cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A grebe is a medium sized bird. They are in the family Podicipedidae. There are 22 species of grebe.

Genera and species

Genus Tachybaptus
Little Grebe, Tachybaptus  ruficollis
Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae
Madagascar Grebe, Tachybaptus pelzelnii 
Alaotra Grebe, Tachybaptus rufolavatus — probably extinct (late 1980s)
Least Grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus

Genus Podilymbus
Pied-billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
Atitlán Grebe, Podilymbus gigas — extinct (1989)

Genus Rollandia
White-tufted Grebe, Rollandia rolland 
Titicaca Flightless Grebe, Rollandia microptera 

Genus Poliocephalus
Hoary-headed Grebe, Poliocephalus poliocephalus 
New Zealand Dabchick, Poliocephalus rufopectus 

Genus Podiceps
Red-necked Grebe, Podiceps grisegena
Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus
Slavonian Grebe or Horned Grebe, Podiceps auritus
Black-necked Grebe or Eared Grebe, Podiceps nigricollis
Colombian Grebe, Podiceps andinus — extinct (1977)
Great Grebe, Podiceps major 
Silvery Grebe, Podiceps occipitalis 
Junin Flightless Grebe, Podiceps taczanowskii 
Hooded Grebe, Podiceps gallardoi

Genus Aechmophorus
Western Grebe, Aechmophorus occidentalis
Clark's Grebe, Aechmophorus clarkii

Description, color and shape 
Most grebes are a medium or large size. Some grebes, such as the Little Grebe are smaller. All Grebes have large feet with lobed toes. This means that each toe is separate on the foot (the opposite of this is webbed feet which is seen in ducks and geese). Some grebes find it difficult to walk on land because their feet are so big. They are much better at swimming and diving in water.

Grebes have narrow wings. Some grebes find it difficult to fly. There are two species of grebe that cannot fly at all. This means that if grebes are in danger, they will dive under water instead of flying away like other birds do. 

Grebes can have long or short bills. If they eat insects in the water, they will have a short bills. If they eat crustaceans (for example, crabs) they will have a long, sharp bill. 

Most grebes are brown, white and red/orange. They have many, waterproof feathers. This means they can easily float on water and dive into water without getting cold or wet. In spring and summer, grebes have orange crests on their heads. This is so they can attract a mate. Some grebes do a mating ritual. This is when they "dance" in the water.

Grebes make their nest from plants found in the water. The nests float on top of the water. Baby grebes can swim when they are born. They are usually brown and white and do not get their orange crests until they are adults.

Habitat 
Grebes live in freshwater (lakes or rivers). Some species of grebe will go to saltwater (sea/ocean) when they are migrating. This is when birds fly to live in a different place in summer or winter. Grebes only migrate if they live in North America, Europe or Asia. Grebes in South America, Africa and Asia do not migrate. They are found in every continent on earth.

Podicipediformes
Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in salty water in hot places like the tropics. Mangroves make a special saltwater woodland or shrubland habitat, called a mangrove swamp, mangrove forest, mangrove or mangal. Mangroves grow on 1/3 of tropical shores. They are also found in sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and the southwest Pacific. Their twisted, tangled roots collect sediment. Over time, the sediment may become islands, or extend the shoreline.

Description 
Mangroves live right in the sea, or at the sea edge. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch any kind of soil. During low tide, they may fall in soil rather than water and start growing where they fall. If the water level is high, they may be carried far away from where they fell. Mangrove trees are often the beginning of what will one day be a small island. As soil and other things collect in their roots, little bodies of land are formed – just the right place for other island vegetation to grow. This is an example of seed dispersal by water.

Mangroves have special root-like structures. They are aerial roots or pneumatophores. These stick up out of the soil, and are covered in lenticels. They take in oxygen through their pores. These "breathing tubes" may reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. Smaller roots with air passages move oxygen from the air to parts of the plant underwater. For more information please visit a geography site https://www.kidsgeog.com  THANK YOU Mangrove

Benefits 
Mangrove roots give clear water to the coral reefs which often surround them. They trap dirt and clean water by filtering land runoff and removing pollutants. The tree also protects the shoreline (and, through this, the coral reefs) from being eroded by storm waves. Mangrove thickets are a good place for many coral-reef fish, shrimp, and crabs to grow.

BBC account 
Mangroves are a group of about 80 different salt-tolerant species of trees. They can live along the intertidal zones of tropical and sub-tropical coastlines. Their roots stand the ebb and flow of tides. The roots slow the flow of the tidal waters. This lets sediment settle and build up as nutrient-rich mud. The habitat is a valuable shelter and breeding site for fish. It stabilises coastlines, and reduces erosion from storm surges and tsunamis.

References 

Trees
Wetlands
The great crested grebe is a water bird. It is a member of the grebe family. Its scientific name is Podiceps cristatus.

Description 
The great crested grebe is a medium sized bird. It is 46–51 cm long. Its wingspan (both wings open) is 59–73 cm long.

The bird is white, brown and black, and it has orange crest feathers on its head. It has a long, sharp pink bill. Baby great crested grebe have black and white stripes on their heads.

Habitat and behaviour 
The great crested grebe is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. It is the biggest grebe in Europe. It lives in freshwater lakes. It eats crustaceans (for example, crabs), insects and small frogs. It dives into the water to find food.

The bird has an interesting mating ritual. This means two birds (male and female) do a "dance" in the water before they mate. Grebes dance every time the pair meets, and the dance varies according to the circumstance. Returning to the nest is different from meeting out on the water, for instance. Most dances end in a bout of head-shaking. 

The great crested grebe makes a nest from plants. The nest floats on top of the water. A pair of grebes will usually have two eggs. When the babies are born, they cannot swim. Their parents teach them to swim and dive. Sometimes the babies will sit on their parents backs while the parents swim in the water.

Conservation 
The bird nearly became extinct in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. This is because people wanted to use their orange head feathers. People wanted to put the feathers on their hats and clothes. The RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) stopped this. There are now many great crested grebe in the United Kingdom, where their conservation status is green ("least concern").

References 

Podicipediformes
The swift is a bird in the family Apodidae. It is in the order Apodiformes with treeswifts and hummingbirds. The swift is very good at flying. It spends all of its time in the air.

The scientific name for the swift (apus) comes from the Ancient Greek word απους, apous which means "without feet". This is because swifts have very small, weak feet. Swifts use their feet to hold on to vertical places (for example, the wall of a house, or a cliff). Swifts do not want to land on the ground. It is often thought that if they land on ground, they cannot fly up again, but that is not true. They can take off but with difficulty.

Description 
Swifts are small birds. They can fly very well and very fast. Some swifts can fly at 514m per second. If a swift needs to fly very fast, it can fly at 60m per second for a short amount of time. When catching insects, they fly in a series of swoops, changing direction rapidly as they pursue the prey. 

Swifts have long, curved wings. The wings are in the shape of a sickle or boomerang. They have a forked tail. This means it looks like a V shape. 

Swifts can be seen all over the world. They like to live in warmer places and they migrate every year. For example, Swifts fly to Europe in the spring and summer. When it gets cold at the start of autumn, the Swifts fly to Africa where it is warmer.

Nests 

Swifts make their nests in a corner between two walls. For example, near the roof of a house, or in an area between rocks in a cave. They use mud and saliva (spit) to make a cup-shaped nest. 

There are some swifts which only use saliva to make their nests. These swifts are in the genus Aerodramus. In Asia, people take the nests and use them to make bird's nest soup. This soup is very popular in China.

Apodiformes
A press release, news release, media release, or press statement is a written or recorded communication for news reporters. Its purpose is to let them know about something that is news. These are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to editors at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television stations, and television networks. There are companies whose job is to send out this information. 

The use of a press release is common in public relations. People use this to get the media to take notice of them, or get publicity for a product, or event that they might be holding. A press release gives reporters the basic information they need to write a news story. Press releases can announce a range of news items such as: events, promotions, awards, new products and services, sales and other financial data, accomplishments, etc. 

A press statement is information given to reporters. This is an official statement or account of a news story that is specially written for newspapers and other news media for them to make known to the public.

Mass media
The Flag of the State of Utah was adopted in 1913 and has the Seal of Utah encircled in a golden circle on a background of dark navy blue.

In 1912, the Sons and Daughters of Utah Pioneers ordered a custom made copy of the newly adopted state flag to be showed off to the battleship USS Utah, which was commissioned on August 31, 1911. When the flag came, the group found out that the coat of arms on the flag was in full color instead of white, and the manufacturer had added a gold ring around the shield. Rather than have the flag remade, the Utah legislature changed the law to match the battleship flag, and the flag was showed off to the USS Utah.

A bald eagle, the national bird of the United States represents the safety of America. The arrows in the talons of the eagle represent courage in war. The sego lily, the Utah state flower, represents peace. The state motto "industry" represents progress, hard work, and community as does the emblem of the beehive, which is also a traditional Mormon symbol. Crossed Union flags show Utah's support and commitment to the United States. The name, Utah, appears underneath the beehive. The date 1847 represents the year Brigham Young led the first Mormons into the state. The year listed below that, 1896, represents the year that Utah was admitted to the Union. The gold circle around the state seal represents eternal order. The shield underneath the bald eagle represents common defense (military).

The design of the seal was adopted in 1850 by the Territory of Utah and changed by the artist "Harry Edwards" when Utah became a state in 1896.

Flag of the State of Deseret

According to most descriptions, the flag of the State of Deseret was almost the same to the flag of the State of Utah, but as it was not standardized, many other secular and religious alternatives were also used.

References

Utah
Utah
Magdalena Neuner (born 9 February 1987 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria) is a German biathlete.

Career 
She had her first Biathlon World Cup race in the 2005-06 season. One year later, she became one of the stars of the German biathlon team with three gold medals in the 2007 Biathlon World Championships in Antholz, Italy. In 2008, she won three other gold medals in the Biathlon World Cup in Östersund, Sweden, and reached also the first place of the Biathlon World Cup in that year.

In the 2010 Winter Olympics she was one of the gold medal favourites. The first race (on 13 February) was the 7.5 km sprint, where she reached a silver medal, beaten only by Anastasia Kuzmina from Slovakia. Three days later (on 16 February), she won the gold medal in the pursuit race. On 21 February, her second gold medal followed in the mass start.

References

Other websites 

 Magdalena Neuner's website
 Magdalena Neuner's results on the official International Biathlon Union website
 

1987 births
Living people
German Olympic gold medalists
German Olympic silver medalists
German sportspeople
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sport shooters
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Sportswomen
Wynton Learson Marsalis (born October 18, 1961) is an American jazz and classical trumpeter. He has won nine Grammy Awards for his music. His father was Ellis Marsalis Jr..

References

American jazz musicians
American classical musicians
Trumpeters
Grammy Award winners
African American musicians
Musicians from Louisiana
1961 births
Living people
The Americas (or America) are lands in the Western Hemisphere that are also known as the New World. Comprising the continents of North America and South America, along with their associated islands, they cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area).

Most people consider the countries in Central America to be part of North America instead of South America.

While the word American is usually used to mean a person or a thing from the United States, the most populated country in the Americas, sometimes people and things from anywhere in the Americas are called "American".

Related pages 
 History of America

References

Other websites 
 Organization of American States
Colonel Ilan Ramon (, born Ilan Wolferman; June 20, 1954 - February 1, 2003) was an Israeli air force pilot and the only Israeli astronaut. He was a member of the STS-107 mission crew and he died during Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003. 

His mother was a holocaust survivor (at Auschwitz concentration camp) and his father fought for Israeli independence. Ramon was married to activist Rona Ramon.

Other websites

 Official biography at NASA
 Photo of Ilan Ramon with Chabad Rabbi Zvi Konikov 
 Ilan Ramon STS-107 Crew Memorial 
 Ilan Ramon Memorial pages in the Israel Science and Technology Directory
 Spacefacts biography of Ilan Ramon
 Excerpts from Ilan Ramon's diary
 

1954 births
2003 deaths
Astronauts
Aviation deaths
Aviators
Colonels
Israeli Jews
Israeli military people
Jewish military people
Tel Aviv University alumni
Daniel Johnston (January 22, 1961 – September 11, 2019) was an American songwriter, singer, and artist who lived in Texas. Johnston has bipolar disorder. The movie The Devil and Daniel Johnston is about his life and music career.

Born in Sacramento, California, Johnston grew up in West Virginia in a Christian family. He became a Beatles fan when he was young, then went off to college but did not finish. He moved to Texas to live with his brother, and ended up joining a circus. He left the circus after another worker beat him up for taking too long in a restroom, and found a church in Austin, Texas that helped him find somewhere to live. Johnston's religious beliefs are mentioned in many of his songs, especially on his CD 1990.

Johnston's music career started in Austin in the 1980s. He made cassette tapes of songs he performed on a chord organ and gave many of them out for free to people he met. He started playing concerts and became very popular with music fans in Texas. Johnston appeared on MTV, and became even more popular when Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain wore a T-shirt with the cover art of one of Johnston's CDs.

Johnston released one CD on Atlantic Records, a major record label (a big company that helps make CDs and sells them around the world) called Fun in 1994. However, he was not able to make any more CDs with Atlantic Records because not enough people bought Fun. However, Johnston still writes songs, and his drawings appear on the covers of his CDs. His latest CD is Is and Always Was, which came out in 2009.

In 2010, movie director David Miller announced that he was writing the script for a new movie about Johnston that would be very different from The Devil and Daniel Johnston.

Johnston died of a suspected heart attack at his home in Waller, Texas on September 11, 2019. He was 58.

Albums released on CD
Yip/Jump Music (1983)
Hi, How Are You (1983)
Continued Story with Texas Instruments (1985)
A Texas Trip (1987)
1990 (1990)
Artistic Vice (1991)
Fun (1994)
Why Me? (2000)
Rejected Unknown (2001)
Fear Yourself (2003)
Freak Brain (2005)
Lost and Found (2006)
Is and Always Was (2009)

Other websites 
Johnston's official website

References

American rock musicians
American rock singers
Singers from Sacramento, California
Singers from West Virginia
Musicians from California
Musicians from Texas
Musicians from West Virginia
Writers from Sacramento, California
People with bipolar disorder
Writers from Texas
Writers from West Virginia
Singers from Texas
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1961 births
2019 deaths
The treepies are a type of bird. They are a member of the crow family (Corvidae). There are four different genus of treepie. They are Dendrocitta, Crypsirina, Temnurus and Platysmurus. There are 11 species of treepie.

Treepies are similar to magpies. They have long tails. Most treepies are black, white, gray or brown. They are found in Southeast Asia. They live in tropical forests. They spend a lot of time in the tops of trees. They do not come to feed on the ground very often.

Corvids
fr:Dendrocitta
Velcro is a brandname and trademark owned by the Velcro Companies for hook-and-loop fasteners. Hook-and-loop fasteners have a "hook" side, which is a piece of fabric covered with tiny hooks, and a "loop" side, which is covered with even smaller and "hairier" loops. When the two sides are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces together. When they are separated, they make a special "ripping" sound.

Creation 

The person who invented hook-and-loop was a scientist named George de Mestral. During a hunting vacation in Switzerland, de Mestral came home one evening and tried to remove the burrs stuck to his dog's fur. He was very surprised to see how hard the burrs were to remove. That night he studied the burrs under a microscope and noticed that each burr was covered with hundreds of small hooks acting like  hands. De Mestral decided that this burr could be made to close fabric instead of buttons and zippers. By copying the hook pattern hat he saw on burrs, he made hook-and-loop!

Vocabulary 

George de Mestral created the Velcro trademark by combining the French words for velvet (velour) and hook (crochet).

References

Other websites 

 Velcro Official US company website
 closeup of Velcro hooks and loops
 VELCRO USA INC. Celebrates 50TH 
 VELCRO Patent  - from Google Patents Anniversary
 Adhesives Guide by Velcro USA  - Adhesive Guide by Velcro USA
Māmane (Hawaiian language) is a shrub of Hawai'i in the Sophora genus. It is suitable for gardens.

It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of  in tree form. It is grow fast in every island of Hawaiian archipelago, so botanists describe many local forms including S.unifoliolata
Hawaiian honeycreeper visits mamane sucking nectar,
If mamane were to disappear from Hawai'i it would take with it the palila bird, which is also endangered due to the lack of enough māmane trees. Loxoides bauilleui, palila, feeds on unripe seeds of the māmane

References

Other websites
Plant of Hawaii

Gallery

Fabaceae
Mortality rate is a measurement.  It measures the number of deaths in a population.  

It is often reported as a number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.  A mortality rate of 9 in a population of 1,000 would mean 9 deaths per year in that entire population.

Related pages 

 Life expectancy

Demography
A doctorate is a degree earned by passing a doctoral dissertation. Usually, it refers to a Ph.D., but it can also be an Doctor of Medicine or an Juris Doctor. Colleges often give honorary doctorates to famous people who speak there.

References 

Academia
Qualifications
Academic degrees
Garry Kasparov (born 13 April 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan) is a Russian chess grandmaster and political activist. He was born with the name Garry Weinstein, and is partly of Jewish descent. He was the World Chess Champion from 1985 to 2000. In 1993 he broke away from FIDE to make a rival organisation (the PCA), because he felt FIDE had failed to raise enough money for world title matches. There is controversy about that period. By any measure, he is one of the greatest chess players of all time, and the highest-rated player before Magnus Carlsen.

Kasparov became the youngest non-disputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when an argument with FIDE led him to set up a rival company, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Kasparov lost a match (a series of chess games) against Deep Blue, a computer made by IBM, in 1997. Lately, retired from competition, he has been coaching Magnus Carlsen, the young player from Norway who is the current world #1.

Politics

After retiring from chess, Kasparov became involved in Russian politics. In 2005, he traveled around Russia, speaking against Vladimir Putin, who was President of Russia at that time. The same year he created the United Civil Front, a political movement whose main goal is to dismantle Putin's regime and restore democracy in Russia.

Kasparov was also one of the founders of The Other Russia, an opposition coalition which unites many left and nationalist politicians. He helped organize marches of dissenters involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and governors of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency. In November 2007, he was detained by police at a rally in Moscow and given a jail sentence of five days. On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a hall where at least 500 of his supporters could meet to endorse his candidacy, as is legally required. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to discourage anyone from renting a hall for the gathering. In 2008 Kasparov and his United Civil Front joined the Solidarity movement.

Kasparov is among the 34 first signatories and a key organiser of the online anti-Putin campaign Putin must go started in March 2010.

References 

1963 births
Living people
Azerbaijani chess players
Croatian people
People from Baku
Political activists
Russian chess players
Russian politicians
Soviet sportspeople
Chess grandmasters
Stanley Vann (born Leicester, 15 February 1910 - 27 March 2010) was an English composer, organist, choral conductor, and choir trainer.  He contributed a great deal to music in the Anglican church tradition.  He was Director of Music at Peterborough Cathedral from 1953 to 1977.  On 15 February 2010 he celebrated his 100th birthday.  He died the following month.

Early life
Vann was born in Leicester.  He started to learn the piano when he was about six years old.  At the age of 17 he learned the organ, and by the time he was 20 he had passed his  ARCM, ARCO and FRCO organ diplomas.

The start of a musical career
In 1931 he became Assistant Organist at Leicester Cathedral.  In 1933 he became Organist at Gainsborough Parish Church, then went to Leamington Spa as Organist of Holy Trinity church in 1939.  He started a choir and an orchestra there: the Leamington Spa Bach Choir and the Warwickshire Symphony Orchestra.

Between 1942 and 1946 he had to fight in the Second World War.

In 1949 he got the jobs of Organist at Chelmsford Cathedral and Professor of Harmony and Counterpoint at Trinity College, London.  In Chelmsford he started the Essex Symphony Orchestra.

He also trained the Leicester Philharmonic choir for the famous conductors Henry Wood and Malcolm Sargent.

Peterborough
In 1909 Vann became Master of the Music in Peterborough Cathedral.  He stayed in this job until he retired in 1977.  The choir was not particularly good when he started there, but he soon made them into an excellent choir.  They made many recordings.  In 1971 he was given a Lambeth doctorate by the Archbishop of Canterbury for his services to music.

When he retired he first moved to Wansford in Cambridgeshire so that he was half way between his son (in Yorkshire) and his daughter (in Berkshire).  He continued to work there, training the church choir, giving singing lessons, and composing.  Later he moved to Yorkshire to be nearer to family.  He died aged 100 after falling down and breaking his hip.

Compositions
Stanley Vann composed a great deal of music, mostly for the Anglican church service.  His compositions include hymn tunes, anthems, motets, chants, organ music and many other pieces.  One of his largest pieces is the Billingshurst Mass, for large chorus and orchestra.  It was first performed in Chichester Cathedral in 2000.

In 2000 a  concert was given in All Saints Church, Peterborough to celebrate his 90th birthday.  On Sunday 14 February 2010 many cathedrals and churches in England arranged special concerts and services to celebrate his 100th birthday
.  The BBC  broadcast a special choral evensong on Radio 3 on Wednesday 24 February from Peterborough Cathedral (Wednesday 17 February is Ash Wednesday, so that a lot of his music would not have been suitable.).

There is a scholarship in his name for young choir trainers and directors in the Anglican tradition.

References

1910 births
2010 deaths
21st-century English composers
British conductors
20th-century English composers
English organists
The Royal College of Organists or RCO, is an organisation based in the United Kingdom, but with members around the world. Its job is to support organ playing and choral music.  People who learn the organ can go there to take professional organ examinations.

There is a large library with more than 60,000 books about organ playing and organ music.

When the RCO started in 1864 by Richard Limpus it was called the College of Organists.  It was given a Royal Charter in 1893.  In 1903 it was offered an extremely cheap 99-year lease on a beautiful  building in Kensington, West London.  The college was there until 1991 when it moved to a church in the City of London.  In 2003 it moved again to Birmingham.

Examinations
The RCO offers five qualifications or diplomas.

The Colleague Diploma (CRCO) is a qualification for people who are good organists, but not necessarily at a professional level.
The Associateship Diploma (ARCO) is a professional qualification.  The candidate has to play the organ very well and do a music theory examination.
The Fellowship Diploma (FRCO) is for people who already have ARCO.  It is harder than ARCO.
The Choral Directing Diploma (Dip CHD) demonstrates professional choral conducting.
The Licentiateship in Teaching (LTRCO) is a professional qualification for organ teachers who already have either the ARCO or FRCO.

Other websites 
Royal College of Organists Official Website 

Colleges and universities in London
Music schools
1864 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in the United Kingdom
ARCO (short for Atlantic Richfield Company, the original name) is a United States oil company. It has operationsn 2 in the United States, Indonesia, the North Sea, and the South China Sea.  As of July 2011, it had more than 1,300 gas stations in the western part of the United States.

ARCO's original parent companies included:
Atlantic Petroleum, which opened its first gas station in 1915 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Richfield Oil Company, which opened its first gas station in 1917 in Los Angeles, California.
The two companies merged in 1966, and bought Sinclair Oil Corporation in 1969. In 1978, ARCO opened its first ampm convenience store.

Between 1970 and 2000, ARCO had a complicated corporate history. By 1985, it sold its Eastern US business to a new Atlantic Petroleum. In 2000, the remaining Western US business was bought by British Petroleum (BP). Finally, in 2013, BP sold ARCO and the Carson Refinery to Tesoro for $2.5 billion.

Oil discovery 
In 1957, Richfield was the first to drill for oil in Alaska. On July 15 of that year they struck oil with their first well. It was the first major oil discovery in Alaska and tested at 900 barrels a day. In 1968 they partnered with Exxon for Alaska North Slope oil production. In 1980, they were the seventh largest oil company in the United States.

Related pages 
 Petroleum
 Oil field
 Alaska North Slope
 North Sea oil

References

Other websites

ARCO Official Website
Tesoro Official Website 

Fuel
Companies based in California
1966 establishments in California
Population sans doubles comptes is a phrase in French that means population without double counting in English.

In France, because of the census, the INSEE has allowed people who live in one place and study in a different place to be counted twice, so as to show how the population moves. Because of this, each commune in France has many numbers of how many people live in it. For example, students may be counted where they study and where they live but do not study (the place they were born in). It is just like allowing students in the United States to vote in the town election of the place they are studying in and the town election where they were born.

Types of population counts

 Population municipale: people that live in that place
 Population comptée à part: people are there for a while, but not forever (soldiers, prisoners)
 Population totale: population municipale + population comptée à part
 Doubles comptes: part of Population comptée à part, which are people working or studying (students, soldiers) there and are counted in another town's Population municipale
 Population sans doubles comptes: population totale - doubles comptes

Notes and references

More reading 
  The official meanings on the INSEE site
  Understanding the census.
  The history of the census 
  Glossary.
  The results of the 1999 census.
  Population, a page per view.
  Population of French communes of more than 2000 inhabitants.

Statistics
Phil Wachsmann (born August 5, 1944) is an African avant-garde jazz/jazz fusion violinist born in Kampala, Uganda, probably better known for having founded his own group Chamberpot. He has worked with many musicians in the free jazz idiom, including Tony Oxley, Fred van Hove, Barry Guy, Derek Bailey and Paul Rutherford, among many others. Wachsmann is especially known for playing within the electronica idiom.

References

1944 births
Living people
Composers
Violinists
The National Autonomous University of México (UNAM) a university in Mexico City. It is one of the biggest universities in Mexico and Latin America. UNAM was started on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra.UNAM's main campus in Mexico City, known as Ciudad Universitaria (University City), is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed by some of Mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century. Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros. In 2016, it had an acceptance rate of only 8%. UNAM generates a number of strong research publications and patents in diverse areas, such as robotics, computer science, mathematics, physics,  human-computer interaction, history, philosophy, among others. All Mexican Nobel laureates are either alumni or faculty of UNAM.

Sources

Other websites

Official website
Mexico Diplomat
News in Spanish about UNAM 

Colleges and universities in Mexico
Mexico City
1910 establishments in North America
1910s establishments in Mexico
Health care or healthcare is the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illnesses through services offered by the health profession and its staff. Health care includes all reasonable and necessary medical aid, medical examinations, medical treatments, medical diagnoses, medical evaluations and medical services. The right to health care is considered one of human rights with international human rights law as well as social security.

Primary care 
A primary care doctor (PCD) or primary care physician (PCP) is a doctor who provides general medical care. These doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. They also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.

Secondary care
Secondary care includes acute care: necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury, or other health condition. This care is often found in a hospital emergency department. Secondary care also includes skilled attendance during childbirth, intensive care, and medical imaging services.

Culture of health 
In 1968, Victor Skumin proposed the term ″Culture of Health″, which has become widespread. The main task of a Culture of Health is to implement innovative health programs that support a holistic approach to physical, mental and spiritual health. Holism is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts.

According to Skumin, the culture of health is not only the mechanical connection of the two concepts—the concept of ″culture″ and the concept of ″health″. This is their synthesis, which forms a new quality, a new content. Skumin examines the culture of health as the specific science, that develops the theoretical and practical tasks of harmonious development of the spiritual, mental, and physical human force, forming of optimum environment, which provides a higher level of creativity of life. Thus, Skumin argues that the culture of health is a separate science, that creates new content. The main challenge of culture of health is the development of spiritual, mental and physical capabilities of man. 
In 1994, Skumin was elected to the post of the President-founder of the World Organisation of Culture of Health (WOCH) — International social movement "To Health via Culture".

Related pages
 Universal health care
 Doctor-patient relationship

References 

 
Medicine
Rodrigo (English: Ruderic, Roderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick,  ; died 711 or 712) was the Visigothic King of Hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. He is famous in legend as "the last king of the Goths." In history he actually is an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of Iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading Muslims who soon conquered the entire peninsula. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, who was later assassinated.

References 

History of Spain
Tambo could mean:

People 
 Adelaide Tambo (1929–2007), South African anti-apartheid activist
 Oliver Tambo (1917–1993), South African anti-apartheid activist

Geography 

In Australia:
 Tambo River (Victoria)
 Tambo, Queensland
 County of Tambo, Victoria
 Shire of Tambo, Victoria
 Shire of Tambo (Queensland)
 Blackall-Tambo Region, Queensland

In Peru:
 Tambo River (Peru)
 Tambo District, Huaytará
 Tambo District, La Mar
 Tambo Grande District, Piura province
 Tambo de Mora District, Chincha province
 Río Tambo District, Satipo province
 Tambo Colorado, archaeological site the city of Pisco

In South Africa:
 OR Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape province
 OR Tambo International Airport, serving Johannesburg, Gauteng province

Elsewhere:
 Pizzo Tambo, mountain in the Swiss Alps near Splügen, Graubünden
 Tambo, California, USA

Other 
 Tambo (Incan structure), a building that was used for lodging, storage, and record-keeping
 Tambo (weapon), a very short staff used in martial arts
 Tambo, a character from blackface minstrelsy
 Shelly Tambo, one of the main fictional characters in the American television series Northern Exposure

Related pages
 El Tambo
Los Navegantes (; roughly translated as Los Navegantes Neighborhood) is a residential neighbourhood in the south-east of Pichilemu, Chile. It is located near the Municipal Stadium and La Cruz Hill. Los Navegantes boasts a perimeter of approximately 1.5 km and was founded between 1996-1997 and has a court. The Pichilemu tsunami secure side, starts near the neighborhood.

References 

Pichilemu
The Rugby Championship is an annual rugby union competition between the national teams of the sport's four strongest Southern Hemisphere nations—New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Argentina. It began in 1996, a year after the sport became professional, as the Tri Nations. At the time, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa competed for the Tri Nations Trophy. Beginning in 2012, Argentina joined the competition.

During the Tri Nations era, the contest began in July, during the Southern Hemisphere winter, and ran through September. For most of that era, each team played every other team twice, once at home and once away. Later on, each team played the others three times. When the competition added Argentina, it returned to a pure home-and-away format, with a total of 12 games played. Also, due to a slight change in the sport's calendar, The Rugby Championship now begins in August and runs through October. This format is used except in years in which the Rugby World Cup is played (every four years, in the year before the Summer Olympics). In those years, each team plays the others only once, with a total of six games played.

Teams are awarded competition points for a win, but can also earn 'bonus' points. At the end of the series, the team with the most competition points wins the trophy. The team that wins the competition is usually considered to be the best rugby union team in the Southern Hemisphere for that year.

Additional trophies 
New Zealand and Australia compete annually for the Bledisloe Cup. All Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Bledisloe Cup.

South Africa and Australia compete annually for the Mandela Plate. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Mandela Plate.

New Zealand and South Africa compete annually for the Freedom Cup. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Freedom Cup.

Rugby union
Sport in Australia
Sport in New Zealand
Sport in South Africa
Sport in Argentina
1996 establishments
Agustín Ross Cultural Centre (Spanish,  Centro Cultural Agustín Ross), previously known as Casino Ross (Ross Casino), is a historic casino building. It is in Agustín Ross Avenue, in front of Ross Park, in Pichilemu, Chile. The building was built in the late 1800s. In 1906 the first Chilean casino was built there. It was closed in 1932 and converted into a hotel which was open until the 1980s. The building is now Pichilemu's cultural centre.

History 

The casino is named after Agustín Ross Edwards, a Chilean writer, member of parliament, minister and politician. He was part of the powerful family Ross Edwards, which founded the newspaper El Mercurio years earlier. Based on his european experience, Ross bought a place named "La Posada" (English: The Inn) or Petren Fund in 1885. At that time, it was just some barracks with thick walls with a ground of 300 hectares.

The old Ross Casino was constructed in the late 1800s by Ross himself. It contained the first mail and telegraph service and a big store. The building had three floors, and was raised using imported materials. In January 20, 1906, the first Chilean casino was opened in that building. The Ross Casino worked until 1932, when the permission was cancelled, allowing just the newly constructed Viña del Mar Casino to work. After the closing of the Ross Casino, the building was converted into a hotel was which functioned until the 1980s.

The old casino (1905) and its gardens (1885) are an important part of the city. It was named Historic Monument by the National Monuments Council on February 25, 1988, by the supreme decree N° 100.

Ross was also the administrator of the great Juana Ross de Edwards fortune, the Nancagua Hacienda, near the city of same name. He designed an urban set of high environmental value and landscape, transforming "La Posada" to a hotel (Great Hotel Pichilemu, later Hotel Ross, or Ross Hotel). 
Ross also built several chalets, terraces, embankments, stone walls, a balcony in front of the beach and several large houses with imported building materials and furniture from France and England. Additionally, he put up a park and a forest of more than 10 hectares. Ross turned Pichilemu into a summer resort town for rich people from Santiago. He, however, could not build a dock for the city, as he had planned. 

In 1935, the Ross successors ceded to the Illustrious Municipality of Pichilemu all the Ross constructions (streets, avenues, squares, seven hectares of forests, the park in front of the hotel, the perrons and the terraces) under condition that the municipality hold them for recreation and public access.

The Cultural Centre was severely damaged after the February 2010 Chile earthquake. The library that it hosted was completely destroyed. After the 2010 Pichilemu earthquake, the Cultural Centre suffered structural damage, but Roberto Córdova, Mayor of Pichilemu, said that it was repairable.

References 

Buildings and structures in Chile
Pichilemu
The Australia national rugby union team, nicknamed the Wallabies are the national rugby union side of Australia. The first Australian teams played against the British Lions at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 24 June 1899. The Australians won the game 13-3. In 1908, the Australians went to the United Kingdom, France and North America to play. They needed a name and someone suggested the "Rabbits", but the team did not like it and chose the "Wallabies" instead. A wallaby is a small mammal from Australia, very similar to a kangaroo. Until the 1980s, only teams playing overseas were called the Wallabies; when they played in Australia they were called Internationals. Now the national team is called the Wallabies all the time.

References

Sport in Australia
Rugby union
A couch, sofa or settee is a kind of furniture that is designed to seat more than one person. It usually has a place to rest your arm on each side. Couches are normally found in the living room or in front of the TV.

Although a couch is used primarily for seating, it may be used for reclining. In homes, couches are normally found in the family room, living room, den, sitting room or the lounge. They are also found in hotels, lobbies of commercial offices, waiting rooms, furniture stores, etc. The term 'couch' is used in North America, Australia, New Zealand, whilst the term 'sofa' is generally used in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The word originated in Middle English from the Old French noun couche, which derived from the verb meaning 'to lie down'.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, a couch was thought as a long, upward seat for resting on. One end would slope up high enough to provide a place for the head to rest. Some late 18th-century kinds of couches had an arm running partly down one side, and this type continued to be made in England. In Greek places, there were flowing designs with all kind of elegant colors. Many of them had scrolled ends and short legs. The couch was later taken over by the overstuffed sofa during the Victorian age.

Expression 
Because the couch is usually set in front of the TV, it is the main place where people usually sit and watch it. Lazy people would eventually seem to be stuck to it all the time. This person, a person who does not do a lot of physical activity, was called a "couch potato". This was also because potatoes do not move at all, and does not do anything but just sits there. This may also be considered as slang. Couch came from the word couche, which means, "a bed, lair," or from the word coucher, which means "to lie down."

Types 
The most common types of couches in homes are the "love seats" for two, or the "sofa" for more than two. Other couches include the divan or the "fainting couch", which usually does not have a back. Couches are usually bought in a set together with cushions, which give them a bouncey and decorative comfortable touch. Most couches should be deep cleaned once or twice a year, but fabric furniture can sometimes need a little more, including vacuuming once a month and treating spills and stains as soon as they happen.

References

 John Gloag, A Short Dictionary of Furniture rev. ed. 1962. (London: Allen & Unwin)

Other websites 
 Etymology of "sofa"

Furniture
Sinik (real name Thomas Gerard Idir; born on 26 June 1980) is a famous French rapper. His parents are Algerian. Thomas was four years old when his parents moved to Bergères in France.

Rap musicians
French musical entertainers
1980 births
Living people
Porridge is a food which is made with a cereal, usually oats.  The oats are boiled in water or milk, or both. It is usually served hot in a bowl or dish.  Some people add things to their porridge such as sugar or syrup. In Scotland salt is often added.

Porridge is a traditional food in many countries in Northern Europe.  It is usually eaten for breakfast.  In some countries barley or other grains may be used.  Porridge is cooked in saucepans or in a microwave.  Traditionally, it was cooked in large metal kettles over hot coals. Porridge was often served as food for prisoners in prisons.  This is why in English there is a slang expression "doing porridge" which means "being in prison". Porridge is also given to people who are ill because it is healthy and easy to eat and digest.

Semolina and gruel are foods which are quite similar to porridge. Semolina is usually served as a pudding. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge that may be also drunk and may not need to be cooked. Oliver Twist, in the famous book by Charles Dickens, was given gruel to eat.

Historically, heavy foods were eaten because most work was manual. Before the industrial revolution, men and women doing hard work needed more calories per day than they need today. At any rate this applies to countries which are highly mechanized. Porridge is a good example of the heavy calorie-laden food which has gradually gone out of favor.

References

Related pages
Quaker Oats Company

Breakfast foods
A Fresnel lens is an optical lens, which was originally developed for Lighthouses. It is named after its inventor, French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel. The name is pronounced  /freɪˈnɛl/ (fray-NELL), the 's' is silent. Before Fresnel,  Buffon and Condorcet proposed a similar design, as a way to make large burning lenses.  

The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material that would be required in conventional lens design.  Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner. More light can pass through. Lighthouses that use these kind of lenses can be seen from farther away.

Physics
Grand Opera is a term which is used to describe an opera with continuous music.  It is a kind of opera that was popular in the 19th-century.  Grand operas are usually divided into four or five acts.  There have large casts (many singers taking part) and large orchestras.  There is a lot of scenery.  The story is dramatic.  It is usually a story about a hero from history.  The term "Grand Opera" has often been used to describe the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1850, and sometimes to describe the Paris Opéra itself.  

In a broader sense "Grand Opera" can be any large-scale opera from European countries.  During the 1830s and 1840s Giacomo Meyerbeer was thought to be the greatest composer of Grand Opera.

Opera genres
Opera terminology