cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Tappan Zee Bridge is a bridge in the Hudson Valley region of New York. It is three miles long. It goes across the Hudson River. It connects Westchester and Rockland Counties. The bridge opened in 1955. It took traffic from other bridges and ferries in the area. The bridge is about 25 miles north of New York City. The city can be seen from the bridge on a clear day. The bridge carries seven lanes of the New York State Thruway.

The bridge is named for a Native American tribe from the area called the "Tappan".  Zee is the Dutch word for "sea", as the bridge crosses water.

At the beginning of the 21st century the bridge was old and too small for the traffic.  People in the region argued for years for a new bridge, which replaced the old one in 2017.

Construction of new bridge 
In 2013, the New York State Thruway Authority began building the New Tappan Zee Bridge. It will be a double-span bridge (four lanes per span in opposite directions) with designated bus lanes.The new bridge opened to traffic on August 26, 2017 for the westbound/northbound span. The eastbound/southbound span opened on September 11, 2018. The new span carries 10 lanes (4 lanes and with a bus lane in each direction) along with 2 pedestrian/bicycle lanes.

An October 14, 2012, Newsday article reports the Tappan Zee Bridge has been referred to as the Golden Gate Bridge of the East because of many suicide jumpers. The article says "The new Tappan Zee, which is in the works, will include fencing designed to thwart jumpers."

References 

Bridges in New York
Cantilever bridges
Steel bridges
Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter (24 April 1828 - 23 February 1899) was a French librettist, translator, and librarian. He is best remembered for having written the libretto for the ballet, Coppélia and for having helped translate Richard Wagner's earliest operas into French.

1828 births
1899 deaths
French translators
Librettists
A nephew is the son of someone's brother or sister. A niece is the daughter of the person's brother or sister. To the nephew or niece, the person is their uncle or aunt. The relationship of aunt/uncle to niece/nephew is an example of second-degree relatives, meaning that their coefficient of relationship is 25%. In some cultures and families, it is common to call the child of one's cousin a "niece" or "nephew". In old English, the son of one's sister was called a sister-son.

Detail
A sororal or fraternal relative is one who is related through their sister or brother. For example a sororal niece is the subject's sister's child. An in-law is a relationship that is not by blood, but instead by marriage. The in-law shares the in-law relationships of the spouses relatives. For niece or nephew in-law could be the child of a spouse.

Variation of terms
 Half-niece or half-nephew - The child of one's half sibling
 sororal niece or sororal nephew  - sister's child.
 fraternal niece or fraternal nephew - brother's child.
 grandniece / great-niece: is a granddaughter of one's sibling
grandnephew / great-nephew: is a grandson of one's sibling

References

 

Family
Arnulf of Flanders (–964), called the Great, was a French nobleman and the third count of Flanders. He ruled from 918 until his death. He ruled an expanded County of Flanders, an area that is now northwestern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands.

Career 
Arnulf, born , was the son of count Baldwin II, Count of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex. She was a daughter of Alfred the Great. Through his mother he was a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England. Through his father he was a descendant of Charlemagne. Arnulf was named after Saint Arnulf of Metz, a progenitor of the Carolingian dynasty.

At the death of their father in 918 Arnulf became Count of Flanders. His brother Adelolf succeeded to the County of Boulogne. When Adeloft died in 933 Arnulf took control of Boulogne and Ternois. His nephews were still young so it was probably as their guardian. Later he gave the countship of Boulogne to his nephew, Arnulf II.

Arnulf I greatly expanded Flemish rule to the south. He took over all or part of Artois, Ponthieu, Amiens, and Ostrevent. Arnulf exploited the conflicts between Charles the Simple and Robert I of France, and later those between Louis IV and his barons. In his southern expansion Arnulf had conflict with the Normans. They were trying to secure their northern frontier. This led to the 942 murder of the Duke of Normandy, William Longsword, at the hands of Arnulf's men. The Vikings became less of a threat during the later years of Arnulf's life. He worked on reforming his county government.

Arnulf's son, Baldwin III died in 962 leaving Arnold a crisis of succession. Baldwin's son Arnulf II 'the Young' was still a child and his succession was disputed. Arnulf offered the king, Lothair of France, Artois, Ponthieu, and Ostrevant in exchange for the king's protection of Arnulf II. His grandson inherited a weakened county of Flanders when he came of age. Arnold died on 27 March 964.

Family 
The name of Arnulf's first wife is unknown but he had at least one daughter by her:

 Name unknown; married Isaac of Cambrai. Their son Arnulf succeeded his father as Count of Cambrai.

In 934 he married Adele of Vermandois, daughter of Herbert II of Vermandois. Their children were:

 Hildegarde, born c. 934, died 990; she married Dirk II, Count of Holland. It is uncertain whether she is his daughter by his first or second wife.
 Liutgard (935–962) married Wichmann IV, Count of Hamaland.
 Egbert, died 953.
 Baldwin III, Count of Flanders (c. 940 – 962), married Mathilde of Saxony († 1008). His son Arnulf II succeeded his grandfather, Arnulf I.
 Elftrude; married Siegfried, Count of Guînes.

Notes

References 

890s births
964 deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Baldwin III of Flanders called The Young (–962) was a French nobleman and  briefly was the fourth count of Flanders. He ruled jointly with his father Arnulf I.

Career 

Baldwin III was born , the son of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders and his second wife, Adele of Vermandois (c. 915 – 969). She was a daughter of Herbert II, Count of Vermandois. Baldwin became co-ruler of Flanders in 958 alongside his father Arnulf I.  During his short rule, Baldwin was responsible for establishing the wool manufacturing industry at Ghent and markets at other towns in Flanders. Baldwin III died on 1 January 962 of smallpox. He was  buried at the Abbey of Saint Bertin. 

After Baldwin's death, Arnulf I arranged for King Lothair of France to become the guardian of Baldwin's son Arnulf II.

Family 

Shortly before 961 Baldwin married Mathilde of Saxony († 1008). She was a daughter of Hermann Billung(† 973), Duke of Saxony. They had a son:
 
 Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (c. 960 – 987), who succeeded as count.

Notes

References

940s births
960s deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
An emulsion is what you get when you put two or more liquids together and the two liquids do not mix. Immiscible liquids do not mix together. For example, if you add oil to water, the oil floats on the surface of the water. And if you shake the two together then leave them to stand, tiny droplets of oil float upwards. These droplets join together until eventually the oil is floating on the water again. To stop the two liquids separating, we need a substance called an emulsifier.

Emulsifiers are molecules that have two different ends, a hydrophilic end (water-loving) that forms chemical bonds with water but not with oils, and a hydrophobic end (water-hating lipophile) that forms chemical bonds with oils but not with water.

Uses of Emulsion 

 Usually used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene.
 Microemulsions are used to deliver vaccines to kill various microbes.
 It is used in chemical synthesis mainly in the manufacture of polymer dispersions.
 It is used in firefighting.
 Nanoemulsions such as soybean oil are used to kill microbes.

Related pages
 Emulsifier

References 

Physical chemistry
The Goliath birdeater spider is one of the largest spiders in the world. It is a tarantula. It lives in burrows in swampy areas of northern South America. It eats insects, rodents, bats, small birds, lizards, frogs, and snakes. The spiders have fangs, but their venom is harmless to people. Hairs on their bodies can irritate human skin. Explorers named the spider when they saw one eating a hummingbird. 

The female lays 100 to 200 eggs. The babies hatch in two months. The female spiders sometimes eat their mates. Females can live about 20 years, but males only live 3 to 6 years. These spiders can have a leg span of up to  and a body length of up to . They can weigh up to . The spider's living areas are threatened by real estate development.

References 

 Smithsonian Institution 
Top 10 Real Life Monsters
Goliath Bird Eating Spider

Other websites

Caring for your Goliath Bird Eating Tarantula 

Spiders
Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 – February 25, 1975) was an African-American religious leader, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali; and his son Warith Deen Mohammed.

Muhammad was born on October 7, 1897 in Sandersville, Georgia. Poole married Clara Evans (1899–1972) on March 7, 1917. They had eight children. Muhammad died from congestive heart failure at the age of 77 on February 25, 1975, the day before Saviours' Day, at Mercy Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.

Al Freeman, Jr. played him in the 1992 movie Malcolm X.

References

Other websites

 Elijah Muhammad's Teachings
  Nation of Islam official biography
 Seventh Family of the Nation of Islam
 Elijah Muhammad History
 Malcolm X Reloaded: Who Really Assassinated Malcolm X?
  FBI file on Elijah Muhammad
 
Booknotes interview with Claude Andrew Clegg III on An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad, March 30, 1997. 

1897 births
1975 deaths
African-American people
American civil rights activists
American Muslims
Converts to Islam
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Religious leaders
Malcolm X is a 1992 American biographical movie directed by Spike Lee. Its stars Denzel Washington as Malcolm X. It also stars Angela Bassett, Albert Hall, Al Freeman, Jr., and Delroy. Al Sharpton and Nelson Mandela also appear in this movie. 

It received positive reviews. It was released on November 18, 1992. In 2010, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". 

1992 movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Egypt
Political movies
Movies about racism
Every force has a coupling constant, which is a measure of its strength in an interaction. The coupling constant determines the chances of one particle to emit or absorb another particle. In electromagnetism, for example, the coupling constant is based on the electric charge. A coupling constant plays an important role in dynamics.

When physicists study the quantum behaviour of electromagnetism, they can not solve the whole theory exactly, because every particle may emit and absorb many other particles, which may also do the same, endlessly. So events of emission and absorption are considered as perturbations and are dealt with by a series of approximations.

This also can happen in string theory. String theories have a coupling constant. It determines the probability that a 1-dimensional string of energy will separate into two separate energy strings. But unlike in particle theories, the string coupling constant is not just a number, but depends on one of the oscillation modes of the string. 

Quantum mechanics
Statistics
Arnulf II of Flanders (–987), called Arnulf the Young was a French nobleman and the Count of Flanders. He ruled from 965 until his death. He ruled a much smaller County of Flanders than his father.

Career 
Arnulf II, born about 961, was the son of Baldwin III, Count of Flanders and Mathilde. She was the daughter of Herman, Duke of Saxony. His father Baldwin III died in 962 when Arnulf was just an infant. His grandfather, Arnulf I, was still alive and ruling Flanders. When Arnulf I died three years later (965), the regency was held by his kinsman Baldwin Balso. The regent Balso died in 973.

By the time Arnulf reached his age of majority in 976, Flanders had lost some of the southern territory acquired by Arnulf I. His grandfather had given some parts of Picardy to King Lothar of France to help make sure his grandson, Arnulf II would succeed him. Arnulf I also Boulogne as a fief to his nephew, Arnulf II, Count of Boulogne. Then early in Arnulf's minority King Lothar had taken Ponthieu and given it to Hugh Capet, and the first counts of Guînes had established themselves there. Arnulf died on 30 March, 987, just 26 years old.
Shortly after Arnulf's death his widow married Robert II, King of France as his first wife.

Family
In 968 he married Rozala of Lombardy, daughter of Berengar II of Italy, and had two children:

 Baldwin IV (980–1035), who succeeded his father. 
 Mathilde, who died before 995.

Notes

References 

960s births
980s deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Baldwin IV of Flanders (980–1035) known as Baldwin the Bearded, was a French nobleman and the Count of Flanders. He ruled from 987 until his death. His reign saw Flanders grow into a powerful principality.

Career 
Baldwin IV, born c.980, was the son of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders and Rozala of Ivrea. When his father died in 987 Baldwin succeeded him as Count of Flanders . His mother, Rozala, was the regent of Flanders until he reached the age of majority. After his father's death, his mother's second marriage was arranged by Hugh Capet. She married Hugh's son Robert II, King of France as his first wife. When Robert repudiated her in 991 Baldwin rebelled. When they came to terms Artois and Ostrevant, once taken from Flanders, were returned to Baldwin.

Unlike his predecessors Baldwin was more interested in what lay east of Flanders. He left the southern part of his territory in the hands of his vassals the counts of Guînes, Hesdin, and St. Pol. Baldwin was the first count of Flanders to extend Flemish control eastward. He was given Zeeland as a fief by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II. He also received Valenciennes from the emperor. Then Baldwin obtained parts of the Cambresis as well as Saint-Omer and the northern Ternois (1120). 

In the French territories the principality of Flanders remained powerful throughout the Capetian period. The Flemish economy saw strong growth during Baldwin's reign. Baldwin IV died on 30 May, 1035.

Family 

Baldwin married first, Ogive of Luxembourg. She was a daughter of Frederick of Luxembourg, by whom he had a son and heir: 

 Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1012–1067). He succeeded his father as count. 

He secondly married Eleanor of Normandy, daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandy,  by whom he had a daughter: 

 Judith (1033–1094) who married Tostig Godwinson. She secondly Welf I, Duke of Bavaria.

Notes

References

980s births
1035 deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
A ribozyme (ribonucleic acid enzyme) is an RNA molecule that can help certain biochemical reactions. similar to the action of protein enzymes. 

Also called catalytic RNA, ribozymes  work in the ribosome to link amino acids during protein synthesis. They also take part in RNA splicing, viral replication, and transfer RNA biosynthesis. 

The 1981 discovery of ribozymes showed RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological catalyst (like enzymes). This led to the RNA world hypothesis, in which RNA acts in the evolution of prebiotic self-replicating systems. 

Investigators studying the origin of life have produced ribozymes in the laboratory that can catalyze their own synthesis under certain conditions, such as an RNA polymerase ribozyme. Improved variants of the "Round-18" polymerase ribozyme have been developed. "B6.61" is able to add up to 20 nucleotides to a primer template in 24 hours, until it decomposes by cleavage of its phosphodiester bonds. The "tC19Z" ribozyme can add up to 95 nucleotides with great accuracy.

Some ribozymes may play an important role as therapeutic agents, as enzymes which target defined RNA sequences for cleavage, as biosensors, and for applications in genomics and gene discovery.

History 
In 1967, Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel suggested that RNA could act as a catalyst. It was discovered that RNA can form complex secondary structures.

The first ribozymes were discovered in the 1980s. In 1989, Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their "discovery of catalytic properties of RNA".

References 

RNA
Enzymes
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote at least five violin concertos between 1773 and 1776 in Salzburg, Austria, most likely for his own use as concertmaster of the Archbishop of Salzburg's orchestra.

Violin Concerto No. 1 in B-flat major, K. 207
This concerto is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns and strings, and was composed in Salzburg on April 14, 1773 or 1775. The date is uncertain. There are three movements: Allegro moderato; Adagio; Presto.

All three movements are written in sonata form, a form reserved by classical composers for their more serious works. The second movement is marked Adagio, a more intense tempo than Mozart's usual Andantes.

Violin Concerto No. 2 in D major, K. 211
The D major concerto is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and strings. It was written in Salzburg and dated June 14, 1775. It consists of three movements: Allegro moderato; Andante; (Rondeau) Allegro.

Violin Concerto No. 3 in G major, "Strassburg", K. 216
This concerto is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and strings. It was composed in Salzburg and is dated September 12, 1775. It consists of three movements: Allegro; Adagio; (Rondeau) Allegro.

Violin Concerto No. 4 in D major, K. 218 
The fourth concerto in D major is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and strings. It was composed in Salzburg, and is dated October 1775. The autograph of the score is kept in Biblioteka Jagiellońska, Kraków. 
 Allegro.
 Andante cantabile. This movement is written in the concerto's dominant key of A major.  It begins with a broad opening theme that occurs again in the middle of the piece, and again in the coda. The movement focuses on expressive melody rather than virtuoso display. The opening theme returns in 6/8 meter in the third movement's Allegro ma non troppo section. Mozart first used the theme in the Concertone in C major, K. 190.  
 Andante grazioso.

Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, "Turkish", K. 219

The fifth concerto in A major is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and strings. It was written in Salzburg and is dated December 20, 1775. It consists of three movements: Allegro aperto; Adagio; (Rondeau) Tempo di Menuetto.

Two Other Concertos of Controversial Attribution 

A sixth concerto, in E flat major, was at one time attributed to Mozart   but is now attributed instead to Johann Friedrich Eck.

Violin Concerto No. 7 in D Major, also called the Kolb Concerto.

Notes

References
 
 

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Violin concertos
Samurai Pizza Cats is a television anime series produced by Saban. It is an English version of the Japanese anime series  Kyatto Ninden Teyandee, which aired on TV Tokyo from February 1, 1990 to February 12, 1991. It aired for 54 episodes. It was very popular among English anime fans because of its references to pop culture and the crazy nature of the show.

Plot
The series is about a group of three robotic samurai cats (Rick Gomez, Tress MacNeille, Paul Reubens) called the Samurai Pizza Cats who protect the city of Little Tokyo from crime. Little Tokyo is a mechanical city which combines feudal Japanese culture with present day culture. When they are not fighting crime, the Samurai Pizza Cats work at the city's pizzeria.

Cast
 Rick Gomez as Speedy Cerviche
 Tress MacNeille as Polly Esther
 Paul Reubens as Guido Anchovy
 Jess Harnell as Guru Lou
 Don Messick as Big Cheese
 Billy West as Al Dente
 Sally Struthers as Lucille
 Kath Soucie as Francine
 Maurice LaMarche as Spritz
 Charlie Adler as Bad Bird
 Nancy Cartwright as Junior
 Dee Bradley Baker as Crow

References

Other websites
 Samurai Pizza Cats at the Anime News Network's Encyclopedia

Anime
Animated television series
1990 television series debuts
Adventure movies are a genre of movies. They contain many of the same features of action movies, but are usually set in exotic locations. The main theme is adventure, with the characters often exploring places they have not been before or doing things they have not done before. Common storylines include quests for lost treasure, heroic journeys for the unknown, and jungle or desert settings. Adventure movies are often set in an historical time and may be based on stories of historical or fictional adventure heroes within the historical context. Kings, battles, rebellion or piracy are commonly seen in adventure movies. Adventure movies may also be combined with other movie genres, such as science fiction, fantasy and sometimes war movies. 

The adventure movie was most popular in Hollywood during the 1930s and 1940s. Movies such as Captain Blood, The Adventures of Robin Hood and The Mark of Zorro were regularly made with major stars, notably Errol Flynn and Tyrone Power, who were closely associated with the genre. In the earliest adventure movies, the main character was usually male. They were portrayed as courageous heroes, facing tyrants or rescuing a beautiful woman in distress.

Themes
Adventure movies usually emphasise the mystery, romance, adventure, danger, and terror of the unknown. Common settings include a jungle or desert. Classic dangers include ferocious man-eating mammals and reptiles, hostile natives, deadly diseases, lost cities and crumbling temples, torrential rivers, waterfalls, whirlpools, and quicksand bogs, damsels in distress, evil emirs and treacherous tribal chieftains, and despicable white adventurers from the civilized world intent on exploiting the jungle, its animals, treasures, resources, and primitive native peoples. 

Adventure movies may crossover into other genres such as war, crime, romance, or horror.

Examples
Notable examples of jungle adventure movies include King Kong (adventure, romance, horror), The African Queen (romance, adventure), I Walked with a Zombie (romance, horror), Disney's animated The Jungle Book (children's, comedy, musical), Apocalypse Now (war), and the many Bomba movies, and the Tarzan movies and serials. Since the first theatrical releases of jungle movies in the early 20th century, popular interest in the genre has never waned. Comic books, novels, pulp magazines, and television series have stoked the genre's popularity over the decades.

References

 
Movie genres
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (often referred to as "The Guggenheim") is a well-known art museum on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City.  It has a large collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary art.  It also has several special exhibitions during each year.

The museum was started by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director, the artist Hilla von Rebay. The name was changed to honor the founder, Solomon R. Guggenheim, after his death in 1952.

Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical museum building is wider at the top than the bottom. He wanted it to be a "temple of the spirit". The building is one of the 20th century's most important architectural landmarks. The building opened on October 21, 1959, replacing rented spaces used by the museum since 1939.

To design the museum, Wright created more than 700 sketches until the final draft of the project was official. Wright spent 16 years working on the design, but he died before the building was completed. His design created a lot of arguments as many people did not like it. One person said it looked like "an indigestible hot cross bun", and another said it looked like "an inverted oatmeal dish." Some artists thought that the curved walls and ramps would make it impossible to hang their paintings properly.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Gwathmey Siegel Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Renovation and Addition project page 
 Architectural Review 
 Art of the Motorcycle Exhibit 
 New York Academy of Sciences Podcast about Imageless Exhibit
 Happy 50th Birthday, Guggenheim  – slideshow by Life magazine
 50 Facts on Guggenheim's 50th  – Daily News archives
 The Guggenheim 50th Birthday Party

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Museums in New York City
1939 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
The Frederick C. Robie House is a U.S. National Historic Landmark in the Chicago, Illinois neighborhood of Hyde Park at 5757 S. Woodlawn Avenue on the South Side.  It was designed and built between 1908 and 1910 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright and is renowned as the greatest example of the Prairie School style, the first architectural style that was uniquely American.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 27, 1963 and was on the very first National Register of Historic Places list of October 15, 1966.

References

Other websites

 Pictures of Robie House
 The Richard Nickel Committee and Photographic Archive Photographer of the Robie House
 Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust website 
 Drawings, photos and data pages in the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
Landmarks in Chicago
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Houses in the United States
1910 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Illinois
Humberto Maturana (September 14, 1928 – May 6, 2021) was a Chilean biologist and philosopher. He was one of the second-wave systems scientists and cyberneticians. Maturana was born in Santiago, Chile.

Maturana, with Francisco Varela, was known for creating the term autopoiesis about the nature of life. His work has been influential in many fields, mainly the field of systems thinking and cybernetics. Overall, his work is concerned with the biology of cognition.

Maturana died on May 6, 2021 in Santiago from pneumonia at the age of 92.

Publications
Books, a selection: 
 1980. Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living, with Francisco Varela. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science.
 1984. The tree of knowledge: biological basis of human understanding, with Francisco Varela. Revised edition 1992.
 1990. Biology of cognition and epistemology. Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
 1992 Conversations with Humberto Maturana: questions to biologist psychotherapist, with K. Ludewig.  Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
 1994. Reflections and conversations, with Kurt Ludewig. Collection Family Institute. FUPALI Ed. Cordova.
 1994. Democracy is a work of art. Collection Roundtable. Linotype Ed Bogota Bolivar y Cia. 
 1997 Objectivity: an argument to force. Santiago de Chile: Dolmen.
 1997 Machines and living things: autopoiese to do organização vivo. With Francisco Varela Porto Alegre: Medical Arts.
 2004. From being to doing: the origins of the biology of cognition, with Bernhard Poerksen.
 2009. The Origins of humanness in the biology of love, with Gerda Verden-Zoller and Pille Brunnel.
 2004. From biology to psychology. 
 2009. Sense of humanity.

References 

1928 births
Biologists
Systems scientists
2021 deaths
Chilean scientists
Chilean writers
Philosophers
People from Santiago
Deaths from pneumonia
Weymouth is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts,  United States. As of the 2010 census, Weymouth had a total population of 53,743. Despite its city status, it is formally known as the Town of Weymouth. It is named after Weymouth, Dorset, a coastal town in England. It is the second oldest European settlement in Massachusetts. Actor Hal Holbrook and architect Frank Lloyd Wright are from Weymouth.

References

Other websites

 Town of Weymouth
 The Weymouth News 
 Weymouth History 
Answer Book/Weymouth: Everything you need to know 

Cities in Massachusetts
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
Francisco Javier Varela García (September 7, 1946 – May 28, 2001) was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, and neuroscientist.

Varela was, with his teacher Humberto Maturana, best known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology, and for co-founding the Mind and Life Institute to promote dialog between science and Buddhism.

Publications
Varela wrote numerous books and articles:
 1980 (with Humberto Maturana). Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living. Boston: Reidel.
 1979. Principles of biological autonomy. North-Holland.
 1998 (1987) (with Humberto Maturana). The tree of knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding. Boston: Shambhala Press.
 1991 (with Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch). The Embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press.  
 1992 (with P. Bourgine) eds. Towards a practice of autonomous systems: the first European conference on artificial life. MIT Press.
 1992 (with J. Hayward) eds. Gentle bridges: dialogues between the cognitive sciences and the Buddhist tradition. Boston: Shambhala Press.
 1993 (with D. Stein) eds. Thinking about biology: an introduction to theoretical biology. Addison-Wesley, SFI Series on Complexity.
 1997 (ed). Sleeping, dreaming and dying. Boston: Wisdom Book.
 1996-99. Invitation aux sciences cognitives. Paris: Seuil.
 1999. Ethical know-how: action, wisdom and cognition. Stanford University Press.
 1999 (with J. Shea), eds. The view from within: first-person methodologies in the study of consciousness. London: Imprint Academic.
1999 (with J. Petitot, B. Pachoud, and J-M. Roy) eds. Naturalizing phenomenology: contemporary issues in phenomenology and cognitive science. Stanford University Press.

References

1946 births
2001 deaths
Biologists
Systems scientists
Chilean scientists
Eustace I, of Boulogne, was a Frankish nobleman and Count of Boulogne. He held the county of Boulogne from 1042 until his death.

Career 

He was the oldest son of Count Baldwin II of Boulogne and Adelina of Holland. Eustace became count in 1042. Eustace I was also the count of Lens.

During the minority of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, Eustace's grandfather, Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne, broke free of control by the count of Flanders. Both Eustace's father and Eustace himself remained independent. In 995, having reached his majority, Baldwin IV of Flanders tried to take back several of the independently held castles. He also expanded the Flemish borders. This had caused considerable enmity between Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and Eustace's father. When Baldwin IV's son Baldwin V succeeded him in 1035 Eustace I and Baldwin V of Flanders cooperated on several ventures including several charters. Eustace also signed charters of Baldwin V which limited the powers of the advocates.

Eustace I was allied to the house of Normandy. This was through the marriage of his son Eustace II to Goda, niece of Richard II. Under Eustace I the counts of Boulogne rose to great prominence in Northern France. He was apparently a patron of Samer Abbey near Calais and he is said to have been buried there. In 1028 Eustace I confirmed the foundation of a college of canons at his castle at Lens  Eustace I died in 1049.

Family 

Eustace I was married to Matilda of Leuven. She was the daughter of Lambert I, Count of Leuven. Together they had:

 Eustace II of Boulogne.
 Godfrey, Bishop of Paris (1061–1095).
 Lambert II, Count of Lens.
 Gerberga, married Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine.

Notes

References

1049 deaths
Year of birth unknown
The 2012 Delhi gang rape case involved a gang rape and murder that happened on 16 December 2012 in Delhi, India. A 23-year-old female physiotherapy intern was beaten and gang raped on a bus that had been stolen by the gang. The woman died from her injuries. Four men were accused. They were found guilty. They received the death penalty. A minor was accused. He was sentenced to three years in prison. Rest of other accused got the death penalty on 20 March 2020.

References 

2012 in India
2010s murders in Asia
December events
2012 gang rape
Kidnapping
Murder in 2012
Murder in India
Rape
Tony! Toni! Toné! are an American rhythm and blues club who originated out of Oakland, California. They were extremely popular in the late 1980s-early 1990s. Their debut record Who? was released in 1988. Their hit singles included "Little Walter" and "Let's Get Down". They disbanded around 1997, although they returned six years later.

albums 
 Who? (1988)
 The Revival (1990)
 Sons of Soul (1993)
 House of Music (1996)

Other websites

American boy bands
American R&B bands
American pop music groups
Autopoiesis refers to life and other self-organising systems. The word means "self creation or self-production". It refers to a system which can reproduce and sustain itself. 

The term was introduced in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has also been applied to systems theory and sociology.

What is life? 
Autopoiesis was a modern definition for life, plus any other systems with lifelike properties. To qualify for the name autopoiesis a system would need to show three main features:
The production of their own components
The correct assembly of these components
Continuous repair and maintenance of their own existence.
Roth commented that "In short, organisms are self-reproducing and self-maintaining, or 'autopoietic', systems". This approach makes use of molecular biology ideas and systems science ideas, but it does not refer to the particular way life is organised on Earth. This is because the authors thought it was possible for machines to have those features, and for other types of life to exist.

References 

Biology
Systems theory
Philosophy of science
Aloe is a genus of succulent plants, with over 500 species. The best-known of these is probably Aloe vera, which is widely cultivated. A. vera is  probably extinct in the wild.

Asparagales
Baldwin VI of Flanders (–1070), called Baldwin de Mons was a Frankish nobleman.  He was the ruling Count of Hainaut (jure uxoris) from 1051 to 1070 (as Baldwin I) and succeeded his father as Count of Flanders from 1067 to 1070.

Career 

Baldwin was the oldest son of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and Adela of France. Adela was a daughter of king Robert II of France. and Constance of Arles. He was also the brother of Matilda of Flanders, Queen consort of England and wife of William the Conqueror, King of England.

His father arranged his marriage, under threat of arms, to Richilde, Countess of Hainaut. She was the widow of Herman of Mons and heiress of Hainaut. Because Hainaut was a part of the Holy Roman Empire this enraged Emperor Henry III who had not been consulted. He went to war against the two Baldwins but was not successful. Between 1050 and 1054 Lambert II, Count of Lens fought alongside the Baldwins against Henry III. He was one of Baldwin V's leading vassals. Lambert was killed at the battle of Lille in 1054. Others fighting for the Counts of Flanders against Henry III included the lords of Alost.

Richilde son Roger, from her first marriage, was thought by her not fit to be the next count of Hainaut. Baldwin and Richilde arranged for him to be the Bishop of Chalons. This allowed her son by her second marriage, Baldwin (II) to become the count of Hainaut. Her daughter by her first husband became a nun. Baldwin acquired the remainder of the county of Hainaut by fiefs and by purchasing allods. Baldwin died 17 Jul 1070. His early death left Flanders and Hainaut in the hands of his young son Arnulf III, with Richilde as regent.

Baldwin rebuilt the monastery of Hasnon and gave gifts of his own properties to support it. He placed monks there and made it his burial place.

Family 

Baldwin and Richilde were the parents of:

Arnulf III, Count of Flanders (–1071).
Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut (–1098).

Notes

References

1030s births
1070 deaths
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Sir David Paradine Frost OBE (7 April 1939 – 31 August 2013) was an English journalist, comedian, writer, media personality and daytime TV game show host.

He became famous when he hosted That Was The Week That Was in 1962. This was a political satire in a period of change. During the later part of his career, he became known for his television interviews with senior political figures. One of his interviews included The Nixon Interviews with former United States President Richard Nixon in 1977. These events were later made into a stage play and movie.

Frost was born on 7 April 1939 in Tenterden, Kent, England. He was raised in Gillingham, Kent. Frost studied at Gillingham Grammar School and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. 

Frost was married to Lynne Frederick from 1981 until they divorced in 1982. He had an 18-year intermittent affair with Carol Lynley. Then he was married to Lady Carina Fitzalan-Howard from 1983 until his death in 2013. He had three sons with Fitzalan-Howard. Diana, Princess of Wales was the godmother of Frost's youngest son. He was once briefly engaged to American actress Diahann Carroll.

Frost died on 31 August 2013 while giving a speech on board the cruise ship MS Queen Elizabeth from a heart attack caused by cardiomyopathy. He was 74 years old.

References

Other websites

BBC News Profile of David Frost
 Clips of Frost interviews on BBC TV
TV Cream on Paradine Productions 

1939 births
2013 deaths
Comedians from Kent
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
Emmy Award winners
English journalists
English television presenters
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Television personalities from Kent
Writers from Kent
The Battle of Cassel was fought on 22 February 1071 between Robert the Frisian and his nephew, Arnulf III (son of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders). The battle was a victory for Robert the Frisian; Arnulf III was killed in the battle. This battle severely weakened the countship of Flanders.

Events 

Arnulf succeeded his father Baldwin in 1070. His mother Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut was his regent. Robert the Frisian, Baldwin VI's brother and Arnulf III's uncle, challenged
Arnulf's succession to Flanders. He began gathering supporters mainly in northern Flanders (where the bulk of Arnulf's forces were located). Arnulf's ranks contained individuals such as Count Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, his son Eustace III, and Godfrey of Bouillon (future king of Jerusalem). Arnulf was also supported by King Philip I of France who knighted Arnulf at the time. His uncle, William the Conqueror sent Arnulf ten Norman knights led by William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford.

Robert's forces attacked Arnulf's larger army before it could organize. Arnulf himself was killed. Also killed in the battle was William FitzOsborn. Captured were Richilde (by Robert's forces) and Robert (by Arnulf III's force). Richilde was exchanged for Robert's freedom. Robert kept the countship of Flanders and ruled a much smaller county until 1093. He gained the friendship of King Philip I of France, by offering him the hand in marriage of his stepdaughter, Bertha of Holland.

Notes

References 

1071
Cassel
Flanders
February events
Cassel
Words with Friends is a multi-player word game by Zynga. Players take turns to place words like crosswords on a board, similar to Scrabble. Up to 30 games can be played at the same time. Notifications are used to tell users when it is their turn. Players can find friends by their username, or by Facebook.

The game was released in July 2009. It can be played across the operating systems operating systems Android, Windows Phone and iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch).  It can also be played on Facebook, Kindle Fire, and Nook Tablet. In the game is an unreliable chat feature, which allows opponents to send messages to each other. From 2010 to 2011 Words with Friends was one of the top games in the iOS app store. It can be played as a free version with advertisements, or a paid version without ads.

Gameplay 
The rules of the game are essentially the same as Scrabble. Some features are different, such as where bonus tiles are, and the points scored by some letters. Players have 7 randomly picked tiles. These tiles are filled whenever some are played on the board until all of the tiles have been used. Players take turns putting words on the board. If they do not play a word, they can swap tiles with ones not yet used, or pass their turn. Words can be placed up and down, or left and right. Players want to score as many points as they can.

The game ends when a player has no more tiles, and there are no more tiles in the bag. After the last tile is played, the other player will lose points for the total score of their tiles. These points are given to the person who played the final move. The player with the highest score wins.

Players can move their tiles around. They can also reorder them by pressing a button or shaking the device. Players can quit games if they want to. The game has two more features, "tile bag" and "word-o-meter", both can be used for free. 

173,000 words can be played. The list of words used is based on the Enhanced North American Benchmark Lexicon (ENABLE).

Origin 
The game was made by Shawn Lohstroh for brothers Paul and David Bettner. They were the owners of Newtoy Inc. at the time.

Board game 
In 2012, Zynga produced many physical board games of Words with Friends in association with Hasbro. There is a normal version, a "Luxe" version with a board that turns, and a "To Go" travel version

References 

2009 video games
Taliesin (/ˌtæliˈɛsɪn/), sometimes known as Taliesin East, Taliesin Spring Green, or Taliesin North after 1937,  near Spring Green, Wisconsin, was the summer home of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright began the building in 1911 after leaving his first wife, Catherine Tobin, and his Oak Park, Illinois, home and studio in 1909. 

The impetus behind Wright's departure was his affair with Mamah Borthwick Cheney, who had been his client, along with her husband, Edwin Cheney. His winter home, Taliesin West, is located in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Some of the buildings designed at Taliesin were Fallingwater, the Guggenheim Museum, the Johnson Wax Headquarters, and the first Usonian home, the first Herbert and Katherine Jacobs house, in Madison, Wisconsin (1936).

Other websites

The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Information on the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, his archives, the Taliesin Fellowship, and tours
The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture, the official website of the school
Taliesin Preservation, Inc. Restoration and tours of Taliesin
http://www.bolender.com/Frank%20Lloyd%20Wright/The_Taliesin_Fellowship_Publication_Volume_1_Number_2_February_1941 

Frank Lloyd Wright
Buildings and structures in Wisconsin
The American Institute of Architects or the AIA is an organization for architects in the United States. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.. 

The AIA offers education, government advice, community redevelopment, and public outreach to support the architecture profession and improve its public image. The AIA also works with other members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry.

Other websites
 American Institute of Architects official website
 American Institute of Architects Records at Syracuse University (60 years of primary source material)
 Florida Institute of Architects Publications Digital Collection', including the American Institute of Architects' Florida Association's Florida Architect

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
Architecture
Addison Morton Walker (September 3, 1923 – January 27, 2018), popularly known as Mort Walker, was an American comic artist best known for creating the newspaper comic strips Beetle Bailey in 1950 and Hi and Lois in 1954. He has signed Addison to some of his strips.

Walker was born on September 3, 1923 in El Dorado, Kansas. He was raised in Kansas City, Kansas. Walker studied at Northeast High School and at the University of Missouri. 

Walker died from complications of pneumonia on January 27, 2018 at his home in Stamford, Connecticut. He was 94 years old.

References

Other websites
Official site
National Cartoonists Society: Mort Walker
Mort Walker Papers 1950-1968 at Syracuse University (primary source material)
Mort Walker Collection  at University of Missouri (primary source material)

1923 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
American comics artists
American cartoonists
People from Kansas
People from Kansas City, Missouri
Orson Bean (July 22, 1928 – February 7, 2020) was an American actor. He appeared on televised game shows in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, including being a long-time panelist on the television game show To Tell the Truth. He was also known for his role as Roy Bender on Desperate Housewives.

Early life
Bean was born on July 22, 1928 in Burlington, Vermont. He studied at Harvard College and at Cambridge Rindge and Latin School.

Personal life
Bean was married to Jacqueline deSibour from 1956 until they divorced in 1962. They had one child. Then he was married to Carolyn Maxwell from 1965 until they divorced in 1981. They had three children. Then he was married to Alley Mills from 1993 to 2020.

Bean was hit and killed by two cars in Los Angeles on February 7, 2020 at the age of 91.

Books
 Me and the Orgone (1972) 
 Too Much Is Not Enough (1988) 
 25 Ways to Cook a Mouse for the Gourmet Cat (1994) 
 M@il for Mikey (2007)

Recordings
 At the Hungry i (1959 Fantasy UFAN 7009), comedy
 I Ate the Baloney (1969 Columbia CS 9743), comedy

References

Other websites

RootsWeb: Dowling Family Genealogy: Orson BEAN
Geni: Dallas Frederick Burrows

1928 births
2020 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television presenters
American television personalities
Actors from Vermont
People from Burlington, Vermont
Comedians from Vermont
Writers from Vermont
Charlestown is a coastal town in Washington County in southwestern Rhode Island. It is near Westerly. The town was officially incorporated in 1738. The population was over 7,800 during the 2010 Census.

Towns in Rhode Island
1738 establishments
1730s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Rhode Island
Shahid Afridi (), born Sahibzada Mohammad Shahid Khan Afridi on 1 March 1975) is a Pakistani cricketer. He played 27 Tests, 350 One Day Internationals, and 59 Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is) for the Pakistani national team between 1996 and 2012. He first played a ODI match on 2 October 1996 against Kenya. He played his first Test match on 22 October 1998 against Australia.

On 4 October 1996, Afridi scored the fastest ODI century in just 37 balls. He held this record for 12 years, until Corey Anderson broke it in 2013. He scored 32 runs in a single over, the sixth highest scoring over ever in an ODI. He has also hit the most number of sixes in the history of ODI cricket. He holds the record of most wickets in T20 from Pakistan. Indian former cricketer Ravi Shastari gave him the title of "Boom Boom".

References

Other websites

 Shahid Afridi Profile on Cricket.com.pk
 Sports News Live

Living people
Pakistani people
Pashtun people
Pakistani cricketers
1975 births
 People from Karachi
"So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright" is a song written by Paul Simon that was originally released on Simon & Garfunkel's 1970 album Bridge Over Troubled Water. It was released on several Simon & Garfunkel compilation albums. It has also been recorded by the London Pops Orchestra and Joe Chindamo trio.

Art Garfunkel said that the origin of the song came from his request that Paul Simon write a song about the famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Simon has stated that he wrote the song despite not knowing who Frank Lloyd Wright was.

References

1970 songs
Frank Lloyd Wright