cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
These are the Austrian football teams and the leagues they played in for the 2021/22 season.

Admiral Bundesliga (First Division)

S.K. Sturm Graz from Styria
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg  from Salzburg
FK Austria Wien from Vienna
S.K. Rapid Wien from Vienna
WSG Tirol from Tyrol
SV Ried from Upper Austria
SK Austria Klagenfurt from Carinthia
Wolfsberger AC from Carinthia
TSV Hartberg from Styria
 FC Admira Wacker Mödling from Lower Austria
SCR Altach from Vorarlberg
LASK from Upper Austria

Admiral Zweite Liga (Second Division)
The champion of the league promotes to the Austrian Bundesliga.
FC Blau-Weiß Linz from Upper Austria
FC Liefering from Salzburg
SC Austria Lustenau from Vorarlberg
SKN St. Pölten from Lower Austria
FC Dornbirn from Vorarlberg
Floridsdorfer AC from Vienna
SV Lafnitz from Styria
Grazer AK from Styria
SKU Amstetten from Lower Austria
FC Wacker Innsbruck from Tyrol
Kapfenberger SV  from Styria
SK Rapid Wien II from Vienna
SV Horn from Lower Austria
Young Violets Austria Wien from Vienna
FC Juniors OÖ. from Upper Austria
SK Vorwärts Steyr from Upper Austria

Regionalliga (Third Division)
The Regionalliga is divided into three sections.

Regionalliga Ost (East)

ASK-BSC Bruck/Leitha from Lower Austria
 ASV Draßburg from Burgenland
 SV Leobendorf from Lower Austria
FC Marchfeld Donauauen from Lower Austria
 FC Mauerwerk from Vienna
 FC Admira Wacker Mödling II from Lower Austria
 SC Neusiedl am See from Burgenland
 SV Stripfing from Lower Austria
 FCM Traiskirchen from Lower Austria
 TWL Elektra from Vienna
 First Vienna from Vienna
Wiener Sport-Club from Vienna
 SC Wiener Viktoria from Vienna
 1. Wiener Neustädter SC from Lower Austria

Regionalliga Mitte (Middle)
SV Allerheiligen from Styria
 TuS Bad Gleichenberg from Styria
 Deutschlandsberger SC from Styria
 FC Gleisdorf 09 from Styria
 SK Sturm Graz II  from Styria
Union Gurten from Upper Austria
 SC Kalsdorf from Styria
 Junge Wikinger Ried from Upper Austria
 SV Spittal/Drau from Carinthia
 ATSV Stadl-Paura from Upper Austria
USV St. Anna from Styria
 SK Treibach from Carinthia
 Union Vöcklamarkt from Upper Austria
 SC Weiz from Styria
FC Wels from Upper Austria
 WSC Hertha Wels from Upper Austria
 Wolfsberger AC II from Carinthia

Regionalliga West (West)
The league plays three seperate rounds with ten (Salzburg), eleven (Vorarlberg) or twelve clubs (Elite Liga). The first and the second of each league plays a play off for promotion to 2. Liga. The eight teams play against relegation to the Landesliga.

Eliteliga Salzburg
SV Kuchl
SV Austria Salzburg 
TSV St. Johann 
TSV Neumarkt 
SV Seekirchen 
SAK 1914
FC Pinzgau Saalfelden
SK Bischofshofen
SV Wals-Grünau
SV Grödig

Regionalliga Tirol
SC Schwaz
 FC Kitzbühel	
SV Wörgl	
SV Telfs 
SVG Reichenau 
FC Wacker Innsbruck II 
FC Kufstein	
 SC Imst	
SV Hall
SV Fügen	
 WSG Tirol Amateure	
SV Innsbruck

Eliteliga Vorarlberg
VfB Hohenems
Admira Dornbirn	
 FC Wolfurt	
RW Rankweil 
 SC Röthis	
 Dornbirner SV	
 FC Rotenberg	
FC Lauterach	
 SW Bregenz	
FC Egg	
 A. Lustenau Amateure

Austrian
Football in Austria
football
A ladder is a tool which is made for people to climb up or down.  Ladders have two vertical supports that go along the whole length of the ladder.  Between these supports are the horizontal rungs.  The rung is what the climber can put his foot on.  The climber can use his hands to hold on to the rungs above him, or to the supports at the side.

Ladders can be made of metal, wood or even rope.  There are different types of ladders.

Some ladders are made in one piece.  They can be carried around and made to lean against something such as the wall of a house.  There should be a good distance between the bottom of the ladder and the wall so that the ladder is not too vertical, otherwise the ladder might fall backwards and the climber would fall off.  Sometimes these ladders are extension ladders.  Extension ladders are made in two or more sections so that the ladder can fold up to make it easier to carry about and to store.  To open up the ladder, each section slides up almost to the top of the next section.

Step ladders are useful in the home or the garden to reach things that are not too high, e.g. ceilings or the tops of hedges.  They have two parts which are joined together by a hinge, so that they are shaped like an upside down V.  There is usually a platform at the top to stand on, but this can be dangerous unless great care is taken that the ladder will not wobble or fall down.

Some ladders are vertical (they go straight up or down).  These are fixed onto something.  Examples are: ladders in a swimming pool for climbing in and out of the water, small ladders to climb up to a top bunk bed, ladders at the side of a big boat or at the side of a canal lock or of any other high or low construction where workmen may need to get up or down to do repairs.

Fire engines always have ladders.  They often have a turntable ladder which makes it possible for the ladder to be facing in any direction.

Rope ladders can be folded away easily.  They may be used for climbing trees or for rock climbing or in caves.

References 

Tools
Construction
Genes are parts of DNA. DNA is a molecule inside a cell that carries the instructions for making the proteins the cell will need. Each gene contains a single set of instructions. These instructions usually code for a particular protein. Humans have about 20,000 genes that code proteins and many more that are non-coding. Half of a person's genes come from the mother. The other half come from the father.

The definition 
Originally: a hereditary unit which occupies a specific position (locus) on a chromosome. Other definitions are ways the gene showed itself: 
1. A unit which has one or more specific effects on the phenotype of an organism; 
2. A unit that can mutate to various alleles; 
3. A unit which recombines with other such units.

Modern definitions must take note of later discoveries. There are now two classes of genes:p173
1. genes that are transcribed into RNAs and are translated into polypeptide chains.
2. genes whose transcripts (tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs) are used directly. These are operators which serve as 'regulatory sequences' during transcription and translation of the DNA.

What genes do 
Genes are passed on from parent to child and are an important part of what decides how children look and act (their biological properties). Genes affect the way our bodies work, including how we look. Our eye, hair and skin color are decided by genes. It is said that genes cause genetic effects in our bodies.

A gene may be dominant or recessive. These terms refer to the effect a gene has on the offspring who carry it in their genome.

For example, let's say a mother only has genes for brown hair and a father only has genes for red hair. The child will inherit – receive – genes for red hair (from her father) and brown hair (from her mother). The brown hair gene is 'dominant' to the red hair gene. This means the child will have brown hair even though she has genes for both red and brown hair. This means only one dominant gene is needed for the child to receive that particular trait, while two recessive genes are needed for one.

A recessive trait might stay hidden for many generations. Let us use the child from the last example. We will call her "Mary". Mary has brown hair but has genes for both red and brown hair. Let us say Mary grew up and married Tom. Tom also has brown hair, but like Mary one of his parents had red hair. This means Tom has genes for both red and brown hair. Mary and Tom would each have a chance of passing either brown or red hair genes to their children. This means that the children of Mary and Tom could have either red or brown hair. This explains why a person might look different from their parents, but look like their grandparents or great grandparents.

Structure and function 
The structure of a gene has many elements: the actual protein coding sequence is only a small part. There are DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

Related pages
Allele#Dominance
Sequence analysis
Genetics
ENCODE, the complete analysis of the human genome
Gene therapy

References 

Cell biology
DNA
Classical genetics
Homophones are words that sound the same as another word but have a different meaning, and often a different spelling.

Examples include:
 one, won
 pail, pale
 fore, four, for
 it's, its
 there, their, they're
 Knight, night
 which, witch
 pore, pour
 pear, pair, pare
 see, sea, C
 high, hi
 wear, where
 hare, hair
 air, heir
 whether, weather
 too, to, two
 ate, eight
 no, know
 by, buy, bye
 flour, flower
 right, write
 be, bee
 week, weak
 rains, reins
 higher, hire
 fare, fair

Related pages
 Homonym
 Homograph
 Polysemy

Language
Condensation is the process through which gas changes into a liquid when it touches a cooler surface. Condensation is an important part of the water cycle. It is the opposite of evaporation.

Process 
Condensation of water is when water changes from gas to a liquid or crystal shape.  Any gas can condense, either because the temperature is dropping or the pressure is increasing.  In either case the pressure of the condensing gas is higher than the vapor pressure of the gas, at that temperature).

During condensation, the molecules in the matter slow down. Heat energy is taken away, causing the state of matter to change.

Condensation is exothermic.  This means that condensation makes the temperature go up.  Evaporation is the opposite and causes a temperature loss.

It is a useful process. One use is in distillation. The gas made from a boiling liquid mix is sent to a condenser, where the different parts condense differently. This can purify a liquid, such as alcohol or water. The condensing liquid makes heat, which must be removed for the condensation to continue.

Related pages 
 Desalination

References

Other websites 
 International Consortium of Advanced Technologies and Security at SDSU 
 ScienceDirect - Heat transfer and evaporation in geothermal desalination units

[[kinematics
]]
Precipitation is a form of water from the atmosphere. It is a term in meteorology, and includes rain, snow, sleet, ice pellets dew, frost, and hail. These form by condensation from atmospheric water vapor, and fall under gravity.

Fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions. In that case, the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. 

If liquid, precipitation can be measured using a rain gauge. The most common form of solid precipitation is snow. Snow is made when temperatures are so cold that water vapor changes directly to solid crystals. Frozen rain is hail or ice pellets.

Meteorology
Words
Relative humidity is a way of describing how much humidity is present in the air, compared to how much there could be. Meteorologists often use the relative humidity as a measurement to describe the weather at various places.

When the temperature is warm, more water vapor can be in the air than when it is cold. If the actual amount of vapor is compared to the total amount there could be as a fraction, then the number tells if the air feels dry or moist. The value is usually written in percent, where 0% means that the air is totally dry, and 100% means that it is so moist that mist or dew is about to form.

When the temperature is lowered to the dew point, relative humidity become 100% and the water vapor  condenses, making precipitation as dew, rain or snow (etc.).

Weather measurements
Meteorology

cs:Vlhkost vzduchu#Relativní (poměrná) vlhkost vzduchu
DCPIP (its full name is 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) is a blue chemical used as a dye because when it is oxidized it is blue.  Once DCPIP is reduced (by addition of electrons) it does not have a color anymore. This reaction can be reversed, and the colourless DCPIP will turn blue again, when it is oxidized.

Purpose 
DCPIP is often used to measure the electron transport chain in plants. It has a higher redox potential (electron affinity) than the Fe-S complex in cytochrome b and will therefore "steal" electrons from it. This means that cytochrome c does not  receive them. The process cuts off the electron supply of  photosystem I. A common way to illustrate this change is by the addition of vitamin C solution. This reduces the 'jelly' by transforming it to a colourless mass. This experiment can be carried out to illustrate the effect of changing cell sizes on SA/V (surface area:volume ratio). This is known as Titration.

References 
Mathews, Ahern, Van Holde, Biochemistry, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 2000 pp534–5

Chemical compounds
A healthy diet or balanced diet is a diet (what you eat) that contains the right amounts of all the food groups. It includes fruit, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and protein. It does not include too much or too little of any kind of food. Eating wrong amounts of a food group, whether it be too much or too little, is called an "unhealthy diet" or an "imbalanced diet". A healthy diet is one that includes more foods that come from plants and fewer convenience foods.

Basic nutrition 
What is known about nutrition and diet keeps changing as more is learned. However, basic nutrition remains much the same. The best advice is to talk to a doctor or dietitian for personalized information based on an individual's lifestyle, health, and food likes and dislikes.
 Basic nutrition begins with a diet based on the major food groups that includes vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products. It should also have lean protein such as beans, legumes, nuts and seeds plus healthy fats.
 A basic nutrition plan should include guidelines for how much food from each group to eat.
 Foods should be those that can be found in local grocery stores instead of specialty and gourmet food stores.
 A basic food plan should be based on an individual's budget, lifestyle and (healthy) preferences.
 Drink plenty of water. Drink fewer Soft drinks, energy drinks and sports drinks which usually have sugar.
 Read the food labels to see what is in the foods. For example, labels usually show what foods are lower in sodium such as in soup, bread, and frozen meals.
 A healthy diet should include seafoods (such as salmon, tuna, and trout) and shellfish (such as crab, mussels, and oysters). Seafood has protein, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids which are heart-healthy.
 Basic nutrition should contain balanced amounts of macronutrients for energy. Carbohydrates are one of the three macro-nutrients in the human diet (fat and protein are the other two).
 A healthy diet can replace dieting for weight loss. Eating healthy, along with physical exercise and practicing moderation, can lead to better health in the long run.

Special diets 
There are some diets made for people with some diseases. Here are some examples:

DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
 Gluten-free diet (Coeliac disease)
 Ketogenic diet (Epilepsy)

Related pages 
Food pyramid
Diet (nutrition)

References 

Nutrition
Diets
Dye is a substance used to color materials. It is often used to color the fabric used to make clothing. It has low solubility. A pigment won't do this because it won't stick to the fibers of the fabric and color them. A dye can be natural, usually made from plant material such as berries, or artificial, meaning that it is made by humans from chemicals such as petrochemicals.

Most natural dyes are gotten from different parts of a plant like the roots, fruits, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens. Most dyes are synthetic and are made from petrochemicals.

Classification
Dyes can be classified based on their solubility and chemical properties. 

 Acid dyes can dissolve in water.  They are used on fibers such as silk, wool, nylon.  Most food coloring that are made by man are acid dyes.  Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88, etc.
 Basic dyes can dissolve in water.  They are mainly used on acrylic fibers.  They may also be used on wool and silk.  Basic dyes are also used to make paper colourful.

Related pages 
Pigment
Food coloring#Natural food dyes
Hair coloring

References

Color
Cloth
Chemical compounds
Poetry is a type of art form and a type of literature. 

Poetry uses the qualities of words, in different ways, to be artistic.

Poetry can be as short as a few words, or as long as a book.  A poem as short as one line is called a monostich.  A poem that is as long as a book is an epic.   

There are many "poetic forms" (forms of poetry). Some of forms are: Sonnet, Haiku, Ballad, Stev, Prose poem, Ode, Free verse, Blank verse, thematic, limerick and nursery rhymes.

Poetry can be used to describe (comparing, talking about, or expressing emotion) many things. It can make sense or be nonsense, it can rhyme or not. It can have many shapes and sizes; it can be serious or funny. 

"To say something poetically" means to give information in an artistic way.

Digital Poetry 
A more modern approach is digital poetry. Computers and webtechnology is used to express poetry and make it interactive. So called interdisciplinary poetry (wich means combination of different forms of poetry) are made possible by linking the poetic texts with audio, video or web-animation (e.g. with CSS) or among themselves via hyperlinks. Modern artists use digital poetry to not only express artistic intention, but also to design a layout around their texts. An example for this use of interdisciplinary art, which combines abstract text and abstract visuals is the german project "Schwarzer Flamingo". It uses digital poetry to collect pieces of written art but also to give different artists a plattform. So some projects of digital art can be described as a form of an artwork as well as an exhibition.

Related pages 

 Acrostic
 Sonnet 
 Poet
 Free verse
Literature is a group of works of art made up of words. Most are written, but some are passed on by word of mouth. Literature usually means a work of poetry, theatre or narrative. There are many different kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays, or novels. They can also be put into groups through their language, historical period, origin, genre, and subject. The word "Literature" comes from the Latin word "Literatura" (English: "Learning", "Writing", "Grammar").

Most of the earliest works were epic poems. Epic poems are long stories or myths about adventures. Ramayana and Mahabharta, two Indian epics, are still read today. Odyssey and Iliad are two famous Greek poems by Homer. They were passed down through speaking and written down around the 8th century BC.

Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is looked at for its artistic value.

Related pages
Branko Mikasinovich
English literature
Enid Blyton

References

Other websites 
 Wikisource
Imagination is the ability to form images of things or events in one's mind. When someone imagines something, they are trying to picture something in their mind that they are not experiencing at the moment or that is not really happening. 
Imagination is a way to have fun, Imagination can also cause distress.

Relating pages 
Fiction
Science fiction
Fantasy

Everyday life
Psychology
In biology, a bolus (from the Latin word for ball), is a ball-shaped living thing.

In medicine, a bolus is a large amount of a drug given to patients to raise the blood level before treatment.

A bolus can also refer to a ball of food after it has been chewed. It passes down the oesophagus by peristalsis.

Physiology
Medicine
Dental floss is a special type of thread. It is used for cleaning spaces between teeth which cannot be reached by toothbrushes. It is important to floss before brushing teeth and to floss at least once a day.  Tooth brushing will not clean food that is packed between teeth. This 'food packing' can lead to unhealthy teeth and gums. Bacteria grow in this 'packed food' between teeth. These bacteria cause the surface of teeth (enamel) to break down. Then the teeth and gums and sometimes even the jaw can become seriously diseased. 

These bacteria that come from the food on the teeth and between the teeth are called "plaque" or "bacterial plaque" and also can cause the gums to become less healthy. "Gingivitis" which means gum disease is one type of disease that flossing helps to prevent. Very serious diseases can start on the teeth and move to the bone of the jaw, damaging the jaw badly. Flossing your teeth reduces the danger of these serious diseases of the jaw bone. These hard-to-cure jaw bone diseases are called "periodontal disease". 

Food that is trapped between the teeth can be uncomfortable and even cause pain. Some food is hard, for example meat, apple. Ground meat is soft and so is apple sauce. Chicken and turkey meat are hard and full of fibres and very often get trapped between the teeth. When hard food is trapped between the teeth it can cause discomfort and sometimes pain. When hard food is pressed by the teeth against the gum it can cause pain. Some people use toothpicks to try to remove trapped food from between the teeth and other people use dental floss to do this.

Dental floss can do most things that a toothpick can do but dental floss is much thinner than a toothpick and can thus get to places that most toothpicks cannot reach. So floss presumably does a better job at getting bits of food out from between the teeth, relieving discomfort and pain quicker.

When a person first starts flossing, bleeding can happen. This is normal and happens because teeth and gums that are not flossed are less healthy. It will stop as the teeth and gums get healthier with flossing.

Hygiene
Teeth
Bile or gall is a green-yellow fluid. It is secreted from the liver of most vertebrate animals, and is often stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps digest fat.

The components of bile are
 Water
 Cholesterol
 Bile pigments
 Bile salts

The name gall comes from the Greek word cholè meaning green or yellow.
The term cholesterol and the illness cholera were named after gall.

Bile is also stored in bile ducts. Often after liver transplants, bile comes out of the body.

Physiology
Amylase is an enzyme which breaks down starch into sugars which the body can use.

More accurately, it is a family of similar enzymes which work in a wide range of animals, plants and fungi. There are two variants in humans: alpha-amylase, and gamma-amylase.

Alpha-amylase is a major digestive enzyme. Its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0. It is found in saliva and pancreatic juice. It takes starch chains and breaks them into smaller pieces with two or three glucose units. It can break down starch into maltose. It works in the mouth and stomach during digestion.

The gamma-amylase has most acidic optimum pH of all amylases because it is most active around pH 3. Therefore, it works best in the stomach, which does have an acidic pH.

Human evolution
Apparently, early humans did not possess salivary amylase. The closest evolutionary relatives of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, have either one or no copies of the gene for producing salivary amylase.  A duplication event of the AMY1 gene led to the production of amylase in the saliva. The same event occurred independently in rodents. This shows the importance of salivary amylase in organisms that eat relatively large amounts of starch.

Carbohydrates are a food source rich in energy. After the agricultural revolution, human diet began to rely more on plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering. This shift marked the beginning of a diet composed of 49% carbohydrates as opposed to the previous 35% observed in Paleolithic humans. As such, starch became a staple of human diet. Humans that contained amylase in the saliva would benefit from increased ability to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities.

Not all humans have the same number of copies of the AMY1 gene. Populations which rely on carbohydrates have a higher number of AMY1 copies than populations that eat little starch. The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only 2-3 copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts.

The correlation between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies suggests that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations is caused by natural selection. It is a favorable phenotype for those individuals. Therefore, it is likely that having more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring. Geographically close populations with different eating habits possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene. This offers strong evidence that natural selection has acted on this gene.

References 

Enzymes
Evolution
Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the German people"), also known as Deutschlandlied, ("The Song of Germany"), is a song written by Joseph Haydn and Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Part of this song is the national anthem of Germany (German National Anthem).

A line from this song, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and justice and freedom") is the considered to be the unofficial motto of Germany.

History
The music was written by Haydn in 1797 as the anthem of Austria. It was called "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God protect our Emperor Franz"). The words which are used today were written by the poet August Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben in 1841. 

Today, the first line "Germany, Germany above all" sounds too strong for some people, and is often misunderstood. Fallersleben wanted a united Germany when he wrote it. At that time, Germany was not one country, but many small countries. So "Germany above all" meant that the most important thing to do was to have a unified Germany. Also, the poet was in Heligoland, where people spoke German but were ruled by the British.

Fallersleben's music was very popular in Germany during the second part of the 19th century. This song was not a national anthem then, but a patriotic song supporting a united German state. In 1918, it replaced the anthem of the German Empire "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" ("Praise to the war-winner"), when the Emperor Wilhelm II lost power at the end of the First World War. In 1921, a "fourth stanza", a new part or verse, was written by poet Albert Matthai with words about the difficult life in Germany at that time.  This verse was rarely used.

During the time of Hitler, only the first part of the song was used. This was often followed by a Nazi party song.  This offended the international audience as the first stanza supports Germany holding colonial powers in non-consenting nations.

After the Second World War, Germany was divided into two countries. In 1949, the new Western Germany tried to get a new song for the national anthem. Another song was chosen, written by poet Rudolf Alexander Schröder. It was not very popular. Finally, the third part of the Fallersleben song was made into the national anthem.

In the other part of Germany, the Eastern Germany, the words of poet Johannes R. Becher ("Auferstanden aus Ruinen" - "Re-built from the Ruins") were used with a song written by Hanns Eisler. It was not very popular, and from the 1970s the words were not sung, because of the line "Germany, [our] unified fatherland".

After East and West Germany united again in 1990, the Fallersleben song again became the national anthem of Germany but only the third part is used. Today, the first part of the song is popular with nationalist extremists.



Related pages
German National Anthem

Germany
National anthems
Mottos
Evidence is something that is used to support an argument.  It gives examples of why something is true. 

For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk. If a witness saw the cat spilling the milk, her testimony would also be evidence.

References 
Law
Criminal investigation
Area is the amount of space a two dimensional (flat) surface takes up. It is useful because it is how much of a material is needed to make a hollow container.  Area is the amount of surface covered by a close object or shape. 

Some units used to measure area are square foot, square mile, square metre and square kilometre. The area of a planar figure is often written as . Areas of regular shapes such as square, rectangle, triangle and circle can be calculated through formulas. The area of an irregular shape can be approximated through grid or graph paper.

One can use different formulas to find the area of different shapes. For example:

 Area of a rectangle is the length of any two touching sides multiplied together. In other words, length times width.
 Area of a triangle is half of the base multiplied by the perpendicular height. In other words, .
 Area of a circle: 

The area of a flat object is related to the surface area and volume of a three-dimensional object.

The area under a curve can be found using integration, a concept from calculus.

Related pages 

 Mu (unit of area)

References 

Geometry
Air space is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation. You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane. The air traffic controllers make sure the planes go in the right place and do not hit each other or something else. Some countries are very protective of their air space.

Aviation
Geography
Swamp coolers are simple type of air conditioning device that can cool a room of a house or a car by using the cooling effect of the evaporation of water. Swamp coolers can cool the air temperature in a small space by drawing the air through wet pads (some are made of aspen wood) using an electric fan.

Swamp coolers work best in dry climates such as the American Southwest and the American South.  They are usually much cheaper to buy and operate than refrigerated air-conditioning devices.

This type of air conditioner was first used thousands of years ago in ancient Iran

Home appliances
Saskatoon is a city in Saskatchewan, Canada.  Saskatoon is the biggest city in Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, though, is not the capital of Saskatchewan. Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan.   The South Saskatchewan River flows through the centre of the city and many people enjoy boating, biking and walking in this area.  The University of Saskatchewan is also in Saskatoon.

The name Saskatoon [in Cree: sâskwatôn, "Saskatoon"] comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina "saskatoon berries", which refers to the sweet, violet-coloured berry that grows in the area.

Other websites 
Saskatoon City Information

References
A suffix is a few letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.  It is a type of affix mostly used to show Inflection

Verb examples:
 -ed
 -er
 -ing
 -s
 -ing
 walk
 walked
 walker
 walking
 walks

Adjective examples:
 -er
 -est

 easy
 easier
 easiest

Compare to prefix. Prefixes are letters put at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.

References 

Grammar
Flavour or flavor (US English) is the main quality of anything which affects the taste. When someone remarks on the flavor of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.

Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something. This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in processed food there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors.

Food and drink
Characteristics

hu:Aroma
Halley's Comet (Comet Halley) is a comet which comes round every 75 or 76 years. When it is near, it can be seen with the naked eye. It will return in 2061.

The comet is named after Edmond Halley (1656–1742), an English astronomer, who predicted the comet's return. Halley's Comet was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. (Periodic means that it comes by Earth regularly.)

When the comet came close to the Earth in 1986, it was visited by several space-probes. The probe Giotto from the European Space Agency managed the closest approach to the comet.

The number of years that the comet finishes its full cycle can vary depending on the effect of another planet's gravitational pull.

In 1986, Halley's Comet was the first to be observed in detail by spacecraft. It gave the first data on the structure of a comet nucleus and how the coma (nebulous envelope around the core or nucleus) and the tail formed. These observations supported Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" model. This correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices – such as water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, – and dust. The missions also adjusted these ideas. For example, it is now known that the surface of Halley is mostly dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.

Related pages 
 List of comets

References 

Comets
An arrow is a projectile fired with a bow. A bow and arrow is a weapon used before medieval times and later.  For thousands of years, people all over the world have used bows and arrows for hunting and for defense.  Arrows have a sharp point at one end and usually a flight at the other end. The flight is usually made of feathers and helps the arrow go through the air straight. Someone who makes arrows is a fletcher.

A picture of an arrow is often used to point to something. Arrows look may like this: -->. "Double-headed" arrows look like this: <-->.

Archery
Weapons
Spirituality is a name given to matters of the spirit. These can be any kind of meaningful personal activity or peaceful experience. There is not one agreed upon way to explain what happens. It is a concept so people can see and understand it in different ways. Some people believe spirituality is a part of religion. Others who are not religious, still seek and have spiritual experiences.

Matters of the spirit 

"Matters of the spirit" may include the meaning in a person's life (or in all life), and how to find and improve on it. They may also include someone's search for God, the supernatural, a divine influence in their lives, or information about the afterlife, and how to best deal with each. "Matters of the spirit" may also include how to live among others as a group, or in a certain environment.

"Spiritual, but not religious" 
Some who do not believe in an organized religion may still be interested in the "spirits" of humanity or of nature and live a certain way, or worship ancestors or creation because it gives them a sense of happiness to do so. This is referred to as spiritual but not religious.

Another common usage refers to people who ascribe to ideals "greater than themselves." For many, this leads to a pursuit of some form of enlightenment, often through meditation, yoga, philosophy or, in some cases, a study of Metaphysics.

Many philosophers work to find answers to spiritual questions, although some may deny the existence of a 'god' or any supernatural influences. Throughout the world however, philosophers have often had ideas about spirituality. The following are a few 20th century examples:

Arne Naess - the founder of deep ecology
Gregory Bateson - philosopher
Jiddu Krishnamurti - renowned Indian thinker
Osho/Shri Rashneesh - Indian scholar who, while a critic of religion, worked to create a new spiritual movement
Felicitas Goodman- researched the subject of trance

Related pages
 List of religions and spiritual traditions
 Mysticism
 Piety

References

Other websites

Religion
Spirituality
2002 (MMII) was .

Events 
 January 1 – The Treaty on Open Skies, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force.
 January 1 – Euro notes and coins started to be used in France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Austria, the Republic of Ireland, and the Netherlands.
 January 5 – A light aircraft crashes into a Tampa, Florida building, bringing fear of a repeat September 11, 2001 attacks.
 January 10 – Enrique Bolaños became the President of the Republic of Nicaragua.
 January 16 – The UN Security Council agreed to forbid selling arms to Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaida, and the Taliban and freezes their assets.
 January 17 – Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo erupts, leaving about 400,000 people without a home.
 January 23 – Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl is kidnapped in Pakistan, accused of being a CIA agent.
 January 31 – A large section of the Antarctic Larsen Ice Shelf begins breaking up, eventually consuming about 3,250 km² (1,254 miles²) after 35 days.
 February 8-24 – The 19th Olympic Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City, Utah.
 April 28 – Green Party of Pakistan is formed
 May 20 – Independence of East Timor.

Nobel prize winners 

 Chemistry – John B. Fenn
 Chemistry – Koichi Tanaka
 Chemistry – Kurt Wüthrich
 Economics – Daniel Kahneman
 Economics – Vernon L. Smith
 Literature – Imre Kertész
 Medicine – Sydney Brenner
 Medicine – H. Robert Horvitz
 Medicine – John E. Sulston
 Peace – Jimmy Carter
 Physics – Raymond Davis Jr.
 Physics – Riccardo Giacconi
 Physics – Masatoshi Koshiba

Deaths 
 January 8 – Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's fast food chain (b. 1932)
 February 13 – Waylon Jennings, American country music singer (b. 1937)
 April 5 – Layne Staley, American singer (Alice in Chains) (b. 1967)
 May 18 – Davey Boy Smith, British professional wrestler (b. 1962)
 June 27 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (b. 1944)
 October 13 – Stephen E. Ambrose, American historian and biographer (b. 1936)
 December 22 – Joe Strummer, British musician (The Clash) (b. 1952)

References
2003 (MMIII) was .

Events 
 January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
 February 1 – Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed during re-entry. All seven astronauts on board died.
 February 4 the Hindu minority of Bnagladesh declare the sovereign state of Bangabhumi, recognised by UNPO.
 July 10 – Wikibooks, a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, was created.
 October 30 – Wicked has its first show at the Gershwin Theatre in Broadway.

Nobel prize winners 

 Chemistry – Peter Agre 
 Chemistry – Roderick MacKinnon 
 Economics – Robert F. Engle III 
 Economics – Clive W.J. Granger 
 Literature – J. M. Coetzee 
 Medicine – Paul C. Lauterbur 
 Medicine – Sir Peter Mansfield 
 Peace – Shirin Ebadi 
 Physics – Alexei A. Abrikosov 
 Physics – Vitaly L. Ginzburg 
 Physics – Anthony J. Leggett

Deaths 
 January 12 – Maurice Gibb, British musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
 January 17 - Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
 January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
 February 1 – Crew of Space Shuttle Columbia: Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, Michael P. Anderson, Ilan Ramon, Kalpana Chawla, David M. Brown, Laurel Clark
 February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
 June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
 June 26 – Strom Thurmond, U.S. Senator (b. 1902)
 June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
 July 25 – John Schlesinger, English movie director (b. 1926)
 August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator
 September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
 September 23 – Shawn Lane, American musician
A common year is a year that is not a leap year.  In the Gregorian calendar, a common year has 365 days. This means a common year has 52 weeks and one day.  So if a certain year started on a Monday, the following year will start on a Tuesday.  Stated differently, a common year always begins and ends on the same day of the week. (For example, in 2021 (the previous year), both January 1 and December 31 falls on a Friday.) 

In the Gregorian calendar, 303 out of every 400 years are common years. In the Julian calendar, 300 out of every 400 years were common years. All the other years are special and known as leap years.

2000, a leap year, began on a Saturday.
2001 began on a Monday.
2002 began on a Tuesday.
2003 began on a Wednesday.
2004, a leap year, began on a Thursday.
2005 began on a Saturday.
2006 began on a Sunday.
2007 began on a Monday.
2008, a leap year, began on a Tuesday.
2009 began on a Thursday.
2010 began on a Friday.
2011 began on a Saturday.
2012, a leap year, began on a Sunday.
2013 began on a Tuesday.
2014 began on a Wednesday.
2015 began on a Thursday.
2016, a leap year, began on a Friday.
2017 began on a Sunday.
2018 began on a Monday.
2019 began on a Tuesday.
2020, a leap year, began on a Wednesday.
2021 began on a Friday.
2022 began on a Saturday.
2023 will begin on a Sunday.
2024, a leap year, will begin on a Monday.

Months 
These are the 12 months in a year.

 January has 31 days.
 February has 28 days.
 March has 31 days.
 April has 30 days.
 May has 31 days.
 June has 30 days.
 July has 31 days.
 August has 31 days.
 September has 30 days.
 October has 31 days.
 November has 30 days.
 December has 31 days.

There are 7 months with 31 days. There are 4 months with 30 days. There is 1 month with 28 days. In the Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, every 4 years there are 29 days in February, which is called a leap year. This happens because every year is 365 and 1/4 days but instead of us having a spare quarter of a day in each year we add them all up every 4 years and make an extra day to avoid confusion and make things easier for everyone.
In the Gregorian Calendar, which was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, because the Julian calendar added slightly too many years, three leap years were removed for every 400 years. These are those that are multiples of 100, but not multiples of 400. Thus, in the Gregorian calendar, 2020 is a leap year, but not 2019 and 2021, 1900 is not a leap year even though 1904 and 1896 are, and 2000 is a leap year even though 1900 and 2100 are not.  

Years
A decade (pronounce: DEK-aid) is a period of 10 years. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word for ten: "deka". 10 decades make a century, while 100 decades make a millennium. A decade is any 10 year period: There are different ways to refer to different groupings of ten years. For example, the period from 2001 to 2010 can be described as the 1st decade of the 21st century. An individual who has been alive two full decades is referred to as being in their 20s for the next decade of their life, from age 20 to 29. Decades are also considered specific groups of ten years sharing the same tens digit, identified by name, as in the nineteen-eighties (1980s) referring to the period from 1980 to 1989 and the nineteen-nineties (1990s) referring to the period from 1990 to 1999. This is the sense meant when someone refers to decades without other context, for example saying 'next decade' in any year between 2020 and 2029 would indicate the 2030s. Sometimes this is shortened to just the decade, where the context is clear, as in the eighties (80s) or the nineties (90s). No apostrophe is used before the s in the names of these decades. 

Some decades also have nicknames, such as the Roaring Twenties (1920s), the Gangsta Rap Nineties (1990s) (US), the Naughty Nineties (1890s) (UK), and the Swinging Sixties (1960s).  

Units of time
The 21st century started on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100.  It is the current century.

Years 
Note: movie years before or after the twenty-first century are in italics.
Ijtihad is the process of reaching a legal decision on the basis of one's own interpretation of Islamic law. The word is related to the better-known jihad. 

Ijtihad appeared  among the Muhammad's companions. 

Islam
STP usually refers to:
 Stone Temple Pilots, an American rock band
 Standard Temperature and Pressure, definition

STP may also refer to:

Commercial 
 Straight Through Processing, banking term where a financial transaction  is automatically completed without manual intervention
 Segment, Target and Position, a marketing acronym
 STP (motor oil company), a brand name and trade name for the automotive additives and performance division of Armored AutoGroup
 STP, New York Stock Exchange symbol for Suntech Power Holdings, a Chinese manufacturer of photovoltaic cells

Geographical 
 STP, IATA airport code for St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota
 STP, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code, IOC country code, and FIFA country code for São Tomé and Príncipe
 STP, National Rail code for London St Pancras (Domestic) railway station

Medicine 
 Status post, sometimes abbreviated as st.p., used to discuss sequelae with reference to their cause
 Sternal puncture, a form of bone marrow examination
 Scientist Training Programme, the postgraduate training for Healthcare scientists in the UK introduced under Modernising Scientific Careers

Music 
 The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972, popularly referred to as the "STP Tour" for "Stones Touring Party"
 "S.T.P.", a song on the album Robbin' the Hood by ska punk/reggae band Sublime

Science, math and technology 
 Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, a scientific convention of designating standard conditions
 Scalar triple product
 Sewage treatment plant
 Shielded twisted pair, a type of cable
 Shovel test pit, method for archaeological survey
 Signal Transfer Point, an SS7 packet switch
 Sodium tripolyphosphate, a preservative
 South Texas Nuclear Generating Station, aka South Texas Project, nuclear power station located southwest of Bay City, Texas
 Space Test Program, a program conducted by the USAF Space Development and Test Wing at Kirtland Air Force Base
 Spanning tree protocol, a network protocol providing a loop free topology for a LAN or bridged network
 Steiner tree problem in graphs
 Strategic Technology Plan
 ISO 10303-21, the STEP CAD exchange format, uses the file extension .stp

Sports and recreation 
 25 metre standard pistol, a shooting sport
 STP, a brand of bicycles marketed by Giant Bicycles
 Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, an annual one- and two-day supported bicycle ride from Seattle, Washington to Portland, Oregon

Other uses 
 Sacrae Theologiae Professor, or Professor of Sacred Theology (possibly archaic)
 Society for Threatened Peoples a human rights group based in Göttingen, Germany
 STP, slang name for the psychedelic 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as DOM
The jungle is a place in a rain forest where the forest floor is crowded with plants. Like other rainy places, they have many rivers or streams. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. When people talk about jungles, they sometimes mean the whole rainforest.

The crowding in a jungle leaves little room to walk. This may make it dangerous to people.

Forests
Biomes
Stockholm is the capital city of Sweden. It is also the biggest city in Sweden. It is on the east coast of the country. The city is built on islands, with canals and open water in the inner city. Stockholm is found between Sweden's third largest lake, Mälaren, and the Baltic Sea.

Tyresta National Park is near Stockholm.

Geography 
Central Stockholm has four different parts - Kungsholmen, Södermalm, Norrmalm and Östermalm. Kungsholmen and Södermalm are islands, while Norrmalm and Östermalm are parts of the mainland. Also, there are several smaller islands in the inner city - Gamla Stan, Riddarholmen, Djurgården and Skeppsholmen. Since Stockholm has so many islands, it is sometimes referred to as the "Venice of the North".

Gamla Stan is the oldest part of the city - the name means "Old Town", and is usually called that in English. Djurgården is mostly a large park, but there are buildings on the island. Most of these are museums that commemorate Sweden's and Stockholm's past - like Skansen, a zoo with a Swedish theme. Skeppsholmen is an island that used to be a training ground and military school, but most of the buildings are now used for museums and art galleries, such as the Modern Museum, or the East Asian museum. Riddarholmen is a part of Gamla Stan, but actually a different island.

All of the islands in Stockholm are connected by several bridges. The biggest one is Västerbron, going from Kungsholmen to Södermalm.

History 

Birger Jarl is considered the founder of Stockholm. It is believed that he rebuilt a defense building in the 13th century on what is today the island of the Old town. Around the fortification, a town grew. The town grew mainly because of its sea and land trading.

Wikimania 

The last Wikimania conference is hosted in this city in 2019.

References

 
Olympic cities
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Sweden