cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Thatcher most commonly refers to:
 Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013), British stateswoman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1979–1990
 A professional who installs thatch as a roofing material, i.e. by means of thatching

Thatcher may also refer to:

People
 Thatcher baronetcy, a British baronetcy created for Denis Thatcher, the husband of Margaret Thatcher

Surname
 America Iglesias Thatcher (1907–1989), Puerto-Rican labor activist
 Ben Thatcher (born 1975), retired Welsh footballer
 Betty Thatcher (1944–2011), English writer and lyricist
 Carol Thatcher (born 1953), daughter of Margaret Thatcher
 Colin Thatcher (born 1938), former Saskatchewan cabinet minister and convicted murderer
 Denis Thatcher (1915–2003), husband of Margaret Thatcher
 Eva Thatcher (1862–1942), American film actress
 Frank Thatcher, Dean of St George's Cathedral, Georgetown, Guyana
 Frederick Thatcher (1814–1890), English and New Zealand architect and clergyman
 George Thatcher (1754–1824), American lawyer
 Heather Thatcher (1896–1987), English actress
 Henry Thatcher (1806–1880), American admiral
 Henry Calvin Thatcher (1842—1884), the first Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court
 James Thatcher (MP) ( 1536–1565), English politician
 James Thatcher, American horn player
 Joe Thatcher (born 1981), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 J. T. Thatcher (born 1978), American football player
 Karen Thatcher (born 1984), American ice hockey player
 Kim Thatcher (born 1964), American politician
 Les Thatcher (born 1940), American wrestler
 Mark Thatcher (born 1953), son of Margaret Thatcher
 Maurice Thatcher (1870–1973), U.S. Congressman
 Moses Thatcher (1842–1909), American Mormon apostle
 Noel Thatcher, British paralympic athlete
 Richard Thatcher (1846–1909). American POW, and university president
 Roger Thatcher (1926–2010), British statistician
 Roland Thatcher (born 1977), American golfer
 Ross Thatcher (1917–1971), ninth Premier of Saskatchewan
 Samuel Thatcher (1776–1872), member of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
 Sophie Thatcher, American actress
 Torin Thatcher (1905–1981), English actor

Given name
 Thatcher Szalay (born 1979), American football player

Fictional characters
 Walter Parks Thatcher, a character in the film Citizen Kane
 Jeremy Thatcher, a character in the children's novel Jeremy Thatcher, Dragon Hatcher
 Judge Thatcher or Becky Thatcher, characters in Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain
 John Putnam Thatcher, a character in novels by Emma Lathen
 Justine Thatcher, a character in the BBC Scotland drama Monarch of the Glen
 Margaret Thatcher (Due South), character in the TV show Due South
 William Thatcher, protagonist in the film A Knight's Tale
 Mike Baker, codename Thatcher, playable character in the game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
 Thatcher Grey, a character in the TV show Grey's Anatomy

Places
 Thatcher, Arizona, U.S.
 Thatcher, Colorado, U.S.
 Thatcher, Idaho, U.S.
 Thatcher, Nebraska, U.S.
 Thatcher Peninsula, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Other uses
 , the name of more than one U.S. ship
 Thatchers Cider, a drink
 C/1861 G1 (Thatcher), a comet
Barbara Ann Scott (May 9, 1928 – September 30, 2012) was a Canadian figure skater. Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario. She was a champion in the 1948 Winter Olympics, a two-time World Champion and a four time Canadian national champion. She was known as "Canada's Sweetheart" when she returned. Admirers greeted her as she returned from the 1948 Olympic games, and March 9th was then declared Barbara Ann Scott Day. In that very same skating season, she dominated North American, European, and World championships, and did this all at a young age.

She was the only Canadian to win the Olympic ladies' singles gold medal, the first North American to win three major titles in one year and the only Canadian to win a European Championship. Long after her victory, sixty-one years later, Scott carried the Olympic torch into the chamber before the 2010 Vancouver Olympic games. Two months later, she carried the Olympic flag along with seven other Canadians into the Opening Ceremonies.

Barbara was a great figure skater. It is an honor to be able to carry both the Olympic torch and the Olympic flag. She was known well by all of the people in Ottawa, Ontario, where she was born. Barbara was truly a wonderful figure skater for Canada in ladies’ singles (skating by themselves).

Scott died on September 30, 2012 at her home in Fernandina Beach, Amelia Island, Florida at age 84. A local arena was named after her in Nepean, Ontario, as part of the Pinecrest Recreation Centre.

Notes

References 
 "Barbara Ann Scott." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.
 "A shared history." Maclean's. 10 Mar. 2014: n/a. eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.*

Canadian figure skaters
1928 births
2012 deaths
People from Ottawa
Sonic the Hedgehog CD or Sonic CD is a platformer video game created by Sega. It is part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series. It was released for the Sega CD game console in 1993. In chronological order it is after the first game and "before the sequel."  The game involves the use of a time travel system that allows Sonic to travel to both the past and the future in a level. Each zone has four variants: the "past," the "present," the "good future," and the "bad future." Each has different graphics, music, enemies, and obstacles. The game introduces two characters to the Sonic the Hedgehog series: Amy Rose, a pink female hedgehog with a hammer as a weapon, and Metal Sonic, an evil robotic version of Sonic.

Development

Release and translation
Sonic CD was released in Japan on September 23, 1993. It was released in Europe in October 1993. The game was released in North America in November 1993.

Reception

Sonic CD received a lot of praise. The Sega CD version sold more than 1.5 million copies. It sold more copies than any other game on the Sega CD.

The graphics and sound were praised. Electronic Games said that the game looked similar to older games. They said it did not use the Sega CD's special features very much. However, they said that this did not make the game worse. They said the music was what amde Sonic CD "stand above the crowd". The reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) said the game's animated cinematics and sound were good. however, they said that the frame rate decreases during special stages.

The gameplay was liked. Sega Pro said the bigger environments and the time travel added to the replay value. They said that "the more you play Sonic CD the better it gets". However, they said they felt the game was too easy. In its debut issue, Sega Magazine said Sonic CD could be "a classic". They said the originality in the special stages and time travel was great.

Notes

References

Sonic the Hedgehog games
Platform games
1993 video games
Sega CD games
Tutu is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus Coriaria (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.

Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
Coriaria angustissima
Coriaria arborea
Coriaria lurida
Coriaria plumosa
Coriaria pteridoides
Coriaria sarmentosa

They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.

Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Māori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (rimu). The resulting jelly (rehia) was then fermented.

Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (Scolypopa australis) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.

The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.

References

Cucurbitales
New Zealand
Melanie Ann Amaro (born June 26, 1992) is an American singer. She won the first season of The X Factor USA in 2011. For winning, she got a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and Epic Records. Amaro was also the youngest contestant to win the competition.

Singers from Florida
1992 births
Living people
British Virgin Islands
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist, essayist, playwright, poet, and social critic.

Baldwin's essays, such as the collection Notes of a Native Son (1955), explore racial, sexual, and class matters in Western societies, most notably in mid-20th-century America, and their inevitable if unnamable tensions with personal identity, something taken for granted, uncertainties, yearning, and questing.

Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924 in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. He studied at DeWitt Clinton High School and at The New School. Baldwin was gay. He married and had no children. Baldwin died on December 1, 1987 in Saint-Paul de Vence, France from esophageal cancer, aged 63.

References

Other websites

 
 Altman, Elias. "Watered Whiskey: James Baldwin's Uncollected Writings" April 13, 2011. The Nation.
 
 Gwin, Minrose. "Southernspaces.org" March 11, 2008. Southern Spaces
James Baldwin Photographs and Papers  Selected manuscripts, correspondence, and photographic portraits from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
 Comprehensive Resource of James Baldwin Information
 James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket distributed by California Newsreel

1924 births
1987 deaths
African American writers
American critics
American playwrights
American poets
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Gay men
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from New York City
LGBT writers
Writers from Manhattan
Pest control is group of methods to control some species of animals and plants that are considered by humans as harmful to their health, economy or ecology.

Pest control is as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. In order to get best results from food production there was always need to protect crops from competing plants trying to kill the crops to grow in its place.

Managing or controlling pests can be done with a number of methods. Killing them is often done (using the services of an exterminator or doing it yourself), but there are methods of humane pest control available too. These include using sound to deter or repel pests and making changes around the property to prevent pests from entering. 

Insects and wildlife enter buildings primarily to seek food, shelter, and warmth. The areas typically affected are the attic, the basement, and the roof. Homeowners can do some things to help ensure we don't provide an environment that's attractive to pests.

References
 

Agricultural pests
Pests
Gardening
Happy Wheels is a browser game created by Jim Bonacci in 2010.  The game features several playable characters who use different, sometimes unique vehicles to travel the game levels. The game is best known for its violence and the amount of user-generated content its players create.

Controls 
 Up - Push arms above the head and straighten legs.
 Down - Curl into ball.
 Left - Push all joints backwards excluding head.
 Right - Straighten legs and press arms forward.
 Space - Grab.

References

2010 video games
Les Blank (November 27, 1935 – April 7, 2013) was an American documentary filmmaker who is best known for his portraits of American traditional musicians.

Blank was born on November 27, 1935 in Tampa, Florida. He was raised in Tampa, Florida and in Berkeley, California. Blank studied at Tulane University and at the University of Southern California. He had two children. Blank died on April 7, 2013 from bladder cancer in his Berkeley Hills, California home, aged 77.

References

Other websites
Flower Films/Les Blank official site 
Les Blank at IMDB
"Food Filmmaker Les Blank Puts The Scent In Cinema" by Ann Hornaday, Washington Post, 9 March 2005
http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080507/SC2470202/80507009/-1/SC247 Courtney Fathom Sell interviews Les Blank

1935 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
American movie directors
American historians
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Writers from Berkeley, California
Equivocation is a fallacy when a word has more than one meaning and the person arguing confuses the multiple meanings of the word to prove an argument correct. For example, "All trees have bark. All dogs bark. Therefore, all dogs are trees." This is a fallacy because the two times "bark" is used in the argument have very different meanings from each other, while in the argument, the word "bark" should have the same meaning the whole argument. The first meaning of "bark" is the outer layer of a tree, and the second meaning is a shouting sound that a dog makes. The argument does not work because the person changed the meaning of "bark" in the middle of the argument.

References 

Logical fallacies
Epistemology
Linguistics
In Australia, an Aboriginal Land Trust (ALT) is a type of non-profit organisation that holds the freehold title to an area of land on behalf of a community of Aboriginal Australians. The land is granted to a community by the government under a perpetual lease, usually after the community makes a legal claim of traditional ownership. Land granted under Aboriginal title is inalienable, meaning it can not be bought, sold, traded or given away. The Land Trust is the organisation appointed by the community to legally hold the title deeds.

Several states and territories have enacted laws to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts, but not all. In South Australia, there is a single Aboriginal Lands Trust. It was created under the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act, 1966. It holds title to Aboriginal land in South Australia and organises the management and control of those lands. The Aboriginal Lands Trust in Western Australia was created by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act, 1972. It acquires and holds land and manages it for the benefit of Aboriginal communities. It holds about 27 million hectares (11%) of the state's land, most of which was previously held by the state government. In Queensland, there are multiple Land Trusts. They were created under the state's Aboriginal Land Act, 1991. In the Northern Territory, Land Trusts are governed under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, 1976, which also governs the way in which groups can make claims to land. The ALTs hold the title to land handed back to the traditional Aboriginal owners through the Land Rights Act.

References

Other websites
Legal documents by state, from the Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project:
Aboriginal Lands Trust, Western Australia 
Aboriginal Lands Trust, South Australia 
Aboriginal Land Trusts in Queensland 
Aboriginal Land Trusts in the Northern Territory
The Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust is a land trust for a large block of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created by law in July 1978. The block of land (called Northern Territory Portion 1634) covers an area of . It makes up most of the area of the old Petermann Reserve (1920–1977). The land's traditional owners are mostly Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people. This includes residents of Kaltukatjara and over 50 family outstations.

The block held by the Petermann ALT is surrounded by other Aboriginal land blocks on all sides. It borders the Ngaanyatjarra Lands to the west (in Western Australia), the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands to the south (in South Australia), Haasts Bluff Aboriginal Land Trust to the north, and Katiti and Urrampinyi Iltjiltajarri Aboriginal Land Trusts to the east.

History
In March 1920, an area of land in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory was made into an aboriginal reservation, called the Petermann Reserve. It was meant to be a temporary refuge (safe place) for the Aboriginal families living in the area, many of whom were still living traditional, nomadic lifestyles. It bordered other large reserves created in Western Australia and South Australia, and together the area was known as the Central Australian Aboriginal Reserve. In 1940, the Petermann Reserve was made smaller, to allow people to look for gold. It was made smaller again in 1958, when the government excised the area around Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa to create the Ayers Rock–Mt Olga National Park.

In 1976, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, which allowed for Aboriginal communities to be granted freehold title to land if they could show that they lived on the land for many years. Section 4 of the act gave the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs the power to establish Aboriginal Land Trusts to look after the title. The trusts would be established by publishing notices in the government gazette. In 1977, the old Petermann Reserve land was transferred to the Petermann Land Trust and to other Aboriginal land-owning corporations. The boundaries of the Petermann trust were first described in the Gazette on 21 July 1978. They were later made into law by Act No. 109 of 1985, which went into effect on 16 October 1985.

References

Aboriginal Land Trusts
Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
1978 establishments in Australia
The Cartful 車仔檔 , also known as portable stall and mobile stall, is a style of hawker stall originated from the street vendors selling inexpensive street food, like eggette, Tang Cong Bing 糖葱餅, and cart noodle, in the 1950s.This style of selling is part of Hong Kong traditional culture. It reflects people’s way of living and their spirits. In recent years, the operation of the cartful faces challenges due to the government policies and modernization.

History 
Hong Kong has been experiencing economic downturn in the 1950s, meanwhile, refugees from the Mainland fled to Hong Kong constantly after the establishment of The People's Republic of China, leading to an increase in population. People struggled to make a living, they started to operate mobile stall using wooden carts with a low production cost. With the portable carts, street vendors could get away in time from being arrested by the police. In the 1970s and 1980s, a wide variety of products are sold then. Besides food and snacks, household goods, clothing and kitchenware could be found in the carful in place like Sham Shui Po.

Features 
The cartful sells mainly two kinds of products, street food and clothes. Some traditional street food such as eggette, curry fish balls and fried chestnuts are favored by teenagers. These $10-odd snacks are cheap but delicious. They smell very nice so that they drive people queuing for them. The cartful owners make the snacks once they are ordered so as to keep them hot and fresh. Apart from the street snacks, the carful also sells clothes, sometimes handbags. Women love buying free-sized legging and socks. Though customers cannot try fitting the products, they are willing to buy them.

Owners and locations 
There are mainly two types of owners which are the unemployed middle-aged and the unlicensed hawkers. Both of them are the main support of their family while they cannot find a suitable job. As a result, they choose to run the carful because it can help them make a decent living and avoid the high rent. The carful of these kinds are operated by family units.
Most of the cartful can be found near the public housings, schools and MTR stations, because a steady stream of people from these places can help increase their business turnover.

Relationship with Hong Kong 
The cartful fully reveals Hong Kong spirits: diligence and fast paced lifestyle. With a small amount of capital and time, owners can earn huge profit from the whole day sales by moving their cart around without paying high rent.
This traditional hawking style is threatened because of the government policy and modernization. As the law  prohibits unlicensed hawking, many mobile stalls have been demolished. Yet, the government sets up markets in different districts like Tin Sau Hui  and Wan Chai Tai Yuen Street  in order to gather the mobile stalls. 
Some of the citizens support the government plan since they think it is hygienic and peaceful without the mobile stalls on street, while others object to the cruel government policy due to the reminiscence of the cartful.

References 

Hong Kong
Shops
Epictetus was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Hierapolis, Phrygia around 55 AD. The name his parents gave him is unknown; the word epíktetos (επίκτητος) in Greek simply means "acquired." He spent his youth as a slave in Rome to Epaphroditos, a rich freedman and secretary to Nero. The city was near the modern-day town of Pamukkale in Turkey. He died around 135 AD in Nikopolis in Epirus, in Greece. He was one of the most influential philosophers of the late Stoa. Epictetus founded a school of philosophy, where he also taught. None of his writings survive, but one of his pupils, Arrian, wrote what Epictetus taught.

Philosophy, Epictetus taught, is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and so are beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline.

Suffering occurs from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, it is our duty to care for all our fellow men. Those who follow these precepts will achieve happiness and peace of mind.

References 

50s births
130s deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
In computer science, a data type is the combination of a value range with permissible operations.
Data type is frequently shortened to type.

Programming 
Data types in programming allow the programmer to perform operations on a date.
Every date has an associated data type.

In the Pascal programming language, the date 42 has the data type integer.
 The data type integer has a certain range of allowed values. For example on an 8-bit computer, this range includes all whole numbers between -127 and 127. The value 1337, however, is not an allowed integer value.
 Furthermore, the data type integer allows certain operations: The operation + can take two integer dates and calculates their combined sum. There are many more operations. All those operations characterize the data type integer.
A data type forms a unit:
Together, the specific permissible range and legal operations, are referred to as a concrete data type.
When a programmer or the compiler read the word integer in the source code, they automatically understand which values and operations are allowed.

Availability

High-level 
Data types are an abstract concept.
This concept primarily appears in high-level programming languages.
Virtually all high-level programming language explicitly include the notion of data type.
Common basic data types may include:
 integers
 Boolean values
 characters (individual letters) and strings
 a subset of real numbers

Usually, these and other basic data types can be combined to custom data types using structure concepts like:
 arrays
 sets
 records

Low-level 
The notion of data type as presented above is unknown in assembly language, a low-level programming language.
All computers know integer number values.
Modern computers also know real numbers in binary.
But there is no rigid enforcement of proper “data type” use.
Assembly language does not prevent using an integer as if it was a real number.
This is intentional, because assembly language is the basis of all (high-level) programming languages.

Yet, the processor’s machine code sets the limits.
Usually, the only “data types” are:
 register names
 memory addresses
 immediate values
All of which may be further differentiated by their size, how many Bytes each of those occupy, or—in the case of memory address—how many Bytes the referenced object occupies.

Related pages 
 File format: describes how to read or write a computer file (legal operations) and what this file may contain (permissible value range)
 variable: variables in computer programming frequently require a data type

Sources 

Computer science
Jean-Léon Gérôme (11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor. Today he is mostly known for painting people in historical settings.

1824 births
1904 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French painters
People from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Bloods Range (or Blood's Range) is a mountain range in central Australia. It stretches roughly east to west across the border between the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It consists of several sets of hills, separated by valleys; the two main valleys are formed by the Hull and Docker Rivers. There are numerous ravines and gorges all throughout the hills. Bloods Range connects with the Petermann Ranges at its western end. In the centre are Mounts Harris (840 m) and Carruthers (1000 m), which are the highest peaks. Further east, the range splits into several branches, including the Rowley Range, McNichol's Range and the Pinyinna Range.

Bloods Range was given its name on 14 March 1874 by the explorer Ernest Giles, when he saw it from the top of Mount Curdie. He named it after the owner of an early pastoral station in South Australia, whose surname was "Blood". On 12 June 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, returned on his own expedition and surveyed the range. He named the two highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he wrote that he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges.

References

Other websites
Bloods Range Formation at Geoscience Australia

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Mountain ranges of Australia
soulDecision was a Canadian pop band from Vancouver, British Columbia. 

soulDecision was formed in 1993 under the original name, Indecision. They changed their name to soulDecision because of naming conflicts. Even though the band started during the boy band era, they were not a boy band, as they played their own instruments and  wrote their own music. The band released their debut full-length album No One Does It Better on August 22, 2000 in Canada. The album featured their hit single "Faded" which reached #1 on Canada's singles chart as well as #22 in the United States. The album also featured the single "Ooh It's Kinda Crazy" which reached #1 in Canada and was the number one request on MTV's Total Request Live at the time. The band toured with Destiny's Child, Christina Aguilera and 'N Sync.

Lead singer Trevor Guthrie left the band in 2005 to write and record his first solo record. The group split up after.

Discography

Albums
No One Does It Better (2000)
Shady Satin Drug (2004)

References

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
1993 establishments in Canada

Canadian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
People from Vancouver
Pop music groups
R&B bands
2000s disestablishments in Canada
Moscow International Urban Forum is an international event that is held in Moscow, Russia every year. It has been held since 2011. It talks about globalization.

Other websites 
 Moscow Urban Forum - official website
 Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow City Hall site
 Moscow Urban Forum  in Urban Land Institute site
 Moscow Urban Forum in Moscow International Financial Centre

Moscow
Urban planning
Urban design
2011 establishments
21st-century establishments in Russia
Transplants are a type of surgery. Both tissues and organs can be transplanted. Types of transplant:

Heart transplant
Lung transplant
Heart-lung transplant
Kidney transplant
Skin graft
Xenotransplantation
Autotransplantation

An organ transplant is a kind of surgery where the person being operated on will need an organ replaced, and gets a healthy one from someone else, a donor. Usually the organ is taken from someone who is recently deceased, except for organs like bone marrow or kidneys, which can be taken without harming the donor too much.

The critical problem with all transplants is transplant rejection by the host's immune system. Unless the host and donor are a very close genetic match, the host's immune system will reject the transplant. To stop this happening, drugs are used to suppress, or limit, the host's immune system. This in turn makes the host more vulnerable to various kinds of infection.

To keep this problem to a minimum, transplants are only done when surgeons are satisfied that the host and donor are a fairly close match. Tests are done to see how good a match the donor's organ or tissue is to the proposed host.

Surgery
Organs
Cannabis drug testing describes many drug testing methods for the use of cannabis in medicine, sport, and law.
Cannabis use is easy to detect using urine testing, hair analysis and breath. There are some ways to cheat such a test using synthetic urine or human hair - making blood testing the most effective.

Unlike alcohol, Cannabis testing is time consuming, expensive and cannot give accurate time of consuming and level of intoxication.
The lack of good testing methods and universal intoxication level scale is an issue in the legality of cannabis debate, especially regarding intoxicated driving.

References

[[Category:Cannabis medicine]]
Medical tests
Premium economy is a travel class offered on some airlines to give better experience than economy class but for much less money than business class. In 1991, EVA Air became the first airline company to offer such a service.

The Premium economy class is not regulated among airlines, and can be much different between airlines and routes. Premium economy is often limited to just small extras like more leg room, free meal and drinks.

References

Travel
Aviation
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is a Japanese manga series created by Hirohiko Araki. The manga, which began in 1987, currently has 8 parts with each part focusing on a different member of the Joestar family. Part 3 (named "Stardust Crusaders") was adapted into a 13 episode OVA (Original Video Animation) series released between 1993 and 2002. An anime adaptation of the manga by David Productions started airing in 2012.

Related pages
List of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure characters

Manga
The International Urban Design Conference is a international event that held in Melbourne, Australia in every year from 2007 dedicated to urban design. it is the first conference in the world about this subject.

Other websites 
  5th International Urban Design Conference 
   4th International Urban Design Conference 
   2th International Urban Design Conference 

Melbourne
Urban design
Urban planning
Decapitated are a Polish technical death metal band from Krosno. 

Decapitated was formed in 1996 by guitarist Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka, his brother drummer Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka, and vocalist Wojciech "Sauron" Wąsowicz when they were all in their teens. Bassist Marcin "Martin" Rygiel joined the band a year later and they released their first demo, Cemeterial Gardens, in 1997 as well as their second demo, The Eye of Horus, in 1998.

The band released their debut album, Winds of Creation on April 11, 2000. The album was well-received and their second studio album Nihility was released on February 19, 2002. Decapitated was chosen to perform at the Polish Ozzfest event in late May. They released their third studio album The Negation on March 9, 2004 and it was produced by both Slawek and Vojtek Wieslawski.

Sauron quit the band in 2005 and was replaced by Adrian "Covan" Kowanek. The band recorded Organic Hallucinosis and released the album on February 7, 2006. It was their fourth studio album and first album with their new vocalist. Martin left the band sometime after to live with his family and to move to California.

On October 28, 2007, the band was involved in an automobile accident when their tour bus collided with a truck carrying wood in Gomel. Vitek and Covan were injured in the accident and Vitek died on November 2, 2007 in a Russian hospital from the injuries he sustained. Covan went into a coma and the band went on hiatus.

The band ended their hiatus after Vogg said that he was searching for a new drummer and vocalist. Vocalist Rafał Piotrowski, bassist Filip "Heinrich" Hałucha and drummer Kerim "Krimh" Lechner all joined the band in 2009.

They recorded their fifth studio album Carnival Is Forever and released it on July 12, 2011. Heinrich left the band after to concentrate on his other band Vesania. Lechner left the band in September 2012 and was replaced by Paweł Jaroszewicz.

Band members 
Current
Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka - Guitar (1996−2007, 2009−present)
Rafał "Rasta" Piotrowski - vocals (2009–present)
Paweł Pasek - Bass (2012-present)
Paweł "Pawulon" Jaroszewicz - Drums (2012-present)

Former
Wojciech "Sauron" Wąsowicz – vocals (1996–2005)
Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka – drums (1996–2007) (†)
Marcin "Martin" Rygiel – bass guitar (1997–2005, 2006–2007)
Adrian "Covan" Kowanek – vocals (2005–2007)
Filip "Heinrich" Hałucha – bass guitar (2009−2011)
Kerim "Krimh" Lechner – drums (2009−2012)

Live
Jacek Hiro – guitars (2000−2004)
Richard Gulczynski – bass guitar (2005−2006)
Konrad Rossa – bass guitar (2011−2012)

Discography
Studio albums
Winds of Creation (2000)
Nihility (2002)
The Negation (2004)
Organic Hallucinosis (2006)
Carnival Is Forever (2011)
Blood Mantra (2014)
Anticult (2017)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1990s music groups
1996 establishments in Europe
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Death metal bands
Polish musical groups
1990s establishments in Poland
Benjamin Hammond Haggerty (born June 19, 1983), better known by his stage name Macklemore, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. 

The music video for his song "Thrift Shop" has been viewed more than 1 billion times on YouTube. It also reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. He said he was influenced by Freestyle Fellowship, Aceyalone, Living Legends, Wu-Tang Clan, Nas, and Talib Kweli during his earlier years.

Macklemore is in support of gay rights, including same-sex marriage, and sang about it in the song "Same Love" which he also sings against homophobia in mass media, hip hop, and society.

Macklemore was nominated for seven Grammy Awards at the 2014 Grammys. Macklemore and Lewis won Best New Artist, Best Rap Album (The Heist), Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance ("Thrift Shop").

Early life 
He was taught at Garfield High School and then Nathen Hale High School. His parents are namend Bill Haggerty and Julie Haggerty. He has one brother named Tim Haggerty. Tim Haggerty sings on few of Macklemore's songs like: "And We Danced" and "American".

Career
In 2005 Macklemore released his first album, The Language of My World. In 2006 he met Ryan Lewis. They released an album together, The Heist. On January 26, 2014, Macklemore performed "Same Love" at the Grammy Awards.

Personal life
Macklemore became engaged to Tricia Davis on January 21, 2013.

Discography

Albums 
 The Language of My World (2005)
 The Heist (2012) (with Ryan Lewis)

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official Facebook page
 

1983 births
Living people
American LGBT rights activists
American rap musicians
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Seattle, Washington
Public journal (official gazette, official journal, or official diary) is the daily record of the work of an official public organization, especially of legislatures of countries and/or its administrative divisions.

Journals of this sort are also often called gazettes (state or government newspapers).

In some countries, the publication in the official journal is a condition for a law to "come into effect" or "come into force" (in which the law becomes a reality), so that people know the law (or treaty) exists, which generally releases it into the public domain. But sometimes a public journal is not always released into the public domain.

Public journal by country 

Albania: Fletorja Zyrtare
Azerbaijan: Azərbaycan
Belgium: Belgian Official Journal
Canada: Canada Gazette
Egypt: Al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya
Estonia: Riigi Teataja
European Union: Official Journal of the European Union
European Union: Official Journal of the European Patent Office
Finland: Virallinen lehti
France: Journal Officiel de la République Française
Greece: Journal of Government
India: The Gazette of India
Iraq: Official Gazette of Iraq
Ireland: Iris Oifigiúil
Israel: Reshumot
Italy: Gazzetta Ufficiale
Mexico: Diario Oficial de la Federación
Portugal: Diário da República
Romania: Monitorul Oficial
South Africa: Government Gazette of South Africa
Spain: Boletín Oficial del Estado
Sweden: Post- och Inrikes Tidningar
Thailand: Royal Thai Government Gazette
The Czech Republic: Sbírka zákonů
Turkey: TC Resmi Gazete
United Kingdom: London Gazette, Edinburgh Gazette and Belfast Gazette
United States: Federal Register

Publications
Government
Law
Willie Eldon O'Ree, OC (born October 15, 1935 in Fredericton, New Brunswick) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that played 45 games in National Hockey League. 

He is known for breaking the black colour barrier in ice hockey and is referred to by the media as the "Jackie Robinson of ice hockey". He received the Order of Canada on April 7, 2010 and was also honored with the Hockey Legacy Award by the Boston Sports Museum on June 28, 2011.

References

Other websites

1935 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from New Brunswick
Living people
Order of Canada
Madder Lake is an Australian rock band. They started out in Melbourne in 1971. They released two studio albums - Stillpoint, and Butterfly Farm. And one compilation album (an album with songs from their other records) - The Best of Madder Lake. Their best known song is "12lb Toothbrush".

Personnel
Mick Fettes — vocals
Jack Kreemers — drums
Brenden Mason — guitar
Kerry McKenna — bass guitar, guitar
John McKinnon — keyboards, vocals
Andy Cowan — keyboards, vocals
Ian Holding — bass guitar
Tony Lake — vocals
Colin Setches — vocals
Luke McKinnon — drums
Andy Burns — keyboards

Discography

Singles
"Goodbye Lollipop" — February 1973 (Mushroom Records, K 4986) No. 31 AUS
"12 LB Toothbrush" — August 1973 (Mushroom, K 5230) No. 35 AUS
"Butterfly Farm" — April 1974 (Mushroom K 5453)
"Booze Blues" — June 1974 (Mushroom K 5516) No. 85 AUS
"It's All In Your Head" — November 1974 (Mushroom K 5732)
"I Get High" — July 1976 (Mushroom K 6425)

Albums
Stillpoint — April 1973 (Mushroom Records, LP MRL 34915) No. 13 AUS
Butterfly Farm — April 1974 (Mushroom L35090) No. 22 AUS
The Best of Madder Lake — May 1978 (Mushroom L36585)

References

Other websites
Official Website 
Myspace Page

Progressive rock bands
Australian rock bands
Musical groups from Melbourne
1970s music groups
Musical groups established in 1971
1970s establishments in Australia
1976 disestablishments
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
20th-century disestablishments in Australia
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in Australia
1979 disestablishments
Musical groups established in 1982
1980s establishments in Australia
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
1980s disestablishments in Australia
Musical groups established in 1996
1990s establishments in Australia
Hamilton is a name that can be given to anyone, a pet, a child, a toy, or just any item.

Given name

Hamilton Harty, Irish composer
Hamilton Hume, Australian explorer
Hamilton Smith, American microbiologist

Hamilton Hill (comics), fictional Batman character

Surname

Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secretary of the Treasury
George Hamilton (actor), American actor
Ian Hamilton, former English footballer
Josh Hamilton, American baseball player
Lee Hamilton, sportscaster
Lewis Hamilton, British racecar driver
Linda Hamilton, American actress
Margaret Hamilton, American actress
Richard Hamilton (artist), British artist
Richard Hamilton (basketball), American basketball player
W.D. Hamilton, British evolutionary biologist

Emil Hamilton, fictional Superman character

Given names
Surnames
A visual novel is a type of video game. They use mostly static (non-moving) graphics, and usually have anime/manga-styled art. Sometimes they contain video footage. Almost all visual novels are produced in Japan, very few of these are ever sold in the Western market. Examples of popular visual novels are Kanon, Clannad, and Air.

Gameplay
Visual novels are different from other types of video games in that there is not much gameplay, most of the time the player clicks the screen to move through the game, and occasionally choices will come up for the player to make, which will determine what happens in the game. Most visual novels have more than one storyline and ending, the gameplay has been compared to Choose Your Own Adventure books.

Content and genre
Many visual novels are centered around drama, particularly themes involving romance or family, but visual novels centered around science fiction, fantasy fiction, and horror fiction are not uncommon.

Adult content
Many visual novels have sexual or pornographic scenes in the game, even if they are not the whole purpose of the story.

References

Types of video games
 
Video game genres
Key is a Japanese company that makes visual novels. They were formed on July 21, 1998 in Kita, Osaka, Japan. In 1999 they released their first visual novel, Kanon. They have created many popular visual novels, many of which have been turned into anime series.

Games
They have created the following games:

Kanon
Air
Clannad
Planetarian: Chiisana Hoshi no Yume
Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life
Little Busters!
Little Busters! Ecstasy 
Kud Wafter
Rewrite
Rewrite Harvest festa!

1998 establishments in Japan
Companies of Japan
Sir Denis Thatcher, 1st Baronet,  (10 May 1915 – 26 June 2003) was a British businessman and the husband of Margaret Thatcher, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. He was the first male spouse of a British prime minister.

To this day, Thatcher remains the last commoner awarded a British title that could be inherited; he was granted the Thatcher baronetcy in 1990.

Early life
Thatcher was born in Lewisham, London, the oldest child of a New Zealand-born British businessman, Thomas Herbert (Jack) Thatcher. He studied at the Mill Hill School until he left at the age of 18 to become a businessman.

Personal life
Thatcher was married to Margaret Kempson from 1942 until they divorced in 1948. Then he was married to Margaret Roberts from 1951 until his death in 2003. Thatcher and Margaret had twins: a son, Mark Thatcher, and daughter, Carol Thatcher.

Health
On 17 January 2003, Thatcher underwent a six-hour heart bypass operation. He had been complaining of breathlessness in the weeks before Christmas 2002 and the problem was diagnosed in early January. There, Thatcher was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer along with fluid in his lungs.

Death
Thatcher died in Lister Hospital at Westminster in London, England, from pancreatic cancer, aged 88. His body was cremated at Mortlake Crematorium in Richmond, London. His widow, Margaret, died almost 10 years after in 2013.

References

Other websites
 
 BBC photo archive
  His obituary (a life story) and picture gallery on the Telegraph website
 Denis Thatcher's grave

1915 births
2003 deaths
Spouses of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
British military personnel of World War II
Businesspeople from London
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Margaret Thatcher
Carnaval, Op. 9, is a work for piano solo by Robert Schumann. It was written in 1834-1835. Subtitled Scènes mignonnes sur quatre notes (Little Scenes on Four Notes). the work is a collection of short pieces representing masked revelers at a festival. Schumann, his friends and colleagues, and characters from improvised Italian comedy (commedia dell’arte) are all depicted musically in the work. Carnaval is centered on four notes which had special meaning for Schumann: A, E-flat, C, B - signified in German as A-S-C-H. Each piece has a title, and the work as a whole is a musical representation of an elaborate masked ball during carnival season. Both Schumann and his wife, Clara, thought his solo piano works too difficult for the general public. They were rarely performed in Schumann's lifetime. Franz Liszt however performed selections from Carnaval in Leipzig in 1840.  Today, the work is one of Schumann's most often performed works. The work was orchestrated in the early 20th century for a ballet produced for the Ballets Russes which starred Nijinsky.

References

Solo piano pieces
Compositions by Robert Schumann
Ballets
Symphony No. 1 in B flat major, Op. 38 ("Spring")  is the first of Robert Schumann's four symphonies. It was written early 1841. Schumann sketched the symphony in four days from 23 January to 26 January. He completed the orchestration by 20 February. The premiere took place under the direction of Felix Mendelssohn on 31 March 1841 in Leipzig. The symphony was well received. Schumann was largely known for his piano works and for songs at the time. His wife Clara Schumann encouraged him to write symphonic music. Schumann said he was inspired by his Liebesfrühling (spring of love) in the symphony's composition. 

The work has four movements: Andante un poco maestoso – Allegro molto vivace (B flat major); Larghetto (E flat major; Scherzo: Molto vivace – Trio I: Molto piu vivace – Trio II (G minor); and Allegro animato e grazioso (B flat major). The orchestration is for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, timpani, triangle and strings. Schumann expanded the use of the timpani in this piece.  He made some revisions in the work until the definitive edition was published in 1853.

References

Compositions by Robert Schumann
Symphonies
National Taiwan University (NTU; ) is a university in Taiwan. The main campus is in Taipei City. It was founded in 1928.

University presidents

National Taiwan University 
Kuan Chung-ming: since 8 January 2019
 (interim): October 2017 – January 2019
: June 2013 – June 2017
Lee Si-chen : August 2005 – June 2013
Chen Wei-jao: 22 June 1993 – June 2005
: March 1993 – June 1993
: August 1984 – February 1993
: August 1981 – July 1984
Yen Cheng-hsing: June 1970 – July 1981
Chien Szu-liang: January 1951 – May 1970
: December 1950 – January 1951
Fu Szu-nien: January 1949 – December 1950
: June 1948 – December 1948
Lu Chih-houng: August 1946 – May 1948
Lo Tsung-lo: August 1945 – July 1946

Taihoku Imperial University 
Kazuo Ando (安藤一雄): March 1945 – August 1945
: April 1941 – March 1945
: September 1937 – April 1941
: March 1928 – September 1937

Nobel laureates
Dr.Yuan-Tseh Lee (Chemistry)

Other websites
Taida

1928 establishments
Colleges and universities in Taipei
20th-century establishments in Taiwan
National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU) is a university in Taiwan, named in honor of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China. The main campus is in Kaohsiung City. It was founded in 1980.

NSYSU is among the four universities of the Taiwan Comprehensive University System.

Other websites

  NSYSU
  Introduce to NSYSU (2018)
  Study in Taiwan NSYSU
  NSYSU Reviews - Kaohsiung, Taiwan Attractions - TripAdvisor

S
1980 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Taiwan
National Cheng Kung University (NCKU; ) is a university in Taiwan. It was named after Koxinga (Wade-Giles: Cheng Ch'eng-kung). The main campus is in Tainan City. It was founded in 1931.

NCKU is among the four universities of the Taiwan Comprehensive University System.

Other websites
Chéng Dà

C
1931 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Taiwan
Mount Hermon (, , "Mountain of the Chief"; , , "Mount Hermon") is a very high mountain cluster in the Eastern Lebanon Mountain Range. Its summit sits on the border between Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. At 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, it is the highest point in Syria. The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend into the Israeli part of the Golan Heights. Most of the mountain peaks are snowy in the winter.

References

Other websites 
 Photos of Mount Hermon ski resort (in a snowless season)
 Israeli Hermon sky resort 

Golan Heights
Hermon
Geography of Lebanon
Geography of Syria