cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sarlat-la-Canéda (), or simply Sarlat, is a town and commune in southwestern France, in the region of Aquitaine. It is a subprefecture of the Dordogne department.

History
The city developed around a Carolingian Benedictine abbey in the 13th century. The abbey already existed in the 9th century. it was part of the six great abbeys of the old province of Périgord. The others were Paunat, Belvès, Saint Front de Périgueux, Brantôme and Terrasson. The Carolingian abbey was the only one to be spared by the Vikings because it does not lie on the Dordogne river or its tributaries. In 1317, Sarlat became the seat of a bishop.

The city was badly damaged in the Hundred Years' War. After several conflicts it was rebuilt in Renaissance style between 1450 and 1500. In the middle of the 17th century, the city lost political influence and became poorer.

On 1 March 1965, the communes of Sarlat and of La Canéda were combined in one commune with the name of Sarlat-la-Canéda.

Sports
Sports clubs:

 Rugby Union: Sarlat Rugby.

Geography
The commune of Sarlat-la-Canéda has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Sarlat-la-Canéda is surrounded by the communes Tamniès, Marquay. Marcillac-Saint-Quentin, Proissans, Sainte-Nathalène, Saint-Vincent-le-Paluel, Carsac-Aillac, Vitrac, Vézac and Saint-André-d'Allas.

Climate 
Sarlat-la-Canéda has an oceanic climate with template summers (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Population 
The inhabitants of Sarlat-la-Canéda are known, in French, as Sarladais (women: Sarladaises).

With a population of 9,127 (2014), Sarlat-la-Canéda has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Sarlat-la-Canéda

Sarlat-la-Canéda forms the urban area of Sarlat-la-Canéda with a population of 9,259 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Sarlat-la-Canéda, formed by 17 communes with a population of 19,520 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration
Sarlat-la-Canéda is a subprefecture of the Dordogne and the capital of the arrondissement of Sarlat-la-Canéda.

The commune is the administrative centre () of the canton of Sarlat-la-Canéda''', formed with 13 communes.

It is part of the intercommunality Sarlat-Périgord Noir'' ().

= Important people from the city 
Étienne de La Boétie (1530-1563), lawyer and writer
Henry Sanfourche (1775-1841), colonel of the French Empire.
Gautier de Costes de La Calprenède (about 1610-1663), writer
Pierre Lachambeaudie (1807-1872), poet
Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904), social scientist

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Sarlat-la-Canéda
 Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Sarlat-la-Canéda - Official site 
 Tourist office website
 Departamental Council of Dordogne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Dordogne
Hurricane Erika was a Atlantic hurricane that hit extreme northeastern Mexico near the Texas-Tamaulipas border. It happened on August 16, during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Erika was the eighth tropical cyclone, fifth tropical storm, and third hurricane of the season that year. The storm was created from a non-tropical area of low pressure that was tracked for five days before developing in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on August 14. Under the influence of a high pressure system, Erika moved quickly westward and became stronger under favorable conditions.

Storm history

A weak surface area of low pressure came apart from a frontal system on August 8. It was moving southwestward during that time. On August 9, it created convection  when it was passing underneath a cold-core upper-level low.  As the system rapidly continued westward, a lot of the convection stayed near the center of the upper-level low, preventing development of a closed surface circulation. On August 13, while located near the northwestern Bahamas, an increase in convection made the upper-level low building downwards to the middle levels of the troposphere, which caused the development of an upper level anticyclone.

On August 14, a closed low-level circulation nearly developed to the east of Key Largo, Florida, but because of the deep convection remaining to the north over the mid-level center, it was weakened. The mid-level storm continued going westward and it moved across Florida. After crossing Florida, Hurricane Hunters showed a poor circulation, but with winds higher than tropical storm strength, and the system was designated as Tropical Storm Erika late on August 14 while located 85 miles (135 km) west of Fort Myers.

With well-established outflow and low levels of wind shear, Erika became stronger as the circulation became better defined. A high pressure system covered over the south-central United States, forcing the storm to move just south of due west at 25 mph (40 km/h). On August 15, convection were made into bands, and as its winds were turning into hurricane strength, an eye developed within the storm. The storm quickly weakened over the Sierra Madre Oriental, and Erika was calming down early on August 17. After entering the Gulf of California on August 18, It led to the formation of a tropical disturbance. It went to the northwest and weakened on August 20.

References

Other websites 
Erika's Tropical Cyclone Report

2003 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricanes in Mexico
Hurricanes in the United States
Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
2003 in Texas
2003 in Florida
2000s in Mexico
Bergerac () is a commune and a subprefecture of the Dordogne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, southwestern France.

It is the second biggest city of the department, after Périgueux.

Despite the similarities in their names, there is no connection to Cyrano de Bergerac, a French writer from Paris.

Geography
Bergerac is in the south of the Dordogne department, in the region named as Périgord Pourpre; the Dordogne river flows through the city.

The city is at about  from Périgueux,  from Agen,  from Bordeaux and  from Cahors.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Bergerac is surrounded by the communes Ginestet, Maurens, Lembras, Creysse, Cours-de-Pile, Saint-Nexans, Colombier, Monbazillac, Saint-Laurent-des-Vignes and Prigonrieux.

Climate
The climate of Bergerac is a Mediterranean climate (Marine West Coast Climate), Cfb in the Köppen climate classification, with mild winters and warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Bergerac are known, in French, as Bergeracois (women: Bergeracoises).

With a population of 27,764 (2014), Bergerac has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Bergerac

Bergerac forms with 22 other communes, including four communes that are part of the Gironde department, the urban area of Bergerac with a population of 64,968 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Bergerac, formed by 67 communes with a population of 81,574 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration
Bergerac is a subprefecture of the Dordogne department since 1790, and the capital of the arrondissement of Bergerac.

The commune is the administrative centre () of two cantons:
 Bergerac-1, formed with a part of Bergerac; and
 Bergerac-2, formed with the remaining part of Bergerac and 9 other communes.

It is part of the intercommunality Bergeracoise ().

Twin towns 
Bergerac is twinned with:
  Faenza, Province of Ravenna, Italy
  Repentigny, Quebec, Canada

Economy
Bergerac is known for its wines and its tobacco. It has 12 recognized wine kinds that are Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC).

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Bergerac
 Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Bergerac - Official site 
 Office de Tourisme Bergerac 
 Departamental Council of Dordogne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Dordogne
Wine regions of France
The other kind of chestnut is commonly called horse chestnut. It is not related to this tree.

The sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), sometimes called European chestnut, Spanish chestnut or Portuguese chestnut is a family of trees. 

Originally these trees were native to the Mediterranean parts of Europe and Asia Minor. These trees can grow to sizes between 20 and 35m high. The trees are deciduous, they do not have leaves in winter.

The trees are usually grown for their edible fruit.

Fagales
Trees
James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24, 1855 in Utica, New York – October 1912, also in Utica, New York, while in office) was the twenty-seventh vice president of the United States. He was in office from March 4, 1909 to October 30, 1912. Sherman was a member of the Republican Party, and served with President William Howard Taft.

Other websites 
 Biography of James S. Sherman

1855 births
1912 deaths
Deaths from Bright's disease
Vice Presidents of the United States
Politicians from New York
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Rainer Küchl (*August 25 1950 in Waidhofen an der Ybbs) is an Austrian musician.  He plays the violin and is a music professor.

He started to play the violin at the age of 11. At the age of 14, he studied music at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna.

He became the concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic at the age of 20. In 1973 he founded the Küchl Quartett which is known as the Wiener Musikverein Quartett.

Other websites 
 Rainer Küchl Official Website
 Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
 Vienna Musikverein
 Küchl Biography  

1950 births
Living people

Austrian violinists
Concertmasters
Wilson Allen Wallis (November 5, 1912 – October 12, 1998) was an American economist and statistician best known for serving as president of the University of Rochester.  He studied at the University of Minnesota and finished his studies in 1932. He was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.

From 1959 to 1989, he was the economic adviser to the U.S. presidents Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan.

References

Other websites 
 

1912 births
1998 deaths
American economists
Scientists from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American statisticians
March of the Penguins is a documentary about Emperor penguins. It won an Academy Award and was directed by Luc Jacquet. It was made in France.

Related pages
Penguin Town

Other websites
 
 
 

Documentary movies
2005 movies
Academy Award winning movies
Movies about animals
English-language movies
French-language movies
Multilingual movies
Buena Vista International movies
Mangrio (Sindhi مݣڕیو, ) is the name of WARRIORS, RULERS and known as BRAVEST PEOPLE. A Sindhi Muslim Rajput tribe found in the Sindh, Punjab region of Pakistan and Rajasthan, Gujrat  in India. Mangrio are (Suryavanshi ) BRAVEST Rajputs. They are the Royal family of Jaisalmer, India.

Geographic distribution 
In Sindh they are found mainly in Shikarpur, Hyderabad, Tharparkar, Sanghar, Umerkot, Mirpur Khas, Sukkur, Larkana, Raipur,  Kandiaro ,  Karachi , and Khairpur districts. In Punjab they are mainly found in Rahimyar, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar and Muzaffar Garh. 

Mangrio people also live in Balochistan. In India they are found mainly in the Jaisalmer, Barmer, and Bikaner districts.

Notable Mangrio
Hazrat Abdul Raheem Girhori, a Mangrio man, was a great scholar and Walee of his time.  His tomb is located near the area of Mirpur Khas.

BY SHOUKAT ALEEM MANGRIO

Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Sindh
Enlightenment (also known simply as E), is a free software/open source window manager for the X Window System. It can be used alone or together with a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE. Enlightenment is sometimes used as a replacement for a full desktop environment.

History 
The first version of Enlightenment was released by Raster (Carsten Haitzler) on 1996-10-30.

Enlightenment has been under development for 10 years. Its latest stable release is E17. It always comes with a warning that it is in permanent "heavy development" and remains "not stable".

Related pages 
 Eterm - the Enlightened Terminal
 Enlightenment Foundation Libraries
 Elive - an installable LiveCD of Debian GNU/Linux built to showcase Enlightenment (Includes both DR16 & DR17.)
 gOS - an Ubuntu-based distribution available on an installable live CD, working on low-end systems and employing a Mac OS X like look.
 OpenGEU - an Ubuntu-based distribution with E17 supplemented with elements from GNOME and Xfce
 Maryan Linux - an Ubuntu based distribution. Available on an installable live CD, working on low-end systems.
 OzOS - an Ubuntu-based distribution with e17 compiled and maintained directly from CVS source via morlenxus easy_e17.sh script.
 Exalt The Network manager for E17.

References

Other websites 

Official website
Enlightenment SourceForge.net Project Page
UEOSC (United Enlightenment Operating Systems Council)

Free software
There are no significant Buddhist communities left in Pakistan.

A few Buddhists may still exist in Pakistani Kashmir  and a significant community exists in Jammu and Kashmir to the east of the Line of Control. Mostly Ladakhi and ethnically related to Tibetans (plus a few Indo-Aryan Dards), a rough dividing line between Islamic culture and Buddhist culture can be drawn through Mulbekh and Shergol in the Indus valley (to the east of Kargil) and well to the west of Leh, the Nun Kun massif and Rangdum Buddhist monastery at the head of the Suru river valley (a tributary of the Indus) on the Indian Kashmiri side of the line of control.

Historical significance

The region that is today known as Pakistan once had a large Buddhist population, with the majority of people in Gandhara (present day North Western Pakistan and Eastern Afghanistan) being Buddhist. Gandhara was largely Mahayana Buddhist, and was also a stronghold of Vajrayana Buddhism. The Swat Valley, known in antiquity as Uddiyana, was a kingdom tributary to Gandhara. There are many archaeological sites from the Buddhist era in Swat.

The Buddhist sage Padmasambhava is said to have been born in a village near the present day town of Chakdara in Lower Dir District, which was then a part of Uddiyana. Padmasambhava is known as Guru Rinpoche in Tibetan and it is he who introduced Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet.

Buddhism was also practiced in the Punjab and Sindh regions.

Most Buddhists in Punjab converted to Hinduism from 600 AD onwards. Buddhism was the faith practiced by the majority of the population of Sindh up to the Arab conquest by the Umayyad Caliphate in 710 AD. After the partition of Pakistan and India, the Buddhists fled to India, similar to other faiths like Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians in the Pakistan region.

Other websites 
 Archaeological sites in Gandhara region

Related pages

References

Religion in Pakistan
Buddhism
This is a list of colleges and universities in Utah:

Public
College of Eastern Utah
Dixie State College of Utah
Salt Lake Community College
Snow College
Southern Utah University
University of Utah
Utah College of Applied Technology
Utah State University
Utah Valley State College
Weber State University

Private
Brigham Young University
Eagle Gate College
LDS Business College
Provo College
Stevens-Henager College
Utah Career College
Westminster College
Webster University Utah

References

 
Lists of colleges and universities
The World Series of Poker (WSOP) is a series of poker tournaments.  The tournaments are held each year in Las Vegas, Since 2004, the tournaments have been sponsored by Caesars Entertainment. The WSOP started in  1970. Benny Binion invited seven of the best-known poker players to the Horseshoe Casino for a single tournament/ The winner was chosen by a secret ballot of the seven players.

As of 2020, there are 101 events in the WSOP. Most major poker variants are included. recently, most of the events have been variants of Texas hold 'em. Events take place during one day or over several days during June and July. Starting in 2008, the Main Event final table was not played until November. The 2012 and 2016 Main Event final tables were played in October because of the United States presidential election. As of May 2017, the World Series of Poker has gone back to the Main Event winner in being played in July. A hybrid online format was used in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Series of Poker changed back to -person play when it started back on September 30, 2021, in Las Vegas, Nevada.

References

Other websites 
Official site

Poker
This is a list of colleges and universities in Washington:

Public
Bellevue College
Bellingham Technical College
Big Bend Community College
Cascadia Community College
Centralia Community College
Central Washington University
Clark College
Clover Park Technical College
Columbia Basin College
Community Colleges of Spokane
Institute for Extended Learning
Spokane Community College
Spokane Falls Community College
Eastern Washington University
Edmonds Community College
Everett Community College
The Evergreen State College
Green River Community College
Highline Community College
Des Moines
Federal Way
Lake Washington Technical College
Lower Columbia College
Olympic College
Peninsula College
Pierce College
Lakewood
Puyallup
Seattle Community College District
North Seattle
Seattle Central
Seattle Vocational Institute
South Seattle
Shoreline Community College
Tacoma Community College
University of Washington
Bothell
Tacoma
Walla Walla Community College
Washington State University
Tri-Cities
Vancouver
Western Washington University
Whatcom Community College

Private
Art Institute of Seattle
Bastyr University
City University of Seattle
Cornish College of the Arts
DigiPen Institute of Technology
Faith Evangelical Lutheran Seminary
Gonzaga University
Heritage University
Northwest University
Pacific Lutheran University
St. Martin's University
Seattle Pacific University
Seattle University
Matteo Ricci College
School of Visual Concepts
Trinity Lutheran College
University of Puget Sound
Walla Walla University
Whitman College
Whitworth University

References

 
Lists of colleges and universities
The Big 12 Conference is a college athletic conference that is part of the NCAA's Division I. It started when the Big 8 Conference joined together with four colleges from Texas that had been part of the Southwest Conference, and the first games in the Big 12 Conference were played in 1996.

Members

Future members

Associate members 
The Big 12 also has 12 "associate members", all of which play one sport in the conference.

Former members 
Four schools have left the Big 12 since it was formed. Missouri would return to the Big 12 in 2021 as a wrestling-only member.

References

 
1996 establishments in the United States
OpenDocument Format (ODF) is a computer file format for word processors, presentation software and other computer programs. 

For example, OpenOffice and LibreOffice are programs that uses ODF to save text, slideshows and spreadsheets.

Computer file formats
OpenOffice
The Pac-12 Conference is a group of universities who play each other in football, basketball, and other sports.  It has won more national championships than any other conference.   

This is a list of colleges and universities who play sports in the Pac-12 Conference:
University of Arizona
Arizona State University
University of California, Berkeley ("California")
University of Colorado at Boulder ("Colorado")
University of Oregon
Oregon State University
Stanford University
University of California, Los Angeles ("UCLA")
University of Southern California ("USC")
University of Utah
University of Washington
Washington State University

References
The Big East Conference is a college sports conference in the United States which sponsors many sports, but does not play football. The league has its roots in the original Big East Conference, which was founded in 1979 as a basketball-focused league by a group of schools in the Eastern U.S. That league added football in 1991, leading to years of conflict between schools that played top-level football and those that did not. In July 2013, the original league split along football lines. The seven schools that did not play FBS (top-level) football—often called the "Catholic 7" because all are run by the Catholic Church—bought the "Big East" name and formed a new Big East. The FBS schools joined with several new members and stayed in the original Big East structure under the new name of American Athletic Conference (The American).

Although the current Big East was not founded until 2013, it claims the 1979 founding date of the original Big East. Both the current Big East and The American claim the pre-split history of the old Big East.

Members 
The 10 schools that formed the current Big East are private schools. All of these are also Catholic except for Butler, which was started by Protestants but has never been run by any church. UConn (Connecticut) became the Big East's first public school in July 2020.

Associate members
The Big East has five "associate members" that play either one or two sports in the conference.

Former members 
No full member of the Big East has left for another conference. However, eight associate members have left the Big East in one or more sports, with five entirely leaving the Big East.

Two schools that were associate members in the 2013–14 school year left to join conferences that play the sports that they housed in the Big East. Five women's lacrosse members left after the 2017–18 school year when the American Athletic Conference, full-time home to three of those schools, started a women's lacrosse league. Two of these schools, Temple and UConn, stayed in the Big East in field hockey, and UConn returned to the Big East full-time in July 2020. At the same time, Old Dominion moved its women's lacrosse team from the Big East to The American. This kept both conferences at six women's lacrosse members, the number needed to ensure that their conference champions would receive places in the NCAA Division I tournament. ODU is still a Big East member in field hockey.

References
The University of Virginia  is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. 

The buildings designed by Jefferson are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
It was founded by Thomas Jefferson. It was conceived by 1800 and established in 1819.

Related pages 
Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, part of the University of Virgina
List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

References

Other websites

 University of Virginia website

Association of American Universities
Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in Virginia
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
World Heritage Sites in the United States
1819 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in Virginia
North Carolina State University is a public university in Raleigh, North Carolina. It has about 31,000 students.
Many students who go to college here want to learn about math, science, technology, and agriculture, but they can also study other things, too.

History
The university was started in 1887. It was called the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

Sports
Sports teams from North Carolina State University are called the Wolfpack. This is because, in 1921, somebody was angry at the university's football team. He thought that they acted like wolves.
They play mostly against other colleges in the Atlantic Coast Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Famous people who went to North Carolina State
John Edwards, who was a United States Senator from North Carolina and ran for Vice President in 2004
Philip Rivers, quarterback for the San Diego Chargers

References

Other websites

Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in North Carolina
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
Raleigh, North Carolina
1887 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in North Carolina
Egyptian Arabic (Marī مصري) is a dialect of the Arabic language, one of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. 

It came from the people living in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt around the capital Cairo. It originates from the spoken Arabic brought to Egypt during the AD 7th-century Muslim conquest of North Africa.

Egyptian Arabic was formed also of Copto-Egyptian language of pre-Islamic Egypt, and other languages such as Italian and French. Egyptian Arabic is officially recognized as the national language of the Egyptian government. More than 76 million people in Egypt speak Egyptian Arabic. Also, many people in the Middle East can understand it.

References 

Semitic languages
Brithenig is constructed language that was made up by Andrew Smith from New Zealand in 1996. The idea behind it is the question what the Welsh language would have looked like if it had been a Romance instead of a Celtic language: a sister language to French, Spanish and Italian, but one that looks much like Welsh. It plays a key-role in the made-up world of Ill Bethisad, where Latin took the place of Old Celtic as the spoken language of the people in Great Britain, thus giving way to the development of Brithenig.

Brithenig is the best known example of the so-called group of "alternative languages", languages that could have existed if history had been different. Another well-known example is Wenedyk, which does the same with Polish as Brithenig does with Welsh.

Words 
The following list of 30 words shows what Brithenig looks like compared to a few other Romance languages:

Sample 
The Lord's Prayer:

References 
 Higley, Sarah L., M/C Journal Vol 3 Issue 1.

Other websites 
 The page of Brithenig 
 The cultures of Ill Bethisad
 Romance glossary (a list of common words in all Romance languages, also Brithenig and Wenedyk)

Constructed languages
Transport for London (TfL) is an organisation that runs the public transport network in London. It is held with direct responsibility to the mayor of London.

Numbering of bus routes

Historic numbering
Historically, bus routes were grouped by the type of service that they provided.

The 1924 London Traffic Act used the Bassom Scheme. It was named after A.E. Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who made it. Changing and short lines used letter suffixes. Also, the numbers were grouped by the company that operated the route.

The numbering was changed in 1934 after London Transport was formed.

Current classification

*Except 603 and 607, which are normal day time routes

References

Other websites 
 Transport for London website

Local government in London
Transport in London
Jules Joseph Lefebvre (Tournan-en-Brie, March 14, 1836 – Paris, February 24, 1911) was a French figure painter. 

Lefebvre went to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852. He was a pupil of Léon Cogniet. He won the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1861. Between 1855 and 1898, he exhibited 72 portraits in the Paris Salon. In 1891, he became a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.

He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris. One of his famous students was the Scottish born landscape painter William Hart. Georges Rochegrosse, Félix Vallotton, the Americans Childe Hassam, John Henry Twachtman, John Noble Barlow, Augustus Kenderdine, and Charles A. Platt were also his pupils. He was a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts for a long time.

His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women.

Among his best portraits were those of M. L. Reynaud and the Prince Imperial (1874). Among his many decorations were a first-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 and the medal of honor in 1886. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institut de France.

Gallery 

1836 births
1911 deaths
French painters
The Kansas Jayhawks, commonly referred to as KU, are the athletic teams that represent the University of Kansas. KU is one of three schools in the state of Kansas that are in the NCAA Division I. The Jayhawks are also a part of the Big 12 Conference. KU athletic teams have won eleven NCAA Division I championships: three in men's basketball, one in men's cross country, three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, and one in women's outdoor track and field.

The name "Jayhawks" comes from the Kansas Jayhawker freedom fighter and anti-slavery movement during the Bleeding Kansas era of the American Civil War.

Sports

The University of Kansas officially hass 16 sports: 6 men's and 8 women's. There are also club-level sports for rugby, ice hockey, and men's volleyball. The school used to have a wrestling team, though the sport was stopped during the 1960s.

Football

KU began playing football in 1890. The Jayhawks have been to the Orange Bowl in 1948, 1969 and 2008, winning in 2008. The team plays in Memorial Stadium (capacity 50,071). It the seventh oldest college football stadium in the United States. It opened in 1921.

Softball
The Jayhawks softball team has appeared in seven Women's College World Series, in 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1992.

References

University of Kansas
The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League university in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Many people call the university "Penn." It contains four undergraduate schools, which are for students without a college degree. These schools are nursing, arts and sciences, engineering, and Wharton, which is a famous business school. It had graduate schools-for those with a college degree- in medicine, business, law, dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, education, communication, design, and social policy. Their competitive teams are known as the Quakers. 

45th President of the United States Donald Trump graduated here with a Bachelor of Science.

References

Pennsylvania
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
Ivy League
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Regression analysis is a field of statistics. It is a tool to show the relationship between the inputs and the outputs of a system. There are different ways to do this. Better curve fitting usually needs more complex calculations. 

Data modeling can be used without knowing about the underlying processes that have generated the data; in this case the model is an empirical model. Moreover, in modelling, knowledge of the probability distribution of the errors is not required. Regression analysis requires assumptions to be made regarding probability distribution of the errors. Statistical tests are made on the basis of these assumptions. In regression analysis the term "model" embraces both the function used to model the data and the assumptions concerning probability distributions.

Regression can be used for prediction (including forecasting of time-series data), inference, hypothesis testing, and modeling of causal relationships. These uses of regression rely heavily on the underlying assumptions being satisfied. Regression analysis has been criticized as being misused for these purposes in many cases where the appropriate assumptions cannot be verified to hold.  One factor contributing to the misuse of regression is that it can take considerably more skill to critique a model than to fit a model.

The first type of regression analysis was linear regression. The method of least squares was first published by Legendre in 1805 and in 1809 by Gauß. Both used the method to predict the movement of planets around the sun. Gauss published an improved method in 1821.

Related pages 
 Correlation

References 

Statistics
Mathematical approximation
Urla is a seaside town in the İzmir Province in Turkey.

Cities in Turkey
The Art of War () is an ancient Chinese military text. It was written by Sun Tzu, a high-ranking military general, strategist and Taoist philosopher. The text contains 13 chapters. Each chapter covers one aspect of warfare. The book was written over 2,500 years ago. The Art of War was one of the earliest books on Chinese warfare. It remains one of the best known and most influential books ever written. The book was widely copied in the ancient world. At first it was written on bamboo slats that were sewn together. It was read by politicians, scholars and military leaders. Translations of the book were first read in Japan and Korea. The oldest copy from Japan dates to the 8th century. It was translated into French in 1772 by a Jesuit named Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. The first translation into English was published by Lionel Giles in 1910.  The Art of War was first translated into Russian in 1950. Due to the Russian knowledge of French culture is it probable they had copies in French much earlier. It is used today by business schools and militaries worldwide.

Changing the rules 
When Sun Tzu first wrote The Art of War, it was not the first book on military tactics. He quotes from The Book of Military Administration by Chun Cheng. The quote is limited to the use of signal flags and drums to move soldiers. Chun cheng's book has not survived to the present day so little is known of what else was in it. But books of that time were based on rules of warfare that all sides followed. War was the sport of rich noblemen. The rules were based on chivalry. Sun Tzu refused to see war as a sport. He used Taoist principles and applied them to warfare. In doing this he changed the rules of war. Unlike generals who enjoyed long campaigns, he understood war was serious. Sun Tzu believed that once a war started, the goal was to defeat the enemy. Sun Tzu was unconventional in that he didn't follow the prevailing wisdom of his time. Other generals were simply unprepared for Sun Tzu's tactics. Sun Tzu mastered the art of being unpredictable in warfare.

David versus Goliath   
In situations where a smaller weaker force is faced with a stronger larger force, Sun Tzu's tactics are very often successful. David and Goliath is a Biblical story of a weaker shepherd boy facing a giant who is a skilled warrior. David uses an unconventional weapon and slays Goliath. David refused to fight by Goliath's rules. Political scientist Ivan Arreguín-Toft did calculations on wars. He discovered that about a third of the time the weaker country actually wins.

The Art of War is credited by Mao Zedong as having helped him defeat Chiang Kai-Shek in the Chinese Civil War. Ho Chi Minh was a fan of Sun Tzu. He led the Communist Vietnamese in their fight against American-backed South Vietnam. American generals Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. and Colin Powell followed principals in The Art of War in the Gulf War.

References

Other websites 
 The Art of War by Sun Tzu, Translated by Lionel Giles
 The Art of War, Facts and Significance

Non-fiction books
Sun Tzu
Conference USA, officially abbreviated C-USA, is a group of college sports teams that play each other on the NCAA Division I level.  It was formed in 1995 when the Great Midwest Conference and Metro Conference merged, and has added several members since then. Most of the new members have come from either the Western Athletic Conference or the Sun Belt Conference. From 2005 to 2014, it also lost many members, mostly to the original Big East Conference and its football-playing offshoot, the American Athletic Conference.

The conference sends several teams to bowl games every year, including the Liberty Bowl and New Orleans Bowl.

Memphis (now a member of The American) has been the most successful men's basketball team in the conference, reaching the national championship game in 2008. (However, the NCAA later took Memphis's wins from that season away because a Memphis player, namely Derrick Rose, had not been eligible to play.)

Members

Conference USA now has 14 "full members" which play most of their sports in the league; all except Rice are public schools.

In football only, the schools are split into East and West Divisions. This allows the division winners to play a conference championship game.

Associate members
C-USA now has five "associate members"—schools that are full members of another conference who play select sports in C-USA. Two play men's soccer in the conference, two others play women's beach volleyball, and one houses both sports in C-USA.

Future associate members 
One school will become a C-USA associate in the near future.

Former full members
No fewer than 14 schools have left C-USA since it was founded. Most of these schools are now members of the American Athletic Conference.

Former associate members
In addition to the former full members, 14 other schools have been associate members in the past, but have moved their C-USA sports elsewhere. Most notably, the United States Military Academy, more often called "Army" in a sports context, was a football member from 1996 to 2005 (final C-USA season in 2004).

References

 
1995 establishments in the United States
Sewall Green Wright (21 December 1889 – 3 March 1988) was an American geneticist. He was a founder of population genetics, and contributed to evolutionary theory. He also did original work in statistics in a field called path analysis. 

With R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane, he was a founder of theoretical population genetics. He is the discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and of methods of computing it in pedigrees. He extended this work to populations, calculating the degree of inbreeding of members of populations as a result of random genetic drift. Together with Fisher, he pioneered methods for calculating the distribution of gene frequencies among  populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift.  The work of Fisher, Wright, and Haldane on theoretical population genetics was a major step in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis of genetics with evolution. Wright also made contributions to mammalian genetics and biochemical genetics.

Genetic drift 
What appears to happen in evolution is that the rate of change in any organism varies a lot. There seem to be times when change is rapid, and times when almost no change occurs. 
Wright tried to explain stasis, which is when no visible change occurs. His explanation was that organisms come to occupy adaptive peaks. In order to evolve to another, higher peak, the species would first have to pass through a valley of maladaptive intermediate stages. In other words, they get stuck on one peak, and can't get to another because getting there would make them less competitive.

Wright though getting to another peak might be possible. It might happen by genetic drift if the population is small enough. If a species was divided into small populations, some could find higher peaks. If there was some gene flow between the populations, these adaptations could spread to the rest of the species. This was Wright's shifting balance theory of evolution. There has been much skepticism among evolutionary biologists as to whether this happens in natural populations. Wright had a long standing and sometimes bitter debate about this with R.A. Fisher, who felt that most populations in nature were too large for the effects of genetic drift to be important. Research by Dobzhansky and E.B. Ford showed that natural selection in the field was a much stronger force that Wright had expected. Wright's own biographer now doubts the validity of Wright's idea.

Anecdote 
An anecdote about Wright, disclaimed by Wright himself, describes a lecture during which Wright tucked an unruly guinea pig under his armpit, where he usually held a chalkboard eraser: at the end of the lecture, Wright absent-mindedly erased the blackboard with the guinea pig.

References 

 Wright, Sewall. 1984. Evolution and the genetics of populations: genetics and biometric foundations, 4 volumes. Chicago.

1889 births
1988 deaths

Scientists from Massachusetts
American evolutionary biologists
American geneticists
Related pages
 Tartan Day, a day set aside for the celebration of the Scottish influence on North America, Australia and New Zealand, but not celebrated in Scotland itself. It is the anniversary of the Declaration of Arbroath.
 Tartanry

Other websites 

 Online Tartan Designer Online photorealistic tartan designer
 Kilts & Tartan Made Easy , free ebook by Nicholas Fiddes
 Scottish Tartans Authority, an industry-supported Scottish charity
 Tartan Finder all recorded and woven tartans, search by name or color
 Online Tartan Creator
 Online Tartan Designer

Cloth
The Sun Belt Conference is a group of college sports teams that play each other on the NCAA Division I level. The conference was formed in 1976, and started playing football in 2001. Of the current 12 full members (those playing most of their sports in the league), 10 play football in the top-level Division I FBS. The other two do not play football. The conference's full members are scattered through the southern United States.

Members 
The current non-football members are Little Rock and UT Arlington.

Future members 
The Sun Belt announced four new members in a two-week span in October and November 2021, all of which sponsor football. Old Dominion, which had been a Sun Belt member from 1982 to 1991, will rejoin, and three more schools will join for the first time. All are scheduled to join no later than July 2023.

Associate members
In the past, the Sun Belt has had "associate members" that play only a few sports, usually one, in the league, but has had none since it shut down its men's soccer league after the 2020–21 school year.

The first school to abandon single-sport membership was Utah State, which played Sun Belt football in 2003 and 2004 before joining the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) in 2005. The Aggies have been members of the Mountain West Conference since 2013.

Idaho and New Mexico State had two different periods of involvement in the league. New Mexico State first joined the Sun Belt as a full member in 2000, and brought its football team into the Sun Belt the next year. Also in 2001, Idaho joined only for football. Both left in 2005 to join the WAC. During the early 2010s, NCAA Division I went through a major phase of conference changes, with most leagues gaining or losing multiple members. The WAC was one of the most affected conferences, going through a nearly complete membership turnover that left Idaho and New Mexico State as the league's only football schools. In 2014, both placed their football programs in the Sun Belt. The conference announced in 2016 that its agreements for Idaho and New Mexico State to play football in the league would not be renewed when they ended after the 2017 season.

NJIT (the New Jersey Institute of Technology) was another victim of this realignment; it was forced to become an independent (not in a conference) when its former league, the Great West Conference, collapsed. Its men's soccer team joined the Sun Belt in 2014, a year before the school found a home in the ASUN Conference. Although the ASUN sponsors men's soccer, NJIT kept that team in the Sun Belt until 2016, honoring its two-year contract to play in that league.

Another recent change involved Hartwick, which had long competed in Division I men's soccer despite otherwise being in NCAA Division III. In 2018, Hartwick aligned completely with Division III, moving its men's soccer team to its full-time home of the Empire 8.

The most recent changes came in 2021, when the Sun Belt shut down its men's soccer league after it dropped below the number of members needed to keep the automatic berth its champion received in the NCAA tournament.

References

 
1976 establishments in the United States
The Mountain West Conference (abbreviated as either "MW" or "MWC") is a group of colleges and universities in the Western United States, who play NCAA Division I sports against one another. In football, the MW plays in the top-level Division I FBS.

The league was formed in 1999 when eight schools split from the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). Most of the original members had been members of the WAC before it grew from 10 schools to 16 in 1996.

Due to a major realignment of Division I conferences, the MW and Conference USA announced plans to merge into one conference, possibly for the 2013–14 school year. However, because of money issues, the conferences backed away from a full merger. They planned to form an alliance for scheduling and television purposes. After both conferences added more schools, they backed out of the planned alliance.

Current members
Eleven schools are "full members", meaning that they play almost all of their sports in the MW.

Associate members
Two schools are "associate members", meaning that they play in the MW in some sports while playing most other sports in another league. Both schools play only one sport in the MW.

Former members
Two of the MW's first members, plus one school that joined later, are no longer in the conference.

References

 
1999 establishments in the United States
The Mid-American Conference (MAC) is a college sports conference whose full members are located in the Great Lakes region of the United States. It sponsors 11 men's sports and 12 women's sports at the NCAA Division I level. In football, the MAC is one of 10 conferences that play in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS).

The MAC was founded in 1946 by five schools in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, but only one of the founding members, Ohio University, is still in the conference. All but two of its current full members are in those three states.

Sports sponsored 
 Baseball (men only)
 Basketball (both men and women)
 Cross country (both men and women)
 Field hockey (women only)
 Football (men only)
 Golf (both men and women)
 Gymnastics (women only)
 Lacrosse (women only)
 Soccer (both men and women)
 Softball (women only)
 Swimming and diving (both men and women)
 Tennis (both men and women)
 Track and field, indoor (both men and women)
 Track and field, outdoor (both men and women)
 Volleyball (women only)
 Wrestling (men only)

Members

Full members 
Currently, the MAC has 12 full members, all public schools, each of which competes in at least 15 MAC sports. Every member of the conference competes in football, baseball, men's and women's basketball, and the following women's sports: cross country, soccer, softball, indoor and outdoor track and field, and volleyball. In many sports, the conference is split into East and West Divisions.

Associate members
The MAC has 21 "associate members" that each play only one sport in the conference. One of these schools will leave the MAC for another conference in July 2022.

A major recent change in associate membership happened in 2019 when the MAC absorbed the Eastern Wrestling League, a single-sport conference that had existed since 1975. All seven of the EWL's final members thus became MAC associates.

A more recent change to associate membership took place on July 1, 2020 when the MAC added three members in the new conference sport of women's lacrosse, along with one former wrestling member dropping the sport.

SIU Edwardsville (SIUE), in full Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, left the MAC men's soccer league in 2021 to return to its former soccer home of the Missouri Valley Conference. It remains a MAC member in wrestling.

Another change in associate membership was announced in June 2020. Bellarmine University, which started a transition from NCAA Division II to Division I that July, joined the MAC field hockey league in July 2021.

At the same time Bellarmine joined in field hockey and SIUE left in wrestling, Georgia Southern University and Georgia State University joined MAC men's soccer, and Missouri wrestling left to become a single-sport member of its former all-sports home of the Big 12 Conference.

The next change in associate membership takes place in July 2022 when West Virginia University moves its men's soccer team to Conference USA. 

Associate members
Departing member indicated in pink.

References

 
1946 establishments in the United States
The State University of New York at Buffalo is a public university in Buffalo, New York. It is the largest university in a group called the "State University of New York" or "SUNY."

Sports
The Buffalo Bulls are the sports teams that play for the university at Buffalo. The NCAA Division I teams play in the Mid-American Conference. Their colors are blue and white. The mascot name is Victor E. Bull.

The football team plays in UB Stadium. Basketball plays in Alumni Arena. Baseball is played at Amherst Audubon Field.

References

 

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in New York
Mid-American Conference
Buffalo, New York