cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Joe Tallari (born October 5, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player.

Playing career 
In 2001 Tallari began his career playing for Niagara University where he was team's senior captain. Tallari moved to the Hartford Wolf Pack, the farm team for the New York Rangers. He stayed for just one season before moving to the Johnstown Chiefs of the ECHL, where he again topped the 50 point mark.

Over the following three seasons, Tallari switched between teams in the ECHL and the AHL, spending time with the Cleveland Barons, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers (on two occasions) and the Las Vegas Wranglers.  He then moved to Europe, signing with the Manchester Phoenix in the summer of 2007 to play under Tony Hand.  Tallari finished the season as the EIHL's second highest goal scorer, with 55 goals and 38 assists in 59 games.  This performance won Tallari the 'Best Newcomer' award at the 2008 Man of Ice Awards and ensured his selection for the 2007-08 EIHL All-Star team.

In April 2008 it was announced that Tallari would leave Manchester to sign for the Hockey Club Pustertal-Val Pusteria in order to try and qualify for the Italian national team. On 07 May 2009 he left Hockey Club Pustertal-Val Pusteria and signed a contract with HC Eppan Pirats Internorm.

References

Other websites

Arrivederci Joe, Tallari Lands Italian Dream   EIHL Official Website, 11/04/08.

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
ECHL players
is a Japanese female electropop group from Hiroshima, Japan. The members are Ayano Ōmoto, Yuka Kashino and Ayaka Nishiwaki.  They started in 2001 and joined a major label in 2005. As of June 2009, the group has released nine major label singles to great success.

Since 2003, Perfume has been produced by Yasutaka Nakata, founder of the group Capsule and the Contemode label. The group's original sound changed to electronic, dance and pop music taking on Auto-Tune and electro house when they joined major label.

Profile
Yuka Kashino (Kashiyuka)

Birth: 1988.12.23

Blood type: A

Hobbies and favorite things: 
Ice cream, hair care, sparkling jewelry, photography, memorizing lines of commercials.

Ayano Omoto (Nocchi)

Birth: 1988.9.20

Blood type: A

Hobbies: Sleeping, watching TV and movies, reading books, making Misanga, aroma, photography, shopping

Special skills: Working hard and detailed, puzzles.

Ayaka Nishiwaki (A-chan)

Birth: 1989.2.15

Blood: A

Hobbies and favorite things: Flower pattern design, lace, sparkling things, mascara, pink pajamas

Special skills: Health and fitness enthusiast.

History
Perfume formed in 2000.
In 2003 in Tokyo, they met someone who would become a crucial to their success - Capsule's Yasutaka Nakata,
who is the main producer for them.
 
They released Linear Motor girl, which managed to chart on the oricon chart on September 21, 2005.
Also they released two other singles, "Computer City" and "Electro World" in 2006.
In 2008, They released "Polyrhythm", which Perfume is famous for. It reached #7 on oricon chart. 
 In 2011 Perfume switched labels, and their single ''Spring of Life'' was their first under Universal Music Japan.

Discography
These are some of Perfume's singles.

Indie Singles

2002.03.21 Omajinai★Perori (OMAJINAI★ペロリ)
2002.11.01 Kareshi Boshūchū (彼氏募集中)
2003.08.06 Sweet Donuts (スウィートドーナッツ)
2004.03.17 Monochrome Effect (モノクロームエフェクト)
2004.09.08 Vitamin Drop (ビタミンドロップ)

Major Singles
2005.09.21 Linear Motor Girl (リニアモーターガール)
2006.01.11 Computer City (コンピューターシティ)
2006.06.28 Electro World (エレクトロ・ワールド)
2007.02.14 Fan Service [sweet] (ファン・サーヴィス[sweet])
2007.09.12 Polyrhythm (ポリリズム)
2008.01.16 Baby cruising Love/Macaroni (Baby cruising Love/マカロニ)
2008.07.09 love the world
2008.11.19 Dream Fighter
2009.03.25 One Room Disco (ワンルーム・ディスコ)
2010.04.14 Fushizenna Girl / Natural ni Koishite (不自然なガール / ナチュラルに恋して)
2010.08.11 VOICE
 2010.11.10 Nee (ねぇ)
 2011.05.18 Laser Beam / Kasukana Kaori (レーザービーム / 微かなカオリ)
 2011.11.02 Spice (スパイス)
 2012.04.11 Spring of Life
 2012.08.15 Spending all my time
 2013.02.27 Mirai no Museum (未来のミュージアム)
 2013.05.22 Magic of Love
 2013.11.27 Sweet Refrain
 2014.07.16 Cling Cling
 2015.04.29 Relax in the City / Pick Me Up
 2015.10.28 STAR TRAIN
 2016.03.16 FLASH

References

Other websites
Perfume global site
Perfume official site: Biography 

J-pop bands
People from Hiroshima
Musical groups established in 2001
Masai Mara National Reserve  is a National Park in Kenya, East Africa. It was established in 1948 as a wildlife sanctuary, and has been made larger since then.

Masai Mara is a game reserve type of park, meant to protect the animals on the savannah of the Serengeti. It is named after the Maasi people, who are the traditional people of the area. Big as it is, the Masai Mara National Reserve is only a fraction of the Greater Mara Ecosystem.

The Mara is effectively the northern continuation of the Serengeti National Park game reserve in Tanzania.

The Great Migration 
This natural event is famous for involving a great population of large mammals. Huge numbers of herbivores migrate each year, followed by the big cats. The zebra, Thomson's gazelle, wildebeest, African buffalo, giraffe, elephants and others arrive to eat fresh grass after the rain, and later move on. Lions, leopards, cheetahs follow, and also vultures and hyaenas. hippos and Nile crocodiles are in the rivers. It is called The Great Migration.

The Great Migration is one of the most impressive natural events worldwide. Taking part each year are some 1,300,000 wildebeest, 500,000 Thomson's gazelles, 97,000 Topi, 18,000 eland, and 200,000 zebra. These plant-eating migrants are followed along their annual, circular route by hungry predators, most notably lions and hyena.

More than 470 species of birds have been identified in the park, many of which are migrants. Almost 60 species are raptors (birds of prey). Birds that call this area home for at least part of the year include: vultures, marabou storks, secretary birds, hornbills, crowned cranes, ostriches, long-crested Eagles, African pygmy-falcons and the lilac-breasted roller, which is the national bird of Kenya

References 

Kenya
National parks in Africa
IUCN Category II
1948 establishments
20th-century establishments in Africa
Helen Hayes Brown (October 10, 1900 – March 17, 1993) was an American actress. Her career lasted for almost 70 years. Known as the "First Lady of the American Theatre", she is one of only thirteen people to win all four main American entertainment awards - Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony. Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1986, the National Medal of Arts in 1988 and was awarded at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1981. Two Broadway theaters are named after her.

Early life 
Hayes was born in Washington D.C. on October 10, 1890. She was an only child. Her mother, Catherine Estelle Hayes, was an actress of Irish ancestry. Her father, Francis van Arnum Brown, was a meat salesman. 

Hayes was an accomplished child. She went to a dancing school and sang very well. She began a stage career at the age of five, pushed by her mother. She also took her mother's maiden name as her stage name. By the age of ten, she had made a short movie. In 1917 Hayes graduated from the Academy of the Sacred Heart Convent in Washington.

Career 
Her first sound movie The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) brought her Academy Award for Best Actress. The part she played in it was written by her husband, Charles MacArthur. Among her other successful movies of that time were Arrowsmith (1931), A Farewell to Arms (1932), What Every Woman Knows (1934).

Hayes liked working in theatre. Her most famous performance on Broadway was  the role of Queen Victoria in a play Victoria Regina (1938). She played leading parts in Coquette (1928) and Mary Of Scotland (1933) as well. Harvey (1970) became her last hit on stage. Hayes had to retire from theatre because of her asthma condition.

She continued her work in movies. Hayes won her second Academy Award in 1970 for Airport. This time for Supporting role.  During the later part of her career she was often in series and movies made for television. She successfully portrayed legendary character Miss Marple in several movies in 80s.

Personal life 

Hayes met her husband, Charles MacArthur, a playwright, in 1927. They married in August of 1928. They had a daughter, Mary, born in 1930. She became involved in acting, but died from polio at age 19. In 1938 Hayes and Charles adopted a son, James MacArthur, who grew up to be an actor. 

Charles MacArthur died in 1956. He had many years of illness and grief caused by his daughter's untimely death. Hayes never married again. 

She published four autobiographies: A Gift of Joy (1965), On Reflection (1968), Twice Over Lightly (1972), and My Life in Three Acts (1990).

Death 
Hayes died on March 17, 1993 from heart failure in the hospital of Nyack, New York. She was 92. She was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery, next to her husband and daughter.

Movies

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Official site

1900 births
1993 deaths
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American autobiographers
American movie actors
American stage actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Academy Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Baryons are composite subatomic particles made of an odd number of valence quarks (at least three quarks). The most familiar baryons are the protons and neutrons which make up most of the visible matter in the universe. Electrons (the other major component of the atom) are leptons.

Since all quarks have a spin of 1/2, all baryons have a spin of 1/2 or 3/2 (the spins can cancel out). 1/2 spin baryons have the lowest energy state. 3/2 spin baryons are extremely unstable, and only live for 10-23 seconds. After that, they jump down to a lower energy state by releasing photons containing energy. These 3/2 spin baryons are known as higher energy resonances.

All particles with 1/2 spin (or 3/2 spin) are called fermions, and obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. This means that no two fermions can be in the same point in space at the same time. This is not true for the other type of subatomic particle, called a boson. More than one boson—like a photon—can exist in the same point in space at the same time. 

Baryons are one of two types of hadrons, which are particles made of quarks. The other type of hadron is called a meson.

The name baryon comes from Greek "barys," meaning heavy.

References

Subatomic particles
The Upper Triassic is the last epoch in the Triassic period. It began 237 million years ago, and ended 201.3 million years ago. It came after the Middle Triassic epoch, and came before the Lower Jurassic epoch.

The other two epochs of the Triassic were the Lower Triassic epoch and the Middle Triassic epoch.

Many early dinosaur species appeared for the first time during the Upper Triassic, including Plateosaurus, Coelophysis, and Eoraptor. Pterosaurs were common in the air, and Ichthyosaurs dominated the seas.

At the end of the Upper Triassic some event or events caused the extinction of many animal species worldwide. Known as the end–Triassic extinction event, it was similar to the more famous event that lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs, except no one knows for sure what caused the event. There are many theories as to what caused the event such as meteorite impact, tsunamis, or coronal mass ejections from the sun.

Carnian pluvial event 
Although the Triassic period was, in general, a dry period with inland areas (often deserts), the Upper Triassic epoch saw a big change.

The Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE) was a major global climate change and biotic turnover (many extinctions) early in the Upper Triassic, about 230 million years ago. Shifts in carbon and oxygen isotopes suggest a global warming. 

Major changes in organisms responsible for calcium carbonate production occurred during the CPE. Carbonate sedimentation stopped in deep water settings of Southern Italy. High extinction rates occurred among ammonoids, conodonts, bryozoa and crinoids. Major evolutionary innovations followed the CPE, as the first occurrence of dinosaurs, calcareous nannofossils and scleractinian corals.

References 

Triassic
Amoebiasis, also known as amebiasis or entamoebiasis, is an  intestinal infection caused by  amoebas of the Entamoeba group. The infection is usually caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The infection is normally got when someone drinks water with the parasite in it.

In some cases, the parasite lives in a person's large intestine and does not cause any symptoms. Symptoms vary from serious to none at all. There may be abdominal pain, mild diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea or severe colitis with tissue death and perforation. This last complication may cause peritonitis. People affected may develop anaemia due to loss of blood.

Amoebiasis is usually transmitted by water contaminated with faeces. It can also be got indirectly by contact with dirty hands or objects.

Infection is spread by ingesting the cyst form of the parasite. This tough and semi-dormant structure is found in faeces. Since amoebiasis is transmitted by contaminated food and water, it is often endemic in parts of the world with poor sanitation (such as México, Central America, western South America, South Asia, and western and southern Africa).

Amoebic dysentery is often confused with "traveller's diarrhoea" because of its prevalence in developing nations. In fact, most traveller's diarrhoea is bacterial or viral in origin.

E. histolytica infections occur in both the intestine and (in people with symptoms) in tissue of the intestine and/or liver. So, two different classes of drugs are needed to treat the infection, one for each location. Such anti-amoebic drugs are known as amoebicides.

References 

Diseases caused by protozoa
Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Aga Khan II (; ) the formal name for Aqa Ali Shah (. He was born in 1830 in Mahallat, Iran and died in August 1885 in Pune, India). He was a Muslim leader. He was the 47th Imam of a religious group called Nizari Ismaili Muslims. He became the Imam in 1881. He was a member of the Iranian royal family. He worked to improve his own community and the Muslim community in India. He really enjoyed sports and hunting.

Early life
Aqa Ali Shah was the oldest son of Aga Khan I. He was an Iranian Prince. He was also a descendent of the Prophet Muhammad. The Prophet's daughter Fatima and son-in-law Ali b. Abi Talib were Aqa Ali Shah's ancestors. He lived in Iraq, Persia, and India during his childhood.

The Ismaili Imamat 
Aqa Ali Shah became Imam of the Ismailis when his father died in 1881,. He also got his father's title of Aga Khan. Aga Khan II continued a good relationship with the British.

He opened several schools for his followers in Bombay and other places.

When he died in 1885, his 7-year-old son became Imam, Aga Khan III.

Sports and hobbies 
The first Aga Khan owned some of the best Arabian horses in the world. Aqa Ali Shah kept these horses too. He was good at riding them. He liked other sports and hunting very much. He was famous for hunting tigers in India. Sometimes he chased tigers on foot. He was so good at shooting guns that he killed at least forty tigers that way.

References

1830 births
1885 deaths
Iranian people
Muslims
Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna (Sometimes called Anastasia: The Story of Anna) is a 1986 Golden Globe and Emmy Award-winning TV movie, starring Amy Irving, Olivia de Havilland, Omar Sharif and Christian Bale. The movie was loosely based on the story of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia and the novel The Riddle of Anna Anderson by Peter Kurth. It was Christian Bale's first movie and was originally broadcast in two parts.

Plot 
The movie is about Anna Anderson, who believes that she is Anastasia, daughter of Nicholas II of Russia. Anna first tells her story in the 1920s when she is at a Berlin asylum. Her story of escape from the Bolsheviks who killed the rest of her family in 1918 seems so vivid that many Russians believe her. She slowly gains more trust, but the Romanov family does not believe her. The movie never reveals if Anna really is Anastasia.

Awards

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Television movies
Historical movies
1986 movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in Germany
English-language movies
Emmy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Prince Felix Felixovich Yusupov, Count Sumarokov-Elston (; March 23, 1887, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – September 27, 1967, Paris, France), was best known for helping in the murder of Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin was the faith healer who was said to have influenced Tsar Nicholas II and Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna in their decisions. Felix Yusupov was never punished for this murder.

References 

1887 births
1967 deaths
Princes and princesses
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
LGBT royalty
Russian LGBT people
Sampooran Singh Kalra, known as Gulzar (born 18 August 1936) is a songwriter, poet and movie director from India. He has written songs for many Hindi movies.

Gulzar co-wrote the song "Jai Ho" for the movie Slumdog Millionaire. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

References 

Indian writers
Living people
1936 births
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Turtle ship is a warship built by Admiral Yi Sun-sin during a Japanese invasion of Korea in 16th century, Joseon Dynasty, and used to defeat the Japanese Navy. Because it looked like a turtle, it has been called "Turtle ship."

Shape

Outside 
It has a dragon-shaped head, which can fire cannons through its mouth. Its tail can also fire artillery. "Turtle ship" has 12 cannons in each side, so total cannons are 24. As lots of iron nails are stuck in its back, nobody can approach it easily. Moreover, people who are in the "Turtle ship" can see the outside, while exterior people cannot look into it.

Inside 
Its inside is divided into two floors, one of which is the place where cannons are and the other is where people can row. There are twenty four rooms. Nineteen of them are where soldiers can take a rest. Other three of them are where some weapons, such as swords, arrows and spears, are. In the other three rooms, iron goods can be stored. On the bottom, there is a huge water tank, which can make "Turtle ship" float and sink.

Scale 
At first, "Turtle ship" was a small warship which can hold about 100~150 soldiers. However, after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, it expanded from a two-storied warship to a three-storied one and its hull is longer.

Performance

Offensive Disposition 
It has several cannons from front to back and side to side, including a dragon-shaped head. Therefore, it take an important role in breaking through the enemy lines at the head of fleets. In addition, it is assumed that iron nails stuck in its back might hit and sink enemy ships with the water tank fulled.

Defensive Disposition 
Because it has iron nails and wooden boxes covered with swords in the back, it is distinguished in warding off attacks against enemies.

Maneuverability 
It has ten paddles in each side, and four rowers are arranged to one paddle. As its bottom is flat-shaped, it's really easy to maneuver in large tidal ranges, such as The West Sea and The South Sea of Korean Peninsula. It's also possible to do a half-turn in the middle of moving. For these reasons, it's useful in using various techniques of maneuver.

References 

 http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?gs=ws&gd=&cd=&d=&k=&inqr=&indme=&p=1&q=%B0%C5%BA%CF%BC%B1&masterno=7510&contentno=7510
 http://www.gbsun.com/index_151.htm

Korea
Warships
16th-century establishments in Asia
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the acute infectious diseases (highly contagious disease) of animals. Foot-and-mouth disease virus causes the disease which can infect domestic animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and deer. Generally, it is believed that FMD is not very contagious to humans. However, humans can spread FMD by carrying the virus on their clothes and body. FMD breaks out all over the globe, because it is highly contagious to many animals. The earliest description of FMD was that by Hieronymi Fracastorii (1546). He described the disease, as being unusual and affecting only cattle, when it occurred in northern Italy in 1514.

Where FMD Occurs
While the disease is widespread around the world, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Chile, and many countries in Europe are considered free of FMD. Various types of FMD virus have been found in Africa, South America, Asia, and some parts of Europe.

Symptoms
The most obvious signs of Foot and Mouth Disease are excessive slobbering (letting liquid fall from their mouth), a lack of appetite and lameness (unable to walk properly because of damage to one or both of their legs). Affected animals may experience a sudden rise in temperature, sores in the mouth or other areas.

Signs of Foot and Mouth in cattle
 Slobbering and smacking lips 
 Shivering 
 Tender and sore feet 
 Reduced milk yield 
 Sores and blisters on feet 
 Raised temperature

Signs of Foot and Mouth in pigs 
 Sudden lameness 
 Prefers to lie down 
 Sore on the upper edge of the hoof, where the skin and horn meet, and on the heels

Causes
FMD is caused by a virus. Signs of illness can appear after an incubation period (the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the disease appear) of one to eight days, but often develop within three days. Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types.

References

Other websites
 http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRMForProducers/English/FADs/FMD_checklist.pdf
 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/fs_foot_mouth_disease07.pdf 
 http://www.fmdinfo.org/uDocs/pdfofbookforweb767.pdf 
 http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/09/12/105713/Foot-and-Mouth-Symptoms.htm
 http://www2.asg.wur.nl/UK/products/Vaccines_and.../FMD/FMDHistory/
 http://www.rmla.com/FMD.htm 
 http://www.sunflower-health.com/fmd220803/fmdoutbreaks.htm

Diseases caused by viruses
Animal diseases
Daejeon () is a city in South Korea It is in the middle of the southern Korean peninsula. Daejeon means "a grand field".

Its official name is “Daejeon metropolitan city”. The population in Daejeon is around 1,480,000 people. There are 5 districts (, Gu) in the city.

Daejeon started as a small village called Hanbat. Daejeon started to grow into a large city during the Japanese occupation period. Since the location of Daejeon is near to Seoul, the Ho-Nam train was opened in 1914. In 1949, Daejeon was no longer a part of Chungcheong province. It became an independent metropolitan city. It has the same role as a province.

Today, the city is important as a local self-governing city in Korea. As the population of the city grew, the first subway station in Daejeon was opened in 2006. The formal president Noh Mu Hyun once planned to move some of the public administration buildings in Seoul to Daejeon. 

Daejeon is seen as a city of science and technology. It has Daedeock science research town, National Science Museum. It was built to support scientists and researchers in Daejeon. In 1993, the city held the Daejeon Expo Festival.

Daejeon attractions include the O-world, the Expo Science Park, Hanbat Arboretum, Roots Park, Gyejoksan Hwangtogil , Daecheong, Jangtaesan recreational forest, Mountain pass around Daejeon, Daejeon Culture and Arts Center, Dongchundang, Euneungjeonge Culture Street,  Famous people from Daejeon are Park Se Ri, a world famous golfer, and celebrities such as Kwon Sang Woo and Park Hae Mi.

Cities in South Korea
The Haeundae Beach is at the southeast end of the city of Busan which is in South Korea. Along the 12 km of coastline is Busan's most popular beach, and one of the most famous beaches in South Korea. "Haeundae" was so named by scholar Choi Chi-Won (857~?) of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57~AD 935). When he was walking past Dongbaekdo Island, he was fascinated by it and carved the words "Hae Un Dae" on a stone wall on the island. Haeundae is 1.5 km long, 30~50m wide, and spans an area of 58,400㎡. The white sand is rough and is rather sticky. The sand of this beach is composed of sand that comes from Chuncheon Stream and shells that have been naturally eroded by the wind over time. 

Haeundae used to be isolated from the large communities in Busan and Busanjin. However hotels, shopping centers and other tourist facilities have been constructed on the beach front area since the mid-1990s, and Haendae is now an rich beach front area. Haeundae New Town, a major commercial and residential redevelopment project begun in 1990 and another development project, Centum City, has been ongoing since early 2000 and is now a major feature of Busan. In Centum City there is the world's largest department store, Shinsegae Department Store and BEXCO (Busan Exhibition and Convention Center) has become a popular venue for international conventions and exhibitions. Nearby Marine City is built on land reclaimed from the sea, and has several huge, high-rise apartment blocks. 

Haeundae's geographical assets, along with its tourist facilities, have led to a regular role as one of the host venues for the annual Pusan International Film Festival (PIFF).  The 2005 APEC Conference was held on Haeundae's Dongbeak Island. Haeundae is one of the most popular spots in Busan to view the first sunrise of the year on January 1. Also, one of the most famous beach events happens in the first week of January when the temperature is around 0°C, the "Polar Bear Club", held by Choseon Beach Hotel since 1988. 

Dongbaek Island, at the south end of the beach, has a view of the sea by car and its coastline is famous for fishing. Oryuk Islets, a symbol of Busan to many Koreans, can be seen in the distance from Dongbaek Island. During the hot summer months, Haeundae beach becomes very crowded with thousands of people and parasols. People visit the beach from all over South Korea, as well as outside of Korea.

Busan
A mattress is a mat or pad, usually placed on top of a bed, where somebody sleeps or lies on. It usually contains compliant things such as feathers, cotton and foam rubber. Many have springs inside.

The word mattress came from Arabic words meaning "to throw" and "place where something is thrown" or "mat, cushion." During the Crusades, Europeans slept on cushions thrown on the floor, and the word materas eventually became Middle English through the Romance languages.

History 
The earliest known form of a mattress dates back to approximately 77,000 years ago. It was discovered by archaeologists in a rock shelter located in Sibudu, South Africa. It was comprised of various types of grass and leaves, some of which were natural insect repellent to combat nuisances like mosquitos and other insects.

Between 3000 and 1000 BCE, other cultures in early history began to adopt elevated sleeping surfaces as humans and civilizations evolved. In ancient Egypt, these raised beds were typically made from wood for protection from snakes and rodents. Raised beds were also helpful as a way of regulating temperature and to protect against cold and heat.

Beds became simpler in the 19th century, with four-posters falling out of style. Mattresses were transformed when coil springs were introduced in the 1870s, and metal frames became more common. At the beginning of the 20th century, beds and mattresses could be mass produced for the first time, making them more accessible. As more companies began making mattresses, buying a mattress became much more about comfort and preference, which remains the case today.

References 

Furniture
Sleep
The Qin dynasty ruled in China from 221 BC to 206 BC.  It was created by the warlord Qin Shi Huang during the Warring States Period and defeated several other states in the area to unite China.  The Qin ruled China for only a very short time, during which they built both the Terracotta Army and parts of the Great Wall of China.

The second, and final emperor, Qin Er Shi, was overthrown by a popular rebellion after the first Qin emperor died.  It was followed by the Han dynasty.  The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang in 202 BC. The Qin Dynasty made its mark in China's history.

Other websites 

Chinese dynasties
3rd-century BC establishments
3rd-century BC disestablishments
Tanganyika is the mainland part of Tanzania. From 9 December 1961 to 26 April 1964 it was an independent state.

It was an East African territory lying between the Indian Ocean and the African Great Lakes: Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika.

Once part of the larger colony of German East Africa (), it comprised today's Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania, but not Zanzibar.

After World War I the parts that are today's Rwanda and Burundi became a League of Nations mandate governed by Belgium. The major part, however, came under British rule and was transferred to Britain under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. This was confirmed by a League of Nations Mandate in 1922, later becoming a United Nations Trust Territory. Britain changed the name to the Tanganyika Territory.

On 9 December 1961 Tanganyika became independent as a Commonwealth Realm, and on 9 December 1962 it became the Republic of Tanganyika within the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1964, it joined with the islands of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, later in the year changed to the United Republic of Tanzania.

Although Tanganyika still exists within Tanzania, the name is no longer used formally for the territory. It is, however, a convenient way to refer to the mainland, which is so different geographically and culturally from Zanzibar. The name Tanganyika is also used to refer to Lake Tanganyika.

References 

1960s disestablishments in Africa
British Empire
Tanzania
States and territories established in the 1960s
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
1961 establishments in Africa
1964 disestablishments
Oh Se-hoon ( born 4 January 1961, Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean politician. He became the mayor of Seoul  in 2021. He was also the mayor from 2006 to 2011.

Education
When he was young, his family was very poor. He hasa said that he would need to finish his homework before sunset This was because it was very hard for his family to use electricity. After he graduated from high school, he entered Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He studied Law. During his second year, he moved from HUFS to Korea University. In 1984, he passed the 26th Korean bar examination.

Political career
Oh served the military as an officer soon after graduating from law school. After finishing his military service, he worked as a lawyer in Seoul for about 15 years. He appeared on television programs about law many times. That made him become very famous, so he campaigned to being a politician. In 2000, he was elected as a member of the National Assembly, belonging to Grand National Party. As a young politician, he tried to break and change the old and conservative image of Grand National Party. After completing the four years of his term as a member of the National Assembly, he went back to being a lawyer.

Though he had left the political world, he was still preferred by many people. He was even favoured as the next mayor of Seoul, because the former mayor Lee Myung-bak was running for the President. At first, he consistently denied running for the mayor of Seoul. But as he was considered the best candidate for the mayor in many polls, and as Grand National Party persuaded him to run for the mayor, he finally decided to run.

As mayor
Even before the election, he always won in many polls. As a result, he got over 60% in the 2006 election and became the mayor of Seoul easily. In this election, he promised to remove Dongdaemun Stadium, redevelop about 50 towns, encourage people to learn English, and change diesel buses to natural-gas buses.

In 2010, he tried to be re-elected as mayor. He was expected to easily defeat other candidates again. But in the vote counting, he was about to lose. The gap between him and the second candidate, Han Myeong-sook was just about 0.6%.  He decided to quit after winning the election.

He was criticized because in his last 5 years in office the debt of Seoul tripled.

References

1961 births
Living people
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
People from Seoul
Mayors of Seoul
Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. (HDEC) was founded by Chung Ju-young in 1947 as the name of Hyundai Civil Works Company and a major company of the Hyundai Group. 
The company completed restoration of Han River Pedestrian Bridge in 1958 and Seoul-Busan Expressway the main artery of Korean economy in 1970. 
HECD became the first Korean construction company entered overseas market among through the winning order for Pattani Narathiwat highway project in Thailand in 1965. 
The company was separated from the Hyundai Group and under the creditor’s management in 2001, as a liquidity crisis. Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group took bid war though eventually Hyundai Group was named the preferred bidder for HDEC in 16th Nov 2010. 

The Head Office is in Key-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul, Korea. The company has overseas branch offices in 14 countries including U.A.E.

The company has owned 7 subsidiary company which are Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd., Hyundai Equipment & Steel Industries, Hyundai Design, Hyundai Farm, Hyundai CNI, Hyundai Hillstate and Hyundai Education. 

The company largely has 5 business fields which are Plant Construction, Power Plant Construction, Civil Works, Building Works and Nuclear Power Plants.

Companies of South Korea
1947 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in South Korea
Edward William Tucker (born May 7, 1949 in Fort William, Ontario), is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey  goaltender who briefly played for the California Golden Seals of the National Hockey League.

Career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

Other websites

1949 births
California Golden Seals players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Eastern Hockey League players
{{Infobox royalty
| name   = Princess Marie Adélaïde
| title=Dauphine of France
| image = Marie Adélaïde of Savoy as depicted circa 1697 (wearing Fleur-de-lis as Duchess of Burgundy) by a member of the École Française.jpg
| image_size  = 200px
| caption = The Duchess of Burgundy by a member of the école française
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Royal Palace, Turin, Savoy
| death_date = 
| death_place = Palace of Versailles, France
| spouse = Louis, Duke of Burgundy
| issue = Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of BrittanyLouis XV, King of France
| issue-link = #Issue
| house = House of Savoy
| father = Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy
| mother = Anne Marie d'Orléans
| burial_place = Royal Basilica Saint Denis, France
| burial_date = 23 February 1712
}}

Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was born a Princess of Savoy and was the wife of Louis, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans. She died of measles in 1712, followed by her husband a week later. She was the mother of Louis XV. 

Early life and background 

She was born in Turin in December 1685 the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II. Her mother was Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV, and the daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and of Henrietta of England. Her birth nearly cost her sixteen-year-old mother her life. Marie Adélaïde enjoyed a close relationship with her grandmother.

Marriage
She was engaged to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Dauphin of France whom she died not marry till 6 December 1697 despite living at Versailles for a year. She became known in France as Marie Adélaïde de Savoie. She was styled the Duchess of Burgundy till her husband became Dauphin in 1711 at the death of Louis, Grand Dauphin. The new Duchess of Burgundy had a close relationship with the king and with Madame de Maintenon. In early April 1711, her father-in-law Le Grand Dauphin caught smallpox and died in April. Upon the death of Le Grand Dauphin, Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France. The court went to Fontainebleau where Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which became in measles. She died of measles soon after. Her husband who mourned her greatly died six days later, having caught the measles from his wife. They were bother buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis. Her granddaughter Marie Adélaïde'' was named after her.

Children

Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

1685 births
1712 deaths
House of Bourbon
Deaths from infectious disease
People from Turin
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Henrietta of England (16 June 1644 (26 June n.s.) – 30 June 1670) was born a Princess of England and Scotland as the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England and his consort Henrietta Maria of France. Fleeing England with her governess aged three, she moved to the court of her first cousin Louis XIV of France. She was known as Minette. She married Philippe of France, Monsieur, brother of King Louis XIV, and became known as Madame at court. Very popular with the court, Henriette was known for her flirtatious nature which was the cause of various arguments between husband and wife. Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan were part of her household prior to being Louis XIV's mistresses. Henriette was instrumental to the completion of the Secret Treaty of Dover prior to her unexpected death in June 1670. The reason for her death has never been conclusively determined; while some argue that it was by poison administered by her husband's lover the Chevalier de Lorraine, historians have also argued that she was felled by a perforated peptic ulcer.
The Jacobite claims to the throne following the death of Henry Benedict Stuart descend from her through her daughter Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia.

Issue
Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no issue.
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666).
Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665).
Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy (future king of Sardinia) and had issue.

Titles and styles

16 June 1644 – 31 March 1661: Her Royal Highness Princess Henrietta of England
31 March 1661 – 30 June 1670: Her Royal Highness Madame, Duchess of Orléans (Granddaughter of France)

References

Bibliography
Barker, Nancy Nichols: Brother to the Sun King; Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1989

1644 births
1670 deaths
House of Stuart
House of Orléans
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
House of Bourbon
French royalty
French princesses
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Jacobitism
John Matthew Adams (born July 27, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

Career statistics

References 

1946 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Washington Capitals players
American Hockey League players
Stephen Black (March 31, 1927 – June 12, 2008) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player from Thunder Bay, Ontario in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Junior career
Steve Black played five years for the Port Arthur Flyers of the TBJHL making two trips to the Memorial Cup Tournament before joining the PCHL.

Professional career
In 1946 Black joined the Oakland Seals of the PCHL and showed enough talent to move up to the AHL the following season. After two years in the minors, he joined the Detroit Red Wings. The Detroit Red Wings already had a lot of good players, including Gordie Howe, Ted Lindsay, and Sid Abel. Black won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings in 1950. He moved to the Chicago Black Hawks in 1951. He played 39 times for the Chicago Red Wings before leaving the NHL. He played in the minor leagues for three more seasons before retiring from hockey in 1954.

Awards and achievements
1950 Stanley Cup Championship  (Detroit)
1950 NHL All Star  (Detroit)

Career statistics

Trivia
With the Detroit Red Wings, Black wore the #19 jersey which would decades later be worn by Steve Yzerman. Black wore the #17 jersey with the Chicago Black Hawks.

Other websites

Steve Black's Day with the Stanley Cup 

1927 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Bob Ash (born September 29, 1943) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. During his career he played 200 games in the World Hockey Association with the Winnipeg Jets and Indianapolis Racers.

Awards and achievements
MJHL First All-Star Team  (1964)
Turnbull Cup MJHL Championship (1962, 1963, & 1964)

Other websites

1943 births
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
World Hockey Association players
Central Professional Hockey League players
John Nicolas Borotsik (November 26, 1949 – June 8, 2018) was a Canadian ice hockey centre. He played in the NHL for the St. Louis Blues.

References

Other websites

1949 births
2018 deaths
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
St. Louis Blues players
Data ( ), is a fictional character in the American Science fiction television show Star Trek played by actor Brent Spiner.  Data who is a cyborg, is a main character in the Star Trek series Star Trek: The Next Generation and in four movies; Star Trek Generations, Star Trek: First Contact, Star Trek: Insurrection, and Star Trek Nemesis.

References

Star Trek: The Next Generation characters

de:Figuren im Star-Trek-Universum#Lieutenant Commander Data
I Ching (易经), also known as the Book of Changes, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts, it is used mainly for divination (fortunetelling).

Historical Background
The text was mainly written during the early Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-771 BC). Before Zhou Dynasty, there was Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). Shang Dynasty's main cultural characteristics are its divination and character (old Chinese character). We cannot say which one was first, but it is supposed that characters were made from certain need while doing divination. During Shang Dynasty, divination was done by burning animal's bone or tortoise shell. Zhou Dynasty made Shang cease to exist, but it accepted Shang's culture. In early age of Zhou Dynasty, a new way of divination appeared which was put into writing. It was advanced form of Shang Dynasty's divination, and finally, it took place instead of Shang's divination.

The Contents of I Ching
The contents of I Ching consist of 64 hexagrams and explanation for each. Hexagram is a group of six broken or unbroken lines. The broken line (the line where the middle part is missing) represents yang, and the unbroken line represents yin. From the bottom to top, six lines are gathered in parallel. There exists one different name for one hexagram. In I Ching, the name of one hexagram and the hexagram itself comes first, and after those, there are different explanations for the hexagram and the each line consisting hexagram, from bottom to top. There comes next hexagram after explanations of all lines of one hexagram.

Tools For I Ching Divination
The typical divination using I Ching needs the number of fifty thin sticks usually made from bamboo. Using those sticks with certain order, the person who wants to know the result draws hexagram and finds the explanation in the book. To make process simpler, some people use coin to know the result.

Philosophical Elements
In I Ching, the word 'Heaven'(or sky; it corresponds to the Chinese character '天') is considered as same as God or the absolute being with humane character, who decides the good and evil and makes judgements. For example, the explanation of 26th hexagram (大畜 dà chù) is "the Heaven's bliss is given, therefore, lucky."

Also, there is the idea of constantly changing world, as the explanation of 11th hexagram (泰 tài) tells, "Everything flat will be inclined, and everything gone will be come back." Similarly, the idea of endlessness can also be found. The literal meaning of 63rd hexagram (既濟 jì jì) is "already (既) finished (濟)", but the last hexagram, which is the 64th (未濟 wèi jì), means "not (未) finished (濟)" literally. This means the process of whole world and life is endless and never stops.

References

Occult
Harold Brown (September 14, 1920 – January 12, 1997) was a former Canadian ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba. Brown served in World War II with the Royal Canadian Navy. He died at his home in Calgary, Alberta in 1997.

References

Other websites

1920 births
1997 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
New York Rangers players
Benedetto of Savoy (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) was a prince of Savoy and Duke of Chablais. He was born in the reign of his father Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia. He has no descendants but had a distinguished military career. He married his niece and was the owner of the Palazzo Chiablese in Turin.

Biography

Chablais was born at the Palace of Venaria and was the was the youngest child of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and  Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine. His mother died giving birth to him. He was named after Pope Benedict XIV who became pope the year before his birth. His maternal cousin's included the future Queen of Naples and the famous Marie Antoinette. He was his fathers favourite child. 

His uncle Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor wanted him to marry his daughter daughter Maria Christina of Austria as but it never happened. In 1753 his father gave what is now the Palazzo Chiablese as a home. Chablais extended the palace. His father gave him the title of Duke of Chablais in 1763.  As the son of a reigning King he was entitled to the style of Royal Highness. 

Chablais married his niece Princess Maria Anna of Savoy on 19 March 1775. The marriage produced no children. Maria Anna died in 1824.

A good soldier, he was given control of the Army of Italy which had French troops and intended on restoring the monarchy in France after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793. He died in Rome aged 66 and was buried at the church of San Nicolo dei Cesarini then later moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga.

Titles and styles

21 June 1741 - 19 June 1796 His Royal Highness Prince Benedetto of Savoy.
19 June 1796 – 4 January 1808 His Royal Highness The Duke of Chablais (Duca del Chiablese)

Other websites 

1741 births
1808 deaths
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Dukes and duchesses
House of Savoy
Italian military people
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Savoy