cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The term "multiple independent sources" in journalism, criminal justice, science and general research, are two or more unconnected people, organizations, or objects which provide a given set of information or samples. For example, two separate people who see a traffic accident, at the spot, could be considered independent sources. However, if one person saw the accident and told the other one about it, then they would not be independent, since one would depend on the other for their information. Also, if two witnesses to an event discuss what they saw before they are asked about it and agree to tell the same story, then they are also no longer independent. As another example, two scientific devices could be considered independent sources of measurement data, unless they shared the same wiring or electrical power supply (or similar factors).

Consulting multiple independent sources is a common technique for detecting errors and deception, as any divergences or contradictions between statements, or data samples, would likely indicate one of these.

Famously, the New York Times'  minimal standard for reporting a fact not otherwise attributed to a single speaker is that it be verified by at least two independent sources.

Circular reporting is a situation where multiple sources appear to be independent, but in reality originate from a single source.  Because circular reporting can happen inadvertently in many situations, extra care must be taken to ensure that multiple sources actually are independent, rather than interconnected in an obscure manner.

Related pages
 Editorial independence, not permitting advertisers to dictate news content

References

Journalism
Nair, also known as Nayar, is a Hindu caste of the Indian state of Kerala on the Malabar Coast.

History

According to some theories, the Nair have Indo-Scythian ancestry. During British rule, Nair were known as Nayarkutti and were important in politics, government, medicine, education, and law.

Related pages 
 History of India

References

More reading 
 Fawcett, Fredrick. (1901). Nâyars of Malabar. Madras: Madras Government Press. OCLC 457840401
 Fuller, Christopher John. (1976). The Nayars Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; ; OCLC 2238183
 Jeffrey, Robin. (1976). The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore 1847-1908. London: Sussex University Press. ; OCLC 461808228
 Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava. "Some Aspects of Nayar Life," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, July-December 1918, Vol. 48, pp. 254–293.

Other websites 
 Digital Colonial Documents (India) 

Kerala
Clifford Joseph Trahan (born September 25, 1938 in Moss Bluff, Louisiana; died September 3, 2016 in Rayne, Louisiana), better known as Johnny Rebel or Pee Wee Trahan, is an American country music singer-songwriter who is known for writing and performing racist songs under the name, Johnny Rebel. His songs usually use the racial slur nigger and sometimes he voices sympathy for Jim Crow-era segregation and the Ku Klux Klan. He went on hiatus for about three decades and then came back in 2001 after the September 11, 2001 attacks and issued his CD single "Infidel Anthem".

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

1938 births
Living people
American country guitarists
American country singers
Musicians from Louisiana
Singers from Louisiana
Levamisole is a drug that was used to treat infections with parasitic worms, and for some forms of chemotherapy, to treat cancer. The drug was discovered in 1966. It was withdrawn from  the US and Canadian markets in 2000 and 2003, because of a serious risk of side effects; better drugs can replace it. 

Currently, levamisole remains in veterinary use as a dewormer for livestock. The drugs has also been used as an adulterant in cocaine sold in the US and Canada. This use resulted in serious side effects.

References

Drugs
Roland Ratzenberger (4 July 1960 – 30 April 1994) was an Austrian Formula One driver. He was killed in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola. He had a short career, and drove for Simtek.

He was born in Salzburg.

1960 births
1994 deaths
Austrian sportspeople
Deaths in sport
Formula One drivers
People from Salzburg
Bupropion is an antidepressant.  It is also used to help people quit smoking. It is marketed as Wellbutrin.

References 

Addiction
Drugs used in psychiatry
A vector in biology is an animal on or in which a small living thing gets transported. The vector gets no benefit and sometimes loses fitness by the arrangement.

The term is most used for the transport of parasites and agents of infection or disease. So, deadly diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, are carried by some mosquitoes.

The study of vectors gives us knowledge about the life cycle of parasitic diseases, and this helps us control those diseases.

Examples

Insects

Flies 
Mosquitoes
 Mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus transmit human malaria and elephantiasis (a roundworm disease).
 Aedes mosquitoes  are vectors of avian malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and chikungunya (a viral disease).
 Sand flies transmit leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and pappataci fever.
Tsetse flies Several genera are vectors of human African trypanosomiasis also  known as "African sleeping sickness".

Bugs 
 Aphids are the vectors of many viral diseases in plants.
 Triatomine bugs such as Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Chagas disease.

Other insects 
 Fleas such as the human flea, Pulex irritans and the Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, transmit bubonic plague, murine typhus and tapeworms. Rodents, such as rats and mice carry the fleas, and spread them.
 Glassy-winged sharpshooter (a leafhopper) transmits the Xylella fastidiosa bacterium among plants, resulting in diseases of grapes, almonds, and many other cultivated plants.

Other groups 
 Ticks of the genus Ixodes are vectors of Lyme disease and babesiosis. and along with lice transmit various members of the bacterial genus Rickettsia.
Cyclopoid copepods: a number of species transmit the nematode Dracunculus medinensis.
Mammals
Bats which represent about 20% of all known mammalian species act as both a natural reservoirs for viruses such as the Hendra virus (HeV) and the SARS like coronaviruses and in many cases as a vector for various viruses such as the lyssaviruses including the rabies virus.
 Felids (cats) are the primary hosts for Toxoplasma gondii a  parasitic protozoan which causes Toxoplasmosis. Approximately 30% of the human population is infected with Toxoplasmosis.

References 

Microbiology
Parasitism
Health
Donald Edward "Donnie" Wahlberg (born August 17, 1969, Boston, Massachusetts) is an American singer, movie actor, director and producer. In the 1980s and 1990s he was a part of the group New Kids on the Block; he has rejoined the group from 2008 and after. He also had featured roles in the Saw franchise. His father is of Swedish and Irish descent and his mother is of English, French-Canadian, Irish and Scottish descent. He stars on Blue Bloods since 2010 on CBS.

References

Other websites

 
 

1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Singers from Massachusetts
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
New Kids on the Block are an American pop group who were formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984. They had many hit songs in the 1980s and 1990s. They disbanded in 1994 and regrouped in 2008.

Discography
Studio albums
 New Kids on the Block (1986)
 Hangin' Tough (1988)
 Step by Step (1990)
 Face the Music (1994)
 The Block (2008)
 10 (2013)

Members of the group 
 Donnie Wahlberg
 Jonathan Knight
 Danny Wood
 Jordan Knight
 Joey McIntyre

Other websites 
Official website

1984 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American boy bands
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Metaphilosophy is the study of the nature of philosophy. Philosophy is the study of ideas connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Metaphilosophy investigates the aims, boundaries, and methods of philosophy. Metaphilosophers ask the question, "What is philosophy?" and seek to understand what its purpose is.

Related pages 
Metaphysics
Philosophy of mathematics

Branches of philosophy
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 - June 23, 2006) was an American executive producer of many television shows. He was born in Dallas, Texas. His shows included Beverly Hills, 90210 and Melrose Place. The earlier had Spelling's daughter Tori starring with Shannen Doherty, Gabrielle Carteris and Luke Perry. The latter had Courtney Thorne-Smith, Heather Locklear and Marcia Cross acting in the show. 

Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2001. He died of a stroke in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California.

Spelling had a daughter, Tori, and son, Randy.

Other websites 

1923 births
2006 deaths
Actors from Dallas, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke
People with Alzheimer's disease
People with cancer
Writers from Texas
Men in Black is a 1997 American supernatural action comedy movie. It is set in New York City and stars Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones.

In the story, a New York police officer, James Edwards, is persuaded to join a very secret organisation known as Men In Black. The name comes from the black clothes they wear. He is given the new name Agent J and works with Agent K. The organisation is intended to monitor the many alien beings that live on Earth - mainly in New York - disguised as normal humans.

One day, a flying saucer crashes into Earth. The 'Bug' that it contains is a powerful alien that takes the body of a human. It is searching for an energy source called "The Galaxy".  Agents J and K must stop the bug before it can escape. This they manage to do. At the end of the film, Agent K decides that he doesn't want to do this work anymore, and is treated by Agent J so that he won't remember the work he used to do.

The movie made over $500 million worldwide in total.

It was followed by sequels Men in Black II and Men in Black 3.

Cast 
 Tommy Lee Jones as Kevin Brown / Agent "K"
 Will Smith as James Edwards / Agent "J"
 Linda Fiorentino as Dr. Laurel Weaver / Agent "L"
 Vincent D'Onofrio as Edgar the Bug
 Rip Torn as Chief Zed
 Tony Shalhoub as Jack Jeebs
 Tim Blaney as Frank the Pug
 Mark Setrakian as a Rosenberg alien
Brad Abrell as a worm guy
Thom Fountain as a worm guy
Carl J. Johnson as a worm guy
Drew Massey as a worm guy
Fred Newman as various other aliens
Additional voice artists are:Tress MacNeille,Tom Kenny, Greg Baldwin, Mithcell Whitfield, Kevin Michael Richardson, Fred Tatasciore, Jim Cummings, Phil LaMarr, Billy West, Tara Strong, Jennifer Hale, Grey Griffin, Jeff Bennett, Jess Harnell, Dee Bradley Baker, Kim Mai Guest, Chris Edgerly and Paul Michael Robinson.

Other websites 

 

1997 action movies
1997 comedy movies
1997 science fiction movies
American action movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Comedy science fiction movies
English-language movies
Men in Black
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
Movies directed by Barry Sonnenfeld
Movies set in New York City
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
The barycenter (or barycentre; from the Greek βαρύκεντρον) is the point between two objects where they balance each other. For example, it is the center of mass where two or more planets orbit each other. When a moon orbits a planet, or a planet orbits a star, both bodies are actually orbiting around a point that lies outside the center of the larger body. For example, the moon does not orbit the exact center of the Earth. It actually orbits a point on a line between the center of the Earth, and the Moon. This is about 1,710 km below the surface of the Earth. This is the point where the mass of the moon, and the mass of the Earth balance. This is the point about which the Earth, and Moon orbit as they travel around the Sun.

The solar system of course also has a barycenter—depending on the current locations of the planets the barycenter of the solar system is below the surface of the sun or more than twice the sun’s diameter outside of the sun's surface.

Also the barycenter exists in the world of geometry. For example, the circle has a barycenter.

Astronomy
Jonathan Southworth "John" Ritter (September 17, 1948 - September 11, 2003) was an American television and movie actor and comedian. He was featured in the 1970s television series The Waltons. He performed in several situation comedies on the television, including Three's Company. He also appeared in It.

Ritter was born in Burbank, California and died there on September 11, 2003 of aortic dissection caused by heart disease. He also did the voice for Clifford the Big Red Dog.

Ritter was first married actress Nancy Morgan, from 1977 to 1996. Together they have three children, Two sons, Jason and Tyler who are also actors, and a daughter Carly.

After divorced from Morgon, he later married actress Amy Yasbeck on September 18, 1999, at the Murphy Theatre in Wilmington, Ohio. Their daughter was born on September 11, 1998, one year before they married.

Ritter's parents were Tex Ritter and Dorothy Fay.

References

Other websites 

1948 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Burbank, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Deaths from aortic dissection
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Estelle "Mama" Yancey (January 1, 1896–April 19, 1986) was an American blues singer. She was the wife of pianist Jimmy Yancey. She recorded often with her husband.

Life and career
Yancey, born Estelle Harris, grew up in Chicago, where she sang in church choirs and learned how to play the guitar. In 1917, when she was 21, she married Jimmy Yancey. She often sang with him at meetings and house parties in the 1930s and 1940s and performed with him at Carnegie Hall, New York in 1948. Because Jimmy Yancey was a great boogie-woogie/blues piano player, but a poor singer, Estelle recorded frequently with her husband. In 1943, the Yanceys recorded for Session Records, and went back into the studio to record the album Pure Blues for Atlantic Records. The session was just a few months before Jimmy Yancey's death that same year.

Estelle continued to perform and record. Mama Yancey's recordings with other pianists include "South Side Blues" for the Riverside label (1961), some records with Art Hodes for Verve Records in 1965, and Maybe I'll Cry with Erwin Helfer for the Red Beans label in 1983, recorded at age 87.

Estelle Yancey died April 19, 1986 in Chicago, Illinois.

Selected discography

References

Other websites 
Mama Yancey Bio

1896 births
1986 deaths
American blues singers
Singers from Chicago
George "Harmonica" Smith (born April 22, 1924 in West Helena, Arkansas; died October 2, 1983 in Los Angeles, California ) (born Allen George Smith) was an American blues harmonica player.

Life and career
Born in West Helena, Arkansas he was brought up in Cairo, Illinois.He began playing professionally in 1951. He joined Muddy Waters' band in 1954. He was again member of the band in 1966.He left Chicago and spent much of his adult life on the West Coast.

Smith played with the blues combo, Bacon Fat, and mentored its harmonica player Rod Piazza. After this he played harmonica for Big Mama Thornton in the 1970s. He appeared on her album Jail (1975).Another student of him was William Clarke.

On the few solo albums he recorded one can hear the influence of Little Walter on his harmonica playing.George "Harmonica" Smith died in 1983, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 59.

Selected Discography
 Harmonica Ace - Ace Records
 Harmonica Blues King - Dobre Records 1061

References

Other websites 
Biography at bluesharp.ca

1924 births
1983 deaths
Blues harp players
American blues musicians
Musicians from Arkansas
Uchiwa is a traditional Japanese fan. It is often used to create a breeze to keep cool in hot weather. They are part of Japanese seasonal traditions and are often given as gifts during these times. Originally, uchiwa were made from big leaves and animal hair. The purpose was to purify and pray. Over time they have changed, and are now made from bamboo and paper. There are many kinds of pattern; during the Han Dynasty they were often decorated by famous calligraphers. During the Edo period they were made as souvenirs for shrines. During the Meiji period they were admired by foreigners and imported to other countries.

History
The oldest uchiwa can be seen in the records of ancient China, as well as the wall paintings of Ancient Egypt. By the end of the Kōan (Muromachi period) period, uchiwa was made from bamboo and paper.

Function
Uchiwa is used to fan cooking and to keep cool. Some people use it to purify disease. Uchiwa is almost always used in summer festival dances.

References

Japanese culture
Alessandro Matri (born 19 August 1984) is an Italian football player. He plays for Brescia (on loan from Sassuolo) and Italy national team.

Statistics

Italian footballers
1984 births
Living people
Fabio Quagliarella (born 31 January 1983) is an Italian professional football player. He plays for and captains U.C. Sampdoria and Italy national team.

Club career statistics

International career statistics 

 Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Quagliarella goal.

References

1983 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Secret sharing is used as a term to refer to ways of sharing a secret among many people. Each person knows part of the secret that is shared, but a number of people need to cooperate to rebuild the secret. The knowledge of one person alone is not enough to reconstruct the secret. Adi Shamir and George Blakley developed the method independently of each other, in 1979.

One example where secret sharing is used is the RSA cryptosystem. It uses a secret key. If this key is distributed among many people, no single person can make a signature. Even if the part of one person is revealed or lost, a number of them can still make a signature. This is often used is areas where security is very important, such as banks, or the military.

The dealer hands each player their part of the secret. In an easier setup, the parts of the players can be combined to form the secret, but with each part there is extra information. Say that a secret needs five parts, and three parts are known. In this setup, guessing the two parts that are missing will be easier than guessing the secret awhen no parts are known. The other setup is said to be secure from the point of view of information theory, because knowing part of the required number of player parts will not change how difficult it is to guess the secret. 

There are different methods of secure secret sharing techniques.

Shamir's method
In this method, any t out of the n shares may be used to recover the secret. The idea is that a polynomial of degree t-1 is defined by t points on the polynomial: It takes two points to define a straight line, three to define a quadratic curve, four for a cubic, and so on. It takes t points ot define a polynomial of degree t-1. That way it is possible to build a polynomial, the first coefficient is the secret; there are n randomly picked coefficients. Each player receives one of the n coefficients. If there are at least t players, they can rebuild the original curve, and get the secret.

References

Cryptography
A zero-knowledge proof or zero-knowledge protocol is a protocol used in cryptography. In such a protocol, two parties are communicating. The task of one party is to convince the other that it knows some secret, but without revealing the secret.

Example 

There is a well-known story showing some of the ideas of zero-knowledge proofs. Usually, the two parties in a zero-knowledge proof are called Peggy (the prover of the statement) and Victor (the verifier of the statement).

In this story, Peggy has uncovered the secret word used to open a magic door in a cave. The cave is shaped like a circle, with the entrance on one side and the magic door blocking the opposite side. Victor says he'll pay her for the secret, but not until he's sure that she really knows it. Peggy says she'll tell him the secret, but not until she receives the money. They devise a scheme by which Peggy can prove that she knows the word without telling it to Victor.

First, Victor waits outside the cave as Peggy goes in. They label the left and right paths from the entrance A and B. Peggy randomly takes either path A or B. Then, Victor enters the cave and shouts the name of the path he wants her to use to return, either A or B, chosen at random. Providing she really does know the magic word, this is easy: she opens the door, if necessary, and returns along the desired path.  Note that Victor does not know which path she has gone down.

However, suppose she did not know the word. Then, she would only be able to return by the named path if Victor were to give the name of the same path that she had entered by. Since Victor would choose A or B at random, he would have a 50% chance of guessing correctly. If they were to repeat this trick many times, say 20 times in a row, her chance of successfully anticipating all of Victor's requests would become very small.  

For this reason, if Peggy reliably appears at the exit Victor names, he can conclude that she is very likely to know the secret word.

References 

Cryptography
Universidad del Desarrollo is a private university in Chile. Three headquarters in Concepción and other 3 headquarters in Santiago de Chile. There are about 9,950 students.

History 
It was founded in 1990 by some Chilean economists.

Faculties 
 Architecture and Art
 Journalism
 Law
 Design
 Business & Economy
 Humanities and Education
 Political Sciences
 Engineering
 Medicine
 Psychology

Other websites 
 Universidad del Desarrollo official website

Private Chilean universities
Colleges and universities in Chile
1990 establishments in Chile
Concepción
Santiago de Chile
Universidad de Los Andes is a private university with headquarters located in Santiago de Chile. There are about 6,048 students.

History 
The university was founded on 1989.

Some Faculties 
 Journalism
 Law
 Business & Economy Sciences
 Engineering
 Sciences
 Medicine
 Psychology

Other websites 
 Universidad de Los Andes official website 

Private Chilean universities
Colleges and universities in Chile
Santiago de Chile
1989 establishments in Chile
The Capacitance Electronic Disc (also known as a CED) was a type of video disc. It was made in 1964 by the company RCA. The CED is similar to a record because it stores the video and sound as small groves on a black disk. Because of this, the CED is an analog disc format instead of a digital format like a CD. The CED is stored inside a plastic case so you can not touch the disk as it is very easy to damage. On the plastic case is a label that has the name of the movie on the disc as well as other information such as a summary of the movie.

History
The first CED was made in 1964 but were not available for purchase until 1981. About 200 movies were made available on CED. Each movie that was on CED was about $15 to $35 depending on the length of the movie. The CED did not sell well, this is because you could not record on the disc like you could with a video tape. The production of the CED stopped in 1986.

Details of a CED
CEDs are conductive vinyl platters that are 30.0 cm (11.8 in) in diameter. To avoid using the metric system to name their discs, they were called "12 inch discs" even though they were actually slightly smaller. Each side of the disc has grooves that are about 19 miles long and are 37 times smaller than the grooves on a regular phonograph record. When the disc is playing, it spins at about 450 times per minute and each rotation of the disc contained several frames of audio and visual information. 

To read the disc, a titanium needle was placed very lightly on the outer edge of the disc. A small electric current was then passed through the center of the needle, where it would touch the bottom of the groove and read the audio information, which was stored in small holes. The needle would read these by detecting how much air was between the needle and the pit and then the electronics of the player would convert these into audio. The visual information was stored in the grooves and were read like a regular phonograph record. As the needle passed over the grooves, it would vibrate and the player would convert the vibrations into the pictures.

Video Discs
Superstars is TV program. The show is a sports competition between very good athletes from different sports. They try to win a series of athletic events similar to a decathlon.  Figure skating champion Dick Button developed the idea.  ABC bought it as a special for the winter of 1973. The first Superstars competition was held in Rotonda West, Florida in March 1973. The winner was pole vaulter Bob Seagren.  The BBC covered the competition and aired their own programme on December 31, 1973. The BBC version featured British athletes.

Competitors usually participate in ten different sporting events, including a 100-yard dash,  run, obstacle course, weightlifting, bowling, rowing, tennis, basketball, bicycle racing, and swimming. Sometimes the sports have changed over time and between the European and American competitions. For example, in the first USA competition, there was no obstacle course, but there was table tennis and baseball. Athletes get points for the position they finish in each event. The competitor with the most points at the end of all ten events is the winner.

List of American winners

Other websites
'The Superstars': a page describing the Superstars competitions over the years.
BBC Superstars website

Television game shows
Dom-2 (House-2) is a Russian reality television show created by TNT channel. In the show, contestants are building a house and trying to find someone to love in the process. Couples then compete for the house itself.

First episode of Dom-2 was aired on May 11, 2004. It remains the most highly-rated, profitable and long-running reality show on television in Russia. Dom-2 broadcasts on the TNT channel at 11 pm every day. It is hosted by Vlad Kadoni, Olga Orlova, and Kseniya Borodina.

After more than 3,000 episodes, as on August, 2012, it is the longest running reality show in the world. At December 18, 2020 TNT channel officially announced a House-2 lockdown. The last ultimate episode of show will come out at December, 30.

Seasons
 «House-2. Love» — May 11, 2004 — November 6, 2004
 «House-2. Wintering» — November 7, 2004 — February 28, 2005
 «House-2. The First Spring» — March 1, 2005 — May 31, 2005
 «House-2. Heat» — June 1, 2005 — August 31, 2005
 «House-2. That's Love!» — September 1, 2005 — November 14, 2005
 «House-2. New Love» — November 15, 2005 — August 31, 2006
 «House-2. Fallove» — September 1, 2006 — November 30, 2006
 «House-2. About Love» — December 1, 2006 — August 31, 2007
 «House-2. Dreams Come True» — September 1, 2007 — October 31, 2007
 «House-2. City of Love» — November 1, 2007 — November 14, 2010
 «House-2. City of Fat Stu» (Gleb and Danielles) — November 15, 2010 — present

Russia
2004 television series debuts
A periodic comet is a comet which orbits around the Sun. A short-period comet will complete its orbit in less than 200 years. A long-period comet will take more than 200 years to orbit. In most cases the comets are named after the person who discovered them. The Shoemaker-Levy comets were named after Eugene Shoemaker, Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. A few comets are named after the person who calculated the orbits, such as 2P/Encke and 27P/Crommelin. It is very difficult to work out the orbit of a long-period comet because the orbit changes. The gravity of planets, or the release of gas or material from the comet itself, changes the orbit. Short-period comets can be predicted very accurately.

Periodic comets sometimes have the same name, for example there are nine Shoemaker-Levy comets and twenty-four NEAT comets. The Minor Planet Center, a part of the International Astronomical Union gives comets a different number prefix or uses the full title such as 181P/Shoemaker-Levy and 192/Shoemaker-Levy which are both "Comet Shoemaker-Levy". Sometimes an informal numbering system is used for periodic comets so 181P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 6 and 192P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1. Because non-periodic Shoemaker-Levy comets are included in the number sequences there appear to be gaps in the numbers, for example C/1991 B1 is between Shoemaker-Levy 2 and 3, C/1991 T2 is between 5 and 6, C/1993 K1 and D/1994 E2 after Shoemaker-Levy 9.

In naming a comet, the letter before the "/" is:
 "C" for a non-periodic comet
 "P" is a periodic comet
 "D" is a comet which has been lost or has disintegrated
 "X" is a comet for which no reliable orbit could be calculated –usually historical comets
 "A" for an object that was thought to be comet, but is actually a minor planet.

Some lists keep the "C" prefix for comets of with orbits longer than about 30 years until their return is confirmed.

References

Related pages
 List of comets

Other websites

Comets

de:Liste der Kometen#Periodische Kometen
lb:Koméitelëschten#Periodesch Koméiten
Sophie Michelle Ellis-Bextor (born 10 April 1979) is an English singer, songwriter and model. She first came to prominence in the late 1990s, as the lead singer of the indie rock band Theaudience. After the group disbanded, Ellis-Bextor went solo, achieving success in the early 2000s. Her music is a mixture of mainstream pop, disco, nu-disco, and 1980s electronic influences.

Her solo debut album, Read My Lips, was released in 2001. The album reached number two in the UK Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The record experienced international success, selling more than 2 million copies worldwide. It produced four singles, three of which reached the top three in the UK. In 2003, Read My Lips won the Edison Award for "Best Dance Album". Ellis-Bextor's second album, Shoot from the Hip, was released in 2003. The album reached number 19 in the UK and produced two top ten singles. Trip the Light Fantastic, her third album, was released in 2007 and reached number seven in the UK. The album produced three singles, one of which reached the top ten in the UK.

Her fourth studio album, Make a Scene (released in 2011) and its third single "Bittersweet" achieved top 40 positions in the UK. In 2014, Ellis-Bextor released her fifth studio album, Wanderlust which became her highest charting album since Read My Lips. Her sixth album, the Latin-inspired Familia earned critical acclaim in 2016.

Early life  
Ellis Bextor was born in London. She is the daughter of television producer-director Robin Bextor and television presenter Janet Ellis.

Personal life 
Sophie has been married to musician Richard Jones since 25 June 2005. The couple have four sons together: born in 2004, 2009, 2012 and 2015.

Other websites 

Ellis-Bextor's official website
[ Sophie Ellis-Bextor] at Allmusic

I am Sophie Ellis-Bextor...  Heat World Interview (2009)

1979 births
Living people
British DJs
English pop singers
Models from London
Singer-songwriters from London
The Bayeux Tapestry is a  long embroidered cloth – not an actual tapestry – which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England as well as the events of the invasion itself. The tapestry is annotated in Latin. It is exhibited in a special museum in Bayeux, Normandy called Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux.

The tapestry tells the story of the Norman conquest of England. The two combatants are the Anglo-Saxon English, led by Harold Godwinson, recently crowned as King of England, and the Normans, led by William the Conqueror.

The tapestry is regarded as one of the greatest examples of Anglo-Saxon art, because, though ordered by a Norman, it was made by English (Anglo-Saxon) artisans. It is also extremely important as a historical document.

In common with other embroidered hangings of the early medieval period, this piece is conventionally referred to as a "tapestry", although it is not a true tapestry in which the design is woven into the cloth; it is in fact an embroidery.

The Bayeux tapestry is embroidered in wool yarn on a tabby-woven linen ground using two methods of stitching: outline or stem stitch for lettering and the outlines of figures, and couching or laid work for filling in figures. The linen is assembled in panels and has been patched in numerous places.

The main yarn colours are terracotta or russet, blue-green, dull gold, olive green, and blue, with small amounts of dark blue or black and sage green.

References 

History of the British Isles
Needlework
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154.

Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them is the original version. The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbey after a fire at that monastery in 1116. 

Almost all of the material in the chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest are dated at 60 BC, and historical material follows up to the year in which the chronicle was written, at which point contemporary records begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

The Chronicle is not unbiased: there are occasions when comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted events or told one-sided versions of stories; there are also places where the different versions contradict each other. 

Taken as a whole the Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the end of Roman rule in Britain and the decades following the Norman Conquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough Chronicle is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence.

Seven of the nine surviving manuscripts and fragments are now in the British Library. The remaining two are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

References 

Anglo-Saxons
Medieval literature
Chenab College Jhang is an intermediate college in Jhang, Pakistan. It is the main campus of Chenab group of colleges.

Education in Pakistan
Sutton Hoo is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries dating to the 6th and early 7th centuries CE that is located near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artefacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, which are now held in the British Museum in London. Other sites had produced significant finds, but had previously been looted.

The ship-burial, probably dating from the early 7th century and excavated in 1939, is one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, its meaning, the quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest of the burial ritual itself.

References 

R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford et al., The Sutton Hoo ship-burial (3 Vols in 4) British Museum, London 1975, 1978, 1983.

Other websites

Archaeological sites in Suffolk
Essex
History of England
Art
Å (small å) is a letter used in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish languages. The letter Å is an A with a ring. The letter came from the Old Norse vowel Á.

Meanings for Å 
 In science, Å is used as a short form of angstrom.

Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters
The Urbz: Sims in the City is a video game that was published by Electronic Arts and is developed by Maxis and Griptonite Games. The game is available for the Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS systems. The game was the third The Sims game for video game consoles and is also the second Sims game that was not released on the PC.

The point of the game is to go to each to nine Districts and build the reputation (which is called "Rep" in the game) of your sim and the districts. Rep is a measurement of how popular a character in the game is. When a character gains more reputation, they can gain access to larger apartments and also different Districts. In the end of the game, the character will have the largest apartment and be able to visit any of the Districts. 

The hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas provides several music for the game, which have also been translated into Simlish (sim language). The members of the group also appear as guest characters in the game.

Other websites
Official game website 

The Sims
2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Demolition Man is a 1993 American dystopian science fiction action movie. It stars Sylvester Stallone, Sandra Bullock, Wesley Snipes, Nigel Hawthorne, Benjamin Bratt, Bob Gunton, Denis Leary and Bill Cobbs. The story was inspired by Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World. The movie did very well at the box office.

Plot 
The movie begins in 1996 Los Angeles and then jumps ahead to the year 2032 in San Angeles (merged San Diego, Santa Barbara and Los Angeles). 

San Angeles is now a highly controlled and very wealthy pacifist society, where there is no pollution, unemployment, crime, unhealthy food, physical contact including handshakes or kissing, or even sex and pregnancies (because babies are produced in laboratories), let alone rock music, graffiti or swear words.

Stallone acts as John Spartan, a police officer who is intent on bringing down Simon Phoenix (played by Snipes), a psychopathic murderer and criminal strongly intent on causing destruction and serious chaos, like he did back in 1996 and now in 2032.

Other websites 

1993 action movies
1990s science fiction movies
American action movies
American science fiction movies
Movies set in the future
Movies set in Los Angeles
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Dystopian movies
Leighton Marissa Meester (born April 9, 1986 in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.) is an American actress, singer, composer, songwriter and model.

Biography 
Leighton Marissa Meester was born on April 9, 1986 in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. to Douglas and Constance (née Haas). She is 2 of 3 children in family. She has older brother, Douglas Meester, and younger brother, Lex Meester.

She graduated from Hollywood High School and Beverly Hills High School.

Career 
Leighton started her career in 1997 at age 11 as model. Later she started career as actress.

Since 2007 she play Blair Waldorf in TV Series TV Series Gossip Girl. She won Teen Choice Awards in 2009 and 2010.

She is also a musician.

Personal life 
From 2008 to 2010 she was in a relationship with Sebastian Stan (b.1983).

Leighton married Adam Brody in early 2014.

Currently, she lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites 

 

American movie actors
American television actors
American composers
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
Writers from Fort Worth, Texas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Models from Texas
Actors from Fort Worth, Texas
1986 births
Living people
Teide is an active volcano on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain).

The volcano is 3,718 meters above sea level. It is the highest mountain in Spain and any island in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 7,500 meters above the ocean floor, it is the third largest volcano in the world from its base.

Located in the Teide National Park declared in 2007 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Dormant volcano
 Extinct volcano

References

Other websites

Volcanoes of Africa
Canary Islands
The Isonzo/Soča (Soča in Slovene; Isonzo in Italian; Lusinç in Friulian) is a river that flows through western Slovenia and northeastern Italy.

An Alpine river in character, its source lies in the Julian Alps in Slovenia and enters the Adriatic Sea close to the Italian town of Monfalcone.

Geography
The Soča river has a length of ,  in Slovenia and  in Italy.

Its drainage basin has a pronounced mountainous character with an average elevation of about  above sea level, and an area of ,  (66%) in Slovenia and  (34%) in Italy.

The watershed of this river is one of the few places where the Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) is found.

Course

The source of the Soča lies in the Trenta Valley in the Julian Alps in northwestern Slovenia, at an altitude of . The river flows through the Triglav National Park where is the mountain Triglav (2,864 m), the highest mountain in the Julian Alps and in the country. Then it flows to the south past the Slovenian towns of Bovec, Kobarid, Tolmin, Kanal ob Soci and Nova Gorica (where it is crossed by the Solkan Bridge); here, at an altitude of , the river crosses the border and gets into Italy.

In Italy, the Soča, now called Isonzo, flows through several comuni of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. Theses comuni are:
 Province of Gorizia: Gorizia, Savogna d'Isonzo, Farra d'Isonzo, Gradisca d'Isonzo, Sagrado, Fogliano Redipuglia, Villesse, San Pier d'Isonzo, Turriaco, San Canzian d'Isonzo, Staranzano, Grado.
 Province of Udine: Only one comune, Fiumicello; the river flows through a small part of this comune that borders with the province of Gorizia.

Finally, it flows into the Gulf of Trieste (Adriatic Sea) in the Riserva Naturale della Foce dell'Isonzo ("Natural Reserve of the Mouth of the Isonzo"), to the southwest of the town of Monfalcone.

Main tributaries 
 Left tributaries
 Idrijca -  long; it joins the Soča river in Most na Soči, a town in the municipality of Tolmin.
 Vipava -  long; it joins the Soča river in the municipality of Savogna d'Isonzo, Italy.
 Right tributaries
 Torre -  long;

History
The valley of the Soča river was the place where several battles were fought in World War I between May 1915 and November 1917, in which over 300,000 Austro-Hungarian and Italian soldiers lost their lives.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy
 List of rivers of Slovenia

References

Other websites

 Soča River - The Official Travel Guide by Slovenian Tourist Board. 
 Autorità di bacino Isonzo, Tagliamento, Livenza, Piave, Brenta-Bacchiglione . 
 Laboratorio Isonzo . 
 Soca Valley: Kobarid and Tolmin
 Soca River Whitewater Rafting
 Kajaking in the Soca river 

Rivers of Italy
Rivers of Slovenia
Heidenheim an der Brenz (short: Heidenheim, Alemannic German: Hoidna or Hoirna) is a town in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.  It is located on the border with Bavaria, approximately 17 km south of Aalen and 33 km north of Ulm. Heidenheim is the largest town and the seat of the district of Heidenheim, and ranks third behind Aalen and Schwäbisch Gmünd in size among the towns in the region of East Württemberg. Heidenheim is the economic center for all the communities in Heidenheim district and is the headquarters of the Voith industrial company.  The town's population passed the 20,000 mark in 1925.  Heidenheim collaborates with the town of Nattheim in administrative matters.

The residents of Heidenheim and its surrounding area speak in the distinct German dialect of Swabian.

References 

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Yulia Victorovna Nachalova (; 31 January 1981, Voronezh, Russian SFSR, USSR – 16 March 2019,  Moscow, Russia) was a Soviet and Russian singer, actress and television presenter.

Personal life 
From 2001 to 2004 Yulia was married to Dmitry Lanskoy. Then, from 2006 to 2011, Nachalova was married to Eugeny Aldonin. Had one child with Aldonin, a daughter Vera Aldonina (b.December 1, 2006).

In October 2011, she was in a relationship with Alexander Frolov.

On morning of July 27, 2012, during her flight from Moscow to Los Angeles, Yulia became ill. Upon arrival in Los Angeles, Nachalova was hospitalized in critical condition. 

In March 2019, Nachalova was hospitalized due to a sharp rise in her blood sugar level. She died of a cerebral edema in a Moscow hospital on March 16, 2019, aged 38.

References

Other websites 
 

1981 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cerebral edema
Russian singers
Russian actors
The Javan rusa or Sunda sambar (Rusa timorensis) is a deer which lives on the islands of Java, Bali and Timor. It is also an introduced species to Irian Jaya, Borneo (Kalimantan) the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, Sulawesi, Australia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Réunion.

The deer lives in a habitat similar to that of the Chital of India, that is, open dry and mixed deciduous forests, parklands, and savannas. It is a close relative of the larger sambar deer. It is hunted in eastern Australasia. Javan Rusa deer breed in the rutting period in July and August. They are active in the early morning and the late afternoon.

Description
Rusa deer are known by their large ears, the tufts of hair above the eyebrows, and antlers. Males are bigger than females. Males weigh 152–160 kg. Females weigh about 74 kg. Unlike most other types of deer, newborn fawns do not have spots.

Distribution

The Javan rusa natively lives on the islands of Java, Bali, and Timor in Indonesia. It has been introduced to Irian Jaya, Borneo (Kalimantan), the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, Sulawesi, Pohnpei, Mauritius, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, the Christmas Islands, the Cocos Islands, Nauru, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, and New Ireland. Rusa deer were introduced to New Guinea in the early 1900s.

It prefers open dry and mixed deciduous forests, parklands, and savannas. Rusa deer have populations in remote islands, and may have been brought there by Indonesian fishermen.

Ecology
Rusa deer are mostly active in the early morning and late afternoon. They are almost never seen in open places. They are very difficult to come close to because of their sharp senses and cautious instincts.

The Javan rusa are almost never found alone. When scared, a rusa male lets out an really loud honk. This is an alarm call and alerts any other deer in the area.

Just like other types of deer, Javan rusa mostly eat grass, leaves, and fallen fruit. They do not drink water, because they get all their water from their food.

The main predators of the Javan rusa include the Javan leopard, the dhole, crocodiles, pythons, and the Komodo dragon.

Reproduction
The Javan rusa breeds around July and August. When stags contest by calling in a loud, shrill bark and duelling with the antlers. The doe gives birth to one or two calves after a gestation of 8 months, at the beginning of spring. The young ones stop taking milk and start eating  solid food at 6–8 months. They reach sexual maturity at 3–5 years, depending on the type of habitat. Javan rusas live 15–20 years both in the wild and in captivity.

References

Deer