cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Japanese Occupation of Singapore is a time from 1942-1945 (during World War II) where the Japanese occupied Singapore. Japan attacked because Singapore was an important naval base for controlling other areas. The occupation started after the army of Japan defeated garrison troops from Australia, British Malaya, Britain, and India. This was at the Battle of Singapore. The British decided to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 at the Ford Motor Factory.

The city was renamed to Syonan-to (pronounced as Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South, during the rule. It was officially returned to the British after the peace treaty ending World War II was signed. 

The Japanese did not treat the people very well during their occupation.  There was a large amount of inflation because the Japanese printed paper money for Singapore to use, which did not have any identification numbers.  Also called 'banana notes' as they had a picture of a banana tree on them, the paper notes could have been printed by people who had a modern-day printer and sufficient paper.

Timeline 
In 1941, due to the weak defenses, the Japanese attacked Singapore. They landed on Singaporean soil on the 9th of February 1942 and took control of the colony on 15 February 1942, soon renaming it Syonan-to (pronounced as Sio-nan-to or Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South Island, during the rule.  Many people suffered during this time till the Japanese surrendered and the British returned to Singapore in September 1945.

The Black Market 
During the Japanese Occupation, the trade was disrupted, resulting in scarcity of food and other kinds of goods, causing the price to drastically increase in a process known as inflation. Even if one were to try to buy a jar of jam from a shop, the shopkeeper would say that he had none. However, if one was prepared to pay a very high price for it, the shopkeeper would know just where to get it: the black market.

References 

1942
1943
1944 in Asia
1945 in Asia
1940s in Japan
20th century in Singapore
Wars involving Japan
Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, future King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Biography

Polyxena was born at Langenschwalbach in Hesse and was baptised with the names Polyxena Christina Johanna . King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia approached her family and proposed a union between Polyxena and Victor Amadeus II's son and heir Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. A previous match organised by "Agostino Steffani" with a daughter of Duke Rinaldo d'Este of Modena had come to nothing. His first wife, Anne Christine of Sulzbach died March 1723 having given birth to a son.

The engagement was announced on 2 July 1724. The marriage was celebrated in person at Thonon in Chablais on 20 August 1724. The happy marriage produced six children.

Praised as an attractive, cultured and kind woman, Polyxena founded a home for penniless mothers in Turin in 1732, redecorated the Villa della Regina, the hunting lodge of Stupingi, and the Church of Saint Giuseppe in Turin. She popularised chinoiserie. She was also a patron of Giovanni Battista Crosato, a baroque painter.

Having been ill since June 1734, she died at the Royal Palace of Turin. Originally buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista, she was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III. Two years after her death, her husband married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, sister of the future Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Issue

 Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796) married Maria Antonia of Spain and had issue.
 Princess Eleonora of Savoy (28 February 1728 – 14 August 1781) unmarried.
 Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy (25 March 1729 – 22 June 1767) unmarried.
 Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (19 March 1730 – 13 May 1801) unmarried.
 Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (17 May 1731 – 23 April 1735) Duke of Aosta.
 Prince Carlo of Savoy (23 July 1733 – 28 December 1733) Duke of Chablais.

Titles and styles

21 September 1706 – 23 July 1724 Her Princely Grace Landgravine Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg
23 July 1724 – 3 September 1730 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Piedmont
3 September 1730 – 13 January 1735 Her Majesty the Queen of Sardinia

Other websites

1706 births
1735 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine; 15 October 1711 – 3 July 1741) was born a Princess of Lorraine and a Queen of Sardinia as wife King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. She was a younger sister of Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine.

Life
Élisabeth Thérèse of Lorraine was born at the Château de Lunéville and was the ninth of eleven children of Leopold Joseph of Lorraine and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans. Her mother was a niece of Louis XIV. 

Her mother wanted her to marry her cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans but the Duke of Orléans refused. As a result Elisabeth Therese was created the coadjutrice of Remiremont Abbey in October 1734.

In 1736 her brother the Duke of Lorraine married the Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. The already twice widowed Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia asked for her hand in late 1736 and the marriage went ahead. 

The couple married in person on 1 April 1737. Charles Emmanuel III was her first cousin, his mother being Anne Marie d'Orléans – a half sister of her mother Élisabeth Charlotte. The marriage produced three children, only one of whom survived infancy.

Élisabeth Thérèse died at the Palace of Venaria aged 29, having fallen ill with a fever after childbirth. She was buried in the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista in Turin. She was moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga in 1786 by her stepson Victor Amadeus III.

Issue

 Prince Carlo of Savoy (Carlo Francesco Maria Augusto; 1 December 1738 – 25 March 1745) died young but given the title  Duke of Aosta.
 Princess Vittoria of Savoy (Vittoria Margharita; 22 June 1740 – 14 July 1742) died young.
 Prince Benedetto of Savoy (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) married his niece Maria Anna of Savoy, no children.

Titles and styles

15 October 1711 – 1 April 1737 Her Highness The Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine.
1 April 1737 – 3 July 1741 Her Majesty the Queen of Sardinia.

Other websites

1711 births
1741 deaths
House of Lorraine
House of Savoy
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Deaths in childbirth
Bradley International Airport is an airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut serving Hartford, Connecticut and Springfield, Massachusetts. 

It serves as a hub for UPS Airlines.

Bradley International Airport hosts the following airlines:
Aer Lingus 
Air Canada
American Airlines
Delta Airlines
JetBlue Airways
 OneJet
Southwest Airlines
United Airlines

It hosts an Admirals Club in Terminal A (West Concourse) and an Escape Lounge in the East Concourse.

References

Transport in Connecticut
Hartford, Connecticut
Springfield, Massachusetts
Airports in the United States
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoa. Species in this genus can live in reptiles, birds, mammals, and sometimes pigs. The name came from the Greek language, sarx, which meant flesh, and kystis, which meant bladder. The organism was first found by Miescher in 1843, in a mouse.

Diseases
The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN; ) is a political and militant group based in –Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Its members are called the Zapatistas. They advocate for libertarian socialism, environmental sustainability and indigenous rights.

It is led by the indigenous people of the Chiapas Mountains. The name Zapatista refers to Emiliano Zapata who was a leader of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The group was formed in the 1980s and led a large rebellion in 1994. Where it captured a small region of Mexico and was granted control over it.

Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos 
Though the movement has many leaders, both women and men, Marcos has become the unofficial spokesperson for the movement. This is because he is very well educated, a good public speaker, and has written letters to and worked with writers and intellectuals from all over the world. He signs almost all of his letters with "Subcomandante Marcos, from the mountains of the southeast of Mexico." He is wearing a ski-mask in every picture and video of him and ski-masks have become a symbol of the EZLN in Mexico, as the majority of its supporters also wear them. Followers of the EZLN also paint murals of Marcos in his mask and Emiliano Zapata to show their support.

Rebel Autonomous Zapatista Municipalities 
Since 1994, the Zapatistas have been in control of a region in Southern Chiapas. The Zapatistas created a 'Council of Good Government' which is a direct democracy representing between 120,000 to 300,000 people. The economy is made up of a coordinated network of communal stores, worker cooperatives and family farms. Their autonomous government provides low-interest loans, free education and universal health care. The Zapatistas mainly produce corn, beans, coffee, bananas, sugar, cattle, chicken, pigs and clothing. The Mexican military has attacked communities several times with drones, infantry and helicopters.

References

Chiapas
Political organizations
Rebel militia groups
Rebellions in North America
Nationalist organizations in North America
1994 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in Mexico
Lead glass, also known as lead crystal, is a type of glass that has lead in it. Normal glass has calcium oxide in it, while lead glass changes the calcium oxide with lead(II) oxide. It looks nice because the lead is very large and heavy and changes how the glass looks. Lead glass rings when tapped while ordinary glass does not. This glass can absorb some X-rays. It is very insulating. 

It contains between 18 to 40% of lead (II) oxide by weight. Any glass that contains at least 24% PbO by weight is referred to as “lead crystal”. Any glass that contains less than 24% PbO by weight is referred to as "crystal glass". Lead glass has a chemical composition of silicon and lead oxides, with other elements added to get colours or properties.

Lead glass is also known as X-ray glass or radiation shielding glass as one of its major applications is in the absorbance of high energy radiation while maintaining optical transparency. The presence and quantity of PbO are what determines some of lead glass’ most important optical and physical properties.

Applications of lead glass 
The properties of lead glass make it useful for many applications. Here are a few examples:

 In the medical and research fields where visibility is required during procedures or experiments that involve radiation, lead glass can achieve the same radiation attenuation as the surrounding walls or barriers while allowing visibility to the operator. A typical example is the viewing window of an X-ray room or a laboratory experimenting with radioactive materials.
 The high refractive index of lead glass is useful for the production of lenses as thinner lenses can be crafted to achieve similar focal lengths to ordinary ophthalmic glass. Lead glass is thus used for special medical glasses, binoculars, microscopes and telescopes.
 Digital projectors use lead glass because it has a high level of transmission over short wavelengths, which is typical of projector laser beams. Further, the temperature rise caused by the light source does not distort the image projected by lead glass because it has a lower thermal conductivity than lead-free glass.
 It is useful in instruments that operate in the near-ultraviolet region and the near-infrared region as in bio-fluorescence, gene analyses, spectrometry and telecommunication.
 Lead glass is used in laser optics for printing and photocopying technologies.

References 

Glass
Lead compounds
A relic is an object, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of someone of religious importance, that was carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a memorial that you can touch. Relics are an important aspect of Buddhism, some denominations of Christianity, Hinduism, shamanism, and many other personal belief systems.

The word relic comes from the Latin reliquiae ('remains'). A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or more relics.

Some well-known religious relics include the Tooth of Buddha, the Holy Grail, the Crown of Thorns, the True Cross of Jesus, the Staff of Moses, and the Sword of Mohammed.

Other websites 
Relics article from the Catholic Encyclopedia
Relics  
Keeping Relics in Perspective
A Place for Relics 
The veneration of the relics of saints  - from the Summa Theologiae
An Inventory of Relics  by John Calvin

Religious objects
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999) often called John-John, JFK Jr. or Jack Kennedy Jr. was an American lawyer and magazine publisher. He was the son of American President John F. Kennedy.

Biography
Kennedy was born at Medstar Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, DC, to President elect John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline. He spent his first three years at the White House until his father's assassination on November 22, 1963. The following year, he moved to New York City with his mother and older sister Caroline.

After high school, he attended Brown University. He graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor's Degree in history. He then attended the New York University of Law, earning his law degree in 1989. He founded the magazine George in 1995.

He married Carolyn Bessette (1966-1999) on September 21, 1996. He was flying his own airplane on July 16, 1999 when he crashed off Cape Cod coast. He was on his way to the wedding of one of his Kennedy cousins. He was with his wife Carolyn and her sister. They were all killed.

American aviators
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Aviation deaths in the United States
Children of Presidents of the United States
Kennedy family
John F. Kennedy
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Publishers
1960 births
1999 deaths
Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector (Kurfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679.

Biography

He was born in Munich and was the eldest son of Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria and Maria Anna of Austria a daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. 

On 8 December 1650 he married Henriette Adelaide of Savoy, daughter of Victor Amadeus I of Savoy and Christine Marie of France. The couple had seven children. 

Still a minor he succeeded his father in 1651, his mother and his uncle Albert VI of Bavaria served as regents of Bavaria for three years. 

Ferdinand Maria was crowned on 31 October 1654. He was an absolute monarch. He allied with France. Ferdinand Maria supported the wars of the Habsburgs against the Ottoman Empire with Bavarian forces (1662-1664). During the Franco-Dutch War since 1672 Bavaria became neutral. The marriage of his eldest daughter Maria Anna and her cousin Louis, Grand Dauphin in 1680 cemented the alliance with France. Ferdinand Maria modernised the army and introduced the first Bavarian local government code. He made Bavaria a rich nation. 

He died in Schleissheim Palace and was succeeded by his son Maximilian II Emanuel. He is buried at the Theatiner Church.

Issue

 Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) married Louis, Grand Dauphin and had issue; King Juan Carlos I of Spain descends from her.
 Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), next Elector of Bavaria; married Maria Antonia of Austria and had issue; married Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska and had issue.
 Luise Margarete Antonie of Bavaria.
 Ludwig Amadeus Victor of Bavaria.
 Kajetan Maria Franz of Bavaria.
 Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (5 December 1671 – 12 November 1723) Elector and Archbishop of Cologne.
 Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (3 April 1673 – 3 June 1731) married Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.

1636 births
1679 deaths

People from Munich
Roman Catholics
Dukes and duchesses
House of Wittelsbach
Electors and Electresses
The post-transition metals, also known as the poor metals, is a group of metals on the periodic table. They are to the right of the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are sometimes included. Sometimes germanium and antimony are included, although they are normally considered metalloids. They normally have higher electronegativities than the transition metals. Their melting points are lower, too. They are generally softer than other metals. They include lead, tin and other softer metals.

Examples
Aluminium
Gallium
Lead
Tin
Thallium
Indium
Bismuth
Polonium

Chemical elements
Anderson Hays Vanderbilt Cooper (born June 3, 1967) is an American journalist. He is an anchor on CNN. He hosts Anderson Cooper 360° and the syndicated daytime talk show, Anderson Live.

Cooper was born in New York City. His mother is Gloria Vanderbilt; his father was Wyatt Emory Cooper. Cooper's great-great-great-grandfather was Cornelius Vanderbilt, a 19th-century American businessman and slave owner.

On July 2, 2012, Cooper came out as gay.

References

1967 births
Living people
American television news anchors
Gay men
Journalists from New York City
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from New York City
Television personalities from New York City
Writers from New York City
American bloggers
Contra (known as Probotector in Europe) is a 1987 arcade shooting video game. The player plays as Bill Rizer (player 1) or Lance Bean (player 2), as they try to stop and evil extraterrestrial terrorist organization Red Falcon from taking over the planet Earth and making the human species extinct.

Gameplay

Either Bill or Lance is chosen. The player has a rifle with no limit to the number of times it can shoot. However, the player dies after being hit by an enemy once.

The game has ten stages. For each stage, the player must shoot out the sensors before moving on. A player has 3 lives, and when all of them are lost, the game ends. In the arcade version, the player can continue a few times.

There are three types of stages:

Side-scroller
3-D
Boss

Most stages are side-scroller stages, though Contra stages follow a basic pattern.

1987 video games

de:Contra (Spieleserie)
A small arm is a gun that is small enough to be held by one person. This includes pistols, shotguns, and rifles. Artillery are larger guns that cannot be carried by one person.

Firearms
Ryan Caldwell (born June 15, 1981 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Schwenninger Wild Wings of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He has also played for the New York Islanders and Phoenix Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL), the DEG Metro Stars, Eisbären Berlin, and Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers of the DEL, and Ässät and Lukko of the SM-liiga.

As an amateur he was an All-American defenceman and captained the University of Denver Pioneers to the 2004 NCAA Championship.

Other websites

1981 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
New York Islanders players
Phoenix Coyotes players
United States Hockey League players
Aaron G. MacKenzie (born March 7, 1981, in Terrace Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played briefly in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Colorado Avalanche.

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 

1981 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Avalanche players
ECHL players
Living people
Ice hockey people from Ontario
United States Hockey League players
Cornelius Dennis "Mad Dog" Madigan (born October 4, 1934, in Port Arthur, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman notable for being the oldest rookie in National Hockey League history.

After playing several years in senior leagues in Ontario and British Columbia in the late 1950s, Madigan had a long career as a minor league star, most notably with the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League for three seasons in the early 1960s, and then for the Portland Buckaroos of the Western Hockey League for nine seasons.  He won accolades as First Team league All-Star in 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969, Second Team All-Star in 1965, 1971 and 1972, as well as winning best defenceman honors in 1966.

In the 1972–73 NHL season, the St. Louis Blues of the NHL bought Madigan's rights from the Buckaroos, and he joined the Blues in January 1973 at the age of 38, becoming the oldest rookie ever.  He played for the Blues in twenty regular-season games and five playoff games, before finishing his career with Portland in parts of the two successive seasons.

At the time of his retirement, Madigan was second in minor league history in career penalty minutes, and is still 62nd in that category.

In addition to Madigan's hockey career, he had a minor role in the 1977 cult classic movie Slap Shot as legendary hockey goon Ross "Mad Dog" Madison.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Central Professional Hockey League players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
St. Louis Blues players
JaVale McGee (born January 19, 1988 in Flint, Michigan) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He went to University of Nevada, Reno for college where he played for the Nevada Wolf Pack. McGee was drafted by the Washington Wizards with the 18th overall pick in the 1st round of the 2008 NBA Draft. McGee also participated in the 2011 NBA Slam Dunk Contest where he finished in second place, losing to Blake Griffin. He was the first player to dunk three basketballs at one time in a dunk contest. On March 15, 2012, He was traded by the Wizards to the Denver Nuggets for Nenê. McGee's father was George Montgomery who was also a NBA player and his mother is Pamela McGee who was a WNBA player which made McGee the first son of an WNBA player to play in the NBA.

References

Other websites
JaVale McGee's NBA player profile

1988 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Golden State Warriors players
Washington Wizards players
Sportspeople from Michigan
People from Flint, Michigan
American basketball players
Kevin Wesley Love (born September 7, 1988 in Santa Monica, California) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He used to play for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He went to UCLA for college where he played for the UCLA Bruins basketball team.

He is the son of former NBA player Stan Love and the nephew of founding Beach Boys member Mike Love.

1988 births
Basketball players from California
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Living people
Minnesota Timberwolves players
People from Santa Monica, California
Traditional animation is much harder than today's style of animation. It often uses a stop-motion camera to "liven", or animate, the photos made by the producer. When movie-makers use stop-motion, they need to draw one picture for every scene. However, there are tools to help save time with movie-making. Other types of animation, such as limited or digital animation, can also be used now. FPS is the number of times a movie is shot in one second.

Process

Filming
The photographer first shoots out or edits many photos. These photos are combined to make the storyline. And as with all movies, not all scenes make it into the final movie.

Editing
Many people help out in the editing of a movie. But in old times, people had to draw the scenes on their own. Then the stop-motion camera took a photo of a scene once a second.

Involvement
Most movies or cartoons in the 1950's required very hard work of the editors. To make things cheaper, though, people made limited animation that used two to three copies of the same image (so the stop-motion process would be two to three times faster.)

Current
Right now movie-makers use digital animation to "liven the movie even more". Movies from the 2000 to 2010 years are usually 1–2 hours long.

Common units

FPS
FPS, or frames per second, is the number of scenes being shot in one second. The higher this is, the more "smooth" the film looks. Most movies have an FPS of 24 to 60.

Tools

Cels
Cels, or celluloids, are tools used to "preserve" scenes. An editor uses a cell to draw a scene then make changes to it on the next drawing. It is useful when a cartoon or movie involves moving figures or objects.

Sketcher
Sometimes a sketch pad is used to draft the scenes the editors think would be good in the movie. A sketchpad at first may contain a comic book that looks like an animation when the editors flip it back and forth.

Live video shower
Often editors preview the animation with a video shower. On the stream of scenes, movie-makers test their animation and fix bugs or problems.

Related pages
 Animation
 Anime

References

Animation
Milarepa (c. 1052—1135) is the most famous yogi, poet and Buddhist saint of Tibet. A collection of his teachings in the form of poetic songs called The Hundred Thousand songs of Milarepa, and his biography The Life of Milarepa are two of the most popular books in Tibet.

Milarepa was a student of Marpa and the teacher of Gampopa. Together these three (Marpa, Milarepa and Gampopa) are considered to be the founders of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Life
Milarepa was born in the village of Kya Ngatsa in the Gungthang province of western Tibet to a family of farmers. He was named Mila Thöpaga, which means "Mila, a joy to hear."  When his father died, Milarepa's uncle and aunt took all of the family's wealth and property and mistreated Milarepa, his mother and sister. At his mother's urging, Milarepa left home and studied magic so that he could take revenge on his uncle and aunt.

While his aunt and uncle were having a party to celebrate the marriage of their son, Mila took his revenge by summoning a great hail storm to demolish their house, which killed 35 people. The villagers were angry and set off to look for Milarepa, but his mother got word to him and he sent anther hailstorm to destroy their crops.

Mila later came to regret his evil actions and so became determined to practice the Buddha's teachings. Setting out to find a teacher, he was eventually led to Marpa the translator. Marpa proved a harsh task master. Before Marpa would teach Mila, he had him build and then demolish three towers in turn and go through many other trials. Eventually Mila was granted the teachings of the Six Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra.  After practicing these teacings very diligently for twelve years in remote Himalayan caves of Tibet and Nepal, Mila attained the complete enlightenment. He is said to be the first to achieve this state within one lifetime. During his meditation practice he ate mostly nettle soup which made his skin turn green, and wore only a single cotton robe. He became known as Milarepa, which means the "Mila, the cotton clad one".

Later Milarepa become a wandering teacher and attracted many disciples, of whom the most well known were Rechungpa and Gampopa. Rechungpa followed the yogic lifestyle of his teacher while Gampopa, a Kadampa monk, eventually established a monastery a Daglha Gampo which became the first Kagyu institution. Later Gampopa's immediate disciples and their successors established the various branches of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Further reading

 The Life of Milarepa, translated by Andrew Quintman, Penguin Classics, 2010, 
 The Life of Milarepa, translated by Lobsang P. Lhalungpa, Book Faith India, 1997, 
 Milarepa, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa, translated by Garma C.C. Chang, City Lights Books, 1999,

References

1052 births
1135 deaths
Tibetan Buddhism
The Pillars of the Earth is a history novel set in the 12th century written in 1989 by Ken Follett. The book is currently being made into a film of four parts. 2007 Ken Follett published a sequel to the book entitled ''World Without End.

20th-century American novels
1989 books
English-language novels
History books
Quinn Sullivan (born March 26, 1999) is an American child prodigy from New Bedford MA. He plays the guitar. 

Sullivan began taking guitar lessons at age three. He has studied with Brian Cass of The Overclock Orchestra and the Toe Jam Puppet Band as well as Stan Belmarce. The first original song he wrote with Chris Waters was titled "Sing, Dance, Clap Your Hands". Sullivan first gained national media attention at age six when he appeared on The Ellen Degeneres Show. Sullivan gained more notoriety when Buddy Guy asked him to come on stage and play during a performance at the Zeiterion Theater in New Bedford, Massachusetts, in 2007. Quinn has since performed on stage with Guy as well as with B.B. King and has played in venues such as the Beacon Theatre in New York City, the Orpheum Theatre in Boston, and Buddy Guy’s Legends in Chicago. In 2008, Sullivan appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and was featured on NBC's The Today Show in July 2009. In 2009, Sullivan opened for Buddy Guy on his East Coast tour during the summer, played his own set at the popular summer music festival Lollapalooza, as well as the Austin City Limits Festival in October.

Sullivan makes a guest appearance on Buddy Guy’s Grammy-nominated album Skin Deep, released in 2008.  Sullivan's solo can be heard on the track “Who’s Gonna Fill Those Shoes”.  Sullivan's single, "Summer of Love", was released in 2009.

References 
"8-year-old guitarist jams with Buddy Guy at 'Z'" (South Coast Today)
"Jerry Lee Lewis knocks 'em dead at the 'Z'" (South Coast Today)
Quinn's Father's Band: "18 years on ... The PEARLY BAKER BAND keeps on truckin' " (South Coast Today)
Local guitar prodigy ready to rock Oprah
 
opening for Buddy Guy at Legends 2011

Other websites
Official website

1999 births
Living people
American guitarists
Musicians from Massachusetts
The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a species of tuna found in pelagic waters of tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide.
Yellowfin is often marketed as ahi, from its name ʻahi although the name ʻahi in Hawaiian also refers to the closely related bigeye tuna. Although the species name albacares might suggest otherwise, the fish usually known as albacore is a different species of tuna. The yellowfin tuna is sometimes referred to as albacore by French and Portuguese fishermen. It is the National fish of the Maldives.

Teleosts
National symbols of the Maldives
Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British Conservative Party politician. He hold cabinet positions in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. He was the Chairman for the Intelligence and Security Committee and the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Kensington.

Malcolm Rifkind was born in Edinburgh into a Jewish family from Lithuania. He first became a Conservative MP at the February 1974 General Election for the constituency of Edinburgh Pentlands. He was first made a cabinet minister in 1979 and served constantly through 18 years of Conservative government. 

His cabinet posts included: 

Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office (1979 - 1983) 
Minister of State at the Foreign Office (1983 - 1986)
Secretary of State for Scotland (1986 - 1990)
Secretary of State for Transport (1990 - 1992)
Secretary of State for Defence (1992 - 1995)
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1995 - 1997)

At the 1997 General Election, Malcolm Rifkind lost his seat to the Labour Party. He tried but failed to regain the seat at the 2001 General Election and re-entered parliament in 2005 as the MP for Kensington. Rifkind left parliament in 2015.

References 

1946 births
Living people
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Jewish British politicians
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Edinburgh
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
The red wolf (Canis rufus) is a subspecies of wolf. It is an endangered species of wolf from  Eastern North America. 

Red wolves were declared extinct in the wild in 1980 after the few remaining wild wolves were placed in a captive breeding program. Reintroduced to the wild in 1987 in northeastern North Carolina, red wolves began to recover, but the population is rapidly diminishing as of late 2016. 

The red wolf is smaller than a gray wolf and larger than a coyote. It is slender and long-legged, and it lives in the wild only on the Albemarle Peninsula in North Carolina. It hunts small mammals, rodents, and white-tailed deer. 

There is a lot of controversy about its taxonomy, which is not settled yet. 

Wolves
The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a small mammal, one of nine species in the genus Leopardus.

It lives in South and Central America, as far up as Mexico. It has been reported as far north as Texas and in Trinidad, in the Caribbean. These fast cats eat small mammals, birds, fish, and snakes. They are very good swimmers.

Once hunted for its beautiful fur, the cat is now protected and listed as 'least concern' by the IUCN Red List. The cat is nocturnal and likes forests and dense vegetation. It is very territorial, and will fight to keep its territory. Like many cats, male ocelots mark their territory by spraying urine.

Their kittens grow slowly, staying with their mother for up to two years. They have to learn how to catch prey before they can be independent.

Although a "small cat", it is a good deal bigger than the others. The ocelot ranges from  in length, plus  in tail length, and typically weighs . Larger ones have been reported. It is the largest of the generally dainty Leopardus wild cat genus.

References 

Felines
An iteration is a step where some action is repeated again and again. In everyday life, an iteration is simply a repeated action, for example when someone says, "Do I have to reiterate myself?". In this case, the reiteration is what the person said and might say again. In computer science, an iteration is one run through a block of code that is repeated multiple times. In fractal geometry, an iteration is one application of the set of rules of the fractal to create another stage of the fractal. it is also used in computer programming.

Computer programming
The Group 14 elements, also known as the carbon group and the Group IV elements, is a group of elements on the periodic table. Each element has 4 valence electrons. Only carbon makes anions. Silicon and germanium are semimetals. Tin and lead are poor metals. Ununquadium, a radioactive element, is not stable enough to see its properties. All of them can form +4 oxidation state compounds. Tin and lead can form +2 compounds, too.

Chemical elements
Periodic table
Burst kinetics is a form of enzyme kinetics. Upon adding enzyme to substrate, a large initial velocity is exhibited that levels off once all enzymes have been saturated. At this point enzyme velocity linearly increases. The initial high velocity is called the burst phase. 

Biochemistry
Mary: A Fiction is a novel written by Mary Wollstonecraft, a British feminist. It is her first and only complete novel. Wollstonecraft wrote it when she was a governess in Ireland. The novel was published in 1788 shortly after she decided to embark on a writing career, an unpopular profession for women in 18th-century Britain.

It tells the story of a heroine's "romantic friendships" with a woman and a man. 

Wollstonecraft was inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea that "geniuses are self-taught", so Wollstonecraft made Mary, the main character, a self-taught heroine. Wollstonecraft describes Mary as independent and capable of defining femininity and marriage for herself. It is Mary's "strong, original opinions" and her resistance to "conventional wisdom" that makes her a genius. Mary also critiques marriage, 18th-century sensibility and its damaging effects on women.

1780s books
British novels
English-language novels
Dwight David Howard (born December 8, 1985 in Atlanta, Georgia) is a professional basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His position is center. The Magic chose Howard with the first pick overall in the 2004 NBA Draft. Howard did not play college basketball. He entered the draft right out of high school.  Howard is one of the greatest rebounders and defensive players in the history of basketball.  He is the NBA's active leader in offensive rebounds, total rebounds and blocked shots.

Career highlights
Howard has been chosen as the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year three times, and won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 2008.  Howard was also named to the All-NBA First Team three times, was an All-Star five times, and won a gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

From roughly 2008 to 2012, Howard was widely considered both the best rebounder, best defensive and center basketball player in the world, as highlighted by leading the league in rebounding almost every season and winning a league record three consecutive NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

He showed frustration at the end of 2011-12 NBA season and demanded a trade to either the New Jersey Nets, Los Angeles Lakers or Dallas Mavericks. On August 10, 2012, he was traded from the Magic to the Los Angeles Lakers in a trade that also involved the Philadelphia 76ers and Denver Nuggets.

References

1985 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Orlando Magic players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Sportspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
National Basketball Association high school draftees
American basketball players
Diagnostic ultrasonography is the use of ultrasound to visualize hidden body structures. This medical imaging technique is used to display muscles, tendons, and other internal organs. It makes it easier to assess damage done to these structures. Obstetric sonography is the name for a number of tests done during the pregnancy of a woman. Diagnostic sonography has a wide field of use, including emergency medicine, where it is regularly performed on patients which are in a state of  shock or trauma. This test is known as Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma. It can detect any fluid in the body cavities. Doctors can then decide whether life-saving surgery must be performed.

Medical procedures
Medical imaging
The cerebral cortex is a most important part of the brain. In humans, it is by far the largest part of the brain.

Though this cannot be seen directly, different parts of the cortex have different functions (see diagram). It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. 

It is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It has up to six layers of nerve cells. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick.

In preserved brains, it is grey, so it is often called 'grey matter'. In contrast to gray matter that is formed from neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, the white matter below them is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex with each other and neurons in other parts of the central nervous system.

The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of it in the human brain is buried in the grooves.

Neocortex 
The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, has six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called 'columns'.

The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve. The six-layer neocortex is a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex.

Allocortex 
Other parts of the cerebral cortex are:
Allocortex: fewer than six layers, more ancient phylogenetically than the mammals, evolved to handle olfaction and the memory of smells.
Archicortex (includes functions related to emotions and memory)
Olfactory cortex
Hippocampus
Paleocortex (3 three to five layers)
The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above.

Notes 

Anatomy of the brain
People in Need (PIN, Člověk v tísni in Czech) is a Czech organization that does relief work and creates development projects around the world. It works in regions that are in crisis. At the same time, it supports human rights and democratic freedom. PIN is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization.

PIN cooperates with many other organizations such as: Alliance 2015, the Czech Forum for Development Cooperation (FoRS), the European Union Monitoring Center (EUMC), UNHCR, UNICEF, and many others.

PIN had a budget of over 13 million of Euro in 2008 and about 500 staff all over the world.). It works or worked in more than 40 countries.

PIN organizes the One World Film Festival each year to show human rights documentaries.

The organization was founded in 1992 by Šimon Pánek and by Jaromír Štětina. Pánek had been a student activist during the Velvet Revolution. Štětina was journalist who wrote about wars.

Structure

Relief and Development Department

The Relief and Development Department of PIN  helps victims of natural disasters and wars, works against poverty worldwide, and supports universal education. In 2009, the Relief and Development Department was working in eighteen countries in Asia (for example Afghanistan , Cambodia , Sri Lanka ), Africa (e.g. Ethiopia , Angola , Namibia )  and Europe (e. g. Romania , Ukraine, Czech Republic ). Programs focus on education, health care, clean drinking water, hygiene, and support for jobs that can continue for a long time.

Human Rights Department
People in Need supports people who oppose the government and the develop civil society in countries where the government its power to control many parts of daily life. People in Need also gives the Homo Homini award to a person protected human rights and developed democracy without using violence.

Other Departments
PIN has had programs to fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic since 1999. They helped people from poor areas with housing, unemployment, or debt problems. Social Integration Programmes (SIP) started in 2006 and now works in more than 50 cities and towns in the Czech Republic. PIN also offers informative and educational programs in schools to teach about poverty and migration.

Criticism
People in Need has been active in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 2000. In 2005, the Russian weekly Argumenty i Fakty claimed the organization supports Chechen separatist and terrorists. PIN said it did not. Then, Russia made the organization leave, but PIN was allowed back in 2007.

Other websites
 People in Need (Official site)
 People in Need (English version)
Homo Homini Award

References

Human rights organizations in Europe
Czech Republic
1992 establishments in Europe
Oscar Jerome Hijuelos (August 24, 1951 – October 12, 2013) was an American novelist. He is the first Hispanic to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

Early life and education
Hijuelos was born in New York City, in Morningside Heights, Manhattan. His parents were Cuban immigrants. He studied at the Corpus Christi School in Morningside Heights. Later, he attended Bronx Community College, Lehman College, and Manhattan Community College. He studied writing at the City College of New York and earned two degrees in Creative Writing there: his B.A. in1975 and M.A. in 1976. He had several jobs before becoming a full-time writer.

Writing career
His first novel, Our House in the Last World, was published in 1983 and received the 1985 Rome Prize, awarded by the American Academy in Rome. His second novel, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, received the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. It was adapted for the film The Mambo Kings in 1992 and as a Broadway musical in 2005.

Teaching career
Hijuelos has taught at Hofstra University. He is a faculty member in the Department of English at Duke University.

Death
Hijuelos collapsed due to a heart attack while playing tennis in Manhattan and never regained consciousness. He was 62 and is survived by his wife Lori Marie Carlson.

Works

Major works 
Our House in the Last World (1983)
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1990)
The Fourteen Sisters of Emilio Montez O'Brien (1993)
Mr. Ives' Christmas (1995)
Empress of the Splendid Season (1999)
A Simple Habana Melody (from when the world was good) (2002)
Dark Dude (2008)
Beautiful Maria of my Soul (2010)

Contributions 
 Preface, Iguana Dreams: New Latino Fiction, edited by Delia Poey and Virgil Suarez. New York, HarperPerennial, 1992.
 Introduction, Cool Salsa: Bilingual Poems on Growing up Latino in the United States, edited by Lori M. Carlson. New York, Holt, 1994.
 Introduction, The Cuban American Family Album by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
 Contributor, Best of Pushcart Press III. Pushcart, 1978.
 Contributor, You're On!: Seven Plans in English and Spanish, edited by Lori M. Carlson. New York, Morrow Junior Books, 1999.

Notes

Other websites
Perales, Contreras Jaime and Lozano, Tovar Wendolyn. "Two Pulitzer Prize (Junot Diaz and Oscar Hijuelos) Talk to Literal Magazine" 
 Oscar Hijuelos Papers at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Columbia University
Oscar Hijuelos's page  at HarperCollins
Biography of Oscar Hijuelos from Thomson Gale
1990 Real Audio interview with Oscar Hijuelos at Wired for Books.org  by Don Swaim

American novelists
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1951 births
2013 deaths