cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Old City (, al-Balda al-Qadimah, , Hin K'aghak, , Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah) of Jerusalem is the oldest part of the city located in Israel. It is an  area that is surrounded by walls. It contains some of the most important places for three major religions. These include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, the Temple Mount for Jews, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims. The Old City formed the whole city of Jerusalem until 1860, when a Jewish neighborhood was built outside the Western Wall.

The Old City is historically divided into four quarters, although the current quarters were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is divided into the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. After the war in 1948, the Old City was occupied by Jordan and the Jewish people living in the city were forced to move out. During the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the Old City and the rest of East Jerusalem. Today, Israel still controls the whole area, which it says is part of its national capital.

In 1980, Jordan asked UNESCO to make the Old City a World Heritage Site. It was added to the World Heritage list in 1981. Because of the conflict over the territory, it was added to the list of sites in danger in 1982. UNESCO policy is that East Jerusalem, including the Old City, is part of the occupied Palestinian territory.

References

Other websites

Virtual tour of the Old City's historic sites
Virtual tour of the Muslim Quarter 
Virtual tour of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Jewish history
History of Islam
History of Palestine
The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary () is a World Heritage Site in Senegal. It is on the Senegal River. It has different wetland areas that are used by many migrating birds. Some birds use the wetland after they cross the Sahara desert. There are almost 400 kinds of birds. Some of the most common are pelicans and flamingos. Many different kinds of animals also live in the park.

References
 WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet 
 Official UNESCO website entry
Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature, des Bassins de rétention et des Lacs artificiels: Parcs et réserves , 13 October 2005.

Other websites

Senegal
Birds
World Heritage Sites in Africa
1971 establishments in Africa
National parks in Africa
Refining is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a refinery.

Petroleum

Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and  Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.

Sugar
Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.

Metals

There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by  electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.

Table salt
Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.

Industries
Fraser Island  is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the east coast of Queensland in Australia.

Fraser Island is  long. It is the largest sand island in the world. It has large shifting sand dunes, and highly coloured sand cliffs.  The World Heritage Site covers . 

The island has a range of plants including patches of rainforest. There are also perched freshwater lakes. These are lakes that are not connected to the groundwater, but sit above them. Half of the perched lakes in the world are found on Fraser Island. The water in the lakes is very clear.

The endangered cooloola sedge frog lives on Fraser Island.  Fraser Island is one of only three places where this frog lives.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Islands of Australia
Protected areas of Queensland
Biosphere reserves
The cinema of India includes movies produced in India. It has been around since the early 20th century. Movies made in India are popular in the Middle East, South Asia, and Western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States as well as India. In 2010 India produced the most films, with Hollywood and China behind them. Bollywood (Hindi cinema) and Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema) are considered to be the national cinema of India.

References

 
Indian culture
The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities. Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist. There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam. When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dihqans, or landed gentry. By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.

Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, it did not become so until much later, around the 15th century. The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf. It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran had become Shi'as, an affiliation that has continued. Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.

Nowadays Islam is the religion of 98% of Iranians, approximately 90% of Iranians are Shi'a and 8% are Sunni, mostly Turkomen, a minority of Arabs (mainly in Hormozgan Province), Baluchs, and Kurds living in the south, southeast, northeast and northwest. Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers.

References 

Iran
Persian culture
The Jaú National Park ('Parque Nacional do Jaú') is in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in the Amazonas state of Brazil. 

It is the largest forest reserve in South America, covering an area over 6 million acres (23,000 km²). Entry into the park is restricted; express permission from the Brazilian government is required to enter the reserve.

The park is a good example of tropical rainforest conservation in the Amazon. Its  forests, lakes and channels are a "constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world". The site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin and the jaguar. There are many other species of animals and plants.

More information 
The park is in the lower reaches of the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon. This branch is black with the organic matter picked up by the river. It has white-sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season. The streams turn into a 'ria' lake in the wet season, flooding huge areas of land, typical of all large rivers in the Amazon region. The site contains the nine-tier waterfall of the Carabinani River.

The Rio Negro flows through the eastern edge of Brazil’s Jau National Park. The river is the big strip of blue running from left to right across the image, and the other blue ribbons are tributaries. It starts at the border of Venezuela and Brazil, and meets up with the Amazon in central Brazil. Half-submerged islands can be seen in the center of the river. Between November and April when the river is at its peak, many of these islands disappear.

There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. The site is home to relics of past human occupation of the Amazon region.

References

Other websites 
 NASA Earth Explorer page 
 Satellite photo (Google)

National parks in South America
World Heritage Sites in South America
Geography of Brazil
Amazonas (Brazil)
The List of World Heritage Sites in Ecuador is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries, not including Ecuador.

Ecuador agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on June 16, 1975.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2012, there are 4 places in Ecuador which are on the World Heritage List. 
 2 cultural sites  
 2 natural sites

There are 7 sites which are on a tentative list.

Table

Tentative List
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.

 Ciudad de Zaruma

 Sitio arqueológico de Ingapirca

Related pages
 UNESCO World Heritage Site

References

Other websites

 UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador
Blida is a province in Algeria. The capital is Blida. The Chréa National Park is here.

Districts
The provinces has 10 districts.  There are also 25 municipalities.

The districts are:

 Blida
 Boufarik
 Bougara
 Bouïnian
 El Affroun
 Larbaâ
 Meftah
 Mouzaïa
 Oued El Alleug
 Ouled Yaïch

References

Provinces of Algeria
Patti Austin (born August 10, 1950) is an American R&B singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Austin has had many hits on several music charts. Some sources mention Austin as being born in 1948 while others say that either 1949 or 1950 is her actual birth year.

References

1950 births
Living people
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York
American R&B singers
Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a mushroom in the genus Lactarius. It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. L. torminosus associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.  Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins responsible for the acrid taste are destroyed by cooking.

The caps of L. torminosus mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to . Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades. The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young. On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together. It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found. The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to  and a thickness of . When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The variety normandensis, in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.

Fungi
The chemical elements beyond lead are radioactive, and they do not have stable isotopes. This means that they will decay into other elements. Except for Plutonium, their half life is in the order of several minutes, to seconds. There is a theory in physics that says that after a number of elements with short half lives, there will be others with longer half lives. These are generally known as Islands of stability. These elements are expected to have isotopes with half lives in the range of several minutes. The hypothesis is that the atomic nucleus is built up in "shells" in a manner similar to the structure of the much larger electron shells in atoms. In both cases, shells are just groups of quantum energy levels that are relatively close to each other. Energy levels from quantum states in two different shells will be separated by a relatively large energy gap. So when the number of neutrons and protons completely fills the energy levels of a given shell in the nucleus, the binding energy per nucleon will reach a local maximum and thus that particular configuration will have a longer lifetime than nearby isotopes that do not possess filled shells.

A filled shell would have "magic numbers" of neutrons and protons. One possible magic number of neutrons for spherical nuclei is 184, and some possible matching proton numbers are 114, 120 and 126 – which would mean that the most stable spherical isotopes would be flerovium-298, unbinilium-304 and unbihexium-310. Of particular note is Ubh-310, which would be "doubly magic" (both its proton number of 126 and neutron number of 184 are thought to be magic) and thus the most likely to have a very long half-life. (The next lighter doubly magic spherical nucleus is lead-208, the heaviest stable nucleus and most stable heavy metal.)

Recent research indicates that large nuclei are deformed, causing magic numbers to shift. Hassium-270 is now believed to be a doubly magic deformed nucleus, with deformed magic numbers 108 and 162. However, it has a half-life of only 3.6 seconds.

Isotopes have been produced with enough protons to plant them upon an island of stability but with too few neutrons to even place them upon the island's outer "shores". It is possible that these elements possess unusual chemical properties and, if they have isotopes with adequate lifespans, would be available for various practical applications (such as particle accelerator targets and as neutron sources as well).

References

Physics
Boumerdès is a province of northern Algeria.  The capital is the coastal city of Boumerdès.

Divisions
The Province has 9 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Baghlia
 Bordj Ménaïl
 Boudouaou
 Boumerdès
 Dellys
 Isser
 Khemis El Khechna
 Naciria
 Thénia

References

Provinces of Algeria
Macquarie Island is a large island in the Southern Ocean. It is about  south east of Tasmania, and about half way between Australia and Antarctica. The island became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Macquarie Island is about  long and  wide. It was first discovered in July 1810, by Captain Hasselburgh, who was searching for places to hunt whales and seals.  No people live there now.  The only way to get to the island is by sea and there are no harbors to dock a ship.

Geology
The island was formed by two tectonic plates meeting and forcing each other upwards. It is the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle,  below the ocean floor, are being pushed up above sea level. Confirmation is in this reference under section "Criterion (viii)".

Plants and animals
Many birds and animals use Macquarie Island to breed. About 3.5 million seabirds and 80,000 elephant seals come to the island every year. Four types of penguins live on the island. There are about 850,000 royal penguins, 200,000 king penguins, 10,000 gentoo penguins, and rockhopper penguins with numbers thought to be between 20,000 and 1,000,000.

In 1977 Macquarie Island became a Biosphere Reserve.  The coastal ecosystem is recognized as part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Islands of Australia
Australian National Heritage List
Protected areas of Tasmania
Biosphere reserves
Matilde Camus (26 September 1919 – 28 April 2012) was a Spanish poet who also wrote non-fiction. She was born in Santander, Cantabria.

Poetry
 Voces ("Voices", 1969).
Vuelo de estrellas ("Stars flight", 1969).
Manantial de amor ("Love Spring", 1972)..
Bestiario poético ("Poetic book of animals", 1973).
Templo del Alba ("Temple of Dawn", 1974).
Siempre amor ("Forever Love", 1976).
Cancionero de Liébana ("Collection of verse of Liebana", 1977).
Corcel en el tiempo ("Steed of the time", 1979).
Perfiles ("Profiles", 1980).
He seguido tus huellas ("I have followed your footprints", 1981).
Testigo de tu marcha ("Witness of your departure", 1981).
Testimonio ("Testimony", 1982).
La preocupación de Miguel Ángel ("The concern of Miguel Ángel", 1982).
Tierra de palabras ("Land of words", 1983).
Coral montesino ("Chorale of Monte", 1983).
Raíz del recuerdo ("Root of remembrance", 1984).
Cristales como enigmas ("Glasses as enigma", 1985).
Sin teclado de fiebre ("Without a fever keyboard", 1986).
Santander en mi sentir ("Santander in my heart", 1989).
Sin alcanzar la luz ("Without reaching the Light", 1989).
El color de mi cristal ("The colour of my glasses", 1990).
Tierra de mi Cantabria ("Cantabria, my land", 1991).
Amor dorado ("Golden Love", 1993).
Ronda de azules ("Blue avenue", 1994).
Vuelo de la mente ("Mind flight", 1995).
Reflexiones a medianoche ("Midnight thoughts", 1996).
Mundo interior ("Inner World", 1997).
Fuerza creativa ("Creative strength", 1998).
Clamor del pensamiento ("Clamour of thought", 1999).
Cancionero multicolor ("Multicolour collection of verses", 1999).
La estrellita Giroldina ("Giroldina the star", 1999).
Prisma de emociones ("Prism of emotions", 2000).
Motivos alicantinos ("Motif from Alicante").

Other websites
 "Matilde Camus Official Website"

1919 births
Spanish poets
2012 deaths
People from Cantabria
UTC+01:00 is the timezone for many places.

This time is used in:

Central European Time
West Africa Time
Western European Summer Time
British Summer Time
Irish Standard Time
Romance Standard Time (Microsoft Windows Control panel)
Swatch Internet Time

As standard time (all year round)
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo:
Bandundu
Bas-Congo
Équateur
Kinshasa
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Niger
Nigeria
Tunisia

As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Germany
Gibraltar (UK)
Hungary
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
North Macedonia
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway, including:
Svalbard and Jan Mayen
Poland
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain - except Canary Islands
Sweden
Switzerland
Vatican City

As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)
Namibia
Bouvet Island

As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
Alderney
Faroe Islands
Guernsey
Ireland
Isle of Man
Jersey
Morocco 
Portugal - except Azores
Sark
Spain - Canary Islands only
United Kingdom (GMT / BST)

References

UTC offsets

cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+1 A, SEČ (Středoevropský čas), CET (Central European Time)
Shark Bay is a large bay on the west coast of Western Australia. It is about  north of Perth. In 1991, the bay, its islands, and the land around it were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.   

Shark Bay has three important features to protect. It has the largest seagrass beds in the world. These are home to about 10% of the world's dugongs. And at one end of the bay are stromatolites, which are the oldest form of life on the Earth. The protected area covers .

World Heritage Site
The area protected by the World Heritage Site is made up of different areas. About 70% of the site is marine environment protected by national parks and reserves, and includes  of coastline. About 20% was used for farming, but half of this area has been taken over by the government and is now conservation area. About 6% is in national parks and reserves.

Parks and reserves
 Bernier Island
 Dirk Hartog Island National Park
 Dorre Island
 Charlie Island
 Faure Island Sanctuary
 Francois Peron National Park
  Friday Island
 Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve
 Hamelin Pool/East Faure Island High-Low Water Mark
 Koks Island
 Monkey Mia
 Shark Bay Marine Park
 Shell Beach Conservation Park
 Small Islands
 Zuytdorp Nature Reserve

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

 Shark Bay website

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Geography of Western Australia
Australian National Heritage List
Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom.  It was in modern-day Algeria and a smaller part of western Tunisia in North Africa.  It was the first major state in the history of Algeria and the Berber world.

Sources

History of Algeria
History of Tunisia
The Zirid dynasty were a Berber group. They were from what is now modern Algeria. The capital was Kairouan. 

The Hammadids came from this group.

Zirid rulers
Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Bologhine Ibn Ziri (973-983)
Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (983-995)
Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur (995-1016)
Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis (1016–1062) declared independence from the Fatimids 1048, changed capital to Mahdia in 1057 after Kairouan was lost to the Banu Hilal.
Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Muizz (1062–1108); changed the khutba to refer to the Abbasid Caliph in 1087, marking a final break with the Fatimids.
Yahya ibn Tamim (1108–1131)
Ali ibn Yahya (1115–1121)
Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1121–1152)

References

History of Algeria
History of Africa
Former monarchies of Africa
Royal dynasties
10th-century establishments in Africa
12th-century disestablishments in Africa
973 establishments
1152 disestablishments
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England.

Stonehenge and Avebury are groups of large stones called megaliths. Both  sites are circles of stones which are placed in a pattern.  In each, the placement of the stones and spaces between them may have astronomical meaning.

History
The creation of Stonehenge and Avebury dates from the Bronze Age.

Avebury is  to the north of Stonehenge.  It is Europe's largest prehistoric stone circle. It has about 100 megaliths.
 
Small sites of prehistoric stones are nearby, including Silbury Hill, Windmill Hill, West Kennet Long Barrow, and Overton Hill.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 EnglishHeritage.org,  Stonehenge
 SacredDestinations.com, Stonehenge

Buildings and structures in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Stone circles
Archaeological sites in Wiltshire
National Trust properties
Henges
Neolithic
The Hammadids were a Berber group.  It was in what is now north-eastern modern Algeria.  It existed from about 1008 to 1152.  They were destroyed by the Almohads.  

The capital was first Qalaat Beni Hammad.  It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  In 1090 the capital was changed to Béjaïa.

Rulers
Hammad ibn Buluggin, 1014–1028
al-Qaid ibn Hammad, 1028–1045
Muhsin ibn Qaid, 1045–1046
Buluggin ibn Muhammad ibn Hammad, 1046–1062
an-Nasir ibn Alnas ibn Hammad, 1062–1088
al-Mansur ibn Nasir, 1088–1104
Badis ibn Mansur, 1104
Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur, 1104–1121
Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz, 1121–1152

History of Africa
Former monarchies of Africa
11th-century establishments in Africa
12th-century disestablishments in Africa
1152 disestablishments
1014 establishments
The French colonial Empire (French: Empire colonial français) was land controlled by the French from the 16th century to the late 1960s. In the 17th and 18th centuries France gained and lost large territories in North America and India. Like the other empires of the time, was powered by slaves captured from Africa. The Haitian Revolution, when many of these slaves in the colony of Saint Domingue fought and defeated the French, caused major changes in the empire.

Sometimes, people say there was a first and a second French colonial empire. The "First French Colonial Empire" was from the French colonization of the Americas to the Napoleonic Wars. The "Second French Colonial Empire" is the French colonies in Africa.

From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire had a total area of over 10,000,000 square kilometres (3,900,000 sq mi), at its peak in 1680. At the time, it was the second-largest empire in the world, behind the Spanish Empire. In terms of land area, the Second French colonial empire extended to over 13,500,000 square kilometres (5,200,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1936. It was also the second largest in the world at the time, at 10% of the world's land area. The total land area of the first and second French colonial empire combined reached 24,000,000 square kilometres (9,300,000 sq mi).

France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century, but lost most of them after losing in the Seven Years' War. The North American colonies were lost to Britain and Spain. Spain returned Louisiana (New France) to France in 1800. Then, France sold it to the United States in 1803. France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, mostly in Africa, but also in Indochina and in the South Pacific. It started to trade with the countries by supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. Rebuilding an empire improved French reputation as an international power by spreading the French language and the Catholic religion. It also provided more men to fight in the World Wars.

A major goal was the  "The Civilizing Mission" (French: Mission civilisatrice). 'Civilizing' the populations of Africa by spreading language and religion was used to explain how the French colonial project worked. France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the French settlers took power while being a minority.

References 

History of France
Overseas empires
Colonialism
1534 establishments
1946 disestablishments
The dinar is the money of Algeria. 100 santeem make 1 dinar.  The name "dinar" comes from the Roman denarius.  Algeria started using the dinar on 1 April 1964. Bank notes are issued by the Central Bank of Algeria. The symbol for the Dinar is DA; the Arabic symbol is (د.ج).

In 1964, the Algerian Dinar replaced the Algerian Franc. Banknotes were distributed in 5, 10, and 100 Dinar denominations. Coins were also issued in 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 santeem denominations.

Currency of Africa
Algeria
1964 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Algeria
Central Atlas Tamazight, also known as Central Morocco Tamazight   is a Berber language.  It is of the Afro-Asiatic language family. it is spoken by 3 to 5 million people in Central Morocco, and by smaller communities in France and elsewhere. It is an official language of Morocco.

Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the four most-spoken Berber languages.  The other ones are Kabyle, Shilha, and Riff.

References

Berber languages
Morocco
The  was a silver mine in the city of Ōda, Shimane Prefecture. It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history. Iwami Ginzan was active for almost four hundred years. It was discovered in 1526 and closed in 1923. 

Today the mine has become an open-air museum.  It was named a World Heritage Site in 2007.

Mine history

Kamiya Jutei, a Japanese merchant, started the mine in 1526. By the early 1600s the mine was producing approximately 38 tons of silver a year. That was one third of the world's production at that time. 

Warlords fought over the mine until the Tokugawa Shogunate took control of it in 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.  Yamabuki Castle was built in the center of the complex.  The mine produced less in the nineteenth century as it had trouble competing with other mines. It closed in 1923.

Position in the economy
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was very important in East Asian trade because silver was the main currency. The silver mined at Iwami Ginzan was very high quality. From 17th century, coins made of the silver from the mine were not only one of the basic currencies in Japan but also used in the trade with China, Portugal and the Netherlands.

World Heritage Site

The Japanese Government named the mining town as a Special Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings in 1969. The government also applied for it to become a World Heritage Site. The application succeeded in July 2007, although the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOSMOS) did not find any "outstanding universal value" of the site.

References

Further reading
 Lyman, Benjamin Smith. (1879).  Geological Survey of Japan: Reports of Progress for 1878 and 1879. Tookei: Public Works Department.   OCLC: 13342563

Other websites

 Iwami-Ginzan Silver Mine site 
 Article in UNESCO
 Japan Mint, World Heritage Coin Set 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
Museums in Japan
Mining
Buildings and structures in Japan
Shimane Prefecture
1520s establishments in Asia
1923 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
20th-century disestablishments in Japan
1526 establishments
1920s disestablishments in Asia
is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nikkō in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. 

The site covers 103 buildings or structures and the natural area around them.  Two Shinto shrines  and one Buddhist temple are included in the site.

History
The area of Nikko has been a Shinto forest since pre-historic times.  It has had Buddhist temples since the 9th century.  Thousands of Japanese cedars were planted in the early 17th century

The shrines and temples of Nikkō are closely related to the history of the Tokugawa Shoguns.  

In 1871, the Shinto areas and Buddhist areas were separated.  Three sites were identified -- two Shinto shrine complexes and one Buddhist temple complex.   

After the "Law on the Preservation of Shrines and Temples" in 1897, Nikkō was protected by the Japanese government. 
 
Nikkō's shrines and temples were named a World Heritage Site in 1999.

 At the , 23 structures are included in the World Heritage site.  All are registered "Important Cultural Properties".

 At the , many buildings are named as part of the World Heritage site. Some are registered "National Treasures of Japan" and 37 are "Important Cultural Properties"

 At the , many buildings were mentioned in the World Heritage Site nomination process.  There are 37 "Important Cultural Properties". One sub-temple complex made up of the Honden and Haiden of the Taiyuin Mausoleum is a registered "National Treasure of Japan".

In 2012, the World Heritage Site covers nine National Treasures of Japan and many "Important Cultural Properties".

Gallery
Many gates and buildings at Nikkō have very detailed carvings. The use of color is based on records dating back to 1753.  The very precise descriptions of the architectural structures
and the decorative works are used by experts who want to preserve history at Nikkō.

Related pages
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

References

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Japan
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Shinto shrines
Tochigi Prefecture
Buddhist temples in Japan
The Wet Tropics of Queensland is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which has the oldest continuously surviving tropical rainforests on Earth. The forests date from the Mesozoic era when the climate of Australia (and the world) was much more tropical than today. Originally, the rain forest area covered a much wider area than today. Today it is just a narrow strip along the east coast of Queensland. It starts just north of Townsville and continues to just south of Cooktown, a distance of about . 

The wet tropics cover an area of  in 730 separate blocks of land. It includes 41 national parks covering. About 80% of the site is tropical rainforest. It is interesting because it is very old forest, and is a living record of 415 million years of evolution, going back to Pangea and Gondwana. All of Australia's marsupials, and many of its other animals, evolved in tropical rainforests, and many of their closest surviving ancestors still live in the Wet Tropics of Queensland.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
Daintree Rainforest

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Geography of Queensland
Australian National Heritage List
The national flag of the Andorra was adopted in 1866.  The flag is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The Coat of arms of Andorra is in the centre. The three vertical bars look of equal width but the centre yellow bar is slightly wider than the other two.  The ratio of bar widths is 8:9:8. 

The look of the flag is from the flags of France and Spain.

The motto in the coat of arms in the middle stripe Virtus Unita Fortior means "Strength United is Stronger".

Andorra
Andorra
The coat of arms of Andorra has been used for centuries. Below the shield arms is Andorra's national motto  (Latin for ). The coat of arms also appears on the Flag of Andorra.

Andorra
Andorra
"El Gran Carlemany" is the national anthem of Andorra. It means "The Great Charlemagne".  Enric Marfany Bons wrote the song. Joan Benlloch i Vivó composed the music. It started to be used in 1921.

Catalan lyrics

El gran Carlemany, mon Pare
dels alarbs me deslliurà,
I del cel vida em donà
de Meritxell, la gran Mare,

Princesa nasquí i Pubilla
entre dos nacions neutral
Sols resto lúnica filla
de l’imperi Carlemany.

Creient i lluire onze segles,
creient i lliure vull ser.
Siguin els furs mos tutors
i mos Prínceps defensors!

I mos Prínceps defensors!

English translation

The great Charlemagne, my Father,
liberated me from the Saracens,
And from heaven he gave me life
of Meritxell the great Mother.
I was born a Princess, a Maiden
neutral between two nations.
I am the only remaining daughter
of the Carolingian empire.
Believing and free for eleven centuries,
believing and free I will be.
The laws of the land be my tutors,
and my Princes defenders!

And my Princes defenders!

National anthems
Andorra
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a predominantly Romance-speaking ethnic group native to Spain.  Latin America has the largest population of people of Spain descent, people with full or partial (Mestizo) ancestry.

References
Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (born 24 July 1949) is the current Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra.

Born in Barcelona, he became a priest in 1974. On 19 March 2010, he became an archbishop.

References 

1949 births
Living people
Current national leaders
People from Barcelona
Princes of Andorra
Roman Catholic archbishops
Spanish Roman Catholics
Saltaire is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The site is a complete and well-preserved industrial village of the second half of the 19th century. It has textile mills, public buildings and workers' housing.

History 
Construction of Saltaire was started in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt. The name of the village is a combination of the founder's last name and the name of the Aire River which runs through it.

Salt owned several textile mills Yorkshire. In 1853, he moved his businesses and his workers to Saltaire.

In time, the new village grew to over 800 dwellings.

In 1933, the village was sold the Bradford Property Trust. The mill closed down in 1986.

In 2001, Saltaire was named a World Heritage Site.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 Saltaire Village website

Buildings and structures in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Christian Frémont (23 April 1942 - 3 August 2014) was the chief of staff of Nicolas Sarkozy. He was the French Representative to Andorra from 24 September 2008 to 15 May 2012. 

Frémont died in Paris, France from cancer, aged 72.

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Andorran people
French politicians
Governors-general

People from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
A Paréage is an agreement between two rulers who were equal.  It was used in Medieval France.  The most famous paréage was in 1278.  It created Andorra.

Middle Ages
The Crown of Aragon was a joining of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of the Crown of Aragon.  In the 14th and 15th the land of Aragon covered most of present-day France and Spain.  The political center was at Barcelona.

References

History of France
History of Spain
Former monarchies of Europe
This is a list of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the worth of all goods and services made in a country in a year. PPP is for purchasing power parity. Purchasing power parity means how much money would be needed to buy the same item in two different countries.

All figures are in current international dollars (Int$).

References

Notes

PPP
Canillo is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the northeast of the country. Canillo is also the name of the main town of the parish.

The town of Canillo is the religious centre of Andorra because here is the Mare de Déu de Meritxell ("Our Lady of Meritxell") Basilica. Our Lady of Meritxell is the patron saint of Andorra.

Geography
The Canillo parish is in the northeastern part of the country and borders with the Ariège department to the north and east, with the Pyrénées-Orientales department (France) to the southeast, with the Encamp parish to the south and the Ordino parish to the west.

The highest mountain in the parish is Pic de l'Estanyó () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Ordino parish.

The main river in Canillo is the Valira d'Orient, also known as Valira d’Encamp.

The largest lake of Andorra, Estany de Juclà ("Juclar lake"), is in the Canillo parish; it has an area of .

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 4,124 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Canillo

Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:

Economy
The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination during winter.

Sites of interest
 The new Our Lady of Meritxell Basilica in Meritxell.
 Sant Joan de Caselles church. It is similar to the church in Mérens-les-Vals, Ariège, France.
 Valley of the Incles river with the Estany de Juclà ("Juclar lake"), the largest lake of Andorra.
 Soldeu-El Tarter ski resort, part of the Grandvalira ski resort.

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Encamp is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the east central part of the country. Encamp is also the name of the main town of the parish.

Geography
The Encamp parish is in the east central part of the country and borders with the Canillo parish to the north, with the Pyrénées-Orientales department (France) to the east, with Spain to the southeast, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the south, with the La Massana parish to the west and the Ordino parish to the northwest.

The highest mountain in the parish is Pic del Pessons () with an elevation of  above sea level.

The main river in Encamp is the Valira d'Orient.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 12,212 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Encamp

Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:

Economy
The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination.

Sites of interest
 Sant Romà de Vila church in Vila
 Sant Romà de les Bons church in Les Bons
 Museu Nacional de l’Automòbil d’Andorra, a automobile museum in Encamp
 Santa Eulàlia d'Encamp church in Encamp
 Grandvalira ski resort

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Escaldes-Engordany is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the southeast of the country. Escaldes-Engordany is also the name of the main town of the parish.

History
The Escaldes-Engordany parish was created in 1978 with part of the territory of the Andorra la Vella parish with two urban areas: Escaldes and Engordany. With time, these two towns were combined to form the present capital of the parish.

Geography
The Escaldes-Engordany parish is in the southeast of the country and borders with the Encamp parish to the north, with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish to the southwest, with the Andorra la Vella parish to the west and the La Massana parish to the northwest. Spain is to the east and south of the parish.

The highest mountain in the parish is Tossa Plana () with an elevation of  above sea level. It is in the southeast of the parish, on the border with Spain.

The main rivers in Escaldes-Engordany are the Valira del Nord and the Valira d'Orient; they form the Gran Valira after their confluence in Escaldes-Engordany. Other river is the Madriu.

The town of Escaldes-Engordany is the capital of the parish; it is in the northwest of the parish, close to the town of Andorra la Vella, forming the largest urban area of the country.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 14,367 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Escaldes-Engordany

Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:
 Escaldes-Engordany, the main urban area of the parish; it is formed by:
 Les Escaldes, or just Escaldes, at an altitude of . The name Les Escaldes comes from the presence of numerous hot springs, which produce highly sulphurous and nitrogenous waters at temperatures between . The hot springs were known by the Romans who used them for medical purposes, and now are used in "Caldea", a spa.
 Engordany, at an altitude of  on the right side of the Valira d'Orient river, on the foot of the Pic de Padern mountain ( high).
 Els Vilars d'Engordany, to the north of Engordany. Here is the Sant Romà dels Vilars chapel of the X century, at an altitude of  on the foot of the Pic de Padern mountain.
 Engolasters at about  to the east of Andorra la Vella, at an altitude of .

Economy
The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination.

Sites of interest
 Sant Romà dels Vilars church in Els Vilars d'Engordany
 Sant Miquel d'Engolasters church in Engolasters
 Pont d'Engordany, a bridge built in 1785
 Pont dels Escalls, a bridge
 Caldea, a spa in Les Escaldes

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
La Massana (originally La Maçana) is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the northwest of the country. La Massana is also the name of the main town of the parish.

The name Massana derives from the Latin name mattianam for a variety of apple.

Geography
The La Massana parish is in the northwest of the country and borders with the Ordino parish to the north, with the Ordino and Encamp parishes to the east, with the Andorra la Vella and the Escaldes-Engordany parishes to the south, with France (Ariège department) and Spain to the west.

The town of La Massana has an average elevation of  above sea level.

In the La Massana parish are the highest mountains of Andorra, including:
 Coma Pedrosa (),  high, the highest mountain of the country; it is in the northwest of the parish near the borders with France and Spain.
 Roca Entravessada,  high
 Pic de Medacorba,  high
 Pic de Sanfonts,  high

The main river in the parish is the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, one of the two branches that form the Valira river. There are several small lakes in the parish; the main lakes are Estanys Forcats, Estany de Les Truites and Estany Negre.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015, of 10,359 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in La Massana

Villages
There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of La Massana in the parish:

Economy

The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination. In winter, the main activities are skiing, snowboarding, and ski ski biking. The main ski resort, Vallnord, includes the Arinsal and Pal sectors. In summer, the main activities are hiking, climbing, mountain biking and canyoning.

Farming is also an important economic activity in the parish; here tobacco, vegetables (mainly potatoes), and cereals are grown.

Sites of interest
 Sant Ermengol de l'Aldosa church in Aldosa
 Sant Climent de Pal church in Pal
 Pont de Sant Antoni de la Grella, a bridge also called Pont de Sispony
 Museu Casa Rull, a museum of Ethnology in Sispony
 Vallnord, a ski/snowboard resort in the Pyrenees mountains

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Ordino is one of the parishes of Andorra.  It is the most northern parish of the country. Ordino is also the name of the main town of the parish. In the parish is the Parc Natural de Sorteny ("Sorteny Natural Park"), the largest nature area of Andorra.

History
Ordino is known for the several places where the iron ore was melted between the XVII and the XIX centuries. Besides being the industrial centre of Andorra, Ordino is considered the cultural centre of Andorra. Here Antoni Fiter i Rossell wrote the Manual Digest (1748), called the "Bible of Andorra," which tells the history, the government and the Andorran customs.

Geography
The town of Ordino, the capital of the parish, is at  above sea level. Most of the parish is in the valley of the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, in the northwest of the country.

Ordino borders with France (Ariège department) to the north, with the Canillo parish to the east, the Encamp parish to the southeast and the La Massana parish to the south and the west.

Some of the highest mountains of Andorra are in the Ordino parish; some of them are:
 Pic de l'Estanyó,  high
 Pic de la Serrera,  high
 Pic de Font Blanca,  high

The town of Ordino is on the slopes of the Pic de Casamanya (or just Casamanya); it is  high.

The main river in the parish is the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, one of the two branches that form the Valira river.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015 of 4,687 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Ordino

Villages
There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of Ordino in the parish:

Sites of interest
 Auditori Nacional d'Andorra ("National Auditorium of Andorra")
 Museu Postal d'Andorral ("Postal Museum of Andorra")
 Museu de la Miniatura ("Miniature Museum")
 Sant Martí de la Cortinada, a Romanesque church in La Cortinada, north of Ordino.
 Valle de Sorteny Natural Park, the largest natural park in Andorra.
 Vallnord, a ski/snowboard resort in the Pyrenees mountains; the Arcalís sector is in the Ordino parish.

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra