cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Florence Foster Jenkins (born July 19, 1868 in Pennsylvania, U.S.; died November 26, 1944) was an American soprano who became famous because she was such a bad singer.  She sang out of tune, had a very poor sense of rhythm and she was very unmusical.

Life

She was born Florence Foster in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. She had music lessons when she was a child.  She wanted to go and study music abroad.  Her father was very rich, but he refused to pay for her to travel, so she ran away with a man called Frank Thornton Jenkins who was a doctor.  They married, although they divorced in 1902.  Her husband did not want her to be a singer either.

In 1909, her father died so she inherited some money which she used to have singing lessons.  Soon she started to give recitals.  Her mother died in 1928 and this gave her even more freedom and money to sing.

From her recordings we can hear that Jenkins sang very out of tune and out of time.  She even wobbled a lot on one note. Her piano accompanist can be heard trying to change the speed to fit in with her mistakes.  Her words were unclear, especially when singing in a foreign language.  However, she became tremendously popular in her unusual way. Her audiences seemed to love her in spite of her unmusicality.  She always thought she was a good singer and compared herself to the great sopranos.   She knew the critics wrote bad things about her, but she said: "People may say I can't sing, but no one can ever say I didn't sing."

Jenkins sang music from famous operas as well as classical songs (Lieder).  She wore fancy costumes which she designed herself.  She threw flowers into the audience and was always fanning herself.

In 1943, she was in a taxi that crashed.  After the crash she found she could sing "a higher F than ever before." Instead of a lawsuit against the taxicab company, she sent the driver a box of expensive cigars.

In 1944, when she was 76, Jenkins performed at Carnegie Hall.  Many people had wanted her to perform there.  Tickets  sold out weeks before the concert.  Jenkins died in Manhattan of a heart attack a month later.  She always seemed to have been quite certain that she was a great singer.

References

1868 births
1944 deaths
American opera singers
American socialites
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Singers from Pennsylvania
People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (or Pachacutec; , whose name means "He who remakes the world" was the ninth Sapa Inca (1438-1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cuzco, which he transformed into an empire, Tawantinsuyu. He began the era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cuzco to nearly the whole of civilized South America. He was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty, and his wife's name is given as Mama Anawarkhi or Coya Anahurque. Their son was Tupac Inca Yupanqui. 
Pachacuti reorganized the new empire, the Tahuantinsuyu or "the united four provinces."  Under his system, there were four apos that each controlled one of four provinces (suyu). 

Despite Pachacuti's political and military talents, he did not improve upon the system of choosing the next Inca. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute, but in future generations the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to either win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to get control of the empire. 

Machu Picchu is believed to date to the time of Pachacuti.

1471 deaths
Inca civilization
The iMac is an all-in-one personal computer that was first released in 1998. It is made by Apple Inc.. It has been the main part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings since its debut in August 1998, and has evolved through six distinct forms.

Apple adopted Intel processors which post-2006 iMacs now run on. Because Mac OS X was written for PowerPC at the time, Mac OS X ran in an emulation environment called Rosetta. Programs and applications received 'Universal Binary' updates to make them run reliably and use less resources of the Rosetta environment, instead hardware accelerating themselves.

iMac models after 2001 were shipped with macOS (formerly known as OS X).

The latest macOS version is Big Sur, which is not Intel processor dependent. No PowerPC based computer can run or install it meaning most of the iMac line are not 10.11 compatible.

Some of the newest iMac models don't have CD or disc drives.

On May 2021, 24" iMac with Apple M1 will be released.

References

Other websites 
 iMac website
 All iMac Generations

Apple hardware
Computers
Sale may refer to:

Sale, discounts and allowances in the prices of goods, such as:
Fire sale, a drastic discount in prices
Loan sale, a sale under contract of all or part of the cash stream from a specific loan
Closeout, the final sale of an item or items to zero inventory
Sales, the selling of goods or services

Places:
Sale, Greater Manchester, England
Sale Urban District, a former local government district unit of Sale, Greater Manchester.
Sale Sharks, a rugby team from the area
Sale, Victoria, Australia
Sale (AL), an Italian commune in the province of Alessandria
Salé, Morocco
Sale Marasino, an Italian commune in the province of Brescia
Sale Airport, Rabat, Morocco

People:
Freddy Sale, a baseball pitcher
George Sale, an 18th-century English orientalist
Jamie Salé, a Canadian pairs figure skater
Kirkpatrick Sale, an environmental and human ecology scholar and author
Tim Sale (artist), a comic book artist
Tommy Sale, an English footballer

Organisations:
BOC Aviation, formerly Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise (SALE)
Classified advertising is a form of advertising which is particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals, e.g. free ads papers or Pennysavers. Classified advertising allows private individuals (not simply companies or corporate entities) to try to sell products or services. 

Classified advertising is called that because it is generally grouped within the publication under headings classifying the product or service being offered (headings such as Accounting, Automobiles, Clothing, Farm Produce, For Sale, For Rent, etc.) and is grouped entirely in a distinct section of the periodical, which makes it distinct from display advertising, which often contains graphics or other art work and which is placed near to editorial content. 

Newspapers are continuing to make less and less money from classified advertising because more and more people are using the Internet now and fewer people are reading newspapers. Classified advertising at some of the larger newspaper chains has dropped 14% to 20% in 2007 while traffic to classified sites has grown 23%.

As the online classified advertising sector develops, there is an increasing emphasis toward specialization.

Related pages
 Craigslist

References 

Advertising  http://classifiedadslink.com
Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar, or "Sun of Joy" lived in 1503–1532 and was emperor of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, He succeeded his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi. Both of whom died of smallpox while they fought near Quito. 

On the death of their father and their older brother, the empire was divided between the two surviving brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa. Huascar got the major part of it with the capital Cusco, and Atahualpa the northern parts, including Quito (now the capital of Ecuador). For a couple of years, the two brothers reigned without problems. Huascar demanded that Atahuallpa swear an oath to him. Atahuallpa refused and the civil war began. Atahualpa's commander lead armies of 100,000 men. About 60,000 men supported Huáscar. This demonstrates the numerical potential of Incan armies. The war was uncompleted, but Atahualpa had a clear advantage when Francisco Pizarro arrived. It was partly due to this civil war that Francisco Pizarro was successful.

References 

1503 births
1532 deaths
Emperors and empresses
South American people
Inca rulers
The CLAAS Jaguar is a silage harvester made by CLAAS. It has a DaimlerChrysler engine.

History 
The CLAAS Jaguar was first built in 1973, when the idea of silage was fairly new. Claas already made combines and balers. The first CLAAS Jaguar was a small green machine. The 10,000th Jaguar was sold in 1994, the 15,000th unveiled in 1998 and the 20,000th sold in 2004.

Success 
The CLAAS Jaguar is one of the best selling silage harvesters ever made. They sell especially well in European countries. Of the forage harvesters CLAAS sold in Ireland from 2000 to 2003, 60% were Claas Jaguars.

Model Range  
The model range has not changed much over the past eight years, except for 2003 and 2007. In Europe, the current models are the 830, 850, 870, 890 and the largest one: the 900. In North America, the models are 950, 960, 970 and 980.

Speedstar & Green Eye  
Before 2003, most forage harvesters operated at very slow speeds. In 2003, new technology meant that a new silage harvester, with the same look as the old model, would be built. In Autumn of that year, the CLAAS Jaguar Speedstar was first sold. 

The "Green Eye" is a new addition. After four years of scientific experiments, the Green Eye was made in May 2007. The 900 model now being sold in Europe is known as the CLAAS Jaguar 900 Green Eye. The Green Eye is also available in the other models as well.

Agricultural machinery
Land vehicles
Thomas Becket was an English priest, and Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. People used to think his name was Thomas á Becket, but it is now known to be wrong.

Becket was born in Cheapside, London. He was an intelligent child, who also enjoyed playing sports and hunting. At age 16, he left England to study in Paris.

In 1143, Becket joined the household of Theobald of Bec, as a clerk. He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. He had been a close friend of King Henry II, but they argued about the rights of the Church. This argument between Henry and Becket ended their friendship. Becket resigned as Lord Chancellor and sought to extend the rights of the archbishopric. This led to a series of conflicts with the King. One was on the jurisdiction of secular courts over English clergymen. 

Attempts by Henry to influence the other bishops against Becket began in Westminster in October 1163. The King sought approval of the traditional rights of the royal government over the church. Henry held a meeting with most of the higher English clergy at Clarendon Palace on 30 January 1164.  Becket was officially asked to agree to the King's rights.

Henry summoned Becket to appear before a great council at Northampton Castle on 8 October 1164, to answer allegations. Convicted on the charges, Becket stormed out of the trial and fled to Europe. King Louis VII of France offered Becket protection. He spent nearly two years in the Cistercian abbey of Pontigny, until Henry's threats made him return to Sens.

Beckett returned to England, but the dispute continued. He excommunicated his enemies in the Church, and threatened to do the same to Henry. 

Upon hearing reports of Becket's actions, Henry said things which were understood as wishing Becket killed. The king's exact words are unknown and several versions have been reported. The most commonly quoted, as handed down by oral tradition, is "Who will rid me of this troublesome priest?".

Becket was killed by four of the King's knights on 29 December 1170. He became a saint in 1173. His major shrine is in Canterbury, but was destroyed by order of Henry VIII during his reign.

References 

1118 births
1170 deaths
English murder victims
English Roman Catholics
Lord Chancellors
Murders by blade weapons
People from London
People murdered in England
Christian saints
Brine shrimp are  small shrimp that live in salt water.  Brine shrimp are Artemia, a genus of aquatic crustacea which has changed little (externally) since the Triassic period. They can often be found in saltwater ponds and marshes, and cannot live very long in fresh water. Artemia avoid most types of predators, such as fish, because they live in waters of very high salinity: (25 parts per thousand). The optimum for Artemia is 100 to 150 parts per thousand. The shrimp grow to be about one centimeter long. Females tend to be larger than males.

Brine shrimp circulatory and respiratory systems work together to remove extra salt from their body and distribute oxygen. They breathe through gills on their feet. The oxygen taken in is carried through the bloodstream. The heart pumps the blood around the body. Brine shrimp have a protein called hemoglobin in their blood. This helps the oxygen to be more efficiently transported to cells around the body. They need hemoglobin because oxygen levels can be very low in salty water. Then, the gills pump the excess salt, water, and carbon dioxide out of the body. Additional salt is pumped out through exocrine glands.

The brine shrimp's body has a head, thorax, and abdomen. A hard exoskeleton covers the entire body. Inside this exoskeleton, which is made of chitin, is where the brine shrimp’s muscles are located. Their muscles are attached internally. They move by beating their tails and by the continuous movement of the legs along their body.

Reproduction 
Males differ from females by having the second antennae enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating.

Adult female brine shrimp ovulate about every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. But in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs inside cysts. They are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. While in cysts, brine shrimp eggs survive temperatures of liquid air () and a small percentage survive above boiling temperature () for up to two hours.
Once placed in normal briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The nauplius larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a biological life cycle of one year

References

Other websites 
 “Brine Shrimp.”  Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Program. State of Utah, n.d. 18 April 2012.
 Carolina Biological Supply Company

Branchiopods
Thunder Bay is the most populous city in Northwestern Ontario, in Canada. Its population was 107,909 as of the 2016 census. Before, it was two cities called Fort William and Port Arthur. Thunder Bay has the second largest population in Northern Ontario, behind Greater Sudbury.

References
Macroom is a small town in County Cork, Republic of Ireland. It lies on the River Sullane, a large tributary of the River Lee. 

Towns in Ireland
County Cork
Pecorino cheese (or simply Pecorino) is the name for a few kinds of Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.  The word pecora, from which the name comes from, means sheep. Most of these cheeses are aged for some time. They taste rather salty.

Types

Pecorino Romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States. The cheese has been exported to the United States since the 19th century. Most Pecorino Romano is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan Province of Grosseto. 

Pecorino Sardo also comes from Sardinia. It is milder. Pecorino Toscano is from Tuscany,  Pecorino Siciliano (or  in Sicilian) from Sicily and Pecorino di Filiano from Basilicata.  All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been matured.  The more matured cheeses, referred to as , are harder and have a stronger flavour.  Sometimes, the cheeses are made with spices. In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into Pecorino Sardo to produce a local delicacy called casu marzu.

Pecorino Romano is most often used on pasta dishes, like the better-known Parmigiano Reggiano (parmesan).  Its distinctive strong, very salty flavour means that it is preferred for some pasta dishes with highly-flavoured sauces, especially those of Roman origin, such as pasta all'amatriciana.

References
Martin Pierre Brodeur (born May 6, 1972, in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He was formerly a ice hockey goaltender for the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League (NHL) and ins currently a current team executive for the New Jersey Devils. During his 21-years with the Devils, he was a three-time Stanley Cup champion and holds more than thirty Devils team records.

On June 7, 2014, Brodeur told ESPN that he would test the free agency market for the 2014-15 season.

Awards 
 Calder Memorial Trophy — 1994
 NHL 1st All-Star Team — 2003, 2004, 2007
 NHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1997, 1998, 2006, 2008
 NHL All-Rookie Team — 1994
 NHL All-Star Game — 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
 Olympic Gold Medal — 2002, 2010
 Primus World'Stars Challenge Bowl — 2004
 QMJHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1992
 QMJHL All-Rookie Team — 1990
 Stanley Cup — 1995, 2000, 2003
 Vezina Trophy — 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
 William M. Jennings Trophy — 1997 (with Mike Dunham), 1998, 2003 (tied Roman Čechmánek & Robert Esche), 2004, 2010 Tied most all time with Patrick Roy
 World Cup of Hockey Championship  — 2004

References

Other websites 
Official website

1972 births
American Hockey League players
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Miikka Sakari Kiprusoff (pronounced "MEE-kah KIHP-roo-sawf") (born October 26, 1976) is a Finnish retired professional hockey goaltender. He played 11 seasons in the NHL mainly with the Calgary Flames.

The Calgary Flames announced on September 9, 2013 that Kiprusoff had retired.

Awards
He was named to the SM-liiga All-Star Team during the 1998–99 season.
Urpo Ylönen trophy (1998–99)
Jari Kurri trophy (1998–99)
He was named as a First Team All-Star during the 2005-06 NHL season
Vezina Trophy (2005–06)
William M. Jennings Trophy (2005–06)
Molson Cup (2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09)

References

Other websites 

1976 births
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Living people
San Jose Sharks players
Vezina Trophy winners
Swedish Hockey League players
Finnish ice hockey goaltenders
Evgeni Viktorovich Nabokov () (born July 25, 1975 in Ust-Kamenogorsk, U.S.S.R., now Kazakhstan), is a Kazakhstani-Russian professional ice hockey goaltender. He used to play for the San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, and Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League. He has also played for Metallurg Magnitogorsk and SKA St. Petersburg in the Russian Superleague and Kontinental Hockey League. Nabokov played from 1991 until 2015.

NHL
Nabokov was drafted by the San Jose Sharks with the 219th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played 10 seasons with the Sharks and then signed with SKA St. Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League in 2010. He only played in Russia for 22 games and went back to the NHL. He was signed by the Detroit Red Wings in January, 2011. He never played a game for the Red Wings and was placed on waivers. He was claimed off waivers by the New York Islanders on January 22, 2011. For three years he played for the Islanders, and then played one year with the Tampa Bay Lightning. He stopped playing hockey in 2015.

References

Other websites 

1975 births
American Hockey League players
Calder Trophy winners
Kazakhstani ice hockey players
Living people
New York Islanders players
Russian ice hockey players
San Jose Sharks players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ice hockey goaltenders
Henrik Lundqvist (; born 2 March 1982, in Åre, Sweden) is a Swedish ice hockey goaltender for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has been nominated for the Vezina Trophy three times. He finished third all three times. His play during his first season resulted in the New York media and Rangers fans giving him the nickname "King Henrik". During the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy, he played on the Swedish team when they won their second Olympic Gold Medal.

References

1982 births
Living people
New York Rangers players
Olympic gold medalists
Olympic silver medalists
Vezina Trophy winners
Swedish Hockey League players
Swedish ice hockey goaltenders
Wallachia (also spelled Walachia;  or "The Romanian Land") is a historical area of Romania. Wallachia is divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).

Other websites

Areas of Romania
History of Romania
Ottoman Empire
The Romanian War of Independence was battled in 1877.  It was against the Ottoman Empire. On , Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty that allowed Russian troops to pass through Romanian land, so long as the Russians respected the integrity of the Romanians.

On , in the Romanian parliament, Mihail Kogălniceanu said that it was the will of the Romanian people to be independent.  In the beginning of this war, Russia did not want to help the Romanians with the war.

War

The Romanian Army defeated the Turks in all the battles. The battles took place in Grivitsa, Rahova, Vidin and Smârdan.

Other websites
 The Plevna Delay  by Richard T. Trenk, Sr. (Originally published in Man At Arms magazine, Number Four, August, 1997)

Wars of independence
History of Romania
Rebellions in Europe
19th century rebellions
1877
1878
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of violent riots and fighting in Romania. It took place in late December of 1989.  The fighting began to end Nicolae Ceauşescu's control of the Communist state. In 1989, similar revolutions ended Communist governments in other countries in Eastern Europe. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Albania were peaceful, but in Romania, the revolution was violent and led to the deaths of many, including Ceausescu.

1989 in Europe
1980s riots
20th century in Romania
20th century rebellions
Cold War
Coups d'état
Rebellions in Europe
Revolutions
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| halloffame = 2014
| image = hasek-face.png
| image_size = 
| caption = Hašek with the Red Wings in 2008
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Pardubice, Czechoslovakia
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 1
| weight_lb = 166
| position = Goaltender
| catches = Left
| played_for =
  {{plainlist |
ELH
 HC Pardubice
 HC Dukla JihlavaNHL Chicago Blackhawks
 Buffalo Sabres
 Detroit Red Wings
 Ottawa SenatorsKHL HC Spartak Moscow
  }}
| ntl_team = TCH
| ntl_team_2 = CZE
| draft = 199th overall
| draft_year = 1983
| draft_team = Chicago Black Hawks
| career_start = 1980
| career_end = 2011
}}Dominik Hašek''', (born January 29, 1965) is a retired professional ice hockey goaltender that played a total of 16 seasons in the National Hockey League.

During his playing career he played for the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres, and the Ottawa Senators. When he was in Buffalo, he became one of the league's best goaltenders. He was nicknamed "The Dominator." His strong play has been said to have establish European goaltenders in a league dominated by North Americans.

Hašek was one of the league's most successful goaltenders of the 1990s and early 2000s. From 1993 to 2001, he won six Vezina Trophies, and in 1998 he became the first goaltender to win consecutive Hart Trophies.
During the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, he led the Czech national ice hockey team to its first and only Olympic gold medal. The feat made him a popular figure in his home country and prompted hockey legend Wayne Gretzky to call him "the best player in the game."
While with the Red Wings in 2002, Hašek became the first European starting goaltender to win the Stanley Cup.
Doing that, he set a record for shutouts in a postseason year. He came in second in votes for the Conn Smythe Trophy for the playoff's Most Valuable Player.

Hašek was considered an unorthodox goaltender, with a special style that has labelled him a "flopper." He is best known for his concentration, foot speed, flexibility, and unconventional saves, such as covering the puck with his blocker rather than his trapper.

Hašek is seen as a future Hall of Famer by those in the hockey world. He is right now the oldest goalie in the NHL at 43, and  also, the second oldest player in the league after Red Wings teammate Chris Chelios, who is 46.

On June 23, 2014, Hašek was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites

1965 births
Buffalo Sabres players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Czech ice hockey players
Czechoslovak ice hockey players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists
Olympic gold medalists
Ottawa Senators players
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ice hockey goaltenders
Televangelism is the use of modern mass media such as television or radio to speak of the faith. Usually this is done to convince other people of one's own beliefs. It is common with Christianity but also occurs with other religions. The word is a made up of television and evangelism. The term was started by Time magazine. Today it is also used for preachers who use modern mass media, such as radio, or the internet to spread the gospel.

Please note, that televangelism is different from watching a Christian mass (or other religious programme, for example, the blessings Urbi et Orbi of the Pope) on television, or other media.

In Christianity 

Televangelists often give speeches, or sermons. There they tell about the good news, and they ask people to do specific things. Most often, they want donations either for their organisation, or for a specific cause. Most televangelists make a connection between wonders or miracles, and the donations of the faithful. What they preach is a form of prosperity theology, and this connection is a defining characteristic.

In Christianity, televangelists often have positions that are close to those of the Charismatic Movement, or of Pentecostalism.

In Islam 

Televangelism also exists in Islam. There, the people are either Salafi Sunni Muslims, or they are Shiites or Alevites.

Yusuf al-Qaradawi is a very popular Islamic tellevangelist.

Harun Yahya is an Turkish Islamic televangelist who has creationist ideas. Politically, his ideas are close to the Gülen movement. He has a very modern interpretation; in his broadcasts, he also shows women with few clothes, which is unusual for the Islamic world.

Criticism 
Televangelism has also been critiziced: Conservative Christian theologian John Mc Arthur wrote: „Someone needs to say this plainly: The faith healers and health-and-wealth preachers who dominate religious television are shameless frauds. Their message is not the true Gospel of Jesus Christ. There is nothing spiritual or miraculous about their on-stage chicanery. It is all a devious ruse designed to take advantage of desperate people. They are not Godly ministers but greedy impostors who corrupt the Word of God for money's sake. They are not real pastors who shepherd the flock of God but hirelings whose only design is to fleece the sheep. Their love of money is glaringly obvious in what they say as well as how they live. They claim to possess great spiritual power, but in reality they are rank materialists and enemies of everything holy."

References
Anthony James "Tony O" Esposito (April 23, 1943 – August 10, 2021) was a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played in the National Hockey League, most notably for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was considered one of the pioneers of the now popular butterfly style. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. He was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Esposito died on August 10, 2021 at the age of 78, from pancreatic cancer.

References

Other websites
 

1943 births
2021 deaths
American ice hockey players
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Central Professional Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
William Ashley "Billy" Sunday (November 19, 1862 in Story County, Iowa – November 6, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American athlete and religious person. He was an outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s. After that he became an influential American Presbyterian evangelist at the start of the 20th century.

References 
 In Rare Form: A Pictorial History of Baseball Evangelist Billy Sunday. William A. Firstenberger. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2005.

Other websites 

Official Billy Sunday website
Selected Sermons
Billy Sunday's grave

Billy Sunday Quotes

1862 births
1935 deaths
American Presbyterians
Evangelists
Major League Baseball players
Sportspeople from Illinois
Sportspeople from Iowa
The 2007–08 NHL season was the 91st season of operation (90th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). It began on September 29, 2007. The regular season ended April 6, 2008. The Stanley Cup playoffs ended on June 4. The Detroit Red Wings won the Stanley Cup.

Regular season

Final standings

GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, Rank = Conference rank (division leaders are ranked first to third), Top eight teams in each conference qualified for post-season playoffs.

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Conference standings
*-Denotes Division Leader

Tiebreaking Procedures

Where two or more clubs are tied in points at the end of the regular season, the standing of the clubs is determined in the following order:

 The greater number of games won.
 The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs.
 The difference between goals for and against.

Scoring leaders

GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Leading goaltenders
GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff seeds
After the 2007–08 NHL regular season, the standard of 16 teams qualified for 
the playoffs.

Eastern Conference
Montreal Canadiens - Northeast Division and Eastern Conference regular season champion; 104 points
Pittsburgh Penguins - Atlantic Division champion, 102 points
Washington Capitals - Southeast Division champion, 94 points
New Jersey Devils - 99 points
New York Rangers - 97 points
Philadelphia Flyers - 95 points
Ottawa Senators - 94 points  (43 wins)
Boston Bruins - 94 points (41 wins)

Western Conference
Detroit Red Wings - Central Division and Western Conference regular season champion; Presidents' Trophy winner, 115 points
San Jose Sharks - Pacific Division champion, 108 points
Minnesota Wild - Northwest Division champion, 98 points
Anaheim Ducks - 102 points
Dallas Stars - 97 points
Colorado Avalanche - 95 points
Calgary Flames - 94 points
Nashville Predators - 91 points

Playoff Bracket

NHL awards

NHL All Star Team
First All-Star Team
 Forwards: Alexander Ovechkin • Evgeni Malkin • Jarome Iginla
 Defencemen: Nicklas Lidstrom • Dion Phaneuf
 Goaltender: Evgeni Nabokov

Second All-Star Team
 Forwards: Henrik Zetterberg • Joe Thornton • Alexei Kovalev
 Defencemen: Brian Campbell • Zdeno Chara
 Goaltender: Martin Brodeur

References

Other websites

Hockey Database
NHL.com
John Henry Newton, Jr. (July 24, 1725 – December 21, 1807) was a slave ship captain who became an Anglican clergyman. He was the author of many hymns, including "Amazing Grace".

References

Other websites 
Famous Quotes by John Newton
Amazing Grace: The True Story 
Amazing Grace: John Newton information

1725 births
1807 deaths
British abolitionists
Christian hymnwriters
English activists
English Anglicans
English poets
English priests
Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductees
Royal Navy officers
Sailors
Slavers
Writers from London
Awana (an acronym for Approved Workmen Are Not Ashamed, from 2 Timothy 2:15), is an international evangelical non-profit organization. It was founded in 1950. Its headquarters is in Streamwood, Illinois. It was founded by Baptist minister Arthur Rorheim in 1950.

References

Other websites 
Awana Clubs International

Christian organizations
Youth organizations
Acronyms
Dwight Lyman (D.L.) Moody (February 5, 1837 – December 22, 1899) was an American evangelist and publisher. He started the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts (now the Northfield Mount Hermon School), the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Publishers.

Related pages
 Horatio Spafford - Spafford, a friend of Moody, wrote the words to the hymn It Is Well with My Soul.

Other websites 
 Moody Bible Institute
 Moody Church
 Sermons by D. L. Moody

1837 births
1899 deaths
American Evangelicals
Christian hymnwriters
Christian ministers
Evangelists
Writers from Massachusetts
Fletcher Christian (September 25, 1764 - 1793) was an English seaman on HMS Bounty when it sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees in 1787. He led a mutiny (take over) to stop Lieutenant William Bligh returning to England. (See Mutiny on the Bounty). He left Bligh and 18 seaman in a small boat, and went back to Tahiti in the Bounty. Christian and some of the other sailors then sailed to Pitcairn Island to live. Christian was later killed in a fight between the Tahitian men and the seamen.

Early life 
Christian was born in 1764 at the family home of Moorland Close, near Brigham, Cumbria. He was one of 10 children of Charles Christian and Ann Dixon. He could trace his ancestry back to William the Conqueror. The name Christian is an English way of saying the Manx name "McCrystyn". Fletcher's mother came from Cumberland and he was named after his grandmother, Mary Fletcher. After his father died, Christian went to sea. He was 18 years old. He was a sailor on the ship 'Cambridge'. William Bligh was also on the ship. Christian later sailed on two trips with Bligh to Jamaica on the ship 'Britannia'.

After the mutiny 
After the mutiny, Christian wanted to settle on the island of Tubuai. The sailors were scared of the natives who lived on the island. The sailors went back to Tahiti. Christian married Maimiti, the daughter of one of the chiefs on June 16, 1789. He then left Tahiti with 8 of the mutineers, 13 Tahitian women and six men. They sailed to the remote Pitcairn Island. Sixteen sailors from the Bounty stayed at Tahiti. At Pitcairn they took everything they could from the Bounty. After that Matthew Quintal set it on fire. The sexual imbalance (more men than women) and the slavery of the Tahitian men by the mutineers led to fighting and the deaths of most of the men. Fletcher Christian was killed in the fighting. He had a son with Maimiti, Thursday October Christian and two additional children.

Related pages
 Mutiny on the Bounty
 Pitcairn Island

References 

1764 births
1793 deaths
British military people
Mutiny on the Bounty
Ichthyosaurus was an extinct marine reptile from the Lower Jurassic. It was the first member of the order Ichthyosauria to be discovered. The first complete skeleton was discovered in the early 19th century (1810/11) by Mary Anning in the Dorset Jurassic Coast. Many more specimens were found in Europe, especially from the limestone quarries in Holzmaden, southern Germany.

Ichthyosaurus lived from about 199 to 189 million years ago (mya).
This sleek animal could perhaps swim at speeds up to 25 mph (40 kph).

Mode of life

Live birth 
Ichthyosaurus bore live young. This we know from fossil evidence. It was thought at first that Ichthyosaurus laid eggs on land, but fossil evidence shows that the females gave birth to live young. Because they did, their life habit could be entirely aquatic. They were well-adapted to life as fully pelagic organisms because they never needed to come onto land. The babies were born tail first to prevent them from drowning in the water.

Hundreds of well-preserved, fossilised skeletons have been found in Jurassic rock at Holzmaden. Some of the bones were still articulated. Some fossils still had baby specimens inside them, indicating that Ichthyosaurus was viviparous. Similar finds in the related Stenopterygius also show this.

Fins 
The German fossils also featured the outline of Ichthyosaurus skin, showing it had a fleshy dorsal fin on its back and a large caudal fin. Other ichthyosaur fossils proved this feature was not limited to Ichthyosaurus.

Sense organs 
Ichthyosaurus ear bones were solid, probably transferring water vibrations to the inner ear. Still, hunting by sight was the creature's main feeding activity; it had huge, sensitive eyes, protected by bony shields.

Feeding 
Coprolites (fosillized excreta) of Ichthyosaurus show its diet consisted of fish and squid.

References 

Ichthyosaurs
Temnodontosaurus was an ichthyosaur from the early Jurassic, some 196 to 190 million years ago. It was found in England by Mary Anning, and later in Germany. It was, in fact, her first ichthyosaur. Her brother found the skull, and she found the rest of the skeleton, in about 1810. It was described in 1814. There are four or five species of Temnodontosaurus. They grew to killer whale size, about 30 to 40 feet.

This huge ichthyosaur cruised the shallow seas hunting. But hunting what? A discussion by Christopher McGowan suggests that other reptiles might have been on the menu. McGowan also mentions that in the museum collections are some teeth and bones which suggest even larger ichthyosaurs existed.

Eyes 
Ichthyosaurs hold the record for eye size: the largest was 264mm in diameter (~10.4 inches), from the species Temnodontosaurus platyodon. This is the largest eye ever recorded for any vertebrate; the colossal squid eye is larger still. The eyes are surrounded by sclerotic rings, a kind of bony support.

References 

Ichthyosaurs
Cymbospondylus was a large but primitive Triassic ichthyosaur of the Middle and Upper Triassic. It had a long eel-like body up to 10 meters or more in length.

Cymbospondylus is known from both Germany and Nevada. No doubt, like other large marine reptiles and present-day aquatic mammals, it had a wide oceanic distribution.

Palaeobiology 
 
Cymbospondylus was one of the largest ichthyosaurs. Fossils ranging from  long. It was also one of the least fish-like of the ichthyosaurs, lacking a dorsal fin and fluked tail. It did, however, have an elongated snout like other ichthyosaurs.

The one metre long head of Cymbospondylus, with large jaws, contained rows of teeth adapted for catching and holding on to fish, belemnites, and cephalopods such as ammonites. The long tail would have been excellent for swimming, and allowed Cymbospondylus to move at fast speeds and efficiently hunt down shoals of swimming fish.

Adult Cymbospondylus probably spent much of their time hunting in deep offshore water, only coming into shallow water to breed or to catch seasonally available prey. Like other ichthyosaurs, Cymbospondylus probably gave birth to live young, as it had no way to lay eggs. These, on reaching adult size, probably had few, if any, predators that could harm them.

The eel-like tail of Cymbospondylus made up almost half the total body length, and it is possible that the tail was used as a primary swimming mechanism. Like present day sea snakes, Cymbospondylus probably swam by wriggling its body from side to side.

References 

Ichthyosaurs
Ophthalmosaurus was an ichthyosaur of the Upper Jurassic (165 to 150 million years ago), named after its large eyes. Well-preserved skeletons, ranging in age from juveniles to adults, have been found in Europe, North America and Argentina.

Ophthalmosaurus had the largest eyes of any vertebrate relative to its body size. Its eyes, 4 inches in diameter, occupied most of the space in the skull. They were protected by bony plates (sclerotic rings), which most likely assisted to maintain the shape of the eyeballs against water pressure at depth.
The size of the eyes and the sclerotic rings suggests that Ophthalmosaurus hunted at a depth where there is not much light or that it may have hunted at night when a prey species was more active. Its snout was long and thin, perfect for snapping at fast, maneuverable, prey.

Calculations suggest that a typical Ophthalmosaurus could stay submerged for approximately 20 minutes or more. The swimming speed of Ophthalmosaurus has been estimated at 2.5 metres per second or greater. Even assuming a conservative speed of 1 m/s, an Ophthalmosaurus would be able to dive to 600 meters and return to the surface within 20 minutes.

The family Ophthalmosauridae continued into the Upper Cretaceous, but this genus became extinct at the end of the Jurassic period.

References 

Ichthyosaurs
Philip Carteret (22 January 1733 – 21 July 1796) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He sailed as a lieutenant on John Byron's circumnavigation (sailing around) of the world in 1764. He went around the world again as part of the Royal Navy's exploration in 1766.

Early life
Carteret joined the Royal Navy in 1747 at the age of 14. He first served on the Salisbury. He sailed with John Byron from 1751 to 1755. As Lieutenant on HMS Doplhin, he went with Byron on the round world trip from 1764—1766.

Discoveries 
As soon as he had returned from his first trip, Carteret was put in charge of HMS Swallow to go on a second circumnavigation with Samuel Wallis who sailed in the HMS Dolphin. The two ships were separated sailing around Cape Horn, so Carteret continued on alone. He discovered Pitcairn Island on 2 July 1767. He did not land on the island. He also discovered the Carteret Islands, Mururoa, and the Duke of Gloucester Islands. He got back to England in 1769. The Swallow was in bad condition and the success of the long trip shows Carteret's courage and skill.
  
Carteret's health was ruined by his voyage of exploration. He was put on half pay, and in 1773, he wrote the story of the voyage as part of a book about the voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook. The book's editor John Hawkesworth, made changes to the story, so Carteret wrote his own book which was not printed until 1965. In 1779 he took the ship HMS Endymion to the West Indies. This was his last trip. He was promoted to Vice-Admiral and he retired to Southhampton in 1794. His personal papers are kept in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England.

References

1733 births
1796 deaths
Admirals
English explorers
Royal Navy officers
Sarah Jane Smith is a fictional character in the British television series Doctor Who and its related spin-offs. She is played by Elisabeth Sladen. Sarah Jane was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor. 
She is an investigative journalist. Sarah Jane Smith is one of the companions who travelled the longest with the Doctor; Sarah Jane is also one of the most popular and well known companions. 

Sarah Jane appeared in two spin-offs: K-9 and Company, and the as the main character of the ongoing series The Sarah Jane Adventures. Sarah Jane also appeared in the new Doctor Who series with the Tenth Doctor ("School Reunion", "The Stolen Earth", "Journey's End").

History 
She first appeared in 1973 in The Time Warrior, and then travelled with the Third Doctor. After the Doctor regenerated, she travelled with the Fourth Doctor. At the end of The Hand of Fear, the Doctor had to go back to Gallifrey, where Sarah Jane was not allowed to go. Sarah Jane left the TARDIS and the Doctor, and returned to Earth.

Sarah Jane was a regular companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor, on the programme from 1973 to 1976 (seasons 11 – 14). She returns in the Fifth Doctor story "The Five Doctors" (1983), the 30th anniversary story Dimensions In Time (1993), and most recently in the  episodes "School Reunion" (2006), and "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" (2008), alongside the Tenth Doctor, and other companions of his era. The Tenth Doctor also featured in her own TV series "The Sarah Jane Adventures".

Other websites 
 Sarah Jane Smith at the Tardis Index File

Doctor Who characters
Fold mountains are mountains formed mainly by the effects of folding on layers in the upper part of the Earth's crust. The term is rather out of date, though still fairly common in physical geography literature.

In the time before plate tectonics became well understood, the term was used for  mountain belts, such as the Himalayas. These mountain ranges are not caused by the folding of the earth's crust. The main mechanism causing a thickening of the crust at these sites of continent-continent collision along boundary is thrust faulting.

Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates move together (a convergent plate boundary). Fold mountains are usually formed from sedimentary rocks which accumulated along the margins of continents. When plates and the continents riding on them collide, the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold like a tablecloth that is pushed across a table, particularly if there is a mechanically weak basal layer such as salt.

Examples 
 The Jura mountains  a series of sub-parallel mountainous ridges formed by folding over a Triassic salt bed due to thrust movements as the Alps pushed into Europe.
The 'Simply Folded Belt' of the Zagros mountains in Iran – here both thrusts and folds are occurring. This mountain range, about 1,500 kilometres long, formed only in the past five million years. Oil reserves and huge salt deposits are rising up from the subsurface. They emerge as salt "glaciers". This, and their regular folding, makes these mountains unique in the world.
The Akwapim-Togo ranges in Ghana
part of the Appalachians in the Eastern United States, known as the "Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians".

Related pages
Fold (geology)

References 
simple
Mountains
Plate tectonics
Oceanic dolphins are the members of the Delphinidae family, of the order Cetacea. They are aquatic mammals. They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves. These dolphins usually live in the open seas, unlike the river dolphins.

Taxonomy 
 Family Delphinidae
 Genus Peponocephala
 Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra
 Genus Orcinus
 Orca (Killer whale), Orcinus orca
 Genus Feresa
 Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata
 Genus Pseudorca
 False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens
 Genus Globicephala: Pilot whales
 Long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas
 Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus
 Genus Delphinus
 Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis
 Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis
 Genus Lissodelphis
 Northern rightwhale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis
 Southern rightwhale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii
 Genus Sotalia
 Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis
 Genus Sousa
 Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis
 Indian humpback dolphin, Sousa plumbea
 Atlantic humpback dolphin, Sousa teuszii
 Genus Stenella
 Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis
 Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene
 Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata
 Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris
 Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba
 Genus Steno
 Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis
 Genus Tursiops: Bottlenose dolphins
 Common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus
 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
 Genus Cephalorhynchus
 Chilean dolphin, Cephalorhynchus eutropia
 Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii
 Heaviside's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
 Hector's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus hectori
 Genus Grampus
 Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus
 Genus Lagenodelphis
 Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei
 Genus Lagenorhynchus
 Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus
 Dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus
 Hourglass dolphin, Lagenorhynchus cruciger
 Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
 Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis
 White-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris
 Genus Orcaella
 Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris
 Australian snubfin dolphin, Orcaella heinsohni

Other websites