cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lukas Ammann (September 29, 1912 – May 3, 2017) was a Swiss retired actor. He appeared in German and Swiss movies and television shows. 

He was born in Basel, Switzerland on September 29, 1912. He began his movie career in the 1939 Swiss movie Wachtmeister Studer. He continued to work steadily for over 60 years. His most famous roles is the German detective series Graf Yoster, where he played the main part of the same name between 1967-1977. 

His professional acting career came to an end in 2005 with the short Herr Goldstein being his last role. He was once married to German soprano Liselotte Ebnet.

Ammann died at his home in Munich, Germany on May 3, 2017 from surgical complications at the age of 104.

References

Other websites
 

1912 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Actors from Basel
Swiss centenarians
Esther Eggertsen Peterson (December 9, 1906 – December 20, 1997) was an American consumer and women's advocate.

Background

Esther Eggertsen grew up in a Mormon family in Provo, Utah. She graduated from Brigham Young University in 1927 with a degree in physical education. She obtained a master's degree from Teachers' College, Columbia University, in 1930. She held several teaching positions during the 1930s. She taught at Bryn Mawr College Summer School for Women Workers in Industry. The school brought milliners, telephone operators and garment workers onto the campus. She later moved to New York City where she married Oliver Peterson. In 1932, the two moved to Boston, where she taught at the Winsor School and volunteered at the YWCA. Peterson was a Latter-day Saint.

Career

In 1938, Peterson became a paid organizer for the American Federation of Teachers. In her job she traveled around New England. In 1944, Peterson became the first lobbyist for the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C. In 1948, the United States Department of State offered Peterson’s husband a position as a diplomat in Sweden. The family returned to Washington D.C., in 1957. Peterson joined the Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO, becoming its first woman lobbyist.

Peterson was Assistant Secretary of Labor. She was also Director of the United States Women's Bureau under President John F. Kennedy. Peterson worked hard to help get the Equal Pay Act of 1963 passed into law. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson named Peterson to the newly created post of Special Assistant for Consumer Affairs. She later served as President Jimmy Carter's Director of the Office of Consumer Affairs. Peterson was also Vice President for Consumer Affairs at Giant Food Corporation. She was also president of the National Consumers League.
  
She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981. Peterson was named a delegate to the United Nations as a UNESCO representative in 1993. In 2013, Esther Peterson was inducted into the US Department of Labor's Hall of Honor.

Death

Peterson died in December 1997.

Related pages 
Great Society
Equal Pay Act of 1963

Notes

References

Other websites 
2013 Hall of Honor Inductee Esther Peterson 
Archives.gov
Papers, 1884-1998 (inclusive), 1929-1998 (bulk). Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
National Women's Hall of Fame

1906 births
1997 deaths
American activists
American feminists
American Latter Day Saints
American lobbyists
Columbia University alumni
People from Utah
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Monique Alexandra Rock (born May 26, 1982), better known by her stage name Monique Alexander, is an American pornographic actress, dancer, and nude model. At age 18 she began working in the adult industry as a stripper in Sacramento. This was to add to her daytime earnings as a receptionist.

Alexander was born in Vallejo, California. She identifies herself as being bisexual.

References

Other websites

 
 Monique Alexander at the Internet Adult Film Database
 Monique Alexander at the Adult Film Database
 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from California
American adult models
American erotic dancers
American LGBT sex industry people
American pornographic actors
Bisexual people
LGBT dancers
LGBT models
LGBT people from California
LGBT pornographic actors
Models from California
The AVN Adult Entertainment Expo (AEE) is an adult entertainment and pornography convention trade show. It is sponsored by the AVN magazine. The expo is held at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The first expo was in 1998 and is held every January.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 

Social events
Tourism
Entertainment
Pornography
Las Vegas, Nevada
1998 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Simone "Yvette" Lebon (14 August 1910 – 28 July 2014) was a French actress. She appeared in 39 movies between 1931 and 1972.

Lebon was born in Paris. During World War II, she was the mistress of Jean Luchaire, a French journalist and politician. After moving to Hollywood, California, she married Belgian-American producer Nathan Wachsberger who died in 1992. They had a son together, Patrick Wachsberger of Summit Entertainment. In August 2013, she turned 103, making her the France's oldest surviving actor.

Lebon died from natural causes on 28 July 2014 in Cannes, aged 103.

References

Other websites
 

1910 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Paris
Deaths from natural causes
French centenarians
French movie actors
French stage actors
Zohra Begum Mumtaz-ullah Khan (Sahibzadi Zohra Begum Mumtaz-ullah Khan; 27 April 1912 – 10 July 2014), was better known by her stage name Zohra Sehgal. She was an Indian actress and choreographer. Sehgal started her career as dancer with Uday Shankar in 1935. She also worked with him for the next eight years.

She has been in many Bollywood movies as a character actor. She has also been in English language movies and television shows. She has appeared in Bhaji on the Beach (1992), The Mystic Masseur (2001), Bend It Like Beckham (2002), Dil Se.. (1998) and Cheeni Kum (2007), The Jewel in the Crown (1984), Tandoori Nights (1985–87), Amma and Family (1996). She retired in 2007.

Sehgal was born in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh in 1912. She grew up in an aristocratic Muslim family. She received the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honor, in 2010. She described herself as an agnostic, having been an atheist in her youth.

Sehgal died in a hospital in New Delhi from cardiac arrest caused by pneumonia on 10 July 2014 at the age of 102.

References

Other websites

 

1912 births
2014 deaths
Agnostics
Centenarians
Choreographers
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian movie actors
Infectious disease deaths in India
Indian stage actors
Indian television actors
Actors from Uttar Pradesh
The Trypanosomatida are a group of unicellular kinetoplastids. They have a single flagellum, and often live as parasites. Many trypanosomatids only live in insects. Some change hosts: one form lives in insects, the other lives inside a plant or an animal. Leishmania is a common example.

Microbiology
The Swedish Football Association () is the governing organization of football in Sweden. It was established in 1904.

Other websites
official website

1904 establishments in Sweden
Football organizations
Football in Sweden
The Swedish Bandy Association () is the governing body of bandy in Sweden. It organizes the bandy leagues, Elitserien and Allsvenskan for men and Damallsvenskan for women, and the men's and women's national teams. It was established on 5 April 1925, and is based in Stockholm, and is a founding member of FIB, Federation of International Bandy.

References

Other websites
official website

1925 establishments in Sweden
Bandy in Sweden
The Federation of International Bandy (FIB) is the international governing body for the sport of bandy, including the variant called rink bandy.

The federation was formed in 1955 in Stockholm, Sweden, and has had its base in Sweden since 1979. The present office is in Söderhamn, headed by FIB Secretary General Bo Nyman. Boris Skrynnik is the FIB President.

The federation was named the International Bandy Federation (abbreviated IBF) between 1957 and 2001. The current name was adopted in 2001. The name change was made at a request from the International Olympic Committee (abbreviated IOC) when the IOC made bandy a "recognized sport". The abbreviation IBF was already in use by the International Badminton Federation. In 2004, FIB was fully accepted by IOC.

When FIB was formed in 1955, it introduced the same rules for bandy all over the world. Especially in Russia, different rules had been used before. Bandy World Championship for men have been organized since 1957 and Bandy World Championship for women have been organized since 2004.

References

Other websites
Official website

1955 establishments
Bandy
Skënder Sallaku (25 January 1935 – 11 February 2014) was an Albanian actor and comedian from Tirana. He is a recipient of the People's Artist of Albania award.

Sallaku died on 11 February 2014 at a hospital in his hometown of Tirana. He was aged 79.

References

Other websites
 

1935 births
2014 deaths
Albanian people
Movie actors
Comedians
Kaskinen () is a town in western Ostrobothnia, Finland. There were 1,341 people lived there in January 2014. It is the smallest city in Finland by population. Only nearby municipality is Närpes. The people of Kaskinen speak two languages, Finnish and Swedish.

Kaskinen is buildt on an island. The island is also called Kaskinen.

Kaskinen was established in 1785.

Other websites 

 Homepage

Towns in Finland
1785 establishments
18th-century establishments in Finland
1780s establishments in Europe
Aram Mp3 ( Mp3; born 5 Apil 1984), is an Armenian singer-songwriter and actor. He was chosen to represent Armenia in Eurovision Song Contest 2014. He sang the song "Not Alone". He placed fourth.

References

1984 births
Living people
Armenian people
Singer-songwriters
Adelobasileus is an extinct proto-mammal from the Upper Triassic, about 225 million years ago. There is only a partial skull from strata in western Texas.

Skull features, like the housing of the cochlea, suggest that Adelobasileus is a transitional form in the evolution from cynodonts to end-Triassic mammals. For this reason, it may be close to the common ancestor of modern mammals. Their sleek body type suggests they moved very fast.

References

Other websites 
Adelobasileus from Palaeos 

Therapsids
Praça da Liberdade () is a public square in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Other websites 

Belo Horizonte
Town squares
Praça Rui Barbosa (also called Praça da Estação, Station Square in English) is a square in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

It has this name because it is close to the Estação Central de Belo Horizonte (Central Station of Belo Horizonte). 
The square has the first public clock in the city.

Belo Horizonte
Town squares
The National War Labor Board (NWLB) was an agency of the United States government created in early 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson which was made up of twelve members from business and labor. The co-chairmen were former President William Howard Taft and attorney Frank Walsh. Its purpose was to make sure labor strikes did not hurt the war effort. The board ended after the war in May 1919. The National War Labor Board was reestablished on January 12, 1942 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. This board ended its duties.

National War Labor Board WW I 

The United States entered World War I in April 1917. Soon the government became concerned that labor strikes might stop the production of military equipment and supplies. In response President Woodrow Wilson created the National War Labor Board. The board recognized the worker's right to organize unions and bargain collectively. Former President Taft and labor attorney Frank Walsh were the co-chairmen. The board had little real power but depended on their ability to negotiate compromises between the two sides. They succeeded in preventing a number of strikes. After Germany was defeated the board was disbanded. In 1919 several strikes broke out in the coal and steel industries. The board supported an eight-hour day for workers and equal pay for equal work regardless of sex.

National War Labor Board WW II 

The National War Labor Board was started up again by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, on January 12, 1942. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. The board's job was to prevent wartime labor disputes. Also to insure that higher wage settlements did not cause inflation. The board was generally favorable to unions. The board encouraged the use of fringe benefits instead of inflation-causing higher wages. In 1942 the board began a maintenance of membership policy which attracted new members into labor unions. Unions understood they had to minimize any activism among their members in order to gain favorable rulings from the NWLB. Dispite the efforts of labor unions there were wartime strikes. Most of these were unauthorized (by the unions) or wildcat strikes (non-union). The CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), later part of the AFL-CIO, largely cooperated with the board. When the number of strikes peaked in 1944 CIO members maintained their no-strike pledge. By the time the war ended, membership in the CIO was nearly 5 million. The NWLB provided arbitrators on an honorary basis, that is, without fees. But they encouraged paid arbitrators and by war's end most who arbitrated disputes were paid a fee of from $25–$100 per day. In 1945 the board was disbanded. A wave of strikes broke out just the same as when the NWLB ended in 1918.

References

Other websites 
Guide to the United States NWLB files 1913-1945 at Cornell University Library
Records of the National War Labor Board (World War I)

United States government agencies
1918 establishments in the United States
1919 disestablishments
David Krejčí (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their alternate captain.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Krejčí played one season in the Czech Extraliga with HC Kladno and four seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) with the Gatineau Olympiques. He was drafted by the Boston Bruins with the 63rd overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

Before playing with Boston, he played a season with their AHL affiliate Providence Bruins. He was called up and played in his first NHL game on January 30, 2007. The game ended in a 7-1 loss against the Buffalo Sabres and Krejčí suffered a concussion from Buffalo right winger Adam Mair. He scored his first hat-trick in a 8–5 Bruins win against the Toronto Maple Leafs. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks 4-0 in Game 7.

References

Other websites
 

1986 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Czech ice hockey players
Ice hockey centres
Gatineau Olympiques players
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
Alexandre Borges Corrêa (born February 23, 1966) is a Brazilian actor. He is known for his works on Brazilians soap operas. He was Cadinho in the Brazilian sitcom Avenida Brasil.

References

Other websites
 

1966 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
People from São Paulo
John Victor Pickstone (29 May 1944 – 12 February 2014) was an English historian of science. He was the Wellcome Research Professor in the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, in the Faculty of Life Sciences of the University of Manchester. He was born and raised in Burnley, Lancashire.

Pickstone died after a short illness on 12 February 2014. He was aged 69. He was outlived by his wife and two sons.

References

Other websites
 John Pickstone at The Guardian

1944 births
2014 deaths
People from Lancashire
British historians
English writers
British educators
History of science
René Teulade (17 June 1931 – 13 February 2014) was a French politician and civil servant. He was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Corrèze department.  He was a member of the Socialist Party. He was born in Monceaux-sur-Dordogne, Corrèze.

Teulade died from a stroke on 13 February 2014 in Paris. He was aged 82.

References

Other websites
René Teulade at Sénat

1931 births
2014 deaths
Civil servants
Deaths from stroke
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Mansour Koushan (26 december 1949 – 16 February 2014) was a prominent Iranian author, playwright, poet, journalist and director of movies and plays. He has published 14 collections of poetry and short stories, 7 novels, 12 books of analysis on Culture, Literature, Society and politics, and hundreds of analytical essays, and more than 30 plays. While in Iran, he was an active member of the Council of the Association of Iranian Writers.

From 1967 to 1977 he was editor of four independent literary periodicals in Iran. In addition, Koushan presided over the newspaper Takapou in 1996 before it was shut down for being the sole outlet to publish the "1994 Declaration of 134 Iranian Writers," a letter against censorship that would result in the deaths of many of its signatories at the hands of the Iranian regime's secret service.

Koushan has directed movies and plays for TV and staged 7 plays by international writers. In December 1998, Koushan traveled to Norway to deliver a speech at the 50th anniversary of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights Charter. During this time, the first instances of kidnapping and killing of Iranian writers and intellectuals began, and he was forced to remain in exile.

Mansour Koushan was the artistic manager and director for the Sølvberg Theater in Stavanger, Norway from 2000 to 2006. He won the 2010 Carl von Ossietzky prize, awarded annually to a writer for his outstanding efforts for human rights and freedom of speech.

Koushan died from gastric cancer on 16 February 2014 in Stavanger. He was 65.  At the time he was the chief editor of a Persian quarterly on literature culture and art called Jonge Zaman.

References 

1949 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Norway
Iranian writers
Iranian movie directors
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian writers
Playwrights
Iranian poets
Nelson "Nico" Nicolaiewsky (9 June 1957 – 7 February 2014) was a Brazilian actor, musician, composer and comedian. He was best known for performing with Hique Gomez for over thirty years. He was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.

Nicolaiewsky died from leukemia on 7 February 2014 in Porto Alegre, aged 56.

References

Other websites
 

1957 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian comedians
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian musicians
Brazilian television actors
Cancer deaths in Brazil
Composers
Deaths from leukemia
Patricia Janečková (born on 18 June 1998) is a Slovak singer. She was the winner of the Czecho–Slovak television show Talentmania in December 2010. She became famous through the broadcasting of CNN television at once after the winning.

Janečková was born in Germany.

References

Other websites 
 Official website  (in Czech, English and German)

1998 births
Living people
Singers
Slovakian people
Nidal Malik Hasan (born September 8, 1970) is a former United States Army Major and psychiatrist. On 5 November 2009 he entered the Soldier's Readiness Center at Fort Hood, Texas. He fired approximately 100 rounds at soldiers in the center. Hasan admitted to the shootings at his court-martial in August 2013. The jury convicted him of 45 counts (crimes) of premeditated murder and attempted premeditated murder. One count each for the 13 unarmed soldiers he killed and one count for each of the 32 people he shot at. On 28 August 2013 the same military court sentenced Hasan to death. He is in prison at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Hasan is awaiting execution while his case is reviewed by appellate courts.

Hasan was born in Arlington County, Virginia. His Palestinian parents immigrated to the United States. The shooting was believed to have been bought on by his Islamic religious radicalism. Before the shooting, he communicated with the late American-Yemeni Islamic militant, Anwar al-Awlaki.

References

Other websites

 

1970 births
Living people
American military people
American murderers
American Muslims
American people convicted of attempted murder
American prisoners sentenced to death
Arab people
Majors
Military people from Virginia
American psychiatrists
Cementation is what makes rocks solid. It is the process where grains of sediment get stuck together. It is a chemical process, and the cement is a precipitate which crystallises in the spaces between the matrix of grains. Silica (SiO2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are the most common types of cement.

Ions carried in groundwater precipitate to form new crystalline material in sediment pores: this is how "sediment" becomes "rock".  The new pore-filling minerals form "bridges" between original sediment grains, thereby binding them together. So sand becomes "sandstone", and gravel becomes "conglomerate".  

Cementation occurs mainly below the water table. Large volumes of pore water must pass through sediment pores for new mineral cements to crystallize and so millions of years are generally required to complete the cementation process.    

Sedimentation does not always occur. Many quarries used for sand and gravel have them as loose particles and stones, just as if they came from a present-day beach. In England, most of these quarries are from beds laid down in the Jurassic, 150+ million years ago. By chance, the conditions for cementation have never occurred there.

References 

Sedimentology
The West End of London (usually referred to as the West End) is an area of central London.

It contains many of the city's major tourist attractions, shops, businesses, government buildings, and entertainment venues (including the commercial :West End theatres). Use of the term began in the early 19th century to describe fashionable areas to the west of Charing Cross. For strategic planning, the area is one of two international centres in the London Plan.

The West End is the second most expensive place in the world in which to rent office space, after Tokyo.

References 

London
City of Westminster
Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free is the national anthem of Zambia. The music is taken from the hymn God Bless Africa, which was written by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. The words for the anthem were written when Zambia became independent.

Stand and sing for Zambia, proud and free,
Land of work and joy in unity,
Victors in the struggle for the right,
We have won freedom's fight.
All one, strong and free.

Africa is our own motherland,
Fashion'd with and blessed by God's good hand,
Let us all her people join as one,
Brothers under the sun.
All one, strong and free.

One land and one nation is our cry,
Dignity and peace 'neath Zambia's sky,
Like our noble eagle in its flight,
Zambia, praise to thee.
All one, strong and free.

Praise be to God,
Praise be, praise be, praise be,
Bless our great nation,
Zambia, Zambia, Zambia.
Free men we stand
Under the flag of our land.
Zambia, praise to thee!
All one, strong and free.

National anthems
Zambia
The International Organization for Standardization is an international body dedicated to promoting international standards. Its official languages are English, French and Russian. Its name in French is  and its name in Russian is  or . Its short name form is ISO. Its members are standards bodies from various countries around the world. Its headquarters are in Geneva.

Related pages 
 International standard

References

Other websites
 ISO Home page

ISO standards
International organizations
Geneva
The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is an international communication network used by the banking and financial industries.

Other websites 
 

Finance
Computer networking
A swift is a type of bird.

Swift could also mean:
 Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
 Jonathan Swift (1667–1745), writer
 Taylor Swift (born 1989), country music singer
Swift a programming language made by Apple Inc.
The Royal Palace of Turin () is a building in Turin, Italy. It was the centre of the court of the old Duchy of Savoy for almost two hundred years.

Brief history

The palace was the centre of the Savoyard royal court. It was the home of the royal family. It was greatly remodelled by Christine of France during the seventeenth century. The building was worked on by the famous architect Filippo Juvarra. The complex also includes the Palazzo Chiablese the home of the former Duke of Chablais. The Palace was also redecorated by Marie Jeanne of Savoy.

Before the marriage of Maria Antonia of Spain to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia in 1750, the royal apartments were redecorated again. 

Before becoming a royal residence, it was the centre of the Viceroys of Savoy that were appointed by Francis I of France after the French captured Savoy in 1536. The building later included the Bishops Palace called the Palazzo San Giovanni.

References

Travel Piedmont & Aosta Valley 
reale: the residence of "Savoia" Family in Turin
PALAZZO REALE @ "Torinocultura"

Other websites

Turin
Palaces in Italy
Former royal residences
Harold Allen Ramis (November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American comedic actor, director, producer and writer. His best known movie roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981), both movies he co-wrote. He also wrote and directed Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993) and Analyze This (1999).

Ramis was born in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. He was married to San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin from 1967 until their divorce. They had a daughter, Violet, whose godfather is actor Bill Murray. He later married Erica Mann in 1989. They had two sons: Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes.

Ramis died from an infection of the blood vessel (vasculitis) at his home in North Shore, Chicago. He was 69.

Filmography

Executive Producer
 The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest (2002)
 I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With (2006)
 Archie's Final Project (2009)

References

Other websites

 

1944 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from vasculitis
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
Carlos Páez Vilaró (1 November 1923 – 24 February 2014) was a Uruguayan abstract artist, painter, potter, sculptor, muralist, writer, composer and constructor. He composed numerous musical pieces in the two genres and conducted an orchestra. He was born in Montevideo. He was of Catalan ancestry.

Vilaró died on 24 February 2014 at his home in Punta Ballena, Maldonado. He was aged 90.

References

Other websites

 

1923 births
2014 deaths
People from Montevideo
Artists
Architects
Painters
Composers
Potters
Uruguayan writers
Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scots poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him.

More reading
 Roger Lancelyn Green (1946) Andrew Lang: A critical biography with a short-title bibliography.
 Antonius P. L. de Cocq (1968) Andrew Lang: A nineteenth century anthropologist (Diss. Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands). Tilburg: Zwijsen.

References

Other websites

 Works by Andrew Lang at Internet Archive
 Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 Index to the fairy tales in the Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 A Monk of Fife Complete Book Online
 Custom and Myth  - full text HTML of original work.

1844 births
1912 deaths
Scottish poets
Scottish writers
British anthropologists
Critics
Stephanie Louise Kwolek (July 31, 1923 – June 18, 2014) was an American chemist. She invented poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide—better known as Kevlar. 

She was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of New Kensington, Pennsylvania. Kwolek won many awards for her work in polymer chemistry. 

Kwolek died in Wilmington, Delaware from a short-illness, at the age 90 on June 18, 2014.

References

Other websites

 Stephanie Kwolek at Famous Women Inventors
Interview with Stephanie L. Kwolek , March 21, 1998, from the Oral History Program at the Chemical Heritage Foundation
Stephanie Kwolek , Video, from The Catalyst Series: Women in Chemistry, at the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia, PA

1923 births
2014 deaths
American inventors
American chemists
Scientists from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Suicide is a serious problem in Greenland. According to the government of Greenland, one person in five has attempted suicide. Because of this, the Greenland government has taken a number of steps to reduce the suicide rate. One example is roadside posters.

History 

The number of suicides in Greenland began to rise in the 1970s. Before that it had been very low. It kept getting higher until 1986. In 1986, suicide was the leading cause of death in several towns, such as Sarfannguit. Before 1970, the rate of suicide in Greenland had been very low. But by 1994, it had become one of the highest in the world. The rate was 107 per 100,000 persons committing suicide per year. Government data in 2010 suggested that almost one suicide occurred a week.

Rates 

An article was published in the journal BMC Psychiatry in 2009. It reported that 1351 suicides took place in Greenland during the 35 years (1968–2002). The study noted seasonal changes in the suicide rate. Suicides were higher in June and lower in the winter months. Suicide rates in northern parts of West Greenland are higher than in southern parts. Suicide rates are higher for men than women. Most of the people committing suicide are young men between the ages of 15-24. Unlike in other Western countries, the suicide rate in Greenland goes down with age.

Reasons 

Several reasons are blamed for Greenland's high rate of suicide. These including alcoholism, depression, poverty, poor relationships with partners and dysfunctional parental homes. The higher summer suicide rate is blamed on insomnia caused by longer periods of daylight.

The increase in suicide rates started about the time television appeared in Greenland. But it may be more the "modernization package" in general that is causing the problem. Culture clash between the traditional culture and modern Western culture is also assumed to be a factor.

Common methods 

The most common methods were hanging (46%) and shooting (37%). Other methods include jumping from heights, cutting with sharp objects, drowning, overdose of medication, and poisoning.

Suicide prevention 

Greenland's Government and other organizations have made a number of efforts to prevent suicides. There are different associations that provide support for people that feel suicidal. Measures include posters placed along the roads, which read: "The call is free. No one is alone. Don't be alone with your dark thoughts. Call." Suicide consultants are used to show movies discouraging teenage suicide attempts.

References 

Greenland
Stanley Seymour Brotman (July 27, 1924 – February 21, 2014) was an American federal judge. He was born in Vineland, New Jersey. He grew up in the nearby village of Brotmanville, which had been established by his grandfather, who was a Russian immigrant. He left Yale University to serve in the United States Army during World War II, from 1942 to 1945. He returned to Yale and received a B.A. in Eastern Studies from Yale University in 1947 and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1951.

On January 27, 1975, He was nominated by President Gerald Ford to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Mitchell H. Cohen. Brotman was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 13, 1975, and received his commission on March 14, 1975. He assumed senior status on April 23, 1990. He retired in September 2013.

Brotman died on February 21, 2014 at a hospital in Stratford, New Jersey. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Stanley Seymour Brotman at martindale.com

1924 births
2014 deaths
People from New Jersey
American judges
American military people
Harry Burnett "H. B." Reese (May 24, 1879 – May 16, 1956) was an American inventor. He was best known for creating Reese's Peanut Butter Cups and founding the H. B. Reese Candy Company.

He was born in York County, Pennsylvania. He was of Welsh ancestry. He married Blanche Edna Reese (née Hyson) on August 1, 1900. By 1928, the couple had sixteen children.

Reese died from a heart attack on May 16, 1956 in West Palm Beach, Florida. He was 76.

References

Other websites
 
 

1879 births
1956 deaths
American inventors
Candy
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Pennsylvania
People with foods named after them
Emilie Autumn Liddell (born on September 22, 1979) is an American singer and violinist. She started learning to play the violin when she was four years old. She calls her style Victoriandustrial. It is influenced by the Victorian era. She performs with The Bloody Crumpets.

Early life
Autumn left school when she was nine or ten. She went to Indiana University for two years. She left because the university would not let her wear corsets.

Career
Autumn released On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo on her label Traitor Records. In 2000 a book of poetry that she wrote was published.

In 2003 Autumn's first studio album Enchant was released. 

In 2006 Opheliac was released by Trisol Music Group GmbH. 

In 2007 A Bit o' This & That was released to iTunes. In 2010 The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls was published.

In 2012 Autumn released her third studio album, Fight Like a Girl.

Personal life
Autumn has bipolar disorder. She is vegan.

References

1979 births
Living people
People with bipolar disorder
Singers from Los Angeles
Martin Hanzal (born February 20, 1987) is a Czech professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the HC Samson České Budějovice of the Czech Regional Hockey Championship. He also played for the Arizona Coyotes, Minnesota Wild, and Dallas Stars.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Hanzal played 19 games in the Czech Extraliga with HC České Budějovice, 19 games in the United States Hockey League (USHL) with the Omaha Lancers and 1 season in the Western Hockey League (WHL) with the Red Deer Rebels. He was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes with the 17th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

He debuted with the Coyotes during the 2007–08 NHL season. He scored his first hat-trick in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs on December 4, 2008. The hat trick came in only 20 minutes and 27 seconds of play time which set the record for the fastest hat trick in Coyotes history. He was named an alternate captain on October 8, 2011.

References

Other websites

1987 births
Arizona Coyotes players
Czech ice hockey players
Dallas Stars players
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Phoenix Coyotes players
United States Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
Leppävirta is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 10,170 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Joroinen, Kuopio, Pieksämäki, Suonenjoki, Tuusniemi and Varkaus.

Other websites 

 Leppävirta site

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
Suonenjoki is a city in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 7,500 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuopio, Leppävirta, Pieksämäki, Rautalampi and Tervo.

Other websites 

 Suonenjoki site

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Northern Savonia
Tervo is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 1,670 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Keitele, Kuopio, Maaninka, Pielavesi, Rautalampi, Suonenjoki and Vesanto.

Other websites 

 Official Tervo website

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
Mário Esteves Coluna (; 6 August 1935 – 25 February 2014) was a Portuguese footballer. He played mainly as a central midfielder.

He spent most of his career with Benfica, appearing in 525 official games and scoring 127 goals during 16 professional seasons. Dubbed Monstro Sagrado (Sacred Monster) he won 19 major titles with his main club, including ten national leagues and two European Cups.

Coluna represented Portugal at the 1966 World Cup, playing nearly 60 times.

Coluna died on 25 February 2014 at the age of 78 in Maputo, after not being able to overcome a pulmonary infection.

References

Other websites

Profile at Zerozero 
Stats at ForaDeJogo

1935 births
2014 deaths
Mozambican people
Portuguese footballers
Slowdive is an English dream pop band. They were started in 1985 in Reading by Neil Halstead and Rachel Goswell. They broke up in 1995. In 2014 the band got back together.

History
In 1990 Slowdive released their first EP Slowdive.

In September 1991 the band's first album Just for a Day was released. 

The band wrote to Brian Eno to ask him to produce their second album. Eno said that he liked Slowdive's music but wanted to make music with them rather than produce their album.
In 1993 Slowdive released their second album Souvlaki. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 7 out of 10. They then released two extended plays, 5 EP and 5 EP (In Mind Remixes).

In 1995 the band released their last album Pygmalion. Then they broke up. 

In 2014 Slowdive got back together to play the 2014 Primavera Sound Festival in Barcelona from May 29-31.

References

1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
1995 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2010s British music groups
2014 establishments in Europe
Alternative rock bands
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Musical groups established in the 2010s
Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York.

He served as the 36th Governor of New York (1907–1910), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916), United States Secretary of State (1921–1925), a judge on the Court of International Justice (1928–1930), and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States (1930–1941). He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson.

Hughes was a professor in the 1890s, a supporter of Britain's New Liberalism, an important leader of the progressive movement of the 20th century, a leading diplomat and New York lawyer in the days of Harding and Coolidge, and was known for being a swing voter when dealing with cases related to the New Deal in the 1930s. Historian Clinton Rossiter has hailed him as a leading American conservative.

On August 27, 1948, Hughes died in what is now the Tiffany Cottage of the Wianno Club near Barnstable, Massachusetts. His remains are buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.

More reading
Hall, Kermit L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1992. ; .
Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). .
Perkins, Dexter, Charles Evans Hughes and American democratic statesmanship (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956).
Pusey, Merlo J., Charles Evans Hughes, 2 vol. (New York: Macmillan, 1951).. the standard scholarly biography
Shesol, Jeff. Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. The Supreme Court (W.W. Norton, 2010)
Simon, James F., FDR and Chief Justice Hughes: The President, the Supreme Court, and the Epic Battle Over the New Deal (Simon & Schuster, Forthcoming, February 2012).

References

Other websites

Grave of Charles Evans Hughes at Find a Grave
The Hughes Court at  Supreme Court Historical Society.
 "Charles Evans Hughes, Presidential Contender"  from C-SPAN's The Contenders

1862 births
1948 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Governors of New York
United States Secretaries of State
Chief Justices of the United States
Politicians from New York
US Republican Party politicians
People from Glens Falls, New York
Lawyers from New York
John Rutledge (September 17, 1739 – July 23, 1800) was an American statesman and judge. He was the first Governor of South Carolina, following the signing of the United States Constitution.

He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, where he chaired a committee that wrote much of what was included in the final version of the United States Constitution, which he also signed.

He served as an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, and was the second Chief Justice of the Court from July to December 1795. He was the elder brother of Edward Rutledge, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence.

References

Other websites
 Ireland, Robert M.  John Rutledge at Answers.com.
 NGA Biography of John Rutledge 
John Rutledge memorial at Find a Grave
Oyez Project, Supreme  Court of the United States Media, John Rutledge.
 SCIway Biography of John Rutledge

1739 births
1800 deaths
Chief Justices of the United States
Governors of South Carolina
Signers of the United States Constitution
People from Charleston, South Carolina
Lawyers from South Carolina
Oliver Ellsworth (April 29, 1745 – November 26, 1807) was an American lawyer and politician. He was against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, United States Senator from Connecticut, and the third Chief Justice of the United States.

While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word National from the motion made by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Randolph had moved successfully to call the government the National Government of United States. Ellsworth moved that the government should continue to be called the United States Government.

References

Other websites

Oliver Ellsworth at Michael Ariens.com .
National Archives biography
Oliver Ellsworth Homestead 
Oliver Ellsworth at  Supreme Court Historical Society.
Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court Media: Oliver Ellsworth
Princeton Companion: Oliver Ellsworth 
The Ellsworth Court at Supreme Court Historical Society. 

1745 births
1807 deaths
American Calvinists
Lawyers from Connecticut
Chief Justices of the United States
Congregationalists
Federalist party (US) politicians
Harvard University alumni
United States senators from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
Morrison Remick "Mott" Waite (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888) was an American attorney and politician in Ohio. He served as the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to his death in 1888. Chief Justice Waite was primarily known for overturning federal laws passed during Reconstruction that protected African Americans.

References

Other websites
Morrison R. Waite, 1874-1888 .
The Waite Court, 1874-1888 .
Morrison R. Waite Biography, official Supreme Court media, Oyez

1816 births
1888 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Chief Justices of the United States
Lawyers from Ohio
Politicians from Ohio
Lawyers from Connecticut
Politicians from Connecticut
Melville Weston Fuller (February 11, 1833 – July 4, 1910) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician. He was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910. He was nominated by Grover Cleveland.

Fuller died in Sorrento, Maine from a heart attack, aged 77.

References

Other websites

Ariens, Michael, Melville Fuller. 
Supreme Court Historical Society:
Melville Weston Fuller, 1888-1910 .
The Fuller Court 1888-1910 .
Oyez Project Melville W. Fuller Biography, U.S. Supreme Court media.
Orth, John V.  Answers.com Melville Fuller.
Reed, Lawrence W. (March 10, 2006), Melville W. Fuller: A Model Chief Justice Mackinac Center for Public Policy.

1833 births
1910 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Chief Justices of the United States
Politicians from Maine
Lawyers from Maine
Edward Douglass White, Jr. (November 3, 1845 – May 19, 1921) was an American politician and jurist. He was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States.

References

Other websites

Ariens, Michael, Edward Douglass White. 
Bust of Edward Douglass White, Oyez. official Supreme Court media.
The E. D. White Historic Site, including the original plantation home, operated by the Louisiana State Museum
Edward Douglas White biography,  Supreme Court Historical Society.
Edward Douglas White, official Supreme Court media, Oyez.
The White Court, 1910-1921, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society .
Edward Douglass White memorial at Find a Grave.

1845 births
1921 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Chief Justices of the United States
United States senators from Louisiana
Lawyers from Louisiana
Harlan Fiske Stone (October 11, 1872 – April 22, 1946) was an American lawyer and jurist. He served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. 

As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1925. 

In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, serving until his death in 1946 – one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice. Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. 

His most famous quotes was: "Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."

References

Other websites

 Ariens, Michael, Harlan Fiske Stone. 
 Fox, John, Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Harlan Fiske Stone Public Broadcasting Service.
 Harlan Fiske Stone,  Supreme Court Historical Society
 Nash, A. E. Kier, Harlan Fiske Stone, answers.com
 The Stone Court, 1941–1945, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society 
 Stone Family Papers, Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst, MA 
 Cover photograph Time Magazine

1872 births
1946 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Chief Justices of the United States
United States Attorneys General
Politicians from New Hampshire
Lawyers from New Hampshire
Frederick "Fred" Moore Vinson (January 22, 1890 – September 8, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician who served in all three branches of the United States.

In the legislative branch, he was an elected member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisa, Kentucky, for twelve years. In the executive branch, he was the Secretary of Treasury under President Harry S. Truman. In the judicial branch, he was the 13th Chief Justice of the United States, appointed by President Truman.

As of 2014, he is the last Chief Justice to have been nominated by a president from the Democratic Party.

References

Other websites
Biography , at the U.S. Treasury Office of the Curator.
Truman Presents Supreme Court Chief Justice Vinson With Historic Gavel, 1948 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Chief Justice Vinson dies of Heart Attack, New York Times, September 8, 1953.
Find a Grave, Frederick M. Vinson.
Obituary, NY Times, September 9, 1953, Vinson Excelled In Federal Posts.
Oyez Project, Fred M. Vinson, United States Supreme Court.
Supreme Court Historical Society, The Vinson Court. 

1890 births
1953 deaths
American Methodists
American military personnel of World War I
Chief Justices of the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
United States representatives from Kentucky
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Lawyers from Kentucky
Pulau Ayu is a very small Indonesian island in West Papua province. The two main towns on the island are called Imbik Kuan and Ayu. Because there is a big reef around the island, only small boats can go there.

World War Two
During World War Two, the island was occupied by Japan.

Other websites 

 Pulau Ayu Information
 Detailed Maps

Islands of Indonesia
Ich bin ein Berliner (English: I am a Berliner) was a speech by John F. Kennedy. He made the speech on June 26, 1963 in West Berlin. This is thought to be one of Kennedy's most famous speeches. He made the speech to gain support for the Cold War and to mark the anniversary of the Berlin Wall's construction. Kennedy said:

Kennedy wrote on his paper "ish bin ein Bearleener" to help him say it better.

Related pages
 Tear down this wall! (Ronald Reagan speech)

References

Other websites

Text, audio, video of address
About.com article
JFK Letter On Success of Trip to Europe 1963 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Text: Kennedy's Berlin speech text

1963
Speeches
Berlin Wall
John F. Kennedy
20th century in Germany
1963 in the United States