cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tropical Storm Bert was a weak storm that only lasted from June 28 to June 29. Bret hit the eastern coast of Mexico on June 29 before dying inland. Bret was also the second storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

Tropical Storm Bert formed close to land over the Bay of Campeche on June 28 before making landfall on Mexico a few hours later on June 29. Bert killed a total of two people.

Storm history

Tropical Depression Two formed from a tropical wave over the Bay of Campeche on June 28, and quickly strengthened and became a tropical storm. Bret then began to move steadily closer to land during the next few hours before making landfall near Tuxpan, Veracruz in eastern Mexico early on June 29 with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds.

Bret quickly weakened as it continued inland, making heavy rain over the eastern coast of Mexico before dissipating over the mountains in central Mexico late on June 29.

Impact
Damages in Mexico totaled up to $9 million (2005 USD).
Most of the damage came from floods and landslides caused by the heavy rain. Several towns were flooded very badly, including Naranjos and Chinampa (south of Tampico). This was mainly because of the overflowing of the Río Tancochin. A total of about 3,000 homes were damaged.

Two people were reported dead because of Bret. Two people inside a car were killed when the car was swept away by the floodwaters in Naranjos.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites

 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Bret
 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Bret

Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in Mexico
2005 in Mexico
2 (Two; ) is a number, numeral, and glyph.  It is the number after 1 (one) and the number before 3 (three). In Roman numerals, it is II.

In mathematics 
Two has many meanings in math. For example: . An integer is even if half of it equals an integer. If the last digit of a number is even, then the number is even. This means that if you multiply 2 times anything, it will end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.

Two is the smallest, first, and only even prime number. The next prime number is three. Two and three are the only prime numbers next to each other. The even numbers above two are not prime because they are divisible by 2.

Fractions with 2 in the bottom do not yield infinite.

Two is the framework of the binary system used in computers. The binary way is the simplest system of numbers in which natural numbers (0-9) can be written.

Two also has the unique property that 2+2 = 2·2 = 22 and 2! + 2 = 22.

Powers of two are important to computer science.

The square root of two was the first known irrational number.

References 

Integers
Prime numbers
Regina is the capital and second largest city of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is in the eastern prairie region of Western Canada. It is nicknamed "The Queen City" because it was named after Queen Victoria, i.e. Victoria Regina, in 1882, by her daughter Princess Louise, who was the wife of the then-Governor General the Marquess of Lorne.

Regina was also previously the seat of government for the North-West Territories, which were once formed part of today's Saskatchewan and Alberta provinces, and also of the District of Assiniboia. Regina is expected to enter a new period of strong economic growth due to Saskatchewan's agricultural and mineral resources coming into new demand.

The Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League are the only professional sports team in Regina. They play their home games in Regina at Mosaic Stadium. Regina also has the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League and the University of Regina's Regina Cougars/Regina Rams of the CIS.

Regina Stations

CBKT CBC

CKCK CTV Television Network

CFRE Global Television Network

Saskatchewan Communications Network

References

Other websites 

 Regina.ca - Official Regina website
A capital is a city that is home to a government. A capitol is a building where the legislature meets. For the capital of the United States, see Washington, D.C.

The United States Capitol is the building where the United States Congress meets.  It is the center of the  legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is in Washington, D.C., on top of Capitol Hill at the east end of the National Mall.

The capitol has a large dome in the center, above a rotunda—a large space that is shaped like a circle.   There are two wings that are connected to the rotunda on opposite sides. The north wing is where the Senate meets and the south wing is where the House of Representatives meets.  These wings are also called chambers.  On the top floors of the chambers are galleries'', or balconies where people can watch the Senate and House of Representatives from above.

The Statue of Freedom is on top of the capitol.

History 
The first capital city of the United States was New York City.  At this time, Congress met in City Hall (Federal Hall) from 1785 to 1790.  When the capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1790 to 1800, the Philadelphia County Building (Congress Hall) became the capitol. In 1800, the capital moved again to Washington, D.C., and a new capitol building was built.

The capitol was designed by William Thornton.  Construction started in 1793, but it was not completely finished until almost twenty years later.  The Senate started to meet in the capitol in 1800, when the Senate wing was finished.  The House started to meet in the capitol in 1807, even though the House wing was not finished until 1811.

At that time, it was not as big as it is now. The dome in the center of the building was smaller and made of wood. In 1814, the capitol was set on fire by the British Army during the War of 1812. In the 1850s and 1860s, the capitol was fully repaired, and the wooden dome was replaced with a larger iron dome. The walls of the Senate wing were painted with many murals  about events in American History. Inside the rotunda, a large fresco was also painted on the ceiling during the repair.

The Supreme Court also met in the Capitol until its own building was completed in 1935.

The Capitol Dome is 8,909,200 pounds (4,009 tonnes) of cast-iron with 108 windows, and was constructed between 1855 and 1866.

On January 6, 2021, supporters of US President Donald Trump stormed into the capitol. This caused a lockdown in the building.

References

Citations

Books

Other websites 
 United States Capitol Historical Society
 United States Capitol Visitor Center

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Buildings on the National Mall
Historic district contributing properties
The word wireless is used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is done without a "hard wired" connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of wires. The distances involved may be short (when using a television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications).

Uses
One of the most popular wireless technology is the mobile phone, with more than 6.8 billion subscriptions worldwide as of 2013. The term wireless technology is generally used for mobile information technology (IT) equipment. Examples include mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), Global Positioning System (GPS) units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.

History
The world's first wireless telephone conversation happened in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented photophone, a telephone that made conversations wirelessly using light beams.    In 1946, a driver in Saint Louis, Mo. placed the first cell phone call in history. The cell phone was invented by Bell Labs and future AT&T CEO, H.I Romnes.

References

Related pages
Radio wave

Technology
Radio

de:Funkverkehr
Shah () is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country. This word is used in different countries in the world, including Iran, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Presently the term "Shah" is used as a surname commonly by many people in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan who  are Hindu, Moslem and Jain. Many Indian names which have Shah in them; the most famous of them is Shah Jahan, who as the Emperor of India ordered the creation of Taj Mahal. One possible etymology of the chess term checkmate is the Persian shah mat, meaning "the king cannot escape"

The term "Shah" often means Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran from 1949 to 1979.

References 

Heads of state
Approval voting is a voting system used for elections. In approval voting, each person can vote for any number of candidates they like. The votes for each of the candidates are counted, and summed up. The candidate or candidates with most votes are chosen as the winners of the election.

Supporters argue it to be better than plurality voting because voters can vote for the lessor of evils advertised by the media but also for their favorite candidates. If their goal is just to vote against a candidate, they can do so more forcefully by approving all other candidates. Ballots can easily be hand counted if voters do not trust computers, which might be needed for Instant Runoff Voting. Vote spoiling is not an issue with approval voting, so many candidates may run for office.

Opponents argue that voters still have some of the problems of plurality voting, which is that they do not know if they will need to compromise their vote or not(tactical voting). Giving approval to a compromise candidate could result in that compromise candidate winning, when their favorite would have won had they not given approval to the compromise candidate. It is possible for 51% of voters (a majority) to view a candidate as their first choice but for that candidate to lose to a compromise candidate because many of those voters approved the compromise candidate as well. Not knowing whether or not to compromise is a problem with all voting systems when at least three strong candidates run.

Voting systems
Ali Shariati Mazinani (1933-1977) (Persian: علی شريعتی مزینانی) or Shariati was an Iranian Muslim philosopher, sociologist, poet and writer.

Shariati's life 
Shariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran. He studied sociology in the University of Paris. He returned to Iran in 1964. When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons. He was released in 1965. Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad. He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967. The Shah regime arrested him again. When he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything. Shariati decided to leave the country for England. Three weeks later he died in Southampton under suspicious circumstances. He was buried in Damascus, Syria.

Shariati's most important books 
  Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
 Where Shall We Begin?
 Mission of a Free Thinker
 The Free Man and Freedom of the Man
 Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources
 Martyrdom (book)
 Arise and Bear Witness
 Ali
 An approach to Understanding Islam
 A Visage of Prophet Muhammad
 A Glance of Tomorrow's History
 Reflections of Humanity
 A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
 Selection and/or Election
 Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
 Expectations from the Muslim Woman
 Horr (Battle of Karbala)
 Abu-Dahr
 Hossein Heir of Adam
 Islamology
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Jihad and Shahadat
 Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
 A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers
 Art Awaiting the Saviour
 Fatemeh is Fatemeh
 The Philosophy of Supplication
 The Fall
 One, in front of it,Zeros to eternity
 Father,mother,we are culprits
 The Tale, My brother
 The Three Idols
 History of Civilization
 Man and Islam - see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
 Religion versus Religion

Other websites
Dr Ali Shariati
Dr Ali Shariati PDF Books
History of Iran & Persian
Persian poets

1933 births
1977 deaths
20th-century philosophers
Iranian philosophers
Abul Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani (c. 980 - 1037 or 1038) () or Farrokhi is a Persian poet. Farrokhi was the best poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan.

10th-century births
1037 deaths
Persian poets
Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet. He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar. He was from the village of Nisa. He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.

He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His divan of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain). Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.

Example 
Ghazel of Mu'izzi in Tajik:

Эй руйи ту рахшандатар аз киблаи Зардушт,
Бе руйи ту чун зулфи куж аст маро пушт.
Ишки ту маро кушту хавои ту маро сухт,
Чаври ту маро хасту чафои ту маро кушт.
Харчанд хама чавру чафои ту кашидам,
харгиз накунам мехру вафои ту фаромушт.
Бархезу биё то зи руху зулфи ту имшаб,
Пурлола кунам доману пурмушк кунам мушт

translation -

Hey your face is brighter than qibla of Zarostra
Without your face and ringlets crooked in my back
Your love killed me and your air burnt me
I have your oppression and your cruelty killed me
Whatever your oppression and cruelty I suffered from
Never I will forget your kindness and loyalty
Get up and come this night
I will make you full of tulips...

Notes 
  Granville, E. G. (1997) A Literary History of Persia

References 
 Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 . 
 The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany

1048 births
1125 deaths
Persian poets
Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of people are bound together, with a governing head. In a federation, the authority is divided between the head (for example the central government of a country) and the political units governed by it (for example the states or provinces of the country).

Several countries in the world have a federal government; examples are United States of America, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, India, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. The European Union can be called a sort of federal government as well.

In the United States Constitution for example, the federal government and state governments both have power. When states and the federal government do not agree on something, the Supreme Court can decide who is right.

References 

Politics
A federation is a union of a number of self-governing states or regions, which are joined together under a central government.  The central government is not able to do a lot of things that central government in more centralized states can.  These things are done by the states (or regions) in a federalized state.

The United States of America is a federation. The federal (central) government has the highest executive role. However, state governments can exercise any powers as long as those powers are not assigned to the federal government (by the United States Constitution) and if those powers are not prohibited by the states themselves.

Australia became a Federation in 1901.

After the 1971 civil war, Pakistan became a Federation adopted in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan.

Other examples of federal states are Austria, Argentina, Belgium (since 1993), Canada, Germany, Russia and Switzerland.

References
A federal republic is a federation of states, with a republican form of central government. It differs from a unitary state in that in a federal republic, the authorities of the state governments cannot be taken back by the central government.

A republic is a country belonging to the people, whereas a federation is a form of government where by regional divisions are not branches of the central government. Thus, a federal republic has power divisions and regional governments fall under the power domain of the national government. 

Many countries have a federal republic government; for example, the Republic of Austria, the Federal Republic of Brazil, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of India, the United Mexican States, the Swiss Confederation, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and the United States of America.  As this list shows, some of these countries use "Federal Republic" in their name, and some do not. Federal Republics usually have presidents.

There can be more than one type of Federal republic. For example, the United States is a Constitutional Democratic Federal Republic. Ethiopia also has a Federal Republic government

History of the American Federal republic 

The American Federal republican system has grown over the past 225 years.

References

Republics
A square is a shape with four equal sides and four equal angles.

Square may also mean:

Mathematics 
To square, to multiply a number by itself
Unit square
Square wave
Square root
Square matrix
Square number

Units of Measure 
Square inch
Square foot
Square yard
Square mile
Square metre
Square kilometre
Square (building area)

Engineering and drafting 
Carpentry square
Combination square
Machinist square
Speed square
Steel square
Set square
T-square
Try square

Locations 
A town square or market square is an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town. Notable squares include:

 Dundas Square
 Harvard Square
 Naghsh-i Jahan Square
 Piłsudski Square, Warsaw
 Red Square, Moscow
 Tiananmen Square
 Times Square
 Trafalgar Square
 Triple Cross Square, Warsaw
 Union Square
 Victoria Square, Montreal

Other locations called "Square" include:
Square Lake, Maine
The Square Shopping Centre (Tallaght, Ireland)

Military 
Infantry square, a military tactical formation
Pike square, a military tactical formation
Square Division

Music 
Square (band)

Sport and leisure
a modifier adjective, used when describing fielding positions in cricket
an adjective or noun, used when describing two positions parallel with one another relative to the goal in football

Other 
Square (slang), a cigarette
Square (slang), an unhip person
Square (cipher), a cryptographic block cipher
Square (album) by Buck 65
Square Enix, a video game company
Square Co.
Square Electronic Arts
Square Pictures
Square dance
Square engine
Mandarin square, a Chinese insignia
Square rig, a sailing term
Reef knot, also known as a square knot
An astrological aspect of 90 degrees
"■", written character
Melinda Marie Doolittle (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer. She was a third-place finalist on American Idol.

Discography

EPs

Other websites
Biography on American Idol 

Doolittle's credits on All Music Guide
Doolittle's MySpace site
Melinda's Backups - her support association
Melinda's Management Company

Singers from Tennessee
American Idol contestants
1977 births
Living people
Single can mean the following:

Single person, a person who has no mate
Single (music), a song that is not part of an album
Download single
Vinyl single
Single (baseball), a type of baseball hit

Basic English 850 words
The Football Association (the FA) is the organisation that controls English football.

Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world. It is responsible for overseeing the amateur and professional game in England and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.

The FA is a member of FIFA and UEFA and has a seat in the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which is responsible for the Laws of the Game. The FA is also a member of the British Olympic Association, which means that they also have control over the Great Britain Olympic football team.

The FA has only a little bit of control of the Premier League and the English Football League, although all professional teams in England are members of the FA.

Competitions 
Some Competitions the FA runs are:

 FA Cup
 FA Trophy
 FA Vase
 FA Women's Cup
 FA Youth Cup
 FA Community Shield
 FA Futsal Cup

Related pages
 English Premier League
 Scottish Premier League
 FA Cup
 Football League Cup
 FA Community Shield

References

Other websites 
 The FA web site

1863 establishments in the United Kingdom
 
UEFA
A büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid. It is named after an industrial chemist called Ernst Büchner.

Structure 

A Büchner funnel can be made out of porcelain, glass or plastic. On the top there is a container with a hole in the bottom. This container is put on top of a Büchner flask with a hole in the top and a hole in the side. In between the container and the Büchner flask there is a piece of filter paper which lets through liquids but not any solids. Attached to the hole in the side there is a vacuum which sucks the air out of the Büchner flask. This means that when any mixture is poured into the top, the liquid is sucked through the filter paper and the solid is left stuck in the filter paper.

Uses 
A Büchner flask is used in chemistry to take unwanted solids out of any liquids. The advantages of using a Büchner flask over just a piece of filter paper held over a beaker is that the solid is dried as more and more liquid is sucked off of it by the vacuum. Most of the time it needs to be dried again in an oven, but sometimes no further drying is needed.

Related pages
Büchner flask

Other websites
A Büchner funnel manufacturer 
Experiment using Büchner funnels
More examples of Büchner funnels

Laboratory equipment
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) were one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. He is said to have built the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media. She wanted to see the trees and plants of her homeland. The hanging gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BC.

Existence 
Some people do not believe the Hanging Gardens were real. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by Berossus, a Chaldean priest. He lived in the late 4th century B.C. Greek historians later wrote more about them.

Recent archaeological digs of the palace in Iraq have uncovered evidence of a building with vaults and a well nearby. However, the place of the palace complex is different from where Greek historians said they were, which was on the banks of the Euphrates River. Also recently, there have been digs on the banks of the Euphrates River of some large 25 meter-thick walls.

References

Other websites 

 Seven Wonders of the World: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 
 Technology and Culture. 44, 1, 2003 Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the water screw: the context of invention in the ancient world"

Seven Wonders of the World
Mesopotamia
Botanical gardens
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece was designed by Phidias about 432 BC. Phidias built his workshop at Olympia to construct this statue and probably stayed there the rest of his life. The statue was housed in the Temple of Zeus. With the base, it stood seven times larger than life or about 12.40 meters. The face, arms, and feet were made of ivory. The robe, sandals, the beard and hair were made of gold. He wore a silver olive wreath on his head. The throne was made of gold, bronze, ebony, ivory, and gems. It was decorated with scenes from mythology. This Zeus was the kindly Zeus rather than the fierce and powerful Zeus. The Roman emperor Caligula wanted the statue sent to Rome. He planned to take the head off and replace it with an image of his own. The statue does not survive. It was probably shipped to Constantinople about 393 AD and destroyed in a fire there in 475 AD. The statue was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

References

Other websites 

 "The Statue of Zeus at Olympia" 
 Colin Delaney, "A Wonder to Behold: The Statue of Olympian Zeus" 
 Archaeopaedia: Statue of Zeus  With bibliography
 (Ellen Papakyriakou) Olympia: Art: the chryselephantine statue of Zeus
 Michael Lahanas, "The colossal Zeus statue of Pheidias" 

Zeus at Olympia
Zeus at Olympia
Zeus at Olympia
Zeus at Olympia
The Temple of Artemis (, Artemision, Latin: Artemisium), also known as the Artemision, was a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis (or Cynthia). It was completed around 350 BC at Ephesus (in present-day Turkey) under the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. Only ruins of the temple remain. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Location 

The Temple of Artemis was near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50 km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey.

Architecture and art 
Most of the description of the Temple of Artemis comes from Pliny, though there are different accounts that give different sizes.

Pliny said the temple was 115 meters long and 55 meters wide. He said it was made almost completely of marble. It was about three times as big as the Parthenon by area. The Temple has 127 Ionic-styled columns. Each is 17.5 meters in height.

The Temple of Artemis had many fine artworks. Bronze sculptures by famous Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon were in the temple. Paintings and gilded columns of gold and silver were also in it. The sculptors often competed at creating the best sculpture. Many of these sculptures were of Amazons, who are said to have founded the city of Ephesus.

Pliny said that Scopas, who also worked on the Mausoleum of Mausollos, worked carved reliefs into the temple's columns.

Athenagoras of Athens names Endoeus, a student of Daedalus, as the sculptor of the main statue of Artemis in Ephesus.

Cult and influence 
The Temple of Artemis was at a flourishing region. It was used as a religious institute. Merchants and travellers came to it from all over Asia Minor. The temple was influenced by many beliefs. It can be seen as a symbol of faith for many different peoples. The Ephesians worshiped Cybele. They joined many of their beliefs into the worship of Artemis. Artemisian Cybele became very different from the Roman goddess Diana. The cult of Artemis attracted thousands of worshipers from far-off lands. They all gathered at the site and worshipped her.

References 
 Anton Bammer, "A Peripteros" of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus" Anatolian Studies 40 (1990), pp. 137–160.
 Lynn R. LiDonnici, "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration" The Harvard Theological Review 85.4 (October 1992), pp 389–415.

Other websites 

 UnMuseum's The Temple of Artemis
 Seven Wonders' Temple of Artemis 
 Florence Mary Bennett, Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons: (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
 James Grout: Temple of Artemis, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
 Diana's Temple at Ephesus (W. R. Lethaby, 1908)

Seven Wonders of the World
Ancient Greece
A Büchner flask (also called a vacuum flask, a filter flask, a side-arm flask or a kitasato flask) is a flask made of glass.

Structure 
A Büchner flask has thick walls so that a pressure change will not break it. It has a hole in the top where a Büchner funnel can be put and a small tube in the side where a vacuum can be attached. The small tube has barbs on it so that the vacuum will not weaken.

Uses 
A Büchner flask can be used with a Büchner funnel for separating solids and liquids. Water is poured into the Büchner funnel and the liquid passes through filter paper and is sucked up by a vacuum attached to the side of the Büchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Büchner funnel.

The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus, or vice versa.

History 
It is commonly thought to be named after the Nobel Laureate, Eduard Buchner, but it is actually named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner.

Related pages
 Büchner funnel

Other websites
 A Büchner funnel manufacturer 
 Experiment using Büchner funnels
 More examples of Büchner funnels

Laboratory equipment
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, or Tomb of Mausolus, was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey). It was built   for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his wife and his sister.

The building was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene.< It was about 45 meters (135 feet) tall. Each one of the four sides was decorated with sculptural reliefs created by one of four Greek sculptors — Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus. It was such an accomplishment that Antipater of Sidon said it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The word mausoleum has come to be used generically for any grand tomb.

Related pages 
 Seven wonders of the world

Further reading 
 Kristian Jeppesen, et al. The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos, 6 vols.

References

Other websites 
 penelope.uchicago - The Tomb of Mausolus (W.R. Lethaby's reconstruction of the Mausoleum, 1908)

Seven Wonders of the World
The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge iron and bronze statue of the Greek god Helios. It was built on the Greek island of Rhodes (approximate coordinates 36°27'04"N, 28°13'40"E). It was built by Chares of Lindos, a student of Lysippos. It was built between 294 and 282 BC. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Before being destroyed in an earthquake, the Colossus of Rhodes was 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100 feet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.

Construction 
Chares of Lindos was commissioned to build the statue after the lifting of Demetrius I Poliorcetes' siege of Rhodes (305BC). It had a bronze core and was reinforced by iron. It stood 70 cubits (105 feet [32 metres]) high and stood beside Mandrákion harbour, perhaps shielding its eyes with one hand, as a representation in a relief suggests. It is technically impossible that the statue could have straddled the harbour entrance, and the popular belief that it did so dates only from the Middle Ages. Construction started in 294 BC and finished 12 years later.

Destruction 
The statue was an intelligent "advertising" of the city that erected it, a tangible proof of its wealth and technology. Unfortunately, in 222 BC, about 60 years after its unveiling, the Colossus collapsed as its knees were wrecked by an earthquake.  Falling wreckage is said to have demolished 30 homes.

Despite its terrible fall, the statue did not cease to belong to the great wonders of the ancient world. Even after a hundred years its destruction, Antipater of Sidon , a writer of Greco-Spanish origin, included the Colossus in his catalog of the seven wonders of the world. 

In 654 AD, 900 years after the collapse of the Colossus, the Saracens plundered Rhodes and sold the metallic remains of the colossus. It is said that the buyer used 900 camels to transport the fragments to Syria . Thus the image of the god who once saved the city from the foreign invasion had a fate similar to that of the siege machines of Demetrius, which when sold financed the construction of the Colossus.

Notes

References 
  page 75

Further reading 
 Herbert Maryon, "The Colossus of Rhodes" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 76 (1956), pp. 68–86. A sculptor's speculations on the Colossus of Rhodes.
 D. E. L. Haynes, "Philo of Byzantium and the Colossus of Rhodes" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 77.2 (1957), pp. 311–312. A response to Maryon.
 M. H. Gabriel, BCH 16 (1932), pp 332–42.

Other websites 
 Rhodes Guide
 http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/colossus.html 

Seven Wonders of the World
Ancient Greece
Buildings and structures in Greece
Statues
Ancient Greek and Roman statues
Ancient Greek bronze sculptures
The Lighthouse of Alexandria, or the Pharos, was a tall tower built between 285 and 247 BCE. It was built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to serve as a lighthouse for sailors. The top of the tower had a mirror that reflected sunlight during the day; a fire was lit at night.

The word for "lighthouse" in some languages is pharos or its  equivalent.

Construction 
Legend holds that Ptolemy I Soter would not allow Sostratus to put his name on the tower, but the architect left the following inscription on the base's walls:
<blockquote>ΣΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ΔΕΞΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΚΝΙΔΙΟΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΣΩΤΕΡΣΙΝ ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ ΠΛΩΙΖΟΜΕΝΩΝ</small>. (Sostratus of Cnidus, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods protecting those upon the sea.)</blockquote>
These words were hidden under a layer of plaster, on top of which was chiseled another inscription honoring Ptolemy the king as builder of the Pharos. After centuries the plaster wore away, revealing the name of Sostratus.

With a height estimated at between 115 and 145 meters (384 – 469 ft), it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries. It was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by Antipater of Sidon. It was the third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra). It was destroyed by earthquakes.

Recent archaeological research 
Divers discovered remains of the lighthouse in fall 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour. Some of these remains were brought up and were lying at the harbour on public view at the end of 1995. An episode of the PBS television series Nova chronicled the discovery. Later satellite imaging has revealed further remains. It is possible to go diving and see the ruins.

References 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Egypt
Seven Wonders of the World
Alexandria
Lighthouses
Transport in Egypt
3rd-century BC establishments
Establishments in Egypt
A boyfriend is a term which usually means the male partner in a romantic non-marital relationship. Partners in a non-marital relationship are sometimes called "significant others". Using the word "boyfriend" to mean "a male partner or lover" was first done in 1906. It became popular in the 1920s, when people started to go out on dates rather than have romantic meetings at home.
It is less common to use the term "boyfriend" to mean a male friend in a platonic relationship.

Related pages
Girlfriend

References

Notes

Men
Relationships
Society
The Venturi effect is a case where fluid flows through a tube that is narrow. The velocity of the fluid increases as it flows through the narrower tube while the pressure decreases, due to conservation of energy. The effect is an example of Bernoulli's principle.

With the B.E. a simple flow of either A. Fluids, or B. Air, will cause pressure. Within an amount of time, this will cause a decrease in pressure and have the potential of creating energy.
Physics
Santa Fe is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe in Argentina. As of 2001, about 369,000 people lived there.

Cities in Argentina
Capitals of Argentine provinces
Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world, it is the second largest country in South America after Brazil, and it's about one-third the size of the United States. Argentina is bordered by the Andes Mountains and Chile to the west. Argentina is almost 3,700 km long from north to south, and 1,400 km from east to west (maximum values). It can be divided into three parts: the Pampas in the central part of the country, Patagonia in the southern part down to Tierra del Fuego; and the Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile, with the highest point located in the province of Mendoza. Cerro Aconcagua, at 6,960 metres (22,834 ft), is the Americas' highest mountain.

The most important rivers include the River Plate, Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná.

References
This article is about a list of retired Atlantic hurricane names. Atlantic hurricane names only get retired if and when they are notable enough by causing a lot of damage or killing many people. They can also be retired if and when the government or country requests the name to be retired, by the World Meteorological Organization.

Below is a list of Atlantic hurricane names retired.

1950s: Carol, Edna, Hazel, Connie, Diane, Ione, Janet, Audrey, Gracie

1960s: Donna, Carla, Hattie, Flora, Cleo, Dora, Hilda, Betsy, Inez, Beulah, Camille

1970s: Celia, Agnes, Carmen, Fifi, Eloise, Anita, David, Frederic

1980s: Allen, Alicia, Elena, Gloria, Gilbert, Joan, Hugo

1990s: Diana, Klaus, Bob, Andrew, Luis,  Marilyn, Opal, Roxanne, Cesar, Fran, Hortense, Georges, Mitch, Floyd, Lenny

2000s: Keith, Allison, Iris, Michelle, Isidore, Lili, Fabian, Isabel, Juan, Charley, Frances, Ivan, Jeanne, Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma, Dean, Felix, Noel, Gustav, Ike, Paloma 

2010s: Igor, Tomas, Irene, Sandy, Ingrid, Erika, Joaquin, Matthew, Otto, Harvey, Irma, Maria, Nate, Florence, Michael

Related pages
List of retired Pacific hurricane names

Weather lists
The Asturian language is the native language of Asturias. Between 200,000 and 600,000 people speak it in Asturias. This language is very similar to Leonese Language, spoken in other territories that once made up the Kingdom of León (León, Western Zamora, Salamanca and Northwestern Cáceres where is called extremaduran), and to Mirandes Language, spoken in Miranda do Douro in Portugal. In Asturias, primary and secondary students can choose to study it.

References 
 

Romance languages
Asturias
Jun Kazama is a video game character made for the Tekken series.

About 
Jun Kazama enters the tournament in order to save Kazuya Mishima and stop his crimes. However, she became pregnant by him and had a son, Jin Kazama. 

She also appears in the Tekken movie (2009).. Where she was portrayed by Tamlyn Tomita.

Life

Tekken 2 
Jun is an officer of the WWWC, a wildlife protection organization. She is called "The Chosen One" by her family. She is psychic and feels a weird power in Kazuya Mishima, which is the Devil Gene turning him into a devil version of himself. At the WWWC's orders, she goes out to put Kazuya into jail, who kills peaceful animals. 

When the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2 was about to end, Jun feels an even more powerful Devil Gene inside Kazuya.

Tekken 3  
During the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2, Jun became pregnant by Kazuya. Devil (the devil version of Kazuya/the Devil Gene inside Kazuya) goes into Jin (Jun's unborn baby). One night, Jun gets attacked by Ogre and now is either missing or possibly dead.

Tekken Tag Tournament 
Jun is a playable character in Tekken Tag Tournament.

Tekken Tag Tournament has nothing to do with the Tekken storyline.

Tekken 4 
In Tekken 4, her figure appeared in the ending of Jin to prevent him from killing his grandfather, Heihachi. Whether it was her soul or Jin's vision is still questionable, since her status is labeled as missing.

Tekken 5  
In the optional Devil Within minigame, Jin finds clues that lead him to believe that Jun is alive, but it turns out to be Ogre, the alien opponent that is responsible for Jun's disappearance.

Related pages
 Kazuya Mishima
 Jin Kazama
 Ogre
 True Ogre

Sources
http://tekkennation.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=346&start=980

Fictional Japanese people
Tekken characters
D.Gray-man (ディー・グレイマン Dī Gureiman) is a manga series by Katsura Hoshino. It is a Gothic-fiction manga first serialized in 2004 in Weekly Shōnen Jump. It is an ongoing series and is currently up to 126 chapters. There is also a novel series called Reverse that tells the characters' backgrounds. As of May 1, 2007, VIZ Media has released the first five volumes in the United States. An anime version began airing on October 3, 2006 in Japan, but has yet to be seen in North America.

Many characters and their designs were from some of Katsura Hoshino's previous works and drafts, such as Zone, Book-man, and Continue, and her assistants. Earlier titles considered for the manga were Dolls, Chronoa, and Zone.

Other websites 
 (Japanese) Weekly Jump Official Website  - The magazine which publishes D.Gray-man 
 (Japanese) D.Gray-man Official Website - Contains several links to other official websites. 
 (Japanese) TV Tokyo - D.Gray-man - TV Tokyo's D.Gray-man anime site 
 (Japanese) D.Gray-man presents - Contains D.Gray-man goodies. You can email the Japanese staff. 
 (Japanese) Konami's D.Gray-man website - Contains information about D.Gray-man games. 
 D.Gray-man (anime) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
 D.Gray-man (manga) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia

Manga
Anime
Kyoto Station (京都駅, Kyōto-eki?) is the most important transportation center in Kyoto, Japan.  It has Japan's second-largest train station building (after Nagoya Station). It is also one of the country's largest buildings, with a shopping mall, hotel, movie theater, Isetan department store, and several local government facilities under one 15-story roof.  It also housed the Kyoto City Air Terminal until August 31, 2002.

Other websites
Official site
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
 Kyoto Station

Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture
A sand filter is a layer of sand which is used to clean water of bacteria and other microorganisms. It is a type of filter. 

A layer of sand or gravel is used when sewage goes through  sewage treatment. Before sewage comes to the bacteria bed, it should already have gone thru part of the sewage treatment. At the bacteria bed, sewage gets exposed to (or has contact with) air, while microorganisms make some change to that sewage. The oxygen in the water kills the microbes, which are anaerobic.

The name "bacteria bed" is sometimes used about this type of filter.

References

Water pollution
Water infrastructure
A filter is a device used to remove unwanted parts from something.  For example, removing solid particles from a liquid.  Filter can also mean the act of filtering: it can be used as a verb.  The different branches of science and technology often mean a particular kind of device when filter is mentioned.

In chemistry

The simplest filter is the kind called filter paper.  Liquids can pass through the paper.  Solid particles are stopped.

More advanced filters are possible.  Two that are often used to make water more pure are activated carbon and zeolites.

Filters are used to remove unwanted items and/or impurities in the substance you are filtering.

In electrical science

The most usual thing meant by filter in electrical science is a wave filter. One common kind lets through some frequencies and stops all others. This is a band pass filter. For instance, in a radio it can select the radio station the listener wants to hear.  The frequency of that station is passed, but all others are rejected.

There are many other uses, including use in telephones and audio, see: audio crossover.

There are digital filters which can be used to filter things besides frequencies.  A common use is to improve the quality of pictures.  For instance, there are filters which can make the edges of objects look more clear.

In optics and photography
Optical filters act on light. They change it certain ways. This can be used for photographic filters.

In mechanics
Filters can be made from mechanical components.  They will do very similar things to electric filters.  Most especially, mechanical filters can be wave filters.  That is, they can block some frequencies and pass others.  Because of this, electric filters are sometimes made by first making a mechanical filter.  The electric wave is turned into a mechanical movement, then passed through the filter, then turned back in to an electric wave.  This kind of filter is often made from quartz crystals.

A device which changes electrical signals into mechanical signals is called a transducer.  A device which changes mechanical signals into electrical signals is also a transducer, but one of a different kind.

In information technology

An internet filter removes certain kinds of information.  For example, certain words can be blocked.

Computer science
Analytical chemistry
Guwahati is the largest city in the north eastern region of India.

It houses the capital complex of the Legislative Assembly of Assam. The first bridge across the Brahmaputra river is situated at the northwest perimeter of the city. Guwahati serves as the gateway to the rest of the Seven States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

Related pages

Tezpur

Cities in India
Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was an important American statesman. He first became famous because of his defense of New England shipping interests. In his life, he became more and more nationalistic, and convinced many people to become nationalists too. This made Webster one of the most famous orators and powerful Whig leaders of the Second Party System. Webster did not like slavery, but he thought it was more important for the Union (the United States) to stay together than anything else.

Webster became the northern member of a group known as the "Great Triumvirate". They included his colleagues Henry Clay from the west and John C. Calhoun from the south. His "Reply to Hayne" in 1830 was generally seen as "the most eloquent (powerful, fluent, well-spoken) speech ever delivered in Congress."
Webster tried to keep the nation from civil war, and make them have a firm peace. His efforts did not succeed, but he was still respected for them. He was officially named by the U.S. Senate in 1957 as one of its five best members.

Early life 
Daniel was born on January 18, 1782. His parents were Ebenezer and Abigail Webster (née Eastman) in Salisbury, New Hampshire, now part of the city of Franklin. He and his nine siblings grew up on his parents' farm. Daniel Webster's great-great-grandfather was Thomas Webster (1631–1715). Thomas Webster was born in Ormesby St. Margaret, Norfolk, England and settled in New Hampshire. As Daniel was a "sickly (unhealthy) child", his family often let him have whatever he wanted and he didn't have to work on the farm.

Career 
Daniel Webster became a lawyer and politician. He was elected to Congress as a Federalist. He supported free trade, opposed both Abolitionism and the expansion of slavery, and opposed the War of 1812 and other policies of the Democrats. When the Federalist Party declined, he joined with other former Federalists and National Democrats to form the Whig Party (United States). Always Webster supported the unity and harmony of the nation against various divisive schemes.

References

Other websites

1782 births
1852 deaths
Lawyers from New Hampshire
American Protestants
National Republican party (US) politicians
Unitarians
United States representatives from Massachusetts
United States representatives from New Hampshire
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from Massachusetts
Lawyers from Massachusetts
The Catcher in the Rye is a novel by author J. D. Salinger.  It was first published in 16 July 1951.

The book is about a young man, Holden Caulfield, who travels home after being expelled from an exclusive preparatory school. Instead of going directly home, Caulfield takes a wandering trip, thinking about what he wants to tell his family, and how best to deal with being kicked out of school. Caulfield narrates the story himself, to a psychoanalyst. (Hints are made as the story moves forward, that he is in a mental hospital. At the end of the book this is revealed.)

The book contains many profanities, and many people do not like the book for that reason. It was banned in many places. Other people see the profanity as Caulfield's way of showing his feelings of frustration and isolation with life. Many young people, boys in particular, relate to the story and its language, and feel that Caulfield would understand them if he knew them. For this reason, many schools require their students to read it.

Related pages
 Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

References

1951 books
Richard Childress Racing is a NASCAR racing team that is owned by Richard Childress. The team has operated for over 10 years and won over 100 races in the Sprint Cup Series. The team has also won 6 Sprint Cup series Championships.  Notable drivers who have raced for Richard Childress Racing include Dale Earnhardt, and the current drivers are  Austin Dillon and Ryan Newman.

References

NASCAR