cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Brian Horace Clemens  (30 July 1931 – 10 January 2015) was an English screenwriter and television producer,. He was best known for his work on the television shows The Avengers and The Professionals. He also wrote and producer the movie Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971).

Clemens was born in Croydon, Surrey. He was related to the American writer Mark Twain (1835–1910). He was married and had two sons.

Clemens died on 10 January 2015 at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
 

1931 births
2015 deaths
English movie producers
English screenwriters
English television producers
English television writers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Writers from Surrey
The North American Chevrolet Aveo was a subcompact car sold by General Motors (GM) since 2002 to 2011. It was first made by GM Korea (formerly GMDAT). Now it is made by GM in many places, except North America. The North American Aveo was replaced by the Chevrolet Sonic in 2011.

History 
The car was first sold as the Daewoo Kalos from 1999-2002. It was later sold as a Chevrolet model when General Motors bought the company. Chevrolet replaced the Suzuki based Metro with this car. In 2004 it was sold by Pontiac, Chevrolet, Suzuki and Holden. In other countries different names were used. These include the Chevrolet Kalos, Chevrolet Lova, ZAZ Vida and Pontiac G3. In 2005 a freshened sedan was introduced, this time made by fellow GM automaker Adam Opel AG. This was followed by a Malibu-based hatchback. In 2012 the second generation Aveo was renamed the Sonic. The sonic has several design changes. The Chevrolet Sonic name is used in North America. The same design is sold as the Holden Barina in Australasia. However, the car is still sold as Aveo in other parts of the world.

Related pages 
 Chevrolet Spark
 Chevrolet Cruze
 Chevrolet Malibu
 Chevrolet Impala
 Chevrolet Trax

References

Other websites 
 2014 Chevrolet Sonic, Cars.com

Aveo
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Elemér Hankiss (4 May 1928 – 10 January 2015) was a Hungarian sociologist. He taught at universities such as Stanford University and Central European University. He also wrote over ten books. From 1990 until 1993, he was the President of Hungarian Television.

Life
Hankiss was born in Debrecen. His father was literature professor. He studied the English and French languages at Eötvös Loránd University. His first wife was politician Ágnes Hankiss. He had two children.

Hankiss died after a short illness on 10 January 2015 in Budapest. He was 86.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Hungary
Hungarian educators
Hungarian philosophers
Sociologists
Carl Long (May 9, 1935 – January 12, 2015) was an American baseball outfielder. He was a Negro league and minor league baseball player. He played from 1952 until 1957 for teams such as: the Birmingham Black Baron, the Philadelphia Stars, St. Jean Canadians, Billings Mustangs, Phoenix Stars, Kinston Eagles, Beaumont Pirates, and Mexico City Tigers.

Long was born in Rock Hill, South Carolina. He grew up in Kinston, North Carolina.

Long died on January 12, 2015 after having many strokes in November 2014. He was 79.

References

Other websites

1935 births
2015 deaths
African-American baseball players
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Sportspeople from South Carolina
Stanford Mark Juddery (8 March 1971 – 13 January 2015) was an Australian freelance journalist, author, and columnist. His work has appeared in such newspapers as The Canberra Times, The Australian, and The Sydney Morning Herald. He also worked for magazines including The Bulletin, Empire, Inside Sport, Mad Magazine and Griffith Review. He also wrote the book Best. Times. Ever. (2014).

Juddery died from cancer on 13 January 2015 in Canberraat age 43.

References

Other websites 
 

1970s births
2015 deaths
Australian journalists
Cancer deaths in Australia
Columnists
People from Canberra
John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858) was an English physician. He used anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is a founder of modern epidemiology because he traced the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854. His findings caused changes in the water and sewage systems of London. This led to similar changes in other cities, and a great improvement in general public health around the world.

In 1837 Snow began working at the Westminster Hospital. Admitted as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 2 May 1838, he graduated from the University of London in December 1844 and was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians in 1850.

Anaesthesia 
Snow was one of the first to study dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics. This let patients to undergo surgery and obstetrics without distress and pain. He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857. This lead to wider acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia.

Cholera 

Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of 'foul air'. 

By talking to local residents, he found the source of the outbreak was the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger. However, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough. The local council disabled the well pump by removing its handle. This action is usually credited with ending the outbreak, but Snow saw that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline:

Snow also showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes, so causing the cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It was the founding event of the science of epidemiology.

Snow died young after a stroke. Health in Victorian London was vastly improved by engineering works for sewage treatment and water supply. This included building huge pipes under ground which kept sewage and water supplies separate. This system was so successful that it lasted until the later part of the 20th century.

Victorian London became one of the few large cities in the world to be free of epidemics carried by the water supply. The British later built the water and sewage systems in many other countries, especially those in, or connected with, the British Empire (Cairo, Khartoum, New Delhi and so on). The growth in population has made the water unsafe again in many places, but round about 1900 a clean water supply was available in many parts of the world. All this was a consequence of Snow's work, and the engineering methods of Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

References

Other websites 
John Snow website, by Ralph R. Frerichs, UCLA. 

1813 births
1858 deaths
English physicians
Water pollution
Cholera pandemics
Water infrastructure
London
Stealing Harvard is a 2002 American criminal comedy movie. It was directed by Bruce McCulloch and was produced by Susan Cavan. Stealing Harvard was released on September 13, 2002.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 9% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. At the 2002 Golden Raspberry Awards, Tom Green was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor but lost to Hayden Christensen for his portrayal of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones.

Cast 
 Jason Lee as John Plummer
 Tom Green as Walter P. 'Duff' Duffy
 Leslie Mann as Elaine Warner
 Dennis Farina as Mr. Warner
 Richard Jenkins as Honorable Judge Emmett Cook
 John C. McGinley as Detective Charles
 Tammy Blanchard as Noreen Plummer
 Megan Mullally as Patty Plummer
 Zeus as Rex the Dog
 Chris Penn as David Loach
 Seymour Cassel as Uncle Jack
 Ken Magee as Butcher
 Martin Starr as Liquor Store Kid
 Mary Gillis as Duff's Mom
 Bruce McCulloch as Fidio the Lawyer

References

Other websites 
Official website

2002 comedy movies
2002 crime movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Massachusetts
Just Married is a 2003 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Shawn Levy and was produced by Robert Simonds and Lauren Shuler Donner. Just Married was released on January 10, 2003.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 19% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. At the 2004 Golden Raspberry Awards, Ashton Kutcher was nominated for Worst Actor, Brittany Murphy was nominated for Worst Supporting Actress and both Kutcher and Murphy were nominated for Worst Screen Couple. They did not win any of the awards they were nominated for.

Cast 
 Ashton Kutcher as Tom Leezak
 Brittany Murphy as Sarah Leezak
 Christian Kane as Peter Prentiss
 David Moscow as Kyle
 Monét Mazur as Lauren
 David Rasche as Mr. Dan McNerney
 Veronica Cartwright as Mrs. McNerney aka Pussy
 Thad Luckinbill as Willie McNerney
 David Agranov as Paul McNerney
 Taran Killam as Dickie McNerney
 Raymond J. Barry as Mr. Leezak
 Valeria Andrews as Wendy
 Karen Strassman as Other voices

References

Other websites 

2003 comedy movies
2003 romance movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
American romantic comedy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
French-language movies
German-language movies
Italian-language movies
Movies set in Venice
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies directed by Shawn Levy
Thor-Erics was a dansband in Hyssna in Sweden. The band was established in 1963. On 27 December 1999, the band performed for last time. The band appeared at TV in Sweden and Norway several times. Nick Borgen performed with the band by the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Discography

Albums
Sju ensamma kvällar med Thor-Erics - 1967
Försök att vara lite vänlig - 1971
Vårt strå till stacken - 1972
En tidig sönda' morron - 1973
Vi ses igen - 1974
På jakt efter dig - 1976
Blue Jeans Baby - 1976
Resa med Solen - 1977
Kärleken är ingen lek min vän - 1978
Thor-Erics bästa. 2 - 1979
Med lite tur - 1980
Gi meg en dag i morgen - 1980 (Nick Borgen album with Thor Erics contributing)
Än en gång - 1981 
We Wanna be Free - 1983
Sommarens sista ros - 1987
Thor Erics - 1996

Singles
Anna-Bella/Alla minnen blott - 1965
Sju ensamma kvällar/Ann-Maria - 1966
En liten amulett/Att finna lyckan/Inga-Lena/Hej, hej, hej - 1966
En liten amulett/Att finna lyckan - 1967
Fru Karlsson/Ingen förstår - 1967
Jag har väntat så länge på dig/Tankelek - 1967
Alltid ensam/Där jag lekte som barn - 1968
Mycket kär/Rosen och vinden - 1969
Liza/Memphis Tennessee - 1969
Oh! Carol/Memphis Tennessee - 1969
Du är min nu/Nej, nej, nej, nej - 1969
Vit som en orkidé/Du borde tänka... - 1970
Jag vill ge dig allt/Livet är värt en sång - 1970
Jag ser med andra ögon nu/Två så helt i de' blå - 1971
Familjelycka/Som en sång som vi sjöng en gång - 1971
Bara sol, inte ett enda moln/Hjälp mig ur min ensamhet - 1972
Tänker var minut på dig/En plats med luft och ljus - 1973
Vårt eget land/Kärlek har jag fått - 1973
Den dagen du gick/En solig sönda' morron - 1973
Telstar/Rock'n roll musik - 1974
Vaccinet/TV-kväll - 1974
Lev ditt liv så att du ingenting ångrar/Aja baja Anna-Maja - 1974
Ommi-Damm-Damm/Ta och fråga ditt hjärta - 1976 (with Jimmy Andersson)
Resa med Solen/Yes I Will I'll Be True to You - 1977
Skateboard Queen/My Angel Annie - 1978
Jul i vårt hus/Jul i vårt hus (instrumental) - 1989
Anders & Britta/Du - 1989
Drömsemestern/Om det faller en stjärna - 1990
Ännu en härlig dag/Vandrar i ett regn (Always in the Rain) - 1991
Som ett under (blev det sommar)/Min kärlekssång - 198?

EP records
Thor Erics (Nu eller aldrig/En kärleksdesperado/Nu är julen här) - 1994
Smakprov (Som om tiden stått still/En gammal god vän/Tusen små saker/Obotligt kär) – 1995

Svensktoppen songs
Sju ensamma kvällar - 1966
Vit som en orkidé - 1970

Failed to enter Svensktoppen 
Den sommaren då - 1997
En gammal go' vän - 1997

References 

1963 establishments in Europe
1999 disestablishments in Europe
Dansbands
Swedish musical groups
Musical groups established in 1963
1960s establishments in Sweden
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
1990s disestablishments in Sweden
Little Black Book is a 2004 American satirical comedy movie. It was directed by Nick Hurran and was produced by Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas, Deborah Schindler, William Sherak, and Jason Shuman. Little Black Book was released on August 6, 2004.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 21% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly rated the movie a D and said "The big climax isn't climactic, just hysterical and incoherent. Murphy, with her bug-eyed, love-me mugging, is simply too slight and gawky to play the Everygirl."

Cast 
 Brittany Murphy as Stacy Holt
 Holly Hunter as Barb Campbell-Dunn
 Ron Livingston as Derek
 Julianne Nicholson as Joyce
 Kathy Bates as Kippie Kann
 Stephen Tobolowsky as Carl
 Kevin Sussman as Ira Nachlis
 Rashida Jones as Dr. Rachel Keyes
 Josie Maran as Lulu Fritz
 Dan Benson as Phillip
 Dave Annable as Bean
 Sharon Lawrence as Mom
 Gavin Rossdale as Barista
 Yvette Nicole Brown as Production assistant
 Marshall Allman as Trotsky
 Ben Ziff as Frank
 Johnny Pacar as Jamal (uncredited)
 Carly Simon as Herself (cameo) (uncredited)

References

Other websites 
Official website 

2004 romance movies
2004 comedy-drama movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New Jersey
A Knut's party or Knut's dance (, literally: "Christmas tree pludering") is a tradition in Sweden on St. Knut's Day (13 January). It means the end of the Christmas and holiday season. The Christmas and holiday season has then spanned across Advent Sunday, Saint Lucy's Day, Christmas, New Year and Epiphany. In private homes, especially children often have a party. They dance around the Christmas tree and smash the gingerbread house into pieces. The Christmas decorations are then put aside. Such parties are even common at schools, Kindergartens, churches and other associations. In many towns the public Christmas tree is taken out of usage for the bypassed Christmas by holding an outdoor Knut's dance. The tradition originates from the Nordic region. It has changed very little since the 1870s.

References in popular culture
The final verse of the 1901 Christmas song "Raska fötter springa tripp, tripp, tripp" describes the Christmas tree being carried out ("julegranen bäres ut"). It means that a Knut's party may specially emphasize the final verse. The song was written by Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson and Emmy Köhler.
Astrid Lindgren has depicted traditional Swedish Knut's parties in her books. One example is "Pippi Longstocking's After-Christmas Party" from 1979.
The 1984 Gunilla Bergström book "Klaga lagom, Alfons Åberg" (later called Lycklige Alfons Åberg) depicts no traditional Knut's dance. Instead the Christmas tree is thrown down from the flat balcony into the January snow. It can be seen as a modern variation for children in urbanized 20th century Sweden.

References 

Christmas
Swedish culture
Without a Paddle is a 2004 American comedy movie. It was directed by Steven Brill and was produced by Donald DeLine. Without a Paddle was released on 10 January 2003. The movie is about three childhood friends who reunite and go on a trip to a river to search for the treasure of a lost airplane hijacker. A spinoff was released direct-to-video on 13 January 2009 titled Without a Paddle: Nature's Calling.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Cast 
 Seth Green as Dan Mott
 Jarred Rumboldas as Young Dan
 Matthew Lillard as Jerry Conlaine
 Andrew Hampton as Young Jerry
 Dax Shepard as Tom Marshall
 Matthew Price as Young Tom
 Burt Reynolds as Del Knox
 Bonnie Somerville as Denise
 Ethan Suplee as Elwood
 Ray Baker as Sheriff Briggs
 Abraham Benrubi as Dennis
 Rachel Blanchard as Flower
 Christina Moore as Butterfly
 Antony Starr as Billy Newwood
 Carl Snell as Young Billy
 Scott Adsit as Greasy Man
 Little Bart the Bear as Grizzly Bear

References

Other websites 

2004 comedy movies
American comedy movies
New Zealand movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Oregon
Paramount Pictures movies
The Cotton Club was a New York City night club in the 1920s and 30s.It was first in the Harlem neighborhood on 142nd St & Lenox Ave from 1923 to 1935. Then for a brief period from 1936 to 1940 it was in the midtown Theater District. The club was a big success in America's Prohibition Era.

The club had a whites-only policy for customers, but featured many of the best black entertainers  and jazz musicians of the era. Stars included (musicians) Cab Calloway, Andrew Preer, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Jimmie Lunceford, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Fats Waller - (vocalists) Adelaide Hall, Lottie Gee, Ethel Waters, Avon Long, Aida Ward, Edith Wilson, the Dandridge Sisters, Avis Andrews, Will Vodery Choir, Berry Brothers, Nina Mae McKinney, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne and (dancers) Bill Robinson, The Nicholas Brothers, Stepin Fetchit, Butterbeans and Suzy, Earl Snakehips Tucker and Evelyn Welch.

During its heyday, the Cotton Club served as a hip meeting spot featuring regular "Celebrity Nights" on Sundays, which featured celebrity guests such as Jimmy Durante, George Gershwin, Sophie Tucker, Paul Robeson, Al Jolson, Mae West, Richard Rodgers, Irving Berlin, Eddie Cantor, Fanny Brice, Langston Hughes, Judy Garland, Moss Hart and Mayor Jimmy Walker among others.

The club was set up by world boxing champion Jack Johnson, but taken over by the Yorkshire-born gangster Owney Madden in 1923. Johnson stayed on as manager.

References 

1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
1940 disestablishments
Entertainment in New York City
Entertainment venues
1940s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in New York (state)
Israel Kolmodin, born 24 December 1643, dead 19 April 1709, was a Swedish hymnwriter and Lutheran priest. He was active within the Church of Sweden. He is usually credited for having written the song Den blomstertid nu kommer.

References

1643 births
1709 deaths
Swedish clergy
Lutherans
Priests
Curly Sue is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a homeless man and his daughter who move from Detroit to Chicago. Alisan Porter plays Curly Sue. Kelly Lynch plays Grey. The movie received negative reviews from critics.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1991 comedy-drama movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Warner Bros. movies
Jorgelina Julia Aranda (19 August 1942 – 10 January 2015) was an Argentine actress, model and singer. She was known for her role in Il Gaucho. Aranda was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Aranda died of cancer in Buenos Aries, aged 72.

References

Other websites
 

1942 births
2015 deaths
Argentine movie actors
Argentine models
Argentine singers
Deaths from cancer
Actors from Buenos Aires
Michelle Ryan (born 22 April 1984) is an English actress. She played Zoe Slater on the BBC soap opera EastEnders.
She also played Lady Christina de Souza in 2009 on Doctor Who.

She was born in Enfield, Greater London.

References

Other websites

English television actors
English movie actors
Actors from London
1984 births
Living people
The Buffalo Club is an American country music group formed in 1997.

Discography
Studio albums
 The Buffalo Club (1997)

References 

Country bands
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
James Blackburn Adams (December 21, 1926 – April 25, 2020) was an American attorney and politician. He served as an acting director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from February 15, 1978 through February 23, 1978.  He was born in Corsicana, Texas.

Adams died on April 25, 2020 in Kerrville, Texas of a suspected heart attack, aged 93.

References

1926 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from San Antonio, Texas
Lawyers from San Antonio
Whiplash is a 2014 American drama movie about a jazz student and his teacher in New York City. It was written and directed by Damien Chazelle, and starring Miles Teller, J. K. Simmons and Paul Reiser. Filming of the movie took less than a month. It received positive reviews.

2014 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about educators
Movies set in schools
American independent movies
Freejack is a 1992 science fiction and action movie directed by Geoff Murphy. This movie is set in the year 2009. It is about very wealthy people becoming immortal. Rene Russo plays Julie. Mick Jagger plays Victor. Emilio Estevez plays Alex.

The movie got very bad reviews from movie critics.

Other websites
 
 

1990s science fiction movies
1992 movies
Movies directed by Geoff Murphy
American science fiction movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
Asa Hutchinson (born December 3, 1950) is an American politician. On January 13, 2015, he became the 46th Governor of Arkansas and was elected again on 11 November 2018. He is a Republican. He was the administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration.

Hutchinson was born in Bentonville, Arkansas. He is a descendant of Alexander Simpson Hutchinson, a government official and slave owner in South Carolina and Arkansas. He lives there with his wife, Susan Burrell Hutchinson. He has four children.

References

1950 births
Living people
American Baptists
Bob Jones University alumni
Governors of Arkansas
United States representatives from Arkansas
US Republican Party politicians
Jean-Paul Joseph-Louis Parisé (December 11, 1941 – January 7, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey coach and left winger. He played 17 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Boston Bruins, Minnesota North Stars, Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Islanders, and the Cleveland Barons. His son Zach currently plays for the Minnesota Wild.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Parisé played 38 games with the Niagara Falls Flyers of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), 65 games with the Kingston Frontenacs of the Eastern Professional Hockey League (EPHL), and two seasons with the Minneapolis Bruins of the Central Professional Hockey League (CPHL).

Parisé made his NHL debut in the 1965–66 NHL season with the Boston Bruins. He would only play 3 games with them that season and 18 games the next.

When the 1967–68 NHL season started, there was an expansion and expansion draft. Parisé was drafted by the Oakland Seals on June 6, 1967. On October 12, the Seals traded him along with Bryan Hextall Jr. to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Gerry Ehman. The Maple Leafs would assign Parisé to the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League (AHL). He ended up playing 30 games with the Americans and 1 games for the Maple Leafs.

On December 23, the Maple Leafs traded him along with Milan Marcetta to the Minnesota North Stars in exchange for Murray Hall, Ted Taylor, Len Lunde, Don Johns, Duke Harris, and the loan of Carl Wetzel. He had his most success during his time with the North Stars. Parisé would play on a line with Jude Drouin and Bill Goldsworthy. He would play six seasons and parts of two others with the North Stars. He played in two NHL All-Star Games, and had his best professional season in the 1972–73 season, scoring a career high 27 goals and 75 points.

On January 5, 1975, the North Stars decided to trade the aging Parisé to the New York Islanders in exchange for Doug Rombough and Ernie Hicke. While he was with the Islanders, he was able to help them reach their first playoff berth that season and was also able to help them reach the Stanley Cup semifinals, where they were defeated in a seven-game series by the eventual Stanley Cup champions Philadelphia Flyers.

On January 10, 1978, the Islanders traded him along with Jean Potvin to the Cleveland Barons in exchange for Wayne Merrick, Darcy Regier, and Cleveland's fourth round choice (the draft choice was cancelled by the Cleveland-Minnesota merger) in 1978 Amateur Draft. After the Barons merged with the North Stars, Parisé became a North Star again. He was named the team's captain in the 1978–79 season. It would end up being his last season and he retired from playing professional ice hockey after it was over.

Death
On January 7, 2015, Parisé died from lung cancer at his home in Prior Lake, Minnesota.

References

Other websites 

1941 births
2015 deaths
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Cancer deaths in Minnesota
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Deaths from lung cancer
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota North Stars players
New York Islanders players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ontario Hockey League players
Frederik Hendrik Kreuger (14 May 1928 – 10 January 2015) was a Dutch high voltage scientist, writer, and inventor. He was a professor at the Delft University of Technology in Delft. He wrote about technical literature, nonfiction books, and thrillers. He also wrote a biography of the master forger Han van Meegeren.

Kreuger was born in Amsterdam, North Holland. He went to the Delft University of Technology.

On 10 January 2015, NRC Handelsblad announced Kreuger died in Delft, aged 86.

1928 births
2015 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch scientists
Dutch inventors
Novelists
Writers from Amsterdam
The term statutory rape means sexual activity with a minor that is not forced. It usually refers to when adults engage in sex with someone below the age of consent. In 95% of cases, the victim is female. Very few jurisdictions actually use the term statutory rape. They use terms like unlawful sex with a minor or unlawful carnal knowledge.

References

Crime
Law
A minor is a person under age of majority, drinking age, voting age or age of consent. They are also called underage. The age of majority depends on jurisdiction, though it is usually 18. Minor may be also used for other reasons. 

For example, in most of the United States, it is against the law for anyone 20 and under to drink or have alcoholic beverages, such as beer.

In Australia, Ireland and United Kingdom, the drinking age is 18. 

In Japan, Taiwan and Thailand, anyone under age 20 is a minor unless emancipated.

References

Law
YWCA-YMCA of Sweden () is the Sweden-branch of YMCA and YWCA. It was established in 1966 when YMCA of Sweden and YWCA of Sweden merged.

In 2011 the organization decided to use the term "KFUM" in promotion with "M" standing for "människor" ("people"). Earlier the "m" stood for "män" (men)

YWCA-YMCA of Sweden has 60 000 members. It has 4 000 local associations.

Several Swedish YWCA-YMCA associations have been successful in sports.

References

Other websites
official website 

1966 establishments in Sweden
Christianity in Sweden
Stockholm
SummerSlam (2006) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 20, 2006 at TD Banknorth Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the nineteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE. This was the first inter-branded pay-per-view that featured the ECW brand.

The main match for the Raw brand saw Edge defeat John Cena and successfully defend his WWE Championship. Edge defeated Cena by pinfall after he hit Cena in the back of the head with a pair of brass knuckles. The main match for the SmackDown! brand was a match between Batista and King Booker for the World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the match by disqualification after Queen Sharmell interfered in the match. Since Batista won by disqualification, he did not win the championship. The main match for the ECW brand saw The Big Show defeat Sabu in an Extreme rules match for the ECW World Championship. Big Show won the match by pinfall and retained the title after he chokeslammed Sabu through a table.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2006 website

2006 in American television
2006 in professional wrestling
Sports in Boston, Massachusetts
SummerSlam
2006 in the United States
2000s in Boston, Massachusetts
William Randolph Cosentini (June 12, 1911 - January 28, 1954) was an American mechanical engineer and businessman. He founded Cosentini Associates.

Biography

Cosentini was born in 1911 to Italian immigrant parents, Eugenio and Vincenza Cosentini. He had an older brother, John (born 1909) and a younger sister, Mary (born 1913).

Cosentini attended New York University. There he earned his M.A. degree in mechanical engineering. In 1944, he married Rose DeStefano. They had two children together. Rose died in 1947 at 36 years of age.

In 1951, he started W.R. Cosentini & Associates. The company later became known as Cosentini Associates. In the early days of the company, he worked on several notable projects. Those included installing the heating and air conditioning system in the Chrysler Building.

Cosentini died of appendicitis on January 28, 1954 at 42 years of age.

References

Other websites
http://www.acutherm.com/media/docs/DevNewYork_Cosentini.pdf 
http://www.cosentini.com

1911 births
1954 deaths
Engineers from New York
Businesspeople from New York City
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Deaths from appendicitis
Arthur E. Chase (February 4, 1930 – January 5, 2015) was an American businessman and politician. He represented the Worcester District in the Massachusetts Senate from 1991–1995.  He co-founded the Central Massachusetts Legislative Caucus. In 1991 he designed the Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI and in 1992 sponsored legislation to create it. He was the Republican nominee for Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1994, but lost in the general election to William F. Galvin.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Politicians from Massachusetts
US Republican Party politicians
Slobodan Martinovic (25 July 1945 – 10 January 2015) was a Serbian chess Grandmaster. He began in 1963, and played until his death in 2015.

Martinović played 269 master games that were tracked by FIDE. Of them, 83 (31%) he won, 157 (58%) were draws, and 29 (11%) he lost.

References

1945 births
2015 deaths
Serbian sportspeople
Chess grandmasters
Robert E. White (September 21, 1926 – January 13, 2015) was an American career diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 until 1980 and to El Salvador from 1980 until 1981. He later became president of the Center for International Policy.

White was born in Melrose, Massachusetts. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1946. He was married to Mary-Anne White and had five grown children.

White died on January 13, 2015 in Arlington, Virginia from prostate and bladder cancer, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from bladder cancer
Ambassadors of the United States
American military people
Politicians from Massachusetts
Johannes de Villiers Graaff (also known as Jan de Van Graaff or Jannie Graaff; 19 February 1928 – 6 January 2015) was a South African neoclassical welfare economist. He was a former chairman of Nedbank.  Graaff was known for his work on optimal savings rates and contributions to the creation of the social welfare function.

Graaff graduated from the University of Cape Town and then went on to complete his PhD in economics at St John's College, Cambridge in 1950.

On 30 June 1951, he married Lillian Clare Thomson, daughter of Sir George Paget Thomson. They had six children.

He was the youngest son of Sir David Graaff, 1st Baronet. His eldest brother is Sir De Villiers Graaff, 2nd Baronet.

Graaff was one of South Africa's most active and accomplished mountaineers, pioneering mountain climbing routes in East Africa and the Himalayas.

He died on the 6 January 2015 in Kenilworth, Cape Town, aged 86.

References

Other websites

 The History of Economic Thought – Jan de Van Graaff homepage 
 Theoretical Welfare Economics: A Comment, M. W. Reder, 5 MAY 2007

1928 births
2015 deaths
Afrikaner people
Economists
People from Cape Town
South African scientists
South African writers
A regnal year is a year of the reign of a monarch. It is from the Latin regnum meaning kingdom or rule. Some of the oldest dating systems were in regnal years. A regnal year usually begins on the date of a monarch's accession to the throne. Year one is counted from day one to the end of the first year of a monarch's reign. Then a second year of rule, a third, and so on. They would not have a zero year of rule. It is displayed as an ordinal, not a cardinal number.

Date problems 
Every year of a monarch's reign falls within two calendar years, unless the reign began on the first day of the calendar year. When converting a regnal year in history to a calendar year, this can cause an error of one year. In England, from the 10th century until the late 13th century, the practice was to count the regnal year from the date of coronation. This was usually a later date than when a monarch was proclaimed king or queen. The current practice of dating from the date of accession began in the late 13th century when the heir was out of the country. Henry III of England died on 16 November 1272 which some sources date as the beginning of Edward I of England's rule. His reign actually began when he was proclaimed king at the New Temple on 20 November 1272. Here the date error between sources would be only four days.

Related pages 
 Year
 Julian calendar
 Gregorian calendar

References

Other websties
 Regnal Chronologies 
 Calculate dates based on regnal years 

History of Asia
Monarchy
Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi (; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987.

Early life
Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. His father was a Sicilian lawyer.

References

Other websites
 Craxi Foundation website 

1934 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Former MEPs
MEPs for Italy
People from Milan
Politicians from Lombardy
Prime Ministers of Italy
Socialist politicians
Italian Roman Catholics
Presidents of the European Council
The Rame Peninsula  is a peninsula in southeast Cornwall, England, in the United Kingdom. The peninsula is surrounded by the English Channel to the south. Plymouth Sound is to the east. The estuary of the River Lynher lies to the north.  The largest settlement is Torpoint. It is on the eastern coast, facing Devonport in Plymouth, Devon.
The peninsula is named after Rame Head, to the south of the peninsula. The peninsula also includes the village and parish of Rame. The whole area of the peninsula is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Settlements in the Rame Peninsula
Other places on the peninsula include: Antony, Crafthole and Cremyll. Fourlanesend is the location of Fourlanesend School, the local primary school for the Rame Peninsula. Kingsand and Cawsand are protected by the headland. Much of the peninsula is owned by the Mount Edgcumbe estate which also includes Mount Edgcumbe Country Park.

Notes

References

Other websites
Pictures of the Rame Peninsula as it is today
Pictures of Rame from yesteryear
Rame Peninsula - official site of Rame's AONB status 

Geography of Cornwall
The name kestrel is given to several different members of the falcon genus, Falco. Kestrels hover about  over open country, and swoop down on prey, usually small mammals, lizards or large insects. Other falcons are more adapted to active hunting on the wing. In addition, kestrels have much brown in their plumage.

Kestrels can fly in stationary air, even indoors in barns. While hovering they face towards any slight headwind. This leads to the common kestrel being called a "windhover" in some areas.

Unusually for falcons, plumage often differs between male and female, although as usual with monogamous raptors the female is slightly larger than the male. This allows a pair to eat slightly different prey on their home range. Kestrels are bold, and have adapted well to humans. They nest in buildings and hunt by main roads. Kestrels do not build their own nests, but use nests built by other birds.

Most kestrels form a distinct clade among the falcons, as suggested by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data  and morphology. This clade diverged from other Falco around the Miocene to Pliocene about 7–3.5 million years ago (mya). The most basal "true" kestrels are three species from Africa and its surroundings.

About 2.5–2 mya, the main lineage of true kestrels emerged. This too seems to have evolved in Africa and subsequently spread across the Old World until they reached Australia some time during the Middle Pleistocene, less than one million years ago. This group contains several taxa found on Indian Ocean islands. A group of three mainly grey species from Africa and Madagascar are usually considered kestrels by their general shape and habits, but are probably distinct from the true kestrels discussed above.

There is only one kestrel in the Americas, with a wide range of habitats. It is Falco sparverius. The male is more brightly coloured than usual for kestrels, with a reddish back and tail.

References 

Falconiformes
Cytochromes are haemoproteins (or proteins containing haem groups). They make ATP by electron transport.

They are found either as single (monomeric) proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) or as part of bigger enzyme complexes which catalyze redox reactions.

The haem group does the redox reactions. These include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. In general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

History 
Cytochromes were described in 1884 as respiratory pigments. They include (haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin, haemoerythrin and  chlorocruorin. In the 1920s, Keilin rediscovered these respiratory pigments. He called them the cytochromes, or “cellular pigments”, and classified them as haem proteins.

Types 
Several kinds of cytochrome exist and can be distinguished by spectroscopy. Three types of cytochrome are distinguished by their prosthetic groups.
In mitochondria and chloroplasts, these cytochromes are often combined in electron transport and related metabolic pathways.

References 

Iron compounds
Organometallic chemistry
Rosemary's Baby is a 1968 American horror movie directed by Roman Polanski. It is set in New York City. It is based on the novel of the same name. This movie is about a young housewife who has a baby. The baby turns out to be a child of the Devil. Mia Farrow plays Rosemary. Ruth Gordon plays Minnie.

The movie was well received by critics upon its release.

Other websites
 
 
 

1968 drama movies
1968 horror movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Roman Polanski
Paramount Pictures movies
Enver Halil Hoxha (; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian politician who was the prime minister of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. His title was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He was a Communist and many regard him as a dictator.

Early life
Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër, a city in southern Albania (then under the Ottoman Empire) that has been home to many prominent families. He was the son of Halil Hoxha, a Bektashi Tosk cloth merchant who traveled widely across Europe and the United States and Gjylihan (Gjylo) Hoxha. He was raised a member of a wealthy Muslim family of landowners and merchants. He went to the best schools in Albania in the 1920s. He was given one of the few scholarships to a foreign college. In 1931 he attended the University of Montpellier in France. He lost his scholarship in 1934 for poor performance and moved to Paris.

Near the end of World War II he became the Prime Minister of Albania.

References

 
 

 
 

1908 births
1985 deaths
Communist politicians
Former dictators
Prime Ministers of Albania
World War II people
Saw II is a 2005 Canadian-American horror movie. Saw II is a sequel to 2004's Saw. It is the second installment in the seven-part Saw franchise. It was released October 28, 2005. The movie was directed and co-written by Darren Lynn Bousman. It was Co-written with series creator Leigh Whannell. Saw II stars Donnie Wahlberg, Franky G, Dina Meyer, Erik Knudsen, and Tobin Bell as Jigsaw. Rotten Tomatoes gave it an audience score of 59%.

References 

2005 movies
Saw movies
Lionsgate movies
Judith Susan Sheindlin (née Blum; October 21, 1942), better known as Judge Judy, is an American lawyer, judge, television personality, and author. Since 1996, Sheindlin has presided over her own successful Daytime Emmy Award winning reality courtroom series named after her, Judge Judy.

She is of Jewish descent.

References

Other websites

Judge Judith Sheindlin at the Notable Names Database
Judge Judy marks 10 years laying down the law , CTV News, February 15, 2006
Biographical article from The Guardian, October 9, 2008

1942 births
Living people
American judges
Lawyers from New York City
Jewish American entertainers
Jewish American writers
Jewish judges
Jewish lawyers
Television personalities from New York City
Writers from Brooklyn
Women judges
Evelyn Pacino Sanguinetti (born November 12, 1970) is an American politician. On January 12, 2015, she became the 47th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. Before being elected alongside Governor Bruce Rauner on November 4, 2014, she served on the Wheaton City Council. On April 22, 2019, Sanguinetti announced her candidacy for the 2020 election in Illinois's 6th congressional district, challenging first-term Democratic incumbent Sean Casten. She dropped out of the race in October 2019.

References

1970 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Miami, Florida
US Republican Party politicians
The Ramsey theory is named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank Ramsey (19031930). It is a branch of mathematics that studies the conditions under which order must appear.

Examples 
A typical result in Ramsey theory starts with some mathematical structure that
is then cut into pieces. How big must the original structure be, so that at least one of the pieces has a given interesting property? This idea can be defined as partition regularity.

For example, consider a complete graph of order n; that is, there are n vertices and each vertex is connected to every other vertex by an edge. A complete graph of order 3 is called a triangle.  Now colour every edge red or blue. How large must n be in order to ensure that there is either a blue triangle or a red triangle? It turns out that the answer is 6. 

Another way to express this result is as follows: at any party with at least six people, there are three people who are either (a) mutual acquaintances (each one knows the other two) or (b) mutual strangers (each one does not know either of the other two). 

Ramsey theory is now a complete branch of mathematics.

Notes 

Graph  theory
Captivity narratives are stories of people captured by enemies who are not civilized. Historians - people who study history - do not trust a lot of these stories. A lot of them are not written from a neutral point of view. Some historians that study Native American cultures are careful when they use these stories as sources.

Captivity narratives from North America were published through the 18th and 19th centuries. They are a part of English literature, and more stories were written in India and East Asia later on.

Background
Colonists in New England were often captured by Canadians and their Indian allies. This was because New France and New England had competition at the time. (This happened to the Canadians as well). The number of captives taken from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries are unclear, however. Some think that about 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage during King Phillip's War (1675). When the whites and Indians had conflicts in the mid-nineteenth century, hundreds of women and children were captured.

References

Literature
Many animals have one or more special escape reflexes. These get the animal out of trouble quickly. They use special nervous structures to do this.

Examples:
Crayfish: the sensory hairs of the tail fan of crayfish are connected to a reflex arc. Giant sensory and motor nerves are connected with electrical synapses. This flicks the tail, and shoots the crayfish away from the stimulus. The neurons bypass the main neural system that controls locomotion, so shortening the reaction time. The lateral giant connection to motor giant fast flexor neurons was the first known example of an electrical synapse.
Squid: The squid giant axon is the very large (up to 1 mm in diameter; typically around 0.5 mm) axon that controls part of the water jet propulsion system in squid. It was first described by L.W. Williams  in 1909, but this discovery was forgotten until English zoologist J.Z. Young demonstrated the axon’s function in the 1930s. Squids use this system for making brief but very fast movements through the water.
Most fish have a special response system known as "C-start". It is done by the Mauthner cells. They are a pair of big neurons (one for each half of the body) in the rhombomere 4 of the hindbrain in fish and amphibians. The cells are also notable for their unusual use of both chemical and electrical synapses.
Humans: We do have some escape reflexes (not just reflex arcs). We have a head ducking reflex, and a fast hand withdrawal if we touch a painful object. These reflexes are subconscious: the conscious brain only knows about them afterwards.

Escape reflexes have high survival value.

References 

Reflexes
The Wild Baby () is a children's book series about a wild young infant boy named Ben. The books were written in Swedish by Barbro Lindgren and illustrated by Eva Eriksson. It was made into puppetry in 2010.

Books

References

Children's books
Nélida Romero (17 January 1926 – 14 January 2015) was an Argentine actress. She starred in the movies Madame Bovary (1947), Arroz con leche (1950), and The Honourable Tenant (1951).

Romero was born in Lanús. She was married to the movie director Carlos Schlieper from 1944 to 1957.

Romero died on 14 January 2015 in Buenos Aires, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 

1929 births
2015 deaths
Argentine movie actors
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine stage actors
Argentine television actors
Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi (‎; 1943 – 14 January 2015) was an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and writer. He was a member of the Chabad Hasidic movement. He was the chief rabbi of the Chabad community of Kfar Chabad, Israel from 1983 until his death. He was also an authority on Halakha (Jewish law) and Hasidic philosophy.

Ashkenazi was educated in Tel Aviv and Brooklyn, New York in the United States. He had nine sons, some of whom also became rabbis.

Ashkenazi died from a heart attack on 14 January 2015, aged 71.

References

1943 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Israel
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Israeli chief rabbis
Jewish Israeli writers
Eva Eriksson (born 13 May 1949 in Halmstad, Sweden) is a Swedish illustrator and writer. She has illustrated several children's books Among her illustrations are books by writers like Barbro Lindgren and Viveca Lärn.

She educated herself at Konstfack in Stockholm. Between 2003-2012 she held seat number 1 of the Swedish Academy for Children's Books.

References

1949 births
Living people
Swedish illustrators