cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
One Direction, also referred to as 1D are an English and Irish boy band. It began with Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson. They finished third on the seventh series of The X Factor. They each auditioned for The X Factor separately. Simon Cowell put them together in 2010 because he thought they were too good to lose.

Songs 
"What Makes You Beautiful" was One Direction's first single. After being signed to Syco Music, the group recorded their first album Up All Night. Hits on the album include "One Thing" and "Gotta Be You." It was third in the charts. They have been very successful since. They tour to places around the world such as Europe, Australia, Asia, and the Americas.

The group released a second album in November 2012, called Take Me Home. It includes the singles "Little Things", "Live While We're Young" and "Kiss You". The group released their third album, Midnight Memories, in late November 2013. It includes the singles "Story of My Life", "Best Song Ever", "Midnight Memories", and "You & I" Their fourth album, Four, was released in November 2014. This album includes the singles "Steal My Girl" and "Night Changes". Their fifth album, Made in the A.M., was released in November 2015. It includes the singles "Drag Me Down", "Perfect" and "History".

On 29 August 2013, their movie This Is Us was released.

In April 2014, One Direction started their stadium world tour titled "Where We Are." 5 Seconds of Summer opened for them during the tour.

On 25 March 2015, Zayn Malik left the band.

In January 2016, the band said they would be taking a temporary break. It was expected to last around 18 months, but due to the members pursuing solo careers, they will be reuniting later than promised.

Awards and recognition 
One Direction have won 7 Brit awards, 7 American Music Awards and 28 Teen Choice Awards. The band also has a lot of award nominations.

Members 
Zayn Malik left the band on 25 March 2015. The group decided not to replace him, but continued as a four piece band.

Current

 Niall Horan
 Liam Payne
 Louis Tomlinson
 Harry Styles

Former 
 Zayn Malik (2010-2015)

References 

2010 establishments in England
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
British boy bands
British pop music groups
 
The X Factor contestants
Musical groups established in 2010
Musical groups from London
Musical quintets
Musical quartets
Lyme Regis is a coastal town in West Dorset, England, 25 miles west of Dorchester and  east of Exeter. The town lies in Lyme Bay, on the English Channel coast at the Dorset-Devon border. It is nicknamed 'The Pearl of Dorset'.

The town is noted for the fossils found in the cliffs and beaches, which are part of the Jurassic Coast–a World Heritage Site. The harbour wall, "The Cobb", features in Jane Austen's novel Persuasion, and in the movie and novel, The French Lieutenant's Woman,  by local writer John Fowles.

When people were counted in the town's most recent census in 2001, the population was 4,406. 45% of the town's population were retired people.

Geology 

The town is noted for the fossils found in the cliffs and beaches, which are part of the Jurassic Coast–a World Heritage Site. The Jurassic Coast stretches over a distance of .

The coastal exposures along the coastline provide a continuous sequence of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous rock formations spanning approximately 185 million years of the Earth's history. The localities along the Jurassic Coast include some important fossil zones.
The Blue Lias rock is host to a multitude of remains from the early Jurassic, a time from which good fossil records are rare. Many of the remains are well preserved, with complete specimens of several important species. Many of the earliest discoveries of dinosaur and other prehistoric reptile remains were made in the area surrounding Lyme Regis, notably those discovered by Mary Anning (1799–1847). Significant finds include Ichthyosaur, Plesiosaur, Dimorphodon, Scelidosaurus, one of the first armoured (Thyreophora) dinosaurs. The town now holds an annual Mary Anning Day and Lyme Regis Fossil Festival. A fossil of the world's largest moth was discovered in 1966 at Lyme Regis.

Landslips 

The coastal region near Lyme Regis is subject to large landslips. This means that Jurassic age fossils are regularly exposed and can be found on the beaches, but also causes devastation to the town.

One of the most spectacular landslips occurred on 24 December 1839,  west along the coast in Devon belonging to Bindon Manor and known as "The Dowlands Landslip".  About  of fields growing wheat and turnips were dislodged when a great chasm was formed more than  across,  deep and  long. The crops remained intact on the top of what became known as "Goat Island" among the newly formed gullies.  On 3 February 1840, five weeks later, there was a second landslip nearby but much smaller than the former.  This strange phenomenon attracted many visitors, and the canny farmers charged sixpence for entrance and held a grand reaping party when the wheat ripened. The area is now known as The Undercliff and is of great interest because of its diverse natural history.

In 2005, work began on a £16 million engineering project to stabilise the cliffs and protect the town from coastal erosion. The town's main beach was reconstructed and re-opened on 1 July 2006.
On the evening of 6 May 2008, a  section of land slipped onto the beach between Lyme Regis and Charmouth. Local Police described the landslip as the "worst for 100 years".

References 

Towns in Dorset
West Dorset
A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that is used up faster than it can be made by nature. It cannot be produced, grown or generated on a scale which can sustain how quickly it is being consumed. Once it is used up, there is no more available for the future. Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), types of nuclear power (uranium) and certain examples. Resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) or metals (which can be recycled) are considered renewable resources. Non-renewable resources are also called exhaustible resources.

References

Other websites
Non-Renewable Resources at NASA.gov
Electricity from Non-Hydroelectric Renewable Energy Sources at EPA.gov
Non-renewable energy resource  at EPA.gov
Environmental impacts of nuclear power at EPA.gov

Ecology
Energy
Materials
Economics
A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name or label which refers to the years of the reign of a monarch or a pope. 

A monarch sometimes chooses a reign name which is different from his or her personal name.
Example: Edward VII of the United Kingdom, born Albert Edward of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

A pope chooses a regnal name when he is elected. It becomes his new personal name.
Example: Pope John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła,

The new name -- or sometimes the old one -- is followed by an ordinal number to create a unique name for the period in which the monarch is on the throne. 
Example: Elizabeth II is the current queen of the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth Realms<p>Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603) was the 1st British queen named Elizabeth.  She ruled over "Elizabethan" England. Her time on the throne was called the "Elizabethan era" or the "Elizabethan age".

Related pages
 Family name
 Given name
 Posthumous name
 Surname
 Japanese era names

Names
Monarchy
Wolfsberger AC is a football club from the city of Wolfsberg, Carinthia, Austria. The club was founded in 1931. The colours are black and white. 

The club competed in twenty seasons on the second level of the Austrian football leagues. Between the 2007–08 and 2011–12 seasons, Wolfsberger AC united with SK St. Andrä to compete under the name WAC/St. Andrä. Both clubs stayed independent, but had a central administration and marketing. In 2010 they reached the Austrian football first league. In their first season they reached the 4th place. After 2011/12 season the club was promoted to Austrian Bundesliga  for the first time in their history.

Wolfsberg finished third in the 2018–19 Austrian Football Bundesliga. They were qualified for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League group stage. They finished in fourth place in Group J of the UEFA Europa League in the 2019–20 season. 

The second squad of WAC is playing in the Regionalliga Mitte (3th division).

Current squad

Coaching staff
 Robin Dutt Headcoach
 Hannes Jochum Assistant coach
 Matthias Urlesberger Assistant coach
 Mario Krassnitzer Goalkeeper coach

Coaching history (21st century)

International matches

References

Austrian football clubs
Carinthia (state)
1931 establishments in Europe
The Kimmeridge clay formation is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay and mudstones. It is of Upper Jurassic age, and occurs in Europe. It gives its name to a stage in the Upper Jurassic called the Kimmeridgian, lasting from 157.3–152.1 million years ago.

Kimmeridge clay is perhaps the most economically important unit of rocks in the whole of Europe, because it is the major source for oil fields in the North Sea.

The clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. It exists across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to East Anglia and Hull. The River Humber Bridge's foundations are in the Kimmeridge Clay deposits under the Humber estuary.

The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes a reptile fauna of turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as many invertebrate species such as Gryphaea.

Climate 
The Kimmeridge Clay was laid down in 
an environment which is not present on the Earth today. Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea-level: this may be related to the opening of the Atlantic. As a consequence, the UK was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100m deep, with occasional landmasses.

This was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic. It was often low in oxygen, which led to its organic material being only partially decomposed. The mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.

References 

Jurassic
Sedimentary rocks
Geological formations
Milton Wolff was an American commander in the Spanish Civil War. He was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1915. He died in 2008. He was friends with the author Ernest Hemingway.

1915 births
2008 deaths
American military people
People from New York City
Rachel Hunter (born September 8, 1969) is a fashion model and an actress from New Zealand. She worked in France, Australia, UK (London) and New Zealand. in She currently lives in the United States. She has been in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition many times and has posed for other magazines. Hunter posed Playboy in 2004.

She was married to singer Rod Stewart from 1990 until 2006.

References 

New Zealand television actors
Models
1969 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
The Yamasee War was a war between the Yamasee Indians and the South Carolina settlers from 1715-1717.

Wars
18th century in South Carolina
1715
1716
1717
Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit (see Milankovitch cycles).  These orbital changes alter the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes. In this context, the term "forcing" is a physical process that affects the Earth's climate.

This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles. The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory, and these effects can be calculated into the future.

Note in the graphic the strong 100,000 year periodicity of the cycles, and the striking asymmetry of the curves. Ice ages deepen by progressive steps, but the recovery to interglacial conditions occurs in one big step.

References 

Climate
Earth
Mendel Berlinger, better known as Milton Berle, (July 12, 1908 – March 27, 2002) was an American actor and comedian.

Early life 
Berle was born Mendel Berlinger in Manhattan, New York City. He was raised Jewish. Berle studied at Professional Children's School. His career began in 1914, when he was 5 years old.

Career 
Berle first appeared in the serial The Perils of Pauline. During his career he starred in numerous movies, television programs and others. He was called Uncle Miltie during TV's golden age days. He was known for hosting Texaco Star Theater (1948–55).

In 1949, Berle hosted the first ever telethon.

Berle retired in 2000 because of poor health. His last appearance was in a 2000 episode of Kenan & Kel. 

Berle was married to Joyce Mathews from 1941 until they divorced in 1947. They remarried in 1949 only to divorce once again in 1950. Then he married Ruth Cosgrove Rosenthal from 1953 until her death in 1989. Then he married Lorna Adams in 1991. Their marriage would last until his death in 2002. Berle had three children.

Berle died from colon cancer in Los Angeles, California on March 27, 2002 at age 93. He was buried at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery.

References

Other websites

 

Actors from New York City
American child actors
Comedians from New York City
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American television writers
American voice actors
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Writers from New York City
1908 births
2002 deaths
Karl Barth (1886-1968) was a Protestant theologian who started a movement in theology that is now called Neo-Orthodoxy. He wrote Church Dogmatics and the Gottingen Dogmatics, as well as a number of Biblical commentaries, most famously on the Book of Romans. He was heavily involved in the authorship of the anti-Nazi Barmen declaration in 1934.

Barth rejects Biblical inerrancy, and he also rejects stronger forms of predestination.

Other websites 
 Theopedia on Karl Barth and the Theology of Karl Barth

1886 births
1968 deaths
Christian theologians
Swiss people
Artyom Alexandrovich Anoufriev (born in October 4, 1992) and Nikita Vakhtangovich Lytkin (born in March 24, 1993) () are two serial killers from Irkutsk, Russia.

On April 5, 2011, Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested in connection with a series of six murders and attacks on local residents in Akademgorodok of Irkutsk. The attacks, which involved a mallet and knife, began in December 2010. Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested after a video recording showing the dead body of a woman being mutilated with a knife was found on a camera belonging to Lytkin's uncle, who had become suspicious. According to media reports, the youths had been influenced by reading about the Alexander Pichushkin and Dnepropetrovsk maniacs (Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko) on the Internet. Also, Anoufriev took part in a Russian neo_Nazi march. A psychiatric examination found them to be sane, and they told doctors that they had chosen weak and drunk people as their victims. On 2 April 2013, Anoufriev was sentenced to life imprisonment and Lytkin to 24 years.

Murder victims 
December 1, 2010 - Danil Semyonov (age 12)
December 16, 2010 - Olga Pirog (age 69)
January 1, 2011 - unknown homeless man
February 21, 2011 - Alexander Maximov
March 11, 2011 - Roman Faizullin
April 3, 2011 - unknown homeless woman (born in 1948)

Sources 
 Detainees in the case of serial murders in Irkutsk were neo-Nazis
 Kids find and a dead body and………… 
 Interview with Anoufriev
  

2010 crimes
Murder in 2011
Russian people
Serial killers
Enrico Fermi's paradox wonders why, with the age and size of the universe and billions of stars and planets that have existed for billions of years, we have not detected any other alien civilizations. There have been attempts to resolve the Fermi paradox by finding evidence of alien civilizations, along with thoughts that such life could exist without humans knowing.

The physicist Enrico Fermi first asked the question in an informal discussion in 1950. A paper by Michael H. Hart in 1975 made scientists more curious and they began to study the question in more detail. This is why some people call it the Fermi–Hart paradox. Other common names for the same phenomenon are Fermi's question ("Where are they?"), the Fermi Problem, the Great Silence, and silentium universi (Latin for "the silence of the universe"; the misspelling silencium universi is also common).

Why interstellar communication is difficult

Space is deep 
Extraterrestrial life might exist, but humans may not know about it. To send signals across long distances in our galaxy, and the universe, is difficult. This is because the power output needed to project the signal would be very large. Coherent (laser-like) signals travel at the speed of light, but our own galaxy is 100,000 light years across. Alien civilizations may not be able to detect the signal, or they may not understand the communication or the method used to communicate.

Space is dusty 
Space is full of dust clouds and magnetic fields, which would disturb or eliminate even a coherent (laser-like) beam of electromagnetic radiation. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust  are thought to reach the Earth's surface every year. A signal would face much interference in any long-distance travel across space.

If it is difficult or impossible for us, it may also be difficult for other forms of life. As for other galaxies, the Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away.

Time 
In our Galaxy, the time it takes for signals to travel is very large. Vast eras of time would pass before a reply could be received. There are theories about "worm-holes" in space in which communication could be sent through space more quickly, but these are just theories now. There is still a desire for space travel. Locally in the Solar System, the main goal is to get minerals which are scarce on Earth.

Related pages 
 Carl Sagan
 Drake equation

References

Extraterrestrial life
Paradoxes
In 1961, Frank Drake wrote down an equation for the chance of a contactable alien civilization from another planet in the Milky Way Galaxy. This is known as the Drake Equation (sometimes called the Green Bank equation or the Green Bank Formula). Carl Sagan mentioned the Drake equation so often that it has been mistaken for the 'Sagan equation'.

The equation
The Drake equation states that:

where:

N = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible;

and

R* = the average rate of star formation per year in our galaxy
fp = the fraction of those stars that have planets
ne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets
fℓ = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life at some point
fi = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop intelligent life
fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space
L = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space.

Solving it 
We don't know the solution to the equation. 
Although written as an equation, Drake's formulation is not particularly useful for getting a value of .  The last four parameters,  and  are not known. They are very hard to guess, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the SETI League says the importance of the Drake equation is not in solving it, but in thinking about it. It may be more useful to think of it as a series of questions framed as a numbers game.

Related pages
Fermi paradox

References 

Equations 
Extraterrestrial life
Pope Urban IV (; c. 1195  – October 2, 1264), born Jacques Pantaléon, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 183rd Pope from 1261 to 1264.

Early life
Pantaléon was the son of a cobbler of Troyes in France.  He studied theology and common law in Paris. He served the church as a canon, as a deacon and as an archdeacon.

Bishop
Pope Innocent IV made Pantaléon the Bishop of Verdun in 1253.

In 1255, Pope Alexander IV made him Patriarch of Jerusalem.

Cardinal
He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals. Some of these were Pope Urban V and Pope Urban VI.

Pope
Patriarch Pantaléon was on August 29, 1261. He chose to be called Urban IV.

As pope, he was deeply involved in the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibelines in Italy.

After his death
He was buried in the cathedral at Perugia.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Popes in sequence
 GCatholic, Pope Urban IV
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Anchero Cardinal Pantaléon, nephew of Urban IV
 

French popes
1190s births
1264 deaths
A midget is a word that is used to describe people who are quite short. A midget is not somebody with dwarfism; a midget is a person that has the same proportions of body parts as an averaged-sized human being. The word midget can also sometimes be used as an insult. Sometimes, the word is used for people a foot below the normal height of a person.[source?]

References

Words
Growth disorders
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a reindeer with a bright red nose who first appeared in 1939 in booklets. In the story, Rudolph gets teased by other reindeer until one foggy Christmas Eve Santa Claus comes around, asking him to guide Santa's sleigh. A Christmas song based on the story has been covered by such artists as Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Barry Manilow and The Supremes over the decades. Gene Autry was the singer of the original version.

Christmas music
Christmas
Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath, July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was born in Independence, Missouri.  

During her long career, she made a total of 73 films, collaborating with Fred Astaire as a romantic lead actress and dancing partner in a series of ten Hollywood musical films that revolutionized the genre. 

She achieved great success on her own in a variety of film roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Kitty Foyle (1940). She ranks #14 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list of actress screen legends. She also appeared on numerous television programs. She died of a heart attack in Rancho Mirage, California.

1933–1939: Astaire and Rogers 
Rogers was most famous for her partnership with Fred Astaire. Together, from 1933 to 1939, they made nine musical films at RKO and one at MGM. They revolutionized the Hollywood musical, introducing dance routines of unprecedented elegance and virtuosity, set to songs specially composed for them by the greatest popular song composers of the day.

Films with Astaire 
Flying Down to Rio (1933) 
The Gay Divorcee (1934)
Roberta (1935) 
Top Hat (1935) 
Follow the Fleet (1936) 
Swing Time (1936) 
Shall We Dance (1937) 
Carefree (1938)
The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939)
The Barkleys of Broadway (1949)

Other websites 
 
Ginger Rogers at 92 dances salsa with her grandson. 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Missouri
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Independence, Missouri
Singers from Missouri
1911 births
1995 deaths
Independence is a city in the northwest part of the US state of Missouri, not far from Kansas City. In 2010, about 116,830 people lived there.

History
Independence was created on March 28, 1827. It was an important place for the Oregon Trail. This is because the trail started here.

Independence had two battles in the American Civil War. One is the  on August 11, 1862. The other is the  on October 21-22, 1864.

President Harry S. Truman lived in Independence for a long time. The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is in Independence.

Geography

Climate

People

2010 Census
In 2010, there were 116,830 people, 48,742 households, and 30,165 families living in Independence. The people were 85.7% White, 5.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 3.2% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 7.7% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.

23% of the people were under 18 years old; 8.6% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 24.9% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 27.4% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 16.1% were 65 years old or older. 52% of the people were women, and 48% of the people were men.

References

Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Oregon Trail
10,000 Maniacs is an alternative rock group from Jamestown, New York. They have had different musicians and various lineups since they were created near 1981.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Extended plays
 Human Conflict Number Five (1982)
 You Happy Puppet (1989)
 Candy Everybody Wants (1993)
 Few & Far Between (1993)
 Triangles (2011)
 For Crying Out Loud (2016)

Live

Compilations

Singles

Other releases

References 

American rock bands
Musical groups from New York
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Alternative rock bands
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical quartets
Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman philosopher, poet and politician. He was born about 4 BC in Córdoba in Hispania (which is now  in Spain). Seneca's father was a writer known as Seneca the Elder. Seneca's mother was called Helvia. Seneca often lived in the city of Rome. He died by suicide in year 65.

During the reign of Roman emperor Claudius, Seneca was sent in exile to the island of Corsica for nine years. This act was caused by Messalina who was the wife of Claudius. In 49 AD Claudius married his own niece Agrippina, and she called Seneca back to Rome to be a tutor for her son Nero. Nero became emperor in 54 AD, and Seneca helped him to rule the Roman Empire for the next five years. After 59 AD, Nero became like a tyrant, and Seneca lost control over him. In 65 AD Nero accused Seneca of helping the people in the Pisonian conspiracy who wanted to kill Nero. Seneca was probably innocent, but Nero forced Seneca to kill himself.

Writings
Seneca was a very famous writer. He wrote books on philosophy, and he also wrote plays. Most of his books still exist.

His philosophy books were about Stoicism. These books include his Letters to Lucilius and his Essays (or "Dialogues"). Seneca wanted to find the right way for people to be happy, so he wrote about ethics. He believed that some emotions, including anger and grief, are bad and should be avoided. He wrote about the shortness of life, and he wrote about favours, mercy, friendship, and the need to help other people.

His plays are tragedies. They are based on Greek mythology, and have titles such as: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenician Women, Phaedra, and Oedipus.

0s BC births
60s deaths
Ancient Roman writers
European politicians
Poets
Philosophers
Meredith Baxter (born June 21, 1947), or Meredith Baxter-Birney, is an American actress. She was born June 21, 1947 in South Pasadena, California. She has been in numerous sitcoms and television movies. She is openly lesbian. She is an alcoholic and is a breast cancer survivor.

References

Other websites

Actors from Pasadena, California
LGBT people from California
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Breast cancer survivors
Lesbians
LGBT actors
1947 births
Living people
Rohtas Fort (,Qila Rohtas) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful combination of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian subcontinent.

References

 Ihsan H Nadiem, Rohtas: Formidable Fort of Sher Shah. Lahore:  Sang-e-Meel Publications, .
 Basheer Ahmad Khan Matta, Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective. Karachi: Oxford University Press, .
Institute of Architects, Pakistan Rawalpindi-Islamabad Chapter Arch Vision 2002”.
”Rohtas Fort” article by Major General Mian Hayauddin

Other websites

UNESCO World Heritage Centre Web page. It has a panograph of the Qila Rohtas.
Rohtas Conservation page on the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation website 
Rohtas fort latest pictures

World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Pakistan
Forts in Asia
FatRat is an open source extensible download manager for Linux. It is built on top of the Trolltech Qt 4 library in C++. Developing of this program was started in November 2006. FatRat provides few advanced features such as speed limiting, segmented downloads.

It supports a lot of download and file exchange protocols, such as HTTP, Proxy/SOCKS5, FTP, BitTorrent (through libtorrent). Internationalization of interface is carried out with the help of Qt Linguist. FatRat also has RSS feed and podcasts support, and it can work with RapidShare web-storage service and with Dropbox and OpenSubtitles.

Available as a package of the most popular Linux repositories, such as Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora.

Main features 

Features and characteristics:

 HTTP(S)/FTP downloads
 FTP uploads
 BitTorrent support
 Torrent search
 Support for SOCKS5 and HTTP proxies
 RapidShare.com FREE downloads
 RapidShare.com uploads
 RapidShare.com link verification and folder extraction
 RapidSafe link decoding
 Subtitle search
 Scheduler
 Remote control via Jabber
 Remote control via a web interface
 RSS feed and podcasts support

References 

Free software
Pope Urban VIII (; 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 236th Pope from 1623 to 1644.

Early life 
Maffeo Barberini was born in 1568 into the Barberini family of Florence in Italy. His studies led to a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589.

Bishop
In 1604, Pope Clement VIII appointed Barberini Archbishop of Nazareth.  He was transferred by Pope Paul V who made him the Bishop of Spoleto in 1608.

Cardinal
In 1606, Paul V raising Barberini to be Cardinal of S. Pietro in Montorio.

Pope
Cardina Barberini was elected pope on August 6, 1623; and took the name Urban VIII.

Pope Urban was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

During his reign, the papal palace at Castel Gandolfo was built.

Pope Urban caused the baldachin to be built over the central alter in St. Peter's Basilica.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Urban VIII
 GCatholic, Pope Urban VIII
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Barberini

Italian popes
People from Florence
1568 births
1644 deaths
was a Japanese samurai and diplomat.  He was the first diplomat from Japan to visit Spain, France, Italy and the Vatican.

The Roman Senate made Hasekura a citizen and a patrician of Rome.

Early life
Hasekura was a retainer of Date Masamune.  Date was the daimyo of Sendai.

Keichō Embassy
Hasekura headed a diplomatic mission from Japan to the Vatican. The trip lasted seven years from 1613-1620,  This historic journey is called the . Hasekura was the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Europe. 
  

Hasekura traveled with a group across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe.

Hasekura returned to Japan by crossing Mexico from east to west in 1618.  The Japanese sailed from Acapulco for the Philippines.  From Manila, they sailed north to Japan in 1620.

The story of Hasekura was unknown in Japan until the 19th century. This early diplomacy not included in official histories written in Japan in the 17th and 18th centuries.  Information about this embassy

Hasekura was a subject of interest in Europe.  In 1615, Scipione Amati published a book about Haskeura's journey.  In 1616, a book about the Japanese diplomats was published in French in Paris.

Legacy
In 1873, Japanese diplomats traveled to Europe.  They were surprised to learn about Hasekura.  The diplomacy of Hasekura was forgotten because of the Sakoku policy of isolation.

There are statues of Hasekura in Japan, Cuba, Spain, and Italy.

Many people in Coria del Río, Spain have the surname "Japón". These are descendants of the Japanese travelers.

Comet
A minor comet   11514 Tsunenaga was named after Hasekura in 1991.

Memory of the World Programme
Spanish and Japanese archives have documents from the Hasekura mission.  The letter carried by Hasekura to the King of Spain is in Seville, Spain.  The paper proof of Haskura's Roman citizenship is in Sendai, Japan.  These bits of history are proposed for UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.

Related pages
Edo period

References

Other websites

The Epic journey of Hasekura Tsunenaga

1571 births
1622 deaths
People from Sendai
Japanese diplomats
The Mexican Revolution was brought on by a major armed struggle in Mexico that started in 1911 by an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. 

Under his rule, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few, and the people had no power to express their opinions or to select their public officials. Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere in the cities and the countryside alike

The revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarian movements. Over time, it changed from a simple revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war.

There was less fighting after 1920, when Álvaro Obregón, the most important revolutionary leader who was still alive, became the president of Mexico.

20th century in Mexico
20th century rebellions
Civil wars
Revolutions
1910s conflicts
1920s conflicts
A tanning bed is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to give people a tan (make their skin darker).  Like the sun, a tanning bed can also cause a sunburn if the person stays in too long.  There are many kinds of tanning beds, but most look like the one in the photo.

History
Tanning beds became popular in Europe and America because of the work of Friedrich Wolff around 1979.  He patented his design and charged others to use his ideas. His company, "Wolff Systems" does not build the tanning beds, they research and design for the tanning lamp. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc., SCA, Sun Industries, Inc., Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd., another pioneer in the tanning industry.

Design
Tanning beds use a special fluorescent lamps (16 to 32 per tanning bed) that creates visible light and ultraviolet light.  Like all fluorescent lights, they use a ballast system to limit the electricity going to each lamp, which is most often 100 watts per lamp.  The tanning beds use a special acrylic, or clear shield over the lamps.  Most clear plastics will block ultraviolet, but this special type of plastic lets most of the ultraviolet light pass through.  Most tanning beds also have a cooling fan system, to cool the electronics inside the tanning bed and keep it from getting too hot.  All tanning beds have a timer, a device to limit the amount of time the person is exposed to the ultraviolet light.  After a few minutes, the timer makes the bed turn off.

Benefits and risks
Like the sun, tanning beds help your skin to produce vitamin D due to the exposure to the UV (ultraviolet light).  Both the sun and tanning beds can damage your skin if you stay exposed for too long.  Getting too much UV, or many sunburns can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, which can be deadly.  There is a lot of controversy due to the risks.  Most countries have many laws and rules that regulate tanning beds. It can give you burns.

References

Everyday life
The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply Quirinale) is a historical building in Rome, Italy.  It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic. 

The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.

History 
The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.

The palace, on the Via del Quirinale and facing onto the Piazza del Quirinale, was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII 

Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.

The palace was a papal residence until 1870.

In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.
	
In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.

References

Other websites

Official site of the Presidency of Italy (Virtual tour of Quirinal Palace)
Satellite image of the palace and its garden

Buildings and structures in Rome
Palaces in Italy
1583 establishments
1580s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
Cornwall is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Cornwall was 45,965 in 2006. The mayor of Cornwall is Bob Kilger. The first European settlement in Cornwall was established in 1784 although Aboriginal peoples lived in and around the area for millennia. The name originally "New Johnstown" then the name was officially changed after and was named Cornwall  after the Duke of Cornwall, Prince George, in 1834.

Media
CJSS 101.9

CFLG 104.5

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Ontario
Barkly is a very small town in Victoria, Australia, about 180 kilometres northwest of Melbourne. It is located near the junction of the roads from Landsborough to Redbank, and from Frenchmans to St Arnaud. It is close to the western side of the St Arnaud Range National Park.

The area was first called the Navarre Diggings after gold was found in June 1859 by a group led by James Law (1827-1910). It was about six miles from the Navarre township. This caused a gold rush and there were soon about 700 people on the diggings. At the peak of the rush, there were over 6000 people in the area digging for gold.

James Law, who had come to Australia from Scotland, was given a reward of 150 pounds for being the first person to find gold. Other members of his group, John Fewster, W.R. Marshall and George Mill also were rewarded.

The name was changed to Barkly on 1 November 1861, after the Governor of Victoria, Sir Henry Barkly. The name was changed by the local gold warden, Mr. Warden Alley, a government official in charge of the diggings. A school was started, the Barkly Common School.

A cemetery, now called the Pioneer Cemetery, was begun close to the original diggings. The town of Barkly developed about two miles from this area, and a new cemetery was opened.

Barkly has a small Anglican church, a hall, and a few houses. The school has been closed and the buildings removed. There is a rose and lavender farm which is open to the public during the year. A headstone was placed on James Law's grave on 5 May, 1985. In 1996 a memorial stone was placed at the site of the first gold discovery.

References

Other websites 
 Culture Victoria website with photo of the Barkly goldfield
 Barkly Lavender and Rose Farm 

1859 establishments in Australia
"Time after Time" is a song first performed by American singer Cyndi Lauper. It is the second single from her album She's so Unusual. The song reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1984. It stayed there almost two weeks. The song has been covered by many other musicians.

Pop songs
1984 songs
Peterborough is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Peterborough was 45,965 in 2006. The mayor of Peterborough is Bob Kilger. Adam Scott, a settler, began construction of a sawmill and gristmill on the west shore of the Otonabee River and established the area as Scott's Plains. In 1822, the British Parliament approved an experimental emigration plan which would transport poor Irish families to Upper Canada. The scheme was managed by Peter Robinson, who was at the time a politician in York (present-day Toronto). The area of Scott's Plains was renamed Peterborough in Robinson's honour. During 1850, Peterborough was incorporated as a town and grew to a population of 2,191. The town of Peterborough later grew into a city on July 1, 1905.

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Ontario
Danica Patrick (born March 25 1982) is an American auto racer and model. She is the first female to win an IndyCar Series race. She also has the highest finish by a woman in the Indianapolis 500 in third place. She is currently competing in the NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series and the IndyCar Series. In the 2013 Daytona 500, Patrick became the first woman in the Sprint Cup to earn pole position, and led a few laps, also a first for female drivers. Patrick finished 8th, the highest by a female.  Patrick was born in Beloit, Wisconsin.

Sources 

NASCAR drivers
Models from Wisconsin
American racecar drivers
1982 births
Living people
IndyCar Series drivers
Sledge hockey (known as sled hockey in the United States) is a sport that is designed to allow players who have a physical disability to play sport. 
Ice sledge hockey was invented in Sweden in the 1960s at a rehabilitation center.

Ice sledge hockey and ice hockey differences
Team is composed of 5 players and one goalkeeper. This is same as in normal hockey.
In each team could be maximum 5 healthy players. In one moment there could be maximum 2 of them.
The benches and penalty bench are in the ice
Ice rink is same too. Hockey rinks  follow the International Ice Hockey Federation specifications, which are given in metric units (the Imperial units given are approximations): 60 m × 30 m (197 ft × 98.5 ft) with a corner radius of 8.5 m (28 ft). The distance from the end boards to the nearest goal line is 4 m (13 ft). The distance from each goal line to the nearest blue line is 17⅔ m (58 ft). The distance between the two blue lines is also 17⅔ m (58 ft). There are two widths of lines painted on a hockey rink: thick lines – 12 in (30 cm) wide – and thin lines – 2 in (5 cm) wide.

Difference is in player´s equipment. Players have full-face cover. 
Normal hockey is played for 3 times 20 minutes. In sledge hockey it is from 12 to 20 minutes. 
In normal hockey there are 3 referees. There are 2 in sledge hockey.

Ice sledge hockey equipment
Sled - Each player has his own sled. This sled is designed on his body.

Stick - The sticks for ice sledge hockey players have a blade curved as in normal ice hockey.
On the other side it has six to eight metal teeth for maneuvering and propulsion. Movement is done by using the metal teeth. The metal teeth cannot be longer than 1 centimeter beyond the stick, to help stop damage to the ice or injure of other players.

Ice sledge hockey in Kolín  
People who live in Kolín see ice sledge hockey as a normal sport. Kolín's team are on the top of table. Kolín's ice hockey players won last season. Many of Kolín's players play in Czech republic's representation.

Other websites

Leagues and Associations
 British Sledge Hockey Association 
 Czech Sledge Hockey League 
 Japan Ice Sledge Hockey Association 
 Northeast Sled Hockey League (USA)
 Ontario Sledge Hockey Association (Canada)
 Sledge Hockey of Eastern Ontario (Canada)
 Hockey Alberta - Sledge Hockey (Canada)

Equipment Manufacturers

 Canwinsportsm
 HandiNor AS
 Mobility Sports, LLC
 Passvilan
 Spokes n' Motion 
 Unique Inventions
 SWERD

National Teams
 Canada
 Czech Republic
 Estonia
 Germany
 Japan 
 Norway 
 Sweden
 United States 
 Italy 

Sports for the disabled
Ice hockey
Winter sports
1960s establishments in Sweden
The country of Azerbaijan is a republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. The Constitution of Azerbaijan makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the President of Azerbaijan has more powers than the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

The President is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and can be re-elected without any limit. The President cannot be put on trial or put in prison during his term.

The President can call a national referendum for important issues for the country, such as changing the articles of the Constitution, because a referendum is necessary for changing the Constitution. The Constitution also allows the President to be a member of a political party.

The current President of Azerbaijan is Ilham Aliyev. The list includes all the presidents that lead the country after it became independent in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed the same year. This is a complete list of the Presidents of Azerbaijan.

Presidents of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-Present)
For leaders before independence, see List of leaders of Azerbaijan

Related pages
 Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

Other websites
The President of Azerbaijan 

President of Azerbaijan

Government of Azerbaijan
Digital certificates are electronic 'credit cards' that establish your credentials when doing a business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users' public keys.
 

Classes of digital certificate:
• The class 1 defines the certificate that do not hold any legal validity as the validation process is based only on a valid email ID and involves no direct verification.

•The class 2 category states that a person's identity is to be verified against a trusted,pre-verified database.

•The class 3 requires the person present himself or herself in front of the registration authority and prove his or her identity.
was a Japanese daimyo in the Tōhoku region during the Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period. He was known as the  because he lost the use of an eye.

Date clan
In the Edo period, the Date clan were identified as one of the tozama or outsider clans, in contrast with the fudai or insider daimyō clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

Date sent troops which fought with the Tokugawa during the Battle of Sekigahara.

Sendai-kō
The feudal daimyō were sometimes identified with the suffix "-kō" (servant) combined with the name of a place or a castle.  

In 1601, Date built the Sendai castle; and the modern-day city of Sendai developed around it. Sendai-kō was one of the ways Date Masamune was described.

Keichō Embassy
In 1613-1620, Date send Hasekura Tsunenaga on a diplomatic mission to the courts of Philip III of Spain in Madrid and Pope Paul V in Rome.

This historic visit is called the .

Legacy
In 1991, a minor planet or main-belt asteroid  6859 Datemasamune was named after this Edo period historical figure.

References

Other websites 

 Aoba-jo (Sendai Castle) 

1567 births
1636 deaths
Daimyo
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Laura Feiersinger (born 5 April 1990 in Saalfelden, Austria) is an Austrian football player. She plays for FC Bayern München as a striker. Her father, Wolfgang Feiersinger, was a player for Borussia Dortmund and the Austrian women's national football team.

Career
She started playing football for the SV Oftering. From 2001 till 2008 she played for 1. SK Saalfelden and later vor FC Pinzgau Saalfelden, a club coming out of the fusion between 1. Saalfeldner SK und ESV Saalfelden, the second club in Saalfelden. 2008 she went to USK Hof, the champion of the 2nd league west and played in the play off matches versus  SV Groß-Schweinbarth. Together with Hof she was promoted to the ÖFB Frauenliga.

In 2010 she went to Germany and joined Herforder SV, which was, in this season, promoted to the Bundesliga. 2011/12 she went to FC Bayern München and debuted on 21 August 2011 versus Bayer Leverkusen. 2016 she went on to SC Sand. 2018 she went to 1. FFC/Eintracht Frankfurt.

Laura Feiersinger played for the Austrian U17 and U19 team and since 2010 in the Austrian women football national team.

References
The article uses information from de.wikipedia.org.

Austrian footballers
Austrian women's footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1990 births
Living people