cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Giant Milkweed.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadodeae.  It is native to southeast Asia.  It has been naturalized in Hawai'i.

Other websites

Calotropis gigantea at USDA PLANTS Database
Calotropis gigantea at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
Calotropis gigantea at Purdue University: New Crop Resource Online Program

Gentianales
Apple of Sodom (Calotropis procera) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Roostertree.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  

It is native to North Africa, Central Africa, Western Asia, South Asia, and Indochina. It has been naturalized in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Hawai'i, and southern California.

Other websites 

 Calotropis procera at USDA PLANTS Database

Gentianales
Plants of Asia
Sand Vine (Cynanchum laeve) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Honeyvine, Honeyvine Milkweed, Bluevine Milkweed, Climbing Milkweed, and Smooth Swallow-wort.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to North America.  It blooms from June to August.  This species is found in a variety of habitats such as edges of woodlands, near stream edges, gardens, and fields.  This vine can grow to be 6 or more feet long.

Other websites

Cynanchum laeve at USDA PLANTS Database
Cynanchum laeve at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 

Gentianales
The Hardy–Weinberg law was developed independently by an English mathematician, G.H. Hardy, and a German doctor, Wilhelm Weinberg. This concept is also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, Hardy–Weinberg theorem or Hardy–Weinberg principle. Sometimes Weinberg's name is placed first. 

The law is a foundation of population genetics, and it is still taught to students today. It states that the proportions of alleles of all genes in any population will remain the same unless perturbed (disturbed). That applies to all loci on all chromosomes in the population. Possible perturbations are:
♦ gene mutation
♦ natural selection
♦ small population size where random effects like genetic drift and inbreeding may occur. H/W populations are assumed to be infinite in size.
♦ assortative mating instead of random mating. In effect, this would split the population down into small groups, see item above.
♦ migration into or out of the population under study.

It follows that any systematic change in the frequency of alleles in a population must be due to the effect of one or more of these causes. Of course, like all aspects of Mendelian inheritance, the expected proportions of alleles are probabilities. It was for that reason that statistical tests of significance, such as standard errors, were developed.

Although all changes must be due to perturbations, not all perturbations lead to changes. The classic case is balancing selection, such as heterozygote advantage: "Heterosis: the heterozygote at a locus is fitter than either homozygote". Balancing selection leads to an equilibrium population with Hardy–Weinberg proportions

Generalisation 
The law permits the prediction of genotype frequencies from a knowledge of gene frequencies. 
If alleles A and a are in the proportions p and q, the three zygotic types AA, Aa, and aa are in the proportions p2: 2pq: q2. 
Thus, equations can be written in terms of allele frequencies, and hypotheses about how phenotypes are inherited can be tested from population data.

References 

Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
Geff Harold Hardy FRS (7 February 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey – 1 December 1947 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) was a famous English mathematician. He investigated number theory and mathematical analysis.

Hardy's classic text A course of pure mathematics was first published in 1908 and has been in print ever since. He wrote A Mathematician's Apology in 1940.

In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become ubiquitous in a population, Reginald Punnett introduced his problem to Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.

Hardy had a long collaboration with J.E. Littlewood, which resulted in a partial solution to a famous unsolved problem in number theory:
"There are infinitely many primes p such that p+2 is also prime".
Hardy discovered the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, who was a brilliant student. Hardy saw his extraordinary intelligence and they worked together on many mathematical subjects. In an interview given to Paul Erdős, Hardy said that the discovery of Ramanujan was his (Hardy's) greatest contribution to mathematics and that their collaboration was "the one romantic incident in my life".

Related pages
Taxicab number

References

English mathematicians
1877 births
1947 deaths
British number theorists
White Vine (Sarcostemma clausum) is a species of plant.  It is also known as White Twinevine.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to southeastern United States and Texas.

Other websites

Sarcostemma clausum at Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
Sarcostemma clausum at USDA PLANTS Database

Gentianales
Apocynum cannabinum (commonly known as Indian hemp) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Dogbane, Amy Root, Hemp Dogbane, Rheumatism Root, and Wild Cotton.  It is native to all of North America.  It blooms from June to August.  This species is found in moist lowlands, near stream edges, and near pond edges.  It likes to grow in sandy or gravelly soil.  Its height is 1–4 feet.

Other websites

Apocynum cannabinum at USDA PLANT Database
Apocynum cannabinum at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 
Apocynum cannabinum at Evergreen Native Plant Database

Gentianales
Corner Gas was a Canadian sitcom that was on television from 2004 to 2009. It was set in the fictional town of Dog River, Saskatchewan and was shot in Rouleau, Saskatchewan. It stared Canadian comic Brent Butt. On April 6, 2009, Saskatchewan premier Brad Wall declared that April 13 would be "Corner Gas Day" in Saskatchewan. The show has won numerous awards and nominations including: 9 Canadian Comedy Awards and 6 Gemini Awards, It has also been nominated for an International Emmy Award in 2004.

References

Other websites
 Corner Gas' Official website
 Corner Gas' Comedy Network profile

Sitcoms
Saskatchewan
2000s Canadian television series
2004 television series debuts
Spider monkeys are New World monkeys, genus Ateles. They are small monkeys, well suited to living in trees. In fact, they rarely come down to the ground. These monkeys move quickly through trees by swinging and jumping from branch to branch.

Spider monkeys are found in rainforests in southern Mexico to the northern part of South America. Spider monkeys live in groups or bands of 10 to 40 monkeys. Every band lives in its own territory and one band of monkeys will not enter the territory of another band. Spider monkeys have one offspring per year. They live between 20 to 27 years, or more.

Diet
Spider monkeys eat fruit, nuts, leaves, and small eggs.
Usually the leader female of the whole group is responsible for finding and gathering all the food for the rest of the group. When there is not enough food, they sometimes eat bark, or honey, or insects.

Physical description 
Spider monkeys are extremely quick, and they have long, thin fingers with almost no hair at all. Unlike other monkeys, they use their tail much more than their fingers, and their tails are longer than their bodies. These tails can grasp and pick things up.

They have long, spindly limbs, which explains the spider monkey's common name. Their tails are fully prehensile, meaning they can pick things up with it, and they can swing from it. The tail, which may be up to  long, is very flexible, with hairless tips and skin grooves similar to fingerprints. This adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle serves as a fifth hand. They are clumsy on the ground.

References 

New World monkeys
Edmund Brisco Ford FRS (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. Later, in 1968, he was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science.

Career 
Specialising in genetics, he was appointed Oxford University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a Fellow of All Souls College since the seventeenth century.

Ford had a long working relationship with R.A. Fisher. By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism, Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature. He was most impressed by the fact that polymorphism concealed powerful selective forces (Ford gave human blood types as an example). Like Fisher, he continued the natural selection versus genetic drift debate with Sewall Wright, whom Ford believed put too much emphasis on genetic drift. It was as a result of Ford's work, as well as his own, that Dobzhansky changed the emphasis in the third edition of his famous text from drift to selection.

Ford predicted that human blood group polymorphisms might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease. Six years after this prediction it was found to be so, and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses. His magnum opus was Ecological genetics, which ran to four editions and was widely influential. He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries.

Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the New Naturalist series, Butterflies. Ford also went on in 1955 to write Moths  in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series.

Ecological genetics 
E.B. Ford worked for many years on genetic polymorphism.  Polymorphism in natural populations is frequent; the key feature is the occurrence together of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed a situation where, with alleles at a single locus, the heterozygote is more viable than either homozygote. That is a typical genetic mechanism for causing this type of polymorphism. The work involves a synthesis of field research, taxonomy, and laboratory genetics.

References 

1901 births
1988 deaths
English evolutionary biologists
English geneticists
Ecology
English science writers
Aster is a genus of flowering plants.  It belongs in the family Asteraceae.  The genus once had nearly 600 species in Eurasia and North America.  After morphologic and molecular research on the genus during the 1990s, it was decided that the North American species are better treated in a series of other related genera.  After this split there are about 180 species within the genus.

Common species 
Here is a list of some common species:
 Aster alpinus - Alpine Aster
 Aster amellus - European Michaelmas Daisy or Italian Aster
 Aster linosyris - Goldilocks Aster
 Aster pringlei
 Aster scaber
 Aster sibiricus
 Aster subulatus - Hairless Fleabane
 Aster tataricus - Tatarian Aster
 Aster tongolensis
 Aster tripolium - Sea Aster

Common North American species 
Here is a list of some common North American species that are no longer in the genus Aster:
 Aster breweri (now Eucephalus breweri) - Brewer's Aster
 Aster cordifolius (now Symphyotrichum cordifolium) - Blue Wood Aster
 Aster divaricatus (now Eurybia divaricata) - White Wood Aster
 Aster ericoides (now Symphyotrichum ericoides) - Heath Aster
 Aster laevis (now Symphyotrichum laeve) - Smooth Aster
 Aster lateriflorus (now Symphyotrichum lateriflorum) - Lady in Black, Calico Aster
 Aster novae-angliae (now Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) - New England Aster
 Aster novi-belgii (now Symphyotrichum novi-belgii) - New York Aster
 Aster peirsonii (now Oreostemma peirsonii) - Peirson's Aster
 Aster pilosus (now Symphyotrichum pilosum) - Frost Aster
 Aster scopulorum (now Ionactis alpina) - Lava Aster

References

Other websites 
 Aster at Ontario Wildflowers

Asteraceae
"Borderline" is a popular song by American singer Madonna. It was released in 1984.

Charts

References

1984 songs
Madonna songs
Meet Me Halfway is a very popular song by music group The Black Eyed Peas. It was the third single released off of their album The E.N.D..

References

The Black Eyed Peas songs
2009 songs
The Belfast Agreement, also known as the Good Friday Agreement, was a political agreement in the Northern Ireland peace process during The Troubles. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and it was supported by most of the political parties in Northern Ireland. On 23 May 1998 the Agreement got the support of the voters of Northern Ireland in a referendum. Also on the same day, voters in the Republic of Ireland voted separately to change their constitution in line with the Agreement. Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) was the only large party in the whole of Ireland that was against the Agreement.

1990s treaties
1998 in the United Kingdom
1990s in Northern Ireland
Politics of Northern Ireland
Politics of Ireland
Belfast
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is the biggest of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. It was founded by Ian Paisley and the current leader is Edwin Poots. It is the largest political party in Northern Ireland, with 10 of 18 Northern Irish seats in the UK Parliament as well as 28 of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. They strongly support Northern Ireland staying in the United Kingdom, and are very conservative.

Political parties in Northern Ireland
Andrew Ladd (born December 12, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Carolina Hurricanes, Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, and Chicago Blackhawks.

He played minor league hockey on the Pacific Vipers with his former teammates Troy Brouwer, Brent Seabrook and Colin Fraser. He won the Stanley Cup in 2006 with the Carolina Hurricanes and again in 2010 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He also played in the NHL for the now defunct Atlanta Thrashers.

On February 25, 2016, the Jets traded Ladd back to the Blackhawks, along with Jay Harrison and Matt Fraser, in exchange for Marko Daňo and a 1st-round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.

References

Other websites 

1985 births
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Calgary Hitmen players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
New York Islanders players
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Giants players
Winnipeg Jets players
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Wild Teasel.  It belongs in the teasel family (Dipsacaceae).  

It is native to Eurasia and Africa, and has been naturalized in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.  This species grows to a height of 2–10 feet. The flowers are small and lavender-colored. They are arranged in an oval flower-head, which also contains many small leaves. These are hard and have a hooked and pointed tip. 

In ancient times, this plant was grown in gardens because its dry flower-heads were used to prepare wool for spinning. This was done by combing the raw wool with the flower-heads, so that the fibres were arranged neatly. The people who prepared wool were called "fullers", which is the origin of the plant's English and scientific names. Fuller's Teasel was also used in folk medicine, for example against skin infections.

Other websites

Dipsacus fullonum at USDA PLANTS Database 
Dipsacus fullonum at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 

Dipsacales
A medical illustrator or medical artist is an artist that professionally works to use art to help to explain and record knowledge related to biology and medicine.  They don't only make these things, but they can also work as consultants or administrators in the field of biocommunication.  They make medical pictures using original and modern ways of doing things.  These pictures appear in textbooks and advertisements about medicine, as well as professional journals and videos made to help instruct people in various medical procedures.

History
Medical pictures or diagrams have been made for hundreds of years or longer.  Many of these pictures or diagrams look different than the ones that we see today because they were based on the studies of the scholars of that period in time rather than observing the thing that they wanted to draw directly.

As a job, medical illustration has a more recent history. In the late 1890s, Max Brödel, who was an artist from Leizpig, was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to draw pictures for several notable clinicians, including Harvey Cushing, William Halstead, and Howard Kelly.

Max Brödel also made several new techniques for drawing medical pictures, such as carbon dust.  He also looked over the making of first academic department of medical illustration, which is still active today.

Other websites
 Article about Medical Illustrators on mshealthcenteers 

Scientists
The Twilight Saga: New Moon is a movie based on the book, New Moon, one of the Twilight saga books by Stephenie Meyer. It is the second movie to be made about the teenage vampires, the first being Twilight. The movie, directed by Chris Weitz, stars Kristen Stewart as Bella, and Robert Pattinson as Edward. Filming for the third movie in the series, Eclipse, started before New Moon was finished.

In the USA the movie made $140.7 million on its opening weekend. In Australia, the movie set the record for the most money on an opening weekend with AU$16.01 million, or more than one million tickets.
Twilight is about a girl (Bella) who falls in love with two guys (Edward a vampire & Jake a ware wolf) Bella sacrafises her life when she gets married to Edward.She then gets pregnant with Edwards child which sucks the life of her . As she gives birth to her baby she dies that's when Edward has to bring her back to life by bitting her and adding his venom on her in order for her live

References 

2009 movies
Movies based on books
The Treaty of Maastricht was a treaty signed between European countries, in the Dutch city of Maastricht, on 7 February 1992. This treaty made possible further integration between European states, and made possible the existence of the European Union, doing better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome. European integration went even further with the Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed in 2007 and became effective in December 2009.

Maastricht
1992 in Europe
Maastricht
20th century in the Netherlands
1992 works
The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007 between 27 European states that are members of the European Union (EU). It became effective on December 1, 2009. It is now the document that defines the Union, but it is not a constitution. It gives a common set of rules that the member states have agreed to use on subjects where they have decided to work together. It does better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty of Maastricht. It gives the European Union new things, such as:

 a President of the European Council (who is not the President of the European Union – there is no such job).
 a High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, who is a member of the European Commission and who represents the Union around the world.
 stronger role for the European Parliament, which is directly elected by citizens of the EU,
 the ability to make more decisions by "qualified majority". Although some decisions require that all member states agree, there are more that can be decided if there is a large majority. 
 better police and justice across the continent.

Sources 
Booklet by the European Commission available on europa.net

References

European Union
Lisbon
2007 in Europe
The President of the European Council is a position that was created by the Treaty of Lisbon. The President is the chairman of the European Council, which is the meeting of the leaders of all the member states.

Background
It's a very diplomatic figure, and it's not like a head of state: the President does not have any power to make decisions about the European Union. The Union has several other presidents, such as the president of the European Parliament and the president of the European Commission.
But the President of the European Council, casually but wrongly known as The President of Europe, is the face by which the European Union is known to the rest of the world. The more practical aspects of this task are the responsibility of the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Commissioner responsible for external affairs.

On 2 July 2019, the European Council elected Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel as the successor to Donald Tusk as President of the European Council for the period from 1 December 2019 to 31 May 2022.

List of president

Rotating presidents (1975–2009)

Permanent presidents (since 2009)

References

2009 establishments in Europe
European Union
Herman Van Rompuy (born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician. In November 2009 he was appointed the first permanent President of the European Council, which is the meeting of the heads of government of all of the member states of the European Union.

He was previously Prime Minister of Belgium.

References 

1947 births
Living people
Belgian economists
Belgian educators
Belgian nobility
Belgian Roman Catholics
Christelijke Volkspartij politicians
Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams politicians
Flemish politicians
Government ministers of Belgium
Legislative speakers
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Presidents of the European Council
Prime Ministers of Belgium
The Treaty of Rome was signed on 25 March 1957 between six European coutries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany. After centuries of wars, those countries started to act together for more peace and prosperity. This treaty was the basis of the European Economic Community. It was one of two treaties (the other being Treaty of Maastricht) that created the European Union. It created a common market for goods and people. Other countries later joined it.

References 

Rome
1957 in Europe
Andrei Kirilenko (born February 18, 1981 in Izhevsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Small forward that currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). 

He played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz for 10 seasons and then played in Russia with his original team, CSKA Moscow. After playing a season with them, he returned to the NBA and signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on July 27, 2012.

He is of Russian origin. His jersey number is 47. He is nicknamed AK-47 because of his jersey number and because the AK-47 came from Russia.

Kirilenko was named as Russia's flag bearer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics games.

Other websites
Official website 
Andrei Kirilenko at NBA.com

1981 births
Living people
Basketball players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Russian sportspeople
Utah Jazz players
Bjarne Stroustrup born 30th December 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is an American-Danish computer scientist, most famous for creating the C++ programming language.

References

1950 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Danish scientists
Aarhus
Vanessa Redgrave CBE (Blackheath, London, England, 30 January 1937) is an English actress. She is active in theatre, movies and television.

Life and career 

Born in a theatrical family, her father was actor Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-1985). Her mother was actress Rachel Kempson (1910-2003). Her brother Corin Redgrave (1939-2010) and sister Lynn Redgrave (1943-2010) were both actors. She began her career in theatre in 1958 with the Royal Shakespeare Company. 

She made her movie debut in 1966 in Morgan, a Suitable Case for Treatment, followed by Blowup. 

In 1967, she appeared in the musical Camelot, opposite Richard Harris. Other notable movies have included; The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), Isadora (1969), The Devils (1970), The Trojan Women (1971), Mary Queen of Scots (1972), Murder on the Orient-Express (1974), Julia (1977), for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress, Agatha (1979), The Bostonians (1984), Wetherby (1985), Howard Ends (1992), Mrs Dalloway (1997), etc.

On television, she appeared in Playing for Time in 1980, which won her an Emmy Award for best actress, as well as in the teleseries Peter The Great (1986) and Young Catherine (1991). 

In 2010 she received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Redgrave was married to movie director Tony Richardson from 1962 until 1967, with whom she had two daughters: actresses Natasha Richardson (1963-2009) and Joely Richardson (b. 1965). She has a son, Carlo Gabriel Nero (b. 1969) with Italian actor Franco Nero, whom she married in 2006.

Filmography

Reference 

 The Illustrated Who's Who of the Cinema, Lloyd, Fuller & Desser, Portland House, New York, 1987.

1937 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
English activists
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
WarioWare D.I.Y., known in Japan as , is a minigame video game released for the Nintendo DS in 2009. It is the seventh title in the WarioWare series. It was first revealed on October 2, 2008 and it was released in  Japan on April 29, 2009. In North America, it was announced at E3 2009 on June 2nd, 2009.

Gameplay 
WarioWare D.I.Y. allows players to design their own minigames, creating their own graphics, music and designing a 'cassette' for them. The game features three sections in its main menu: My House, where the player designs minigames, WarioWare, the tutorial, and My Shop, where the player makes microgame cassettes. When creating the music, the player can sing through the DS's microphone, which the DS then turns them into notes. These notes can then be performed by various instruments such as pig noises. 

Players can send their creations to other D.I.Y. owners or receive other people's works. They can also be uploaded to Nintendo Wi-Fi connection for contest purposes. Microgames made available by Nintendo can be downloaded, too. Additionally, the WiiWare game Asobu Made in Ore allows users to play the microgames on the Wii with the Wii remote's pointer.

References 

Wario
2009 video games
Nintendo DS games
Philip Tyler Keaggy (born March 23, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American musician. He is most famous for playing Contemporary Christian music. He has won seven Dove Awards for his instrumental albums and he has been nominated twice for the Grammy Award for "Best Rock Gospel Album." The style of guitar playing he is most famous for is his "fingerpicking" style which means he usually plucks the strings with his fingers rather than use a plastic guitar pick. Many guitar magazines have voted him as one of the best in the world at the fingerpicking style.

Notes

Other websites
 PhilKeaggy.com

American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Ohio
Musicians from Ohio
Christian music singers
1951 births
Living people
People from Youngstown, Ohio
A reaction inhibitor is a substance that slows down chemical reactions without being involved in the actual reaction. It does the opposite of a catalyst, which speeds up reactions without undergoing a permanent change in itself. An example is snake venom, which is deadly for humans because it can slow down their internal chemical reactions.

Biochemistry
The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment is one of the six infantry regiments of Pakistan Army. Its Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regimental Centre is located at Mansar (Pakistan), Attock District, The Pak-Punjab.

Military of Pakistan
Charles Bronson (Charles Dennis Buchinsky; November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was a Purple Heart recipient.

Background
He was born in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania. Bronson was married to Jill Ireland (his second marriage, 1968–1990) until her death from breast cancer. He died of pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease. He is of Tatar origin. He died in Los Angeles. 

He played Paul Kersey in the Death Wish movie series. He was 5'9". He was 81 years old when he died. His real full name was Charles Dennis Buchinsky 
Rectified - Karolis was the 1st name, his parents being from Litva, a Balto-Slavic nation, not Tartar. 

Born Charles Buchinsky, Bronson changed his last name during his early career in the 1950s during the rise of McCarthyism. This was suggested by his agent in order to save his career from potentially being blacklisted as a communist.

Film

Television

References

Other websites

 
 
 Japanese fansite 

1921 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from congestive heart failure
People with Alzheimer's disease
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
American military people
Purple Heart recipients
The Sundance Film Festival is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States. 

The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.

2015 
The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. What Happened, Miss Simone?, a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, Grandma, was the closing night movie. It  stars Lily Tomlin.

Success of festival 
Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch. 

The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as Saw, Super Troopers, The Blair Witch Project, Spanking the Monkey, Reservoir Dogs, Primer, Little Miss Sunshine, Clerks, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, The Brothers McMullen, Afternoon Delight, Napoleon Dynamite, and Whiplash.

References

Further reading
Anderson, John. Sundancing: Hanging Out And Listening In At America's Most Important Film Festival. Harper Paperbacks, 2000.
Biskind, Peter. Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film. Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Craig, Benjamin. Sundance – A Festival Virgin's Guide. Cinemagine Media Publishing, 2004.
Smith, Lory. Party in a Box: The Story of the Sundance Film Festival . Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1999.
von Roon, Alexander. "Grass and dark Tunnels: Sundance is a Marketing-Tool for the US Film Industry", Berliner Zeitung 2000.

Other websites 

 – official site
Sundance: A Festival Virgin's Guide – detailed festival history and information for attendees

Movie festivals
Park City, Utah
1978 establishments in the United States
Turner Field is a baseball ballpark in Atlanta, Georgia, home to the Atlanta Braves. The park first opened in 1996 to host the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, when it was known as Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the Olympics, the park was changed to allow baseball to be played, and opened for the 1997 braves season., The stadium replaces Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, which was built in 1966.

On November 11, 2013, it was announced that the Braves would leave Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County. The lease which allowed the Braves to play in Turner Field was set to end in 2016, and the team stated that many fans had problems getting to the stadium on game days. At the new stadium's groundbreaking on September 16, 2014, that venue's name was revealed as SunTrust Park.

References 

Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in Atlanta, Georgia
Atlanta Braves
1996 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks (born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac. Within the band and as a solo singer, she has over forty Top 50 hits and has sold over 140 million albums. 

Nicks was named "The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll" and one of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by Rolling Stone. As a member of Fleetwood Mac, she was selected to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. She was included again in 2019 for her solo career. 

With Fleetwood Mac, Nicks has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards. They won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for  Rumours. They also won the 2003 Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

Discography

Fleetwood Mac
Studio albums
 Fleetwood Mac (1975)
 Rumours (1977)
 Tusk (1982)
 Mirage (1982)
 Tango in the Night (1987)
 Behind the Mask (1990)
 Say You Will (2003)

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 

American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Living people
1948 births
American rock singers
Atlantic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Jean Simmons (January 31, 1929 - January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.

Life and career
Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's Great Expectations (1946) and Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948) while still a teenager.

As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as The Robe (1953), Young Bess (1953), Désirée (1954), The Egyptian (1954), The Big Country (1958), Spartacus (1960), Elmer Gantry (1960), Life at the Top (1965), A Rough Night in Jericho (1967), etc.

In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and North and South  (1985).

Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Simmons died aged 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.

References

Actors from London
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
British child actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
1929 births
2010 deaths
Emmy Award winning actors
Ernest "Ernie" Coombs, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called Mr. Dressup. 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.

He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called Butternut Square which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.

After "Butternut Square" ended Coombs started the "Mr. Dressup" TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his "Tickle Trunk".

Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.

His TV show did not stop until February 1996.  The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada . 

Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.

After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.

Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.

Other websites
Ernie Coombs' Order of Canada Citation 
Ernie Coombs' CBC personalities page
Canadian Connections' Ernie Coombs page 
The Mr. Dressup Pictures and Sound Page by Buffalonian Steve Cichon

Multimedia 
CBC Archives Remembering Mr. Dressup - CBC News 2001

1927 births
2001 deaths
Canadian musicians
Canadian television actors
Deaths from stroke
People from Lewiston, Maine
People from Ontario
Pleiotropism is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism. 

These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue. 

The term may be contrasted with pleiomorphism, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.

Evolutionary implications 
Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.

Antagonistic pleiotropy refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:

1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.

2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.

3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.

References 

Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
Empire of the Sun is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007. The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau. The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.

Their first album also called Walking on a Dream, released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia. Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25. Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009. They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK. In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.

Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band. We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.

Other websites
 Official Empire of the Sun website
 Empire of the Sun on MySpace

References 

Australian pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical duos
Musical groups from Sydney
An interrobang or interabang is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!) and the question mark (?).

The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex. You did what‽)

It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !? or ?!

On a computer an interrobang looks like this: ‽

On a chromebook the unicode is: Ctrl+Shift+u+2+0+3+D

Grammar
Punctuation
The Visegrád Group (also the Visegrád Four or V4) is a group of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. It was created in 1991 in Visegrád, Hungary for the purposes of better cooperation among these countries.

Other websites 
 Official website

International organizations
Politics of Europe
Czech Republic
History of Hungary
History of Poland
Slovakia
1991 establishments in Europe
Mary Lillian Ellison (born July 22, 1923 in Kershaw County, South Carolina – died November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina), better known by her ring name The Fabulous Moolah, was an American female professional wrestler.  She wrestled for WWE. She was a 4 time WWF Women's Champion.  She was champion for almost thirty years.  That made her champion longer than anyone else in the sport. She was inducted into the 1995 WWE Hall of Fame.  She was the first woman to join the WWE Hall of Fame. She is also the oldest WWE Women's Champion ever to win the title against Ivory at No Mercy in 1999. She was best friends with fellow wrestler Mae Young. The Fabulous Moolah also has a book about her life titled, The Fabulous Moolah: First Goddess of the Squared Circle.

Moolah died on November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina of a heart attack.

References

Other websites
The Fabulous Moolah's WWE Hall of Fame page
The Fabulous Moolah at findagrave.com

1923 births
2007 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Carolina
WWE Hall of Fame
A percentile (or a centile) is a measure in statistics.  

It is a way of expressing where an observation falls in a range of other observations. 

For example, if a score falls in the 20th percentile, this means that 20 percent of all the scores recorded are lower. If a score is in the 90th percentile, this means that 90 percent of all the other scores were lower. 

In statistics, percentiles are found by taking a large set of numerical data, arranging it in ascending order, and then dividing it into 100 groups with an equal number of data points. Each of the 99 dividing points is called a percentile of the data set. 

Some of the percentiles have special names. For example. the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles are called the first, second and third quartile, respectively. The 50th percentile is also called the median.

Related pages 

 Decile

References 

Statistics
The Grand Coulee used to be a river in the U.S. state of Washington. This dry river stretches for sixty miles from the Grand Coulee Dam to Soap Lake. A feature known as Dry Falls divides the Coulee into two parts. Dry Falls is thought to be the remains of the largest waterfall ever, two or three times higher than Niagara Falls.

Geological history
The Grand Coulee is granite bedrock which is 40 to 60  million years old. The volcanic basalt is  thick. The coulee is said to have been made when the Columbia River was blocked by a large glacier. At the end of the last ice age the Columbia River went back to its old route and left the coulee. The coulee is a mile wide and was formed by a river that now flows a different way.

Modern Uses

The area surrounding the Grand Coulee is shrub land. It has a rainfall of twelve inches per year. The Lower Grand Coulee contains the Park, Blue, Alkali, Lenore, and Soap lakes. Until recently, the Upper Coulee was dry.

The Columbia Basin Project dammed the river in 1952. It used the Grand Coulee as an irrigation network.  The Upper Grand Coulee was dammed and made Banks Lake. The lake is filled by pumps from the Grand Coulee Dam. Banks Lake feeds a hundred-mile (160 km) irrigation system.

References

Geography of Washington (U.S. state)
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is similar to both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.  Like type 1 diabetes, LADA is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas.  This means the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that are supposed to make insulin. But LADA is also like type 2 diabetes, because it causes insulin resistance. This means that insulin does not work as well as it should in a person's body.

Most people with latent autoimmune diabetes are thin or skinny  or have a normal BMI, although some are overweight to slightly obese.

LADA and diabetes

Differences between LADA and type 1 diabetes 
The biggest difference between LADA and type 1 diabetes is that LADA has a gradual onset (it comes on slowly).

Also, people with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin.  But if they are given a shot of insulin, the insulin works and does its job in their bodies.  But in people with LADA, even if they are given insulin, the insulin may not work as well as it should.

Differences between LADA and type 2 diabetes 
Most people with LADA become insulin-dependent (have to inject insulin) within 3-15 years. This is very different from type 2 diabetes.  Only 20%-30% of type 2 diabetics end up being insulin-dependent.

Another difference is that type 2 diabetes can happen to anyone at any age.  But LADA does not affect children or teenagers.  It usually affects people age 35 and older, but can affect anyone between 20-29 years of age.

With LADA, the pancreas cannot make insulin because the immune system is attacking its insulin-making cells.  This does not happen in type 2 diabetes.

Contrary to popular belief, some people with LADA do have family members with type 2 diabetes.

Diagnosis and treatment 
People with LADA are sometimes misdiagnosed (diagnosed incorrectly) as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. A special blood test can prove what kind of diabetes a person has.  The test looks for an antibody that only diabetics with LADA have.  It is called a GAD antibody test.

People with LADA usually control their diabetes using very similar methods and changes of lifestyle to type 2 diabetes: eating right, exercising and oral medications; weight loss is optional. Unlike Type 2 diabetics who might never need to inject insulin, however, the LADA patients become insulin dependent within several years.

Complications 
The complications of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults are highly similar to those for types 1 and 2 diabetes, like stroke, heart disease, gangrene, kidney trouble, and heart attacks.

Genes and antibodies
There are glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies connected with LADA. There are also TCF7L2 genes associated with Type 2 diabetes which are also connected with LADA.

Related pages 
 Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Insulin
 Autoimmune disease
 Insulin resistance

References

Diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune diseases
The Screwdriver is an alcoholic cocktail. It is made from orange juice mixed with vodka which is an alcohol. It got its name because American builders used to add vodka to their orange juice and stir it with their screwdrivers.

References 

Alcoholic drink