cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Downey is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States,  southeast of Los Angeles. It is thought to be part of the Gateway Cities.

The city is the birthplace of the Apollo space program, and is the hometown of Richard and Karen Carpenter. It is also the home of the oldest still operational McDonald's restaurant in the world. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 111,779.

Downey is sister cities with Guadalajara, Mexico; San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico; Ensenada, Mexico; Fresnillo, Mexico; and Alajuela, Costa Rica.

References

Other websites

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Prince Eunjeon (hangul:은전군, hanja:恩全君, August 14, 1759 - August 26, 1778) was a royal family member of the Joseon dynasty in Korea. His real name is Yi Chan (hangul:이찬, hanja:李禶).

He is an illegitimate son of Crown Prince Sado. His mother is Lady Park Bing-ae, a concubine of Crown Prince Sado. In January 1761, his father killed his mother with a knife, caused by insanity.

1759 births
1778 deaths
Korean people
Princes and princesses
Tullimonstrum, colloquially known as the Tully Monster, is an extinct bilaterian animal that lived in shallow tropical coastal waters of muddy estuaries during the Pennsylvanian geological period, about 300 million years ago. A single species, T. gregarium, is known. Its classification has been the subject of controversy, and interpretations of the fossil likened it to molluscs, arthropods, conodonts, worms, and vertebrates. It is unknown weather Tullimonstrum was a vertebrate or an invertebrate.

Animals
A luminous red nova (LRN) is an explosion in space. It is probably caused when two stars merge to become one. Their red colour is distinctive. The light curve near the star stays in the infared. Luminous red novae are different from normal novae. Those are explosions on the surface of white dwarf stars.

History and discovery
The first luminous red nova found was in the Messier 85 galaxy. It was discovered when people working at the Rickett Observatory were searching for supernovas. Astronomers from U.C. Berkeley and Caltech investigated it. They found that it was different from normal novae and thermal pulses. Afterwards, they announced that luminous red novae are a new type of star explosion.

More luminous red novae were found after the discovery. Researchers found V1309 Scorpii in 2008. The star system was a contact binary. Researchers were studying it for six years before it merged and exploded. In 2015, two different luminous red novae were found. One was in the Andromeda galaxy, and the other was in the Pinwheel galaxy. Astronomers think that in 2022, KIC 9832227 will merge and become a new luminous red nova. This star system is 1800 light years away from the Sun. A team from Calvin College found that the orbital period of the star system was slowing down and that the stars were coming closer to each other.

Traits
Luminous red novae have these traits:
 The luminosity of the explosion is between that of a supernova and that of a nova.
 The light of the explosion stays for a few weeks or a few months. It gradually becomes darker.
 These stars may not be as hot as normal stars.

References

Other websites
 Press release by Caltech "Caltech and Berkeley Astronomers Identify a New Class of Cosmic Explosions"

Astronomical phenomena
Variable stars
Htin Kyaw (,  or ; born 20 July 1946) is a Kazakh politician, writer, and scholar. He served as the 9th President of Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2018. He was the first elected president to hold the office with no ties to the military since the 1962 coup d'état.

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
Educators
Writers
Presidents of Myanmar
Senior General Than Shwe (; ; born 2 February 1933) is a Burmese strongman politician. He was the head of state of Burma from 1992 to 2011 as Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). In March 2011 he officially stepped down as head of state in favour of his hand-picked successor, Thein Sein, and as head of the Armed Forces, being replaced by general Min Aung Hlaing.

Shwe is suffering from diabetes and he is rumored to have colorectal cancer.

References

Other websites
Than Shwe at WN

1933 births
Living people
People with cancer
Presidents of Myanmar
Prime Ministers of Myanmar
Military people
Robert Freeman Smith (June 16, 1931 – September 21, 2020) was an American politician. Smith, a Republican, was a United States Congressman from Oregon's 2nd congressional district from 1983 to 1995. After a brief retirement, he returned to Congress in 1997.

Smith died on September 21, 2020 in Medford, Oregon at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2020 deaths
United States representatives from Oregon
Politicians from Portland, Oregon
US Republican Party politicians
Robert James "Bob" Ptacek, Jr. (born April 23, 1937) is a former professional American and Canadian football player. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He holds the CFL record for most fumble returns in a playoff season with three in 1963.

Ptacek played college football at the halfback and quarterback positions for the University of Michigan from 1956 to 1958. He later played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns in 1959 and in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Saskatchewan Roughriders from 1960 to 1965.

References

1937 births
Living people
American football linebackers
American football quarterbacks
Cleveland Browns players
Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Murray Stanley Hoffman  (April 15, 1924 – March 23, 2018) was an American cardiologist, educator and diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Board of Cardiovascular Disease, a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. He was a member of the Council on Clinical Cardiology (CLCD) of the American Heart Association. He was born in Denver, Colorado. He retired in 2002.

Hoffman died at a hospital in Denver on March 23, 2018 at the age of 93.

References

1924 births
2018 deaths
American physicians
Educators from Denver, Colorado
American diplomats
Scientists from Denver, Colorado
Politicians from Denver, Colorado
Michael Rennie (born Eric Alexander Rennie; 25 August 1909 – 10 June 1971) was an English actor. He is best known for his starring role as the space visitor Klaatu in the science fiction movie The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).

Other websites
 
 
 The Complete Michael Rennie  – Fan site

1909 births
1971 deaths
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Actors from Yorkshire
The Day the Earth Stood Still (a.k.a. Farewell to the Master and Journey to the World) is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction movie from 20th Century Fox. It was produced by Julian Blaustein, directed by Robert Wise and stars Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Billy Gray, Hugh Marlowe, and Sam Jaffe.

The screenplay was written by Edmund H. North. It is based on the 1940 science fiction short story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates. The score was composed by Bernard Herrmann.

In 1995, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

References

1951 movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Robert Wise
Apocalyptic movies
Sam Jaffe (born Shalom Jaffe, March 10, 1891 – March 24, 1984) was an American actor, teacher, writer, musician, and engineer.

In 1951, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Asphalt Jungle (1950). He also starred in Ben-Hur (1959) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). He may be best remembered for playing the title role in Gunga Din (1939) and the High Lama in Lost Horizon (1937).

References

Other websites
 

1891 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Educators from New York City
Jewish American actors
Engineers from New York
Actors from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Scientists from New York City
Writers from New York City
Hugh Marlowe (born Hugh Herbert Hipple, January 30, 1911 – May 2, 1982) was an American movie, television, stage and radio actor.

Marlowe was known for his works with 20th Century Fox, appearing in Twelve O'Clock High (1949), All About Eve (1950), Night and the City (1950), The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), Rawhide (1951), and Howard Hawks' Monkey Business (1952). 

His later movies include  Earth vs. the Flying Saucers (1956), Elmer Gantry (1960), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), and Seven Days in May (1964).

References

Other websites
 

1911 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Hoosiers is a 1986 sports movie about a high school basketball team from a small town in Indiana that wins their state championship. It written by Angelo Pizzo and directed by David Anspaugh. The story comes from a team at Milan High School that won the 1954 state championship.

Gene Hackman played Norman Dale, a new coach but who had problems in his past. Other stars include Barbara Hershey and Dennis Hopper (he would earn a Oscar nomination for his role). The music also got Jerry Goldsmith a nomination for an Academy Award. In 2001, Hoosiers was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

References 

1986 movies
Indiana in fiction
Sports movies
American independent movies
The Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang C151C is the sixth generation of rolling stock to be introduced on the existing East West Line and North South Line of Singapore. 12 trains were purchased and were delivered between 2017 and 2019, where the trains were tested before starting full service in 2019.
The first of the 12 trains was delivered on 27 October 2017. The interior design was shown on 28 February 2018 at the Tuas Depot with two trains on display.
When all trainsets start running on the NSEWL, it will bring the total number of trains running on the NSEWL to 198 trainsets, up from the previous 186 trainsets. The first 3 C151C trainsets started running on 30 September 2018 on the North-South Line. 3 more commenced service by end-2018, and the remaining 6 started services in early 2019.

Design 
The C151C will be the first MRT rolling stock on the NSEWL to be fitted with fold-up seats, and a new Route Map Display also found in the CT251 on the Thomson-East Coast Line. Rumours were spread saying that the C151Cs will have built-in onboard free Wi-Fi have been deemed untrue when the final design of the C151Cs was unveiled on 28 February 2018 at the Tuas West Depot.

The C151C retains most of the features of the C151B trains but with a different livery. It's the second train to follow the LTA's livery rules (the first was the C951) and the first train on the North South & East West Lines to use it. Unlike the C151B before it , it is finished in black for the upper body and white for the lower body, separated by a red and green stripe, which are the NSEWL colours. Unlike the C151A and C151B which has the SMRT Logos on the front, the C151C trains has the Land Transport Authority logos on its body. The front headlights have been replaced by LEDs but retained the placement like the C151B, but the C151C sports a black front from the older trains before C151A trains, albeit in a straight line like the C751B for the C151C.

Train Formation 
The configuration of a C151C in revenue service is DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

The car numbers of the trains range from x701 to x724, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a 4 digit serial number. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer(DT) and two motor cars(M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 705/706 consists of carriages 3705, 1705, 2705, 2706, 1706 and 3706.

 The first digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 3, the second has a 1 & the third has a 2.
 The second digit is always a 7, part of the identification numbers
 The third digit and fourth digit are the train identification numbers. A full length train of 6 cars have 2 different identification numbers. For example, 705/706 (normal coupling) or 705/720 (cross coupling).
 Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang built sets 701-724.

Related pages
Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A 
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
Siemens C651
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B

References 

Rolling stock
Crown Prince Sangkye(January 21, 1769 - November 20, 1786) or Crown Prince Wanpung was a royal family member of the Joseon dynasty in Korea.

He was the first son of Prince Eunjeon. Euneon was a illegitimate son of Crown Prince Sado.  His mother was Lady Song of Sangsan.

References 

1769 births
1786 deaths
Korean people
Princes and princesses
Assassinated people
Crown Prince Uiso (hangul:의소세자 hanja:懿昭世子 ; 27 September 1750 - 17 April 1752) was a royal family member of Korea Joseon dynastys.His real name is Yi Jeong(hangul:이정 hanja:李琔).

He was born in the Changkyeong palace in Hanseong. He was the first son of Crown Prince Sado and Lady Hyegyeong. 
He died when he was three years old.

References

1750 births
1752 deaths
Korean people
Princes and princesses
Luluwa "Pearl" was the first daughter of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions. She is sometimes called Aclima or Kalmana. She was also the sister and wife of Abel. Luluwa was married to Abel, then when Abel died she married Cain.

References

Abrahamic religions
A serif is a term in typography. If a letter is made of a line or lines, a serif is a tiny decorative line on the ends of letter's 'limbs'. Thus, in the illustration on the right, each serif letter has a serif on the end of its lines.

Alphabetic typefaces either have serifs or not. Those without are called sans-serif faces.

The design of our typefaces started in the 15th century, when the early printers used moulds from which letters made of lead were produced.

The design of these letters were originally based on examples of handwriting and carving. Over the centuries a large number of typefaces were designed, and the serif/sans-serif feature is just one of many issues which type designers have to deal with.

However, the original source of the serif may be in monumental inscriptions. Serifs are on the letters at the base of Trajan's column (built 107~113 AD), and are clearly illustrated in standard textbooks on typography. Indeed, older literature often describes typefaces with serifs as "Roman". The word "serif" seems to be an early 19th century innovation.

Related pages 
Typography

References 

Typography
History of printing
Adair County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,656. The county seat is Columbia.

References 

1800s establishments in Kentucky
1801 establishments in the United States
Kentucky counties
Quindío is a department in western Colombia. The capital is Armenia.

Departments of Colombia
Ali ibn Musa (), also known by his title Ar-Ridha (the contented), was the eighth Shia Imam, after his father Musa al-Kadhim, and before his son Muhammad al-Jawad. He was an Imam of knowledge according to the Zaydi (Fiver) Shia school and Sufis. He lived in a period when Abbasid caliphs were facing many difficulties, the most important of which was Shia revolts. The Caliph Al-Mamun tried to fix this problem by appointing Al-Ridha as the next caliph, however, according to the Shia view, when Al-Ma'mun saw that the Imam gained even more popularity, he decided to correct his mistake by poisoning him. The Imam was buried in a village in Khorasan, which afterwards gained the name Mashhad, meaning the place of martyrdom. Today the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 square meters (147.931 acres).

Works
Following works are attributed to him.
 Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (The Golden Treatise)
 Sahifa Al-Ridha
 Uyun al Akhbar Al-Ridha
 Fiqh Al-Ridha (Al-Ridha's Jurisprudence)

References 

Muslims
History of Islam
420, 4:20, or 4/20  (pronounced four-twenty) is a code word used by people who smoke cannabis to talk about the drug. It is especially used to talk about smoking cannabis at 4:20pm (16:20) in the afternoon, and for the day April 20 (4/20 in the American calendar).

The term appeared in 1971 from five American high school students in California.

April 20 became the day of cannabis-related events, celebrations and protests.

References

Other websites 
 

Cannabis
Holidays
April events
Bhang () is food made from cannabis. It was used in food and drink as early as 1000 B.C. in India. By tradition, people drink bhang during the spring festival of Holi.

References

Cannabis
Indian culture
Oyo State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. It is located in south-west part of Nigeria and its capital is Ibadan, the largest city in Nigeria.

History 
It was created from Western States and included Osun State, which later splitted in 1991.

References 

States of Nigeria
Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi (16 December 1949 – 25 June 2020) was a Nigerian politician from Oyo State. He was elected in 2003 as a Senator of the Republic of Nigeria representing Oyo South Senatorial District on the platform of the Alliance for Democracy (AD). After one term in the senate, he contested in 2007 the governorship of Oyo state under the banner of the All Nigeria People's Party, a bid which he lost. He was also an oil businessman.

He died from COVID-19 on 25 June 2020, aged 70.

References

1949 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria
Nigerian politicians
Nigerian businesspeople
Living things is a song written and recorded by the Nigerian Hip-Hop singer, Abolore Akande.  It was produced by Young John as a single from the studio album ID Cabasa. On 12th January 2018, the song won the SoundcityMVP Awards for Viewer Choice category. 
The song have been strongly criticized for promoting internet fraud.

References

Songs
Lhotse is the fourth tallest mountain of the world. It's height is  above sea level. The summit of this mountain is in the border of Tibet and Nepal.

References

Mountains of Nepal
Tibet
Himalayas
The Vedic period (Vedic age) c. 1500 – c. 600 BC is a period in the history of the Indian subcontinent between the end of the Indus Valley Civilization, and about  BC. 

It gets its name from the Vedas, which are religious texts. They do contain some details of life during this period. They are the main sources for understanding this period.

The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted by speakers of an Old Indo-Aryan language. They had  migrated into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The associated Vedic culture was tribal and pastoral until  c. 1200 or 1100 BC, and centred in the Punjab. 

The society then spread eastward to the Ganges Plain, becoming more agricultural and settled. The Vedic period saw the emergence of social classes, and developed into kingdoms known as the Janapada. Archaeological cultures show phases of Vedic culture such as the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara Grave culture, the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.

References 

History of India
Makalu is the fifth tallest mountain of the world. It's height is  above sea level. It's shape is like a pyramid with four sides. It is located in the border of Nepal and China.

References

Mountains of Nepal
Tibet
Himalayas
Walter Pérez Villamonte (3 November 1936 – 29 March 2018) was a Bolivian Roman Catholic bishop.

Pérez Villamonte was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He served as titular bishop of Churbis and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sucre, Bolivia, from 1995 to 1998. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Potosí, Bolivia, from 1998 to 2009.

Pérez Villamonte died on 29 March 2018 at the age of 81.

References 

 
1936 births
2018 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops
Bolivian people
Tarasp is a former municipality in the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. Its eleven settlements are situated within the Lower Engadin valley along the Inn River, at the foot of the Sesvenna Range. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into the municipality of Scuol.

Originally a Romansh language area, the majority of the population today speaks High Alemannic German. Unlike the surrounding municipalities, the Tarasp parish is mainly Catholic.

History 
Tarasp was also a Lordship of the Holy Roman Empire, which joined the Austrian Imperial Circle in 1512 and was passed to the Princes of Dietrichstein in 1683.

Tarasp was an Austrian enclave inside the Free State of the Three Leagues, an associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy until 1809, when Austria ceded the territory to Revolutionary France, who subsequently passed it to Graubünden.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Edward Philip George Seaga ( or ; ON, PC; 28 May 1930 – 28 May 2019) was a Jamaican politician. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1980 to 1989, and the leader of the Jamaica Labour Party from 1974 to 2005. He served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980, and again from 1989 until January 2005.

Seaga died on 28 May 2019 at a hospital in Miami, Florida from cancer on his 89th birthday.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Florida
Prime Ministers of Jamaica
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Michel Sénéchal (11 February 1927 – 1 April 2018) was a French tenor. He worked with French and Italian character roles in a repertory ranging from Baroque to contemporary works. Sénéchal was born in Paris, France.

Sénéchal also appeared regularly in operettas, especially by Offenbach, such as Orphée aux enfers, La Vie parisienne, La Périchole, where his comic talent was shown to fine effect. As the years went by Sénéchal started concentrating on character roles such as Basilio in Nozze di Figaro, Goro in Madama Butterfly, the innocent in Boris Godunov, Monsieur Triquet in Eugene Onegin, and the four servants in Les contes d'Hoffmann, which were his debut roles at the Metropolitan Opera on 8 March 1982.

Sénéchal died on 1 April 2018 in Paris at the age of 91.

References

1927 births
2018 deaths
French singers
Entertainers from Paris
Sven-Olov Sjödelius (13 June 1933 – 29 March 2018) was a Swedish sprint canoeist who competed from the early 1950s to the early 1960s. He won two gold medals in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics, as well as three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships.

Sjödelius died of respiratory failure on 30 March 2018 at the age of 84.

References

Other websites
Sven-Olov Sjödelius. Swedish Olympic Committee
Sports-reference.com profile 

1933 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Swedish Olympians
Olympic gold medalists
Margarita Carrera Molina (16 September 1929 – 31 March 2018) was a Guatemalan philosopher, professor and writer. She was a member of the Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua and the 1996 laureate of the Miguel Ángel Asturias National Prize in Literature. She was born in Guatemala City.

Carrera died in Guatemala City on 31 March 2018 at the age of 88.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Philosophers
Educators
Guatemalan writers
People from Guatemala City
Madame de Maintenon  (27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719) was a French woman who would eventually become the second wife of King Louis XIV, even though the marriage was never announced to the public.

She was born "Françoise d'Aubigné", a daughter of Constant d'Aubigné and his wife Jeanne de Cardilhac. She was born in Niort, in western France. In 1652, Françoise  married Paul Scarron As a result, she became known as "Madame Scarron". She eventually became a friend of Madame de Montespan and was to be the main governess of the children of King Louis and Montespan.

In 1675, the king gave her the title of Marquise de Maintenon after the name of her personal estate. This favour incurred Madame de Montespan's jealousy. At court, she was now known as Madame de Maintenon, as a result of King Louis buying her and estate at Maintenon. It has been suspected that Maintenon and King Louis a private marriage ceremony between October 1683 and January 1684. King Louis' wife Queen Marie Thérèse died in July 1683. As a result of her birth Maintenon would never be acknowledged as Louis' wife or as Queen. She founded the Maison royale de Saint Louis, a school for girls from poorer noble families, in 1684.

References an notes

Other websites

1635 births
1719 deaths
French nobility
House of Bourbon
Luigi De Filippo (10 August 1930 – 31 March 2018) was an Italian actor, stage director and playwright. He was known for his movie role in Non è vero... ma ci credo, You're on Your Own, and in Love Italian Style.

De Filippo died in Rome on 31 March 2018 of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Italian movie actors
Italian stage actors
Italian television actors
Playwrights
Italian writers
People from Naples
Peggy Ann "Peg" Lautenschlager (November 22, 1955 – March 31, 2018) was an American attorney and politician. He was the first chair of the Wisconsin Ethics Commission. 

Lautenschlager was Attorney General of the State of Wisconsin from January 3, 2003 to January 3, 2007. She replaced fellow Democrat Jim Doyle when Doyle was elected Governor of Wisconsin in 2002. 

Lautenschlager was the first woman in history to have been elected Wisconsin Attorney General.

Lautenschlager died on March 31, 2018 at her home in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin of breast and bone cancer, aged 62.

References

1955 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Deaths from bone cancer
Lawyers from Wisconsin
Politicians from Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
Andrew Michael Holness, ON, MP  (born 22 July 1972) is a Jamaican politician. He is the 9th and current Prime Minister of Jamaica since 3 March 2016. Holness previously served as Prime Minister from October 2011 to January 5, 2012. He succeeded Bruce Golding as Prime minister, and decided to go to the polls in the 2011 Jamaican general election in an attempt to get his own mandate from the Jamaican electorate.

Career 
He failed in that bid, however, losing to the People’s National Party (PNP) led by Portia Simpson-Miller, with the PNP gaining 42 seats to the Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) 21. Following the 2011 election defeat, Holness served as Leader of the opposition (Jamaica) from 6 January 2012 to 3 March 2016, when he once again assume the Position of Prime minister. 2021 Jamaica general election.  

Holness is the youngest person to have become Prime Minister in Jamaica's history, as well as the Country’s ninth Prime minister overall. He is also the first Prime Minister to have been born after Jamaica gained independence in 1962.

Early life 
Andrew Michael Holness was born on 22 July 1972 in Spanish Town, St. Catherine Jamaica to Working class Parents, Father Morris Holness and Mother Sonia Harvey. Holness attended Primary school on 1 January 1979 and graduated in November 1984.

References

1972 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Jamaica
Current national leaders
Cho Oyu (Nepali: चोयु;) is the sixth tallest mountain of the world. It's height is  above sea level. It is located in the border of Nepal and China. The mountain was first climbed by Herbert Tichy, Joseph Jöchler and Pasang Dawa Lama.

References

Himalayas
Mountains of Nepal
Tibet
Jorge Wagensberg Lubinski (2 December 1948 – 3 March 2018), was a Spanish professor, researcher and writer. He was Professor of Theory of Irreversible Processes in the Faculty of Physics at the University of Barcelona from 1981 to 2016.

He was president of the European Collaborative for Science & Technology (ECSITE) between 1993 and 1995 and, in 2010, he was a founding member of the European Museum Academy (EMA). He collaborated regularly in the magazine Mètode and in the newspapers  El País and El Periódico.

References

1948 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Spain
Spanish writers
Spanish educators
Physicists
People from Barcelona
Wat's Dyke is an ancient defensive earthwork between Wales and England. The dyke is earlier than Offa's Dyke, but runs along similar lines, just inside the line of the later dyke. It now looks insignificant, but originally it was a considerable construction.

The dyke consists (or consisted) of a ditch and a bank. The ditch is on the west of the bank. This suggests it was meant to keep the Welsh tribes out of the areas to the east which were occupied mainly by Germanic tribes. 

Excavations in 2006 suggested the time of building as 792852 AD. In the 820s, the Mercian king Coenwulf was fighting against a resurgent Welsh threat. That may have been the reason for the dyke. However, all previous datings suggested its being built much earlier, in the post-Roman era. 

The present boundary between Wales and England runs close to the two dykes, and the area is know as the Welsh Marches.

References 

Buildings and structures in Wales
Fortification
Monuments and memorials in England
Monohorpur is a small village on the bank of a picturesque Sal river (also called Kopai river) which is a tributary of Mayurakshi river. It is a village located in Birbhum district of Indian state of West Bengal.

Culture and Festivals 
As they say in old Bengali proverb - “bangalir baro mase tero parbon”, people are very passionate about all traditional Bengali festivals. Although most of the festivals are rooted to Hindu religious belief but over the period the association faded and become more a social gettogether. The main festivals are Durga Pujo, Laxmi Pujo, Kali pujo, Basanti pujo, Annapurna pujo, Sorossoti pujo, Nobanno, Rathajatra, Chobbis prohor nam songkirton,Doshohara, Soshti pujo, Shiv Ratri, Rondhro Kali mohotsov, Dol purnima, Bromhodoito tolar mela, Poila Boisakh etc.

Political and Administrative Details

Economy 
In Monohorpur village 528 people are workers out of total population. 43.75 % of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 56.25 % were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

Demographics 
According to Indian Census on 2011, Monohorpur village has a population of 1168 of which 600 males and 568 are females. In Monohorpur village, most of the villagers are from Schedule Caste (SC). Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 47.86 % while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 23.54 % of total population in Monoharpur village.

Education 
The village has one government run primary school.

Transports 
There is one main road (tar road/ Pitch road) which runs through the village. It connects the village to rest of the world. Most of the internal village alleys are of concrete. Village roads are not always well maintained. 

Historically the village doesn’t have any form of public transport. People must have go to Ballavpur bus stop which is 3 km away from the village for state run/ public buses. People mostly use bicycles, motor cycles in their daily life. Bolpur-Shantiniketan is the nearest railway station which is around 12 km away from the village. The village is about 170 km away from Kolkata international airport(Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Airport) and 60 km away from Andal airport (Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport) by road.

References 

Villages in India
The Welsh Marches is the area round the boundary between England and Wales. It is not very well defined. The border between the two countries has constantly altered, and many of the small towns have been, at various times, on one side or the other.

On the English side. the area was the Kingdom of Mercia. The fortifications known as Wat's Dyke and Offa's Dyke were built by Mercian kings. The market towns on the English side (such as Shrewsbury and Hereford) were garrisoned.

The term "March of Wales" was used in the Domesday Book of 1086. Over the next four centuries the Norman rulers established Earldoms for the "Marcher Lords", whose job it was to patrol the Marches. Dozens of small castles were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries. From the castles the Norman lords could patrol and defend the area against against Welsh raiders and rebels.

Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 under Henry VIII, rule by the marcher lords was abolished in 1536. This had the effect of creating a single state and legal jurisdiction, "England and Wales". The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas were organised into the new Welsh counties of Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire, and Carmarthenshire.

In present-day Britain, the boundary between England and Wales is more or less ignored. In fact, one can cross the border without knowing it, except that painted on the roads on the Welsh side are strange words such as "Arif". Throughout Wales, all official messages are printed in both English and Welsh.

References 

Wales
England
The City of Fruita (pronounced /ˈfruːtə/) is a city located in western Mesa County, Colorado, United States. It is bordering Colorado River on the southern edge of town. The population was 12,646 at the 2010 census. It was incorporated in 1894.

References

Other websites
 City of Fruita official website

Cities in Colorado
1894 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Colorado
Bell is a city in Los Angeles County, California, near the center of the former San Antonio Township (abolished after 1960). Its population was 35,477 at the 2010 census, down from 36,664 in the 2000 census. Bell is located on the west bank of the Los Angeles River and is a suburb of the city of Los Angeles.

At , Bell is the thirteenth smallest city in the United States with a population of at least 25,000.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Naya Marie Rivera (January 12, 1987 – July 8, 2020) was an American actress, model and singer. She was known for her role as Santana Lopez on the Fox television series Glee (2009–15).

She died on July 8, 2020 at the age of 33 in Lake Piru in Fillmore, California. Her body was not found until July 13. Police said that she had probably drowned in the lake.

Career
As a baby, she appeared in Kmart commercials before she began acting.

Her career began with her debut role as Hillary Winston on the short-lived CBS sitcom The Royal Family at the age of 4 (1991–1992). She appeared in minor roles as a teenager in 2000s television programs. She later became well known for his role as Santana Lopez on the Fox television series Glee (2009–2015).

Rivera was signed to Columbia Records as a solo artist in 2011 and released a single in 2013, "Sorry", featuring rapper Big Sean.

Rivera made her feature movie debut as Vera in the horror movie At the Devil's Door (2014), and recurred as Blanca on the third season of the Lifetime television series Devious Maids in 2015.

In 2016, she published a memoir with TarcherPerigee, Sorry Not Sorry: Dreams, Mistakes, and Growing Up.

In 2018, it was announced that she would be taking the role of school administrator Collette Jones in the YouTube Red series Step Up: High Water.

Personal life
Rivera was born in Santa Clarita, California. She was raised in Los Angeles.

From 2014 to 2018, she was married to Ryan Dorsey. The two divorced. She was also in a relationship with Big Sean from 2013 to 2014. They were briefly engaged.

Rivera dedicated her time to many charitable organizations including GLAAD, Stand Up to Cancer, The Trevor Project, The Elephant Project, and The Sunshine Foundation.

She was bisexual.

Legal troubles
In late November 2017, Rivera was arrested and charged in Kanawha County, West Virginia with domestic battery against her future ex-husband Dorsey after she allegedly hit him in the head and face. In January 2018, the domestic battery charge was dismissed at the request of Dorsey.

Filmography

Disappearance and death
On July 8, 2020, Rivera became a missing person after her four-year-old son was found alone in Rivera's rented boat at Lake Piru in Fillmore, California. The following day, Ventura County sheriff's department said that Rivera most likely drowned and died.

On July 13, 2020, a body was found. The sheriff of Ventura County said in a press conference that the body found was most likely Rivera. Rivera was 33 years old.

References

Other websites

 

1987 births
Models from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
American pop singers
American R&B singers
Accidental deaths by drowning in the United States
American autobiographers
LGBT models
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
LGBT writers
Bisexual people
LGBT people from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
2020 deaths
Libertyville is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago. It is located  west of Lake Michigan on the Des Plaines River. The 2014 census population was 20,512. It is located southwest of Waukegan and west of Lake Forest.

References

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
The Linea dell'Impero(in English: "Flight of the Empire" or simply "Empire Line") was the longest flight made by the Italian airline "Ala Littoria" (precursor of Alitalia) in the years preceding World War II and was considered the most prestigious Italian air route of the time. It connected Rome with Mogadiscio in Italian East Africa, and from 1939 the route could be travelled without a change of airplane. The route was a key political and symbolic connection between Rome, the 'capital of Italy's Empire', and Italy's colonies in Libya and East Africa.

History 

The line was opened after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936 and was followed by the first air links with the Italian colonies in Italian East Africa, which had begun in an experimental way from 1934. The route was enlarged to 6,379 km and initially joined Rome with Addis Ababa via Syracuse, Benghazi, Cairo, Wadi Halfa, Khartoum, Kassala, Asmara, Dire Dawa. There was a change of aircraft in Benghazi (or sometimes in Tripoli).

The route was carried out in three and a half days of daytime flight and the frequency was four flights per week in both directions. Later from Addis Ababa there were three flights a week that continued to Mogadishu, capital of Italian Somalia.

In 1939 the time taken to travel the route was reduced with the introduction of the new Savoia-Marchetti "Marsupiale", an aircraft that did not require change of aircraft. The flight lasted just 2 days and connected Rome to Tripoli-Cairo-Kassala-Asmara-Addis Abeba-Mogadiscio. In early 1940 it was the fastest and longest route in Africa and was the most prestigious line of Italian civil aviation.

In summer 1940, with the start of WWII the route was militarized and controlled by the "Comando Servizi Aerei Speciali". In the first months of 1941 it was definitively closed when Italy lost the Africa Orientale Italiana.

Aircraft 

The Empire Line was opened using the three-engined seaplane CANT Z.506 in the stretch Rome – Benghazi/Tripoli and the three-engined land-based Savoia-Marchetti SM-73 from Benghazi/Tripoli to Addis Abeba and Africa Orientale Italiana.

In 1938 entered service the faster Savoia-Marchetti SM-75 with greater autonomy, capable of carrying a nearly 5000 kg load of mail and up to twenty-four passengers. This aircraft was used from the beginning of 1939 and made it possible -thanks to improved flight authonomy and top speed of 370kmh- to eliminate the change of aircraft, to reduce the number of stopovers and to shorten the travel time of a full day.

Related pages
 Alitalia
 Italian Libya

Notes

Bibliography

 Enzo Angelucci and Paolo Matricardi. Aerei di tutto il Mondo. Mondadori editore. Milano, 1978
 Mannone, Guido. Le Ali del Littorio – Piccola Storia dell'Aviazione Civile Italiana Grafica Bierre. Milano, 2004.
 Mondadori, A. Guida dell'Africa Orientale C.T.I. Milano (ed 1938)

1930s in Italy
20th century in Libya
1940s in Italy
Narayanhity Palace is a palace in capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu. It was built by king Mahendra in 1963. The palace has now been changed into a museum.

References

Buildings and structures in Nepal
1963 establishments in Asia
Establishments in Nepal
Singha Durbar (; translation: Lion's Palace) is a palace in capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu. It was built by Chandra Shumsher in June 1908. It was highly damaged by April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

References

Buildings and structures in Nepal
1908 establishments
Establishments in Nepal
1900s establishments in Asia
Morris Halle (; July 23, 1923 – April 2, 2018) was a Latvian-American linguist. She was a Institute Professor. He later became professor emeritus, of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was best known for his pioneering work with Noam Chomsky and Fred Lukoff and for his The Sound Pattern of English (1968) work with Chomsky. 

Halle died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on April 2, 2018 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 Halle page at MIT
 MIT News Office article about Halle
 Conversation with John A. Goldsmith and Haj Ross

1923 births
2018 deaths
Educators from Massachusetts
Latvian writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Scientists from Massachusetts
Latvian scientists
Barbro Margareta Svensson, known as Lill-Babs (9 March 1938 – 3 April 2018), was a Swedish singer, actress and television presenter. She represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1961 in Cannes with the song "April, april". She was also well-known for the song "Är du kär i mej ännu Klas-Göran?".

Lill-Babs died of heart failure complicated by cancer in Stockholm on 3 April 2018 at the age of 80.

References

Other websites
Official website

1938 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Swedish singers
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Television presenters
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
The first time married people have sexual intercourse with each other, after their marriage is called consummation. One of the reasons why people get married is to have children.  Many countries (and jurisdictions) have laws so that people who do not have sex with each other can have their marriage annulled (undone).

Law
Marriage
Eugenio Beltrami (16 November 1835  18 February 1900) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work on non-Euclidean geometry, electricity, and magnetism.

He was born in Cremona in Lombardy, then a part of the Austrian Empire, and now part of Italy.  Beltrami first began studying mathematics at University of Pavia in 1853, but was forced to discontinue his studies in 1856 because of financial hardship.  He was appointed to the University of Bologna as a professor in 1862, the year he published his first paper.  Beltrami later taught at universities in Pisa, Rome and Pavia.  He died in Rome in 1900.

In 1868, (in Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry) Beltrami gave the first model of hyperbolic geometry.  In Beltrami's model, lines of hyperbolic geometry are represented by geodesics on the pseudosphere.  Thus, Beltrami provided the first proof that Euclid's parallel postulate could not be derived from the other axioms of Euclidean geometry.

Other websites
 http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Beltrami.html 

1835 births
1900 deaths
Italian mathematicians
People from Cremona
Geometers
Events 
 First Council of Nicaea held in Nicaea in Bithynia

Deaths 
 Licinius - Roman emperor
Evert Gerrit Kroon (September 9, 1946 – April 2, 2018) was a Dutch water polo goalkeeper. He participated in three Summer Olympics, starting in 1968. After two seventh-place finishes Kroon won the bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born in Hilversum, North Holland.

Kroon died on April 2, 2018 in Amsterdam at the age of 71.

References

Other websites
 

1946 births
2018 deaths
Dutch Olympic bronze medalists
Dutch water polo players
People from Hilversum
Sportspeople from North Holland
Carlos Andrés Alvarado Quesada (San José, January 14, 1980) is a Costa Rican writer, journalist, political scientist and politician. He is the President of Costa Rica. He served as Minister of Labor and Social Security. 

On April 1, 2018 Alvarado won the presidential election by 61% after promising to support gay marriage.

References

1980 births
Living people
Journalists
Political scientists
Presidents of Costa Rica
Current national leaders
Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría (born 9 January 1940) is a Costa Rican economist, lawyer, businessman and politician. He served as President of Costa Rica from 1998 to 2002 and was briefly Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) in 2004.

He stepped down and returned to his country to face allegations of financial wrongdoing during his presidential tenure in Costa Rica. On 27 April 2011 he was sentenced to 5 years in prison for corruption.

In December 2012, he was exonerated by an appeals court.

References

1940 births
Living people
Presidents of Costa Rica
Economists
Business people
Lawyers
Secretaries General of the Organization of American States
Anna Chennault, born Chen Xiangmei (June 23, 1925 – March 30, 2018), also known as Anna Chan Chennault or Anna Chen Chennault, was an American war correspondent and known Republican member of the US China Lobby. She was married to U.S. WWII aviator Claire Lee Chennault. She was born in Peking, China.

In January 1981, Chennault visited Beijing to meet the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, as a private citizen, but in fact as an unofficial diplomat representing the incoming Republican president Ronald Reagan, who was due to be sworn in as president on January 20, 1981.

Chennault died in Washington, D.C. on March 30, 2018 of complications from a stroke at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 Anna Chennault interviewed by the American Veterans Center, published March 2017. (44 minutes)
 Papers, 1939–2004 (inclusive), 1955–1989 (bulk). Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

1923 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
American journalists
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Chinese journalists
Republicans (United States)
People from Beijing
Claire Lee Chennault (September 6, 1893 – July 27, 1958) was an American military aviator. He was best known for his leadership of the "Flying Tigers" and the Republic of China Air Force in World War II.

Chennault was twice married and had a total of ten children. From 1947 until his death in 1958, he married Chinese reporter Anna Chennault. 

Chennault was promoted to lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force on July 18, 1958, nine days before his death on July 27, at the Ochsner Foundation Hospital in New Orleans. He died of lung cancer in New Orleans, Louisiana on July 27, 1958 at the age of 64.

References

Other websites
Flying Tigers Memorial in China (in Chinese)
Short biography of Chennault

Chennault at Arlington Cemetery 
Time magazine , 1942 article on Chennault
Claire Lee Chennault papers at the Hoover Institution Archives

1893 births
1958 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Anti-Communists
American aviators
American Protestants
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Military people from Texas
People from Louisiana