cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chris is a nickname or short form of various given names. These include Christopher, Christian, Christina, Christine, and Christos. The nickname is used by both males and females. Most names Chris is based on have meanings regarding Christ. For example Christopher means "bearer of Christ". It is also a name used by individuals. Chris Columbus and Chris Penn are two well known examples. It is also a name given to tropical storms, hurricanes, trademarks such as Chris-Craft Boats and other places and things.

References 

Given names
The Royal Institution of Great Britain (usually the Royal Institution or RI) is an organisation devoted to scientific education and research, based in London.

The Royal Institution was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish. Its purpose was to:
"diffuse the knowledge, and facilitate the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life". 

Directors of the R.I. have included some of the greatest scientists, including Humphrey Davy, Michael Faraday, Sir William Henry Bragg and Sir William Lawrence Bragg, Max Perutz and John Kendrew. Fifteen Directors have won Nobel Prizes.

Greenfield controversy
From 1998 to 8 January 2010, the Director of the Royal Institution was Baroness Susan Greenfield, but following a review, the position was abolished for being "no longer affordable". The Royal Institution had found itself in a financial crisis following a £22m development programme led by Greenfield, which included refurbishment of the institution's main Albemarle Street building, and the addition of a restaurant and bar with an aim to turn the venue into a "Groucho club for science". The project ended £3 million in debt.

Greenfield subsequently announced that she would be suing for discrimination.
The RI's official statement stated it would "continue to deliver its main charitable objectives under the direction of chief executive officer, Chris Rofe and a talented senior team including Professor Quentin Pankhurst, the Director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory, Dr Gail Cardew, the Head of Programmes and Professor Frank James, Head of Collections and Heritage". Baroness Greenfield later dropped the discrimination case.

References 

1799 establishments
Scientific organizations
Buildings and structures in London
18th-century establishments in Great Britain
1790s establishments in Europe
Maria de Jesus Simões Barroso Soares, GCL (2 May 1925 – 7 July 2015) was a Portuguese politician and actress. She was the wife of former Portuguese President Mário Soares. She served as First Lady of Portugal between 1986 and 1996.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Civil servants
Portuguese movie actors
Jerome Charles "Jerry" Weintraub (September 26, 1937 – July 6, 2015) was an American talent agent, concert promoter, movie producer and chairman and CEO of United Artists.

Weintraub was born in Brooklyn and raised in the Bronx. For some time, Weintraub worked at MCA Records.

His career began as a talent agent in 1974. He was known for managing many singers such as John Denver, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Neil Diamond, Bob Dylan, and the rock group Led Zeppelin.

He also produced movies, including: Nashville (1975), Diner (1982), The Karate Kid (1984), and the 2001 remake of Ocean's Eleven (2001).  In 2014 he won an Emmy Award as co-producer of Years of Living Dangerously, a television documentary about global warming. In 2011, HBO broadcast a television documentary about Weintraub's life, called His Way.

In 1965, Weintraub married Jane Morgan, who was 13 years older than Weintraub. Together, they had four children.

Weintraub died in Santa Barbara, California from a heart attack at the age of 77.

References

Other websites
 Jerry Weintraub interview at Elvis Australia
 
 

1937 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Brooklyn
Actors from the Bronx
American movie actors
American television producers
Businesspeople from New York City
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Movie producers from New York City
Emmy Award winners
(March 13, 1903 – January 19, 2016) was a Japanese tailor and supercentenarian who was the oldest living man in the world at the time of his death at age 112 years, 312 days. He was the oldest living person in Aichi Prefecture from Tsuya Miura's death on March 31, 2014 until his death. He lived in Moriyama-ku, Nagoya.

Early life 
Koide was born in Tsuruga, Japan on March 13, 1903, where he worked as a tailor, and worked in the field and was able to ride a tricycle until age 105 when he got a heatstroke and his only ambulance service, but besides that he had never been seriously ill. 

At age 107, Koide moved to Nagoya to live with his daughter. He had in total 7 children, 9 grandchildren, 14 great-grandchildren and at least one great-great-grandchild. 

At age 110, Koide could still read newspaper without glasses and eat food without dentures and said his favourite food was bread and the secret to his long life was avoiding to overdo things, and not to smoke or drink alcohol.

Koide became the world's oldest living man after the death of another Japanese man, Sakari Momoi who was over 5 weeks older, on 5 July 2015 and later in November that year one of the 25 oldest living people. In December 2015, Koide was hospitalized for chronic heart problems. He died at the hospital of pneumonia and heart failure at 0:17am on January 19, 2016, only less than 8 weeks before his 113th birthday. 

He was succeeded as the world's oldest living man by Yisrael Kristal and as Japan's oldest living man by Masamitsu Yoshida.

References

1903 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from heart failure
Japanese supercentenarians
People from Fukui Prefecture
Carlo Alberto de Gavardo Prohens (14 July 1969 – 4 July 2015) was a Chilean motorist and motorcyclist. He has participated in numerous rallies worldwide, including the Dakar Rally and Rallye des Pharaons. He was the first Chilean motorcyclist to run the Paris-Dakar from beginning to end.

de Gavardo died of respiratory arrest in Buin, Chile, aged 45.

References

1969 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from respiratory arrest
Sportspeople
Chilean people
"Love Me like You Do" is a song recorded by British recording artist Ellie Goulding. It was recorded for the movie Fifty Shades of Grey. It reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and on the Canadian Hot 100. It was #1 on the UK Singles Chart and the charts of several other countries. The song is an electropop song. It is the fifth song on the movie's soundtrack. It was later included on Goulding's third studio album, Delirium.

The song's music video has received over 1.7 billion views on YouTube as of March 2018.

References

2015 songs
2010s ballads
Electronic music
Ellie Goulding
Pop ballads
Songs about sexuality
Synth-pop
Jonatan Leandoer Håstad (born 18 July 1996) better known by his Stage name Yung Lean is a Swedish Rapper known for wearing bucket hats. Yung Lean released his debut mixtape in 2013 (entitled Unknown Death 2002). He has multiple singles on YouTube under his label Sad Boys Entertainment. These include "Ginseng Strip 2002", "Kyoto", and "Yoshi City". Lean released his debut album Unknown Memory during the late summer of 2014. This followed a two-month long American tour. The New York Times called him an up-and-comer in the rap world. "A 17-year-old Swedish kid can rack up millions of YouTube views and SoundCloud plays without making so much as a ripple in the mainstream hip-hop world." But he seems to have made more than a ripple.

Håstad was born in Belarus. At age 3 he moved to Sweden. At first he only spoke Russian. He learned Swedish but raps in broken English.

References

Rap musicians
Living people
1996 births
Robert Rahmeek Williams (born May 6, 1987), known professionally as Meek Mill is an American rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was briefly signed to Atlanta-based record label Grand Hustle, owned by record executive and fellow American rapper T.I.. In February 2011, after leaving Grand Hustle, Mill signed a record deal with fellow American rapper Rick Ross' Miami-based Maybach Music Group (MMG) imprint.

Mill's debut studio album, Dreams and Nightmares, was released in 2012, under MMG and Warner Bros. Records. The album, preceded by the single "Young & Gettin' It", debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200. He has also appeared on MMG's Self Made compilation series, with his debut single "Tupac Back" and second single "Ima Boss", being included on volume one.

In October 2012, Meek Mill announced the launching of his own imprint, Dream Chasers Records, named after his popular mixtape series. He also revealed having already signed several fellow Philadelphia-based rappers in 2012.

Discography

 Dreams and Nightmares (2012)
 Dreams Worth More Than Money (2015)
 Wins & Losses (2017)
 Championships (2018)
 Expensive Pain (2021)

References

1987 births
Living people
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Rap musicians from Pennsylvania
African American musicians
African-American rappers
Robert Leroy "Bob" Ehrlich, Jr. (born November 25, 1957) is an American attorney and Republican politician. He served as the 60th Governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007.

Other websites

 Maryland Archives gubernatorial biography. 
 Maryland Archives general biography. 
 Congressional Quarterly election library. 
 Ehrlich Personnel Story 
 MD Gubernatorial Candidates List  at Ballotpedia

1957 births
Living people
American Methodists
Governors of Maryland
Princeton University alumni
United States representatives from Maryland
US Republican Party politicians
Oestrone is an oestrogen. It is produced by the ovaries or by adipose tissue. It can be made artificially, and is used to treat deficiency of oestrogen and breast cancer.

Hormones
Ágnes Osztolykán (born 3 November 1974) is a Hungarian of Roma Background, politician an activist for the Roma people.  She was in the National Assembly of Hungary from  2010 to 2014. In 2011, she received International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

Work 

Osztolykán studied at the University of Miskolc.  She graduated in 1998 with a degree in political science. Then she worked for the Soros Foundation.  She was head of the Decade of Roma Inclusion Program at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor for six years. 

She went to Parliament in 2010.  She was a member of the parliamentary group of Lehet Más a Politika (LMP), or Politics Can Be Different Party. On 26 November 2012, she became deputy leader of the LMP parliamentary group.

Osztolykán is an activist for Romani children's education, Roma and minority rights, and the Roma in Hungary. She works for vocational training which helps students get jobs. She also works as a volunteer teacher at a Roma vocational school in Budapest’s poorer Eighth District.

Awards 

 International Women of Courage Award

References

Other websites 

 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Activists
Hungarian politicians
Living people
1974 births
Roma people
Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva (Kyrgyz and Russian: Роза Исаковна Отунбаева; born August 23, 1950) is a Kyrgyz diplomat and politician.  She was President of Kyrgyzstan from April 7, 2010 until December 1, 2011. In 2011 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Life

Otunbayeva was born in Frunze (now Bishkek), in Kyrgyzstan in the Soviet Union. She got a degree in philosophy from Moscow State University in 1972.  Then she was a senior professor and head of the philosophy department at Kyrgyz State National University for six years. In 1975 she got a Candidate of Sciences degree after writing a dissertation named "Critique of falsification of Marxist-Leninist dialectic by the philosophers of Frankfurt school".

Otunbayeva is divorced and has two children. She speaks Russian, English, German, and French in addition to Kyrgyz.

Work 
In 1981, Otunbayeva became a secretary of the Lenin council of Frunze. In the late 1980s, she was the head of the Soviet delegation to UNESCO in Paris.  Later she was the Soviet Ambassador to Malaysia. When Kyrgyzstan became independent, she was the Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, then she was Kyrgyzstan's first ambassador to the USA and Canada. From 1998 to 2001, she was the Kyrgyz ambassador to the United Kingdom. From 2002 to 2004, she was deputy head of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia.   On April 7, 2010, Otunbayeva became the head of a Kyrgyz interim government.

References

Other websites 

 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1950 births
Living people
Academics
Ambassadors to the United States
Government ministers
Presidents of Kyrgyzstan
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Ambassadors to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors to Canada
Peter (Balazs) Záboji (25 December 1943 – 3 July 2015) was a Hungarian investor and entrepreneur. He has contributed significantly to the development of start up businesses in Budapest and received the highest civil recognition from the president of Hungary.

References

1943 births
2015 deaths
Hungarian businesspeople
People from Budapest
Richard Shelby (born May 6, 1934) is the senior United States Senator from Alabama. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 1987. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1987.

Shelby was born on May 6, 1934 in Birmingham, Alabama. He graduated from the University of Alabama. Shelby Hall at the University of Alabama is the largest science facility in the US. It was finished in 2004 and named for Shelby and his wife. He is married to Dr. Annette N. Shelby. They have two children.

Shelby said he would retire in 2022 and not run to be elected again.

References

Other websites
 Richard Shelby, US Senator for Alabama, Home Page

1934 births
Living people
Lawyers from Birmingham, Alabama
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
People from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
State legislators of the United States
United States representatives from Alabama
United States senators from Alabama
US Democratic Party politicians
US Republican Party politicians
Mahogany is a hard tropical wood from the Americas. It was discovered by Europeans early in the 16th century (~1514). The wood comes from a tree, Swietenia mahagoni. The tree is native to southern Florida  and islands in the Caribbean including the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.

At first, mahogany was used by the Spanish and English to build ships. 
Mark Catesby's Natural History explains why: 
"[Mahogany] has properties for that use excelling oak, and all other wood, viz. durableness, resisting gunshots, and burying the shot without splintering".

The second use for mahogany was to make furniture. The Spanish were first to do this, but in the 18th and early 19th century it was much used by English workshops. This period is called "Age of Mahogany". Also much furniture in mahogany was made in France and other European countries.

It has a few special characteristics that make mahogany a helpful wood. It is strong and durable but easy to bend so is especially helpful for carpenters. Mahogany trees, although endangered, grow very tall and are so may be cut into large sheets. Also, mahogany is resistant to stains.

References 

Wood
Richard Burr (born November 30, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from North Carolina. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2005. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2005. Burr is the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. He succeeded Dianne Feinstein as chairman in January 2015.

In July 2016, Burr said that he would not run for re-election in 2022.

Burr was born on November 30, 1955 in Charlottesville, Virginia. He graduated from the Wake Forest University. He is married to Brooke Fauth. They have two children.

On February 13, 2021 Burr voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

References

Other websites
 Richard Burr, U.S. Senator for North Carolina, Home Page

1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Virginia
United States representatives from North Carolina
United States senators from North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Judd Gregg (born February 14, 1947) is an American politician. He was a United States Senator from the state of New Hampshire. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, he was Governor of New Hampshire from 1989 to 1993.

Gregg was born on February 14, 1947 in Nashua, New Hampshire. He studied at Columbia University and at Boston University School of Law. He is married to Kathleen MacLellan Gregg. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
Lawyers from New Hampshire
Boston University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Governors of New Hampshire
United States representatives from New Hampshire
United States senators from New Hampshire
US Republican Party politicians
People from Nashua, New Hampshire
The Highwaymen were a Country music supergroup. It included four of the biggest stars at the time. All were well known for their pioneering influence on the outlaw country genre. These included Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson. The group was active between 1985 and 1995. All four had worked together before in various combinations. Their first single, "Highwayman," went to number one on the country charts. The album of the same name on Columbia Records also hit number one on the country album charts.

Between the years of 1997 and 1999, Nelson, Kristofferson, Cash, and Jennings also provided the voice and dramatization for the "Louis L'Amour Collection". This was a four CD box set of seven Louis L'Amour stories published by the HighBridge Company. But the four were not credited as "The Highwaymen" in this work. Only one other recording artist ever appeared on a Highwaymen recording: Johnny Rodriguez. He provided a Spanish vocal on 'Deportee', a Woody Guthrie song, from "Highwayman".

Discography

Albums

References 

Country musicians
Musical groups established in 1985
Johnny Cash
Yoash "Chatto" Tzidon, , (November 28, 1926 – July 8, 2015) was an Israeli former Air Force commander and politician.

He joined the Movement for Greater Israel, and later the Tzomet party. He was elected to the Knesset in 1988 on the Tzomet list, and was one of the instigators of the law that led to direct elections for the Prime Minister. He lost his seat in the 1992 elections.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Aviators
Former Members of Knesset
Israeli military people
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish military people
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Romanian Jews
Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (), also known as Saud Al Faisal (‎; 2 January 1940 – 9 July 2015), was a Saudi diplomat and statesman. He served as Saudi Arabia's foreign minister from 1975 to 2015.

By the time of his retirement, he was the world's longest-serving foreign minister. He was a member of  the Saudi royal family.

Saud died on 9 July 2015 from complications from Parkinson's disease after going through surgery in Los Angeles, California at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 

1940 births
2015 deaths
Asian politicians
Civil servants
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Saudi Arabian people
Mark Whitty Everson (born September 10, 1954) is an American politician. He served as the 46th Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 2003 until 2007.

On March 5, 2015, Everson announced his intention to seek the Republican Party's nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 Presidential election. He launched his bid with a video and sixteen page open letter in which he laid out six primary issues. He withdrew from the race on November 5, 2015.

References

2016 United States presidential candidates
1954 births
Living people
Yale University alumni
New York University alumni
Commissioners of Internal Revenue
Politicians from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
A death hoax is a false report of someone's death.

In some cases, it might be because the person has faked their own death on purpose. In some cases they are mistakes while in most cases, they are intentional. Hoaxes are designed to play on other people's emotions. Sometimes, a death hoax is designed to be a practical joke; however, most are to give the person starting the rumor a sense of power over their victims.

There are often consequences when the person who started the hoax is discovered. The news media has to be especially careful of hoaxes, including death hoaxes. While some people will believe anything, most people resent being tricked. However, it depends on how the story is handled: For example, a death hoax ran in Canadian papers about a hard-drinking, hard-swearing Carcross Parrot who had just died; most forgave the writers since the story was published on April Fools' Day.

Mark Twain is one of the most famous people to be the subject of a death hoax. In his case, the newspapers were just careless. This is when he uttered his famous quote, "The report of my death was an exaggeration." It has often been misquoted as "reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated".

References

Death
Hoaxes
Absolute truth is something that is true at all times and in all places. It is something that is always true no matter what the circumstances. It is a fact that cannot be changed. For example, there are no round squares. There are also no square circles. The angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees. These are all true by definition. Very similar are the propositions of Euclid, because they are proved once the axioms are accepted. One way or another, these are all truths because they are logically true. Absolute truths are discovered, not invented. They exist in all cultures.

According to Martin Luther (the reformer), "I shall never be a heretic; I may err in dispute, but I do not wish to decide anything finally; on the other hand, I am not bound by the opinions of men."  This means that if truth is not absolute it is not truth at all. Interestingly enough, Aristotle states that, “The high-minded man must care more for the truth than for what people think.”  So if we consider ourselves to be wise individuals, our concern should be to find the truth not to submit to opinions.     

"In two national surveys conducted by Barna Research, one among adults and one among teenagers, people were asked if they believe that there are moral absolutes that are unchanging or that moral truth is relative to the circumstances. By a 3-to-1 margin (64% vs. 22%) adults said truth is always relative to the person and their situation. The perspective was even more lopsided among teenagers, 83% of whom said moral truth depends on the circumstances, and only 6% of whom said moral truth is absolute."     

Quite different are empirical truths. All the findings of science are empirical: they are based on evidence, and might be wrong or incomplete. Also, we can be wrong about what we think we see or experience. Of course, we rely on science and our senses in practical life. That does not alter the fact that absolute truth is only to be found inside a well-defined logical system. That kind of truth may, or may not, correspond to the real world.

References 

Logic
Philosophy
Deb Fischer (born March 1, 1951, Lincoln, Nebraska) is the United States Senator from Nebraska. She is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2013. Fischer is the senior senator from Nebraska. She was in the Nebraska Legislature from 2005 to 2013.

Fischer was born on March 1, 1951 in Lincoln, Nebraska. She graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a Bachelor of Science degree. She is married to Bruce Fischer. They have three children.

References

Other websites
 Deb Fischer, U.S. Senator for Nebraska, Home Page

1951 births
Living people
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
United States senators from Nebraska
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
First Peoples is a 2015 television documentary about the first people on the continents of the Earth.  The five-part PBS series covers each continent or group of continents one at a time. The focus is on very recent work in paleogenomics (the study of genomes from very long ago).  It was produced by Wall to Wall Television. The series challenges the East African origin theory of modern man showing there were other origins in other parts of Africa.

A two-disk DVD of the documentary was made in 2015.

References

Other websites 
 home page
 PBS First Peoples trailer, YouTube

Reviews 
 arstechnia/Condé Nast
 Forbes

Documentaries
Humans
Television series
Genetics
Oestradiol, E2, is an oestrogen, a steroidal hormone secreted by the ovaries. It is a main female hormone. Oestradiol regulates  female characteristics, the maturation of female sex organs and the  oestrus and menstrual cycle. It stimulates the production of mammary glands.

The serum concentrations of oestradiol and other female hormones change during the menstrual cycle. During gestation there is a high serum concentrations of oestradiol, E3. During menopause, oestrone has the higher concentration.

Oestradiol and oestrone can interchange. Oestradiol has a big effect on bone formation. Women past menopause have an accelerated loss of bone because they have less oestrogen.

Oestradiol also has some functions in males. Its serum concentration in men is < 35 pg/mL, level equivalent to that seen in post-menopausal women.

References 

Hormones
Archer is an American adult animated black comedy, action adventure television series. The series airs on FX. A preview for the series aired on September 17, 2009. The first season started on January 14, 2010. Aisha Tyler plays Lana. Jessica Walter plays Malory Archer.

This television series has a rating of TV-MA, usually for foul language and violence. Sometimes there is also nudity.

References

2009 American television series debuts
2000s American sitcoms
2010s American sitcoms
Black comedy television series
English-language television programs
Ghulam Sughra is a human rights activist in Pakistan. She is the head of the "Marvi Rural Development Organization" (MRDO). In 2011 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Life 

Sughra was born in Sindh Province in Pakistan.  She was married at the age of 12. Six years later, she was the first woman in her village to divorce.  When she tried to go to school, her brothers beat her. So she studied at home. Sughra became the first girl in her village to finish secondary school. Later she was the first teacher in the first school for girls.

Work 

Ghulam Sughra started the Marvi Rural Development Organization (MRDO) in her village.  The MRDO works for education, health, and human rights. It also loans money for women to start small businesses.

Awards 

 International Women of Courage Award

References

Other websites 

 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pakistani people
Erik Thomas von Detten (born October 3, 1982) is an American actor and voice actor.

He is known for his roles as Danny in the television movie, Escape to Witch Mountain, the voice of the toy-destroyer Sid Phillips in Toy Story, Andy Brinker in the Disney Channel original movie Brink!, Josh Bryant in The Princess Diaries, Chris Savage in the television series, Complete Savages, and Clu Bell in the television series, So Weird.

Filmography

Movies
All I Want for Christmas - Choir (1991)
Top Dog - Matthew Swanson (1995)
Toy Story - Sid Phillips (1995) (voice)
Amanda - Kelsey Farnsworth (1996)
Hercules (1997 movie) - Boy #1 (1997) (voice)
Leave It to Beaver - Wallace 'Wally' Cleaver (1997)
Mulan - China Boy (1998) (voice)
Brink! - Andy Brinker (1998)
Tarzan - Flynt (1999) (voice)
The Princess Diaries - Josh Bryant (2001)
Recess: School's Out - Erwin Lawson/Captain Brad (2001) (voice)
Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street - Erwin Lawson (2001) (voice)
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2001) (uncredited)
American Girl - Kenton (2002)
National Lampoon's Barely Legal - Deacon (2003)
Recess: All Growed Down - Erwin Lawson (2003)
Smile - Chris (2005)
Curious George - Boat Worker #1 (2006) (uncredited)
Over the Hedge - Sid Phillips (2006)
Toy Story 3 - Sid Phillips (2010) (voice, cameo)

Television
Days of Our Lives - Nicholas Alamain (1992-1993)
Night Sins - Nicholas Alamain (1993) (TV movie)
In the Best of Families: Marriage, Pride & Madness - Older John (1994) (TV movie)
Aaahh!!! Real Monsters - Vic (voice) (1994) 
A Season of Hope - Tyler Hackett (1995) (TV movie)
Kidnapped: In the Line of Duty - Sam Honeycutt (1995) (TV movie)
Escape to Witch Mountain - Danny (1995) (TV movie)
ER - Ben Larkin (1995)
A Stranger to Love - Justin (1996) (TV movie)
Life with Louie (1996) (voice)
Mr. Rhodes - Milo (1996)
7th Heaven - Randy (1996)
Christmas Every Day - Billy Jackson (1996) (TV movie)
Toy Story Treats - Sid (voice) (1997)
Things That Go Bump - Christian (1997) (TV movie)
Meego - Trip Parker (1997)
Recess - Erwin Lawson (voice) (1997-2001)
You Wish - Jeff Collins (1998)
Brink! - Andy 'Brink' Brinker (1998) (TV movie)
The Wild Thornberrys - Adolescent Jaguar (voice) (1998)
Replacing Dad - Drew (1999) (TV movie)
Odd Man Out - Andrew Whitney (1999-2000)
So Weird - Clu Bell (1999-2001)
As Told by Ginger - Kid #2 (voice) (2000)
Raising Dad - Brad Singer (2001)
The Legend of Tarzan - Flynt (voice) (2001)
Do Over - Gary Ross (2002)
Dinotopia - Karl Scott (2002-2003)
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit - Drew Lamerly (2003)
Charmed - Newspaper Reporter (2003) (uncredited)
8 Simple Rules - Erik (2004)
Complete Savages - Chris Savage (2004-2005)
Malcolm in the Middle - Brad (2005)
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2006) (voice)
Girl, Positive - Jason (2007) (TV movie)
Avatar: The Last Airbender - Chan (voice) (2007)
Bones - Ed Dekker (2008)
Family Guy (2009) (voice)

Other websites

1982 births
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
American Protestants
Christian Audigier (; May 21, 1958 – July 9, 2015) was a French fashion designer and entrepreneur. He worked for Ed Hardy and Von Dutch. Audigier was born in Avignon, France.

Audigier died in Los Angeles, California from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 57.

References

Other websites

1958 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
French businesspeople
French fashion designers
People from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Roger Rees (5 May 1944 – 11 July 2015) was a Welsh-American actor. He was known for his stage work. He won an Olivier Award and a Tony Award for his performance as the lead in The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby. 

He also received Obie Awards for his role in The End of the Day and as co-director of Peter and the Starcatcher.

He was widely known to American television audiences for playing the characters Robin Colcord in Cheers and Lord John Marbury in The West Wing.

Rees was born in Aberystwyth, Wales. Rees became a naturalised United States citizen in 1989. He converted to Judaism in the 1980s. Rees was married to his husband, writer/producer Rick Elice, from 2011 until Rees' death.

Rees died of brain cancer at his home in New York City, aged 71.

References

Other websites

Article on appointment to Williamstown Theater Festival
Roger Rees  – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org

1944 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in New York City
Converts to Judaism
Deaths from brain cancer
Gay Jews
Jewish American actors
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish British actors
LGBT actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Tony Award winning actors
Welsh LGBT people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Nasta Palazhanka (Russian: Наста Палажанка) is an activist in Belarus. In 2011, she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U. S. State Department.

Life 

Palazhanka became part of the youth movement in Belarus at the age of 14.   In  2011 she became the Deputy Chairperson of the Malady Front (Young Front), an NGO in Belarus.  She worked for freedom and human rights in Belarus, in spite of threats, harassment, and imprisonment.

In September 2011, she was engaged to another Young Front activist, Zmitser Dashkevich. They got married in December 2012, when Palazhanka visited him in Hrodno prison.

Other websites 

 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Belarusian people
Political activists
Shukria Asil is an Afghan women's rights activist. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award

Work 

In 2009, Asil saved the jobs of three women teachers in Baghlan.  They lost their jobs when the Ministry of Education wrote bad information about them.  

In 2010 Asil was one of four women in the Baghlan Provincial Council.  In 2012 she was the head of the Baghlan Provincial Culture and Information Department. 

Asil also helped a girl who was gang-raped.  The girl's family would not accept her.  Asil helped the family get together, although the governor of the province said it was not a good idea.  She also worked for women's rights, made groups for women, and worked for women's driving schools and education for young girls. She received threats of kidnapping and death for her work.  She also had to change her address because of the threats.

References

Other websites 

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Afghan activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Daniel Quinn (August 19, 1956/1957) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles on The Young and the Restless, police series Hunter, and independent drama twentysixmiles.

References

1956 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
James R. "Jim" Bede (17 April 1933 – 9 July 2015) was an American aircraft designer. He designed well over a dozen aircraft since the 1960s, but a string of business failures have kept most of these designs out of widespread use.

Bede died of an aneurysm in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 82.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from aneurysm
People from Cleveland, Ohio
Giacomo Biffi (13 June 1928 – 11 July 2015) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna, having served as archbishop there from 1984 to 2003. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Italian Roman Catholics
People from Milan
Roman Catholic archbishops
Aglaophyton is a genus of early Devonian fossil land plants. Its fossils have been found in the Rhynie chert. Only the sporophyte generation have been found as fossils. Only one species has been found, Aglaophyton major.

Relationship to other plants
Aglaophyton was at first thought to be a species of the vascular plant genus Rhynia which lived at the same time. Later it was discovered that it is not really a vascular plant. It had vascular tissue, but the cells had thin walls. It might therefore be a missing link between the Bryophytes and Horneophyton and the vascular plants like Rhynia.

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram which has Aglaophyton as the sister group of the vascular plants.

References

Other websites
 Cladogram from 

Fossil plants
Extinct plants
Church Saint-Paul-Saint-Lous (also known as Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis) is a church located in the 4th arrondissement in Paris. It was constructed from 1627 to 1641, by Jesuit architects Étienne Martellange and François Derand. It is also called Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites. Louis XIII commissioned it to be built.

Churches in France
Gamil Ratib (جميل راتب, November 28, 1926 – September 19, 2018) was an Egyptian actor. He was known for his roles in Lawrence of Arabia, Poussière de diamant, and in The Aquarium. 

Ratib was born in Cairo, Egypt. He died in Cairo on September 19, 2018 at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2018 deaths
Egyptian actors
People from Cairo
Rhopalostylis sapida, the nikau () is a palm tree endemic to New Zealand. It is the only palm tree to grow there. It also does not grow naturally anywhere else in the world.

Nīkau is a Māori word. In the languages of the Pacific tropics, it means the leaves of a coconut palm. 

The Maori had many uses for the nīkau palm. The bases of the inner leaves and the young flowers were eaten raw or cooked. Food was wrapped in the leaves for cooking.  The old tough leaves were used to make baskets, floor rugs and waterproof thatched roofs for buildings.

Natural location 

The nīkau palm lives along the coast and lowland forests on the North Island and on the South Island. It lives where there is humidity. It is the world's most southern palm at 44° 18'S latitude.

Description 
The nīkau grows tall with a wide, green trunk which has grey-green leaf scars. The trunk is topped by a smooth, bulging crown of fronds (leaves). The flowers are coloured lilac to pink. The fruit is circular or oblong and is red when ripe. The nīkau has flowers between November and April (summer). The fruit ripens from February to November and is a favourite food for the native wood pigeon.

Caring for the palm 
 
The nīkau makes an excellent potted plant, and is quite healthy. It is slow-growing. It grows easily from a seed if the fruit is soaked in water for a few days and then gently scrubbed to remove the skin. The seed will then germinate in sealed plastic bags in part shade. Later, they can be planted in deep pots. 

The nīkau lives well in cool temperatures. In New Zealand, it does not get exposed to freezing weather. It can survive a few degrees of frost. It is hurt most by a sudden large drop in temperature even above freezing. It does well in areas with a mild Mediterranean climate.

References

Other websites 

New Zealand native plant website: Rhopalostylis sapida 

Trees
Arecaceae
CNN Chile is the Chilean version of CNN international. It was founded on December 4, 2008. It broadcasts 24 hours a day nationwide in Chile.

Coverage
 News
 Sports
 Program reviews

Related pages 
 CNN en Español

Other websites 
 Official website

Television channels in South America
CNN
2008 establishments
Chile
21st-century establishments in Chile
The Great Stink was in central London in July and August 1858. During hot weather the smell of untreated faeces was overpowering.

It was caused by untreated human waste in the River Thames, and on its banks. An ageing and inadequate sewer system emptied directly into the Thames.

The bad air was thought to transmit contagious diseases. There were three outbreaks of cholera before the Great Stink was blamed on the problems with the river. A proposal from  the civil engineer Joseph Bazalgette for sewage treatment was finally accepted.

References 

1858
1850s in the United Kingdom
19th century in London
Infectious diseases
Water infrastructure
London
Cholera pandemics
Water pollution
Cracked Rear View is the major-label debut album by Hootie & the Blowfish. It was released on July 5, 1994 by Atlantic Records.

Reception

Cracked Rear View is Hootie & the Blowfish's most successful album. It was the highest-selling album of 1995, with 10.5 million shipments that year alone. It eventually shipped 16 million copies by March 31, 1999. Cracked Rear View reached number one on the Billboard 200 five times during 1995. The album also reached number one in Canada and New Zealand. Three million copies were sold through the Columbia House mail-order system.

Critical reviews of Cracked Rear View were mostly positive. The Allmusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it four and a half stars out of five. He wrote that it was "the success story of 1994/1995." He also said, "Although Hootie & the Blowfish aren't innovative, they deliver the goods. They turned out an album of solid, rootsy folk-rock songs that have simple, powerful hooks."

References 

1994 albums
Philipp Mißfelder (August 25, 1979 – July 13, 2015) was a German politician and a member of the Bundestag.  From January through March 2014 he served in the German government as the Coordinator for Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Intersocietal Relations, Cultural and Information Policy.

References

1979 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Former members of the German Bundestag
German historians
People from Gelsenkirchen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Anderson is both a first name and a family name. In Scotland, the name first appeared in records of the 14th century as "Fitz Andreu" (it means "son of Andrew"). Anderson is one of the most common family names. It is especially common in Scotland, United States, Canada and England.

People with Anderson as a family name include Rona Anderson, Pamela Anderson, Loni Anderson, Laurie Anderson and Lynn Anderson.

People with Anderson as a first name include Anderson Cooper, who is the son of Gloria Vanderbilt.

People with Anderson as a first name
 Anderson Dawson (1863-1910), Australian politician
 Anderson Hernández (born 1982), Dominican former Major League Baseball player, currently playing in the Mexican League
 Anderson Ribeiro (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
 Anderson Varejão (born 1982), Brazilian National Basketball Association player

People with Anderson as a last name
 Alf Anderson (1914-1985), American baseball player
 Ben Anderson (born 1975), British journalist
 Bibi Andersson (born 1935), Swedish actress
 Bud Anderson (born 1922), American aviator and flying ace
 Charles D. Anderson (1827–1901), Confederate general
 Daphne Anderson (1922–2013), British actress
 Martina Anderson (born 1962), Northern Irish politician

Surnames
Given names
Hybrid vigour (or hybrid vigor) is the improved  activity and survival of hybrid offspring. The technical term in genetics is heterosis.

Inbreeding in a normal population leads to the offspring getting worse, less fit, less fertile and usually not living as long as the parents. The opposite, outbreeding, leads to fit, healthy, fertile offspring. This effect has been known for a long time. Animal breeders have known it since the 18th century, and Darwin investigated it in detail with plants.

On the other hand, when two parents are from widely different populations, such as different subspecies, this usually does not apply. In that case it is more usual for the hybrids to have lower fitness. Mules are usually not fertile, and that automatically makes them of lower fitness, as that term is used in biology. They are very hardy animals, but they leave few offspring. The puzzle for scientists has been to explain these facts.

Genetic theories 
When a population is small or inbred, it tends to lose genetic diversity. The loss of fitness is due to loss of genetic diversity. Inbred strains tend to be homozygous for recessive alleles. Recessive alleles tend to be mildly harmful. Heterosis or hybrid vigor, on the other hand, is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness.

In the early 20th century, after Mendel's laws came to be understood and accepted, two explanations were proposed.

 Dominance hypothesis. Undesirable recessive alleles from one parent are suppressed by dominant alleles from the other. Inbred strains lose genetic diversity, because they become homozygous at many loci.
 Overdominance hypothesis. Certain combinations of alleles that can be obtained by crossing two inbred strains are advantageous in the heterozygote. Cases such as sickle-cell anaemia show this at one gene locus, and overdominance is explained by this happening at many loci.

Present status 
At present, the first idea seems to fit the facts best. "The current view ... is that the dominance hypothesis is the major explanation of inbreeding decline and the high yield of hybrids".

An epigenetic effect heterosis has been found in plants, and also in animals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which repress the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or degrade mRNAs. The miRNAs may also have an effect on hybrid vigour.

References 

Genetics
India "Willie" Bush (July 13, 1990 – January 4, 2009)  was the pet cat of U.S. President George W. Bush and his family while he was in the White House.  She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.

Biography 
The Bushes got India, an all black, female American Shorthair, as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992. Their twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine years old. It is not known if the cat had registered to vote.  India stayed with George and Laura Bush after Jenna and Barbara left for college. When George W. Bush became President in early 2001, India moved with the family from the Governor's Mansion in Austin, Texas to the White House.

Even while living at the White House, India did not get as much attention from the media as the family's Scottish terriers, Barney and Miss Beazley.  She is shown in the "Barneycam" videos made by the White House staff at Christmas. She first starred in Where in the White House is Miss Beazley?, where she was called by her nickname, "Willie". The dogs were always more interesting to the White House press during the Bush presidency. They became more famous to the public.

India (as "Willie") was shown in the March 2008 Architectural Digest, in the East Sitting Hall of the White House.

Controversy 
There was controversy reported in the news in  India. Some people were upset with the cat's name. In July 2004, demonstrations were held in the southern Keralian city of Thiruvananthapuram.  The cat's name was criticised as an insult to the nation of India. An effigy of President Bush was burned in protest. 

The Bushes did not change the cat's name because of the demonstrations. India had been named for a baseball player, Rubén Sierra. He was nicknamed "El Indio" while playing for the Texas Rangers, when Bush owned the baseball team. The name had been given to the family cat by Barbara, one of the Bush's daughters.

Death 
India died at the White House on January 4, 2009, at age 18. In a statement to the press about India's death, Sally McDonough, speaking for First Lady Laura Bush, said that the family was "deeply saddened" by their cat's death. Part of the statement said, "India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be greatly missed."

References

Other websites

 Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov
 India at the Presidential Pet Museum 

Cats
Individual cats
George W. Bush
United States presidential pets
alayhi as-salām (SAAS) is a phrase Muslims say whenever they refer to the name of any prophet and any messenger. "Peace be upon him" is the English-language translation of alayhi as-salām. The phrase is important for Muslims, because it is a way to show lots of respect. Muslims say or write the phrase to get Allah's blessings for the prophet/messenger, and in turn, get blessings for themselves. The abbreviations PBUH and SAAS are used in writing in the Muslim world in private and sometimes government documents. The Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, says this respect must be given.

References 

Islam
Religious terminology