cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc.) is a global education association for English language teachers who teach speakers of others languages.

Interest Sections 
TESOL has some special interest groups called "Interest Sections".  They promote research and continuing education in areas that are important to TESOL members.  Current Interest Sections include the following:

 Adult Education
 Applied Linguistics
 Bilingual Education
 Computer-Assisted Language Learning
 Elementary Education
 English as a Foreign Language
 English for Specific Purposes
 Higher Education
 Intercultural communication
 Intensive English Programs
 International Teaching Assistants
 Materials Writers
 Non-native English-Speaking Teachers
 Program Administration
 Refugee Concerns
 Second Language Writing
 Secondary Schools
 Speech, Pronunciation, and Listening
 Teacher Education
 Video and Digital Media

History 
TESOL was founded in 1966 and has corporate headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. TESOL has more than 13,000 members in more than 120 different countries. TESOL is an NGO under the United Nations.

Affiliates 
TESOL has relationships with 98 independent organizations worldwide: 41 in the United States and 57 in Asia, the Pacific, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa.

Annual conference 
TESOL convenes an annual conference with papers, symposia, key note speakers, workshops, and annual meetings for the Interest Sections. Presenters speak on topics ranging from practical advice for the classroom to new theories for explaining language learning. The event also has a large book fair where most major publishers have displays. Usually around 10,000 people attend the conference. It was first held in 1966.

Awards 
Each year, TESOL gives four awards, each to one of its members.

The James E. Alatis Award for Service to TESOL is for outstanding and extended service by TESOL members at international, regional, and local levels.
The TESOL Virginia French Allen Award for Scholarship and Service
The D. Scott Enright TESOL Interest Section Service Award is for outstanding and extended service to and leadership in TESOL interest sections.
The TESOL Award for Excellence in Teaching is for educators who are considered excellent by other teachers.

References

Other websites 
TESOL Home Page
TESOL France Home Page
TESOL Greece Home Page
Dates and locations of past TESOL Conferences 
 TESOL Asia http://www.tesol.asia
TESOL India Home Page 
TESOL Costa Rica Home Page 

Language education
1966 establishments
Educational organizations
The O. Henry Award is given for especially good short stories. The prize is given each year. The award is named after the American short story author, O. Henry.

The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories is a book that is published each year with that year's twenty best stories from magazines in U.S. and Canadian, written in English.

The award itself is called The O. Henry Award, not the O. Henry Prize, though until recently there were first, second and third prize winners.

History and format
The award was first given in 1919. Money to support the award comes from the Society of Arts and Sciences.  As of 2003, the series editor chooses twenty short stories and each one is called an O. Henry Prize Story. All stories originally written in English and published in an American or Canadian magazine can possibly win. Three people become jurors each year. The jurors get the twenty prize stories in text form. The author or publication name are not listed. Each juror works alone and chooses one special short story  and comments on it.

The goal of The O. Henry Prize Stories is to improve the art of the short story.  Starting in 2003, The O. Henry Prize Stories is dedicated to a writer who has made a major contribution to the art of the short story. The O. Henry Prize Stories 2007 was dedicated to Sherwood Anderson, a U.S. short-story writer. Jurors for 2007 were Charles D'Ambrosio, Lily Tuck, and Ursula K. Le Guin.

Laura Furman is now the series editor for The O. Henry Prize Stories.

Partnership with PEN American Center

In 2009 Anchor books announced a change in the series tittle. Anchor is the publisher of The O. Henry Prize Stories. They worked with the PEN American Center and renamed the series the PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories collection. Profits from selling The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories 2009 books went to PEN's Readers & Writers Program. This program sends well-known authors to under served inner-city schools. 

In an interview for the Vintage Books and Anchor Books blog, editor Laura Furman called working with PEN a "natural partnership."

Juror favorites, first-prize winners
For more information or complete lists of yearly winners, visit The O. Henry Prize Stories website.

References

Other websites
Complete list of winners 1919–1999

Literary awards
Power lines are wires that conduct electricity through to another place. Many have transformers. The voltage of the power at the end is usually 100V (Japan), 120V (North and Central America, parts of South America and Africa, and Saudi Arabia), or 220-240V (most of the rest of the world), but is much higher while going through the electric power transmission lines. The power at the end is then safe enough to be used when "stepped-down" by a transformer. 

The original power is made at a power plant. As the power is sent through the power lines, sometimes it encounters spots that it cannot go through. Then it will need to raise its voltage with a step-up transformer. The act is called "stepping up". Where the electric power distribution reaches buildings, this voltage is too dangerous to be used, so it goes through a step-down transformer. This is called "stepping down". Then the electricity can be distributed to buildings.

Related pages
 Electricity
 Static electricity
 Power line communication

Electricity
The Battle of Corinth was a battle fought between the Roman Republic and the Ancient Greek state of Corinth and its allies in the Achaean League in 146 BC. This was a few months after the Romans destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War. It resulted in total destruction of Corinth, which was previously famous for its wealth. The Romans burnt it to the ground and went on to conquer the rest of Greece.

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Ancient Greece
Battles of the Ancient World
146 BC
Perm Krai is a krai (federal territory) of Russia that came into existence on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast (province) and Komi–Permyak self-governing district. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject.

Perm Krai is located in the east of the East European Plain and the western slope of the Middle Ural Mountains. The length from north to south is ; length from west to east is .

Rivers of Perm Krai belong to the Kama River Basin, the largest tributary of the Volga River. There are more than 29,000 rivers in Perm Krai. Together they are more than  long, but only two rivers have lengths exceeding ; the Kama () and the Chusovaya ().

The landscape is mostly low rolling hills covered by forests and fields. The Ural Mountains are in the eastern part of Perm Krai. The highest mountain Tulysmsky Kamen () is in the north east of the territory.

Principal inhabited places

Other websites
Official website of Perm Krai 
Perm State University
Tourist Resourses of Perm Krai

Krais of Russia
Washington University of St. Louis is a research university in St. Louis.

References

Other websites
Official website of Washington University in St. Louis

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Missouri
1853 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Missouri
The Lions Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is one of Canada's National Historic Sites.

References

Bridges in Canada
Vancouver
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
Andray Blatche (born August 22, 1986 in Syracuse, New York) is an Filipino-American basketball player that currently plays for the Washington Wizards of the NBA. On September 25, 2005, Blatche was shot in a carjacking in Alexandria, Virginia and recovered successfully. Blatche has played for the Washington Wizards for 5 seasons. Blatche became a naturalized Filipino in 2014. He plays for the Philippine national basketball team.

1986 births
Living people
Filipino sportspeople
Washington Wizards players
Sportspeople from New York
People from Syracuse, New York
African-American basketball players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
American basketball players
Adolph Borsdorf (born Dittmansdorf, Saxony, 25 December 1854; died London, 15 April 1923), was a German player of the French horn.

Borsdorf was born in Saxony in 1854.  He studied the French horn at the Conservatoire in Dresden and played in a military band.  In 1879, he moved to England where he stayed for the rest of his life, becoming the most important horn player in England.  The conductor Hans Richter offered him at job in the orchestra at Covent Garden.  In 1904, he joined the newly formed London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra were excellent players and were often called “God’s Own Quartet”.

Borsdorf and his colleague Franz Paersch had learned to play on horns that were made in Germany.  These had a wide bore (the hole through the tube).  However, both players changed to playing instruments made in France by a horn-maker called Raoux.  These instruments had a narrower bore.  They were not quite as powerful but gave a particularly clear sound.

Borsdorf became professor at the Royal College of Music when it was founded in 1882.  He also taught at the Royal Academy of Music.  He soon became the best horn player in London.  He was playing principal horn in the orchestra which Henry Wood conducted at the very first Promenade Concert in the Queen’s Hall in 1895 (the fourth horn was A.E.Brain, grandfather of Dennis Brain).  He was also in the orchestra when Richard Strauss’s Till Eulenspiegel was given its first performance in England in 1896 with the composer conducting.

In 1913, he became ill and had to have teeth removed.  There was also another problem for him: World War I broke out in 1914 and there was a lot of anti-German feeling in England.  After the war he rarely played in public.

Borsdorf died in 1923.  He had done more than anyone else to improve the standard of horn playing in England.  He taught many talented pupils, including A.E.Brain Jr., Aubrey Brain, Frank Probyn and his own three sons: Oskar, Francis and Emil who all became professional horn players.

References
Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X

1854 births
1923 deaths
Classical horn players
German musicians
Alfred Edwin Brain (born Turnham Green, London, 4 February 1860; died London, 25 October 1929), was an English player of the French horn.  He was the founder of a great school of English horn playing.  His grandson Dennis Brain became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.  He is known as A.E .Brain Sr. (Senior) because one of his sons, who also was a famous horn player, had the same name.

A.E. Brain was born in 1860.  His father fought in the Crimean War and was invalid. Alfred was not well educated.  When he was 12 he joined the Scots Guards and played the horn in the band.  He married in 1880 and had seven children.  Two of the children became great horn players: Alfred and Aubrey.

He played in several orchestras, including the Philharmonic Society, the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and Covent Garden.  He played a lot for Henry Wood in The Proms.  In orchestras he nearly always played fourth horn, so his nickname was “George IV”.  In 1904 he became a founding member of the London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra: Adolf Borsdorf,  Thomas Busby,  Henri Van der Meerschen and A.E. Brain, were often called “God’s Own Quartet” because they blended together so well.

He died in 1929 after a short retirement.

References
Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976. 

1860 births
1929 deaths
Classical horn players
Musicians from London
Alfred Edwin Brain Jr. (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn.  He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.

A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885.  His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. was a well-known horn player.  Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father.  He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later.  His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra.  He then played in the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra.  

When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place.  After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery.

When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham.  His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him.  By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs.

In 1923 he emigrated to the United States.  He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.  In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox.

References
 Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X

1885 births
1966 deaths
Classical horn players
People from London
Arminius, also known as Armin or Hermann (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci. He was able to unite a group of Germanic tribes together to fight the Romans. They destroyed a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This was the greatest military disaster the Romans had ever suffered.

After the battle, Arminius immediately sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler. Arminius offered an anti-Roman alliance. Marobod declined the offer, sending the head on to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war. Only later did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders.

Rome's response 
Later, in 14 AD, the Roman general  Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, led a huge 8-legion army (a legion was up to 5,000 men) into Germania against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius.

After visiting the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 15/20,000 Romans had been killed in 9 AD, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans. 

Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.

In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses. Then he met Arminius' army in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River.

Germanicus's superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army, with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover, repeating the pattern of high German fatalities, forcing them to flee. 

With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. However, only a minute number of Romans died due to this storm. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.

Death of Arminius 
Five years later, Arminius was killed on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs. Although Arminius could not keep unity among the Germanic tribes, the loss of Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman  military effort east of the Rhine.

References

Germanic peoples
History of Germany
Ancient Rome
Rebellions in Europe
Doctor of Medicine (MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools.

It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work  (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree.

In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic research degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate.  In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system.

In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies. The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors. In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine. They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register. Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register.

References

Academic degrees
Medicine
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist and zoologist.

Watson is of British ancestry. He is best known as one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick in 1953.

Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".

He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and later worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. He met Crick at the Cavendish and they became friends.

Watson has received 19 honorary doctorates.

Criticism of Watson 
Watson has always been a controversial figure, especially in the United States. The main cause is a long-running argument as to what causes the small difference in the average IQs of black and white people in the U.S.A.

Watson has repeatedly said that differences in average measured IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics.  Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism

An excerpt from Watson's memoir, Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science page=102 goes as follows:
"As we find the human genes whose malfunctioning gives rise to such devastating developmental failures, we may well discover that sequence differences within many of them also lead to much of the observable variation in human IQs. A priori, there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our desire to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so". 

An editorial in Nature said that his remarks were "beyond the pale". Because of the controversy, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL after what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service". Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired.

Books 
Watson has published a number of books.
1968. The double helix: a personal account of the work with Francis Crick)  2018: later version.
2002. Genes, Girls, and Gamow: after the double helix (autobiography) 
2003. DNA: The secret of life. Knopf.
2003. The molecular biology of the gene, 5th ed.   (co-author with five others)
2007. Avoid boring people: lessons from a life in science (autobiography) 
The molecular biology of the cell
Recombinant DNA: a short course. 1983 to 2017 editions.

References

1928 births
Living people
American molecular biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Scientists from Chicago
The 1707 Hōei earthquake happened at 14:00 local time on 28 October 1707. It was one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history.

Background
The southern coast of Honshu runs in the same direction as the Nankai Trough. This marks the place where the Philippine Sea Plate moves under the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this boundary causes many earthquakes; some of them are megathrust earthquakes. The Nankai megathrust has five parts (A-E) that can break one by one. The different parts have broken either one at a time or all together many times over the last 1,300 years. This kind of quake often happens in pairs with a relatively short time between them. In addition to the two earthquakes in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. Each time, the northeastern part broke before the southwestern part. In 1707, the earthquakes were either at the same time, or close enough together so that writing from that time do not describe them separately.

Damage
29,000 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 people were killed. The earthquake caused at least one major landslide in Shizuoka. This landslide was one of the three largest in Japan and is called the Ohya Landslide. It covered an area of 1.8 km2 with an estimated volume of 120 million m3. In the Nara Basin, the earthquake made the soil behave like a liquid.

Characteristics

Earthquake
There were two other very large earthquakes: the 1854 Ansei-Tōkai and Ansei-Nankai earthquakes. The 1707 was stronger than both. Several observations show that the Hōei earthquake was bigger. At Cape Muroto, Kōchi, a cliff was raised up about 2.3 m in 1707, but just 1.5 m in 1854.  In the Kawachi Plain area, the earthquake was around 6 - 7 on the JMA scale. Also, the amount of damage and height of the water from tsunami showed the strength of the earthquake. There are also records of tsunami at distant locations, such as Nagasaki and Jeju-do, South Korea.

Tsunami
The tsunami that followed the earthquake raised water along the coast. Along the southwestern coast of Kōchi, the average increase in sea level was 7.7 m. In some places it rose up to 10.2 m

Connection to Mount Fuji eruption
Changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be enough to cause volcanic eruptions, when the magma system of the volcano is close to a critical state. The great earthquake in 1707 may have changed pressure in the magma under Mount Fuji and might have caused the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later.

Related pages
Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

References

Tsunamis
1707
Earthquakes in Japan
18th century in Japan
1700s in Asia
Dumbledore's Army (often referred to as the D.A.) is an association in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. It is started in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and continued in the last book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by member Neville Longbottom. This is an association created to prepare some pupils for beating Voldemort.

The leader, Harry Potter, teaches his friends how defend themselves against the Dark Lord. The idea for the D.A. came from Hermione Granger, who wanted the students to learn defensive spells which were not being taught by the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Delores Umbridge. 

Members:
Hannah Abbott,
Katie Bell,
Susan Bones,
Terry Boot,
Lavender Brown,
Cho Chang,
Michael Corner,
Colin and Dennis Creevey,
Marietta Edgecombe,
Justin Finch-Fletchley,
Seamus Finnigan,
Anthony Goldstein,
Angelina Johnson,
Lee Jordan,
Neville Longbottom,
Luna Lovegood,
Ernie Macmillan,
Padma Patil,
Parvati Patil,
Zacharias Smith,
Alicia Spinnet,
Dean Thomas,
Fred Weasley (later killed) and George Weasley,
Ginny Weasley..

cs:Albus Brumbál#Brumbálova armáda
fr:Poudlard#Armée de Dumbledore
he:הארי פוטר - דמויות משנה#צבא דמבלדור
Charles de Tornaco (June 7, 1927 - September 18, 1953) was a race car driver from Belgium. He drove in Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. He died of a car accident in 1953. The accident happened in Modena, Italy while he was practicing for the race. De Tornaco rolled his car over the barrier. There was no medical help available for him there, and he died on the way to a hospital in a private Mercedes-Benz C-Class. He was 28.

Deaths in sport
Formula One drivers
1927 births
1953 deaths
Photo editing is the changing of images. These images can be digital photographs, illustrations, prints, or photographs on film). Traditional editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand. Now photo editing is done by programs such as Photoshop, Gimp and Microsoft Paint. 

Photo editing is done for many reasons. Many photos of models are edited to remove blemishes or make the model "better".  This is usually called retouching, airbrushing or Photoshopping, even if Photoshop or airbrushes are not used.  Other reasons to edit a photo include fixing errors (red eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and to trick people. Photo editing is also used to make completely new images. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, a term which sounds negative.

History 
The first known example of photo editing happened in the 1860s to a photo of President Abraham Lincoln. Before the invention of computers, people had to edit images by hand. Some editing was done by pasting photos together. People also used tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Enlargers made bigger pictures, and allowed adjustments such as brightening or darkening different parts. 

In the 1980s, photo editing computer programs for personal computers were made.  The first version of Adobe Photoshop was released in 1987. 
In 2011 the first photo editing mobile apps were released on App Store Other apps have been made for other mobile operating systems. These apps allow editing and photo sharing by smartphone and tablet computer.

References 

Photography
A piñata is a type of decoration with bright colors. It is made from either clay or cardboard and is covered with papier-mâché.

In Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia and in some other Latin American countries, piñatas are traditionally used only at children's birthday parties.  They are usually made of cardboard, colorfully decorated to match the birthday party theme and filled with candy, chocolates, small toys and confetti.  Colored strings (long enough to reach the ground) are attached to the bottom of the piñata, where a trap-door is hidden under the decoration.  The piñata is then hung somewhere where everyone can see, but the strings are kept out of the reach of children.  Toward the end of the party, usually after the cutting of the cake, an announcement is made that the piñata will be 'broken' and each child is given an empty party bag.  All the children get together directly underneath the piñata and each child is given a string to hold.  Then, at the count of three, the children pull their strings all at the same time.  This opens the hidden trap-door (or 'breaks' the piñata) and the children receive a shower of candy and confetti while they rush to fill up their bags with the treats.

Toys
The  started on December 16, 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about January 1, 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period.  There was no lava flow, but the Hoei eruption released at least 800 million cubic meters of volcanic ash. This ash spread over very large areas around the volcano. It even reached Edo almost 100 km away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. This eruption of Mount Fuji might have been caused by the 1707 Hōei earthquake
49 days earlier.

The eruption was on Mount Fuji's east–north-east slope and made three new volcanic openings called No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The danger of the eruption increased over the next several days. After the first earthquake and explosion of cinders and ash, another stronger explosion happened a few days later. This explosion threw out rocks and stones.  Mount Fuji has not erupted since; but scientists describe Fuji as an active volcano.

Hokusai's One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji includes an image of the small crater which developed from a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope.  This was called Hōeizan (Mount Hōei) because the eruption happened in year Hōei 4.

Today the crater can be visited from Fujinomiya Trail  or Gotemba Trail  of Mount Fuji.

Related disasters
In the year after the Hōei eruption, another related disaster happened. The Sakawa River flooded. Sand from the volcano fell and widely covered the fields east of Mount Fuji. Farmers made sand piles by dumping the ash and sand from their fields. The rain washed away the sand piles from the dumping grounds and into the rivers again and again. This made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa. Enough ash had fallen to partly block the river. The ash made temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on August 7 and 8, 1708, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud and broke the dams. The river flooded the Ashigara plain.

Related pages
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji
1707 Hōei earthquake

References

Other websites
富士山火山防災協議会  (Council for Fuji volcano disaster reduction)
富士山宝永噴火（1707）後の土砂災害(PDF)(Distribution of sediment disasters after the 1707 Hoei eruption of Fuji Volcano in central Japan, based on historical documents)

Natural disasters in Asia
18th century in Japan
1707
1700s in Asia
1708
Forest of Secrets is the third book in the series Warriors.

Setting 
Forest of Secrets takes place in the New Forest in England, with just one change: a mountain exists in the book but not in reality.

Plot 
Fireheart, a ThunderClan warrior, still looks for a way to make Tigerclaw get seen by his true personality. Graystripe, another ThunderClan warrior, is still in love with a RiverClan warrior, Silverstream, and eventually she has kits, but dies in the process. Fireheart and Graystripe find Ravenpaw, a loner who is no longer an apprentice of ThunderClan, and get the true story. Fireheart uses the story to try and frame Tigerclaw, but fails. Eventually, Tigerclaw brings a band of rogues into the camp, and tries to kill Bluestar. Fireheart rescues Bluestar and Tigerclaw gets banished from ThunderClan. Fireheart is deputy in his place and Graystripe takes his kits to RiverClan. Bluestar has gone crazy by that time and Fireheart tries his best to calm her.

Warriors books
Rising Storm is the fourth book in the original Warriors series.

Plot 

Fireheart, now second in command to Bluestar, the leader, must deal with Bluestar's new insanity (from when Tigerclaw betrayed ThunderClan) as well as the Clan's needs. He has to take care of his nephew and apprentice Cloudpaw, and make sure he is trained and abides by the Warrior Code. So far Cloudpaw has not done that and gets into trouble, even going so far as to beg for food from a Twoleg, which results in him being stolen. Ravenpaw comes to meet Fireheart to tell him where Cloudpaw is, and so he, Fireheart, and Sandstorm go and rescue Cloudpaw. On the way back the patrol, without Ravenpaw, runs into a WindClan patrol, and get into a fight. They win, so they advance back to their territory and are greeted by the Clan. Later on, Fireheart detects fire and warns the Clan. The Clan rushes to the RiverClan camp for shelter, but Yellowfang dies saving elders. Fireheart then races back to the RiverClan territory and the Clan goes home. Finally, Fireheart takes ThunderClan to the Gathering and discovers that Tigerclaw is now the leader of ShadowClan.

References

Warriors books
The Coriolis effect is a force that is found in a rotating object. Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis first described the Coriolis effect in 1835 using mathematics. The Coriolis effect can best be seen in hurricanes. In the northern hemisphere, they spin counter-clockwise (because the earth spins counter-clockwise), and in the southern hemisphere they spin clockwise.

One example of the Coriolis effect that is often described is that water flows down a drain in the opposite direction in the northern and southern hemispheres. However, in reality, the force of the Coriolis effect is not strong enough to see in such a small amount of water.

References

Force
Earth
Science
The naval Battle of Artemesium took place at the same time as the Battle of Thermopylae, in 480 BC.

Approaching Artemisium towards the end of summer, the Persian navy was caught in a gale off the coast of Magnesia and lost around a third of their ~1,200 ships.

After arriving at Artemisium, the Persians sent a detachment of 200 ships around the coast of Euboea in an attempt to trap the Greeks, but these were caught in another storm and shipwrecked.

The main action of the battle took place after two days of smaller engagements. The two sides fought all day, with roughly equal losses; however the smaller Allied fleet could not afford the losses.

After the engagement, the Allies received news of the defeat of the Allied army at Thermopylae. Their strategy was to hold both Thermopylae and Artemisium. So, given their losses, the Allies decided to withdraw to Salamis. The Persians overran Boeotia and captured the now-evacuated Athens. However, seeking a decisive victory over the Allied fleet, the Persians were later defeated at the Battle of Salamis in late 480

Other websites 
 Livius Picture Archive: the naval battle of Artemisium (480 BC)
 Reed Classics, extracts from Herodotus Book Eight

Ancient Greece
Achaemenid Empire
Artemisium
480 BC
Louis Angelo Marcon (born May 28, 1935 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. His career included 60 games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings.

Other websites

1935 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Moonrise is the second book in the Warriors: The New Prophecy series. It takes place in the same forest as the original series, but also has some mountains, woods, moorland, and the ocean.

Plot 

This installment of Warriors: The New Prophecy is about the Clan cats on their way home from the Tribe of Rushing Water. There is a new prophecy they had to fulfill -- and it includes the RiverClan cat, Stormfur. They must save the Tribe from Sharptooth, the cat-eating mountain lion that has been feeding off of the tribe cats. 
The Tribe takes Stormfur hostage, believing he is the "silver cat that will save the Tribe." After getting Stormfur away from the hostage Tribe, the Clan cats end up going back in pity of the tribe cats. Squirrelpaw comes up with the plot of stuffing a rabbit with deathberries and leading a trail of blood to it, so that Sharptooth will eat the fresh-kill and die. But their plan backfires and Sharptooth ends up about to kill Crowpaw, when Feathertail sacrifices herself for Crowpaw and impales Sharptooth with a long rock and ends up killing him and herself.

Meanwhile, back at the Clans, the forest is being destroyed by the Twoleg monsters, and more and more of the ThunderClan cats go missing...

Warriors books
Mitch Maunu (born July 30, 1986 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. Maunu was drafted by the Windsor Spitfires in the 1st Round, 10th overall in 2002. He went on to become their captain. After playing major-junior he played in the ECHL and American Hockey League before returning to his hometown of Thunder Bay to play for the Lakehead Thunderwolves.

References

1986 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Rudolph Joseph Migay (November 18, 1928 in Port Arthur, Ontario – January 16, 2016) was a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward. He began playing in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1949–50 NHL season and retired after the 1959–60 season, having never played with another team.

His brother-in-law, Pete Backor, was the first Stanley Cup winner of Slovak descent. He also was of Slovak descent, since both of his parents were born in what is today Slovakia.

Other websites

1928 births
2016 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Albany International Airport  is a public use airport six nautical miles (11 km) northwest of the central business district of Albany, in Albany County, New York, United States. It is owned by the Albany County Airport Authority. It is an airport of entry serving Albany. It is in the town of Colonie. It was built on the site of the Shaker settlement about 6 miles (10 km) north of Albany and stretching north to the hamlet of Verdoy. The airport is the seat of a class C airspace.

Airlines and destinations

Top Destinations

Airline share

Source:

References

Airports in New York
Albany, New York
W. Arthur "Jakie" Nash (5 September 1914 in Thunder Bay, Ontario – 18 January 2000 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics as a member of the Canadian ice hockey team, which won the silver medal.

Nash was a member of the 1936 Port Arthur Bearcats, which won the silver medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics. In 1987 he was inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame as a member of that Olympic team.

Background
Nash was a Goaltender for Port Arthur Bearcats, a hockey team based in Port Arthur, Ontario.  In 1935 the Bearcats were the runner-up in the Allan Cup, which earned him a trip to represent Canada at the 1936 Winter Olympics ice hockey event where he won the Silver Medal. After the Olympics he moved to England and played for the Wembley Monarchs in the English National League from 1936 through 1938. He later returned to Canada and played at least one full season (1941–1942) with the Kimberley Dynamiters of the Alberta-British Columbia Senior League. He was still playing internationally as late as 1948.

References

Other websites
profile
Sports-Reference.com: Arthur "Jakie" Nash biography

1914 births
2000 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian Olympic silver medalists
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Louis Charles Nistico (January 25, 1953 – November 27, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. During his career he played three games in the National Hockey League and 186 games in the World Hockey Association.  The Colorado Rockies, Toronto Toros, and Birmingham Bulls were some of the teams his played for during his career. Nistico was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Nistico died on November 27, 2020 at the age of 67.

References

Other websites

1953 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Central Professional Hockey League players
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
2020 deaths
Ontario Hockey League players
People from Thunder Bay
World Hockey Association players
Sabaton is a Swedish heavy metal band. It was formed in 1999. Sabaton have released 6 albums: Metalizer from 2000, Primo Victoria from 2004, Attero Dominatus from 2005, The Art of War from 2008, Coat of Arms from 2010, and Carolus Rex from 2012. Their lyrics are based on wars and battles, especially World War 2. They sing in both Swedish and English.

Members
Joakim Brodén — vocals (1999–today), keyboards (1999–2005, 2012–today)
Pär Sundström — bass (1999–today), backing vocals (2012–today)
Chris Rörland — guitar, backing vocals (2012–today)
Thobbe Englund — guitar, backing vocals (2012–today)
Robban Bäck — drums (2012–today; on hiatus)

Albums 
 Primo Victoria (2005)
 Attero Dominatus (2006)
 Metalizer (2007)
 The Art of War (2008)
 Coat of Arms (2010)
 Carolus Rex (2012)
 Heroes (2014)
 The Last Stand (2016)
 The Great War (2019)
 The War to End All Wars (2022)

Swedish heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Musical groups established in 1999
Wilderness or wildland is a natural environment on Earth which has not been much disturbed by humans.  

"The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet—those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure". 

Wilderness areas can be found in reserves, estates, farms, conservation areas, ranches, National Forests, National Parks and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches or any undeveloped areas. These areas are important for the survival of species, biodiversity, ecology, conservation, solitude, and recreation. 

Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual, moral, and aesthetic reasons. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity. 

They may also preserve historic genetic traits and that they provide habitat for wild flora and fauna that may be difficult to recreate in zoos, gardens or laboratories.

From this point of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness. The mere presence or activity of people does not disqualify an area from being "wilderness". Many ecosystems that are, or have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered "wild." This way of looking at wilderness includes areas within which natural processes operate without human interference.

The WILD Foundation states that wilderness areas have two dimensions: they must be biologically intact and legally protected. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classifies wilderness at two levels, Ia (Strict Nature Preserves) and Ib (Wilderness areas).  

Probably no place on earth is completely untouched by humanity, either due to past occupation by indigenous people, or through global processes such as climate change. Activities on the margins of specific wilderness areas, such as fire suppression and the interruption of animal migration, also affect the wilderness.

Especially in richer , industrialized nations, it has a specific legal meaning as well: as land where development is prohibited by law. Many nations have designated wilderness, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States. 

Many new parks are currently being planned and legally passed by various Parliaments and Legislatures at the urging of dedicated individuals around the globe who believe that "in the end, dedicated, inspired people empowered by effective legislation will ensure that the spirit and services of wilderness will thrive and permeate our society, preserving a world that we are proud to hand over to those who come after us".

References 

Ecosystems
Conservation
Geography
Conservation

Conservation of natural things 
 Conservation biology, the science of the protection and management of biodiversity
 Conservation genetics - "an interdisciplinary science that aims to apply genetic methods to the conservation and restoration of biodiversity."
 Conservation movement, to protect plants, animals and their habitats
 Conservation (ethic), an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection, especially of the natural environment
 Conservationist, a person who advocates for conservation of plants, animals and their habitats
 Energy conservation, the reduction of non-renewable energy consumption
 Habitat conservation, a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore, habitat areas for wild plants and animals
 Water conservation, reducing the use of water to protect the environment
 Wildlife management, multidisciplinary practices, including conservation of species and their habitats
 Marine conservation, the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas
 Soil conservation, management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from the earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered

Conservation of made things 
 Art conservation, protecting works of art
 Conservation-restoration, the profession devoted to the preservation of cultural property
 Photograph conservation
 Architectural conservation

Other 
 Conservation laws, a set of laws in physics
 Conserved sequence - "similar or identical sequences which may occur within nucleic acid sequences, protein sequences, protein structures or polymeric carbohydrates".
 Conservation (psychology), learning development of logical thinking, according to Jean Piaget 
 Conservation authority (Canada)
 Conserved name (Latin nomen conservandum), a scientific name with specific nomenclatural protection.

Related pages
:Category:Conservation for topics related to conservation of natural resources
 Environmentalism
 Historic preservation
 List of conservation topics
 Sustainability
Tampa International Airport  is a major airport to the west of Tampa. It is in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. This airport is owned by Hillsborough County Aviation Authority. It serves the Tampa Bay Area. Many good things have been said about the airport's architecture and Landside/Airside design. It has a central terminal ("landside") connected by people movers to gates that are not at the terminal ("airsides"). It was first designed in the late 1960s. The airport was known as Drew Field Municipal Airport until 1952.

Tampa International Airport is a hub for Silver Airways. Southwest Airlines has a focus city at the Tampa International Airport. It used to be the main aircraft and maintenance site for World Airways and North American Airlines. Southwest Airlines carries the largest amount of TPA passengers. Southwest has over 90 flights per day, when it is most busy. The airport presently has 71 non-stop destinations. These include international service to Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and to destinations throughout the Caribbean. The airport had 18,815,452 passengers in 2015. It is the 31st busiest airport by passengers moved in North America.

Airlines
The following airlines serve Tampa International Airport:

Air Canada
Alaska Airlines
American Airlines
British Airways
Cayman Airways
Copa Airlines
Delta Air Lines
Eastern Air Lines
Edelweiss Air
Frontier Airlines
JetBlue Airways
Lufthansa
Silver Airways
Southwest Airlines (focus City)
Spirit Airlines
Sun Country Airlines
Swift Air
United Airlines
WestJet

Gallery

References

Airports in Florida
Tampa, Florida