cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Multan is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the capital of the Multan District. Called the "City of the Saints", the history of the city goes back more than 5,000 years.

Etymology
Multan is Moolastan which means the Place of origin (Moolam is source or origin).

History
The old city of Multan is a Walled city which is built on an ancient mound. Archaeologists believe the mound is made up of earlier cities going back to the Bronze Age. There were six gates into the old city but these have been destroyed over time. Three gates were rebuilt by the British when they governed the country. Inside the wall is a circular road, called the alang. The old city has narrow and winding streets, with houses crowded close together.

Political importance
Multan is the main center of the South Punjab, Seraiki speaking region. The people here think their language is separate from the majority Punjabi language of Punjab and want to create a separate province of their own, called Seraikistan.This city has some important political figures. Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani,a former Prime Minister of Pakistan belongs to Multan. Another well-known politician from here is Shah Mehmood Qureshi.

Famous Places in Multan
 Ghanta Ghar
 Lohari Gate
 Haram Gate
 The old Qasim Bagh
 Shrine of Sufi saint Shah Rukn-i-Alam
 Shrine of Sufi saint Bahauddin Zakriya
 Shrine of Sufi saint Shamsuddin Sabzwari
 Shrine of Sufi saint Sakhi Ali Akbar
 Lahore Road
 The Van Agnews Monument dating from British Raj times.

Neighbour cities and towns
 Khanewal
 Vihari
 Bahawalpur
 Muzaffargarh
 Rahim Yar Khan
 Lodhran
 Shujabad

References 

Cities in Pakistan
Prachanda (born Pushpa Kumal Dahal on December 11, 1954) is the former Prime Minister of Nepal. He is one of the most influential personality in the nepalese political scenario. He is president of Nepal Communist Party (Maoist). He has been two times elected as a Prime Minister Of Nepal.

References

1954 births
Nepalese politicians
Living people
Prime Ministers of Nepal
Paul Hegarty (born July 25, 1954 in Edinburgh) is a former Scottish footballer who is famous for being the captain of Dundee United during their best years in the 1980s. He currently manages Livingston.

1954 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Hurricane Gordon was a very damaging tropical storm for the Caribbean, Florida and parts of North Carolina. The storm was very slow moving on its path over the Caribbean. This storm killed over 1100 people (estimates are between 500-2300 people dead through Haiti and the central Caribbean islands, including Jamaica and Cuba). The storm's strange motion was making Hurricane Gordon hard to forecast where it would actually go and where it would reach land. Hurricane Gordon was the last storm of the inactive 1994 Season and the second most costly of the 1994 season, even though the storm was a hurricane for only a few hours.

Storm History

On November 8 a tropical wave near Costa Rica became Tropical Depression Twelve. On November 10th in made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. The same day it became Tropical Storm Gordon after moving back into the Caribbean. It made its first landfall near Kingston, Jamaica on November 13 it soon made its second landfall in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on the same day. The storm brushed the northern coast of Cuba and the southern islands of the Bahamas. It made its third landfall in Key West, Florida on November 15. Gordon turned northeast and made it fourth landfall in Fort Myers, Florida the next day. When Gordon crossed Florida it took about nine hours and it went into the Atlantic Ocean on a northeastward track. Gordon stayed on that track until November 17, when it became Hurricane Gordon while it was about 245 miles southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. Shortly after becoming a hurricane it reached top winds of 85 mph and then brushed the coast of North Carolina. Gordon weakened back to a tropical storm and started on a U-shaped track. Gordon weakened further into a tropical depression and on November 19 it made its fifth and last landfall near Vero Beach, Florida and on November 21 Gordon died out while over South Carolina.

Impact

Haiti
The damage in Haiti is unknown. But in Haiti, Hurricane Gordon killed about 1,122 people. The number is high likely because of mudslides and because of the deforestation (removing trees) of the forests in Haiti.

Florida
Florida was where most of the damage was. Damage in Florida was at about $400 million. Gordon also crossed the state three times, which is likely why the damage is that high.

No retirement
In the spring of 1995 Gordon was not retired even though it caused lots of deaths in Haiti. Since Gordon was not retired in 1994, the name Gordon was used again in 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018. The name will next be used in 2024.

References

Hurricanes in North Carolina
Deadly storms
1994 in North America
Hurricanes in the United States
Hurricanes in Haiti
Hurricanes in Florida
Hurricane Diana was a Category 4 tropical cyclone that hit the United States east coast in 1984. Diana was a very unusual storm. forecasters had many problems saying when and where it would strike. 

In September of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season, Diana became an intense tropical cyclone. She had highest winds of  during its peak. The storm made landfall in southeast North Carolina with winds between 88 to 100 mph. The storm itself did not kill anyone,  although three deaths were caused by it. Hurricane Diana was the first major hurricane in eastern North Carolina in almost three decades. Although it was a Category 4 hurricane it caused only $65 million in damage.

1984 in the United States
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) was an American social and political activist. 

He was one of the "Chicago Eight" along with along with Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, and Bobby Seale, who were arrested for demonstrating at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

At Woodstock in 1969, Hoffman ran onstage to interrupt The Who's performance. He tried to speak against the jailing of John Sinclair of the White Panther Party.  Pete Townshend was adjusting his amplifier between songs and turned around to see Hoffman. Townshend cursed at Hoffman and tried to knock him off the stage. 

He was arrested after a conviction for selling cocaine. He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1980. He committed suicide by an overdose of phenobarbital and alcohol.

Hoffman was raised in the Jewish faith in Worcester, MA but later identified as an atheist.

Portrayal in media 
Hoffman's life was dramatized in the 2000 movie Steal This Movie.  Vincent D'Onofrio acted his part.

In the 1987 HBO television movie Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8, Michael Lembeck acted the part of Hoffman.

Richard D'Alessandro played the part of Hoffman in the 1994 movie Forrest Gump. He is seen speaking against "the war in Vietnam" at a protest rally at the Lincoln Memorial.

Hank Azaria's voice is heard as the animated Hoffman in the movie "Chicago 10".

Sacha Baron Cohen has been cast as Hoffman in Aaron Sorkin's movie The Trial of the Chicago Seven.

References

Other websites 

 List of Abbie Hoffman items in The Realist
 The Yippies are Going to Chicago!, The Realist No. 82, August 1968
 The Trial of Abbie Hoffman's Shirt, The Realist No. 84, November 1968
 Advertisement for Steal This Book,The Realist No. 89, March 1971
 Love It or Diaper It, birth Announcement for America Hoffman, The Realist No. 90, May 1971

1936 births
1989 deaths
American anarchists
American atheists
American political activists
Drug-related suicides in the United States
Jewish activists
Jewish American writers
Jewish atheists
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
People with bipolar disorder
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from New York
A Girl like Me is the second studio album released by Barbadian singer Rihanna. The album was released April 19, 2006 by Def Jam and SRP. Singles included "SOS", "Unfaithful", and "Break It Off". The album features more of a pop and R&B feel to it as well as staying true to Rihanna's reggae sound and also incorporated elements of other genres such as dancehall, rock, hip hop and dance.

Track listing

Standard Edition 

Notes
  denotes a vocal producer
  denotes a co-producer
 "SOS" samples "Tainted Love", written by Ed Cobb and performed by Gloria Jones.

Personnel
Credits for A Girl like Me adapted from liner notes.

Musicians

 Rihanna – lead vocals, composer
 Evan Rogers – backing vocals
 Mikkel S. Ericksen – multi-instrumentalist
 Sue Pray – viola
 Donovan "Vendetta" Bennett – multi-instrumentalist
 Ann Leathers – violin
 Andy Bassford – guitar
 Yuri Vodovoz – violin
 John Beal – bass
 Jill Jaffe – viola
 Luke McCaster – guitar
 Eugene Briskin – cello
 Kevin Batchelor – trumpet
 Yana Goichman – violin

 Clark Gayton – trombone
 Marti Sweet – violin
 Richard Locker – cello
 Tor Erik Hermanson – multi-instrumentalist
 Maura Giannini – violin
 Carl Sturken – guitar, piano, keyboards, multi-instruments
 Abe Appleman – violin
 Cenovia Cummins – violin
 Jeanne Ingram – violin
 Jan Mullen – violin
 Gene Moye – cello
 Crystal Garner – viola
 Richard Sortomme – violin
 Katherine LiVolsi Stern – violin

Production

 Carl Sturken – producer, executive producer, vocal producer
 Evan Rogers – producer, executive producer, vocal producer
 The Carter Administration – executive producer
 Augustus "Gussie" Clarke – producer
 Don Corleon – producer
 Poke & Tone – producer
 Mike City – producer, mixer
 James Auwarter – engineer
 Donovan "Vendetta" Bennett – engineer, mixer
 Dawn Boonyachlito – stylist, wardrobe
 Jay Brown – A&R
 Andrea Derby – production coordination
 Rob Heselden – production assistant
 Mikkel S. Ericksen – engineer
 Chris Gehringer mastering
 Franny "Franchise" Graham – engineer
 Jeremy Harding – engineer
 Al Hemberger – engineer, mixer
 Ted Hemberger – percussion

 Patrick Viala – mixer
 Doug Joswick – package production
 Ann Leathers – concert master
 Debbie Mounsey – production assistant
 Rob Mounsey – conductor, string arrangements
 Adrienne Muhammad – A&R
 Malcolm Pollack – engineer
 Makeba Riddick – vocal producer
 J.R. Rotem – engineer
 Tippi Shorter – hair stylist
 Rob Skipworth – mixing assistant
 Tyran "Ty Ty" Smith – A&R
 Phil Tan – mixer
 Tiger Stylz – engineer
 Nichell Delvaille – photography, art coordinator
 Tracey Waples – marketing
 Alli Truch – art direction
 Tony Duran – photography
 Valerie Wagner – design

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

|-

Release history

References

Other websites 

 ThisIsRihanna.com — official website
 A Girl like Me at Discogs
 Album Review at About.com
 Album Review  at IGN

2006 albums
Rihanna albums
Pop albums
Reggae albums
R&B albums
Todd Grisham (born January 9, 1976) is an American presenter/announcer working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its ECW brand as the play-by-play commentator and is the host for Fox Soccer Channel's Major League Soccer broadcasts.

References

Other websites 
 WWE Profile
 
 Todd at Online World of Wrestling

1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mississippi
American sports commentators
Elijah Burke (born May 24, 1978) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment on its ECW brand under his real name and for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name "The Pope" D'Angelo Dinero. He currently works for Ohio Valley Wrestling.

References

Other websites 
Official Website

1978 births
African-American people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
The NFL Draft is a sports draft held every year. In the draft National Football League (NFL) teams select new players to be added to their team's roster. These new players usually are those ending their time playing football in college.

Other websites 
 Official NFL Draft Site
 Official NFL Draft History (1936-Present) 

National Football League
Alan Shepard (November 18, 1923 - July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut. He was the first American to travel into space. He was born in East Derry, New Hampshire. He received a Bachelor of Science at Naval Academy in 1944, graduated at Naval Testpilot School in 1951 and he earned a Master of Arts at the Naval War College in 1957.

On May 5, 1961, Shepard flew into space in the Mercury spacecraft. This was powered by a Redstone rocket.

He made another space flight as spacecraft commander (person in charge) of Apollo 14. This was the third trip to land astronauts on the moon. The trip lasted from January 31 - February 9, 1971. At the age of 47, he was the oldest person to ever walk on the Moon.

Personal life 
In April 5, 1945, Shepard married with Louise. They also had three children.

Shepard suffered with leukemia in 1996 and died on July 21, 1998 in Pebble Beach, California. His wife died from a heart attack on August 25, 1998.

References

American astronauts
Apollo astronauts
Deaths from leukemia
Scientists from New Hampshire
1923 births
1998 deaths
Julia Mary Fownes Somerville (born July 14, 1947) is a reporter. She has worked for BBC News and ITN. She studied English at Sussex University. 

Somerville has been interested in art. In 2001, she was one of the people who selected the National Portrait Gallery's BP Portrait of the Year. She has also served as a judge for several years on the RIBA Annual Architecture Award Panels. On 18 September 2003, Somerville was appointed Chair of the Advisory Committee of the Government Art Collection.

Somerville has married three times: to Stephen Band (1970 - 1975, no children), Ray Gowdridge ( 1984 - 1992, two children). She currently lives in North London with her third husband, the architect Sir Jeremy Dixon. Somerville and Dixon were interviewed by police in 1996. The people who developed their photograph had raised suspicions, because the couple wanted ot have images of their seven-year-old child developed. These photos showed the child bathing. No caution or charges followed the investigation.

References 

1947 births
Living people
Baldia Town is the largest town of Karachi, Pakistan. It is bordered by SITE Town and Orangi to the east.  It is bordered by Kiamari Town to the north and west. 97% of the people are Muslim.

Towns in Pakistan
Karachi
Long Eaton School is a school for children in the town of Long Eaton in south east Derbyshire. The school is close to Nottinghamshire. It has been known by a number of names including Long Eaton Grammar School and is now called The Long Eaton School. The school delivers free education to local children when they are eleven until they leave school.

History
The school was started and the buildings constructed in 1910 for Samuel Clegg who was recognised as a leading teacher. He ran the school until his death in 1930. His daughter married a teacher there and their children were Richard and David Attenborough.

In 2006, a new set of buildings were constructed for the school. The new school buildings were opened by Gordon Brown in November 2006.

Today
The school teaches about 1,200 children from age 11 to 18 and specialises in teaching science.

References

Other websites
 Website

Schools in England
1910 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in England
Instrumentation is the science of measuring and controlling variables.  Variables are anything that can affect or change other things.  Instrumentation can be used to make processes faster or more efficient, meaning they use less effort, energy or money to produce the same results.

The word instrumentation may also mean the machines made to measure and control things.

The science of instrumentation involves figuring out the best way to measure or control something, building the machine or tools, and checking if the results are good and true. It may also include setting up and using the machine or tools.

Variables
An instrument is a tool used to measure and control the variables that affect a process. Here are some variables that people use instrumentation to measure and control:
 pressure, which is the weight that air or water surrounding something has
 temperature, which is how hot or cold things are
 electric current, which is how many electrons are moving through something
 voltage, which is the steepness of the moving electrons
 inductance
 capacitance
 frequency, which is how fast or how often something happens
 electrical resistance, which is how hard it is for electrons to move through something
 conductivity, which is how easily an object allows electrons to pass through it
 flow
 level
 density, which is how much mass something has for its volume, or how heavy it is for its size
 viscosity, which is how thick a liquid or other fluid is

Instruments
Two examples of instruments are valves and flame detectors. A valve is a controlling instrument that controls the flow of fluids, which can be gases, liquids, or other fluids. A flame detector is a measurement instrument that detects a flame by analyzing the light.

Instrumentation engineering
The engineering behind instrumentation deals with mechanics and use of measuring instruments. Instrumentation engineers usually work in industries with automated processes.  For example, chemical and manufacturing plants often have robots and other machines doing a lot of the work.  Instrumentation engineers try to make things more safe, productive and stable. They sometimes use computers.

Science
Measuring tools
Netbook, the word made by Intel company in February 2008, means cheap, smaller size of laptop much easier to move. It is a kind of computer that does basic jobs like web surfing and word processing. Netbook device is normally built for CPU that uses lower power, like the Intel Atom. Now there are many netbooks such as hp-mini and Asus Eee PC. More than 50 million netbooks will be released by 2011.

History 

The concept of netbook is originated from subnotebooks. The word Netbook was introduced by Psion in 1999 and introduced again by Intel in 2008.

In 2007, Asus present the ASUS Eee PC range running a Linux on a 7 inch color screen. The Eee PC has been a top seller on Amazon.com and is often sold out in stores. The Eee's success is attributed to the relatively low-price (around $350/£230/€300) compared with standard-sized laptops. (above $1000 at that time)

In middle of February 2008, Everex released its VIA chipset based on CloudBook, running gOS. Unlike its rival, the Eee PC, the CloudBook uses a hard-disk.

In June 2008, MSI launched the MSI Wind PC, with features such as Bluetooth and a 10" LED, backlit, 1024x600 screen. This new laptop is the first built with Intel Atom low power technology and competes with the HP 2133 Mini-Note PC which has a 8.9" screen.

References 

Laptops
Sing: Chapter 1 is a studio album from country superstar Wynonna Judd, to be released on February 3, 2009. It is her seventh solo studio album and the follow-up to her successful 2003 album What the World Needs Now Is Love and her holiday-themed 2006 release A Classic Christmas.

Album information 
Wynonna teamed up with Brent Maher and Don Potter - the duo behind the many successes that Wynonna had as one half of the mother-daughter duo The Judds with mom Naomi.

The album, contains 12 cover songs which Wynonna states "are a real cross-section of all the different genres I grew up with. It’s all me, its all part of the tapestry of who I am."

Sing has been in production for over a year and a half.

Track listing 

 "That's How Rhythm Was Born"
 "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
 "Woman Be Wise"
 I Hear You Knockin"
 "Till I Get It Right"
 "Are The Good Times Really Over"
 "The House Is Rockin'"
 "Ain't No Sunshine"
 "I'm A Woman"
 "Anyone Who Had A Heart"
 "When I Fall In Love"
 "Sing"

References
Monism is the thinking that there is only one thing.  All things are not separate but work together as one. The opposite thinking is dualism.

Related pages
 Advaita Vedanta
 Philosophy of mind

Philosophical movements and positions
Theology
Seamus Coleman  (born 11 October 1988 in Donegal, Republic of Ireland) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Everton.

Biography
Seamus Coleman grew up in Killybegs, Donegal and played for Killybegs local team St Catherine's. Coleman is a right-back and can also play right midfield and has represented the Republic of Ireland both at Under-21 and Under-23 level, making his international debut for the Under-21s in a friendly against Sweden in 2008. He began as a central midfielder before switching to full-back. Coleman signed for Sligo Rovers in 2006 having begun his career at hometown side Killybegs. The Donegal-born full-back signed for the Blues at the end of the January transfer window in 2009 for 40,000 pounds, having had reported interest from Celtic, Birmingham City, and Ipswich Town. Coleman linked up with Andy Holden and Alan Stubbs in the Blues' reserve team squad.

International career 

Seamus has represented Ireland at under 21 level and under 23 level. He won his first full Ireland cap against Wales on the 8th February 2011.He also was picked for the Macedonia game on the 26th of March, But pulled out with an ankle injury.

References

1988 births
Living people
Irish footballers
People from County Donegal
Guan Yin (also spelled Kwan Yin) is the Chinese name of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of compassion and mercy.
 Her full name is Guanshiyin which means "Observing the sounds (or cries) of the world." She represents mercy and compassion and is popular in the East and the West.

She takes various forms all over the world, in different eras and various forms. She can appear in the world as either male or female.

Names in Asian langauges 
 In Macau, Hong Kong, and southern China she is called  Kwun Yum or Kun Yum.
 In Meitei she is called Lailempi Kwaan Yeen (ꯂꯥꯢꯂꯦꯝꯄꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯟ ꯌꯤꯟ). 
 In Japanese she is called Kannon(観音) , Kan'on, or Kanzeon(観世音) .
 In Korean she is called Gwan-eum  (관음) or Gwanse-eum (관세음).
 In Thai she is called Kuan Im (กวนอิม), Phra Mae Kuan Im (พระแม่กวนอิม), or Chao Mae Kuan Im (เจ้าแม่กวนอิม).
 In Indonesian she is called  Kwan Im or Dewi Kwan Im. The word Dewi in the name is referring as Devi or Goddess. Sometimes she is called Mak Kwam which means Mother Kwan Yin.
 In Vietnamese she is called  Quan Âm, Quán Thế Âm or Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát.
 In Khmer, he is called  "Preah Mae Kun Ci Iem".
In Tibet (Vajrayana Buddhism), she is called Chenrezig and the Dalai Lama is often regarded as a present reincarnation.

Iconography 

The Threefold Lotus Sutra describes Guan Yin as a Bodhisattva who can take any form. She can transform into a male, female, adult, child, elder, human, or non-human, in order to teach the Dharma. The Threefold Lotus Sutra states that Guan Yin has 33 different manifestations. Seven of these are female.

Representations of Guan Yin in the Song Dynasty were masculine in appearance. Images and statues of Guan Yin during this time later became both genders because of the Lotus Sutra. Because Guan Yin is considered to be the personification of compassion and kindness, and a mother-goddess as well as a patroness of mothers and sailor, the representation of the Bodhisattva became mostly female around the 12th century. In the modern period, Guan Yin is often depicted as a beautiful, young white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the earlier Pandaravasini form.

In China, she is often depicted as young and beautiful, wearing white robes and a necklace of Indian/Chinese royalty. In the left hand she holds a vase that contains the elixir of immortality and in the right hand, she holds a willow branch. Guan Yin wears a crown with an image of Amitabha Buddha.

Guan Yin is a prominent figure in Journey to the West. One of the four classics of Chinese literature, it tells the tale of Tang Dynasty monk Chen Hui's epic pilgrimage with three other traveling companions. Guan Yin enlists Monkey King (Sun Wukong), previously imprisoned by the Buddha, to aid Chen Hui in his pilgrimage to India for Sutra and Reliquary. She later recruits Zhu Bajie (Pigsy) after his defeat at the staff of Monkey King, and Sha Wujing (Sandy) as a body guard for Chen Hui.

Related pages
Bodhisattva

References

Bodhisattvas
HMS Supply was a small ship, an armed tender which sailed with the First Fleet. She was intended to be a support ship for HMS Sirius (1786). The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. Supply was commanded by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball.

Supply was a brig rigged sloop of 170 tons. A sloop is a small ship with a single gun deck. A brig rig means the ship had two masts and carried square sails. She had eight small three pounder guns and carried 50 men. She was the smallest ship in the fleet, and the fastest. She was  long and  wide.

A supply ship
The Royal Navy had difficulty in finding a suitable ship. Several were checked but were not seen as suitable for the long journey to Australia. A French storeship, the Eclipse, had been damaged when it ran ashore. An American ship, the Rattlesnake was not of suitable quality. The Navy purchased the British-made Grantham, a packet boat, used for the quick transport of mail. When it was partly taken apart for repairs, the Navy decided it needed so much work, that it would cost too much to repair or rebuild it. They then selected the HM Supply, a small Royal Navy ship based in Portsmouth, which was used to move naval stores around to the different naval yards.

After the setting up of the penal colony at Port Jackson, HMS Supply made ten trips to Norfolk Island. When HMS Sirius was wrecked in 1790, the Supply was the new settlement's only ship. In April 1790 she made a trip to Batavia to get more food. She left for England in November 1791 and reached Plymouth on April 21 1792. She was sold at auction in July 1792. Renamed the Thomas and Nancy she carried coal on the Thames until 1806.

References

Other websites
 A list of the crew of HMS Supply in 1788 
 32 photos of a model of HMS Supply 

 

First Fleet
British warships
The Friendship was a convict transport ship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January, 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The Friendship was a ship of 278 tons which had been built in Scarborough about 1785. It was under the command of Master Francis Walton. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody.The friendship sunk of the coast of Borneo on the way back to England.

On her return trip with the Alexander, many of the sailors on the Friendship became sick with scurvy. There were not enough sailors fit enough to sail both ships. All the crew went on board the Alexander, and the Friendship was scuttled (sunk) off the coast of Borneo on October 28, 1788.

References

Other websites
 A list of all the people known to have been on the Friendship in 1788

First Fleet
The Prince of Wales was a convict transport ship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The Prince of Wales was a ship of 350 tons under the command of John Mason.  She was built on the Thames in 1786. She was  long and  wide. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship got back to Deptford. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and safe. This was the last ship to be chosen for the voyage after the Navy realized that they did not have enough space for the extra people, equipment, and supplies on the ten ships. There was one male convict and forty-nine female convicts which meant that there were only fifty convicts on the ship.

The Prince of Wales was still sailing around England up until 1797. In 1797 she was moved to Fort Royal, Martinique. There is no information after this.

References

Other websites
 A list of all the people on the Prince of Wales in 1788 
 A painting of the Prince of Wales 

First Fleet
The Lady Penrhyn was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. 

The Lady Penrhyn was a ship of 338 tons under the command of William Cropton Server.  The ship had been built on the River Thames in 1786. She was  long and  wide.The captain, William Server, and biscuit maker, William Curtis were the owners of the ship. They had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and safe. She transported 101 female convicts to New South Wales. The convict women were kept secure with both handcuffs and chains. 

After the First Fleet trip, the Lady Penrhyn was under contract to work for the East India Company. She left Sydney on May 5, 1788 to go to China to pick up a load of tea. The Lady Penryhn got back to England in August 1789.

References

Other websites
 A detailed list of the convicts on the Lady Penryhn 
 A list of all the people known to have been on the Lady Penryhn in 1788 

First Fleet
The Scarborough was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. 

The Scarborough was a ship of 430 tons under the command of John Marshall. She was  long and  wide. The prison deck was very small and cramped. The height of the space was only .  The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody. After transporting the convicts to New South Wales, the Scarborough was under contract to work for the East India Company.

Scarborough left Australia 5 May 1788, and with the Lady Penrhyn, sailed to China. On 17 May 1788 she landed at Lord Howe Island for birds and vegetables, and got back to England on 15 June 1789.

Second Fleet
Scarborough went back to New South Wales with the notorious Second Fleet. With Surprize and Neptune she sailed from England with 253 male convicts on 19 January 1790.  Her captain was again John  Marshall and the surgeon was Augustus Jacob Beyer. She arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 13 April 1790, and spent 16 days there, loading food and other items. She also picked up eight male convicts from HMS Guardian  which had been wrecked after hitting an iceberg. She and Neptune were parted from Surprize in heavy weather and arrived at Port  Jackson on 28 June, 160 days out from England. During the voyage, 73 convicts died (28%) and 96 (37%) were very sick when landed.

Other ships named Scarborough
There were at least 4 British built ships named Scarborough in the eighteenth century. At least two of these were contracted to the English East India Co. for the far east trade.   One of the Scarboroughs was lost in the South China Sea on a shoal on 12 Sept 1784. All on board died and the shoal was then named Scarborough Shoal, lying at 15°11′N 117°46′E, recently the subject of sovereignty between China and Philippines. Another ship of the same name was built at Scarborough in 1782 of 430 tons but this is not the one lost on the Scarborough Shoal.

Related pages
 Sydney
 Second Fleet

References

Other websites
 A list of all the people on the Scarborough in 1788 

First Fleet
The Golden Grove was a store ship in the First Fleet which carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787, and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. 

The Golden Grove was a ship of 375 tons under the command of Master Sharp. She had been built as a store ship at Whitby in 1780. She was  long and  wide. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford.

In October 1788 the Golden Grove took 32 convicts from Sydney to the penal colony on Norfolk Island. She left Port Jackson on November 19, 1788, with the Fishburn to return to England. After stopping at the Falkland Islands because of sailors sick with scurvy, she arrived back in Deptford in June 1789. Afterward the Golden Grove sailed from Newcastle and Liverpool, probably carrying rum from Jamaica. There is no information about the ship after 1804.The Golden Grove was a supply ship in the first fleet and carried live stock and food along with a lot more.

References

Gloden Grove is a ship

Other websites
 A list of four people known to have been on the Golden Grove in 1788 tite

First Fleet
Veh (В, в) is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [v].

It comes from the Greek beta, along with the Cyrillic beh. Its old name was vede. Although it looks like a B, it stands for the Roman V and Beh (Б, б) stands for B.

Related pages
 V
 Beta (letter)
Deh (Д, д) is the fifth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [d].

It comes from the Greek delta. Its old name was dobro. It stands for the Roman D.

When written, it looks like a g, and when printed in italics, it is a д.

Related pages
 D
 Delta (letter)
Sir Francis Forbes (1784 – 1841) was the first Chief Justice (judge) of New South Wales. Before he set up the court system in Australia, people were tried by legal tribunals. The town of Forbes, New South Wales was named after him.

Early life
Forbes was born in Bermuda in 1784. His grandfather, Dr. George Forbes had moved to the Bermudas after the Battle of Culloden. He went to London at the age of 19 to study law. He passed the exams and became a lawyer in 1812. He returned to Bermuda but went to back to England 3 years later. In 1816 he was made the first Chief Justice of Newfoundland. He lived in Canada until 1822. The government asked for his advice about setting up a proper legal system in Australia. He was asked to be the first Chief Justice of New South Wales in June 1823. Forbes was officially given the job in October 1823.

Chief Justice
Forbes was Chief Justice from 13th October 1823 to 1st July 1837. He arrived in Sydney in March 1824. He lived with the Governor, Sir Thomas Brisbane, while his house was being got ready for him. Forbes and Brisbane became great friends. He officially opened the new Supreme Court on May 17, 1824. He was also a member of the Legislative Council and was made President in August 1824. In December he was made a member of the Executive Council as well. These two extra positions were political jobs and put him into conflict with his job as a judge. As Chief Justice he had to be sure that new laws were in agreement with the laws of England. This gave him the power to veto (stop) any new law in Australia. This was not a problem while Brisbane was the Governor, but Forbes soon had problems with the new Governor, Sir Ralph Darling.

The Francis Forbes Society   is a group set up to study Australian legal history.

References

1784 births
1841 deaths
Bermudian people
Australian judges
Australian lawyers
Geh (Г, г) is the fourth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [g] or [h].

It comes from the Greek gamma. Its old name was glagoli. It stands for the Roman G.

Related pages
G
Gamma (letter)
Ge with upturn
Gje
Hala Basha-Gorani  (; born 1 March 1970), is an American reporter for CNN International. She is based in the network's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. She anchors CNN International's International Desk.

Biography
Gorani was born in Seattle, Washington, United States. Her parents are Syrians from Aleppo. Gorani was mainly raised in Paris. She lived also in Algeria. Her name Hala is a common Arabic name which means halo.

She speaks English, French and Arabic (though she can not read it). She currently lives in Atlanta. French novelist Yann Moix dedicated his first novel Jubilation Vers le Ciel to Gorani in 1996.

Career
She has established herself as a Middle East specialist and covered the Hezbollah-Israel war in the summer of 2006 from Lebanon as the main anchor for CNN International, helping the network's coverage of the Middle East win an award for "Excellence in Journalism".

Gorani also reports from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. In April 2007, she led CNN's coverage of the 2007 French presidential election.  Gorani avoids discussing her political and religious views, saying the job  needs her to be neutral.

References

Other websites 
 Official profile at CNN.com

1970 births
Living people
American journalists
Writers from Seattle, Washington
Hala is a gotra or clan of the Jatt people found in the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh in India and in the province of Sindh in Pakistan.

Religion 
The members of this gotra are Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. The Muslim Jatts of the Hala gotra are found in Sindh, while Hindu and Sikh Jatts belonging to this gotra are found in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab (India).

Further reading
 Ram Swarup Joon:  History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)

Ethnic groups in Sindh
Jamiroquai are a British funk and acid jazz band. It was created by Jason Kay. The name of the band is a compound word created from "Jam session" and the name of the Native American tribe, the "Iroquois". 

The band's first single, "When You Gonna Learn?", was released in 1992. Because of the success of this single, Jamiroquai made a contract with Sony BMG. They release their first album Emergency on Planet Earth in 1993. The next year, their second album The Return of the Space Cowboy was released. This album become popular. In 1996, a song "Virtual Insanity" on the third album Travelling Without Moving was very popular. The music video of this song was so innovative that it caused a big sensation. With this song, Jamiroquai was nominated for 10 MTV video awards. It won four awards. This album made the band famous all across the world.  

The members of Jamiroquai have changed for many times, except Jason Kay.  For the present, the members of the band are:
Jason Kay (vocals)
Derrick McKenzie (drums)
Sola Akingbola (percussion)
Rob Harris (guitar)
Matt Jonson (keyboard)
Paul Turner(bass)

References

Musical groups from London
Jazz bands
Funk bands
Soul bands
Disco groups
Eraclea is a town in the province of Venice, Veneto, Italy. SP42 goes through it.
Eraclea Mare is the Lido of Eraclea .

It is located on the Adriatic Sea near the coast between the rivers Piave and Livenza and between two famous touristic towns: Caorle and Jesolo.

Eracleamare, one of the destinations of summer tourism on the Adriatic riviera, is together with Jesolo and Caorle one of the best known seaside resort on the Venetian coast. Within the last year, a steady growth of foreign tourists, especially from Germany, has been recorded. Also in 2010, Eracleamare has received the "Blu Flag" from the FEE  .

Main sights
Eraclea Mare is famous cause of its pinewood and "Mort lagoon" (in Italian: Laguna del Mort  ).

The Mort Lagoon, an extremely evocative naturalistic site between Eraclea and Jesolo, was originated by the overflowing of the Piave river in 1936, whose bed was modified in its last stretch after a big flood. The Mort stretches between Eraclea Mare and the mouth of the Piave river and it is a sea-lagoon, being supplied with water only by the flood-tides. Still uncontaminated, the Mort is characterized by shallow and calm waters with a sandy and muddy seabed, rich in phytoplankton.

Photogallery

Other websites

Eraclea's Tourism Portal You can find helpful information about accommodation, Hotels, excursions, etc. in Eraclea.
Eracleamare in Flickr
Eracleamare's Portal Non-profit portal with some information and utilities about Eraclea Mare.
(Google Maps)
 Eracleamare's Touristic Blog Non-profit Touristic Blog with news & info about Eraclea Mare.

Eraclea
Settlements in Veneto
Lenz's law is a common way to understand how electromagnetic circuits obey Newton's third law and the conservation of energy. Lenz's law is named after Emil Lenz, and it says:
An induced electromotive force (emf) always gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in original magnetic flux.

Lenz's law is shown with the negative sign in Faraday's law of induction:

,

which indicates that the induced emf (ℰ) and the change in magnetic flux (∂ΦB) have opposite signs.

The induced emf and the resulting induced current are counterclockwise when B is directed out from the page and the area of the circuit is decreasing. The flux through this circuit is decreasing in the outward direction. Now the induced current I produces its own magnetic field, and we may use the right-hand grip rule to compute the direction of this field. The result is that the magnetic field due to the induced current is also directed outward within the circuit. It is as though nature, through this induced field, tried to compensate for the reduction in the flux due to the applied field B. This turns out experimentally to be a general rule, so that we may say that
The direction of the induced emf is always such as to result in opposition to the change producing it.
That is Lenz's law.

As another example of the application of Lenz's law, consider a coil of wire to which a battery is suddenly connected. Suppose that the battery starts a current flowing clockwise, as viewed by the observer. This current will give rise to a magnetic field whose lines will thread the coil and circle back outside it. Thus, as the current due to the battery builds up, there is a changing magnetic flux through the coil and this must result in an induced emf in the coil. What is the direction of this induced emf? Lenz's law tells us immediately that it must be counterclockwise, so as to oppose the building up of the current. Similarly, when the current in a circuit is broken, the induced emf seeks to keep the current from dying out, and this accounts for the sparking observed when switches are opened slowly. The induced emf in a circuit whose current is changing is called the back emf, since it always opposes the alteration in the current. It arises from change in the current's own magnetic field, an effect referred to as self-inductance.

Were Lenz's law not true, an increase in current in a coil would result in an emf that aided the applied battery, thus increasing the current further, inducing more emf and further increases in the current, ad infinitum. This would be an unstable situation and one in which the conservation of energy principle would be disobeyed.
This sort of reasoning may be extended to other situations in which a system in equilibrium is displaced and the principle arrived at is the following.

When a system in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium is displaced in the direction which tends to undo the effects of the disturbance.
This generalization of Lenz's law is called Le Chatelier's principle.

References

Electromagnetism
A circuit containing resistance (R), inductance (L), and capacitance (C) is called an RLC circuit. A simple circuit only has one RLC series.

With a resistance R present, the total electromagnetic energy U of the circuit (the sum of the electric energy and magnetic energy) is no longer constant.  Instead, it decreases with time as energy is transferred to thermal energy in the resistance. Because of this loss of energy, the oscillations of charge, current and potential difference continuously decrease in amplitude, and the oscillations are said to be damped. 

They are damped in exactly the same way as those of the damped block-spring oscillator. To analyze the oscillations of this circuit, an equation can be written for the total electromagnetic energy  in the circuit at any instant. This is because the resistance does not store electromagnetic energy.

  (Eq. 1)
  
However, this total energy decreases as energy is transferred to thermal energy. 
                                     
  (Eq. 2)
   
where the minus sign indicates that  decreases. By differentiating Eq. 1 with respect to time and then substituting the result in Eq. 2, the following is obtained:
                                   

   
Substituting  for  and  for , the following is obtained:
 
'  (RLC circuit)

Electronic circuits
Jackstones is a traditional Korean game. It is usually played by girls. The game is similar to the game Jacks. Jackstones is also a traditional game played in IndiaTamilnadu by the name Anchakal it is also played in rural villages of Andhra Pradesh by the name of Achenagandlu or Achamgilla or Chintapikkala aata, using small stones or Tamarind seeds.

Game play
The game is played with five stones. Each stone is about the size of an almond. Players can only use one hand to play the game. The game has five parts or "stages".

In the first stage, the player throws the stones on the ground. They pick up one stone and throw it upward. Before the stone falls onto the ground, they need to pick up another stone from the ground and then catch the one that was thrown. This is done again until there are no stones on the ground.

The second stage is the same with the first stage except that the player needs to pick up two stones at once before the stone which was thrown falls down. The third and the fourth stages are the same.

In the fifth stage, players can get points. All of the stones are thrown upward. The player must catch as many of the stones as they can with the back of their hand.  Then, the stones they caught are thown into the air again and the player must catch all of them. The player gets points for how many stones they catch. If they caught 3 stones, they get 3 points. If they caught 4 stones, they get four points. After that, the next player does the same. When all players have done this, the game is finished. The person (or the team) who has a higher point wins.

Also there are several rules;
The player is out if they touch any stones that they were not supposed to touch.
The player is out if they do not catch the stone in the air.
The player is out if they do not catch all the stones from the back of their hand in the air.

If a player is out, the next person (or team) gets the turn.

References 

Games
Korean culture
Snell's Law of Refraction is the scientific law of the refraction of light or other waves. In optics, Snell's law is about the speed of light in different media. The law states that when light passes through different materials (for example from air to glass) the ratio of sines of the incidence (incoming) angle and the refraction (outgoing) angle does not change:

With each  as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary,  as the velocity of light in the respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or m/s).  is the refractive index of the medium.

The index of refraction of a vacuum is 1 and the velocity of light in a vacuum is . When a wave passes the material where the index of refraction is n, the velocity of the wave becomes .

Snell's law can be proved by Fermat's principle. Fermat's principle states that light travels along the path which takes the least time.

History 
The idea has a long history. The problem had the attention of Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemy, Ibn Sahl, and Huygens. Ibn Sahl actually discovered the law of refraction. In Traité de la Lumiere, 1678, Huygens showed how Snell's law of sines could be explained by, or derived from, the wave nature of light.

References 

Optics