cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Farmington may refer to: 

in Canada:
Farmington, British Columbia
Farmington, Nova Scotia

in the United Kingdom:
Farmington, Gloucestershire
Farmington Institute for Christian Studies at Oxford

in the United States (by state):
Farmington, Arkansas
Farmington, California
Farmington, Connecticut
Farmington, Delaware
Farmington, Kentucky
Hustonville, Kentucky, formerly known as Farmington
Kingsley, Kentucky, formerly known as Farmington
Farmington, Illinois
Farmington, Indiana
Farmington, Iowa
Farmington, Maine
Farmington, Michigan
Farmington, Minnesota
Farmington, Mississippi
Farmington, Missouri
Farmington, New Hampshire
Farmington, New Mexico
Farmington, New York
Farmington, North Carolina, a township and unincorporated community in Davie County, North Carolina
Farmington, Ohio
Farmington, Oregon
Farmington, Pennsylvania (Fayette County)
Farmington Township, Pennsylvania
Farmington Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
Farmington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania
Farmington Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania
Farmington, Utah
 Farmington (UTA station), Utah Transit Authority commuter rail station
Farmington, Virginia
Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Albemarle County, Virginia
Farmington (St. Stephens Church, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in King and Queen County, Virginia
Farmington, Washington
Farmington, West Virginia
Farmington, Wisconsin
Farmington, Jefferson County, Wisconsin, a town
Farmington, La Crosse County, Wisconsin, a town
Farmington, Polk County, Wisconsin, a town
Farmington, Washington County, Wisconsin, a town
Farmington, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, a town
Farmington (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Ada County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho.  As of the 2010 Census, 392,365 people lived in the county. That was more than any other county in Idaho. The county seat and largest city is Boise. Boise is also the state capital.

Communities

Cities
Boise
Eagle
Garden City
Kuna
Meridian 
Star

Census-designated place
Hidden Spring

References
Hidden Spring is a census-designated place in Ada County, Idaho, United States. Its population was 2,280 in the 2010 census.

References

Ada County, Idaho
Census-designated places in Idaho
Vincent Albert "Buddy" Cianci, Jr. (, ; , ; April 30, 1941 – January 28, 2016,) was an American lawyer, convicted felon, conservative radio talk show host, politician and political commentator.

He served as the mayor of Providence, Rhode Island from 1975 to 1984 and again from 1991 to 2002. Cianci was the longest-serving mayor of Providence, and one of the longest-serving "big city" mayors in United States history, having held office for over 21 years.

Cianci died of colon cancer in Providence, Rhode Island on January 28, 2016 at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
 WJAR's index of Plunder Dome–related articles 
 "Charges in 30-Count Indictment against Cianci and other Defendants" 
 Vice and Virtue—2002 special by Rhode Island's The Providence Journal.
 "ABC6 News names Buddy chief political analyst" 
 The Buddy Cianci Show on 630 WPRO 

1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American mayors
American political commentators
American conservatives
Businesspeople from Rhode Island
Independent politicians in the United States
Writers from Rhode Island
Politicians from Rhode Island
People from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Cranston, Rhode Island
Carlos Matute Loyzaga (August 29, 1930 – January 27, 2016) was a Filipino basketball player and coach. He was born in Manila, Philippine Islands.

He was the most dominant basketball player of his era in the Philippines. He was called the greatest Filipino basketball player of all time. Loyzaga was a two-time Olympian (1952, 1956), as a member of the Philippines men's national basketball team.

Loyzaga died on January 27, 2016 in San Juan, Metro Manila from complications of a stroke at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 Basketball-reference.com
 Blogs.inquirer.net 
 Interaksyon.com 
 Sports.enquirer.com
 Philstar.com
 Journal.com.ph 
 Gameface.ph

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Filipino sportspeople
Basketball players
Dmitry Vasil'evich Shirkov (; 3 March 1928 – 23 January 2016) was a Russian theoretical physicist. He was known for his works to quantum field theory and to the development of the renormalization group method. He used to work at Lund University in Sweden. He was born in Moscow, Russia.

Shirkov died at his home in Dubna, Russia from a heart attack on 23 January 2016 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
 Biography at the department of Quantum Theory and High Energy Physics at MSU  

1928 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Moscow
Russian theoretical physicists
Jorma Ludwik Kaukonen, Jr. (born December 23, 1940) is an American blues, folk and rock guitarist. He is best known for his work with Jefferson Airplane and Hot Tuna. Rolling Stone magazine ranked him #54 on its list of 100 Greatest Guitarists.

Kaukonen was born in Washington, D.C.. He moved to San Francisco, California in the 1960s and studied at Santa Clara University.

References

Other websites

Jorma Kaukonen website
Fur Peace Ranch website
Jorma searches for his Jewish Soul
List of Authorized links from Jormakaukonen.com 
Got a Revolution: Jefferson Airplane biography by Jeff Tamarkin

1940 births
Living people
American guitarists
American blues musicians
American folk musicians
American rock musicians
Jefferson Airplane members
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from San Francisco
Sciences Po or Institut d'études politiques de Paris is a special university in France. The school is in Paris. It was created in 1872.

It is a specialist in the fields of economics, administration, social sciences and politics.

Notable graduates 

 Paul Biya, President of Cameroon
 Marc Drillech, French sociologist and President of universities
 Roland Dumas, French lawyer and Socialist politician
 François Hollande, President of France
 Adrienne Jablanczy, French economist, professor
 Pierre Mauroy, French Socialist Party politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984
 Jean Peyrelevade, French civil servant, politician and business leader
 Peter Scholl-Latour, French-German professor, journalist and publicis

Notable teachers 
 Dominique Strauss-Kahn, French politician, economist

References

More reading 
 Sciences Po Paris website
 Richard Descoings, Sciences Po. De la Courneuve à Shanghai, préface de René Rémond, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2007 ()

Education in France
Paris
"Work" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It is from her eighth studio album, Anti.  The song features Canadian rapper Drake.  It was released on January 27, 2016. It was the most heard song for its first day on the over 1,200 stations monitored by Nielsen music.  A few hours after its release, it was sent to digital outlets such as iTunes and Google Play Music.  Rihanna announced via Twitter that "Work" was the lead single for Anti.  In June 2017, the song was certified sextuple-Platinum in the US for sales and streams equal to six million copies.

The song was nominated for Record of the Year and for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017.

Chart performance 
The song reached number one on the iTunes charts of over 70 countries.  "Work" debuted at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, which made her one of the artists with the fifth-most top-ten singles in Billboard history (with 27 top-ten songs), along with singer-songwriters Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson, and Elton John.  In addition, the song also managed to enter the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at number one.  "Work" reached number two in the UK, number five in Australia, and topped the charts in Canada.  The song became Rihanna's 14th and Drake's second number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100.  Rihanna became the artist with the third-most number-one songs in Hot 100 history and the second-most for a female artist.  She passed Michael Jackson's record of 13 number-ones and is behind Mariah Carey's 19 chart-toppers and The Beatles' 20 number-one songs.  "Work" was the third longest-running number-one song of 2016, with nine weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 (The Chainsmokers' "Closer" featuring Halsey has spent 12 weeks at number one, and Drake's "One Dance" has spent ten weeks at the top).  The song was later replaced at number one by rapper Desiigner's first single, "Panda".

About the song 
"Work" is about a relationship that has turned bad and using work as a distraction from the relationship.  It is a reggae-pop and dancehall song.

Music video 
The music video was released on February 22, 2016, two days after Rihanna's 28th birthday.  It first appeared on the streaming service Tidal and was later uploaded to YouTube/Vevo.  The first half of the video contains scenes of a club and shows Rihanna performing Caribbean dance moves with short hair.  The second half is a different version of the video, which contains a couch and neon signs, while Rihanna, wearing much longer hair, sings to Drake, and is wearing a sheer shirt.  Drake is present in both versions of the video.

References

Rihanna songs
2016 songs
Drake songs
Dancehall songs
Reggae pop songs
R&B songs
Rover or rovers may refer to:

Cars and motorcycles
 Rover (marque), British car brand in use from 1904–2005
 Rover Company (1885–1967), a British car maker
 Rover Group (1986–2000), a British car maker
 MG Rover Group (2000–2005), a British car maker, formerly the Rover Group
 Land Rover, a brand of 4-wheel drive cars by Jaguar Land Rover
 Rover (motorcycles), a British bicycle and motorcycle maker

Space rovers
 Rover (space exploration), a vehicle that explores the surface of an astronomical body
 Lunar rover, a vehicle designed to move across the surface of the Moon
 Mars rover, a vehicle designed to explore the surface of Mars

Sports
 A.F.C. Kempston Rovers, a football club based in Kempston, Bedfordshire, England
 Albion Rovers F.C., Coatbridge, Scotland
 Albion Rovers F.C. (Newport), Wales
 Blackburn Rovers F.C., England
 Blackpool Wren Rovers F.C., Lancashire, England
 Boston Rovers, a United States soccer team that competed in the United Soccer Association league in 1967
 Bristol Rovers F.C., England
 Doncaster Rovers F.C., England
 Fall River Rovers, a United States soccer club, based in Fall River, Massachusetts
 Forest Green Rovers F.C., Gloucestershire, England
 Paulton Rovers F.C., near Bristol, England
 Raith Rovers F.C., Kirkcaldy, Scotland
 Rochedale Rovers Football Club, Queensland, Australia
 Shamrock Rovers F.C., Dublin, Ireland
 Sligo Rovers F.C., Sligo, Ireland
 Tampines Rovers FC, Singapore
 Taringa Rovers Soccer Football Club, Brisbane, Australia
 Tranmere Rovers F.C., Birkenhead, England
 River City Rovers, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
Gooding County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. In the 2010 census, the population was 15,464. Its county seat is Gooding. It is named for Frank R. Gooding, an early 20th Century governor and United States Senator from Idaho.

Communities
Bliss
Gooding
Hagerman
Wendell

References 

 

 
1913 establishments in Idaho
Lost River is a city in Custer County, Idaho, United States. It had 68 residents at the 2010 census.

Geography
Lost River is located at  (43.721785, -113.544931).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .  of it is land and  is water.

Its named after the Big Lost River.

References

Cities in Idaho
Custer County, Idaho
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was President of Brazil. He was the dictator from 1930 to 1945. Then he was elected President in 1951 and served until 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the longest of any President. He was second in Brazilian history only to Emperor Pedro II among heads of state. He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism. Vargas won the nickname "The Father of the Poor". He was a supporter of workers rights and was very much an anti-communist. He shot himself dead after he was forced by the Brazilian military to resign from the Presidency.

References 

1882 births
1954 deaths
Brazilian lawyers
Politicians who committed suicide
Presidents of Brazil
Suicides by firearm

World War II political leaders
Custer County is a county in U.S. state of Idaho. In the 2010 census, the population was 4,368. The county seat is Challis.

Communities

Cities
Challis
Clayton
Lost River
Mackay
Stanley

Unincorporated communities
 Ellis 
 Goldburg

Ghost towns
 Bayhorse 
 Bonanza 
 Custer

References

Other websites

Challis School District #181 

 

 
1881 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Idaho Territory
Gordon Goody (11 March 1929 – 29 January 2016) was a British criminal and small businessman. He was born in London, England. Goody was known for playing a role in the Great Train Robbery in 1963 that was lead by Bruce Reynolds.Goody was sentenced to 30 years in jail, but was released in 1975. A year after his release, he moved to Spain were he opened a small business as a bar owner.

Goody died at his home in Mojácar, Spain from a heart attack on 29 January 2016 at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 
 Great Train Robber Gordon Goody Confesses 50 Years On
 Great Train Robbers, Who Were They?

1929 births
2016 deaths
British people convicted of assault
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Criminals from London
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Andalusia
Great Train Robbers
This page lists census-designated places (CDPs) in the U.S. state of Wyoming. At the 2010 census, there were 104 census-designated places in Wyoming.

By name (alphabetically)

By county
Twenty-one of Wyoming's twenty-three counties contain census-designated places.

Albany County (Albany, Centennial, Fox Park, Woods Landing-Jelm)
Big Horn County (Hyattville, Shell)
Campbell County (Antelope Valley-Crestview, Sleepy Hollow)
Carbon County (Arlington, Ryan Park)
Converse County (Esterbrook, Orin)
Crook County (Beulah)
Fremont County (Arapahoe, Atlantic City, Boulder Flats, Crowheart, Ethete, Fort Washakie, Jeffrey City, Johnstown)
Goshen County (Hawk Springs, Huntley, Veteran)
Hot Springs County (Lucerne, Owl Creek)
Lincoln County (Alpine Northeast, Alpine Northwest, Auburn, Bedford, Etna, Fairview, Fontenelle, Freedom, Grover, Nordic, Oakley, Osmond, Smoot, Taylor, Turnerville)
Laramie County (Carpenter, Fox Farm-College, Hillsdale, Ranchettes, South Greeley, Warren AFB)
Natrona County (Alcova, Antellope Hills, Brookhurst, Bessemer Bend, Casper Mountain, Hartrandt, Homa Hills, Meadow Acres, Mountain View, Powder River, Red Butte, Vista West)
Niobrara County (Lance Creek)
Park County (Garland, Mammoth, Ralston)
Platte County (Chugcreek, Lakeview North, Slater, Westview Circle, Whiting, Y-O Ranch)
Sheridan County (Arvada, Big Horn, Parkman, Story)
Sublette County (Bondurant, Boulder, Cora, Daniel)
Sweetwater County (Arrowhead Springs, Clearview Acres, Eden, Farson, James Town, Little America, McKinnon, North Rock Springs, Purple Sage, Reliance, Table Rock, Washam)
Teton County (Alta, Hoback, Kelly, Moose Wilson Road, Rafter J Ranch, South Park, Teton Village, Wilson)
Uinta County (Carter, Fort Bridger, Lonetree, Robertson, Urie)
Weston County (Hill View Heights, Osage)

By population

Places with more than 1,000 people
Antelope Valley-Crestview
Arapahoe
Ethete
Fort Washakie
Fox Farm-College
Hoback
Moose Wilson Road
North Rock Springs
Rafter J Ranch
Ranchettes
Sleepy Hollow
South Greeley
South Park
Warren AFB
Wilson

Places with 500 to 1,000 people
Clearview Acres
Hartrandt
James Town
Lucerne
Nordic
Purple Sage
Reliance
Story
Vista West

Places with 100 to 500 people
Alpine Northwest
Alpine Northeast
Alta
Auburn
Bedford
Bessemer Bend
Big Horn
Boulder Flats
Boulder
Brookhurst
Casper Mountain
Centennial
Chugcreek
Cora
Crowheart
Daniel
Eden
Etna
Fairview
Farson
Fort Bridger
Freedom
Garland
Grover
Hill View Heights
Homa Hills
Johnstown
Kelly
Mammoth
Meadow Acres
Osage
Osmond
Parkman
Ralston
Red Butte
Smoot
Teton Village
Turnerville
Urie
Y-O Ranch

Places with fewer than 100 people
Albany
Alcova
Antellope Hills
Arlington
Arrowhead Springs
Arvada
Atlantic City
Beulah
Bondurant
Carpenter
Carter
Esterbrook
Fontenelle
Fox Park
Hawk Springs
Hillsdale
Huntley
Hyattville
Jeffrey City
Lakeview North
Lance Creek
Little America
Lonetree
McKinnon
Mountain View
Oakley
Orin
Owl Creek
Powder River
Robertson
Ryan Park
Shell
Slater
Table Rock
Taylor
Veteran
Washam
Westview Circle
Whiting
Woods Landing-Jelm

Related pages
List of municipalities in Wyoming

References

Other websites 
Population Finder: US Census Bureau

 
Lists of settlements in the United States
Agnès Varda (30 May 1928 – 29 March 2019) was a French movie director and producer, screenwriter, editor, actress, artist, photographer. She was also a professor at the European Graduate School.

Her movies, photographs, and artworks focused on realism, feminist issues, and social commentary with a distinct experimental style. Movie historians have cited Varda's work as central to the development of the French New Wave movie movement. She was known for her works Cleo de 5 a 7, La Pointe Courte, and Vagabond.

Varda was born in Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium to French parents. She studied at École des Beaux-Arts. Varda was married to Jacques Demy from 1962 until his death in 1990. They had one daughter, Rosalie.

Varda died of cancer on 29 March 2019 in Paris, at the age of 90.

Awards and honours
Golden Lion of the Venice Film Festival for Vagabond/Without Roof or Rule
2002 - René Clair Award.
2009 - The Beaches of Agnès won the César Award for best documentary film
12 April 2009 - made Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
May 2010 - Directors' Fortnight's 8th Carosse d'Or award for lifetime achievement at the Cannes Film Festival
14 May 2013 - promoted to Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit of France
10 August 2014 -Leopard of Honour award at the 67th Locarno Film Festival
13 December 2014 - Lifetime Achievement Award from the European Film Academy
24 May 2015 - honorary Palme d'or

References

Other websites

  
 Agnès Varda  Faculty Page @ European Graduate School Biography, bibliography, films and quotes.
 Watch 17 films of Agnes Varda at www.dafilms.com
 Biography on newwavefilm.com
 Ciné-Tamaris
 Jonathan Romney, The Beaches of Agnès (Sight & Sound 'Film of the Month') 
 "A Talk: Agnès Varda ," 2009, (Frieze Foundation Talks) 
 Agnès Varda  talks about cinema and her work

1928 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Cinematographers
French artists
French educators
French feminists
French movie actors
French movie directors
French movie producers
French photographers
French screenwriters
Movie editors
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Richard Sugarman (born July 12, 1944) is an American academic and political advisor. He is a Professor of Religion and Philosophy at the University of Vermont. He has been called a "world-renowned expert on the Lithuanian-born philosopher Emmanuel Levinas." He is a political advisor to presidential candidate Bernie Sanders on his 2016 presidential campaign.

He studied philosophy at Yale and Boston University.

Sugarman is of Jewish descent. He is an Orthodox Jew and also a Zionist.

References

Works

1944 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Boston University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from New York
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Yale University alumni
Zionists
Educators from New York
Huck Gutman (born about 1944) is an American academic and political advisor. He is a Professor of English at the University of Vermont. He was the Chief of Staff to U.S. presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. He co-wrote Sanders' political memoir, Outsider in the White House.

References

Works

1944 births
Living people
Educators from Vermont
Writers from Vermont
People from Burlington, Vermont
Outsider in the White House is a political memoir written by Huck Gutman and Bernie Sanders. It was first published as Outsider in the House in 1997. It was republished in 2015, when Sanders ran for President of the United States. The book contains an afterword by journalist John Nichols. 

The book talks about Sanders's support for the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. This law gives United States citizens the right to own guns.

References

1997 books
2015 books
Bernie Sanders
Autobiographies
John Francis Hodgess Roper, Baron Roper (10 September 1935 – 29 January 2016) was a British politician.

Roper was elected Member of Parliament for Farnworth in 1970. He sat as a Labour Co-operative MP from 1970 to 1981, and for the Social Democratic Party (SDP) from 1981 to 1983, when he was also the party's Chief Whip. His Farnworth seat was then abolished, and he contested the seat of Worsley at the 1983 general election. He finished third in a three-way marginal election.

On 12 May 2000, he was created a life peer as Baron Roper, of Thorney Island in the City of Westminster. He was the Liberal Democrat Chief Whip in the House of Lords until 2005. He was then appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. In 2008, he was elected Principal Deputy Chairman of Committees. He retired from the House of Lords on 23 May 2015.

Roper died on 29 January 2016 after a long illness. He was aged 80.

References

Other websites
Lord Roper  profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
Who's Who 2002 entry

1935 births
2016 deaths
British politicians
Augusto Giomo (3 February 1940 – 27 January 2016) was an Italian basketball player. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics. He finished in fourth and fifth place. His younger brother Giorgio played for Italy at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born in Treviso.

Giomo died in Treviso, from cancer, on 27 January 2016. He was aged 75.

References

1940 births
2016 deaths
1960 Summer Olympics
1964 Summer Olympics
Basketball players
Cancer deaths in Italy
Italian Olympians
Sportspeople from Veneto
Słopnice  is a village in southern Poland. It is located in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Słopnice. It is located about  west of Limanowa and  south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Villages in Poland
Michel Legrand (24 February 1932 – 26 January 2019) was a French musical composer, arranger, conductor, and pianist. He was born Courbevoie, in present-day France.

Legrand was a well-known composer. He has written over 200 movie and television scores, as well as many memorable songs. 

He was best known for his movie music, such as The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964) and The Thomas Crown Affair (1968). The Thomas Crown Affair featured the song "The Windmills of Your Mind". Legrand won his first Academy Award for this song. He would win another Academy Award in 1971 for Summer of '42.

Legrand died suddenly from sepsis after suffering from a lung infection in Paris on 26 January 2019 at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

 
Biography of Michel Legrand , from Radio France Internationale

non official website of Michel Legrand

1932 births
2019 deaths
Academy Award winning composers
BAFTA Award winners
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
French composers
French conductors
French pianists
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Musicians from Paris
The Whirlpool galaxy, is also known as Messier 51a, M51a, or NGC 5194. It is a large galaxy with well-defined spiral arms, with a smaller companion galaxy. They have been through a collision, and are still interacting.

The Whirlpool was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. Different methods put its distance as between 15 to 35 million light-years. Recently it was estimated to be 23 ± 4 million light-years from the Milky Way. Messier 51 is one of the best known galaxies in the sky.

Its spiral arms are so impressive and well-defined that it is called a "grand design" spiral galaxy. It has an active galactic nucleus, no doubt fuelled by a massive black hole.

The galaxy and its companion, NGC 5195, are easily seen by amateur astronomers, in the constellation Canes Venatici. The two galaxies can be seen with binoculars. The Whirlpool galaxy is also a popular target for professional astronomers. They study its galaxy structure (particularly the spiral arms) and galaxy interactions.

References 

Spiral galaxies
Arab slave trade refers to the practice of slavery in the Arab world. It took place mainly in Western Asia, North Africa, Southeast Africa, the Horn of Africa. It also included parts of Europe (such as Iberia and Sicily), beginning during the era of the Muslim conquests and continuing into the 20th century. 

The Arab slave trade was conducted through slave markets in the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Most of the slaves were from Africa's interior.

Historians estimate that between 650 AD and the 1960s, 10 million to 18 million people were enslaved by Arab slave traders. They were taken from Europe, Asia and Africa across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara desert.

History 

One of the oldest slave trades in history was the Arab trade of Zanj (Bantu) slaves in Southeast Africa. This trade began 700 years before the European Atlantic slave trade. Men taken as slaves were often used as servants, soldiers, or workers. Women and children were mainly used as servants and concubines. 

Most male slaves were castrated. It is estimated that as many as 6 out of every 10 boys bled to death during this process. Even so, castrating slaves was worthwhile because eunuchs sold for high prices. Over time, the Arab slave trade shifted to concentrate more on women and young girls for sexual purposes. This was different than the later Atlantic slave trade, which concentrated on enslaving men for labor.

Modern slavery in Africa 

In Mauritania slavery was abolished legally in 1980. But Muslim Berbers still own an estimated 90,000 African slaves. This is despite the fact that African Mauritanians converted to Islam over a hundred years ago and the Qur’an does not allow Muslims to enslave other Muslims. Slaves are used for farm labor, concubines and domestic servants. The children remain the property of their masters. They can be bought, sold, or exchanged for trucks, camels or guns. 

Slavery in Sudan is active again with the Muslim north waging war against Animists and Christians in the south. In these raids almost all slaves are taken from the tribes in the Nuba Mountains. Government sponsored Arab militias often kill the men and enslave women and children. Those taken slaves are forced to convert to Islam. Those that refuse are put to death. The trafficking in women and children in Western and Southern Africa violates the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

References

Other websites 
 Two Views of The History of Islamic Slavery in Africa
 The East African Slave Trade
 Slavery still haunts Africa, where millions remain captive

Historic slave trade
Arabia
John B. King Jr. (born January 5, 1975) is an American politician. He was the  Secretary of Education at the  U.S. Department of Education from 2016 to 2017. Before, he served as its Acting Deputy Secretary, and from 2011 to 2014 he was the  New York State Education Commissioner. 

The former Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, was given the job of putting into effect the No Child Left Behind Act. However, King is required to put into effect the law that replaces that law, the Every Student Succeeds Act.

In April 2021, King announced that he would be running for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maryland in the 2022 election.

References

1975 births
Living people
African American politicians
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Brooklyn
United States Secretaries of Education
US Democratic Party politicians
Yale University alumni
Politicians from Maryland
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Sarah Margaret Roffey Jewell (born February 21, 1956) is a British-born American businesswoman. She is the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior. She served in the government of President Barack Obama from April 2013 to 2017. She is the second woman to hold the position, after Gale Norton.

References

1956 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
United States Secretaries of the Interior
Businesspeople from Washington
Businesspeople from London
The Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039) are two colliding galaxies. They are in the constellation Corvus. The process takes hundreds of millions of years, maybe even a billion years.

The collision, with its clouds of gas, dust and magnetic fields, causes extremely rapid star formation. This is their starburst phase, and might last a few hundred million years. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785.

They are in the NGC 4038 group with five other galaxies. Before The Collision, NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. These two galaxies are known as the Antennae galaxies because they have two long tails of stars, gas and dust ejected from the galaxies as a result of tidal force in the collision that look like an insect’s antennae. The nuclei of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant galaxy, sometime in the future to form an Elliptical galaxy.

These interacting galaxies are nearer and less remote to the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.

References 

Galaxies
T. N. Gopakumar (1957 – 30 January 2016) was an Indian writer, movie director and journalist. He was the news editor in chief of Asianet News. Gopakumar was also the producer and anchorperson of the popular weekly programme Kannadi on Asianet.

Gopakumar died of cancer in a private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram on 30 January 2016. He was aged 58.

References

1957 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in India
Indian writers
Indian movie directors
Indian journalists
Georgia Montgomery Davis Powers (October 19, 1923 – January 30, 2016) was an American politician and civil rights activist. She served for 21 years as a member of the state Senate of Kentucky. When elected in 1967, she became the first non-White person and the first woman elected to the Kentucky Senate. She was born in Springfield, Kentucky.

Powers died of congestive heart failure in Louisville, Kentucky on January 30, 2016. She was aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American civil rights activists
Politicians from Kentucky
US Democratic Party politicians
Jean Paul Gaultier (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture fashion designer. He created his own ready-to-wear brand in 1976. His first couture fashion show was in 1997. From 1993 to 1997, Trademark co-hosted Eurotrash with Antoine de Caunes on Channel 4 (UK).

Career 
He was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. Gaultier ended his ready-to-wear line in 2014 in order to focus on haute couture and his perfume range.

References

1952 births
Living people
People from Ile-de-France
French fashion designers
LGBT fashion designers
Piers Richard Corbyn (born 10 March 1947) is a British businessman and conspiracy theorist. He was born in Chippenham. He is the owner of the business WeatherAction which makes weather forecasts.  It claims to make accurate forecasts up to a year in advance. He is the older brother of Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn.

References

Jeremy Corbyn
1947 births
Living people
British businesspeople
Chippenham
People from Wiltshire
Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero is a book by British writer W. Stephen Gilbert. It was published in 2015 by Eyewear Publishing.

The book is an analysis of the rise of long-serving MP Jeremy Corbyn to the leadership of the Labour Party. The book talks about Corbyn's life and career and future as Labour leader. It received positive reviews.

References

2015 books
Jeremy Corbyn
Non-fiction books
In 2015, Jeremy Corbyn, the Member of Parliament for Islington North, stood as a candidate in the British Labour Party leadership election. His campaign that would eventually result in his becoming the leader of the Labour Party.

His campaign was announced in an article for the Islington Tribune on 3 June 2015. Corbyn promised support for the anti-austerity movement and because he wanted to "give Labour Party members a voice" in the debate.

Background

Announcement
He was originally seen as an "outsider" in the leadership race. This means that, though he was a member of the Labour Party, he was not someone people expected to be leader. Bookmakers had his odds of winning at 200-to-1. However, following a series of televised and radio debates with the other three candidates – Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall – Corbyn went on to gain the support of six of the fourteen trade unions affiliated with the Labour Party. This included the UK's two largest trade unions, Unite and UNISON. He received the highest number of supporting nominations from Constituency Labour Parties, winning over 100 by the end of July.

Many politicians, unions and celebrities supported Corbyn such as Ken Livingstone, Emma Thompson, Russell Brand, Daniel Radcliffe, Joseph Stiglitz, Bernie Sanders and Michael Meacher.

Victory
To become a candidate in the party's election, 35 nominations from Labour MPs are needed. Commentators in the media widely predicted that Corbyn would struggle to get this many. However, he managed at a very late stage, to secure enough support, with 36 nominations in total. Around 12 of the MPs who nominated him actually supported other candidates, but "lent" him their support in order to widen the contest. Corbyn was reported to say: "We had two minutes to spare, it was easy."

On September 12, 2015, at a special conference held in the Queen Elizabeth Conference Centre, Corbyn was announced to have been elected Leader of the Labour Party. He won 59.5% of first-preference votes.

References

Other websites
Campaign website
Jeremy Corbyn Campaign 2015 (Supporters) Ltd, Companies House
Labour Party website

2015 elections in the United Kingdom
June 2015 events
September 2015 events
Jeremy Corbyn
The Leader of the Labour Party is the leading politician within the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. Since 4 April 2020, Keir Starmer is leader. He represents the constituency of Holborn and St Pancras.

The post of Leader of the Labour Party was officially created in 1922. Before this time, between when Labour MPs were first elected in 1906 and the election in 1922, when substantial gains were made, the post was known as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party.

References
Islington North  is a constituency in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The seat has been held since 1983 by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party.  Corbyn has been Leader of the Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition from September 2015 to April 2020.

At , it is the smallest UK Parliamentary constituency.

References

Constituencies in the United Kingdom
Thomas Anthony Watson (born 8 January 1967) is a British Labour Party politician. He was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich East from 2001 through 2019. He was Minister for Digital Engagement and the Civil Service at the Cabinet Office from 2008 to 2009.

On 6 November 2019 Watson announced that he would be standing down both as an MP and as Deputy Leader, and leave office on 12 December 2019, stating that his reasons for standing down were "personal, not political."

References

1967 births
Living people
British politicians
People from Yorkshire
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Michael Joseph O'Halloran (20 August 1933 – 29 November 1999) was a British politician. He was a member of the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party.

He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North in a by-election in 1969 after the death of MP Gerry Reynolds. He was secretary of the Constituency Labour Party. O'Halloran was among the Labour MPs who moved to the new Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. 

In 1983, the SDP chose John Grant, the MP for Islington Central (which was being abolished in boundary changes), to be its candidate in Islington North. O'Halloran left the SDP to stand as an independent Labour candidate in the 1983 general election. The official Labour candidate Jeremy Corbyn won while O'Halloran came in fourth with 11% of the vote. Grant came third with 22% of the vote.

He retired to County Wexford. He died on 29 November 1999 from a heart attack at the age of 66.

Other websites
 About Michael O'Halloran

1933 births
1999 deaths
British politicians
A union representative, union steward or shop steward is an employee of an organization or company who represents and defends the interests of her/his fellow employees but who also works for a trades union. 

Ordinary members of the union are elected to this position by fellow workers or sometimes by appointment of a higher union body. While working as a representative, they keep their role as an employee of the company. 

As a result, the union steward becomes an important link and source of information between the union leadership and ordinary workers.

Unions
A whip is a person in a political party whose job is to make sure the party's members vote with the party. This happens in a legislature. Whips are a party's "enforcers", who talk to each member of the party to make sure that they vote according to the official party policy.

A whip must also make sure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when important votes are taken. The usage comes from the hunting term "whipping in", which means to stop hounds from wandering away from the pack. 

Politics
Bridgeport may refer to:

Places
In  Canada:
 Bridgeport, Nova Scotia

In the United States:
 Bridgeport, Alabama
 Bridgeport, California, in Mono County
 Bridgeport, Mariposa County, California
 Bridgeport, Nevada County, California
 Bridgeport, California, former name of Winslow, California, in Glenn County
 Bridgeport, California, former name of Bridgeville, California, in Humboldt County
 Bridgeport, Connecticut
 Greater Bridgeport, the metropolitan area of the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut
 Bridgeport, Illinois
 Bridgeport, Chicago, a neighborhood of Chicago in Illinois
 Bridgeport Township, Lawrence County, Illinois
 Bridgeport, Indiana
 Bridgeport, Kansas
 Bridgeport, Kentucky
 Bridgeport, Michigan
 Bridgeport Charter Township, Michigan
 Bridgeport, Nebraska
 Bridgeport, New Jersey
 Bridgeport, New York
 Bridgeport, Ohio
 Bridgeport, Union County, Ohio
 Bridgeport, Oklahoma
 Bridgeport, Pennsylvania
 Bridgeport, Tennessee
 Bridgeport, Texas
 Bridgeport, Utah
 Bridgeport, Washington
 Bridgeport, West Virginia
 Bridgeport, Wisconsin, town
 Bridgeport (community), Wisconsin
The anti-austerity movement refers to the mobilization of street protests and grassroots campaigns that has happened across many countries, especially in Europe, since the onset of the worldwide Great Recession. 

Anti-austerity actions are different and ongoing. They continue as of the present day. The global Occupy movement has arguably been the most noticeable physical enactment of anti-austerity and populist sentiment.

References

Protests
An anti-war movement (also antiwar) is a social movement, usually against to a nation's decision to start or continue a war. It does not matter whether the nation has a just cause for war.

The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other peaceful means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.

Other websites
Guide to anti-war websites by The Guardian
Essays and speeches from the Antebellum Era peace movement

Activism
War
Peace
Cayetano Paderanga Jr. (October 9, 1948 – January 29, 2016) was a Filipino economist. He was Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), an agency of the government of the Philippines responsible for economic development and planning. He held this position twice, from 1990 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2012.

In his first term, Paderanga served under President Corazon Aquino. He was a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1993 to 1999. He was also executive director for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2001 to 2003.

Paderanga died in Taguig City, Philippines, from complications after heart surgery, on January 29, 2016. He was aged 67.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Filipino politicians
Economists
Filipino scientists
Unilateral disarmament is a policy option, to renounce weapons without seeking equivalent concessions from one's actual or potential rivals. It was most commonly used in the twentieth century in the context of unilateral nuclear disarmament, a recurrent mission of peace movements in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.

Nations do not often choose to dismantle their entire military capability. Unilateral disarmament is usually sought in one technical competency, such as weapons of mass destruction. Non-violent political movements from that of Mahatma Gandhi to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have recommended unilateral disarmament as a step toward world peace.

References 

Politics
Nuclear disarmament talks about the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

Nuclear disarmament groups include the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Peace Action, Greenpeace,  International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Mayors for Peace, Global Zero, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017), and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. 

There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.

In recent years, some U.S. elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in various op-ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Organisations such as Global Zero, an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament, have also been established.

References

Other page
Anti-nuclear movement

Protests
Politics
The Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales. It supports the Palestinian people. It was founded in 1982 during the build-up to Israel's invasion of Lebanon. It was incorporated in the UK in 2004 as Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd.

References

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
Arab–Israeli conflict
Political organizations
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an pacifist organisation that supports nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom. It also supports disarmament by other countries and stricter weapons rules through international agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It opposes military action that may result in the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. It also opposes the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.

References

Political organizations
Politics of the United Kingdom
Nuclear weapons
Organisations based in the United Kingdom
An abjad is an alphabet in which all its letters are consonants. Even though vowels can be added in some abjads, they are not needed to write a word correctly. Abjad are commonly written from right to left (RTL), rather than left to right seen in other writing systems. Well-known examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet.

Abjads are the first writing systems that were made only to show a word's pronunciation, instead of its meaning, unlike ideographs or ideograms, and they were created before full alphabets,  like the Greek alphabet, which have letters for both consonants and vowels.

The earliest known abjad in the world is the Phoenician alphabet. Since in Afro-Asiatic languages, the root meaning of a word is found in its consonants, abjads are widely used in those languages. There are also languages without consonant roots that use abjads, such as Persian and Urdu, which both use the Arabic alphabet.

Alphabet
The Stop the War Coalition (StWC; informally Stop the War) is a British group created on 21 September 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks. It was created to campaign against what it believes are unjust wars.

The group has campaigned against the wars that are part of the "War on Terror" of the United States and its allies. It has campaigned against the war in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The demonstration against the Iraq War on 15 February 2003 was organised with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB). It is claimed to be the largest public demonstration in British history.

References

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political organizations
Francis Finlay, CBE (6 August 1926 – 30 January 2016) was an English stage, movie and television actor. Finlay was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Iago in the 1965 movie version of William Shakespeare's Othello. He was also known for his role as Jacob Marley in the 1984 movie A Christmas Carol. He won a BAFTA Award in 1974.

Finlay died on 30 January 2016 at his home in Weybridge, Surrey. He died from heart failure after suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

BAFTA Award winning actors
1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United Kingdom
People with Alzheimer's disease
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from Lancashire
Pave Lane is a hamlet in Shropshire, a county of England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin. 

It is located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Newport, very close to the border with Staffordshire.

The hamlet is in a very rural area and has excellent views of the Shropshire countryside. It is close to Lilleshall Hall.

As it was located on a toll road between Newport and Wolverhampton, the village had many inns and coach houses. The road later became the A41.

References

Settlements in the United Kingdom
Settlements in Shropshire
Villages in Shropshire
was a Japanese diplomat. He served as Vice-Consul for the Empire of Japan in Lithuania during World War II. He was best known for helping more than 6,000 Jews leave Lithuania during the Holocaust. He gave them visas to Japan. In 1985, Israel named him to the Righteous Among the Nations for his actions. He was sometimes called the "Japanese Schindler".

Sugihara was born in Yaotsu, Gifu. He was first married to Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova until their divorce in 1935. He was later married to Yukiko Sugihara. They had four sons.

Sugihara died on 31 July 1986 at a hospital in Kamakura. He was 86.

References

Other websites

 Chiune Sugihara at the Jewish Virtual Library
 Chiune Sugihara at Yad Vashem

1900 births
1986 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Japanese diplomats
Righteous Among the Nations