cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cassandra "Cassie" Ainsworth is a fictional character on the British television series Skins. She is played by Hannah Murray.

Personality
Cassie is a very complicated character. She suffers from anorexia nervosa, self harm, and low self esteem. Her entire self worth is dependent on her weight, in one episode saying "I didn't eat for three days... so I could be lovely." She also drinks alcohol and takes drugs. In the episode "Tony" she is seen sorting food, a common occurrence shown by people with anorexia. Despite Cassie's many "problems", she is a very gentle, caring,kind, and loving person. Written on her "about me" section of the Skins website, she talks about how much she loves her baby brother, Reuben. Cassie will even act positive to bad news so that she will not offend.

Character history

Series 1

Cassie is released from a clinic, where she received treatment for her eating disorder. In the first episode, called "Tony", she stays with Sid and offers to have sex so he can lose his virginity, but she passes out before anything happens. In the second episode "Cassie", it is shown that she is not better and is still sick. She has also developed a crush on Sid. In "Sid", the fifth episode of the season, Cassie tries to kill herself after Sid cancels a date they planned, so that he could be with Michelle Richardson. In "Michelle", Michelle takes Sid to see Cassie, but Cassie is dating someone called Simon, a patient in the hospital she is currently in. In the last episode of the season, Cassie says she is moving to Scotland with her family, away from Bristol. Cassie writes Sid a letter and leaves it at his house after sneaking out the hospital. She is also given a letter Sid wrote to her from Tony Stonem. In the last moment of the season, Sid finds Cassie and they sit together and hold hands.

Series 2
Cassie and Sid are in a serious romantic long distance relationship. In "Sid", the third episode, Sid thinks Cassie is cheating on him and becomes angry at her. Cassie is also angry, but because Sid does not trust her. At the end of the episode Cassie takes a train from where she lives in Scotland to Bristol, to visit Sid. She waits in his bedroom for him, but when Sid enters the bedroom he is kissing Michelle (not noticing that Cassie is also there). In "Chris", the fifth episode, Cassie bitterly tells her friends that Sid is together with Michelle. She copes with her feelings by having sex with almost anyone, doing drugs, and partying. In "Effy" Sid finally confronts Cassie and her bad behavior. The two get back together, but in "Cassie", it is clear that Cassie is still angry towards Michelle. After Cassie's roommate and friend Chris Miles dies, she runs away to New York City, where she is taken care of by a boy called Adam. In the finale "Everyone", in the last moment of the episode, Sid looks for Cassie in New York, and stops in front of the diner she works in.

References

Fictional British people
Mental disorders in fiction
Television characters
Animal Planet is a television network that is mainly about human and animal relationships. It is owned by Discovery Communications. 

Roughly 4 out of 5 households with television receive Animal Planet in the United States of America.

American television networks
Sufjan Stevens () (born July 1, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter and musician from Petoskey, Michigan.

Some people think he is part of the folk revival in indie pop, but he gets ideas from many things. His music is similar to electronica and the minimalism of Steve Reich. Stevens says that he has plans to make a concept album for each of the 50 U.S. states. He began with Michigan (2003) and Illinois (2005).

Stevens was born in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Petoskey. He went to Harbor Light Christian School as well as the Interlochen Arts Academy. He also learned at Hope College in Holland, Michigan.

Sufjan is an Arabic name that famously belonged to Abu Sufyan, a man from early Islamic history. The name was given to Stevens by the person who founded Subud, a spiritual community. Stevens said in an interview, "It sounds like Devendra Banhart kind of grew up in this strange kind of cultish environment, and I don't mean that word in a demeaning way. I think we probably come from similar backgrounds. There's a little bit of that in my history."

Stevens is a multi-instrumentalist, a person who can play many musical instruments. He is well known for his use of the banjo, but also plays guitar, piano, drums, and several other instruments, often playing all of these on his albums by using multitrack recording. When he was in school, he learned the oboe and English horn, which he also plays on his albums. He is one of the few musicians in pop music to use these instruments. A lot of instruments are played in unison to give his songs a "symphony-like" sound. Strings and horns are used very often in many of his songs.

Stevens lives in the Brooklyn part of New York City in the neighborhood Kensington where he makes up the Asthmatic Kitty Records staff of the Brooklyn office. His brother Marzuki Stevens is a marathon runner.

The song The Mystery of Love because of the movie Call Me by Your Name was hit song and won AMFT Awards in 2017.

Studio albums 

 A Sun Came
 Enjoy Your Rabbit
 Michigan
 Seven Swans
 Illinois
 The Age of Adz
 Carrie & Lowell
 The Ascension
 Convocations

References

1975 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Michigan
Singers from Michigan
Multi-instrumentalists
Greifswald (Low German: Griepswold)  is officially known as Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald, which means University and Hanseatic Town of Greifswald (from German Greif, "griffin", and Wald, "forest"). It is a town in northeastern Germany. 

The town is on the Baltic Sea, about  to the north of Berlin in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The population is roughly 55,000, including about 11,500 students and some 5,000 employees of the University of Greifswald. 

Till September 4, 2011 Greifswald was a urban district.

City council
The city council is elected for five year terms. Since the last election in 2014, the 43 city council seats are allocated as follows:

CDU: 11
Linke: 8
SPD: 6
Greens: 5
BG: 3
KfV: 3
AfD: 2
FDP: 2
Pirates: 2
AL: 1

Town twinning
, Kotka, since 1959
, Goleniów, since 1986, twin town since 2006
, Osnabrück, since 1988
, Lund, since 1990
, Hamar, since 1997
, Newport News, Virginia, since 2007
, Szczecin,  city friendship since 1996
, Angers,  contacts since 1994
, College Station, contacts since 1995

Notable people from Greifswald
 Caspar David Friedrich, Romanticist painter
 Hans Fallada, author
 Wolfgang Koeppen, author
Josef Sommer, actor
Toni Kroos, Professional footballer currently playing for Bayern Munich

References

Other websites

 City of Greifswald (official website)
 university
 Pomeranian State Museum, Greifswald
 theatre
Neubrandenburg (Low German: Niegenbramborg or shortened: Bramborg)  (New Brandenburg, ) is a city in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is in the southeastern part of the state, at the shore of a lake called the Tollensesee.

The city was founded in the year 1248. 

Till September 4, 2011 Neubrandenburg was a urban district.

Since march 2015 Silvio Witt is the mayor of Neubrandenburg. He is the succesor of Paul Krüger (CDU).

Neubrandenburg was founded by the knight Herbord von Raven in the year 1248.

References

Other websites 

Official site (German, English)
Stal Mielec  () is a Polish football club from Mielec. They play in Polish fourth league. The club was started April 10, 1939. Their home stadium is Stadion Stali Mielec. Their colours are white and blue.

Stal Mielec has won I liga (Polish first league) 2 times (in 1973 and 1976) and played in quarterfinals of UEFA Cup in 1976. They were one of the best teams of Poland in 1970s.

Famous players are Grzegorz Lato, Henryk Kasperczak, Andrzej Szarmach, Jan Domarski, all of them played in 1970s.

Other websites 
 StalMielec.com - Official Website

Polish football clubs
1939 establishments
20th century establishments in Poland
Britpop is a type of alternative rock that started in the United Kingdom. Britpop came out of the British independent music scene of the 1990s and affected, or changed, by British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. This kind of music began as a reaction against some trends, or styles, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as grunge from the United States. After American grunge bands such as Nirvana came to Britain, many British bands acted as opposites to the American bands, and wrote about only British topics and concerns.

Britpop bands did not have one type of sound, but the media called them first a 'scene', or short-lasting trend. Later, the media called them a national importance. Blur, Oasis and Pulp have been called the most important bands. Some bands were able to become popular overseas, but Britpop was mostly gone by the end of the decade.

References

British music
Alternative music
Panic! at the Disco (abbreviated P!ATD) is a pop and rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. They started out as a high school band who covered Blink-182 music, but soon became much more. Their singles, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" and "High Hopes", were and are huge hits, and they're widely known for them.  Their music ranges widely from punk to folk rock to pop and much more.

Band members

Current members 
 Brendon Urie - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards (2005-present)

Former members 
 Brent Wilson - bass guitar (2005-2006)
 Ryan Ross - lead guitar, backing vocals (2005-2009)
 Jon Walker - bass guitar, backing vocals (2006-2009)
 Spencer Smith - Drums (2004-2015)
 Dallon Weekes - Bass guitar, synth, background vocals (2010-2015)

Discography 
 A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005)

 Pretty. Odd. (2008)

 Vices & Virtues (2011)

 Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! (2013)
 Death of a Bachelor (2016) 
 Pray for The Wicked (2018)

Singles

Videography 
 "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" (2006)
 "But It's Better If You Do" (2006)
 "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" (2006)
 "Build God, Then We'll Talk" (2007)
 "Nine in the Afternoon" (2008)
 "Mad As Rabbits" (2007)
 "That Green Gentleman (Things Have Changed)" (2008)
 "Northern Downpour" (2008)
 "New Perspective" (2009)
 "The Ballad of Mona Lisa" (2011)
 "Ready to Go (Get Me Out of My Mind)" (2011)
 "Let's Kill Tonight" (2012)
 "Miss Jackson" (Feat. Lolo) (2013)
 "This is Gospel" (2013)
 "Girls/Girls/Boys" (2013)
 "Nicotine" (2014)
 "This is Gospel (Piano Version)" (2014)
 "Hallelujah" (2015)
 "Emperor's New Clothes" (2015)
 "Victorious" (2015)
 "Death of a Bachelor" (2015)
 "Don't Threaten Me With A Good Time " (2016)
 "LA Devotee" (2016)
 "Say Amen (Saturday Night)" (2018)
 "Hey Look Ma, I Made It" (2018)
 "High Hopes" (2018)
 "Dancing's Not a Crime" (2019)

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Panic at the Disco  at PureVolume

 
American rock bands
pop punk bands
emo bands
Musicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
Musical groups from Nevada
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is the first album made by the rock band, Panic! at the Disco. It was released on September 27, 2005 by Fueled by Ramen.

The album is split in two, with tracks 1 through 7 being played by electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines and tracks 9 through 13 using traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ. Track 8 (Intermission) acts as a link between the two parts, starting with techno-style dance beats before switching to the piano. On the vinyl record version of the album, side A holds songs 1-8 while side B holds songs 9-13, further showing the split in the album.

The album mostly deals with social problems that the band shows on through various songs. Topics such as sanctity of marriage, adultery, alcoholism, prostitution, and religion are seen throughout the album. Guitarist Ryan Ross also relates two of the songs to living with an alcoholic father. The album has sold more than 1.6 million copies in the U.S. alone.

Track listing 
"Introduction" – 0:36
"The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" – 2:54
"London Beckoned Songs About Money Written by Machines" – 3:23
"Nails for Breakfast, Tacks for Snacks" – 3:23
"Camisado" – 3:11
"Time to Dance" – 3:22
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" – 3:20
"Intermission" – 2:35
"But It's Better If You Do" – 3:25
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies" – 3:06
"I Constantly Thank God for Esteban" – 3:30
"There's a Good Reason These Tables Are Numbered Honey, You Just Haven't Thought of It Yet" – 3:16
"Build God, Then We'll Talk" – 3:40

Bonus tracks 
<li>"I Write Sins Not Tragedies (Live in Denver)" (Japanese Bonus track) – 3:46

Credits 
Brendon Urie – vocals, guitar, keyboard, piano, accordion, organ
Ryan Ross – guitar, lyrics, keyboard, piano, accordion, organ
Spencer Smith – drums, and percussion
Brent Wilson - bass (Panic now denies he performed on the album but his name is shown in the credits for the album's Notes and Thank Yous) 

Additional instruments
William Brousserd - trumpet on tracks 9,12
Heather Stebbins - cello on tracks 8,10,12,13
Samantha Bynes - violin on tracks 10,12

Related pages
 Panic at the Disco

References

Other websites 
 

Debut albums
Panic! at the Disco albums
2005 albums
Rock albums
Brendon Boyd Urie (born April 12, 1987 in St. George, Utah) is the lead singer of the rock band Panic at the Disco. He also plays keyboard, accordion, piano, organ, bass, guitar, cello and drums. Married to Sarah Orzechowski since 2013.

Other websites
 Brendon Urie page on IMDB
 Panic! at the Disco Web Site 
 Interview: Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco

References 

Singers from Las Vegas, Nevada
Writers from Las Vegas, Nevada
Panic! at the Disco
1987 births
Living people
George Ryan Ross III (b. August 30, 1986) is an American guitarist and singer. He was a member of the band Panic! at the Disco. He is from Summerlin, Nevada. 

Ross knew fellow Panic! drummer Spencer Smith since he was five. At the age of twelve, the two covered Blink-182 songs in a band called Pet Salamander. Later, he was in the band The Summer League with Smith and ex-Panic! bassist Brent Wilson. After high school, Ross went to the University of Las Vegas. He left after one semester to work in the band. During the times, his parents were having trouble and unhappy. His father was having problems with alcoholism. While seeing this, Ryan wrote two songs on the album about his experiences with his father. His father died in July 2006. Ryan had to deal with the death of his father while in the middle of Panic's summer tour. In July 2009, Ross said that he would be leaving Panic! At The Disco. He said he was leaving because of "creative differences."  He said that he and Jon Walker, who also left, would continue to make music.

Ross and Walker then started a band called The Young Veins, which released one album, Take a Vacation! and went on 'indefinite hiatus' in mid-2011.

Ross lives in Los Angeles.

Other websites 
 
 
 Official Panic! at the Disco web site

Musicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
American guitarists
Singers from Las Vegas, Nevada
American rock musicians
American punk musicians
American rock singers
Panic! at the Disco
1986 births
Living people
Brent Wilson is the former bassist for the rock band, Panic! at the Disco. He was replaced by Jon Walker on May 17, 2006.

References

1987 births
Living people
Bassists
American guitarists
Musicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
Panic! at the Disco

sv:Panic! at the Disco#Tidigare medlemmar
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies" is the second single by the rock band Panic at the Disco, from their first album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005). It was released on April 27, 2006 on both compact disc and 7 inch vinyl. Ryan Ross wrote the song. The edited version of the song with the lyrics "The poor groom's bride is a whore" and "Haven't you people ever heard of closing the goddamn door?" were changed. "Whore" was replaced with a "shhh" sound and "God" was removed in "goddamn." It was ranked #3 in Billboard's Best 2000's Video poll.

2006 songs
Panic! at the Disco songs
Aesculus glabra or Ohio buckeye is a type of tree. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree that grows to be  to  tall. It lives in several states in eastern North America: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Nebraska, Texas, and Georgia. It also grows in the far southwest of Ontario.

The leaves have 5 or 7 leaflets,  to  big. The tree grows yellow flowers in spring. The fruit is a small shell. The shell has 1-3 nuts inside of it. These nuts are called buckeyes. The buckeye got its name when Native Americans thought it looked like the eye of a buck (a male deer). Buckeyes have acid in them, and they cannot be eaten by humans.

The Ohio buckeye is the state tree of Ohio. It is also the nickname of The Ohio State University mascot or any person who went or goes to the school.

References

Trees
Sapindaceae
Ohio
Plants of North America
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" is the fourth single by the rock band Panic at the Disco, from their album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out. It was released on August 7, 2006 as the fourth single, but is the third advertised single ("The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" was not commercially released as a single).

Music video
The music video was filmed on June 19, 2006 in Los Angeles, California. The video was shown on MTV2 on July 14, 2006. It features people with fish tanks on their heads. The video only shows the band in one scene (the paramedics are the band members), because the band felt that their looks were distracting from their music.

The music video starts out with a woman walking on a sidewalk. For some reason, she has a fishtank on her head and all the people around her also have a fishtank. She quickly runs into a puddle and follows it to find a fish flapping around. She places it into her tank and stares at it. Then the woman heads over to a group of people to discover them gathered around a man who's tank broke and he is dying now. The woman has flashbacks to show that the man is her husband. She then attempts suicide by pouring out her own tank and collapsing. The band arrives in two ambulances (labeled Receiving Hospital) and takes them away in bathtubs. The band then carries the two across a beach and throws them into the ocean. There the woman holds the man.

Track listings

UK CD/Digital August 2006
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off"
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies" (Live from Astoria)

UK Enhanced CD - August 2006
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off"
"Build God, Then We'll Talk" (Live from Astoria)
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" (Video)
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" (Live Video from Astoria)

UK 7" Picture Disc - August 2006
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off"
"The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" (Live from Astoria)

WMI CD/Digital - January 2007
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" (Radio Edit)
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" (Album Version)
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies" (Live from Astoria)
"Build God, Then We'll Talk" (Live from Astoria)

Other websites

2006 songs
Panic! at the Disco songs
"Build God, Then We'll Talk" is the fifth and last official single, written by Ryan Ross, from Panic at the Disco's 2005 album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, including the radio-only single "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage".

Song information
The song is the last song on Panic at the Disco's début album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out.

The bridge melody of "Build God, Then We'll Talk" is a derivative of the melody of the chorus of "My Favorite Things" from The Sound of Music. The lyrics in the bridge also directly satirize the lyrics of "My Favorite Things".

The song depicts the story of a virgin who, in desperate need of cash, agrees to sleep with a powerful Lawyer in exchange for a job at the firm. His wife, despite knowing about his late ventures, stays with him for the same reason this girl has been manipulated into sleeping with him; money. However, the Lawyer has tipped off the police, claiming her to be a prostitute, and, just hours after he leaves, the Constable bursts in while she's fixing her hair in a compact. Surprised, she knocks her bag over, spilling the contents, and the officer gives her an option- go to jail or sleep with him. In the album there are extended lyrics confirming this.

Music video
The video shows the story of a "pornomime" and a girl who falls in love after she watches one of his performances. Their relationship is a fake one. Both "relationships" includes a fake feeling of confidence and are really useless in meaning. 
The mime and his girlfriend both walk in on each other having affairs (pretended, of course), again showing the emptiness of their fake relationships. They are not making love to real people — it is a false impression. The video is the first from the band to be web-exclusive, mostly because they felt it was too offensive for television, but it has aired on MTV2 in the UK and is available on Music Choice On-demand.

The band does not appear in this video.

Other websites
 

2005 songs
Panic! at the Disco songs
In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other secondary stores.

List of certifications 
Currently, the normal RIAA certifications for albums are:
 500,000 units: Gold album.
 1,000,000 units: Platinum album.
 2,000,000 units: Multi-Platinum album.
 10,000,000 units: Diamond album.

Special certifications exist for Latin albums (which the RIAA considers to be an album that is mostly sung in Spanish):

If a Latin album is certified on or after December 20, 2013:
 30,000 units: Disco de oro (which means "Gold album").
 60,000 units: Disco de platino (which means "Platinum album").
 120,000 units: Disco de multi-platino album (which means "Multi-Platinum album").
 600,000 units: Disco de diamante (which means "Diamond album").

If a Latin album was certified before December 20, 2013:
 50,000 units: Disco de oro.
 100,000 units: Disco de platino.
 200,000 units: Disco de multi-platino.
 1,000,000 units: Disco de diamante

References

Other websites
 RIAA Website
 The RIAA Diamond Awards
 Search RIAA Gold and Platinum Database
 Billboard Magazine - a magazine that publishes weekly music rankings

Music industry
Standards
Sound Tribe Sector Nine is a United States band from Atlanta, Georgia. The band's name is commonly abbreviated as just STS9 or Sound Tribe. They are most notably recognized for their live performances consisting of complex light shows.

Discography 
 1999: Interplanetary Escape Vehicle 
 1999: Sector 9 - The Brown Album 
 2000: Offered Schematics Suggesting Peace
 2002: Seasons 01
 2003: Live at Home
 2005: Artifact <small>#12 on Billboard'''s Top Electronic Albums chart</small>
 2005: Artifact: Remixes Vol.1 2005: Artifact: Perspectives 2008: Peaceblaster''
 2009: "Ad Explorata"

References

Other websites 
 STS9.com - Official site
 STS9music.com - Official Music Downloads, Live Shows and Albums
 STS9 @ Myspace.com
 1320records.com - Official Label 
 STS9 review in austin chronicle
 1320 Records @ Myspace.com
 Tribe Heads Fan Site @ Myspace.com
 Soundtribe.org - Fan Setlist Archive and Band Information
 Sound Tribe Sector 9 collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
 GrooveTV #201 VideoCD @ Archive.org
 Poster Art Archive @ Expressobeans.com 
   David Murphy Interview *  David Phipps Interview *  Hunter Brown Interview *  Jeffree Lerner Interview *  Zach Velmer Interview

American rock bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Atlanta, Georgia
Musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
A billboard (or billing board) is a large sign displaying advertisements. They are usually placed in places where many people will see them, such as alongside busy roads or in marketplaces. They show large posters, bulletins, and other kinds of visual advertisements.

Style
Billboards that are along roads are designed to be noticed, since they are seen for only a few seconds. They usually have only a few words on them. Sometimes they have a humorous picture on them. For example, Chick-fil-A billboards have cows trying to get people to eat chicken.

Kinds of billboards
Painted billboards are made usually by hand. They are painted onto large pieces of paper, which are then attached to large panels. The panels are then installed using cranes.

Digital billboards use large screens to show the advertisement. Some digital billboards can change their message every so often, so several advertisements show up on the same billboard.

Painted billboards these are now quite rare having been replaced by graphically produced billboards. However, in instances where only a single board is required they are still used in some areas. 

Mobile billboards the purpose of mobile billboards is to go to where their target audience happens to be such as where a large event is taking place. As they are less common the advertisement tends to be more memorable.

Three-dimensional billboards. Another modern type of billboard and due to the artistry that they often contain they capture the attention and interest of all who see them.

History
Some of the earliest billboards were made in the 1880s. In the early 1900s, many people in the U.S. were buying cars like the Ford Model Ts. During this time, it became popular for businesses to put billboards along highways.

Related pages 
 Neon sign
 Poster
 Street furniture

References 

Street furniture
Advertising
Stralsund is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany on the south coast of the Strelasund (a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the mainland).

In 1293 Stralsund became a member of the Hanseatic League.

From 1949 until German Reunification in 1990, Stralsund was part of the German Democratic Republic.

References 

 Britannica Online Encyclopedia, "Stralsund" (city), 2007, webpage: EB-Stralsund.

Other websites 

 Satellite picture by Google Maps
 Stralsund
An inductor is an electrical device used in electrical circuits because of magnetic charge.

An inductor is usually made from a coil of conducting material, like copper wire, that is then wrapped around a core made from either air or a magnetic metal.  If you use a more magnetic material as the core, you can get the magnetic field around the inductor to be pushed in towards the inductor, giving it better inductance.  Small inductors can also be put onto integrated circuits using the same ways that are used to make transistors.  Aluminum is usually used as the conducting material in this case.

How inductors work

While a capacitor does not like changes in voltage, an inductor does not like changes in current.

In general, the relationship between the time-varying voltage v(t) across an inductor with inductance L and the time-varying current i(t) passing through it is described by the differential equation:

How inductors are used
Inductors are used often in analog circuits. Two or more inductors that have coupled magnetic flux make a transformer. Transformers are used in every power grid around the world.

Inductors are also used in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to lower the amount of voltage an electrical device gives off or lower the fault current.
Because inductors are heavier than other electrical components, people have been using them in electrical equipment less often.

Inductors with an iron core are used for audio equipment, power conditioning, inverter systems, rapid transit and industrial power supplies.

Electrical engineers like to reduce diagrams of electrical circuits, no matter how complicated, to an equivalent circuit consisting of a network of just four different types of component.  These four basic components are emfs, resistors, capacitors, and inductors.  An inductor is usually represented by a little solenoid in circuit diagrams. In practice, inductors generally consist of short air-cored solenoids wound from enameled copper wire.

Related pages
Magnetic charge
Transformer
Coil
Resistor
Capacitor
Magnetic core
Induction coil
Induction loop

References

Other websites

 How stuff works How inductors work, made very simple.

Electronic components
For acronym usages see CAST.

Cast can mean:

Casting, a process where a material is put into a mold while it is a liquid, and then hardens into a shape
Cast iron
Caste, social division in society
Casting (performing arts), a pre-production process for choosing a cast of actors and other talent
Cast member
Orthopedic cast, a protective shell to hold a broken bone in place until it has healed
In archaeology, a cavity that is formed by the decomposition of wood furnishings or human or animal remains, previously covered due to volcanic ash fall

In popular culture:
Cast (comic), a comic series published in the Philippines

In music:
Cast (band), an English rock and roll band from the 1990s
Cast (Mexican band), a progressive Mexican rock band

Other
Cast, Finistère, a commune of the Finistère département, in France
Cast (earthworm), mineral-rich organic matter that is excreted by earthworms
Urinary casts, tubules found in urine
Casting (tails), a process whereby animals can 'drop' their tail, which may or may not regenerate
Cast (archery), the distance a bow can shoot its arrow

Related pages
 Casting (disambiguation)
 Type conversion, a programming language method for changing data types
Edward, the Black Prince (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire, 15 June 1330 – Westminster Palace, 8 June 1376) was the eldest son of King Edward III of England.  

Edward was born at Woodstock Palace, near Oxford. He was made Prince of Wales in 1343, and followed his father into battle against France. He became a famous soldier, helping win the Battle of Crécy and commanding the Battle of Poitiers.  He was a founding member of the Order of the Garter.  In 1361, he married his cousin, Joan of Kent. They had two sons, Edward and Richard. The older son, Edward, died when he was only six.  

Edward of Woodstock has become known in history as "the Black Prince", but no one is quite sure of the reason for the nickname. He died at the age of 45, and was buried at the Canterbury Cathedral. As his father was still living, he never became king himself. He asked his father to give the title Prince of Wales to his son Richard, who later became King Richard II of England. .

1330 births
1376 deaths
House of Plantagenet
People from Oxfordshire
Princes and Princesses of Wales
Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), was the King of France and Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death. Charles IV the last French king of the old Capetian line. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims.

Charles invaded Aquitaine, thus renewing the war with England. However, the peace of 1327 was the great triumph which gave him a generous land settlement and 50,000 marks.

During his six years as king Charles IV raised taxes. His expulsion of the Jews from France in 1323 was the culmination of centuries of persecution. They had long suffered from discriminatory taxes and other fiscal policies targeted at Jews, being scapegoated for the Black Plague, and multiple prior attempts to expel them from France. France's Jews were given only a little time to sell to their possessions before being escorted out of French lands. 

Charles died without a son so there were questions about who would be the next king. He had two daughters, but under Salic law, the basis of law in France, there was no inheritance through the female line.
Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France, even though he was through the female line and therefore it was against Salic law. Thus he began the Hundred Years' War. 

Kings and Queens of France

1294 births
1328 deaths
Philip VI (1293 – 22 August 1350), called "the Fortunate", was King of France from 1328 to his death. He was also Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois from 1325 to 1328. He was the first king from the House of Valois part of the Capetian dynasty.

1293 births
1350 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
1340s in France
1350s in France
A financial endowment is money given to something to be saved in an investment. This is done so that the money will make a bigger difference when it is saved up over time.

An endowment is a structure used by large non-profit organizations – such as hospitals, museums, and universities – to raise donation capital in order to fund its operations on an ongoing basis. The endowment structure enables such non-profit organizations to manage a set of financial assets through which investment returns can be generated. Investment returns that are generated from the financial assets are then used to fund the operations of the non-profit and further grow the endowment.

References 

Money
Lisa Marie Simpson is a character in the animated television series The Simpsons. The person who does the voice for the character is Yeardley Smith. Matt Groening, the creator of the series, named her after his sister. She is the oldest daughter and middle child of Homer and Marge Simpson, and the sister of Bart and Maggie.

Lisa is an 8-year-old girl. She is one of the most intelligent characters on the series, with an I.Q. of either 156 or 159. She also plays the saxophone and is a vegetarian.
Despite her cleverness Lisa has typical childhood issues. For example, in the episode "Lost Our Lisa" she gets lost after riding the bus alone.

References 

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters

ja:ザ・シンプソンズの登場人物#シンプソン家とその親類
Farida Mammadova (8 August 1936 – 8 December 2021) was an Azerbaijani historian who specialised in the history of ancient Caucasian Albania.

She was the author of papers, articles and books on Azerbaijani ancient and medieval history. She lectured at the Baku State University, Azerbaijan Pedagogical University. She is the head of the Department of Humanities in the Western University in Baku. Farida Mammadova worked at the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. In her research, she was a disciple of the late Azerbaijani historian Ziya Bunyadov.

Her theories were criticized for the misinterpretation of historical sources and revisionism.

According to Thomas de Waal, Mammadova "has grasped the Albanian theory  to supersede completely Armenians from Caucasus. She has placed the Caucasian Albania in the territory of present Republic of Armenia: all the territories, churches and monasteries in Republic Armenia have appeared Albanian". He describes Mammadova's theories as "an improved version of what became a very rough tool in Azerbaijan".

During her interviews Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements:
And, it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values.
In the world there are only two nations that have national identity, but have not statehood. They are Jews and Armenians. The difference is that Jews have created their state on their historical homeland, and Armenians have not created their state on their historical native land.

Publications 
 The History of Albanians by Moses Kalankaytuk as a source on the social organization of Caucasian Albania, Baku,1977.
 Political history and historical geography of Caucasian Albania, Baku, 1986
 Le problem de l'ethnos alban-caucasien, "L'antropoloqie sovietique", Paris, 1990
 Christianity in Caucasian Albania  
 Caucasian Albania and the history of Albanians, Baku (in Russian), 2005

Other websites 
 Farida Mammadova Short Bio

References 

1936 births
Living people
Azerbaijani historians
Azerbaijani writers
Anti-Armenianism
The  or German Workers' Party (DAP) was a political party in Germany just after World War I.   It did not last for very long, and became the National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party (, acronym NSDAP).

Origins
Eight days before elections in Bavaria, the DAP was founded in Munich in the  Café Gasteig on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler and Michael Lotter. The DAP grew out of the 'Free Worker's Committee for a Good Peace' ()  which Drexler had also started.

Most of the DAP's first members were friends of Drexler's from the Munich rail depot. Drexler wanted a party that was nationalist and aimed at ordinary people.  Most other nationalist parties were middle class parties. The first membership was about forty people.

On 24 March 1919, Karl Harrer (a sports journalist and member of the Thule Society) joined the DAP to try to get more control over the DAP for the Thule Society.  There were still not many members, and meetings were often held in local pubs.

Adolf Hitler joins the DAP

When Adolf Hitler was still a corporal in the German army, he was ordered to spy on the DAP during one of its meetings at the Sterneckerbräu on 12 September 1919.

Hitler was very good at making speeches, so  Anton Drexler asked him to join the party. Hitler thought about this, and then joined near the end of September 1919. There were no membership numbers or cards when Hitler joined the party. In January 1920 the DAP began to give membership cards and numbers.  They started at number 501 to make the party look bigger.  Hitler got number 555, but he was also committee member number 7.  Later Hitler said he  was party member number 7, to make it look like he was a founder member of the DAP.

From DAP to NSDAP
The small number of party members were quick to believe in Hitler's ideas.

To try to make the party more popular the DAP changed its name on 24 February 1920 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei).  At first Hitler wanted the new name to be the 'Social Revolutionary Party'; but Rudolf Jung persuaded Hitler to use NSDAP.

Membership 

Hitler was the 55th member of the party. Other well-known early members were:

Karl Harrer
Anton Drexler
Gottfried Feder
Dietrich Eckart
Alfred Rosenberg
Hans Frank

References

Weimar Republic
Former political parties in Germany
Nazi Party
1910s establishments in Germany
1919 establishments in Europe
1920 disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in Germany
Cary is the second largest city in Wake County, North Carolina, United States.  After January 1, 2008, Cary had a population of 127,640. According to CNN, Cary is the 8th fastest growing city in the United States.

History 
Cary began in 1750 as a settlement called Bradford's Ordinary.  About 100 years later, the North Carolina Railroad was built between New Bern and Hillsborough and the railroad went through the settlement.  Allison Francis Page, a farmer and lumberman, and his wife, Catherine Raboteau Page bought 300 acres (1.2 km²) of land surrounding the railroad in 1854 and named it Cary.  Page made the first streets in Cary and built a sawmill, a store and a post office.  In 1868, he built a hotel for railroad passengers coming through Cary. Cary officially became a town on April 6, 1871, and Page became the first mayor.

Education 
There are many schools in Cary.  The public schools are run by the Wake County Public School System.  There are also many private schools, both religious and non-religious.  Private schooling and home schooling are popular among many Cary residents.

Transportation 

The Town of Cary operates a local bus system called C-Tran .  Cary also has an Amtrak station and is just a few miles away from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport.  Cary has many bike trails and many neighborhoods have sidewalks, so it is a good place to walk or ride a bike.

References 

Cities in North Carolina
Wake County, North Carolina
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque, commonly called the Blue Mosque, is a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It was built between 1609 and 1616, when Ahmed I ruled the Ottoman Empire. Like with many other mosques, the founder of the mosque is buried in it. His architect, Sedefkar Mehmed Agha, decorated it like a jeweler would. There is also a madrasah and a hospice associated with the mosque. Today it is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Istanbul.

Story 
According to legend day Sultan I. Ahmet wanted gold minarets on his mosque. The word for gold in Turkish is  altın. Apparently this was misunderstood as alti, or six. So the mosque has six minarets.

References 

Mosques in Turkey
Shah Mosque (Persian: ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺷﺎﻩ , Masjed-e Shāh) is a mosque in Isfahan (Isfahan), Iran. It is on the south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square. It has been renamed to Imam Mosque after the Islamic Revolution.

Built during the Safavids period, it is an excellent example of the Islamic architecture of Iran. Many people see it as the masterpiece of Persian Architecture. The Imam Mosque of Isfahan is one of the everlasting masterpieces of architecture in Iran and all over the world. It is registered along with the Naghsh-i Jahan Square as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its construction began in 1611. Its splendor is mainly due to the beauty of its seven-color mosaic tiles and calligraphic inscriptions.

Measurements 
The port of the mosque measures 27 meters high. There are two minarets 42 meters tall on top of it.
The Mosque it is surrounded with four iwans and arcades. All the walls are ornamented with seven-color mosaic tile. The most magnificent iwan of the mosque is the one facing the Qibla. It is 33 meters high. Behind it is a space which is roofed with the largest dome in the city at 52 meters height. The dome is double layered.

There are two seminaries at the southwest and southeast sections of the mosque.

Architects 

The architects of the mosque are reported to be the following masters:

 Ustad Ali Akbar Isfahani
 Ustad Fereydun Naini
 Ustad Shoja' Isfahani

The mosque is one of the treasures featured on Around the World in 80 Treasures presented by the architecture historian Dan Cruickshank.

Related pages
 Sultan Ahmed Mosque

References 
 Mimaran-i Iran by Zohreh Bozorg-nia. 2004.

Other websites 
 Google Maps Satellite view

Mosques in Asia
Buildings and structures in Iran
Löbau-Zittau () was a  (district) in the east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. It was on the borders of Germany and Poland (to the east) and the Czech Republic (to the south).

History 
The district was formed in 1994 by merging the two previous districts Löbau and Zittau. The district will change again in 2008, when the independent city () of Görlitz is merged with the district.

Other websites 
 Official website  

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis () was the easternmost Kreis (district) of the Free State of Saxony and Germany. It ended in 2008.

The urban district Görlitz is in the east, at the boundary to Poland. In July 2008 Görlitz stopped being an independent city, and became part of the districts of Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and Löbau-Zittau.

History 
The district was not part of Saxony before World War II. It was a part of German Silesia. When most of Silesia was given to Poland after the war, the part of Silesia on the west bank of the Rive Neisse was made part of Saxony.

The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitz district was formed in 1994 by joining the previous districts Niesky and Weißwasser, and most part of the district Görlitz.

Twin towns 
The district is twinned with
 , Neustadt (Waldnaab)
 , Schwandorf
 , Zarski
 , Semily

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Luís Vaz de Camões (c. 1524 – June 10, 1580) was Portugal's greatest poet. He has been compared to Homer, Virgil, Dante, Cervantes or Shakespeare. He wrote lyrical poetry (in Portuguese and in Spanish) and drama but is best remembered for his epic work Os Lusíadas. (His philosophical work The Parnasum of Luís Vaz was lost, stolen with part of Os Lusíadas by envious enemies while he was staying at Mozambique.)

Works 
 Os Lusíadas
Is about the exploration of Portuguese people through Africa and the West Indies. It talks a lot about Vasco de Gama.
 The Parnasum of Luís Vaz (lost)

Legacy 
Today, a museum dedicated to Camões can be found in Macau, the Museu Luís de Camões.

Bibliography

English 

A biography about Camões is Life of Camões, by John Adamson, published by Longman in 1820.
 Luis de Camões: Epic and Lyric, ed. Keith Bosley (1990)
 Camoens: His Life and his Lusiads, 1881
 The Place of Camoens in Literature / Nabuco, Joaquim., 1908
 Luis de Camões / Bell, Aubrey F. G., 1923
 Camoens, Central Figure of Portuguese Lit. / Goldberg, Isaac., 1924
 From Virgil to Milton / Bowra, C. M., 1945
 Camoens and the Epic of the Lusiads / Hart, Henry Hersch., 1962
 The Lusiads of Luiz de Camões / Bacon, Leonard., 1966
 The Presence of Camões / Monteiro, George., 1996
 The Lusiads / White, Landeg., 2002

Notes

Other websites 

 
 Luis Vaz de Camões - Catholic Encyclopedia article
 Fulgrosse's Blog about Luiz Vaz de Camões and his mysteries

1520s births
1580 deaths
Poets
Portuguese writers
Kamenz () was a  (rural district) in the north-east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city Hoyerswerda is completely surrounded by the district. There was a reorganisation of districts in Saxony in July 2008, and Hoyerswerda became a part of Landkreis Kamenz instead of having a separate government.

History 
The district was formed in 1994 from the previous Kamenz district, the northern parts of the Dresden-Land district, around Radeberg, and the Hoyerswerda district, except the town of Hoyerswerda, which became a district-free city. From 1994 to 1996 it was called Westlausitz - Dresdner Land, but then renamed to Kamenz again.

Partnerships 
Since December 14, 1990 the district has been a twin town of the district Alzey-Worms in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Theobromine is a chemical substance, also known as xantheose. It is an alkaloid. It occurs in the cacao plant. Chemically, it is very similar to caffeine. Because the cacao plant is used to make chocolate, it is also found in chocolate. Despite its name, there is no bromine in it. The name "theobromine" comes from the word "Theobroma" as the name of the genus of the cacao tree (which itself is made up of the Greek roots theo ("God") and brosi ("food"), meaning "food of the gods") with the suffix  given to alkaloids and other base nitrogen-containing compounds.

Theobromine is a water-insoluble, crystalline, bitter powder. Its colour is listed as either white or colourless. It has a similar, but lesser, effect to caffeine, making it a lesser homologue. Theobromine is an isomer of theophylline as well as paraxanthine. Theobromine is categorized as a dimethyl xanthine, which means it is a xanthine with two methyl groups.

Theobromine was first isolated from the seeds of the cacao tree in 1878 and then shortly afterwards was synthesized from xanthine by Hermann Emil Fischer.

Theobromine is toxic to dogs.

References

Chemistry