cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A cradle of civilization is a place where civilization emerged. There was no single "cradle", but several civilizations that developed independently. The Fertile Crescent (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia), Ancient India, and Ancient China were the first. Whether there was influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia  is not known. 

Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica  emerged independently and later than those in Eurasia. They were mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico, in the north-central coastal region of Peru.

Civilization involves the use of writing, building cities, a class-based society, agriculture, animal husbandry, public buildings, metallurgy, and monumental architecture. The term cradle of civilization has been applied to a variety of cultures and areas, in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic and Fertile Crescent, Ancient India and Ancient China. It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia, the Levant and Iranian plateau, and used to refer to culture predecessors—such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western civilization.

References 

Ancient history
Hurricane Beryl was a hurricane that hit the lesser antilies. Damage was reletively minor. Beryl was also one of the Subtropical Cyclones of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season.

Hurricanes
The Stopanska rijeka – also signed as  Stopanski  and   Stopanski potok  –  is a right tributary of the Vrbanja  river in the Kotor-Varoš Municipality, local community of Šiprage,  Bosnia and Herzegovina. It originates northeast of the village Stopan, from the stream Subanj (1100 m) and the Pecan spring, at an altitude of 1000 m, between the elevations Pirevište (northwest, 1042 m) and Lepenica (southeast, 1016 m). 

žIn the upper stream it bears the name of Burča, after the village of the same name in the north, through which the river Buračka river. The geographical and popular name Stopanska river is from the straits below one of the peaks of Lepenica (807 m).  

With name  Burča, this river flows in the northeast – southwest direction, and as Stopanska River it turns northwest all the way below Stopan, where it makes its south-west arch and flows into Vrbanja on its great blood near Todorovici village, at altitude of 460 m. Until the 1960s, 12 watermills operated on Stopanska River, and its streams and tributaries.

Related pages
Vrbanja river

References

Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Puntnam is a county in the US state of Tennessee. About 79.000 people live in the county. The biggest cities are  Cookeville (which is also the county seat, 30.000 people in  2019), and Algood (about 3.000 people in 2019).

References

Tennessee counties
Corbeyrier is a municipality in Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Vaud
Gryon is a municipality in Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Gryon 
 
 Official website of the tourism region Villars-Gryon 
 Aerial photographs on swisscastle.ch

Municipalities of Vaud
Lavey-Morcles is a municipality in the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

The municipality was created in 1852 by a merger of Lavey and Morcles.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 
 

Municipalities of Vaud
Ormont-Dessous is a municipality in the Aigle district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Ormont-Dessous 
 Website of La Forclaz  
 
 
 Burgenwelt: Château d'Aigremont
 Aerial view of Le Sépey
 Aerial view of La Forclaz

Municipalities of Vaud
Yvorne is a municipality in the Aigle district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Vaud
Ormont-Dessus is a municipality in the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Ormont-Dessus 
 Official website of the tourism region Les Diablerets  
 
 Aerial view of Les Diablerets

Municipalities of Vaud
Pully is a municipality in the district of Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is one of the eastern suburbs of the city of Lausanne, located on the shores of Lake Geneva (Lac Léman) and at the foot of the vineyards of Lavaux on the road to Vevey and Montreux.

References

Other websites 

  

Municipalities of Vaud
Cities in Switzerland
Lutry is a municipality in the Lavaux-Oron district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Vaud
Cities in Switzerland
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019 was the seventeenth edition of the contest. It took place at the Gliwice Arena, Gliwice-Silesia, Poland on 24 November 2019, Polish broadcaster Telewizja Polska (TVP) was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was  "Share the joy".

Results 
On 18 July 2019, it was confirmed that nineteen countries would take part in the contest. Spain marked their first appearance since 2006, while Azerbaijan and Israel did not return.

Score sheet

12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received from each country's professional juries.

Spokespersons 
The following people announced the jury 12 points for their respective country:

 Szymon
 Karolina
 Alisa Khilko and Khryusha
 Magdalena
 Violeta Leal
 Anastasia Garsevanishvili
 Emilia Niewinskaja
 Paula
 Cadi Morgan
 Aruzhan Khafiz
 Marianna Józefina Piątkowska
 Leo Kearney
 Darina Krasnovetska
 Anne Buhre
 Erik Antonyan
 Zofia
 Maria Iside Fiore
 Efi Gjika
 Bojana Radovanović

References

Other websites 
 

2019 in Europe
2019 in music
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Glen Ridge is a borough in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 7,527.

References

Boroughs in New Jersey
Lavrentis Machairitsas (; 5 November 1956 – 9 September 2019) was a Greek rock musician and songwriter. He was born in Volos, Thessaly. Machairitsas began his solo career in 1989 as a writer and performer. His first album was O Magapas Kai I Sagapo, released by Minos-EMI. In 1991 he released Didymoteicho Blues, which was certified Gold. In 2016, Machairitsas performed at the Kaye Playhouse at Hunter College in New York during AKTINA's Greek Music Journey concert series.

Machaititsas died on 9 September 2019 of a heart attack in Athens at the age of 62.

References

1956 births
2019 deaths
Rock musicians
Greek writers
Songwriters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Thomas Hawley Tuberville (; born September 18, 1954) is a former American football coach and player and politician. Tuberville is the junior United States Senator from Alabama since 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was born in Camden, Arkansas.

Tuberville was the head football coach at the University of Mississippi from 1995 to 1998, Auburn University from 1999 until 2008, Texas Tech University from 2010 to 2012 and University of Cincinnati from 2013 to 2016.

In 2015, Tuberville was the president of the American Football Coaches Association. In 2017 he was hired by ESPN as a color analyst for their college football coverage.

In April 2019, Tuberville announced he would run for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in Alabama to challenge Democratic U.S. Senator Doug Jones. He won the Republican nomination in July 2020, beating former Senator Jeff Sessions. He defeated Jones in the general election in November 2020.

References

Other websites
 Texas Tech profile

1954 births
Living people
American football coaches
American football players
Politicians from Arkansas
Sportspeople from Arkansas
United States senators from Alabama
Sportspeople from Alabama
US Republican Party politicians
Daniel Patrick Frawley (8 September 1963 – 9 September 2019) was an Australian rules footballer and football commentator. He worked for Fox Sports. He coached the Richmond Football Club between 2000 and 2004.

He was the nephew of Collingwood player Des Tuddenham and the uncle of current Hawthorn Football Club player James Frawley. Frawley worked for the St Kilda Football Club as a specialist defence coach on a part-time basis.

Frawley was born in Ballarat, Victoria.

On 9 September 2019, Frawley was killed in a car crash near Millbrook, Victoria. He was 56 years old.

References

Other websites
Frawley profile on the St Kilda Football club website

1963 births
2019 deaths
Road accident deaths
Australian rules footballers
Australian sports commentators
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Roger Boutry (27 February 1932 – 7 September 2019) was a French composer and conductor. He was born in Paris. Boutry was the Music Director of the Republican Guard from 1973 through 1977.

Boutry died in Paris on 7 September 2019 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
 Roger Boutry 
 Roger Boutry (Corelia)
 Discography (Discogs)
 Roger Boutry-Divertimento for Saxophone (YouTube)

1932 births
2019 deaths
French composers
French conductors
Writers from Paris
Albert Reinhold Carmichael (November 10, 1928 – September 7, 2019) was an American football player and stuntman. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Carmichael played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League between 1953 and 1958 and then he was with the Denver Broncos of the American Football League in 1960 and 1961.

Carmichael played as a stuntman in more than 50 movies including Jim Thorpe – All-American for Burt Lancaster (1951), Saturday's Hero (1951), All-American (1953), Pork Chop Hill (1959), It Started with a Kiss (1959), The Big Operator (195), Elmer Gantry (1960), one of the doubles for Kirk Douglas in Spartacus (1960), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), Son of Flubber (1962), How the West was Won (1962), and the TV show Rawhide.

Carmichael died on September 7, 2019 in Palm Dessert, California at the age of 90.

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
Stuntmen
Green Bay Packers players
Denver Broncos players
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Boston, Massachusetts
Ram Boolchand Jethmalani (14 September 1923 – 8 September 2019) was an Indian lawyer and politician. He was born in Shikarpur, Bombay Presidency . Jethmalani was a member of the Rashtriya Janata Dal. Until 2016, he was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. 

Jethmalani MP from 1977 through 1984 and again from 2010 until his death. He was Minister of Law and Justice in 1996 and again from 1999 through 2000 and Urban Development from 1998 through 1999.

Jethmalani died on 8 September 2019 in New Delhi at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
 Bio-profile of Jethmalani as Lok Sabha Member
 Rajya Sabha Member 

1923 births
2019 deaths
Indian lawyers
Indian politicians
Shanti Bhushan (born 11 November 1925) is an Indian politician. He was Minister of Law and Justice from 1977 to 1979 in the Morarji Desai Ministry. He is a senior advocate of the Supreme Court of India.

References

1925 births
Living people
Indian lawyers
Indian politicians
Kunwar Natwar Singh (born 16 May 1931) is an Indian politician. He was born in Bharatpur, Bharatpur State. Singh was Minister of External Affairs  from May 2004 through December 2005. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.

References

1931 births
Living people
Indian politicians
Yisrael Kessar (, 20 May 1931 – 8 September 2019) was a Yemeni-born Israeli politician. He was a Knesset member for the Alignment and Labor Party between 1984 and 1996. He was Minister of Transport and Road Safety from 1992 through 1996.

Kessar was born in Sanaʽa, Yemen. He died on 8 September 2019 in Haifa from pneumonia at the age of 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Jewish Israeli politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Yemeni people
or , is a mythical Japanese dragon with eight heads and eight tails.

References

Japanese mythology
Lito Legaspi (10 September 1941 – 8 September 2019) was a Filipino actor. He won Gawad Urian Award for Best Supporting Actor in Sinong Kapiling? Sinong Kasiping? (1977). He was probably best known for playing President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte in 1992 movie Pugoy Hostage: Davao. He was born in Manila.

Legaspi died on 8 September 2019 at a Manila hospital from cardiac arrest at the age of 77.

Selected filmography

Television

Movies

References

Other websites
 

People from Manila
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Filipino actors
2019 deaths
1942 births
Camilo Blanes Cortés (16 September 1946 – 8 September 2019), known professionally as Camilo Sesto, was a Spanish pop and rock singer-songwriter and musician. He was born in Alcoy, Spain. Sesto was also a guitarist and drummer. His best known songs were "Algo Más" and "Amor Mío, ¿Qué Me Has Hecho?".

Sesto died on 8 September 2019 at a Madrid hospital from heart failure, eight days before his 73rd birthday.

References

1946 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Spanish singers
Spanish writers
Spanish musicians
Rock singers
Songwriters
Pop singers
Rock guitarists
Rock drummers
Pop musicians
Olav Skjevesland (31 May 1942 – 8 September 2019) was Norwegian theologian and priest.  He was the Bishop of the Diocese of Agder og Telemark from 1998 until his retirement in 2012.  During his time as a bishop, he was thought to be theologically conservative and he was  opposed to letting gay priests serve in the church.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
Priests
Bishops
Theologians
Norwegian people
Key Tower is a skyscraper on Public Square in Cleveland, Ohio. It was designed by architect César Pelli. It is the tallest building in the state of Ohio, the 26th-tallest in the United States, and the 165th-tallest in the world. 

The building reaches 57 stories or  to the top of its spire, and it is visible from up to  away. The tower has about 1.5 million square feet (139,355 m²) of office space.

References

Other websites
 Key Tower on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
Images and architectural information
Key Tower livecam

Buildings and structures in Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
The Comcast Technology Center is a supertall skyscraper in Philadelphia.

The 60-floor building, with a height of , is the tallest building in Philadelphia and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the tenth-tallest building in the United States and the tallest outside Manhattan and Chicago.

References

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The Columbia Center, formerly named the Bank of America Tower and Columbia Seafirst Center, is a skyscraper in downtown Seattle, Washington. It is the tallest building in Seattle and the state of Washington. Its height is . 

At the time of its completion, the Columbia Center was the tallest structure on the West Coast; , it is the fourth-tallest, behind buildings in Los Angeles and San Francisco.

References

Buildings and structures in Seattle, Washington
The Strat (formerly Stratosphere and Vegas World) is a hotel, casino and tower located on Las Vegas Boulevard just north of the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States.

The tower's main attraction is the  Stratosphere Tower, the tallest freestanding observation tower in the United States, and the second-tallest in the Western Hemisphere, surpassed only by the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario. 

It is the tallest tower west of the Mississippi River and also the tallest structure in Las Vegas and in the state of Nevada.

References

Buildings and structures in Nevada
Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American actress and model. She is known for her roles in Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962), The Nutty Professor (1963), The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963), The Silencers (1966), Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows (1968), The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) and The Poseidon Adventure (1972).

In 1960, she won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress for her role in Say One for Me.

Stevens was born in Yazoo City, Mississippi, but raised in Memphis, Tennessee. She studied at Memphis State College. During the 1960s she was one of the most photographed women in the world. In the 1970s, she bought a home near the Cascade Range in Washington state.

References

Other websites

  for Stella Stevens
 
 
 

Golden Globe Award winning actors
1938 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Models from Mississippi
American movie directors
American movie producers
Businesspeople from Mississippi
Businesspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
Businesspeople from Washington
American artists
Actors from Mississippi
People from Yazoo City, Mississippi
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
Actors from Washington
Twisp is a town in Okanogan County in north central Washington, United States. It is located near the Twisp and Methow rivers. The population was 938 at the 2000 census and decreased to 919 at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in Washington
The Twisp River is a tributary of the Methow River, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is about 26 miles (42 km) long. The name of the river comes from the Okanagan placename [txwə́c’p], perhaps meaning "wasp" or "yellowjacket".

References

Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
The Methow River ( ) is a tributary of the Columbia River in northern Washington in the United States. 

The river's  watershed drains the eastern North Cascades, with a population of about 5,000 people. 

The river was named after the Methow Native Americans (today part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation). The name "Methow" comes from the Okanagan placename /mətxʷú/, meaning "sunflower (seeds)".

References

Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
Okanogan County  is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,120. The county seat is Okanogan, while the largest city is Omak. Its area is the largest in the state.

References

19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
1888 establishments in the United States
Washington (state) counties
Okanogan ( ) is a city in Okanogan County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,552 at the 2010 census, within the Greater Omak Area. It is the seat of Okanogan County.

References

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
County seats in Washington
Omak ( ) is a city in north-central Washington, United States. It had 4,854 residents as of 2015. It is the largest city of Okanogan County and the largest municipality in Central Washington.

Notes

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
The Tornjak (pronounced as "tornyak"), is a Bosnian and Herzegovinian – Croatian Shepherd dog (official English name). It is a mountain sheep dog native to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. The dog was mentioned in documents in the 11th and 14th-century. It almost became extinct, but was saved when a breeding program began in the early 1970s.

Related pages
 Dog
 Vlašić (mountain)

References

Dog breeds
George Miller III (born May 17, 1945) is an American politician. He was a United States Representative from California from 1975 until his retirement in 2015. He is a member of the Democratic Party. 

From 2007 to 2011, Miller was chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee.

In January 2012, Miller was cited as one of the members of Congress who had accepted the most free travel the previous year.

References

1947 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
US Democratic Party politicians
John Raymond Garamendi (; born January 24, 1945) is an American businessman and politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He has been a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Northern California between San Francisco and Sacramento since November 2009.

Garamendi was the California Insurance Commissioner from 1991 to 1995 and 2003 to 2007, the U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Interior from 1995 to 1998, and the 46th Lieutenant Governor of California from 2007 until his election to Congress.

References

1945 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
Lieutenant Governors of California
Politicians from Florida
Businesspeople from California
US Democratic Party politicians
Businesspeople from Florida
William Pond Baker (born June 14, 1940) is an American politician and businessman. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 10th congressional district from 1993 through 1997. After leaving Congress, Baker returned to the field of finance, and was a partner in the Baker, Brose & Mitsutome investment management firm.

References

Other websites

1940 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
Businesspeople from Oakland, California
Politicians from Oakland, California
US Republican Party politicians
Pollux may refer to:

People
Julius Pollux, also known as Ioulios Poludeukes (2nd century A.D), a Greek rhetorician
Pollux (mythology) or Polydeuces, one of the Dioscuri and twin brother of Castor

Astronomy
Pollux (star), (β Geminorum)
Pollux, a crater on the Saturnian moon Epimetheus

Games
Pollux, a character in the erotic anime series Words Worth
Pollux (arcade game), an arcade game manufactured by Dooyong in 1991
Pollux Gamelabs, a Danish game development company.
The Pollux Engine, a game engine developed by Square-Enix for easy porting between the Wii and Nintendo DS systems, used in both versions of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: Echoes of Time

Ships
SS Pollux, the name of more than one ship
USS Pollux, the name of more than one United States Navy ship
MS Abel Tasman was known as Pollux in 1994-1995

Other uses
EAS Pollux, a spaceship in the television series Babylon 5
Kastor und Pollux, a complex of two towers in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Pollux, a South Devon Railway 4-4-0ST steam locomotive of the South Devon Railway Eagle class
Pollux (mountain), a mountain in the Pennine Alps, in Italy and Switzerland
RTV-N-15 Pollux, an experimental pulsejet-powered research missile of the U.S. Navy
Vincenzo Scotti (born 16 September 1933) is an Italian politician. He is a member of Christian Democracy (DC). He was Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1990 to 1992.

More reading
Behan, Tom (2002), See Naples and Die: The Camorra and Organized Crime, London/New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage 

1933 births
Living people
Italian politicians
People from Naples
Virginio Rognoni (born August 5, 1924) is an Italian politician. He is a member of Christian Democracy. He was several times Interior Minister, Minister of Defense and Minister of Justice. From 2002 to 2006 he was vice-president of the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (‘Superior Council of Judiciary’).

Rognoni was born in Milan.

1924 births
Living people
Italian politicians
People from Milan
George Miller may refer to:

Entertainment
George Miller (comedian) (1941–2003), comedian
George Miller (director) (born 1945), Australian film director, producer and screenwriter
George T. Miller (born 1943), Australian film and television director
George Bures Miller (born 1960), Canadian artist
George Miller, stage name Joji (born 1992), a musician and Internet personality formerly known under the pseudonyms Filthy Frank and Pink Guy
George Miller (Lassie), a fictional character in the long-running television series Lassie

Politics 
George Funston Miller (1809–1885), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
George Clark Miller (1882–1968), mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia
George P. Miller (1891–1982), U.S. Representative from California
George Miller (Arizona politician) (1922–2014), mayor of Tucson, Arizona 1991–1999
George Miller (California politician) (born 1945), former United States Representative from California's 11th congressional district
George Miller Jr. (1914–1969), California Democratic politician, father of George Miller (California politician)
G. William Miller (1925–2006), U.S. Secretary of Treasury, 1979–1981
George W. Miller (politician) (1922–1997), New York assemblyman

Sports 
George Miller (cricketer) (1929–2017), Scottish cricketer
George Miller (footballer, born 1886) (1886–?), Scottish footballer who played as a left half for Lincoln City
George Miller (footballer, born 1894) (1894–1939), Scottish footballer
George Miller (footballer, born 1939) (1939–2008), Scottish footballer and manager
George Miller (footballer, born 1980), Liberian footballer
George Miller (footballer, born 1991), English footballer
George Miller (footballer, born 1998), English footballer currently with Middlesbrough
George Arthur Miller (1867–1935), British polo player
George Miller (baseball) (1853–1929), baseball player

Science and architecture
 George Abram Miller (1863–1951), American mathematician
 George H. Miller (architect, born 1856) (1856–1927), American architect in Bloomington, Illinois
 George H. Miller (architect, born 1949), American architect in New York City
 George Armitage Miller (1920–2012), American psychologist
 George H. Miller (physicist), American physicist

Other 
 George Miller (historian) (1764–1848), Irish Anglican priest and historian of Trinity College, Dublin
 George Miller (Latter Day Saints) (1794–1856), bishop in the Latter Day Saint church
 George L. Miller (1830–1920), founder of the Omaha Herald newspaper
 George Macculloch Miller (1832–1917), lawyer and secretary of Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City
 George W. Miller (judge) (1941–2016), judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims
 George Stewart Miller (1884–1971), president of Tufts College, 1937 to 1938
 George D. Miller III (born 1951), president of Davis College in Johnson City, New York
 George Fuller Miller Sr. (1903–?), Boy Scouts of America executive
 George D. Miller (born 1930), U.S. Air Force general
Cesare Previti (born 21 October 1934) is an Italian politician and convicted criminal. He was a close ally to Silvio Berlusconi.

In November 2003, Previti was sentenced to five years in jail due to his bribing of judges.

References

1934 births
Living people
Criminals
Italian politicians
Domenico Corcione (20 April 1929 – 3 January 2020) was an Italian military staff personnel. He was born in Torino. Corcione was a general and was the chief of the defence staff. Prime Minister Lamberto Dini made him Minister of Defence, a job he had from January 1995 through May 1996.

On 3 January 2020, Corcione died in Turin at age 90.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Italian military people
Generals
The end of the Eocene was the beginning of the Oligocene (33.9 million years ago). It is marked by a large-scale floral and faunal turnover. 

Most of the affected organisms were marine or aquatic in nature. They included the last of the ancient cetaceans, the Archaeoceti.

This was a time of major climatic change, especially cooling. At first, it was not  linked with any single major impact or any catastrophic volcanic event. 

But volcanic activity may have caused the extinction event. Several large meteorite impacts occurred about this time. One such event caused the Chesapeake Bay impact crater , and another at the Popigai crater  in central Siberia, scattering debris perhaps as far as Europe. New dating of the Popigai meteor suggests it may be a cause of the mass extinction.

A leading scientific theory on climate cooling at this time predicts a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which slowly declined in the mid to late Eocene and possibly reached some threshold about 34 million years ago. This boundary is closely linked with the Oligocene Oi-1 event, an oxygen isotope change which marks the beginning of ice sheet coverage on Antarctica.

References 

Extinction events
Eocene
Professor James Moriarty is a  fictional character in some of the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Moriarty is a criminal mastermind whom Holmes describes as the "Napoleon of crime". 

Doyle got the phrase from a Scotland Yard inspector. The inspector was referring to a real-life criminal. The character was introduced to allow Doyle to kill Sherlock Holmes, and only featured in two of the Sherlock Holmes stories. Later, he has often been treated as Holmes' archenemy.

Professor Moriarty's first and only appearance occurred in The Adventure of the Final Problem. There Holmes is about to deliver a fatal blow to Moriarty's criminal organization. Suddenly he is forced to flee to continental Europe to escape Moriarty's revenge. Moriarty follows.  

The pursuit ends in Switzerland on top of the Reichenbach Falls. The encounter that apparently ends with both Holmes and Moriarty falling to their deaths.

Moriarty also plays a role in the book-length The Valley of Fear, and his agents are mentioned in a few other stories.

References 

Characters in written fiction
Fictional British people
Books by Arthur Conan Doyle
Dr John H Watson M.D. is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes books by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.  

Dr Watson returns to England from the Second Anglo-Afghan War. He saves money on an apartment by getting a roommate who turns out to be  Sherlock Holmes.  When Watson finds out Holmes is a detective he starts to follow him on his cases and write down everything Holmes does. Dr Watson is the narrator of all the stories except one.

In many cases Watson plays an important part in the narrative. In The Hound of the Baskervilles, for example, and in the long struggle against Professor Moriarty.

Early in the relationship, Dr Watson becomes engaged to marry Miss Mary Morstan, a former client of Sherlock Holmes (see The Sign of Four). Later it seems Watson's fiancée has apparently died. 

In The Hound of the Baskervilles, Watson shows that he has picked up some of Holmes's skills at getting information from people. He observes to the reader, "I have not lived for years with Sherlock Holmes for nothing". 

Characters in written fiction
British novels
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (born 1 December 1937) is a Latvian politician. She was the sixth President of Latvia and the first female President of Latvia. She was elected President of Latvia in 1999 and re-elected for the second term in 2003.

References

1937 births
Living people
Presidents of Latvia
The president of Latvia (, literally "State President") is head of state and commander-in-chief of the National Armed Forces of the Republic of Latvia.

List 
 Parties

 Status

Living former presidents
There are six living former Latvian Presidents:

Notes

References
Egils Levits (born 30 June 1955) is a Latvian lawyer, political scientist and judge. He is the 10th and current President of Latvia since July 8, 2019. He was a Member of the European Court of Justice from 2004 until his election as Latvian President in 2019.

References

1955 births
Living people
Presidents of Latvia
Current national leaders
Judges
Lawyers
Political scientists
People from Riga
Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš (born 13 December 1964) is an American-born Latvian linguist, businessman, and politician. He was Minister of Economics and Member of the European Parliament. He is the 14th and current Prime Minister of Latvia since January 2019.

References

Other websites
 Official website  of Krišjānis Kariņš
 Official website of the Prime Minister of Latvia
 Official website of Member of Parliament Krišjānis Kariņš
 Biography of Krišjānis Kariņš on New Unity's official website.

1964 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Prime Ministers of Latvia
Former MEPs
Businesspeople from Wilmington, Delaware
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
MEPs for Latvia
Frederick Robert Williamson (born March 5, 1938), also known as The Hammer, is an American actor, movie director and former professional American football defensive back. He was born in Gary, Indiana.

Williamson is best known for his roles as Tommy Gibbs in the 1973 crime drama movie Black Caesar and its sequel Hell Up in Harlem. Williamson also had other notable roles in other 1970s movies such as; Hammer (1972), That Man Bolt (1973) and Three the Hard Way (1974).

Williamson played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1960. From 1961 through 1964, he played for the Oakland Raiders. He lastly played for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1965 through 1967.

References

Other websites

 
 

1938 births
Living people
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Oakland Raiders players
Kansas City Chiefs players
American movie actors
American television actors
American football cornerbacks
American movie directors
People from Gary, Indiana
Actors from Indiana
Sportspeople from Indiana
Naiyyum Choudhury (27 September 1944 – 7 September 2019) was a Bangladeshi biochemist. He was the founding Chairman of the BAERA and the IAEA Regional Cooperation Agreement (RCA) Chair person. He was also the Vice President of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and was a fellow of the academy from 2000 through 2019.

References

1944 births
2019 deaths
Bangladeshi people
Biochemists
Sir Christopher Martin Dobson, FRS, FMedSci (8 October 1949 – 8 September 2019) was a British chemist. He was the John Humphrey Plummer Professor of Chemical and Structural Biology in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge, and Master of St John's College, Cambridge. 

Dobson died on 8 September 2019 in London of cancer at the age of 69.

References

1949 births
Living people
British chemists
British educators
Cancer deaths in London
Scientists from London
Dalibor Andonov ( ; 8 March 1973 – 9 September 2019), known professionally as Gru, was a Serbian rapper, musician and DJ. 

His song Biću tu from the 1996 album Gru 2 made him popular in Eastern Europe, as well as the 2010 release I dalje me žele alongside Serbian rapper Ajs Nigrutin. He was well-known in other countries of Eastern and Northern Europe. He has been dubbed The Serbian Rap Machine. 

Andonov was killed during a paragliding accident near Zemun, Belgrade on 9 September 2019 at the age of 46.

References

1973 births
2019 deaths
Accidental deaths
Serbian musicians
Rap musicians
DJs
Thing or The Thing may refer to:

Philosophy 
 An object, being, or entity
 Thing-in-itself (or noumenon), the reality that underlies perceptions, a term coined by Immanuel Kant
 Thing theory,  a branch of critical theory that focuses on human–object interactions in literature and culture

History 
 Thing (assembly), also transliterated as ting or þing, a historical Germanic governing assembly 
 The Thing (listening device), a Soviet bug used during the Cold War for eavesdropping on the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union 
 The Thing (art project), a 1990s community based in New York City

Film and television 
 The Thing from Another World, often referred to as The Thing, 1951 science fiction movie based on the novella Who Goes There?
 The Thing (1982 movie), a remake of the 1951 movie, directed by John Carpenter, more closely following the original novella Who Goes There?
 The Thing (2011 movie), a prequel to the 1982 movie
 Thing (The Addams Family), television series character, it resembles a hand
 "The Thing", a season 4 episode 17 of SpongeBob SquarePants
 Fred and Barney Meet the Thing, a 1979 13-episode animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera

Comics 
 Thing (comics), a superhero in the Marvel Universe and member of the Fantastic Four
 The Thing!, a 1950s comic book series from Charlton Comics

Music 
 The Thing (jazz band), a Norwegian/Swedish jazz trio formed in 2000
 The Thing (Jazz Crusaders album), a 1965 album, or the title song
 The Thing (The Thing album), a 2000 album

Songs
 "The Thing" (song), a 1950 song, recorded by Phil Harris and others
 "The Thing", a B-side song on the single release of "Velouria" by Pixies
 "Things", a song by Jerry Lee Lewis from Young Blood
 "Things" (Bobby Darin song), a song by Bobby Darin from the album Things and Other Things

Other uses 
 The Thing (video game), a 2002 video game sequel based after the events of the 1982 film
 The Thing (roadside attraction), an attraction in the U.S. state of Arizona
 Thing, terminology for entities in the Doom engine
 Volkswagen 181, an automobile sold in the U.S., from 1968 to 1980, as the "Thing"
In jurisprudence, reparation is when a government gave money to loss by the criminal to the victim. Monetary restitution is a common form of reparation.

Terms
In the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, reparation include the following forms: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, whereby
 Satisfaction should include, where applicable, any or all of the following: .. 
 (e) Public apology, including acknowledgement of the facts and acceptance of responsibility;
 (g) Commemorations and tributes to the victims;
 (h) Inclusion of an accurate account of the violations that occurred in international human rights law and international humanitarian law training and in educational material at all levels.
 23. Guarantees of non-repetition should include
 (e) Providing, on a priority and continued basis, human rights and international humanitarian law education to all sectors of society and training for law enforcement officials as well as military and security forces;

References

Legal terms
Spark Masayuki Matsunaga (October 8, 1916April 15, 1990) was an American politician. He was United States Senator for Hawaii from 1977 until his death in 1990. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

References

1916 births
1990 deaths
United States senators from Hawaii
United States representatives from Hawaii
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from bone cancer
US Democratic Party politicians
William David Lowery (born May 2, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for California's 41st congressional district from 1981 to 1993.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
Politicians from San Diego, California
US Republican Party politicians
Thomas Jonathan Ossoff (born February 16, 1987) is an American documentary filmmaker and politician. Ossoff is the Senior United States Senator from Georgia since 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party. 

He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2017 special election in Georgia's 6th congressional district.

Ossoff ran against Republican Georgia Senator David Perdue in the 2020 election for United States Senate. He won the election in a run-off race on January 5, 2021. Ossoff is the first Millennial senator to be elected.

References

1987 births
Living people
Movie directors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Politicians from Atlanta, Georgia
US Democratic Party politicians
United States senators from Georgia
Carlos Jesús Torre Repetto (29 November 1904 – 19 March 1978) was a Mexican chess grandmaster. He was given the grandmaster title in 1977.

Chess grandmasters

1904 births
1978 deaths
Narrabeen is a suburb in Sydney, NSW, Australia. It has playgrounds, lakes and a basketball court.

References 

Towns in New South Wales
Jeffrey David Sachs (; born November 5, 1954) is an American economist, academic and public policy analyst. He is the former director of The Earth Institute at Columbia University. He is known as one of the world's leading experts on economic development and the fight against poverty.

References

Other websites
 
 UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network
 Earth Institute Director's Page
 Millennium Villages Project 
 
 Ending America's War of Choice in the Middle East

1954 births
Living people
American economists
American academics
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
Educators from Detroit, Michigan
Scientists from Detroit, Michigan
Let's Go Luna! is an American-Canadian animated television show.

Let's Go Luna! started on November 21, 2018 by 9 Story Media Group and Brown Bag Films for PBS Kids. Judy Greer provides the voice of Luna. It is confirmed that there will be 38 half-hour episodes and a one-hour special. Each episode consists of two 11-minute story segments. Between each of the two 11-minute story segments of each episode is a short segment telling a folktale or a song or a poem from that country.

References

2010s television series
PBS Kids shows
English-language television programs
2018 television series debuts
CBD commonly refers to:
 Cannabidiol, a cannabinoid found in cannabis
 Central business district, the commercial center of a city

CBD may also refer to:

Biology and chemistry
 Chemical bath deposition, a technique for depositing thin films onto surfaces
 Coffee berry disease, a fungal disease of Coffea arabica caused by Colletotrichum kahawae
 Common bile duct, a structure in the human gastrointestinal tract
 Compulsive buying disorder, a psychological disorder
 Corticobasal degeneration, a neurodegenerative disease

Companies and organizations
 CBD-FM, a radio station in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
 CBD Media, a division of Cincinnati Bell
 Car Nicobar Air Force Base's IATA code
 Center for Biological Diversity, an American nonprofit organization for protecting endangered species
 Christian Book Distributors, or Christianbook, an American catalog and internet retailer
 Construction Battalion Detachment or Seabee, a part of the United States Navy
 GPA (company)'s NYSE ticker symobl

Other uses
 Components-based development or component-based software engineering
 Convention on Biological Diversity, a multilateral treaty
Abdourahmane Barry (born 21 February 2000) is a French footballer who plays as a center-back for FC Liefering in the 2. Liga.

Club career 
Barry started playing football professionally on 27 July 2018 in the 2. Liga. He played a full game against SV Horn.

Personal life
Barry was born in Courbevoie, France and is of Guinean descent.

References

Other websites 

2000 births
Living people
French footballers
Association football defenders
Players of FC Liefering
"The Final Problem" is a short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In it Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty die in the Reichenbach Falls. 

The author used this plot as a device to kill Holmes. Later, pressed by public demand, Holmes was shown to have survived the fall.

"The Adventure of The Final Problem" is the original title of the short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It appears in book form as part of the collection The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. It is the only Conan Doyle story to include the apparent death of Sherlock Holmes. It is also the only one in which Moriarty actually appears instead of just being talked about.

Short stories
Crime fiction books
Horror novels
Books by Arthur Conan Doyle
A sanctuary city is a municipal area that limits cooperation with the government's effort to enforce immigration law. They are mainly in Western Europe, the United States and Canada.

Leaders of sanctuary cities say they wish to cut down fear of deportation and possible family breakups with people who are in a country illegally. That's so that such people may be willing to report a crime and send their children to school.

Some states, such as Alabama, Iowa, Mississippi, Georgia, Missouri and Florida do not allow sanctuary cities. Others, such as Connecticut, Rhode Island, Illinois New York, Colorado and California allow sanctuary cities.

In early 2018, a Chicago federal judge said that the Trump administration could not withhold public safety grants to sancutary cities. Those decisions were seen as a setback to the Trump administration efforts for helping authorities police illegal immigrants.

References

Population
Legal terms
Law
Rafting is an outdoor sport in which a person uses an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on rough water. This usually requires teamwork. Rafting is a dangerous sport. People can die while rafting. Rafting is also a competitive sport.

History
Rafting goes back to 1811 when the first attempt to go on the Snake River was planned. With no training, the river was too difficult and dangerous.

Classes of water
The International Scale of River Difficulty use six grades of difficulty to describe rivers for white water rafting. The scale ranges from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.

Class 1: Very small rough areas, might require slight maneuvering. (Skill level: Very basic)
Class 2: Some rough water, maybe some rocks, might require some maneuvering. (Skill level: Basic paddling skill)
Class 3: Small waves, maybe a small drop, but no very dangerous. May require significant maneuvering. (Skill level: Some experience in rafting)
Class 4: Whitewater, medium waves, maybe rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed.(Skill level: Exceptional rafting experience)
Class 5: Whitewater, large waves, large volume, possibility of large rocks and hazards, possibility of a large drop, requires precise maneuvering. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting)
Class 6: Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are effectively unnavigable on a reliably safe basis. Rafters can expect a lot of whitewater, huge waves, huge rocks and hazards, and/or substantial drops that will have severe impacts beyond the structural capacities and impact ratings of almost all rafting equipment. Traversing a Class 6 rapid has a dramatically increased likelihood of ending in serious injury or death compared to lesser classes. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting, and even then it may not be safe

References

Water sports
Doom 64 is a video game that first came out only on the Nintendo 64, but can now be played on today's video game consoles. It is a direct sequel to Doom 2, making it the third part of the Doom story. This is ironic because the story of Doom 3 is not related to Doom or Doom 2, but it is a reboot, which means it is a new start to the Doom story.

Doom 64 has all the same weapons and monsters from Doom 2, but it has a few more new types of monsters and a new weapon, the Unmaker. The weapons and monsters look a little different from the earlier games, but there are fewer differences than in Doom 3. Other than the new graphics and new weapon, the gameplay was not much different from the earlier Doom games. It came out in 1997, but the game did not sell well because many popular FPS games came out that same year, including GoldenEye 007, Quake II, Turok: Dinosaur Hunter, and Star Wars: Dark Forces II: Jedi Knight. However, the game does have a cult following and fans had made unlicensed mods on the PC and other video game consoles. Due to its popularity, Bethesda announced during Nintendo Direct 2019 that it would sell the game digitally on the Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and Steam on November 22, 2019. However, it was delayed until March 20, 2020, so that it could be sold the same day as  Doom Eternal, the sequel to Doom (2016). It was the same game, but the lighting of the game was fixed, which was a major criticism of the N64 version of the game.

References

Shooter video games
1994 video games
Doom series
DOS games
Mystic is a U.S. village and census-designated place (CDP) in Groton and Stonington, Connecticut. Mystic has no independent government because it is not a municipality in the state of Connecticut.

Historically, Mystic was a leading seaport of the area. The story of Mystic's nautical background is told at Mystic Seaport, the nation's largest maritime museum, which has preserved a number of sailing ships, such as the whaling ship Charles W. Morgan. The village is located on the Mystic River, which flows into Long Island Sound, giving access to the sea. The Mystic River Bascule Bridge crosses the river in the center of the village.  According to the Mystic River Historical Society, the name "Mystic" comes from the Pequot words "missi-tuk" as describing a large river whose waters are driven into waves by tides or wind. The population was 4,205 at the 2010 census.

References 

Connecticut