cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Great Sandy Desert is a desert in the northwest of Australia, mostly in Western Australia. It is the second-largest desert in Australia (after the Great Victoria Desert). It covers about . South of the Great Sandy Desert is the Gibson Desert, and to the east is the Tanami Desert.

There are not many people living in the Great Sandy Desert. Most of them  are Aboriginal communities and mining towns. The Aboriginal people of the desert fall into two main groups: the Martu in the west and the Pintupi in the east. They both speak Western Desert languages.

The area does not get much rain, but even in the driest parts rainfalls rarely drop below . The rate of evaporation (how quickly the water dries up) is very high. Most of the rain comes from thunderstorms. Many drought years end with a monsoon or tropical cyclone. On average for most of the area, there are about 20-30 days where thunderstorms form.

Most of the plants growing across the Great Sandy Desert are spinifex grasses. Animals living in the desert include  dingos, red kangaroo, monitor lizards, bilbies, marsupial mole, thorny devils, bearded dragons and many other species of lizard.

The first European to cross the desert was Peter Warburton. He made the journey from Alice Springs leaving in April 1873 and arriving at De Grey Station in January 1874. When Warburton arrived, he was starving and blind in one eye. He thanked his survival on his Aboriginal companion Charley.

References 

Deserts of Australia
Geography of Western Australia
Azemiopinae, commonly known as the "Fea's vipers", is a monotypic subfamily made for a monotypic genus, Azemiops, which contains the venomous viper, Azemiops Feae. It is found on the mountains of Southeast Asia.

Description
The Feas's vipers can grow up to the length of 77 cm. They are blueish-gray or black in color with orange crossbands, the head is orange while the chin and throat is yellow, it also has yellow eyes.

Where they live
The Fea's viper is found in northern Vietnam, southern China, south-east Myanmar, and south-east Tibet. In China the Fea's viper is found in Fujien, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Kweichow, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

Habitat
The Fea's viper is found on mountains which have an altitude of 1000 meters. It prefers to live in cool climates which have an average temperature of 18-25 °C. In Vietnam it is found in bamboo forests.

Behavior
The Fea's viper is said to be nocturnal, but some people say that it crepuscular, and it hibernates in the winter. When disturbed, the Fea's viper flattens its body to make it look wider, and opens its mouth widely to show its fangs, giving its head a triangular shape. It sometimes also vibrates it tail. Fea's vipers are said to eat small mammals.

References

Vipers
The Parable of the Prodigal Son is one of the parables of Jesus. It is found only in the Gospel of Luke at 15:11-32.  The parable is about a son who wastes his share of his father's estate. He loses all his money and gets work feeding pigs—one of the lowest jobs a person can do according to the Jewish religion.  He repents and returns to his father's house. He is welcomed and a feast is held.  His older, dutiful brother who has worked without reward for his father resents the fuss made over the prodigal son. His father reminds him that all he has is his. He says they should still celebrate the return of the younger boy because he has come back to them. In the Western Catholic church, this parable is usually read on the third Sunday of Lent. In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son. The parable is the subject of much art, music, literature, and stage works.

This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption. It follows the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin. Jesus tells this parable after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with "sinners." The father's joy described in the parable reflects divine love, the "boundless mercy of God," and "God's refusal to limit the measure of his grace."

References 

Prodigal Son
The Brandenburg Gate () on the Luisenplatz in Potsdam, should not be confused with the gate of the same name on Berlin's Pariser Platz, it was built in 1770/71 by Carl von Gontard and Georg Christian Unger by order of Frederick II of Prussia. It stands at the western end of Brandenburger Straße, which runs in a straight line up to the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul.

Previously, from 1733, there was another, simpler gate on the same spot, which resembled a castle gateway. Together with the city wall, a form of toll barrier, and the other gates it was intended to prevent desertion and smuggling.

Towards the end of the Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great had the old gate demolished and built, in its stead, this new Brandenburg Gate, as a symbol of his victory.

Since the city wall was demolished around 1900 the Brandenburg Gate has been a free-standing structure.

Sources 
 Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, .

Other websites 

Potsdam
Buildings and structures in Germany
1770s establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in Germany
Frogs have become a popular exotic pet. They can be kept in basic conditions, compared to reptiles. They are not expensive and their food is easily purchased. Common pet frogs includes ranids, hylids, bufonids, leptodactylids, and dendrobatids.

Pet frogs can be fed a lot of different live foods. These include crickets, rodents and fish. Small pet frogs will only eat crickets, fruit flies, springtails and other small arthropods. Medium-sized pet frogs can be fed larger crickets, mealworms, butterworms, silkworms, grasshoppers and small fish. Large pet frogs like Ceratophrys frogs, can be fed small fish, other frogs, reptiles, and small mammals such as mice or rats.

Amphibians of all sizes would need different terrariums. Tree frogs like to climb and can escape if a pet owner does not add a top cover for their tanks. Semi-aquatic amphibians need both land and water divided in the tank. Tropical frogs would need mist and high humidity in their terrariums. All amphibians water must be treated with dechlorination. The chlorine can kill amphibians, and are found in tap water. Many amphibians are a popular exotic pet and are found in pet stores that sell reptiles.

Pets
Frogs
Deborrah Kaye "Debbie" Allen (born January 16, 1950, Houston ) is an American dancer, actress and television producer. She also taught choreography and acted in Broadway plays.

References

Actors from Houston, Texas
American movie actors
American choreographers
1950 births
Living people
Drama Desk Award winners
Ascaphidae is a family of frogs. They are called tailed frogs because they have an organ that looks like a tail. The tail helps them to live in fast-moving streams. They live in North America.

References

Books

Other websites 

Excerpt from Zeiner et al. 1988 describing tailed frogs 
Type information from the American Museum of Natural History

Frogs
The Pipidae is a family of frogs. They do not have tongues. There are over 30 species of Pipidae frogs. They are found in tropical places in South America and Africa.

Genera 
Family Pipidae
 Hymenochirus - Dwarf clawed frogs
 Pseudhymenochirus - Merlin's clawed frog
 Xenopus - Common clawed frogs
 Silurana - Tropical clawed frogs
 Pipa - Surinam toads

References

Other websites

Frogs
The African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) is a species of frog. They are in the Ranidae family. They are commonly named pixie frog because of their Latin name. They are found in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo. They live in dry savannas, subtropical or tropical habitats. Males are bigger and longer than females.

Other websites
 The Natural History of the African Bullfrog, copyright 2002 by Terry Gampper.
 Natural History, Care and Breeding Information for African Bullfrogs / Pyxie frogs 

Frogs
Twyla Tharp (born July 1 1941) is an American dancer and choreographer.  She lives and works in New York City.  

Her work often uses classical music, jazz, and contemporary pop music.  In 1973, Tharp choreographed the ballet Deuce Coupe to the music of The Beach Boys.  It is considered to be the first crossover ballet.  Later she choreographed Push Comes to Shove.  That ballet featured Mikhail Baryshnikov and is now thought to be the best example of the crossover ballet.

Tharp has choreographed dances for many important ballet companies around the world.  She also has had success on Broadway.  In 1985, her staging of Singin' in the Rain, played at the Gershwin for 367 performances.  Her dance musical Movin' Out ran for 1,331 performances on Broadway. The musical is set to the music and lyrics of Billy Joel. It received 10 Tony Award nominations and Tharp was named Best Choreographer.

Honors and awards
Twyla Tharp received two Emmy Awards, 19 honorary doctorates, the Vietnam Veterans of America President’s Award, the 2004 National Medal of the Arts.

Tharp was inducted into the Academy of Achievement in 1993.

She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree for 2008.

Movies
Hair	
Ragtime 	
Amadeus 	
White Nights 
I'll Do Anything

References

Writers from New York City
American stage actors
1941 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
Tony Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Writers from Indiana
Drama Desk Award winners
Actors from Indiana
Actors from New York City
American choreographers
American dancers
Chytridiomycosis is a disease that can kill amphibians, for example frogs.  A fungus causes it.  THe chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes the disease.  The animals can catch it from each other. Chytridiomycosis one reason why there are fewer amphibians on Earth than there were. The fungus has decreased the amphibian population by 30% worldwide.  Many spcies are now extict because they died of chitridiomycosis.  In some species, only a few animals die, but in other species, they all die.  This is called 100% mortality. There is no cure.

Other websites 

 Article in National Geographic Magazine, April 2009 
 Wildlife Trade and Global Disease Emergence
 Main preventative management strategies for the Chytrid fungus
 Amphibian chytridiomycosis at Amphibian Diseases Home Page 
 'Amphibian Ark' aims to save frogs from fungus 

Animal diseases
Fungal diseases
Temnospondyls are an order of small to giant batrachomorph tetrapods. They lived worldwide from the Carboniferous to the Triassic. A few species continued into the Lower Cretaceous.

The Temnospondyls are similar or identical to the Labyrinthodonts minus the Lepospondyls. It is probably an evolutionary grade, not monophyletic. It is convenient to use, because all these early amphibia were so different from present-day amphibia.p169 Many in the early Permian looked more like reptiles because they were adapted to life in a drier climate. Nevertheless, they were amphibians, and many larval stages have been found.

They are a large group of some 40 families and 160 genera.p322 Fossils have been found on every continent. Their evolutionary history spans 210 million years. During this time, they adapted to a wide range of habitats including fresh water, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments.

Fossils are known from the larval stage, metamorphosis, and maturity.p184 Most temnospondyls were semiaquatic, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed. These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. Although temnospondyls are considered amphibians, many had characteristics such as scales, claws, and armour-like bony plates which modern amphibians do not have.

The youngest known temnospondyl is the Australian Koolasuchus that lived about 120 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous.

References

Other websites 

 Temnospondyli  Tree of Life project page on temnospondyls.
 Temnospondyli Palaeos page on temnospondyls.
Youth Riding a Hippalektryon is a circular painting (tondo) in the bottom of the bowl of an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup. It was painted by Epiktetos. It is dated to the Archaic period of Greek art (ca. 530–520 BC). The cup stands about 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) tall. A hippalektryon is a mythical creature, part horse and part rooster. The cup is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The museum writes, "Late sixth-century vases connected with drinking occasionally have subjects that go beyond the familiar gorgons, griffins, or sphinxes. The hippalektryon belongs to this category. It is interesting to compare this piece to the fine early red-figure plate by Epiktetos showing a youth riding a rooster."

References

Other websites 
 

Ancient Greek paintings
Ancient Greek pottery
Paintings and pottery by Epiktetos
The genre known as Spy-fi is a cross-over between the genres of spy fiction and science fiction. The story usually involves a spy with advanced technological weapons or gadgets, and sometimes the villain is a mad scientist or evil genius with robots or advanced technological weapons and gadgets. The film and novel series James Bond was a popularizer of the genre, as well as such TV shows as The Man from UNCLE, Mission: Impossible, and I Spy.

Science fiction
Genres
Singing Reveler is the tondo (circular painting) in a terracotta drinking cup said to have been painted by Epiktetos. It is dated about 520510 BC.  The cup measures 3 1/16 x 9 15/16 x 7 1/16 to 7 3/16 in. The cup is in the collections of The J. Paul Getty Museum.

The tondo depicts an older, balding man reclining on a couch and singing. The setting is probably a drinking party (symposium). These cups were meant to be used at such parties and were often decorated with party scenes. 

The tondo presented problems to painters. It was difficult to present upright figures in a circle. Epiktetos solved this problem by using the couch as a line. The man's mantle slipping from the couch creates depth and space. The museum writes, "Epiktetos also used the circular frame of the tondo as part of the composition: it supports the man's pillow, and he props his foot on it."

References

Other websites 
 

Paintings and pottery by Epiktetos
Ancient Greek paintings
Ancient Greek pottery
Pentathletes is a painting on an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup from Athens. It is said to be the work of the Carpenter Painter. It is dated about 510500 BC.  The cup measures 4 5/16 x 15 x 13 3/16 in. In the circular painting (tondo) at the bottom of the bowl of the cup, a youth pulls an older man to him for a kiss. The outside of the cup depicts bearded men and youths exercising with discus and javelin. A youth in a long robe plays music. The pictures reflect the interests of the aristocrats who would have used such a cup at a drinking party.

References 
 

Ancient Greek paintings
Ancient Greek pottery
Cerastes is a genus of small venomous vipers growing up to the length of around 50 cm. There are currently three species found. They are usually known as the "Horned Vipers", the "North African Desert Vipers", or the "Cerastes Vipers".

Behavior
The Horned Viper is nocturnal and terrestrial (lives on the ground), and is usually found buried underneath the sand. They are said to be slow moving, but they are able to do sidewinding. When they do sidewinding they can move faster across the sand. They are able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. They sink into the sand tail first and keep on sinking deeper into the sand until only their eyes and nose are sticking out of the sand. The reason they do this is so they can ambush prey which come close to it. They are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. They live in the deserts of North Africa, Arabia, and Iran.

Feeding
The Horned Viper catch their prey by ambushing. They eat mainly rodents, birds and lizards.

Species
 Desert Horned Viper, C. Cerastes
 Arabian Horned Viper, C. Gasperettii
 Sahara Sand Viper, C. Vipera

Vipers
Yu Kil-chun (, 1856 – 1914) was a Korean politician, philosopher, thinker, reform activist and independence activist during the Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was Gudang, Chunmin, Guyil.

Life 
Yu Kil-chun was born in Kwangju. In his early years he studied under Park Kyu-su and Oh Kyung-suk. As a young man in 1881, he went to Meiji Japan to study at Keio University. He then went to the United States in 1884 to study mathematics. After his he was accused of supporting the Gaehwadang (enlightenment party). He was arrested and put in jail from 1885 to 1894.

Between 1894 and 1895, Yu worked for the government of prime minister Kim Hongjip. He was Vice Minister of State for Home Office. In October 1895, Korea's King Gojong claimed that Yu was involved in the assassination of Queen Min. Kim was killed and his cabinet was disbanded. Yu went to the Russian embassy and escaped the country for exile in Japan. He returned to Korea in 1907 after he was pardoned by Emperor Sunjeong.

In 1910, when Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan, Yun started a movement against the annexation. Yu was offered the title danshaku by the Government of Japan, but he refused it. He died in 1914 of a heart problem. He was aged 58.

Works 
 Seoyugyonmun (서유견문)

Notes

Sources 
 De Ceuster, Koen. “The World in a Book: Yu Kilchun’s Soyu kyonmun.” In Remco E. Breuker, ed. Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven. Leiden: CNWS Publications, 2008.

Other websites 
 구당 유길준(矩堂 兪吉濬):2003년 12월의 문화 인물   
 Yu Kil-chun  
 Yu Kil-chun , Korean historical person information 
 Yu Gil-jun  
 Yu Gil-jun  
 Yu Gil-jun  

1856 births
1914 deaths
Korean activists
Korean educators
Anti-Communists
Korean politicians
Murder victims
Autobiographers
Katherine Esther Jackson (born May 4, 1930 as Kattie B. Screws) is the matriarch of the Jackson family of musicians and singers, including Michael Jackson, La Toya and Janet Jackson. She is the widow of Joe Jackson. 

Jackson had 10 children. Several of the children became famous.  In 1985 Essence honored her as "Mother of the Year".

In 1990, Jackson released her autobiography, My Family.  The book told about her early years and her relationship with her husband and their children.

On June 25, 2009, Michael Jackson died. Katherine was granted temporary guardianship of Michael's three children. In 2012 her guardianship was suspended for a short time.  The guardianship resumed with TJ Jackson, Michael's nephew, added as a co-guardian.

Children
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951)
Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953)
Jermaine La Jaune Jacksun (born December 11, 1954)
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
Brandon Jackson (March 12, 1957)
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958–June 25, 2009)
Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)

References

African-American people
Jackson family
People from Alabama
1930 births
Living people
Fax (short for facsimile),  or telecopying, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. 

The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which turns the contents (text or images)  into a bitmap, Then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy. 

Businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based methods. Fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted. However, encryption (a secret coding system) can make internet messages secure.

In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not recognized by law while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.

In many businesses, standalone fax machines have been replaced by fax servers which receive and store incoming faxes electronically. The servers route them to users on paper or via a secure email. Such systems reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound phone lines needed by an office.

History

Wire transmission 
Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received the first fax patent in 1843.  Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli  He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones. 

In 1881, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph. It became widely used in continental Europe after a wanted-person photograph was transmitted from Paris to London in 1908. Its main competitors were the Bélinograf by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.

Transmission by landline was replaced by radiotransmission, and from  1960 by satellite transmission. Digital systems are now universal. Faster, more efficient and cheaper fax machines have allowed even small companies to own a fax machine. The technology is now world-wide.

References 

Telecommunications
The Neue Kirche (; colloquially , meaning "German Cathedral"), is in Berlin.  It is on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the French Church. The Lutheran and Calvinist congregants used German as their native language.  This is different than the French-speaking Calvinist congregation who owned the French Church on the opposite side of Gendarmenmarkt. The congregants' native language combined with the domed tower gave the church its colloquial naming.

Famous parishioners
 E. T. A. Hoffmann

References
 Ingrid Bartmann-Kompa, Horst Büttner, Horst Drescher, Joachim Fait, Marina Flügge, Gerda Herrmann, Ilse Schröder, Helmut Spielmann, Christa Stepansky, and Heinrich Trost, Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR: Hauptstadt Berlin: 2 parts, Institut für Denkmalpflege (ed.) (11983), Berlin: Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, 21984, part I, p. 217. No ISBN.
 Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani, Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin (11978), Berlin: CZV-Verlag, 21986, pp. 374seq. .

Other websites

 German Bundestag Historic Exhibition 
 Congregation in the Friedrichstadt (German official website)

Protestant churches in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Mantellinae is a subfamily of frogs. They are part of the family Mantellidae. These frogs lives in Madagascar and Mayotte. These frogs looks similar to poison dart frogs. Most Mantellinae frogs are toxic. They have a lot of warning colors. There are over 100 species in this family.

Species and family 
There are two genus:
 Mantella (16 species)
 Mantidactylus (over 80 species)

Other websites 

Frogs
The Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) is a species of tree frog. They live on the West Coast of North America. This includes California, Oregon and Washington in the United States, and British Columbia in Canada. They live on the ground, but some have been found living in places 10,000 feet above sea level. They are the only frogs to make a "rabbit" sound. They are either green or brown. They can also change their colors.

References

Other websites

 Fact sheet, taxonomic details, distribution maps, slideshow, and images of Pseudacris regilla at ZipcodeZoo.com.
Californiaherps.com description - Includes detailed description, photos, recordings of calls
mister-toad.com Pacific Tree Frog description - Description of the ecology of Pacific Tree Frogs with photographs, audio and video.
 http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/herps/amphibid/species/hylareg.htm

Frogs
The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) is a species of frogs. It lives in Europe. It is also known as water frog or green frog. However, green frog is usually given to the North American frog Lithobates clamitans. The Edible frog is used as a food source to people in France.

Other websites 

Frogs
Animal hybrids
The Texas toad (Bufo speciosus) is a species of toads. They are very small only reaching three inches. They live in the United States in the state of Texas. But they are also found in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Mexico.

References 

  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern.
IUCN RangeMap: Bufo speciosus
USGS: Texas Toad

Toads
(German for: French Cathedral) is the colloquial naming for the French Church of Friedrichstadt (, ) in Berlin on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the Deutscher Dom (German Cathedral), formerly a church of German-speaking congregants.

The first parts of the actual French Church were built from 1701 to 1705 for the Huguenot (Calvinist) community. At that time, Huguenots made up about 25% of Berlin's population. The French Church was modelled after the destroyed Huguenot temple in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, France.

In 1785 Carl von Gontard modified the church and built - wall to wall next to it - the domed tower, which - together with the French-speaking congregants - earned the church its naming. The domed tower is technically no part of the church, there is no access between church and tower, because both buildings have different owners. The tower, similar to that of Deutscher Dom, was simply built to give the Gendarmenmarkt a symmetric design. 

The church is not a cathedral in the strict sense of the word because it has never been the seat of a bishop.

The domed tower, which is a viewing platform open to visitors, provides a panoramic view of Berlin. A restaurant is located in the basement underneath the prayer hall. The tower also contains the Huguenot museum of Berlin.

Other websites

Calvinism
Protestant churches in Germany
Cathedrals in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
The cane toad (Bufo marinus) is a species of toad. They are also known as the giant neotropical toad and the marine toad.
 
Cane toads are terrestrial amphibians. This means that they only go back to the water to lay their eggs. They live in Central America and South America. However, they have been introduced to Oceania and the Caribbean.

In Australia 
Nearly 80 years ago, a group of 102 cane toads were sent to Queensland to catch sugar beetles. 
Cane-growers were concerned about the damage insect larvae were doing to crops. The insects were native to Australia, but bad for the valuable cane crops.

The first cane toads were brought into Queensland by Reginald Mungomery, an entomologist. Before 1935, Australia had no toads. The entire continent, full of various frog species, had no toads. Tough and always moving into new areas, the cane toads started reproducing and expanding outwards every wet season. This "invasion front" moved around 10 km a year until the 1960s, when it began speeding up significantly.

Cane toads are rapidly adapting to dry climates, a huge change from their origins in the South American rainforest. They have poison gland in their skin.

Their predators 
In their native habitat, a number of fish and reptiles prey on the tadpoles and the adult toad.
These include the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), the banded cat-eyed snake (Leptodeira annulata),  eels (family Anguillidae), various species of killifish,  the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator).

They have far fewer predators in Australia but, as time passes, some of the local animals will adapt their behaviour. Already some Australian crows have learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their back. Opossums of the Didelphis genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity. Meat ants are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, and therefore are able to kill them. The cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.

In popular culture
A cane toad is one of the non-human characters in Dave Barry's 1999 novel Big Trouble and in the 2002 movie based on the novel.

References

Other websites 

Species Profile - Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for cane toad.

Toads
The mole salamander is a member of the genus Ambystoma. There are a group of animals that live in North America. The only family in this genus is the Ambystomatidae. The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a popular exotic pet. They are also used in research. The Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) is an official amphibian of many US states. They are also sold as pets.

Species
 Mountain Stream Salamander (Ambystoma altimirani) V
 Blunt-Headed Salamander (Ambystoma amblycephalum) V
 Anderson's Salamander (Ambystoma andersoni) N
 Ringed Salamander (Ambystoma annulatum) T
 Streamside Salamander (Ambystoma barbouri) T
 Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) T
 Delicate-Skinned Salamander (Ambystoma bombypellum) T
 California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) T
 Frosted Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum) T
 Lake Patzcuaro Salamander (Ambystoma dumerilii) N
 Yellow-Peppered Salamander (Ambystoma flavipiperatum) T
 Northwestern Salamander (Ambystoma gracile) T
 Granular Salamander (Ambystoma granulosum) T
 Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) T
 Blue-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) T
 Silvery Salamander (Ambystoma platineum)
 Tremblay's Salamander (Ambystoma tremblayi)
 Lake Lerma Salamander (Ambystoma lermaense) V
 Leora's Salamander (Ambystoma leorae) T
 Mabee's Salamander (Ambystoma mabeei) T
 Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) T
 Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum) T
 Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) T
 Barred Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium) V
 Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) N
 Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) T
 Puerto Hondo Stream Salamander (Ambystoma ordinarium) V
 Michoacan Stream Salamander (Ambystoma rivulare) T
 Tarahumara Salamander (Ambystoma rosaceum) V
 Durango Salamander (Ambystoma silvense) V
 Mole Salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) V
 Taylor's Salamander (Ambystoma taylori) N
 Small-mouthed Salamander (Ambystoma texanum) T
 Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) V
 Plateau Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma velasci) V

Other websites

Tree of Life: Ambystomatidae 
Herpseeker.dk 
IUCN redlist of threatened Ambystomatidae

Salamanders
Slender salamander is a common name given to lungless salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps. They are different from other lungless salamanders. They have four toes on each foot. They live in Oregon, California and Baja California in Mexico.

Species
19 species are recognized in this genus:

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Batrachoseps. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: July 30, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Batrachoseps. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 30, 2008). 
 Tree of Life: Batrachoseps
 A slender salamanders page

Salamanders
The Chinese fire belly newt (Cynops orientalis) is a species of newts. They are small and will reach up to 2.2-4 inches (6-10 cm). They are black and have bright orange colors on their front side. They are commonly found in pet stores. They are sometimes confused with the Japanese fire belly newt. This is because of their small size and colors. However, the Chinese fire belly newt has smoother skin and a rounder tail than the Japanese Fire Belly Newt.

References

  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
Chang, Mangven L. Y. 1936. Contribution à l'étude Morphologique, Biologique et systématique des Amphibiens urodèles de la Chine. Libraire Picart, Paris, 156 p.
Brodie, Edmund D., Jr., John Hensel, Jr. and Judith Johnson. “Toxicity of the Urodele Amphibians Taricha, Notophthalmus, Cynops and Paramesotriton (Salamandridae)” Copeia. 1974. n2. p506-511.

Newts
A quarter dollar or quarter, is a coin worth ¼ of a United States dollar. They are worth 25 cents. The quarter has been produced since 1796.

List of designs
Silver quarters
Draped Bust 1796–1807
Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796
Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807
Capped Bust 1815–1838
Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828
Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838
Seated Liberty 1838–1891
Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865
Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891
Barber 1892–1916
Standing Liberty 1916–1930
Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917
Standing Liberty (Type 2) 1917–1930
Washington Quarter 1931–1964, 1992–1998 (Proof Only)
Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976) (40% Silver-clad Proof, not intended for circulation)
Washington statehood 1999–2008 (Proof Only)
Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009 (Proof Only)
Copper-nickel quarters
Washington Quarter 1965–1974, 1977–1998
Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976).
Washington statehood 1999–2008
Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009
Washington America the Beautiful Quarters 2010–2021

References

Other websites 

Official specifications
http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?action=faq_circulating_coin
http://www.acoin.com/regularissue/regular25c.htm 
US Quarters by year and type. Histories, photos, and more.

Currency of the United States
1796 establishments in the United States
Coins
For another species commonly known as the red-eyed treefrog, see Litoria chloris

Agalychnis callidryas, known as the red-eyed treefrog is a species of tree frogs.

Red-eyed tree frogs spend most of their time on large tropical leaves. They are not poisonous, and rely on camouflage to protect themselves. During the day, they stay still, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their stomachs, and shut their red eyes. So they look almost completely green, and are well hidden amongst the leaves. The large red eyes are a defensive adaptation called deimatic behaviour. When a red-eyed tree frog detects a predator, it abruptly opens its eyes and stares at the predator. The sudden appearance of the red eyes may startle the predator, giving the frog a chance to flee.

They are active at night. They like to eat small insects.

During mating, the female carries the male on her back for several hours during the process. The female chooses a leaf above a pond or large puddle on which to lay her clutch of eggs. The male puts out his sperm onto the eggs as they are released.

Tree frogs lay jelly-like eggs. The mothers will stay near them and help them fight any hungry animals that want to eat them. They become a tadpole in one or two weeks. They drop from the leaf and into the lake which is below the leaf.

If predators are close enough to produce vibration, the embryos sense this. After a few seconds, they vigorously hatch out into tadpoles and spread out to escape.

References

Other websites 
 Red-eyed tree frog facts

Frogs
The Common frog (Rana temporaria) is a species of frog. They are also known as the European Common Frog or the European Common Brown Frog. They live in Europe, the Arctic Circle, Scandinavia, Urals, Iberia, Italy, Balkans and Ireland. They are an introduced species in most countries.

References

Other websites 

Amphibians of Europe

Frogs
The bronzed frog or Günther's golden-backed frog (Hylarana temporalis) is a species of frog. They are found in forests of Western Ghats, India and Sri Lanka. They are an important prey for many snakes include the Malabar Pit Viper and the Vine Snake.

References

Other websites 
IUCN Red List  page on H. temporalis.
Breeding call audio from YouTube [Contributed by Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut]

Frogs
The Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) is a mole salamander. They live in northeastern United States, southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec. It was named after Jefferson College in Pennsylvania.

It is usually dark gray, brown or black. Others can have silver or blue spots on their sides. These salamanders are very skinny with a wide nose and long toes. They can reach up to 11 to 18 cm.

Like other mole salamanders, the Jefferson salamander burrows. They have lungs that helps them to dig. They are only active at night. They are only active in the day when its mating season. They will breed in early spring after snow has melted in their area.

References

Other websites 
 Environment Canada - Species at Risk: Jefferson Salamander 
 Amphibians of Canada: Jefferson salamander 
 US Geological Survey - Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Jefferson Salamander
 Ohio History Central: Jefferson Salamander
 Jefferson Salamander species account and conservation status

Salamanders
The California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) is a species of salamanders. They are part of the family Dicamptodontidae. They live in California and western United States. They are related to the Idaho giant salamander, Pacific giant salamander and the Coastal giant salamander.

Other websites

Salamanders
Bolitoglossa is a genus of salamanders. They are also called tropical climbing salamanders and web-footed salamanders. They are part of the Plethodontidae family. They live in Central America and South America. They are terrestrial amphibians.

Species
117 species are currently assigned to this genus.

Other websites 
 . 2008. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). Bolitoglossa. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: July 29, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Bolitoglossa. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 29, 2008). 
 Tree of Life: Bolitoglossa

Salamanders
Green toad  (Anaxyrus debilis) is a species of toads. They live in southwestern United States in states like Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas and Texas. They can also be found in northern Mexico in states like Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Durango and Zacatecas.

Green toads are green or yellow with black spots. They are not a large toad. They grow up to 2 inches. They are only active at night. They will breed in spring, summer and autumn. Males will call a female to lay her eggs in his territory.

Subspecies 
Eastern green toad, Bufo debilis debilis—Smith, 1950
Western green toad, Bufo debilis insidior—Smith, 1950

Other websites 
  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
Amphibian Species of the World: Bufo debilis

Toads
The Smooth Newt is a species of newts. They are also known as the Common Newt. It is the most common newt species of the Lissotriton genus of amphibians. They live in Europe, southern France and the Iberian peninsula.

References

Other websites

 

Newts
The Midwife toad (Alytes) is a genus of frogs. They part of the Discoglossidae family. They live in most of Europe and northwestern Africa. They look like toads because of their hard skin. They get their name because they take care of their young on their backs. They help them from not being eaten from hungry animals. When they hatch the frog will go back to the water and allow them to swim away.

Species

Books 
 Carl Vogt: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Geburtshelferkröte. (Alytes obstetricians), Solothurn: Jent und Gassman, (1842), pp 130
 Arthur Koestler, The Case of the Midwife Toad, London:  Hutchinson, 1971.

Frogs
Filter feeders are animals that feed on matter and food particles from water. Some animals that do this are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales and many fish such as sharks. Some birds such as flamingos are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can help clear water.

Books
 
 Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia. 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 – 286

Other websites
Filter feeder of krill 

Animals
Ecology
Ceratophrys is a genus of frogs. They are part of the family Leptodactylidae. They are also part of the subfamily Ceratophryinae. They are also known as South American horned frogs as well as Pacman frogs. This is because they look like the video game character Pac-Man.

Images 

Frogs
The RAAF Woomera Test Range is a weapons testing facility in South Australia. It is run by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It covers and area of , and is the world's largest weapons test facility on land. The range is a restricted area, called the Woomera Prohibited Area. The airspace above it is also restricted, and is called the Woomera Restricted Airspace.

The range was originally set up as a place for the British to test missiles during World War II. The British asked to do weapons testing here (in the centre of Australia), because not many people lived there. A Commonwealth weapons design and test project, called the Australian-Anglo Joint Project, was signed in 1946. The range originally had an area of .

Between 1955 and 1963, the British ran a series of seven nuclear-weapon tests at Maralinga, then inside the range. The Joint Project ran until 1980, when the British withdrew from the program. The range is still used as a testing site by the Australian Defence Force. Access is leased to foreign militaries and private companies for their own testing of weapons.

It is named after the Dharuk word for a spear-thrower.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Military of Australia
South Australia
Komatsu is a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.
It is in the southern part of the prefecture, near the Sea of Japan.

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Ishikawa Prefecture
Charles Nelson Perkins, AO, (16 June 1936 – 19 October 2000) was an Australian activist and Aboriginal leader. He was also a professional football player.

Perkins grew up in Alice Springs. His mother was Arrernte, and his father was Kalkadoon. He later moved to Sydney, and graduated from the University of Sydney in 1965. He was the first indigenous Australian to graduate from a university.

Perkins campaigned for Aboriginal land rights. In 1965, he was an important person in the Freedom Ride campaign, which aimed to raise public awareness of the standards of living, literacy and health conditions among the Aboriginal population. The group was famous for publicising acts of discrimination.

Perkins was also important in the campaign for the referendum in 1967, which allowed Aboriginal people to be counted in censuses, and parliament to make special laws specifically for Aboriginal people. From 1969, Perkins worked as a public servant in the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs. He was made permanent secretary of this department in 1981, which made him the first Aboriginal to become the permanent head of a federal government department. He served as secretary until 1988.

Perkins died in October 2000 of kidney failure.

References

Further reading

Other websites

1936 births
2000 deaths
Indigenous Australian politics
Indigenous Australian activists
Australian footballers
Order of Australia
Australian politicians
Arrernte
University of Sydney alumni
People from Alice Springs
Indigenous Australian sportspeople
Kottabos Player is an Attic red-figure terracotta kylix said to have been painted by someone close to the Kleophrades Painter. It dates to the Greek Archaic period, about 500 BC. The kylix's height with handles is 3 3/16 in. (8.1 cm) and its width with handles is 10 1/16 in. (25.5 cm). 

The diameter of the bowl is 7 5/8 in. (19.3 cm).  The kylix is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The figure is a symposiast playing a party game called kottabos. He is about to fling the last of the wine in his cup at a lamp stand in an attempt to knock the lamp stand's finial off. The winner was he who did so.

References 
 

Ancient Greek pottery
Ancient Greek paintings
Allan Clyde Holding (27 April 1931 – 31 July 2011) was an Australian politician. He was Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for ten years, and was later a federal minister. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party.

Holding was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the seat of Richmond in 1962. He was a strong supporter of indigenous Australian rights (including land rights) and national aid for schools. In 1977, he was elected to the House of Representatives as member for Melbourne Ports. When Bob Hawke became Prime Minister in 1983, he put Holding in charge of Aboriginal Affairs. During his term, Holding tried to make federal laws for Aboriginal land rights. But Brian Burke, the Labor Premier of Western Australia, did not want this, because it would have upset the mining and agricultural industries, which were very important to his state. Holding was forced by Hawke to drop the proposal. In 1987, he was moved to the Ministry of Employment Services and Youth Affairs. The next year, he was made Minister for Transport, and then later Minister for Immigration.

References

1931 births
2011 deaths
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian Labor Party politicians
Government ministers of Australia
Kottabos () was a party game played at symposia in Ancient Greece. It was popular in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. It was also popular with the Etruscans. The game is played by flinging a bit of wine from one's cup at targets. The player would utter the name of his lover. The game was probably of Sicilian origin but spread throughout the Greek world. Many Greek poets mention the game in their works. By the time of the Roman Empire and the Age of Alexander the Great, the game had died out. It is not mentioned in Latin literature.

References 

Ancient Greece
Games
A symposium (plural: symposia) was a drinking party in Ancient Greece. Guests were males. Well bred women did not attend. Boys or slave girls served the food and drink, danced, juggled, played music, or otherwise entertained the assembly. These servers were usually nude. The symposium was an aristocratic institution often held to celebrate a young man's entry into adult society, an athletic victory, or a poetic achievement. It was an occasion for male conversation and debate. Party-goers reclined on couches and pillows. Guests played a game called kottabos, wrestled, and held song contests. A symposium is described in Plato's The Symposium. The party is attended by Socrates and the young, drunken, and nearly nude Alcibiades.

Ancient Greece
Social events
Robert Montgomery "Bob" Knight (born October 25 1940) is a retired American basketball sports coach. He won over 900 NCAA Division I men's college basketball games. Knight is well known as the head coach of the Indiana Hoosiers from 1971–2000. He also coached for the Texas Tech from 2001–2008.

Knight was born in Massillon, Ohio. He studied at Ohio State University.

He has been praised for having a clean program. None of his teams was ever sanctioned by the NCAA for any recruitment violations. He has, however, attracted some controversy for throwing a chair across the courts during a game. He was once arrested for assault. He was fired from Indiana in mid September 2000.

In April 2015, it was announced that ESPN would not sign Knight's contract for another season.

References

Other websites

Sportspeople from Ohio
College basketball coaches
1940 births
Living people
Controversies
Basketball players