cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nicola (Antonio) Porpora (or Niccolò Porpora) (17 August 1686 – 3 March 1768) was a composer and a very famous singing teacher from Italy. He composed more than 40 operas. He also composed cantatas, oratorios, sonatas for violin, and church music. Some of the famous people who studied singing and music with Porpora were the poet Pietro Metastasio, the composer Joseph Haydn, Princess Maria Antonia of Bavaria, and the castrato singers, Farinelli and Caffarelli.

Life
Porpora was born in Naples. His father, Carlo Porpora, owned a book shop. When he was ten years old, Porpora began to study music at a famous music school in Naples called the . He studied there for ten years. He composed his first opera, Agrippina, when he was 22 years old. It was about Agrippina the Younger, the mother of the Roman Emperor, Nero. Agrippina was first performed in 1708 at the Royal Palace in Naples.

At first, Porpora worked mostly in Naples, composing music and teaching singing. In 1726 he went to live in Venice where he taught singing and composed many operas. He lived in Venice for many years. During his life he also worked in Vienna, Dresden, and London. He went back to Naples to work two or three times. The last time was in 1758. He stayed in Naples for the rest of his life. He was a teacher at two music schools there, the  and the . 

He wrote his last opera in 1760. It was called  (Camilla's Triumph). It was performed at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, but it was not a success. He retired from teaching in 1761. In the last years of his life, he had very little money. Porpora died in 1768. He was 81 years old. He is buried in the Church of Ecce Homo in Naples. Many singers and musicians performed at his funeral.

Recordings
There are several modern recordings of Porpora's music, especially his sonatas for violin and his church music. There is also a recording of arias from six of his operas. They are performed by the soprano, Karina Gauvin and the  orchestra, conducted by Alan Curtis.

References

Grove, George (1900). "Porpora, Nicola", A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Volume 3, pp. 16-18. MacMillan & Co 
Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1996). "Porpora, Nicola (Antonio)" in The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music, pp. 702-703. Harvard University Press

Other websites
The Porpora Project with a longer biography of Porpora and lists of his compositions.
 Nicola Porpora at the International Music Score Library Project

1686 births
1768 deaths
Entertainers from Campania
Italian composers
People from Naples
Hermannsburg is an Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about  southwest of Alice Springs. It is known in the local Arrernte language as Ntaria.

In the 2006 census, Hermannsburg had a population of 559. It was established as a Lutheran mission in 1877 by two missionaries from Germany. They named their new mission after Hermannsburg in Germany where they had trained. The missionaries left in 1891, but people still lived at the settlement. The mission land was given over to traditional ownership in 1982.

The famous painter Albert Namatjira was born at Hermannsburg in 1902. He painted landscapes in Western-style watercolours. Painting in this style came to be known as the Hermannsburg School of painting.

Other websites
South Australian History - Hermannsburg

1877 establishments in Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Towns in the Northern Territory
Australian National Heritage List
Arrernte
Kiwirrkura (also spelled Kiwirrkurra) is a small community in Western Australia, near to Lake Mackay. It is 850 km west of Alice Springs. It has been said to be the most remote community in Australia. It was established by Pintupi people as an outstation in the early 1980s. It became a permanent settlement in 1983. It was one of the last areas with nomadic, hunter-gatherer Aboriginals; the last group were settled here in 1984.

The town was evacuated in March 2001 because of serious floods. The population (about 170 people) were first moved to Kintore, then to Alice Springs and then finally to the Goldfields of Western Australia, over  south of Kiwirrkurra. At Alice Springs, the people drunk alcohol for the first time. This led to major conflicts and violence. The community moved back to Kiwirrkurra in late 2002. Though they had been evacuated and living in other places at the time, the Kiwirrkurra people gained native title over the area on 19 October 2001. The title covered  of the land and waters around the town.

References

Towns in Western Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pintupi
1983 establishments
1980s establishments in Australia
Karl "Ham" Rove (born December 25, 1950) is an American political consultant and a policy advisor. He was Deputy Chief of Staff under President George W. Bush. Rove is also a Fox News contributor and columnist for the Wall Street Journal. Rove was born in Denver, Colorado.

References

Other websites

Politicians from Denver, Colorado
1950 births
Living people
US Republican Party politicians
American political commentators
Fox News people
Annie Potts (born October 28, 1952 in Nashville) is an American television, movie and voice actress. She starred in the two Ghostbusters movies and the first two Toy Story movies. She is best known for playing Mary in the CBS sitcom Designing Women and as Sheldon's MeeMaw in Young Sheldon. She also performed in other movies.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 Hercules - Syrinx
 Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja - Miss Mary Elizabeth Zingwald
 The Kwicky Koala Show - Additional Voices
 Welcome to the Wayne - Olympia Timbers

Live-Action Roles
 Amazing Stories - Bev Binsford

Film Roles
 Toy Story - Bo Peep
 Toy Story 2 - Bo Peep
 Toy Story 4 - Bo Peep
 Woody's Roundup: The Movie - Bo Peep

Video Game Roles
 Ghostbusters: The Video Game - Janine Melnitz

References

Other websites

American movie actors
1952 births
Living people
Actors from Nashville, Tennessee
American television actors
The Caribbean Netherlands () is the part of the Netherlands that is in the Caribbean. The rest of the country is in Europe. The Caribbean Netherlands is made up of three special municipalities (): the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. They are also called the BES islands.

The Caribbean Netherlands does not include the other Dutch countries in the Caribbean (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten). Those are three of the four countries that make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The fourth country is the Netherlands proper. The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands are fully part of the Netherlands proper. They were made a part of the Netherlands when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved (broken apart) on 10 October 2010.

Although the islands are now part of the Netherlands, they are not yet part of the European Union. They will instead remain overseas territories until at least 2015. They are different to other municipalities in the Netherlands. Unlike normal municipalities, they do not form part of a Dutch province.

Bonaire is located east of Aruba and Curaçao, close to the coast of Venezuela. Sint Eustatius and Saba are located south of Sint Maarten and northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The BES islands have a total population of 21,000 and a total area of .

References

Other websites

Official website of the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands

 
2010 establishments in North America
is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as an equestrian who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics and in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Career
In the 2012 Olympics at London, he ranked first after dressage in the three-day eventing competition. He made history as the first Asian rider to lead any four-star three-day event after dressage.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites
  Yoshiaki Oiwa at Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI)

1976 births
Living people
Japanese sportspeople
2012 Summer Olympics
2008 Summer Olympics
Equestrians
is a female Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a judoka who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

She was born in Kanazawa, Ishikawa.

Career
Matsumoto won the gold medal in the lightweight (57 kg) division at the 2010 World Judo Championships.

She won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's 57 kg category.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites
 Kaori Matsumoto (JPN) at JudoInside.com

1987 births
Living people
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Judoka
Japanese martial artists
People from Ishikawa Prefecture
The Spoiler is a novel written by journalist Annalena McAfee.  It is about two women who work at a newspaper. It was published in the United States on April 10, 2012.

References 

2012 books
Novels
Annalena McAfee (born c.1952)  is a British writer, journalist and was the editor of The Guardian's literary supplement, the Guardian Review until July 2006. She has written children's books. Some of them have been translated into French, German and Dutch. McAfee is also the editor of a collection of literary profiles from The Guardian.

She married the British novelist Ian McEwan in 1997.

Selected works

Mainstream fiction
 The Spoiler (2012)

Youth titles
 All the Way to the Stars
 Busy Baby
 Kirsty Knows Best
 Patrick's Perfect Pet
 The Girl Who Got to No. 1
 Dreamkidz and the Ice Cream that Conquered the World 
 Why Do Stars Come Out at Night?
 The Visitors Who Came to Stay

References 

British writers
Living people
British journalists
Steven Frederic Seagal (born April 10, 1952) is an American movie actor, producer, writer, martial artist, guitarist and reserve deputy sheriff.

Seagal began his adult life as an Aikido instructor in Japan. He became the first foreigner to have an Aikido dojo in Japan.

He later moved to Los Angeles, California.  There he made several movies.  Under Siege (1992) brought him the most fame.  He made several studio movies that were not successful.  He then made many direct-to-video movies.  These were usually low budget and shot in Europe or Asia.

In 2009 the A&E Network began showing his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman.  This show focuses on his work as a deputy sheriff.  In 2011, Steven Seagal produced and starred in a 13 episode television series called True Justice.

From 1996 to 2010, multiple women have accused Seagal of sexual harassment or assault.

Views
Seagal is known as an environmentalist, an animal rights activist and as a supporter of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso.

He is also known for his outspoken support of Vladimir Putin. Seagal once called Putin as "one of the great living world leaders". He was granted Russian citizenship in 2016. In 2018, the Russian foreign ministry announced that Seagal was appointed as a special envoy to improve ties with the United States.

Personal life
Seagal owns a dude ranch in Colorado and a home in Brentwood. He has adopted many animals from shelters. Seagal is a Buddhist.

Seagal has seven children from four relationships.

In Japan, Seagal married his first wife, Miyako Fujitani.  They had a son and daughter.  The daughter is actress and writer Ayako Fujitani.

In the United States, he married former Days of our Lives actress Adrienne La Russa. During this marriage, he began a relationship with Kelly LeBrock.  LeBrock became pregnant.  He then ended the marriage with La Russa and married LeBrock. They had 3 children.  During his marriage to LeBrock, Seagal was having a relationship with their nanny, Arissa Wolf.  She had a daughter.

Seagal is currently married to Erdenetuya Batsukh, called Elle. They have a son. Elle is from Mongolia.

In addition to his biological children, he is the guardian to a Tibetan child, Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo.

Filmography

Discography
 2005: Songs from the Crystal Cave
 2006: Mojo Priest

References

Other websites

 

American movie actors
Russian movie actors
American television actors
American environmentalists
American animal rights activists
1951 births
Living people
Actors from Michigan
People from Lansing, Michigan
Police officers
"Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians) also known as "Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymne, from the name of the author) and "Fratelli d'Italia" (Brothers of Italy, from the incipit) is the Italian national anthem.

The words were written by Goffredo Mameli in the autumn of 1847 in Genoa when he was 20-years-old. The words were later set to music by Michele Novaro in the same year. The song was successful during the Risorgimento because of hopes in the unification of the Italy.
After the unification in 1861, however, the Marcia Reale was adopted as Savoy's official anthem. "Il Canto degli Italiani" became the anthem of Italy after 1946, when Italy became a republic.

In 2012, a bill was pass in making schools to teach the line "Fratelli d'Italia" in the anthem.

Lyrics

Notes

References

National anthems
Italy
1847 establishments in Europe
19th-century songs
|}

 is a Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a weightlifter who has competed in three Summer Olympic Games.

Career
In July 2012, Miyake won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 48 kg category.

Timeline
 2004: Athens Olympics
 2008: Beijing Olympics
 2012: London Olympics

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites 
  Hiromi Miyake at London212.com

1985 births
Living people
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
Weightlifters
Jacob Wukie (born May 11, 1986) is an American athlete.  He is best known as an archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Career
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was part of the men's archery team that won a silver medal.

Related pages
 United States at the Olympics
 Brady Ellison 
 Jake Kaminski

References

Other websites
 Jacob Wukie at London2012.com

1986 births
Living people
American archers
American Olympic silver medalists
A county-equivalent in the United States is a type of area that is not inside any county. The county-equivalents are defined by the federal government. They are used for administrative and statistical reasons.

As of the 2000 census there were 3,141 county-equivalents in the United States. The number went down to 3,140 in 2001. That is because the city of Clifton Forge, Virginia changed from being a city to being a town.

Types of county-equivalents
There are three types of county-equivalents.

First type
The first type of county-equivalent is an area of a state which is similar to a county.

Examples of this type:
Louisiana has parishes instead of counties
In Alaska:
Alaska has boroughs instead of a counties
The city of Anchorage is considered a borough under state law

Second type
The second type of county-equivalent is a city that is not inside any county.

Examples of this type:
 In Virginia, cities are not legally part of the counties that they are in, so they are considered county-equivalents.
 Three other cities in the United States are not legally part of any county: Baltimore, Maryland; Carson City, Nevada; and St. Louis, Missouri. These three cities are also county-equivalents.
Washington, D.C. is a county-equivalent.
Prior to 1997, the Census Bureau had recognized the portion of Yellowstone National Park within Montana as separate from any county, despite the fact that the State of Montana had recognized this land as being within adjacent counties since 1978. This area is no longer considered a county equivalent.

Third type
The third type of county-equivalent is an area that doesn't have any county-level government and the United States Census Bureau decides to treat it as a county-equivalent.

Example of this type:
Alaska has boroughs, but the boroughs do not cover the whole state. The area not covered by boroughs is called the Unorganized Borough. In 1970, the Unorganized Borough was divided into areas for statistical reasons. Each of those areas is considered a county-equivalent.

References

Other websites
County or Statistically Equivalent Entity at the United States Census Bureau website
Jennifer Mary "Jenna" Elfman (born September 30, 1971, Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress. She is highly known for her role as Dharma in the television sitcom Dharma & Greg

She began taking ballet class at the age of five and became a classically trained ballet dancer.  She attended high school at the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts (LACHSA).  She then attended college at California State University, Northridge (CSUN)

Elfman began her professional career as a dancer.  She appeared in the music video for "Halo", a song by Depeche Mode.She also danced in the video for Chris Isaak's 1995 single "Somebody's Crying".  She toured with the rock band ZZ Top on their 1994 World Tour.

She was in a number of national television commercials.  Her first television program role was on the short-lived 1996 American sitcom called Townies.  This role led to her part in Dharma & Greg.

Personal life 

Elfman met her husband, actor Bodhi Elfman, at a Sprite commercial audition in February 1991. They married on February 18, 1995.

On July 23, 2007, Elfman's first child, a son, Story Elias, was born in Los Angeles. On September 16, 2009, Elfman said she was expecting her second child. On March 2, 2010, their son Easton Quinn Monroe was born.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 Jenna Elfman's official site
 

1971 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
Joseph "Joey" Lawrence (born Joseph Lawrence Mignogna Jr., April 20, 1976 in Philadelphia) is an American actor and R&B singer.  He is best known for his character roles in the television series Gimme a Break, Blossom and Melissa & Joey. Other television series include the hit show Brotherly Love. He has also acted in several movies.

He has two younger brothers, Matthew and Andrew, who are also actors.

He attended the University of Southern California.

Lawrence's first acting role was in a Cracker Jack commercial. At the age of five, he appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.  He sang the song "Give My Regards to Broadway".

Personal life 
Lawrence married Michelle Vella in 2002. The couple divorced in 2005. He met his second wife, Chandie Yawn-Nelson, while on vacation in Disney World when the two were teenagers. They married there 13 years later, in July 2005. The couple have two daughters, Charleston (born 2006) and Liberty Grace (born March 2010).

Filmography

Studio albums
Joey Lawrence (1993) #74 US Album Charts
Soulmates (1997)

References

Other websites 

 Official Website
 
 

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American child actors
American R&B singers
American television actors
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Spinners is a Detroit-based R&B club.  They have had many hit records and singles since the late 1960s. Some people in the group have died, though this group continues touring and making records.

The band is also sometimes called the Detroit Spinners, or Motown Spinners. These group names were used in the UK to avoid confusion with a British folk group also called The Spinners.

Studio albums

References

Other websites
The Spinners  official website

Musical groups from Detroit, Michigan
1954 establishments in the United States
American R&B bands
1950s establishments in Michigan
AS or as may refer to:

Science and technology
 A. S. (car), a small French car built in the 1920s
 ActionScript, a programming language developed by Macromedia and Adobe
 Aggregate supply, the total supply of goods, in economics
 Almost surely or a.s., in probability theory, an event with probability 1
 Associate of Science, an American associate degree
 Arsenic, chemical symbol "As"
 Australian Standard, usually followed by the standard number
 Autonomous system (Internet), a collection of IP networks
 Arcsecond,  arcminute, a unit of angular measurement
 Attosecond or as, one trillionth (long scale) (10−18) or one quintillionth (short scale) (10−18) of a second, a unit of time
 Attosiemens or aS, one trillionth (long scale) (10−18) or one quintillionth (short scale) (10−18) of a siemens, a unit of electric conductance

Medicine
Angelman syndrome, a neuro-genetic disorder
Ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis of the spine and joints near to the spine
Aortic stenosis, a type of heart disease
Asperger syndrome, an autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum

Places
.as, the Internet country code top-level domain for American Samoa
As, Belgium, a municipality in Belgium
Ås, a municipality in Akershus county, Norway
Ås, Sør-Trøndelag, a village in Tydal municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway
Ås, Swedish name for Harju quarter in Helsinki, Finland
Aš, a town in the Czech Republic

People
Æsir are called "ás", "áss", or "ǫ́ss" in Norse.
Ossetians were called As or Asi by the Georgians and Russians in the past

Organizations
Aksjeselskap or A/S, a type of Norwegian stock-based company
Aktieselskab or A/S, a type of Danish stock-based company
Aktsiaselts, a type of Estonian stock-based company
Abilene and Southern Railway
Akademiska Sångföreningen or The Academic Male Voice Choir of Helsinki, a Finnish choir
Alaska Airlines, IATA airline designator
A.S. Roma, Italian football club based in Rome
Australian Standards
Diario AS, a Spanish sports newspaper

Other uses
As (Roman coin), a coin and weight unit
"As" (song), a song by Stevie Wonder
Anglo-Saxon, ancestor of modern English language
Anti-submarine warfare
Assamese language, ISO 639 alpha-2 language code
Adult Swim, an adult-oriented block of programming on Cartoon Network
AS Level, a qualification in the United Kingdom; half an A Level
Anabolic Steroids, AS is an abbreviation often used on online bodybuilding forums

Related pages
Jamie Rae Salé (born near Edmonton, Alberta, April 21, 1977) is a Canadian pair skater.  She and David Pelletier won a gold medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics. The gold medal, however, was shared by a Russian pair skating couple after a figure skating scandal hit through the Olympics.

Salé was born in Calgary, Alberta. She competed first as a singles skater.  She and Jason Turner placed 12th at the Lillehammer Olympics.

After the 2002 win, the pair has turned professional and are now touring North America with Stars on Ice, a figure skating show.

Salé and Pelletier were engaged on Christmas Day of 2004 at their Edmonton, Alberta home. They married on December 30, 2005 at the Fairmont Banff Springs hotel in Alberta.   Their son, Jesse Joe Pelletier, was born on September 30, 2007.

Salé and Pelletier were inducted into the Skate Canada Hall of Fame in 2008. They were inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame on March 26, 2009.

On June 4, 2010, it was reported that Salé and Pelletier would divorce; however, they will remain skating partners.

On June 20, 2012 Salé married her Battle of the Blades partner, Craig Simpson.

References

Other websites

Canadian figure skaters
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Canadian sportspeople
Sportspeople from Edmonton
1977 births
Living people
The Indigo Girls are an American folk and rock music duo. Their names are Amy Ray and Emily Saliers. They met during elementary school. They began performing together while in high school near Atlanta, Georgia. They began performing with the name Indigo Girls close to 1986. They have had many hit songs. They got a Grammy Award in 1990.

Solo projects
In 1990, Ray founded Daemon Records.  The company has signed Magnapop, Ellen James Society, Kristen Hall, Rose Polenzani, Girlyman, Athens Boys Choir, and James Hall among others.

Ray has put out five solo albums.  They are called Stag, Prom, Live from Knoxville, Didn't It Feel Kinder and "Amy Ray: Live MVP". She has toured with both The Butchies and her band The Volunteers.

Saliers is also planning a solo album.  She is co-owner of Watershed Restaurant in Decatur, Georgia. Saliers was an initial investor in the Flying Biscuit Cafe in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2005, Saliers and her father, Don Saliers, a theology professor at Candler School of Theology at Emory University, released the book A Song to Sing, a Life to Live: Reflections on Music as Spiritual Practice. They promoted the release of the book together including several days of speaking and performing together at the Washington National Cathedral College in Washington D.C.

Personal lives
Both Ray and Saliers have long identified themselves as lesbians. They have never been a couple. Because of their work for LGBT rights they are seen as icons of the movement.

Studio albums
Indigo Girls (EP, 1987)
Strange Fire (1987, independent 11-song version, re-released 1989 in major-label 10-song version) US #159
Indigo Girls (1989) US #22
Nomads Indians Saints (1990) US #43
Rites of Passage (1992) US #21
Swamp Ophelia (1994) U.S #9, UK #66
Shaming of the Sun (1997) US #7
Come on Now Social (1999) US #34
Become You (2002) US #30
All That We Let In (2004) US #35
Despite Our Differences (2006) US #44
Poseidon and the Bitter Bug (2009) US #29
Holly Happy Days (2010)
Beauty Queen Sister (2011) #35

References

Other websites

Indigo Girls official site

1985 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Folk music groups
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
LGBT musical groups
LGBT-themed musical groups
Musical groups from Atlanta, Georgia
1980s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Suzanne Nadine Vega (born 1959 in Santa Monica, California) is an American singer, recording artist and songwriter. She is best known for her songs "Luka" and "Tom's Diner". 

At the age of nine she began to write poetry. She wrote her first song at age fourteen. She attended New York's High School of Performing Arts. There she studied modern dance and graduated in 1977.

Personal life
On March 17, 1995, Vega married Mitchell Froom, a musician and a record producer. They have a daughter, Ruby Froom (born July 8, 1994). The band Soul Coughing's Ruby Vroom album was named after her. Recently Ruby sang with her mother.
Vega and Froom separated in 1998.

On February 11, 2006, Vega married Paul Mills, a lawyer and poet.

Studio albums

1 Days of Open Hand made #2 in Norway albums chart
2 Nine Objects of Desire made #20 in Finland, #23 in Switzerland, #39 in Sweden
3 Beauty & Crime made #9 in Estonia, #13 in Finland, #37 in Czech Republic, #49 in Poland, #74 in Italy
 Close-Up Vol. 2, People & Places Number 2 Top Purchased Album (Amazon.com) 11th October-13th October

References

Other websites

Living people
1959 births
American folk musicians
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
People from Santa Monica, California
Singers from California
Cornus canadensis is a herbaceous member of the Cornaceae (dogwood) family. It has various common names, such as the Bunchberry dogwood, Canadian Bunchberry, Quatre-temps, or Crackerberry. It is a widespread plant of the northern hemisphere.

It grows about 20–30 cm tall and bears tiny flowers a few millimetres across. They form an inflorescence at the center of four white, petal-like bracts 3–4 cm diameter.

Each flower has highly elastic petals that flip backward, releasing springy filaments that are cocked underneath the petals. The filaments snap upward flinging pollen out  in less than half a millisecond. The pollen experiences a force two to three thousand times the force of gravity.  The Bunchberry has one of the fastest plant actions found so far. It needs a camera capable of shooting 10,000 frames per second to catch the action.

"One of the fastest actions in the plant world is the explosive opening of flowers on the bunchberry dogwood, which happens in just under 0.5 milliseconds. As the flowers burst open, the petals quickly separate and flip back, exposing the stamens. During the first 0.3 milliseconds, researchers have calculated the stamens are exposed to a force 800 times greater than astronauts experience during blast-off. The mechanism, it is understood, allows pollen to be thrown upwards in order for it to be transported by the wind".

In other words, it is a mechanism for cross-pollination by air.

The fruits are edible with a mild flavour somewhat like apples.  The large seeds within are somewhat hard and crunchy. Birds are the main dispersal agents of the seeds, consuming the fruit during their fall migration. In Alaska, bunchberry is an important forage plant for mule deer, black-tailed deer and moose, which consume it throughout the growing season. 

Where bunchberry, a forest species, and Cornus suecica, a bog species, grow near each other in their overlapping ranges in Alaska, Labrador, and Greenland, they can Hybrid ize by cross-pollination, producing plants with intermediate characteristics.

References 

Asterids
Rapid plant movement
Billy Ocean  (born Leslie Sebastian Charles; 21 January 1950) is a songwriter, recording artist and musician. He was born in Fyzabad, Trinidad to Grenadan parents. He has many hit singles. Most were put out in the 1980s. He was the most popular British-based R&B singer-songwriter of the early to mid-1980s.

On 20 October 2010, Ocean was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the MOBO Awards.

On 29 July 2011, Ocean became a Companion of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. His title was presented by Sir Paul McCartney.

Studio albums

References

Other websites

Billy Ocean official website

1950 births
Living people
British R&B musicians
English singers
Grammy Award winners
Soul musicians
Trinidad and Tobago musicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Natalie Merchant (born October 26, 1963 in Jamestown, New York) is an American musician, recording artist and singer-songwriter. Her hit singles include Carnival and Trouble Me. She was part of 10,000 Maniacs until 1993.  She then left the group for a solo career.

Personal life

In 2003, Merchant married Daniel de la Calle. They had a daughter named Lucia. However, in an interview in 2012, she indicated that she is now divorced.  She likes gardening and painting. Some paintings can be seen at her official website. She has been a vegetarian since 1980.

Discography

With 10,000 Maniacs

Human Conflict Number Five (EP) (1982)
 Secrets of the I Ching (1983)
 The Wishing Chair (1985)
 In My Tribe (1987)
 Blind Man's Zoo (1989)
 Hope Chest: The Fredonia Recordings 1982-1983 (1990)
 Our Time in Eden (1992)
 MTV Unplugged (1993)
 Campfire Songs: The Popular, Obscure and Unknown Recordings (2004)

Solo
1995: Tigerlily
1998: Ophelia
2001: Motherland
2003: The House Carpenter's Daughter
2005: Retrospective (1990 - 2005)
2010: Leave Your Sleep

Filmography

Movies

Television

References

Other websites

 

1963 births
Living people
Singers from New York
The Angels are an American girl group who had most of the popularity in the 1960s. Their song My Boyfriend's Back hit #1 in 1963, although the band has had many other songs.

Members 
 Barbara Allbut Brown 
 Phyllis Allbut Sirico 
 Peggy Santiglia Ricker
 Bernadette Carroll

Albums 
 ...And the Angels Sing (1962)
 My Boyfriend’s Back (1963)
 A Halo to You (1964)
 Love, The Angels (2008)

American girl groups
American pop music groups
1960s American music groups

sv:Angel#Musikgrupper
Nick Nolte (born February 8, 1941) is an American actor. He has acted in many movies, including the dramas I'll Do Anything and Blue Chips. Nolte has won a Golden Globe Award. 

Nolte was born in Omaha, Nebraska on February 8, 1941. Nolte was educated at the University of Arizona. Nolte was married three times; first to Sheila Page from 1966 until they divorced in 1970. Second he married Sharyn Haddad from 1978 until they divorced in 1983. Lastly he married Rebecca Linger from 1984 until they divorced in 1994. 

He was partners with; Karen Louise Ecklund from 1970 until they separated in 1977. Then he was partners with Vicki Lewis from 1994 until they separated in 2003. He is currently partners with Clytie Lane since 2003. With Linger Nolte has a son Brawley Nolte, and with Lane he has a daughter Sophie Lan Nolte.

Filmography

Live-Action Roles
 The Mandalorian - Kuiil

Film Roles
 Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore - Butch
 Chicago 10 - Thomas Foran
 Over the Hedge - Vincent
 Woody's Roundup: The Movie - Bank Robber
 Zookeeper - Bernie the Gorilla

Other websites

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie producers
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1941 births
Living people
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
Robert Allen Palmer (January 19, 1949 – September 26, 2003) was a British musician, singer-songwriter and recording artist who released many hits during the 1970s and the 1980s. His hits include Addicted to Love and "Bad Case of Loving You (Doctor, Doctor)".

Palmer received a number of awards throughout his career, including two Grammy Awards for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance, an MTV Video Music Award, and was twice nominated for the BRIT Award for Best British Male.

Personal life
Robert Palmer married Susan Eileen Thatcher in 1971. They had two children together, James and Jane. They divorced in 1999.  In 1993, Palmer moved from the Bahamas to Lugano, Switzerland.  He thought the islands were overrun with drugs and guns and were no longer safe.  Palmer's companion at the time of his death was Mary Ambrose.

Later life and death
Palmer moved to Lugano, Switzerland, in 1986. He became a naturalized citizen of Switzerland in 1993. He lived there until his death.  

A heavy smoker, he died in Paris, France, from a heart attack on 26 September 2003 at the age of 54. He was holidaying with his close friend, Jack Bruce, and conducting publicity appearances for his most recent release Drive prior to his death. 

He was survived by his parents, Leslie and Anna Palmer, his brother, Mark Palmer, and his children, James and Jane.

Studio albums

References

1949 births
2003 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction 
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Yorkshire
Swiss musicians
Edwin Starr (January 21, 1942 – April 2, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He had many hit songs. His most notable song was War. The song sold over one million copies. He was very popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Starr was an African American who was born in Nashville and grew up in Cleveland.

On April 2, 2003, at the age of 61, Starr suffered a heart attack and died while taking a bath at his home in Bramcote near Nottingham.  He left a wife, Annette Mary Hatcher, a son André Hatcher, and two grandchildren Alonté Renfroe and Maryah Hatcher.

Albums
Soul Master (1965)
25 Miles (1969) (#73 US) (#9 R&B)
War and Peace (1970) (#52 US)(#9 R&B)
Involved (1971) (# 178 US)(# 45 R&B)
Hell Up in Harlem (1974)
Free to Be Myself (1975) (#43 R&B) (#210 US)
Clean (1979) (#80 US) (#22 R&B)
Happy Radio (1979) (#115 US) (#44 R&B)
Stronger Than You Think I Am (1979) (#203 US)
For Sale (1983)

References

Other websites
 Official site
 

1942 births
2003 deaths
African American musicians
American singer-songwriters
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Tennessee
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
The Bartons Arms is a pub in the Newton neighborhood of Aston, Birmingham.  It is in the country of England.

The pub was built in 1901. It had special walls built that let middle class people drinking in the bar see the working class drinkers on the other side, but the working class drinkers could not see the middle-class people watching them. Laurel and Hardy visited the pub. There are photographs of them serving beer to bar visitors.

The Bartons Arms is in the movie Felicia's Journey and a book, The Last Viking: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Heist, by Ron Dawson. In 2006 the pub had a fire due to electrical problems. In the 2011 England riots the pub was attacked.

References

Other websites
Official website 
Astonbrook through Astonmanor - Photographs and plans 

Buildings and structures in England
Grade II* listed buildings
Robert Golden "R. G." Armstrong, Jr. (April 7, 1917  July 27, 2012) was an American movie, stage, television actor, and playwright.

Biography

Early life
Armstrong was born on April 7, 1917 in Pleasant Grove, Alabama and raised in on a small farm near Birmingham, Alabama. Armstrong was educated at Howard College and went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with late actor John Forsythe and late actor and friend Andy Griffith. After graduated he the Actors' Studio.

Career
Armstrong's career began in 1959 when he starred in the movie The Fugitive Kind and later appeared in other movies like; El Dorado, Race with the Devil, The Car, Dick Tracy, Predator, and his final movie Purgatory.

Personal life
Armstrong was married to Ann Neale from 1952 until they divorced in 1972, they had four children. Later he married Susan M. Guthrie from 1973 until they divorced in 1976. Lastly he married Mary Craven from 1993 until she died in 2003.

Death
Armstrong died on July 27, 2012 in his home in Studio City, California from natural causes. He was 95. He is survived by his four children from his first marriage.

Movies
 The Fugitive Kind (1959)
 Ride the High Counrty (1962)
 Major Dundee (1965)
 El Dorado (1966)
 The Great White Hope (1970)
 The Ballard of Cable Hogue (1970)
 J. W. Coop (1972)
 The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972)
 Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973)
 My Name is Nobody (1973)
 White Lightning (1973)
 White Line Fever (1975)
 Race with the Devil (1975)
 Stay Hungry (1976)
 The Car (1977)
 Heavan Can Wait (1978)
 The Time Machine (1978)
 Fast Charlie...the Moonbeam Rider (1979)
 Reds (1981)
 Lone Wolf McQuade (1983)
 Children of the Corn (1984)
 The Best of Times (1986)
 Red Headed Stranger (1986)
 Predator (1987)
 Jocks (1987)
 Dick Tracy (1990)
 Purgatory (1990)

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1917 births
2012 deaths
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American playwrights
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Alabama
Writers from Los Angeles
Writers from Alabama
Chick-fil-A is an American fast food restaurant chain known for not being open for service on Sundays. The franchise is based in Atlanta and has places in parts of the United States.

History 
S. Truett Cathy opened a restaurant called the Dwarf Grill (now known as the Dwarf house) in Atlanta, in 1946. In 1961, he found a fryer that is quicker in frying the chicken. After the discovery, he changed the name to Chick-fil-A inc. The slogan, "We Didn't Invent the Chicken, Just the Chicken Sandwich" refers to their top menu item, the chicken sandwich.

The first Chick-fil-A opened in 1967, in the Greenbriar mall in Atlanta.

References

Other websites

 Official website

American food companies
Richard Stephen Dreyfuss (born October 29, 1947) is an American actor, television actor, and stage actor.

Early life
Dreyfuss was born on October 29, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York to Norman Dreyfuss, a lawyer, and to Geraldine Dreyfuss, a peace activist. Dreyfuss was raised Bayside, Queens, New York. Dreyfuss and his family first moved to Europe, because his father dislike New York City. Later they moved to Los Angeles, California when he was just 9 years old. He was educated at Beverly Hills High School.

Career
His career began during the late 1960s and had appeared in movies such as; American Graffiti, Inserts, Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The Goodbye Girl, Whose Life Is It Anyway?, Always, What About Bob?, Poseidon, Mr. Holland's Opus, and James and the Giant Peach.

Awards
Dreyfuss has won an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1977 for his role in The Goodbye Girl and was nominated for another Academy Award for Best Actor in 1995 for his role in Mr. Holland's Opus. He has won a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, and in 2002 he was nomination for a Screen Actors Guild Award.

Personal life
Dreyfuss was married to Jeramie Rain from 1983 until it ended in divorced in 1995, they had three children. Later he married Janelle Lacey in 1999 until they divorced in 2005. He is currently married to Svetlana Erokin since 2006. They currently live in Carlsbad, California and in Encinitas, California.

Health
Dreyfuss suffers from bipolar disorder. In 2006, he appeared in Stephen Fry's documentary Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive, which documented Stephen Fry's life with the disease.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Jewish American actors
People with bipolar disorder
Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana.  It is just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County, Montana.  The Absaroka Range is on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west.

The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman, Montana by the Bozeman Pass.  The valley lies mostly along a north-south axis.  It is anchored to the north by Livingston, Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon which is about fifteen miles north of Gardiner, Montana. 

The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone National Park.  Today, the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone, Montana from the west, from the northeast at Cooke City-Silver Gate, Montana, from the east at Cody, Wyoming, and from the south at Grand Teton National Park and Jackson, Wyoming.

The Yellowstone River flows through the valley.  It is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek. The valley has other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs, including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant, Montana, La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner, and Hunter's Hot Springs near Livingston.

Emigrant Peak is the largest peak near the valley.  It is 10,921 feet in elevation. It is in the southern part of the valley on the eastern side of the river.  It is in the Absaroka mountain range.

Notable residents
Al Agnew
Peter Fonda, actor/director
Margot Kidder, actress
Church Universal and Triumphant, religious organization
Christopher Paolini, writer
Richard Brautigan, poet
John Mayer, singer-songwriter
Jeff Bridges, actor
Patrick Markey, producer
Casey Anderson, Grizzly Bear specialist, animal magnet
Missi Pyle, Actress
Al Feldstein, Mad Magazine founder
Dennis Quaid, Actor

Geography of Montana
Valleys of the United States
Hardee's is an American fast food franchise which first began on September 3, 1960. It operates mainly across the Midwestern States of the United States. The restaurant sells chicken strips, French fries and burgers. Wilbur Hardee was the founder of Hardee's.

References 

American restaurants
1960 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Companies based in North Carolina
Easy Rider is a 1969 American road movie directed by Dennis Hopper, and written by Hopper, Peter Fonda and Terry Southern. It tells the story of two bikers who travel through the American Southwest and South for freedom. The success of the movie helped spark the New Hollywood phase of movie making during the early 1970s. The movie was added to the Library of Congress National Registry in 1998.

The movie was said to be a counterculture movie. Easy Rider explores the societal landscape, issues, and tensions in the United States during the 1960s, such as the rise and fall of the hippie movement, drug use, and communal lifestyle.

Easy Rider is famous for its use of real drugs in its portrayal of marijuana and other substances.

Awards and honors
Hopper received the First Film Award (Prix de la première œuvre) at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival. At the Academy Awards, Nicholson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The movie was also nominated for Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Material Not Previously Published or Produced.

The movie is at number 88 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Years, 100 Movies.

References

Other websites

 

1969 movies
1960s drama movies
American road movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies about prostitution
Murder in movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in Texas
American independent movies
Gabriella "Gaby" Hoffmann (born January 1982) is an American movie and television series actress who also did some commercials. She starred in the 1988 comedy Uncle Buck and Field of Dreams, a 1989 movie.

American movie actors
1982 births
Living people
American television actors
Bob Newhart (born September 5, 1929) is an American actor and stand up comedian. He has performed on many television sitcoms. One of them was his self-titled sitcom The Bob Newhart Show and other one Newhart. He also appeared in the Christmas comedy movie Elf.

In 2011, Newhart made a cameo in the movie Horrible Bosses, and in 2013 he guest starred in an episode of The Big Bang Theory, for which he won his very first acting Emmy Award on September 15, 2013. 

Newhart was born in Oak Park, Illinois on September 5, 1929. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Newhart studied at Loyola University at Chicago. He served in the United States Army before his acting career began. Newhart has been married to Virginia Quinn since 1963. They have four children.

Movies

References

Other websites

Bob Newhart profile from American Masters
Archive of American Television Interview with Bob Newhart May 29, 2001 on Google Video
Bob:The Last Interview
Bob Newhart four-part interview with Horace J. Digby on A3Radio 

Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
American television actors
1929 births
Living people
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Comedians from Chicago
American voice actors
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stand-up comedians
Actors from Chicago
People from Oak Park, Illinois
Della Reese (July 6, 1931 – November 19, 2017) was an American singer, (television) actress, and Christian minister. She started acting in the 1950s. She was best known for performing as Tess in the CBS drama Touched by an Angel (which began September 1994 and ended in 2003). She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Reese died of complications from diabetes on November 19, 2017 in Encino, California at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
African-American movie actors
African-American singers
African-American stage actors
African-American television actors
American gospel musicians
American jazz musicians
American pop singers
American Protestants
American R&B singers
Christian ministers
Deaths from diabetes
American jazz singers
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Valerie June Carter Cash (June 23, 1929 - May 15, 2003) was an American singer, actress, and dancer. She was the second wife of singer Johnny Cash. She and Johnny had many hit records in their careers. She died due to complications of surgery. Her widower, Johnny, died four months after her. She was the cousin of President of the United States Jimmy Carter.

Early life
June Carter Cash was born Valerie June Carter in Maces Spring, Virginia, to Maybelle Carter and Ezra Carter.  She was born into country music and performed with the Carter Family from the age of ten, beginning in 1939. June and her sisters, with mother Maybelle and aunt Sara joining in from time to time, reclaimed the name The Carter Family for their act during the 1960s and 1970s.

Personal life
Carter was married three times and had one child with each husband. All three of her children would go on to have successful careers in country music. Her last marriage was to Johnny Cash. In 1968, Cash proposed to Carter during a live performance at the London Ice House in London, Ontario, Canada.  They married on March 1 in Franklin, Kentucky, and remained married until her death in May 2003, just four months before Cash died.  The couple's son, John Carter Cash, is a musician, songwriter and producer.

Death
June Carter Cash died in Nashville, Tennessee, on May 15, 2003, of complications following heart-valve replacement surgery, in the company of her family and her husband of 35 years, Johnny Cash.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Virginia

References

Other websites

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Actors from Virginia
Country musicians from Tennessee
American guitarists
American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Johnny Cash
Deaths from surgical complications
Musicians from Virginia
Singers from Virginia
1929 births
2003 deaths