cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bio-Dome is a 1996 American stoner comedy movie. It was directed by Jason Bloom. It was produced by Bradley Jenkel, Brad Krevoy, and Steven Stabler. Bio-Dome was released on January 12, 1996.

The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Shore co-won a Razzie Award for Worst Actor and was tied with Tom Arnold who had won for Big Bully, Carpool and The Stupids.

Cast 
 Pauly Shore as Bud "Squirrel" Macintosh
 Adam Weisman as young Bud
 Stephen Baldwin as Doyle "Stubs" Johnson
 Robbie Thibault, Jr. as young Doyle
 William Atherton as Dr. Noah Faulkner
 Joey Lauren Adams as Monique
 Teresa Hill as Jen
 Rose McGowan as Denise
 Kylie Minogue as Dr. Petra von Kant
 Dara Tomanovich as Mimi Simkins
 Henry Gibson as Dr. William Leaky
 Patricia Hearst as Mrs. Johnson
 Roger Clinton as Professor Bloom
 Taylor Negron as Russell
 Jeremy Jordan as Trent
 Channon Roe as Roach
 Trevor St. John as Parker
 Butch McCain as reporter Joachim West
 Ben McCain as news anchor Aries West
 Jack Black and Kyle Gass as Tenacious D
 Phil LaMarr and Paul Eiding as Assistants
 Phil Proctor as Axl
 Rodger Bumpass as Narrator

References

Other websites 

1996 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Buddy movies
English-language movies
Giles Corey (1621 – September 19, 1692) was accused of witchcraft along with his wife Martha Corey during the Salem Witch Trials. After being arrested for witchcraft, Corey refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. As a result he was pressed to death.

References 

Salem Witch Trials
1621 births
1692 deaths
Maha Al Muneef (Arabic:  مها عبدالله المنيف) is a pediatrician from Saudi Arabia. She specializing in infectious diseases in children. Al-Muneef won an International Women of Courage Award in 2014.

Work

Shura Council  

From 2009 to 2013, Al Muneef was a member of Saudi Arabia's Shura Council.

The National Family Safety Program 

 Maha Al Muneef is the executive director of the National Family Safety Program (NFSP) in Saudi Arabia. Al Muneef worked to spread knowledge about domestic violence and child abuse. The NFSP was created in 2005 in order to combat domestic violence and child abuse in Saudi Arabia. The NFSP started support programs, gave information about the numbers of attacks on women and children in Saudi Arabia, and worked to help people who were attacked or hurt.

The "Protection from Abuse" law 

In August 2013, the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia passed a new law to protect people who are attacked or hurt by members of their own family. Al Muneef and the NFSP helped to write the "Protection from Abuse" law. The law describes and explains the meaning of domestic violence and makes it illegal in Saudi Arabia for the first time.

Awards 

In 2014, Maha Al Muneef received the International Women of Courage Award.

U.S. President Obama presents award in Riyadh 

The US President Barack Obama presented the award to Al Muneef during his visit to Riyadh on March 29, 2014.  Al-Muneer could not be at the March 4 ceremony in the United States for family health reasons. She received the award in a private ceremony at the Ritz Carlton hotel, where Obama stayed. Obama spoke about the importance of women's rights in Saudi Arabia, and the importance of helping the Saudi king understand this importance.  Obama told Al-Muneef he was “so very, very proud of you and grateful for all the work you’re doing here." He added, “I’m looking forward to seeing you do even more wonderful things in the future.”

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Saudi Arabian people
1960 births
Physicians
Swept Away is a 2002 romantic comedy movie. Madonna plays Amber Leighton. Elizabeth Banks plays Debi. Jeanne Tripplehorn plays Marina.

The movie received bad reviews from the movie critics. It was a box office bomb. It made only $1,036,000, compared to the ten million dollars it cost to make. It received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture of 2002.

Other websites
 
 
 

2002 romance movies
2002 comedy movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
Italian romance movies
Italian comedy movies
Movies set in Greece
Movies set in Italy
Movies directed by Guy Ritchie
Maureen Dowd (born January 14, 1952) is an American columnist for The New York Times. She is also a best-selling author. She worked for Time magazine in the 1970s and 1980s. She worked for the Washington Star. She first joined The New York Times in 1983.

In 1999, Dowd received a Pulitzer Prize. It was for her series of columns on the Monica Lewinsky scandal in the Clinton administration.

She was born in Washington, D.C..

References

American journalists
1952 births
Living people
Pulitzer Prize winners
Ricardo Montaner is the eponymous debut studio album recorded by Argentine-Venezuelan singer-songwriter Ricardo Montaner, It was released by TH-Rodven in early 1987 (see 1987 in music). It reached #1 on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums chart.

Track listing

© MCMLXXXVI. TH-Rodven Records. Inc.

Chart performance

References

1987 albums
Spanish-language albums
Debut albums
This a list of later medieval artists. It begins in the 13th century (1200s) and includes famous painters and sculptors.

Each artist is listed with their dates, place of birth, some places that they worked, their media (the type of artwork that they made), one or two most famous works and some art galleries where their works can be seen.

Late Medieval artists

Italian Byzantine
These artists, before the Renaissance, painted in the style of Greek icons. Their paintings were important to the education of many Renaissance painters, and were to be seen in the churches where the Renaissance painters worked, and worshipped. Often an altarpiece by one of these artists was surrounded by frescoes by the Renaissance painters who lived 150 to 200 years later. A famous Madonna and Child by Coppo di Marcovaldo stood above the altar where Masaccio, Masolino and Filippo Lippi painted the walls of the Brancacci Chapel. Giotto, who is thought of as the first Renaissance painter, was educated by Cimabue, one of the great masters of the Late Byzantine style.

Italian Proto-Renaissance 
Proto-Renaissance artists worked before 1400 in Italy when the Renaissance style was slowly developing.

International Gothic
Artists from many parts of Europe worked in a decorative Gothic style. 
 

Artists
artists
Stock in cooking (cuisine) is a liquid flavoring base for soups and sauces. It is a flavoured liquid preparation, and is the basis of many dishes. The ideas go back to Carême, and were simplified by Escoffier. 

A stock is made by simmering  animal bones and/or meat, fish, or vegetables in water and/or wine. mirepoix or other aromatics are added for more flavour. Mirepoix is a mixture of onions, carrots, celery, and sometimes other vegetables. Many use ready-made ingredients like Oxo cubes or bouillon cubes. It is possible to make stock more quickly with a pressure cooker.

Fish stock, however, is cooked for only twenty minutes or so. 

Stock lasts for three or four days in the fridge, but can be boiled again, and stored again.

Notes 

Cooking methods
Oggy and the Cockroaches is a French animated television series. It was created in 1998. The main characters are Oggy, Joey, Marky, Dee Dee and Jack. It is slapstick comedy with a good deal of comic violence. A 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th season were confirmed. The 5th and 6th seasons premeired on June 30, 2017 and on May 16, 2017. Season 7 premeired on March 19, 2018 while season 8 premeired on May 7, 2020.  The show got adapted into a film in 2013, which was called Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie. In September 2020, the show was reported to be rebooted as The New Adventures of Oggy, a series about Oggy taking care of a seven-year old female elephant named Piya from India. In August 2021, a spin-off of Oggy and the Cockroaches was made, which was called Oggy Oggy.

Characters

Main
The Male Cats:
 Oggy
 Jack
 The Cockroaches:
 Marky
 Joey
 Dee Dee

Recurring
 Monica (Oggy's twin sister and Jack's love interest)
 Bob
 Olivia (Oggy's crush)

Note
 In end of the Season 4 finale episode, Oggy and Olivia get married in Venice, Italy.

References

Voice Cast 
 Don Michael Paul - Oggy
 Greg Eagles - Jack
 Tara Strong - Monica, Olivia
 Tony Sampson - Joey
 Sam Vincent - Marky
 Matt Hill - Dee Dee
 Peter Kelamis - Bob
 Hugues Le Bars - Jack's singing voice, Dee Dee's singing voice
 Michel Elias - Dee Dee's gibberish voice, Jack's gibberish voice
 Dave Hill - Oggy's British accent
 Shailesh Pandey - Jack's yodelling voice
 Rick Jones - Jack's English accent  
                                                                                                                            French television series
American children's television series
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
1998 television series debuts
1990s animated television series
2000s animated television series
2010s animated television series
2020s animated television series
English-language television programs
Lily Serna (born 5 July 1986) is an Australian mathematician and television presenter. She is best known for co-presenting the SBS game show Letters and Numbers from 2010 until 2012 and the cooking show Destination Flavour since later 2012.

Serna was born in Jerusalem. She moved to Sydney with her family when she was eight years old.

References

Other websites
 
 

1986 births
Living people
Australian television presenters
Mathematicians
People from Jerusalem
People from Sydney
TACA Airlines (Transportes Aereos del Continente Americano) is an airline from El Salvador. In 2009 it was merged with Avianca. The two airlines continued to operate separately. TACA has had two major air crashes since 1970.

Gallery

References 

1931 establishments in North America
El Salvador
Airlines of North America
Establishments in El Salvador
2013 disestablishments in North America
Allegiant Air is an American low-cost airline. Owned by Allegiant Travel Company, it operates scheduled and charter flights. Allegiant Travel Company is a publicly traded company with 1,693 employees and over $2 billion USD in market capitalization. The corporate headquarters are in Enterprise, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas.

Gallery

References 

Airlines of the United States
Las Vegas, Nevada
Low-cost airlines
1997 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Nevada
Joko Widodo (Javanese: ꦗꦑ꧈ꦮꦶꦢꦢ Gêdrìk: Jåkå Widådå; O-Javanese: Jaka Widada; born 21 June 1961), also known as Jokowi (Javanese: ꦗꦑꦮꦶ), is an Indonesian politician and former businessman.

Jokowi is a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). He started his career as Mayor of Surakarta from 28 July 2005 until 1 October 2012. Then, he was Governor of Jakarta from 15 October 2012 until 16 October 2014. He has been President of Indonesia since 20 October 2014. His Vice President is Jusuf Kalla. Jokowi is running for re-election in the April 2019 presidential election.

Widodo was born in Surakarta, Central Java. He is a Muslim. He has been married to Iriana since 1986. They have three children. He is also a Heavy metal music fan. He graduated from the Faculty of Forestry at the Gadjah Mada University.

References

Other websites

 

|-

|-

1961 births
Living people
Presidents of Indonesia
Indonesian businesspeople
Engineers
Muslims
Villa Vizcaya, now named the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering. The house is on Biscayne Bay in Coconut Grove Miami, Florida. Deering made the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune,

The estate is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a National Historic Landmark.

The estate property was originally 180 acres (730,000 m2) of shoreline mangrove swamps and dense inland native tropical forests. Being a conservationist, Deering sited the development of the estate portion along the shore to conserve the forests. The villa was built mostly between 1914 and 1922. The building of the extensive elaborate Italian Renaissance gardens and the village continued into 1923. 

The Vizcaya estate includes the gardens, native woodland landscape and a historic village compound. The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. Paul Chalfin was the design director.

Miami-Dade County now owns the Vizcaya property, as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which is open to the public. 'Villa Vizcaya' is served by the Vizcaya Station of the Miami Metrorail.

References 

Buildings and structures in Miami, Florida
Houses in the United States
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
National Register of Historic Places
The law of non-contradiction is a rule of logic. It states that if something is true, then the opposite of it is false. For example, if an animal is a cat, the same animal cannot be not a cat. Or, stated in logic, if +p, then not -p, +p cannot be -p at the same time and in the same sense. The law was stated as a principle of mathematical logic by Russell and Whitehead in Principia Mathematica. 

Ravi Zacharias has said most eastern philosophies reject the law of noncontradiction. The law of non-contradiction is found in ancient Indian logic as a rule in the Shrauta Sutras, the writing of Pāṇini, and the Brahma Sutras attributed to Vyasa. It was later elaborated on by medieval commentators such as Madhvacharya. The idea of noncontradiction is rejected in some strands of Buddhism.

References

Other websites 

Logic
The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions committed by the Soviet NKVD secret police against prisoners in Eastern Europe during World War II.

The victims were mainly from Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia and other parts of the Soviet Union. The Red Army was withdrawing ahead of the German invasion in 1941 (see Operation Barbarossa). The death toll came to 100,000 or more. There were nearly 9,000 in the Ukrainian SSR, to 20,000–30,000 in occupied eastern Poland, now western Ukraine, to all Tartar prisoners in Crimea among other places. Not all prisoner victims (150,000 of them in total) were murdered; some were transported into the interior, others were abandoned in prisons or managed to escape because the retreating Soviet executioners could not attend to all of them.

References 

1941 in Europe
1940s in the Soviet Union
20th century in Poland
Massacres in Europe
Massacres during Word War II
The Gave de Pau is a river of south-western France. It is a left tributary of the Adour river.

It takes its name from the city Pau, through which it flows. The word gave is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western Pyrenees; so, Gave de Pau means "the river of Pau" or "the river that flows through Pau". Many other rivers in the region have the word gave as part of their names.

Geography
The Gave de Pau has a length of about , including the Gave de Gavarnie, and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Bérenx, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Bérenx

Course
The Gave de Pau starts in the Cirque de Gavarnie, in the Parc national des Pyrénées ("Pyrénées National Park"), in the commune of Gavarnie, Hautes-Pyrénées department, at an altitude of about . The upper part of the river is known as Gave de Gavarnie; the name Gave de Pau is given to the river after the Gave de Gavarnie joins the Bastan river at Luz-Saint-Sauveur.

The Gave de Pau receives its main tributary, the Gave d'Oloron, in Peyrehorade and, from there, it is named as Gaves Réunis (United Gaves). Finally, it flows, as a left tributary, into the river Adour in the Landes department, at about  of altitude.
 
The Gave de Pau flows through 90 communes. It passes through the following regions, departments and communes:

 Occitanie region
 Hautes-Pyrénées: Gavarnie, Luz-Saint-Sauveur, Pierrefitte-Nestalas, Argelès-Gazost, Lourdes, Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Pyrénées-Atlantiques: Lestelle-Bétharram, Coarraze, Nay, Pau, Artix, Orthez
 Landes: Labatut

Main tributaries 
The tributaries of Gave de Pau with a length greater than  are:
 Left tributaries
 Ouzom - 33.2 km;
 Baïse - 40.6 km;
 Gave d'Azun - 29.1 km;
 Laâ - 29.5 km;
 Right tributaries
 Ousse - 42.4 km;
 Ousse des Bois - 32.3 km;
 Gave d'Oloron - 148.2 km;

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station Q5501010 - Le Gave de Pau à Berenx  

Rivers of France
Occitanie
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Maiduguri, also called Yerwa, is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. As of 2007, 1,197,497 people live in the city. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British. The Islamist group Boko Haram was founded in Maiduguri in 2002. Since it began its insurgency in 2009, the city has been target of many terrorist attacks by the group.

References

1907 establishments in Africa
Cities in Nigeria
Establishments in Nigeria
Atlit Yam is an ancient neolithic village off of the coast of Atlit, Israel.

A study by Maria Pareschi of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Pisa says that a volcanic collapse of Mount Etna's Eastern flank which happened 8,500 years ago likely caused a 10-storey (40 m or 131 ft) megatsunami that hit and engulfed some of the Mediterranean coastal cities within hours. Scientists point to the sudden abandonment of the village around the same time as more evidence that the tsunami happened.

A stone semicircle was found which contains seven 600-kilogram (1,320 lb) megaliths. There are cup marks carved into the stones and the stones are around a freshwater spring. It is suggested that it was used for a water ritual. In 2008, there were skeletons of a woman and child found, which revealed the earliest known cases of tuberculosis.

References

Archaeological sites in Israel
Geography of Israel
Stone circles
"Red Red Wine" is a pop ballad. It was originally recorded by Neil Diamond. His version reached #62 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1968. The single is about a person drinking red wine to forget his problems. 

The song was covered by UB40 in August 1983. It peaked at #1 in 1984 in United Kingdom and at #34 in the United States.

It was released again in 1988 in the United States. That time, it hit #1.

References

1968 songs

Pop songs
Songs about drugs
Aer Lingus is Ireland's national airline. It is the second largest Irish airline after its main competitor, Ryanair. Aer Lingus means Air Fleet in the Celtic languages.

The airline began flying in April 1936. At that time, it had only one aircraft. It flew between Dublin and Bristol. As of 2015, the airline has almost 50 airplanes. It flies to about 70 airports in Europe and North America.

Airlines of Europe
Ireland
1936 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in the Republic of Ireland
IATA members
{{Infobox Album
| name = No Pads, No Helmets... Just Balls
| type = studio
| artist = Simple Plan
| cover = 
| released = March 19, 2002
| recorded = 2001
| genre = pop punk
| length = 46:42
| language = English
| label = Lava, Atlantic
| producer = Arnold Lanni
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = 
, No Helmets... Just Balls(2002)
| next_title = Live in Japan 2002(2003)
}}No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls' is the first studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls'' was released on March 19, 2002 through both Atlantic and Lava.

The album debuted at #35 on the Billboard 200 and at #8 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA.

The album featured the singles "I'm Just a Kid", "I'd Do Anything", "Addicted", and "Perfect".

Songs

References

Other websites

2002 albums
Debut albums
Simple Plan albums
The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the legislature of the province of Ontario, Canada. It has the second largest number of members out of the provincial legislatures of Canada. It meets at the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, the provincial capital.

The Assembly was created in 1867 by the British North America Act. The Assembly is unicameral, meaning there is no upper house. There are 124 members of the assembly, who are called Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Each member is elected from one electoral district. The party with the most members gets to choose the Premier of Ontario, who leads the government, and the Executive Council of Ontario, which is the cabinet. The leader of the second largest party in the assembly becomes the Leader of the Opposition.

The current assembly was elected in the 2018 Ontario general election. The members that were elected are part of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario.

Seat distribution
The following table shows how many seats each political party has in the legislature. Some seats changed after the election. Three Progressive Conservative MPPs left the PCs and became independent politicians. They were Jim Wilson, Amanda Simard, and Randy Hillier.

Government of Ontario
Ontario
Austrian Airlines is the largest airline of Austria. Its main hub is the Vienna International Airport. It was founded on May 3, 1923.  Austrian bought its first jet aircraft in 1963. Austrian joined the Star Alliance on March 26, 2000.  The Government of Austria sold the airline in 2008. Lufthansa bought Austrian Airlines in 2009.  In April 2015, Austrian Airlines was combined with Tyrolean Airways.

Gallery

References
{{reflist}refs=

}}

1957 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Transport in Austria
Companies of Austria
Star Alliance
IATA members
Miami International Airport (MIA) is the largest airport in passenger and size terms in the US state of Florida. It's historic name was Wilcox Field.

The airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. This is mainly because of Miami's closeness to all of Florida's tourist attractions, the city's economic activity, and its large Latin American and European population.

Airlines
These airlines fly to and from Miami:  
Aeroflot
Aerolíneas Argentinas
Aeroméxico
Air Canada
Air Europa
Air France
Alitalia
American Airlines
Aruba Airlines
Austrian Airlines
Avianca
Avior Airlines
Bahamasair
Boliviana de Aviacion
British Airways
Canadian North
Caribbean Airlines
Cayman Airlines
Copa Airlines
Delta Air Lines
Delta Connection
Eastern Air Lines
Finnair
Frontier Airlines
Gol Airlines
Iberia Airlines
Insel Air
Interjet
Jetairfly
LAN Airlines
Lufthansa
Qatar Airways
SBA Airlines
Scandinavian Airlines 
Sun Country Airlines
Surinam Airways
SWISS
TAM Airlines
TAP Portugal
Thomas Cook Airlines
TUI Airlines
Turkish Airlines 
United Airlines
Virgin Atlantic Airways
VivaColombia 
WestJet
XL Airways France

Gallery

References

Airports in Florida
Buildings and structures in Miami, Florida
Pan American World Airways, or Pan Am, was once the largest airline of the USA. The crash of Pan Am Flight 103 and several other factors led to the airline to stop flying in 1991.

History
Pan Am was founded in 1926. Its first flights were from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba. During the 1920s and 1930s, Pan Am bought several smaller airlines in Central America and South America. These were bought to help Pan Am expand its flights throughout The Americas. Pan Am became the first airline to circumnavigate the world in 1942. By the 1950s, Pan Am had several larger airplanes like the Boeing 377, Douglas DC-6 and the Lockheed Constellation. It went to cities all across the world. In 1959, Pan Am bought its first jet - the Boeing 707. In 1970, Pan Am introduced its first widebody jet - the Boeing 747.

In 1980, Pan Am was combined with National Airlines. This was because Pan Am wanted to fly domestic flights and the government didn't allow it. When Pan Am bought National, it could finally fly domestically. In the 1980s, Pan Am started having many financial problems, having paid too much to buy National Airlines. Pan Am also spent too much money on the new Boeing 747s. The Gulf War of 1990 also caused many problems with Pan Am's transatlantic flights. Pan Am declared bankruptcy in January 1991. Delta Air Lines bought small parts of Pan Am and tried to help it. However, on December 4, 1991 Pan Am stopped flying due to the big financial problems. United Airlines got many of Pan Am's old flights. American Airlines got Pan Am's Miami hub. Pan Am was resurrected twice in 1996 and 1998.

References

Other websites

Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Miami, Florida
Companies based in New York City
1927 establishments in the United States
1991 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
OGPU was the secret police of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1934. It was after the Cheka and before the NKVD. Its official name was  the Joint State Political Directorate. 

The OGPU was theoretically supposed to operate with more restraint than the original Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka. The OGPU's powers were greatly increased in 1926, when the Soviet criminal code was amended to include a section on "anti-state terrorism". The law were vaguely written and very broadly interpreted. Even before then, it set up tribunals to try the most exceptional cases of terrorism, usually without calling any witnesses. In time, the OGPU's powers grew even greater than those of the Cheka.

Perhaps its most spectacular success was the Trust Operation of 1924–1925. OGPU agents contacted émigrés in western Europe and pretended to be on a large group working to overthrow the communist regime, known as the "Trust". Exiled Russians gave the Trust large sums of money and supplies, as did foreign intelligence agencies. The Trust finally succeeded in luring one of the leading anti-Communist operators, Sidney Reilly, into Russia to meet with the Trust. Once he was in Russia, he was captured and killed. It was a great propaganda success.

From 1927 to 1929, the OGPU engaged in intensive investigations of an opposition coup.  Stalin soon made a public decree that any and all opposition views should be considered dangerous and gave the GPU the authority to seek out hostile elements. There were many trials during Stalin's Five Year Plan.   

The OGPU was responsible for the creation of the Gulag system. It also became the Soviet government's arm for the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Greek Catholics, the Latin Catholics, Islam and other religious organizations. The OGPU was also the main secret police agency for the detection, arrest, and liquidation of anarchists and other dissident left-wing factions in the early Soviet Union.

The OGPU was merged into the newly created all-union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) in July 1934. Its last change was into the more widely known Committee for State Security (KGB).

References 

Soviet Union
Intelligence agencies
Police
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
1934 disestablishments
Aeroflot is the national airline of the Russian Federation. It's one of the oldest airlines in the world. It has been flying for over a century.

History
Aeroflot began in 1923 in the Soviet Union. Much of Aeroflot's history was kept secret once the Cold War began and Aeroflot had to stop flying to the United States.

Throughout the 1960s, 70s and 80s, Aeroflot and many Eastern Bloc airlines suffered many air crashes due to old and poor Russian airplanes. Those were the only ones Aeroflot and those airlines could use. However, Aeroflot was the world's largest airline until the 1980s. After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, Aeroflot began modernizing its fleet and buying more Western airplanes, like the Airbus A300 and Boeing 767. By 1991, Aeroflot started going to the United States. Aeroflot is member of aviation alliance SkyTeam. As of 2015, Aeroflot was flying to 150 cities in 52 countries.

Fleet

References

1923 establishments in the Soviet Union
Airlines of Asia
Companies of Russia
Airlines of Europe
Transport in Russia
IATA members
Interjet was a low-cost airline based in Mexico begun in 2005. Mexico City International Airport is Interjet's hub. Interjet mainly flies Airbus A320 and Sukhoi Superjet airplanes from Mexico to the USA, Central America and South America.

In 2014, Interjet began an agreement with American Airlines and Iberia.

References 

Transport in Mexico
Airlines of North America
2005 establishments in North America
Low-cost airlines
2000s establishments in Mexico
Avianca is the national and largest airline of Colombia. It is the second oldest airline in the world. It began flying in 1919. Avianca has grown to become one of the largest airlines in the Americas. It flies to 121 cities with over 140 airplanes. In 2009, TACA Airlines and Avianca were combined to create a single airline.

References

Other websites
 

Colombia
Airlines of South America
Star Alliance
1919 establishments
1910s establishments in Colombia
IATA members
Trans World Airlines (TWA) was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It stopped flying after it was bought by American Airlines in 2001, after many financial problems.

References

Other websites

Airlines of the United States
1925 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Companies based in Texas
Fort Worth, Texas
Eastern Air Lines was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It was founded by Eddie Rickenbacker in 1929. It stopped flying in 1991. Eastern was one of the Big Four airlines of the USA, along with American Airlines, United Airlines and TWA.

In 2015, Eastern relaunched flights.  The company merged with Swift Air in 2017 stating that, "the transaction is not a purchase of one certificate or merger of two certificates." Eastern's last flight was in September of 2017. Swift completed its asset purchase and all remaining Eastern aircraft were transferred to the Swift certificate. In September 2017 Eastern surrendered its certificate to the FAA. The Eastern name will be transferred to Dynamic International Airways, an airline co-owned by Swift ownership.

References

Airlines of the United States
1929 establishments in the United States
1991 disestablishments in the United States
2015 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Miami, Florida
"Black Sabbath" is a 1970 heavy metal song by the group of the same name. This song was released on their self-titled first studio album. According to them, it was inspired by an experience with Ozzy Osbourne.

Ice-T sampled the song on his 1989 song "Shut Up, Be Happy" and his 1991 song "Midnight". Other musicians have done covers of this song. One of them was Beth Gibbons of Portishead.

References

Rock songs
1970 songs
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages. There are about 385.5 million people who speak these languages. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian people of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. There are a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy is spoken on the island of Madagascar. Part of the language family shows a strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic as the western part of the region has many followers of Buddhism, Hinduism, and, since the 10th century, Islam.

References 

Language
The prisoner's dilemma is a paradox  about co-operation. It shows why two "rational" individuals might not co-operate, even if it seems in their best interests. It is studied in game theory.

Game structure

Setup 
The police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police do not know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray (hurt) the other by blaming the crime on them. If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 6 months. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one does not go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 2 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again.

Strategies 
If you are a prisoner in this situation and you care only about yourself, the way to get the smallest sentence is to betray the other prisoner. No matter what, you get a shorter sentence when you betray than when you do not.

If the other prisoner stays silent and does not betray, then betraying means you do not go to jail at all instead of going to jail for 6 months.

If the other prisoner betrays, then betraying lets you go to jail for 2 years instead of 10 years. In other words, it's always best for you to betray, even though the two of you would be better off if you both stayed silent. Betraying the other prisoner is your "dominant strategy" because it is always the best thing for you to do, no matter what the other prisoner does.

The prisoner's dilemma does not have same result if some of the details are different.

Game theory was much studied during the Cold War period. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.

References 

Logical paradoxes
Seguridad Social is a Spanish rock music band from Benetússer, Valencia. It was founded in 1982 by José Manuel Casany (also Casañ) (vocalist) and Santiago Serrano (guitar).

Casany met him when he was a member of Paranoicos. After that Serrano left his former band and joined to his friend's group. However they stopped their music career due their military services. Before leaving to go into the armed forces, they signed a contract with Citra label. One year later both returned to the band.

In 1984 Seguridad Social released its first LP: El desconcierto.

The 90's were a big change for the band. Most of its members left Seguridad Social. They were replaced by Javi Vela (guitar/vocalist), Alex Olías (bass/vocalist) and Rafa Villalba (drummer).

Members

Former members 
 Rafa Montañana - Drummer
 Arístides Abreu - Guitar
 Alberto Tarín - Guitar
 Santiago Serrano - Guitar
 Javier Forment - Drummer
 Emilio Docena - Bass
 Julián Nemesio - Drummer
 José Antonio Cuesta - Bass

Currently members 
 José Manuel Casany (also known as Casañ) - Vocalist
 Javi Vela - Guitar/Vocalist
 Alex Olías - Bass/Vocalist
 Rafa Villalba - Drummer

Discography

Studio albums 
 1985 - Solo para locos
 1987 - La explosión de los pastelitos de merengue
 1988 - Vino, tabaco y caramelos
 1990 - Introglicerina
 1991 - ¡Que no se extinga la llama!
 1993 - Furia latina
 1995 - Un beso y una flor
 1997 - En la boca del volcán
 1999 - Camino vertical
 2000 - Va por ti
 2003 - Otros mares
 2005 - Puerto escondido
 2009 - Clásicos del futuro. 2 CD
 2011 - El mundo al día en 80 vueltas

Compilation albums 
 2002 - Grandes éxitos. Gracias por las molestias. CD + DVD
 2007 - 25 años de Rock & Roll. 2 CD + DVD

In live 
 1984 - En desconcierto
 1994 - Compromiso de amor. 2 CD
 2013-  Por siempre jamás (30 años de Seguridad Social). CD + DVD

References

Other websites
Official website

Spanish musical groups
Rock musicians
1982 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Spain
Cædmon's Hymn is a short Old English poem originally composed by Cædmon. It was about God. It survives in a Latin translation by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum and in other dialects written down in several manuscripts of Bede's Historia. Bede wrote about the poet and his work in the fourth book of his Historia.

Cædmon 
Bede told the story of Cædmon who was an illiterate cow-herder who was suddenly able to recite a Christian song of creation in Old English verse. This miracle happened after Cædmon left a feast when they were passing a harp around for all to sing a song. He left the hall after feeling ashamed that he could not contribute a song. Later in a dream he said a man appeared to him and asked him to sing a song. Cædmon responded that he could not sing. But the man told him that he could and asked him to “Sing to me the beginning of all things.”  Cædmon was then able to sing verses and words that he had not heard of before. Cædmon then reported his experience first to a steward then to Hild the abbess. She invited scholars to evaluate Cædmon’s gift. Cædmon was sent home to turn more divine doctrine into song. The abbess was so impressed with the success of his gift that she told him to become a monk. Cædmon lived a long and very productive life as a monk. He created songs from all kinds of Church history and doctrine.

Choral settings of Caedmon's Hymn 
The text has been set to music by a number of composers of choral music. Graham Keitch used Bede's translation for a motet which was commissioned to mark the 1100th anniversary of the death of the Anglo Saxon queen, Aethelflaed. It was first sung during the commemorative Evensong for Queen Aethelflaed which took place in Gloucester Cathedral, June 12th 2018.

Translated text 

 Old English
 nu scylun hergan  hefaenricaes uard
 metudæs maecti  end his modgidanc
 uerc uuldurfadur  swe he uundra gihwaes
 eci dryctin  or astelidæ
 he aerist scop  aelda barnum
 heben til hrofe  haleg scepen.
 tha middungeard  moncynnæs uard
 eci dryctin   æfter tiadæ
 firum foldu  frea allmectig

 Latin (Bede)
 Nunc laudare debemus auctorem regni caelestis,
 potentiam creatoris, et consilium illius
 facta Patris gloriae: quomodo ille,
 cum sit aeternus Deus, omnium miraculorum auctor exstitit;
 qui primo filiis hominum
 caelum pro culmine tecti
 dehinc terram custos humani generis
 creavit.
 omnipotens

 Modern English translation
 Now [we] must honour the guardian of heaven,
 the might of the architect, and his purpose,
 the work of the father of glory
 as he, the eternal lord, established the beginning of wonders;
 he first created for the children of men
 heaven as a roof, the holy creator
 Then the guardian of mankind,
 the eternal lord, afterwards appointed the middle earth,
 the lands for men, the Lord almighty.

References

Other websites 
 CAEDMON'S HYMN, Washington State University

Christian hymns
Kingsville is a city in Texas. It is the county seat of Kleberg County in Texas. It was founded in 1904. The population was 26,312 in 2013. Kingsville has an area of 13.8 square miles.

References

Other websites
 City of Kingsville
 Kingsville Visitors Center
 Kingsville Chamber of Commerce
 The King Ranch
 Texas A&M University Kingsville
 Kleberg County Airport 

1904 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Texas
Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
In law, an appeal is how legal cases are reviewed. An appeal is made to a higher court than the one that made the initial judgment. This is usually an appeals court. In turn, appeals court decisions may be appealed in a supreme court. The person pursuing an appeal is called an appellant.

When a lower court judgement is filed, the losing party (appellant) must file a notice of appeal. The appellant must give the appeals court legal reasons for reversing the decision of the lower court. Usually the legal argument includes legal precedents that relate to this case. The other party, called a respondent or appellee files a brief that counters the claims of the appellant. In turn, the appellant may counter the response of the appellee with a final brief. Then, if the appeals court agrees to hear the case each party argues their case before the court. The appeals court may sustain the original court ruling. They may also reverse the decision sending it back to the lower court. No new evidence is introduced in an appeals court.

References 

Law
Legal terms
Philip Parris "Phil" Lynott (20 August 1949 – 4 January 1986) was an Irish musician. He was born in West Bromwich, Staffordshire, England and raised in Dublin, Ireland from age four. His mother was businesswoman Philomena Lynott. He was a rock bass guitarist and singer, and the leader of the rock band Thin Lizzy.

Lynott started Thin Lizzy in 1969, and they continued until 1983. He also made two solo albums in the early 1980s. They were famous for their songs "The Boys Are Back in Town", "Waiting for an Alibi", "Whisky in the Jar" and "Jailbreak". He also worked with Gary Moore.

Lynott had problems with drugs and alcohol in his final years. On 25 December 1985, he collapsed and was sent to clinic in Wiltshire, England. He was diagnosed with septicaemia. He died of pneumonia and heart failure in Salisbury, Wiltshire on 4 January 1986. He was 36.

References

Other websites

 

1949 births
1986 deaths
Bass guitarists
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in England
Irish guitarists
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
Musicians from Dublin
Musicians from Staffordshire
A femdom or female dominant refers to BDSM relationships where the dominant partner is female. An increasing number of men find playing a submissive role with a femdom appealing. A femdom may have other names including: "dominatrix", "mistress" or "madame". The term may depend on her personal preference.

References 

BDSM
{{Infobox Album
| name = Get Your Heart On!
| type = studio
| artist = Simple Plan
| cover = 
| released = June 21, 2011
| recorded = August–November 2010
| genre = Pop punk, alternative rock, pop rock
| length = 44:27
| language = English
| label = Lava, Atlantic
| producer = Brian Howes
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Simple Plan(2008)
!(2011)
| next_title = Get Your Heart On - The Second Coming!(2013)
}}Get Your Heart On!' is the fourth studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. Get Your Heart On!'' was released on June 21, 2011 through both Atlantic and Lava. It was also released on 17 June 2011 in countries like Australia and the Netherlands.

The album peaked at #52 on the Billboard 200 and at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

The album featured the singles "Can't Keep My Hands off You", "Jet Lag", "Astronaut", and "Summer Paradise".

Songs

References

Other websites

2011 albums
Simple Plan albums
"Festival Song" is the fourth and last single single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's self-titled second studio album. The song was released in 2001. 

Joel Madden  of Good Charlotte said that the song was about the HFStival, which is a rock festival. He explained:
"I grew up coming to the HFStival. . . I wrote this song about being here, how we wanted to quit our jobs to be in a band. We have all our friends, the fans and the radio support right here."

References

Other websites

2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
Mexicana de Aviacion was one of the largest airlines of Mexico. It was one of the oldest airlines in the world. It began flying in 1921. It stopped flying in August 2010.

History
Mexicana began in 1921 at Tampico. At first, it only carried mail. By the early 1930s, Mexicana was almost entirely owned by Pan American World Airways. In the late 1920s, Mexicana started flying to airports in Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador and Guatemala. Mexicana was also the first international airline to begin flights to Los Angeles International Airport.

By the 1960s, Mexicana's main competitor was Aeroméxico. Mexicana almost went into bankruptcy. Mexicana got its first Boeing 727 in 1969. However, two of its Boeing 727s crashed in 1969. The accidents killed some people.

In the 1990s, Aeroméxico and Mexicana formed an agreement. Mexicana started flying the Airbus A320 family in 1991.

Mexicana kept growing. It eventually became one of the largest airlines in North America. In August 2010, Mexicana filed for bankruptcy. The company ended a few weeks later. Mexicana has never flown since then.

References 

Transport in Mexico
Airlines of North America
1921 establishments in North America
1920s establishments in Mexico
2010 disestablishments in Mexico
Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous is an American television series. The show ran from March 31, 1984 until September 2, 1995. It was created by Alfred M. "Al" Masini. The show featured the lifestyles of rich and famous celebrities.

The show was hosted by Robin Leach. After Leach was joined by Shari Belafonte in 1994, the show was renamed to Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte. The show ended with Leach's catchphrase "champagne wishes and caviar dreams." David Greenspan narrated most of the segments for the show's run and he could be heard narrating when Leach did not appear on camera.

References

Other websites

1984 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
ABC network shows
First run syndicated television programs
Kuwait Airways is Kuwait's national airline. It began in 1954. It has grown very fast. It is one of the largest airlines in the Middle East. It flies to 42 cities in different countries.

Kuwait Airways has 22 aircraft (with 4 more on order). The average age of their aircraft is 17.4 years.

References 

Airlines of the Middle East
Kuwait
"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" is the first single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, The Young and the Hopeless. The song was released in September 6, 2002.

On the Billboard charts, the song was able to peak at #20 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Top 40 Mainstream.

In 2003, the song won a MTV Video Music Award for "Viewer's Choice". It was also the winner of a Kerrang! Award for Best Single.

References

Other websites
"Lifestyles of the Rich & Famous" on YouTube

2002 songs
Good Charlotte songs
The smooth snake (Coronella austriaca). is found in Britain, where it lives only in southern heathlands.

It is a non-venomous colubrid species found in northern and central Europe, and as far east as northern Iran. In contrast to many other snakes, their scales are flat (not keeled). This gives the snake a smooth texture to the touch, from which it gets its common name.

The smooth snake feeds on smaller animals, especially other reptiles.  It subdues larger prey by constriction, although unlike true constrictors it does not actually kill by this method.  It reproduces by laying eggs, which are buried in sand in a warm place.

References 

Colubrids
The Villa Castelli helicopter crash occurred on 9 March 2015 when two helicopters collided near Villa Castelli in north-west Argentina. All 10 people on board the two aircraft were killed.

Florence Arthaud, Camille Muffat and Alexis Vastine were passengers.

2015 aviation disasters
Transport in Argentina
2010s in Argentina
2015 in South America
Lynn Borden (March 24, 1937 – March 3, 2015) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as "Barbara Baxter" in the final season of the Shirley Booth sitcom Hazel, which aired on CBS from 1965 to 1966 though the program began in 1961 on NBC.

Borden was born in Detroit. She died of an illness in Encino, Los Angeles.

1937 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
American movie actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Ernest Braun (9 March 1925 – 3 March 2015) was a British-Austrian scholar. He worked in technology policy and technology assessment.

References

Other websites
 E. Braun in the ISBN data base
 E. Braun on Google Scholar

1925 births
2015 deaths
British educators
British physicists
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian physicists
"Gimme Shelter" is a song by English rock band The Rolling Stones. It is the first song featured on their 1969 album Let It Bleed. Merry Clayton provided vocals for the song along with Mick Jagger. The song was released in 5 December 1969.

During a 1995 interview with Rolling Stone, Jagger said:

"Well, it's a very rough, very violent era. The Vietnam War. Violence on the screens, pillage and burning. And Vietnam was not war as we knew it in the conventional sense. The thing about Vietnam was that it wasn't like World War II, and it wasn't like Korea, and it wasn't like the Gulf War. It was a real nasty war, and people didn't like it. People objected, and people didn't want to fight it..."  As for the song itself, he concluded, "That's a kind of end-of-the-world song, really. It's apocalypse; the whole record's like that."

In 2004, the song was ranked #38 on "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list by Rolling Stone. It has also been ranked at #12 on "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s" list by Pitchfork Media.

References

Other websites

1969 songs
The Rolling Stones