cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Eleuthère du Pont (22 November 1938 – 9 December 2010) was an American convicted murderer. He was a multimillionaire and member of the prominent du Pont family.

Early life
John E. du Pont was born on 22 November 1938 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were businessman William du Pont, Jr. and to Jean Liseter Autin. He studied at Haverford School, at the University of Miami, and at Villanova University.

Early career
He was an ornithologist and conchologist, publishing several books on birds; a philatelist, coach, and sports enthusiast. As a philanthropist, he founded and directed the Delaware Museum of Natural History, which opened in 1972. He also contributed to Villanova University and other institutions.

Dave Schultz's murder
On 26 January 1996, du Pont was seen shooting Dave Schultz dead in the driveway of Schultz's home on du Pont's  estate. Schultz's wife Nancy and du Pont's head of security were present and witnessed the crime. The security chief was sitting in the passenger seat of du Pont's car when du Pont fired three bullets into Schultz. Police did not establish a motive. Schultz was a longtime friend of du Pont who had repeatedly tried to help him, but shot him after he reportedly said Schultz did not like du Pont.

Personal life
John E. du Pont married Gale Wenk in 1983. They annulled their marriage ninety days later.

Death
John E. du Pont died on 9 December 2010 in Somerset, Pennsylvania from COPD, aged 72. Du Pont was buried in his red Foxcatcher wrestling singlet, in accordance with his will.

Pop culture
J. E. du Pont is portrayed by Steve Carell in the 2014 movie Foxcatcher.

References

Other websites
"LIFE photos" , LIFE, US Olympic pentathlete, August 1967.
"flickr", Collector, May 2008.
 "How About At Your Place?" Said the Colonel", LIFE, Aug 4, 1967

1938 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from COPD
American murderers
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Gay men
Businesspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philatelists
Heinävesi is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. It had almost 3,710 living there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Savonlinna, Varkaus, Leppävirta, Tuusniemi, Outokumpu and Liperi.

The most notable lakes in the area are Kermajärvi and Juojärvi. Both are very clean and bright.

Other websites 

 The official Heinävesi page

Municipalities of Finland
Tuusniemi is a municipality in Finland. More than 2,800 people lived there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Juankoski, Kaavi, Kuopio, Leppävirta and Outokumpu.

History
Between 1904 and 1975 there was an asbestos mine in Paakkila village. It was closed because workers died earlier than others.

References

Other websites 

 The official Tuusniemi page

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques, and is similar in many ways to the history of humanity. 

People make new things and, conversely, many scientific endeavors are possible through technologies. Technology lets us travel to places we could not otherwise go, and probe the nature of the universe in more detail than our natural senses allow.

Technological artifacts are products of an economy, a force for economic growth, and a large part of everyday life. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions. They also are a means to develop and project military power.

What are the great technologies?
The hand axe: used for about 1.5 million years, from Homo erectus to neolithic man. Basically a tool for butchering large animals which were probably killed by wooden spears. Not for nothing did a curator at the British Museum use the phrase Man the Toolmaker.
Fire, which would have occurred naturally in the drier environments of the savannah. The date of the first deliberate use of fire for warmth, protection and cooking is not known.
The city: we can date this to about 8000 years ago in the fertile crescent.
Writing: the means of trade, education and cultural transmission from one generation to another. About 3300 BC.

References
"I Believe I Can Fly" is a song by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was originally released on November 26, 1996. It was also featured on the soundtrack to the movie Space Jam in 1996. It later appeared in Kelly's album R. in 1998. The song peaked at number one in many countries around the world. The song won three Grammy Awards out of five nominations.

1996 songs
Space Jam
"Ignition (Remix)" is a song by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was released as a single in 2003. It peaked at number two in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number one in the UK Singles Chart. It also peaked at number one in some other countries. The song has been received quite well and was a commercial success. It is ranked as one of the best songs ever by Rolling Stone.

R&B music
2003 songs
Northern Savonia () is a region in eastern Finland. The largest city in the region is Kuopio.

Neighbouring regions are Central Finland, Northern Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, North Karelia and Southern Savonia.

Other websites 

 Official website

Regions of Finland
Tyler Kluttz (born May 4, 1984 in Tega Cay, South Carolina) is an American professional wrestler, authority figure and referee. He is currently working for the WWE under the ring name Brad Maddox. He acts as the General Manager of Raw.

Career
On the August 20, 2012 episode of Raw, Kluttz debuted on the main roster and refereed a Divas battle royal. At Hell in a Cell, he refereed the main event between CM Punk and Ryback for the WWE Championship. Maddox turned heel for the first time when he gave Ryback a low blow and then fast-counted a pin for Punk which helped Punk retain his title.

On the July 8 episode of Raw, Vickie Guerrero was fired when the fans voted that she had failed in her role of Raw Managing Supervisor. Maddox was then named as the new General Manager of Raw.

Championships
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Briley Pierce (one) and Rick Victor (one))
FCW 15 Championship (one time)
'''Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Television Championship (one time)
OVW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1984 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Carolina
WWE wrestlers
Paul Heyman (born March 11, 1965 in Scarsdale, New York) is an American professional wrestling manager. He is currently working for the WWE. He has also worked as a promoter, commentator, and journalist.

He is best known as the owner and creator of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). He also worked in World Championship Wrestling (WCW).

Career
On the May 7, 2012 episode of Raw, Heyman returned to the WWE as Brock Lesnar's legal advisor. When Lesnar left, Heyman aligned himself with CM Punk on the September 3 episode of Raw when he was seen driving a car which Punk entered. He managed Punk until Money in the Bank when Heyman turned on Punk by smashing him with a ladder while he was climbing up another ladder. He returned on the December 30th edition of Raw and returned to being the manager of Brock Lesnar.

On April 6, 2014, Heyman was the manager of Lesnar when Lesnar conquered The Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania XXX. This was the first loss at WrestleMania. Paul Heyman is also the manager of Cesaro, who revealed himself to be a "Paul Heyman guy" on the next Raw.

Awards
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Manager of the Year (1992)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)
Best Booker (1994–1997, 2002)
Best on Interviews (2013)
Best Non-Wrestler (2001–2002, 2004, 2012–2013)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1965 births
Living people
Jewish American sportspeople
Professional Wrestling broadcasters
Sportspeople from New York
WWE people
Alan Parsons (born 20 December 1948) is an English audio engineer, musician, and record producer. In 1975 he started a progressive rock band called The Alan Parsons Project.

Other websites

 
 
 Alan Parsons Music Official Site
 Alan Parsons Project Official Site
 The Avenue, The Official Alan Parsons Fan Club
 Crawdaddy! "Parsons Knows: The Tale of Alan Parsons and Edgar Allan Poe" 
Alan Parsons Project official website

1948 births
English rock musicians
Living people
Musicians from London
Short track speed skating is a type of ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (usually between four and six) skate on an oval ice track. The track is 111.12 metres all the way around. The rink itself measures 60 m by 30 m.

World Championships have been held since 1981. It has been a Winter Olympic sport since 1992.

Other websites 

Speed skating
The 2013 El Reno tornado happened on May 31, 2013. It happened close to the city of El Reno, Oklahoma in central Oklahoma. It was the widest tornado ever recorded. This tornado also was found to have some of the strongest winds ever found. One mobile Doppler radar found very high winds of 296 miles per hour. These winds are slightly less than the 301 mile per hour winds detected in a tornado on May 3, 1999 while it was close to Bridge Creek, Oklahoma in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.

Notes

References

Tornadoes in the United States
2010s in Oklahoma
2013 in the United States
The Division of Fadden is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1977 and is named after Sir Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia in 1941. At first it included a large area south of Brisbane, but today it covers the northern Gold Coast area, including Alberton, Arundel, Biggera Waters, Coombabah, Coomera, Gaven, Gilberton, Helensvale, Hollywell, Hope Island, Jacobs Well, Labrador, Molendinar, Norwell, Paradise Point, Parkwood, Runaway Bay, Stapylton, Steiglitz, Woongoolba and parts of Ormeau, Oxenford, Pacific Pines, Pimpama and Southport. South Stradbroke Island and other islands in the Broadwater and South Moreton Bay.

Members

David Cameron lost his seat in the 1983 election, but was elected to the Division of Moreton in a by-election. David Beddall did not stand for Fadden in 1984, but changed to the Division of Rankin. David Jull was Minister for Administrative Services at the start of the Howard Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Fadden (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Stuart Rpbert's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1977 establishments in Australia
Nicola Sacco (22 April 1891 – 23 August 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (11 June 1888 – 23 August 1927) were two Italian men who were convicted of murder in the United States in 1920. They were convicted of killing two men during an armed robbery in Braintree, Massachusetts.

Sacco and Vanzetti were immigrants to the country. Both were anarchists who supported rebellion against governments that were violent and oppressive.

They were put on trial in 1921. They were convicted even though evidence was clear that they had not committed the crime. This evidence involved ballistics tests and several witnesses who claimed Sacco had been in Boston and Vanzetti in Plymouth on the day of the robbery. The two men were carrying weapons when they were arrested. To explain this, Sacco and Vanzetti had to explain their anarchist beliefs in court. It is believed that this may have prejudiced the jury (influenced their decision). Many believe that they were executed because they were immigrants. Their trial happened in the midst of the ‘Red Scare’, which was when many people did not like foreigners coming into their country, mostly because they were scared communists may come into the country and disrupt them. 

The jury found Sacco and Vanzetti guilty of murder on 14 July 1921. The case drew attention from around the world. As details of the trial became public, many protests were held against their conviction. Sacco and Vanzetti were eventually executed on 23 August 1927. Since their deaths, scholars have mostly agreed that Sacco and Vanzetti were wrongfully convicted. They also did not speak English so they could not get a defense attorney themselves. This would not have mattered because they could not afford an attorney anyway. Eventually, in 23 August 1927, they were executed by Electric Chair.

References 

1927
1920s in the United States
20th century in Massachusetts
Italian anarchists
People executed by electric chair
Trials
American murderers
Henry Judah Heimlich (February 3, 1920 – December 17, 2016) was an American thoracic surgeon. He is known as the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver.  It is a technique of abdominal thrusts for stopping choking.

Heimlich, born in Wilmington, Delaware on February 3, 1920. He died from complications from a heart attack in Cincinnati, Ohio, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 Biography page  at the Heimlich Institute
 Henry Heimlich Archival Collection Finding Aid
 Outmaneuvered: How We Busted the Heimlich Medical Frauds by Peter M. Heimlich

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American physicians
Scientists from Wilmington, Delaware
Ranjit Bhatia OBE (c. 1936 – 9 February 2014) was an Indian athlete. He ran in the marathon and 5000 meters events at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. 

Bhatia studied at the Lawrence School, Sanawar. He was then a Rhodes scholar at Oxford University, matriculating at Jesus College in 1957. He retired as Reader in Mathematics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi. 

Bhatia died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 77.

References

1936 births
2014 deaths
Indian sportspeople
David Oyelowo (born 1 April 1976) is a British actor. He played Louis Gaines in Lee Daniels' 2013 movie The Butler.

Oyelowo lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Oxfordshire
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
British voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Oxford
Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman (better known as H. R. Haldeman; October 27, 1926 – November 12, 1993) was an American political aide and businessman. He served as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon. He was involved in the Watergate scandal.

Early life
Haldeman was born on October 27, 1926 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Watergate scandal
His role in the Watergate cover-up precipitated his resignation from government. Haldeman was tried on counts of perjury, conspiracy and obstruction of justice. Haldeman was found guilty and imprisoned for 18 months. Upon his release he returned to private life and was a successful businessman until his death from cancer in 1993.

Death
Haldeman died on November 12, 1993 in Santa Barbara, California from stomach cancer, aged 67.

References

More reading
 Haldeman H.R. 1994. The Haldeman diaries: inside the Nixon White House. New York: Putnam.

Other websites
 Washington Post profile of Haldeman
 Washington Post Haldeman Obituary
 Ford Library & Museum:The Watergate Files
 Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: H.R. Haldeman
 Watergate trial of H.R. Haldeman, courtroom sketches.
 Spartacus Educational Biography 
 The Testimony of John Ehrlichman & H. R. Haldeman  at Smithsonian Folkways

1926 births
1993 deaths
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from stomach cancer
Politicians from Los Angeles
US Republican Party politicians
White House Chiefs of Staff
Christian Scientists
His Grace or Her Grace is a style of address used for various high-ranking persons. It was the style used to address the King or Queen of Scots up to the Act of Union of 1707.  It was also used to address monarchs of England before Henry VIII. Today, the style is used when referring to dukes and duchesses in the United Kingdom, who are not members of the royal family. Your Grace would be used in spoken or written address. Royal dukes, for example The Duke of York, are addressed with their higher royal title, Royal Highness.

Examples
 His Grace The Duke of Ormonde. 
His Grace The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
His Grace The Duke of Marlborough. The title of the Spencer-Churchill family from which Winston Churchill descends.
His Grace The Duke of Bedford.

Ecclesiastical usage
The style "His Grace" and "Your Grace" is used in England and other English-speaking countries to address Roman Catholic archbishops. This is not common in other countries (for example in France and the United States Roman Catholic bishops are addressed using the style "Excellency"). In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is used for bishops and abbots. The style is also used for an archbishop and some bishops in the Anglican Church.  In the United Methodist Church in the United States, bishops are addressed "Your Grace" (spoken style, and "His/Her Grace" (reference style). In the Church of God in Christ, the Presiding Bishop's style is "His Holy Grace" and "Your Holy Grace". The bishop's reference style is "His Eminence" and the spoken style is "Your Eminence". 

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON—Hare Krishna) devotees prefix the name of their founder, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, with "His Divine Grace".

In Islam several Sufi orders (such as the Qadrianis and Hawariyun) may refer to their spiritual Grand Masters with the epithet "(Most) Graceful ..." or "His Grace" in reference style while the spoken style is "(Most) Graceful".

Other British dukedoms that use the style

Lennox
Rutland
Richmond
Rutland
Norfolk
Portland
Grafton
Devonshire
Somerset
Westminster
Bedford

Notes

References 

Styles (manners of address)
Glynis Johns (born 5 October 1923) is a British stage and movie actress, dancer, pianist and singer. She is the daughter of Welsh actor Mervyn Johns. 

She is best known for her role as Desiree Armfeldt in A Little Night Music on Broadway. She won a Tony Award for this role. She played Winifred Banks in Walt Disney's musical motion picture box office smash, Mary Poppins.

References

Other websites

 
 
Glynis Johns images
Glynis Johns at the Disney Legends website

1923 births
Living people
British dancers
British movie actors
British pianists
British singers
British stage actors
Pretoria
Tony Award winning actors
The Saint Valentine's Day massacre was a mass murder that took place in Chicago, Illinois on the morning of 14 February 1929. It was the most infamous event in the history of crime in the United States.

Background 

Al Capone was the most powerful bootlegger in Chicago. By 1929 he had eliminated several of his rival crime bosses. The last one on his "list" was Bugs Moran. Capone was trying to appear as if he was retired to Florida. So Capone didn't want to be seen as starting another gang war. Instead, Capone gave the order to one of his associates, Jack McGurn, to eliminate Bugs Moran.

The massacre 

On the morning of 14 February, McGurn lured Moran and his men to a warehouse on Clark street. The bait was a stolen truckload of whisky they could buy cheap. Seven of Moran's men were there to inspect the load. A police car pulled up outside the building and several of Capone's men dressed in Chicago police uniforms went in and pretended to arrest Moran's men. When they were lined up against a wall when the killers pulled out Thompson submachine guns and opened fire. Six of the seven men were killed. Moran himself was just arriving when he saw the police car and escaped without notice.

At this time murder was not a federal offense. Most of the killers McGurn hired were from out of town. Police departments from different cities rarely could work together to solve crimes at that time. So the killers knew if they simply left Chicago after the massacre nobody could touch them.

Results 

Newspapers ran stories of the gangster shootings and prohibition lawlessness in Chicago. These were complete with detailed photographs of the murders. At first many thought the Chicago police had committed the massacre. But most people in Chicago thought Al Capone was behind the murders. Capone had an alibi. He was at his winter home in Palm Beach, Florida when the murders took place. The suspicions finally resulted in the arrests of Vincenzio Damora and John Scalise. These were two of Capone's known henchmen. Scalise was charged with the murders after Damora came up with an alibi. But Capone murdered Scalise personally before he could stand trial. Public opinion also put pressure on the FBI to arrest Capone with any charge they could. In 1931 they finally charged him with tax evasion and sent him to prison. Capone was sent to Alcatraz for eleven years. When he was finally released he was too sick to continue his crime career. He died in 1947. Prohibition was repealed in 1933 which all but eliminated bootlegging.

Notes

References 

1929 in the United States
1920s in Illinois
20th century in Chicago
February events
Mass shootings in the United States
Massacres in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
The Frozen Ground is a 2013 American crime movie based on a true story. It tells the story of a woman who helped to catch serial killer Robert Hansen in 1983. Hansen murdered 17 young women, and kidnapped and raped at least 30 others, in Alaska during the 1970s and early 1980s.

The movie stars Vanessa Hudgens as Cindy Paulson, Nicolas Cage as Sergeant Jack Halcombe, and John Cusack as Hansen.

The movie was released August 23, 2013 in North America. The reviews of the movie were mixed.

References

Other websites 

2013 crime movies
2013 drama movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s crime drama movies
2010s crime thriller movies
2010s serial killer movies
Alaska
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies 
American serial killer movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in the 1980s
Rape in movies
Lionsgate movies
Alexander Frederik Paul "Frits" Thors (13 September 1909 – 19 April 2014) was a Dutch journalist and television and news anchor. He was best known for being the newscaster of the NTS-Journaal from 1965 until 1972.

Thors was born in on 13 September 1909 in Amsterdam, North Holland. He retired in 1979.

Thors died from natural causes on 19 April 2014 in Laren, North Holland. He was 104.

References

1909 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Dutch centenarians
Dutch journalists
Dutch television presenters
Writers from Amsterdam
The small village of Happisburgh on the coast of Norfolk has evidence of the earliest modern man.

The oldest hominin footprints in Europe are in Britain. They are about 800,000 years to a million years old. They were found on Happisburgh beach, East Anglia in May 2013.

The archaeologists describe them as "the oldest known hominin footprint surface outside Africa at between ca. 1 million and 0.78 million years ago". The site is known for its preservation of sediments with early Pleistocene fauna and flora. Since 2005 flint tools have been found. This means humans occupied northern Europe at least 350,000 years earlier than was thought before.

The footprints were found in sediment, partially covered by beach sand, at low tide on the shore at Happisburgh. Stormy weather had washed away the sand, leaving the sediment exposed. Because the sediment was soft, and lay below the high tide mark, the tides quickly eroded the exposed sediment, and in two weeks the footprints had all been destroyed. The team worked during low tides, often in pouring rain, to record 3D images of all the footprints.

Archaeology

In 2010, Simon Parfitt and colleagues from University College London discovered flint tools near Happisburgh. The tools were dated to "somewhere between 866,000 to 814,000 years ago or 970,000 to 936,000 years ago", around 100,000 years earlier than the finds at Pakefield. The flints were probably left by hunter-gatherers of the human species Homo antecessor who inhabited the flood plains and marshlands that bordered an ancient course of the river Thames. The flints were then washed downriver and came to rest at the Happisburgh site. In May 2013 the oldest human footprints outside of Africa, being more than 800,000 years old, were reported to have been discovered on the beach.

References 

important-of-water
Archaeological sites in the United Kingdom
Alexander I served as the fifth Pope of the Catholic Church; the official title is the Bishop of Rome.  His years of service can only be approximated to be ca. 109-116 C.E.  

Early sixth-century writings attribute Alexander with inserting the words now used in the Holy Eurachist or Holy Communion of the Catholic Mass.  These words are taken from the New Testament and are said to be the words of Jesus Christ at the Last Supper.  He is also said to have started the practice of the blessing of homes with holy water, water blessed by the Pope or any priest.

He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 3.

Reference 

Linus
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Pope Sixtus I (also known as Xystus) was the sixth successor to Saint Peter as the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  He served from approximately 116-125 C.E.

He decreed that the people should chant with the priest during the Sanctus at the Holy Communion section of the Catholic Mass.

He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church.  He died a martyr.  His feast day is April 3 or 6.

Reference 

Linus
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
William Patrick Roache MBE (born 25 April 1932) is an English actor. He has played the role of Ken Barlow in the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street, since its first episode on 9 December 1960.

Early life
Roache was born in Basford, Nottinghamshire. He grew up in Ilkeston, Derbyshire.

Career
Roache played the leading role in a Granada Television play called Marking Time. It was shown on ITV in 1961. In a 2007 interview, Roache said, "Tony Warren, who created Coronation Street, saw it and thought I was right for Ken Barlow." In 2008, Roache's autobiography Soul on the Street was published.

Personal life
Roache lives in Cheshire. He supports the Conservative Party.

Sex crime charges
On 1 May 2013, Roache was arrested at his home on suspicion of raping a 15-year-old girl in the 1960s. He was found not guilty of two counts of rape and four indecent assaults on teenage girls on 6 February 2014.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
Living people
English television actors
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People acquitted of sex crimes
Actors from Derbyshire
Actors from Nottinghamshire
Mad Men (July 19, 2007 – May 17, 2015) is an American television drama series created and produced by Matthew Weiner. The series premiered on July 19, 2007 on the American cable television network AMC. The seventh and final season had 14 episodes that will be split into two seven-episode parts. These begin airing in early 2014 and early 2015. The first half of the final season premiered on April 13, 2014, and the second half of the final season ended on May 17, 2015. 

Mad Men is set in the 1960s. The scene is the fictional Sterling Cooper advertising agency on Madison Avenue in New York City. Later it becomes the newly created company, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (later Sterling Cooper & Partners). According to the show's pilot, the phrase "Mad men" was a slang term started in the 1950s by advertisers working on Madison Avenue to refer to themselves. This claim has since been denied. The main character is Don Draper (Jon Hamm), creative director at Sterling Cooper and a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. The plot focuses on the business of the advertising agency as well as the personal lives of the characters.

Mad Men has received widespread critical acclaim, particularly for its historical authenticity, visual style, costume design, acting, writing, and directing. The show has won many awards, including fifteen Emmys and four Golden Globes. It is the first basic cable series to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, winning it in each of its first four seasons. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it sixth in its list of the sixty greatest dramas of all time. It was ranked seventh in a list of the 101 best-written TV series of all time by the Writers Guild of America.

References 

1960s in fiction
2007 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s American workplace television series
American workplace drama television series
Emmy Award winning programs
Manhattan in fiction
Period television series
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Northern Ostrobothnia, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa is a region in Finland. Regions around of Northern Ostrobothnia are Finnish Lapland, Kainuu, Northern Savonia, Central Finland and Central Ostrobothnia.

As of November 2013 there were over 400,000 people living there. It is one of the largest regions in Finland.

Other websites 
 Webpages

Regions of Finland
Kymenlaakso is a region in Finland. As of November 2013, there were over 180,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Uusimaa, Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Savonia and South Karelia.

Municipalities in the region are Hamina, Iitti, Kotka, Kouvola, Miehikkälä, Pyhtää and Virolahti. Kymenlaakso was one most earliest industrialized areas in Finland, since around the 1800s.

Other websites 
 Webpages

Regions of Finland
This article is about the transportation of illegal liquor. For the computer use of the term bootlegging see Copyright infringement of software.

Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of taking alcoholic beverages where they are against the law. It is usually done to evade taxation or prohibition laws.

Rum-running usually means smuggling over water. The term is thought to come from the start of the Prohibition era in the United States. This is when ships from Bimini in the western Bahamas transported cheap rum to Florida to be sold illegally. But there was little profit in cheap rum. They soon started smuggling Canadian whisky, French champagne, and English gin to major cities like New York City and Boston. This gave them a high profit. It was said that some ships carried $200,000 worth of alcohol in a single trip.

Bootlegging usually means smuggling over land. It is thought the term "bootlegging" started during the American Civil War. Soldiers would sneak liquor into army camps by hiding bottles of liquor in their boots or under their trouser legs.

References 

Organized crime
Alcoholic drink
Southern Savonia is a region in Finland. Neighbouring regions are Central Finland, Päijänne Tavastia, Northern Savonia, North Karelia, Kymenlaakso and South Karelia.

There are three cities in Southern Savonia: Mikkeli, Pieksämäki and Savonlinna.

Other websites 

 Official website

Regions of Finland
Satakunta is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, there were almost 225,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, Southern Ostrobothnia and  Ostrobothnia.

Other websites 

 Official website

Regions of Finland
Árpád Prandler (23 February 1930 – 5 February 2014) was a Hungarian professor of international law and a jurist. From 1952 he taught at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. He served as an ad litem Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (2006–2013). The court is based in The Hague, Netherlands. Prandler died on 5 February 2014, at the age of 83.

Diplomat 

Between 1963 and 1968 Prandler was the counselor to the Hungarian delegation to the United Nations in New York. From 1976 he was appointed a special ambassador. From 1995 to 2002 he was a leader of the Hungarian delegation. He took part in the in the International Criminal Court. He was elected to the UN General Assembly and was the chairman of the legal committee. In 2005 UN General Assembly established a committee to investigate war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia. Prandler was a key part of the process.

Selected works
Az ENSZ Biztonsági Tanácsa. Budapest: Közgazdasági és Jogi. 1974.
Nemzetközi szervezetek és intézmények. ed. Prandler, Árpád. Budapest: Aula. 2001.  (co-author)
Nemzetközi szervezetek és intézmények. ed. Prandler, Árpád. Second edition. Budapest: Aula. 2005.  (co-author)

References

Sources
MTI Ki Kicsoda 2006, Magyar Távirati Iroda, Budapest, 2005, p. 1390.
Prandler Árpád életrajta a Nemzetközi Törvényszék honlapján
Az Index cikke Prandler hágai bíróvá történt megválasztásáról

1930 births
2014 deaths
Academics
Judges
Hungarian people
United Nations officials
Joseph Eugene Stiglitz, ForMemRS, FBA (born February 9, 1943) is an American economist and a professor of Jewish descent. He works at Columbia University.

He won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank, and is a former member, and Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. He won the Nobel Prize for discovering that some things happen in the economy because some people know more things than others.

He is known for his critical view of the management of globalization, free-market economists (whom he calls "free market fundamentalists"), and some international institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

References

Further reading

Other websites
  josephstiglitz.com
 Joseph E. Stiglitz at Columbia University
 Joseph Stiglitz  committee chair profile at Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University
 Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics 2001 lecture at NobelPrize.org
 Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
 Publications at the National Bureau of Economic Research

1943 births
Living people
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
People from Gary, Indiana
Scientists from Indiana
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Columbia University faculty
Educators from Indiana
Stuart McPhail Hall (3 February 1932 – 10 February 2014) was a Jamaican-born cultural theorist and sociologist.

Hall, with Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, was one of the founding figures of British Cultural Studies. He was President of the British Sociological Association 1995–97. In the 1950s Hall was a founder of the influential New Left Review.

Hall become a Professor of Sociology at the Open University. Hall retired from the Open University in 1997 and was a Professor Emeritus. British newspaper The Observer called him "one of the country's leading cultural theorists".

Hall died on 10 February 2014, from complications following kidney failure a week after his eighty second birthday.

References

Other websites
 Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson
 John O'Hara interview with Stuart Hall for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Doubletake program, originally broadcast 5 May 1983: The Narrative Construction of Reality - Stuart Hall . Republished in centerforbookculture.org's "Context" online edition, No. 10. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
 Mitchell, Don. Chapter 24: Stuart Hall. In: Key Thinkers on Space and Place. Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine (2004), pp. 160ff. .
 Marxist Media Theory
 A brief biography 

1932 births
2014 deaths
British scientists
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in England
British educators
Jamaican people
Marxism
Antonio Gramsci (; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian writer, politician, political theorist, philosopher, sociologist, and linguist. He was a founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.

Gramsci was one of the most important Marxist thinkers in the 20th century. He is a notable figure within modern European thought and his writings analyze culture and political leadership called "hegemony". He is known for his theory of cultural hegemony, which describes how states use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies.

References

Other websites
 Gramsci's writings at MIA
 The International Gramsci Society
 "Notes on Language". TELOS
 Fondazione Instituto Gramsci
 Special issue of International Socialism journal with a collection on Gramsci's legacy 
 Roberto Robaina: Gramsci and revolution: a necessary clarification
 Dan Jakopovich: Revolution and the Party in Gramsci's Thought: A Modern Application

1891 births
1937 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Italian politicians
Italian writers
Italian philosophers
Sociologists
Marxism
Italian communists
Raymond Henry Williams (31 August 1921 – 26 January 1988) was a Welsh academic, novelist and critic.

He was an important person in the New Left movement and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the mass media and literature are a significant contribution to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts.

Some 750,000 copies of his books have sold in UK editions alone and there are many translations available. His work laid the foundations for the field of cultural studies and the cultural materialist approach.

References

Further reading
 Pinkney, Tony, editor. Raymond Williams. Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan, England: Seren Books, 1991.
 Politics and Letters (London, New Left Books, 1979) gives the author's own account of his life and work
 Smith, Dai. Raymond Williams: A Warrior's Tale. Cardigan: Parthian, 2008.
 Stevenson, Nick. Culture, Ideology, and Socialism: Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson. Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1995.
Tredell, Nicolas. Uncancelled Challenge: the work of Raymond Williams. Nottingham: Paupers' Press, 1990. 
 Ward, J. P.  Raymond Williams in the Writers of Wales series.  University of Wales Press, 1981.
 Williams, Daniel, editor. Who Speaks for Wales?: Nation, Culture, Identity, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003.

Other websites
The Raymond Williams Society
Museum of Broadcast Communications article about Raymond Williams 
Maurice Cowling on Raymond Williams
Selections from Keywords 
Raymond Williams Centre for Recovery Research
Raymond Williams page at The Literary Encyclopedia
Raymond Williams Worldcat Identity

1921 births
1988 deaths
British communists
British critics
British military personnel of World War II
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Marxism
Welsh writers
A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink made with ginger ale and a splash of grenadine, mixed with a maraschino cherry. Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda in part, or in whole, for ginger ale. Shirley Temples are often served to children dining with adults in lieu of real cocktails, as is the similar Roy Rogers.

The cocktail may have been invented in the 1930s by a bartender at Chasen's, a restaurant in Beverly Hills, California, to serve then child actress Shirley Temple (1928–2014). However, other claims to its origin have been made. For the cocktail version of this, Shirley Temple Black (after she got married), replace ginger ale with alcoholic ginger beer, and add dark rum (or white rum and Maraschino liqueur).

References

Drinks
American food
North Karelia () is a part of Karelia and a region in eastern Finland. Neighbouring regions are Northern Savonia, Southern Savonia, Kainuu and  South Karelia.

There is lot of fresh water in this region. Pielinen is the largest lake.

Municipalities 
Pohjois-Karjala has 13 municipalities. 5 of those are cities (marked bold).

 Ilomantsi
 Joensuu
 Juuka
 Kitee
 Kontiolahti
 Lieksa
 Liperi
 Nurmes
 Outokumpu
 Polvijärvi
 Rääkkylä
 Tohmajärvi
 Valtimo

Other websites 

 Official website 

Regions of Finland
South Karelia () is a part of Karelia and a region in Finland. Neighbouring regions are Kymenlaakso, Southern Savonia, and North Karelia.

Municipalitiest 
Etelä-Karjala has 9 municipalities. 2 of those are cities (marked bold).
 Imatra
 Parikkala
 Rautjärvi
 Ruokolahti
 Lappeenranta
 Lemi
 Luumäki
 Savitaipale
 Taipalsaari

Other websites 

 Official website 

Regions of Finland
Harriet Martineau (12 June 1802 – 27 June 1876) was an English social theorist and writer. She is often called the first female sociologist.

She wrote only one book, but many essays. The essays were sociological,  religious, domestic, sexual themes, with a feminine perspective. She also translated various works from Auguste Comte. She earned enough to be supported entirely by her writing.

A young Princess Victoria, (later Queen Victoria), enjoyed reading Martineaus's publications. The Queen invited Martineau to her coronation in 1838 – an event which Martineau described, in great and amusing detail, to her many readers. Martineau has said of her own approach to writing: "when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions". She believed a thorough analysis was necessary to understand woman's status under men.

One writer said "as a born lecturer and politician she [Martineau] was less affected by her sex than perhaps any other, male or female, of her generation". Often described as having a masculine intellect and body, Martineau introduced feminist perspectives in her writing on otherwise overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.

References 

1802 births
1876 deaths
British economists
British feminists
English atheists
British sociologists
English writers
English scientists
Unitarians
British historians
British journalists
British philosophers
Feminist writers
People from Norwich
Kainuu is a region in eastern Finland. As of January 2015, there were about 75 000 people living there. It is next to Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia and North Karelia.

Kainuu is a multi-cultural area.

Municipalities 
Kainuu has 8 municipalities of which two are cities (marked bold). The population is displayed on the right side of the municipal names. In the early 2016 the municipality of Vaala became part of the region of Northern Ostrobothnia.

 Hyrynsalmi (2,432)
 Kuhmo (8,820)
 Puolanka (2,784)
 Suomussalmi (8,342)
 Kajaani (37,664)
 Paltamo (3,493)
 Ristijärvi (1,356)
 Sotkamo (10,524)

Changes in the regions municipalities

 Vaala

Related pages
Åland Islands
Central Finland
Central Ostrobothnia
Kanta-Häme
Kymenlaakso
Finnish Lapland
North Karelia
Northern Ostrobothnia
Northern Savonia
Ostrobothnia (region)
Päijänne Tavastia
Pirkanmaa
Satakunta
South Karelia
Southern Ostrobothnia
Southern Savonia
Southwest Finland
Uusimaa

References

Other websites 

 Webpages
 About Kainuu in English  

Regions of Finland
Ondřej Pavelec (born August 31, 1987, in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech professional ice hockey goaltender that played for the Winnipeg Jets (originally known as the Atlanta Thrashers) of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the New York Rangers.

Career
Before playing the NHL, Pavelec played 2 seasons with the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his time with Cape Breton, Pavelec was able to win the Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy for having the lowest GAA in the league, the Raymond Lagacé Trophy for defensive rookie of the year and the RDS Cup for rookie of the year.

He was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers with the 41st overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He played 7 games with the Thrashers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate team, the Chicago Wolves. During that season with the Wolves, Pavelec helped them win a Calder Cup. He spent 5 seasons between both the Wolves and Thrashers.

On October 8, 2010, during a game against the Washington Capitals, Pavelec collapsed and lost consciousness. He was stretchered off the ice and was taken to the hospital. The doctors said that the cause of the collapse was neurocardiogenic syncope and that he had suffered a concussion when his head hit the ice earlier. He was released from the hospital on October 11, 2010.

References

Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Cape Breton Screaming Eagles players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Living people
New York Rangers players
Winnipeg Jets players
Hyvinkää is a city in Finland. About 46,000 people lived there in 2013.

Other websites

 Webpages

 

Cities in Finland
Steven Christopher Stamkos (born February 7, 1990, in Markham, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their captain.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Stamkos played two seasons with the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). During his time with Sarnia, Stamkos was able to win the Jack Ferguson Award in 2006 for being the top draft pick in the Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection Draft and the Bobby Smith Trophy in 2007 for Scholastic Player of the Year.

He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Lightning with the 1st overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in 2010 and 2012. Stamkos broke his tibia in a game against the Boston Bruins on November 11, 2013. His left skate hit the post of the Bruins' net before his right leg hit the post. He tried to stand up twice but fell down in pain. He was then stretchered out of the arena to applause from the crowd. He successfully had surgery on his right tibia in Boston on November 12, 2013. He was hoping to play for 2014 Canadian Olympic Hockey Team after being named to the team but was unable after a CT scan determined that he could not play.

References

Other websites

1990 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Ontario Hockey League players
Fernando González Pacheco (September 13, 1932 – February 11, 2014), also known as Pacheco, was a Colombian television host, announcer, journalist. His career has lasted for over sixty years.

González Pacheco also started a TV production company of his own called Coestrellas along with actor Carlos Benjumea, which lasted from 1981 to 2003.

Pacheco died on February 11, 2014 in Bogota, Colombia from heart and respiratory failure. He was 81 years old.

References

Other websites
 
Pacheco interviewing guerrilla leader Carlos Pizarro León-Gómez - Youtube clip
Fernando González Pacheco, el hombre de las mil caras

1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
Colombian writers
Journalists
Television personalities
Colombian movie actors
Colombian television actors
Television presenters