cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
B2 is a group to allow athletes with different vision to compete against each other in sports.

Definition 

B2 is a group to allow athletes with different vision to compete against each other in sports. The International Blind Sports Association (IBSA) says B2 athletes are: "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand to a visual acuity of 2/60 and/or visual field of less than 5 degrees." The Canadian Paralympic Committee says B2 athletes havve "Up to approximately 3-5% functional vision." B2 is used in other sports other than sports run by the IBSA.  Other sports using B2 are blind golf. Blind golf rules say B2 golfers include "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to visual acuity of 2/60 or visual field of less than 5 degrees".

B2 is equal to other disability classifications for other sports. In adaptive rowing, the similar B2 class is LTA-B2. In horse riding, Grade 4 is the similar group to B2. For swimming, the similar disability group for B2 is S12.

History 
B2 has its history in the early history of blind sports.  When blind people first started competing, people believed people who had better vision could unfairly compete against people with worse vision.  Different groups around vision problem were developed by the IBSA to make playing sport more fair for people with different levels of blindness.

The IBSA B2 is mostly the same since it was created, even as the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) changed methods to allow people to fairly compete against each other based on functional ability.

Equipment

Equipment used by B2 sportspeople may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clap sticks. The use of a sighted guide by B2 athletes depends on the sport. For blind archery, B2 sportspeople use a sighting device based on the sense of touch and must not be able to see well enough to use a bowsight.

References 

Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Blind sports classification
Penelope is a female given name. People named Penelope include Penélope Cruz and Penelope Ann Miller. Fictional Penelopes include Penelope Pussycat from Warner Bros' Looney Tunes and Penelope Clearwater in the Harry Potter novels.

Given names
José Antonio Expósito Pineiro (born in Águilas on May 2, 1978) is a Paralympic athlete from Spain.

Personal 
He was born on May 2, 1978 in Águilas, Murcia. He has an intellectual disability,

Athletics 
Antonio competes in T20 (track) and F20 (field) events. He has held the F20 Long Jump world record since 2005. He competed at the 2008 INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships held in Tallinn, Estonia, and finished first in the 60 meters and long jump, and third in the 4x400 meter event. He finished first in the 2010 European championships in the 100 meters and long jump events.

Expósito competed in 2010 INAS European Athletics Championship and finished first in the long jump and 100 meter events. He competed in the 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships where he was one of thirty-two athletes from Spain. He competed in the 2011 INAS World Games, and finished second in the 4x100 meter relay with teammates Francisco Santiago, Alberto Palomo and Dionibel Rodríguez Rodríguez.

Expósito has finished first at the Spanish national championships.  He competed in the 2012 Spanish national championships held in San Javier. In 2012, he had a Plan ADO €23,000 athlete scholarship with a €3,000 reserve and a €2,500 coaching scholarship. He competed in the 2013 World Athletics Championships for people with intellectual disabilities hosted by the Czech Republic.  He finished first in the long jump.  He injured himself after his final jump.

Paralympics 
Expósito competed at 2000 Summer Paralympics for Spain in the javelin and shot put.  He did not finish in the top three in those events.  He finished first in the 100 meters and the long jump. He could not compete in the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics because cheating at the 2000 Games which included people with intellectual disabilities resulted in people with intellectual disabilities not being allowed to compete in those years. People with intellectual disabilities were allow to compete at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Expósito finished first in the F20 Long Jump event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T20
1978 births
People from the region of Murcia
Vicente Galiana Sánchez (born August 3, 1977 in Alicante) is a goalball athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind.  He became blind when he was three years old. His job is working as a coupon seller. He played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team was third.  He played goalball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. His team was six.  He played goalball at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  His team was 12.

References 

Spanish goalball players
Living people
1977 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Alicante
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
The name Antonia is a female given name. This name is from Roman origin. It is a feminine form of the name Antonio. The meanings of the name are "priceless", "beautiful" and "praiseworthy". There are several princesses and famous people named Antonia. A French form of the name is Antoinette.

People
 Antonia Fraser, British historian and novelist
 Antonia Thomas, British actress

Places
 Antonia, Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland
 Antonia, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, north Poland
 Antonia Fortress, Jerusalem
 Pico d'Antónia, Cape Verde

Science
 Antonia (plant), a genus in the Loganiaceae family
 272 Antonia, an asteroid

Given names
Javier Goñi Lopéz (born 12 April 1986 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: He cannot see everything and is an S11/B1 type swimmer.   He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. He finished second in the 100 meter backstroke race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1986 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
People from Madrid
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S11
Ivan Hompanera Alvarez (born January 26, 1969 in Barcelona) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: He has cerebral palsy and a T38 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. He finished first in the 5,000 meter race and the 800 meter race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1969 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
People from Barcelona
Juan Francisco Jimenez Romano (born March 16, 1981 in Castello De La Plana, Castellón) is a swimmer from Spain.  He had a disability: he is an S8 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4 x 100 meter 34 Points freestyle men's race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 400 meter Freestyle race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 100 meter Freestyle race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1981 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from the Community of Valencia
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S8
A letter box (or mail box) is a box or hole for receiving mail at a house or office. For collecting mail that is being sent, a post box is generally used instead.

Street furniture
Postal service
Bridget is a female given name. It comes from the Irish word brígh, which means "power, vigor, strength, virtue". Another meaning for this name is "exalted one".

The name is very popular in Ireland as a result of the popularity of Saint Brigid of Kildare. In the United States, Bridget was most often used in the 1970s, when it ranked near 153. The name has since dropped in its being popular in the United States. People named Bridget include Bridget Fonda.

People
 Bridget Fonda, actress
 Bridget Marquardt, from The Girls Next Door
 Bridget Perrier (born 1977), Canadian anti-prostitution activist

Other
 Bridget Jones's Diary, a novel and feature film.

Given names
The Memorial Stadium is a sports ground in Bristol, England. It is the home stadium of Bristol Rovers F.C.. It is dedicated to the memory of the rugby union players of the city killed during World War I.

Bristol
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
Meredith is a mostly female given name, though a few males have the name. Meredith is a Welsh name. People named Meredith include Meredith Baxter and Meredith Vieira. Fictional Merediths include Meredith Gordon in the TV series Heroes.

Given names
John Ward (born 7 April 1951) is an English football manager and retired player. He is now in his second term as manager of Bristol Rovers F.C.

Other websites
John Ward  at League Managers Association

1951 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Lincolnshire
Sturm der Liebe (English: Storm of Love) is a German television soap opera. It is set in a hotel in Bavaria. It started on 2005 in Das Erste.

Characters

Main roles

Supporting roles

Former main roles

2005 television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
Bavaria
German television series
Soap operas
2005 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Germany
Bristol Rugby are a rugby club based in Bristol, England who play in the RFU Championship. Their greatest success was winning the John Player Cup in 1983, which was at the time the sole national competition in English rugby.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
Bristol
The English Premiership is a professional league competition for rugby union clubs in the top division of the English rugby union system. It is currently known as the Aviva Premiership because of the league's sponsorship by Aviva,

Champions 
Courage League
1987–88: Leicester Tigers
1988–89: Bath
1989–90: Wasps
1990–91: Bath
1991–92: Bath
1992–93: Bath
1993–94: Bath
1994–95: Leicester Tigers
1995–96: Bath
1996–97: Wasps
Allied Dunbar Premiership
1997–98: Newcastle Falcons
1998–99: Leicester Tigers
1999–2000: Leicester Tigers
Zurich Premiership
2000–01: Leicester Tigers
2001–02: Leicester Tigers
2002–03: London Wasps
2003–04: London Wasps
2004–05: London Wasps
Guinness Premiership
2005–06: Sale Sharks
2006–07: Leicester Tigers
2007–08: London Wasps
2008–09: Leicester Tigers
2009–10: Leicester Tigers
Aviva Premiership
2010–11: Saracens
2011–12: Harlequins
2012–13: Leicester Tigers
2013–14: Northampton Saints
2014–15: Saracens
2015–16: Saracens

Rugby union
Sports competitions
Sport in England
1987 establishments in England
David Julián Levecq Vives (born March 16, 1981 in Béziers, France) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is an S10 type swimmer.  In 2012, he lived in San Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter freestyle.   He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 100 meter butterfly.  He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1981 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
French sportspeople
2012 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S10
Gabriele Ferzetti (born  Pasquale Ferzetti; 17 March 1925 – 2 December 2015) was an Italian actor. He has appeared in over 160 movies and television programs. His career was at its peak in the 1950s and 1960s. He was known for his roles in La Zappatore, Puccini, Casa Ricordi, The Bible: In the Beginning, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and in Once Upon a Time in the West. 

Ferzetti was born on 17 March 1925 in Rome, Italy. He died in Rome on 2 December 2015 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

A 2009 photograph of Ferzetti

1925 births
2015 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Rome
Actors who played in James Bond movies
Exeter Chiefs are a rugby club based in Exeter, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
Devon
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
1870s establishments in England
Wasps are an English rugby club historically based in London, but playing home games in Coventry, who play in the Aviva Premiership.

Formed in 1867 at the now defunct Eton and Middlesex Tavern, Wasps had been, before their December 2014 move to Coventry, London's most successful club with six championships and two Heineken Cups.

The club have not played their home games in London proper since 2002. They first moved to Adams Park in High Wycombe, but were unable to expand the stadium to meet their needs. In late 2014, they bought Ricoh Arena in Coventry, and moved their home matches there in December 2014.

League position

Former position

References

English rugby union teams
Coventry
1867 establishments in England
Sale Sharks are a rugby club based in Manchester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

The club, originally based at Heywood Road in Sale, share the Salford City Stadium with Salford City Reds.

The Sharks won the Aviva Premiership in 2006.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1861 establishments in the United Kingdom
Greater Manchester
1860s establishments in England
Leicester Tigers are a rugby union club based in Leicester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are the most successful English club with a record 10 championships and are the current champions.

The 'Tigers' are one of only four teams (along with Gloucester, Bath and Wasps) never to have been relegated from the top flight and are also the most successful English side in Europe having made five Heineken Cup finals, winning back to back titles in 2001 and 2002.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
Leicester
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
London Irish are a rugby club based in Sunbury, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1898 establishments in England
Surrey
Newcastle Falcons (formerly Gosforth/Newcastle Gosforth) are a rugby club based in Newcastle, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

The club was formed in 1877 as Gosforth Football Club and were well known for their successes in cup competition. The advent of League rugby saw their first name change to Newcastle Gosforth as well as a move to the Kingston Park stadium. At the start of the professional era the club adopted its current name of Newcastle Falcons and in 1998 they won the Premiership within a year of winning promotion from the second tier, a feat that has yet to be repeated.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1877 establishments in England
Newcastle upon Tyne
Worcester Warriors are a rugby club based in Worcester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

League position

Former position

Other websites 
 Official Site
 Come On You Warriors, Unofficial Supporters site on Sportnetwork
 Independent Supporters Site
 Official club sponsor: Fragrance Mad
 BBC Rugby Union
 Guinness Premiership
 European Rugby
 Worcester News

English rugby union teams
Worcester
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
Welford Road is a rugby union stadium in Leicester, England and is the home ground for Leicester Tigers.

Leicester
Stadiums in the United Kingdom
The Recreation Ground (commonly the Rec) is a large open space in the centre of Bath, England used for recreational purposes by Bath residents and the public generally.

References

Other websites

The Recreation Ground Trust website
History of The Recreation Ground 
The Real Friends Of The Rec 

Bath, Somerset
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
Adams Park is a football stadium in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.

Other websites 

 The Adams Park Website
 Wycombe Wanderers FC
 London Wasps
 Expansion 'key to Wasps future'

Buckinghamshire
Football stadiums in England
Kingston Park is a multi-purpose stadium in Kingston Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is used mostly for rugby union and rugby league matches. It is the home stadium of Premiership Rugby side Newcastle Falcons and Betfred Championship Rugby League side Newcastle Thunder.

Other websites 

 Kingston Park  at Newcastle Falcons

Newcastle upon Tyne
Stadiums in the United Kingdom
A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, with the first usually in sonata form.

References 

Piano
Sonatas
Julie ("Giulietta") Guicciardi (23 November 1782 – 22 March 1856) was an Austrian countess. For a short time, she was a piano student of Ludwig van Beethoven. He dedicated his Piano Sonata No. 14 to her, which is now commonly known as the Moonlight Sonata.

Julie Guicciardi, as she was called by her family, was born in Przemyśl, Galicia in 1782.

References 

1782 births
1856 deaths
Ludwig van Beethoven
Earls and countesses
Austrian people
Musical composition can mean an original piece of music, the structure of a musical piece, or the process of making a new piece of music.  A composition is a piece of music (the word "composition" means "putting together", so a composition is something where music notes have been put together).  When a composer writes a piece of music he or she is making a musical composition.

The word "composition" can also mean learning the skill of how to compose.  Music students may go to music college to study composition.  They will do this by looking at famous pieces of music to see how the composers of the past wrote music.  They will study musical form, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and learn about all the instruments and how to write well for them so that it sounds nice.

Other websites 

 How to Compose Music www.artofcomposing.com
 Composition Today News, competitions, interviews and other resources for composers.
 Internet Concert Project: Album for the Young Student New Music , an online performance and documentary feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (January 2010)
 A Beginner's Guide to Composing , an online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (February 2008)
 Gems of compositional wisdom
 A Practical Guide to Musical Composition 
 ComposersNewPencil - Information, articles and music composition resources.
 How to compose music 
 How to compose Music (Wikihow)
 Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, online database to locations of musical manuscripts from around the world
 How to Compose for New Age Piano
 Music composer | Music Arranger | Music Idea | Minus One 
 best music composing software
H. Price McGrath (1813-July 1881) was a "sporting-man" who opened the first gambling house in the American South, and bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875.

Life
McGrath was born in Versailles, Woodford County, Kentucky. His father was a tailor and taught his son the trade, but McGrath sought something more to his taste and became a card sharp.

He travelled about the American South and West. In 1852, he opened the first gambling house in the South, at New Orleans, Louisiana. He and his partners conducted pools, finally having to charge $10 a head to enter the house. With the wealth he accumulated, McGrath bought 500 acres near Lexington, Kentucky.

This land became one of the great stock farms in the United States and was called "McGrathiana". McGrath bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875. McGrath lived like a lord, conducted his business honestly and openly, always backed his own horses, and died with an estate worth $200,000.

Notes

References
 Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... 1891. p. 686
 Coldstream Stud, Lexington, Kentucky

1813 births
1881 deaths
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Sportspeople from Kentucky
Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major "", Op. 27, No. 1, is a sonata which was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1800–1801.

References
Gordon, Steward (2005) Editorial matter to his edition of the Beethoven piano sonatas, Volume II. Alfred Music Publishing.
Jones, Timothy (1999) The "Moonlight" and other sonatas, Op. 27 and Op. 31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lockwood, Lewis (1996) "Reshaping the genre: Beethoven's piano sonatas from Op. 22 to Op. 28 (1799–1801)". Israeli Studies in Musicology 6: 1–16.
Marson, Nicholas (2000) "The sense of an ending": goal directedness in Beethoven's music. In Glenn Stanley, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosen, Charles (2002) Beethoven's Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion. New Haven: Yale University press.
Sisman, Elaine (1998) After the heroic style: "fantasias" and the characteristic sonatas of 1809. In Stanley, Glenn (1998) Beethoven Forum VI. University of Nebraska Press.

Other websites
 , including the first edition.
 A lecture by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 27, No. 1
 Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major, Op. 27, No.1, Musopen
 European Archive Copyright free LP recording of the Sonata No. 13, Op. 27, No.1 in E-flat major by Hugo Steurer, piano at the European Archive (for non-American viewers only).

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Sonatas
Solo piano pieces
The Mutopia Project is a volunteer-run effort to create a library of free content sheet music, in a way similar to Project Gutenberg's library of public-domain books.

Related pages
 Open music
 Free content

Other wbesites 

Mutopia Project home page
Mutopia Project mirror (USA)
Mutopia Project mirror (Portugal)
Mutopia Project archive via ftp 

Databases
Websites
Music education
Muirfield is a golf course in East Lothian, Scotland, near Edinburgh. It is often used for The Open Championship.

Other websites
Muirfield website

Golf
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
Sport in Scotland
Northern Catalonia (, ) is a name that sometimes is used, mainly in Catalan writings, to refer to the territory given to France by Spain in 1659. The area corresponds approximately to the modern French département of the Pyrénées-Orientales.

The French name, Catalogne Nord, is used nowadays, although less often than the more politically neutral Roussillon (in reference to the pre-Revolutionary province). Sometimes French Catalonia is also used.

Geography 
Northern Catalonia forms a triangle between the Pyrenees to the south, the Corbières to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The Plain of Roussillon in the east, by far the area where more people live, is formed by the floodplains of the Tech, Têt and Agly rivers (). The districts of Vallespir and Conflent cover the upper valleys of the Tech and the Têt respectively. The mountain Le Canigou (), , dominates much of the territory.

The climate is of the Mediterranean type, with hot, dry summers and winters which are relatively mild, at least on the Roussillon plain where snow is rare.

More of a quarter of the population of Northern Catalonia is in the city of Perpignan (). Perpignan is the only important administrative and service centre. Roads and trains run north–south through Northern Catalonia between France and Spain.

Languages
French is the only official language in France as whole and in these municipalities. Catalan, in its Northern Catalan variety, is recognized as a regional language only by the region of Languedoc-Roussilon. It is estimated to be spoken by a quarter of the population, but understood by a higher percentage.

In 1700, the government of Louis XIV prohibited the use of the Catalan language in official documents.

In the 1950s, after centuries of being forbidden in education, the Catalan language was permitted to be studied for one hour per week in secondary school. In the 1970s, the Arrels Association and Bressola network of private schools started to offer complete bilingual French/Catalan classes from nursery up to secondary education.

On December 10, 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department, alongside French and Occitan (in Fenouillèdes), with the goal to further promote it in public life and education.

References

Other websites
"Catalunya del Nord"  from the Enciclopèdia catalana
Qui som els catalans del nord? (Who are we Northern Catalans?)

Pyrénées-Orientales
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$!, released in Japan as Made in Wario and in European regions as WarioWare, Inc.: Minigame Mania, is an action video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2003, in Europe on May 23, 2003, in North America on May 26, 2003, and in Australia on June 6, 2003. It is the first game in the WarioWare series.

In this game, players play "microgames", small minigames that last for only a few seconds. In these games, the player has to figure out what to do to complete them. They are helped by a word or phrase that appears at the beginning of the game. Games can be things such as shooting targets, selecting a multiple choice answer, or surviving until the end. Players are given four lives. If the player runs out of lives, the game ends.

A remake, WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$!, was released for the Nintendo GameCube in 2003.

References

2003 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo GameCube games
Virtual Console games
The Flaming Lips are an American rock band formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1983.

Members 
 Wayne Coyne – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar, keyboards (1983–present)
 Michael Ivins – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1983–present)
 Steven Drozd – guitar, keyboards, bass, drums, backing vocals, lead vocals (1991–present)
 Kliph Scurlock – drums, percussion (2002–present)
 Derek Brown – keyboards, percussion, guitar, backing vocals (2009–present)

Discography 
 Hear It Is (1986)
 Oh My Gawd!!!...The Flaming Lips (1987)
 Telepathic Surgery (1989)
 In a Priest Driven Ambulance (with Silver Sunshine Stares, 1990)
 Hit to Death in the Future Head (1992)
 Transmissions from the Satellite Heart (1993)
 Clouds Taste Metallic (1995)
 Zaireeka (1997)
 The Soft Bulletin (1999)
 Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots (2002)
 At War with the Mystics (2006)
 Once Beyond Hopelessness (2008)
 Embryonic (2009)
 The Dark Side of the Moon (2010)
 The Flaming Lips and Heady Fwends (2012)
 The Terror (2013)
 Lipsha (upcoming collaboration album with Kesha)

Other websites 

 Official website

1980s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from Oklahoma
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Stacy (also Stacey) is a mostly female given name, but is used sometimes on males. Several celebrities use this name. They include Stacy Ferguson, Stacey Dash and Stacy London. Fictional people include Stacey Colbert, a character in the television show Ned & Stacey. The meanings of this name are disputed. For girls, Stacy means "princess" in Greek.

Given names
Wilhelm Walter Friedrich Kempff (25 November 1895 – 23 May 1991) was a German pianist and composer. Although his repertory included Bach, Liszt, Chopin, Schumann, and Brahms, Kempff was often well known for his interpretations of the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, both of whose complete sonatas he also recorded.

Recordings   
 Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos. 1, 12, 19, and 20 (DG LP 138 935; released 1965; recipient of Grand Prix du Disque)
 Schubert: The Piano Sonatas (complete), (DG 463 766-2 (seven compact disks)) recordings made in 1965, '67, '68, '70.

Autobiography
Kempff, Wilhelm. Unter dem Zimbelstern: Jugenderinnerungen eines Pianisten ["Under the Cymbal Star: The Development of a Musician" (1951)]. Laaber: Laaber Verlag, 1978.

References

Other websites

Obituary for Wilhelm Kempff, by B. John Zavrel
Wilhelm Kempff discography by Frank Forman
Video recordings of Kempff performances, youtube.com
 Wilhelm Kempff playing the 3rd movement of Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata.
Wilhelm Kempff playing Sonate No. 14, "Moonlight" 1st Movement 

1895 births
1991 deaths
German composers
German pianists
András Schiff (born 21 December 1953) is a Hungarian-born British classical pianist and conductor who has won a number of major awards. Since 2011, he has publically stated criticism of Hungarian government policies.

Other websites
Andras Schiff: Beethoven Lecture-recitals at Wigmore Hall, London
National Public Radio Article 
In Concert on National Public Radio

1953 births
Living people
Hungarian pianists
Classical musicians
People from Budapest
Courtney is a given name. It is mostly used for females, but is sometimes used for males. The name is of Norman and Old French origin. It came to England in the late 1060s. The name became a given name during the 17th century. It was at first for males. Females did not start getting the name Courtney until after the 1956 publication of "Chocolates for Breakfast". That book is about a woman named Courtney who wishes she had been born male. Courtney is a somewhat common name. People named Courtney include Courteney Cox, Courtney Love and Courtney Thorne-Smith. Fictional characters with the name include Courtney Matthews in the ABC soap opera series General Hospital.

People

Last name of Courtney
 Bryce Courtenay (1933–2012), Australian novelist
 Duane Courtney (born 1985), English footballer
 Ernie Courtney (1875–1920), American baseball player
 James Courtney (1888–1934), New Zealand Military Cross recipient
 Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929), Polish linguist, creator of the idea of the phoneme
 Joel Courtney (born 1996), American film actor
 John Edgar Courtney (born 1934), Australian ornithologist
 Mel Courtney, New Zealand Independent politician
 Nicholas Courtney (1929–2011), British television actor
 Roger Courtney, British military officer influential in the establishment of the Special Boat Service
 Tom Courtenay, English actor

First name of Courtney
 Courtney Alexander (born 1977), American basketball player
 Courtney Anderson (born 1980), American football player
 Courtney Babcock (born 1972), Canadian runner
 Courtney Hodges (1887–1966), United States Army general
 Courtney Kennedy (born 1979), American ice hockey player
 Courtney Lawes (born 1989), English rugby union player
 Courtney Lee (born 1985), American basketball player
 Courtney Paris (born 1987), American basketball player
 Courtney Solomon (born 1971), Canadian film director
 Courtney Vandersloot (born 1989), American basketball player
 Courtney Webb (born 1988), British actress and writer
 Courtney Whitney (1897–1969), American lawyer and Army commander

Places
 Courtenay, British Columbia, a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island
 Courtenay River, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
 Courtenay, New Zealand, a locality in the Selwyn District
 Courtenay (New Zealand electorate), a former electorate in Canterbury, based on the locality of the same name
 Courtenay, Florida, an unincorporated community in Brevard County
 Courtney, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in Yadkin County
 Courtney, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood of the borough of New Eagle
 Courtney Peak, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

Science
 Courtney (crater), a tiny lunar impact crater

Given names
The fantasia (from ; also , , ) is a musical composition with its style in the art of improvisation. Because of this, it rarely follows any rules of strict musical form (as with the impromptu).

Related pages
 Canzona
 Capriccio
 Chorale fantasia
 Chromatic fantasia
 Ricercar
 Tiento
 Voluntary

Sources
 Brett, Philip, Jennifer Doctor, Judith LeGrove, and Paul Banks. 2001. "Britten, (Edward) Benjamin". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Field, Christopher D. S. 2001. "Fantasia." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
 Howes, Frank, and Christina Bashford. 2001. "Cobbett, Walter Willson". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Kennedy, Michael. 2006. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, revise, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

More reading
 Antcliffe, Herbert. 1920. "The Recent Rise of Chamber Music in England". Musical Quarterly 6, no. 1 (January): 12–23.
 Meyer, Ernst Hermann. 1946. English Chamber Music. London: Lawrence & Wishart. Reprinted, New York: Da Capo Press, 1971. . Reference on the early English fantasy (fantazy, fantasie, fantasia.).

Classical music
Musical forms
Fleet Air Arm is the generic name of the British naval aviation, part of the Royal Navy. It has both airplanes and helicopters.

It uses Merlin helicopters to hunt submarines and transport marines.
It uses Wildcat helicopters for piracy patrols.
It uses F-35 jets for maritime attack.

References 
Royal Navy
Axis of Advance was a Canadian black and death metal band from Edmonton, Alberta. 

The band was formed in 1998 and was formerly known as Sacramentary Abolishment. The band changed their name to Axis of Advance after drummer Paulus Kressman left the band. Axis of Advance was originally suppose to be the title of Sacramentary Abolishment's third album. The band considered J. Read to be a session member because they could not imagine anyone else drumming for them even though his drumming position was apparently permanent.

The band released their first EP, Landline in April 1999.

The band split up in 2008. Vermin joined J. Read's band Revenge to play session guitars afterwards and also played for Weapon for a little while.

Band members 
Final line-up
Wör – Vocals, guitar (1998-2007)
Vermin – Vocals, bass (1998-2007)
J. Read – Drums (1998-2007)

Discography

Albums
 Landline (1999)
 Strike (2001)
 The List (2002)
 Obey (2004)
 Purify (2006)

References

Other websites 
Official website 
Axis of Advance on Discogs

1990s music groups
Musical groups established in 1998
2000s music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
Canadian black metal bands
Canadian death metal bands
Canadian heavy metal bands
People from Edmonton
For the person practicing witchcraft, see witch

W.I.T.C.H.  is a European animated television series. It is based on the Italian comic book series of the same name, which was created by Gary Tomlin and Elisabetta Gnone. It is a fantasy anime series about a girl that can use magic.

References

Television series by Disney
2004 television series debuts
2006 television series endings
Fantasy television series
Juan Martínez Martin (born November 25, 1980 in Granada) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability and is T46 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia.  He finished second in the 4 X 400 meter T42-T46 relay.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1980 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
People from Granada
2000 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T46
Some people say that some of the works attributed to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon were not actually written by him. The scientific argument behind this claim is known as the Shakespeare authorship question. Anti-Stratfordians say Shakespeare of Stratford was a false name to shield the identity of the real author or authors. These authors did not want their real names to become public, for various resons. Although the idea has attracted much public interest, all but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a fringe belief and for the most part acknowledge it only to rebut or disparage the claims.

Shakespeare's authorship was first questioned in the middle of the 19th century.  At that time the idea that Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time had become widespread. Shakespeare had a simple background, and some details of his life are unknown. These facts seemed to be incompatible with his poetic eminence and his reputation for genius. Some people suspected that Shakespeare might not have written the works attributed to him. The controversy has since spawned a vast body of literature, and 80 authorship candidates have been proposed, including Francis Bacon, the 6th Earl of Derby, Christopher Marlowe, and the 17th Earl of Oxford.

Some Anti-Stratfordians say William Shakespeare lacked the education, aristocratic sensibility, or familiarity with the royal court. They also say that these characteristics can be found in his works. Those Shakespeare scholars who have responded to such claims hold that biographical interpretations of literature are unreliable in attributing authorship, and that the convergence of documentary evidence used to support Shakespeare's authorship—title pages, testimony by other contemporary poets and historians, and official records—is the same used for all other authorial attributions of his era. No such direct evidence exists for any other candidate, and Shakespeare's authorship was not questioned during his lifetime or for centuries after his death.

Despite the scholarly consensus, a relatively small but highly visible and diverse assortment of supporters, including prominent public figures, have questioned the conventional attribution. They work for acknowledgment of the authorship question as a legitimate field of scholarly inquiry and for acceptance of one or another of the various authorship candidates.

References

William Shakespeare
Controversies
Västra Götaland County () is a county in southern Sweden, with the seat in Gothenburg. It was established on 1 January 1998, as a merger out of former Gothenburg and Bohus County, Skaraborg County and Älvsborg County.

Municipalities

References

Other websites

1998 establishments in Europe
Counties of Sweden
1990s establishments in Sweden
Esther Morales Fernández (born August 9, 1985 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability: she is an S10 type swimmer.  In 2012, she lived in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She finished third in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter backstroke.  She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 100 meter backstroke. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She, Sarai Gascón Moreno, Teresa Perales and Isabel Yingüa Hernández finished fourth in the 4x100 meter freestyle relay event.

At the 2009 IPC  European Swimming Championship in Reykjavik, Iceland, Sarai Gascón Moreno, Ana Rubio, Esther Morales and  Julia Castelló won a bronze medal in the 4x100 meter medley relay. In 2010, she competed at the Tenerife International Open.  Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, she went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Barcelona
2012 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S10
Nitrogen narcosis is a problem for underwater divers. It affects the brain and nervous system a lot like alcohol, but goes away when the diver rises to a shallower depth. It does not have lasting effects after the depth is reduced.

Who can get it
Any underwater diver who goes deeper than 30 m (100 ft)while breathing air, or any time when the pressure of nitrogen in the breathing gas is more than about 3,2 bar.

How to prevent it
It only happens when the pressure of nitrogen is high. If the pressure is kept low by staying at a shallower depth it will not happen. If the breathing gas has less nitrogen it will only start at a deeper depth. Helium gas can be used in place of nitrogen in breathing gas for divers to make it less likely to have nitrogen narcosis.

What actually happens
The nitrogen gas dissolved in the diver affects the working of nerve cells. At higher pressures more nitrogen can be dissolved.

It starts off as a mild effect like being slightly drunk, but as the pressure increases it gets more serious, like getting more drunk. Eventually the diver may lose consciousness.

Why is it a problem
A diver who has nitrogen narcosis will have slower reactions and may not think clearly. If something goes wrong the diver may not be able to cope with the problem. This can be dangerous.

What to do about it
The diver can move to a shallower depth or change to a different breathing gas with less nitrogen. This will usually be a mixture containing helium.

Safety
Health problems
Jordi Morales García (born November 17, 1985 in Esparreguera, Barcelona) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is class 7 player. He played table tennis at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  In 2004, he finished third in the Class 7 singles table tennis game. In 2012, he finished second in the Team Class 6-8 game.

References 

Spanish sportspeople
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Barcelona
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type Class 7
Table tennis players
Israel Oliver Peña (born December 16, 1987 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he has vision problems and is an S12/B2 type swimmer. In 2012, he lived in Carrizal de Wit, Las Palmas, Canary Islands. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 4 x 100 meters 49 points medley relay. He finished third in the 100 meter Butterfly race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.   He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1987 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Madrid
2012 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Richard Oribe Lumbreras (born February 22, 1974 in San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is an S4 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 50 meter freestyle race, the 100 meter freestyle race and in the 200 meter freestyle race.  He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the 50 meter freestyle race, the 200 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay.   He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 200 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 100 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 200 meter freestyle race.  He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle race, the 100 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 100 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 200 meter freestyle race.

Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

References

Other websites 
 Richard Oribe Lumbreras

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1974 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from San Sebastian
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S4
Tomas Piñas Bermudez (born July 8, 1982 in Granada) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is class 3 player and competes while using a wheelchair. In 2012, he lived in Ogijares, Granada. He played table tennis at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  In 2008, he finished third in the Class 3 singles table tennis game..

References 

Spanish sportspeople
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Granada
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Table tennis players
José Ramos Castillo (born December 24, 1974 in Castellon De La Plana, Castellón) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is an S7 type swimmer. In 2004, he lived in Artesa-onda, Castellón. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1974 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from the Community of Valencia
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S7
The European Rugby Champions Cup is a major European rugby competition involving the leading clubs from England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, France and Italy. It began in the 1995–96 season as the Heineken Cup, with sponsorship from major brewery Heineken, and kept that name through the 2013–14 season. Disagreements between the leagues that sent teams to the competition led to the end of the Heineken Cup, with the Champions Cup taking its place starting in 2014–15.

Toulouse have won the competition a record four times, Leinster and Toulon three times, while Munster, Leicester Tigers and Wasps have won it twice each. Toulon are the only team to have won three times in a row, winning the last two Heineken Cups in 2013 and 2014 and the first Champions Cup in 2015. The current champions are Saracens.

Rugby union
Sports competitions
Sport in Europe
1995 establishments in Europe
A funeral march (Marche funèbre, Trauermarsch) is a march, usually in a minor key, in a slow "simple duple" metre, creating the solemn pace of a funeral procession. Some such marches are often considered appropriate for use during funerals and other occasions, the most well-known being the third movement of Piano Sonata No. 2 by Frédéric Chopin. Handel uses the name dead march, also used for marches played by a military band at military funerals and executions.

Other websites 
Chopin's Iconic Funeral March

Compositions
Frédéric Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 35, popularly known as The Funeral March, was completed in 1839 at Nohant, near Châteauroux in France.  However, the third movement, whence comes the sonata's common nickname, had been composed as early as 1837.

Movements
The sonata comprises four movements:
 Grave – Doppio movimento
 Scherzo
 Marche funèbre: Lento
 Finale: Presto

Further reading

Other websites 
 
 Piano Sonata No. 2 sheet music available at Musopen.com
 Recording of Sonata No.2 performed by the pianist Alberto Cobo

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
Sonatas
Västernorrland County () is a county in northern Sweden, with the seat located in Härnösand. It was established in 1634.

Municipalities 

Härnösand
Kramfors
Sollefteå
Sundsvall
Timrå
Ånge
Örnsköldsvik

References

Other websites

1634 establishments in Sweden
Counties of Sweden
Västerbotten County () is a county in northern Sweden, with the seat located in Umeå. It was established in 1638.

Municipalities 

Bjurholm
Dorotea
Lycksele
Malå
Nordmaling
Norsjö
Robertsfors
Skellefteå
Sorsele
Storuman
Umeå
Vilhelmina
Vindeln
Vännäs
Åsele

References

Other websites

1638 establishments
Counties of Sweden
1630s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Sweden
Norrbotten County () is a county in northern Sweden, with the seat located in Luleå. It was established in 1810.

Municipalities

Norrbotten:
Pajala
Övertorneå
Överkalix
Boden
Kalix
Haparanda
Älvsbyn
Luleå
Piteå

Swedish Lapland:
Kiruna
Gällivare
Jokkmokk
Arjeplog
Arvidsjaur

References

Other websites

1810 establishments in Europe
Counties of Sweden
19th-century establishments in Sweden
Jämtland County () is a county in northern Sweden, with the seat located in Östersund. It was established in 1810.

Municipalities

Berg
Bräcke
Härjedalen
Krokom
Ragunda
Strömsund
Åre
Östersund

References

Other websites

1810 establishments in Europe
Counties of Sweden
19th-century establishments in Sweden