cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Boyz II Men is an American boy band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They were popular in the early 1990s. Founded in 1988 as a quintet (group of five people), Boyz II Men found fame as a quartet (group of four), with members Nathan Morris, Michael McCary, Shawn Stockman, and Wanya Morris, on Motown Records during the early 1990s.

Based on sales, Boyz II Men is the most successful R&B male vocal group of all time. It has recorded five #1 R&B hits between 1992 and 1997 and has since sold more than 90 million albums and 50 million singles. Three of its #1 hits, "End of the Road", "I'll Make Love to You", and "One Sweet Day" (with Mariah Carey), set and broke records for the longest period of time a single remained at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

1988 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American boy bands
American R&B bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1980s establishments in Pennsylvania
John Lester "Johnny" Nash Jr. (August 19, 1940 – October 6, 2020) was an American reggae and soul singer. His best known singles were "I Can See Clearly Now", "Hold Me Tight" and "Tears on My Pillow".

Career
His biggest hit was "I Can See Clearly Now" in 1972.

In his late teens Johnny Nash came to the attention of Arthur Godfrey and put in many appearances on his TV show. He also had a featured role in the motion picture "Take A Giant Step". Johnny began recording for the ABC Paramount label, and under the guidance of arranger producer Don Costa, he made a number of albums of standards. Including "Johnny Nash", "Let's Get Lost", "The Quiet Hour", "Studio Time" and "I Got Rhythm". Even though he possessed a superb singing voice, it seems that in the early 1960s, all young black male ballad singers were overshadowed by another Johnny. Johnny Mathis. Johnny Nash never really came into the forefront of pop music. He made a couple of obscure jazz tinged albums for the Argo label. Then after being off the scene for a couple of years, he emerged with a new music genre, the reggae, soul and caribbean type song stylings. This was the mid 70's and he found new fans and a new popularity.

On June 25, 2019, The New York Times listed Johnny Nash among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Personal life
Nash was born in Houston, Texas. He died on October 6, 2020 in Houston at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2020 deaths
American soul singers
American composers
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Writers from Houston, Texas
Actors from Houston, Texas
Singers from Houston, Texas
Reggae musicians
Linda Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is an American retired singer. She was born in Tucson, Arizona. She has won ten Grammy Awards and many other awards.

Ronstadt has never married. She has an adopted daughter and adopted son. She has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Her autobiography was published in 2013.

References

1946 births
Living people
Country musicians from Arizona
American pop singers
American rock singers
Singers from Tucson, Arizona
People with Parkinson's disease
North Dakota is a state in the United States.  672,591 people lived in North Dakota in the year 2010.  The capital and seat of government is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo.

Geography 
North Dakota is south of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, east of Montana, north of South Dakota, and west of Minnesota.  Manitoba and Saskatchewan are provinces - part of Canada.  Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota are other states in the United States.

Weather 
North Dakota is not close to any big bodies of water (oceans or seas). Because of this, temperatures in North Dakota are very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter. In the summer, there are sometimes strong thunderstorms. These storms can have tornadoes and hail.

History 

Before European people came, Native American people lived in the area now called North Dakota. One important tribe was the Mandan.

North Dakota was one of the last US states to be settled. (To have people go there to make homes and live.) On November 2, 1889, North Dakota (and South Dakota) became part of the United States.

Economy 
Most of the economy is based on agriculture. The most important agricultural crops are durum, a type of wheat, which is grown all across the state.  In the Red River Valley, there is more rain, and maize (corn) and sugar beets are grown as well.  In the Badlands, there is less rain, and more cattle are raised than crops.

North Dakota has the only bank in the United States that is owned by the state. The Bank of North Dakota is where all of the money from all government agencies is held. Most banks in the United States are guaranteed by the FDIC (acronym for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.) The FDIC guarantees that people will not lose money if a bank fails. But the Bank of North Dakota is insured by the state of North Dakota.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in North Dakota
 List of counties in North Dakota

References 

 
1889 establishments in the United States
The  rainbow flag is a multi-colored flag consisting of stripes in the colors of the rainbow that is displayed in many cultures around the world as a sign of diversity and inclusiveness. The German pastor Thomas Müntzer used a rainbow flag as a symbol of solidarity as early as the German Peasants' War of the 16th century. It is common as a symbol of the Peace movement, first used this way in a peace march in Italy in 1961.

Meher Baba (1924)

In 1924 the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba designed a rainbow flag. It is flown each year near his tomb near Ahmednagar, India during the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969. Baba explained the symbolism, saying, "The colors in the flag signify man's rise from the grossest of impressions of lust and anger – symbolized by red – to the culmination in the highest state of spirituality and oneness with God – symbolized by sky blue."

Cursillo (1944)

The rainbow is also a symbol in the Christian and Jewish Bible. It shows God's promise to Noah and his family to never cover the world in water again.

A Christian movement known as Cursillo, founded in 1944, uses these traditional rainbow symbols, including flags.  Their version can have 5 to 7 colors, with red at the top, blue or purple at the bottom, and the Spanish words De Colores! ("of colors") in large letters on the front.

Peace movement (1961)

This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons. The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word PACE, meaning "peace".

Gay pride movement (1978)

It has also been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since it's creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.

References 

Rainbow flag
Dualism is the idea or theory that something (an object, an idea or the whole world) is split into two parts. These parts are separate from each other, and the thing cannot be divided up in any other way. The idea or theory that something cannot be split into any parts is called monism. The idea that something can be split into many parts is called pluralism.

In philosophy there are many kinds of dualism.
 In the philosophy of mind dualism means that the mind and the body are two very different things. Nothing that is part of the body can be part of the mind and nothing that is part of the mind can be part of the body. People like this sort of dualism because they think that the mind is too important or too strange to be part of the body. A contrasting idea is that the mind and body are the same thing or that mind is just another word for the brain. (See also René Descartes)
 In epistemology, dualism means that there is a barrier between a person and the world around them. This barrier splits the world into two for that person, into 'myself' and 'the world'. Each person can see, hear, taste, smell and touch the world but cannot know it directly. For example, somebody cannot know just by looking that things are made up of many atoms. This means that something could happen in the world that we would not know about because we could not see, hear, taste, smell or touch it. A non-dualist idea is that a person is just another part of the world and that there is no barrier. For example, it could be said that if somebody cannot see, hear, taste, touch or smell something then it does not affect them.

Dualism is also a common sense idea. For example, it is a form of dualism to say that a thing is either hot or cold, good or bad, mine or somebody else's, with no allowance for possible states in between.

Ditheism
In theology, dualism may also refer to duotheism, bitheism or ditheism. This the doctrine or belief that there are two independent divine beings or eternal principles, one good and the other evil. Examples of ditheism include Zoroastrianism, Wicca and Marcionism. Although the Bible mentions Satan, this is not ditheism as he is not equal to God, but merely an angel. (See Epistle of Jude, verse 6). Ditheism is not the same as dualism, but they are similar. Ditheism implies (at least) two gods, while moral dualism does not imply any -theism (belief in a god) whatsoever.

References 

Philosophical movements and positions
Theology
Vomiting, also called puking, is emptying the contents of stomach through mouth. It can be either food or liquid in the stomach. It can be from infection, contaminated food or drink (food poisoning), foul smells or foul-tasting food, the brain being injured, a block in the small intestines so food and liquid cannot go through, too much alcohol or other drugs. Also, people can make themselves vomit (self-induced) which is called purging. Usually people who have eaten or drunk poison are made to vomit any residual (leftover) poison off. Excessive vomiting may lead to dehydration, which can be dangerous, if not fatal as it will shut down a person's organs and twist the intestines.
 Color of vomit
 Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus.
 Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
 Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach, because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
 Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)

Related pages
E. coli

Symptoms
A blood vessel is a tube that carries blood in the circulatory system. Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart are veins. Capillaries are between veins and arteries and they supply tissue with blood. 

The heart plus all of the blood vessels in the body together are called the circulatory system. Blood is moved by the pumping of the heart and carries oxygen to the tissues. 

The expansion of blood vessels is called vasodilation, it helps the body to get rid of heat energy (vas- in Latin means "container" or "vessel").
The constriction of blood vessels is called vasoconstriction, it prevents the body from losing warmth. 

There are 100,000 km (60,000 miles) of blood vessels in an adult human body.

Growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis.

Structure 
Different parts of the body have different kinds of blood vessels for different parts of their work.  The vessel wall consists of three shells:

 inner - represented by the endothelium (single-layer squamous epithelium), which is built of elongated endothelial cells located on the basement membrane, and the subendothelial layer, which is based on loose fibrous connective tissue;
 middle - consists of circular bundles of smooth muscle cells with layers of elastic fibers;
 external - is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains a lot of blood vessels and nerve fibers.
The structure of the vessel wall depends on hemodynamic conditions: blood flow velocity, volume and blood pressure. Arteries located close to the heart are characterized by a predominance of elastic elements that are able to counteract high hemodynamic parameters. As you move away from the heart, hemodynamic values decrease, the caliber of blood vessels decreases and the number of muscle elements in their walls increases, which are able to create additional force to push blood into the network of the smallest vessels.

References
"Jana Gana Mana" (hi. जन गण मन) is the title for the national anthem of India. The original words were written in the Bengali language. It was originally a five-verse poem created in 1911 by Rabindranath Tagore—the same author for the Bangladeshi anthem. In January 1950, just the first verse was made to be officially part of the national anthem of India per the Constituent Assembly of India. In addition, the lyrics now contain many words of Sanskrit origin.

Lyrics

Transcriptions

References

Other websites

Second Option of Performance at YouTube

India
National anthems
The pink triangle is one of the two big symbols of the LGBT community. The other is the rainbow flag.
The pink triangle was first used in Nazi Germany to mark homosexual prisoners. There was also a black triangle that marked anti-social women. Many but not all of these women were lesbians. Jews wore the famous yellow star of David. If a prisoner was both Jewish and gay, he would wear a yellow triangle overlapped by a pink triangle, creating a star of David.

Homosexuality was illegal in Nazi Germany under a law called Paragraph 175, which made it a felony (a "very serious" crime). About 100,000 people were arrested, with about 50,000 sent to prison. Some were sent to mental hospitals. Some were castrated (had their testicles removed). Some homosexual men were also sent to concentration camps, especially Jewish homosexuals. Between 15,000 and 600,000 homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. Most of them died there. We are not sure of the real number. Prisoners who were Jewish and homosexual may not have been counted as homosexual.

Homosexual prisoners were treated worse than other prisoners. Their death rates were higher than other anti-social groups. One story by a gay man who lived in a concentration camp shows how it was. Pierre Seel was sent to the Schirmeck concentration camp. The Nazis said a public execution would happen. A man was brought out. Seel saw that the man was his 18 year old lover. The Nazis took all the clothes of Seel's lover and put a bucket over his head. Then Seel had to watch as the Nazis let German Shepherds (dogs) maul his lover to death.

After World War II, homosexual men were still not treated well in Germany. The law continued. It was used to hurt homosexuals and to put them in prison. Many spent years in prison.

The pink triangle observes the memory of the homosexual people who died in the Holocaust. It is important not to ignore these deaths. The killing of homosexuals both during WWII and after WWII ended is the secret story of the Holocaust. Using the pink triangle symbol puts these victims in the public view. It is in respect for those who died.
LGBT
A chat room is a virtual place on the Internet where people can get together and type messages to each other using text. People use programs like IRC to join a chat room and type messages or send pictures to the other people within that chat. There are also other programs called instant messengers to stay in contact with friends, colleagues and other people. Websites on the Internet often have types of chat rooms built into them, and lots of chat rooms also use .

Chat rooms are normally used as tools to talk with people that are far away, but many people still use them to talk to people who live near them, because it's very convenient.

Related pages 
 Chat

Internet communication
Messaging
Alan Wake is a video game made by Remedy Entertainment. It is a "thriller" game and was voted best game of E3 in 2005. It was released on Xbox 360 in May 2010 and Microsoft Windows in February 16, 2012.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official forums 
 Official Community site

2008 video games
Xbox 360 games
Windows games
50 Cent (also known as Fitty" or "Fifty") is an American rapper, actor, entrepreneur and executive producer. He was born in Queens, New York City on July 6, 1975. 50 Cent is his public name, but his birth name is Curtis Jackson. Growing up, he never knew his father and his mother were murdered when he was just 8 years old. He grew up in a neighborhood called STP. He learned how to play basketball and football. He got shot nine times in STP. Before becoming a rapper he was a drug dealer.

Career 
50 Cent first became successful in rap music in 2002. He was helped by his fellow gang boss Rijaan D. M. (the same person who helped him release track "Wanksta"). Since then, he has sold millions of records. His first album, "Get Rich Or Die Tryin'" broke music records and went multi-platinum. It was number one right away on the Billboard 200.  It sold 872,000 copies in the first four days. 50 and the album both won an  American Music Award. He won the first Sound of... award by the BBC for new artists. He also won the BET Award for Best New Artist.

In the summer of 2005, 50 Cent had a fight (or "beef") with The Game, a rapper in his G-Unit group. After this, The Game left G-Unit, and made some diss songs about 50 Cent. 50 Cent answered with songs like "Mr. Potato Head" and "300 shots" featuring G-Unit. 50 Cent was also the first to sign onto a joint effort between Eminem's Shady Records and Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment. 50 Cent also mentions Rijaan D.M. in many of his tracks e.g. 'Candy Shop', 'Down On Me FT Jeremih' etc. As a teen 50 Cent's role model was Tupac Shakur so, from the start his ambition was to be a gangster rapper. 50 Cent rapped on "Monster" on Michael Jackson's 2010 album Michael.

Albums 
 2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin'
 2005: The Massacre
 2007: Curtis
 2009: Before I Self Destruct
 2014: Animal Ambition
 2017: Street King Immortal (in production)

Awards

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded each year by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 50 Cent has been nominated 14 times and won once.

World Music Awards
The World Music Awards is a yearly international awards show. It honors recording artists based on their worldwide sales figures. The figures are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. 50 Cent has won six awards.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 50 Cent (Note: needs Adobe Flash)
 50 Cent 

1975 births
Living people
50 Cent
Actors from Queens
African American actors
American crime victims
American movie actors
Rap musicians from New York
Criminals from New York City
Drug dealers
Grammy Award winners
Movie producers from New York City
Musicians from Queens
Singers from New York City
African-American rappers
American composers
American fashion designers
American hip hop singers
American people convicted of drug offenses
American philanthropists
American record labels
American record producers
Brit Award winners
Businesspeople from New York City
Gangsta rappers
Pseudonyms
Writers from New York City
Subjects are the parts into which learning can be divided. At school, each lesson usually covers one subject only. Some of the most common subjects at school are English, history, mathematics, physical education and science.

Examples 
Primary school subjects: (ages 4–11)
 Art
 Citizenship
 Geography
 History
 Languages (French, German, Spanish) 
 Literacy
 Music 
 Natural history
 Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
 Science
 Arithmetic
Social Studies
Reading
Writing
Math

Secondary school subjects: (ages 11–16)
 Art
 Business studies
 Citizenship
 Critical reading
 Dance
 Design & technology
 Drama
 English
 Geography
 History
 Information and communication technology (ICT)
 Languages
 Mathematics
 Modern studies
 Music
 PE: Physical education
 P.S.H.E: Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
 RE: Religious education
 Science
 Study skills

Other subjects include: 
 Ancient Greek
 Animal husbandry
 Art
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Commerce
 Computer studies. 
 Design technology
 Drama
 Ethic(s)
 Food technology
 Foreign languages: Spanish, French, German, Irish, Welsh, Italian etc.
 Geography
 Health and hygiene
 Home economics
 Latin
 Literature
 Music
 Physics
 Psychology
 Religion
 Sociology
 Woodwork
Design Technology (Paper and Board, Resistant Materials, Food Technology, Textiles)

Other websites
 
 

Education
Learning English is what people do when they want to use the English language. In language learning, we often talk about language skills and language systems. Language skills include: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Language systems include vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

A lot of people learn English at school, where English is a common subjects. Many people also want to spend their own personal time to learn English. Some of these people may not know any English, where others will have learned some English in school, and will want to advance their knowledge of it.

Learning in schools
English is taught in many schools. It may be a required course for graduation, or students may choose to study it. For profit language schools are also common in many countries. These businesses sell English lessons.

Individual learning
Other people try to learn English on their own, or in a less formal setting than in a group of people with a teacher.

People might meet with others who are trying to learn English, in order to practice speaking.

People can also listen to radio broadcasts in English, or watch television programmes in English to help them improve their listening ability.  A popular channel to listen to the radio on is broadcast by the BBC, called the BBC World Service .

People can also study English by reading books, or listening to English courses on recorded CDs or cassettes.

Online learning
The internet boom has created lot of avenues for learning. People can get lot of ideas on how to improve English communication skills using search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. Especially during the lockdown due to Covid-19, online classes and courses became a main source of learning. The BBC World Service has a free website for people who are learning English as a second or foreign language called BBC Learning English.

Testing

Related pages 
 English as an additional language
 Wikipedia: Basic English picture wordlist, 200 words in Basic English with pictures

Other websites 
 BBC English learning center 

Learning
English language
Bioinformatics or computational biology is the study of large amounts of biological information or genome. It focuses on molecules like DNA. It is done often with the help of computers.

Foundation
As species of living things change over time, the DNA contained in their cells change, because of evolution. If we can extract the information from living things today, and compare them to each other, we can see which living things are most closely related, the most similar can be thought to be the most closely related in time. Biologists can then construct family trees, or phylogenies. By combining each tree, a grand tree connecting all living things can be made, this is called the "Tree of Life". Bioinformatics uses integration of mathematical, statistical and computational method to analyze biological, biochemical and biophysical data.

The process
All of the information needed by a cell is provided in its DNA. When a cell wants to build a protein, it finds the appropriate piece of DNA, makes a copy of it (called RNA), and uses the instructions in the copy to make the protein. 

Proteins can perform many functions like transportation, structural support, movement and metabolism. Proteins are made from amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids that are used to build millions of different protein molecules. 

These molecules can be studied using computers to analyze the DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences from which they are created. Because there are so many different molecules, the best way we have of understanding how the entire system works is to use bioinformatics.

Computers in bioinformatics
Chemists have developed ways to understand the shape and behavior of small molecules, using mathematical analysis. They might use computers to study these molecules. The DNA contained in just one cell of an organism is far too large to be read by any person, and to compare the DNA between two (or more) organisms, be they in the brother and sister, or of a completely different species, requires comparing large amounts of information to find differences. Computers are better suited to such comparisons, and computer programmers have worked with biologists to create very very large databases to store all the DNA information that has ever been learned.

Related pages
Sequence analysis

Branches of biology
Computer science
The Economy of India is the sixth

largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of $2.94 trillion (U.S.). If you consider PPP (purchasing power parity: how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is third largest (worth $10.51 trillion U.S.). However, due to India's huge population, the economy was still only $6,209 (considering PPP) per person per year in 2015.

India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. The service sector is the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its many well-educated people who can speak English, India became a pioneer in information technology.

For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment.This was started by Manmohan Singh under the leadership of P.V.Narasimha Rao.From then, the Indian Economy grew at a rapid pace.

The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment. Although poverty has gone down 10% since the 1980s, a quarter of India's citizens still cannot pay for enough food.
Multiplayer is a term for games, usually video games, meaning more than one person can play it.  It was popularized by gaming systems like the Nintendo 64 that allowed four joysticks to be plugged into a home console unit for head-to-head play, competitive, or cooperative play.

Types of video games
Video game gameplay
Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic (born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, parodist, record producer, satirist, music video director, movie producer, actor, and author. He is known mainly for his parodies of popular songs. He has also starred in the movie called UHF (1989). Yankovic had a children's program for a short time. It was named The Weird Al Show. He has made parodies of songs such as "American Pie" (his ever popular "The Saga Begins"), "Ridin'" ("White and Nerdy"), "Bad" ("Fat"), "Like a Virgin" ("Like a Surgeon") and "Gangster's Paradise" ("Amish Paradise").

He also has a band to help him perform his songs. His band members are: Jim West (guitar), Steve Jay (bass), Rubén Valtierra (piano), and Jon Schwartz (drums).

Yankovic has also written a children's book titled When I Grow Up.

Early life
Alfred was born in Downey, California. He was raised in the town of Lynwood, California. He is the only child of Nick Louis Yankovic (June 4, 1917 – April 9, 2004) and Mary Elizabeth Yankovic (née Vivalda; February 7, 1923 – April 9, 2004). His father was born in Kansas City, Kansas, of Yugoslavian ancestry, and began living in California after serving during World War II; he believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy.  Nick Yankovic married Mary Elizabeth Vivalda in 1949. Mary, who was of Italian and English descent, and had come to California from Kentucky, gave birth to Alfred ten years later.

References

Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American movie actors
Singer-songwriters from California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
1959 births
Living people
People from Downey, California
Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner  (born 2 October 1951) better known as Sting, is an English singer and musician. He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.

As a solo musician and a member of the Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most played song in radio history. In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording. In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014, and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.

With the Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists. Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records. In 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of Q magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century. He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. In 2018, he released the album 44/876, a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.

Studio albums 
 The Dream of the Blue Turtles  (1985)
 Bring On the Night  (1986)
 ...Nothing Like the Sun  (1987)
 The Soul Cages  (1991)
 Ten Summoner’s Tales  (1993)
 Mercury Falling  (1996)
 Brand New Day  (1999)
 Sacred Love  (2003)
 Songs from the Labyrinth  (2006)
 If on a Winter’s Night...  (2009)
 Symphonicities  (2010)
 The Last Ship  (2013)
 57th & 9th  (2016)
 Sting & Shaggy: 44/876  (2018)
 My Songs  (2019)
The Bridge (2021)

1951 births
Living people
English guitarists
English movie actors
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
English television actors
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Starbucks is a chain of stores that sell coffee. A chain is many stores owned by the same company. Many of the stores look the same, and all stores sell the same items, often at the same prices. As well as coffee, Starbucks sells beverages and baked goods.

Starbucks started in Seattle in the United States in 1971. The number of stores has grown quickly. There are over 9,000 Starbucks stores all over the world. Most of these stores are in the United States. Some large cities in the U.S. have many Starbucks stores. Sometimes they open so many stores in one city that there are two Starbucks within a few blocks of each other.

Starbucks sells many kinds of drinks. There are 5 sizes: short, tall, grande, venti and trenta. There are many ways to customize each drink. A frappuccino, for example, is a cold drink. Flavored syrup and cream is added to coffee or juice and stirred with ice.

Some stores sell special items, such as mugs related to the city they are located in.

International growth

The first Starbucks in Japan opened in Ginza in 1996. There were 985 stores in Japan in 2012.

References 

American food companies
Coffee houses
1971 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington (state)
Companies based in Seattle, Washington
Frasier is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammer. The series aired on NBC from 1993-2004. It was a spin-off from Cheers. Story based upon the intellectual, mild mannered psychiatrist and his life. Revolving around his personal life and hilarious interpersonal interactions with his father (Martin Crane, an ex-cop who got shot in the hip, so he needs a cane), his eccentric brother Niles, who is also a psychiatrist, his father's attractive English health care worker Daphne Moon and a host of folks he regularly runs into / works with at the radio station (including his producer Roz Doyle) where he hosts a community psychiatric call-in show.

Cast :
Dr. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
Daphne Moon (Jane Leeves)
Dr. Niles Crane (David Hyde Pierce)
Roz Doyle (Peri Gilpin)
John Mahoney (Martin Crane)

Other websites 

1993 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
2000s American sitcoms
American television spin-offs
NBC network shows
Television series about brothers
Television series about families
Television series set in Seattle, Washington
English-language television programs
A spin-off is something new that comes from something already present. If military technology finds civilian use, for example, that is one kind of spin-off. It is often used for video games, movies, and television programmes, but it can also be used when talking about companies or organisations.  A spin-off may have the same people, places, themes or ideas as the original.

Spin-offs in television
 Frasier (spin-off from Cheers)
 Angel (spin-off from Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 The Facts of Life (spin-off of Diff'rent Strokes)
 She-Ra: Princess of Power (spin-off from He-Man and the Masters of the Universe)
 Daria (spin-off from Beavis and Butthead, which was a spin-off from Liquid Television)
 The Simpsons (spin-off from The Tracey Ullman Show)
 Torchwood (spin-off from Doctor Who)
Jack and the Pack and All Engines Go (spin-off from Thomas and Friends)
 A.N.T. Farm (spin-off from Kids Incorporated)
 Sam & Cat (spin-off from iCarly and Victorious)
 The Jeffersons (spin-off from All in the Family)

Entertainment
Bauxite is the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide.

Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)3, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO2. It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1821 by geologist Pierre Berthier. Today the four biggest producers are Australia, Brazil, China and India.

Kinds 

There are two main kinds of bauxite ores: carbonate bauxites (karst bauxites), and silicate bauxites (lateritic bauxites). Carbonate bauxites were discovered earlier, and occur mainly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite.

Lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt. They were formed from various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale.

For bauxite to be created there must be intense weathering conditions and very good drainage. Bauxite deposits with highest aluminium content are frequently located below an iron-bearing surface layer. In lateritic bauxite, the aluminum hydroxide contained in laterite deposits is almost entirely a form called gibbsite.

Rocks
Ores
Lionel Richie (born June 20, 1949) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1980s songs.

Early life
Richie was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. His family is of African American, Cherokee Native American, English, French-Canadian and Scottish descent. He spent his childhood there. He spent his teenage years in Joliet, Illinois.

Career
He started his career with The Commodores; between him and the band, Three Times a Lady is their best remembered song. His self-titled debut album was one of the biggest music successes of 1982. More successful was its follow-up, Can't Slow Down.

In 1984, as a surprise guest, he sang All Night Long to a worldwide audience of over two billion at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

After a few years break, Richie returned to the music industry in 1996 with Louder than Words. Another album of his, Renaissance, came out four years later and featuring the song Angel.

Richie made a dramatic comeback to the top of the charts in 2012 with Tuskegee, a country album made up of new versions of many of his biggest hit songs, each featuring a different guest artist. It became his first Number 1 album on the Billboard 200 chart since 1986, and also reached Number 1 on the Billboard country album chart. Tuskegee also became his first album since 1986 to be certified as platinum (more than 1 million copies sold) by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Personal life
In 1990, Richie adopted Nicole Escovedo. Her name is now Nicole Richie. She co-starred on Fox's The Simple Life with Paris Hilton.

Television
 American Idol (2018) - Judge

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
African American musicians
American pianists
American pop musicians
American R&B singers 
American soul musicians
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Alabama
Singers from Illinois
People from Joliet, Illinois
Walt Disney Pictures is a movie studio from the United States that makes family-friendly movies with a G and PG rating from the MPAA, like Pinocchio and The Nightmare Before Christmas. The only non-G/PG rated Disney movies are 2003's Pirates of the Caribbean, which was given a PG-13 rating, its sequels, and John Carter, which were also rated PG-13.

Walt Disney Pictures started as a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios in 1985. Before that, Disney movies were released under the Walt Disney Productions name.

Part of film distributor Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group, the studio also has Walt Disney Feature Animation and Disney MovieToons.

Related pages
List of Disney movies
List of Disney animated movies

Other websites 
The Official Site
The Big Cartoon DataBase page for Disney animated movies

Movie studios
American animation studios
Disney companies
1929 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Burbank, California
The scrotum is the bag that holds the testicles (commonly called balls) in male mammals. It is made of skin and muscle and is found between the penis and anus. It is often covered in pubic hair and becomes tight when the male is aroused.

Use 

The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body. Human testicles work best at 36.8 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) when normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures than 36.8 degrees will damage the sperm inside the testicles.

The temperature is controlled by moving the testicles closer to the abdomen when they are too cold, and away when too hot. This is done by muscles contracting or relaxing. This lifts and lowers the testicles inside the scrotum. The scrotum will usually tighten during erection. The testicles can also be lifted by tightening the anus and pelvic muscles.

Temperature 
The best temperature for the testes varies between species, but usually it is a bit cooler than body temperature. This means that the testicles have to be held outside of the body in most male mammals.

Protection
The scrotum may move the testes closer to the abdomen when in danger. Testes are extremely sensitive, and hitting or injuring them causes extreme pain. Males avoid this by involunatirly moving the testes closer. 

Another explanation for the location of the scrotum is to that their exterior location protects the testes from jolts and being crushed inside the body. Animals that have slow movements - such as elephants, whales, and moles - have internal testes and no scrotum.

When the scrotum is hanging loosely, the testicular cords that the testicle hangs from can get twisted. This is especially prone to happen during exercise.  This is called testicular_torsion. It is a medical emergency.

Gallery

Related pages
 Sex organ
 Castration
 Penis

References 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Ingots are bars of metal, formed by pouring the molten metal into a mould. This is done after it has been purified from the ore. Gold ingots are often seen in movies. 

Metals
Westlife is an Irish boy band who formed in 1998. Its members once were Shane Filan, Kian Egan, Nicky Bryne, and Mark Feehily. Then Bryan McFadden left the band on March 9, 2004 to give more of his time to his family life with the British TV personality and former Atomic Kitten member Kerry Katona, although he has subsequently separated from her and changed the spelling of his first name back to 'Brian'.

Westlife did not manage success in America, although their debut single, "Swear It Again" was a minor hit on mainstream radio and MTV. Its video made MTV's Total Request Live briefly, and it managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 2000, going up to No. 20 on the chart. Their debut American album was also released in 2000, but flopped. Beyond Europe and the USA, Westlife's fan base is truly global, including Canada, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

Like most other boy bands, Westlife was primarily marketed to teenagers, besides girls there were approximately 20% of Westlife fans are male. They also had a large following among gay men, and performed numerous times at gay venues in the UK.

It was announced in October 2011 that Westlife would split in 2012. They had their last concert in Dublin, Ireland in 2012. Tickets for it sold out in 5 minutes.

Members 
 Shane Filan
 Nicky Byrne
 Mark Feehily
 Kian Egan

Past members
 Brian McFadden

Success 
The band has been very successful since it was started and is popular in both Ireland and United Kingdom, with hits like:

 "Swear It Again" (1999)
 "If I Let You Go" (1999)
 "Flying Without Wings" featuring BoA (appeared on the Pokémon 2000 soundtrack) (1999)
 "I Have A Dream"/"Seasons In The Sun" (covers of ABBA and Terry Jacks respectively) (1999)
 "Fool Again" (2000)
 "Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)" (with Mariah Carey) (cover of Phil Collins) (2000)
 "My Love" (2000)
 "Uptown Girl" (cover of Billy Joel) (2001)
 "Queen Of My Heart" (2001)
 "World of Our Own" (2002)
 "Unbreakable" (2002)
 "Mandy" (cover of Barry Manilow) (2003)
 "You Raise Me Up" (2005)
 "The Rose" (2006)

Not every single of theirs has gone to No. 1 in the UK:

 "What Makes a Man" (2000) #2
 "Bop Bop Baby" (2002) #5
 "Hey Whatever" (2003) #4
 "Obvious" (2004) #3
 "Home" (2007) #3
 "Us Against The World" (2008) #8
 "What About Now" (2004) #2
 "Safe" (2010) #10

The band have also won ITV's Record of the Year competition on a record four occasions, with "Flying Without Wings", "My Love", "Mandy" and "You Raise Me Up".

Discography 
 1999 "Westlife" #2 UK, #129 US
 2000 "Coast to Coast" #1 UK
 2001 "World of Our Own" #1 UK
 2002 "Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits - Vol. 1" #1 UK
 2003 "Turnaround" #1 UK
 2004 "Allow Us To Be Frank" #3 UK
 2005 "Face to Face" #1 UK
 2006 "The Love Album" #1 UK
 2007 "Back Home" #1 UK
 2009 "Where We Are" #2 UK
 2010 "Gravity" #3 UK
 2011 "Greatest Hits" #4 UK
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Boy bands
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical quartets
Musical quintets
An ulcer is a kind of open wound. Ulcers can be on surfaces of the body. They can be on skin. They can be mucous membranes like the surface of the stomach or inside the mouth.

Ulcers start when the top layer (surface) of skin or mucous membrane is damaged. The top layer dies. When it dies, the skin or mucous membrane and opens. This leaves an open sore called an ulcer.

Ulcers can be from infection with germs.  
Ulcers can be from pressure on a part of the skin.  Ulcers can be from substances that will burn skin or mucous membranes.  Peptic ulcers are sometimes from burning by the acid in the stomach.  Ulcers can be from cancer.  Ulcers can be from diseases of blood vessels.  If not enough blood goes to a body part, it can get an ulcer.  Stress can also sometimes cause ulcers.  Ulcers are often very painful. 

diseases
Dermatology
Symptoms are used in diagnosis. The term is used in medicine, and in other fields such as fault-finding in engineering. 

In medicine, it refers to things the patient feels or notices. It contrasts with signs, which are changes which a doctor sees in a patient. What a patient feels is subjective, whereas what a doctor sees is objective.

In diagnosis, all symptoms and signs are brought together to make a hypothesis as to what is going wrong. This might suggest further investigation or treatment. A complete investigation ends with a diagnosis that  summarizes all this.

 Pain is a symptom, and red color a sign, of a skin burn.
 Feeling sick is a symptom, and vomiting and diarrhea are signs, of food poisoning, cholera and other causes.
 Pain in the chest is a symptom, and cyanosis (blue color of skin) is a sign, of heart disease.
 Headaches, aching muscles and nausea are symptoms of influenza.

Similar terms 
Symptomatic: having or showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic: not showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic carrier has the disease but shows no symptoms.
A medical diagnosis (an. Greek δια-γνωστικος — able to recognize) is when a doctor finds out what is making someone sick. Sometimes doctors can diagnose a sickness by asking the person questions and looking at the person's body. Sometimes doctors do tests. Tests can mean taking a small bit of blood, urine, or tissue which is sent to a hospital laboratory where it is tested. X-rays are another form of test. Tests are ways to see how the body is working.

When a diagnosis has been made, the doctor may recommend treatment.

Process 
The process of diagnosis begins from the very beginning of the patient's examination in a medical institution or during a call to the doctor at the patient's place of residence. Diagnosis of the disease begins with the collection of medical history. After collecting the anamnesis, the doctor examines the patient, during which he performs percussion and auscultation of the patient, palpation of the disease, measures the patient's blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate, and measures the patient's body temperature.

Laboratory examination methods include general clinical tests, which include a general blood test, a general urine test, and a stool test. Laboratory methods of examination also include biochemical methods of examination, during which the level of glucose, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, liver enzymes, blood lipids is determined; coagulogram, which analyzes the indicators of blood clotting; blood hormone tests; determination of tumor markers; tests of blood and other biological materials for infectious diseases; allergological, toxicological, cytological and parasitological examinations.

Instrumental methods of examination include X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs (including ECG and EEG) and a number of other methods of examination.

To diagnose disorders of some systems and organs, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs are used, which include, in particular, ECG and EEG.

References

Medicine