cahya/simple-wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Social Network is a 2010 American movie about the beginning of Facebook. Jesse Eisenberg played Mark Zuckerberg in the movie. David Fincher directed the movie. Adam Sorkin wrote the screenplay. The movie was very popular and won many awards, but did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The story happens in Massachusetts and California from 2003–2005.

Cast
 Jesse Eisenberg as Mark Zuckerberg
 Andrew Garfield as Eduardo Saverin
 Justin Timberlake as Sean Parker
 Armie Hammer as Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss
 Josh Pence as Tyler Winklevoss (body double for Armie Hammer)
 Max Minghella as Divya Narendra
 Brenda Song as Christy Lee
 Rashida Jones as Marylin Delpy
 Joseph Mazzello as Dustin Moskovitz
 Rooney Mara as Erica Albright
 Dustin Fitzsimons as The Phoenix S-K Club President
 Patrick Mapel as Chris Hughes
 Douglas Urbanski as Larry Summers
 Wallace Langham as Peter Thiel
 Dakota Johnson as Amelia Ritter
 Malese Jow as Alice Cantwel
 Denise Grayson as Gretchen
 James Shanklin as Prince Albert II
 Trevor Wright as Josh Thompson
 John Getz as Sy
 Shelby Young as K.C.
 David Selby as Gage
 Aaron Sorkin as Ad executive

Release dates

References

Other websites 

Official site

2010 drama movies
2010s legal movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American legal movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies directed by David Fincher
Movies set in California
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies set in 2004
Chaz Salvatore Bono (Born Chastity Sun Bono; March 4, 1969) is an American actor and is a spokesperson for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. He danced on ABC's Dancing With the Stars.

In 1995, Chaz, who still appeared female at the time, told The Advocate that he was a lesbian.
In 2008 Bono started his gender transition from female to male. 

He is the son of Sonny and Cher Bono. He is a female-to-male transgender person. A documentary on Bono's experience, Becoming Chaz, was at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.  It was later on the OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network.

Books written
 Family Outing (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (1998). Little, Brown and Company. pp. 272. 
 The End of Innocence: A Memoir (with Michele Kort) (2003). pp. 232. 
 Transition: the story of how I became a man (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2011). New York: Dutton. 
 Transition: Becoming Who I Was Always Meant to Be (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2012 paperback). Plume. pp. 272.

References

Other websites 

American movie actors
American television actors
LGBT people from California
Actors from Los Angeles
Transgender and transsexual people
Participants in American reality television series
1969 births
Living people
The Ying Yang Twins are an American crunk rap group based in Atlanta. The group debuted in 2000 and rose into mainstream with the song Get Low almost three years later. They've had several hit albums and hit songs.

American rap music groups
Musical groups from Atlanta, Georgia
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport is a large airport in France.  It is in the outskirts of Paris.  In 2010, it handled 58,164,612 passengers.

As of 12 February 2018, the head of the airport is Marc Houalla.

References

Airports in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
Pouzolles () is a commune in the Hérault department and Occitanie in southern France.

Activities 
The village has a small collection of shops (bakery, superette, tobacconist) and several chambres d'hôtes. There are other activities, such as a post office, a nearby paintball, a seasonal gallery and of course the local wine industry.

Places of interest 
 the château (see pictures)

 the village center, built as a circulade

Demography

Related pages
 Communes of the Hérault department

References

Other websites
 Official Pouzolles website 

Communes in Hérault
The Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux was a group of communes in the Hérault departement and Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.

It was created on December 31, 1997, by decision of the Prefecture, and dissolved on January 1, 2013 upon merging with surrounding communauté de communes to form the Communauté des communes des Avant-Monts du Centre Hérault.

Etymology

The name comes from the local coteaux (vineyards) and chateaux (castles), prominent features of the countryside.

Communes

Coteaux et Chateaux contained the following communes:

 Fos
 Gabian
 Margon
 Montesquieu
 Neffiès
 Pouzolles
 Roujan
 Vailhan

References

Other websites
 Official Website 
 Look up coteau and château on the Wiktionary.
Child support is continued payment performed by a parent for the financial benefits of children following marital separations, divorces or ends of civil unions. Child maintenance is paid either directly or indirect by obligors toward an obligee for care and support of children from terminated marriages, civil unions or other relationships. The obligor is the non-custodial parent; the obligee is either the custodial parent, a caregiver, a guardian or the state.

Duration of support orders
Support orders end based on local laws and the facts of each case. Support orders usually end when the child reaches the age of majority. (This can be an age from 16 to 21 (New York State)  or graduates from high school.) Some countries and states have laws that make support continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, the payments must continue until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child.

Several factors can end a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.

References

Other websites
History of child support in the UK
Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia - includes calculators and guides for separated parents
US Federal Child Support Enforcement - child support enforcement
UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS - UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS

Family law
was the 54th  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 833 and ended in 850.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .  

Ninmyō was the second son of Emperor Saga and the Empress Tachibana no Kachiko.  

Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines (kōi); and he had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Ninmyō's life
Ninmyō was Crown Prince for 10 years.

 6 January 823 (Kōnin 10, 4th month, 19th day): At age 14, Prince Masara is named Junna's heir.

 22 March 833 (Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by his adopted son.  Masara-shinnō was the natural son of Emperor Saga, and therefore would have been Junna's nephew.  Soon afterwards, Emperor Ninmyo is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 838-839 (Jōwa  5-6): Diplomatic mission to Tang China headed by Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu. 

 6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): Emperor Ninmyō died at the age of 41.

After his death
Emperor Ninmyō is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, as the location of Ninmyō's mausoleum.

Ninmyō was sometimes posthumously referred to as "the Emperor of Fukakusa," because that was the location of his tomb.

Eras of reign
The years of Ninmyō's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Tenchō  (824-834)
 Jōwa    (834-848)
 Kashō    (848-851)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites
 Hokusai:  Poem #12, image of ceremonial event in Ninmyō's court 

Emperors of Japan
810 births
850 deaths
John McCarthy (1927-2011) was an American scientist. He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic. 

McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955. He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958. This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older. McCarthy studied mathematics. He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had. McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.

1927 births
2011 deaths
American computer scientists
Scientists from Boston, Massachusetts
Hurricane Karl was the fifth and final major hurricane of 2010's Atlantic hurricane season. It became the most damaging hurricane to ever impact the Mexican state of Veracruz. As of September 23, 22 people have been confirmed killed, most of which were in the state of Veracruz. Preliminary losses from the storm are estimated at 70 billion MXN ($5.6 billion USD). Despite the destruction, the name Karl was not retired.

Sources

Other websites
The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Advisory Archive for Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Graphic Archive for Hurricane Karl

Hurricanes in Mexico
2010 in Mexico
2010 in Belize
September 2010 events
Robert Pierpoint (May 16, 1925 – October 22, 2011) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.
 
He was born in Redondo Beach, California. Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands. Pierpoint covered the Korean War. He appeared on the first edition of See It Now in 1951. He also covered the State Department for CBS. He was often on Charles Kuralt's Sunday Morning broadcasts until his retirement. 
 
He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys. He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of M*A*S*H.
 
Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter. His wrote about this in his book, At the White House (1981). He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon. He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.

One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air. He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts.  The television image showed only his chest and above. But a photograph was taken that showed his legs. To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.

References 

 

 

American war correspondents
1925 births
2011 deaths
Writers from Los Angeles
was the 55th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

His reign started in 850 and ended in 858.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .  He was also known as Tamura-no-mikado or Tamura-tei.

He was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō.

Montoku had six Imperial consorts and 29 Imperial sons.

Events of Montoku's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for 8 years.
 6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month):  In the 17th year of Ninmyō-tennō 's reign (仁明天皇17年), the emperor died.  His eldest son received the succession (senso).
 850 (Kashō 3, 4th month): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 850 (Kashō 3, 5th month): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died.
 850 (Kashō 3, 11th month): The emperor named Korehito-shinnō, the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.  This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa who was Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 855 (Saikō 2, 1st month):  The Emishi organized a rebellion.  In response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.
 855 (Saikō 2, 5th month): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off.
 7 October 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): Montoku died at the age of 32.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (misasagi) of Montoku is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.  The site is formally named Tamura no misasagi.

Eras of reign
The years of Montoku's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Kashō   (848-851)
 Ninju  (851-854)
 Saikō  (854-857)
 Ten'an  (857-859)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
827 births
858 deaths
Edmundo Ros OBE FRAM (7 December 1910 – 21 October 2011), born Edmund William Ross, was a Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician, vocalist, arranger and bandleader who made his career in Britain.

Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos. Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha. Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular. His Wedding Samba sold three millions copies on 78rpm. He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.

The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music. Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences. This is something he talked about after his retirement.

He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910. He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18. He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums. He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London. He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937. To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.

During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver. After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club". He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was Rhythms Of the South (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.

He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings. He received the OBE in 2000. He died in 2011 at the age of 100.

References

1910 births
2011 deaths
Bandleaders
Anne Elisabeth Jane "Liz" Claiborne (March 31, 1929 – June 26, 2007) was a Belgian-born American fashion designer and entrepreneur.

Early life
Claiborne was born to American parents in Brussels, Belgium. She moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1939. She went on to found the clothing company, which was named Liz Claiborne, Inc. She was the first female CEO and chairperson of a Fortune 500 company.

Death
Claiborne died in New York City from cancer of the lining of the abdomen.

Other websites
Official website
Liz Claiborne Art Ortenerg Foundation

1929 births
2007 deaths
American chief executives
American fashion designers
Cancer deaths in New York City
People from Brussels
Businesspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows. Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages. Adapters are available to convert between the different types.

Other websites 

 International power cords technology
 Glossary of standards terms
 Electricity Around The World (about plugs, sockets and electrical systems used around the world)
 Change to UK electrical wire colors 2004
 Household electrical safety handbook, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
 IEEE history of Australian power connectors (in pdf format)
 South Africa Eskom: Wiring a Plug 
 Guidance Notes for the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong)
 Museum of Plugs and Sockets: pictures including disassembled units

Electrical wiring
Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician. He won a Nobel Prize. He made a mathematical method to find a molecular structures based on the X-ray patterns of crystallized materials. With Jerome Karle, he won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Biography
He was born in New York City. He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.
 
Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age. He studied at Townsend Harris High School. He graduated from the City College of New York (1937). He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939. He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.
 
After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.. He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park. They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the  direct methods in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 article, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.
 
In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972. At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following years.

Hauptman who was an atheist, signed with 21 other Nobel laureates the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

References

Other websites
Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Laureates
Herbert Hauptman's Autobiography
Dr Hauptman's CV 
Pergament: A PBS portrait of Buffalo's Nobel winner Herbert Hauptman
Board of Science Advisors, The Buffalo International Film Festival, Buffalo, NY, United States 

 

1917 births
2011 deaths
American atheists
American chemists
American mathematicians
American Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish atheists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Educators from New York City
The Viking program was a NASA mission that sent two spacecraft to the planet Mars. These spacecraft were called Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each spacecraft was made of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiters took pictures of Mars from their orbit and sent information to Earth. The landers gathered scientific data on the surface of the planet.

Both Viking spacecraft were launched in 1975 and both reached Mars in 1976. Scientists chose landing places for both landers from the pictures that the orbiters had taken. Then the landers were released from the orbiters and they went down to their landing places. The orbiters continued to take pictures while the landers studied the surface of the planet and did other things. All of the spacecraft, including both orbiters and both landers, kept working for longer than they had been planned to. Eventually, they broke down. Viking 2 Orbiter stopped working in 1978, Viking 1 Orbiter and Viking 2 Lander in 1980, and Viking 1 Lander in 1982.

The Viking program was the most expensive and difficult mission ever sent to Mars. The program cost a total of US$1 billion. The program was very successful. Most of the knowledge about Mars until the late 1990s came from the Viking mission.

References

Other websites
 NASA Mars Viking Mission
 Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet
 Viking Mission to Mars  (Video)
 A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile

NASA programs
Mars
Moulting (or molting) is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off part of its body (usually the outer layer or covering) at particular times of year, or at specific points in its life cycle.  Moulting is also known as sloughing, shedding, or for some species, ecdysis.

Moulting can involve the epidermis (skin), and hair, fur, wool, or other external layer. In some species, other body parts may be shed, for example, wings in some insects. Examples include old feathers in birds, old hairs in mammals (especially dogs and other canidae), old skin in reptiles, and the entire exoskeleton in arthropods.

Examples

Ecdysis 
In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton (or shell).  

This process of moulting is called ecdysis. It is the defining feature of a whole group of invertebrates, the clade Ecdysozoa. This group includes the arthropods, nematodes, velvet worms, horsehair worms, rotifers, tardigrades and Cephalorhyncha. Since the cuticles of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. Amongst fossils, trilobites and eurypterida used ecdysis. 

Ecdysis is part of the whole process of metamorphosis. The different stages (called 'instars') and the development of new 'apparatus' (such as sense organs) is necessary as the creature moves from one form to another. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton.

References 

Developmental biology
Invertebrates
Pope Paul V (; Rome, 17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 234th Pope from 16 May 1605 until his death.

Early life
He was born in Rome.  He was a son of the noble Borghese family of Siena.

Cardinal
In June 1596 he was made Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Borghese was elected pope in 1605; and he chose to be called Paul V.

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Relations with Japan
In October 1615, Paul V received a diplomatic mission from Japan.  The embassy was led by Hasekura Tsunenaga.

Construction
Paul V financed work on the unfinished St. Peter's Basilica. He enlarged the Vatican Palace and Quirinale Palace, restored the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, constructed or repaired aqueducts.  He also made additions to the Vatican library.

Canonisations and Beatifications
Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo and Frances of Rome. He beatified Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Theresa of Avila and Francis Xavier.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Paul V
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Borghese
 

Paul 05
People from Rome
1552 births
1621 deaths
Beavis and Butt-head is an American adult animated television sitcom by Mike Judge which ran for 7 seasons from March 8, 1993 and ended on November 28, 1997 on MTV. In 1996 the series was adapted into a movie titled Beavis and Butt-Head Do America. The eighth season was shown in 2011. The title characters are hard rock/heavy metal-loving teenagers from the fictional town of Highland, Texas.

Other websites 

1993 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s animated television series
2010s teen television series
1990s American animated television series
American teen television series
High school television series
Animated television series
Television series set in Texas
English-language television programs
The 1.Oberndorf Sportklub 1920 (also known as Oberndorfer SK 1920) is a football club from Oberndorf, Salzburg, in Austria. The club is the oldest football club outside the city of Salzburg.

History 
In March 1920, Hermann Rasp created the club. By 1921, they made the Salzburg football association. Before World War II Oberndorf played in different levels in Salzburg but they did not play during the war. In 1946, the club restarted again. The most successful years were the 1960s when the club played two times in the Tauern Liga which was then the second division in Austrian league system.

Since 1990 the club was part of the highest league in Salzburg. In 2007 they were relegated and the next season again. So they play in the 2011/12 season in the 1.class north. 2014 the were promoted and play in the 2. Landesliga (5th level)

Oberndorf is well known for its youth teams. Over 100 young players play in seven youth teams. Famous players who started their career in Oberndorf were Hermann Stadler, who played as professional for Austria Salzburg and Rapid Wien and Gerald Baumgartner who also played for Austria Salzburg and for Austria Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Current squad

References

Other websites 
 1. Oberndorfer SK in TransferMarkt
 1. Oberndorfer SK in German

Football clubs of Salzburg
was the 56th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Seiwa's reign started in 858 and ended in 876.

Traditional history
This prince's personal name (imina) was  before he became the monarch.  In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito" 仁 in his name.

Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku.  His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.

Events of Seiwa's life
Prince Korehito became emperor at the age of 8, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.
 10 July 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): In the 8th year of Montoku-tennō 's reign (文徳天皇8年), the emperor abdicated.  The succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Then Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 15 December 858 (Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month): When Prince Korehito became emperor at age 9, his grandfather became regent (sesshō).  This was the first time that this role was given to a member of the Fujiwara family.  Also, it was the first time that someone so young became emperor.
 859 (Jōgan 1): Construction begins on the Iwashimizu Shrine in honor of Hachiman, the Shinto war god.
 859 (Jōgan 1, 1st month): Mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku was nationwide.
 869 (Jōgan 10): Yōzei was born, and he is named Seiwa's heir in the following year.
 876 (Jōgan 17, 11th month): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, he abdicated.
 878 (Gangyō 2):  Seiwa becomes a Buddhist priest.
 31 December 878 (Gangyō 2, 4th day of the 12th month ): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 31. He became known as emperor as Mizunoo-no-mikado or Minoo-tei.

After his death
The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum.  It is formally named Minooyama no misasagi.  From the site of his tomb, he was sometimes referred to as Mizunoo (水尾).

The kami of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.

Eras of reign
The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Ten'an       (857-859)
 Jōgan  (859-877)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Mizunoo

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
850 births
880 deaths
"Already Gone" is a song by the recording artist Kelly Clarkson from her 2009 record All I Ever Wanted. This was the third single from that album to be released. The song is about the breakup of a relationship. Its release was surrounded by controversy: Clarkson said the arrangement used for the song was strongly similar to the 2008 song Halo from singer Beyoncé and feared the public would say Clarkson had stolen it. Despite this, however, the song received strong praise from critics, and Already Gone became one of the highlights from All I Ever Wanted. On the Billboard Hot 100 the single peaked at #13.

2009 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
In boolean algebra, DeMorgan's laws are the laws of how a NOT gate affects AND and OR statements:

They can be remembered by "break the line, change the sign".

Truth tables 

The following truth tables prove DeMorgan's laws.

References 

Algebra
Logic gates
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163/162 BC- 133 BC) was an important Roman Tribune of the plebs. He proposed a reform called the "Lex Sempronia Agraria". This was meant to reduce the number of poor and homeless people by allowing the rich to have only a certain amount of land. The rest of the land would be given to homeless veterans of the Roman military. But the Roman Senate did not like his plan. They convinced another tribune, named Marcus Octavius, to oppose Tiberius Gracchus. Eventually, enough tension built up that some of the Senators beat Tiberius to death with their chairs and threw his dead body into the Tiber. Tiberius' death is seen as the first death caused by political problems in the Roman government.

Tiberius' brother, Gaius Gracchus, also tried to reform the Roman government and was also killed. Together, the two are called the Gracchi. Their attempts at reform had a lasting effect on Rome, because later on the Senate used some of the ideas from their reforms in their own laws.

Further reading

References

Roman people
Roman Republic
2nd-century BC births
2nd-century BC deaths
Herbert Art Gallery and Museum is a is a museum, art gallery, archive, learning centre and creative arts facility in Jordan Well, Coventry, United Kingdom.

It is named after Sir Alfred Herbert, a local business owner who gave money for the original building. Work on it began in 1939, with an interruption by the Second World War, and The Herbert opened in 1960. In 2008 it reopened after a £20 million refurbishment.

It is free to get in and the museum in run by a charity. Its only income is from donations, sales at the museum shop, and hiring out  the buildings the charity owns. In 2010, the museum had over 300,000 visitors. This makes it one of the most popular free tourist attractions in the West Midlands.

References

Other websites 

Herbert Media website 

Museums in England
Art museums in the United Kingdom
Zipf's law is an empirical law, formulated using mathematical statistics, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who first proposed it. Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So word number n has a frequency proportional to 1/n.

Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc. For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852). Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.

The same relationship occurs in many other rankings, unrelated to language, such as the population ranks of cities in various countries, corporation sizes, income rankings, etc. The appearance of the distribution in rankings of cities by population was first noticed by Felix Auerbach in 1913. 

It is not known why Zipf's law holds for most languages.

References 

Statistics
Linguistics
Stephen Philip "Steve" Jones (born 3 September 1955) is an English rock guitarist, singer and actor, best known as the guitarist and founding member of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols.

References 

1955 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
Musicians from London
Sex Pistols
Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook. People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer). He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times. He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966. 

After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality. He was popular in Britain. He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood.  He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.

Cooper married an Italian Catholic woman and converted to her faith.

References

Other websites
 Remembering Clay v Cooper  East Side Boxing, 14 November 2006

1934 births
2011 deaths
British boxers
English Roman Catholics
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from London
"My Life Would Suck Without You" is a song from American singer Kelly Clarkson. It was the first single from her fourth studio album, All I Ever Wanted. It was her second number-one hit in Canada and the United States and her first chart-topper in the UK. This song was released on January 31, 2009.

The song has the largest jump to number one in Billboard Hot 100 history.  It was also the biggest leap on the chart ever until 2019, when Taylor Swift broke this record.  "My Life Would Suck Without You" entered at #97 and moved to the top the following week.

In 2017, in a radio interview with Z100 in New York City, Clarkson discussed Dr. Luke (who was involved in a lawsuit with singer Kesha for reported assault).  She claimed:

Clarkson also said that she usually asks for writing credits if she knows she created a fair-sized portion of a song.  She says she lost "millions" of dollars in royalties by not being listed on the writing credits of the song.

References

2009 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Scott Summers also known as Cyclops is a mutant and leader of the X-Men. He can shoot lasers from his eyes as his special power. He was in love with Jean Grey. He tried to save her while she was taken over by the Phoenix Force.

Marvel Comics superheroes
"Because of You" is a pop rock single from singer Kelly Clarkson off her second studio album Breakaway. It was first released in 2005. The single  made Clarkson the only winner in American Idol history to have a fourth song from the same album in Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2007 Because of You was reprised in a duet alongside the country music artist Reba McEntire; the reprised version produced the first appearance of Clarkson in the Billboard Hot Country charts, where the single  hit Number 2.

2005 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
2000s ballads
The tawny owl or brown owl (Strix aluco) is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia.  There are eleven recognised subspecies, and some variation in the colouring. 

The nest is usually in a tree hole where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators. This owl is resident through the year, and highly territorial. Many young birds starve if they cannot find a vacant territory once parental care ceases.

This nocturnal bird of prey hunts mainly rodents, usually by dropping from a perch to seize its prey, which it swallows whole; in towns its diet includes a higher proportion of birds. Vision and hearing adaptations and  silent flight aid its night hunting. The Tawny is capable of catching smaller owls, but is itself vulnerable to the Eagle owl or Northern Goshawk. Red foxes are an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young.

Although many people believe this owl has exceptional night vision, its retina is no more sensitive than a human's. Rather, it is its asymmetrically placed ears that are key to its hunting. They give the Tawny owl excellent directional hearing. Like most owls, it hunts at night. It has a rather strange, but easily imitated, call.

References 

Strigiformes
Ocean acidification is the decrease in the pH (scale of acidity and alkalinity) and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans. It is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans have put into the atmosphere. More than 30% of the carbon dioxide in the air goes into the oceans. Therefore, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the carbon dioxide in the ocean increases, too.
 
When carbon dioxide enters the oceans, it makes it more acidic.

Problems
The skeletons and shells of many sea animals need what is known as calcium carbonate minerals. Due to ocean acidification, there are fewer of these minerals and there are species that could no longer produce or keep their shells. With more carbon dioxide in the ocean, this problem becomes worse and many species will be at risk. As a result, if humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, ocean life will be in severe danger. Also, coral is at risk, as it is being eroded by the acid in the ocean.

Between 1751 CE and 1994 CE the ocean's pH on the surface went from 8.25 to 8.1.

Other websites 
 The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the effects of climate change

Acidification
Environmental issues
Climate change
Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi - Türk Telekom Arena is a new multi-purpose stadium in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey. It became the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K. in 2011, replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium. The stadium has an all seated  capacity of 52,652.

Dimensions 
Stadium: 195,000 m² - 228m x 190m x 70m
Playing level: 120 m x 83 m
Gross grass area: 111 m x 72 m
Playing field: 105 m x 68 m

Construction 
Total concrete used during stadium construction: 190,000 m³
Total steel used during stadium construction: 35,000 tonnes
Total steel used for the roof: 5,500 tonnes

Football stadiums in Turkey
Istanbul
2011 establishments in Asia
was the 47th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 758 and ended in 764.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was Ōi-shinnō (Ōi-no-ō).  The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji.

He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu. His father died when he was at the age of three, and he was given no rank nor office of the court.

In the older Japanese documents, he was often referred as the .

Events of Junnin's life
His fate was changed in 757 when Empress Kōken named him as her heir (crown prince).

 7 September 758 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by her adopted son.  Then Emperor Jimmu is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 760 (Tenpyō-hōji 4): New coins were minted.

 764 (Tenpyō-hōji 8): Junnnin was sent in exile to Awaji.
 
 10 November 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 23rd Day of the 10th Month):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.

Junnin caused grain storage centers (Jōheisō) to be established in the provinces.  The government stored rice from the years of good harvests.  This rice was used to control higher prices when harvests of rice were not good.  The Jōheisō were abolished during the Kamakura period.

After his death

The actual site of Junnin's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Awaji. 

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum.  It is formally named Awaji no misasagi.

In 1870, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name and title by which he is now known.

Era of Junnin's reign
The years of Junnin's reign are identified by a single era name.
 Tenpyō-hōji  (758-765)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan
733 births
765 deaths
Fried chicken are pieces of chicken that have been either battered or floured and then pan fried, pressure fried or deep fried. The breading adds a crisper crust to chickens' exterior. The chicken is cut at the joints with the bones and skin being left. Some fast food restaurant chains serve fried chicken, most notably Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeyes and Chick-fil-A.

Fried chicken is stereotypically associated with black people but anybody can eat it. There have been a number of public controversies about remarks that people have made about fried chicken and black people that have been considered racist.

The term fried chicken was first used in the 1830s.

Scottish people were the first European people who were frying chicken, although it was not seasoned or battered. People in West Africa were the ones who seasoned it. However, the first dish which was deep fried was fritters. Fritters were popular during the Middle Ages.

Some fried chicken is marinated in buttermilk and pickle juice before battering.

References

Chicken as food
Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.

Early life
Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia. He is of Italian American descent.  He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.  He went to college and to law school at Penn State University.  Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.

U.S. senate (1995-2007)
Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995.  With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate.  He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007.  In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage.  Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II.  After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.

2012 presidential campaign
In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries. He based his campaign on social issues. He dropped out of the race in 2012. Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.

2016 presidential campaign

Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses. He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.

Personal life
Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990. Together, they have seven children.

References

Other websites

 Rick Santorum for President
 Column archives at Townhall.com

Lawyers from Virginia
American political commentators
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Virginia
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
United States senators from Pennsylvania
2012 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
1958 births
Living people
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Pope Paul II (;  23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 212th Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.

Early life  
Pietro Barbo was born in Venice.  He was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV.

Cardinal 
Barbo became a cardinal in 1440.  He was sometimes called the Venetian cardinal.

Pope 
Barbo was elected Pope on 30 August 1464; and he chose to be called Paul II.  

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

The Cardinals' right to wear the red biretta was granted by Paul II.

After his death
The accounts of histories written soon after his death were unfavorable.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

More reading
 Pastor, Ludwig. (1894).  The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, Vol. IV, Chapter I.  London, J. Hodges. OCLC 64083707

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul II
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Barbo ; "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)"

1417 births
1471 deaths
Paul 2
Rechtsstaat is an idea in continental European thought. It is that in a country, the state's power is limited by the laws. This might either be the laws agreed upon, or natural law.  It is similar to the idea of the rule of law. 

Law
Tetration is the hyperoperation which comes after exponentiation.   means y exponentiated by itself, (x-1) times. List of first 4 natural number hyperoperations, the inverse of tetration is the super root shown in the example
Addition
                                                                         1.subtraction
a succeeded n times.                                                          a- n={aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii….}n
Multiplication                                                                                   2.division      a/n={a-a-a-a}n
                                     
a added to itself, n times.
Exponentiation.                                                                                      3.root
                                                                             \/NTa={a/a/a}n
a multiplied by itself, n times.  4.Tetration.                                                       4.super root        VNTas ={vantage…}n

Note (operator associativity): 
a exponentiated by itself, n-1 times.

The above example is read as "the nth tetration of a".

Example 
For the example, addition is assumed.

27

References 

Hyperoperations
"Who Knew" is a single from American pop rock singer Pink, off her fourth album I'm Not Dead. It's about losing a friend due to abusing drugs. The song was released in 2006, although it was not until 2007 that the single became a hit after being released again following success of Pink's other song U + Ur Hand
2006 songs
Pink songs
Songs about drugs
Pope Paul IV (; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559), born Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 23 May 1555 until his death.

Early life
Giovanni Pietro Carafa was born in Capriglia Irpina in a noble family of Naples.

Bishop
Pope Leo X sent Carafa as ambassador to England and then as papal nuncio in Spain.

In 1524, Pope Clement VII allowed Carafa to retire from diplomacy to head a monastery. 

Pope Paul III recalled him to Rome.

Cardinal
In 1536, Carafa was made Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples.

He reorganized the Roman Inquisition.

Pope
Cardinal Carafa was elected popein 1555; and he chose to be called Paul IV.  

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Paul IV quarrelled with Philip II. of Spain, who sent the Duke of Alba with an army from Naples to invade the Papal States. At the gates of Rome, a peace was concluded in 1557.

In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.

After his death
He was buried in St. Peter's Basilica but was later transferred to Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Carafa

1476 births
1559 deaths
Paul 04
"Marry the Night" is the fifth and final single off Lady Gaga's second studio record Born This Way. It was written and produced by Gaga. "Marry the Night" is a dance-pop song influenced by house and electropop. It additionally fuses elements of disco and rock, with a funk rock-inspired breakdown. The song's lyrics are a homage to New York City and to the city's nightlife.  The song reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100, and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.  On March 27, 2012, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song Gold for sales and shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US.

Music video 
The music video for the song has autobiographical elements, showing Gaga after she was dropped from Def Jam Records. The video starts off in a hospital, and shows scenes of the singer dancing on top of a car and with a dance troupe.

References 

2011 songs