cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Melvin James "Sy" Oliver (born December 17, 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan; died May 28, 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader. His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.

Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.

Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.

He joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933 and contributed many hit arrangements to the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet". In 1939, he became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey as an arranger, though he stopped playing trumpet at that time. (Fletcher Henderson joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger in the same year.) He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band. His joining was instrumental in Buddy Rich's decision to join Dorsey. His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey, as were his own compositions "Yes Indeed" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One," "The Minor is Muggin'," "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie," and "Well, Git It."

After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger. One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album I Remember Tommy, a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.

In later years, up until 1980, he led his own jazz band, for which he took up the trumpet again.

References 

1910 births
1988 deaths

American jazz musicians
American composers
Jazz composers
Trumpeters
Musicians from Michigan
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
The Aristolochiaceae, or Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is Aristolochia L.

Description 
They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, woody vines or even lianas.

The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. There are no stipules.

The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

Classification 
The Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots.

Some newer classification schemes place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales.

Phytochemistry 
Many members of Aristolochia and some of Asarum contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which defence against predators, in this case herbivores. It is known to be carcinogenic in rats. Aristolochia itself is carcinogenic to humans.

Ecology 
Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine (Aristolochia species), and the larvae dine on the plant but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.

References

Piperales
Context in language is what surrounds a word or piece of text. In order to understand what words mean, we have to know something about the situation where they are used. In print, a word, phrase or sentence has other text around it. This helps the reader to understand the piece in question. In speech, the social setting as well as the language help the listener to understand what is said.

Something like: "You can take it whenever you need to" might refer to almost anything. However, if it is said by a doctor to a patient, then the context is clear, and the listener can guess it refers to some kind of medication. So the context is what goes with a text (written or spoken) which helps the reader (or listener) understand the communication.

However, to understand what is really going on, we may need to go beyond what is said or written. A simple phrase, such as "I hate you" can mean exactly the opposite. All kinds of clues are needed to understand what has been said. Along with verbal communication comes non-verbal communication.

Human communication
Linguistics
The 2011 Sindh floods occurred in August and September 2011 because of a lot of rain in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The floods caused a lot of damage. 270 people were killed, and 5.3 million people were affected. 1.2 million homes were flooded. At least 1.7 million acres of land were ruined by the flooding. It was the worst flooding in Pakistan since the 2010 floods.

Causes 
In July, Pakistan had low monsoon rains, however in August and September the country received "above normal" monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August and gained strength with the passage of time and caused heavy downpours. The four-week long continuous rains have created floods in Sindh that have never been seen before.

2011 disasters in Asia
2010s floods
2010s disasters in Pakistan
August 2011 events
Floods in Pakistan
2011 floods
September events
Rohypnol is the common name for a drug or Benzodiazepine called flunitrazepam. A slang term for it is roofies. The drug is sold legally, and it has many medical uses. It is a strong hypnotic (a drug that causes sleep); a sedative (causing relaxation and sleepiness); an anticonvulsant (fighting seizures); an anxiolytic (relieving anxiety); amnestic (causing forgetfulness); and skeletal muscle relaxant.  Most often, it is used as a treatment for sleep disorders like insomnia. It is thought to be one of the most effective hypnotic medications.

Like other hypnotics, flunitrazepam should be used only on a short-term basis or in those with serious insomnia on an occasional basis.

Flunitrazepam is often called a date rape drug because it is very powerful, has strong effects, and can cause strong amnesia (causing a person to forget what happened after taking the drug).

History
Benzodiazepines were created in 1957 by Roche, a healthcare and pharmaceutical company. Roche started selling flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) in 1975. At first, hospitals used the drug when a patient needed a deep sleep.  It was sold commercially in 1975 in Europe, and in the 1990s in the United States.  The drug was given the brand name Rohypnol.

Effects
Rohypnol is usually taken by mouth.  It has a long active period  its effects can last 18 to 26 hours, and it can be found in urine and blood tests.  This means that the day after taking the drug, a person may keep feeling tired and having trouble with thinking and balance. Even after a full day, driving a car may still be dangerous. 

The drug is often involved in drug intoxication, including overdoses. Overdose of flunitrazepam may cause long-term sedation, poor balance, and poor speech. In serious overdoses, people may have breathing problems, coma, and possibly death. The overdose will be worse if flunitrazepam is taken with depressants, like alcohol or opiates. Flunitrazepam overdose can be treated with flumazebecome widely known in the USA for its use as a date rape drug. It is used by high school and college students, rave party members, and heroin and cocaine users (who call a tablet of flunitrazepam a "roofie").

Other names
Some of the street names for Rohypnol are:
beans (ZA)
 rophy
 ruffles
 roachies
 roofies
 ruffies
 ruff-up
 rib
 roach 2 (R2)
 roche
 rope
 ropies
 circles
 circes
 forget it
 forget-me-pill
 forget-me-now
 Mexican Valium.
 Magic date
 date-rape
 rumraketter

Sources 

Drugs
Drugs used in psychiatry
Me Against the World is the third studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. Me Against the World was released on March 14, 1995. The album was released when 2Pac was imprisoned and it debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. By having this happen, it made him the first artist to have an album debut at number one on Billboard 200 while serving time in prison. It was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 1996 Grammy Awards. The album's first single "Dear Mama" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance.

Songs

References

1995 albums
Tupac Shakur albums
An approximant consonant is a consonant that sounds in some ways like a vowel. For example, lateral approximants like the sound for "l" in the English word "like", the sound for "r" in the English word "right", and semivowels like the sound for "y" in "yes" and the sound for "w" in "wet" are all approximants. These sounds are pronounced by bringing two parts of the mouth, for example the tongue and the roof of the mouth, close to each other. However, it is not close enough to cause the air to be blocked, like in a fricative consonant. Also, the parts are not far apart enough to become a vowel.

Semivowels
Semivowels are a type of approximant consonant, which sound like vowels if you pronounced them alone. However, many languages use them as consonants. Here are the common semivowels in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Central approximants

bilabial approximant  (usually transcribed )
labiodental approximant 
dental approximant  (usually transcribed )
alveolar approximant 
retroflex approximant  (a consonantal )
palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
velar approximant  (a consonantal )
uvular approximant  (usually transcribed )
pharyngeal approximant  (a consonantal ; usually transcribed )
epiglottal approximant  (usually transcribed )

Lateral approximants
In lateral approximants, only the centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth. So, air can only flow through the sides of the tongue, like the sound "l" in "like".

voiced alveolar lateral approximant 
retroflex lateral approximant 
palatal lateral approximant 
velar lateral approximant 
velarized alveolar lateral approximant

Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols

voiced labialized velar approximant  (a consonantal )
voiceless labialized velar approximant (a consonantal )
labialized palatal approximant  (a consonantal )

Notes 

Consonants
All Eyez on Me is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. All Eyez on Me was released on February 13, 1996. The album was certified 5× Platinum after just 2 months in April 1996 and 9× platinum in 1998. The album also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love".

Songs

Book 1

Book 2

References

1996 albums
Tupac Shakur albums
Windows To Go is a feature in Windows 8 and later that allows the entire system to run from a USB flash drive or external USB Hard Drive.

In September 2011 Microsoft officially announced Windows To Go at the Build Conference, and gave out bootable USB Flash drives. These could hold 32GB of information. They also had Windows To Go pre-installed.

Related pages 
 Live USB
 List of tools to create Live USB systems
 Live CD
 Portable applications

References

Other websites 
Running Windows from an external USB drive with Windows To Go - Official Microsoft Presentation at BUILD
Windows Developer Preview Guide (Windows To Go in page 36) 

Microsoft Windows software
Lahore Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited (LSE) is Pakistan's second-largest stock exchange after the Karachi Stock Exchange. It is in Lahore.

Stock exchanges in Asia
Economy of Pakistan
Lahore
The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was Pakistan's first parliament and first met on 10 August, 1947. The next day Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), was elected as the President of the assembly and the new national flag was approved. On 14 August, 1947, Jinnah gave a speech which outlined the important principles of the future government of an independent Pakistan. Jinnah was chosen as the first Governor-General of Pakistan. The assembly's main task was to write a new constitution for Pakistan.

This was a difficult task, however the assembly did agree on the "Objective Resolution" on 12 March, 1949. A special committee of 24 members of the Constituent Assembly worked on a constitution based on the ideas in the Objective Resolution. The Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, shut down the assembly on 24 October 1954, before the draft constitution could be presented. The President of the Assembly, took legal action as he believed that shutting down the assembly was illegal. He lost the case in the Federal Court.

A second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed on 28 May 1955. They wrote the new constitution which came into force on 23 March 1956.

References

Government of Pakistan
Parliaments
Pakistan Movement
Piranha 3D is a 3-D movie directed by Alexandre Aja. It stars Elisabeth Shue, Steven R. McQueen, Jessica Szohr, Jerry O'Connell, Kelly Brook, Riley Steele, Gianna Michaels, Christopher Lloyd, Ving Rhames, Roberto Chavira, Dina Meyer, Sage Ryan, Brooklynn Proulx and special starring Richard Dreyfuss.

Plot
In Lake Victoria, an earthquake forms a underwater fault line. Hungry piranhas come out. In the city of Lake Victoria (named for the lake), spring break has just started and some guys go into the lake celebrate and swim.

Cast
 Elisabeth Shue: Julie Forester - The sheriff of Lake Victoria
 Steven R. Mcqueen: Jake Forester - The son of the sheriff
 Jessica Szohr: Kelly - The girlfriend of Jake
 Jerry O' Connell: Derrick Jones - Director of porno movies
 Riley Steele: Crystal - A pornostar
 Gianna Michaels: Girl on a parachute
 Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman - Proprietary of the animal shop
 Ving Rhames: Agent Fallon - An agent
 Roberto Chavira: Sam - A sub
 Dina Meyer: Paula Montellano - Another sub
 Sage Ryan: Zane Forester - The another son of the sheriff
 Brooklynn Proulx: Laura Forester - The another son of the sheriff.

Sequel
Dimension Films has announced that a sequel will be released in November 2011 due to the success of this and the sequel will be called Piranha 3DD.

Cameo
Richard Dreyfuss makes a cameo in the movie when he sings the song "Show Me The Way To Go Home".
Dreyfuss sang the same song in Steven Spielberg's Jaws.

2010 movies
2010 3D movies
Movies about animals
English-language movies
Piranha 3DD is a 2011 movie directed by John Gulager taken from the subject by Alexandre Aja.
The movie is the sequel to Piranha 3D. It stars Ving Rhames and Christopher Lloyd.

Plot
Is now one year after the attack of piranhas in Lake Victoria and everything now seems back to normal.
Instead, it turns out that not all piranhas are dead.
Lake Victoria has just opened a water park in the lake and the piranhas are hungry...

Fallon was seemingly dead in the first chapter.
Perhaps the movie is a reboot, or Fallon was not dead as it seemed.

Cast
 Ving Rhames: Deputy Fallon
 Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman
 Paul Scheer: Andrew 
 Danielle Panebaker: Owner of the park

2011 movies
Movies about animals
English-language movies
Matthew Paul Miller (born June 30, 1979), better known by his name and stage name Matisyahu, is a Jewish-American singer. He combines elements of reggae, rap, beatbox, alternative rock and Hasidic themes in his music.

Early and personal life
Matisyahu was born in Pennsylvania, but grew up in White Plains, New York. He was raised in a reconstructionist Jewish home.  In his teenage years, he began to rebel and started to take drugs; later on he began a journey of self-exploration. 

Matisyahu married his first wife, Tahlia, in August 2004, and they have three sons. In 2014 the couple divorced. In 2019 he got married again. He has stated that he is vegan.

Career

Matisyahu's most famous songs are "King Without a Crown", "Jerusalem", and "One Day". He has collaborated with Akon, The Crystal Method, and Infected Mushroom.

Since 2004, he has released 5 studio albums, as well as 2 live albums, 2 remix albums, and 2 DVDs with live concerts.

References

Rap musicians from Pennsylvania
American rock musicians
Reggae musicians
Singers from Pennsylvania
1979 births
Living people
The woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) was a large mammal species of rhinoceros, now extinct. It was widespread throughout the tundra of northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch, about 1.8 million years ago until about 10,000 years ago (the end of the last ice age). 

Recently, the earliest known woolly rhino fossil was discovered from 3.6 million years in the Himalayas on the cold Tibetan plateau. It lived there during a period of general climate warmth around the earth. It is believed that they migrated from there to other parts when the ice age developed.

Description 
It was well adapted to the cold; it had thick, shaggy fur, small ears, short legs, and a massive body (all to lessen heat loss). Fossils of this early rhino have been found, in addition to well-preserved corpses, which were found in frozen gravel in Siberia. Stone Age humans hunted woolly rhinos; they drew pictures of the rhinos on cave walls 30,000 years ago, giving us even more information about these large mammals.

References 

Rhinoceroses
The woolly mammoth also called mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), is a species of mammoth. They were large elephants which lived during the ice ages. The animal is known from bones and frozen carcasses from northern North America and northern Eurasia. The best preserved carcasses were found in Siberia. They are perhaps the most well known species of mammoth.

This mammoth species was first recorded in deposits of a former glaciation in Eurasia, perhaps 150,000 years ago.

The woolly mammoth coexisted with early humans, who hunted them. Their bones and tusks were used as tools, and dwellings. Mammoths were also hunted for food. The species disappeared from most of its range at the end of the Pleistocene (10,000 years ago), with a dwarfed race still living on Wrangel Island until about 1700 BC.

Cave paintings of the woolly mammoth have been found in caves in France and Spain. Woolly mammoths are closely related to the Asian Elephant.

References 

Extinct elephants
Mammals of North America
Renewable energy in Pakistan is mostly solar and wind power.  It is a relatively underdeveloped sector. In recent years, environmental groups and the authorities explored renewable energy resources for energy production. New renewable energy projects were designed to address the energy crises and power shortages affecting the country.

Pakistan
Renewable energy
Welfare is an idea from economics and Social Security. The idea is that everyone should have a minimal living standard. People who cannot reach this standard will be supported, usually by the state. Using welfare, everyone has their basic needs covered. This idea is different from the idea of charity.

Welfare can take different forms:
Certain goods are subsidized by the state. In that way, in many countries the price of goods people need daily, such as bread or rice may be fixed by the state.
A voucher is similar to a subsidy, except that it may only be used in a certain way. An example of this might be the cafeteria at the university; certain students get their meals cheaper, because they have a voucher. The cafeteria then exchanges the voucher, and will be paid the difference.
It is also possible to pay money directly: people will then get a monthly amount of money. They can spend this money on anything, without restriction.
Some countries need to have proof you applied for a job to receive welfare.

Welfare money is given by the government, charities, and other groups of people to help homeless, old, illness, poor, and disabled people (people who cannot help themselves), and also helps children (child support).

Welfare can also be called the well-being of someone or a group of people: their happiness, health, safety, and fortune.

In countries like Germany, Japan, United States, Sweden, and France, government welfare also is used to help the needy.

Related pages
Social worker
Right to an adequate standard of living
Economic, social and cultural rights
Welfare economics
Welfare state

Human rights
Welfare economics
In politics, an Independent is someone who is not a member of any political party. Independents can have a centrist opinion on what they want to do when they are elected, or they may have extreme opinions that are very different from what other parties have. Also, there are some politicians who may choose to contest an election by themselves as an Independent candidate even if they used to be a member of a political party, because they do not want to follow their party's political ideology. Some Independents may create their own political party just to take part in an election.

Politics
The Cleveland Barons were a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1976–78. They had been the California Golden Seals, which had played in Oakland since 1967. The franchise was then moved to Cleveland. After only two seasons, the team joined with the Minnesota North Stars.

Related pages

Defunct National Hockey League teams
Sports in Cleveland, Ohio
1976 establishments in the United States
1978 disestablishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Ohio
The Colorado Rockies were an American professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They played in Denver, Colorado, from 1976 to 1982. They had been the Kansas City Scouts, a 1974 expansion team, until the franchise was moved to Denver. In 1982 the franchise again moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey, in 1982 and was renamed the New Jersey Devils. The NHL did not return to Denver until 1995, when the Quebec Nordiques moved to become the Colorado Avalanche.

Other websites
Results on hockeydb.com

Defunct National Hockey League teams
Sports in Denver, Colorado
1976 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Colorado
1982 disestablishments in the United States
The Swedish Hockey League (SHL),  is a professional ice hockey league in the country of Sweden. It was founded in 1975 as the Swedish Elite League , and is the top level of ice hockey in Sweden. The name was changed in June 2013.

Swedish national champions

1976 - Brynäs IF
1977 - Brynäs IF
1978 - Skellefteå AIK
1979 - Modo AIK
1980 - Brynäs IF
1981 - Färjestads BK
1982 - AIK
1983 - Djurgårdens IF
1984 - AIK
1985 - Södertälje SK
1986 - Färjestads BK
1987 - IF Björklöven
1988 - Färjestads BK
1989 - Djurgårdens IF
1990 - Djurgårdens IF
1991 - Djurgårdens IF
1992 - Malmö IF
1993 - Brynäs IF
1994 - Malmö IF
1995 - HV71
1996 - Luleå HF
1997 - Färjestads BK
1998 - Färjestads BK

1999 - Brynäs IF
2000 - Djurgårdens IF
2001 - Djurgårdens IF
2002 - Färjestads BK
2003 - Västra Frölunda HC
2004 - HV71
2005 - Frölunda HC
2006 - Färjestads BK
2007 - Modo Hockey
2008 - HV71
2009 - Färjestads BK
2010 - HV71
2011 - Färjestads BK
2012 - Brynäs IF
2013 - Skellefteå AIK
2014 - Skellefteå AIK
2015 - Växjö Lakers HC
2016 - Frölunda HC
2017 - HV71
2018 - Växjö Lakers HC
2019 - Frölunda HC
2020 - Cancelled because of the Corona pandemic
2021 - Växjö Lakers HC

Other websites

Official Swedish Hockey League website 

1975 establishments in Europe
Ice hockey in Sweden
Ice hockey leagues
1970s establishments in Sweden
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore is the head of the government of the Republic of Singapore. The President of Singapore chooses as Prime Minister a Member of Parliament (MP) who, he thinks, will have the highest chance of being supported by a majority of MPs.

The first time there was a Prime Minister was in 1959 and it was chosen by the Governor of Singapore and later the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (head of state), when Singapore could have the power to govern as the State of Singapore inside the British Empire. The title of Prime Minister did not change after Singapore merged with the Federation of Malaya, Sarawak and British North Borneo, while Singapore was a state in the Federation of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965, and after independence in 1965.

Lee Kuan Yew was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990 and retired on 26 November 1990. Goh Chok Tong took over Lee Kuan Yew, while Lee Kuan Yew  was given the job of Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. Goh Chok Tong retired on 12 August 2004 and was replaced by Lee Kuan Yew's son Lee Hsien Loong. Goh was given the job of Senior Minister, and the older Lee the job of Minister Mentor.

List of prime ministers of Singapore

List of deputy prime ministers 
The Deputy Prime Minister (DPM) is the second highest position and the second most senior Cabinet Minister in Singapore. The DPM will sometimes become the Acting Prime Minister when the Prime Minister is temporarily not in Singapore. Since the mid-1980s, Singapore has usually had two Deputy Prime Ministers at one time.

(1) Ong Teng Cheong and Tony Tan served under more than one Prime Minister during their time as Deputy Prime Minister.

Related pages
Cabinet of Singapore

References

Other websites 
 Prime Minister's Office

 
Political office-holders in Singapore
Singapore
Elisheva or Elisheba was a wife of the priest Aaron. They are mentioned in the Bible. Aaron was a brother of the prophet Moses.

She is known as Alishahda in Islam.

Her father was Amminadab and her brother was Nahshon.

Her sons were Nadab and Abihu, Ithamar and Eleazar.

She was buried in the Tomb of the Matriarchs.

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Amminadab was a man mentioned in the Bible as an ancestor of Jesus.

He was a son of Ram and father of Nahshon and Elisheva, who married priest Aaron.

Laurence Gardner proposed Amminadab to be pharaoh Akhenaten.

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Tangier, also Tangiers (Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ Tanja, archaic Berber name: Tingi, Arabic: طنجة Ṭanja) is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2008 census). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco near the Spanish border. 

The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a place—and, sometimes a refuge—for many cultures. However, it was not until 1923 that Tangier was attributed an international status by foreign colonial powers, thus becoming a destination for many Europeans, Americans and Indians alike.

The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Centre, a new airport terminal and a new soccer stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.

Other websites 
Official site of The Tangier American Legation Institute for Moroccan Studies
Travel article with photos
Tangier photo gallery
 Navigating Tangier’s Labyrinth – slideshow by The New York Times

1945 establishments
Phoenician colonies
Cities in Morocco
Senior Minister (, used to be called 内阁资政／內閣資政 before 12 August 2004, ) is a political office in the Prime Minister's Office. The job of Senior Minister in the political system of Singapore is taken by a prime minister or senior cabinet minister when he or she retires from that office, but still can help the government with their long experience. However, some opposition critics say that the job of senior minister shows no respect for the political opposition in Singapore and the reliance of Singapore on a dominant-party system.

The last Senior Ministers of Singapore were Goh Chok Tong, the second Prime Minister of Singapore and S Jayakumar, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore. This job has been held by Goh since August 12, 2004, and used to be held by Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, from November 28, 1990, until August 12, 2004, and S. Rajaratnam, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, from 1985 to 1988. After Goh Chok Tong became Senior Minister, a new ministerial job, the Minister Mentor, was created and given to Lee Kuan Yew. On 26 March 2009, Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (DPM) S. Jayakumar would let go of his job as the DPM and become Senior Minister in the Prime Minister's Office.

In the the 2011 general elections, S. Jayakumar did not contest in the election and retired from politics.

After the elections, the Senior Minister position was renamed to Emeritus Senior Minister and is still headed by former prime minister Goh Chok Tong.

List of Senior Ministers of Singapore

References

Related pages
 Prime Minister of Singapore
Edifício Altino Arantes  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 161 meters (528 feet) tall and has 36 floors. It was built in 1947.

Related pages
 Downtown São Paulo
 Mirante do Vale
 Edifício Itália

References

São Paulo
Skyscrapers in Brazil
1947 establishments in South America
1940s establishments in Brazil
A decagon is a shape with 10 sides and 10 corners.

Regular decagon
All sides of a regular decagon are the same length. Each corner is 144°. All corners added together equal 1440°.

Area

The amount of space a regular decagon takes up is

a is the length of one of its sides.

An alternative formula is  where d is the distance between parallel sides, or the height when the decagon stands on one side as base.	 
By simple trigonometry .

Sides
The side of a regular decagon inscribed in a unit circle is , where ϕ is the golden ratio, .

Dissection of regular decagon
Coxeter states that every parallel-sided 2m-gon can be divided into m(m-1)/2 rhombs. For the regular decagon, m=5, and it can be divided into 10 rhombs, with examples shown below. This decomposition can be seen as 10 of 80 faces in a Petrie polygon projection plane of the 5-cube. A dissection is based on 10 of 30 faces of the rhombic triacontahedron. The list A006245 defines the number of solutions as 62, with 2 orientations for the first symmetric form, and 10 orientations for the other 6.

Skew decagon

A skew decagon is a skew polygon with 10 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an decagon is not generally defined. A skew zig-zag decagon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.

A regular skew decagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew decagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a pentagonal antiprism, pentagrammic antiprism, and pentagrammic crossed-antiprism with the same D5d, [2+,10] symmetry, order 20.

These can also be seen in these 4 convex polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry. The polygons on the perimeter of these projections are regular skew decagons.

Related pages
Decagonal number and centered decagonal number, figurate numbers modeled on the decagon
Decagram, a star polygon with the same vertex positions as the regular decagon

References

Other websites

Definition and properties of a decagon With interactive animation

10
"To a Mouse, on Turning Her Up in Her Nest with the Plough" (also known as just "To a Mouse") is a poem written by Robert Burns. The poem was written in Scots in 1785. "To a Mouse" is about a young man who accidentally overturns the soil of a mouse’s nest.

John Steinbeck named his novella Of Mice and Men after a line in the seventh stanza of the poem. This line is: "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley" ("The best laid schemes of mice and men / Go often askew").

The poem

References 

18th-century British poems
1785
1780s works
Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers is an American rock band from Gainesville, Florida. Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers have six members in the band; the current band members are Tom Petty, Mike Campbell, Benmont Tench, Ron Blair, Scott Thurston and Steve Ferrone. The band received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1999. The band have won many Grammy Awards and were also the recipients of 2006's Billboard Century Award.

Band members 

Current
Tom Petty – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica 
Mike Campbell – lead guitar, mandolin
Scott Thurston – rhythm guitar, harmonica, synthesizers, backing vocals  
Ron Blair – bass, backing vocals
Benmont Tench - piano, organ, synthesizers, backing vocals 
Steve Ferrone - drums

Former
Stan Lynch - drums, backing vocals (1976–1994)
Howie Epstein - bass, backing vocals, mandolin (1982–2002)

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers have released 12 Studio albums:

Albums
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (1976)
You're Gonna Get It! (1978)
Damn the Torpedoes (1979)
Hard Promises (1981)
Long After Dark (1982)
Southern Accents (1985)
Let Me Up (I've Had Enough) (1987)
Into the Great Wide Open (1991)
Wildflowers (1994)
Songs and Music from "She's the One" (1996)
Echo (1999)
The Last DJ (2002)
Mojo (2010)

Other websites 
Official website

Tom Petty
American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from Florida
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Acoelomorpha are a group of animals with features that were once put in the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms).

In 2004 molecular studies showed that this was wrong. 

Now it is clear that their closest relatives are the Xenoturbellida, and the two groups make up the proposed new phylum, the Xenacoelomorpha.

Most researchers believe them to be basal among the bilateria, slightly more derived than the Cnidaria. Recent results suggest that they (along with Xenoturbella) may lie near the base of the deuterostomes. An ongoing collaborative research project has "the researchers ... confident that they can reach an agreement about where acoels fit in evolutionary history".

"The results show that the two groups constitute a newly classified phylum... which the authors name the ’Xenacoelomorpha’. The xenacoelomorph phylum joins the three known phyla of deuterostomes: vertebrates (including humans), echinoderms (e.g. starfish) and hemichordates (acorn worms)".

Acoels are almost entirely marine, living between grains of sediment, swimming as plankton, or crawling on algae. Acoels have a statocyst, which presumably helps them orient to gravity. Their soft bodies make them difficult to classify.

References 

Invertebrates
Minor phyla
The Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10) is a NCAA conference that plays in NCAA Division I. The conference is headquartered in Newport News, Virginia and features universities and colleges from the Eastern and Midwestern United States.

History
The A-10 was founded by eight Eastern schools in 1975 as the Eastern Collegiate Basketball League, and began play in 1976. It first played only men's basketball, but added other sports in 1977 and became the Eastern Athletic Association. Despite its official names, the conference was more often called the Eastern 8. By 1982, the conference had 10 schools, and it became the Atlantic 10.

Although the conference has had "10" in its name since 1982, it has not had 10 members since Penn State left for the second and final time in 1991. Since then, the A-10 has had anywhere from 8 to 16 full members (schools that play most of their sports in the conference). From 1997 to 2006, the A-10 ran a football league, but it dropped the sport when the Colonial Athletic Association began a football league.

Members
Fourteen schools are full members. Most of the members are private schools; seven are run by the Catholic Church.

Future members 
The A-10 will add one member in July 2022.

Associate members 
Two schools are "associate members" that play only one sport in the A10.

Former members 
Ten schools were once full members of the A-10, but are no longer in the conference.

References

 
NCAA Division I athletics conferences
1976 establishments in the United States
A chess rating system is a system used in chess to estimate the strength of a player, based on his performance against other players. They are used by all national chess organisations, and by FIDE, the International Chess Federation. In these systems a higher number indicates a stronger player. In general, a player's rating goes up if he performs better than expected and down if he performs worse than expected. The Elo rating system is used by FIDE and by many countries.

The first modern rating system was used by the Correspondence Chess League of America in 1939. Soviet player Andrey Khachatoruv proposed a similar system in 1946. The first one that made an impact on international chess was the Ingo system in 1948. The USCF (United States Chess Federation) adopted the Harkness system in 1950. Shortly after, the British Chess Federation started using a system devised by Sir Richard Clarke, a statistician and senior civil servant. The USCF switched to the Elo rating system in 1960, which was adopted by FIDE in 1970.

The underlying principle 
The principle which lies behind a grade is this. The grade is a prediction of how well a player will perform against other players of different grades. If the player does better than predicted, his grade goes up; if he does worse, his grade goes down. An arithmetic calculation shows by how much the player's grade changes. Today, all results are fed into a computer database, and computer software does all the calculations. Then the list is published as a 'grading list'.

History
1933 – The Correspondence Chess League of America (now ICCF U.S.A.) is the first national organization to use a numerical rating system. 
1942 – Chess Review uses the Harkness system, an improvement of the ICCF system.
1946 – The USSR Chess Federation uses a non-numerical system to classify players. This is a national system of master titles.
1948 – The Ingo system is published and used by the West German Chess Federation.
1950 – The USCF starts using the Harkness system and publishes its first rating list in the November issue of Chess Life.  Reuben Fine is first with a rating of 2817 and Sammy Reshevsky is second with 2770.
1959 – The USCF names Arpad Elo the head of a committee to examine all rating systems and make recommendations.
1961 – Elo develops his system and it is used by the USCF. It is published in the June 1961 issue of Chess Life 
1970 – FIDE starts using the Elo system. Bobby Fischer is at the top of the list.
1978 – Elo's book (The rating of chessplayers, past and present) on his rating system is published.
2001 – the Glicko rating system is published.
2005 – Chessmetrics is published by Jeff Sonas.

References 

Chess
The great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) is also known as the Eastern white pelican, white pelican, or old world white pelican.  They are the second largest birds in the pelican family, with only the Dalmatian pelican larger than them.

The pelican breeds in southeastern Europe, south Asia, and Africa.  They are most common in Africa, as 80% of the 90,000 breeding pairs mate there.  However, because of climate change and humans using the wetlands they live in, some populations of great white pelicans are declining.

References 

Pelecaniformes
Josip Nikolai Peruzović (14 October 1947 – 29 July 2018) better known by his ring name, Nikolai Volkoff, was a Yugoslavian professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. Although the character he played was portrayed as Russian, He actually came from Croatia and has a mixed background that was not entirely Russian. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005 by Jim Ross.

Volkoff died on July 29, 2018 at the age of 70 just days after being released from a hospital in Glen Arm, Maryland where he had been treated for dehydration.

Championships
Volkoff held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Ivan Koloff

Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Chris Markoff

Mid-South Wrestling
Mid-South North American Championship (one time)

Northeast Championship Wrestling (Tom Janette)
NCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

NWA Detroit
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (one time) - with Boris Volkoff

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked as #136 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
He was ranked as #96 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with the Iron Sheik in 2003.

Universal Wrestling Association
UWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Wide Wrestling Alliance
WWWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment
WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Iron Sheik
WWWF International Tag Team Championship (three times) - with Geto Mongol (two) and Johnny De Fazio (one)
Slammy Award for Most Ignominious (1986)
Slammy Award for Best Personal Hygiene (1987) (with Boris Zhukov and Slick)
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)

World Wrestling Association
WWA World Tag Team Championship (two times) - with Angelo Poffo (one) and Boris Volkoff (one)

World Wrestling Association (Larry Sharpe)
WWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

References

Other websites
Nikolai Volkoff's WWE Hall of Fame profile

1947 births
Croatian sportspeople
Former WWE wrestlers
2018 deaths
Professional wrestlers
WWE Hall of Fame
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Mariner 4 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the fourth spacecraft in the Mariner program. It was sent on a Mars flyby mission. It was the first successful mission to Mars. The spacecraft was launched on November 28, 1964 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 4 reached Mars after an eight-month journey. The spacecraft became the first spacecraft to take close-up photographs of another planet. The spacecraft also had other instruments to study the atmosphere of Mars.

The total cost of the Mariner 4 mission is estimated at $83.2 million. Total research, development, launch, and support costs for the Mariner series of spacecraft (Mariners 1 through 10) was approximately $554 million.

Other websites 
Photographs that Mariner 4 took

Mariner 04

de:Mariner#Mariner 3 und 4
Mario Lemieux, OC, (born October 5, 1965 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is considered to be one of the best players of all time. He played 17 seasons as a forward with the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League from 1984-2006. He currently co-owns both the Pittsburgh Penguins and their farm team, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1997. He was also inducted into the Canada's Walk of Fame in 2004.

References

Other websites 
 

1965 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Cancer survivors
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Laval Voisins players
Living people
Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Stanley Cup champions
Gordie Howe, OC (March 31, 1928 – June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League, and the Houston Aeros and the New England Whalers in the World Hockey Association. Howe was often known as Mr. Hockey, and was considered to be one of the best hockey players ever. He was born in Floral, Saskatchewan.

On October 26, 2014, Howe suffered a serious stroke. On December 2, 2014, Howe had another stroke and was taken to a hospital and was placed in ICU. He died on June 10, 2016 at his son's home in Sylvania, Ohio from complications of the stroke he suffered a year ago, aged 88.

References

Other websites 

1928 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Red Wings players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hartford Whalers players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Stanley Cup champions
World Hockey Association players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
The Soviet Championship League was the top level ice hockey league in the Soviet Union from 1946-1992.

Champions
 1992 - Dynamo Moscow
 1991 - Dynamo Moscow
 1990 - Dynamo Moscow
 1989 - CSKA Moscow
 1988 - CSKA Moscow
 1987 - CSKA Moscow
 1986 - CSKA Moscow
 1985 - CSKA Moscow
 1984 - CSKA Moscow
 1983 - CSKA Moscow
 1982 - CSKA Moscow
 1981 - CSKA Moscow
 1980 - CSKA Moscow
 1979 - CSKA Moscow
 1978 - CSKA Moscow
 1977 - CSKA Moscow
 1976 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1975 - CSKA Moscow
 1974 - Krylia Sovetov Moscow
 1973 - CSKA Moscow
 1972 - CSKA Moscow
 1971 - CSKA Moscow
 1970 - CSKA Moscow
 1969 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1968 - CSKA Moscow
 1967 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1966 - CSKA Moscow
 1965 - CSKA Moscow
 1964 - CSKA Moscow
 1963 - CSKA Moscow
 1962 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1961 - CSKA Moscow
 1960 - CSKA Moscow
 1959 - CSKA Moscow
 1958 - CSKA Moscow
 1957 - Krylya Sovetov Moscow
 1956 - CSKA Moscow
 1955 - CSKA Moscow
 1954 - Dynamo Moscow
 1953 - VVS Moscow
 1952 - VVS Moscow
 1951 - VVS Moscow
 1950 - CSKA Moscow
 1949 - CSKA Moscow
 1948 - CSKA Moscow
 1947 - Dynamo Moscow

Related pages

Ice hockey leagues
The Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League was the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia from 1930 until the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993. It was replaced by the Slovak Extraliga in Slovakia, and the Czech Extraliga in the Czech Republic.

Champions
1993 - HC Sparta Prague
1992 - Dukla Trenčín
1991 - HC Dukla Jihlava
1990 - HC Sparta Prague
1989 - Tesla Pardubice
1988 - TJ VSŽ Košice
1987 - Tesla Pardubice
1986 - TJ VSŽ Košice
1985 - Dukla Jihlava
1984 - Dukla Jihlava
1983 - Dukla Jihlava
1982 - Dukla Jihlava
1981 - TJ Vítkovice
1980 - Poldi SONP Kladno
1979 - Slovan Bratislava
1978 - Poldi SONP Kladno
1977 - Poldi SONP Kladno
1976 - Sokol Kladno
1975 - Sokol Kladno
1974 - Dukla Jihlava
1973 - Tesla Pardubice
1972 - Dukla Jihlava
1971 - Dukla Jihlava
1970 - Dukla Jihlava
1969 - Dukla Jihlava
1968 - Dukla Jihlava
1967 - Dukla Jihlava
1966 - ZKL Brno
1965 - ZKL Brno
1964 - ZKL Brno
1963 - ZKL Brno1962 - ZKL Brno
1961 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1960 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1959 - Sokol Kladno
1958 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1957 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1956 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1955 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1954 - Spartak Sokolovo Prague
1953 - Spartak Sokolovo Prague
1952 - Baník Vítkovice
1951 - Budějovice
1950 - ATK Prague
1949 - LTC Prague
1948 - LTC Prague
1947 - LTC Prague
1946 - LTC Prague
1943 - LTC Prague
1942 - LTC Prague
1941 - I. ČLTK Prague
1940 - LTC Prague
1939 - LTC Prague
1938 - LTC Prague
1937 - LTC Prague
1936 - LTC Prague
1935 - LTC Prague
1934 - LTC Prague
1933 - LTC Prague
1932 - LTC Prague
1931 - LTC Prague

Other websites 
History of Czechoslovak Hockey 

Ice hockey leagues