cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
In 1994, the "Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts.

Municipalities (different parts of the land) that still exist 

 Banja Luka (City status)
 Istočno Sarajevo (City status, was also known as Srpsko Sarajevo)
 Berkovići
 Bijeljina
 Bileća
 Bosanska Kostajnica (was known as Srpska Kostajnica)
 Bosanski Brod (was known as Srpski Brod and simply Brod)
 Bratunac
 Čajniče
 Čelinac
 Derventa
 Doboj
 Donji Žabar (was known as Srpsko Orašje)
 Foča (was known as Srbinje)
 Gacko
 Gradiška
 Han Pijesak
 Istočna Ilidža (was known as Srpska Ilidža)
 Istočni Drvar (was known as Srpski Drvar)
 Istočni Mostar (was known as Srpski Mostar)
 Istočni Stari Grad (was known as Srpski Stari Grad)
 Istočno Novo Sarajevo (was known as Srpsko Novo Sarajevo)
 Jezero
 Kalinovik
 Kneževo
 Kotor Varoš
 Kozarska Dubica
 Krupa na Uni
 Kupres
 Laktaši
 Lopare
 Ljubinje
 Milići
 Modriča
 Mrkonjić Grad
 Nevesinje
 Novi Grad
 Novo Goražde (was known as Srpsko Goražde)
 Osmaci
 Oštra Luka (was known as Srpski Sanski Most)
 Pale
 Pelagićevo
 Petrovac
 Petrovo
 Prijedor
 Prnjavor
 Ribnik (was known as Srpski Ključ)
 Rogatica
 Rudo
 Sokolac
 Srbac
 Srebrenica
 Šamac
 Šekovići
 Šipovo
 Teslić
 Trebinje
 Trnovo
 Ugljevik
 Višegrad
 Vlasenica
 Vukosavlje
 Zvornik

Renamed municipalities

Old municipalities 
 Bihać
 Centar Sarajevo
 Glamoč (part included in Šipovo)
 Gradačac (parts included in Modriča and Pelagićevo)
 Grahovo (formerly Bosansko Grahovo)
 Hadžići
 Ilijaš (part included in Sokolac)
 Konjic (parts included in Nevesinje)
 Lukavac (parts included in Petrovo)
 Maglaj (parts included in Doboj)
 Olovo (parts included in Sokolac)
 Rajlovac
 Srbobran (parts included in Šipovo) (formerly Donji Vakuf)
 Srebrenik
 Tuzla (parts included in Lopare)
 Vogošća
 Zavidovići

Republika Srpska
Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1994 in Europe
1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska (Serbo-Croatian: Република Српска / Republika Srpska) is one of the two parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.  The other part is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is also a special city that is not in either, the Brčko District.

Regions 
The Republika Srpska has seven main parts (called regions). They are:

Related pages
 Municipalities of Republika Srpska

References

Other websites 

Regions of Republika Srpska
 
1995 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sir Kenneth Branagh (born 10 December 1960) is a British actor, movie director and television producer. He played Hamlet. He has directed and acted in many Shakespeare adaptations. He has acted alongside popular actors including: Emma Thompson, Keanu Reeves, Michael Keaton, Maggie Smith and Alan Rickman. 

Since Richard Attenborough's death in August 2014, Branagh has been the president of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts in London.

In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award for screenplay writing and earned two Academy Award nominations for his movie Belfast.

Filmography

Other websites 

1960 births
Living people
Actors from Northern Ireland
BAFTA Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning directors
British movie actors
British movie directors
British movie producers
British stage actors
British television actors
British television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Belfast
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Sculpture is a type of art. It must be three-dimensional (meaning it must have height, width, and depth like a cube). There are many kinds of sculptures from different parts of the world, like China and India, or from different time periods, like the renaissance and modern times. The pictures below are of sculptures:
 Holograms
 Pottery
 Glass blowing
 Costume
 Mask
 Doll
 Relief
 Statue

Examples

References 

 
Non-verbal communication
Charles V (24 February 1500–21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1519, King of Castile and Aragon from 1516, and Lord of the Low Countries as Duke of Burgundy from 1506. 

Philip the Handsome (son of Maximilian I of Austria and Mary of Burgundy) and Joanna the Mad  (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) were his parents. He ruled Austria, Spain, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.

His Majesty or His Imperial Majesty was first used when he was king. His Empire became large and was known as "in which the sun does not set". He was also known as "The Emperor of Universal Dominion."

He divided his empire between his brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II of Spain.

1500 births
1558 deaths

Holy Roman Emperors
Kings and Queens of Spain
Kings and Queens of Italy
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Lava is magma, hot molten rock that flows through holes in the Earth's crust and onto the surface. Like magma, lava can be either viscous (~thick) or fluid (~thin). Blocky lava is so thick and slow that it barely moves along the ground. Other types of lava, like pahoehoe, aa, and pillow lava, are thinner and flow faster. Lava sometimes sets things on fire. Sometimes it even destroys towns.

Types of lava

Blocky lava 
Blocky lava is cool, stiff lava that cannot travel far from where it was erupted. Blocky lava usually oozes out from a volcano only after an explosion has let out lots of the gas pressure from the place where there is magma. Blocky lava makes jumbled piles of sharp chunks.

Pahoehoe 
Pronounced pah HOY HOY, pahoehoe gets its name from the Hawaiian word for "ropy" because its surface looks like coils of rope. Pahoehoe lava flows slowly, like wax dripping down from a candle, making a glassy surface with round wrinkles.

Aa 
Aa is a Hawaiian word that is pronounced AH-AH. This lava that has a sharp, jagged surface. This stiff lava pours out quickly and makes a crust that breaks easily. The crust is torn into sharp pieces as the hot lava underneath still moves.

Pillow lava 
Pillow lava is made when lava erupts underwater. It makes round lumps that are the size and shape of pillows. Pillow lava has a round shape because the lava cools very quickly when it touches water.

They occur wherever mafic or intermediate lavas push out under water. This happens along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges. Pillow lavas occur in the oldest preserved volcanic sequences on earth, the Isua and Barberton greenstone belts. This shows that large bodies of water were on the Earth's surface early in the Archaean. Pillow lavas are used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts. Pillow lavas are also found where volcanoes were under ice early before an eruption.

Lava tube 
A lava tube is a natural channel formed in flowing lava. The lava continues flowing under the tube's upper surface. Later, when the lava is cooled and solid, the tube remains as a feature in the landscape.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Volcanology
Greenwich Village is an area on the western part of southern/downtown Manhattan. It is sometimes called The Village. The Village is mainly residential.

Greenwich Village is bordered by Broadway to the east, Hudson River to the west, Houston Street to the south and 14th Street to the north.

Originally, Greenwich Village was a hamlet separate to New York City.  The grid plan for its streets is less orderly than in parts of Manhattan that were built later.

History 

The village is located on what used to be marshland. In the 16th century, Native Americans called it Sapokanikan which means tobacco field. In the 1630s, it was turned into pasture by the Dutch, who called it Noortwyck. In 1664, when the English captured the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, and Greenwich Village developed as a hamlet.

In 1712, it officially became a village, and was named Grin'wich in the 1713 Common Council records. Following a yellow fever epidemic in 1822, many New York residents moved to the healthier air of Greenwich; where many stayed. In the 19th century, it was known as Washington Square.

Other websites 
 New York Architecture Images- Greenwich Village
 Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation
 Village Voice
 Greenwich Village, by Anna Alice Chapin, 1919, from Project Gutenberg

Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City
The Aragonese language is a Romance language spoken in the north of Aragon by 10,000 people.

It is similar to nearby languages: Spanish, Catalan and Occitan. Also, many Aragonese words are similar to Basque words.

History 
Aragonese, which developed in parts of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages almost the same as modern Basque might have been spoken before. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded to the south from the mountains. It pushed the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.

The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two areas; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended when James I of Aragon gave Murcia to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The best-known writer in Aragonese was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote a lot of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).

The spread of Spanish, the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and the similarity between Spanish and Aragonese helped the decline of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in the schools and the institution of Spanish as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.

In recent times, Aragonese was mostly seen as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. After the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy new books and studies of the language have been published.

References
Events 
 June 18 – Five Canterbury monks see what was possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed
 The Sung Document written detailing the discovery of "Mu-Lan-Pi" (suggested by some to be California) by Muslim sailors
 The Chronicle of Gervase of Canterbury written
 The Leaning Tower of Pisa begins to lean as the third level is completed
Year 1280 (MCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China begins.
 The final stage of the Lincoln Cathedral is completed.
 King Edward I of England forms the Court of King's Bench. The Bench hears petitions for justice instead of the king hearing them himself.
 The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date).
 The Asen dynasty of tsars of Bulgaria ends.
 Syria tries to leave from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt. Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria in the Egyptian sultanate.
 The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls is completed. It began in 1279.
 Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy. It becomes the capital of the House of Savoy.
 Osman starts to rule.

Births 
 Birger of Sweden (d. 1321)
 Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (d. 1354)

Deaths 
 May 9 – Magnus VI of Norway
 August 22 – Pope Nicholas III (b. 1218)
 November 15 – Albertus Magnus, German theologian
Deaths 
 Saint Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne
 Wulfhere, king of Mercia
 Saint Amand
Events 
 September 28 – Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Devizes castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner.
 Balaguer, Spain, is captured from the Moors by the count of Urgell.
 Boleslaus III of Poland begins a war against his brother Zbigniew for control of Poland.
Events 
Bernicia settled by the Angles
Ethiopia conquers Yemen
The Daisan river, a tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa and within a couple of hours fills the entire city except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin was discovered during the rebuilding of the city.
Byzantine emperor Justin I rebuilds Anazarbus and renames it Justinopolis.
Dionysius Exiguus produces his tables for computing the date of Easter.
Year 303 (CCCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Great Persecution: Emperor Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire. Hierocles is said to have started the fierce persecution of the Christians under Galerius. They are forbidden to worship in groups, and thousands of them are killed in the next 10 years.
 February 24 – Galerius publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
 September 25 – On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France.
 November 28 – Diocletian makes a visit to Rome. The Augusti and the Caesars are united for the first time to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's accession.
 The Triumphal Arch of Maximian is erected in Salonica.

Asia 
 Sassanid Shah Hormizd II succeeds Narseh.

America 
 In Mexico the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes.

By topic

Religion 
 March 4 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.

Births 
 Magnentius, Roman usurper (d. 353)
 Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 361)

Deaths 
 April 23 – Saint George, soldier of the Roman Empire
 September 25 – Saint Fermin, Roman Catholic saint
 Acacius of Byzantium, centurion in the Roman army and martyr
 Adrian of Nicomedia, Christian saint
 Anthimus of Rome
 Cao Huan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wei
 Cessianus, Roman Catholic saint and martyr
 Crescentinus, patron saint of Urbino
 Erasmus of Formiae
 Expeditus, Roman commander and martyr
 Felix and Adauctus, Christian martyrs
 Lu Ji, Chinese writer and literary critic
 Romanus of Caesarea, martyr 
 Saint Cyriacus
 Saint Devota
 Saint Pantaleon
 Victor Maurus, Christian martyr
 Vitus, Christian saint from Sicily

303
Deaths 
 August 6 – Saint Dominic, Spanish founder of the Dominicans (born 1170)
 October 4 – William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu (born 1179)
 October 21 – Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (born 1201)
 Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
Events 
 Establishment of the Carmelite Order
 Hogen Rebellion in Japan
 January 20 – According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader Bishop Henry with an axe on the ice of the lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland.
 The Privilegium Minus elevates Austria to the status of a duchy ruled by the Babenburgs family. (see History of Austria).
 Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross.
Deaths 
 March 7 – William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader
 October 3 – Francis of Assisi, Italian saint (born 1181)
 November 8 – King Louis VIII of France (born 1187)
 November 14 – Frederick of Isenberg, German politician (executed) (b. 1193)
 December 11 – Robert de Ros, English baron (born 1177)
 Pandulph, Roman ecclesiastical politician
Events 
 Jayavarman VII defeats the Cham and assumes control of the Khmer kingdom.
 The word Albigensians first used by chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois to describe the inhabitants of Albi, France.
 September 1 — Pope Lucius III succeeds Pope Alexander III as the 171st pope.
 Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has since come to be understood as a supernova. One of only eight supernovae in the Milky Way observed in recorded history, it appeared in the constellation Cassiopeia and was visible in the night sky for about 185 days. The radio source 3C58 is thought to be the remnant from this event.
 Beginning of the Yowa era in Japan. The era is marked by famine.

Births 
 Saint Francis of Assisi, Italian founder of the Franciscan Order (died 1226)
 Saint Teresa of Portugal
 Jayavarman VII, king of the Khmer (died 1219)

Deaths 
 January 30 — Emperor Takakura of Japan (b. 1161)
 March 17 — Henry I of Champagne
 June 30 — Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester, English politician (b. 1147)
 August 30 — Pope Alexander III (b. c. 1100–1105)
 Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese warlord (b. 1118)
 As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ruler of Syria (b. 1163)

1181
Events 
 Saint Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade
 The Flag of Denmark fell from the sky during the Battle of Lyndanisse
Events 
 John Shore invents the tuning fork.
 Alexander Pope publishes An Essay on Criticism.

Births 
 April 26 - David Hume, Scottish philosopher (d. 1776)
 September 11 - William Boyce, English composer
 October 15 - Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Queen of Sardinia
 December 11 - Bárbara of Portugal, Portuguese princess

Deaths
 April 14 - Louis, le Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIV of France (b. 1661)
Year 1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar.

Events 
 The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul
 Nicholas Cugnot pioneers the automobile with a three-wheel gun tractor
 James Watt supersedes the 1705 Newcomen engine with a more effective steam engine
 In Lisbon, the auto-da-fé parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished
 Josef II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
 Horace Walpole publishes The Castle of Otranto
 The birth of Mary Bryant, one of the first successful escapees from the fledging Australian penal colony.
Events 
 March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
 May – August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
 May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
 August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
 September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
 December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
 Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
 Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
 Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Events 
 March 1 – writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date.
 August 10 – The Swedish 64 gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor
 September 6 – Puritans settle Salem which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 October 28–Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
 Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
 Island of Santorini explodes.
 John Felton assassinates George Villiers, duke of Buckingham.
 William Harvey publishes his findings about blood circulation.
 The Collegiate School, today the oldest educational institution in North America, is established.
 Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, by William Harvey, is published.
Events 
 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V
 Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty.
Events 
 March 8 – Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery).
 May 23 – The Second Defenestration of Prague – Protestant noblemen throw three representatives of Ferdinand II out of a window. The event began the Thirty Years' War.
 July 20 – Pluto reached, according to sophisticated mathematical calculations, its second most recent aphelion. The next one occurred in 1866, and the following one will occur in 2113.
 August 29 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius are imprisoned by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
 October 29 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.

 The margraves of Brandenburg is granted Polish approval to inherit Ducal Prussia.
 November 13, the Synod of Dordrecht has its first meeting.
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mustafa I (1617-1623) to Osman II (1618-1622).
 The 3000 seat Teatro Farnese, the first permanent proscenium theatre, was built into the Great Hall of the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, Italy in 1618.
Events 
 January 1 – In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25.
 February 8 – King James I of England disbands the English Parliament.
 March 22 – In the Jamestown massacre, Algonquian Native Americans kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of the colony's population) and destroys the Henricus settlement.
 May 13 — the Eendracht, Dutch VOC sailing ship and the second recorded European ship to make landfall on Australian soil, is wrecked off the western coast of Ambon Island, Dutch East Indies.
 Étienne Brûlé is the first European to see Lake Superior.
 Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years.
 Albertus Magnus is beatified by the Roman Catholic Church.
 Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha sinks off the Florida Keys, while carrying copper, silver, gold, tobacco, and indigo. (Wreck discovered 1985).
Levi Eshkol (born Levi Shkolnik, October 25, 1895 – February 26, 1969) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death in 1969. He is buried in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

1895 births
1969 deaths
Burials at Mount Herzl
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Israeli former political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Mapai politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Prime Ministers of Israel
Ukrainian Jews
Events 
March 1 – Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, Essays. They are published later the same year.
June 11 – Juan de Garay founds Buenos Aires.
June 25 – Publication of the Book of Concord, a collection of Lutheran confessional documents.
July 12 – Publication of the Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible in a Slavic language.
September 26 – Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe
1580-1764 First session of Jewish Waad (Sejm of 4 countries) in Lublin, Poland. 70 delegates of Jewish local kahals met to discuss taxations and other issues important to Jewish communities.
Portugal loses independence to Spain following the death without heirs of king Henry of Portugal. The Habsburg rule would last until 1640.
Yermak entered Siberia with a band of 1636 men. Russia begins the conquest of Siberia.
The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic United States politics during the 1996 federal elections. The Chinese government denied all accusations.  Twenty-two people were eventually convicted of fraud or for funneling Asian funds into the United States elections, and others fled U.S. jurisdiction. 

In late 1996, the Justice Department opened a task force to investigate allegations of illegal donations to the Clinton/Gore re-election campaign and to Clinton's legal defense fund. Ultimately, Justice Department prosecutors secured the conviction of several fund-raisers for various offenses. John Huang served 500 hours of community service and paid a $10,000 fine. Johnny Chung served 3000 hours of community service. Charlie Trie served four months of in-home detention. Maria Hsia served 90 days of home detention and paid a $5,300 fine. Indonesian billionaire James Riady was fined $8.6 million. Ernest Green served three months home detention. Michael Brown served 150 hours of community service and paid a $5000 fine. In all, the Justice Department task force secured criminal convictions against 22 people by 2001.

References 

1996 in the United States
1990s in China
Events 
 Emperor Go-Reizei ascends the throne of Japan.
 Harold Godwinson becomes Earl of Wessex.
 Edward the Confessor marries Edith.
 Edward the Confessor begins construction on Westminster Abbey.
 Pope Benedict IX sells the Papacy to Pope Gregory VI.
 Movable type printing is invented by Bi Sheng in China.

Deaths 
 June – Rainulf Drengot, Norman adventurer.
In hand-to-hand combat, in martial arts and sports, a kick is a blow with the foot, the knee or the leg. It is used in combat as an attack. Generally, the kicks are slower than the punches although stronger than the blows with hands.

The kicks are a fundamental part in many martial arts. The examples are: wushu, karate, kickboxing, tangsudo or taekwondo; whereas other arts do not use any kick, as it is in the case of judo or of boxing. Other martial arts can use kicks, although they limit them to attacks to the legs and to the lower parts of the body of the opponent.

There exists a great number of kicks, and a lot of them have typical names for each one. Frequently the same movement has different names in different martial arts. This is obvious especially when comparisons are done between western arts and oriental arts.

Example in kickboxing

Usual kicks 
 Front kick: hips facing the target. It is in "penetrating" form, in "pushing" form (Push kick, Pushing kick) or in "snapping" form (Front snap kick).
 Side kick or lateral kick: hips directed sideways to the target - It is in "penetrating" form.
 Semicircular kick: also roundhouse kick of 45 degrees. Kick of the category of the techniques named circular kicks. They are performed with the hips facing the target from a pendulum movement of the lower member all around of the hip (movement of closing of the thigh on the trunk) which can be combined a live extension of the knee. To the image of the roundhouse kicks, takes into consideration usually the side targets of the body.
 Roundhouse kick or circular kick: in low line or low kick , of middle height (level of the trunk) or middle kick and in high line (level of the head) or high kick.
 Hook kick: hips facing the target or directed sideways to the target.
 Back kick: hips with back towards the target.
 Sweeping: kick of sweeping only on the boxing shoe (or the foot). Main forms: spoon sweeping or hook sweeping. There exist the turning sweepings (type "roundhouse kick") and spinning (type spinning hook kick).

(1) The front kicks and side kicks, in "penetrating" form, on the lower member are entitled between the professionals especially for certain titles, but not in all the lands.

(2) There exist numerous hybrid kicks, such as the "side-front" que the "side kick" with the hips rather frontal what allows an instant connection of the techniques of fist much useful in active defense

Less practised kicks 
Category of the straight-legged kicks, called stick kick:
 Crescent kick: hips facing the target.
 Descending kick (hammer kick or axe kick): carried with the heel.

Spinning and jumping kicks 
 Spinning hook kick.
 Spinning side kick.
 Spinning back kick.
 Jumping front kick.
 Jumping roundhouse kick.
 Jumping side kick.
 Jumping back kick.
(*) Certain techniques can be spinning and jumping at the same time.

Other websites 
 www.kajukenbo.info (Kicking Philosophies and Techniques) 
 Kinematic analysis of crescent kick in taekwondo
 World amateur sport Kickboxing Organization (W.A.S.K.O. )  - & kickboxing
 various kick techniques

Basic English 850 words
Sports
Events 
 February to August – Explorer Abel Tasman's second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia.
 April – A popular Chinese Uprising led by Li Zicheng enter and conquer Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide.
 June 6 – The invading Manchu army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing, China. This marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last imperial dynasty of China.
 July 2 – Battle of Marston Moor, a crushing victory for the Parliamentary side of the English Civil War, ends Charles I's hold on the north of England.
 September 1 – Battle of Tippermuir, Montrose defeats Elcho's Covenanters, reviving Royalist cause in Scotland
 September 2 – Second Battle of Lostwithiel, the last major victory for Charles I and the Royalist side in the English Civil War.
 September 15 – Pope Innocent X is elected to the Papacy, in Rome.
 November 23 – Areopagitica by John Milton is published.
 December – Plague breaks out in Edinburgh.
Muslims have different dress codes for different contexts. Conservative ideas of hijab require people to dress modestly both for outside and religious contexts. Clothing for everyday wear, inside and outside the house is different, and very much depends on the family.

Clothes for men
Islamic men wear thobes as well as Kufi Hat's.Muslim men also have many rules about clothing, some of the most strict ones involve gold, there are over 160 rules  

A mans clothing is modest and loose so as not to emphasize the shape of the body. It should cover at least the area from navel to knees.
They should wear a qamisi a knee covering religious clothing to prayer and many many more.

Clothes for women

Islam says that women should dress in a very special way. This dress code applies to women and adolescent girls, but not to children. Usually, women who travel to Islamic countries should also wear such dress.

In the very least, the garment should cover the shoulders. Long-sleeved garments (and trousers) are preferred. Use a headscarf to cover the hair (especially when you enter a mosque or other place of worship).

Abaya- long flowing outer garment worn over all other clothing.
Jilbab- garment that may be worn like a dress, usually with trousers underneath.
Dupatta- a long rectangular scarf usually worn over the shoulders in front of the neck, or however you prefer. Women will sometimes use a dupatta over their head for a hijab.
Scarf or veil - the head covering worn by many Muslim women. Traditionally, it is a square folded into a triangle or simply a triangle, but also can be a rectangular shape. To wear- bring the two corners together and pin/knot/wrap at the neck.
Niqab- a veil worn to cover the face. A niqab can be made to leave only the eyes uncovered, only the eyes and forehead uncovered, or to leave the forehead, eyes, and nose uncovered, covering only the mouth.
Burka- a long, loose piece of clothing covering the whole body from head to feet, worn in public by women in many Muslim countries. 

Society
Pepin the Short or Pippin (714 – September 24, 768), often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was King of the Franks from 751 to 768.

Pepin was the son of Charles Martel and Chrotrud (690 - 720), and was born in Jupille, Belgium.

In 740 Pepin married Bertrada of Laon. She was the daughter of Caribert of Laon. They had two sons and a daughter who lived long enough to become adults:

 Charlemagne
 Carloman
 Gisela

Pepin died at Saint Denis and is buried in the basilica with his wife, Bertrada of Laon. His sons, Charlemagne and Carloman, were each King of half the Kingdom of the Franks after him.

714 births
768 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
Christopher Anthony John "Chris" Martin (born 2 March 1977) is an English singer and pianist for the band Coldplay. He also plays the guitar. He was born in Exeter, Devon, England. He married Gwyneth Paltrow in 2003. They have two children, a daughter, Apple (born 2004) and a son, Moses (born 2006). The couple separated in 2014. 

His band members are called Jonny Buckland (lead guitarist), Guy Berryman (bassist) and Will Champion (drummer).  They met while studying at University College London. In January 1998, they formed the rock band Coldplay. They were influenced by the Scottish rock band Travis.  U2 was another important influence on Martin both musically and politically. 

Martin does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. PETA said he was the World's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2005!

Filmography

Television

Movies

Solo discography
See Coldplay for his work with the band.

References

1977 births
British anti–Iraq War activists
Coldplay
English pianists
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
Living people
Musicians from Devon
Wikibooks (previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks) is a collection of free books. It is one of many projects that are run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a wiki, which makes it possible for anyone to edit.

Some books are original, but others have started as text copied from other sources of free-content textbooks found on the Internet.

The CC-BY-SA license covers all the content that is in Wikibooks.

In February 2010, the Simple English Wikibooks was closed and locked due to anti-Simple-English users on Meta-Wiki misleading the Wikimedia Language Committee.

Wikijunior 
Wikijunior is a subproject of Wikibooks that has books for children. The project consists of both a magazine and a website, and is currently being developed in English, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. It is funded by a grant from the Beck Foundation.

Pages in Wikijunior will have the Wikijunior: prefix in front of the page's name.

Sources

Other websites 
Wikibooks Main page
Wikibooks in English

Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2004
Charles IX of France (June 27, 1550 – May 30, 1574) was a King of France and a member of the house of Valois.

Birth 
Charles was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on June 27, 1550. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.

Marriage 
Charles was married to Elizabeth of Austria on November 26, 1570. They had one child, Mary Elizabeth of France (October 27, 1572 – April 9, 1578), who died young.

Death 
Charles died in Vincennes, France, on May 30, 1574. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Henry III of France.

1550 births
1574 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
Henry III of France (September 19, 1551 – August 2, 1589) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois. He was also a King of Poland.

Birth 
Henry was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 19, 1551. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. He was Catherine de Medici's favourite son.

Marriage 
Henry was married to Louise of Lorraine on February 13, 1575. They had no children.

Death 
Henry died in Saint-Cloud, France, on August 2, 1589, after being stabbed with a knife. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry was the last King of the Valois Dynasty. The next King was Henry IV of France, who was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty.

1551 births
1589 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
LGBT royalty
Deaths 
February 7 – Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia
February 18 – Pope Gregory V
December 16 – Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. 931)
Maredudd ab Owain king of Deheubarth and Powys
Events 
 August: King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.
 Berserkers are banned in Norway.
 Olav Haraldsson becomes king of Norway.
 Sviatopolk succeeds Vladimir as prince of Kiev.

References
418 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths.
 December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.
 Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome.

December 26 – Pope Zosimus
Events 
 Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces.
 Hopkins School is founded. (exact date uncertain)
 January 1 – colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. Samuel Pepys began his diary.
 February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London
 February 23 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden.
 February 27 – John Thurloe reinstated as England's secretary of State for a short time
 March 16 – The Long Parliament disbands
May 8 – The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England
 May 15 – John Thurloe arrested for high treason after English Restoration
May 23 – King Charles II of England reaches the shores of his Kingdom. On May 29 he arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration
 May 25 – Charles II of England crowned
 June 29 – John Thurloe released
 November 28 – At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
 Theaters opened again in England – Margaret Hughes debuts as the first female actor as Desdemona in Othello
Blaise Pascal's The Provincial Letters, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, was ordered shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
 Sweden recovers its southern provinces from Denmark.

Births 
 April 16 - Hans Sloane, Irish physician
 May 2 - Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer
 May 28 - George I of Great Britain, King of Great Britain and ruler of Hanover in North Germany.
 November 12 - Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
 November 28 - Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, mother of Philip V of Spain

Deaths
 June 6 - Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter
 July 8 - Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
 November 4 - Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
Constance of Arles (c. 986 – 28 July 1032), also known as Constance of Provence, was queen of France as the third spouse of King Robert II of France.
Constance of Arles (973 - July 25, 1034) was the third wife of Robert II of France.  They were married in 1003 after Robert had divorced his second wife, Bertha. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica with Robert II of France.

They had several children:
Henry I of France
Adela of France - is the mother of Matilda of Flanders, who was the wife of William I of England
Robert I of Burgundy
Eudes of France
Constance of France, married to Count Manasses of Dammartin

Kings and Queens consort of France

973 births
1034 deaths
Marie of Boulogne was the Countess of Boulogne from 1159 until 1170.

Marie was the daughter of Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne.  She was placed in a convent when she was young so that she could become a nun.  When her brother, William of Blois, died, she became the heir of the Count of Boulogne.  She had to leave the convent and was married to Matthew of Alsace.  Marie and Matthew ruled Boulogne together, but their marriage was not happy and they got a divorce in 1170.  

After Marie died, Matthew continued to be the Count of Boulogne until 1173.  After this Marie and Matthew's daughter, Ida of Boulogne, became Countess of Boulogne.  Marie and Matthew's other daughter, Maud of Boulogne, became the wife of Henry I of Brabant.

French people
Earls and countesses
Alix of France was the youngest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.  She was married to Theobald V of Blois in 1164.  Their children included:
Louis I of Blois
Margaret of Blois

French royalty

1151 births
1190s deaths
Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest) is a region in the north of Belgium. The official language is Dutch, sometimes called Flemish. Flanders has 5 provinces. About 7 million people live there. Its capital is Brussels.

Flanders is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are Wallonia (or Walloon Region) and Brussels-Capital Region.

References

Geography of Belgium
Feta cheese (, feminine gender; pronounced ), or simply Feta is a kind of cheese. Usually it is made from the milk of sheep or goats. Feta cheese originally is from the Greek mainland, or from Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.

It is an ingredient in a Greek Salad.

Other cheese (which is usually not from Greece and is usually made from cow milk) must not be called Feta from 2007. The European Court said so in its decisions  C-465/02 and  C-466/02 (from October 25, 2005).

This ruling is only valid for the European Union, and other countries in Europe. Several member state of the WTO still think that the term "feta" is generic.  European Member states wanted to ddefend this protected designation  of origin at the WTO talks in Doha.

History 
What is now called feta cheese was known to Ancient Greeks. Homer must have known about it. There were several references to the cheese in the Odyssey. According to the myth, the cyclops Polyphemos was the first cheese manufacturer. He carried the milk in animal-skin bags. He had collected the milk from his sheep. He was very surprised to see that days later the milk had become solid. When Polyphemus tried to eat it, it tasted well. He also found that as such a solid, it would go bad later than with milk.

The name Feta has an Italian origin. It is derived from fetta (slice), and dates back to the 17th century. Very likely this referred to the method of cutting the cheese in slices to put it in barrels.

References

Other websites 
 Feta registered as Protected Designation of Origin
 http://www.feta.gr on feta's history, production and conservation methods, plus dozens of recipes with feta

Cheeses
Greek food
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is an album released by The Beatles. It was the 9th Beatles album to be released in the United Kingdom.  It was released on 1 June 1967, and stayed at the top of the charts for twenty-seven weeks.  It has lots of well-known songs such as McCartney's "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "A Day in the Life", which Lennon and McCartney worked on together.  For a while before this album came out, The Beatles had been trying new things when they made records, but this album made a much bigger change in the way they sounded.

The album title was used later for a 1978 Universal Pictures movie. Peter Frampton and the Bee Gees played Sgt. Pepper's band, while Billy Preston was the Sergeant. George Burns played Mr. Kite (the mayor), Steve Martin (in his first film) played Maxwell Edison, and Aerosmith was the Future Villain Band. It consistently holds the top spot on critics' lists of the greatest albums of all time.

Songs on the album

Sources

The Beatles albums
1967 albums
Concept albums
Rock albums
The Standing's day gecko (Phelsuma standingi Methuen & Hewitt, 1913) is a  type of gecko. It is diurnal, which means that it sleeps during the night and is awake during the day. It lives in southwest Madagascar and usually is found on trees. Standing's day gecko eats insects and nectar (a type of drink created by flowers).

Lizards
Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 12 October 1711 to 20 October 1740. He succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I. His daughter, Maria Theresia of Austria, inherited the throne after he died.

1685 births
1740 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Habsburg Dynasty
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau  (October 18, 1919 in Montreal, Canada – September 28, 2000 in Montreal, Canada) was the 15th Canadian Prime Minister during the 1970s (1968 - 1979), and then again from 1980 - 1984. He is thought by many Canadian citizens today as having been the greatest Canadian Prime Minister ever. His son is the 23rd and current Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

As Prime Minister 
He had many challenges during the 1970s, including the October Crisis, and in 1980 held the country together by defeating the referendum on Quebec sovereignty (the province of Quebec wanted to leave Canada and become its own country), and keeping Quebec a member of the Canadian state. Another popular event associated with Pierre Trudeau is Trudeaumania, which referred to how much he was liked by the Canadian people. As a relatively young man, he was very close to the youth of the time, as well as funny, and he appealed to everyone by being so understanding and just like a normal person. This kind of Prime Minister had never been seen before, and it made people feel like he was a good, friendly person.

Retirement and death 

Trudeau retired from being the Prime Minister in 1984, after which he did not speak to the public very much. He died of prostate cancer and Parkinson's disease in Montreal on September 28, 2000. After he died, his son, Justin Trudeau, spoke at his funeral, which was shown all over the country. He said je t'aime (French for "I love you") and cried on his father's coffin. After this moving eulogy (a speech at a funeral about the dead person), many Canadian people thought Justin would have a future in politics; Justin is the 23 Prime Minister of Canada, elected in 2015. 

1919 births
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Companions of Honour
Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Jennifer Lynn Lopez (also known as J. Lo) is a Grammy-nominated American singer, dancer, fashion designer and actress. She was born July 24, 1969. She's most known for her performances in Selena, Maid in Manhattan, Out of Sight (co-starring George Clooney), Monster-in-Law, The Cell, and An Unfinished Life (with Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman). She also was a judge for the talent reality series American Idol in 2011 and from 2014 until the show's series finale in 2016.

She began her career as a "Fly Girl" dancer on the 1990s TV series, In Living Color.  Her first album On the 6 was released in 1999. It contains the hit singles "If You Had My Love", "No Me Ames", "Waiting for Tonight", "Feelin' So Good" and "Let's Get Loud". She released J.Lo in 2001, her most successful album to date. J to tha L-O! The Remixes and This Is Me...Then were released in 2002.  The album Brave was released in 2007, followed by Love? in 2011. She has released one greatest hits album, Dance Again... The Hits, in 2012.  Her most recent album is A.K.A., which was released in 2014.

She has many records, including record for having a movie and album (The Wedding Planner, and J.Lo) both #1 on the same week.

Personal life 
All of Lopez' three marriages ended in divorce.

From February 1997 until January 1998 Lopez was married to Ojani Noa.

From September 2001 until June 2002 she was married to Cris Judd.

On June 5, 2004, she married Marc Anthony. They have twin children, son Maximillian David Muñiz and daughter Emme Maribel Muñiz (born on February 22, 2008). The couple separated in July 2011 and divorced in June 2014.

From 2017 to 2021, Lopez has been in a relationship with former MLB star Alex Rodriguez. They were engaged in March 2019. They split in 2021. 

After dating from 2002 to 2004, Lopez reconciled with and began dating American Actor Ben Affleck in April 2021. She publicly confirmed their relationship on her 52nd birthday later that July

Discography 

Studio albums
 1999: On the 6
 2001: J.Lo
 2002: This Is Me... Then
 2005: Rebirth
 2007: Como Ama una Mujer (Spanish language album)
 2007: Brave
 2011: Love?
 2014: A.K.A.

Compilation albums
 2012: Dance Again... the Hits

Remix albums
 2002: J to tha L-O!: The Remixes

DVDs

 2000: Feelin' So Good
 2003: Let's Get Loud
 2003: The Reel Me
 2007: Como Ama una Mujer

Number-one singles

Filmography

Movies

Television

References 

Actors from the Bronx
American dancers
American hip hop musicians
American movie actors
American pop singers
American R&B singers
American television actors
Businesspeople from New York City
 
Latin singers
Musicians from the Bronx
Singers from New York City
1969 births
Living people