cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Student's t-distribution is a probability distribution which was developed by William Sealy Gosset in 1908. Student is the pseudonym he used when he published the paper describing the distribution.

A normal distribution describes a full population, t-distributions describe samples drawn from a full population; accordingly, the t-distribution for each sample size is different, and the larger the sample, the more the distribution resembles a normal distribution.

The t-distribution plays a role in many widely used statistical analyses, including the Student's t-test for assessing the statistical significance of the difference between two sample means, the construction of confidence intervals for the difference between two population means, and in linear regression analysis. The Student's t-distribution also arises in the Bayesian analysis of data from a normal family.

History 
Gosset worked at a brewery and was interested in the problems of small samples, for example the chemical properties of barley. In the problems he analyzed, the sample size might be as low as three. Because of the small sample size, estimating the standard deviation is not possible. Also, in many cases Gosset encountered, the probability distribution of the samples was not known.

One version of the origin of the pseudonym is that Gosset's employer preferred staff to use pen names (instead of their real name) when publishing scientific papers, so he used the name "Student" to hide his identity. Another version is that the brewery did not want their competitors to know that they were using the t-test to test the quality of raw material.

Properties 
If we take a sample of n observations from a normal distribution, then the t-distribution with ν = n−1 degrees of freedom can be defined as the distribution of the location of the sample mean , relative to the true mean , divided by the sample standard deviation  over the normalizing term  (that is, ). In this way, the t-distribution can be used to estimate how likely it is that the true mean lies in any given range.

The t-distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped, like the normal distribution, but has heavier tails, meaning that it is more prone to producing values that fall far from its mean. This makes it useful for understanding the statistical behavior of certain types of ratios of random quantities, in which variation in the denominator is amplified and may produce outlying values when the denominator of the ratio falls close to zero.  The Student's t-distribution is a special case of the generalised hyperbolic distribution.

Related pages 

 F-distribution

References

Probability distributions
Sara Montiel (10 March 1928 – 8 April 2013) was a Spanish actress and singer. She played Juana Montes in Serenade (1956). She also played in 2004's Bad Education. Montiel was a prominent Spanish singer, having many albums.

Montiel was born Maria Antonia Abad in Campo de Criptana, La Mancha, Spain on 10 March 1928. At age 16 she began acting and appeared in a number of movies. In 1950 Montiel moved to Mexico where she acted and sang in several films. In 1954 she co-starred in the movie Vera Cruz with Gregory Peck and Bert Lancaster. In 1956 she appeared in Serenade with Mario Lanza and Joan Fontaine. Montiel returned to Spain to star in a number of films. She became Spain's most popular star for the next decade. She retired from movies in the early 1970s but still appeared on television and the Stage. In 2011 she returned to appear in the comedy movie Abrazame. She died on 8 April 2013 in Madrid at age eighty-five.

References 

Spanish television actors
Spanish movie actors
Spanish musicians
1928 births
2013 deaths
Bogan Hunters is an Australian television show. It is a comedy and also a reality television show. It is all about three people called 'Bogan Hunters' who are looking for Australia's greatest Bogan so they can give them a prize.

Description
The show has three main actors, Pauly, Shazza and Kev the Kiwi. These three go all over Australia meeting many Bogans. They want to find one that is much more of a Bogan than any other one they meet. They have picked eight famous people to help them find who is the greatest Bogan in Australia. The greatest Bogan will get a trophy and a Holden 'Straya' ute with beer on it, or a makeover. The show is about 2 percent jokes, but the rest is all real. The show has been very popular in both Australia and New Zealand.

Episodes

Series overview

Season 1 (2014)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| Number
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| Title
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| Director
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| First shown on TV

|}

DVD
The DVD goes for 244 minutes.

Characters

Main
 Paul Fenech as Pauly
 Elle Dawe as Shazza
 Kevin Taumata as Kev the Kiwi

Celebrity Judges
 Angry Anderson as himself
 Jonesy as himself
 Amarli Inez as Miss Nude Australia
 Tahir Bilgiç as himself
 Mark "Jacko" Jackson as himself
 Chris Franklin as himself
 Derek Boyer as himself
 Rob Shehadie as himself

Other
 Davey Cooper as himself
 Jimmy Jackson as James
 June Dally-Watkins as herself
 Henry Roth as himself
 Martin Miller as Marty the Engineer
 Alex Romano as Jimmy

References

Other websites
 Bogan Hunters, Series 1 Raw and Uncut
 Official site 
 Facebook page

Australian television series
2014 television series debuts
2010s television series
New South Wales
Melbourne
2010s establishments in Australia
English-language television programs
The term bogan () is an Australian and New Zealander slang word. It can be used to describe a person with a working class background. Or it can be someone whose speech, clothing, attitude and behaviour display a proud working class attitude. Sometimes the word can have a negative meaning. Over the last several decades, the bogan has become a very widespread and well respected group. There are many local names that describe the same or similar groups of people.

Definition
Bogans are often thought to be people who live in the outer suburbs of larger cities. They are less keen on dental hygiene than others. They also tend to be anti-authority, proud of their country, have home done tattoos, love classic rock, love Peter Brock, hoon around and drink a lot of alcohol. A bogan attitude is not pretentious and is very honest.

Some types of clothing are associated with bogans. These include flannelette shirts, monkey hoodies, Stubbies shorts, King Gee workwear, thongs and Ugg boots. They also wear jeans and black leggings. Victorian Bogans typically wear acid wash jeans, ugg boots, and band T-shirts with mullet style haircuts. In the mid 1990s, New Zealand Bogans were typically dressed in all black. Super-taper black jeans were fairly standard and black woollen jerseys. Long fringe or long hair in general was also common.

Vehicles such as the Holden Commodore and Ford Falcon, are also common among bogans.

Bogans typically do not copy middle-class styles of taste, diet, hobbies, fashion and language. Bogans are sometimes looked down upon by some other groups. This can make the lives of disadvantaged people much tougher.

Positive use
The term bogan is nowadays used to display a pride in being rough around the edges. In 2002, Michelle Griffin discussed the fact that ‘bogan’ is no longer being used as an insult. It is in fact a way to identify with the ‘Aussie’ culture that many Anglo‐Saxon Australian citizens are so proud of. In the past, bogan was a bad term. Now many take pride in being called a bogan. Radio station Triple J held a "National Bogan Day" on 28 June 2002, which they commemorated by playing music by bands such as Cold Chisel, Midnight Oil, Rose Tattoo and AC/DC.

Related pages
 Bogan Hunters

References

Culture
Society
Australia
Slang
The Kriegsmarine (, War Navy) was the name of the Navy of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It replaced the Imperial German Navy of World War I and the inter-war Reichsmarine. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.

History 
The Kriegsmarine was developed during the German naval rearmament of the 1930s. The Treaty of Versailles had limited the size of the German navy after World War I. It also prevented Germany from building submarines. But by 1934 Germany had secretly stockpiled most of the parts they needed to construct submarines (called U-boats). In early 1935 Hitler ordered the U-boats to be built. In January 1939 Plan Z was ordered, calling for the construction of many naval vessels. The ships of the Kriegsmarine fought during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The commander of the Kriegsmarine was Karl Dönitz.

Ships 
The Kriegsmarine's most famous ships were the U-boats. Most of them were built after Plan Z was abandoned at the beginning of World War II. Wolfpacks were groups of submarines that attacked British convoys. Most of the attacks were during the first half of the Battle of the Atlantic. Along with the U-boats, commerce raiders and cruisers were used to disrupt Allied shipping in the early years of the war. The most famous of these were the heavy cruisers Admiral Graf Spee and Admiral Scheer and the battleship Bismarck. However, the allied adoption of convoy escorts greatly reduced the danger from commerce raiders.

References

Other websites 
 The Nazi German Navy 1935-1945 (Kriegsmarine)
 Kriegsmarine Ships

Military of Germany
Carl Edward Sanders, Sr. (May 15, 1925 – November 16, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 74th Governor of the state of Georgia serving from 1963 to 1967.

Sanders died on November 16, 2014 at the age of 89, after a fall at his home in Augusta, Georgia, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Governor Sanders' official website 

1925 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
US Democratic Party politicians
People from Augusta, Georgia
Jovan Ćirilov (; 30 August 1931 – 16 November 2014) was a Serbian theater expert, philosopher, writer, theatre selector, and poet. He mostly wrote about the Serbian culture. He was born in Kikinda, Yugoslavia.

As a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, he was the first person who publicly called for decriminalization of male same-sex relations ("sodomy laws") in the 1980s.

Ćirilov died in Belgrade, Serbia, aged 83.

References

Other websites

 Jovan Čirilov  page at UNESCO
  

1931 births
2014 deaths
Serbian people
Poets
Historians
Philosophers
William Eldridge "Bill" Frenzel (July 31, 1928 – November 17, 2014) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Frenzel was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota. He represented Minnesota's 3rd district. Frenzel was born in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Frenzel died of cancer on November 17, 2014 in McLean, Virginia, aged 86.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer
United States representatives from Minnesota
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Mihailo Đurić (Serbian Cyrillic: Михаило Ђурић; 22 August 1925 – 25 November 2011) was one of Serbia's most prominent philosophers, a professor at the University of Belgrade's Law School, and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Birth, education and academic career
Mihailo Đurić was born in Šabac, Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Stevan (a judge) and Milica (nee Despotović, a schoolteacher). After finishing gymnasuim he studied law, philosophy, and classical philology at Belgrade University. He earned his PhD in law at Belgrade University in 1954.

Đurić began teaching at the Law School of Belgrade University in 1954 and received tenure in 1969. At the Law School he taught History of politics theories, General sociology, and Social science methodology classes. He lost his tenure at the University and was jailed in 1973 because of his public speech, given on March 18. 1971. From 1974. to 1989. he worked as a scholar at the Social Science Institute in Belgrade. In the same period he was a visiting philosophy professor at West Berlin, Augsburg University.

Along with professor Jozef Simon and as a philosopher, Đurić was head of the Nietsche philosophy international seminars from 1981. to 1991. at the Dubrovnik Inter-university Center, Dubrovnik Yugoslavia. 

Đurić, for contribution to the philosophical and legal sciences, won the international Prize "Prof. Luigi Tartufari" from the prominent National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Italy, in 2009.

References

1925 births
2011 deaths
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Political scientists
Serbian scientists
Social scientists
Lolita is a 1962 British-American drama movie. It set in the 1950s in the United States. It is based on the novel Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov. It was directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is about a middle-aged man Humbert Humbert (James Mason) who becomes obsessed with Lolita, a girl in her early teens. He marries her mother as a means of having a sexual relationship with Lolita. Sue Lyon plays Dolores "Lolita" Haze. Shelley Winters plays Lolita's mother Charlotte Haze.

This movie was released on June 13, 1962.

1962 drama movies
1960s erotic movies
American drama movies
British drama movies
English-language movies
Incest in movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies about child sexual abuse
The iPhone 5S is a smartphone that is designed and made by Apple Inc. It was released on September 20, 2013. Apple held an event to introduce the iPhone 5S, along with the iPhone 5C, on September 10, 2013. It has the same design as the iPhone 5, but has new features such as the Touch ID fingerprint scanner and an improved camera.

References

IPhone
Mobile phones released in 2013
Apple products released in 2013
The King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) is being built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It will have the Saudi Stock Exchange and Capital Market Authority. The KAFD will be an important financial center in the Middle East. However, KAFD will not only be a financial center. It will have areas where people live, offices, and educational and recreational facilities. The King Abdullah Financial District is estimated to be worth about $7.8 billion (US).

Facilities and attractions 
There will be multiple educational and recreational attractions for residents and visitors of all ages in The KAFD. KAFD will feature museums, exhibitions, malls, hotels, restaurants, conference centers and auditoriums. Such as, the Aquarium, the Conference Center, the Built Environment Museum, the Earth's Climate Center, the Science Museum, the Relaxation Health Club, and the Interactive Children's Museum. Also, there will be seven uniquely designed mosques spread throughout the KAFD. Also, every building will have footbridges that will connect one building to another. That will make traveling through buildings easy.
Further, the monorail train that will travel through the whole district.

Space and capacity 
The King Abdullah Financial District will span an area of 1.6 million square meters that consists of 34 towers in total. The KAFD will cover over 3 million square meters of space for different purposes such as residential, parking, and office spaces. KAFD will house 12,000 residents and in addition, it will have 62,000 parking spaces.

Banks and headquarters 
The King Abdullah Financial District will have the headquarters of the Capital Market Authority (CMA) and the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadwul).
Added to that, the KAFD will also accommodate a financial academy, and a number of banks, companies and other financial institutions.

Architecture and design 
Bombardier Inc has been given a SR904- million ($241-million) contract to build a monorail system for the King Abdullah Financial District. KAFD’s architecture is designed and is being supervised by Henning Larsen Architects. Moreover, Zaha Hadid Architects will design the KAFD’s metro station.

References 

Saudi Arabia
Statistics uses variables to describe a measurement. Such a variable is called statistically significant if under a certain status quo assumption, the probability of obtaining its outcome (or a more extreme outcome) is less than a given value. Statistical significance is hence a way of determining the unlikeliness of an experimental result—when a certain status quo assumption is assumed to be true.  Statistical hypothesis tests are used to check significance. 

The concept of statistical significance was originated by Ronald Fisher in his 1925 publication, Statistical Methods for Research Workers, when he developed statistical hypothesis testing (which he described as "tests of significance"). Fisher suggested a probability of one in twenty (0.05 or 5%)—as a convenient cutoff level to reject the null hypothesis. In their 1933 paper, Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson recommended that the significance level (for example 0.05), which they called α, be set before any data collection.

Despite his initial suggestion of 0.05 as a significance level, Fisher did not intend this cutoff value to be fixed. In his 1956 publication Statistical methods and scientific inference, he recommended that significant levels be set according to specific circumstances.

Related pages 

 p-value

References

Statistics
Juan Carlos Ferrero Donat (born February 12, 1980) is a Spanish retired professional tennis player. He won the French Open in 2003.  Ferrero was ranked world number 1 from September 8 to November 2 in the same year.

References 

1980 births
French Open champions
Living people
Male tennis players
Spanish sportspeople
World No. 1 tennis players
Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Kafelnikov (born February 18, 1974) is a retired Russian professional tennis player. He won the French Open in 1996 and the Australian Open in 1999. Kafelnikov was world ranked number one from May 3 to June 13 1999. He also won four Grand Slam doubles titles. Kafelnikov won the Men's Singles Gold medal at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000. He also helped Russia win the Davis Cup in 2002. He is the last man to have won both the Men's Singles and Doubles titles at the same Grand Slam tournament, which he did at the 1996 French Open.

References 

1974 births
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
Living people
Male tennis players
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Russian sportspeople
World No. 1 tennis players
Gerald Otieno Kajwang (15 July 1959 – 18 November 2014) was a Kenyan politician. He was a member of the Orange Democratic Movement. He was elected to represent the Mbita Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya since the Kenyan parliamentary election, 2007. In the 2013 elections, Kajwang was elected to represent Homa Bay county as a senator.

Kajwang died on 19 November 2014 at Mater hospital from cardiac arrest, aged 55.

References

Other websites
 Hon. Gerald Otieno Kajwang memorial

1959 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Kenyan people
Civil servants
African politicians
Gholam Hossein Mazloumi (13 January 1950 – 19 November 2014) was an Iranian football player, coach and football administrator. He was born in Abadan, Iran.

He played for a three clubs including Taj Abadan, Taj Tehran (Esteghlal), and Shahbaz FC, as well as the Iranian national team. He also managed Esteghlal from 1988 to 1989.

During his time as a football player, he scored 37 goals for Iran national football team and was Iran's all-time top scorer for twelve years before his record being broken by Ali Daei. He was top scorer of 1974 Asian Games and 1976 AFC Asian Cup.

He was chairman of Shahin Bushehr from 2011 until 2013 and also honorary deputy chairman of Esteghlal. He died on 19 November 2014 in Tehran, Iran, aged 64, two years after being diagnosed with stomach cancer.

References

Other websites
Gholam Hossein Mazloumi at TeamMelli.com

1950 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Disease-related deaths in Iran
Iranian footballers
Iranian football managers
Gregory Stuart "Greg" Lake (10 November 1947 – 7 December 2016) was an English musician. He was born in Poole, Dorset. He began his career in 1966.

Lake was the founder of the rock band King Crimson. He was later the lead singer in the group Emerson, Lake and Palmer.

Lake died in London on 7 December 2016 from pancreatic cancer, aged 69.

Discography

Emerson, Lake & Palmer and Emerson, Lake & Powell
Studio albums
 Emerson, Lake & Palmer (1970)
 Tarkus (1971)
 Trilogy (1972)
 Brain Salad Surgery (1973)
 Works Volume 1 (1977)
 Works Volume 2 (1977)
 Love Beach (1978)
 Emerson, Lake & Powell (1986)
 Black Moon (1992)
 In the Hot Seat (1994)

References

1947 births
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
Musicians from Dorset
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
People from Poole
2016 deaths
Leon Askin (Leon Aschkenasy; September 18, 1907 – June 3, 2005) was an Austrian movie and television actor. He was best known for playing the character "General Burkhalter" on the TV situation comedy Hogan's Heroes. Askin was born in Vienna, Austria.

Askin died in Vienna, Austria from natural causes, aged 97.

References

Other websites

Literature on Leon Askin

1907 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Actors from Vienna
Lolita is a 1997 French-American drama movie. It is set in the late 1940s and early 1950s in the United States. It is about a relationship between a man in his forties and a 14 year old girl named Lolita after he marries her mother. Dominique Swain plays Dolores "Lolita" Haze. Jeremy Irons plays Humbert Humbert. Melanie Griffith plays Charlotte Haze. Frank Langella plays Clare Quilty, who lures Lolita away to perform in pornography.

The film had difficulty finding an American distributor and premiered in Europe before being released in America. The film was eventually picked up in the United States by Showtime, a cable network, before finally being released theatrically by The Samuel Goldwyn Company.

The movie got good reviews from the critics. It did poorly at the box office.

It was the second movie made from the book Lolita.

Cast

 Jeremy Irons as Professor Humbert Humbert
 Ben Silverstone as young Humbert
 Dominique Swain as Dolores "Lolita" Haze
 Frank Langella as Clare Quilty
 Melanie Griffith as Charlotte Haze
 Suzanne Shepherd as Miss Pratt
 Keith Reddin as Reverend Piggy
 Erin J. Dean as Mona
 Joan Glover as Miss LaBone
 Ed Grady as Dr. Melinik
 Michael Goodwin as Mr. Beale
 Angela Paton as Mrs. Holmes
 Emma Griffiths-Malin as Annabel Lee
 Ronald Pickup as young Humbert's father
 Michael Culkin as Mr. Leigh
 Annabelle Apsion as Mrs. Leigh

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1997 drama movies
1990s road movies
American drama movies
American road movies
English-language movies
Film noir
French drama movies
Incest in movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Adrian Lyne
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
American independent movies
Movies about child sexual abuse
"Rapunzel" is a German fairy tale. It was first published in 1812 as part of Grimms' Fairy Tales. The best known line in the story is "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".

The story starts with a lonely couple that wants a child. They live next to a walled garden that belongs to an evil witch named Dame Gothel. The wife is pregnant with a girl. When she gives birth, Dame Gothel takes her newborn and names her Rapunzel.

When Rapunzel turns twelve, she is taken into a tower to be shut out from the world. One day a prince chances upon Rapunzel and asks her to marry him. She agrees. 

Dame Gothel finds out about the prince who is planning to free Rapunzel, so she cuts Rapunzel's hair off and sends her to a faraway desert. The following night the prince climbs up the tower only to find Dame Gothel instead of Rapunzel. Dame Gothel throws the prince out of the tower, leading him to fall on thorny bushes and become blind. Months later, the prince, who is still blind, finds Rapunzel through her singing. Rapunzel cries into his arms, and her tears bring back the prince's sight. The prince takes Rapunzel to his kingdom, where they lived happily ever after.

Gallery

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Teratorns  were a group of very large birds of prey that lived in the Americas from the Miocene to Pleistocene epochs. They are all extinct now. They include some of the largest known flying birds. So far, at least five species in four genera have been identified:

Teratornithidae are related to New World vultures (Cathartidae, syn. Vulturidae).

Teratornis merriami. This is by far the best-known species. Over a hundred specimens have been found, mostly from La Brea tar pits. It stood about 75 cm (29.5 in) tall with estimated wingspan of perhaps 3.5 to 3.8 metres (11.5 to 12.5 ft), and weighed about 15 kg (33 lb); making it about a third bigger than extant condors. It became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene, some 10,000 years ago.

Argentavis magnificens. A partial skeleton of this enormous teratorn was found from La Pampa, Argentina. It is the largest flying bird known to have existed. It is the oldest known teratorn, dating to late Miocene, about 6 to 8 million years ago, and one of the very few teratorn finds in South America. Initial discovery included portions of the skull, incomplete humerus and several other wing bones. Even conservative estimates put its wingspan at 6 meters and up (some 20 ft), and it may have been as much as 8 metres (26 ft). The weight of the bird was estimated to have been around 80 kg (176 lb).

References 

Birds
Fossils
Telegram Messenger is a messaging service which lets its users send each other messages, photos, videos and documents (all file types are supported). The client applications are open source and the server is proprietary software (closed source)

History 
Telegram was started in 2013 by the brothers Nikolai and Pavel Durov, the creators of VK, the largest social network of Russia. Telegram Messenger LLP is an independent nonprofit company located in Berlin, Germany, that is not connected to UK.

In April 2018, Russian court ruled to block Telegram in Russia. Some Russians tried to circumvent the ban by using open proxies in other countries.

On 5 October 2021, Telegram gained over 70 million new users as a result of an outage which affected Facebook and its affiliates.

Features 
Telegram lets its users send voice notes, photos, videos and files of all types. Groups can also have a maximum of 200,000 members. Telegram uses a similar system of message read statuses to WhatsApp, with 1 check=sent, 2 checks=read (opened)

References

Other websites

 

Software
"Yakety Yak" is a 1958 Motown song by The Coasters. The song was remixed to be used as the theme song to an early 2000s cartoon.

1950s songs
Mike Nichols (born Mikhail Igor Peschkowsky; November 6, 1931 – November 19, 2014) was an American television, stage and movie director, writer, producer and comedian. He was half of the comedy duo Nichols and May, along with Elaine May. In 1968 he won the Academy Award for Best Director for the movie The Graduate. His other movies include Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Catch-22, Carnal Knowledge, Silkwood, Working Girl, Wolf, The Birdcage, Closer, Charlie Wilson's War (his final movie), and the TV mini-series Angels in America. He also staged the original theatrical productions of Barefoot in the Park, Luv, The Odd Couple and Spamalot.

Nichols won an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award. His other honors included the Lincoln Center Gala Tribute in 1999, the National Medal of Arts in 2001, the Kennedy Center Honors in 2003 and the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2010.

Nichols died suddenly from a heart attack on November 19, 2014, at his home in Manhattan.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2014 deaths
Comedians from New York City
American movie directors
American playwrights
American theatre directors
Academy Award winning directors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Berlin
Tony Award winners
Club Ninja is the tenth studio album by American heavy metal band Blue Oyster Cult. The album was released on December 10, 1985. It was the group's tenth studio album with label Columbia Records. It was their first studio album with new material in 2 years. It was their only album without keyboardist Allen Lanier.

1985 albums
, born  was a Japanese actor. He was best known for his roles in Black Rain and in The Yakuza. He won the Japan Academy Prize four times, more than any other actor. He was born in Nakama, Fukuoka, Japan.

Takakura died in Tokyo, Japan from lymphoma, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 

1931 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Japanese stage actors
Japanese voice actors
Actors from Fukuoka Prefecture
Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was an American politician. He helped shape Cold War defense policy over the course of many presidential administrations. He helped Ronald Reagan negotiate the INF Treaty.

Other websites

Annotated bibliography for Paul Nitze from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
Interview about the SALT I negotiations  for the WGBH series War and Peace in the Nuclear Age

1907 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
United States Secretaries of the Navy
Politicians from Massachusetts
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), also known as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act, was signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986, is an Act of Congress which reformed United States immigration law.

What it did
 required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status;
 made it illegal to hire or recruit illegal immigrants knowingly;
 legalized certain seasonal agricultural illegal immigrants, and;
 legalized illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously with the penalty of a fine, back taxes due, and admission of guilt; candidates were required to prove that they were not guilty of crimes, that they were in the country before January 1, 1982, and that they possessed minimal knowledge about U.S. history, government, and the English language.

Immigration at that time
At the time, the Immigration and Naturalization Service estimated that about four million illegal immigrants would apply for legal status through the act and that roughly half of them would be eligible.

References

Other websites
 Summary of the Bill from "Thomas" for the Library of Congress 
 Detailed legislative history of Simpson-Mazzoli from introduction to Presidential signature, also from "Thomas" for the Library of Congress
Statement on Signing the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 
 September 2006 article by Mazzoli and Simpson revisiting the legislation in the current political climate
"Independent Task Force on Immigration and America’s Future" 
 "Full text of Pub. L 99-603"

1986 in the United States
Migration laws
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
King Ralph is a 1991 American comedy movie, directed by David S. Ward. It stars John Goodman, Peter O'Toole, Richard Griffiths, Leslie Phillips, and John Hurt. It was released to negative reviews on February 15, 1991. The film was fairly successful at the box office, making $52 million compared to its $23 million overall budget.

1991 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies set in Las Vegas
Movies set in London
Audra McDonald (born July 3, 1970) is an American actress and singer. 

She played Professor Carla Bonatelle in the television series The Bedford Diaries, Dr. Naomi Bennett in Private Practice, and Jackie Brock in Mister Sterling. She was nominated for Emmy Awards for playing Susie Monahan in the TV movie Wit and Ruth Younger in the TV movie A Raisin in the Sun. She won an Emmy in 2015 for her part as Lucy in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, a musical that was filmed for Live From Lincoln Center. She was also in the Live From Lincoln Center filmed musical Passion as Clara and played Grace Farrell in the TV movie Annie and Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music Live!. Her show Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill.

On Broadway she played Ayah in The Secret Garden, Carrie Pipperidge in Carousel, Sharon Graham in Master Class, Sarah in Ragtime, Marie Christine L'Adrese in Marie Christine, Lady Percy in Henry IV, Ruth Younger in A Raisin in the Sun, Lizzie Curry in 110 in the Shade, Olivia in Twelfth Night, Bess in Porgy and Bess, Billie Holiday in Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill, and Lottie Gee in Shuffle Along: Or the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed. She won Tony Awards for Carousel, Master Class, Ragtime, A Raisin in the Sun, Porgy and Bess, and Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill, and was nominated for Marie Christine and 110 in the Shade. She was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Porgy and Bess.

She also performed in the Broadway concert Something Wonderful and played Deena Jones in the Actor's Fund concert of Dreamgirls. She played Jenny in Rise and Fall of the City of Mahoganny at the Los Angeles Opera, and won two Grammy Awards for the cast album.

McDonald has also been in movies. She played Maureen in Ricki and the Flash, Sally in Hello Again, and Garderobe in Beauty and the Beast. 

She has her own concert DVD, Audra McDonald- Live at the Donmar London, and has done lots of shows at Carnegie Hall. She tours frequently. She also has five CDs- Way Back to Paradise, How Glory Goes, Happy Songs, Build a Bridge, and Go Back Home.

McDonald was born in Berlin, Germany to American parents. She was raised in Fresno, California.

Reference

Actors from Berlin
Actors from Fresno County, California
African American actors
African-American singers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
People from Fresno, California
Singers from California
1970 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Into the Woods is a 2014 musical fantasy movie. The movie takes characters from different fairy tales, mixing stories. Meryl Streep plays The Witch. Anna Kendrick plays Cinderella. Johnny Depp plays The Wolf. Christine Baranski plays the Stepmother of Cinderella.

The movie was released on December 25, 2014.

Musical movies
2010s fantasy movies
2014 movies
Movies about giants
Badgers are short-legged mammals found across Europe, Africa, North America and Asia.

Physical description 

Badgers have wide bodies, with short legs for digging. They have long weasel-like heads with small ears. Their tails vary in length depending on species. They have black faces with white markings and grey bodies with a light-coloured stripe from head to tail. They have dark legs with light coloured underbellies. They grow to around  in length including the tail. The European badger is one of the largest badgers. The American badger, the hog badger and the honey badger are a little smaller and lighter. They weigh around 9.1–11 kg (20–24 lb) on average, with some badgers in Europe and Asia weighing about 18 kg (40 lb)

A male badger is called a boar. A female is called a sow. A young badger is called a cub.

Distribution
Badgers are found in North America, Ireland,  Britain and most of Europe. The Javan ferret-badger lives in Indonesia. The Bornean ferret-badger lives in Malaysia. The honey badger is found in sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Desert, southern Levant, Turkmenistan, and India.

Behavior 
Badgers all live underground. They live in burrows called setts, which may be very large. Some live on their own, moving from home to home. Others are known to form family groups called cetes. Between two and fifteen badgers can live in a cete at one time. Badgers can run or gallop at speeds of up to 25–30 km/h (16–19 mph) for short periods of time. Badgers are only active at night. They can dig a hole fast enough to escape most predators. They fill in the hole behind them as they dig.

Food

The badger’s diet is mainly small mammals; mice, gophers and squirrels. They eat amphibians, reptiles and birds. Badgers also eat earthworms, insects, grubs, and bird eggs. They will sometimes eat roots and fruit. In Britain, they are the main predator of hedgehogs. Badgers have been known to become drunk from the alcohol found in rotting fruit.

Classification
Family Mustelidae
 Subfamily Melinae

 Genus Arctonyx
 Hog badger, Arctonyx collaris
 Genus Meles
 Japanese badger, Meles anakuma
 Asian badger, Meles leucurus
 European badger, Meles meles
 Genus Melogale 
 Burmese ferret-badger, Melogale personata
 Javan ferret-badger, Melogale orientalis
 Chinese ferret-badger, Melogale moschata
 Bornean ferret-badger, Melogale everetti
 Vietnam ferret-badger, Melogale cucphuongensis
 Subfamily Mellivorinae
 Honey badger or ratel, Mellivora capensis
 Subfamily Taxideinae:
 †Chamitataxus avitus
 †Pliotaxidea nevadensis
 †Pliotaxidea garberi
 American badger, Taxidea taxus
 Subfamily Mustelinae

 Family Mephitidae
 Genus Mydaus
 Indonesian or Sunda stink badger (teledu), Mydaus javanensis
 Palawan stink badger, Mydaus marchei

References 

Mustelids
Esperanto, the most used constructed language, has got some traditional symbols during its history.

Green star 

The basic symbol of Esperanto is the green five-pointed star. Its five corners represents five continents (according to traditional meaning - Europe, America, Asia, Oceania, Africa), the green color is the symbol of hope. In cases when they use the star outside the flag, they add a letter "E" to it. In Esperanto they call it verda stelo (green star).

Esperanto flag 

The esperanto flag has a green background with a white square in the upper lefthand corner, which in turn contains a green star. Esperantists use the flag for representing their language and culture. Swedish esperantist G. Jonson has iniciated use of the green color and the green star. C. Rjabinis and P. Deullin has created final suggestion of the flag in 1893. The green color represents hope and the white color represents peace. In Esperanto they call it Esperanto-flago (Esperanto flag).

Jubilee symbol 

During the hundredth (100th) anniversary of Esperanto in 1987, World Esperanto Association has made this special logo. The two (2) inverse rounded letters "E" creates the form representating the Earth. In Esperanto they call it Jubilea simbolo (Jubilee symbol).

Anthem 
Esperantists consider the poem La Espero (the hope) by L. L. Zamenhof with music by Félicien Menu de Ménil to be an anthem of Esperanto.

Esperanto
Symbols
The Pillow Book is a book written by Sei Shōnagon . Sei Shōnagon was a member of the Kiyohara family. She wrote the notes that made up her diary (or "pillow book") while she was a member of the court of Empress Sadako. The book is a classic of Japanese literature. It is one of two of the greatest examples of prose literature of this time period. It is a collection of pieces of writing that vary from one or two sentences to several pages. It is the author's observations of people, life at court, and nature.

References

Other websites 
 The Pillow Book

Non-fiction books
Japanese culture
René is a given name. It is used for both males and females. It is common in French- and Spanish-speaking areas. The name comes from the Latin name Renatus. The name René was originally given only to males. In some countries that are not French-speaking, the name is also given to females (sometimes without the accent). One person with this name is Rene Russo.

Given names
August Vandekerkhove (15 October 1838 Kanegem – 24 March 1923 Mâcon) was a Belgian writer, playwright, poet, painter and inventor. He wrote under the pseudonym S.U. Zanne. Vandekerkhove started a movement he called Cosmosofie (Cosmosophy). He said that Cosmosophy was the opposite of Theosophy. When he was young he wrote a novel and three plays. His literary work was inspired by ethics and psychology. Later he moved to Scotland, the USA and France.

In France he wrote works on kabala, esotericism and the occult. He was one of the first writers talking about subjects like feminism and the Age of Aquarius. Each year on Palm Sunday at 5 PM, at the cemetery of Flacé in Mâcon in France, people come together to remember him.

Publications

In Dutch language

Novel 
 Een zomerlief (A Summer Love), (1864)

Plays 
 Een eerlijk man (A Honest Man), (1870) - Reprinted in Dutch in the USA
 De vrouwenhater (The woman's hater) (1865)
 Freule Laura's laatste liefde (Lady Laura's Last Love)

In French language

Private editions for his disciples at less than 30 copies 
 Doctrine Secrète, principes et éléments d'astrologie, 554 pages, (1900)
 L'Asataruth du Pfar-Isis, (1900) - Reprinted in French in Italy (2004)
 Principes et éléments Cosmosophie, (1899-1906)

Public editions 
 Vingt-quatre cours introductoires-préparatoires aux principes et éléments de Cosmosophie, (1909)
 Principes et éléments d'Education Cosmosophique, (1924)
 Occultisme occidental et ésotérisme oriental, (1927)
 Principes et éléments de la Langue Sacrée selon l'Astro-Kabbale d'Al Chami, (1929)
 L'Atlantide,(1931)
 Lettres des Pays de l'Au-Delà, (1933)

1838 births
1923 deaths
Belgian painters
Belgian poets
Belgian playwrights
Feminists
Occultists
People from West Flanders
Willem Elsschot  (7 May 1882 - 31 May 1960), was a Belgian writer and poet.
His real name was Alphonsus Josephus de Ridder.
He was born in Antwerp. His parents ran a bakery.
He studied at the Atheneum of Antwerp, were he was inspired for literature by his teacher Pol de Mont. Later he went to the business high school of Antwerp and ran an advertising agency.

Bibliography (translated into English)
 Villa des Roses (1913; translated in 1992 by Paul Vincent [])
 Een ontgoocheling ("A Disappointment", 1921)
 De verlossing ("Deliverance", 1921)
 Lijmen (1924, translated as "Soft Soap" and collected in Three Novels, 1965)
 Kaas ("Cheese", 1933, translated in 2002 by Paul Vincent [] - Review)
 Tsjip (1934)
 Verzen van vroeger ("Poems from the Past", 1934)
 Pensioen ("Pension", 1937)
 Het been (1938, translated as "The Leg" and collected in Three Novels)
 De leeuwentemmer ("The Lion Tamer", 1940)
 Het tankschip ("The Mammoth Tanker", 1942)
 Het dwaallicht (1946, short story, translated as "Will o' the Wisp" and collected in Three Novels)
 Verzameld werk ("Collected works", 1957)

Filmography 
 Villa des Roses
 Lijmen/Het Been
 Kaas

1882 births
1960 deaths
Belgian novelists
Belgian poets
Writers from Antwerp
Yusuf Khel () is a district in Paktika Province, Afghanistan. It was established in 2004 after a subdivision of Zarghun Shar.

Districts of Afghanistan
2004 establishments in Asia
Koenraad Elst (born 7 August 1959) is a Belgian author, orientalist and Indologist. Elst is known for his writings in support for the Out of India theory. It's true that the Indo-European language family originated in India.

Elst was born in Leuven, Belgium on 7 August 1959. He studied Indology, Sinology and philosophy. His family was Flemish Catholic. He earned a Ph.D. from the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium). Elst is known for his views on the Indo-European culture and languages.

Works 
Ram Janmabhoomi vs. Babri Masjid. A Case Study in Hindu-Muslim Conflict. Voice of India, Delhi 1990. (A large part of this book is included in Vinay Chandra Mishra and Parmanand Singh, eds.: Ram Janmabhoomi Babri Masjid, Historical Documents, Legal Opinions & Judgments, Bar Council of India Trust, Delhi 1991.)
Ayodhya and After: Issues Before Hindu Society, 1991.
Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam. Voice of India. 1992. .
Indigenous Indians: Agastya to Ambedkar. Voice of India. 1993. .
Psychology of Prophetism - A Secular Look at the Bible. 1993. .
Dr. Ambedkar - A True Aryan. 1993. .
BJP vis-à-vis Hindu Resurgence. 1997. .
The Demographic Siege. 1997. .
Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate Aditya Prakashan (1999) 
Decolonizing the Hindu Mind - Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism. Delhi: Rupa & Co. 2001. .
The Saffron Swastika - The Notion of Hindu Fascism. (2001) 
Gandhi and Godse - A review and a critique. Voice of India. 2001. . (transl: Pourquoi j’ai tué Gandhi, examen critique de la défense de Nathuram Godse par Koenraad Elst, Les Belles Lettres)
Who is a Hindu?. 2001. . [1]
Ayodhya: The Case Against the Temple. Voice of India. 2002. .
Ayodhya, The Finale - Science versus Secularism the Excavations Debate (2003). Voice of India. 
Return of the Swastika: Hate and Hysteria Versus Hindu Sanity. Voice of India. 2007. .
The Argumentative Hindu. Essays by an Unaffiliated Orientalist (Aditya Prakashan 2012)
  (2015)
 Still no trace of an Aryan invasion : a collection on Indo-European origins . Aryan Books International, 2018.
 Hindu Dharma and the Culture Wars. Rupa (2019)

References

Other websites
Koenraad Elst
Blog 
Twitter
Academia
 India Facts 
 Pragyata 
 Koenraad Elst, (2012) Meera Nanda against Hinduism and its friends: Koenraad Elst's real identity
 Koenraad Elst, (2013) The Wikipedia lemma on "Koenraad Elst": a textbook example of defamation

1959 births
Living people
Belgian journalists
Belgian scientists
Belgian writers
Columnists
People from Flemish Brabant
Vyacheslav Leonidovich Voynov (; born January 15, 1990) is a Russian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is currently suspended indefinitely from the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Voynov played two campaigns with Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Russian Superleague (RSL). Voynov was drafted with the 32nd overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

The Kings sent Voynov to play for their AHL-affiliate team, the Manchester Monarchs. He played four seasons with them and was named to represent the Eastern Conference at the 2011 AHL All-Star Game.

On October 18, 2011, Voynov made his NHL debut with the Kings in a 5–0 win against the St. Louis Blues. On October 27, 2011, He scored his first NHL goal against Kari Lehtonen of the Dallas Stars in a 5–3 win. He also scored another goal in that game. On June 11, 2012, Voynov was able to win the Stanley Cup with the Kings. During the 2012–2013 playoffs, he set a Kings record for number of goals scored by a defender during playoffs. He scored a fifth playoff goal during the third game of the semifinals.

On June 18, 2013, he signed a six year, $25 million contract extension, worth 4.16 million a year with the Kings.

Arrest & suspension
On October 20, 2014, Voynov was suspended indefinitely awaiting an investigation by the NHL after he was arrested on domestic violence charges. On November 20, 2014, the Los Angeles County prosecutor announced that he would be charged with "one felony count of corporal injury to a spouse with great bodily injury."

References

Other websites 

1990 births
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Russian ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
St. Nicolas Church is a church in Nuneaton, operated by the Church of England.  The building dates back to the  first half of the 14th century.  It was badly damaged during the Second World War. After the war, it was rebuilt by prisoners of war. Today, it is a Grade I listed building.

References

Churches in England
Listed buildings
Lester B. Pearson International Airport , called the Toronto Pearson International Airport (or simply Pearson Airport or Toronto Pearson) is an international airport in the Greater Toronto Area. The airport is  northwest of downtown Toronto, in Mississauga. The airport is named after Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize winner and 14th Prime Minister of Canada.

Gallery

References 

Airports in Canada
Transport in Ontario
Fiorenzo Angelini (1 August 1916 – 22 November 2014) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the former President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers in the Roman Curia. He was born in Rome, Italy.

He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1991. When Cardinal Ersilio Tonini died on 28 July 2013, Cardinal Angelini became the oldest living cardinal until Pope Francis appointed 98-year old Archbishop Loris Francesco Capovilla as a cardinal.

Angelini died in Rome, Italy from natural causes, aged 98.

References

1916 births
2014 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Deaths from natural causes
Italian Roman Catholics
People from Rome