cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Division of Bendigo is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division was created in 1900 first federal election in 1901. It is named for the city of Bendigo. In the early years was covered only Bendigo, but on later boundaries the seat has included towns such as Echuca, Castlemaine, Maryborough and Seymour. It now includes Bendigo, Castlemaine, Kyneton and Maldon.

Members

Bendigo has often been held by both the Australian Labor Party and the conservative parties. Bendigo has had 15 members, the second-highest number (with Denison) of any federal electorate. Famous members have been its first member, Sir John Quick, who was a leading federalist, and Prime Minister Billy Hughes. Hughes, who came from Sydney, represented Bendigo for two terms at a time when the federal Parliament met in Melbourne. John Brumby, who held the seat from 1983 to 1990, later became Premier of Victoria.

Election results
 2013 election results 
 2010 election results
 2007 election results
 2004 election results
 2016 election results

References
Division of Bendigo – Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Lisa Chesters' website

Bendigo
Victoria, Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
T.O.P. or Choi Seung-hyun (born November 4, 1987) is a Korean entertainer. He is a Top rapper, singer, songwriter, model, and actor. He was born on November 4, 1987. He is the oldest member of Big Bang.

Other website

South Korean singers
South Korean actors
1987 births
Living people
Rap musicians
Songwriters
South Korean models
QVC is a multinational group that represents shopping at home. The name QVC means Quality, Value and Convenience. 

The group are a television network that runs 24 hours a day and seven days per week. Celebrities on QVC have included Rachael Ray, Susan Lucci and Joan Rivers. This network specializes primarily in fashion, shoes and clothing. QVC serves almost 235 million customers in six countries. It was founded by Joseph Segel.

References

American television networks
Fashion
Wikivoyage is a free travel and tourism guide on the web. It is written by volunteer authors using a wiki. Anyone can edit articles. The name "Wikivoyage" is a combination of the words "wiki" and "voyage", the French word for travel, journey, or trip.

Wikivoyage started publicly in December 2006 as a German-language version that was supported by German and Swiss authors. It was owned by a German non-profit association named Wikivoyage e.V. The Italian version started in December 2007.

In 2012, the content of Wikitravel in other languages was copied to Wikivoyage. At the same time Wikivoyage became hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF), a non-profit organization that hosts other wikis such as Wikipedia. Wikivoyage was officially re-launched by Wikimedia on January 15, 2013. At that time Wikivoyage was available in German, Italian, English, French, Dutch, Russian, Swedish, Portuguese and Spanish languages. The English version is the biggest, with more than 27,400 articles in September 2016.

Description
Wikivoyage is written by the collaboration of Wikivoyagers from around the world. Articles cover different levels of geography, from continents to districts of a city. Articles mostly consist of: destinations, itineraries, phrasebooks, and travel topics.

Destinations
Geographical units are described in articles based on, "can you sleep there?"

The hierarchy includes:
 Continents
 Continental sections (like Southeast Asia)
 Countries
 Regions within countries (provinces, counties, states, groups of states etc.)
 Cities of any size, including small villages if they are tourist destinations
 Districts within large cities
 National parks provided they have accommodation for the traveller

Articles list attractions such as hotels, restaurants, bars, stores, nightclubs, tour operators, museums, statues or other works of art, city parks, town squares or streets, festivals or events, transport systems or stations, bodies of water, and uninhabited islands.

Itineraries

An itinerary describes a list of destinations and attractions to visit during a specific amount of time, with recommendations of how long to stay and routes to follow. Itineraries usually have a well-defined path.

Phrasebooks

A phrasebook has:
 An overview of a language, giving a brief history, where it is spoken, how many speakers, the alphabet or symbols, and other general information on the language.
 A pronunciation guide, with a description of each written symbol in the language (that is, its alphabet), and a pronunciation note for each symbol.
 A phrase list. Each entry includes the word or phrase being translated, the spelling in the local language symbols as it would be seen written down, and a pronunciation cue.

Travel topics

Travel topics include the following: Something that is too large or too detailed to go in a destination article. General travel information that applies to many destinations. Major events that occur in different places. Specialist information such as scuba-diving sites.

References

Other websites

 Wikivoyage in English
 Wikivoyage in many languages

Travel
Wikimedia Foundation
Wikis
Websites established in 2006
RR Lyrae is a pulsating variable star in the constellation Lyra. It is the model for the variable stars known as RR Lyrae variables. It pulses over a short cycle of 13 hours, 36 minutes. Each radial pulsation causes the radius of the star to vary between 5.1 and 5.6 times the Sun's radius.

Stars of this type are often found in globular clusters, and used as standard candles to measure distances to other galaxies.

RR Lyrae and its type are pulsating stars of spectral class A (and rarely F), with a mass of around half the Sun's. It is thought they previously shed mass and consequently, they were once stars with similar or slightly less mass than the Sun, about 0.8 solar masses.

RR Lyrae stars pulse in a manner similar to Cepheid variables, so the mechanism for the pulsation is thought to be similar. The nature and histories of these stars is thought to be rather different.
Unlike Cepheids, RR Lyraes are old, low mass, metal-poor "Population II" stars.  They are much more common than Cepheids, but also much less luminous. The average absolute magnitude of an RR Lyrae is about 0.75, only 40 or 50 times brighter than our Sun. Their period is shorter, typically less than one day, sometimes ranging down to seven hours.

The relationship between pulsation period and absolute magnitude of RR Lyraes makes them good standard candles for relatively near objects, especially within the Milky Way. They are extensively used in globular cluster studies, and also used to study chemical properties of older stars.

Knowing the period-luminosity relation for local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined. The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope was used to fix its distance within a 5% margin of error. The result was . When combined with measurements from the Hipparcos satellite and other sources, the result is a distance estimate of .

References 

Variable stars
The Galactic Centre (or Galactic Center) is the rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy. 

It is a supermassive black hole of 4.100 ± 0.034 million solar masses. It powers the compact radio source Sagittarius A*. 

It is  away from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears brightest.

References 

Milky Way
Black holes
Enterococcus is a genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes.

Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs or short chains. They look like streptococci. Two species are regular gut flora organisms in the intestines of humans: E. faecalis (90-95%) and E. faecium (5-10%).

Physiology and classification 
Enterococci are "facultative anaerobic organisms". This means they can live in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.

Members of the genus Enterococcus were classified as Group D Streptococcus until 1984. Genomic DNA analysis showed they were a separate genus.

Pathology 
Important infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, and meningitis.

Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Pelletier LL Jr. | title = Microbiology of the circulatory system. in: Baron S et al. (eds) Baron's Medical Microbiology. | edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.5077 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> Urinary tract infections can be treated by antibiotics, but many virulent strains of Enterococcus'' are resistant. From a medical standpoint, an important feature of this genus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance. This rules out some important antibiotics.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Micropaleontology (also sometimes spelled as micropalaeontology) is the branch of paleontology that studies microfossils. Microfossils are fossils generally not larger than four millimeters, and commonly smaller than one millimeter. A microscope is used to study them. Every kingdom of organisms is represented in the microfossil record. Microfossils can provide important information about the ecology in the past.

People who study micropaleontology are called micropaleontologists. Taxonomy and statistics are important parts of micropaleontology. 

Microfossils are most common in sediment that forms beneath water, particularly ocean water or lake water. Very old microfossils may be found in rock. Special techniques are used to separate microfossils from rock. For example, the shells of diatoms and some other organisms are made of silica; other materials in the rock can sometimes be removed with acid, leaving just the silica shells.

Micropaleontology can be divided into four areas of study. The different areas of study  use different techniques to separate the microfossils. This is because the microfossils are made of different minerals: 
 Silicon dioxide, for example in the shells of diatoms,
 Chalk, for example in the shells of coccoliths and foraminifera, 
 Phosphate, for example in bones of vertebrates, 
 Organic compounds, for example in pollen and spores.

The area of study for pollen and spores, including fossils, is called palynology.

Fossils
Subfields of paleontology
Palynology is the study of very small natural particles. The word literally means the "study of dust". A palynologist is someone whose job is to identify what the particles are. Samples of particles can come from the air or water or soil or rocks. They could be organic and inorganic. Micropaleontology is a related area of study; it involves very small fossils.

Methods
A palynologist uses a microscope. They may also use chemical tests to find out what a particle is made of.

The methods used to study fossils in micropaleontology and in palynology are often different. Micropaleontology often involves breaking and dissolving rocks. Palynology often involves soil or sediment.

The main work of a palynologist is to identify each particle. Many different kinds of particles might be in the same sample. They may include:
 clay
 pollen
 algae with hard shells such as Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, golden algae
 spores from plants, fungi, or bacteria
 small seeds
 pieces of larger organisms
 tiny fossils

Uses
 

When the palynologist knows what particles are present in a sample, they may be able to say what the temperature or environmental chemistry was like where the sample came from. They may also be able to say where the sample came from.

Palynology is used in forensic science to learn where something came from, by looking at the particles in or on it.

Palynology is also very important in the study of climate history. In bodies of water such as lakes, ponds, and the ocean, sediment builds up slowly, so that the oldest sediment is at the bottom. There are ways to take a sample of the sediment that doesn't disturb the layers (either using a tube, or by freezing).

In glacial lakes, the sediment may have varves, which are two layers per year that are different colours. If there are varves, a lot of detailed information can be discovered in a core sample.

Subfields of paleontology
Branches of botany
Fungi
Forensics
Delta Cephei (δ Cep, δ Cephei) is a binary star system about 887 light-years away in the northern constellation of Cepheus, the King. At this distance, the apparent magnitude of the star is reduced by 0.23 as a result of gas and dust along the line of sight. 

Delta Cephei, found by John Goodricke in 1784, was only the second Cepheid variable discovered. It is very important because its distance is extremely well known. This is partly because it is in a star cluster,<ref
name=dezeeuw1999>de Zeeuw P.T. et al 1999. A Hipparchus census of the nearby OB associations. Astronomical Journal  117 (1): 354–399. </ref> close enough for the precise Hubble Space Telescope/Hipparcos parallaxes to give a good result. As a result, it is known as a "fundamental distance calibrator", or absolute candle. Delta Cephei is a classical, or type I, Cepheid variable.

The only Cepheid variable closer to us is Polaris, the North Star, whose distance is still not exactly known.

Delta Cephei is emitting around 2,000 times the Sun's luminosity. This is producing a strong stellar wind, which, with the pulsations and shocks in the star's atmosphere, is ejecting mass at the rate of  masses per year. This is the equivalent to the mass of the Sun roughly every million years. The matter is flowing outward at a velocity of about 350 km s–1. This expelled gas forms a nebula about one parsec across, centered on Delta Cephei, and contains 0.07–0.21 solar masses of neutral hydrogen. A bow shock is being formed where the stellar wind is colliding with the surrounding interstellar medium.

References 

Variable stars
The quantum state of something is a mathematical tool that describes everything that can be physically measured about that thing. For example, the quantum state of a hydrogen atom, has all the physical information one can get from measuring a hydrogen atom, like its position, momentum, energy, angular momentum, spin, and so forth.

Quantum mechanics
Inge Lønning (20 February 1938 – 24 March 2013) was a Norwegian Lutheran theologian, academic, and politician for the Conservative Party of Norway.

Lønning was born on 20 February 1938 in Fana, Bergen, Norway. He was raised in Oslo, Norway. Lønning studied at the University of Oslo. He served as a councilman in Oslo. Lønning died on 24 March 2013 from an illness after going on a trip in Beitostølen, Norway, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 Profile in Nordic Council

1938 births
2013 deaths
Academics
Christian theologians
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Lutherans
Norwegian politicians
People from Bergen
Frank Thornton (Frank Thornton Ball; 15 January 1921 – 16 March 2013) was an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Captain Peacock in Are You Being Served? and in its sequel Grace & Favour (Are You Being Served Again), and as Truly in Last of the Summer Wine.

Thornton was born on 15 January 1921 in Dulwich, London, England. He studied at Alleyn's School and at the London School of Dramatic Art. Thornton was married to Beryl Jane Margaret Evans from 1945 until his death in 2013. They had a daughter, Jane Thornton. He died on 16 March 2013 in his home in Barnes, London, England from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 
 Frank Thornton recalls his appearance on This Is Your Life

1921 births
2013 deaths
Actors from London
Deaths from natural causes
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
The jackdaw is a large bird, a member of the crow family Corvidae. It is black, with the back of the head grey.

The jackdaw is common over the whole of Europe and much of Asia. It is mostly a resident, although northern and eastern populations migrate south in winter. It is about  in length,

The jackdaw is gregarious and vocal, living in small groups with a complex social structure. It is found in farmland, open woodland, on coastal cliffs, and in urban settings.

Behaviour 
Jackdaws are omnivorous and opportunistic. They eat a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates, as well as food waste from urban areas. Jackdaws are monogamous and build simple nests of sticks in cavities in trees, cliffs, or buildings. About five pale blue or blue-green eggs with brown speckles are laid and incubated by the female. The young fledge in four to five weeks.

In his book King Solomon's Ring, Konrad Lorenz described and analysed the complex social interactions in a Jackdaw flock which lived around his house in Altenberg, Austria. He ringed them for identification and caged them in the winter to prevent their annual migration. 

Lorenz found that the birds have a hierarchy, with higher-ranked birds dominating lower-ranked birds. Pair-bonded birds share the same rank. Young males establish their individual status before pairing with females. Unmated females are the lowest members in the pecking order, and are the last to have access to food and shelter. Lorenz noted one case in which a male, absent during the dominance struggles and pair bondings, returned to the flock, became the dominant male, and chose one of two unpaired females for a mate. This female immediately assumed a dominant position in the social hierarchy and demonstrated this by pecking others. According to Lorenz, the most significant factor in social behaviour was the immediate and intuitive grasp of the new hierarchy by each bird in the flock.

References

Related pages 
RSPB Jackdaw page

Corvids
Peggy Sue Got Married is a 1986 American romantic fantasy comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It stars Kathleen Turner and Nicolas Cage. Turner's character, Peggy Sue Bodell, goes back in time to 1960 when she attends her class of 1960 high school reunion in 1985.

Other websites 

1986 comedy-drama movies
1980s fantasy movies
1986 romance movies
1980s romantic comedy movies
1980s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in the 1960s
Time travel movies
Movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola
A dry stone wall is a wall made of stone without using mortar. They are made by carefully choosing rocks that fit together. There are dry stone walls in the Yorkshire Dales in northern England.

Other websites
How to build dry stone walls

Construction
Walls
Virgin America was an U.S. airline. It began operations in 2007.  Its corporate headquarters are in California. The airline uses Airbus A319 and Airbus A320 aircraft.  It flies to destinations throughout the United States and Mexico.

The airline is partly owned by the Virgin Group.  The Virgin Group also controls Virgin Atlantic Airways, Virgin Australia and Virgin Samoa. However, the Virgin Group has less than a fifty percent share of the new company. This is due to U.S. federal laws that do not allow foreign control of domestic airlines. 

Virgin America was looking to sell all or part of its airline in early 2016. A merger with JetBlue Airways was very possible.  However, on April 4, 2016, Alaska Airlines announced it would buy Virgin America. Alaska retired the Virgin America name on April 25, 2018.

Gallery

References

Virgin Group
Low-cost airlines
Airlines of the United States
2004 establishments in the United States
2018 disestablishments
Companies based the San Francisco bay area
Rebecca Romijn (born November 6, 1972) is an American movie and television series actress. She played Mystique in the X-men movies and Alexis Meade in the television sitcom Ugly Betty. Romijn was born in Berkeley, California. Her father is Dutch.

Other websites 

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Berkeley, California
1972 births
Living people
Godsend is a 2004 supernatural horror-thriller movie. It is about a couple who lose their child, after which they are put through supernatural forces and nightmares. The movie stars Robert De Niro and Rebecca Romijn. This movie received very bad reviews from critics. Its intake was over $30 million, making Godsend a mild success in the box office.

References

Other websites
 
 Website for the fictional Godsend institute
 
 
 
 

2000s thriller movies
2004 horror movies
American horror movies
American thriller movies
Canadian horror movies
Canadian thriller movies
English-language movies
Lionsgate movies
Mount Ebenezer is a pastoral station and roadhouse in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is located on the Lasseter Highway,  from the Stuart Highway to the east and  to Uluṟu in the west. Mount Ebenezer is owned by the community of Imaṉpa, which is surrounded by the property. It is one of the few Aboriginal-owned stations in the Territory. It is managed by Lisanote Pty Ltd, a company also owned by the Imaṉpa Community. This company also operates the Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area, which borders the property to the west. The lease for the property is held by the Fogarty family.

History
The area falls within the traditional homeland of the southern Luritja people (Matuntara). Mount Ebenezer, the mountain that the station was named after, is in the Basedow Ranges and can be seen to the north of the roadhouse. The mountain itself is named for Ebenezer Flint, who worked in the area in 1871 on the Overland Telegraph Line. In the early 1920s, a pioneer named William Liddle established the Angas Downs sheep station to the west of the Basedow Ranges. He had previously worked at the telegraph station in Alice Springs. He settled at Angas Downs with his wife Mary (an Aranda woman) and had several children. From the late 1920s, the family began to use the Mount Ebenezer area as an extension of Angas Downs.

Mount Ebenezer was established as its own station in 1947 by William's second son, Harold Liddle. He was one of the first people of Aboriginal descent to get a perpetual lease for a pastoral property. Liddle sold the new station to Ted Kunoth in 1952. Kunoth built a roadhouse to service tourist traffic between the Stuart Highway and Uluṟu. In 1978, Kunoth agreed to allow the Aboriginal people of the area to set up a community on a part of the station's lands. The area at Imaṉpa, beneath the Basedow Ranges, was removed from the property for this. Kunoth sold the property's lease to Alan Rogers, who then resold to the Fogarty family in 1993.

References

Other websites
Mount Ebenezer on Exploring Australia

Buildings and structures in Australia
Northern Territory
Farms
Agriculture in Australia
The Evil Dead is a 2013 American horror movie. It is about five friends who stay at a remote cabin. This movie was at first rated NC-17, but changes were made so the movie would get an R rating from the MPAA. Evil Dead was also rated "18" by the BBFC (UK) and rated "R" in Australia. This movie got positive reviews by the critics.

It is a remake of 1981 movie Evil Dead.

References

Other websites 

2013 horror movies
American horror movies
Supernatural horror movies
English-language movies
American movie remakes
Jonathan M. "Jon" Lovitz (born July 21, 1957) is an American comedian, actor and singer. He was known for his sketches on Saturday Night Live from 1985 though 1990. He was also known for his guest-star role as Steve on Friends. He won two Emmy Awards for his writing on comedy series and an Screen Actors Guild Award for his acting in a crew. 

Lovitz was born on July 21, 1957 in Los Angeles, California to a Romanian-Hungarian-Russian-Jewish family. He studied at the University of California at Irvine.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 
 Jon Lovitz On MySpace.com

1957 births
Living people
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Jewish American actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Gerardo Luigi "Jerry" Colonna (September 17, 1904 – November 21, 1986) was an Italian-American comedian, singer, actor, songwriter, and musician. He was known for his big mustache and for working with Bob Hope on comedy shows.

Colonna was born on September 17, 1904 in Boston, Massachusetts to an Italian family. He was married to Florence Purcell in c. 1930 until his death in 1986. They had one son, Robert. Colonna died on November 21, 1986 in Woodland Hills, California from kidney failure, aged 82.

Other websites

WFMU's Jerry Colonna Homage

 Find-A-Grave profile for Jerry Colonna
The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts

1904 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Comedians from Boston, Massachusetts
American songwriters
American radio personalities
American television personalities
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Singers from Boston, Massachusetts
Rio de Oro was one of the two territories of Western Sahara, when the territory was under Spanish rule. Rio de Oro, which literally means river of gold is more to the south. The other part was called Saguia el Hamra. The territory is named after a wadi. The capital of the territory is called Dakhla. When the territory was ruled by the Spanish, its name was Villa Cisneros. It has a size of roughly . To the north, the 26th parallel is the border, and to the south, the territory is limited by the 21° 20' parallel (and the border with Mauritania).

Originally, Portuguese traders called the territory Rio do Ouro, they traded goods for gold dust, in the year 1442. They believed to be in Mali ruled by Mansa Musa. Mali was famed for its gold deposits, despite the fact that gold was never found there, and only further south in Akjoujt and south of the Niger River. Historic maps show a river running from the center of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, newer maps show a shorter river which ends in a wadi named Megeta Mersug. In 1886, a Spanish expedition searched for this river, but did not find it.

References 

Western Sahara
Spanish Africa
Platform shoes are shoes that have extremely dense soles. They are often made out of plastics, rubber or cork. Platform shoes were first worn during the Ancient era. They are known to add height to whoever is wearing them. The shoes are oftentimes worn to avoid coming in contact with urban street filth, grime and muck. These shoes were very popular between the 1930s and the 1980s in the United States, Europe and the United Kingdom. They were worn mostly by girls or young women, although middle-aged or elderly women sometimes wear the shoes. Comfort platforms were invented during the disco music era, and would be designed to mix added heights and sneaker style or orthotic comforts. The fad eventually fizzled out during the late 1980s and early 1990s, though by then people of all ages, particularly girls and young to middle-aged women, wore the shoes.

Footwear

1930's
Moshe Kimel introduced the modern platform shoe in the 30's for actress Marlene Dietrich. This started a fad among the elite and well to do. The growing popularity of the shoe sparked several well known copies such as "the rainbow" by Salvatore Ferragamo . At this time the shoes were typically made with cork due to the production material changes many had to face during World War II. As many trends do this one slowly disappeared from the main stream media, and didn't reaper till the late 60's. 

1970's-1980's
Carole Basetta was the well known designer producing shoes for famous artists such as David Bowie . This time it was not just a feminine fashion statement but men also wore platforms as well because platforms started coming in different forms like boots, trainers, and sandals. Tony Randell wore clear platforms with goldfish in the heals on a tv show and again these shoes appeared in Starsky and Hutch . In the 80's brands popularized the comfort platform which was meant for everyday use.  

Late 90's early 2000's
While introduced in the early 90's platforms didn't pick up in mainstream fashion till the late 90's. This may be due to Naomi Campbell's runway fall in 1993 while wearing Vivienne Westwood's platform heels. After the 90's platforms did not pick up again till around 2003-2004 when YSL made a tribute sandal to commemorate the 70's shoe style. Many celebrities' liked this design for the added sex appeal.  

2010-2020
This era of platform shoe was more popular with the platform boot style. Some of the more well known brands are Demonia, Bordello, and Dolls kill. With the rise of E-girl as a subculture in 2019 the sale of gothic style platform boots have gone up. During the 2010 era clear shoes wear also popularized by Kim Kardashian West. These clear platform shoes allow to to put trinkets in your shoe ranging from flowers, kids toys, and plastic fish to Halloween decorations, spiders, and baby doll heads.
Mary Janes are low-cut, rounded-toed shoes that are worn almost entirely by girls or women. They are usually low or mid heeled, though there are some that are high heeled. The shoes have one thin strap over the instep of the foot. They are made almost exclusively of leather. These shoes are worn at school, in church or during work (for certain places), and with skirts, dresses and certain types of pants.

Footwear
Nature is a scientific journal.  It was first published on 4 November 1869. It is the world's most cited  scientific journal.  That means that, when scientists write formal reports of their experiments, they list all the earlier studies that they read in their reference section.  They list studies from Nature in their reference sections more than studies from any other journal. It is also the longest continuously published scientific weekly.

Most scientific journals are now specific to just one kind of science, for example only biochemistry or only mining science. Nature is one of the few journals which still publish original research articles across the whole range of science. Important new advances and original scientific research is published as articles or letters in Nature. Nature also prints surveys and reviews of important research fields.

Research scientists are the primary audience for the journal, but ordinary people read it as well. Because of this, articles are written and edited to make them understandable to scientists in other fields and any educated person. 

In the first pages of each issue are editorials, news and feature articles on issues of general interest to scientist. Topics include current affairs, science funding, business, scientific ethics and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books and arts. Because of limits on the length of articles, often the printed text is a summary of the work in question. Details may be put in supplementary material on the journal's website.

Nature has spun off a series of more specialised journals which publish longer, more technical articles which would be unsuitable for Nature's wider readership.

References 

Science and technology magazines
Weekly magazines
Journals
Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India. Kozhikode is the third largest city in Kerala. It is part of the second largest urban agglomeration in Kerala with a metropolitan population of 2,030,519 as per 2011 census. The city lies about  north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram.

References 

Cities in India
Cities in Kerala
Jerzy Nowak (June 20, 1923 – March 26, 2013) was a Polish actor and teacher. He was known for his roles as a Jewish investor in Schindler's List, as a "bumpkin farmer" in Three Colors: White, and as the great creative Zucker in The Promised Land.

Nowak was born on June 20, 1923 in Brzesko, Poland. He was raised in Kraków, Poland. Nowak studied at the Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts.

He was married two times. He was married to his second wife, Maria Andruszkiewicz-Smith, from 1989 until his death in 2013. He had no children.

Nowak died on March 26, 2013 in Warsaw, Poland from natural causes, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
People from Kraków
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Polish stage actors
Polish voice actors
The name Curse of Tippecanoe (also known as Tecumseh's Curse, the Presidential Curse, Zero-Year Curse, the Twenty-Year Curse, or the Twenty-Year Presidential Jinx) is used to describe the death of Presidents of the United States in office while elected or re-elected in a year ending in "0".

The "curse" began when President William Henry Harrison (elected in 1840) died in office from pneumonia just one month after becoming President.  According to a folk tale, the "curse" happened because then-General Harrison had fought on Native American grounds during the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe.  The battle was famous, and "Old Tippecanoe" became Harrison's nickname.  But the battle made the Native Americans so angry that they cursed his name.

The last President included in this "curse" to die was John F. Kennedy.  He was elected in 1960 and assassinated in 1963.  Two later Presidents elected in "0" years: Ronald Reagan (1980), survived an assassination attempt and George W. Bush (2000), who also survived an assassination attempt. 

Current President Joe Biden would be next in line seeing how he was elected in 2020.

Presidents
The following Presidents were part of the "curse":

 William Henry Harrison (1841) (Pneumonia)
 Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865, second term) (Assassinated)
 James A. Garfield (1881) (Assassinated)
 William McKinley (1897-1901, second term) (Assassinated)
 Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) (Pneumonia)
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945, fourth term) (Brain hemorrhage)
 John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) (Assassinated)

The only president who died in office without being elected in a "cursed" year was Zachary Taylor, who was elected in 1848 and died in 1850.

Survivors
The most recent two Presidents elected in a "zero" year survived the "curse":

 Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) (Assassination attempt) 
 George W. Bush (2001-2009) (Assassination attempt)

Many people think that the curse was broken or lifted when John Hinckley tried to kill Ronald Reagan while he left a hotel in Washington, D.C.. After Reagan survived the attack no other Presidents after him were harmed until George W. Bush was elected.

References

Other websites
The Mortal Presidency: Film and Documentary Shapell Manuscript Foundation

History of the United States
William Henry Harrison
The Murchison meteorite is named after the place it fell: Murchison, Victoria, Australia.  It is large (over 100 kg) and it was seen falling.  It is one of the most studied meteorites, since it belongs to a group of meteorites rich in organic compounds, known as carbonaceous chondrites.

On 28 September 1969 at about 10:58 am, a bright fireball was seen. It separated into three fragments before disappearing, leaving a cloud of smoke. About 30 seconds later, a tremor was heard. People found fragments over an area larger than 13 km², with fragments up to 7 kg. One, weighing 680 g, broke through a roof and fell in hay. The mass is over 100 kg.

The biochemistry 
This type of meteorite is rich in carbon. Murchison contains over 15 amino acids. The amino acids found in the Murchison meteorite can be (and have been) synthesised in laboratory experiments. This was done by the action of electric discharge on a mixture of methane, nitrogen, and water with traces of ammonia.

The amino acids were mostly racemic. This means the chirality of their enantiomers are almost  equally left- and right-handed. This suggests they are not caused by terrestrial contamination. A complex mixture of alkanes was isolated as well, similar to that found in the Miller-Urey experiment. Serine and threonine, often earthly contaminants, were absent from the samples.

In 1997 research showed that individual amino-acids from Murchison were enriched in the nitrogen isotope 15N relative to their terrestrial counterparts. This confirmed an extraterrestrial source. The organic materials identified included sugar-like compounds (polyols).

Several lines of evidence show that the inside of well-preserved fragments from Murchison are pristine (not contaminated). A 2010 study identified  14,000 molecular compounds (including 70 amino acids) in a sample of the meteorite. There may be 50,000 or more different molecular compositions in the meteorite.

Nucleobases 
Measured purine and pyrimidine compounds are in the Murchison meteorite. Carbon isotope ratios for uracil and xanthine show a non-terrestrial origin for these compounds. The results show many organic compounds which are components of life on Earth were already present in the early Solar System. They may have played a  role in life's origin.

References 

Meteorites
Impact events
Law Abiding Citizen is a 2009 American crime drama thriller movie. The subjects in this movie are capital punishment and murder. Jamie Foxx and Viola Davis are in the cast. This movie was rated NC-17 for extreme violence, although was later edited for an R-rating. The movie got negative reviews from the critics. Its box office performance was very good.

2009 crime movies
2009 drama movies
2009 thriller movies
2000s crime drama movies
2000s crime thriller movies
2000s drama thriller movies
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American prison movies
English-language movies
Movies about revenge
Movies set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Movies directed by F. Gary Gray
Theoren Wallace "Theo" Fleury (born June 29, 1968) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger that played 16 seasons in National Hockey League (NHL).

Fleury was drafted by the Calgary Flames with the 166th overall pick in the 1987 NHL Draft. Fleury played in the NHL for four teams, Calgary Flames from 1988 to 1999, Colorado Avalanche during the 1998-99 NHL season, New York Rangers from 1999 to 2002, and Chicago Blackhawks during the 2002-03 NHL season. He won the Stanley Cup with the Flames in the 1988–89 NHL season. Fleury also won a gold medal with Team Canada in the 2002 Winter Olympics.

Fleury wrote an autobiography titled Playing with Fire, and it was released on October 16, 2009. In the autobiography, he wrote about being sexually abused at the hands of his coach, Graham James. He also wrote about his battles with drug and alcohol addictions and mentioned that he placed a loaded gun in his mouth and contemplated suicide in 2004. Fleury is currently a motivational speaker and has participated in numerous charitable causes. He was a participant on the second season of the figure skating reality show Battle of the Blades and finished in 5th place with his partner Jamie Salé.

References

Other websites
Offical website

Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Chicago Blackhawks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
New York Rangers players
Stanley Cup champions
1968 births
Living people
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is a cluster B personality disorder. The name is derived from Latin histrio, which is usually translated as actor. People with this condition constantly seek to direct attention to their own person. Very often they also flirt and try to seduce others in inappropriate ways to get this attention, for example by being exhibitionist. These attempts at seduction usually start when they are teenagers. Histrionics feel a strong need to receive a lot of appreciation, admiration and reassurance. HPD affects about four times as many women (4%) as men (1%). It has a prevalence of between two and three percent in the general population, and between ten and fifteen percent in mental health institutions.

HPD lies in the dramatic cluster of personality disorders. People with HPD have a high need for attention, make loud and inappropriate appearances, exaggerate their behaviors and emotions, and crave stimulation. They may exhibit sexually provocative behavior, express strong emotions with an impressionistic style, and can be easily influenced by others. Associated features include egocentrism, self-indulgence, continuous longing for appreciation, and persistent manipulative behavior to achieve their own needs.

Mnemonic 
A mnemonic that can be used to remember the characteristics of histrionic personality disorder is "PRAISE ME":
 Provocative (or seductive) behavior
 Relationships are considered more intimate than they actually are
 Attention-seeking
 Influenced easily
 Speech (style) wants to impress; lacks detail
 Emotional lability; shallowness
 Make-up; physical appearance is used to draw attention to self
 Exaggerated emotions; theatrical

Comorbidity 
Most histrionics also have other mental disorders. HPD is comorbid (often occurs alongside): mood disorders, eating disorders, somatoform disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other personality disorders - especially antisocial, borderline, narcissistic and dependent.

References

Cluster B personality disorders
Salvation in Christianity is found through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. This is why Good Friday, the day the Christian churches remember His death, is called good. Also Easter celebrates His resurrection and is the most important Christian holiday. Christians believe that atonement with God was gained by Jesus for all sinners who will accept Him, as He led a perfect life.

Three Phases of Salvation

Many Christian writers say that Jesus saves us in three ways.

Justification means that God has forgiven all our sins.  This is based on Jesus having died in our place. This becomes real for any person when they put their faith in Jesus.
 
Sanctification means that we become people that live a good life. This process is usually gradual, but may happen quickly.

Glorification means that when we die or Jesus returns to earth we will be taken to heaven to live with him.

How Salvation happens

Various Christian groups have somewhat different views about how salvation happens.  However, all agree that the death of Jesus, followed by his resurrection is what makes salvation possible. They also agree that individual humans must respond to God's initiative.  

Before salvation can take place, a person must become aware that they need it.  The Holy Spirit is God's instrument in this.
John Calvin called this Predestination, Saint Augustine and John Wesley called it "prevenient" (coming before) grace. Others call it common grace. The Catholic Encyclopedia states that salvation "begins with the grace of God which touches a sinner's heart, and calls him to repentance. This grace cannot be merited; it proceeds solely from the love and mercy of God"

A person who knows that they are in need of salvation, must also know that it is available. This happens when the person hears the gospel. The gospel is the news that Jesus has died and risen and promises eternal life to those who receive Him. The person then believes this message and responds.  Various groups of Christians see this response in different ways.  The Catholic and Orthodox churches, and some Restoration Churches say that the required response is Baptism.  Other Protestants suggest a prayer to "ask Jesus to enter their heart (life)". In American evangelism, sometimes the suggested response has been to go to the front of a church in a public declaration of faith.   St. Paul seems to have set down the proper response in his letter to the Romans, Chapter 10 verse 9. if you confess with your mouth “Jesus is Lord” and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved.  Christians believe that the proper response to  Jesus brings about justification, (forgiveness of sins), and begins the process of sanctification.  

Sanctification is also the work of God with the Christian responding to that work.  Some churches say that the sacraments are very important in this.  This would include receiving the Mass and confession.  Others would emphasize reading the Bible, prayer, going to church and telling others about Jesus.

References

Related pages 
 History of salvation

Other websites 
God's plan of Salvation
Salvation- Catholic encyclopaedia

Christian theology
Afterlife
Clarence John "Taffy" Abel (May 28, 1900 – August 1, 1964) was an American professional ice hockey defenseman that played 8 seasons in the National Hockey League.

Abel played 3 seasons with the New York Rangers and 5 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks. He also played for the Minneapolis Millers of the Central Hockey League for 23 games and won a silver medal with the United States in the 1924 Winter Olympics. He won the Stanley Cup with the Rangers in the 1927–28 NHL season. After he retired, he returned to his hometown and coached ice hockey as well as operated a tourist hotel. He was inducted into the United States Hall of Fame in 1973. He was the first United States-born player to become a NHL regular player.

Other websites

American ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Michigan
Chicago Blackhawks players
New York Rangers players
1900 births
1964 deaths
Ice hockey defencemen
Pokémon Puzzle League is a puzzle video game for the Nintendo 64 game console. It was released in North America and Europe in 2000. Unlike most Pokémon games, it was never released in Japan. It is based upon Nintendo's Panel de Pon puzzle video game series, with a Pokémon theme. It is the only game to take place in the Pokémon anime universe. It was released for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008.

Gameplay

Players clear blocks that come down by lining them up in horizontal or vertical lines of three or more blocks. The lines have to have the same kind of block. As new blocks come down, the playfield rises. If it makes it to the top, the player loses. The player can stop the playfield from rising by clearing blocks. In two-player games, clearing more than one line at once causes "garbage" blocks to come down on the opponent's side of the field. Garbage blocks can be cleared by clearing lines below it.

The game has 2D and 3D modes. In 3D mode, the playfield is a cylinder that is 18 blocks wide.

In two-player games, players can select one of fourteen Pokémon trainers to play as. Unlike other Pokémon games, trainers and their Pokémon do not have an effect on the gameplay.

Puzzle video games
Nintendo 64 games
2000 video games
Virtual Console games
Pokémon video games
Pokémon Puzzle Challenge is a puzzle video game for the Game Boy Color game console. It was released in Japan on September 21, 2000, in North America on December 4, 2000, and in Europe on June 15, 2001. It is based upon Nintendo's Panel de Pon video game series, with a Pokémon Gold and Silver theme.

Gameplay

Players clear blocks that come down by lining them up in horizontal or vertical lines of three or more blocks. The lines have to be of the same kind of block. As new blocks come down, the playfield goes up. If the playfield reaches the top, the game ends. The player can stop the playfield by clearing blocks. The more lines a player clears at once, the higher their score will be.

There are three modes of play: single-player, multi-player, and training. Players can play as a number of different Pokémon from Pokémon Gold and Silver, including Pikachu, Cyndaquil, and Totodile. New Pokémon can be unlocked by winning against other Pokémon trainers. 

Puzzle video games
Game Boy Color games
2000 video games
Pokémon video games
The Frighteners is a 1996 supernatural horror thriller movie. The main stories of this movie are exorcism and unexpected incidents during the early 1990s. Dee Wallace and Michael J. Fox are in the cast. This supernatural movie was released July 19, 1996 in the United States. The reviews were mostly positive. The movie earned back almost, but not quite, its budget.

1996 horror movies
1996 thriller movies
1996 comedy movies
New Zealand movies
American horror movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Peter Jackson