island has waterfalls, some of them  high. There are also a few animals which were brought from other places because there are no native mammals.  Also some birds were brought. The island has just one kind of butterfly and two lizard species. The highest point, called Mount Iglesias, is  high.

National parks in Costa Rica
Islands of Central America
World Heritage Sites in North America
Decoritidae is one of five families of the Gastriocerataceae superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Goniatitina
Gastrioceratoidea is one of 17 superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder.  They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Goniatitina
Goniatitina is one of 2 suborders of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Goniatitina
Cephalopods
(Sir) Alf Ramsey (22 January 1920 - 28 April 1999) was an English footballer and football manager.  He was born in 1920 and played for Southampton F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C.  He also played for the England national football team 32 times and scored three goals.  Alf Ramsey was in charge of Ipswich Town F.C. for nearly ten years, Ipswich are the only team to win the First Division title in their first season in the top flight the season after winning the second division. Ramsey then became manager of the England team.  He was manager when England beat Germany 4–2 in the World Cup final at Wembley Stadium. He is the only England manager to win a World Cup.

In recognition of his achievement in leading England to victory in the World Cup Alf Ramsey was knighted in 1967.

He died of a heart attack.

In tribute to Ramsey, Ipswich Town F.C. commissioned a life-size statue of him which is positioned directly in front of Portman Road (home ground of Ipswich Town F.C.).

Club career statistics 

|-
|1946-47||rowspan="3"|Southampton||rowspan="3"|Second Division||23||1
|-
|1947-48||42||5
|-
|1948-49||25||2
|-
|1949-50||rowspan="6"|Tottenham Hotspur||Second Division||41||4
|-
|1950-51||rowspan="5"|First Division||40||4
|-
|1951-52||38||5
|-
|1952-53||37||6
|-
|1953-54||37||2
|-
|1954-55||33||3
316||32
316||32
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1948||1||0
|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||9||0
|-
|1951||7||1
|-
|1952||7||0
|-
|1953||7||2
|-
!Total||32||3
|}

References 

1920 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English football managers
English footballers
England national football team managers
Sportspeople from Essex
Qom is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with an area 11,237 km².  About 2 million people live in the Qom Province.  The capital of the province is Qom.

Sights 
The following lists some of the sights of the Qom Province of Iran that are the most visited:
 Kahak Cave
 Vashnuh Cave
 Howz e Soltan Salt Lake
 Namak Great Salt Lake
 Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.
 Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum
 Qom Bazaar
 Feyzieh Seminary
 Jamkaran Mosque
 Qom Jame' Mosque
 Qom Atiq Mosque
 A'zam Mosque
 Shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh

Provinces of Iran
Qom County (Persian: قم) is a county of the Qom Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Qom.

Counties of Iran
Markazi (Persian: استان مرکزی) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The word markazi means central in Persian.  There are about 1,350,000 people living in the Markazi Province currently.

Some of the biggest cities of the province are: Saveh, Arak, Mahallat, Khomein, Delijan, Tafresh, Ashtian, and Shazand.

Counties
The Markazi Province is split into 10 different counties:
Ashtian County  
Arak County   
Delijan County
Khomein County   
Komeijan County   
Mahallat County   
Saveh County   
Shazand County  
Tafresh County 
Zarandieh County

References

Other websites
Official website of Markazi Governorship
Ashtian County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Ashtian.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Arak County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Arak.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Delijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Delijan.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Khomein County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Khomein.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Komeijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Komeijan.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Mahallat County (Persian: شهرستان محلات) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Mahallat.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Saveh County (Persian: شهرستان ساوه) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Saveh.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Shazand (Persian: شهرستان شازند) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shazand.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Tafresh County (Persian: شهرستان تفرش) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tafresh.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Zarandieh County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Zarandieh.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a six-question two-day math competition for students that have not yet gone to college and are under 20 years old. Any country may take part in it by sending a team of six students to compete.

History
The IMO has been held every year since 1959. It takes place in a different country (which is called the "host country") from year to year. However, it is often seen that this competition is dominated by the US and China.

Contestants
The list (below) shows for each team: the sum of how many contestants there have been since the first time the competition was held. The list also shows how many awards have been given to members of a team:

Other countries have had teams in competition: 
Angola, since 2019
Benin, since 2009 
Brunei, since 2000	 
Dominican Republic, since 2019 
Gambia, since 2014	 
Jamaica, since 2016 
Kenya, since 2016 
Laos, since 2016 
Madagascar, since 2016 
Mauritania, since 2009 
Mozambique, since 2004 
Oman, since 2020 
Rwanda, since 2021 
Northern Cyprus, since 1993 
United Arab Emirates, since 2008 
Zimbabwe

References

Mathematics competitions
International competitions
Hattem is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands.

Hattem became a city in 1299. That is one year before Amsterdam.

Hanseatic League
Cities in the Netherlands
Municipalities of Gelderland
Settlements in Gelderland
IJsselvallei
Alex McLeish is a Scottish association football manager. He was born in 1959 and is currently manager of Aston Villa F.C. after his reign in Birmingham City F.C.. He also managed Rangers F.C. and the Scotland national football team.

1959 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Óscar Arias Sánchez (born 13 September 1940 in Heredia, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He was President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts to end civil wars in Central America. He is also a winner of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

In 2003, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Criminal Court's TrustFund for Victims. He is also a member of the Club de Madrid. It is a nonprofit organization. It is made up of 81 former leaders of democratic nations. They work to strengthen democracy.

Arias started his political career in the 1970s.

In January 2005 Arias was selected as the candidate for the National Liberation party. He was reelected as president of Costa Rica. There was a lot of criticism for his support towards the Free Trade Agreement process in Costa Rica. Because of his political background and determination, many Costa Ricans still trust and respect Arias.

References

1940 births
Living people
Presidents of Costa Rica
Universal history, world history or global history examines history from a global perspective.

It looks for common patterns that one can find across all cultures. Universal historians use a thematic approach. That means they look at history from two viewpoints: On the one hand they look at processes of world history that have drawn people of the world together, on the other hand they want to find out how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience.

The study of universal or global history is in some ways a product of the current period of accelerated globalization. This period has two tendencies: it integrates various cultures and it shows their differences when people of different cultures and civilizations have to live with each other.

To discuss "the history of the world" in a unified framework is not that new. For example, it was a genre popular in the 19th century, and with Christian historians going back to at least the 4th century.

Related pages
Natural history

Notes

Other websites
 World History Network
Bridging World History 
China and Europe 
Journal of World History
The Changing Shape of World History, William H. McNeill, Paper originally presented at the History and Theory World History Conference, March 25-26, 1994
World History Connected 
World History For Us All  - World History Model Curriculum 	 
World History Matters  	 
WWW-VL World History Index 	 
World History Blog - World History blog. 	 
World History Today  - World History blog.
Five Epochs of Civilization Ends regional bias by focusing on communication technologies shared throughout the earth

+
A brewery is a building, where beer is made or a business (brewing company) whose trade is the production and sale of beer.

Breweries can take up several city blocks, or be a collection of equipment in a homebrewer's kitchen. The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. Typically a brewery is divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.

The oldest brewery in the world still in operation is believed to be the Bavarian State-owned brewery Weihenstephan, found in the German city of Freising, which can trace its history back to 1040.  Although the Zatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove paying beer tax in 1004.

References 

 : Technology Brewing and Malting, Wolfgang Kunze, 1999, 2nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.  Available at their website 
 : Technology Brewing and Malting, Wolfgang Kunze, 2004, 3nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.  Available at their website 
 http://www.beertown.org/craftbrewing/statistics.html : Craft Brewery definitions at the bottom of the page

Beer
Butane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with four carbon atoms. It is used as a fuel (sometimes with propane) and in aerosol cans.

Uses of Butane 
Butane is sold in canisters, for cooking and camping. It is also used as fuel in cigarette lighters, and as propellant in aerosol sprays or deodorants. Some kinds of Butane are used in refrigerators.

Mixtures with Propane are known as LPG.

Dangers 
Butane can be hazardous. Inhalation can lead to death by asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen in the lungs. Contact with the skin can lead to frostbite. If the gas is mixed with air and ignighted it is prone to explode like many other fuels that are volatile

References

Other websites 
 International Chemical Safety Card 0232
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 n-Butane  Molecule of the Month
 Molview from bluerhinos.co.uk  See Butane in 3D
 Computational Chemistry Wiki 
 World LP Gas Association (WLPGA)
 LP Gas Association: Propane and Butane in the UK
 Global BioSciences In-Situ Bioremediation utilizing Butane
 Butane Viscosity as function of  temperature and pressure

4
Fuel
Liquefied petroleum gas (also known as LPG, LP Gas or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases. It is commonly used in the household, for example for cooking, or as fuel for heating. LPG is replacing Chlorofluorocarbons more and more, also because it is less harmful to the ozone layer.

Very often, mixes of propane and butane are sold.

Other websites
Pixie Gas  LPG Supplier based in the United States

Chemical compounds
Aerosol spray is a system used in certain containers, like spray cans. The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized. The can has a valve. When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out. It will emerge as an aerosol or mist. Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant. When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container. That way the pressure in the container is kept constant.

History 

Around 1790, it was discovered that a carbonated beverage was pushed out of a container in France.

In 1837, the syphon was invented.

In 1862, several experiments with liquid spraying using compressed gas were held.

In 1927, Norwegian engineer Eric Rotheim proposed the first usable aerosol balloon construction.

In 1943, Americans Lyle Goodhugh and William Sullivan, commissioned by the US government, developed a bug bomb (World War II was going on, and it was necessary to find a way to quickly spray insecticide in order to control insect-borne diseases). This date is considered to be the beginning of the mass production of aerosol balloons.

In 1947, aerosolized insecticides appeared on the mass market.

In 1949, Robert Abplanalp invented the modern spray valve. In the same year, Edward Seymour started the production of spray paint.

Safety 
The instructions for most aerosols warn that it is forbidden to spray it near open flames, electric stoves, and so on.

It is also forbidden to overheat balloons and put them in the sun in hot weather, as well as on heaters. There were many cases of balloon explosions in hot weather, as well as pyrotechnic entertainment of detonating aerosols on fires, which is a rather dangerous activity.

In detail 
 A - Donut (indicating the color of the paint)
 B - Valve system
 C - Safety ring
 D - Mixture balls (characteristic for paint cans)
 E - The valve itself

Related pages 
 Graffiti
 Pepper spray

Tools
Air pollution
Art materials
Environmental issues
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British physicist and mathematician who was important in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of important physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born became a British subject in 1939. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics.

He was of Jewish descent.

Born's descendants include his grandaughter Olivia Newton-John and his great-granddaughter Chloe Rose Lattanzi.

References

Other websites 

 American Institute of Physics History Search: Max Born 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Max Born - full article
 Annotated bibliography for Max Born from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
 Freeview video of Gustav Born (son of Max) with conversation and film on Gustav's memories of his father by the Vega Science Trust
 Max Born’s Life 
 Max Born information from Nobel Winners site
 Nobel Laureate biography 
 Papers of Professor Max Born (1882-1970) Held at the Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections Division
 Recollections of Max Born, by Emil Wolf, in  Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 227, Numbers 1-2. (Biographical tribute)
 Kuhn, Thomas S., John L. Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen Sources for History of Quantum Physics  (American Philosophical Society, 1967)

1882 births
1970 deaths
British mathematicians
British Nobel Prize winners
German mathematicians
German physicists
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
British nuclear physicists
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
Refugees from Nazism
British theoretical physicists
German Nobel Prize winners
"The Vicar of Bray" is a satirical song about the career of the Vicar of Bray and how he changes his principles so that he can keep his job in a changing world. Changes are taking place in the state religion through the course of several English monarchs.

Songs
History of England
Berkshire
Huddersfield Town F.C. are an English football club.  They started in 1908 and are based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire.  The club plays their home games at a stadium called the Kirklees Stadium.

League position

Former position

References 

English football clubs
Huddersfield
1908 establishments in England
The term rhythm guitar refers to the style of playing guitar chords, and sometimes playing repeated riffs instead of using the guitar to play melody lines or solos (this kind of playing is called lead guitar). Rhythm guitarists add to the sound of a band, whether they play rock and roll, or other kinds of music.

John Lennon of The Beatles usually played rhythm guitar for the band, with George Harrison playing lead guitar. However, Lennon sometimes played keyboards, and once in a while took the lead guitar role, as he did in the songs "You Can't Do That" and "Get Back".

Sheet music for rhythm guitar is usually written above the classical notes. It is written in Guitar chord format.

References 

Music
A hit record is a recording (either a single or an album) that becomes very popular, through large sales of copies, repeated airplay on the radio. or presence in the media. One aspect usually promotes one or more of the others.

The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Eagles and Michael Jackson all had many hit records. They are among the biggest-selling musical acts of all time. Not every recording artist has a hit record. Many artists and groups lose their recording contracts, if their records do not become hits.

Not all hit records feature music. Some spoken word records also become hits, including comedy recordings. Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Cheech & Chong are comedians who have all had hit records. A recording of speeches by the late American President John F. Kennedy became one of the biggest-selling albums of the 1960s.

Music industry
In science, a physical constant is a number (physical quantity) that does not change. This is different from a mathematical constant, which is not based on a real measurement.

There are many physical constants in science. Some famous ones are the speed of light, Planck's constant, the gravitational constant, and Avogadro's number.

Some scientists think that physical constants may decrease as the universe gets older. There has been no evidence to support this yet.

Constants that do not have units (like length or speed) are called fundamental physical constants.

Some believe that if the physical constants were different, there would be no life in the universe. They say that the universe seems to be fine-tuned for intelligent life.

Table of physical constants

Related pages
 physical law

Physical quantity
Physical constants
Cookstown is a small town in Northern Ireland which is in the United Kingdom. 10646 people live in the town. The main street in Cookstown is the longest and widest in Ireland.

Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found out that there were 10,646 people living in Cookstown. They also found that:
 26.0% of the people were less than 16 years old and 15.6% were over 60 years old
 49.7% of the people were males and 50.3% were females
 52.8% were from a Roman Catholic background and 45.1% were from a Protestant background
 3.9% of people aged from 16 to 74 had no job.

References

Towns in Northern Ireland
The Society of St. John the Evangelist is an Anglican order. The monks make a vow: They say they want to live in poverty and that they will not marry anyone. The order was founded by Father Richard Meux Benson, an Anglican priest in 1866. Because they were founded in Cowley, near Oxford in England they are also known as the Cowley fathers. 

It has two branches, the original one in England, and one in the United States. The house in the United States was founded around the year 1874. The American branch of the society has 2 houses for their monks. Today, there are monasteries in Scotland, India, South Africa, Japan, and Canada. 

The monks live under The Rule of the Society of Saint John the Evangelist. The monks spend a lot of time in prayer and they also go on missions. They are one of the first monasteries founded after the Protestant Reformation.

The Fellowship of Saint John
The fellowship of the Society of St.John the Evangelist is a group of people who want to live there lives in close a relation with the monks at the society. They give money to the society and pray for the monks there. They make a rule of life that is similar to The Rule of the Society of St.John the Evangelist. There are about 1,000 men and woman who are apart of the fellowship. One of the most famous members is Frank Griswold.

Anglicanism
Christian religious orders
A constituent country is a country which makes up a part of a larger country, or federation.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is a sovereign country made of four constituent countries. They are (in order of size) England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. While all four are often referred to as countries, they are technically constituent countries within a sovereign country; UK. They are also sometimes referred to as regions, provinces, nations, or statelets. However, these titles are problematic and in particular, sensitive in Northern Ireland.

Kingdom of the Netherlands
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is made of 4 constituent countries. They are the Netherlands proper, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten all in the Caribbean. 
Earlier (before 10 October 2010) it had 3 constituent countries: the Netherlands proper, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. Before 1975 Suriname was part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Kingdom of Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark is a sovereign state in Scandinavia, located in Europe. Denmark is made up of three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands.

Russian Federation
The Russian Federation is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe and northern Asia. Russia contains twenty-two constituent republics: Adygea, Altai, Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Chechnya, Chuvashia, Crimea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Karelia, Khakassia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, North Ossetia–Alania, Sakha, Tatarstan, Tuva, and Udmurtia.

Other relationships 
Countries may be held (usually by force) as part of a larger country or federation of countries. An example of this was the Soviet Union, which held various countries in eastern Europe by force for up to 70 years.

Many dependent territories exist. They tend to be small countries or islands which larger countries have "collected" in the course of their history. For example, Guam became a dependent territory of the United States, whereas Hawaii was made a state of the Union (USA). The Channel Islands are not part of the United Kingdom, but are "Crown Dependencies".

References 

Countries
Brian Howard Clough  ( ; 21 March 1935 – 20 September 2004) was an English footballer turned manager. During his career he was in charge of Nottingham Forest F.C. and Derby County F.C.  He won a lot of trophies, including the European Cup in 1979 and 1980.

Clough was an alcoholic. He had a liver transplant in 2003. He died of stomach cancer.

International career statistics 

|-
|1959||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References 

1935 births
2004 deaths
British autobiographers
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from stomach cancer
English footballers
English football managers
Organ transplant recipients
People from North Yorkshire
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
The Irish national grid reference system is the system of grid references used in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It overlaps the British national grid reference system. In the grid references, Ireland is divided into 20 squares, of 100 kilometres length and 100 kilometres width. Each grid square is given a letter as its name.

References 
 Ordnance Survey Ireland - History and overview of the system 

Political geography
Ireland
Since 1 October 1973, Northern Ireland is made of 26 districts. Each district has a council which looks after local services. The 26 districts are made of 582 wards. Each ward elects 1 councillor. There 582 councillors in Northern Ireland and there is an election every 4 years. The voting system used to elect each councillor is Single Transferable Vote. Some of the councils are known as "Borough" or "City" councils. Every year, each council elects a chairman. In "Borough" and "City" councils, the chairman is called the Mayor. In Belfast City Council, the chairman is called the Lord Mayor. In "Borough" and "City" councils, up to 25% of councillors are given the title Alderman.

Districts

References

Northern Ireland
The Hudson Motor Car Company was an American automobile manufacturer, founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1909. They were well known for producing low-priced cars of good quality. They also pioneered safety features in their cars, like dashboard warning lights for oil pressure and generator power. Hudson's production peak was in 1929, with 300,000 cars built in their factories in America, Belgium and England.

In 1954, Hudson merged with the Nash-Kelvinator Company, to form American Motors Corporation. American Motors (also known as AMC) became famous for their line of Jeep vehicles (a civilian version of military Jeeps), and later Ramblers, Gremlins, and Pacer cars. AMC was finally bought out by the Chrysler Corporation, which still makes Jeep brand vehicles.

In popular culture
Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road describes road trips made by Kerouac and his friend Neal Cassady, driving a 1949 Hudson automobile. (Cassady ruined his car, driving cross-country at speeds over 100 miles per hour, without giving the car the maintenance it needed.)

Gallery

American automobile companies
1909 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Detroit, Michigan
The BT postcode area (also called the Belfast postcode area) is how each area in Northern Ireland has postcodes. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to get post codes. The BT postcode area was made between 1970 and 1974.

Belfast
The Belfast post town districts are BT1 to BT17, BT58 and part of BT29. "BT" is short way of saying "Belfast". The postcode for Belfast city centre starts BT1. The Royal Mail office in Belfast has a postcode of BT1 1AA.

Rest of Northern Ireland
The rest of Northern Ireland has 43 other post towns. The post town districts for the 43 post towns are BT18 to BT57, BT60 to BT82, BT92 to BT94 and part of BT29.

Northern Ireland
The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS) is the fire service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. 2000 people work for the NIFRS. There are 67 fire stations in Northern Ireland. Sometimes bad people throw stones at the firemen. Some firemen were killed in the Troubles.

References 

Northern Ireland
The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS) is the ambulance service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It was created on 1 April 1995. Around 1000 people work for the NIAS.

Related pages
 Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

References

Transport in Northern Ireland
Emergency services
1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
Września is a small town in Wielkopolska province in Poland.  30,000 people live in Września and the mayor is Tomasz Kałużny.

Towns in Poland
The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) () is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. It was started on 4 November 2001. The old police service for Northern Ireland was the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The service is based in Cherryvalley, east Belfast. The current Chief Constable is Sir Hugh Orde OBE. The old Chief Constables were Sir Ronnie Flanagan OBE and Colin Cramphorn.

Support for the police 
All the big political parties in Northern Ireland support the PSNI. Earlier, the political party Sinn Féin, who have many supporters, did not support the police. But after the St Andrews Agreement they decided to support them after a  special Ard Fheis about the police on 28 January 2007.
In September 2005 the PSNI started the Historical Enquiries Team to help solve 3,269  murders that happened during the Troubles. The Northern Ireland Policing Board make sure that the PSNI are fair and do a good job. The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland investigates complaints about the police. The current Police Ombudsman is Al Hutchinson. The last Ombudsman was Nuala O'Loan. She was the Ombudsman until November 2007.

Number of Roman Catholics in the PSNI 
The PSNI gives 50% of its jobs to Roman Catholics and 50% of its jobs to people who are not Roman Catholic. This is because many people think there are not enough Roman Catholics in the PSNI. By 2006, 20% of PSNI policemen were Roman Catholic. Only 8.3% of policemen in the old Royal Ulster Constabulary were Roman Catholic. About 30% of the force will be Roman Catholics by 2011.

Uniform and symbols 
The colour of the PSNI uniform is green. The PSNI badge has Saint Patrick's saltire on it and six other symbols. They are the scales of justice, the harp, the torch, the olive branch, the shamrock and a crown.
The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field.

Related pages
Police force statistics for Northern Ireland

References

Other websites 
Police Service of Northern Ireland
Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland website
PSNI Roll of Honour 

Northern Ireland
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
On Sunday 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom Government held a census. This was the 19th UK Census. United Kingdom Census 2001 was started by the Office for National Statistics in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. It was the first census to ask people in England, Scotland and Wales about their religion.

References

Other websites 
Census 2001 website (England and Wales)
Scotland 
Northern Ireland  
The Census Order 2000 (England and Wales)

2001 in the United Kingdom
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom who were voted to serve from 2004 to 2009.



Current members

This table can be sorted by constituency, party or party group: click the symbol at the top of the appropriate column.

Former members

Notes

 
British politicians
Lists of politicians
United Kingdom-related lists
Polygamy is a word that comes from late Greek. It can be translated as many marriages. It refers to any form of marriage where a person has more than one spouse. There is also a concept called group marriage. In group marriage, all the (adult) members of the group are responsible for all the children.
 
A man being married to more than one woman at the same time is called polygyny. A woman being married to more than one man at the same time is called polyandry. 
These terms are used in zoology. They are under the titles: Polygyny in animals and Polyandry in animals.

Both forms have occurred in humans. Polygyny is much more common, and is practised by millions of people, mostly in Muslim and African countries. According to Muslim 
Sharia law, a man can have up to four wives at the same time. In many African Pagan religions, polygamy is a common custom, and there is often no limit to the number of women a man can marry. In most non-Muslim and non-African countries, polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy. Some countries, including India, only permit Muslims to be polygamous.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 
Polygamy is one of the beliefs of Mormon Fundamentalists. These are Mormons (members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) who strictly follow the teachings of Joseph Smith. Smith felt it was his job to restore plural marriage to the earth. He was married to 33 women. In 1890 the Mormon church officially stopped "celestial marriages" (polygamy). Church members who continue to practice plural marriage are excommunicated from the church.

Sethepu/Isithembu 
Isithembu (Sethepu) is the African practice of a man being able to have more than one wife at the same time.  A man may marry again if his current wife or wives cannot have children. He keeps his current wife or wives as divorce is not allowed. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives have not produced male children. He can marry again if a wife does not want children. In some places, if a man dies, his wife or wives are married to his brother. This way his family is cared for. The Swazi culture says a man should have many wives. Polygamy (Isithembu) is normal for men. Woman should have children, which is normal for them.

References 

Marriage
Mating systems
Rickenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Riedholz is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. In 2011 Niederwil merged into Riedholz.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Northern Ireland is a constituency of the European Parliament. The Northern Ireland Members of the European Parliament are chosen using Single Transferable Vote. The constituency is all of Northern Ireland.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="7" | European Parliament election 1999: Northern Ireland 
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! rowspan="2" | Candidate(s)
! rowspan="2" | Seats
! rowspan="2" | Loss/GainFirst Preference Votes
|-
! Number
! % of vote 
|- align="right"

|Ian Paisley
| 1
| 0
| 192,762
| 28.4 
|- align="right"

|John Hume
| 1
| 0
| 190,731
| 28.1 
|- align="right"

|Jim Nicholson
| 1
| 0
| 119,507
| 17.6 
|- align="right"

|Mitchel McLaughlin
| 0
| 0
| 117,643
| 17.3 
|- align="right"

|David Ervine
| 0
| 0
| 22,494
| 3.31 
|- align="right"

|Robert McCartney
| 0
| 0
| 20,283
| 2.98 
|- align="right"

|Sean Neeson
| 0
| 0
| 14,391
| 2.12 
|- align="right"

|James Anderson
| 0
| 0
| 998
| 0.15
|- align="right"
|colspan=5|Turnout||678,809||
|}

References 

Politics of Northern Ireland
Feldbrunnen-St.Niklaus is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Rodersdorf is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, on the border of Alsace, France.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
The Brill Building in New York City was a headquarters for many songwriters in the 1950s and 1960s. The building had offices for the writers, and also a small recording studio to make demo recordings. Don Kirshner hired the writers who worked there, and helped promote their works.

The Brill Building writers included many pop stars and future pop stars, including Jeff Barry, Neil Diamond, Carole King, Carole Bayer Sager, and Neil Sedaka. The Monkees recorded a large number of Brill Building songs, but they also wrote songs of their own.

Music industry
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Christopher Stewart (born 27 March 1951) is an English musician and writer. He was the first drummer for rock band Genesis. He is now a writer and a farmer.

Stewart went to school with Tony Banks, Peter Gabriel, Mike Rutherford and Anthony Phillips. The five of them formed a band called Anon. This band eventually became Genesis in January 1967. Stewart appears on the band's first two singles, "The Silent Sun"/"That's Me" and "A Winter's Tale"/"One-Eyed Hound".

Stewart was asked to leave the band in the summer of 1968, because he was not skilled enough. He was replaced by John Silver. After travelling and working throughout Europe, Stewart settled and bought a farm named "El Valero" in Andalusia, Spain.

He is now better known for his autobiograpical books: Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia (1999, ) and the sequels, A Parrot In The Pepper Tree () and The Almond Blossom Appreciation Society (2006, ). They are all about his work farming in Spain.

References

Other websites
Official website
Biography and news

British autobiographers
English drummers
Genesis (band)
English writers
1950 births
Living people
Jonathan "John" Silver (born 1950) was the second drummer for the English rock band Genesis. He replaced Chris Stewart in the summer of 1968. Silver left the band in August 1969. He was replaced by John Mayhew. Silver appears on the band's first full length album, From Genesis to Revelation and on the Genesis Archive 1967-75 box set. 

Silver lives in London with his wife, Lucy, and children, Leo, Max, and Libby.

1950 births
Living people
English drummers
Genesis (band)