cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In a society, certain people may have ideas that are noticeably different from those of the majority. These people are sometimes called hat the majority (for example, the state or a religious group) recognises that their ideas are different. Very often, they also want autonomy, self-determination, and perhaps secession and independence from the main group. People may support separatism because they are of a different culture, ethnicity, religion, race or gender than the majority. It may also be because they have different ideas about governing, laws or religion.

Types of separatism

Ethnicity
Ethnic separatism is based more on differences in culture and language than religious or racial differences. These may also may exist, however.
Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
South Ossetia and Abkhazia separated from Georgia.
Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

Religion

Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups.
In the 16th and 17th century, certain people in Great Britain wanted to become independent of the Church of England. 
The separation of beliefs and/or practices is often followed by a migration. The dissident group may fear sanctions for heresy if they stay in their original homeland.

Physical separation of different religions 

The Partition of British India into the modern-day countries of India, Pakistan,  Bangladesh and Myanmar (which was called Burma at the time). In India, most people are Hindu, in Pakistan, Islam is the state religion. In Bangladesh most people are Muslim. In Myanmar most are Buddhist. 
The Partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into Jewish and Arab nations. This has led to separatism between the Jewish nation (Israel) and the Arab nations (Jordan and the Palestinian territories).

Race
Racial separatists are against their members marrying with other races. They want separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions or even separate societies, territories and governments.
Black separatism is the idea to create separate institutions for black people in the United States
There were two wars in South Africa, where the Boer wanted to form an independent state: The First Boer War and the Second Boer War

Gender
Gender-based separatism includes:
Separatist feminism is a form of feminism

Related pages
 Segregation, forced separation
 List of unrecognized countries
 Separatist movements of India
 Separatist movements of Pakistan
 Minority rights
 Nationalism

References

Sociology
Ugni is a genus of plants of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). Four species belong to this genus, all from western America.

Description

They are small evergreen shrubs. The leaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical; they are 1–2 cm long and 0.2-2.5 cm broad, dark green, and with a spicy scent if broken into many small pieces.

The solitary flowers are usually hanging; they are 1–2 cm diameter with four or five white or pale pink petals and many short stamens. The fruit is a small red or purple berry, 1 cm in diameter, with many seeds.

Name
The name comes from Uñi with which the Mapuches (native people from south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina) name the fruits of the best known species of the genus, Ugni molinae.

The genus was formerly often included in either Myrtus or Eugenia; it is distinguished from these two genera by the hanging flowers with stamens shorter than the petals.

The Russian botanist Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow created the genus Ugni in 1849.

Where it grows
All species of this genus are found in western South and Central America, native from southern Mexico to central southern Chile and Argentina.

Species
There are four species in this genus:'
 Ugni candollei (Barnéoud) O.Berg: Chile
 Ugni molinaeTurcz.: Chile and Argentina
 Ugni myricoides (Kunth) O.Berg: Southern Mexico, Central America to Bolivia, Venezuela and northern Brazil
 Ugni selkirkii (Hook. & Arn.) O.Berg: Endemic species of the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile

Uses
Ugni molinae is grown as an ornamental plant and for its edible fruits; these fruits are also used to make jams.

References

Other websites

 Ugni in Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora
 Ugni molinae at ChileBosque
 Flora of Chile: Ugni
 Trees and shrubs of Ecuador: Ugni

Shrubs
Myrtaceae
The Bell P-63 Kingcobra is a US fighter aircraft of 
 World War II. It is a modernized variant of the P-39 Aircobra. Refused by USA and UK, it was used by Free France and USSR as fighter-bomber. After war some were used by Honduras. More than 3300 examples were built between 1943 and 1945.

References

P-63
World War II American aircraft
United States military aircraft
The Leduc 0.10 is an experimental jet aircraft. Built in France, it was the first aircraft in the world to fly powered just by a ramjet. It was built in 1947. In 2013 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace.

Aviation in France
Aircraft
Arundel Cathedral is a Roman Catholic church in West Sussex in Southern England. It was built in 1868. It is dedicated to Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard, the 20th Earl of Arundel, who died in the Tower of London under Queen Elizabeth I.

Other websites
Cathedral website

Cathedrals in England
Roman Catholic churches
Kensuke Shinzaki (born December 2, 1966) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is better known under the ring names, Jinsei Shinzaki and Hakushi.

Career
He started in Gran Hamada's Universal Lucha Libre promotion where he competed under the name Mongolian Yuga.

He competed in the World Wrestling Federation in 1995 where he portrayed a Japanese villain named Hakushi (White Messenger). e debuted in a match against a young Matt Hardy which Hakushi won.

He gained victories over Aldo Montoya and 1-2-3 Kid. He embarked on a short feud with Bret Hart and also competed in the 1996 Royal Rumble but was eliminated by Bret's brother, Owen Hart.

During a match against Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw, Bradshaw hit Hakushi with a branding iron after Bradshaw defeated him and Hakushi  had been so humiliated by the branding that he (kayfabe) left the WWF.

After he left the WWF, he competed in a tag team match at Extreme Championship Wrestling's 1998 ECW Heat Wave with Hayabusa for the ECW World Tag Team Championships against Rob Van Dam and Sabu.

Shinzaki owned a restaurant in Japan but his restaurant along with his house were destroyed in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and he was forced to live in his car.

Championships
 All Japan Pro Wrestling
 AJPW All Asia Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Hayabusa)
 Michinoku Pro Wrestling
 Tohoku Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Último Dragón (one) and Gaina (two))
 Futaritabi Tag Tournament (1994) (with Super Delfin)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 He was ranked #209 of the 500 best singles wrestlers by PWI during the "PWI Years" in 2003.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Michinoku Pro Wrestling profile

1966 births
Former WWE wrestlers
Japanese professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Bernadette Lafont (28 October 1938 – 25 July 2013) was a French actress.

Lafont won the César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in An Impudent Girl (L'Effrontée) in 1985. For her long service to the French motion picture industry, in 2003 she was awarded an Honorary César.

Lafont was born on 28 October 1938 in Nîmes, Gard, France. She has been married to Gérard Blain from 1957 until they divorced in 1959. Then she was married to Diourka Medveczky until they divorced. She had a daughter, actress Pauline Lafont (1963-1988). Lafont died on 25 July 2013 in Nîmes, Gard, France from cardiac arrest, aged 74.

References

Other websites
 
 

1938 births
2013 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from cardiac arrest
French movie actors
French stage actors
French television actors
French voice actors
Virginia Eshelman Johnson (February 11, 1925 – July 24, 2013) was an American sexologist and psychologist, best known as the junior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team.

Johnson was born on February 11, 1925 in Springfield, Missouri. She studied at Drury University.

Johnson divorced her first husband, with whom she had had two children – Scott Forstall and Lisa Evans – in 1956. Then she was married to William H. Masters from 1971 until they divorced in 1992. Johnson died on July 24, 2013 in St. Louis, Missouri from an illness, aged 88.

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Educators from Missouri
American physicians
American psychologists
Disease-related deaths in the United States
People from Springfield, Missouri
Scientists from Missouri
Sexologists
William Howell Masters (December 27, 1915 – February 16, 2001) was an American gynecologist, best known as the senior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team. Along with Virginia Eshelman Johnson, he pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s.

Masters was born on December 27, 1915 in Cleveland, Ohio. He was married three times, all marriages ended in divorce. Masters died on February 16, 2001 in Tucson, Arizona from Parkinson's disease, aged 85.

References

1915 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
American physicians
Scientists from Cleveland, Ohio
Married... with Children is an American sitcom. It aired for 11 seasons. It is about a family living in a fictional Chicago, Illinois, suburb. It stars Ed O'Neill, Katey Segal, Amanda Bearse, Christina Applegate, David Faustino, Ted McGinley, and David Garrison. On April 22, 2012, Fox re-aired the series premiere in honor of its 25th anniversary.

References

Other websites

1987 American television series debuts
1997 television series endings
1980s American comedy television series
1990s American comedy television series
American sitcoms
Television series set in Chicago, Illinois
English-language television programs
According to Jim is an American television sitcom. It stars Jim Belushi as a suburban father of three children (five children starting with the season-seven finale). It originally ran on ABC from October 1, 2001 to June 2, 2009.

Other websites 

2001 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American sitcoms
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television series about marriage
Television series about siblings
Television series about suburbia
Television series set in Chicago, Illinois
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
George Lopez (also known as The George Lopez Show) is an American sitcom starring comedian George Lopez. The show originally aired on ABC from March 27, 2002, to May 8, 2007. Emiliano Díez and Belita Moreno also star in the show.

Cast

Other websites 

2002 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American comedy television series
ABC network shows
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
Aurabela "Belita" Moreno (born November 1, 1949 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress best known for her roles as Benita "Benny" Lopez on the ABC sitcom George Lopez and Edwina Twinkacetti/Lydia Markham on Perfect Strangers.

References

Other websites
 
 Belita Moreno profile at Starpulse.com 
 Date of birth of Belita Moreno confirmed as November 1, 1949 at Texas Births, 1926-1995. Family Tree Legends Records Collection (Online Database). Pearl Street Software, 2004-2005

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Emiliano Díez (born 26 August 1953 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban movie and television actor. He is best known for his role as Victor Palmero in the sitcom George Lopez, as well as his role as Manny Beltrán in the sitcom Los Beltrán.

References

Other websites

1953 births
Living people
Cuban actors
Movie actors
Television actors
Singers
People from Havana
Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965) is an American actress.  

She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on George Lopez (2002–2007) and for her role as Marcella Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 movie Selena. She now plays Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family drama Switched at Birth.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Constance Pallo's Spay/neuter PSA in English

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Luis Armand Garcia,  (born March 9, 1992) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Max Lopez on the sitcom George Lopez.

Garcia was born on March 9, 1992 in LaGrange, Illinois. He moved to Los Angeles, California. He lives in Valencia, California. He graduated from high school in 2010.

Other websites

Luis Armand Garcia at tvguide.com

1992 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
Paranoia is an American drama thriller movie directed by Robert Luketic. The screenplay was written by Barry L. Levy and Jason Dean Hall, based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Joseph Finder. It stars Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman, Harrison Ford, Amber Heard and Josh Holloway.

It was released on August 16, 2013.

References

2013 drama movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s drama thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
English-language movies
FBI in fiction
Movies based on books
Michael James "Mick" Dodson, AM (born 10 April 1950, in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an indigenous Australian activist, lawyer and teacher. He is the director of the National Centre for Indigenous Studies at the Australian National University. He is also a professor of law at the university's College of Law. He was previously director of the Indigenous Law Centre at the University of New South Wales. He was named Australian of the Year in 2009.

Dodson was born in Katherine, in the Northern Territory. He is a member of the Yawuru people, who are the traditional owners of the land around Broome, in Western Australia. His brother is Patrick Dodson, who has become a well-known Aboriginal leader as well. Their parents died when they were still children. When this happened, Mick moved to Monivae College, a boarding school in Hamilton, Victoria. He graduated in law from Monash University in 1974. He was the first indigenous person to graduate from law in Australia.

Dodson has been an important advocate of land rights and other issues affecting Indigenous Australians. He was a commissioner with the Australian Human Rights Commission from April 1993 to January 1998. From August 1988 to October 1990, he worked with the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. He is currently a chairperson of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS).

References

1950 births
Living people
Human rights activists
Australian lawyers
Australian of the Year Award winners
Indigenous Australian activists
Order of Australia
People from Melbourne
People from the Australian Capital Territory
People from the Northern Territory
Hume Blake Cronyn, OC (July 18, 1911 – June 15, 2003) was a Canadian-American actor of stage and movie, who enjoyed a long career, often appearing professionally alongside his second wife, Jessica Tandy.

Cronyn was born in July 18, 1911 in London, Ontario, Canada. He studied at Ridley College and at McGill University. 

Cronyn was married to Emily Woodruff from 1934 until they divorced in 1936. Then he was married to Jessica Tandy from 1942 until her death in 1994. Then he was married to Susan Cooper from 1996 until his death in 2003. 

Cronyn died on June 15, 2003 in Fairfield, Connecticut from prostate cancer, aged 91.

He won three Emmy Awards and one Tony Award.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Hume Cronyn at Virtual History
 Order of Canada Citation 
 Hume Cronyn - Internet Accuracy Project

1911 births
2003 deaths
Actors from London (Ontario)
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian radio actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from prostate cancer
Emmy Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Tony Award winning actors
Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his role as "The Chief" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series Get Smart. With his deep voice and mature countenance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career.

Platt was born on February 14, 1916 in Staten Island, New York City. He studied at Juilliard School of Music and at Princeton University.

Platt was married to Suzanne Belcher from 1954 until his death in 1974. They had four children. Platt died on March 19, 1974 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack, aged 58.

However, one of his sons confirmed that Platt committed suicide after two previous attempts while suffering from an undiagnosed and untreated depression that was further sparked by financial troubles. It is also said that Platt's Get Smart co-star Don Adams knew the real cause of death.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 "Chief" places 6th on Great Secondary TV Characters list 

1916 births
1974 deaths
Actors from Staten Island
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Princeton University alumni
Institute of Political Studies in Belgrade is a leading academic institution in Belgrade, Serbia. It is for research of political science.

History 
The institute was started in 1968. It developed out of the research unit of the High School of Political Science. It developed into a modern and independent scientific institution. After separating from the Faculty of Political Science in Belgrade, the Institute for Political Studies was given the status of independent scientific institution. It was given this status in 1978.

Mission 
The institute does research work in the field of political science. It particularly deals with problems of national importance in Serbia. Beside the scientific work, the institute is for certain fields of education. It offers research services, such as political marketing, consulting services, research of public opinion, and media. One of the main activities of the institute is publishing. It produces monographs, magazines, journals and other publications. The institute's scientific projects are focused on the development of political science as a university subject. The institute carries out numerous projects in the fields of law, political systems, international relations, political economy, sociology and political theory.

Journals 
The current periodical editions of the Institute are: 
Serbian Political Thought 
Political Review
National Interest

References 

Research organizations in Europe
1968 establishments in Europe
Belgrade
Lanu-puisto is a park near Pikku-Vesijärvi in Lahti, Finland. It contains 12 statues by Olavi Lanu, made of concrete. It was built 1988-1992.

References
Statues 
Olavi Lanu in Lahti library's pages 

Parks in Europe
Geography of Finland
1992 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issues tax forms to people and organisations who pay tax in the United States. These documents are used by taxpayers to report information about their finances. This includes information about income, which is required by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in order to calculate how much tax must be paid to the federal government of the United States. There are over 800 forms. The best-known of these is Form 1040 used by individual people.

Types of forms 

Form 1040 is used by individual people. It is used to report their income, calculate how much tax they have already paid, and how much more they need to pay. These are issued every year, and each person must send the form back with their information written in. The forms are normally due by April 15 of the next year.
Form 990 provides the public with financial information about a specific organization. It is also used by government agencies to make sure organizations that do not have to pay tax (such as non-profit organizations) comply with the rules. By doing this, they make sure that these organizations are really not making any profits.
Form 1040NR is used by foreign workers who have earned income from the United States.
Informational returns report information to taxpayers to help them complete their own tax returns. They are prepared by employers and banks. Copies of them are also sent to the IRS. An example is Form 1098, which is used to report interest that a taxpayer has paid on his or her mortgage.
Several forms begin with the code W. Some examples of these include:
Form W-2 is used by an employer to report wages paid to employees. It also reports the tax that was deducted from those wages. Employers must complete a Form W-2 for each employee to whom they pay a salary or wage. An employer must mail out the Form W-2 to employees on or before January 31. This gives the employees about 2 months to finish their tax returns before the April 15 due date.
Form W-9 is used to request a taxpayer's identification number and certification. To apply for this, the taxpayer must give some basic information like name, marriage status, and social security number.<ref name="internal1">Internal Revenue Code § 31.3406(h)-3</ref

References

Other websites 
 Internal Revenue Service

Government of the United States
Taxation
The Division of Aston is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1984 and is named for Tilly Aston. Aston was a blind writer and teacher who helped setup the Library of the Victorian Association of Braille Writers in 1894. Aston is in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Rowville, Scoresby, Knoxfield, Vermont and Wantirna.

Members

In 2013, Alan Tudge was made the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister, Tony Abbott.

Election results
 2004 election result
 2007 election result
 2010 election result
 2013 election result 
 2016 election result

References

Other websites
 Division of Aston - Australian Electoral Commission
 Alan Tudge's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
The Division of Batman was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1906 and replaced the Division of Northern Melbourne. It was abolished in 2019 and replaced by the Division of Cooper.

It took its name from John Batman, one of the founders of the city of Melbourne. At first it covered the inner suburbs of Carlton and Fitzroy, but as the boundaries changed it moved north. It included Alphington, Clifton Hill , Northcote, Preston, Reservoir and Thornbury.

Members

Brian Howe was the Deputy Prime Minister in the Hawke and Keating governments. Martin Ferguson was the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) before being elected. David Feeney was elected to the Australian Senate in 2007, and resigned to take up a seat in the House of Representatives.

Election results
 2004 election result
 2007 election result
 2010 election result
 2013 election result 
 2016 election result

References

Other websites
 Division of Batman - Australian Electoral Commission
 David Feeney's website 

Former electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1906 establishments in Australia
Commodore VIC-20 was a home computer released in 1980. It was made by Commodore Business Machines. It was the first computer that sold over million sets.

The Commodore VIC-20 was powered by a 6502 CPU, running at 1 MHz.  Though the system reportedly had 5KB of RAM, users only had access to about 3.5KB for BASIC programs.  It had no internal, permanent, data storage, but could save programs on standard audio tapes and later, on 5.25 inch floppy disks. In early 1985,this computer was discontinued.

References

Commodore computers
Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), born  Elizabeth Griscom and also known by her second and third married names Elizabeth Ashburn and Elizabeth Claypoole, is widely known as making the first American flag.  There is, however, no evidence that the story is true.

References

Other websites

Flag: An American Biography website
Betsy Ross Homepage from ushistory.org

1752 births
1836 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The SPAD S.XII is a French fighter aircraft of World War I. It was used by French pilots, but also by Belgians, British, and American pilots. More than 8400 examples were built.

SPAD S.13
French military aircraft
Fuji Television is a Japanese broadcasting company. It is part of a large media company that also owns the record label and film group Pony Canyon, the newspaper Sankei shinbun, and other TV networks.

Other websites
Fuji TV
Pony Canyon

Television stations
Companies of Japan
Fedor Jeftichew, better known as Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy (1868 - January 31, 1904) was a Russian sideshow performer. Like his father, Adrien, with whom he performed, Jo-Jo was afflicted with hypertrichosis, an abnormal growth of hair over the face and body. Jo-Jo was covered with long, silky hair and was said to resemble a Skye terrier.

Jo-Jo was born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1868. He began touring Europe in 1873. He was five feet eight inches tall, had only four or five teeth, and spoke Russian, German, and a little English. He dressed like a Russian cavalryman. He would bark at an audience, and would perform as often as 23 times a day. In 1886, he was making US$500 a week.

Jo-Jo toured Europe and Russia, playing in fairgrounds. He was discovered by Charles Reynolds in London, England. Jo-Jo was performing with his father, Adrien, who resembled a poodle. Reynolds realized the Dog-Faced Boy could be presented in a more professional manner. He took the boy to the United States on the City of Chicago on 12 October 1884.

A press conference was called. Journalists were allowed to pull Jeftichew's hair to be assured it was real and not pasted on. The New York Herald described Jeftichew as "the most extraordinary and absorbingly interesting curiosity that has ever reached these shores."

In 1884, Jeftichew signed with P. T. Barnum. Barnum stated (falsely) that Jo-Jo was captured by a hunter in the wilds of central Russia. Barnum advertised him as "the most prodigious paragon of all prodigies secured by P. T. Barnum in fifty years. The Human Skye Terrier, the crowning mystery of nature's contradictions."

He toured Europe with Barnum and Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth in 1901 and 1902. He died in Greece in 1904 while on tour of pneumonia. He was the subject of a song recorded by Annette Funicello in the 1960s and was a character in an episode of the television series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Notes

References
 Bondeson, Jan. 2000. The Two-Headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–26.
 DeMello, Margo. 2012. Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 176.
 Hartzman, Marc. 2006 (pbk).American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. Penguin. pp. 51–52. 
 Hornberger, Francine. 2005. Carny Folk: The World's Weirdest Sideshow Acts. Citadel Press. p. 144.
 Nickell, Joe. 2005. Secrets of the Sideshows. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 155–156.

1868 births
1904 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Saint Petersburg
Russian entertainers
Sideshow performers
Bangor is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. There were 2,224 people living in Bangor at the 2010 census. The town was founded around 1806. It is named after Bangor in Wales.

Communities and locations in Bangor 
Baconville – A former community in the southwest part of the town.
Bangor – The hamlet of Bangor is in the south part of the town.
Cooks Corners – A hamlet in the north of the town.
North Bangor – A hamlet in the north of the town.
West Bangor – A hamlet west of Bangor village. It was formerly called "Pottersville."

Towns in New York
1806 establishments
1800s establishments in New York (state)
The Magi were "wise men from the east" who came to Jerusalem during the reign of Herod :  'saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews?' ( Gospel of Matthew chapter 2 verse 1) Their visit to Jesus, guided by the Star of Bethlehem is celebrated every year at Epiphany on January 6, just after Christmas.
The Epiphany marks the end of the liturgical season 'Christmas'.

Other websites
Magi at Catholic encyclopedia

New Testament people
Kozienice is a city in Poland. In 2009 its population was 18,075. Through the city swims a river Zagożdżonka.

References 

Cities in Poland
The 2012 Pacific hurricane season was started on 15 May 2012 in the eastern Pacific, and on 1 June 2012 in the central Pacific. It ended on 30 November. These dates are usually the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, Tropical Storm Aletta formed on 14 May.

Hurricane Bud was the first major hurricane of the season. It was one of three storms to turn into a hurricane during the month of May. In the middle of June, Hurricane Carlotta came ashore near Puerto Escondido, Mexico. Seven people were killed by Carlotta and caused damage costing about MX$1.4 billion (US$107.7 million). Hurricane Paul caused major damage to Baja California Sur. Hurricane Emilia was the only Category 4 hurricane. It started as a Tropical Depression near the coast of Mexico. It then intensified into a Category 3 hurricane, and later into a Category 4.

Related pages
List of Pacific hurricane seasons
2012 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
 National Hurricane Center Website
 National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Porvoo () is a town in Uusimaa, Finland. It has a lot of old buildings. Neighbouring municipalities are Askola, Loviisa, Myrskylä, Pornainen and Sipoo.

Population growth

References

Other websites 
 Homepage

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
Trinity Church () is a Roman Catholic church in Halmstad in Sweden. It is part of Saint Mary Catholic Parish within the Catholic Diocese of Stockholm.

It was opened on 24 May 1981.

References

Churches in Sweden
Roman Catholic churches
1981 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Sweden
Helsingborg Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Helsingborg.

References

Other websites
 Helsingborg Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Landskrona Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Landskrona.

References

Other websites

 Landskrona Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Åre Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Järpen.

References

Other websites

 Åre Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Vuorenkylä is a village in Hartola, Finland. It is in the northeast of Päijänne Tavastia. There is a mountain, Purnuvuori where people ski.

Other websites
Vuorenkylä webpage 

Municipalities of Finland
Sveriges Radio is the government-operated radio station in Sweden. Regular broadcast began on 1 January 1925.

Main channels
Sveriges Radio P1
Sveriges Radio P2
Sveriges Radio P3
Sveriges Radio P4

Other websites

Sveriges Radio

1925 establishments in Sweden
Entertainment in Sweden
Radio
Aftonbladet is a newspaper in Sweden. It was started on 6 December 1830 by Lars Johan Hiertha. It was originally liberal, before being bought by the Swedish Social Democratic Party/trade union movement in early October 1956.

References

Other websites

1830 establishments in Europe
Newspapers published in Sweden
Stockholm
Expressen is a newspaper in Sweden. It was started on 16 November 1944. It is well known for its wasp symbol.

References

Other websites

1944 establishments in Sweden
Newspapers published in Sweden
Stockholm
Skansen is an open air museum and zoo on the island Djurgården in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened in 1891, on the initiative of Artur Hazelius (1833–1901).

References

Other websites

 

1891 establishments in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Zoos
Open air museums
Djurgården
Gröna Lund is an amusement park on the island of Djurgården in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened in 1883.

References

Other websites

1883 establishments in Europe
Djurgården
1880s establishments in Sweden
Essingeleden is a motorway in central Sweden. It runs from Solna to Stockholm. It crosses the islands of Kungsholmen, Lilla Essingen and Stora Essingen. It was opened on 21 August 1966.

Other websites

1966 establishments in Sweden
Roads
Stockholm
Transport in Sweden
Bollebygd Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Bollebygd. It was broken out of Borås Municipality in 1995.

References

Other websites

 Bollebygd Municipality

1995 establishments in Europe
Municipalities of Sweden
1990s establishments in Sweden
Borås Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Borås.

References

Other websites

 Borås Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Nykvarn Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nykvarn.

The municipality was established on 1 January 1999. It was broken out of Södertälje Municipality.

References

Other websites
 Nykvarn Municipality

1999 establishments in Sweden
Municipalities of Sweden
Uppvidinge Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Åseda.

References

Other websites
 Uppvidinge Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Ystad Municipality () is a municipality in Scania County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ystad.

References

Other websites
 Ystad Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Sandviken Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Sandviken.

References

Other websites
 Sandviken Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Ljungarum Church () is a church in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Jönköping Christina-Ljungarum Parish of the Church of Sweden. The building dates back to the 13th century.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Buildings and structures in Jönköping
The Christina Church () is a church in eastern parts of the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Jönköping Christina-Ljungarum Parish of the Church of Sweden and was opened on 20 April 1673.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Buildings and structures in Jönköping
Stockholm Olympic Stadium () is a sports stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened in 1912, in time for the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Other websites

Stadiums in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Sport in Stockholm
Shiloh is a children's book written by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor in 1991. It won the 1992 Newbery Medal. It is about a dog that is given abuse and a boy named Marty P. that tries to save him. he took the dog on day he raised the dog Finley until one night when a German Shepard from the bakers almost kills the dog. Marty kept it a secret that he had the dog. His dad knew the dog owner (Judd) and they took the dog to the doctor's office. The whole family raised it for a week. Judd wanted the dog soon. Marty saw Judd shooting a doe out of season. He tried to blackmail him, but they worked out a bargain that Marty would work for him for 20 hours. Then Marty and the family got the dog and everything went back to normal.

1991 books
Children's books
English-language novels
20th-century American novels
Newbery Medal winning books
Borlänge Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Borlänge.

References

Other websites

 Borlange Municipality

Municipalities of Sweden
Doomwyte is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2008. It is the 20th book in the Redwall series.

Plot
A young mouse named Bisky who lives at Redwall Abbey figures out riddles with his friends to find four beautiful jewels that had been hidden in Redwall a long time ago. But at the same time an evil raven is trying to find the gems too, because they had belonged to his kingdom a long time ago.

Redwall
2008 books
Fantasy books
The Sable Quean is a children's fantasy novel. It was written by Brian Jacques in 2010, and it's the twenty-first book in the Redwall series.

Plot summary
The evil Vilaya, who's a sable (that's a kind of animal) queen, wants to take over Redwall Abbey. To do this, she kidnaps children from the Abbey and the area around it, so that if the woodlanders want their kids back, they'll have to give her their abbey.

Luckily, several good guys come to the rescue. But will the good guys and the good Redwallers be able to win against the Sable Quean?

Redwall
2010 books

Fantasy books
Orimattila is a town in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. As of 2010, about 16,350 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Hollola, Iitti, Kärkölä, Lahti, Lapinjärvi, Myrskylä, Mäntsälä, Nastola and Pukkila.

The former municipality of Artjärvi was merged with Orimattila in 2011.

Other websites

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Päijänne Tavastia
Hollola is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. About 22,092 people lived there in 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hämeenkoski, Kärkölä, Lahti, Nastola and Orimattila. On 1 January 2016, Hämeenkoski is a part of Hollola.

Other websites

 Community website

Municipalities of Päijänne Tavastia
Kärkölä is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. In 2013, about 4,776 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Hausjärvi, Hollola, Hämeenkoski, Hämeenlinna, Mäntsälä and Orimattila.

Villages
Järvelä, Hevonoja, Hongisto, Hähkäniemi, Iso-Sattiala, Karvala, Kirkonkylä, Lappila, Maavehmaa, Marttila, Uusikylä and Vähä-Sattiala.

Other websites

 Community website 

Municipalities of Päijänne Tavastia
Hämeenlinna is a town in Finland. As of January 2014, about 67,750 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Akaa, Asikkala, Hattula, Hausjärvi, Hämeenkoski, Janakkala, Kärkölä, Loppi, Padasjoki, Pälkäne, Tammela, Urjala and Valkeakoski.

The former municipalities of Hauho, Kalvola, Lammi, Renko and Tuulos were merged with Hämeenlinna in 2009.

Other websites

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kanta-Häme
Padasjoki is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. About 3,319 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Kuhmoinen, Pälkäne and Sysmä.

History
People lived in the area of Padasjoki during the Stone Age. There is hill fort around the town.

Other websites

 Community website

Municipalities of Päijänne Tavastia
Pori is a city in Finland. The city had a population of 83,364 as of 31 August 2012. It covers  without sea-areas.

Yyteri, a sand beach, is located at Pori.

Other websites

Website

Cities in Finland
Matti Ensio Nykänen (17 July 1963 in Jyväskylä – 4 February 2019 in Lappeenranta) was a Finnish ski jumper and singer. He won five Olympic medals (four gold), nine World Championships medals (five gold) and 22 Finnish Championships medals (13 gold). He won three gold medals at the 1988 Winter Olympics, which made him one of the two most successful athletes at those games.

Nykänen died in the early hours of 4 February 2019 from complications of diabetes, at the age of 55.


Discography

Albums 
 Yllätysten yö (1992)
 Samurai (1993)
 Ehkä otin, ehkä en (2006)

Singles 
 Elämä on laiffii (2002)
 Tää on mun elämää (2004)
 Mäkikotka ja häkkilintu (2005)
 Voitosta voittoon (2007)
 Anna mulle sexii (2008)
 Lennä Nykäsen Matti (2008)
 Pomminvarma rakkaus (2009)
 Jälleen joulu on (2009)
 Tuusula mielessäin (With Teflon Brothers) 2013
 Jokainen tsäänssi on mahdollisuus (2013)
 Suomi (Yksi Totuus feat. Matti Nykänen) (2018)
 Leipää ja vettä (2019)

References

Other websites

Matti Nykänen  at the International Ski Federation.

1963 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
1984 Winter Olympics
1988 Winter Olympics
Finnish Olympic silver medalists
Finnish singers
Olympic gold medalists
Heinola is a town in Finland. About 19,997 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hartola, Iitti, Kouvola, Mäntyharju, Nastola, Pertunmaa and Sysmä. 

The newspaper Itä-Häme is published in Heinola and neighbouring towns.

History
Heinola is founded 1776.

Gallery

Villages
Tuusjärvi, Hirvisalo, Hujansalo, Härkälä, Imjärvi, Komeankylä, Korkee, Lauhjoki, Lusi, Läpiä, Kausa, Marjoniemi, Myllykylä, Onali, Paaso, Paistjärvi, Pääsinniemi, Rihu, Taipale, Vaippilainen (Vaippila), Vierumäki and Jyränkö.

Other websites

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Päijänne Tavastia
The Well-Tempered Clavier (also known as WTC, BWV 846–893) is the title of two collections of musical works for solo keyboard instruments by the Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach. The first collection was written in 1722 and the second was written in 1742, but they were not published until 1801, fifty years after Bach died. Although the music was written for the harpsichord, which was popular at the time, today it is usually played and heard on a piano.

Both collections have 24 short preludes and 24 fugues to go along with it. All of them contrast with each other: some of them are easy to learn, while others are hard to follow (because there are many different melodies going on at the same time, which is called counterpoint). What is special about them is that each prelude and fugue is written in a different major or minor key. They appear in the book so that they go up by semitones. That is, the first prelude and fugue is in C major, the second is in C minor, the third in C-sharp major (or D-flat major), the fourth in C-sharp minor, and so on, until the last two preludes and fugues are in B major and B minor, in that order.

Other composers would later write music that is also in all 24 major and minor keys. The best known of these are the Preludes by Frédéric Chopin, but this would also later be done by Charles-Valentin Alkan, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Dmitri Shostakovich, to name a few.

Some of the music that appears in The Well-Tempered Clavier has become famous. For example, the French Romantic composer Charles Gounod wrote a setting of Ave Maria that is based on the melody of the first Prelude in C Major in the WTC.

Other websites
 Well-Tempered Clavier preludes and fugues , fugues  on piano, organ, and harpsichord (Flash interactive)

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
This is a ranked list by population, as for 1 January 2012, for Spain's autonomous communities, as well as for the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla.

Related pages
Ranked list of Spanish autonomous communities by area

Reference

Autonomous communities of Spain
autonomous communities
Imperiet was a rock band from Stockholm in Sweden. It was active from 1983 to 1988.

Discography

Albums
1983 - 
1984 -  (Mini-LP)
1985 - 
1985 -  (Live album)
1986 - 
1988 - 
1988 - 
1988 -  (Live album/compilation)
1990 -  (Compilation)
1995 - Greatest Hits (Compilation)
2002 -  (Compilation)
2009 -  (Compilation)

Singles
1981 - "" (as Rymdimperiet)
1982 - "" (as Rymdimperiet)
1983 - "" (as Rymdimperiet)
1983 - ""
1984 - ""
1984 - ""
1985 - ""
1985 - ""
1986 - ""
1986 - ""
1986 - ""
1987 - ""
1987 - ""
1988 - "Be the President"
1988 - ""
1988 - ""

Musical groups disestablished in 1988
1980s Swedish music groups
Musical groups established in 1983
Stockholm
Swedish rock music groups
1983 establishments in Sweden
1980s disestablishments in Sweden
1988 disestablishments in Europe
The Bell 214 is an American helicopter. It is a more powerful variant of the Bell 205. It was developed for both civilian and military use.  Bell 214ST is a bigger variant. Iran was the main military operator of the Bell 214.

214
Iran
Civil aircraft
Military aircraft
The Redwall Cookbook is a cookbook written by Brian Jacques with recipes for food from the Redwall book series, from Deeper'n'Ever Pie and Summer Strawberry Fizz, to Abbot's Special Abbey Trifle and Shrimp'n'Hotroot Soup.

Recipes

Spring Recipes
Hare's Pawspring Vegetable Soup
Crispy Cheese'n'Onion Hogbake
Vegetable Casserole à La Foremole
Gourmet Garrison Grilled Leeks
Stuffed Springtide Mushrooms
Abbot's Special Abbey Trifle
Spiced Gatehouse Tea Bread
Honeybaked Apples
Hot Mint Tea

Summer Recipes
Hotroot Sunsalad
Brockhall Badger Carrot Cakes
Great Hall Gooseberry Fool
Cheerful Churchmouse Cherry Crisp
Rosey's Jolly Raspberry Jelly Rock Cakes
Afternoon Tea Scones with Strawberry Jam and Cream
Squirrelmum's Blackberry and Apple Cake
Guosim Shrew Shortbread
Summer Strawberry Fizz
Summer Salad

Autumn Recipes
Mole's Favourite Deeper'n'Ever Turnip'n'Tater'n'Beetroot Pie
Bellringer's Reward (Roast Roots and Baked Spuds)
October Ale
Autumn Oat Favourites
Hare's Haversack Crumble
Harvestberry Sunset Pudd
Loamhedge Legacy Nutbread
Dibbun's Delight
Golden Hill Pears

Winter Recipes
Shrimp'n'Hotroot Soup
Veggible Molebake
Savoury Squirrel Bakes
Outside'n'Inside Cobbler Riddle
Rubbadeedubb Pudding
Stones Inna Swamp 
Nunnymolers
Applesnow
Mossflower Mulled Cider

Redwall
Non-fiction books
"Massa's in de Cold Ground" is a minstrel song by Stephen Foster. It was one of only four songs Foster published in 1852. It sold hundreds of copies. Foster received only a 2 cent royalty on each copy sold, but the song earned him US$900 within five years of its publication. 

The song is written in D major to 4/4 time. An initial phrase is repeated five times, beginning every line except one. The phrase ends with a octave leap upwards in the melody. "Massa" is a slow, sad song in dialect written for the minstrel stage. 

The song tells of slaves weeping at the grave of their deceased European-American master. After the American Civil War, another 'Cold' was entered in the title, the title then becoming, "Massa's in de Cold, Cold Ground".  

When the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin was first performed as a dramatic adaptation in November 1852 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Foster's home town), "Massa's in de Cold Ground" and two other Forster melodies were inserted into the production.

Notes

References
 Emerson, Ken. 1997. Doo-dah! Stephen Foster and the rise of American popular culture. Simon & Schuster. 
 Stephen Foster Song Book [Música Impresa]: original sheet music of 40 songs. 1974. Courier Dover Publications.

Other websites

 The Music of Stephen Collins Foster

19th-century American songs
Compositions by Stephen Foster
Järvenpää is a town in southern Finland. On 31 May 2013, about 39,734 people lived there. It covers an area of .

Population growth

References
http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=060_vaerak_tau_107&ti=V%E4est%F6+kielen+mukaan+sek%E4+ulkomaan+kansalaisten+m%E4%E4r%E4+ja+maa%2Dpinta%2Dala+alueittain+1980+%2D+2012&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi

Other websites

Järvenpää pages

Towns in Finland
Hamina () is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 21,252 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Kotka, Kouvola, Luumäki, Miehikkälä and Virolahti.  Writer Laila Hietamies wrote a book about Hamina.

The town plan of Hamina differs from what is usual in Finland. It is rare in other countries too. Another town with a similar plan is Palmanova, in Italy.

A local museum is located on the island of Tammio, near to the town.

History
Hamina was established 1653. In writing, it was mentioned as a trading centre in the 1300s.

References

Other websites 

 The official page 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kymenlaakso