cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Solids mostly expand in response to heating and contract on cooling. This response to temperature change is expressed as its coefficient of thermal expansion.

The coefficient of thermal expansion is used:
in linear thermal expansion
in area thermal expansion
in volumetric thermal expansion

These characteristics are closely related. The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient can be measured for all substances of condensed matter (liquids and solid state). The linear thermal expansion can only be measured in the solid state and is common in engineering applications.

Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials

 The expansion and contraction of material must be considered when designing large structures, when using tape or chain to measure distances for land surveys, when designing molds for casting hot material, and in other engineering applications when large changes in dimension due to temperature are expected. The range for α is from 10-7 for hard solids to 10-3 for organic liquids. α varies with the temperature and some materials have a very high variation. Some values for common materials, given in parts per million per Celsius degree: (NOTE: This can also be in kelvins as the changes in temperature are a 1:1 ratio)

Applications
For applications using the thermal expansion property, see bi-metal and mercury thermometer

Thermal expansion is also used in mechanical applications to fit parts over one another, e.g. a bushing can be fitted over a shaft by making its inner diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the shaft, then heating it until it fits over the shaft, and allowing it to cool after it has been pushed over the shaft, thus achieving a 'shrink fit'

There exist some alloys with a very small CTE, used in applications that demand very small changes in physical dimension over a range of temperatures.  One of these is Invar 36, with a coefficient in the 0.6x10-6 range.  These alloys are useful in aerospace applications where wide temperature swings may occur.

Other websites
MatWeb: Free database of engineering properties for over 64,000 materials
Clemson University Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion 
USA NIST Website - Temperature and Dimensional Measurement workshop
Hyperphysics: Thermal expansion

References

Heat
Physical quantity
Surveying is the technique and science of accurately finding out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not always, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth. They are often used to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. A person who does the surveying is called a surveyor. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, geology and law.

Surveying has been very important in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement planning of nearly every form of construction. Its most common uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the making of legal boundaries for land ownership.

Origins 
Surveying has existed throughout much of our history.  In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, the boundaries were recreated by surveyors using simple geometry. The construction of the pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza (built c. 2700 BC) show us that the Ancient Egyptians used surveying efficiently.

Surveyor

A surveyor is a person who has the skills to accurately find out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, positions on the surface of the Earth. Finding these points is called "surveying". Surveyors are needed to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.

There are different types of surveyor. A construction or building surveyor is the person who has to make sure that buildings are being put up in the correct place and fit in with planning and building laws. A quantity surveyor is the person who keeps track of costs on a building project. A hydrographic surveyor measures points to do with water, such as rivers, lakes and oceans. A marine surveyor is a person who inspects ships. A mine surveyor is the person who finds out the position of underground mines, for example gold mines or coal mines.

Related pages
 Architecture
 Cartography
 Topography
 Trigonometry

Notes

References 
 Keay J (2000), The Great Arc: the dramatic tale of how India was mapped and Everest was named, Harper Collins, 182pp, .
 Pugh J C (1975), Surveying for Field Scientists, Methuen, 230pp,

Other websites 
 National Society of Professional Surveyors 
 The Irish Institution of Surveyors
 National Geodetic Survey
 National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
 UK Ordnance Survey
 U.S. Geological Survey
 International Federation of Surveyors
 The Institution of Surveyors, Australia 
 The Survey Association (UK)
 Survey of India
 New Zealand Institute of Surveyors

Architecture
Geography
Geometry
Jorge Manrique (c. 1440 – 1479) was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Stanzas about the Death of his Father), is still read today. He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess. Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz after Isabel gained the crown.

Manrique were one of major Spanish aristocratic families of the Jewish converso descent. See, Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", Madison, WI: The University of Wisconcin Press, 1995, p. 333. Jorge Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquess of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, corregidor of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great consequence.

1440 births
1479 deaths
Spanish poets
Minutes to Midnight is third studio album by American nu metal band, Linkin Park. Production on the album started as early as late 2003, and initially had a projected release date of sometime in late 2004 or early 2005, but was scrapped due to touring and support of their previous album, Meteora, then prouduction started back up in 2006. It was released on May 14, 2007 all over the world and on May 15, 2007 in North America. Rick Rubin and Mike Shinoda produced the album.

The name "Minutes to Midnight" comes from the Doomsday Clock.

List of songs 
 "Wake" – 1:41
 "Given Up" – 3:09
 "Leave Out All the Rest" – 3:29
 "Bleed It Out" – 2:44
 "Shadow of the Day" – 4:50
 "What I've Done" – 3:25
 "Hands Held High" – 3:53
 "No More Sorrow" – 3:42
 "Valentine's Day" – 3:17
 "In Between" – 3:17
 "In Pieces" – 3:38
 "The Little Things Give You Away" – 6:22

B-sides 
 "No Roads Left" – 3:59

List of singles 
 "What I've Done"
 "Bleed It Out"
 "Shadow of the Day"
 "Given Up"
 "Leave Out All the Rest"

Other websites 
 Minutes to Midnight album website
 Linkin Park website

2007 albums
Linkin Park albums
Concept albums
Rock albums
A group is any column on the periodic table. Elements in the same group usually have similar properties, because they have the same number of electrons in the outermost electron shell. There are eight main groups of elements, numbered 1, 2, and 13-18. The other ten groups are transition metals:

Group 1: the alkali metals (lithium family) *not including hydrogen
Group 2: the alkaline earth metals (beryllium family)
Groups 3-12: the transition metals
Group 13: the triels (boron family)
Group 14: the tetrels (carbon family)
Group 15: the pnictogens (nitrogen family) 
Group 16: the chalcogens (oxygen family)
Group 17: the halogens (fluorine family)
Group 18: the noble gases (helium/neon family)

Alkali Metals 
See Alkali metal

The most reactive metals consisting of Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr) 
 never include hydrogen.

Alkaline Earth Metals 
See Alkaline earth metal. They consist of Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium (Ra)

Transition groups 
See Transition metals. Transition Metals are the most number of elements in the periodic table. They consist of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Scandium (Sc), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Cadmium (Cd), Tungsten (W), Platinum (Pt), Yttrium (Y), Molybdenum (Mo) and others.

The noble gases 
The noble gases are the 18th group in the periodic table. They consist of Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and Radon (Rn). They were previously called Inert gases due to their inert properties.
Periodic table
A period in the periodic table is any horizontal row of elements. 

Each elements in the same period has one more proton than the one to its left.  This means its atomic number is one number higher. The elements in the same period are very metallic on the left and nonmetallic on the right. The smaller atoms are on the left and the larger ones are on the right because the atoms have more protons and electrons.

The first period has 2 elements, hydrogen and helium. The second period and third period each have 8 elements. The fourth period and fifth period each have 18 elements. The sixth period and seventh period each have 32 elements. F-block elements are counted in the sixth and seventh periods. Hence, each one has 32 elements in it.

Standard periodic table 

Chemical Series of the Periodic Table

 Alkali metals
 Alkaline earths
 Lanthanides
 Actinides
 Superactinides
 Eka-superactinides
 Transition metals
 Poor metals
 Metalloids/Semi metals/Half metals
 Nonmetals
 Halogens
 Noble gases

State at standard temperature and pressure. The color of the number (atomic number) above the element symbol shows the state of the element at normal conditions.
 those in blue are gases
 those in green are liquids
 those in black are solid

Radioactivity

 Those with solid borders have stable isotopes (Primordial elements)
 Those with dashed borders have only radioactive naturally occurring isotopes
 Those with dotted borders do not occur naturally (Synthetic Elements)
 those without borders are too radioactive to have been discovered yet.
Periodic table
Physics
Atomic orbitals are the places surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are most likely to be at any given time. It is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.

The word 'orbital' is used because it was thought that electrons behaved similarly to the solar system, where the nucleus is like the sun and the electrons orbit like the planets. 

The number of atomic orbitals in an element is defined by the period the element is in. Electrons move between orbitals depending on how fast they are moving and how many other electrons there are.

In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a quantum number. Each such orbital can be occupied by one or two electrons. The way orbitals are arranged is related to the electron configurations of atoms. They were derived from descriptions provided by early spectroscopists of certain alkali metal spectroscopic lines as being sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental.

Related pages
Electron cloud
Molecular orbital

References 

Quantum chemistry
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family, with around 80 genera but fewer than 2000 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales.

Subfamilies 
Traditionally divided in two subfamilies:Persoonioideae and Grevilleoideae. Recently, workers have recognized seven subfamilies: 
Persoonioideae,
Bellendenoideae, 
Eidotheoideae, 
Proteoideae, 
Sphalmioideae,
Carnarvonioideae
Grevilleoideae

Other websites 
Protea family 
toxicosis in dogs
Phylogeny, biogeography, and the evolution of life-history traits in Leucadendron (Proteaceae)

Proteales
Neukölln is a borough of Berlin. It has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 307,400 inhabitants and one of the highest percentage of foreigners in Berlin.
Its current mayor is Heinz Buschkowsky (SPD).

History
When it was first mentioned in 1360, the village was called Richardsdorf and owned by the Order of St. John

The coat of arms of the borough has a Maltese cross to remember this part of its history.

In 1737, Frederick William I of Prussia let Moravians from Bohemia settle in the area. They built their own church and houses off the village centre along the road to Berlin, which is now called Richardstraße. The new Bohemian village was granted its own constitution in 1797.

When both parts of the village were reunited in 1874, the population was 8,000 inhabitants. It had nearly doubled, to 15,000 by the next year.

On 1 May 1899 the area, then the largest village of Prussia, became an independent city and got its current name in 1912. Its independence ended in 1920, when it was made part of Greater Berlin . Between 1966 and 1975, the "Gropiusstadt" was built. This city-within-a-city  was designed by architect Walter Gropius. Gropius was the last director of the Bauhaus school of arts and architecture, which set up in Berlin when it moved from Dessau. Gropiusstadt has over 60,000 inhabitants.

Individuals associated with Neukölln
Actress Mady Rahl and Lotte Ulbricht, wife of East German leader Walter Ulbricht, were born in Neukölln.

References in popular culture
 "Neuköln" (deliberately spelt with one 'l') is an instrumental piece by David Bowie, the ninth track on his 1977 album "Heroes".
 The last track of Miss Kittin's first solo album I Com is called "Neukölln 2".

Twin cities
  Cologne
  Wetzlar
  Leonberg
  Marino
  Bat Yam

Other websites
  Official Homepage
  WebTV from Berlin, Neukoelln
Thrillville is a PlayStation 2, Xbox and PlayStation Portable video game. It was made by LucasArts and Frontier Developments. Players make their own theme park. They make roller coasters, game stalls, rides, race tracks and food and drink shops.

Story 

Uncle Mortimer, a strange scientist, puts the player in charge of Thrillville. It is a large theme park with roller coasters, games, rides, and racetracks. The player then picks a character. The character can be moved through each theme park. He must try to finish missions in the theme park before he can move on to the next one.

Garrison, another theme park owner, has his own theme park called Globo-joy. Globo-joy competes against Thrillville. The player must do difficult tasks to make Thrillville the best theme park.

Minigames 

Thrillville has many minigames that can be played in the theme park, or with up to four other players.

 Entertainer: Players must hit the right button at the right time to make the cheerleaders dance to the music
 RC wars: Players must drive remote-control cars into each other, to try to make the other car explode.
 Event Horizon: Players can pick between four space ships. Each ship has a different weapon. The goal is to destroy the other ships.
 Robot Invasion, Hauntings, Pirate Raiders, and Wild Frontier: Players move around in a battle arena. They can shoot either the other players or robot enemies.
 Star Sniper, Ghoul Gunner, Blackbeard's Booty, and Prospect Stakeout: Players shoot targets that pop out of certain areas.
 Dune Buggy, Anti-Grav Racer, Go-karts, Monster Truck, and Formula Thrills: Players race to the finish on a race track.
 Trojan Quest: Players can pick between four heroes. Playes must kill skeletons and evil monsters.
 Luftwaffe 109: Players can pick between four airplanes. They must shoot down enemy airplanes.
 Trampolines: Players bounce on a trampoline, doing tricks in the air.
 Saucer Sumo: Players control a flying saucer and try to bump the other players off the edge of the ring.
 Saucer Soccer: Players control a flying car and try to get the soccer ball and shoot it into the goal.
 Minigolf: Players play a game of miniature golf.
 Sparkle Island: Players play as a cat-like hero and shoot blobs.
 Mechanic: Players arrange tubes to fit on a board. They have to connect one part of the board to another.
 Groundskeeper: Players suck up the trash and wash the vomit that has collected in the theme parks.

Thrillville: Off the Rails
Thrillville: Off the Rails was the second game of the series. It came out in 2007 for the PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows. "Off the Rails" allows roller coasters to crash. It also added more minigames, characters with conversation skills amd more options. Off the Rails also added many songs including  "Parklife" by Blur and "Smile (Lily Allen song)" by Lily Allen.

Simulator video games
2006 video games
Video game series
Volvo is a Swedish car and truck maker founded in 1927.

Ford bought the Volvo car company in 1999. In 2010 Geely bought the Volvo Car Company.

Today there are two companies. 1: Volvo Cars that produces standard size cars. 2: Volvo Group that produces trucks, boat engines, buses and more.

Volvo is now the leading producer in what most people would call safe family cars.

One of the Volvo's cars, the Volvo S60 is used by police departments in some parts of Europe and the United Kingdom.

In March 2010, Ford signed a deal to sell Volvo to Chinese car maker Geely for $1.8 billion. Volvo cars has is making all of it's cars zero emission by the year 2030.

Models
 Volvo C30
 Volvo S60
 Volvo S80
 Volvo V70
Volvo S60
Volvo S40
Volvo V50
Volvo V40
Volvo FH

References 

Automobile companies of Sweden
Gothenburg
The lift coefficient (CL or CZ) is coefficient without a dimension that relates the lift generated by an airfoil, the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.  It may also be described as the ratio of lift pressure to dynamic pressure.
Lift coefficient may be used to relate the total lift generated by an aircraft to the total area of the wing of the aircraft.  
Lift coefficent may also be used as a characteristic of a particular shape (or cross-section) of an airfoil.  

The lift coefficient is a dimensionless number.

Physics
Karl Dönitz ( ) (16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German naval leader. He commanded the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) during the second half of World War II. Dönitz was also President of Germany for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. For his role in World War II, Dönitz was referred to as "der Löwe" (the Lion).

Dönitz was born in Berlin. He entered the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) in 1911. During World War I, he served on surface ships. Later he was transferred to submarines (U-boats). He remained in the navy after the war and rose through the ranks of the German Navy of the Weimar Republic (Reichsmarine) and the German Navy of the Third Reich (Kriegsmarine). He became a Großadmiral. He served as Commander of Submarines (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, B.d.U.). Later, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy (Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine). He got this position, even though he never joined the Nazi Party. Under his command, the U-boat fleet fought the Battle of the Atlantic. He also served as Reichspräsident for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. He ended the war as a prisoner-of-war of the British.

After the war Dönitz was charged and convicted of "crimes against peace" and "war crimes" at the Nuremberg Trials. He served ten years in prison. He ordered the unrestricted submarine warfare which was done by Germany in the North Atlantic. With this, he caused Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.
At his trial, evidence was shown that the Allies had acted similarly. For this reason, this breach of international law had no impact on his sentence. After his release from prison, Dönitz moved to Aumühle, a small village near Hamburg. During his later years, he wrote two autobiographies. In them, he covered different periods in his life. He died of a heart attack on Christmas Eve, 1980.

References

1891 births
1980 deaths
Admirals
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German autobiographers
German military personnel of World War I
German military personnel of World War II
German prisoners
German war criminals
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Presidents of Nazi Germany
The Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89) is a dark spot on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. It was discovered in 1989 by NASA's Voyager 2 probe. Although it appears similar to Jupiter's spot, which is an anticyclonic storm (this is like a hurricane), it is believed that the Great Dark Spot is an atmospheric hole similar to the hole in Earth's ozone layer.

However, the insides of Great Dark Spots are mostly cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be much shorter, forming and disappearing once every few years or so. Based on pictures taken by Voyager and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend a little bit more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot.

Characteristics
The dark, elliptically-shaped spot (with initial dimensions of 13,000 × 6,600 km, or 8,100 × 4,100 mi) was about the same size as Earth, and was similar looking to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Around the Great Dark Spot, winds were measured blowing up to 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) an hour, the fastest in the Solar System. The Great Dark Spot is thought to be a hole in the methane cloud deck of Neptune. The spot was seen at different times with different sizes and shapes. 

The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the tropopause layer similar to high-altitude cirrus clouds found on Earth. Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are made of mostly crystals of ice, Neptune's clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane. And while Neptune's clouds usually form and then disappear within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

Neptune's dark spots are thought to happen in the troposphere at lower heights (or altitudes) than the brighter upper cloud deck features. As they are stable features that can last for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures.

Disappearance
When pictures were going to be taken of the Great Dark Spot again in November 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope, it had gone away completely, leaving astronomers to believe that it had either been covered up or that it had just disappeared. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer able to be seen as a dark feature. Dark spots may disappear when they move too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown way.

However, a new spot that looked very much like the old spot appeared in Neptune's northern hemisphere. This new spot, called the Northern Great Dark Spot (NGDS), has remained able to be seen for several years.

Related pages
 Small Dark Spot

References

Other websites
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/neptune.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/neptune/atmosphere/N_clouds_GDS.html 
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960508.html
http://intranet.dalton.org/departments/science/Astro/planets/Neptune/the%20dark%20spot.htm 
http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/neptune_006.htm 
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000hst..prop.5096S

Neptune
The term supersonic is used to describe a speed that is over the speed of sound (Mach 1).  At a normal temperature like 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21.1 °C), the speed needed for something to be traveling at a faster than sound speed is about 344 m/s, 1,129 ft/s, 770 mph or 1,238 km/h. Speeds faster than 5 times the speed of sound are sometimes called hypersonic. Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (like the propeller) reach supersonic speeds are called transonic (normally somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).

Whips have operated supersonically for many centuries. Artillery became supersonic in the 19th century.

It can be very hard to reach supersonic speeds, because drag increases a lot near these speeds. This slows a plane, and for years made control difficult. These problems were called the "sound barrier". Jet engines and other developments solved the problems in the middle 20th century.

Aviation
Sound
William Lassell (June 18, 1799 – October 5, 1880) was a British astronomer, born in Bolton, Lancashire, England. He died in Maidenhead in 1880. He is well known as discoverer of Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, and for his improvements to the reflecting telescope. 

Lassell, William
1799 births
1880 deaths
The Roche limit (), sometimes referred to as the Roche radius, is the distance within which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction. Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material will tend to disperse and form planetary rings, while outside the limit, material will tend to coalesce. The term is named after Édouard Roche, the French astronomer who first calculated this theoretical limit in 1848.

References

Sources 
 Édouard Roche: La figure d'une masse fluide soumise à l'attraction d'un point éloigné, Acad. des sciences de Montpellier, Vol. 1 (1847–50) p. 243

Other websites 
 Detailed derivation of formulae for calculating the Roche limit
 Discussion of the Roche Limit 

Astrophysics
Santiago Rodríguez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is San Ignacio de Sabaneta.

The province was created in 1948.

Name
Santiago Rodríguez was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. He is one of the founder of the city of Sabaneta. He was an important military leader during the initial stages of the Restoration War (1863-1865).

History
The town of San Ignacio de Sabaneta was founded in 1844 and it was made a municipality of the Santiago province in 1854 and then of the Monte Cristi Province province in 1879. In 1948, it became a province.

Monción was a municipality of Montecristi since 1907. In 1996, Villa Los Almácigos became a municipality.

Location
Santiago Rodríguez is in the region known as Línea Noroeste ("Northwestern Line"). The province has the Monte Cristi and Valverde provinces to the north, the Santiago province to the east, the San Juan and Elías Piña provinces to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Santiago Rodríguez province, and 27,559 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 30th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 1,015,397 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San Ignacio de Sabaneta, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 15,648 inhabitants.

Geography
The Santiago province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 22nd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

The altitude of the provincial capital, San Ignacio de Sabaneta, is  above sea level.

The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is in the southern part of the province, and the Sierra Samba (or Sierra Zamba), a chain of low hills, runs across the northern half.

The main rivers are Guayubín and Mao, both tributaries of the Yaque del Norte river.

Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler in the mountains.

Municipalities
There are 3 municipalities and none municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

Economy
The only economic activity of importance is farming.

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1948 establishments in North America
1940s establishments in the Dominican Republic
is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,974,000 km in 758.341 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (167° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.307.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Magnolia is a genus of 210 species. The Angiosperm taxonomical names Magnoliophyta (division) and Magnoliopsida (class) come from this genus. Charles Plumier gave a flowering tree from the island of Martinique the genus name Magnolia, after French botanist Pier Magnol.
Many magnolias that have pretty flowers are used as street trees.

References 

Magnoliaceae
Trees
The MiG-19 Farmer was a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan. It first flew in 1953 and was introduced in 1955. It was meant to replace the older MiG-17 Fresco. During the Vietnam War, it was used a little by the North Vietnamese but not as much as the MiG-17 or MiG 21 Fishbed.

It had 3 30mm cannon, and could carry 4 bombsor rockets. It weighed 11,397 pounds (5,170 kilograms) empty and could weigh up to 19,621 pounds (8,900 kilograms) at the heaviest. It was powered by 2 Tumansky RD-9 jet engines, each had 7,165 pounds (3250 kilograms) of thrust with afterburner. It was 12 feet (3.6576 meters) high, had a wingspan of 29.5 feet (9 meters), and was 42 feet 11 in (13.1 meters) long. It could go 903 miles per hour (1,450 kilometers per hour), and was the first supersonic Soviet fighter.

Eventually, it was replaced by the newer MiG-21.

Related pages
 MiG-17 Fresco
 MiG-21 Fishbed
 F-8 Crusader
 F-4 Phantom II

References 

Soviet military aircraft
Polish military aircraft
Vietnamese military aircraft
Cold War
Vietnam War aircraft
Nicolas Camille Flammarion (February 26, 1842 – June 3, 1925) was a French astronomer and writer.  He was usually credited as Camille Flammarion.

1842 births
1925 deaths
French astronomers
French writers
Herse is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003  and called  until 2009. 

Herse is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,134,000 km in 672.752 days, at an inclination of 162° to the ecliptic (161° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2379.

It is the closest member of the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 in Radis, Saxony-Anhalt–10 July 1910 in Potsdam, Brandenburg) was a German astronomer at the Berlin Observatory who, with the help of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune, and know what he was looking at. He used the calculations of Urbain Le Verrier to know where to look.

1812 births
1910 deaths
German astronomers
People from Saxony-Anhalt
The Voyager program is a space exploration program of the United States' NASA agency. It consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s. Although they were officially used to study just Jupiter and Saturn, the two probes were able to continue their mission into the outer solar system. They have since continued out and exited the solar system. These probes were built at JPL and were funded by NASA.

Both missions have gathered large amounts of data about the gas giants of the solar system, of which little was known before. In addition, the spacecraft paths have been used to place limits on the existence of Planet X, a planet believed by some people to be farther from the Sun than Pluto.

In 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had  left the solar system (Heliosphere) on 25 August 2012. It is the first man-made object to enter interstellar space. In 2018, NASA announced that Voyager 2 had reached the heliopause on 5 November of that year.  Both of them are now in travelling in the interstellar space.

References

Other websites
 NASA Voyager website - Main source of information.
 Voyager Spacecraft Lifetime
 Space Exploration - Robotic Missions
 NASA Facts - Voyager Mission to the Outer Planets (PDF format)
 Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System  - current positions and diagrams
 Voyager 1 and 2 atlas of six Saturnian satellites (PDF format) 1984
 Mission state
Adaptive optics is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion (or deformation). It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, or astronomical seeing.  

Adaptive optical works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the technique was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical. 

Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip-tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equal to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes. 

A significant fraction of the aberration introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the aberration introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality over what would be possible according to the atmospheric seeing. 

Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors having only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently.

Other websites 
 Description of Active & Adaptive Optics E.S.O.
 Adaptive Optics Tutorial at CTIO  A. Tokovinin
 Research groups and companies with interests in Adaptive Optics
 NSF Center for Adaptive Optics at UC Santa Cruz
 Center for Astronomical Adaptive Optics at The University of Arizona 
 Using Adaptive Optics to image photoreceptors 
 Gemini's Laser Vision Reveals Striking New Details in Orion Nebula
 Adaptive optics pinpoints on black holes 
 Uranus in 2004  (with and without AO)

Telescopes

sv:Teleskop#Adaptiv optik
Line or lines could mean:
 Line, a type of geometric figure that is made up of an endless number of points.
 a length of rope, cable or chain when put to use (such as a clothesline, anchor line)
 a line or queue of people waiting in a queue area
 a line of text in writing 
Lines (punishment), punishment by forced writing of text
 relationships in genetics and genealogy, such as Lineage (evolution) and kinship and descent
 lines of cocaine
 Lines (video game)
A one-, two- or three-line whip, a notice issued by a Chief Whip in the UK parliament

People:
Dick Lines (born 1938), former Canadian baseball player
Richard D. Lines, American amateur astronomer

In science and technology:
 Line (electrical engineering), a circuit or loop
 a power line for electric power transmission
 Telephone line
 Line (video), a measure of video display resolution or image resolution
 line, former name of the unit of magnetic flux, the Maxwell (unit)
 Line (length), an obsolete unit of length equal to one-twelfth or one-tenth of an inch

In transport:
 a railway line
 Shipping line, a company engaged in sea transport
Airline
 A bus line, see List of bus operating companies

In business:
 Line function, a business activity
 Product lining, in marketing

In the military:
 Line (formation), a standard tactical formation of forces
Line infantry, a line formation of infantrymen who were part of the "Line Regiments"
 Line of battle, in naval warfare, a line of warships, hence "ship of the line"

In sport:
 The point spread in spread betting
 in cricket, the direction of a delivery, see line and length 
 Offensive line or defensive line in American football
 Line (racing), in auto racing, a path taken through a corner

In the arts:
Line (play), a long-running play written by Israel Horovitz
Lines (Emily Brontë poem), written in December 1837
"Lines", abbreviation for "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798," a poem by William Wordsworth

The abbreviation LINE could mean:
 Marine Corps LINE combat system, a martial arts system
 LINEs, a type of retrotransposon in the human genome

Related pages
Division of Lyne, Australian electorial district
Lyne (surname)
Lyne, Denmark (town)
Liner (disambiguation)
In fluid dynamics dynamic pressure depends on density and velocity of the fluid. 

It is defined by the following equation (with q standing for dynamic pressure or "velocity pressure"):

where (using SI units):

 = dynamic pressure in pascals
 = fluid density in kg/m3 (such as the density of air)
 = fluid velocity in m/s

Physical meaning 

Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.

Related pages
 Pressure

Other websites 
 Definition of dynamic pressure on Eric Weisstein's World of Science

Fluid mechanics
Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1751, – September 14, 1836) was an American politician, Revolutionary War hero and the third vice president of the United States (1801 – 1805). He was born in Newark, province of New Jersey.
Burr fought in the American Revolutionary War, reaching the rank of Colonel.
After the war, Burr was a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and served in the New York State Assembly, as New York State Attorney General, and as a United States Senator before serving as Vice President.

Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804, when Burr was still Vice President.

Burr conspired to form a new country in Mexico. He wanted to be present if and when Spain and Mexico went to war. Some people, including President Thomas Jefferson, who had picked a different vice president for his second term, saw Burr's actions as treason. However, in 1807 Burr was found innocent of the charges. He was often thought of by his enemies as unreliable. Burr died in 1836.

1756 births
1836 deaths
Vice Presidents of the United States
American revolutionaries
Politicians from New York
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Elm is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

It is the municipality farthest south in the valley of the Sernf.

History 
Russian General Alexander Suvarov and his troops stayed the night in Elm before crossing Panix Pass to Pigniu on their retreat into Austria.

On September 11, 1881, an avalanche caused by too much mining of slate killed 114 people and buried 83 structures in the municipality.

Other websites

Website of the touristic region of Elm 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Engi is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites 

 Official website of Engi 
 The History of the Citizen Families of Engi (GL) and their Development 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Ennenda is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality Glarus 
 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Filzbach is a former municipality in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Website of Filzbach 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Glarus (German: ) is the capital of the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Glarus lies on the Linth River at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills.

History 
The first mention of the town is from 1178.

It became the capital of the Linth valley in 1419. In the 1700s and 1800s, the valley began to be industrialized.

In 1864, the first European labor law to protect workers was introduced in Glarus, prohibiting requiring workers to work more than 12 hours a day.

Since 1 January 2011, the municipality Glarus incorporates the former municipalities of Ennenda, Netstal and Riedern.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Official Web site 

Municipalities of Glarus
Capital cities in Switzerland
Haslen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On July 1, 2006, Haslen merged with the municipalities of Leuggelbach and Nidfurn. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Haslen, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Switzerland, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Linthal is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Linthal, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

 Official website of Linthal 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Luchsingen is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Hätzingen and Diesbach were merged into the municipality of Luchsingen.

Oberblegisee is in the municipality.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Matt is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Agno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

It is known for being the municipality where Lugano Airport is situated.

It is not far from the city of Lugano

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Airolo is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30 kilometres of ski slopes.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Alto Malcantone is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was formed on 13 March 2005 from the earlier municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Alto Malcantone 

Municipalities of Ticino
2005 establishments in Switzerland
Balerna is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Castel San Pietro is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sport 
 Football: FC Chiasso
 Ice hockey: HC Chiasso
 Road bicycle racing: GP Chiasso (UCI Europe Tour)

References

Other websites 
  Official municipality website

Municipalities of Ticino
Morbio Inferiore is a municipality of the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is in the hills above Chiasso. It is in the district of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Caneggio is a former municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cabbio was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Vacallo is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The current population is almost 3,000 people. The coat of arms of Vacallo is a V with three bunches of grapes.  Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the municipality.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the municipality of Vacallo
 Page with some pictures 
 Primary school
 SAV Basket team 

Municipalities of Ticino
The district of Aarau in the Swiss Canton of Aargau has the following municipalities: 

Districts of Aargau
Baden is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital city is the town of Baden. The largest municipality is Wettingen. The district has 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07 km², and a population of 121,071.

Municipalities 

 

Districts of Aargau
Bremgarten is a Swiss district in the Canton of Aargau.

It has a total of 25 municipalities, listed below:

Districts of Aargau
Brugg is a district in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, it is south of the Aare and the Aargauer Jura covers the district. The capital of the district is Brugg. 

It contains the following municipalities:

Localities of 

 Altenburg bei Brugg
 Lauffohr

Districts of Aargau
Kulm is an administrative district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is west of Lake Hallwil and covers parts of the Wyna and Suhre valleys. The principal town is Unterkulm; the largest municipality is Reinach. The district contains 17 municipalities, is 101.35 km² in area and has a total population of 36,700 people (2005).

Municipalities 

 

Districts of Aargau
Laufenburg is a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Laufenburg.

It contains the following municipalities:

Districts of Aargau
Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist and actor. He served in the United States Air Force. He became famous as a martial artist and started his own school, Chun Kuk Do. Norris was cast in a number of action movies, such as Way of the Dragon. He was The Cannon Group's star in the 1980s. He played Cordell Walker in the action television series Walker, Texas Ranger from 1993 to 2001.

Norris is a politically conservative. He has written books on Christianity and supports Republican candidates and causes. In 2007 and 2008, he campaigned for former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, who was running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008. In the 2012 election he endorsed former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and he supported Donald Trump in 2016. Norris also writes a column for the conservative website WorldNetDaily.

Film

Television

References

Related pages

 Chuck Norris facts

Other websites 
 Official web site
 
 Official Chuck Kwon Do Website
 Chuck Norris at WorldNetDaily 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from Oklahoma
American conservatives
American Evangelicals
American martial artists
American military people
American movie actors
American political activists
American screenwriters
American television actors
Christian writers
Creationists
Republicans (United States)
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Writers from Oklahoma