cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Gambia is officially called the Republic of the Gambia. This country is also known as Gambia. It is a country in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa.

Banjul is the capital city. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.

Geography 
The geography of Gambia is unusual. It is a long, thin country. Except for its coastline it is completely surrounded by the country of Senegal. The River Gambia flows from Senegal through its centre and into the Atlantic Ocean.

Climate
The Gambia has a tropical climate. A hot and rainy season normally lasts from June until November.

Politics and government
The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965. It was ruled by Dawda Jawara and his People's Progressive Party (PPP) from 1965 to 1994. There was a military take-over in 1994. In 1996, Yahya Jammeh became President. Then in 2016, Adama Barrow was elected.

Administrative divisions
The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas. They are:
 Banjul
 Kanifing
 Brikama
 Mansa Konko
 Kerewan
 Kuntaur
 Janjanbureh
 Basse

As of 2013, these are then divided into 43 districts.

Culture 
The population of The Gambia is about 1.7 million. People from The Gambia are called Gambians. A number of people from different cultures and backgrounds live in The Gambia. Some of the largest groups are called Mandinka, Fula, Wolof and Jolo, in that order.

English is the official language, but people speak other languages as well.

Most Gambians follow the religion of Islam.

The American writer Alex Haley, who wrote the book Roots, found that his family came from The Gambia in the 1760s.

References

Other websites 
 Gambia information

 
English-speaking countries
Former British colonies
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
Derry  is the second largest city in Northern Ireland (after Belfast) and the fourth largest city on the island of Ireland (after Dublin, Belfast and Cork. The population is about 100,000. The city was founded in 542. It has old city walls which are still complete. The city is in County Londonderry, near the border with the Republic of Ireland's County Donegal.

History
The city was originally called Doire (pronounced duhruh) which is an Irish word for a group of oak trees. In English, this word became "Derry". After the Ulster Plantations, the London Companies gave money for the building of the Port and Walls in Derry.

In 1984 the city council changed the name of the local government area back to its original title of Derry but the city's official name is still Londonderry.

People from the Republic of Ireland call the city Derry. Many people (mostly Catholics/republicans) from Northern Ireland also call it Derry. Many people from Northern Ireland who want Northern Ireland to stay in the UK call the city Londonderry.

References 

542 establishments
6th-century establishments in Europe
Cities in Northern Ireland
Establishments in Northern Ireland
County towns in Northern Ireland
Point can refer to:
 Point and counterpoint, meaning or purpose, especially in a discussion or dispute
 Point of order, a matter raised during a debate concerning the rules of debating themselves
 Point (geometry), an entity that has a location in space or a plane but no extent
 Point man, the lead soldier or vehicle in a patrol
 Basis point, 1/100th of one percent, denoted bp, bps, or ‱
 Point (typography), a measurement used in printing, the meaning of which has changed over time
 In typography, a dot character (e.g.: full stop, interpunct), decimal point)
 Point (coat color), fur coloration of the extremities, in animals
 Point (gemstone) (2 mg) or one-hundredth of a carat
 Point (mortgage), one percent of the loan amount
 Points, a railroad switch (British English)
 Points, contact breaker in an ignition system
 Point system, a system of demerits for driving offenses
 Taking point, being the lead element in a military formation
 Vowel points: niqqud for Hebrew language; harakat for Arabic
 Point Music, a record label
 Point (landform)
 Projectile point, a hafted archaeological artifact used as a knife or projectile tip
 Unit of length
 Le Point, a French weekly news magazine
 Point (album), a 2001 album by Cornelius
 
 Also see The Point

In navigation:
 Compass point, one of the 32 directions on a traditional compass
 Point, one eighth of a right angle (11.25 degrees).
 Points of sail, a sailing boat's course in relation to wind direction

Places:
 Point, Outer Hebrides, a district of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland
 Points, West Virginia
 Palmer Trinity School, a high school in Palmetto Bay, Florida

In sports and games:
 Point, a unit of scoring in some sports and games
 Point (basketball), units obtained by scoring baskets during a game
 Point (tennis), the smallest unit of scoring in tennis
 Point (ice hockey), a goal or assist a player earns during a game
 Point, a fielding position in cricket
 The point (ice hockey), the location of an ice hockey player
 Point guard, in basketball
The Federal Reserve (sometimes called "The Fed") is a large central bank in Washington, D.C. that was founded in 1913. It lends money to other, smaller banks. The Federal Reserve Board is a group of financial leaders who work for the Federal Reserve and decide how much to charge these banks for borrowing money (this charge is called an "interest rate"). The Federal Reserve interest rate is decided by the Federal Reserve Board after studying the condition of the US economy. 

When the economy is growing too fast, the Federal Reserve makes borrowing more expensive by increasing the interest rate, which means people and companies spend less, which discourages inflation. When economic growth slows, the interest rate is decreased so that borrowing will increase and there will be growth.

1913 establishments in the United States
Banks of the United States
1910s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Trent Reznor (born Michael Trent Reznor) (May 17, 1965) is an American singer and musician. He is the creator of the band Nine Inch Nails. For a long time, he was the only member of Nine Inch Nails. That changed in 2016, when Atticus Ross became an official member of the band. He sings and plays most of the music himself. He also writes all of the lyrics.

Reznor started playing music when he learned the piano, which he started when he was five years old. He was so good he could maybe have become a pianist if he had wanted to. He also learned saxophone and tuba.

He joined his first band when he was in college, called Option 30. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1985 and joined a band called The Innocent where he played keyboard. In 1986 he joined another band, The Exotic Birds.

He got a job as a cleaner at a music recording studio called Right Track Studio which is now called Midtown Recording. He sometimes used the studio to record songs which later went on his first album Pretty Hate Machine. When the studio heard how good he was, he quit his job as a cleaner and made the band Nine Inch Nails. Their albums since then have been Broken (1992), The Downward Spiral (1994), The Fragile (1999), With Teeth (2005), Year Zero (2007), Ghosts I-IV (2008), The Slip (2008),  Hesitation Marks (2013), and Bad Witch (2018).

Singers from Pennsylvania
1965 births
Living people
Nine Inch Nails
Terry Jacks (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian musician. He was born and raised in Winnipeg. He now works as an environmental activist.

Jacks is most famous for his song "Seasons in the Sun". The song was ranked number one in multiple countries in 1974. It is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.

Studio albums
 Seasons in the Sun (1974)
 Y' Don't Fight the Sea (1975)
 Pulse (1983)
 Just Like That (1987)
 Starfish on the Beach (2015)

References

1944 births
Living people
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Environmentalists
Musicians from Winnipeg
Sark is one of the Channel Islands. Around 600 people live on Sark. Sark also has its own language called "Sercquiais." Only 400 people speak it. No cars are allowed on Sark, anyone on the island that want to go somewhere must either walk, go on a bicycle, or go by horse and cart. It became a democracy in 2008.

Islands of the Channel Islands
Robert Crumb (born August 30, 1943) is a famous American cartoonist and musician. He founded the underground comics movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. He is most famous for the album cover for Big Brother and the Holding Company's Cheap Thrills, the catchphrase "Keep on Truckin'" and Fritz the Cat, which was made into a movie without his approval. He also collects 78 rpm phonograph records and plays the mandolin. He was the subject of an award-winning documentary movie made in 1994 called Crumb.

American animators
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American cartoonists
1943 births
Living people
Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress, producer and voice artist. She won two Academy Awards for her role in the movie Cold Mountain and as Judy Garland in Judy. She has acted in many movies, including Jerry Maguire, Bridget Jones's Diary, Chicago and Cinderella Man.

Early life
Zellweger was born in Katy, Texas. Her father, Emil Erich Zellweger, is from a small town in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and is a mechanical and electrical engineer who worked in the oil refining business. Her mother, Kjellfrid Irene (née Andreassen), a native of Norway, is of Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and possible Sami, ancestry. Kjellfrid grew up in Kirkenes and Ekkerøy, and is a nurse and midwife who moved to the United States to work as a governess for a Norwegian family in Texas. Zellweger has described herself as being raised in a family of "lazy Catholics and Episcopalians". 
Zellweger took acting classes because she wanted to make certain she graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a literature degree.

Acting career
Zellweger appeared in many television shows, for example A Taste for Killing and Shake, Rattle and Rock. Her first part in a movie was in Dazed and Confused followed by Ben Stiller’s Reality Bites.

Movies
 Cinderella Man (2005)
 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)
 Shark Tale (2004)
 Cold Mountain (2003)
 Down with Love (2003)
 Chicago (2002)
 White Oleander (2002)
 Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
 Nurse Betty (2000)
 Me, Myself and Irene (2000)
 The Bachelor (1999)
 One True Thing (1998)
 Jerry Maguire (1996)
 Empire Records (1995)
 Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994)

Awards 

 Academy Awards
 Best Supporting Actress: Cold Mountain (2004)

 Golden Globe Awards
 Best Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Cold Mountain (2004)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Chicago (2003)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Nurse Betty (2001)

References

Other websites
 

1969 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Singers from Texas
American movie producers
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Katy, Texas
Meryl Streep (born Mary Louise Streep; June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies, including Falling in Love, The Bridges of Madison County, and The House of Spirits. She was born in New Jersey. Streep is considered one of the best actresses of her time. She has won three Academy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-one in total. President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts.

Early life
Streep was born in Summit, New Jersey. Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915–2001), was a commercial artist and an art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910–2003), was a pharmaceutical executive. She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Her patrilineal ancestry traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streep, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of  Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry. Some of Streep's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and were descended from 17th century immigrants from England. Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state. One of Streep's maternal great-grandmothers, Grace Strain, was from Creeslough, County Donegal, Ireland.

Personal life
Streep is married to Don Gummer since September 30, 1978. They have four children, son Henry Wolf Gummer (born November 13, 1979) and daughters Mary Willa Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991).

References

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners 
Kennedy Center honorees
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Fahrenheit (more precisely, a degree Fahrenheit) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32).  The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated °F.

History
This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.  In the twentieth century, the unit became less used, and the degree Celsius more used.  Fahrenheit is still often used in the United States. In the United Kingdom, Fahrenheit is used on some websites, and on weather forecasts. The main reason for this is that the older population is more familiar with Fahrenheit.

The degree Fahrenheit is considered by many to be old fashioned and outdated way of measuring temperature. The degree Celsius has largely replaced Fahrenheit's use.

Overall, the use of the degree Fahrenheit is in decline throughout most of the world, with the USA being the main exception.

Examples
 
On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°.
 Room temperature is about 70 °F.
 A human's body temperature is usually close to 98.6 °F.
 Absolute zero is –459.67 °F.

Related pages
Celsius
Kelvin
Rankine
Delisle
Newton (Unit) (force)
Réaumur
Rømer

Imperial units
Units of temperature
Anthrax, or splenic fever, is a disease. Both humans and other animals can get it. It is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis. It is common with even-toed ungulates (some hoofed creatures, like camels and giraffes). The spores of the bacteria can live for hundreds of years. Humans usually catch the disease from animals. It is usually not passed from one human to another.  Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. There is also a vaccine against it. If not treated, anthrax often leads to death.

Types of anthrax 
There are 89 different strains (kinds) of anthrax. One of them, the Ames strain, was used against the United States in 2001 as a biological weapon.

History

Outbreaks 
On April 2, 1979, there was a leak at one of the plants just outside of Sverdlovsk that made anthrax during the Cold War. 94 people were infected and 64 of those people died. The USSR blamed the deaths on another strain of anthrax that the people caught by digesting infected meat. However, later it was revealed that the outbreak was caused by an accidental release of the bacteria from a nearby plant which developed biological weapons for the USSR. 

In September 2001, several letters containing anthrax were mailed to several USA media companies and senators. The attacks were linked to the September 11 attacks which occurred a few days before the start of the attack.

Hoaxes 
There were many cases of fake powder being found in envelopes.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Zoonoses
Wetzlar is a city at the river Lahn in Hesse in Germany. The number of people in the city is about 53,000.
Wetzlar is near Frankfurt.

Wetzlar is famous for the historic Oldtown and for Goethe.

The camera maker Leica is there.

Wetzlar has a connection to the Autobahn 45 with three junctions.

Wetzlar is twinned with:
 Avignon, France
 Colchester, United Kingdom
 Siena, Italy
 Schladming, Austria
 Ilmenau, Thuringia
 Berlin-Neukölln, Berlin
 Písek, Czech Republic

References

Other websites

1803 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhol, Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was one of the most famous American artists of the latter half of the 20th century. Many people think that Warhol is the "bellwether of the art market". 

Warhol was born Andrew Warhola, Jr. in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928. He graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology before moving to New York City. His first big break was in August 1949 when he was asked to illustrate an article in Glamour Magazine. He dropped the 'a' from the end of his name when the credits read "Drawings by Andrew Warhol". Warhol was also famous for painting Campbells' and Watties' soup cans. He painted about 300 different paintings. . He originally worked as a commercial artist. He designed things like advertisements and window displays for stores. He soon became famous as an artist in the Pop Art movement, in which everyday objects and media images were used. One of his most famous paintings is his colourful portrait of American movie star, Marilyn Monroe. After she died he was deeply moved, and wanted to create some sort of memorial.

In 1968, Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanas. He was known for his The Factory studio in New York City where most of his work was created.

In 1987, Warhol was in a hospital in New York City after an operation on his gallbladder. He died in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia, aged 58. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water poisoning.

References

Other websites

 Andy Warhol Print at Adam's Auctioneers
 Warhol Foundation in New York City
 Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh
 Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection
 Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol 
 The work of Andy Warhol spoken about by David Cronenberg on UbuWeb
 
 Warhol in Paris—slideshow by The First Post
 Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985
 Andy Warhol: A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS

 
American artists
American crime victims
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
American painters
Pop artists
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia
Gay men
LGBT artists
People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1928 births
1987 deaths
Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.

Birth and youth 
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. A woodpecker fed them. The brothers were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them.

The founding of Rome 
Once they were grown, Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. However, the twins had an argument about where to start Rome. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill. They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods. Each brother stood on his respective hill. Remus saw six birds fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve. However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first. Nonetheless, Romulus started to build a wall around his city. Then, Remus jumped over the wall as an insult to his brother. Angered, Romulus killed Remus. He regretted it, and took Remus to Amulius's palace, and buried him there.

Other websites

Roman mythology
Twin people
Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), who was an important Chinese philosopher. Confucianism has a complete system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, and has had a large influence on the history of Chinese civilization.  Some people think Confucianism should be called a religion but others do not agree.

Confucianism was made to stop the fall of Chinese society. After the Zhou Dynasty fell, people cared only for themselves and did not have any respect for others. Confucianism became a social order for China, teaching that social relationships are the most important. People slowly started to believe in it, because they wanted to have peace, but they had to care for themselves too. As a result, Confucianism brought the people love, harmony, and respect for one another.

Confucianism was started in Ch'u-fu, Confucius's birthplace.  Today, Confucianism has spread around the world, but it is still more important in China.

The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the respect of one's parents, elders, and ancestors. He also taught that humans 'can never stop learning'; meaning that knowledge is infinite, therefore we will always learn, never stopping. For example, he once asked a seven-year-old child to be his teacher, because the child knew something that he did not.

Confucianism Beliefs and Teachings 
Confucianism teaches 5 virtues.

 Ren (Jen), that refers to altruism and humanity.
 Yi, that refers to righteousness.
 Li, that refers to good conduct.
 Zhi, that refers to knowledge.
 Xin, which means loyalty.

Chinese culture that exists today has its roots in Confucianism. Confucius believed that families are the building blocks of a society, which is why he laid emphasis on Filial Piety, which is known as xiào (孝) in Chinese. Filial Piety means loyalty towards ones family. A Filial son is expected to take care of his parents and go to any extent to make their wishes come true.

The book, Analects, describes the teachings of Confucius and was written by his disciples.

Related pages
 Ogyū Sorai

References

 
History of China
Religion in China
Transformers are robots that turn into other things.  Usually they turn into vehicles, like cars or jets.

Transformers started in 1984 as a toy line, but then an animated series and a comic book were made. In 1986 a movie came out. In 2002 a new series and story line called Transformers Armada came out. this was followed by two more shows, Energon and Cybertron.

Transformers is about different things sometimes.  Usually it is about the heroic Autobots fighting the evil Decepticons.  The Autobots are usually led by Optimus Prime.  The Decepticons are led by Megatron.

Transformer universe
The Dynasty of Primes were the first seven Primes in Cybertronian history. They were on a quest to harvest Energon using the Star Harvester. In some documents of history, they were loosely known as "The Thirteen".

Other websites

Animated television series
Toys
Transformers (franchise)
Virginia is a state in the United States. Its capital is Richmond and its largest city is Virginia Beach.  The official name of Virginia is the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Geography 
Virginia is bordered (touching) by West Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia (across the Potomac River) to the north, by Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south, and by Kentucky and West Virginia to the west.

History 
Native Americans were the first people to settle in Virginia.

Virginia became a state in 1788 after the American Revolution. Before it became a state of the United States, Virginia was one of the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain. Virginia was founded (started) in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.

The state of West Virginia was part of Virginia until the American Civil War.  Virginia then left (seceded from) the United States and joined the Confederate States of America.  The western counties of Virginia seceded from Virginia to form a new state which was loyal to the Union.  After the end of the Civil War, Virginia became part of the United States again in 1870, but the counties that had left to start West Virginia did not join Virginia again.

Virginia is the state where eight United States presidents were born. This is more than any other state.

The first African-American slaves were sent to Virginia.

Economy 
Virginia has many industries like local and national government, military, farming, technology and business. Many Virginians work for the government because it is next to Washington, D.C.. The Central Intelligence Agency, Department of Defense, as well as the National Science Foundation are in Northern Virginia.  Farming is the main industry in the state, making 334,000 jobs. Tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and hay are grown in Virginia. Technology is a fast growing industry. Virginia is 4th in technology workers after California, Texas, and New York.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Virginia
 List of counties in Virginia

References

Other websites 

 Virginia at Citizendium

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Vermont is a state in the United States. Its capital is the city of Montpelier, and its largest city is Burlington.

The states that border Vermont are Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.

Vermont was home to the Abenaki and Iroquois Native American groups until France took control of the area when it was building colonies. Great Britain gained control after winning the French and Indian War. It is known for being one of only four states to be an independent nation before joining the United States. It was not a part of the 13 colonies and instead joined as the 14th state. Vermont became a state in 1791. It is world-renowned for its maple syrup industry, and many tourists go to see brilliant colors the trees become in the fall months. The tourism industry has become quite successful, with many tourists coming every year.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Vermont
 List of counties in Vermont

References

 
1791 establishments in the United States
South Carolina is a state in the southeast United States. Its capital city is Columbia and the largest city is Charleston. The population of the state is about 5.2 million people, ranked 23rd in the United States.  South Carolina has an area of 32,030 square miles, making it the 40th largest state in the United States.

Other important cities in South Carolina are Columbia, Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Sumter, and Florence.

Major landforms include beaches, "barrier islands", salt marsh, sandhills, rolling piedmont, and the Blue Ridge Mountains.  Because of its natural beauty, the state attracts many tourists, especially to Myrtle Beach, Charleston, and Hilton Head Island.
South Carolina became a state in 1788.  The economy was agriculture-based, known for cotton, rice, indigo, and tobacco by African American slaves.  After the American Civil War, the state lost much of its political and economic power.  Towards the end of the 20th century, the state began to strengthen its economy and add population.  Today, the major industries are tourism, textiles (clothing materials), golf, and manufacturing.  South Carolina has the second highest number of workers employed by international companies per capita in the United States.

South Carolina is bounded to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean.

Farming 
Before the Civil War, South Carolina grew a lot of rice. African slaves worked on slave plantations in the state.

Participation In The Civil War & 1876-1966 Segregation

The Civil War 
South Carolina became the first of eleven states to secede from the union, on December 20, 1860, to protest the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln. It joined the Confederacy. The first battle of the Civil War took place at Fort Sumter, in Charleston.

1876-1966 Segregation & Democratic Dominance 
After the Civil War, African-Americans in South Carolina got to vote for some time, but soon black codes were enacted, and white-supremacist groups like the KKK were reborn, restricting African-Americans from voting. South Carolina thus became a Democratic stronghold. In fact, in 1904, Republican Theodore Roosevelt, who was running for president, won less than 5% of the vote in the state. The Democratic candidate won over 95% of the vote. This cult of fear disabled most African-Americans in South  Carolina from voting till 1965, when President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act.

Confederate Flag 
For a long time, South Carolina had the Confederate flag hanging over its capital. This is no longer the case.

Famous People 
U.S. President Andrew Jackson was born in South Carolina.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in South Carolina
 List of counties in South Carolina

References

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Rhode Island is the smallest state in the United States by area. The capital and largest city is Providence. It is called the "Ocean state" because of its bays and waterways. It was founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom. The Narragansett people lived there before Europeans came, but people like Roger Williams didn't respect them and used the land for their own reasons. The colonists fought a war against the native people and many of them were killed or ran away from the colonists.

Rhode Island was one of the original Thirteen Colonies. It became very important to the economy because of the slave trade, and more slaves were taken to the thirteen colonies through Rhode Island than any of the others in the 18th century. Slavers would send ships from Newport to buy slaves from Africa and make money by trading goods with others involved in slavery. Rhode Island became a state (the last of the thirteen to agree to the new United States Constitution) in 1790.

Rhode Island is bordered on the north and east by Massachusetts, on the west by Connecticut, and on the south by Rhode Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean. It shares a water border with New York. It is named for a large island in Rhode Island Sound. Rhode Island   Some thought the island looked liked Rhodes, an island in Greece. Others didn´t.

An executive order was signed by Governor Gina Raimondo on June 22, 2020 to remove "Providence Plantations" from the official state name due to its ties to slavery.  Raimondo stated the change would go into effect "as soon as practicable."  In November 2020, the official name was voted to be changed to "State of Rhode Island".

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Rhode Island
 List of counties in Rhode Island

References 

 
1790 establishments in the United States
New Jersey is one  of the 50 states of the United States of America. It is in the northeastern section of the country along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is a geographically small state, shaped like a letter [S], and bordered on the west by Pennsylvania and Delaware across the Delaware River, on the north by New York, on the northeast by the Hudson River and New York City, on the east and southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the southwest by Delaware Bay.

The capital of New Jersey is Trenton and the largest city is Newark, though New Jersey is better known for bordering the large cities of New York City and Philadelphia. The state nickname is "The Garden State". The current governor is Phil Murphy.

New Jersey is the fourth smallest state, but has the eleventh highest number of people. It therefore has the highest population density (number of people for the amount of land) in the United States. New Jersey is also well known for its beaches, industries, swamps, and pine forests.

The climate is hot and humid summers and cold winters, with about 1200 mm of precipitation every year. The average temperature in July is 25-30 degrees Celsius and in January around freezing point.

History
Before Europeans came, the land that is now New Jersey was inhabited by the Lenape (also known as Delaware Indians by the English), who were nomads, hunters, and farmers. The Dutch came to the northern area of the state in the 1630s, after Henry Hudson explored the area, thought it was a nice place, and claimed it for the Dutch. Towns quickly sprang up, occupied by the Dutch, Swedes, and Finns. People rushed in. The first towns, such as Bergen (now Jersey City), Trenton (the capitol), and Burlington developed. Many others started themselves upon the west bank of the Hudson. New Jersey was part of the area known at this time as New Netherland.

In 1664, the English took New Netherland from the Dutch and added it to their colonies. This part was renamed New Jersey after an island in the English Channel known as Jersey.

New Jersey took part in the American Revolutionary War, and was a scene of battles. On Christmas in 1776, George Washington's army entered New Jersey to attack British soldiers at Trenton and Princeton. The American army won, in two small but famous battles that were important in boosting American morale.

Later, the rebels drove the British residents out of Princeton and for a time established a national capital there. New Jersey would be the third state to join the United States of America and the first to approve the Bill of Rights.

Counties
New Jersey has 21 counties:

References

 
1787 establishments in the United States
New Hampshire is a state in northeast United States. It is one of six states in the New England region. The capital is Concord and its largest city is Manchester. The second largest city is Nashua. Other major cities include Keene, Dover, Portsmouth, and Merrimack.

The state motto is "Live Free or Die"  and the nickname is the Granite State.  The state flower is the lilac and the state bird is the purple finch.  New Hampshire is part of New England.  It is bordered by Maine in the East, Massachusetts to the South, Vermont to the West, and Quebec, a Canadian province, to the North.

Its population was estimated to be 1,359,711 in 2019, so it is the ninth smallest state in the United States by population.

New Hampshire's tourist attractions include the Lakes Region, the White Mountains, the autumn leaves, and the New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon.  Some famous people from New Hampshire are Franklin Pierce, Adam Sandler, and members of the band Aerosmith. New Hampshire is also famous for being the first state to vote in the Presidential primaries.

New Hampshire was a British colony before the American War of Independence.  It became the ninth state on June 21, 1788 when it accepted the United States Constitution.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in New Hampshire
 List of counties in New Hampshire

References 

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Former British colonies
A watch glass is used for temporary storage of solids and sometimes liquids (in small amounts).

Laboratory equipment
Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman Empire (which historians name the Byzantine Empire) and then the capital of the Ottoman Empire (14531922). The city was in the Balkans, on a peninsula in the Bosphorus, the strait between Europe and Asia Minor.

The Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, built the city in the same place as an older city: Byzantium. In Constantinople's place is now Istanbul, in Turkey.

History 
For centuries the city was not very large, and was called Byzantium. Constantine the Great renamed it for himself and made it his capital. In medieval times different sides tried to conquer it including Crusaders. Constantinople was the capital city of the Latin Empire (12041261). In 1453 the Ottoman sultan Mehmet the Conqueror took control of Constantinople.

Over time, the city's short name in  became the name Istanbul. This name became the city's official name in 1930, during the government of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Related pages
 Istanbul

Other websites 
 Monuments of Byzantium  - Pantokrator Monastery of Constantinople
 Mosaics of Hagia Sophia - The Deesis Mosaic from Hagia Sophia
 Constantinoupolis on the web Select internet resources on the history and culture of Constantinople
 Info on the name change from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
 Welcome to Constantinople , documenting the monuments of Byzantine Constantinople, compiled by Robert Ousterhout, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
 Constantinople, from History of the Later Roman Empire, by J.B. Bury

Places of Ancient Rome
Istanbul
Ottoman Empire
Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Seyyed Mohammad Khatami (سید محمد خاتمی), (born October 14, 1943) is an Iranian politician who was President of Iran from August 2, 1997 to August 3, 2005 and was followed by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Khatami studied Islamic theology in Qom, and philosophy in Isfahan. Khatami built upon the idea of a lawful state, called Rechtsstaat, of democracy and of social equality. He was the first Iranian president to officially do so. These tenets led to conflicts with the government of Iran. Khatami is seen as a reformist. He is currently a prominent supporter of the Iranian Green Movement, and a critic of the government.

Other websites 
 Biography in I.R.I.B. Archive 
 Biography in Encyclopedia Britannica
 Web site of the International Center for Dialogue Among Civilizations

1943 births
Living people
Iranian politicians
Muslims
Bison are large, even-toed ungulates.  They are bovines, similar to cows.  They are often called buffalo, but are not closely related to African buffalo or water buffalo.  

Bison live in the northern part of the world.  The American bison lives in North America where they formerly wandered around the prairies in huge herds.  The wisent lives in Europe. Bison can also live in rugged areas.

American 
They are the biggest mammals in North America.   There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1,000 bison were left. Through conservation efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s.

European 
European bison (wisent) tend to live in lightly wooded to fully wooded areas and areas with increased shrubs and bushes, though they can also live on grasslands and plains.

Taxonomy 
They are classified in the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae.
 Genus Bison
 American bison (Bison bison)
 Wisent or European bison (Bison bonasus)

Life 
They live to be about 20 years old and are born without their "hump" or horns, which both males and females have. After shedding their light colored hair, and with their horns, they are grown at 2 to 3 years of age, but the males keep growing slowly until about age seven. Adult bulls are very dominant in mating season. Adult bison usually have one or two baby bison.

References 

Bovines
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Europe
A baseball cap is a type of hat worn by baseball players when they play as part of their team's uniform, but other people wear them as well.

Cap
Headgear
'Windows 95' is an operating system by Microsoft. It was released in August of 1995. It is the first version to be part of Windows 9x. Windows 95 added new features to the last Microsoft Windows. which was Windows 3.x. Windows 95 was the first Windows with the "Start" menu. Since then, the Start menu has been used in all Windows operating systems except Windows 8 and Windows 11. It was also the first Windows that included ways to connect to the [Internet]. Although Windows 95 is thought of as an operating system by itself, it works over MS-DOS. Windows 95 is like a visual version of MS-DOS. This means that Windows 95 can run both MS-DOS programs and Windows ones, but programs made just for Windows 95 will not work in MS-DOS. 

Windows 95 was Microsoft's first operating system to support long file names. Before that, file names could only be eight characters (letters, numbers, or symbols) long, plus the file extension. Windows 95 was also Microsoft's first operating system to fully support CD-ROMs, though Windows 3.x could also access CD-ROMs.

It was popular from 1995 until 1998, when Microsoft replaced it with Windows 98. Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, 2001.

Editions 
Windows 95 Retail
Windows 95 OSR 1 and SP1
Windows 95 OSR 2.0
Windows 95 OSR 2.1
Windows 95 OSR 2.5

References

Microsoft operating systems
Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) was an aristocrat and statesman of the 19th century in Europe. As Prime Minister of Prussia from 1862 to 1890, he was most responsible for the uniting most of the many independent German countries into the new German Empire in 1871 and became its first chancellor.

He was Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (Count Bismarck-Schönhausen) in 1865. In 1871, he eas Fürst von Bismarck (Prince Bismarck). In 1890, he became the Herzog von Lauenburg (Duke of Lauenburg). At first, he did not want to become a duke, but he accepted the title later.

Unification of Germany 
In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that lasted until 1871 and unified most of the German states except Austria into a powerful German Empire, which was led by Prussia. He "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers".

Bismarck conducted wars against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866) and France (1871) to make Prussia more powerful. The Franco-Prussian War was very significant in the long run. France lost AlsaceLorraine during the German victory, led by the brilliant Helmuth von Moltke, and the war made Germany the most important country in Central Europe.

After the death of Kaiser Wilhelm I and that of his son, Frederick III, who briefly replaced him in 1888, a new era began without Bismarck and Moltke, and Wilhelm II was now on the throne.

Policy at home 
Bismarck was very conservative, was strongly connected to the monarchy, and disliked democracy. His most important goal was to make Prussia stronger, and he did so by the unification of Germany. Bismarck tried to stop the rise of socialism and to reduce the power of the Catholic Church.

One way to stop socialism was to make the working class happy. He did so by introducing many social reforms like public health and accident insurance, as well as pensions for old people. Bismarck's pension scheme was the forerunner of the modern welfare state in Germany, and many other countries started similar systems.

References 

1815 births
1898 deaths
Chancellors of the German Empire
Ambassadors of Germany
German generals
German nobility
Members of the Reichstag (German Empire)
Prime Ministers of Prussia
People from Prussia
People with foods named after them
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
A socialist country is a sovereign state in which everyone in society equally owns the factors of production.  

The four factors of production are labor, capital goods, natural resources and entrepreneurship. 

In a socialist country, people account for individual needs and social needs. The resources of the country go to both types of needs. Social needs include things like education, healthcare, defense, transportation and the preservation of natural resources, as well as caring for people who can't contribute to production (such as children, the elderly and the disabled).

Everyone in a socialist society receives a share of the production based on their individual needs and most things aren’t bought with money because they are distributed based on needs and not on means. If a person wishes to have more goods, they need to find a way for that to become one of their basic needs.

The most socialist countries in the world include:
 China
 North Korea
 Cuba
 Laos
 Vietnam
 Venezuela

Former socialist countries include:
 Soviet Union
 Yugoslavia
 East Germany
 Democratic Kampuchea

A socialist country is vastly different from countries that practice capitalism.

Forms of government
Hamsters are rodents belonging to the subfamily Cricetinae. The subfamily contains about 25 species in six or seven genera. They have become established as popular small house pets. They are a bit like a mouse. Wild hamsters live in the desert, but people all over the world keep domesticated hamsters as pets.

In the wild, hamsters are crepuscular and stay underground during the day. They feed on seeds, fruits, and vegetation, and occasionally eat burrowing insects. Hamsters are distinguished by their large cheek pouches, and relatively short tail. They use their long cheek pouches (extending to their shoulders) to carry food back to their burrows.

Hamsters as pets 
There are six main types of hamsters: the Syrian hamster (the kind most people have as pets), winter whites, campbells, the Russian dwarf hamster (a hybrid of winter white and Campbell's dwarf hamsters), the Chinese hamster, and the Roborovski hamster. Unlike other species, the Chinese hamster has a long tail. All Syrian hamsters are the descendants of 12 baby hamsters found in Syria in 1930.

Pet hamsters should live in cages with wood shavings or recycled newspaper (pine or cedar shavings are toxic to hamsters). Plain toilet paper is also a cheap, safe option, but straw should only be given in small amounts. Hamsters eat mostly hamster food sold at a pet shop, but they can also eat many vegetables and fruits in small portions. Hamsters store food in natural pouches in the sides of their mouths.

Because they are rodents, hamster incisors grow constantly. They need wooden blocks and hard food to wear the teeth down and prevent them from getting too long. Most hamsters also have a wheel to run on for exercise. A 6 inch (15 cm) wheel is recommended for most dwarf hamsters, and at least an eight-inch (20 cm) wheel for Syrians. If the wheel is too small, the hamster's spine can become bent. Some people get other kinds of exercise equipment for their hamsters, like a "hamster ball" in which the hamster can roll around the floor (though these are not recommended by some animal welfare groups), or a long network of tubes with air holes for hamsters to crawl through. They should live in a tank or cage. Hamsters are not recommended for young children.

References
A watch is a small clock carried or worn by a person. It makes it easy to see the time. It is also a fashion accessory for men and women, and expensive watches are designed for this purpose. A watch may be one of the few accessories worn by a person.

A wristwatch is designed to be worn on a wrist, attached by a strap or other type of bracelet. A pocket watch is to be carried in a pocket. There are other variations. Nurses often wear a watch attached to the front of their uniform. It hangs down from a short strap: when lifted by the user it is right side up. 

A wrist watch has the advantage of being portable in comparison to traditional watches. 

Watches evolved in the 17th century from spring-powered clocks, which appeared as early as the 14th century. In 1524, Peter Henlein created the first pocket watch. 
The first watches were strictly mechanical, driven by clockwork. 

As technology developed, mechanical watches were largely replaced by vibrating quartz crystals, producing accurately timed electronic pulses. Some watches use radio technology to correct the time and date. The first digital electronic watch was developed in 1970.

Electronic movements, also known as quartz movements, have few or no moving parts, except a quartz crystal which is made to vibrate by the piezoelectric effect. A varying electric voltage is applied to the crystal, which responds by changing its shape so it works as an oscillator. It resonates at a stable frequency, which paces a timekeeping mechanism. Most quartz movements are primarily electronic but are geared to drive mechanical hands on the face of the watch to give a traditional analog display of the time. Most consumers prefer this.

Some watches are smartwatches, mobile devices similar to smartphones but smaller.

References