cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Qala i Naw (قلعه نو) is a town in Qala i Naw District and the capital of Badghis Province, of north-west Afghanistan. Its population is estimated 9,000 in 2006. 

It has a small airport, Qala i Naw Airport.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
The   was a major road in ancient Japan.  It was one of five main roads during the Edo period.  The route connected Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and Kyoto along the sea coast of eastern Honshū.

Traveling the Tōkaidō

There were fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

The typical method of travel was by foot.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Tōkaidō (region)

References

Further reading

 Traganeou, Jilly. 2004.  The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Other websites

Walk the Tōkaidō
 PBS, Travel Tōkaidō
 Hiroshige, The Fifty Three Stations of the Tokaido Road
 Kuniyoshi, The Fifty Three Stations of the Tokaido Represented as Cats

Roads in Japan
Japanese culture
The  is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
Tōkaidō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system.  It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including Tōkaidō, remained cultural markers.

The ancient Tōkaidō road was improved and widened in 1604.

It is a geographic region which has 15 ancient provinces, including 

Awa Province 
Hitachi Province
Iga Province
Ise Province
Izu Province
Kai Province
Kazusa Province
Mikawa Province
Musashi Province
Owari Province
Sagami Province
Shima Province
Shimōsa Province
Suruga Province
Tōtōmi Province

The lands of five prefectures are in the region of Tōkaidō: Chiba, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama and Tokyo.

Today, Route 1 is a major national highway that mirrors the route of the old Tōkaidō except in the Tōkyō-Yokohama section.

Route 15 follows the route of the old Tōkaidō between Tōkyō and Yokohama

Related pages
 Kantō region
 Comparison of regions of Japan
 Yotsuya kaidan

References

Geography of Japan
Japanese culture
UTC+04:30 is the time used for:

As standard time (all year round)
Afghanistan

As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
Iran

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+04:30, D†
Baghlan (Persian/Pashto: بغلان Baġlān) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is Puli Khumri.  The name comes from a major town in the province, Baghlan.

Demographics
Hazaras, Pashtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks are living in this Province.

Economy

Agriculture
Baghlan's primary crops (as of 1974) were cotton and sugar beets.  The area also produced grapes, pistachios, and pommegranates.  The primary livestock are Karakul sheep.

Other products
The province also produces silk. Coal is mined in the Karkar Valley.

Districts
The districts of Baghlan are:

Politics

Governors 
The current Governor of Baghlan is Mohammad Akbar Barakzai, appointed 2009.

Related pages 
 Baghlan

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Puli Khumri (or  Pul-i-Kumri) () is a city in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Baghlan Province and has a population of 60,000 (2002 official estimate).

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Antonietta Di Martino (born 1 June 1978) is an Italian high jumper. She was born in Cava de'Tirreni.

Piuza won the silver medal at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships. She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Other websites
 
 

1978 births
Living people
2008 Summer Olympics
High jumpers
Italian athletes
Italian Olympians
People from Campania
Bamyan Province () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the centre of the country. Its capital city is also called Bamyan. Most of the people are Hazaras, with fewer Tajiks, and Pashtuns. Bamyan is the largest province in the Hazarajat region of Afghanistan. About 450.000 people lived in Bamyan province in 2020. The province mainly became known for the Buddhas of Bamiyan, which were destroyed under Taliban rule, in 2001. In the past, the province was strategically important because of the Silk Road which passes through it. The Silk Road linked Asian countries such as India and China, with Persia,  the Mediterranean and Europe. Buddhism used to be common, and there were many Buddha statues, and monasteries.

Politics

Governors
The former governor of the province is Habiba Sarabi.  She is Afghanistan's first and, so far, only female governor.

Districts

Economy

Agriculture

Bamiyan is famous for its potatoes.

Education
Bamyan Province has the only university, Bamiyan University in the area.

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Hakucho was sent into orbit on February 21, 1979.  It reentered the atmosphere and melted on April 15, 1985.   

This was Japan's first x-ray astronomy satellite.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hakucho (CORSA-b) mission profile 
 NASA, Hakucho (CORSA-b) satellite

Japanese space program
Satellites
Bamyan (), also spelled Bamiyan and Bamian, is the capital city of Bamyan Province, Afghanistan. It has about 61,863 people. It is the largest town in the Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan.  It is 240 kilometres north-west of Kabul, the national capital.

Education
Bamyan has the region's only university, Bamiyan University.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Daykundi (Persian: دایکندی) also spelled Daikondi, Dāykondī or Daikundi or "Daykundi, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  Day Kundi's capital is Nili.  It is about 310 kilometres from Kabul.  It is in the Hazarajat region.

Economy
Daykundi province grows almonds.

Governance
On 15 April 2011, Mr. Qurban Ali Oruzgani became Governor of Daikundi province.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Nili () is the capital city of Daykundi Province, Afghanistan.  It is located in Nili District.  The town is at 2,022 m altitude.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Farah (Pashto/Persian: فراه) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Farah. Farah is large with few people living in it.  It is the fourth largest province in Afghanistan.  It is on the Iranian border. Most of the people are Pashtun.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Tenma was sent into orbit on February 20, 1983.   

This was Japan's second x-ray astronomy satellite.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tenma (ASTRO-B) mission profile 
 NASA, Tenma (astro B) satellite

Japanese space program
Satellites
Farah (Pashto/Persian: فراه) is a city in western Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Farah Province.  There are about 109,409 people living here.  It is at 650 m altitude.  It is on the Farah River.

Economy and transportation
The city is a major trading and farming center in the area.  There is an airport with a paved runway.

Cities in Afghanistan
Fāryāb () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. The capital is Maymana. Most of the people are Uzbek.

Politics
The Governor of the province is Abdul Haq Shafaq.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
is the name of the a Japanese space probe which was sent on an interplanetary mission.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was launched on January 7, 1985.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sakigake (MS-T5) mission profile 
 NASA, Sakigake 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Southern is the adjective form of south. It may refer to:

Education
 Southern University, a university in the U.S. state of Louisiana
 Southern Adventist University, Collegedale, Tennessee, United States
 Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
 Southern High School, various schools

Organisations
 Southern Railway (disambiguation), various railways
 Southern Airways, a defunct airline
 Southern Air, an airline based in Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.
 Southern Company, a U.S. electricity corporation
 Southern Records, an independent record label
 Southern Television, a now defunct UK television company
 Southern (train operating company), current train operator for some services in Southern England.

Surname
 Caleb Southern, American music producer
 Edwin Southern, molecular biologist
 Eileen Southern, American musicologist
 Jeri Southern, American jazz pianist and singer
 Keith Southern, English association football player for Blackpool F.C.
 Richard Southern (1903–1989), British theatre designer 
 R. W. Southern (1912–2001), British medieval historian 
 Sarah Southern, British businesswoman and former Conservative Party official
 Steve Southern, Australian professional rugby player
 Terry Southern, American writer

Sports
 Southern 500, a NASCAR car race
 Southern 500 (1950-2004), a former NASCAR race
 Southern Conference, a Division I college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
 Southern Jaguars, the athletic program of the main campus of Southern University
 Southern League, various sports leagues

Geographic locations 
 Southern Hemisphere
 Southern Ocean, the waters surrounding Antarctica
 Southern United States
 Southern (country subdivision)

Surnames
Ghōr (, (), also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in central Afghanistan, towards the northwest. The capital of Ghor is Chaghcharan.

About 635,302 people live in Ghor Province.

Districts

Politics

Governors
The current governor of Ghor is Sayyed Mohammad Eqbal Munib.

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Chaghcharan () also known as Firouzkoh () is a town and the capital of Ghor Province in central Afghanistan. It is located on the southern side of the Hari River.

There are about 15,000 people, mostly Persian speaking. Chaghcharan Airport is about 1 mile to the northeast of the town.

Related pages 
 Chaghcharan District
 Ghor Province

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Herat (Persian/Pashto: هرات) is one the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the south-western region of the country. The main city and capital is named Herat. 

The region of Herat used to be part of Greater Khorasan.  It was ruled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanates, Timurids, and Saffavids.  In the early-18th century it became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty followed by the Durrani Empire.

Demographics
There are about 1,762,157 people living in Herat Province.

Population by districts
There are 16 districts within the province. These are listed in the table below.

Sport
Football (soccer) is the popular sport in Herat Province.  Cricket is also getting popular.

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Fred Flintstone is the main protagonist of The Flintstones franchise. He is an everyday caveman and caring father.  He was invented by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera.

Catchphrase
His iconic phrase is "Yabba-dabba-doo". Alan Reed came up with it.

Portrayals
Alan Reed, Henry Corden, James Arnold Taylor and Jeff Bergman have voiced him in various media. John Goodman played him in the 1994 movie.

Animated characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
The Flintstones
Hanna-Barbera characters
Cookie Monster is a Muppet that appears in Sesame Street. He is a blue monster that is known for eating lots of food, especially cookies. He is also known for some of his famous eating phrases. His favorite food is cookies, as his name implies. He especially enjoys chocolate chip cookies. Throughout the years of his presence, he has gained increasing awareness of children's food habits. In 2007, Cookie Monster had told his philosophy (way of thinking) that "Cookies are a sometimes food."

References

Sesame Street characters
Muppets
Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky (13 May 1850 – 15 January 1916) was a Russian dramatist, opera librettist and translator. Like his famous composer brother Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, he was a homosexual. In 1876, Modest tutored a deaf-mute boy and eventually helped him to talk, write, and read. Modest wrote three plays and the libretti for several operas, including his brother's The Queen of Spades and Iolanta. He translated Shakespeare's Sonnets, and wrote his brother's biography. He died in Moscow in 1916.

References

1850 births
1916 deaths
Russian people
Playwrights
Russian LGBT people
Gay men
Antonietta Dell'Era (16 February 1861 Milan  22 June 1945 Berlin) was an Italian prima ballerina in Berlin, best remembered for creating the Sugar Plum Fairy in The Nutcracker (1892). Her first performance was sold out, and she received good reviews. Modest Tchaikovsky described her as "pudgy and unattractive".

Dancers
Italian people
1861 births
1945 deaths
Jowzjān or Jōzjān or Jawzjan () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the northern area of the country.  The capital is Sheberghan.

Demographics 
There are around 485,300 people in the province.

Politics
Jowzjan's current governor is Mohammed Aleem Sayee.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Kābul (, ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in eastern Afghanistan, The capital of the province is Kabul City, which is also the country's capital. There are about 3.5 million people living in the province as of 2009.

Districts

Sports 
Kabul is the center of annual buzkashi and football tournaments.

Related pages 
 Kabul

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
is the name of a Japanese  spacecraft.  This was Japan's first interplanetary mission.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The unmanned space probe was sent into space on August 18, 1985.  It was designed to study Halley's Comet when it passed through the inner solar system in 1986.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Suisei (Planet-A) mission profile 
 NASA, Suisei mission 

Japanese space program
Satellites
is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 5, 1987.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ginga (Astro-C) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Khost () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Khost province used to be part of Paktia Province in the past. Its capital is Khost City.

The current Governor of the Province is Abdul Jabbar Naeemi.

There are 638,849 living in the Province.  They are mostly Pashtun.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Kunar () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan  It is in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital is Asadabad.  About 413,008 people live in the province.  Most of them are Pashtuns.

Districts
The districts in Kunar Province as of March 2004 are:

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Asadabad or Asad Abad ( - Asadābād) is the capital city of Kunar Province in Afghanistan. It is in the eastern part of the country next to Pakistan. There are a lot of mountains around Asadabad.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Logar (, ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the eastern part of the country.  Most of the peoople are Pashtun.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Nangarhar ( ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the east of the country. Jalalabad is the capital.  There are 1,383,900 people in the province.

Districts

Nangarhar province is divided into 22 districts, these are:

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Annette Joanne Funicello (October 22, 1942 – April 8, 2013) was an American singer, movie and television series actress. Funicello was one of the most popular "Mouseketeers" on the Mickey Mouse Club in the 1950s.  

She was born in Utica, New York to Italian American parents and moved to Southern California when she was four. She went public with her multiple sclerosis in 1992. She died from the disease on April 8, 2013.

References

1942 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
People with multiple sclerosis
Actors from California
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American television actors
Singers from California
Singers from New York
People from Utica, New York
Nimruz (Balochi/Pashto/Persian:  نیمروز  ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the southwest of the country on the borders of Iran and Pakistan. There are about 170,00 people in the Province. A lot of the Provice is covered by the desert area of Dashti Margo.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Zaranj or Zarang ( ) is the capital of Nimruz Province in south-western Afghanistan.  There are about 49,851 people in the city. It is next to Milak, Iran. It is linked by highways with Lashkar Gah to the east, Farah to the north and Zabol in Iran to the west. 

Cities in Afghanistan
Nuristān (Persian:نورستان), also spelled Nurestān or Nooristan, is a region in Afghanistan.  It is in the south of the Hindu Kush valleys. The capital is Parun.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Parun (پارون) is a small town in Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Nuristan Province.

Cities in Afghanistan
, is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on August 30, 1991.  Its mission was to study the sun.

On September 12, 2005 the spacecraft burned up during reentry.

References

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Yohkoh (Solar-A) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Gardēz (, Persian: گردیز) is the capital of the Paktiā province of Afghanistan. There are about 70,000 people who live in the Province. Most of the people are Pashtun.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance is a diagnostic method in epidemiology. It has been used in the Soviet Japanese campaign in WWII immediately behind the first echelon of tanks and mechanized vehicles of advancing Soviet army should they encounter any particular contagious disease as withdrawing enemy forces had poisoned many wells and water sources.
The use of sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance or similar practices in the armed forces is mentioned elsewhere. The Polish contingents serving under the UN auspices focused their tasks among others on … sanitary-epidemiological reconnaissance … 
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance is a collection and transfer of all data available on sanitary and epidemiological situation of the area of possible deployment and action of armed forces, the same data for the neighbouring and enemy armed forces. The aim for the reconnaissance is to clear up the reasons of the specific disease origin- sources of the infection in extreme situations, including local wars and armed conflicts, the ways of the infection transfer and all factors promoting to the infestation. It should result in revealing of the patients and persons, suspected to the specific disease, their isolation and hospitalization. Mobile equipped group for sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance includes: epidemiologist, specialist on infections, assistant of epidemiologist (bacteriologist- lab assistant), medical orderly (if necessary, the group will include zoologist or parasitologist). After the armed forces have become stationary during wartime and emergency of peace time the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance turns into sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of vital and communal activity of the armed forces.

In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons  and Their Destruction in Geneva 
the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as means for monitoring of infections and parasitic agents and for practical implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005). The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases, the treat of alleged use of biological weapons. The sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance will be important in assessing the sanitary-epidemiological situation, organizing and conducting preventive activities, indicating and identifying pathogenic biological agents, suppressing hotbeds of infectious diseases, providing advisory and practical assistance to local health authorities.

Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance (inspection) or a similar practice and specific indication in the hotbed  should be performed immediately after the receiving of the information about bio-terrorism attack.

References

Epidemiology
War
The Lycée Edgar-Poe  is a private secondary school in Paris. It is named after the American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849).

Its motto is  ('"The interest for the student develops the student's interest"). Its director is Mrs Evelyne Clinet.

History 

The Lycée Edgar-Poe was created in 1965 under the name Cours Edgar-Poe and has been recognized by the French State the 26th of February 1980.

Famous alumni
 Olivier Caudron (born in 1955), singer.
 François Ravard (born in 1957), French record and film producer.

References

Other websites
  

Schools in France
1965 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Paris
1960s establishments in France
The bias of a piece of woven fabric is at 45 degrees to its warp and weft threads.  Every piece of woven fabric has two biases, at right angles to each other. Fabrics which are not woven, such as felt, do not have a bias.

When cut on the bias, woven fabric is more elastic as well as more fluid in movement, compared to the on-grain direction. This helps many types of garment, such as skirts, dresses and neckties.

The "bias-cut" is a technique used by tailors and dress-makers for cutting cloth. The greater stretch in the bias (diagonal) direction of the fabric, helps it accentuate body lines and curves and drape softly. For example, a full-skirted dress cut on the bias will hang more gracefully or a narrow dress will cling to the figure. 

Bias-cut garments were prominent in haute couture clothes designed by Madeleine Vionnet in the 1920s. It is still used often in both haute couture and high street clothing. In the Middle Ages, before the development of knitting, hose leggings were cut on the bias in order to make them fit better.

References 

Woven fabrics
, also known as Katsuo-dera, is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Minō, which is in the mountains of northern Osaka Prefecture.

Katsuō-ji is one in a grouping of Buddhist temples which are pilgrimage sites in the Kansai region.

History
The temple site was first named Miroku-ji in 765.

The name "Katsuō-ji" was given by the Emperor Seiwa.

In 1184, the temple was destroyed by fire, but it was re-built.

Daruma
Daruma dolls are often returned to the temple and left somewhere on the grounds.

References

Other websites

Katsuō-ji website 

Buddhist temples in Japan
760s establishments in Japan
765 establishments
Paktika () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the south-east of the country. Most of the people are Pashtun. Its capital is Sharana.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Sharana (), or Sharan (), is the capital of Paktika Province, Afghanistan. There are about 2,200 people who live in the town.

References
 

Cities in Afghanistan
Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (10 August 186521 March 1936) was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor. He was the director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory between 1905 and 1928. He left the Soviet Union in 1928 and did not return. Glazunov successfully reconciled nationalism and cosmopolitanism in Russian music. 

1865 births
1936 deaths
Russian people
Russian composers
Panjshir (, meaning "Five Lions", also spelled as Panjsher) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Panjshir province is known for not being taken by the Soviets during their occupation in the 1980s. There has not been as much violence here as the rest of the country.

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Bazarak () is a town in the Panjshir Valley, in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Panjshir Province. It has six villages: Khanez, Jangalak, Malaspa, Parandeh, Rahmankhil. The tomb of Ahmad Shah Massoud, known as the "Lion of Panjshir", is in Bazarak.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Parwān (Persian/Pashto: پروان), also spelled Parvān, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. There are about 560,000 people. The capital is Charikar. 

In 329 BC, Alexander the Great formed the settlement of Parwan. It was conquered by the Arabs in 792.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Charikar () is a city in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Parwan Province. The city is on the road 69 km from Kabul.  Charikar is known for its pottery and high-quality grapes.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, also known as the Treaty of Rawalpindi, was a treaty which brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India as per Article 5 of the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919. Thus, Afghanistan as an independent country agreed to recognise Durand Line as international border between the two countries.

Related pages
Durand Line

References

History of Afghanistan
Rawalpindi
1919 in the United Kingdom
1921 in the United Kingdom
Afghanistan has around 29.8 million people as of the year 2011.  About 2.7 million Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan and Iran.

The country is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual.  Most of Afghanistan's people are of the Iranic peoples. The Pashtun is the largest group followed by Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch and others.

Dari (Persian) and Pashto are both the official languages of the country.

Islam is the religion of more than 99% of Afghanistan.

Related pages 
 Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

References 

Demographics of Afghanistan
According to the principle of 'To each according to his contribution', during the transition of a society from capitalism to socialism and then to communism, individuals should be rewarded for the amount they contribute to society. Economists such as David Ricardo (1772-1823) had this idea. Ricardo founded a movement that is known as Ricardian socialism today. Many people in the labour movement had this idea too. Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) and Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) expressed such ideas towards Leon Trotsky. Despite this, Vladimir Lenin was the first person to say that this element is fundamental to Marxist theory.

According to Libertarian socialist thinkers, such as American anarchist Benjamin Tucker, socialism is a system in which the laborer receives the full product of his labor. This eliminates exploitation and unearned income accrued to the capitalist.

The term To each according to his contribution simply means that each worker in a socialist society receives "wages" and benefits according to the quantity and value of the labor that he or she contributed. That way, highly productive workers will receive more wages and benefits than workers of average productivity, and substantially more than workers of low productivity. What is more, the more difficult the job is, the more one is rewarded for the labor contributed. Difficulty can result from factors such as greater training requirement, job intensity or safety hazards. According to Trotsky, the idea is to promote productivity. This is done by creating incentives to work harder, longer, and more productively. In the end, the principle comes from capitalism, but will vanish, according to Marx, as work becomes more automated and enjoyable, and as goods become available in greater quantities.

In capitalism, the means of production are owned by a few people; these people are also known as the bourgeoisie. These people do not produce, but they live off the work others do for them. Socialism can fix this issue, because with socialism, the means of production are owned by all people, they are a common good.

Related pages
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need
He who does not work, neither shall he eat

References

Socialism
Maidan Wardak Province (also spelled Maidan Wardag, or Maidan Vardak,  , ) is one of thirty four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the central east part of Afghanistan. About 540,100 people live in the province. The capital is Maidan Shar.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Maidan Shar ( - Maidān Šhār; ; also Maydan, Meydan, Maidan) is the capital of Wardak Province, Afghanistan. About 35,008 people live in the town as of 2003.

On 21 January 2019, over 100 people were killed in a terrorist attack.

Economy
Most of the people in Maidan Shar do agriculture, livestock, gardening and trade. Many of the people are poor.

Education
By the end of 2008, there were a total of 14 schools with about 9268 students. There were about 275 teachers teaching in these schools.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Zabul () is a historic province in southern Afghanistan. Qalat is the capital. About 275,100 people live in the province. The major ethnic group is Pashtun.

Districts 
Zabul is surrounded by Paktika and Ghzani provinces in the east, Urozgan province in the north, Kandahar province in west and south west, and Balochistan state of Pakistan in south. 

Around 800,000 people live in Zabul with majority of them in Shahjoi, Arghandab and Kalat city.

Almond, grapes, apricots, wheat, and vigitables are the main agricultural products of Zabul, where around 80% people are farmers.

the current governor of Zabul province is Mr. Bissmillah Afghanmal son of Haji Mauladad Momand, borne in Kandahar in 1976.

Transportation 

In 2006, the province's first airstrip was opened near Qalat.  It was for the Afghan National Army.  The airstrip is not paved.

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Durrës is the second largest city of Albania.  It is on the central Albanian coast, about  west of the capital Tirana. It is one of the most ancient and economically important cities of Albania. Durrës is at one of the narrower points of the Adriatic Sea.  It is opposite the Italian ports of Bari ( away) and Brindisi ( away). Durrës is home to Albania's main port, the Port of Durrës.  The Aleksandër Moisiu University is here. The town has about 115,550 people. Durrës was the national capital from 7 March 1914 until 11 February 1920 .

Climate
Durrës has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool winters. The average of water temperature in Durrës is from  in February to  in August. The summer in Durrës starts from May to middle of October .

References

Cities in Albania
This is a list of municipalities () of Albania.  They are sorted by county and by district.

List of municipalities 

Albania
Albania
Elbasan is a city in central Albania. It is on the Shkumbin River in the District of Elbasan and the County of Elbasan.  It is one of the largest cities in Albania.  There are about 79,810 people.

References

Cities in Albania
Vlorë is a city in Albania. It is the second largest port city of Albania. There are 79,948 people who live here. It is on the Adriatic Sea, almost surrounded by mountains.

Vlorë is where the Albanian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on November 28, 1912. The city was for a short time the capital of Albania.

Vlora is one of the oldest cities of Albania. It was formed by Ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC.

The University of Vlora is the second largest in Albania.

References

Cities in Albania
The flag of Albania () is a red flag, with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the centre.

Albania
Albania
The coat of arms of Albania is similar to the flag of Albania.  It is based on the seal of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg.  The picture above the head of the two-headed eagle is the helmet of Skanderbeg.  The helmet also has billy goats' horns.

Albania
Albania
Bamir Myrteza Topi (born 24 April 1957 in Tirana) is an Albanian diplomat and politician. He served as President of Albania from 2007 to 2012.

References 

1957 births
Living people
European diplomats
People from Tirana
Presidents of Albania
Veterinarians
The Godfather Part III is a 1990 American crime drama movie directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola, that stars Al Pacino and Diane Keaton. The movie is set in 1989 and 1990. It is the sequel to The Godfather and The Godfather Part II. It received mixed to positive reviews and did well at the box office. This movie was released December 25, 1990 in the United States.

Release dates

Media interest
The final scenes of the movie were filmed at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo, where the uncle of Francis Ford Coppola, the composer and conductor Anton Coppola, is shown conducting the opera, Cavalleria rusticana.

Other websites 

1990 crime movies
1990 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American gangster movies
American sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola
The County of Berat is one of the 12 counties of Albania. It has the districts Berat, Kuçovë, and Skrapar. Its capital is Berat. It is 123 km south of Tirana, the capital of Albania.

References

Counties of Albania
The County of Dibër is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  The districts are Bulqizë, Dibër, and Mat. Its capital is Peshkopi.

Counties of Albania
The County of Durrës is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  It has the districts Durrës and Krujë. Its capital is Durrës. 

Counties of Albania
The County of Elbasan is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  It has districts  Elbasan, Gramsh, Librazhd and Peqin. Its capital is Elbasan.

Counties of Albania
Diarchy (or dyarchy) is a form of government where two people are usually the heads of state. The word comes from the Greek δι- "two elements" and ἀρχή, "rule" (from ἄρχω; -αρχία is a derived suffix). The term duumvirate is a hyponym (from Latin duumvirātus, "male diarchy") but some people use it erroneously for women. Most commonly, the leaders of these diarchys, called diarchs, have the job for life with the position being hereditary. This means the position is given to children or family after the death of the diarch.

Modern examples of Diarchys are Andorra, the Republic of San Marino and the Kingdom of Eswatini.

Historical examples Diarchys are Sparta, The Roman Republic and at one point India

Not all Diarchys have the diarchs as the head of state nor do they necessarily rule for their life. In Andorra for example, the Diarchs are the President of France, an elected, temporary position not passed down to children, as well as the Catholic Bishop of Urgell who is appointed to the position by the Catholic Church. Ancient Sparta had Diarchs who were given the hereditary job for life, but only had roles in the military and religion, not politics. There are numbers of countries in world claiming democratic country / states but in reality are under diarchs.

Monarchy
Forms of government
The Head of Government is the main person in charge of the government of the Principality of Andorra.

The current Cap de Govern is Antoni Martí.

Heads of Government of Andorra (1982–present)

Related pages
Co-Princes of Andorra

 

Andorra
The Co-Princes of Andorra are the two rulers of the Principality of Andorra.  Andorra is a tiny landlocked nation in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain.  Currently, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France are Andorra's co-princes.
Alexey Arhipovsky (; May 15, 1967) – is a Russian balalaika virtuoso player.
He was born in the town of Tuapse, Krasnodar Territory, Russia on May 15, 1967. His father played the garmon and accordion. At the age of 9, Arhipovsky started at musical school to study the balalaika. Later he entered Gnessin State Musical College, the department of folk instruments, class – balalaika. Upon graduation, he entered the Smolensk folk orchestra as a soloist-balalaika.  

In 1985 he became a laureate of the Contest of Folk Instrument Performers in Russia. Since 1998 he toured around Russia and abroad with the State Academic Folk Ensemble "Rossiya" Russia directed by Lyudmila Zykina. 

Since 2002 he cooperated with Stas Namin, the musician, composer, and record producer. Arhipovsky took part in festivals of Russian culture in the United States, China, South Korea, Germany, France, Spain and Bulgaria. He participated in jazz festivals in Russia and abroad, in radio and TV programmes.

During his tours, fans compared his performance with Paganini and Jimi Hendrix.

Critics have dubbed him the “Paganini of the Russian balalaika”. 

He recorded a DVD album Alexey Arhipovsky in 2009.

In 2009, he was invited to participate in the opening ceremony of the second semi-final of the Eurovision song contest in Moscow.

References

Russian musicians
1967 births
Living people
The name Kate is a girl's name. It's a variant of the name Katherine. There are many famous people who have the name Kate (e.g. Kate Hudson, Kate Winslet).

Given names
The County of Fier is one of the 12 counties of Albania. It has the districts of Fier, Lushnjë and Mallakastër. The capital is Fier. Fier's western edge is the shoreline of the Adriatic Sea.

Counties of Albania
Gjirokastër County is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  It has the districts Gjirokastër, Përmet, and Tepelenë.  The capital is Gjirokastër. There are some Greek people who live here.  To the southeast, Gjirokastër shares a border with Greece.

References

Counties of Albania
The County of Korçë is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  It is in the eastern part of the country.  It is the largest county of Albania. The districts are Devoll, Kolonjë, Korçë and Pogradec. The capital is Korçë.

The county borders North Macedonia to the northeast and Greece to the southeast. 

Counties of Albania
The County of Kukës is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  The districts are  Has, Kukës and Tropojë. The capital is Kukës. To the east, Kukës borders Kosovo. The northwest  borders Montenegro. The southeast borders North Macedonia.  

Counties of Albania
Lezhë County is one of the 12 counties of Albania.  It has the districts Kurbin, Lezhë and Mirditë.  The capital is Lezhë.

Lezhë has a small western shoreline on the Adriatic Sea.  

Counties of Albania
Shkodër County is one of the 12 counties of Albania. It has the districts Malësi e Madhe, Pukë and Shkodër. The capital is the city of Shkodër.

In its southwest, Shkodër County has a small shoreline on the Adriatic Sea.  The northern border is Montenegro.

Counties of Albania
Tirana County (), formally the County of Tirana (), the county is one of the 12 counties of Albania. It has the districts Kavajë and Tirana.  The capital is Tirana. There are 800,347 people.  It has the most people of the Counties of Albania.

Ishëm River and the Tiranë River both flow through the city.

Dajti National Park is 26 km east of the capital of Tirana.

References

Counties of Albania
The County of Vlorë is one of the 12 counties of Albania. It has the districts Delvinë, Sarandë and Vlorë.  The capital is Vlorë. There are about 211,773 people who live here.
Vlorë's western and southern edges are the shorelines of the Strait of Otranto.  It also has a small border with Greece. There are some Greek people who live here.

References

Counties of Albania
Berat is a town in south-central Albania.  It is the capital of both the District of Berat and the larger County of Berat. About 71,000 people live here. Berat is on the right bank of the river Osum.

References

Cities in Albania
Peshkopi is a city in Dibër District, Dibër County, northeastern Albania.  It is the capital of both.

It is  away from Tirana, the capital of Albania, and  from North Macedonia. About 14,100 people live here.

Peshkopi is east of the Black Drin river.

There is a branch of Aleksandër Moisiu University.

Cities in Albania
The List of World Heritage Sites in Japan is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Japan agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on 30 June 1992.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2012, there are 16 WHS places in Japan. 
 12 cultural sites  
 4 natural sites

There are 12 sites which are on a tentative list.

Table

Tentative List
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.

 Asuka-Fujiwara: Archaeological Sites of Japan's Ancient Capitals and Related Properties
 Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki
 Fujisan
 Hikone-Jo (castle)
 Jômon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidô, Northern Tôhoku, and other regions
 Main Building of the National Museum of Western Art
 Modern Industrial Heritage Sites in Kyûshû and Yamaguchi
 Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun, Ancient Tumulus Clusters
 Okinoshima Island and Related Sites in Munakata Region
 Sado complex of heritage mines, primarily gold mines
 Temples, Shrines and other structures of Ancient Kamakura
 Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage

In January 2012 the Japanese government requested the inscription of the tentative sites of Kamakura and Mount Fuji in 2013, with plans to request the inscription in 2014 of The Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage. The Amami and Ryūkyū Islands (Yanbaru) have been selected for nomination as a joint fifth Natural Site and a study panel is to be formed to consider a sixth candidate site.

Related pages
 UNESCO World Heritage Site

References

Other websites

 UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
 GoJapan, World Heritage Sites  
 Agency for Cultural Affairs, Database of National Cultural Properties ; http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/sekaibunkaisan/08/pdf/sankou_1_4.pdf 
  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Japanese culture
Japan
Fieri is a city in southwest Albania.  It is the capital of the district and county of the same name. About 82,297 people live in Fier. Fier is  from the ruins of the ancient Greek city of Apollonia.

References

Cities in Albania
Gjirokastër is a city in southern Albania.  There are about 43,000 people who live here. It is the capital of both the Gjirokastër District and the larger Gjirokastër County. Gjirokastër is between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino River. The Eqerem Çabej University is in the city.

References

Cities in Albania
Korçë is a city in southeastern Albania.  It is the capital of the Korçë District.  About 105,000 people live here. It is the sixth largest city in Albania.

The city has Fan Noli University.

References

Cities in Albania
Kukës is a town in Albania.  It the capital of Kukës District and Kukës County. About 16,000 people live here. The town is in the mountains of northern Albania. It is famous because during the Kosovo conflict they took 450,000 refugees from Kosovo (Serbia). Because of this, it was nominated for the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize.  It was the first time a town was nominated for the prize.

References

Cities in Albania
Lezhë is a city in northwest Albania. It is the capital of Lezhë District and Lezhë County. About 27,500 people live here.

The city was formed around 385 BC as a Greek colony by the name of Lissos.

References

Cities in Albania
Tap dancing  is a type of dance. Its main feature is the sound made by tap shoes hitting the floor. Tap dancers wear special shoes with metal pieces on the bottom. There is one metal piece at the toe, and another at the heel.

There are two main types of tap dance: rhythm (Jazz) tap and Broadway tap. Broadway tap is more about the dance. It is often done in musical theater. Rhythm tap is more about the sound of the tapping.

In tap dancing dancers use their shoes to tap the floor like drummers. Tap shoes have metal taps on the bottom of the shoe to make a sound. The sound you get from the tap shoe depends on how hard you hit the floor, and what part of your foot you use.

Other websites

Dance types
is a Japanese city in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

In the Edo period, Mishima-juku was the 11th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/foreign/e/index.html# 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
Shkodër is a city in northwestern Albania.  It is the capital of Shkodër District. It is one of the oldest towns in Albania. There are about 74,876 people in the city.  It is near the Lake of Shkodër. 

Luigj Gurakuqi University of Shkodër is in the city.  It is an important school in Albania. Shkodër is also the home of Loro-Boriçi Stadium, the second biggest stadium in Albania.

References

Cities in Albania
The District of Berat is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Berat County. About 117,066 people live in the district. The capital is Berat. Other cities in this district are Polican and Ura Vajgurore.

References

Districts of Albania
The District of Kuçovë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Berat County. About 34,907 people live in the district. The capital is Kuçovë.

References

Districts of Albania
The District of Bulqizë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Dibër County. About 28,374, people live in the district.The capital is Bulqizë.

References

Districts of Albania
The District of Delvinë or District of Delvina is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Vlorë County. About 11,985 people live in the district.  Many of them are Greek. The capital is Delvinë.

References

Districts of Albania
The District of Devoll is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Korçë County.  The name is from the Devoll River flowing through the valley. About 33,785 people live in the district. The capital is Bilisht.

References

Districts of Albania
The District of Dibër is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Dibër County. About 62,825, people live her. The capital is Peshkopi.

References

Districts of Albania
Raveena Tandon (born 26 October 1974) is an Indian Bollywood actress, and producer. She used to be a model. Her first acting role was in the movie Pathhar Ke Phool in 1991. Since then has starred in many movies.

References

Other websites
 
 Raveena Tandon to host a chat show 

1974 births
Living people
Indian actors