cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nedward "Ned" Flanders is a character in the animated television series The Simpsons.

History

Creation 

Ned Flanders and his son Todd first appeared in the season one episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which was the series first episode. The first episode in which Flanders and his family were seen is season two's "Dead Putting Society", which also showed the first appearance of Maude and Rod Flanders.

Name 
Flanders was named after Flanders St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of Simpsons creator Matt Groening.  Groening wanted Flanders as "just a guy who was truly nice, that Homer had no justifiable reason to loathe, but then did." It was not until after the first few episodes that it was decided Flanders would be a faithful Christian.  Mike Scully said that Flanders is "everything Homer would love to be, although he'll never admit it."  Flanders had originally been meant to just be a neighbor that Homer was jealous of, but Harry Shearer used "such a sweet voice" and Flanders was planned to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would choose to live next to over Homer.

How he was received 
Ned's "unbearable niceness" has been described as "The Simpsons' worst comment about religion. Although Flanders was meant to be only a character making fun of Christian right, he has since become a favorite of many Christian viewers.  He has been described as "[The United States]' most well-known evangelical." Dr. Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, declared himself as a Simpsons fan, and likes Flanders.

References

Other websites
 Ned Flanders at TheSimpsons.com
 

The Simpsons characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989

de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#Ned Flanders
pl:Postacie w serialu Simpsonowie#Ned Flanders
Tress MacNeille (born June 20, 1951) is an American voice actress best known for doing voices on the animated television series The Simpsons, Futurama, and Animaniacs, The Powerpuff Girls.  Her most famous characters on The Simpsons include Agnes Skinner, Brandine Spuckler and Lindsey Naegle, while her performance as Mom is her most notable Futurama'' role.
She also been the voice of the penguins in the Disney TV Series Club Penguin, and the voice of Daisy Duck.

Other websites
 
 

American voice actors
Actors from Chicago
The Simpsons
1951 births
Living people
Karl Wiedergott (born February 8, 1969) is a German actor. He has regularly played various voice roles in the television program The Simpsons, beginning in 1998. He has also worked on The Simpsons Movie which was released July 27, 2007.

Other websites
 Karl Wiedergott's Official Website 
 

1969 births
Living people
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
The Simpsons
Actors from Berlin
Bosco Gurin or Bosco/Gurin (Walser German: Gurin / Guryn, Lombard: Bosch / Gürin) is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is the only municipality in Ticino where German is a co-official language.

References

Other websites 
 Official site 

Municipalities of Ticino
Brione is a former municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Brione sopra Minusio is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Brissago is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

Comune di Brissago

Municipalities of Ticino
Brusino Arsizio is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Ticino
Bruzella was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cademario is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

References

Other websites 
 Official site

Municipalities of Ticino
Cadempino is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Cadenazzo is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Cadro is a former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Calpiogna is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Camignolo was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the former municipalities  Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become one new municipality called Monteceneri.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2010 disestablishments in Switzerland
Camorino was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Campello is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Pistoia is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pistoia. The city is about  west and north of Florence.

History 
Pistoria, the old Latin name of Pistoia, was a Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan city. After the city became a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, it was a place for activities or trades. Near the end of the 6th century, the city was captured by troops of the Lombardic king. The city did very well under the control of the Lombards. In 1177, Pistoia chose to become a free commune. In the following years, it became an important political centre. It built walls and several public and religious buildings.

In 1254 Pistoia was captured by troops from Florentine. Pistoia stayed a Florentine city except for few years in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. It was annexed to (made a part of) Florence in 1530. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city.

Dante mentioned the town in his Divina Commedia. Michelangelo called the people of Pistoia the "enemies of heaven".

Notable features

Duomo Square and Bishops' Palace 

The large Piazza del Duomo is connected near to other famous buildings, for example the  Palazzo del Comune and the Palazzo del Podestà. In July, the Giostra dell'Orso ("Bear Joust") takes place in the square. At the joust, horsemen try to strike a target held by a dummy shaped like a bear. The 14th century Baptistry, in Gothic style is also in the square.

The Palazzo dei Vescovi ("Bishops' Palace") includes a loggia in gothic style.
.

Other important buildings 
 Church of the Madonna dell'Umiltà (1509), finished by Giovanni Vasari with a high cupola.
 Church of San Bartolomeo in Pantano (12th century).
 The Romanesque church of San Giovanni Fuoricivitas (12th-14th century).
 The Monument in Honour of Brazilians (Soldiers and Pilots) killed in action on Italian Campaign (World War II)
 Church of San Domenico
 Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie
 Church of San Pietro Maggiore
 Church of San Paolo
 Church of 'La Vergine"
 the Baroque church of Santissima Annunziata, famous for its Chiostro dei Morti ("Dead's Cloister").
 "Ospedale del Ceppo" ("del Ceppo Hospital") '(13th century).
 The 14th century walls. These had originally four gates: Porta al Borgo, Porta San Marco, Porta Carratica and Porta Lucchese. All were destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century.
 The Medici Fortress of Santa Barbara, built in the 16th century by the Florentines.
 The ancient Pieve San Michele in Groppoli, in the neighbourhood of the city.

Famous people born in Pistoia 
 Enrico Betti
 Mauro Bolognini
 Licio Gelli
 Cino da Pistoia
 Ippolito Desideri
 Pope Clement IX
 Christian Orlandi
 Marino Marini
 Filippo Pacini

Sisters towns 
Pistoia is twinned with:
 , Pau, since 1975

Other websites
 Comune di Pistoia 
 Pistoia Tourist Consortium: lots of information and city map download
 Virtual Tour of the City 

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Vendlincourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Jura
Boécourt is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Jura
Bourrignon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Jura
Châtillon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Jura
Trans fat is a type of unsaturated fat. Trans fat is often produced in higher amounts in factories when manufacturing certain processed foods such as margarine. Trans fat occurs in nature only very rarely, found in small amounts in meat and milk fat. When vegetable oils are heated or when they are "hydrogenated", trans fats are made. Hydrogenation is the process of bubbling hydrogen gas through the oil to change its consistency. The bubbling raises the melting point of the oil. As the hydrogen passes through, the oil begins to become solid. By stopping the hydrogenation part of the way through, manufacturers obtain "partially hydrogenated oil". This is similar to butter, but much cheaper to produce. It is sold as "margarine", "oleo" or "vegetable shortening".  The process allows cheaply adding a butter-like consistency to food products.

Trans fat is bad for human health and has been linked to a number of problems including: coronary heart disease,  cancer, diabetes, obesity, liver dysfunction, and infertility. Healthy oils are always liquid at the temperature of blood. Saturated and trans fats are not.

There has yet to be a study which shows that trans fat is good for human health in any way. Since scientists and nutritionists now know the health issues related to eating trans fats, trans fats are being used less but there are still some in commercial food products.
  
For some time, the US government's "Food and Drug Administration" allowed makers of food products to label their products as having "0 grams of trans fat per serving" as long as the amount of trans fat in the food product falls below 0.5 grams per serving. Since partially hydrogenated oils are the major source of trans fat, reading the "ingredients" label is the safest way to ensure that a food does not contain any trans fat at all. Fried foods will likely, but not necessarily, contain trans fat since fried foods are produced by using very hot oil.

2015–2018 phaseout in the United States 
In 2013, the Food and Drug Administration began to gradually stop the use of trans fats in all foods. It says there is no safe amount of trans fats that should be in food eaten by humans.

In June 2015, the FDA issued a final statement. It says there is no agreement by scientists that artificial trans fatty acids are safe for any use in human food. Trans fat must be taken out of all food production within three years (by June 2018). The FDA says the ban will cost the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years. The food industry must use new formulas and recipes using ingredients without trans fat. The benefits will be about $140 billion over 20 years. This will be mostly from lower health care costs. Food companies can issue requests to the FDA for permission to use partially hydrogenated oils. The companies must prove the oils' use is safe.

References

Lipids
Nutrition
The integumentary system is everything covering the outside of an animal's body. This account is written mostly with people in mind, but it applies more widely.

The integument means skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). The name comes from the Latin integumentum, which means 'a covering'.

The integumentary system 
Skin, hair, scales, feathers and nails make up the integumentary system.

Skin 
There are two layers of skin: 
 Epidermis - This is the top layer of the skin and is made of dead cells. The cells are shed all the time, but new ones are always being made, so people never lose any skin. It has sweat pores.
 Dermis - This is the second layer of skin. It has touch receptors, and oil and sweat glands. It makes skin stretchy.
 Subcutaneous tissue (The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin, but it is in the integumentary system)

Glands 
There are four types of glands
 Sweat glands - make sweat to control temperature
 Sebaceous glands - make oil
 Ceruminous glands - make ear wax
 Mammary glands - make milk and are only in women

Functions 
The integumentary system has lots of different functions. It:
 Protects the body’s internal organs
 Protects the body against bacteria
 Protects the body from dehydration
 Protects the body against sunburns
 Stores water, fat, and vitamin D

Problems 
Here is a list of skin problems:
 Acne, when pimples form on the skin
 Sunburn, when UV radiation from the sun burns your skin
 Skin cancer, caused by getting too many sunburns.
There are other skin problems that are less common.

References 
 Kardong, Kenneth V. 1998. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. IBSN 0-07-115356-X/0-697-28654-1

Other websites 
 Aquatic Path  Details of the integumentary system of the fathead minnow
 An article written for children
The northbridge is one of two basic chips on the motherboard of a computer. The other basic chip is the southbridge and together they create the computer chipset. Usually, north- and southbridge are on different ICs; it is rare for both of them to be on one chip.

Use 
Northbridge supports communication between CPU, RAM memory, AGP port or PCI Express bus and also supports connection with southbridge. There exist some chipsets which support two types of RAM memory and which are accessible during transition to new standard.

Significance 
Northbridge is a basic part of motherboard which establishes speed, types of processors, quantity of processors and kind of RAM memory. Other important factors are, for example, voltage regulation and number of connectors.

Progression 
Sequencers of RAM memory was, in AMD64 architecture, shifted directly into processor. Other producers (like Intel or IBM) also incorporated this change into their new processors.

The future 
A perspective to the future  is SOC (System On Chip). With it will also decrease the number of components on the motherboard. But bigger chips hold under universality of solution, they have more pins and they are more difficult. Present high-speed buses are series (PCIe, SATA) and they decline the complexity. In the future we can expect return to the standard interface of other circuits using bus (probably PCI express) and maybe they will be connected to the single Super I/O sequencer. Saved lads can be used for another integrated turn like SATA, USB, IDE, SDIO scanner of cards and sequencers of PCI.

Motherboard
Mitlödi is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Mitlödi, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

Website of Mitlödi 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mollis is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Website of Mollis 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mühlehorn is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municpalities of Mühlehorn, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Official website of Mühlehorn 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Näfels is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Netstal is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Netstal is part of the municipality of Glarus.

Other websites

 Official website of Netstal 
 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Niederurnen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in the country of Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Niederurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Website of Niederurnen 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Oberurnen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Oberurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Website of Oberurnen 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Obstalden is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Obstalden, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Oberurnen merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord

Other websites
Official website of Obstalden 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Riedern is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Riedern is part of the municipality of Glarus.

Other websites

Official website of Riedern 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Schwanden is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland. The lake Garichtisee can be reached by cable car.

Other websites
Official website of Schwanden 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Appenzell Ausserrhoden is a canton of Switzerland. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is in the northeast of Switzerland, next to the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.

History 

Settlement in Appenzell began in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt.  In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: abbatis cella) is named first in 1071.

The canton witnessed a number of battles, including the Battle of Vögelinsegg (1403) and the Battle at the Stoss (1405).

In 1513 Appenzell joined the Swiss confederation as the 13th canton. In 1597 the Protestant canton was divided for religious reasons from the former canton Appenzell, with the Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden being the other half.

From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939.

In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001).

In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished in 1997. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality.

Municipalities 
The 20 municipalities are:

References

Other websites 
 Official Page 
 Official Statistics

1510s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Switzerland
Appenzell is a district of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland.  The district of Appenzell contains part of the town Appenzell, as well as Rinkenbach, Kau and Meistersrüte.

References

Other websites
Appenzell Tourism 
Appenzell 

Districts of Appenzell Innerrhoden
Municipalities of Appenzell Innerrhoden
Corban is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Corban merged into the municipality of Val Terbi.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
Courchapoix is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Information about Courchapoix in the Juranet 

Municipalities of Jura
Courfaivre is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Courfaivre, Bassecourt, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

Official Website of Courfaivre 

Former municipalities of Jura
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
The electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, is a species of fish. It can weigh up to six pounds. It can give electric shocks of up to six hundred fifty watts of electricity. The animal uses these shocks both for hunting and to defend itself. It lives in the stagnant muddy river bottoms of the Orinoco and the Amazon, and uses low-voltage electric fields to find its prey.

The electric eel is an apex predator in the parts of South America where it lives. This means it usually has no enemies except other animals of its own species. It can kill animals larger than itself. Its electric organs evolved from muscles, and make up four fifths of its body.

Despite its name, the electric eel is not an eel. It is a knifefish. It is an obligatory air breather (must breath air). This makes sense, because the muddy water is very low in oxygen, and it needs oxygen to power its electric organs.

Because they can shock, very few of these fish are kept as pets. But if the eel repeatedly shocks, its electric organs become completely discharged. Then a person can touch it without being shocked.

References

Other websites

Teleosts
The Gymnotiformes is a lineage of electric fishes. Common names include the Neotropical electric fishes, South American electric fishes, or American knifefishes. They are primarily freshwater inhabitants. They have organs adapted to the generation of electric fields. 

Perhaps the best-known species is the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) which uses powerful electric shocks (up to 600 V) for hunting and self-defense. Other species familiar in the aquarium trade are: the black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons), the glass knifefish (Eigenmannia virescens), and the banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo.

References 

Fish
An electric fish is a fish that can make electric fields. Many fish (sharks, rays, and catfish) can detect electric fields: they are 'electroreceptive'. They cannot make electric fields, and are not called electric fish.

Strongly and weakly electric fish
Electric fish have a special organ that makes electricity. This organ is called an electric organ. It is usually near the tail of the fish. It is made from specialised muscle or nerve cells. When the organ releases electricity this is called an electric organ discharge (or EOD for short).

Based on the strength of the EOD, the electrogenic fish are two types:

Strongly electric fish: Their discharge is so strong they can stun (and capture) prey with it.  Examples of such fish are the electric eel (which is a knifefish, not a true eel), electric catfishes, or electric rays
Weakly electric fish: Their discharge is not strong enough to stun prey with it; rather, they use the electricity to locate objects, to navigate, or to communicate with other electric fish. Examples of weakly electric fish are Peters' elephantnose fish or the black ghost knifefish.

In total, there are 348 known species of electric fish, in about 56 genera. The only known species that lives in salt water are the electric rays, with 23 species.

Related pages 
The duck-billed platypus also detects movement by an electric field.

References 

Fish
Sergeant is a rank used in  most militaries, police forces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. The word comes from the Latin serviens, "one who serves", through the French term Sergent.

A sergeant (Sgt) in the British Army wears three point-down chevrons, or "checks" on their sleeve. They usually serves as a platoon, troop, or group sergeant, or in a specialist position.

A Lance-Sergeant (LSgt) was originally a Corporal doing the work of a Sergeant. The job is now used mostly in the Guards, where it is given to all Corporals. A Lance-Sergeant in the Guards and Honourable Artillery Company wears three chevrons, and is considered senior or higher up to "normal" Corporals. For most purposes, he still remains a Corporal rather than an acting Sergeant (e.g., he will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the same rank is Lance-Corporal of Horse.

The official spelling was Serjeant (Sjt) (still used by The Rifles) until after World War II, although the modern spelling had already been in common use for many years.

Military ranks
Kourken Megerdich Yanigian (, December 24, 1895, Erzurum, Ottoman Armenia - March 27, 1984, USA) was an Armenian terrorist who killed two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973. His stated purpose was "to demand justice" for the Armenian Genocide.

Armenians hoped Yanigian's trial would provide a vehicle for proving the massacres in a court of law, while there were still surviving witnesses. Yanigian took the Armenian Genocide witness stand, accompanied by his friend and interpreter, Santa Barbaran Aram Saroyan, the uncle of famous author William Saroyan. Yanigian told of his 26 family members killed in the massacres, and how he watched in hiding as marauding Turks slit his brother's throat. Finally, he said that he killed the Turkish
diplomats as representatives of the "government that had massacred his people".

He was sentenced to life in prison in July 1973 and paroled in 1984, over the objection of the Turkish government.

After Yanigian's death, District Attorney David D. Minner wrote: "Looking back, I regret that I did not allow the genocide to
be proven. Not because Yanigian should have gone free, but because
history's darkest chapters - its genocides - should be exposed, so
their horrors are less likely to be repeated".

Books

in English
 The Triumph of Judas Iscariot, Los Angeles: Research Publ. Co., 1950, 254 p.
 The Resurrected Christ: A Novel, New York: Exposition, 1955, 141 p.
 Harem Cross: A Novel of the Near-East, 1953
 The Voice of an American, 1960
 Mirror in the Darkness, 1966

in Armenian
 Purpose and Justice (memoires from the prison), Yerevan, Tigran Mets Publ., 1999

Related pages
 Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

References

Other websites
People v Yanikian
Historische Romane – XY, Books by Gourgen Yanikian
GUIDE TO SANTA BARBARA AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS: Yanikian, Gourgen (1895-1984) 
Yanikian and his memoires

1895 births
1984 deaths
Armenian writers
Campo is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Schwändi was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites
Website of Schwändi 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
In information technologies we use the term DDR2 SDRAM for a Double Data Rate memory module of the second generation. This technology is used for high speed storage of the working data.

Comparisons 
The main difference between DDR and DDR2 modules is that the bus on which the DDR2 memory modules are working is clocked at twice the speed of the memory cells. In practical terms we can say that four words of data can be transferred during one memory cell cycle. To sum it up DDR2 can effectively operate at twice the bus speed of DDR.

Specification standards

Chips and modules
For use in PCs, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch.  DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).

Computer memory

de:DDR-SDRAM#DDR2-SDRAM
fi:DRAM#DDR2 SDRAM
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.

OLED provides high contrast of screen. It is characterized by low energy consumption (due to the absence of additional illumination).

Advantages and disadvantages 

LCDs are in some ways better than OLEDs and some ways worse. OLEDs can make more colors and levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. OLEDs make light, so they do not need a light shining through from the back as LCDs do. This also makes black parts of the screen able to be fully turned "off" making them darker. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made. OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.

LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water. 

OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.

How they work 

There are several parts to an OLED:
 Substrate: the material the layers of the OLED are put on
 Emissive layer: the layer where light is made
 Conductive layer
 Anode
 Cathode

The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.

When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.

OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more positive) than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.

Electronic components
Display technology
Karl Arnold (born 21 March 1901 in Herrlishöfen, died 29 June 1958 in Düsseldorf) was a German politician. He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956.

Life and profession 
    

After 1920 Arnold worked full-time basis for the Christian trade union movement. He became Secretary of the Düsseldorf District of the Christian trade union in 1924. 

In 1928 Arnold married Arnold Liesl Joeres. Their son Gottfried was born in 1933 and was a member of the German Bundestag between 1961 and 1983. 

Arnold was partner in a business in Düsseldorf in 1933. During the Third Reich the Gestapo watched and followed him. He was arrested after Count von Stauffenberg tried to assassinate (murder) Hitler on 20 July 1944. 

Arnold helped to found the industrial unions, today's DGB, with Hans Böckler in the Rhineland in 1945. 

He got permission from the American Army to publish the Rheinische Post (Rhenish Post) daily newspaper. His family still own part of the paper today.

He died of a heart attack on 29 June 1958, during the Landtag (state parliament) election campaign. 

Karl Arnold was buried in Düsseldorf's South Cemetery.

Political party 
  

Arnold joined the Centre party in 1920. 

After the World War II Arnold founded the of Düsseldorf Christian democratic party in 1945. Later this became a part of CDU. Arnold was the CDU's deputy federal chairman from 1956 until his death.

Public offices 
1925 to 1933 he was a member of the city council of Düsseldorf and acting chairman the of the Centre Party group. 

He was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1946 until his death. Between 1947 and 1949 he was also a member of the parliament of the Bizone (which was the British and American occupation zones). 

In 1957 Arnold was elected to the Bundestag with 72.6% of the votes in the Gelsenkirchen-Erkelenz Jülich constituency . He was deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group. 

On 29 January 1946 Arnold was appointed mayor of Düsseldorf by the American Military Government. He was elected mayor in the first free elections on 26 October 1946. 

From December 1946 until 1956 he was Minister President of North Rhine Westphalia. 

From 7 September 1949 to 6 September 1950 he was the first President of the Bundesrat. 

This also mean that between 7 and 13 September 1949 he was Acting President of Germany, until Theodor Heuss was elected Federal President. 

Arnold lost a constructive vote of 'no confidence' on 20 February 1956. His successor (person who followed) as Minister President was Fritz Steinhoff. 

Arnold died one week before the next state elections, in 1958. He was only 57 years old.

1901 births
1958 deaths
German mayors
Ministers-President of North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Courrendlin is a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin.

References

Other websites 

Official website 

Municipalities of Jura
Courroux is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

It is three kilometers southeast of the city of Delémont. It is the third largest municipality in the canton of Jura by area.

References 

Municipalities of Jura
279 Thule is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.

The orbit of Thule is unusual. It appears to orbit in the farthest edge of the Main belt in a 3:4 orbital resonance with planet Jupiter. Unlike the Hilda asteroids whose eccentricity is fairly common of main belt asteroids, Thule has a very low eccentricity - actually much lower than that of Jupiter itself and only a bit higher than that of Earth. Why it has this orbit is not clear, as is the reason for the absence of smaller bodies in similar 4:3 resonances with Jupiter.

Some astronomers have argued that Thule's present orbit is the natural result of the force of Jupiter on a body orbiting at exactly the distance from the Sun Thule does, in the same way (though with the reverse effect) as the Kirkwood gaps in the more closer parts of the asteroid belt. It could thus be that the resonance which holds Thule in a very low-eccentricity orbit serves to eject other smaller bodies whose distance from the Sun is only a bit different from that of Thule itself.

It is the main member of the Thule dynamical group.

It was found by Johann Palisa on October 25, 1888 in Vienna and was named aptly after the ultimate northern land of Thule.

References

Other websites 
 279 Thule on NASA/JPL Small-Body Database

Asteroids
A caucus is basically a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement. Caucuses are slightly different in different countries.

In the United States, in some states, such as Iowa, political parties have a caucus to choose presidential nominees for their parties.

Voting systems
Courtételle is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites 
 http://www.courtetelle.ch
 

Municipalities of Jura
Delémont (German: Delsberg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Jura. The city has about 12,000 people there since 2004.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.delemont.ch
 http://www.jura.ch/musees/arthist.htm  

Capital cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Jura
Mr. Men is a series of 52 children's books by Roger Hargreaves started in 1971. Little Miss was another series of 39 books by the same author with female characters that started in 1981. After Hargreaves died in 1988, his son, Adam Hargreaves, began writing and illustrating new stories about the Mr. Men and Little Miss characters. He created ten new characters; four of them were inspired by work Roger Hargreaves had produced before his death.

List of Characters

Special Characters
 Mr. Nobody
 Mr. Magic (1980 Mr. Men Magazine)
 Mr. Ridiculous
 Mr. Angry
 Mr. Handsome
 Mr. Bored
 Mr. Bustle
 Mr. Excited
 Mr. Short
 Mr. Impossible's Brother
 Wilfred the Wizard
 Grandfather Clock

People
 Andy Robinson
 Jack
 Jane (Only Mentioned)
 John (Only Mentioned)
 George (Fisherman)
 Peter (Only Mentioned)
 Susan (Only Mentioned)
 William
 Tess (Seen on TV Series)
 Mr. Bacon (Wobbletown Butcher)
 Mr. Barley (Farmer/Orchard Owner)
 Mr. Black (Coalman)
 Mr. Bottle (Dairy Owner)
 Mr. Bowler (Hat Seller)
 Mr. Brick (Builder)
 Mr. Bustle (Twin Busy-Body)
 Mr. Busy (Twin Busy-Body)
 Old Mr. Chips (Tiddletown Carpenter)
 Mr. Daily (Newspaper Seller)
 Mr. DoubleChin (Twotown's Mayor)
 Mr. Doublechop (Twotown Butcher)
 Mr. Meat (Butcher)
 Mr. Packet (Grocer)
 Mr. Potts (Painter)
 Mr. Robinson (Mr. Small's Neighbour)
 Mr. Stamp (Postman)
 Mr. Ticket (Bus Driver)
 Mr. Tidy (Twin Neat-And-Tidy)
 Mr. Neat (Twin Neat-And-Tidy)
 Dr. Makeyouwell
 Dr. Plump
 The Princess
 Farmer Fields
 Father Christmas
 The Giant
 The Goblin
 The Tramp
 The Wizard
 The Knight
 King of Miseryland
 King of Nonsenseland
 King of the Goblins
 Nasty Queen of Miseryland (As seen in Christmas Rescue)
 Muggles the Jester (As seen in Christmas Rescue)
 Dark Knight (As seen in Christmas Rescue)
 Stormy Knight (As seen in Christmas Rescue)
 Starry Knight (As seen in Christmas Rescue)
 Miseryland Soldier
 The Wicked Witch
 The Pirates
 Mrs. Crumb (Baker)
 Mrs. Fairy (Cake Seller)
 Mrs. Humbug (Sweetshop Owner)
 Mrs. Page (Librarian)
 Mrs. Parcel (Post Office Lady)
 Mrs. Scrub (Laundry Lady)
 Mrs. Twiceslice (Baker's Wife in Twotown)
 Mrs. Twinkle
 The Good Fairy
 Wilfred the Wizard
 The Naughty Pixies
 Wizard Winterbottom
 Wizard Prang
 Chuckles the Clown (Mr. Funny's Hero)
 Rebecca the gaint

Animals
 Walter the Worm (Lives near Mr. Small)
 Ginger (Farmer Field's Cat)
 Koko the Gorilla (Seen in the TV Series)
 Mr. Parrot (Owned by Mr. Fussy, seen in the TV Series)
 Rex the Dog (Owned by Mr. Clever, seen in the TV Series)
 The Dragon
 Percy the Postman Penguin

Advertising
 Mr. Stupid [and made in figerines]
 Mr. Spendy (Huddersfield & Bradford Building Society)
 Mr. Thrifty (Appeared in Mr. Spendy)
 Mr. Beefeater

Series of books
Children's books
English-language television programs
Mélodie is the French word for “melody”. The word is used in music to mean songs written by French composers of classical music from the mid-19th century to the present. The mélodie in French music is similar to the Lied in German music. "Mélodie" is not the same as chanson (the French word for “song”). The word "chanson" is used for folksongs or popular songs.

History

In Germany composers of classical music had been writing great songs from about 1800, but in France the mélodie became important about 50 years later. While some German Lieder were based on folksong, the texts of the mélodies were usually poems by serious poets. 

Hector Berlioz was the first composer to call some of his compositions mélodies. His Les Nuits d'Été (1841) is one of the greatest of all song cycles. Charles Gounod wrote about 200 mélodies. He used texts by famous poets such as Hugo.

Gabriel Fauré wrote more than 100 mélodies, many based on poems by Verlaine.

Henri Duparc wrote seventeen mélodies.  These are what he is known for.

Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel were very famous composers who wrote a lot of music, including mélodies that are often sung today. Ravel’s melodies are unusual because they are often based on folksong. Other composers of mélodie at the time include Albert Roussel, Reynaldo Hahn and André Caplet.

Mélodies continue to be composed today, though perhaps the last really popular composer of them was Francis Poulenc, who died in 1963.

Performing mélodies

In the French mélodie the poet’s feelings are often suggested or hinted at rather than stated in an obvious way. There is a very close relationship between the text (words) and the melody. To sing mélodie really well a singer must know the French language very well and understand a lot about French poetry. The rules about singing in the French language can be quite complicated. It is important to know when to let the last sound of a word run into the next word (elision). Several books have been written about this.

Although many famous singers are well known for singing French mélodie, the most famous singer from the past was Pierre Bernac. He gave many song recitals with the composer Francis Poulenc who accompanied him on the piano. He wrote a book on how to sing mélodies.

Song forms
Stage6 was a video sharing website. It was similar to other websites like YouTube because it let users upload, view, and share video clips. Unlike many other video sharing sites, Stage6 allowed users to upload better quality videos and very large file sizes. There are few upload limitations, and visitors could download videos easily through the website.

History 

Stage6 was a video sharing community, where users could upload and share their video clips and stream them in high quality because the video clips were -encoded with DivX and Xvid video codecs. 

Unfortunately the website never got a chance to go grow beyond beta status and was shut down by DivX Inc. On February 29, 2008 because DivX was unable to support Stage6. 

On June 2008, CNET had stated that Stage6 was one of the greatest defunct websites in history. 

Stage6 was first launched in 2006 by DivX Ink and in public beta, Stage6 was a similar webpage like Youtube which had allowed its users to stream and upload videos, for those customers that had registered. 

On July 24, 2007 DivX had stated that they were pursuing to separate from Stage6, and become a single company away from DivX Inc. The Co-Founder and Executive Chairman Jordan Greenhall would be changing from his current role as CEO to manage the separating Stage6. 

It was successful, and was estimated to be done by 2007. By January 2008, Stage6 had a total of 10.7 million views. 

On February 25, 2008, DivX announced that they would shut down Stage6 on February 28, 2008, stating that they were unable to continue to provide the attention and resources required for its continued operation. 

A day later than stated, Stage6 ceased to operate, directing users to a Veoh welcome page designed specifically for the purpose of receiving the Stage6 community.

Related pages
 Youtube
 Video sharing

Other websites 
 Stage6 Video sharing site designed to demonstrate DivX codec
 DivX.com DivX website
 Stage6 Forum  Stage6 Community forum set up by members of Stage6 to keep in touch and up to date on developments with stage6 after the shutdown

References 

Websites
File sharing
Video sharing is when one person shares a video clip with another or many other people. This is usually done over the Internet. There are many websites that offer video sharing. Many people use these sites to share videos they have made with their family and friends. But, sharing videos which are copyrighted, like television programs, without permission from those who own them might be illegal.

Related pages
Stage6
Vimeo
YouTube
TikTok

File sharing
Angus McKinnon Young (born 31 March 1955) is a Scottish-born Australian guitarist and songwriter. He is one of the founders of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. He is known for his style of playing the guitar, his very active performance while on stage, and schoolboy-uniform clothing. He was ranked 96th on Rolling Stone's list "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".  Young uses Gibson SG guitars often but he also owns Fender Telecasters, Firebirds and ES-335s. In 2003, he became a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with other members of AC/DC.

His brothers are Malcolm and George Young.

References

1955 births
Living people
AC/DC
Australian guitarists
Australian rock musicians
Australian songwriters
Musicians from Glasgow
Musicians from Sydney