cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368 or 1369) was a Moroccan explorer. He is known for the account of his journeys called the Rihla ("Voyage"). He travelled for nearly 30 years and covered most of the Islamic world. He also explored West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. This distance was more than Marco Polo travelled; about . Ibn Battuta was considered the greatest traveller of the medieval period.
Battuta also made  maps that were used by cartographers. He also met Mohammad bin tughlaq and write a book called the travels of bin battutta
Ibn Battuta was born on February 24, 1304 in Tangier. His family consisted of judges and scholars of Islamic law. At age 21, Ibn Battuta started his long exploration when he went on the Hajj. This is a year-long pilgrimage that brings Muslims closer to God. Ibn Battuta first went across North Africa (Maghreb), to the great port Alexandria in 1326. Ibn spent 30 years visiting every Muslim country of his day. He recorded details about the social and political life he saw on his journeys. He gave information all about Muhammad Bin Tuglaq.

Ibn Battuta met a Syrian Arab Damascene girl who was a slave of a black African governor in Mali. Ibn Battuta engaged in a conversation with her in Arabic.
 The black man was a scholar of Islam and his name was Farba Sulayman. He was openly violating the rule in Islam against enslaving Arabs.

Christians became part of harems as slaves in the Balkans and Asia Minor when the Turks invaded. Muslim qadis owned Christian slave girls. Greek girls who were pretty were forced into prostitution after being enslaved to Turks who too al their earnings in the 14th century according to Ibn Battuta.

Notes

1360s deaths
1304 births
Explorers
Moroccan people
Cheese on toast is a type of food sometimes called grilled cheese. It is often eaten as a light snack. It is popular because it is easy to make quickly, and uses few ingredients. It is made by grilling cheese on toast.

Cheese on toast is often made with cheddar cheese. Other items (such as grilled tomatoes and butter) may be added to the dish.

Ingredients 
Bread
Cheese
Toast

Related pages 
Sandwich
Cheese
Butter
Bread
Toast

References 

Cheese dishes
Deoksugung, also known as Gyeongun-gung, Deoksugung Palace, or Deoksu Palace, (Deoksugung ; 덕수궁, 德壽宮), is one of the five grand palaces of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

When the Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592, King Seonjo escaped from Hanyang (present-day Seoul) and fled to Uiju. When the war finished, he returned to Seoul.
But there was no place for him to stay, because all of the palaces (such as Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, Changgyeong Palace) had burned down during the war.

So, he lived in this place, which was originally the home of Prince Wolsandaegun who was King Seongjong's elder brother.

King Gwanghaegun who succeeded King Seonjo renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace (Gyeongungung ; 경운궁).
The palace became a secondary royal residence after the king moved to Changdeok Palace.
Queen Dowager Inmok was confined to the palace, and it was renamed West Palace(Seogung ; 서궁).
After he was overthrown by King Injo, it was returned to itsoriginal owners.

After two years, King Gojong returned to power and he chose to live in this palace.
He renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace again.
An electrical system and fencing were installed at the palace, and the name of the palace was changed to Deoksugung Palace: meaning the palace of virtuous longevity.
He remained at the palace even after he had relinquished the throne to his son, Emperor Yunghui (or Emperor Sunjong ; 융희제, 순종)

From 1910 until 1945, when Korea was under the colonial rule of Japan, the palaces's buildings were destroyed and made into a public park.

Buildings and structures in South Korea
Palaces
Infinite Challenge is a famous Korean TV show. Its Korean name is Muhan Dojeon. It started in 2005 as Mu(mo)han Dojeon and titled Muhan Dojeon in 2006. 

There are seven people on the show now; Yoo Jae-suk, the MC, Park Myeong-su always seated second, Jeong Jun-ha whose nickname is 'eating god' because he eats a lot and fast, Roh Hong-cheol who can speak quickly and has swindler character, Jeong Hyeong-don who is called "MiJon gae-oh" that means remarkable in everywhere, HaHa who is called "little baby", Jun Jin was a member for about 2 years and went military service. Instead of him, Gil who is singer of South Korea's Hip-hop group Leessang appears in this show.  

This show is the first real variety show in Korea. The seven members of the team try new challenges for each episode. For example, they held an end of year concert to raise money for unfortunate neighbors, made a drama, met and played games with world famous stars like Thierry Henry and Paris Hilton. These were all produced by Kim Tae-ho, the producer of Infinite Challenge. He wants to keep the program new and exciting so he has recently tried to add a new member of the team.

Reality television series
South Korean television series
2005 television series debuts
2005 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Nakseongdae is a park located in Gwanak, Seoul. It is the birthplace of the famous Goryeo-Era general, Gang Gam-chan (강감찬, 姜邯贊 ; 948-1031). Legend says that when Gang Gam-chan was born, a star fell from Heaven.  Because of this, his birthplace was named "Site of the Falling Star" (Nakseongdae).

The people of the Goryeo Kingdom (918-1392) built a three-story pagoda at the house of Gang Gam-chan's birth to praise him for his great deeds.  He is famous for defeating 400,000 invading Khitan soldiers. Damaged parts of this pagoda were rebuilt by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 1964, and the pagoda was named Seoul Tangible Cultural Property No. 4 in 1972. Two years later, a shrine was built for Gang Gam-chan. The pagoda, which was originally located at 218 Bongcheon-dong, was moved to be with the shrine.

Related pages 
 Nakseongdae Station
 Nakseongdae Park

Buildings and structures in Seoul
Hwaseong Fortress () is the wall that surrounds the centre of Suwon.  Suwon is the capital city of Gyeonggi-do, a province in South Korea. The fortress was built by Jeongjo, the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty.

The wall is about 6 km long and it has four gates.

Jeongjo wanted to show loyalty to his family.  He wanted to protect his father's burial place.  He wanted to strengthen his power and protect the southern area of Suwon.  He also wanted to reduce conflict between different political parties.

Construction started near Mount Paldalsan in January 1794. Construction was finished in September 1796.  Chae Jae-gong supervised the building process. Chae Jae-gong was a former minister in the government and the magistrate of Yeongjungchubu County.  Engineers made new tools to help build the fortress.  The Geojunggi was one of these new tools.  It is a traditional Korean crane. They also made potter's wheels were created.  They were used to move and put together large stones for the wall.

After the original fortress was finished in 1801, a construction archive called the Hwaseong Seongyeokuigwe was published.  This archive recorded what the fortress was like when it was first built.  This helped construction workers know how to rebuild the fortress after it was damaged, so it would look like the original wall.

The fortress was partly damaged twice.  First, it was damaged when Japan controlled Korea in the early 20th century.  The fortress was also damaged during the Korean War.  Today, most of its original features have been restored.  

The fortress is on both flat and hilly lands.  This is uncommon in neighbouring China and Japan.

The fortress is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

Buildings and structures in South Korea
Fortification
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
Yi Sang-jae (, 26 October 1850 – 29 March 1927; also written as Lee Sang-jae) was a religious leader and independence fighter at the end of the Korean Empire.

He was born in Jongji-ri, Hansan-myeon, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. His real name is Gey-ho. He was the president of the Independence Association and published the first Korean private newspaper, Independence Newspaper. When Korea was a colony of Japan, he was active in the movement to establish the Korean Private University. Also, he was the first president of Singanhoe, one of the biggest independence groups in Korea.

References

Other websites
Yi Sang-jae on Open Library
Profile on the Encyclopaedia of Korean Culture

1850 births
1927 deaths
History of Korea
Religious leaders
Korean people
YB, formed in 1994, is a Korean rock band. They have made seven studio albums, three live albums, digital single albums, and DVDs.  They sold more than 2 million albums and held more than one hundred live concerts in a year. The members are:
 Dee (Yoon Do-Hyun), singer
 Taehee (Park Tae-hee), bass
 Jin (Kim Jin-won), drums 
 Baby J (Heo Jun), guitar. 

YB use traditional Korean musical instruments including the gayageum, a stringed instrument, and the daegeum, an instrument like the clarinet, in their recordings.

World Cup 2002
At the 2002 World Cup, YB played songs such as ‘Oh, Pil Seung Korea (Oh, Victory to Korea)’ to millions of fans. South Korea's entry into the semi finals meant that YB's music was heard all over Korea. They won the best music award from Korea’s three main broadcast stations KBS, MBC and SBS. They were given the first WPMA (World Peace Music Award) in 2003 for helping with human rights issues in Korea.

European tour
YB went on tour in Europe in 2005, the first Korean rock music group to do so. They have released a single in the UK.

References

South Korean musical groups
Rock bands
1990s establishments in South Korea
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Asia
Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate). Samsung is a large worldwide company based in Seoul. Samsung means "three stars" in Korean.

Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities and retail. Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s; these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lee's death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group and Hansol Group. Since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics; in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income.

Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics (the world's 2nd largest information technology company measured by 2015 revenues, and 5th in market value), Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's 2nd largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues), and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 13th and 36th largest construction companies). Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th largest life insurance company), Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort, the oldest theme park in South Korea) and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 15th largest advertising agency measured by 2012 revenues).

Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture and has been a major driving force behind the "Miracle on the Han River". Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea's total exports. Samsung's revenue was equal to 17% of South Korea's $1,082 billion GDP.

Samsung has many different businesses. It makes mobile phones, cameras and other electronics. 'Samsung Electronics' who sell Samsung Galaxy products.  Samsung is the best known South Korean brand in the world.

Samsung also is the sponsor of several sports teams, such as the Chelsea Football Club.

In December 2018 the company announced a launch of new 5G smartphone, which took place in 2019.

Name
According to Samsung's founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung () is "tri-star" or "two stars". The word "two" represents something "big, numerous and powerful".

History of logos (gallery)

Other websites

References

 
Companies of South Korea
1938 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in South Korea
The olive ridley sea turtle, (Lepidochelys olivacea), also called the Pacific ridley, is one of the smallest species of sea turtle. It is named for the olive-green color of its heart-shaped shell. It is one of seven marine turtle species living today.

Sources

Reptiles of Australia
Turtles
George Timothy Clooney (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor, filmmaker and humanitarian. He is the son of Nick and nephew of singer Rosemary. After leaving college, He starred in the series ER and several other series. He later starred in movies, including Ocean's Eleven, Syriana, Batman and Robin, Good Night, and Good Luck and Up in the Air. He is a political advocate for human rights issues, include Save Darfur. Many of his movies contain references to current politics.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Actors from Kentucky
Actors who played Batman
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Extras
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Writers from Kentucky
Jean Marie Gustave Le Clézio (born April 13, 1940 in Nice) is a French novelist. He won a Nobel Prize in Literature.

References 

1941 births
Living people
French essayists
French Nobel Prize winners
French novelists
People from Nice
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Sejong the Great (May 6, 1397 – May 18 1450) was the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty. He is one of only two Korean kings called "great" (the other is Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo). He picked out young scholars and tried to fix the prejudice of classes by helping intelligent but low-class prodigies. In 1442, he had Jang Young-Sil, a scientist in Joseon, invent the 'Chuk-Oo-Gi (測雨器)'. This was a kind of tool to help measure the rain and how much it fell. Also, he expanded the territory of Joseon.  

One of the best works and the biggest reason why Sejong was called great was because he created the Hoon min jung um (訓民正音). It is called in modern days as 'Han-gul (한글)'. Because of the creation of  the Hoon min jung um, Joseon (now Korea) now got its own alphabet, and many people, most of whom have never learned how to read Hanja (Chinese characters used for Korean) could learn how to read and write much more easily than before.

Early life 

Sejong was the third son of King Taejong. When he was twelve, he became grand prince and married Shim On of Cheongsong. When he was young, he was very good at studying. His father liked him more than his other brothers.

His older brothers, Yangnyeong and Hyoryeong, thought they were not fit to be king and that it was their duty to make Sejong the king, even though he was younger than them. So they acted rudely and badly in front of the court and were soon . Yangnyeong became a traveler who wandered in the mountains, and Hyoryeong became a Buddhist monk. This later became a heartfelt and traditional legend in South Korea.

Related pages
 HunminjungEum
 Cheukuki
 Yeonsangun of Joseon

1397 births
1450 deaths
Kings of Joseon
Karl Böhm (born Graz, 28 August 1894; died Salzburg, 14 August 1981) was an Austrian conductor. He was one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, especially famous for his conducting of the music of Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

Life 
Böhm was born in Graz, Austria. He wanted to be a musician, but his father said that he should study law first, because musicians did not make much money, and if he was not successful as a musician he could then always have a job in law. So he studied law at the university of Graz, and got a doctorate on this subject. He also studied music privately in Graz, and then in Vienna with Eusebius Mandyczewski and Guido Adler. Although he learned to play the piano and to compose, he just wanted to be a conductor. He started his career by helping singers at the Graz Opera to learn their roles. Böhm became very interested in the operas of Wagner and Mozart and learned a lot from great conductors like Carl Muck and Bruno Walter who invited him to the Bavarian State Opera in 1921. In 1927 he became Generalmusikdirektor (music director) at Darmstadt. He often conducted modern operas, including Berg’s Wozzeck. In 1931 he moved to Hamburg. In 1933 he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic, both in opera and concert performances. He became conductor at the opera house in Dresden when Fritz Busch lost that job because he said he did not like the Nazis. Böhm worked there for nine years. He became a great friend of the composer Richard Strauss and conducted the first performances of two of his operas there: Die schweigsame Frau and Daphne. In 1943 got the very important job of conductor at the Vienna State Opera eventually becoming music director. He also conducted the German seasons at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires from 1950 to 1953.

In his later years Böhm spent his time as guest conductor. He was invited to conduct many of the leading world orchestras. He often performed at Salzburg, Bayreuth, Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Milan, Paris and New York.
In 1957, he made his first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, conducting Don Giovanni. He was very popular there and conducted many operas, especially those by Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

Late in life, he was a regular guest conductor with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was given the title of LSO President for the rest of his life.

During his last years his sight was not very good. He died in Salzburg in 1981. His son was actor Karl Boehm.

His reputation 

Böhm was praised for his clear, energetic conducting. He did not have exaggerated mannerisms but got his orchestras to play with a warm, romantic sound which was never sentimental. Besides his favourite Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss he conducted many works by Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Bruckner, Brahms and Berg.

He was given many honours, including first Austrian Generalmusikdirektor. On his 80th birthday a big party was held, at which Herbert von Karajan gave him a clock.

Bibliography 
 New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;

References 

1894 births
1981 deaths
Austrian conductors
Grammy Award winners
People from Graz
The Gewandhaus is a world famous concert hall in Leipzig, Germany. Today's building is the third hall to have this name. It is the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra.

The name "Gewandhaus" means a building where cloth is traded. Originally merchants used to sell their cloth there. 

The first Gewandhaus was built in 1781 by the architect Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe. The second opened in 1884, and was destroyed in the fire-bombings of World War II between 1943 and 1944. The third Gewandhaus, which stands now, was opened on 8 October 1981. It is known for its fine acoustics.

Buildings and structures in Saxony
Concert halls
Leipzig
Daniel Harding (born Oxford, 31 August 1975) is a British conductor.

Harding studied trumpet at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester.  When he was 13 he became a  member of the National Youth Orchestra.  When he was 17, Harding got together a group of musicians to perform Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg.   He sent a tape of the performance to the conductor Simon Rattle in Birmingham.  Rattle was very impressed and invited Harding to be assistant conductor to him at the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra for a year, from 1993-1994.   Harding then went to the University of Cambridge, but after his first year at university, he was invited by Claudio Abbado to be his assistant with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

Harding has been conductor of the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra (1997-2000), the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen (1999-2003) and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra (since 2003).   He conducted the 2005 opening night at La Scala, Milan in Idomeneo, after Ricardo Muti had resigned. 

In 2004, Harding was made guest conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra from 2006.  He became the Principal Conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra as of 2007.

Harding is married and has two children. His wife plays the viola.  He is a fan of the football club Manchester United.

Other websites
Daniel Harding official website 

1975 births
Living people
British conductors
(born Atami, Japan,  December 20, 1948) is a Japanese pianist who lives in London.

Life
Mitsuko Uchida was born in Atami, a seaside town near Tokyo, Japan.  When she was 12 her father became the Japanese ambassador to Austria, so the family moved to Vienna.  She studied at the Vienna Academy of Music.  Her teachers were Richard Hauser, and later Wilhelm Kempff and Stefan Askenase.  She gave her first recital when she was 14 in the Vienna Musikverein. After five years, her father went back to Japan, but she stayed in Vienna.    

In 1969 she won the first prize in the Beethoven Competition in Vienna and in 1970 the second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition. Then, in 1975, she won second prize in the Leeds Piano Competition.  

Her career has been very successful.  She played all the Mozart Piano Concertos with the Cleveland Orchestra.  She is well known for her playing of the works of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Debussy and Schoenberg. Her recordings include all of Mozart's piano sonatas and concertos, and won many awards for her recordings.

Uchida now lives in London.

Uchida was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

References

Other websites
Mitsuko Uchida

Japanese pianists
1948 births
Living people
Aad de Mos (born 27 March 1947) is a former Dutch football manager.

References 

1947 births
Living people
Dutch football managers
Eredivisie managers
Sportspeople from The Hague
Britain's Got Talent is a British television show on ITV and part of the Got Talent series. The programme is presented by Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly (colloquially known as Ant & Dec).

There is one series each year; the most recent being the thirteenth series. The four judges of the current series are: Simon Cowell, Alesha Dixon, Amanda Holden and David Walliams.

The winner of the programme performs in front of the Queen at The Royal Variety Show and receives a cash prize of £250,000.

Judges and presenters
The show started in 2007 with the original line-up Ant & Dec hosting and Simon Cowell, Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan as judges. The same format was kept until the end of Series 4, when Piers Morgan announced his departure from the show. In series 5, David Hasselhoff and Michael Macintyre joined the panel, but they both only stayed for one series. In 2012, they were replaced by David Walliams and Alesha Dixon. The current panel is made up of Simon Cowell, Amanda Holden, Alesha Dixon and David Walliams. Stephen Mulhern had been presenting the spin-off show Britain's Got More Talent from series 1 to Series 13, In March 2020, It was announced that Britain's Got More Talent was going to be axed. The show has also featured different guest judges (judges who were not permanent and most likely filled in for an ill or late judge). In 2020, a judge from Dancing on Ice Ashley Banjo replaced Simon Cowell after he had a long injury because Cowell break the part of his back after a electric bike fall.

Series overview

References

2007 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
ITV reality television programmes
Reality television competitions
English-language television programs
Television series created by Simon Cowell
Syco Entertainment, often known as simply Syco, was a British entertainment company.  It was started in 2002 by X Factor and Britain's Got Talent judge, Simon Cowell. It is no longer in operation.

There are offices in London and Los Angeles

Syco TV

Syco Television mostly works in the UK and U.S.  As of 2011, it produces around 200 hours of primetime television for FOX, NBC, ITV1 and ITV2 networks. Its key programs are The X Factor and Got Talent.

Syco Music 

Syco Music is home to a dozen artists. Syco is the only company to sign winners and finalists of The X Factor and Got Talent. Since 2004, the label has had 22 UK #1 singles.

Current artists
 Leona Lewis (joint U.S. deal with RCA Records)
 Olly Murs (joint UK deal with Epic Records)
 Rebecca Ferguson (joint UK deal with RCA and joint U.S. deals with Epic and Columbia Records)
 One Direction (joint U.S deal with Columbia Records)
 Cher Lloyd (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
 Susan Boyle (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records)
 Jackie Evancho (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records)
 Labrinth
 Il Divo
 Andrew Johnston
 Melanie Amaro (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
 Chris Rene (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
 Jonathan and Charlotte
 Molly Rainford
 Ryan O'Shaughnessy (joint UK deal with RCA Records)
 Rachel Crow (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records in association with Nickelodeon)
 Little Mix
 Loveable Rogues

Previous artists
 Gareth Gates (2002–2006, dropped/left to expand)
 Steve Brookstein (2004–2005, dropped)
 Bianca Ryan (2006–2008, dropped)
 Angelis (2006–2007, disbanded)
 Leon Jackson (2007–2009, dropped)
 Same Difference (2007–2009, dropped)
 Rhydian (2007–2010, left)
 Paul Potts (2007–2010, left)
 Escala (2008–2010, left to join Sony BMG)
 Shayne Ward (2005–2011, dropped)
 Joe McElderry (2009–2011, left to join Decca)
 Westlife (1998–2011, left)
 Alexandra Burke (2009–2012, left and joined RCA Records)
 Ronan Parke (2011–2012, dropped)
 Jai McDowall (2011–2012, dropped)
 Matt Cardle (2011–2012, left and joined So WHAT! Recordings)

References

Other websites
 Syco TV at IMDb

British record labels
Neil Leslie Diamond (born 24 January, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He wrote songs for Sonny and Cher, the Ronettes, Jay and the Americans and the Monkees. He began singing his own songs in 1966. From 1966 to 1968 he had written 14 hit songs and sold more than 12 million records. For a while he was the most highly paid performer in the world.

His first recording was "Solitary Man" in 1966. He recorded the album Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show which included the song "Sweet Caroline". This song reached number 3 on the US charts and sold more than a million copies.

Diamond is Jewish.

In January 2018, Diamond was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

References

Country musicians from New York
American folk musicians
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
People with Parkinson's disease
Singer-songwriters from New York
Folk singers
Jewish American musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
1945 births
Living people
The Got Talent franchise is a British TV format owned by Simon Cowell's SYCO.  It has many popular shows such as Britain's Got Talent and America's Got Talent.

Reality television competitions
Television series created by Simon Cowell
István Kertész (born Budapest, Hungary, 28 August 1929; died near Tel Aviv, Israel, 16 April 1973) was a world-famous  Hungarian Jewish conductor.

Early life
Kertész was born in Budapest.  His family were Jewish.  His father was director at a leather factory.  When his father died of appendicitis in 1938, his mother had to go out to work to earn money.  It was not easy at the time for women in Hungary to find work, but she was successful.  István started to learn the violin when he was six, and after a few years he started learning the piano as well.

When the Nazis invaded  Hungary during World War II his family had to hide.  Most of them were found and taken to Auschwitz where they died.  In spite of the terrible situation István’s mother encouraged him to keep practising music.  After the war he graduated from school and went to the Royal Academy of Music (now the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest, where he studied violin, piano, and composition.   Zoltán Kodály was one of his teachers.  He soon became interested in conducting, and learned a lot from Bruno Walter, and Otto Klemperer, then the director of the Budapest Opera.

Career
From 1953 to 1955, István Kertész conducted at Györ, and the Budapest Opera orchestra.  After the 1956 uprising in Hungary he and his family left their country and went to Germany.  He settled there and took German nationality.

Kertész became conductor at Augsburg (1958-1963) and then at Cologne.  He first appeared in Britain in 1960 with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and then with the London Symphony Orchestra.  He first conducted in America in 1961, touring with the Hamburg RSO.  He conducted at Covent Garden in 1965, and then took over from Pierre Monteux as conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Kertész had a very large repertoire and conducted nearly all of the world’s great orchestras.   He conducted many operas, and was especially fond of the music of Bartok, Henze, Stravinsky and Britten.  He gave the first Vienna performance of Britten’s War Requiem and the first performance in Germany of his opera Billy Budd.  He made many recordings.

On 16 April 1973, while on a concert tour, István Kertész drowned while swimming off the coast of Israel near Tel Aviv.  He was survived by his wife, three children, mother and sister.

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

Other websites
Istvan Kertesz Biography  at Decca Records

1929 births
1973 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Entertainers from Budapest
German conductors
Hungarian conductors
The fall of Constantinople was when the Ottoman Empire took over Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53-day siege started on 6 April 1453.

This event marks the end of the Byzantine Empire, and so it was the end of the Roman Empire, which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years. Previous Sultans had taken most of the Empire in previous centuries. Some places, like the Morea Despotate and Empire of Trebizond were not defeated by the Ottomans until several years later.

The fall of Constantinople had important results, because the Ottoman Turks at last had control of the Balkans. Nothing could stop them from further Muslim conquests in Europe, which went on until after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. After the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine empire, many refugees escaped to Western Europe and helped create humanism. In particular, the arrival in Italy of Greek scholars is said to have helped the Renaissance.

References 

History of Turkey
1453
Many countries have libertarian political parties. Although these parties may call themselves "libertarian," their way of thinking may differ from one another and not all of them can be described as really libertarian. Some of these parties prefer to be called "liberal" rather than "libertarian."

By country

Australia
 Liberal Democratic Party
 Libertarian Party

Belgium
 Flemish List and Democrats (classical liberalism)
 List Dedecker (classical liberalism)

Brazil
 Libertarians

Canada
 British Columbia Libertarian Party
 Freedom Party of Canada (Objectivism)
 Freedom Party of Manitoba
 Freedom Party of Ontario (Objectivism)
 Libertarian Party of Canada
 Ontario Libertarian Party

Costa Rica
 Movimiento Libertario (classical liberalism) (Possible shifting to liberalism)

Czech Republic
 Freedom Union–Democratic Union
 Liberal Reform Party

Denmark
 Liberalisterne (classical liberalism)

Estonia
 Estonian Reform Party (classical liberalism)

France
 Liberal Alternative (Alternative Libérale) (classical liberalism)

Germany
 Free Democratic Party (classical liberalism)

Greece
 Liberal Alliance (classical liberalism)

Hong Kong
 Liberal Party (libertarian in many aspects)

Iceland
 Independence Party

Ireland
Progressive Democrats

Italy
 Italian Radicals (left-libertarian)
 Liberal Reformers

Netherlands
 Libertarian Party (Libertarische Partij)

New Zealand
 ACT New Zealand
 Libertarianz (Neo-Objectivism)

Norway
 Liberal People's Party
 Progress Party

Poland
 Real Politics Union (Unia Polityki Realnej)
 KORWiN

Russia
 Russian Libertarian Movement (Rossiyskoye Libertarianskoye Dvizhenie (RLD))

Serbia
 Liberal Democratic Party

Slovakia
 Civic Conservative Party

Sweden
 Libertarian Party

Switzerland
 Free Democratic Party of Switzerland

Turkey
 Freedom and Solidarity Party

Venezuela
 Civil Resistance (classical liberalism)

United Kingdom
 Libertarian Party
 United Kingdom Independence Party (slight libertarianism)

United States
 Jefferson Republican Party (Paleolibertarianism)
 Libertarian Party (largest libertarian-leaning party in the U.S.)
 Populist Party of America (Populist in name only)
 Personal Choice Party
 Boston Tea Party

Footnotes
Forks is a city in Clallam County of the state of Washington in the United States.

References

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
Doyle F. Brunson (born August 10, 1933) is an American poker player from the U.S. state of Texas. He is sometimes called by his nickname, Dolly. He was active as a child. He played basketball for a short time but while in a factory he by mistake broke his leg. Then he chose to play poker. In 1976 he won the Main Event of the World Series of Poker. His winning hand was a ten and a two. In 1977 he won the Main Event again with the same hand and in 1980 he took second place at Main Event. He now has ten World Series of Poker bracelets and holds one World Poker Tour title.

References

1933 births
Living people
People from Texas
Poker players
Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of  Minnesota. He was elected Governor in 2002 and was re-elected in 2006. He did run for another term in 2010. He is a member of the United States Republican Party. He was succeeded by Mark Dayton.

Pawlenty ran for governor again in the 2018 election, but lost the Republican nomination to county commissioner Jeff Johnson.

Pawlenty ran for president in 2012.

Personal Life 
Tim Pawlenty´s wife is Mary Pawlenty. Pawlenty has a also written a book. At right is Pawlenty´s signature. Pawlenty is a Republican. 

1960 births
Living people

US Republican Party politicians
Governors of Minnesota
Gaylord Kent Conrad was the Senior Senator of North Dakota. He took office as senator on January 3 1987 and is currently serving with Junior Senator John Hoeven. He was the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee. He is a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party, the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party.

References

1948 births
Living people
US Democratic Party politicians
United States senators from North Dakota
People from Bismarck, North Dakota
Internet fraud means trying to trick or scam someone else using the Internet.  This usually means that the person who is being tricked loses money to the people scamming them.  Internet fraud can take place on computer programs such as chat rooms, e-mail, message boards, or Web sites. Advertisements that pop up on the internet have a big risk of being scams.

Other websites 
 

Crime
The Ashes is the symbol of international cricket  matches played between England and Australia. The Ashes were supposedly what remained of English cricket after the Australians had beaten them in the first test match played in England. 

The name comes from a small pot (known as an "urn") of ashes, which was made and presented to the England captain in 1882. It was based on a joke printed in The Sporting Times, an English newspaper. Someone placed an advertisement in the pages of the paper, describing how English cricket had died and its body had been cremated.

Cricket
Gerresheim is one of the oldest parts of the City of Düsseldorf, Germany. It is in the east of the city. About 28,200 live in Gerresheim today.

History

In the year 670 a church in Gerresheim is mentioned first time.

In 870 the church the Gerresheim Womans Abbay, St. Margaret's, (Gerresheim Abbey) was founded by Gerricus.

In 1368 got the City Rights by the Counts of Berg.

In the Truchsess War and later the Thirty Years' War Gerresheim was raided some times. Even the nons of Abbay became poorer.
So the city became poorer and lost its attraction.

In 1803 there was no Abbay anymore. In 1809 Gerresheim was taken over by Prussia.
In 1838 Gerresheim got its railway sation.

In 1909 Gerresheim became a part of Düsseldorf.

Buildings and attractions

 Basilica Saint Margaretha, formerly St. Hippolytus, Roman Catholic church, Romano-Gothic abbey church, sanctified in 1236 in the place of a church of the Staufens.
 The treasures of the church are a crucifix from the 10th century and a Gospel book from the 11th century
 Abbey buildings date from the 13th century
 Quadenhof Castle dates from the 15th century
 Gustav Adolf Church, Protestant (Lutheran) church from 1878

Sources
 Communal District Administration (German)
 Communal Administration (German)

Boroughs of Germany
Düsseldorf
21st Independent Spirit Awards
March 4, 2006

Best Film: 
 Brokeback Mountain 
The 21st Independent Spirit Awards, given by Film Independent on 4 March, 2006, awarded who they thought were best in movie for 2005.

Winners and nominees

Best Actor 
 Philip Seymour Hoffman - Capote 
Jeff Daniels - The Squid and the Whale
Terrence Howard - Hustle & Flow
Heath Ledger - Brokeback Mountain
David Strathairn - Good Night, and Good Luck.

 Best Actress  Felicity Huffman - Transamerica
Laura Linney - The Squid and the Whale
Dina Korzun - Forty Shades of Blue
S. Epatha Merkerson - Lackawanna Blues
Cyndi Williams - Room

Best Cinematography 
 Good Night, and Good Luck. - Robert Elswit
Capote
Keane
Last Days
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada

 Best Director  Ang Lee - Brokeback Mountain
Gregg Araki - Mysterious Skin
Noah Baumbach - The Squid and the Whale
George Clooney - Good Night, and Good Luck.
Rodrigo García Barcha - Nine Lives

Best Documentary Film 
 Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room

 Best Film  Brokeback Mountain
Capote
Good Night, and Good Luck.
The Squid and the Whale
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada

Best First Film 
 Crash
Lackawanna Blues
Cirrincione
Me and You and Everyone We Know
Thumbsucker 
Transamerica

 Best Foreign Language Film  Paradise Now, Palestinian Authority
The Death of Mister Lazarescu (Moartea domnului Lazarescu), Romania
Duck Season (Temporada de patos), Mexico
Head-On (Gegen die Wand), Germany/Turkey
Tony Takitani, Japan

Best Screenplay 
 Capote - Dan Futterman 
Nine Lives - Rodrigo García 
The Squid and the Whale - Noah Baumbach 
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada - Guillermo Arriaga 
The War Within - Ayad Akhtar, Joseph Castelo and Tom Glynn

Best Screenplay (first): 
Transamerica - Duncan Tucker 

 Best Supporting Actor  Matt Dillon - Crash
Firdous Bamji - The War Within
Jesse Eisenberg - The Squid and the Whale 
Barry Pepper - The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada
Jeffrey Wright - Broken Flowers

Best Supporting Actress 
 Amy Adams - Junebug
Maggie Gyllenhaal - Happy Endings
Allison Janney - Our Very Own
Robin Wright Penn - Nine Lives
Michelle Williams - Brokeback Mountain

 Award breakdown 2/2: Crash
2/3: Transamerica2/4: Brokeback Mountain
2/4: Capote1/2: Junebug
1/4: Good Night, and Good Luck.

Biggest losers:0/6: The Squid and the Whale
0/3: Nine Lives0/2: Lackawanna Blues (TV movie)0/2': Me and You and Everyone We Know
0/2: ''Room

Movie awards
Komotini is a Greek city in Thrace. Thrace is a periphery in the northwest of Greece. Komotini is a capital of Rodopi prefecture. 52.659 people live there. Some of the people are Muslims. Komotini is the second city in Greece which has Muslims. The other city is Xanthi.

Related pages

Cities in Greece
Raval is the God of the large Imperial Group known as The Imperial Zongian Empire, which hails from the internet game Second Life.

Legends of Raval 

The Origin of Raval (In Zongian Lore) is that he was a one of the members of the rogue Linden group which is lost to SL history, named the Race Maker's a group which set out to build their own races on the game within the very pre-release of Second Life, all 10 Race Makers filled with National Socialist, Communist and Imperial ideas for how a society should be ran, Raval being the only Race Maker to proclaim himself a God, the rest proclaiming themselves the political rulers of their society, Instead Raval decided to make his first Zongian the Emperor of his society, which was the Legendary Emperor - Altmoss Torok.

Real Life Raval 

The real life Raval's true identity is unknown, claiming to be imortal due to a incident he claims: "I was there with Howard Carter, when we uncovered King Tut, the others became cursed, I became blessed, by the grace of Ra sun God of the Egyptian peoples" the rest of his claim is fuzzy and hard to understand, all "Zongian Blooded" people believe his claim many who don't believe the claim have been said to have gone missing, many scholars believe this to be the work of the Zongian High Council in real life. Tray Quandry, one of the Virtual planets greatest Commanders once stated "Raval is my master, he is something I would not cross unless I wanted to die a coward".

Video game characters

Online games
The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC, also called "dub-dub") is an event held every year for software developers who create software for macOS and iOS. The first WWDC took place in 1987. After 13 years of being held in early June in San Francisco, California, WWDC returned to San Jose, California in 2017. Sometimes new products are announced at the conference.

Since 2020, WWDC is a virtual event due to COVID-19 pandemic.

References

Apple Inc.
San Francisco
June events
1987 establishments in California
The Dards are an ethnic group predominantly found in Eastern Afghanistan, India's Jammu and Kashmir, in the Northern Areas and in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Smaller Dard populations can be found in China. The term Dard is due to Herodotus who described a land of the Dardikae in the area of northeastern Afghanistan.

Ethnic groups in Kashmir
A primary cell is a battery that is made to be used one time only. It cannot be recharged. Once all the power is used up, the battery must be thrown away. It no longer makes electricity. Primary cells are often used to give power to small appliances that are used in the home.

The advantages  about this kind of disposable battery are:
 it costs less money
 it is easier to make
 it can last longer before being used (shelf life) 
 it is easily available to buy

The disadvantages about this kind of disposable batteries are:
 it is making waste when thrown away
 it can be  made with toxic materials

Examples
Alkaline battery
Leclanche battery
Lithium battery
Mercury battery
Silver oxide battery

Historic primary cells
The following primary cells are only of historical interest. The dry cell is now almost universal.

Related pages
Secondary cell
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Twilight is a 2008 American teen romantic-fantasy movie. It is based on the novel by Stephenie Meyer. The movie was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and stars Robert Pattinson, Kristen Stewart, and Taylor Lautner. Stephenie Meyer has a cameo appearance in the movie. The movie is about a teenage girl and a vampire falling in love.

The movie was a huge success. It was released in cinemas on November 21, 2008 and grossed $35.7 million on this day. Since then, it has gone on to gross over $382,133,300 worldwide. The soundtrack for the movie was released on November 4, 2008 and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. The soundtrack contains all of the music from the movie including music created and sung by actor Robert Pattinson, who appeared in the movie.

Plot 
Isabella Swan, who is seventeen years old, moves to Forks, a small town in Washington, to live with her father, Charlie, after her mother remarries. She meets many new friends at High School and they inform her about the Cullen family, and Bella becomes intrigued. Edward Cullen, who is in Bella's Biology class, acts very strangely when he sees her for the first time, which makes Bella confused. A few days later, Bella is almost hit with a van in the school parking lot. Edward manages to move extremely quickly by her side and pushes the van away with his hand, leaving a huge pressure mark in the side of the van. Bella did not know how he managed to do this, so she is determined to find out. However, Edward refuses to explain what happened, and warns her not to be friends with him.

After Bella does lots of research, she finds out that Edward Cullen is a vampire. Bella and Edward fall in love and Edward introduces her to his family, Carlisle, Esme, Alice, Jasper, Emmett, and Rosalie who are also vampires. They invite Bella to play baseball with them, and she agrees. However, three other vampires called James, Victoria and Laurent arrive and disrupt the game. James, who is a tracker vampire, is intrigued by Edward's protectiveness over a human and wants to hunt Bella. Edward and his family risk their lives to protect her, but James gets Bella on her own after lying to her that he was holding her mother hostage. James attacks Bella and bites her wrist, but Edward, along with the other Cullen family members, arrives before he can kill her. James is destroyed, and Edward sucks James's venom from Bella's wrist, preventing her from becoming a vampire. A severely injured Bella is taken to a hospital. Upon returning to Forks, Bella and Edward attend their school prom. While there, Bella expresses her desire to become a vampire, which Edward ignores. The movie ends with Victoria secretly watching the pair dancing, plotting revenge for her love.

Other websites 

2008 drama movies
2008 romance movies
2000s fantasy movies
2000s romantic drama movies
2000s teen drama movies
2000s teen romance movies
2000s American fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Washington (U.S. state)
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
Vampires in movies
Cyclone Tracy was a tropical cyclone that destroyed the city of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, 1974. It is the most compact tropical cyclone on record in Australia, with the gale force winds reaching out only  from the centre. It is the second most compact cyclone in the world. Tropical Storm Marco of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season had gale-force winds reaching only  from the centre. After forming over the Arafura Sea, the Tracy moved south and hit the city with Category 4 winds on the Australian cyclone scale. It is possible that it had reached Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale when it made landfall.

Tracy killed 71 people, caused $837 million in damage (1974 AUD) and destroyed more than 70% of Darwin's buildings, including 80% of the houses. Of the 49,000 people who lived in Darwin, 20,000 people were left homeless. More than 30,000 people had to leave the city. Most of Darwin's population were moved to Adelaide, Whyalla, Alice Springs and Sydney. Many people never returned to Darwin. The city was rebuilt using modern materials and updated building methods. Bruce Stannard of The Age stated that Cyclone Tracy was a "disaster ... without parallel in Australia's history."

References

1974
Tropical cyclones in Oceania
20th century in Australia
Northern Territory