cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chandragupta II, also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, was a Raja Gupta of the Magadha kingdom (reigned 380-415 CE ).He was the son of Samudragupta and Datta Devi.

Upon the death of their father, king Samudragupta in the year 375, it seems that his eldest son ,Ram Gupta ,succeeded him. Chandragupta II ascended the throne later in 380 . He was a great conqueror and a diplomat. He married his daughter, Prabhavati Gupta to the king Rudrasena II (reigned 385-390 ), whose untimely death allowed Gupta to strengthen their grip on the Deccan region.

With its alliance with Vakataka, he destroyed the Saka kingdoms (Scythian) of Malwa, Gujarat and Kâthiâwar in 388, and transferred his capital from Patna to Ujjain (Ujjayini). The annexation of the western provinces Gupta gave control over trade with Europe and Egypt. Wearing Barkachha (Greek Barygaza), at the mouth of Narmada, also fell to Gupta.

Chandragupta brought the empire to its territorial and cultural peak. He surrounded himself with a circle of poets of Sanskrit phrase nicknamed the "nine gems" or "Navaratna" , the most famous of whom was Kalidasa.These are the nine gems:

 Amarasimha

 Dhanvantri

 Harisena

 Kalidasa 

 Kahapanaka 

 Sanku 

 Varahamihira 

 Vararuchi 
 Vetala Bhatta

He was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta I in 415 CE.In his reign,the number shoonya (zero) was invented by Aryabhatta.

Indian monarchs
Lavia is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. About 1,900 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kankaanpää, Kokemäki, Pori, Pomarkku, Sastamala and Ulvila. 

The designer of Finish Euro coin comes from Lavia.

Other websites 

 The official page

Municipalities of Finland
Benjamin Franklin Butler was an American politician and political general during the American Civil War. He was born in New Hampshire in 1818. He became a lawyer in 1840. During the Civil War, he was one of the first generals in the Union Army. He also didn't return escaped slaves to their masters, claiming that they were Contraband of War. After the war, he was governor of Massachusetts from January 1883 to January 1884. He died in 1893.

References

1818 births
1893 deaths
Politicians from New Hampshire
American Civil War generals
Governors of Massachusetts
Irvin McDowell was a Union general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1818 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1838. He fought in the Mexican-American War. At the start of the Civil War, he became a brigadier general and commanded the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run. He was blamed for the Union defeat in the battle. He then commanded a corps in the Second Battle of Bull Run. After that battle, he was sent to command the U.S. soldiers in California. He retired from the army in 1882. He helped build parks in San Francisco, California until he died in 1885.

1818 births
1885 deaths
American Civil War generals
People from Ohio
John Schofield was a Union general in the American Civil War. He was born in 1831 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Acadamy in 1853. He fought mostly in the Western Theater of the Civil War. After the war, he was Secretary of War from June 1868 to March 1869. He was the commanding general of the U.S. army from 1888 to 1895, when he retired. He died in 1905.

1831 births
1905 deaths
American Civil War generals
United States Secretaries of War
People from Ohio
A military campaign is a series of battles in a particular area within a certain period of time. Usually, one army is trying to capture the area from another army. A war may have several campaigns.

Campaign
 Campaign
The Free Lance–Star is a newspaper based in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The newspaper is published daily and serves many counties surrounding Fredericksburg.

The Free Lance was first published on January 27, 1885. In 1900, the Free Lance operation merged with its competitor, The Fredericksburg Daily Star. The two merged newspapers changed the name to The Free Lance–Star.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Online version of print newspaper 

Newspapers in the United States
Virginia
Utatsusaurus is the earliest-known form of an ichthyopterygian. It lived in the earliest Lower Triassic period, about 250245 millions years ago. It is nearly 3m (about 9 feet) long with a slender body. 

The name Utatsusaurus was given after the city Utatsu-cho where the first specimen was found. The fossils have been found in the Lower Triassic of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan and British Columbia, Canada.

Utatsusaurus is one of the most primitive (basal) types of ichthyosaur. It has transitional features between its ancestral land-dwelling forms and the more derived ichthyosaurs. Unlike the more advanced ichthyosaurs, Utatsusaurus has no dorsal fin and has a broad skull. The snout gently tapers, compared to the more rounded one of more derived ichthyopterygians. The tail had a long low fin, quite different from the tail shape of later forms. This suggests that the animal swam by undulation, waving its body to & fro, rather than using its paddles and tail.

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami destroyed the local museum, but fortunately the specimens were not there at the time.

References 

Ichthyosaurs
A fried egg is a hen egg fried as food.

Egg dishes
Fried foods
Paco Peña (born 1 June 1942) is a Spanish flamenco composer and guitarist. He is regarded as one of the world's foremost traditional Flamenco players.

Born in Córdoba, Spain as Francisco Peña Pérez, Paco Peña began learning to play the guitar from his brother at age 6 and made his first professional appearance at 12. Encouraged by his family, he left home and began performing throughout Spain as part of a government-sponsored folk music and dance program. This led to calls from professional Flamenco companies in Madrid and the Costa Brava, where Peña established himself as a highly regarded accompanist to Flamenco dance and singing. 

Seeking a new challenge, he moved to London he become a soloist in the late 1960s. Initially the star attraction in the Restaurante Antonio in Covent Garden, Peña got so much interest that he soon found himself sharing concerts with stars. He made his solo debut at Wigmore Hall in 1967. It was not long before Peña was touring the world, both as a soloist and an accompanist with performances at Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Royal Albert Hall in London and the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. 

He founded the world's first university course on flamenco guitar, at the Rotterdam conservatory of music. In 1984 Peña was interviewed by Julian Bream for the Channel 4 television series Guitarra! which traces the development of the guitar in Spain.

References 

1942 births
Living people
Guitarists
People from Córdoba, Andalusia
Spanish musicians
Richard Phillips (born May 16, 1955) is an American merchant mariner and author. He served as captain of the MV Maersk Alabama during its hijacking by Somali pirates in April 2009. He was played by Tom Hanks in the 2013 movie ''Captain Phillips.

Phillips was born in Winchester, Massachusetts. He was raised in Vermont.

References

1955 births
Living people
Sailors
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from Vermont
People from Winchester, Massachusetts
The Maersk Alabama hijacking it was a hijacking of the Maersk Alabama sea ship in 2009. It was hijacked by four pirates in the Indian Ocean. It was  southeast of Eyl, Somalia. The four pirates soon took its captain, Richard Phillips, as hostage on the Maersk Alabama's lifeboat.

The hijacking ended after a rescue effort by the U.S. Navy on 12 April 2009, by shooting three of the four pirates. The leader of the attack was in the USS Bainbridge looking for a ransom agreement. He was arrested on site. The pirates wanted a ransom of 10 million dollars. Only three people died (all were the hijackers) during the attack.

The book A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea (2010) by Stephan Talty and Captain Richard Phillips was published soon afterwards. The hijacking also inspired the 2013 movie Captain Phillips starring Tom Hanks.

The leader of the attack, Abduwali Muse, is currently serving time in prison in Indiana.

References

2009 crimes
2009 in the United States
Somalia
William J. "Wild Bill" Guarnere (April 28, 1923 – March 8, 2014) was an American World War II veteran and author. He was known for being played in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers. He fought during the Battle of Normandy and at the Battle of the Bulge. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Guarnere died on March 8, 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from natural causes, aged 90.

References

1923 births
2014 deaths
American people of World War II
Deaths from natural causes
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lauro Fred Cavazos Jr. (born January 4, 1927) is an American politician. He served as Secretary of Education from 1988 to 1990. He was the first Hispanic to serve in the United States Cabinet. 

Cavazos was born in Kingsville, Texas. He is of Mexican descent.

Other websites

1927 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Education
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Texas
William John "Bill" Bennett (born July 31, 1943) is an American politician. He was the third United States Secretary of Education. He was in Ronald Reagan's cabinet. He served from February 1985 through September 1988. From 1989 to 1990, he served as the first Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.

Bennett was born in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Williams College, at the University of Texas-Austin, and at Harvard Law School. Bennett is addicted to gambling.

References

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Education
Directors of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from New York City
Terrel Howard Bell (November 11, 1921 – June 22, 1996) was an American politician. He was the second United States Secretary of Education. He was in the Ronald Reagan cabinet. He served from January 1981 through January 1985.

Bell was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at Southern Idaho College of Education. Bell died in Salt Lake City from pulmonary fibrosis, aged 74.

References

1921 births
1996 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
United States Secretaries of Education
US Democratic Party politicians
Educators from Salt Lake City, Utah
Politicians from Idaho
Educators from Idaho
James Burrows Edwards (June 24, 1927 – December 26, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 110th Governor of South Carolina from January 1975 through January 1979. He served as the third United States Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan's cabinet from January 1981 through January 1982. 

Edwards was born in Hawthorne, Florida. Edwards died at his home in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina on December 26, 2014 at the age of 87 from complications from a stroke.

References

Other websites
 SCIway Biography of James Burrows Edwards

1927 births
2014 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States 
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in South Carolina
Governors of South Carolina
Military people from Florida
Politicians from Florida
United States Secretaries of Energy
US Republican Party politicians
William Clay Ford, Sr. (March 14, 1925 – March 9, 2014) was an American businessman. He was the last surviving grandchild of Henry Ford. Ford owned and served as chairman of the Detroit Lions football team.

Ford was born on March 14, 1925 in Detroit, Michigan. He studied at Yale University. Ford died on March 9, 2014 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan from pneumonia, aged 88.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
People from Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Peter William Mayhew (May 19, 1944 – April 30, 2019) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Chewbacca in the Star Wars movies. Mayhew was 7 feet 3 inches tall.

Mayhew was born in London, England. On 30 April 2019, he died at his home in Boyd, Texas from a heart attack, aged 74.

References

Other websites

 

1944 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Texas
English movie actors
English television actors
Actors from London
Zdeněk Hajný (30 January 1942 – 1 March 2014) was a Czech painter, graphic artist and psychologist. In 1994, he founded Galerie Cesty ke světlu. He was born in Vsetín, Zlín Region, Czechoslovakia.

Hajný died on 1 March 2014.

References

Other websites

  

1942 births
2014 deaths
Artists
Czech painters
Czech psychologists
Juva is a municipality in Southern Savonia. It had about 6,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Joroinen, Mikkeli, Pieksämäki, Puumala, Rantasalmi  and Sulkava.

Other websites 

 The official  page

Municipalities of Southern Savonia
Gum arabic, also known as acacia gum, or meska, is a natural gum. It is made of hardened sap from two species of acacia tree; Senegalia (Acacia) senegal and Vachellia (Acacia) seyal. The gum is got from wild trees throughout the Sahel from Senegal to Somalia. In the past it has also been cultivated in Arabia and west Asia.  

Gum arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It was historically the source of the sugars arabinose and ribose, both of which were first discovered and isolated from it.

Production 
Acacia gum has been harvested in Arabia, Sudan, and west Asia since antiquity, and sub-Saharan acacia gum has a long history as a prized export. Traditionally harvested by semi-nomadic desert tribes on their travels, acacia gum is a main export of several African nations. The hardened gum is collected in the middle of the rainy season (harvesting usually begins in July), and exported at the start of the dry season (November).

From the 1950s to the early 1990s Sudan did about 80% of gum arabic production. Today, the figure is under 50%. Hundreds of thousands of Sudanese are dependent on gum arabic for their livelihoods. It is still the world's largest single producer, and the production of gum arabic is heavily controlled by the Sudanese government.

Uses

Food 
In food, gum arabic is used as a stabilizer. It is edible and has E number E414. Arab populations use the natural gum to make a chilled, sweetened, and flavored gelato-like dessert.

Ink 
Gum arabic has been used from ancient times as part of black ink. The main constituent is carbon soot from lamps or burnt plant material. Apart from water and gum arabic, the ancient Egyptian ink was made of not much else. Written on paper or papyrus, this ink has survived for over three thousand years.

Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional lithography and is used in printing, paint production, glue, cosmetics and various industrial applications, including viscosity control in inks and in textile industries. Nowadays less expensive materials compete with it for many of these roles.

Painting and art 

Gum arabic is used as a binder for watercolor painting because it dissolves easily in water. Pigment of any colour is suspended in the acacia gum to get in watercolor paint. Water acts as a vehicle to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper. When all moisture evaporates, the acacia gum binds the pigment to the paper surface. After the water evaporates, the acacia gum in the paint film increases luminosity and helps prevent the colors from lightening. Gum arabic allows more precise control over washes, because it prevents them from flowing or bleeding beyond the brush stroke. In addition, acacia gum slows evaporation of water, giving slightly longer working time.

Photography 
The historical photography process used gum arabic mixed with ammonium or potassium dichromate and pigment to create a coloured photographic emulsion that becomes relatively insoluble in water upon exposure to ultraviolet light. In the final print, the acacia gum permanently binds the pigments onto the paper.

References 

Natural materials
Henry Halleck was a general in the United States army. He was born in 1815 in New York. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1839. He fought in the Mexican-American War. During the American Civil War, he became the commander of the Union armies in the Western Theater in 1862. In July 1862, Lincoln made Halleck the general-in-chief of all Union armies. However, Lincoln did not like the way Halleck ran the army, so in March 1864 Halleck was replaced as general-in-chief by U.S. Grant. Halleck was Grant's chief of staff and stayed in Washington, D.C. In 1865 he was transferred to the West Coast. In 1869, he was transferred to Kentucky, where he died in 1872.

1815 births
1872 deaths
American Civil War generals
People from New York
Christopher Robert Pronger ( or ; born October 10, 1974) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who is currently under contract with the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL)

Awards
OHL First All-Star Team – 1993
Max Kaminsky Trophy – 1993
CHL Plus/Minus Award – 1993
CHL Best defenceman – 1993
NHL All-Rookie Team – 1994
Bud Light NHL Plus/Minus Award – 1998, 2000
Played in NHL All-Star Game – 1999, 2000, 2001 (voted in as starter but injured), 2002, 2004, 2008
James Norris Memorial Trophy – 2000
Hart Trophy (MVP) – 2000
NHL First All-Star Team - 2000
NHL Second All-Star Team - 1998, 2004, 2007
2002 Winter Olympics - Won Olympic Gold with Team Canada
Stanley Cup – 2007
2010 Winter Olympics - Won Olympic Gold with Team Canada

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

All-Star Games

Other websites

"Captain Crunch's Time Has Come", The Toronto Sun, February 1, 1998.

1974 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Edmonton Oilers players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
People from Ontario
Philadelphia Flyers players
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, USA. It is surrounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads, and Chesapeake Bay. It is sometimes called the "Southern Neck", so people would not confuse it with two other peninsulas to the north, the Middle Peninsula and the Northern Neck.

Geography of Virginia
Peninsulas
Landforms of the United States
The Overland Campaign was a series of battles in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It took place during May and June of 1864. Union general Ulysses S. Grant wanted to defeat the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by Robert E. Lee, and to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. The battles were some of the bloodiest battles of the war.

Background 
In the spring of 1864, Grant had been appointed to command all Union armies. Grant's plan to end the war had several parts. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and Grant's Overland Campaign were supported by other campaigns. They were all intended to keep Lee from reinforcing his main army. George Meade was still in (nominal) command of the Army of the Potomac, but there was little doubt Grant was in direct control of the army's movements.

Grant ordered General Franz Sigel to advance down the Shenandoah Valley to prevent reinforcements and supplies from reaching Lee's army. Grant ordered Benjamin F. Butler's Union Army of the James to cut the rail lines between Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia. This interrupted Lee's main supply line. Grant wanted to force Lee to attack even though Lee had no reinforcements and few supplies.

The campaigns were all to start at the beginning of May. The Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River on May 4, moving south towards The Wilderness before Lee could attack them. But Lee attacked while Grant's army was still trying to move through the tangled forest. The Battle of the Wilderness started the campaign.

Battles 
 Battle of the Wilderness (May 5th to May 7th), 29,800 casualties.
 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8th to May 21st), 30,000 casualties. 
 Battle of North Anna (May 23rd to May 26th, 4,000 casualties.
 Battle of Cold Harbor (May 31st to June 12th), 15,500 casualties.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 The Civil War in Four Minutes: The Overland Campaign
 The Overland Campaign; Annimated History

American Civil War battles
1864 in the United States
Hubert Reeves (born July 13, 1932) is a French Canadian astrophysicist. His career has lasted for nearly fifty years. He won many awards for his works including the Albert Einstein Award.

Reeves was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf. Reeves now lives in Paris, France.

Related pages
List of astrophysicists

Other websites

  
 Biography in English at science.ca

1932 births
Living people
Canadian scientists
People from Montreal
Writers from Quebec
QIP Holder LLC, business known as Quiznos, is a fast food restaurant brand. Quiznos is known for their toasted subs. The restaurant was created by company founder Jimmy Lambatos in 1982. The headquarters for Quiznos is located in Denver, Colorado. Behind Subway, it is the second-largest submarine sandwich shop chain in North America.

On February 27 2014, the Wall Street Journal wrote that the company was potentially preparing to file for Bankruptcy debt protection because the country currently has $570 million of debt. On March 14, 2014, the restaurant brand filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. They said that they would still continue operating while it restructured its debt and made operational improvements.

References

Other websites
Official website

American fast food restaurants
1981 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Colorado
Aarón Hernán (November 20, 1930 – April 26, 2020) was an Mexican telenovela and movie actor. Hernán has appeared in over 100 Spanish telenovelas and over 67 movies. He was known for playing priests on telenovelas. He appeared in two American movies, Apolinar and Black Wind.

Hernán was born on November 20, 1930 in Camargo, Chihuahua. He died on April 26, 2020 in Mexico City of a heart attack, aged 89.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican stage actors  
Chihuahua
Zdzisław Żygulski (18 August 1921 – 14 May 2015) was a Polish art historian and professor. He works at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, Anglicist.

He has been the curator of the Arms and Armour Section of the Czartoryski Museum since 1949.

Żygulski was born in Borysław, Poland on 18 August 1921. He died in Krakow, Poland, aged 93.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2015 deaths
Polish writers
Polish historians
Polish educators
Heiko Bellmann (17 March 1950 – 7 March 2014) was a German biologist, writer, zoologist and photographer. He published over fifty books.

Bellman died on 7 March 2014 at the age of 63.

References

Other websites
  

1950 births
2014 deaths
German biologists
German writers
Photographers
German zoologists
Werner J. Uebelmann (16 March 1921 – 1 March 2014) was a Swiss entrepreneur and writer. He last best known for his large collection of cactus. He was born in Aarau, Aargau.

Uebelmann died on 1 March 2014 in Muri, Aargau. He was 92 years old.

References

Other websites
  

1921 births
2014 deaths
Swiss businesspeople
Swiss writers
Mad as Rabbits was the last song ever recorded while Ryan Ross and Jon Walker were still members of Panic! at the Disco.  The song is from the band's second studio album, Pretty. Odd.  The quote "(We must) Reinvent Love" (or "Reinvent♥") is the last line sung on the album by Urie and Ross together.

2008 songs
Rock songs
Peter Bares (16 January 1936 – 2 March 2014) was a German organist and composer. He was best known for his church music. He was born in Essen.

Bares died on 2 March 2014 in Rhineland-Palatinate. He was 78 years old.

References

Other websites
  

1936 births
2014 deaths
German composers
German organists
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Essen
Société Bic, better known as just Bic, is a Consumer goods company. Bic is known for their lighters, ballpoint pens, magnets, shaving razors, paper products, and watersports products. The company was created by Baron Marcel Bich in 1945. 

The first product that the company made was the Bic pen, known as the Bic Cristal. In 1958, the company went public through a reverse merger with the Waterman Pen Company in the United States and they later sold off the older operation.

References

Other websites
Official website

Companies of France
1945 establishments in France
Sanna Viktoria Nielsen (born 27 November 1984) is a Swedish singer. She has participated in Melodifestivalen seven times between 2001 and 2014. Her seventh try was in Melodifestivalen 2014 with the song "Undo". The song won and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Career
Sanna Nielsen was born and grew up in Bromölla, Skåne. Her career started at several talent searches, the first being in 1992 in Olofström. In 1994 she participated in a talent search in Kallinge and won with the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight". Nielsen performed with the danceband Mats Elmes between 1995 and 1996 at the age of eleven.

At the same time she reached the number one spot on the Svensktoppen Chart with the song "Till en fågel".  Nielsen became the youngest person to reach number one at the chart.

In September 1996 Nielsens debut album "Silvertoner" was released. A reviewer of the album for Göteborgs-Posten compared Nielsen to  Carola Häggkvist and Sissel Kyrkjebø. During the following years Nielsen released the Christmas album Min önskejul in 1997 and the music single "Time to Say Goodbye" in 1999. During her high school years, she studied the Estetichal programme and mostly music at Helenehoms Gymnastin in Malmö.

In December 2001 Nielsen participated in a Christmas tour along with Christer Sjögren, Sten Nilsson and Charlotte Perrelli. In 2002 she toured with Roger Pontare and in December the same year she participated in a Christmas concert with Kalle Moraeus and Tito Beltrán in both 2003 and 2004.

In February 2006, her second solo music album Nära mej, nära dej was released with lyrics and music by Fredrik Kempe and Marcos Ubeda. In July-August 2007 she was on a new music tour called Sommar, Sommar, Sommar along with Shirley Clamp and Sonja Aldén. In April 2008 the album Stronger was released, an album completely in English language, the first time Nielsen had such an album. The same year the album Our Christmas was released, containing Christmas songs along with Shirley Clamp and Sonja Aldén. In December 2013 Nielsen released her seventh studio album called Min jul with Christmas songs.

At the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 Nielsen did the commentary for Swedish television.

Discography

Albums

Joint albums

Singles

References

Other websites
Official Website

1984 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Hylonomus is an extinct stem tetrapod which lived 312 million years ago (mya) during the Pennsylvanian.
The lack of skull openings behind the eyes makes it difficult to decide whether or not it is a sauropsid. Westlothiana is older, but may have been an amphibian, and Casineria is rather fragmentary. 

Hylonomus was  long (including the tail) and probably would have looked rather similar to modern lizards. It had small sharp teeth and likely ate small invertebrates such as millipedes or early insects.

Fossils of Hylonomus have been found in the remains of fossilized club moss stumps in Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia, Canada. The theory is that, after harsh weather, the club mosses would crash down. The stumps eventually hollow out. Small animals such as Hylonomus, seeking shelter, might enter and become trapped, starving to death. Fossils of the basal pelycosaur Archaeothyris and the basal diapsid Petrolacosaurus are also found in the same region of Nova Scotia, higher up, dated about 6 million years later.

Some fossilized footprints, from about 315 mya, have been found in New Brunswick. They are attributed to Hylonomus.

References 

Stem tetrapods
Reptiles
Dollarama is a dollar store chain. The chain was created by Larry Rossy in 1992. The first Dollarama was opened at the shopping centre "Les promenades du St-Laurent" in Matane, Quebec in April, 1992.

In November 2004, 80 percent of Dollarama was sold to a private equity fund, Bain Capital, of Boston, Massachusetts for $850 million US.

References

Other websites
Official website

Companies of Canada
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
1992 establishments in Canada
Trabzonspor or TS, is a Turkish football club from Trabzon. Trabzonspor was founded in August 2, 1967.

Squad 
 Onur Kıvrak
 José Bosingwa
 Aykut Demir
 Didier Zokora
 Sol Bamba
 Soner Aydoğdu
 Emre Güral
 Adrian Mierzejewski
 Şahin Aygüneş
 Paulo Henrique Carneiro Filho
 İbrahim Demir
 Florent Malouda
 Abdülkadir Özdemir
 Gustavo Colman
 Özer Hurmacı
 Mustafa Yumlu
 Fatih Öztürk
 Olcan Adın
 Yusuf Erdoğan
 Mustafa Akbaş
 Alexandru Bourceanu
 Zeki Yavru
 Marc Janko
 Caner Osmanpaşa
 Zeki Ayvaz
 Gökhan Alsan
 Kadir Keleş

Coach 
Hami Mandıralı

Turkish football clubs
1967 establishments
Joe McGinniss, Sr. (December 9, 1942 – March 10, 2014) was an American author. He wrote many books about politician such as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Sarah Palin, and Barack Obama.

McGinniss was born in New York City. He studied at College of the Holy Cross. McGinniss died in Worcester, Massachusetts from prostate cancer, aged 71.

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from prostate cancer
American journalists
Writers from New York City
Robert Crow (13 June 1961 – 11 March 2014) was a British trade union leader. He served as the General Secretary of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) from 2002 until his death. The union was previously headed by Jimmy Knapp, until his death in 2001. Crow helped make the RMT one of Britain's fastest growing trade unions.

Crow died in Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, England after suffering an aneurysm and heart attack, aged 52.

References

Other websites
 BBC profile
 Bob Crow: You Ask The Questions The Independent, 29 June 2009
 "Rail union leader praises communist 'workers' champion'"

1961 births
2014 deaths
British activists
British communists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from aneurysm
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from London
Pocky is a Japanese snack food. They are chocolate-coated biscuit sticks. They are made by Ezaki Glico and were first sold in 1966. They can be fuond in flavors such as chocolate, strawberry, almond and others. They are sold in Europe under the name Mikado.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Snack foods
Terence Vincent Powderly (22 January 1849–24 June 1924) was an Irish-American politician and labor union leader. He was the first three-term mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania. He had several top government jobs. He is best known as the leader of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s.

Career  

Terence V. Powderly was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania on 22 January 1849. His parents, Terence Powderly and Madge Walsh, were Irish immigrants. As a young man he worked for the railroad as a switchman. In 1871, he became a member of the International Machinists and Blacksmiths union. He later became its president. During the Long Depression (1873–1879), he didn't have a job. He was blacklisted for being a 'union agitator'. 

In Scranton in 1876, Powderly joined the local branch of the Knights of Labor. He quickly moved up in the union. By 1879, he became the leader (his title was Grand Master Workman). While he was the leader, the Knights of Labor had the most members and most influence it ever had. After 1886, the Knights declined. In a struggle for power, Powderly was removed. His rival John William Hayes became the leader. Having lost his position, Powderly studied to become a lawyer. In 1894 he was admitted to the Bar (became a lawyer) in Pennsylvania. For this he was thrown out of the Knights of Labor.

While he was the Grand Master Workman, he was also the mayor of Scranton (1878–1884). In the 1896 presidential campaign, he supported Republican William McKinley. As a reward, President McKinley appointed Powderly United States Commissioner General of Immigration in 1897. He was dismissed as Commissioner General in 1902 by President Theodore Roosevelt. Powderly's work for immigration reform led to his dismissal. But in 1906 an investigation cleared him of any wrongdoing. He was given the position of Special Immigration Inspector. He then became Chief of the Division of Information in the US Department of Immigration from 1907 to 1921. Next he became Commissioner of Conciliation for the United States Department of Labor (1921–1924).

Legacy 

Powderly died in Washington, DC on 24 June 1924. Many early labor historians have been very critical of Powderly and the Knights of Labor. However, very few did more for the early labor movement. The actions and accomplishments of Terence V. Powderly have been reevaluated in the last twenty years. While he still has not had a "competent biographer", it is clear he and his Knights are becoming much more admired and respected. In 1999, Powderly was inducted into the Hall of Honor at the US Department of Labor.

Related pages 
 Knights of Labor
 AFL-CIO
 Teamsters

Notes

References

Other websites 

1999 Hall of Honor Inductee 

Labor
1849 births
1924 deaths
Politicians from Pennsylvania
American mayors
Severino Sérgio Estelita Guerra (9 November 1947 – 6 March 2014) was a Brazilian economist and politician. His last political positions in public life were as the national president of the PSDB federal. He served as deputy senator for Pernambuco.

Guerra died on 6 March 2014 from lung cancer in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 66.

References

1947 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Brazilian people
Brazilian economists
Beata Maria Helena Tyszkiewicz-Kalenicka (born 14 August 1938) is a Polish actress. She was known for her roles in  The Doll and in The Ashes. She is also known for being the third wife of famous Polish director Andrzej Wajda.

Tysziewicz was born in Wilanów, Poland.

References

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Polish stage actors
Józef Czapski (April 3, 1896 – January 12, 1993) was a Polish artist, author, and critic. He was an officer of the Polish Army during World War II.

Czapski was known for many things. As a painter, he is known for his work in the Kapist movement. He is mostly known for being the founder of Kultura monthly. It is one of the most important monthly journals in Poland during the 20th century.

Czapski was born in Prague. He studied at the University of Saint Petersburg. Czapski died on January 12, 1993 in Warsaw from natural causes, aged 96.

Further reading

References

Other websites

1896 births
1993 deaths
Polish artists
Critics
Deaths from natural causes
Polish essayists
Polish journalists
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Robert Clary (born Robert Max Widerman; March 1, 1926) is a French-American actor, writer and lecturer. He is best known for his role as Corporal LeBeau ("Frenchie") in the television sitcom Hogan's Heroes. He is the last surviving main cast member since the death of Cynthia Lynn in March 2014.

Clary was born in Paris. He is Jewish and survived the Buchenwald concentration camp in Weimar, Germany during the Holocaust of World War II.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Robert Clary at TCM Movie Database

1926 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
American movie actors
American television actors
American autobiographers
French Jews
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French television actors
French writers
Holocaust survivors
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Naturalized citizens of the United States
Sheila Margaret MacRae (née Stephens; 24 September 1921 – 6 March 2014) was an English actress, dancer, producer and singer. She was best known on television for her role as Alice Kramden in the 1960s version of The Honeymooners. She also appeared in movies such as Pretty Baby (1950), Caged (1950), Backfire (1950) and Sex and the Single Girl (1964). She was born in London.

MacRae died from natural causes on 6 March 2014. She was 92 years old. She was survived by her children two children with actor Gordon MacRae. She was predeceased by two other children with MacRae, one of which was the actress Meredith MacRae.

References

Other websites

 
 

1921 births
2014 deaths
Actors from London
Deaths from natural causes
English dancers
English movie actors
English singers
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English movie producers
Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen  (born in Odense, Denmark in August 13, 1988), better known as Mø, is a Danish singer and pianist. 

She released her first single "Maiden" in 2012. On March 10, 2014, her first album No Mythologies to Follow was released.

References

1988 births
Living people
Danish singers
Odense
Pianists
Ordu is a city in northern Turkey. The city is in the Karadeniz Region. In 2013, 186,097 people lived there.

Cities in Turkey
The United States Department of Labor Hall of Honor is in the Frances Perkins Building, 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC. It is a monument to honor Americans who have made a positive contribution to how people in the United States work and live.

Hall of Honor 

The people and groups who are honored have all improved working conditions, wages, and over-all quality of life for American workers. The Hall of Honor (first called the Hall of Fame) was first planned during the John F. Kennedy administration in 1962.  The hall was actually started in 1988. The people to be given this honor are selected each year by a panel inside the Department of Labor. Each must have made a major contribution and the award is given posthumously (after they have died).

Inductees 

Those who have been inducted into the Hall of Honor are:

 1989 - Cyrus S. Ching
 1989 - John R. Commons
 1989 - Samuel Gompers
 1989 - John L. Lewis
 1989 - George Meany
 1989 - James P. Mitchell
 1989 - Frances Perkins
 1989 - A. Philip Randolph

 1990 - Eugene V. Debs
 1990 - Henry J. Kaiser
 1990 - Walter P. Reuther
 1990 - Robert F. Wagner

 1991 - Mary Anderson
 1991 - Philip Murray

 1992 - Sidney Hillman
 1992 - Mother Jones

 1993 - David Dubinsky

 1994 - George W. Taylor

 1995 - Arthur J. Goldberg

 1996 - William Green
 
 1997 - David A. Morse

 1998 - Cesar Chavez

 1999 - Terence V. Powderly

 2000 - Joseph A. Beirne

 2002 - 9/11 Rescue workers

 2003 - Paul Hall
 2003 - Milton Hershey
 2003 - Steve Young

 2004 - Harley-Davidson: William S. Harley; Arthur Davidson; Walter Davidson; and William A. Davidson

 2005 - Robert Wood Johnson
 2005 - Peter J. Brennan

 2006 - Charles R. Walgreen
 2006 - Alfred E. Smith

 2007 - Adolphus Busch
 2007 - William B. Wilson

 2008 - John Willard Marriott
 2008 - Leonard F. Woodcock

 2010 - Justin Dart, Jr.
 2019 - Helen Keller

 2011 - The Workers of the Memphis Sanitation Strike

 2012 - The Pioneers of the Farm Worker Movement
 2012 - Rev. Addie Wyatt
 2012 - Tony Mazzocchi
 2012 - Mark Ayers
 2012 - Dolores Huerta

 2013 - Bayard Rustin
 2013 - Esther Peterson

 2014 - The Chinese Railroad Workers

 2015 - Ted Kennedy
 2016 - Frank Kameny
 2017 - Ronald Reagan

References

Other websites 

 U.S. Department of Labor Hall of Honor 
 AFSCME Sanitation Workers Honored at White House, Join ‘Labor Hall of Fame’ 
 Labor Department honors Harley

United States Department of Labor
Halls of fame
Henry John Kaiser (May 9, 1882 – August 24, 1967) was an American industrialist. He started working when he was only 13 years old but in his lifetime founded over 100 companies. He became known as the father of modern American shipbuilding. Kaiser started the Kaiser Shipyard which built Liberty ships during World War II. After the war he started Kaiser Aluminum. Kaiser organized Kaiser Permanente health care for his workers and their families. He led Kaiser-Frazer followed by Kaiser Motors, automobile company known for the safety of their designs. Kaiser was involved in large construction projects such as civic centers and dams. He also invested in real estate. With his great wealth, he initiated the Kaiser Family Foundation, a non-profit, non-partisan, charitable organization.

References 

1882 births
1960 deaths
Businesspeople from New York
Hipparcos is a satellite that was used to make the Hipparcos catalog of 118,000 stars with unprecedented precision. The European Space Agency (ESA) launched it in 1989 and it operated until 1983. It was named for the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus and is also an acronym for HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite.

References 

Satellites
Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables is the first studio album by American hardcore punk band, Dead Kennedys. Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables was released on September 2, 1980.

The album featured the singles "California Über Alles", "Holiday in Cambodia", "Kill the Poor", and "Too Drunk to Fuck". The album has been the best selling and mainly the most critically acclaimed album by the band. Allmusic rated the album 5 out of 5 stars.

Accomplishments
Spin (5/01, p. 112) ranked the album #46 on their list of "50 Most Essential Punk Records".
Q (5/02 SE, p. 136) ranked the 4 out of 5 stars and included it in their "100 Best Punk Albums" list.
Uncut (p. 120) ranked it 4 out of 5 stars and said "Dead Kennedys could echo both the weirdness of Beefheart and the sort of spectral pop that came off Spector's production line. Still fresh. No rot."
Alternative Press (11/00, p. 144) included the album in their "10 Essential Political-Revolution Albums" and said "...Biafra takes on the monied classes and the government, and the songs become almost too intricate for punk. Massively influential."
Magnet (p. 90) said that "Dead Kennedys brought a horror-show vibe to punk that remains more unsettling than the Misfits' comic-book core and battier than My Chemical Romance's make-up."
Kerrang! (p. 52) called the album "[O]ne of the finest slabs of rant 'n' roll ever made."
Mojo (p. 114) rated the album 4 out of 5 stars and said "[T]he shrill, nervy majesty of FRUIT remains unblemished." They also ranked the album #9 in their "Top 50 Punk Albums" and said "Singer Jello Biafra's vitriolic, merciless verbal lambasting set to a musical backdrop of fervid punk." (3/03, p. 76)

Songs

References

1980 albums
Debut albums
Dead Kennedys albums
Ola Lee Mize (August 28, 1931 – March 12, 2014) was a United States Army officer. He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War. He was born in Marshall County, Alabama.

Mize died on March 12, 2014. He was 82 years old.

References

Other websites
Sergeant Ola L. Mize at the Alabama Department of Archives and History

1931 births
2014 deaths
American military personnel of the Korean War
People from Alabama
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Richard Coogan (April 4, 1914 - March 12, 2014) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Captain Video in Captain Video and His Video Rangers from 1949 to 1950. He was also known for his role in The Californians.

Coogan died in Beverly Hills, California from natural causes, aged 99.

References

Other websites
 
 

1914 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New Jersey
Witold Sobociński (October 15, 1929 – November 19, 2018) was a Polish cinematographer, academic teacher as well as former jazz musician. He was known for his cinematography works in The Adventures of Gerard, The Hourglass Sanatorium and in Frantic.

Sobociński studied at the National Film School in Łódź. He was a member of Melomani, in which he played the drums.

Sobociński was born on October 15, 1929 in Łódź, Poland. He died on November 19, 2018 in Łódź at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
 
  

1929 births
2018 deaths
Polish musicians
Jazz musicians
Cinematographers
People from Łódź
Richard Sacher (1 September 1947 – 27 February 2014) was a Czech politician and civil servant. He was the Interior Minister for Czechoslovakia for a year. He served from 1989 through 1990. He was also a member of the federal assembly for two years. In 2000, Sacher ran for the senate, but lost the election.

Sacher died on 27 February 2014 in Prague, Czech Republic, aged 71.

References

1947 births
2014 deaths
Civil servants
Politicians from Prague
Ernst Wilhelm "Wim" Wenders (; born 14 August 1945) is a German movie director, playwright, author, and photographer. He is known for his works in Wings of Desire, The State of Things, Paris, Texas, Faraway, So Close!, and The Million Dollar Hotel.

Wenders was born on 14 August 1945 in Düsseldorf, Rhine Province, Germany.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 

1945 births
Living people
Actors from North Rhine-Westphalia
BAFTA Award winning directors
Cinematographers
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German movie directors
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German photographers
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Geoffrey Bruce Owen "Geoff" Edwards (February 15, 1931 – March 5, 2014) was an American television actor, game show host, radio personality, writer, and broadcaster. He appeared in I Dream of Jeannie, That Girl, Petticoat Junction, Diff'rent Strokes, and Small Wonder. He was born in Westfield, New Jersey.

Edwards died from complications of pneumonia at Saint John's Health Center on March 5, 2014 in Santa Monica, California. He was 83 years old.

References

Other websites
 Geoff Edwards' travel website 
 Geoff Edwards' blog 
 

1931 births
2014 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American game show hosts
American radio personalities
American television actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Television personalities from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Park Eun-ji (23 January 1979 – 8 March 2014) was a South Korean politician. She was the vice delegate of the Labor Party. She also was a candidate of New Progressive Party in the 19th legislative election. She was born in Seoul. She also studied at the Korea University from 1997 to 2001.

Park Eun-ji committed suicide by hanging on the evening of 8 March 2014 in her Seoul home. She was 35 years old. She was outlived by her daughter.

References

Other websites
  
  
  

1979 births
2014 deaths
People from Seoul
South Korean politicians
Suicides by hanging
Einar Harold Ingman, Jr. (October 6, 1929 - September 9, 2015) was a former United States Army soldier. He is a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War.

Ingman was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

References

Other websites
 Einar H. Ingman, Jr. at the Victory Institute

1929 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of the Korean War
People from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Ronald Eugene Rosser (October 24, 1929 – August 26, 2020) was a United States Army soldier. He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War.

Rosser was born in Columbus, Ohio.

Rosser died on August 26, 2020 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

 Ronald E. Rosser at the Victory Institute

1929 births
2020 deaths
American military personnel of the Korean War
Military people from Ohio
People from Columbus, Ohio
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Ono Academic College () is a private university in Kiryat Ono, Israel. It was opened in 1996.

The college has a separate campus that serves Haredi Jews. It was opened in 2001 by Renan Hartman. The college allows men to attend classes on different days than women. In 2003, Rabbi Yehezkel Fogel was appointed chairman to of the campus. Presently there is in the campus nearly 3,000 undergraduate students.

References 

Colleges and universities in Israel