cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dorothy Wise (1914–1995) is an American professional pool player. She was born in Spokane, Washington. When she first started playing pool professionally, there were very few national tournaments for women. She won many local and state tournaments, so she called herself the world champion. The first national tournament for women happened in 1967. She won and kept winning for the next five years. She lost the title in 1972. She played in the final against 13-year-old Jean Balukas.

She became a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame in 1981. She was the first woman to be made a member.

Dorothy learned to play pool from her husband, Jimmy Wise. He managed billiard parlors (where people play pool) in several cities around the western United States. He watched Dorothy win the first national championship in 1967, but died later that year.

References 

1914 births
1995 deaths
Sportspeople from Washington
Cue sports
People from Spokane, Washington
The Gelug or Gelug-pa, is a school of Tibetan Buddhism founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), a philosopher and Tibetan religious leader. The first monastery he established was at Ganden, and to this day the Ganden Tripa is the nominal head of the school, though its most famous person is the Dalai Lama. There are others Gelug Masters, like Trijang Rinpoche and Ling Rinpoche.

Tsongkhapa was a big promoter of the Kadampa (Bka'-gdams-pa) teachings and the mahāyāna principle of universal compassion as the fundamental spiritual orientation. He combined this with a strong emphasis on the cultivation of in-depth insight into the doctrine of emptiness as taught by the Indian masters Nāgārjuna (2nd century) and Candrakīrti (7th century). Tsongkhapa said that these two aspects of the spiritual path, compassion and insight into wisdom, must be rooted in a big wish for liberation driven by a genuine sense of renunciation. He called these the "Three Principal Aspects of the Path", and said that it is on the basis of these three that one must embark on the profound path of vajrayāna Buddhism.

The central teachings of the Gelug School are the Stages of the Path (lamrim), based on the teachings of the Indian master Atiśa (c. 11th century) and the systematic cultivation of the view of emptiness. This is combined with the yogas of highest yoga tantra deities such as Guhyasamāja, Cakrasaṃvara, Yamāntaka and Kālacakra, where the key focus is the direct experience of the union of bliss and emptiness.

Tibetan Buddhism
Audie Leon Murphy (June 20, 1925 in Kingston, Hunt County, Texas – May 28, 1971 in Brush Mountain near Roanoke, Virginia), was an American actor and soldier who fought during World War II. He was given the Medal of Honor.

Biography 
Murphy was of Irish descent. His was the son of Berry Emmett Murphy and Josie Bell Killian. He grew up on farms near Farmersville and Greenville, Texas. When his father left the family, Audie stopped his studies at primary school in fifth grade to help support his family. 

Murphy joined the Army in 1942. His first assignment was being sent to Morocco as a replacement in the 3rd Platoon in 1943. Audie Murphy was very good in several battles. In Italy, his abilities as a combat infantryman earned him promotions and decorations for his heroism. After being wounded in combat, Murphy was removed from the battlefield and promoted to Lieutenant. The Lieutenant General Alexander Patch, commander of the Army, gave him the Medal of Honor. Audie Murphy also received 33 U.S. medals for his courage and heroism in battle.

Career 
Audie Murphy began his acting career in 1948, in the comedy movie Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven. It was directed by William Castle. Murphy has been one of the best known Hollywood actors in westerns movies. He played the role the legendary "Billy the Kid" in The Kid from Texas (1950) directed by Kurt Neumann, and then playing another legend Jesse James in Kansas Raiders (1950), by Ray Enright. His greatest successes were Westerns was The Duel at Silver Creek (1952), by Don Siegel, Gunsmoke (1953) and Drums Across the River (1954) directed by Nathan Juran, Destry (1954) and The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957) directed by George Marshall, Night Passage (1957) with James Stewart, The Unforgiven (1960) with Burt Lancaster, Gunfight at Comanche Creek (1963) one of his best movies. Murphy also had a television series Whispering Smith (1961). In it he played the role of Tom 'Whispering' Smith, for 26 episodes of the TV Western. 

Another of his great works for the movies were war movies, such as To Hell and Back (1955) by Jesse Hibbs. It was a biography of his story during World War II.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References 

Audie Murphy: War Hero and Movie Star by Judy Alter
Daily Reading Activities: Winter, by Remedia Publications

Other websites 

1925 births
1971 deaths
Actors from Texas
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
Aviation deaths in the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Oakham is a town in Rutland, England. In 2001 there were 9,975 people living in Oakham.

References 

Towns in England
Settlements in Rutland
Coalville is a town near the M1 motorway in Leicestershire, England. Coalville only dates back 175 years.

References 

Towns in Leicestershire
Rugeley (pronounced Rooj-lee) is a market town in Staffordshire in the West Midlands of England. It is 7.9 miles (12.7 km) north of the cathedral city of Lichfield and 9.8 miles (15.8 km) southeast of Stafford, the county town. The 2011 census revealed that just over 24,000 people live in Rugeley.

It is on the north-eastern edge of Cannock Chase and is next to the River Trent.

The Trent & Mersey Canal flows through the town.

Although the town is in Staffordshire, it is in the Walsall postcode area, a town in the West Midlands, and the WS15 postcode district.

The town has two railway stations, Rugeley Town and Rugeley Trent Valley. Rugeley Trent Valley is on the West Coast Main Line and provides long-distance trains to London, Birmingham and Crewe. Rugeley Town is on the Chase Line and provides direct local trains to Walsall and Birmingham.

Rugeley used to have its own newspaper, the Rugeley Times. It was published from Bow Street in the town. However, the paper was sold to the Staffordshire Newsletter.

Twinning
Rugeley is twinned with:
 Western Springs, Illinois, U.S.

Gallery

Towns in Staffordshire
Swaffham is a town on the A1065 road in Breckland District, Norfolk, England. In 2001 there were 6,935 people living in Swaffham.

References 

Breckland
Towns in Norfolk
Army of the Pharaohs is a hip-hop supergroup from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The supergroup was formed in 1998 by Jedi Mind Tricks' Vinnie Paz. Currently the group has 15 members.

Members 
Current
 Apathy
 Block McCloud
 Celph Titled
 Crypt the Warchild 
 Demoz
 Des Devious
 Doap Nixon
 Esoteric
 King Magnetic
 Jus Allah
 Journalist
 King Syze
 Planetary
 Reef the Lost Cauze
 Vinnie Paz

Former
 7L
 Virtuoso
 Bahamadia
 Chief Kamachi
 Faez One
 Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind

Discography

Studio albums
 The Torture Papers (2006)
 Ritual of Battle (2007)
 The Unholy Terror (2010)

EP's
 The Five Perfect Exertions EP (1998)

Mixtapes/Compilations
 Rare Shit, Collabos and Freestyles (Compilation) (2003)
 The Bonus Papers (Mixtape) (2006)
 After Torture There's Pain (Mixtape) (2007)

Other websites 
 Army of the Pharaohs Official website 

Hip hop bands
Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1998 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Pennsylvania
Amor Prohibido () is the name of Selena's fifth studio album. Amor Prohibido is known as one of the biggest-selling Latin album of all time, being certified by the RIAA for shipping 2 million copies. The album had four number-one singles on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart, the only Spanish album by a female to do so.

Track listing

Personnel
Chris Pérez, Henry Gomez - Guitar
Rafael Garza, Rene Gasca - Trumpet
Gilbert Garza- Trombone
Johnny Saenz- Accordion
Selena - Vocals
Ricky Vela, Joe Ojeda - Keyboards
A.B. Quintanilla III - Bass
Suzette Quintanilla - Drums
Stephanie Lynn- Background Vocals
Rick Alvarez - Background Vocals
Rock 'N' Roll James - Background Vocals

Charts
Album

Certifications 
Notes
<small>Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000. In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.

Tour 
The Amor Prohibido Tour was the final concert tour for American singer Selena. The tour grossed over $60 million. In February 1995, Selena performed at the Houston Astrodome. She performed to the record-breaking audience of over 60,000 fans. This was more than country singers such as George Strait, Vince Gill and Reba McEntire.

References 

1994 albums
Selena albums
Polstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 808 people living in Polstead. It is famous for the Red Barn Murder that happened there in 1827. It includes the hamlets of Mill Street, Polstead Heath, Hadleigh Heath, Bower House Tye and Whitestreet Green.

Red Barn Murder 

The Red Barn Murder was a murder (killing) that happened in Polstead in 1827. A man named William Corder shot his lover, Maria Marten. The Red Barn was a local landmark. Marten and Corder were going to meet at the barn and then elope to (run away and get married) Ipswich. Corder ran away to London and married another woman. He sent Marten's family letters that said that Maria was happy and healthy.

Maria Marten's mother had dreams about the murder. In the dreams, Maria's ghost pointed to where she was buried in the barn. On April 19, 1828, Maria's body was found in a sack (a bag) in a bin for holding grain. The London police found Corder and arrested him. They also found two pistols that he had bought the day of the murder.

The trial started on August 7, 1828. It was held at Shire Hall in Bury St Edmunds. William Corder was charged with killing Maria Marten by shooting and stabbing her. He was also charged with forgery. There were a total of 9 charges. He pleaded not guilty.

The jury deliberated for only 35 minutes. (Deliberating is when the people in the jury talk and try to decide if the person is guilty or not guilty.) Corder was found guilty. He was sentenced to death by hanging. The judge ordered that after he was dead his body was to be dissected.

William Corder died on August 11, 1828 just before noon. He was hanged at the gallows in Bury St Edmunds. Many people showed up to see him die. One newspaper said there were 7,000 people who showed up. Another newspaper said there were 20,000. After he was dead, the body was taken back to the courtroom. More than 5,000 people came to the courtroom to see Corder's body. His body was dissected the next day. His skeleton was put on display in the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. In 2004, it was taken down and cremated.

References 

Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Quantum gravity is an area of research in physics. Right now, physics is able to describe gravity of real-life sized objects using general relativity. Physicists can also describe the universe on a microscopic scale with quantum mechanics. The goal of quantum gravity is to develop a theory which contains both general relativity and quantum mechanics. However, combining the theories of the big and the small is very difficult in practice. 

Physicists are working on a number of ways to write down a theory of quantum gravity. One approach is to search for a unified field theory. Physicists also try to develop theories at an even more fundamental level, like string theory, loop quantum gravity, or other methods, to find out why our current theories of gravity and quantum mechanics cannot be combined.

Physics
Wonderama was a long-running children's television program. It appeared on Metromedia-owned stations from 1955 to 1986. The show was made at  WNEW-TV in New York City.

Wonderama also was run in five other markets in which Metromedia owned television stations, including WTTG in Washington D.C., KMBC-TV in Kansas City, KTTV in Los Angeles, WXIX-TV in Cincinnati and WTCN-TV in Minneapolis – Saint Paul. The show ran three hours long, and later two hours on Sunday mornings.

Hosts
Al Hodge (as Captain Video 1955 - 1956)
Jon Gnagy (mid late 1950s)
Sandy Becker (1955–56)
Pat Meikle (co-hosting from 1955 to 1956)
Herb Sheldon (1956–1958)
Bill Britten (best known as New York's Bozo the Clown, co-host in 1958)
Doris Faye (co-host in 1958)
Sonny Fox (1959–1967)
Bob McAllister (1967–1977)
 A documentary hosted by teens (1980–1985)

The Bob McAllister years
Despite the frequent turnover of hosts throughout the 1950s, Wonderama experienced its greatest viewership by way of one-time Baltimore kids' show host Bob McAllister, who replaced Sonny Fox as host in 1967 and remained host until 1977.

Each show's taping included (but was not necessarily limited to) education, music, audience participation, games, interviews and cartoon shorts.  
Each week, audience members received a package of parting gifts with some items, including:
An Oral-B toothbrush
An issue of Dynamite Magazine or Golden Magazine
A supply of Good Humor ice cream
A box of Hostess Twinkies
A 6-pack of RC Cola
A tube of Hold! cough lozenges
A package of Fruit Stripe Gum
A gift certificate for Burger King or McDonald's
A pack of Lender's Bagelettes.(Each child also got a necklace made from a Lenders Bagelette which had either their name or their last initial painted on it.)
A 45 record of one of the music artists who performed on the Wonderama episode each week.

McAllister  sang the program's closing theme song. It was called Kids Are People Too ("wacka-doo, wacka-doo, wacka-doo"). This later became the show's title when it moved to ABC on Sunday mornings.

Many stars from all genres of entertainment (music, movies, television, etc.) appeared on Wonderama, including:
The Sylvers
ABBA
Jerry Lewis
Jodie Foster
Paul Lynde
Muhammad Ali
Joe Frazier
José Feliciano
The Jackson 5
The cast of Monty Python
The Amazing Randi
Wolfman Jack
Lena Zavaroni
..and numerous others.

1980 revival
Beginning in 1980, a documentary/magazine show for children (and hosted by teens) ran on Sunday mornings on WNEW-TV.  While this show maintained the Wonderama title, the show itself was nothing like the kids festival that it once was.  This hour-long incarnation ran until 1983; reruns edited to 30 minutes aired from 1984 to 1986 on WNEW-TV/WNYW on Saturday mornings.

Other websites

YouTube Video of "Snake Cans" game.
Metacafe Video of Ali vs. Frazier Marble championship.

American children's television series
English-language television programs
Unsportsmanlike conduct (or unsporting behaviour, or ungentlemanly conduct) describes a kind of action by professional sportspeople. It is when a player or team acts during the game in a way  that is not professional or is offensive. It is different to cheating or breaking the rules. Unsportsmanlike conduct is something most players and fans dislike. The official rules of many sports include a rule so that a referee can call unsportsmanlike conduct on a team or player. There may be a fine or penalty.

Sports
"Love Will Tear Us Apart" is a song by the British post-punk band Joy Division.

1980 songs
Beverley is a town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. In 2001 there were 17,549 people living in Beverley.

References 

Towns in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Robert Blake (born Michael James Vincenzo Gubitosi September 18, 1933 in Nutley, New Jersey, U.S.), is an American actor.

Career 
Robert Blake began his acting career as a child in dozens short films as Joy Scouts (1939), Captain Spanky's Show Boat (1939), The Big Premiere (1940), Good Bad Boys (1940), and the Oscar-winning short film Main Street on the March! (1941). As an adult, Blake he began to play small roles in films like The Black Rose (1950) with Tyrone Power and  directed by Henry Hathaway, The Veils of Bagdad (1953) with Victor Mature, Three Violent People (1956) with Charlton Heston, Pork Chop Hill (1959) with Gregory Peck. He also had a role in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), playing the role of Simon the Zealot. Robert Blake shot to fame when playing Perry in the film In Cold Blood (1967) based on the book by Truman Capote, and directed by Richard Brooks. Another performance was playing a deranged police officer motorized in Electra Glide in Blue (1973) for this film Blake was nominated for a Golden Globe.

Television 
Robert Blake has had a long and successful career in television. His great works include Baretta as Det. Tony Baretta. Robert Blake played for 82 episodes broadcast between 1975 and 1978. Blake won a prestigious Emmy Award in 1975 and was nominated again in 1977 and also won Golden Globe in 1975 for Baretta.

Another of his works on television was his portrayal of James Riddle 'Jimmy' Hoffa in Blood Feud (1983) directed by Mike Newell, for which he was nominated for an Emmy and Golden Globe in 1983. One of his last television appearances was in Judgment Day: The John List Story (1993) directed by Bobby Roth, he plays the true story of a religious fanatic who kills his family. This role was one of his best performances and earned him a nomination for an Emmy in 1993.

References 
LIFE 12 January 1968 
Stephen J. Cannell Television Productions: A History of All Series and Pilots by Jon Abbott

Other websites 

1933 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
actors from New Jersey
Cancion Nacional Chilena is the national anthem of Chile until 1847. It was written by Bernardo de Vera y Pintado and composed by Manuel Robles.

Lyrics 
Chorus
Dulce Patria, recibe los votos
con que Chile en tus aras juró
que o la tumba serás de los libres
o el asilo contra la opresión.

I
Ciudadanos: el amor sagrado
de la patria os convoca a la lid:
libertad es el eco de alarma
la divisa: triunfar o morir.
El cadalso o la antigua cadena
os presenta el soberbio español:
arrancad el puñal al tirano
quebrantad ese cuello feroz.

II
Habituarnos quisieron tres siglos
del esclavo a la suerte infeliz
que al sonar de sus propias cadenas
más aprende a cantar que a gemir.
Pero el fuerte clamor de la Patria
ese ruido espantoso acalló
y las voces de la Independencia
penetraron hasta el corazón.

III
En sus ojos hermosos la Patria
nuevas luces empieza a sentir
y observando sus altos derechos
se ha encendido en ardor varonil.
De virtud y justicia rodeada
a los pueblos del orbe anunció
que con sangre de Arauco ha firmado
la gran carta de emancipación.

IV
Los tiranos en rabia encendidos
y tocando de cerca su fin
desplegaron la furia impotente,
que aunque en vano se halaga en destruir.
Ciudadanos mirad en el campo
el cadáver del vil invasor...;
que perezca ese cruel que el sepulcro
tan lejano a su cuna buscó

V
Esos valles también ved, chilenos,
que el Eterno quiso bendecir,
y en que ríe la naturaleza
aunque ajada del déspota vil
Al amigo y al deudo más caro
sirven hoy de sepulcro y de honor:
mas la sangre del héroe es fecunda
y en cada hombre cuenta un vengador.

VI
Del silencio profundo en que habitan
esos Manes ilustres, oíd
que os reclamen venganza, chilenos,
y en venganza a la guerra acudid.
De Lautaro, Colo-Colo y Rengo
reanimad el nativo valor
y empeñad el coraje en las fieras
que la España a extinguirnos mandó.

VII
Esos monstruos que cargan consigo
el carácter infame y servil,
¿cómo pueden jamás compararse
con los héroes del Cinco de Abril?
Ellos sirven al mismo tirano
que su ley y su sangre burló;
por la Patria nosotros peleamos
nuestra vida, libertad y honor.
VIII
Por el mar y la tierra amenazan
los secuaces del déspota vil
pero toda la naturaleza
los espera para combatir:
el Pacífico al Sud y Occidente
al Oriente los Andes y el Sol
por el Norte un inmenso desierto
y el centro libertad y unión.

IX
Ved la insignia con que en Chacabuco
al intruso supisteis rendir
y el augusto tricolor que en Maipo
en un día de triunfo nos dio mil.
Vedle ya señoreando el océano
y flameando sobre el fiero león
se estremece a su vista el íbero
nuestros pechos inflama el valor.

X
Ciudadanos, la gloria presida
De la Patria el destino feliz,
i podrán las edades futuras
a sus padres así bendecir.
Venturosas mil veces las vidas
Con que Chile su dicha afianzó.
Si quedare un tirano, su sangre
de los héroes escriba el blasón.

Government of Chile
National anthems
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers () was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772. The full title was Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre par M. Diderot de l'Académie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. d'Alembert de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, de celle de Prusse et de la Société royale de Londres. 

The Encyclopédie was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many people, and it was the first to include applied science and engineering. Still, the Encyclopédie is famous above all for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie'''s aim was "to change the way people think."

The Encyclopédie was conceived as a translation of Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia (1728). In 1743, the translation was given by the Parisian book publisher André Le Breton to John Mills, an Englishman living in France. In May 1745, Le Breton announced the work as available for sale, but Mills had not done the work. Le Breton beat Mills with a cane. Mills sued for assault, but Le Breton was set free because he was justified. For his new editor, Le Breton chose mathematician Jean Paul de Gua de Malves. In August 1747, Gua de Malves was fired for being a poor leader. Le Breton then hired Diderot and Jean d'Alembert as the new editors. Diderot would remain editor for the next twenty-five years, seeing the Encyclopédie through to completion.

Contributors
Many of the most noted figures of the French Enlightenment contributed to the Encyclopédie, including Voltaire, Rousseau, and Baron d'Holbach. The most prolific contributor wrote 17,266 articles, or about eight per day, between 1759 and 1765.

Statistics

Approximate size of the Encyclopédie'':

 17 volumes of articles, issued from 1751 to 1765
 11 volumes of illustrations, issued from 1762 to 1772
 18,000 pages of text
 75,000 entries
44,000 main articles
28,000 secondary articles
2,500 illustration indices
 20,000,000 words in total

Print run: 4,250 copies (note: even single-volume works in the 18th Century seldom had a print run of more than 1,500 copies)

Quotes
 "If exclusive privileges were not granted, and if the financial system would not tend to concentrate wealth, there would be few great fortunes and no quick wealth.  When the means of growing rich is divided between a greater number of citizens, wealth will also be more evenly distributed; extreme poverty and extreme wealth would be also rare." (Wealth article, Diderot)

References

Other websites

18th-century books
Encyclopedie (Diderot and d'Alembert)
Denis Diderot (; 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic and writer. He was a known figure during the Enlightenment. He is best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. 

Diderot died from pulmonary thrombosis in Paris, aged 70.

References

Other websites

1713 births
1784 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary thrombosis
French art critics
French atheists
French critics
French philosophers
French writers
2 Baruch is a text that was written in the late first century, or the early second century CE. It was  probably written after the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, in 70 CE, and before the second Roman-Jewish War, 132-135 CE. It is attributed to Baruch ben Neriah and is included in some editions of the Old Testament and the Peshitta, but neither Jews nor Christians regard it as scripture. The Syrian Orthodox Church includes it in the Bible. The text has 87 sections and is also known as Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch and Letter of Baruch to the Nine and a Half Tribes.

Old Testament books
Glaucoma is a disease that causes damage to the eye. If a person who has glaucoma does not get help from a doctor, they will not be able to see.

This disease happens because of increased pressure in the eye. The pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. This can cause loss of vision, and may also be painful.

Sometimes, it is hard for a person to know that they have glaucoma. The vision can be lost very slowly. When sight is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be recovered.

There are two kinds of glaucoma, the kind that happens very fast, and the kind that happens slowly, over a long time.

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world.

Genetic component 
There is often a hereditary tendency to glaucoma. A family history of glaucoma is a risk factor. The relative risk of having what is called "primary open-angle glaucoma" (POAG) is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma.  Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma, is associated with mutations in several different genes

Also, the likelihood of it happening is different in different populations. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, who have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma.

References 

Ophthalmology
Diseases
This is a list of the highest mountains in the world. There are at least 109 mountains on Earth that are higher than  above sea level. Most of these are in central or southern Asia. It is hard to measure how tall a mountain is, so these measurements may not be exact. It is also hard to figure out if two peaks close to each other are part of the same mountain or are two different mountains.

List

Gallery

Footnotes

Related pages
 Mountain
 List of mountain peaks by prominence

Other websites
 Summitpost (Has details on 30 of the top 100 peaks)
 Prominence lists (lists all mountains in the world with more than 1,450m of prominence)
 Alpine Club Himalayan index (Gives history of ascents and location of not well known peaks)
 Discussion of often misquoted heights
 Mountains of Northern Kashmir
 Digital elevation data, including all the above peaks and many more worldwide
 Hispar area: expedition reports and maps
 List of highest mountains down to 6750 metres

MOUNTAINS
Peter Schöttel (born 26 March 1967 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian footballer, who played for SK Rapid Wien and the Austrian football team as defender.

Career
The only club he played for was SK Rapid Wien. From 1997 till 2001 he was captain of the team. During his time with Rapid, he played in a total of 436 matches and scored four goals. For this reason he is a hero for all Rapid supporters. He was voted for the Rapid team of the century. He played for Rapid in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.

He played 63 matches for the Austrian football team from 1988 to 2002. He played for them in the FIFA World Cup 1990 and 1998.

After his player career he started as coach of the amateur squad of Rapid. In 2003 he became sports manager of the club, but in 2007 he quit due to continuing criticism. He became coach of the Wiener Sportklub for one year, then manager of the First Vienna FC. Since 2009 he has been coach of SC Magna Wiener Neustadt in the Austrian Bundesliga. In 2011 he went as a new coach to his former club SK Rapid Wien.

Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1987, 1988, 1996
Austrian Cup (2):
 1987, 1995

Other websites
Career stats – National Football Teams

Austrian footballers
1967 births
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
SV Grödig managers
SK Rapid Wien managers
SC Wiener Neustadt managers
Vim is a text editor made by Bram Moolenaar. Moolenaar publicly released Vim on November 2, 1991.

Vim stands for Vi IMproved. Vim is an improved version of the vi text editor, an editor created by Bill Joy in 1976. Vim is free, and the source code is publicly available on GitHub. It is available in multiple languages, and it works on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS. Vim can be used from either a command-line interface or a graphical user interface.

While Vim can be hard to use, there are built-in commands new users can learn from reading the Vim user manual, running the :help command in Vim, or using the vimtutor command in a terminal.

Vim is widely popular because it allows users to perform many functions on a document (save, search, scroll, etc.) by pressing as few keys as possible. However, many critics argue that these keystrokes are confusing.

One can customize Vim using a .vimrc file. To add new features like keyboard shortcuts, one can use Vim script, Vim’s built-in programming language. Many Vim plugins and extensions are also available online for free.

There is an Internet turf war between programmers that prefer Vim and programmers that prefer Emacs, another common text editor.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 

Free software
Computer programming
Linux software
The Criollos (singular: Criollo) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Latin America. The name was used for people of pure or mostly Spanish blood, but who were born in the colony.

The Criollo class was seen as lower than the Peninsulares. Peninsulares were the people who lived in the colony, but were born in Spain. Criollos were higher status/rank than all other castes. Examples of other castes are people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans.

The term Criollo is often translated into English as Creole.  However, the word "creole" is also used for many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system.

Criollos and the wars of independence
Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs. They gave the American provinces great independence. The situation changed with the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III.

Spain needed to get more money from its colonies for the European and global wars it was fighting so it could maintain the Spanish Empire. The Crown made the Penisulares more important, and they took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos.

By the 19th century, this unfair policy of the Spanish Crown and the examples of the American and French revolutions, led the Criollos to rebel against the Peninsulares.  With increasing support of the other castes, they started to fight Spain in for independence (1809–1826).

References

Ethnic groups in South America
History of South America
16th-century establishments
The Grumman G-21 Goose is an amphibious aircraft, which means it can land and take off on water. It was designed as an eight-seat "commuter" plane for businessmen in the Long Island area. The Goose was Grumman’s first monoplane to fly. It was also Grumman's first twin-engined aircraft as well as their first aircraft to provide commercial service. During World War II, the Goose was used to transport the US military (including the Coast Guard). It served with many other air forces. During battles, the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles. It was also used after the war.

Design and development

In 1936, some rich residents of Long Island, such as E. Roland Harriman, asked Grumman to build them an aircraft. They would use this aircraft to fly to New York City. The G-21 was designed after this. It was an all-metal, high-winged monoplane powered by two  Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Jr. nine-cylinder, air-cooled radial engines mounted on the leading edge of high-set wings. The deep fuselage served also as a hull and had hand-cranked retractable landing gear. First flight of the prototype took place on May 29, 1937.

The fuselage was very versatile. It had a lot of interior space. So it could be used as luxury or transport airliner. There were plans to market the G-21 as an amphibian airliner.

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Donald, David, ed. American Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. .
 Francillon, René J. and Gary L. Killion. "Sauce for the Goose - turbine style". Air International, July 1993, Vol. 45, No 1, pp. 53–57. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing.  ISSN 0306-5634.
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five Flying Boats. London:Macdonald, 1968. .
 March, Daniel J., ed. British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. .
 Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. .
 Thruelsen, Richard. The Grumman Story. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976. .
 Winchester, Jim, ed. "Grumman Goose/Mallard." Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. .

Other websites
 Grumman Goose at the Smithsonian 
 Goose Central/ Biggest database on the Grumman Goose in the world
 Antilles Seaplanes - Home of the G-21G Super Goose

Aircraft
G-21
ISO 3166 is a standard made by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and it uses short codes to name all countries and some other places. People from all over the world can use the same codes; this is helpful because different languages have different names for many countries. For example, the country English-speakers call Spain is called España by Spanish-speakers. The ISO 3166 has three codes for Spain: ES, ESP, and 724. No other country has any of these codes.
Dolores Hidalgo is the name of a city and the municipality around it in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Guanajuato. The full name is Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional, which is Spanish for "Dolores Hidalgo Cradle of National Independence".

It is at , at about 1,980 meters (6,480 feet) above sea level. In the census of 2005 the city had a population of 54,843 people. The larger area of the municipality had 134,641 inhabitants. The city is directly in the middle of the municipality, which is 1,590 km² (613.9 sq mi) in size. It also includes many small communities, the largest of which is Río Laja.

History 
Before Mexico became independent, the city was a small town known simply as Dolores. It was here that Father Miguel Hidalgo spoke his famous cry for the independence of Mexico (the Grito de Dolores). This was in the early hours of September 16, 1810, in front of his parish church. After Mexico achieved independence, the town was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor. The central square of the town, in front of Father Hidalgo's historic church, is a popular tourist spot.

Dolores Hidalgo today
Today Dolores Hidalgo is known primarily for its ceramics industry. It givese work to well over half the city's population. The inexpensive and mass-produced ceramic products are sold throughout Latin America and the United States. 

Fans of ranchera and popular music visit Dolores Hidalgo for the tomb of José Alfredo Jiménez. He was one of the country's most beloved singers and songwriters. He is buried in the town cemetery.

Footballer Adolfo "El Bofo" Bautista was born here.

Twinned Cities
  Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America.
  Mexico City, Mexico.
  Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.

References

Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Guanajuato Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

Other websites 
Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional Official website
San Luis De La Paz, Guanajuato  Nearby colonial town.
Dolores Hidalgo eGuide to Dolores Hidalgo
Bibliography and Hemerography: Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla. 
Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla - Documents of 1810 and 1811. 
Chronology of Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla. 

Cities in Mexico
Municipalities of Mexico
Guanajuato (state)
Cavendish may refer to:

People 
 The House of Cavendish, a British noble family

 Mark Cavendish (born 1985), professional Manx cyclist
 Ada Cavendish (1839–1895), British actress
 George Cavendish (writer) (c. 1494–1562) English writer and biographer of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
 Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), British physicist, discoverer of hydrogen
 Lord Ian Charles Cavendish (born 1973)
 Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle upon Tyne (born 1623), English aristocrat, writer, and philosopher
 Michael Cavendish (born c. 1565), English composer
 Michael Robert Cavendish (born c. 1972), legal ethics writer and theorist
 Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire (born 1944), British Peer
 Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781), British MP
 Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946), British MP, aristocrat, author, magistrate
 Richard Cavendish (occult writer) (born 1930), British writer on topics dealing with the occult 
 Sid Cavendish (1876–1954), English footballer with Southampton and Clapton Orient
 Thomas Cavendish (1564–1593), English admiral
 Henry Jones (writer) (1831–1899), pen name "Cavendish", English author on card games and tennis

Places
Australia
 Cavendish, Queensland
 Cavendish, Victoria

Bermuda
 Cavendish, Bermuda

Canada
 Cavendish, Alberta
 Cavendish, Newfoundland
 Cavendish, Ontario
 Cavendish, Prince Edward Island
 Cavendish Beach, Prince Edward Island
 Cavendish Bay, Newfoundland
 Cavendish Lake, Ontario
 Lac Cavendish, Quebec

England
 Cavendish, Suffolk
 Cavendish Square, London
 Cavendish Bridge

New Zealand
 Mount Cavendish, Christchurch

United States
 Cavendish, Idaho
 Cavendish, Missouri
 Cavendish, Vermont
 Fort Cavendish, Illinois

Other
 Cavendish (crater), a crater on the moon

Academic facilities
 Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge
 Cavendish School (disambiguation), various schools
 Cavendish Hall, one of the University of Nottingham Halls of Residence

Other uses
 Cavendish banana, the dominant commercial variety of banana
 Cavendish tobacco, a process of cutting and curing tobacco
 Cavendish Invitational, high stakes bridge tournament in Las Vegas
 Cavendish experiment weighing the Earth
 Cavendish Motor Services, a bus company part-owned by Renown Travel, operating several routes in East Sussex, England
 "Cavendish Foods", a fictional supermarket chain appearing on the British sitcom To the Manor Born

Related pages
 
 All pages with titles containing "Cavendish"
Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16, 1824 – March 28, 1893) was a United States Army officer and academic. He was a general for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.  Near the end of the war, he commanded all the Confederate soldiers west of the Mississippi River.  He surrendered his army (gave up the fight) on May 26, 1865 at New Orleans.  This was weeks after Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox.  Kirby Smith was from Saint Augustine, Florida.   

1824 births
1893 deaths
American academics
Confederate Army generals
Educators from Florida
The King of Rome was a racing pigeon. It won a race from Rome, in Italy, to England. The race was in 1913. It was  long. Dave Sudbury wrote a song about the pigeon. The song was recorded by June Tabor.

The bird
The King of Rome was a racing pigeon. It won a race from Rome, in Italy, to England. The race was in 1913. It was  long. The bird was a type of pigeon called a blue cock. It had a ring on its leg. Written on the ring was a reference number. The number was NU1907DY168,. The pigeon was owned by Charlie Hudson. He also bred the pigeon. Hudson as born in the early 1870s. He died on 13 March 1958. When he died he was 84 years old). He lived at 56 Brook Street, Derby. The house has been demolished. It was at . Hudson started pigeon racing in 1904. When the race happened, he was president and treasurer of Derby Town Flying Club. He also wrote about pigeon-racing for the Derby Evening Telegraph.

When the bird died, Hudson gave its body to Derby Museum and Art Gallery. The museum stuffed its skin. The museum exhibit is known as "accession number DBYMU.1946/48". It has been on show at Derby and elsewhere. It has been on show at Walsall Museum. It has also been on show at Wollaton Hall. Wollaton Hall is in Nottingham,.  As of August 2011, the bird is back on display in Derby Museum.

The song 

Dave Sudbury wrote a song about The King of Rome. The song is also about Charlie Hudson. It says that "On the day of the big race a storm blew in. A thousand birds were swept away and never seen again",. That shows how dangerous birds races can be.

The song was recorded by June Tabor.  She heard Sudbury sing the song at a competition. The competition was in the late 1980s. She was a judge at the competition. Sudbury came fourth. Tabor also recorded the song. She recorded it for an album called Aqaba. Aqaba was released in 1988.

Brian McNeill was another finalist at the competition. He said:

The King of Rome was head and shoulders above every other song sung on the night, and should have won.

McNeill also sang the song. A live recording is on Live and Kicking. That is a record McNeil made in 2000. He recorded it with Iain MacKintosh.

The band Half Man Half Biscuit also played the song. But they never put it on one of their records.

The book 

The words of the song have been made into a book. The book has 32 pages. It has drawings by Hans Saefkow.

References

Other websites 
Derby Museums page  – with lyrics
The King of Rome  – Dave Sudbury's web page about the song
Original Dave Sudbury version of song on YouTube

Collections of Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Birds
Catherine Isabel "Cath" Kidston (born 6 November 1958) is a British fashion designer, businesswoman and writer.

She owns the company Cath Kidston Limited. The company sells home furnishings and other goods. They sell in shops, online and by mail order. The company was valued at £75000000 in February 2010.

Kidston is known for designing floral patterns. She has written several books.

Personal life 
Kidston grew up in Hampshire. She went to a boarding school. When she was 18, she moved to London. She worked for the socialite Nicky Haslam. She later set up an interior design business with a friend. Next, she opened her own shop.

Kidston is related to nobility. Her uncle is Charles Allsop, the 6th Baron Hindlip. He used to be chairman of Christie's. His daughters are The Honourable Kirstie Allsopp and The Hon. Sofie Allsopp. They work as television presenters. They are Kidston's cousins. Both of her parents died of cancer,. Kidston had breast cancer when she was 37 and has since recovered. Kidston's partner is record producer Hugh Padgham,. They met when she worked as his decorator. They have a home beside the Thames in West London and another home in Gloucestershire. She has a step-daughter. She is dyslexic.

Shops 

Kidston opened her first shop after recovering from breast cancer. It was in London's Holland Park. It opened in 1993. The shop sold hand-embroidered teatowels and brightly renovated furniture. Kidston later described it as a "glorified junk shop". As of April 2011, she has 41 shops and concessions in the United Kingdom. There are two more in Ireland, eleven in Japan are three in Korea. More shops are due to open in Japan and Korea.

Kidston was on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs programme.

References

Other websites
 Cath Kidston Limited
 Flickr group with `pictures of Cath Kidston products

Breast cancer survivors
British fashion designers
English businesspeople
Writers from Hampshire
Writers from London
1958 births
Living people
A password is a way of authentication. It can be used as a means to identify a person. Since the password is the only way to identify a person, it has to be kept secret. A password can be static. This means it will remain the same unless the user changes it, or it rarely changes. Or a password can be dynamic. A dynamic password changes regularly and does not remain the same.  One type of a dynamic password is a one-time pad that can only be used once.

History
Passwords were first used in the military. This was to be able to tell who was a friend and who was an enemy when it was dark.

Modern passwords are made of characters, letters and numbers. Sometimes a password will require a minimum number of characters. Usually this is from six to eight.  Some websites allow only the use of letters and numbers, but no other characters on the keyboard. Other websites advise using a combination of letters and numbers to increase the "strength" of a password. Websites also advise changing a password once a year or more often to prevent hacking. A person may be able to guess a password if it is too easy. While being typed, each letter of a password is shown as * or •.

Alternatives
Other ways of verifying the identity of a person include using fingerprint scanners and face detection.

Encryption
Encryption is the translation of data to achieve data security. To read an encrypted string a secret key or password must be provided to decrypt it.

Usage at login
In systems that uses login based actions, the password can be converted to the original string if the key is provided. Hashing is a one-way function and is irreversible.

Related pages 
 Encryption - Encryption
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
 PuTTY - SSH encryption

Resources 

 https://useful.tools/password-generator a free tool to generate strong secure passwords
 https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/may/21/how-create-perfect-password-hackers-online-accounts-safe "How to create the perfect password"

References 

Cryptography
Computer security