cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Philips Sport Vereniging (English: Philips Sports Union), widely known either as PSV or PSV Eindhoven, is a sports club from Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is best known for its professional football (soccer) section.

Honours

National
Eredivisie: 24
 Winners: 1928–29, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1962–63, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
KNVB Cup: 9
 Winners: 1949–50, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1995–96, 2004–05, 2011–12
Johan Cruyff Shield: 11
 Winners: 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2016 (Record)

International
European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 1
 Winners: 1987–88
UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League: 1
 Winners: 1977–78

Current players

First-team squad

Players out on loan

League position

Former position

References

1910s establishments in the Netherlands
1913 establishments in Europe
Dutch football clubs
Eindhoven
BeatrIX is a GNU/Linux,live CD-based Linux distribution started by Steven Watsky, it was designed to look very simple, in order to be as easy to use as possible to new users. A new BeatrIX desktop has just four icons (e-mail, instant messaging, word processing and web browser). Hence, anyone who has some computer experience will be able to use BeatrIX.

BeatrIX is a small operating system, taking up only 200MB. The liveCD fits into 80 mm discs that can store up to 184 MB of data.

BeatrIX uses Linux 2.6.7 and GNOME 2.8 as its GUI desktop. It has productivity tools such as OpenOffice.org 1.1.2, Mozilla Firefox (version 1.0) web browser, Gaim (version 1.0), etc.

BeatrIX has been discontinued since 2005 due to Steven Watsky's lapse in health. Another distro called BeaFanatIX is using the code of BeatrIX and continuing development.

Related pages
 GNU/Linux
List of Linux distributions

Other websites 
Softpedia BeatrIX Linux
BeaFanatIX home page 
Download BeatriX

Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
Dreamlinux was a Linux distribution, a collection of computer programs that is designed for the use of the Linux operating system on a computer.  The Dreamlinux distribution was made in Brazil, and is based on Debian, another commonly-used Linux distribution.  Dreamlinux can be used in Portuguese.

Methods of booting

There are several ways to use Dreamlinux to run the Linux operating system on a computer.
 Using a compact disc called a live CD, the computer user can start up (or boot) the operating system straight from the disc without installing anything on the computer.
 The user can boot Dreamlinux in the same way from an external flash drive containing the programs, connected to the computer through a USB port.
 The user can install the programs in Dreamlinux on a computer's internal hard drive and run them from there.

Graphical User Interface
Most operating systems have a graphical user interface, or GUI, which allows the user to interact with the programs using a graphical display.  The GUI which Dreamlinux uses looks similar to the one used by Apple's Mac OS X operating system, with a toolbar in the center.  The user can also download the "Engage" theme, which gives the toolbar some animated aspects.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions
 Xfce

Other websites 
 Official Dreamlinux site 
 Official English forum

Debian-based Linux distributions
The Cluniac (Clunian) Reform was a series of changes within medieval monasticism. The reforms focused on restoring the traditional life in the monasteries. Monasteries should encourage the production of artworks. They should also care for the poor. 

The reform is named after the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy. It started in the Benedictine order there. The reform was largely carried out by Saint Odo. It spread through France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), England and much of Italy and Spain.  

The reform was stated, because there was corruption in the Benedictine order. People thought this corruption came because people that were not priests and that came from outside the monasteries interfered with them. A Benetictine monastery needed land. This land was given by a Feudal lord. By giving the land, the lord would become the patron of the monastery.  However, he would often demand the right to interfere in the business of the monastery. The Cluny reform was an attempt to change this practice. A more independent abbot would have better success at enforcing the Rule of the order, it was thought.  William of Aquitaine formed the first Cluny monastery in 910 with the novel stipulation that the monastery would report directly to the pope rather than to a local lord. This meant essentially that the monastery would be independent, since the pope's authority was largely theoretical at that distance.   
    
During its height (about 950–c.1130) the Cluniac movement was one of the largest religious forces in Europe. Among the most notable reform supporters were Pope Urban II, Lambert of Hersfeld and Abbot Richard of Saint Vannes at Verdun. The Cluniacs were supporters of the  Peace of God concept, as well as pilgrimages to the Holy Lands.

Notes

References 
Southern, R.W., Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages, London: Penguin Books, 1970.

Roman Catholicism
Middle Ages
Trutnov is a city in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic.

Trutnov
Ageing or aging is the many changes that happen in an individual over time. In living things, ageing includes most physical and psychological changes which happen after adulthood.

Senescence is the biological process which leads to ageing. There have been many attempts to answer the question: why do animals (especially humans) age?

In one way, ageing begins at birth, because cell division and growth is fastest then, and gradually slows down as time goes on.

In another way, ageing starts when the likelihood of death increases. Actuarial tables show the likelihood of death at each stage of life. These tables are used by insurance companies to assess the rates of insurance on life policies and pensions. It turns out that we are least likely to die when we are young adults. For girls this is as early as 14. The reason suggested by biologists (such as Peter Medawar and George C. Williams) is that this is the time most significant for reproduction, or was in mankind's past. The assumption is that the peak age of reproduction in mankind's history was lower than today. A gene can be expressed at various stages of life. Any allele of a gene which interfered with reproduction would have less chance of passing on to the next generation. The number of such genes in the population would automatically be reduced. Thus natural selection would virtually eliminate any inherited effect which reduced fertility.

However, later in life, inherited defects would have little or no effect on the population as a whole. In fact, during life our cells collect damage to their DNA which is random, but causes us to become gradually less fit as we age. And we have some cell types which never, or rarely, divide during adult life. Muscle cells and most neurons never divide in adult life. Obviously, they collect damage, and not just to the DNA. Also, we inherit various genetic conditions which have effect later in life, like Huntington's chorea. The twin effects of delayed heredity and buildup of damage is what makes us age. Protists do not age: they divide, and the next generation is just as good as the last. Why do even our dividing cells collect damage? The answer to that question is not known, but may be connected to a a cell division phenomenon.

Related pages
Apoptosis
Gerontology
Hayflick limit
Death
Old age
Supercentenarian

References 

Biology
Gerontology
Physical attractiveness means the different characteristics of someone's physical appearance that different people consider to be beautiful in other humans. Physical attractiveness can also include sexual attractiveness, ideas about beauty, proportions, muscular development, and appearance. 

Physical attractiveness means different things to different people and to different human cultures. There is no single definition of physical attractiveness.

In men, physical attractiveness may include slim waist and height. Female physical attractiveness might include youth, waist-hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference, body mass proportion and facial symmetry.

References 

Society
Fitness
A souvenir (from French, for memory), memento or keepsake is an object a traveler brings home for the memories created during a trip. It can be a postcard, statue, magnet or little things that represent the place. Often bought as a gift for family or friends to share the memory with them.

Online gift shops
Online gift shops are websites which sell products online that will be given to other people.

Related pages 
Retail
Online shopping

Tourism
Panel could mean:

A committee or jury used to decide some matter, such as in a court
Control panel (engineering), a flat area with controls and indicators. Commonly found in aircraft but may be on the operation of any machinery
Panel painting, in art, either one element of a multi-element piece of art, such as a triptych, a piece of sequential art such as a graphic novel or comic strip, or a wooden panel used to paint a picture on
breaker panel, a flat area with electrical circuit breakers
panel data, a longitudinal statistical study in which one group of individuals are interviewed at intervals over a given period of time
Panel (comics), a single image in a comic book, comic strip or cartoon; also, a comic strip containing one such image
A flat or sculptured area that is part of a larger structure such as a piece of furniture or one element of a multi-panel screen.
Panel (computer software), a widget or a control panel
Panel Switch, a type of electromechanical telephone switching system made by the Bell System in the 1920s
Structural insulated panel, a building system for construction
The Panel, an Australian talk show
The Panel (Ireland), an Irish talk show
A committee in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong that does specific areas, known elsewhere as select committee or standing committee
Jammu is a city in Jammu and Kashmir.  It is on the banks of the Tawi River which is a tributary of the Chenab River. The Dogri language is spoken here among Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. Jammu is called ‘city of temples’ because the Hindu temples are in huge numbers there.

There is an archeological site called Manda in Jammu.

References

Other websites

Cities in Jammu and Kashmir
Capital cities in India
St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna is also called Stephansdom

St. Stephan's Cathedral  is a baroque Cathedral. It was finished in 1688 in Passau, Germany.  It is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Passau and the main church of his diocese.

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Cathedrals in Germany
Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Pashto (Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It is the provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.  

Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. It has two main dialects, western dialect and eastern dialect. The small difference between these two dialects is in the use of sounds.

Related pages
Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Pakistan

References

Further reading

Morgenstierne, Georg. "The Place of Pashto among the Iranic Languages and the Problem of the Constitution of Pashtun Linguistic and Ethnic Unity." Paṣto Quarterly 1.4 (1978): 43-55.

Iranian languages
Languages of Pakistan
Pashto
Languages of Afghanistan
Shina (also known as Tshina) is a Dardic language spoken by a some people in Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan.

References

Dardic languages
Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Boudry. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 82,690.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Kogho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 15,524.

References 

Departments of Burkina Faso
Méguet is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According to 1996 estimates, it has a population of 34,668.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Mogtédo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 44,668.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Leh is a city in the Leh District of Ladakh. It was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh. Leh is at an altitude of , at a distance from the right bank of the Indus River.

The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former home of the royal family of Ladakh. The palace resembles a mini version of the Potala Palace in Tibet. Leh and other places of Ladakh are renowned for Buddhist culture and monasteries. The wonders of this land include golden statue of Buddha, high class paintings, ancient manuscripts and the monasteries. The famous moasteries include Hemis, Aalchi, Chuglamsar, Mulbekh, Shey, Spitak, and Thiksey. The mosque of Leh was built by prince Namgyal Singe in 1594. The mosque is a fine model of Turkish and Iranian architecture.

The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, Sultan Sadruddin was a Ladakhi. His real name was Gialpo, (Prince) Renchan. He came down to Kashmir Valley in the reign of Raja Sahdev and acquired a place in the courtiers of the army Chief Ram Chandra. By and by he succeeded in rising to the throne in 1324. He married Ram Chandra's daughter Kotarani who later on proved to be a courageous and enterprising lady. King Renchan embraced Islam at the hands of a Muslim saint and preacher Abdur Rehman, Bulbul Shah and adopted the name of Sultan Saruddin for himself. He died in 1327 after ruling the country far a short period of 3 years.

A Mughal chieftain Haider Douglat attempted to invade Kashmir for the first time in 1542 through Ladakh. In June 1715, two Italian priests Epo Lito and Emanuel Khariray reached Leh from Rome via Srinagar. There is a small community of Christians in Leh now. In the past, Leh has been an important centre for trade between India and the states of Turkestan. A road leads to Central Asian countries from here through the Karakoram Pass.

Jammu and Kashmir
Zam is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zam. According to 1996 estimates, it has a population of 39,259.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Zorgho is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zorgho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 49,648.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Srinagar (, ) is a city in Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern Indian occupied Kashmir region. It is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

 
Capital cities in India
Zoungou is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zoungou. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 29,753.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Pakistan's official national religion is Islam, and about 97% of the people in Pakistan follow Islam.  But there are people of many other religions living in Pakistan.

Christianity 
Christians are the largest minority group in Pakistan. They live all over the country.  Pakistani Christians belong to many ethnic groups and speak many languages.  There are many different churches, and many different types of churches, in most cities in Pakistan. 

Although Pakistani Christians do not only do one type of job, they have often done a lot of work in areas like health care, education, railways and the police force. They are also starting to do a lot of work in the civil and defence services.

Hinduism 
Hindus are the second biggest minority in Pakistan. 

These are people (and children of people) who followed the Hindu religion during the days when Pakistan and India were together. In those days, they were part of the lowest caste. They were called "untouchable," and had to do work that no one else would do.

In a "caste system," there are different groups of people who are thought of as more or less important than each other.  People would become a member of their caste when they were born, because their parents were part of that group. The lowest caste was thought of as the least important of all.

In Pakistan today, the law says that people are not allowed to treat this group badly. But people still do treat them badly, and make them do jobs that do not pay much money.  Now some of these low-caste people are going to school and getting better jobs. 

The Hindus of Pakistan are mostly found in Sindh, where they do a lot of farming. In the larger cities (like the city of Karachi), Hindus do a lot of buying and selling. They celebrate the Hindu holy days with all their traditional colour.

Ahmadiyya 
The Ahmadis follow the things Mirza Ghulam Ahmad taught at the end of the 1800s. Their doctrine (religious beliefs) is very close to Islam on most points. However, the Ahmadis do not believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet.  

The Ahmadis do not call themselves non-Muslim. Only in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan written by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto after the secession of East Pakistan they were declared non-Muslim.  

Ahmadis are mainly of Punjabi origin (from the Punjab area of India and Pakistan). They do all kinds of Humanitarian work not only in Pakistan, but all over the world.

Zoroastrianism 
The Parsis or (Zoroastrians) are a very small minority who live mostly in Pakistan's larger cities. Almost all of them work in business. Some of Pakistan's most successful shipping businessmen are Parsis. The richer members of this community are well-known for their philanthropic activities (giving money to people or organizations, with the goal of helping them or doing good).

Buddhism 
There are very few Buddhists in Pakistan.  However, their ancestors' culture made a difference in Pakistan. Many ancient Buddhist temples, schools, and cities have been found by archaeologists in Pakistan.
Creston is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,597 at the 2000 census.

Population

References

Other websites 
City website
County website

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Fate (in Czech: Osud), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček. 

Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera Jenůfa which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story.

The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in Jenůfa, so the people in the story of Fate belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society.

The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real.

Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote.

Story of the opera 
The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it. 

In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country. The two lovers now want to forget their unhappy past and live together with their little son Doubek.

Act II takes place several years later. They have been living together happily. Míla’s mother lives with them but has gone mad. While the lovers read the story of an opera which seems to tell of their own lives, the mother screams and Živný tears up the music of the opera. The mother grabs her daughter and throws herself and Míla down the steep staircase.

Act III takes place in a music conservatory eleven years later. Živný’s students, one of whom is their son Doubek, are singing music from an opera that Živný has composed. Živný himself is like the hero of his opera. The last part of the opera has not yet been composed. The students act out a scene from Doubek’s childhood and make fun of it. Živný talks about his opera. A storm comes up and he is killed by lightning. His opera will never be finished. 

Compositions by Leoš Janáček
Dwarf Allosaur is a bone from a theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia about 106 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. It may be related to Allosaurus but is smaller and lived 30 million years after all other allosaurs had gone extinct. As it is known only from a single bone nothing more can be said.

Besides its poor fossil record, it is famous for appearing in the BBC television series Walking with Dinosaurs.

It is only known from an ankle bone, making it impossible to figure out its genus. The bone may have belonged to Australovenator.

Other websites
Walking with Dinosaurs - Fact File: Dwarf allosaur

Theropods
Dinosaurs of Australia
A social network is a website or service where people talk to, connect with another people. Social Network Service can connect people with the same interests (like football, schools, dogs) and friends. Most Social Networks will let you create a profile page with your pictures and information about yourself.

Social Networking was first proposed in the early development of the World Wide Web.

The most popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are helping to speed up the process of communication. Phone and mail services are slowly becoming less popular thanks to a quick and easy way of sharing messages through such networks.

A social network is used for people to get to know each other more and create new friends/connections. Social networks are also used to share things with other people.

Many Social Networks are available on phones and smartphones. Some companies are blocking access to such websites due to concerns over employees spending too much time on them.

A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social networking service.

List of popular social networks 
Facebook
Flickr
Google+ 
Instagram 
Kik 
LinkedIn
MySpace
Twitter
Pinterest
Reddit
Snapchat
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Yahoo! Groups
YouTube
TikTok

References

Social networking
Technology
This is a list of Major League Baseball players by last name.

A 
David Aardsma
Hank Aaron

B 
Josh Beckett
Barry Bonds
Ron Brand
George Brett

C 
Roger Clemens
Ty Cobb
Billy Cox

D 
Joe DiMaggio
Adam Dunn

G 
Eddie Gaedel
Lou Gehrig

H 
Josh Hamilton

J 
Derek Jeter

L 
Denny Lemaster

M 
Mark McGwire
Manny Ramirez

O 
Magglio Ordóñez
David Ortiz

R 
J. R. Richard
Cal Ripken, Jr.
Jackie Robinson
Alex Rodriguez
Babe Ruth

S 
Johan Santana
Curt Schilling
Grady Sizemore
Alfonso Soriano
Casey Stengel
Billy Sunday

T 
Frank Thomas

W 
Walt Walsh
Ted Williams

Y 
Cy Young
Pete Young

Lists of sportspeople
Baseball lists
Gap or The Gap may refer to: Heath has a gap that is as big as a cave. You can walk in and explore.

General 
 Gap (clothing retailer), a chain of clothing stores
 Gap (ecology), a spacing between large trees in a forest
 Gap (landform), a mountain pass, often carved by a river
 Gap year, a prolonged period between a life stage
 Gäp, the Tatar-based cant language
 Gaap, a mighty Prince and Great President of Hell in demonology
 Gap coverage, a type of vehicle insurance
 Band gap or energy gap, the energy interval in which particles cannot propagate

Places 
 Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France
 Gap, Pennsylvania, United States
 The Gap, Brecon Beacons, an ancient mountain trail in the Brecon Beacons, Wales
 The Gap, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 The Gap, New South Wales, an ocean cliff at Watsons Bay, New South Wales, Australia
 Darién Gap, a large swath of undeveloped swampland and forest separating Panama and Colombia
 Loughborough Gap, a disused section of the Great Central Railway in England
 Fulda Gap, an area in Germany of strategic importance during the cold war
 Mid-Atlantic Gap, in World War II, an area in the Atlantic Ocean with no air coverage

Entertainment 
 The Gap Band, an American music group
 Gap Mangione, jazz pianist and bandleader
 The Gap (album), a 2000 album by Joan of Arc
 The Gap Cycle, a science fiction novel series by Stephen Donaldson
 El Boquete (The Gap), a 2006 Argentine film
 Gap FC, a French football club

Acronym 
 .45 GAP, the "Glock Automatic Pistol" cartridge
 GAAP, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, standard guidelines for financial accounting
 GAP, Good Agricultural Practices, any collection of value-based agricultural practices
 GAP, Generic access profile, an interoperability protocol used in wireless telephony
 GAP, Genocide Awareness Project, a movable pro-life display
 GAP, Government Accountability Project, a nonprofit organization
 GAP, Great Ape Project, an international organization advocating legal rights for great apes
 GAP computer algebra system (Groups, Algorithms and Programming), a software package
 GAP, Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (Southeastern Anatolia Project), a land reform project in Turkey
 GAP, the license plate code for Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
 GAP, Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (Partisan Action Group), an Italian terrorist group founded by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
 Graph automorphism problem
 Air Philippines (ICAO designator)

Chemistry 
 GaP, Gallium(III) phosphide, a semiconductor material
 GAPs, GTPase activating proteins, a biochemical compound
 GAP, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a 3-carbon molecule metabolite important in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle
Tautavel man is the name of an extinct hominian. They lived about 300.000-450.000 years ago.,, It is named after fossils found in a cave on the site named Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel, France. The first fossils were found there in 1971. The fossils date from between 300.000 and 450.000 years ago. They consist of over 80 fragments; the skull found (pictured) belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighted around 45–55 kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20–25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. Bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (some kind of bovine), deer, and reindeer have been found in the cave.

There is an ongoing debate if this hominid is directly related to the Neanderthal. If they are not, they would be Homines erecti. If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis. It has been proposed to classify them as Homo erectus Tautavelensis.

References

Hominins
A baseball glove, or mitt, is a leather glove that baseball players use to catch a baseball that are hit by a batter or thrown by a fielder.

History 

Catcher Doug Allison in 1870 was the first ever to wear baseball gloves. Doug's hands were split and cracked open from catching in other games earlier in the week.  He chose to wear something that would protect his hands so that they wouldn't be damaged more, so he wore baseball gloves, but he was laughed at and mocked by his teammates.

Five years later in 1875, Charlie Waitt, a St. Louis outfielder and first baseman who in 1875 used a pair of flesh-colored gloves, but he was also laughed by his teammates. Although baseball gloves were not used very much at first when they were first made, more and more baseball players started to use baseball gloves over time, probably when baseball star Albert Spalding began playing first base with a baseball glove. When he started to wear them, more infielders started to use gloves also because he was famous. Before the mid  1890s, baseball gloves were worn normally by baseball players. Soon, all baseball players started to wear baseball gloves.

In , Bill Doak, a pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, suggested that a web be placed between the first finger and the thumb in order to create a pocket. This design soon became added to baseball gloves and webbed gloves were starting to be used by all baseball players.

Since the baseball glove was invented, they have grown to what they look like today. While catching in baseball was two handed, gloves grew to a size that made it easier to catch the ball in the webbing of the glove, and use the off-hand to keep it from falling out. A glove is worn on the non-dominant hand, leaving the dominant hand for throwing the ball; for example, a right-handed player would wear a glove on the left hand. By convention, the type of glove that fits on the left hand is called a "right-handed" or "RH" glove.

The shape and size of the baseball glove is decided by official baseball rules; Section 1.00, Objectives of the Game, defines limits of catcher's, first baseman's and fielder's glove in parts 1.12, 1.13 and 1.14.

Major glove manufacturers
 Louisville Slugger
 Nokona
 Rawlings
 Spalding
 Kelley Athletic
 Wilson
 Nike, Inc
 Easton
 Mizuno
 Akadema

References

Other websites
 "Playing The Field." Popular Mechanics. May 2001.
 "Glove History." Baseball Glove.net. 
 "How Products Are Made: Baseball Glove." www.science.enotes.com 
 "Baseball Glove Leather" 
 "MLB Rules 1.0".

Baseball equipment
Sports gloves
In baseball, the Cy Young Award is an honor given to the best pitcher in the Major League Baseball.  The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955.  The award was given to the best pitcher in the major leagues. In 1967, the year after Frick retired as Commissioner, the practice began of honoring one pitcher in each league, the American League, and the National League. The 2015 American League Cy Young Award winner was Dallas Keuchel of the Houston Astros, and the 2015 National League Cy Young Award winner was Jake Arrieta of the Chicago Cubs. 

Each league's award is voted on by two members of the Baseball Writers Association of America in each league city, meaning 28 ballots are cast for the American League winner, and 32 for the National League.  Each places a vote for first, second, and third place among the pitchers of each league.  The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes: Score = 5F + 3S + T, where F is the number of first place votes, S is second place votes, and T is third place votes.  The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award. If two pitchers receive the same number of votes, the award is shared between the two.

The current formula started with the 1970 season.  Prior to that, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.

Other websites
 Cy Young Award on Baseball Almanac
 Full Voting Results for the Cy Young Award

Major League Baseball awards
A pendulum is a mass (any object usually metal) on an arm. The arm is attached to a pivot, which is a point to swing from. The mass will naturally hang down because of gravity, but if it is pushed to one side it will oscillate, which means that it will swing from side to side.  The frequency of the swinging pendulum stays the same.

We can work out the time taken for one full oscillation (for example, swinging from left to right and back to left). We shall call this time  the period. If the pendulum length is , and the acceleration due to gravity is , then:

where π (a Greek letter pronounced 'pi') is a mathematical constant. This equation gives a good approximation for the period when the mass does not swing far from the middle. The period of a pendulum does not depend on the mass of the object.

The mechanical energy of a pendulum is constant and is the sum of the kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.   

The regular motion of the pendulum can be used for timekeeping, and pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks.

Related pages 
Foucault pendulum
Pendulum clock

Objects
Finnix is a Debian based Live CD Linux distribution, developed by Ryan Finnie and intended for system administrators for tasks such as filesystem recovery, network monitoring and OS installation. Finnix is a small Linux Distribution, with an ISO download size of approximately 100 MiB.

History 
Finnix was created in 1999, making it one of the oldest Linux distributions with the intent of being run completely from a bootable CD (the other Live CD around at the time was the Linuxcare Bootable Business Card CD, first released in 1999). Finnix 0.01 was based on Red Hat Linux 6.1, and was created to help with administration and recovery of other Linux workstations around Finnie's office..

On 23 October 2005, Finnix 86.0 was released. Earlier unreleased versions (84, and 85.0 through 85.3) were "Knoppix remasters", with support for Linux LVM and dm-crypt being the main reason for creation. However, 86.0 was a departure from Knoppix, and was derived directly from the Debian "testing" tree.

Usage 
Finnix is released as a small bootable CD ISO. A user can download the ISO, burn the image to CD, and boot into a text mode Linux environment. Finnix requires at least 32MiB RAM to run properly, but can use more if present. Most hardware devices are detected and dealt with automatically, such as hard drives, network cards and USB devices. A user can modify files nearly anywhere on the running CD via UnionFS, a filesystem that can stack a read-write filesystem (in this case, a dynamic ramdisk) on top of a read-only filesystem (the CD media). Any changes made during the Finnix session are transparently written to RAM and discarded upon shutdown. In addition, Finnix uses SquashFS to keep distribution size low.

Finnix can be run completely within RAM, provided the system has at least 192 MiB RAM available.

Notes:
 "Code names" in Finnix refer to the development cycle leading up to the release, and not the release itself. Releases are signified by version number.
 Versions with two package counts in the table above represent x86 and PowerPC package counts, respectively.

References

Other websites 
 Finnix homepage

Linux distributions
Live CD
X86-64 Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
Silent trade, or barter, is when traders (who do not speak each other's language) trade without talking to each other. This was used in many parts of ancient Africa. Silent bartering was used during 500 A.D to 1500 A.D. and probably had a much longer history.

To do a silent barter, one group of traders would go to a certain place, leaving whatever they are offering to trade. The other group of traders would then decide if they would like to accept the goods (usually salt or gold) that were left. If the goods met with approval, the second group would then take the goods, leave their own goods in return, and leave because the person accepted the offer. This system of trading was used mostly in ancient Ghana.       The popular things they sold were gold and salt. Another system was face-to-face trading using hand signals.

Gold mined south of the Sahel was traded, pound for pound, for salt mined in the desert. The salt from the desert was needed by the people of Sahel to flavor and preserve their food and gold has always had value for adornment (wearing). Because of this trade, cities grew and flourished and parts of West Africa became commercial centers. West Africa produced gold until about 1500 AD.

References 

Trade
Communication
Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. About 3,025,000 people live there. Its capital is called Ciudad Victoria.

 
States of Mexico
Zacatecas is a state in central Mexico. About 1,360,000 people live there. The capital is also called Zacatecas.

 
States of Mexico
A petal is a coloured part of a flower. With bright colours and scent, they often bring insects and birds to pollinate the flowers. Petals are made of cellulose and other organic matter. 

Petals are modified leaves which surround the reproductive parts of flowers. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a corolla. 

The role of petals and the evolution of flowers is an important part of botany. It has been studied from the 18th century to the present day.

The most common types of pollination are:
Wind pollination: flowers are small and dull, with little or no scent, and often no petals at all. They produce large amounts of pollen which is scattered by the wind.
Insect pollination: flowers show well in the ultraviolet range, and often have honey guides. These are lines leading from the petal to the nectar. Use of scent is also common.
Bird pollination: large, colourful flowers with nectar.

References 

Flowers
A moisturizer (or moisturiser) is a liquid that is used for softening the skin, especially for naturally dry skins. They increase the skin's water content by reducing evaporation. The thickness of a moisturizer is actually what keeps the hydration concealed into the skin, which then creates the moisturizing effect. Due to its thickening agents, moisturizers typically only come in lotion or night cream form.

Unlike a serum, a moisturizer does not penetrate deeply into the skin. The main job of a moisturizer is to seal products into the skin, locking all the moisture and nutrients your skin needs.

They can be quite a complicated chemical mixture. They may contain naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, artificial or natural oils, emollients, lubricants,etc.

Moisturizers are not always needed or used. They are most useful for persons with dry skin.

Moisturizers are designed to either impart or restore hydration in the stratum corneum, which is an interactive, dynamic structure, and maintenance of hydration can impact its barrier function.

How they act 
Ways that a moisturizer affects the body include:
 Occlusives work by forming a thin film on the surface of the skin to prevent loss of moisture.
 Humectants attract water vapor from the air to moisturize the skin.
 Some add deficient materials. These aim to restore natural moisturizing factors on the skin.

References

Dermatology
Cosmetics
A cheeseburger is a hamburger with cheese on it and sometimes lettuce. The cheeseburger is usually found at fast food restaurants, such as Burger King and McDonalds.

References

Other websites 
 The Tale of the Cheeseburger 

Sandwiches
The calorie is a pre-SI unit of energy, most common in heat.

It is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one Kelvin.

When on a food label, the term "calorie" refers to kilocalories, or 1000 calories.

For a layman, calories are the parameters of energy consumption. Think of them like the gasoline in the car. But unlike the car, the body stores the excess gas for long. The reaction to the calorie depends on which macronutrient did that calorie came from.

References

Energy
Coweta County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.  As of 2005, 109,903 people lived there.  The county seat is Newnan, Georgia. It was named for a Creek Indian Tribe that lived in the area.

Georgia (U.S. state) counties
1826 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It can also refer to the effects caused by the ingestion of poison or by the overconsumption of normally harmless substances.

People who drink too much alcohol become intoxicated. They may become impaired in some or all of their senses like touch or even eyesight. Long term drinkers develop tolerance to alcohol. This high tolerance means it takes more alcohol to produce the outward signs of intoxication. Intoxication may bring delirium or make people do or say things that are not normal for them. The level of harm done usually depends on the substance and the amount. Mild intoxication usually is not permanently harmful. Mild stimulants like caffeine usually do not harm the person.

Types
Some types of intoxication:
Alcohol intoxication
Caffeine intoxication
Cannabis intoxication
Heroin intoxication
Water intoxication
Intoxication can cause a state of mind that remains once the person is no longer intoxicated that can be used as a legal defense:
Settled insanity

Symptoms
Often taking a mild depressant or stimulant does not have much effect on the person who took it. But more serious drugs, substances, or even medications can have a large effect on the person. Usually stimulants keep the person awake and energetic. Depressants work the opposite way; they decrease the heart rate of the person and relax them. Sedatives give the same effect. More of these substances can carry harm or even life-threatening effects, if ingested in large amounts. Mixing alcohol with prescription drugs often leads to increased or hastened impairment. Alcohol can produce hazardous side effects, reduce heart rate, and drop blood pressure to a dangerous level.

References

Related pages
 Toxin
 Disability

Health
Physiology
Zoe is a character from the TV show Sesame Street. She is Elmo's best friend. She is an orange monster with red hair. She is 3 years old and is very energetic. She is currently played by Jennifer Barnhart, but was first played by Fran Brill.

References

Sesame Street characters
Olympia Jean Snowe (née Bouchles; born February 21, 1947) is an American politician and former United States Senator from Maine. She is a member of the Republican Party.

She was the first woman to serve in both houses of a state legislature and in both houses of the United States Congress. She was the first woman to be elected Senator in the history of Maine. She is the first Greek woman ever elected to the United States Congress. Senator Snowe is a member of the United States Republican Party. Snowe also served in the United States House of Representatives. She retired in 2013, after deciding not to seek reelection in 2012. She was succeeded by Former Independent Governor of Maine Angus King.

References

Other websites

U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe  official U.S. Senate site
Olympia Snowe for Senate  official campaign site
Profile  at SourceWatch
U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe video clips from the Senate Republican Conference .
U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference 
"The Anguished Moderate," The Washington Post, July 15, 2007.

1947 births
Living people
United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
US Republican Party politicians
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Ghanche District is the easternmost district of the Northern Areas, Pakistan. To its northeast is Xinjiang, China, to the north and northwest is Skardu District, to its west is Astore District and to its south is Leh District (Ladakh Division) in the Indian occupied territories of Jammu and Kashmir. The line of control along the eastern most region of Ghanche District cuts through the Siachen Glacier and is not permanent because of the conflict (It has been proposed by moderates in Pakistan and India to make the Siachen Glacier region a Peace Park).

The capital of Ghanche District is Khaplu. This is the coldest place within Pakistan also called the "Third Pole" with temperatures reaching below  in the winter. Khaplu and Hushe valleys form the gateway for the great Baltoro Muztagh, the subrange of Karakoram that includes the mighty peaks of K2 (8,611 m), Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrums (8,000+ m) and Masherbrum (7,821 m) (all of which are included in the Skardu District).

Tehsils
Khaplu Tehsil
Mashabrum Tehsil

Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan
Polyester is a type of man-made material. It is a synthetic polymer. With 18% market share of all plastic materials produced, it is third after polyethylene (33.5%) and polypropylene (19.5%).

Uses 
Polyester can be made into thread , yarn or clothes . Woven into synthetic fabrics, they are often used to make clothes and home furnishings. These include shirts, trousers, pants, jackets, hats, bedding and upholstered furniture. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters and upholstery padding. It can be used in curtains to insulate windows and keep heat indoors. Polyester is used to make insulating carpet.

Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in tires, fabrics for their use, and safety belts.

Chemistry 

Polyester is a type of polymer that has the ester functional group in its main chain. There are many different polyesters. The term "polyester" as a specific material most often refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include chemicals found in nature, such as in plant cuticles. Synthetics made by step-growth polymerization such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate are also polyesters. Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not.

The most common polyesters are thermoplastics.

Synthesis 
Most polyesters are made with a polycondensation reaction. See "condensation reactions in polymer chemistry".
The general equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is :
(n+1) R(OH)2 + n R´(COOH)2 → HO[ROOCR´COO]nROH + 2n pH2O

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form a carboxylic ester.
To assemble a polymer, the water formed by the reaction must be continually removed by azeotrope distillation.

References

Polymers
Bowdon is a city in Carroll County, Georgia,  United States.  As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,959. Bowdon is known as "The Friendly City."

References 

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
The word "she" is a third-person singular pronoun used to talk about a female. When the name of a woman has been the subject, then "she" takes the place of that name, in the text. While "she" is the subject form, the word "her" is the object or possessive form (see table below). The word "she" is used for a woman (or girl) where the word "he" would be used for a man, or "it" for a neutral pronoun.

In 1999, the American Dialect Society chose "she" as the word of the past millennium (1000-year period). The Society noted the word was not used before the year 1000; "she" was first seen in writings from the 12th century, where the word "heo" had been used to mean either the feminine or mixed plural as with "they".

References
The Diamir District is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani-controlled territory known as the Northern Areas and is the district in which the Karakoram Highway enters that territory from Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The capital of the Diamir District is Chilas. In 2004, the Diamir District was reduced in size as a result of the creation of the new Astore District from Diamir's easternmost tehsil. (See map.)

The Diamir District is bounded by the Astore District in the east, Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the southwest (separated by the Babusar Pass or Babusar Top), Neelum District of Azad Kashmir in the south, the Ghizar District in the north and northwest, and the Gilgit District in the north and northeast.

Before the Karakoram Highway was opened in 1978, the only road reaching Gilgit town from the south was a rough track north from Balakot to Babusar Pass (via Kaghan, Naran, Besal, and Gittidas) and farther north through Babusar Gah to Chilas. The road up to Besal is now in better condition, but from Besal to Babusar Pass, the road is still a rough track.

Tehsils
 Chilas Tehsil
 Darel Tehsil
 Tangir Tehsil
 Babu Sar Tehsil

Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan