cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Esperanto alphabet is the alphabet which is used to write the Esperanto language. It has 28 (twenty-eight) letters.

The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Roman alphabet (which the English alphabet is also based on). Unlike the English alphabet, it does not have the letters q, w, x or y, but it has 6 (six) letters that use a diacritic (a special mark above a letter): ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ and ŭ.

Alternative writings 
Because Esperanto uses letters with diacritics, there was (and sometimes still is) the need to write text in Esperanto even if the special letters are not available.

L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, proposed the so-called h-system (h-sistemo in Esperanto). Instead of diacritics, the letter h is added, with the only exception being ŭ. For example, ĝ becomes gh, ĥ becomes hh and ŭ becomes u. Words which appear to have a diacritic but do not actually can be "broken" with a hyphen or an apostrophe. For example, flughaveno (airport) becomes flug-haveno or flug'haveno.

Another system used to replace diacritics is the x-system (x-sistemo in Esperanto). The letter x is not used in the Esperanto alphabet, but it can be used to write diacritics. The x-system, unlike the h-system, does not treat ŭ differently from the other letters. For example, ĝ becomes gx, ĥ becomes hx and ŭ becomes ux. flughaveno remains the same, as there is no ambiguity.

Unicode and HTML 
The whole Esperanto alphabet is part of the Latin-3 and Unicode character sets, and it is included in WGL4. 
The code points and HTML entities for the special Esperanto characters in Unicode are:

Criticism 
Some people say that use of the diacritics (the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) makes the language less natural than it would be using only the basic letters of Latin alphabet. The letters ĉ, ĝ,  ĥ, ĵ  are not used in any other language in the world.

According to some people, the phonetic system of Esperanto is too similar to the Polish dialect of Białystok, home town of Zamenhof.

Several people consider using the Latin alphabet not to be neutral. In fact, many native languages on each continent (except for Antarctica) use the Latin alphabet to write: for example, German (Europe), Swahili (Africa), Vietnamese (Asia), Tahitian (Oceania), Cree (North America) and Apalaí (South America).

References 

Esperanto
Esperanto
Bradycardia (also called bradyarrhythmia) is a slow heart rate.  In adults, bradycardia is defined as a heart rate that is under 60 beats per minute (bpm) while the person is resting.  Bradycardia is a type of cardiac arrhythmia.

There are many types of bradycardia.  Some are caused by problems with the heart.  Bradycardia can also be caused by medicines, drugs, and many other things.

Symptoms
The symptoms of bradycardia depend on how slow the heart rate is and what kind of problem the heart is having.  For most people, bradycardia is not a serious problem.  But it can become a serious problem if it signals a major problem with the heart.  Also, if bradycardia gets very bad, the heart will be unable to pump enough blood and oxygen to the body.  Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive.  If bradycardia is bad enough, it can cause organ damage, brain damage, and death.

Causes
 Problems with the heart's electrical system.  There are two atria (upper chambers) in the heart: the right atrium and the left atrium.  For the heart to beat normally, special parts of the right atrium have to send electricity through the heart to make it squeeze out blood.  The electricity has to start in a certain place and pass through a certain route in the heart.  If this does not happen correctly, the heart will not beat correctly.
 Medications, like beta blockers
 Depressant medications or drugs

References

Heart disease
Shigeji Kaneko (, 13 August 1931 – 2 January 2016) was a Japanese featherweight boxer during the 1950s. He fought Gabriel "Flash" Elorde four times, winning them all. He was also a boxing promoter from the 1980s until the early 2000s. He was born in Tsubame, Niigata.

Shigeji died from progressive supranuclear palsy on 2 January 2016 in Tokyo. He was 84.

References

Other websites
 Shigeji Kaneko at BoxRec

1931 births
2016 deaths
Boxers
Deaths from progressive supranuclear palsy
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Japanese sportspeople
People from Niigata Prefecture
In mathematics, precision describes the level of exactness in a number's digits, such as number 54.6 having precision 1 (one decimal digit). A number with end zeroes ("00") has a negative precision, such as 500 having precision -2, or 4,000 as precision -3. A whole number (not ending in "0") has precision 0.

The level of precision differs from the word "accuracy" of a number, which means the correctness or truth of a number as used to describe an item or count.

Mathematics
The Acid2 test is a test of web browsers to see if they can show parts of the internet correctly. It uses CSS and HTML to put things in the right places. It uses the PNG format for the images it uses in the test. A company's web browser that works with the Acid2 test is able to show most of the internet correctly and is a modern web browser.

References

Computers
Web browsers
Web design
Folding@Home is a distributed computing project that helps doctors at Stanford University learn about and cure diseases. When parts of the human body do not work right, they make people sick. Folding@Home looks at the parts called proteins. When these proteins do not work right, they can make people sick with things like Alzheimer's, Mad Cow disease, and many types of cancer.

The project uses the idle processing resources of thousands of personal computers owned by volunteers who have installed the software on their systems. Instead of using an expensive supercomputer many user's computers can do the same work. The software was first available for the Sony PlayStation 3. It can also run in a Google Chrome window. It is now available for a wide variety of Android mobile devices.

References

Research organizations in the United States
Medicine
Computing
Alexandra "Kissie" Nilsson (born Alexandra Barbara Nilsson, 18 April 1991) is a Swedish blogger and television personality.   She has two siblings, who are younger than her. 

She started her blog in January 2007. In 2011, she had the most visited blog in Sweden with about 170,000 visitors.  She also has a Youtube channel called Alexandra "Kissie" Nilsson. It has very many subscribers.

In late summer of 2010, Kissie tried to start a career in music by recording a song, called "Success". It was released a month later. However, the song didn't get very much attention, and most of her readers didn't buy the song. That caused the website that sold "Success" to shut down two weeks after it's publicity.

In autumn 2010, Kissie and her friend were traveling to a Swedish city called Västerås, where they were going to host DJ at a nightclub. She said on her blog that she would meet her readers at the train station, but when she got there, she was attacked by some readers who threw some eggs and flour at her.

References

Swedish entertainers
1991 births
Living people
Bloggers
Swedish television personalities
Swedish writers
A piña colada is a special kind of mixed cocktail. It is usually made of rum, coconut cream, and pineapple juice. It is usually served either blended or shaken with ice. It may be garnished with either a pineapple wedge, a maraschino cherry, or both. Piña colada is the national drink of Puerto Rico. 

There are many claims to be the first to invent the piña colada. Bartender Ramon “Monchito” Marrero is claimed to be the inventor over fifty years ago by the Puerto Rican government. But there are three places in Puerto Rico that claim to be the home of the Piña Colada. There was also a version made in Cuba as early as 1922.

References 

Alcoholic drink
A griot or Jeli is a West African historian, storyteller, musician, genealogist, spokesperson, diplomat, teacher, praise-singer and more. There is really no word in the English language that fully explains what a Griot does. Not every griot does all these things, but these are some examples of what their function is.

Their role 
A griot was a public servant, an artist, and a royal counselor. His fate depended on the prosperity and survival of the king or queen he served. He preserved the oral history of his tribe or people. In the Caribbean and the Americas he was the link to their African culture and history. The griot was the only person that could keep their past history in Africa alive. Troubadour and poet, diplomat and diviner only begin to describe his functions. Each clan, village, and warrior-family had a griot. They kept track of all births, marriages, deaths, battles and other tribal histories. Griots were also said to have the ability to see one's future. They could memorize the history of every member of a clan or tribe going back for centuries.

Who could become a griot 
The position of a griot was traditionally passed down from father to son. A griot was born into and trained by a griot family. For those not born into griot families, sometimes there was a master griot who taught the arts associated with the position. Today there are state-sponsored and private schools that teach griot arts. But they focus on the musical aspects and not the verbal skills.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Griot Tradition
 What is a Griot? 
 Griots and Storytellers. Ancient Africa for Kids

Oral tradition
African traditional religions
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a department of ICANN. IANA is a nonprofit corporation that handles many Internet-related symbols and numbers.

Responsibilities 
IANA is in charge of allocating numbers like IP addresses used in Internet protocols. These protocols are published in Request for Comments (RFC) documents. IANA works with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the RFC editorial team.

Assigning IP addresses and domain names needs more administration. IANA delegates these to smaller administrations because of the many layers involved.

IP addresses 
IANA gives IP addresses in blocks to regional internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR assigns addresses for a different part of the world. All the RIRs formed the Number Resource Organization to coordinate with each other.

RIRs split their address pools into smaller chunks and give them to Internet service providers in their region. IANA assigns addresses with a /8 prefix for IPv4. It also assigns IPv6 addresses with /23 and /12 prefixes. These IPv6 addresses come from the 2000::/3 IPv6 address block. Because IPv4 addresses have run out, IANA does not assign them any more.

Domain names 
IANA also manages the top layer of the Domain name system (DNS). It works with many different server operators and policy makers from ICANN.

IANA also manages .int domains for international organizations, and .arpa for reverse DNS.

Protocol parameters 
IANA is also involved in Internet Engineering Task Force protocols, like uniform resource identifier (URI) schemes. It also recommends character encodings to use on the Internet. IANA has to listen to the Internet Architecture Board when doing this.

Time zone database 
IANA also has a database containing time zone differences and rules. Computers everywhere use the information in this database to keep time correctly.

IANA has been responsible for the database since October 16, 2011. The original FTP server holding the database was shutdown because of the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. court decision.
Internet standards
Internet-related organizations
Organizations based in the United States
1988 establishments in the United States
A roommate is a person who shares a room, apartment (British flat) or house with others. A housemate (mainly British) is someone who shares a house with others. For students living on a university campus, having at least one roommate is a traditional arrangement. Most college and university dormitories are designed for two roommates. There is a new trend among college students to request a room to themselves. Many colleges and universities are very willing to give what is called a 'super single' to one student who wants privacy.

The reason many get one or more roommates is to save money. As rents keep increasing, they are sometimes going up faster than wages in an area.

References 

Relationships
Marion Maréchal-Le Pen (born 10 December 1989) is a French politician. She is the granddaughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and the niece of Marine Le Pen. She is a member of Front National and an MP for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency since 2012. Twenty-two years old at the time of her election, she became France's youngest MP in modern political history.

References 

1989 births
Living people
National Front (France) politicians
Politicians from Ile-de-France
Cornway College (or simply Cornway) is a private, day and boarding school for boys and girls in Mount Hampden, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe, Africa. It is  from the Harare central business district. Cornway College was opened on January 23, 2006. It has a preparatory school (Cornway Junior College) and a high school (Cornway Senior College). The language used to communicate within the school is English.

Cornway College was ranked as one of the top 10 high schools in Zimbabwe in 2014.

Academics

Junior College
Students at the Junior College are taught the primary schools curriculum developed by Cambridge International Examinations or CIE (an exam board in the United Kingdom) and ZIMSEC (an exam board in Zimbabwe). The children learn the following subjects:
 Agriculture
 Computer Literacy
 English
 General Paper
 Mathematics
 Science
 Shona
In Grade Seven, children write tests for the Cambridge Primary certificate by CIE (for English, Mathematics and Science subjects) and Grade Seven exams by ZIMSEC (for English, General Paper, Mathematics and Shona subjects).

Senior College
Students in Form One and Form Two (Year 8 and Year 9) are taught several subjects according to the Zimbabwe Junior Certificate curriculum.

In Form Three and Form Four (Year 10 and Year 11), students are taught according to the curriculum of CIE and ZIMSEC. In Form Four, the students then write tests for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (given by CIE) and the GCE Ordinary Level certificate (given by ZIMSEC).

In the Sixth Form (that is, Lower Six and Upper Six, or Year 12 and Year 13), students learn a minimum of three subjects according to the Advanced Level curriculum of CIE and ZIMSEC. In Lower Six, students can choose to write tests for the Cambridge International AS Level certificate (half the content of Advanced Level is tested, the certificate is given by CIE) then write tests again in Upper Six for the full Cambridge International A Level certificate. Another option is to write the Cambridge International A Level and or the ZIMSEC GCE Advanced Level tests in Upper Six.

Sports

Junior College
Sports at the Junior College include:
 Athletics
 Basketball
 Chess
 Cricket
 Cross-country
 Hockey
 Netball
 Rugby
 Soccer
 Swimming
 Tennis
 Volleyball

Senior College
Sports at the Senior College include:
 Athletics
 Basketball
 Chess
 Cricket
 Cross-country
 Handball
 Hockey
 Netball
 Rugby
 Soccer
 Swimming
 Tennis
 Volleyball

References

Other websites
  Official website
  on Pindula

Zimbabwe
Schools
2006 establishments
2000s establishments in Africa
"Out of the Woods" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift.  It is the sixth single from her album, 1989.  It was co-written and co-produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff from the American alternative band Fun.  The two produced the song along with Swedish songwriter and producer Max Martin.  The song is the fourth track on the album.  It became her sixth top-20 hit in a row on the US Billboard Hot 100.

The music video for the song was released on December 31, 2015, live on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on ABC stations in the United States.

2014 songs
Pop songs
Taylor Swift songs
Point Break is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and it was produced by Peter Abrams and Robert L. Levy. Point Break was released on July 12, 1991.

In the movie, a gang of robbers called the "Ex-Presidents" wear face-masks of former Presidents of the United States (Ronald Reagan, Richard Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter) to hide their true identities.

The movie got mixed and positive reviews from critics. It has a 68% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four. In his review, he wrote that "Bigelow is an interesting director for this material. She is interested in the ways her characters live dangerously for philosophical reasons. They aren't men of action, but men of thought who choose action as a way of expressing their beliefs."

A remake was released on December 25, 2015 and received negative reviews.

Cast 
 Patrick Swayze as Bodhi
 Keanu Reeves as FBI Agent Johnny Utah
 Gary Busey as FBI Agent Angelo Pappas
 Lori Petty as Tyler Endicott
 John C. McGinley as FBI Agent Ben Harp
 James LeGros as Roach
 John Philbin as Nathaniel
 Bojesse Christopher as Grommet
 Lee Tergesen as Rosie
 Julian Reyes as FBI Agent Alvarez
 Daniel Beer as FBI Agent Babbit
 Vincent Klyn as Lupton "Warchild" Pittman
 Chris Pedersen as Bunker Weiss
 Dave Olson as Archbold
 Anthony Kiedis as Tone
 Christopher Pettiet as 15
 Sydney Walsh as Miss Deer
 Peter Phelps as Australian surfer
 Tom Sizemore as DEA Agent Dietz (uncredited)

References

Other websites

 

1991 action movies
1991 crime movies
1991 thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
American action thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
American heist movies
English-language movies
FBI in fiction
Movies set in Los Angeles
Charlton Bath Forgotston, Jr. (January 19, 1945 – January 3, 2016), known as C. B. Forgotston, was an American attorney, political pundit and state government watchdog from Newellton, Louisiana.

For seven years, he was the chief counsel of the Appropriations Committee of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He was an outspoken fiscal conservative and critic of legalized gambling, unconstitutional legislation and political corruption.

Forgotston committed suicide by firearm early in 2016, sixteen days before his 71st birthday in Hammond, Louisiana.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
American critics
Lawyers from Louisiana
American political activists
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Peter Naur (25 October 1928 – 3 January 2016) was a Danish computer science pioneer and Turing award winner. He helped the creation of the ALGOL 60 programming language. 

He began his career as an astronomer for which he received his PhD degree in 1957. From 1969 to 1998 Naur was a professor of computer science at University of Copenhagen. Naur won the 2005 ACM A.M. Turing Award for his work on defining the ALGOL 60 programming language.

Naur died on 3 January 2016 after a short illness in Herlev, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Computer scientists
Danish scientists
Disease-related deaths in Denmark
Turing Award winners
General Igor Dmitrievich Sergun (28 March 1957 – 3 January 2016) was a Russian military officer. He was Director of the GRU, the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, since December 26, 2011.

He worked in military intelligence since 1984, and served in various positions in the Main Intelligence Directorate. He speaks several foreign languages and was awarded state awards. In 1998 as a colonel, he served as a RF Military Attaché in Tirana, Albania. In December 2011, he was appointed as Head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Sergun died suddenly on 3 January 2016 in Moscow at the age of 58.

References

1957 births
2016 deaths
Russian generals
Soviet generals
Bertrand Blier (born 14 March 1939) is a French screenwriter and movie director. His 1978 movie Get Out Your Handkerchiefs won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards.

He is the son of famous French actor Bernard Blier. His 1996 movie Mon Homme was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival. His 2005 film How Much Do You Love Me? was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver George for Best Director.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
Living people
French screenwriters
French movie directors
Shaykh al-Islam () ( is a title of respect for outstanding scholars of Islam. The title may also be used for the chief expert in Islamic Law of a city or kingdom. 

The title shaykh al-Islam was reserved for very few scholars. Usually those with the greatest merits. Al-Sakhawi defines it as follows:

Scholars 
There were not many scholars known as shaykh al-Islam. The title was used for the following scholars:
 Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (396-481 A.H.)
 Ibn Surayj (249–306 A.H.)
 Al-Daraqutni (306–385 A.H.)
 Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (336–430 A.H.)
 Abu Hamid al-Isfarayini (344–406 A.H.)
 Al-Bayhaqi (384–458 A.H.)
 Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (393–476 A.H.)
 Al-Juwayni (419–478 A.H.)
 Ibn al-Jawzi (509/510–597 A.H.)
 Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (544–606 A.H.)
 Al-'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam (577–660 A.H.)
 Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (625–702 A.H.)
 Al-Nawawi (631–676 A.H.)
 Ibn Taymiyyah (661–728 A.H.) 
 Taqi al-Din al-Subki (683–756 A.H.)
 Taj al-Din al-Subki (727–771 A.H.)
 Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (773–852 A.H.)
 Zakariyya al-Ansari (823–926 A.H.)
 Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (909–974 A.H.)
 Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (724–805 A.H.)
 Shihab al-Din al-Ghazzi (000–822 A.H.)
 Shihab al-Din al-Ramli (000–957 A.H.)
 Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (1296–1392 A.H.)
 Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (1328–1397 A.H.)

Additional reading 
 Al-Dhahabi, Siyar a'lam al-nubala' ('Biographies of Noble Personalities').

References

Other websites 
 Shaykh Al-Islam

Islam
Arabic words and phrases
Muslims
Religious leaders
Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro, Sr. (born September 21, 1971) is an American actor, television director, dancer, and game show host. He is best known for his roles as Carlton Banks on the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and as Alfonso Spears on the sitcom Silver Spoons. Ribeiro is the current host of America's Funniest Home Videos. He took over for former host Tom Bergeron who left after fifteen years.

Ribeiro took part in the nineteenth season of Dancing with the Stars. He was paired with professional dancer Witney Carson. Ribeiro and Carson were both able to win the competition.

Filmography
Silver Spoons - Alfonso Spears (1984–87)
John Grin's Christmas - Rocky (1986) (TV movie)
Magnum, P.I. - Kenneth (1986)
Mighty Pawns - Frank (1987)
A Different World - Zach Duncan (1990)
Bill Nye the Science Guy - Himself (1994)
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air - Carlton Banks (1990–96)
Ticks - Darrel "Panic" Lumnley (1993)
Soul Train - Himself (1994) (Host)
Spider-Man - Randy Robertson/Teenage Robbie Robertson (1994–98) (voice)
In the House - Dr. Maxwell Stanton (1996–99)
Kidz in the Wood (1996) (TV movie)
Extreme Ghostbusters - Roland Jackson (1997) (voice)
Your Big Break - Himself (2000) (Host)
Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase - Moon Goon #1 (2001) (voice)
Love Wrecked - Bert Hernandez (2005)
Celebrity Duets - Himself (2006) (contestant)
GSN Live - Himself (2008–09) (Host)
Catch 21 - Himself (2008–11) (Host)
Things We Do for Love - Darren (2011)
Big Time Rush - Captain McAllister (2012)
Shake It Up - Mr. Zigfeld (2013)
Spell-Mageddon - Himself (2013) (Host)
The Graham Norton Show - Himself (2013)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! - Himself (2013) (contestant) 
Dancing with the Stars - Himself (2014) (contestant)
Unwrapped 2.0 - Himself (2015-present) (narrator)
America's Funniest Home Videos - Himself (2015-present) (narrator)

References

Other websites

1971 births
Actors from the Bronx
African American actors
American child actors
American dancers
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American voice actors
Dancing with the Stars participants
Living people
Gitanjali is a book of poems written by Rabindranath Tagore. There are 157 poems in the book. All the poems are in the Bengali language. It has been translated into many languages by many writers. Gitanjali is a book of song offerings. Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature on November 14, 1913 for his book ''Gitanjali'. 'It also contains the special poem known as the"mind is without fear".

Poems
1910 books
Harold Huyton "Tim" Francis (1928 – 2 January 2016) was a New Zealand diplomat. He was Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1978 to 1982. He was also Ambassador to the United States from 1988 to 1991.

Francis was born in Auckland. He was married to Sherrah and had three children.

Francis died from cancer on 2 January 2016 in Wellington. He was 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Deaths from cancer
People from Auckland
Politicians from North Island
Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu (1 September 1928 – 2 January 2016) was a Turkish army general. He was Secretary-General of the National Security Council from 1988 to 1990. He was said to be behind a failed killing of President Turgut Özal in 1988. He was born in Foça, Izmir.

Yirmibeşoğlu died from kidney failure on 2 January 2016 in Istanbul, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Generals
Turkish military people
Turkish politicians
Stephen Warren Bosworth (December 4, 1939 – January 3, 2016) was an American academic and diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador three times: Tunisia (1979–1981), Philippines (1984–1987), and South Korea (1997–2001).

Bosworth was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was married and had four children.

Bosworth died from prostate cancer on January 3, 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was 77.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2016 deaths
American academics
Ambassadors of the United States
American diplomats
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from prostate cancer
Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Educators from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Hyman Paul Bley  (November 10, 1932 – January 3, 2016) was a Canadian pianist. He was known for his work to the free jazz movement of the 1960s. He began his career in the 1950s and was active until his death in the 2010s. He worked with jazz musicians Lee Konitz, Charlie Haden, Evan Parker, Charlie Parker, Sonny Rollins, Charles Mingus, Ornette Coleman and many others.

Bley was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was adopted and Jewish. He was married to Carla Bley until their divorce.

Bley died on January 3, 2016 in Stuart, Florida. He was 83.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
2016 deaths
Canadian Jews
Jazz pianists
Jewish musicians
Musicians from Montreal
Grant Henry Hill (born October 5, 1972) is an American retired basketball player. Hill was born in Dallas, Texas. He was part of the US basketball team who won the gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is the son of Calvin Hill.

He was a selected third overall by the Detroit Pistons in the 1994 draft. He played six seasons, five as an All-star. He then played for the Orlando Magic from 2000-04. Hill played for 5 seasons for the Phoenix Suns. He finally retired from the Los Angeles Clippers after a 19-year career.

He was a seven time NBA All-star. Hill is a part owner of the Atlanta Hawks. He received the 2015 Candle in the Dark award. He is in the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites 

 Grant Hill Webpage

1972 births
African-American basketball players
American Olympic gold medalists
Detroit Pistons players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Living people
Orlando Magic players
Phoenix Suns players
Sportspeople from Dallas, Texas
American basketball players
Claude Gagnière (January 20, 1928 – September 12, 2003) was a French writer. He was born in Alès.

He died in Paris. After he died he was awarded the prize of the Bouquinistes for all his work in 2004.

Works
  All over all - Small dictionary of the unusual and of the smile, 1986
 To the happiness of the words, 1989
 Of words and wonders, 1994
 Between guillemets: small dictionary of appointments, 1996
  Versiculets & texticules: epigrams, madrigals, five centuries of fugitive poetries, 1999
 The fable express: of Alphonse Went to Boris Vian, 2002

1928 births
2003 deaths
French writers
Dow Chemical is a company which has its headquarters in the United States. It is the second-largest producer of chemicals in the world, after BASF.

Chemistry
Companies based in Michigan
1897 establishments
The German Academic Exchange Service (, or DAAD) is an organisation in Germany. It is the largest German support organisation in the field of international academic co-operation. It was founded on 1 January 1925. It closed in 1945, but was refounded in 1950.

The DAAD headquarters are in Bonn. There are 15 international regional branch offices. They provide information and advice on study and research opportunities and available grants. The German Academic Exchange Service is mainly funded by the Foreign Office of Germany and the European Union. In 2012, the DAAD received 407.4 million Euro.

Regional branch offices

 DAAD London (established in 1952)
 DAAD Cairo (1960)
 DAAD New Delhi (1960)
 DAAD Paris (1963)
 DAAD New York (1971)
 DAAD Rio de Janeiro (1972)
 DAAD Moscow (1973)
 DAAD Nairobi (1973)
 DAAD Tokyo (1978)
 DAAD Jakarta (1990)
 DAAD Beijing (1994)
 DAAD Warsaw (1997)
 DAAD Mexico City (2001)
 DAAD Hanoi (2003)
 DAAD Brussels (2007)

References

Other websites
DAAD Homepage
DAAD London
DAAD New York (North America)

1925 establishments in Europe
German language
Non-profit organizations of Europe
Education in Germany
1920s establishments in Germany
Jorge Alberto Lepra Loiodice (4 September 1942 – 4 January 2016) was a Uruguayan diplomat and politician. He was Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining from 2005 to 2008. He was also Ambassador to France from 2008 to 2010. He was born in Montevideo.

Lepra died from heart failure on 4 January 2016 in Montevideo. He was 73.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors to France
Deaths from heart failure
Diplomats
Independent politicians
People from Montevideo
Uruguayan politicians
The Venice Film Festival is a festival held in Venice, Italy. It is held every year. It is the world's oldest movie festival. It dates back to 1932.

1932 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Italy
Festivals in Europe
Movie festivals
Film Festival
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an animated children's television show. It was shown on the Disney Channel from 1988 to 1991. In the opening theme and 1989 and 1991 ending theme (that sounds similar to the opening theme), the Korg DSS-1 patch "Fantasia" (that sounds like the Roland D-50 patch "Fantasia") was heard. This show is on Spacetoon in other countries.

Disney Channel shows
1980s American animated television series
1988 American television series debuts
Television series by Buena Vista Television
1991 disestablishments in the United States
Television shows about bears
English-language television programs
Gandaki zone (), is one of the fourteen zones of Nepal. It is located in the Western Development Region.

Districts
Gandaki zone is divided into 6 districts. They are

Zones of Nepal
An Autotransformer (sometimes called autostep down transformer) is a transformer which has only one winding. The "auto" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting on itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. The winding acts as both primary winding and secondary winding in a normal transformer. Since part of the winding does "double duty", autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers. The disadvantage of an autotransformer include not providing electrical isolation between the primary winding and the secondary winding. There is also a higher possibility of short circuits due to low impedance.

Usage
Autotransformers are used in power transmission, power distribution, audio, rail transport, etc. Autotransformers are often used to step up (increase) or step down (decrease) voltages in the 110–120 V range and in the 220–240 V range.

References

Other websites 

 The Basics of Autotransformers
 Difference between Isolation Transformers and Autotransformers

Electricity
Electrical wiring
The National Archive Department of the Republic of Azerbaijan () is the national archive of Azerbaijan. It is a governmental agency within the government of Azerbaijan in charge of managing, maintaining, protecting and updating national archives of the Azerbaijani nation state. The archive houses documents, maps, stamps, audio tapes, video clips, photographs and special publications. It was established on December 2, 2002. It is in the capital city Baku.

Related pages
 List of archives in Azerbaijan
 Archive
 Preservation

References

Other websites 
 National Archive Department of Azerbaijan 

Archives in Azerbaijan
Government of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Buildings and structures in Baku
2002 establishments
2000s establishments in Azerbaijan
Antonio Carrozzi Abasca (15 September 1926 – 1 January 2016), better known as Antonio Carrizo, was an Argentine radio host, actor and television presenter. He worked for the radio station Radio El Mundo and Radio Rivadavia. He hosted shows on many channels including Canal 7. He appeared in the movies El barro humano (1955), El noveno mandamiento (1963) and Muchachos impacientes (1966).

Carrizo was born in General Villegas, Buenos Aires Province. He had a stoke in 2008. He died on 1 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Argentine movie actors
Argentine television actors
People from Buenos Aires Province
Radio personalities
Television presenters
Tommy Sale  (21 July 1918 – 3 January 2016) was an English rugby league player. He played for Leigh Centurions and Widnes Vikings. He later coached Leigh.

References

1918 births
2016 deaths
British rugby league players
Coaches
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sarosh Homi Kapadia (29 September 1947 – 4 January 2016) was an Indian politician and lawyer. He served as the 38th Chief Justice of India from 12 May 2010 until 28 September 2012. He was born in Mumbai and was Parsi.

Kapadia died from cardiac arrest on 4 January 2016 in Mumbai, aged 68.

References

2016 deaths
1947 births
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Chief Justices of India
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian lawyers
Politicians from Mumbai
Christy O'Connor Jnr (19 August 1948 – 6 January 2016) was an Irish golfer. He turned professional in 1967. He played in the Ryder Cup twice.

O'Connor was born in Galway, County Galway. He was married to Ann and had three children. His uncle was golfer Christy O'Connor Snr, who died in May 2016.

O'Connor died on 6 January 2016 in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, aged 67.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
Golfers
Sportspeople from the Republic of Ireland
Disease-related deaths in Spain
Masaryk University (; ) is a university in Brno, Czech Republic. It was created in 1919. It is named for Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia. He wanted to have a second Czech university (until then, the only Czech university was Charles University in Prague). The Palacký University in Olomouc had been closed. The university has nine faculties and about 35,000 students. Between 1960 and 1990, the university used the name of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, a Czech scientist. Masaryk University is member of the Compostela Group and the Utrecht Network of universities.

References

Other websites 

 Masaryk University

1919 establishments in Europe
Brno
Colleges and universities in Europe
Saturnino "Nino" Manfredi (; 22 March 1921 – 4 June 2004) was an Italian actor. He was born in Lazio, Italy. He was also a movie and stage director, screenwriter, playwright, comedian, singer, author, radio and television presenter.

During his career he won many awards, including six David di Donatello awards, six Nastro d'Argento awards and the Prix de la première oeuvre (Best First Work Award) at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival for Between Miracles. He is thought to be the greatest Italian actor of all time.

Manfredi died from complications from a stroke at his home in Rome, Italy, aged 83.

References

Other websites

Nino Manfredi at Discogs

1921 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Italian voice actors
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Italian playwrights
Italian singers
Italian television presenters
Italian radio personalities
Comedians
People from Lazio
Andres Rodríguez (11 May 1984 – 4 January 2016) was a Venezuelan businessman and an international show jumping competitor. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. 

His achievements included the team silver medal at the 2005 Bolivarian Games, the team bronze medal at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games, an individual silver medal at the 2015 Pan American Games of Toronto, and was qualified to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, but died before the event.  

Rodríguez was killed in a car crash near Wellington, Florida, aged 31.

References

1984 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United States
Venezuelan sportspeople
Business people
People from Caracas
Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927 – January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). He was the co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. He won the Turing Award in 1969.

Minskey was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Phillips Academy, Harvard University and at Princeton University. Minskey died in Boston, Massachusetts of a cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 2016 at the age of 88. His body is chronologically frozen in Scottsdale, Arizona.

References

Other websites

 
 Oral history interview with Terry Winograd at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.  Winograd describes his work in computer science, linguistics, and artificial intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discussing the work of Marvin Minsky and others.
 Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky 
 Marvin Minsky Playlist Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler  radio show November 26, 2003
 Consciousness Is A Big Suitcase: A talk with Marvin Minsky
 Video of Minsky speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI) 

Turing Award winners
1927 births
2016 deaths
Cryonically preserved people
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York City
Richard Manning Karp (born January 3, 1935) is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley. He is known for his research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing Award in 1985, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004,  and the Kyoto Prize in 2008. 

He work includes solving problems of combinatorial optimization (mostly network flow), asking questions about what an efficient algorithm looks like, and works about algorithmic complexity theory,.

References

Other websites

 ACM Crossroads magazine interview/bio of Richard Karp 
 Karp's Home Page at Berkeley

Turing Award winners
1935 births
American computer scientists
Scientists from Boston, Massachusetts

Living people
William Morton Kahan (born June 5, 1933) is a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist. He received the Turing Award in 1989 for "his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis." He was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, and added to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.

Other websites
 William Kahan's home page
 portrait picture of Kahan (on page 5)
 Paranoia for modern graphics processing units (GPUs)
 Paranoia source code in multiple languages
 IEEE 1985. IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic. ACM SIGPLAN Notices 22, 2 (Feb.), 9–25
 An Interview with the Old Man of Floating-Point, 1998-Feb-20 
 A Conversation with William Kahan, Dr. Dobb's Journal November, 1997

Turing Award winners
1933 births
Living people
Canadian computer scientists
People from Toronto
Fernando José "Corby" Corbató (July 1, 1926 – July 12, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was known as a pioneer in the development of time-sharing operating systems and for creating the password system for computers.

Among many awards, Corbató received the Turing Award in 1990, "for his pioneering work in organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems".

In 2012, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his pioneering work on timesharing and the Multics operating system".

Corbató died on July 12, 2019 in Newburyport, Massachusetts from problems caused by diabetes at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

 Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Corbató discusses computer science research, especially time-sharing, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
 Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA.  Fernando Corbató reviews his early educational and naval experiences in the Eddy program during World War II, including the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Project MAC, and Multics.
 Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, documentary ca. 1972 about the ARPANET. Includes footage of Fernando Corbató.
 , featuring MIT's CTSS time-sharing system and an interview with MIT Professor Fernando J Corbato.

Turing Award winners
1926 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
American computer scientists
Scientists from Oakland, California
Juris Hartmanis (born July 5, 1928) is a Latvian-born American computer scientist and computational theorist. Hartmanis with Richard E. Stearns, received the 1993 ACM Turing Award "in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory".

Other websites
Hartmanis biography at Cornell

1928 births
Living people
American academics
American computer scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Riga
Turing Award winners
Latvian scientists
Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. (born April 19, 1931) is an American computer architect,  software engineer, and computer scientist.

He is best known for managing the development of IBM's System/360 family of computers alongside Gerrit Blaauw and Gene Amdahl and the OS/360 software support package, then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book The Mythical Man-Month.  Brooks has received many awards, including the National Medal of Technology in 1985 and the Turing Award in 1999.

Brooks was born in Durham, North Carolina. He studied Duke University, graduating in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics, and he received a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics (Computer Science) from Harvard University in 1956, supervised by Howard Aiken.

References

Other websites

Turing Award winners
1931 births
Living people
Scientists from North Carolina
American computer scientists
People from Durham, North Carolina
Frances Elizabeth "Fran" Allen (August 4, 1932 – August 4, 2020) was an American computer scientist and pioneer in the field of optimizing compilers. Her achievements include seminal work in compilers, code optimization, and parallelization. She also had a role in intelligence work on programming languages and security codes for the National Security Agency.

Allen was the first female IBM Fellow and in 2006 became the first woman to win the Turing Award.

Allen died on her 88th birthday on August 4, 2020 in Schenectady, New York from Alzheimer's disease-related problems.

References

Other websites

Frances Allen via IBM Women in WITI Hall of Fame.
Frances Allen: 2000 Fellow Awards Recipient via Computer History Museum
Fran Allen on Compilers and Parallel Computing Systems Notes from her 2008 Organick Memorial Lecture

Turing Award winners
1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in New York
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York
Alexandra Anna Daddario (born March 16, 1986) is an American actress and model. 

She was born in New York City. She was raised on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Her brother is actor Matthew Daddario. Her paternal grandfather was politician Emilio Q. Daddario. She lives in Los Angeles.

Daddario is perhaps known best for playing the character Annabeth Chase in Percy Jackson & the Olympians and Blake in the movie San Andreas. She has also played Heather Miller in the 2013 movie Texas Chainsaw 3D and Summer Quinn in Baywatch (2017).

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Thomas William  "Tom" Allin (27 November 1987 – 4 January 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a right-arm medium-fast pace bowler who also batted right-handed. He played for Warwickshire. He was born in Bideford, Devon.

Allin died on 4 January 2016 in Bideford, aged 28. He jumped to his death off a bridge.

References

Other websites
 Tom Allin at ESPNcricinfo
 Tom Allin at CricketArchive

1987 births
2016 deaths
English cricketers
People from Devon
Suicides by jumping in the United Kingdom
Nivaria Tejera (30 September 1929 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban poet and novelist. She was awarded the Seix Barral Biblioteca Breve prize in 1971 for her novel Sonámbulo del sol. Her book, The Ravine (2007), is based on her early life.

Tejera was born in Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos Province. Her mother was Cuban and her father was Spanish. She grew up in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. She lived in Paris, France until her death.

Tejera died from pancreatic cancer on 6 January 2016 in Paris, aged 86.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Cuban writers
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
People from the Canary Islands
Poets
Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi (1881–1945; ) was an Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar in the 1930s. He was one of the students of Muhammad 'Abduh. He called for social, legal and educational changes and pursued a strong campaign - begun by Muhammad 'Abduh and finished by Mahmoud Shaltout - to include the modern sciences in al-Azhar's curriculum. To that end he organised committees to reform the university's regulations and curriculum and created a supervisory department for research whose responsibilities included publishing and translation.

Mustafa al-Maraghi was the link between the reforms of his mentor Muhammad Abduh and such subsequent leaders of al-Azhar as Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, Abdel-Halim Mahmoud and Mahmoud Shaltout. As a reformer, al-Maraghi believed in Islam's flexibility and ability to adapt to the needs of modernity. He called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning/interpretation), reinterpretation, and opposed taqlid (imitation or emulation), the blind following of tradition. And he attributed the religious, moral, intellectual, and political decline of Islamic peoples to the adherence to taqlid and the lack of ijtihad. He said that after the first three centuries, ijma' (consensus of the Muslim community or scholars for resolving legal questions) was impossible, because scholars were so scattered in the East and West that usually it was not possible to collect their opinions.

References 

1881 births
1945 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
Religious leaders
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (12 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 2 November 2002 until 2 November 2005 and, again, from 1 March 2015 until his death.

Sayeed was born in Bijbehara, Kashmir and Jammu. He was a Kashmiri Muslim. He was married and had three children.

Sayeed died from multiple organ failure on 7 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 79.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Disease-related deaths in India
Indian politicians
Muslims