cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, 18 September 53 – 9 August 117) was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD.

Early life

Trajan was born into a non-patrician family -with Italian roots- in the province of Hispania Baetica. He rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian.

Serving as a general in the Roman army along the German frontier, Trajan successfully put down the revolt of Antonius Saturninus in 89 AD.

In September 96 AD, Domitian was succeeded by Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died on 27 January 98 AD, and was succeeded by Trajan without incident.

Trajan as Emperor 

As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for his extensive public building program which reshaped the city of Rome and left multiple enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column.

Early in his reign he annexed Nabataea (between the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas), creating the province of Arabia Petraea. His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly because the new province possessed many valuable gold mines. The territory he conquered and later populated with roman colonists (actually called Romania) is the only one still romance speaking in our days in eastern Europe.

His war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of its capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia. His campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent. He also created in 116 AD a "client state" in Parthia (actual Iran). After these conquests Trajan sailed on the Persian Gulf complaining that he was too much old to invade India, as did Alexander the Great.

In late 117 AD, while sailing back to Rome from the conquered Mesopotamia, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. He was deified by the Senate, and succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian.

As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured — he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived nineteen centuries. Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the prayer felicior Augusto, melior Traiano, meaning "may he be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan".

Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a "virtuous pagan", while the 18th century historian Edward Gibbon popularized the notion of the Five Good Emperors, of which Trajan was the second.

References

Bibliography
 Bennett, Julian. Trajan, Optimus Princeps Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-253-21435-1
 
 Lepper, Frank. Trajan’s Parthian war, in Points Histoire, Chicago, Oxford University Press, 1948, Nachdruck Ares, 1993. ISBN 978-0-89005-530-4

53 births
117 deaths
Roman Emperors
In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Greek: Ἀμαζόνες, Amazónes, singular Ἀμαζών, Amazōn) were a tribe of warrior women. The Amazons as they appear in myth may have been inspired by warrior women among the Scythians and Sarmatians. Their place of residence was the subject of much dispute: according to both Herodotus and Strabo, these warrior women lived on the banks of the river Thermodon, by the Black Sea, while Diodorus states that, prior to the ones by the Black Sea, there lived a different tribe of Amazons in the region of Libya. The Amazons were said to have founded several cities and temples found in Smyrna, Sinope, Cyme, Gryne, Ephesus, Pitania, Magnesia, Clete, Pygela, Latoreria and Amastris; according to legend, the Amazons were the ones who invented the cavalry.

References

Other websites 
 Herodotus on the Amazons
 Herodotus via Gutenberg
 Perseus

People in Greek mythology
Sapphire is a type of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide (Al2O3).   Sapphires are the same as rubies, except that they are not red.

Sapphire can be found in the ground or it can be made in large crystal. Blue sapphires are the most famous kind, but they can be many different colors, like amber and orange. 
 
Sapphires have a long history. Tradition says that the tablets of the Ten Commandments were made of sapphire, so strong a hammer could not break them, and would break instead if it hit them. The ancient Persians believed that the earth sat on a big sapphire and that the big sapphire made the sky blue.

A lot of ancient people thought rubies made people calm down, as well as cure their bruises.
 
Sapphires have been used by kings and queens for a long time as a symbol of luck, virtue, wisdom, and holiness.  Princess Diana and Princess Anne both received sapphire engagement rings and the British Crown Jewels are full of large blue sapphires, the symbol of kind and wise rulers.

Sapphires represent September. It symbolizes telling the truth and doing what you said you would.

Sapphire is actually just corundum and is one of the hardest minerals on the hardness scale.  Since sapphire is the second hardest mineral in the hardness scale, it is sometimes used as a polishing tool. 

This mineral is found in gem gravel deposits. These deposits are formed from the heat of metamorphic or igneous rock plateaus. The places where sapphire is formed abundantly are Myanmar, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka. The most costly and beautiful sapphires are shipped from Kashmir, India.  In other words, sapphire is mostly found in Asia. Recent findings of sapphire have taken place in Australia, Kenya, and Tanzania. 

Sapphire was the first mineral to be lab grown in a strategy called "flame fusion". Another strategy, slightly harder to use, "flux growth" was used to lab grow sapphire.

Heating yellow, light yellow, or colorless sapphire from 1500-1900oc can turn into a dark yellow, gold, golden brown, orange, or a reddish brown colored sapphire. There is a specific kind of sapphire called Star sapphires have whitish pieces of rutile or silk as some call it. Star sapphires can be heated to remove the blue color of sapphire and can be heated even more to get the blue color back and remove the white silk.

References 
U of Texas. "corundum." ruby and sapphire notes. U of Texas, 24 Aug. 2012. Web. 
30 Oct. 2012. <http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/ 
corundum/corundum_triple_frame.htm>.

Gait, Robert I. "Sapphire." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012.Web. 4 Dec. 2012.

Gemstones
Birthstones
Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an Academy Award winning American movie and stage actress. She played the princess in The Princess Diaries and The Princess Diaries 2. In Tim Burton's 2010 movie, Alice in Wonderland, she played the White Queen. She played Catwoman in Christopher Nolan's 2012 superhero movie The Dark Knight Rises and Fantine in Les Misérables.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Former Roman Catholics
American LGBT rights activists
Musicians from Brooklyn
Fear Factor is an American stunt/dare reality game show. It was created by Endemol Netherlands. The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.

About the show 
The original Dutch version of the program was called Now or Neverland. When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to Fear Factor. Fear Factor has many different versions which are shown in different countries.

The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts. The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000. For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women. Each person played for themselves. In the sixth year, the show changed. They started using four teams of two people. The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends. Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount. Fear Factor is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz. The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau. Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game Half-Life.

Fear Factor was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, Survivor. The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001. It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good. In 2006, Fear Factor was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series American Idol on Tuesday nights. It did not get good ratings during this time. During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom Joey. That series was only shown for a few weeks. NBC canceled Fear Factor in May of 2006. The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006. These episodes were shown throughout the summer. In 2004, Fear Factor became the first network reality show to be syndicated. Over its six seasons, Fear Factor earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.

On May 31, 2011, NBC announced that Fear Factor would be revived for a new season. Eight episodes, two of which were 30 minutes long, were ordered. Rogan returned as host of the show. The revival began on December 12, 2011. On May 13, 2012, NBC announced the cancellation of the show. The last episode aired on July 16, 2012.

References

Other websites 
 Official Fear Factor website
 UK Gameshows Page: Fear Factor (about the UK version)
 Fear Factor - France on TF1 
 Fear Factor India
 Fear Factor Turkey 

American reality television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Joe Rogan (born August 11, 1967) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for his role as Joe Garrelli in NewsRadio and as host on the television game/reality program Fear Factor.

Rogan is also a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He holds a Brown Belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Eddie Bravo and Jean Jacques Machado.

Rogan has a podcast and YouTube show called the Joe Rogan Experience. A lot of the people that he has interviewed on it are known for being controversial people on the Internet and are called the Intellectual Dark Web

References

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Newark, New Jersey
American game show hosts
American martial artists
American television actors
American television presenters
Comedians from Newark, New Jersey
Participants in American reality television series
Podcasters
Television personalities from New Jersey
Endemol was a media company based in the Netherlands that produced programs for television. The company had subsidiaries and joint ventures in 23 countries. These countries included the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Mexico, Spain, Italy, Germany, Argentina, Poland, Netherlands, India, South Africa, Lebanon, Morocco and Australia among others.

Endemol was founded in 1994 with the combining of the television companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol. The name of the company comes from the combination of their surnames (Ende + Mol). The company is best known for making reality programs. One of its best known programs is the reality series Big Brother. This series has over 40 different version which are shown in over 100 countries. The company also makes many different game shows such as Deal or No Deal, Fear Factor and Anime de Training EX. It also creates the popular series Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.

Endemol was bought by Shine Group (a joint-venture between The Walt Disney Company and Apollo Global Management) and was headquartered in the Netherlands in 2015 ad Endemol Shine Group.

References

Other websites 
 Endemol
 Endemol USA Website 
 Endemol UK website
 Deal or No Deal Official website by Endemol

1994 establishments in Europe
Entertainment companies
Companies of the Netherlands
Amsterdam
Hilversum
The Hilton Hotels brand was re-united internationally after more than 40 years in February 2006, when United States-based Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the lodging arm of United Kingdom-based Hilton Group PLC, which had acquired Hilton's international operations in 1987 (the companies had been severed originally in 1966).

Hilton Hotels became America's first coast-to-coast hotel chain in 1943. The company places marketing emphasis on business travel, but owns and operates a number of resorts and leisure-oriented hotels as well.

As of April 2007, the chain has 229 Hilton branded hotels across the world and has partnerships with many airlines and car rental companies.

Hilton Hotels & Resorts is the flagship brand of Hilton and one of the largest hotel chains in the world.

The company focuses on business and recreational tourists, so it has hotels in the centers of major cities, near airports, conference centers, as well as in popular vacation destinations around the world. Hilton Hotels & Resorts participates in Hilton Honors, a guest loyalty program of Hilton. Program members who book rooms directly through Hilton services receive exclusive discounts and benefits, such as free Wi-Fi, digital registration, keyless room access and the ability to choose any number you like using the Hilton Honors mobile app.

Gallery of Hilton Hotels buildings around the world

References

Companies based in Virginia
Hotel chains
Emily Jordan Osment (born March 10, 1992 Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer. She is most famous for her roles of Gerti Giggles in the Spy Kids trilogy, and Lilly Truscott in Hannah Montana. The younger brother of former child actor Haley Joel Osment, actress/vocalist Emily Osment launched her career at a young age, having landed a role in the 1999 film The Secret Life of Girls when she was only seven years old. The Los Angeles native furthered her career by also appearing in Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, and the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana, where she enjoyed a recurring role as Lily Truscott. Osment also tried her hand at singing, kicking off that aspect of her career by performing alongside Billy Ray Cyrus on his 2007 album Home at Lastand contributing a song to the soundtrack of R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It, in which she also starred. After making appearances on several Disney compilations, she began voicing a desire to tackle more rock-influenced music, and writing sessions with members of Eve 6 and Plain White T's helped her compile enough material for her debut EP, 2009's All the Right Wrongs. Osment switched directions for her full-length debut, though, leaving rock music behind and embracing electronic dance-pop on 2010's Fight or Flight.

Other websites 

1992 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
Darin Zanyar (born June 2, 1987), known simply as Darin, is a pop singer from Sweden.
Darin was the first place runner-up in the Swedish Idol 2004, acquiring a fanbase primarily of teenage girls. Darin lives in Vällingby outside of Stockholm. He is of Kurdish heritage, and he speaks Central Kurdish. He won the Kurd of the year award in 2005 presented by Swedish Minister for Public Health and Social Services Morgan Johansson. Darin released his first album in February 2005, with songs by Swedish hit maker Max Martin and Swedish artist Robyn. The same year he released his 2nd album “Darin” which went platinum and provided him even more success than his debut album. At the end of 2006, Darin released his 3rd album “Break the News”. It went straight to number 1 in the chart and went gold the first day. Following his success in Sweden, Darin signed a new deal with EMI Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Zanyar currently has an entry in the Melodifestivalen 2010 in hopes of representing Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo. Today he is one Sweden's best selling artists with 7 number one albums. In 2018 Darin was the most played artist on radio in all of Sweden, thanks to his songs "Tvillingen" and "Astronaut". The following year he held his first arena tour in Stockholm Globen, Gothenburg Scandinavium and Malmö Malmö Arena.

Albums
The Anthem (2005)
Darin (2005)
Break the News (2006)
Flashback (2008)
Lovekiller (2010)
Exit (2013)
Fjärilar i magen (2015)
Tvillingen (2017)

Singles
 2005 – "Money for Nothing"
 2005 – "Why Does It Rain"
 2005 – "Step Up"
 2005 – "Who's That Girl"
 2005 – "Want Ya!"
 2006 – "Perfect"
 2006 – "Everything But The Girl"
 2006 – "Desire"
 2007 – "Insanity"
 2008 – "Breathing Your Love" feat. Kat DeLuna
 2008 – "See U At The Club"
 2008 – "Runaway"
 2008 – "What If"[förtydliga]
 2009 – "Viva La Vida"
 2010 – "You're Out Of My Life"
 2010 – "Can't Stop Love"
 2010 – "Lovekiller"
 2010 – "Microphone"
 2012 – "Nobody Knows"
 2012 – "Stockholm"
 2012 – "En Apa Som Liknar Dig"
 2012 – "I Can't Get You Off My Mind"
 2012 – "Astrologen"
 2012 – "Seven Days a Week"
 2013 – "Playing With Fire"
 2013 – "So Yours"
 2013 – "Check You Out"
 2014 – "Dream Away" feat. Eagle-Eye Cherry
 2014 – "All Our Babies" feat. Sophie Zelmani
 2014 – "Mamma Mia"
 2015 - "Ta mig tillbaka"
 2017 - "Tvillingen"
 2020 - "En säng av rosor"

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
Swedish singers
The Gulf of Bothnia is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It is situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lie the Åland Islands, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea. Gulf of Bothnia is often divided into three parts which are called in Finnish language: 

Perämeri, northest part
Merenkurkku 
Selkämeri, southest part

Other websites

Bothnia
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Finland
Geography of Sweden
Lolo Ferrari (9 February 1963 – 5 March 2000) was the stage name of a French dancer and actress billed as "the woman with the largest breasts in the world", though their size was artificially achieved. She was born Eve Valois in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dome.

She started as a model and a prostitute.

Encouraged by her husband, Ferrari underwent numerous plastic surgery operations to create a  silicone-enhanced bust (22 enlargements, a Guinness world record).

She became a regular guest on the television series Eurotrash on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Ferrari committed suicide by drug overdose in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes.

References 

1963 births
2000 deaths
Drug-related suicides
French movie actors
French models
French television personalities
People from Clermont-Ferrand
Pornographic actors
Prostitutes
Suicides in France
World record holders
{{Infobox album 
| name = Riot!
| type = studio
| artist = Paramore
| released = June 12, 2007
| recorded = January–March 2007
| studio =  House of Loud, Elmwood Park, New Jersey
| genre = 
| length = 38:58
| label = Fueled by Ramen
| producer = David Bendeth
| Reviews       =
| prev_title = The Summer Tic EP(2006)
!(2007)
| next_title = Live in the UK 2008(2008)
| misc = 

}}RIOT!''''' is a 2007 album by the United States pop rock band Paramore. It is the second album to be released by the band.

The band named the album "Riot" because they liked the definition: "A sudden outburst of uncontrolled emotion".

Track listing 
 "For a Pessimist, I'm Pretty Optimistic" - 3:48 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "That's What You Get" - 3:40 (J. Farro/H. Williams/T. York)
 "Hallelujah" - 3:23 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Misery Business" - 3:31 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "When It Rains" - 3:35 (J. Farro/Z. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Let the Flames Begin" - 3:18 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Miracle" - 3:29 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Crushcrushcrush" - 3:09 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "We Are Broken" - 3:38 (D. Bendeth/J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Fences" - 3:19 (D. Bendeth/J. Farro/H. Williams)
 "Born for This" - 3:58 (J. Farro/H. Williams)

Charts

References 

2007 albums
Paramore albums
Ouran High School Host Club is a manga created by Bisco Hatori.
Plot
The manga and anime are centered around Haruhi who is a girl mistaken for a boy and the Host club which she belongs to. Haruhi is a commoner, and quite poor, whereas the other Host Club members are very rich.

Manga
Wei Yuan was a Chinese scholar during the Qing Dynasty. He wrote books on politics. He was also known as Mo Shen () and Hanshi ().

Life 
When Wei Yuan was young, he followed his teacher, Liu Feng, to study the History of China.

During the reign of Daoguang Emperor, Wei Yuan successfully got a provincial degree in the Imperial examinations.

In 1826, Wei Yuan was ordered to write a political book called Huang Chao Jing Shi Wen Pian (). Besides, he helped the imperial official to deal with the problem of building the canals.

From 1841 AD until 1842 AD, Wei Yuan was asked to defeat the British armies in the First Opium War.

From 1842 AD until 1843 AD,  Wei Yuan finished writing a book which was about the matters of Western countries. The book was called Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms ().

After the First Opium War, Wei Yuan wrote another book titled Military history of the Qing Dynasty ()

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

1794 births
1857 deaths
Chinese scholars
Snape Maltings is a group of buildings including a famous concert hall in the village of Snape, Suffolk.  Many concerts are given in the Maltings.  Every year the Aldeburgh Festival has many of its concerts there.  The composer Benjamin Britten used to live in Aldeburgh with the singer Peter Pears.  They started a music school for young people.  The Britten-Pears Foundation still continues today, with many concerts based in the Maltings.  This foundation gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform at concerts.  Many of them have recently graduated from a music college.

The buildings on the site are mostly from the 19th century.  They are built on the banks of the River Ore. Originally they were built to make barley and beer.  When the barley had been malted it used to be sent  to London and exported to Europe. The Maltings closed during the 1960s. Since then the buildings have been restored and rebuilt to include the famous concert hall.  It was opened in 1967, burnt down in 1969, and rebuilt in 1970. 

The Holst Library is connected to the Maltings and is named in honour of Imogen Holst, the daughter of Gustav Holst, who was a close friend of Benjamin Britten and an artistic director of the Aldeburgh Festival from 1956 to 1977.

The concert hall is a place for concerts and many other community activities during the year.  Aldeburgh Music have concerts in June, and in August the Snape Proms take place.  These are concerts at which some audience can by cheap tickets and sit on the floor at the front.  They often take rugs to sit on.

Related pages
Aldeburgh Festival
Benjamin Britten
Peter Pears

Other websites 
http://www.snapemaltings.co.uk/concerts.asp 

Concert halls in England
Gladiators (Latin: gladiatōrēs, "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword," from gladius, "sword") were professional fighters in ancient Rome, who fought against each other, wild animals  and sentenced criminals, sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of the public. These fights took place in arenas in many cities from the Roman Republic period through the Roman Empire.

The word comes from gladius, the Latin word for a short sword used by legionaries and some gladiators. 

Gladiators often are slaves and people from other countries that fought Ancient Rome and lost and got captured. Some are normal people from the Roman Republic and wants to be a gladiator and give up their freedom.

There were different types of gladiators in the world, such as Thracians, Mirmillones, Retiarii, and the Secutores. The gladiators were the footballers of their time. You would have been very famous and rich.

The Emperor would have the final say about who would live and who would die. He would put his thumbs down to die or thumbs up to live.

Gladiators fought to the death. Gladiators would have different types of weapons. Some might have a sword whereas others would use axes.

Other websites 
 BBC News: Gladiator bones found in Turkey
 The Roman Gladiator

Ancient Rome
Occupations
Ohm's law says that in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a resistor is related to the voltage difference and the electrical resistance between the two sides, as long as the physical conditions and the temperature of the conductor remain constant. Because there are three variables, it can be written in three ways, depending on which variable is placed on the left of the equals sign:
.
Where I is the current in amperes, V is the potential difference in volts, and R is a constant, measured in ohms, called the resistance.

Current,  Voltage, and  Resistance

Voltage 
Voltage is how much energy is between two points on a circuit. These two points have different charges, one is higher and the other is lower. The difference between these two points of the charge is how we measure the voltage. The unit of “volt” is the name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who created the first chemical battery.  The letter “V” represents voltage.

Current 
Current is how fast the charge is flowing. The higher the charge, the faster the current. Current has to do with electrons flowing in a circuit. Current measures how fast the electrons go. The unit of the current is “ampere,” (often referred to as “amps”). The letter “I” is usually used to represent current, from the French intensité du courant, (current intensity).

Resistance 
Resistance is how much the circuit resists the flow of the charge. This makes sure the charge does not flow too fast and damage the components. In a circuit, a light bulb can be a resistor. If electrons flow through the light bulb, then the light bulb will light up. If the resistance is high, then the lamp will be dimmer. The unit of resistance is “Ω”,  which is called omega, and pronounced “ohm”, it is the name of the inventor of Ohm’s law.

How Current, Voltage, and Resistance are related
Current, Voltage, and Resistance are related, which is called “Ohm’s law”. The unit of resistance (also named an "Ohm"), is defined so that “1 Ohm” as the resistance between two points in a conductor where the application of 1 volt will push 1 ampere, or 6.241×10^18 electrons, through. This takes energy, which (depending on the component which the charge is flowing through) is usually lost as heat.

Find all values in the circuit 

For example, a scientist knows that the value of the voltage is 20V. Resistance is known, which is in the light bulb, is 10 Ω.  Now we need to find the other unknown variable, which is current. The Ohm’s law formula can be used to solve it. With the two known variables, V(voltage) and R(resistance), the only variable left to find is I(current).

20V= 10Ω * I

I = 2A

In a problem, a scientist always gets enough information to solve the other values, the only thing a scientist has to memorize is the Ohm’s law formula. Then it is used with what is given to solve the unknown part. In the example above, the current is 2 amps.

References

Other websites

 Online ohm's law calculator 
 Ohm's Law worksheet on All About Circuits
 Ohm Law : Electronics for Beginners
 Calculator - Ohm's law in the DC circuit

Electricity
Lin Shu (8 November 1852, Fuzhou — 9 October 1924, Beijing) was a Chinese translator from Fujian. He worked with others to translate more than 170 titles (mostly novels) from English and French to Chinese.

1852 births
1924 deaths
Chinese people
Chinese translators
Ü or ü is  a letter not used in English. It is commonly used to represent the sound . It started as an U with an E above it. It is heavily used in the Turkic languages, such as Turkish. In German, the letter can be replaced by Ue or ue respectively, if it is not available on the keyboard.

German

Germany and Austria

Ü or ü is one of the 4 extra letters used in German.  It can be replaced by using the letters Ue or ue.  In English language newspapers it is often written as U or u but this is not correct.

Internet addresses are written as "ue" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.

Switzerland
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland, people from Switzerland who speak German normally use the extra letter.

Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters
Ö or ö is not a letter used in English, but is used in some other languages, such as German, Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Turkish, Swedish and Icelandic.

German

Germany and Austria

Ö or ö is one of the 4 extra letters used in German.  It can be replaced by using the letters Oe or oe.  In English language newspapers it is often written as O or o but this is not correct.

Internet addresses are often written as "oe" because the internet address system used to only understand ordinary English letters and they are still the most common.

Switzerland
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland. It has its own dialect (Swiss-German or Schweizerdeutsch). The Ö or ö is used in the Swiss dialect as well.

Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters

id:Umlaut#Öö
he:אומלאוט#אותיות האומלאוט בגרמנית
This is a list of the rulers of China from 221 BC to AD 1911. These rulers named themselves  (Mandarin: huangdi); in English, we normally say they were emperors.

All of them were men but Wu Zetian.

Rulers of the Qin Dynasty (211–206 BC)
Rulers of the Qin Dynasty: 

Qin Shihuang | Zuxuan | Zhaw

Rulers of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 
Rulers of the Ming Dynasty: 

Hongwu Emperor | Jianwen Emperor | Yongle Emperor | Hongxi Emperor | Xuande Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Zhengtong Emperor | Jingtai Emperor | Chenghua Emperor | Hongzhi Emperor | Zhengde Emperor | Jiajing Emperor | Longqing Emperor | Wanli Emperor | Taichang Emperor | Tianqi Emperor | Chongzhen Emperor

Rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
Rulers of the Qing Dynasty: 

Taizu Emperor | Huang Taiji | Shunzhi Emperor | Kangxi Emperor | Yongzheng Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Jiaqing Emperor | Daoguang Emperor | Xianfeng Emperor | Tongzhi Emperor | Guangxu Emperor | Xuantong Emperor  

Lists of monarchs
Ä or ä are letters used in some languages. Ä and ä are both just "a"s with umlauts.

German

Germany, Austria and Switzerland 

Ä or ä is one of the 4 extra letters used in German.  It can be replaced by using the letters Ae or ae.  In English language newspapers it is often written as A or a but this is not correct. Ä and ä are usually pronounced like the "e" in "bed".

Internet addresses are written as "ae" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.

Latin letters with diacritics
Vowel letters
Ulyanovsk (), formerly Simbirsk (), is a city on the Volga River in Russia. It was founded in the year 1648. Ulyanovsk had a population of 638,300 in 2005. It is the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast. In 1924, the city was renamed Ulyanovsk after Vladimir Ulyanov, better known as Lenin, who was born there.

Other websites

Capital cities in Russia
A hawk is a common term for a medium to large-sized birds of prey. Its usage varies in different places.

The subfamily Accipitrinae, the subfamily of the Accipitridae often called the "true" hawks. It includes all members of Accipiter and the closely related genera. Goshawks and sparrowhawks are examples. They are mainly woodland birds with long tails and good sight, hunting by sudden dashes from a concealed perch.
More generally, the term may be used for eagles, kites, and buzzards.

Accipitrine hawks generally take birds as their primary prey. They have also been called "hen-hawks", or "wood-hawks" because of their woodland habitat. Within the hawk species, the female is generally larger than the male. Like most birds, the hawk migrates in the autumn and the spring.

Eyesight 
Hawks, like most vertebrates, have four types of colour receptors in the eye. They can see not only the visible range, but also the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Other adaptations let them detect polarised light and magnetic fields. 

They have many photoreceptors in their retina, and an exceptional number of nerves connecting the receptors to the brain. There is an indented fovea, which magnifies the central portion of the visual field.
Hawks have always been known to have sharp vision and to be very able hunters.

References 

Falconiformes
World Peace One (WP1) is a ten-year idea for promoting peace. It includes lots of inventive global campaigns, programs and activities that are meant to help the world in "ending all wars" and have "permanent peace". It is a huge world peace movement, that focuses on human re-inspiration, re-education and redirection—to get rid of war. All of WP1's programs are being organized by WP1 Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization based in Florida, United States. WP1 is preparing a series of "peace ambassador" programs. These are targeted towards governments, religious groups, corporations, schools and universities, as well as celebrity groups, women's organizations, sports organizations and world youth.

Global SuperConcert
The WP1 Global SuperConcert is an musical event that will take place in twelve cities across the world. The concert date is to be announced. The purpose of the event is to move humanity toward "ending all war," in favor of "permanent peace.".

The WP1 Global SuperConcert is planned to be held in twelve countries and broadcast to over 190 countries.

 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Colombia
 Mumbai, India
 Tokyo, Japan
 Lisbon, Portugal 
 Canada
 Johannesburg, South Africa
 South Korea
 Istanbul, Turkey 
 London, United Kingdom
 UAE 
 Miami, Las Vegas & Los Angeles, United States

References 

Rock music
Culture
Music festivals
Shawn Sawyer (born January 14, 1985 in Edmundston, New Brunswick) is a Canadian figure skater. He won the bronze medal two times at the Canadian national championships. He skated at the 2006 Winter Olympics and came in 12th.

Biography 
Unlike most figure skaters who spin on the ice and during their jumps in a counter-clockwise motion, Sawyer is one of few skaters who jumps and spins in a clockwise direction. Other skaters who rotate "lefty" are Johnny Weir and Alissa Czisny.

Sawyer is known for his great flexibility and his artistry on the ice. Most male skaters do not perform spirals during competition because they do not get credit for doing them. Sawyer uses them to highlight his skating and as difficulty entrances. They are also a major part of his non-competitive (exhibition) programs. Sawyer's spirals and flexible spins have given him a different look from most other skaters and have helped his popularity.

Sawyer is often compared to Canadian Olympic bronze medalist Toller Cranston. When Sawyer was 12, Cranston was about to retire from show skating. Cranston put together a televised show in which he and other top ranked skaters, including Scott Hamilton, skated with Sawyer and gave him advice. Cranston still advises Sawyer.

Sawyer can perform a backflip on ice. He was taught this move by Brian Orser.

Sawyer has performed the Biellmann spin in exhibition when he was a junior-level skater, but has since stopped training it. Still, he remains one of the few male skaters to have ever performed this move.

Other websites 
Official Site
 International Skating Union biograhy 
Skate Canada Profile 

1985 births
Living people

Canadian figure skaters
Christopher Mabee (born on August 26, 1985 in Tillsonburg, Ontario) is a figure skater from Canada. He won the silver medal (second place) at the 2007 national championships. This earned him a spot to the 2007 World Championships, his first time ever at that competition.

Mabee is a good friends with Jeffrey Buttle. They train together and have the same coach.

Mabee's rise to the top of Canadian skating has been slow and steady. In the 2003/2004 season, he won the bronze medal at the Junior Grand Prix Final. He is the second Canadian man to ever win a medal at that competition (after Fedor Andreev).

Mabee just barely missed a place to the 2006 Winter Olympics. However, instead of going to that competition, he went to the 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe. He won the silver medal at that competition.

Mabee is well liked by the crowds in exhibition. He is known for his humor on the ice. He often chooses music that makes fun of himself or is light-hearted. At the 2006 Four Continents, he skated a program to Play that funky music, white boy. At the 2006 Nationals, he started his exhibition with a funny song about his home town of Tillsonburg.

Other websites
 Official Site
 International skating union biography 
 Skate Canada Profile 

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ontario
Canadian figure skaters
Tanith Jessica Louise Belbin (born July 11, 1984 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian-American ice dancer. She is a citizen of both Canada and the United States. Her skating partner is Benjamin Agosto.

Belbin was born in Canada and lived in various places like Montreal until she was thirteen years old. At the age of thirteen, she moved to the United States to skate with Agosto. They are coached by Igor Shpilband. He is the one who paired them together.

Belbin & Agosto had success immediately on the Junior level. They won a medal of every color at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships between 2000 and 2002. They qualified to skate for the United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics. However, in order to do this, both partners would need to be citizens of the United States and Belbin had not yet gotten American citizenship.

In 2004, Belbin and Agosto won their first national title.

In 2005, Belbin and Agosto won their first World medal. This was the first World medal for the United States in ice dancing in 20 years. Their silver medal at this competition, along with how well the other American team did, earned the United States three spots on the Olympic team. However, this would not have done them any good because Belbin was still not an American citizen. If she had applied for citizenship, she would have gotten her citizenship in time for the 2006 Olympics. Because of rules changes after she had applied, she could not go back and take advantage of other rules, so she and Agosto thought they would have to miss the 2006 Olympics. But a special law was passed allowing her to take advantage of the sped-up process. Belbin was sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the first ice dancing medal (a silver) for the United States since 1976.

Belbin and Agosto are known for their connection, lifts, and skating skills. They have very good footwork.

Other websites 

Official web site
 
 
Care to Ice Dance? - Belbin & Agosto 

American figure skaters
Canadian figure skaters
Sportspeople from Ontario

1984 births
Living people
Benjamin Alexandro "Ben" Agosto (born January 15, 1982, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American ice dancer. His skating partner is Tanith Belbin.

Agosto originally skated with Katy Hill in the Chicago area. In 1998, he moved to Michigan and he teamed up with Belbin. They are coached by Igor Shpilband. Shpilband is the one who paired them together.

Belbin & Agosto had success immediately on the Junior level. They won a medal of every color at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships between 2000 and 2002. They qualified to skate for the United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics. However, in order to do this, both partners would need to be citizens of the United States and Belbin had not yet gotten American citizenship.

In 2004, Belbin and Agosto won their first national title.

In 2005, Belbin and Agosto won their first World medal. This was the first World medal for the United States in ice dancing in 20 years. Their silver medal at this competition, along with how well the other American team did, earned the United States three spots on the Olympic team. However, this would not have done them any good because Belbin was still not an American citizen. If she had applied for citizenship, she would have gotten her citizenship in time for the 2006 Olympics. Because of rules changes after she had applied, she could not go back and take advantage of other rules, so she and Agosto thought they would have to miss the 2006 Olympics. But a special law was passed allowing her to take advantage of the sped-up process. Belbin was sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the first ice dancing medal (a silver) for the United States since 1976.

Belbin and Agosto are known for their connection, lifts, and skating skills. They have very good footwork.

Other websites 

Official web site

 
Care to Ice Dance? - Belbin & Agosto 

American figure skaters
Sportspeople from Chicago
1982 births
Living people
Ice dancing is a form of figure skating related to ballroom dancing. Its first competition was at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, but it did not become a Winter Olympic Games medal sport until 1976.  As in pair skating, dancers compete as a couple, a man and a woman.  

Ice dancing is different from pair skating because it limits the figures to those which are imitative of dance. Skaters must stay close together, and may not perform jumps. There are set dances, in which the style must be appropriate for the type of dance, and there is a Free Dance section which allows lifts up to shoulder level.

Ice dancing is the only form of figure skating to allow vocal music in official competitions.

Other websites

 Ice-dance.com
Care to Ice Dance?
Ice Dancers Online
ISU Home - International Skating Union website

References 
Figure skating
Dance types
Winter Olympic sports
Charlie White is an ice dancer from the United States. His skating partner is Meryl Davis. They won the junior title at the United States national championships in 2006. In 2007, they won the bronze medal (third place) on the senior level, becoming the first team since Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto to go from being junior national champions to World team members in one season.

Davis and White have skated together since 1997. They are the longest-lasting team still skating in the United States.

In 2006, Davis and White won the bronze medal at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships. Later that year, they became the first team in the world to get the highest level of difficulty for one of their programs. This happened at the 2006 NHK Trophy and put them immediately into the skating spotlight.

In 2007, they won the bronze medal at Nationals. At the World Championships, they placed 7th. This was the highest placement for a US team at their first World Championships since 1980.

Davis and White are coached by Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva.

White previously competed internationally as a single skater and nationally as a hockey player. He gave up hockey after breaking his ankle doing it and making him and Davis miss most of the 2004-2005 competitive season. He gave up single skating in 2006 to focus on ice dancing at the senior level.

Other websites
 Official Site 
 Care to Ice Dance: Davis & White 
 U.S. Figure Skating: Davis and White 
 International skating union biography 

1987 births
Living people
American figure skaters
Sportspeople from Michigan
Meryl Davis is an ice dancer from the United States. Her skating partner is Charlie White. They won the junior title at the United States national championships in 2006. In 2007, they won the bronze medal (third place) on the senior level, becoming the first team since Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto to go from being junior national champions to World team members in one season.

Davis and White have skated together since 1997. They are the longest-lasting team still skating in the United States.

In 2006, Davis and White won the bronze medal at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships. Later that year, they became the first team in the world to get the highest level of difficulty for one of their programs. This happened at the 2006 NHK Trophy and put them immediately into the skating spotlight.

In 2007, they won the bronze medal at Nationals. At the World Championships, they placed 7th. This was the highest placement for a US team at their first World Championships since 1980.

Davis and White are coached by Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva.

Other websites
 Official Site 
 Care to Ice Dance: Davis & White 
 U.S. Figure Skating: Davis and White 
 International skating union biography 

1987 births
Living people
American figure skaters
Sportspeople from Michigan
The Treaty of Shimonoseki (, ) was signed between the Qing Dynasty and Empire of Japan at Shimonoseki in 1895. It ended the First Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 1895).

Main terms of the treaty 
 Korea was not a vassal-state under China. Korea would became an independent nation.
 China had to give Japan 200 million taels (a tael had usually a little more silver than a (Spanish dollar).
 Formosa, the Pescadores and the Liaotung Peninsula ceded to Japan.
 Chungking, Soochow, Hangchow and Shashih had to be opened for Japanese trading.
 Japanese people were allowed to build industries and sell their products in China.

Other websites 
 the Treaty of Shimonoseki (Chinese Version) 
 the Treaty of Shimonoseki (Japanese Version) 

History of Japan
Shimonoseki
19th-century treaties
1895
Tessa Virtue is an ice dancer from Canada. Her skating partner is Scott Moir. Virtue and Moir have been skating together since 2008. In the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, the duo won the gold medal in the ice dancing competition; which was not only a first for them, but also for the country of Canada. They went on to win two silver medals in 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics and two gold medals in 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. They are now the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history.

Virtue and Moir were the most successful junior-level Canadian ice dancers ever. They won Canada's first gold medal in ice dancing at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships in 2006. In that year, they also won the bronze medal at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a senior-level competition for skaters who are from countries that are not in Europe.

In their first full season skating at the senior level, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal (second place) at the Skate Canada International and again at Nationals. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th. This made them immediately seeded skaters going into the 2007/2008 season.

Virtue and Moir are known for their artistry, musicality, and grace on the ice. They often look as if they were dancing, not skating. They have a close connection. While most of their programs have been soft and romantic, Virtue and Moir have also done humorous programs in exhibition. 

Virtue and Moir were coached by Igor Shpilband and  Marina Zueva.

Other websites
Official Site 
Skate Canada Profile 
 International skating union biography  
Care to Ice Dance? - Virtue & Moir 

Canadian figure skaters