cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Durand Line is the international  land border between Afghanistan and Pakistan in South-Central Asia. It was established after an 1897 memorandum of understanding (MoU) between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.  Referred to as a frontier line, it is named after Mortimer Durand, who was the Foreign Secretary of colonial British India at the time. Later, Abdur Rahman Khan's successor, Amir Habibullah Khan signed a new agreement with Britain which again confirmed the legality of the Durand Line. King Amanullah Khan also accepted Durand line as international border between Afghanistan and British India after signing the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919. Article 5 of this treaty, on the basis of which Afghanistan reclaimed its independence, says that Afghanistan accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India.  Hence, Afghanistan as an independent country recognized Durand line as an international border.

The Durand Line cuts through the Afghan tribal areas, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns and Baloch people who live on both sides.  The line is internationally recognized by many countries as the western border of Pakistan, but Afghan governments after 1947 never recognized it.

Afghan Pashtun leaders claim Pakistani territories and say that the Durand Line is "an issue of historical importance for Afghanistan. The Afghan people, not the government, can take a final decision on it." However, non-Pashtuns Afghans have always recognized durand line as international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Similarly, Pakistani Pashtuns have also recognized Durand line as international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2017 President Hamid Karzai said Afghanistan "will never accept" the Durand Line.

References

Other websites
 Pak-Afghan Relations: The Durand Line Issue Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad

History of Afghanistan
History of Pakistan
1893 establishments
1949 disestablishments in Asia
La Nuestra Tierra (Our land) was a weekly newspaper edited by the IDEL (Leonese Studies Institute) between 2000 and 2004. Its content was mainly about Leonese territory and a 30% of it was written in Leonese language, from opinion articles to information in Leonese language. 

This publication edited 162 numbers, and was supported by the European Union and the Leonese public administrations.

Leonese language
Newspapers
East Punjab was a region of India. It was separated from West Punjab, which became a part of Pakistan by the Radcliffe Line after India was divided in 1947. It existed between 1947-1966 and it comprised the present-day states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Doab (India), itself re-named as Indian Punjab. It had an area of 150,037 km2 and today it would have had an combined population of 59,913,826 (2011 est).

References

1940s establishments in India
1947 establishments in Asia
1960s disestablishments in Asia
1966 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in India
Himachal Pradesh
History of India
Punjab
Caraway (Carum carvi) (Ar. كراويه), also known as meridian fennel and Persian cumin, is a biennial plant with spicy-tasting seed in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and western Asia.

Caraway was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.

Spices
Jonathan Stephen Ross OBE (born 17 November 1960) is a British television and radio presenter. 

Ross was born in St Pancras, London and raised in Leytonstone, London. His mother is Martha Ross. Paul Ross, Simon Ross and Miles Ross are his brothers.

Ross has worked a lot on the BBC. On the BBC One television channel, Ross presented The Film Programme from 1997 and his own talk show, Friday Night with Jonathan Ross from 2001. He presented a radio show on BBC Radio 2 beginning in 1999. Ross decided to stop presenting all three shows and leave the BBC in 2010. He began presenting a new talk show, The Jonathan Ross Show on ITV1 on 3 September 2011.

Ross is known for his difficulty in pronouncing the letter "r", which sounds more like the sound of a "w" in his speech. Ross was first on television in 1970 in an advert for Kellogg's Rice Krispies.

Personal life
Ross married Jane Goldman in 1988. The couple have two daughters and a son.

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters
British television talk show hosts
English television presenters
People from the London Borough of Camden
People from Leytonstone
Television personalities from London
Kha (Х, х) is the twentieth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [kh].

It comes from the Greek letter chi and stands as the Roman letters H and X.

Related pages
 Χ, χ - Chi (Greek)
 H, h (Roman)
 X, x (Roman)
Tseh (Ц, ц) is the twenty-first letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ts]. Its lowercase italic form is ц.

It stands for the Roman letter C.

Related pages
 C, c (Roman)
 Џ, џ - Dzhe (Cyrillic)
Cheh (Ч, ч) is the twenty-second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [tʃ]. It is transliterated into the Roman alphabet as ch in English and tch in French.
Mikroglottika - An International Journal of Minority Languages Philologies, is a language scientific magazine about minority languages. The word Mikroglottika means minority language studies.

It encourages studies about minority languages philology, as phonology, syntax, lexicon and related topics.

It is edited by Peter Lang in Germany. Teachers from Universities of several European countries also contribute.
Its Yearbook 2008 has content about these languages:

 Basque
 German
 Leonese
 Luxemburgian
 Ukrainian

References

Other websites
 Mikroglottika web site 

Linguistics
German language
Leonese language
The Araluen Zieria (Zieria adenophora), is a small shrub found in only one place, on a slope above the Araluen Creek, near Araluen, New South Wales, Australia. In 2001 there were only 56 known plants. The plants were first collected in 1888, and they were then thought to have become extinct. The Zieria was rediscovered in the late 1980s.

What the plant looks like
It is a small shrub, which is related to the boronia plants. It is about  tall and 50 cm wide, though some plants have grown up to  tall. It has a small white or pink flower with four petals, about  long. The plant has flowers in spring, from August to October. It also has small green leaves which are trifoliate, as being in three parts like a clover leaf. The leaves have a strong smell.

Where they grow
The plants have only been found near the Araluen Creek. They are growing on a steep, rocky, hillside.

Endangered
The plant has been listed as Endangered under the Australian Government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is also listed by the New South Wales Government, Endangered (Schedule 1, Part 1) on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. It is endangered because there are so few of the plants and they are only found in one place. A bushfire could destroy all the plants. There is also a danger from wild goats in the area. The goats do not eat the Zieria, but they could walk on the new seedlings and crush them. The goats might eat all the other plants which could lead to erosion and the soil could be washed away. Weeds growing around the plants might also stop new Zierias from growing.

Saving the plant
There is now a plan to protect the plant. These plans include:
 A fence to keep out wild goats
 Stopping any building or disturbing the site
 Studying the plant
 Trying to grow new plants in other places
 Looking for the plants in other places.

Other websites
 Photo of the Araluen Zieria from the Australian Plant Image Index

References

Rutaceae
Plants of Australia
Shrubs
Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid that is used as a drug. It can be used to cause a medical abortion in the first two months of pregnancy. It can also be used as an emergency contraceptive.  It is often known as RU-486, the name it had in early tests. It was discovered by Roussel Uclaf in France in 1980. 

Drugs
Abortion
Methotrexate is a drug. It is used to treat cancer and other autoimmune diseases. It can also be used to cause a medical abortion in the early stages of pregnancy.

Drugs
Cancer treatment
Abortion
A hysterotomy abortion is a form of surgical abortion. In a hyterotomy abortion, the womb is opened, and the fetus is removed. This is similar to a Caesarean section, but requires a smaller cut.

This method has the greatest risk of complications out of all the abortion procedures.  It is only used where other methods can or should not be done. It is used between the 12th and 24th week of pregnancy.

References

Abortion
The Edinburgh Trams project is a scheme to build a new tramway in Edinburgh, Scotland.  Local public transport had been limited to buses since the closing of the city’s previous Edinburgh Corporation Tramways system on 16 November 1956.Edinburgh Trams is a tramway in Edinburgh, Scotland, operated by Edinburgh Trams Ltd. As of 2017 it is a 14-kilometre line between York Place in New Town and Edinburgh Airport, with 16 stops. Construction began in June 2008, and after encountering delays it opened on 31 May 2014.

Related pages
Transport in Edinburgh
Edinburgh Corporation Tramways (closed in 1956)
Light Rail Transit Association
Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
List of Tramways in Scotland
Edinburgh Airport Rail Link

Other websites
Edinburgh's Official Tram Time web site
Leith Business Association  Business Owners affected by the implementation of the tramway
Auditor Generals Report on Tram Scheme
Edinburgh Tram (Line One) Bill Committee 
Edinburgh Tram (Line Two) Bill Committee 
Edinburgh Tram (Line One) Act 2006
Edinburgh Tram (Line Two) Act 2006

Light rail in the United Kingdom
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Transport in Scotland
The BR Standard Class 8 was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive made by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways. Only an example was made. It was named Duke of Gloucester. It was made at Crewe Works in 1954. It is known as the Duke. It was a replacement for the destroyed Princess Royal Class vehicle number 46202 Princess Anne. It was involved in the Harrow and Wealdstone rail disaster of 1952.

Gallery

Sound 

 71000 passing St Andrew's Junction

References 

 'British Railways standard 3 cylinder 4-6-2 express passenger steam locomotive No. 71000' (HMSO, British Transport Commission: London, 1957), p. [58] (Performance and efficiency tests, Bulletin No. 15)
'British Railways standard class "8" locomotives' (Engineer: 1954, 197, 81)
 'B.R. class 8 4-6-2 locomotive No. 71000' (Locomotive, Railway Carriage and Wagon Review: 1954, 60)
 'British Railways prototype class '8" express passenger locomotive' (Railway Magazine: 1954, 100)
 Clarke, David: Riddles Class 6/7 Standard Pacifics (Locomotives in Detail volume 5) (Ian Allan: Hinckley, 2006) 
 Herring, Peter: Classic British Steam Locomotives (Abbeydale Press: London, 2000) Section "BR Standard Class 8" 
 Hopkins, Danny and Streeter, Tony: 'The Duke's Bad Day' (Steam Railway Magazine: 2007, 338)
 Langston, Keith: Made in Crewe: 150 Years of Engineering Excellence (Mortons Media: Horncastle, 2006), 
 Nock, O.S.: 'Performance and efficiency tests on B.R. class 8 locomotive' (Engineer: 1957, 204)

Further reading

 Gilbert, Dr. P. T. (Ed.): A Detailed History Of BR Standard Steam Locomotives. Volume 1. Background to Standardisation and Pacific Classes (Railway Correspondence & Travel Society (RCTS): 1994)

Other websites 

 The 71000 Trust website - latest news and photos of the Duke of Gloucester 
 The Duke of Gloucester website - more detail and pictures
 Steam Special along the West Cumbria Coast 24th Feb and 10 March 2007 

Standard Class 8
Individual locomotives
British Railways steam locomotives
Street furniture is the equipment on streets and roads mostly for the safety of people and their information. The term is most used in the UK, Canada and Australia.

It includes benches, bollards, post boxes, phone boxes,  street lighting, traffic lights,  traffic signs,  bus stops, grit bins, tram stops, taxi stands, public lavatories, public bookcases, fountains and memorials, and waste receptacles. 

An important consideration in the design of street furniture is how it affects road safety.

Related pages
 Roads
 Pedestrian crossing

Other websites
 What is Street Furniture?

 
Urban planning
Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician and scientist. He was described as a "monster of mathematics " when still a child. Many people think he was the last person to understand all branches of mathematics before the subject became too big for anyone to do this.

Family
He came from a clever family, his father was a professor of medicine and his cousin, Raymond Poincaré became president of France. He was sick as a child and for many years he had to be taught at home by his mother.

Works
He used his mathematical skills to look at some of the biggest problems in science in his day. He was the first person to describe in mathematical terms how three planets in orbit affect each others paths as they pass near by one another. This was called the Three Body Problem. He also tried to understand why the speed of light seems to be the fastest speed at which anything can travel in the universe. In some ways he beat the famous scientist Albert Einstein to solving this question, but Einstein gave a more complete answer. He gained fame for the discovery of the theory of relativity instead of Poincaré.

He created the Poincaré Conjecture, one of the most famous problems in mathematics which was only solved 100 years later. He began the branches of mathematics which are known today as chaos theory and topology.

He also wrote about science in a simple way that ordinary people could understand.

1791 births
1867 deaths
French geometers
French theoretical physicists
Topologists
Michael Barrymore (born 4 May 1952) is an English comedian and light entertainer. He presented shows including Strike it Lucky and My Kind of Music. He married Cheryl Cocklin (1950-2005) in 1976. In 1995, he announced he was gay. She divorced him in 1997.

He was in trouble after Stuart Lubbock was found dead in his swimming pool in 2001. In 2015, the police admitted that Barrymore was wrongfully arrested. In August 2017, was said to have sought £2.4million  as compensation, after the judge ruled that he was entitled to more than 'nominal damages' from Essex Police of wrongful arrest that 'destroyed his career'.

He used to have late night chats with Diana, Princess of Wales when he had trouble with alcoholism. In 2006, he was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother, in its fourth season. In 2008, he has returned to the theatre and was in a play as Spike Milligan. In 2010, he stated that he is bisexual and in a relationship with a woman.

References

Other websites 
 

Actors from London
Bisexual people
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Comedians from London
English LGBT people
English television actors
ITV presenters
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
Television personalities from London
1952 births
Living people
The Jagdgeschwader 1 was a German flying command of the First World War. 

The first commander of this group was Manfred von Richthofen. After his death in April 1918, Wilhelm Reinhard became the second commander. The third and last commander of this group was Hermann Göring.

This flying command is also called "The Red Baron".

Military
Tripod is a word generally used to refer to a three-legged object, usually one used as a platform of some sort, and comes from the Greek tripous, meaning "three feet". Tripod are mainly uses for stand camera or smartphones.  

Tripod may also mean:
 A camera's stand
 A portable crane (machine)
 Visual Basic, whose forerunner was called tripod
Barry George (born 15 April 1960) is a British criminal who was wrongly held in prison for 8 years for the murder of journalist Jill Dando. He later had a retrial. His murder conviction and sentence were overturned.

Barry George was born in London in 1960. He is mentally ill and has an IQ of 75. Prior to his trial, he was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and three personality disorders: antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic. When he was young he was a keen roller skater. He once leapt over a line of buses, using a ramp. He used to assume other names, calling himself Paul Gadd (Gary Glitter's real name) and Steve Majors. He also called himself Barry Bulsara and falsely claimed to be Freddie Mercury's cousin. (Mercury was born Farouq Bulsara).

In the early 1980s, he was convicted of impersonating a police officer, attempted rape and indecent assault. In 1983, he was arrested in the grounds of Kensington Palace whilst Prince Charles and Princess Diana were living there. George was carrying a knife, a rope and a poem which he wrote for Prince Charles. He also had photographs of himself in his flat with a mask and guns.

In 2000, he was arrested and charged with murdering Jill Dando. In 2001, he was convicted of the murder, but appealed his sentence. He was retried and found not guilty. Witnesses claimed he could not have killed her at 11.30am, because he was seen 20 minutes later much farther from her house than he could have been. George was released on 1 August 2008. In 2013 it was decided that George would not be given compensation for being put in prison for a murder he did not do.

George now lives in Ballincollig, County Cork.

References 

1960 births
Living people
British people convicted of assault
British sex offenders
Criminals from London
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with histrionic personality disorder
People with narcissistic personality disorder
Jill Wendy Dando (9 November 1961 – 26 April 1999) was a British television presenter. She was born and grew up in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, and moved to London in the 1980s. 

She worked as a journalist and newsreader, and also presented the Holiday programme and Crimewatch. She was engaged to Alan Farthing for the last few months of her life. She was shot on her doorstep in Fulham, west London. She was taken to Charing Cross Hospital where she was declared dead on arrival. Barry George was convicted of her murder in 2001 but was freed in 2008 when his retrial found him not guilty.

References

1961 births
1999 deaths
English journalists
English murder victims
English television presenters
Murders by firearm in England
People murdered in London
Television personalities from Somerset
Unsolved murders
Skydiving is parachuting from an airplane for fun. Skydiving can be done individually and with groups of people.  Training is required.  Unlike most paratroopers, skydivers often wait until they are low, before opening the parachute.  The jump can also be made from a helicopter or a balloon that is high enough in the sky.  Skydiving can be an exciting sport.

Skydiving includes free falling (usually from an aeroplane) through the air prior to opening a parachute.   Typically skydives are carried out from around 4,000m (or 12,500ft) offering 40 to 50 seconds of freefall time.  Longer free fall times can be achieved by exiting an aircraft at altitudes much higher than 4,000m, but very high jumps require pressurized oxygen within the aircraft, and bottled oxygen for the diver. 

During a skydive, total freedom and control of the air can be enjoyed as well as many complex and spectacular manoeuvres including flat turns, somersaults and formation skydiving. Skydiving can be enjoyed either as an individual - doing solo(alone) jumps - or as part of a team carrying out formation skydiving. Generally, the term ‘skydive’ refers to the time spent in freefall from exiting an aircraft to deploying a parachute but skydiving does include some disciplines such as accuracy landings and canopy formation flying which concentrate on the time spent once a canopy has been deployed

Notable skydives 

 Captain Joseph Kittinger recorded the highest skydive from a height of almost 102,800 feet, in 1960. 
 The youngest to accomplish the feat of skydiving was a four year old. 
 On 6th of February 2004, a group of 357 skydivers joined hands and stayed in that formation for 6 seconds in Takhli, Thailand.
 The oldest person to skydive till date was Kathryn “Kitty” Hodges, 103 years and 129 days old.

Related pages 
 BASE jumping
 Hang gliding

Sports

References
The White Tie Affair was an American rock-pop and alternative music group. The White Tie Affair formed in 2006 and is currently formed by Christopher Wallace - vocals, Sean Patwell - programming and guitar, Ryan McLain - keyboards and synth, and Timothy McLaughlin - drums. They released their hit debut studio album April 22nd, 2008 called Walk This Way. The band is famous for the single "Candle (Sick & Tired)". Other songs include "Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right", "Take It Home", and "If I Fall". White Tie Affair has been recording songs since 2006.

Albums
 Walk This Way
 Scene Change
 Get in Where You Fit In

Songs
 Candle (Sick & Tired)
 Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right
 The Letdown
 Take It Home
 If I Fall
 The Price of Company
 You Look Better When I'm Drunk
 She Knows

Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in Illinois
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in the United States
21st-century disestablishments in Illinois
American pop rock bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Chicago
The Greene County Viaduct is a  long train bridge in Greene County, Indiana,US. It is about  from Bloomington  between Solsberry and Tulip. It is officially known as Bridge X75-6 and also known as the Richland Creek Viaduct and the Tulip Trestle.  Work on the bridge started on May 22, 1905. The ground breaking ceremony was led by Joe Moss. It was finished in December of 1906. The bridge is the third longest bridge of its kind in the world. It has 18 towers for support. The original cost of the bridge was $246,504. It was estimated to be around $20 million in 2004 dollars. Two 45 foot sections were added to the bridge in 1916. Other than that, the bridge is as it was when it was originally constructed. 

The bridge was built by the Indianapolis Southern Railway and successor Indianapolis Southern Railroad. That company became a part of the Illinois Central Railroad in 1911. It is now part of the Indianapolis-Newton, Illinois line of the Indiana Rail Road.

Specifications 
 
Length: 
Tallest point: 
Location:

Other websites 
http://www.bloombank.com/dept/pr/community/viaduct.html 
http://www.bloomingpedia.org/wiki/Greene_County_Viaduct
http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/etext/hoosier/HI-04.html 
http://www.nlcs.k12.in.us/oljrhi/brown/viaduct/viaduct.htm 
http://www.lindaklong.com/viaduct.php 
http://www.ingenweb.org/ingreene/illinois_central/greene_trestle.htm 
http://www.flickr.com/photos/w9ned/sets/72157605412542006/

Bridges in the United States
Steel bridges
Rail transport in the United States
A sex doll (also called love doll or blow up doll) is a sex toy. It has the size of a sexual partner, and should help with masturbation. 

Basically, there are two variations:
 Inflatable dolls; they can be filled with air before use
 Those modelled after mannequins; more expensive, but more realistic. 

The openings in sex dolls are often fitted with vibrators, female body parts and a coin slot in the girls frontal privates.
Prices for sex dolls range from about ten euros for an inflatable one, to several thousand euros for models with realistic skin.

Dolls
Human sexuality
Jeffrey Lynn "Jeff" Goldblum (born October 22, 1952) is an American actor. Most of the characters he plays are intense or eccentric. He is of Jewish descent.

Filmography

References 

1952 births
Living people
Actors from Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American television actors
Extras
Jewish American actors
The term toxic asset is a nontechnical term used to describe certain financial assets when their value has fallen significantly and when there is no longer a functioning market for these assets, so that they cannot reasonably be sold. This term became common during the financial crisis that began in August 2007. Toxic assets played a major role in that crisis. When the market for such assets ceases to function, it is described as "frozen". 

Toxic assets were originally called troubled assets. It took the financial crisis of 2008 to produce a more vivid term. That was when it became clear that some of the biggest U.S. financial institutions were sitting on a vast quantity of worthless assets. In fact, they were losing value at a pace that many had not thought was possible. 

Markets for some toxic assets froze in 2007, and the problem grew significantly worse in the second half of 2008. Several factors contributed to the freezing of toxic-asset markets. The value of the assets were very sensitive to economic conditions, and increased uncertainty in these conditions made it difficult to estimate the value of the assets. Banks and other, major financial-institutions were unwilling to sell the assets at significantly reduced prices, since lower prices would force them to significantly reduce their stated assets, making them appear insolvent.

References 

Economics
Biltong is an edible dried, cured meat snack that originates from South African countries. To be more specific, this high protein snack is from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, and Zambia. The word Biltong comes from the Dutch word ‘bil’ and ‘tong’ which respectively holds the meaning of ‘buttock” and “strip” or “tongue”. Biltong can be made of a variety of meats, though beef biltong is the most common one in modern times. Strip-cut beef fillets that are flat with muscle grains are used to make biltong. Due to this, biltong is usually slightly chewy. Biltong has traditionally been made of game meats such as kudu, springbok and wildebeest. You may also find biltong made of chicken, fish and ostrich meat.

History 
Biltong has actually been around for centuries with its roots tracing back to South Africa. In a time before refrigerators and freezers, indigenous people needed a way to preserve extra meat for future meals. To do this, they used the basic resources at hand — knives to cut the meat, salt to flavor and preserve, and tree branches to hang the meat until it was dry.

The 17th century European settlers who arrived later saw the benefits of having a stock supply of food. They quickly adopted this method, adding their own ingredients of vinegar and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) to the meat-curing mix.

Then, in the 19th century, came the Dutch. In a mass migration known as the Great Trek, thousands of Dutch farmers hitched their wagons to avoid British rule in Cape Colony and moved into the inland of Southern Africa.

For this long journey, they needed food — something portable, something non-perishable, and something with sustenance. Biltong was their perfect solution.

They toted the preserved meat with them as they traveled, calling it “biltong”— a combination of the Dutch words “bille” (for buttock) and “tonghe” (for strip or tongue).

This marked the beginnings of biltong, now one of South Africa’s favorite meaty snacks.

References

Meat
Liberal Christianity is a term which is used for several movements in Christianity. These movements formed between the 18th and 20th century. Their philosophical and theological ideas have been influenced by those of Enlightenment. They are not liberal in a political sense. They want to remain independent from dogmas defined by the different Christian Churches. When Liberal Christians interpret the Bible, they reject Biblical inerrancy and Papal authority. A Liberal Christian may have certain beliefs that are the same as those of more conservative Christians. Well known proponents include Hans Küng, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Albert Schweitzer.

Conservative theologians and scholars strongly criticise:' the uncontrollable relativism, pluralism and ultimate nihilism, to which the subjective method of liberal theology was bound sooner or later to give rise'

Related pages
Quaker
Episcopalian
Unitarian Universalism

References 

Christian movements and denominational families
Jerry Fodor (April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was a philosopher. He mostly worked on the philosophy of mind and cognitive science, both of which are concerned with how the mind worked.

His studies have concerned themselves with the idea of whether thought is expressed in language or whether it is absurd to think so. Fodor also attempted to tie in the design of the brain to the thoughts held within. This is described by many as a return to the 19th century practice of phrenology, although Fodor offers more science to back his version up than phrenologists. It is these views which led other philosophers, such as Jared Cole and Daniel Dennett to describe Fodor's claims as absurd and out of date.

Fodor lived in Newark, New Jersey with his wife, Janet. He had two children and several cats. Outside philosophy he enjoyed opera and writes for the London Review of Books.

Fodor died in New York City of complications from Parkinson's disease on November 29, 2017 at the age of 82.

References

Works 
Fodor, Jerry A. 1975. The language of thought.
Fodor, Jerry A. 1981. Representations: philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science. The MIT Press. 
Fodor, Jerry A. 1983. The modularity of mind. The MIT Press. 
Fodor, Jerry A. 2000. The mind doesn't work that way:  the scope and limits of computational psychology.  MIT Press. 

American philosophers
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Writers from New York City
1935 births
2017 deaths
Harry Houdini (March 24, 1874 - October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist. He also investigated fake spiritualists and was a skeptic.

Life and career
He was born in Budapest to Jewish parents and was named Ehrich Weiss, but changed his name to Harry Houdini when he became a professional magician. At first he did not have much success in his career. In 1899 his acts got better when he met his manager Martin Beck. Mr Beck was impressed with Houdini's handcuff stunts and within a year Houdini was famous.

Houdini also appeared in several early movies and made many early airplane flights. He made the first successful airplane flight in Australia, on 18 March 1910, in Victoria.

Death
Houdini died in Detroit, Michigan, on October 31, 1926. Two weeks before his death, a college student approached Houdini and asked him if he could withstand a punch in the stomach, a challenge which Houdini often took, and the former punched him several times. Houdini became sick afterwards, but continued to perform. Houdini's official cause of death was peritonitis (inflammation in the abdomen). Some speculate that it was caused by a ruptured appendix from that incident.

In Popular Culture
In 1953 there  was a popular but fictionalized movie "Houdini" (with Tony Curtis as Houdini); its ending is that Houdini accidentally drowns trying to escape from a escape proof water trap. 
A running gag in TV is that an evil magician is trying to steal Harry Houdini's "Magic Secrets":
In the TV show "Simon & Simon" "Grand Illusion" Season 3 episode 1 9/29/1983 is the theme of stolen Notes of Harry Houdini and a ghostly magician
In the cartoon The Real Ghostbusters episode "The Cabinet of Calamari" 9/30/1987 The Ghostbusters capture the ghost of Harry Houdini who keeps escaping from their traps; in a twist ending Houdini ghost not only rescuses Peter Venkman from a ghostly dimension but also help capture a dishonest magician who stole Houdini magic Secrets!

References

Other websites

Houdini Tribute 400+ Photos, videos, multimedia, and hear Houdini's voice.
 
 in 2010
Harry Houdini: His Life and His Art
 
Wild About Harry—Website devoted to what's new in the world of Houdini; books, DVDs, auctions, movies, events, and pop culture references.

1874 births
1926 deaths
American aviators
Deaths from appendicitis
Deaths from peritonitis
Disease-related deaths in Michigan
Entertainers from Budapest
Hungarian Jews
Jewish American entertainers
Magicians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Vaudeville performers
Bergen County Academies is a public high school in Hackensack, New Jersey, United States.

The Bergen Academies, as it is called, is a magnet school which attracts students from all over Bergen County. Students who apply to the school can choose to attend one of seven disciplines, called academies. The academies are Science (AAST), Engineering (AEDT), Medical (AMST), Business (ABF), Computer Science (ATCS), Culinary (ACAHA), and Visual and Performing Arts (AVPA).

Schools in New Jersey
Hackensack is a city of Bergen County in the state of New Jersey in the United States.  It is the county seat of Bergen County. Almost 42,700 people were living in Hackensack as of 2000.

References

Other websites 
 Hackensack official website

Cities in New Jersey
County seats in New Jersey
1921 establishments in the United States
Dionysius Exiguus (–), was a monk born in Scythia Minor. This is now a part of modern Romania. Dionysius is best known as the inventor of the Anno Domini era, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar.

Related pages
 Anno Domini

470 births
544 deaths
Christians
Chronology
Galilee ( ha-Galil, lit: the province, Latin: Galileia,  al-Jaleel) is a large place in northern Israel. It is traditionally divided into Upper and Lower Galilee. It is mentioned frequently in the New Testament.

Other websites 

Regions of Israel
Ancient Israel and Judah
Louis David Riel  (22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885,  (Loo-E Ree-L) in English) was a Canadian politician. He founded the province of Manitoba and was a leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies. He led two resistance movements against the Canadian government and its first Prime Minister, Sir John A. MacDonald. 

Riel tried to preserve Métis rights and culture. He is regarded by many as a Canadian folk hero today. 

Until recently, Riel was regarded as an outlaw. During a battle against the Canadian government his people took prisoners. 

One of these prisoners was a man named Thomas Scott. Scott would often be resistant and disrespectful of his captors. When Scott assaulted one of Riel's men, Riel had enough... 

He was put on trial to a jury containing several of Riel's most trusted men (including Elzéar Goulet, a Métis leader who supported Riel.) The court found Scott annoying, and he was sentenced to death for being mean, by a firing squad. 

The English speaking people of Ontario considered this murder and a war party called the Wolsely Expedition was sent to put his rebellion down. This, eventually led to his capture. Riel was hung in Regina due to his involvement in the resistance against the Canadian government.

References

Canadian politicians
First Nations people
People executed by hanging
Roman Catholics
1844 births
1885 deaths
The Final Solution (German: Die Endlösung) was a plan made by the Nazi Germany to kill millions of Jews and Gypsies (Roma and Sinti people of Romania and many other European countries) during World War II. On July 31 1941, Nazi leader Hermann Goering ordered the SS to make plans for a  "complete solution of the Jewish question." At first people were simply shot dead, but in the autumn of 1941 the SS and police began using mobile killing vans. People were locked into the back of trucks which had been changed to allow the exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide to enter. The people sealed in the back of the truck were gassed which lead to them unfortunately dying a horrible death.

Heinrich Himmler brought in a plan known as Operation Reinhard, named after SS General Reinhard Heydrich, who had been killed by Czech soldiers. Three camps were set up in Poland for the purpose of killing people. These were at Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. In 1942 more death camps were set up in Poland at Majdanek, Chelmno, and Auschwitz. By the end of World War II about six million people had been killed.

Related pages 
 The Holocaust
 Extermination camps (death camps)
 Bełżec extermination camp
 Auschwitz concentration camp and extermination camp
 Genocide

References

Nazi Germany
Nazism
The Holocaust
Genocides in Europe
War crimes
The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion.  The Apostle Paul tells of this supper in his first letter to the Corinthians.  The Synoptic Gospels all tell of Jesus using the bread and wine as symbols of his body and blood.  the Gospel of John does not include those details but tells of Jesus washing the feet of the disciples.  This has led to some Christian groups having a ritual of foot washing as a sign of humility. 

The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the purpose for Eucharist, also known as "Holy Communion" or "The Lord's Supper".

References

Jesus Christ
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly known as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian. His most important work is called De Vita Caesarum, or Lives of the Caesars. It includes the biographies of twelve successive Roman rulers, from Julius Caesar to Domitian.

Suetonius was born when Vespasian was emperor, so scholars say he must have been born before 79 c.e.  His father was from Rome's equestrian social class.  He worked as a secretary for Emperor Hadrian but he was accused of something having to do with the empress Sabina and was forced to retire in 121 c.e.  He wrote De Vita Caesarum after that.

Westerners during the medieval and early modern periods thought De Vita Caesarum was a very good book.  Many scholars have read and translated it.  It has been printed in more than 100 separate versions since 1500 a.d.

References

Ancient Roman historians
Biographers
The Dominican city of Dajabón is the head municipality of the Dajabón province, on the northwestern border with Haiti.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 25,245: 12,545 men and 12,700 women. The urban population was  of the total population, one of the most urban municipality in the country.

History
The city was initially founded between 1771 and 1776 with some families that came from Monte Cristi. During the Dominican War of Independence, the city was abandoned and it was burned several times by the Haitian army. After the war, some families came to live here and in 1864, during the period of the Restoration War, the city was made a municipality.

With the creation of the Dajabón Province in 1938, the city was made the head municipality of the new province.

Geography
Dajabón has a total area of . It has only one municipal district (a subdivision of a municipality): Cañongo.

Dajabón is at  to the northwest of Santo Domingo, on the western end of the Yaque del Norte Valley (or Línea Noroeste), a part of the larger Cibao valley. The city is on the eastern side of the Dajabón or Masacre river; this is the only important river in the municipality. There is a bridge across the river and the Haitian city of Ouanaminthe is near the western side of the river.

The municipality is on flat land with only small hills. The altitude of the city of Dajabón is  above sea level.

The municipality of Dajabón has the Monte Cristi province to the north, the municipality of Partido to the east, the municipality of Loma de Cabrera to the south and Haiti to the west.

Climate
Dajabón has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : Aw).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by June with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is January with .

Dajabón is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Dajabón has only one municipal district:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture. Commerce with Haiti is also an important economic activity in the city. On Mondays and Fridays, Haitians can cross the bridge to sell and buy different things.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1776 establishments in North America
18th-century establishments in the Spanish Empire
ISO 8601 is an international standard to describe dates and times in the easiest way possible for computers to understand.

This standard is based on putting the biggest types of numbers first and the smallest numbers last. Because years are bigger than months, and months are bigger than days, they are put in the order of YEAR-MONTH-DAY.

A basic ISO date for today looks like --.

The basic ISO time is :.

Another very important principle is that when a computer or human puts ISO 8601 dates into alphabetical order, they are also in chronological order.

People can also use these dates, but it is currently not common for people in any country to write dates using this standard in their day-to-day lives.

References

08601
Geoff Capes (born 23 August 1949) is an English shotput champion, two times world's strongest man and a champion budgerigar breeder (now president of the British Budgerigar Breeding Association. He has a beard.

He was born in 1949 in Holbeach, Lincolnshire. He is 6 foot 6 inches tall, which is unusually tall. He weighed 139 kg or 306 stone.

He used to be a policeman but retired when he became a shotputter in the 1970s. His best throw was in 1980 and was 20.5 metres. This record stood until 2003, over twenty years.

Capes once advertised caravans in South Yorkshire.

1949 births
Living people
English sportspeople
Sportspeople from Lincolnshire
The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best-known birds of prey in the northern hemisphere. It is the most widely distributed species of eagle. Golden eagles use their agility and speed combined with powerful feet and massive, sharp talons to snatch up prey. They eat hares, rabbits, marmots and other ground squirrels.

Once common across the Holarctic, it has gone from many areas heavily populated by humans. The species is still widespread. It lives in Eurasia, North America, and parts of North Africa.

Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. It is one of the largest birds of prey in North America; only the  California condor gets larger. Golden eagles also live in the Scottish Highlands.

Related pages 
 goof eagle 
golden eagle 
 Eagle
 Northern goshawk

Accipitriformes
The Nodicia de Kesos (Document of Kesos) is the first text written in Spanish.

Origins 
The document was made between 959 and 974, and shows the evolution of the language from Latin to a romance language.

The document 
The document was made in Ardón, Kingdom of León, actually a municipality in the province of León, Spain. It is a report about some cheeses written for a monastery. It is now kept in the León Cathedral.

"Nodicia de /kesos que /espisit frater /Semeno: jn labore /de fratres jn ilo ba- /celare /de cirka Sancte Ius- /te, kesos U; jn ilo /alio de apate, /II kesos; en [que] /puseron ogano, /kesos IIII; jn ilo /de Kastrelo, I; /jn ila vinia majore, /II;

(2ª columna)/que lebaron en fosado, /II, ad ila tore; /que baron a Cegia, /II, quando la talia- /ron ila mesa; II que /lebaron Lejione; II /..s...en /u...re... /...que... /...c... /...e...u /...alio (?) /... /g... Uane Ece; alio ke le /ba de sopbrino de Gomi /de do...a...; IIII que espi- /seron quando llo rege /uenit ad Rocola; /I qua salbatore ibi /uenit."

Related pages 
 Kingdom of León

History of Spain
10th century
Malena Ernman (born as Sara Magdalena Ernman, November 4, 1970 in Uppsala, Sweden, as) is a Swedish opera singer (mezzo-soprano). Ernman is a versatile artist in her field, who outside the world of opera and operettas also has performed chansons, cabaret, jazz, appeared in musicals and she is a performer who's declared that she's very much attracted to the attributes of varité theatre and small, intimate stage rooms. Malena Ernman is today one of Sweden's most sought after opera performers nationally and internationally. Malena represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, Russia. Malena Ernman is a member of The Royal Swedish Academy of Music.

Ernman is married to actor Svante Thunberg. They have two children including environmentalist Greta Thunberg. Ernman's father-in-law is actor Olof Thunberg.

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
Mezzo-sopranos
Swedish opera singers
Tönisvorst is a town in the district of Viersen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

References

Other websites
In mathematics, a convex regular 4-polytope (or polychoron) is 4-dimensional (4D) polytope which is both regular and convex. These are the four-dimensional analogs of the Platonic solids (in three dimensions) and the regular polygons (in two dimensions).

These polytopes were first described by the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli in the mid-19th century. Schläfli discovered that there are precisely six such figures. Five of these may be thought of as higher dimensional analogs of the Platonic solids. There is one additional figure (the 24-cell) which has no three-dimensional equivalent.

Each convex regular 4-polytope is bounded by a set of 3-dimensional cells which are all Platonic solids of the same type and size. These are fitted together along their respective faces in a regular fashion.

Properties 

The following tables lists some properties of the six convex regular polychora. The symmetry groups of these polychora are all Coxeter groups and given in the notation described in that article. The number following the name of the group is the order of the group.

Since the boundaries of each of these figures is topologically equivalent to a 3-sphere, whose Euler characteristic is zero, we have the 4-dimensional analog of Euler's polyhedral formula:

where Nk denotes the number of k-faces in the polytope (a vertex is a 0-face, an edge is a 1-face, etc.).

Visualizations

The following table shows some 2 dimensional projections of these polytopes. Various other visualizations can be found in the other websites below. The Coxeter-Dynkin diagram graphs are also given below the Schläfli symbol.

Related pages
Regular polytope
Platonic solid

References

H. S. M. Coxeter, Introduction to Geometry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1969. .
H. S. M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. .
 D. M. Y. Sommerville, An Introduction to the Geometry of n Dimensions. New York, E. P. Dutton, 1930. 196 pp. (Dover Publications edition, 1958) Chapter X: The Regular Polytopes

Other websites

Jonathan Bowers, 16 regular polychora 
Regular 4D Polytope Foldouts 
Catalog of Polytope Images A collection of stereographic projections of 4-polytopes.
A Catalog of Uniform Polytopes
Dimensions 2 hour film about the fourth dimension (contains stereographic projections of all regular polychrons)

Shapes
Syed Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur ( – 5 February 1765) often known as Mir Jafar, his full, formal name Shuja ul-Mulk, Hashim ud-Daula, Nawab Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Mahabat Jang was a Sunni/Wahhabi  remembered for the agreement he made with the British when he was Nawab of Bengal. This agreement meant that the Army of Bengal surrendered to the British army and were killed at the Battle of Plassey. This was the start of the British rule in Bengal.

He is remembered by the people of Bengal and Pakistan. The word "mirjafar" in Bengali and the phrase "meer jafar" in Urdu now are often used to mean traitor.

1691 births
1765 deaths
Indian monarchs
Bangladeshi people
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad (also spelled Khandakar Mushtaq Ahmed;  – 5 March 1996) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the President of Bangladesh from 15 August to 6 November 1975, after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

Presidents of Bangladesh
Bangladeshi Muslims
1918 births
1996 deaths
Shah Azizur Rahman (; 23 November 1925 – 1 September 1989) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. However, he was the subject of considerable controversy for his collaboration with the Pakistan Army against the struggle to establish Bangladesh.

He was Prime Minister under President Zia. He was a veteran parliamentarian. He was famous for his razor sharp tongue. He was fluent in several languages.

1925 births
1989 deaths
Prime Ministers of Bangladesh
Bangladeshi Muslims