cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dorothy Hamill (born July 26, 1956) is an American athlete. She won a gold medal in the 1976 Winter Olympics in figure skating.
Hamill was born in Chicago but grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. She was married to Dean Paul Martin from 1982 until they divorced in 1984. She was married to Kenneth Forsythe from 1987 until 1995. Hamill has been married to John MacColl since 2009. She has a daughter by Forsythe.

References 

1956 births
Living people

American autobiographers
American figure skaters
American Olympic gold medalists
Dancing with the Stars participants
Sportspeople from Chicago
Sportspeople from Connecticut
Peggy Fleming is an American figure skater and ABC Sports television commentator. She was the champion at 1968 Winter Olympics. She was born July 27, 1948 in San Jose, California.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
Figure skaters from California
People from San Jose, California
American Olympic gold medalists
Antelope is a term for many even-toed ungulate species. Antelope is not a strict taxonomic term because they are not a clade. Antelope is a 'wastebasket taxon' in the family Bovidae. It includes the old-world species which are not cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison, or goats. 

Antelopes occupy the ecological niche which deer occupy north of the Sahara. Both deer and antelopes are grass-eating mammals which have replaced browsers as the dominant vegetarian animals as forests gave way to grasslands.

Antelope are found mostly in Africa below the Sahara, and parts of Asia. No antelope are native to North America: the pronghorn is a member of the family Antilocapridae, another family. True antelope have horns which are unbranched and never shed, while pronghorns have branching horns, and shed annually. 

There are 91 species of antelope, most of which are native to Africa, in about 30 genera. A group of antelope is called a herd.

Species of forest, woodland, or bush tend to be sedentary, but many of the plains species undertake huge migrations. These migrations enable grass-eating species to follow the rains and therefore their food supply. The gnus and gazelles of East Africa perform some of the most impressive mass migratory circuits of all mammals. 

All bovids have even-toed hooves, horizontal pupils, ruminating guts, and (in at least the males) bony horns.
Many antelope are sexually dimorphic. In most species, both sexes have horns, but those of males tend to be larger. There is a tendency for males to be larger than the females

Horns are not shed and are not made of bone, which distinguishes them from antlers.
Gazelles and springbok are known for their speed and leaping abilities. Even larger antelope, such as elands, and kudus, are capable of jumping 8 feet (2.4 m) or greater, although their running speed is restricted by their greater mass.

References 

Bovids
The Castle of Bredevoort was a castle in the city of Bredevoort, Guelders in the Netherlands.

History
The name of the castle was for the first time written in the year 1188 as "castrum Breidervort".

In 1646 lightning hit the gunpowder tower of the castle, causing an explosion that destroyed the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who was not home that day, survived.

In April 2009 big walls were discovered  underground in the heart of the town. On the square they found remain of the gate building which was a part of the ring wall surrounding the castle. That foundation is visible on the square today.

Castles
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Aalten
Tim Leveque (born June 13, 1968) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is most famous for being the Laval Chiefs enforcer that is called up later in the season in the hockey documentary "Les Chiefs".

Playing career
Leveque started his career with the Thunder Bay Senators of the Colonial Hockey League during the 1993-94 season. In two games, Leveque accumulated 23 PIMs.

After an eight year layoff, Leveque would resurface with the Laval Chiefs of the Quebec Semi-Pro Hockey League (currently the LNAH). Leveque would engage in several fights with Dominic "The Giant" Forcier of the Sorel Royaux during the season. Forcier who stood 6' 7" and 320 lbs, was taken down by Leveque during each of their three fights. After Leveque's final fight with Forcier on February 10, 2002, he would fight Chad Nicholson in the closing minutes of the same game. This would be Leveque's final game with the Chiefs. After the game, Leveque would tell the team that he had "connections in Norfolk" and that he was leaving the team.

In 2004, Leveque received a tryout with the Sherbrooke Saint-Francois. He would play one game with Sherbrooke, and was briefly involved in a fight with David Lessard. Leveque would be released after the game.

In 2005, Leveque played a preseason game with the Sorel-Tracy Mission and fought Corey Dean. After one game with the Mission, Leveque was released.

References

Other websites

1968 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Colonial Hockey League players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Ottawa
The Pirate Party Germany (German: Piratenpartei Deutschland; short: PIRATEN, "Pirates") is a political party in Germany based on the model of the Swedish Piratpartiet.

Party Platform 
The party opposes the loss of civil rights in telephony and on the Internet, in particular the rules for keeping information about telephone calls and Germany's new Internet censorship law called Zugangserschwerungsgesetz.

The party favours the civil right to information privacy and reforms of copyright, education, computer science and genetic patents.

It wants more open and transparent government, and the electronic inspection and control of government operations by the citizen.

History 

The party was founded on 10 September 2006. Party leader has been Patrick Schiffer since August 2016. Previous leaders were among others Sebastian Nerz, Dirk Hillbrecht, Jens Seipenbusch and Christof Leng.

In February 2009, the village spokesperson of Hohenstein, a city councillor in Strausberg, Jens Knoblich joined the Pirate Party Germany. In June 2009, Bundestag member Jörg Tauss, who has been charged with the crime of child pornography possession and distribution, left the SPD and joined the Pirate Party after the Zugangserschwerungsgesetz was passed. He said that while he supports the fight against child pornography, the means are unacceptable. In late August 2009, Herbert Rusche, one of the founding members of the German Green Party and, in the 1980s, the first openly homosexual member of parliament in Germany, joined the Pirate Party.

Election results

2009 German Federal election
On 27 September 2009, the PIRATEN received 2.0% (845,904 votes) in the 2009 German federal election. This result means that the party failed to secure any seat in the Bundestag, however this was also the best result among the parties who did not achieve the required 5% threshold. Among the first-time male voters the party received 13%.

The election results in 2009 means the party still qualifies for some government funding of campaign finance.

2009 European Parliament election

It received 229,117 votes in the 2009 European Parliament election, which was 0.9%, but not enough (at least 5%) for a seat. The number of party members has increased since then. As of March 2010, the party had over 12,000 members.

German State and Regional elections
On 30 August 2009, the PIRATEN received 1.9% in the 2009 Saxony state election. On the same day, the party also received one seat in each council in the local elections of Münster and Aachen, although candidates of the party ran for office only in some constituencies of both cities.

Support for The PIRATEN differs between States. The party received 1.8% in the 2009 Schleswig-Holstein state election and 1,5% in the 2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election (though without securing seats), but only 0.5% in the 2009 Hesse state election and did not participate in the 2009 Brandenburg and Saarland state elections

References

Other websites

 Piratenpartei Deutschland
 Junge Piraten - Youth organisation

2006 establishments in Europe
Political parties in Germany
2000s establishments in Germany
Opossums are the largest order of marsupials  in the Western Hemisphere, the Didelphimorphia. 

They are often called possums, though that term is more properly applied to Australian fauna of the suborder Phalangeriformes. 

The Virginia opossum was the first animal to be called an opossum: the word comes from the Algonquian language, and means "white beast." It was one of the few South American marsupials to establish itself permanently in North America after the Great American Interchange, and the only one to survive there today.

Opossums can help slow the spread of Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever because they eat deer ticks and other ticks that carry the germs for these diseases.  One opossum can eat 5000 ticks each year.  They also eat garden pests, for example slugs, and animals that can carry disease, for example mice and rats.

Marsupials like opossums are born before their jaw bones have grown enough for them to drink their mothers' milk the way other baby mammals do.  Scientists from King's College London found that opossums and other marsupials use tissue from their inner ear to make a temporary jaw so they can feed and grow.

References

Marsupials
The eland is the largest antelope. There are two species, both African. 

The common eland, Taurotragus oryx, is from East Africa and South Africa. The giant eland, Taurotragus derbianus, is found in Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon and Senegal  and West Africa.

The two species are rather similar in size: males range in size from  and may even reach a ton on rare occasions; females range from .

Giant eland are alert and wary, making them difficult to approach and observe. They are gregarious, and migrate in small herds of twenty or so animals. Giant eland live in open forest and savannah where they eat grass, leaves, and branches. Common eland live in large herds. 

Observers have, as usual, found it difficult to measure their speed of running. Some claim they move quickly, running at over , and despite their size are exceptional jumpers, easily clearing heights of . Others claim elands are one of the slowest antelopes, but can even jump a height of  or more.

When walking, tendon or joints in the eland's foreleg produce a sharp clicking sound, the cause of which is not known. The sound carries some distance and is a good indication of an approaching herd. Naturalists think it is a form of communication in elands.

References 

Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of Africa
Air India Flight 182 was a passenger plane which, on June 23, 1985, exploded from a bomb that was placed on the plane. The aircraft was going between Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montreal, Quebec, and New Delhi, India. It was an Air India Boeing 747-237B, registration VT-EFO. The bombing was called the largest mass murder in modern Canadian history, and the deadliest act of air terrorism before 9/11.

Accident
The flight was going between Montreal and New Delhi. The plane exploded when it was flying 31,000 feet over Atlantic Ocean South of Ireland. The bomb was hidden in a Sanyo tuner in a suitcase which was in the forward cargo hold. Around fifty-five minutes later after the loss of the aircraft, a suitcase which was checked in by one of the accused perpetrators in the bombing exploded at Japan’s Narita Airport and killed two baggage handlers and injured four other people nearby. The suitcase was on its way to another airliner at Narita. At least 329 people were killed in the explosion aboard flight 182.

Passengers
Most of the victims on-board were Canadians, but 27 came from the United Kingdom, and 10 more came from the United States, five from Brazil, four from Germany, three from France, two each from Italy and Australia, one each from Japan, Mexico, Russia, China, and Belgium. Four passengers and all 22 crew members were from India'

Suspects
The suspects in the bombing were from the Sikh separatist group called the Babbar Khalsa:

Talwinder Singh Parmar
Inderjit Singh Reyat
Ripudaman Singh Malik
Ajaib Singh Bagri
Surjan Singh Gill
Hardial Singh Johal and Manmohan Singh
Daljit Sandhu
Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode

1985 in Canada
1985 in Europe
1980s explosions in Europe
1980s in India
1980s murders in Europe
20th century in the Republic of Ireland
Disasters in Canada
June events
Mass murder in the 1980s
Massacres in Europe
Terrorist incidents in Europe in the 1980s
Wale Victor Folarin (born Olubowale Victor Akintimehin; September 21, 1984 in Washington D.C.) is an American rapper better known by his stage name, Wale. 

In 2010 Wale was nominated for Best New Artist from both the Soul Train Awards and BET Awards but did not win.

Discography

Albums
Wale has released 7 studio albums:
 Attention Deficit (2009)
 Ambition (2011)
 The Gifted (2013)
 The Album About Nothing (2015)
 Shine (2017)
 Wow... That's Crazy (2019)
 Folarin II (2021)

Singles
Wale has had 5 singles:

References

Other websites
 Wale's Official website

1984 births
Living people
American rap musicians
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Kevin Brereton (born February 20, 1972 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian rapper and producer better known by his stage name, k-os which is an acronym for Knowledge of Self and is spelt with a lowercase "k".

Discography

Albums
k-os has released 4 studio albums:

Compilations

Mixtapes

Other websites
 k-os's Official website

1972 births
Living people
Canadian musicians
Canadian rap musicians
Singers from Toronto
Belinda Carlisle (born August 17, 1958) is an American Grammy Award nominated singer, author and songwriter. She is the lead singer of The Go Gos. Carlisle was born in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. She is a Buddhist.

References 

American Buddhists
American pop musicians
American rock singers
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
1958 births
Living people
Sintel is a short 15-minute movie made with computers using open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2009 and was released on September 28, 2010. The online release was made available for download on September 30, 2010.
  It was first developed under the name Projet Durian, named after a type of smelly fruit. It was changed to Sintel a word from the Dutch language, which can mean 'cinder', or 'ember'.

Overview 
Sintel is a story about a girl who lives in the made-up city.  One day, a dragon lands on the roof of a house she is standing next to.  The dragon is hurt, so she helps it.  She and the dragon (which she names Scales) become good friends.  One day, Scales goes to chase a group of birds flying in the sky.  Another, bigger, dragon comes along, and kidnaps Scales.  Sintel goes to looks for Scales.  She finds the adult dragon in a Dragon Blood tree, There she fights the big dragon and kills it.  But, it turns out that the big dragon is actually Scales.  The movie ends with Sintel sad, because she accidentally killed her friend.

Ton Roosendaal announced the movie in May 2009. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Film Fund paid for part of the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the movie's credits. The movie was released for download on the Official Durian Project website on October 1, 2010.

The movie

Other websites
 The Sintel website 
 The Blender website (Blender was the program used to make Sintel)

References

Animated movies
2010 movies
English-language movies
United States National Academies or National Academies comprising 
 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) 
 Institute of Medicine (IOM) 
 National Research Council (NRC)
serve collectively as the scientific national academy for the United States.  The NAS, NAE, and IOM are honorary membership organizations, with a total membership of over 6,000 scientists, engineers, and health professionals.  New members for each organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research.  The NRC is called the "working arm" of the Academies, which serves to collect, analyze, and share information through studies and reports.

The National Academies produce independent recommendations and policy reports by enlisting top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in Academies membership) to address important scientific and technical problems. 

The National Academies do not perform original research; rather they provide independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized.

Other websites

The Institute of Medicine 
The National Academy of Engineering

Notes

1863 establishments in the United States
National academies of sciences
Sharon Vonne Stone (born March 10, 1958) is an American actress and movie producer. She received a Golden Globe Award for her part in the 1995 movie Casino. Her role in the movie Basic Instinct was also notable. 

Stone won the title of Miss Crawford County in Meadville.  She was a candidate for Miss Pennsylvania. One of the pageant judges said she should quit school and move to New York City to become a fashion model. In 1977, Stone left Meadville, moving in with an aunt in New Jersey. Within four days of her arrival in New Jersey, she was signed by Ford Modeling Agency in New York.

While living in Europe, she decided to quit modeling and become an actress. Stone was cast for a brief role in Allen's Stardust Memories (1980).  She had many roles in movies in the 1980's.  Being in Total Recall (1990) with Arnold Schwarzenegger helped her career.  To promote the movie, she posed nude for Playboy.

The movie that made her a star Basic Instinct (1992).  She played a person thought to be a serial killer.  In the movie's most notorious scene, her character is being questioned by the police. She crosses and uncrosses her legs, exposing her genitalia, which are not covered by underwear.  After Basic Instinct, she was listed by People magazine as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world.

In November 1995, Stone received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

In 2003, she appeared in three episodes from the eighth season of The Practice. For her performances, she received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.

Stone tried a return to the mainstream with roles in the movies Cold Creek Manor (2003) with Dennis Quaid and Catwoman (2004) with Halle Berry.  Both movies were not well liked by either the public or critics.

Personal life 
Stone married Michael Greenburg in 1984.  They separated in 1987 and the divorce was finalized in 1990.

In 1993, Stone met William J. MacDonald (aka Bill MacDonald) on the set of the movie Sliver. MacDonald left his wife Naomi Baca for Stone and became engaged to her. They separated one year later in 1994.

While working on the movie The Quick and the Dead in 1995, Stone met Bob Wagner and they became engaged.

On February 14, 1998, Stone married Phil Bronstein, executive editor of the San Francisco Examiner. They adopted a son, Roan Joseph Bronstein (born on May 22, 2000) in late May or early June of 2000.  They divorced in 2004.  After her divorce she adopted another two boys, Laird Vonne Stone (born on May 7, 2005) and Quinn Kelly Stone 
(born in June 2006).

Stone is a convert to Tibetan Buddhism. She is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

Actors from Pennsylvania
American Buddhists
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
1958 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Kim Delaney (born November 29, 1961) is an American movie and television actress. She played Jenny Gardner in the soap All My Children. She played a detective in the television series NYPD Blue. She also acted in the television series Philly. Delaney was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Henry "Hank" Rutherford Hill (born April 15, 1953 in The Bronx, New York) is a fictional character in the television series, King of the Hill. He lives in Arlen, Texas with his wife Peggy and his son Bobby. He was named one of the wisest people on television by The Economist. He suffers from Diminished Gluteal Syndrome (DGS) which is a fictional genetic disorder. He works at Strickland Propane and sells propane and propane accessories. His father's name is Cotton who was a World War II veteran who had his shins "blowed off by a Japanman's machine gun" in combat, and had his feet attached to his knees, he has a Japanese half brother named Junichiro, and his cousin is the bassist and vocalist for ZZ Top, Dusty Hill. He is usually seen hanging out with his friends Dale, Bill and Boomhauer.

References

Notes

Television characters
The 2009 Philippine region typhoon season was the period that tropical cyclones formed in the Western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout the year during 2009, with most tropical cyclones forming between May and November.The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones (including tropical depressions) that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.

During the season, 39 tropical depressions developed within the Western Pacific, whilst 2 formed outside the region before moving into the Western Pacific.

Storms

Philippines
Tropical Depression Auring
Tropical Depression Bising
Typhoon Crising
Typhoon Dante
Typhoon Emong
Tropical Storm Feria
Tropical Depression Gorio
Tropical Depression Huaning
Typhoon Isang
Tropical Depression Jolina
Tropical Storm Kiko
Tropical Storm Labuyo
Tropical Depression Maring
Typhoon Nando
Typhoon Ondoy
Typhoon Pepemg
Typhoon Quedan
Typhoon Ramil
Tropical Storm Santi
Tropical Depression Tino
Tropical Depression Urduja
Tropical Depression Vinta

Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
Blue Valentine is a 2010 movie. It is a romantic drama starring Michelle Williams and Ryan Gosling. The original rating of this movie was NC-17, but the rating was successfully appealed to an R rating. The movie is about a married couple who are shifting back and forth, along with their eventual divorce.

2010 movies
2010s romantic drama movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Patty Lee Ramey (or Patty Loveless; born January 4, 1957) is an American country singer and songwriter. She emerged onto the country music scene around 1986. She has also sung Bluegrass and country pop. She was born in Pikeville, Kentucky.

Awards

Academy of Country Music
1996 Top Female Vocalist
1997 Top Female Vocalist

American Music Awards
1989 Favorite New Country Artist

Country Music Association
1995 Album of the Year – "When Fallen Angels Fly"
1996 Female Vocalist of the Year
1998 Vocal Event of the Year with George Jones – "You Don't Seem to Miss Me"

Grand Ole Opry
Inducted in 1988

Georgia Music Hall of Fame
Inducted in 2005Grammy AwardsBest Country Collaboration with Vocals – "Same Old Train" (1998)
Best Bluegrass Album – Mountain Soul II (2011)Kentucky Music Hall of Fame'Inducted in 2011 (announced 17 March 2010) 

Discography
Studio albums
 Patty Loveless (1986)
 If My Heart Had Windows (1988)
 Honky Tonk Angel (1988)
 On Down the Line (1990)
 Up Against My Heart (1991)
 Only What I Feel (1993)
 When Fallen Angels Fly (1994)
 The Trouble with the Truth (1996)
 Long Stretch of Lonesome (1997)
 Strong Heart (2000)
 Mountain Soul (2001)
 Bluegrass & White Snow: A Mountain Christmas (2002)
 On Your Way Home (2003)
 Dreamin' My Dreams (2005)
 Sleepless Nights (2008)
 Mountain Soul II'' (2009)

References

American country singers
1957 births
Living people
Singers from Kentucky
Nikolaas 'Niko' Tinbergen (15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz. Their discoveries were about individual and social behaviour patterns, and how they are triggered.

In the 1960s Niko collaborated on a series of wildlife movies, including The Riddle of the Rook (1972) and Signals for Survival (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.

Aspects of his life 
Niko, who had two eminent brothers, Luuk and Jan, was a prisoner of war during World War II. His experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled.

After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford. He remained in England for the rest of his life. Several of his Oxford graduate students went on to become prominent biologists; these include Richard Dawkins, Marian Dawkins, Desmond Morris, and Iain Douglas Hamilton. He married Elisabeth Rutten and they had five children.

Supernormal stimuli 
The body of Tinbergen's research focused on what he termed supernormal stimuli. This was the concept that an artificial object could be a stronger trigger for an instinct than the natural object for which the instinct originally evolved.

He constructed plaster eggs to see which a bird preferred to sit on, finding that they would select those that were larger, had more defined markings, or more saturated colour—and a dayglo-bright one with black polkadots would be selected over the bird's own pale, dappled eggs.

Tinbergen found that territorial male stickleback fish would attack a wooden fish model more vigorously than a real male if its underside was redder. He constructed cardboard dummy butterflies with more defined markings that male butterflies would try to mate with in preference to real females. The superstimulus, by its exaggerations, clearly showed what features were triggering the response.

Four Questions 
He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were:

Proximate mechanisms:
 1. Causation (Mechanism): what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning?
 2. Development (Ontogeny): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown?

Ultimate mechanisms:
 3. Evolution (Phylogeny): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species, and how might it have arisen?
 4. Function (Adaptation): how does the behaviour impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?

Autism 
Niko gave his Nobel Lecture on autism in children, which he and his wife had been researching for some time.

References 
 Hans Kruuk 2003. Niko's nature: the life of Niko Tinbergen and his science of animal behaviour 

1907 births
1988 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Dutch scientists
Ethologists
People from The Hague
SF1 Kraken is a weapon mainly used by police forces during riots to restore order. It is not lethal (hit causes only injury, not death). The weapon is specially made for usage against civilians without risking casualties (loss of life). The average distance of fire is about 30m, maximum is 100m and depends on type of bullet. SF1 Kraken uses the energy of gases from .357 Magnum blank cartidges (without a bullet) which are made by Libra a.s. in the Czech Republic. It is also able to use several types of 59mm calibre bullets.

Bullet types
 Common tennis ball - to stop or paralyse human or animal, for distances up to 30m.
 Gas grenade - covers an area or some of friendly units with harmless smoke.
 Tear gas grenade - covers an area of crowd with tear gas, causes intensive crying and burn of eyes.
 P1 charge - uses strong acoustic effect (similar to simple banger or firecracker) to frighten or shock human or animal.
 P2 charge - uses acoustic effect and tear gas, combination of Tear gas grenade and P1 charge.
 Shot gun - filled with 20 rubber balls (instead of lead bullets).

General charasterictics
 Calibre: 59 mm
 Barrel length: 230 mm
 Weapon length (without shoulder pad): 436 mm
 Weapon length: 711 mm
 Weight: 1,5 kg
 Fire mode: repeating (the gun must be manually reloaded after every shot)
 Cartridge calibre: .357 Magnum blank
 Muzzle velocity: 110 m/s (with thennis ball)
 Rate of fire: 6 rpm
 Muzzle energy: 403 J
 Impact energy (30m): 227 J

Weapons
Law enforcement equipment
Oedema (U.S. edema) is dropsy. It was usually called dropsy until about the middle of the 20th century. 

It is a medical condition, and a sign or symptom. It is swelling caused when fluid leaks out of the body's capillaries into the tissues. The fluid builds up and gets trapped in the tissues around the leaking blood vessels.  This causes swelling.  If there is enough swelling, oedema can be seen from outside of the skin.

Oedema can happen in any part of the body.  However, it is easiest to see in the arms and legs, including the hands, ankles, and feet.  Oedema in the arms and legs is called peripheral oedema.

Pulmonary oedema is fluid in the lungs.  Pulmonary oedema is dangerous because having fluid in the lungs makes breathing difficult.  If pulmonary oedema gets bad enough, a person can drown in the fluid.

Oedema in the abdomen is called ascites.

Signs and symptoms
Some of the signs and symptoms of oedema are:
 Swelling or puffiness right under the skin
 Skin that looks stretched or shiny
 Changes in skin color
 Aching arms and legs
 Stiff joints
 Weight gain or weight loss
 Blood pressure and pulse rate that are higher than normal

Oedema in the lungs (pulmonary edema) can make it hard to breathe or cause chest pain.

Causes
Many things can cause oedema.  When oedema is mild (not very serious), the most common causes are:
 Eating too much salt
 Staying still for long periods of time
 Pregnancy
 Side effects from some medication

However, oedema can also be a sign of serious disease.  Diseases that can cause edema include:
 Congestive heart failure (CHF).  In CHF, the heart does not pump hard enough to send blood throughout the body.  This can cause blood to back up in the arms and legs (causing peripheral oedema).  It can also cause fluid to back up in the lungs (pulmonary oedema).
 Liver damage (cirrhosis).  Liver damage can cause fluid to back up in the abdomen (ascites) and the legs.
 Kidney problems.  The kidneys' job is to remove extra fluid from the blood.  If the kidneys are not doing this job, the fluid builds up in other parts of the body.
 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).  A DVT is a blood clot inside one of the deep veins in the body, usually deep inside the legs.  Oedema in the legs is one sign of DVT.
 Varicose veins.''

Treatment 
If oedema is not very serious, it often goes away on its own.  If a person has mild oedema in an arm or leg, they can often make oedema go away quicker by keeping the arm or leg raised above the level of the heart.

If oedema is more serious, it is treated with medicines called diuretics.  These are medicines which help the body get rid of extra fluid by urinating it out.

If oedema is caused by a disease, that disease needs to be treated.

References

Health problems
Medical signs
United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE), a private, non-profit institution that was founded in 1964. Election to the NAE is considered the highest achievement in engineering-related fields and often comes as a recognition of a lifetime's worth of accomplishments. The NAE is part of United States National Academies advising the federal government on engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research.

New members of the organization are elected annually by current members composed of senior professionals in business, academia, and government who are among the world’s most accomplished engineers in one or both of the following categories:
 Engineering research, practice, or education, including, where appropriate, significant contributions to the engineering literature.
 Pioneering of new and developing fields of technology, making major advancements in traditional fields of engineering, or developing/implementing innovative approaches to engineering education.

The Academy annually awards three prizes that award $500,000 to the winner. In a sense these constitute the "Nobel Prizes of Engineering."

Notes

Scientific organizations based in the United States
Engineering organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
National academies
1964 establishments in the United States
Dianne Wiest (b. March 28, 1948) is an American actress. Her movies include Edward Scissorhands in 1990. She has won two Emmy Awards and two Academy Awards. She was also in other movies, including Footloose and Parenthood.  Wiest was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

She also made a suprise appearance on an american tv-show called Brooklyn Nine-Nine. She later went on to make multiple episodes of her own failing tv-show called "Get rid of that Wiest Infection". She was also the star in multiple weetabix commercials, dubbing them Wiestabix.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Mary Chapin Carpenter is an American and Grammy Awards winning folk and country singer and songwriter. Her first record was released in 1987. She has won five Grammy Awards. She has had many hit songs and albums.

Early life
Carpenter was born February 21, 1958 in Princeton, New Jersey.

Discography
Single
"Down at the Twist and Shout" (1991)

Studio albums
Hometown Girl (1987)
State of the Heart (1989)
Shooting Straight in the Dark (1990)
Come On Come On (1992)
Stones in the Road (1994)
A Place in the World (1996)
Time*Sex*Love (2001)
Between Here and Gone (2004)
The Calling (2007)
Come Darkness Come Light : Twelve Songs of Christmas (2008)
The Age of Miracles (2010)
Ashes and Roses (2012)

Related pages
List of country musicians from New Jersey

Country musicians
1958 births
Living people
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Marcia Gay Harden (born 14 August 1959) is an American Academy Award winning television, movie and theater actress. She has acted in many television programs and in many movies. She is from La Jolla, San Diego, California.

1959 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from San Diego, California
Jack Skille (born May 19, 1987 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Florida Panthers, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

Skille was traded to the Florida Panthers, along with Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan for Michael Frolik and the rights to goaltender Alexander Salak on February 9, 2011.

On July 1, 2014, Skille signed one-year, two-way contract with the New York Islanders.

References

Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
New York Islanders players
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
Michael Frolík (born February 17, 1988 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey player that currently plays for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League as a center. He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 10th overall pick in the 2006 NHL Draft. He also played for Rabat Kladno of the Czech Extraliga, the Florida Panthers of the NHL from 2008 to 2011 and the Chicago Blackhawks from 2010 to 2013.

Frolík was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, along with Alexander Salak for Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan on February 9, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

During the 2013 NHL Entry draft, the Blackhawks traded Frolík to the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for the 74th and 134th overall picks in the 2013 NHL Entry draft.

References

Other websites

1988 births
Calgary Flames players
Czech ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Rimouski Océanic players
Stanley Cup champions
Winnipeg Jets players
Joseph Arsine Paul Emile Albert "Babe" Bibeault (April 12, 1919 – August 2, 1970) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins. Bibeault served briefly in the army, after he was discharged he joined the Toronto Maple Leafs in December, on loan for half of the 1943-44 NHL season. Bibeault was part of the 1944 NHL All-Star Team.

Bibeault is in the NHL record book for being one of five goaltending victims of a player’s five goals in a single playoff game.

Bibeault died on August 2, 1970 at the age of 51 after losing a battle with cancer.

Other websites

1956 births
1970 deaths
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Toronto Maple Leafs players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Martina Mariea Schiff (born July 29, 1966), known professionally as Martina McBride, is an American country music singer and songwriter. McBride has been called the "Celine Dion of Country Music" for her big-voiced ballads and soprano range. She debuted around 1992, having five #1 singles between 1995 and 2001 and another during 2003. She has had a string of major hit singles.

Discography
Singles

"Girls Like Me" (2020)

Other songs on music charts
"White Christmas" (2000)
Studio albums
 The Time Has Come (1992)
 The Way That I Am (1993)
 Wild Angels (1995)
 Timeless (1997)
 White Christmas (1998)
 Emotion (1999)
 Martina (2003)
 Timeless (2005)
 Waking Up Laughing (2007)
 Shine (2009)
 Eleven (2011)
 Everlasting (2014)

References

Other websites
Official website

Singers from Kansas
American country musicians
Christian music singers
Musicians from Kansas
Sopranos
1966 births
Living people
Philip John Clapp (born March 11, 1971), known professionally as Johnny Knoxville, is an American actor, comedian, filmmaker and stunt performer. He is best known for being the co-creator and star of the MTV television series, Jackass.

Filmography

Desert Blues (1995) - Bob
Coyote Ugly (2000) - College Guy
Life Without Dick (2002) - Dick Rasmusson
Big Trouble (2002) - Eddie Leadbetter
Deuces Wild (2002) - Vinnie Fish
Men in Black II (2002) - Scrad/Charlie
Jackass: The Movie (2002) - Himself
Grand Theft Parsons (2003) - Phil Kaufman
Walking Tall (2004) - Ray Templeton
A Dirty Shame (2004) - Ray Ray Perkins
Lords of Dogtown (2005) - Topper Burks
The Dukes of Hazzard (2005) - Luke Duke
Daltry Calhoun (2005) - Daltry Calhoun
The Ringer (2005) - Steve Barker
Jackass Number Two (2006) - Himself
Jackass 2.5 (2007) - Himself
Father of Invention (2010) - Oswald
Jackass 3D (2010) - Himself
Jackass 3.5 (2011) - Himself
The Dry Gulch Kid (2011) - Bobby Ryder 
Movie 43 (2013) - Pete
Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa (2013) - Irving Zisman

References

Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Tennessee
Comedians from Tennessee
American movie actors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Karl Ritter von Frisch (20 November 1886 – 12 June 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, jointly with Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. 

His work was on the communication and senses of the European honey bee. He was the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance. By doing the dance when they come back to the hive, honey bees indicated where they have found nectar, and other details.

His theory was disputed by other scientists and greeted with skepticism at the time. Only recently was it definitively proved to be an accurate theoretical analysis.

Bee perception 

Sense of smell: Frisch discovered that bees can distinguish various blossoming plants by their scent, and that each bee is “flower constant”.45–51

Polarization pattern: Light scattered in a blue sky forms a pattern of partially polarized ultraviolet light. This depends on the position of the sun, and is invisible to human eyes. Each lens unit of a compound eye has a UV receptor, and a UV filter oriented differently in each of these units, so a bee is able to detect this polarization pattern. A small piece of blue sky is enough for a bee to recognize the pattern changes occurring over the course of a day. This provides not only directional but also information on the time of day.

Variations in the daytime position of the sun: Karl von Frisch proved that variations in the position of the sun gave bees with a tool for navigation. They use this capability to get information on the progress of the day deep inside a dark beehive. This makes it possible for the bees to convey up-to-date directional information during their waggle dance, without having to make a comparison with the sun during long dance phases. 

Internal clock: Bees have an internal clock with three different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows the direction to a feeding place found during a morning excursion, it can also find the same location, as well as the precise time at which this source provides food, in the afternoon, based on the position of the sun.137–147

Waggle dance 
A simple dance called “round dance” is used for nearby flowers. It means "there is a feeding place near the beehive at 50 to 100 meters". Blossom scent would also be picked up. 

The waggle dance proper is used to give the directions to a source further away. Other bees follow her as she dances, keeping in touch with their antennae. The dance takes a figure of eight, with variations such as angle and vigour of wiggles. The communication is apparently quite effective.

References 

1886 births
1982 deaths
Academics
Beekeepers
Scientists from Vienna
Zoologists
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Ethologists
Austrian biologists
Tyler Seguin (born January 31, 1992 in Brampton, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey center for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was selected by the Boston Bruins with the 2nd overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons in the OHL with the Plymouth Whalers. Seguin has also played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. During his time with the Bruins, he won the Stanley Cup on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0. On July 4, 2013, he was traded by the Bruins along with Rich Peverley, and Ryan Button to the Dallas Stars for Loui Eriksson, along with Reilly Smith, Matt Fraser, and Joe Morrow.

He won a gold medal in the 2009 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia and a gold medal in the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in British Columbia.

Awards 
He won the Spengler Cup in 2012.
He won the Boston Bruins 7th Player Award in 2012.
He played in the 2012 NHL All-Star Game
Stanley Cup (2011) - with the Boston Bruins
He won the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy for highest scorer in the Ontario Hockey League, alongside Taylor Hall of the Windsor Spitfires (2009–10)
He won the Red Tilson Trophy for the most outstanding player in the Ontario Hockey League (2009-10)
He won the CHL Top Draft Prospect Award as the top eligible prospect for the NHL Entry Draft from the Canadian Hockey League.
He won the gold medal in the 2009 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia
He won the gold medal in the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in British Columbia.

References

Other websites 
 

Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
1992 births
Ontario Hockey League players
Glasgow International Airport ()  (used to be called Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport) is an international airport in Scotland. It is  west of the Glasgow city centre. The airport is near Paisley and Renfrew in Renfrewshire. In 2011, almost 6.9 million passengers passed through the airport. This was 5.1% more than 2010. This makes Glasgow the second busiest airport in Scotland (Edinburgh Airport is the busiest). It is also the eighth busiest airport in the United Kingdom. Glasgow Airport is the primary airport of Greater Glasgow.

The airport is owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited owns four other UK airports. ADI Limited owns Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. The airlines which use the airport the most are British Airways and Loganair (as Flybe). Loganair uses Glasgow as a hub. Other big airlines using Glasgow as a base include BMI Regional, Flybe,  EasyJet, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways.

Glasgow Airport was first opened in 1966. First, the only flights which took off from there flew to other places in the United Kingdom and Europe. The British Airports Authority (BAA) took control of the airport in 1975. In the 1980s, flights from Glasgow began to go to other places in the world.

On 30 June 2007, Glasgow Airport had a terrorist attack. A Jeep Cherokee filled with propane canisters was driven into the main terminal building. It caused some damage, killed one person (the terrorist) and injured four people.

References

Airports in Scotland
Glasgow
1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin  (Gatchina, Russia, 12 November 1850 – Lublin, Poland, 25 January 1908) was a leading Russian chess player.

He was a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet school of chess", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

Chigorin was for a while one of the world's top four players. He twice challenged Wilhelm Steinitz for the World Chess Championship. Both matches were held in Havana. In 1889 Steinitz won 10½–6½, and in 1892 by 12½–10½. Chigorin drew an 1893 match with Siegbert Tarrasch in Saint Petersburg (11–11); Tarrasch was probably the world #2 at that time.

Chigorin made a number of contributions to the theory of chess openings. The most important were the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 Na5) and the Chigorin Defence to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6).

Chigorin gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns. He subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death.

His early death was caused by diabetes, for which there was no remedy at the time.

References 

1850 births
1908 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Russian chess players