cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Snooker is a cue sport played by two players. It is popular in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and parts of Asia. 

It is played on a large (12 by 6 feet) table that is covered with a smooth green cloth called baize and has holes (called pockets) in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions.
 
The players use long thin sticks called cues to strike a white ball (the cue ball). The cue ball must always be hit first when attempting a shot at the target ball. 

There are 21 target balls in total - 15 red balls (worth 1 point each) and 6 colours: a yellow (2 points), green (3 points), brown (4 points), blue (5 points), pink (6 points) and black ball (7 points). 

Each target ball must be aimed or 'potted' into one of the pockets in order. A red ball followed by a colour then a red ball again. This happens until only the coloured balls are left. The colours then have to be potted in the following order: yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black.

The player who scores more points wins the game or 'frame'. A match consists of an agreed number of frames.

Big events in snooker are the World Snooker Championship, UK Championship and the Masters. Professional players play on the World Snooker Tour.

The best-known snooker players are the six-time world champion Ronnie O'Sullivan, seven-time world champion Stephen Hendry and the current world champion Judd Trump. Other former world champions are for example Joe Davis (fifteen wins), his brother Fred Davis, John Pulman (each eight wins) and six-time world champions Ray Reardon and Steve Davis.

References
Simple Plan is a rock band from Montréal, Canada that was founded in 1999.

Members 
 Pierre Charles Bouvier, Vocals & Acoustic Guitar (born May 9 1979 in Montréal)
 David Phillippe Desrosiers, Bass & Background Vocals (born August 29 1980 in Sept-Îles, Canada)
 Charles André "Chuck" Comeau, Drums (born September 17 1979 in Montréal)
 Sébestien Lefebvre, Rhythm Guitar and Background Vocals (born June 5 1981 in Montréal)
 Jean-François "Jeff" Stinco, Lead guitar (born August 22 1978 in Montréal)

When they were 13, schoolmates Pierre Bouvier and Chuck Comeau founded the band Reset. They published their first album in 1997. Soon after that, Comeau left the band because school was more important to him. He came back in 1999 and founded Simple Plan with Sebastien Lefebvre and Jeff Stinco. Bouvier met up with Comeau at a Sugar Ray concert, and Comeau offered Bouvier to join his band. David Desrosiers, who had replaced Bouvier in Reset, joined the band in 2000. in 2002, they published the album No Pads, No Helmets,... Just Balls. They worked together with Joel Madden (Good Charlotte) and Mark Hoppus (Blink-182). One year later, the album Still Not Getting Any... was published.

Singles
  No Pads, No Helmets... Just Balls.
 "I'm Just a Kid" (2001)
 "I'd Do Anything" (2002) #51 US
 "Addicted" (2003) #45 US, #63 UK, #10 AUS (2004 release)
 "Perfect" (2004) #24 US, #6 AUS (2004 release)

  Still Not Getting Any....
 "Welcome To My Life" (2004) #40 US, #7 AUS, #1 CAN, #1 SPAIN, #12 FR
 "Shut Up!" (2004) #99 US, #14 AUS, #12 CAN, #14 SP
 "Untitled (How Could This Happen to Me)" (2005) #49 US, #9 AUS,#3 CAN, #1 SPAIN
 "Crazy" (2005) #32 AUS, #4 CAN
 "Perfect World" (2006) (Single only in iTunes, but not launched in CD single)

 Simple Plan
 "When I'm Gone" (2007) 
 "Your Love is a Lie" (2008)
 "Save You (2008)

Albums 
 No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls (2002)
 Live in Japan 2002 (2003)
 Live in Anaheim (2004) (Limited Edition)
 Still Not Getting Any... (2004)
 MTV Hard Rock Live (2005)
 Simple Plan (2008)
 Get Your Heart On! (2011)

DVDs 
 A Big Package for You (2003)
 MTV Hard Rock Live (2005)

Other websites

 Official website

Pop punk bands
Canadian rock bands
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Atlantic Records artists
Serj Tankian (born on August 21, 1967 in Beirut, Lebanon) is an Armenian-American musician who lives in Auckland, New Zealand. He was the lead vocalist of System of a Down. He is now a solo artist and has released five solo albums.

Early life
Tankian was born in Beirut, Lebanon. Tankian moved with his parents to Los Angeles, California when he was five years old.

Studio Albums
Solo
 Elect the Dead (2007)
 Imperfect Harmonies (2010)
 Harakiri (2012)
 Orca (2013)
 Jazz-Iz-Christ (2013)

Soundtracks
Fuktronic (with Jimmy Urine) (TBA)
Prometheus Bound (TBA)

With System of a Down
System of a Down (1998)
Toxicity (2001)
Mezmerize (2005)
Hypnotize (2005)

With Arto Tunçboyacıyan
Serart (2003)

Other websites 
 Serj Tankian's official page
 
 Screamers Official Site
 'Screamers' and Genocide: A Talk With Serj Tankian From System of a Down 
 System of a Down Official Site
 Serjical Strike Records
 SOADFans Profile for Serj Tankian 
 SOADTalk.com Serj Tankian Biography 
 Recent interview with Serj
 SerjFans.com

1967 births
Living people
Armenian people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Beirut
Singers from Los Angeles
Gravitational energy is the potential energy held by an object because of its high position compared to a lower position. In other words, it is energy associated with gravity or gravitational force. For example, a pen being held above a table has a higher gravitational potential than a pen sitting on the table. Gravitational potential energy is mechanical energy minus kinetic energy. It has a scalar quantity measured in Joules (J). 

An object gets gravitational potential energy when it moves uphill. The energy used up when moving up the hill is changed into gravitational potential energy. When the object comes back down again, the gravitational potential energy is turned back into kinetic energy (movement). That is why riding a bike up a steep hill is very hard, but when you are coming back down, you will not need to pedal at all - you are being powered by the gravitational potential energy that you stored when you rode up the hill. Another way gravitational potential energy helps us is by keeping earth and the other planets in orbit in our solar system around the Sun.

Formula and example 
The mathematical formula for the gravitational potential energy:

Gravitational potential energy =  

Where:
 m is the mass of the object , 
 g is the gravitational acceleration of the object , and
 h is the height above a chosen point.

Most scientists and students use these measurement unit:

The value m is in kilograms.
The value h is in metres.
The value g is a physical constant with the value of 9.81 metres per second squared. This is known as the gravitational constant.
The value of the gravitational potential energy that is calculated using values in the above units is called the Joule (J).

For example, an object with a mass of 1.5 kilograms that is 2.5 metres above the ground would have a gravitational potential energy value of:

 joules.

Mechanics
Gravitation
Nicotine is a drug in tobacco cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, vaping liquids and some e-cigarettes. Nicotine is an addictive stimulant that causes the heart to beat faster and makes blood pressure rise. It can also make a person feel less hungry and speeds up the metabolism. These effects can be very unhealthy. Many people who use tobacco products want to quit but have a hard time quitting. It is one of the most addictive chemicals that is widely consumed by humans. It can be as addictive as heroin or cocaine.

Nicotine is a substance found in most members of the nightshade family of plants. Small quantities of it can be found in tomatoes, potatoes, aubergines (eggplants) and green pepper (Capsicum, the peppers used as vegetables). Nicotine is also in the Coca plant. In higher quantities it is a very efficient poison. It acts on the nerves. It is a stimulant in lower quantities. It is the main reason people are addicted to smoking.

Nicotine is named after Jean Nicot. Nicot was a French ambassador in Portugal. He had some tobacco seeds sent to Paris for analysis (As a drug).

Besides the treatment of nicotine dependency, it seems that the drug can also be used to treat special (severe) forms of epilepsy, as well as some other diseases.

Cigarette 
The amount of nicotine in one cigarette varies greatly. Factors which influence the amount include type of tobacco; brand of cigarette; country or region (some markets restrict maximum average nicotine levels); and how the cigarette is smoked.

Drugs
Addiction is when the body or mind badly wants or needs something in order to work right. When you have addiction to something it is called being addicted or being an addict. People can be addicted to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol, caffeine, and many other things. 

When somebody is addicted to something, they can become sick if they do not get the thing they are addicted to. But taking more of the thing they are addicted to can also hurt their health. Some people who are addicts need to go to a doctor or hospital to cure the addiction, so they no longer crave (want or need) the drug.

Addiction takes place when the addictive element enters the body. The blood stream moves the element around the body so that it gets to the brain, and makes the person feel that they are enjoying it; then they want more of that substance. This takes place remarkably fast for some addictions such as hashish and cocaine; but all of them control the consumer. Once under this control, the consumer does not have a completely free will, and listens to the addiction's bidding.

People can also be addicted to other things which are not drugs. You may hear people talk about being "addicted to the Internet" or "addicted to chocolate" or gambling. This means that they get into a habit of enjoying that thing, so if they have to go without it for a while, they miss it a lot. 

Addiction is similar to a major disease like chronic heart disease or perhaps diabetes, but addictions are not taken as seriously as these major diseases. Most people believe addiction to be a lifestyle choice, which in fact it is but it is also part of a person's genetics. While some people can do things and control themselves others cannot due to their genetic makeup. There are ways of helping the addict but this takes the admission of a problem and then proper testing to reveal what kind of treatment is needed.

The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) defines addiction as a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences. Prevention efforts and treatment approaches for addiction are generally as successful as those for other chronic diseases.

Symptoms and Signs of Addiction 
Common symptoms of addiction include:

 Tolerance, which is the need to engage in the addictive behavior more and more to get the desired effect
 Difficulty cutting down or controlling the addictive behavior 
 Extreme mood changes – happy, sad, excited, anxious, etc  
 Weight loss or weight gain 
 Pupils of the eyes seeming smaller or larger than usual
 Withdrawal happens when the person does not take the substance or engage in the activity, and they experience unpleasant symptoms, which are often the opposite of the effects of the addictive behavior

Related pages 
 Substance abuse
 Drug addiction
Alcoholism

References

Other websites 
 Definition of addiction -American Society of Addiction Medicine
 Addiction -Citizendium
Addiction in the South
 Life after Addiction

 
Psychology
Secession usually means when part of one country breaks away, or leaves that country to start a new country.  During the American Civil War, eleven southern states declared their secession (independence) from the United States.

Politics
Dead Calm is an American novel that was written in 1963. A 1989 Australian movie was made from it. The movie stars Sam Neill, Nicole Kidman, and Billy Zane.

What happened 

In it, a honeymoon couple rescue a young man from a sinking boat who claims to have lost his companions to food poisoning, but the real story is much less innocent.

In this movie, Kidman and Neill plays good guys and Zane plays a bad guy.  This movie was Kidman's first well-known movie, and it helped make her famous. In this movie, Zane's character rapes Kidman's character.

Other websites 
 

1963 books
Crime fiction books
English-language novels
Event Horizon is a 1997 Anglo-American science fiction horror movie.
It was directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. It stars Laurence Fishburne, Sam Neill, Kathleen Quinlan and Joely Richardson.

Synopsis 
This movie is set in 2047. A spaceship is stuck near Neptune. Sam Neill's character (Dr. William Weir) is very sad because his wife has died. When they go to the space ship, they find that everyone has killed themselves. It all looks very scary. Then they find out that the ship has been to another dimension. It is like hell and everyone sees their worst nightmares.

Sam Neill sees his wife in his dream. She tells him to pull his eyes out. Neill then walks around without any eyes and starts to kill people. They send him out to space, but he does not die. People get very scared. Even after they kill Neill, they still see him.

Other websites 
 

1997 horror movies
1997 science fiction movies
1990s science fiction horror movies
1990s supernatural movies
American science fiction horror movies
American supernatural movies
British horror movies
British science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies set in the future
Movies directed by Paul W.S. Anderson‏‎
Michael Hayden (born March 17, 1945) is an American politician, writer and military personnel. He was the head of the CIA from 2006 to 2009.  On 24 May 2006, he was voted as the new head of the CIA by the United States Senate.  He was the director of the NSA from 1999 to 2005.  The NSA and CIA are both spy agencies.  He has worked as a spy since 1970.

On November 23, 2018, Hayden was hospitalized after suffering a stroke.

References

Other websites 
Michael Hayden biography from the NSA 

Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Writers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
American political writers
American generals
1945 births
Living people
Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon: Wittenbarg; meaning White Mountain; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (traditional English: Luther City Wittenberg, Low Saxon: Lutherstadt Wittenbarg)) is a town in Germany. It lies in the eastern part of Saxony-Anhalt. Wittenberg became one of the most important German towns of political, cultural, historical, and artistic advances in the 16th century. The famous reformation places in the old town, and the buildings developed in different epochs, make up the architecture of the town.
Many people travel to Wittenberg because of its past, and its connection to Martin Luther who worked there.

Wittenberg has about 46,000 inhabitants. Its geographical coordinates are 51° 52’ N, 12° 39’ E.

Notes

References

States of the Holy Roman Empire
Wittenberg Rural District
Martin Luther
Cyberstalking is when someone is using the Internet to stalk or harass someone. Cyberstalking is illegal in some countries.

Stalking 
Stalking is following someone around in a way that makes them feel hunted or not safe in some other way. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life or because they want to have power over that person's life. The stalker can hurt that person's feelings by making them scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.

Cyberstalking 
Cyberstalking is when the stalker uses the Internet to contact or follow that person. The stalker may make direct contact with that person, they may send nasty messages to that person or spread lies about them to others. Sometimes stalkers use the Internet to learn more about the other person. They might find their address, phone number, workplace or photograph. Then they might use this information to do more stalking or find other ways to hurt that person on the Internet or hurt their body.

The person who is stalked on the Internet may feel they have more power if they can simply delete emails or turn their computer connection off. Or they may feel they have less power if they do not know who the stalker is.

References

Internet
Types of crime
Macro-sociology is a way of looking at the world of people in a broad way. It studies mass of many peoples.  It is about "concerned with human societies".  Macrosociology is considered one of the main foundations of sociology (contrast with micro-sociology).

In sociology there are different levels of analysis. Macro-sociology is the analysis of either large collectivities (the city, the church) or, more abstractly, of social systems and social structures. (Dictionary of Sociology, 2000)

With the perspective of macro-sociology, it is possible to better understand societies, culture, groups and organizations.

Important representatives of macro-sociological theories are:
 Karl Marx; who analyzed society from the perspective of class conflict between workers and owners, micro sociology
 Max Weber; who viewed society as rapidly modernizing and looked at the effects of this process, such as bureaucratization, macro sociology
 Emile Durkheim; who viewed individual issues as reflective of greater social patterns, completing the first sociological study (which linked suicide to societal trends), macro sociology

References 
 

Subfields of sociology
The flag of Poland is a rectangular, divided into two stripes: white above red. It was created in its modern form in 1921. The colors white and red were earlier declared the official national colors in 1831 by the Polish Parliament in 1831.

For many centuries the Polish flag was a white eagle on a red background.

Details 

The ratio of height to width is 5 to 8. The two horizontal stripes are of equal height.

There is a second version which has a coat of arms in the upper (white) half. The use of this flag is legally restricted.

If the flag is shown hanging vertically, the white should be on the left.

Polish flag day is May 2.

The Color White 

The exact color of the white was not clearly stated until 1980.

The Color Red 

The exact color of the red was not clearly stated originally, and has changed through the years. In 1919 the official act did not clearly define the red. In 1921 the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs used crimson as the shade of red in publications. In 1928 the president of Poland said the red should be vermilion. That was used until 1980, when people needed to specify the red more scientifically.

Similar flags in other places 

The same flag design is used in the German region Thuringia and the Spanish region Cantabria.

Both Indonesia and Monaco have flags that are the same colors, but upside-down.

Related pages
 Poland

References 

Poland, Flag of
Polish culture
In physics, torque is the tendency of a force to turn or twist. If a force is used to begin to spin an object, or to stop an object from spinning, a torque is made.

The force applied to a lever, multiplied by the distance from the lever's fulcrum, multiplied again by the sine of the angle created, is described as torque. This is also known as "r cross f," or "force times fulcrum distance times sine theta."

Fulcrum 
Fulcrum is the axis of rotation or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or moving something.

Equation 
The equation for torque is:

where F is the net force vector and r is the vector from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is acting. The Greek letter Tau is used to represent torque. 

The units of torque are force multiplied by distance. The SI unit of torque is the newton-metre.  The most common English unit is the foot-pound.

References

Other websites 
"Horsepower and Torque" An article showing how power, torque, and gearing affect a vehicle's performance.
a discussion of torque and angular momentum in an online textbook
Torque and Angular Momentum in Circular Motion  on Project PHYSNET.
An interactive simulation of torque

Basic physics ideas
Physical quantity
Mechanics
Engineering
The University of Leeds (sometimes called Leeds University) is a university in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.  It first started in 1831 with the opening of a school to teach medicine which was one of the first outside of London, Oxford, and Cambridge.

Today one of the UK's leading universities. It is a member of the Russell Group. The university is one of two in the city, the other being Leeds Metropolitan University.  The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, close to Leeds City Centre.

Campus
The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, which is about half a mile from the city centre.  The campus has many older Victorial buildings such as the Great Hall, as well as some mid-twentieth century buildings such as the Parkinson Building.  There are also many brutalist building on campus such as the Roger Stevens Building and the Edward Boyle Library.  Recently, newer buildings have been added such as the Marjorie and Arnold Ziff Building.

References

Other websites
University of Leeds website
Leeds University Union
Leeds Student newspaper 
Leeds Student news on Flisolo 
Leeds University Union Dance Band

Leeds
Leeds
1831 establishments in Europe
1830s establishments in England
Neuwied is a German town in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is on the north/west side of the Rhine River, about  northwest from Koblenz. About 70,000 people live there.

Geography
The 86,5 square kilometres of area are divided in the districts of:
 Altwied
 Block
 Engers
 Feldkirchen
 Gladbach
 Heimbach-Weis
 Irlich
 Niederbieber
 Oberbieber
 Rodenbach
 Segendorf
 Torney

Infrastructure
Neuwied is connected to the German network of Bundesstraßen (national routes) (here: B9, B42 and B256). The Autobahnen (motorways) A3, A48 and A61 are quickly reachable from Neuwied. Using the Koblenz main station, all rhine railways and the Intercity network of Germany are available.

Industry
There is a lot of industry in Neuwied, for example the production of building materials, metals and big-sized machines.

References
Brittany (French: Bretagne, Breton: Breizh) is a region in Northwest France. The adjective for Brittany is Breton.

Today the official administrative region has 4 departments:
Côtes-d'Armor
Finistère
Ille-et-Vilaine
Morbihan
Before 1941, a fifth département was part of Brittany: Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes. The five departments form the cultural region of Brittany, also known as "historical Brittany".

Brittany is in the western France and its coastline points out into the Atlantic. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, Brittany has a mild and temperate climate with warm summers and wet winters.

Three languages are traditionally spoken in Brittany:
 Breton language in the West part, a Celtic mix similar to Cornish;
 Gallo (a Romance language) in the East part;
 And everywhere, French.

The capital of Brittany is Rennes in the Ille-et-Vilaine department.

The name of Brittany is related to Great Britain (in French, Grand Bretagne). The region has also been called Lesser Britain or Little Britain in the past. After the Anglo-Saxons started arriving in Great Britain in the 5th century, many of the Ancient Britons (Celts) moved to this region. The region may have already had strong ties with the Ancient Britons even before that. These tribes gave Brittany its name, the Breton language, the local place names and many parts of its culture. Brittany was a separate country from the 9th century until it was united with France in 1532. It was a province of France until the French Revolution, when its land was divided in departments. Brittany regained a regional government in the 1980s.

Brittany is the home of the world's largest collection of standing stones in one place, the Carnac stones.

Brittany's main industry is agriculture, in particular: pork farming, chicken farming and the production of maize (for cattle feed). Brittany is also the name of a dog breed.
Moldovan () is the official language of Moldova. It is almost the same as Romanian. The main difference is that Moldovan was written in the Cyrillic alphabet because Moldova was part of the Soviet Union until 1989. In 1989, Moldova became its own country and started to use the Latin alphabet, which is used in Romania. On 5 December 2013,  the Moldovan government chose Romanian as the official language.

In the unrecognized state of Transnistria, one of the official languages is still Moldovan and is still written with the Cyrillic alphabet. The other official languages are Russian and Ukrainian.

Romance languages
Moldova
Romania
Languages of Europe
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric current through a substance. It explains the relationship between voltage (amount of electrical pressure) and the current (flow of electricity).  With more resistance in a circuit, less electricity will flow through the circuit. The inverse of resistance is conductance, a measure not much used. All objects have some resistance, except superconductors. 

Resistance, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm in 1827, is the ratio between voltage and current. Ohm's law said that the voltage between any two points in a conductor changes directly as the current between the two points, given the temperature remains the same.  He described it with the equation:

which models the ratio, where: 
 is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms (Ω)
 is the voltage across the object, measured in volts (V)
 is the current going through the object, measured in amperes (A)

Calculating resistance 
A long and thin wire has more resistance than a short and thick one. A simple analogy is a road - the more lanes there are, the more cars can go through. The resistance  of a wire with a constant width, therefore, can be calculated as:

where  is the length of the conductor, measured in meters [m],  is the cross-sectional area of the conductor measured in square meters [m²], and  (Greek: rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance) of the material, measured in ohm-meters (Ω m).

Example:
Calculate the resistance of copper wire with a radius of 2mm and a length of 5 meters.

Solution:
The resistivity () of copper is  Ω m.
The cross sectional area () is  square meters
The length () is  meters

Because:

Applications 

Resistors are used in electrical circuits to provide electrical resistance. 

Electronics
Electricity
Electromagnetic induction is where a voltage or current is produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic flux.  It may happen when a magnet is moved in a solenoid, thus changing the magnetic flux.

If the magnet is stationary, there will be no produced voltage (electrostatic potential difference) across an electrical conductor. However, if the magnetic field is changing and (maintaining) movement, while continuously directing in the opposite direction (varying its direction periodically), it will cause a the production of a voltage (hence the flow of alternating current), as stated by Michael Faraday in 1831.

Magnetic flux 

When a coiled wire is introduced near a magnet, the magnetic lines of force pass through the coil. This causes the magnetic flux to change.
Magnetic flux is represented by the symbol , therefore we can say that  = BAcos(a) and the resulting unit will be , where T is the unit for magnetic field and  is the unit for area.

The changing magnetic flux generates an electromotive force (EMF). This force moves free electrons in a certain way, which constitute a current.

Faraday's law 

Michael Faraday found that an electromotive force is generated when there is a change in magnetic flux in a conductor.

His laws state that:

where,

 is the electromotive force, measured in volts;

 is the change in magnetic flux, measured in webers;

 is the change in time, measured in seconds.

In the case of a solenoid:

where,

N is the number of loops in the solenoid.

Lenz's law 
The negative sign in both equation above is a result of Lenz's law, named after Heinrich Lenz. His law states that the electromotive force (EMF) produces a current that opposes the motion of the changing magnetic flux.

Related pages 
Electromagnetism
Inductor
Transformer

Electromagnetism
Mount Merapi (Gunung Merapi in Indonesian) is a volcano in Indonesia. It is on the island of Java. It is conical in shape.  It is the most active volcano of Indonesia. In Indonesian, the name means mountain of fire. The volcano has been descovered by Mr Morris in 1754

2006 earthquake 

In 2006, scientists believed that the volcano would erupt soon. An earthquake occurred in that region on May 27, 2006, and killed about 6,200 people. On June 6, super hot gas and ash poured down the mountain. These hot gases are known as a pyroclastic flow. Two people were killed, and 15,000 people rushed to safety.

2010 eruption 

On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government warned villagers living near the mountain to move to safer ground. Officials said hundreds of volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity. People living within a 20 km (12.5 mile) zone were told they must leave.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010 lava erupted from the southern and south-eastern slopes  of Mount Merapi. Many more followed over the next two weeks. There were also pyroclastic flows.

After the recovery of more bodies, an official in disaster management said the death toll reached 273 up to 18 November.

References 

Volcanoes of Indonesia
A conductor is a material which allows electricity, heat or sound to flow through it.  

An electrical conductor conducts electricity.  The ability to conduct electricity is called electrical conductivity.  A good electrical conductor has high conductivity and low resistivity.  Electrical resistivity is the reciprocal/opposite of conductivity. 

Prominent electrical conductors include: 

 Copper 
 Aluminum 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 Water 
 Human skin 

Metals, like iron and copper, are used to make wires to carry electric current. Plasma is an excellent conductor of electricity and is used for many purposes but metals are more used. 

Impure water can also conduct electricity. Living tissues, as in the human body, are wet and therefore conductors of electricity.

Some materials are semiconductors. This means that electricity can flow through them to a certain temperature and below that semiconductors do not pass electricity.

Some materials are resistors. This means electricity does not easily flow through them.

A material that stops electric current is called an insulator (electricity).  Wires are covered with insulators like plastic to stop the electricity from leaving the wire.

Some materials when very cold, are superconductors. They offer no resistance at all to the flow of electricity.

Most conductor's resistance becomes higher at higher temperatures.

References 

Electricity
Basic physics ideas
The Michelson interferometer is the tool used for optical interferometry.

Background 

It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson, famous for proving the inexistence of luminiferous aether in the Michelson-Morley experiment.

How it works 

There are two mirrors in the interferometer, one fixed and the other is movable through a micrometer. 

There is also a beam splitter that separates the laser or light beam and a screen that shows the interference pattern.

A wide laser or light beam is first shot at the beam splitter. Reflection takes place as the beam hits the beam splitter, part of it reflects towards mirror 1 while the rest towards mirror 2. The two beams again reflect off mirror 1 and 2 and travel back to the beam splitter, the two beams that goes through the beam splitter will combine and form an interference pattern at the screen.

The interference pattern will appear as bands and each band represents 2 path length difference or 1 wavelength, that is because the crest of wave 1 has caught up with the crest of wave 2 (or the other way around), causing a constructive interference. If given the change in distance of the movable mirror and number of bands on the screen, we can easily calculate the wavelength of the light source.

Measuring tools
Optics
Astrophysics
The Gods Must Be Crazy is a movie directed by Jamie Uys. It was released in the United States by 20th Century Fox in 1980.

Upon its release, The Gods Must Be Crazy made the more money than any other foreign movie. Four sequels followed from 1989 to 1994. The last three in the series were made in Hong Kong.

Plot 
It stars Namibian farmer N!xau as a Bushman, whose happy village (in Africa's Kalahari desert) suddenly turns to a violent society, after a Coke bottle falls down there from a passing airplane. The Bushman, Xixo, decides to return the bottle to the "end of the earth", to finish all the evil his family has gone through. Along the way, he meets a group of terrorists on the run, as well as a clumsy scientist who falls in love with a former newspaper journalist. During his journey, Xixo encounters modern civilisation for the first time.

Other websites 
 

1980 action movies
1980 comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
South African movies
Botswanan movies
Multilingual movies
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in deserts
The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland  is an animated movie from 1987, released by Cineplex Odeon Films. It is the last big-screen movie to star the Care Bears characters, and is loosely based on Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland stories.

This movie has a sequel called Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986).

Other websites 

NYTimes.com review (registration required)
Lyrics to the movie's soundtrack at Distant Melody 

1987 movies
1980s family movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
Rhea could mean:

Mythology
 Rhea (mythology), in Greek mythology the sister and wife of Cronos and the mother of many of the other major gods
 Rhea Silvia, in Roman mythology the mother of the twins Romulus and Remus

People
These people have "Rhea" as their family name:
 Caroline Rhea (b.1964), stand-up comedian, television actress and host
 Darrel Rhea, CEO, Cheskin
 James Rhea (1791-1812), US soldier
 La Julia Rhea (1908-1992), US opera singer

These people have it as their given name:
 Rhea Hughes, Philadelphia radio personality
 Rhea Perlman (b. 1948), US television actress
 M. Rhea Seddon (b. 1947), NASA astronaut
 Rhea Tregebov, Canadian poet and children's author

Other
 Rhea (moon), a moon of Saturn
 577 Rhea, asteroid
 Rhea (bird), large flightless birds native to South America
 Rhea County, Tennessee
 Rhea of the Cöos, character in Stephen King's Dark Tower novels
The Norwegian language is the official language of Norway. It is spoken by over four and a half million people, and it belongs to the group of North Germanic languages which are spoken in Scandinavia. These include Swedish, Danish, Icelandic and Faeroese.

Two forms of the language exist:  (which means "book language") and  (which means "new Norwegian").

History of the Norwegian language

Old Norse 

Old Norse is the language that was spoken hundreds of years ago in Scandinavia at the time of the Vikings.  It is very similar to today’s Icelandic language.  This is because many Vikings sailed from Norway to Iceland in order to escape from the rule of the Norwegian kings who were making people pay lots of tax.

Bokmål 
During the 13th century the Black Death killed two thirds of the population of Norway.  The Danish kings and queens noticed that Norway was weak and defenceless, so they annexed Norway (made it part of Denmark).  For hundreds of years Norway was ruled by the Danes.  All the rulers, priests, estate owners and noblemen were Danish.  Many of them settled in Norway.  This is why today’s standard Norwegian (Bokmål) is similar to Danish.  Norwegians were not allowed to print books in Norwegian.  Anyone wanting to study had to go to Denmark or Germany.

In 1814 Denmark lost a war and had to give Norway to Sweden.  Then the Norwegians were allowed to have their own university.  Gradually the Danish language was mixed up with the Norwegian dialects and became today’s Norwegian language.  Norwegian and Danish look very similar when they are written, but when they are spoken they sound different.  In Danish a lot of the sounds are swallowed.

Nynorsk 

During the 19th century a slightly different form of Norwegian was made up by several people.  This eventually became known as “Nynorsk.”  It was based on old forms of Norwegian and dialects.  During the 20th century some attempts were made to join Bokmål and Nynorsk into one language, but they did not succeed. Today about one person in nine or ten in Norway writes Nynorsk.  Children in school have to learn both forms.

The Norwegian alphabet 

The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters.  These are the same letters as the English alphabet plus three extra vowels: 

The letters c, q, w, x and z are only used for words that have been borrowed from other languages.

References

Other websites 
Språkrådet – Norwegian Language Council
Learn Norwegian Online – Online language course
Bokmål and Nynorsk online dictionary 

Germanic languages
Languages of Norway
French Polynesia (, Tahitian: Porinetia Farani) is a French "overseas collectivity" (French: collectivité d'outre mer, or COM) with the particular designation of "overseas country" (French: pays d'outre-mer, or POM) in the southern Pacific Ocean.

The country is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands. The most well-known is Tahiti, the most populous island, which is in the Society Islands group. The capital of the territory, Papeete, is also there.

Although it does not really belong in the territory, French Polynesia is in charge of affairs for Clipperton Island.

Other island groups include:
Austral Islands
Bass Islands often considered part of the Austral Islands
Gambier Islands often considered part of the Tuamotu Archipelago
Marquesas Islands
Society Islands (including Tahiti)
Tuamotu Archipelago

Aside from Tahiti, some other important atolls, islands, and island groups in French Polynesia are: Ahe, Bora Bora, Hiva `Oa, Huahine, Maiao, Maupiti, Mehetia, Moorea, Nuku Hiva, Raiatea, Tahaa, Tetiaroa, Tubuai, and Tupai.

References

Notes
Osnabrück is a city in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony. It is around 1,200 years old. The castle dates back to the 19th century. The city was founded by Charlemagne. It has about 165,000 inhabitants, and is twinned with Derby, UK, as well as five other cities around Europe.

Osnabrück is in the south of the state, on the border with North Rhine-Westphalia. It shares an airport with the neighbouring city of Münster which is in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the only German city in a national park.

It is known as the City of Peace.

References
For the type of shoes (sandals), see Flip-flop

In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store information. Signals applied to control inputs can change the circuit’s state. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.

Flip-flops are mainly used as static RAM to store data in a computer. That data is represented in binary. Binary is represented in a 1 (“high state”) and 0 (“low state”). The structure of flip flops vary, but the general characteristic is that two branches affect each other's state by putting the current resulting state of one branch and using that as input for the next iteration of the other branch.

History
The first electronic flip-flop, originally called the Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit, was invented in 1918 by the British physicists William Eccles and F. W. Jordan. The initial design’s only active elements were two vacuum tubes. While working at Hughes Aircraft, Eldred Nelson coined the term JK for a flip-flop which changed states when both inputs were on (a logical "one").

Implementation
Flip-flops can be either simple or clocked. A simple flip-flop changes state as soon as the input changes. A clocked flip-flop changes state only when an extra pulse occurs. This pulse is called the clock signal. Commonly, flip-flop only refers to clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly called latches.

Types

The two common types of flip-flops are SR ("set-reset"), D ("data" or "delay").

SR flip-flop
The most fundamental flip-flop is the simple SR flip-flop. In the SR flip-flop, the S and R stand for set and reset. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.

If S is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high. Conversely, if R is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low. When the R and S inputs are both low, the Q outputs are in a constant state. However, when the R and S inputs are both high, the Q outputs are in a forbidden state.

Since high and low mean logical '1' and '0', respectively, the SR flip-flop can have four combinations showing below:

(A) S = 1, R = 0: set

(B) S = 0, R = 0: hold

(C) S = 0, R = 1: reset

(D) S = 1, R = 1: not allowed

The restricted combination (D) leads to an unstable state.

D Flip-flop

A D Flip-Flop prevents an SR flip-flop from receiving the forbidden combination. It takes only one input for data, called D. It splits this data down two paths. On one path it flips the data to the opposite value. This is the “NOT” box in the animation. That way, S = 1, R = 1 is never fed to the internal SR latch.

References
 
Electronic components
Electronic circuits
Econometrics is a branch of economics. It is the use of statistical and mathematical methods to describe the relation between economic forces such as capital (any of the tools, work, or other things needed to make something useful), interest rates (the price of borrowing money), and labor.

Much of econometrics is making models which are simple pictures of the real world. These models then can be used to predict what will happen in the real world.

An example of econometrics would be looking at the prices of houses in a town. An economist (someone who studies economics) can try to make a simple picture of the house prices in the town. This picture might show that houses close to the market are worth more. An economist could then say that if a new market is made in another part of the town, home prices there might go up. The economist also might say that the new market could make prices less than before near the old one, because the new market will make it so that more houses are near a market. This would make the people who sell houses near a market sell them for less, since there could be more sellers than buyers.

Basic model: linear regression

A basic tool for econometrics is the multiple linear regression model. In modern econometrics, other statistical tools are often used, but linear regression is still the most used starting point for an analysis. Estimating a linear regression on two variables can be shown by drawing a line through data points representing paired numbers of the independent and dependent variables.

References

Subfields of economics
A King of arms is a government officer in countries like England, Scotland, and Wales. He grants coats of arms to other people. King of Arms is the highest rank of officer of arms. Some countries do not have a King of Arms, but have another person that grants coats of arms.

Heraldic jobs
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland two of the three Kings of Arms gives coats of arms to people after the Earl Marshal approves. 
In Scotland the Lord Lyon gives coats of arms without needing any other permission.
In the Republic of Ireland the coats of arms are given by chief herald. 
Canada also has a chief herald,  who is in charge of the Canadian Heraldic Authority 
In South Africa the State Herald is in charge of the Bureau of Heraldry
In the Kingdom of Spain, a Cronista de Armas (Chronicler of Arms) has the power to give people coats of arms.

A King of Arms is also usually in charge of special ceremonies for a country.

British Kings of Arms

English Kings of Arms
Garter Principal King of Arms
Clarenceux King of Arms
Norroy and Ulster King of Arms

Scottish King of Arms
Lord Lyon King of Arms

Chief Heralds
The Chief Herald of Canada
Chief Herald of Ireland
The State Herald of South Africa

Cronistas de Armas
Cronista de Armas de Castille and Leon

Related pages
 Heraldry
 Officer of Arms
 College of Arms
 Court of the Lord Lyon
 Canadian Heraldic Authority

Other websites
The Court of the Lord Lyon 
The College of Arms
The Canadian Heraldic Authority 
The Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland

Heraldry
Occupations
Psychokinesis or telekinesis is the supposed ability to change matter, energy, space or time by using your mind.  It is often mentioned and performed in science fiction movies and video games.

Abilities 
Psychokinesis is the word used to describe many different abilities. These abilities include:
 moving objects (this is called telekinesis; see below)
 changing the shape of objects (this includes melting or bending metal) 
 influencing events
 healing
 teleportation (disappearing and reappearing in a different place)
 traveling through objects, like a wall
 changing an object into something else
 changing oneself into something else
 putting an energy field around oneself
 control of magnetism
 control of photons (light waves/particles)

Telekinetic abilities 
 moving objects (move, lift, shake, vibrate, spin, bend, or break large and small objects)
 lifting oneself up off of the ground (including flying)

Parapsychology
Science fiction
Cartoon Network is an international cartoon television channel for children owned by Turner Broadcasting.

Channels

Current

Americas
Cartoon Network Canada
Cartoon Network South America

Europe
Cartoon Network Europe
Cartoon Network Central & Eastern Europe
Cartoon Network Russia and Southeastern Europe
Cartoon Network France
Cartoon Network Germany
Cartoon Network Italy
Cartoon Network Nordic
Cartoon Network Turkey
Cartoon Network United Kingdom

Asia
Cartoon Network Southeast Asia
Cartoon Network Japan
Cartoon Network Korea
Cartoon Network Pakistan
Cartoon Network Philippines
Cartoon Network Taiwan
Cartoon Network Thailand
Cartoon Network Vietnam

Pacific
Cartoon Network Australia
Cartoon Network New Zealand

Former

Cartoon Network Spain - closed in 2013 along with Cartoonito to make way for Boing

Other websites
Cartoon Network America
Cartoon Network South America
Cartoon Network Europe
Cartoon Network Asia

Cartoon Network
Television lists
An autobiography is a biography in which the author writes about his or her own life. It is a self-written account of one's own life.

It is one of the earliest forms of literature, but the word itself is quite modern.

The word comes from the Greek stems "auto" (meaning "self"), "bio“ (meaning "life"), and "graph" (meaning "write").

References

Related pages
 Biography

Literary terms
Condenser may mean:

The old name for a capacitor
Condenser (laboratory), a device used in a chemistry laboratory