cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
NGC 488 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It is about 90 million light years away from Earth. Its diametre isn't more than 171000 light years. This galaxy is considered a prototype galaxy with multiple arms. It has a group, the NGC 488 Group and it's the unique galaxy of the group that it's insolated.
It was discovered by William Herschel on 13 December 1784. In NGC 488 appeared 2 supernovae.

Related pages
 Pisces (constellation)
 New General Catalogue

References

Other websites
 
 NGC 488-Adam Block

Spiral galaxies
Nikolai Bayev (, Nikoghayos Gevorkovich Bayev; October 6, 1875 – August 5, 1949) was an Armenian architect, who worked in Baku and in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Biography
Baev was born in Astrakhan in 1875. He was a relative and childhood friend of Mariinsky Theatre singer Nadezhda Papayan.  He studied in local gymnasium and then attended the Saint Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering, from which he graduated in 1901. From 1911 to 1918 he worked as the main architect of Baku. During this period he constructed more than 100 buildings in Baku, including the Great Theatre of the Mailov Brothers (modern days Azerbaijan State Opera Theatre, 1911), Sabunchi Railway Station, a residential sector in the former Armenikend area of Baku, and other buildings.

In 1927 Bayev moved to Yerevan and from 1929 to 1930 worked as the head of ArmSelStroy (Armenian agency for rural construction), where he constructed about 200 buildings, among them Pioneer's Palace of Yerevan, State Bank of Armenian SSR, Ministry of Justice, Yerevan Mechanical factory, old hall of Sundukyan Theatre, "Ararat" trust buildings, etc. In 1945 he was awarded by the Honorary diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR.

He was a member of Armenian Union of Architects (1942). Bayev's personal archive (1896-1949) is a part of Yerevan State Archive.

References

Bibliography
 Edmond Tigranyan «Activity of Armenian architects in South Caucasus», Yerevan, 2003 - ISBN  978-99930-0-052-5
 (in Russian) Ерканян В.С. Армянская культура в 1800-1917 гг. / Пер. с арм. К.С. Худавердяна. Ер., 1985
 (in Armenian)  The Historical-Cultural Heritage of the Armenian Highland, International Conference, Armenia, 2012 / The Role of Armenian Architects in the Formation of Architectural image of City Baku, by Ter-Minasyan A., National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of Arts

Other websites
 Nikoghayos Baev 
 It is a taboo in Azerbaijan that some of best buildings in Baku were constructed by Armenian architects, says Yerevans major architect. Aravot daily, february 2013

1875 births
1949 deaths
Architects
Armenian people
Soviet people
Russian people
The Sundays were an English alternative rock band. They formed in the late 1980s. They released three albums in the 1990s.

The band started when Harriet Wheeler and guitarist David Gavurin met.

The Sundays got a record deal with the Rough Trade Records. Their first single, "Can't be Sure", was released in 1989. Their first album, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, was released in 1990. The album got very positive reviews. It entered the UK chart at #4. Later in 1990, the album peaked at #39 in the United States. Its success came mostly from radio stations playing "Here's Where the Story Ends".

In late October 1992, the next album, Blind, was released. This album was also successful when it peaked at #103 on the Billboard 200. Blind sold half a million copies. The reviews were positive. Some critics thought the album didn't have the quality songwriting of the first album.

In autumn 1997, after five years, their third record, Static & Silence, was released. It got mixed reviews. "Summertime", the first song on the album, was their most successful song the UK Charts up to that time.

The Sundays took a break after the album Static & Silence.

References

1980s British music groups
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British music groups
1990s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
Alessandro Moreschi (11 November 1858 – 21 April 1922) was a castrato singer of the late 19th century and the only castrato to make solo recordings.

Recordings 

All of Moreschi's recordings were made in Rome in two recording sessions for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company.  The first series of recordings were made on 3 and 5 April 1902 by Will and Fred Gaisberg.  Eighteen usable sides by the members of the Sistine Chapel Choir were made on wax. Four of them were solos by Moreschi. 

Many years later Fred Gaisburg remembered making these historic first recordings in the Vatican: "Selecting a great salon with walls covered with Titians, Raphaels, and Tintorettos, we mounted our grimy machine right in the middle of the floor." 

The second set of recordings was made in Rome in April 1904.

Sistine choir 
Alessandro was a member of the Sistine choir until Easter 1913.  He then retired and got a pension after thirty years' service.

Retirement and death
In retirement, Moreschi lived in his apartment, a few minutes' walk from the Vatican.  He died there at sixty-three, possibly of pneumonia. His funeral mass was a large and public affair in the church of San Lorenzo in Damaso.

References

Other websites 
 1904 Recording of Bach/Gounod: Ave Maria

1858 births
1922 deaths
Opera
Italian singers
Deaths from pneumonia
Italian Roman Catholics
Sagas are stories mostly about ancient Nordic and Germanic life. Some are entirely invented, and some have an historical basis.

They tell about early Viking voyages, the battles that took place during the voyages, about migration to Iceland and of feuds between Icelandic families. They were written in the Old Norse language, mainly in Iceland.

The texts are tales in prose which share some similarities with the epic, often with stanzas or whole poems in alliterative verse embedded in the text, of heroic deeds of days long gone, "tales of worthy men," who were often Vikings, sometimes pagan, sometimes Christian.  They are sometimes romanticised and fantastic, but always dealing with human beings one can understand.

The best sagas are recognised as fine literature. Njál's Saga, or the Saga of Burnt Njál, is one of the most famous.

In Old English (Anglo-Saxon), Beowulf is a saga written in England, and so is the later Gawain and the Green Knight, written in a West Midlands dialect. These are both works of the imagination, but Layamon's Brut (about 1200 AD) is based on English history since the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Sagas of Icelanders
"The Icelandic sagas are the backbone of all ... literature" from the Nordic countries, says Roy Jacobsen  (en), a translator of Sagas of Icelanders, and author.

List of the Sagas of Icelandic’s 

The saga of Gísli Súrsson; or Gísla saga - (two versions) of an outlaw poet – Gísla saga
The saga of the people of Eyri; or Eyrbyggja saga
Ljósvetninga saga
Vatnsdøla
The Saga of the People of Laxárdalr; or Laxdøla saga
Valla-Ljóts saga
The Saga of Hen-Thorir; or Hænsna-Þóris saga
The saga of Gunnlaugr Snake-tongue; or Saga of Gunnlaugr Serpent-Tongue
Bandamanna saga
Egil's Saga
Hardar saga; or Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
Rankel saga
 Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
 Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa
 Droplaugarsona saga
 Eiríks saga rauða – Saga of Erik the Red
 Færeyinga saga
 Finnboga saga ramma
 Fljótsdæla saga
 Flóamanna saga
 Fóstbrœðra saga (two versions)
 Grettis saga - Saga of Grettir the Strong
 Grœnlendinga saga – Greenland saga
 Gull-Þóris saga
 Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls
 Hallfreðar saga (two versions)
 Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
 Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings – The saga of Hávarður of Ísafjörður
 Heiðarvíga saga
 Hrafnkels saga
 Hrana saga hrings (post-medieval)
 Kjalnesinga saga
 Kormáks saga
 Króka-Refs saga
 Laurentius Saga
 Ljósvetninga saga (three versions)
 Njáls saga
 Reykdœla saga ok Víga-Skútu
 Svarfdœla saga
 Valla-Ljóts saga
 Víga-Glúms saga
 Víglundar saga
 Vápnfirðinga saga
 Þorsteins saga hvíta
 Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar
 Þórðar saga hreðu
 Ölkofra saga

References 

Epic poems
The Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz (IAJM) is a French airline pilot school created in 1957. It is in Rungis, Ile-de-France
The school is famous for its aviation books, published in French and also in English since 2016, thanks to a cooperation with the French Civil Aviation University.
The school is member of the International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools and is in partnership with the aerospace university IPSA to offer a double-degree MSc in aviation / airline pilot.

References

Further reading 
 Official

1957 establishments in France
Aviation in France
Education in France
Île-de-France
The Rosendale Trestle is a bridge in Ulster County, New York. It was completed in 1872. It also was a railroad. It is 940 feet.

Map

References 

 

1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in New York (state)
Bridges in New York
The Gulf War oil spill happened in January of 1991 during the Gulf War when Iraq troops were retreating from Kuwait. Shortly after Coalition forces (made up of 39 countries) started the air campaign against Iraq, Iraqi soldiers opened the valves at the Sea Island oil terminal. This released between five and ten million gallons of oil into the Persian Gulf—the largest oil spill in history. The spill was an environmental disaster. It destroyed the coastal habitats and marine wildlife in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

References 

1991 in Asia
Disasters in Asia
Disasters in the 1990s
20th century in Iraq
Kuwait
Hadizatou Mani (born 1984) is a human rights activist from Niger. In 2009, Mani received an International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

In 1996, Mani was sold as a slave for $500. She was 12 years old. 

In 2003, slavery became illegal in Niger.  Mani’s master did not tell her.  Later, he said Mani was his wife, not his slave. 

Mani received her "certificate of liberation" in 2005, and she got married. Her old master took her to court for bigamy. She got a prison sentence of six months. 

Mani took the case to court.  She worked with Timidria, a local NGO, and Anti-Slavery International, a British NGO. he brought the case to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).   In 2008, ECOWAS said that Niger did not protect her rights.  They said Niger had to pay her a fine of 10 million CFA francs.

Awards 

In 2009 Mani was named one of the Time 100 people. 
In 2009 Mani received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.

References  

1984 births
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Nigerien people
Human rights activists
Living people
The West African CFA franc is the currency of eight countries in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Sénégal and Togo. CFA means Communauté Financière d'Afrique ("Financial Community of Africa") or Communauté Financière Africaine ("African Financial Community").

The Central African CFA franc has the same value as the West African CFA franc.

References  

Currency of Africa
Reem Al Numery is a children's rights activist in Yemen. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

When Al Numery was 12 years old, she had to marry her 30-year-old cousin. She protested the wedding, but her father gagged her and tied her up. After the wedding, she tried to kill herself twice. 

Al Numery's father would not let her have a divorce. A judge said she was too young to decide, and she could decide when she was 15 years old.    Al Numery went to live with her mother.  Her lawyer said she would appeal.   Reem's father said he would kidnap her but Al Numery wanted to go to school.  She got her divorce in 2010

Awards 

In 2009 Al Numery received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. 

In 2010 Al Numery was named one of Time Magazine's most influential people.

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
1996 births
Activists
Living people
Yemeni people
Veronika Marchenko is a Russian activist. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

Marchenko started the “Mother’s Right” Foundation in 1990 to bring attention to the problem of hazing in the Soviet military.  The organization helps families of soldiers who die in peacetime, and works against corruption.   Many of the deaths are called suicides, so the families have trouble getting money after the death.  

In 2007, lawyers from Mother’s Right helped 132 families go to court for survivor's benefits.  They also helped 5,323 families of men who died.    

The organization now helps 5000 people a year. They helped a total of 80,000 people.

Other websites 

Mother's Right Foundation (English)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Russian people
Activists
Aérocentre is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the region of Centre-Val de Loire in the middle of France.

There are over 321 companies. About 20.000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aérocentre is in Châteauroux. The chairman of the group is Jean-Michel Sanchez.

Partners 
 Agence régionale pour l'innovation
 Banque Populaire
 Airemploi
 Centre d'études supérieures industrielles of Orléans
 Électrcité de France
 Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées

Other websites 
 Website of Aérocentre

Sources and references

2009 establishments in France
Aviation in France
Aerospace engineering
Centre-Val de Loire
Companies of France
The 2014–15 La Liga season (known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons) was the 84th season of the premier association football league in Spain. The campaign began on 23 August 2014 and ended on 24 May 2015.

Barcelona won its 23rd title on 17 May 2015 after defeating defending champions Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón Stadium.

Results 
2014–15 La Liga - Results of first round
2014–15 La Liga - Results of second round

Statistics

Top goalscorers

Hat-tricks 

4 Player scored four goals
5 Player scored five goals

2014 in association football
2014 in Europe
2015 in Europe
2015 in association football
2010s in Spain
Football in Spain
A constitutional convention is a convention where an organization's constitution can be created, revised, or amended. A general constitutional convention is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution. An unlimited constitutional convention is called to revise an existing constitution. A limited constitutional convention is restricted to revising only a limited area of the current constitution. However, such conventions may decide to go beyond their original authority. For example, the United States Constitutional Convention of 1787 was supposed to be limited to amending the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they wrote an entirely new constitution.

United States

Constitutional convention 
The United States Constitution is silent regarding rules of how a constitutional convention would operate. There are no standards for states calling for a convention. Even calls for a constitutional convention made 50 to 100 years ago on an entirely different topic might be counted towards the required 34 states needed to call a constitutional convention. Oklahoma, for example, called for a convention in 1976 but then rescinded it in 2009. They were concerned that such a convention might make unforeseen changes in any area of the Constitution. Those in favor of a constitutional convention may want to count Oklahoma's call for a convention anyway.

Article V 
Article Five of the United States Constitution provides two ways that constitutional amendments can be proposed:
 By 2/3 of both houses of the Congress.
 By a majority vote in 2/3 of the state legislatures.
Either way that amendments are proposed, they must then be ratified. Article Five gives two choices for how an amendment can be ratified. Congress chooses which way to use.
Letting the state legislatures ratify the amendment.  If three-fourths (75%) of the state legislatures ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.
 The second option is for Congress to ask each state to create a "ratifying convention."  This is a group of people  not members of the state legislature—who would decide whether or not to ratify the amendment.  If ratifying conventions in three-fourths of the states ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.

Congress has only used the second option once: after it proposed the 21st Amendment.  (This amendment cancelled the 18th Amendment, which made alcohol illegal in the United States.  The 21st Amendment made alcohol legal again.) At the time, Congress thought that this would be the more democratic option.

Organizing 
An organized body (when an organization already has a constitution, officers and by-laws) will usually have appointed a committee on credentials and a committee on program before the convention begins. The committee on credentials (also called registration) checks the identity of delegates and gives each one a name badge or card as evidence they belong there. A program committee should have copies of the program available to all delegates before the convention begins. Other committees may be appointed as necessary.

References 

Constitutions
Colonel Petra Herrera, also known as "Pedro Herrera", was a Mexican "soldadera".  She fought as a revolutionary in the Mexican Revolution.

Life 

Petra Herrera changed herself into "Pedro" Herrera and joined the revolutionary troops of Pancho Villa. She changed her looks and became more masculine.  She invented tricks like saying she shaved at dawn before the other soldiers were awake.  She was known for her courage, and for her specialty of blowing up bridges.

As "Pedro" Herrera, she was well-liked. She was accepted as a leader. She decided to reveal that she was a woman, but the  revolutionary leaders would not give her a military rank.

Fight in Torreón 

Herrera decided to leave Pancho Villa's group.  She created a group of women who, like her, wanted to fight at the front.   Sources say there were tens of thousands of them.

Herrera was in the biggest fight of the war to that date, the second battle of Torreón in 1914. With 400 other women, she took the city on May 30, 1914.  Cosme Mendoza Chavira, another follower of Villa, said "Ella fue quien tomo Torreón y apago las luces cuando entraron en la ciudad" (She was the one who took Torreón and turned out the lights when they entered the city.") Conventional history does not say anything about the participation of Petra Herrera.  Villa gave the role of Petra Herrera in the revolution to  an unknown woman.

The end of her days 

At the end of the fighting, she asked to be a general and to continue to fight, but they only gave her a promotion to colonel. Later, the women under her command were disbanded.   It is not clear how Herrera died. Some say she finished her military days as a spy. They say she was attacked by bandits and died from the wounds.  Others say she died in the cross fire between the federal soldiers and the revolutionaries in Zacatecas.  Others say she formed her own brigade of 25,000 women and lived in a camp where men could not enter without being attacked.  Still others say she ended her existence as a waitress in the city of Juarez in Chihuahua.

References 

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Mexican military people
This is the Results of the first round of 2014–15 La Liga.

Results 
1st round

4th round

5th round

6th round

7th round

12th round

13th round

14th round

16th round

19th round

La Liga
Football in Spain
2014 in association football
2015 in association football
The Arthrodires (Arthrodira) are an order of extinct armoured, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi. They flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and living in most marine ecological niches.

Greek for "jointed neck", the arthrodires had movable joints between armour plates surrounding the head and body. The mouth is interesting. As the lower jaw moved down, the head shield moved, allowing a large opening. Lacking distinct teeth, like all placoderms, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate as a biting surface. The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs. 

Early arthrodires, such as the genus Arctolepis, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, Dunkleosteus, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, from 3 to 9 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed Rolfosteus measured just 15 cm.
 

A common misconception is the arthrodires were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. But during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful vertebrate orders of the Devonian. They occupied a vast spectrum of roles from apex predator to detritus-nibbling bottom dweller. The arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the mass extinctions of the late Devonian. This let other fish such as sharks diversify into the vacant ecological niches during the Carboniferous period.

Placoderms
Extinct fish
Captain Forever is the name for several space shooter indie games created by Jarred "Farbs" Woods. There are six total versions of the games in the series.

Gameplay 
In Captain Forever, the player is the pilot of a ship that can be expanded or upgraded using parts (such as blasters or boosters) found from other defeated ships. The goal is to stay alive for as long as possible. The game advances by defeating ships of progressive difficulty (represented by color) You lose the game after the pilot is destroyed.

Sequels 
Captain Successor was released in 2009, and included new parts.

Captain Impostor  was released in 2010 for supporters of the game, and included some updates

Captain Jameson was a new project, but scrapped in 2013. This served as the framework for the next game, Dawn Star.

Dawn Star updated the game with new aesthetics and mechanics. Originally called Captain Jameson Reboot.

Captain Forever Remix was released in 2015 by Jarred "Farbs" Woods with Dean Tate and Brian Chan, working with Pixelsaurus games. Captain Forever Remix added many new parts to the ship, and, allowed for parts to be unlocked, and a series of definitive levels (represented by planets in the solar system). The game also styles the pilot as a young girl imagining the game, playing against her brother, the antagonist of the game. Progression through the planets is achieved by destroying ships of a certain level.

Awards 
Captain Forever won the Best Game award at China's first Independent Games Festival in 2009.

References

Shooter video games
2009 video games
The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II to defeat the Germans in 1945. The British Royal Navy repeated the blockade of Germany of World War I, and Germany repeated its attempt to blockade Britain by using U-boats.

Notes 
Atlantic
Atlantic Ocean
Paris Square (, Kikar Pariz, also called France Square = Kikar Tzarfat) is a square or plaza in Jerusalem. The name France Square was established in 1959. In 2007 the city of Paris gave Jerusalem a "French Fountain" that was built in the middle of the square. From that time the square has been called "Paris Square".

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares
Moscow Square (, Kikar Moskva, ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2007 during the visit of the mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov in Israel. The square is the center of the Russian Compound next to the Russian church.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares
Rome Square (, Kikar Roma, ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2009 during the visit of the mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno. The square in located next to the Italian Jews Museum and the Italian Synagogue in Jerusalem.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares
Võ Thị Sáu (Đất Đỏ, 1933 – March 13, 1952) was a Vietnamese hero. She was a schoolgirl who fought against the French. (Vietnam was a French colony until 1954.) She was a guerilla fighter.

She was born Phước Thọ Commune, Đất Đỏ District in 1933. In 1948, she started helping the Viet Minh. Many of her friends and family were part of the Viet Minh. She was a contact for the guerillas and passed information to the fighters.

When she was 14, she attacked some French soldiers. She threw a grenade at them. A Captain was killed. Twelve soldiers were hurt. She was not caught.

In 1949, she made another attack. She threw a grenade at a man who was in charge of executions (a canton chief.) The attack did not work: the grenade didn't explode. The French police caught her after the attack. She was sent to prison.

Sáu went to three different prisons. The last prison she went to was Côn Sơn Prison in the Côn Đảo Islands. She was executed (killed) on 13 March 1952. She was 19 years old.

Today, she is considered a martyr. She is buried in Hàng Dương Cemetery on Côn Sơn Island. Many Vietnamese people come to worship at her grave.

References

1933 births
1952 deaths
Vietnamese people
Vietnam
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a condition where a person feels unwell, which people who have it believe it to be due to being near  electromagnetic fields. Other names for it include electrohypersensitivity, electro-sensitivity, and electrical sensitivity (ES).  Wi-Fi allergy is a form of EHS.

According to the World Health Organization, EHS is described by vague symptoms that are different in each person. The symptoms are real and can be weak or strong and can make some disabled. There is no specific list of features to diagnose someone, and there is no scientific link between electromagnetic fields and how people feel. EHS is not a medical diagnosis. People who claim to have EHS blame it for headaches, fatigue, stress, sleep disturbances, skin symptoms like prickling, burning sensations and rashes, pain and ache in muscles and many other health problems. Although electromagnetic fields can make the body hot, people who say they have EHS say they feel sick at very low levels.

Most experiments show that people who claim to have EHS can't correctly tell if they are near EM radiation or not, and the medical and scientific communities don't think its a real illness. Several double-blind experiments suggest that people who say they have EHS can't detect if electromagnetic fields are present, and are just as likely to report feeling sick after a phony exposure as they are after real exposure, making scientists think it is the nocebo effect.

Popular culture

In the TV show Better Call Saul, Jimmy McGill's brother Chuck stays at home and believes he suffers from electromagnetic hypersensitivity.

Related pages
 Wi-Fi Safety

References

Electromagnetism
Health problems
Better Call Saul is an American television series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould. It is a spin-off another show, Breaking Bad. Better Call Saul is set in 2002 and follows the story of a lawyer "Jimmy" McGill (Bob Odenkirk), six years before he appeared on Breaking Bad.

The first season consists of 10 episodes. The show's 10-episode second season premiered on February 15, 2016. On March 15, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season.

Like the show that came before it, Better Call Saul has been praised by critics. It has been nominated for several awards, including four Primetime Emmy Awards, three Writers Guild of America Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Golden Globe Award. The first episode held the record for the highest-rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history.

References

American crime drama television series
2010s American television series
English-language television programs
On 10 April 2016 at around 3:30 am Indian Standard Time, there was an explosion and fire at the Puttingal Temple in Paravur, Kollam, Kerala, India. The incident happened when firework celebrations went out of control. More than 100 people were killed. More than 350 were injured, some with severe burns. The temple did not have permission from Kerala Government authorities to do a competitive fireworks display.

References

2016 disasters
2016 in India
2010s explosions in Asia
2010s fires
April 2016 events
Building and structure fires in Asia
2010s disasters in India
Explosions in 2016

Kerala
Marie Christine de Rouvroy (May 7, 1728 - July 4, 1774) was a French noblewoman. She was later a member of the House of Grimaldi by marriage. She was a granddaughter of the famous writer, the duc de Saint-Simon  (1675-1755). She was known as the Countess of Valentinois or as Princess Charles Maurice of Monaco. She was a lady-in-waiting to three of the daughters of Louis XV of France and to the Countess of Provence.

Life

Her parents were Jacques Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Ruffec (1698-1746) and his wife Catherine Charlotte Thérèse de Gramont (1707-1755). She was known as Mademoiselle de Ruffec before marriage. she was formally married to Prince Charles Maurice Grimaldi of Monaco, "Count of Valentinois" on 10 December 1749. The wedding took place in the private chapel of the Hôtel Saint-Simon in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV. The couple eventually separated in 1766, having had no children.

Titles
May 7 1728 - 10 December 1749: Mademoiselle de Ruffec.
10 December 1749 - 1766: The Countess of Valentinois. (Madame la comtesse de Valentinois)

References

1728 births
1774 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Złotoryja (German: Goldberg, Latin: Aurum) it's a town in southwest Poland in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Złotoryja is a capital of Złotoryja County.

Since 1945 Złotoryja was a part of German Reich.

History 
Since 8th until 10th century in the area of Złotoryja lived people from tribe called Trzebowianie. At the end of the 12th century German miners settled here.

In 1211 Złotoryja received the city law. In 1241 miners from Złotoryja fought in Battle of Legnica against Mongols. 

Złotoryja was Czech fief since 1328.

Towns in Poland
The Free French Forces were a free army during the Nazi occupation of France in World War II. It started in 1940. It ended in 1944 because of the invasion of Normandy. These forces made a major impact on the German army by destroying railroads and attacking German units.

Military of France
World War II
1940s in France
Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title Count of Valentinois. He had a fairly importanmt military career and was also a Grandee of Spain. He is also sometimes referred to as Prince Charles Maurice of Monaco.

Life

Born at the "Hôtel Matignon" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Duke of Valentinois but the title was given to Charles Maurice to be used as a Count. 

His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751.

Marriage
Married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine de Rouvroy the couple were married in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV of France. They separated in 1766 having had no children together.

Military career
At the age of 18 he partook in the Battle of Fontenoy For his military abilities he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece.

References

1727 births
1798 deaths
Earls and countesses
European military people
House of Grimaldi
People from Paris
École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées (ENSTA ParisTech) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ENSTA ParisTech (ENSTA ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)
 Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA ParisTech.

Most of the 600 graduate engineer students at ENSTA ParisTech live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

Admission 
Admission to the "ENSTA ParisTech engineering Programme" implemented at ENSTA ParisTech is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either: 
 an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences ;
 a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
 a selective application as per Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)
The "ENSTA Programme" typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the ENSTA Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.
 
However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ENSTA ParisTech and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSTA ParisTech relate to the following topics:
Chemistry and Processes Unit (UCP)
Electronics-IT-robotics Unit (U2IS)
Applied Mathematics Unit (UMA)
Mechanics Unit (UME)
Applied Optics Unit (UOA)
Applied Economics Unit

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities
Colleges and universities in France
1741 establishments
Paris
18th-century establishments in France
1740s establishments in Europe
The Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 is a type of train used by Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. It is the first generation rolling stock on the MRT and is one of the five types of electric multiple units on the North South and East West Lines.

The trains were introduced in 1987 and are still in operation. There are sixty-six trainsets with six cars each. There is a single money trainset with four cars that was used to collect money from different stations. It has been withdrawn from service. These trains are operated by SMRT Trains.

The trains were upgraded between 2006 and 2008, mainly to improve the trains' appearances. Most of the important parts for the trains' functioning were not replaced as they were still considered in good condition. However, due to what was considered one of the MRT's worst breakdowns in its history, a second upgrade was planned to replace these important parts, but the Land Transport Authority paused the upgrades as they wanted to replace the trains entirely instead. Currently, only a few trains have these parts replaced.

Design
The train currently has a black livery with a red stripe, similar to that of the C751B and C151A. Before upgrades, it had a white livery with red stripe, similar to the C651.

After the upgrades, the number of seats in a row was reduced from 9 to 7, and more grab poles and straps were installed.

Train Formation
The C151 is made out of 2 3-car trainsets permanently coupled together. Each trainset is assigned a unique number, and each carriage has its own number. There are 132 trainsets numbering 001-132. There would either be normal coupled (099/100) or cross coupled (001/100). A complete set would be coupled together as such:

DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

DT- driving trailer (3)  M1/2 motor car 1/2 (1/2)

The first number of the four numbers is the carriage number, DT (3), M1(1), M2(2).

The second number is the identification number. For the C151, this number is either a '0' or a '1'.

The third and fourth number is the trainset number 

For example, trainset 099/100 would consist of:  3099-1099-2099-2100-1100-3100

Related pages
Siemens C651
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Sifang C151C

MRT Singapore
Rolling stock
El Hedim Square (, "the square of demolition") is a famous square in Meknes, Morocco. The square was built in the years 1672-1674 after the Sultan of Morocco, Moulay Ismail, demolished half of the Old city of Meknes for his palace and the square. the Mansour Gate is in the front of the square.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Morocco
Town squares
1670s establishments
Establishments in Morocco
17th-century establishments in Africa
Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled the redrawing of the city's electoral district boundaries to prevent blacks from voting was unconstitutional. The unanimous Court held that it violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This case was one of several that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Background 
In 1957, the Alabama state legislature passed Act number 140 that changed the borders of the city of Tuskegee's electoral district. It changed the square boundary of Tuskegee to an irregular 28-sided figure that eliminated all but a few of the city's 400 black voters but did not eliminate any white voters. It had the effect of keeping African-American citizens from voting. The petitioners Charles A. Gomillion and other black former residents of Tuskegee brought the suit against the Mayor of Tuskegee, Philip M. Lightfoot. They wanted the law ruled unconstitutional under the Fifteenth Amendment. They also wanted an order that prevented the city from enforcing the Act.

Fifth District Court ruling 
The District Court dismissed the case on the grounds it did not have the authority to invalidate an Act passed by the state legislature. The court ruled:

Supreme Court ruling 
On 14 November 1960, the Supreme Court dismissed the ruling by the lower courts and ruled the Alabama redistricting act was unconstitutional. Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote the majority opinion. He admitted that when states exercise power "wholly within the domain of state interest" they are generally protected from judicial review. But Alabama's representatives were not able to identify "any countervailing municipal function" that this act could serve. It was clear the irregular shaped district had only one purpose, namely, to prevent blacks from any participation in the political system of Tuskegee.

Significance 
This case marked a change in the Supreme Court's involvement in political redistricting. Up to this point the Court had shown it was reluctant to interfere with the States when establishing political boundaries of their cities. However, this case served to show that states cannot deprive citizens of their voting rights which are protected by the Fifteenth Amendment. Although the practice of gerrymandering remained an issue after this case, the Court determined it was unconstitutional when it clearly discriminated against any particular racial group.

References 

1960 in the United States
Rights
United States Supreme Court cases
The Punjabi Wikipedia () is the Punjabi language edition of Wikipedia. The Punjabi language is spoken in Punjab region of Pakistan country. It also has the name of Lahnda language. It holds the 88th place in complete list of Wikipedia by articles, with 62,567 articles as of June 2021.

Other websites 
 :pa:ਮੁੱਖ ਸਫ਼ਾ Western Punjabi Wikipedia main page

Western Punjabi
William Franklin (1730 – November 1813) was an American soldier, attorney, and colonial administrator, the acknowledged illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was the last colonial Governor of New Jersey (1763–1776). Franklin was a steadfast Loyalist throughout the American Revolutionary War.

Early life
William Franklin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, a leading figure in the city. His mother's identity is unknown.
In 1750, Ben told his own mother that William was nineteen years old, but this may have been an attempt to make the youth appear legitimate.

William was raised by Benjamin Franklin and Deborah Read.

Marriage and family
As a young man, William became engaged to Elizabeth Graeme, daughter of prominent Philadelphia physician Dr. Thomas Graeme and granddaughter of Pennsylvania's 14th Governor, Sir William Keith.

While in London, Franklin sired an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, who was born 22 February 1762.  His mother has never been identified, and he was placed in foster care.

Later that year, Franklin married Elizabeth Downes on September 4, 1762 at St George's, Hanover Square in London.

Career
William Franklin completed his law education in England.

Governor of New Jersey
In 1763, William Franklin was appointed as the Royal Governor of New Jersey, due to his father's influence with the British Prime Minister. He replaced Josiah Hardy, a merchant and colonial administrator.  As governor, Franklin signed the charter for Queen's College, which would develop as Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

References

1730 births
1813 deaths
Governors of New Jersey
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Middlesex County College is a community college with its main campus located in Edison, New Jersey, United States.

Description
The college was founded in 1964. It offers more than 700 courses in 100 different degree and certificate programs with 21 specially designed transfer programs. Its mission is to provide access to an affordable, quality education

Tuition for county residents is $103 per credit hour. Tuition for out of county residents is $206 per credit hour. Federal financial aid is available in the form of Pell grants, work study programs and direct loans. Students must complete their free application for FAFSA. The MCC Foundation offers over 100 scholarships for students attending the college.

Sports
Men’s sports include: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Golf, Track and field. Women sports include: Soccer, Softball, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Track and Field. The Physical Education Center has a swimming pool, basketball courts, racquetball courts, and a dance studio. There is a weight training room with treadmills and stairmasters, which are available for students, faculty, and college alumni.

Related pages 
List of New Jersey County Colleges

Other websites 
  Middlesex County College webpage
 http://www.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html
 http://stats.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html 

Colleges and universities in New Jersey
1964 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New Jersey
Carteret is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 22,844, reflecting an increase of 2,135 (+10.3%) from the 20,709 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,684 (+8.9%) from the 19,025 counted in the 1990 Census.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Carteret had a total area of 5.000 square miles (12.950 km2), including 4.418 square miles (11.442 km2) of land and 0.582 square miles (1.509 km2) of water (11.65%).

Education
The Carteret School District serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's five schools had an enrollment of 3,626 students and 268.0 classroom teachers

Government 
The government has a town council with 6 members and a mayor. They all are elected.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Carteret include:
 Jim Babjak (born 1957), Dennis Diken (born 1957) and Mike Mesaros of the pop/rock group The Smithereens are former Carteret residents who met in school there.
 Lori Baratta, artist; her portraits of past and present mayors and other famous people from Carteret hang on the walls in City Hall.
 Joseph A. Cafasso (born 1956), former Fox News consultant on military and counterterrorism issues who left the network after allegations surfaced that he misrepresented his military record.
 Jim Conti of the ska band Streetlight Manifesto.
 Thomas Deverin (1921–2010), former mayor of Carteret who served 22 years in the New Jersey General Assembly.
 Keith Hughes (1968-2014), basketball player at Syracuse University and Rutgers who was selected by the Houston Rockets in the 1991 NBA Draft, but never played in the NBA.
 Chad Kinch (1958–1994), shooting guard who played in the NBA for the Cleveland Cavaliers and Dallas Mavericks.
 Jim McGreevey (born 1957), former Governor of New Jersey, grew up in Carteret.
 Art McMahon, defensive back for the New England Patriots football team from 1968-1972.
 Joe "Ducky" Medwick (1911–1975), left fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s, elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968, by the Veterans Committee. Ranked #7 on the Sports Illustrated list of The 50 Greatest New Jersey Sports Figures.
 Nicholas Minue (d. 1943) United States Army Private who received the Medal of Honor for military service in World War II. An elementary school on Post Boulevard in Carteret is named in his honor.
 Paul J. Pluta, Rear Admiral, United States Coast Guard (Ret.)
 Joel Weisman (1943-2009), physician who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS.
 Laurence S. Weiss (c. 1919 - 2003), business executive and politician wh served in the New Jersey Senate from 1978 to 1992.
 Jason Worilds (born 1988), football player selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2010 NFL Draft.

References

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1906 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
1922 establishments in the United States
The King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), or hamadryad, is in the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. An adult King cobra can grow up to , though most are less than . 

The King cobra lives throughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It mostly avoids humans. The King cobra lives up to 20 years.

The King cobra lives in thick forests, and likes areas dotted with lakes and streams.

It eats mostly snakes but sometimes lizards and rodents. After a large meal it may live months before eating again. 

The Indian grey mongoose is one of the few predators of the King cobra but may not attack them much.

Venom 
The venom from a bite can be deadly. The snake can kill a man with a single bite.  The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenom.

There are two kinds of antivenom that can be used to help when someone is bitten. Bites do not happen often, snake handlers are most likely to be bitten.

Parenting 
Unlike many snakes the female king cobra is very good parent. It makes a mound as a nest for its eggs and protects them for 60-90 days until they hatch. It lays 20-40 eggs.  The mother stays until the eggs begin to hatch and then leaves to find food for herself. Baby king cobras are  and have venom as strong as adults.

References

Other websites
Real Audio format of a king cobra hissing 

Elapidae
National symbols of India