cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Manuel Peter Neuer (German pronunciation: [ˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈnɔʏ.ɐ, -ɛl -]; born 27 March 1986) is a German footballer. He is the goalkeeper for FC Bayern Munich and Germany national team.

Career 
Neuer started playing for the youth teams of Schalke 04 when he was five years old. On 19 August 2006 he played his first match in the Bundesliga. Because he was very good, he replaced Frank Rost as Schalke's number one. Rost left Schalke in 2007 and plays now for the New York Red Bulls.

On 1 June 2011 Schalke and Bayern Munich announced that Neuer would move to Bayern Munich in July 2011. There he signed a five-year contract that will last until June 2016. The transfer was worth €18 million, therefore making him the third most expensive goalkeeper of all time. During the 2014 FIFA World Cup Neuer made some world class saves and only conceded a few goals during the tournament, but in the European qualifiers he conceded 2 major goals in a 2-0 loss to Poland. Despite injuries in the 2017 - 2018 season, he was picked to be Germany's number one goalkeeper at the 2018 World Cup until their early exit following a 2 - 0 loss to South Korea. T

he result led to Germany’s earliest World Cup exit since the 1930s loss to Switzerland.

Neuer has also played for all of the youth teams of the Germany national football team from the Under-18 team and on. On 2 June 2009, he played for the first time in the senior team against the United Arab Emirates.

Neuer was selected as Germany's number one for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The star goalkeeper is considered one of the world’s best goalkeepers as he won the IFFHS World’s Best Goalkeeper from 2013 to 2016. He also won the FIFA best goalkeeper award following Germany’s victory at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In addition, he also finished third behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi at the 2014 FIFA Ballon d’Or Award.

The following season, his power saving skills helped Schalke to advance to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League; thus emerging UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year.

Given the captain band of the Schalke team in 2010, Manuel led the team to the Champions League semi-final that year and after the 2011/12 season, he ended his career with Schalke. Joining Bayern Munich in June 2011, Manuel Neuer has been the first choice goalkeeper for the club and has led the team to win several championships.

Career statistics

Club

International

References

Other websites 

 Manuel Neuer's website (in German)
 Manuel Neuer on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1986 births
Living people
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
German association football goalkeepers
People from Gelsenkirchen
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Tim Wiese (born 17 December 1981 in Bergisch Gladbach) is a German football player. He plays for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and has played Germany national team.

Career 
Wiese started to play football as a child at DJK Dürscheid. Later he came to the youth teams of Bayer Leverkusen, where he started to play as a goalkeeper. In 1999 he came to Fortuna Köln in Regionalliga Nord, which was the third highest football league at that time. In 2002 he came to Kaiserslautern and played in 65 Bundesliga matches for them.

Since 2005, Wiese plays for Werder Bremen. On 19 November 2008 he played in the German national team for the first time. It was a friedly match against England, which was lost 2-1. In 2012 he left Bremen and became keeper and captain of TSG 1899 Hoffenheim.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Fortuna Köln||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||2||0
|-
|2001/02||21||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2002/03||21||0
|-
|2003/04||30||0
|-
|2004/05||14||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||15||0
|-
|2006/07||31||0
|-
|2007/08||31||0
|-
|2008/09||29||0
|-
|2009/10||||
194||0
194||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

 Tim Wiese's website (in German)
 Tim Wiese on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1981 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
People from Bergisch Gladbach
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Andreas Beck (born 13 March 1987 in Kemerovo, Soviet Union) is a German footballer.

Career 
Beck was born in Siberia as a Russian German and came to West Germany in 1990. He started to play football in Königsbronn and Aalen in eastern Baden-Württemberg. In 2000, he came to the youth teams of VfB Stuttgart. His first match in the Bundesliga was on 11 February 2006. He played in four matches of the 2006-07 Bundesliga season and won the German Championship with Stuttgart.

In summer 2008 he went to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, a team which was new in the Bundesliga. On 11 February 2009, he played in his first international match for the German national football team. It was a friendly match against Norway. He became Hoffenheim's second player who played for Germany (the first was Marvin Compper in 2008).

Related Links 
 Andreas Beck's website (in German)
 Andreas Beck on fussballdaten.de (in German)

References 

1987 births
Living people
German footballers
Soviet people
Jérôme Agyenim Boateng (born 3 September 1988) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bayern Munich and the Germany national team.

Career 
Boateng's mother is German, his father was from Ghana. He began to play football at Tennis Borussia Berlin and came to the youth teams of Hertha BSC Berlin in 2002. On 31 January 2007 he had his first Bundesliga match against Hannover 96. His half-brother, Kevin-Prince Boateng, played also for Hertha BSC at that time.

In 2007, Boateng came to Hamburger SV. In season 2008-09, he played with them in the semi-finals of DFB-Pokal and UEFA Cup, but lost both times against SV Werder Bremen. 

Boateng was a member of the German Under-21 team who won the UEFA Under-21 European Championship in June 2009. On 10 October 2009, he had his first match in Germany's senior football team against Russia. There he had to leave the football field when he saw his second yellow card after 69 minutes.

References

Other websites 

 Jérôme Boateng on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1988 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Berlin
Russell Dominic Peters (born September 29, 1970) is a Canadian comedian from Toronto. He goes around the world performing his comedy act. In 2008, he hosted the Juno Awards.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1970 births
Canadian comedians
Canadian movie actors
Living people
People from Toronto
Miguel Magno (28 March 1951 – 17 August 2009) was a Brazilian actor, director and author.
Was known for playing female roles. Magno came to the role of 11 different women characters in the play Quem tem medo de Itália Fausta (Who's Afraid of Itália Fausta?).
The actor had consistent theatrical career as an actor, director and playwright. Was co-founder of the Teatro Orgânico Aldebarã, in the 70's.
Participated in several soap operas and plays. Its most striking character in the television soap opera was on A Lua me Disse, of Rede Globo, where he lived the crossed-dresser Dona Roma.
In 2009 Miguel Magno was invited by Miguel Falabella character to another woman: Dr. Perci of Toma Lá, Dá Cá. The actor died on 17 August 2009, as a result of a cancer at the age of 58. Was hospitalized since July in the Hospital Paulistano.

Theater 
 1975 - A Cidade dos Artesãos, by Tatiana Belinky.
 1978 - Do Outro Lado do Espelho, adaptation of Magno in partnership with Ricardo Almeida in Alice in Wonderland of Lewis Carroll
 1979 - Souzalândia, by Antônio Francisco and Roberto Lage
 1979 - Quem Tem Medo de Itália Fausta?, of his own in partnership with actor Ricardo Almeida. Under the direction of Roberto Lage and Celso Frateschi. The spetacle had plenty of pumping assemblies and since then, including the well known Cia. Baiana de Patifaria, which took the name of A Bofetada.
 1992 - Porca Miséria, by Jandira Martini and Marcos Caruso, under the direction of. In the cast: Jandira Martini, Marcos Caruso, Myriam Muniz, Renato Consorte and Regina Galdino.
 1995 - Cinco X Comédia
 2004 - O Que Leva Bofetadas

Television 
 2009 - Toma Lá, Dá Cá .... Dra. Perci
 2008 - Queridos Amigos .... Dorival
 2007 - A Diarista .... Amintas Possolo / Marcelinho
 2005 - A Lua Me Disse .... Dona Roma
 2004 - A Diarista .... Amintas Possolo / Marcelinho
 2003 - Os Normais .... dentist
 2002 - Sabor da Paixão .... Aloisio
 2001 - O Direito de Nascer .... commander
 2001 - Estrela-Guia .... Romeu
 1996 - Dona Anja .... Neco
 1991 - Felicidade .... Lucas
 1990 - A História de Ana Raio e Zé Trovão .... Billy
 1989 - Top Model .... Marvin Gaye
 1987 - Helena .... Rodolfo

Movies 
 2006 - Irma Vap .... Camila’s father
 2002 - Lara .... Henrique

References

Other websites

1951 births
2009 deaths
Brazilian actors
Edward Earl "Eddie" Hazel (April 10, 1950 – December 23, 1992) was an American guitarist. He is most famous for working with Parliament-Funkadelic. 

Maggot Brain is famous song by Parliament-Funkadelic and has a ten-minute guitar solo which is one of Hazel's most famous guitar songs. In 2008 Rolling Stone Magazine listed Maggot Brain as number 60 on its list of the " 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time."

In the mid 1970s Hazel was also a member of The Temptations and recorded two albums with the group.

Through his career Hazel had problems with drug and alcohol addiction. In 1974, Hazel was arrested for hitting an airplane stewardess as well as a drug charge. He spent some time in jail.

In 1977 he released his only solo album.

In 1992 Eddie Hazel died from internal bleeding and his liver failed. This was caused by stomach problems due to his alcoholism and drug abuse. The song "Maggot Brain" was played at his funeral.

In 1997, 5 years after his death, Hazel was made a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Parliament-Funkadelic.

Eddie Hazel is listed at 43 in Rolling Stone Magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists Of All Time" issue.

Notes 

1950 births
1992 deaths
American guitarists
Musicians from New York City
American funk musicians
American rock musicians
Parliament was a funk and soul group from the United States. They were started in 1968 by George Clinton.

soul bands
Funk bands
Musical groups from Detroit, Michigan
Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965 in Houston, Texas) is an American retired professional wrestler that is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), working on their SmackDown brand as a color commentator. Huffman returned to WWE as a surprise entrant during the 2011 Royal Rumble. He has also wrestled for TNA Impact! from 2007-2009. He is a former one time WCW Champion,  two time WCW Tag Team Champion with Test, one time World Heavyweight Champion, three time World Tag Team Championship with Test (1), Goldust (1), and Rob Van Dam (1) one time WWE Intercontinental champion, three time WWE United States champion, two time WWF Hardcore Champion and was the winner of the 2006 King of the Ring.

References

Other websites
Booker T's Official website 

1965 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Houston, Texas
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
WWE Hall of Fame
WWE wrestlers
The Mandelbrot set is an example of a fractal in mathematics. It is named after Benoît Mandelbrot, a Polish-French-American mathematician. The Mandelbrot set is important for chaos theory. The edging of the set shows a self-similarity, which is perfect, but because of the minute detail, it looks like it evens out. 

The Mandelbrot set can be explained with the equation zn+1 = zn2 + c. In that equation, c and z are complex numbers and n is zero or a positive integer (natural number). Starting with z0=0, c is in the Mandelbrot set if the absolute value of zn never becomes larger than a certain number (that number depends on c), no matter how large n gets. 

Mandelbrot was one of the first to use computer graphics to create and display fractal geometric images, leading to his discovering the Mandelbrot set in 1979. That was because he had access to IBM's computers. He was able to show how visual complexity can be created from simple rules. He said that things typically considered to be "rough", a "mess" or "chaotic", like clouds or shorelines, actually had a "degree of order". The equation zn+1 = zn2 + c was known long before Benoit Mandelbrot used a computer to visualize it.

Images are created by applying the equation to each pixel in an iterative process, using the pixel's position in the image for the number 'c'. 'c' is obtained by mapping the position of the pixel in the image relative to the position of the point on the complex plane.

The shape of the Mandelbrot Set is represented in black in the image on this page.

For example, if c = 1 then the sequence is 0, 1, 2, 5, 26,…, which goes to infinity. Therefore, 1 is not an element of the Mandelbrot set, and thus is not coloured black.

On the other hand, if c is equal to the square root of -1, also known as i, then the sequence is 0, i, (−1 + i), −i, (−1 + i), −i…, which does not go to infinity and so it belongs to the Mandelbrot set.

When graphed to show the entire Set, the resultant image is striking, pretty, and quite recognizable.

There are many variations of the Mandelbrot set, such as Multibrot, Buddhabrot, and Nebulabrot.

Multibrot is a generalization that allows any exponent: zn+1 = znd + c. These sets are called Multibrot sets. The Multibrot set for d = 2 is the Mandelbrot set.

Fractals
Taijutsu is a martial art that relies on speed and strength.

Martial arts
Japanese culture
United Center (nicknamed "The Madhouse on Madison II","The UC" and "The House That Jordan Built") is a sports arena located in Chicago, Illinois. The arena opened in 1994, and right now the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) play there. There is a statue of Michael Jordan on the east side of the arena.
The Bulls and Blackhawks moved to the United Center in 1994.  This was a change for both organizations as they had previously played in the older Chicago Stadium for many years.  The Blackhawks, previously also called the Chicago Stadium Corporation, rather than the Bulls, were the actual owners of both the previous Chicago Stadium and now the United Center.

References

Other websites 
United Center's Official Website

Sports buildings in Chicago, Illinois
1994 establishments in Illinois
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Bulls
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is a first-person shooter video game. It is the sixth game in the Call of Duty series. The game is available on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles, and on the Microsoft Windows operating system. The game was revealed on February 11, 2009  and released on November 10, 2009.

Content
The game offers three game modes: a campaign single-player mode (lasting about 6 hours), a "Special Ops" mode for replay value over the campaign where the player or players can collect stars (like in a Mario game), and a multiplayer mode (online and offline). The online mode is why most people play Call of Duty. The previous Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare broke World of Warcraft'''s record of 11 million people online by 2 million on Xbox 360 alone. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 managed to sell 1.2 million copies in its first day of release in the UK.

Reception
The game sold 22 million copies worldwide.  

Related pages
Call of Duty seriesCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 3''

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

2009 video games
Call of Duty series
Quake III: Arena is a video game in the Quake series. It has been published from 1999, for Microsoft Windows and other platforms.

It is a first person shooter and its main goal is to kill ("frag") other players using various weapons. You can fight against computer-guided characters ("bots") in singleplayer mode, or against human players in multiplayer mode (via LAN or Internet).

Game modes 
There are four game modes:
 Tournament: 1 vs. 1.
 Free for all (FFA): standard "deathmach" (everyone vs. everyone)
 Team Deathmatch (TDM): players are divided into two teams (red and blue)
 Capture the flag (CTF): two teams, you have to get the flag of the enemy and bring it to your base

Expansions 
You can install many expansions for this game: new levels and new characters, or entire "mods" (light or heavy modifications of the game, with new items, rules, weapons...).

Some MODs:
 Team Arena (official)
 OSP (Orange Smoothie Production)
 Instagib (1 hit-kill)
 Clan Arena
 Rocket Arena 3
 DeFRaG
 AlternateFire
 BazookaQ3
 CPMA (Challenge Pro Mode Arena, simply "ProMode" or "CPM")

Shooter video games
I Love Lucy is an American sitcom. It stars Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. It was written by television writer Bob Schiller. The black-and-white series first ran from 15 October 1951 to 6 May 1957 on CBS. Even after the series ended in 1957, it continued for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials. This show ran from 1957 to 1960. It was known first as The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show and later in reruns as The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour.

The series is about two married couples living in New York City: Ricky and Lucy Ricardo, and oldsters Fred and Ethel Mertz. They all live in the same apartment building. Ricky is a nightclub band leader. Lucy is a housewife. Many episodes revolve around Lucy's attempts to get into Ricky's show. She often pulls Fred and Ethel into her schemes. In one episode, Lucy and Ethel are assembly line workers in a candy factory. They cannot keep up with packaging the candy so they eat it. In another episode, Lucy gets drunk on a health tonic while shooting a television commercial. Four or five episodes follow the couples on trips to Italy and to Hollywood. Ball and Arnaz were real-life husband and wife. They became the parents of a boy during the run of the series. This event was woven into the series. A child actor played their son "Little Ricky". Eventually they would all move to a rural area in Connecticut.

I Love Lucy was the most watched series in the United States in four of its six seasons. It was the first to end its run at the top of the Nielsen ratings. I Love Lucy is still syndicated in dozens of languages around the world. The series was the first scripted television program to be shot on 35 mm film in front of a studio audience. The show won five Emmy Awards, and received numerous nominations. In 2002, it ranked second on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2007, it was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME." I Love Lucy remains very popular today. It is still seen by 40 million Americans each year.

References

Other websites 

1950s American television series
1951 television series debuts
1957 television series endings
1957 disestablishments
American sitcoms
Black and white television series
Television series set in Connecticut
Television series set in New York City
1951 establishments in the United States
1950s disestablishments in the United States
Emmy Award winning programs
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Kingstown is the capital city of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The population of Kingstown as of 2008 is 24,518. Kingstown exports bananas, coconuts, and arrowroot. Kingstown was started as a settlement by the French a little after 1722. The botanical garden in Kingstown is one of the oldest ones in the Western Hemisphere.

References 

National capitals in North America
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Shanxi (山西) is a province of the People's Republic China. It is in northern China. The Yellow River flows through it. The name Shanxi means "mountain's west" or "west of the mountains", as it is west of the Taihang Mountains.

Its major cities are its capital Taiyuan, Datong, Changzhi, and Yangquan.

The abbreviation of Shanxi is Jin (晋), since there is another province, Shandong (山东), that has the word "Shan" (山) in it, meaning "mountain" in Chinese.

Although in pinyin, the name of the neighboring province to the west, "Shaanxi", is spelled exactly the same as "Shanxi", the only difference in how the two words are pronounced is that the first syllable in "Shanxi" is said using the first tone in Mandarin, while the first syllable in "Shaanxi" is said with the third tone. Since tone markers are not usually used to show how to pronounce the two different names, the first word in "Shaanxi" is spelled using the Gwoyeu Romatzyh method instead, which indicates tones by adding extra letters to a syllable.

Notable residents 
Mi Fu, poet

References 

Provinces of China
Mi Fu (1051–1107), also known as Mi Fei was a Chinese painter, poet, and calligrapher born in Taiyuan, Shanxi during the Song Dynasty. His style of painting was misty landscapes. This style is the "Mi Fu" style uses large wet dots of ink. This ink is put on with a flat brush.

Life

Mi Fu was born in 1051. His mother was employed as a midwife to deliver Emperor Shenzong and afterwards she became the wet-nurse who look after and feed the Emperor Shenzong who was to start his reign in 1051 and continue until 1107. Mi Fu knew the imperial family and he lived in the privileged location of the royal palaces. He ignored formal lessons but it could be seen that he had a gift for writing, painted and drawing. He was one of the four best calligraphers in the Song Dynasty. Mi Fu was known as odd. Some called him "Madman Mi" because he collected stones and said one stone was his brother. He was a heavy drinker.

His poetry followed the style of Li Bai and his calligraphy that of Wang Xizhi. He became a civil servant to mixed success. He was firstly a book editor in the emperors library before undertaking a number of posts in Henan province. He was given the post of Professor of Painting and Calligraphy in 1103 at the Palace to select which painting and calligraphy is good enough to belong to the Emperor. He became secretary to the Board of Rites before he was appointed governor of Huaiyang in Jiangsu province. He had five sons and eight daughters. He died in 1107. His son, Mi Youren, would also be a famous painter in his father's artistic style.

Mi Fu is considered the best of all the calligraphers of the Song dynasty. An example of his work has sold for nearly four million dollars.

Related pages
List of Chinese painters

References

Chinese poets
Chinese painters
1051 births
1107 deaths
Variation in biology usually refers to the heritable differences within a species. This is important in genetics, and the study of evolution in natural populations. Heritable variation is ultimately caused by mutations of genes and chromosomes, and shuffled by recombination. Outcrossing keeps, and inbreeding reduces, heritable variation.

Other variations are caused during life, and are not passed on to the next generation by heredity.

Variation is also a term used in biodiversity for the variety of life forms in a given ecosystem.

Evolutionary biology
Classical genetics
Ecology
Taiyuan is a city in China. It is the capital of Shanxi Province. Mi Fu the poet was born here in 1051.

References 

Cities in China
Danielle Souza (born 2 January 1981) is a Brazilian model from Santa Catarina, popularly known as Mulher Samambaia (Fern Woman).

Biography
Until 2003, Danielle lived in Balneário Camboriú. That same year, she went to São Paulo, where she won the traditional competition "As Felinas" and soon after was invited to pose for Playboy in November 2003, in where posed with Antonela Avellaneda, who participated in the Big Brother Brazil 4.
Danielle was invited by the former director of the Pânico na TV to record a pilot program, which already premiered the following week. He has worked in the "Pânico na TV" as "Mulher Samambaia", and besides being a stage assistant, also participated in some frames of the program.
Danielle did a new photo shoot for the magazine Sexy in December 2004, already with a reputation for Mulher Samambaia. 
Again posed nude for the magazine Sexy in August 2007. The photos were taken in Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul.
Danielle is studying interior design and want to specialize in decorating and landscaping.
In the carnival of 2009 participated in the parade GRES Alliança as Musa battery.
Participated in the reality show of Rede Record, A Fazenda.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1981 births
Living people
Santa Catarina
Antônio Augusto de Moraes Liberato (April 10, 1959 — November 21, 2019), better known as Gugu Liberato or just Gugu, was a Brazilian television presenter, businessman, actor and singer.

Gugu was hired by Silvio Santos after writing letters suggesting television shows to be aired. He started in television at age fourteen as a production assistant on the program Domingo no Parque, presented by Silvio Santos on SBT.

He was thought one of the most famous and successful Brazilian television hosts of all time. Shortly before his death, Gugu owned a fortune of about $1 billion built over a career started as an office boy. Gugu set up an empire that includes a television and video production company, sixteen stores that bear his name, a water park and a gas station.

On November 20, 2019, Gugu suffered an accident in his house in Orlando, Florida, when he fell from the ceiling and hit his head. He died the following day, November 21, but his family only released an official note on November 22.

References

Other websites 
 

1959 births
2019 deaths
People from São Paulo
Brazilian television presenters
Roman Catholics
Brazilian businesspeople
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Deaths from head injury
The Baba Yaga is a mythical witchlike character. She is found in Slavic folklore, one of the most popular demons in slavic beliefs. She looks like an ugly and deformed woman.  She lives in a house that has giant chicken feet, so it can walk around.  Sometimes she travels in a mortar and pestle that can fly by magic.

Baba Yaga is different from most folklore characters because even though she is usually bad, sometimes she is good.  Sometimes she creates things or puts the hero of the story in a situation where he or she creates things.  Scholar Andreas Johns says that Baba Yaga is meant to be like nature itself: She can help but she can also eat you.

In popular culture
Baba Yaga appears as a character in many video games and other works of fiction, for example the Quest for Glory series of games.

The feminist website The Hairpin wrote an advice column called "Ask Baba Yaga" as a joke.

References

Folklore
Red Buttons (born Aaron Chwatt, February 5, 1919 - July 13, 2006) was an Academy Award-winning American comedian and actor.

Buttons won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the movie Sayonara.  He was also in the movie The Poseidon Adventure.

References

1919 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from hypertension
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Academy Award winning actors
Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (27 March 1817 – 11 May 1891) was a Swiss botanist. He studied cell division, but became known as the man who discouraged Gregor Mendel from further work on genetics.

References 

Swiss botanists
Cell biology
1817 births
1891 deaths
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health. Referred to as "the father of pathology," he is considered one of the founders of social medicine.

He coined the catch-phrase omnis cellula e cellula, meaning, cells only derive from other cells.

1821 births
1902 deaths

German doctors
German biologists
Robert Remak (26 July 1815 – 29 August 1865) was a German embryologist, physiologist, and neurologist, born in Posen, Prussia. 

Remak obtained his medical degree from Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin in 1838 specializing in neurology.  He worked on embryology, and also discovered unmyelinated nerve fibres and the nerve cells in the heart sometimes called Remak's ganglia. He studied under Johannes Muller at the University of Berlin.  

Remak discovered that the origin of cells was by the division of pre-existing cells. 

Despite his accomplishments, because of his Jewish faith he was repeatedly denied full professor status until late in life, and even then was denied the usual benefits of the position.

References 

1815 births
1865 deaths
Cell biology
German developmental biologists
German doctors
Jewish German scientists
Neurologists
People from former German territories
People from Poznań
German physiologists
Oscar Hertwig (21 April 1849, Friedberg, Hesse – 25 October 1922, Berlin) was a German zoologist, anatomist and professor, who also wrote about the theory of evolution over 55 years after Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species. 

Oscar Hertwig was a leader in the field of embryology. He discovered fertilization of sea urchins, he recognized the role of the cell nucleus during inheritance and chromosome reduction during meiosis. In 1876, he found that fertilization includes the penetration of a spermatozoon into an egg cell. He thought, correctly, that the vectors of hereditary traits resided in the nuclei of the egg and sperm.

His work on the development of sea urchin eggs was fundamental and lasting; his work on evolution was not. He was opposed to 'chance', as he thought was Charles Darwin's theory. He wrote: Das Werden der Organismen, eine Widerlegung der Darwinschen Zufallslehre (Jena, 1916) (translation: "The Origin of Organisms: a refutation of Darwin's theory of chance").

Hertwig was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1903.

References 

1849 births
1922 deaths
German anatomists
Cell biology
German developmental biologists
German zoologists
People from Hesse
Walther Flemming (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics.

Making use of dyes he was able to find a structure which he named chromatin. He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike structures in the cell nucleus– the chromosomes (meaning coloured body). Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910) had also observed them, independently. 

Flemming investigated the process of cell division and the distribution of chromosomes to the daughter nuclei, a process he called mitosis from the Greek word for thread. However, he did not see the splitting into identical halves, the daughter chromatids. He studied mitosis, both in life and in stained preparations, using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders. These results were published first in 1878  and in 1882 in the seminal book Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung (1882; Cell substance, nucleus and cell division). On the basis of his discoveries, Flemming surmised for the first time that all cell nuclei came from another predecessor nucleus (he coined the phrase omnis nucleus e nucleo, after Virchow's omnis cellula e cellula).

Flemming was unaware of Gregor Mendel's (1822–1884) work on heredity, so he did not make the connection between his observations and genetic inheritance. Two decades would pass before the significance of Flemming's work was truly realized with the rediscovery of Mendel's rules. His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology.

References 

1843 births
1905 deaths
Cell biology
German geneticists
Eduard Adolf Strasburger (1 February 1844 in Warsaw – 19 May 1912 in Bonn) was a German professor who was one of the most famous botanists of the 19th century.

In 1868 he taught at the University of Warsaw. In 1869 Strasburger was appointed professor of botany at the University of Jena. After 1881 he was head of the Botanisches Institut at the University of Bonn.

Accomplishments 
Strasburger was a founder of the famous Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen (Textbook of Botany), which first appeared in 1894. He was the first to provide an accurate description of the embryonic sac in gymnosperms (such as conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants), along with demonstrating double-fertilization in angiosperms. He came up with one of the modern laws of plant cytology: "New cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other nuclei", and originated the terms cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

At about the same time as Walther Flemming, and Edouard van Beneden, he worked out chromosome movement during mitosis in plant cells. His work on the upward movement of tree sap proved that the process was physical and not physiological.

Awards 
He was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908.

Bibliography 
"On Cell Formation and Cell Division", 1876 – a book in which he set forth the basic principles of mitosis

1894 textbook Textbook of Botany (written with colleagues)

References 

"Strasburger, Eduard Adolf"  Encyclopædia Britannica (1979 ed)

1844 births
1912 deaths
Cell biology
German developmental biologists
German botanists
People from Warsaw
Edouard Joseph Marie Van Beneden (Leuven, 5 March 1846 – Liège, 28 April 1910), cytologist and marine biologist. He was professor of zoology at the University of Liège. He contributed to cytology and genetics by his work on the roundworm Ascaris. In this work he discovered how chromosomes combined during meiosis, during the production of gametes.

Beneden discovered, with Walther Flemming and Eduard Strasburger, the essential facts of mitosis. In contrast to meiosis, the double (diploid) set of chromosomes in daughter cells is identical to those in the parent cells. Excepting rare accidents, there is no change in the genetic apparatus. In meiosis, only one set of chromosomes ends up in each gamete, a condition called haploid.

Father 
Van Beneden's father was also a well-known biologist. Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (18091894) introduced two important terms into evolutionary biology and ecology: mutualism and commensalism.

References 

1846 births
1910 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian biologists
Cell biology
People from Flemish Brabant
Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English musician, producer and actor. He is most famous for being the singer of the Rolling Stones. In 2003 he was knighted for his services to music.

Early Life 
Michael Jagger was born at Livingstone Community Hospital in Dartford, He is child of Basil Fanshawe Jagger and Eva Ensley Mary,

Personal life
Jagger is known for his many high-profile relationships. He married Nicaraguan-born Bianca De Macias on 12 May 1971. It was a Catholic ceremony in Saint-Tropez, France. In late 1977, he began seeing model Jerry Hall. This was while still married to Bianca. Jagger and Hall lived together for many years. They were married on 21 November 1990, in a Hindu beach ceremony in Indonesia. The marriage ended in August 1999.

Relationships 
Jagger has also been romantically linked to other women: Chrissie Shrimpton, Marianne Faithfull, Anita Pallenberg, Marsha Hunt, Pamela Des Barres, Uschi Obermaier, Bebe Buell, Carly Simon, Margaret Trudeau, Mackenzie Phillips, Janice Dickinson, Carla Bruni, Sophie Dahl and Angelina Jolie, among others. He was in a relationship with L'Wren Scott (1964-2014) from 2001 until she committed suicide in 2014. Jagger's girlfriend Melanie Hamrick is pregnant with his eighth child.

In March 2019, Jagger had to postpone his tour due to medical reasons. A few days later it was announced that he would have heart valve replacement surgery.

Jagger has seven children by four women:

 By Marsha Hunt, he has daughter Karis Jagger Hunt (born 4 November 1970)
 By Bianca Jagger, he has daughter Jade Sheena Jezebel Jagger (born 21 October 1971).
 By Jerry Hall he has daughter Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger (born 2 March 1984), son James Leroy Augustin Jagger (born 28 August 1985), daughter Georgia May Ayeesha Jagger (born 12 January 1992) and son Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger (born 9 December 1997)
 By Luciana Gimenez, he has son Lucas Maurice Morad Jagger (born 18 May 1999).

Net worth 
His personal fortune was estimated in 2010, at £190 million (~$298 million US).

Discography

Albums

Soundtrack

References

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Kent
English movie actors
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Musicians from Kent
People from Dartford
The Rolling Stones members
Burn It to the Ground is a 2009 rock song by the Canadian rock band Nickelback off their Dark Horse album. It became the theme song for WWE Raw on November 16, 2009 and is featured on the soundtrack to the video game NHL 10.

References

2009 songs
Khufu was a Pharaoh (or leader) of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He was the Pharaoh of Egypt from around 2589 to 2566 B.C.E . Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty.  He is also thought to be the one who built the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Khufu's full name was "Khnum-Khufu" which means "the god Khnum protects me."

References

Pharaohs
Victor Posa (born 5 November 1966 in Bari) is an Italian ice hockey player. He played 2 games for the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

Other websites
 

1966 births
Chicago Blackhawks players
Italian sportspeople
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
People from Bari
ECHL players
Colonial Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Genetic linkage occurs when alleles at different loci do not segregate at random. Mendel's second law is thus broken. 

Genes are linked when they are on the same chromosome. They then tend to stay together during meiosis. Alleles for genes on different chromosomes are usually not linked, due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.  

There is some crossing over of DNA during meiosis when the chromosomes segregate. So, alleles on the same chromosome can be separated and go to different daughter cells. There is a greater probability of this happening if the alleles are far apart on the chromosome, as it is more likely that a cross-over will occur between them. The relative distance between two genes can be calculated using the offspring of an organism showing two linked genetic traits. The percentage of offspring where the two traits do not run together is noted. The higher the percentage of offspring showing both traits, the closer on the chromosome the two genes are. 

This was the first technique used for mapping genes on chromosomes. By working out the number of recombinants it is possible to obtain a measure for the distance between the genes. This distance is called a genetic map unit (m.u.), or a centimorgan and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant. A recombinant frequency (RF) of 1 % is equivalent to 1 m.u. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances between a number of traits that are present on the same chromosome, ideally avoiding significant gaps between traits to avoid the possibility of multiple crossovers.

Related pages 
Meiosis
Chromosome

References 

 

Classical genetics
Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (Tournai, 3 April 1797 – 1878) was a Belgian botanist and politician. Some consider him to be the true discoverer of cell division, although he is rarely credited as such. His 1832 paper deals with this topic.

Works
 Commentationes botanicae. Observations botaniques (imprimerie de C. Casterman-Dieu, Tournay, 1823).
 Observations sur les graminées de la flore de Belgique (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1823).
 Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1829).
 Lettres sur le manifeste du Roi et les griefs de la nation, par Belgicus (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
 Sylloge Jungermannidearum Europae indigenarum, earum genera et species systematice complectens (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
 Recherches sur la structure comparée et le développement des animaux et des végétaux (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1832).
 Essai carpographique présentant une nouvelle classification des fruits (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1835).
 La Belgique et les vingt-quatre articles (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).
 Observations complémentaires sur le partage des dettes des Pays-Bas (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).

References

Other websites
 IPNI Profile
 Books by Dumortier at the Biodiversity library

1797 births
1878 deaths
Belgian biologists
Belgian Christian democrats
Belgian nobility
Botanists
Cell biology
People from Hainaut (province)
Edward Lodewijk "Eddie" Van Halen (January 26, 1955 - October 6, 2020) was a Dutch-born American guitarist, keyboardist, songwriter and producer. He is most famous as the guitarist and co-founder of the hard rock band Van Halen. He is listed as number 70 in Rolling Stone Magazine's "Top 100 Guitarists of All Time" issue.

In 2007 Eddie Van Halen was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Van Halen died from a stroke caused by throat cancer at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California on October 6, 2020, at the age of 65 surrounded by his wife, Janie; son and Van Halen bassist, Wolfgang; ex-wife Valerie Bertinelli; and brother, Alex; co-founder and drummer of Van Halen. Some of Van Halen's childhood landmarks in Pasadena became memorials where fans could pay their respects.

References

1955 births
2020 deaths
American guitarists
American record producers
American songwriters
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from throat cancer
Dutch musicians
Keyboardists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Amsterdam
Deaths from stroke
Edward "Eddie" McKay Cheever, Jr. (born January 10, 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American racing driver. He raced for almost thirty years in Formula One, Sports cars, CART and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 World Championship Formula One races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for nine different teams from 1978 through 1989. In 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver in 1998. The team now competes in sports cars.

1958 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
IndyCar Series drivers
Edmund "Eddie" Irvine, Jr. (Born 10 November 1965, Newtownards, County Down) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland. He raced under a British Driving License.

Irvine spent time in the 1980s and early 1990's in Formula Ford and F3000. He joined Formula One in 1993, scoring a point on his debut as he replaced Emanuele Naspetti. He stayed on for Jordan in 1994 and 1995, before going on to drive for Scuderia Ferrari in 1996. His results were not as successful as Michael Schumacher's, including eight straight DNF's (Did not Finish) in a row in 1996. He eventually improved, scoring more podiums as he went along with the team. 

In 1999 Michael Schumacher, the "#1 driver" for Ferrari was injured during a race at Silverstone. Irvine was made the #1 driver. The team put all their efforts towards Irvine winning a driver's championship. It wasn't successful, but Irvine did place second in the championship. Irvine left Ferrari after that season because he was frustrated with Ferrari's policy on team orders, which meant that one driver was labelled as "being #1." So, Irvine joined the new Jaguar Racing team in 2000, where he finally became the lead driver. However, the car was not competitive and reliable, so Jaguar, despite having lots of experience with Irvine, had little results. Irvine obtained the only two podiums Jaguar would ever see, and Irvine retired from Formula One after 2002.

References

1965 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
Wilhelm Roux (9 June 1850 in Jena – 15 September 1924 in Halle) was a German zoologist, anatomist and pioneer of experimental embryology.

For ten years he worked in Breslau (now Wroclaw), becoming director of his own Institute of Embryology in 1879. He was professor at Innsbruck, Austria from 1889–95, then accepted a professorial chair at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Halle, a post he retained until 1921.

Embryology 
Roux's research was based upon the notion of Entwicklungsmechanik or developmental mechanics. His methodology was to interfere with developing embryos and observe the outcome. Roux's investigations were performed mainly on frogs' eggs to research the earliest structures in amphibian development. His goal was to show Darwinian processes at work on the cellular level.

In 1888, Roux published the results of a series of defect experiments in which he took 2 and 4 cell frog embryos and killed half of the cells of each embryo with a hot needle. He reported that they grew into half-embryos and surmised that the separate function of the two cells had already been determined. This led him to propose his "mosaic" theory: after a few cell divisions the embryo would be like a mosaic, each cell playing its own unique part in the entire design.

After a few years Roux's theory was refuted by the studies of his colleague Hans Driesch and later, with more precision, Hans Spemann showed that, as a rule, Driesch's conclusions were correct, but that results like Roux's may be obtained after intervention in certain planes. Despite this early lapse Roux's pioneering mechanical methodology was to prove most fruitful in 20th century biology.

Cell biology 
In a remarkable paper, Roux realised the significance of the linear structure of chromosomes. Their splitting into two equal longitudinal halves assured each daughter cell got the same chromosome complement. Therefore, chromosomes were the bearers of heredity. This was a significant event in cytogenetics.

Works 
 Der Kampf der Teile im Organismus (1881)
 Über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (1890)
 Geschichtliche Abhandlung über Entwicklungsmechanik (two volumes, 1895)
 Die Entwicklungsmechanik (1905)
 Terminologie der Entwicklungsmechanik (1912).

Further reading

References 

1850 births
1924 deaths
German anatomists
Cell biology
German developmental biologists
People from Jena
German zoologists
The Marunouchi Line (丸の内線,まるのうちせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

Station

Related pages
 Tokyo

Japanese railways
Tokyo
Poanes is a genus of butterflies.  The species are native to North America, Central America, and South America.

Species
 Poanes aaroni Skinner, 1890 – Aaron's Skipper or Saffron Skipper
 Poanes azin Draudt, 1924
 Poanes benito Freeman, 1979 – Benito's Skipper
 Poanes hobomok Harris, 1862 – Hobomok Skipper
 Poanes inimica Butler & Druce, 1872 – Yellow-stained Skipper
 Poanes macneilli Burns, 1992 – Macneill's Skipper
 Poanes massasoit Scudder, 1863 – Mulberry Wing
 Poanes melane Edwards, 1869 – Umber Skipper
 Poanes monticola Godman, 1900 – Oyamel Skipper
 Poanes niveolimbus Mabille, 1889 – Snow-fringed Skipper
 Poanes taxiles Edwards, 1881 – Golden Skipper
 Poanes ulphila Plötz, 1883 – Ulphila Skipper
 Poanes viator Edwards, 1865 – Broad-winged Skipper
 Poanes yehl Skinner, 1893 – Yehl Skipper
 Poanes zabulon Boisduval & Le Conte, 1837 – Zabulon Skipper
 Poanes zachaeus Plötz, 1883 – Zachaeus Skipper

References
 Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.

Other websites

 Poanes at www.funet.fi

Hesperiidae