cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
CentraleSupélec is a graduate school of engineering in France. Its main campus is located at the Paris-Saclay plateau, and is one of the constituent institutes of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur CentraleSupélec (Graduate Engineer program, leading to the Diplôme d'Ingénieur)
 Master of Science & Doctorat (Doctorate studies, leading to PhD)
 Mastères Spécialisés (Specialized Masters; MS)
 Massive Online Open Course

The academic and research programs, including industrial research collaborations, are mainly offered in French in English.

Most of the 5000 students in the Graduate Engineer program at CentraleSupélec live in dedicated student residences near the research labs and metro train station. Some of the campus facilities are shared with 65,000 students from other constituent schools of the University of Paris-Saclay.

History 
CentraleSupélec was created 1 January 2015 from École Centrale de Paris and Supélec. This was in order to create one of the best universities in the world.

Admission 
Admission to the CentraleSupélec Programme (2-year curriculum) is by:
 a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus: concours Centrale-Supelec (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
 a selective application from Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The CentraleSupélec Programme typically lasts three years. It results in a master's degree, in addition to international experience. The undergraduate studies plus the CentraleSupélec Programme account for more than a 300 ECTS credits in the European education system.
 
However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree program are required to spend two-years at CentraleSupélec and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years. This results in a double master's degree.

Research labs 
Research activities at CentraleSupélec relate to the following topics:
 Materials and Procedures
 Mechanics, Energetics and Combustion
 Applied Physics
 Applied Mathematics
 Technology and IT Systems
 Signal processing, Automation
 Electrical Engineering, Electronics
 Industrial Engineering, Economics and Administration

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in Paris
2015 establishments in France
The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum took place on 23 June 2016 in the UK and Gibraltar. It was to decide whether the United Kingdom would stay in the European Union (EU).

The referendum ended with 51.9% of votes in favour of leaving the EU.

On 24 June, the then Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister David Cameron announced that he would resign. He was replaced on 13 July by Theresa May.

The Remain campaign 
Members of the Remain campaign wanted the United Kingdom to stay in the European Union. Political parties that wanted the UK to stay in the EU include the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party. They said that being in the EU gave the UK many advantages in trade.

Prime Minister David Cameron supported staying in the EU, but the Conservative Party was neutral. It was up to each MP to have their own view. Other well-known Conservatives who wanted to remain in the EU include George Osborne, Theresa May and Philip Hammond.

The Leave campaign 
Members of the leave campaign, commonly called Brexit, wanted the UK to leave the European Union. Political parties who supported leaving the EU include United Kingdom Independence Party, the Respect Party and many members of the Conservative Party. Those who supported "leave" were especially concerned about the EU's "open border" policies and mass migration.

Some well known members of the Conservative party who wanted to leave the EU included Iain Duncan Smith, Michael Gove and Boris Johnson.

Party policies
The tables list political parties with seats in the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the European Parliament, the Scottish Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Welsh Assembly, or the Gibraltar Parliament at the time of the referendum.

Great Britain

Northern Ireland

Gibraltar

Final results 

* Total votes only include Valid votes. About 25,359 were invalid or blank. Source:

UK regional results

Reactions 
Shortly after the results were announced, David Cameron said that he would resign by October 2016. After a leadership election, Theresa May became Prime Minister on 13 July.

The Scottish government announced on 24 June 2016 that they were planning to hold a second independence referendum. Northern Ireland politician Martin McGuinness also called for an Irish reunification referendum. A movement for London independence even occurred, with an online petition reaching thousands of signatures.

A "Bregret"/"Regrexit" petition was proposed by William Oliver Healey on 24 May 2016. It was made to support the creation of a second European Union membership referendum. By 25 June, more than two and a half million people signed the petition. Calls for a second referendum was later rejected by the government.

Theresa May officially triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017. This means that negotiations have started between the UK government and the European Union. These talks are expected to last 2 years and after they have finished  the UK will be out of the EU.

References

Brexit
2016 in the United Kingdom
June 2016 events
Voting systems
The Black Unicorn is a fantasy book written by Terry Brooks. It is the second book in the Magic Kingdom of Landover series. The book continues the stories of Ben Holiday, Willow, and Questor Thews. Each of them had a dream about something important to them. They each left Sterling Silver (the castle they live in) to look for what they dreamed about. The dreams led Ben Holiday to Chicago, Questor Thews to find the books of magic, and Willow to hunt for the black unicorn.

Fantasy books
1987 books
Ciriaco "Cacoy" Cañete (August 8, 1919 – February 5, 2016) was a Filipino martial artist. He was a member of the Doce Pares Eskrima Club. He was the last surviving member of the club, which was founded in January 1932. In 1951 he developed his own martial art system named Eskrido. He was born in San Fernando, Cebu.

Cañete died in a hospital in Downtown Cebu City on February 5, 2016. He died from prostate cancer. He was aged 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Filipino sportspeople
Martial artists
Daniel Ivan Hicks (December 9, 1941 – February 6, 2016) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He made music with elements of cowboy folk, jazz, country, swing, bluegrass, pop and gypsy. He led the band Dan Hicks and His Hot Licks. His career began in 1965.

He was best known for the songs "I Scare Myself" and "Canned Music."  His songs were known for having humor. One of his songs was titled "How Can I Miss You When You Won't Go Away?" His latest album, Live at Davies, was released in 2013.

Hicks died on February 6, 2016 from throat and liver cancer. He died in Mill Valley, California. He was 74 years old. He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 2014 and had liver cancer since 2015.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
American bandleaders
American bluegrass musicians
Country musicians from Arkansas
American folk musicians
American pop musicians
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from throat cancer
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
Singers from Arkansas
John Fife Symington III (born August 12, 1945) is an American politician and businessman. He was born in New York City. He served as the 19th Governor of the U.S. state of Arizona. He served from 1991 until his resignation in 1997. He was a member of the Republican Party.

References

Other websites
Arizona Republic special report on Fife Symington
Arizona Republic biography of Fife Symington

Pro-Symington website; tracks positive news coverage
Summary of the government's investigation

1945 births
Living people
Governors of Arizona
Politicians from New York City
Businesspeople from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
Alvin James Baldus (April 27, 1926 – February 2, 2017) was an American politician. He was member of the Democratic Party. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1981, as a member for Wisconsin. He lost his re-election in 1980.

Baldus was born in Garner, Iowa. He grew up in Elkton and Austin in Minnesota. He studied at Riverland Community College. Baldus died on February 2, 2017 in Menomonie, Wisconsin, aged 90.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2017 deaths
Politicians from Iowa
Politicians from Minnesota
United States representatives from Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
In a criminal trial the trier of fact, also called the finder of fact, is the person or persons responsible for deciding the factual issues. This is also called a finding of fact. In a jury trial the trier of fact is the jury. If there is no jury, the trier of fact is the judge. In many types of hearings the trier of fact may be an administrative law judge, a board, commission, or referee. Trier of fact is now considered an older term. The term "finder of fact" has come into use more recently. Once the trier of fact determines what is assumed to be the truth of a matter, then legal rules are applied to those facts. A judge instructs a jury about the legal rules applying to the case. These instructions include what the findings may be. For example the jury may find for the plantiff or the jury may find for the defendant.

References 

Legal terms
Law
Joel Vincent Anthony (born August 9, 1982) is a Canadian professional basketball player. He is a former center of the Detroit Pistons and Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also plays for the Canadian national basketball team.

College
Anthony attended Pensacola State College in Pensacola, Florida and transferred to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas after two years. He played college basketball with the Runnin' Rebels from 2004 until 2007.

NBA career
He went undrafted. He signed a one-year contract with the Miami Heat on July 3, 2007. Anthony re-signed with the Heat on July 20, 2009. On July 16, 2010, Anthony signed a five-year, $18 million contract to stay with Miami. Anthony made his first Finals appearance in 2011 where the Heat lost to the Dallas Mavericks 4 games to 2. The following season, Anthony won his first NBA championship with the Heat after the defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder 4 games to 1 in the 2012 NBA Finals. He won his second championship with the Heat the next when they defeated the San Antonio Spurs 4 games to 3 in the 2013 NBA Finals.

On January 15, 2014, a three-team trade happened involving the Heat, Boston Celtics, and Golden State Warriors. The Heat traded Anthony and a future draft pick, and a 2016 second-round draft pick to the Celtics. The Heat received Toney Douglas from the Warriors and the Warriors received Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Celtics. Anthony played a total of 21 regular season games with the Celtics.

On October 17, 2014, the Celtics traded Anthony to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Will Bynum.

References

Other websites

1982 births
Boston Celtics players
Canadian basketball players
Detroit Pistons players
Living people
Miami Heat players
Sportspeople from Montreal
People from Westmount, Quebec
The Magdalena River is the most important river in the western part of Colombia. It has a length of . Its course is from south to north. About 80 percent of the population of Colombia live on the banks of the river or one of its tributaries. Barranquilla, Colombia's biggest city, lies on the banks of the river.
The river is navigable up to the city of Honda, about  upstream. At Honda, there are rapids. After these rapids, the river is navigable for another .

References

Rivers of Colombia
Trey Anthony Lyles (born November 5, 1995) is a Canadian-American professional basketball player. He is a power forward/small forward for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

College
Lyles played college basketball with the University of Kentucky Wildcats from 2014 until 2015. Lyles had originally committed to play for Indiana but he decommitted in August 2012. He did not play in Kentucky's six-game exhibition series in Nassau, Bahamas because of a leg injury.

NBA career
Lyles was drafted by the Utah Jazz in the first round with the 12th overall pick in the 2015 NBA Draft. The Jazz signed him to rookie scale contract on July 7, 2015. On January 14, 2016, Lyles was able to score a season-high 19 points in a 103-101 loss to the Sacramento Kings.

References

Other websites
 

1995 births
Canadian basketball players
Living people
People from Saskatoon
Sportspeople from Saskatchewan
Utah Jazz players
Sturla Gunnarsson (born August 30, 1951) is a Canadian movie director and producer.

Gunnarsson was born in Reykjavík, Iceland in 1951. He moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, with his parents when he was seven years old. His movie After the Axe, received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature.  He has since won a number of awards including Emmy Award, Genie Award and Gemini Awards.

Awards
 International Emmy Award in 1997, for Gerrie & Louise
 Genie Award in 1986, for Final Offer
 Gemini Awards
 Oscar nomination
 Prix Italia
 Prix Villes de Cannes
 Cadillac People’s Choice Documentary Award at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010, for Force of Nature: The David Suzuki Movie
 Canada's Top Ten Film Festival People's Choice Award, awarded in January 2015 for Monsoon

References

Other websites 

Watch films by Sturla Gunnarsson at the National Film Board of Canada

1951 births
Living people
Canadian movie directors
Canadian television directors
Canadian television producers
Sturla Gunnarsson
People from Vancouver
Emmy Award winners
A combatant is a person who fights in an armed conflict. Combatants are protected by parts of the Geneva Convention as long as they obey the rules of war.

References

Military terminology
Marcos Antonio Milinković (born December 22, 1971 in Villa Ballester, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine volleyball player. Milinković is 203 cm and weighs 100 kg. He competed in the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics.

Other websites
 FIVB 2007 Profile
 Milinkovic Profile at ESPN
 Italian League Profile
 Interview in volley country

1971 births
Living people
1996 Summer Olympics
2000 Summer Olympics
2004 Summer Olympics
Olympians
Argentine volleyball players
William O. Birchfield (December 19, 1935 – February 5, 2016) was an American politician, lawyer, and civic leader in the state of Florida. He called himself as the "Duke of Mayo". He was born in Mayo, Florida. He served in the Florida House of Representatives for the 21st district from 1971 until his resignation in 1974.

Birchfield died in Jacksonville, Florida on February 5, 2016. He died from a heart attack. He was aged 80.

References

1935 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Lawyers from Florida
Politicians from Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
Muqtida Hasan Nida Fazli, known as Nida Fazli (‎; 12 October 1938 – 8 February 2016), was an Indian Hindi and Urdu poet. He was born in Gwalior, British Raj. He wrote essays critical of poets of the 1960s in his book Mulaqatein. This book made many poets angry, including Sahir Ludhianvi, Ali Sardar Jafri and Kaifi Azmi. As a result, he was boycotted in some poetic sessions. He recently wrote columns for the BBC Hindi website on various contemporary issues and literature.

Fazli died of a heart attack in Mumbai on 8 February 2016. He was aged 77.

References

1938 births
2014 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian poets
Urdu poets
Sushil Koirala (; 12 August 1939 – 9 February 2016) was a Nepalese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 11 February 2014 to 10 October 2015. He was also President of the Nepali Congress party beginning in 2010.

Koirala was elected as Prime Minister of Nepal by the parliament on 10 February 2014.  Koirala joined the Nepali Congress in 1952 and served in various roles before becoming its president in 2010.

Koirala was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2006 and lung cancer in July 2014. He died on 9 February 2016 of pneumonia in Kathmandu. He was aged 76.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
People with cancer
Nepali Congress politicians
Prime Ministers of Nepal
People from Biratnagar
Roy Lee Rogers, Jr. (born August 19, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played a total of 137 games in the NBA from 1996 until 2000. He played for the Vancouver Grizzlies, Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors, and the Denver Nuggets. After retiring, Rogers became an assistant coach. He currently serves as an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards of the NBA.

College
Rogers played college basketball for the University of Alabama. He played college basketball with the Crimson Tide from 1992 until 1996.

NBA career
Rogers was drafted by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the first round with the 22nd overall pick in the 1996 NBA Draft. He played a total of 82 games and started 50 games with the Grizzlies. He scored a total of 543 points during his time in Vancouver. On October 28, 1997, the Grizzlies traded Rogers to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Tony Massenburg and a 2nd-round pick in the 1999 NBA draft.

He only played nine games with the Celtics. He scored seven points with them. On February 18, 1998, the Celtics traded Roger along with Chauncey Billups, Dee Brown and John Thomas to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Kenny Anderson, Popeye Jones and Žan Tabak.

With the Raptors, Rogers played in six games and scored a total of 13 points. On June 9, 1998, the Raptors traded Rogers along with a two 1st-round picks in the 1998 NBA draft to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Kevin Willis.

Rogers did not play for the Rockets and played most of the 1998 season in Italy. On January 22, 1999, the Rockets traded Rogers along with a 2nd-round pick in the 2000 NBA draft to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Scottie Pippen. Rogers never played a game for the Bulls and they waived him on February 1, 1999.

On October 1, 1999, he signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets. He played 40 games with them. He retired from playing professional basketball in 2004.

After retiring, Rogers joined the Brooklyn Nets as an assistant coach in 2013. He left the next year and joined the Washington Wizards as their assistant coach.

References

Other websites
Player file @ NBA.com
College & NBA stats  @ basketballreference.com

1973 births
African-American basketball players
Boston Celtics players
Denver Nuggets players
Living people
Sportspeople from Alabama
Toronto Raptors players
Vancouver Grizzlies players
American basketball players
Robin Chandler Duke (born Grace Esther Tippett; October 13, 1923 – February 6, 2016) was an American socialite, journalist, women's rights advocate and diplomat. She served as the United States Ambassador to Norway from September 12, 2000 until March 1, 2001.

Duke was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She was married to actor Jeffrey Lynn and later diplomat Angier Biddle Duke until his death in 1995. She had three children.

Duke died on February 6, 2016 in Charleston, South Carolina. She was aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
American activists
American diplomats
American journalists
American socialites
Disease-related deaths in South Carolina
Writers from Baltimore
Problem solving is a mental activity related to intelligence and thinking. It consists of finding solutions to problems. A problem is a situation that needs to be changed. It suggests that the solution is not totally obvious, for then it would not be a problem. A great deal of human life is spent solving problems. Social life is based on the notion that together we might solve problems which we could not as individuals. 

The word "problem" comes from a Greek word meaning an "obstacle" (something that is in your way). If someone has a problem, they have to find a way of solving the problem. The way to solve it is called a solution. Some problem-solving techniques have been developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, and mathematics. Some are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology. and chess.

Problems can be classified as ill-defined or well-defined.  Ill-defined problems are those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution. An example is how to face threats which might perhaps be made in the future. Well-defined problems have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions. These problems also allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems. 

Being able to solve problems involves the ability to understand what the goal of the problem is and what rules could be applied to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires abstract thinking and coming up with a creative solution.

References
Internet safety is the topic of teaching people how to be safe when using the internet. It is particularly important when using social media, through which personal information is shared.

Internet safety is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools and focuses on making sure children know that:
 you should not share your personal information on the internet,
 you should think before you write comments about people - how it could affect them,
 you should always tell an adult if there is something that upsets you,
 you should not meet someone you have talked to on the internet without an adult.

Choose a strong password with different characters and numbers.

There are more another ways to secure your devices when surfing through Internet ,You can use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) they are usually more secure then simple , also they help to unlock many websites which are blocked by your service provider , It is usually recommended to use a Paid service rather than using free service. And an Anti-virus must  have to be in your device if you want a secure surfing.

Related pages 
Computer security

Internet
Safety
The Bad Aibling rail accident was an accident that happened on the railway line in Bad Aibling in Bavaria, Germany, on 9 February 2016. Twelve people were killed and many more injured when two trains collided head-on, along a single-track line.

The line 
The accident happened on the line between Holzkirchen and Rosenheim, in Bavaria, southeastern Germany. The whole line only has a single track. Trains usually cross at stations. The line is equipped with a security system that functioned normally at the time of the accident. In addition, it has been equipped with GSM-R, in 2007. In some places on the line, autonomous block signals are used to secure the track.  The line is controlled by different human controllers. The control station responsible for the section where the accident happened is in Bad Aibling. The whole infrastructure had been checked a week before the accident, and was found to be without fault.

Crash 

One of the trains left Kolbermoor on schedule, and headed towards Holzkirchen, and entered the single track section. The other train was four minutes late. The accident happened because of human error. The person responsible gave the orders to pass by a signal, because he said the signal in question was broken. That meant that both trains were travelling on the same track, and headed towards each other. This was not apparent to the train drivers, because there is a long bend in the track, at that position. The person in charge in Bad Aibling recognised that he had made an error, and issued orders for emergency braking using GSM-R. The first of these was given 36 seconds before the collision. Because he did not use the correct keys, these orders did not reach the train drivers, but other personnel responsible for securing the line. The accident happened at nearly 6:47 local time. Emergency braking was effective only one second before the collision. The trains were running at 52 and 87 km per hour.

Both train drivers were killed in the accident. In total, twelve people were killed, and 87 others injured.

800 people were involved  in the rescue. The rescue was very difficult, because the section of track were the accident happened is badly accessible by road. There is a steep hill, on one side, and a canal, with no road access on the other side.

The site of the accident is only 800m from the site where another similar accident had happened in 1945.

Other websites 

2016 disasters
2016 in Germany
Disasters in Germany
February 2016 events
History of Bavaria
Railway accidents in Europe
Big Kap (1970–2016) was a DJ. He was born in New York City. He is well known for his album The Tunnel with DJ Funkmaster Flex, which was released in 1999. He died due to a heart attack on February 3, 2016 in New York. He was aged 45 at the time of his death.

References

Other websites

2016 deaths
1970 births
American DJs
Musicians from New York
Black Mountain is a mountain in Kentucky. It is the highest mountain peak in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, USA. The height of the summit is . It is near the Virginia border. Black bears live on the mountain.

References 

Mountains of the United States
Kentucky
Appalachian Mountains
The Spring Awakening Music Festival is an elecronic music festival that has been held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois since 2012. Its music is, mostly, within the genres of  Progressive house, Electro house, Techno, and Dubstep. The Main Stage of the Festival is located on the heart of the sports field itself. Two smaller stages are around the outside of the stadium. This setup makes for very loud sound that is heard all around the festival. The festival usually takes place in June. In 2015, the festival had an age limit  (18+) for theifirst time.

History
Chicago is city that is well-known for its culture of House Music. Spring Awakening Music Festival was started in 2012 by the Chicago promotion company React Presents. With main artists like Skrillex and Afrojack the first year of the Festival received a very large crowd and has been held every year since. Spring Awakening Music Festival has included DJ sets from famous DJs such as Calvin Harris, Tiesto, Datsik, Excision, Diplo, Dillon Francis, and Hardwell as well as up-and-coming producers such as Bro Safari, Adventure Club, Figure, Zeds Dead, and Borgore. Over the years, the Festival has grown more and more popular because of the large fan base of Electronic Dance Music in the Chicago-land area. With people now coming from around the world to attend the Festival, there has been talk that the planners of the Festival might also hold other events outside Chicago.

References

Other websites

Spring Awakening Festival

Chicago, Illinois
Music festivals in the United States
Illinois
2012 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in Illinois
John Caldwell Holt was an American educator and author. He supported homeschooling and unschooling.

Homeschooling to deschooling 
Holt became disappointed with the United States school system after several years of working in it. He became convinced that improving the school system was not possible, and began to support homeschooling. Holt believed that children did not need to be pressured into learning. They would learn naturally if they had a variety of resources, and could follow their own interests.

Holt's Growing Without Schooling, founded in 1977, was the nation's first home education newsletter.

Holt, in his 1964 best-seller How Children Fail (2nd ed 1982), said schooling does more harm than good to a child's desire to truly learn. The book was followed by How Children Learn, which explained his positive ideas (1967, 2nd ed 1983.

Holt's sole book on homeschooling, Teach Your Own, was published in 1981. It was revised by his colleague Patrick Farenga and republished in 2003.

In his 1974 book, Escape from Childhood: the needs and rights of children, Holt said that children should have the same independence as adults. These included the right to work for money, sign contracts and be allowed to vote in elections.

Bibliography
 How Children Fail (1964). 
 How Children Learn (1967). 
 The Underachieving School (1969)
 What Do I Do Monday? (1970)
 Freedom and Beyond (1972)
 Escape from Childhood (1974)
 Instead of Education (1976)
 Never too late: my musical life story (1979)
 Teach Your Own (1981)
 Learning all the Time (1989)
 A Life Worth Living (1990)

More reading 
 Holt, J. (1967). How Children Learn. New York: Pitman.

References

1923 births
1985 deaths
Educators from New York City
Sara al-Drees () or Sara Abd al-Wehab al-Drees () is a Kuwaiti teacher.  She is Kuwait's first political detainee.

Work 

Sara al-Drees got a BA in Sociology and Administration from Kuwait University. She is a writer for Al-Ra'i newspaper in Kuwait.  She is in the Kuwaiti Journalists' Association.  She was the leader of the literary cultural club of Kuwait University from 2010 to 2011.  She wrote three books.  In 2011 she was chosen for a special "nadwa", or workshop for young writers.

Political life 

The Kuwaiti government arrested her because she made political comments on Twitter. Al-Drees also worked with the Civil Democratic Movement, a group of political parties against the Muslim Brotherhood. 

In 2013, al-Drees got a prison sentence of 20 months for her political comments on Twitter. In November 2015 she got another arrest warrant for criticizing one of the wives of the Prophet Mohammed on Twitter. She was in London, but she said she would go back to Kuwait.

References

Other websites 

Kuwaiti people
Teachers
Living people
1987 births
Jason Green (better known as Planet Asia; born October 24, 1976) is an American rapper. He is known for being part of the hip hop duo Cali Agents. He is also well known for producing many mixtapes. He was with Interscope Records. However, he was not promoted like more popular Interscope rappers 50 Cent and Eminem.

He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002 for the song "W" by Mystic.

He was born Jason Green in Fresno, California.

References

Singers from California
Rap musicians from California
African American musicians
1976 births
Living people
People from Fresno, California
The following is a list of massacres of Azerbaijanis that have occurred throughout history.

Related pages
Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment

References

Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
Discrimination
Massacres
History of Azerbaijan
Chester-le-Street  is an ancient town in the northeast of England.  It is in County Durham. Where it stands was a Roman fort called Concangis. This is the 'Chester' (from the Latin castra) of the town's name. 'Street' refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town. It is now called Front Street (shown at right).

Chester-le-Street is  south of Newcastle upon Tyne and  west of Sunderland. It is on the River Wear.

Church
The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert lay for 112 years. Then it was taken to Durham Cathedral. The church is the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English. There Aldred wrote the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels.

Markets
This place is a market town. Markets are held on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Until 2009 the town had its own local government district. The status of the town has been changed several times by local government regulations. The changes were controversial at the time.

References 

Towns in County Durham
This list of earthquakes in Azerbaijan, is a list of notable earthquakes that have affected areas within the current boundaries of Azerbaijan.

References

Science-related lists
Azerbaijan
History of Azerbaijan
Central Zazaki (in Zaza language: Zazakiyê Merkezi or Zazakiyê Miyani; means Middle Zazaki) is one of three main dialects of the Zazaki language. This is spoken by the Zaza people in central parts of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Central Zazaki is spoken by over 1 million people in the eastern cities of Turkey, such as Elazığ, north of Diyarbakır, west of Bingöl and east of Malatya.

References 

Zazaki
Iranian languages
Songül Öden (born 1979 in Diyarbakır) is a Turkish actress. She is famous for her role as Gümüş Şadoğlu in Turkish series Gümüş. She graduated in theatre from the University of Ankara. She is an ethnic Zaza.

She is well-liked as an actress in the Middle East.

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
Turkish movie actors
Turkish television actors
Zaza
Callaway County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. In the 2010 U.S. Census, the county's population was 44,332. Its county seat is Fulton. It is named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone.

References

Other websites
Callaway County official website

 
1820 establishments in Missouri Territory
In statistics the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. 
It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.

A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle.
The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.

References

Probability distributions
The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight ( ) is a book that was written by Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi in the 15th century. It explains sex. It is written in Arabic. The Perfumed Garden is an example of erotic literature and contains sex among humans (heterosexual and homosexual) and animals.

The book was first translated into English by Richard Francis Burton in 1886. He translated it through a French translation. He could not complete his translation because the book was not widely acceptable because of its content. After him a new French translation by René R. Khawam was published in 1976. In 1923 the English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote Le jardin parfumé: Poem for Piano Solo.

References

 The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nafzawi, translated by Jim Colville, 1999, Kegan Paul International, , 82 pages.
 La prairie parfumée ou s'ébattent les plaisirs, Umar Ibn Muhammad Nafzawi , translated by René R. Khawam, 1976, .
 The Perfumed Garden, Shaykh Nefwazi , translated by Sir Richard Francis Burton, Benares, 1886.  Many reprintings including:
 
 
 Full text online

Non-fiction books
Human sexuality
Hértevin language (in Hértevin: ܣܘܪܬ Sôreth) is an Aramaic or Syriac language that was originally spoken in a group of villages in the southeastern part of Turkey. It is especially in Siirt Province. Speakers of Hértevin Aramaic have moved mostly to Western countries, and are now scattered and isolated from one another. A few speakers remain in Turkey.

References

More reading
 Jastrow, Otto (1990). Personal and Demonstrative pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic. In Wolfhart Heinrichs (ed.), Studies in Neo-Aramaic, pp. 89–103. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. .
 Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.

Turkey
Semitic languages
Abdul Hamid II (21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the last sultan to have complete control over the Empire. He witnessed many revolutions and wars. Abdulhamid II ruled from 1876 to 1909, until he was deposed by a group of people calling themselves the "Young Turks". 

He modernized the Empire during his reign, by for example building many railways, schools and hospitals. He also seeked to unify the Muslims in the Empire under Pan-Islamism as opposed to others wanting to unify the Empire under Ottomanism.

Although the Empire was beginning to fall, he at least gave the Empire a lift in his reign. 

His reign ended as Young Turks revolted against him, effectively deposing him and putting their favored sultan, Mehmed V.

References

Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
1842 births
1918 deaths
People from Istanbul
Brain death means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed.  No treatment can help.  When a person is brain dead, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.

The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things.  A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own.  They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.

Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications.  For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs.  While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better.  Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.

Diagnosis

Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient.  They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own.  If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:
 The person has no reflexes (for example, they do not gag when the doctor touches the back of their throat)
 The person's pupils do not change size in bright light or in the dark
 The person does not move or react when the doctor does something painful (like pinching the person's skin)
 The person does not try to breathe on their own

Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives).  They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain.  Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests.  If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."

Immediate diagnosis
Sometimes, doctors use other tests which can diagnose brain death right away.  These tests include:
 EEG, which records the electrical activity in the brain.  A brain-dead person will have no electrical activity in their brain.
 Brain scans like CT scans.  A brain-dead person will have no blood flowing to their brain.

Causes
Brain death happens because of an injury to the entire brain.  The most common causes are:
 A very bad head injury
 A stroke which cut off the brain's oxygen supply or caused bleeding in the brain
 Swelling in the brain, either from an infection like encephalitis, or from the brain not getting enough oxygen.  

Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem.  If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.

Other websites
 Understanding Brain Death (in Simple English)  from Brigham & Women's Hospital

References

Death
Diseases and disorders of the brain
Thomas John Ellis (born 17 November 1978) is a British actor. He is known for playing Lucifer Morningstar in the Fox urban fantasy series Lucifer and its DC Universe crossover appearances. He has also played Gary Preston in the BBC One sitcom Miranda, William Rush in the USA Network series Rush and Mark Etches in the supernatural drama The Fades.

Ellis was born in Cardiff, Wales. He has an English background. His ancestry traces back to the county of Devon. He grew up in England. Ellis went to school in Sheffield.

Ellis was married English actress Tamzin Outhwaite from 2006 until their divorce in 2014. He married American screenwriter Meaghan Oppenheimer in 2019. He has three children.

References

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
British movie actors
British television actors
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Cardiff
People from Sheffield
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
Anti-Federalism refers to a diverse group of Americans who opposed the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed a strong central government could become corrupt and tyrannical, as they believed England had become. They wanted a weak central government just as they had with the Articles of Confederation. One of the many points that the Anti-Federalists disagreed with the Federalists was that the Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights. Federalists argued the Constitution did not need a Bill of Rights, but agreed finally to add several amendments to the Constitution. The House of Representatives approved 17 amendments. The Senate passed on 12 of these for ratification by the states. Of the 12, 10 were ratified by the 13 states, becoming known as the United States Bill of Rights. Virginia was the last to ratify the amendments on December 15, 1791.

Under the new government, many Anti-Federalists created the Democratic-Republican Party.

References 

United States Bill of Rights
United States Constitution
18th century in the United States
Kevin Christopher Randleman (August 10, 1971 – February 11, 2016) was an American mixed martial arts fighter and wrestler. He was a UFC Heavyweight Champion from 1999 to 2000. He fought professionally from 1996 until 2011, winning 17 out of his 33 fights.

Randleman was born in Sandusky, Ohio. He was married twice and had three children.

Randleman died from heart failure caused by pneumonia on February 11, 2016 in San Diego, California. He was 44.

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
African-American wrestlers
American mixed martial artists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in San Diego County
Infectious disease deaths in California
Sportspeople from Columbus, Ohio
Mabel Matiz (born Fatih Karaca, August 31, 1985 in Mersin) is a Turkish singer, writer and dentist. He chose Mabel Matiz as stage name. Mabel is a character in the novel Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna. Matiz means drunk in old Greek language. He has released 3 studio albums. He studied dentistry at the University of Istanbul, and graduated in 2008. He briefly worked in a health care clinic until starting a music career. He is an LGBT supporter and LGBT rights activist.

References

Turkish singers
Living people
1985 births
The Alpine chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus) is a type of bird in the crow family. It is one of only two species in the genus Pyrrhocorax. It nests in the mountains. It can be found in Spain and Morocco eastwards through southern Europe to the Himalayas.

The golden eagle is a predator to the chough.

References

Passeri
"Rocky Road to Dublin" is an Irish folk song. The song was made in the 19th century by the composer D. K. Gavan. It tells a story about a man who is going from his home in Tuam, Ireland to Liverpool, England. It is a hard song to play and needs a lot of practice.

Other websites
Sheet music for the Rocky Road to Dublin

References

Folk music
19th-century songs
Irish culture
Manuel Sesimbra Vicente (born 15 May 1956) is an Angolan politician. He has been Vice President of Angola since September 2012. He was born in Central Luanda.

Before becoming vice president, Vicente served as the chairman of Sonangol. Sonangol is an oil and natural gas company owned by the government of Angola.

References 

Living people
African politicians
Angolan people
1956 births
A rank correlation is any statistic that measures the relationship between rankings. A "ranking" is the assignment of "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a variable. A rank correlation coefficient measures the degree of similarity between two rankings.

One might test for do colleges with a higher-ranked basketball program tend to have a higher-ranked football program? A quite important question is do people with higher-ranked education tend to get higher levels of income?

Some of the most used rank correlation statistics are
 Spearman's ρ
 Kendall's τ
 Goodman and Kruskal's γ

An increasing rank correlation coefficient implies increasing agreement between rankings. The coefficient is inside the interval [−1, 1] and assumes the value:

 1 if the agreement between the two rankings is perfect; the two rankings are the same.
 0 if the rankings are completely independent.
 −1 if the disagreement between the two rankings is perfect; one ranking is the reverse of the other.

Kerby simple difference formula 
Dave Kerby recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level.  

Kerby showed that this rank correlation can be expressed in terms of two figures: the percent of data that support a stated hypothesis, and the percent of data that do not support it. The Kerby simple difference formula states that the rank correlation can be expressed as the difference between the proportion of favorable evidence (f) minus the proportion of unfavorable evidence (u).

An illustration 
Suppose a coach trains long-distance runners for one month using two methods.  Group A has 5 runners, and Group B has 4 runners.  The hypothesis is that method A produces faster runners.  The race to assess the results finds that the runners from Group A do indeed run faster, with the following ranks: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.  The slower runners from Group B thus have ranks of 5, 7, 8, and 9.  

The analysis is done on pairs, a member of one group compared to a member of the other group. For example, the fastest runner in the study is a member of four pairs: (1,5), (1,7), (1,8), and (1,9).  All four of these pairs support the hypothesis, because in each pair the runner from Group A is faster than the runner from Group B.  There are a total of 20 pairs, and 19 pairs support the hypothesis.  The only pair which does not support the hypothesis are the two runners with ranks 5 and 6, because in this pair, the runner from Group B had the faster time.  By the Kerby simple difference formula, 95% of the data support the hypothesis (19 of 20 pairs), and 5% do not support (1 of 20 pairs), so the rank correlation is r = .95 - .05 = .90.

The maximum value for the correlation is r = 1, which means that 100% of the pairs favor the hypothesis.  A correlation of r = 0 indicates that half the pairs favor the hypothesis and half do not.  An effect size of r = 0 describes no relationship between group membership and the members' ranks.

References 

Statistics