cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
James Madison Jr. (March 16,1751  – June 28, 1836) was the fourth president of the United States. He was also the most important author of the United States Constitution and a slaveowner with a big plantation. Madison was the shortest president, with a height of .

Family 
James Madison Jr. was the eldest son of Col. James Madison Sr. and Nellie Conway Madison.

Madison married Dolley Todd (née Payne) on  April 18, 1794.

Political life 

Madison started his career in the Virginia state legislature.  Madison learned many things from Thomas Jefferson.  Madison wanted a stronger federal government of the United States than the Articles of Confederation provided. He was a member of the meeting that formed the current United States Constitution.  Madison is called the "Father of the Constitution" because he helped write a large part of it and persuaded people that it was a good one.

Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives.  Madison helped write the first laws for the United States.  Madison also was the main writer of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

Madison and Jefferson were good friends and helped create the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted a weak federal government.

Madison was selected by Jefferson to be his Secretary of State.

Presidency 

Madison was selected by his political party to be the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in 1808.  He won that election and the next election in 1812.

The War of 1812 started while Madison was president. Madison still hoped for peace, but Congress wanted war so he gave in and approved a declaration of war against Britain on June 18, 1812. People who still wanted peace called it "Mr Madison's War". Madison and his family were forced to flee in 1814 when British forces seized control of Washington D.C and burned the White House, and many other buildings, to the ground. Dolley Madison, his wife, famously saved a portrait of George Washington from the fire.

The war caused Madison to want a stronger government than he had before. While he originally was against a national bank, he realized that it was necessary and it was necessary for funding a war.  When the charter of the national bank expired, Madison renewed it.

Later life 

Madison retired to Virginia after his second term.  Madison died on June 28, 1836.

References

Other websites 
 Madison's White House biography

1751 births
1836 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American deists
 
Presidents of the United States
United States Secretaries of State
United States representatives from Virginia
Founding Fathers of the United States
Democratic Republican party (US) politicians
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Slavers
Not to be confused with James Monroe King.

James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth president of the United States. He mostly agreed with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the two presidents before him. Many cities have been named Monroe. Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, is also named after him.

Early life 

Monroe was born in Virginia. When James was 16, his father died. At age 18, he joined the Continental Army.  He later studied law with Thomas Jefferson.

He married Elizabeth Kotright in 1789.

Political life 

Monroe was an anti-federalist; he did not want the United States Constitution to pass.  He was elected to the United States Senate in 1790.  He helped form the Democratic-Republican Party with Jefferson and James Madison.

Monroe was Governor of Virginia from 1799 - 1802.

Monroe went to Paris to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, and later became Ambassador to Great Britain.

Monroe was Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War.

Presidency 

Monroe was president from 1817 to 1825.  With his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe got Spain to give the United States Florida.  Monroe and Adams also created the Monroe Doctrine, which was a policy that said that the United States did not want Europe to be involved in the Western Hemisphere anymore.

Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise.  The compromise was to delay the slavery issue in the United States. Monroe was the last president to have fought in the American Revolutionary War and the last one to be one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Post-presidency 

Monroe retired to Virginia.  After his wife's death he moved to New York where he died on July 4, 1831 of tuberculosis.

References

Other websites 
 James Monroe's White House biography
 James Monroe -Citizendium

1758 births
1831 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
United States Secretaries of State
Governors of Virginia
Founding Fathers of the United States
 
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
South Holland is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called Zuid-Holland in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland. About 3,726,000 people are living in South Holland (2021).

Cities
The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the parliament is there.

Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was built in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.

Landscapes
In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the Bollenstreek ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called bulb fields. Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.

The area south of The Hague is called Westland. Here are many greenhouses.

Islands
The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.

Water resources
The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.

Other websites 
 Plaatsengids.nl
Grand Theft Auto is a series of video games published by Rockstar Games. The first was released in the late 90s. This game was played from a bird's-eye view, meaning that it was like seeing the main character from a helicopter. The second was called GTA 2 and also an add-on pack was added for the first game called GTA: London which was set in the 60s.

Then came the next games which were made in 3D which changed the way Grand Theft Auto was played. The first in the 3D series was called Grand Theft Auto III which was set in Liberty City which is like New York. Then there was Grand Theft Auto: Vice City which was set in the middle 80s. It was very much like Miami in Florida. The next game in the 3D series is called Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas which is based on Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas. This game was a very big improvement from the older game because the map was so much bigger.

Grand Theft Auto IV (GTA IV) was officially announced at the Microsoft 2006 E3 Press Conference on May 10, 2006. Grand Theft Auto IV is now being sold inside stores. Grand Theft Auto IV now has 2 episodes, and a complete collection.

The latest game released in the Grand Theft Auto series is Grand Theft Auto V. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 17, 2013 and later on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 18, 2014.

Grand Theft Auto V broke the industry sales records by earning US $800 million in the first 24 hours of its release. The game became extremely popular in the gamers community attracting programmers to create many mods to it. With New Additional Features and Quality Graphics it became popular multiplayer game. It also earned $1 billion within its first three days which made it the fastest selling entertainment product in history and broke 7 records by Guinness World Records.

There has been a lot of arguing, or "controversy," about these games. Many people do not like how the player can murder random people, and sleep with prostitutes. Because of this, all 3-D GTA games have been rated Mature so far.

Related games 

 Saints Row
 Hunter
 Body Harvest
 True Crime
 The Getaway
 Driver
 The Simpsons: Hit & Run

References

Other websites 
Official Site
Grand Theft Wiki

PlayStation games
1998 video games
Grand Theft Auto
The Black Eyed Peas are an American hip hop group from Los Angeles, California. Over the years their music has included R&B, dance and Latin. The group has three members: Will.i.am, Apl.de.ap, Taboo.

Members of this group and its history 

 Stacy Ann Ferguson, better known by her stage name Fergie, was born on March 27, 1975. She is an American R&B singer, actress and songwriter. She was revealed by the TV series for kids "Kids Incorporated" and the TV show "Great Pretenders". The TV revealed her talents and she began her career of singer with the R&B trio Wild Orchid which became the group of the Black Eyed Peas. She acted in "Nine" which came out in theatres in 2010. In 2017, Fergie left the group to focus on her solo career.".

 will.i.am (real name William James Adams) was born on March 15th, 1975 in Los Angeles. He is an American rapper and singer. will.i.am rose to fame as frontman and co-founder of the Black Eyed Peas. He has recently left Interscope for a solo deal with Def Jam.
 Allan Pineda Lindo, better known by his stage name Apl.de.ap, is a Filipino American Hip-Hop musician and producer. He was born in November 28th, 1974 in Angeles City in the Philippines, from the age of 11 and he moved to the United States because he was adopted by the Hudgen's family. He began his career of singer and performer in the group "Atban Klann" with Will.i.am, which become the "Black Eyed Peas" when Taboo entered this group in 1995.
 Taboo (real name Jaime Luis Gomez) was born in July 14th, 1975 in Los Angeles. He has a son named "Josh" who was born in December 5th, 1993. He joined the Black Eyed Peas in 1995.

Before they became popular, the group's members were will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo and backing vocalist Kim Hill. She left the group in 2000 and was replaced in 2003 by Fergie. They first became popular with the single "Where Is the Love" and the album Elephunk and their next album, Monkey Business was also successful. They have more recently released The E.N.D., an album that has had the successful singles "Boom Boom Pow", "I Gotta Feeling" and "Meet Me Halfway".

Albums 
 Behind the Front (1998)
 Bridging the Gap (2000)
 Elephunk (2003)
 Monkey Business (2005) 
 The E.N.D. (2009)
 The Beginning (2010)
 Masters of the Sun Vol. 1 (2018)

References

1995 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hip hop bands
American R&B bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups from Los Angeles
The PlayStation Portable, or PSP, is Sony's first video game console to be a handheld. It was made in Japan and came out there first on December 12, 2004. After that, it came out in North America on March 24, 2005 and came out in Europe on September 1, 2005. It was first announced in 2003 at E3 and then next year its first design was shown off. It can play PSP video games, as well as music, video, and pictures. To transfer music, videos, or pictures to a PSP, you must use a USB cable to send the files from a computer to it. The games and movies come on a disc called the "Universal Media Disc" which holds 1.8 GB (this is a lot more than a normal CD, but less than a DVD). A Memory Stick Pro Duo can also be used for memory storage. The PlayStation Portable is the first handheld game console to use a disc as its media storage instead of a cartridge.

In January 2014, shipments of the PlayStation Portable ended in North America. They also ended in June 2014 in Japan and ended shipments to Europe by the end of 2014.

Games and movies
There are over 700 games for the PSP. The movies look like the DVD. The reason the PSP can have movies is because the disc (Universal Media Disc) has a lot of memory space. In many countries, Spider-Man 2 (the movie) was included for free with the console.

Wireless
The PSP is wireless, meaning it can connect to the Internet (and other PlayStation Portables) without any cables. This is called Wi-Fi. This allows players who are traveling to download items, surf the web and play online. The PlayStation Portable can also connect with the PlayStation 3 as a sort of remote control for movie playback and for downloading content.

Versions
There are five versions of the PlayStation Portable, the PSP-1000 (also known as "PSP fat"), PSP-2000 ("slim and light" edition, a lighter version of the original PSP), PSP-3000 ("bright and light" edition, that includes a built in microphone and improved LCD), PSP-N1000 (or PSP Go, with a sliding screen design, bluetooth and internal storage of 16GB replacing the UMD drive.) and PSP-E1000 (similar to PSP-3000, but without stereo sound, Wi-Fi and microphone).
Sony subsequently released the successor to the PSP, the PlayStation Vita, in Japan on December 17, 2011 and starting worldwide on February 22, 2012.

Competition
The PlayStation Portable is similar to the Nintendo DS, because they are both for games you can take with you. However, Nintendo and Sony said they were made for different people. The DS has sold more units than the PSP.

References

2004 establishments
2014 disestablishments
Handheld video games
PlayStation
Sony
Sony consoles
Flamenco is a style of baile and was founded in Sevilla contrary to what VHL says. It is a form of entertainment with song, music and dance. It is very popular in Spain and is known worldwide. Its foundation is in Andalusia in Spain. In its evolution Andalusian gypsies played an important part.  The term 'flamenco' was first recorded in the late 18th century but many believe the art form is much older.

Flamenco has acoustic guitar music, singing, hand claps, heel stamps, castanets. It is danced by a man and a woman in traditional Spanish costumes. The dance has no set tempo. It may have both fast and slow passages, rising to a climax near the end. 

Flamenco performance has evolved during the history of this musical genre. In the beginning (the 18th century at the latest), songs were sung without any guitar accompaniment. During the 19th century, the guitar was used to accompany songs. Since the second half of the 19th century, the solo guitar is played in flamenco concerts.

On November 16, 2010, UNESCO declared Flamenco one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Related pages 
Carmen Amaya
Antonio Ruiz Soler

References

Other websites 
Examples of flamenco:
Traditional flamenco 
Traditional flamenco by José Greco 
Notable for the voice and guitar as well as the dance by Sara Barras 
Ramon Ruiz group 

Music genres
Dance types
Entertainment
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Cream was a British rock band in the late 1960s. They played and recorded together from 1966 to 1968. The members of the group were Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker. They were called a power trio, as there were three musicians, who all played essential roles in the band. Their sound of heavy blues-rock was a great influence on many other bands.  They were one of the most skilled rock bands of all time; the guitarist and bassist were capable of soloing at the same time.  Clapton helped pioneer the use of the wah-wah pedal and played a famous guitar called The Fool.  Clapton developed what he called the "woman tone" on his guitar, while Bruce played a fretless bass guitar, and Baker played unusual rhythms on drums to create the band's distinctive sound.

Cream's hit records included the songs "Strange Brew", "Sunshine Of Your Love" and "White Room". Their last album, titled Goodbye, included a song called "Badge", co-written by Eric Clapton and George Harrison of The Beatles.

Albums 
 Fresh Cream (1966)
 Disraeli Gears (1967)
 Wheels of Fire (1968)
 Goodbye (1969)

Other websites
 Hear Cream on the Pop Chronicles.

1966 establishments in England
1968 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English rock bands

Musical groups established in 1966

Musical groups from London
Musical trios
Blind Faith was an English rock-blues band. The band was only together for about one year (1969). It was formed by Eric Clapton who had been in the band Cream. Also in the band were Ginger Baker (who was Cream's drummer) and Rick Grech (who was in the band "Family"). Clapton, Winwood, and many other people had high expectations for the new band, but many people did not like the new stuff they were doing. Many people wanted to hear music like Cream made.  The name of the band came about as a result of the "blind faith" shown by many people. These people had thought that the band would go on to greatness. Many people did not like the band and they broke up. Before they broke up, they released a self-titled album. It caused controversy because it only had six songs and featured a naked teenage girl holding a toy airplane on the cover. This image upset some people.

English rock bands
Blues bands
The Guess Who is a Canadian rock band. They formed in Winnipeg in 1963 and broke up in 1975. Their best known songs include, American Woman, Share The Land, No Time, and These Eyes.

The band was inducted into The Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1987.

References

Guess Who
Canadian hard rock bands
Folk music groups
Blues bands
People from Manitoba
Musical groups established in 1963
1963 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Musical groups established in 1977
1977 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in Canada
(The digestive system is the parts of the body that  digest food. )(It is also called the gastrointestinal system.)( It breaks down food into simple chemicals which can be  absorbed into the blood stream).( From the blood stream, nutrients go to the liver).which is a kind of chemical factory for the body.( The liver adjusts the nutrients so that the mix is what the body needs.) 

(In the stomach, gastric acid is introduced. This is basically dilute hydrochloric acid.) It is very reactive and has a pH level of 1.5 to 3.5. The stomach has a layer of mucus to protect itself from the acid. 

(The digestive system also gets rid of waste material. The gastrointestinal system starts at the lips and ends at the anus. )Animals like worms, insects, mammals, birds, fish, and people all have digestive systems.

(The digestive system is not just the but also other organs which help us digest food).( For example, digestive enzymes are needed to break down carbohydrates and meat into substances which an be absorbed.)

The parts of the human, and many other animals, digestive system are:
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus

Other organs that are part of the gastrointestinal system but are not part of the gut are:
Liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
Salivary glands, lips, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, thyroid, and parathyroids
Food does not go through these organs. But they help the gut digest the food. They also have other work. For example, the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin.

There are many diseases that affect the gastrointestinal system. Doctors who study the gastrointestinal tract are called gastroenterologists.

References 

Digestive system
Friedrich Engels II (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German political thinker. With his best friend Karl Marx, Engels wrote about Communism. They wrote the famous book The Communist Manifesto together.

Life 
Friedrich Engels II was born in Barmen, Germany in 1820. His father was a very rich factory owner, and he sent Friedrich to England to run one of the factories. The way the workers were living at his father's factories made Engels upset with the class system. At about this time, he began to write about politics and workers' struggles.

In 1844 he met Karl Marx in France and the two became friends and began to write together. The two men worked together until Marx's death in 1883.

After Marx died, Engels spent the rest of his life editing and translating Marx' writings. He also wrote about women and marriage. He died of throat cancer in London in 1895.

1820 births
1895 deaths
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from throat cancer
German atheists
German communists
German philosophers
German politicians
German writers
Marxism
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Rosa Luxemburg (5 March 1871 in Zamość, Russian Poland – 15 January 1919 in Berlin) was a Polish-Jewish Marxist politician working in both Poland and Germany. Her birth name was Rosalia Luxemburg. She was born into a Jewish family. She was the fifth child of her parents. Her father was a wood trader/timber trader. His name was Eliasz Luxemburg III. Her mother's name was Line (maiden name: Löwenstein).

Publications
In one of her earliest publications, 'Reform or Revolution?' (1900) Luxemburg accepted Marx's argument that capitalism promoted exploitation and was at odds with humanity's natural, fraternal instincts. She also agreed that evolutionary socialism was impossible: only revolution could create real change. However, like Lenin, she had little sympathy for Marx's 'historicism' and denied that for a revolution to occur, capitalism would have to reach an advanced stage of development. However, Luxemburg's analysis of how the revolution should come would distinguish her from both Marx and Lenin.

Life
After WW1 Luxemburg helped establish the German Communist Party (KDP). She organised a socialist uprising in Germany but was killed by a right-wing group called the Freikorps. Rosa Luxemburg made many new communist ideas that continue to influence communism today. Rosa Luxemburg supported the Russian Revolution led by Lenin and Trotsky, but she saw them both as making undemocratic mistakes in organizing what was supposed to be a more democratic nation. She also insisted the freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of speech and abolition of death penalty. In 1913 she published an essay "The Accumulation of Capital" that urges that capital accumulation causes the imperialism. 

Rosa Luxemburg was murdered-executed by the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision of the Freikorps.

1871 births
1919 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
20th-century German philosophers
Executed German people
German communists
German murder victims
Jewish atheists
Jewish feminists
Jewish German politicians
Jewish philosophers
Jewish women politicians
Marxism
Murders by firearm in Germany
People executed by firearm
Polish Jews
Socialists
20th-century Polish philosophers
The Coachella Valley is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is famous as a resort destination and an agricultural region. It is a dry rift valley.

The cities of the Coachella Valley from west to east are:

Desert Hot Springs
Palm Springs
Cathedral City
Rancho Mirage
Palm Desert
Indian Wells
La Quinta
Indio
Coachella

Many people visit the area during tourist season, which is from September to June. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification) Winter in the Coachella Valley is warm. Summer is very hot, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade. Although the area is a desert, there is lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River. The weather is so similar to that in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates.  A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.

One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs. The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up.

Valleys of California
Riverside County, California
Derivative work is a phrase used in copyright law. It is a piece of work (for example: a novel, a song or a painting) that is based on what someone else created.

Copyright law says that if someone writes a book, draws a picture, or writes a song, then it belongs to them. Other people are not allowed to copy it unless the person who created it says that they can. This is important because it means the person who created the work can sell what they created and get money.

A derivative work is one that is based on something else. If a person watches a movie, and then writes a story about the people in the movie, that story is a derivative work. If after hearing a song, someone sings the same tune with different words, the song they sung is a derivative work.

In the law, if someone else has a copyright on something, no one is allowed to create a derivative work unless they say it is allowed. So if someone watches a movie, they are not allowed to write a story about the people in the movie unless the people who made the movie give them permission.

This only applies to the things that are known about by the person creating the work. If a movie is made, but they do not go and see the movie, and then they write a book that has the same story as the movie, that is not a derivative work.

Intellectual property law
A prefix is a part of a word or a word, within a word. It is put at the start of another word to make a different meaning. It can also mean a number that is put in at the start to show which number something is in a group. It is a type of affix.
compound nouns (in other cases also compound adjectives).
 
The following examples illustrate real prefixes.

Often people want to use a prefix to mean not. There are many prefixes that mean not.
 Unnatural means not natural.
 Apolitical means not political.
 Nonviolent means not violent.
 Indirect means not direct

We also learnt the prefixes anti which means against and auto is used to mean self or own

Some examples of these prefixes:

antisocial which means non social

anti glare which means it will prevent sun and light glare on a screen

autograph which means a person's signature

autopilot which means working by itself

Other examples of prefixes:

 bicentennial (and other number related prefixes: mono, ter/tri, tetra, quadro, penta, hepta, octo, nano etc.)
 contradiction
 encompass
 paratrooper
 percent
 periscope
 prototype
 polytechnical
 react
 semicolon

Scientists and doctors use prefixes in many words.
 Hepato- is a prefix that means liver. So hepatocellular means 'about liver cells'.
 Hydro- is a prefix that means water. So Hydroelectric dams are dams that make electricity from the flow of water.
 Pre- or Ante- are prefixes that mean before. Prenatal diagnostics is the diagnostics done before the birth of a baby.
 Post- is a prefix that means after. Post-traumatic experience would be an experience that was made after trauma.
 
Sometimes people make up words by adding a prefix. These words are not in a dictionary. But if people use these words enough, sometimes they go into dictionaries.
For example, we can make the word unsimple, which splits up into not simple. This is not a word in a dictionary.

Compare to suffix. Suffixes are letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.

Grammar
UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (). It is an agency of the United Nations (UN). 

UNESCO says its purpose, as defined just after the end of World War II, is "to build the defenses of peace in the minds of men and women". It does this by helping nations work together, through education for all, science, and culture. This is supposed to help other nations follow the rule of law and human rights. It also helps promote some freedoms in the UN Charter.

UNESCO has 195 Member countries.

UNESCO tries to achieve what it wants to do through six programs: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information. Some projects sponsored by UNESCO are literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes. UNESCO also decides what will become World Heritage Sites. A World Heritage Site is an important, special, interesting or beautiful place. If a place is a World Heritage Site, the place can not be destroyed, as it can give useful information for the future. The Uluru, for example, gives a lot of information on the culture of Aborigines. UNESCO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. and works for Millennium Development Goals.

References

Other websites 

Official site of UNESCO on which you can find extra information

 
Cultural organizations
Scientific organizations
Educational organizations
1945 establishments
The nationality of a person is that person's legal relationship with a state, for example a Swedish person's legal relationship with the kingdom of Sweden. Nationality is not identical to citizenship but in the majority of states most of the population are both citizens and nationals. Dual nationality means that the person has a legal relationship with two different states at the same time, for example with the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The rights and duties of individual people and the states they belong to vary from country to country. 

"Nationality" can take on different meanings depending on the country, language and culture in question. For example, someone of Italian descent may be called "Italian" even if the individual, a member of the Italian diaspora, has no right to an Italian passport and citizenship. In past centuries, the usual meaning of "nationality" was not political, but rather meant membership in an ethnic group. In modern cases such as in airports, when officials ask your "nationality," they are asking to see the passport you use for travel to foreign countries.

Notes

 
International law
Race has many meanings in English. It can mean:
To go very fast – he raced to the store
A competition between people  - the race for the US presidency
Racing, a competition about speed – the Tour de France is an important bicycle race
Race (biology), a group smaller than a species. Members of different races can have sex and make babies, but they are separate (usually because they live in different places) - a large race of birds lives on this island
Race (sociology),  of the human species based on  physical characteristics that are passed on to succeeding generations.  
Race (anthropology) groups humans are often divided into based on physical traits often common among shared ancestry.  
The human race means all people - the human race is destroying the environment
Medical ethics is the set of ethical rules that doctors follow. These ideas tell doctors how they should treat patients.

The earliest set of ethical ideas in medicine was the Hippocratic oath. (An oath is a special promise.) It was supposed to be written by Hippocrates but probably was not written by him.

Principles 
There are 6 major principles (important ideas):
 Beneficences - a doctor must do things that are good for the patient (the doctor is giving medical care to.)
 Non-maleficence – a doctor must not try to hurt his patients.
 Autonomy - the patient can say he does not want to be treated
 Justice – talks about what is fair in giving people medicines and care. It talks about who gets what treatments.
 Dignity - the patient (and the doctor) have the right to dignity (respect for someone as a person)
 Truthfulness (being honest) – the doctor must tell the patient the truth

Medical ethics questions 
Here are some kinds of medical ethics questions:
 If there is not enough of a medicine to treat every person who has a disease who should get the medicine?
 If a baby has a disease that will kill him very soon, what should a doctor do if the baby's mother says she does not want the baby to be helped?
 A patient has an injury that cannot be helped and that will kill them in a few minutes. The patient asks a doctor “am I going to die?” What should the doctor say?
If a man has stage four cancer but only wants hollistic medicine, should you treat him with chemotherapy anyway?

Related pages
Bioethics
Conflict of interest
Informed consent
Right to die

Medicine
Ethics
Sperm are the male reproductive cells. Most animals and plants use sperm to reproduce. They have different ways of making and releasing the sperm. In all cases the sperm meets with the egg of the female and grow into a new organism.

The name sperm is taken from the Greek word sperma meaning seed.

An animal sperm cell is capable of movement, as it has to get to the uterus to meet with the ovum. Animal sperm cells (including humans) have small 'head' and a long tail called a flagellum. The flagellum acts like a motor to propel the sperm cell through the female reproductive system.

In humans 
Human sperm is made in the testicles of a man. Human sperm contains 23 chromosomes. A human needs 46 chromosomes, so a sperm cell is called a haploid as it only has half. The other half is contained within the ovum or egg of a female. During sex, semen is shot out of the man's penis during ejaculation.
Semen carries the sperm into the woman's vagina and down to the ovum in the uterus. During ejaculation millions of sperm cells are released, but only one hundred or so reach the egg.
The egg can merge with one sperm cell that reaches it.  Because it now has 46 chromosomes, it is called a diploid, like ordinary cells of the body. This diploid is called a zygote, and it can grow into a fetus and eventually a baby.

In plants 

Some plants such as ferns and mosses have sperm that move. Flowering plant sperm cells cannot move by themselves. The flowering plant sperm cells are contained within pollen grains.
Thus, they rely on transportation to take their sperm cells to other plants. For example, a bee lands on a plant to collect the nectar. Some pollen will get stuck to the bee. The bee moves on to another plant and the pollen falls onto that plant. The sperm is moved down a pollen tube until it reaches the ovule at the bottom of the flower.

References 

Biological reproduction
Human sexuality
Bilbao is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain. There are 350,000 people living in Bilbao. 

In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay. Bilbao has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Bilbao was an industrial city, but today it is a tourist city. There are many things to see in Bilbao:

 Guggenheim Museum (Modern Art)
 Bellas Artes Museum (Fine Art)
 University of Deusto
 Metro Bilbao (Bilbao's Underground)
 Bilbao's Town Hall
 Arriaga Theatre
 Casco Viejo (Old City)
 St. Jacob's Cathedral
 Virgin Begoña's Basilic
 Gran Vía (Great Avenue)
 Plaza del Sagrado Corazón (Christ's Holy Heart Square)
 San Mamés stadium

Related pages
 Vitoria-Gasteiz

Other websites 
 Bilbao's official website
 Bilbao's Chamber of Commerce official tourism website
 Scholars on Bilbao: This website encompasses academic works that analyse the urban regeneration of the city of Bilbao (e.g. strategic plans, infrastructures, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and dilemmas, cultural tourism, gentrification, uneven development, creative industries, artists ... etc).

 
Capital cities in Spain
Below is a list of animated movies from Walt Disney Pictures/The Walt Disney Company. For a list of live-action movies from the company, see List of Disney movies.

The following is a list of movies which are said to be the Walt Disney Feature Animation (WDFA) canon. They are also known as the Walt Disney Animated Classics. The canon includes animated movies that were or are being produced entirely by WDFA. Movies which are not part of the canon are movies which include both animation and live-action, spin-offs from Disney television programs, the direct-to-video movies produced by the DisneyToons studio in Australia (some of which received theatrical releases), or the Pixar movies (which Disney "presents" but does not produce). WDFA once announced that Home on the Range (released April 2, 2004) would be its final traditionally animated movie. They also said that from Chicken Little (released November 4, 2005) onwards, all future WDFA movies will be computer animated. However, this changed in July 2006 when a new traditionally animated movie, The Princess and the Frog, was revealed to be in development.

Movies

Released

Films distributed by Miramax

Notes:

Upcoming 

  Live-action/animation hybrid
  Not produced, but released by Disney under its label.

Related pages
 Pixar
 List of Disney characters

References

References

Release Notes

Studio/Production Notes

Studio Ghibli films original release dates

Other websites 
 Walt Disney Animation Studios History
 

Lists of movies
This is a list of movies produced by Disney and its current label, Walt Disney Pictures. In December 14th 2017 - The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion. All films listed are theatrical releases and/or US films unless specified. Films labeled with a ‡ symbol signify a direct-to-video release or streaming release exclusively through Disney+; a † symbol signifies a premium video on demand release through Disney+; a § symbol signifies a simultaneous release to theatres and on premium video on demand; a * symbol signifies a non-US film.

Movies not on this list
Movies not produced by Walt Disney Pictures are not on this list, even if they distributed it. This list also does not include movies labeled, produced or distributed by other Disney imprints or subsidiaries, and does not include any direct-to-video releases or theatrical re-releases. Disney films; Disney, Pixar, Touchstone Pictures, Miramax Films, Hollywood Pictures, Marvel Comics, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, 20th Century Animation, Searchlight Pictures, Blue Sky Studios 

This list is not for movies produced by Disneynature or Touchstone Pictures.

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

Footnotes:
TV - premiered as TV program; re-edited for theatrical release

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Upcoming

Undated films

In development

Notes

References

Other websites
 Complete Canon of Disney Animated Films 

 Disney Movie Database (Unofficial)
 

Lists of movies
Honey is a food made by honeybees from nectar. They put the honey into a honeycomb, which for them is a storage unit. Honey is sweet and can be used instead of sugar. It is a supersaturated liquid. As the temperature drops, glucose comes out of solution. Then it is a semi-solid rather than a liquid.

Honey is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and is often linked with pleasant and comfortable things. "Land of Milk and honey".
It is also referenced in the Qur'an, with similar associations to good and evil.

The name honey is derived from the Old English "hunig.

Much like wine, there are several kinds of honey with different tastes, colors and textures. Some common types are got from bees who use the clover flower's pollen. It is thick and has a medium color. It tends to form crystals or grains more quickly when exposed to air. Acacia flowers make another common variety.

Honey from bees using flowers from oleanders, rhododendrons, some laurels, and azaleas may cause honey intoxication. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, sweating, nausea, and vomiting.  

Expert beekeepers solve this problem by moving their hives to areas where the right flowers are available. Bees like to get their nectar locally, and do not go more than two miles from the hive.

Honey tastes quite different according to which flowers the bees used. Key things are its smell, taste and how clear it is; also no bad qualities.

Classification

Source of flower
Honey can be classified by the type of flower that the bees make the honey from.

Blended
Most commercially available honey is a mixture of two or more honeys that differ in the source of the flower, color, flavor, density, or geographic origin.

Polyfloral
Polyfloral honey, also called wildflower honey, is gotten from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may be different from year to year, and the smell and the taste can be more or less powerful, depending on which flowers are blooming.

Monofloral
Monofloral honey is made mainly from the nectar of one type of flower. To make monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in place where the bees have access, as far as possible, to only one type of flower. However, a small amount of any monofloral honey will be from other flower types.

Classification by packaging and processing
Honey can be classified by packaging and processing.
 Crystallized honey: Crystallized honey is when some of the glucose content has immediately crystallized from the mixture as the monohydrate. It is also called "granulated honey" or "candied honey". Honey that has crystallized can become liquid by warming.

Worldwide production

In 2017, the world produced 1.9million tonnes of honey. China produced 29% of the world total. Other major producers were Turkey, Iran, United States, and Ukraine.

References

Other websites

Spreads
Natural resources
Beekeeping
Surgery is an operation that involves cutting, taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body. Doctors who do surgeries are called surgeons. Many surgeons are experts in certain areas; for example, a surgeon that operates on bones is called an orthopaedic surgeon.

Surgery (operations) can be very simple, like taking a tooth out. Surgery can also be very complicated, like repairing a damaged heart.

Operating rooms have to be very clean places. The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done. Regular cleaning of the room and its tools keeps everything clean and germ-free.

Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free. The only people allowed there are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient.

When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with general anaesthesia. When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything. In some kinds of surgery local anesthesia (stopping the pain in the place where the cutting is done) is enough.

In recent years, many patients that cannot get the required surgery in their own country, or find the costs too high, travel to another country for medical care. This is called medical tourism.

Related pages
 Plastic surgery
Heaven also known as Paradise or garden is a place where good people go when they die. It is a concept of the afterlife (what happens after somebody dies) in many religions. Some people who believe in heaven say it is a perfect place. They believe heaven is where people go after they die if they have been good in life. Some people also believe in Hell, a place bad people go when they die if they have been bad in life. Ideas of Heaven and Hell are not the same in all religions.

In Christianity
According to the Bible, there are different meanings for the word:
Sky – the atmosphere that covers the Earth. The first time that it rained, it says, God opened "the windows of heaven."
Outer space – the sun, moon, stars, planets, etc.
The place where God lives and rules eternally. The people called prophets in the Bible, like Isaiah, often spoke of a physical Kingdom of Heaven that will occupy a new Earth, and ruled by God (Messiah) in the flesh himself, where we will have physical bodies that do not die.

The Bible does not have a lot to say about what it looks like. The apostle Paul tells about a vision he had of being taken up to "the third heaven," where he saw and heard things too wonderful to describe. But, much of what Christians believe Heaven to be like comes from the vision that John saw in a vision while praying, including:
The glory of God is the light (no sun)
Heaven is where all the true believers go. 
You never sleep because of your purified new body
Has 12 gates made of pearl
Walls made of jasper
Streets made of pure gold
A river of life
Trees on each side of the river

Catholics believe Mary is the Queen of Heaven, officially defined by Pope Pius XII in 1954. However many Protestants see this as not in the Bible.

In Islam

According to the Quran and Hadith, Heaven is a place of reward for those believers who accept the true faith and practices the teaching of Prophet Muhammad. The eternal life will be perfect, with thousands of types of food and clothing more beautiful than humans could ever imagine. There will also be no sad feelings, stress or pain and related problems of life.

In Bahá'í Faith

Baha'is believe that Heaven or (hell) being specific places as symbolic. The Aqdas, the holy book of Baha'is, along with other Baha'i books, describe heaven as a "spiritual condition" where being close to God is called heaven. Hell is seen as being separated from God. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, said that the afterlife is beyond human understanding.

In Paganism
Summerland is the name given by Wiccans and other Pagan (old European religions) to their belief of afterlife (life after death).

References

Afterlife
Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The CPUs do not have to be the same. Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.

Related pages
 Multitasking
 Multithreading
 Multi-core processor

Computer science
Multitasking means that a computer can run more than one item of software in the same time frame, as in switching between several computer programs running on a single CPU. It can also refer to a person who is working on more than one task at the same time (for instance, talking on the telephone while filing papers).

In computing 
Computers which can appear to run more than one program even with only one CPU. Computer scientists solve the problem that a CPU can only do one thing at a time by programming it so that it switches rapidly between tasks. This happens so rapidly that it appears that the computer is running more than one program at once. This is called "multiprogramming". This action is often controlled by the operating system (OS) controlling the hardware of the system.

The more things the computer has to do at once, the more time it has to spend deciding which to give more time to, and the less time each one receives. This tends to make the computer perform its tasks more slowly, unless it uses a multi-core processor, acting as multiple CPUs, which is called "multiprocessing".

Related pages 
 Multiprocessing
 Multithreading

Computer science
Multithreading means that a computer can work on different parts of the same program at the same time. This usually allows the program to run faster.

Related pages
Multitasking
Multiprocessing
Multi-core processor

computer science
Fertilization (British English spelling: fertilisation) is when a male's sperm enters a female's ovum (or "egg"). Fertilization is also called conception. Biologists call a fertilized egg a zygote. A zygote grows into an embryo.

Fertilization occurs in animals, including humans and birds, in plants, fungi, protists, in fact all eukaryotes. Fertilization makes a cell with twice as many chromosomes. The eukaryote life cycle includes meiosis which divides the chromosome number in half.

In animals
In animals, there are two types of fertilization, internal and external. Internal fertilization happens in the female body. External fertilization happens outside of the body. Mammals, birds, and reptiles use internal fertilization. Amphibians and most fish use external fertilization. Some animals with internal fertilization give birth to live offspring. Others such as birds, most reptiles, and some mammals such as the Platypus, lay eggs.

Internal fertilization happens during mating (sexual intercourse in humans). Sperm cells travel from the male testicles to the female uterus. One sperm attaches to the egg in the uterus. Together, they become a zygote.

Related pages
Alternation of generations
Mating
Population growth

References 

Biological reproduction