cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lanfranc (1005  1010 at Pavia — 24 May 1089 at Canterbury) was a cleric, teacher and jurist who became Archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror.

This celebrated Italian jurist gave up his career to become a monk at Bec in Normandy.  In 1070 he became the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. This was the peak of an extraordinary life.

Life 
Lanfranc was born in the early years of the 11th century at Pavia in Italy. His father, Hanbald, held a rank equivalent to a magistrate.  He was orphaned at an early age. Lanfranc was trained in the liberal arts. He crossed the Alps, and took up the role of teacher in France and eventually in Normandy. About 1039 he became the master of the cathedral school at Avranches. He taught for three years with much success. 

In 1042 he gave this up to become a monk in the newly founded Bec Abbey. He became the first prior of Bec Abbey in 1045. He became a friend of William, Duke of Normandy and by 1050 his counselor. Lanfranc then became the abbot of St Stephen in Normandy. 

In 1067, when Maurilius, Archbishop of Rouen, died, Lanfranc declined the position.  He would not have been able to do so without the consent of William I. It is likely William had something bigger in mind for Lanfranc. In 1070 Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury was deposed by papal legates. William brought Lanfranc from Normandy to England to become the Archbishop of Canterbury.

References 

1000s births
1080s deaths
Archbishops of Canterbury
Italian Roman Catholics
Monks
Roman Catholic archbishops
People from Pavia
Five Nights at Freddy's is an American media franchise created by Scott Cawthon who is no longer apart of the fanf owner , which began with the first video game in 2014 and has since gained worldwide popularity.

The main video game series consists of nine survival horror games taking place in locations somehow connected to family pizza restaurant Freddy Fazbear’s Pizza. In most games, the player takes on the role of a night-time employee, who must utilize tools such as security cameras, lights, doors, and vents to defend themselves against hostile animatronic characters that inhabit the locations. The series’ canon is revealed through voice recordings, minigames, and easter eggs featured throughout the games.

The franchise also includes spin-off games and other media, including a novel trilogy and an anthology series, comprising an all-encompassing (maybe )fictional  universe. A film adaptation is also planned. Merchandise for the games has been produced, and a horror attraction based on the series was featured in the Adventuredome for Halloween 2016. The series also appeared in the Guinness Book of Records: Gamer's Edition, setting a record for the largest number of sequels released in a year.

Main series
 Five Nights at Freddy's (2014)
 Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (2014)
 Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (2015)
 Five Nights at Freddy's 4 (2015)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location (2016)
 Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator (2017)
 Ultimate Custom Night (2018)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted (2019)
 Five Nights at Freddy’s: Special Delivery (2019)
five nights at freddys securtiy breach 2021
 Five Nights at Freddy’s: Security Breach (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's AAA Game (TBA)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Into Madness (TBA)

Spin-offs

 FNaF World (2016)
 Freddy in space (2017)
 Freddy in Space 2 (2019)

Other websites
 
Official website

scott cawthon is no longer the owner of the five nights of freddys games after he got cancelled for donating to a homophobic charity so he resigned and is still looking for some to take over the games
A security interest is a legal claim on collateral. The collateral can be real estate, personal property or any asset. Collateral is usually used to secure a loan. 

The borrower is the party who borrows the funds. The lender is the one who lends the money in return for a security interest. The lender can repossess the asset if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The lender can then sell the asset to repay the loan. A loan secured by collateral is called a secured loan (also called a lien). A loan with no collateral (such as a credit card) is an unsecured loan. There is nothing for the lender to repossess.

Different types 
There are different types of security interest or liens:
 Consensual agreements are entered into consensually between a borrower and a lender. For example, a borrower may want to purchase a car or house and the property purchased secures the buyer's obligation to pay for the property.
Statutory liens are security interests that may be secured by statutes. 
Mechanic's Liens are those that come about when a mechanic or contractor is not paid for work they performed. The owner may not sell the property (real or personal) until the debt is paid.
Tax Liens are a type of lien that is placed against property by the local, state or federal government. They are authorized by statute, for delinquent taxes, including property, income and estate taxes. If the taxes remain unpaid for a specified period of time, the property may be sold by the government in what is called a tax sale.

References 

Legal terms
Finance
A particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to , , and/or  high-energy particles. These particles can be made by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Particle detectors are used in particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of radiation. They can measure other things, such as the momentum, spin, or charge of the particles.

Description
Detectors designed for modern accelerators are very big. They are also very expensive. They are called counters when they simply count particles, but do not measure anything else. Usually, particle detectors can also track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light).

Examples and types
Many of the detectors invented so far are ionization detectors (such as gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors) and scintillation detectors. Other principles, such as Čerenkov light and transition radiation, have also been applied to detect particles.

Some detectors are used to measure the amount of radiation so that people can protect themselves from it. Others are used to study nuclear and particle physics.

Related pages
Subatomic particle

References

Further reading
Movie instruction media
 "Radiation detectors". H. M. Stone Productions, Schloat. Tarrytown, N.Y., Prentice-Hall Media, 1972.

General Information

Physics
Subatomic particles
Pleading is usually the first step in a lawsuit. This is when parties formally submit their claims and defenses. A complaint is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which starts the lawsuit. A complaint lists the  relevant allegations of fact which leads to one or more legal causes of action. It also has a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed. This is called an ad quod damnum clause.  In some situations, a complaint is called a petition. In this case the party filing a complaint is called the petitioner and the other party is the respondent.  In equity, sometimes called chancery, the initial pleading may be called either a petition or a bill of complaint in chancery.

Other terms 
 When used in civil proceedings in England and Wales, the term "complaint" refers to the process by which civil proceedings are started in the magistrates' court. The complaint may be either written or oral.

 A demurrer is a pleading (usually filed by a defendant). It objects to the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleading and demands that the court rule immediately about whether the pleading is legally adequate. This is before the party must plead on the merits in response.  Since demurrer procedure required an immediate ruling like a motion, many common law jurisdictions therefore went to a narrower understanding of pleadings. They are seen as framing the issues in a case but not being motions in and of themselves. The demurrer is replaced with the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action or the application to strike out particulars of claim.

 An answer is a pleading filed by a defendant. It admits or denies the specific allegations listed in a complaint. It also serves as a general appearance by a defendant.  In England and Wales, the equivalent pleading is called a defence.

 A defendant may also file a cross-complaint or third-party complaint. This is to bring other parties into a case by the process of impleader.

 A defendant may file a counter-claim. This raises a cause of action to defend, reduce or set off the claim of the plaintiff.

References 

Law
Legal terms
In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that establishes the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit. A complaint must list the reasons for the plaintiff's case, and it must ask for a specific legal remedy. Once a complaint is filed with the court a summons (an order from the court) is notifies the defendant a lawsuit has been filed against them. Once a defendant receives notice of a complaint, they must reply within a specified period of time with an answer. Complaints are pleadings that must be written carefully to properly state the facts and legal basis for the claim. Usually this requires the help of an attorney.

In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be started by the filing of a complaint. This is also called a criminal complaint or felony complaint. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority. This is the same authority whose criminal laws were broken and who enforces criminal statutes. The government is sometimes called the state, the People or the Crown (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most US jurisdictions, the document presented to and authorized by a grand jury is called an indictment.

References 

Law
Legal terms
Vitamin B12 (or vitamin B-12) is also called cobalamin. It has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. 

B12 is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Fungi, plants and animals (including humans) cannot produce vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have enzymes for its synthesis, although animals can convert it to the version they need. 

Many foods are a natural source of B12 because of bacterial symbiosis. It is produced by some of the gut flora of herbivores. Carnivores, of course, eat herbivores. Also algae and plants get it from symbiosis. So, by one route or another, animals must get vitamin B12 from bacteria (and archaea).

The vitamin is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin. It can be produced industrially only by bacterial fermentation-synthesis.

Vitamin B12 is a group of chemically related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt sitting in the center of a ring called a corrin ring. In the human body it is converted to the human physiological forms.

Vitamin B12 was discovered by its relationship to pernicious anemia, which is an autoimmune disease. Because an "intrinsic factor" is needed for B12 to be absorbed, its lack causes a vitamin B12 deficiency. Many other kinds of vitamin B12 deficiency have since been found.

References 

B vitamins
Organometallic chemistry
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born and European-trained biologist and geologist. His work on natural history in Europe and the Americas was important.

His reputation now is less good, because he fought against the theory of evolution, and held wrong ideas about human races. He thought the different human races were of different origins. This idea is called "polygenism". Darwin's comment at the end is interesting:
"...when the principle of evolution is generally accepted, as it surely will be before long, the dispute between the monogenists and the polygenists will die a silent and unobserved death".

After visiting Harvard University in mid-career, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1847 and became a professor of zoology and geology at Harvard. He founded its Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Agassiz made extensive contributions to ichthyology (including extinct species). He founded glaciology, the study of ice fields and ice ages.

References 

Swiss biologists
American zoologists
American geologists
The Cruachan Power Station (also known as the Cruachan Dam) is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The turbine hall is located inside Ben Cruachan. Water is pumped between Cruachan Reservoir to Loch Awe, a height difference of . It is one of only four pumped storage power stations in the UK. It is capable of providing a black start capability to the National Grid.

Construction began in 1959 at the same time as the Hunterston A nuclear power station in Ayrshire. It was completed in 1965. Cruachan uses cheap off-peak electricity generated at night to pump water to the higher reservoir. It can then be released during the day to provide power as necessary. The power station is open to visitors. Around 50,000 tourists visit it each year.

References 

1965 establishments in the United Kingdom
Dams in Europe
20th-century establishments in Scotland
The Steppe Geoglyphs are a number of Neolithic earth constructions in  the Turgay Trough area of Turgai in northern Kazakhstan.  There are at least 260 of these earthworks.

Many  or all of them are smaller earthworks  (mounds, trenches and ramparts) arranged with each other to make geometric and other shapes (composite figures).   These shapes are squares, rings and three others.  The composite figures range from  slightly under 90 m in length to over 400 m in diameter.
Besides being made of earth dug out and piled up, some of the geoglyphs are made by placing stones next to each other. 

Some of the large shapes have been given names, including Bestamskoe Ring, Ushtogaysky (or Ushtogay) Square, Turgay triradial swastika, Large cross Ashtasti, Ekedyn cross, Ashutasti ring, Kyzyloba line, Koga cross, and Shili square. 

Optical dating (optically stimulated luminescence)  was used to get a date for these structures. The results indicate that they date between eight and one thousand years ago. 

The earthworks were discovered in 2007 by Dimitriy Dey.  He found them when he was looking at Google Earth. He had been looking for pyramids or similar structures in Kazakhstan. The geoglyphs were first reported to the scientific community in 2014.

Road construction in 2013 damaged one of the structures.

References

Additional sources
 Turgay Discovery Research project
 NASA photographs from space 
 Daily Gadget Gizmodo Reviews: Mystery of the ancient patterns in Kazakhstan: Space images reveal ‘remarkable’ structures including a cross and a swastika

Geography of Kazakhstan
The right to  fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. A trial in these countries that is considered unfair will typically be restarted, or its verdict thrown out. Some of the rights that make a trial fair are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are clearly stated in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They are also stated in Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and in Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is or is not a fair trial. For example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.

Related pages
Habeas corpus
Presumption of innocence

References 

Law
Due process is the legal requirement that the government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this is a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.

A judiciary process 
Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings. This means that judges—instead of legislators—may define and guarantee basic fairness, justice, and liberty. This interpretation has proven controversial, and is seen as being closer to the concepts of natural justice, and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions. This interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically.

History 
Due process developed from clause 39 of the Magna Carta in England. The Magna Carta called it "the law of the land" which became the more modern term due process. When English and American law gradually went in different directions, due process was not upheld in England, but did become part of the Constitution of the United States. It is found in the Fifth Amendment which says "No person shall…be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,". It is applied to all states by the Fourteenth Amendment.

In other legal systems 
Due process is not used in contemporary English law. But it recognizes two similar concepts are natural justice and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process. It contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. 

Islamic law provides for due process. It includes the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent and a fair and public trial before a judge. There is no jury and both parties, the injured party and the accused, usually present their own cases.

Scandinavia gets high ratings by the World Justice Project. They were noted for their criminal justice system including their observance of due process. As of the 2013 Rule of Law Index, the Scandinavian countries were rated higher than the US for due process. The three lowest rated countries in the index were Afghanistan, Zimbabwe and Venezuela.

References

Other websites 
 WHAT IS DUE PROCESS? Icelantic Human Rights Centre
 Due Process Rights before EU Agencies
 Due Process in Islamic Criminal Law 
 Political Judging: When Due Process Goes International

Law
Legal terms
International law
Saskia Post (1 January 1961 – 16 March 2020) was American-born Australian actress. She is best known for her leading role in the 1986 movie, Dogs in Space, with Michael Hutchence. 

Post also acted in the 1985 AFI Award winning movie, Bliss and in the 1991 movie Proof. It was chosen as "Best Film" at the 1991 AFI Awards.

Early life and education 
Saskia Post was born in Martinez, California in 1961. Her family moved to Australia in 1975. In high school she studied acting and singing. After graduation, she spent a year attending acting workshops and dance classes in Sydney. Saskia then studied drama and arts at the University of New South Wales but dropped out after one year. She took acting classes at The Drama School in 1981.

Career 
Post got her first television role in 1982. She played Julianna Sleven, a Dutch refugee, in The Sullivans. The program was an Australian drama television series about a middle-class Melbourne family and the effect World War II had on their lives.  Post moved to Melbourne to work on the series for twelve months before leaving in 1984. That same year she had a role in the movie One Night Stand, as Eva, a bank teller from the Czech Republic.
 
In 1985, Post appeared in the AFI Award winning movie Bliss, as Honey Barbara's daughter. 

Post had a leading role in the 1986 movie Dogs in Space, directed by Richard Lowenstein. The movie is about a group of young musicians and music fans sharing a house in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond. Post plays Anna, the girlfriend of Sam (Michael Hutchence). Anna dies of a heroin overdose after trying the drug for a second time.

Post has also acted in many stage performances in Melbourne. These include Endgrain, Train to Transcience, Could I Have this Dance?, In Angel Gear, Figures in Glass, Skin and Vincent in Brixton.

Death
Post died of cardiac arrest at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne on 16 March 2020, aged 59.

References

Other websites 
 
Official Michael Hutchence Memorial Website | Saskia Post

1961 births
2020 deaths
Actors from California
Actors from Melbourne
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from cardiac arrest
The Roosevelt Island Bridge is a bridge in New York. It is a lift bridge. It connects Roosevelt Island in Manhattan to Astoria in Queens. It crosses the East Channel of the East River.  The bridge is the only route to the island for vehicles and foot traffic, except for public transportation.

History 
Construction of the bridge began on March 17, 1952. The cost was $6.5 million. It opened on May 18, 1955, as the Welfare Island Bridge. The name was changed to the Roosevelt Island Bridge in 1973.

Before the bridge was built, the only way vehicles could access Roosevelt Island was by using an elevator on the Queensboro Bridge. The elevator was torn down in 1970.

In 2001, the New York City Department of Transportation considered converting the Roosevelt Island Bridge into a fixed bridge. This was to reduce the cost of its maintenance. The bridge is rarely opened (raised for ships to go underneath), because most ships passing by Roosevelt Island use the West Channel of the East River. Most of the bridge openings occur in September during the General Assembly at the United Nations. During this time the West Channel is closed for security reasons.

Navigation 
When the bridge is raised for ships to go underneath, the distance between the water and the bridge is . The bridge is  wide. Its total length, including approaches, is . The main span (distance across) is  long.

The Roosevelt Island Bridge provides direct access to the 'Motorgate Parking Garage', which was designed to minimize vehicle traffic on the island. The garage was completed in 1974 and later expanded in 1990.

References

Other websites 
 Top Ten New York City Bridges
 New York City Department of Transportation Bridges

Bridges in New York City
Queens (New York City)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage. Below is the list of sites in Chile.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Chile agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1980.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2014, there are 17 places in Chile which are on the World Heritage List. 
 15 cultural sites  
 2 natural sites

There are 17 sites which are on a tentative list.

Table

Tentative List
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed. Here is the list.

Related pages
 World Heritage Committee
 UNESCO World Heritage Site
 Table of World Heritage Sites by country
 List of World Heritage Sites in South America

References

Other websites

 UNESCO, World Heritage Sites

Chile
Chile
Chile
South America-related lists
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones (informally known as The Bosstones) are an American ska punk band from Boston, Massachusetts which formed in 1983. The Bosstones are widely credited as one of the originators of the genre of ska punk, a style which mixes the rhythms of ska music with the fast tempo and distortion of punk rock and hardcore punk.
 Their music is recognized for its prominent use of brass instruments as well as the deep, raspy voice of their lead singer Dicky Barrett. Their concerts are also notable for the presence of Ben Carr, a non-musician member of the Bosstones who dances onstage during the band's performances.

First becoming notable in the underground music scene, the Bosstones steadily grew in popularity throughout the mid-1990s. Their fourth album, 1994's Question the Answers, sold over 500,000 copies and became a gold record. In 1995, they appeared in the hit movie Clueless and in 1997, the band released their most successful album, Let's Face It, which sold over one million copies and spawned the hit single "The Impression That I Get", which charted at #1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Songs and entered the top 20 in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Although none of the Bosstones' future albums or singles were able to meet with the same kind of success, the band has kept a loyal following and continue to tour and record.

The Bosstones briefly disbanded in 2003, though reunited in 2007 to continue touring and recording. The band has released nine studio albums, three EPs and a live album.

Band members
Current members
Dicky Barrett - vocals (1983-present)
Joe Gittleman - bass guitar (1983-present)
Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burton - tenor saxophone (1983-present)
Ben Carr - dancer (1983-present)
Joe Sirois - drums (1991-present)
Kevin Lenear - alto and baritone saxophones (1991-1998, 2008-present)
Lawrence Katz - guitar (2000-present)
Chris Rhodes - trombone (2000-present)
John Goetchius - keyboards (2008-present)

Former members
Nate Albert - guitar (1983-2000)
Tim Bridewell - trombone (1983-1991)
Josh Dalsimer - drums (1983-1991)
Roman Fleysher - saxophone (1998-2008)
Dennis Brockenborough - trombone (1991-2000)

Discography
Devil's Night Out (1989)
More Noise and Other Disturbances (1992)
Don't Know How to Party (1993)
Question the Answers (1994)
Let's Face It (1997)
Pay Attention (2000)
A Jackknife to a Swan (2002)
Pin Points and Gin Joints (2009)
The Magic of Youth (2011)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups from Massachusetts
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Massachusetts
2003 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Massachusetts
2000s disestablishments in Massachusetts
The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation. Bede says this was by Cædmon (flourished 658–680). He was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced poetry at a monastery at Whitby. This is probably the earliest written Anglo-Saxon poetry we have.

Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically. Estimates for the date of the great epic Beowulf range from AD 608 through to AD 1000, and there has never been agreement.  

It is possible to identify some key moments. The Dream of the Rood was written before about AD 700, when parts were carved in runes on the Ruthwell Cross.  Some poems on historical events, such as The Battle of Brunanburh (937) and The Battle of Maldon (991), seem to have been written shortly after the events, so they can be dated reasonably precisely.

Anglo-Saxon poetry is known by the manuscripts in which it survives.  The most important manuscripts are from the late 10th and early 11th centuries. They are known as the Cædmon manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the Exeter Book, and the Beowulf manuscript.

Beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others show that it was not unique in its time.  Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase. 

With one notable exception (the so-called Rhyming Poem), Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliteration for its structure. Any rhyme included is just ornamental.

References 

Poetry
English literature
James Wilfred "Jimmy" Roberts (April 9, 1940 – October 23, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and forward. He went by both the nicknames of Jimmy and Jim. Roberts played for the Montreal Canadiens and for the St. Louis Blues. He won two Stanley Cups during his career. He retired in 1978 after a twenty year career.

Roberts died on October 23, 2015 of cancer in St. Louis, Missouri at the age of 75.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Missouri
Montreal Canadiens players
St. Louis Blues players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Nicolás Fuentes Fuentes (20 February 1941 – 28 October 2015) was a Peruvian football player. Fuentes made 17 appearances for the Peru national football team from 1965 to 1971, including playing at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

Fuentes died from respiratory failure caused by diabetes in Lima, Peru, aged 74.

References

1941 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from diabetes
Peruvian footballers
People from Lima
Ernesto Boy Herrera (September 11, 1942 – October 29, 2015) was a Filipino politician. Herrera was born in Samboan, Cebu, on September 11, 1942.

He served as Senator of the Philippines. He has been a trade union leader, an advocate of law and order, and a legislator in the 8th, 9th and 10th Congresses. He served as the General Secretary of the Trade Union of Congress of the Philippines from 1983 until his death in 2015.

Herrera died from cardiac arrest in Makati, Philippines, aged 73.

References

Other websites
 Ernesto Herrera's website

1942 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Filipino politicians
Civil servants
Willis Allison Carto (July 17, 1926 – October 26, 2015) was a known American figure on the American far right.  He called himself aJeffersonian and populist, but was known for his promotion of conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.

Early life
Carto was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Career
Carto was thought to be one of America's most influential political racial theorists through the Liberty Lobby and successor organizations which he helped create. Carto ran a group supporting segregationist George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign which formed the basis for the National Youth Alliance which promoted Francis Parker Yockey's political philosophy.

Death
Carto died from cardiac arrest in Virginia at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
 Willis Carto Interviewed on RBN Radio, April 12th, 2007 -  MP3
 FAQ: Willis Carto & The Institute for Historical Review 
 Ron Paul Friends and Supporters
 ADL: Willis A. Carto: Fabricating History 
 Barnes Review
 History Commons 
 Willis Carto Timeline

1926 births
2015 deaths
American activists
American journalists
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Holocaust deniers
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Writers from Indiana
"Superstition" is a funk and R&B ballad from Stevie Wonder. The song hit #1 on Billboard Hot 100 in January 1973. It also hit #1 on the U.S. soul singles chart.

The song advises not to believe in theories such as  superstitions and the song references how adults blame children for the bad luck they have faced - ''thirteen month old baby broke the looking glass''. The song became Stevie's signature song and is his most performed live. On the charts it was succeeded by Timmy Thomas's ''Why Can't We Live Together''

The song has been covered by The Jackson 5, Jeff Beck, Stevie Ray Vaughan and JoJo, among others.

References

R&B songs
1970s songs
Ants Antson (11 November 1938 – 31 October 2015) was an Estonian speed skater. He competed for the Soviet Union. 

Antson had his best year in 1964, when he became European Allround Champion on the 1500 m at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, and set a new world record on the 3000 m. For his achievements that year, he received the Oscar Mathisen Award. He retired after the 1968 Winter Olympics.

References

Other websites
 Ants Antson at SpeedSkatingStats.com
 Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database
 Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages 
 Results of Soviet Championships at SpeedSkating.ru 
 Legends of Soviet Sport (in Russian)

1938 births
2015 deaths
1964 Winter Olympics
1968 Winter Olympics
Estonian sportspeople
People from Tallinn
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Speed skaters
A vertical-lift bridge or lift bridge is a type of movable bridge in which a span rises vertically while remaining parallel with the road surface.

The vertical lift offers several benefits over other movable bridges such as the bascule and swing-span bridge. They are generally easier to design and easier to build. They usually cost less to build for longer moveable spans. The counterweights in a vertical lift bridges are only required to be equal to the weight of the deck. Bascule bridge counterweights must weigh several times as much as the span being lifted.  As a result, heavier materials can be used in the deck, and so this type of bridge is especially suited for heavy railroad use.

Although most vertical-lift bridges use towers, each with counterweights. Some use hydraulic jacks located below the deck. An example is the  span bridge at St Paul Avenue in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Another design used balance beams to lift the deck with pivoting bascules located on the top of the lift towers. An example of this kind is the La Salle Street Bridge in Chicago, Illinois, USA.

The biggest disadvantage to the vertical-lift bridge is the height restriction for ships passing under it. This is a result of the deck remaining suspended above the water.

References 

Bridge types
Västerstrands AIK is a sports club in Karlstad, Sweden. The club was founded on 11 October 1940. It only runs a women's bandy team.

The women's bandy team has won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, and 2002. It has also been runner-up several times. The team colours are black and yellow.

References

Other websites 
 Västerstrands AIK 

1940 establishments in Europe
Bandy clubs in Sweden
Karlstad
1940s establishments in Sweden
Melvin Joe Daniels (July 20, 1944 – October 30, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the Minnesota Muskies, Indiana Pacers, and Memphis Sounds, and in the National Basketball Association for the New York Nets. Daniels was a two-time ABA Most Valuable Player and a seven-time ABA All-Star. He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012.

Daniels died on October 30, 2015, at the age of 71. He had recently undergone heart surgery.

References

Other websites
 ABA Records

1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Indiana Pacers players
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
IFK Holmsund is a sports club Holmsund in Sweden. It was founded on 8 June in 1923 The men's soccer team plays its home games at Kamratvallen. The club participated in the Swedish men's soccer top division in 1967.

Notable players
Vinnie Jones (1986)

References

Other websites
Official website 

1923 establishments in Sweden
Swedish football clubs
Kogalymavia Flight 9268 (KGL 9268/7K9268) was an international chartered passenger flight. On 31 October 2015, it left Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt flying to Saint Petersburg, Russia. It crashed in the Sinai desert 23 minutes after it took off. It reached an altitude of 31,000 ft (9,400 m) when it disappeared from radar. The aircraft, an Airbus A321-231, was carrying 217 passengers and seven crew members. As well as the crew, 214 of those aboard were Russian. The remaining three were Ukrainian, mostly tourists.

All 224 people were killed. The crash became the deadliest in Egyptian history.

References

2015 aviation disasters
21st century in Egypt
Islamic State
Islamic terrorist attacks
Terrorist incidents in 2015
2015 in Africa
The 1980 New Orleans Saints season was the team's 14th season in the National Football League.

Career History 
They were the first NFL team to finish a season with 1 win and 15 losses. 

Their only win was against the New York Jets in week 15. They had trailed 7-13 but Archie Manning threw a touchdown to Tony Galbreath to lead 14-13 and would throw another one to win 21-20. Fans called their team the "Ain'ts" because of how they began with no wins and 12 losses by losing to the Rams 7-27.

One of the Saints' notable losses was in week 14 in San Francisco, California. The Saints were actually leading 35-7. However, the San Francisco 49ers ended up beating them in overtime 38-35 on a game-winning field goal. The comeback is one of the best comebacks in NFL history. 

8 other teams have finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses after the 1980 Saints. These teams include the 1989 Cowboys, the 1990 Patriots, the 1991 Colts, the 1996 Jets, the  2000 Chargers, the 2001 Panthers, the 2007 Dolphins, the 2009 Rams, the 2016 Browns, and the 2020 Jaguars. The Detroit Lions in 2008 and the Cleveland Browns in 2017 would exceed it by losing all 16 games.

Schedule

References 

1980 in sports
1980 in the United States
National Football League seasons
New Orleans Saints
1980s in Louisiana
20th century in New Orleans, Louisiana
Accounting software is a program that can run on a computer to track the total value of a company. Accounting software can be downloaded to a computer or can be used through a browser window by logging into a website.

Before computers all accounting information was stored in books called "ledgers". A general ledger was the book where the accountant wrote down all payments that came into a company and all payments that were made. A common term for keeping track of this information is called "keeping the books". A bookkeeper is another term for an accountant, but can sometimes means a person who does accounting but maybe doesn't have as much formal education as an accountant.

Accounting software can automate many of the more menial tasks of accounting. For example, many accounting software companies automatically pull in bank information. Instead of having to put in the payments made and cashed received, the program does it for you.

What accounting software does 
 Manage purchases and sales
Manage Inventory
Keeps track of customers
 Keeps track of payments and income
 Can help you put all your expenses and income into the right category
 Invoice creation

Popular examples
 Quickbooks
 SAGE
 PeachTree

Business
Software
Nicomaine Dei Capili Mendoza, popularly known as Maine Mendoza or Yaya Dub, is a Filipina actress, comedienne, internet celebrity, host, and model.

Mendoza was discovered because of her viral Dubsmash Videos in the internet. In the noontime show Eat Bulaga's Kalyeserye, she was cast as Yaya Dub, the maid of Grandma Nidora (portrayed by actor Wally Bayola). Her accidental pairing to actor Alden Richards led to the formation of the love team AlDub.

Biography
Maine Mendoza was born in the province of Bulacan on March 3, 1995. Her parents were Mary Ann and Teddy Mendoza. She has two brothers and two sisters and all of their names start with Nico. She finished her elementary education at St. Paul School of Sta. Maria Bulacan and high school at St. Paul College of Bocaue. She completed a bachelor's degree in Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management major in Culinary Arts at De La Salle-College of St. Benilde.

Mendoza rose to popularity because of her viral Dubsmash Videos of celebrities like Kris Aquino. Her famous character Yaya Dub first appeared on July 5, 2015. Her character was accidentally paired to the actor Alden Richards which led to the formation of the love team AlDub. In Kalyeserye, the two communicated each other through the use of audio samples and handwritten messages shown on the split screen. Mendoza and Richards will have their first film together, My Bebe Love, at the end of year 2015. This movie will be Mendoza's first film debut.

References

Other websites

Living people
Filipino actors
1995 births
Television presenters
A tower house is a tower that has been built for two purposes: First, it has been built so that it is easy to defend, and secondly, it serves as living quarters. Tower houses first appeared in the Middle Ages, in mountainous or limited access areas. They were built there to both command and defend strategic points with a small force. At the same time, they were also used as an aristocrat's residence. Very often, a castle town was constructed around these houses.

Buildings and structures
Sceptrum Brandenburgicum (or Sceptrum Brandenburgium – Latin for scepter of Brandenburg) was a constellation. It was created in 1688 by Gottfried Kirch, astronomer of the Prussian Royal Society of Sciences. It represented the scepter (a symbol of royalty or power) used by the royal family of the Brandenburgs. It was located west of the constellation of Lepus. The constellation was quickly forgotten and is not official any more. It led to a star later being called Sceptrum. That star is now called 53 Eridani.

Other websites
 Sceptrum Brandenburgium
Startales

Former constellations
1688 establishments
Judge Rinder is a British reality television show. It has aired daily on ITV from 11 August 2014. Robert Rinder is the judge of the show. He judges cases about arguments that are usually about money, but it can be different. The program takes place in a small-claims courtroom. The show has the same format as American court shows like Judge Judy and Judge Mathis. A case takes an hour to film. It is edited down to fit a number of cases into the given time slot.

Series 
Series 2 and 3 episodes are being aired at the same time. A total of 100 episodes were ordered for the two series.

British reality television series
2014 television series debuts
2010s establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
Täby Church () is a medieval church in Täby Municipality in Sweden. It was belongs to the Church of Sweden and was built during the 13th century. On its walls and ceilings are paintings by Albertus Pictor.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Günter Schabowski (4 January 1929 – 1 November 2015) was an East German journalist and politician. He was an official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the ruling party during most of the existence of the German Democratic Republic.

Schabowski gained worldwide fame in November 1989 when he improvised a slightly mistaken answer to a press conference question, raising popular expectations so rapidly that massive crowds gathered the same night at the Berlin Wall, forcing its opening after 28 years.

Schabowski died from complications of a stroke in Berlin, aged 86.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Berlin
German journalists
Leaders of East Germany
Members of the Volkskammer
Politicians from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Qubo (stylized as qubo) was an American multiplatform children's entertainment service. It is operated by Ion Media Networks. It includes a 24-hour digital television channel/subchannel, a video on demand service, and a weekly programming block on parent network Ion Television under the name "Qubo Kids Corner". Following Ion Media's acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company, Qubo Channel ceased all operations on February 28, 2021.

Qubo was first developed in September 2006. It was developed by Ion Media Networks, Corus Entertainment, Scholastic Corporation, Classic Media, and NBCUniversal. It was to be a "building block for kids" (as stated by president Rick Rodriquez). The brand would have programming blocks on NBC, Telemundo, Bravo, and Ion Television, a video on demand service, a website, and a 24-hour standalone channel carried as a digital subchannel on Ion's local affiliates.

Qubo was launched in September 9, 2006. Qubo closed in February 28, 2021.

References

American television networks
2000s establishments in the United States
2006 establishments in the United States
2021 disestablishments in the United States
Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German politician. He was best known as the last communist premier of East Germany. He is the honorary Chairman of the Left Party. After the German reunification, Modrow served as a member of the European Parliament (1999–2004) and of the Bundestag.

References

1928 births
Living people
Former members of the German Bundestag
Former MEPs
German politicians of the Left Party
Members of the Volkskammer
MEPs for Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Prime Ministers of East Germany
Tabitha St. Germain (born October 30, 1964), formerly known as Paulina Gillis Germain, Tabitha, or Kitanou St. Germain, is an American, Canadian Actress, Singer, Voice actress, and Comedienne. She is known for her voice roles in many TV shows, but most of all is My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic for Rarity, Princess Luna, Granny Smith, and Derpy Hooves.

References

1964 births
Canadian comedians
Canadian actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian singers
Living people
People from Vancouver
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Augustus Alexander "Gus" Savage (October 30, 1925 – October 31, 2015) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. He served as a representative from 1981 through 1993. Savage was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Savage died in Olympia Fields, Illinois at the age of 90.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Detroit, Michigan
People from Olympia Fields, Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
My Name Is Earl is an American sitcom. It was broadcast from September 20, 2005, to May 14, 2009 and was created by Greg Garcia. The series was produced by 20th Century Fox Television. In the United States, it is broadcast on the NBC television network. The series ended on May 14, 2009 after running for four seasons. Season four had ended with the caption 'To Be Continued'. The series' producer, 20th Century Fox Television, approached the Fox networks to continue the series.

Synopsis 
The show centers on Earl Hickey, a not-so-smart petty crook. He lives in fictional Camden county. Unexpectedly he wins the lottery. He is dancing in the street with joy over winning $100,000 when he is hit by a car. He decides this is karma paying him back for all the bad things he has done. Making a list of everyone he has wronged, he starts by righting the first wrong on his list. Suddenly the lottery ticket comes back into his possession again. This makes him think he was right about karma. He believes if he does good things to other people, good things will come to him. He uses his winnings to right his former wrongs, one at a time.

Cast 
 Jason Lee as Earl Hickey
 Ethan Suplee as Randy Hickey
 Jaime Pressly as Joy Turner
 Eddie Steeples as Darnell Turner (Crabman)
 Nadine Velazquez as Catalina Aruca

Awards and accolades 
Jason Lee was selected for the title role. He had co-starred in several Kevin Smith films. He also starred in The Incredibles. The program quickly became one of NBC's highest rated new programs. In 2006, the pilot won Emmy Awards for Greg Garcia and Marc Buckland. In 2007, Jaime Pressly won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. The series received nominations for a Golden Globe Award (2006), British Academy Film Awards (2007 and 2008), and a People's Choice Award (2008).

References 

English-language television programs
2005 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American sitcoms
NBC network shows
Emmy Award winning programs