cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A telenovela, or simply  novela, is a serial drama television program. It is popular in Latin American, Portuguese, and Spanish television programming. Telenovelas are different from soap operas. Telenovelas have an ending. They come to an end after a long run. This is usually less than one year. The telenovela combines drama with the 19th century feuilleton and the Latin American radionovela.  They are often used to give cultural messages by adding them into storylines.

Because the telenovela is similar to the American soap opera, the telenovela is often called a "Spanish soap opera" in the United States. While most English language soap operas have no ending, almost all telenovelas run for a limit time. They are usually shown five or six days a week and run for an average of 120 episodes.

Reference

 

he:אופרת סבון#טלנובלה
Harold Egbert Camping (July 19, 1921 – December 15, 2013) was an American Christian radio broadcaster. His parents were Dutch immigrants. He served as president of Family Radio, a California-based radio station group that broadcasts to more than 150 markets in the United States, since 1958. In 2011 he retired from active broadcasting following a stroke, but maintained a role at Family Radio until his death. Camping is notable for applying numerology to his interpretations of Bible passages in an attempt to predict dates for the End Times. 

His 2011 end times prediction was that on May 21, 2011 Jesus Christ would return to Earth, the righteous would fly up to heaven, and that there would follow five months of fire, brimstone and plagues on Earth, with millions of people dying each day, culminating on October 21, 2011 with the end of the world. He had previously predicted judgment days on May 21, 1988, and September 6, 1994.

His prediction for May 21, 2011 was widely reported, in part because of a massive publicity campaign by Family Radio, and it prompted responses from both atheist and Christian organizations. After May 21 passed without the predicted incidents, Camping said he believed that a "spiritual" judgment had occurred on that date, and that the physical Rapture would occur on October 21, 2011, simultaneously with the destruction of the universe by God. Except for one press appearance on May 23, 2011, Camping largely avoided press interviews after May 21, particularly after he suffered a stroke in June. October 21, 2011, passed without the predicted apocalypse, leading the International Business Times to proclaim Camping a "false prophet." 

Camping was reported to have retired from his position at Family Radio as of October 16, 2011, only days before his last predicted date for the end of the world. However, his daughter later clarified that he had not retired outright, but was maintaining a role at the Family Radio while working from home. Camping admitted in a private interview that he no longer believed that anybody could know the time of the Rapture or the end of the world, in stark contrast to his previously staunch position on the subject.

References

1921 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American Christians
People from Boulder, Colorado
The Santana Formation is a high quality fossil site in Brazil 115 to 108 million years ago (mya). It is in northeastern Brazil's Araripe Basin. It qualifies as a Lagerstätte, which means it is one of the best fossil sites, with many undisturbed fossils.

The strata come from the Lower Cretaceous, laid down about 92 million years ago in a shallow inland sea.

Some 25 species of fish are found, many with stomach contents preserved. This lets palaeontologists study predator–prey relationships in the ecosystem. There are also fine examples of pterosaurs, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates (especially insects) and plants. Even dinosaurs are found here: a new maniraptor was described in 1996.

Limestone nodules formed around dead organisms; this preserved even the soft parts of their anatomy. The limestone was etched away using a mild acid. The fossils were then preserved by the 'transfer technique' which means they were embedded in a plastic resin such as polyester or epoxy.

The nearby Crato Formation is also a lagerstätte. It was produced in similar conditions, about 10 million years before the Santana Formation.

Notable taxa
Various remains of non-avian theropods, avialans, ornithischians, and possibly oviraptorosaurs have been found in Estado do Ceara, Brazil. Examples are spinosaurs like Irritator and maniraptors like Santanaraptor.

Ornithocheirus and Tupuxuara are examples. The inland sea also had turtles, such as Santanachelys.

References 

Lagerstätten
Brazil
Coit Tower is a  tower in the Telegraph Hill neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The tower, in the city's Pioneer Park, was built in 1933. Lillie Hitchcock Coit left one-third of her estate to the city "to be expended in an appropriate manner for the purpose of adding to the beauty of the city which I have always loved".

The art deco tower is made of unpainted reinforced concrete. Architects Arthur Brown, Jr. and Henry Howard designed it. The tower has fresco murals by 27 different on-site artists and their assistants, plus two additional paintings installed after creation off-site.

The tower was not designed to resemble a fire hose nozzle, despite Coit's affinity with the San Francisco firefighters of the day, in particular with Knickerbocker Engine Company Number 5.

Photo gallery

The murals

References

Other websites

video of tower history and mural tour

San Francisco Highs at Coit Tower 
Coit Tower page in New Deal Art Registry 
Photography of Telegraph Hill  by Bennett Hall

National Register of Historic Places
Art Deco buildings
Towers
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
20th-century architecture
Landmarks in San Francisco
1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in California
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Leonor Piuza (born 14 April 1978) is a Mozambican runner. She is best in the 800 meter runs.

Piuza won the gold medal at the 2007 All-Africa Games and finished sixth at the 2008 African Championships. She also competed at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

Piuza's personal best time is 2:01.71 minutes. She got this in June 2007 in Villefranche-sur-Saône.

References
 

1978 births
Living people
Mozambican people
Competitors in athletics
Lake Charles is the largest city in the southwest Louisiana. it is the second-largest city in the Acadiana. It is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. States of Louisiana. The actual population is almost 72,000. The city was founded as Charleston, March 7, 1861. The name was changed to Lake Charles on March 16, 1867. The city was founded by and named for Charles Sallier.

References

Cities in Louisiana
Parish seats in Louisiana
was the 41st Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Jitō's reign started in 686 and ended in 697.  Historians consider details about the life of Empress Jitō to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Jitō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

In the history of Japan, Jitō was the third of eight women to be empress.  The two female monarchs before Jitō were (a) Suiko and (b) Kōgyoku/Saimei.  The five women monarchs after Jitō were (c) Gemmei, (d) Genshō, (e) Kōken/Shōtoku, (f) Meishō, and (g) Go-Sakuramachi.

Traditional narrative
Before she became the monarch, this princess's personal name (imina) was , or alternately Uno.

Princess Uno was the daughter of Emperor Tenji and she was the wife of Emperor Temmu, who was Tenji's brother.

Events of Jitō's life
In this period, the court and the government was centered at Fujiwara Palace in Yamato.

 686 : In the 15th year of Emperor Temmu's reign, he died. The succession (senso) was in effect received by his wife.  Princess Uno wanted to ensure that her son, Prince Kusakabe, would become the next monarch.
 690 : In the 4th year of the period in which Princess Uno functioned as monarch, Prince Kusabake died.
 691 : Princess Uno was formally established as the monarch (sokui); and she became known as Empress Jitō.  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 691 : Jito's grandson, was then named as Jitō's successor; and he would become known as Emperor Mommu.
 697 : In the 11th year of Empress Jitō's reign, she abdicated. In retirement, she took the post-reign title Daijō-tennō.  After this, other emperors who abdicated were known by the same title.
 702 (Taihō 2): Daijō-tennō Jitō died.

After her death
The actual site of Jitō's grave is known.  This empress is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Jitō's mausoleum.  It is formally named Ochi-no-Okanoe no misasagi.

Poetry
The Man'yōshū includes a waka poem said to have been composed by Jitō

After the death of the Emperor Temmu
Oh, the autumn foliage
Of the hill of Kamioka!
My good Lord and Sovereign
Would see it in the evening
And ask of it in the morning.
On that very hill from afar
I gaze, wondering
If he sees it to-day,
Or asks of it to-morrow.
Sadness I feel at eve,
And heart-rending grief at morn --
The sleeves of my coarse-cloth robe
Are never for a moment dry.

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Japanese empresses

References

Other websites

 Asuka Historical National Government Park:  image of Mausoleum Emperor Temmu and Empress Jitō , exterior view

645 births
702 deaths
Emperors of Japan
Japanese poets
(1328 – 29 March 1368) was the 97th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in September 1339 and ended on 29 March 1368..

This 14th century sovereign was named after the 10th century Emperor Murakami and go- (後), translates literally as "later"; and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Murakami". The Japanese word "go" has also been translated to mean the "second one"; and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Murakami, the second", or as "Murakami II".

Traditional narrative
His personal name was , also known as Yoshiyoshi.

He reigned from Sumiyoshi, Ōsaka, Yoshino, Nara, and other temporary locations.

Events of Go-Murakami's life
Prince Noriyoshi was a member of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period of rival courts.

 18 September 1339 (Engen 3, 5th day of the 8th month):  In the 21st  year of Go-Daigo's reign, the emperor abdicated at Yoshino in favor of his son, Prince Noriyoshi. The succession (senso) was received by Noriyoshi.
 19 September 1339 (Engen 3, 6th day of the 8th month): Go-Daigo died;
 29 March 1368 (Shōhei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month): Go-Murakami died.

After his death 
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Go-Murakami is in Osaka Prefecture.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine in the precincts of Kanshinji temple (観心寺) in Kawachinagano, Osaka.

Eras of Go-Murakami's reign
The years of Go-Murakami's reign are more identified by more than one era name.

Nanboku-chō southern court
Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)
 Engen               (1336–1340)
 Kōkoku              (1340–1346)
 Shōhei              (1346–1370)

Nanboku-chō northern court
Eras as reckoned by pretender Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)
 Ryakuō       (1338–1342)
 Kōei     (1342–1345)
 Jōwa                (1345–1350)
 Kannō          (1350–1352)
 Bunna               (1352–1356)
 Embun               (1356–1361)
 Kōan  (1361–1362)
 Jōji                (1362–1368)
 Ōan                 (1368–1375)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites 

1328 births
1368 deaths
Emperors of Japan
Almayer's Folly is Joseph Conrad's first novel. It was published in 1895. Set in the late 19th century, it centers on the life of the Dutch trader Kaspar Almayer in the Borneo jungle and his relationship to his half-caste daughter Nina.

Plot

Kaspar Almayer is a young Dutch trader cared for by rich Captain Lingard. Hoping to gain Lingard's wealth, Almayer agrees to a loveless marriage to Lingard's adopted Malay child and to running his trading post in Sambir in the Borneo jungle.  Lingard loses much of his fortune searching for a hidden treasure. Meanwhile, Almayer's ventures constantly fail, most notably an expensive trading house, the "Almayer's Folly,"  that no one trades in. He did seem to enjoy dancing.

A daughter named Nina was born to Almayer and his wife. The rest of the novel concerns Almayer's conflicting wishes: his love for Nina, his effort at keeping her from her mother's Malay influence, and his desire for money and self-redemption.

Dain, a Malay prince, arrives at Sambir. Almayer tries to enlist Dain's help to find the treasure long sought by Lingard. Instead, Dain marries Nina and leaves Sambir with her, against Almayer's wishes. The loss of Nina and any prospect of wealth stuns Almayer. He spends the rest of his days in the empty trading house as his sanity slips away.

Criticism
As Conrad's earliest novel, Almayer's Folly is often seen by critics as inferior to the author's later work because of its repetitive and at times awkward language. However, recent critics have paid more attention to Conrad's depiction of Nina as a self-determined female non-European character along with Aissa from Joseph Conrad's second novel, An Outcast of the Islands.

Movie

Filming started in November 2010 for a French-Belgian adaptation by Chantal Akerman.

Sources
Joseph Conrad, Almayer's Folly: A Story of an Eastern River, Random House, 1996.

References

Other websites 

1895 books
Indonesia
Works by Joseph Conrad
Novels
Philae (before known as RoLand) is an ESA lander spacecraft. It went with the Rosetta spacecraft. It landed on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenkoon on 12 November 2014 to analyze it.

The name Philae was chosen through a contest organized by ESA, won by fifteen year old Serena Olga Vismara from Milan. The name comes from the orbiter name, already defined as Rosetta, which is the name of the stele that allowed Jean-François Champollion to understand ancient Egypt hieroglyphics. In order to complete the translation, he needed to use also the monuments on the island of Philae, the same way Philae lander will help to complete the work of the Rosetta lander.

ESA spacecraft
This is a list of all countries by Human Development Index as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report (released on 15 December 2020), put together based on estimates for 2019. It covers 187 member states of the United Nations (out of 193), along with Hong Kong (of the People's Republic of China), and the Palestinian territories; 6 UN member states are not included because there is not enough data. The average HDI of regions of the World and groups of countries are also included for comparison.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard way of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the effect of economic policies on quality of life. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.

Countries fall into four wide human development categories: Very High Human Development (66 countries), High Human Development (53 countries), Medium Human Development (37 countries) and Low Human Development (36 countries).

From 2007 to 2010, the first two categories was referred to as developed countries, and the last two are all grouped in developing countries. The original "high human development" category has been split into two as above in the report for 2007.

Some older groupings (high/medium/low income countries) that have been removed were based on the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, and have been replaced by another index based on the gross national income (GNI) in purchasing power parity per capita.

Complete list of countries
  = increase.
  = steady.
  = decrease.

List of countries by continent

Africa 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Asia 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Europe 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

North America and the Caribbean 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Oceania

South America

List of countries by intercontinental region

Arab League 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Commonwealth of Nations 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

East Asia and the Pacific 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

European Union 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

OECD 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Small Island Developing States 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

HDI by regions and groups

Countries missing from latest report

UN member states (latest UNDP data)

Note: 2009 publication uses old HDI formula

Non-UN member states (latest UNDP data)

Non-UN members (not calculated by the UNDP)

Notes

References

Human Development Index
Country classifications
Economic indicators
Welfare economics
Imagine an electric field E passing through a surface. Consider an infinitesimal area (dA) on that surface across which E remains constant. Also assume that the angle between E and dA is i. The electric flux is defined as EdAcos(i). E and dA are vectors. Flux is the dot product of E and dA. Using full vector notation, the electric flux  through a small area  is given by

The electric flux over a surface S is therefore given by the surface integral:

where E is the electric field and dA is a differential area on the surface  with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction. 

For a closed Gaussian surface, electric flux is given by:

where QS is the net charge enclosed by the surface (including both free and bound charge), and ε0 is the electric constant. This relation is known as Gauss' law for electric field in its integral form and it is one of the four Maxwell's equations.

Electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface. But the net electric field, E, in the Gauss' Law equation, can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface.  Gauss' Law is true in all situations, but people can only use it to calculate when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field.  Examples include spherical and cylindrical symmetry. Otherwise, the calculations are too hard to do by hand and must be worked out using a computer.

Electrical flux has SI units of volt metres (V m), or, equivalently, newton metres squared per coulomb . So, the SI base units of electric flux are kg•m3•s−3•A−1.

Related pages
Magnetic flux

Other websites 
 Electric flux — HyperPhysics

Electromagnetism
Enda Kenny (born 24 April 1951) is an Irish Fine Gael politician. He was the Taoiseach from 2011 through 2017. Kenny has led Fine Gael from 2002 until his retirement in 2017. He served as Minister for Tourism and Trade from 1994 to 1997. He is also a two-term Vice President of the European People's Party.

Kenny has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo since 1975, having succeeded his father Henry Kenny. He is the longest-serving TD currently in Dáil Éireann, which makes him the incumbent Father of the Dáil.

Kenny led Fine Gael in the 2011 general election. He subsequently brokered an agreement with the Labour Party and formed a coalition government on 9 March 2011. He is Fine Gael's first Taoiseach since John Bruton from 1994 to 1997, and the first Fine Gael leader to win government in an election since Garret FitzGerald in 1982.

In May 2017, Kenny announced he will retire as Fine Gael leader and will resign as Taoiseach once a new leader is chosen.

References

Other websites

 Enda Kenny's page on the Fine Gael website
 Enda's address to the nation: Sunday 4 December 2011 

1951 births
Living people
County Mayo
Irish politicians
Members of Fine Gael
Taoisigh of Ireland
The Sportclub Hakoah Graz ( - strength) was a Jewish sports and football club from the Styrian capital Graz. It was beside Sturm and GAK the third top league team from Graz.

History
The club was founded on 12 March 1919 to offer the Jewish people of Graz (around 4000) the possibility to do sports. The old club Jüdischen Turnvereins zu Graz was dissolved in 1917. Jewish officials were against the club. The club was highly accepted by the young football players.

In 1921, the football section took part in the 2.Klasse of the Styrian football championship. The first classes of the federal states were the highest, because at that time there was no Austrian-wide championship. The champion of Viennas highest league was considered Austrian champion. They played in blue and white jerseys with the Star of David on the breast. It was difficult for them to play because they had no ground of their own. Due to the antisemitism of that time other clubs often did not allow them to use their grounds. In 1923, they leased an own ground.

In the 1921/22 season, they reached the first place and were promoted to the 1. Klasse. In the 1. Klasse, the club was again confronted with antisemitism. The Deutscher Sportverein Leoben and Turnverein Leibniz did not want to play against a Jewish club. They were disqualified. During the years in the first class Hakoah often reached places on top of the table.

In 1935, the club was relegated to the 2. Klasse. The reason for this was that some players went to other clubs and some ended their career because antisemitism grew at that time. The club also lost its ground which was only leased. The contract was not prolonged. In the Second Class, they gained again strength but the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany ended its history. The club was dissolved like all other Jewish sports clubs in Austria.

Other websites 
Article about Hakoah Graz  

Jewish history
Judaism in Austria
Hakoah Graz
Football clubs of Graz
Gastroliths, or gizzard stones, are small rocks kept by an animal inside its stomach or at an early part of the alimentary canal. The function of these is to mash up the food so digestion takes place faster. Typically, animals which do this do not have suitable teeth for grinding, and the gastroliths are a good substitute for this. 

A second function, in aquatic animals, is that gastroliths can be used for ballast to make diving easier.

Identification
Several pieces of evidence are needed to show that a rock was used by a fossil animal to aid its digestion. First, the stone must be unlike the rock found in its geological vicinity. Secondly, it should be rounded and polished, because inside a gizzard any genuine gastrolith would grind against other stones and fibrous materials, like the action of a rock tumbler. Lastly, the stone must be found with the fossils of the animal which ingested it.

Occurrence 
Among living vertebrates, gastroliths are common among crocodiles, alligators, herbivorous birds, seals and sea lions. Domestic fowl need access to grit.  Stones swallowed by ostriches can exceed a length of . Amphibians such as the Axolotl ingest rocks that are presumed to be gastroliths. Apparent microgastroliths have also been found in frog tadpoles. Ingestion of silt and gravel by tadpoles of various frog species improves buoyancy control.

Sauropod dinosaurs appear to have used stones to grind tough plant matter. An example of this is the early Cretaceous theropod Caudipteryx zoui from northeastern China. It was discovered with a series of small stones, in the area of its skeleton that would have corresponded with its abdominal region. Aquatic animals, such as plesiosaurs, may have used them as ballast, to help balance themselves or to decrease their buoyancy, as crocodiles do. Some fossil gastroliths are rounded and polished, many stones in living birds are not polished at all. Gastroliths associated with dinosaur fossils can weigh several kilograms.

References 

Zoology
BepiColombo is a planned European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission to the planet Mercury. The mission is still being planned. This means that the details of the mission are likely to change. Its planned launch date is 2014 and it is planned to arrive at Mercury in 2020.

References

ESA spacecraft
Sputnik 2 was a Soviet Union spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Sputnik programme. It was the first spacecraft to carry a living animal, a dog called Laika. It was launched on 3 October 1957 at Baikonur Cosmodrome. Scientists think that Laika died several hours after launch from overheating. The spacecraft went into orbit around Earth for roughly five months. It went down into Earth's atmosphere on 14 April 1958 and burned up.

Sputnik 2 was 4 metres (13 feet) high and its base diameter was 2 metres (6.6 feet). It was a cone-shaped and it had several different places for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature control system for the spacecraft, and scientific instruments. Laika was put in a special area.

Related pages 
Sputnik programme
Sputnik 1

References 

Soviet spacecraft
Satellites
1950s in the Soviet Union
The Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaur dinosaurs, from Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous strata of what are now North America, Asia, Antarctica and Europe. They are the family of ankylosaurs which do not have club-shaped tails. They often have spikes protecting their head and shoulders.

All nodosaurs, like other ankylosaurs, are medium-sized to large, heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs, with small denticulate teeth and rows of osteoderms (a type of armour) on the dorsolateral (top and sides) surfaces of the body.

Classification

Taxonomy
The following taxonomy follows Thompson et al., 2011 unless otherwise noted.

 Family Nodosauridae
 ?Aletopelta  (California, Western North America)
 Animantarx   (Utah, Western North America)
 Anoplosaurus  (England, Northwestern Europe)
 Antarctopelta  (James Ross Island, Northeastern Antarctic Peninsula) 
 Edmontonia   (Alberta, Western North America)
 Gargoyleosaurus  (Wyoming, Western North America)
 Gastonia   (Utah, Western North America)
 Glyptodontopelta  (New Mexico, Western North America)
 Hoplitosaurus  (South Dakota, central North America)
 Hungarosaurus   (Hungary, Central-Southern Europe)
 Hylaeosaurus  (Sussex, Southern England) 
 Mymoorapelta  (Colorado, central North America)
 Niobrarasaurus  (Kansas, Western North America)
 Nodosaurus  (Wyoming and Kansas, Western North America)
 Panoplosaurus   (Montana and Alberta, Western North America)
 Pawpawsaurus    (Texas, Western North America)
 Peloroplites    (Utah, Western North America)
 Polacanthus  (Isle of Wight and Sussex, Southern England)
 Propanoplosaurus (Maryland, Eastern North America)
 Sauropelta     (Wyoming and Montana, Western North America)
 Silvisaurus   (Kansas, Western North America)
 Stegopelta (Wyoming, Western North America)
 Struthiosaurus   (Central-Southern Europe)
 Tatankacephalus  (Montana, Western North America)
 Texasetes    (Texas, Western North America)
 Zhejiangosaurus  (Zhejiang Province, Eastern China)
 Doubtful Nodosaurids
 Acanthopholis  (United Kingdom, Western Europe)
 Palaeoscincus

Phylogeny
The clade Nodosauridae may be defined as "all ankylosaurs closer to Panoplosaurus than to Ankylosaurus. Vickaryous et al.  considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be Cedarpelta. A cladogram from a 2011 analysis is shown by Richard S. Thompson and colleagues.

References 

Ankylosauria
French grammar is the rules about how to speak and write the French language. It is similar to the grammar of other Romance languages. 

French is moderately inflected. This means that some words change their form in different situations.

Verb 
In French, verbs are conjugated to show information. That means they change endings.

Person 
Verbs are conjugated to match with grammatical person.

Irregular Verbs 
Most French verbs are regular, which means that the someone can guess how to conjugate a verb based on what letters a verb ends with. However, some verbs are irregular. Irregular verbs do not follow the normal pattern of conjugation. Instead, the forms must be learned differently. An example of an irregular verb in French is être (to be).

Noun

Gender 
Every French noun has a gender. A noun can be either masculine or feminine.

Number 
The plural of a noun usually ends with -s. For example, dog (chien) becomes dogs (chiens). However, if a noun ends in -au, -eu, or -ou, it can have -x at the end as a plural. For example, game (jeu) becomes games (jeux). If a noun already ends with -s, -x, or -z, it does not change in the plural.

Adjectives 
In French, adjectives change in order to agree with the gender and number of the noun it describes.

Word order 
The word order in French is subject-verb-object. In the sentence Je mange le gâteau (I eat the cake), je (I) is the subject and le gâteau (the cake) is the object. However, if the object is a pronoun, it goes before the verb. If le gâteau is replaced by le (it), the sentence becomes Je le mange (I eat it).

More reading 

Grammar
Grammar
Qinhuangdao (秦皇岛) is a city in the north of China. The name in Chinese means "island of the Qin Emperor" or "Emperor Qin's island", since it was where Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent men to search for immortals, or living beings who cannot die or grow old, across the sea. It is in Hebei Province.  It is about  east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea. The city had 2,987,605 people as of 2010. Qinhuangdao is one of fourteen coastal open cities, which are important foreign trade ports in north China. It was approved as a national grade tourist city by the State Council. Famous scenic spots include Shanhaiguan and Beidaihe. Qinhuangdao City is a state-level economic and technological development zone of Qinhuangdao.

Geography 
Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, is in the northeast of China , north latitude 39 ° 24 '~ 40 ° 37', longitude 118 ° 33 '~ 119 ° 51'.  Qinhuangdao's climate is a humid, temperate, monsoon climate, influenced by the ocean.

Transportation

Qinhuangdao's train station serves the Beijing-Harbin Railway, Daqin Railway and Tsuyama railway. China's first express passenger line between Qinhuangdao and Shenyang Passenger starts here. The line became the official carrier on October 12, 2013.

Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Airport has flights from Shijiazhuang, Wuhan and Shanghai.

Qinhuangdao's Port is one of China's bigger energy output ports. It is one of the major ports where China's Shanxi Coal can go to other countries. It is a natural, ice-free harbor.

Industry
The very important industries are glass, ship making, Metallurgy (making gold),  and auto parts.

Education
Yanshan University and the Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics (HIIBE) is in Qinhuangdao.

References

Cities in China
Yanshan University is a university in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China.

Other websites
Yan Shan University  official website

Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China
Fred Burton (born January 2, 1958) is STATFOR's vice president for intelligence. STRATFOR is a global intelligence company. Burton is thought to be "one of the world's foremost experts on security, terrorists and terrorist organizations." This basically means that he is thought to be one of the world's best intelligence workers.

He was a special agent with the U.S. Diplomatic Security Service.

Washington asked Burton to help the investigation of the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. He used to be the deputy chief of the counter-terrorism part of the U.S. State Department's Diplomatic Security Service. He also investigated the killing of Rabbi Meir Kahane, the al Qaeda New York City bombing plots before the September 11 attacks and the Libyan-backed terrorist attacks against diplomats in Sana'a and Khartoum. He helped in the arrest of Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993.

Burton is the author of a memoir called Ghost: Confessions of a Counterterrorism Agent. It was published by Random House in 2008. Another memoir is Chasing Shadows: A Special Agent's Lifelong Hunt to Bring a Cold War Assassin to Justice, published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2011.

Burton was moved to the Texas Border Security Council on September 11, 2007 by Governor Rick Perry.

In August 2009 he was hired as the Texas Department of Public Safety's Assistant Director for Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism but left after 2 months. This was because he wanted to work on his writing and speaking career.

References

Other websites
STRATFOR website

Living people
1958 births
Intelligence
Collimated light is light whose rays are parallel. This light spreads slowly as it travels. The word collimated is related to collinear, because all the rays in collimated light line up with each other.  

Perfectly collimated light would not spread out with distance at all. No real light is perfectly collimated. Real light will spread a little as it travels. Diffraction prevents anyone from creating a perfectly collimated beam. 

Light can be roughly collimated by using a collimator – a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves.

Etymology
The word "collimate" comes from the Latin verb collimare, which originated in a misreading of collineare, "to direct in a straight line".

Sources

Lasers
Laser light from crystal and some gas lasers is highly collimated because it is formed in an optical cavity between two parallel mirrors, in addition to being coherent. The divergence of high-quality laser beams is commonly less than 1 milliradian, and can be much less for large-diameter beams. Laser diodes emit less collimated light due to their short cavity, and therefore higher collimation requires a collimating lens.

Synchrotron light
Synchrotron light is very collimated. It is produced by bending relativistic electrons around a circular track.

Distant sources
The light from stars (other than the Sun) can be considered collimated for almost any purpose, because they are so far away they have almost no angular size.

Lenses and mirrors

A perfect parabolic mirror will bring parallel rays to a focus at a single point. Conversely, a point source at the focus of a parabolic mirror will produce a beam of collimated light. Since the source needs to be small, such an optical system cannot produce much optical power. Spherical mirrors are easier to make than parabolic mirrors and they are often used to produce approximately collimated light. Many types of lenses can also produce collimated light from point-like sources.

References

 Pfister, J. & Kneedler, J.A. (s.d.). A guide to lasers in the OR.

Optics
Astronomy
Hispanic (Spanish: Hispano, hispánico) is a word that originally meant a relationship to Hispania. This is the Iberian Peninsula and includes Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar and Spain. Now the word is used with a more limited meaning. In the United States it is often used to mean a person of (usually) mixed race with a Spanish surname. In North America generally, the word Hispanic has lost its link to Spain and Portugal, and is mainly used to mean Latin America. 
 
Hispanic has also been used to mean the culture and people of the former Spanish and Portuguese Empires in America. Known as Hispanic America, this region includes Mexico, most of the Central and South American countries, and the Spanish-speaking island-nations of the Caribbean.
 
Spanish names, the Spanish language, and Spanish customs can also be found in other areas that were part of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, such as in Equatorial Guinea in Africa, or in the Spanish East Indies (e.g. Philipines) and the Portuguese Brazil.

Spain
Muryeong of Baekje (462–523, r. 501–23), also known as Sama, was a 6th-century Korean king.   He was the 25th king of Baekje, which was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in ancient times.  The name Muryong means "military peace".  It is a name he got after death.

Events of Muryeong's reign 
During Muryeong’s reign, the southwestern kingdom of Baekje was allied with its eastern rival Silla against the northern kingdom of Goguryeo.

The king is known for expanding contacts with China and Japan.

After his death

Muryeong's tomb is located in Gongju in South Chungcheong Province.  It has been studied by archeologists and historians.  This the only ancient tomb that has been positively identified among those of this period.

Legacy
In 2001, Japan's Emperor Akihito acknowledged a distant relationship with Muryeong.  He explained, "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea, given the fact that it is recorded in the Chronicles of Japan that the mother of Emperor Kammu was of the line of King Muryong of Baekje."

References

More Reading
 Kim, Won-Yong. “The Tomb of King Muryong of the Paekche Dynasty.” Asian Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs (Seoul) 3:3 (Winter 1971): 34-46. 
 Paik, Seung-gil. "Excavation of the Tomb of Paekche King Muryong." Korea Journal 11:8 (August 1971): 48-51.

Other websites 

 http://www.myj7000.jp-biz.net/clan/03/03013.htm#003 

History of Korea
460s births
520s deaths
Kings and queens
Event Centre rock (also known as arena rock, corporate rock, industry rock,or stadium rock) is a word to describe a form of rock music which is played, or intended to be played, in large venues, such as event centres, arenas, stadia, and open-air concert spaces. In such a way, genres which traditionally fall within the categories of event centre rock tend to be (yet not always) loud and anthemic; event centre rock is most traditionally associated with heavy metal, progressive rock, hard rock, glam metal or pop rock genres. Often, yet not always, event centre rock is categorised as being more mass-scale, commercially appealing, and radio-oriented music. Due to the often commercial nature of event centre rock, it is occasionally called corporate rock.

Event centre rock is generally associated with the grand shows that artists and groups within the style would hold. At these performances, large sound systems, and often elaborate lighting, additional effects and fireworks, would be included. The 1970s and 80s were a major period in event centre rock.

Whilst event centre rock has seen large popularity over the years, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s, it has also been criticised for its often commercial and extravagant nature, especially with regards to the shows and concert tours that event centre rock bands and artists would have. To some extent, genres such as pub rock, punk rock, indie rock and alternative rock grew as a reaction against the nature and aesthetic of event centre rock, opting for a less commercial and over-the-top style.

Famous bands associated with event centre rock include Kiss, Aerosmith, Journey, and Styx, amongst several others.

Notable musicians
AC/DC
Aerosmith
Blue Öyster Cult
Boston
Def Leppard
The Eagles
Foreigner
Journey
Bon Jovi
Judas Priest
Kansas
Kiss
Meat Loaf
Peter Frampton
REO Speedwagon
Styx
Tesla
Toto
Van Halen

References

Rock music
On 25 December 2011, there were a number of attacks on Christmas Day during church services in northern Nigeria. There were bombings and shootings at churches in Madalla (near the capital, Abuja), Jos, Gadaka and Damaturu. At least 39 people were killed. The attacks were claimed by the Islamist group Boko Haram.

References 

2011 in Africa
2010s explosions in Africa
2010s in Nigeria
Attacks on buildings and structures in Africa
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2010s
Attacks on churches

Crime in Nigeria
December events

Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2010s
Mass murder in Africa
Mass murder in the 2010s
Mass shootings in Africa
Mass shootings in the 2010s
Murder in 2011
Suicide bombings in Africa
Suicide car and truck bombings

Terrorist incidents in Africa in the 2010s
Chillán is a city and commune of the central south of Chile. It has a population of 161.953 people (2002 census). the city was founded in 1580 as San Bartolomé de Chillán. It is the capital of the Ñuble Region.

References

Other websites 

 Chillán's official website 

Cities in Chile
was the 49th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Kōnin's reign started in 770 and ended in 781.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was 

Kōnin had five wives and seven Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Kōnin's life 
 8 September 769 (Jingo-keiun 3, 4th day of the 8th month): In the 5th year of Shōtoku's reign, she died; and Prince Shirakabe was her heir.
 28 August 770 (Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month):   The succession (senso) was received by Prince Shirakabe, who was the 62-year-old grandson of Emperor Tenji.
 23 October 770 (Jingo-keiun 4, 1st day of the 10th month): Emperor Kōnin was said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) in a formal ceremony.  The era name was changed to Hōki 1.
 781 (Ten'ō 1, 4th month): In the 11th year of Kōnin's reign, he abdicated in favor of his son who became known as Emperor Kammu.
 781 (Ten'ō 1, 12th month) : Kōnin died at the age of 73.

After his death
Emperor Kōnin is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates Tahara no Higashi no Misasagi in Nara as the location of Kōnin's mausoleum.

Eras of Kōnin's reign 
The years of Kōnin's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Hōki (770–781)
 Ten'ō (781–782)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References 

Emperors of Japan
709 births
782 deaths
Monroe is the eighth-largest city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the parish seat of Ouachita Parish. In 2010, 48,815 people lived there.

Transportation 
  - I-20

Image

References 

Parish seats in Louisiana
Cities in Louisiana
Ouachita Parish, Louisiana
In physics, and electronics, the henry (symbol H) is the SI unit of inductance. It is named after Joseph Henry (1797–1878), the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction. (In England,  Michael Faraday (1791–1867) discovered the same thing independently. They discovered it at about the same time.) The magnetic permeability of a complete vacuum is 4π×10−7 H/m (henry per meter).

The National Institute of Standards and Technology provides guidance for American users of SI to write the plural as henries. People do not capitalize unit names.

Definition 
If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one ampere per second and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the circuit is one henry. Other equivalent combinations of SI units are as follows:

where

A = ampere
C = coulomb
F = farad
J = joule
kg = kilogram
m = meter
s = second
Wb = weber
T = tesla
V = volt
Ω = ohm

Related pages
 Electrical impedance
 Inductor
 weber (unit)

References

Magnetism
SI units
Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club (; Moadon Kaduregel Maccabi Tel Aviv) is an Israeli football club. It is one of the oldest clubs in Israeli football. The club is also the most successful. They have won 18 championships, 22 national cups, 2 Asian Champions Cups  and 3 Toto cups. The homeground of the team is the Bloomfield Stadium in Tel Aviv, where also the city rival Hapoel Tel Aviv is playing.

History
The club was founded in 1906. It was the first Jewish football club in Ottoman Palestine. The name was then Rishon Lezion-Yafo. The first match was a 3-0 win against a team of French sailors. After the foundation of Tel Aviv in 1909 the clubs name was changed into Maccabi Tel Aviv. Maccabi was founding member of the  Palestine Football Association and the Palestine League.

In 1936 the club was invited to play in the United States. On the way Maccabi played in France versus Racing Paris and Olympique Lille. In the United States they played against an All-star team of New York City at Yankee Stadium. Maccabi also defeated the American Soccer League team in Brooklyn and Philadelphia on their home ground 1–0. Other matches were against St. Louis Stars and the Boston Celtics. They played also in Canada, where they drew 1–1 with Toronto All-Stars. In 1939 they played 18 matches in Australia.

After the independence in 1948 Tel Aviv was the most successful club in Israel's top league. 

The 1950s decade is considered to be their "golden age" because they won 5 league championships and 4 cups. The club was almost relegated in 1976 but beat Beitar Jerusalem in the relegation play-off.

In the 2011/12 season they reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. The team played versus PSV Eindhoven, Rapid Bucharest and Legia Warsaw. They failed to reach the next stage (2 wins, 1 draw, 3 lost).

Current team
As of 13 October 2011

In an Israel team only 5 foreigners are allowed. The foreigners are:
 Nivaldo
 Haris Medunjanin
 Savo Pavićević
 Moussa Konaté
 Roberto Punčec

Honours
Israeli championships
Winners (18): 1935–36, 1936–37, 1941–42, 1946–47, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1966–68, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1991–92, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2002–03
Tel Aviv District championship
Winners (1): 1939
State Cup
Winners (22) 1928–29, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1940–41, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1969–70, 1976–77, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1993–94, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2004–05
Asian Club Championship
Winners (2) 1968–69, 1970–71
Toto Cup
Winners (3) 1992–93, 1998–99, 2008–09
Israeli Supercup
Winners (5) 1964–65 (shared cup with Hakoah Ramat Gan), 1967–68, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1987–88

References

Israeli football clubs
Tel Aviv
1906 establishments in Asia
1900s establishments in Israel
was a Japanese supercentenarian and at the time of her death the oldest living Japanese person for over one and a half year after (nowadays disputed) Kame Chinen's death on 2 May 2010, just eight days before her claimed 115th birthday, and the second-oldest living person in the world behind the over 12 weeks older Americanwoman Besse Cooper (since 21 June 2011 when Cooper became the oldest living person). Cooper and Hasegawa were, after the death of Italianwoman Venere Pizzinato who was just three days younger than Hasegawa and died 4 months before Hasegawa, the last two living people born in 1896.

Hasegawa was visited by Governor Furukawa of Saga Prefecture at her nursing home on Senior Citizen's Day in September 2008.

Hasegawa died of natural causes at 8.28am on 2 December 2011, just twelve days after celebrating her 115th birthday and 22 days before Koto Okubo's 114th birthday, and was succeeded as the oldest living Japanese person by Jiroemon Kimura, who later became the oldest man ever as well as the so far only man and also the first Japanese person to become at least 116 years old after Tane Ikai, and as the oldest living Japanese woman by Koto Okubo. Hasegawa, Kimura and Okubo were the first three Japanese persons who became 115 years old after 116-year-old Tane Ikai's death in July 1995.

References

Other websites 
  Gerontology Research Group  (GRG),   Supercentenarians, recent deaths 2011 ; archived  here 

1896 births
2011 deaths
Japanese supercentenarians
People from Saga Prefecture
ASTech Paris Région is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the region of Île-de-France in the middle of France and is mainly concentrated in and around the city of Paris.

There are over 500 companies, including Dassault Aviation, EADS and Air France Industries. About 100.000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of ASTech is in Meudon. The chairman of the group is Gérard Laruelle.

Sources and references

Other websites 
 Website of ASTech Paris Région

Aviation in France
Aerospace engineering
Paris
Companies of France