cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Events 
 The Hardy Boys mystery series for children is launched.
 January 1 – Cristero War erupts in Mexico when pro-Church rebels attack secular-minded government
 January 7 – First transatlantic telephone call – New York City to London
 January 9 – Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon
 January 14 – Paul Doumer elected president of France
 January 19 – Britain sends troops to China
 January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the Republican Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria. One man and a child are killed by gunshots. See July 15.
 February 12 – First British troops land in Shanghai
 February 14 – Earthquake in Yugoslavia – 700 dead
 February 19 – General strike in Shanghai in protest of the presence of the British troops
 February 23 – The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
 March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims
 March 6 – In Britain, a 1000 people a week die from influenza epidemic
 March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack of Yugoslavia
 March 11 – In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.
 March 11 – First armoured car robbery, committed by the Flatheads gang.

Nobel prizes 
 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian doctor, won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1857)  (d. 1940)

Births 
 March 17 - Patrick Allen, English actor (d. 2006)
 April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biochemist, won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (d. 2010)
 April 16 – Pope Benedict XVI
 August 18 – Rosalynn Carter, First Lady of the United States
 September 16 – Peter Falk, American actor, (d. 2011)
 October 18 - George C. Scott, American actor, (d. 1999)
 November 7 – Hiroshi Yamauchi, Japanese businessman, 3rd president of Nintendo
 December 3 – Andy Williams, American singer (died 2012).
 December 10 - Harvey Glatman, American serial killer (d. 1959)
 December 25 – Ram Narayan, Indian musician

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Events 
 January 4 – The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
 January 5 – Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk
 January 17 – British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River.
 January 17 – Meat Rationing ends in Australia
 January 20 – The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin; the U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River.
 January 22 – Allies begin Operation Shingle, the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.
 January 27 – The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
 January 29 – The Battle of Cisterna takes place.
 January 30 – United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
 January 31 – American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.

Births 
 January 9 - Jimmy Page, English guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
 February 23 – Johnny Winter
 March 1 - Roger Daltrey, English singer (The Who)
 March 28 – Ken Howard (d. 2016)
 April 7 – Gerhard Schröder
 April 9 – Leila Khaled
 May 8 – Gary Glitter
 May 14 – George Lucas
 May 19 – Peter Mayhew (d. 2019)
 June 4 - Michelle Phillips, American singer and musician (The Mamas & the Papas)
 July 13 – Ernő Rubik
 July 19 - Tim McIntire (d. 1986)
 August 21 - Peter Weir, Australian director
 September 10 – Judit Pogány, Hungarian actress
 September 18 - Veronica Carlson, British actor (d. 2022)
 October 9 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (d. 2002)
 October 24 – Ray Downs
 November 2 - Michael Buffer, American ring announcer
 November 2 - Keith Emerson, English keyboardist (Emerson, Lake & Palmer) (d. 2016)
 November 10 - Sir Tim Rice, English lyricist
 November 25 – Ben Stein

Deaths 
  7 January 1944  – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States
  21 July 1944   – Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, German army officer
  14 October 1944  – Erwin Rommel, German army officer
  26 October 1944  Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom Princess Henry of Battenberg youngest daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha

New books 
An American Dilemma – Gunnar Myrdal
Au rendez-vous allemand – (To the German Rendezvous) – Paul Éluard
A Bell for Adano – John Hersey
Beyond the Palisade (poetry) – James K. Baxter
The Book of Imaginary Beings – Jorge Luis Borges
Book of Naturalists – Charles William Beebe
The Case of Mrs. Wingate – Oscar Micheaux 
Dangling Man – Saul Bellow 
The Dawn Appears – Annie Greene Nelson
Friday's Child – Georgette Heyer
The Golden Fleece – Robert von Ranke Graves
The Horse's Mouth – Joyce Cary
Johnny Tremain – Esther Forbes
The Lost Weekend – Charles R. Jackson
Our Lady of the Flowers – Jean Genet 
The Razor's Edge – W. Somerset Maugham 
The Tall Book of Nursery Tales – Feodor Rojankovsky
Terras do Sem Fim (The Violent Land) – Jorge Amado
Thou That Dwellest in the Gardens – Hayyim Hazaz
Two Frontiers (poetry) – Edwin James Bradley

Nobel prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Joseph Erlanger, American doctor, (1874-1965), and Herbert Gasser, American doctor (1888-1963)
The Rolling Stones are an English rock band that formed in London in 1962. The band members were: Mick Jagger (rhythm guitar and vocals), Keith Richards (lead and rhythm guitar and vocals), Brian Jones (lead guitar), Bill Wyman (bass guitar), and Charlie Watts (drums). The band were influenced by American blues and rock musicians like Howlin' Wolf,  Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters. In the beginning they had their first hits with covers versions of songs of those artists. Along with the Beatles and the Kinks, they helped to lead the British Invasion of the early to mid 1960s.

Their fame rose quickly in 1965 with the song "The Last Time." The song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" became a world-wide hit for the band. It was followed up by songs like "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Paint It Black". In the 1967 they experimented with a psychedelic music style. But in 1968 they went back to a harder rock style with songs like "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and "Honky Tonk Women."

In 1969, Brian Jones was fired from the band due to his growing drug addictions. A few weeks later Jones was found dead in his swimming pool. A highly respected young blues guitarist named Mick Taylor was named as his replacement. Taylor played on some of the band's most successful songs of the late 1960s and early 1970s including the hits "Brown Sugar", "Tumbling Dice", and "It's Only Rock n' Roll." Taylor left the band in 1974. Ronnie Wood was hired as Taylor's replacement and he has been with the band ever since. Long time bassist Bill Wyman retired from the band in 1992.

The band remained active as a consistently successful recording and touring act throughout the 1980s and 1990s and into the 2000s. In total they have released 30 studio albums, 33 live albums 121 singles, 29 compilation albums, 32 box sets, 48 video albums and 77 music videos.

In 1989 The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. And in 2004 they were ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone Magazines list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."

In 2013 the group performed on the main stage at the Glastonbury Festival for the first time.

Notable LP-albums 
 England's Newest Hit Makers (1964)
 12 X 5 (1964)
 The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965)
 Out of Our Heads (1965)
 December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965)
 Aftermath (1966)
 Between the Buttons (1967)
 Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967)
 Beggars Banquet (1968)
 Let It Bleed (1969)
 Sticky Fingers (1971)
 Exile on Main St. (1972)
 Goats Head Soup (1973)
 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)
 Black and Blue (1976)
 Some Girls (1978)
 Emotional Rescue (1980)
 Tattoo You (1981)
 Undercover (1983)
 Dirty Work (1986)
 Steel Wheels (1989)
 Voodoo Lounge (1994)
 Bridges to Babylon (1997)
 A Bigger Bang (2005)
 Blue and Lonesome (2016)

References

Other websites
Hear the Rolling Stones on the Pop Chronicles

1960s British music groups
1962 establishments in England
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1962
Musical groups from London
The watt (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).

Definition 

The watt is a method of measuring the rate of energy transfer of an appliance. A one watt lightbulb, for example, will change one joule of electrical energy into light energy (and some heat/sound) every second, thus "consuming" it. It is a measure of an appliance's power (appetite for joules).

The watt is the rate a source of energy uses or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a joule per second, with the symbol J/s. It can also be written as kg·m2·s−3. The more watts, the more energy used per second. That is why a higher-watt electrical appliance works faster than a lower-watt appliance.

It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower. The power of a light bulb is measured in watts. LEDs have much smaller consumption of power. Example small led can be used by  what can be also written 15 milliwatts.

Watt is a unit of power, joule is a unit of work and energy, and time is a unit of time. An equation for solving Power, Work and Time is Power = Work ÷ Time, Work = Power × Time, or Time = Work ÷ Power.

Kilowatt
1000 watts is called a kilowatt, written as kW. It is also known as (103) watts. In many countries, electric bills are based on how many kilowatt-hours are being used.

Megawatt
1000000 watts is called a megawatt, written as MW. It is also known as (106) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed by a large town.

Gigawatt
1000000000 watts is called a gigawatt, written as GW. It is also known as (109) watts. his is used to describe how much electricity is needed for a power grid.

Example 
If 1000kJ of energy was used to power one lightbulb of 100W, how long will the lightbulb last for using that energy?

Because Time is unknown, but you know the other two, the correct equation would be "Time = Work ÷ Power", then 1,000,000J ÷ 100W = 10000 seconds. Then convert it into proper time and you'll get 2 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.

Units of power
Koblenz is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.

Geography 
Koblenz is situated at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn ( downstream the Rhine) and Mainz ( upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.

References

Other websites
The Elbe River ( , , , ) is one of the major waterways of central Europe.  It comes from the North West Czech Republic. It flows through much of Germany. At Cuxhaven, it flows into the Wadden Sea, which is part of the North Sea. Important big cities on the boards of the river are Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic, and Dresden, Magdeburg and Hamburg in Germany.  

Each of mentioned cities in the Czech Republic has almost 100,000 inhabitants. There are about 500,000 people living in Dresden, and 250,000 in Magdeburg. With 1.8 million people in the city proper, Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, and the sixth largest city in the European Union. Hamburg is still  away from the estuary.  

The port in Hamburg is the second most important seaport in the EU, after Rotterdam, and the third most important for container ships in the EU (after Rotterdam and Antwerp). Ships can travel up to Pardubice.  

The Elbe is an important river, and is classified as a stream.  Up to Cuxhaven, it is  long,  are in the Czech Republic. Officially, its length is , which is a point in the open sea.

Gallery

Hamburg
Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Lower Saxony
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Saxony
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany
The Danube (Latin name Hister) is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union.  

The river is 2,860 km (1,777 mi) long. Brigach and Breg join together in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta. 

Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Vukovar in Croatia; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia. 

The Danube is named in many other languages: Esperanto: Danubo, Bulgarian: Дунав (Dunav), German and Plattdüütsch: Donau, Bavarian: Doana, Greek: Dounavis, Ancient Greek: Ister, Hungarian: Duna, Turkish: Tuna, Latin: Danuvius or Danubius, Romanian: Dunăre, Croatian: Dunav, Serbian: Дунав, Slovak: Dunaj, Ukrainian: Dunay.

The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go up to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can go up to Ulm. 

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: 
 the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia)
 the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km
 the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.

Images

Other websites 

 Danube in easy French

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Bulgaria
Geography of Croatia
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Moldova
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
Vienna
The Main (pronounced in German like the English word mine) is a river in Germany, 524 km in length, and one of the bigger tributaries of the Rhine river. Its average discharge at Frankfurt East Harbour is 190 cubic metres/second. It flows through the Bundesländer (states) of Bavaria, Hesse and 25 Kilometers along the border of Bavaria with Baden-Württemberg. The biggest city on the Main is Frankfurt, others are Bayreuth, Bamberg, Würzburg, Hanau and Offenbach. The mid Main valley is characterised by many vineyards. It is part of the region of Franken. Boats on the Main can use the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal to go to Eastern Europe. 

The name of the river has nothing to do with the English word main, which means most important, or the French word main, which means hand. The river was named Mogin by the ancient celts after their god Mogon. Later, the Romans called the river Moenus in their language. In the Middle Ages, this name became Meyn and later Main.

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Hesse
Rivers of Germany
A bicentennial is the two hundredth year of something. In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976. This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776. In Australia it commonly means on of two bicentennials. The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia. The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.

Time
Shropshire, sometimes known as Salop and sometimes shortened to Shrops in print, is a ceremonial county of England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.

The county borders Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys and Wrexham County Borough, counties of Wales, to the west.

The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford. Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge. Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure. Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building. It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as "the grandfather of skyscrapers".

Places of interest
Places of interest in Shropshire include:

Attingham Park, Atcham
Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
Long Mynd, Church Stretton
Offa's Dyke Path
Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham

Related pages
 River Severn
 West Midlands
 British Isles

Shropshire
Ceremonial counties of England
Kermit the Frog is a Muppet created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark fictional character. He was originally performed by Henson himself. After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire. In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets. Matt Vogel replaced him and is the current person who plays Kermit.

Kermit has appeared on many TV shows including Sesame Street, The Muppet Show, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and Muppet Babies. Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.

Other websites 

Fictional animals
Muppets
Sesame Street characters

de:Die Muppet Show#Kermit der Frosch
Cotton is a natural, soft fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant.  (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.) After, the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth.  The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things.  People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton. 

There are different types of cotton plants.  Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.  This is how cotton was discovered many years ago.  Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations.  Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.  Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.

Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers.  Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world.  The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant. It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away. Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.

Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites. Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes. Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.

After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds. This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning. While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.

Other websites 
 Cotton -Citizendium 

Basic English 850 words
Fibers
Arabic words and phrases
800813 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the last year of the aughts 1900s.

Events 
 March 31 – Construction of the RMS Titanic is started
 April 6 – Robert Peary arrived in the north pole.
 April – The Adana massacre takes place in the Ottoman city of Adana
 June 29 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia
 The first model of the Model T is sold
 The pH scale is developed.
 Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss doctor, won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births 
 January 13 – Danny Barker, American musician (d. 1994)
 February 9 – Carmen Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 1955)
 March 20 – Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
 May 27 – Dolores Hope, American singer
 June 6 – Isaiah Berlin, Latvian philosopher and educator (d. 1997)
 June 10 – Errol Flynn, American actor (d. 1959)
 August 10 – Leo Fender, American guitar maker (d. 1991)
 August 26 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1966)
 September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (d. 1972)
 Dokaji Abubakar, Nigerian politician
 Dauda Adegbenro, Nigerian politician (d. 1975)

Deaths 
 February 17 – Geronimo, Native American leader (b. 1829)
 December 17 – Léopold II of Belgium, King of Belgium (b. 1835)
 January 12 – Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)

Art, music, theatre, literature 
 June 2 – Michel Fokine's Les Sylphides premieres in Paris. It stars Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova
Guatemala is a country in Central America. 
It is known for its mixed culture, a product of both Mayan and Spanish cultures, from the colonial period.  Guatemala is known for its ever-changing weather, a product of the mountain range which crosses the center of the country. Guatemala has many languages, a total of 23.  Because of its natural beauty, it is a popular tourist destination.

The capital of Guatemala is Guatemala City. The country suffers from extreme poverty, corruption, drug trafficking, and discrimination. 

Guatemala is the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom. It is considered to be a third world country.

Population
It is the country with the largest population in Central America. Its neighbors are the countries Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments. Most of the population is made up of mestizo (mixed race) people, who are a combination of Native and European people. Mestizo people make up 40% of the population. Native Mayan people make up 49% of the total population, while 9% are direct descendants of Spanish and German people. Black people (including some others), make up 2% of population.

History 
Most people believe that Guatemala City was the first choice for the capital city, but the capital was moved several times. This was caused by natural disasters. The first city was destroyed when the volcano Volcan de Agua erupted, forcing the move to what today is called Antigua Guatemala. This city was destroyed by earthquakes. Finally, the capital was moved to what we know as Guatemala City.

Photo 
 Guatemala Map
 Guatemala photos

Related pages
Guatemala at the Olympics
Guatemala national football team
List of rivers of Guatemala

References

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1821 establishments in North America
Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire.  The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.

As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan.  By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city.  This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.

Center of the Aztec Empire

Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion.  It was also a very big trading center.  When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day.  People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over).  The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.

The Great Temple

The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple).  At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms.  In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and the sun, and Tlaloc, the rain god.  The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.

Agriculture

The Aztecs had created canals all across the city.  By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have.  The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.

The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water.

Fall of Tenochtitlan

In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan.  Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it.  The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.

Mexico City was built over the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

Photo gallery

Notes

Related pages
 Aztec
 Aztec Empire

References

Aztec
Cities in Mexico
History of North America
1325 establishments
14th-century establishments in Mexico
1521 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Mexico
The Eurovision Song Contest is a song contest run by the European Broadcasting Union that started in 1956. Different singers representing countries in Europe compete every year.

Past famous winners include ABBA (1974), Céline Dion (1988), Lordi (2006), Loreen (2012), Duncan Laurence (2019) and Måneskin (2021).

The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first time the contest was cancelled. It was replaced by a replacement show called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light, It showed the selected entries in place of the Grand Final on 16 May 2020

List of winners

Notes 
  In 1969 four countries were joint winners as there was no rule for a tie.
  Cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Replaced by a programme called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light.

Other websites 
 Eurovision.tv - the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest
 ebu.ch - the official website of the European Broadcasting Union
 The Official Eurovision Shop - Selection of Eurovision items 
 The Eurovision History - National Finals & Eurovision Entries

 
1956 establishments in Europe
Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility.  Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.

Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking.  Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.

Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures.

Related pages 
 Ductility

References

Metals
Gay is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females.

The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality. 

In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality. 

People who don't like gay people are called homophobes (or homophobic.) Some people are homophobes because of how they were brought up as a child. Some might belong to a religion that believes homosexuality is not okay.

Related pages 
 Gay man
 Lesbian

Other websites 
 The International Lesbian and Gay Association
 The Human Rights Campaign
 The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation

LGBT variations
Potsdam (Low Sorbian: Podstupim) is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26 km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017. 

On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason. 

Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the  World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings.

The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.

References
Hanover (German: Hannover) is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has 522,944 inhabitants (1 February 2007).

In Hanover there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism).

Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport.

There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT - Centre of Office, Information and Telecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products.

In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover.

Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the Eilenriede. There is also a lake (the Maschsee) of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover. The gardens were heavily destroyed in WWII, but they are currently under reconstruction.

People in Hanover get around town by using the Hannover Hauptbahnhof, which has been around since 1843.

The mayor of the city is Stefan Weil who followed Herbert Schmalstieg in 2006. Both are from the social democratic party SPD. The city has been administered by social democratic city councils since the 1950s.

The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medieval) town hall, some castles like the Leineschloss and the Welfenschloss.

Hanover is located at the river Leine.

Some internationally famous inhabitants of the town are:

The classic rock band Scorpions, the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the association football player Per Mertesacker.

Key employers in the region are Volkswagen, Continental, Talanx, Hannover Re, Nord LB and VHV.

Universities 
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover (Hanover University)
 Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (Hanover Medical University)
 Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (Hanvover Veterinary School)
 Hochschule für Musik und Theatre Hannover (Hanover Music and Theater University)
 Fachhochschule Hannover (University of Applied Sciences)
 Evangelische Fachhochschule Hannover (a Christian University of Applied Sciences - for social science. Hanover is the 11th largest city in Germany by population within city limits. According to 2005. estimate Hanover urban area had 766,000 inhabitants and today that population counts around 777,000 inhabitants (by 2008. estimate). Hanover metropolitan area has 1,129,000 inhabitants.

Climate 

Hanover has an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification).

Sports 

Hanover has a famous football club, Hannover 96, since 2002 (again) a member of the first German football league, the Bundesliga. Its home stadium is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49000). Hanover is also a center for ice hockey.

References

Other websites
Mainz (Palatine German: Määnz or Meenz, Latin: Mogontiacum) is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
Mainz has some universities:

 University of Mainz
 Fachhochschule Mainz
 Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz

References

Other websites 
 Official Homepage of Mainz (in english)
Kiel () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 239,526 people. It is a port on the sea and has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
German state capitals
Sri Yukteswar Giri (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was Priya Nath Karar and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India.

He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. 

He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda. 

George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda.

Other websites 

 kriya yoga institute
 Kriya Yoga of Mahavatar Babaji website

1855 births
1936 deaths
Indian people
Hindu gurus
W. C. Fields (January 29, 1880 – December 25, 1946) was an American comic actor. He had a recognizable and unique style on stage, movies, and radio. His real name was William Claude Dukenfield and he started his career when he ran away from home at the age of 11.

Trivia 
He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

1880 births
1946 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer. He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today. Psychology is the science of how people think and feel. His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or Jungian Analysis.

Jung worked for about seven years with Sigmund Freud early in his career, but they fell out over a theory and from 1913 went their separate ways. This was because they disagreed about what motivated people and how to understand psychology.

Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology. The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have. The test called the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on his ideas. He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.

Jung spent his life learning from observation and read exceptionally widely subjects as different as philosophy, science, anthropology, religion, literature, art and historical books relating to alchemy and the occult. He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them. He investigated them to find out what symbols they contained and how ancient people tried to make sense of the world around them. Alchemy is considered a precursor of modern chemistry.

He wrote in academic German, for doctors, psychologists and many other educated people. Most people who study Jung start with the book Man and His Symbols. It was written by colleagues of Jung so that people would be able understand him. Another useful introduction to his work is his Biography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, written mostly by his secretary, Mrs Aniela Jaffe, and to which he contributed three or four chapters.

Jung also created important terms called collective unconscious, archetypes, extraversion (outer world) and introversion (internal world).   

Jung died a widower in his mid-eighties in Kusnacht, Canton of Zurich Switzerland.

Biography 
Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.

In popular culture 

 The American rock band Tool was influenced by ideas of Jung for their album Ænima.
 The Lighthouse (2019) by American movie director Robert Eggers has many references to Jung.

Works 
Jung, C. G. 1953. Psychiatric Studies. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 1. 1953, ed. Michael Fordham, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index. Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.

References 

1875 births
1961 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
Psychiatrists
Psychoanalysts
Swiss psychologists
Swiss people
Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz (10 May 1899 – 22 June 1987), was an American dancer, singer and actor. He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his day.

Life
Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, and when she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers. After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television. He appeared in 32 movies. His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase. Their An evening with Fred Astaire won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.

Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so. He owed something to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.

Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer. He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the Great American Songbook. He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children. After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.

Sources

Astaire, Fred. Steps in Time, 1959, 
Billman, Larry. Fred Astaire — a bio-bibliography, Greenwood Press 1997, 
Freeland, Michael. Fred Astaire: an illustrated biography, Grosset & Dunlap, 1976. 
Thomas, Bob. Astaire, the man, the dancer. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985.

Other websites 

 (Astaire is the first biographical entry in the IMDB database.)
Fred Astaire biography at Allmovie Guide
 Fred Astaire tribute site.
Fred Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net 
Time.com: The Great American Flyer   Fred Astaire:1899-1987 
Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by Richard Corliss 
Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers 
Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy. (BBC Television - Realplayer required)
Fred Astaire at Find-A-Grave
"He's in Heaven..." - In Memoriam Fred Astaire

1899 births
1987 deaths
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from Nebraska
The Game Boy Advance, commonly abbreviated as GBA, is a 32-bit handheld video game console. It was manufactured by Nintendo. The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.

The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on 21 March 2001. Nintendo later released it in North America on 11 June 2001, in Australia on 20 June 2001, and in Europe on 22 June 2001.

Other models

Game Boy Advance SP

The Game Boy Advance SP (announced in 2002) is one of the two Game Boy Advance variations, first released in Japan on February 14, 2003, in Europe on March 23, 2003, in North America on March 28, 2003, and in Australia on April 10, 2003. It is similar to the original model, but it has a "clamshell" design, meaning that it can be folded to open and close which was later used in all the DS and 3DS models except the original 2DS. The Game Boy Advance SP has a rechargeable battery, and it does not run on two AA batteries. The Game Boy Advance SP has a backlit screen, meaning it has a bright screen (older versions of the GBA SP have a frontlit screen). Like its predecessor, it is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games.

Game Boy Micro

The Game Boy Micro is one of the two variations of the Game Boy Advance and is the last model in the Game Boy Line (alongside the AGS-101 model of the SP) announced at E3 2005. Development of the Micro began in 2004. It is smaller than most handhelds and is designed to fit inside coin pockets. It retains a rechargeable battery and backlit screen from the Game Boy Advance SP. The Game Boy Micro removed backwards compatibility with original Game Boy and Game Boy Color games as it is not compatible with accessories made for the GBA and SP. It also is incompatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. The Game Boy Micro also has a removable face plate for alternative designs. The Micro did not sell well as it was overshadowed by its successor, the Nintendo DS, which also plays GBA games.

Size: 50×101×17.2 mm (2×4×0.7 in)
Weight: 80 g (2.8 oz)
Processor: 32-bit 16.8 MHz ARM processor (ARM7TDMI)
Colors: various
Screen: 51 mm / 2 inches, backlit with adjustable brightness.
Resolution: 240×160 pixels
Battery: built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery. It has up to five hours of battery life with top brightness and sound and eight hours with both features on default.
Headphones: standard 3.5mm headphone jack

The Game Boy Micro has a switch on its right side to make the volume lower or higher. If the player presses the L shoulder button, it can be used to adjust the backlit screen between 5 different brightness levels.

References

Game Boy
Nintendo video game consoles
Amerie or Ameriie (born Amerie Mi Marie Rogers, married name Nicholson, January 12, 1980), is an American R&B singer.

Early life
Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father. Her first language is Korean.

Personal life
In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson. On March 1, 2010, they were engaged. The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.

Albums 
 All I Have (2002) number 9 in US charts
 Touch (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
 Because I Love It (2007), number 7 in UK chart
 In Love & War (2009)
 Cymatika (2012)

Singles 
 "Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
 "Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
 "Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
 "1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.

References

1980 births
Living people
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Alaska
Singers from Alaska
American movie actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American bloggers
Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July 1954 in Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chancellor of Germany from 22 November 2005 to 8 December 2021.

She was born in Hamburg, at the time part of West Germany, and grew up in the former German Democratic Republic, where she lived until the reuniting of Germany in 1990. Merkel is now married to Joachim Sauer, a professor of chemistry. From 2000 to 2018, she was the chairperson (was in charge of) the German conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).

Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor on 22 November 2005 in a coalition of the two biggest German political parties, the CDU/CSU and SPD. After the next election in 2009, she formed a coalition with the German liberal party FDP. After the 2013 and 2017 Federal Elections, she again emerged as chancellor of a coalition government.

Her father was a Lutheran pastor and her mother was a school teacher. Before becoming a politician, she worked as a researcher in Physical Chemistry. In December 2015, she was named as Time magazine's Person of the Year. 

In October 2018, Merkel announced her permanent retirement from politics, as she said she would not seek reelection as leader of the CDU at the party convention in December 2018 and as Chancellor in 2021. After this, another female politician, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, replaced her as CDU leader.

References 

 
1954 births
Living people
Chancellors of Germany
East German people
German chemists
German Lutherans
Government ministers of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Time People of the Year
Women politicians
A Chinese dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China. The dragon in the Qing Dynasty came out on national flags.

Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories. Since people discovered dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China.

There are people inside Chinese dragons. Dragons are very popular in China.  The phoenix is a dragon that has five claws and was a powerful symbol for the emperors in China.

References 

Legendary creatures
Chinese culture