cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Kingdom of England (French: Royaume d'Angleterre) was a country in Western Europe. It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain. It is now two home nations. The present home nations that were part of the Kingdom of England are England and Wales.

Before the Romans arrived, what is now considered to be modern Britain consisted of around twenty two tribes. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in Britain, seven tribes or kingdoms existed until in 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England.

It ended on 1 May 1707 with the Acts of Union 1707, which added Scotland to the Kingdom to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

References

History of England
Wales
Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (The other three are French, German and Italian.) 50,000 people in the canton of Graubünden use it as their native language.

References

Romance languages
Swiss culture
Graubünden
Languages of Europe
The protractor is a tool used to measure angles in degrees. It usually has marks with labels of the degrees.

Geometry
Measuring tools
Rabbi (in the Hebrew classic רִבִּי ribbi; in the Hebrew modern רַבִּי rabbi) in Judaism can mean "professor, master" or literally "grand". The word "Rabbi" ("My Master") derives from the Hebrew root "Rav", that in Biblical Hebrew signifies "grand" or "respected" (in knowledge). 

In Judaism, most rabbis earn their title by studying halakha at a seminary or yeshiva. The primary role of a rabbi is to teach Torah. In addition, rabbis often act as the religious leader of a Jewish community. In contrast to many other religions, a rabbi is not required to be present at life cycle events in Judaism. Nevertheless, rabbis still normally preside over life cycle events in order to ensure that it is done according to Halakha.

"Rabbi" is sometimes used as a title of respect for members of a Jewish community. 

Historically, only men are rabbis. This is true in Orthodox Judaism. Most non-Orthodox Jews allow women to be rabbis.

Three rabbis together can form a rabbinic court, or beit din. This is done when there is a legal conflict between two Jews. They judge the conflict based on halakha. A beit din is also formed for somebody who wants to convert to Judaism.

Rabbis are also sometimes asked to supervise food preparation to make sure it is kosher. When packaged food is supervised, the packaging is often labeled with a hechsher. A hechsher is a symbol which means that the content of the package is kosher.
Super Mario Galaxy is a 2007 platform video game by Nintendo. It was released for Wii and is very different from older Mario games with new gameplay. A sequel, Super Mario Galaxy 2, was released in May 2010.

Plot
Bowser has captured Princess Peach again, this time using a surprise attack over the Mushroom Kingdom, with a battle fleet of flying boats by pulling the castle out of its foundation. Mario barely grasps onto the dug out piece of Earth, but is knocked off by one of Bowser's allies. He drifts out into intergalactic space, unconscious.

After waking up on a peculiar planet, Mario finds a playful star like creature, named a Luma and he must play hide and seek with the Luma and his friends to gain information about where he is. After successfully capturing all Lumas, the first Luma leads Mario up to a podium, where a beautiful woman in blue robes stands waiting. The woman is named Rosalina and she moves around space by using her mobile Observatory. It was her who gave the name 'Luma', after finding the first Luma, named 'Luma'. According to her story, one day she finds Luma stranded on Earth; this is the first time for her meeting Luma. She says that the observatory after Bowser stole its Grand Stars, which give the observatory its power.

Mario must follow Bowser all the way out into outer space, find power stars and Grand Stars, defeat him, and rescue Peach with help of Lumas, launch stars, natives of different kinds of galaxies, and the Toad Brigade, a group of Toads.

The game play is very similar to Super Mario 64 with special moves done with the Wii Remote.

Gameplay
In Super Mario Galaxy, Mario can do a Star Spin attack, and can jump from planet to planet. The creator of the Mario games, Shigeru Miyamoto, is the director of this game, and gave Mario moves he has never had before.

Features
Like the shines of Super Mario Sunshine or the stars of Super Mario 64, Galaxy has things called star bits. They may be used to progress in certain parts of the game, or they can be used to stun enemies. Mario can collect star bits using the Wii Remote, simply by pointing at them. Mario can gain a life if he collects 50 of them.

The coin system has also changed. In the previous two games, every 100 coins collected earned a life, but in Galaxy he only needs 50. Also, Mario will not be able to collect 100 coins to get a star in a level; instead, once he defeats Bowser for the last time, the player can choose to return to a level, select the "Purple Comet" star, and can try to collect 100 purple coins (not normal coins) to earn a star.

2007 video games
Mario platform games
3D platform games
Wii games
Wii-only games
Five and dime (also known as five-cent stores, dime stores, and ten-cent stores) is a type of store that was popular in the United States in the early to mid-20th century. They sold many different items, most of which were worth five or ten cents. Popular five and dimes included:

 Duckwall-ALCO Retail Stores
 Ben Franklin Stores 
 Butler Brothers
 W.T. Grant
 Kresge's 
 Kress Stores 
 McCrory Stores
 J.J. Newberry
 TG&Y
 McLellan's
 H.L. Green
 G.C. Murphy
 Neisner Brothers ("Big N" in later years)
Woolworth's
 M.H. Fishman Stores
 Mattingly Brothers

Related pages
Dollar store

Companies
Walmart () is a company founded by Sam Walton in 1962. It is one of the world's largest companies, behind Exxon Mobil. Walmart stores are large department stores that sell many different things. There are more than 8,000 Wal-Mart stores around the world, and over 2 million people work for Walmart.

Places Walmart can be found

Walmart can be found in a lot of places around the world. It is mostly found around the United States but can also be found in Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom, some Asian countries, some African countries and some South American countries. Walmart has not yet reached Oceania.

Criticism 
Walmart is criticized for having a poor record on labor rights, especially regarding anti union activity. It has also been criticized for once promoting made in America for its products but now largely importing the products it sells, from developing nations. Many of these jobs replaced manufacturing jobs in the US. along with the fact that Walmart retail jobs replaced many mom and pop stores in the US. In 2005, movie director Robert Greenwald made a documentary movie called Walmart The High Cost of Low Price that criticized Walmart. After this movie was announced, director Ron Galloway made a film that ended up being released at the same time called Why Walmart Works and Why That Drives Some People CRAZY. This movie had a positive view of Walmart.

References 

American department stores
Companies based in Arkansas
1962 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arkansas
Samuel Moore Walton was an American businessman. He was born on March 29, 1918 in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Walton created the well-known American stores, Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee Walton. He was part of the Walton family, which is one of the richest families in the world. Walton died on April 6, 1992.

He died a billionaire but was known for driving a pick-up truck instead of an expensive car.

References

1918 births
1992 deaths
American billionaires
Businesspeople from Arkansas
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Disease-related deaths in Arkansas
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a place where people meet to buy and sell shares of company stock. Some stock exchanges are real places (like the New York Stock Exchange), others are virtual places (like the NASDAQ).

International Stock Exchanges 
The most important stock exchanges in the world include:
 American Stock Exchange
 Baku Stock Exchange
 Bombay Stock Exchange
 Euronext
 Frankfurt Stock Exchange
 Helsinki Stock Exchange
 Hong Kong Stock Exchange
 Johannesburg Securities Exchange
 London Stock Exchange
 Luxembourg Stock Exchange
 Madrid Stock Exchange
 Milan Stock Exchange
 Nairobi Stock Exchange
 NASDAQ
 National Stock Exchange
 New York Stock Exchange
 National Stock Exchange of Pakistan
 São Paulo Stock Exchange
 Korea Stock Exchange
 Shanghai Stock Exchange
 Singapore Exchange
 Stockholm Stock Exchange
 Taiwan Stock Exchange
 Tokyo Stock Exchange
 Toronto Stock Exchange
 Zürich Stock Exchange

Great depression 
On October 29, 1929, the American stock market crashed on what is known as Black Tuesday.  A "crash" means that the prices of stock were lowered greatly, and no one wanted to buy it. Instead, they sold the stock for cheap prices.  Also, banks were trying to buy stock with people's money (stored inside the bank), so the banks ran out of money too. Because people could not get money back from banks, only a few people could afford the cost of living. This was the start of the Great Depression.

Other Articles 
Stockbroker
 Indian Stock market  - Types of Mutual Funds (By Structure)
Royal Capital BD - Top retail stock brokerage firm in Bangladesh
Sir Stamford Raffles FRS (Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826),   was the founder of the city of Singapore. He is one of the most famous Britons who expanded the British Empire.

Early years 
Raffles was born on the ship Ann to Captain Benjamin Raffles and Anne Raffles. Although his family was in debt, they managed to give him money for his education. When he was 14, he started working as a clerk in the British East India Company. The company sent him to Southeast Asia to look for another port as the trade between Britain and China was increasing.

He married Olivia Mariamne Fancourt. She was the widow of Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras who had died in 1800.

Founding of Singapore 
When the British East India Company sent Raffles to Southeast Asia, the company already had two ports, Penang and Bencoolen. However, these ports were far from the main trading area, the Straits of Malacca. Dutch ports, Malacca and Java, were closer to the trading area, which made them able to control the trade. They cut off the trade between Penang and the important trading centres at the Malay Archipelago.

The British East India Company thus needed a new port south of Malacca to protect British ships, and they chose Singapore, which was then a small fishing-port. Singapore had a lot of drinking water and a good location, in the centre of the Straits of Malacca. It was in an area not controlled by the Dutch. The deal was settled by Raffles making an agreement with the traditional rulers of the area to pay them money in return for the right to build, expand and use the port. Singapore eventually grew to be the important trading city-state it is today. Raffles held the title of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1813 to 1816.<ref>Ricklefs M.C. 1991. A history of modern Indonesia since c.1300. 2nd ed. London: MacMillan. </ref>

The most famous hotel in Singapore is called Raffles''.

References

1781 births
1826 deaths
Singapore
British people
Hippopotamidae is a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Hippopotamuses. There are two living species of Hippopotamuses.

Taxonomy
 Family Hippopotamidae
 Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)
 Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis or Choeropsis liberiensis)

Other websites 

Even-toed ungulates
Exxon Mobil or ExxonMobil () is the world's biggest oil and gas company. It was created when Exxon and Mobil, both companies formed after the John D. Rockefeller's original Standard Oil company split apart, joined together in a merger to become one company.  ExxonMobil has been involved in the global warming controversy, as have other Big Oil corporations such as Royal Dutch Shell

Board of directors 
Right now, Exxon Mobil board members include:
 Michael Boskin
 William W. George
 James R. Houghton
 William R. Howell
 Reatha King
 Philip Lippincott
 Henry McKinnell, Jr.
 Marilyn Nelson
 Walter Shipley

Biggest shareholders 

As of March 31, 2006:

Books
Bender, Rob, and Tammy Cannoy-Bender. An Unauthorized Guide to: Mobil Collectibles — Chasing the Red Horse. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1999.
Exxon Corporation. Century of Discovery: An Exxon Album. 1982.
Gibb, George S., and Evelyn H. Knowlton. The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.
Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1955.
Larson, Henrietta M., and Kenneth Wiggins Porter. History of Humble Oil & Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
Larson, Henrietta M., Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles S. Popple. New Horizons, 1927-1950: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
McIntyre, J. Sam. The Esso Collectibles Handbook: Memorabilia from Standard Oil of New Jersey. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1998.
Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The 100-year Battle for the World's Oil Supply. New York: Bantom Books, 1991.
Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). Ships of the Esso Fleet in World War II. 1946.
Tarbell, Ida M. All in a Day’s Work: An Autobiography.. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1939.
Tarbell, Ida M., and David Mark Chalmers. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
Wall, Bennett H. Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) 1950-1972 and Exxon Corporation (1972–1975). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

Related pages 
 ExxonMobil climate change controversy

References

Other websites 

 Exxon's anti-global-warming propaganda expenditures

Companies based in Texas
1999 establishments in the United States
American fuel companies
Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953 – October 15, 2018) was an American who created Microsoft with Bill Gates. He was the fifth richest person in the United States. He lived in Mercer Island, Washington.

Allen was also the outright owner of two sports teams, and was part-owner of a third. He fully owned the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL and the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA. He was a minority owner of Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer.

Allen died from septic shock caused by non-Hodgkin lymphoma on October 15, 2018 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 65.

References

Other websites

1953 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Microsoft people
Businesspeople from Seattle, Washington
Writers from Seattle, Washington
A hero () in Greek mythology is a Demigod, a half-god/half-human being.  Herakles, for example, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmene.  Heroes performed extraordinary feats and were worshipped in hero cults.

The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector" or "defender"), particularly one such as Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.

In the modern world, hero has lost its ancient meaning.  It now means someone who is courageous ("The firefighter who saved my baby is a hero.").  Heroes are "heroic", they have "heroism". They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or natural disasters.  A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it.  The word is used in the sports world to mean an extraordinary player or athlete ("football hero", "Olympic hero", etc.).  The female equivalent of the male hero is the "heroine".

Sometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the "hero" of the story.  Some fictional characters are superheroes. 

The opposite of a hero is a villain.

References

Mythology
Sonic Rivals is a video game for the PlayStation Portable that came out on November 24, 2006. The game is made by Backbone Entertainment and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog, Knuckles the Echidna, or Silver the Hedgehog.

2006 video games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Sonic the Hedgehog games
Counting is something people do to find out how many things there are of any kind.

One way to count
The person counting in English usually starts with the number one, and gives this number to the first thing. The next thing is given the number two. Then, the next thing is given the number three. If there is another thing, it gets the number four. If after this there is another thing, it gets the number five. More things get more numbers. Each thing gets its own number in this way. The last number given to the last thing counted shows how many things there are.

Examples
 For example, to find out the number of hats in a group, a person counts the hats. The person gives a number to each hat. 

 John has a black hat, a brown hat and a blue hat. Mary asks John, "How many hats do you have?". John  gives the number 1 to the black hat. John gives the number 2 to the brown hat. John gives the number 3 to the blue hat. Now John has no more hats. The biggest number John gave was three, and each hat has a number. John tells Mary, "I have three hats". John has counted the hats.

 There are the letters A, Q, L, and S on a piece of paper. How many letters are there on the piece of paper? 

 Tom gives numbers to the letters. The letter A gets the number 1. The letter Q gets the number 2. The letter L gets the number 3. The letter S gets the number 4. There are no more letters to count. There are 4 letters on the piece of paper.

More counting
Counting is starting at a number and changing it up or down a certain number of times. In the examples above, counting started at one and then it changed by one each time something was counted. So at first the count was one. Then the count was changed by one, and one plus one is two, so the count was two. Then the count of two was changed by one again, and two plus one is three, so the count was three.  

Counting can go up or down. Counting can be done on fingers.

More about counting
It has been shown that some birds are good at counting. Crows
are birds that are good at counting. 

Mathematics

ca:Comptar
A launch pad is where rockets and spacecraft are placed until they are ready to blast off. NASA has its own launch pads for its spacecraft. Launch pads are often made out of steel reinforced concrete. Launch pads for larger spacecraft will often have towers to support it during its launch.

Spaceflight
Transport buildings and structures
Thor (Old Norse: Þórr) is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms, hallowing and fertility. He is the son of Odin and Jörð, the personification of the Earth, and is the strongest of the Æsir. 

The champion of Asgard, Thor is said to protect both it and Midgard from the likes of the jǫtnar, a race of beings native to Jötunheimr. He is known in Old English as Þunor (Thunor) and in Old High German as Donar (runic þonar ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ), all of which stem from the  Proto-Germanic *Þunraz, meaning "thunder".

The modern English weekday Thursday (from Old English Þūnresdæg, “Thunor’s [Thor’s] day”) bears the god's name...

Family
Thor is the son of Odin, chief of the Æsir, and Jörð, the living personification of the Earth. He is the eldest of Odin's sons and is the half-brother of Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

He is married to the golden-haired goddess Sif, with whom he has a daughter, Þrúðr. With his jötunn lover Járnsaxa, Thor has two sons, Móði and Magni. He has a stepson, Ullr, who is Sif's son by a previous marriage.

Possessions
Thor was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by two goats named Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr. According to writings known as sagas, Thor wielded a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir.

It was fashioned for him by the dwarven brothers Eitri and Brokkr, and is said to be the most powerful weapon in all the Nine Worlds, capable of crushing even mountains. When Thor threw the hammer, it magically returned to the god's hand.

Other attributes of Thor include a pair of gauntlets known as Járngreipr, which he is required to wear in order to wield Mjölnir, a belt, Megingjörð, which doubles his strength when he wears it, and a staff, Gríðarvölr, which, along with Járngreipr, was given to him by the jötunn Gríðr.
Norse gods and goddesses
Tube may refer to:

Electronics
 vacuum tube, a component of electronics
 cathode ray tube, a common component of electronics such as televisions and other displays
 Tube, An expansion bus on the BBC Micro computer

Food
 Yoplait Tubes, the Canadian name for Go-Gurt portable yog(o)urt

Geometry
 A hollow cylinder.

Mechanics
 pneumatic tube, transportation using compressed air
 inner tube, a part of a tire

Media
 The Tube (TV series), a music related TV series by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom
 TUBE, a Japanese pop group
 Tube (game), a freeware game from Bullfrog Productions, released in 1995
 Tube (movie), a South Korean movie
 Tube & Berger, the alias of Dance/Electronica producers Arndt Rörig and Marco Vidovic from Germany
 YouTube, a website that allows users to upload, view, and share video clips
 PornoTube, a website with adult material
 Peter 'Tubes' Dale, aka Tubes from the Soccer AM television show
 Series of tubes, an Internet meme and analogy for the Internet used by United States Senator Ted Stevens in reference to net neutrality

Music
 The Tubes, a San Francisco-based New Wave band, popular in the 1970s and 1980s

Nature
 lava tube, found in volcanoes
 the inside of a hollow wave in surfing
 the flower tube (corolla tube)
 pollen tube

Packaging
 Tube (packaging), a packaging solution for pasty and viscous goods such as toothpaste

Photography
 extension tube, a tool for macro photography

Plumbing
 tubing (material), used in plumbing, irrigation, and other applications

Software
 Tubes (software), a software program that combines file sharing and web publishing technologies

Structural Engineering
 Tube (structure), a structural system involved in architectural engineering to help with building stability and wind resistance.

Theatre
 Blue Man Group's theatrical show, "TUBES", now called "Rewired."

Transportation
 The London Underground, London's subterranean train system, commonly known as the tube.
 Transbay Tube, an underwater rail tube across the San Francisco Bay

Related pages
 test tube, a piece of laboratory equipment used in science
 Pipe
 Microtube
 Nanotube
A blood cell is any cell of any type found in blood. There are three main types of blood cells in mammals:
Red blood cell-carries oxygen
White blood cell-kills bacteria and cleans up debris
Platelet-helps heal wounds. Platelets are really thrombocytes. These are small fragments (pieces) of a cell called a megakaryocyte. The platelets take part in blood clots when injury occurs. 

Cell biology
Windsurfing is a water sport invented in the U.K. by Peter Chilvers in 1958 on Hayling Island, Hampshire. It is performed on a board with a sail. The sail both empowers  the board and helps the board change directions. The sport is a combination of surfing and sailing. Windsurfers can travel on either flat or rough water, as long as there is wind. Windsurfing is done mostly in the summer and spring.

Windsurfing competitions can be freestyle or racing around buoys and it features in the Olympics.

Windsurfing sails come in many different sizes. The larger the sails are, the more human strength is needed to control them, but the more power is given to go faster. The different sizes of board affect the speed. Again, the thinner the board, the faster you will go. The range of thickness depends on the materials used. 

Another sport similar to windsurfing is kite surfing.  All these sports have boards that range in size and price, but all need much practice to be done well. There are many sporting places around the world that people travel to just to go surfing. Some of the best places are in the west coast of the United States, Hawaii, Australia, and Indonesia.

Surfing
Wind energy
A sound card (or audio card) is the part of the computer hardware that controls the input and output of the sound signals. A sound card is what is known as an expansion card. This means that the card can be added to the motherboard.

Nowadays, most of the audio cards are integrated with the motherboard. That means they are built into a mainboard and can not be removed. In other words, it is not an expansion card anymore. They only offer line-in, speaker, and microphone connections. For most users this is enough. When thinking of computer architecture, the integrated circuit sound cards occupy less space and thus became very popular and practical, especially for laptop computers. For more features like MIDI ports for connection of musical instruments and low latency requirements (so that the sound does not come distorted under heavy system usage) sound cards as expansion cards can be used. Modern expansion sound cards use the PCI computer bus standard. Earlier sound cards used the ISA computer bus, which was half-duplex, so the sound cards could not record and play simultaneously.

Input and output signals
What we hear in speakers is an analog (current, voltage or electric charge) output of the signal. For example, stored on a hard disk digital code is transferred under a control of some application (for example Winamp) to the sound card. Up in there, a special chip, called digital-to-analog converter, changes the binary code into the analog sound. Afterwards, signal is sent to a jack (in modern audio cards it has the green color) where the speakers are connected. The result is a nice waveform of our favorite digital medium, e.g. an mp3.

A typical sound input device is a microphone, connected to the red/pink jack socket. The sound wave is digitized and then it may be stored as a file using data compression algorithms which make the file smaller. Of course all of this is done under the control of some software.

Computer hardware
Field Hockey is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world. In Asian countries like Pakistan and Republic of India, it is considered the "National sport." The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of 11 players. There are four 15-minute quarters with a 15 minute break at halftime and a 2 minute break after the 1st and 3rd quarters. Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball. The field has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle.

Players use a hockey stick to move the ball. The stick is in the shape of a J and is made out of wood, glass and fibre. The players each play a position like fullbacks, halfbacks, forwards and goalkeepers.

References

Related pages
Hockey
Ice hockey

 
National symbols of Pakistan
National symbols of India
(sometimes spelled as Su Doku, but also called Number Place or Nanpure) is a puzzle that is very popular in Japan. It was created in Indianapolis in 1979 by Howard Garns and it appeared in Dell Magazines afterwards.

Sudoku puzzles are solved by logic and no math is required. As seen on the right, it consists of a grid which is usually made up of nine rows, nine columns, and nine boxes that are separated by thicker, darker lines. Some of these boxes will contain numerals from 1 to 9. To solve the puzzle, a person must fill in all the empty squares without using the same numeral twice in each column, row, or box, and without changing the numerals that are already in the grid.

These puzzles were created to be done using pencil and paper, and there are many books that contain collections of these puzzles with tips and strategies for completing them. They also appear in newspapers and magazines: typically, a different puzzle appears every day and the solution is printed somewhere else or in the next issue. Later, small handheld machines were created that generate Sudoku puzzles for the user to solve. More recently, though, the game can be played on the Internet or on mobile apps.

Variations 
There are many Sudoku variations that have been created since the original Sudoku's release.  The grid is most often 9 by 9, but can be different sizes, though, and separated into smaller grids in different ways. For example, there is a 6 by 6 grid with dark lines between the third and fourth columns and between two pairs of rows: the second and third rows, and the fourth and fifth rows. The numerals that must be filled in here are from 1 to 6.

Because no arithmetic is needed to solve Sudoku puzzles, the numerals can be replaced with letters or symbols. It is only their position that changes the solution to the puzzle, not their value.

On educational websites, such as Math Playground there are Sudoku games, such as 3-d Sudoku.

Jigsaw Sudoku 
Jigsaw Sudoku (also called Squiggly Sudoku, Odd Sudoku or JigSaw Doku) is just like a regular Sudoku puzzle, except that instead of the lines being perfect, they are different. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete the grid.

Samurai Sudoku 
Samurai Sudoku is a Sudoku variation that has 5 overlapping Sudoku grids formed like a big X.  These puzzles are big and take a long time to complete.  Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete all 5 grids in order to complete the puzzle.

Mini Sudoku 
Mini Sudoku is played on a 6x6 grid with 3x2 regions. The object is the same as in Sudoku, but the puzzle only uses the numbers 1 through 6.

Logic 5 
Logic 5 is another Sudoku variation that uses 5x5 grids instead of 3x3 grids, and are in use at the Sudoku World Championships.

References

Other websites 
  – An active listing of Sudoku links.
 Father of Sudoku puzzles next move BBC
 Internet Sudoku Generator
 Sudoku  - flash game
 Computer Program to solve and generate Sudoku puzzles 
 Free Sudoku Generator 
 Sudoku-Coach  Step-by-step help and training (Flash-player is required)
 Sudoku - Simple Online sudoku Web Site
 Eurosudoku  - Free Sudoku Project

Puzzles
Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born 31 January 1938) is the former Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. She reigned from 1980 to 2013.

Beatrix is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1948, she became heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands. Her mother abdicated (gave up) the throne on 30 April 1980. Beatrix succeeded her as queen.

In January 2013, Beatrix announced that she would abdicate on 30 April 2013. This day is known as Koninginnedag (Queen's Day). Her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, succeeded to the throne as King. He is the first King of the Netherlands in 123 years.

Since her abdication, she is called Princess Beatrix.

Family
Beatrix was married to Claus von Amsberg, who died in 2002. Her sons are King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau and Prince Constantijn. 

Her second son, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, died on 12 August 2013. He had been in a coma for more than a year because of a skiing accident in Austria in February 2012.

Her younger sister Christina died of bone cancer on 16 August 2019.

Ancestors

References 

1938 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of the Netherlands
Order of Prince Henry
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Qatar Airways (in Arabic: القطرية, al-Qatari'ya) is an airline company. This airline is based in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. Its office can be found at Hamad International Airport. There will be another airport in Doha in short time. It is one of the fastest growing airlines, and one of the four airlines that are rated "five stars" because of its good service. 

Airlines of the Middle East
Doha
The motherboard, also known as a mainboard, is the main circuit board in any electronic system. It's what holds together all the components needed for an electronic system to function. Although there may be other circuit boards attached to the motherboard, the motherboard is the largest.

Composition 
The painted, base material of a motherboard is composed of fiberglass yarn strands that have been woven together and coated with a liquid resin and set to dry. This combination of woven fiberglass and resin is sent through an oven at a high temperature. When it comes out, it hardens and becomes stronger than it was before. This finished, very-hard, lightweight material, called pre-preg, is layered together and then painted, typically green. It forms what is the base material of the motherboard. This material acts as an electrical insulator and holds everything in place.

Copper is used to form the communication pathways that connect all the different parts on the motherboard, and is used because of its excellent ability to conduct electricity.

“On-board” is a term used to refer to anything that is permanently embedded onto the motherboard. Electrical parts are soldered onto the motherboard. These parts include transistors and resistors. Other parts that are attached to the motherboard are able to be removed in the future so that they can be upgraded. The CPU is an example of a part that is usually removable.

Parts that are not "on-board" can be bought as a card. Some of these parts include RAM and CPU. Computers today usually have a memory port, 2 or more USB ports, a parallel port (for use with old printers usually), audio & microphone jacks, a network port and ports for the keyboard and mouse. There are also some rare motherboards that have plugs only for very specific parts.

All of the slots and plugs both inside and outside the computer case are shaped a certain way to accept a certain type of part. Some will not even accept parts even one generation behind, such as the CPU and memory. Others, like the video plug have not changed in years. Some of the plugs, such as the video, keyboard and mouse plugs, are a special color. These colors make it easier to pair the plug to the port. The motherboard may also be referred to as the PCB which stands for ‘printed circuit board’, though it is essentially a gigantic PCB and can be considered the 'primary' PCB.

References 

Computer hardware
High-definition television (HDTV) is a new television broadcasting system which uses a higher resolution than a normal television. With HDTV, people can watch television in higher quality than old television, giving a more vivid and clear screen.

Most HDTV systems use digital signals with a 16:9 aspect ratio (width to height). This is different to SDTV (standard-definition television) which uses analog signals and a 4:3 aspect ratio.

HDTV picture resolution is at least twice that of SDTV, so it can present a more vivid screen than analog television or DVD. HDTV can control resolution efficiently.

Some videos on the website YouTube, a free video sharing website that lets people upload and view videos, are in HD.

There are different standards. Common ones are:
2560×1440, progressive scan, requiring about 3,68 Megapixels per frame. This is known as 1440p or WQHD. It is a new standard, which is slowly replacing many 1080p-computer-monitors in the household (everyday use).
1920×1080, progressive scan, requiring about 2,07 MPixels per frame. This is known as 1080p or FullHD. It has been used very frequently for different types of screens in the past few years. 
1920×1080, interlaced, 1.04 MPixel per field. This is known as 1080i.
1280×720, progressive, 0.92 MPixel per frame. This is known as 720p.

As a comparison, PAL plus is at 1024x576 pixels, and NTSC at 853x480 pixels.

Other websites 
 US Government HDTV and DTV official site 
 Canadian Digital Television official website 
 ATSC

Television technology
For the television series based on the film, see Napoleon Dynamite (TV series).
Napoleon Dynamite is a 2004 American comedy movie by John Hess and starring Jon Heder.

Story 
Napoleon is an unusual school teenager who lives in Preston, Idaho. He does not have a good home life. Napoleon lives with his older brother Kip and their grandmother. Napoleon’s grandmother goes to see some friends. Napoleon and Kip are left to stay with their uncle Rico. One day Napoleon meets Pedro. They become good friends. Pedro runs for school president. Pedro has to compete with the most popular girl in school, Summer Wheatly, to win the school vote. Napoleon meets a girl named Deb who he begins to like. Deb, Napoleon and Pedro keep working for Pedro to beat Summer Wheatly for president. Napoleon dances in a skit at the announcing of the president for Pedro. Kip gets married and Pedro becomes school president. Napoleon and Deb live a happy life together.

Main Characters

TV series

Other websites 
 
Fox Searchlight: Napoleon Dynamite 
Official Napoleon Dynamite Fan Club 

Filming Locations

2004 movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American teen comedy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Idaho
American independent movies
Charlize Theron (born 7 August 1975) is a South African-American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie Monster. She was nominated for her role in the movie North Country. Theron can speak three languages, her first being Afrikaans.

Early life 
Theron was born in Benoni near Johannesburg. Her ancestry is German and Dutch.

She attended a boarding school at the age of thirteen. At the age of fifteen, she saw her alcoholic father being killed by her mother as an act of self-defence. No charges were pressed against her mother.

Career 
At the age of sixteen, she won a local modelling competition and went to Milan, Italy for a one-year contract. After her modelling contract was over, she moved to New York, United States, and became a ballet dancer. She injured her knee at the age of eighteen, ending her career of being a ballet dancer.

She did star in a few movies, but only really became noticed when she portrayed the life of serial killer, Aileen Wuornos, in the movie Monster. She won an Oscar for her role in this movie. 

After this, she got a lot of attention from the perfume label, Dior, and appeared in some of their advertisements.

She also does a lot of community work, including for PETA, for their anti-fur ads. She also works with animal rights activists and supports same-sex marriage. She has become one of Hollywood’s most acclaimed actresses.

Theron became an American citizen in 2007.

Filmography

Film

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 

 Theron brushes up on Hill of Tara
 Food Bank For New York City public service announcement 

Academy Award winning actors
Animal rights activists
Golden Globe Award winning actors
LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American movie producers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
South African actors
American television actors
American voice actors
White South African people
1975 births
Living people
South African models
Monster is a 2003 American crime drama movie. It is a true story about female American serial killer Aileen Wuornos. Wuornos is played by Charlize Theron. She received an Academy Award for her role. The movie also features Christina Ricci as Wuornos' girlfriend. The movie was directed by first time director Patty Jenkins.

Other websites 
 

2003 crime movies
2003 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s crime drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
American LGBT movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Female buddy movies
LGBT crime movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies set in Florida
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 1990s
American independent movies
Movies directed by Patty Jenkins
Andrew Fisher (29 August 1862 – 22 October 1928) was the fifth Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister three times. His government helped create the Royal Australian Navy and make Australia's own paper money. When he retired he moved to London.

Fisher was born in Crosshouse, Scotland, where he was educated at the Crosshouse Primary School. At the age of 10 he left school to work in the coal mines. In 1885 he moved to Australia where he worked in the coal mines at Burrum and Gympie. He was elected to the Queensland Parliament in 1892. In 1901 he married Margaret Irvine. Fisher was elected in 1901 to the seat of Wide Bay in the first Australian parliament.

When Fisher was Prime Minister a number of important projects were undertaken. The Commonwealth Bank was set up, the Northern Territory of South Australia was transferred to the Commonwealth, the federal capital of Canberra was founded, and the construction of the trans-Australian railway line linking Perth to the other capital cities was begun. As well as introducing maternity allowances, Fisher acknowledged the need for greater political equality for women.

Andrew Fisher is one of Australia's most successful prime ministers because of the changes he made. He was the first prime minister to have a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. He was able to have more than 110 Acts passed into law.

References

Prime Ministers of Australia
1862 births
1928 deaths
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Treasurers of Australia
Politicians from Queensland
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
David Lawrence Schwimmer (born November 2, 1966) is an American actor. He played Ross Geller, one of the six main characters in the television sitcom Friends.

Early life 
Schwimmer was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, to Arthur Schwimmer and Arlene Colman. He then lived in Valley Stream, Long Island, until he was two years old. He was raised in Los Angeles, California, where he attended Beverly Hills High School.

He attended Northwestern University’s summer “Cherub” program (the National High School Institute) in 1983. He later enrolled at the university as a theater student. In 1988, along with seven other Northwestern graduates, he co-founded Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre Company.

Personal life 
Schwimmer married Zoe Buckman in June 2010. He has a daughter Cleo Buckman Schwimmer. He lives in Los Angeles, California, New York City, New York, and in Chicago, Illinois.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

1966 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) (, ) is a  partially-recognised country claiming Western Sahara, the SADR is controlled by the Polisario Front. The Polisario declared sovereignty on Western Sahara in 1976. The Polisario currently claims to controls about 20% of the territory it claims. It calls the territories under its control "Liberated Territories" or as part of the Free Zone. Morocco controls and administers the rest of the disputed territory and calls these lands its Southern Provinces. The SADR government considers the Moroccan-held territory occupied territory, while Morocco considers the much smaller SADR held territory to be a buffer zone.

Unrecognized countries
Dependent territories
Western Sahara
Plutonium is the chemical element with the atomic number 94 and chemical symbol Pu.  It is a highly radioactive metal, and is the metal used in most nuclear weapons.  The chemical element plutonium has some different isotopes.  The most important isotope of plutonium is 239Pu (or plutonium-239). It takes 24,110 years for half of a sample of plutonium-239 to decay, which is called its half-life. It can be made from natural uranium.  It is fissile and a nuclear fuel. 

The isotope that has the longest half-life is 244Pu (or plutonium-244). Plutonium-244 has a half-life of about 80 million years. The half-life of 244Pu is long enough that some of this isotope of plutonium is found in very small amounts in nature. 
Plutonium-238 is used in Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators. 

Like other transuranium elements, plutonium can react with water, oxygen, carbon, halogens, nitrogen, and silicon. It forms oxides and hydrides in moist air, causing the plutonium sample to expand by up to 70%. Plutonium from the expanding sample can flake off and catch fire at room temperature. Plutonium is also toxic, although it is less toxic than many people think. The reactivity and toxicity of plutonium make it difficult to handle.

Fresh plutonium has a silvery bright colour but takes on a dull grey, yellow or olive green tarnish when exposed to air. 

u 

Actinides
Chemical elements
Nuclear physics
Malay has several meanings:

People and language
 Malays, ethnic group mainly live in Sumatra, Riau islands, Borneo, and Malacca peninsula
 Malayali, ethnic group predominantly live in India
 Malay language, the language of the Malays; spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia 
 Malayalam language, the language of the Malayali
 Indonesian language, the official language form that used as the basis of Standard Malay language 
 Old Malay language, the ancestor of the Malay language
 Malay race, an outdated proposed racial category corresponding to the linguistic group of Austronesian people

Geography
 Malay Archipelago, an umbrella term used for Indonesian Archipelago and Philippines Archipelago, located between mainland Southeast Asia and Australia
 Malay Land, a term used for the region where the Malays inhabit; initially refers spesifically to Sumatra island, but nowadays including the surrounding areas of Sumatra as well
 Malay Peninsula, a peninsula in Southeast Asia
 Several communes in France:
 Malay, Saône-et-Loire, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 Malay-le-Grand, in the Yonne département
 Malay-le-Petit, in the Yonne département

Politics and history
 Malaysia, the modern country
 Malay states, the nine states of Malaysia that have hereditary rulers
 Malay Kingdom, a kingdom centered in Jambi (in the eastern hemisphere of Sumatra) that was part of the Srivijaya empire

Animals
 Malayan tiger, a subspecies of tiger
 Malayan tapir, a subspecies of tapir
 Malayan gharial, a species of reptile

Related pages
 Malaya (disambiguation)
Boron is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol B. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature. 

Two types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature. Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table and is part of the earth's surface.
Pure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.

Plants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in a lot of detail. 

Boron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808.

Boron melts at 2075 °C (3767 °F), and boils at 4000 °C (7232 °F).

References 

Semimetals