cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies. It governed the colonies before and during the American Revolution and met three times from 1774 to 1789.

First congress
In the First Continental Congress, delegates from twelve colonies (all but Georgia) met in September 1774 because of the Coercive Acts imposed by the British Parliament on Massachusetts to answer the Boston Tea Party and other resistance to new taxes. The following men served as the president of the First Continental Congress:

 Peyton Randolph (September 5, 1774 – October 21, 1774) 
 Henry Middleton (October 22, 1774 – October 26, 1774)

Second congress
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania starting in May of 1775. It was made up of representatives from all 13 colonies. On July 4, 1776 the Congress approved the United States Declaration of Independence, which was mostly written by Thomas Jefferson. The Second Continental Congress was formed partly to manage the colonial troops fighting the Revolutionary War. Troops fighting for the colonies were known as the militia army led by George Washington.

The following men served as president of the Second Continental Congress:

 Peyton Randolph (May 10, 1775 – May 23, 1775) 
 John Hancock (May 24, 1775 – October 31, 1777) 
 Henry Laurens (November 1, 1777 – December 9, 1778) 
 John Jay (December 10, 1778 – September 27, 1779) 
 Samuel Huntington (September 28, 1779 – March 1, 1781)

18th century in Philadelphia
Legislatures
1770s in Pennsylvania
Legislative branch of the United States government
Stephen Guernsey Cook Ensko (May 9, 1896 – December 18, 1969) also known as Stephen G.C. Ensko, was an expert on American antique silver. His book is the standard reference work for antique silver.

Biography
Ensko was born in 1896 in New York City to Robert Ensko (1855-1934) and Mary Elizabeth Blakeley (1857-?). He married Dorothea (1892-1977) on June 4, 1918 in Manhattan. They had three children: Dorothea Charlotte Ensko (1920- ) who married Vernon Charles Wyle (1913-1986); Stephen W. Ensko (1922-c1945), who was a 2nd Lieutenant in the US Army who was killed in action in World War II; and Alice Elizabeth Ensko (1924-1999), who married George M. Kellar II on December 24, 1944, and later married Alfred Woodward (1913-2007), the Illinois judge.

Ensko registered for the draft on June 5, 1918 but he did not serve. At the time he was working as an antique dealer at 598 Madison Avenue. He lived in Freeport, New York on Long Island. In 1930 Ensko was living at 40-20 205th Street, Bayside, in Queens, and had a servant living in the household. Robert Ensko, Inc. silver was being advertised in The Antiquarian Magazine in March and April 1930. At the death of his father in 1934, Ensko took over Robert Ensko, Inc. which had its showroom at 682 Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. He continued to commission the creation of reproductions of antique silver, to be sold under the Ensko name.

References

1896 births
1969 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
William Turner Jr. is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean movies. He appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). He is played by Orlando Bloom.

William Turner is a blacksmith's working in Port Royal, Jamaica. His love interest is Elizabeth Swann, the governor's daughter and upper class. Will is the son of Bootstrap Bill Turner. He works to free his father from service to Davy Jones. 

He marries Elizabeth Swann in At World's End, and they have a son named Henry (played by Brenton Thwaites).

References

Pirates of the Caribbean characters
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a 2007 American fantasy comedy action epic movie.

This is the third movie in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. It was released May 24, 2007 by Disney.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, it was positively welcomed from audiences and fans alike which praised its story, directing, humor, cast performances (especially those of Depp and Knightley), Hans Zimmer's musical score, emotional weight, action scenes, message, screenplay and the special effects and it led the box office, grossing more than US$960 million worldwide.

Cast
The main characters are:
 Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow
 Orlando Bloom as Will Turner
 Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann
 Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
 Bill Nighy as Davy Jones
 Naomie Harris as Tia Dalma/Calypso
 Tom Hollander as Lord Cutler Beckett
 Jack Davenport as James Norrington
 Stellan Skarsgård as Bootstrap Bill Turner
 Chow Yun-fat as Captain Sao Feng

Related movies
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

Other websites 

 Official Site
 
 
 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End at MySpace
 

At World's End
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
2007 movies
English-language movies
Disney movies
American fantasy movies
American action movies
American adventure movies
Tom Hollander (born 25 August, 1967) is an award-winning English actor. He had roles in productions such as Enigma, Gosford Park, Cambridge Spies, Pride and Prejudice and Pirates of the Caribbean.

Filmography
Bird Box (2018) - Gary 
Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018) - Tabaqui
Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) - Jim Beach
Valkyrie (2008) - Colonel Heinz Brandt
The Soloist (2008) - Peter Snyder
John Adams (2008) - King George III (Episode 4: "Reunion")
Freezing (2008) - Leon
Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) - Sir Amias Paulet
The Company (2007) (TV) - Kim Philby
Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worlds End (2007) - Lord Cutler Beckett
Land of the Blind (2006) - Maximilian II (a.k.a. "Junior")
A Good Year (2006) - Charlie
The Darwin Awards (2006) - Henry
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) - Lord Cutler Beckett
Pride and Prejudice (2005) - Mr. Collins
The Libertine (2004) - Sir George Etheredge
Paparazzi (2004) - Leonard Clark
Stage Beauty (2004) - Sir Peter Lely
Cambridge Spies (2003) (TV) - Guy Burgess
The Lost Prince (2003) (TV) - King George V
Possession (2002) - Euan
Gosford Park (2001) - Lieutenant-Commander Anthony Meredith
Enigma (2001) - Logie
Maybe Baby (2001)- Ewan Proclaimer
Wives and Daughters (1999) (TV) - Osborne Hamley
Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence (1998) - Daniel
Bedrooms and Hallways (1998) - Darren

References

Other websites

Tom Hollander's Career at  Thomagination.com 

1967 births
Living people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Musical theater actors
Jack Davenport (born 1 March 1973) is an English movie and television actor. His first important role was in the mid-1990s in the television series This Life. He has since become best known for his roles in the Coupling television series and the Pirates of the Caribbean series of movies. He has also appeared in many other Hollywood movies such as The Talented Mr. Ripley . He often plays pompous or clumsy characters. He played a lead character in the TV series Swingtown.

Davenport married actress Michelle Gomez on 1 May 2000. Their son was born in 2010. The couple divorced in 2012.

Filmography 
 This Life (1996)
 The Moth (1997) (TV)
 Fierce Creatures (1997)
 Macbeth (1998)
 Tale of the Mummy (1998)
 Ultraviolet (1998) (TV)
 The Wisdom of Crocodiles (1998)
 Ticks (1999)
 The Cookie Thief (1999)
 The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)
 The Wyvern Mystery (2000) (TV)
 Coupling (2000–2004) (TV)
 Subterrain (2001)
 Not Afraid, Not Afraid (2001)
 Look (2001)
 Gypsy Woman (2001)
 Asylum't' (2001) (TV)
 Offending Angels (2001)
 The Bunker (2001)
 Dickens (2002) (TV)
 A Very English Genius (2002) (TV - narrator)
 The Showbiz Set (2002) (TV -narrator)
 The Real Jane Austen (2002) TV
 The Boy Who Would be King (2003) (TV - narrator)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)
 Beethoven - Eroica (2003) (TV)
 The Welsh Great Escape (2003) (TV)
 Terrible Kisses (2004) 
 Agatha Christie's Marple (2004) (TV)
 The Libertine (2005)
 The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant (2005) (TV)
 The Wedding Date (2005)
 A Higher Agency (2005)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
 This Life + 10 (2006)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
 Swingtown (2008) (TV)
 The Key Man (2008)
 The Boat That Rocked (2009)A United Kingdom'' (2016)

Other websites 

 

1973 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English television actors
Yulia (full name Yulia MacLean) is a Russian-born New Zealand crossover singer. Her first Solo Album 'Into The West' went platinum in its first week of sales in New Zealand, achieving four times platinum sales. She won 2 NZ Music Awards; 'Best female solo artist' and '42Below Best selling album in New Zealand'. She has supported Amici and Russell Watson with 2 sold-out tours in Tokyo. Yulia's albums "Into the West" and "Montage" had three top 40 radio hits in New Zealand, "Into the West", "Angel" & "We're All Alone".  Yulia is known for her amazing contralto singing voice. 
She was also the lead singer in a pop duo with her husband Glyn MacLean, called the MacLeaNZ.

Life
Yulia moved to New Zealand to live, from Russia in 2002.   

Within two years Yulia learned to speak English, passed all of her senior high school exams at Cashmere High School in Christchurch and signed a recording deal with Sony Music New Zealand. She was taught by Cashmere High School's music department head Gary Thin and teacher Noeleen Penter.

Her first ever concert was in Christchurch with Ivan Rebroff where she received a standing ovation for her version of Ave Maria.

She was first discovered on regional television as a last minute subject for a ten minute segment on Good Living With Kerry Pierson on Christchurch's local television station CTV.

Gray Bartlett, co-director and owner of the Auckland-based promotion company Pacific Entertainment Limited, signed her to a 6 year worldwide sole agency deal but was ended early by Yulia and she was managed temporarily by Michael Glading, ex head of Sony NZ.

In 2007 Yulia met Glyn MacLean, 17 years her senior, director and owner of Oikos Music Group and signed to a management and music publishing deal. On Feb 10th 2008, Yulia married Glyn.

Discography

Albums
Into The West Special Christmas Edition (2004)
Into The West (2004) #1 NZ (4x Platinum - 60,000+)
Montage (2006) #1 NZ (2x Platinum - 30,000+)

References

Other websites
Official site 
/ MySpace
/ YouTube
/ Facebook

1986 births
Living people
Contraltos
Russian singers
New Zealand singers
Volgograd
Mount Olympus (; also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps, Óros Ólimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is  high. Since its base is at sea level, it is one of the highest mountains in Europe in terms of topographic prominence, the relative altitude from base to top.
 
In Greek mythology the mountain was regarded as the "Home of the Gods", specifically of the Dodekatheon, the twelve principal gods of the ancient Hellenistic world.

References

Other websites

 Mount Olympus
 Greek Mountain Flora 

Biosphere reserves
Balkan Mountains
Mountains of Greece
Greek mythology
Ronald David Laing (born Glasgow (Scotland, 7th of October 1927; died 23rd August 1989), was a Scottish psychiatrist who described mental illness, especially psychosis. 

Laing is known for his theories on the causes of the mental perturbations. His theory on the "schizogenous" (?) parents or schizophrenia was to exclude him from the psychiatric orthodoxy of his times. He often was connected in thought with the movement against psychiatry called antipsychiatry, although he rejected that epithet.

Writings (selection)
 1960 - Laing, R.D.: The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 
 1964 - Laing, R.D. and Esterson, A.: Sanity, Madness and the Family. London: Penguin Books.
 1964 - Laing, R.D. and Cooper, D.G.: Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy. (2nd ed.) London: Tavistock Publications Ltd.
 1966 - Laing, R.D., Phillipson, H. and Lee, A.R.: Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research. London: Tavistock.
 1967 - Laing, R.D.: The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 
 1969 - Laing, R.D.: Self and Others. (2nd ed.) London: Penguin Books. 
 1970 - Laing, R.D.: Knots. London: Penguin. 
 1971 - Laing, R.D.: The Politics of the Family and Other Essays. London: Tavistock Publications.
 1976 - Laing, R.D.: Do You Love Me? An Entertainment in Conversation and Verse New York: Pantheon Books. 
 1976 - Laing, R.D.: Sonnets. London: Michael Joseph.
 1976 - Laing, R.D.: The Facts of Life. London: Penguin.
 1977 - Laing, R.D.: Conversations with Adam and Natasha. New York: Pantheon.
 1982 - Laing, R.D.: The Voice of Experience: Experience, Science and Psychiatry. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 1985 - Laing, R.D.: Wisdom, Madness and Folly: The Making of a Psychiatrist 1927-1957. London: Macmillan.
 1995 - Mullan, B.: Mad to be Normal: Conversations with R.D. Laing. London: Free Association Books.

Other websites 
 The International R.D. Laing Institute (Switzerland)
 The Society for Laingian Studies 

1927 births
1989 deaths
British psychiatrists
Scottish scientists
An alcoholic drink is a drink that contains 0.5% or more ethanol. In chemistry there is a whole class of substances known as alcohols. The alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is known as ethanol or grain alcohol. Grain alcohol is generally made through a process called fermentation. In fermentation, bacteria change sugar to make ethanol or vinegar. Other kinds of alcohol are usually harmful to drink, so the only kind of alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is grain alcohol. Since most people do not have to use any other kind of alcohol except ethanol, they will use the word "alcohol" to mean only ethanol. Sometimes people also use the word "alcohol" to talk about any drink containing ethanol, such as whiskey, vodka, or gin.

Fermenting grain can only make a drink that is 20% alcohol. To get higher amounts of alcohol in drinks, distillation is used. This allows to get substances that are made of alcohol to about 80-85% (Certain kinds of Rum used for cooking are at 70–80% alcohol). When beverages are sold, the amount of alcohol is listed as alcoholic proof rather than percentage. 

Generally, alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes:
 Beers, meads and ciders (generally up to about 15% alcohol)
 Wines and sake (12–20% alcohol), and 
 Spirits (20% alcohol or more, distilled alcohol)

Most countries limit the sale of the different kinds of alcohol. Usually there are two limits, one for wines and beers, and the other for distilled alcoholic drinks. 

Alcopops are very sweet, and usually do not contain much alcohol (most have less than beer), but many governments make it illegal to buy them in certain places or at certain times because they have distilled alcohol mixed into them. They are controversial because some people think that they might be popular among young people.

Drinking ethanol causes a person to feel relaxed. Ethanol is very commonly used, and has been made by humans for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest and most used recreational drug (drugs used for fun) in the world. People may overuse it for the same reason. The addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholic drinks can be dangerous. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, they become intoxicated, meaning that they get drunk. People who are drunk may do or say strange or dangerous things and may not be able to control themselves. The amount of alcohol that it takes to get somebody drunk is different from person to person. All alcohols are toxic, but ethanol is less toxic because the human body can break it down quickly. Some strong alcohols can also cause intoxication and impairment.

Gallery

Related pages
 Beer
 Cocktail
 Rum
 Tequila
 Vodka
 Wine
 Prohibition Era

References
Hapoel Asi Gilboa is an Israeli football club based in Prazon on Mount Gilboa. The club currently plays in the northern division of Liga Alef. Their main rivals are Hapoel Afula.

In 2001 the club won the Liga Bet North B division and was promoted to Liga Alef after 18 years in Liga Bet.

Honours
Liga Bet
North B champions 2000-01

Other websites 
Hapoel Asi Gilboa  Israel Football Association

Israeli football clubs
Wild Dances is a song by Ukrainian pop-star Ruslana Lyzhichko (Ruslana).  It won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004.

Charts

References 

2004 songs
Eurovision Song Contest
"RPG" redirects here, for the gaming genre, see role-playing game.

A rocket-propelled grenade or an RPG is the name for any kind of weapon, held on the shoulder that fires rockets that have an explosive warhead. These warheads are attached to a rocket motor and the rocket has fins which help it to fly straight. Some types of RPG are reloadable, while others are used only once and then thrown away. RPGs, with the exception of self-contained versions, are muzzleloaders, loaded from the front end. 

RPGs with High explosive anti-tank warheads are very effective against armored vehicles such as armored personnel carriers (APCs). They can also be used against tanks, as long as the shooter targets a weak part of the tank, such as the tracks or the top door of the turret. 

In general, the front armour on a tank is too thick to be penetrated by an RPG warhead. In some cases, teams attacking tanks with RPGs will have multiple RPG users fire at the same tank, which may penetrate the armour. Insurgents have sometimes successfully used RPGs to shoot at helicopters.

Related pages 
 Bazooka

Explosives
Heraclitus of Ephesus or Herakleitos (c.535 – 475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He was a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor.

His teaching, as we have it now, is a series of epigrams. This means his teachings are sayings and remarks, rather than systematic essays. Heraclitus is famous for his doctrine of change being central to the universe. His famous sayings, "All is flux", and "You cannot step twice into the same river" is still remembered today. Another of his sayings appeals to some psychologists:
"You cannot discover the depths of the psyche, even if you travelled every road to do so, such is the depth of its meaning".

Often it is difficult to understand what he was trying to say. He believed in the unity of opposites, stating that "the path up and down are one and the same".
"Good and bad are the same". In many of these 'opposite ends' pairs, if one never happened, then the other would be meaningless.
His utterance that "all things come to be in accordance with this logos," (literally, "word," "reason," or "account") has been the subject of many interpretations.
Logos became a technical term in philosophy, beginning with Heraclitus, who used the term for a principle of order and knowledge.

Diogenes Laërtius states that Heraclitus' work was "a continuous treatise On Nature, but was divided into three discourses, one on the universe, another on politics, and a third on theology." Theophrastus says (in Diogenes) "... some parts of his work are half-finished, while other parts make a strange medley".

Diogenes also tells us that Heraclitus deposited his book as a dedication in the great temple of Artemis, the Artemisium, one of the largest temples of the 6th century BC, and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Ancient temples were regularly used for storing treasures, and were open to private individuals under exceptional circumstances. Many later philosophers refer to the work.

References 

Robinson T.M. 1987. Heraclitus: Fragments: a text and translation with a commentary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. .

Presocratic philosophers
Thales of Miletus, about 624 BC – 546 BC, was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He was from Miletus in Asia Minor. Many, notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition.

According to Bertrand Russell, "Western philosophy begins with Thales".  Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously influential in this respect. Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world—without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations became an essential idea for science.  He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses. As a result he has been called the "Father of Science", though maybe Democritus is more deserving of this title.

In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. Also, Thales was the first person known to have studied electricity.

Referencesty 

Presocratic philosophers
Anaximander (;  Anaximandros; c. 610 – c. 546 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and Pythagoras amongst his pupils.

Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Philoctete – Anaximandre: Fragments ((Grk icon)) 
 The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Anaximander
 Extensive bibliography by Dirk Couprie
 
 Anaximander entry by John Burnet contains fragments of Anaximander

610 BC births
546 BC deaths
Presocratic philosophers
Eberhardt del’Antonio (April 21, 1926 in Lichtenstein – February 22, 1997 in Dresden) was a German writer.

Life 
Eberhardt Del'Antonio was the son of a locksmith. He learned the job as an technical drawer. He was fighting for the German army during the Second World War.

Publications 
 Gigantum, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1957
 Titanus, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1959
 Projekt Sahara, Tribüne, Berlin 1962
 Heimkehr der Vorfahren, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1966
 Okeanus, Greifenverlag, Rudolstadt 1988
 Volle Kraft voraus, Junge Welt, Berlin 1991 (with Jens Prockat)

Other websites 
 
 The Science Fiction of the DDR. Authors

German writers
1926 births
1997 deaths
Gorgias (, ca. 487-376 BC), Greek sophist, presocratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger.

His theory was subjected of critique by Plato in his work Gorgias.

Philosophers
Presocratic philosophers
480s BC births
376 BC deaths
Sophism can mean two very different things. In Ancient Greece, sophism was practiced by sophists, who were a group of teachers of philosophy and rhetoric. In the modern definition, a sophism is a confusing or slightly incorrect argument used for deceiving someone.

Etymology 
The word "sophism" originated from the Greek word σόφισμα, "sophisma" (from σοφίζω, "sophizo" meaning "I am wise"). 

The similar Greek word σοφιστής, "sophistēs" means "wise-ist, one who does wisdom, one who makes a business out of wisdom" while σοφός, "sophós" means a "wise man".

History 
The ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras 
(ca. 490–420 BC) is often said to be the first of the sophists. Others include: Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias, Thrasymachus, Lycophron, Callicles, Antiphon, and Cratylus.

Plato opposed those sophists because they only abused wisdom for their own interest and refused the truth and justice.

Modern usage
In modern usage, sophism, sophist, and sophistry are derogatory terms, due the influence of many philosophers in the past. Sophism and platonism were rival schools, as enemies of each other.

A sophism is a statement to deceive someone in a debate or conversation. It might be made to seem to make sense when really being wrong, or it might use difficult words and complicated sentences to intimidate the audience into agreeing.  An argument ad hominem is an example of sophistry.

A sophist is a person who uses sophisms. Sophistry means using sophisms for subtly deceptive reasoning or argumentation.

References 

Philosophy
Protagoras () (ca. 490–420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is called one of the sophists by Plato, the Greek philosopher who followed Socrates. In Plato's dialogue Protagoras, he credits Protagoras with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue.

Philosophy 
It is thought that Protagoras used the phrase "Man is the measure of all things" (). By this, he meant that nothing is absolutely truth, but there are different truths for each person, and each person makes the truth for themselves. For example, one person might go outside on a cold day and feel some water in a bucket, and they will say that the water is warm. And another person might go outside on a hot day and feel the same water, but they will say that the water feels cold to them. Each person is right.

Related pages 
 Relativism

Other websites 

Presocratic philosophers
Philosophers
490s BC births
420s BC deaths
Hallelujah is a folk-rock song by Canadian singer/guitarist Leonard Cohen. It was first released on his 1984 album Various Positions.

Following its increased popularity after being featured in the movie Shrek (2001), it has been re-recorded by many different artists including Jeff Buckley, Anand Bhatt, Rufus Wainwright, Allison Crowe, k.d. lang, Tori Kelly, and Damien Rice.

Background
The song draws references to David ("there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord", "The baffled king composing Hallelujah") and Bathsheba ("you saw her bathing on the roof") in its opening verses.

"Hallelujah" experienced renewed interest following Cohen's death in November 2016 and appeared on multiple international singles charts, including entering the American Billboard Hot 100 for the first time.

Cohen wrote around 80 draft verses for "Hallelujah", with one writing session at the Royalton Hotel in New York where he was reduced to sitting on the floor in his underwear, banging his head on the floor.

Differences
Cohen sang a different version when he played the song in concert starting in 1988. A lot of other people who sing it mix lyrics from both versions, and occasionally make direct lyric changes; for example, in place of Cohen's "holy dove", Canadian-American singer Rufus Wainwright changed it to "holy dark", while Canadian singer-songwriter Allison Crowe sang "holy ghost".

Meaning
Canadian singer k.d. lang said in an interview shortly after Cohen's death that she considered the song to be about "the struggle between having human desire and searching for spiritual wisdom. It's being caught between those two places." Former Barenaked Ladies frontman Steven Page, who sang the song at Canadian politician Jack Layton's funeral, described the song as being "about disappointing people".

Charts

References

Other websites
1984 version lyrics, on The Leonard Cohen Files
1988 version lyrics, on The Leonard Cohen Files
BBC: Just whose hallelujah is it anyway? – article on writing and meaning of song
 The Birth of kd lang's "Hallelujah" out of the 'Spirit of Music' Perfect Sound Forever online music magazine presents... 2011 article, by philosopher Babette Babich
 BBC: Hallelujah! The rise and rise of Leonard Cohen's once-forgotten classic – 2012 report, by writer Alan Light
 Guitar chords

1984 songs
Leonard Cohen songs
Rock songs
Songs written by Leonard Cohen
Jeffrey Scott "Jeff" Buckley (November 17, 1966 – May 29, 1997) was an American singer and guitarist. His father was Tim Buckley. He was also a musician. 

Buckley died after drowning in the Wolf River in Memphis at the age of 30. His body was found on 4 June.

Life and death
Buckley was born in Anaheim, California. He was the only son of Mary Guibert, a Panama Canal Zonian and Tim Buckley (1947-1975). Buckley is of Greek, French, Irish and Panamanian descent. Buckley was known as Scott "Scotty" Moorhead as a child. This name was based on his middle name and his stepfather's surname. His father died when he was eight years old.

Buckley died at the age of 29 on the evening of May 29, 1997. His death was ruled as an accidental drowning after he went missing after going swimming in the Wolf River Harbor which is a slackwater channel of the Mississippi River. His body was found floating on the surface on 4 June.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Awards
April 13, 1995 - "Grand Prix International Du Disque" by the Académie Charles Cros.
1995 - MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in a Video for "Last Goodbye" (nominated).
1995 - Rolling Stone magazine for Best New Artist (nominated).
1995 - #14 best song of 1995 in the world's largest voting competition for "Last Goodbye" by Triple J Hottest 100.
2006 - Grace was named the #1 Modern Rock Classic of all Time by Mojo.
1998 - Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Everybody Here Wants You" (nominated).
2003 - Grace was ranked #303 of the 500 Greatest Albums by Rolling Stone.
2004 - His cover of "Hallelujah" was ranked #259 of the 500 Greatest Songs by Rolling Stone.
2008 - He was ranked #39 in Rolling Stone's 2008 list: The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
2009 - His version of "Hallelujah" was voted in 3rd place, Last Goodbye was 7th, Lover, You Should've Come Over was 56th and Grace came in 69th on the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time.

Other websites
Jeff Buckley's Official website

Accidental deaths by drowning in the United States
American folk musicians
American guitarists
American rock musicians
Musicians from California
Singers from California
1966 births
Former Roman Catholics
1997 deaths
The flag of Turkmenistan was adopted on January 24, 2001 as Turkmenistan's national flag. It is often described as the most detailed national flag in the world. 

It features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of Turkic symbology, and five white five-pointed stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.

The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary.

The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes.

The wreath is one of the odder parts of the flag, added against the rules of heraldry and breaking up the carpet pattern. It was added as an afterthought to represent the "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 12, 1995.

Turkmenistan
The coat of arms of Turkmenistan was created after Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The eight-point green starburst (known as the star of Rub El Hizb (۞), a symbol of Islam, to which a majority of Turkmen profess) with golden edges features in its center a red circular disc which carries sheaves of wheat, five carpet guls, and centered upon that a smaller blue circle with a lifelike (rather than heraldized) depiction of an Akhal-Teke horse, a source of pride for the Turkmen people. A variant of the emblem, which included different colors and rounded, was used from 1992 until 2003. 

The five traditional carpet motifs on the red disc represent the five major tribes or houses, and stand for the traditional and religious values of the country. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes. 

The green and red colors appear in this shield because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The central elements are surrounded by sheaves of wheat that allude to the custom to welcome to guests with salt and bread. Atop the wheat and the red circle appear a waxing crescent moon of white, typical of Turkic symbology, and five five-pointed stars also of white. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary. Most of the elements of the coat of arms are present in the national flag.

Before independence from the USSR, Turkmenistan had a coat of arms similar to all other Soviet Republics. A single carpet gul, not matching any of the tribal patterns, was represented on the Coat of arms of the Turkmen SSR.

Related pages
 Flag of Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan
The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates.  The popular usage of the term come from Hermann Diels' work Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics, 1903).

Most of what we know about the pre-Socractic philosophers come from quotations by later philosophers and historians. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form.

The standard reference works in English are:
Gompertz, Theodor 1901. The Greek thinkers: a history of ancient philosophy. Volume 1: the beginnings.  London: Murray.
Guthrie W.K. 1962. A history of Greek philosophy. Volume 1: The earlier presocratics and the Pythagoreans. Cambridge University Press. 

The fundamental idea which motivated most of the presocratics (as they are called) is naturalism. This is the idea that questions about life and the world can be answered without using myths, and that "the natural world is the whole of reality". 

With the Greeks we see rational thought and scientific reasoning emerge from the mists and myths of a pre-scientific age, not suddenly, but slowly and gradually.

List of philosophers and schools 
 Milesian school
Thales (624546 BC)
Anaximander (610–546 BC)
Anaximenes of Miletus (585–525 BC)
Pythagorean Schools
Pythagoras (582–496 BC)
Philolaus (470–380 BC)
Alcmaeon of Croton
Archytas (428–347 BC)
Heraclitus (535–475 BC)
Eleatic School
Xenophanes (570–470 BC)
Parmenides (510–440 BC)
Zeno of Elea (490–430 BC)
Melissus of Samos (C.470 BC–unknown)
Pluralist School
Empedocles (490–430 BC)
Anaxagoras (500–428 BC)
Atomist School
Leucippus (5th century BC, dates unknown)
Democritus (460–370 BC)
Sophism
Protagoras (481–420 BC)
Gorgias (483–375 BC)
Thrasymachus
Callicles
Critias
Prodicus (465–390 BC)
Hippias (485–415 BC)
Antiphon (person) (480–411 BC)
Lycophron
Anonymous Iamblichi
Diogenes of Apollonia (c.460 BC–unknown)

Other groupings 
Seven Sages of Greece
Solon (c. 594 BC)
Chilon of Sparta (c. 560 BC)
Thales (c. 585 BC)
Bias of Priene (c. 570 BC)
Cleobulus of Rhodes (c. 600 BC)
Pittacus of Mitylene (c. 600 BC)
Periander (625–585 BC)
Aristeas of Proconnesus (7th century BC ?)
Pherecydes of Syros (c. 540 BC)
Anacharsis (c. 590 BC)
Theano (mathematician) (5th century BC, dates unknown)

References
Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics. They thought the world was made of numbers, and that various integers had distinct sacred meanings.

Later resurgence of ideas similar to those held by the early Pythagoreans are collected under the term Neopythagoreanism.

Pythagorean symbols
Monad
Dyad
Triad
Tetrad
Pentad
Decad
 Tetractys
 Vesica piscis

References

Philosophical movements and positions
Miletus (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, literally  transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria.

Settlements in Turkey
The tooth fairy is a mythical figure found in modern folklore. Around the world, families have many different traditions to celebrate the loss of a child's tooth, especially a first tooth. Many of the traditions involve throwing a tooth on a roof, under a house, burying it under a tree, or leaving it for a rodent. 

One of the most famous traditions is leaving a tooth under a pillow for the tooth fairy. This tradition is very popular in the United States as well as other countries. The tooth fairy is said to take the tooth away while the child is sleeping and leave some money in its place. Sometimes the tooth fairy may also leave a note. If the child does not go to sleep the tooth fairy will not come.

Some people tell the story that the tooth fairy is named Fatina and lives in Neverland. The belief is that Fatina creates a magic powder from children's teeth that protects the fairies from hawks who might otherwise eat them.

Folklore
Events 
 Simeon I succeeds Vladimir as king of Bulgaria.
 Galindo II Aznárez succeeds Aznar II Galíndez as Count of Aragon.
 Asser writes his Life of King Alfred.
 Battle of Benfleet: The Saxons defeat the Vikings.
 The Greek clergy is expelled from Bulgaria, and the Greek language is replaced with the Slav-Bulgarian vernacular (known as Old Church Slavonic).

Births 
 Louis the Child, last Carolingian ruler of the East Franks

Deaths 
 King Aznar II Galíndez of Aragon
 Stephen I, Patriarch of Constantinople

893
Frederick Barbarossa was born in 1122 in the monastery Weingarten. He was the son of Guelph Judith. Frederick had a cousin, called "Henry the Lion", who was his greatest enemy. In the year 1152, Frederick Barbarossa was crowned King of Germany.

Today people know Frederick Barbarossa as a powerful soldier, who tried to conquer Jerusalem and return it to the Christians. 
He was born in 1122 in a monastery in Altdorf, which is now called Weingarten. During the Middle Ages, most women returned to their birth country, so it is very likely that Frederick’s mother had been born in Altdorf, too.

Frederick's nickname was Barbarossa (“Redbeard”). This was because of his remarkable beard, which was red. “Barba” is the Latin word for beard. “Rossa” is also Latin and means “red”.

Frederick was raised formally and strictly. On 4 March 1142, at the age of 20, Frederick was crowned King of Germany. His cousin, Henry the Lion, was Frederick’s enemy for many years. Henry wanted to become King of Germany, too and therefore was angry when he found out that Barbarossa was to be king and also Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1156, he married Lady Beatrix. They had many children. Frederick participated in the third crusade. He never actually reached Jerusalem. It is said that he drowned in the River Saleph in 1190. His soldiers carried his dead body to Jerusalem and buried him there.

References 

1122 births
1190 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Cheap Trick are a rock band from Illinois, USA. They were very popular in the 1970s and 80s. Some of their hits include: Surrender, Dream Police and I Want You to Want Me. They are still very big in Japan and are called the "American Beatles" in Japan.

Studio albums
 Cheap Trick (1977)
 In Color (1977)
 Heaven Tonight (1978)
 Dream Police (1979)
 All Shook Up (1980)
 One on One (1982)
 Next Position Please (1983)
 Standing on the Edge (1985)
 The Doctor (1986)
 Lap of Luxury (1988)
 Busted (1990)
 Woke up with a Monster (1994)
 Cheap Trick (1997)
 Special One (2003)
 Rockford (2006)
 The Latest (2009)
 Bang, Zoom, Crazy... Hello (2016)
 We're All Alright! (2017)
 Christmas Christmas (2017)

1973 establishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
1970s establishments in Illinois
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups from Illinois
Rockford, Illinois
Warner Bros. Records artists
Strychnine is a poisonous substance which is naturally produced by the plant Strychnos nux-vomica. Together with brucine, another poison, strychnine is found in the leaves and seeds of this plant. They are a rather extreme example of the way some plants protect themselves against herbivores. The substances were discovered early in the 19th century, but it took about 150 years before Robert Robinson worked out their structure.

When purified, strychnine is a very toxic colorless crystalline alkaloid. It is very poisonous, the LD50  is about 10 mg. Strychnine is soluble in alcohol and chloroform, but not in water.

Strychnine has few uses today. It can act as a stimulant, much like caffeine, and is on the list of substances tested for doping in sports. 
It was used as a pesticide, for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.

Poisoning 
Strychnine causes muscular convulsions. It leads to death through asphyxia or exhaustion.  The most common source is from the seeds of the Strychnos nux vomica tree. Strychnine is one of the most bitter substances known. Its taste is detectable in concentrations as low as 1 ppm.

Between 30 and 120 mg can kill an adult human. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed by the mucous membranes. If it is given under the skin, or intravenously, a quantity of 15 mg may be enough to kill an adult. Benzodiazepines (such as Diazepam) are used by default for emergency treatment.

Unlike the illustrations given in fiction crime novels, Strychnine is not very good for killing someone (when given orally). This is because even diluted at 1:130.000 it can still be tasted. Despite this, some murders happened with Strychnine. Thomas Neill Cream, a serial killer, used it on some of his victims.

Because of its high toxicity and tendency to cause convulsions, the use of strychnine in medicine was eventually abandoned once safer alternatives became available.

References 

Poisons
Chemical compounds
Toxicology
An alkaloid is a chemical compounds that can be made naturally. They contain basic nitrogen atoms. The name comes from the word alkaline and was used to describe any alkaline containing nitrogen. Alkaloids are made by a large variety of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from basic substances by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.

Well-known alkaloids 
All of the following alkaloids are produced by flowering plants. They are one of the main ways plants reduce or avoid being eaten by herbivores.
 Cocaine, used as an anesthetic and a stimulant, is an illegal drug when it is not used medically.
 Caffeine, used as a stimulant, is used as something addictive in coffee or tea. In this case and the following, herbivores can eat the leaves but they get heart palpitations if they eat too many.
 Nicotine, used as a stimulant in cigarettes, can also be used to treat certain forms of epilepsy.
 Morphine is widely used to subdue severe pain. In a special slow-release form, it is sometimes used to help people get away drug addiction.
 Quinine, used to treat certain forms of malaria, is sometimes used to give food a bitter taste.
 Curare, the poison dart substance, is originally a plant product from  Strychnos toxifera, which is later concentrated in poison dart frogs.
 Strychnine and brucine are toxic alkaloids produced by Strychnos nux-vomica. This is a close relative of S. toxifera.

References 

Chemical compounds
Biochemistry
Quinine  is an alkaloid which can reduce fever, work against malaria, pain and swelling. The bark of the Cinchona family of trees contains quinine. Quinine can be made artificially, but this is more expensive than extracting it from the bark of the tree.  This tree is found in the Andes, South America, Indonesia, and Congo.

Quinine was the first treatment for malaria, known from 1631 in Europe, and probably much earlier to the native peoples of South America. Even today, quinine is used to treat certain forms of malaria, when other drugs fail or are unavailable. In that way, quinine is currently one of the best treatments for malaria tropica, which is caused by plasmodium falciparum. For the other forms of malaria, quinine is no longer used, as other drugs have replaced it.

History 
Quinine relaxes muscles, and was used by the Inca of Peru to stop people from shivering. Europeans first reported using quinine against malaria in Rome in 1631.

The best type of quinine used to treat malaria was found by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1737. Quinine helped Europeans colonize Africa. A historian said that "it was quinine ... that gave colonists fresh opportunities to swarm into the Gold Coast, Nigeria and other parts of west Africa".

Side effects 
Quinine can cause cinchonism and even death (usually by pulmonary oedema) in some cases. Quinine can make someone paralyzed if it is injected into a nerve.  It is very toxic in overdose.

Current uses
Quinine has a bitter taste. It was first added to drinks like Bitter Lemon and Tonic Water Quinine was added to have some protection against Malaria. In China, it is sometimes added to drugs against the Common cold. Quinine is also often used to add a bitter taste to food. Usually this has to be declared though. Quinine can also stimulate the muscles of the uterus. For this reason, pregnant women should not take too much of it. Sometimes it is used in combination with Heroin.

Related pages
Pharmacology

References

Other websites 

 From intox databank
 From inchem
 Database file on Quinine from rain-tree.com
 Quinine news page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society

Chemical compounds
Drugs
Hot Country Songs is a chart published weekly by Billboard magazine in the United States.

This 60-position chart lists the most popular country music songs, calculated weekly mostly by airplay and occasionally commercial sales. Currently, the chart does not count digital downloads towards chart tabulation (although singles that are only available as downloads do chart if they receive enough airplay).

Record charts
The International Bluegrass Music Association, or IBMA, is a trade association to promote bluegrass music.

Formed in 1985, IBMA established its first headquarters in Owensboro, Kentucky.  In 1988 they announced plans to create the International Bluegrass Music Museum as a joint venture with RiverPark Center in Owensboro.  In 1990 IBMA established the World of Bluegrass, a combination trade show, concert, and awards presentation.  This was originally set in Owensboro, before moving to Louisville, Kentucky in 1997.  Nashville, Tennessee hosted this event in 2005 and 2006, and will continue as the host location in the future.  In 1991 IBMA established the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor at the International Bluegrass Music Museum to recognize lifetime contributions to bluegrass, both by performers and non-performers.  In 2003 IBMA relocated its offices to Nashville, Tennessee.

Other websites 
 IBMA: http://www.ibma.org

Music industry
The Used are an American post hardcore band. They formed in the year 2000 and have released a number of albums since then. Their first album was called The Used. Their latest album is called Heartwork, and was released in 2020.

They have always been signed to one record label named Reprise. In 2004, singer Bert McCracken's girlfriend at the time was pregnant with their child and she died from a drug overdose. For that reason, their second album was named In Love and Death. Around that time, the band also took on a new drummer.

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Post-hardcore bands
Emo bands
Musical groups from Utah
2000 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2000
20th-century establishments in Utah