cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
An emergency telephone is a special telephone that can be used in an emergency situation. Such telephones can usually  be found on highways, and other big roads. They can also be found in places where people feel unsafe, such as big parks or the campuses of universities. Emergency telephones are also placed at spots where many people commit suicide, like bridges or cliffs.

Emergency phones are usually connected directly, there is no need to dial a telephone number. Lifting the receiver, or pushing a button will make the call. Very often emergency telephones will also tell the other side where they are. This is because people may not know where they are or  they may be in shock because of an accident that just happened.

There are many special rules that apply to emergency telephones. They need to be in special colors, because color-blind people may not be able to tell the difference between certain colors. They also need to be easy to use. In an emergency situation, many people do not have time to think about how to operate them.

Telephone
Emergency services
F-Zero is a racing video game first made for the SNES, where Captain Falcon made his debut. It involves racing around a track at high speeds. Other games in the F-Zero series are F-Zero X for Nintendo 64, F-Zero: Maximum Velocity for Game Boy Advance. F-Zero GX for Nintendo GameCube and F-Zero: GP Legend for Game Boy Advance.

Characters

 is the main character of the F-Zero series. He wears a blue suit and a red mask. His signature move is the "Falcon Punch".

References
Notes

References

Entertainment-related lists
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Gujarati people (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko?), or Gujaratis, is an umbrella term used to describe traditionally Gujarati-speaking people who can trace their ancestry to the state of Gujarat within the Republic of India.

References 

Ethnic groups in Asia

Gujarat
The Arena da Baixada is a football stadium and an indoor arena in Água Verde neighborhood, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. It has a maximum seating capacity of 28,327 people. It is formerly known as Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães. It was named Kyocera Arena for a short period of time (beginning 2005 until April 1, 2008).  The stadium opened on June 6, 1914. The stadium is owned by Clube Atlético Paranaense. Its formal name honors Joaquim Américo Guimarães, a former chairman of Internacional-PR, which was a football club that merged with América-PR. This merger formed Atlético Paranaense. Joaquim Américo Guimarães started the stadium's construction in 1912. Despite being called an arena, it is technically an outdoor stadium. On May 31 2009, the stadium was made one of the match sites for the Brazil 2014 World Cup.

History

The stadium was built at the previous location of a Brazilian Army powder depot. In 1934, the stadium was renamed Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães. In the 1970s, the original stadium was closed down. After being reopened in 1984 and operating for some years, the old stadium building was demolished on March 26, 1997, right after a construction project of a new arena was announced. In June 1999, the new stadium was built. In 2005, the stadium was renamed Kyocera Arena, after the Japanese company Kyocera purchased the naming rights.

The inaugural match of the old stadium was played on September 6, 1914, when Flamengo beat Internacional 7–1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Flamengo's Arnaldo.

The inaugural match of the new building was played on June 24, 1999, when Atlético Paranaense beat Cerro Porteño of Paraguay 2–1. The first goal of the stadium after its reinauguration was scored by Atlético's Lucas.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 31,740. It was set on December 16, 2001 when Atlético Paranaense beat São Caetano 4–2, on the first game of that year's Brazilian Championship finals.

The contract with Kyocera that gave the company naming rights expired in early 2008. It was not renewed, and no new partnership was announced. The stadium went back to its old name, Arena da Baixada.

2014 World Cup fixtures and results

References

Books
Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.

Websites

Other websites
Kyocera Arena  - by Atlético Paranaense official website
Kyocera Arena - by Furacão website

Football stadiums in Brazil
Curitiba
1914 establishments in Brazil
Bilal ibn Ribah (578-638) was one of the companions of Muhammad. Bilal was an Ethiopian black slave.

Life 
Bilal ibn Rabah (, also called Bilal al-Habashi) was an Ethiopian born in Mecca in the late 6th century, sometime between 578 and 582.Bilal was an Ethiopian slave. Bilal's owner was Umayyah ibn Khalaf, an enemy of Islam. When Bilal learned about Muhammad and became Muslim, his master started punishing him. When Muhammad heard about this, he ordered Abu Bakr to buy Bilal's freedom and Bilal -who was now free- joined Muhammad's companions.

Muhammad choose Bilal as the first muezzin. A muezzin is someone who leads the call to daily prayer. Sometimes Bilal walked the streets to call Muslims to come to prayer but most of the times, he said the Adhan from the top of the mosque.

Some years later, when the Muslim army walked towards Mecca, everyone ran to their homes and closed all doors and windows. They were afraid that the Muslims were going to kill them, because of the bad things they did to the Muslims many years ago. But, the Muslims went towards the Kaaba, the worship house believed to be built by Abraham and his elder son, Ishmael. Bilal, shouted out loud to the people of Mecca that they were all safe: "All those who lay down arms are safe. All those in the house of Abu Sufyan are safe. All those behind closed doors are safe."
 
After Muhammad died, Bilal never said the Adhan again - except on two occasions. Once in Syria and the second time, in Medina, when Muhammad's grandson, Hasan ibn Ali asked him to do so.

Bilal died in Damascus between 638 and 642 (AD).

Legacy 
Hadith books are the collections of Muhammad's sayings.

Muhammad used to say about Bilal:

When Bilal was chosen as the Muezzin, some people complained to Muhammad. They believed only an Arab can be a Muezzin, because Bilal could not pronounce the Arabic words correctly and he used to pronounce "s" instead of "sh". When Muhammad heard their complaint, he said:

References 

578 births
638 deaths
Islam
Aisha bint Abu Bakr (604-678; ) was the third wife of Muhammad. Aisha is given honour in Islam, especially in the Sunni branch. She is often called by Muslims Umm-al-mu'minin which means "the Mother of the Believers".

Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr of Mecca.  Aisha was 18 years old when she was betrothed to Muhammad. (Marriage under the age of 21 was common worldwide at the time) She was not Muhammad's only wife. 

Her ten-year marriage to Muhammad ended when he died.  Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina.   Much of her time was spent learning the Quran, and the Sunnah of Muhammad.

References

Muslims
604 births
678 deaths
Family of Muhammad
André Previn (born Andreas Ludwig Prewin; April 6, 1929 – February 28, 2019) was a German-American pianist, conductor, and composer.

Life
André Previn was born as Andreas Ludwig Priwin to a Jewish family in Berlin, Germany. He may have been born in 1930, but cannot be sure as his birth certificate was lost when he emigrated to the United States with his family in 1939 to escape the Nazis. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943.

When he arrived in America he lived in Los Angeles. He started to be well known by composing movie scores for Hollywood movies.

In 1967, Previn became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and in 1968 conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. He stayed with the LSO for eleven years. His television series André Previn's Music Night helped to make classical music popular in Britain. From 1976 to 1984, Previn was conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO), with whom he made another television series called Previn and the Pittsburgh. He was also principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.

In 1985 he became conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, but because of disagreements he resigned in 1989.

Previn made many recordings and composed many movie scores and other musical works. He also toured and recorded as a jazz pianist. Later he concentrated on composing classical music.

Previn received many prizes and honours. In the United Kingdom he was knighted in 1996. He is particularly remembered in Britain for a guest appearance he made on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1971 where Eric Morecambe (who called him Andrew Preview) pretended to play the Piano Concerto by Edvard Grieg with Previn conducting. When Previn told him he was playing all the wrong notes, Morecambe grabbed him by his jacket and said that he was playing "all the right notes, but not necessarily in the right order".

Personal life
Andre Previn was married five times. His fifth marriage was to the German violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter for whom he wrote a violin concerto. They divorced in 2006.

Previn died on February 28, 2019 at home in Manhattan aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1929 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
American conductors
American pianists
Entertainers from Berlin
German conductors
German pianists
Grammy Award winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
20th-century German composers
21st-century German composers
Franz Welser-Möst (born Linz, 16 August 1960) is an Austrian conductor. He is the conductor (music director) of the Cleveland Orchestra.

Life
Franz Leopold Maria Möst was born in Linz, Austria. He learned to play the violin, but after being injured in a car accident he changed to conducting.

In 1985 he changed his stage-name to "Welser-Möst" after the town of Wels where he grew up. He soon started to be invited to conduct major orchestras. He appeared at the Salzburg Festival in 1985, then conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1986 and, from 1989 he appeared a lot in the United States. He conducted the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic and Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In 1990, Welser-Möst became main (principal) conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He received a lot of criticism and left the LPO in 1996.

In 1995 he went to the Zurich Opera House where he conducted many operas including complete cycles of Wagner's Ring Cycle. He left the Zurich post in 2008.

Since 2002 Welser-Möst has been conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra.

In 2007, the Austrian government made him musical director (Generalmusikdirektor) of the Vienna State Opera beginning in September 2010.

He has made many recordings.

Other websites 
 Franz Welser-Möst biography at The Cleveland Orchestra

1960 births
Living people
Austrian conductors
People from Linz
Commerzbank Tower is a skyscraper in Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany. At 259 meters, or 850 feet (300 meters with antenna included), it is Germany's tallest skyscraper and the third tallest building in Europe. It was completed and opened in 1997.

Commerzbank Tower is located in Frankfurt's district Innenstadt in the centre of the city. It is home to the headquarters of the second largest German bank, Commerzbank.

Buildings and structures completed in the 1990s
Skyscrapers in Frankfurt
1997 establishments in Germany
MesseTurm is a skyscraper in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany. In English it is known as the Trade Fair Tower. It is Germany's second tallest, and at the time of its building, it was the tallest building in Europe. It is the fourth tallest building in Europe. It is 257 metres (840 feet) tall.

MesseTurm is located in Frankfurt's district Westend. This is near the same named Trade Fair-Area in the centre of the city. It is home to the German headquarters of Reuters, Goldman Sachs and Credit Suisse.

The construction began in 1988. It was finished in 1991. It was the tallest building in Europe, between 1991 and 1997. In 1997, Commerzbank Tower became the tallest building in Germany. It was only two metres higher than MesseTurm. The construction of the building's foundation set a world record. The world record was for the longest continuous concrete pour. Ninety trucks poured concrete for 78 hours. They poured it into the  deep foundation.

There is a pyramid on the very top of MesseTurm. It is  tall. This makes it very different from other skyscrapers. Because of this shape, people in Germany often call it "The Pencil."

References

1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures completed in the 1990s
Skyscrapers in Frankfurt
Anton Szandor LaVey (April 11, 1930 – October 29, 1997), born Howard Stanton Levey, was the founder of the Church of Satan. He created a religion called LaVeyan Satanism. He wrote several books describing his beliefs. His first book was called The Satanic Bible. He reported a dramatic life story, although some say he lied about his past.

Early life
LaVey was born Howard Stanton Levey in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family of Ukrainian descent. His family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area of California soon after he was born. He was talented with musical instruments, particularly the pipe organ and calliope. He read a lot. His biography says that he stopped going to high school to join the circus. When the carnival was not active, he played organ in burlesque houses. He then worked as a police photographer in San Francisco, though this has been questioned.

Church of Satan
In the 1960s, LaVey began giving lectures at his house to a group of people he called his "Magic Circle." A member of this Circle told him that his ideas could become a religion. He agreed, and founded the Church of Satan in 1966. In 1969, he published The Satanic Bible. The Satanic Bible was a collection of writings he had published in the past years that outlined his philosophies and the basics of the religion. It was influenced by Ayn Rand, Friedrich Nietzsche, H. L. Mencken, and other authors and philosophers. In 1971, LaVey published The Compleat Witch (later released as The Satanic Witch). The Satanic Witch was a manual of magic. In 1972, LaVey published The Satanic Rituals. This contained instructions for performing rituals. In the 1990s, LaVey published two books of essays, The Devil's Notebook and Satan Speaks.

Death
LaVey died on October 29, 1997. His death was caused by pulmonary edema (fluid in his lungs). This was brought on by his heart disease.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the Church of Satan
 The Anton Szandor LaVey Memorial

1930 births
1997 deaths
American esotericists
Deaths from pulmonary edema
Jewish American writers
Religious leaders 
Satanists
Writers from Chicago
American atheists
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in California
People from San Francisco
American musicians
Hurricane Ike was one of the most damaging tropical cyclones in United States history, having caused about $38 billion dollars in damage. It was the sixth-costliest Atlantic hurricane in U.S. history. Hurricane Ike was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, third major hurricane and the most-intense hurricane of 2008 in terms of pressure.  Ike may have caused up to 195 deaths. Most deaths happened in Haiti and the U.S. together. Haiti was still recovering from Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricane Gustav, and Hurricane Hanna.

Storm history 

The storm that eventually became Hurricane Ike started near the west coast of Africa on August 28. The storm grew quickly as it moved to the west-northwest. On September 1, the storm formed into Tropical Depression Nine when the storm was over the central Atlantic Ocean. Later that day Tropical Depression Nine became Tropical Storm Ike.

After the storm 

In spring 2009, the name "Ike" was retired due to severe damage it caused, particularly in Texas. It was replaced by "Isaias" for the 2014 season.

Notes and references

Notes

References 

2008 Atlantic hurricane season
2008 in the United States
2008 in Canada
2000s in Cuba
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
2000s in the Dominican Republic
2000s in Haiti
Hurricanes in the United States
2000s in the Bahamas
Turks and Caicos Islands
Natural disasters in Canada
Hurricanes in Texas
Hurricanes in Louisiana
Rafflesia is a genus of flowering plants.  They are found in southeastern Asia, on the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand and the Philippines. They are the biggest single flowers in the world. In one species the flowers can be over a meter (three feet) across.

The flowers smell like a dead animal, which attracts flies. The flies, which normally lay their eggs on rotten flesh, pollinate the Rafflesia when they get inside.

Rafflesia is a parasite, and does not use chlorophyll. The plant has no stem, leaves or true roots. It lives inside vines of the genus Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). It spreads its absorptive organ, the haustorium, inside the tissue of the vine. The only part of the plant that can be seen outside the host vine is the flower.

References

Jamili Nais 2001. Rafflesia of the world. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Parks.

Other websites

Parasitic Plant Connection: Rafflesia Gallery
Video: 'David Attenborough finds the Rafflesia' 

Plants of Asia
Parasitic plants
Flowers
Rafflesiaceae
Northern Fury F.C. is a soccer club from Townsville, Queensland, Australia. The club was founded in 2008 and competed in the A-League as North Queensland Fury FC. On 1 March 2011, the club was removed from the league due to financial instability. On 3 October 2012, the club was re-formed as Northern Fury FC after it was granted a license to play in the NPL Queensland. Northern Fury play their home fixtures at Townsville Sports Reserve.

Honours

Minor Trophies/Honours
   Queensland Nickel Cup
 2009/10 (NQ Fury V's Gold Coast United: {Contested Over 3 League Fixtures} NQ Fury W2/D0/L1)

   Chief Minister's Cup
 – 2009 (3–2 V's Adelaide United – Played In Darwin/NT 02/07/09)

References

Australian football clubs
The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music is a Palestinian music conservatory. It has branches in Ramallah, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem. More than 500 students can study music there.

When it was started in Ramallah in 1993 it was called The National Conservatory of Music. In September 2004 it was given its present name in honour of the Palestinian scholar and musician Edward Said.  The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music and the Al Kamandjati are the two main music schools for the two million Palestinians living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

The students of the conservatory study in an are where there is a lot of war and conflict with Israel.  Nevertheless there are a few projects where Israeli and Palestinian musicians have managed to work together.

The Palestine Youth Orchestra was started through the efforts of the Edward Said National Conservatory.  It is one of the best youth orchestras in the Arab world.

Other websites
The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music official site

References

Music schools
Buildings and structures in Palestine
Bethlehem
Jerusalem
The Oxford English Dictionary (or OED) is a dictionary. It is published by the Oxford University Press in England, and is the largest English dictionary.

It traces (or follows in detail) the historical development of the English language, and is a resource to writers and scholars. It describes how the language has been used.

The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, published in  1989. Number of main entries is 231,100 and number of main entries for out-of -date words is 47,100.

Work began on the dictionary in 1857, but it was not until 1884 that it began to be published in parts, under the name of A New English Dictionary on historical principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. In 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, The Oxford English Dictionary was reprinted as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the second edition was published. Since 2000, a third edition of the dictionary has been underway, approximately a third of which is now complete.

The first electronic version of the dictionary was done in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving over two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably only appear in electronic form; Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press, feels it unlikely that it will ever be printed.

References

Other websites
 

Dictionaries
The Teatro Colón (Spanish) (Columbus Theatre) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is one of the world's best known opera houses. 
In 2006 the theatre was closed so that work could be done to improve the inside of the building.  It reopened in 2010

There had been a theatre there in the middle of the 19th century.  The present building was opened in 1908.  The auditorium is horseshoe-shaped and has 2,487 seats.  The acoustics of the building are very good.  It is in the middle of Buenos Aires.

Many world famous conductors, composers and singers have appeared at the theatre.

Opera houses
Buildings and structures in Argentina
Buenos Aires
19th-century establishments in Argentina
Bim Bum Bam, (1982-2003), was an Italian children's and teens' television programme.

Bim Bum Bam was produced by Alessandra Valeri Manera and created by Paolo Bonolis and Giancarlo Muratori.

Mascotte 
Uan, the pink dog
Ambrogio, the lion

Cartoons/Anime
I Puffi (The Smurfs) (1982; 1993)
Kiss me Licia (1985; 1998; 2002)
Carletto il principe dei mostri (Kaibutsu-kun) (1983)
C'era una volta... Pollon (Poron)
L'incantevole Creamy (1985; 1995; 2001)
Snorky (Snorks) (1986)
Foofur Superstar (Foofur) (1987; 1996-97)
Teodoro e l'invenzione che non va (Wowser) (1989)
Cristoforo Colombo (1992)
Conte Dacula (Count Duckula) (1989)
Bentornato Topo Gigio (1992)
Calimero (1995)
Sailor Moon (1995-2000)
T-Rex (1994-95)
James Bond Junior (1994-95)
Mighty Max (1995)
L'ispettore Gadget (Inspector Gadget) (1994-95)
Tartarughe Ninja alla riscossa (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)) (1994-95)
The Real Ghostbusters (1994-95)
Widget, un alieno per amico (Widget The World Watcher) (1993; 1996)
The Mask: The Animated Series (1996-97)
Scuola di polizia (Police Academy: The Animated Series) (1996; 2001)
La fabbrica dei mostri (Creepy Crawlers)
Iznogoud - Chi la fa l'aspetti (Iznogoud) (1996-97)
Mr. Magoo (1996-97)
Alf (1996-97)
Robinson Bignè (Robinson Sucroe) (1996-97)
Ace Ventura (two episodes) (1996-97)
Casper (1998)
Sale e Pepe (Les Jules) (1998)
Pippi Calzelunghe (1998)
Braccio di Ferro (Popeye) (1999)
I gemelli del destino (Destiny Twins) (1999)
Alvin Show (Alvin and the Chipmunks) (1999)
Beethoven (Beethoven) (2000)
Pokemon (2000-2002)
Card Captor Sakura (1998-2000)

1982 television series debuts
Italian television
Lithium is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana which featured on their second album Nevermind. Kurt Cobain wrote the song. He said the song is about a man who became religious after his girlfriend died.

Nirvana songs
1992 songs
Endocrinology studies the working of the endocrine system and hormones.

It is the science of the endocrine system and hormones in a wide range of animals. Endocrinology is also a medical specialty. This means that when a doctor finishes studying medicine in general, they can choose endocrinology as the part of medicine they work in.

The endocrine system consists of several glands in different parts of the body. They secrete hormones directly into the blood. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action.

Hormones are active in metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and perception. Another field is behavioral endocrinology.

Medical aspects 
Medical understanding of hormones began in the 19th century with Graves' disease, caused by a swelling of the thyroid gland. Since the mid-19th century many medical conditions have been found caused by hormone imbalance, that is, too much or too little of a hormone.

An endocrinologist can help people who have diseases related to their endocrine system. Diseases that an endocrinologist would treat include:
 diabetes mellitus
 hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
 Cushing's syndrome
These are just examples; there are many other endocrine diseases.

An endocrinologist can find out if a person has one of these diseases by doing tests. They can test a person's blood to find out if they have too much or too little of a hormone. An example of this is Type 1 diabetes. People who have Type 1 diabetes do not have enough of a hormone called insulin. Endocrinologists usually do not treat patients directly, but give advice to physicians about what how patients might be helped.

Endocrine disorders fall into three groups: 
 too little hormone: hormone deficiency
 too much of a hormone: hormone excess
 tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Most medical applications concern the lack of balance between hormones, and sometimes the complete lack of a necessary hormone. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.

Helping transgender people 
Endocrinologists can advise on hormone treatment for transgender persons. A transgender person might want their body to look different so that they look more like their chosen gender. For example, a transgender woman might want less facial hair so that she looks less like a man to other people.

Related pages 
The main pages which explain endocrinology are:

Endocrine system
Hormone

References
The Flying Spaghetti Monster is the god of Pastafarianism. It is often seen as a parody religion and thus has become popular with people opposed to the idea that God or gods created the world. Followers of the Flying Spaghetti Monster are sometimes called Pastafarians. The multiverse theory has suggested that what began as a spoof has become potentially real in the infinite universes and their countless creatures with at least some matching the general description of the FSM. Bobby Henderson first described the Flying Spaghetti Monster in 2005 in a letter to the Kansas State Board of Education. Henderson wrote the letter to protest rules about teaching intelligent design in public schools. The Board of Education required teachers to teach intelligent design.

The Church's website (spaghettimonster.org) contains several sighting of 'His Noodlieness', multiple propaganda resources and an ordination package available for $49. This package contains a paper certificate of ordination, a black/silverresin wallet card and two vinyl car decals. The package also comes with free shipping. As the church states, 'Great. Consider yourself a member.  You’ll notice there’s no hoops to jump through. You don’t need to pay anything.'

Photos

Related pages
 Evolution
 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

Offical church of the flying spaghetti monster

Gods and goddesses
Internet
Lars is a male name. It is usually used in Scandinavian countries and Germany.

Lars comes from the Roman name "Laurentius".

Some famous people named Lars are:

 Lars Løkke Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark
 Lars Ulrich, Danish musician

Given names
Boyce and Hart were a musical and songwriting duo, who worked together in the 1960s and 1970s. Tommy Boyce (born Sidney Thomas Boyce in 1939 and died in 1994) and Bobby Hart (born Robert Luke Harshman in 1939) wrote and produced hit records for The Monkees ("Last Train to Clarksville", "Valleri"), Jay and the Americans ("Come a Little Bit Closer"), Chubby Checker ("Lazy Elsie Molly"), and for themselves, with "I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight" and other songs.

Their biggest success was with the Monkees, as writers, producers and performers. Many of the early Monkees recordings featured Boyce and Hart's band, the Candy Store Prophets, before the Monkees were even selected from auditions. When the Monkees themselves took charge of their recordings, they still recorded Boyce and Hart's songs, and praised the duo to the public.

Ten years after the Monkees's heyday, two former members, Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, teamed up with Boyce and Hart, touring and performing the band's hits. They also issued a new album on Capitol Records.

American boy bands
Musical groups from Virginia
Rosoideae is a subfamily of plants in the rose  family Rosaceae. These plants may be small trees, shrubs, or plants without wood. Many useful plants are in Rosoideae. Strawberries and Raspberries are two common fruits from Rosoideae. Roses are common flowers in Rosoideae.

Other websites

Botany at Hawaii U

Roses
First Leicester is the trading name of Leicester Citybus Ltd., a bus company owned by the First Group. It runs buses in the city of Leicester England.

Depot
In 2007,a new depot opened on Abbey Lane replacing the former premises on Abbey Park Road which go back to the company's municipal heritage. This site is now derelict pending redevelopment as apartments.

Other websites
 First Leicester website
 First Leicester network map
 Star Trak  - Real-Time bus information
 The Leicester Transport Heritage Trust

British transport companies
Sepals are one of the four basic parts of a flower. They are found below the petals.

The sepals are often small and green. Some flowers do not have petals. Then the sepals may be big and colorful. In some flowers, the petals and sepals look the same. They are both called tepals.

All the sepals together are called calyx.
The number of sepals is different for different flowers. Both petals and sepals surround the reproductive parts inside the flower. The term for sepals plus petals is the perianth.

The main job of the sepals is to keep the parts of the flower safe before it opens.They are usually green and leaf-like

Botany
A cotyledon, or seed leaf, is a leaf that is stored in a seed. When the seed sprouts, the cotyledons are the first leaves that the plant has. Monocot plants have only one cotyledon, and other plants have two. Cotyledons often look very different from the other leaves, so they are not called true leaves.

Plants use cotyledons to make sugars through photosynthesis. They use the sugars to keep true leaves growing. After a while, the cotyledons often die because the plant does not need them anymore.

Botany
Arriva Fox County is a bus company which provides bus services in Leicester and Leicestershire. It is part of Arriva Midlands, and a subsidiary of Arriva.

History

Arriva Fox County was formed in 1981, as Midland Red East the old Midland Red bus company broke up, and it changed its name to Midland Fox in 1984. 

In late 2006, a new "Leicester Linx" brand was introduced for services in Leicester.

References

Other websites
 Arriva UK bus official site
 Leicester Linx website 

British transport companies
1981 establishments in England
Bus transport
Sede do BankBoston is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 145 meters (476 feet) tall and has 35 floors. It was built in 2002, and is a modern skyscraper of Brazil and Latin America.

Photo gallery

Other websites 
Emporis
SkyscraperPage

Skyscrapers in Brazil
São Paulo
2002 establishments in South America
2000s establishments in Brazil
Centrebus operate a network of routes in Leicestershire, England. Many Centrebus managers came from Arriva's UK and European bus operations. In September 2008, Centrebus purchased Woods Coaches' and there vehicles

References

Other websites
Centrebus website

British transport companies
Vasily Chuykov (February 12, 1900 – March 18, 1982) was a Soviet military leader.

During World War II he was commanding the 62nd army, with which he was especially outstanding himself in the Battle of Stalingrad. 

He was twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).

He was made Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955. 

1900 births
1982 deaths
Soviet generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
A Power Purchasing Agreement (PPA) is a legal contract between a electricity provider and a land owner. The contract allows the electricity provider to produce power on the land owner's land or roof and the land owner buys the electricity primarily from the electricity provider. This deal is often done using solar technology, where the electricity provider will install, operate, and maintain solar panels on the land owner's roof. Then the land owner will buy the electricity from the solar panels on the roof. Part of the PPA is to set a price for the electrcity (often lower than the previous price the land owner was paying for power line electrcity). If the solar panels do not provide enough electricity for the land owner, then he will buy the rest of his electrcity from the power lines. If the electricity provider creates more electricity than the land owner needs, then he will sell the excess to the power lines.

Schools and government buildings often like to do power purchasing agreements because they do not have the money to install solar panals on their roof. Large department stores also like to do power purchasing agreements because they have large roofs and do not want to deal with the costs of installing and maintaining panels.

Power Purchasing agreements tend to last 5 – 20 years. At the end of the PPA, either the contract is extended, the solar panels are removed from the property, or the land owner buys the solar panels from the electricity provider.

Power Purchasing agreements have been very important to the expansion of solar electricity use in the United States. Investment tax credits from the federal and state governments have helped make the price of solar panels affordable for the providing companies. The tax credit can help pay for significant percentage of the project cost in some cases. 

Some of the electricity providers who offer PPAs are:
SunEdison
Tioga Energy
Recurrent Energy
SunRun Inc
SunPower Corporation

References

Electricity distribution
The Pioneer plaques were a pair of plaques that were launched into deep space on Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. The same image is on both plaques. The image is made up of many parts. 

There is a drawing of a nude human female and a nude human male. 

There is a diagram of the change in spin of the electron of a hydrogen particle. This diagram is meant to set up a universal unit of length and a universal unit of time for the rest of the image. 

There is a crude map of our solar system showing a spacecraft leaving the third planet, Earth. There have been negative reactions about the arrow showing the trajectory of the spacescraft. Alien species may not understand the human concept of a line and arrow. 

There is pattern of lines that looks like a star burst design. This is a map. There are 15 lines. 14 of the lines have a long binary number engraved along it. The binary numbers are distances. The distances are not in meters or kilometers, but in the universal unit of distance given by the hydrogen particle diagram. The 14 lines give the distance from the sun to 14 pulsars. The 15th line gives the distance from the sun to the center of the galaxy.

Pioneer program
Clube Atlético Mineiro is a Brazilian football club. Atletico Mineiro was founded in 1908 in the city of Belo Horizonte, where the team plays. The team has Galo (rooster) as its mascot, for this reason the club is also known simply as Galo. 

Atletico Mineiro is one of the most traditional football clubs in Brazil, being the first champion of the modern version of the Brazilian Football Championhsip. The most important achievement of the club was the Copa Libertadores de America in 2013, which is regarded as the most important tournament in South America. 

In the last five years, Atletico Mineiro is probably passing through the most victorious period in its history, since in the last five years the team has played five out of the nine Copa Libertadores editions the team has ever disputed.

League title 

Copa Libertadores 1
(2013)

CONMEBOL Cup 2
(1992, 1997)

  Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1
(1971)

  Campeonato Mineiro 43 
(1915, 1926, 1927, 1931, 1932, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1970, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015)

References
 A rooster with plenty to crow about 

Brazilian football clubs
Belo Horizonte
1908 establishments in South America
1900s establishments in Brazil
Joseph Karl Stieler (1 November 1781 — 9 April 1858) was a German painter. He was born in Mainz. His family were engravers and die-cutters. He received some artistic training from his father, August Friedrich Stieler (1736-1789). He began his career as a painter of miniatures.

In 1816, he traveled to Vienna and painted portrait of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Between February and April 1820, he worked on his portrait of Beethoven, which is probably the most well-known representation of the composer today.

1781 births
1858 deaths
German painters
People from Mainz
Guido Westerwelle (27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016) was a German politician.  He was Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor of Germany.

Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

He was an attorney before he became a politician. From 1994 to 2001 he was secretary general of the German liberal party, the Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP). In 2001 he became the leader of the party.

Westerwelle was also the leader of the FDP parliamentary group and from 1999 to 2005 head of the opposition in the German Bundestag.

In June 2014, he announced that he had acute myeloid leukemia. He died of the disease on 18 March 2016 in Cologne, Germany at the age of 54.

He was openly gay and was in a civil partnership with sports manager Michael Mronz.

References 

1961 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
Gay men
German lawyers
German LGBT people
Government ministers of Germany
LGBT lawyers
LGBT politicians
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Top Gear is a television show on the BBC. The show is all about cars and other vehicles. They test new cars to see how fast they go. They also test really old cars and do crazy stuff with them. They usually rate cars that the normal person wouldn't be able to afford. The show started as a regular car show but has changed over time to what it is now. It uses comedy to attract viewers which are now estimated to be 350 million.

Segments

Races 
The show often has long distance races. They usually race a fast car against a different form of transportation like trains and boats. They are called 'epic' races.
They also have smaller races where they match up cars of different times to see which one outperforms the other.

Challenge 
The challenge part of the show is about different stunts of the most ridiculous things the show can come up with. One time they jumped a bus over a row of motorcycles (instead of the motorcycle jumping over buses).
Recently, the show has started using the phrase "How hard can it be?" for the challenge segment. They put themselves in different situations that a normal person probably wouldn't get a chance to experience.

Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car 
Once during every  episode (except some specials) they bring a celebrity on stage. They show footage of the celebrity driving an average car around a racetrack. They put the time it took for them to complete a lap of the track on a board with the names of all of the other celebrities who drove the same course.

Power Laps 
Power laps are one lap around the Top Gear Test Track. They will take any car that can drive and will see how fast it can make it around the track. The vehicles must be cars and they must be road legal.

Other websites 

2002 television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
English-language television programs
Backpacking is hiking in the outdoors with a backpack full of all your food, clothing, water, and shelter. Usually, backpackers hike in groups to stay safer. They must think to bring first aid supplies, sleeping bags, tents, rain gear, stoves, food and other camping supplies.

Backpacking may be done on short or long trips. Sometimes, backpacking groups begin at a trail head with a parking lot and hike over a weekend until they work their way back to the vehicle. On longer trips, groups may settle in at a base camp and hike for weeks or even months if they are more experienced and prepared.

When following certain rules, backpackers have the chance to leave the outdoors better than they found them. There are certain practices such as Leave No Trace that teach backpackers and hikers to pack out all waste and help conserve nature in every way possible such as not building fires in dry areas, saving water, and protecting the environment. When backpackers use these skills, they help preserve nature while getting to explore themselves while outside the influence of the rest of the world.

Leisure
Camping
Nicolas Appert (Châlons-en-Champagne 1749 - Massy 1841) was a French inventor.

Other websites 
 Appert-Aina

1749 births
1841 deaths
French inventors
The Schulze method is a way of voting that is used to fill a single vacant position in an election. It was developed in 1997 by Markus Schulze. It is also known as Schwartz Sequential Dropping (SSD), Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping (CSSD), Beatpath Method, Beatpath Winner, Path Voting, and Path Winner. It is used by several organizations including Wikimedia, Debian, Gentoo, BerryTube, and the KDE.

How it works 

Voters rank the candidates in the order from the one that they most want to win to the one they least want to win. The same preference (how much the voters want the candidate to win or lose) can be given to more than one candidate, and candidates can be given no number (they are interpreted as the worst).

Next, for every pair of two candidates, the two are compared: ignoring all other candidates, which of the two in the pair is preferred by most voters? How many voters agree with the majority decision is noted.

More calculations take place. Given two candidates A and K, A is said to beat K with strength t if t voters prefer A to B, t voters prefer B to C, and so on, and t voters prefer J to K. The winner W is the candidate which beats any other candidate X with strength t, but X does not beat W with strength t.

References 
Markus Schulze, A new monotonic, clone-independent, reversal symmetric, and condorcet-consistent single-winner election method , Social Choice and Welfare, volume 36, number 2, page 267–303, 2011. Preliminary version in Voting Matters, 17:9-19, 2003.

General 
 Proposed Statutory Rules for the Schulze Single-Winner Election Method by Markus Schulze
 A New Monotonic, Clone-Independent, Reversal Symmetric, and Condorcet-Consistent Single-Winner Election Method by Markus Schulze

Books 

 Christoph Börgers (2009), Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division, SIAM, 
 Saul Stahl and Paul E. Johnson (2006), Understanding Modern Mathematics, Sudbury:  Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 
 Nicolaus Tideman (2006), Collective Decisions and Voting: The Potential for Public Choice, Burlington: Ashgate,

Research papers 

 A Continuous Rating Method for Preferential Voting by Rosa Camps, Xavier Mora, and Laia Saumell
 Voting Systems by Paul E. Johnson
 Test Run: Group Determination in Software Testing by James D. McCaffrey
 Distance from Consensus: a Theme and Variations  by Tommi Meskanen and Hannu Nurmi
 Descriptions of voting systems by Warren D. Smith
 Election Systems by Peter A. Taylor
 Personalisierung der Verhältniswahl durch Varianten der Single Transferable Vote  by Martin Wilke
 Objective Measures of Preferential Ballot Voting Systems by Barry Wright
 Approaches to Constructing a Stratified Merged Knowledge Base by Anbu Yue, Weiru Liu, and Anthony Hunter

Other websites 

 Schulze-Methode  A tutorial by the University of Stuttgart

Voting systems
Debian
The Man from Earth is a 2007 movie written by Jerome Bixby.

The movie tells the story of John Oldman. All of the movie takes place in a small house and its porch, where Oldman tells his friends that he is a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman.

Plot 
The movie begins with the protagonist John Oldman packing up his belongings onto his truck. John Oldman is getting ready to move to a different place to live. This is when his friends come over to give him a farewell party. From their conversations it becomes evident that John Oldman and his friends are all professors in a university. After a bit of conversation, the group of friends moves into John Oldman’s house. John’s friends keep asking why he decided to “run off” so quickly. John Oldman does not answer clearly at first, but gradually becomes drawn to telling his friends what is really on his mind. He begins to tell his friends about who he really is, a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman who has survived until the present. His friends aren’t convinced, but rather constantly question John Oldman in order to prove him wrong. The talk goes on as John Oldman’s friends try to prove him wrong, in biological, historical, and religious terms.

The conversations are driven by John Oldman’s claims of his past. His claims include the following:
 That he moves on every ten years or so, when people start to notice that he doesn’t age. This, he says, is the reason why he decided to leave his friends so suddenly.
 That he had a chance to sail with Christopher Columbus, but did not, because he then still believed that the world was flat, and was afraid of falling off the edge of the world.
 That he was a friend of Vincent van Gogh and even received a picture from him as a present.
 That he studied with the Buddha in India.
 That he came back to Europe and attempted to teach what he learned from the Buddha. Such attempt became the roots of Christianity, and John Oldman is the Jesus of the Christian Bible. Afterwards Christianity became distorted and was manipulated by churches. Ultimately, today, Christianity has become something that he has never intended it to become.
 That he has ten doctorates, including that of everyone in the conversation except for Dr. Will Gruber, the psychologist.

Cast 
 David Lee Smith as John Oldman
 Tony Todd as Dan
 John Billingsley as Harry
 Ellen Crawford as Edith
 Annika Peterson as Sandy
 William Katt as Art Jenkins
 Alexis Thorpe as Linda Murphy
 Richard Riehle as Dr. Will Gruber
 Robbie Bryan as Police Officer

Reception 
Liberal online magazine Fadewblogs included the film in their list of must-watch films for atheists. IGN gave it an 8 out of 10 score.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Film Trailer 
 
 The Man from Earth on Myspace

2007 science fiction movies
2000s psychological movies
American science fiction movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Richard Schenkman
Movies about religion
The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple is a temple at Song mountain of Dengfeng, near Zhengzhou City,Henan Province, China. Now it is led by abbot Venerable abbot Shi Yǒngxìn.

It was founded in the 6th century and became the Holy Ground of Kung Fu. Now it is the Mahayana Buddhist monastery perhaps best known to the Western world.

Buildings and structures in China
Buddhist buildings
5th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in China
Henan is a province of the People's Republic of China. It is in the central eastern part of China. The name Henan means "south of the Yellow River." The capital of Henan is Zhengzhou.

Its major cities are Anyang, Hebi, Jiaozuo, Kaifeng, Luohe, Luoyang, Nanyang, Pingdingshan, Puyang, Sanmenxia, Shangqiu, Xinxiang, Xinyang, Xuchang, Zhengzhou, Zhoukou and Zhumadian.
Henan is now the province of China with the most people. 

The abbreviation of Henan is Yu (豫) to remember a kingdom from history yhat was in the area, and also because another province also has "He" (河) in its name, Hebei (河北).

References

Provinces of China