cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars is a list of the top actors in Hollywood history. It was announced by the American Film Institute on June 16, 1999.

The list promised one hundred people on it, but in the end there were only fifty.

As of 2020, of the fifty stars listed, only two are still alive: one man (Sidney Poitier), and one woman (Sophia Loren). At the time the list was unveiled Katharine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, Shirley Temple, Lauren Bacall, Marlon Brando, Gregory Peck and Kirk Douglas were also still living.

The list 

American Film Institute
Lists of entertainers
Havana () is the capital city of Cuba. Its population was 2.1 million in 2012. It is at 23°8′N 82°23′W and is a little more than 100 miles south-southwest of Key West, Florida in the United States.

Havana is a very old city. It was created in 1515 by Spanish explorers. Due to its important location it became a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Also, it became a stopping point for Spanish ships returning to Spain filled with treasure. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish–American War.

References

Other websites 

Provinces of Cuba
1515 establishments
 
Establishments in Cuba
Bismarck is a German family name. Bismark is an incorrect spelling.

Otto von Bismarck
The name Bismarck is usually associated with the famous Otto von Bismarck, a German statesman of the 19th century.

Ships

Battlecruiser class
 Fürst Bismarck, a Mackensen class battlecruiser of the German navy, still under construction at the time of the 1918 Armistice and never completed.

Battleship
The Bismarck was a battleship of the German navy during WWII
 The Bismarck Chase
 Sink the Bismarck!, a 1960 movie about the sinking of the Bismarck
 Sink the Bismarck, a 1960 Johnny Horton song inspired by the movie
 Expedition: Bismarck, a 2002 documentary about the battleship Bismarck.

Ocean liners
 The SS Bismarck of 1914 became the RMS Majestic as a part of World War I war reparations.

Places

Geography
 the Bismarck Sea, north of the island of New Guinea
 the Bismarck Archipelago, a part of Papua New Guinea
 Bismarck, North Dakota, the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota
 Bismarck, Arkansas
 Bismarck, Illinois
 Bismarck, Missouri
 Bismark, Ontario, a hamlet at the junction of Highway 20 and Highway 57

Buildings and Structures
 "Bismarck towers"
 Bismarck Tower Stettin

Other people named Bismarck
 Herebord von Bismarck, the first verifiable holder of the name (from the 13th century)
 Ludolf August von Bismarck (1683-1750), a Russian General
 Levin Friedrich von Bismarck (1703-1774), a Prussian Attorney General
 August Wilhelm von Bismarck (1750-1783), a Prussian Finance Minister
 Friedrich Alexander Graf von Bismarck-Bohlen (1818-1894), a Prussian General
 Herbert von Bismarck (1849-1904), Secretary of State, son of Otto von Bismarck
 Gottfried von Bismarck (1881-1928)
 Bernhard von Bismarck
 Otto Fürst von Bismarck (1815-1898), a highly influential German politician of the 19th century. Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the Second German Reich.
 Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1901-1949), a Nazi parliamentary representative, grandson of Otto von Bismarck
 Count Gottfried von Bismarck (1962-2007) son of Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck, great-great-grandson of the famous Otto von Bismarck
 Philipp von Bismarck (b. 1913), a German politician of the CDU party
 Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck
 Klaus von Bismarck, 1961-1976, and administrator of a German radio station
 Gunilla von Bismarck (b. 1949), great-granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck, a German philanthropist
 Carl-Eduard von Bismarck (b. 1961), great-great-grandson of Otto von Bismarck, a German politician
 Aurel von Bismarck, a musician and composer

Things
 Bismarck, a beer mix also known as a Black Velvet
 Bismarck herring, a variant of rollmops

Media
 Sei Jūshi Bismarck, a Japanese anime series released by Studio Pierrot in 1984.
Crusinallo, with 4000 people, is the most populated district of the town of Omegna (in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in Piedmont, Italy). It was an independent town until 1928. The town of Crusinallo is located in the north part of the town of Omegna, at the border with the towns of Casale Corte Cerro, Gravellona Toce, and Germagno. The natural borders are: at north, the Saint Martino river; at east and south, the Strona river; at west, the forest of Alpe Colla.

Settlements in Piedmont
Events 
 February 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the US, is opened.
 March 23 – The Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper
 June 6 – Fire destroys part of Moscow
 June 15 – Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity using a kite and a key.
 September 14, Gregorian Calendar – The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, making it necessary to skip eleven days (September 2 being followed directly by September 14 this year)
 Adam Smith at the University of Glasgow transfers to professor of moral philosophy
 English Scientist Lord John Davies first observes what is later recognised as respiratory collapse
Events 
 January 3 – Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.
 March 10 – Christopher Columbus leaves Hispaniola for Spain, ending his second visit to the Western Hemisphere.
 July – Spanish forces under Gonzalo Hernandez de Cordoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. Ferrante II is restored to the throne of Naples.
 Jesus College (University of Cambridge) founded.

Births 
 March 28 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (died 1533)
 May 12 – King Gustav I of Sweden (died 1560)
 October 20 – Claude, Duke of Guise, French soldier (died 1550)
 François Bonivard, Swiss historian (died 1570)
 Edward Fox, English churchman (died 1538)
 Richard Maitland, Scottish poet (died 1586)
 Clément Marot, French poet (died 1544)
 Anthony St Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (died 1559)
 Menno Simons, Dutch religious leader (died 1561)
 Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester (died 1549)

Deaths 
 March 4 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (born 1427)
 September 7 – King Ferdinand II of Naples (born 1469)
 September 25 – Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (born 1447)
 Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (born 1443)
Events 
February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga – A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn.
May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding
 August 5 – Turkish and French troops under Khair ed-Din Barbarossa occupy Nice
September-October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Emperor Charles V, but withdraw on the approach of the French army.

Japanese receive first firearms from shipwrecked Portuguese
Native Americans in Spanish colonies are announced free against the wish of local settlers
Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies.

Births 
 January 18 – (baptized) – Alfonso Ferrabosco, Italian composer
 January 31 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun
 February 15 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
 February 16 – Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter
 April 1 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France
 September 14 – Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit

Deaths 
January 2 – Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer
January 3 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Portuguese explorer
January 9 – Guillaume du Bellay, French diplomat and general
February 21 – Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Imam of Adal (killed in battle)
May 24 – Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer
July 19 – Lady Mary Boleyn, mistress of Kings Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England
September 20 – Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland
November 29 – Hans Holbein the Younger, German artist, active in England
Events 
 April — The last Byzantine-controlled city in southern Italy, Bari, is captured by Robert Guiscard. 
 August 26 — Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army under Alp Arslan. Control of much of Asia Minor passes to the Turks.
 Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England begins.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA ) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.

PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India). In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food. 

PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA says it has over five million members.

References

Other websites 

 PETA (General)
 PETA (UK)
 YouTube profile
 PETA UK on YouTube

Animal rights
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Ethics
Norfolk, Virginia
A software licence (or software license in United States English) is a kind of licence that is used to set rules about how a piece of software can or cannot be used. After getting the software by either downloading it or buying it, you need to agree with the licence in order to use it. The licence is chosen or created by the software developer/creator or software publisher. Many licences answer questions such as "can I use this software commercially/to make money?", or "can I give this software to other people?", or in general, "in what ways am I allowed/permitted to use this software?".

One kind of software licence, an end user licence agreement, or "EULA", is very specific/descriptive about the things that you can or cannot do with the software, and oftentimes establishes/defines the rights of the software developer over the user. Most EULAs are written by the specific software developer and are not shared like other software licences.

Another type of software licence is an open source distribution licence. These licences let software developers choose what people can and cannot do with the code of the software. There are many licences freely available which allow you to do this, such as the MIT Licence, which allows for the software to be used by any person for any reason/purpose. The GNU General Public Licence, often abbreviated/shortened as GPL is a licence which makes all copies of the software free and open source. Therefore, GPL cannot be included in any part of proprietary/closed software because it does not follow the rules of the licence. The Apache Licence is more definitive and specific, but is more common with larger companies, such as Google, but is still considered a free software licence. Creative Commons is a popular licence used by people who want to give something out for free without taking as much credit. Creative Commons is very open, and is even used by Wikipedia for its pages and other content.

List 
Affero General Public License
Apache License
BSD licence
General Public License
Lesser General Public License
MIT License
Mozilla Public License
PHP License
Zlib License

 
Copyright
The BSD licence is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made. Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling BSD license.

The licence 
The words of the BSD licence are public domain and can be changed however people want. To be useful for people or groups, people need to change 'Regents of the University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', and 'Regents' to their name. A basic BSD licence looks like this:

 * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 * All rights reserved.
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *     * Neither the name of the University of California, Berkeley nor the
 *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
 *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

This means that any person who uses the licensed software can do anything with it, but the person cannot say it is all their work or say that the first makers of the software support the person's new software in any way. It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it.

Related pages
 Software licence

Software licences
BSD
Events 
 May 21 – Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris
 August 8 – Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.
August 29– Shays Rebellion begins
 September 2 – Hurricane in England.
 November 7 – The oldest musical organization in the United States was founded as the Stoughton Musical Society.
 November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world as Cities for Life Day.
 December 4 – The Mission Santa Barbara, was founded by Father Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, becoming the tenth mission in the California mission chain.

Choctaw Treaty
Chickasaw Treaty
Robert Burns publishes Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect
 Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company. It is the first British colony in South-East Asia.
 Anglo-Spanish treaty gives Belize to Britain
 First ship of convicts leaves Britain for Botany Bay, Australia – 820 out of 1138 aboard are convicts
 The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.
 The Mozart opera "The Marriage of Figaro" is premiered in Vienna
 Goethe undertakes his 'Italian Journey' throughout September-December (published in 1817)

Births 
 January 8 – Nicholas Biddle, President of the Second Bank of the United States (d. 1844)
 January 12 – Sir Robert Inglis, Bt, English politician (d. 1855)
 January 23 – Auguste de Montferrand, French architect (d. 1858)
 February 16 – Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (d. 1859)
 February 24 – Martin W. Bates, U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1869)
 February 24 – Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
 March 22 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish historian (d. 1861)
 June 13 – Winfield Scott, American general and Presidential candidate (d. 1866)
 August 17 – David "Davy" Crockett, American frontiersman (d. 1836)
 August 25 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868)
 September 10 – William Mason, American politician (d. 1860)
 September 11 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832)
 September 18 – King Christian VIII of Denmark (d. 1848)
 September 24 – Charles Bianconi, Italian-Irish entrepreneur
 December 12 – William L. Marcy, American statesman (d. 1857)

Deaths 

 

nv:1751 – 1800
Events 
 Astronomical aberration found by the astronomer James Bradley
 Swedish academy of sciences made at Uppsala
 The making of the University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana), Cuba's most set university.

Births 
 January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790)
 February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762)
 April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish scientist (d. 1799)
 August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (d. 1777) 
 August 28 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
 September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English metal-worker, inventor and partner of James Watt (d. 1809)
 September 14 – Mercy Otis Warren, American writer (d. 1814)
 October 7 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer who signed the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784)
 October 27 – James Cook, British captain and explorer (d. 1779)
 November 10 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (d. 1774)

Deaths
 February 12 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (b. 1654)
 February 13 – Cotton Mather, Puritan minister (b. 1663)
 March 4 – Anna Petrovna of Russia, oldest daughter of Peter the Great (b. 1708)
 April 3 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (b. 1662)
 August 15 – Marin Marais, French musician (b. 1656)
 September 23 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655)
 November 19 – Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, German Prince (b. 1694)
 date unknown – Serfoji I, Indian Ruler (b. 1675)
Events 
 April 5 – In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
 October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".
 The French Estates-General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution. In between, France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.
 John Napier publishes a paper outlining his discovery of logarithms.
 The University of Groningen is established.
 Institution of the Rosicrucian Order in Germany according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.
 Toyotomi Hideyori attempts to restore Osaka Castle. Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the Shogun, is outraged at this act, and takes the castle by storm.

Births 
 January 1 – John Wilkins, English clergyman (d. 1672)
 January 5 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (d. 1662)
 July 10 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
 December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
 Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672)

Deaths
Events 
 May 12 – Day of the Barricades in Paris.  Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee.
 May 28 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel (it will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port).
 July – King Henry III of France capitulates to the Duke of Guise and returns to Paris.
 July 31 – First engagement between the English and Spanish fleets off Plymouth. The English have the better of it.
 August 2 – The English and Spanish fleets meet again off Dorset. (The English fleet is led by Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake.) The English again have the better of it.
 August 6 – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France.
 August 7 – The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders. The English again are more successful.
 August 8 – August 9 – The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma. Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain.
 August 12 – The Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English cease their pursuit. Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed as it sails around Scotland and Ireland.
 December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal Louis of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner.
 Ahmad al-Mansur, sultan of Morocco, demands that the king of Songhay give a heavy tribute in exchange of a Saharan salt, probably in an intentional provocation. When Songhay's answer is defiant, he declares war and marches his army through Sahara to Songhay
 Russia, regency of Boris Godunov
 William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible published.
Events 
 Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.
 Sulayman is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
 Benedict VIII becomes pope. Gregory is antipope.
 Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors.
 King Aethelred of England pays Danegeld.
 Oldrich succeeds Jaromir as duke of Bohemia.
 Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim orders the destruction of all Jewish and Christian places of worship.
Events 
 January 8 – Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling
 April 16 – Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings
 August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeniro beheaded in the Tower (Lord Lovat executed 1747)
 October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896)
 October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru
 Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized.
 Town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.

Births 
 Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles-November 12, 1746
Events 
 January 8 – Premiere of George Frideric Handel's opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
 June 17 – French troops take Philippsburg, but the Duke of Berwick is killed
 June 21 – In Montreal in New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique, was tortured then hanged by the French authorities in a public ceremony that involved her disgrace and the amputation of a hand.
 June 30 – Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig) which had been besieged since October 1733. Gdańsk is captured after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city
Year 1682 was a common year that started on a Thursday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England.
 April 7 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, exploring rivers in America, reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River.
 April 9 – At the mouth of the Mississippi River, near modern Venice, Louisiana, Robert de La Salle buries an engraved plate and a cross, claiming the territory as "La Louisiane" for France.
 May 6 – Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.
 May 7 – Official beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.
 May 11 – Moscow Uprising of 1682: a mob takes over the Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders.
 July 19 – Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.
 August 12 – Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for ten days.
 September – Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmond Halley himself.
 September 14 – Bishop Gore School in Swansea, Wales is founded.
 October 27 – The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.
 October 31  – The city of Bideford, England two men and one woman were some of the last to be executed for witchcraft in England. They were accused of speaking in unknown languages as well as practicing knowledge beyond their natural abilities, and acting in peculiar manners. The woman, Guenevere Damascus, as well as her lover (name unknown) and their spiritual mentor were burned at the stake.

Undated 
 The first black slaves arrive in Germany.
 The Richard Wall House is built in Pennsylvania.

Births 

 February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (died 1771)
 April 16 – John Hadley, inventor (died 1744)
 June 27 – King Charles XII of Sweden (died 1718)
 July 10 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician (died 1716)
 August 16 – Louis, duc de Bourgogne, heir to the throne of France (died 1712)
 October 29 – Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (died 1761)

Deaths 
 February 25 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (born 1644)
 March 14 – Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael, Dutch painter (born c.1628)
 April 1 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (born 1625)
 April 3 – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (born 1618)
 May 7 – Tsar Feodor III of Russia (born 1661)
 July 12 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (born 1620)
 September 8 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (born 1606)
 October 19 – Sir Thomas Browne English writer, physician, and philosopher (born 1605)
 November 19 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (born 1619)
 November 23 – Claude Lorrain French painter (born c.1600)
 date unknown Yohannes I, Emperor of Ethiopia
 date unknown Turhan Hatice, regent of the Ottoman Empire (born 1627)
Events 
Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I
Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus
Kingdom of Wu is established in China
Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling

References
Events 
 January 25 – Moscow University established.
 February 20 – General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the English forces against the French in North America
 April 15 – A Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson; he had begun the work in 1746
 July 9 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.
 November 1 – 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000 – 90,000 people.
 November 18 – An earthquake occurs near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.
 December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire.
 Great Expulsion of the Acadians.
 The sultanate of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
 The Acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the French and the British
 Wolsey the clothes manufacturer was established in Leicester; the business celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2005.

 

nv:1751 – 1800
Events
 Huneric becomes king of Vandals
 Aelle, king of the South Saxons, arrives in England, with his three sons, near Cymenshore. (According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)
 Song Shun Di succeeds Song Hou Fei Di as ruler of the Chinese Song Dynasty
Births
 Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (d. 571, traditional date)
 Adi Sankara

Deaths

References
Events
The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.

Deaths
 Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (b. 509, traditional date)

References
Events 
 The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610).
 Edessa is taken by the Sassanids.
Lake Baikal is a huge lake in Siberia, Russia. It is the biggest fresh water reservoir in the world. The lake is near Irkutsk. 

Baikal is about  long. It is  wide. At it’s deepest point, it is  deep. With this depth it is the deepest lake on Earth. The lake is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It holds about 20% of the world's unfrozen surface fresh water,

The lake has fish that exist only here and nowhere else. It is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals, two-thirds of which can be found nowhere else in the world.

Geology 

Lake Baikal fills an ancient rift valley, just as Lake Tanganyika does in East Africa. 

At the Baikal Rift Zone, the Earth's crust pulls apart. It is the deepest lake in the world at . The bottom of the lake is  below sea level, but below this lies some  of sediment. This means the rift floor is  below the surface: the deepest continental rift on Earth. 

In geological terms, the rift is young and active  it widens about two cm per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; there are hot springs in the area and notable earthquakes every few years. 

Baikal's age is 25–30 million years: it is one of the oldest lakes. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, because its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. U.S. and Russian studies of core sediment in the 1990s gave a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 250,000 years. Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected soon. Lake Baikal is the only confined freshwater lake in which evidence of gas hydrates exists.

The lake is completely surrounded by mountains. The Baikal Mountains on the north shore and the taiga are protected as a national park. It has 27 islands; the largest, Olkhon, is  long and is the third-largest lake-bound island in the world. The lake is fed by as many as 330 inflowing rivers. It is drained through a single outlet, the Angara River.

Despite its great depth, the lake's waters are well-mixed and well-oxygenated throughout the water column, compared to the stratification that occurs in such bodies of water as Lake Tanganyika and the Black Sea.

Wildlife 

Lake Baikal has over 1000 species of plants and 1550 species and varieties of animals. Over 60% of animals are endemic; that means of 52 species of fish 27 are endemic.

The omul fish (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius) is local to Lake Baikal. It is fished, smoked, and sold on all markets around the lake. For many travellers on the Trans-Siberian railway, purchasing smoked omul is one of the highlights of the long journey.

Baikal also hosts a species of seals, Baikal seal or nerpa.

Bears and deer can be watched and hunted by Baikal coasts.

Ecosystem 
In 1986, Baikalskyi and Barguzinskyi became Biosphere Reserves. The ecosystems are part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Russia
 Marina Rikhvanova, an ecologist who works to protect Lake Baikal

References

Other websites 

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Lakes of Russia
Biosphere reserves
Siberia
World Heritage Sites in Russia
The omul is a kind of fish. It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon. It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example. It is very typical for that region of Siberia).

Omul considered a food delicacy and can be eaten n many ways. Local people consume it boiled, fried smoked, and freshly  salted.

The Omul normally fished using seine nets and fishing nets, yet during early spring, it can be caught using a fishing road.

References

Bony fish
Siberia
Salmon is a kind of teleost fish. There are many different kinds of salmon. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout. Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so the fish is also grown in fish farms. Usual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving. Salmon are killed by people, other fish and their environment.

Coloring
Salmons get their pink color from a pigment called astaxanthin. Wild salmon get it from the krill and shrimp they eat, while farmed salmon gets traces of it in kibble. If they don't have the pigment, they get a gray color.

Major species

Atlantic salmon
Australian salmon
Chinook salmon
Chum salmon
Coho salmon
Indian Salmon
Pink salmon
Sockeye salmon

References

Other websites

Salmon Nation A place and idea for "reliable prosperity."
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Is Something Fishy Going On? (red dyes in farmed fish) 

Edible fish
Teleosts
An ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers (ocellated means having eye-like spots). It is similar to the wild turkey that is found more to the north in North America.

Turkeys
Birds of North America
Drenthe (pronounce: "DREN-te") is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands. The capital city is Assen. South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen. East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany. About 495,000 people are living in Drenthe (2021).

History 
Thousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe. Around 3500 BC people made dolmens (hunebedden), piles of big stones. 53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe. Most of them are in the northeast of the province.

The oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820. It was called Pago Treanth (district Drenthe). Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county at that time. 

From 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe. From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province. In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.

In the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork. From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland. In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank. She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary. She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany. After the war her diary became world famous.

Municipalities 
Location of the municipalities of Drenthe.

Geography 

The most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen. In Drenthe there is many heathland.

Dialects 
In Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects. The dialects in Drenthe are called Drents. These dialects are different in each town or village.

Related pages
Bartje
Ot en Sien

Other websites
D-Day is a term used in military planning to mean the actual day a major operation or event is to begin. The days leading up to a D-Day are called D-1, D-2, D-3, etc. This allows scheduling a sequence of events before the start date is chosen. The days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, and so on.    

Several different days in military history were named D-Day. However, the most famous D-Day was the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord. This was on the morning of June 6, 1944, when the largest naval attack in military history took place. It was in France during World War II. Operation Overlord was led by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.  The Allies (Britain, Canada, and America in this case), breached the Normandy coastline. They broke through the German fortification chain, the Atlantic Wall.  It was a turning point in World War II, though over 3,500 men were lost.   

The invasion started with airborne landings at 3:30 AM, and the seaborne invasion started at 6:30 AM and took 19 hours. Operation Overlord was planned for months, and was scheduled for June 5, but was delayed due to bad weather. In the next several months the Allies fought in France and took various useful ports such as Caen, and later Paris. After less than a year, the Allies entered Nazi Germany, and Germany surrendered.

An invasion of southern France was intended to start at the same time, but there were not enough landing craft for both. Its actual D-Day was August 15.

Other websites  
 WW2DB: Normandy Campaign
 Omaha-Beach.Org D-Day 7.6.1944

World War II
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Events 
November 15 – Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of the Winwaed
Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan.
Clovis II succeeded by Clotaire III.
Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia
A Byzantine fleet is defeated by the Arabs at Finike.
Humphrey Bogart (December 25, 1895 - January 14, 1957) was an American actor. He is nominated for three Academy Awards on each movies, including Casablanca, The African Queen and The Caine Mutiny.

Movies 
 Bad Sister (1931)
 The Petrified Forest (1936)
 Kid Galahad (1937)
 San Quentin (1937)
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
 Swing Your Lady (1938)
 You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939)
 The Roaring Twenties (1939)
 They Drive by Night (1940)
 Brother Orchid (1940)
 High Sierra (1941)
 The Maltese Falcon (1941)
 Across the Pacific (1942)
 Casablanca (1942)
 Action in the North Atlantic (1943)
 Sahara (1943)
 To Have and Have Not (1944)
 Passage to Marseille (1944)
 Conflict (1945)
 The Big Sleep (1946)
 Dark Passage (1947)
 Dead Reckoning (1947)
 The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1947)
 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
 Key Largo (1948)
 In a Lonely Place (1950)
 The African Queen (1951)
 Beat the Devil (1953)
 The Barefoot Contessa (1954)
 The Caine Mutiny (1954)
 Sabrina (1954)
 The Desperate Hours (1955)
 We're No Angels (1955)
 The Harder They Fall (1956)

Other websites 

 
 Documentary 42': Humphrey Bogart... Behind the Legend  (Video)

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from esophageal cancer
1899 births
1957 deaths
Cary Grant (January 18, 1904 - November 29, 1986), born as Archibald Alexander Leach in Bristol, United Kingdom, was an actor in the United States. He starred in many movies, including 1959's North by Northwest.

Grant became an American citizen in 1942.  At that time, he legally changed his name to "Cary Grant." He died of a stroke on November 29, 1986. His body was cremated.

Sources

Other websites 
 

1904 births
1986 deaths
Actors from Bristol
American movie actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Kennedy Center honorees
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Academy Award winners
Emotions are what people feel. They are very ancient, and can be seen in all mammals.

Emotions are caused by a complex mixture of hormones and the unconscious mind. Only with great difficulty can we control our emotions by conscious effort. They cause mammals to change behaviour according to changes in their situation. In our case they sometimes run against our attempt to live our lives in a logical way.

A scientific definition is not simple; over 90 definitions have been offered by experts. A definition of emotion needs to includes three things:
conscious experience (feelings)
expressions which can be seen by others
actions of the body ('physiological arousal')

Here  is one definition:
"Emotion is a complex psychological phenomenon which occurs as animals or people live their lives. Emotions involve physiological arousal, appraisal of the situation, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience. Emotion is associated with feeling, mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation".

In physical terms, emotions involve body systems which have operated for hundreds of millions of years. These are the hormone system, the autonomic nervous system and the 'lower' brain centres (hindbrain and midbrain).

Function of emotions 

The study of emotions became one of Darwin's books after The Descent of Man. He published The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1873. He had discovered, by sending letters and a list of questions worldwide, that in different societies emotions were expressed in almost the same way.

If so, the mechanisms which made the expressions must be inherited. They must have been developed in the same way as all other features of man, evolution by natural selection. It was already known from anatomy that the muscles and nerves of the face were the same or similar in all humans.

Darwin illustrated the expression of the emotions with a series of photographs and woodcut illustrations. Ekman did the same thing on a research visit to New Guinea, where he asked villagers to identify the emotions shown in the photographs. This was part of a long-term effort to test and extend Darwin's insights into emotions. Some of Ekman's conclusions are:
Micro expressions last only a fraction of a second. They occur when people conceal their feelings. (p15, p222)
Emotions are autoappraisers, reactions to matters which seem to be very important to our welfare. (p21)
Emotions often begin so quickly that we are not aware of the processes in our mind which set them off. (p21)
Autoappraisers scan for events which are critical to our welfare and survival. (p23)
Our evolutionary heritage makes a major contribution to the shaping of our emotional responses. (p26)
The desire to experience or not to experience an emotion motivates much of our behaviour. (p217)
An efficient signal – clear, rapid and universal – informs others of how the emotional person is feeling. (p217)

Related pages 
 List of emotions

References
Dyslexia is a learning disability, a condition that makes it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. It is a very common problem.

It effects on the way the brain understands words. The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems. Estimates are that in the United States between 5 and 9% of school children have dyslexia, though estimates go as high as 50%. 

There are many dyslexia types.

Characteristics
A person can have dyslexia even if they are intelligent and educated. Recent studies show there are many small business owners that have dyslexia; between 35 and 50 percent of U.S. and British entrepreneurs are affected. Researchers think many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.

At the end of the 19th century, scientists did a lot of research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic. A professor who did research in the 1980s and 1990s looked at the brains of dyslexic people who had died.  He found that some parts of the brain were not connected very well, and that this happened during the fourth month of pregnancy. This problem has a big effect on the left half of the brain. The newest research shows that three genes are the reason for dyslexia.

One thing that causes dyslexia is a problem with the central hearing nerve. This problem can not be found with a normal hearing test, so a special doctor has to do special tests to find it. It means that people with heavy dyslexia are sensitive to loud noise, may have problems speaking, and may not be able to concentrate. It may also cause problems with rhythm and melody of music.

Many people who have dyslexia also have other mental disorders, especially attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Finding dyslexia
In order to tell if a child has dyslexia, they have to be seen by a doctor. A child can be called dyslexic if they cannot read or write well and there is no other reason for the problem. Doctors are trying to create early tests to help find out whether a child has dyslexia before they are old enough to go to school. If this happens, a child can start to be treated very early, and they may have fewer problems at school. Many well-known people have dyslexia, including: Stephen Hawking, Jamie Oliver, Whoopi Goldberg, Ozzy Osbourne, Jay Leno, John de Lancie, Keira Knightley, Susan Hampshire, Orlando Bloom, Keanu Reeves, Richard Branson, Henry Winkler, Patrick Dempsey, Albert Einstein, and Tom Cruise. These people though continue to thrive with their work.

Therapy
Children with dyslexia can be helped. One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds. The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words. This helps with reading and writing. Some people think that dyslexic children can read and write better if they put pieces of colored paper on top of what they are reading.

References

Related pages
Dysgraphia
Neurodiversity

Disability
Disorders
The AK-47 is a Russian assault rifle first used in 1949. It and an updated version called the AKM were used by the Soviet Union's military (which was called the Soviet Army). It was later replaced by the AK-74.

The AK-47 was designed in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov.

The AK-47 quickly became famous and spread all around the world because it was simple to fire, clean and maintain, and also because of its reliability, meaning that it can be fired for a long time without jamming. The AK-47 and its successors continue to be used by many of the world's armies. Many terrorist and insurgent groups also use the AK-47. It is a cheap, reliable, and easy-to-use weapon. The AK-47 was also available with a folding stock, the AKS-47, and a shortened version with the AKS74 folding stock, the AKMSU (used by armoured vehicle crews), although this was soon replaced by the AKS74U, which fires the 5.45 cartridge of the AK-74. There was also a light machine gun variant with a longer barrel and different shaped stock called the RPK.

The Russian military liked the AK's design so much that it was even used to design other types of weapons as well, including the Dragunov sniper rifle and the Saiga-12 semi-automatic shotgun.

The AK-47 uses gas-operated reloading.  When the bullet is moved down the barrel, a little bit of the gas behind the bullet is made to go up a small tube that pushes away the bolt.  The shooter does not have to reload by hand for every shot - the gun reloads by itself.  When you pull the trigger, the bullet in the chamber fires.  You then release and then pull the trigger again to fire another round.  When used this way, it is called a semi-automatic firearm.  A few AK-47's are made to be used only this way but most are fully automatic firearms.

Spread in third world countries 
In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of the Third World revolution.

They were used in the Cambodian Civil War and the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. During the 1980s, the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations. This included Middle Eastern nations such as Iran, Libya, and Syria, which welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel. After the end of the Soviet Union (1989/90), AK-47s were sold openly and on the black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and dictatorial states. More recently they have been seen in the hands of Islamic groups such as Al-Qaeda, ISIL, and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ejército de Liberación Nacional guerrillas in Colombia.

The proliferation of this weapon is shown by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included in the flag of Mozambique, an acknowledgment that the country gained its independence in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s. It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor and the revolution era Burkina Faso, as well as in the flags of Hezbollah, FARC-EP, the New People's Army in the Phillipines, TKP/TIKKO and other "Revolutionary Peoples" groups.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 AK-47 Museum virtual tour 
 AK-47 - Encyc 

Assault rifles
Rifles of the Cold War
Military of Russia
7.62 mm rifles
Events 
 February 10 – French and Indian War: The 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Canada to Great Britain.
 15 February – the Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria and their allies
 March 1 – Charles Townshend becomes President of the Board of Trade in the British government
 May 7 – Chief Pontiac begins the "Conspiracy of Pontiac" by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.
 June 2 – Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.
 June 28 – earthquake in Komarom, Hungary
 August 5 – Pontiac's War – Battle of Bushy Run – British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Native Americans at Bushy Run in the Pennsylvania backcountry.

 The Treaty of Paris signed by Great Britain, France and Spain brings an end to the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War in the United States)
 First publication of Bayes' theorem
 Proclamation of 1763

 

nv:1751 – 1800