cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The death zone is the name used by mountain climbers for high altitude where there is not enough available oxygen for humans to breathe.  This is usually above 8,000 metres (26,247 feet). Fourteen mountains have peaks that are in the death zone; Those mountains are in Asia, and they are part of the Himalaya and Karakoram.

"People are advised not to stay in the death zone for more than 16 to 20 hours", media said; Shorter stays can also be deadly.

Most of the 200+ climbers who have died on Mount Everest  have died in the death zone.  Due to the inverse relationship of atmospheric pressure to altitude, at the top of Mount Everest the average person takes in about 30% of the oxygen in the air that they would take in at sea level; a normal human person used to breathing air at sea level could only be there for a few minutes before they became unconscious.  Most climbers have to carry oxygen bottles to be able to reach the top.  Visitors become weak and have inability to think clearly and make decisions, especially under stress.  Since helicopters also perform poorly in thin air, many bodies of dead visitors are left on the mountain.

Alive in the death zone for more than one night

In 2008, Pemba Gyalje stayed in K2's Death Zone for 90 hours.

Before that, in 2006, climber Lincoln Hall, who was left for dead on Everest on May 25, 2006, managed to survive.  Lack of oxygen in his blood made it easier for him to get frostbite.  He also had headaches, nausea, vomiting and hallucinations.  He said later this was caused by cerebral edema – or swelling of the brain.  This is caused at high altitude when blood leaks into the brain itself and that can kill a person if the brain becomes too compressed.  Hall was left for dead when his breathing and heartbeat stopped.  He was found the next morning by a team of four led by U.S. climber Daniel Mazur. Hall was sitting cross-legged near a ten-thousand foot cliff's edge, without his gloves, hat, or oxygen, with his climbing suit unzipped. Mazur later reported that Hall seemed lucid, and his first words were, "I imagine you're surprised to see me here." A massive rescue operation was assembled, and Hall was rescued. He survived for an additional seven years, speaking and writing books about his experiences on Everest, before his death in 2012 from mesothelioma.

References 

Atmosphere
The Book of Judges is the seventh book in both the Christian Bible (Old Testament), and the Hebrew Tanakh. It was originally written in Hebrew, to the people in Israel. The Hebrew word for the book is Shaptiym, which means, 'people of judgment.'

Content
The book contains the stories of many "judges" who were leaders who typically led the people in battle and then served as a civil leader.  While not kings, these men were respected and they sometimes decided cases.  That is why they were called Judges. One of the Judges was Samson who was a very strong man.  He fought against the Philistines.  After his girl friend, Delilah, tricked him by cutting his hair, he was made a slave.  At his death, he destroyed many enemies by pulling down a building on them. Gideon was another famous judge.  He defeated an army of Midianites  with only 300 men. Another famous judge was Deborah, possible the most powerful woman in the Bible. She was a military, civil and religious leader. 

In the book, there is a pattern which repeats.  The people turn from God, and he allows their enemies to harm them.  Then they pray to God.  He sends them a new judge.  This judge helps the people and defeats their enemies.  The people are happy for a time, but soon they again turn from God.  The cycle repeats itself.

Quote
In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes (21:25)

See
Samson

References 
 IVP New Bible Commentary

Other websites 
Judges (NIV)
Judges (KJV)

Old Testament books
The Book of Ruth (meaning pity or compassion) is the eighth book of the Old Testament (Christian), and the Tanakh (Jewish).  It is one of the shortest books in both the Jewish and Christian holy books, consisting of only four chapters. It is unknown who wrote the book.

Date and author

The book does not name its author. In the past, people believed the prophet Samuel (11th century BCE) was the author. But the majority of scholars now date it to the Persian period (6th–4th centuries BCE).

Story of Ruth 
The book tells the story of the family of Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion. Because of a famine, they were forced to leave Bethlehem and go to the land of Moab. Once there, Elimelech died, and his sons married two Moabite women. Mahlon married Ruth, and Chilion married Orpah. After some time there, Mahlon and Chilion both died.

Naomi was forced to return home because her husband and sons were dead. She then told Ruth and Orpah to return home to their families and find new husbands. Orpah returned home but Ruth promised she would follow Naomi wherever she went. Ruth's pledge to Naomi is found in chapter 1 verses 16 and 17.  But Ruth said, "Do not press me to leave you or to turn back from following you! Where you go, I will go; where you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die— there will I be buried. May the Lord do thus and so to me, and more as well, if even death parts me from you!" Although originally made by a daughter-in-law to her mother-in-law, a form of this pledge is sometimes included in wedding services.

They returned to their home and Ruth decided she would go into the fields to pick up grain the wealthy people would drop on the ground (a common practice in that time). A kind man named Boaz, who was the owner of the field, noticed her and her beauty.  He  also learned that she had chosen to follow the God of Israel and that she was caring for her widowed mother-in-law. He told his workers to drop extra grain for her. When she went home to tell her mother-in-law how much she received, they found out that Boaz was a close relative of theirs. Under Jewish law, this gave Ruth the right to marry Boaz, if Boaz bought the land formerly owned by Ruth's husband.

After an even closer relative said he would not buy the land and marry her, Boaz and Ruth were happily married. She would bear him a son named Obed, who was the father of Jesse, who was the father of David, who was, according to the New Testament, the ancestor of Jesus.

Family tree

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
The Book of Ruth (King James Version)
The Book of Ruth (New International Version)

Old Testament books
The British Army is the army of the British Armed Forces, the military of the United Kingdom. The British Army came into being with unification of the kingdoms of England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army included Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland.  It was administered by the War Office from London. Since 1963 it has been managed by the Ministry of Defence.

Under Oliver Cromwell, the English Army was active in the conquest and settlement of Ireland since the 1650s. The Cromwellian campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War. 

From roughly 1763 and the Seven Years' War the United Kingdom has been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world. The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, protectorates, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of Empire, and British dominance of the world, the British Army played important roles in colonisation. 

The British army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army served in Spain, across Europe, and in North Africa. The war between the British and French Empires stretched around the world. The British Army finally came to defeat Napoleon at one of Britain's greatest military victories at the battle of Waterloo.

References

Other websites 

 British Army Website
 Regiments and Corps of the British Army: An Introductory Overview Regiments
Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English poet  of the early nineteenth century. He is widely thought of as one of most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature. Some of his poems, like Ozymandias and Ode to the West Wind, are among the most famous in English.

Shelley was born in Horsham, Sussex. He was the son of a member of Parliament. He attended the University of Oxford, for only one year; he was expelled for being an atheist. In his own time Shelley was very unpopular for his political and religious views and for his personal conduct. He married young, but left his wife to run away with Mary Godwin. After Shelley's first wife committed suicide, Shelley married Mary Godwin; she later became famous as Mary Shelley, the author of the novel Frankenstein. 

Shelley left England and spent much of his life travelling in Europe, especially in Italy. He became a close friend of poet Lord Byron, who also left England and travelled in Europe because of sexual controversy at home. Shelley continued to write poetry throughout this time; he wrote several major works, like the verse drama The Cenci and long poems like Alastor and Adonais, as well as many shorter poems.

About a month before his 30th birthday, Shelley drowned in a boating accident off the coast of Italy. He was one of three important English Romantic poets of the same generation who died young; the other two were Lord Byron and John Keats.

References 

1792 births
1822 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
British atheists
English poets
Nonviolence advocates
Writers from Sussex
Romani or Romany (native name: ) is the language of the Roma. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages.

The language developed outside from India, in Roman province Egypt, by Indian traders from different areas of India, who settled at the red sea coast in Egypt. It is based by Sanskrit and Prakrit, but strongly influenced by Ancient Greek, and Persian language, Old Church Slavonic, some words from the Coptic language, like rōmi man.Loanwords from other languages in Romani make it possible to trace the pattern of their migration westwards. There are many different dialects.

Horahane and Dasikane Roma 

Horahane means Turkish Roma or Muslim Roma at the Balkan, while Dasikane named Orthodox Christian Roma at the Balkan.

Distribution 
The following table shows the distribution of Romani speakers in Europe according to Bakker et al. (2000) . The last column shows the percentage of Romani speakers in the Roma population in each country.

Notes and references 

 Bakker Peter et al. 2000. What is the Romani language? Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
 Hancock, Ian. 2001. Ame sam e rromane džene / We are the Romani People. The Open Society Institute, New York.
 Lee, Ronald. 2005. Learn Romani Das-dúma Rromanes Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press
 Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Matras, Yaron. 2002. Romani: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Sarău, Gheorghe. 1997. Rromii, India şi limba rromani. Bucureşti.
 Sarău, Gheorghe. 2000. Dicţionar rrom-român / Dikcionaro rromano-rumunikano. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca. .
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Other websites 

 Detailed discussion of the language
 Outline of Romani Grammar (Victor A. Friedman)
 Romani Origins - Veda encyclopedia

Indo-Aryan languages
Roma
Sinti or Sinta (Singular masc.=Sinto; sing. fem.=Sintisa) is the name of some communities of the nomadic people usually called "Gypsies" in English.  This includes communities known in German and Dutch as Zigeuner and in Italian as Zingari.  They are related to the Roma people.

While the Sinti were, until quite recently, chiefly nomadic, today only a small percentage of the group remains unsettled.  In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.

Sinti's believe there Ancestors left Sindh arround 711–714 AD, about the Umayyad muslim Conquest of Sindh, by Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi. Sinti's languages is called Sintitikes.

The Sinti arrived in Germany and Austria in the Middle Ages, eventually splitting into two groups: Eftavagarja ("the Seven Caravans") and Estraxarja ("from Austria"). These two groups then expanded, the Eftavagarja into France, where they assimilated into the local Romani groups (Manouches), and the Estraxarja into Italy and Eastern Europe, mainly what are now Croatia, Hungary, Transylvania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eventually taking various regional names.

References

Further reading
 Walter Winter, Struan Robertson (Translator) Winter Time: Memoirs of a German who Survived Auschwitz Hertfordshire Publications, (2004),  	
 Reviewed by Emma Brockes "We had the same pain" in The Guardian November 29, 2004
Open Society Intitute: The Situation of Roma in Germany (2002) 

Ethnic groups
Roma
Strapping Young Lad was a metal band from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They played extreme metal. These people played in the band: Devin Townsend (guitar, vocals), Jed Simon (guitar, vocals), Byron Stoud (bass, vocals), Gene Hoglan (drums). The band went on an extended hiatus and would eventually disband in 2007.

Discography
Studio albums
 Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing (1995)
 City (1997)
 Strapping Young Lad (2003)
 Alien (2005)
 The New Black (2006)

Other websites
Official site 

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
Canadian heavy metal bands
Canadian thrash metal bands
progressive metal bands
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2000s disestablishments in Canada
2007 disestablishments
Rock climbing is a sport where someone uses their hands and feet to climb up a rock or an artificial climbing wall. Rock climbing is a very difficult sport because you need to have a lot of strength. Rock climbers must know how to use ropes, carabiners and harnesses for their own safety.

Different ways of rock climbing 
Because of many different kinds of rocks around the world, many different kinds of climbing started.

 Solo climbing is where the climber's own physical strength and skill are relied on to do the climb. Anchors, ropes and protection are used to back up the climber, but are only there in case of a fall and are not actively used to help the person do the climb.
 Bouldering is climbing on short, low routes. Because people do not climb very high, they do not need to use safety equipment. Sometimes there are used special pads to cushion a drop.
 Free solo climbing is when a climber climbs alone, without somebody belaying them. Free soloing is climbing alone without the use of any rope or protection system whatsoever.
 Lead climbing is used when the rope is not on top yet. The person must tie the rope to their harness and then climb up the wall. On the way the climber puts the rope through a carabiner every few metres. Here the person at the bottom must use a belay device, and feed rope up to the climber. This is unlike top roping, where the belayer instead takes up rope using a belay device.
 Top roping is when the rope is already anchored at the top of the route. Safety equipment is needed here but many people say this kind is the safest. The belayer must only keep the rope tight by using a knot or a belay device, like a Grigri or Atc.

References

Other websites
Douglas James Henning (May 3, 1947 – February 7, 2000) was a Canadian magician, illusionist and escape artist. He was born in Winnipeg. He helped to re-{popularize magic shows, during his heyday (most popular and successful period) in the 1970s.

Henning's approach to magic and performing was different from earlier magicians. While magicians usually performed in black formal wear, Henning wore colorful clothes. He also studied psychology in college, to know how the human mind works.

Henning is credited by many for the resurgence of the public's interest in magic, thanks to his breakthroug Broadway show, The Magic Show, which opened in 1974 and ran for almost five years.  This was followed by eight television specials on NBC (the first of which remains the most watched magic television special in history, with over fifty million viewers).  In 1982, he appeared in another Broadway show, Merlin, which ran for seven months.  Though the magic in Merlin was met with accolades, critics trounced the show's book and music.

Henning was a spokesperson for Polaroid, TWA, Minolta and Chrysler.

He was a student of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and used transcendental meditation to help him focus and to relax. He tried to help the Maharishi open a theme park, called Vedaland. Henning also ran for public office in Canada, but lost the election. 

Henning died in 2000 of liver cancer in Los Angeles. Instead of normal medical treatments, he tried to cure himself through natural remedies and diet, but this did not work. After his death, Henning's widow kept the Vedaland campaign going.

The first and only written biography of Doug Henning, Spellbound: The Wonder-filled Life of Doug Henning was published in 2009 (John Harrison, BoxOffice Books, New York.)

1947 births
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from liver cancer
Entertainers from Winnipeg
Magicians
Superunknown is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden. The album was released in 1994. The album is well known thanks to singles like "Black Hole Sun", "Spoonman" and "Fell on Black Days".

Track listing
"Let Me Drown" (Chris Cornell) – 3:51
"My Wave" (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 5:12
"Fell on Black Days" (Cornell) – 4:42
"Mailman" (Matt Cameron, Cornell) – 4:25
"Superunknown" (Cornell, Thayil) – 5:06
"Head Down" (Ben Shepherd) – 6:08
"Black Hole Sun" (Cornell) – 5:18
"Spoonman" (Cornell) – 4:06
"Limo Wreck" (Cameron, Cornell, Thayil) – 5:47
"The Day I Tried to Live" (Cornell) – 5:19
"Kickstand" (Cornell, Thayil) – 1:34
"Fresh Tendrils" (Cameron, Cornell) – 4:16
"4th of July" (Cornell) – 5:08
"Half" (Shepherd) – 2:14
"Like Suicide" (Cornell) – 7:01
"She Likes Surprises" (Cornell) – 3:17

1994 albums
Soundgarden albums
Badmotorfinger is the third studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden. It is one of Soundgarden's best-selling albums. The album was released October 8, 1991.

List of songs
"Rusty Cage" (Chris Cornell) – 4:26
"Outshined" (Cornell) – 5:11
"Slaves & Bulldozers" (Cornell, Ben Shepherd) – 6:56
"Jesus Christ Pose" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Shepherd, Kim Thayil) – 5:51
"Face Pollution" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 2:24
"Somewhere" (Shepherd) – 4:21
"Searching with My Good Eye Closed" (Cornell) – 6:31
"Room a Thousand Years Wide" (Cameron, Thayil) – 4:06
"Mind Riot" (Cornell) – 4:49
"Drawing Flies" (Cameron, Cornell) – 2:25
"Holy Water" (Cornell) – 5:07
"New Damage" (Cornell, Thayil, Cameron) – 5:40

Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas
Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas was a bonus CD included with some editions of Badmotorfinger (like how Songs from the Superunknown was included with Superunknown). The title is a palindrome ("Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas.")

List of songs
"Into the Void" (Black Sabbath cover) – 6:37
"Girl U Want" (Devo cover) – 3:29
"Stray Cat Blues" (The Rolling Stones cover) – 4:46
"She's a Politician" (Cornell) – 1:48
"Slaves & Bulldozers" (live) – 8:38

1991 albums
Soundgarden albums
Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the fluid increases, pressure decreases. The photo on the right shows this happening. The air in the wide part of the tube has a higher static pressure than the thin part. For a steady flow, the amount of fluid entering the pipe must equal the amount leaving the pipe, so the fluid speed in the thin part must increase.  

When a force acts over an area, it is called "pressure". A higher pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid toward lower pressure.  So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a change in pressure (force).  Bernoulli saw that while the fluid moved more quickly in the smaller part of the tube, the pressure became less.  Please note that this refers to changes in speed and pressure along a single path of flow and does not apply to two different flows at different speeds.

The full version of Bernoulli's principle includes both the work by the pressure and by the changes in potential energy from changes in height. In this form, the principle says the total of the pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is a constant. (Bernoulli does not consider viscosity or compressibility.)
 
Fluid mechanics
The Book of Proverbs is a book in both the Tanakh (Judaism), and the Old Testament (Christianity). The book contains some important teaching and instructions in each of these respective Religions.  While some verses teach duty to God, many can be seen as good advice.  Even nonreligious persons may find this advice to be useful.

Author

Most scholars believe that Solomon was the writer of at least part of the book. Other authors are mentioned as well, but these references are  missing in the Greek Septuagint. The Septuagint sees  King Solomon as the author of the whole Book of Proverbs. In the Middle Ages, scholars thought the Vulgate was a more faithful rendering of 30:1 and 31:1. In their eyes the words "Agur" and "Lamuel" were only other names for Solomon.

When it was Written
Dates for the writing of the book are unclear. Because of suggested authorship of Solomon, and the workings of Hezekiah's men, there are some dates that can be worked with. However, there are not enough to give specific timing to the completion of the book, though it could have been as late as third century BC

Content

The first part of the book (Chapters 1-10) is mainly praise for Wisdom. Wisdom is personified as a woman.  This does not mean that an actual person is spoken of.  Christians believe that Jesus is the person who most shows the wisdom of God. (Colossians 2:3).  Some of the attributes of Jesus are said to be found in the "Wisdom" of the Book of Proverbs. This first section also advises young men not to go to prostitutes. 

The center part of the book (Chapters 10-29) contains many "stand alone" verses.  These are in the form of Hebrew Poetry.  Each verse has two parts.  The second part may give the opposite side of some advice, such as "Hard workers get rich, lazy people become poor".  In other cases the two halves repeat the same idea again, but in different words. 

The final chapter is a famous poem of praise to "a virtuous woman".  This chapter was from "King Lemuel", but was taught him by his mother.  It is one of the few parts of the Bible which has a female author.

References

Other websites 
The Book of Proverbs (King James Version)
The Book of Proverbs (New International Version)

Old Testament books
Petasites is a genus of herbs with leaves in the shape of a heart in the family Asteraceae. The common English name of petasites is Butterbur. Plants of this genus grow near rivers and other water places in Europe, Asia and North America.

In general, the leaves are very big. His root is very long and grows very quick. Flowers are white, yellow, white-yellow or white-red, they are small and in a great number.

Butterbur is used in medical purposes, but there is a poison in all parts of the plant.

Some species of Butterbur are cultivated as a garden plant.

Other websites

 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Petasites 
 ITIS: Petasites
 NCBI: Petasites
 eFloras
Species of Petasites

Asteraceae
Flowers
Death Angel is  a thrash metal band from Concord, California. They played from 1982 to 1991. In 2001 they started to play again. All of their members are from the Philippines. The members are: Mark Osegueda (vocals) Rob Cavestany (guitar, vocals), Ted Aguilar (guitar), Andy Galeon (drums), Dennis Pepa (bass, vocals)

Discography
Kill as One (1986) (demo)
The Ultra-Violence (1987)
Frolic Through the Park (1988)
Act III (1990)
Fall From Grace (1990) (live album)
The Art of Dying (2004)
Killing Season (2008)
Relentless Retribution (2010)
The Dream Calls for Blood (2013)
The Evil Divide (2016)
Humanicide (2019)

People from Concord, California
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in California
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
1991 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in California
2000s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from California
Enigma Records artists
Arch Enemy is a death metal band from Sweden. They started in 1996. The members are: Alissa White-Gluz (vocals), Michael Amott (guitar, vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Sharlee D'Angelo, (bass) Daniel Erlandsson (drums).

Discography

Studio albums 
 1996: Black Earth
 1998: Stigmata
 1999: Burning Bridges
 2001: Wages of Sin
 2003: Anthems of Rebellion
 2005: Doomsday Machine
 2007: Rise of the Tyrant
 2011: Khaos Legion
 2014: War Eternal

EPs 
 2002: Burning Angel (EP)
 2004: Dead Eyes See No Future (EP)
 2007: Revolution Begins (EP)

Live albums and DVDs 
 1999: Burning Japan Live
 2006: Live Apocalypse (Live DVD)
 2007: Revolution Begins (DVD)

Swedish heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1996
Living fossil refers to life forms which have survived with little change for a long time, and which are still around today. 

Horseshoe crabs are a typical case of living fossil. They have changed little in appearance since the Ordovician period, 450 million years ago. 

Crocodilians first appeared 220 million years ago, and are close relatives of the dinosaurs. However, modern crocodiles only date back to the Upper Cretaceous of 84 million years ago. 

Turtles are first known from 215 million years ago, but for some reason they are not often mentioned as living fossils.

The Tuatara, from New Zealand, is the sole survivor of a whole order of reptiles, the Sphenodontia. 200 million years ago the group (sister to the lizards and snakes) was quite common.

The Coelacanth is definitely a living fossil. It is the closest link between fish and the first amphibians (408362 million years ago). The Coelacanth was thought to have been extinct for 80 million years until one was caught alive off the east African coast in 1938. It is therefore also a Lazarus taxon.

The Ginkgo tree, Ginkgo biloba, is a good example from the world of plants. It is a gymnosperm. It was thought to be long extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in China. The first similar fossils date from the Permian period, 270 million years ago.

Lingula, a brachiopod, is a genus which has lasted since the Ordovician, 488 million years ago. The modern species are almost the same as the first fossils. 

Living fossils are not identical to their ancestors, of course. But they lived in the same or similar environments, and their adaptations suggest that their life-style was the same, or very similar.

 
Evolutionary biology
Metaphors referring to nature
Lamb of God is an American metal band from Richmond, Virginia. They started in 1990. They play a style called Groove metal with Death metal influences. This style is similar to Thrash metal but has more rhythm. Their music is very similar to Pantera's music. The members are Randy Blythe (vocals), Mark Morton (guitar), Willie Adler (guitar), John Campbell (bass) and Chris Adler (drums).

Discography 
Burn the Priest (1999)
New American Gospel (2000)
As the Palaces Burn (2003)
Ashes of the Wake (2004)
Killadelphia (2005)
Sacrament (2006)
Wrath (2009)
Resolution (2012)

Other websites

Official website

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Virginia
People from Richmond, Virginia
A carabiner is a metal loop, which can be opened on one side. This side is called a gate. The other side is called spine. Carabiners are often used for rock climbing, sailing and canoeing. They also are used for construction of high buildings or window cleaning.  The word comes from the German word "Karabinerhaken", which means "hook for a carbine". 

Climbing carabiners are very strong. Many can hold loads greater than 20 kN. When belaying a climber, using a belay device (such as a Grigri or an ATC), a carabiner with a locking feature must be used to prevent the carabiner from opening accidentally.

Different types

HMS: A special kind of carabiner is often used in rock climbing. HMS = HeMi Spherical. i.e. offset, or curved to one side.  HMS is also considered short for the German word, "Halbmastwurfsicherung", a knot which is called the Munter Hitch in English. The special offset shape of the HMS carabiner allows a climber to use the Munter Hitch for belaying without the rope getting stuck or jammed.
D-shape: This type of carabiner sends most of the load to the spine side. This makes the carabiner stronger, but more expensive. Big D-shape carabiners are called Offset-D
Oval: This type is the cheapest. They are often used in aid climbing or for organizing (racking) gear. They are usually not as strong as the other types of carabiners.

The last two types exist with and without locking devices. HMS carabiners usually are not produced without locking device. Non-locking-carabiners are often used in quickdraws.

Sports equipment
Rock climbing
Mountain climbing
Cyclamen is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants. It is in the Myrsinaceae family. The genus is most widely known by its scientific name Cyclamen. It may also be called Persian violet (it is not related to the violets), or primrose (neither is it a primrose). This is because Cyclamen has been part of the Primulaceae families. 

Cyclamen come from the Mediterranean, from Spain to Iran. They are also found from northeast Africa to Somalia. They are perennial herbaceous aestivating plants, with a surface or underground tuber (derived from the hypocotyl) 4-12 cm diameter, which produces leaves in late winter, and flowers in the autumn; the leaves die down during the hottest part of the Mediterranean summer drought to save water. Each leaf or flower grows on its own stem, which shoots up from the hypocotyl. The variegation is thought by some botanists to be a form of natural disruptive camouflage to reduce grazing damage by animals. 

The hypocotyl grows leaves and flowers on stems, either one flower or one leaf per stem. The stem for leaves and flowers appears identical except in height. The leaves grow on stems of around 6 cm height.

Species 
Here are the species of this genus:
Cyclamen africanum
Cyclamen alpinum
Cyclamen balearicum
Cyclamen cilicium
Cyclamen colchicum
Cyclamen coum
Cyclamen creticum
Cyclamen cyprium
Cyclamen elegans
Cyclamen graecum
Cyclamen hederifolium
Cyclamen intaminatum
Cyclamen libanoticum
Cyclamen mirabile
Cyclamen parviflorum
Cyclamen peloponnesiacumum
Cyclamen persicum
Cyclamen pseudibericum
Cyclamen purpurascens
Cyclamen repandum
Cyclamen rohlfsianum
Cyclamen somalense

Bibliography

Sundberg, M. D. 1982 Petal-stamen initiation in the genus Cyclamen (Primulaceae). American Journal of Botany 69: 1707–1709

Flowers
Primulaceae
Bambi is the main character in Felix Salten's book Bambi, A Life in the Woods. He is a European Roe Deer. Bambi is also the main character in the Disney movies based on the book: Bambi and Bambi II. In the movies, Bambi was an American white-tailed deer.

References

Bambi characters
Kingdom Hearts characters
Thumper is a fictional rabbit in the Disney movies Bambi and Bambi II. He is Bambi's sidekick. Thumper has a total of 4 sisters and a girlfriend called blossom or miss bunny in some countries. Thumper and bambi are also both friends with Flower the skunk 

Bambi characters
Disney characters
Fictional hares and rabbits
Jacmel (Kréyòl: Jakmèl) is a city in southeast Haiti, on the Caribbean coast, at the mouth of the river Grande Rivière de Jacmel. It is the capital city of the Sud-Est Département.

The city is in the Baie de Jacmel ("Jacmel Bay") about 86 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) with the same name. The arrondissement has four communes (a commune is like a municipality): Jacmel, Cayes-Jacmel, La Vallée and Marigot.

Name
Jacci was the Taíno name for the region where is located Jacmel. It was changed to the Spanish word Yáquimo (sometimes written as Jáquimo) and then to the French word Jacmel.

History
Christopher Columbus gave the name Puerto de Brasil ("Brazil port") to the place where Jacmel is now because there were many trees called "Brasil" (English: Brazilwood) in the region that were cut and sent to Spain; the tree has a yellow substance (and wood) that was used to give that color to hair, cloths and other objects.

In 1504, Nicolás de Ovando, Spanish governor of the Hispaniola, founded the town of Villanueva de Yáquimo (or Villanova de Yáquimo). But people left the town and French people came to live here; in 1698, the new town of Jacmel was founded.

Jacmel today
There are many beautiful old houses in Jacmel, from the 1880s. Since 2004, the 'Festival Film Jakmèl' is celebrated in Jacmel and, since 2007, the international music festival 'Festival Mizik Jakmèl'.

Many visitors come to Jacmel for its carnival, the  Bassins Bleu waterfalls, and the white sand beaches near the city.

Radio
 Radio Ambiance FM
 Ambiance TV
 Radio Anacaona
 Radio TéléDiffusion Jacmelienne
 Radio Télé-Express Continental
 Radio Vibration Inter
 Radio Jacmel Inter
 Radio Détente
 Radio Négritude
 Radio SemencesFM de Marbial

Sister cities
Jacmel has sister relationships with:
  Palm Beach, Florida, USA
  Strasbourg,France

Gallery

Other websites
 Festival Film Jakmèl 
 Festival Mizik Jakmèl 
 Bonzouti.com - Web portal for Jacmel and the Sud-Est Department of Haiti
 Official Chamber of Commerce Website
 Website for Cayes-Jacmel
 Bassin-Bleu website

References

Cities in Haiti
1698 establishments
1690s establishments in North America
Establishments in the French colonial empire
The Honda S2000 was a roadster created by the car company Honda. It was first on sale in April 1999. It was the successor (new model) of the S800. Production of the S2000 ended in 2009.

Models 

AP1
The S2000 was introduced in 1999 as a 2000 model.

AP2
In 2004, the new S2000 was introduced.

References 
 http://www.hondanews.com/search/release/218 

Honda automobiles
2000s automobiles
Gary the Snail is SpongeBob's pet snail who lives with him in their pineapple house. He meow and acts like a cat. He cannot talk but SpongeBob can understand him. Gary is usually shown to be very smart.

SpongeBob SquarePants characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was an American painter.  He created paintings called The Nighthawks or Chop Suey.

Related pages 
List of American painters

American artists
People from New York
1882 births
1967 deaths
Elias Canetti (July 25, 1905 – August 14, 1994) was an Bulgarian-Swiss Jewish author who wrote Crowds and Power. A mountain in Antarctica is named for him.

1905 births
1994 deaths

Austrian writers
English Renaissance drama is sometimes called Elizabethan drama, since its most important developments started when Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. But this name is not very accurate; the drama continued after Elizabeth's death, into the reigns of King James I (1603–1625) and his son King Charles I (1625–1649). Shakespeare, for example, started writing plays in the later years of Elizabeth's reign, but continued into the reign of James. When writing about plays from James's reign, scholars and critics sometimes use the term Jacobean drama; plays from Charles I's reign are called Caroline drama. (These names come from the Latin forms of the two kings' names, "Jacobus" for James and "Carolus" for Charles.) But for the subject as a whole, terms like English Renaissance drama or theatre are more accurate.

The year 1576 was a key date in this subject, since that is when the first permanent theatre building was built in London. It was called simply The Theatre, because it was the only place of its kind in England at the time. Before 1576, plays were acted in public halls and large houses, and in inns and public squares and courtyards and other open spaces, by troops of actors that mostly travelled around the countryside between cities and towns. Once the actors had a permanent place to act plays, they could develop their art without the constant need to travel. The Theatre was followed by other theatres in the London area; there were the Curtain, The Rose, the Swan, the Globe, and others too. More plays were written by more playwrights to fill these theatres.

Playwrights worked in both the classic types of drama, tragedy and comedy. They also began their own type of history play, mainly about earlier English kings and the events of their reigns. Shakespeare's Richard III and Marlowe's Edward II are two examples of this type of English history play. Plays were often written in poetry; early plays were mainly in rhymed verse, though as time passed playwrights came to prefer unrhymed blank verse. Prose was also used in some plays, mostly for comedy.

English Renaissance drama grew and developed until 1642, when it suddenly stopped. In the early years of the English Civil War, the Puritans who were fighting King Charles gained control of London and the region around it. The Puritans were against play-acting; they thought it was sinful and immoral. On September 2, 1642, the Puritans forced the London theatres to close, and to stay closed for most of the time until 1660. Then the English Restoration brought a new king, Charles II, who let the theatres re-open. In the 18-year gap between 1642 and 1660, English society had changed a good deal, and a new style of drama rose up in the Restoration era; it is usually called Restoration drama or Restoration theatre.

Some important English Renaissance playwrights

 William Shakespeare
 Ben Jonson
 Christopher Marlowe
 John Lyly
 Robert Greene
 Thomas Dekker

 John Fletcher
 Thomas Middleton
 John Ford
 Philip Massinger
 James Shirley
 John Webster

Plays
English literature
Literature since 1500
The term Blank verse means poetry that does not use rhyme.

Blank verse relies on the meter of the lines in the poem to give structure, and to create the feeling of poetry as compared to prose. An example from William Wordsworth's poem Michael shows  the lack of rhyme and the strict meter in blank verse – each line sticks fairly closely to the pattern of iambic pentameter:

 Upon the forest-side of Grasmere Vale
 There dwelt a shepherd, Michael was his name;
 An old man, stout of heart, and strong of limb.
 His bodily frame had been from youth to age
 Of an unusual strength: his mind was keen,
 Intense, and frugal, apt for all affairs,
 And in his shepherd's calling he was prompt
 And watchful more than ordinary men.

Many critics judge blank verse to be better than rhyme for serious subjects, and many poets have used blank verse for their most important works. Shakespeare used rhyme in his early plays, but in his more mature works like Hamlet he preferred blank verse. John Milton wrote Paradise Lost in blank verse, including a note at the beginning of the poem saying that rhyming poetry was used to disguise badly written poems, Lord Tennyson used it for Idylles of the King, and Wordsworth used it for The Prelude and The Excursion. John Keats used rhyme in his Endymion, his first try at a major poem; for his second attempt, Hyperion, he switched to blank verse. The longest poems in English literature are written in blank verse, for example The Fall of Nineveh by Edwin Atherstone or King Alfred by John Fitchett. This last is about 130 000 lines long.

Many 20th century poets gave up both rhyme and the strict meter of blank verse to write free verse.

References

Bibliography  
Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, Art of Versification. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.

Poetry forms
Altamira (Spanish for 'high view') is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and coloured paintings of wild mammals and human hands. It is located near the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, 30 km west of the city of Santander. The cave with its paintings has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The cave is approximately 300 meters long

References

Further reading 
 Curtis, Gregory. 2006. The Cave Painters: probing the mysteries of the world's first artists. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 
 Guthrie, R. Dale. 2006. The nature of prehistoric art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
 McNeill, William H. Secrets of the Cave Paintings, The New York Review of Books, Vol. 53, # 16, October 19, 2006.

Other websites 
 Altamira Cave National Museum In Spanish and English
 The story of Altamira
 The website of UNESCO - Cave of Altamira

Caves
Stone Age
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Cantabria
12 Treasures of Spain
FC Kuban () is a Russian football club based in Krasnodar. In 2006 they won promotion to the Russian Premier League. Kuban have previously spent two seasons in Russian Premier League and three seasons in Soviet Top League.

History 
The club was founded as Dynamo in 1928, but was named Neftyanik in 1954, Kuban in 1958, and Spartak in 1960. In 1963 the club was renamed Kuban and has been known by this name ever since.

Kuban and their predecessors mainly played at the lower levels of Soviet football, winning the RSFSR championship four times. Kuban played in the Soviet Top League in 1980-1982, achieving their best result (13th position) in 1981.

In 1992, due to the dissolution of the USSR, Kuban were entitled to play at the top level instead of being relegated to the Second League. They finished 18th out of 20 teams and were relegated. After spending several seasons in First and Second divisions, they won promotion back to the Premier League for 2004, but were again relegated straight away. This happened again in 2006 when they won promotion for the 2006-2007 season and then finished second to bottom.

Honours 
 RSFSR Championship: 4
 Winners: 1948, 1962, 1973, 1987

Squad

Other websites 
 Official website 

Kuban
1928 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
Liiga also known as SM-liiga from 1975 to 2013, is the top professional ice hockey league in Finland. It is generally thought of as one of the top leagues in Europe. It started in 1975. SM is a common abbreviation for Suomen mestaruus, "Finnish championship".

Ice hockey leagues
Sport in Finland
1975 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
2013 disestablishments in Europe
The aurochs, or urus, (Bos primigenius) was a large species of cattle. The aurochs used to be common in Europe. It is extinct now. It was a wild animal, not a domesticated animal. The extinct aurochs/urus is a not the same species as the wisent (the European bison).

According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs developed in India some two million years ago, came into the Middle East and farther into Asia, and reached Europe about 250,000 years ago. People once thought that they were a different species from modern European cattle (Bos taurus). Today, people think that aurochs and modern cattle are the same species. 

Modern cattle have become much smaller than their wild ancestors: the height of a large domesticated cow is about 1.5 meters (5 feet, 15 hands), while aurochs were about 1.75 meters (5.75 feet, 17 hands).

Aurochs also had several features not often seen in modern cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns set at a forward angle, a pale stripe down the spine, and different color according to the gender. Males were black with a pale stripe down the spine, while females and calves were reddish (these colours are still found in a few domesticated cattle breeds, such as Jersey cattle). Aurochs were also known to have very aggressive behaviour, and killing one was seen as an act of courage in ancient cultures.

Subspecies 
At one time there were three aurochs subspecies, namely Bos primigenius namadicus (Falconer, 1859) that occurred in India, the Bos primigenius mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) from North Africa and the Bos primigenius primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) from Europe and the Middle East. Only the European subspecies survived until recent times.

Notes

References 
 American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition (AHD4). Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Headwords aurochs, urus, wisent.
 Bunzel-Drüke, M. 2001. Ecological substitutes for wild horse (Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 = E. przewalslii Poljakov, 1881) and Aurochs (Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827). Natur- und Kulturlandschaft, Höxter/Jena, 4, 10 p. AFKP. Online pdf (298 kB) 
 Garfield, Richard van. 1995. Magic the gathering: gatherer search: Aurochs. http://gatherer.wizards.com/?first=1&last=100&term=aurochs&Field_Name=on&Field_Rules=on&Field_Type=on&setfilter=Allsets&colorfilter=All
 International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84.

Bovines
Privas is a commune of France, capital (Prefecture) of the Ardèche department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. It is the smallest administrative centre of any department in France.

Today Privas is known for several confectionery made with chestnuts produced in the region, as the marron glacé.

History
When the department of Ardèche was created on 4 March 1790, the capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon. In September of that year, Privas became the only capital of the department.

Geography 
The commune of Privas is in the central eastern part of the Ardèche department, in the valley of the Ouvèze river, a tributary of the Rhône river. The commune of Privas is in the centre of a region known as the "Bassin Privadois".

The commune has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Privas to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Lyon, the regional capital - ;
 Marseille - ;
 Strasbourg - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Nice - .

Privas is surrounded by the communes:

Climate 
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Largentière is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

Population
The inhabitants of Privas are known, in French, as Privadois (women: Privadoises).

With a population of 8,313, Privas has a population density of  inhabitants/km2. It is the prefecture with fewest people living in it.

Evolution of the population in Privas

Administration 
Privas is the prefecture of the Ardèche department since 1800. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Privas and the administrative centre () of the canton Privas, formed by 15 communes, including Privas, with 20,402 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Privas Centre Ardèche, officially named as Communauté d'agglomération Privas Centre Ardèche.

Sister cities 
Privas is twinned with:
  Tortona, Italy
  Weilburg, Germany
  Wetherby, United Kingdom
  Zevenaar, Netherlands

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Privas
 Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Other websites

 City council website  
 Site de la Communauté d'agglomération Privas Centre Ardèche 

Communes in Ardèche
Departmental capitals in France