cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The forgetting curve is an idea from psychology, that shows how rapidly people forget things, if they do nothing to retain them. German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered it. A related concept is the strength of memory: People with a stronger memory are able to remember things longer. Ebbinghaus tested how long he could remember random syllables, and recorded the results in his paper Über das Gedächtnis (1885). In 1913, this was translated into English as Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology". Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF" (CVCs or Consonant–Vowel–Consonant) by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results. He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the "forgetting curve". Ebbinghaus investigated the rate of forgetting, but not the effect of spaced repetition on the increase in retrievability of memories.

As a rough guide, after 20 minutes, people can only recall about 60% of what they memorized. After a week, only about 15% is left. When Ebbinghaus did the experiment, he used meaningless sequences of syllables. In the 20th century, several other researchers repeated the experiment. One of them was Georg Elias Müller. For this reason, the results are still considered to be valid.

To be able to remember things better, more repetitions are needed. Things that are needed and used more often, will not be forgotten so easily.

Related pages 
 Learning curve

References 
Hermann Über das Gedächtnis. Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1885.

Psychology
Learning
Nils Erik Liedholm (8 October 1922 – 5 November 2007) was a Swedish football player and manager. He played for AC Milan and the Sweden national team. He managed AC Milan, Roma, and Hellas Verona.

Career statistics

Milan

*European competitions include the UEFA Champions League

*Other competitions include the Latin Cup & Amicizia Cup

Honours

Player

Club
IFK Norrköping
Allsvenskan: 1946–47, 1947–48

Milan
 Serie A: 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59
 Latin Cup: 1950–51, 1955–56
European Cup runner-up: 1957–58

International
Sweden
Summer Olympics gold medal winner: 1948
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1958

Manager
Varese
Serie B: 1969–70

Milan
Serie A: 1978–79

Roma
Serie A: 1982–83
Coppa Italia: 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84
European Cup runner-up: 1983–84

Individual
Seminatore d'Oro: 1974–75, 1983
A.C. Milan Hall of Fame
Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2016

References

Other websites
Obituary in The Times, 7 November 2007
Greatest Swedish Players
Golden Great: Nils Liedholm
Liedholm's Career at RSSSF.com
Liedholm Winery Official Website
Champion, gentleman, friend

1922 births
2007 deaths
Swedish footballers
Swedish football managers
A.C. Milan players
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Association football midfielders
Swastima Khadka (; born 4 July 1995) is a Nepalese actress. She mainly works in Nepali cinema. She has acted in Love Love Love (2017), Chhakka Panja 2 (2017), Nai Nabhannu La 5 (2018), and Bulbul (2019).

Before coming to Nepali cinema, she participated in Miss Teen Nepal at the age of 17. She has been married to Nischal Basnet since 2016.

Personal and early life 
Swastima Khadka was born on 4 July 1995 in Kathmandu, Nepal.

References

Other websites 

 

People from Kathmandu
Living people
1995 births
Nepalese models
Nepalese movie actors
Joshua Tree is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 7,414 at the 2010 census.

References

Census-designated places in California
Settlements in San Bernardino County, California
The Sultanate of Zanzibar was an Ibadite kingdom in East Africa. It was under the influence of the Omani Muscat Sultanate at first. It came to an end when the British East Africa colony was established. This means it ended at the turn of the twentieth century.

References 

19th-century establishments in Africa
Ibadi kingdoms
Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access) is an American  streaming service owned and operated by ViacomCBS Streaming, a subsidiary of ViacomCBS. It offers original content, content recently transmitted in the transmission properties of CBS and content from the ViacomCBS library. In the United States, many markets offer a live stream from the main channel of the local CBS affiliate. As of November 5, 2020, it had 17.9 million subscribers.
Paramount + would also expand to international markets, starting with Latin America on the day of the service rebranding, followed by the Nordic countries on March 25, 2021 and Australia in mid-2021.

Entertainment websites
Hermann Ebbinghaus (24 January 1850 – 26 February 1909) was a German psychologist. Today, he is mostly known for his work regarding learning and forgetting. He was the first to do experiments to explore how memory works. He first described the forgetting curve, the learning curve and the spacing effect. The Ebbinghaus illusion, which is named after him is related to the perception, not memory. His son was the philosopher Julius Ebbinghaus. 

In 1896, he did a test on children in school: The pupils had to complete sentences, and their teacher had to rate each pupil, if the pupil was in the lowest, the middle or the highest third of all the people in the class. Ebbinghaus saw a relationship between the teacher's rating, and the result of the pupil, but he could not give a correlation (because he was lacking the tools to do so). This was possibly the first test of verbal intelligence in a group. 

Many of his experimental methods to rate memory performance are still in use.

Ebbinghaus died of pneumonia, when he was 59 years old.  

1850 births
1909 deaths
German psychologists
Deaths from pneumonia
William Ballard Hurd (born August 19, 1977) is an American politician. He was the U.S. representative for Texas's 23rd congressional district from 2015 to 2021.

References

1977 births
Living people
United States representatives from  Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Ruhollah Zam (, also Romanized as "Rouhollah Zam"; 27 July 1978 – 12 December 2020) was an Iranian activist and journalist. He was best known for working with Telegram channel named 'Amadnews'.

Zam was a well known activist during the 2017–18 Iranian protests.

In June 2020, an Iran court found him guilty of "corruption on earth" for running a popular anti-government forum. He was sentenced to death by an Iranian court and was executed on 12 December 2020, aged 42.

References

1978 births
2020 deaths
People executed by hanging
Iranian journalists
People from Tehran
Political activists
Đurđa Ivezić, (17 October 1936 – 11 December 2020) was a Croatian actress. She was born in Zagreb. She also voiced dubbed Betty Rubble in Croatian for The Flintstones and Smurfette in The Smurfs. Ivezić also starred in H-8, Back of the Medal and The Magician's Hat.

Ivezić died on 11 December 2020 in Zagreb of COVID-19 at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Croatian actors
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia
People from Zagreb
Kurt Stettler (21 August 1932 – 8 December 2020) was a Swiss football goalkeeper. He played for Switzerland in the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Stettler began playing for the national team in 1961 and retired in 1963. Stettler was born in Stettlen, Switzerland. He mainly played with FC Basel from 1957 to 1964 making 160 appearances. 

Stettler died on 8 December 2020 in Zürich from COVID-19 at the age of 88.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Swiss footballers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland
Association football goalkeepers
Kenneth Alwyn (born Kenneth Alwyn Wetherell) (28 July 1925 – 11 December 2020) was an English conductor, composer and writer. He was called by the BBC as "one of the great British musical directors". 

Alwyn was known for his many recordings, including with the London Symphony Orchestra on Decca's first stereophonic recording of Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. He was also known for his works with BBC Radio 2's orchestral live music programme Friday Night is Music Night.

He was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music.

Alwyn died on 11 December 2020 in London at the age of 95.

References

1925 births
2020 deaths
English composers
Conductors
Writers from London
U. A. Khader (1935–12 December 2020) was an Burmese-born Indian writer. He published in Malayalam such as novels. His works have been translated to many  languages including English, Hindi and Kannada. Khader was born in Bilin, Rangoon, Burma. Khader's first story was published in Chandrika weekly in 1953. He was the president of Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham.

Khader died on 12 December 2020 at a hospital in Calicut, Kerala at the age of 85.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Indian novelists
Burmese people
Qisas or Qiṣāṣ () is a term interpreted to mean "retaliation in kind", "eye for an eye", or retributive justice. 

Qisas was a practice used as a resolution tool in inter-tribal conflicts in pre-Islamic Arab society. The basis of this practice was that a member of the tribe to which the murderer belonged was handed over to the victim's family for execution, equivalent to the social status of the murdered person. The condition of social equivalence meant the execution of a member of the murderer's tribe who was equivalent to the murdered, in that the murdered person was male or female, slave or free, elite or commonplace. For example, only one slave can be killed for a slave, and a woman can be killed for a woman. On this pre-islamic understandings the discussion whether a Muslim could be executed for a non-Muslim was added in Islamic period.

In historical practice, qisas appears in two forms. One of them is, the punishment of the perpetrator "with the same act" in crimes "committed against the physical integrity of the person, such as a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth". Another application is related to the social status of the perpetrator and the victim. In the tribal understanding, when a person kills a woman, a slave or an honorable person from another tribe, a person "of similar status from the tribe to which the murderer belongs" will be killed in return. As a general custom, killing the master's to slave, father's to child, husband's to wife was not punished with retaliation, and retaliation was not applied to the man who killed the woman as a rule. The condition of "social equality" in qisas means that; "if a socially inferior person kills someone from the upper class, qisas will be applied", whereas "if someone from the upper class kills someone from the lower class, it cannot be applied". 

In this case, compensation can be paid to the family of the murdered person.

The main verse for implementation in Islam is Al Baqara; 178 verse;
: '''Believers! Retaliation is ordained for you regarding the people who were killed. Free versus free, captive versus captive, woman versus woman. Whoever is forgiven by the brother of the slain for a price, let him abide by the custom and pay the price well."

In traditional Islamic law (sharia), the doctrine of qisas allows a punishment analogous to the crime. Qisas is available to the victim or victim's heirs against a person convicted of murder or intentional bodily injury. In the case of murder, qisas gives the right to take the life of the killer, if the latter is convicted and the court approves. Those who are entitled to qisas have the option of receiving monetary compensation (diyya'') or granting pardon to the person instead.

References 

Law
Hylarana is a genus of true frogs.  They are also called golden-backed frogs. They live in tropical Asia. Scientists used to put 84 to 96 valid species in Hylarana, but they looked at the frogs again.  Today, scientists say four species are in Hylarana.

What they look like
Hylarana frogs can be small or large. Male frogs are  from their noses to the ends of their bodies, and females are . The nostrils are oval in shape and there is a piece of skin on top of them. The ear drum is not covered by skin. They have vomerine teeth and a parietal eye. The toes on their back feet are webbed, but the fingers on the front feet are not.

Where they live
The frogs that scientists used to say were in Hylarana lived everywhere from Sri Lanka to the Western Ghat Mountains in India, through Nepal and southern China and Taiwan, south to Southeast Asia to the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, in Northern Australia, and tropical Africa. The four species of frogs that are still in Hylarana today live in southern and southeast Asia.

Scientific groups
Hylarana is in the subfamily Raninae. They are true frogs, so they are in the family Ranidae. The name Hylarana comes from from the New Latin word hyle ("wood" or "forest") and rana ("frog"). Scientists used to think Hylarana was a subgenus of the genus Rana, but they changed their minds in 2005. In 2006, scientists took Hylarana and split it into more genera. They treat these as junior synonyms of Hylarana. In 2015, Oliver et al. looked closely at Hylarana again. They said that only four species are really Hylarana sensu stricto: The other frogs were moved to Abavorana, Amnirana, Chalcorana, Humerana, Hydrophylax, Indosylvirana, Papurana, Pulchrana, and Sylvirana.

Species
Scientists used to say this genus had 84 to 96 valid species of frogs in it. But they looked closely again.  Now, scientists say only four frogs are truly Hylarana: Hylarana malayana was placed in Hylarana in 2021.
Hylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) - common green frog, green paddy frog, leaf frog, or red-eared frog
Hylarana macrodactyla (Günther, 1858) - Guangdong frog, three-striped grass frog, or marbled slender frog
Hylarana malayana (Sheridan and Stuart, 2018)
Hylarana taipehensis (Van Denburgh, 1909) - two-striped grass frog
Hylarana tytleri Theobald, 1868

After these changes, scientists are not sure where a few Hylarana species should be placed:
"Hylarana" attigua (Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999)
"Hylarana" celebensis (Peters, 1872)
"Hylarana" chitwanensis (Das, 1998)
"Hylarana" garoensis (Boulenger, 1920)
"Hylarana" lateralis (Boulenger, 1887)
"Hylarana" latouchii (Boulenger, 1899)
"Hylarana" margariana Anderson, 1879
"Hylarana" montivaga (Smith, 1921)
"Hylarana" persimilis (Van Kampen, 1923)

Related pages

Rana

References

Animals of Asia
Frogs
Ronald Deryk George Springett (22 July 1935 – 12 September 2015) was an English footballer. He played as a goalkeeper.

Springett died on 12 September 2015.

Honours

Club 
Sheffield Wednesday
Football League Second Division: 1958-59
FA Cup: 1965-1966

International 
England
 World Cup: 1966

References

Other websites
 Sheffield Wednesday Official Site
 Englandfanzine
 

1935 births
2015 deaths
English association football goalkeepers
1962 FIFA World Cup players
1966 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from London
The Celestine is the name with which has popularised  the Tragicomedy of Callisto and Melibea, attributed to Fernando of Rojas. His composition traces back to the last years of the 15th century, during the reign of the Catholic Kings in Spain and his extraordinary publishing success began in the 16th century and continued, with altibajos, until his prohibition in 1792
 

15th-century books
Pages with login required references or sources
Articles with unsourced statements
Kevin Großkreutz (born 19 July 1988) is a former German footballer. He could play as a right-back or a winger.

Career statistics

1.Includes German Cup.
2.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.
3.Includes German Super Cup.

International

Honours

Club
Borussia Dortmund
 Bundesliga: 2010–11, 2011–12
 DFB-Pokal: 2011–12
 DFL-Supercup: 2013, 2014
 UEFA Champions League Runners-up: 2012–13

International
Germany
 FIFA World Cup: 2014

References

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
German footballers
Association football midfielders
2014 FIFA World Cup players
People from Dortmund
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Javier "Javi" Martínez Aginaga (born 2 September 1988) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a defensive midfielder or a center-back for Bayern Munich.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours

Club
Athletic Bilbao
UEFA Europa League: Runner-up 2011–12
Copa del Rey: Runner-up 2008–09, 2011–12

Bayern Munich
Bundesliga: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
DFB-Pokal: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2018–19, 2019–20
DFL-Supercup: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020
UEFA Champions League: 2012–13, 2019–20
UEFA Super Cup: 2013, 2020
FIFA Club World Cup: 2013

International
Spain
FIFA World Cup: 2010
UEFA European Championship: 2012
FIFA Confederations Cup: Runner-up 2013

Spain U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2011

Spain U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2007

Individual
La Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year: 2010
2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament

References

Other websites

 Bayern official profile 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1988 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Association football defenders
Association football midfielders
2010 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Jason Scott Merrells (born 2 November 1968) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as receptionist Matt Hawley in the BBC One medical drama series Casualty (1994–1997), stylist Gavin Ferraday in the BBC One hairdressing drama series Cutting It (2002–2005), Headteacher Jack Rimmer in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road (2006–2008), and Home Farm owner Declan Macey in the long-running ITV soap opera Emmerdale (2010–2014). More recently, he plays the role of Sir Charles Fraith in the comedy-drama series Agatha Raisin (2016–present).

Other websites 
 

1968 births
Living people
English television actors
English movie actors
Actors from Essex
Sharlene Whyte (born 19 May 1976) is an English actress. She is best know for her role as Jenny Edwards in the CBBC children's comedy-drama series The Story of Tracy Beaker (2002–2003). Her other notable credits include Adanna Lawal in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road (2011), although she first appeared in Waterloo Road as Alison Yates (2009), and Bev in the CBBC children's comedy-drama series Sadie J (2013). She has also acted in other British television series such as multiple roles in Doctors and Casualty and roles in Silent Witness and Coronation Street. She trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from 1996 till 1999. 

Whyte is of Grenadian descent.

Other websites 
 

1976 births
Living people
English television actors
English stage actors
English movie actors
People from Nottingham
Neil Anthony John Morrissey (born 4 July 1962) is an English actor, voice actor, comedian, singer, and businessman. He is known for his role as Tony in the ITV-BBC One sitcom Men Behaving Badly (1992–1998, 2014). Other notable acting roles include Rocky in the ITV crime drama series Boon (1987–1995), Deputy head Eddie Lawson in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road (2007–2009), and Nigel Morton in the BBC Two police procedural series Line of Duty (2012–2016). Morrissey also provides the voice of many cartoon characters, including Bob, Roley, Scrufty, Lofty, Mr. Angelo Sabatini, Mr. Fothergill and Farmer Pickles in the UK version of Bob the Builder.

Other websites 
 

1962 births
Living people
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Staffordshire
Laurie Brett (born 28 March 1969) is a Scottish actress. She is best known for portraying the roles of Jane Beale in the long-running BBC One soap opera EastEnders (2004–2012, 2014–2017), and Christine Mulgrew in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road (2012–2015).

Other websites 
 

1969 births
Living people
Scottish television actors
Elizabeth Ann Berrington (born 3 August 1970) is an English actress and graduate of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. She is best known for her roles as Mel Debrou in the ITV satirical comedy-drama series Moving Wallpaper (2008–2009), Ruby Fry in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road (2009–2011), Paula Kosh in the Sky 1 comedy-drama series Stella (2012–2013, 2015–2017), and Dawn Stevenson in the BBC One drama series The Syndicate (2015). She has also featured in other British television series such as The Bill, Doc Martin, Doctor Who, The Office, Casualty, The Lakes, The Grimleys and Rose and Maloney.

Other websites 
 

1970 births
Living people
English television actors
English movie actors
People from Merseyside
William Ash (born 13 January 1977) is an English actor. He is known for playing the roles of Nicky in the BBC One comedy-drama series Making Out (1989–1991), Darren Walsh in the ITV children's drama series Children's Ward (1989–1991), Jack Stubbs in the ITV military drama series Soldier Soldier (1993–1994), Stephen Snow in the ITV drama series Where the Heart Is (1997–1998), Nick Anderson in the BBC One drama series Clocking Off (2001–2002), Jon Moore in the BBC Three black comedy drama series Burn It (2003), Christopher Mead in the hit BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road (2009–2011), and Boleslaw 'BB' Borawski in the Sky Atlantic crime drama series The Tunnel (2016–2017). His film appearances include Mad About Mambo (2000), and Hush (2008). Ash made his acting debut in 1987, whilst appearing in an episode of the ITV soap opera Coronation Street.

Other websites
 

1977 births
Living people
Actors from Greater Manchester
English child actors
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Oldham, Greater Manchester
City Girls are an American hip hop duo from Miami, Florida consisting of Yung Miami (born Caresha Romeka Brownlee on February 11, 1994) and JT (born Jatavia Shakara Johnson on December 3, 1992). They garnered attention after making an uncredited guest appearance on Drake's chart-topping hit, "In My Feelings". Their debut studio album, Girl Code (2018), spawned the platinum certified singles "Twerk" and  "Act Up". Their second studio album, City on Lock was released in 2020.

References
Contraband () is a 1980 Italian action crime drama movie directed by Lucio Fulci (who also stars). It stars Fabio Testi, Ivana Monti, Guido Alberti, Venantino Venantini, Ajita Wilson, Marcel Bozzuffi and was distributed by CMR International.

Other websites

1980 crime movies
1980 drama movies
1980 action movies
1980s crime drama movies
Italian action movies
Italian crime movies
Italian drama movies
Movies directed by Lucio Fulci
Thomas Brodie-Sangster (born 16 May 1990), also credited as Thomas Sangster, is an English actor. He played Sam in Love Actually (2003), Ferb in Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015) and Jojen Reed in Game of Thrones (2013–2014).

References

1990 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Vincent Michael Martella (born October 15, 1992) is an American actor and singer. He played Greg Wuliger on the UPN/CW sitcom Everybody Hates Chris and was the voice of Phineas Flynn in the Disney Channel original animated show Phineas and Ferb.

References

1992 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York
People from Rochester, New York
Singers from New York
Stephanie Kelton (née Bell; born October 10, 1969) is an American economist and academic. She is currently a professor at Stony Brook University and a Senior Fellow at the Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis at the New School for Social Research. She was a professor at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. 

She also was an advisor to Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign.

She is founder and editor-in-chief of the blog New Economic Perspectives.

References

1969 births
Living people
American economists
American academics
American political commentators
Writers from Kansas City, Missouri
Educators from Kansas City, Missouri
Mary-Belle Kirschner (born 23 October 1999), better known online as Belle Delphine, is a South African-born English model and Internet celebrity, porn star, and YouTuber.

Delphine was born on 23 October 1999 in South Africa, and was raised in Cape Town. She experienced a devout Christian family upbringing. After her parents divorced, she moved to Lymington, England with her mother. Now in Hampshire, she attended Priestlands School, but dropped out at the age of fourteen, due to being bullied online. Around this time, she was treated for depression. After dropping out, she found work as a waitress, nanny, and barista. Delphine also began posting pictures of her cosplay onto her Facebook account, which was later deleted. These now-deleted cosplay posts were "low-res and dimly lit."

Delphine has a boyfriend, who often works on the photography of her modeling content and likes to remain anonymous.

References

Other websites
 
 

1999 births
Living people
People from Cape Town
British YouTubers
South African models
Adult models
English models
Pornographic actors
Pseudonyms
White South African people
Heppy Rismanda Hendranata, better known as Happy Asmara (born July 10, 1999) is an Indonesian singer-songwriter and actress. The song with the title "Tak Ikhlasno" became one of her most popular creations. Her name is increasingly known after she released a single titled "Dalan Liyane".

Discography

Single
 Salah (2019)
 Tak Ikhlasno (2019)
 Balik Kanan Wae (2019)
 Ojo Geton (2019)
 Kebal Kelaran (2020)
 Sampun Lilo (2020)
 Bahagiamu (2020)
 Iri Bilang Boss (2020)
 Wes Tatas (2020)
 Purik (2020)
 Ojo Dadi Pecundang (2021)
 Tak Warahi Carane (2021)
 Siji Wektu (2021)
 Cukup (2022)

Filmography

Film

Web series

Model Video clip 
 Tegar Soekamthos – "Aku Rapopo" (2020)

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1999 births
Living people
Indonesian singers
Gutierre de Cetina (Seville, 1520-Puebla de los Ángeles, Mexico, 1554) was a Spanish poet of the Renaissance and of the Spanish Golden Age.

Spain
Poets
Tony Stark, known as Iron Man, is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, he's portrayed by Robert Downey Jr. and he's based on the character of the same name. Initially he's a fabbricator of weapons until he discovers that terrorists used them to harm innocents. Then he decided to stop the production of weapons and instead he starts building and wearing a technological suit to fight criminals. He's the titular protagonist of the Iron Man movies, one of the titular protagonists of the Avengers movies, the deuteragonist of Captain America: Civil War and a supporting character in Spider-Man: Homecoming.

As of 2020, Stark is one of the main figures of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, having currently appeared in 10 films. The character and Downey's performance are always credited for the still going success of the franchise with many calling Stark the best character of the series and the thing that keeps everything togheter.

Personality
Tony is a genius and a philanthropist. He's good hearted and also eccentric, wisecracking, sarcastic, esuberant, rational and optimistic. He's also very charismatic and friendly as he's able to befriend with someone in a short period of time.

Film appearences
Robert Downey Jr. portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe appearing for the first time in Iron Man (2008) and subsequently appearing in Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Black Widow (2021). He made a cameo in The Incredible Hulk (2008) and Downey will reprise his role in the Disney+ series Iron Heart (TBA).

Television series
Robert Downey Jr. will voice the character in the Disney+ animated anthology series What If...?.

Fictional characters introduced in 2008
Marvel Comics superheroes
The national parks of Israel are historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated by the National Nature and Parks Authority. In 2015, Israel had 81 national parks and more than 400 nature reserves.

Some of the country's most notable parks are located at sites such as Tel Megiddo, Jerusalem and Ashkelon. These include the "Alexander stream" and "Mount Carmel National Park". Several parks and nature reserves have camping options, such as tent grounds and bungalows, open to small groups or campers. The main idea behind these parks and reserves is to guard the values of nature, landscape, heritage, and species.

Following the drying of Lake Hula, the Hula Reserve was established in 1964 and became the first declared nature reserve in Israel. It is a major stopover for birds migrating between Africa, Europe and Asia. In 1963 the Israeli parliament approved the "National parks and nature reserves act", and as a result, two authorities were established: the National Parks Authority and the Nature Reserves Authority. In 1998 the two authorities were merged into one body - Israel Nature and Parks Authority.

In Israel, the difference between national parks and nature reserves is often hard to make. National parks are in most cases centered around archaeological sites, but sometimes include protected nature as well. The nature reserves often contain not just protected flowers, trees and animals, but also archaeological sites of importance.

References

Other websites
Israel Nature and Parks Authority

Geography of Israel
National parks in Asia
Carol Sutton (née Dickerson; December 3, 1944 – December 10, 2020) was an American actress. She was best known for her roles in the movie Steel Magnolias, Monster's Ball, and Ray.

Sutton died on December 10, 2020 from COVID-19 in New Orleans at the age of 76.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New Orleans, Louisiana
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Mongkol Na Songkhla (, 16 January 1941 – 11 December 2020) was a Thai politician. He was the Minister of Public Health from 2006 to 2008 during the Surayud Chulanont cabinet. He was born in Bangkok. 

Na Songkhla died on 11 December 2020 in Bangkok from cancer, aged 79.

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Thai politicians
People from Bangkok
James Earl Collins (November 24, 1946 – December 13, 2020) was an American basketball player and coach. He was born and raised in Syracuse, New York. He played for the Chicago Bulls from 1970 to 1972.

Collins was the head coach of the men's basketball team at the University of Illinois at Chicago from 1996 to 2010. He helped push the team to the NCAA Tournament in 1998, 2002 and 2004, and an NIT showing in 2003.

Collins died on December 13, 2020 from heart surgery-related problems in Chicago at the age of 74.

References

1946 births
2020 deaths
Chicago Bulls players
College basketball coaches
Sportspeople from New York
People from Syracuse, New York
Deaths from surgical complications
Investing.com is a notable financial website. It provides financial news as well as information about market "quotes", foreign exchange, stocks, commodities, currencies, interest rates and more. As of December 2020, it is the second most popular financial website in the world and is among the top 200 most popular websites overall.

The website was founded in 2007 as "Forexpros". In 2012 its name changed to Investing.com, after the company bought their (domain) name for $2.45 million.

In the years 2013-2014, Investing.com launched Android and iOS apps, and in 2019 had editions in 24 languages.

References

Other websites
Official website

Websites established in 2007
Money
Allama Nur Hossain Kasemi () (10 January 1945 – 13 December 2020) was a Bangladeshi Deobandi Islamic scholar, politician, educator, religious speaker and spiritual figure. He was the Secretary General of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh from November 2020 until his death. He also was in charge of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh from 2015 until his death. Kasemi was born in Dhaka.

Kasemi died at a Dhaka hospital on 13 December 2020 from respiratory failure, aged 75.

References

1945 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Bangladeshi educators
Bangladeshi politicians
Bangladeshi Muslims
People from Dhaka
Motjeka Madisha (12 January 1995 – 12 December 2020) was a South African professional soccer player. He played for Mamelodi Sundowns, as a defender. He also played for the national team from 2015 to 2020. 

Madisha was killed in a car crash on 12 December 2020 in Kempton Park, Guateng at the age of 25.

References

1995 births
2020 deaths
Road accident deaths
South African footballers
Nicolas Chumachenco (also known as Nicolas Chumachenko; March 27, 1944 – December 12, 2020), was a Polish-born Spanish-German violin soloist and professor. He was director of the Queen Sofía Chamber Orchestra. Chumachenco was born in Kraków, in Nazi-occupied Poland, to Ukrainian parents who left Poland at the end of the Second World War.

Chumachenco died on December 12, 2020 in Schallstadt, Germany at the age of 76.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Polish musicians
German musicians
Violinists
People from Kraków
Spanish musicians
Confidence and supply is an agreement in a Westminster system government where parties or independents agree to support the minority government in votes of no confidence and appropriation or budget (supply) votes. This lets the government keep control of the lower house.

Related pages
Coalition

References

Government
Politics
A hung parliament (also called a balanced parliament, or as a legislature under no overall control) is when no political party (or coalition that existed before) has a majority in the Westminster system of legislatures. If this isn't solved with something like a confidence and supply agreement or a new coalition, the largest party will have to form a minority government. This is bad because they can easily lose a vote of no confidence, so a government is hard to run.

References

Government
Politics
Mackenzie Frances Ziegler (born June 4, 2004) is an American dancer, actress, model, and singer. She first got noticed as a child while appearing for six years on the Lifetime reality dance series Dance Moms with her older sister, Maddie Ziegler, who is a dancer and actress. She was also tulip on the masked dancer.

References

Other websites 
 

2004 births
American dancers
American child actors
American television actors
Singers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Living people
Without Love is a 1945 American romantic comedy movie directed by Harold S. Bacquet and was based on the 1942 play of the same name by Philip Barry. It stars Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Lucille Ball, Keenan Wynn, Carl Esmond, Patricia Morison and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites

1945 movies
1940s romance movies
1940s comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies based on plays
MGM movies
The 1980 United States heat wave was a period of strong heat and drought. It caused serious havoc and damage in the Southern Great Plains and much of the Midwestern United States during the summer of 1980. It was one of the most devastating and damaging natural disasters in terms of deaths.

The heat wave first got started in June 1980. A strong high pressure area began building in the central and Southern United States. That allowed the temperatures to soar to  almost every day from June to September. This high pressure system acted as a cap on the atmosphere. That prevented thunderstorm development and caused severe drought conditions. But the heat wave broke when the dying Hurricane Allen stopped the weather pattern.

The heat wave and drought led a number of cities in the Midwest and South to have record heat. In Kansas City, Missouri, the high temperature was only below  twice. In the same city, the high temperature hit  17 days in a row. In Memphis, Tennessee, the high temperature reached  on Sunday, July 13. It was part of a 15-day stretch of  temperatures that lasted from July 6 to July 20.

The agricultural damage by the 1980 heat wave and drought was over $20 billion (1980 USD). That allowed the temperatures to soar to  almost every day from June to September. This high pressure system acted as a cap on the atmosphere.

In Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, high temperatures exceeded  a total of 69 times. Forty-two of those were consecutive days. In Dallas-Fort Worth, the high temperature hit  on two days: June 26 and 27.

References

Severe weather
Droughts
Natural disasters in the United States
1980 in the United States
MediaZona is a Russian website. Two girls from the Russian punk rock collective Pussy Riot (Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova) made it in 2014. Russian political journalist Sergey Smirnov is the main editor of the website.

MediaZona gives information on the judicial, law enforcement, and penal system in Russia. Since 2020 the site gives such news on Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus too.

MediaZona has a Russian media license, but Tolokonnikova said in 2016 that it could be taken away at any time.

The site of MediaZona can't be opened in Belarus.

On 30 January 2021, the main editor of Mediazona Sergey Smirnov was locked up by the police.

References

Other websites 
 
 

2014 establishments
Websites established in the 2010s
Russia
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
Censorship in Belarus
Free Media Award winners
Born to Win is a 1971 American black comedy movie directed by Ivan Passer and starring George Segal, Karen Black, Paula Prentiss, Hector Elizondo, Robert De Niro. It was distributed by United Artists.

Other websites
 
 

1971 comedy movies
1970s comedy-drama movies
American black comedy movies
Movies directed by Ivan Passer
A Letter for Evie is a 1946 American comedy movie directed by Jules Dassin and starring Marsha Hunt, John Carroll, Hume Cronyn, Spring Byington, Norman Lloyd, Pamela Britton, Donald Curtis, Esther Howard. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites

1946 movies
1940s comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by Jules Dassin
Miriam Naor (October 26, 1947 – January 24, 2022) was an Israeli judge. She was President of the Supreme Court of Israel. She was in that position from 2015 to 2017.

Biography
Naor was born in Jerusalem. She served in the IDF as a soldier-teacher. 

Naor married Arye Naor, who was a governments secretary in Menachem Begin's government. In 1972 she began working at the state attorney's office, and was later promoted to the position of the state's senior attorney. At the same time, she worked as a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1980, she was appointed to be a judge in Jerusalem and in 1989 was promoted to the district court.

In 2001 she began serving as a judge on the Supreme Court of Israel. In 2012, the judge electing panel chose her to the position of vice-president of the Supreme Court, and in 2015 she became its President. Throughout the years as a judge, Naor was in-charge of important cases and rulings in all court levels. She retired from the position in October 2017 after reaching the retirement age. 

In October 2018, she became the President of the Zionist Supreme Court of the World Zionist Organization.

Naor died on January 24, 2022 in Jerusalem from cardiac arrest, aged 74.

References

1947 births
Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Israel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
People from Jerusalem
2022 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Charlotte Tillar Schexnayder (December 25, 1923 – December 11, 2020) was an American journalist and politician. She was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from the 74th district from 1985 to 1999. She was born in Tillar, Arkansas. Schexnayder was a member of the Democratic Party.

Schexnayder died on December 11, 2020 in Little Rock, Arkansas at the age of 96.

References

1923 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Arkansas
American journalists
Writers from Arkansas
US Democratic Party politicians
Huang Zongying (; 13 July 1925 – 14 December 2020) was a Chinese actress and writer. She starred in many black-and-white movies such as Rhapsody of Happiness (1947), Crows and Sparrows (1949), Women Side by Side (1949), and The Life of Wu Xun (1950). Huang was born in Beijing.

Huang died on 14 December 2020 in Beijing at the age of 95.

References

1925 births
2020 deaths
Royston is a city in Franklin, Hart, and Madison counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. 2,582 lived here in 2010.

References

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Jerzy Mikułowski Pomorski (3 January 1937 – 12 December 2020) was a Polish sociologist and professor. He was a doctor honoris causa of Grand Valley State University (1993) and Teesside University (1995). He was a rector of Cracow University of Economics in years 1990–1996.

Pomorski died on 12 December 2020 at the age of 83.

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
Polish scientists
Sociologists
Radhika Ranjan Pramanick (18 December 1932 – 13 December 2020) was an Indian politician. He was born in West Bengal, British India. Pramanick was a member of the All India Trinamool Congress. From 1989 to 2004, he was a member of the Lok Sabha. 

Pramanick died on 13 December 2020 in Kolkata, India at the age of 87.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Indian politicians
Shahid Mahmood (Urdu: شاہد محمود) (17 March 1939 – 13 December 2020) was a Pakistani cricketer. He was born in Lucknow. He played in one Test in 1962. He played first-class cricket in Pakistan from 1957 to 1969. He played for the national team.

Mahmood died on 13 December 2020 in New Jersey at the age of 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Pakistani cricketers
Otto Barić (; 19 June 1933 – 13 December 2020) was an Austrian-born Croatian football player and later manager. He was born in Eisenkappel-Vellach, Austria. From 1958 to 1963, he played for Lokomotiva Zagreb. He managed the national team from 2002 to 2004.

Barić died of COVID-19 on 13 December 2020 in Zagreb, Croatia at the age of 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia
Croatian footballers
Croatian football managers
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
SK Sturm Graz managers
Polignano a Mare (; Barese: ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia, southern Italy, located on the Adriatic Sea.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Apulia
Hasmukhray Vrajlal Yajnik (12 February 1938 ― 10 December 2020), better known as Hasu Yajnik, also spelled Hasu Yagnik was a Gujarati writer and editor. He wrote novels, short stories, criticism, folklore, and children's stories. He was a professor of Gujarati in many government colleges in Gujarat. 

He wrote twenty novels, three short story collections, two jail stories, four medieval stories, and criticism of four medieval works. He edited twelve folk works and six works of children's literature.

He was the registrar of the Gujarat Sahitya Akademi, Gandhinagar from 1982 to 1996. He was a founder and managing trustee of the Meghani Lokvidya Sanshodhan Bhavan, Ahmedabad from 1996 to 2005.

He died on 10 December 2020 due to COVID-19 in Ahmedabad at the age of 82.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
Indian writers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India
Critics
Editors
Diego Novelli (born 22 May 1931) is an Italian politician. He was born in Turin. 

Novelli was a member of the Italian Communist Party. He was a Member of the European Parliament from 1984 to 2001. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1987 to 2001. Novelli was Mayor of Turin from 1975 to 1985.

References

1931 births
Living people
People from Turin
Mayors
Former MEPs
MEPs for Italy
Valentino Castellani (born 19 March 1940) is an Italian politician. He was the independent Mayor of Turin from 24 June 1993 to 1 June 2001. Castellani was born in Varmo, Italy. From 1999 to 2006, he was President of the International Olympic Committee.

References

1940 births
Living people
Mayors
Italian politicians
People from Turin
Varmo () is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is about  northwest of Trieste and about  southwest of Udine.

References

Settlements in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Anatoliy Kyrylovych Kinakh (; born 4 August 1954) is a Ukrainian politician. He is the leader of Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Ukraine.

Kinakh is most known for holding the Prime Minister of Ukraine office under the President Leonid Kuchma from 2001 to 2002. He was also the first Vice Prime Minister and a Minister of Economy of Ukraine.

References 

1954 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Ukraine
Economists
The Guangdong frog, brown grasspound frog, three-striped grass frog, long-toed frog, marbled slender frog, long-toed slender frog or stripe-backed frog (Hylarana macrodactyla) is a frog from China, Myanmar , Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia.

This frog lives in tropical and subtropical forests that are not too wet and in some grasslands

The name "macrodactyla" means "with big fingers," or "long-toed."

References

Animals of Asia
Frogs
The 1962 Atlantic hurricane season was not very active. It was the least active hurricane season since 1939, as there were only five named storms. It started on June 15, 1962, but the first storm was not until August 26.

Systems

References

Atlantic hurricane seasons
1962
The battle of Lepanto (in Italian Battaglia gave Lepanto; in Turkish: İnebahtı deniz muharebesi 'naval battle of İnebahtı') was a naval fight that took place on 7 October 1571 near of the Greek city of Náfpaktos (Lepanto in Italian).

They confronted  in her the armed of Imperio otomano against the one of a Catholic coalition, called Saint League, formed by the Spanish Empire, the States Pontificios, the Republic of Venecia, the Order of Malta, the Republic of Génova and the Duchy of Saboya.

In this battle participated Miguel de Cervantes, that resulted injured and lost the mobility of his left hand, what cost him the nickname of «manco of Lepanto». This writer, that was very proud to having combated there, described it like «the more memorable and high occasion that saw the past centuries, neither expect to see the coming». Also it entered the history in the Quijote, through the #narration of the captive, as typical work of literature of border.

References 

Battles involving Greece
The Baron of Arizona is a 1950 American western movie directed by Samuel Fuller and was based on the 1949 article by Homer Croy. It stars Vincent Price, Ellen Drew, Vladimir Sokoloff, Beulah Bondi, Reed Hadley, Robert Barrat, Margia Dean, Jonathan Hale, Edward Keane and was distributed by Lippert Pictures.

Other websites
 
 
 

1950 movies
1950s western movies
American western movies
Movies directed by Samuel Fuller
The Web is a 1947 American crime thriller movie directed by Michael Gordon and starring Ella Raines, Edmond O'Brien, William Bendix, Vincent Price, Maria Palmer, Howland Chamberlain. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

Other websites
 
 
 

1947 movies
1940s crime movies
1940s thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
Movies directed by Michael Gordon
The state of Israel has borders with four countries: Lebanon in the north, Egypt (and Gaza) in the southwest, Jordan (and the West Bank) in the east, and Syria in the northeast. Israel also has "sea borders" in the Red Sea, the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The current borders Israel are the result of war, diplomatic agreements between Israel and its neighbors, and colonial powers from before its creation.

Some borders are internationally recognized while others are not accepted by all countries. The borders with Lebanon, Syria and Jordan are based on those drawn by the United Kingdom and France in 1923. The border with Egypt is the international border determined in 1906 between United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. Israel's borders with Egypt and Jordan have been formally recognized as part official peace treaties between the countries. On the other hand, the borders with Syria and Palestinian National Authority are still in dispute between the sides involved. The Golan Heights area is at the heart of the dispute between Israel and Syria on their common border. There is agreement between Israel and Lebanon on their border, with the exception of a small area of known as the "Shebaa Farms" which Israel took over during a war. Since the 1990s, Israel and the Palestinian Authority have been negotiating a border between them as well.

References

Other websites
Israel - Maps

Geography of Israel