cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Enid Blyton (11 August 1897 – 28 November 1968) was an English author. She was born in Dulwich, South London, England. She was one of the world's most famous children's writers. She is also one of the most prolific authors of all time. (This means that she wrote a great number of books.) Her most famous stories are the Famous Five stories, about a group of four children (Dick, Julian, Anne, and Georgina, who wanted to be called George) and their dog (Timmy) who have many adventures, and her Noddy books for small children.

Her parents wanted her to become a concert pianist (someone who plays the piano), but Enid wanted to be a teacher. Her parents agreed to let her train as a teacher. She began teaching in 1919 in Kent, not far from where she grew up in Beckenham.

As a child and teenager her main interest had been writing poems, stories and other items. She had sent many of them to magazines but had never had any published. As she worked as a teacher she began to have her articles, about children and education printed in a magazine called  Teachers' World. Her first book, called Child Whispers came out in 1922. It was a book of her poems with illustrations (drawings).

She was married soon after. She left teaching and began to have more success with her books. She wrote in and was the editor of magazine for children called Sunny Stories.  The stories she wrote for this magazine were so popular that the magazine was then called Enid Blyton's Sunny Stories. The magazine came out every two weeks. Many of Enid's most famous books were first printed in this magazine in parts.

Enid Blyton has been in The Guinness Book of Records as one of the world's biggest selling writers. She is also included because she wrote more books than almost any other writer (about 700). Her books were published in many different languages. She said that she found writing them easy. In the last few years of her life she had a disease which damaged her mind, called presenile dementia. Her books still sell in large numbers, and used to be owned by her family. A few years ago her family sold them, and now her works belong to a private company.

Enid Blyton did a lot of work for charity and had a club for children which helped them to give money to charity. She was married twice and had two daughters. She died of Alzheimer's disease in Hampstead, London.

Books: Enid Blyton: a biography (1974). The official biography, telling the story of Enid Blyton's life

Other websites 

The Enid Blyton Society
EnidBlyton.net
Heather's Blyton Pages 
Enid Blyton Collectors' and Enthusiasts' Guide to First Editions

1897 births
1968 deaths
British children's writers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in London
Writers from London
A dragon is a snake-like legendary creature, belonging to mythology and fantasy. There are stories about dragons in Chinese culture, European culture, South American culture, and many others.

There are many kinds of dragons in the different cultures. In general:
 A dragon has none to four legs, claws, scales, spikes or optional wings.
 A dragon can look like a reptile.
 Some dragons can be heard about in stories, (e.g) George and the Dragon.
 Some dragons prefer to nest.
 The Chinese dragon is associated with the emperor of China so it can use the symbol of the imperial power.
 Some dragons live in Western European and Eastern Asia.
 Some dragons prefer to be in caves.

Dragons feature in many stories such as; The Hobbit, Beowulf, How To Train Your Dragon and Harry Potter. In The Hobbit and Beowulf, dragons are dangerous and attack humans. Other stories, such as those by Anne McCaffrey, have dragons who are looking for help, or giving help. A dragon also appears in the Book of Revelation chapters 12-13, where he is seen as the Devil.

Other websites
Dragons Across Cultures at Draconika

Legendary creatures
Inertia is the resistance of the object to any change in its motion, including a change in direction. An object will stay still or keep moving at the same speed and in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.

For example, a rubber ball will not start bouncing around unless someone picks it up and throws it. Basically, if an object is not moving, it will not start moving unless something else acts upon it. The same idea can be applied to motion: an object in motion will stay in motion unless some outside, opposing force acts upon it. Inertia is also called Sir Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion. The First Law of Motion says that:
	
Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight ahead, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by forces impressed. [Cohen & Whitman 1999 translation]
	
This basically means:
Every object stays at rest or stays moving at the same speed unless something makes it change.Johannes Kepler gave inertia its name in Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (published in three parts from 1617–1621)

Albert Einstein developed the idea of Special Relativity based on Galileo's statement that it is impossible to tell the difference between a moving object and a stationary one without some outside reference to compare it against.

Related pages	
Moment of inertia
Newton's laws of motion
	

	
Mechanics	
Basic physics ideas
York is a historic walled city in North Yorkshire, England. The Romans called it Eboracum, and the Vikings called it Jorvik.

History
The city has been important in many political events in its two millennia of existence. The city offers many historical attractions, of which York Minster is the most well-known. There are many cultural and sporting activities making it a popular tourist destination for millions.  

The city was founded by the Romans as in 71 AD. It was later the capital of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern province of the Church of England, a role it still has. About 130,000 people live in York. It was the traditional county town of Yorkshire but it is no longer. It is now a unitary authority.

The centre of York is medieval. It has famous old streets and a cathedral called York Minster. To the west of York is Leeds, Wetherby and Harrogate.  To the south of York is Selby to the north of York is Easingwold and to the east of York is Scarborough.

Archbishop of York
York is home to the Archbishop of York, a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England who is second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The current Archbishop of York is Stephen Cottrell, who has held the post since July 2020.

Gallery

Unitary authorities
North Yorkshire is a large county in the region called Yorkshire and the Humber in the north of England.

North Yorkshire was part of one bigger county called Yorkshire. The three parts of Yorkshire used to be called the West Riding, the East Riding, and the North Riding. in 1974, the boundaries and names changed. The "North Riding" changed to "North Yorkshire". The other main parts of Yorkshire are now South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and the East Riding of Yorkshire.

The largest city in North Yorkshire is York. York is now (since 1996) a unitary authority, it is not officially part of North Yorkshire.

North Yorkshire is the largest county in England. It has several towns. It also has many open green areas and hills, so two of the 11 UK national parks (the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales) are in North Yorkshire.

Ceremonial counties of England
 
1974 establishments in England
Pig Latin is a language code or game and is most often used by children who speak English. 

The usual rules are:
 For words that begin with consonants, move the consonant to the end of the word and add "ay."
 For words that begin with vowels, simply add "ay" to the end of the word.

Pig Latin that one writes is sometimes written with dashes, between the first part and the "c-ay" letters, and sometimes it is not. A sentence can be "Is-thay is-ay an-ay example-ay of-ay Ig-pay Atin-lay ith-way ashes-day", or "Isthay isay anay exampleay ofay Igpay Atinlay ithoutway ashesday."

In Pig Latin, this sentence:
 Is-thay is-ay an-way example-ay of-ay Ig-pay Atin-lay. As-ay ou-yay an-cay ee-say, it-ay is-ay illy-say, ut-bay ots-lay of-ay un-fay or-fay ildren-chay.

comes to mean:
 This is an example of Pig Latin. As you can see, it is silly, but lots of fun for children.

The British name for Pig Latin is "backslang".

References

Other websites
Entry An entry from wikiHow on learning Pig Latin.

Constructed languages
Word games
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door (or, as it is nicknamed, Paper Mario 2) is a Nintendo GameCube role-playing game released in 2004. It won the IGN.com award for best RPG game of the year. It uses the setting of Nintendo's Mario games.

Plot 
Princess Peach finds a map in an old town filled with crime. Mario sets off to the town of Rogueport, where he finds the Crystal Stars. There is a door deep in the sewers of Rogueport (the Thousand-Year Door) which will open if all the crystal stars are collected. It is said that a demonic spirit rests behind the door. The X-Nauts (a group of robot-like people) try to steal all of the crystal stars in order to awaken a evil demon to wipe out the planet so that they can become dictators of the world.
 The last boss of the game is the Shadow Queen who possesses (takes over) Princess Peach.
 Three shadows (The Shadow Sirens) are somehow related to the demon.

Reviews

The game had good reviews.

References

Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
2004 video games
Mario roleplaying games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Virtual Console games
A nickname is a special name that a person may be called that is different from their real name or from their birth name.  It is not a legal thing; it is a social thing.  The name may be given to them by their friends or family.  It may be like the person's real name or completely different.  Nicknames often come from how a person looks, or from something they are especially known for doing.  They can also be a shortened version of the given name.

Nicknames can also be unkind and rude, and used by people who dislike the person given the nickname.  Often famous people are given nicknames by the writers of newspapers or other people in the media, such as TV. In Thailand, people are often given nicknames based on how they look. For example, someone can be called ผู้ชายสูง (phuchay sung) meaning being tall. Nicknames can also be given to people in countries. For example, people from the United States are sometimes called Yankees. Nicknames can also be given to tribes. For example, the Dhulbahante tribe are often called reer Darawiish. That's because the former anti-colonial Dervish state was a Dhulbahante state.

References

Names
Jumanji is a 1995 movie starring Robin Williams, which was based loosely on a 1982 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. It is about a boy who gets trapped in a game for 30 years, and must finish playing the game when he gets out. Other stars include Kirsten Dunst, David Alan Grier, Bonnie Hunt, Bradley Pierce, Jonathan Hyde, and Bebe Neuwirth. In the "Flying Hunter Van Pelt" scene, Roland D-50's PN-D50-02 patch "Fast Forward" was heard.

The game in the movie (titled Jumanji) has been made into a real game.

Release Dates

3-D Version

1995 movies
Jumanji
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Neopets is a website that lets its users create virtual pets, and take care of them. The site was created on November 15 1999, and has hundreds of millions of users.  The website is owned by Jumpstart.  Most of the pets that the user can create are not real animals, but are based upon real animals.  Neopets has story plots, chat boards, and different things that users can do with their neopets. Many people of many different ages join Neopets. The site has many games that the user can play.  Neopets has a help section to find answers to many of the questions that users may have. The games length varies from a minute or less to saveable games like neoquest that take more than 10 hours total to complete.

Pets

A person can make a pet and then feed it by playing games and getting money, or by visiting places to get free food once they have less than 3000 np (Neopoints). They can get items and clothes for their pets. They can get special items called paint brushes which change the color of the pet to a different special color

once you turn thirteen, you may Customize your web page... and get new stuff

Default avatars
Default avatars are the easiest type of avatar to get. Once a person creates an account on Neopets, they get to use the default avatars without having to do anything. Default avatars are mainly the different pets that can be used on the site and certain faeries.

Clickable avatars
Clickable avatars are the second easiest avatar to get. To earn a Clickable, the user must go to a certain place on the site. Once the user has gone to that page, they get a message that says they can use that avatar.

Avatars that are earned
Many avatars have to be earned. These are the avatars that people want most. These avatars are the hardest to get. These avatars may be gotten in many different ways. For example, getting a certain score in a game, buying a specific item, looking up a pet, refreshing, or getting a set amount of "Neopoints (money) used on the site).

Fan sites
There are many websites created by Neopet users to help other players. These sites help with information about how to play games and how to get avatars. There are also many sites for users to find ways to change the look of the pages that tell about themselves and their pets.

References

Other websites 
 Neopets home page

Online games
Entertainment websites
Queen Victoria (born Alexandrina Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901. She was born to a German princess and an English prince. She became Queen of the United Kingdom Great Britain at the age of 18 after her uncle King William IV died. She inherited the throne because her father's three elder brothers died without leaving any legitimate children.

She was taught by her governess, Louise Lehzen, and Reverend George Davys. She learned to speak and read German and French well. Queen Victoria enjoyed dancing, drawing, horse riding and singing. She had lessons as a child from the famous opera singer Luigi LaBlache. She liked to paint and could play the piano. She kept a regular diary throughout her life. 

Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert, in 1840. He supported science, trade and art in Britain. Victoria and Albert had nine children. They believed that a good family life and Christianity were very important. In general, English people followed their example. 

The Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace opened in 1851. It happened partly because of Albert's hard work. The exhibition showed the success of British people in Victorian times.

In 1861, Prince Albert died and Victoria stayed away from public life. 

Britain became more powerful in the following years, and in 1877, Victoria got the title 'Empress of India'. Victoria was very interested in India, but she never went there to the subcontinent. Her son went there instead. 

In 1897, Victoria celebrated 60 years of being monarch. This surpassed her grandfather King George III. She was queen for 63 years, seven months longer than any other king or queen of Britain. People called her the 'grandmother of Europe' because many of Victoria's children became kings, princes and princesses of other countries. 

After she died from a brain haemorrhage, her son  Edward VII became King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 till his death 6 May 1910.

Children

Ancestors

References

Other websites 

 Queen Victoria Citizendium

1819 births
1901 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
English Anglicans
House of Hanover
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Indian monarchs
Royalty from London
Daniel Handler  (born February 28, 1970) is the real name of Lemony Snicket, author of the popular A Series of Unfortunate Events books. He graduated from Lowell High School and from Wesleyan University in 1992. He is a native of San Francisco and went to the San Francisco Boys Chorus.  He calls himself the fake name of Lemony Snicket in the books, as well as in Lemony's autobiography. The autobiography is listed as fiction. After several years of writing the books, Daniel let the public know that he was behind the name of Lemony Snicket.

He is married to Lisa Brown and had their first child, Otto, in October of 2003. He finished 13 books to complete the Series of Unfortunate Events.

It is also believed by some people that his wife, author and illustrator Lisa Brown could possibly be the "Beatrice" that Handler writes his books for.

References

1970 births
Living people
Writers from San Francisco
House music is a type of electronic dance music. It began during the early 1980s from disco and the black American soul music tradition.  It takes its name from the Warehouse, a Chicago club where DJs first played their records to a large audience.   The original "House" sound is characterized by "four on the floor" beats at 120-130 BPM, forward-driven bass lines, an emphasis on the second and fourth beats of each measure, handclaps, and cymbals.  Over the years, house has created many types of house music. These include:

 Acid house (with its "trippy" melodic lines, usually generated on a Roland 303 synthesizer)
 Ambient house (with an ambient, atmospheric sound)
 Bassline house (with an prominent warpy low bass sound)
 Deep house (with a greater emphasis on "soul" and atmospheric background sounds)
 Electro house (with a fuzzy, electronic and dirty bassline and heavy usage of synthesizers, similar to electropop)
 Euro house (with a sound similar to Eurodance)
 Balearic house (originating in the Balearic islands of Spain)
 French house (originating in France)
 Italo house (originating in Italy)
 Speed garage (featuring choppy basslines, reggae-style vocals and often "broken" beats)
 Progressive house (usually faster than traditional house, with many volume and phase changes and a "progression" of different background sounds)
 Disco house (even greater emphasis on the bassline, and the return of many disco-like additions such as violin sections)
 Hip house (House music with rapped lyrics)
 Tech house (techno sounds featured over a house-derived beat, with melodic progression often less emphasized)
 Latin house (incorporating elements of traditional Latin American music)
 Tribal house (greater emphasis on drumlines; melodies may be present, but with less traditional "progression")
 Witch house (with a dark, paranormal and witchcraft-themed sound)

Electronic dance music
In chemistry, an alkali is an aqueous (from water) solution with a pH value of more than 7.
The word 'Alkali' comes from the Arabic 'qali' meaning 'from the ashes' since ashes mixed with water used as cleaning products (such as soaps) are made of alkali materials  

An alkali is where a base is dissolved in water. Often it is the salt of an Alkali metal
An alkali is the opposite to an acid and can be neutralised (brought down to pH 7) by adding acid.

Characteristics 
 It feels soapy 
 It is corrosive (it can burn your skin away)
 The higher the number is over 7 on the pH scale the stronger the alkali is.
 Highly soluble (can be dissolved) in water
 They have a bitter taste
 Turns red litmus paper blue
 Can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions
 Is blue or purple on universal indicator

Strength 
Like acids, alkalis can be weak or strong, depending on the nature and the concentration of the ionic salt composing it. The strength of an alkali can be found using universal indicator. Also like acids, the strength of an alkali is rated using the pH scale.

For example, soap and toothpaste contain weak alkalis, while cleaning products often contain strong ones.

Examples of common Alkalis 
 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
 Potassium hydroxide, KOH
 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
 Aqueous ammonia, NH3 (aq)

Uses of common Alkalis 
 Sodium hydroxide is used to make paper, detergents and soap.
 Potassium hydroxide is used by farmers to make acidic soil more alkaline so that plants will grow better in it, and is also used as the electrolyte in alkaline, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries.
 Calcium hydroxide is used to neutralize acidic soil.
 Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent.

Oxides and Hydroxides 
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are two types of base. When neutralised (an acid is added) they produce a salt and water. The type of salt produced depends on the acid and base.

Related pages
 Base
 Acid

Other websites 
 Small article on Alkaline chemicals
 A distributor of Alkali Metals
 A revision site directed towards GSCE students 
 In depth article on Alkalis - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 Alkali cleaning materials
 Small in depth article on Alkali Metals

Chemistry

it:Alcalinità
The White Stripes were an American rock band from Detroit, Michigan. There were two people in the band: 
 Jack White (vocals, guitar)
 Meg White (drums)

The garage rock duo were known for their trademark red, white, and black colors and clothing, their frequent use of the number three, and their peppermint motif.

Their debut album was titled The White Stripes. It was released in 1999. Their second album was De Stijl. It was released in 2000. They became very famous in 2001 when they released their third album White Blood Cells. Their fourth album, Elephant, won a Grammy Award. It was released in 2003. Their fifth album, released in 2005, was titled Get Behind Me Satan. Their most recent album, Icky Thump, was released in June 2007.

Jack and Meg White were married when they started the band, but have since divorced. Jack has remarried and has two children, Scarlett and Henry Lee.

After a long break, the White Stripes officially announced the end of the band on February 2, 2011.

Discography 
 The White Stripes (1999)
 De Stijl (2000)
 White Blood Cells (2001)
 Elephant (2003)
 Get Behind Me Satan (2005)
 Icky Thump (2007)

1990s establishments in Michigan
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
American rock bands
Blues bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Detroit, Michigan
The Millennium Dome is a large dome-shaped building in Greenwich in South East London, UK (now known as The O2). It was built in 1900/2000 to celebrate the beginning of the third millennium. The name was officially changed to The O2 when Telefónica O2 Europe plc  bought the naming rights from the devehutz Entertainment Group.

From 31 December 1999 until 31 December 2000 the Dome and some surrounding buildings were the home of the Millennium Exhibition which was meant to show the best of Britain to the world. The most successful part of the Exhibition was the stage show that was held two or three times each day in the middle of the dome. The show had dozens of dancers and acrobats, music by Peter Gabriel, and a tower that rose out of the dome's floor.

The rest of the Exhibition was not as successful as the Dome's owners had hoped. About 6 and a half million people visited the Exhibition, which was only half the number its owners hoped for.

The dome was sold to US Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) and reopened in July 2007 as the O2, an entertainment complex including a 22,000 seat concert and sports venue, cinema, music club and exhibition spaces. Among the first artists to perform there were Bon Jovi and Prince. The Rolling Stones performed there in August 2007, Led Zeppelin played a reunion show there in December 2007, and the Spice Girls took residence in the arena from December 2007 to January 2008.

In 2012, as part of the Summer Olympics in London, the building was renamed the "North Greenwich Arena" and was used to host gymnastics and basketball.

A walkway across the top of the dome's structure has been opened, allowing visitors to cross the roof at a height of 60m. The O2 Roofwalk tourist attraction is now partially  powered by solar energy.

References 

Buildings and structures in London
Outlook.com is a free online email, address book and calendar. It is owned by Microsoft. It was started in 1996 as Hotmail. Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith created it. In 1997, Microsoft bought Hotmail for about $400 million. They renamed it twice, to MSN Hotmail and Windows Live Hotmail. In 2013, Hotmail became Outlook.com.

Each user that signs up for a Hotmail account will get 5GB worth of storage space and 25GB of space on Windows Live SkyDrive (now OneDrive). Business and organizations can also get Hotmail for their own domain name.

References

Other websites 
 

Microsoft websites
E-mail
1995 establishments in California
Train can mean more than one thing:

A train is a series of cars on a railway, not to compare with the shoo shoo train, a 'train' in this context is simply the series of cabines, with that it goes without mentioning again, metros are not shoo shoo trains, they simply consist of series of cabines but they arent trains. They are metros. 

To train is to teach how to do something, or to practice doing something.  Not only human beings but also animals can be trained.

Train (band), an American pop rock band.
Caretaker can also refer to a caregiver.
A caretaker is someone who has the job of looking after a building. For example, the building could be a school or shop.

Related pages
Cleaner

Occupations
Samuel Barclay Beckett (; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was a writer of books, plays, and poetry. He also translated other famous works of literature. He was given the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969.

His most best-known play is Waiting For Godot. It has often been acted on stage and has been on TV.

Beckett was stabbed in Paris in 1938. He died of emphysema in the city in 1989. 

Many writers of plays (playwrights) and others think he is one of the most important writers of the 20th century. There have been many books written about him.

His books are often about people going through hard times, and seeing life as both sad, dark but also funny.

References 

1906 births
1989 deaths
Crime victims
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in France
Irish novelists
Irish poets
Irish theatre directors
Irish playwrights
Writers from Dublin
Irish Nobel Prize winners
A British person or object comes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) and Northern Ireland. It is sometimes used by the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands (near France). It can also be used for some overseas places like Gibraltar (near Spain) or the Falkland Islands (near South America).

The term "British" is often used to describe something unique to the UK, for example British people, 'the British way of life' or 'the British weather'.

A British person can also be called a Briton. A unique symbol of the "British" is the Union Jack flag which is recognised globally as a symbol of the United Kingdom. The flag is made up of a combination of the flags of the countries that are part of the United Kingdom.

The British Isles are Great Britain, Ireland, and some smaller islands. The British Isles include the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Although being British is a collective identity, the countries of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales have separate identities and flags which make them unique.

References

United Kingdom
ThinkQuest was an educational website. It was used by students of schools in the United States and other countries. It was run by the Oracle Education Foundation.

As of July 1, 2013, ThinkQuest was discontinued.

References

Other websites 
ThinkQuest library archive

Websites
John Marwood Cleese (born 27 October 1939) is an English actor, and writer. He was born in Weston-super-Mare, England. He graduated from Downing College, Cambridge. Cleese has a degree in law. He was a member of the comedy team, Monty Python. He starred in the television sitcom, Fawlty Towers that he co-wrote with his first wife, Connie Booth, who played the role of Polly Sherman on the show. He plays the role of Q in some of the James Bond movies.

References

Other websites 

1939 births
Living people
Actors from Somerset
Actors who played Q
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English comedians
English movie actors
English movie producers
English radio actors
English screenwriters
English stage actors
English television actors
English television personalities
English television producers
English television writers
English voice actors
Monty Python
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Somerset
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British doctor and author. He is well known because he wrote short stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes. He also wrote science fiction and historical stories. 

He became an  agnostic by the time he left school. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1876 to 1881. He wrote short stories in his spare time. In 1882, he started working as a doctor in Southsea. He carried on writing short stories while he waited for patients. His first Sherlock Holmes story that was published was A Study in Scarlet.

Doyle's great gifts as a writer were story-telling and character. He created really memorable characters. Holmes' gift for deduction has been copied many times in fiction. The character was probably based on a doctor called Joseph Bell. Holmes himself and Watson were balanced by the evil genius Moriarty, one of the great villains in fiction.

After A Study in Scarlet came The Sign of the Four, The Valley of Fear and The Hound of the Baskervilles. The other Holmes stories were published in the Strand Magazine. They were later collected together in five volumes, starting with The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.

Conan Doyle also wrote The Lost World, published in 1912. In it, Professor Challenger and his companions travel to find a large plateau in South America where dinosaurs still live.  

Doyle's wife Louisa died in 1906. After the death of his son Kingsley just before the end of the First World War, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law and his two nephews shortly after the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave. He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.

References

Other websites 
 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate
 The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

1859 births
1930 deaths
Scottish writers
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
 
Former Roman Catholics
Muslims are people who have professed belief in Islam. As believers, they worship the One God and revere Prophet Muhammad as the last messenger of God. Additionally, they also believe in all the prophets which preceded Prophet Muhammad and the holy books which they brought, such as the Psalms, Torah, and the Gospel. A fundamental article of faith in Islam is belief in the Day of Judgement, when all humanity will be recompensed for their deeds in this world. Muslims believe in angels, as well as in predestination. Muslim Men are cirucmcised.

Muslims around the World 
After Prophet Muhammad, the very first Muslims were people from his own circle of family and friends as well as the poor and needy in Mecca more than 1400 years ago. During the life of Muhammad, this small band of followers grew by tens of thousands. As centuries passed, Muslims have only grown in number. Today, Muslims account for about one quarter of the entire world population.

There are between 1.2 and 1.6 billion Muslims across the world. Most of the Muslims are concentrated in Muslim-majority countries, such as Azerbaijan and Albania in Europe, Mali and Tunisia in Africa, Saudi Arabia and Jordan in the Middle East, Pakistan and Bangladesh in southeast Asia, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in central Asia, and Indonesia and Malaysia in Asia Pacific. At the same time, a growing Muslim diaspora has taken root in many areas as well, such as China, Australia, Europe, America and Canada, Latin America, and parts of western, central, and southern Africa. It is estimated that there are around 7 million Muslims in the United States.

The common belief that most Muslims are Arabs is a misconception. In fact, the majority of Muslims in the world are non-Arabs.

Islam and Muslims 
As in other religious bodies, there are practicing and non-practicing Muslims, liberal and conservative Muslims, tolerant and extremist Muslims. However, their individual actions should not be used to scrutinize or label Islam.

In fact, it must be mentioned here that the media stereotype of Muslims is far from reality. The vast majority of the Muslims in the world are indeed peace-loving human beings with many of them striving hard to live up to the great ideals of Islam.

Reference

Other websites

Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah – University of Chicago
 Islamophobia Today Newspaper – An Islamophobia news clearing house
 Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, Understanding and Countering Islamophobia
WikiSaurus:Muslim
 
 

 
 
Quranic words and phrases
Religious identity
Jalisco is a state of Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is Guadalajara. It is next to the Pacific Ocean and the states of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Michoacán. It also has half of the Chapala Lake.

 

 

 
States of Mexico
Ferrari S.p.A.  is an Italian automobile company that makes fast luxurious automobile. They are made in Italy and are very expensive. They usually cost $150,000 - $1,500,000.

Ferraris first car was the Ferrari 125 S 

Ferrari has a rich racing history and is a well known premium automobile brand. The fastest street Ferrari is the F50 GT1, which can go over 370 kph (about 222 mph).
The most powerful Ferrari is the FXX, which has about 800 horsepower. The FXX is a lighter, improved version of the F60 Enzo; it is Ferrari's most exclusive model. It is basically a race car that you can buy from Ferrari. The automobile is so extreme (completely flat tires, low ride height, and no roadcar safety features such as Airbags) that it cannot be driven on roads legally. Ferrari will keep it for you at their Factory in Maranello in Italy. You can go to Italy and drive it on their private race track, or have it transported to another race track around the world, the same as if you were driving for a racing team. Thirty have been built and all but two were sold to customers for $2,500,000 each. Ferrari gave one to seven-time Formula 1 World Champion Michael Schumacer, who had driven for Ferrari for ten years when he retired in 2006, having brought Ferrari much success. Ferrari made his FXX different by painting it black. The other twenty-nine are either red or white, with stripes painted in the other colour.

Other websites
Official website

 
Italian automobile companies
Fiat (UK: /ˈfiːət, -æt/, US: /-ɑːt/, Italian: [ˈfiːat]; originally FIAT, Italian: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is a car company in Italy. It was founded in Turin in 1899. It also made some planes between 1920s and 1970s. Some of their cars by year: Fiat is currently owned by Stellantis.

History 
On 11 July 1899, Gianni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.

Cars

Models by year

Years 1950s - 1980s 

 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 130
 131
 132
 133
 500
 600
 850
 1100
 1300
 1400
 1800
 Dino
 Multipla
 Ritmo
 X1/9

Years 1980s - 2000 

 Argenta
 Barchetta
 Fiat Bravo/Brava
 Cinquecento
 Coupé
 Croma
 Duna
 Marea
 Panda
 Punto 
 Regata
 Tempra
 Tipo
 Uno

Now 

 Albea
 Bravo (Nuova) (new)
 Croma (Nuova) (new)
 Fiorino
 Punto
 Grande Punto
 Idea
 Multipla
 Palio
 Panda (Nuova) (new)
 Scudo
 Sedici
 Seicento
 Siena 
 Stilo
 Ulysse
 500 (Nuova) (new)
 500 (Pop) - 500 1.2 Pop, 500 Twinair Pop
 Doblò

Aircraft

From 1920 to 1945  
 Fiat CR.42 Falco.
 Fiat G.50.

From 1945 to 2000 
 Fiat G.91.

References

1899 establishments in Europe

Italian automobile companies
Turin
1890s establishments in Italy
A hydrocarbon is a type of chemical compound. It is made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
They can be found in crude oil and are separated by fractional distillation (which means they are separated into different groups). The hydrogen and carbon are bonded with non-polar covalent bonds. Because of its lack of polar covalent bonds, hydrocarbons cannot create hydrogen bonds with water and are hydrophobic.

Hydrocarbon "families" 
Hydrocarbons are grouped into "families" or "homologous series". There are five main families. The hydrocarbons in each family have a general formula and similar chemical properties, and similar trends in physical properties. This system was approved in 1892 by the International Congress of Chemists, meeting in Geneva.

Alkanes

Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons. Their general formula is CnH2n+2.

Alkenes

Alkenes are similar to alkanes. The main difference between them is that alkenes have a carbon to carbon double bond. The general formula for the alkenes is CnH2n.

Note that there is no "Methene". Methene is not possible as alkenes require a carbon-carbon double bond and methane only has one carbon atom.

Alkynes

Alkynes have a carbon to carbon triple bond. CnH2n-2 is their general formula.

"Methyne" does not exist because of methane's one carbon atom.

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes. They have the same general formula (CnH2n), the only difference is that they do not have a carbon to carbon double bond.

Note that the alkene Ethene does not have a cycloalkane as it can only form a straight line.

Alkadiene

Alkadienes have two carbon to carbon double bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. They are isomers of Alkynes.

In a similar manner, there can also exist alkatriene (three carbon to carbon bonds) and other forms. The versatile nature of Carbon's chemistry allows for a nearly infinite number of configurations and compounds.

Aromatic hydrocarbons 

Aromatic hydrocarbons are aromatic organic molecules that form flat ring-shaped bonds. The most simplest of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene and indole. They can have one ring, heterocyclic, like benzene or 2 rings, bicyclic like napthalene (primary ingredient in mothballs) or many rings, polycyclic like anthracene (red dye colourant).
Their general formula is CnH2n-6, where n is a number greater than or equal to 6.
Uncle John's Bathroom Readers is the name of a series of books aimed at people who like to read while using the restroom. The books are full of trivia.

The books were first published in 1988.

Books

 Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Second Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fourth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fifth Bathroom Reader (Forms - along with 6 and 7 - Uncle John's Legendary Lost Bathrom Reader)
 Uncle John's Sixth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Seventh Bathroom Reader
 The Best of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ultimate Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Giant 10th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Great Big Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Absolutely Absorbing Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's All-Purpose Extra-Strength Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Supremely Satisying Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ahh-Inspiring Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Slightly Irregular Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fast-Acting Long-Lasting Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Curiously Compelling Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unsinkable Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Endlessly Engrossing Bathroom Reader

Kid's Bathroom Readers

Uncle John's Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Electrifying Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Top Secret Bathroom Reader for Kids Only

Other books 

There are several other books in the series, aside from the "Classics" and the "For Kids Only." Over 3 million of the books have been sold in total.

Common columns

"Court Transquips"
"Famous for 15 Minutes"
"Strange Lawsuits"
"Urban Legends"

Series of books
Non-fiction books
Catalonia (; ; ) is a Spanish autonomous community. It is south of the eastern Pyrenees, and has a northern border with France. Catalonia is made up of four provinces: Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona () and Lleida (). It has a population of over 7 million people. Catalonia has three official languages: Catalan, Spanish and Occitan. The last is spoken in a small region of northern Catalonia that borders France and is  known in Occitan as Val d'Aran.

The capital of Catalonia is the Barcelona, the home of the Olympic Games in 1992. and is on the Mediterranean Coast. Between Costa del Garraf and Costa del Maresme, Barcelona very popular in summer for tourists, foreign or national.

The Catalan people have autonomy within Spain and so they have their own local government and their own police and some control over their own community. In September 2005, the Catalan Parliament decided to call Catalonia a 'nation' in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which was approved in 2006. According to the Spanish Constitution, Spain is a group of historical nationalities and regions, but that declaration has no judicial status since it appears in only the preamble to the constitution.

Catalonia is one of Southern Europe's most prosperous regions, mostly because industrialization, especially in the textile industry, began in it earlier and took place faster than in other Spanish territories. The region is also greener than Southern Spain as it gets more rain, and it has different kinds of crops agrown. Catalonia, especially the northern part, is much less hot than the rest of Spain.

On 27 October 2017, Catalonia declared independence from Spain after a vote in Parliament, but that has not been recognised by the international community.

References

Notes
Civil engineering is the term for the work of designing and building infrastructure. It usually means large structures, like bridges, dams, buildings, and tunnels. It also covers complicated networks such as water, irrigation and sewerage networks. It also covers the construction of houses and homes. Civil engineers can be involved in all stages in the life of infrastructure, from planning and construction to maintenance and demolition.  Civil engineering often overlaps with architecture.

Civil engineering has many different areas or disciplines.  Some important areas are geotechnical, structures, environmental, construction management, hydrology, transportation, and materials. It is important for civil engineers to have an understanding of all these disciplines as projects often involve many of them at the same time.

Civil engineers are responsible for lots of the things that are required for a society to function properly. Safe water supplies, sewage treatment, roads, railways and buildings are all part of civil engineering.

To work in civil engineering requires training. Construction workers will train at a center and 'on the job' (training while doing the job), sometimes with apprenticeship. 

To be a professional in civil engineering requires study at a university or college. Civil engineers often study subjects like structures, materials, physics and calculus.

The profession of civil engineering is represented by professional bodies in various countries. In the UK the Institution of Civil Engineers promotes civil engineering as a discipline and supports engineers throughout their careers. The American Society of Civil Engineers performs a similar task in the USA. 

Professional engineers often choose to become Chartered Engineers. Chartership shows employers and clients that they are both qualified and experienced in their jobs. Civil engineers usually have to write a big essay and take an interview with a panel of experienced engineers to gain chartership.

Related pages 
 Geotechnical engineering
Military engineering
 National Academy of Engineering
 Structural engineering

Other websites 
 List of Civil Engineering Words

References 

Technology by type
construction
Civil engineering
Software engineering is a field of engineering, for designing and writing programs for computers or other electronic devices.  A software engineer, or programmer, writes software and compiles the software to make instructions the computer can follow. 

Good quality software is easier to fix and add new features. Good documentation and good design are parts of good software. Becoming a software engineer requires experience and practice writing code. Software engineering may be very difficult work.   The software release life cycle includes getting the requirements, planning, writing, documenting and testing the software before it is released. When it is released, it is given to other people to use, who are called the "end users". Good software should be user friendly, which means it is easy to use.

Steps in creating software
Software engineering can broadly be split into the following steps:
 Requirements say what the software should do.
 Software design is usually done on paper. It says what the different parts of the software are, and how they talk to each other.
 After the design phase is done, each component (part) of the software is coded.  Code is what tells the computer exactly what to do at each step.
 Testing is done to see if the components meet the requirements and that the system as a whole meet the requirements.
 Part or all of this process can be repeated if software bugs are found or new requirements are needed.

Tools used in creating software
Software engineers use many tools and practices in making software.  Some of the most common are:
 Flowcharts
 UML diagram
 Debugging tools
 Compiler
 Text editor, usually part of an IDE - Integrated Development Environment
 Database

Related pages 
 Software development

Other websites 

The British Computer Society
The Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Computer Degrees and Careers 
Software engineering -Citizendium

Notes

Software
Engineering disciplines
Computer science
A student is a person who goes to school and is learning something. Students can be children, teenagers, or adults who are going to school, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college or university. A younger student is often called a pupil. Usually, students will learn from a teacher or a lecturer if at university. They also do much reading. A student can also be a person studying for a specific profession.

Subjects
Students in school learn subjects. There are many subjects in school like:
Math
Science
Social Studies
Writing
Reading
Language

Related pages 
 Education
 Study

Learning
People