cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lip balm is a product which is put on lips so they will not dry when a person is outdoors in the sun and wind. Lip balm is usually made from petrolatum. Some types of lip balm also include sunscreen to protect the lips from sunburn. Lip balm comes in tubes and small pots with screw-on lids. Lip balm is often used during the winter, because the cold winter winds can dry out a person's lips so that they are cracked and hurting (this is called having "chapped" lips).

Care
Coprophagia is the eating of faeces. Many animals eat faeces, either their own or that of other animal groups. It is particularly common in dogs and puppies of about six months old, but little is known why; lack of stimulus and variety in the lifestyle or diet have been cited as potential reasons.

Adding pineapple to their food is  a well recognized solution for many dogs. Humans do it only on rare occasions and it is looked down upon in society.  Eating one's feces can also spread disease.

References 

Health
Zoology
A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government.

In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council. The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation.

In some countries, municipalities are referred to as "communes" (for example, French commune, Italian comune or Swedish kommun).
A problem is a situation preventing something from being achieved. The word comes from a Greek word meaning an "obstacle" (something that is in your way). Someone who has a problem must find a way of solving it. The means of solving a problem is called a "solution".

Examples 
"John has locked his car keys inside his car so that he cannot get at them. John has a problem".

Entertainment examples 
Some problems are made up for fun. These are like puzzles. Some of them can be solved with logic, others can be solved by trial and error or by a heuristic.

Mathematical examples 
Here is an example of a mathematical problem:
"John is three times as old as Mary. In three years time he will be twice as old as Mary.  How old are John and Mary?" The answer to this problem is that John is 9 and Mary is 3.

Children often like to give one another problems that can be solved by "lateral thinking". This means using the imagination rather than strict logic. Here is an example:

"Peter, Ruth, Samuel and Jessica live in the same house. Peter and Ruth went out. When they returned they found Jessica lying dead, surrounded by glass. They were sure Samuel had done it. Why did they not call the police?" The answer is: Samuel was the cat and Jessica was a goldfish.

A well-known example of a problem that cannot be solved is that of squaring the circle – how to get a square that has the same area as a given circle, using geometry.

Sources on problem solving 
These are classic works on problem-solving:
Duncker, Karl 1945. On problem solving. APA Psychological Monographs 58.
Gordon, William J.J. 1961. Synectics: the development of creative capacity. New York: Harper.
Polya, George 1945. How to solve it: a new aspect of mathematical method. Princeton University Press.
Wertheimer, Max 1959. Productive thinking. New York: Harper. New and expanded edition was 1945.
Simon, Herbert A. & Newell, Alan 1972. Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Most of these deal with well-formulated problems. There are also a number of books on the psychology of thinking, which is obviously a large part of problem-solving:
Bolton, Neil 1972. The psychology of thinking. London: Methuen. 
Wason P.C. & Johnson-Laird P.N. 1972. Psychology of reasoning: structure & content. London: Batsford. 
Novick L.R. & Bassok M. 2005. Problem solving. In K.J. Holyoak & R.G. Morrison (eds) Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning. Chapter 14, pp. 321–349.  Cambridge University Press.

Related pages 
Monty Hall problem – a problem about goats and a car in a game show, using probability.

References 

Logic
Mathematics
Disability
Order has many meanings (like a dictionary):

Religious
 Holy orders are the rites or sacraments in which priests are ordained
 Religious order, a group of people that live together, and share some ideals

Honors
 Order (decoration), an award or medal

Legal and military
 Court order, made by a judge
 Executive order, issued by the executive branch of government
 General order, a published directive from a commander
 Standing order, a general order of unset duration, and similar ongoing rules in a parliament
 Direct order

In scientific classification
 Order (biology), a rank between class and family, or a taxon at that rank
 Social order, a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences
 Order (chemistry), a concept of chemical kinetics

In mathematics
 Order (group theory), the cardinality of a group
 Order theory, a branch of mathematics that studies many different kinds of binary relations called orders
 Order (ring theory), a kind of an algebraic structure
 Orders of approximation, Big O notation
 Order of magnitude, a class of scale or magnitude of any amount
 Order, or degree of a polynomial

In computer science
 Canonical order, the order of elements that follows a certain rules or specifications

In telecommunications
 Modulation order, the number of different symbols that can be sent using a given modulation

Other uses
 The opposite of chaos, disorder (in the sense of randomness), or entropy
 Collating order, sequence for text, such as alphabetical
 Order (business), an instruction from a customer to buy
 Order (exchange), customer's instruction to a stock broker
 Order (information processing), a measure of the number of objects or sub-systems in a system
 Order (organization), an organization of people united by a common fraternal bond or social aim.
 Architectonic orders
 Way of categorizing Electronic filters by steepness
 Way of categorizing the size of lighthouse Fresnel lenses
 "The Order"
 Order (food), a customer's choice of food at a restaurant or for delivery

Basic English 850 words
Friedrichshafen is a city in Germany. It is at the north shore of the Lake of Constance. It is the second largest city at the lakeside, after Konstanz. About 58.000 people live there. The city is famous for having one of the first Zeppelins.

References

Other websites 
 

Cities in Baden-Württemberg
For the English rock group, see Led Zeppelin.

A Zeppelin is a type of airship. It is a dirigible, which means it is rigid airship, but can be directed. It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century. The name Zeppelin is now used as a common name for all airships. Zeppelins were used in the First World War. In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes.

One of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States.  Another, the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin was still in use after this disaster although some modifications had to be made after the disaster.  After the Second World War and the fall of the Nazis in Germany, Zeppelins were not used anymore. Plans exist to use Zeppelins to lift heavy weights. Sometimes, they are also used as tourist attractions, or for advertising.

World War I
Airships
666 was a year in the western calendar, as counted Anno Domini.

Events 
Wighard became Archbishop of Canterbury.
Chertsey Abbey was built in England.
Barking Abbey was built in England.

References
A stanza is a related group of lines or verses in a poem. A stanza also can be a verse in paragraph form. They can keep on going without punctuation. It may also be a line in a poem.

Two most important features of a stanza is the number of lines and the rhyme scheme. There are many kinds of stanza. 

 Two-line stanza (aa).
 Three-line stanza (aaa).
 Four-line stanza (aaaa, aabb, abab, abba)
 Five-line stanza (for example ababb)
 Six-line stanza (for example ababcc)
 Seven-line stanza (for example ababbcc, it is called rhyme royal)
 Eight-line stanza (for example abababcc, it is Italian ottava rima)   
 Nine-line stanza (for example ababbcbcc, it is Spenserian stanza)
 Ten-line stanza (for example ababccdeed)

An Italian sonnet consists of two four-line stanzas and two three-line stanzas:

 abba abba cdc dcd 

A French ballad is composed of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line one:

 ababbcbc ababbcbc ababbcbc bcbc

Some stanzas are named after poets, who invented or often used them. An example is Sapphic stanza that was named after famous Greek woman poet Sappho.

Bibliography 
Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, Art of Versification. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.

poetry
Nanga Parbat, located in Gilgit-Baltistan, is the ninth highest mountain in the world. It is 8,126 metres (26,660 ft) above sea level. It is in Gilgit Baltistan, between Chilas and Astore. Nanga Parbat means "Naked Mountain". In 1953, an Austrian German named Hermann Buhl was the first to climb it.

Nanga Parbat is in the west of the Himalayas, and is the most western of the mountains higher than eight thousand meters. It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas in the region of Kashmir. Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram mountains.

Nanga Parbat is the highest peak in the Nanga Parbat Range. The range covers an area of  in length and  in width. In the east it joins the Pir Panjal Range.

The steep incline of its peak that rises above the ground far below makes Nanga Parbat a difficult and dangerous climb. Many deaths in the mid and early 20th century gave it the nickname of "killer mountain".

References

Other websites 

A mountain list ranked by local relief and steepness showing Nanga Parbat as the steepest 
Pictures from a winter expedition in 2013

Himalayas
Mountains of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Respiration is the process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell. During respiration, energy is released in a form that can be used by cells. All living things respire. Both plant and animal cells use the process of respiration to release energy from glucose.

There are two types of respiration. One is aerobic respiration and the other is anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. Here, oxygen is utilized to break down food (glucose) to release high amounts of energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen. During respiration in yeast and bacteria, oxygen is not involved in the oxidation of food. Food (glucose) is broken down into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide this is called anaerobic respiration. 

 Animals obtain carbohydrates, such as starch and sugars, by eating them. Some heat is released by these chemical reactions in cells, and it is this we experience as body heat.
 Plants make their own carbohydrates during photosynthesis. They get carbon dioxide from the environment and their energy from the sun.

Some use oxygen to break down glucose completely into CO2 (Carbon dioxide) and H2O (Water).

Related pages 
See these (in this order) for an outline of the biochemistry of aerobic respiration:
Cellular respiration 
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

Metabolism
Cellular respiration
69 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho and Vitellius all serve as emperor for a short time each before Vespasian takes over.
January 15 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, and survives three months before committing suicide.
First Jewish-Roman War – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem, which was captured by Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus after Vespasian became Emperor.
April 2– Galba, governor of Spain, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Roman emperors begun with Caesar and Augustus. He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards in favor of Marcus Salvius Otho.
April 14 – First Battle of Bedriacum: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions, Otho commits suicide.
April 17 – After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
October 24 – Second Battle of Bedriacum: Flavians under Antonius Primus defeats Vitellians.
December 21 – Vespasian becomes emperor.
The Batavians, under the leadeship of Gaius Julius Civilis, revolt (Batavian rebellion).
Legio I Macriana liberatrix is disbanded.

Births 
Saint Polycarp of Smyrna

Deaths 
January – Locusta
January 15 – Galba
April 15 – Otho
December 22 – Vitellius killed by the army of Vespasian
Events 
Sack of Rome by the Visigoths under Alaric
Britain lost from the Roman Empire
The Roman Republic was a phase in history of the Ancient Roman civilization. According to legend, the city of Rome was founded by Romulus in . It was a kingdom until 510 BC, when the last King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was overthrown. This began the Roman Republic. 

The Roman Republic was a civilization ahead of its time and very advanced. The Roman people elected Consuls, who ruled for about a year. Many of the ideas of the Roman Republic are still used today.

The Republic got most of its wealth from trading and taxation.  The Republic had few enemies but it was constantly on war with the Gauls, who were conquered by Caesar later.  The Punic Wars against Carthage were fought all over the Mediterranean coasts, mainly because of Sicily and trade disputes.  The third enemy being the Germanic tribes or simply barbarians (uncivilized people).

The Republic suffered many disasters including Spartacus (the leader of a slave revolt) Spartacus defeated one consul's army before being captured, the Republic suffered at the hands of Hannibal, who after crossing the Alps defeated the Roman Army at Cannae and many other battles which saw Rome with a great fear of being destroyed by Hannibal.

The end of the Republic is still a matter of dispute; different scholars will give different dates for it. Usually, the dates of the start of the First Triumvirate or the Second Triumvirate are given. (The Triumvirates were groups of three men who had much power)

The end of the Republic is often said to be when Gaius Julius Caesar was appointed as dictator (single ruler) by the Roman Senate. This happened after a series of civil wars that lasted from about 49 BC to the year 44 BC.

Some people say the Republic ended with the naval Battle of Actium between Marcus Antonius and Octavian. They both had been in the Second Triumvirate. It was fought on 2 September 31 BC. Octavian won. Later on, he was proclaimed Roman Emperor. The end date could also be when Octavian was given the title of the first Augustus by the Senate. This was on 16 January 27 BC.

These are modern views though. In the view of the early emperors, the Res Publica (Republic, literally "Thing of the People") still existed. It was simply "under their protection". They promised that some day that the Republic would restored to its original form. This never happened, and so scholars divide the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic as two different, distinct periods of the history of Rome.

References

 
509 BC establishments
Former countries in Europe
Former republics
The First Triumvirate is the name most historians give to the political alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey). They made it in 60 BC to give each other power. Each person helped the others to be more powerful. 

Caesar was able to gain money from Crassus to finance his public works campaign. He also gained military power from Pompey's loyal legions. Crassus, who was much envied and hated for his wealth and the means he used to attain it, was also able to gain popularity from Pompey as well as Caesar who had a loyal following in the plebeian class. Pompey was grateful to Caesar for his support against slander in the senate. Caesar's speeches in the senate were in favor of giving the newly conquered land to Pompey's returned legions. Pompey and Crassus ended their old grudge that dated back to the Third Servile War because they realised the advantages they allowed each other. To cement the Triumvirate, Crassus told Caesar's numerous debt holders that he would pay Caesar's loans if Caesar defaulted. Pompey married Caesar's only child, Julia. The Triumvirate lasted until Crassus' death in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.

Caesar and Pompey started fighting. Caesar won at the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar became dictator in the year 44 BC.

Related pages
Second Triumvirate

Ancient Rome
Rio Grande do Sul is a Brazilian state. It is in Southern Brazil. It has common borders with Uruguay to the south, and Argentina to the west. It has a very high standard of living. Its capital city is Porto Alegre. About 10 million people live in the state. The surface area of Rio Grande do Sul is about 282,000 square kilometres.

References

 
States of Brazil
990 is a year in the 10th century.

Events 
 January 1 – Kievan Rus' adopts the Julian calendar.
 Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo.
 The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the church in southern France attempting to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy, is promulgated.

Births 
 Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (approximate)
 Edmund II of England, (approximate)
 Mieszko II of Poland, king of Poland from 1025 to 1031, duke from 1032 to 1034.
 Yorimichi, regent to the Japanese emperor from 1017 to 1020 and from 1020 to 1068.
Johannes Skotus, Bishop of Mecklenburg (approximate)

Deaths 
 Kaneie, regent to the Japanese emperor from 986 to 990.
 Al-Uqlidisi, Middle-East mathematician.
 Dunash ben Labrat
Bixente Lizarazu (born 9 December 1969) is a former French football player. He is one of the most successful football players in the world. He won the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and the European Football Championship in 2000. He has also won the UEFA Champions League (2001) and was champion of the Bundesliga (both with Bayern Munich) five times in a six-year period (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005).

Lizarazu was born in Saint-Jean-de Luz, a small village in Basque region of France, in 1969. His first club was Eglantins Hendaje (1977-1989). He then went to Girondins Bordeaux (1989-1996). After playing for Bordeaux, he played for the Spanish club Athletic Bilbao (1996-1997) before he went to Bayern Munich (1997-2005). For a six months, he played for Olympique Marseille (2004). He ended his career in 2005.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="8"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="8"|Division 1||16||0
|-
|1989/90||38||2
|-
|1990/91||35||2
|-
|1991/92||33||0
|-
|1992/93||35||4
|-
|1993/94||32||9
|-
|1994/95||32||2
|-
|1995/96||23||3

|-
|1996/97||Athletic Bilbao||La Liga||16||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="7"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||11||0
|-
|1998/99||18||2
|-
|1999/00||22||1
|-
|2000/01||15||0
|-
|2001/02||25||1
|-
|2002/03||26||3
|-
|2003/04||26||1

|-
|2004/05||Olympique Marseille||Ligue 1||14||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||13||0
|-
|2005/06||18||0
258||22
16||0
174||8
448||30
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||6||0
|-
|1994||5||0
|-
|1995||5||1
|-
|1996||9||0
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||13||1
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||12||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||7||0
|-
|2003||12||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
!Total||97||2
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
French footballers
A Salt evaporation pond (or saltern pond) is a man-made shallow pond. Usually it is located near the sea. The ponds can be filled with salt water. The water is then left to evaporate. The salt is left behind, and can be harvested. Such ponds also provide a habitat for several kinds of animals. Most of these animals are birds. 

The color tells how much salt there is left in the water. Green colors come from special algae. These algae are there in low to mid salinity ponds (ponds with little salt in the water). In middle to high salinity ponds, an alga called Dunaliella salina shifts the color to red. Millions of tiny brine shrimp create an orange cast in mid-salinity ponds. Other bacteria such as Stichococcus also contribute tints. These colors are especially interesting to airplane passengers or astronauts passing above due to their somewhat artistic formations of shape and color.

Other websites

NASA page on salt ponds 
Information on the San Francisco Bay salt ponds
Interactive satellite view

Geology
Ponds
Food preservation is about the ways and means which help to preserve food. Food spoils from bacteria if it is not treated.  For thousands of years, humans have used methods of preserving food, so that they can store food to eat later. The simplest methods of preserving food, such as drying strips of fish or meat in the hot sun have been used for thousands of years, and they are still used today by indigenous peoples. The other ancient method is to use salt, and often drying and salting are done together. 

Food is spoiled because microorganisms change it.  There are five basic techniques which make food last longer:
 Killing the microorganisms, or preventing them from multiplying
 Contact of microoganisms with food is prevented
 Certain additives prevent or slow the growth of microoganisms; this is often called curing
Usually several of the techniques are combined.

Methods of preserving food

Common ways of preserving food are:

Heating the food or baking it (a hard corn-flour biscuit stays edible much longer than a bowl of fresh corn)
Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur found that simply heating food kills most microorganisms and makes it last longer. Liquids such as milk are commonly pasteurized. However, the heating has to be done precisely according to a procedure
Converting the food into a longer-lasting form (for example, fresh goat's milk can be converted into cheese or yogurt, which lasts much longer than fresh milk)
Pickling: putting vegetables, meat, or fish in salty water (brine). Salting the food:  Covering it with dry salt
Putting the food in a jar with alcohol (ethanol) or vinegar, also called pickling
Putting large amounts of sugar into the food (for example, as with jam or fruit jarred in sugar and water)
Drying in the sun or in an oven
Smoking the food with the smoke from burning wood. Usually, this is done to food that was salted first.
Keeping the food cold or frozen, including freeze-drying
Adding other preservatives such as sorbates (sorbic acid), sulfites and nitrites.

Multiple methods
Many common methods use several of these approaches at the same time. For example, pickles preserved in a jar are heated then put in a mixture of vinegar and brine. Fruit jams and jellies are heated and mixed with a large amount of sugar. Some preserved fruit is heated and then mixed with alcohol (for example, Brandy) and a large amount of sugar. Smoked hams are cured in brine and then exposed to the smoke from burning wood chips.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical. All living things make ATP to store energy and to move it to the cells that need it. An ATP molecule is like an oil barrel that stores and transports fuel. Cells get all of their energy from ATP. They break ATP molecules apart to use the stored energy. The harder a cell works, the more ATP it needs.

Chemical form 
A molecule of ATP has three parts. A chemical base called adenine is joined to a ribose. This makes adenosine. The adenosine is joined to a line of three phosphate groups, called a triphosphate. It takes a lot of energy to hold the phosphates together. When a cell needs energy, a chemical process frees one of the phosphates from the ATP molecule. It's like taking the lid off the oil barrel. The energy that was holding the phosphate is freed at the same time.

After this, the molecule only has two phosphate groups, so it is called adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ADP molecules and free phosphates are used again to make more ATP. Plants get the components of ATP from sunlight, water, and soil. They make ATP using the process of photosynthesis. Animals get the components of ATP mostly from food. They make ATP using the process of cellular respiration.

Creation and Use
All cell processes that support life use the energy carried by ATP molecules. For example in plants, ATP is made by photosynthesis. However, it also supplies the energy for photosynthesis. In animals, ATP is needed for muscle movement, nerve signals, brain processes, and making new cells.

ATP is made and used and made again, in a cycle. First, ADP joins with a phosphate to make ATP. Energy is used to hold the new molecule together. In other words, when a bond is made, energy is stored. This is an endothermic reaction. Then, when the bond is broken, the energy is freed. This is an exothermic reaction. The cycle of making and breaking ATP only stops when a cell dies.

Cell Functions
ATP is used in other ways for many cellular processes. Here are some examples.

 It is used to make complex molecules such as DNA and RNA.
 It is used to make proteins.
 It is used to move large molecules into cells (endocytosis) and out of cells (exocytosis).

History
 ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann and Jendrassik, and at the same time, by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subba Rao at Harvard Medical School. 
 In 1941, Fritz Albert Lipmann suggested ATP was the connection between reactions that take energy, and reactions that give energy, in cells.
 ATP was first made in a laboratory by Alexander Todd in 1948.
 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 was given to two groups who researched ATP. Half of the prize was given to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for explaining how the enzyme ATP synthase makes ATP. The other half of the prize was given to Jens C. Skou for finding a very important cell enzyme that uses ATP, Na+/K+-ATPase.

References 
Plunkett, John. Karol, Michael (January 11, 2008) "ATP for muscle contraction" </ref>

Cellular respiration
Shrimp refers to small, decapod crustacea. Shrimp are mainly found in three groups: Caridea, Procarididea, and Dendrobranchiata. There are thousands of species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one.

Adult shrimp are filter feeding benthic animals that live close to the bottom. They can live in schools and can swim rapidly backwards. They have a high tolerance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators. They play important roles in the food chain and are important food sources for larger animals from fish to whales.

Shrimp are related to prawns. In cooking, the criterion is often only the size of the animal (prawns are bigger). Biologically, prawns and shrimp can be told apart by the structure of their gills. In prawns, the gills are branching; in shrimp they are not.

Food 
Many shrimp species are caught to be eaten. Usually, the head and the digestive tract are removed before the shrimp is eaten. The muscular tails of shrimp can be eaten, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption.

Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year. In 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming took off during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There is often pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used for shrimp farming.

References

Related pages 

 Prawn
 Krill

Decapods
Seafood
Martin Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a Welsh novelist. His best known novels include Money (1984), London Fields (1989), Time's Arrow (1991) and The Information (1995).
 
Affected by several writers including his father Sir Kingsley Amis, Amis's style of writing has affected a generation of writers. His recent work has looked at moral and geopolitical issues, including The Holocaust, Communist Russia, and the September 11, 2001 attacks and Islamism.

Early life 
 
Amis was born in Swansea, South Wales. He was the middle of three children, with an older brother, Philip, and a younger sister, Sally. He went to many different schools in the 1950s and 1960s. The fame of his father's first novel Lucky Jim sent the Amises to Princeton, New Jersey, where his father lectured. Amis's parents, Hilly and Kingsley, divorced when he was twelve.

Amis graduated from Exeter College, Oxford. He graduated with a first-class degree in English. After Oxford, he got a job at The Times Literary Supplement. At age 27, he became literary editor of The New Statesman.

Early writing 

His first novel The Rachel Papers (1973) won the Somerset Maugham Award. It tells the story of a smart, self-centered teenager (which Amis says he based on himself) and his relationship with his girlfriend in the year before going to university.

Dead Babies (1975) has a typically 1960s plot. It has a house full of characters who abuse various substances. A movie version was made in 2000 which was unsuccessful.

Success (1977) told the story of two foster-brothers, Gregory Riding and Terry Service, and their good and bad luck. 

Other People: A Mystery Story (1981), about a young woman coming out of a coma.

Later career 

Money (subtitled A Suicide Note) is a first-person narrative by John Self. He was an advertising man who wanted to be a movie director. The book follows him as he flies back and forth across the Atlantic looking for success. The book was a huge success and is Amis's most highly regarded work.

London Fields is Amis's longest book. It show the encounters between three main characters in London in 1999, as a climate disaster draws near.

Time's Arrow is about a doctor who helped torture Jews during the Holocaust. It was written in the form of an autobiography. The story is unusual because time runs backwards during the entire novel.

The Experience is mainly about his relationship with his father, Kingsley Amis. He also writes about finding long-lost daughter, Delilah Seale and of how one of his cousins, 21-year-old Lucy Partington, became a victim of suspected serial killer Fred West.

He lives and writes in London and Uruguay and is married to writer Isabel Fonseca, his second wife.

Other websites 
The Martin Amis Web
Martin Amis - Author Page (Guardian Books)
Martin Amis interviewed by Ginny Dougary  (2006)

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
People educated at Westminster School, London 
People from Swansea
Welsh novelists
Writers from Glamorgan
Xi Shun (Bao Xishun) (China, born in 1951) is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's tallest living man. He is 2.36 meters (7 ft 9 in) tall. The last time he was measured was on January 15 of 2005. On August 7, 2007 Leonid Stadnyk was measuring and was found to be taller than him. In September of 2005 he made his first trip outside of China to London to visit Guinness World Records.

Xi Shun served in the People's Republic of China army but got discharged because of rheumatism. He once saved some dolphins' lives by getting pieces of plastic from their stomachs that veterinarians could not reach.

1951 births
Living people
Chinese people
World record holders
Crabs are a form of decapods (having eight walking legs and two grasping claws), along with lobsters, crayfish and shrimps. Crabs form an order within the decapods, called the Brachyura. Their short body is covered by a thick exoskeleton.

They are an extremely successful group, found all over the world. They are basically heavily armoured shell-breakers. Most crabs live in sea-water, but there are some who live in fresh water, and some who live on land. The smallest are the size of a pea; the largest (the Japanese spider crab) grows to a leg span of 4 metres. About 7,000 species are known.

Structure and life-style

Body 
Crabs have short tails. A crab's tail and  reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax. It is folded under its body, and may not be visible at all unless the crab is turned over. Usually they have a very hard exoskeleton. This means they are well protected against predators. Crabs are armed with a single pair of claws. Crabs can be found in all oceans. Some crabs also live in fresh water, or live completely on land.

Pincers 

The pincers (claws) of crabs are their most important weapons. They have at least three functions. The pincers' role in eating is to seize and subdue the prey. If the food is a shellfish (mollusc), then the pincers can exert force to open or break the mollusc's shell. Pincers are also used in fighting between males, and for signalling to other crabs.

Food 
Crabs are omnivores, they eat almost anything they find. Often this is algae, but animal food is essential for its good health and development. They will eat molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, fungi and bacteria.

Crabs as food 
Crabs are prepared and eaten all over the world. Some species are eaten whole, including the shell, such as soft-shell crab; with other species just the claws and/or legs are eaten. In some regions spices improve the culinary experience. In Asia, Masala Crab and Chilli crab are examples of heavily spiced dishes. In Maryland, blue crab is often eaten with Old Bay Seasoning.

For the British dish Cromer crab, the meat is extracted and placed inside the hard shell. One American way to prepare crab meat is by extracting it and adding a flour mix, creating a crab cake. Crabs are also used in bisque, a French soup.

Evolution 
True crabs appear in the fossil record in the Lower Jurassic. They are part of the 'Mesozoic marine revolution', in which a number of sea-floor predators evolved.

Tailpiece 
The closest relatives of the crabs are anomurans, a crustacean group which includes animals such as hermit crabs, king crabs and squat lobsters. They look a lot like crabs and many have the word 'crab' in their name, but are not true crabs. Anomurans can be told apart by the number of legs: crabs have eight legs, along with two claws or pincers, while the last pair of an anomuran's legs is hidden inside the shell, so that only six are visible.

References
Gran Colombia was a country formed after New Granada declared independence in 1819. The rebels, led by Simon Bolivar, defeated the Spanish Empire but then fought among themselves. In 1831 Venezuela and Ecuador, being the eastern and southern part of the country, declared independence from Gran Colombia. After that the remaining territory is just called Colombia.  Decades later, Panama also became independent from Colombia.

Sources

1821 establishments
1830s disestablishments
A nail is a hard part of the body at the tip of the fingers and toes, of which most people have ten. Toenails and fingernails are similar, except that toenails grow four times more slowly. Only certain mammals have nails: mostly, they are found in primates. They are made of the same kind of material (keratin) as the claws of other animals.

Like hair, nails never stop growing. They must be cut from time to time. It does not hurt when people cut their nails as they are not innervated.  The nails are made up of a protein called keratin which also makes up the main element of hair and skin. People paint their nails to make themselves look more attractive, usually females. On occasion nails can grow into the skin acting as a place of infection known as an ingrowing nail. They can hurt, so are often treated through medicine. The cutting and painting of the nails is called a manicure.

Functions 
The functions of nails are not obvious. They include:

 Protecting the fingertip and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. 
 Helping delicate movements of the fingertips by allowing counter-pressure on the pulp of the finger. The nail then acts as a counterforce when the end of the finger touches an object. This improves the sensitivity of the fingertip, even though there are no nerve endings in the nail itself. 
 The nail is a tool. For example, when a person pulls out a splinter in a finger. Also, it may be used for some cutting or scraping actions.
Fingernails are a part of the body often used for display in females.

Related pages 
Nail art
Manicure
Body art
Cosmetics
Lipstick

References 

Limbs and extremities
Integumentary system
Jacob de Gheyn III is a famous painting.

It was painted by Rembrandt in 1632 and is the most stolen painting in the world. It has been stolen and recovered from galleries  at least four times, making it the world's most stolen painting.

Every time the painting has been recovered anonymously and as a consequence nobody was accused of the theft. This painting by Rembrandt is so well known that it would be difficult for a thief to take it again.
 
Jacob de Gheyn III, also known as Jacob III de Gheyn (1596–1641), was a Dutch Golden Age engraver, son of Jacob de Gheyn II, canon of Utrecht (city), and the subject of a 1632 oil painting by Rembrandt. The portrait is half of a pair of pendent portraits. The other piece is a portrait of de Gheyn's friend Maurits Huygens, wearing similar clothing (ruffs and black doublets) and facing the opposite direction

As legend goes, a man by the name of Marcus Smith V was found in a gallery sneaking and slowly making his way toward the painting with intent to steal it. The ghost of Jacob de Gheyn III sneaked up behind him and killed him. the legend is most likely untrue because Smith was with a lover that night and was actually poisoned the next night.

17th-century paintings
Dutch paintings
Paintings by Rembrandt van Rijn
María Esther de Capovilla (September 14, 1889 – August 27, 2006) was an Ecuadorian supercentenarian. She was the world's oldest living person between May 29, 2004, aged 114 years 258 days, and her death from pneumonia on August 27, 2006, aged 116 years 347 days. At the time of her death she was verified as the sixth oldest person on record, and later the fifth oldest when the case of Shigechiyo Izumi was discounted. She remained the world's fifth oldest verified person until Misao Okawa surpassed her age in February 2015. Following Capovilla's death, Elizabeth Bolden became the world's oldest person.

Sources

1889 births
2006 deaths
People from Guayaquil
Deaths from pneumonia
Capovilla, Maria Esther de
Supercentenarians
Warts are growths on the skin. Very often they resemble solid blisters. Usually, applying pressure to a wart causes pain. Warts are caused by viruses in the HPV family. As there are many types of viruses in the HPV family, there are also many types of wart. In most cases, warts are not dangerous, but may cause a lot of pain.

The virus infects skin cells; if these skin cells move to other areas, new warts can grow there. Warts contain tissue that bleeds easily. A bleeding of this tissue allows the wart to spread to other places. In general, coming in contact with infected tissue spreads the infection.

There are different ways of getting rid of a wart:
 The immune system fights the virus, and can make the wart disappear.
 There are different drugs; many of them are corrosive acids. Regular application on the skin kills the cells which were infected by the virus. Other drugs strengthen the immune system.
 Some of the acids are difficult to handle, or have side-effects. Often, trained medical personnel is needed for their use.
 Different forms of surgery exist: Using a laser, electricity, or infrared radiation. Very often, the use of surgery causes scars.

Types of warts
There are different types of warts, caused by different HPV viruses:
common wart: a wart standing out, with a rough surface, usually occurs on hands or knees.
flat wart:  A small smooth flattened wart,which can occur in large numbers. Most common on the face, neck, hands, wrists and knees;
filiform or digitate wart: These warts look like threads or fingers. Most common on the face, especially near the eyelids and lips;
plantar wart: A hard sometimes painful lump, often with many black dots in the center; usually only found on pressure points on the soles of the feet and on hands;
mosaic wart: Many plantar warts close together. Usually on the hands or soles of the feet
genital wart  A wart that occurs on the genitals.

Getting rid of warts
There are different ways of getting rid of a wart:
There are some over the counter drugs, that usually contain an acid, very often salicylic acid. Getting rid of a wart that way involves cleaning the area around the wart, and treating it with the acid. This will slowly kill wart tissue. Dead tissue can then be removed. Getting rid of a wart that way usually takes several weeks. There are different drugs, with different acids. Some prescription drugs may contain stronger acids, such as chloroacetic acid or silver nitrate. All acids are caustic. This means, healthy tissue around the wart needs to be protected, before the substance is applied.
It is possible to kill off the wart using extreme cold (called cryotherapy). A physician or a specialist doctor for skin diseases usially does this. Before the cold is applied, a local anestetic is used to reduce the pain. Using this method will cause scars.
It is possible to do a special chemotherapy, called cytostatis. This will prevent cell growth.
It is possible to boost the immune system so it can better fight the wart.

Diseases caused by viruses
Ming Kipa is a Nepalese Sherpa girl who (as recorded in the 2009 Guinness Book of Records) was the youngest person to climb Mount Everest until 2010. She reached the summit on May 24, 2003 when she was 15 years old, with her brother Mingma Gyula and her sister Laphka. Nepalese law does not allow climbers under 16 to climb Everest, so Ming Kipa Sherpa summitted Everest from the Chinese side.

In 2010, her record was broken by 13-year old Jordan Romero.

References

Sherpa
Kipa, Ming
Kipa, Ming
1987 births
Living people
Mountain climbers
Sergey Karjakin  (born 12 January 1990 in Simferopol) is a Russian (formerly Ukrainian) chess grandmaster. 

He was a chess prodigy and holds the record for the youngest grandmaster in history, at the age of twelve years and seven months. 

On 25 July 2009 Karjakin adopted Russian citizenship and afterwards played for Russia.

He won Candidates Tournament 2016 and earned the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship. In November 2016, he lost the championship match to Magnus Carlsen in the rapid tiebreaks after drawing 6–6 in the classical games. He won the 2016 World Blitz Chess Championship. He played in the candidates tournament again in 2018, coming third.

References 

1990 births
Living people
Ukrainian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Yusuf Islam (born July 21, 1948) is an English singer. He sang many of his early songs when he called himself Cat Stevens. He was born as Stephen Demetre Georgiou to a Swedish mother and Greek father. He became a Muslim in 1977. After 2 years, he took the name of Yusuf İslam. He has sold over 60 million albums around the world since the late 1960s as Cat Stevens or Yusuf İslam.

As a waiter in his father's cafe, he began writing songs "to escape the mundanity of it all". Chart success was followed by adulation, touring, drug use, confusion, tuberculosis and, in the early 1970s, Islam's changed outlook and an album called Tea For The Tillerman.

Stevens nearly drowned in an accident in Malibu in 1975.  Stevens described the event in a VH1 interview some years later: "I suddenly held myself and I said, 'Oh God! If you save me, I'll work for you.'" He had looked into Buddhism; Zen and I Ching, numerology, tarot cards and astrology", but when his brother David gave him a copy of the Qu'ran, Stevens began to convert to Islam.

In 1977 he changed his name to Yusuf Islam upon becoming a Muslim. He stopped playing and recording pop music for almost 30 years, but started performing again in 2006.

He lives with his family in London, England.

Albums 
As Cat Stevens:
 1967: Matthew and Son
 1967: New Masters
 1970: Mona Bone Jakon
 1970: Tea for the Tillerman
 1971: Teaser and the Firecat
 1972: Catch Bull at Four
 1973: Foreigner
 1974: Buddha and the Chocolate Box
 1974: Saturnight (Live in Tokyo)
 1975: Numbers
 1977: Izitso
 1978: Back to Earth
 2004: Majikat

As Yusuf Islam:
 1995: The Life of the Last Prophet
 1999: Prayers of the Last Prophet
 2000: A Is for Allah
 2001: Bismillah
 2003: I Look I See
 2005: Indian Ocean
 2006: Footsteps in the Light
 2006: An Other Cup
 2007: Yusuf's Cafe Session
 2009: Roadsinger

References 

1948 births
Living people
Converts to Islam
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singers
Musicians from London
Multi-instrumentalists
The Malay language, or Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as parts of Southern Thailand. A language of the Malays, it is spoken by 290 million people across the Strait of Malacca, including the coasts of the Malay Peninsula of Malaysia and the eastern coast of Sumatra in Indonesia and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal Sarawak and West Kalimantan in Borneo. It is also used as a trading language in the southern Philippines, including the southern parts of the Zamboanga Peninsula, the Sulu Archipelago and the southern predominantly Muslim-inhabited municipalities of Bataraza and Balabac in Palawan.

Writing system 

Malay is normally written with the Latin alphabet called Rumi. But there is also a modified Arabic alphabet that is called Jawi. Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore, and the Indonesian language has a different official orthography that uses also the Latin script. Rumi and Jawi are  both official in Brunei. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use amongst Malays in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language  examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script. But the Latin alphabet is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. 

Historically, Malay has been written in various types of script. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using Pallava, Kawi and Rencong script and are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia.

References

Other websites 

 Malay-English Dictionary (Dr Bhanot's)
 Malay-English Dictionary (from Malay to English only)  from Webster's Dictionary 
 Malay-Chinese Online Dictionary
 Malay Translator

Austronesian languages
Malaysia
Languages of Singapore
Brunei
Euzebiusz Smolarek (born 9 January 1981) is a Polish football player. He plays for ADO Den Haag and Poland national team.

In 2004, he came to Dortmund with Bert van Maarwijk, who is his trainer. Before that, he played for Borussia Dortmund and under van Maarwijk with Feyenoord Rotterdam. He is also in the Poland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||25||3
|-
|2001/02||19||2
|-
|2002/03||0||0
|-
|2003/04||21||7
|-
|2004/05||3||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||15||3
|-
|2005/06||34||13
|-
|2006/07||30||9
|-
|2007/08||2||0

|-
|2007/08||Racing Santander||La Liga||34||4

|-
|2008/09||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||12||0

|-
|2009/10||Kavala||Super League||15||3
68||12
81||25
34||4
12||0
15||3
210||44
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||11||4
|-
|2007||6||6
|-
|2008||11||2
|-
|2009||5||4
|-
|2010||4||1
|-
!Total||47||20
|}

References

Other websites
 Euzebiusz Smolarek 90minut.pl Info

1981 births
Living people
People from Łódź
Polish footballers