cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (1775 - 1864) was the wife of President William Henry Harrison. President Benjamin Harrison was her grandson. She was the First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841. But she never entered the White House.

She was born near Morristown, New Jersey on July 25, 1775. Her father was a judge and his name was John Cleves Symmes. Her mother’s name was Anna Tuthill Symmes. Her mother died in 1776 when Anna was hardly one year old. During the American Revolution, Anna's father dressed like a British soldier and carried her on horseback passing through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island. They cared for the child till the end of the war with the British.

At the age of thirteen, she went to North Bend, Ohio to live with her father and the stepmother. After few years, she met William Harrison, a young army officer. She married him on 25th November 1795. The couple had six sons and four daughters: Elizabeth Bassett "Betsy" (1796 - 1846), John Cleves Symmes (1798 - 1830), Lucy Singleton (1800 - 1826), William Henry, Jr. (1802 - 1838), John Scott (1804 - 1878), Benjamin (1806 - 1840), Mary Symmes (1809 - 1842), Carter Bassett (1811 - 1839), Anna Tuthill (1813 - 1845), and James Findlay (1814 - 1817).

After an eventful career in the US Army, her husband became the President of the United States in 1841. Due to her illness, she could not attend the inauguration ceremony and remained at their home in North Bend. After a month, on April 4, 1841, she was about to move to Washington when she learned of her husband's death. Thus, she never entered the White House, even though she was the First Lady. 

After the death of her husband, she lived in North Bend with one of her sons, John Scott Harrison. She helped raise his children. One of the children was eight-year old Benjamin who became President of the United States. She died at the age of 88 on February 25, 1864 at home in North Bend, Ohio.

References 

1775 births
1864 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
William Henry Harrison
Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 1805? - August 23, 1887) was the daughter in law of US President Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Jackson.  She acted as the First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837. 

Sarah Yorke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were very rich. The exact date of her birth is not known. But, it was in July 1805. Her father’s name was Peter Yorke. Her father had worked as a sea captain, and then became a merchant. Her mother’s name was Mary Haines York. Her father died in 1805. While going to New Orleans, her mother died in 1820. Sarah had two other sisters. Her two aunts raised all the three children.

On November 24 1831, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. He was the adopted son of president Andrew Jackson. The couple lived in the family plantation farm in Tennessee. There in 1834, a fire destroyed the main house. They came to Washington, and started living in the White House. By that time, they had become parents of two children. 

The couple and their children reached the White House on November 26 1834. She immediately started to act as the First Lady. At the same time, the President’s niece Emily Donelson was also acting as the First Lady. This is the single example of two ladies acting as the First Lady in the history of the United States. In 1836, Emily died of tuberculosis. After that, Sarah continued to act as the First Lady. 

President Jackson’s term as president expired in 1837. Until then Sarah remained in the White House, and continued to act as the First lady. By that time, a new house was constructed at Tennessee. The couple and the former president lived there for about eight years. In 1845, Andrew Jackson died. She continued to live there with her husband. When the American Civil War broke out, the couple moved to Mississippi. She died on August 23 1887.

First Ladies of the United States
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1805 births
1877 deaths
The order Carnivora is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia. 

Animals of the order Carnivora are carnivores, a term which applies to all flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then carnivorans is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants.

The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals.

Taxonomy 
 Order Carnivora
 Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
 Family Felidae: cats
 Family Viverridae
 Family Hyaenidae: hyenas
 Family Eupleridae
 Family Herpestidae: mongooses
 Suborder Caniformia ("dog-like")
 Family Canidae: dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals, and coyotes
 Family Ursidae: bears
 Family Ailuridae: red pandas
 Family Mephitidae: skunks
 Family Mustelidae: martins, badgers, and minks
 Family Procyonidae: racoons
 Superfamily Pinnipedia : walruses, and seals
 Family Odobenidae
 Family Otariidae
 Family Phocidae

Carnivoramorpha 
The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha:
†Miacoidea
†Viverravidae
†Miacidae (Miacis)
Carnivora
Caniformia
Feliformia

The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha.
Fowls are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). It happens that birds in these groups are good to eat, and often hunted by gun. So the word 'fowl' may be used for a game bird. The group is mostly of birds we hunt or farm, and which we eat. Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Together, they form the fowl clade, the Galloanserae. This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data, as well as retrotransposon data.

Galloanserae is the clade fowl the form they Together relatives ary evolution close are groups two these suggest similarities molecular biology Molecular and anatomical Anatomy of Studies eat we which and farm or hunt we birds of mostly is group The bird game a for used be may 'fowl' word the So gun by hunted often and eat to good are groups these in birds that happens. It Anseriformes waterfowl the and Galliformes landfowl or gamefowl the namely orders biological biology order two of one to belonging birds are fowl.

References 

Birds
Basic English 850 words
Animals
A receipt is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get".

Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something.  It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle.

Related pages 
 Invoice

Basic English 850 words
Genres
Business
An error is a mistake: that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects.

In arithmetic 
Elementary errors in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning.

This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results.

In statistics 
A statistical error is the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value. The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen.

A tricky point is this:
The difference between a value in the sample and the (unobservable) population mean is a statistical error, whereas
The difference between a value in the sample and the observable sample mean is a residual.

Computer programming 
The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A syntax error is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A logic error is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output. 

An error may also be an exception, which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict.

Catastrophes 
In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences.

References 

Basic English 850 words
The Union of European Football Associations mostly called the UEFA, is the organization that controls European football (soccer) (often referred to as association football). The UEFA is one of 6 continental confederations of the FIFA. It is also the biggest one. The President of the UEFA is Florentino Pérez, who also works as the president of Real Madrid.

Some members of the UEFA are partly or whole not part of the European continent (Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus and Russia). There are members that do not represent sovereign states, such as the Faroe Islands, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

UEFA national teams have won 12 FIFA World Cups (Italy-4, Germany-4, France-2, England and Spain-one trophy each), and UEFA clubs have won 21 Intercontinental Cups and four FIFA Club World Cups. In women's, UEFA teams have won three FIFA Women's World Cups (Germany 2, Norway 1) and one Olympic gold medal (Norway).

Members of UEFA

Competitions

International competitions
The main international competition is the UEFA European Football Championship. This competition started in 1958, with the first finals in 1960. It is held every four years. The last was 2016 in France. The title was won by Portugal for their first time ever. There were also European competitions at the Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 levels. For women there was the UEFA Women's Championship.

Club competitions
There are two main club competitions. The highest is the UEFA Champions League. It started in the 1992/93 season as follower of the UEFA Champion Cup. This competition was first held in 1956. The second is the UEFA Europa League. The league started in 1999 when the UEFA Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup merged. In women's football UEFA governs UEFA Women's Champions League for club teams. The competition was first held in 2009 (out of UEFA Women's Cup until 2009)

Winner of the UEFA Champions League
 2017/18-Real Madrid
 2016/17-Real Madrid
 2015/16-Real Madrid
 2014/15-FC Barcelona
 2013/14-Real Madrid
 2012/13-Bayern Munich
 2011/12-Chelsea FC
 2010/11-FC Barcelona
 2009/10-Inter Milan
 2008/09-FC Barcelona
 2007/08-Manchester United
 2006/07-AC Milan
 2005/06-FC Barcelona
 2004/05-Liverpool FC
 2003/04-FC Porto
 2002/03-AC Milan
 2001/02-Real Madrid
 2000/01-Bayern Munich
 1999/00-Real Madrid
 1998/99-Manchester United
 1997/98-Real Madrid
 1996/97-Borussia Dortmund
 1995/96-Juventus
 1994/95-Ajax Amsterdam
 1993/94-AC Milan
 1992/93-Olympic Marseille
Since 1992 no winner of the Champions League was able to defend the title the next season.

Winner of the UEFA Women's Champions League
 2009/10-1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (Germany)
 2010/11-Olympique Lyon (France)

Related pages
 European Football Champions
 UEFA Champions League
 FIFA
 UEFA Europa League

References

Other websites 

 UEFA homepage

 
1954 establishments in Europe
Micronesia is an area in Oceania. Many islands in southwest Pacific Ocean are part of it. Micronesia means small islands in ancient Greek language.

Philippines is to the west of Micronesia. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia are to the south of Micronesia. Polynesia is to the east of Micronesia.

List of islands and countries in Micronesia 
Gilbert Islands (in Republic of Kiribati)
Republic of the Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia (It may be called just Micronesia)
Republic of Nauru
Republic of Palau
Mariana Islands
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (in United States)
Territory of Guam;
 Territory of Wake Island.

 

bcl:Maykronisya
The 2002 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30, 2002. 32 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Germany in the final by a score of 2-0. 69,029 people were at the finals at International Stadium, Yokohama.

Participants

Africa 
 Senegal (SEN) • Squad
 South Africa (RSA) • Squad
 Tunisia (TUN) • Squad

Asia 
 China PR (CHN) • Squad
 Japan (JPN) • Squad
 South Korea (KOR) • Squad
 Saudi Arabia (KSA) • Squad

Europe 
 Belgium (BEL) • Squad
 Croatia (CRO) • Squad
 Denmark (DEN) • Squad
 England (ENG) • Squad
 France (FRA) • Squad
 Germany (GER) • Squad
 Italy (ITA) • Squad
 Poland (POL) • Squad
 Portugal (POR) • Squad
 Republic of Ireland (IRL) • Squad
 Russia (RUS) • Squad
 Slovenia (SVN) • Squad
 Spain (ESP) • Squad
 Sweden (SWE) • Squad
 Turkey (TUR) • Squad

North and Central America 
 Costa Rica (CRC) • Squad
 Mexico (MEX) • Squad
 United States (USA) • Squad

South America 
 Argentina (ARG) • Squad
 Brazil (BRA) • Squad
 Ecuador (ECU) • Squad
 Paraguay (PAR) • Squad
 Uruguay (URU) • Squad

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Third place play-off

Final

Goalscorers

3 goals 
 Miroslav Klose

2 goals 
 John Dahl Tomasson

1 goal 
 Papa Bouba Diop
 Patrick M'Boma
 Matt Holland
 Darío Rodríguez
 Michael Ballack
 Carsten Jancker
 Thomas Linke
 Oliver Bierhoff
 Bernd Schneider
 Gabriel Batistuta
 Roque Santa Cruz
 Francisco Arce
 Teboho Mokoena
 Quinton Fortune
 Sol Campbell
 Niclas Alexandersson
 Raúl
 Juan Carlos Valerón
 Fernando Hierro
 Sebastjan Cimirotič

References 
 FIFA 

|

FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA World Cup
2000s in Japan
21st century in South Korea
Football in Japan
Football in South Korea
Monotremes are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk.

The word 'monotreme' refers to their common rear opening, the cloaca. In amphibia, reptiles, birds and probably all early tetrapods, there is a common opening for urine, reproduction and faeces.

Evolution  
Monotremes are derived from earlier mammals than the marsupials and eutherians, but their fossil record is poor. 

The time at which the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago. This is in the Upper Triassic. Fossils of a jaw fragment 110 million years old were found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. This means they originated up to 100 million years before the Metatheria or Eutheria, so they are definitely 'living fossils'.

Mosaic features 
The egg-laying and the cloaca are primitive ('basal') features inherited from earlier synapsid tetrapods. 

But the monotremes also have other features such as the production of milk, caring for their young in burrows, homeothermy and a neocortex in their brains. These are advanced ('derived') features which they share with placentals and marsupials. This mixture of basal and derived features is characteristic of the way different body parts often evolve at different rates. This is called mosaic evolution. 

In mammals, a monophyletic group, there were a number of different lines living at the same time through the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Each of these lines had a mixture of basal and derived features until, at last, the placental mammals developed the whole suite of derived characters. This gave them a great advantage over the other groups wherever open competition occurred. However, because of their long seclusion in southern continents, some of the monotremes and marsupials have survived.

Survivors 
There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as the platypus and the spiny anteaters. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others are the spiny anteaters, or the echidna.

Types of monotreme 
 Order Monotremata
 Family Ornithorhynchidae
 Genus Ornithorhynchus
 Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus
 Family Tachyglossidae: Echidnas
 Genus Tachyglossus
 Short-beaked Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus
 Genus Zaglossus: Long-beaked Echidnas
 Western Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus bruijni
 Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus attenboroughi
 Eastern Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus bartoni

References 

 
Living fossils
The FIFA Club World Cup is a competition in the sport of Club football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every one year. The tournament officially assigns the world title. It is normally contested between the Champions of each continent, and the champion of the host country. Real Madrid is the most successful team in the tournament, with 4 titles.

List of champions and statistics 

See also: Clubs of football world champions

Pre Fifa Club World Cup Competition
 Intercontinental Cup (1960-2004); in 2017 FIFA officially recognized all of them as official club world champions (de jure) with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners or world champions FIFA. In synthesis FIFA has two types of world champions, those deriving from the Intercontinental Cup and those deriving from the Club World Cup, the two competitions confer the same title.

Related pages
 Clubs of football world champions

References

Other websites
 Fifa Club World Cup website 

FIFA competitions
Metatheria is a group in the class Mammalia which contains the marsupials and the sparassodonts. 

First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia, but it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals. They differ from all other mammals in their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars.

The earliest known representative, Sinodelphys, is from the Lower Cretaceous of China. 

The closest relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880). Both are conventionally united as infraclasses within the subclass Theria, which contains all living mammals except monotremes.

During development, metatherians produce a yolk sac placenta and give birth to 'larval-like' offspring. 

These offspring have underdeveloped rear limbs, and after birth they migrate to the marsupium where they attach to a nipple. The mouth of newly born metatherians forms an "O" shape into which the mother's nipple fits. Then it swells to secure the offspring into place.

The Greek words meta- and theria roughly means the "other beasts", in contrast with Eutheria ("true beasts").

Evolutionary history
Metatherians first appeared in the Cretaceous period.  Some stem group metatherians persisted well into the Neogene period before becoming extinct. Crown group marsupials, the one branch of Metatheria that survives today, diversified close to the time of extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.

References
Urarina are Indigenous Peoples who live in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest

External link
 Book about the Urarina people from the University Press of Florida.

Peruvian people
Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil. Aracaju is the capital and largest city. Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas.

Geography 
Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga. A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast. There are also swamps near the coast.

Economy 
Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane. Cassava is also grown. There is a small petoleum industry.

History 
The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe. The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for crab.

The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão. Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after.

Now, Sergipe is part of free Brazil.

References

 
States of Brazil
Emily Tennessee Donelson (June 1, 1807 - December 19, 1836) was the niece of President of the United States Andrew Jackson.  She acted as an unofficial First Lady of the United States from 1829 to 1836.

Emily Tennessee Donelson was born in Donelson, Tennessee. Her father’s name was John Donelson. He was the brother of Rachel Donelson Jackson. Rachel Donelson Jackson later on married Andrew Jackson, the President. She studied at Nashville Female Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. She was a bright student and she got a very good education. At the age of seventeen, she married Andrew Jackson Donelson, called in short as A. J. Donelson. 
  
With her husband, she came to the White House in 1829. At that time, she was just 21 years old. Her husband A. J. Donelson served as a secretary to the President Jackson. Her first months at the White House marked the mourning for the death of Rachel Donelson Jackson. The period of mourning ended when Emily gave a party at the White House on 1 January 1830.

She continued to act as the First Lady for few years.  She left the White House for some time. But, she returned again on the 5th September 1831. On 26 November 1834 Sarah Yorke Jackson, the President's daughter in law arrived at the White House. She also started to act as the First lady. It was the only time in the history of USA that two women acted at the same time as the First Lady. 

In 1836, Emily’s health became very weak. She was suffering from tuberculosis.  In June 1836 she left the White House to recover and rest Tulip Grove, her plantation. She could not recover and died on the 19 December 1836.

1807 births
1836 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Andrew Jackson
Letitia Christian Tyler (November 12, 1790 - September 10, 1842) was the first wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death in 1842.

Life
Letitia Christian Tyler was born at her family’s plantation in Virginia. She could not get any formal education. But she learned to manage the plantation and raise a family. 
She married John Tyler on 29 March 1813. The day was the twenty-third birthday of John Tyler. The couple had eight children. Out of the eight, one died very young. 

After 1839, she fell ill. When John Tyler became president, Letitia Tyler was very sick. She was confined to her invalid’s chair. She lived in a second-floor room of the White House. She could not take part in social activities, but she looked after other affairs of the household. 

She died on 10 September 1842. She was the first President's wife to die in the White House. Her picture also appears on a postage stamp issued by the Isle of Man Post Office  in her honor. After her death, Priscilla Cooper Tyler became the First Lady.

1790 births
1842 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
People from Hampton Roads, Virginia
John Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler (July 23, 1820 - July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844 to March 4, 1845.

Family
Her parents were Juliana McLachlan and David Gardiner. Her parents belonged to a famous and wealthy family of New York. From her childhood, Juliana got training to move in high society. When she was just a girl of 15, she went to tour Europe with her family. There she saw a social life of much glamour. In late 1842, she along with her parents went to Washington DC. In Washington DC, she attracted the attention of several men. One of them was President Tyler, a widower since September 10 1842.

Marriage
In 1843, Julia, her sister, and their father joined the President Tyler on a tour on a steam naval ship. During the tour a huge naval gun exploded, killing her father. The President Tyler comforted her. He also got her consent for a secret engagement. Marriage took place on 26th June 1844. When the news was announced, it attracted interest and publicity. Some people also criticized it as the President Tyler was 30 years older than Julia.

Role as the First Lady
Her role as the First Lady was very decent and charming for the guests. After her husband’s term ended as the president, they retired to their home at Sherwood Forest Plantation in Virginia. The President got seven more children from her. He was already having eight children with his first wife. There her husband died on 18th January 1862. In the meanwhile, the American Civil War had broken out. She had to move to New York as a refugee. She also faced monetary problems.

Last years
In 1870, the US Congress granted a pension of US $ 1,200 a year to Mary Lincoln, widow of Abraham Lincoln. In 1880, Julia could also get a pension of the same amount. After Garfield's assassination, the US Congress granted a pension of same amount of US $ 5,000 a year to all the widows of the presidents. They were Lucretia Garfield, Mrs. Lincoln, Sarah Childress Polk, and Mrs. Tyler. 

Mrs. Tyler spent her last years comfortably in Richmond, Virginia. She died there on 10th July 1889. 

1820 births
1889 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Tyler
Refugees
Sir Lancelot is a character in the legend of King Arthur.  The legend says Sir Lancelot was a Knight of the Round Table.  Lancelot was a Red Cross Knight, which meant that he was on a quest to find the Holy Grail.

In Arthurian legend, Lancelot was raised by the Lady of the Lake.  For this reason, he was also called Lancelot Du Lac.  

At one time, Lancelot was one of the most trusted knights of King Arthur's Round Table.  This changed when Lancelot fell in love with the king's wife, Queen Guinevere.  He later had an affair with Elaine of Configure.  As a result, he and Guinevere parted ways.

Lancelot is the father of Sir Galahad.  The legend is not clear about who was Galahad’s mother.  It may have been Elaine of Configure.  Sir Galahad eventually became the greatest knight in all of Camelot.  Lancelot saw Galahad’s ascension.

Lancelot was the only knight known to have defeated King Arthur in a jousting match.

He first appeared as a main character in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrette ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century.  A section called the Prose Lancelot includes stories about Lancelot’s adventures.  Often, the stories contain conflicting background stories and chains of events.

is in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrette ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century, where his exploits are recounted in the section known as the Prose Lancelot, often with conflicting background stories and chains of events.

Related pages
Courtly love
Monty Python and the Holy Grail

Arthurian legend
Fictional knights
The Pitcairn Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. People only live on the second-largest of the four islands. That island is named Pitcairn. It is governed by the United Kingdom. It has the smallest number of people of any country. In 2019, 50 people lived there.

The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians (or Polynesians) who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This history still shows in the surnames of many of the islanders. There are only four family names (as of 2010): Christian, Warren, Young and Brown.

History 
Originally people from Polynesia lived on the Pitcairn Islands, but there was no one living on the islands when they were discovered (found) by Captain Philip Carteret of H.M.S. Swallow on 2 July 1767. The island was named after Robert Pitcairn, a 15 year old midshipman who was the first person on the Swallow to see it. Robert is believed to have been lost at sea in early 1770 when the ship he was on, HMS Aurora, went missing in the Indian Ocean.

Recent sex crimes 
In 2004 charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad with sex-related offences dating back a number of years. On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including the island's mayor at the time. After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley. The men began serving their sentences in late 2006, as of 2010 all men have served their sentences or been granted home detention status (Pitcairn News, 2010).

In 2010 the island received a new and updated constitution.

The Islands

Related pages
Mutiny on the Bounty

References 

The CIA Government factbook 

Islands of Oceania
British overseas territories
Polynesia
Mutiny on the Bounty
The sun bear (Ursus malayanus or Helarctos malayanus) is a bear living in Southeast Asia.

Appearance 
The sun bear is the smallest bear. It has short black fur, and a yellow spot on its chest. Its ears are small and round. It has big feet with naked soles and long claws, which help the sun bear climbing. It can climb very well. It cannot see very well, but its sense of smell is very good.

Life 

Sun bears mostly live in tropic rainforests. They are mostly active at night, and they stay in trees a lot of the time.

It eats a lot of different things: fruit and other plants, eggs, honey and insects. They also eat small vertebrate animals, like reptiles, birds and mammals.

After a pregnancy of 96 days the female gives birth to 1-2 babies. Young sun bears become mature when they are 3-4 years old. sun bears can become up to 28 years old when in captivity (held by humans, e.g. in zoos).

Sun bears do not hibernate.

Other websites 
 Sun bear by BearPlanet

Ursidaes
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889) was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler. John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States.  She acted as the First Lady of the United States from September 10, 1842 to June 26, 1844.

Birth
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City.  Her father’s name was Thomas Apthorpe Cooper. Cooper was a successful stage actor and producer.  Priscilla Cooper’s mother was Mary Fairlee Cooper.  At the age of 17 Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper started to work as an actress. Her father became very successful, and the family lived in a big house on Broadway theatre. But, in the Panic of 1837, the family suffered great losses. Sometimes, they only had radishes and strawberries to eat.

Marriage
She met her future husband Robert Tyler while performing in a play in Richmond, Virginia. They became closer and their marriage took place on 12th September 1839. John Tyler, his father in law, was a US Senator. She received a nice welcome at her husband’s home. Her father in law became the Vice President after 1840 presidential election.  But, the President William Henry Harrison dies just after one month of becoming the President of the United States. After this, John Tyler became the President.

First Lady
Letitia Tyler, wife of the President John Tyler was a semi-invalid lady. Therefore, the President asked Priscilla to assist Letitia in her duties as the First Lady. Letitia died on 10th September 1842. After Letitia’s death, Priscilla became the First Lady. People of her time has described Priscilla as attractive and intelligent.

After First Lady
In 1844, Robert Tyler moved to Philadelphia along with his wife, Priscilla. Priscilla passed her duties to the President's daughter Letitia Tyler Semple.

Robert Tyler and Priscilla lived in Philadelphia for 16 years. Robert worked as a lawyer. In 1861, American Civil War broke out. They declared their loyalty to the Confederate States of America. They moved to Richmond. In Richmond, Robert worked as the register of the Confederate Treasury. After the American Civil War, Robert became the editor of the Mail and Advertiser newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama.  He died in 1877. Priscilla remained in Montgomery after Robert's death. She died in Montgomery in 1889. 

First Ladies of the United States
1816 births
1889 deaths
People from New York City
Eliza McCardle Johnson (October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876) was the First Lady of the United States and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States. She previously served as Second Lady in 1865.

Early life
She was born in Telford, Tennessee. She was the only child of John McCardle, a shoemaker, and Sarah Phillips-McCardle. Eliza lost her father when she was still a small child.  She was raised by her widowed mother in Greeneville, Tennessee].  One day in September 1826, Eliza was chatting with classmates from Rhea Academy when she spotted Andrew Johnson and his family pull into town with all their belongings.

Marriage
Andrew Johnson, aged 18, married Eliza McCardle, aged 16, on May 17, 1827, at the home of the bride's mother in Greeneville. Mordecai Lincoln, a distant relative of Abraham Lincoln, presided over the nuptials.

Children
The Johnsons had three sons and two daughters, all born in Greeneville:
Martha Johnson (1828–1901)
Charles Johnson (1830–1863) 
Mary Johnson (1832–1883)
Robert Johnson (1834–1869)
Andrew Johnson, Jr. (1852–1879)

First Lady
She supported her husband in his political career, but had tried to avoid public appearances. During the American Civil War, Confederate authorities ordered her to evacuate her home in Greeneville; she took refuge in Nashville, Tennessee.  

A few months later after her husband became president, she joined him in the White House, but she was not able to serve as First Lady due to her poor health. She remained confined to a room on the second floor, leaving the social chores to her daughter (Martha Johnson Patterson).  Mrs. Johnson appeared publicly as First Lady on only two occasions - at a reception for Queen Emma of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1866 and at the president's birthday party in 1867.

Death
After episodes of "consumption" (tuberculosis), Eliza died on January 15, 1876, at the of age 65 in Greeneville, Tennessee. She survived her husband by five and a half months.

Other websites
Eliza Johnson on Find-A-Grave
The White House Web Site
National First Ladies' Library

1810 births
1876 deaths
Andrew Johnson
Deaths from tuberculosis
First Ladies of the United States
Infectious disease deaths in Tennessee
Second Ladies of the United States
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 − November 22, 1918), was the acting First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.

Early life
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14, 1846. Known to her family as "Libby", Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, and where he died that same year. Rose  was 7 at the time of her father's death. She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother. Grover Cleveland, Rose's elder brother, was 16 years old at the time.

White House years
When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, won the election to the twenty-second presidency of the United States, Rose became First Lady and lived in the White House for two years, she stood by her brother as First Lady during his inauguration, and his two initial bachelor years in the White House.

During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House.  The Times reported that Miss Cleveland, Wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace. The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders and arms. Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society during her tenure as first lady. It is said that," Rose Cleveland was a bluestocking, more interested in pursuing scholarly endeavors than in entertaining cabinet wives and foreign dignitaries."  Rose was an intellectual, and she preferred to lecture rather than entertain, but she made sure to perform her duties as First Lady as a favor to her brother. 

Later on President Cleveland married Frances Cleveland. Rose resigned as the First Lady, and started her career in the field of education.

Death
She died on November 22, 1918 in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, from the Spanish flu. She is buried in Bagni di Lucca.

References

First Ladies of the United States
Deaths from influenza
1846 births
1918 deaths
Project Gutenberg (PG) is an online project that offers a digital archive of copyright-free e-books in the public domain. It was started in 1971 by Michael S. Hart. The purpose of the Project is to collect in and make available cultural work (like books) using computers. These are generally free and may be used on most computers. The project gets its name from Johannes Gutenberg, a German publisher who made the first European printing press in 1439. 

As Project Gutenberg continued to grow, in 2000, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. was created. It is a non-profit organization with main office in Mississippi, United States.

Other websites 
 Official website

Books
Non-profit organizations of the United States
20th-century establishments in Mississippi
1971 establishments in the United States
Cupertino is a small town in Silicon Valley in the U.S. state of California. According to the 2000 census, Cupertino has a population of 50,546. The headquarters of Apple Computer and Symantec are in Cupertino.

Sister cities 
 Copertino, Apulia, Italy
 Hsinchu, Taiwan
 Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
 Bhubaneswar, India
 Mysore, India

References

Other websites

Cupertino Courier
Cupertino Union School District 
Cupertino's name and history  (PDF)
Fremont Union High School District official site
Cupertino Veterans Memorial Park

 
1955 establishments in California
The A-Team is an American action television series which ran from 1983 - 1987. It is set in Los Angeles. It is about four former US Army commandos who are running from the military (who think that the commandos committed a crime that they did not) and make money by helping people with their problems.

Cast and characters 
George Peppard as Col. John "Hannibal" Smith - The leader of the A-Team. He was a master of disguise and makes the plans for the team, though they do not always work the way they were supposed to.
Dirk Benedict as Lt. Templeton "Faceman" Peck (called "Face" most of the time) - The con man of the team, he was very good at getting the things the team needed.
Mr. T as Sgt. Bosco "B.A." Baracus - Known for his Mohawk hairstyle, gold jewelry, and fear of flying, he handled much of the hand-to-hand fighting. He also built the various machines the team needed for their mission.
Dwight Schultz as Capt. Hector M. "Howling Mad" Murdock - The team's pilot. He often says strange things in strange ways, so many people think he is crazy (when not working with the A-Team, he stays at a mental hospital).

1983 television series debuts
1987 television series endings
1980s American television series
Action television series
Television series set in Los Angeles
1983 establishments in the United States
1987 disestablishments in the United States
English-language television programs
Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama movie starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington. It is about Andrew Beckett (Hanks), a gay lawyer who has AIDS. The people he works with find out and fire him. He thinks this is unfair and hires another lawyer (Washington) who does not like gay people.

Other websites 
 

1993 drama movies
1990s LGBT movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
HIV/AIDS in movies
Legal movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
Movies set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Forrest Gump is a 1994 American epic comedy-drama romance movie. It is based on the 1986 book of the same name by Winston Groom. Forrest Gump is the main character of both the movie and book. The movie earned much money in theaters. It earned $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run. It earned more money than any other movie in North America that year. The movie was nominated for a total of 13 Academy Awards. It won six of these, including Best Picture, Best Visual Effects, Best Director (Robert Zemeckis), and Best Actor (Tom Hanks).

The movie is set in Alabama. It tells the story of a man with an IQ of 75 and his epic journey through life. It tells about him meeting historical people, affecting popular culture and being a part of historic events. While all this happened, Forrest does not know the importance of the events were because of his naiveté and much lower than average intelligence. There are many differences between the story in the movie and the story in the novel.

The movie won six Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Visual Effects, Film Editing and Adapted Screenplay. The film was nominated for an additional six Academy Awards, including Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan. The other nominations were for Best Cinematography, Art Direction, Sound Editing, Makeup, Original Score and Sound Mixing. At the Golden Globes the film won for Best Motion Picture in the Drama Category, Best Direction of a Motion Picture and Best performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture and was nominated for Best Original Score, Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actress and Best Screenplay. The movie has a 71 percent rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes with 40 positive and 16 negative reviews. The audience gave the film a rating of 4.1 out of 5 on the website with 93% of the audience liking the film.

Cast 
 Tom Hanks as Forrest Gump
 Robin Wright as Jenny Curran
 Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan Taylor
 Mykelti Williamson as Benjamin Buford "Bubba" Blue
 Sally Field as Mrs. Gump

Other websites 
 
 

1994 romance movies
1994 comedy-drama movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American coming-of-age movies
American epic movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Alabama
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 1980s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Movies set in California
1994 movies
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 - August 25, 2009) was the Senator for the U.S. state of Massachusetts from 1962 to 2009.

Early life
Ted Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, which is a neighborhood in Boston. He was the youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He was the younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both of whom were assassinated, as well as Joe Kennedy, who was killed in World War II. A lot of other sad things happened in his life: he almost died in a plane crash, he was involved in a car crash that took the life of a campaign worker, and one of his sons had cancer as a child.

Education
Ted Kennedy went to Harvard and served in the Army before entering politics.  He ran for and won the seat given up by his brother when he became President. While in the Senate, he fought for the working class, mainly for health care and the minimum wage.  In 1980, he ran for President, but lost in the primaries to Jimmy Carter.

Chappaquiddick incident

On July 18, 1969, Senator Kennedy and passenger Mary Jo Kopechne were driving in Chappaquiddick Island where the car crashed over the bridge into the ocean. Kennedy left the scene leaving Kopechne to drown to death as she was trapped in the car. Kennedy plead guilty. Many believe this is why he decided not to run for President in 1972 or 1976.

Later life
In 2008, he found out he had glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. Despite the cancer, he campaigned for Barack Obama and sometimes appeared in the Senate.

Death
He died from the cancer at his home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts just before midnight on August 25, 2009.

References 

Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from glioblastoma
Kennedy family
1980 United States presidential candidates
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
United States senators from Massachusetts
US Democratic Party politicians
1932 births
2009 deaths
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
The Flag of Singapore consists of two horizontal halves—red above white. Red symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man; white stands for pervading and everlasting purity and virtue. In the upper left corner, a white crescent moon and five white stars form a circle. The five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality. 

For 140 years (1819-1959), the Union Jack flew over Singapore. Then, on 3 December 1959, the National Flag was unveiled at the installation of the new Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, when Singapore was granted self-rule (but not complete independence) by the British Government. Also unveiled that day were the State Crest and the National Anthem. The flag was conceived and created by a committee headed by then Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Toh Chin Chye.

Gallery

Guidelines for Usage 
Guidelines for the use of the flag have been relaxed in recent years to encourage greater usage.

How it may be used 
Singaporeans and non-governmental buildings may display or fly the national flag to identify with the nation. Singaporeans are encouraged to do this during occasions of national celebration or national significance.

How it should be used 
When the flag is displayed outside a building, it shall be displayed on or in front of the building. Outside the National Day celebrations period (month of August), it must be flown only from a flagpole, and if it is displayed or flown at night, it should be properly illuminated.
Within Singapore, it should take precedence over all other flags, subject to international practice. When displayed or flown with another flag, it must be in a position of honour. This means it should be positioned where practicable, either above all other flags or to the left of the other flags, as seen by a person facing the flags.
It may be reproduced in reduced size representations and displayed at all times, but it must be in its true form and colours, regardless of size.

How it cannot be used or treated 
The flag cannot be used:
in any trademark or for any commercial purpose;
as a means, or for the purposes, of advertisement;
as, or as part of, any furnishings, decoration, covering or receptacle;
at any private funeral activity;
incorporated or worn as part of any costume or attire; or
on any private vehicle.
No person shall produce or display any flag which bears any graphics or word superimposed on the design of the flag.
The flag should be cleaned when dirty, and replaced if it has faded. After any washing, it should not be hung out to dry outdoors together with other laundry. Any worn out or damaged flag should be properly disposed of, not left visible in dustbins. Torn or worn-out flags should be packed into a sealed black trash bag before being disposed of.

References

Related pages
Coat of arms of Singapore
Majulah Singapura - the National Anthem of Singapore
Singapore National Pledge
Vanda Miss Joaquim - the National Flower of Singapore
Symbol of Singapore - the Lion Head symbol

Other websites 
The Singapore Infomap - Information on the Singapore Flag 
National Heritage Board

Singapore
Singapore