cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The giant Gippsland earthworm (Megascolides australis) is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. These Giant earthworms average at 100 cm long and 2 cm in diameter and can reach 3 m in length. It is difficult to measure length, as the worms will stretch, so scientists use weight to estimate the size. The average weight of a fresh adult worm is about 200 grams. They have a dark purple head and a blue-gray body.

The worms are found in the Bass River Valley of South Gippsland, near Korumburra and Warragul. They are only found in a small area, of about 100,000 hectares. They live in small pockets of blue-grey clay close to water. They live in burrows about 500mm deep, and can burrow as deep as 1.5m.

The habitat the worms used to live in was tall eucalypt forests. Most of this has been cleared for farming, but the worms have continued to survive because they live deep underground. They have been listed a vulnerable species because of these changes. The worms only lay a single egg, between 4-7cm in size. These can take up to one year to hatch, and the worms take several years to become adults, and be able to reproduce. This slow rate of growth, also makes them a vulnerable species.

References

Annelids
The Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus), also known as the Impeyan monal or pheasant, is a bird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae.  Its discoverer, Latham, wrote in his General History of Birds (1821): "[the monal] inhabits India, but is not common, being brought from the hills in the northern parts of Hindustan to Calcutta, as a rarity. Lady Impey attempted, with great prospect of success, to bring some of them to England, but after living on board for two months they caught a disorder from the other poultry, and died".

It is the national bird of Nepal, where it is known as the danphe (or Danfe), and is mentioned frequently in Nepali songs. It is also the state bird of Uttarakhand, India. In Kashmir, it is the state/regional bird of the disputed territory.

Description 

The Himalayan monal is a relatively large-sized pheasant. The males of this species look quite different from the females of the species. The male Himalayan monals have bright and colorful feathers of blue, green, purple, and red. They have a white patch of feathers underneath the base of their tail, but the rest of their underside is black. The males also have a crest (several feathers) on top of their heads. Both the male and female of the species have blue circles of skin around their eyes. The females and the young birds (chicks) have an overall brown appearance. Their feathers also have white and black strips on certain parts. The females have a white throat.

The male chicks look like the females chicks until a little after a year when they begin to become more colorful. Before then you could tell the young male and females apart because of their larger size and black feathers, instead of white feathers, on the throat.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 ARKive 
 Animal Diversity Web
 BirdLife Species Factsheet 
 Catalogue of Life 
 CITES
 Galliforms and Pheasants 
 ITIS
 Tree of Life - Lophophorus
 National Center for Biotechnology Information
 UICN

Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Galliformes
The Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis)  is a snowcock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Galliformes
The Kashmir nuthatch (Sitta cashmirensis) is a species of bird in the Sittidae family.

Birds of Kashmir
Passeri
The snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
The Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), also known as Dabchick, is 23 to 29 cm in length.

Birds of Pakistan
Podicipediformes
The Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
The Tibetan snowcock (Tetraogallus tibetanus)  is a cock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
The western tragopan or western horned tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) is a medium-sized brightly plumaged pheasant found along the Himalayas.

Birds of Kashmir
Galliformes
The horned grebe or Slavonian grebe (Podiceps azurites) - Podiceps: Latin for podicis (rump) and pedis (foot), referring to the placement of the legs on its body; auritus: Latin for eared - is a member of the grebe family of water birds. It inhabits Eurasia and North America.

References

Birds of Asia
Birds of Europe
Birds of North America
Podicipediformes
Jouanin's petrel (Bulweria fallax) is a seabird in the Procellariidae family. It is present in the northwest Indian Ocean and south Arabian Sea.

It is native to Oman, Somalia and Yemen. Its natural habitats are open seas and shallow seas. It has been recorded breeding on Socotra.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Galliformes
The Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes, is a small shearwater. Its plumage is black. It has pale pinkish feet, and a pale bill with a black tip.

Birds of Pakistan
The wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae.

Birds of Pakistan
Procellariiformes
The short-tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris, formerly Puffinus tenuirostris) is a migratory seabird of the Procellariidae family. It breeds in Tasmania and south-eastern Australia. It can also be called yolla or moonbird, and is commonly known as the muttonbird in Australia.

References

Birds of Australia
Procellariiformes
Seabirds
BOINC, or The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, is an organization that lets ordinary people use their computers to do scientific work. SETI, or Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, is the most popular of the BOINC programs. SETI searches for radio signals from outer space that might be a sign of alien life and worlds. BOINC involves other scientific work. For example, it allows individuals to use their computer to find the structures of proteins, a cure for the disease malaria or the very structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way.

BOINC projects
 World Community Grid — research on disease and its treatment. Web site

Other websites 
 Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing

Internet
Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman (March 9, 1930 – June 11, 2015) was an American jazz musician. He plays the saxophone, violin and trumpet. He is also a composer. He was one of the people that helped make a new jazz style called free jazz, in the 1960s. Coleman's music is also like blues music. His album Sound Grammar won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music.

Early career
Coleman was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He began playing R&B and bebop music, at first on the tenor saxophone. He wanted to leave his home town so he got a job in 1949 with a traveling show. Then he played with touring R&B shows. In Baton Rouge, he was attacked and his saxophone was destroyed. After that he changed to the alto saxophone, and that is still the instrument he usually plays. He joined a band and traveled with them to Los Angeles, in California. He worked at different jobs while still trying to be successful as a musician.

From the start, Coleman played his music differently to other musicians. Some Los Angeles jazz musicians thought he was playing out of tune. In 1958 Coleman made a record called Something Else!!!!: The Music of Ornette Coleman. Other musicians like Don Cherry, Billy Higgins, Don Payne and Walter Norris also played on the record.

The Shape of Jazz to Come

Coleman was very busy in 1959. His made a record called Tomorrow Is the Question!. He played on this ecord with a quartet. He did not play with a piano player. He started working with a record label called Atlantic Records. He made a record called The Shape of Jazz to Come in 1959. A music critic called Steve Huey said it was a very important jazz record. The album was different from other jazz music.

Coleman's quartet played at a jazz club in New York City. They were popular with other musicians like Leonard Bernstein and Lionel Hampton. Other musicians like Miles Davis did not like his music.

Coleman often played a plastic saxophone. He had first bought a plastic one in Los Angeles in 1954 because he could not afford a metal one. He did not like the sound of the plastic saxophone at first. Now he plays a metal saxophone.

Free Jazz
In 1960, Coleman made a record called Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation. It was nearly 40 minutes long. It is one of the longest jazz performances on a record. It was an important record in jazz and now there is a jazz style called free jazz.

Death
Coleman died of a cardiac arrest at the age of 85 in New York City on June 11, 2015.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American jazz musicians
American composers
Jazz composers
American saxophonists
Trumpeters
American violinists
Pulitzer Prize winners
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
Elizabeth Hanford Dole (born July 29, 1936) was a United States Senator. She was the Secretary of Transportation in Ronald Reagan's administration and the US Secretary of Labor for George H.W. Bush. She is the widow of former Senator Bob Dole, who ran for president but did not win.

References 

1936 births
Living people
US Republican Party politicians
United States Secretaries of Labor
2000 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from North Carolina
The British Home Guard was a defence organisation of the British Army during World War II. It was a secondary defence line. It was meant to stop invasion by Nazi forces.

The Home Guard existed from 1940 to 1944. It was composed of one and a half million volunteers who were otherwise not allowed to go into military service. The main reason for this was old age. This led to the nickname "Dad's Army". The Home Guard guarded the coastal areas of Britain from enemy threats, like paratroopers. They also helped guard some industrial areas, such as factories and airfields. It was widely popularised after the war by the comedy show Dad's Army.

History 
The beginning of the Home Guard are usually traced back to Captain Tom Wintringham. When returning from the Spanish Civil War, Wintringham wrote a book called How To Reform The Army. In it, he writes about how Britain could make something similar to the Spanish International Brigades in the Civil War. Although the book was well received, many of its suggestions were ignored at the time. This was because the tensions in Europe did not seem likely to escalate into war. 

Following a series of events, Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War at the time, gave a radio broadcast on 19 May 1940. He asked for volunteers to join the Local Defence Volunteers, as it was known in the start. It originally was given jobs that were not related to combat. It worked as a sort of 'armed police force'. However, after complaints from members, the government allowed it to "delay and obstruct" the enemy advance. This was putting mostly untrained and unwell people armed with aging weapons against trained troops. Later on in the war, it was renamed the Home Guard, following pressure by Prime Minister Winston Churchill. If the Natzis had crossed the channel the Home Guard wouldn't have stopped the Germans for very long.

British Army
World War II
1940 establishments in Europe
1944 disestablishments
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
1940s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is various efforts to find signals from extraterrestrial life.  It included a program that individuals could use on their computers to search for radio signals from worlds with alien life.  This was maybe the most famous of the BOINC or Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing programs that allow users to use their computers for scientific research.

Other websites
Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
The 2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the I Olympic Youth Summer Games, is an international summer sports event that was celebrated from August 14 to August 26, 2010 for youths. It was the first Youth Olympic Games(YOG) and the host city was Singapore.

Olympics
Summer Youth Olympic Games
Events in Singapore
Youth Olympics
History of Singapore
The 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the III Olympic Youth Summer Games, is an upcoming international summer sports event. It will be held from 6 to 18 October 2018. The host city is Buenos Aires, Argentina. 

Olympics

Summer Youth Olympic Games
The 2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games, officially known as the I Olympic Youth Winter Games, was an international winter sports event. It was held from 13 to 22 January 2012. The host city was Innsbruck, Austria. 

2012 in Europe
Olympics
21st century in Austria
Innsbruck
Winter Youth Olympic Games
Skeletons is the fourth full-length album by American rock band, Hawthorne Heights. It is their first album to be released through Wind-up Records. The release date for the album was June 1, 2010. The album has 13 tracks. The album is produced by Howard Benson.

The first song released as a single from the album is "Nervous Breakdown".

2009 Never Sleep Again tour
Because the band member who did the harsh vocals for the band died, the album before this one, Fragile Future, didn't have any death growls in it. During the 2009 tour, though, one of the other band members started using these vocals for the band, so this album has them again.

Other music groups like Just Surrender, Monty Are I, Punchline, and Anarbor went on the tour too.

During the tour the band played a song called "End of the Underground" and passed out download cards for the song "Unforgivable". These were the first two songs anyone heard from the new album.

Track listing
"Bring You Back"
"Nervous Breakdown"
"End of the Underground"
"Drive"
"Gravestones"
"Broken Man"
"Last Few Words"
"Abandoned Driveways"
"Picket Fences"
"Here I Am"
"Hollywood & Vine"
"Unforgivable"
"Boy"

References

2010 albums
Hawthorne Heights albums
The Summer Youth Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad

List of modern Summer Youth Olympic Games 
 2010 - Games of the I Olympiad - Singapore
 2014 - Games of the II Olympiad - Nanjing, China
 2018 - Games of the III Olympiad - Buenos Aires, Argentina
 2022 - Games of the IV Olympiad - unknown
 2026 - Games of the V Olympiad - unknown
The Winter Youth Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad

List of modern Winter Youth Olympic Games 
 2012 - Games of the I Olympiad - Innsbruck, Austria
 2016 - Games of the II Olympiad - Lillehammer, Norway
 2020 - Games of the III Olympiad - Lausanne, Switzerland
 2024 - Games of the IV Olympiad - unknown
The Crips are a street gang that were founded in 1969 by Stanley Williams and Raymond Washington in Los Angeles, California. They are rivals with the Bloods, another street gang. Some notable Crips are Snoop Dogg and Eazy-E.

Other websites 
 Crips gang profile

Gangs
People from Los Angeles
Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays or PFLAG is an American organization. It is devoted to the cause of homosexual or gay rights while actively involving (as in its' name) parents, family and friends of those individuals. The organization started in 1972 when Jeanne Manford  watched in horror as the police of New York City ignored her son being thrown down an escalator, during a protest for gay rights.

References

Other websites
Official PFLAG website

1972 establishments in New York (state)
LGBT in the United States
Organizations in New York City
Civil rights organizations
"Swing Life Away" is a song by hardcore punk band Rise Against. It came off of their 2004 album Siren Song of the Counter Culture. It was first written by Tim McIlrath and Neil Hennessy, the song is  mostly from Rise Against's catalog because it is performed and recorded acoustically. The lyrics are happy and speak of happiness with a less-than-perfect life, although they maintain the band's characteristic themes of self-analysis and hope. At a show at Festival Hall in Melbourne, Australia, McIlrath stated the song was written about a good friend of the band who helped them whilst they were lesser known.

Rise Against
Within Temptation is a Dutch gothic rock band, the band creating by Robert and Sharon.

Style
The album Enter is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal and doom metal. The album The Dance this mix of gothic metal and doom metal. The album Mother Earth this mix of gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, symphonic metal and folk metal. Now the band play of style Mother Earth.

Rock bands
Symphonic metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Dutch heavy metal bands
Bundala National Park is a protected national park in the south east of Sri Lanka. The area of 6216 hectares was first protected in 1969. It is an important wetland and was added to the list of Ramsar sites in 1990. There are many animal species living in the park including elephants and turtles. Because of the wetalnds there are many species of bird which come to the park, including flamingos, pelicans, and storks.

References

National parks in Asia
Sri Lanka
Ramsar sites
Biosphere reserves
Wetlands
1969 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
Social studies is the name of a course or set of courses taught in primary and secondary schools or elementary, middle, and high schools, but is also sometimes the study of parts of human society at  schools around the world.

At primary school, social studies is usually about the local community and family. By middle and high school, social studies includes many subjects about past and current human behavior and .  Usually, social studies taught in middle and high school is in the form of history, civics, economics and geography.

Social studies is a little different than social science, though many of the social sciences are covered in social studies.

Social sciences
Banda Pir Khan is a union council in the Abbottabad District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Union Councils of Abbottabad District
The Service Sector, also called tertiary sector, is the third of the three traditional economic sectors. The other two are the primary sector, which covers areas such as farming, mining and fishing; and the secondary sector which covers manufacturing and making things. The service sector provides services, rather than producing material commodities. Activities in the service sector include retail, banks, hotels, real estate, education, health, social work, computer services, recreation, media, communications, electricity, gas and water supply.

The service sector is an important part of the economy. For example, in Australia in 2007, 85% of all businesses were in the service sector. In 2009 there were more than nine million people employed in the service sector in Australia, which was 86% of all jobs. In India, there has been a huge growth in service sector businesses which made up 55% of India's GDP in 2006—2007. Computer software businesses in India are increasing at a rate of 35% per year.

Many sector businesses focus on what is called the “knowledge  economy”. They need to keep ahead of other businesses by understanding what their customers want and being ready to give it to them quickly and at low cost. 

One good example of this are banks which went through big changes in the late 20th century. Using information and communication technology, banks have vastly reduced the number of people they need to employ, and lowered the cost of providing bank service. For example, an automated teller machine is able to provide basic banking services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, in many different places. Before this, banking services were only available from the bank when it was open. Many banks and building societies have joined together to form much lower cost businesses that can make more money from a wider customer base. The key to this process is gaining information about their customers and constantly coming up with new services for them.

References

Economics
Uzziah (עֻזִּיָּהוּ in Hebrew, meaning Yahweh is my strength; ; ), also known as Azariah (עֲזַרְיָה in Hebrew; ; ), was the king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and one of King Amaziah's sons, whom the people chose to rule after his father (; 2 Chronicles 26:1). He was 16 years old when he became king of Judah and ruled for 52 years. He "did that which was right in the sight of the Lord" (; ). According to the Bible, at first he was a good king and had great success. His fields and vineyards grew well, he dug many wells and towers in the desert, he defeated his enemies with a strong army, and he became very powerful. A seal with Uzziah's name has been found in a cistern at Tell Beit Mirsim.

However, he grew proud, and entered the temple of the LORD to burn incense on the altar of incense (). Azariah the priest with 80 other priests came to him and said, "Leave...for you have been unfaithful...you will not be honored by the LORD God". Uzziah became angry, but while "...he was raging at the priests...leprosy broke out on his forehead", and he "...had leprosy until the day he died". Because of this, his son Jotham ruled the palace and the people of the land. He died and was buried in a field that belonged to the kings. Probably because of his leprosy, Uzziah was buried in a cemetery belonging to the kings, but not in the tombs of the kings.

References 

Old Testament people
Kings of ancient Israel
Kings of ancient Judah
Blubber is a layer of fat inside the skin of some animals, such as whales and seals. It insulates them to keep them warm. Eskimos invented blubber lamps, and many other people also used oil from blubber in their oil lamps.

Animal anatomy
Keith Olbermann (born January 27, 1959) is a former progressive male television talk show host on NBC's and Microsoft's cable news channel MSNBC, where he was the host of the show Countdown with Keith Olbermann. On his show, he was often critical of conservatives such as Bill O'Reilly and George W. Bush. Some compared him to O'Reilly, except that Olbermann was to the left and O'Reilly is to the right. Before being on political shows, Olbermann worked for ESPN as a sportscaster. He once hosted the ESPN sports news show SportsCenter.

He had his show on MSNBC, but was fired shortly after Comcast's takeover of NBC Universal in January 2011. He then moved to Current TV, partially owned by Al Gore, but was fired after less than a year there.

References

Other websites
Current TV Website
Countdown Page 
Keith Olbermann on Twitter

Living people
1959 births
Cable television personalities
Ann Radcliffe (July 9, 1764 - February 7, 1823) was an English novelist.

Early life and education 
She was born in London. Her father was a trader, but when she was little, she lived mostly in the houses of richer relations. In 1772 her family moved to Bath, where it is possible she may have gone to a school run by Sophia and Harriet Lee.

Writing 
Her first tries to write romance stories were The Castle of Athlin and Dunbayne (1789) and A Sicilian Romance (1790). They were both published secretly. The Romance of the Forest (1791) made her famous as the writer of Gothic romances, the "hobgoblin romance", later called "the Radcliffe romance". Two novels published when she was alive, The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and The Italian (1797), helped make her famous as "the Great Enchantress". Radcliffe was also a great traveller. She made a book after she traveled to the Continent, A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794, through Holland and the Western Frontier of Germany...To Which Are Added Observations of a Tour to the Lakes (1795). But the tours written about in the novels were based on travel books, landscape paintings, and imagination. Walter Scott called Radcliffe "the first poetess of romantic fiction".

Personal life 
She married in 1787 William Radcliffe, who later became the editor of the English Chronicle. It was probably with his help that she began writing for fun. Even though she was famous, Radcliffe liked to be private.

Death 
She later had asthma, and died from an asthma attack in 1823.

References 

1764 births
1823 deaths
Deaths from asthma
English novelists
Alan Samuel Colmes (September 24, 1950 – February 23, 2017) was an American radio/television host, former comedian and author. His talk-radio show is distributed by Fox News Radio. He was the writer of the book, Red, White and Liberal: How Left is Right and Right is Wrong.  From 1996 to 2009, Colmes was the co-host of Hannity & Colmes, a nightly political debate show on Fox News Channel.

Colmes died at a Manhattan medical center on February 23, 2017, at the age of 66 after suffering from lymphoma.

References

Other websites
Alan Colmes Presents Liberaland
Website of Alan Colmes radio show
Alan Colmes' on Twitter

1950 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in New York City
American television personalities
American television presenters
American journalists
American progressives
American radio personalities
Fox News people
Writers from New York City
Comedians from New York City
American bloggers
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed from mud. The mud is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite. The ratio of clay to other minerals is variable.  Shale is characterized by breaks along thin laminae or parallel layering or bedding less than one centimeter in thickness, called "fissility" (= ~splitting). Mudstones, on the other hand, are similar in composition but do not show the fissility.

Shales and mudrocks contain roughly 95 percent of the organic matter in all sedimentary rocks. However, this amounts to less than one percent by mass in an average shale. Black shales form in anoxic (without oxygen) conditions. They contain free carbon and iron sulfides such as pyrite. This produces the black colouration.

Formation of shale 
Shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas, on floodplains and offshore from beach sands. They can also be deposited on the continental shelf, in relatively deep, quiet water. This process could have taken millions of years to complete.

'Black shales' are dark, as a result of being especially rich in  unoxidized carbon. Black shales are deposited in anoxic or low oxygen environments, such as in stagnant water columns. They are common in some Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata, Some black shales contain abundant heavy metals such as molybdenum, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. The heavy metals may have got there by slow accumulation.

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Organic farms grow foods without using man-made chemicals (like pesticides or herbicides) which can harm the environment or wildlife.

Difference To Regular Farming 

Organic farmers usually use animal manure respectively organic substances rather than man-made chemical fertilizers which add extra nutrients to the soil. Organic foods are unique to the way other products are produced as chemically treated food can cause a lot of harm to the environment by decreasing the quality of soil and increasing energy use, carbon emissions, pesticides and nitrate pollution. Also the used chemicals can cause severe damage to human cells and long term consumption can cause diseases like colon cancer (colorectal cancer), decrease fertility and take impact on the brain development of unborn children.

Organic farming maintains the soil health the cropping system of organic farming keeps insect, pest and weeds under check. Even farm waste are recycled in organic farming and it prevents the pollution of any component of our environment.

Forms Of Organic Farming 

Organic farming finds usage for animal welfare, as livestock is bred with solely organic fodder. There are animal farms that are exclusively built for organic farming and are only distributing organic meat. In recent past many of those regional farms are using online shops for distribution like "Das Gute Fleisch" (which means "the good meat") from germany. Therefore a wider audience has comfortable access to organic meat whereas the demand for organic meat is rapidly growing.

Flower growers and ordinary home gardens can use organic methods too. An example of organic farming which is often used in the garden is biological control. Biological control means using natural methods to get rid of pests, instead of using poisons. For example by encouraging Ladybirds (ladybugs) into the garden as they eat aphids (greenfly).

Organic Labels 

There are certain organisations per country which regulate the standards for organic farming. In the USA e.g. the USDA is distributing official "USDA Organic Labels" for products that fullfill the criterias of the organisation to accept them as organic food.

Other than the US versions which differ in a "100 % organic label" and labels that state that the products are not fully organic, there is only one organic label for the EU that covers similar criterias as the "100 % label". Therefore it's harder to get organic farming certified in the EU.

There are also non-official labels by private companies that are rating products or using similar criterias to categorise the organic farms. They commonly have a high reputation so customers can rely on their rating.

References

Agriculture
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder. It is commonly called brittle bone disease. It is usually an autosomal dominant disease, which means a person can get it if only one of their parents has the abnormal gene. OI affects the part of the bones called the collagen rod, which provides bone strength. The abnormal gene weakens or even destroys the collagen rod. This disease was first identified by Vrolik in 1849.

When someone has this disease, their bones are more likely to break. Unfortunately, osteogenesis imperfecta has no cure. This disease is categorized in four types: Type one is the most common case and it often causes brittle teeth and bone related injuries. Type two is a more severe version of type one and has most of the same symptoms just in more severe cases. People with type three of osteogenesis imperfecta may have more than 100 fractures before puberty. Their eyes often develop a purple, blue, or grey tint and people with this case also often have hearing loss. 50% of people that have osteogenesis imperfecta have hearing loss while becoming an adult. Type 4 is a more severe case of most symptoms stated above.

Symptoms 
Less severe symptoms of OI may include:
easily broken bones
loose joints
low muscle tone
blue, purple or grey color to the normally white part of the eyes 
triangular shape of face
tendency to develop scoliosis
brittle teeth

OI has many other serious and fatal symptoms including respiratory problems and bone deformity.

Demographics 
OI occurs equally in both male and females and can affect all ethnic groups. OI happens in the womb and there is no cure. It is usually discovered when someone breaks a lot of bones; they may have DNA testing to check for OI. It occurs in 1 in 20,000 births.

References 

Genetic disorders
Diseases and disorders of bones
Piss Christ is a 1987 photo that was taken by Andres Serrano. The picture is of a small plastic crucifix that is in a glass of Serrano's urine. The piece won the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art's "Awards in the Visual Arts" competition. This contest gets some of its money from the National Endowment from the Arts, a United States government group that gives money to art projects.

Controversy
The photo caused some dispute when it was first shown in 1989. Some people who were against the photo, including United States Senators Al D'Amanto and Jesse Helms were upset that Serrano was given $15,000 for the work. They were also upset that part of it was from the National Endowment for the Arts. Supporters of the work said the Piss Christ is an issue of artistic freedom and freedom of speech.

Others said that the government paying for Piss Christ went against separation of church and state.

Sister Wendy Beckett, an art critic and Catholic nun, said in a television interview with Bill Moyers that she did not think the work was blasphemous. She thought that it was but a statement on "what we have done to Christ"

During a showing of Serrano's works at the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) in 1997, then Archbishop George Pelli tried to get the Supreme Court of Victoria to stop the gallery from showing the work. The Court did not agree with him and did not stop it. A few days later, one visitor tried to take the work off of the gallery wall, and two teenagers later attacked the work with a hammer. The director of the NGV then cancelled the show. He said that he was worried about some of Rembrandt's works that were also being shown at the time.

"Piss Christ" was part of the BBC documentary called "Why Beauty Matters", which talks about art and how it is important in everyday life.

References

Other websites 
Annotated transcription of U.S. Senate discussion about "Piss Christ"

Creative works
Photography
Christian art
Cosley Zoo is an AZA-accredited zoo. It is in Wheaton, Illinois. It is a part of the Wheaton Park District. Families and individuals can come in for free. The zoo, which is situated on 5 acres (2 hectares) of land. It is built on the site of a historic train station. There are domestic animals. There is also wildlife that is native to Illinois.

The zoo holds a great number of programs for children. For example, they have programs like Junior Zookeepers, birthday parties, and holiday events.

Related pages
 List of zoos

Other websites 
 http://www.cosleyzoo.org/
 Cosley Zoo at the Wheaton Park District 

Zoos in Illinois
DuPage County, Illinois
MSNBC is an American cable news channel started by NBCUniversal (NBC) and Microsoft (MSN), thus the name MSNBC. It was started in 1996. It is produced by NBC's news division, NBC News. It replaced a channel Roger Ailes operated and founded for NBC called America's Talking, which launched in 1994.

Shows
Most of its shows are shows that talk about news and politics, and are hosted by people such as Joy Reid, Chris Matthews, Rachel Maddow, Chris Hayes and Lawrence O’Donnell. There have been accusations of liberal bias made about MSNBC. MSNBC's motto is "Lean Forward", suggesting a progressive political stance.

References

Other websites
 

American television networks
Cable television
1996 establishments in the United States
Leon H. "Bud" Carson ( – ) was an American football coach best known for working with the Pittsburgh Steelers' championship teams of the 1970s.

Player
Carson played defensive back for North Carolina from 1949 to 1951, then entered the Marines.

Coach

Georgia Tech
After he left the Marines, he went into coaching.  He worked at Georgia Tech for head coach Bobby Dodd. Carson took over as head coach in 1967. Under Carson, the Yellow Jackets had three 4-6 seasons in a row before going 9-3 and winning the Sun Bowl in 1970. In 1971, Tech finished 6-6 after a Peach Bowl loss.  He was fired by Georgia Tech after that season.  While at Georgia Tech, he made the "Cover 2" defensive strategy that has been widely used by the NFL.

NFL
Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Chuck Noll hired Carson as defensive coordinator in 1972. Under Carson, the "Steel Curtain" developed as one of the best defenses in National Football League history. The defense, led by Jack Lambert, Mel Blount, Jack Ham and Mean Joe Greene, gave up fewer points than any other American Football Conference team in Pittsburgh's Super Bowl seasons of 1974 and 1975. In 1976, the team gave up fewer than 10 points a game.

After the 1977 season, Carson took over the defensive-coordinator job with the Los Angeles Rams, who lost to the Steelers in Super Bowl XIV. He later worked as a coach for the Kansas City Chiefs and Baltimore Colts.  He then was in charge of the New York Jets' defense from 1985 to 1988. In 1989, he was hired as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns.

Cleveland won the AFC Central Division in 1989 before losing to the Denver Broncos in the conference championship for the third time in four years. Browns owner Art Modell fired Carson halfway through the 1990 season, which ended with a 3-13 record. Carson then worked as a coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and the St. Louis Rams before retiring in 1997.

Family
Carson, a long-time smoker, died in 2005 of emphysema. He was married to Linda Carson, an anchorwoman at Sarasota television station WWSB. His daughter Cathi Carson is the sports reporter at two Jacksonville stations in Jacksonville WTEV and WAWS and was formerly a reporter at WWSB. He also had a son, Cliff, and a daughter, Dana, as well as a stepson, Gary Ford.

References

Further reading
 Grossi, Tony (2004). Tales from the Browns Sideline. (Champaign, Ill.): Sports Publishing LLC. 
 Carroll, Bob, et al. (1999). Total Football II. New York: HarperCollins. .

American football coaches
1930 births
2005 deaths
Gouverneur Morris (January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816)  was an American politician and diplomat from New York City.  Morris was born and died in Morrisiana, which is now part of The Bronx.  He went to college at King's College, New York.  He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New York in the 1770s.  In the 1780s, he moved to Philadelphia and was the assistant superintendent of finance.  He was also a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Pennsylvania.  He was very active there, giving 173 speeches.  This was more speeches than any other person gave.  Morris wrote the Preamble and many of the sections of the Constitution.  Later, he served as ambassador to France from 1792 to 1794.  He was a U.S. Senator from 1800 to 1803.  

Late in life, Morris was head of the group building the Erie Canal.  He wanted a strong central government, and wanted people to think of themselves mostly as Americans rather than people of the state they lived in.  Morris also spoke out against slavery.  He had a wooden leg. Morris lost his leg in a carriage accident in 1780.  He is also noted for keeping a diary of his life.

References

1752 births
1816 deaths
politicians from New York City
American deists
People from the Bronx
Herman M. Hickman (October 1, 1911 - April 25, 1958) was a Hall of Fame college football player for the University of Tennessee, and played for the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers.  He later coached football and was a professional wrestler.

Playing career 
Hickman came to the University of Tennessee from Johnson City, Tennessee. Hickman was a guard for the Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1929–1931.  He was chosen for Grantland Rice's All American football team in 1931. Hickman was also named to the All-Southern team in 1931 with teammate Gene McEver. Coach Robert Neyland held Hickman in high regard. "When one (football writer) said Hickman was 'the best guard the South ever produced,' Coach General Bob Neyland snarled, 'Herman Hickman is the greatest guard football has ever known.'"

Following his time at Tennessee, Hickman played for the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers from 1932 to 1934.  He was named an All Pro at left guard in 1933.< name=bio/>  He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1959.

Coaching career 
Hickman was an assistant at Wake Forest, North Carolina State and West Point before earning the head coaching job at Yale University in 1948.  He led the Bulldogs to a 16-17-2 record before resigning in 1951.

Other activities 

Hickman was a writer, who came to be known as "Poet Laureate of the Little Smokies." He was also a staff writer for Sports Illustrated.

Hickman also was a professional wrestler, known as "The Tennessee Terror."  He wrestled in over 500 matches.

Sources 

 HickokSports.com Bio 
 College Football Hall of Fame Bio 
 Professional Football Researchers Association 
 2006 University of Tennessee Football Media Guide

1911 births
1958 deaths
National Football League players
Butterflyfish are a group of brightly marked tropical marine fish in the family Chaetodontidae. The bannerfish and coralfish are also included in this group. They live mostly on the reefs of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are about 120 species in 10 genera.

Teleosts
Marine angelfish are group of fish of the family Pomacanthidae. They are found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific oceans. The family contains seven genera and approximately 86 species. 

Ray-finned fish
Mycenae (Greek  Mykēnai or   Mykēnē), is an archaeological site in Greece. It is about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. 

In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the most important centers of early Greek civilization with a strong army. The time of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean Greece.

People 
The Mycenaeans of Greece had learned many things from other lands. By 1400 B.C., they were known for their art, literature, and philosophy. Their most important city, Mycenae (mi see' née), was just north of what later became Corinth.

In 1300 BC the king built a wall 23 ft wide and 60 ft high. The stone blocks used were very big.  A corbel arch, where each stone hung a little further beyond the one below, was used. A triangle was also used to support it. The Lion Gate, the main gate of the wall and an example of a corbel arch, is still admired today.

The common people went inside the palace walls in times of danger but at other times lived in their own houses. Their houses were shaped like deep rectangles with flat roofs and front porches. People worked at many different jobs. They were cooks, doctors, carpenters, tailors, woodcutters, and makers of textiles. The Mycenaeans grew many things and kept animals like oxen, sheep, pigs, and goats. They also built good roads and bridges. Their army was strong. Spears and  have been found, and also many swords, big and small. Their edge and point were used.

Decline and collapse 
By 1200 BC the power of Mycenae was declining. The eventual destruction of Mycenae was part of the general Bronze Age collapse in the Greek mainland and beyond. Within a short period  all the palaces of southern Greece were burnt, including that at Mycenae. The cause or causes of the Bronze Age collapse are not known for sure.

Religion 
For their worship of gods, these people made shrines. Poseidon was worshiped as a chief deity, and the “protector of the sky” was Zeus. They also worshipped Apollo, Artemis, Hera and many others of the Greek religion.

References

Other websites 

British School at Athens Mycenae page 
Excavation of Citadel House Area
Objects from Grave Circle A, including votive weaponry
Homepage of Current Dickinson College Excavations at Mycenae

Ancient Greece
World Heritage Sites in Greece
Anatoly Karpov  (born Zlatoust, Russia, 23 May 1951) is a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was official world champion from 1975 to 1985, played three more matches for the title from 1986 to 1990, then was FIDE World Champion from 1993 to 1999. 

His tournament successes include over 160 first-place finishes. He had a peak Elo rating of 2780, and his 90 months at world number one are second only to the record of Garry Kasparov. 

Since 2005, he has been a member of the Public Chamber of Russia. He has recently involved himself in several humanitarian causes, such as advocating the use of iodised salt.

References 

Russian chess players
1951 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Vasily Smyslov (24 March 1921 – 27 March 2010) was a Russian chess grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958.p376

Smyslov was a candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1948, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1983, and 1985). He was one of the five players selected to compete for the 1948 World Chess Championship tournament to determine who should succeed the late Alexander Alekhine as champion. His selection was questioned by some, but this criticism was silenced when he finished second behind Mikhail Botvinnik. His victories in the double-round Candidates tournaments of 1953 and 1956 were the greatest tournament wins of the 1950s. He played three 24-game world championship matches against the formidable Botvinnik, drawing the first in 1954, winning the second in 1957 but losing the return match in 1958. All three matches were held in Moscow.

Smyslov was twice equal first in the Soviet Championship (1949, 1955), and his total of 17 Chess Olympiad medals won is an all-time record. In five European Team Championships, Smyslov won ten gold medals (team and individual). He remained active and successful in competitive chess well into the 1960s and 1970s and he qualified for the finals of the World Championship Candidates' matches as late as 1983. Vasiliy won the first World Senior Chess Championship in 1991. He retired from competitive play in 2001.

Smyslov was also a concert-level singer. His baritone singing, and fellow grandmaster Taimanov's piano recitals, were evening events at many major chess tournaments.

A tribute from Anatoly Karpov:
"What I remember most about [Smyslov] was his competitive spirit, but also his delicate sense of humour. It was always very tough playing against him, despite him being more than twice my age".

Books by Smyslov 
 2003: Smyslov's best games, Volume 1: 1935-1957 (Moravian Chess)
 2003: Smyslov's best games, Volume 2: 1958-1995 (Moravian Chess)
 1997: Endgame virtuoso (Cadogan)
 1995: Smyslov's 125 selected games (Everyman Chess)
 1972: Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov Rook endings (Batsford)

Further reading

References 

1921 births
2010 deaths
Russian chess players
Soviet people
Baritones
Chess grandmasters
Boris Spassky  (born 30 January 1937 in Leningrad), is a Soviet–French chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from late 1969 to 1972.p381

Spassky won the USSR Chess Championship twice outright (1961, 1973), and twice more lost in playoffs (1956, 1963). He was a World Chess Championship candidate on seven occasions (1956, 1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1985).

Boris won the Candidates match series in 1965 and 1968. He played for the world championship three times. Against Tigran Petrosian in 1966 he lost; against Petrosian again in 1969 (winning), and against Bobby Fischer in 1972 (losing). The match with Fischer in Reykjavik was the most publicised chess match of any time. His loss was subjected to the most rigorous scrutiny by the Soviet central committee for chess, and he was criticised for lack of adequate preparation.

The second half of his life until recently was lived in France. He has both Russian and French nationality.

Later life 
On 1 October 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. On 23 September 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him paralyzed on his left side. After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme.

On 16 August 2012, Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances. He now lives in an apartment in Moscow.

Spassky is the oldest living former world champion.

Further reading 
 Cafferty, Bernard 1969. Spassky's best games. Batsford.
 Winter, Edward G. 1981. World chess champions. 
 Seirawan, Yasser 1997. No regrets: Fischer-Spassky International Chess Enterprises. 
 Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John 2004. Bobby Fischer Goes to War: how the Soviets lost the most extraordinary chess match of all time. Ecco.
 Garry Kasparov 2004. My great predecessors, part III. Everyman Chess.

References 

Russian chess players
French people
1937 births
Living people
People from Saint Petersburg
Chess grandmasters