cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Events 
 January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. His widow Henrietta Maria lives in her native France.
 January 30 – The Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and later of Scotland and Ireland. Members of the Long Parliament serve as government.
 January 30 – Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At the time all three Kingdoms had not recognized him as ruler.
 February 5 – In Edinburgh, Scotland claimant King Charles II of England is declared King in his absence. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.
 March 11 – The Frondeurs (rebels) and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.
 March 19 – The House of Commons pass an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England".
 May 17 – Banbury mutiny ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged
 May 19 – An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth is passed by the Rump Parliament.

 Robert Blake is promoted to become an Admiral of the English fleet
 August 15 – Admiral Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert to allow Oliver Cromwell to land in Dublin and begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
 September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
 Unknown date – Urga founded (now Mongolian capital)
 Digger movement crushed at St George's Hill

Births 
 February 2 – Pope Benedict XIII
 February 8 – Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian
 February 11 – William Carstares, Scottish minister
 April 5 – Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University
 April 9 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland
 June 13 – Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic
 July 23 – Pope Clement XI
 September 15 – Titus Oates, English minister and plotter
 December 7 – Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary

Deaths 
 January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed)
 March 9 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman
 March 9 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed)
 March 16 – Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary
 March 19 – Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian
 March 26 – John Winthrop First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony
 May 14 – Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian
 June 3 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet
 September 6 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer
 September 15 – John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher
 October 3 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman
 October 16 – Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter
 November 19 – Caspar Schoppe, German scholar
 December 4 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet
 December 8 – Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary
James Danforth "Dan" Quayle (born February 4, 1947) is an American politician who was the 44th vice president of the United States. He served with President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993).

Early life
Quayle was born at Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital (When he was born as Methodist Hospital in 1947) in Indianapolis, Indiana. His parents were Martha Corinne (née Pulliam) and James Cline Quayle. He has often been incorrectly referred to as James Danforth Quayle III. In his memoirs, he points out that his birth name was simply James Danforth Quayle. The name Quayle originates from the Isle of Man, where his great-grandfather was born.

His maternal grandfather, Eugene C. Pulliam, was a rich and influential publishing magnate who founded Central Newspapers, Inc., owner of over a dozen major newspapers such as The Arizona Republic and The Indianapolis Star. James C. Quayle moved his family to Arizona in 1955 to run part of the family's publishing business. While his family was very wealthy, Quayle was less rich; his total net worth by the time of his election in 1988 was less than $1 million.

Personal life
Quayle and his wife are Presbyterians. He currently lives in Paradise Valley, Arizona.

References

1947 births
Living people
Lawyers from Indianapolis, Indiana
American Presbyterians
Manx people
2000 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Indiana
United States senators from Indiana
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from Indianapolis, Indiana
Cincinnati is a city in the southwestern corner of the state of Ohio near the states of Kentucky and Indiana. The city is in Hamilton County, Ohio. Cincinnati is home to major sports teams including the Cincinnati Reds and the Cincinnati Bengals, as well as events like the Cincinnati Masters and the Thanksgiving Day race. The University of Cincinnati traces its foundation to the Medical College of Ohio, which was founded in 1819.

Cincinnati was named after the Roman leader Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus and was an early major city in the midwestern United States. Many Germans settled in the city and the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood gets its name from the river in Germany. Soap and machine tools are major industries in the area, which is home to the company Procter & Gamble as well as Macy's. Cincinnati's economy and population declined in the late 1900s, but the city is on the upswing. The Over-The-Rhine neighborhood has seen a lot of new businesses and development in recent years.

People from Cincinnati 
 Michael K. Allen – former Hamilton County, Ohio prosecutor
 Stan Aronoff – former president of the Ohio Senate
 Oba Chandler – rapist and murderer on death row in Florida
 Dixon Edwards – former NFL linebacker
 Marc Edwards – NFL fullback
 Ray Edwards – NFL defensive end
 Joseph H. Albers – first bishop of Lansing, Michigan
 Anthony Allaire – New York City Police inspector
 Levi Addison Ault – businessman, naturalist, donor of Cincinnati's Ault Park
 Doris Day -actress, singer, animal lover
 Pete Rose -  most MLB hits, ever.  Famous athlete.
 Charles Manson -  Manson family leader, Famous 60's murder conspirator.
 Barry Larkin - Cincinnati Red's player, Famous Athlete.
 Ken Griffey Sr., Cincinnati Red's player, Famous Athlete.
 Ken Griffey Jr., Cincinnati Red's player/Seattle Mariners player, Famous Athlete.

References 

 
County seats in Ohio
1788 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in the Northwest Territory
Tokusatsu is a Japanese word that means "special effects". It is used to talk about television shows and movies that have superheros, giant monsters, and other science fiction and fantastic themes. Some famous tokusatsu features include Godzilla, Kamen Rider, and Super Sentai.

Japanese language
Movie terminology
Television
Snakes on a Plane (released in Japan as Snake Flight (スネーク・フライト)) is a 2006 American action horror crime thriller movie. It was directed by David R. Ellis and it stars Samuel L. Jackson and released to movie theaters by Warner Bros. It is about many snakes on a plane that is traveling from Hawaii to Los Angeles, California.

Plot
The snakes attack people on the plane, and Samuel L. Jackson's character, FBI agent Neville Flynn becomes angry at the snakes, so he fights them.

Reception
The movie became very popular before it was released because of the title and because of many people talked about it on the Internet.

Other websites 

2006 crime movies
2006 horror movies
2006 action movies
2000s crime thriller movies
American action movies
American crime thriller movies
American horror movies
German action movies
German crime movies
German horror movies
German thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies about animals
Movies set in Hawaii
Movies set in Los Angeles
The War in Afghanistan was a war fought by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, The Netherlands, Australia and other countries against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, after the terrorist attacks against the US on September 11, 2001.

On 31 August 2021 (local time), the war ended as the last coalition soldiers (from foreign countries), left Afghanistan.

History
The war started when the US invaded Afghanistan in 2001. The US and its allies forced the Taliban and Al-Qaeda to hide. In December 2001, the US and its allies founded a new government for Afghanistan. Its president was Hamid Karzai.

By February 2002, 5,000 soldiers from ISAF (or International Security Assistance Force) were in Afghanistan. That military force was led by United States. ISAF's soldiers were on loan from the militaries of NATO countries and allied countries. In 2012 ISAF was at its maximum: 130,000 soldiers (in Afghanistan).

In 2004 Hamid Karzai started as the first president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Even though the Taliban had lost power, they formed a "shadow government". Taliban insurgents, or fighters, controlled many parts of Afghanistan, and enforced their own laws.

Osama bin Laden was killed in Pakistan, May 2011.

British troops left Afghanistan in 2015, after 5 years of training the Afghanistan police to deal with threats from the Taliban.

After security deteriorated, American soldiers returned and over 10,000 were in the country at the end of 2017. In 2020, the US and NATO allies promised to leave Afghanistan as long as the Taliban agreed to certain things: not allowing terrorists to operate in its area, and starting peace talks with the Afghanistan government. In mid-2021, the Taliban began a military offensive to enlarge their territory as US and allied forces began to leave. By August 15, 2021, the Taliban had recaptured Kabul and defeated the Afghan government.

An anti-Taliban front took control of the Panjshir Valley, in August 2021.

During the 2021 evacuation from Afghanistan, over 150,000 people chose to to be taken out of Afghanistan; They were diplomats, other civilian staff, other civilians, and military staff.

The last military airplanes of the United States, left the airport in Kabul, one minute before 31 August 2021.

On 31 August 2021 (local time), the war ended.

Deaths and injuries
More than 15,000 Coalition soldiers were wounded:  6,773 US, 3,954 UK, 1,500 Canadian and over 2,500 other Coalition soldiers.  5,500 Afghan army soldiers and 200 Northern Alliance militants were killed in this war.  378 US civilian contractors were killed and 7,224.

Aftermath

An anti-Taliban front has control of the Panjshir Valley, as of 2021's third quarter.

Gallery

References

2000s in Asia
2010s in Asia
2020s in Asia
21st century in Afghanistan
Wars involving Canada
Wars involving Germany
Wars involving Greece
Wars involving Italy
Wars involving New Zealand
Wars involving the Netherlands
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Wars involving the United States
A castrato (plural castrati) was a type of male singer with a very high voice. The effect was produced either through castration, or because of some hormonal problems. The word castrato literally means castrated. Such singers were very sought after in the early days of the opera. Most of the main soprano roles in operas by Handel and other composers of that time were written for castrati. Nowadays they are almost always sung by female sopranos, since there are no castrati left.

The practice of castrating young boys who had good singing voices was quite common in Italy in the 17th century. When castration is done before puberty, the usual effects of puberty will not happen. These include the vocal cords enlarging and growing bigger, and the voice getting deeper as a consequence. 

Even though castration was illegal in many parts of Italy, it was often performed. Many families who were poor had their children castrated because it might give them a better future. 

Once a boy was castrated he would go to a special music school where children learned singing and musical instruments. The castrati pupils were given special treatment. They were fussed over and kept warm to stop them from getting colds. When they grew up they hoped to become famous opera singers. A few of them had very successful careers in opera. They were the great stars of their day, and audiences came to the opera to cheer on their favourite singers. Those who were not good enough to make a career in opera joined church choirs instead.

It is impossible now for us to know what these great castrato voices sounded like, but they must have had very powerful voices and many of the singers were very skilled in singing and adding musical ornamentation to the songs. In the 18th century Italian opera became very popular in England. This was largely due to the German-born composer Georg Friderich Händel who moved to England in 1709 and wrote lots of Italian operas. Many singers who sang in London came from Italy, and many were castrati. The most famous one was called Farinelli. 

The popularity of castrato singers died out in the 19th century when operas became less artificial and more like real life. By the mid-19th century they were no opera castrati left, although a few castrati still sang in church choirs. The last one, a man called Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922 aged 64. There is a recording of his voice made in 1902 which can be heard online, but he may not have been a good singer and he was old when he made the recording, so we cannot judge whether the castrato voice was beautiful by that recording.

Related pages
 Breeches role

Other websites 
 Alessandro Moreschi at Internet Archive

Vocal ranges
A falsetto voice is a special way of speaking or singing. If a man tries to imitate a woman’s voice he does it by speaking in a falsetto voice. When a man sings with a falsetto voice it sounds high like a soprano. Actors do this sometimes, e.g. Robin Williams in the film Mrs Doubtfire or Kevin Clash when voicing the character Elmo in Sesame Street and Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees, with his R&B falsetto. Also, Kellin Quinn from the band sleeping With Sirens uses falsetto sometimes.

Women can also use falsetto, but when they do there is not as big of a change in sound from their normal voices as there is in men. When women use falsetto the voice sounds lighter or weaker than it does when they speak or sing normally.

It is like stretching the mouth out into a wide smile and saying 'ee', except it is sung.

Processes and uses of falsetto  
When people speak or sing, their vocal cords vibrate.  When a man sings falsetto only the edges of his vocal cords vibrate.  These produce harmonics.  It is similar to playing harmonics on a string instrument by lightly touching the string at a certain point so that only part of the string vibrates.  When a man sings falsetto his vocal range is usually one octave higher than his normal singing voice. When people sing in falsetto, their voice can be breathy sometimes.

Falsetto singing was used in the days when women were not allowed to sing in churches.  Instead, men sang countertenor.  Later the popularity of the countertenor disappeared, but in the mid 20th century it became popular again for performing Renaissance and Baroque music. Today the tradition of men singing alto (with countertenor voices) still exists in Britain in cathedral choirs and some church choirs which are all-male choirs.  It is not a big, operatic voice, and it blends in well with boys’ treble voices in the acoustic of churches and cathedrals.  

Occasionally falsetto can be used for comic effect, as in the roasted swan in the Carmina Burana by Carl Orff.

Other websites 
 Definition of falsetto at Virginia Tech's website

Vocal ranges
A breeches role is a part in an opera in which a woman plays the role of a man. It is also called a trouser role (British) or pants role (U.S.) or travesti role (the Italian word). It is called a breeches role because breeches are tight-fitting, knee-length trousers. These used to be worn by men at the time that breeches roles became popular. Sometimes breeches roles are in plays, but they are usually in opera.

Breeches roles are usually female singers acting the role of a young man. They are normally sung by mezzo-sopranos or contraltos with light voices because they can often sound boyish. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was normal to have actors and actresses who cross-dressed. It was the time when castrato singers were popular. These castrati were men pretending to be women, but there were also women pretending to be men (especially when the actress was trying to deceive another character) and the audiences were used to this kind of thing. As they gradually stopped the horrible practice of castrating young boys in the late 18th century these male characters started to be sung by mezzo-sopranos instead.

Mozart wrote an opera called The Marriage of Figaro. In this opera the role of Cherubino, a young page boy, is sung by a mezzo-soprano. Other famous examples include the role of Siebel in Dvořák’s opera Rusalka and the role of Prince Orlofsky in Johann Strauss’s opera Die Fledermaus.

Composers from the 20th century do not usually have breeches roles in their operas. There is the role of Oktavian in Richard Strauss’s opera Der Rosenkavalier (1911), but this opera was deliberately trying to produce the old-fashioned atmosphere of Mozart’s time. Benjamin Britten wrote an opera called Midsummer Night’s Dream, based on Shakespeare’s play. There is no breeches role here. Instead, the part of Oberon is written for a countertenor: a man with a high, falsetto voice.

There is also a term called a skirt role. This is the opposite of a trouser role: it is a man acting the part of a woman. Benjamin Britten uses one in the role of the Madwoman in Curlew River. The witch in Humperdinck’s Hansel and Gretel is also sung by a man. In both cases it makes the characters more dramatic, but the first is very serious while the second is supposed to be humorous.

Cross-dressing
Opera terminology
The word treble is used, especially in British English, to mean the singing voice of a boy or girl.  Often it is called boy soprano, but since there are also many girls who sing in cathedral and church choirs these days, the word treble is now used to describe the voice of either sex.

A boy can sing treble until he reaches puberty.  At puberty he starts to become a man and his voice range will go down (we say that his voice “breaks”).  He will then become a tenor, baritone or bass, or he may even train to be a countertenor.  A girl’s voice also changes when she reaches puberty, but the change into a grown-up female voice is more gradual than with a boy, and it is still within the soprano or  alto range.

Boys who join a cathedral choir or the choir of a large church will have to work hard to develop their voice and learn to sing musically.  They often start this training aged 7 or 8, and they may only have four or five years before their voice starts to break.  They do not usually become famous as soloists, but the Welsh treble Aled Jones became very famous for about three years and made many recordings before his voice broke in 1987.

The word ‘treble’ is used for children singing in a Classical Music style, especially church music.  Although children do not usually sing in opera, occasionally a treble is used for the part of a very small boy, e.g. in  Debussy’s opera Pélléas et Mélisande.

Vocal ranges
A claque (pronounce: ‘clack’) is a small group of people in an opera house who deliberately either clapped loudly (applauded) or shouted boo for a particular singer. Usually it means an organised group who know in advance what they are going to do.

In the 19th century there was very often a claque at performances of an opera. Someone who liked one of the singers and wanted them to have lots of applause would pay a group of people to sit near the back of the opera house and to clap and shout enthusiastically whenever that singer had finished a song. This would encourage the rest of the audience to clap loudly too. Sometimes the claque would be paid to do the opposite: they would be told to hiss and boo when the singer had sung.

Very often a singer would have to pay some money to the claque so that they would applaud him (or her). If the singer did not pay, the claque would hiss and boo. This was, of course, a nasty form of blackmail. In the early 20th century, when the world-famous tenor Enrico Caruso refused to pay the claque in Naples a bribe, they hissed during his singing of the great aria Una furtiva lagrima.

Groups of supporters at football ('soccer') matches do much the same thing without being paid. Abuse of match officials is also quite common. Abuse between rival groups of fans is also common. Clubs are required to keep away fans in different sections from home fans.

References 
Teach yourself opera by Susan Sutherland 1997, LCCC number: 06-72382

Opera terminology
Leeches are annelids, a kind of worm (ground creature) that lives in wet places. All leeches are carnivorous, that is, they eat mainly meat, but some are also haemophagic; this means they drink the blood of other animals. They are sometimes helpful in medicine. They are often used to reduce blood clots. They were used to suck the blood of patients a long time ago, before we knew about germs and that losing blood is bad for health.

References 

 Sawyer, Roy T. 1986. Leech Biology and Behaviour. Vol 1-2. Clarendon Press, Oxford

Annelids
Chemotherapy, or 'chemo', is the use of chemical substances to treat diseases. The word "chemotherapy" is often used for a type of medicine used to treat cancer. The drugs are cytotoxic, which means they are toxic to the body's cells.

There are many types of chemotherapy. and doctors chose the medication that will treat each types of cancer in the best way. Often, chemotherapy drugs are combined with each other and with other drugs when a person is treated for cancer.

When a person has surgery to remove a tumor, chemotherapy may be given before or after. 

Chemotherapy can also be used to treat other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. 

Chemotherapy often has bad side effects:
 Loss or damage of hair and nails
 Weakened immune system
 Nausea and vomiting

References

Related pages 
Antiviral drug
Pharmacotheraphy
Radiotherapy
Therapy

Cancer treatment
Other unrelated diseases with a similar name are typhus and paratyphoid fever

Typhoid, or typhoid fever, is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually begin 6 to 30 days after exposure. The disease is spread by water which has the bacteria in it.

Transmission 
Typhi is spread through from what is called the fecaloral route. The source is people who are infected but have no symptoms. An asymptomatic human carrier is an individual who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in their stool a year after the acute stage of the infection.

The disease 
Typhoid usually lasts between two weeks and a month. The symptoms of typhoid often appear 10 to 14 days after infection. If no treatment is given, between one and three out of every ten patients die. The rest usually get better after a month, at the most.

Typhoid causes a steady fever of at least 103–104 degrees F (39–40 degrees C). Also, it can cause stomach pains, headache, being delirious (restless, excited, seeing things), and not being hungry. In some cases, flat, pink coloured spots show up on the patient's body. Sometimes there are no symptoms. 

Typhoid is not common in countries with good sanitation and clean water. For example, scientists think that there are only 400 cases a year in the United States. In 2015,  12.5 million new cases worldwide were reported. For example, in the Indian subcontinent, typhoid is one of the most common diseases because of poor sanitation and lack of basic hygiene.In that case, typhoid fever is common in children of the one to 15 years age group.

The disease can be treated with antibiotics. There are standard drugs like chloromycetin which cure typhoid.

References 

Diseases caused by bacteria
Transylvania is a historical region in Central Europe. In the past, it was a part of Hungary, was an independent principality, belonged to the Ottoman Empire or was a province of Austria-Hungary.  It has been part of  Romania since 1918.

The borders was made up by the Siret River from east, river Tisza from west of north and south by the Carpathian Mountains. 

Transylvania's main city, Cluj-Napoca, is seen as the region's informal capital. But Transylvania was also ruled from Alba Iulia during its dependence from the Ottoman Empire, and the seat of the Transylvanian Diet was moved to Sibiu for some time in the 19th century.

In popular culture, Transylvania is mainly known as the seat (and origin) of Count Dracula. This vampire story by Bram Stoker is based on a local nobleman Vlad III the Impaler, known for his cruelty. It also was the home of Elizabeth Báthory.
Southwest Airlines is a airline based in Dallas, Texas that has a reputation for low fares. The airline started in 1971. It flies mostly among about a hundred airports within the United States but also to flies from the United States to airports in the Caribbean Sea and Mexico. 

Originally, many of Southwest's flights were to airports in the Southwestern United States, such as Dallas Love Field and Houston Hobby Airport, but it also flies to airports in other parts of the country, such as Chicago Midway Airport and Baltimore/Washington International Airport.  Southwest Airlines controls most of the gates at Dallas Love Field and most other airlines cannot fly from there.

In 2014, it started international flights. 

The company flies about 700 Boeing 737 aircraft. This is more than any other airline. It only flies the Boeing 737. By 2019, 13 were the newest kind, the Boeing 737 MAX.
 
Southwest Airlines bought the smaller AirTran Airways in 2010 and discontinued the AirTran name. For several years, Southwest was the largest airline in the United States based on number of passengers, but it was not the largest based on distance traveled. 

In 2018, an engine exploded on a Southwest Airlines flight, killing one passenger. That was the first death of a passenger from an aircraft accident on Southwest (earlier passenger deaths were from other causes, such as heart attack and drug overdoses).

Gallery

Related pages
Ryanair
jetBlue

References 

1967 establishments in the United States
Airlines of the United States
Low-cost airlines
Companies based in Dallas, Texas
Cluj-Napoca (pronunciation in Romanian: ; ; ; ; ), until 1974 Cluj, is the third biggest city in Romania, and is the capital city of Cluj County, in the north-western part of Transylvania. Bucharest is about 330 kilometers away from Cluj-Napoca. About 330,000 people live in the city. It also has some famous universities and a rich history as the capital city of Transylvania.

In the west of Cluj-Napoca is the Hoia-Baciu Forest. There is a bicycle park and other sport activities like paintball, airsoft or archery.

References

Other websites 

 Website of Cluj-Napoca (Romanian)
 Hungarian website of Kolozsvár 
 Virtual trip of Cluj-Napoca 
 Cluj-Napoca Hotels
 Events in Cluj-Napoca (Romanian)
 Mobile webcam offering a good panorama over Cluj-Napoca
 A virtual guide into the history,culture and sightseeing of Cluj-Napoca,the city in the heart of Transylvania, Romania (English)

County capitals of Romania
Transylvania
Sibiu (IPA , German: Hermannstadt, Hungarian: Nagyszeben) is a city in Transylvania, Romania. About 170,000 people live there. The Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River flows through the city.  It is the capital of Sibiu County.

Twinned towns 
  Bauru, Brazil since 1995.
  Columbia, Missouri, USA since 1994.
  Deventer, Netherlands since 2007.
  Klagenfurt, Austria since 1990.
  Landshut, Germany since 2002.
  Marburg, Germany since 2005.
  Mechelen, Belgium since 1996.
  Rennes, France since 1999.
  Valencia, Venezuela since 1993.
  Wirral, UK since 1994.

References 

County capitals of Romania
Cities in Romania
Transylvania
Graphic design is a practical art which helps in communication. Visual information is formed in a way that produces a message.  This can be done by placing words and pictures in ways that will get the attention of others.  People who do graphic design as work are called graphic designers.  In printed media, graphic design includes typography, organising illustration, book design, page layout, specifying print.

Graphic design can be done in different media.  These include paper, video, labels, and web sites. 

Graphic designers use many skills, rules and techniques to provide the right information.  They must combine artistic expression and media relations.  Skills include the ability to look at the whole picture, color theory, design principles, understanding of art, etc.

Graphic design today is heavily used in all types of media, magazine articles, internet and especially in advertising. Almost every marketing effort utilizes graphic design for brochures, business cards, websites, logo design and corporate identity. 

Contemporary graphic designs tends to feature modern geometric forms and shapes and bold typefaces. They emphasize making the message easy to read and comprehend and also grab attention and make memorable.

Written communication
Graphics
Typography
History of printing
Vaquita (Phocoena sinus) is a rare type of porpoise. It lives only in the Gulf of California. It is the world's smallest cetacean and most endangered marine mammal. The Vaquita is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union of Conservation of Nature. Forty years ago, the Vaquita population was estimated to have 1000 living individuals.  Current research has shown that from 1990 to now (2021), the population has dropped from close to 500 individuals down to 20 or less.  The species is most under threat from illegal fishing activities that are taking place in the Gulf; ongoing bycatch in gillnets used to catch shrimp and to poach the endangered totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi).

Look 
Vaquita have a dark coloring around the eyes and mouth. The upper side of the body is medium to dark gray. The underside is off-white to light gray. It has a rather large fin on its back for its size.
The Vaquita is the smallest type of porpoise in the world, growing up to 5 feet long and weighing up to 120 pounds.

Feeding 

Vaquita feed on small, bottom-dwelling fish and squid.

Life 
They live alone or in small groups, usually of about three, but sometimes they live in groups of up to ten.

References

Toothed whales
Cardiac arrest happens when the heart suddenly stops beating.  This can be caused by a heart attack in which the heart's demand for oxygen is not met and the heart muscle begins to die. With cardiac arrest, normal circulation of blood stops, because of a failure of the heart to contract. This results in the body not getting enough oxygenated blood, which  causes cells to start to die from oxygen starvation. Cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain) makes a person lose consciousness and stop breathing, and this makes the heart stop completely. Unless the person is in hypothermia, brain damage usually occurs after three to five minutes. (In some cases, the person is put into hypothermia on purpose, to help the person recover better with less damage.)

Cardiac arrest is a medical emergency. If it is treated early enough, some of the damage done can be reversed in certain groups of patients. When cardiac arrest leads to a person's death, this is called sudden cardiac death (SCD). First aid treatment for cardiac arrest usually begins with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to keep oxygenated blood flowing until medical treatment is available.

Heart
La Rochelle is a city in the Charente-Maritime department and a seaport in western France near the Bay of Biscay. The Huguenots there rebelled in 1627 and 1628.

La Rochelle Business School is in the city.

Sister cities
La Rochelle is twinned with:
  Lübeck, Germany, since 1988
  New Rochelle, United States, since 1910
  Newport, Rhode Island, United States
  Acre, Israel, since 1972
  Essaouira, Morocco, since 1999
  Santiago de Figueiró, Portugal, since 2003
  Petrozavodsk, Russia, since 1973

Communes in Charente-Maritime
Departmental capitals in France
Combustion is a reaction of a fuel with an oxidant to give out heat. The release of heat can produce light in the form of a flame.

Car engines and rocket engines both work by combustion. Combustion in a Ferrari car motor is different from combustion in a rocket engine. Car combustion is gas burning and exploding in cylinders called pistons again and again to push them up and down, making the car move. Rocket combustion is made by rocket fuel exploding out of the back of the rocket moving it up. The burning of most substances is bad for the environment and the ozone layer because it can let off greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Hydrogen burns cleanly and gives off a lot of heat, but it does not produce much power, and is highly explosive.

During combustion, fuel reacts with oxygen and heat, then releases energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of oxygen. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited, or poor. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and more soot. Several factors must be considered when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Fuels are substances that react with oxygen to release useful energy. Most of the energy is released as heat, but light energy is also released. About 21 per cent of the air is oxygen. When a fuel burns in plenty of air, it receives enough oxygen for complete combustion. Complete combustion needs a plentiful supply of air so that the elements in the fuel react fully with oxygen. Fuels such as natural gas and petrol contain hydrocarbons. These are compounds of hydrogen and carbon only. Combustion is a high-temperature oxidation reaction.

Related pages 
 Exothermic
 Phlogiston theory

Other websites 

Chemical processes
The nanometre (symbol: nm) is a unit used to measure length in the metric system. It is equal to one billionth of a metre (). The name combines the SI prefix nano- (from the Ancient Greek , , "dwarf") with the parent unit name metre (from Greek , , "unit of measurement"). It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−9 m.

The nanometre is often used to express very tiny dimensions, such as measuring atoms. The nanometre is also commonly used to measure the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the part of the spectrum that can be seen by humans. Visible light ranges from around 400 to 800 nm.

The nanometre was formerly called the millimicrometre (or the millimicron). This is because it is 1/1000 of a micrometre, and was written with the symbol mµ (or sometimes µµ).

Related pages
 Angstrom
 Nanotechnology

References

Units of length
A caterpillar is a young butterfly or moth that has just hatched out of its egg. A caterpillar is a kind of larva. When it is older, the caterpillar will turn into a pupa (also known as a chrysalis), and then later the pupa will turn into a butterfly.

Caterpillars usually have three pairs of small, but noticeable, true legs at the front and up to 5 pairs of fleshy false legs at the back.

Caterpillars are commonly found feeding on leaves, but they are also found inside living stems and branches or on the roots of plants and dead wood.

Most caterpillars are shades of green or brown and are relatively hairless, although in many families caterpillars are very hairy and often brightly coloured. Some species are pests of growing plants, carpets, woollens, organic fabrics and stored food products.

Caterpillars are an important source of food for birds and other invertebrates and many species help dead animals and plants decompose.

Gallery 

Examples of different kinds of caterpillars.

Lepidoptera
Bielsko-Biała is a city in southern Poland with 180,000 inhabitants. Its size is 125km2. The city is in the Beskidy mountains.

Related pages
Museum in Bielsko-Biała

Cities in Poland
Idi Amin Dada ( 1925 – 16 August 2003) was a repressive dictator who ruled the African country of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He lost power after trying to take over some Tanzanian land. The President of Tanzania at the time, Julius Nyerere, invaded Uganda. After Tanzanian forces took control of Kampala, Uganda’s capital city, Amin fled. 

Amin was famous for forcing all Asians to leave Uganda. He thought that Asian people living in Uganda (who were mostly Indians and Pakistanis) were taking jobs away from Ugandan workers. After Amin lost power, many of the Asians who had left Uganda came back.

He was a convert to Islam. He supported the cause of Palestinian freedom. This caused the hijacking of an Air France flight that landed in Entebbe, Uganda.

Amin became known as a very brutal leader, and in the 1970s he was compared to historical persons such as Caligula, Hitler, Beria and Himmler. In several of the neighboring countries he was viewed as a "sadist, murderer, fascist and oppressor."

In 1979, Amin was thrown out of Uganda and barred from ever returning. He fled to Libya, then to Saudi Arabia. 

Amin was put on life support on July 18, 2003. When his organs began to fail, his family decided to take him off of life support. He died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from multiple organ failure, one day before his 78th birthday. He was buried without any memorial in a simple grave without a headstone.

The Last King of Scotland (2006) is a movie about Amin's government. Forest Whitaker, who played Amin, won an Academy Award for best actor.

Related pages
 Operation Entebbe

References

1925 births
2003 deaths
African military people
Boxers
Deaths from renal failure
Former dictators
Muslims
Presidents of Uganda
Phnom Penh (; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh; IPA: [pʰnum peːɲ]) is the capital city of Cambodia. It is the largest and most populous city in the country. It is also the capital of the Phnom Penh administrative city. On April 17 1975, it was seized by the Khmer Rouge who soon forced everyone to leave. It was later retaken from the Khmer Rouge by the Vietnamese Army in January 1979.

Capital cities in Asia
Settlements in Cambodia
"Take Me Out to the Ball Game" is a 1908 Tin Pan Alley song. The words were written by Jack Norworth. The music was written by Albert Von Tilzer. Neither of the writers had been to a baseball game. The song has become the unofficial anthem of baseball. 

The chorus is traditionally sung during the seventh-inning stretch of a baseball game. Fans are generally encouraged to sing along. At some ballparks, the words "home team" are replaced with the team name, as is the case with the Houston Astros, San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, Philadelphia Phillies, Toronto Blue Jays, Miami Marlins, Colorado Rockies, Detroit Tigers and several other Major League Baseball teams.

The first recorded version of the song was made by Edward Meeker.  Meeker's recording was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry. The Registry picks recordings once a year that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Words

Notes

Baseball
20th-century songs
Xia dynasty (Chinese: 夏朝; Pinyin: xià cháo; Wade–Giles: Hsia-ch'ao) was the first dynasty of China. It was founded in 2100 BC and ended in 1600 BC. Until archaeologists dug at Erlitou in Henan Province, many scientists were not sure if the Xia Dynasty was real or a myth. The last king was Jie who was said to be cruel and greedy. He was defeated by T'ang, the king of the Shang people from the east.

Kings of the Xia dynasty 

Chinese dynasties
The colon is a part of the large intestine. It is between the cecum and the rectum. The colon takes water from the feces that goes through it. The colon in mammals can be divided into four sections:
 the ascending colon
 the transverse colon
 the descending colon
 the sigmoid colon

Ascending colon
This part of the colon goes from the cecum (where the small intestine  ends) up the right hand side of the abdomen.

Transverse colon
This part of the colon goes across the from the ascending colon. It goes underneath the stomach and the pancreas and joins the descending colon near the spleen.

Descending colon
This part of the intestine is about 30 cm in length. It travels down the left side of the abdomen. It is possible to have medical problems with the descending colon including ulcers, cancer and Crohn's disease.

Sigmoid colon
This is the small "S" shaped part of the colon, about 40 cm in length, which goes from the bottom of the descending colon into the centre of the pelvis to the rectum. It gets its name from the Greek letter "s", sigma.

References

Other websites 
 Overview and diagrams at seer.cancer.gov 
 Video: What is Colorectal Cancer? 

Anatomy of the digestive system
The battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ was a 1954 battle between Vietnamese and French forces. Vietnam won, which made the French give up in the First Indochina War. The independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnamwas secured, and Vietnam was divided into into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

With the launch of Operation Castor, French soldiers were dropped from the Red River Delta by air, deep into the northwestern hills of Vietnam, into Việt Minh territory. They established a well-fortified garrison at Ðiện Biên Phủ, alongside an airstrip to supply their troops. That was an attempt to lure the Vietnamese guerrilla fighters, commanded by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, into an all-out firefight to inflict devastating losses in which the French would use their heavy artillery and superior firepower. 

However, the Việt Minh did not take the bait but brought Chinese-funded heavy artillery into this difficult area, much to French surprise. The Việt Minh also used its superior numbers in human wave tactics to overwhelm the French. Next, the Việt Minh dug deep trenches and used its artillery to shoot down any French air planes, destroy the French airstrip, and bombard the French troops into submission. The French surrendered the in May 1954, after two months of fighting. The number of French soldiers at the garrison had increased from 12,000 to over 15,000. After years of fighting and this defeat, the French no longer wanted to continue fighting.

It was the first time an Asian colonial army defeated the army of a European power by military might. That was considered to be a surprise disaster for the French and a blow to the Western world. The French no longer wanted to maintain French Indochina and so they negotiated and later withdrew from Indochina. The Second Indochinese War later was fought between both Vietnams

French colonies in Africa also revolted, most famously during the Algerian War. By 1967, most of the French colonial empire had been gone.

References 

1954
20th century in Vietnam
Dien Bien Phu
The August Revolution happened in Vietnam in August 1945.  It was an uprising for independence after the Japanese lost World War II.

It led to the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945.

The independence war against the French would soon follow.

1945 in Vietnam
20th century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
Revolutions
The word dictator or despot in modern times is used to describe the absolute ruler (other than a king) of a country, who uses force and fear to keep himself and his friends in authority, and can effectively make laws all by himself. Dictatorship is a type of government, used in some countries. A country that is ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship. Dictatorship is often called a cruel government, because it is considered most violent.  

The word "dictator" is from the Roman Republic where a man would be given absolute power for half a year or one year to handle an emergency. Julius Caesar was the last Roman Dictator. 

Some dictators gained political power in a revolution. Some won an election and cancelled new elections once they took power.

It is not always clear whether a leader is a dictator or not. Some leaders got into power by elections, but sometimes they gave false election results.

Kings and emperors often use force and fear too, but usually they are not called dictators.  This is because those monarchs have some reason for being in power (usually their father was king or emperor), but a dictator gained power himself. Also, when someone is king or emperor of a country, usually there were several kings or emperors before them. A dictator often creates the job of dictator by gaining power.

Some people call leaders dictators because they simply do not like them and they seem powerful.

Related pages
Despotism
Junta

Politics
Laxoox (pronounced 'la-hoh') in Somalia, or Canjeera is a flat bread, a kind of pancake served in Somaliland, Somalia, Yemen and parts of Djibouti. It is frequently seen in the kitchens of northern East Africa.

Variants
Laxoox bread is very similar to injera, made in Ethiopian and Eritrea, but is much thinner and smaller in size. However, laxoox  is always made with wheat flour, while the injera is made from teff (which can be made with flour of other cereals).

Preparation
The bread is made with a mixture of wheat flour, yeast, warm water and a small portion of salt. The mixture is stirred by hand until it becomes creamy and smooth, in this case is left to ferment in the evening. The laxoox is traditionally cooked in a circular metal plate called Daawa. Somalis living in exile, without access to a Daawa, use a normal pan instead. 

Flavor is often using melted butter or caramel. The Laxoox served with ful medames, scrambled egg, minced meat, beans, hummus, soup, camel milk, tea or Turkish. Generally it is sometimes eaten as a morning or afternoon lunch.

Breads
Somalia
Khmer is the official language of Kampuchea/Cambodia. Its script was the base for the Thai script, although Thai does not use subscript consonants. One thing that makes it particularly difficult for many foreigners to learn is that Khmer words are not separated in a sentence and the sounds are quite hard for foreigners to replicate. But still each word in the sentence can be distinguished. Also, there is not much material on Khmer, although this situation is changing.

Writing 
The Khmer script is based on an ancient Indian alphabet. It is written from left to right. There are 35 consonants, some of which are written under other consonants. Vowels are combined with the consonants.

Grammar 
The language has a subject-verb-object order. Pronouns change based on who you are speaking to.

Examples 
ខ្ញុំមិនចង់បានទេ

"I don't want it"

អ្នកចង់ទៅលេងសៀមរាបទេ

"Do you want to go to Siem Reap?"

References

Austro-Asiatic languages
Cambodia