cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (, ; abbreviated HUJI) is a university in Israel. It is the country's second-oldest university. It was established in 1918, 30 years before the State of Israel.

It was the first university to open in Israel with three campuses. Its campuses are on Mount Scopus, in Givat Ram and Ein Karem.

Other websites 

 Hebrew University web site
 The Mandel Institute of Jewish Studies web site
 Einstein Archives at the Hebrew University 
 Ancient and Premodern Law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
 
Mount Scopus
1918 establishments
1910s establishments in Israel
Colleges and universities in Israel
Gregory Jennings, Jr. (born September 21, 1983 in Kalamazoo, Michigan) is a wide receiver. He plays for the Green Bay Packers of the NFL. He played college football at Western Michigan University. He was drafted in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft.

High School Career
Jennings played three sports in high school, football, basketball, and track. He played many football positions, including wide receiver, running back, linebacker and defensive back.

College career
Greg Jennings decided to go to Western Michigan University. He finished his career there with 238 receptions for 3539 yards and 39 touchdowns. In his second year, he broke an ankle bone, and had to miss eight games.  He graduated from the college in 2010.

NFL career
Jennings declared for the NFL Draft in 2006. He was chosen by the Packers with the 52nd pick in the 2006 NFL Draft. In his fourth game, Jennings caught Brett Favre's 400th touchdown pass. He was voted Rookie of the Week that week. Jennings finished the season with 45 catches for 632 yards and 3 touchdowns. His next season was better, with twelve touchdowns and 932 yards. After his first thousand yard season in 2009, Jennings got a 26.35 million dollar contract. In 2010 and 2011, Jennings made the Pro Bowl. He also played in the Super Bowl in 2010, where he had two touchdowns in a Packers victory. He had to miss most of the 2011 and 2012 seasons with injuries.

Career statistics

References

Green Bay Packers players
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
People from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Donald Earl "Don" Messick (September 7, 1926 – October 24, 1997) was an American voice, radio, movie, and television actor. He was the voice of Scooby-Doo in Scooby-Doo, Bam Bam Rubble in The Flintstones, Astro the Dog in The Jetsons, Muttley the Dog in Wacky Races, Papa Smurf in The Smurfs, and as Dr. Quest in Johnny Quest.

Messick was born on September 7, 1926 in Buffalo, New York. He was married to Helen Marie McHugh from 1949 until his death in 1997. Messick died on October 24, 1997 from a stroke in Salinas, California, aged 71.

References

Other websites
 Don Messick Tribute  Short biography of Don Messick
 
 

1926 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Henry Ross Perot (June 27, 1930 – July 9, 2019) was an American businessman. He founded Electronic Data Systems in 1962. He ran for president in 1992 and in 1996. Both times he lost to Bill Clinton. Perot had about 3.5 billion dollars. In 2012, he was ranked by Forbes as the 101st-richest person in the United States.

Perot was born on June 27, 1930 in Texarkana, Texas. He studied at Texas High School, at Texarkana Junior College and at the United States Naval Academy. Perot married Margot Birmingham in 1956. They had five children and 16 grandchildren.

In 2012, Perot endorsed Mitt Romney for President.

Perot died on July 9, 2019 at his home in Dallas from leukemia at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 United We Stand, H. Ross Perot; text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his Presidential campaign, complete with charts. The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year United We Stand America, as saved by The Internet Archive.
Booknotes interview with Carolyn Barta on Perot and His People: Disrupting the Balance of Political Power, January 16, 1994. 
"Ross Perot, Presidential Contender"  from C-SPAN's The Contenders

1930 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
American billionaires
Chief executives
1992 United States presidential candidates
1996 United States presidential candidates
Businesspeople from Texas
Politicians from Texas
Independent politicians in the United States
Cover Drive is a band with four members from Barbados, featuring Amanda Reifer, T-Ray Armstrong, Barry "Bar-Man" Hill and Jamar Harding.

The band began by performing covers of popular songs and posting them on Youtube. The band was signed by record label Global Talent, part of Polydor Records. They were an opening act for Rihanna on her Loud Tour.

Career 
Amanda met T-Ray when she became his babysitter. T-Ray was in the same year at school as Jamar although not in the same school. Amanda met Bar-Man at college because they were in the same year.

They were signed to Polydor Records in April 2011. Their album Bajan Style contained four singles. "Lick Ya Down", "Twilight" and "Sparks" all entered the top ten in the United Kingdom whilst "Explode" peaked at number 29. The album itself peaked at number 14 on release on 7 May 2012.

They also appeared on Far East Movement's single "Turn Up The Love" which peaked at number 13 in the UK and in the top twenty in six other countries.

Barbadian people
Pop music groups
In 2004, the thirty two teams of the NFL got together and held the sixty eighth yearly NFL Draft, where each of them chose college players to play for their team. It was held at Madison Square Garden in New York on April 24 and 25. The draft was shown on ESPN. There were 255 choices in the draft.

The draft started with the San Diego Chargers picking Eli Manning. He was traded to the New York Giants a short time later.  There were 32 picks given to 16 teams because they lost free agents that offseason. The teams with the most compensatory picks were the Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams, and New York Jets, each with four. There were several records during the draft: the most wide receivers selected in the first round (7), and the most trades in the first round (28). The University of Miami had six players chosen in the first round. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 players picked in all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has another records: it is the first draft which has had two quarterbacks who each won more tan one Super Bowl (with Ben Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli Manning winning his second in 2011). The positions of the players in the draft were:

Player selections

References

National Football League
2004 in sports
21st century in Manhattan
2004 in New York (state)
2000s in New York City
Qazigund () is a notified town of the Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Abbaspur () is a town of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.  It is about 5 km from Poonch city.

Tehsils of Azad Kashmir
A lovebird (Agapornis) is a type of parrot. There are nine species. They are a social and affectionate small parrot. Seven species are native to Africa, and the Grey-headed Lovebird is native to Madagascar. 

Their common name comes from the parrots' strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long time the pairs spend sitting together. Lovebirds live in small flocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grass and seeds. Black-winged Lovebirds also eat insects and figs, and the Black-collared Lovebirds have a special dietary requirement for native figs, making them more difficult to keep in captivity.

True parrots
A persimmon is a fruit that people can eat.  The ripe fruit ranges from light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety.  Persimmons come from a species of tree in the genus Diospyros.

Fruits
Ebenaceae
Shimla, also known as Simla, is the capital city of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The city is up in the mountains at around 2,200 metres (approximately 7,234 feet). Shimla is a popular tourist destination in India.

In 1864, Shimla was made the summer capital of British India. After Indian independence, the city became the capital of Punjab and was later named the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is the main commercial, cultural and educational centre of Himachal Pradesh.

References 

Capital cities in India
Himachal Pradesh
The brush-tailed rock-wallaby or small-eared rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is a kind of wallaby. It is one of several rock-wallabies in the genus Petrogale.  It lives in the rocks and cliffs of the Australia's Great Dividing Range from about  north-west of Brisbane to the Grampians in south west Victoria. Its habitats include rainforest and dry sclerophyl forests. Numbers of brush-tailed rock-wallabies have gone down in the south and west of its range. It remains locally common in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. In Victoria the species is nearly extinct with only four in the Grampians National Park, and 20 in East Gippsland. In 1988 at Jenolan caves in New South Wales, about 80 wallabies were released into the forest, but by 1992 there were only seven left.

Introductions
In the late 1800s, Governor Grey introduced this and four other species of wallabies (including the rare parma wallaby) to islands in Hauraki Gulf, near Auckland, New Zealand, where they became well-established.  In modern times, the wallabies have come to be viewed as exotic pests. They have caused problems for the native plants and animals and are being removed from the islands.   Between 1967 and 1975, 210 rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau Island and returned to Australia, along with thousands of other wallabies. Rock-wallabies were removed from Rangitoto and Motutapu Islands during the 1990s. Another 33 rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau during the 2000s, and returned to Australia.

In 2003 some Kawau brush-tails were relocated to the Waterfall Springs Conservation Park north of Sydney, New South Wales, for captive breeding purposes.

Two wallabies escaped in 1916 on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. There is now a small breeding population.

References

Other websites

Brush-tailed rock-wallaby recovery in NSW (Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife) 
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby population in Green Gully - a conservation case study 
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby habitat modelling 
BBC video of brush-tailed rock-wallabies in action 
The Aussie Brush-Tailed Rock-Wallaby Ark Conservation Project

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Jean-Charles Darmon is a French literary critic born in 1961.

Biography 

Graduate in 1982 from the École Normale Supérieure, he first teaches at Amherst College (USA).

Teacher of French literature at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Honorary Member of the Institut Universitaire de France (2001-2006), he was head of the École Normale Supérieure from 2005 to 2009.

Specialized in connections between literature, philosophy and ethics in the classical age, he is the author of books on libertarianism scholar and Epicureanism, the forms of the fable or satire, from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Further reading

  (Epicurean philosophy and literature in seventeenth-century France. Studies on Gassendi, Cyrano, La Fontaine, Saint-Evremond), Paris, PUF, « Perspectives littéraires », 1998.
 Cyrano de Bergerac, Lettres satiriques et amoureuses, précédées de Lettres diverses (édition) (Cyrano de Bergerac, satirical and love letters, preceded by various letters (edit)), Paris, Desjonquères, « Dix-septième siècle », 1999.
 La Fontaine, Fables (édition) (La Fontaine, Fables (edit)), Paris, LGF, 2002.
 Philosophies de la Fable. La Fontaine et la crise du lyrisme (Philosophies of Fable. La Fountaine and the crisis of lyricism), Paris, PUF, « Écritures », 2003.
 Le Songe libertin. Cyrano de Bergerac d’un monde à l’autre (The Dream libertine. Cyrano de Bergerac from one world to another), Paris, Klincksieck, « Bibliothèque française et romane », 2004.
 L’athée, la politique et la mort. Essai suivi d’une édition critique de La Mort d’Agrippine de Cyrano de Bergerac (The atheist, politics and death. Test followed by a critical edition of The Death of Agrippina from Cyrano de Bergerac), Fougères, Encre Marine, « La Bibliothèque hédoniste », 2005.
 Histoire de la France littéraire, tome 2. Classicismes xviie – xviiie siècle (Literary history of France, Volume 2. Classicisms seventeenth - eighteenth century), Paris, PUF, « Quadrige », 2006.
 Le moraliste, la politique et l’histoire. De La Rochefoucauld à Derrida (The moralist, politics and history. From De La Rochefoucauld to Derrida), Desjonquères, « L’Esprit des lettres », 2007.
 Variations épicuriennes : une philosophie et ses marges, entre science, morale et politique. Études sur Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond (Epicurean variations: a philosophy and margins between science, ethics and politics. Studies of Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond), Paris, Honoré Champion, « Lumière classique », 2008.
 Pensée morale et genres littéraires (Moral thought and literary genres), with Philippe Desan, Paris, PUF, 2009.
 Philosophie du divertissement. Le jardin imparfait des Modernes (Philosophy entertainment. Modern garden imperfect), Paris, Desjonquères, « Le bon sens », 2009.
 « Philosophies de la Fable. Poésie et pensée dans l’œuvre de La Fontaine » ("Philosophies of Fable. Poetry and thought in the work of La Fontaine "), Paris, Éditions Hermann, coll. « Savoir Lettres », 2011.

References

1961 births
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
French literary critics
Living people
The Magomayev Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall (Azeri: Maqomayev adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Filarmoniyası) is the main concert hall for classical music and folk music in the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku.

History

The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall was built between the years 1910–1912 at the request of the city elite and is designed in the Italian Renaissance (outside) and German Rococo (inside) architectural styles. Its design was influenced by the architectural style of the buildings of the Monte-Carlo Casino, particularly the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. The building was originally organized as a club for the wealthy of Baku, who attended it for banquets and entertainment. During the Russian Civil War it was a place for public rallies. In 1936, the club was officially reorganized into a residence for the philharmonic society aimed at promoting Azerbaijani classical and folk music. On 11 August 1937 after the building was renovated, it was named after the Azerbaijani composer Muslim Magomayev. In 1995, the hall was closed down for more than 8 years for another renovation. It was not until November 2002 that the restoration works finally started due to President Heydar Aliyev's special decree. The opening of the fully renovated building happened on 27 January 2004.

Building

The main building has two halls: The Summer Hall with 1100 seats and the Winter Hall with 610 seats, which are joined by a single stage. The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall is home to 7 performing groups:

 The Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra
 The Azerbaijan State Choir Capella
 The Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra
 The Azerbaijan State Piano Trio
 The Azerbaijan State String Quartet
 The Azerbaijan State Folk Song and Dance Ensemble
 The Azerbaijan State Orchestra of Folk Instruments

Related pages
 Concert hall
 Concert

References

Other websites

 Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Official Website  
 The Ali and Nino Walking Tour: Philharmonic Hall by Betty Blair and Fuad Akhundov. Azerbaijan International Magazine. #12.2. Summer 2004

Concert halls
Buildings and structures in Baku
1912 establishments
1910s establishments in Azerbaijan
Fazlur Rahman Khan (ফজলুর রহমান খান) (April 3, 1929 – March 27, 2013) was an Indian American structural engineer and architect. He and his business partner Bruce Graham are known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue both in Chicago, Illinois. He was one of the most well-known architects in the 20th century.

Khan was born on April 3, 1929 in Kolkata then when he was 14, moving to Dhaka,  He studied at The University of Calcutta, and at the University of Jeddah.

He was married to Liselotte Khan until his wife death in 1990. He died in 2015 at the age 85

References

Other websites
 Article on Fazlur Khan 
 Article on Khan's buildings
 Profile on Fazlur Khan 
 Website dedicated to Fazlur Khan

1929 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Kolkata
Engineers
Architects from Chicago
Bruce John Graham (December 1, 1925 – March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-American architect. Graham and his business partner Fazlur Khan are well known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue, both in Chicago, Illinois.

Graham was born to a Canadian father and to a Peruvian mother in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Columbia. He was raised in Bogotá, Columbia and in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras, at the University of Pennsylvania, Case School of Applied Sciences, and at University of Dayton. 

Graham died on March 6, 2010 from emphysema in Hobe Sound, Florida, aged 84. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

References

Other websites
 Architect of Willis Tower John Hancock Center dies at 84
 Memorial Tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan by Bruce Graham in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

1925 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from emphysema
Cancer deaths in Florida
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Colombian people
Canadian people
Peruvian people
Architects from Chicago
Oghi Tehsil is a tehsil or subdivision of the Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is in a mountainous area close to the Kala Dhaka tribal zone. The main or capital town of this tehsil is Oghi.

The large part of the population of Oghi tehsil is indigenous Swatis, Gurjars, Awans and a mixture of other smaller groups. Hindko is spoken as the main language by around 62% of the people, Pashto language by some 30% and Gojri by some 8 %.

Part of this tehsil is  the Agror valley which also used to be the estate of the former Khan of Agror, a famous tribal chieftain.

References

Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Oghi is a town in Mansehra District, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Towns in Pakistan
A hypnotic is a drug designed to help you sleep. It is a type of psychoactive drug which acts as a soporific, and is also used for surgical anaesthesia. Many hypnotics are addictive, and have side-effects. Because of this, most are prescribed as a last resort, and only for a short time. Rohypnol is a particularly powerful example of a hypnotic.

References 

Drugs
A fen is one of the four main types of wetland, and is usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater.  Fens have neutral or alkaline water, with relatively high dissolved mineral levels but few other plant nutrients.  They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses in general including Scorpidium or Drepanocladus.p8 Fens often have a high diversity of other plant species including carnivorous plants such as Pinguicula.ch9 They may also occur along large lakes and rivers where seasonal changes in water level maintain wet soils with few woody plants. The distribution of individual species of fen plants is often closely connected to water regimes and nutrient concentrations.

Fens have a characteristic set of plant species, which sometimes provide the best indicators of environmental conditions.  They are called "fen indicator species".

Fens are distinguished from bogs, which are acidic, low in minerals, and usually dominated by sedges and shrubs, with abundant Sphagnum mosses.p8

Fens have been damaged in the past by land drainage, and also by peat cutting.  Some are now being carefully restored with modern management methods.ch13 The principal challenges are to restore natural water flow regimes, to maintain the quality of water, and to prevent invasion by woody plants.

Related pages 
The Fens

References 

Wetlands
Armin van Buuren (born 25 December 1976) is a disc jockey from the Netherlands. He is the number one ranked DJ. He has won DJ Magazine's Top 100 DJs fan poll a record of 5 times. He won it 4 years in a row (2007-2010) and again in 2012. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a weekly radio show called A State of Trance. The program says about 25 million people in 26 countries listen to it each week. This fact would make it one of the most listened-to radio programs in the world.

References

1976 births
Living people
DJs
Dutch musicians
People from Leiden
Wishbone was an American children's television show on PBS.

Cast
 Soccer, also Slugger, Shiner, Phoebe, and Bear as Wishbone
 Larry Brantley - Wishbone's voice
 Jordan Wall - Joe Talbot
 Adam Springfield - David Barnes
 Christie Abbott - Samantha Kepler
 Mary Chris Wall - Ellen Talbot
 Angee Hughes - Wanda Gilmore
 Justin Reese - Nathaniel Bobelesky
 Adan Sanchez - Lee Natonabah/Dan Bloodgood
 Rick Perkins - Mr. Bob Pruitt
 Taylor Pope - Curtis

Awards 
 Academy of Television Arts & Sciences First Honor Roll of Children's Programming, 1999
 George Foster Peabody Award, 1998
 Emmy Award - Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design, 1997
 Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1997
 Emmy Award - Graphics and Title Design, 1997
 Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1996
 Emmy Award Nominations, 1998, "WISHBONE's Dog Days of the West"
 Directing in a Children's Special
 Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design
 Main Title Design
 Costume Design/Styling
 Television Critics Association - Best Children's Show, 1996 and 1997

Other websites
 World Wide Wishbone 

American children's television series
PBS Kids shows
English-language television programs
1995 television series debuts
1997 television series endings
A bog is a wetland where peat builds up. Peat is layers of dead plant material—often mosses, in most cases, Sphagnum moss.  It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg.

Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual buildup of decayed plant material in a bog forms a carbon sink.

Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is got entirely from precipitation, in which case they are (rain-fed). Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins.

In general the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower because of the saturated soil.  So, the amount of peat increases. Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat. Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species, and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.

World's largest peat bog 
The world's largest peat bog is in the Congo (Brazzaville). It is as big as England. The bog covers between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometres (40,000 to 80,000 sq miles), with the peat layer reaching up to 7m (23) beneath the ground. It holds billions of tonnes of partially decayed vegetation.

References 

Wetlands
This is a list of many of the different language editions of Wikipedia; as of August 2012, there are 285 Wikipedias. For their number of articles, see the main list.

Wikipedia edition codes

Each Wikipedia has a code, which is used as a subdomain below wikipedia.org. Interlanguage links are sorted by that code.

The codes represent the language codes defined by ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-3, and the decision of which language code to use is usually determined by the IETF language tag policy.

One code is not a language code ('be-x-old') but refers to a specific orthography.

Some deviations include:

List
The table below lists the languages of Wikipedia roughly sorted by the number of active users (registered users who have made at least one edit in the last thirty days). It is shown as the "power of ten" of the count of active users, also known as the common logarithm, rounded down to a whole number. In this way, "5" means at least 105 (or 100,000), "4" means at least 104 (10,000), and so on.

Bot-created articles 
Internet bots have created most of the articles on the following Wikipedias:
 Cebuano Wikipedia
 Dutch Wikipedia
 Swedish Wikipedia
 Waray Wikipedia

Notes

References

Other websites

 m:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia
 m:List of Wikipedias
Kal Bhairab Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated to the god Shiva, in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. The temple is famous for the large linga. It is supposed to be the largest in the world. The goddess Kali is also worshipped there.

History
The temple dates back to the 19th century. It was damaged by Pakistani soldiers during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

References

Hindu temples in Bangladesh
The Great Chicago Fire was a large fire that started on Sunday October 8, 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The fire started out as nine separated fires. It burned until Tuesday October 10, 1871 when rain started to fall. 

The fire destroyed  and $192,000,000 in property.  About 100,000 people were left homeless. Three hundred people died. Because of a large fire the night before, firefighters were too tired to quickly put out these fires.

No one is sure what caused the fire. A legend says that it started when a cow knocked over a lantern in Catherine O'Leary's barn on De Koven Street.  

The oldest structure left standing in the area where the fire burned is the Couch family tomb. This stone tomb was built in 1858. 

Not all of the city was destroyed. Important places like the Stock Yards, where animals were slaughtered, were not damaged. Neither was the railroad system.

The second red star of the Chicago flag represents the fire.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Great Chicago Fire & the Web of Memory

1871 in the United States
19th century in Chicago
Fires in the United States
October events
The Loop or Chicago Loop is one of 77 officially designated community areas in the City of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the historic commercial center of downtown Chicago. It is the seat of government for Chicago and Cook County, as well as the historic theater and shopping district.
 
As established in social research done by the University of Chicago in the 1920s, the Loop is a defined community area of Chicago. The name comes from the eleveated train tracks that form a loop. Chicago's central business district community area is bounded on the west and north by the Chicago River, on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the south by Roosevelt Road. But the commercial core has grown into adjacent community areas.
 
The community area includes Grant Park and one of the largest art museums in the United States, the Art Institute of Chicago. Other major cultural institutions here include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Goodman Theatre, the Joffrey Ballet, the Cloud Gate, the Willis Tower, the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the central public Harold Washington Library, and the Chicago Cultural Center.
 
In what is now the Loop Community Area, on the southern banks of the Chicago River, near today's Michigan Avenue Bridge, the U.S. Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803. It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States.

References

Other websites

Chicago Loop Alliance
Prairie District Neighborhood Alliance Website
City of Chicago Loop Community Map
Rand McNally 1893 Loop Sketches

Community areas of Chicago
Vermin Love Supreme (born June 1961) is an American politician, artist, anarchist, and activist who ran for president in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020. He made promises to give a pony to all Americans, to have a Zombie-Apocalypse, and to have time travel research. He said the he will pass a law to order everyone to brush their teeth.

Supreme was born on June 1961 in Rockport, Massachusetts. He was raised in Baltimore, Maryland and in Boston, Massachusetts. Supreme studied at Gloucester High School.

References

Other websites

Vermin Supreme  at Americans Elect
Biography at Project Vote Smart

1961 births
Living people
American artists
American anarchists
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Politicians from Baltimore
2008 United States presidential candidates
2012 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
2020 United States presidential candidates
US Libertarian Party politicians
Ngupulya Pumani (born 1948 in Mimili) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Mimili, in the north-west of South Australia. She is part of a well-known family of artists, who belong to the Yankunytjatjara community. Her mother, Milatjari, and her sister, Betty Kuntiwa, are both successful painters. Ngupulya has paintings held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Ngupulya began painting in 2009, for Mimili's community art co-operative, Mimili Maku. She had been inspired to paint by her mother. Her first major exhibition was later that year in Alice Springs, at the annual "Desert Mob" show. Since then, her paintings have been exhibited in several cities around Australia, including twice at the Gallery Gabriella Pizzi in Melbourne.

Ngupulya's paintings depict scenes and concepts from her family's Dreaming. Her mother's ngura (homeland) is Antara, and her father's is near Watarru. Antara is a sacred place associated with the  (Witchetty Grub Dreaming), and Ngupulya most often paints stories from this Dreaming.

She uses pale, earthy colours in her backgrounds to depict the desert landscape, and this is contrasted with patterns of intense, bright dots and lines to represent symbols, figures and their journeys. Many of her techniques were taken from her mother, but used more consistently with her own refinements. The results have been compared to the early works of Emily Kngwarreye.

References

Other websites
Ngupulya Pumani at Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi
Ngupulya Pumani  at Marshall Arts
Ngupulya Pumani at Aboriginal Signature Gallery

1948 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
Thandiani (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort  in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan.

History
Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold  to some members of the famous Battye family  in British India. They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army. They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad. It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers.

Location
Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas. To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level. Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes.

Tourism
Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter. Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season.

Forests and wildlife
The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation. The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten.

Hill Stations in Pakistan
The marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) is a small mammal in the Mustelinae subfamily.

The marbled polecat is found in grasslands from southeast Europe to Asia. It is found in Russia, China, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Pakistan, northern India,  Mongolia and Kazakhstan.  Like other mustelines, if threatened it puts out a disgusting strong-smelling secretion from anal sacs under its tail.

Sources

Other websites 

Mustelids
Hasan Abdal is an historic town in Northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is famous for the old Gurdwara Sri Panja Sahib shrine there, one of the most sacred places of Sikhism.

Other websites
City of Hasan Abdal 

Cities in Pakistan
Infrared spectroscopy (sometimes called Infrared spectrometry) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light. Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm. The method can be used for quantitative analyses of unknown substances, or of the structural properties of known substances. Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results. The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms.

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds.  An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample. It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample. 

Chemical bonds in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds. A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).

Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiso, Hyōgo on the island of Honshu.

History
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Harima Province.  It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Hyōgo Prefecture.  
  This place is special to the kami named

References

Other websites 

Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Japan
Judah Maccabee was a Jewish patriot who led a Jewish rebellion (the Maccabees) against the Seleucid Empire. Judah opposed the Seleucid Emperor's attempts to suppress traditional Jewish culture and make the Jewish people more Greek-like. He liberated Jerusalem, removed Greek idols from the Temple, and rededicated the Temple to the Jewish God. Judah died in combat, but the rebellion that he had led did not stop. The rebellion's success led to the reestablishment of the kingdom of Judah.

Ancient Israeli people
History of Hanukkah
Jewish military people
Milatjari Pumani (born 1928) is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Mimili in South Australia. She is perhaps the most well-known artist from this community, and the first to gain a significant level of success for the community's centre, Mimili Maku. Her eldest daughter, Ngupulya, is also a successful painter.

Life
Milatjari was born in 1928, in the bush in north-western South Australia. She was born at Amuroona, on a cattle station between what are now the communities of Indulkana and Mimili. When she was a young girl, her family encountered stockmen at a waterhole called Victory Well. The family then moved to settle and work at the station, then called Everard Park. Milatjari's father was Nyapi "King" Everard and her mother was Mantjangka Everard (Everard was the surname given to them). Milatjari met her husband Sam Pumani in Mimili, and they had five children together: Ngupulya, Betty, Ken, Michael and Lewey.

Before artists began to paint at Mimili, Milatjari produced traditional pokerwork designs on wooden blocks. She would teach her methods to younger workers. She did not begin painting until 2008, when she was about 80 years old. She painted for the community's art centre, Mimili Maku. Her works from 2008 were featured in Alice Springs later that year, at the annual "Desert Mob" exhibition. She was featured in the same exhibition again in 2009 and 2010, and on both occasions she was considered the most successful Mimili artist. She had a solo exhibition in 2009, which was held in Adelaide. In 2010 and 2011, she was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award. One of her paintings was bought by the Art Gallery of South Australia, and several others are held in the National Gallery of Victoria.

Artwork
Milatjari paints the Maku Tjukurpa, which is the Dreaming (spirituality) associated with the land around Mimili. Antara, close to Mimili, is a place represented in almost all her paintings. It is her uncle's traditional country, and Milatjari's family would often go hunting and gathering food here when she was young. She and her mother and sister would dig for witchetty grubs (maku) while her father and brothers went hunting. Antara and Ngura Walytja (family's country) are common titles for her paintings.

Milatjari uses earthy colours on a dark background to depict the landscape of Antara. She paints figures and stories from the Maku Tjukurpa using fields of dots. Her style and technique has influenced those of many of Mimili Maku's younger artists, including her daughter Ngupulya and Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin.

References

1928 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
Ismail Gulgee (commonly known as just Gulgee) (October 25, 1926 – December 16, 2007) was a Pakistani artist born in Peshawar. 

He was a qualified engineer and a self-taught abstract artist and portrait painter. Exhibitions of his work were held in many countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, United States, Iran, United Arab Emirates, France and other countries.

Pakistani people
1926 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from asphyxiation
People from Peshawar
Painters
Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir (birth name was Shahzada /Prince Salim or Selim)  (30 August 1569 – 28 October 1627 in Jodha bai) was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627.

Jahangir was the eldest son of Emperor Akbar the Great. He was married to Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence. she handled court matters and coins were issued in her name. He is especially well-known because of his memoirs, the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri (also called the Jahangir-name by some). His eldest son was Shah Jahan. Prince Khurram, future tatty Shah Jahan rebelled in the last years of his reign. The efforts of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, to marginalize him were unsuccessful.
In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur tatty Golconda. After his tatty Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. As with the insurrection of his eldest son Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power. He died on his way back from Kashmir. After his death, Nur Jahan isolated herself and never talked to anyone.

He has buried at Lahore city, now in Pakistan. After his death, by his son and successor Shah Jahan came to power. Shah Jahan killed his father for his desire to be the ruler of the world but couldn't succeed, still military campaigns started by Akbar continued. 

He also consumed excessive amounts of tatty and opium, at one point employing a special servant just to manage his supply of intoxicating drugs. 

He was also famous for the Chain Of Justice 

Indian people
Mughal emperors
Mughal Empire
1569   births
1627 deaths
Shah Dara or Shahdara or Shahdara Bagh (Urdu: شاہدره), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. It is near the Ravi River. 

The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites. These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan. Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times. 

Present day Shahdara is a busy area with a market and factories nearby. 

Settlements in Pakistan
Shakir Ali (1916 – 1975) was a famous modern Pakistani artist and art teacher. 

He was the principal of the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, from 1962 onwards for a long time and did much to develop and modernise this institution. He had a huge following of students, many of whom also later became well-known artists in Pakistan.

Museum
Before he died, Shakir Ali donated many of his own paintings and artworks to a private, non-profit trust for a museum to be established. The Shakir Ali Museum was established by the Pakistan National Council of the Arts (PNCA) after Shakir Ali died in 1975. The PNCA decided on a plan of buying the house of teacher and painter Shakir Ali, and of converting into a museum.

The museum is in Lahore. It is a fine museum with a good art collection and is a very useful learning site for art students and teachers. PNCA is in charge of the museums exhibitions and programs and the day-to-day management.

Some of his other paintings can also be seen at the Lahore Museum.

Other websites
Posthumous tribute to Ten Great Painters by Pakistan Post

1916 births
1975 deaths
Pakistani educators
Pakistani painters
People from Lahore
Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545) (birth name Farid Khan, but also known as Sher Khan), was the founder of the short lived Pashtun Suri or Sur, kingdom in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Delhi. 

The title 'Sher Khan' was impressed upon him after he wins against a lion while serving under Afghan noble Bahar Khan Lohani. Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier.His father Hasan Khan Sur was a jagirdar under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi. Sher khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar and soon, rebels and successfully overthrows the Mughal Empire Emperor Humayun in 1540. He ruled 
until his death in 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion. He left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah, who ruled for nine years and was succeeded by his son Feroz Khan who was murdered.  His son and followers could not keep for long the control of the kingdom and in 1555 the Mughal prince Humayun recaptures the territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah this ending the Suri dynasty.

Military Campaigns 
Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal ruler Humayun twice and captured Delhi. Soon after becoming king Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Achievements 
Sher Shah was a good general and administrator. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia'. He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long. Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practised tolerance and welfare.

1486 births
1545 deaths
Indian leaders
Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1689), was a famous Pashtun poet, warrior and tribal chieftain of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns. He lived at Akora Khattak, a village on the Indus River, in India under the Mughal Empire. 

He wrote many Pashto language poems during the 17th century. Some of his poetry is of a Romantic type but most is nationalistic, advising the various Pashtun tribes to unite as one nation against the Mughals.

History of India
1613 births
1689 deaths
Kulgam () is unit part of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Bethesda Softworks is an American video-games company. It was founded in the city of Bethesda, Maryland, but the headquarters are in Rockville, Maryland.

History
Bethesda Softworks created its first video game in 1989, named Gridiron. From this game, they got a contract to make more popular games such as Terminator and the Wayne Gretzki series. A few games made by Bethesda won the Game of the Year Award, such as Fallout and The Elder Scrolls series. This second series consisted of 6 games: Arena, Daggerfall, Redguard, Morrowind, Oblivion and Skyrim.

Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Game Studios (BGS) is the award-winning, in-house development team at Bethesda Softworks led by game director and executive producer Todd Howard.

In the past, not all BGS titles were published by the Softworks division. However, beginning with The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion for the PlayStation 3, Bethesda Softworks began publishing all Bethesda Game Studios games.

References
UESPWiki's Bethesda Article.
Youtube - Todd Howard Interview (2008)

Other websites
 
 Moby

1986 establishments in the United States
American video game companies
Bethesda, Maryland
20th-century establishments in Maryland
The 2012 Chicago Summit was a meeting of leaders of countries that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was held at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois from May 20-21, 2012.

This was the first NATO summit in the United States that was not in Washington, D.C. Chicago was chosen because it was President Barack Obama's home town.  It was going to happen after the 2012 G8 summit in Chicago. The G8 summit was held at Camp David instead.

People at the summit talked about the Arab Spring, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the global financial crisis, transition for NATO forces in Afghanistan, and a missile shield system for Europe.

The summit cost the city of Chicago almost $15.6 million.

At least 38 countries around the world came to the summit. After the summit, Chicago's security system was improved.

References

Other websites

Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration
NatoProtest.org, protest website
Full news coverage  at NATO Review

2012 in the United States
Diplomatic conferences
2010s in Chicago