cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Choi Kyu-hah (July 16, 1919 – October 22, 2006) (also spelled Choi Kyu-ha) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980. He was born in the town of Wonju, in Gangwon Province. He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979. 

After the assassination of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power. Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were flawed). He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.

In December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government. They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.

In April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power.  In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country.  By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju. The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.

Choi resigned soon afterward. Chun became president on September 1, 1980. After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye. He died on October 22, 2006, aged 87.

Related pages
 List of Korea-related topics

Other websites
 President Choi Kyu-ha 
 Reuters report of death

Choi Kyu-ha
Choi Kyu-ha
Choi Kyu-ha
Yun Bo-seon (Korea:윤보선, August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962. nickname was Haewi(해위). newphew of Yun Chi-ho.

He was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930. He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor. In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee. A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry. Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies. He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.

After Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960. He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime.  After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time. After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure. He died in 1990.

Book 
 《Autobiography, Road of thorns the national salvation (구국의 가시밭길)》(1967)
 《Select the days of lonely(외로운 선택의 나날들)》(1991)

Prize 
 Sharon Big-Merit(무궁화 대훈장)
 In-Cheon Cultural Award

Related pages
 Yun Chi-ho
 Chang Myon
 Jang Jun-Ha
 Yun Chi-Young

References

Other websites 
Cheongwadae profile 

Presidents of South Korea
1897 births
1990 deaths
Mayors of Seoul
Anti-Communists
Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.

In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is All Killer, No Filler. The album had the single "Fat Lip" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", also did well.

They often perform more than 300 times in a single year. That is why they are known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.

Line-ups

Discography
Studio albums
All Killer No Filler (2001)
Does This Look Infected? (2002)
Chuck (2004)
Underclass Hero (2007)
Screaming Bloody Murder (2011)

References

Other websites
Official Site @ Island Records

A Sum 41 fan community 

 
Canadian punk bands
Canadian rock bands
Pop punk bands
2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Canada
Canonisation is a statement by a church saying that someone is a saint. This process is used by some Christian churches, most commonly in the Roman Catholic Church. The person must be dead, because living people cannot be canonised.

The process of canonisation involves proving that the person lived in a way that justifies this decision. They must have loved others and loved God. In the Catholic Church, at least two miracles by the saint's intercession must be proven. This means that, because the person is believed to be in heaven, someone must pray, or ask, for the saint to pray for them in heaven. If the prayer is answered and a miracle happens, then they know that the person is a saint. The miracles prove that the saint must be in heaven with God, and able to ask God for prayers to be answered.            

These people then enter into the canon, or list, of saints.

It is not correct to say that the Church "makes" someone a saint. The Catholic Church believes that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. The canonisation process just finds out for sure, or without a doubt, that someone is a saint.

Other websites 
 Canonistion of Saints  - Describes the significance and process of canonising saints.
 Entry on canonisation and beatification in the Catholic Encyclopedia

Christian terminology
Christian saints
A Lord (Laird in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: Lord of Mann, the ruler of the Isle of Man. The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship. Lords as a group are a peerage. 

The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "loaf" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected"). So a lord or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf". A mesne lord was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an overlord. This higher lord was sometimes the king.

In a religious context, The Lord means God, mainly by the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Islam, and Christianity).

References 

Royalty and nobility
Religious terminology
Modes in music are a kind of scale.

The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: major and minor, which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes. Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.

Each mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or “half tones”) (see semitone).
 The Western major scale (e.g. the C major scale C D E F G A B C) starts on its KEY NOTE and goes up using the following pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.
 The Western natural minor scale (e.g. the A natural minor scale A B C D E F G A) does the same, but it has a different pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.

The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only. The most common modern modes are:
 Ionian (C D E F G A B C)
 Dorian (D E F G A B C D)
 Phrygian (E F G A B C D E)
 Lydian (F G A B C D E F)
 Mixolydian (G A B C D E F G)
 Aeolian (A B C D E F G A)
 Locrian (B C D E F G A B)

It will be seen that
 The Ionian mode is the major scale.
 The Dorian is a natural minor scale with a major sixth.
 The Phrygian is a natural minor scale with a minor second.
 The Lydian is a major scale with a augmented fourth.
 The Mixolydian is a major scale with a minor seventh.
 The Aeolian is the natural minor scale.
 The Locrian sounds rather strange, and was hardly ever used in Medieval music. It is a minor scale with a minor second and a diminished fifth.

Each mode also has a version called “hypo—“.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the “keynote”.

The names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.

In the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.

Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often modal. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.

Music theory
Western Asia (or Southwest Asia) is the part of Asia that includes the Middle East.

Territories 

Southwest Asia in most uses includes:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

In addition, it is sometimes widened to include: 
    
 All of Egypt
 All of Algeria
 All of Libya
 All of Mauritania
 All of Morocco
 All of Tunisia
 All of Western Sahara

Other websites
Stanford's Map of Western Asia is an old map from 1885
Jane Eyre is a novel written by Charlotte Brontë. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.

Background 

Around this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out. She was even more worried about her father's blindness. On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson. Wilson performed the operation on 25 August. The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter. Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons. The operation had taken about 15 minutes. Charlotte wrote, "Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible". "Depressed and weary (tired)", Charlotte began writing Jane Eyre.

Charlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes. She wrote the first copy in pencil. When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.

Plot 

Jane Eyre is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is horrified when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman. She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife. When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies. Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them. There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins. She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him. She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no. However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her duty to marry him when she hears Mr. Rochester crying, "Jane! Jane!" She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him. His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it. Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded. Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.

Famous sentence 
The novel begins the last chapter with one of the most famous lines in English literature:

"Reader, I married him".

The active voice was revolutionary for its time.

Other books by Charlotte Brontë
Villette
Shirley

References 

1847 books
English novels
English-language novels
Gifhorn is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

It has about 43,000 inhabitants. They have 3 star hotels.

References

Other websites
Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make").

Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. Some are castles. The word fortification can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses.

The last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall.

Related pages 
 Fortress
 Stronghold
 Salient

Other websites 

 Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
 A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
 Fortress Cologne
 Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
 Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe

Gallery 

Fortification
'Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins. They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid. She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville. They became famous in the movie Freaks and lived long lives, eventually getting married.

Health
Michael Diamond, better known as Mike D (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.

Diamond co-founded the band "The Young Aborigines" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married to Tamra Davis.

1965 births
Living people
Musicians from New York City
Rap musicians from New York
American drummers
American Jews
Singers from New York City
Autolycus of Pitane (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.  He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor.  His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC.  Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called On the Moving Sphere) and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies.  On the Moving Sphere is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.

Euclid mentions Autolycus' work.  Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.

Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.

Mathematics
Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere.  It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived.  Theodosius' Sphaerics was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.

Astronomy
Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."

A crater on the Moon is named after him.

References 

Ancient Greek astronomers
Ancient mathematicians
The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria.

Nearby tribes
The tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.

Related tribes
There was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the Brigantii of the eastern Alps.

Other websites 
 Brigantes Nation
 Brigantes at Roman-Britain.co.uk
 Brigantes  at Romans in Britain

References 

History of the United Kingdom
Celtic peoples
Kinship is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories.  The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

Kinship 
Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history.  Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for “economic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs” (J.Hendry, 1999).

History 
The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family’.

Types 
There are two main types of kinship.

Consanguinity means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people.  For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married.  It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will.  Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.

Affinity means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.

Descent 
There are two types of descent involved in kinship.  Patrilineal are the relations that come from the father’s blood line.  Matrilineal are the relations that come from the mother’s blood line.

Examples of kinship
 parent (father or mother)
 child (son or daughter)
 sibling (brother or sister)
 grandparent (grandfather or grandmother)
 grandchild (grandson or granddaughter)
 uncle or aunt
 nibling (nephew or niece)
 cousin
 ancestor
 descendant

References 
 C. Delaney. (2004). ‘Relatives and Relations’: Investigating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. p.192.
 J. Hendry. (1999). ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage’: An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London Palgrave.
 L. Rival. (1998). ‘Androgenous Parents and Guest Children’: The Huaorani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.4: p.619-642.

Social sciences
Thierry Henry (born 17 August 1977 in Les Ulis, Essonne, France) is a French football player. He is now retired but used to play at New York Red Bulls and was previously a part of the France national team. He is considered one of the world's best players.

Henry started his career at small clubs in France. He had played for the Italian team, Juventus. In 2001, he joined Arsenal of England, where he became one of the best players in the English Premier League. After three years with FC Barcelona he went to the USA to play for the New York Red Bulls in the Major League Soccer. He has been named the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year three times and the French Player of the Year four times since 2001.

On the France national team, Henry has scored 5 goals in World Cup competitions. Only one French player, Michel Platini, has scored more goals than Henry.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="5"|Monaco||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||3
|-
|1995/96||18||3||3||0||1||0||22||45
|-
|1996/97||36||9||3||0||9||1||48||10
|-
|1997/98||30||4||5||0||9||7||44||11
|-
|1998/99||13||1||1||0||5||0||19||1

|-
|1998/99||Juventus||Serie A||16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Arsenal||rowspan="8"|Premier League||31||17||5||1||12||8||48||26
|-
|2000/01||35||17||4||1||14||4||53||22  
|-
|2001/02||33||24||5||1||11||7||49||32 
|-
|2002/03||37||24||6||1||12||7||55||32       
|-
|2003/04||37||30||4||4||10||5||51||39          
|-
|2004/05||32||25||2||0||8||5||42||30
|-
|2005/06||32||27||2||1||10||5||44||33
|-
|2006/07||17||27||3||11||7||1||27||12

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||30||33||7||4||10||3||47||19
|-
|2008/09||29||19||1||1||12||6||42||26
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
105||20||12||0||24||8||141||28
16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3
254||174||31||10||84||42||369||226
59||31||8||5||22||9||89||45
434||365||56||18||130||59||621||305
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||10||3
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||14||5
|-
|2001||7||3
|-
|2002||10||3
|-
|2003||14||11
|-
|2004||13||32
|-
|2005||6||33
|-
|2006||16||8
|-
|2007||6||5
|-
|2008||11||4
|-
|2009||9||3
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||117||112
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
French footballers
People from Ile-de-France
Relationship may mean:

 Interpersonal relationship
 Kinship
 intimate relationship, including relationships based on romantic love

 Mathematical relationship, including:
 Inverse relationship
 Direct relationship
 Relation (mathematics)
 Relational model
Intimacy is linked with feelings of closeness among partners in a relationship. It is usually characterized by love and attachment. These feelings may or may not be connected or confused with sexual feelings. In other relationships, intimacy has more to do with shared moments than sexual interactions.

This is not an exact definition, but it seems that intimacy and healthy relationships go hand in hand. Indeed, intimacy is basic in any meaningful relationship: the basis of friendship and one of the foundations of love.

The main forms of intimacy are emotional intimacy and physical intimacy.  Intellectual intimacy, familiarity with a person's culture and interests, is common among friends.  Members of religious or philosophic groups may also perceive a "spiritual intimacy" in common.

Intimate partners 
Terms for partners in various degrees of love include
 Boyfriend
 Girlfriend
 Mistress (lover)
 spouse

Related pages 
 Interpersonal relationship
 Marriage

Relationships
Social sciences
Seaborgium is a chemical element. In the past, it has been named eka-tungsten but is now named seaborgium. It has the symbol Sg and it has the atomic number 106.  Seaborgium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The most stable isotope is 271Sg. Seaborgium-271 has a half-life of 2.4 minutes. 

What Seaborgium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight, but since it is in the same period as tungsten in the periodic table, its appearance and may be similar to it.

The element is named in honor of Glenn Seaborg.

Seaborgium is a transuranium element. This means that it is "beyond" (trans) the element Uranium in the sequence of elements.

Mendeleev predicted that Seaborgium would exist. He called the element eka-tungsten because of its location was near Tungsten in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of seaborgium is like the chemistry of tungsten.

Sources

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Seaborgium

Chemical elements
Voyager 1 is a space probe used by NASA to explore Jupiter and Saturn. It is identical in form to its sister spacecraft, Voyager 2.

Voyager 1 was launched on September 5, 1977, to study the outer planets of the Solar System. It is now in an extended mission. Its encounter with Saturn and Titan sent it on a hyperbolic trajectory out of the solar system, traveling at  which is much faster than escape velocity.

Voyager 1 research team announced on August 25, 2012 that it had left the solar system. It passed out of the heliosphere and into interstellar space. It is the most distant man-made object. It is also the first man-made object to leave the solar system. As of January 1, 2020 it was  from Earth.

Both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 include the Voyager Golden Record, which is a recording of sounds and images of life on Earth.  It was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

Related pages 
 Pioneer 10
 Pioneer 11
 Voyager 2

References 

Voyager program
Martin Scorsese (born November 17, 1942) is an American-Italian movie director. He was born in Queens and raised in Manhattan. Many of Scorsese's movies have Italian American, Roman Catholic and violent themes or ideas. Scorsese is probably best known for his movies about the mafia. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his movie The Departed at the 79th Academy Awards in 2007; the movie also won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Film Editing and Best Adapted Screenplay. This was Scorsese's first Academy Award for Best Director.

Awards and recognitions

 Scorsese received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1997. 
 In 1998, the American Film Institute placed three Scorsese movies on their list of the greatest movies in America: Raging Bull at #24, Taxi Driver at #47 and Goodfellas at #94. 
 Scorsese received the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic on January 18, 2001.
 In 2001, AFI put two Scorsese movies on their list of the most "heart-pounding movies" in American cinema: Taxi Driver at #22 and Raging Bull at #51.
 At a ceremony in Paris, France, on January 5, 2005, Martin Scorsese was awarded the French Legion of Honor in recognition of his contribution to cinema.
 In 2007, Scorsese won the Academy Award for Best Director for The Departed, which also won Best Picture.
 On September 11, 2007, the Kennedy Center Honors committee, which recognizes career excellence and cultural influence, named Scorsese as one of the honorees for the year.
 On June 17, 2008, AFI put two of Scorsese's films on the AFI's 10 Top 10 list: Raging Bull at #1 for the Sports genre and Goodfellas at #2 for the Gangster genre.
 Scorsese received the 2010 Cecil B. DeMille Award at the 67th Golden Globe Awards.
 On September 18, 2011 Scorsese won in the category Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, for his work on the series premiere of Boardwalk Empire.
 On January 15, 2012, at the 69th Golden Globe Awards, Scorsese won an award for Best Director on the 2011 movie Hugo.
 On February 12, 2012 at the 65th British Academy Film Awards, Scorsese received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.

Scorsese has earned praise from many film legends including Ingmar Bergman, Frank Capra, Jean-Luc Godard, Werner Herzog, Elia Kazan, Akira Kurosawa, David Lean, Michael Powell, Satyajit Ray, and François Truffaut.

Filmography

Features

Documentary movies

Short movies

Television work

Appearances on camera

References

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Manhattan
Actors from Queens
American television producers
American television writers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Emmy Award winning directors
Chabad-Lubavitch is the name of a sect of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. 

The Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his 'Chabad' because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. 'Lubavitch' was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn.

The Seven Rebbes of Lubavitch
 Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812)
 Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri (1773–1827)
 Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866)
 Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882)
 Rabbi Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (1860–1920)
 Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (1880–1950)
 Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–1994)

Other websites 
 Chabad Lubavitch Headquarters Online
 Chabad Lubavitch on the web
 About Chabad-Lubavitch
 Global Chabad-Lubavitch Centers and Institutions Directory
 Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes (leaders)

Judaism
Judaism in Israel
Judaism in the United States
Brooklyn
Liese Prokop (March 27, 1941 – December 31, 2006) was an Austrian athlete and politician. Prokop was born in Vienna, Austria. Before being married to Gunnar Prokop, her name was Liese Sykora.  The two had two sons and a daughter. Prokop won the silver medal in the Pentathlon in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Prokop was the first female Austrian Minister for Interior affairs. She was in charge of the security of Austria, including its police force. She was a member of the ÖVP, Austrian people's party.

She died unexpectedly December 31, 2006 of a torn aorta  while being taken to a hospital in St. Pölten.

References

1941 births
2006 deaths
Female athletes
Government ministers of Austria
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Vienna
Politicians from Vienna
The Austrian People's Party (German: Österreichische Volkspartei, shortenend to ÖVP) is one of the biggest parties in Austria. It was founded in 1945. Its name roughly translates to Austrian People's party. It has about 630,000 members. Its views are often center-right. This means it often has conservative views on the matters at hand. Many of its voters are Catholics. It is against moderate socialism, which is embodied by the other big party, the SPÖ. 

Former Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel is a member of this party. Former Minister of the Interior Liese Prokop (died 2006) was also a member.

Leaders of the party 
 Leopold Kunschak (1945-1945)
 Leopold Figl (1945-1952)
 Julius Raab (1952-1960)
 Alfons Gorbach (1960-1963)
 Josef Klaus (1963-1970)
 Hermann Withalm (1970-1971)
 Karl Schleinzer (1971-1975)
 Josef Taus (1975-1979)
 Alois Mock (1979-1989)
 Josef Riegler (1989-1991)
 Erhard Busek (1991-1995)
 Wolfgang Schüssel (1995-2007)
 Wilhelm Molterer (2007-2008)
 Josef Pröll (2008-2011)
 Michael Spindelegger (2011- 2014)
 Reinhold Mitterlehner (2014 - 2017)
 Sebastian Kurz (2017 -)

Election results

National Council

European Parliament

References 

1945 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Austria 
Christian democratic parties
Conservative parties
Political parties in Austria
The Social Democratic Party of Austria (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, shortened to SPÖ) is one of the oldest political parties in Austria. Its politics are center-left. This means it has a strong stance in labour unions. The party rejects neoliberalism. They like moderate socialism and social democracy. A well known politician of this party was Bruno Kreisky. Their current motto is "Freedom, Equality, Justice and Solidarity" (German: Freiheit, Gleichheit, Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität).

Since the end of the Second World War, the party has been the strongest, or second-strongest party in Austria, by vote. The other party that they share this status with are the ÖVP. 

Their main points in the 2006 elections were:
To get rid of inscription and tuition fees in Austrian universities
To lower unemployment
Change the schooling system to have a common curriculum for all students until the age of 14.
Common social security system and pension plans, of at least 800 € (euro)

Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Europe
Political parties in Austria
Mińsk Mazowiecki (Minsk, miɲsk mazɔ'vi̯eʦki) is a town in Poland. It is the capital of Mińsk County.

Location 
It has been located in the Mazovia Voivodship since 1999.

History 
The town of Mińsk was founded in 1421. It has always been a town based on commerce. Before the Holocaust, it was a Polish - Jewish town. The main religion in Mińsk is Roman Catholicism. Mińsk have 37000 inhabitants.

Towns in Poland
A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display.

Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.

Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.

History 

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).

Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".

The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 
 How Fireworks work
 Illegal Explosive Devices 
 About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors

Culture
Technology
Pyrotechnics is often thought to be synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but it includes also items for military and industrial uses. 

Items such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners and the automobile safety airbag all fall under pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable.

This is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliability with very compact and efficient energy storage.

A pyrotechnic show is a pre-planned complex that includes ground and high-altitude fireworks. Sometimes such events are accompanied by the performance of specially trained artists of the original genre with pyrotechnic equipment.

Other websites 

 Pyrotechnics FAQ
 The Pyrotechnics Guild International
 A guide on pyrotechics 
 A basic Pyrotechnics Site

References
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football club. The club was starting in 1889. It is the oldest football team in Spain.

The Club 
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team formed on December 23 1889. This makes it the oldest football team in Spain, formed by Dr McKay and overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines. Originally named Huelva Recreation Club. Due to its long-standing existence (it is the oldest surviving team of Spanish professional soccer), the team is often referred to as El Decano ("the dean") of the Spanish football fraternity.

Commonly known as Recre, they play in white with blue vertical stripes and white shorts. Their home ground is the Nuevo Colombino stadium that seats 19,860.

After three seasons in Segunda División (Spanish second division), Recre achieved promotion to top flight after beating Numancia Soria on June 4, 2006, mathematically securing promotion with two matches left to be played. El Decano is again among the elite of Spanish football for the 2006/07 season.

Name 
 1889-? Huelva Recreation Club
 ?-present R.C. Recreativo de Huelva

Honours 
 Champions of Andalucía from 1903 to 1914.
 Reached Primera División for 1978-79 (under coach Eusebio Ríos), 2002-2003 (under coach Lucas Alcaraz) and 2005-2006 (under coach Marcelino Garcia Toral).
 Defeated finalists in Copa del Rey in 2003.

League position

Former position

Foreigners 2006/07 
Only three non-EU nationals can be on the pitch at anytime. Those with European ancestry can claim a passport from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim a Spanish passport by playing in Spain for 3 years.

  and Europe Bertrand Laquait
  and Europe  Florent Sinama-Pongolle
  and Europe  Beto
 and Europe  Laurenţiu Roşu
  and Europe Ikechukwu Uche

Famous players 
 Antonio Valencia
 Santi Cazorla
   Mariano Pernía
  Gastón Casas
  Joaozinho
  Franz Platko
  Yago Alonso
  Nelson Zelaya
  Manuel Almunia
  Luis Aragonés
  Curro Torres 
  Óscar Arpón
  Raúl Molina
  Xisco Muñoz
  Alex Pereira

Famous Coaches 
  Eusebio Ríos
  Víctor Espárrago
  Joaquín Caparrós
  Lucas Alcaraz
  Marcelino García Toral

Other websites 
 Recreativo de Huelva Official Website

Spanish football clubs
Yu-Gi-Oh! is the title of the first anime series based on the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga. It is not connected in any way to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters series (known internationally as simply Yu-Gi-Oh!). They are 2 different anime series that are based on the same manga series. Fans of Yu-Gi-Oh! use the fan name "Yu-Gi-Oh! A Shadow Game" when talking about this show. They may use "Yu-Gi-Oh! first season" or "zero season" to refer to this show but this is not correct.

The series aired on television from April 4, 1998 to October 10, 1998. It has 27 episodes. It was produced by Toei Animation. The level of violence was reduced between the manga and the anime. Some characters and how the characters acted were changed from the manga and new characters and plots were added and Duel Monsters had a bigger part. Unlike the second series, the card game (Duel Monsters) is not the main part of the show.

Other websites
Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! page
Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! property information page 

Anime
Yu-Gi-Oh!
1998 television series debuts
1998 establishments in Japan
1998 television series endings
1998 disestablishments in Japan
In economics and marketing, a service is an economic activity (e.g., labor) offered as a product. Although a service (i.e., the activity) is a non-material good, the result it produces may be a material good depending on the service. For example, a construction service may produce a material good, but a lawn mowing service may not. In most cases, the person or company buying the service does not obtain exclusive ownership of the service, but may take ownership of the material good, if one is produced.

Key attributes
Services can be described in terms of their main attributes.
 Intangibility (cannot be touched) - They cannot be seen, handled, smelled, etc. There is no need for storage.
Because services are difficult to explain in advance, it is necessary to create a concrete image in the customer's mind to sell them. From the customer's point of view, this attribute makes it difficult to understand the value of services before the experience the service.
 Perishability (If someone doesn't use it, it is lost.) - If someone cannot sell their services, their time is "lost". It is a lost economic opportunity. For example, a doctor that is booked for only two hours a day cannot later work those hours– she has lost her economic opportunity. Other service examples are airplane seats (once the plane departs, those empty seats cannot be sold), and theatre seats (sales end at a certain point).
 Lack of transportability (cannot be transported) - Services tend to be consumed at the point of "production" (although this does not apply to outsourced business services).
 Lack of homogeneity or, Variability (Each time it is different.) - Services are typically modified for each client or each new situation. Mass production of services is very difficult. This can be seen as a problem of quality (it's not always the same). For instance, on Monday a person was driven to his work by a taxi. Next Monday, when he is driven to work by a taxi, it is not the same, even if the taxi and the driver are the same.
 Labour intensity (Most of it is work.) - Services usually mean human activity. Therefore, the human factor is often the key success factor in service industries. It is difficult to gain a dominant market share.
 Demand fluctuations (It is asked for only when it is actually needed. That can change very quickly.) - It can be difficult to forecast demand (which is also true of many goods). Demand can vary by season, time of day, etc. For example, a restaurant may be busy at dinner time but not in the middle of the afternoon.
 Buyer involvement (One cannot produce without contact with the consumer.) - Most service provision requires a high degree of interaction between client and service provider.
 Client-Based Relationships (When the customer is happy once he will not change the provider even if there is a cheaper one.) - Is based on creating long-term business relationships. Accountants, attorneys, and financial advisers maintain long-term relationships with their clients for decades. These repeat consumers refer friends and family helping to create a client-based relationship.

Related pages 

 Service sector

Economics
Service could mean:
 Service (economics), an activity offered as a product--the non-material equivalent of a good in economics and marketing
 The Service Sector, the tertiary sector of industry
 Domestic service, employment in a residence
 Military service, the whole or part of a country's armed forces, or the act of serving in those forces
 Civil service, career employees of government
 Service, a Pakistani group of companies, comprised of (among others) Service Shoes, Service Tyres and ServAid (Chain of Pharmacies)
 A penetrant, as defined by a building code
 Systems Architecture Service, the provision of a discrete business or technology function within a systems environment; i.e. Business Service – “Manage Customer Address”; Technical Service – “Create E-Mail Notification”
 Serve (tennis), a shot to start a point in tennis
 Windows Service, a background computer program in Microsoft Windows
 Web service, a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network
 A program in the Services menu that processes selected data
 IRC services, a set of features implemented in most modern Internet Relay Chat networks
 Service of worship, a meeting for the worship of God
Service (music), musical settings for sections of a service of worship
 Service of process, the delivery of a summons, complaint or other court petition
 Service Tree (Sorbus domestica), a species of tree
 Robert W. Service, poet

Related pages
 Servant
Musical theater (or musical theatre) is a kind of performance in a theater. A work of musical theater is called a musical.  It uses acting, music, songs, and often dance. Some musicals (for example Les Misérables) have only a few lines of dialogue. Everything else is sung. It is usually a mixture of speaking and song. Some well-known musicals are West Side Story, The Sound of Music, Chicago, and Oklahoma!.

Music has been a part of drama since ancient times, but modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century.

1850 to 1914 
Around 1850, the French composer Hervé was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre that came to be called opérette.  The best known composers of operetta were Jacques Offenbach from the 1850s to the 1870s and Johann Strauss II in the 1870s and 1880s.  Offenbach's melodies, and his librettists' satire, formed a model for the musical theatre that followed.  

"Offenbach is undoubtedly the most significant figure in the history of the 'musical'."  

Important influences were the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan.

References

Other websites 
The Broadway Musical Home
 Long running plays (over 400 performances) on Broadway, Off-Broadway, London, Toronto, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin 

Theatrical forms
Opera genres
An asset is something valuable or useful. In business and accounting, the value of an asset is expressed as certain amount of money. The amount of money can be calculated as the amount of economic value that the asset can produce in future. The calculation is based on past transactions or events. Correct evaluation can be useful in deciding what to do with an asset.

Examples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone.

There are two types of assets: 
tangible assets
Fixed assets such as buildings, equipment etc.
Current assets like inventory
Intangible assets for example: goodwill, patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer programs

Asset characteristics

Assets have three important characteristics:

They can give a future benefit to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash flows, and, in the case of not-for-profit organizations, to give services;
It can control access to the benefit; and,
The transaction or event which created the asset has already occurred.

Other websites 
Protecting Business Assets: An article from Oklahoma State University
Roundtable on accounting for intangible assets

Economics
A pension is a steady income given to someone. If pensions are part of a system of social security, the recipient of the pension is usually retired or disabled. They either have worked a long time during their life, or they are physically unable to do so. A pension is usually paid until a certain date (or event) occurs. In the case of social security plans, pensions are usually linked to the life of the person who receives the pension. 

A defined Benefit pension defines the benefit to the worker based on salary basis, years worked, and a multiplier.  An example might be 2@55 final 3, meaning that the annuity is the highest 3-year average salary times years worked times 2% (if age 55).  A worker with 30 years service would receive 2*30 or 60% of their salary.  Some systems allow a worker to receive more than 100% salary by various maneuvers to alter the final salary basis.

A defined Contribution pension defines the contribution, without constraining or promising a certain benefit.  For example, a company might contribute 10% of a worker's salary to a pension account of the worker's choice, with final benefit received linked to the performance of the investment chosen.

Crisis 
Many pension systems are underfunded and likely unsustainable based on independent financial analysis.  Pension reform is a popular topic since about 2009, with pension debt seen as a contributing factor in the deficits at all levels of government.

Income