cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dadá Maravilha (born 4 March, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||rowspan="2"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||27||15
|-
|1972||28||17
|-
|1973||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||22||6
|-
|1974||9||2
|-
|1974||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||0||0
|-
|1975||Sport Recife||Série A||26||12
|-
|1976||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||21||16
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1977||rowspan="2"|Ponte Preta||rowspan="2"|Série A||11||6
|-
|1978||21||11
|-
|1978||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||0||0
|-
|1980||Náutico Capibaribe||Série A||3||0
|-
|1981||Santa Cruz||Série A||13||7
|-
|1981||rowspan="2"|Bahia||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1982||14||8
|-
|1983||Goiás||Série A||20||4
|-
|1983||rowspan="2"|Coritiba||Série B||0||0
|-
|1984||Série A||0||0
|-
|1984||Atlético Rio Negro||Série B||0||0
|-
|1985||Nacional||Série A||21||8
|-
|1985||XV Novembro-Piracicaba||||0||0
236||112
236||112
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1970||||
|-
|1971||||
|-
|1972||2||0
|-
|1973||2||0
|-
!Total||||
|}

References

1943 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Gylmar dos Santos Neves (22 August 1930 – 25 August 2013) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national football team.

International career statistics 

|-
|1953||1||0
|-
|1954||0||0
|-
|1955||2||0
|-
|1956||16||0
|-
|1957||9||0
|-
|1958||9||0
|-
|1959||6||0
|-
|1960||10||0
|-
|1961||5||0
|-
|1962||11||0
|-
|1963||11||0
|-
|1964||4||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||8||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
!Total||94||0
|}

References 

1930 births
2013 deaths
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
Djalma Santos (27 February 1929 – 23 July 2013) was a Brazilian footballer. He played for Brazil national team. He died of pneumonia.

International career statistics 

|-
|1952||4||0
|-
|1953||7||0
|-
|1954||7||1
|-
|1955||1||0
|-
|1956||19||1
|-
|1957||9||0
|-
|1958||1||0
|-
|1959||7||0
|-
|1960||10||1
|-
|1961||1||0
|-
|1962||11||0
|-
|1963||7||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||9||0
|-
|1966||4||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
!Total||98||3
|}

References 

1929 births
2013 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
Hilderaldo Bellini (7 June 1930 – 20 March 2014) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Bellini died on 20 March 2014, aged 83, in São Paulo, due to complications caused by Alzheimer's disease ending with cardiac arrest.

International career statistics 

|-
|1957||6||0
|-
|1958||8||0
|-
|1959||8||0
|-
|1960||10||0
|-
|1961||2||0
|-
|1962||3||0
|-
|1963||0||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||8||0
|-
|1966||6||0
|-
!Total||51||0
|}

References 

1930 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
Orlando Peçanha de Carvalho (20 September, 1935 – 10 February,  2010) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1961||rowspan="5"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="5"|Primera División||26||0
|-
|1962||28||0
|-
|1963||20||0
|-
|1964||30||0
|-
|1965||1||0
105||0
105||0
|}

International career statistics 

|-
!Total||30||0
|}

References 

1935 births
Brazilian footballers
Rildo da Costa Menezes (23 January 1942 – 16 May 2021) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Brazil national team.

Rildo died in Los Angeles, California on 16 May 2021, aged 79.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||0
|-
|1972||0||0
|-
|1972||ABC||Série A||15||0
|-
|1973||rowspan="2"|Central Brasileira||rowspan="2"|Série A||27||1
|-
|1974||18||1
79||2
79||2
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||38||1
|}

References

1942 births
2021 deaths
Brazilian footballers
People from Recife
Aílton Corrêa Arruda (born 26 April, 1937) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1974||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||2||0
|-
|1975||30||0
|-
|1976||20||0
|-
|1977||Operário||Série A||12||0
|-
|1978||Coritiba||Série A||24||0
|-
|1979||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||0
|-
|1980||0||0
107||0
107||0
|}

References

1937 births
Living people
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
People from Recife
Zito (18 August 1932 – 14 June 2015) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

References

1932 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Brazilian footballers
Adhemir de Barros (born 21 March, 1942) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1971||rowspan="3"|São Paulo||rowspan="3"|Série A||19||0
|-
|1972||24||1
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1973||Tiradentes||Série A||18||2
|-
|1974||Operário||Série A||10||1
|-
|1975||rowspan="2"|Colorado||||0||0
|-
|1976||||0||0
|-
|1976||Londrina||Série A||10||1
|-
|1977||Francana||||0||0
|-
|1978||São Bento||||0||0
91||5
91||5
|}

References 

1942 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Vicente Feola (born 20 November, 1909) is a former Brazilian football manager.

References

1909 births
1975 deaths
Brazilian footballers
The Cyrillic letter lyeh (Љ, љ) is a combination of Л and Ь and is used in Serbian and Macedonian. It is used to denote the palatal lateral approximant , a sound similar (but not equal) to the palatalized alveolar lateral  represented by the digraph Ль. It was created by Vuk Karadžić and is same to the Latin digraph  in Serbian language and Croatian language. It is romanized using the letter L with caron (Ľ ľ).
San Cristóbal is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is along the south coast of the country. Its capital city has the same name, San Cristóbal.

Name
The province has the name of the capital city, San Cristóbal, but it was created with the name Trujillo, after the dictator Rafael Trujillo who was born in that city.

History
The province of San Cristóbal was created on 1932 with the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Baní, Monte Plata, Yamasá, Villa Mella, La Victoria, San José de Ocoa and Bonao; its capital was the city of San Cristóbal.

In 1934, the name was changed to Provincia Trujillo with the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Baní, Monte Plata, Yamasá, Villa Mella, La Victoria, Guerra and Bayaguana. In 1961, the name was changed again to the present one, Provincia San Cristóbal. When the Monte Plata province was created in 1982, the San Cristóbal province had the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Villa Altagracia, Bajos de Haina and Yaguate, and the municipal districts of Cambita Garabitos and Sabana Grande de Palenque.

Cambita Garabitos became a municipality in 1987, Sabana Grande de Palenque in 1997, San Gregorio de Nigua in 2001 and Los Cacaos in 2004. In 2004, Hato Damas became a municipal district; El Carril in 2001; San José del Puerto, Medina and La Cuchilla in 2002; and Cambita el Pueblecito in 2005.

Location
The San Cristóbal province is in the southern part of the country. It is bordered to the north by the Monseñor Nouel province, to the northeast by the Monte Plata province, to the east by the Santo Domingo province and to the west by the Peravia and San José de Ocoa province. The Caribbean Sea is to the south.

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the San Cristóbal province, and 295,539 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 4th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 611,677 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San Cristóbal, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 138,455 inhabitants.

Geography
The San Cristóbal province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 19st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

The altitude of the city of San Cristóbal, provincial capital, is  above sea level.

The most important rivers are:
Haina, in the eastern border of the province;
Nigua, that crosses the provincial capital city; and
Nizao, in the western border of the province.

Municipalities
There are 8 municipalities and 6 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1932 establishments in North America
1930s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Reading Football Club are an football club in Reading, Berkshire.
The team plays in the  Football League. The team play at the Madejski Stadium, named after their owner, John Madejski. They are currently managed by José Manuel Gomes.

History 
Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 and were known for many years as 'the Biscuitmen' because of the local biscuit factory in the town.

League position

Former position

References

Premier League clubs
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
Trial by ordeal was a way to decide if someone was guilty or innocent of a crime. This was usually done by causing the accused person to do a painful task. If that task was completed without injury or if the injuries healed fast, this taken as a sign of God, which meant that the accused was innocent. People believed that God would not allow innocent people to be harmed. He would therefore help them by doing a miracle. There were three common types of Trial by Ordeal: 

Ordeals had to be watched over by a religious person, such as a priest, because each ordeal was supposed to show the judgement of God. In England, Ordeals were common up to and including the reign of Henry II, who introduced Trials by Jury.

In pre-modern society, the ordeal typically was done together with the oath and witness accounts as the central means by which to reach a verdict. The term ordeal itself, Old English ordǣl, has the meaning of "judgment, verdict" (German Urteil, Dutch oordeel), from Proto-Germanic *uzdailjam "that which is dealt out".

In Europe, ordeals commonly required an accused person to test himself or herself against fire or water. How this was done varied in detail, and was different at different places and times. In England, ordeals were common under both the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans. Fire was the element typically used to test noble defendants, while water was more commonly used by lesser folk. 

Priestly cooperation in trials by fire and water was forbidden by Pope Innocent III at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, and replaced by compurgation. Trials by ordeal became more rare over the Late Middle Ages, often replaced by confessions extracted under torture, but the practice was discontinued only in the 16th century. Johannes Hartlieb in 1456 reports a popular superstition for how to identify a thief by an ordeal by ingestion practiced privately without judicial sanction. 

Trial by ordeal has existed in polytheistic cultures as far back as the Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Ur-Nammu, and in animist tribal societies, such as the trial by drinking "red water" (calabar bean) in Sierra Leone. There the intended effect is magical rather than calling forth justice from a god.

References 

Trials
Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher (7 April 1882 - 30 June 1934) was chancellor of Germany in the last days of the Weimar Republic, before Adolf Hitler became Chancellor and Führer (dictator). He was also earlier known for being a general during World War I, under Paul von Hindenburg, the President of Germany whilst Schleicher was Chancellor. General Schleicher cooperated with the Nazis in the 1920s. He helped  them with weapons and military training. 

He was killed as a main target during the Night of the Long Knives by the SS. Hitler justified his actions the next day by announcing that Von Schleicher and Ernst Röhm were plotting to overthrow him. His wife, Elizabeth, was also killed in the attack.

References 

 

1882 births
1934 deaths
Assassinated people
Chancellors of the Weimar Republic
German generals
German military personnel of World War I
German murder victims
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Ministers-President of Prussia
Murders by firearm in Germany
Politicians from Brandenburg
Victims of Nazism
The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (in German: Gewandhausorchester Leipzig or just Gewandhausorchester) is a famous German orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany. It is named after the concert hall in which it is based, the Gewandhaus (pronounce: “Ge-VANT-house”). The word “Gewandhaus” means "Textiles Hall". It is a hall that originally was used for people to buy and sell textiles.

History of the orchestra 
The beginnings of the orchestra go back to 1743, when a society called the Grosses Concert began performing in private homes. In 1744 the Grosses Concert moved its concerts to the "Three Swans" Tavern. Their concerts continued there for 36 years. Gradually more and more people started to complain about the noise and the behaviour in the tavern, so in 1780 the mayor and city council of Leipzig offered to let the orchestra use part of the Gewandhaus, the building where the merchants were selling textiles. The orchestra gave its first concert in the Gewandhaus in 1781. It is the oldest orchestra in Germany, apart from private orchestras who belonged to rich people.

In 1835 the great composer Felix Mendelssohn became the orchestra's main conductor (music director). He was called the Gewandhauskapellmeister. He kept this position, apart from one year, until his death in 1847. In 1885, the orchestra moved into a new hall which was given the same name. This was destroyed by bombing in World War II in 1944. The present Gewandhaus is the third building with the name. It was opened in 1981.

The orchestra gives concerts in Leipzig and all over the world, and makes many recordings. They also play at the Thomaskirche, the church where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work, and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.

Later principal conductors included Arthur Nikisch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Bruno Walter, and Václav Neumann. From 1970 to 1996, Kurt Masur was Gewandhauskapellmeister. From 1998 to 2005 their conductor was Herbert Blomstedt. 

In 2005, Riccardo Chailly took over as both Gewandhauskapellmeister and music director of the Leipzig Opera. They have released recordings on the Decca label of Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, and the Robert Schumann symphonies in the re-orchestrations by Gustav Mahler.

Music director (Gewandhauskapellmeister)

Conductors laureate 
 1996-present Kurt Masur
 2005-present Herbert Blomstedt

Other websites 
 Gewandhausorchester Leipzig official website

German orchestras
Leipzig
For the Wikipedia essay, see "What is a troll?". For other uses see Troll (disambiguation)

A troll is someone who tries to make people mad by saying things on the Internet. The purpose is to excite strong emotion in an online community. This is to get a reaction from other online users, or to cause problems. In social networks platforms, troll is a user who make inflammatory or inappropriate comments for the sole purpose of upsetting other users and provoking a response.  

Sometimes trolling can get a user banned as it can be disruptive. Some users do it to be humorous when they know others will be angry. The best solution is to ignore trolls and to not give them the attention they want. This has become known as "don't feed the trolls".  It can also mean destroying other people's stuff on online video games (specifically Minecraft) or "spawn killing" which is when a player in a war game "kills" another player repeatedly after they re-spawn but before they have a chance to fight back. This is sometimes called "griefing" because trolls cause grief and make them sad or angry.

On websites such as Encyclopedia Dramatica where trolling is welcomed, users can troll without fear of being banned.

In October 2012, the internet news site Gawker, publicly revealed the name of an internet troll who had called himself "Violentacrez". Michael Brutcsh had collected photos of young girls from Facebook, often in bikinis or short skirts, and them posted them on the site Reddit. He also posted photos of women, taken without their permission, which focused on their breasts or bottoms. His actions made many people very angry. Brutsch said he was an internet troll because "...I just like riling people up in my spare time."

There are a lot of efforts to detect and ban trolls on social networks platform such as "TrollSpot" in which Li a user of the website and other members of the team whom are also users of the social media website use machine learning techniques or whats known as a computer robobt to propose a comprehensive approach to detect trolls.

Trolling in Wikipedia
Wikipedia takes a very tough stance on  trolls. Any recent changes made to a Wikipedia page is automatically displayed on a list and volunteers and administrators look over the page and determines if the change is acceptable.

Notes 

Human behavior
Internet slang
Santalales is an order of flowering plants. It has eight families, 151 genera, and about 1,000 species. All the families in Santalales are parasitic to some degree. They attach either to the roots or branches of their hosts.

Santalales
A digraph, bigraph, or digram (from the , dís, "double" and γράφω, gráphō, "write") is a string of two letters where the number of written characters does not match the number of sounds that are spoken. In other words, two graphemes (units of writing, or letters) are used to represent one phoneme (distinct sound). For example, since there are no single letters in English alphabet to represent the sounds /ʃ/, /tʃ/, and /θ/, English uses a string of two letters to represent the sounds in the same order sh, ch, and th. While other sounds such as /f/ and /w/ already have letters that correspond to the sounds, f and w, digraphs ph and wh are used in some words to show their etymologies (origins of words) rather than their current pronunciation.

This is different from a trigraph since digraphs are made up of only two letters, while trigraphs are made up of only three.

Latter is |S||U||K||H||A|| Alphabets |96||98||92||94||100|

List of English digraphs 
 Ch corresponds to /tʃ/ in English
 Sh corresponds to /ʃ/ in English
 Th corresponds to /θ/ and /ð/ in English.
 Ph corresponds to /f/ in English.
 Wh corresponds to /w/ in English.

Linguistics
Politika (sr. Политика) is a daily newspaper that is very popular in Serbia. It is the longest-published newspaper in this country. It is over one hundred years old (established in 1904). This newspaper costs around  30 Dinars in Serbia. Its founder is Vladislav Ribnikar.

Other websites 
 Official web address

Serbia
Newspapers in Europe
1904 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Serbia
"Bože pravde" (sr-cyrl. Боже правде, pron. [bǒʒe prâːʋde] "boh-zheh PRAHV-deh"; lit. 'God of Justice') is the national anthem of Serbia, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution. It has been around since the 19th century; the music was composed by Slovene musician Davorin Jenko (Davorin Yenko) and the lyrics were written by Jovan Đorđević (Yovan Gyorgyevich) in 1872. Ten years later, it was first adopted when the Kingdom of Serbia was formed, which then lasted until 1919, a year after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was formed. It was fully relinquished in 1945 and was replaced by "Hej, Slaveni!".
Shortly after Serbia and Montenegro split, "Bože pravde" was readopted in November 2006.

Lyrics

References

Other websites 

 Parliament of Serbia  A page featuring sheet music for Brass Band, and for Orchestra with mixed choir, as well as an instrumental file

Serbia
National anthems
A Troll is a Nordic mythological creature, may be: elves, dwarves, or monsters. Is a usually a giant that lives in caverns or undergrounds. It is also a well known internet meme.

They are quite short in stature and are violent in nature as their name suggests. Their appearance is similar to that of a goblin. They tend to live in caves and under bridges. Some say they are huge others say they're dwarves. These monsters live under bridges,in burrows underground or in caves. They rarely leave their lairs during the day because sunlight turns them into stone. Water trolls are agile in water but clumsy on land. But they all have strong teeth and jaws.

Gallery 
Gallery of trolls as imagined by various Nordic artists.

Other websites

Mythology
Dinornis is an extinct genus of ratite birds. They are ostrich-like birds of gigantic size, known as Moa. They were unique to New Zealand. The genus has five species:

D. novaezealandiae North Island Giant Moa
D. giganteus South Island Giant Moa
D. struthoides
Dinornis new lineage A (undescribed taxon)
Dinornis new lineage B (undescribed taxon)

Large birds 
Elephant bird 
Aepyornis 
Terror birds 
Phorusrhacos
Brontornis
Dromornis
Gastornis (Diatryma)

Ratites
Fossils
Struthioniformes
Extinct species
Troll can mean:

Troll, a mythological creature
Troll, the movie
Troll 2, a different movie
Troll 3, another horror movie
Troll (internet), internet trolling
The Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra is an orchestra based in Saint Petersburg in Russia.  It is the oldest orchestra in Russia.  It has had several changes of name because of the way that Russia has often changed.

The orchestra started in 1882. It was then called the "Imperial Music Choir".  It was the orchestra that belonged to the emperor and it played privately for the court of Alexander III of Russia.  

By the 1900s it had started to give public performances.  Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra in 1912.

After the  Russian Revolution the country no longer had a tsar.  The town of Saint Petersburg changed its name to Petrograd, so the orchestra's name changed to "State Philharmonic Orchestra of Petrograd".  In the 1920s the orchestra began to get money from the state.  It was an excellent orchestra and was famous abroad.   Guest conductors who conducted the orchestra included Bruno Walter, Ernest Ansermet and Hans Knappertsbusch at this time.  Around this time the orchestra changed its name to Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, because the city had changed its name again, this time to "Leningrad".

Evgeny Mravinsky conducted the orchestra for 50 years.  They were not allowed to travel abroad, so they were only known outside Russia (the USSR) by their gramophone recordings.  Symphony no 8 by Shostakovich was one famous work of which they gave the first performance.

By 1991 Leningrad had changed its name again to Saint Petersburg, so the orchestra was renamed Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.  It is an internationally well-known orchestra.  Their conductor today is Yuri Temirkanov.

Chief conductors
Yuri Temirkanov (1988–)
Evgeny Mravinsky (1938–1988)
Fritz Stiedry (1934–1937)
Aleksandr Gauk (1930–1934)
Nikolai Malko (1926–1930)
Valery Berdyaev (1924–1926)
Emil Cooper (1920–1923)
Alexander Khessin (1920)
Serge Koussevitzky (1917–1920)
Hugo Varlikh (1907–1917)
Hermann Fliege (1882–1907)

Other websites
Home page of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra

Russian music
Saint Petersburg
Orchestras
Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai
The NHK Symphony Orchestra is a Japanese orchestra based in Tokyo, Japan.  In Japanese it is written: NHK交響楽団, pronounced: Enueichikei Kōkyō Gakudan.  When the orchestra was started in 1926 it was called New Symphony Orchestra.  It was the first large professional orchestra in Japan.  Later, it changed its name to Japan Symphony Orchestra.  In 1951 it started to get money from the Japanese radio station NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), so it changed its name again to the name it has now. It is thought of as the best orchestra in Japan.  They have played in many parts of the world, including at the BBC Proms in London.

Vladimir Ashkenazy is the orchestra's main conductor (music director) and Charles Dutoit is music director emeritus. Wolfgang Sawallisch is honorary conductor laureate.

Permanent Conductors, Music Directors and Principal Guest Conductors
Josef König (April 1927–April 1929)
Hidemaro Konoye (January 1926–February 1935)
Nicolai Schifferblatt (July 1929–July 1936)
Joseph Rosenstock (August 1936–September 1946 full-time conductor; March 1956–March 1957 Principal Conductor)
Hisatada Otaka (April 1942–February 1951 full-time conductor)
Kazuo Yamada (April 1942–July 1951 full-time conductor)
Shin'ichi Takata (April 1944–May 1951 full-time conductor)
Kurt Wöss (September 1951–August 1954 Principal Conductor)
Niklaus Aeschbacher (August 1954–March 1956 Principal Conductor)
Wilhelm Loibner (March 1957–February 1959 Principal Conductor)
Wilhelm Schuchter (February 1959–March 1962 Principal Conductor)
Alexander Rumpf (August 1964–July 1965 Principal Conductor)
Hiroyuki Iwaki (February 1969–June 2006 Permanent Conductor)
Yuzo Toyama (February 1979– Permanent Conductor)
Tadashi Mori (February 1979–May 1987 Permanent Conductor)
Hiroshi Wakasugi (April 1995–July 2009 Permanent Conductor)
Charles Dutoit (September 1996–August 1998 Principal Conductor; September 1998–August 2003 Music Director)
Vladimir Ashkenazy (September 2004–August 2007 Music Director)
André Previn, KBE (September 2009– Principal Guest Conductor)
Tadaaki Otaka, CBE (January 2010– Permanent Conductor)

Honorary Conductors
Vladimir Ashkenazy (September 2007– Conductor Laureate)
Charles Dutoit (September 2003– Music Director Emeritus)
Herbert Blomstedt (January 1986–)
Horst Stein (March 1975–)
Otmar Suitner (January 1973–)
Wolfgang Sawallisch (January 1967–October 1994; November 1994– Honorary Conductor Laureate)
Lovro von Matačić (January 1967–January 1985)
Joseph Keilberth (January 1967–July 1968)
Joseph Rosenstock (August 1951–October 1985)

Other websites
Official Web site

Orchestras
The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv is the most famous orchestra in Israel.  It is usually called the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, or abbreviated IPO.  In Hebrew it is written: , pronounced: ha-Tizmoret ha-Filharmonit ha-Yisre'elit. It was started in 1936 by the violinist Bronisław Huberman when it was known as the Palestine Orchestra. At this time the Nazis were in power in Germany and Jews were being persecuted.  Many European orchestras were getting rid of their Jewish musicians.  The orchestra gave their first concert in Tel Aviv on 26 December 1936, and was conducted by Arturo Toscanini.

The orchestra tours to many parts of the world.  In 1971 they visited Germany.  Some of the world's greatest conductors have conducted the orchestra.  Leonard Bernstein and Zubin Mehta in particular have had a close relationship with them.  They did not have a main conductor until 1977 when Mehta was made Music Director.  
 
The IPO have made many recordings with Mehta, and also with Bernstein.

After 1938 the orchestra have refused to play the music of Richard Wagner because he was anti-Jewish.

Musical Advisors/Music Directors 
Until 1977 the orchestra had no Music Directors. The conductors most closely associated with the orchestra were called musical advisors.
 Zubin Mehta (1968–) (Musical Advisor 1968–1977; Music Director thereafter)
 Jean Martinon (1957–1959) 
 Bernardino Molinari
 Paul Paray (1949–1951) 
 Leonard Bernstein (1947–1949; Laureate Conductor 1947-1990)
 William Steinberg (1936–1938)

Other websites 
 Israel Philharmonic Orchestra official website

Israeli music
Orchestras
The Metropolitan Opera Association is a big organization in New York City which puts on performances of opera. The Metropolitan Opera House (often simply called: The Met) is one of the most famous opera houses in the world. It was started in 1880. Today the music director is Yannick Nézet-Séguin.

Other websites 
 The Metropolitan Opera 

Opera houses
Non-profit organizations of New York
Organizations in New York City
1880 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
Music in New York City
The mouthpiece of a woodwind instrument is the part which the player blows into.

Single-reed instruments
On single-reed instruments like a clarinet or saxophone the mouthpiece is shaped like a wedge. The reed is placed near the player's bottom lip. This area is called the table. When the player blows, the reed vibrates. This is then made louder by the instrument.

The shape of the inside of the mouthpiece can change the sound very much. The sound made by a mouthpiece that is large and round will be very different from the sound made by a mouthpiece that is small and square.

The space between the end of the reed and the end of the mouthpiece is called the tip opening.

The facing (or lay) is the part of the reed that starts to curve around the end of the mouthpiece. The length of the facing can change the response of the instrument.

The ligature is what holds the reed onto the mouthpiece. Anything that can hold the reed onto the mouthpiece can be called a ligature. Most ligatures are made from metal or plastic. Some people like to use ordinary string to hold the reed onto the mouthpiece.

Related pages
 Mouthpiece (brass), a mouthpiece used for brass instruments.

Woodwind instruments
Musical instrument construction
Wiener Schnitzel (Viennese Schnitzel in German, where Schnitzel means a   without bones) is a traditional Austrian dish and is a popular part of Viennese and Austrian cuisine, consisting of a thin slice of veal coated in breadcrumbs and fried. 
In Austria the dish is traditionally served with a lemon slice, lingonberry jam and either potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.  While the traditional Wiener Schnitzel is made of veal, it is now sometimes made of pork, though in that case it is often called Schnitzel Wiener Art (Germany) (Viennese style schnitzel) or Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein (Austria) (Viennese schnitzel from the pig) to differentiate it from the original. In Austria, the term Wiener Schnitzel is protected by law, and any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.
The dish may have originated in Milan, northern Italy, as cotoletta alla milanese, and may have appeared in Vienna during the 15th or 16th century. According to another theory, it was introduced in 1857 by Field Marshal Radetzky, who spent much of his life in Milan. The term Wiener Schnitzel itself dates to at least 1862.

Schnitzel Around the World 

Schnitzel is often mistaken for sausage in the modern American society. What many Americans do not realize about schnitzel is that its part of the melting pot of American cultures. For example, German immigrants to Texas in the 1800s combined schnitzel recipes to make chicken fried steak -- popular in the southwest U.S.A.. Chicken tenders are similar to Schnitzel as well.

Even Israel has its own type of schnitzel. Areas with large German populations like Argentina also carry schnitzel.

Even though schnitzel is often served as a platter, it comes in sandwiches as well. If it's a platter, it usually comes with "Spätzle" -- German egg noodles.

References

Meat dishes

German food

Austrian food
Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is a Spanish mission. It was founded by Father Junipero Serra in 1772. It is on the central coast of California, halfway between San Diego and Monterey. It was named after Saint Louis, the bishop of Toulouse. It was the fifth of twenty-one missions in California.  Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is noted for its beautiful architectural features, mission life, and historical events.

Design
Mission San Luis Obispo is different from all the other' missions' because it is one of the smallest and has a unique design. The design has both belfry (a bell tower) and a vestibule, which is an entrance hall between the outer door and the interior of a building. These are not found on any of the other California missions. The main nave (the long entrance part of the church) is long and narrow. At San Luis Obispo there is a secondary nave that is the same size and at the right of the altar. This is the only "L"-shaped mission church. Windows around the courtyard have round pillars with square opening, unlike the arches of other missions.  San Luis Obispo is painted white and is surrounded by gardens, wine vineyards, and a fountain.

Mission Life  
Mission life was hard for the California Indians because they had to work hard and study Catholic Religon.

Women had to cook, sew, garden, and make candles and soap. Men had to farm and care for the animals while the older people had to fish and make arrows.  The children attended church every day to study Catholicism.  When their studies were done they would work hard helping their families.  The Spanish introduced the gun to the Chumash.  The Hupa were grateful for the Spaniard guns as they depended on them for hunting bears for food.  The Chumash helped these Spaniards build the missions and take care of it and its surrounding
Other hostile Indians attacked San Luis Obispo on three separate occasions before 1774.  During the attack, the thatched roofs of the mission buildings were set afire by blazing arrows.  In May 1807, the mission was designated as one of six in which the California priests could make their annual retreats for spiritual exercises.  Following Mexico's war against Spain in 1810, all the California missions were forced to contribute food and clothing to the army. In 1830, the bell tower was destroyed in an earthquake, but was later rebuilt with stone.

Today, the mission serves as a parish church of the diocese of Monterey.

References
Title: The Missions of California Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa
Author:  Mary Null Boule
Publisher:  Meryant Publishing Inc.
Date:  July 1988
Placed Published:  Vashon, Washington

Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.missionsanluisobispo.org/)
Retrieved:  February 15, 2009

Mission San Louis Obispo de Tolosa (http://www.californias-missions.org/individual/mission_slo.htm)
Retrieved:  February 15, 2009

Churches in the United States
Museums in California
1772 establishments in North America
History of California
18th-century establishments in California
You Nazty Spy! is the 44th short movie by The Three Stooges.  It was the first Hollywood movie to make fun of Adolf Hitler.  In the movie, Germany is replaced by the pretend country of Moronica and the Hitler-type character is called Moe Hailstone, and is played by Stooge Moe Howard. This made Howard the first US actor to play Hitler.

It was directed by Jules White.

Other websites 
 

American movies
1940 movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
The County Ground is an association football stadium.  It is the home stadium of Swindon Town F.C.

Football stadiums in England
1896 establishments in England
The coscoroba swan (Coscoroba coscoroba) is a distant relative of the true swan. Many specialists merge this genus, Coscoroba, with ducks, like whistling ducks. The coscoroba swan is found in South America from southern Chile and central Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands.

Recent genetic studies have found a relationship between this species and Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae). They are sister groups.

References

Other websites 
Birdlife.  

Anatidae
Pitchfork Media is a daily music webzine.  It is based in Chicago, United States. Its focus is on independent music, especially indie rock.

Pitchfork was made in 1995. It talks about new music, but journalists there also review albums that have been released again.

Each year Pitchfork chooses an Album of the Year. Since 2003 they have chose a Track of the Year each year too.

References 

1995 establishments in Illinois
Companies based in Chicago, Illinois
Entertainment websites
Music critics
The tambourine is a common percussion instrument. 

The tambourine looks like a small hand-held drum. But in addition to the skin (drumhead) there are also small pairs of jingles - like tiny cymbals - in slots around the frame.  However, tambourines come in many types. Some are made without a skin, particularly for use in schools. The tambourine came to Europe through the Arabs who brought it to Italy and Spain.

How to play a tambourine

The tambourine is usually held in the hand.  The jingles can be made to sound by hitting the frame of the instrument with the other hand, or by shaking the instrument. Often the player will hold the instrument high in the air. This not only looks good, but it can also be heard well.  The other hand can tap rhythms on the skin which makes it sound like a drum as well as making the jingles sound.  It can be hit by the knuckles, or with the finger tips, or the flat of the hand or the back of the hand.  It can also be hit against the side of the leg.  A good player with a good tambourine can sometimes create a nice effect with a "thumb roll".  This is done by making the tip of the thumb slightly wet and then moving it fast along the edge of the skin so that the thumb bounces very fast.

It is also possible to put the instrument, with the head up, on the player's lap or on a table or chair, and play with the fingers or with drumsticks.

When a tambourine is used in an orchestra it is usually just one tambourine, although Berlioz asked for two tambourines in his overture Le carnaval romain. It is very often used in music which sounds Italian or Spanish.  It nearly always makes music sound very lively, for example in the second movement of Prokofiev's First Violin Concerto.

References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments - Könemann, 
Orchestration - Walter Piston (London 1965)

Percussion instruments
A tachyon is any hypothetical particle that can travel faster than the speed of light. E. C. G. Sudarshan, V.K Deshpande and Baidyanath Misra were the first to propose the existence of particles faster than light and named them "meta-particles". After that the possibility of particles moving faster than light was also proposed by Robert Ehrlich and Arnold Sommerfeld, independently of each other. Lately, Similar concept was coined with the term "tachyon" by Gerald Feinberg in  1967.

Most scientists do not believe that tachyons exist. Einstein's theory of special relativity states that nothing can accelerate faster than the speed of light, while tachyons are theorized to be constantly traveling faster than the speed of light. If a tachyon did exist, it would have an imaginary number as its mass.

In September 2011, it was reported that a tau neutrino had traveled faster than the speed of light in a major release by CERN; however, later updates from CERN on the OPERA project indicate that the faster-than-light readings were resultant from "a faulty element of the experiment's fibre optic timing system".

In modern physics the term "tachyon" often refers to imaginary mass fields rather than to faster-than-light particles. Such fields have come to play an important role in modern physics.

References 

Subatomic particles
Gelatin is a protein substance that comes from collagen. Collagen is a natural protein found in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals as well as fish. Gelatin has no smell, no taste, and is either colorless or light yellow. It can be found in sheets, flakes, or as a powder. It can be dissolved in water, but not in alcohol. 

It is made by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of animals, usually cows and pigs. Once the boiling is done, the collagen will cool and make a jelly.  As a food, gelatin is used to make jellied desserts; used in the preservation of fruit and meat, and to make powdered milk.  Gelatin can also be used as glue for matches or for paper money. You can also find it used as the syrup in medicine, also known as medicine emulsions. Gelatin is also found in some makeup.

Gelatin is classed as a liquid when above room temperature but reverts to a solid if below room temperature. 

Because gelatin comes from animals, vegetarians and vegans do not eat or use products that have gelatin added. Some religious or cultural groups also do not eat gelatin because of the animals used to make it. For example, people that keep kosher or halal will not eat gelatin because it is often made from cows. Alternatives to gelatin are products like agar or carrageenan which comes from seaweed or pectin which comes from plants.

References 

Proteins
Animal tissues
Naturist Christians are the Christians who practice naturism or nudism, and are a part of the clothes-free movement. They believe that the human body was the greatest making of God. It is  not shameful and should not be covered. Naturist Christians can be found in almost all of the different groups of Christianity, called "denominations". They do not find any conflict with the teachings of the Bible, and living their lives and worshiping God without any clothing. However, most have various differences with New Age and man-centered philosophy (called "humanism") which is common among other naturists and wish to be separated from it. This includes not worshiping nature at all.

Garden of Eden

In the Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve were living in the Garden of Eden as 'man and wife' . They ate the fruit not allowed by God, after being talked into it by the devil in the form of a snake. Then their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked. So, they gathered fig leaves to be used as simple clothing to cover their sexual organs. These became lacking very quickly, and Adam and Eve hid themselves from God in the trees.

 God to Adam (with Eve) "Who told you that you are naked?" ()

naturism
Christian movements and denominational families

fr:Naturisme#Naturisme chrétien
it:Naturismo#Cristiani naturisti
nl:Naturisme#Christelijke nudisten
pt:Naturismo#Naturistas cristãos
Castanets are percussion instruments which come from Spain.  They are often used in an orchestra.  Castanets are hollowed-out wooden shells.  A hardwood such as ebony or rosewood is used.

Castanets are used in pairs.  Traditionally two pairs are played together, one pair held in each hand.  There is a string which passes through small holes in the shells.  The player winds the string around the thumb and finger so that the two shells can be clicked together.  The two pairs of castanets used are slightly different sizes so that they make a slightly different pitch. The higher pair, known as hembra (female), is usually held in the right hand, with the larger macho (male) pair held in the left.

Castanets are traditionally played by singers and dancers.  Spanish folk dancers often use castanets.  They are often associated with flamenco dancing.

When they are played in an orchestra they are often attached to a stand.  The technique of playing is therefore different.  They can be tapped by the fingers and palm of the hand.  They are often used in music which is supposed to sound Spanish.  In ballet and opera they are used to accompany Spanish dances.  Carmen, the character in Bizet's opera Carmen, sings a song and accompanies herself on the castanets.  Usually the opera singer does not have the skill to play them, so the castanets are played by a percussion player in the orchestra while Carmen pretends to be playing them.

References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments, Könemann; 

Percussion instruments
Peravia is a province in along the southern coast of the Dominican Republic. The capital city is Baní.

History
The province was created in 1944 with the name of Baní Province, with the municipal district of Nizao, but that same year the name was changed to José Trujillo Valdez Province after the father of dictator Rafael Trujillo. In 1961, the name of the province was changed to the present Peravia. In 1988, Nizao became a municipality in the province.

Matanzas, Villa Fundación and Sabana Buey became municipal districts in 1991; Pizarrete en 1997; Santana and Paya in 1998; Villa Saombrero and El Carretón in 2001; Catalina in 2004; and El Limonal and Las Barías in 2006.

In 2000, the province was divided in two parts and the province of San José de Ocoa was formed with the northern part.

Location
The Peravia province is bordered to the north by the San José de Ocoa province, to the east by the San Cristóbal province, to west by the Azua province and to the south by the Caribbean Sea.

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Peravia province, and 125,534 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 16th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 192,660 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Baní, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 72,466 inhabitants.

Geography
The Peravia province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 29th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

The province is along the Caribbean coast, in the eastern part of the Llano Costero del Caribe ("Caribbean Coastal Plain"). There are several small valleys in the southern part of the province, surrounded by the north and west by mountains of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range").

The altitude of Baní, provincial capital, is  above sea level.

The most important rivers in the province are the Nizao and Ocoa rivers.

Climate
The climate of the province is tropical dry climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains. It is very dry in the savannas and plains, with long droughts.

Municipalities
There are two municipalities and 11 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

Economy
The main economic activity in the province is farming, growing fruits (like mangos) and vegetables (tomatoes and onions). Fishing and salt production is also important along the Caribbean Sea and there are some factories in Baní.

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1944 establishments in North America
1940s establishments in the Dominican Republic