cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the children born to Japanese people who immigrated. The  emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called Issei; and their children born in the new country are called Nisei (second generation). The grandchildren of Issei are called Sansei (third generation).

The character and uniqueness of the Sansei is recognized in its social history.

History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Imigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community which grew from the immigrant children and grandchildren has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of Sansei grew up in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru. 

The use of the term Sansei was modeled after an Issei pattern or template.  In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use.  The word replaced the term "immigrant" (ijusha).  This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the Issei looked at themselves.  The label Issei also included the idea of belonging to the new country.

Cultural profile 
The term Nikkei (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century.  The Nikkei include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice.  Their Sansei grandsons and granddaughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their grandparents.

Although the Issei kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.  The Sansei had never known a country other than the one into which they were born.

The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.

Select list of notable Sansei 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Keiko Fujimori, Peruvian politician 
 Mike Honda (1941- ), US Congressman 
 Lawson Fusao Inada (1938- ), American poet
 Terry Kawamura (1949-1969), US Medal of Honor recipient in Vietnam War
 Doris Matsui (1944- ), US Congresswoman
 Robert Matsui (1941-2005), US Congressman
 Patsy Mink (1927-2002), US Congresswoman
 Kent Nagano (1951- ), American conductor
 Bev Oda, Canadian Member of Parliament
 Ellison Onizuka (1946-1986), US astronaut
 Mike Shinoda (1977- ), American musician 
 Eric Shinseki, US Secretary of Veterans Affairs
 David Suzuki, Canadian university professor
 Ronald Takaki, American university professor
 Mark Takano, US Congressman
 Dan Tani, US astronaut
 David Tsubouchi, Canadian lawyer and politician
 Rodney Yano (1943-1969), US Medal of Honor recipient in Vietnam War

Related pages
 Japanese American Internment

References

Other websites

 Japanese American National Museum
 Japanese American Historical Society
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Discover Nikkei

Japanese culture
Dondurma or Turkish mastic ice cream (, the ice cream of Maraş city). It is much more difficult and heavy than the Arabic mastic ice cream. It has more fatty because it has more sweet cream or heavy cream with a high fat percentage. In the past, people who lived in the mountains made it with snow, goat milk, mastic, and "dried orchidaceae powder" (type of "tubers"). In southeast Turkey, the ice cream was more solid and sticky because of the powder of the orchid flowers that grow there. This ice cream is so solid that a knife and fork is used to eat it.

In the Turkish Culture 
Dondurma is commonly sold from both street vendors' carts and store fronts, where the mixture is churned regularly with long-handled paddles to keep it workable. Vendors often tease the customer by serving the ice cream cone on a stick, and then taking away the dondurma with the stick by rotating it around, before finally giving it to the customer. This sometimes results in misunderstandings among customers unfamiliar with the practice. Vendors often wear traditional clothing of the Ottoman period. In some places in Turkey it is customary to treat the ice cream as a Shawarma and cut it with a butcher knife.

Mastic ice cream 
Mastic ice cream is common in Turkey, and Syria. It is named after the Mastic (plant resin) spice being traditionally produced on Greek island of Chios, and, like other natural resins, in its natural form it is "tears" or drops. Because the real mastic is expensive and difficult to find, ice cream sellers of the other countries prefer to replace the mastic spice with glucose.

a few years after than in the end of the 19th century the Persian ice cream which called: "Bastani Sonnati" was first made for the Persian king and based on the Mastic ice creams with Eggs and Spicees and for seasoning Persian desserts.

In the Middle East only the Arabic version of the ice cream is known, compared to the Far East which sells only the Turkish version of the ice cream. in Greece the Mastic ice creams is known only in areas close to Turkey and there it is called: "Kaimaki" by the locals.

Related pages 
 Booza

Other websites 

 The Tears of Chios – Mastic ice cream adventures
 Greek Mastic Ice Cream
 Ice Cream of Kahramanmaraş
 SBS food - Dondurma (Turkish Ice-cream)

Mastic ice creams
Food
Gurban Gurbanov (; born 13 April 1972, Zaqatala) is a retired Azerbaijani international footballer, who is today a manager of the Azerbaijani football team FK Qarabağ. He played in the forward position. His football career started with the local Azerbaijani football club Dashgyn Zagatala in 1989. Gurbanov had a 17-year long professional football career. He retired in 2006. He scored 174 goals in 396 league matches.

Playing career
He started his career in Dashgyn Zagatala, and then played for Mertskhali Ozurgeti, Turan Tovuz, Kur-Nur, Neftchi Baku, Dinamo Stavropol, Baltika Kaliningrad, Fakel Voronezh and Volgar Gazprom. The last club he played for was Inter Baku. In the 1996–97 season, Gurbanov was the leading scorer in the Azerbaijan Premier League for Neftchi with 25 goals. He was named Azerbaijan's Player of the Year once, in 2003.

International 
He played for the national team in their very first match on 17 September 1992, and until his retirement on January 2006 he has scored 14 goals in 66 international matches, which is the national team goalscoring record.

Managerial career 
After he had ended his football player's career, he became a sport director of the football club Inter. However, in summer 2006 he was made the head coach of Neftchi Baku. Since the beginning of the season 2008/08 he was made the head coach of FK Qarabağ.

In 2010, he became the most successful Azerbaijani manager in European competitions with 11 wins.

International goals

Honours

Player

Neftchi Baku
 Azerbaijan Premier League (2): 1996–97, 2003–04
 Azerbaijan Cup (1): 2003-04

Individual
 Azerbaijani Footballer of the Year: 2003
 Azerbaijan Premier League top goalscorer: 1996–97
 Azerbaijan national football team: Best scorer 14 goals.

Manager

Qarabağ
 Azerbaijan Cup (1): 2008–09

Individual
 The most successful Azerbaijani manager in European competitions: 11 wins.

References

Other websites 
 Profile at national-football-teams.com

Living people
1972 births
Azerbaijani footballers
The Maccabean Revolt was an insurrection by Jewish patriots (the Maccabees) against the Seleucid Empire and parties who wished to adopt Greek culture. The Seleucid Empire, which controlled present-day Syria and Israel, sought to make the Jewish people more Greek-like. The Seleucid Emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes installed a Greek idol Zeus in Jerusalem's Temple and forbade Jewish practices. Jewish individuals who wished to keep their identity and traditions did not like what Seleucids were doing and decided to fight against them. Judah Maccabee and his brothers led the rebellion, liberated Jerusalem, and restored the Temple. The Maccabees won the war and reestablished the kingdom of Judah.

Related pages
2 Maccabees

Rebellions in Asia
History of Hanukkah
George Bell Swift (December 14, 1845 – July 2, 1912) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1893; 1895–1897) for the Republican Party.  He was selected to replace the assassinated Carter Harrison, Sr. as Mayor pro tem in 1893 and lost his re-election bid.  He was re-elected when he ran in 1895.

Swift was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to Samuel W. Swift and Elizabeth Swift (born Bell). His family moved to Galena, Illinois when he was young. By his teenage years, the family was living in Chicago. Prior to serving as mayor of Chicago, Swift served two terms as an alderman.  From 1887 to 1889, he was the city's Commissioner of Public Works. Swift died on July 2, 1912 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 66.

References

1845 births
1912 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Mayors of Chicago
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Chicago City Council members
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (October 12, 1853 – May 24, 1937) was an American politician. He was the 24th Governor of Illinois from 1913 to 1917. He was Mayor of Chicago from April 5, 1905 to 1907.

Dunne was born on October 12, 1853 in Watertown, Connecticut. He was raised in Peoria, Illinois and in Chicago, Illinois. Dunne was married to Elizabeth J. Kelly until her death in 1928. Dunne died on May 24, 1937 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 83.

References

Other websites

 Public Transportation and the Failure of Municipal Socialism in Chicago, 1905-1907: 
 Chicago and Municipal Ownership, by Edward F. Dunne, National Magazine, June 1905
 

1853 births
1937 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Connecticut
Lawyers from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Chicago
William Emmett Dever (March 13, 1862 – September 3, 1929) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1923 through 1928. During his term he helped clean and fix the entire city of Chicago.

Early life
Dever was born on March 13, 1862 in Wobrun, Massachusetts. He was raised in Boston, Massachusetts and in Chicago, Illinois.

Career
Dever's term in office saw many improvements to the city, including the completion of Wacker Drive, the extension of Ogden Avenue, the straightening of the Chicago River and the building of the city's first airport, Municipal Airport. He also fought against the corrupting influence of bootlegging and gangsters. Despite considering himself a "wet", he enforced prohibition since it was the law of the land. The media labeled his war on bootleggers as the "Great Beer War" and it resulted in a decline of crime.

Death
Dever died on September 3, 1929 in Chicago, Illinois from cancer, aged 67.

References

1862 births
1929 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
US Democratic Party politicians
Francis Cornwall Sherman (September 18, 1805 – November 7, 1870) served as Mayor of Chicago two terms (1841–1842, 1862–1865) for the Democratic Party.
 
Sherman was born on September 18, 1805 in Newton, Connecticut. He was a brick manufacturer and made the bricks for Archibald Clybourne's mansion. In July 1835, he was elected a village trustee. In 1837, he opened the City Hotel, later the Sherman House. He continued to work as a contractor and builder, eventually serving as mayor of Chicago three times.
 
His son, Francis Trowbridge Sherman, was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War.

Sherman died on November 7, 1870 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 65. 

He was married to Electa Trowbridge in Danbury, Connecticut before moving here in Chicago. They had seven children.

Other websites
First Inaugural Address
Second Inaugural Address
Third Inaugural Address

1805 births
1870 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
William Hale Thompson (May 14, 1869 – March 19, 1944) was an American who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1915 to 1923 and again from 1927 to 1931. Known as "Big Bill", Thompson was the last Republican to serve as Mayor of Chicago.

Thompson was born on May 14, 1869 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Thompson died on March 19, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 74.

References

1869 births
1944 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
US Republican Party politicians
Augustus Garrett (1801 – November 30, 1848) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois  twice (1843–1844, 1845–1846) for the Democratic Party.

Garrett was born in 1801 in New York City, New York. He was married to Elize Clark. They had no children. Garrett died on November 30, 1848 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 47.

Other websites
First Inaugural Address
Invalidated Second Inaugural Address
Third Inaugural Address

1801 births
1848 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
John Charles Haines (May 26, 1818 – July 4, 1896) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1858–1860) for the Democratic Party.

Haines was born on May 26, 1818 in Deerfield, New York. Haines died on July 4, 1896 in Waukegan, Illinois, aged 78.

References

Other websites
Inaugural Address
Inaugural Address

1818 births
1896 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Politicians from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
People from Waukegan, Illinois
John Wentworth (March 5, 1815 – October 16, 1888) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago two times.

Wentworth was born on March 5, 1815 in Sandwhich, New Hampshire. He studied at Dartmouth College. He was married to Roxanna Marie Loomis. Wentworth died on October 16, 1888 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 73.

References

Other websites

 John Wentworth, "First Inaugural Address", Chicago Public Library
 John Wentworth, "Second Inaugural Address", Chicago Public Library

1815 births
1888 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from New Hampshire
US Republican Party politicians
Michael Makoto Honda (born June 27, 1941), also known as Mike Honda, is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for the 17th District of California until 2017 when he lost to Democrat Ro Khanna.

Early life
Honda was born in Walnut Grove, California in 1941.  He is the son of Japanese American parents.  He calls himself Sansei, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

References

Other websites

 Congressman Mike Honda at US House website 
Mike Honda at Peace Corps

1941 births
Living people
People from San Jose, California
United States representatives from California
Fred Busse (March 3, 1866 – July 9, 1914) was the mayor of Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois, from 1907 to 1911.

Busse was born on March 3, 1866 in Chicago, Illinois. He was secretly married to Josephine Lee from 1902 until his death in 1914. Busse died on July 9, 1914 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart disease, aged 48.

References

1866 births
1914 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
US Republican Party politicians
Julian Sidney Rumsey (April 3, 1823 – April 20, 1886) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1861–1862) for the Republican Party.

Rumsey was born on April 3, 1823 in Batavia, New York. Rumsey died on April 20, 1886 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 63.

References

Other websites
 

1823 births
1886 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
US Republican Party politicians
Robert Takeo Matsui (September 17, 1941–January 1, 2005) was an American Democratic politician.  He was the U.S. Representative for the 5th District of California. He was in office from 1979 until his death. His wife, Doris Matsui, replaced him.

Matsui was born in Sacramento, California.  He comes from a Japanese-American family. He is Sansei, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Matsui family was interned Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942.   

At the University of California, Berkeley, Matsui earned a BA in political science in 1963.  He graduated from Hastings College of Law in 1966.

Matsui was the second Japanese American from the U.S. mainland elected to the US Congress.  Also, he was the first Sansei congressman.

Matsui died of pneumonia caused by myelodysplastic syndrome on January 1, 2005 at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland at the age of 63.

References

Other websites
 Doris Matsui

1941 births
2005 deaths
US Democratic Party politicians
United States representatives from California
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Deaths from pneumonia
Politicians from Sacramento, California
The Supreme Court of Israel () is the highest court of Israel. It is located in Jerusalem, in the neighbourhood of Givet Ram. After Israel was established in 1948, the Supreme Court was sitting in the Russian Compound in Jerusalem. In 1986, the government held a contest to build a new building for the court and in 1992 the supreme court was moved to a new building next to the Knesset.

Since 2017 Esther Hayut has been president of the Supreme Court.

List of presidents
 Moshe Smoira (1948–1954)
 Yitzhak Olshan (1954–1965)
 Shimon Agranat (1965–1976)
 Yoel Zussman (1976–1980)
 Moshe Landau (1980–1982)
 Yitzhak Kahan (1982–1983)
 Meir Shamgar (1983–1995)
 Aharon Barak (1995–2006)
 Dorit Beinisch (2006–2012)
 Asher Grunis (2012–2015)
 Miriam Naor (2015–2017)
 Esther Hayut (since 2017)

Other websites 

Israeli Judicial Authority
Jewish Virtual Library: The Judicial Branch

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Government of Israel
Israel
Beverley Joan "Bev" Oda, PC, MP (born July 27, 1944) is a Canadian teacher, television broadcaster and politician. She was the first Japanese-Canadian member of the House of Commons of Canada.

Early life, education
Oda was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario. She was the daughter of Japanese Canadian parents. She was a Sansei, which means that she was the granddaughter of people born in Japan who immigrated to Canada.  

Oda earned a degree from the University of Toronto.

Career
Oda was the first Japanese-Canadian to be appointed a Cabinet Minister.  She was a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.

References

Other websites
  "Bev Oda quitting as MP and cabinet minister" at CBC

1944 births
Living people
Privy Councillors (Canada)
People from Thunder Bay
Vakkom Majeed (20 December 1909  – 10 July 2000) was an Indian freedom fighter, politician and a former member of the Travancore-Cochin State Assembly. He was born in Vakkom, Travancore, in the Madras Presidency of British India. He died in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

References 

People of British India
Indian politicians
1909 births
2000 deaths
David Tsubouchi is a Canadian lawyer and politician.

Early life
Tsubouchi was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is the son of Japanese Canadian parents. He is Sansei, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to Canada.

At York University, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1972 and a law degree in 1975.

Career
Tsubouchi was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003. He is the first Japanese-Canadian to hold a cabinet position in a Canadian provincial government. 

He is a member of the Board of Governors of York University.

References

1952 births
Living people
Mauno Koivisto (25 November 1923 – 12 May 2017) was a Finnish politician. He was the ninth President of Finland and the 32nd Prime Minister of Finland.

Early life
Koivisto was born in Turku. His family was not rich, his father was a carpenter building ships. His mother died when he was young. He finished school in young age, and took odd jobs. In Second world war Koivisto volunteered at the front. After the war he joined Social democratic party.

Koivisto studied in his adult age and became doctor of law in 1953.

Prime Minister
In 1968 Koivisto become prime minister of Finland. He was very popular. His popularity helped him to become president in 1982 when Urho Kekkonen was too sick to continue. Koivisto won a second term in election.

President
As a president, Koivisto continued line of Kekkonen and was careful to practice neutral policy. This meant hthat he was not too visibly anti-soviet or pro-soviet. During his time Finland changed constituttion so that the president had less power than before.

Death
Koivisto's health declined in December 2016 due to Alzheimer's disease and his wife Tellervo started as his caregiver.

In January 2017, Koivisto fell badly at his home and broke his hand, after which he moved to a nursing home. In May 2017, Koivisto was put in end-of-life care. Koivisto died on 12 May 2017 in Helsinki from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 Pictures

1923 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Presidents of Finland
Prime Ministers of Finland
O Foxo is a village in north-western Spain. It is in the parish of Silleda, in Pontevedra, Galicia. In 2007, it had a population of 54 people, 26 of them were men and 28 were women. This represents a decrease in the number of people over the year 2000. It was also the former capital of the county.

Bibliography

Other websites 

 Silleda municipal web site
 Silleda tourist web site

Towns in Spain
Galicia
This article is about fourth-generation Japanese immigrants or emigrants.  For other uses, see Yonsei.
 is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the children born to Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called Issei; and their children born in the new country are called Nisei (second generation). The grandchildren of Issei are called Sansei (third generation) and their great-grandchildren are called Yonsei.

The character and uniqueness of the Yonsei is recognized in its social history.  The Yonsei are the subject of on-going academic research in the United States and Japan.

History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Imigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community which grew from the immigrant children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of Yonsei grew up in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru. 

The use of the term Yonsei was modeled after an Issei pattern or template.  In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use.  The word replaced the term "immigrant" (ijusha).  This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the Issei looked at themselves.  The label Issei also included the idea of belonging to the new country.

Cultural profile 
The term Nikkei (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century.  The Nikkei include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in another country by choice.  Their Yonsei great-grandsons and great-granddaughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their great-grandparents.

Although the Issei kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.  The Yonsei had never known a country other than the one into which they were born.

The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, religious practice, and other matters.

Select list of notable Yonsei 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Warren Furutani (1947- ), American politician
 Colleen Hanabusa (1951- ), US Congresswoman
 Gina Hiraizumi
 Garrett Hongo
 David Horvitz.
 Grant Imahara
 Travis Ishikawa
 Brandon League 
 Devin Setoguchi
 Don Wakamatsu
 Kristi Yamaguchi (1971- ), American Olympic athlete (1992), skater

References

Other websites

 Japanese American National Museum
 Japanese American Historical Society
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Discover Nikkei

Japanese culture
Colleen Wakako Hanabusa (born May 4, 1951) is an American lawyer and politician. She was the U.S. Representative for the 1st District of Hawaii from 2011 to 2015 and again from 2016 to 2019.

Early life
Colleen was born in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1951.  She is the daughter of Japanese American parents.  She calls herself Yonsei, which means that she is the great-granddaughter of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

References

Other websites

Congresswoman Colleen Hanabusa at U.S. House website 

US Democratic Party politicians
1951 births
Living people
United States representatives from Hawaii
Politicians from Honolulu
Businesspeople from Hawaii
Lawyers from Hawaii
The Football Federation of Azerbaijan (AFFA) () is the governing body of football in Azerbaijan. It organizes the football league, Azerbaijani Premier League, and the Azerbaijani national football team. It is based in Baku.

Other websites 
 Football Federation of Azerbaijan 

Football in Azerbaijan
1992 establishments in Azerbaijan
UEFA
Argleton is a place name of a village that does not really exist. It is a phantom settlement that was shown on Google Maps. It was located in the parish of Aughton, Lancashire.  An employee of Edge Hill University noticed this in 2008, and could show that at the location, there are only empty fields. 

Some people have suggested that Google added a fake village to Google Maps on purpose to catch out other people in case they plagiarised their work. However, other people have suggested that Google Maps just made a mistake. Argleton had been removed from Google Maps by May 2010.

References 

Internet memes
Lancashire
Google
Fictional locations
Sadao Munemori (born August 17, 1922-April 5, 1945) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Munemori was born in Los Angeles, California to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

During World War II, Munemori's parents and siblings were interned at the Manzanar concentration camp.

Soldier
Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the US Army.

Munemori volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in April 1945, he was the only Japanese American to be awarded the Medal of Honor during or immediately after World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
Munmori's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1945.  Without help from others, he attacked two machine guns before smothering a grenade blast with his body.

The words of Munemori's citation explain:
He fought with great gallantry and intrepidity near Seravezza, Italy. When his unit was pinned down by grazing fire from the enemy's strong mountain defense and command of the squad devolved on him with the wounding of its regular leader, he made frontal, one-man attacks through direct fire and knocked out two machine guns with grenades. Withdrawing under murderous fire and showers of grenades from other enemy emplacements, he had nearly reached a shell crater occupied by two of his men when an unexploded grenade bounced on his helmet and rolled toward his helpless comrades. He arose into the withering fire, dived for the missile and smothered its blast with his body. By his swift, supremely heroic action Pfc. Munemori saved two of his men at the cost of his own life and did much to clear the path for his company's victorious advance.

Namesake
Sadao Munemori is the namesake of a part of the California highway system, a ship, a building and an American Legion post.
 Sadao S. Munemori Memorial Interchange between I-105 and I-405 highways in Los Angeles
 USNS Private Sadao S. Munemori (T-AP-190), a troop ship
 Sadao S. Munemori Hall at the US Army Reserve Center in West Los Angeles
 Sadao Munemori American Legion Post 321 in Los Angeles

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites 
 
 Image of Munemori Memorial Interchange in LA 
 Image of statue of Munemori at Pietrasanto Italy 

1922 births
1945 deaths
People from Los Angeles
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
is the Japanese traditional doll.

The doll has a very simple shape;only the head of the globe and the body of the column. A joint of the head and the body was made thin so that a child was easy to grasp it.

History
Kokeshi came to be sold as a souvenir in the Tohoku district from Edo era.

When the Taisho era began, kokeshi turned into the role as the appreciation things of adult rather than the toy of the child.

An all-Japan kokeshi contest is held every year in May. Since 1954, the annual Prime Minister's prize has been awarded to the best work of creative kokeshi makers.

Types of kokeshi
There are 250+ types of kokeshi.

This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

, Iwate Prefecture
, Miyagi Prefecture
, Fukushima Prefecture
, Aomori Prefecture

How to get kokeshi
specialized store
folk craft shop
exhibition of specialty goods
order from craftsman of kokeshi directly

and so on

References

Other websites

 "32nd Michinoku Kokeshi Festival" at Destination Tohoku 
  "Kokeshi" at Japanya.co.uk

Japanese culture
Bulguksa is a temple of Korean Buddhism in Gyeongju in South Korea. It was designated as a historic site number 502 by Korean government. In 1995, Bulguksa was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.  It is known as one of the tourist attractions in Korea, where over 2 million people are visiting each year. It includes Dabotap(Korea's national treasure number 20) and Seokgatap(Korea's national treasure number 21), Cheongun-gyo(Blue Cloud Bridge, Korea's national treasure number 23) and Backun-gyo(White Cloud Bridge, Korea's national treasure number 23), and two gilt-bronze statues(Korea's national treasure number 26, 27) of Buddha.

History
The temple was made in the Silla kingdom, the golden age of Buddhist art. According to Samguk yusa (Three Kingdoms of Korea's history book), the temple had begun to be constructed under King Kyeongdeok in 751 and completed in 774. Kim Daeseong, the Prime Minister of Silla, decided to construct this temple in order to cherish the memory of his parents. The name of the temple 'Bulguk' means the country of Buddha. He wanted to his parents live happily in the Buddha's country after they died.

Bulguksa has been reconstructed thoroughout history. Especially in the Japanese colonial era, it was damaged a lot and lost its valuable treasures. After the independence of the Republic of Korea, Korean government started to reconstruct and reorganize the temple.

National Treasures in Bulguksa
Dabotap and Seokgatap (Num 21, 22)
Dabotap is well known for its feminine and sophisticated beauty. Its height is 10.4m and it is representative of Korea's unique pagodas.
Seokgatap is relatively simple and masculine compared to Dabotap. Its height is also 10.4, which makes Dabotap and Seokgatap the twin pagodas in Bulguksa.

Chengun-gyo (Num 23)
At the entrance of Bulguksa is Chengun-gyo. It is said that the bridge links the human world to the world of Buddhist. It is decorated with stones very beautifully and its structure is so solid that it can withstand earthquakes.

References

 KOREA TOURISM ORGANIZATION  
 
 National treasure of Korea

Other websites

 Official Site of Korea Tourism Org : Bulguksa 

Buddhist temples
Buildings and structures in South Korea
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
Buckner Stith Morris (August 19, 1800 – December 16, 1879) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1838 to 1839. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was in jail for 9 months because of war conflicts.

Morris was born on August 19, 1800 in Augusta, Kentucky. Morris was married to Evlina Barker until her death. Then he was married to Elize Stephenson until her death. Then he was married to M. E. Parrish until his death. He had three children. Morris died on December 16, 1879 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 79.

References

1800 births
1879 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Chicago, Illinois
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Whig party (US) politicians
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Kentucky
Lawyers from Chicago
Chicago City Council members
The Seoul Lantern Festival () is a festival that takes place in Seoul, South Korea. It shows various themes through lanterns. It is hosted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and is organized by the Seoul Tourism Organization. It has been celebrated every year since 2009. It has officially become an annual event. It is usually held from early in November and lasts 2 weeks. 

In 2012, as 2.57 million people visited the festival, it gets to become the representative festival of Seoul.

Other websites
Official website - with photographs of each theme

Festivals in Asia
Korean culture
Seoul
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
The vibraslap is a percussion instrument. It is a modern version of the jawbone. Due to the fragile nature of the jawbone, the vibra-slap was created to provide a stronger alternative with a similar sound. It has been used mainly in popular music. Several rock bands have used this sound for the last decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century. It is also popular in Latin music. 

The vibraslap is made of a cowbell-shaped hollow box (acting as a resonator) and a wooden ball connected by a steel rod. The steel rod is bent in an "L" shape that allows the performer to hold the rod in one hand and strike the ball with the palm of their other hand. The steel rod acts as a sort of spring that vibrates the box on the other end. The box acts as a resonating body for a metal mechanism placed inside with a number of loosely fastened pins or rivets that vibrate and rattle against the box, much like the teeth of the jawbone. The vibraslap is produced in a number of sizes using different materials such as wood, metal or composite materials.

The Vibra-Slap was the first patent granted to the instrument manufacturing company Latin Percussion.
The Vibra-Slap's inventor was Martin Cohen. It is sometimes sold as a "Donkey Call" or "Rattleslap".

Percussion instruments
Mercury poisoning is a health disturbance caused by high levels of exposure to mercury. 

In the environment, with the exception of rare geological provinces, the mercury content is low, but its toxic compounds are very mobile. It should be taken into account that the main source of mercury entering the environment is geological and geochemical processes in the earth's crust, and not human activity. 

Thus, anthropogenic pollution of the environment with mercury in the late 90s of the last century accounted for about 40% of the total metal emissions. The remaining 60% was provided by volcanic activity (emissions of Hg vapors with volcanic gases) and seepage of mercury vapor into the atmosphere from the deep layers of the lithosphere.

Over the past two decades, the global production and use of mercury has decreased by almost an order of magnitude, which leads to a further decrease in the proportion of anthropogenic pollution of nature with this metal.

Symptoms of mercury poisoning include pink in the cheeks, fingertips, and toes, swelling, unexplainable sweating, lots of saliva, fast heartbeat, high blood pressure, and hair loss for some people. Mercury exposure happens most often when you eat certain types of fish or via other ways.

References 

Health problems
Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) is an international non-profit organization. It works with university students who want to change their communities positively and learn practical knowledge to become socially responsible business leaders. Students form teams in their campuses and use business model to make better the quality of life and standard of living for people in need.

History 
SIFE, was established in 1975 in the United States by Robert T. Davis. SIFE was originally a regional leadership training program attended by university students who taught their communities what they had learned. Eventually, these university students competed on the outcomes of their efforts.

Operating system 
More than 1,600 university campuses in 39 countries take part in SIFE's projects. SIFE gives these students the chance to develop leadership, teamwork and communication skills through learning, practicing and teaching the knowledge of free enterprise. SIFE Teams teach important concepts including market economics, entrepreneurship, personal and financial success, and business studies, their communities and their countries.

Competitions 
Each year, SIFE competitions are held worldwide, so called World Cup, with thousands of students and business leaders. Teams present their projects to judges who evaluate those projects and determine which teams had the most impact improving the quality of life and standard of living for members of their community.
Every country organizes a national competition to pick up national champion and give him a opportunity to compete at the World Cup. 
The criterion is as follows:
``Considering the relevant economic, social and environmental factors, which SIFE team most effectively empowered people in need by applying business and economic concepts and an entrepreneurial approach to improve their quality of life and standard of living.``

Partners 
SIFE partners include corporations, organizations and individuals' foundations such as HSBC, PepsiCo, Unilever, DELL, Microsoft.

Other websites
SIFE is now called Enactus. Here is the press release link - http://enactus.org/sife-changes-their-name-to-highlight-a-deep-commitment-to-entrepreneurial-action/#.W4mPFvmnGUk

Previous  (no longer working)
Current Official website

International organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair was a naval battle that took place off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia on June 22, 1807. The English warship  attacked and boarded the American . The British were looking for people who had deserted the Royal Navy. The commander of the American ship surrendered his vessel to the British. When he returned home, he was tired, and had to leave the military.

The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair made many Americans angry. Some of them wanted to go to war with Great Britain, but most people did not. President Thomas Jefferson tried to use the anger to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British diplomats showed that they felt they did nothing wrong in the matter. The diplomats also said that impressment would continue. Jefferson's political failure to solve the problem with Great Britain led him towards economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807.

Further reading
Perkins, Bradford. 1968. Embargo: Alternative to War (Chapter 8 from Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805-1812, University of California Press, 1968) in Essays on the Early Republic 1789-1815. Leonard Levy, Editor. Dryden Press, 1974.

References

1800s in the United States
Battles
Royal Navy
United States Navy
19th century in the United Kingdom
June events
1807
19th century in Virginia
Molecular cloning is a type of work in molecular biology. It is used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules, and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning means a DNA molecule from a single living cell is used to make a large population of cells containing identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning methods are central to many areas of modern biology and medicine.

Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for multiplying (replicating) the recombinant DNA. 

In a molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is got from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to get smaller DNA fragments. These fragments are then joined with vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This produces a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are "transgenic" or genetically-modified microorganisms (GMO). 

This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.

History 
The idea of using molecular cloning to produce recombinant DNA was invented by Paul Berg, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980, jointly with Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger.

References 

DNA
Genetic engineering
is a Japanese city in Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

History

Tokoname has been known for making ceramics since the 12th century.  The city is Japan's top producer of Maneki Neko.

Geography
Tokoname is on the western coast of Chita Peninsula in southern Aichi Prefecture.

Related pages
 Chūbu International Airport

References

Other websites

Tokoname City website 
  "Giant Maneki Neko....Tokoname Japan" at Panoramio 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Aichi Prefecture
Benjamin Wright Raymond (June 15, 1801 – April 6, 1883) was an American politician who twice served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1839–1840, 1842–1843) for the Whig Party.

Raymond was born on June 15, 1801 in Rome, New York. He studied at St. Lawrence Academy. Raymond was married to Amelia Porter from 1835 until his death in 1883. They had a son, George Lansing. Raymond died on April 6, 1883 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 
 1842 Inaugural Address

1801 births
1883 deaths
Whig party (US) politicians
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Alexander Loyd (August 19, 1805 – May 7, 1872) was an American politician. He served one term as Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1840 until 1841 for the Democratic Party.

Loyd was born on August 19, 1805 in Orange County, New York. He was raised in Chicago. He was married until her death. They had four children. Loyd died on May 7, 1872 in West Lyons, Illinois from heart failure, aged 66.

References

Other websites
 Inaugural Address
 Grave at Rosehill Cemetery

1805 births
1872 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
The Central Texas Council of Governments (CTCOG) is a voluntary association of cities, counties and special districts in central Texas.

It is based in Belton, Texas the Central Texas Council of Governments is a member of the Texas Association of Regional Councils.

Military community
Fort Hood is located in Bell and Coryell Counties and is the largest employer in the CTCOG region. The U.S. Census recognizes Fort Hood as a Census-Designated Place; in 2010 the Fort Hood CDP had 29,589 residents.

References

Other websites
Central Texas Council of Governments - Official site.

Texas
1968 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
John Putnam Chapin (April 21, 1810 – July 27, 1864) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1846–1847). He was a member of the Whig Party.

Chapin was born on April 21, 1810 in Bradford, Vermont. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Chapin died on July 27, 1864 in Chicago from a heart attack, aged 54.

References

1810 births
1864 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Whig party (US) politicians
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Vermont
Signs and symptoms are two words that doctors use to describe how a medical problem causes changes in a person's body.

Signs 
A sign is a change in the body that can be heard, seen, felt, or smelled by a doctor.  A sign may also be shown on medical tests like X-rays or blood tests.  For example:
 A doctor can hear changes in breathing sounds when he listens to a person's lungs with a stethoscope.  These changes can be a sign of different breathing problems.
A doctor can see that a person has a bruise or swelling.  These are signs of an injury to the body. 
A doctor can feel that a bone seems crooked or broken.  This may be a sign of a bone fracture (broken bone). 
A doctor can smell that a person's breath smells like fruit.  This can be a sign of very high blood sugar.
A doctor can see on an X-ray that a bone is broken.  This is a sign of a bone fracture.

Symptoms 
A symptom is a change in the body that cannot be seen, heard, felt, or smelled by a doctor.  It also cannot be shown on medical tests.  A symptom is something that only the person having the symptom can see, hear, feel, or smell.  For example:
 Before a migraine headache, a person may see flashing lights that are not really there.  Nobody but that person can see the lights, and they will not show up on any medical tests.  This is called an aura, and it is a symptom of a migraine.
 Sometimes, people will hear a ringing sound, like a phone ringing, in their ears.  This can be a symptom of ear problems or hearing problems.
 Pain is a common symptom.  A doctor cannot see, hear, or feel pain, or see it on tests.  Only the person having the pain can feel it.  If a person is having pain, like a headache or a stomach ache, there is no way for the doctor to know unless the person tells the doctor.
 Sometimes, before a person has a seizure, they may smell something that is not really there.  Nobody but that person can smell it.  This can be a symptom of an aura, warning that a seizure is going to happen.

Signs and symptoms often happen together 
Often, medical problems cause both signs and symptoms.  For example:

References