cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A T-shirt or tee shirt is a kind of shirt which has short sleeves. These sleeves cover the shoulders and the top of the arm, but they do not cover the elbow or the forearm. T-shirts are usually made from cotton fabric or fabric which contains a mix of cotton and polyester. T-shirts are usually considered a casual type of clothing. Both men and women wear T-shirts in Western countries, such as the United States, Canada, England, and France. In some countries, such as Muslim countries, women do not wear T-shirts outside of the home.

Tops (clothing)
A taxi (taxicab or cab in the United States) is a car, or other vehicle which is used for public transport. People use them to get to where they want to go. This means  there are no stops in between where they get on and where they get off. Many big cities have taxis.

In most other types of public transport, such as a bus, tram, or train, the rider does not get to choose the locations where they want to get picked up or dropped off. These vehicles often take certain roads or follow a very specific route.  Because of this, they usually do not stop exactly where people want to go.

Riding a taxi is a lot like having your own car, but you don't drive it. You only tell the taxi driver where you want to go and he or she will take you there. How much you pay for the ride, in most cases, depends on how far you are going from where you get on. It is common for the price for a taxi ride to be more expensive than other forms of transport.

History

The first taxi-type system started in Paris and London in the early 17th century. These were carts pulled by (carriages) and could be hired. The monarchies that ruled these cities controlled the rules. In the 19th century, Hansom cabs were mostly used because of their higher level of safety.

Taximeter 
The 1891 invention by German Wilhelm Bruhn of the taximeter helped establish the modern taxi. The first modern meter-equipped taxicab was the Daimler Victoria, built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897. The first motorized taxi company began operating in Stuttgart the same year.

The term taximeter is an adaptation of the French word 'taximètre', and the German word 'taxameter'. It means measuring a tax or fee.

Related pages
 Automobile
 Cabriolet

References

Automobiles
Public transport
Eastbourne is a large town in East Sussex, on the south coast of England between Brighton and Hastings. It is in the county of Sussex. It is a place where people go on holiday and also where non-English speakers go to learn English. It is at the eastern end of the chalk hills called the South Downs, and next to the high cliff at Beachy Head. The town was built in the early 19th century for people to visit the seaside. A railway station was built in 1849.

Geography 
Eastbourne lies next to chalk hills called the South Downs. The famous chalk cliffs Beachy Head is in the town. Eastbourne's architecture and buildings are mainly from the Victorian and Georgian periods. Eastbourne has recently built a marina called Sovereign Harbour which makes the town bigger.

Census 
Eastbourne's population was approximately 97,992 in 2009.

 15.9% of residents are aged 0 to 14.
 18.0% of residents are aged 15 to 29.
 18.0% of residents are aged 30 to 44.
 25.0% of residents are aged 45 to 65.
 10.3% of residents are aged 65 to 74.
 8.6%  of residents are aged 75 to 84.
 4.2   of residents are aged 85+

Most jobs in Eastbourne are in tourism or tourism-related services.

Politics 
As of 7 May 2015, the MP for Eastbourne is Caroline Ansell. She is a member of the Conservatives.

Eastbourne Borough Council has 27 members (called councillors). Currently, there are 15 Conservative councillors, 11 Liberal Democrat councillors and one independent councillor. The leader of the council is Councillor Ian Lucas.

History 
There have been people living in the Eastbourne area since 4000BC, but the town did not develop until around 1150AD. St. Mary's Church (now in Eastbourne's Old Town) was first built between 1160 and 1190. Eastbourne was strategically important during the Napoleonic Wars and had a Martello Tower built from 1804 to 1810. The tower is one of few Martello Towers that are still standing, and is now called the Wish Tower.

The town became much bigger after a railway station was built there in 1849. It joined Eastbourne to London, Brighton and the South Coast Railway. From 1858, William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Burlington (later 7th Duke of Cavendish) invested a lot of money into the town. The elegant areas of Meads, Devonshire Park and the Western Parades were developed as a result of his investment. Cavendish's influence is recognised by many place and business names in Eastbourne, for example: the Cavendish School, the Burlington Hotel, or the Devonshire Park Theatre.

Eastbourne Pier was first built in 1865. It is a famous symbol of Eastbourne and today houses amusement arcades, a nightclub and a public house. It also has a rare, working camera obscura.

Notable Residents 
 John Bodkin Adams, suspected serial killer, lived and worked in Eastbourne from 1922 until his death in 1983. He is thought to have murdered at least 163 people, but was never found guilty of any.

 Aleister Crowley, occultist and mystic, spent one year at school in Eastbourne.

References

Other websites 
 Eastbourne Borough Council  
 The Francis Frith Collection of Historical Photographs  

Eastbourne
19th-century establishments in England
A sunburn is a kind of burn that happens when skin is exposed to sunlight for too long. The ultraviolet part of sunlight breaks down natural chemicals in the skin. This makes the skin become red. A sunburn can be painful. Sunburns stay for days or weeks.

People with lighter skin have more sunburns than people with darker skin. This is because of a dark pigment called melanin that protects the skin. There is more of it in dark-skinned people than in light-skinned people. Eventually, if exposed to too much sunlight, skin cancer may develop.

Dermatology
Antwerpen is a city in Antwerp province in the north of Belgium. It is at 51° 12 North, 04° 24 East.

It is the capital of the province with the same name.

In 2007, 466,203 people lived there. The city is divided in 9 zones, called districts:

 Antwerp
 Berchem
 Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo
 Borgerhout
 Deurne
 Ekeren
 Hoboken
 Merksem
 Wilrijk

References 

 
Olympic cities
Heibronn (German: [haɪlˈbʁɔn]; Alemannic German: Hailbrunn, local dialect: Hallbrunn, Haalbrunn) is a city in Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg. With about 117,000 people, Heilbronn is the sixth largest town in Baden-Württemberg.
Heilbronn is also on the river Neckar and is known for the wine which was grown in their region and the Kätchen a famous sign.

References

Other websites
is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany.  It is in the district of Hildesheim and is about 30 km southeast of Hanover.  The city is on the banks of the River Innerste, which is a smaller river that flows into the River Leine.  It can be reached from Autobahn A7, which links Kassel, Göttingen and Hanover.

It has about 110,000 people living there.

History 

Hildesheim is one of the oldest cities in North Germany.  The city may have been founded when the bishop moved from Elze to the Innerste ford, where it was an important market on the Hellweg trade route. The settlement soon grew into a town which was granted market rights by King Otto III in 983.  Originally the market was held on a street called Old Market (Alter Markt), which still exists today.  The first market place was laid out around Saint Andrew's Church. As the city grew larger, a larger market place became more important.  The current market place in Hildesheim was made at the start of the 13th century when the city had a population of about 5,000.  When Hildesheim obtained city rights in 1249, it was one of the largest cities in Northern Germany.  For four centuries the clergy ruled Hildesheim, before a city hall was built and the citizens gained some influence and independence.  Construction of the present City Hall started in 1268, and in 1367 Hildesheim became a member of the Hanseatic League. A war between the citizens and their bishop cost dearly in 1519-1523 when they engaged in a feud. Hildesheim became Protestant in 1542, and only the cathedral and a few other buildings remained in Imperial (Roman Catholic) hands. Several villages around the city remained Roman Catholic as well. In 1813, after the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Kingdom of Hanover, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 as a province.

The city was bombed in World War II, but the bombing had little importance in the course of the war.  28.5% of the houses were destroyed and 44.7% damaged.  26.8% of the houses had no damage.  The center, which still had its medieval character until then, was almost levelled. As in many cities, priority was given to rapid building of badly needed housing, and concrete structures took the place of the destroyed buildings. Fortunately, most of the major churches, two of them now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, were rebuilt in the original style soon after the war. During the war, valuable world heritage materials had been hidden in the basement of the city wall. In 1978, the University of Hildesheim was founded. In the 1980s a reconstruction of the historic center began.  Some of the new concrete buildings near the marketplace were torn down.  Replicas of the original buildings were built in their place.

Population history 

¹ census data

Images of the city

References

Other websites 

 The city's website.
 360° Panoramas Hildesheim
 Article about Hildesheim
 Pictures
Pforzheim (Alemannic German: Pforze) is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 116,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites
Recklinghausen (Westphalian: Riäkelhusen) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area. It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

References 

Recklinghausen Rural District
Erlangen (; East Franconian: Erlang) is a German city in the state of Bavaria.
It has about 105,000 inhabitants.
Erlangen is near to Nuremberg (Nürnberg). Both cities share the University Erlangen-Nürnberg.

References
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is a large American company from Sunnyvale, California that makes computer hardware components. It makes many different computer parts, but it is most famous for its Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Another important product are their motherboard chipsets for their CPUs. AMD started as a company that made products for Intel, another large hardware company, and competitor of AMD. In 2006 AMD bought ATI Technologies. with $4.3 billion dollars of cash and 52 million AMD stocks. In 2020 AMD said that they are buying Xilinx, a company that makes circuits that can be changed using computer code (FPGA).

Ryzen is AMD's brand name for their CPUs for normal use. Ryzen CPUs has had between 2 and 64 cores and can achieve speeds above 5 Gigahertz (or GHz). Radeon is their brand name for other computer products like GPUs and computer parts made by other companies that AMD put their brand on (OEM).

References

American computer hardware manufacturers
1969 establishments in the United States
 
Companies based in California
Sir Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford was a British politician. He is regarded by many as the first  de facto Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (then called Great Britain). The position of prime minister was not actually official at that time.

Walpole He was born in Houghton, Norfolk on 26 August 1676. He died on 18 March 1745. Historians think he became England's first Prime Minister in 1721. He was then Prime Minister for a longer time than anyone who came after him. This long time is sometimes called "the robinocracy" (Robin is a common version of Robert).

Although the exact dates of Walpole's dominance are not entirely clear, the period 1721–1742 is often used. He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry, as well as the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history. 

W.A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister "is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history... Explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the Commons".

References  

1676 births
1745 deaths
People from Norfolk
Whig party (UK) politicians
Prime Ministers of Great Britain
Leeuwarden is a city in the north of the Netherlands.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of a part of the Netherlands where a lot of people speak Frisian. The name of that province is Friesland. Leeuwarden is called Ljouwert in Frisian.

On 1 January 2014, Boarnsterhim is a part of the municipality of Leeuwarden. On 1 January 2018, it was enlarged by Leeuwarderadeel and parts of the former municipality of Littenseradiel.

References

 
Cities in Friesland
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Middelburg is a town and municipality on the (former) island of Walcheren, Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands.

It is the capital of Zeeland.

About 48,000 people were living in the municipality in 2017.<br/ >
About 40,000 people were living in the town in 2011.

Middelburg received city rights in 1217.

Related pages 
 Four Freedoms Award

Other websites 
 

Cities in the Netherlands
Municipalities of Zeeland
Settlements in Zeeland
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Haarlem is a city in the Netherlands and the capital of the province North Holland. It has about 145,000 inhabitants. It has a very old door called Smedestraat 33.

Other websites 

 Website of the communal administration 
 pictures from Haarlem 

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Lelystad is a town in the middle of the Netherlands.
It has about 71,000 inhabitants. It is also the capital of Flevoland, one of the provinces of the Netherlands.

Other websites 
 Lelystad website

Settlements in Flevoland
Municipalities of Flevoland
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Assen is a town in the north-east of the Netherlands.
It has about 65,000 inhabitants. It's the capital of Drenthe.

Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Drenthe
Municipalities of Drenthe
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Breda is a city in the south of the Netherlands.
It has about 184,000 inhabitants (2021).

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Brabant
Enschede (Low Saxon: Eanske) is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 160,000 people were living there in 2021.

It is the biggest city in Overijssel and borders Germany.

Enschede is also (informally) the capital of Twente region.

Fireworks accident 

On 13 May 2000 there was a huge destruction caused by an accident in a fireworks factory. Twenty-three people were killed, while almost a thousand people were injured. Thousands of people lost their homes.

Related pages 
 FC Twente
 University of Twente

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Amersfoort is a city in the middle of the Netherlands.
About 140,000 people live there. The city is between the hills of the "Heuvelrug" and the valley of the river Eem.

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Utrecht (province)
Zoetermeer is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands (it has no city rights). 

About 125,000 people are living there in 2017.

It is between Utrecht and Den Haag. It is part of the Randstad. 

Cities in the Netherlands
Municipalities of South Holland
Settlements in South Holland
Almere is a city in the Netherlands (no city rights).
It is in the province of Flevoland and nearby Amsterdam and has about 215,000 people (2021).

Other websites 
 Almere website

Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Flevoland
Municipalities of Flevoland
Hilversum is a city in North Holland in the Netherlands (no city rights). It lies between Amsterdam and Utrecht. About 85,000 people live there.

Well-known people 
 Joop den Uyl (1919-1987), Prime Minister

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Roermond is a town in the province Limburg in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 45,000 people living in it.

Since 2007, Swalmen became a part of the municipality of Roermond.

Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Venlo is a city in Limburg in the very east of the Netherlands. It has about 100,000 inhabitants and lives mainly on one-day-trip-tourism from neighbouring Germany and logistics. It used to be a city of the Hanseatic League.

Since 2010, Arcen en Velden became a part of the municipality of Venlo.

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Delft is a city in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is about halfway between Rotterdam and The Hague. It is famous for its Delft Blue pottery and the Delft University of Technology. It is the place where the royal family, the kings and queens, are buried. It has about 94,000 inhabitants.

Things to see 
Delft is a city with typical Dutch canals, churches and large canal houses. The largest church in Delft is the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church).

 
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in South Holland
Deventer is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 101,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in Salland and IJsselvallei regions, alongside the eastern bank of the IJssel river.

Deventer was founded by Lebuinus around 768. He built a wooden church there.

A Catholic community called the Brethren of the Common Life was founded by priest Geert Groote in this city late 14th century. This community was connected with a Catholic reform movement called the Devotio Moderna, which was largely based on Groote and founded the same time.

Deventer is well-known for its cake, the so-called Deventer Koek.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
IJsselvallei (Overijssel)
Salland
Ede is a city in the Netherlands with 65,000 inhabitants, the communal district (gemeente) of Ede has 107,000 inhabitants.

Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland
Municipalities of Gelderland
The Freud Museum was the home of Sigmund Freud and his family after they escaped the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938. It is at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, London.

After the death of Anna Freud, the youngest daughter, in 1982, the home became a museum. The centrepiece of the museum is Freud's study, preserved just as it was during his lifetime. 

There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another  in Příbor, the Czech Republic, in the house where Freud was born.

The study

The study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her father's death. The bookshelf behind Freud's desk contains some of his favourite authors: not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli and Anatole France. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically. 

The room contains the original analytic couch brought from Berggasse 19. On this patients would recline comfortably while Freud, out of sight in the green tub chair, listened to their 'free association'. They were asked to say everything that came to mind without consciously sifting or selecting information. This method became a foundation upon which psychoanalysis was built.

Antiquities
The study is filled with antiquities from ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and the Orient. There are some fine masks and carving from Africa. Freud visited many archaeological sites (though not Egypt). Most of the collection was got from dealers in Vienna. 

He confessed that his passion for collecting was second only to his addiction to cigars. The importance of the collection can be seen in Freud's use of archaeology as a metaphor for psychoanalysis. One example of this is Freud's explanation to a patient that conscious material 'wears away' while what is unconscious is relatively unchanging: "I illustrated my remarks by pointing to the antique objects about my room. They were, in fact, I said, only objects found in a tomb, and their burial had been their preservation".

The collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí.

References

Other websites 
Freud Museum website
Freud Museum in Vienna 

Museums in London
The kiwi is a type of bird from New Zealand. They are the genus Apteryx of the family Apterygidae. There are several species and sub-species of kiwi. The kiwi is a symbol for New Zealand. People from New Zealand are nicknamed "Kiwis".

They have a long beak and brown feathers. The feathers look like fur. Kiwi cannot fly, and their wings are so small that they cannot usually be seen. Kiwi cannot see well, but they can hear very well. They are the smallest ratite birds.

Life 
Kiwi are night (nocturnal) birds. They mostly eat invertebrates, like worms and insects. Kiwi keep a territory where they live alone or with their mate. In their territory they build several small caves where they sleep, or lay their eggs.
Kiwi are monogamous; the male and female stay together until one of them dies. The male and female live in the same territory and raise their children together.
Female kiwi lay 1-3 eggs. Compared to the size of the mother, the eggs are the largest  of any bird species. Kiwi are mature when they are 2 years old, and they can live more than 20 years. One kiwi kept in a zoo even reached 35 years old.

Eggs 
The female brown kiwi lays enormous eggs, which are almost one-sixth of her own body weight. These eggs take 11 weeks to incubate, the longest time for any bird. In comparison, Yellow-breasted Chats' eggs take only 11 days, and chickens' eggs take 21 days.

Habitat 
Kiwi prefer to live in burrows they make in forested areas. They either make their burrows in the ground like rabbits, in between the roots of trees, or in hidden sheltered places such as hollow logs. Kiwi line their burrows with leaves to make them more comfortable and warm. Sometimes they hide the entrance to their burrows using piles of twigs. Kiwi may have more than ten different burrows in their territory and will swap between them sometimes. 

Kiwi are threatened by many mammals. Stoats are the main threat for the kiwi chicks.  Ferrets and dogs kill adult kiwi.

References 

Birds of New Zealand
Ratites
Struthioniformes
The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is an extinct species of flightless bird from Mauritius. 

Like many other island birds, they lost the power of flight because it was no advantage where they lived. Dodos were in the same family as the pigeon. They were endemic to (only lived on) the island of Mauritius. They became extinct in the late 17th century. 

The Dodo has become a symbol of extinction caused by the arrival of humans in ecosystems where humans had never before lived.

The name 'Dodo' 
The history of the word 'Dodo' is not clear. Dutch admiral Wybrand van Warwijck discovered the island and the bird in 1598 during an expedition to Indonesia. He called the bird 'walgvogel', meaning "disgusting bird" because he disliked the taste of the meat. Four years later, the Dutch captain, Willem van Westsanen, used the word 'Dodo' for the first time.

The Encarta Dictionary and the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology say "dodo" is a Portuguese word, coming from doido. It means "fool" or "crazy". Another idea is that 'dodo' was a copy of the bird's own call, a two-note pigeon like sound, "doo-doo". 
In 1606 Cornelis de Jonge wrote a description of the Dodo, and of other animal and plants on the island .

Description 
The dodo was a large bird and weighed about . They had grey feathers and yellow feet. Their big hooked bill was a green/yellow color. It had short wings that were only stubs. They ate fruit, seeds and nuts. Portuguese sailors said that they saw the Dodos eating fish. They also ate rocks and stones which might have helped them digest food. They are eaten by humans who come in the search of treasure or spouting.

Extinction 
The dodo was not scared of people which made it easy to hunt and kill. Dogs, cats, rats and pigs were left on the island and also killed the dodos. Because dodos built their nests on the ground, the new animals ate their eggs. The forests were chopped down and the dodo lost its habitat. Within 80 years, the dodo was extinct.

The last known stuffed bird was at Oxford University and was thrown out as rubbish. Only a foot and a head are left. The American Museum of Natural History in New York has a skeleton showing. It was put together out of bones from several different Dodos. The Natural History Museum of Mauritius has the only complete skeleton of a dodo, found in a swamp.

References

Other websites 
 The Dodo Cartoon Blog 

Columbiformes
Flightless birds
Extinct species
Mauritius
The great auk was a large bird, that could not fly. People hunted it for meat and feathers. It grew rare, because it was too easy to kill, and the ones left could not breed fast enough to make up for the lost ones. The last known great auks (there were two auks) were killed on June 3, 1844 in Iceland.  It lived mostly in the water, like a duck. 

Penguins got their name from the great auk. The word "penguin" was the Celtic word for "great auk". When sailors saw penguins for the first time, they thought they looked like great auks. 

The great auk was covered in black feathers, but had white feathers on its chest and abdomen. It had very short wings, like stubs, which meant it could not fly. On land it stood upright and was about 75 cm tall. They spent most of their time at sea, coming to shore in the summer to breed. They lived in large breeding colonies on low rocky islands in the north Atlantic Ocean from Canada to Norway. Females laid one egg on bare rock. In winter they went as far south as Florida and southern Spain.

References

Charadriiformes
Flightless birds
Extinct species
kl:Apparluk
Abbey Road Studios, usually called just "Abbey Road", are the recording studios in EMI's headquarters in St. John's Wood, London, England.

Abbey Road had three different studios for most of its history. Other space was turned into a fourth studio later. Studio One is large, and used to be a ballroom. Symphony orchestras and very large bands and groups are recorded there. Studio Two is smaller, and works best for small combos or groups of musicians. Studio Three is much smaller, and is meant for soloists and duos. Studio Four is mostly for post-production, where changes are made to earlier recordings.

Music industry
A prisoner is a person who is forced to stay in a prison. People who are suspected of a crime, for example, a murder, may be  arrested and held in jail so they won't escape before their trial. After conviction a prisoner may be punished. For example, they may be imprisoned for a fixed number of years, or receive a life sentence meaning they stay in jail until they die. 

A prisoner of war is a person who was captured by the enemy in a war.
The Fachhochschule Düsseldorf is a so-called Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences), that means a special kind of college, with technical, design and business subjects in Düsseldorf.
It was founded in 1971.

List of Departments
 Architecture
 Design
 Electrical Engineering
 Mechanical and Process Engineering
 Media Sciences
 Social and Cultural Studies (e.g. Sociology)
 Business Studies (applied Economy studies)

Other websites 
 Official Website

Düsseldorf
Education in North Rhine-Westphalia
1971 establishments in Germany
Psychoanalysis is a field of psychology and medical therapy. It is a set of theories and ways of treating mental disorders. It was started in the early 1890s by the Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud, with experience from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.

Since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different ways. Freud's own colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, had their own ideas. They went on to develop their ideas independently from Freud. Much later, Anna Freud and Melanie Klein used the ideas to treat troubled children.

The basic ideas of psychoanalysis are:
 besides inherited personality, a person's development is determined by events in early childhood;
 human behavior, experience, and thought is largely influenced by unconscious irrational drives;
 attempts to bring these drives into awareness is resisted by defence mechanisms;
 conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression, etc.;
 liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind (e.g. by the skilled guidance of the analyst.

The unconscious mind 
Sometimes people cannot say why they are feeling the way they feel or acting the way they act. What causes the feelings and actions is called the unconscious mind in psychodynamic theory.

Different methods 
Under the broad umbrella of "psychoanalysis" there are at least 22 different approaches to the theory and clinical treatment. The term also refers to a method of studying child development.

Freudian psychoanalysis uses a type of treatment where the subject (analytic patient) talks, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams. From these the analyst works out the unconscious conflicts which cause the patient's symptoms and character problems. By interpreting them for the patient, the analyst creates insight into the problems. The analyst identifies and clarifies the patient's pathological defences, wishes and guilt.

Psychoanalysis has been criticized on many fronts. It has been called a pseudoscience, and lacking in empirical support. However, it remains influential within psychiatry, more so in some quarters than others.

References 

Psychology
Philosophical movements and positions
Zaandam is a city in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It has about 74,000 inhabitants (2014). It makes part of the municipality of Zaanstad.

First settlements in the region were known up from the 11th century.

Czar Peter the Great visited Zaandam in 1697 and 1717.

20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland
Zaanstad
A woodwind instrument is an instrument belonging to the woodwind family.  Traditionally they were always made of wood, although some of them are now made of metal or plastic.

In an orchestra there are four main types of woodwind instrument.  Each of these also has related instruments of different sizes:

The piccolo is the highest of the four main instruments.  The lowest note is Middle C and it has a range of 3 octaves.  The piccolo is the smallest and highest instrument in the orchestra.  It plays one octave higher than the flute.  There is also an alto flute which sounds a fifth lower than the ordinary flute.  Flutes are still sometimes made of wood, but mostly they are metal.

The oboe can play slightly lower than the flute.  There is a larger version called the cor anglais (which means: “English horn”). This is a double reeded instrument. The clarinet plays nearly an octave lower than the flute.  The bass clarinet plays an octave lower than the clarinet. The bassoon is the lowest of the four.

The recorder is one of the oldest and most popular woodwinds and has been used to great effect by greats, such as Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi.  The general public is normally only familiar with the plastic, child's version of the recorder, but professional and high-quality recorders are still made of wood.

The saxophone may look like a brass instrument, but it is played like a clarinet and therefore it is a woodwind instrument.  It is usually played in bands and jazz groups.

Use 
Woodwind instruments are played in several ways. The flute is played by blowing across the top of the mouthpiece.  It is like blowing across the top of an empty bottle.  The oboe and bassoon both have a double reed.  It is like blowing through a drinking straw.  Bagpipes have double reeds which are inside the mouthpiece (“enclosed reeds”). The clarinet and saxophone have single reeds which are clamped against the opening of the mouthpiece.

In comparison, brass instruments are all blown in the same way: by blowing against a cup-shaped mouthpiece.  This is why the saxophone cannot be called a brass instrument, although it is made of brass.

The way that a player shapes his mouth to blow an instrument is called the “embouchure”.  Woodwind instruments have several different embouchures.

In an orchestra there may be two each of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons.  In larger orchestras, particularly from the Romantic period onwards, there may be three or four.  Sometimes the extra instruments such as the piccolo are used.  If, for example, in an orchestral piece the third flute is marked “doubling piccolo”, it means that the person playing flute 3 will also play the piccolo.  However, if the piccolo plays at the same time as flute 3 they will obviously need an extra player for the piccolo part.

Woodwind instruments in an orchestra often have short solos.  These will be played by the first player (the “section principal”).
Bewitched is a comedy television show that was shown on TV by ABC from 1964 to 1972. It is about a man who is married to a witch.

The lead characters are Darrin and Samantha Stephens. Samantha twitches her nose or moves her hands to make a spell happen. Samantha was played by Elizabeth Montgomery. Darrin was played by Dick York from 1964 to 1969. Because of illness, Dick York left the show and was replaced by Dick Sargent who played Darrin from 1969 to 1972. Samantha's mother Endora was played by Agnes Moorehead. Endora dislikes Darrin and often makes things difficult for him.

1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1964 television series debuts
1972 television series endings
American sitcoms
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Beresford is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. Most of the city is located in Union County, but a small part of it is in Lincoln County. Beresford became a city in 1884, and 2,005 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Beresford website

Cities in South Dakota
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Dakota Territory
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (22 January 1729 in Kamenz (Saxony) – 15 February 1781 in Braunschweig) was a German poet and philosopher in the time of the enlightenment.

Life
Lessing was one of twelve children. His father was a Protestant priest. He went to school in Kamenz and got a stipendium for the Higher School in Meißen. From 1746 to 1748, he studied medicine and theology in Leipzig. In 1750, he moved to Berlin, where he met Voltaire. In 1752 he got the Magister (Master) degree from the university in Wittenberg.

He moved back to Leipzig in 1755, but returned later to Berlin. He traveled around in Europe and studied. He worked as a reporter. From 1760 to 1765, he worked as secretary for a general in Breslau (today: Wroclaw). Later he worked at the theater and became a librarian. Lessing got married in 1776. But 1778 his wife died.

In 1781, Lessing died.

Works

Other websites 

In German
 Fabeln von Lessing  im Literaturnetz
 Lessing-Akademie Wolfenbüttel
 Lessing-Museum in Kamenz
 Biographie
 Biographie in ADB
 Briefe, die Neueste Literatur betreffend
 Deutscher Bildungsserver: Pädagogische Materialien zu Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 
 Einführung in die Dramentheorie Lessings
  kostenlose Hörbuchabhandlung als MP3: Über die Wahrheit
 Das Lessing-Denkmal in Wolfenbüttel 

1729 births
1781 deaths
18th-century German philosophers
German poets
People from Saxony
Anna Seghers (; born Anna Reiling, 19 November 1900 – 1 June 1983), was a German writer notable for exploring and depicting the moral experience of the Second World War.

Seghers' parents were orthodox Jews, but also interested in Christianity. Nelly made her abitur in 1920. Before this, she had served as a nurse during World War I.

She married Hungarian Laszlo Radvanyi in 1925, and obtained Hungarian citizenship.

After the Nazis took over government in Germany, she was arrested and her books were burned.

In 1947 she returned to Berlin, Eastern Berlin, joining the Socialist Party. She worked for the Writers Union of the GDR.

She died in 1983 in Berlin.

References 

1900 births
1983 deaths
East German people
German communists
Hungarian Jews
Jewish German writers
People from Mainz
Refugees from Nazism
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (November 10, 1759 in Marbach, Württemberg – May 9, 1805 in Weimar), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist.

Works

Plays 
 Die Räuber (The Robbers) (1781)
 Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love) (1784)
 Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos) (1787)
 Wallenstein (1800)
 Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans) (1801)
 Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart) (1801)
 Turandot (1802)
 Die Braut von Messina (1803)
 Wilhelm Tell (William Tell) (1804)
 Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Poems 
 An die Freude or Ode to Joy (1785) which became the basis for the fourth movement of Beethoven's ninth symphony
 The Artists
 The Cranes of Ibykus
 The Bell
 Columbus
 Hope
 Pegasus in Harness
 The Glove
 Nänie which Brahms set to music

Other websites 

 
 Friedrich Schiller Chronology
 "Say it loud – it's Schiller and it's proud" by George Steiner
 2005 is Schiller year: all dates
 Letters upon the Education of Man at 
 Schiller Monument in Schiller Park, German Village, Columbus, Ohio, USA  
 Schiller multimedial  combines a biographical observation by Norbert Oellers with classic recordings and video clips
 Mobile Schiller  Mobile Java application containing 20 poems of Schiller

German writers
1759 births
1805 deaths
German poets
Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee  (3 January 1883 – 8 October 1967) was a British politician. Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951, he was the first Labour prime minister with a majority in government, and was very important in the setting up of the welfare state. He was made a member of the House of Lords after he retired, and became the first Earl Attlee.

Attlee died of pneumonia in 1967. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Early life and education
Attlee was born in Putney. Attlee was educated at Haileybury College. He graduated from University College, Oxford with a Second Class Honours BA in Modern History in 1904.

Career
Attlee began a career as a barrister after graduating from Oxford. This lasted for two years. He then worked as manager of Haileybury House in East London. Attlee's work at the House inspired him to become a socialist. In 1907 he joined the Fabian Society. In 1908 he joined the Independent Labour Party. In 1911, he was employed by the UK Government. In 1919 Attlee became Mayor of Stepney. He was elected to Parliament in 1922 as the MP for Limehouse., In 1935 he was elected leader of the Labour Party. From 1942 to 1945 he was deputy prime minister.  Attlee resigned as party leader after Labour lost the 1955 election.  He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1951 and a Knight of the Garter in 1956. In 1958 he started the Homosexual Reform Society with Bertrand Russell.

1883 births
1967 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British mayors
British military personnel of World War I
Companions of Honour
Deaths from pneumonia
Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Infectious disease deaths in London
Knights of the Garter
Order of Merit
Members of the House of Lords
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Putney
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
United Kingdom Earls
An octave is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.

If a musician sings or plays a scale (‘do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do’) the first and last ‘do’ are an octave apart. It is called an ‘octave’ because there are eight notes in a scale (‘octo’ is Latin for ‘eight’).

If a musician sings or plays the first two notes of the song “Somewhere over the rainbow” (i.e. the word ‘Somewhere’) these two notes are an octave apart.

Two notes that are an octave apart sound very similar, almost like the same note. The scientific reason for this is that the top note vibrates twice as fast.  For example: if someone plays Middle C on a piano, a hammer hits the Middle C strings inside and makes them vibrate 256 times a second.  The C an octave higher will vibrate 512 times a second. 

Young children who learn the piano will not be able to stretch an octave with one hand, if their hands are too small. Most adults can stretch an octave easily (playing one note with the thumb, and the other with the little finger).

Related pages
Interval (music)

Music theory
Stephen Joseph Harper  (born April 30, 1959) is a Canadian economist, entrepreneur, and retired politician. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015. He is a member and the former leader of the Conservative Party, after being elected in 2004. He was elected in February 2006 and replaced Paul Martin as Prime Minister.

Harper was born in 1959 in Toronto, Ontario and lives in Calgary, Alberta. He is married to Laureen Teskey and has two children. He is the third Prime Minister, after Pierre Trudeau and John Turner, to send their children to Rockcliffe Park Public School, in Ottawa. Stephen Harper was Prime Minister for nine years, during which Canada hosted both the Vancouver 2010 Olympics and Paralympic Winter Games. Harper also hosted the G8 and G20 meetings.

Harper is a conservative and supports cutting government spending and taxes. As Prime Minister, he has cut the goods and services tax and approved a budget that would cut funding to several government programs. He has also shown support for the military and a bigger Canadian military presence in the northern part of Canada.

Even though Harper did win the seat in the riding of Calgary Heritage during the October 19, 2015 federal election, the Conservative Party was defeated by the Liberal Party of Canada, which was led by Justin Trudeau and who succeeded Harper as Prime Minister. It was thereafter announced Harper would resign as party leader and had requested an interim leader be chosen to serve until a leadership election can be held.

References

1959 births
Living people
Politicians from Toronto
Politicians from Alberta
Canadian economists
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
A tadpole or polliwog is the larva of a frog. It breathes water and lives in the water. Tadpoles hatch from small eggs.

Frog eggs are round and toad eggs are laid in long strings.  Like bird eggs, they have nutrients (food) inside them for the young animal to grow before it hatches.

Movement

Tadpoles swim by lateral undulation: their tails move side to side, not up and down.

Food

Most types of tadpole eat only plants, for example algae on rocks. Some types of tadpole eat plants and animals, even other smaller tadpoles.

Metamorphosis

After some time, the tadpoles begin to grow legs: first the hind legs and then the front legs. Then they are called froglets.  Soon after, froglets grow lungs and begin to breathe air and lose their tails.  The tail disappears because the cells in the tail gently die.  Each tadpole's mouth changes from small to as wide as its head.  Its intestines become shorter.  They grow larger, and eventually become adults.

Species

How fast or slow the eggs hatch and how fast or slow the tadpole becomes a froglet is different in different frogs.  Some tadpoles take months to become frogs.  Some stay tadpoles all winter and do not become frogs until the next spring, or even three years later. Some frogs lay their eggs in bodies of water that are only there in the spring and dry up in the summer, so the tadpoles must become frogs in only a few weeks.

References

Frogs
Toads
Zeulenroda-Triebes is a German town in the rural district of Greiz in Thuringia.

It has about 18,000 inhabitants. Most famous sight of the town is the beautiful town hall.

Other websites 
 Official website of Zeulenroda-Triebes
 Landkreis Greiz

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Thuringia
Greiz Rural District
Harry Edward Nilsson III (June 15, 1941 - January 15, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter. 

Nilsson was born in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City. His paternal grandparents were Swedish.

"Without her" is one of his early hits. This number is nowadays considered one of his standards as Blood, Sweat & Tears did later an jazzy cover on their album. His biggest hits were during the late 1960s and the 1970s. His songs include "Me And My Arrow", "Coconut", "Cuddly Toy", "Spaceman", and "One". "One" was also a hit for the band Three Dog Night. Nilsson's two most famous songs were "Without You" and "Everybody's Talkin'". These songs were  written by other people. "Without You" has been re-recorded many times by other singers. It was written by Peter Ham and Tom Evans of Badfinger. "Everybody's Talkin'" was used in the 1969 movie Midnight Cowboy. The song was written by Fred Neil.

Nilsson recorded a tribute to The Beatles on his first album. He used lines from fifteen of their songs in one cover version of "You Can't Do That". Derek Taylor, who worked for the Beatles, sent them copies of the album, and Nilsson became a friend of the band. He later shared a house with John Lennon and Ringo Starr. They worked together on each other's music.

Nilsson also wrote a cartoon movie named The Point!. It was broadcast on ABC. It was about tolerance and diversity. The Point! was later turned into a musical. One production of the musical starred former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones. The Monkees had recorded two of Nilsson's songs, "Cuddly Toy" and "Daddy's Song", after they met him through producer Chip Douglas.

Nilsson died of heart failure in Agoura Hills, California.

The movie You've Got Mail uses several of Nilsson's songs in its soundtrack.

Notes

Outer links 
A performance of 'Without Her' from the 1971 BBC Television broadcast.

Singer-songwriters from New York
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from heart failure
Singers from New York City
1941 births
1994 deaths