cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Burton's Gentleman's Magazine was a 19th-century American men's magazine. It was founded by William Evans Burton, and published between 1837 and 1841 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The magazine focused on material of interest to American gentlemen of the period such as sports, fiction, theater, art, and the western frontier.

Edgar Allan Poe sent short stories to the magazine that included "The Fall of the House of Usher" and William Wilson. He edited it from 1839 until 1840. The magazine merged with Atkinson's Casket to become Graham's Magazine.

References
 Answers:Burton's Gentleman's Magazine
  

American men's magazines
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1837 establishments in the United States
1841 disestablishments
1830s establishments in Pennsylvania
19th-century disestablishments in Pennsylvania
1840s disestablishments in the United States
Enrique Floriano Millan (born October 9, 1982 in Lorca, Murcia) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He was the number one swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle and 200 meter individual medley race.  He was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter backstroke race.  He was in the number three team in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle and in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race.  He was the number three swimmer in the 200 meter individual medley race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race.

He got a job with help from the Employment HPOD PROAD Program, which is helped by ONCE.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.  He race at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany.  Two times, he was one of the top three swimmers in his races. He finished first in the 5 km open water swim.

References

Other websites 
 Enrique Floriano Millan's website 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1982 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
People from the region of Murcia
Deborah Font Jimenez (born September 6, 1985 in El Vendrell, Tarragona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race. She was the number three swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race and the 200 meter individual medley race.  She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race.  She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number three swimmer in the 50 meter freestyle race. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She was the number three swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Sportspeople from Catalonia
Anais Garcia Balmaña (born September 29, 1980 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she is blind.  When she was born, one eye had glaucoma and one eye was detached. She is an B1/S11 type swimmer. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  She was in the number 3 team to finish in the 4 x 100 meter medley 49 Points relay race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one swimmer to finish in the 100 meter freestyle and 400 meter freestyle races. She  raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number one swimmer to finish in the 100 meter freestyle race. She competed at the  IBSA World Blind Swimming Championships in 2003.  She created 3 world records. One was in the 4x50 meter freestyle S11-S13 race.  Another world record was in the 800 meter freestyle S11 race.  The number three world record was in the 4x50 meter medley, S11-S13 race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1980 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S11
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Amy Marie Yasbeck (born September 12, 1962 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American actress who works mostly in comedy movies. She played Elizabeth Stuckey in Pretty Woman. She played Annie Young in the 1991 comedy movie Problem Child 2. She has done some television work.

Yasbeck was married to actor and comedian John Ritter from 1999 until his death in 2003. Together they have a daughter, who was born on September 11, 1998, one year before they married.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
1962 births
Living people
The movie Problem Child 2 is the 1991 sequel to the 1990 comedy Problem Child. This movie was rated PG-13. John Ritter stars as Benjamin Healy, Laraine Newman as LaWanda and Amy Yasbeck as Annie Young. The movie performed not too good at the box office. It received a higher rating than the earlier movie.

1991 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Universal Pictures movies
Ana Garcia-Arcicollar Vallejo (born May 28, 1982 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain. She is a teacher. She has a disability: she is blind because of a congenital disease and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She was on the team that finished number three in the 4 X 100 meter medley 49 points S11 - S13 race. She was number three in the 200 meter breaststroke race and the 100 meter backstroke race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia.  She was the second person to finish in the 400 meter freestyle race.  She was the number three person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race.  She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She was the first person to finish in the 400 meter freestyle race. She was the number three person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.   She was the number two person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race. She also raced at the IBSA World Games in Sao Paulo, Brazil. She raced at the 2006  World Swimming Championship in Durban, South Africa.  II IBSA World Blind Championships in 2003 in Quebec, Canada. She made world records in the 2003 races in the 4 X 50 meter Freestyle S11 - S13 race, the 800 meter freestyle S12 race and the 4 X 50 meter medley S11 - S13 race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1982 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
1996 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Sportspeople from Madrid
Sarai Gascon Moreno (born November 16, 1992 in Terrassa, Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a disability: she is  an S9 type swimmer.   She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race.  She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter butterfly race.  She was the number three swimmer in the 100 meter freestyle race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1992 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S9
People from Barcelona
PE is a common abbreviation.

Geography
The top-level-domain of Peru
Pernambuco, one of the states of Brazil
Prince Edward Island, one of the Provinces of Canada
Port Elizabeth, a city in South Africa
The post code for Peterborough, in the United Kingdom

Economics
Private equity
Price–earnings ratio

Science, medicine, and therapy
Premature ejaculation
Penis enlargement
Physical education
Phenylephrine, a drug
Phosphatidylethanolamine, a class of substances found in cell membranes
Pulmonary embolism
Pleural effusion
Phycoerythrin, a protein
Polyethylene, a common plastic polymer
Potential energy
 Present Era, a year numbering system commonly used in archaeology that uses 1950s as the epoch marker
 Probability of exceedance, probability calculations in earthquake and disaster hazard analysis
 Prolonged exposure therapy, a form of behavior therapy designed to treat posttraumatic stress disorder
 Protective earth, a type of electrical protective system
 Phenytoin equivalent, used to measure doses of fosphenytoin
 pE, the negative logarithm of the electron activity
St. Nicholas Magazine was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between 1873 and 1943 by Scribner's & Co. It was directed for 32 years by Mary Mapes Dodge. Writers published in the magazine include Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Rudyard Kipling. It folded in 1943.

References

19th-century American children's magazines
Monthly magazines
Mary Mapes Dodge  (January 26, 1831 – August 21, 1905) was an American writer.  She wrote Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates. She also edited St. Nicholas Magazine.

19th-century American children's writers
1831 births
1905 deaths
A lance is a pole weapon or spear used by a mounted warrior. The lance is longer, thicker and heavier than an infantry spear, and is not intended for throwing, or for quick thrusting. Lances did not have tips meant to break off or bend, unlike many throwing weapons of the spear and javelin family. They often had a vamplate, a small circular plate to prevent the hand sliding up the shaft upon impact. 

The lance was longer than a spear, about 9–10 feet long. When charging the lance was carried under the arm (couched) using the weight of the horse and rider to push the lance tip into its intended target. It was a medieval shock and awe weapon (caused great fear) to have a number of mounted knights with lances charging towards you. In may cases it caused panic and the enemy fled the battle. 

They were used by European knights, but the use of lances was spread over the Old World wherever horses were available. The use of the lance was made possible by the use of the stirrup added to saddles. It allowed the knight to control the horse and stand in the saddle. As a backup weapon, lancers (one who used a lance) of that period also carried swords, maces (a type of club) or something else suited to hand-to-hand (or close) combat, since the lance was often used only once during an event. It could not be used once the combatants were close to each other.

Related pages
 Spear

References

Weapons
Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates (1865) is a book by Mary Mapes Dodge. It is about a Dutch boy who enters an ice skating race. 

Children's books
English-language novels
1860s books
American novels
The Slave's Friend was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published in New York City, New York by the American Anti-Slavery Society beginning in 1835 and ending some time before 1839. 

Thirty-eight issues were published. Single copies cost 1 cent, but the magazine was made available in public places for free. The 16-page, tiny magazine (4.5" h x 2.75") was considered dangerous reading by anti-abolitionists. Copies were destroyed in Charleston, South Carolina and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

References

19th-century American children's magazines
Monthly magazines
True was an American men's magazine. It was published monthly by Fawcett Publications between 1937 and 1974. Articles were of interest to men such as sports, adventure, technology, etc. 

American men's magazines
Monthly magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
A squire was the shield bearer or armour bearer of a knight, and at times was a knight's servant. 

Use of the term has changed over time. In the Middle Ages, a squire was the  apprentice of a knight. Later it meant a leader in an English village or Lord of the manor might be called a squire. Later still it was used for key public figures such as Justice of the Peace or Member of Parliament. In modern American usage a squire is the title given to a Justice of the Peace or similar local official. Squire is a shortened version of the word Esquire.

References

Occupations
Sir Ponnambalam Arunachchalam (14 September 1853 – 9 January 1924) was a Ceylonese statesman. He was a member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council.

Early life 
His father was Gate Mudaliyar Arunachalam Ponnambalam. His mother was Sellachchi Ammaiyar. He was the third son of their parents and the younger brother of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan who was another famous Ceylon Tamil leader. He was educated at the Colombo Academy (Royal College Colombo), Colombo, and at Christ's College, Cambridge.

He married Swarnambal Namasivayam and had three sons, Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva, KCMG; Sivananthan Arunachalam and Arunachalam Ramanathan.

Career 
He was one of the first Ceylonese to enter the Ceylon Civil Service in 1875. He was appointed General in 1887. He showed his positive work in all the positions he held. On his retirement from the Public Service in 1913, he was honored in recognition of his service to the country. He was also nominated by the Governor to a seat in the Executive Council.

1853 births
1924 deaths
Sri Lankan politicians
Tamil people
RIU Hotels & Resorts is a Spanish hotel chain. It was founded by the Riu family as a small holiday hotel. The first hotel was Riu San Francisco in Mallorca. The RIU Hotels & Resorts chain is owned by the Riu family's third generation. The RIU Hotels chain now expanded in most Spanish-speaking countries but also others.

Hotel chains
Companies of Spain
1953 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Spain
Godey's Lady's Book was a 19th-century American monthly women's magazine. It began publication in 1830 as The Lady's Book. "Godey's" was added to the title about 1840. It was also known as Godey's Magazine. It was published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Louis Antoine Godey.  

In 1836, Godey bought the Boston-based American Ladies' Magazine, and merged it with his own magazine. Sarah Josepha Hale became the literary editor. Contents included recipes, etiquette, health advice, fiction, poetry, fashions, household tips, exercises, moral instruction, etc. The monthly fashion plates were hand-colored by 150 women. Unusual for the times, the magazine's contents were copyrighted.   

Subscriptions dropped off during the American Civil War, though the magazine was careful not to mention politics, war, or other divisive or controversial topics. Public interest in the magazine declined after Godey and Hale retired.  The magazine was absorbed by Puritan in 1898.

References
 Godey's Lady's Book: Publication History
 Encyclopaedia Britannica: Godey's Lady's Book

American women's magazines
Monthly magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
Michal Grošek (born June 1, 1975 in Vyškov, Czechoslovakia) is a retired Czech professional ice hockey player that played a combined 11 seasons in the NHL.

Grošek was drafted 145th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Winnipeg Jets. He played 3 years with the Jets and became the first Czech born player to play for the team. He then went to the Buffalo Sabres and played 5 seasons with them. He played 14 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and the played for the New York Rangers. He played for both the New York Rangers for 2 seasons and their AHL farm team, the Hartford Wolf Pack. He last played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 2 seasons.

He left the NHL and went to play in the National League A with Geneve Servette. He played 2 seasons with them and decided to play for SKA Saint Petersburg of Russian Superleague. He only played 13 games with them and returned to the NLA to play for EV Zug. He last played for the Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League.

Other websites

1975 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Sabres players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Czech ice hockey players
Living people
New York Rangers players
Tacoma Rockets players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
Swedish Hockey League players
Louis Antoine Godey (June 6, 1804 – November 29, 1878) was founder and publisher of the 19th-century women's magazine, Godey's Lady's Book.

He was born in poverty in New York City, New York. His parents were survivors of the French Revolution. He was mostly self-educated. Godey went to work as a paperboy at age 15, moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and went to work for the Daily Chronicle.

Within a few years, he began publishing his own magazine, The Lady's Book. Contributors included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Godey also published The Young People’s Book in 1841, and the Lady’s Musical Library in 1842.

On August 31, 1833, Godey married Maria Duke. They had five children. He  retired to St. Augustine, Florida. He died after a short illness in Philadelphia in 1878.

References
 Godey, Louis Antoine 

Publishers
1804 births
1878 deaths
Writers from New York City
Missile Command is an arcade video game released by Atari in 1981. In this game, the player has to defend six cities from falling missiles. The player does so by hitting the missiles with their own counter-missiles. The player moves a crosshair to launch missiles. When a missile hits the crosshair, it creates a fireball that stays for a few seconds and destroys any missiles that hit it. The player has three batteries with ten missiles each. When a battery has no more missiles left or it is destroyed, the player can no longer use it. The game is played as a series of levels, each having a higher difficulty. A level ends if all of the player's cities are destroyed, or all of the falling missiles are destroyed. If a player runs out of missiles, they no longer have control in the level they are playing on. At the end of a level, the player gets extra points for cities that have not been destroyed and missiles they did not use.

The game has been released on many home video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, the Game Boy, and the Xbox 360.

Other websites
Missile Command at the Killer List of Video Games
Missile Command at the Arcade History database

Arcade games
Atari video games
1981 video games
[[File:Learjet 45 (8372953863).jpg|thumb|''Learjet 45s Business Jet.]]

A business jet''' is an aircraft designed and built for transporting a small group of passengers, between four and twenty people. Generally it is a twin-turbojet aircraft, but some are tri-jet (such as Falcon 50), or four-engine (like the Jetstar). In some cases it is even airliners that have been turned into this kind of aircraft, like Airbus A320CJ or Boeing 737BJ.

Some business jets are used by air forces for priority and VIP transport.Prestige,Flexibility and Comfort are Featured aspects of Jet travel, Considering these wonderful aspects some of the Companies like XOJet,JetSuite are Offering Private Jet Facilities For  Business or Private Trips.

Examples

Twin-engine aircraft 
 Bombardier Challenger 300
 Cessna CJ-1
 Dassault Falcon 20
 Embraer Phenom
 Hawker-Siddeley HS-125
 IAI Astra

Tri-jet aircraft 
 Dassault Falcon 50
 Dassault Falcon 900
 Dassault Falcon 7X

Four-engine aircraft 
 Lockheed Jetstar

Bibliography 
 Stewart Wilson, Airliners of the world, Aerospace Publications Australia, 1999.

Related pages 
 Business class

References

Aircraft
Sarah Josepha Hale (October 24, 1788 – April 30, 1879) was a 19th century American writer and magazine editor. She wrote the poem "Mary Had a Little Lamb". She campaigned to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and raised funds to complete the Bunker Hill monument.

Life  
Hale was born in Newport, New Hampshire to Gordon Buell, a Revolutionary War captain, and his wife, Martha (Whittlesay) Buell. Sarah married lawyer David Hale in 1813, and bore him five children.

Widowed in 1822, Hale entered the literary field in order to support her children. In 1827, she published Northwood: A Tale of New England. It was one of the first novels to be published by an American woman.  

She edited Ladies' Magazine in Boston, Massachusetts, then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1837 to edit Godey's Lady's Book, the premiere woman's magazine in America. She edited the magazine until 1877. She died in 1879.

Hale raised funds for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument. She urged the Federal government to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and to declare Thanksgiving a national holiday.

References

Writers from New Hampshire
American editors
1788 births
1879 deaths
City of Joy is a 1985 book by French author and journalist Dominique Lapierre. It was made into a 1991 movie by Roland Joffe. It is based on the lives of people in a slum in Kolkata. The slum is called "City of Joy". A Polish Catholic priest and a rickshaw driver are two of the main characters.

Other websites
City of Joy Aid

French literature
1985 books
"Mary Had a Little Lamb" (originally, "Mary's Lamb") is a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale. It was published in her Poetry for Children in 1823. It tells of a lamb who follows his little mistress to school. In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the poem to music. In 1877, Thomas Edison recited "Mary Had a Little Lamb" for the first recording of the human voice.

19th-century American poems
Shakespeare's Sonnets is the title of a collection of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The collection was first published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe. In general, each sonnet is  in iambic pentameter, and consists of three quatrains followed by a concluding couplet. The sonnets are about love, death, jealousy, procreation, beauty, etc.

Poems by William Shakespeare
17th-century British poems
"Death Be Not Proud" is a poem written by John Donne about 1610. It was published in 1663, after his death.

Poem
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And death shall be no more, death, thou shalt die.

17th-century British poems
Shakespeare's birthplace is a house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is the birthplace of William Shakespeare, and one of several sites in Stratford associated with him.

Sites associated with William Shakespeare
Buildings and structures in England
Warwickshire
New Place is a site in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England where a house once stood belonging to William Shakespeare. He retired to the house following his career in the London theatres. Many years after his death in 1623, the house became a tourist attraction. A neighbor, weary of constant visitors, bought the house and tore it down.

Sites associated with William Shakespeare
Buildings and structures in England
Warwickshire
Holy Trinity Church is a church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. William Shakespeare is buried beneath the stones of the floor. It is one of several sites in Stratford associated with the poet. These sites include his birthplace in Henley Street and New Place, the site of his house.

References 

Sites associated with William Shakespeare
Churches in England
Warwickshire
Venus and Adonis is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was published in 1593. It tells of Venus' love for Adonis, a mortal man.

Poems by William Shakespeare
16th-century British poems
Aubrey Plaza (born 26 June 1984, Wilmington, Delaware) is an American actress and comedian. She performs in movies and television. She starred as April Ludgate in the NBC television showParks and Recreation. She acted as Claire in Monsters University and as Darius in Safety not Guaranteed.

Plaza played Karen Barclay in the 2019 horror movie Child's Play.

Plaza acts the speaking voice of Grumpy Cat in the Lifetime TV network movie Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever. It was first shown on November 29, 2014.

References 

American movie actors
American television actors
comedians from Delaware
1984 births
Living people
Actors from Wilmington, Delaware
American voice actors
Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
The Rape of Lucrece is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was first published in 1594. It tells of the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin and her suicide.

16th-century British poems
Poems by William Shakespeare
"To Helen" is a poem by Edgar Allan Poe. The poem was first published in 1831 in Poems of Edgar A. Poe. It was republished in 1836 in the Southern Literary Messenger. Poe's inspiration was Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Robert Stanard.

The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each. The rhyme scheme is irregular: the first stanza is ABABB, the second is ABABA, and the third is ABBAB. The poem includes the well known lines, "... the glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome".

More reading
 Analysis: "To Helen"

19th-century American poems
Poems by Edgar Allan Poe
A surcoat, or surcote, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves.

Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. It had slits (cuts) in the bottom front and back so a wearer could sit. It also had no sleeves. One purpose for the surcoat was to protect armour from the rain. Another use was during the Crusades to keep the armour cooler in the sun.

By the middle of the 14th century the long surcoat was replaced with the "Jupon" (or "Gipon"). This was a much shorter garment, which was often padded for extra protection. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.

Related pages
Tabard

References 

Middle Ages
Clothing
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicitas Freifrau von Suttner (; ; 9 June 184321 June 1914) was an Austrian novelist.  She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.  Suttner wrote a novel called Die Waffen nieder!.  This means "Lay Down Your Arms!" in English.

References

Citations and notes

1843 births
1914 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Austrian writers
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Novelists
Pole Position is an arcade racing video game released by Namco in 1982 and designed by Toru Iwatani. In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car. The player completes a time trial lap to be able to compete in an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After completing the time trial race, the player races against other cars in a championship race. The player has to complete the race in the time allowed. They have to avoid crashing into the other cars and objects along the side of the track.

The game was the highest selling arcade game of 1983 in North America. It sold over 21,000 machines for $61 million. It has been released for many video game consoles as part of Namco game collections, including the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox.

In 1983, a sequel called Pole Position II was released. It features three new tracks in addition to the one from the first game.

References

Other websites
Pole Position at the Killer List of Videogames
Pole Position at the Arcade History database

1982 video games
Namco video games
Arcade games
Racing video games
Jean Henri Dunant was a Swiss businessman and social activist.  A book he wrote influenced the International Committee of the Red Cross to be formed in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy.

References 

1828 births
1910 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People from Geneva
French Nobel Prize winners
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is a novella (short novel) by Stephen Crane. It was published in 1893. The story is about a young  prostitute in New York City.

Works by Stephen Crane
American novels
1893 books
Frédéric Passy (May 20, 1822 – June 12, 1912) was a French economist. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Henry Dunant.

Passy wrote and talked to others about free trade.  He followed the ideas of Richard Cobden.

1822 births
1912 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
French people
French economists
French Nobel Prize winners
Saint Irenaeus (130 AD - 202) was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Lyon, France. He is a Church Father. He is known for his Christian writings. He is remembered on the 28 June.

Other websites
Against Heresies
St. Irenaeus at the Catholic Encyclopedia

Christian saints
130 births
202 deaths
French people
The Church Fathers are ancient and influential Christian theologians, some of whom were great teachers or bishops. Only early teachers of Christianity are seen as Fathers by the Western Church. However, the Orthodox Church honors many more recent saints as "Fathers".

 Western Church: Ambrose (340-397), Jerome (347-420), Augustine (354-430) and Saint Gregory the Great (540-604)
 Eastern Church: Basil (c.329-379), Athanasius (c.296-373), Gregory of Nazianzus (329-c.389) and John Chrysostom (347-407)

Christian theology
Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Career
The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied hugely). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.

In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.

Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.

Death
Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.

Related pages
List of biologists

References 

2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in California
American biochemists
1944 births
Scientists from North Carolina
Dealey Plaza is a district in the West End of downtown Dallas, Texas. 

It is known for being the location where the assassination of John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963. The plaza was named as a National Historic Landmark in 1993.

The former Texas School Book Depository building where both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy with a rifle. The plaza also contains a grassy knoll on the northwest side where the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that there was "...a high probability” that there was a second assassin that also fired at the President, but missed him.

References

Dallas, Texas
Parks in the United States
National Register of Historic Places
2001 is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Dr. Dre. It was released on November 16, 1999 by Interscope Records. 2001 is the follow-up to Dr. Dre's first album The Chronic (1992). The album features several guest rappers such as Hittman, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, and Eminem. 2001 has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA after sales of six million copies in the United States.

Songs

References

1999 albums
Rap music
Lake Havasu City is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. According to 2010 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city was 52,527. It is served by Lake Havasu City Airport. Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from other cities in Mohave County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area 43.2 square miles. Of that, 43.0 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles is water.

Climate
Lake Havasu City has an arid desert climate. In the winter months daytime highs usually hit the 63°F (17.2°C) to the 82°F (27.8°C) range. Lows in the winter are usually between 42°F (5.6°C) to 60°F (15.6°C) lows do sometimes hit below 40°F and one night below 32°F. The city has extremely hot summers with the high temperature remaining between 108°F (42.2°C) to 124°F (51.1°C) with the average July high temperature of 112°F (44.4°C). Overnight lows are between 80°F (26.7°C) to 96°F (35.6°C). The highest temperature in Lake Havasu City was 128°F (53.3°C) in June 26, 1994 and the lowest temperature was 25°F (-3.9°C) in December 24, 1990.

References 

Cities in Arizona
Big Brother is a Canadian reality television show. The show follows a group of people known as "HouseGuests". They are not allowed to contact anyone from outside the Big Brother house. They are under constant surveillance of cameras and microphones. They live in the house for a chance to win $100,000. Each week the HouseGuests will vote to evict one of the two nominees from the house until two remain. The winner is decided by the last seven evicted HouseGuests, known as the Big Brother Jury.

The show is based on the original Dutch language show Big Brother, which was created in 1997 by John de Mol. The Canadian show is produced by Endemol USA and Insight Productions. Insight Productions had produced other Canadian versions of the popular television shows, Canadian Idol and Canada's Got Talent.

In January 2013, Arisa Cox was named as the show's host. The first season aired on February 27, 2013 on Slice. On June 5, 2013, the show announced that it will return for a second season. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin.

Season details

Controversy

Big Brother 1
During the final vote Topaz Brady voted for Jillian McLaughlin instead of Gary Levy. She said that she mistakenly voted for Jillian. Topaz pleaded with show producers to allow her vote be changed. However, because of the rules she was not allowed to do so. Topaz's vote for Jillian helped her win Big Brother. Gary was runner-up and said that he is happy for Jillian.

Related pages
Big Brother (TV series)
Big Brother (U.S.)

References

Other websites
Official website
Official twitter feed

2013 television series debuts
2010s Canadian television series
Big Brother
2010s establishments in Canada
Big Brother 2 is the upcoming second season of the Canadian reality television game show Big Brother. It will begin airing on Slice in 2014. The second season was announced on June 5, 2013.

Pre-season
Casting for Big Brother 2 will begin soon.

References

Other websites
Slice official site

2014 television seasons
2010s Canadian television series
Big Brother seasons
The Western is a genre of fiction. Western movies often include cowboys. The ancestors of  westerns came from Texas, because then people lived in the cattle industry began to thrive on the plains of Texas. The American West, usually in the period from the 1850s to the end of the 19th century. Westerns tell stories that are set mostly in the second half of the 19th century in the American Old West, hence the name. There are also stories about Western-type characters set in other times. These include Junior Bonner (set in the 1970s) and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (set in the 21st century).

The genre has been popular since the beginning of the movie industry. One of the very first commercial movies was the 1903 silent western, The Great Train Robbery.

Examples
There are Western movies, television programs, books, and other things. Here are some examples:

  The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, a movie 
The Searchers, a movie
Gunsmoke, a television series
Red Dead Redemption, a video game

Related pages 
 Spaghetti Western
Sylwia Grzeszczak (born 7 April 1989) is a singer-songwriter and pianist from Poland.

Singles

As featured artist

References

1989 births
Living people
People from Poznań
Polish singers
Singer-songwriters
The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President. 

The role as President of South Africa was originally founded to be different from being prime minister. The two roles were merged in the 1983 constitution which calls for a four-year term of office. The 1993 and later constitutions limit the president's time in office to two five-year terms. The first President to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The current president is Cyril Ramaphosa.

List of presidents of South Africa (1994 – present)
Nelson Mandela (10 May 1994 - 16 June 1999)
Thabo Mbeki (16 June 1999 - 24 September 2008)
Kgalema Motlanthe (25 September 2008 - 9 May 2009)
Jacob Zuma (9 May 2009 - 14 February 2018)
Cyril Ramaphosa (since 15 February 2018)

References

Other websites

 Office of the Presidency
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
(born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician. He served nine years as the second President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008.  

On 9 July 2002, he became the first chairperson of African Union. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee. That was after a meeting by Judge Nicholson for corruption. 

Mbeki was born on 18 June 1942 in Mbewuleni, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. He studied economics at the University of London and at the University of Sussex. Mbeki married his wife Zanele Dlamini at Farnham Castle in the United Kingdom in 1974.

References

Other websites

South African Government profile on Thabo Mbeki 
Mbeki: ANC official page  His party's collection of Mbeki documents, biography and portrait.
"Thabo Mbeki – a man of two faces" "The Economist" magazine profiles Mbeki. pay/member link
The Guardian Profile  The Guardian (UK) profiles Mbeki.
A critical Zimbabwean view.  Editorial comment from Zimbabwean website.
AFP Profile  Thabo Mbeki as seen by Agence France-Presse.
"Today it feels good to be an African"  – Thabo Mbeki, Cape Town, 8 May 1996
  The Mbeki page

1942 births
Living people
African Union chairpersons
Presidents of South Africa
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
This article is about the weapon, the fish with the same name is at pike

A pike is a pole weapon. It is a very long heavy thrusting spear formerly used by infantry. A pike is not intended to be thrown. Pikes were used regularly in European warfare starting in the early Middle Ages. Until around 1700 pikes were used by foot soldiers in close order formations.
 
The pike was a long weapon that got longer over time. It could be as long as 20 feet (6 m). It had a wooden shaft with an iron or steel spearhead. It had metal along the sides for three feet (1m) behind the tip so it would not be cut off by a sword or axe.
  
When many pikes were used together they allowed for a great concentration of spearheads an enemy would have great difficulty getting through.  The length also kept the soldier at a greater distance from the enemy.  But the length also made pikes difficult to use in close combat. Pikemen were usually arranged in a very tight formation several lines deep. The earliest of these were called a phalanx formation. It was used by the Macedonians under Philip II of Macedon. It was used by the armies of the Pharoahs in ancient Egypt. It was later used by the Swiss pike columns but this formation was probably based on the Scottish Schildrons. The armies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce used it to great success against the heavy cavalry of kings Edward I of England and his son Edward II of England.

References

Weapons
The sixth series of the television programme Doctor Who was shown in two parts. The first seven episodes were broadcast from April to June 2011, and the final six episodes from August to October. The series began with the episode "The Impossible Astronaut" and ended with "The Wedding of River Song". The main series was preceded by "A Christmas Carol", a special episode shown at Christmas in 2010. This was the sixth season to be shown on television since the programme was revived in 2005. It is the thirty-second season overall.

The series stars Matt Smith as the eleventh Doctor. The Doctor is an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS. It also stars Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as his companions, newlyweds Amy Pond and Rory Williams. Alex Kingston also returns as River Song, a woman from the Doctor's future who is revealed throughout the series to be Amy and Rory's daughter. The series continues some of the storylines from the fifth series.

Episodes
The Impossible Astronaut 
Day of the Moon
The Curse of the black spot
The Doctor's wife
The Rebel Flesh
The Almost People
A Good Man goes to war
Let's Kill Hitler
Night Terrors
The girl who waited
The god complex
Closing time
The Wedding of River Song

References

Doctor Who
Nelson is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Nelson is in the Selkirk Mountains in the Southern Interior of British Columbia.

The population of Nelson was 10,230 in 2011. The mayor of Nelson is once again John Dooley after a loosing election. 

In 1867, the town had a boom in population when gold and silver were found in the area. Silver was also found at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886. This helped with the population boom and incorporated the town in 1897. Nelson was named after the Lieutenant-Governor of BC, Hugh Nelson. Many American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War settled in and around Nelson.

Historic Baker Street is in Nelson. Steve Martin filmed his 1987 movie Roxanne in Nelson which helped Nelson transform from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. Parts of the movie Snow Falling on Cedars and The Tall Man (2012 film) were shot in Nelson.

Many claim Nelson a hometown whether they have moved away long ago or have been living in the Queen City for many years.

Isolated from through fare as highways have evolved all around to bypass Nelson, Once a very Prominent, named Stanley.

A Facebook page "People of Nelson, BC" has grown in popularity for old memories, and "Nelson, B.C." for other attributes.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in British Columbia
The term dental caries refers to tooth decay or cavities in teeth. The decay is made by bacteria destroying parts of the tooth.  Dental caries usually lead to substandard breath and bad taste. Personal hygiene caring consists of brushing and flossing daily.

After enamel and dentin are destroyed and cavity reaches the dental pulp and nerves of the tooth, the tooth becomes sensitive since the nerves are exposed. Cavity may infect the jaw and sometimes cause a tooth abscess. 

If carbohydrates remain in your mouth for enough time, caries-causing bacteria may form plaque on the tooth surface and attack the tooth.

References 
Health problems
Buzz Lightyear, is one of the main characters in the movies Toy Story, Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3, and Buzz Lightyear of the Star Command: The Adventure Begins. He is a fictional space ranger officer. The character was inspired by the astronaut Buzz Aldrin. He is known for for his valor during the Battle of the Bulge. 

He is voiced by actor Tim Allen in the films, Toy Story Toons, Toy Story Racer, Toy Story 2: The Video Game, commercials and in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins. Patrick Warburton voice's Buzz for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for a few video games and the attractions in Disney Parks. Mike MacRae currently voices Buzz in various Disney and Pixar video games.

Fictional characters introduced in 1995
Toy Story characters
Kragujevac (Serbian: Крагујевац, Kragujevac, ; Kragujevac was named after bird Kraguj) is a city in central Serbia. It is the fourth largest city in Serbia, main city of Šumadija and the administrative centre of Šumadija district. According to official results of 2011 census, the city is settled by 150,835 citizens, while area around the city is populated by 179,417 inhabitants.

Historically, Kragujevac was the first capital of free Serbia (from 1818 to 1839), and the first constitution ever proclaimed in Balkans was in this city on February 15, 1835 (state holiday).

In 1841, capital city of Serbia was changed from Kragujevac to Belgrade. Nowadays, Kragujevac is a big centre of automobile industry and weapons.

Geography 
City is located 220 meters (220 ft) above sea level, with coordinates +44 ° 22 '; +20 ° 56', and it is in the valley of Lepenica river. The urban area of the city covers 835 km2 (322 sq mi), partially surrounded by mountains  Rudnik, Crni Vrh and Gledić. City is characterized by hilly, mountainous surface. Kragujevac has highly developed transport infrastructure.

Demographics 
As of 2011 census, following population is there in Kragujevac:

Weather

References

Other websites
 City of Kragujevac official website
 University of Kragujevac official website

Šumadija
Cities in Serbia
Capital cities in Europe
Cheryl Lynn (11 March 1957) is an American R&B, disco and pop singer who was most popular in the late 1970s to early 1980s. She is famous for her popular single "Got to be Real". Cheryl Lynn was born in Los Angeles.

R&B musicians
1957 births
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles
The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer.  The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code and data were stored on punched film.

The Z3 was completed in Berlin in 1941. The German Aircraft Research Institute used it to perform statistical analyses of wing flutter.  Zuse asked the German government for funding to replace the relays with fully electronic switches, but funding was denied during World War II since such development was deemed "not war-important".  The original Z3 was destroyed in 1943 during an Allied bombardment of Berlin. A fully functioning replica was built in the 1960s by Zuse's company, Zuse KG, and is on permanent display in the Deutsches Museum. The Z3 was Turing-complete.

Because of this machine and its predecessors, Konrad Zuse is often regarded as the inventor of the computer.

References

Computers
Barnum's American Museum was a museum in New York City at Broadway and Ann Street. It was a collection of natural history curios originally stored in City Hall at the end of the 18th century.

John Scudder acquired the collection and opened the museum about 1800.   P. T. Barnum bought the museum about 1830 and replaced the tired displays with more exciting live fare such as General Tom Thumb, Commodore Nutt, and the "Siamese Twins", Chang and Eng.

In 1865, the building was destroyed in a fire. Barnum rebuilt at another location, but that building burned to the ground in 1868. The museum never reopened.

Other websites
 The Lost Museum

Museums in New York City
1800s establishments in New York (state)
History of New York City
Buildings and structures in Manhattan