cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh (; , ) or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (), is a de facto independent republic in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus. It is internationally recognised to be part of Azerbaijan.

It has been populated for a long time by Azerbaijanis since the Middle Ages and by the Armenians since the Classical antiquity. In the 11th century the Seljuk invasion swept over the Middle East, including Transcaucasia. Nomadic Turkic Oghuz Seljuk tribes, which also include the Azerbaijanis, who were brought with this invasion became dominant in Nagorno-Karabakh. From this time, till the beginning of the 20th century these tribes used Mountainous Karabakh as their summer pastures, where they stayed for about four-five warmer months of year, and moreover, in fact owned the region.

The area has been disputed by Armenia and Azerbaijan since 1918. After the Soviet Union established control over the area, in 1923 it formed the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR. In the final years of the Soviet Union, the region again became a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, resulting in the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1988–1994.

On 10 December 1991, a referendum was held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region, which was boycotted by the region's Azerbaijani population. This resulted in a declaration of independence from Azerbaijan as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The country is not recognized by any UN member state, including Armenia. Representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have since been holding peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group.

Geography 

The Artsakh Republic has a lot of mountains. It is  in area, and borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. The highest peaks in the country are Mount Mrav, , and Mount Kirs . The major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh valley.

The climate in the Artsakh Republic is mild. It is foggy for over 100 days a year. More than 36% of the country is forested.

Demographics 

In 2005, the country's population was 137,737. The ethnic composition was 137,380 (99.74%) Armenians, 171 (0.12%) Russians, 21 (0.02%) Ukrainians, 6 (0.00%) Azerbaijanis and 159 (0.12%) others.

The first demographic census in the Artsakh Republic took place in 1769. It was a letter from Heraclius II of Georgia to Russia's Petr Ivanovich Panin, and said, "Seven families rule the region of Khamse. Its population is totally Armenian."  

In 2014, the life expectancy for males was 71.6 years, and females 76.8 years.

References

Other websites 

 Official websites
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
 Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Washington D.C.
 National Statistical Service of NKR
 President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic

 Media
 Articles and Photography on Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) from UK Photojournalist Russell Pollard
 Artsakh World portal
 Karabakh-Open
 "Azat Artsakh", Artsakh Government's newspaper
Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor of Han Chinese, German, English and Swedish descent. He was the son of martial arts movie star Bruce Lee. In 1993, he was accidentally shot dead when filming the movie adaptation of The Crow, a popular comic book. About his character Lee said, "He has something he has to do and he is forced to put aside his own pain long enough to go do it".

Early life

Brandon Lee was born in East Oakland Hospital in Oakland, California, He is eldest child of Bruce Lee and his wife Linda,  He lived in Hong Kong for his first eight years. Lee lost his father when he was only 8 years old, and then moved to Seattle with his mother and sister. Lee faced a lot of difficulties when he was a teenager. He moved around a lot, coped with being the son of a martial arts legend, and he dropped out of high school several times.

Career

Lee  made his first feature movie, Legacy of Rage (1986). And around that time, he appeared in Kung Fu: The Movie with David Carradine, which aired on television. But then, Brandon Lee had his promising career cut short by tragedy, much like his father. A few years later, returning to the big screen, Lee made three action movies: Laser Mission (1990), Showdown in Little Toyko (1991) with Dolph Lundgren and Rapid Fire (1992) with Powers Boothe.

The Crow, and his death

Lee  played Eric Draven in The Crow, a movie that derived from comic books of James O'Barr. In this movie, he played a murdered rock musician. But there were a series of mishaps during the scene of shooting. Lee was performing his death scene for the movie. He was supposed to perform shoot to death by a prop gun, but the bullet in the prop gun was real and it pierced through his abdomen. Then, he died on March 31, 1993 because of his injuries. Then he was buried next to his father in Seattle on April 3, 1993. And The Crow was released the next year after additional scenes were shot to complete the movie.

References

Other websites
 
 Brandon Lee talk
 Brandon Lee

Accidental deaths in the United States
Actors from Oakland, California
American movie actors
American television actors
1965 births
1992 deaths
Bruce Lee
Matthew Raymond "Matt" Dillon (born February 18, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He began acting in the late 1970s, gained fame as a teen idol during the 1980s, and made a successful career as an adult actor in the decades following, ending in an Oscar nomination for his acting in the film Crash.

Other websites 
 
 Scotsman.com interview (November 13, 2005)
 About.com interview  (May 3, 2005)
 BeliefNet interview (2003)
 Cigar Aficionado interview  (October 31, 1996)

American movie actors
Actors from New York
1964 births
Living people
Matthew Paige "Matt" Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer and philanthropist. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his writing of the story for the movie Good Will Hunting, and he was nominated for his acting in the same movie. He has also acted in several other movies including The Bourne Identity, the Ocean's Trilogy, and Syria Must Die.

Early life
He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the son of Kent Telfer Damon, a stockbroker, and Nancy Carlsson-Paige, an early childhood education professor at Lesley University. His father is of Scottish, Welsh, and English ancestry, while his mother is of Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish ancestry. His brother Kyle is an accomplished sculptor and artist. He and his family moved to Newton and lived there for two years. After his parents divorced, Damon and his brother moved with their mother back to Cambridge, where they lived in a six-family communal house. Damon grew up near actor Ben Affleck, a close friend since childhood and collaborator on several films (Damon is Affleck's tenth cousin, once removed, through a common New England ancestor).

References

Other websites

Matt Damon on Moviefone
Matt Damon News Column
Matt Damon on Hardball
GreenDimes Matt Damon, board member
Not On Our Watch: George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Jerry Weintraub 

Academy Award winning writers
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts
American movie actors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
1970 births
Living people
Victor Morrow (February 14, 1929 - July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He was famous for acting in the television series Combat! (1962-1967), in which he also worked as a television director.

Morrow was born in the Bronx, New York City. He was the father of actress Jennifer Jason Leigh. 

Morrow died while filming Twilight Zone: The Movie at an accident in Ventura County, California with a helicopter that crashed and killed him and two children. The accident made the government make many reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California.

Other websites

Filmography
Twilight Zone Tragedy at crimelibrary.com 
Find A Death - Vic Morrow
Article on Twilight Zone tragedy, written by friend and COMBAT! co-star Dick 'Little John' Peabody
Sculptural Tribute to Actor Vic Morrow
NTSB Accident Investigation Report 

Accidental deaths in California
Actors from the Bronx
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
Aviation deaths in the United States
Movie directors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
1929 births
1982 deaths
Saint Mesrop Mashtots (also Mesrob, Mashtotz, , 360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk. He invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406. He was a theologian and linguist. That was a basic and important step in strengthening three things: the Armenian Church, the government of the Armenian Kingdom, and connections between the Armenian Kingdom and Armenians living in the Byzantine and Iranian Empires.  He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet  AD, which was a fundamental step in strengthening Armenian national identity. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and Georgian alphabets by some scholars.

Movies
 1988: Mesrop Mashtots Film documentary Armenfilm 35mm, color () Director Levon Mkrtchyan,script by Artashes Martirosyan,the composer Sarkis Alajajyan,narration by Sos Sargisyan.

References

360 births
440 deaths
Armenian people
Armenian language
Christian saints
Ashlee Simpson (born October 3, 1984) is an American pop rock singer, songwriter, actress, and dancer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Jessica Simpson. Ashlee started dancing at the age of 4 and by the time she was 11 enjoyed the status of being the youngest person ever admitted to the prestigious School of American Ballet. In 1999, when she was 14 years old, she moved to Los Angeles with her family for her sister's career and instantly began her own career by working as a backup dancer for Jessica.

Ashlee's first album, Autobiography, was released in 2004. She also starred in her own reality series The Ashlee Simpson Show. Simpson was criticized when she used a pre-recorded vocal track for a performance on Saturday Night Live in October 2004. Simpson released another album in 2005 called I Am Me. In May 2008, Ashlee married Pete Wentz, from the band Fall Out Boy. Their son, Bronx Mowgli, was born in November 2008. In February 2011, Simpson-Wentz filed for divorce.

References

Singers from Texas
American television actors
Actors from Texas
1984 births
Living people
People from Waco, Texas
Providence may mean:

Entertainment
 Providence (1977 movie), a French/Swiss film
 Providence (1991 movie), an American/Canadian film starring Keanu Reeves
 Providence (band), 1970s-era American band
 Providence (TV series), an 1999–2002 NBC television series starring Melina Kanakaredes
 Providence (Wildstorm) is a fictional comic book character, part of the Wildstorm comic company
 Providence (comics) is a fictional island, part of the Marvel Comics company
 Outside Providence, a 1988 book and 1999 film by Peter Farrelly
 "Providence", a Sonic Youth song that appears on their 1988 album Daydream Nation
 Providence, a novel by Geoffrey Wolff

Organizations
 Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
 Providence College and Theological Seminary, Otterburne, Manitoba, Canada
 Providence Health & Services, an American health care system which runs hospitals in Oregon, Washington, Montana, California, and Alaska
 Providence Health Care, operator of health care facilities in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 Providence Health Care Centre, a Toronto, Ontario, Canada health care facility, specializing in rehabilitation

Places

In the United States
 Providence, Alabama
 Providence, Kentucky
 Providence, New York
 Providence (Caswell County), North Carolina
 Providence (Granville County), North Carolina
 Providence (McDowell County), North Carolina
 Providence (Mecklenburg County), North Carolina
 Providence, Rhode Island, the largest and best-known city with this name
 Providence, Utah
 Providence County, Rhode Island
 Providence, Ohio

Other places
 Providence Atoll in the Republic of Seychelles
 Providence Island of the Republic of Colombia

Religion
 Divine Providence, by the influence of God
 Providence Ministries, a Progressive Southern Gospel group based in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, United States
 Providence Ministries, a Dalton Georgia Christian outreach program.
 Providence (religion) the name of Jung Myung Seok's new religious movement.
 The Sisters of Providence are an international order of Roman Catholic sisters headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and founded in 1843 by Mother Emilie Gamelin.

Other
 USS Providence
The Airbus A340 is a long-range four-engined widebody commercial passenger airplane manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. a subsidiary of EADS. It is similar in design to the twin-engined A330.

There are 4 variants of this model:
The A340-200 (which is the shortest), the A340-300, the A340-500 and the longest one the A340-600. The A340-600 is the second longest passenger plane in the world. 

Having four engines, the A340 uses more fuel than many other aircrafts. However, that also mean it does not have to pass the ETOPS (extended range twin operations) test to fly long range. 

The Airbus A340 is no longer in production as it was replaced by the more efficient Airbus A350 XWB. 

Airbus aircraft
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the conditions inside the body. It is sometimes called the 'visceral nervous system' or 'involuntary nervous system'. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.

ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep.

Most of its activities are done without the person having conscious control over them. The person usually cannot feel what the ANS is doing. However, some of the ANS's activities work together with the conscious mind, like breathing. 

The ANS controls many different things, like heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, the discharge of urine, and erection.

There are two different sections within the ANS:
 The sympathetic nervous system, which causes the body to become more active as in the "fight or flight" response.
 The parasympathetic nervous system, which is mostly involved in "rest and digest".

Other websites 

 Overview at arizona.edu 
 ANS Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com 
 Explanations on the ANS by Dyansys, Inc.

Further reading 
 Michael D. Gershon 1998. The second brain. HarperCollins, New York.

Nervous system
The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that go to and from the brain. It is enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column. The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs between the periphery and the brain.

Spinal cord segments 
Humans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves, each roughly corresponding to a segment of the vertebral column. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening between adjacent vertebrae. Outside the vertebral column, the nerve divides into branches.

The nerves for incoming sensory information are bundled separately from nerves for outgoing motor instructions for muscles. The system serves the autonomic nervous system as well as the motor activities which we control consciously.

Additional images

Other websites 

 Spinal Cord Histology  - A multitude of great Images from the University of Cincinnati
 Spinal Cord Medical Notes  - Online medical notes on the Spinal Cord
 eMedicine: Spinal Cord, Topographical and Functional Anatomy
 WebMD. May 17, 2005. Spina Bifida - Topic Overview  Information about Spina Bifida in fetuses and throughout adulthood. WebMD children's health. Retrieved March 19, 2007.

Anatomy of the nervous system
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? is a British quiz show, produced by Celador. In May 2008, the Dutch company 2waytraffic bought the license for the international format.

History
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? aired for the first time on 4 September 1998 in the United Kingdom. The UK show is hosted by Chris Tarrant. It had its biggest ratings in March 1999 when more than 19 million were watching the show. The first millionaire on the show was Judith Keppel who appeared on 20 November 2000.

National variants 
More than 100 countries around the world have bought the license and air local versions of the show, including Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Russia, United States. The United States version became a big hit when Regis Philbin started hosting it in 1999. John Carpenter, a man who worked for the IRS, became the first person to win the grand prize of $1,000,000 in 1999. Philbin hosted the show until 2002. A syndicated version of the show has aired since 2002. It is hosted by Meredith Vieira.

Each country airs the show under the same rules. They all have the same studio design.

In Australia, a spin-off called Millionaire Hot Seat has aired since 2009.

1998 British television series debuts
1990s television series
2000s television series
2010s television series
British television game shows
Agnes Carlsson (born March 6 1988 in Vänersborg), (better known by her stage name Agnes) is a Swedish singer who rose to popularity after winning Idol 2005, the Swedish version of Pop Idol, shown by TV4. The October 10th 2006 SVT confirmed that Agnes would participate in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2007 with her song "More than a girl", but she got disqualified because she talked about the song in an interview with Aftonbladet. She is the third only Idol winner who was previously a Wildcard on the show, next to Canada's Ryan Malcolm and Kazakhstan's Almas Kishkenbayev. Agnes advanced to the finals as the jury's choice. She has released a song called "Release Me", which became a huge hit for Agnes.

Discography 
 Agnes (2005)
 Stronger (2006)
 Dance! Love! Pop! (2008)
 Veritas'' (2012)

Other websites 

1988 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Daniel Lindström (born January 30, 1978) is a Swedish singer from Umeå. He won the Swedish Idol 2004 contest against Darin Zanyar. His first single, "Coming True", sold double platinum, and his self-titled album, released in December 2004, topped the Swedish pop charts. The new album Nån slags verklighet (Some kind of reality) contains songs written in Swedish by the singer himself. Daniel Lindström was the first winner of the Swedish Idol series.

Swedish singers
1978 births
Living people
Destiny's Child was a three-time Grammy Award-winning American R&B girl group. They were founded in Houston, Texas. They formed in 1997. Originally a quartet called Girl's Tyme, the group eventually became a trio whose members were Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. According to the World Music Awards, Destiny's Child is the best selling female group of all time. On June 12, 2005, they announced on tour in Barcelona that they would no longer be performing together, but pursuing individual careers in music, theatre, television and film.

They disbanded in 2006. Destiny's Child has sold in total 75 million worldwide including albums, video albums and singles; its leader Beyoncé as a solo and featured artist has sold the same million of copies; Kelly Rowland has sold as a solo and featured artist 20 albums and singles million worldwide.
With Michelle Williams as the lineup destiny's child sold about 35 million copies. By herself Michelle has had several albums amongst them are: heart to you and unexpected.
Destiny's Child has sold 170 million worldwide.

History

1998-2000
Destiny's Child released their first album, Destiny's Child, in 1998. Their second album The Writing's on the Wall was released in 1999. It was the band's last album with four members.

2001-2003
In 2001 Survivor was released. All of the album's four singles reached number one.

2004-2005
The band released their last album Destiny Fulfilled in 2004. Four singles were released from the album.

Discography

References

1997 establishments in the United States
2006 disestablishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American girl groups
Beyoncé
 
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Texas
Musical trios
American R&B bands
American pop music groups
American hip hop bands
American soul bands
Kelendria Trene "Kelly" Rowland (born February 11, 1981) is a Grammy Award-winning American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and occasional actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time.
Her total sales (LP, EP, compilation, video album and singles) surpassed 100 million worldwide (60 with the group e 40 as solo and featured artist). Rowland has released four solo albums. Her first album Simply Deep is her most successful album. Rowland had her only number one on the album, "Dilemma".

Rowland's parents separated when she was seven. She and her mother moved to Houston when she was eight.

Album

Single

References

1981 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Actors from Houston, Texas
African American actors
African American musicians
American dancers
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American songwriters
American television actors
Destiny's Child
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Pop Idol was a British television series that was first shown on ITV on October 5, 2001. The show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. There were two series of Pop Idol. The first was from October 2001 - February 2002. The winner was  Will Young; the runner-up was Gareth Gates. The second series was in 2003. It was won by Michelle McManus.

The Idol series has become an international franchise. It has spun off many successful shows such as Idol, American Idol, Idols, Canadian Idol, Australian Idol, Idols West Africa, Indian Idol, Indonesian Idol, New Zealand Idol, Philippine Idol, Pinoy Idol, Hay superstar, Nouvelle Star, Deutschland sucht den SuperStar, Singapore Idol, Malaysian Idol, Music Idol, Idols South Africa, Ídolos Brazil, Ídolos Portugal, and others.

2001 television series debuts
2000s British television series
ITV reality television programmes
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
Natalie Glebova, (born November 11 1981) is a Russian Canadian beauty queen who has held the title Miss Universe 2005.

Other websites
HHB Life - new official web site by Natalie Glebova
Healthy Happy Beautiful - Book by Natalie Glebova
Natalie Glebova - Magazines Gallery 

Miss Universe winners
Living people
People from Toronto
Russian models
1981 births
Tenitra Michelle Williams (born July 23, 1979) is an American gospel and R&B singer, songwriter, and actress. She was a background singer for Monica, before rising to fame as one-third of the successful Grammy Award-winning musical group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide. 

Williams played the character Shug Avery in the play The Color Purple. She was a contestant in the 2010 series of British reality television show Strictly Come Dancing.

In 2013, she made a return to inspirational music with the lead single, If We Had Your Eyes from her upcoming fourth studio album titled Journey to Freedom.

1980 births
Living people
African American musicians
American R&B singers
Singers from Illinois
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Destiny's Child
People from Rockford, Illinois
Simon Phillip Cowell (born 7 October 1959) is a British businessman, entrepreneur, music talent show judge and television personal. Cowell is the A&R executive for Syco in the United Kingdom and the son of estate agent and music industry executive Eric Cowell Sr. and socialite Julie Brett. He was born in Lambeth, London and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. He is well known as a judge on television programmes Pop Idol, The X Factor, American Idol and Britain's Got Talent. On these shows, Cowell is known for saying that most of the contestants on the shows are not talented.  He is known for joining activities in the television and music industries, having made singles and records for many television characters.

Cowell has been in a relationship with Lauren Silverman since 2013. The couple's son, Eric, was born in February 2014. Silverman's husband divorced her for alleged adultery with Cowell.

References

Other websites 

 
1959 births
Living people
American Idol
Businesspeople from London
Television personalities from Hertfordshire
Television personalities from London
Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, document actual events, and have ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although reality television has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term "reality television" is most commonly used to describe shows since 2000. Documentaries, news and sports shows are not called reality shows.

There are many different kinds of reality television shows, from game or quiz shows to surveillance-type shows, such as Big Brother.

Critics say that the term "reality television" is not accurate. Many shows portray a changed and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes told to act certain ways, and with events on screen sometimes changed by editing.

Types of reality television 
 Documentary-style—watching people do their daily personal and professional activities
 Special living environment—People who did not know each other before the show must live together. They are often given tasks to complete together. Examples: The Real World, Road Rules
 Celebrity reality—A celebrity living his or her normal everyday life. Examples: The Anna Nicole Show, The Osbournes. Sometimes the celebrities are given a task. Examples: The Surreal Life, The Simple Life
 Professional activities—Professionals doing their day-to-day business at their jobs. Examples: COPS, Miami Ink, American Chopper
 Elimination/Game shows—Participants compete to win a prize, sometimes while living together. Example: The Amazing Race
 Dating-based competition—A person chooses one person to date out of a group of suitors. Examples: The Bachelor, Temptation Island
 Job search—Contestants compete to see who is the best at a certain skill. Examples: America's Next Top Model (for modeling), The Apprentice (for business skills), Hell's Kitchen (for cooking)
 Game shows are most numerous, and can be made quickly and cheaply in a television studio.
 Self-improvement/make-over—A person or group of people try to improve themselves or their lives. Examples: Extreme Makeover, The Biggest Loser, Supernanny, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy
 Home renovation—Improving homes. Examples: Changing Rooms, Trading Spaces, Extreme Makeover:Home Edition
 Dating shows—People go on a date. Unlike dating competition shows which have the same contestants all season, dating shows have new people each episode. Example: Blind Date
 Talk shows—A host interviews people, often about strange or outrageous topics that will cause conflict on-screen. Examples: The Jerry Springer Show, Maury
 Hidden cameras—A hidden camera records random people in a staged situation. The situations are often meant to confuse, amuse or scare the person. Examples: Candid Camera, Punk'd, Scare Tactics
 Hoaxes—The show is a prank or trick on one or more cast members. They know that they are on a TV show, they just do not know the true nature of the show. Examples: The Joe Schmo Show, Invasion Iowa

References
Tengwar is a constructed writing system, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. The tengwar is used in his fictional world Middle-earth, for example the book The Lord of the Rings. 
In the Quenya language, tengwar means "letters", tengwa is the singular and means "letter".

The tengwar are used to write some of Tolkien's constructed languages, like for example the elven languages Quenya and Sindarin. But Tolkien used the tengwar mostly for writing English. Because the tengwar is an alphabet, it can be used to write almost any language.

History 
In the late 1910s, J. R. R. Tolkien developed the script Sarati, which was  already a bit similar to tengwar. The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The first published sample of tengwar writing was 1937 in The Hobbit, to so-called The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription. The full explanation of the tengwar was published in 1955 in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings.

Modes and sounds

The tengwar have a certain order, and are usually shown in a table/chart. They are sorted by how they look, which is also connected to how they sound. Because it is an alphabet, every tengwa means a sound. The main tengwar letters are placed into four vertical series (témar) and six horizontal rows (tyeller).

There are different ways to write with tengwar, which are called "modes". Between these modes there are differences, sometimes only a few and sometimes many differences. In different modes, the tengwar sometimes mean different sounds. In some modes the tengwar are used for vowels and consonants; and in other modes the tengwar are only used for the consonants, and the vowels are marked by signs above or below the tengwa, as in abugida writing. These vowel signs are called tehtar ("signs"; singular: tehta, "sign").
There are different modes to write the different Middle-earth languages. People have also made new modes to write English and other modern languages with the tengwar.

The tengwar is written in a table/chart with the way the letters sound. For example, if the sound comes from the front of the mouth it is in 1 row. Each column is for the sounds that come from the nose, throat, or lips.

Use
Tolkien used the tengwar to write texts for his fictional world Middle-earth and other things. He used it to write in the languages he invented (for example Quenya and Sindarin), but also used the tengwar to write English. 

After Tolkien's Middle-earth books became famous, people also got interest in his languages and writing scripts. The tengwar are used by fans to write new things, or to re-write existing texts with tengwar.

Related pages

J. R. R. Tolkien
Middle-earth

Middle-earth
Adriana Lima (born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian supermodel. She is well known for her work with underwear company Victoria's Secret.

Early life and family 
Lima was born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil on June 12, 1981 and is an only child to her parents Nelson Torres and Maria da Graça Lima, a social worker.

When she was 6 months old, her father left her and her mother. She has not talked to him since then. Since 2007 she has been trying to meet with him again.

She is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić, and they have two daughters. In early 2014, the couple announced that they have separated.

References

Other websites 

 
 DNA models
 Adrianazone.com 

1981 births
Living people
Brazilian models
People from Salvador, Bahia
Berbers or Libyans (also called Imazighen or Ilibiyen, traduction : "free people") are an ethnic group found natively in the countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa, and also found as immigrants in many countries, especially France. Berbers usually speak the Berber language. Berbers were both nomadic and land owners according to the region they live in. Most Berbers are Muslims or follow the native animist Berber religion.

References

Other websites 

 The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity
 Encyclopedia of the Orient -- Berbers
A gag is any thing used to stop a person from speaking. This is done by blocking or muffling the person's mouth and making it difficult for them to move their jaw and tongue in a normal way.

Gags are very commonly seen in BDSM and bondage fantasy. Many different items can be used, ranging from a hand simply clamped over the victim's mouth, to a scarf tied between the jaws, to adhesive tape placed over the mouth and face to seal the lips. There are also many kinds of specially-made gags, which usually strap around or behind the head. Special gags of that kind are usually made from leather or rubber.

In real life it is quite difficult to gag a person in such a way that their speech cannot be understood at all, and it is almost impossible to prevent a gagged person from making some kind of sound. It is also a risk to the person's safety, as the more tightly and securely someone is gagged, the greater the risk that they will choke or suffocate.

Human sexuality
Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. She is mostly known as Toni Braxton. Braxton has won seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and five Billboard Music Awards. She is famous for her husky alto vocal timbre. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time. She has sold over 70 million records worldwide.

Braxton's first album Toni Braxton (1993) reached number one on the US Billboard 200 albums chart. Toni Braxton was certified 8x platinum by the RIAA. The album sold over 10 million worldwide. Her second album Secrets (1996) also reached number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart. Her two singles "You're Makin' Me High" and "Un-Break My Heart" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 songs chart. After this, Braxton filed for bankruptcy.

Her third album The Heat was released in 2000. The album did not reach number one unlike her previous albums. Her next album More Than a Woman (2002) reached the top ten on the Billboard 200 chart. Braxton named her album More Than a Woman in respect for American singer Aaliyah, who died in a plane crash the year before. Aaliyah's family had released a single with the same name after her death. Braxton released her fifth album Libra in 2005. The album's cover was listed as one of the "Sexiest Album Covers" by Maxim magazine. The album did better than her last album. Libra reached number four on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The song "Stupid", from Libra was one of the songs used by Tyler Perry for his movie Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005).

Braxton left the music industry but returned in 2009. She released her sixth album Pulse. It reached number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, but it was a top ten hit on the Billboard 200. Braxton was a contestant on the seventh season of the reality television show Dancing with the Stars. She was voted off in the fifth week. On October 6, 2010, Braxton filed for bankruptcy again. A reality television series called Braxton Family Values aired on WE TV in 2011. The show is about the personal life of the Braxton family. There has been two complete seasons of the show. On September 18, 2011, Braxton was included in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.

Discography 
 1993: Toni Braxton
 1996: Secrets
 2000: The Heat
 2001: Snowflakes
 2002: More Than a Woman
 2003: Ultimate Toni Braxton
 2004: Platinum & Gold
 2005: Libra
 2007: The Essential Toni Braxton
 2010: Pulse
 2014: Love, Marriage & Divorce (with Babyface)

Movie career 
 2001: Kingdom Come - Juanita Slocumb
 2002: Play'd: A Hip Hop Story (TV) - Shonda
 2005: Kevin Hill (3 Episodes, TV Series) - Terry Knox
 2012: The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure - Rosalie Rosebud

References

Other websites 

 
 Facebook
 
 
 

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Maryland
African American musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Maryland
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Musicians from Atlanta, Georgia
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Singers from Maryland
Atlantic Records artists
American contemporary R&B singers
Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), known professionally as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity. She was known for her tough manner and loud voice with a heavy New York accent. She was the National Chairwoman of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and was a board member of God's Love We Deliver. She won an Emmy Award in 1990.

Personal life 
Rivers was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She was raised in Larchmore, New York. Rivers studied at Connecticut College and at Barnard College. Similar to how Phyllis Diller career began, Rivers' comedy act was mainly about bad things about herself.

A friend of Nancy and President Ronald Reagan, Rivers attended a state dinner in 1983, and later, at the invitation of Nancy, spoke at luncheon at the 1984 Republican National Convention.

She was married to James Sanger for a few months in 1955 before their marriage was annulled. She was married to Edgar Rosenberg from 1965 until his suicide in 1987. Rivers and Rosenberg had a daughter, Melissa Rivers.

On the morning of August 28, 2014, Rivers was rushed to the hospital after suffering from cardiac arrest during surgery on her throat in New York City. She was put on life support and was in a medically induced coma.

On September 4, 2014, Melissa announced that Rivers had died at the age of 81 from heart failure caused by respiratory and cardiac arrest. Her burial is at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 
 

Emmy Award winners
1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from respiratory arrest
Deaths from surgical complications
Actors from New York City
American Jews
Stage names
American movie actors
American stand-up comedians
American television actors
American television talk show hosts
American voice actors
Businesspeople from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Writers from New York City
Felicity Huffman (born December 9, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress and convicted felon. She is well known for her role as Lynette Scavo, a busy mother on the ABC television show Desperate Housewives. A year later, her role as a transwoman in the independent film Transamerica was praised by many critics and earned her a Golden Globe Award.

Personal life
Huffman dated actor William H. Macy on and off for 15 years before they married on September 6, 1997. They have three children, Sophia, Georgia and James. She has appeared on television, in movies, and on stage many times with her husband; the couple each received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 7, 2012.

On March 12, 2019, Huffman was arrested in connection with an alleged nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal, charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud, and released on $250,000 bail. She reported to prison and began her sentence on October 15, 2019. She was released from prison on October 25, 2019.

References

1962 births
Living people
American movie actors
Criminals from New York
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Actors from New York
Marcia Anne Cross (born March 25, 1962 in Marlborough, Massachusetts) is an Emmy and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actress. She graduated from Juilliard and earned a master's degree in psychology at Antioch University in Los Angeles. In 2005, she was nominated for her first Emmy for her work as Bree Hodge, the "perfect" Housewife on Desperate Housewives. In December 2006, Cross earned her third consecutive nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series with the series.

In June 2019, Cross revealed that she suffered from anal cancer, and was now in remission.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Massachusetts
American television actors
Cancer survivors
1962 births
Living people
Eva Jacqueline Longoria (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines.

Personal life
Longoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006. Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the Église Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois in Paris. A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle. She got divorced in 2011. Longoria is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 

1975 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Democrats (United States)
Actors from Corpus Christi, Texas
Restaurateurs
Contiki is a small, open source free operating system.  It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems.  It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.

The name Contiki comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.

The basic kernel and most of the core functions were developed by Adam Dunkels at the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

Features 

A full installation of Contiki includes the following features:
 Multitasking kernel
 Optional per-application pre-emptive multithreading
 Protothreads
 TCP/IP networking
 Windowing system and GUI
 Networked remote display using Virtual Network Computing
 A web browser (claimed to be the world's smallest)
 Personal web server
 Simple telnet client
 Screensaver

More applications planned include:
 an email program
 an Internet Relay Chat client

Ports 

The Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems:

 Computers:
 Apple II family*
 Atari 8-bit*
 Atari ST
 Atari Portfolio
 Casio Pocketview
 Commodore PET*
 Commodore VIC 20*
 Commodore 64*
 Commodore 128*
 GP32
 PC-6001
 Sharp Wizard
 x86-based Unix-like systems, on top of GTK+ as well as directly using the X Window System
* cc65 based development

 Video game consoles:
 PC Engine
 Sega Dreamcast
 Sony PlayStation

 Handheld game consoles:
 Nintendo Game Boy
 Nintendo Game Boy Advance

 Microcontrollers:
 Atmel AVR
 TI MSP430

Related pages

References 

Operating systems
Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess. She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.

Princess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill. The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.

Early life 
Princess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden. Her fourth name, Josephine, honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.

Forbes Magazine ranked Madeleine at 12th place on its "20 Hottest Young Royals" list in 2008.

References 

1982 births
Living people
Swedish royalty
Queen Silvia of Sweden (born Silvia Renate Sommerlath) (born 23 December 1943) and of half German, half Brazilian descent is the Queen consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf, Sweden's monarch, and the mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria. Their other two children are
 Prince Carl Philip of Sweden and
 Princess Madeleine of Sweden

She is styled Her Majesty The Queen and is in Sweden most often referred to as Queen Silvia. 

She also make efforts for charitable organizations, human rights and sign language and opposes child sexual abuse and child pornography.

1943 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of Sweden
People from Munich
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Kings and Queens consort
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (full name in Swedish: Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée, born 14 July 1977) is the heiress apparent to the throne of Sweden.

Early life 
Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna. She is eldest child and elder daughter of Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Victoria has two younger siblings, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.

Marriage and children 
Victoria married her former personal trainer, Daniel Westling, on 19 June 2010. They have two children:

 Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland (born 23 February 2012)
 Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne (born 2 March 2016)

Titles and styles
14 July 1977 – 31 December 1979: Her Royal Highness Princess Victoria of Sweden.
1 January 1980 – 9 January 1980: Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden.
9 January 1980 – present : Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland.

1977 births
Living people
Swedish royalty
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil, born May 13, 1979), Duke of Värmland is a Swedish prince. He is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.

He was born Crown Prince of Sweden, because Sweden did not allow women to rule as Queen Regnant. On January 1, 1980 the Act of Succession was changed to introduce fully cognate succession. Since then, Carl Philip has been second in the line of succession, after his elder sister, Crown Princess Victoria. 

However, because the UK still has male primogeniture (brothers inherit before sisters), Carl Philip is ahead of his elder sister in the line of succession to the British throne.

Carl Philip was christened at The Royal Palace Church on August 31, 1979. His godparents are Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Princess Birgitta of Sweden.

He married Sofia Hellqvist on 13 June 2015. On 19 April 2016 their first child, Prince Alexander was born.

1979 births
Living people
Swedish royalty
The Hunsrück is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.

Many of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsrück, all bearing names on their own: the (Schwarzwälder) Hochwald, the Idarwald, the Soonwald, and the Binger Wald. The highest peak is the Erbeskopf (816 m).

Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach.  Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.

The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.

The German TV drama trilogy Heimat, directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.

Other websites 

Photos of HEIMAT- und HEIMAT3 - film locations at Hunsrück/Germany 

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Mountain ranges of Germany
Kentwood is a small town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border. The population was 2,205 at the 2000 census. It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears

References 

Towns in Louisiana
I'm with You is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, Let Go. The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie Bruce Almighty.

Formats and tracklistings 
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "I'm with You".

CD single 
 "I'm with You"
 "I'm with You (Live)"
 "Unwanted (Live)"
 "I'm with You (Video)"

Charts

References 

Avril Lavigne songs
2002 songs