cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Amoebozoa are a eukaryote phylum of Amoeba-like protozoa. Most move by  internal cytoplasmic flow. Their finger-like pseudopodia are characteristic.

They are a major group with about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists. In most classification schemes, Amoebozoa is ranked as a phylum in either the kingdom Protista or the kingdom Protozoa. In the  classification of the International Society of Protistologists, it is kept as an unranked "supergroup" in the Eukaryota.

Sequence analysis shows Amoebozoa is a monophyletic clade.  Most phylogenetic trees identify it as the sister group to Opisthokonta. That is another major clade which contains both Fungi and Animals as well as some 300 species of unicellular protists. Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes  grouped together in a high-level taxon, variously named Unikonta, Amorphea, or Opimoda.

Amoebozoa includes many of the best-known amoeboid organisms, such as Chaos, Entamoeba, Pelomyxa and the genus Amoeba itself.

Most are unicellular, and are common in soils and aquatic habitats. Some are symbionts of other organisms, including several pathogens. The Amoebozoa also include the mycetozoan slime moulds, multinucleate or multicellular forms which produce spores and are usually visible to the unaided eye.

The nutrition is usually by phagocytosis. The cell surrounds food particles, sealing them into vacuoles where they are digested and absorbed. When food is scarce, most species form cysts, which may be carried by air to other places. In slime moulds, these structures are called spores, and form on stalked structures called fruiting bodies or sporangia.

Most Amoebozoa lack flagella and more generally do not form microtubule-supported structures except during mitosis. However, flagella occur among some archamoebae, and many slime moulds produce biflagellate gametes.

A characteristic form is the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum.

References 

Protozoa
Phuntsok Wangyal Goranangpa or Bapa Phuntsok Wangyal (; January 1922 – 30 March 2014), better known as Phuntsog Wangyal and sometimes Phünwang, was a Tibetan politician. He was a communist and is best known for having founded the Tibetan Communist Party. For his activities, he was arrested by Chinese authorities and was jailed for eighteen years at the Qincheng Prison. He was born in Batang, in the province of Kham, eastern Tibet.

Wangyal died from lung failure on 30 March 2014 at a hospital in Beijing, China. He was 91 years old.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References

Other websites

 Phuntsok Wangyal at Famous Birthdays

1922 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from disease
Chinese politicians
Chinese communists
Chinese writers
Tibetan people
Cheste (Valencian: Xest) is a city in Spain. It is in the Valencian Community. It is  west of Valencia and about  east of Madrid. It covers . In 2008, 8,127 people lived there according to the National Institute of Statistics census.

Demography

Economy 
Cheste's main industry is agriculture, specifically the vineyards. Cheste is also known for the MotoGP's Circuit Ricardo Tormo, built in 1999.

References

Other websites

 Cheste's city hall website 

Cities in Valencia (autonomous community)
Municipalities in Valencia (autonomous community)
The Artist is a 2011 French romantic comedy-drama movie. It was produced by Thomas Langmann and was directed by Michel Hazanavicius. The Artist was first shown at the Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2011 and was released on 12 October 2011 France.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and hold a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

The movie was nominated for 6 Golden Globes and won 3: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Original Score, and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Dujardin). The movie was also nominated for 10 Academy Awards and won 5: Best Picture (first French film to ever win Best Picture), Best Director for Hazanavicius, Best Actor for Dujardin (first French actor ever to win for Best Actor), Best Original Score, and Best Costume Design.

Cast 
 Jean Dujardin as George Valentin
 Bérénice Bejo as Peppy Miller
 Uggie as Jack (the dog)
 John Goodman as Al Zimmer
 James Cromwell as Clifton
 Missi Pyle as Constance
 Penelope Ann Miller as Doris Valentin
 Malcolm McDowell as The Butler
 Bitsie Tulloch as Norma
 Beth Grant as Peppy's maid
 Ed Lauter as Peppy's first chauffeur
 Jen Lilley as Onlooker
 Nina Siemaszko as Admiring woman
 Jewel Shepard as Flapper starlet
 Basil Hoffman as Auctioneer
 Ben Kurland as Casting assistant
 Ken Davitian as Pawnbroker
 Bill Fagerbakke as Policeman
 Matt Skollar as Peppy's assistant

References

Other websites 

2011 comedy-drama movies
2011 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
French comedy movies
French drama movies
French romance movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Silent movies
Warner Bros. movies
The House of Lorraine, was a family that originated from the Duchy of Lorraine in modern day France. The family later ruled the small duchy of Lorraine itself and later ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, The Empress Maria Theresa was married to a Duke of Lorraine thus uniting the house of Lorraine with the far more powerful House of Habsburg. 

The House of Lorraine, the main and now only remaining line known as Habsburg-Lorraine, is one of the most important and was one of the longest-reigning royal houses in the history of Europe.[1] Currently the house is headed by Karl Habsburg-Lothringen, the titular Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Croatia, Illyria, as well as the titular King of Jerusalem.
The Duchy of Lorraine was a former monarchy independent from France but in mainland France. It was also a State of the Holy Roman Empire. 

The duchy was later given to a dethroned King of Poland and was dissolved in 1766. Historically the members of the family frequently married into other French nobility such as Princesses of the French royal family. The capital of the duchy was Nancy. However, Leopold I of Lorraine later moved the capital to the town of Lunéville. which was a renowned resort in the 18th century, known as the capital of Lorraine. The grand Château de Lunéville, built in 1702 for Leopold, Duke of Lorraine.  The Duke of Lorraine lived there until the duchy became part of France in 1766. The chateau was designed in the style of Versailles to satisfy Leopold's wife, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, the niece of Louis XIV, and became known as the "Versailles of Lorraine". It includes a chapel designed by Germain Boffrand. Leopold and his wife were the parents of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (through him they were the grandparents of Marie Antoinette).

Important historical buildings

Château de Lunéville a former royal residence.
Ducal Palace of Nancy.
The Place Stanislas. A large public square in Nancy built by an ex-king of Poland. 
Château de Commercy, a Château used by the last duchess of Lorraine. 

Apart from the ducal family the Beauvau family were very prominent in society holding much influence with the rulers of the duchy due to personal connections. The heads of the family were often titled the Prince of Craon

Other websites

Former monarchies of Europe
House of Lorraine
1766 disestablishments
States of the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century disestablishments in Europe
Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever is a 2002 American action movie. It was produced by Chris Lee and Elie Samaha. The movie was directed by Wych Kaosayananda. Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever was released on September 20, 2002 in North America.

The movie gained strong negative reviews. It is considered one of the worst movies ever made and holds a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes also ranked the movie #1 among "The Worst of the Worst" movie list in March 2007. The movie was a box office bomb and only regained $19.9 million of its $70 million budget.

Cast 
 Antonio Banderas as F.B.I. Agent Jeremiah Ecks
 Lucy Liu as Agent Sever
 Gregg Henry as DIA Director Robert Gant/Agent Clark
 Ray Park as A.J. Ross
 Talisa Soto as Rayne Gant/Vinn Ecks
 Miguel Sandoval as Julio Martin
 Terry Chen as Agent Harry Lee
 Roger R. Cross as Zane
 Sandrine Holt as Agent Bennett
 Steve Bacic as Agent Fleming
 Tony Alcantar as Edgar Moore
 David Palffy as Sleazy Man
 David Pearson as VPD Officer
 Norm Sherry as Ross Sniper
 Brian Drummond as VPD Officer
 Joel Kramer as Bus Driver
 John DeSantis as Bus Guard #2
 Charles Andre as Agent Addis
 Mike Dopud as DIA Agent
 Jonathan Kelly as the Da Feiji technology teacher
 Jet Li as Man in car (Uncredited)
 Aidan Drummond as Michael Gant
 Eric Breker as Agent Curtis
 David Parker as Dark Suit #1
 Josephine Jacob as Pretty Girl
 John McConnach as Escort Agent
 Ashley Kobayashi as Mali
 Lenora Wong as Harry's Wife
 Jim Filippone as DIA Pilot
 Justin Liu as the common Da Feiji master

References

Other websites 
Official website 

2002 action movies
2000s spy movies
2002 thriller movies
American action thriller movies
American spy movies
English-language movies
German movies
Warner Bros. movies
Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American professor. He was the Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University. His professional areas of interest were Iranian philology and the history of Iran and Central Asia before 1000 CE.

Frye died in Boston, Massachusetts from natural causes, aged 94.

References

1920 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American historians
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Paul Charles Donnelly (March 28, 1923 - March 12, 2014) was an American guided missile pioneer and a senior NASA manager. He was the manager during the Apollo moon landing program at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Donnelly helped develop the U.S. Navy's Bat, the first "smart bomb" in the history of warfare. He was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania.

Donnelly died on March 12, 2014 in Melbourne, Florida, aged 90.

References

1923 births
2014 deaths
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Scientists from Pennsylvania
My Mad Fat Diary is a British comedy-drama television series. It started on 14 January 2013 on E4. It is based on the book My Fat, Mad Teenage Diary by Rae Earl. The second series started on 17 February 2014 and ended on 31 March 2014.

Plot
The series is set in Stamford, Lincolnshire in 1996. It stars Sharon Rooney as an obese 16-year-old girl called Rae Earl. She has just left a psychiatric hospital after being there for four months.

Cast
Sharon Rooney as Rachel 'Rae' Earl (Bouchtat)
Nico Mirallegro as Finn Nelson
Claire Rushbrook as Linda Bouchtat, Rae's mum
Ian Hart as Kester, Rae's therapist.
Turlough Convery as Liam Owen (series 2)

References

Other websites 

2010s British television series
2013 television series debuts
2010s British comedy television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s comedy-drama television series
British teen television series
Lincolnshire
Period television series
British teen drama television series
2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
André Lavagne (12 July 1913 – 21 March 2014) was a French composer. He mostly worked on short movies, such as: L'amour maternel chez les animaux  (1944) and Un amour de parapluie (1951). He was born in Paris.

Lavagne died from natural causes on 21 March 2014 in Paris. He was 100 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1913 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
French centenarians
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Gibbs free energy is the available energy in a chemical reaction. It was calculated by Josiah Willard Gibbs.

Purpose
Systems have a tendency to achieve as low of a free energy state as possible. The Gibbs free energy number is how far away the current system is from this state. It is analogous to a number line, with zero being the final state. Scientists use Gibbs free energy to determine the energy in a system that can be used. A negative Gibbs number indicates that you can get energy out of the reaction. It is a favorable reaction, which means that the chemical reaction "wants" to move towards its lower state. A positive Gibbs number shows that you must put energy in to get energy out.

An example can be seen in respiration. The Gibbs value of one mole of glucose -686kcal. This means that we can get 686 kcal of energy from one mole of glucose. This means if we put in energy in respiration, we can theoretically get 686 kcal out of the mole of glucose.

Calculation
The equation for Gibbs free energy is G(p,T) = U + pV − TS.

This is often simplified as G(p,T) = H − TS.

(For the second equation, U + pV is replaced by H because H = U + pV).

where: 
 U is the internal energy
 p is pressure
 V is Volume
 T is the temperature
 S is the entropy
 H is the enthalpy

Notes

Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2014
Physical chemistry
Nathan "Nate" Phelps (born November 22, 1958) is an American-Canadian author, LGBT rights activist, and public speaker on the topics of religion and child abuse. He is the son of Westboro Baptist Church founder Fred Phelps. He left the church at 18 and permanently left in 1980. This was because of his different and mostly opposite beliefs of his father.

Phelps was born in Topeka, Kansas. He lives in Calgary, Alberta.

References

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1958 births
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American atheists
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Lys Assia (born Rosa Mina Schärer; 3 March 1924, Rupperswil, Aargau, Switzerland – 24 March 2018 in Zurich, Switzerland) was a Swiss singer. She won the first Eurovision Song Contest in 1956. When Assia was a young girl she was a dancer. In 1940, however, she stood in for a female singer.

Assia died on 24 March 2018 at Zurich's Zollikerberg Hospital.

References

Other websites

Official homepage

1924 births
2018 deaths
Swiss entertainers
Swiss singers
Aargau
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Molar concentration, or molarity, or simply concentration, is a term in physical chemistry. It measures the concentration of a solution or mixture.

In chemistry, the molar concentration,  is defined as the amount of a constituent  (usually measured in moles – hence the name) divided by the volume of the mixture :

The volume  in the definition  refers to the volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. One litre of a solution usually contains either slightly more or slightly less than 1 litre of solvent because when a substance dissolves in a solvent it causes volume of liquid to increase or decrease.

The reciprocal quantity represents the dilution (volume) which can appear in Ostwald's law of dilution.

References 

Physical chemistry
John Schiller Wold (August 31, 1916 – February 19, 2017) was an American politician. He was a Republican. He served a term in the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming from 1969 to 1971. He was also a business person and geologist.

Wold was born in East Orange, New Jersey. He grew up in Watertown, Connecticut.  During World War II, he was a consulting physicist and gunnery officer for the U.S. Navy. He turned 100 in 2016.

References

Other websites
 John S. Wold at Our Campaigns

1916 births
2017 deaths
American centenarians
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Saman Arbabi (; born 1973) is an Iranian-American journalist, caricaturist, television host, fashion designer, and television producer. He was the creator and executive producer of the satirical television show Parazit. He was born in Tehran, Iran in 1973. He moved to France in 1984, and then he moved to the United States in 1986. He has a Bachelor of Science in Communications from the University of Maryland.

Other websites

Edeaa, directed by Saman Arbabi
Demokracy, directed by Saman Arbabi
Saman Arbabi's Reel
Parazit's Press Reel
Saman Arbabi's Twitter feed
Saman Arbabi's Facebook page
Saman Arbabi's Instagram page

1973 births
Living people
People from Tehran
Iranian entertainers
Iranian journalists
Television presenters
Fashion designers
Television producers
Platypterygius ('flat flipper)' is an ichthyosaur of the family Ophthalmosauridae. It was the last surviving ichthyosaur.

Discovery and species 
Fossils are known from Australia, Russia, United States of America, Colombia, Western Europe and possibly New Zealand. There are seven named species. Both adults and juveniles have been unearthed, including newborns and pregnant females. Like other ichthyosaurs, Platypterygius gave live birth.

Palaeobiology 
Platypterygius reached a length of about 7 m (23 ft). It had a long snout and a powerful finned tail. There are more digits in the front flippers than is usual in ichthyosaurs; they are tightly bound in rows, giving a broad, flat appearance. This unusual characteristic gives the genus its name, meaning 'flat wing.' Furthermore, some of the wrist bones have disappeared entirely. CAT scans on a juvenile specimen strongly suggest that Platypterygius was deaf.

Extinction 

Platypterygius became extinct during the Upper Cretaceous, about 30 million years before the K/T extinction event. There was an ocean anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian stage boundary. The deeper layers of the seas became anoxic and poisoned by hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As life died off in the lower (benthos) levels of the sea, so did the predators at the top of the food chain. The last pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs became extinct.p251 

No firm reasons can be given for the decline of the ichthyosaurs. By the Cretaceous they certainly had more competitors than in the Triassic, and more elusive prey. The adaptive radiation of teleost fish meant their new prey were fast swimming and highly evasive. The teleosts also included fast-swimming predatory fish, which must have been competitors. The anoxic event would have removed much of the plankton at the base of the food chain. That would certainly result in the extinction of many larger predatory forms of life.

References 

Long, J.A., Dinosaurs of Australia and New Zealand, UNSW Press, Australia 1998

Ichthyosaurs
Carter L. Stevenson was a career military officer. He served in the United States Army in the American Civil War.

Confederate Army generals
1817 births
1888 deaths
The Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing (also known as the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge and Second Narrows Bridge) is the second bridge that crosses over the Burrard Inlet. It goes from Vancouver to north shore of Burrard Inlet (includes District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver).

It began construction in 1957. On June 17, 1958, when one of the cranes was stretching from the north side of the bridge to join the two chords of the unfinished arch, several of the spans collapsed. This caused 79 workers to fall 30 metres (100 ft) into the water. 18 of them were killed either instantly or shortly after, possibly drowned by their heavy tool belts. When a diver went down to search for the bodies, he drowned and that brought the total of deaths for the collapse to 19. The bridge opened on August 25, 1960 and was renamed the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing in 1994 to honour the workers that had died in the collapse.

References

Other websites 

Bridges in Canada
Steel bridges
Vancouver
The Château de Lunéville was the former royal residence of the ruling Dukes of Lorraine. It is often likened to the far grander and larger Palace of Versailles. It is no longer a royal residence and is today a museum. The restoration of the building and its decors is under way. In France it was referred to as the "Versailles of Lorraine" and is also sometimes referred to as the Palace of Lunéville in English.

History

A building had been on the site since medieval times but nothing had been done to improve or update the building due to the poor finances of the Duchy of Lorraine.

Duke Leopold I of Lorraine was married to Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans herself a niece of Louis XIV of France who at the time of their marriage in 1698 was beginning to expand the Palace of Versailles. The ducal family of Lorraine had previously used the Ducal Palace of Nancy itself in the capital of the duchy. The new Duke and duchess had an ever growing family and Leopold took it upon himself to commission another palace reflecting his rank as a sovereign duke.

Following the death of Leopold of Lorraine in 1729 the duchy was inherited by his son Francis Stephen who eventually married Empress Maria Theresa and he spent most of his time in Austria with his large family.

A after war between France, Poland and Austria apeace was concluded in October 1735 and upheld in the Treaty of Vienna in November 1738. Under its terms, Stanisław Leszczyński, the father-in-law of King Louis XV and the losing claimant to the Polish throne, received Lorraine, while Francis, in compensation for his loss, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which he would inherit in 1737. While the ex king of Poland was in residence the building was known as the Château Stanislas. Stanisław Leszczyński actually died at the Château in 1766 as did his wife Catherine Opalińska in 1747. After the Polish royals left the Château was largely ignored until it was created a French Historic monument in 1901. It is currently being restored.

Gallery

Other websites

Château de Lunéville Official site 

Former royal residences
House of Lorraine
Luneville
Grand Est
Jürg Neuenschwander (14 January 1947 – 23 March 2014) was a Swiss organist and musician. He was best known for his work with Schweizer Radio DRS from 1982 to 1989. He was born in Eggiwil, canton of Bern.

Neuenschwander died from a cerebral hemorrhage on 23 March 2014 in Bern. He was 67 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1947 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Organists
Swiss composers
Swiss musicians
Delta-v, meaning delta velocity and symbolized as Δv, is a measure of a spacecraft's ability to change it's trajectory (the path it will take in the future). Delta velocity in simple terms means 'the change in speed' It is measured by a unit of speed, usually meters per second (m/s).#

Factors that go into calculating delta-v are:

 The mass of the spacecraft.
 The amount of gravity in which the spacecraft currently finds itself.
 The thrust and efficienty of the engine.
 The amount of fuel the spacecraft has.

As an example of how delta-v is used, we can imagine a goal: flying a spacecraft into low Earth orbit. (In simple words, getting a rocket to spin around the Earth). We would first calculate how much delta-v will be required for that journey. Then, with the factors in the above list, we can calculate how much delta-v our spacecraft would need to go on that journey. Like if a person were to drive his car from point A to point B, he'd need to know how much fuel he needs in his car first. But in rocket science, using delta-v is much more relevant, as we have to completely design our spacecraft, including all factors mentioned above.

To reach Low Earth orbit, (LEO) our spacecraft would need roughly 10,000 m/s of delta-v.

Delta-v can be seen a budget, because if our spacecraft were to use up the 10,000 m/s of delta-v, it wouldn't be able to complete its journey to low Earth orbit.

Delta-v is calculated using this integral equation:

where

  is the thrust at time .
  is the mass at time .

Spaceflight
Measurement
Hobart "Hobie" Alter (October 31, 1933 – March 29, 2014) was an American inventor and businessman. He was a pioneer in the surfboard shaping industry. He was the creator of the Hobie Cat catamarans and founder of the Hobie company. He was born in Ontario, California.

Alter died on March 29, 2014 in Palm Desert, California from cancer, aged 80.

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American inventors
Businesspeople from California
Windows 9x is a general term referring to a series (or family) of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems. These were produced from 1995 to 2000. These were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying foundation of MS-DOS. Both were updated in following versions. This includes all versions of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME. In common usage, the term Windows 9x itself often includes Windows ME. However, this is not always the case and it is more often expressed as "Windows 9x/ME". Support for Windows 9x was terminated on July 11, 2006, when extended support for Windows 98 and Windows ME ended. Extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.

Operating systems 
Windows 9x can refer to either an individual or all of the following versions of Microsoft Windows:
Windows 95 (codenamed "Chicago")
Windows "Nashville" (previously codenamed "Cleveland"), a cancelled version
Windows 98 (codenamed "Memphis")
Windows ME (codenamed "Millennium")

References

Other websites 
Microsoft Layer for Unicode English (United States) ; English (United Kingdom)

Microsoft operating systems
Manuel Carlos Valls (, born 13 August 1962) is a Spanish-born French politician. He became the Prime Minister of France on 31 March 2014.

Valls was born in Barcelona to a Swiss mother and Spanish painter Xavier Valls.

References

Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Civil servants
French mayors
Prime Ministers of France
Government ministers of France
Politicians from Barcelona
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Irene Fernandez (1 June 1946 – 31 March 2014) was a Malaysian human rights activist. She was a PKR supreme council member. She was the director and co-founder of the non-governmental organization Tenaganita. She helped the rights of migrant workers and other oppressed and poor people in Malaysia. She was arrested in 1996 and charged with 'maliciously publishing false news'.

She died on 31 March 2014 of heart failure.

References

1946 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Malaysian people
Human rights activists
Sabath Anthony "Sam" Mele (January 21, 1922 – May 1, 2017) was a former right fielder, manager, coach and scout in Major League Baseball. As a manager, he led the Minnesota Twins to their first American League championship in 1965.

Mele played for the Boston Red Sox (1947-1949; 1954-1955), Washington Senators (1949-1952), Chicago White Sox (1952-1953), Baltimore Orioles (1954), Cincinnati Redlegs (1955), and for the Cleveland Indians (1956).

Mele was born on January 21, 1922 in Astoria, New York. He studied at William Cullen Bryant High School and at New York University. Mele died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts on the night of May 1, 2017 from natural causes, aged 95.

References

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1922 births
2017 deaths
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Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
Minnesota Twins
Baseball coaches
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Windows Server can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
Windows 3.x Server (Windows NT 3.x Server)
Windows 4.0 Server (Windows NT 4.0 Server)
Windows 2000 Server (codenamed "5.0 Server (NT 5.0 Server)")
Windows Server 2003 (Windows XP Server)
Windows Home Server 2007 (Windows Server 2007/Windows Vista Home Server)
Windows Server 2008 (Windows Vista Server)
Windows Home Server 2011 (Windows Server 2011/Windows 7.x Server/Windows 7.x Home Server)
Windows Server 2012 (Windows 8.x Server/Windows Server 8.x)
Windows Server 2016 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
Windows Server 2019 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
Harold Brown (September 19, 1927 – January 4, 2019) was an American scientist and politician. He was the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the cabinet of President Jimmy Carter. He last served in the Lyndon Johnson administration as Director of Defense Research and Engineering and Secretary of the Air Force.

Brown died of pancreatic cancer on January 4, 2019 at his home in Rancho Santa Fe, California, aged 91.

References

Other websites

Annotated Bibliography for Harold Brown from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 

1927 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in California
United States Secretaries of Defense
United States Secretaries of the Air Force
American physicians
Politicians from New York City
Scientists from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
William James Perry (born October 11, 1927) is an American mathematician, engineer, and businessman. He was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3, 1994, to January 23, 1997, under President Bill Clinton. He also served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–1994) and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (1977–1981).

References

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1927 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Defense
Engineers from Pennsylvania
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Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) is an American politician. He served as the 35th Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1989 to 2001. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He ran for President in 1992. He was also awarded the medal of honour for his courageous actions while apart of SEAL team 1 in Vietnam.

References

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1943 births
Living people
1992 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Nebraska
Governors of Nebraska
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Craig Lyle Thomas; better known as Craig L. Thomas (February 17, 1933 – June 4, 2007) was an American politician. He was a senior U.S. Senator from Wyoming and member of United States Republican Party. Before that he was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming from 1989 to 1995.

Thomas died of leukemia on June 4, 2007 in Bethesda, Maryland, aged 74.

References

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1933 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
United States representatives from Wyoming
United States senators from Wyoming
US Republican Party politicians
The Pattullo Bridge is the through arch bridge that crosses over the Fraser River. It goes from New Westminster to north bank of the river to the city of Surrey. 

The bridge was opened in 1937. On January 18, 2009, there was a fire that started on the south end of the bridge in the structure under the bridge deck. The 60-foot long wooden trestle on the south side of the bridge which connects the steel and concrete structure to the earthen berm was burned and needed to be entirely rebuilt. The investigators treated the fire as suspicious. The bridge was reopened on January 26.

References

Bridges in Canada
Vancouver
Francis Warren Nicholls, Jr. (January 18, 1955 – March 31, 2014), better known by his stage name Frankie Knuckles, was an American DJ, record producer, and remixer. He played a major role in house music in Chicago, Illinois during the 1980s when it was made. In 2005, he was added to the Dance Music Hall of Fame for his achievements. He was born in the Bronx borough of New York City. He was gay.

Knuckles died from complications of diabetes on March 31, 2014 in Chicago. He was 59 years old.

References

Other websites
 
 

1955 births
2014 deaths
American DJs
American R&B musicians
American record producers
American soul musicians
Deaths from diabetes
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Musicians from Chicago
Musicians from the Bronx
Enrique Plancarte Solís (14 September 1970 – 31 March 2014) was a claimed Mexican drug lord and high-ranking leader of the Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel based in the state of Michoacán. Before his tenure in the Knights Templar, he was a top leader of the split-off group La Familia Michoacana. He was born in Nueva Italia, Michoacán.

Plancarte Solís was killed in a gunfight with soldiers of the Mexican Navy on 31 March 2014 in Colón, Querétaro. He was 43 years old.

References

1970 births
2014 deaths
Deaths by firearm
Drug dealers
Fraudsters
Kidnappers
Murderers
People from Michoacán
Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants to produce desired characteristics.  Plant breeding can be done by many different techniques. Plants with desirable characteristics for propagation can be selected. More complex molecular techniques are also possible (see cultigen and cultivar).

Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human civilization. It is now done worldwide by gardeners and farmers, or by professional plant breeders employed by government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centres.

International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for preventing famine. New varieties are developed. They are higher-yielding, resistant to pests and diseases, drought-resistant or adapted to different environments and growing conditions.

History 
Plant breeding started with the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice dates back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time.

Gregor Mendel's experiments with plant hybridization led to his establishing laws of inheritance. Once this work became well known, it formed the basis of the new science of genetics, which stimulated research by many plant scientists dedicated to improving crop production through plant breeding.

Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own technology.

Related pages 
Genetically modified food
Artificial selection

References 

Genetics
Agriculture
A Coruña is a city on the north coast of Spain. It is a municipality of Galicia, Spain, and the second-largest city in Galicia. It is the 17th largest city in Spain.

The city is the capital of A Coruña Province, and was the political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Galicia
Cities in Galicia
Capital cities in Spain
Open University of Israel (, HaUniversita HaPtukha) is a distance-education university in Israel. The main campus is located in the city of Ra'anana. , the Open University had taught around 39,000 students. Course examinations can be held at Israeli consulates and Jewish Agency offices around the world.

References

Other websites 

 Open University of Israel

Colleges and universities in Israel
Birgitta Valberg Hansson (16 December 1916 – 29 March 2014) was a Swedish actress from Stockholm. She made 137 roles during her active years at Dramatens elevskola. She started acting in 1934 and retired in 1996.

Valberg died from natural causes on 29 March 2014 in Lidingö. She was 97.

References

Other websites
 

1916 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Actors from Stockholm
Swedish movie actors
Swedish stage actors
Swedish television actors
Hilbert's tenth problem is a problem in mathematics that is named after David Hilbert who included it in Hilbert's problems as a very important problem in mathematics. It is about finding an algorithm that can say whether a Diophantine equation has integer solutions. It was proved, in 1970, that such an algorithm does not exist.

Overview
As with all problems included in Hilbert's problems, it was unresolved and considered very difficult when the famous list was published in 1900. The first significant step towards finding the solution was made in 1950 by Julia Robinson, who created a hypothesis (known as the JR hypothesis) around which all later progress was centred. The problem was finally solved with a negative answer in 1970 when Yuri Matiyasevich proved the JR hypothesis. Previous research had shown that this was enough for a negative answer to the problem. The negative answer means that we cannot make an algorithm that can say whether a Diophantine equation has integer solutions. 

Number theory
There are 3 arrondissements in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

The arrondissements of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques are:

 Arrondissement of Bayonne, (subprefecture: Bayonne), with 123 communes.
 Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie, (subprefecture: Oloron-Sainte-Marie), with 155 communes.
 Arrondissement of Pau, (prefecture of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department: Pau), with 269 communes.

History
Since its creation, the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department has had few changes:
 1790 : creation of the Basses-Pyrénées department with six districts: Pau, Oloron, Orthez, Mauléon, Saint-Palais, Ustaritz; the capital was Navarrenx
 1790 : the capital is moved from Navarrenx to Pau
 1795 : the capital is moved from Pau to Saint-Palais
 1796 : the capital is moved from Saint-Palais to Pau
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Pau, Bayonne, Mauléon, Oloron, Orthez
 1926 : the arrondissements of Mauléon and Orthez are eliminated
 1969 : the name of the department is changed to Pyrénées-Atlantiques

References

Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Lists of arrondissements of France
Kenneth Joel "Kenny" Hotz (born May 3, 1967 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian producer, writer, director actor, and comedian.

He used to be a consultant and writer for South Park, the creator and star of both Kenny vs. Spenny and Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will, and the writer of Testees. Hotz has won many awards including Gemini Awards and Canadian Comedy Awards. He is also a Gulf War photo-journalist and an award-winning Vice writer.

He owns The Hoxton and Dog & Bear restaurant and bars in Toronto, Canada. He is the Comedy Chair of the Banff World Media Festival Advisory Boards for the Banff World Media Festival and cofounded Aux Mode, an online content distribution and monetization firm in 2013. He currently hosts a weekly radio show with Sirius Radio in the U.S.

Filmography

Movies
It Don't Cost Nothin' to Say Good Morning (1994) (Short movie) (Director, DOP, Editor)
Pitch - Himself (1997) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
The Papal Chase - Himself (2004) (Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
Zack and Miri Make a Porno - Zack #2 (2008) (Actor)
Degrassi Takes Manhattan - Cameo (2010)

Television
Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation (1997) (Writer)
Kenny vs. Spenny - Himself (2003-2010) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
South Park (2004–06, 2012) (Writer, Consultant)
Elton vs. Simon (2005) (Executive Producer)
Odd Job Jack - Clay Shogen (voice) (2007)
Testees - Larry (2008) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
Pure Pwnage - Cameo (2009)
Kenny vs. Spenny Christmas Special - Himself (2010) (Creator, Executive Producer, Writer, Director, Actor)
Kenny Hotz's Triumph of the Will - Himself (2011) (Executive Producer, Creator, Writer, Director, Actor)

References

Other websites
Official website

1967 births
Actors from Toronto
Atheists
Bloggers
Canadian television actors
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Comedians from Toronto
Internet celebrities
Jewish actors
Jewish writers
Living people
Writers from Toronto
Jacques Le Goff (1 January 1924 – 1 April 2014) was a French historian and author. He wrote many books about the Middle Ages. Mostly during the 12th and 13th centuries. Le Goff was known for arguing that the Middle Ages created a new civilization. In 1984, he wrote The Birth of Purgatory.

Le Goff was born in Toulon. He died in Paris, France from natural causes, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
French academics
French historians
People from Toulon
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Yngve Axel Andreas Larsson (9 January 1917 – 22 March 2014) was a Swedish pediatrician, medicine professor and diabetologist. He was best known for his work at the Ethio–Swedish Pediatric Clinic (ESPC) at Haile Selassie I University in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 1965 until 1970. He was born in Stockholm.

Larsson died from natural causes on 22 March 2014 in Lidingö. He was 97 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1917 births
2014 deaths
Academics
Deaths from natural causes
Swedish educators
Scientists from Stockholm
Writers from Stockholm
Gonzalo Anes Álvarez de Castrillón (10 December 1931 – 31 March 2014) was a Spanish economist, professor and historian. He was the Marquis of Castrillon from 2010 until his death in 2014. He was also a director of the Royal Academy of History. He was born in Trelles, Coaña, Asturias.

Anes died on 31 March 2014 in Madrid. He was 82 years old.

References

Other websites
 Gonzalo Anes  at the Royal Academy of History 

1931 births
2014 deaths
Spanish economists
Spanish educators
Spanish historians
People from Asturias
Spanish scientists
The Nive (, ) is a French river that flows through the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. The river starts in the Pyrenees and is a left tributary of the Adour river.

Geography
The Nive river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Cambo-les-Bains in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

Course
The Nive proper is formed from three small rivers in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port:
 The Nive de Béhérobie (main stream)
 The Laurhibar - 28.1 km;
 The Nive d'Arnéguy - 20.8 km;.

The Nive passes through the towns of Estérençuby (Nive de Béhérobie), Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Bidarray, Cambo-les-Bains, Ustaritz, Villefranque and Bayonne, where it flows into the Adour.

It joins the Adour in the city of Bayonne, on its left bank, at an altitude of  and at about  from the Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean).

Main tributaries 

Left tributaries:
 Nive d'Arnéguy - 20.8 km;
 Nive des Aldudes - 33.5 km;
 Bastan - 12.9 km;.

Right tributaries:
 Laurhibar - 28.1 km;
 Lakako Erreka - 20.4 km;.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Tour de la Haute vallée de la Nive 
 Contrat de Rivière des Nives  

Rivers of France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Pic Palas or Pic de Palas is a mountain in the Pyrenees on the Spanish–French border. It is the highest point of the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department with an altitude of .

Geography
Pic Palas is  high. It is on the Massif du Balaïtous, a mountain range within the Pyrenees.

The summit of this mountain is the point where the Spanish province of Huesca and the French departments of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and Hautes-Pyrénées (Occitanie) meet.

Geologie
The summit of Pic Palas, as well as the Massif du Balaïtous, is made of granite.

History
The first ascent of this peak was made by the surveyors Pierre Peytier and Paul-Michel Hossard in 1825 when they were trying to get to the Pic du Balaïtous.

References

Pyrenees
Mountains of France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Evil Dead is a horror movie series from Renaissance Pictures, Rosebud Releasing, Viacom International, Paramount Pictures, MCA, Inc., Universal Pictures, Sony, and TriStar Pictures. There are evil demonic zombies (deadites). The Evil Dead was released in 1981, Evil Dead 2 was released in 1987, Evil Dead 3 was released in 1992 and Evil Dead 1 (Remake Version) was released in 2013.

The Evil Dead (franchise)
Series of movies
Horror movies
Liberals in the United States have many different political ideas about how individuals and government should act. The people listed below are, or were, thought to be as liberals.

Liberal thinkers and leaders 
These are some important liberals in America:

 Politicians
 President Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
 President Andrew Jackson (1767–1845)
 President Grover Cleveland (1837-1908)
 Governor Samuel J. Tilden (1814–1886) 
 State Senator Eugene V. Debs (1955–1926)
 Mayor Carter Harrison, Jr. (1860–1953)
 President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924)
 Vice President Thomas R. Marshall (1854–1925)
 President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)
 President Harry S. Truman (1884-1972)
 Representative Don Edwards (1915-2015)
 Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. (1914-2013)
 President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
 President Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973)
 President Jimmy Carter (b.1924)
 Senator George McGovern (1922-2012)
 Senator Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968)
 Governor Reubin Askew (1928-2014)
 Senator Edward Kennedy (1932-2009)
 Mayor Richard M. Daley (b.1942)
 President Bill Clinton (b.1946)
 Senator Frank Lautenberg (1924-2013)
 Senator Bernie Sanders (b. 1941)
 Senator Elizabeth Warren (b. 1949)
 Senator Kamala Harris (b.1964)
 Senator Cory Booker (b. 1969)
 Senator Harry Reid (b.1939)
 Senator Patrick Leahy (b.1940)
 Senator Daniel Inouye (1924-2012)
 Representative Tulsi Gabbard (b.1981)
 Representative Keith Ellison (b.1963)
 Representative Maurice Hinchey (1938-2017)
 Representative Louise Slaughter (1929-2018)
 State Senator Nina Turner (b.1967)
 County Commissioner Chuy García (b.1956)
 Mayor Mario Cuomo (1932-2015)
 Governor Pat Quinn (b.1948)
 Mayor Rahm Emanuel (b.1959)

 Former liberals
 President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004)
 Senator Strom Thurmond (1902-2003)

 Judges
 Chief Justice Roger Taney (1777–1864)
 Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson (1890–1953)
 Associate Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (1907-1998)
 Judge James B. Bradwell (1828-1907)

 Economists
 James M. Buchanan (1919–2013)
 Dale T. Mortensen (1939–2014)
 Lyndon LaRouche (b.1922)
 Robert Fogel (1926-2013)

 Writers and intellectuals
 William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879)
 John Dewey (1859–1952)
 Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992)

 Media personalities
 Michael Moore (b.1954)

Gallery

Relevant pages 
Liberalism

Other websites 
 Lewis H. Lapham, "Tentacles of Rage" in Harper's, September 2004, p. 31-41.
 Ericson, David F., Green, Louisa Bertch. "Introduction". In Ericson, David F., Green, Louisa Bertch (Eds.), The liberal tradition in American politics: reassessing the legacy of American liberalism.Llondon, UK: Routledge, 1999 

Lists of American people
Lists of politicians from the United States
Liberalism
Mark Steven Kirk (born September 15, 1959) is an American politician. He was elected to the United States Senate for Illinois in 2010, but lost re-election in 2016. Before being a senator, Kirk represented the 10th congressional district of Illinois from 2001 to 2010.

On November 8, 2016, he was defeated in his bid for re-election to his U.S. Senate seat by Democrat Tammy Duckworth.

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
United States senators from Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
People from Highland Park, Illinois
Lawyers from Illinois
Palm Desert, California is a city of California in the United States. It is in Coachella Valley. 48,445 people live here since 2010.

Cities in California
Settlements in Riverside County, California
"Music! Music! Music!" is a popular song. The best known version was by Teresa Brewer, recorded in 1949. The song became became #1 and a million seller in 1950. Some radio stations would not play the song because of the lyric "I'd do anything for you/Anything you want me to". That lyric was often thought to be indecent.

One version of the song was done by Petula Clark, also around 1950.

Brewer made several versions of the song. The one for the Coral label had a stronger beat and orchestra arrangement.

Pop songs
1950s songs