cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Joutsa is a municipality in Central Finland. It is part of Itä-Häme, along with Hartola, Sysmä, Pertunmaa, Heinola and Luhanka.

Almost 4,900 people lived in Joutsa as of February 2014. It covers an area of . Neighbouring municipalities are Hartola, Hirvensalmi, Jyväskylä, Kangasniemi, Luhanka, Pertunmaa and Toivakka.

The former municipality of Leivonmäki was merged with Joutsa in 2008.

Culture
The newspaper Joutsan Seutu is published in Joutsa and Luhanka.

A summer festival, Joutsan Joutopäivät, is held on the second weekend of July.

Sahti culture is strong in Joutsa. "Joutsan sahti" is a locally made traditional drink.

Villages
Angesselkä, Etu-Ikola, Hankaa, Havumäki, Joutsa, Kivisuo, Kälä, Laitjärvi, Lapinkylä, Leivonmäki, Marjotaipale, Martinkylä, Mieskonmäki, Niemistenkylä, Pajumäki, Pappinen, Pylsy, Pärnämäki, Ruokoranta, Ruorasmäki, Rutalahti, Savenaho, Selänpohja, Taka-Ikola, Tammilahti, Tolvasniemi, Uimaniemi, Vallaspelto, Vähä-Joutsa and Vehmaa.

Population grow

Other websites

 Joutsa official website

References

Municipalities of Central Finland
Mäntyharju is a municipality in Finland. Almost 6,350 people lived there in August 2012. It covers an area of about .

Villages include Ahvenisto, Anettu, Enonlahti, Halmeniemi, Hietaniemi, Huopola, Hyyrylä, Hölttä, Jäniskylä, Karankamäki, Kinni, Kirkonkylä, Koirakivi, Korpilahti, Kousa, Kuhajärvi, Kukonkorpi, Kyttälä, Lahnaniemi, Leppäniemi, Luhtanen, Lyytikkälä, Mynttilä, Niinimäki, Nurmaa, Ollikkala, Outila, Paasola, Partsinmaa, Poitsiniemi, Pyhäkoski, Pärnämäki, Saviniemi, Särkemäki, Tiilikkala, Toivola, Valtola, Vanonen and Varpanen.

Other websites

 Community website

Municipalities of Finland
Mikkeli is a town in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, the population was almost 54,700. In the Finnish point of view, Mikkeli is a city, not a town. Neighbouring municipalities are Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pieksämäki, Puumala and Savitaipale.

The former municipality of Haukivuori was merged with Mikkeli in 2007. The former municipalities of Ristiina and Suomenniemi was merged with Mikkeli in 2013.

Mikkeli was established in 1838.

Distances 
Ristiina 20 km
Hirvensalmi 34 km
Juva 44 km
Kangasniemi 52 km
Helsinki 230 km
Kuopio 163 km
Lappeenranta 106 km
Savonlinna 104 km

Other websites 
 
 The official page 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Southern Savonia
19th-century establishments in Finland
1838 establishments in Europe
Savonlinna is a town in Finland. The population was almost 36,250 in January 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kitee, Liperi, Parikkala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti, Rääkkylä, Sulkava and Varkaus. Some parts of central Savonlinna has been built over islands. Over one-third of the area is water or islands.

The former municipalities of Kerimäki and Punkaharju were merged with Savonlinna in 2013.

Other websites 

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Southern Savonia
Rovaniemi is a town in Lapland, in northern Finland. Rovaniemi is very close to the Arctic Circle. The population was over 61,000 in January 2014. The area is huge in typical European scale. Neigbouring municipalities are Kittilä, Sodankylä, Kolari, Pello, Ylitornio, Tervola, Ranua, Posio, Kemijärvi and Pelkosenniemi.

On 1 January 2006,  (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) was merged into a single municipality.

Other websites 

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Drying rack is a rack used for drying clothes after they have been washed. It is also called a clothes horse or a clothes rack. It is usually located inside a house, as a replacement to a washing line, which is located outside.

An automated drying rack (also known variously as a automated drying rack, automatic laundry airer or automated laundry system) is a ceiling-mounted mechanism to dry clothes and is automated. In Singapore, it is often know as automated laundry rack.

References 

Everyday life
Furniture
A cytokine storm is an overreaction of the body's immune system. It can be deadly. It consists of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells.

It is believed that cytokine storms were responsible for many of the deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed a disproportionate number of young adults.  In this case, a healthy immune system may have been a liability rather than an asset. Preliminary research results from Hong Kong also suggest this as the probable reason for many deaths during the SARS epidemic in 2003. Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well.

References 

Immunology
Diseases
Black Hole of Calcutta was a dungeon in old Fort William, Calcutta, India. It was 18 feet (5.5 metres) long and 14 feet (4 metres) wide, and had two small windows. 

The fort was built by the British to defend their trading interests in Calcutta. During hostilities in 1756, the fort was captured by the army of the Nawab of Bengal on 20 June. John Zephaniah Holwell, a British eyewitness, reported that those taken in the capture of the fort, numbering 146, were confined to the dungeon, and that only 23 survived. The story was told by John Zephaniah Holwell, a survivor. However, 146 people could not have fit in a room of 24 x 18 feet. Today most concede that Holwell greatly exaggerated the number of captives.

The British captured and killed the Nawab. An obelisk was later raised in memory of those who died in the Black Hole.  Holwell's account of the incident has been challenged by modern historians and scholars.

References

Further reading
 Holwell, John Zephaniah. A Genuine Narrative of the Deplorable Deaths of the English Gentlemen and others who were suffocated in the Black Hole. London, 1758.

Prisons
British India
Kolkata
Porter Airlines is a Canadian regional airline. It was founded in 2006. It flies between cities in the United States and Canada.

Airlines of Canada
2006 establishments in Canada
Affliction is an American drama movie produced in 1997. It was written and directed by Paul Schrader. It is based on the novel by Russell Banks. It stars Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, James Coburn, and Willem Dafoe.

Plot
Affliction tells the story of Wade Whitehouse, a small-town policeman in New Hampshire. Disconnected from the people around him, including his father and his divorced wife, he becomes obsessed with the solving of a fatal hunting accident. This leads to a series of tragic events.

1997 movies
American drama movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Paul Schrader
The Great Escape is a 1963 American movie. It is about an escape by Allied prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II. The movie stars Steve McQueen, James Garner, Donald Pleasence, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, and Richard Attenborough. It got positive reviews.

Other websites 

1960s adventure movies
1963 drama movies

1960s war movies
American adventure movies
American drama movies
American prison movies
American war movies
English-language movies
German-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in the 1940s
Multilingual movies
Prison drama movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by John Sturges
Carmine Crocco (June 5, 1830 – June 18, 1905) was an Italian outlaw. He is also known as Donatello and for his brilliant battle skills was nicknamed “Napoleon of the brigands”.

Born in Rionero in Vulture, a town in the Basilicata region, He began the criminal activity after killing a comrade in a brawl during the military service and joined the Garibaldi's expedition of the thousand in 1860 hoping for a pardon. However, his offence wasn't cleared and Crocco was arrested. He escaped from prison with the help of the Fortunato, a bourgeois family linked to the Bourbon dynasty and became the leader of the peasants rebellion in Basilicata, who didn't get any benefit with the political change.

He fought in the service of king Francis II, heading an army of almost 2.000 men and conquering various centers of Basilicata and Campania. In every conquered territory he overthrew the Savoy government and appointed a representative of the Bourbon crown, ordering the badges and ornaments of the fallen king to be once again displayed. 

A skillful guerrilla man,  was able to harass the national guards and the Piedmontese soldiers for almost four years but he lose the conflict after being betrayed by his lieutenant Giuseppe Caruso, who revealed his plans and hideouts to the Italian authorities. Thus he fled to the Papal States hoping for help from Pius IX but was arrested by his soldiers. Later was handed over to the Italian government and condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 

Crocco died in prison at Portoferraio, Tuscany.

A disputable personality, he is considered by some authors a fierce thief and murderer but many people of southern Italy regard him as a folk hero who represented the suffering of the lower class before and soon after the Italian unification.

References

Bibliography 
David Hilton Wheeler, Brigandage in south Italy, Volume 2, S. Low, son, and Marston, 1864.
Eric Hobsbawm, Bandits, Penguin, 1984
John Ellis, A short history of guerrilla warfare, Allan, 1975.
Denis Mack Smith, Italy:a modern history, University of Michigan Press, 1969.

 

1830 births
1905 deaths
Italian people
Criminals
A nightstand, (could also be called a night table or bedside table) is a small type of table. It is usually placed next to a bed or somewhere else in a bedroom.  It is a coffee table which is used next to a person's bed at night time.

Before flushing toilets became common, nightstands usually had a chamber pot in them. Nightstands which were made a long time ago sometimes had a drawer, and they usually had a small cupboard at the bottom. 

Nightstands used today usually also have a drawer. Things like lamps, alarm clocks, mobile phones, water or medication, which could be useful during the night, are often put either on top of or inside nightstands.

French, Italian and Spanish antique nightstands usually have a drawer and a small cupboard with only one door. They can also have special finishes, like bronze.

History
It is thought that the word nightstand was first used in 1892.

Gallery

References

Furniture
Robert Gregory Bourdon (born January 20, 1979) is the drummer and youngest member of the rock band Linkin Park. Bourdon was born in Calabasas, California and now lives in Los Angeles. He grew up in the same town as the members of Incubus and Hoobastank. Bourdon started to play drums after watching an Aerosmith concert. His mother, Patty, is friends with Joey Kramer, Aerosmith's drummer. They also dated when the were much younger. This friendship meant they were able to go backstage and see the entire production. Kramer also gave Bourdon a kick pedal.

In his early teen years, Bourdon played in a few bands with his friends. It was around that time that he met his current Linkin Park bandmate, Brad Delson. They played together for about a year in a band called Relative Degree. Their goal was to play at the Roxy Theatre. After achieving their goal with a sell-out show, Relative Degree eventually broke up.

Personal life 
Bourdon once dated actress Shiri Appleby. He dated actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, starting in 2001 but has been single since at least early 2008. His birthday was featured on an episode of iTunes' LPTV. On January 20, 2004, Linkin Park played a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the band can be seen joking around backstage and saying that it is Bourdon's twentieth. Bourdon's favorite songs to play are "In the End", "Tinfoil" and "The Little Things Give You Away". His hobbies include playing the piano (although he has never done so for a Linkin Park recording) and surfing.

Bourdon wears racing shoes to get a better feel for the drum pedals; he says it gives him better control of the pedals. He also said that the song "Easier to Run" was the most difficult to play because he had to approach the drums very differently in which he was able to record the song in a few takes.

References

1979 births
Living people
American drummers
Musicians from California
The Chum Bucket a fictional porridge restaurant in the television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a plankton named Sheldon J. Plankton. It does not get a lot of customers. This is because of it sells a food called chum, which cannot be eaten.

Plankton's wife, Karen, is a computer. She often appears on the wall of the back room of the Chum Bucket. The Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket's rival across the street. The Krusty Krab sells delicious food, hamburgers called Krabby Patties.

SpongeBob SquarePants
Fictional buildings and structures
Mahinda Rajapaksa (born 18 November 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician. He is the current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka since 21 November 2019. Before, he was the disputed Prime Minister from 26 October to 15 December 2018. He also was the 6th President of Sri Lanka. He was president from 19 November 2005 to 9 January 2015.

Notes

References

1945 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Current national leaders
Presidents of Sri Lanka
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Buddhists
The Betrayal (1948) is a race movie written, produced, and directed by Oscar Micheaux. It is based on his book The Wind From Nowhere (1943) and his movie The Homesteader (1919). The movie tells of the tangled relationships among African American farm people in South Dakota. It stars Leroy Collins in his one and only movie role. The movie was poorly received among both white and black critics. No print is known to exist. It is considered a "lost" movie. It was the first race movie to open in a white theater.

Story
Martin Eden is a successful African American farmer in South Dakota.  He is in love with Deborah Stewart. He believes that she is white and that she is not interested in him. He is unaware that Deborah loves him.

Martin goes to Chicago to look for a wife.  He meets Linda. They fall in love and marry, and then return to Martin’s farm.  They have a baby. Their happiness ends when Linda’s jealous father tells her that Martin is homicidal.  She runs away from the farm with the baby and returns to Chicago.  Martin finds her in the city. Linda shoots him during a fight.

In South Dakota, Deborah learns she is African American.  She goes to Chicago and meets Linda. Linda agrees to divorce Martin so he can marry Deborah. Linda gives her baby to Deborah to raise.  Martin and Deborah return to South Dakota. Linda kills her father for his role in ruining her marriage.

References

Other websites
 

1948 movies
American movies
Movies directed by Oscar Micheaux
Computer animation (or CGI animation) is the art of using computer graphics for animation, creating moving images in either 2D or 3D.

Related pages
 Computer-generated imagery

References

Animation
Computers
Jean Stapleton (born Jeanne Murray; January 19, 1923 – May 31, 2013) was an American actress. She was known for her role as Edith Bunker in the 1970 comedy show All in the Family.

Early life
Stapleton was born on January 19, 1923 in New York City, New York. She studied at Hunter College.

Marriage
Stapleton was married to William H. Putch from 1956 until his death in 1983. They had two children.

Personal life
Stapleton's brother, Jack Stapleton, was a stage actor. Her cousin is actress Betty Jane Watson. Stapleton was active in the Christian Science church.

Jean was not, as commonly believed, related to actress Maureen Stapleton.

Death and reaction
Stapleton died on May 31, 2013 in her home in New York City, New York of natural causes, aged 90.  She was survived by her two children, John, a TV director, and Pamela, a TV producer.

Norman Lear said, "No one gave more profound 'how to be a human being' lessons than Jean Stapleton."  Actress Roseanne Barr said that Stapleton's range was "unbelievable, deep and majestic."  Co-star and BAFTA- and Oscar-nominated director and producer Rob Reiner said, "Working with her was one of the greatest experiences of my life." Sally Struthers said, "Jean lived so in the present. She was a Christian Scientist who didn't say or think a negative thing ... She was just a walking, living angel."

Her interment was at Lincoln Cemetery in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

The marquee lights on Broadway were dimmed for one minute on June 5, 2013 at 8 p.m. EDT  to honor the memory of Stapleton.

At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Rob Reiner honored the career and life of Stapleton.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Archive of American Television Interview with Jean Stapleton (2000)

1923 births
2013 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from natural causes
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Harold "Hal" Fishman (August 25, 1931 – August 7, 2007) or also known as The Flying Anchorman; was a local news anchor in the Los Angeles area. He served on-air with Los Angeles-area television stations continuously from 1960 until his death in 2007. He also acted in movies as a news reporter such as in Spider-Man 3.

Fishman was born on August 25, 1931 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Fishman was married to Nolie Fishman until his death in 2007. They had one son, David. Fishman died on August 7, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from liver and colon cancer, aged 75.

References

Other websites
In Loving Memory - Hal Fishman 
 
Hal Fishman, Newsman / UCLA Spotlight

1931 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American journalists
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American television presenters
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Actors from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Norman Milton Lear (born July 27, 1922) is an American television writer and producer. He produced 1970s sitcoms including All in the Family, Sanford and Son, One Day at a Time, The Jeffersons, Good Times, and Maude.

Lear was born on July 27, 1922 in New Haven, Connecticut to a Jewish family. He studied at Emerson College. Lear was married to Charlotte Rosen until they divorced. Then he was married to Frances Loeb from 1956 until they divorced in 1986. He has been married to Lyn Davis since 1987.

References

Other websites

The Official Norman Lear Website
Biography of Norman Lear at the Museum of Broadcast Communications website 
2005 interview with Norman Lear 
2006 story on Lear and All in the Family that describes Lear's interests and his life in Vermont 
Independence Road Trip 
463rd Bombardment Group Historical Society
NNDB.com Profile
Norman Lear Archive of American Television interview
Born Again American website

1922 births
Living people
American television producers
American television writers
Jewish American writers
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
Stanley Victor "Stan" Freberg (August 7, 1926 – April 7, 2015) was an American author, comedian, puppeteer, radio personality, voice actor and advertising creative director. His career began in 1944. He was still active in the industry in his mid-80s, nearly 70 years after he started.

Freberg was born on August 7, 1926 in Pasadena, California. He studied at Alhambra High School. Freberg was married to Donna Freberg from 1959 until her death in 2000. He had been married to Betty Hunter since 2001. He had two daughters with Donna.

In 1985, Paul McCartney said that Freberg was an influence to The Beatles’ "anarchic humor".

Freberg died on April 7, 2015, at the age of 88 at a hospital in Santa Monica, California from pneumonia.

References

Other websites

Stan Freberg Discography
"Stan the Man"  in Time (July 29, 1957)
Mark Thomas Presents: Stan Freberg BBC Radio 4 (2005)
Cosmik Debris interview 
Oregon! Oregon! (1959)

"Little Go Beep" 

1926 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Pasadena, California
American animators
American movie actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from pneumonia
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Pasadena, California
Writers from Pasadena, California
Il terrore dei barbari (English: Goliath and the Barbarians) is a 1959 peplum movie. It was directed by Carlo Campogalliani. The movie stars Steve Reeves as "Goliath". It is about the Barbarian invasions of Italy in AD 568. 

American International Pictures released the movie in the US with new music by Les Baxter. AIP invested $20,000 in the movie to help the producers complete it, and were rewarded when it became a big hit. The movie earned $1.6 million in North America during its initial release.

Story
Barbarians attack and destroy an Italian village. One man, Emiliano (Reeves) survives. He swears revenge and wages a one man war against the tribes. He is helped by Landa (Chelo Alonso), the daughter of the Barbarian leader. Alboino is played by Bruce Cabot.

References

Other websites
 

Italian movies
1959 movies
Peplum movies
Adventure movies
Movies produced by American International Pictures
Hercules Unchained is a 1959 peplum movie starring Steve Reeves. It is a sequel to Hercules, also starring Reeves.

References

1959 movies
Peplum movies
1950s fantasy movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Hercules movies
Nanette Fabray (October 27, 1920 – February 22, 2018) was an American actress and comedian. She began acting around age 3. Fabray starred in many movies and television programs. She was aunt of actress and singer Shelley Fabares. Nanette Fabray was born in San Diego, California.

Fabray died at her home in Palos Verdes, California on February 22, 2018 of natural causes at the age of 97.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American voice actors
American dancers
Deaths from natural causes
Disease-related deaths in California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from California
Tony Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Actors from San Diego, California
1920 births
2018 deaths
Imogene Fernandez de Coca (or Imogene Coca; November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was an American actress and comedian. She was nominated for Emmy Awards five times. Coca was born in Philadelphia. She died in Westport, Connecticut due to Alzheimer's disease at age 92.

Other websites

Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Comedians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
1908 births
2001 deaths
Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford (also known as Isabel Sanford; August 29, 1917 - July 9, 2004) was an American movie, television and stage actress. She acted in several notable sitcoms. She played Louise "Weezy" Jefferson in The Jeffersons (January 1975 - June 1985). She also had many movie roles.

Sanford was born in Harlem, New York. She died in Los Angeles from natural causes at age eighty six.

Actors from New York City
American television actors
1917 births
2004 deaths
Edward Fuller ( 1575winter of 1620/21) was a passenger on the 1620 voyage of the Mayflower. He signed the Mayflower Compact. Fuller died with his wife soon after the passengers came ashore to their new settlement at Plymouth but their sons lived. 
Fuller was baptized in Norfolk, England on September 4, 1575. He was the son of Robert Fuller, a butcher.

The Voyage to the New World 
  
In 1651 William Bradford wrote a list of the Mayflower passengers which included “Edward Fuller, and his wife, and Samuell, their son.”

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 21 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. The Mayflower was headed for Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  The wrote the Mayflower Compact which was a list of rules on how they would live and treat each other.  Fuller signed that document.

In Plymouth Colony 
Bradford kept a written record of the new settlement at Plymouth.  He wrote that: “Edward Fuller and his wife died soon after they came ashore. Their son Samuel is living and married, and has four children or more.”  After the death of his parents, Samuel, then about age twelve, was taken into the household of his uncle, Samuel Fuller.

The date of death for Fuller and his wife are unknown. It was during the winter of 16/20 and 16/21. They were buried in the Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth.  They are remembered on the Memorial as “Edward Fuller and his wife.”

Fuller's family
Edward had two sons:  Matthew and Samuel.  Samuel went to live with his uncle and became a doctor.  Matthew came over to Plymouth Colony sometime after his parents.

References

Mayflower passengers
1575 births
1621 deaths
People buried in Cole's Hill
William Gopallawa (17 September 1897 - 31 January 1981) was the first President of Sri Lanka. He was the General of the Ceylon Army during independence from the United Kingdom. Before he was president, he was the general of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) fighting against the British. Gopallawa and his army were successful in the fight and Gopallawa was sworned in as the 1st President of Sri Lanka. After his presidency, the next president was J. R. Jayewardene. Gopallawa was the last General of Ceylon until its Independence in 1948. Before that, Gopallawa was the general of Sri Lanka going against the United Kingdom against Queen Elizabeth II. She was known as the Queen of Ceylon. The British set up roads to improvements but placed harsh laws against Ceylon. Gopallawa went against Queen Elizabeth II and was successful. By there changing their name from "Ceylon" to "Sri Lanka".

He represented an era where politics was conducted with a dignified aura and he had a reputation as being a man of integrity and humility. He served as Governor-General during the tenure of different governments headed by the SLFP led regime of Sirimavo Bandaranaike and the UNP led regime of Dudley Senanayake. He upheld the law and the constitution to the letter and won respect and admiration of all political parties. William Gopallawa was born on 17 September 1897 at the Dullewe Maha Walauwa, Dullewe in the Matale District of Ceylon. He is related to Dullewe Dissava, a signatory on behalf of the Sinhalese to the Kandiyan Convention of 1815

1897 births
1981 deaths
Governors-General of Ceylon
Presidents of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan generals
Seventy-five is a number. It comes after seventy-four and before seventy-six.
25 * 3 is 75.

Integers
Allen Ludden (Allen Packard Ellsworth; October 5, 1917 – June 9, 1981) was an American television personality and game show host. Ludden was well known for hosting many game shows. He hosted Password and Password Plus between 1961 and 1980.

Ludden was born on October 5, 1917 in Mineral Point, Wisconsin. He was raised in Mineral Point, Wisconsin and in Chicago, Illinois. Ludden studied at the University of Texas. 

Ludden was married to Margaret McGloin from 1943 until her death in 1961. Then he was married to Betty White from 1963 until his death in 1981. Ludden died on June 9, 1981 in Los Angeles, California from stomach cancer, aged 63.

Other websites

The Allen Ludden & Betty White Archive 
Allen Ludden's biography 
Allen Ludden's Photo & Gravesite

 

1917 births
1981 deaths
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Wisconsin
American game show hosts
American radio personalities
American television actors
American television presenters
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from stomach cancer
Radio personalities from Chicago
Television personalities from Chicago
Television personalities from Wisconsin
A zebibyte (ZiB) is a large unit of measurement for computers of the future. Zebibytes hold 1024 exbibytes (EiB). 

1024 zebibytes make 1 yobibyte.

Computing measurement
A yobibyte (YiB) is a large unit of measurement for computers of the future. Yobibytes hold 1024 zebibytes (ZiB). 

Computing measurement
{{Taxobox
| name                   = Cone snails
| fossil_range           = EoceneRecent
| image                  = Conus-geographicus.jpg
| image_caption          = Geography cone, Conus geographus
| image2                 = Conus eating a fish.jpg
| image2_caption         = Conus species eating a small fish, in Guam
| regnum                 = Animalia
| phylum                 = Mollusca
| classis                = Gastropoda
| familia                = Conidae
| subfamilia             = Coninae
| genus                  = Conus
| genus_authority        = Linnaeus, 1758<ref>Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 712; 1767, ed. 12, 1165.</ref>
| type_species           = Conus marmoreus| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758}}Conus is a large genus of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs, with the common names of cone snails, cone shells or cones.

Shaped, as the name suggests, like a cone, many species have colorful patterning on the shell surface. Conus snails are mostly tropical in distribution. Geologically speaking, the genus is known from the Eocene to the present.

All Conus'' snails are venomous. They hunt and eat marine worms or molluscs. The larger ones prey on small bottom-dwelling fish. Cone snails use a hypodermic-like modified radula tooth and a venom gland to attack and paralyze their prey before eating it. The tooth is sometimes likened to a dart or a harpoon. It is barbed and can be extended some distance out from the mouth of the snail, at the end of the proboscis. They can "sting" humans, and should be handled with great care or preferably not at all.

Cone snail venoms are mainly peptides. The venoms contain many different toxins that vary in their effects; some are extremely toxic. The sting of small cones is no worse than a bee sting, but the sting of some larger species can be serious, occasionally even fatal to humans. Cone snail venom may be a source of new, medically important substances. 

Some Cone snails are no longer living, like Conus adversarius.

References 

Gastropods
Ben Johnson, Jr. (June 13, 1918 – April 8, 1996), or Son Johnson, was an American actor. He was mostly known for being in Western movies such as Hang 'Em High. He was also a world champion rodeo cowboy, stuntman, and rancher. Johnson won an Academy Award for his role on The Last Picture Show.

Johnson was born on June 13, 1918 in Foraker, Oklahoma. He was of Irish descent. Johnson was married to Carol Elaine Jones from 1941 until her death in 1991. They had no children. Johnson died on April 8, 1996 in Mesa, Arizona from a heart attack, aged 77.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Johnson, Ben, Jr. 

1918 births
1996 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Oklahoma
American movie actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Arizona
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Ranchers
Stuntmen
In physical cosmology, the idea of  inflation is a proposed theory that would explain many features of the present-day universe, including the existence of large-scale structures such as galaxies. The theory was proposed by Alan Guth in the 1970s.

Basic Idea of Inflation
Based on the Standard Model of Cosmology, the universe has been and is expanding. The classical Big Bang theory assumes that the universe expanded at the same rate throughout universal history. Inflation says that the universe has not always expanded at the same rate, and that the universe has experienced many periods of brief but immense expansions in which the size of the universe nearly doubled. These periods, as said, were extremely short, lasting less than a second. After a single period, the expansion slowed down until the next rapid inflation came and, again, massively increased the size of the universe.

Problems Solved by Inflation Theory
The main problem solved by inflation is the origin of large-scale structures, such as galaxies. Inflation theory says that in a slow expansion of the universe, quantum fluctuations were only on the tiny distance scales; when the universe experienced a brief period of inflation, however, these quantum fluctuations are "stretched" much larger to cause density fluctuations. The places of higher density later caused matter to clump in those locations and form large-scale objects. 

Another problem is that of temperature uniformity in the universe: why is the temperature so evenly distributed? Inflation says that objects that were previously in close proximity to one another were separated very quickly during a period of inflation, so the temperature balance was still held. In the classical Big Bang theory this was a problem because the uniform expansion would mean that objects would have to travel many times the speed of light to maintain temperature balance. 

Another problem that inflation possibly solves is the problem of magnetic monopoles. Why do we no longer see magnetic monopoles in our universe? Inflation says that the few existing monopoles were so dispersed during periods of inflation that it is virtually impossible to find them now.

Mathematical Formulation
Inflation theory uses General relativity to model the inflation mathematically. The metric of inflation theory is

Predictions of Inflation Theory

Inflatons
The main prediction of inflation theory is that particles called inflatons are created from a scalar field from Quantum field theory. These inflatons would drive the inflation periods of the universe, but they quickly decay so the inflation periods are not very long at all. It was initially thought that the Higgs boson was an inflaton, but that has recently been discredited.

Multiverse
Inflation theory also suggests that there might be other universes. If inflation caused our universe, could it not also cause many other universes as well? This prediction has no empirical basis, but it has been explored in modern physics.

Physics
Cosmology
Inger Stevens (born Inger Stensland; October 18, 1934 – April 30, 1970) was a Swedish-American actress who was best known for her role as Katy in the television sitcom The Farmer's Daughter.

Stevens was born on October 18, 1934 in Stockholm, Sweden. She was raised in New York City, New York and in Manhattan, Kansas. Stevens studied at the Manhattan High School and at the Actors Studio. 

Stevens was married to Anthony Soglio from 1955 until they divorced in 1958. Then she was married to Ike Jones from 1961 until her death in 1970. Stevens committed suicide after drinking barbiturate (poison). She died on her way to the hospital in Hollywood, California on April 30, 1970, aged 35.

Other websites
 
 

1934 births
1970 deaths
Drug-related suicides
Swedish movie actors
Swedish stage actors
Swedish voice actors
Swedish television actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Actors from Kansas
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
Actors from Stockholm
Bellona was an Ancient Roman goddess of war.  She is usually shown wearing a helmet and armed with a spear and a torch.

All Roman Senate meetings about foreign war were held in the Templum Bellonae.

Bellona's festival was celebrated on June 3. She was married to Mars or the Greek god named Ares

Roman gods and goddesses
Ranasinghe Premadasa (; ; 23 June 1924 – 1 May 1993) was the third President of Sri Lanka. He was president from 2 January 1989 to 1 May 1993. Before that, he served as the Prime Minister in the government headed by J. R. Jayewardene from 6 February 1978 to 1 January 1989. Premadasa was assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam with a suicide bomb.

1924 births
1993 deaths
Assassinated people
Presidents of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Civil War
Elkanah Settle (1648-1724) was an English poet and playwright. He was born at Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England, the son of Josias Settle. In 1666, he went to Trinity College, Oxford, but did not take a degree. 

His first tragedy was Cambyses, King of Persia (1667). It was the first English play to have its climax reached in a musical scene with an original score. It is believed to be the first play printed in England with illustrations.  

Settle was briefly involved in politics when the succession of Catholic James II to the throne was being debated. He served briefly in James's army. He then abandoned politics. 

In 1691, he was named City Poet of London.  His last days were spent as a poor brother in the Carthusian Order. He may have performed in street fairs as a dragon in a green leather suit. He died in 1724.

Selected works
The Empress of Morocco (1673), a tragedy
Ibrahim, the Illustrious Bassa (1676), a tragedy 
The Female Prelate: being the History of the Life and Death of Pope Joan (1680), a tragedy
The New Athenian Comedy (1693), a comedyThe Ambitious Slave: or A Generous Revenge (1694)The World in the Moon (1697), an opera The Virgin Prophetess, or The Fate of Troy (1701), an operaThe Lady's Triumph'' (1718), an opera

References

Other websites
 British Library – Search on "Elkanah Settle" for images and catalogue entries on over 20 bindings by Settle.
 
 Settle Plays Online.

1648 births
1724 deaths
Dunstable
English playwrights
English poets
People from Bedfordshire
Thomas Sackville, 1st earl of Dorset, (1535/6-1608) was an English playwright, poet, statesman, and the Chancellor of Oxford University. He was the son of Sir Richard Sackville, a member of the court of King Henry VIII of England. He married Cicely Baker in 1555.

Sackville was a London barrister, and entered Parliament in 1558. He was a member of the Privy Council in 1585. In 1586, he delivered the death sentence to Mary, Queen of Scots. He served on diplomatic missions to The Hague. In 1591, Sackville became Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He served as lord high treasurer, a life appointment, from 1599 to 1608. He died of a stroke. 

Sackville is famous for Gorboduc (1563), the first English tragedy written in blank verse.  He wrote this play with Thomas Norton. Sackville's two great poems, Induction and Buckingham's Complaint, were published in The Mirror for Magistrates (1563). The play and the two poems make Sackville one of the major English poets and playwrights.

Notes

References
[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515322/Thomas-Sackville-1st-earl-of-Dorset Encyclopedia Britannica: Thomas Sackville]Encyclopedia of British writers, 16th and 17th centuries''. (2005). Book Builders LLC.

Other reading
 Complete text: Gorboduc  

1536 births
1608 deaths
English poets
English playwrights
Kay Francis (January 13, 1905 - August 26, 1968) was an American actress. She first performed on Broadway. She was in many movies. She was the number one movie star at Warner Brothers. Frances was born in Oklahoma City. She died from breast cancer in New York City.

American movie actors
1905 births
1968 deaths
Actors from Oklahoma City
Electronic waste or e-waste is electronics that have been discarded.  This includes any electronics e.g. computers, power tools and etc.

E-waste is a concern for every country in the 21st century. Because of Moore's law, the rule that states transistor numbers double every two years, people upgrade computers every 3 years on average. People usually throw away their old laptops, cameras, computers, cell phones and televisions. This creates a large amount of practically useless waste. Most countries have methods to combat e waste and find a use for obsolete technology. When you take in to account all the computer users in the world, over 30 million tons of e-waste is created nearly every year, along with a few billions of tons of other waste.

Electronics
Recycling
The Tragedy of Gorboduc is the earliest English tragedy in blank verse. It was written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. The writers took the story of the play from Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1138). The play premiered before Queen Elizabeth I on 18 January 1561. It was first printed in 1565. It was printed again in 1570 as The Tragedy of Ferrex and Porrex.

The play is about a good king named Gorboduc. He gives his kingdom away during his lifetime to his sons. The sons quarrel over the throne. Porrex, the younger son, kills his brother, Ferrex. Their mother, Queen Videna, avenges the death of her older son by murdering Porrex. Gorboduc and Videna are then killed by their horrified former subjects.

Norton wrote the first three acts; Sackville wrote the last two. The playwrights took the tragedies of the Latin writer Seneca as their model,  but ignored the classical unities of time and place.  They used Classical elements such as the Chorus and the Messenger, but added non-Classical elements such as dumb shows (pantomimes) before each act.

References

Other websites
Complete text: Gorboduc
 

Drama
Plays
History of England
16th-century works
1560s
Abel Avila Rodriguez (born November 9, 1986 in Manresa) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is B3/T13 type athlete.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 800 meter T12 race.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the 800 meter T12 race.   He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 1,500 meter race.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1986 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B3
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Sportspeople from Barcelona
The home secretary in the United Kingdom is an important minister of the British Government. Since 24 July 2019, the office has been held by Priti Patel. She is responsible for immigration, the police and other matters relating to the safety of the United Kingdom. 

The shadow home secretary is Nick Thomas-Symonds, MP for Torfaen.

 
Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Politics of the United Kingdom
Ignacio Avila Rodriguez (born January 19, 1979 in Manresa) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is T12/B2 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 4 X 400 meter T11-T13 race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 1,500 meter race.  He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1979 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B3
Sportspeople from Barcelona
David Barrallo Fuertes (born June 4, 1973 in Barcelona) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability and is T44 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 4 X 400 meter T42-T46 race. He finished fourth in the 200 meter race.  He finished fifth in the 400 meter race.

References 

Living people
1973 births
2000 Summer Paralympics
Spanish athletes
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T44
David Casinos Sierra (born February 15, 1972 from Valencia) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: He is blind and is T11/F11/B1 type athlete. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the shot put and fourth in the discus. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.   He finished first in the shot put and seventh in the discus. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.   He finished first in the shot put and fifth in the discus. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.   He finished first in the discus  and fifth in the shot put. 

In 2012, he had a Plan ADO €23,000 athlete scholarship with a €3,000 reserve and a €2,500 coaching scholarship.

References

Other websites 
 David Casinos Sierra: Twitter

Spanish athletes
Living people
1972 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T11
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
People from Valencia
Elena Congost Mohedano (born September 20, 1987 in Barcelona) is a track and field athlete from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind and is T12/B2 type athlete. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She finished 7 in the 200 meter race. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished 6 in the 1,500 meter race.  She also raced in the 800 meter race and finished 6 in the semifinal. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the 1,500 meter race.

References 

Spanish athletes
Living people
1987 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Manuel Angel Martin Perez (born January 30, 1980 in Portugos) is a boccia player from Spain.  He has a physical disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a BC2 type athlete. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He played in the one person BC2 game and he finished thir.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, England.

References 

Spanish boccia players
Living people
1980 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type BC2
People from Granada
John Howland (c. 1591 – February 23, 1672/3) was a passenger on the Mayflower.  He was an indentured servant to John Carver and travelled with him when they left England to settle in the New World. He signed the Mayflower Compact and helped to build Plymouth Colony.

The voyage

John Howland was born in Fenstanton, Huntingdon, England around 1591 and was the son of Margaret and Henry Howland, and the brother of Henry and Arthur Howland.  The brothers travelled later from England to Plymouth.
The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. The first few days had good weather. They ran into a great storm with heavy winds and large waves. For days the ship could not use it's sails. The first mention of him was by William Bradford.

John Howland died February 23, 1673 at the age of 80.  He had outlived all other male Mayflower passengers except John Cooke, son of Mayflower passenger Francis Cooke. He is buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

References

Other websites
 Pilgrim Hall Museum 

1590s births
1673 deaths
Mayflower passengers
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972) is a children's book by British author Roald Dahl.

Plot 
The book continues directly from the events of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Willy Wonka has just given his factory to Charlie. In a flying machine known as the Great Glass Elevator, they crash through the roof of Charlie's house and tell his family the good news.
 
On their way to the factory, the elevator makes a noise. Charlie and his family find themselves in orbit around the Earth.  An adventure begins with Willy Wonka leading the way.

Other websites
Official Roald Dahl Website 
 
1972 books 
Children's books
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)