cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tanya Roberts (born Victoria Leigh Blum; October 15, 1955 – January 4, 2021) was an American actress, producer, and model. She appeared in many movies and television series. Roberts was born in Bronx, New York, and has both an English and a Jewish background.

She was known for her role as Julie Rogers on the fifth and final season of Charlie's Angels (1980–81) and as Midge Pinciotti on That '70s Show (1998–2001). She was a Bond girl in A View to a Kill (1985).

On December 24, 2020, Roberts collapsed suddenly at her home in Los Angeles. She was hospitalized under critical condition at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and she developed a urinary tract infection and sepsis. Roberts died on January 4, 2021 at aged 65.

References

Other websites 

1955 births
2021 deaths
Actors from the Bronx
Actresses who played Bond girls
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Models from the Bronx
Movie producers from New York City
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Derek Tsang(曾國祥, born 8 November 1979) is an actor, director and screenwriter from Hong Kong. He is Eric Tsang's son. He appeared in The Thieves movie.

References

Other websites 
 Official blog 
 

1979 births
Living people
Actors from Hong Kong
Chinese movie actors
Chinese movie directors
Chinese screenwriters
Gabrielle Union (born October 29, 1972 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American movie actress. She has starred in many movies. She was in the 2003 movie Bad Boys II with Martin Lawrence and Will Smith.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
1972 births
Living people
William John Macquorn Rankine (born July 5, 1820 in Edinburgh – died December 24, 1872 in Glasgow) was a Scottish  physicist and engineer.  He developed the Rankine scale. He made many important contributions to the thermodynamics. His manuals of engineering science and practice were used for many decades after their publication, in the 1850s and 1860s.

Publications

Books 
 Manual of Applied Mechanics, (1858)
 Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers, (1859)
 Manual of Civil Engineering, (1861)
 Shipbuilding, theoretical and practical, (1866)
 Manual of Machinery and Millwork, (1869)

1820 births
1872 deaths
British engineers
British physicists
People from Edinburgh
Scottish scientists
Gabrielle Christina Victoria Douglas (born December 31, 1995 in Virginia Beach, Virginia) is an American gymnast. She competed with the United States' women's gymnastics team in the 2012 Summer Olympics.  She won gold medals in both the individual all-around and team competitions. (In the "all-around" competition, gymnasts do all four gymnastics activities - balance beam, vault, uneven bars, and floor exercise.) 

Douglas is the first African-American woman in Olympic history to win first place in the individual all-around competition. She is also the first American gymnast who ever won gold medals in both the all-around and team competitions at the same Olympics. 

Douglas started gymnastics at age 6.  Her sister Arielle, who had broken her wrist doing gymnastics, convinced their mother to let Gabby start taking gymnastics classes.  In October 2002, Douglas began her training at Gymstrada Gymnastics in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In July 2004, she left Gymstrada and began training at Excalibur Gymnastics.

At age 16, Douglas made it to the Olympic Trials. She won first place and got a spot on the United States' 2012 women's gymnastics Olympic team.  Her teammates were Jordyn Wieber, McKayla Maroney, Kyla Ross, and Aly Raisman. They won the team all-around gold medal, and Gabby also won the individual all-around gold medal.

References

Other websites
 AL HAMNIK: Olympic gymnast Gabbrielle Douglas doing it her way. Al Hamnik, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
 Gabby Douglas Mother Sold Her Jewelry To Help Her Daughter Win Gold Medal. Camira Powell, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
 Gabrielle Douglas . Gabrielle Douglas. United States Olympic Committee, 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012.
Official website

American gymnasts
1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Virginia
2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Des Moines, Iowa
Gloria Gaynor (born Gloria Fowles, September 7, 1949 near Newark, New Jersey) is an American recording artist and musician. She performed disco in the 1970s. She is best known for her classic song "I Will Survive".

References

Other websites

 

American R&B singers
American R&B musicians
1949 births
Living people
Singers from Newark, New Jersey
Musicians from Newark, New Jersey
John Forsythe (born Jacob Lincoln Freund; January 29, 1918  April 1, 2010) was an American stage, television, and movie actor.

Early life
Forsythe born on January 29, 1918 in Penns Grove, New Jersey to Blanche Materson (née Blohm) and to Samuel Jeremiah Freund. Forsythe was the oldest of three. Forsythe was raised in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated at Abraham Lincoln High School and at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill along with late actors R. G. Armstrong and Andy Griffith.

Career
His career began when he was an announcer for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Forsythe's movie career began in 1943 in the movie Northern Pursuit and since then he had appeared in many movies such as; Destination Tokyo, Escape from Fort Bravo, Madame X, Topaz, Scrooged, and his final movie was the 2003 movie Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle that is the sequel to the movie that is based on the television series Charlie's Angels in which Forsythe starred in.

Notable Television Works
Forsythe had starred in television series, but his most notable television works is in Dynasty as Blake Carrington and  as Charles Townsend in the hit series Charlie's Angels. Forsythe was also in The Powers That Be, and was a Miss Universe host in 1989.

Awards
Forsythe has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama in 1984 for his role in Dynasty.

Personal Life
Forsythe was married three times. He married Parker McCormick in 1939. They divorced in 1943. He married Julie Warren in 1943. She died in 1994 when Forsythe decided to turn her off of life support when she had breathing problems. He married Nicole Carter in 2003. They were married until his death in 2010. Forsythe had a son, two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

Death
Forsythe died on April 1, 2010 from complications of pneumonia in Santa Ynez, California. He was 92 years old. His widow Nicole Carter died 40 days later. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Santa Barbara, California. He is survived by his son, his two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

References

Other websites

 
 Official site

1918 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from New York City
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a serious genetic disease that causes nerves and muscles to stop working. Babies affected by SMA often get weak and might die after their lungs fail. Adults who develop the disease gradually lose the ability to move their bodies. The muscle weakness is known to worsen as the patient ages. 

Spinal muscular atrophy is inherited from parents who might or might not have the disease themselves but both of whom have a fault (mutation) in their genes that predisposes to the disease. Around one in 25 to one in 50 persons, depending on the country, carries a faulty gene of SMA.

Spinal muscular atrophy is the most common genetic disease causing deaths of babies. Only one medicine helps in SMA, it is called Spinraza.

Types

Type 0 
It can already be observed before birth. It is the most rare and most severe form of the condition. Infants who have it  tend to move less in the womb. As a result, they are often born with joint deformities or contractures. They have very weak muscle tone (hypotonia) at birth. Their respiratory muscles are also very weak. Most of them do not survive past infancy due to respiratory failure. Some also develop congenital heart defects.

Type I 
Also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is the most common form of all. Its severe form can be seen at birth or within the first few months. Children affected cannot control their head movements. Others may struggle sitting down without any assistance. Others may have difficulty swallowing, which often lead to difficulty feeding. Some may also develop breathing problems because of the weakness of their respiratory muscles. Due to respiratory failure, most patients who suffer from this type of condition do not survive past early childhood.

Type II 
It is also called Dubowitz disease. It is identified by muscle weakness that develops in children between ages 6 and 12 months. They usually cannot sit without support. Apart from difficulty sitting, they usually cannot stand nor walk without help. Other signs include involuntary trembling (tremors) in their fingers, develop scoliosis, and respiratory muscle weakness that can be life-threatening. Many individuals with this type of condition often can only live up to their twenties or thirties.

Type III 
Another name is Kugelberg-Welander disease. It causes muscle weakness in mid-childhood. While many can stand and walk earlier on without much help, as the condition progresses over time, walking and climbing stairs tend to become increasingly difficult for them. Most individuals suffering from this condition tend to require wheelchair assistance later in their lives. Unlike other types, they usually have normal life span.

Type IV 
It is rare and usually manifests in early adulthood. Patients often experience mild to moderate muscle weakness, tremors, and very mild breathing problems.

References

Other websites 
Diseases
Genetic disorders
Mickey Dale Beebe (better known as Mike Beebe; born December 28, 1946) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Arkansas from 2007 to 2015. He was elected in 2006 as governor and re-elected in 2010. He is a member of the Democratic Party of the United States.

US Democratic Party politicians
Governors of Arkansas
1946 births
Living people
The common juniper (Juniperus communis) is a species in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. It has the largest range of any woody plant.  It is all over the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere.  It can be found in North America, Europe and Asia.

Description 

Juniperus communis is a shrub or small coniferous evergreen tree.  It is a low spreading shrub.  Sometimes it can reach 10 m tall. 

The seed cones are berry-like.  They are green when ripening.  In 18 months they change to purple-black with a blue waxy coating.

Uses

Crafts
It is too small to be used for lumber. In Scandinavia, however, juniper wood is used for making containers.  These containers store small amounts of dairy products such as butter and cheese. In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma. Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households.

Culinary
Its astringent blue-black seeds, commonly known as "Juniper berries", are too bitter to eat raw.  They are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. The berries are used to flavour certain beers and gin. The Slovak national alcoholic beverage Borovička is also flavoured with juniper berry extract.

Traditional medicine
Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures.  Juniper berries act as a strong urinary tract disinfectant if eaten.  They were used by Native Americans as an herbal remedy for diabetes. Western American tribes combined the berries of Juniperus communis with Berberis root bark in a herbal tea.  Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive.

Gallery

References

Cupressaceae
Trees
Medicinal plants
The snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) is a bird of prey.  It is in the family Accipitridae, which also includes the eagles, hawks, and Old World vultures.

Description 

Snail kites are  long with a  wingspan. They weigh from . 

They have long, broad, and rounded wings. Its tail is long with a white rump. The dark, deeply hooked beak measures . 

It flies slowly with its head facing downwards to see its prey.  It mostly eats large apple snails. 

The snail kite lives in tropical South America, the Caribbean, and central and southern Florida in the United States. It nests in a bush or on the ground and lays 3–4 eggs.

References 

Birds of South America
Accipitriformes
Old World vultures belong to the family Accipitridae.  This family also includes eagles, buzzards, kites, and hawks.

Old World vultures are not closely related to New World vultures and condors.  They do not share that group's good sense of smell. 

Both Old World and New World vultures are scavenging birds.  They feed mostly from carcasses of dead animals. Old World vultures find carcasses only by sight. Many vultures have a bald head, with no feathers or short down feathers.  Because of how a vulture eats, their head is spattered with blood and other fluids.  They are able to keep clean by not having long feathers on their head.

There are two groups of Old World vultures.  The first group has the Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture, and palm-nut vulture. Some scientists put this group into a separate subfamily called "Gypaetinae", which means "eagle-vultures". It is related to the group of bazas, honey-buzzards and cuckoo-hawks, which are much smaller birds.  The second group has all the other species.  It is related to the booted eagles, which is a group of eagles that have feathers on their legs down to their toes.  

The palm-nut vulture is unusual, because it feeds mainly on the fruit of the oil palm.

Species

Subfamily Gypaetinae 

Genus Gypaetus
 Lammergeier or bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus
Genus Neophron
 Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus
Genus Gypohierax
 Palm-nut vulture, Gypohierax angolensis

Subfamily Aegypiinae 

Genus Aegypius
 Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus
Genus Gyps
 Griffon vulture, Gyps fulvus
 White-rumped vulture, Gyps bengalensis
 Rüppell's vulture, Gyps rueppelli
 Indian vulture, Gyps indicus
 Slender-billed vulture, Gyps tenuirostris
 Himalayan vulture, Gyps himalayensis
 White-backed vulture, Gyps africanus
 Cape vulture, Gyps coprotheres
Genus Necrosyrtes
 Hooded vulture, Necrosyrtes monachus
Genus Sarcogyps
 Red-headed vulture, Sarcogyps calvus
Genus Torgos
 Lappet-faced vulture, Torgos tracheliotus
Genus Trigonoceps
 White-headed vulture, Trigonoceps occipitalis

Vultures
Kites are raptors.  They have long wings and weak legs.  They spend most of the time soaring. Most feed mainly on carrion.  Some take live prey.

They are birds of prey which, along with hawks  and eagles, are from the family Accipitridae.

Species list 
  Subfamily Elaninae
 Genus Elanus
 Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus 
 Black-shouldered kite, Elanus axillaris 
 White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
 Letter-winged kite, Elanus scriptus
 Genus Chelictinia
 Scissor-tailed kite, Chelictinia riocourii
 Genus Machaerhamphus
 Bat hawk, Machaerhamphus alcinus
 Genus Gampsonyx
 Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii
 Genus Elanoides
 Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
 Subfamily Milvinae
 Genus Harpagus
 Double-toothed kite, Harpagus bidentatus
 Rufous-thighed kite, Harpagus diodon
 Genus Ictinia
 Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
 Plumbeous kite, Ictinia plumbea
 Genus Rostrhamus
 Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
 Genus Helicolestes
 Slender-billed kite, Helicolestes hamatus - formerly in Rostrhamus
 Genus Haliastur
 Whistling kite, Haliastur sphenurus
 Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus
 Genus Milvus
 Red kite, Milvus milvus
 Cape Verde kite, Milvus (milvus) fasciicauda - extinct (2000)
 Black kite, Milvus migrans
 Black-eared kite, Milvus (migrans) lineatus
 Yellow-billed Kite, Milvus (migrans) aegyptius
 Genus Lophoictinia
 Square-tailed kite, Lophoictinia isura
 Genus Hamirostra
 Black-breasted buzzard, Hamirostra melanosternon

A few of the Perninae are also called kites.

 Grey-headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis
 White-collared kite, Leptodon forbesi
 Hook-billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus

Accipitriformes
A buzzard in biology is a member of the genus Buteo. In general talk it may be one of several large birds.

Old World
In the Old World buzzard can mean:
 One of several  medium-sized, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings.
 In particular, those in the genus Buteo. In the Old World, members of this genus are called "buzzards", but "hawk" may be more common in North America.
 Specifically, in Europe, the common buzzard is Buteo buteo. Most people call this bird a 'buzzard'.
 Any other raptor with the word buzzard as part of its name.

New World
In the New World 'buzzard' may mean:
 A vulture.  Mostly the American black vulture and turkey vulture.  It may be used as a general name for vultures.
 In parts of the United States where they are thought to be a pest, the name is used in a bad way to mean a bird of prey.  Mostly it is used for the Cooper's hawk, the sharp-shinned hawk the red-tailed hawk or the duck hawk.

Buteo species
Scientifically, these are all buzzards.
 Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
 Long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus)
 Rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus)
 Ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis)
 Red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus)
 Broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus )
 Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni)
 Roadside hawk (Buteo magnirostris)
 Ridgway's hawk (Buteo ridgwayi)
 White-rumped hawk (Buteo leucorrhous)
 Short-tailed hawk (Buteo brachyurus)
 White-throated hawk (Buteo albigula)
 White-tailed hawk (Buteo albicaudatus)
 Galápagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis)
 Red-backed hawk (Buteo polyosoma)
 Puna hawk (Buteo poecilochrous)
 Gray hawk (Buteo nitidus)
 Zone-tailed hawk (Buteo albonotatus )
 Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius)
 Rufous-tailed hawk (Buteo ventralis)
 Mountain buzzard (Buteo oreophilus)
 Madagascar buzzard (Buteo brachypterus)
 Upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius)
 Red-necked buzzard (Buteo auguralis)
 Augur buzzard, Buteo augur
 Archer's buzzard, Buteo archeri
 Jackal buzzard (Buteo rufofuscus)

Other species known as "buzzard" 
 Black-breasted buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternon)
 Lizard buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus)
 Grasshopper buzzard (Butastur rufipennis)
 White-eyed buzzard (Butastur teesa)
 Rufous-winged buzzard (Butastur liventer)
 Grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus)
 Black-chested buzzard-eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus)
The honey-buzzards, genus Pernis, look something like Buteo buzzards.  They feed on wasp nests and larvae.
 European or Eurasian Honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus)
 Oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus)
 Barred honey-buzzard (Pernis celebensis)
Other genus of honey buzzards
 Black honey buzzard (Henicopernis infuscatus)
 Long-tailed honey buzzard (Henicopernis longicauda)

Accipitriformes
The sacred kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus) is a medium sized woodland kingfisher.  

They live in mangroves, woodlands, forests, and river valleys in Australia, New Zealand, and other parts of the western Pacific. In New Zealand the species is also known by its Māori name Kōtare.

The sacred kingfisher is mostly turquoise, with white underparts and collar feathers. Both sexes are similar.  The females are usually more dull colored. Juveniles have rusty-brown edges on the collar and underparts. The bird is  long.  They feed on insects, small crustaceans, fish, small rodents and reptiles. Usually, a bird will sit on a low branch and wait for prey to pass by. It swoops down to grab the prey and returns to its perch to eat, much like a hawk.

Once a pair of birds has mated, both members of the pair dig the nest.  The nest is usually on a burrow in a river bank or a large, empty branch. The female lays about five eggs.  Both birds incubate the eggs and take care of the young.

References 

Birds of Australia
Coraciiformes
Robin Yvette Allen (better known by her stage name The Lady of Rage; born February 6, 1968) is an American recording artist, rap musician and actress. Her most notable hit single is Afro Puffs in 1994, though she has had other songs.

singers from Virginia
American rap musicians

Living people
1968 births
William Robinson "Bill" Finnegan (June 29, 1928 in Kansas City, Missouri  November 28, 2008 in Sag Harbor, New York) was an American television and movie producer who is well known for his works in The Fabulous Baker Boys, Hawaii Five-O, and Reality Boys. He was a five time Emmy Award nominee. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri on June 29, 1928. He died from Parkinson's disease in Sag Harbor, New York on November 28, 2008, aged 80.

Television movies
 Summer of Fear (1978)
 The Ordeal of Patty Hearst (1979)
 The $2.50 an Hour Dream (1980)
 World War III (1982)
 The Dollmaker (1984)
 Amos (1985)
 The Atlanta Child Murders (1985)
 Circle of Violence (1986)
 Hoover (1987)

Movies
 Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971)
 North Shore (1987)
 The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989)
 White Palace (1990)
 The Babe (1992)
 CrissCross (1992)
 Reality Bites (1994)
 Ed (1996)

Television
 Hawaii Five-O (1977)
 The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd (1987)
 Northern Exposure (1990  1995)

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2008 deaths
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
American movie producers
American television producers
Operation Barbarossa (, named after Frederick I) was the code name for the European Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. It began on 22 June 1941. More than 3 million men attacked along the 2,900 km front, which made it the largest military invasion in human history. It also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses.

In the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. Planning for the German surprise attack started in December 1940. The attack was to start on May 15, and its main objective was to destroy the Soviet military power. Some Nazi ideological goals were included, as were Soviet deposits of natural resources, which would be helpful to keep fighting the war against the Allies.

Even though the Soviets were in a terrible condition, the Axis did not complete its objectives. Tactically, the Germans held some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in Ukraine. However, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow and could not do another attack as large and long as Operation Barbarossa on the Eastern Front.

War continues 
The winter of 1941-1942 began unusually early. It was not noted as being particularly bad by the Soviets, but the Germans were accustomed to warmer temperatures and so were ill-prepared. The Germans' equipment broke down in the cold, and some men were still wearing summer uniforms, which they stuffed with newspapers in an attempt to stay warm. Many German soldiers froze to death in the extreme cold.

Operation Barbarossa was followed in 1942 by the failed "Fall Blau" (Case Blue), which was intended to take the Caucasus region and its oilfields.

The German attack opened the Eastern Front, which in Russia is called the "Great Patriotic War". A few years later, the Soviets pushed the German soldiers and invaded the German-occupied territories in Eastern Europe.

The Soviets then invaded Germany itself and fought the Battle of Berlin, the final battle before Germany's surrender. Although the Soviets eventually repelled the Germans, the tremendous cost was five times as many Soviet deaths as Germans.

Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history by the number of men involved and by the number of people who died. The operation opened a theatre in which more men were involved than any other in history.

References 

Operation
Operation
Battles involving the Soviet Union
Battles involving Germany
European battles of World War II
Hoxne (pronounced 'Hoxen') is an ancient village in Suffolk, England, about five miles (8 km) east-southeast of Diss, Norfolk

The area around the village is of great archaeological significance. 
It was one of the first places where flint hand axes were found (late 18th century). John Frere [17401807], who lived at Roydon Hall in Diss, was the first person to recognise and write about the hand axes. He wrote a letter to the Society of Antiquaries. In this letter he connected the flints to strata in the site of an interglacial lake, part of the Hoxnian interglacial.  
It is the archaeological type site for the Hoxnian Stage or Hoxnian interglacial. The Hoxnian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of the British Isles. It is equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 11, which started 424,000 years ago and ended 374,000 years ago.
It is the find-spot of the Hoxne Hoard of Roman treasure.

The village is also home to The Swan Inn. The Swan occupies a 15th Century, Grade II listed lodge, formerly known as Bishops Lodge. This pub is set at the bottom end of the village green, near Saint Edmund's memorial and bridge. Built in 1480 by the Bishop of Norwich, The Swan has a long history; both the restaurant and bars reflect Hoxne's ecclesiastical past, with ornate ceiling beams and wide-planked floors.

References 

Mid Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Archaeological sites in Suffolk
The term type species is used in the scientific naming of living things, and is part of a system using a so-called "type".

The type system is central to the scientific naming of living things (organisms). How exactly it works is different depending on exactly what living thing is considered, but in a very general (and imprecise) sense it may be said that it fixes each name to a particular specimen, the type specimen. This helps in finding out what particular name is to be used for a particular living thing (or a group of living things, a taxon). There are international Codes of nomenclature which set out exactly how types are to be designated and used.

For animals, the type species of a genus (or subgenus) is the type of that genus (or subgenus). The species (hopefully) has a specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) as its type, so the type species is the link between a genus (or subgenus) and a type specimen.

For algae, fungi and plants, it is different: the type species of a genus is the species that has the same type (specimen or illustration) as the genus. For example, Malus sylvestris, the European Wild Apple, is the type species of the genus Malus. Thus, for algae, fungi and plants, a type species plays no great role; it is not an official term, but only a term of convenience.

Notes 

Taxonomy
A sportsperson, also known as sportsmen or sportswomen, is a person who is involved in sports.  It may mean someone who is known for the promotion of sport or athletic activities.  

A sportsperson can be a man or a woman who is person trained to compete or interested in a sport involving physical strength, speed or endurance.  A sportsman is a player  in a sport; but the term also means someone who plays sport in a way that shows respect and fairness towards the opposing player or team. 

The term sportsman can also be used to describe a former competitor who continues to promote the sport in later years.  For example, Tsunekazu Takeda is a sportsman who competed in two Summer Olympic Games and who was the President of the Japanese Olympic Committee before he was elected to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2012. 

Sportspeople may be professionals or amateurs.    Sportsmen and sportswomen often have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen, but term is also used more broadly.  For example, Hou Yifan was honored in 2011 as the best sportsperson of the year in a non-Olympic event.

The term athlete may be used as a synonym for sportspeople in general, but the word  has strong connotations of people who compete in team sports, as contrasted with other sporting types such as horse riding and driving. For example, a fisherman may be called a sportsman, but not an athlete.  In British English (as well as other variants in the Commonwealth) athlete can also have a more specific meaning of people who compete in traditional athletics (track and field) events.

Olympic games
The term "World's Greatest Athlete" was first to describe the sportsman Jim Thorpe in the 1912 Summer Olympics at Stockholm in Sweden. Thorpe won the gold medal in the decathlon.  When King Gustav V of Sweden awarded Thorpe, he said, "You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world." 

The title of "World's Greatest Athlete" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. These competitions require an sportsman to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.

Related pages
 Olympic games
 Arjuna Award
 Sportsmanship

References
|}

 is a Japanese sportsman.  He is best known as a gymnast.

He is the son of Hiroyuki Kato who is the Olympic team coach for gymnastics.

Career
Kato was part of a team which won the team silver medal in gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Kazuhito Tanaka
 Yusuke Tanaka
 Kōhei Uchimura
 Koji Yamamuro

References

Other websites
  Ryohei Kato at London2012.com

1993 births
Living people
Japanese sportspeople
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
Japanese gymnasts
Nestor Gastón Carbonell (born December 1, 1967 in New York City, New York) is an American television and movie actor. He is known for playing Richard Alpert in Lost, and for playing Mayor Anthony Garcia in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008) and in The Dark Knight Rises (2012). He is also known for his role in Suddenly Susan, and as Batmanuel in The Tick.

Carbonell was born on December 1, 1967 in New York City, New York to a Spanish family. Carbonell was educated at Harvard University. He has been married to Shannon Kenny since 2001. They have two children together.

Filmography
 Garage Sale (1996)
 Attention Shoppers (2000)
 Agua Dulce (2001)
 Jack the Dog (2001)
 New Suits (2001)
 The Laramie Project (2001)
 Manhood (2003)
 The Lost City (2005)
 Smokin' Ages (2006)
 The Dark Knight (2008)
 Killer Movie (2008)
 Noah's Ark: The New Beginning (2010)
 Cristiada (2011)
 The Dark Knight Rises (2012)

References

Other websites

 

1967 births
Actors from New York City
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie actors
Living people
Harvard University alumni
The Amuca tribe () is one of the nomadic tribes of the Oghuz Turks who traces back to Gündüz Bey older Brother to Osman I. This was a group of people in the Ottoman Empire which moved from Anatolia to the Balkans. At the end of 14th century, this clan settled in Thrace. Today they live in Kırklareli Province. The first founded village of this tribe was Keşirlik, located in the Mahya Dağı.

History of Turkey
Ethnic groups in Asia
Sportsmanship is traditional value in sports and competition.  It means playing clean and handling both victory and defeat with grace, style, and dignity.

Sportsmanship is generally understood to include
 playing fair
 following the rules of the game
 respecting the judgment of referees and officials
 treating opponents with respect

The ideal of sportsmanship argues that "it doesn't matter whether you win or lose, but how you play the game".

Olympic Games
In the context of the Olympic Games, athletes are expected to do their best. Otherwise, they would go against the Olympic motto of "Faster, Higher, Stronger".

Select examples of good sportsmanship 

 Eugenio Monti in the bobsleigh at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck
 Lawrence Lemieux in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics at Seoul
 Shin Lam in fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics at London

Select examples of bad sportsmanship
In the London Olympics, some athletes attempted to lose their badminton matches, including
 Tian Qing, Zhao Yunlei, Wang Xiaoli and Yu Yang of China 
 Jung Kyung-eun, Kim Ha-na, Ha Jung-eun and Kim Min-jung of South Korea
 Greysia Polii and Meilana Jauhari of Indonesiaз

Related pages
 Pierre de Coubertin medal
 Sportsperson
 Unsportsmanlike conduct

References

Other websites
  Olympic Oath at London2012.com

Sports
The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is a feline. It is similar to other versions of the genus Lynx. The Iberian lynx has almost no threats except man, but it is almost extinct. It is the most endangered cat species in the world.

Iberian lynx hunt rabbits. One of the strategies aimed at saving the species is to change the use of land in such a way that it becomes more attractive to rabbits, which can then be hunted by the lynx. This strategy also benefits other endangered species, such as the Spanish imperial eagle.

In 2014, the Iberian lynx is treated as a species inside the famly of lynx by many biologists, mainly because of its independent development on the Iberian peninsula. This has not always been the case: Beforehand, it was seen as a subspecies of the Eurasian Lynx.

Breeding programs 

In 2002, the Jerez Zoo confirmed it had three females and was developing a plan for a captive breeding program. One of those females was Saliega, captured as a cub in April 2002. She became the first Iberian lynx to breed in captivity, giving birth to three healthy kittens on March 29, 2005 at the El Acebuche Breeding Center, in the Doñana Nature Park in Huelva, Spain. Over the following years, the number of births grew and additional breeding centers were opened. In March 2009, it was reported that 27 cubs had been born since the beginning of the program. In 2009, the Spanish government planned to build a €5.5 million breeding center in Zarza de Granadilla. Portugal established a breeding center in Silves.

There were 14 surviving cubs in 2008 and 15 in 2009. In 2010, intense rain and health issues resulted in lower reproductive success—14 born, 8 surviving—but the next year, breeding centers recorded 45 births with 26 surviving kittens. In 2012, breeding centers in Portugal and Spain reported a total of 44 survivors from 59 births, while 2013 saw a total of 44 survivors out of 53 born.

In March 2013, it was reported that Iberian lynx embryos and oocytes had been collected and preserved for the first time. They were collected from Saliega and another female—both sterilized and retired from the breeding program—by Berlin's Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research and stored in liquid nitrogen at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (CSIC) for possible future breeding.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Felines
Susan Kay "Suzy" Bogguss (b. December 30, 1956 in Illinois), is an American country and folk singer and musician. She was extremely popular in the 1980s and 1990s. During that time she had one platinum record, three gold records and six top ten songs. She last appeared on Billboard Hot Country Singles Chart around 2001. She has continued to record albums and songs in the country and rock areas.

At the 1992 Country Music Association Awards, Bogguss won the Horizon Award.

References

Other websites

American folk musicians
singers from Illinois
Country musicians from Illinois
Living people
1956 births
Howard Brush Dean III (born November 17, 1948) is a Democratic Party member. 

He held office with the Democratic National Committee from 2005 to 2009. Before that, he was Governor of Vermont (1991 to 2003). Dean ran, without success, for United States President during 2004. However, the "Dean Scream", which happened during a campaign rally, ruined his chances.

References

Other websites

US Democratic Party politicians
Governors of Vermont
Living people
1948 births
2004 United States presidential candidates
Lieutenant Governors of Vermont
Michael "Mike" Kellogg (born September 27, 1941) is a senior announcer with Moody Radio and host for Music Through the Night.

Early life
Kellogg was born in Cedarville, Ohio. He was later educated at Cedarville College in Cedarville, Ohio. Kellogg moved to Chicago, Illinois.

Career
Kellogg first wanted to be a writer who later got a job for a newspaper company at a young age, and was later writing for the broadcasting company in Chicago. Kellogg began his career in the late 1980s when Music Through the Night was also created. In late 1982 Kellogg was hired to be host of Music Through the Night. Kellogg now speaks to the late-night listener, presenting a relaxed yet relaxed direct message of the fullness of a life of religion. Besides Music Through the Night, Kellogg can also be heard in a two minute radio program Today in the World.

Awards
In 1980, Kellogg was given the Religion in Media Award for his dramatic role in the radio for Treasures in the Snow.

Personal life
He is married to Nancy Kellogg whom he has six children, and ten grandchildren. Kellogg currently lives in Valparaiso, Indiana. Kellogg is an educator of religion.

References

Other websites
 

Writers from Chicago
Writers from Ohio
American radio personalities
1941 births
Living people
Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (, c. AD 150 – 235), known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio  (Dione. lib) was a Roman consul. He was active as a historian writing in Greek.  Dio published a history of Rome in 80 volumes, beginning with the legendary arrival of Aeneas in Italy through the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (31 BC), up to AD 229; a period of about 1,400 years.  Of the 80 books, written over 22 years, many survive into the modern age intact or as fragments. Modern scholars still use them to get a detailed understanding of Ancient Roman history.

References 

Ancient Roman writers
Ancient Roman historians
Ancient Greek writers
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 is a Soviet fighter aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Force in 1941.

Soviet military aircraft
World War II aircraft
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG DIS is a Soviet fighter aircraft. Two prototypes were made and the program was cancelled.

Soviet military aircraft
World War II aircraft
MiG-23 Flogger is a Soviet interceptor-fighter aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Force in 1970.

Soviet military aircraft
MiG-27 Flogger is a Soviet fighter aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Force in 1975.

Soviet military aircraft
Sukhoi Su-35 is a Russian fighter aircraft. It first entered the Russian Air Force in 2010.

Military aircraft
The mule deer (Odocileus hemionus) is a species of deer. They are sometimes called black-tailed deer. They live in western North America. Their name was given to them because of their mule-like ears. There are many subspecies, including the black-tailed deer. Unlike the white-tailed deer, mule deer lives on land west of the Missouri River. They also live in the Rocky Mountains region of North America. Mule deer have been introduced to Argentina.

The mule deer's favorite food is new plants that grow in the spring.  They eat a large number of their yearly calories during spring feeding.  Because spring comes later in colder places, the mule deer move from warmer to colder places so they spend the most where there are spring plants to eat.  Scientists call this "green wave surfing." According to scientists from the University of Wyoming, by migrating, mule deer can eat spring plants for 120 days in a year with lots of rain and 60 days in a year with very little rain.  The deer are very good at figuring out where the spring growth will be and when it will be there, even when it is different from the last year.  The scientists also say that climate change is putting the deer in danger by causing more years with very little rain.

References

Other websites 

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account-Mule Deer
Video of Arizona Mule Deer 

Deer
Deer, Mule
Haitian Creole is a type of Creole language spoken by about 13 million people, mostly Haitians and the Haitian diaspora. Most of its vocabulary is derived from French. This language is called Kreyòl Ayisien by those who speak it.

Origins 
The language started in Haiti by contact between the colonizers, who spoke French, and the black people they enslaved, who spoke African languages. The African influences in Haitian Creole can be noticed in the sound, syntax, and vocabulary.

In Haiti, the upper classes have often disrespected Haitian Creole even though they speak it, but the language has recently startex to become more accepted. There are more books in Haitian Creole, and it was finally acknowledged in Haiti's constitution in 1987.

References 

Languages of the Caribbean
Haiti
Pidgins and creoles
The mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) is a species of goats. They are also known as the Rocky Mountain goat. They live in North America. They are part of the genus Oreamnos, or 'true goats'. They like to live on high elevations. Mountain goats are great at climbing, and will rest on rocky cliffs. They do this so predators cannot get them.

The mountain goat wanders the mountains alone, and meets only to mate. It eats grasses, lichens, and leaves. It is 3–4 ft. at the shoulder (90-120 centimeters.) The mother mountain goat is called a nanny, and the male is called a billy, the baby is called a kid.

Their thick undercoat, and long white overcoat, protects them from blustery wind, and harsh weather that often occurs in their mountainous habitat. Both male and female have short, strong, legs that have large black hooves on the end. The billy had long slender horns that measure approximately 1 foot. The nannies have slightly longer horns. The female uses her horns to defend her young. She will often dominate the territory, and the male will leave her alone.

The female mountain goat, or nanny, becomes pregnant in November, the only month they are together, and gives birth to her kid six months, or half a year, later. The nanny will protect her young for a while and eventually the kid will leave his mother. He will most likely not know his father. They are alone for most of the year except for November which is the mating month.

References 

Raedeke, Kenneth J. "Mountain goat." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012.Web. 20 Dec. 2012.

Other websites 

 A.W.F. Banfield (1974). The Mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press. 
 D. Chadwick (1983). A Beast the Color of Winter – The Mountain Goat Observed. Sierra Club Books. San Francisco. 208 p.
 Loyal J. Johnson (1994) Alaska Department of Fish & Game
 US Forest Service – Mountain Goats

Mammals of North America
The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is a species of sheep that lives in the western half of North America. They live in North America. Their name was given to them because of their large horns. Their horns can weigh up to 30 pounds (14 kg). However, the sheep themselves weigh up to 300 pounds (140 kg). 

Genetic testing showed that there are three subspecies of bighorn sheep:
Sierra Nevada bighorn (O. c. sierrae) (endangered)
Desert bighorn (O. c. nelsoni)
Rocky Mountain bighorn (O. c. canadensis)
Ovis canadensis auduboni (extinct)

Appearance
Adult male bighorn sheep can weigh 350 lbs (159 kg) and stand 40 inches (102 cm) tall at the shoulder.  Adult female sheep are as heavy as 250 lbs (113 kg).  They are grayish brown to dark brown in color with white faces and rear ends.  This makes them difficult to see when the ground is part snow and part grass.

Their hooves are rough on the bottom.  This allows the sheep to climb, walk, and jump in steep, rocky places.

All bighorn sheep have horns.  They stay on their heads their whole lives.  They do not fall off the way antlers do.  Male bighorn sheep have large, curved horns that curl around their faces.  Female bighorn sheep have shorter horns with sharp points.

Behavior

Bighorn sheep live in herds.  Male sheep live in herds with only other adult males.  These are called bachelor herds.  Female sheep live in herds with other adult females and lambs.  When male sheep are two years old, they leave their mother's herd and find a bachelor herd.

Bighorn sheep eat many kinds of plants.  They have four-part stomachs.  They feed on plants in lowlands and then go back to the rocks, where they can chew their cud and digest the food. Desert sheep can eat cacti.

When it is time for the sheep to mate, the adult male rams run toward each other and hit each other with their horns.  This makes a loud noise.  The rams' skulls are thick and strong.

Bighorn sheep live up to 14 years.

Predators

Golden eagles, mountain lions, bears, Canada lynxes, and coyotes eat bighorn sheep. Bighorns can also die when lungworm parasites give them pneumonia.

History

The bighorn sheep came from Siberia. They crossed to North America over the Bering land bridge. The population grew in the millions.

Native Americans used bighorn sheep for food and hides. It became part of the mythology of many gorups of Native Americans.

By 1900, the population got smaller to several thousands.Almost all the bighorn sheep in the Rocky Mountains died in the 1800s and early 1900s.  Hunters killed them for meat and horns.  Bighorn sheep caught diseases from ranch sheep. Many organizations, including the Boy Scouts of America, has helped increase the population.

References

Other websites 

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile 
Greater Yellowstone Resource Guide - Bighorn Sheep
Desert Bighorn Sheep Facts  California Department of Fish and Game

Caprids
Mammals of North America
Dominican Spanish is Spanish as it is spoken in the Dominican Republic and by the Dominican diaspora.

Roots of the language 
Dominican Spanish is based on Canarian and Andalucian dialects from south Spain but with some influences from West African languages. The indigenous Arawak language left very little influence on the language; the only influence they left were some words, mainly for foods and names.

African influence 
Examples of African-based syntax:
 Dominican Spanish: "Como tu ta?", Spanish: "¿Cómo estás tú?"
 Dominican Spanish: "Como tu te llama?", Spanish: "¿Cuál es su nombre?" or "¿Cómo se llama usted?"
 Dominican Spanish : "P'onde ta?" or "Onde ta", Spanish: "¿Por dónde está eso?" or "¿Por dónde estás?"

Words such as "mangu" (mashed plantains), "kamboumbo" (basket for clothes), "guineo" or "guinea" (banana), and many more. Note, most of these African words are either Igbo or Kikongo origins. The most dominant African languages that has had the most influence in the formation of the Dominican Spanish is the Igbo, Yoruba, Kongo, Twi, Fon, Ewe, Mandinga, Hausa, Wolof etc. With the syntax being based off the Yoruba language and Mande languages, the phonetics heavily influenced by the Kikongo, and the pronouciations of certain words containing some elements of the Mandingas and the Igbos. Most schollars, just as all of the West Indies have said that the Kikongo language influenced greatly the formation of the Dominican Spanish .

Vocabulary 
These are some examples of Dominican Spanish. <<Note>> some of these words or expressions/idioms are of African origin.

Chalina: corbata; Tie
Terina: vasija para lavarse las manos; handwashing vessel
Boto: sin filo; blunt
Mayimbe: el rey; king
Mata: yerba, árbol, planta de cualquier tipo; grass, tree, plant of any kind
Pela: golpes, paliza;  hitting, beating
Mai: madre; mother
Pai: Padre; Father
Soga: Cualquier tipo de cuerda; Any type of rope
Abarrotar: llenar, atestar; fill, cram
Bandazo: tumbo; lie
Chuma: Populazo, gentuza; Populazo, riffraff
Desamarrar: desatar;  loosen
Embicar: beber a pico de botella; drinking from the bottle
Garete: (al garete) sin control, sin orden; (to hell) without control, without a warrant
Singar: realizar el acto sexual; having sexual intercourse
Zafar: soltar; release or give up
Bembe: labios; lips
Cateyano: Castellano, Espanol; Castilian, Spanish
Kalunga: Dios; God
Matatan: el macho, el veradero hombre; the man
Kikonde: Esconde, to hide

Related languages 
Palenquero is a Spanish-African based Creole with Portuguese influences that is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Colombia.

The Eastern Cuban Spanish dialect is remarkably identical to the Dominican Spanish . Many Cubans consider the east part of Cuba as another Dominican Republic due to similar culture.

References

Spanish language
Dominican Republic