cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on Truman Capote's novella (short book), and starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. The movie won two Academy Awards. It was nominated for a total of five awards. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.

Summary of the story 

Breakfast at Tiffany's is about a young woman named Holly Golightly. Holly suffered an abusive childhood, along with her brother, Fred. She and Fred ran from the abuse, and were taken in by "Doc" Golightly, who married her when she was about fourteen. Soon after, the marriage was annulled, and Holly again ran in search of a happier life. She eventually landed in New York City, where she became a high society escort, trying to raise money to make a home for herself and her brother.                
Paul Varjak, an aspiring writer being kept by an older woman, moves into Holly's building. Paul is amused by Holly's madcap lifestyle, and Holly sees Paul as a sort of "kindred spirit" in that they both are engaged in questionable business pursuits. They quickly form a friendship, but at some point, Paul's feelings turn romantic. The romantic attraction becomes mutual after a day of high-spirited fun; however, Holly's fear of being "caged" leads her to reject the relationship. 
After some time passes and Holly suffers a series of setbacks, she is reunited with Paul, and has to decide whether she should keep running from commitment, or accept the love he offers. The movie ends with a very famous scene of Holly, her "no-name" cat, and Paul embracing in the rain.

Explanation of the title 

Holly suffers from bouts of anxiety (the "mean reds"), and finds spending time at Tiffany & Co. calming. She feels "nothing very bad" can happen to a person in such elegant surroundings. Though she clearly aspires to own beautiful and expensive things, it also seems she yearns for the sense of stability and protection she associates with wealth. She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the store. When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to Tiffany & Co., so they can look at all the fine jewelry, and he can experience one of her favorite places.

Other websites

 
 
 Breakfast at Tiffany's  at the TCM Movie Database
 Tiffany & Co., the jewelry story where the movie gets its name

Sources

1961 comedy movies
1961 drama movies
1961 romance movies
1960s comedy-drama movies
1960s romantic comedy movies
1960s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Blake Edwards

ja:ティファニーで朝食を#映画化
Juan Ignacio Molina. Born June 24 1740; Died September 12 1829; Chilean Naturalist.
He is usually referred to as Abate Molina (form of Abbott Molina). He wrote Compendio della storia geografica, naturale e civile del regno del Cile (1776), latter translated in English, French, German and Spanish. The journal Moliniana is dedicated in his honour.

Related pages
List of biologists

Source 
Charles E. Ronan: Juan Ignacio Molina. The World's Window on Chile.

Naturalists
Zoologists
Mescaline' (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a chemical substance. It occurs naturally in some cactuses, like the Peyote cactus,the Peruvian Torch cactus or the San Pedro cactus. Small amounts of it can also be found in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, like Acacia berlandieri.

The chemical can cause hallucinations. In has been used as a drug in Native American religious ceremonies. It is illegal in many countries. Some people use it as an illegal drug.

Mescaline is used primarily as a recreational drug and is also used to supplement various types of meditation and psychedelic therapy. It is classified as a schedule I drug in the U.S., making it illegal in all forms; however, it remains legal in certain religious ceremonies registered by the Native American Church Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

Use and effects 

 visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness (psychedelic experience)
 open and closed eye visualizations
 euphoria
 dream-like state
 slowed passage of time
 laughter
 a mixing of senses (synesthesia, such as "seeing a sound" or "hearing colors")
 pupil dilation

Side effects or risks 

 anxiety, fear
 racing heart beat (tachycardia)
 dizziness
 weakness
 diarrhea
 excessive sweating
 tremors
 nausea, vomiting
 headache
 accidental injury
 psychosis, panic or paranoia
 seizures
 amnesia (loss of memory)
 post hallucinogen perceptual disorder (flashbacks)
 rarely, suicidal thoughts or actions

Use in Pregnancy 
According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), researchers have found that mescaline found in peyote may affect the fetus of a pregnant woman using the drug.

References

Illegal drugs
[[File:Psilocybe.mexicana.jpg|thumb|right|Psilocybin was first found in the mushroom Psilocybe mexicana]]

Psilocybin is a chemical substance. It can cause hallucinations when eaten, and has also been found to reverse psychological conditioning, grow brain cells and heal the brain. It occurs in many kinds of fungi and mushrooms, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms. Most of these are known as psychedelic mushrooms. It grows in Europe, South America, Mexico, and the United States. Mushrooms that contain psilocybin are known as magic mushrooms.

The substance is used as a recreational drug. It is illegal in many countries.

Psilocybin works by activating serotonin receptors, most often in the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain affects mood, cognition, and perception. Hallucinogens also work in other regions of the brain that regulate arousal and panic responses.

The hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin usually occur within 30 minutes after a person ingests it and last 4–6 hours. In some individuals, changes in sensory perception and thought patterns can last for several days.

In 2016, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers first reported that treatment with psilocybin under psychologically supported conditions significantly relieved existential anxiety and depression in people.

References

Drugs
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine which has a relatively long half-life. It is mostly used to treat anxiety, certain  forms of epilepsy, muscle spasms (where the muscle moves on its own, causing pain), and sleeping problems. Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if used for long periods of this. For this reason the drug is used to treat acute cases (2-4 weeks maximum) to avoid dependence. According to the World Health Organization diazepam is an essential drug.  

Diazepam is marketed under a number of names; its original trade name was Valium. It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times. It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect.

Drugs used in psychiatry
Fluoxetine hydrochloride is an antidepressant medication. It is used as a drug against various illnesses, like depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, and other illnesses. Fluoxetine is a one of a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is commonly known as Prozac.

There are newer drugs available to treat these conditions. Nevertheless, it remains very popular. Over 23.1 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United States in 2006. This makes it the third most prescribed antidepressant.

References

Drugs used in psychiatry

he:SSRI#תרופות ממשפחת SSRI
The Territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands () is the collective name for two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands. The islands are in the Indian Ocean north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti. The Australian mainland is about  to the southwest, the island of Timor (and Roti next to it) is about  to the north.

The territory includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island  east with, a total area of  within the reefs and including the lagoons, and  of dry land. They have a long coastline, over , but there are no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorage. Nearby Hibernia Reef,  northeast of Ashmore Reef, is not part of the territory, because it has no permanently dry land area, although large parts of the reef become exposed during low tide.

Government 

The territory is administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. Therefore, it is a dependency within the commonwealth. The islands are visited by seasonal caretakers.

Images

References

Commonwealth dependent states
States and territories of Australia
Islands of Australia
The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest part of Antarctica claimed by any nation. The area is about 6.119.818 km². Only the staff of research stations live in the territory.

History 
Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160 E and 45 E to Australia. On 13 February 1954 , Mawson Station was set up. It was the first Australian station on the continent proper. 

Australia's claim to sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory is recognised by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway  . As Australia is part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which accommodates differences of opinions over the status of Antarctic territorial claims which pre-dated the 1959 Antarctic Treaty - effectively placing claims in abeyance - Australia only exercises its sovereignty in ways that in its view are consistent with good relations under the Antarctic Treaty.

Postage stamps 

Australia issues postage stamps for the Australian Antarctic Territory. The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s. All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.

Telephone connections 
Assigned the country calling code +672, four Antarctic bases operated by Australia can be reached by direct calling from anywhere in the world. The area codes are 10-6 for Davis, 11-7 for Mawson, 12-8 for Casey and 13-9 for Macquarie Island, in each case followed by three additional digits.

Other websites 

 Australian Antarctic Division
 PDF-Map of the AAT 
 Australian Antarctic Gazetteer 
 Russian stations

Commonwealth dependent states
States and territories of Australia
Antarctic territorial claims
Postage stamps
The British Antarctic Territory is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom and is a British overseas territory. It is a triangle in Antarctica from the South Pole to 60° S latitude between longitudes 20° W and 80° W. The Territory was formed on March 3, 1962, although the UK first claimed this part of the Antarctic in 1908. Before 1962, the area now covered by the Territory comprised three separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands;
 Graham Land
 the South Orkney Islands and
 the South Shetland Islands.

The Territory overlaps other claims on Antarctica by Argentina and Chile

The Territory is inhabited largely by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations.

History 
The United Kingdom has had a presence in the South Atlantic since 1833 when it occupied the Falkland Islands. In 1908 the UK claimed the territory that is British Antarctic Territory today, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The territory was governed as three separate dependencies; Graham Land, the South Orkneys, and the South Shetlands, administered from Falkland Islands by the Governor.

Geography 

In addition to continental Antarctica, within which the BAT claim includes the Palmer Land peninsula, and the Ronne Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, the territory also includes the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands.

Administration 

It is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Head of the FCO's Overseas Territories Department.

The Territory has a full suite of laws, and legal and postal administrations. Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory. It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.

Research 

The British Antarctic Survey has three permanently staffed research stations in the Territory:
 Halley
 Rothera
 Signy

References

Other websites 
 UK Foreign Office homepage 
 British Antarctic Survey 

British overseas territories
Antarctic territorial claims
1962 establishments
1962 establishments in the United Kingdom
Establishments in Antarctica
The British Indian Ocean Territory is a dependency of the United Kingdom. It includes many small islands in the Indian Ocean. The territory is the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islandsmany very small. There is a total land area of . The largest island is Diego Garcia. 

Both India and Mauritius claim the territories, and do not recognise the United Kingdom's authority over the Chagos Archipelago. India does not recognise Anglo sovereignty over these "Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands" and has disputed their status since 1947.

The natives of these islands were deported (made to leave their homes) by the British government. They were sent to Mauritius and the Seychelles. This happened in 1968 to 1973, to allow the United States to build a joint UK/US military base. In 2000, the High Court of the UK first ruled that the natives had the right to return home, but the government have been fighting hard against this court decision, and many of the natives are still said to be trying to move back to the islands.

References 

Territorial disputes of India
The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands () is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group. The islands are in the Indian Ocean, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka.

History 
Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family. Slaves were brought to work the coconut plantation from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia by Alexander Hare who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java in 1811. A Scottish merchant seaman called Captain John Clunies-Ross, who had also served under Raffles in the takeover, set up a compound and Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross. 

On November 23 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955. In the 1970s, Australian government dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory purchase. By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. However, in 1983 the Australian government moved to dishonour this agreement, and told the former last ruler, John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that the government could not buy Oceania House.  Instead the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be given to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross lives in exile in Perth, Australia, but his successors still live on the Cocos.

In 2004 there were 629 people living on the Cocos (Keeling) islands. There are about 120 Europeans on West Island and 500 Malays on Home Island.  A Cocos dialect of Malay and English are the main languages spoken and 80% of Cocos Islanders are Sunni Muslim. India does not recognise Anglo annexation of these Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands as part of Australia and disputes it's status to counterbalance regional hegemonic sea power.

Government 

The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam (Home Island). Governance of the islands is based on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955

Other websites 
 Atoll Research Bulletin vol. 403 
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands Tourism website
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands  entry from the CIA World Factbook
 Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 Noel Crusz, The Cocos Islands mutiny, Reviewed by: PETER STANLEY, Principal Historian, Australian War Memorial 
 History of Cocos (Keeling) Islands 
 Areas of individual islets 
 The man who lost a 'coral kingdom'

References 

Notes

 
Commonwealth dependent states
Dependent territories
Territorial disputes of India
The Ross Dependency is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.

The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.

The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area – apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory.  The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways.  This allows wheeled and ski equipped aircraft to come and go, year round.

Jurisdiction 
The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper.  If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined. However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean.  It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.

The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.

In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel Southern Quest sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.

References

Other websites
 Government of the Ross Dependency  — official description
 Antarctica New Zealand — Crown entity charged with administering, developing and managing Ross Dependency
 50 years of Scott Base 
 History - From University of Canterbury
 http://www.south-pole.com/homepage.html
 Stamps of Ross Dependency 
 map of Ross Dependency (central part) 

Commonwealth dependent states
New Zealand
Antarctic territorial claims
A frozen dinner is a kind of ready-to-prepare meal, or convenience food. Frozen dinners are prepared in bulk, cooked until ready to serve, divided into single servings for freezing, to be reheated later. An entrée of meat or other protein is included, along with vegetables, a carbohydrate food (such as potatoes or rice), and a sweet dessert.

Frozen dinners are helpful for people who do not have time to cook, or who lack meal-planning or cooking skills. They are also known as "TV dinners", because they were long advertised as suitable to warm up and eat while watching television. Both inventions became popular at around the same time (during the 1950s), and each one sold more of the other.

For many years, frozen dinners came packaged with a shaped aluminium foil cooking tray. This made them easy to reheat in a normal gas or electric stove's oven. The trays were sometimes reused or recycled by users. When microwave ovens became common, frozen dinners could not be cooked in them because the metal tray would damage the oven. Early packaged foods for the microwave often could not be cooked in a regular oven, because the heat would make the package catch fire or fall apart. New packaging had to be developed, so the same frozen dinner could be heated in both kinds of ovens. This succeeded during the 1980s. Some new trays can be reused, while others are made of paper and meant to be thrown away.

The quality of food in frozen dinners has also improved steadily through the years. Early potato dishes would sometimes have a chalk-like quality to them, and vegetables poor texture. Newer dinners taste much more like they are freshly cooked. Vegetarian meals have also been introduced. Linda McCartney started a popular line of frozen vegetarian dishes during the 1990s.

dinner
Věž is a village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 796 people live in Věž. It covers 14.43 km².

Villages in the Czech Republic
The southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is a large long-legged bird. Lapwings are shorebirds. It is a common in Central and South America, except in the jungles of the Amazon and the Andes. It is the national bird of Uruguay.

Charadriiformes
A courthouse is a building that holds a court. Some courthouses also have offices for the prosecutor and prosecutor's assistants. In small cities, some courthouses have other offices for local government officials.

Government buildings
Courts (law)
State may mean:

Political science
 A state in politics, which is the same as a country or a nation.
 A city-state in politics, which is a city that is an independent nation.
 A nation state in politics, where the people living in a country have the same nationality.
 A sovereign state in politics
 A U.S. state, one of the 50 members of the United States. A U.S. state is like a province, prefecture, or district in another country.

Science
 A state of matter in chemistry. For example, solid, liquid, or gas.
 An equation of state in thermodynamics.
 An oxidation state in chemistry, referring to the number of electrons added or subtracted from an atom

Computing 
 State (computer science), a unique configuration of information in a program or machine
 Program state, in computer science, a snapshot of the measure of various conditions in the system
 State pattern, in computer science, a behavioral design pattern
 State (printmaking), a unique form of a print, caused by a deliberate change to a matrix
 State (software), animation software for YouTube and social media sites
A prosecutor is a lawyer who argues in a court that the defendant should be found guilty of a crime. The prosecutor represents a client, which is sometimes the state (government). It is the prosecutor's job to do what he can to have criminals punished for their crimes.

Trials
A tumulus (one tumulus, several tumuli) is a certain type of grave. The word comes from Latin. This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. There are different layouts. Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave. There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers. Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.

Related pages
Kofun
Pyramid

History
Burial monuments and structures
The Olmecs were a group of people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico. The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica. Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics.  

The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn. Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.

Overview
The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC. They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta. The Olmecs were able to thrive due to the fertile land around the Coatzacoalcos river basin. The reason for the fall of the Olmec empire is unknown. They developed many different cultures.

Art 
The Olmecs created a range of artwork such as altars, jade masks and stone carvings.

Colossal heads 
The Olmec colossal heads are the most recognized symbol of the Olmec civilization. The height and weights of the heads vary, but the largest head is about twice the height of an average human male. They include seventeen heads found in the southern Mexican cities of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tres Zapotes, and Rancho la Cobata. Each head shows a unique facial expression and wears a helmet bearing distinctive decorations.  No two are alike. The origins and meaning of the heads are mysterious, and they are the subject of much speculation among scholars and archaeologists.

Scholars have tried to explain how the Olmecs might have made and moved such big objects. The heads were sculpted out of a hard, dense rock called basalt. Archaeologists think the Olmecs found most of the basalt in the Tuxtlas Mountain range. According to this theory, the basalt heads were sculpted roughly in the mountains and then either floated or dragged by thousands of people from the construction site to the Olmec cities. 

Perhaps the most notable features of the sculptures – and a clue as to their meaning – are the helmets worn by all the Olmec heads. These helmets, and the rubber balls found near the sculptures, may be evidence that the Mesoamerican ball game originated with the Olmec civilization.  The Mesoamerican ball game was a team sport with profound religious and cultural significance for the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America. The Olmec heads were once thought to have represented Mesoamerican ball players who were sacrificed after losing a match.  The current theory, however, is that the heads honor Olmec rulers.

References 
 http://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html

History of North America
Native American
Chichen Itza was a large Mayan city by the Maya civilization. It is on the Yucatán Peninsula, about 120 km to the east of Mérida. 

Some of the most famous parts of Chichen Itza include:
the temple of Kukultán, the Plumed Serpent (pictured). This is called El Castillo: in Spanish.  It has four sides, and each side has 91 steps.It is one of the seven wonders of the world.

There are many temples and pyramids in Chichen Itza. Tourists, or visitors, were once able to climb some of the pyramids, but it was quite challenging because the steps are very steep and small. Climbing is no longer permitted.

Temple of the Warriors is a big temple with hundreds of columns. The columns used to hold up the roof of the temple. These columns are carved on all four sides with figures of warriors wearing feathers.

The Great Ballcourt is the largest known ancient sports field in Central America. It is 545 feet in length and 225 feet in width. Each end has a raised temple area. The sounds in the ballcourt are remarkable: a whisper from one end can be clearly heard at the other.

Sacred Cenote (pronounced sen-O-tay): a cenote is an underground lake or river.  This cenote is where royalty gave gifts to the gods.

Chichen Itza means at the mouth of the well of enchanted water.

Maya civilization
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Yucatán (state)
''For the pamphlet by Thomas Paine see Common Sense (pamphlet)

Common sense means what people would agree about. It is a personal judgement based on the facts of a situation. Common sense is usually the simplest and most direct account of a situation. It is the knowledge and experience which most people have, or should have. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way".

"Common sense" has at least two philosophical meanings. One is a capability of the mind to perceive things like movement and size. The second is our natural sense for other humans and the community. Both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge. Most people are expected to share these things naturally, even if they can not explain why.

It is quite possible for common sense to be wrong, and science often explains things in quite a different way from common sense. People lack any common-sense intuition of the universe at subatomic distances, or of speeds approaching that of light. Today it is well known that the Earth travels around the Sun but before the scientific revolution people thought that the Sun going around the Earth was common sense. 

According to the Simple English Wiktionary “Common sense is something that everybody knows and understands.”

Related pages 
Custom
Endoxa

References 

Everyday life
Philosophy
Magic User’s Club is an anime created by Junichi Sato. There were two manga released for it. One is for girls and the other is for boys.

Plot
A huge spaceship called "the Bell" comes to Earth. People try to stop the Bell, but they are not able to. A group of high school students called the "Magic User’s Club" fight the Bell using magic.

Characters
Sae Sawanoguchi: Sae is a new member in the Magic Club. She wants to do magic, but she is very clumsy. She loves Takeo, but she is too shy to tell him.

Nanaka Nakatomi: Nanaka is a new member of the Magic Club. She is Sae’s best friend. Nanaka does not want to be in the Magic Club. She stays in the Magic Club because Sae loves the Magic Club. Nanaka loves Aburatsubo, but she doesn’t think he will love her back.

Akane Aikawa: Akane is a new member of the Magic Club. She is rich and pretty. She thinks magic is easy. She works as a model. 

Takeo Takakura: Takeo is the leader of the Magic Club. He is a pervert. He loves Sae, but he is too nervous to tell her.

Ayanojyo Aburatsubo: Aburatsubo is a member of the Magic Club. He is good at magic. He is good at tennis and acting too. He loves Takeo, but Takeo doesn’t love him back.

Anime
Deryck Whibley (born March 21, 1980) is a Canadian singer and musician from the band Sum 41. He was married to Avril Lavigne but on October 9, 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce.

References 

1980 births
Living people
Canadian singers
Canadian guitarists
Sum 41
People from Ontario
Glam rock is a genre of rock music that was popular in the early 1970s. It was made famous by acts such as David Bowie, Elton John, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Slade, Gary Glitter, Queen and Sweet. Glam fans (usually referred to as the "glitter people") and performers distinguished themselves from the denim-clad hippie-hordes with sci-fi/mythological/Hollywood glamour/ambisexual-inspired costumes, which were perceived as glamorous by the press. They symbolized that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes.  The music was characterised by languid, narcotic ballads and raunchy, high-energy Rolling Stones–influenced rock n‘ roll stylings.

Notable artists
T. Rex
David Bowie
Gary Glitter
Roxy Music
Mott the Hoople
Alice Cooper
Mud
Wizzard
Suzi Quarto
Slade
Sweet
Rolling Stones

Rock music
Culture
The Polish Aviation Museum () is a big museum of old airplanes and airplane engines. It is in Kraków, Poland. It is in place of the no-longer used Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport.

Museum shows to people over 200 planes, and plane engines. Some of them one can see only there.

List of things shown in museum

Planes with wings and engine
 Aero Ae-145
 Aero L-60 Brigadýr
 Albatros B.II
 Albatros C.I
 Albatros H.1
 Avia B.33 (Czech-built Ilyushin Il-10)
 Aviatik C.III
 Bleriot XI (copy)
 Bücker Bü 131B Jungmann
 Cessna A-37B Dragonfly
 Cessna UC-78A Bobcat
 Curtiss Export Hawk II
 Dassault Mirage 5
 De Havilland 82A Tiger Moth II
 DFW C.V
 Farman IV
 Grigorovich M-15
 Halberstadt CL.II
 Ilyushin Il-14S (VEB)
 Ilyushin Il-28R
 Ilyushin Il-28U
 Yakovlev Yak-11
 Yakovlev Yak-12
 Yakovlev Yak-17UTI (Jak-17W)
 Yakovlev Yak-18
 Yakovlev Yak-23
 Yakovlev Yak-42
 Let L-200A Morava
 Levavasseur Antoinette
 LFG Roland D.VI
 Lisunov Li-2
 LVG B.II
 LWD Szpak-2
 LWD Żuraw 
 The MAK - 30 flying target which can fly faster than sound
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 PM
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 F-13
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 MF
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 bis
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PF
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PFM
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 R
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 U
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 UM
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 US
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 MF
 North American T-6G Texan
 Northrop F-5E Tiger II
 Piper L-4A Grasshopper
 Polikarpov Po-2 LNB
 PWS-26
 WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
 PZL M-4 Tarpan
 PZL P.11c
 PZL S-4 Kania 3
 PZL Szpak 4T
 PZL-104 Wilga
 PZL-105 Flaming
 PZL-106A Kruk
 PZL-130 Orlik
 RWD-13
 RWD-21
 Saab J 35J Draken
 Saab JASF37 Viggen
 Sopwith F.1 Camel
 Sukhoi Su-7 BKL
 Sukhoi Su-7 BM
 Sukhoi Su-7 UM
 Sukhoi Su-20
 Sukhoi Su-22 M4
 Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk XVIE
 Tupolev Tu-134A
 Tupolev Tu-2S
 WSK Lim-1
 WSK Lim-2
 WSK Lim-5
 WSK Lim-6bis
 WSK Lim-6M
 WSK Lim-6MR
 WSK MD-12F
 WSK SB Lim-2
 WSK SB Lim-2A
 TS-11 Iskra bis B
 TS-8 Bies
 WSK TS-9 Junak 3
 Zlin Z-26 Trener

Flying machines which do not have engine

 IS-1 Sęp bis
 IS-3 ABC
 IS-4 Jastrząb
 IS-A Salamandra
 IS-B Komar 49
 IS-C Żuraw
 S-1 Swift
 SZD-6X Nietoperz
 SZD-8 bis Jaskółka
 SZD-9 bis Bocian 1A
 SZD-10 bis Czapla
 SZD-12 Mucha 100
 SZD-15 Sroka
 SZD-17X Jaskółka L
 SZD-18 Czajka
 SZD-19-2A Zefir 2A
 SZD-21 Kobuz 3
 SZD-22 Mucha Standard
 SZD-25A Lis
 SZD-43 Orion
 WWS Wrona bis
 WWS-2 Żaba

Motor gliders

HWL Pegaz (SP-590)

Flying machines which do not have wings

 BŻ-1 GIL
 BŻ-4 Żuk
 JK-1 Trzmiel
 Mil Mi-4 A
 Mil Mi-4 ME
 WSK Mi-2 URP
 WSK Mi-2Ch
 WSK SM-1 (licence Mil Mi-1)
 WSK SM-2

Engines

Related pages
 glider
 helicopter

Other websites
Official www page of the museum (in English and Polish)
Satellite image from WikiMapia
Images from the museum on www.airliners.net

Aircraft museums
Kraków
Education in Poland
Buildings and structures in Poland
Monstera is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 60 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America. 

The plants are herbs or evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix.   Some species have edible fruit.

Many people grow some of these species (esp. Monstera deliciosa) indoors as a houseplant. Monstera deliciosa is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.

In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.

Other websites

 Entry at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants 
Classification from the International Association for Plant Taxonomy

Vines
Araceae
Epiphytes
A vine is a climbing plant which use stems or runners. These runners trail on the ground, and will climb up when it is possible. It is a growth habit or life habit which makes use of trees to reach light in natural habitats. 

In the United Kingdom, the term "vine" applies almost exclusively to the grapevine, whereas the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.  The grapevine, genus Vitis, carries berries which can be made into wine. In the United States, all climbing plants are called vines or ivies or sometimes creepers (like the Virigina Creeper). 

Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory.

References 

 
Epiphytes
An Aerial root is a root which is above the ground. Different plants have grown them. They can have different functions:
For support: Sometimes such roots are grown for support. Ivy plants have them to cling to structures, such as stone walls, or other trees. The Banyan tree (also known as strangler fig) grows them downward from branches into the forwst floor. Eventually, the host tree dies. 
Roots for breathing: Some plants grow in environments where there is much water in the soil. They may then grow such roots (upwards) to breathe air. Black mangroves have such roots, for example.
As a parasite. Parasites sometimes grow these, into the host to get nutrients. One example of this is the mistletoe.
Roots to propagate: Some plants have above-ground roots. In some places, little plants (with leaves and roots) develop. They will drop off at some point, and develop into new plants (that are clones of the parent). Examples for this are strawberries or the spider plant.

Images

References 

Plant tissues
The Australian Air Force Cadets (AAFC) is a youth organisation in Australia. The goal of the organisation it to help prepare young people for adult life. It was first created on July 11, 1941 with the name Air Training Corps. It was created to give training to young men (ages 14 to 20) who were interested in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The name was changed in 2001.

Other websites 
 Official AAFC website

Air force
Organisations based in Australia
Military of Australia
1941 establishments in Australia
The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune [majo ʒoːn]) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-day (or stage) bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. It allows the rider who was in the overall lead at the end of the previous day to be easily identified.

Because the Tour de France was the first to use a coloured jersey to identify the leader many newer races have chosen the same colour, for example the Tour of Germany. Other tours and races use other colours, sometimes because of the sponsor.

The Giro d'Italia, Tour of Italy, have a pink jersey (maglia rosa). The race's original sponsor was the sports newspaper (La Gazzetta dello Sport) which printed on pink paper, like many European sports newspapers.

The leader in the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) wears a red jersey (called "La Roja"). From 1998 to 2010 the Vuelta leader's jersey was gold in color.

Sometimes a rider will get three yellow jerseys. 
 In front of the press and spectators They are presented a special one that zips up at the back to make the presentation easier.
 An ordinary jersey to wear during the race the next day.
 An unused jersey to keep as a memento.
They will sometimes also autograph many copies of the jersey that are given out to VIPs with the race and their team.Cycling
In road bicycle racing, and especially the three Grand Tour stage races Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a Espana, the Green jersey is the name given to a cycling jersey worn by the leader in a subsidiary competition.

For example, while the overall race leader in the Tour de France will wear the yellow jersey, or "maillot jaune", the green jersey ("maillot vert") will be worn by the leader in the points competition for sprinters.

In the Vuelta a Espana, the green jersey is worn by the "King of the Mountains", the leader in the competition for the best climber. The Giro d'Italia also used a green jersey for its "King of the Mountains" from 1974 to 2011, but that jersey was changed to a blue jersey,  starting in 2012.

Classification Guide

Overall Leader 
The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification by time
(incomplete listing)
 To Be Determined

Points Competition Leader 
The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification by points (often known as the sprinters competition):

(incomplete listing)
 Tour de France (known as the maillot vert)
 Dauphiné Libéré
 Tour de l'Avenir
 Tour de Georgia

King of the Mountains 
The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification of the best climber :

(incomplete listing)
 Tour of Poland (Polish: known as the najlepszy góral or Klasyfikacja Górska)

Former use
 Giro d'Italia (Italian: known as the maglia verde) – Used from 1974 to 2011; a blue jersey (maglia azzurra) is now used instead.

Cycling
The Rainbow jersey is a special jersey worn by world champion cyclists during races.

It is mainly white with five horizontal bands in the UCI colours around the chest. From the bottom up the colours are: green, yellow, black, red and blue, the same colours that appear in the rings on the olympic flag. There are different jerseys for each discipline (road racing, track racing, cyclo-cross, BMX, and the types of mountain biking).

A cyclist must wear the jersey when competing in the same discipline, category and speciality that he is world champion for. For example, the world road race champion would wear the jersey while competing in stage races and one-day races, but would not during time trials. Similarly, on the track, the world individual pursuit champion would only wear the jersey when competing in other individual pursuit events.

A champion who does not wear the rainbow jersey can be fined 2500 to 5000 Swiss francs.

The team's sponsor pays a lot of money to have their name on each rider's jersey.  They can still put their names on the world champion's jersey, but probably smaller because there is less space.  Sponsors do not mind because the world champion gets a lot more publicity than ordinary riders.

A world champion who is leading a stage race wears the race-leader's jersey, not the world champion's, but only while he is the leader.

References 

Cycling
A derny race is a race in which the cyclists are paced by someone riding a derny.

A Derny is a motorised bicycle designed and built for motor-paced cycling events (e.g.: motor-paced races in six-day and Keirin racing) or motor-paced road races. 

The first Dernys were built by "Roger Derny et Fils" of Paris, France in 1938. That firm is no longer in business and any motorised bicycle for pacing is called a "Derny".

The rider of the derny usually sits upright, this makes it easier for the cyclist by reducing wind resistance. 

The photographers' motorbikes used to help riders in ordinary races. That is why they were banned from riding in front of the cyclists.

Cycling
An escopetarra is a guitar made from a rifle; it is used as a symbol of peace. The name is a  combination of the Spanish words escopeta (meaning shotgun/rifle) and guitarra (meaning guitar). 

Escopetarras were invented in 2003 by a Colombian peace activist named César López. At a gathering after the El Nogal Club bombing in Bogotá, he noticed a soldier holding a gun like a guitar and got the idea for it. The first escopetarra in 2003 was made from a Winchester rifle and a Stratocaster electric guitar.

López made five escopetarras, four of which were given to Colombian musician Juanes, Argentine musician Fito Páez, the United Nations Development Program, and the city  government of Bogotá, while one was kept for himself. Juanes later sold his escopetarra for US$17,000 at a Beverly Hills fundraiser held to help victims of anti-personnel mines, while the escopetarra given to the UN was exhibited at the June 2006 of the UN Conference on Disarmament. 

In 2006, López got 12 more decommissioned AK-47s from Colombia's peace commissioner's office. After they are turned into guitars, he plans to give them to popular musicians such as Shakira, Carlos Santana, and Paul McCartney, as well as political figures such as the Dalai Lama. However, a member of the Dalai Lama's staff rejected López' offer, saying it is not appropriate to give a weapon as a gift; López has said he will try to explain his purpose more clearly.

References

Guitars
Weapons
Maurice Garin (March 3 1871 - February 19 1957) was a road bicycle racer. He is best known for winning the 1903 Tour de France - the very first running of the race.  

Garin was born in Arvier in the Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. He became a naturalized French citizen only in December 1901, when he was already a champion cyclist, winner of the second Paris-Roubaix.

He was declared the winner of the 1904 Tour de France, but was later disqualified. The Tour de France organisation and the French cycling authorities have not said why.  They were said to have taken a train through part of the route. In the early days stages were much longer than today, sometimes starting in the dark.

When he retired from professional cycling he ran a small garage in Lens until his death.

He is buried in the Cimetière Est in the neighbouring suburb of Sallaumines.

Major Wins 

1897
Paris-Roubaix
1898
Paris-Roubaix
1902
Bordeaux-Paris
1903
Tour de France
Winner overall classification
Winner 3 stages

Other websites
http://www.lepays.net/jdj/01/02/20/MA/article_1.html 

1871 births
1957 deaths
French cyclists
Italian cyclists
Tour de France winners
Valle d'Aosta
Insects have small holes in their bodies that allow them to breathe. These holes are called spiracles. Air comes in the spiracles and goes to invertebrate trachea, or tubes. 

These tubes take the oxygen to other parts of the insect body. Because insects have no lungs, air comes in and goes out of the spiracles passively (by itself). Some insects can open and close the spiracles to keep water out.

Some spiders also have spiracles.

Sharks and rays have a spiracle behind each eye. When the shark is not moving, the spiracle helps the shark to breathe.

Insects
Henri Cornet (born Henri Jardry 4 August 1884 - 18 March 1941) was a French cyclist who won the second Tour de France in 1904. 

Born in Desvres, Pas-de-Calais, France, he was 18 years old when he raced in the Tour de France. The race was spoiled by many problems including irate spectators throwing nails on the road in the final stage that forced Henri Cornet to ride the last 40 kilometres with two flat tyres. There were a lot of complaints about cheating, the top four finishers were disqualified by a special committee of the French cycling union.  Although his overall time was three hours behind the first place rider, race officials declared Henri Cornet the winner in November 1903, when he was 19 years and 3 months old. He is the youngest ever winner.

Such was the commotion over the 1904 race that Tour founder Henri Desgrange said it was probably the last time the race would ever be run.   The race winner Maurice Garin was suspended from competition for two years (he retired), and the second place finisher was banned for life. In all
nine cyclists were excluded because of illegal use of cars or trains and all of the stage winners were disqualified because of illegal agreements about allowing people to win.

After 1904 Cornet never again had any great success in any race.  He abandoned the 1905 Tour de France in the 4th stage. He won the 1906 Paris-Roubaix race, but could not start the 1906 Tour de France, and had to abandon it again in 1907, but did manage 8th place finish in 1908. Extremely fast in what today are called time trials, he won the final leg of the 1908 race. A special timed lap run at a velodrome racetrack in Paris, the event was not counted as an official stage or towards the overall classification. Cornet competed in his last Tour de France in 1912, finishing 28th.  

He died in 1941 at the age of 56 in Prunay-le-Gillon, Eure-et-Loir. 

1884 births
1941 deaths
French cyclists

People from Hauts-de-France
Tour de France winners