cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. They were first described by Paracelsus (~1519),p1 but their full significance was not realised until the last quarter of the 20th century.

Microbial mats grow mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. They colonize environments ranging in temperature from –40 °C to +120 °C. A few are endosymbionts of animals.

Although usually only a few centimetres thick, microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. They consist of layers of microorganisms that can feed on or tolerate the chemicals at their level. In moist conditions mats are held together by slimy substances (polysaccharides) secreted by the microorganisms.118; 1671-7 Some of the micro-organisms form tangled webs of filaments which make the mat tougher. The best known physical forms are flat mats and stubby pillars called stromatolites, but there are also spherical forms.

Microbial mats are the earliest form of life on Earth for which there is good fossil evidence, from 3500 million years ago, and were for a long period the most important members of the planet's ecosystems.

Originally they may have depended on hydrothermal vents for energy and chemical "food". The development of photosynthesis gradually liberated them from the 'hydrothermal ghetto' by proving a more widely-available energy source, sunlight, although initially the photosynthesizing mats still depended on the diffusion of chemicals emitted by hydrothermal vents. The final and most significant stage of this liberation was the development of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, since the main chemical inputs for this are carbon dioxide and water.

As a result microbial mats began to produce the atmosphere we know today, in which free oxygen is a vital component. At around the same time they may also have been the birthplace of the more complex eukaryote type of cell, of which all multicellular organisms are composed. Microbial mats were abundant on the shallow seabed until the Cambrian substrate revolution, when animals living in shallow seas increased their burrowing capabilities and thus broke up the surfaces of mats and let oxygenated water into the deeper layers, poisoning the oxygen-intolerant micro-organisms that lived there. Although this revolution drove mats off soft floors of shallow seas, they still flourish in many environments where burrowing is limited or impossible, including rocky seabeds and shores, hyper-saline and brackish lagoons, and are found on the floors of the deep oceans.

Because of microbial mats' ability to use almost anything as nutrients, there is considerable interest in industrial uses of mats, especially for water treatment and for cleaning up pollution.

References 

Ecology
Microbiology
Fiji Hindi or Fiji Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language which is the mother tongue of 313,000 people of Indian and Pakistani origin in Fiji.

This language is very different from the standard Hindi spoken in India and the relationship between the two languages are similar to those between Dutch and Afrikaans. The language is composed of the Eastern Hindi dialects (Bhojpuri and Awadhi) with numerous English and Fijian words. It is spoken with a Pacific twang. 

In recent times, due to the political upheaval  in Fiji, large numbers of Fiji Indians have migrated to Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada, taking the Fiji Hindi language with them.

References

Other websites
 Ethnologue - Fiji Hindi

Hindi
Urdu dialects
Urdu language
Fiji
Electronic money is money stored electronically, and spent by using a technical device, such as a smart card.  If it is stored on a card, its use may be secured by a PIN code.  In Japan, electronic money is commonly used to pay for train tickets.  JR East’s prepaid train ticket (Suica) and JR West’s IC Operating card (ICOCA).  Suica and ICOCA are plastic cards with a built-in IC chip.  Suica was originally introduced in 2001.

In addition, many types of electronic money are used in other train stations in Japan. For example, Kitaca is electronic money in the Hokkaido area, Sugoca is used in the Kyusyu area, etc. Most electronic money is also used to pay for goods at convenience stores in Japan.

In 2004, NTT DoCoMo launched a mobile phone that uses smart card chip to realize electronic
money capability. Recently, many people have been using these kinds of electronic money cards in Japan.

Note, that electronic money is always backed by real money. For this reason, cryptocurrencies cannot be used as electronic money.

Related pages 

 Bitcoin
 Debit card

References 

Money
was a Japanese industrial designer. is one of the most famous product designers in Japan. He played a role in Japanese modern design developed from after World War 2 to the high-growth period in the Japanese economy. He is both a representative of the wholly Japanese modern designer and a full-blown modernist who merged simplicity and practicality with elements of traditional Japanese crafts.

He was born in 1915 in Tokyo, Japan, as the son of Soetsu Yanagi, who founded the "mingei" movement which celebrated Japanese folk crafts and the beauty of everyday objects. Soetsu helped establish the Nihon Mingeikon, the Folk Crafts Museum of Japan. Sori entered Tokyo Art School in 1934, where he studied both art and architecture. He was influenced by Le Corbusier as well as by Charlotte Perriand when she worked in Japan in the early 1940s. So, his interests moved from painting to buildings to design and objects.

After World War II, he designed many products: furniture, three-wheeled vehicles, Olympic cauldrons, pedestrian overpasses, etc. One of the most famous pieces of furniture is his Butterfly Stool. Announced in 1956, its' 2-piece form has been compared to a butterfly's open wings. Alternately, the shape can be seen as the gateway of a Shinto shrine or even an antique samurai helmet. In effect, it is a form that is both modern and timeless, that has won critical acclaim and prizes, and is included in major collections such as the Museum of Modern Art New York and the Ruble Museum.

Most of Yanagi's designs are very simple and beautiful. His products illustrate his thinking: true beauty is not made, it is born naturally. When he created a new product, he made the first versions over and over by hand, seeking new forms that took shape from both new and old ideas..

Sori Yanagi died at the age of 96 in 2011 .

Honours
 Honorary Royal Designer for Industry (UK), 2008

References

People from Tokyo
Designers
1915 births
2011 deaths
The yukata is a kind of kimono. Yukata are very casual kimono, and are worn in the summer.

Normal kimono can be difficult to wear because they have many different parts. These can include a long, stiff obi (belt), a kimono worn underneath the outer kimono, called a juban, and padding to make the shape of the kimono nicer. Many Japanese people cannot put normal kimono on by themselves, as they are so different to everyday clothing.

However, yukata are a type of kimono that is easy to wear. They are made of cotton, and do not have to be worn with a juban. They are worn with thin, short obi, called hanhaba obi, which are easy to tie without someone else's help.

Yukata are worn in the summer, and are very popular to wear to festivals. They are cheap, keep the body cool, and are easy to wash and dry, unlike regular silk kimono. 

Yukata used to be decorated only with designs in blue and white colours. However, many modern yukata have bright and colourful designs, making them fun and fashionable to wear. Many young women wear yukata and geta (Japanese clogs) at summer festivals, fireworks displays, and Bon festival dances.

Recently, yukata have been adopted as summer uniforms in some of the restaurants and theme parks in Japan. The sumo wrestler wears a yukata in his daily life, every single day. In addition, a type of yukata called nemaki are used as night clothes for guests at many Japanese hotels and inns. Unlike yukata, and regular kimono, nemaki are not made differently for men and women.

Japanese clothing
The Wilderness Road was a trail made by Daniel Boone in 1769 through the Appalachian Mountains and through Kentucky. This road was used for more than 50 years for settlers to travel from the East into Kentucky.

History of the United States
Appalachian Mountains
The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in mathematics that says that any solid shape can be reassembled into any other solid shape. It was made by mathematicians Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski. For example, a sphere can be split up into a limited number of parts which can then be put back together again to make two identical copies of the original sphere. The Banach–Tarski paradox can also be used to turn a small sphere into a huge sphere. It is important when thinking about this to realize that the parts that the solid shape is being split into are not solid shapes themselves; they are infinite sets of points spread around the solid shape. For the Banach–Tarski paradox to work, you need to use the axiom of choice.

This is called a paradox because no stretching or bending of the parts takes place and no new material is added, yet by the end the volume can be doubled. This goes against our geometric intuition. However, it is mathematically possible and it turns out that in this case our intuition is not correct.

Other websites 
 The Banach-Tarski Paradox

Mathematical paradoxes
The Dodge Nitro was a compact SUV that was built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Nitro has had 2 generations with the second one being built in 2011. The Nitro has been built since 2006 and made its debut in February of 2005 at the Chicago Auto Show. The Nitro was designed by Dennis Myles. The Nitro was discontinued in 2012.

Other websites
Dodge Nitro at dodge.ca 

Dodge automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Dodge Journey is a mid-size crossover SUV that is built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Journey has had one generation during its time. The vehicle has replaced the Dodge Caravan. The Journey has been built since 2008 and made its debut in 2007 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The Journey was designed by Ryan Nagode. The Journey can seat five or seven people depending on the wheelbase length.

Other websites
Dodge Journey at dodge.ca 

Dodge automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Nissan Cube was a Mini MPV that is built by the Nissan Motor Company. The first Cube arrived in 1998. It entered its second generation in 2002. The third generation launched in 2008 and ended production without a replacement in December 2019. The assembly for the Nissan Cube is in Oppama, Japan. They are sold in Japan and North America and in Europe only for 2010.

Other websites
Nissan Cube at nissan.ca 

Cube
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Paul Hermann Müller (January 12, 1899 – October 12, 1965) was an Swiss chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases. He was born on January 12, 1899 in Olten, Switzerland and died on October 12, 1965 in Basel, Switzerland.

References

1899 births
1965 deaths
Swiss chemists
Max Theiler (January 30, 1899 – August 11, 1972) was an South African-American virologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever. He was born on January 30, 1899 in Pretoria, South African Republic and died on August 11, 1972 in New Haven, Connecticut.

References

1899 births
1972 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African scientists
American virologists
White South African people
The hoopoe (Upupa epops), is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers.

It is the only living species in the family Upupidae. One insular species, the giant hoopoe of Saint Helena, is recently extinct, and the Madagascar subspecies of the hoopoe is sometimes elevated to a full species. The English name is derived from Latin upupa, which imitates the cry of the bird.

Taxonomy 
The hoopoe is classified in the Coraciiformes clade, a group that also includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and woodhoopoes (forming a clade with this one according to Hackett et al. (2008)). A close relationship between the hoopoe and the woodhoopoes is also supported by the shared and unique nature of their stapes.

Subspecies 

Nine subspecies of hoopoe are recognised by the Kristin 2001 (in the Handbook of the Birds of the World). These subspecies vary mostly in size and the depth of colour in the plumage. Two more subspecies have been proposed, U. e. minor in South Africa and U. e. orientalis in north western India.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Coraciiformes
Harald zur Hausen (born 11 March 1936 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German virologist and professor emeritus. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for his discoveries on the role of papilloma viruses which he shared with Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi.

References

1936 births
Living people
German academics
German biologists
German Nobel Prize winners
People from Gelsenkirchen
Virologists
José Antonio Bautista (born October 19, 1980 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a Dominican Major League Baseball player. He has played for the Baltimore Orioles in 2004, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2004, Kansas City Royals in 2004, the Pittsburgh Pirates from 2004 to 2008 and the Toronto Blue Jays since 2008. Bautista plays as both an outfielder and third baseman. Most often, he plays right field. He is also one of 26 players in the 50 home run club. In both the 2010 and 2011 seasons, he hit more home runs than any other player. He hit 54 home runs in 2010 and 43 home runs in 2011.

Other websites 

 Jose Bautista's MLB player profile

1980 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles players
Kansas City Royals players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Dominican Republic sportspeople
Reproductive isolation refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding.  

The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called isolating mechanisms.

Members of one species do not, in general, mate with members of another species, though there are many exceptions and variations to this. And, if such mating does take place, the offspring may not develop, or may not be fertile. 

If species arise by the splitting of ancestral species, it might be asked what stops the new species continuing to reproduce together. If they did, they would again become one species.

Isolating mechanisms 
A list as drawn up of isolating mechanisms:

Pre-mating mechanisms 
Factors which cause individuals to mate with their own species. 
Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times.  
Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat. They do not meet those with different ecological preferences.
Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but choose members of their own species. They may not recognize sexual cues given by other species. 
Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.

Post-mating isolating mechanisms 
Incompatibility of the two genomes stops normal development in the hybrid.
Gametes not compatible. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized. 
Zygote mortality: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryo forms, but dies.
Hybrid sterility: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile. 
Hybrid breakdown: First generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations and backcrosses are inviable or sterile. 

There is still much debate as to whether the Dobzhansky/Mayr account is satisfactory. Modern researchers tends to avoid the general term 'isolating mechanisms' in favour of the more specific terms 'mate choice', 'hybrid incompatibility' and other forms of 'reproductive isolation'.

References 

Evolutionary biology
The Wyandotte Constitution is the constitution of the U.S state of Kansas. The constitution said that Kansas would be a state without slavery. However, the constitution did not give black people, women or Native Americans the right to vote. The Wyandotte Constitution was passed by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530 on October 4, 1859.

References

1859 in the United States
Kansas
Constitutions
1850s in Kansas
Ann Jillian (born January 29, 1950) is an American actress. She has been acting since the age of 10. She has starred in many situation comedies, television series and movies. She was born in 1950 though some sources wrongly say she was born in 1951.

References

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American musical theatre actors
Actors from Massachusetts
1950 births
Living people
Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde (born December 22, 1982) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado. He currently works for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) and World Wrestling League (WWL). Urive is best known for his time working with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) where he competed under the ring name Místico. During his time in CMLL, he was the biggest técnico (face) and was the biggest box office draw in all of Mexico.

Urive also worked for the WWE where he competed under the ring name Sin Cara (Spanish for "Without Face" or "Faceless"). During his time in the WWE, Urive had a hard time getting used to the WWE style of wrestling and would get injured a lot. He was released from his WWE contract on March 27, 2014. After his release, he continued to use the Sin Cara name in Mexican independent promotions before adopting the ring name Myzteziz after signing with AAA in February 2014.

In 2007, Pro fteenWrestling Illustrated ranked Místico #3 of the PWI 500.

Championships
Baja Star's Wrestling
BSW Intercontinental Middleweight Championship (1 time, current)
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Tag Team Championship (4 times) (with Negro Casas (2) and Héctor Garza (2))
CMLL World Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA World Middleweight Championship (2 times)
Torneo Gran Alternativa (2004) (with El Hijo del Santo)
Torneo Gran Alternativa (2007) (with La Sombra)
Leyenda de Plata (2006, 2007, 2008)
Festival Mundial de Lucha Libre
FMLL World Championship (1 time)
International Wrestling Revolution Group
IWRG Intercontinental Super Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Michinoku Trios League (2003) (with Hayate and Yamabiko)
New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #3 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2007.
Toryumon Mexico
Sofia Cup (2005)
Universal Wrestling Entertainment
Trofeo Bicentenario (2010)
WWE
Slammy Award for Double Vision Moment of the Year (2011) (with Sin Cara Negro)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Box Office Draw (2006)
Best Box Office Draw of the Decade (2000–2009)
Best Flying Wrestler (2006–2007)
Wrestler of the Year (2006)

References

Other websites
Místico's OWOW profile

1982 births
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Mexican professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Mexico City
Thank Me Later is the debut studio album by Canadian rapper Drake. Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010. The album appeared at #1 on the US Billboard 200 chart. It sold 447,000 copies in the United States in its first week. It received mostly positive reviews from music critics.

Songs

References

2010 albums
Debut albums
Drake albums
Hip hop albums
Pop albums
R&B albums
The constellation Volans is a group of stars in the southern sky. It is in the shape of a flying fish. The name Volans is a shortened from of its original, Piscis Volans. Volans was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius. He made these constellations from observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Volans first appeared on a 35-cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first image of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603.

Stars and deep sky objects
There are two double stars in the constellation which can be observed using a small telescope, Gamma Volantis and Epsilon Volantis. There are also two galaxies that may be more difficult to see clearly, NGC 2442 and NGC 2434. The magnitudes of the Gamma Volantis stars are fourth and sixth, and of Epsilon Volantis fourth and eighth.

References

Other websites
http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Volans.html
http://www.maa.mhn.de/Maps/Stars_en/Fig/volans.html 
Starry Night Photography : Volans Constellation
Star Tales – Volans

Constellations
Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov  (6 December 1901 [O.S. 23 November 1901] – 14 January 1988) was a Macedonian-Russian politician in the Soviet Union and the Premier of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin in March, 1953 until February, 1955.  Malenkov served as the Premier (official head of government) of the country while Nikita Krushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was all so involved in World War II (1939-1945) when Nazi Germany lead by Adolf Hitler betrayed the Soviet Union in the Nazi Invasion Of Russia Of 1941 . Malenkov was all so involved in the Korean War (1950-1953) when Stalin died in March 1953 Malenkov succeeded Stalin briefly until 1955 .  

He formed a team with Nikolai Bulganin, Vyacheslav Molotov, and Lazar Kaganovich, and together they tried to throw Khrushchev out of power.  Krushchev eventually won the battle for power, and in 1957 Malenkov was forced to leave his position in the Party Politburo.  In 1961, he was kicked out of the Party and forced to move to Kazakhstan.

Along with Krushchev, Malenkov was one of a few important members of Stalin's group of partners (called the "inner circle") who died a natural death, and was not executed.

Together with Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953) & Krushchev (1894-1953), Malenkov began the process of destalinization, completing the process from 1953-1961 .

Lavrentiy Beria’s Death
On the 23rd December 1953 just months after Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) died on the 5th March 1953 Malenkov along with Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971) and Georgy Zhukov (1896-1974) and other Soviet Officials executed Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953) in late 1953 who was the NKVD chief from 1938-1946 and the MVD (Soviet Union) from 1946-1953 .

Replaced By Nikita Khrushchev in 1955

In February 1955 Georgy Malenkov was replaced by Nikita Khrushchev 

Heads of government of the Soviet Union
1902 births
1988 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (29 March 1899– 23 December 1953) was the leader of the secret police of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin's regime. In 1953, Nikita Krushchev plotted to have Beria executed.

Beria was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and First Deputy Premier in the postwar years (1946–53).

He administered vast sections of the Soviet state. He served as de facto Marshal of the Soviet Union in command of the NKVD field units responsible for anti-partisan operations on the Eastern Front during World War II. His troops also were a barrier against thousands of "turncoats, deserters, cowards and suspected malingerers". Beria administered the vast expansion of the Gulag labor camps. He was responsible for overseeing the secret defense institutions known as sharashkas, critical to the war effort. 

Beria also played the decisive role in coordinating the Soviet partisans, who developed an impressive intelligence and sabotage network behind German lines. He attended the Yalta Conference with Stalin, who introduced him to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "our Himmler". After the war, he organized the communist takeover of the countries of Central Europe and Eastern Europe. 

Beria's uncompromising ruthlessness in his duties and skill at producing results led to his overseeing the Soviet atomic bomb project. Stalin gave it absolute priority and the project was completed in under five years. To achieve this, Beria's NKVD organised Soviet espionage against the West.

Beria was promoted to First Deputy Premier, where he carried out a brief campaign of liberalization. He was briefly a part of the ruling "troika" with Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov. Beria's overconfidence in his position after Stalin's death led him to misjudge other Politburo members. 

There was a coup d'état led by Nikita Khrushchev with the military forces of Marshal Georgy Zhukov. Beria was arrested on charges of treason during a meeting in which the full Politburo condemned him. This was all planned by Krushchov. The NKVD was powerless because Zhukov's troops were there. After interrogation, Beria was taken to the basement of the Lubyanka and shot, as were six of his associates.

References 

1899 births
1953 deaths
Soviet people
People executed by firearm
Directors of intelligence agencies
The National Fascist Party was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Benito Mussolini founded the party in 1919 and served as its chairman (Italian:Presidente del Partito Nazionale Fascista) from 1919 to 1943. The party came to power after Mussolini led thousands of Blackshirts on a march in Rome and forced King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Mussolini then banned all other political parties and established a one-party police state, which lasted until he was thrown out of power by his own citizens and ordered to be arrested by the King in 1943. After Mussolini's arrest, the National Fascist Party was destroyed.

Later parties

Republican Fascist Party 
However, Mussolini was rescued from prison by German soldiers sent by Adolf Hitler in 1943, and was made the head of state (this time a member of the newly created Republican Fascist Party) of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state whose real laws were made by the Nazis.

Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens in 1945 and the Republican Fascist Party was dissolved and banned.

Political parties in Italy
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Fascism
Mary Frances Reynolds, better known as Debbie Reynolds (April 1, 1932 – December 28, 2016), was an American actress and singer. Reynolds was born in El Paso, Texas. She starred in many television programs and movies. She also had many songs and albums during her career. 

On December 28, 2016, Reynolds died at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a cerebral hemorrhage with hypertension being a factor, aged 84. This was one day after her daughter Carrie Fisher died.

References

Other websites 

1932 births
2016 deaths
Actors from El Paso, Texas
American movie actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Singers from Texas
Gerald Jermaine Wallace (born July 23, 1982) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the position of small forward. He has been nicknamed "Crash" for his aggressive style of play, and is known as one of the better defensive players in the league.

Early career
Wallace played high school basketball at Childersburg High School in Childersburg, Alabama. He then played college basketball for one year at the University of Alabama, then entered the 2001 NBA Draft.

NBA career
The Sacramento Kings chose Wallace with the 25th pick of the 2001 NBA Draft. Wallace was on the Kings for three seasons, but did not play much. His chance came in 2004. The Charlotte Bobcats were a new NBA team, and had a chance to choose players from other teams in an expansion draft. The Bobcats chose Wallace, who became an important part of the team over the next six years. In 2010, he was chosen to represent the Bobcats in the NBA All-Star Game, which made him the first Bobcats player to play in the All-Star Game. He also made the NBA All-Defensive First Team for that season.

On February 24, 2011, Wallace was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers.

References

Other websites

1982 births
Living people
American basketball players
Boston Celtics players
Charlotte Bobcats players
New Jersey Nets players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from Alabama
Thelma & Louise is a 1991 American adventure crime road movie starring Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise. Also starring in the movie are Michael Madsen, Harvey Keitel and Brad Pitt. It was among the highest-grossing movies of 1991.

Other websites 

1991 crime movies
1991 drama movies
1990s adventure movies
1990s buddy movies
1990s crime drama movies
1990s road movies
Academy Award winning movies
American adventure movies
American buddy movies
American crime drama movies
American road movies
Buddy drama movies
Chase movies

English-language movies
Female buddy movies
Feminist movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about murderers
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Movies set in Arizona
Movies set in Oklahoma
Suicide in movies
Dorothy Faye Dunaway (born January 14, 1941 in Bascom, Florida) is an American actress. She has starred in Bonnie and Clyde, Chinatown and The Thomas Crown Affair. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Network. Duanaway is a convert to Roman Catholicism.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Florida
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1941 births
Living people
The Old Melbourne Gaol is a large, historic prison in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The bluestone building was the first large prison built in Victoria. It was the location of many executions, including Ned Kelly who was hanged at the prison in 1880. It closed in 1929 and is now a museum.

Melbourne was first settled in 1835 and its first small gaol was built in 1839. A second gaol was built in 1841 next to the Supreme Court buildings. In 1852 work started on a new gaol based on the Pentonville Model Prison design. This had its own outside wall of solid bluestone. A second stage started in 1857, and the wall was extended in 1859. In 1860 the north wing, chapel, central hall and entrance was built. A western wing for female prisoners was started in 1862, and the outside wall was finished in 1864. There were also 17 jailer's houses, a chief warden's house and a hospital. It was built on a high point at the edge of the city. However a report in 1870 said the gaol should be closed and the prisoners moved to a more suitable location. The prison finally closed in 1929.

During World War II, the gaol was used as a military prison for Australian soldiers. After the war it became a storage building for the Victoria Police. Some of the buildings were pulled down to allow for the building of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, now Victoria University. In 1972 the buildings were taken over by the National Trust as a museum.

References

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Prisons
Museums in Australia
Law enforcement in Australia
1835 establishments
1830s establishments in Australia
1929 disestablishments
1920s disestablishments in Australia
Leukodystrophies are disorders which affect the white matter of the brain and the nervous system. Nerves are surrounded by fatty cover of a substance called myelin. In a leukodystrophy, there are problems with the growth or the development of  this cover. This affects the function of the respective nerve. Myelin is made of at least ten different chemicals. Leukodystrophy is a gene defect. As a result of this defect, one of the molecules that make up myelin cannot be synthesized as it should. 

Genetic disorders
William Clarke Quantrill (July 31, 1837 – June 6, 1865), was a Confederate leader during the American Civil War. Quantrill lead a Confederate unit along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s. Quantrill was a leader in the Lawrence Massacre in Lawrence, Kansas in 1863. Quantrill was killed in Kentucky in a  Union ambush in 1865.

References

1837 births
1865 deaths
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Bushwhackers
Jochen Hecht (born June 21, 1977 in Mannheim, West Germany) is a retired ice hockey centre that played a combined 13 seasons in the NHL.

He was picked by the St. Louis Blues with the 49th overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Hecht played 2 seasons with the St. Louis Blues, 1 season with the Edmonton Oilers and 10 seasons with the Buffalo Sabres. He also played 5 seasons in the DEL with Adler Mannheim. 

On April 26, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey to reporters in the locker room after the Sabres final regular season game against the New York Islanders.

References

Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Edmonton Oilers players
German ice hockey players
People from Mannheim
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
St. Louis Blues players
In economics, a Giffen good is one that people consume more of when its price increases. This violates the Law of Demand. This paradox is named after Robert Giffen, who first described it. Giffen observed that households that only had a minimum wage to survive, bought more bread when the bread price increased. This can be explained as follows: These households have to split their income between the cheap (and inferior) good, e.g. "bread", and an expensive good, e.g. meat. When the price of this inferior good increases by a certain amount, they can no longer afford to buy the more expensive good. For this reason, they spend more of their income on bread in order to be able to survive. 

Alfred Marshall wrote in Principles of Economics: 
There are however some exceptions. For instance, as Mr Giffen has pointed out, a rise in the price of bread makes so large a drain on the resources of the poorer labouring families and raises so much the marginal utility of money to them, that they are forced to curtail their consumption of meat and the more expensive farinaceous foods: and, bread being still the cheapest food which they can get and will take, they consume more, and not less of it. But such cases are rare; when they are met with they must be treated separately.

References

Goods
Growing Pains is an American situation comedy that aired beginning in 1985 and ended in 1992. The show focused on an upper middle class family who had three children together. Joanna Kerns played Maggie Seaver and Tracey Gold played Carol Seaver.

1980s American sitcoms
1985 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Degrassi: The Next Generation is a Canadian teen drama created by Yan Moore and Linda Schuyler. It was shown on CTV, MuchMusic and MTV Canada. The series has had fourteen seasons and had made 385 episodes.

The TV series spawned two movies: Degrassi Goes Hollywood in 2009 and Degrassi Takes Manhattan in 2010.

TV.com rated the series a 8.8.

In June 2014, it was announced that Degrassi would end. The last episode will air on July 31, 2015. Degrassi will be replaced by Degrassi: Next Class. The show will air on Netflix instead of TeenNick.

References

Other websites
Degrassi: The Next Generation at muchmusic.com

Canadian television series
2001 television series debuts
Drama television series
2001 establishments in Canada
2015 television series endings
2015 disestablishments in Canada
English-language television programs
Second City Television is a Canadian sketch comedy television series that first aired on September 21, 1976 and last aired on July 17, 1984. The series had 6 seasons and made 135 episodes. One of SCTV's most popular sketches was the Bob & Doug McKenzie sketches which featured Bob who was played by Rick Moranis and Doug is played by Dave Thomas. The sketch was so popular that it was given its own animated show in 2009 and was featured on the 2002 episode, "The Bart Wants What It Wants" of The Simpsons when they visit Toronto.

In Canada, reruns are shown on The Comedy Network.

Websites
SCTV at tv.com

References

Canadian television series
1976 television series debuts
Comedy television series
English-language television programs
Tracey Claire Fisher, better known as Tracey Gold (B. 16 May, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Carol Seaver in the sitcom Growing Pains from 1985 until 1992. She also acted in other television programs. The actress was born in New York City.

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1969 births
Living people
Heterozygote advantage is the situation where, at a gene locus, the heterozygote has greater fitness than either homozygote.p205 It is a type of balancing selection.

Sickle cell anaemia as an example 
Hb+ = gene for normal haemoglobin molecules; Hbs = mutant gene. Three genotypes are possible in a population: Hb+Hb+ producing a normal phenotype; Hb+Hbs the heterozygote; and HbsHbs homozygous for sickle cell anaemia.

Fitness 
The fitness of these three genotypes varies according to the environment. In the temperate zone, the normal homozygotes and the heterozygotes will leave most offspring. This is because the homozygote for sickle cell has less chance of surviving to leave children, and if they do survive, they will have many health problems.

In a tropical climate, such as equatorial Africa, malaria is a big killer. There, the heterozygote has the advantage in fitness. They do not get malaria so badly, and they do not suffer the earlier deaths of the homozygote sickle cell sufferers.

Not surprisingly, the Hbs gene is present in about a quarter of Africans from the countries near the equator. In Europeans it is a rare gene.

Polymorphism 
Heterozygote advantage is probably the main cause of polymorphism in biological species. Polymorphism, alternate genetic types in a population (for example different blood groups), is extremely common. The fitness of the heterozygotes keeps a wide range of alternate gene alleles in a population. This,  in turn, gives the population a wide range of genetic 'resources' and this gives a better chance of survival.

Related pages 
Hybrid vigour

References 

Classical genetics
Circuito de Jerez is a Spanish race track near Jerez de la Frontiera. It opened on December 8, 1985, and started holding motorcycling events and the Spanish Grand Prix in Formula One. The race was held in Jerez until 1990, since the circuit was in a remote (rural) area, and the Spanish Grand Prix was moved to Circuit de Catalunya in 1991.

However, in 1994, when the Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez was not finished for it's grand prix, known as the Argentine Grand Prix, Jerez hosted the European Grand Prix that year. As well, a chicane was added in Turn 11 to slow down the cars and to avoid possibly fatal (deadly) accidents, such as the one suffered by Roland Ratzenberger at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. The European Grand Prix returned in 1997, this time being the final race of the season, and the championship was going to be decided between Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve. However, during the podium celebrations, Jerez's Mayor Pedro Pacheco disrupted the podium celebrations by presenting a trophy that was supposed to be presented by a dignitary from Daimler-Benz, which was related to Mercedes, an engine supplier who won the race. This incident resulted on the track being temporarily banned from hosting a Grand Prix. It has never hosted another Grand Prix, but still holds winter testing during the pre-season, and still remains very popular.

As of 2010, the circuit still holds the Spanish Motorcycle Grand Prix, and has done so since 1990.

Formula One circuits
1985 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Spain
Bhangra started in the Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, and began as a folk dance which was conducted by Punjabi farmers of all creeds, Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus, to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. 

Bhangra became popular in Britain in the 1980s and the artists of Bhangra were selling over 30,000 cassettes a week in the UK even though not one of the artists made their way into the Top 40 UK Chart. Bhangra is also popular in Canada where singer, Jazzy B sold over 55,000 copies of his third album, Folk and Funky and became one of the best-selling Punjabi folk artists in the world. 

The outfits for Bhangra are Turla or torla, Pag, which is a turban that is a sign of pride/honor in Punjab and is tied differently than the traditional turbans that the Sikhs and other people wear on the street, Kurta which is a silk shirt, with about four buttons and is very loose with embroidered patterns, Lungi or chadar which is a loose loincloth tied around the dancer's waist, Jugi which is a waistcoat with no buttons, and Rumāl which are small scarves that are worn tied on to the fingers.

Other websites 

Bhangra website

References 

Dances
Dance in India
Pakistani culture
The Kia Sorento is a mid-size crossover SUV that is built by the Kia Motors company. The Sorento has had 2 generations during its time. The assembly for the Nissan Cube is in South Korea, United States and Kazakhstan. The current generation Sorento shares the same platform with the Hyundai Santa Fe.

Other websites
Kia Sorento at kia.ca

Kia automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Decimius Magnus Ausonius (ca. 310–395) was a Latin poet and rhetorician, born at Burdigala (Bordeaux).

Biography
Ausonius was born in Bordeaux in ca. 310. His father was a noted physician of Greek ancestry.

Ausonius had a strict upbringing by his aunt and grandmother and received an excellent education, especially in grammar and rhetoric, but said his Greek was not good. Having completed his studies, he trained for some time as a lawyer, but he preferred teaching. In 334, he established a school of rhetoric in Bordeaux, which was very popular. His most famous pupil was St. Paulinus of Nola, who later became Bishop of Nola.

After thirty years of this work, he was ordered by Valentinian to the imperial court to teach Gratian, the heir-apparent. The prince greatly respected his tutor, and after his accession bestowed on him the highest titles and honours that any Roman (besides from the royal family) could attain, culminating in the consulate in 379.

After the murder of Gratian in 383, Ausonius retired to his estates near Burdigala (now Bordeaux) in Gaul. These supposedly included the land now owned by Château Ausone, which takes its name from him. He appears to have been a late and perhaps not very enthusiastic convert to Christianity. He died about 395.

References

Other websites

 Works by Ausonius at the Internet Archive
 Latin text of Mosella and the Septem Sententiae
 Ausonius' Opera Omnia: IntraText Digital Library
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina
 wiki text and translation of Moselle

310s births
395 deaths
French poets
People from Bordeaux
A triumvirate is a group of three men. A duumvirate is a group of two.

The word is often used to mention a historical event or in talks of government. The word troika is Russian for triumvirate, and the term was used in the Soviet Union after V.I. Lenin died. Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev, and Grigory Zinoviev teamed up to gain power of the government. In the Soviet Union, troikas were usually considered to be three main people in the government: Party leader, head of state, and head of government.

In Ancient Rome,  Julius Caesar was a member of the first triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. In 43 B.C.E. after he was dead, Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian formed a second triumvirate to rule the Roman Empire.

Sources

Politics
In politics, the party leader is the most powerful official within a political party. The party leader is typically responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public. As such, he or she b.v.will be the person in the party the most responsible for convincing the electorate to vote for the party.

In many representative democracies, party leaders compete directly for high political office. For example, leaders of parties in presidential and semi-presidential republics will often run for President. In parliamentary systems of government, party leaders typically seek to become prime minister. In these countries, the party leader will try to be elected to the legislature, and, if elected, to simultaneously serve as the party's parliamentary leader.
Boysetsfire is an American post-hardcore rock band from Newark, Delaware. Boysetsfire has five members in the band; the current band members are Nathan Gray, Chad Istvan, Robert Ehrenbrand, Josh Latshaw and Matt Krupanski.

Band members 

Current
Nathan Gray – lead vocals, keyboard 
Josh Latshaw – guitar, backing vocals
Chad Istvan – guitar, backing vocals, piano, keyboard 
Robert Ehrenbrand – bass guitar, backing vocals
Matt Krupanski - drums 

Former
Rob Avery - Bass guitar
Darrell Hyde - Bass guitar

Discography 
So far as of 2014, Boysetsfire has released 5 Studio albums:

Albums
The Day the Sun Went Out (1997)
After the Eulogy (2000)
Tomorrow Come Today (2003)
The Misery Index: Notes from the Plague Years (2006)
While a Nation Sleeps... (2014)

Other websites 
Official website

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2010
2010 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Delaware
The University of Colorado Boulder is a public university in Boulder, Colorado. The university has about 30,196 students. It was founded in 1876.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Buffaloes. They have 14 varsity teams and they compete in the Pacific-12 Conference, which they joined in July 2011.

Law school 
The Law School at University of Colorado, Boulder, is ranked #40 by U.S. News & World Report. This is for the 2016 rankings and is out of 196 law schools.

References

Other websites
The University of Colorado Boulder

Association of American Universities
Pac-12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
1876 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Colorado
Murphy Brown is an American situation comedy. It aired beginning November 14, 1988 until May 18, 1998 and revived in 2018. on CBS. The show covered multiple subjects, including single parenting. Candice Bergen played the title character.

American sitcoms
1988 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
2018 television series endings
CBS network shows
English-language television programs