cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cowry shells (or cowrie), are marine snails of the family Cypraeidae.

They are found chiefly in tropical regions. There are about 200 different species of cowry.

Shell 
The shell itself is almost always very smooth and shiny. They have with a long, narrow, slit-like opening. All varieties have a porcelain-like shine  and many have colorful patterns. In life the shell is covered by the slippery mantle.

Shell sizes range from 5 mm (1/5") for some tropical species to 15 cm (6") for the tiger cowry, Cypraea tigris.

Predators
The slippery shell is very difficult for most animals to grip. The very narrow toothed aperture of the cowry shell makes it difficult for predators to reach into. However cowries are still vulnerable to predation:

 Some tropical crustaceans can break the dorsum of a cowry shell.
 Some mollusc-eating cones like Conus textile can inject venom into the cowry's flesh. The cone then extends its stomach into the shell, through the slit, to completely ingest the flesh.
 Some octopuses can gouge a small hole (using a special barb/tooth and an acidic secretion) through the shell to inject a venom that kills the animal within.

Taxonomy
For nearly 200 years, every species in the family Cypraeidae was placed in one genus, Cypraea, but in 2002  the cowries were divided into many different genera.

Uses 
Cowries (esp. Cypraea moneta) were used as a currency in Africa (Ghanaian cedi in Ghana named after cowry shells) and elsewhere, such as in China where the shell or copies of the shell were in theory used as a means of exchange. They are also worn as jewelry or otherwise used as ornaments or charms, as they are viewed as symbols of womanhood, fertility, birth and wealth.  Many find the shiny, porcelain-like shells pleasing to look at.

Cowry shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice, e.g., in board games like Pachisi, or in divination (cf. Ifá and the annual customs of Dahomey).
A number of shells (6 or 7 in Pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled.

Cowries have also been used in the recent past as a frame over which sock heels were stretched for darning. The cowry ridges allowed the needle to get under the cloth more easily.

The Ojibway aboriginal people in North America used the cowry shells in ceremonies, and the Whiteshell Provincial Park in Manitoba, Canada is named after this type of shell.  There is some debate about how they traded for or found these shells so far inland, away from the natural sources.  Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that they were found in the ground, and/or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers.  The cowry shells so far inland may indicate the use of them by an earlier tribe or group in the area, and an extensive trade network in the ancient past.

The typewritten postage stamps of 1895 Uganda also are called "Cowries".

References

Other websites 

 cowrys.org 
 Cowrie Genomic Database Project 
 Genus Cypraea on Animal Diversity Web 
 Cowries.info

Gastropods
Former currencies
Currency of Africa
Wiltshire (short: Wilts) is an English county. It borders the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and contains the unitary authority of Swindon. The county town is Trowbridge, in the west of the county at . The county covers 858,931 acres (3476 km²)

Settlements
Notable towns and cities in Wiltshire are:
 Bradford on Avon
 Calne
 Chippenham
 Devizes
 Malmesbury
 Marlborough
 Salisbury (city)
 Swindon
 Trowbridge
 Warminster
 Westbury

A full list of settlements is at List of places in Wiltshire.

Places of interest

Notable places of interest in Wiltshire are:

Notable areas of countryside in Wiltshire are:
 Cranborne Chase 
 Marlborough Downs 
 Salisbury Plain 
 Vale of Pewsey 

Notable routes through Wiltshire are:
 A4 road
 M4 motorway
 A303 trunk road
 Fosse Way old Roman road
 Great Western Main Line railway
 Wessex Main Line railway
 Kennet and Avon Canal
 Swindon and Cricklade Railway 
 Thames Path, a long distance footpath
 Wiltshire Cycleway
 National Cycle Route 4

Wiltshire is "Mid-Wessex" in the novels of Thomas Hardy

Other websites 

 Wiltshire County Council
 List of Councillors 
 Wiltshire Constabulary Online 
 BBC Wiltshire
 Wiltshire Tourist Office
 John Aubrey's The Natural History of Wiltshire
 White horses of Wiltshire 
 Wiltshire Gazette & Herald
 Wiltshire Times & Chippenham News
 Geology map of Wiltshire (PDF)
 Wiltshire & Swindon Intelligence Network

 
Ceremonial counties of England
The County of West Midlands is a metropolitan county in western central England with a population of around 2,600,000 people. The county contains three major cities, these being Birmingham, Coventry and Wolverhampton. Other large settlements in the county include Sutton Coldfield, Solihull, and the Black Country towns of Dudley, Walsall and West Bromwich.

The name "West Midlands" is also used for the much larger West Midlands region, which sometimes causes confusion.

Geography 
The West Midlands borders the counties of Warwickshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south, and Staffordshire to the north.

The West Midlands is one of the most heavily urbanised counties in the UK. Birmingham, Wolverhampton, the Black Country and Solihull together form the largest conurbation in the UK outside London, with a combined population of around 2.27 million.

The West Midlands is not entirely urban; Coventry is separated from the Birmingham urban area, by stretch of green belt land roughly 15 miles across known as the "Meriden Gap", which retains a strongly rural character.

A smaller piece of green belt between Birmingham, Walsall and West Bromwich includes Barr Beacon and the Sandwell Valley.

Towns and villages 
 Aldridge
 Balsall Common, Bloxwich, Bilston, Birmingham. Blackheath, Brierley Hill
 Coventry
 Dorridge, Dudley
 Halesowen, Hampton-in-Arden
 Little Aston
 Marston Green, Meriden
 Oldbury
 Rowley Regis
 Sedgley, Smethwick, Solihull, Stourbridge, Sutton Coldfield, Streetly
 Tipton
 Walsall, Wednesfield, Wednesbury, West Bromwich, Wolverhampton

Places of interest 
 Aston Hall, Birmingham
 Bescot Stadium (Walsall FC)
 Birmingham Bullring
 Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
 Birmingham Hippodrome
 Birmingham Railway Museum
 Birmingham Wheel
 Black Country Living Museum
 Blakesley Hall
 Cadbury World, Bournville, Birmingham
 Coventry Cathedral
 Coventry SkyDome Arena
 Coventry Transport Museum
 Dudley Castle
 Dudley Zoo
 Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham
 Internation Convention Centre (including Symphony Hall), Birmingham
 Molineux stadium (Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.)
 National Exhibition Centre
 National Indoor Arena (NIA), Birmingham
 Netherton tunnel
 Perrott's Folly
 Ricoh Arena (Coventry City Football Club)
 Sarehole Mill
 Sea Life Centre, Birmingham
 St Andrews (Birmingham City Football Club)
 The Hawthorns, (West Bromwich Albion Football Club)
 Thinktank, Millennium Point, Birmingham
 Villa Park (Aston Villa Football Club)
 Walsall Art Gallery
 Wightwick Manor

Education 
The West Midlands contains 6 universities;
 University of Birmingham
 Aston University
 University of Central England
 University of Warwick
 Coventry University
 Wolverhampton University

Though Warwick and Birmingham are considered the most prestigious of the universities in the area, all have a large intake of students from around the country.

Other websites 
 Photographs of Birmingham and the West Midlands
 Identity in the West Midlands 
 West Midlands Joint Committee 
 West Midlands NO! Campaign 
 West Midlands Groups Communities 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
A conurbation is an urban area that includes a number of cities, towns and villages which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. It is a sort of agglomeration.

A metropolitan area usually combines one or several conurbations.

Settlements
Dunkirk (, pronounced  or ; ) is a harbour city in the northernmost part of France, 10 km (6 mi) from the Belgian border.
 
The population of the whole metropolitan area was of 265,974 at the 1999 census. 

Until the middle of the 20th century the city was in the Dutch language area; today the local Dutch dialect still can be heard but has largely given way to French.

History 
Dunkirk was first mentioned in 1067 as Dunkerk (). 

In World War II, heavy fighting took place around Dunkirk during the German invasion in 1940 (Battle of Dunkirk), but a lull in the action unexpectedly allowed a large number of French and British soldiers to escape to England. The British evacuation of Dunkirk through the English Channel was codenamed Operation Dynamo. 
During the war, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by bombing.

Postwar Dunkirk 

On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian auto carrier Tricolor collided with the Bahamian-registered Kariba and sank off Dunkirk harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the English Channel.

Economy 
Dunkirk has the third largest harbour in France, after those of Le Havre and Marseille. It is also an industrial city, heavily dependent on the steel, food processing, oil refining, ship building and chemical industries.

Tourist attractions 

 The Musée Portuaire hosts exhibits images about the history and presence of the port.
 The Musée des Beaux-Arts has a large collection of Flemish, Italian and French paintings and sculptures.
 The Carnival of Dunkirk

Miscellaneous

Transport 

Dunkirk has a ferry connection with Dover in England.

Twin towns 

Dunkirk is twinned with:
  Krefeld, Germany since June 15, 1974
  Middlesbrough, United Kingdom since April 12, 1976

Dunkirk has cooperation agreements with:
 Dartford district, United Kingdom since March 1988
 Thanet district, United Kingdom since June 18, 1993

Other websites 

 City council website
 Tourist office website

Communes in Nord
Subprefectures in France
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Elz is a municipality and a village in Hessen, Germany. It is part of the Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg. It is along the river Lahn. It has 8,088 inhabitants (2004).

Geography 
The elevation is between 110m and 291m above sea level. Elz is in a valley called "Limburger Becken", which surrounds the town of Limburg. Elz is also in the valley of the "Elbbach", which flows into the river Lahn after passing Elz.
The municipality of Elz borders the municipalities of Hundsangen, Hambach, Görgeshausen, Niedererbach, Obererbach and the towns of Hadamar and Limburg.
The municipality of Elz consists of two villages: The village of Elz (7,743 inhabitants) and the village of Malmeneich (345 inhabitants).
Average temperatures are 10.5 °C in Elz and 9.9 °C in Malmeneich. Though this sounds quite moderate, temperatures can vary between -20 °C in winter and 40 °C in summer. In an average year there are 600mm of rain in Elz and 720mm in Malmeneich.

History 
Elz was first mentioned in a document from 933 AD, which does not exist any more. Political importance resulted from its position at the Hohe Straße, the former most important road between Frankfurt am Main and Cologne, which still exists and is now part of the "Bundesstraße 8", which can be translated with Interstate 8.
Elz got the town privileges in 1442. Soon a wall around the town was constructed but knocked down later.

Politics 
The council consists of 31 members. 19 members are from the Christian Democrats, seven are from the Social Democratic Party, four from the Free Voters' Community and one is from the Green Party. The mayor Horst Kaiser is a Christian Democrat and was elected in 2005 with 84.8% of all votes.

Economy and infrastructure 
In Elz thaere are more than 600 businesses with much more than 2,000 jobs. The industrial area is at the B8 between Elz and Malmeneich.

Traffic 
Elz is not only at the B8,which goes from the Dutch border to Passau, but also at the Autobahn 3, which connects Würzburg,Frankfurt am Main and Cologne.

Public institutions 
In Elz there is a big outdoor swimming pool, two gyms, several sport and tennis fields and two old people's homes.

Education 
There are three kindergartens, two primary schools and one "Haupt- und Realschule" (part of the German secondary education).

Famous people 
 Theodor Blank (1905-1972), Bundesverteidigungsminister (Federal minister for defense) 1955-1956, Bundesminister für Arbeit und Sozialordnung (Federal minister for employment and social matters) 1957-1965
 Joseph Blank (1913-1994), Landesminister für Landesplanung, Wohnungsbau und öffentliche Arbeiten von Nordrhein-Westfalen (Minister for spatial planning, building and public works of North Rhine-Westphalia) 1962-1963

References
The small white (Pieris rapae) is a small to mid-sized butterfly of the 'yellows' & 'whites' Pieridae family. It is also commonly known as the small cabbage white or just the cabbage white.

Distribution
It is common across Europe, North Africa and Asia and has also been accidentally introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand where they have become pests on cultivated cabbages and other mustard family crops.

Description

It looks like a smaller version of the Large White. The upperside is creamy white with black tips to the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black .

Habits
Like its close relative the large white this is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Like other 'white' butterflies it hibernates as a pupa. Like the large white, it is sometimes known as the cabbage white' or cabbage butterfly.

Lifecycle
It has two flight periods, April–May and July–August.

Eggs
Its caterpillars can be a pest on cultivated cabbages. . It also lays eggs on wild members of the cabbage family such as the charlock Sinapis arvensis and hedge mustard Sisybrium officinale. The eggs are laid singly on foodplant leaves.

Caterpillars
Known in the United States as "imported cabbage worms", the caterpillars are green and well camouflaged. Unlike the large white they do not store the mustard oils from their foodplants and so are not distastful to predators like birds.

References
 Asher J. et al. The millennium atlas of Britain and Ireland Oxford University Press
 Evans W.H. 1932. The identification of Indian butterflies. 2nd ed, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.

Pieridae
Protection means when any group of people or things try to defend the people or things that they care about (so that they would not get hurt). Protection can also mean other things, for example:

 Civil protection, or civil defense, protecting life, health, property and environment of citizens 
 Environmental protection, is a political action that is to do with protecting nature by preservation (keeping them), and restoration (making something that was lost to come back)
 Contraception (euphemism)
 Protectionism, in world trade, making people stop buying what other countries make, so they must buy things made in their own country 
 Protective clothing, clothing that protect the body from danger 
 A protectorate, in politics and history, is the protector (the person who protects), for example:
 A Lord protector, guarding as the country like a minor Monarch or during The Protectorate as a British republic 
 The protectorate between a strong power (the protector) and a weaker one, who can ask for help when needed, or are obliged to agree 
 Protection (album), a 1994 album by the group Massive Attack
 Protection (song), a song by trip-hop band Massive Attack. It was released in 1995
 Protection (band) is an American band, based in San Francisco 
 The Protection of the Mother of God, a feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church
The Sudetenland was a mountainous area of Czechoslovakia. The name comes from the Sudetes, a mountain range, but it was also used for other places in Bohemia in which mostly-German people lived. They wanted their homes to be part of Germany, not Czechoslovakia. Nazi Germany took Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938, which contributed to the start of World War II.

Other websites
 WW2DB: Annexation of Sudetenland

History of Germany
Geography of the Czech Republic
1375 was a year in the 14th century.

Events 
 The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.
 The Russian town of Kostroma is destroyed by the ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod.
 October 24 – Death of Valdemar IV of Denmark.
 Petru I succeeds his father, Costea, as ruler of Moldavia (now Moldova & eastern Romania).
 The Mamluks from Egypt conquer the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Leo VI of Armenia is imprisoned for several years in Cairo until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.
 Mujahid Shah succeeds his father, Mohammad Shah I, as Sultan of the Bahmanid Empire in Deccan, southern India.
 Moscow & Tver sign a truce. Tver agrees to help Moscow fight the Blue Horde.

Births 
 Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (approximate date; d.1415)
 Nicolas Grenon, French composer (approximate date; d. 1456)
 Lan Kham Deng, King of Lan Xang 1416-1428 (d. 1428)

Deaths 
 July 5 – Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
 October 24 – King Valdemar IV of Denmark
 December 21 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (born 1313)
Crimson is  reddish magenta color between red and rose on the color wheel.  You can make it by combining a strong, bright deep red with a little blue.  It is originally the color of the dye produced from the dried bodies of a scale insect, Kermes vermilio.

The word crimson has been in written use in the English since 1400,

Meaning of crimson

In English, crimson is traditionally associated with the color of blood, and hence is associated with violence, courage and martyrdom.
Crimson was the most distinctive color of British officers' uniforms until the introduction of khaki camouflage, and remains in use for the colours (flag). The King's Royal Hussars still wear crimson trousers.
 In Poland, karmazyn ('crimson') is a synonym for a Magnate (someone who is a member of the nobility).

Tones of crimson color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Ochre or Ocher is a golden-yellow or light yellowish brown colour.  The word is from the Greek ochros, meaning "yellow".  Ochre is natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide.

Meaning of ochre 

The use of ochre is particularly intensive: it is not unusual to find a layer of the cave floor impregnated with a purplish red to a depth of eight inches. The size of these ochre deposits raises a problem not yet solved. The colouring is so intense that practically all the loose ground seems to consist of ochre. One can imagine that the Aurignacians regularly painted their bodies red, dyed their animal skins, coated their weapons, and sprinkled the ground of their dwellings, and that a paste of ochre was used for decorative purposes in every phase of their domestic life. We must assume no less, if we are to account for the veritable mines of ochre on which some of them lived.

Tones of ochre colour comparison chart 

 Banana Yellow (Yellow Ochre) (Human Feces) (Hex: #CCCC33) (RGB: 204, 204, 51)
<li style = "background-color: #cc7722;"> Ochre (Hex: #CC7722) (RGB: 204, 119, 34)<li>

Pigments
Teal is a deep blue-green color; a dark cyan.

Teal gets its name from the colored area around the eyes of the common teal, a member of the duck family.  

The first written use of Teal as a color name in English was in 1917.

Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine

Tones of teal color comparison chart

Tones of the Teal color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References

Other websites 
Plochere Color System website
 What Color is Teal and How You Can Use It in Your Home Decor, Architect Anton Giuroiu , Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest, Romania
or navy is a dark shade of the color blue. Some people mistake navy blue for black because some navies (such as the United States Navy) use a shade of navy blue that is so dark it is practically black.

Meaning of navy blue

 Navy blue represents sailors and also represents the navy of a nation.  Navy blue also represents the sport of yachting.
 Since 1748, British Royal Navy uniforms have been white and navy blue.  Other navies also adopted these uniform colors.  This is where the color got its name.
 Navy blue is the most popular color for a jacket known as a blazer (which also has brass buttons) which is often worn on special or formal occasions.  Navy blue colored blazers are also often worn by people who are employed in customer service positions that serve the public from behind a desk, such as hotel concierges.
 Navy uniforms colored a color called Regimental (now called Persian Indigo), made by dyeing cloth with indigo dye, were popular among many nations during the 19th Century.

Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine

Tones of navy blue

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Lime is a yellowish green color.  It is the color that is half way between the color chartreuse green and yellow on the color wheel.  The color lime is named after the fruit, lime.

The official web color named lime actually corresponds to pure green on an RGB display.  Lime green is the color of the outer skin of a lime.  Lime pulp is the color of the inside of a lime and of limeade, a fruit drink that is made from limes.

The first recorded use of lime as a color name in English was in 1905.

Meaning of lime
 The color lime implies someone or something that is tangy, tasty, and bold like the flavor of limeade, the drink that is made from limes.

 Sailors in the British Navy are called limeys because they used to be issued large rations of lime fruit to eat to prevent the disease scurvy on long sea voyages.

Tones of lime color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Karl Jochen Rindt (born  April 18 1942 in Mainz, Germany – died September 5 1970 in Monza) was a German racing driver who represented Austria during his career. In 1970, he won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, but died in a crash in Monza. He was the only driver to win the championship after he died.

In 1965 he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.

References

1942 births
1970 deaths
Austrian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
People from Mainz
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Claudio Arrau León (; February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean classical pianist.

Arrau started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 5. The Chilean government heard of the child prodigy and quickly organized to have him sent to Germany to study with the best music teachers. At the age of 7 Arrau started to study music seriously at the Stern Conservatory, Berlin, Germany.

By the age of 11, Arrau was playing like a master, and performed the works of Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin and Johannes Brahms in recitals. 

Later in life Arrau became an important teacher of the piano and taught some of the most famous pianists in the world. Arrau married Ruth Schneider, an opera singer, and settled in the United States. Throughout his career he won the highest awards for piano playing. He died in Austria in 1991.

1903 births
1991 deaths
Chilean people
Pianists
People from Bío Bío Region
Patriotism means loyalty of a person to his/her own nation or the leaders of the nation. A patriot is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders. Patriotism is different from nationalism. 
Also, contrary to a nationalist, patriots do not favor                imperialism, while nationalists tend to favor imperialism. An example of a nationalist favoring imperialism would be Adolf Hitler.

The English term "patriot" is first known from the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς (patris), "fatherland". The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century..

Politics
Nationalism
Misogyny (similar to Misandry) is a type of discrimination that refers to the discrimination of female people (women). Misandry, a similar term, refers to discrimination of men.

A misogynist is a person who hates women. Misogynists hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil. The opposite of being misogynistic is being anti-sexist or misandrist.

There are some communities that have been described as misogynist such as the manosphere.

References

Reated pages 
Sexism
Violence against women

Discrimination
Hatred
Malmeneich is a village in Hesse, Germany. It belongs to the municipality of Elz. The postal code for Malmeneich is 65604 and its dialing code is 06433. 345 people live in the village.

Geography and Climate
Malmeneich is in the Westerwald. The average elevation is 250m above sea level. The highest point is in the forest and is 292m high. The average temperature is 9,9°C. The village get between 700-720mm of rain each year. Though this seems moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C and 35°C.

Malmeneich and the media
There was an entry about Malmeneich on the Hessian television in 2002. This was for a project of hr3 which aimed to report about Hessian villages with less than 1000 people living in them.

Every year Malmeneich is mentioned in the regional newspaper because of the "Malmeneicher Kirmes".

At the European elections in 2005, a citizen of Malmeneich was caught after voting five times. He got judged and this crime went through the regional media.

Other websites 
 Traveljournals.net Information on Malmeneich
 Official website of the municipality of Elz

Villages in Hesse
The word Maroon can have the following meanings:
 Maroon (colour), a dark red
 Maroon (people), runaway slaves in the Caribbean
 Marooning, the act of leaving someone on a deserted island
 Maroon (rocket), a loud rocket used for signaling
 Chicago Maroon, an independent student newspaper of the University of Chicago
 Colgate Maroon-News newspaper of Colgate University and the oldest university weekly newspaper in America
 Saint Maroon
 Marooned (Red Dwarf episode), an episode of Red Dwarf

In sports:
 The Queensland Maroons, officially called Queensland State of Origin Team, a representative rugby league team that plays Rugby League State of Origin
 The Montreal Maroons were a professional ice hockey team, in existence from 1924 to 1938
 The Toledo Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence from 1922 to 1923
 The Kenosha Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence in 1924
 The Fighting Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of the Philippines
 The Chicago Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of Chicago
 The Maroons, all the athletic teams of Roanoke College
 The Maroons, all the athletic teams of Moline High School

In the military:
The Maroon Beret is the internationally recognised symbol for elite airborne forces.

In music:
 Maroon (album), a 2000 album by the Barenaked Ladies
 Maroon (band), a German vegan and straight edge band
 Maroon 5, a United States pop band
 "Maroon", the adopted name Russell Shoatz, a former Black Liberation Army member
 Maroons (Hip hop group) from Oakland, California (Lateef & Chief Xcel)

In art:
 Maroon, Bugs Bunny's civil wording for Moron
United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American company that transports packages. It is the largest package delivery company in the world. UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries. It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. The company started in 1936 when several smaller companies merged and took the new name. It was owned by employees until 1999 when it offered stock to outsiders. 

The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks. The company trademarked the color so other delivery companies cannot use a brown logo.

UPS Airlines is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries. UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.

Other websites 
 UPS corporate website, shipping, tracking, service information
 ST Courier 

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Gómez Pereira (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo. He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy. As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.

His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the  famous idea "cogito ergo sum". This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".

Life
Little is known about his life. He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila.  Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.

He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca.  His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain. He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520. He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants. He never had children. 

He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain.  He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince,  Don Carlos, when he had an accident.  He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water. 

Pereira
Pereira, Gomez
1500 births
1567 deaths
Spore is a computer game made by Will Wright. He also made The Sims and SimCity. It consists of five phases of gameplay, the cell, creature, tribal, civilization and space phases. It is a game in which the player is able to create and evolve a species from a germ into a galactic superpower. It was released on September 7, 2008 in America, and September 5 in Europe.
Initially, it was going to be 6 different phases, but they merged the city and civilization phases, so it's only 5 phases now.

One of the biggest parts of the game is the different editors. Almost all things in the game can be made by the player, from buildings in the civilization phase to the creature in the creature phase. The player uses different parts that he can place as he wants. He can also change things like size and "stretch" the parts. All these things made by players can be uploaded as pictures to the "sporepedia". A picture has all the info needed for the game to make the thing, and is very small in size, usually less than 30 kilobytes. This means, that a player can find a picture of a car made in Spore that he likes, copy it, and put it in the Spore folder. Then they can play with it.

All the different phases of the game offer many choices. Roughly, the player can choose to be peaceful, aggressive, or both. For example, in the creature phase, there is a choice to eat other animals, just fruit, or both. And in the civilization phase, there is a choice to be military, religious, economic, or a little of all of them. 

2008 video games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
Tilia is a genus of between 30 and 45 species of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America.

The trees are generally called linden in North America, and lime in Britain. Both names are from the Germanic root lind. The modern forms in English went from linde or linne in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form lime. In the United States, the modern German name Linde, from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.

Tilia species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically between 20m and 40m tall, some species grow as shrubs. Plants of this genus are found through the north temperate regions.

History
The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya. Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree. Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen. These assemblies were used to make laws. They usually lasted three days.

Species

 Tilia americana
 Tilia amurensis
 Tilia begoniifolia
 Tilia caroliniana  
 Tilia chinensis
 Tilia chingiana 
 Tilia cordata
 Tilia dasystyla 
 Tilia henryana
 Tilia heterophylla
 Tilia hupehensis 
 Tilia insularis 
 Tilia intonsa 
 Tilia japonica
 Tilia kiusiana 
 Tilia mandshurica
 Tilia maximowicziana 
 Tilia mexicana
 Tilia miqueliana 
 Tilia mongolica
 Tilia nasczokinii
 Tilia nobilis
 Tilia occidentalis
 Tilia oliveri
 Tilia paucicostata 
 Tilia platyphyllos
 Tilia rubra
 Tilia tomentosa
 Tilia tuan

Hybrids and cultivars
Tilia × euchlora (T. dasystyla × T. cordata)
Tilia × europaea Common Lime (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos; syn. T. × vulgaris)
Tilia × petiolaris (T. tomentosa × T. ?)
Tilia 'Flavescens' (T. americana × T. cordata)
Tilia 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

Uses
The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.

Other websites 

 GRIN: Tilia 

Trees
Malvaceae
In mathematics and geometry, the Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system used to give the location of points on a plane by using two numbers for each point. It is also called the rectangular coordinate system. The numbers are usually called the  coordinate and the  coordinate. To find the coordinates of a point, two perpendicular lines, called axes (singular: axis), are drawn. The point where the axes meet is the coordinate origin, written (0,0). The  coordinate gives the position of a point measured along the  axis, and the  coordinate gives the position along the  axis. Cartesian coordinates can be used in three dimensions (3D), by adding a third number, the  coordinate. In four dimensions (4D), a fourth number, the  coordinate, is added. Each coordinate represents a dimension of space.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system, many shapes, like straight lines and parabolas can be described by using algebraic equations. The results of the equations can be seen by plotting (drawing) a point for each solution to the equations. For example, the  axis is described by the equation . A circle having radius  and centered at the origin can be described with the equation  (see Figure 2).

The name Cartesian comes from the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: Cartesius), who worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. This work was important in creating calculus and cartography.

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two works by Descartes. In part two of his Discourse on Method, Descartes explains plotting the position of a point or object on a surface, using two perpendicular axes as measuring guides. In La Géométrie (Geometry), he further explores these ideas.

Related pages

Polar coordinate system

Coordinate systems
Cuba is divided into fourteen provinces and one special municipality.

List of provinces 

From west to east, Cuba's provinces are:
 Isla de la Juventud
 Pinar del Río
 Artemisa
 City of Havana (Ciudad de La Habana)
 Mayabeque
 Matanzas
 Cienfuegos
 Villa Clara
 Sancti Spíritus
 Ciego de Ávila
 Camagüey
 Las Tunas
 Granma
 Holguín
 Santiago de Cuba
 Guantánamo

Cuba's "special municipality" is the Isla de la Juventud ("Island of Youth"), known until the 1970s as the Isla de Pinos ("Isle of Pines") and previously as "Evangelista", "Isle of Santiago" and "Isle of Parrots".

History 

Prior to 1976, Cuba was divided into the following provinces (from west to east):
 Pinar del Río
 La Habana
 Matanzas
 Las Villas (before 1940, "Santa Clara")
 Camagüey (before 1899, "Puerto Príncipe")
 Oriente (before 1905, "Santiago de Cuba")
  
These provinces were used to be the following areas on the map: Pinar del Rio (item 2), La Habana (items 1, 3, 4), Matanzas (5), Las Villas (approximately 6, 7, and 8 on map), Camaguey (roughly 9 and 10) and Oriente (11, 12, 13, 14 and 15).

Demographics 
Pop. = Population. Source: Cuba census 2002

References

Other websites 
 Map of contemporary provinces of Cuba on webhavana.com 
 Cuban Census 2002
Jeddah (also spelled Jedda, Jiddah, Jidda, or Juddah; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city. It is on the coast of the Red Sea (21.50° N 39.1667° E). It is the major urban center in western Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is the largest city in the Western Province, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city Riyadh. The city has over 3.4 million people. It is seen as the business capital of Saudi Arabia and the richest city in the Middle East and western Asia.

Jeddah is the main gateway to Mecca, the holiest city of Islam, where able-bodied Muslims must go to at least once in a lifetime.

Sister cities 
Jeddah has 23 sister cities (aka "twin towns"):

  Almaty, Kazakhstan
  Amman, Jordan
  Baku, Azerbaijan
  Alexandria, Egypt
  Cairo, Egypt
  Stuttgart, Germany
  Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  Jakarta, Indonesia
  Istanbul, Turkey
  Adana, Turkey
  Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
  Karachi, Pakistan
  Mari, Turkmenistan
  Odessa, Ukraine
  Osh, Kyrgyzstan
  Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  Casablanca, Morocco
  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  Shimonoseki, Japan
  St. Petersburg, Russia
  Strasbourg, France
  Xi'an, People's Republic of China

References

 
6th-century BC establishments
Establishments in Saudi Arabia
Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an English sea captain in the Royal Navy. He was born at the rectory of the village of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk. 

Nelson commanded the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, fighting the French and Spanish. Nelson was blind in one eye, after being wounded in battle. During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed by a French sniper.

Last words
At least three versions of his last words exist, and are shown in wikiquote. 

His most well-known last words are, "Kiss me, Hardy".

Another statement during his last hours was, "Thank God I have done my duty."

Alternatively, he may have said both of these statements; "Kiss me, Hardy" and Hardy kissed him on the cheek. Then Nelson said, "Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty." Then Hardy kissed him again on the forehead and Nelson called out, "Who is that?" Hardy replied, "It is Hardy." Then Nelson said, "God bless you, Hardy." Then he murmoured to those around him to look about Emma Hamilton and his daughter.

Most recently are accounts of his chaplain, Alexander Scott; his steward, Chevalier; and the purser, Walter Burke.  "Drink, drink. Fan, fan. Rub, rub" was a request to ease his symptoms of thirst, heat, and the pains of his wounds. 

Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded his last words as 'God and my country'.

References 

1758 births
1805 deaths
Admirals
British Barons
British Viscounts
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People from Norfolk
Royal Navy officers
United Kingdom Barons
United Kingdom Viscounts
Turquoise is the colour of the gem turquoise.  It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan.  Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green.  The name comes from the French word for Turkish.

Meaning of turquoise 

 People who practise holistic medicine say that turquoise has a calming effect on patients.  They use this color to treat patients prone to panic attacks or mania. To a lesser degree, mainstream psychiatric hospitals also use turquoise and other light shades of blue and green to calm patients by painting the walls in these colors.
 "The Turquoise" is slang for the waters of the Caribbean.  In the sunlight these waters look turquoise because they are shallow.
 The color and gem stone represent Sagittarius.

Tones of turquoise colour comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
The color Amber is a yellow color. It got its name from the material known as amber.  The amber color is halfway between yellow and orange on the color wheel.

The first recorded use of amber as a color name in English was in 1500.

Meaning of amber 
 Amber is used in traffic lights and turn signals.
 Amber is a symbolic color symbolizing energy.
 The color amber is associated with Zoroastrianism because of its practice of fire worship in fire temples (actually, the holy fire is simply a representation of the spiritual energy of God Ahura Mazda).
 The original Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. Due to its singular beauty, it was sometimes dubbed the Eighth Wonder of the World.
 Amber is a colour worn by Hull City AFC, an English Association football team. Also worn by Mansfield Town F.C.

Tones of amber color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
A sea captain, also known as a skipper, is the leader on a ship.  They are responsible for the safety of everyone on board.  If the ship is in trouble, most captains will not leave unless everyone is safe.

Related pages
Captain

occupations
Ships
The brainstem is the rear part of the brain. It has two sections: the hindbrain, which includes the pons and medula, and the midbrain.

Though the brainstem is small, it is extremely important. The motor (movement) and sensory connections from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. Also, from the brainstem come the main motor and sensory nerves to the face and neck. These nerves are called the cranial nerves. The brainstem controls many bodily functions of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing, heart beat, and sweating. The brainstem controls functions which are unconscious, but necessary for life. 

The hindbrain consists of the pons, and the medulla oblongata; which is an extension of the spinal cord.  It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord. Its neurons are the control centre of bodily functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.

Functions of the brainstem 
Conduction All information going between the body and the cerebellum and the cerebrum must go through the brainstem.
Nerves Cranial nerves 3–12 emerge from the brainstem. There are motor neurons in the brainstem that allow movement in the face, including speech and swallowing. 
Integration It is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a serious and often life-threatening problem.

Brain
An ideology is a collection of ideas or beliefs shared by a group of people. It may be a connected set of  ideas, or a style of thought, or a world-view. It was coined by a French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy in 1801/5.

There are two main types of ideologies: political ideologies, and epistemological ideologies. Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run. Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.

There are many different types of ideologies. Communism, socialism, and capitalism are  political/economical ideologies.

Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of values, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or class which explains how society should work. It offers a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.

Political ideologies have two dimensions:
 Goals: how society should work (or be arranged).
 Methods: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.

Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana). 

Today, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age, in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed. This is often associated with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".

References

Philosophy
Politics
Sociology
The Iran–Iraq War was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988. It was commonly called the Persian Gulf War until Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. The Iraq-Kuwait war, which the United States entered, later was called the Persian Gulf War or the Gulf War.

The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on 22 September 1980, after a long history of border disputes and demands for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime. Iraqi forces did well at the beginning of the war, taking Iranian Khuzestan, but before long they were stopped and forced out of Iran. The war continued for years, and neither side gained much ground in the resulting trench warfare. About a million soldiers died and a similar number of civilians. Both sides used blockade, which other countries opposed. Despite several calls for an end to the fighting by the United Nations Security Council, the two countries fought until 20 August 1988; the last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003. The war changed politics in the Middle East and worldwide.

The Iran–Iraq War is also noted for Iraq's use of chemical weapons and biological weapons against Iranian troops and civilians. The role of the United States and Soviet Union was very important, dating back to the Cold War. In 1953, the US encouraged a coup d'état against Mohammad Mosaddegh, who was the Prime Minister of Iran. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power, supporting his military and his government. The United States sold many weapons to the Shah's government. Meanwhile, revolutionaries of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party overthrew the king of Iraq and, with the help of the Soviet Union, built up their army. Starting with the United Arab Republic, they sought to unite all the Arabs into one state, including the Arab minority in Iran.

After the war started, (especially between 1983 and 1988) the United States sold weapons to the Iraqis. This move was largely due to America's interest in containing the revolutionary Ayatollah Khomeini. Thus, both the Soviet Union and the United States supplied Iraq with weapons to use against Iran. The United States had sold many weapons to Iran before the war. it was believed the soviet union was selling weapons to both sides during the war.

Related pages
 Persian Gulf
 Gulf War

References 

1980s in Asia
1980s in Iran
Wars involving Iraq
20th century in Iraq